cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYENES—IV. ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF POLYENE ALCOHOLS RELATED TO RETINOL AS HOMOLOGUES

— A number of polyene alcohols related to retinol as homologues have been examined for their spectral and photophysical properties. The absorption spectra of the polyene alcohols with short polyene chainlength show an intense band system with its maximum at 3000–4000 cm-1 above that of the main band system. The intensity of this higher-energy band system decreases sharply as the polyene chainlength is increased. All the polyene alcohols fluoresce strongly or moderately strongly at 77 K, the intrinsic fluorescence lifetimes being significantly longer than those expected from the oscillator strengths of the main, low-energy absorption band system. Fluorescence (relatively weak) is also observed at room temperature in the cases of polyene alcohols of long chainlength. A discussion is presented regarding the possible assignments of the various observed absorption band systems, state order and nature of the lowest excited singlet state, and aggregate formation (in 3-methylpentane at 77 K) and its effect on spectral and photodynamical behavior.
Equidissections of kite-shaped quadrilaterals

Let Q(a) be the convex kite-shaped quadrilateral with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (a, a), where a > 1/2. We wish to dissect Q(a) into triangles of equal areas. What numbers of triangles are possible? Since Q(a) is symmetric about the line y = x, Q(a) admits such a dissection into any even number of triangles. In this article, we prove four results describing Q(a) that can be dissected into certain odd numbers of triangles. MSC2000: 52B45.
Strategic choices: Their roles in NATO's defence planning and force modernization: Part I

To the extent that ‘strategic choices’ implies choices among a broadly conceived set of alternative objectives, means and employment of means to achieve objectives, NATO has essentially no choices at this time. NATO’s principal strategic problem is the declining credibility of nuclear escalation threats to deter Warsaw Pact conventional aggression. But political, technological, fiscal and manpower constraints foreclose strategic choices which would decisively alter this situation and sharply limit the range of realistic choice to quite modest changes in NATO’s conventional defence posture.
Life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide for different arboricultural practices in Los Angeles, CA

Abstract Although the arboriculture industry plants and maintains trees that remove CO 2 from the atmosphere, it uses heavy-duty equipment and vehicles that release more CO 2 per year than other similar-sized industries in the service sector. This study used lifecycle assessment to compare CO 2 emissions associated with different decisions by arborists to the amount of CO 2 sequestered over 50 years for California sycamore ( Platanus racemosa ) planted in Los Angeles, CA. Scenarios examined effects of equipment and vehicle choices, different operational efficiencies, amounts of irrigation water applied and the fate of wood residue from pruning and tree removal. For the Highest Emission Case, total emissions (9.002 t) exceeded CO 2 stored (−7.798 t), resulting in net emissions of 1.204 t. The Lowest Emission Case resulted in net removal of −3.768 t CO 2 over the 50-year period. Tree selection and irrigation water management were key leverage points in Los Angeles. Converting residue from the removed tree to wood products resulted in substantially lower net CO 2 emissions than did converting it into bioenergy or mulch. Although emissions from vehicles and equipment accounted for less than 6% of the CO 2 stored in the tree, substantial reductions are achievable. Arborists can reduce CO 2 emissions threefold by converting from high- to low-emitting equipment and vehicles. By reducing travel distances and equipment run-times, twofold emission reductions are possible. Reducing the amount of aboveground biomass pruned from 20% to 10% every five years lowered pruning emissions fivefold.
Capturing Risk Exposure in the Evaluation of Capital Budgeting Projects

(1977). Capturing Risk Exposure in the Evaluation of Capital Budgeting Projects. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 261-276.
Depth-based image registration

Image registration is a fundamental task in computer vision because it can significantly contribute to high-level computer vision and benefit numerous practical applications. Though a lot of image registration techniques exist in literature, there is still a significant amount of research to be conducted because there are a lot of issues that need to be solved such as the parallax problem. The traditional image registration algorithms suffer from the parallax problem due to their underling assumption that the scene can be regarded approximately planar which is not satisfied in the case of large depth variation in the images with high-rise objects. With regard to the the parallax problem, a new strategy is proposed by leveraging the depth information via 3D reconstruction. One novel idea is to recover the depth in the image region with high-rise objects to build accurate transform function for image registration. Our method mitigates the parallax problem and can achieve robust registration results, which is validated by our experiments. Our algorithm is attractive to numerous practical applications.
Action of halothane upon mitochondrial respiration

Abstract The inhibitory action of halothane upon respiration was studied with rat liver mitochondria (RLM3), beef heart mitochondria (HBHM), and electron-transport particles (ETP). With intact mitochondrial preparations the oxidation of NADH-linked substrates but not of succinate was markedly suppressed by low concentrations of halothane ( m as determined by gas-liquid chromatography). This inhibitory action of halothane was completely reversible. In contrast, a number of other mitochondrial processes were found to be sensitive in an irreversible manner at higher concentrations of the anesthetic. Likewise, the oxidation of added NADH by HBHM, ETP, and detergent-disrupted RLM was found to be sensitive in a reversible manner to low concentrations of halothane. The energy-dependent transfer of electrons from succinate to NAD by ETPH was also sensitive to halothane. On the other hand, the NADH-ferricyanide reductase and the succinic oxidase activities of ETP and the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of microsomes were all insensitive to halothane. The site of inhibition by halothane appears to be in the vicinity of the rotenone-sensitive site of complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase). A number of other general anesthetics inhibited respiration at or near the same site as halothane.
Time-variable gravity from GRACE: First results

Eleven monthly GRACE gravity field solutions are now available for analyses. We show those fields can be used to recover monthly changes in water storage, both on land and in the ocean, to accuracies of 1.5 cm of water thickness when smoothed over 1000 km. The amplitude of the annually varying signal can be determined to 1.0 cm. Results are 30% better for a 1500 km smoothing radius, and 40% worse for a 750 km radius. We estimate the annually varying component of water storage for three large drainage basins (the Mississippi, the Amazon, and a region draining into the Bay of Bengal), to accuracies of 1.0–1.5 cm.
Metabolism and distribution of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the bullfrog tadpole.

Abstract The metabolism of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) has been studied in the tadpole using 125 I- and 131 I-labeled hormones under experimental conditions designed to minimize nonenzymatic deiodination and to detect conjugated forms of the hormones. Total retention studies reveal that T 4 is retained longer than T 3 . Individual tadpole tissues showed selective differences in the accumulation of the two hormones. Comparison of immersion and injection revealed large differences in the rate of hormone uptake. Injection favored uptake by the liver, while the preferred route of hormone uptake by immersion was the gills. Significant differences were found in the metabolism of T 3 and T 4 , T 3 was extensively conjugated and excreted as the sulfate and glueuronide. T 4 was not appreciably conjugated. Deiodination of either T 3 or T 4 was minimal except after T 4 had entered the enterohepatic circulation. The ability of bullfrog tadpole tissues to deiodinate or otherwise degrade T 3 or T 4 did not appear to change at different metamorphic stages of the tadpole.
The network for environmental and economic justice in the Southwest: Interview with Richard Moore

(1994). The network for environmental and economic justice in the Southwest: Interview with Richard Moore. Capitalism Nature Socialism: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 21-54.
Measurement of auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana

This protocol allows the measurement of auxin transport in roots, hypocotyls and inflorescences of Arabidopsis thaliana plants by examining transport of radiolabeled auxin or movement of an auxin-induced gene expression signal. The protocol contains four stages: seedling growth, auxin application, a transport period of variable length, and quantification of auxin movement or reporter expression. Beyond the time for plant growth, the transport assay can be completed within 4–18 h. Auxin is applied to seedlings in agar cylinders or droplets, which does not require specialized liquid-handling equipment or micromanipulators, in contrast with methods that apply auxin in liquid droplets. Spatial control of auxin application is reduced, but this method has the advantages of being technically more feasible for most laboratories and allowing agar containing radioactive auxin to be removed for pulse chase assays that determine transport rates. These methods allow investigation of genetic and environmental factors that control auxin transport.
One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted Di-Hydrofurans from Lewis Base-Catalyzed Three-Component Condensation

A one-pot synthesis of substituted dihydrofurans was developed through a Lewis base-catalyzed three-component cascade condensation between nitroalkenes, aldehydes, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. The desired cyclization products were prepared with a large substrate scope (22 examples) and excellent diastereoselectivity (only trans isomers) in good to excellent yields (up to 95%).
Porous Polymer Monoliths: Preparation of Sorbent Materials with High-Surface Areas and Controlled Surface Chemistry for High-Throughput, Online, Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Organic Compounds

Porous monolithic materials with high surface areas have been prepared from commercial 80% divinylbenzene. The pore properties of these materials are controlled by the type and composition of the porogenic solvent and by the percentage of cross-linking monomer (divinylbenzene) in the polymerization mixture. Surface area was found to increase with the divinylbenzene content of the monolith. Using high-grade divinylbenzene and a suitable porogenic solvent, monolithic materials with specific surface areas as high as 400 m2/g yet still permeable to liquids at reasonable back pressure were obtained for the first time. A macroporous material with hydrodynamic properties optimized for solid-phase extraction has been designed and its permeability and adsorption ability was demonstrated by adsorbing phenols at flow velocities that exceed those of current materials by a factor of 30. A unique set of polymerization conditions had to be developed to allow the incorporation of polar 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate into t...
Atomic-level imaging, processing and characterization of defects and surfaces using proximal probe techniques

Abstract A new proximal probe technique is introduced for the manipulation and placement of atoms at specific sites on semiconductor surfaces. This study reports the effects of removing single intrinsic atoms and placing extrinsic atoms at predetermined sites at grain boundaries in CuInSe2. The method uses coordinated electronic and wavelength-specific photon fields to reduce the effective tunneling barrier heights controlling the field evaporation process. A specially developed scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) tip is used for the confinement and direction of the extrinsic atomic species to the surface region. A proximal probe-based electrical characterization technique is used to evaluate and compare the minority-carrier characteristics in the vicinity of the defects before and after the atomic processing.
A simple method for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient cell labelling and in vivo imaging

Highly stable colloidal hyaluronic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles were prepared via a ligand exchange method. These particles exhibited excellent cell labeling efficiencies and superior potential as MRI contrast agents, which are useful to target tumor cells expressing hyaluronic acid receptors such as CD44.
Stationary Markov equilibria on a non-compact self-justified set

Abstract The existence of stationary processes of temporary equilibria is examined in an OLG model, where there are finitely many commodities and consumers in each period, and endowments profiles and expectations profiles are subject to stochastic shocks. A state space is taken as the set of all payoff-relevant variables, and dynamics of the economy is captured as a stochastic process in the state space. In our model, however, the state space does not necessarily admit a compact-truncation consistent with the intertemporal restrictions because distributions over expectations profiles may have non-compact supports. As shown in Duffie et al. [Duffie, D., Geanakoplos, J., Mas-Colell, A., McLennan, A., 1994. Stationary Markov equilibria. Econometrica 62, 745–781), such a compact-truncation, called a self-justified set , is essential for the existence of stationary Markov equilibria. We extend their existence theorem so as to be applicable to our model.
Limitations in the Constitutive Modeling of Unsaturated Soils and Solutions

Over the past six decades, significant attention has been paid to the elastoplastic behavior of unsaturated soils. In the past two decades alone, elastoplastic theory for unsaturated soils has been established and experimental techniques for measuring the elastoplastic behavior of unsaturated soils have become more sophisticated. However, less effort has been directed at developing the best strategy for constitutive modeling of unsaturated soils. At present, there is no standard method for developing constitutive models for unsaturated soils from experimental data, and owing to the extreme complexity of unsaturated soil behavior, there are limitations in the existing modeling methods. If these limitations are not recognized, misleading results in the constitutive modeling of unsaturated soil behavior may occur. This paper discusses the origins of and possible solutions to these limitations. Experimental data from the recent literature are used to demonstrate the use of existing methods for the constitutive modeling of unsaturated soils and potential associated problems. A modified state-surface approach (MSSA), recently proposed to model the elastoplastic behavior of unsaturated soils under isotropic conditions, was applied to overcome the limitations and develop a constitutive model that can best represent the behavior of unsaturated soil. A comparison of the proposed method and existing methods is discussed, and from this discussion, the capability and effectiveness of the proposed method are evaluated.
Characterization of glutathione S-transferases in juvenile white sturgeon

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to electrophiles, thus preventing toxicity. This study characterized the cytosolic GST classes of juvenile white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus) liver, using two methods of isolation. The first, which employed affinity chromatography, electrophoresis and immunoblotting against a polyclonal striped bass GST antibody, yielded two cytosolic GSTs. The GSTs were identified by nanospray liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), peptide mass mapping and MS/MS sequencing, as well as de novo MS/MS sequencing as GST classes and using the Mascot search engine and the NCBI non-redundant database (nrDB) for both methods. The molecular masses were determined to be 23,548± 23 and 26,027 ± 23 Da, respectively, using linear matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The second method of isolation, which used affinity chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), yielded , , and possibly two isoforms by MALDI-TOF-TOF, again searching against the NCBI nrDB. The isoforms were determined to have molecular masses of 25,528 ± 23 and 25,348 ± 23 Da by electrospray ionization source (ESI)–MS. Overall, it appears that the HPLC method is more sensitive than immunoblotting with the current antibody. Activity of the cytosolic GSTs was evaluated using the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and found to be 2.4 ± 0.6 U/mg cytosolic protein, and 0.41 ± 0.05 U/mg cytosolic protein using ethacrynic acid (ETHA). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sertraline and breastfeeding: review and meta-analysis

We examined the risk-benefit profile of sertraline treatment during breastfeeding, summarized the available literature on sertraline use, presented previously unpublished data, and performed a correlation-based meta-analysis of sertraline serum levels in mother-infant pairs. We conducted a search of PubMed and the National Library of Medicine LactMed database. We performed a meta-analysis to examine correlations between maternal and infant serum sertraline levels in the existing literature and in previously unpublished data. Of 167 available infant sertraline levels, 146 (87.4 %) were below the limit of detection, and the meta-analysis found no significant relationship between maternal and infant sertraline concentrations. Of 150 infant desmethylsertraline levels, 105 (70.0 %) were below the limit of detection. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between maternal and infant desmethylsertraline concentrations, but this metabolite has only a fraction of the activity of sertraline. A significant relationship was also found for the sum of sertraline and desmethylsertraline, which stems primarily from the contribution of desmethylsertraline. Sertraline is a first-line drug for breastfeeding women due to documented low levels of exposure in breastfeeding infants and very few adverse events described in case reports. Based on the current literature, neither routine serum sampling nor genotyping is warranted for breastfeeding mothers taking sertraline and/or their infants. Routine pediatric care is appropriate monitoring for breastfed infants of women who take sertraline monotherapy.
Energy transfer distance distributions recovered from a zinc finger peptide using time-resolved frequency-domain fluorometry

The `zinc finger' motif, found in nucleic acid-binding proteins, consists of a peptide domain which tetrahedrally coordinates a zinc ion via cysteine (sulfhydryl) and histidine (imidazole nitrogen) sidechain atoms. The CCHH class, in which zinc binds to a pair of cysteines and a pair of histidines, is commonly found in eukaryotic transcription factors. These transcription factors cannot bind DNA in the absence of metal ion, and physical studies (CD, NMR) indicate that a more defined structure is induced upon metal binding. Fluorescence energy transfer measurements were performed on a zinc finger peptide which contains a single CCHH metal-binding domain. An intrinsic conserved tryptophan, located at the midpoint of the peptide chain, serves as the energy donor to one of two dansyl acceptors (one acceptor is attached to the (alpha) -amino group and the other to the (epsilon) -amino group of a carboxy-terminal lysine). Distance distributions between the donor and acceptor were determined for zinc-bound and metal-free peptide using time-resolved frequency-domain fluorometry. The distance distributions were shorter and narrower for the zinc-bound peptide than those recovered for the zinc-free peptide. These results confirm previous experimental evidence which indicates that metal ion is required to form a well-defined solution conformation.
Confidence in Government During the 1980s

Data from the American National Election Studies are used to examine trends in political trust for the period of 1980 to 1988. The data reveal a substantial growth in trust during the first half of the eighties, followed by plummeting confidence in government at the end of the decade. A number of plausible explanations for these shifts in public trust are examined. The analysis reveals that the downturn in trust after 1984 was not a response to the Iran-Contra scandal of 1986. Rather, it reflected the emerging perception that Reagan lacked compassion, as well as growing dissatisfaction with foreign and domestic policies.
A Phytochemical Investigation of Dry op tens Hexagonoptera Michaux

The above ground portion of Dryopteris hexagonoptera Michaux and a dried aqueous extract of this plant, which have been reported to have hypotensive properties, were investigated. A glycosidal material was obtained from an alcohol extract of the plant; also from an aqueous extract. No filicin or alkaloids were found. A white crystalline material was isolated from a petroleum benzin extract of the plant, but not identified.
Behavior and Achievement Relationships with Emotionally Disturbed Children: An Applied Study.

Reciprocal relationships between on-task behavior and certain academic performance targets have been demonstrated in a number of short-term applied behavior analysis studies. These studies have not had emotionally disturbed or behavior disordered (ED/BD) children as subjects, and are generally not carried out over sufficient intervals to measure effects on standardized tests of achievement. Studies of ongoing programs over longer periods of time have shown inconsistent results when comparing levels of on-task behavior with standardized achievement gains. The present study questions the hypothesized relationship between on-task behaviors and standardized achievement with ED/BD children. Further, it seeks to determine significant relationships between certain specific on-task behaviors (e.g., completing assignments) and standardized achievement. Forty ED/BD children participated in a token economy over the course of an entire academic year. Minimal pre-post achievement gains (p < .01) and a high level of on-task behavior (84%) were noted, but there were no significant relationships between on-task behaviors and measured achievement. The results are discussed in the context of similar findings from other ongoing programs with ED/BD students. Suggestions are offered for investigating other classes of behavior (e.g., academic engaged time) with these children, in order to discover more consistent behavior-achievement relationships.
Truth by stipulation

IN AN article entitled "Mr. Pap on Meaning Rules," 1 Mr. Grover Maxwell contends that the necessary character of analytic truths can be accounted for solely on the basis of linguistic rules or stipulations. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss this contention. I wish to avoid, as far as possible, consideration of "Platonism" (I agree, of course, with Maxwell that meanings or universals should not be thought of as shadowy particulars), and of the necessity of intuition in the determination of necessary truth. I should suppose, however, that some appeal to intuition is necessary in determining the truth-value of any statement, if direct understanding of the meaning of sentences is counted as a kind of intuition; after all, a statement cannot specify its own meaning. It should be remarked, moreover, that intuition is a notion relating not to the truth of statements, but at best to the recognition of such truth. Thus, even if 33
Differences in oocyte development and estradiol sensitivity among mouse strains

Mouse oocytes develop in clusters of interconnected cells called germline cysts. Shortly after birth, the majority of cysts break apart and primordial follicles form, consisting of one oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells. Concurrently, oocyte number is reduced by two-thirds. Exposure of neonatal females to estrogenic compounds causes multiple oocyte follicles that are likely germline cysts that did not break down. Supporting this idea, estrogen disrupts cyst breakdown and may regulate normal oocyte development. Previously, the CD-1 strain was used to study cyst breakdown and oocyte survival, but it is unknown if there are differences in these processes in other mouse strains. It is also unknown if there are variations in estrogen sensitivity during oocyte development. Here, we examined neonatal oocyte development in FVB, C57BL/6, and F2 hybrid (Oct4-GFP) strains, and compared them with the CD-1 strain. We found variability in oocyte development among the four strains. We also investigated estrogen sensitivity differences, and found that C57BL/6 ovaries are more sensitive to estradiol than CD-1, FVB, or Oct4-GFP ovaries. Insight into differences in oocyte development will facilitate comparison of mice generated on different genetic backgrounds. Understanding variations in estrogen sensitivity will lead to better understanding of the risks of environmental estrogen exposure in humans.
High Density Electronic Packaging via Welded Honeycomb Structures

A system of packaging based on the Sperry "Honeycomb" concept is described which attempts to resolve the major problems associated with other current packaging schemes. The paper reviewsthe considerations of high density welded three-dimensional packaging and some advantages and disadvantages of the popular concepts. This method is particularly applicable to develop programs since it permits evaluationo the circuit prior to final encapsulation. The paper details a typical circuit package from its original circuit schematic through packaging layout, assembly, testing and final encapsulation. It also shows how the packaging method can be adapted to permit replacement of components if required.
TU-D-230C-01: Digital Radiography QC Workshop I and II

Computed radiography and digital radiography systems now comprise a large segment of radiography work. It is important that appropriate performance testing and quality control (QC) tools and procedures be made available for these systems. The vendors and/or manufacturers of digital imaging systems may provide‐or make available‐test tools, software and procedures for performance evaluation and routine quality controltesting of their digital systems. Currently, such tools and programs vary significantly from manufacturer to manufacturer. This two‐part workshop will include both formal presentations and hands‐on demonstrations. During the first half of the workshop, each participating vendor or manufacturer will present a brief (12–15 minute) overview of tools and procedures for performance testing and QC of their systems. The second half of the workshop is dedicated to hands‐on demonstrations at table‐top exhibits hosted by each participating vendor. Exhibits will include test tools, workstations and samples of performance testing and QC test procedures. Companies participating in this workshop will include Agfa, Fuji, General Electric, Kodak, Konica, IDC, LoDox, Philips and potentially others. Educational Objectives: 1. To understand performance test procedures used by various DR/CR systems. 2. To see types QC test tools and procedures made available with DR/CR systems. 3. To obtain hands‐on demonstration of DR/CR ttesting and QC procedures.
The interaction of C60 with noble metal surfaces

Abstract The interaction of C 60 with Ag(111) was studied using UHV-STM, LEED, AES, and TOF-SIMS and compared with previous results for Au(111). On both surfaces, c 60 grows in a layer-by-layer manner with nucleation occurring at steps separating narrow terraces followed by growth from the steps onto larger terraces. However, differences in C 60 growth on the two surfaces due to the Au(111) surface reconstruction were observed. Also, on Ag(111), C 60 , was found to form a 2√3 × 2√3R30° structure while on Au(111) a 38 × 38 in-phase structure was also observed indicating a stronger driving force for adsorption into specific sites on Ag(111). Adsorbed c 60 molecules were found to rotate faster on Au(111) than on Ag(111) also indicating a stronger interaction between C 60 and Ag. Annealing studies, however, showed that C 60 desorbs from both Au(111) and Ag(111) at approximately 500°C indicating that differences in interaction strength between the two surfaces cannot be large. The mobility of first and second layer molecules was also studied using STM. The results indicated that individual adsorbed molecules are sufficiently mobile for thermodynamic considerations to be important in determining nucleation and growth on both surfaces. It was also found that small second layer islands rearrange over the time-scale of minutes, but that concerted motion and rearrangement of large first layer domains is not likely at room temperature on both surfaces.
Regulated Secretion of Prolactin by the Mouse Insulinoma Cell Line βTC-3

Our aim is to use cultured cells capable of regulated protein secretion for the production of recombi-nant proteins that require particular types of post-translational modifications. Here we have generated a stable transfected βTC-3 cell line, βTC-IPR9, that secretes high levels of recombinant prolactin. Transfected cells synthesize both the 27 kDa glycosylated and a 23 kDa nonglycosylated prolactin; the 23 kDa nonglycosylated species was secreted preferentially when cells were placed in secretion medium containing isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and high concentrations of glucose, K+, and Ca2+. When the cells were cultured in medium containing low concentrations of glucose, K+, and Ca2+, most of the prolactin and insulin were not secreted; much of the prolactin was proteolytically converted to a 16 kDa form. Within the first 30 minutes after transferring the cells to medium containing secretagogues there was a 20-fold increase in the rate of secretion of prolactin; all of the 16 kDa species was secreted. The recombinant cells could be cycled several times between medium in which prolactin was biosynthesized and medium in which it was secreted. Preferential secretion of proteolytically processed prolactin in a medium without contaminating proteins offers an example of the advantage of this technology for production of other recombinant proteins.
A Quantification of Pathway Components Supports a Novel Model of Hedgehog Signal Transduction

The secreted protein Hedgehog (Hh) plays a critical instructional role during metazoan development. In Drosophila, Hh signaling is interpreted by a set of conserved, downstream effectors that differentially localize and interact to regulate the stability and activity of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus. Two essential models that integrate genetic, cell biological, and biochemical information have been proposed to explain how these signaling components relate to one another within the cellular context. As the molar ratios of the signaling effectors required in each of these models are quite different, quantitating the cellular ratio of pathway components could distinguish these two models. Here, we address this important question using a set of purified protein standards to perform a quantitative analysis of Drosophila cell lysates for each downstream pathway component. We determine each component's steady-state concentration within a given cell, demonstrate the molar ratio of Hh signaling effectors differs more than two orders of magnitude and that this ratio is conserved in vivo. We find that the G-protein-coupled transmembrane protein Smoothened, an activating component, is present in limiting amounts, while a negative pathway regulator, Suppressor of Fused, is present in vast molar excess. Interestingly, despite large differences in the steady-state ratio, all downstream signaling components exist in an equimolar membrane-associated complex. We use these quantitative results to re-evaluate the current models of Hh signaling and now propose a novel model of signaling that accounts for the stoichiometric differences observed between various Hh pathway components.
Developing an exportable computer‐based curriculum for a decentralized clerkship

To provide all students in a decentralized clerkship with a similar educational experience, we used the computer's capability to integrate data needed for clerkship monitoring and its potential to deliver core curricular materials. An “exportable”; Learning Resource Center was developed to provide the necessary learning resources to students regardless of their training site. The Learning Resource Center comprises reference sources such as textbooks and journal reprints and a computer workstation. The computer workstation has word processing and graphics tools, a patient logbook, library search capability, computer‐assisted instructional modules, and case simulations. In addition to providing core curriculum, the resulting computer records are used for program evaluation to compare sites and assess the type of experience the student receives. The Learning Resource Center is capable of providing feedback to students during the clerkship to enable appropriate planning of the educational experience.
Trans-interface-diffusion-controlled coarsening of γ′ precipitates in ternary Ni–Al–Cr alloys

Abstract Published data on the coarsening behavior of γ′ precipitates in three ternary Ni–Al–Cr alloys are examined in light of the theory of trans-interface-diffusion-controlled (TIDC) coarsening, in which the kinetics is controlled by diffusion through the coherent precipitate–matrix interface. The experimental data are independent of the equilibrium γ′ volume fraction, as expected for TIDC coarsening. Kinetics of the type 〈r〉n ∝ t for the growth of precipitates of average radius 〈r〉, and X∞Al and X∞Cr ∝ t–1/n for the variations of the far-field matrix solute concentrations, X∞Al,Cr, with aging time, t, are characteristic of TIDC coarsening. The temporal exponent n ≈ 2.4 was obtained from the fitting of published particle size distributions. Based on correlation coefficients, the dependencies of 〈r〉n on t and X∞Al,Cr on t−1/n were comparable for n = 2.4 and n = 3 (the temporal exponent for matrix-diffusion-controlled coarsening). The dependencies of volume fraction, f, and number density, Nv, on t are also compared with theoretical predictions. Using a thermodynamic model of the Ni–Al–Cr phase diagram, the interfacial free energy, σ, was estimated from analysis of the data; σ varies from ∼14.5 to 19 mJ m–2 in the three alloys. Interfacial diffusion coefficients, also obtained from analysis of the data, are greater than those in the γ′ phase but smaller than those in the γ phase, which is consistent with the demands of the TIDC theory. Comparisons with the results from previously published work are noted and all discrepancies are discussed.
Efficient Symbolic Representations for Arithmetic Constraints in Verification

In this paper we discuss efficient symbolic representations for infinite-state systems specified using linear arithmetic constraints. We give algorithms for constructing finite automata which represent integer sets that satisfy linear constraints. These automata can represent either signed or unsigned integers and have a lower number of states compared to other similar approaches. We present efficient storage techniques for the transition function of the automata and extend the construction algorithms to formulas on both boolean and integer variables. We also derive conditions which guarantee that the pre-condition computations used in symbolic verification algorithms do not cause an exponential increase in the automata size. We experimentally compare different symbolic representations by using them to verify non-trivial concurrent systems. Experimental results show that the symbolic representations based on our construction algorithms outperform the polyhedral representation used in Omega Library, and the automata representation used in LASH.
Procedure for calculating the digestible and metabolisable energy values of food components making a small contribution to dietary intake

Three procedures are described for the calculation of digestible or metabolisable energy values of food components making a small contribution to the diet in energy balance experiments. Each procedure is assessed for the extent to which measurement errors associated with energy balance studies are magnified when calculating these values. It is shown that one procedure used currently in the literature is subject to sonsiderable error (for example 30-fold magnification errors for a component comprising ∼5% of the food dry weight) whereas others are very much less prone to errors of this kind. A new procedure is described which minimises the effects of experimental error. It is concluded that energy values of components contributing a small fraction of energy intake can be determined with greater accuracy by energy balance than is often considered possible.
Development of manufacturable CIS processing

We have developed a manufacturing friendly process for CIS solar cells that includes all-solid-state processing and an inert gas, atmospheric pressure selenization/anneal. Present efficiencies are in the 9-10% range with V/sub oc/s at 400+ mV. Correlations between processing and performance have been established. V/sub oc/s have been advanced to 430 mV using an etching process. These results combined with insights provided by a recombination model indicate that V/sub oc/s in excess of 500 mV are within reach.
STABILITY OF SAMPLE QUALITY FOR A NATIONAL RANDOM-DIGIT DIALING CELLULAR PHONE SURVEY OF YOUNG ADULTS

During the 2000s, rapid adoption of cellular phones and foregoing of landline telephones (i.e., wireless substitution) were observed (1–3). This affected behavioral surveillance by creating a staggering decrease in coverage for surveys that relied on random-digit dialing (RDD) sampling, resulting in biased health estimates (1–5). During this time, innovative sampling approaches that integrated both landlines and cellular phones were developed (6). Recently, some have suggested that the rate of wireless substitution has reached the point at which it is no longer necessary to sample landlines (7, 8). Indeed, the 2011 National Young Adult Health Survey (NYAHS), a national cellular phone–only RDD survey, demonstrated equal sample quality and some efficiency relative to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which samples both landlines and cellular phones (7). Emergent communication technologies continue to be rapidly adopted. There has been a dramatic increase in smart-phone use, particularly among males, younger adults, and minorities (9). These devices have communication abilities beyond those of traditional cellular phones that provide users alternative ways to communicate instantly (e.g., chat functions, social media), and these functions have been adopted rapidly in recent years (10). In the context of telephone survey methodology, perhaps the most worrisome development is technologies to verbally communicate via smartphone applications without using a telephone number. Young adults, men, and Latinos are most likely to use such features (10). Cellular phones are now used less as “traditional” telephones and more as broad communication and media devices. Although the impact of this technological advance on RDD sampling of cellular phones is not known, it may affect cellular phone surveys in a manner similar to that in which wireless substitution affected landline surveys. As such, we seek to answer 2 questions. 1) Is the use of cellular phone RDD a stable method of sampling? 2) Has the sample representativeness changed (i.e., deteriorated or improved) for population subgroups?
Emerging Trends in Treating Relationships

Treating relationships has become the hallmark of increasing numbers of therapists in the last decade. The interest in the field of marriage and and family counseling is also reflected by the mushrooming number of theoretical and empirical publications. This paper reviews some of the conceptual and programmatic trends that are occurring and also highlights several of the trends in evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment.
Optical Transmission through Hexagonal Arrays of Subwavelength Holes in Thin Metal Films

We have studied the light transmission through hexagonal arrays of subwavelength holes in thin gold and aluminum films, varying the film thickness between 20 and 120 nm while the hole diameter as well as the interhole distance have been kept constant at ∼300 and ∼500 nm, respectively. The films were characterized by means of UV−vis spectroscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM).
Low-Order Aeroelastic Model of Launch-Vehicle Dynamics

This paper presents a low-order aeroelastic model that attempts to qualitatively captures some of the phenomena experienced by launch vehicles. Equations of motion for the two-dimensional dynamics are derived by treating the vehicle as a beam with a gimbaled nozzle attached at the aft end. The flexible-body dynamics are described kinematically using two assumed modes. An aerodynamic model focuses on flow separations at diameter transitions that can lead to lengthwise variations in the applied aerodynamic pressure. Additionally, convective effects are modeled that lead to time lag in the aerodynamic forces. The linearized equations of motion are tenth order when neglecting convective effects, and twelfth order when including convective effects. The model demonstrates some of the possible coupling that occurs between rigid-body, flexible-body, and aerodynamic states. The resulting model is not fully controllable, but does appear to be stabilizable. I. Introduction In launch-vehicle controller design, accurate models are needed for the vehicle dynamics and applied forces. This includes the full coupling between the rigid-body dynamics, flexible-body dynamics, and aerodynamics. Previously, reduced-order models have been developed by applying input-output system identification to relate a vehicle’s deformed configuration to the aerodynamic forces predicted by a computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) model. 1 Combined with a structural dynamics model, a coupled aeroelastic model can be developed. This paper presents a planar low-order aeroelastic model that qualitatively captures some of the phenomena experienced by launch vehicles. The objective of this model is to gain insight into the effect of aeroelasticity on launchvehicle stability, controllability, and controller performance, without requiring detailed finite element or CFD modeling. The physical parameters used in the model are approximately based on the Ares I launch vehicle. The following sections describe the kinematic definitions, present models of the forces applied to the vehicle, derive the equations of motion, and analyze the system stability.
Fate of the hippocampal mossy fiber projection after destruction of its postsynaptic targets with intraventricular kainic acid.

Intraventricular injections of kainic acid were used to create a model of selective cell death in order to study the fate of afferent projections that are deprived of their postsynaptic targets. This treatment rapidly destroyed hipocampal CA3 pyramidal cells, but not those neurons that give rise to their mossy fiber and entorhinal afferents. Light microscopic studies with the Timm's sulfide silver stain indicated that half or more of the mossy fiber boutons in area CA3b were lost within the first 1–3 days after kainic acid administration. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. Electron-dense, usually vacuolated mossy fiber boutons accounted for about 10–20% of the total population present at a 4-hour survival time, but were not encountered in control rats nor at survival times longer than 1 day. Other mossy fiber boutons remained electron lucent, but enlarged became more rounded in shape, and suffered and apparent loss of synaptic vesicles. It is suggested that degeneration of some mossy fiber boutons and resorption of others into the axon may have accounted for the precipitous decline in their number. The dendritic excrescences contacted by these boutons were nearly all undergoing electron-dense degeneration 4 hours after kainic acid administration. In rats that survived 6–8 weeks mossy fiber boutons remained somewhat scarce, individual boutons appeared relatively small, and only one-third the normal percentage were observed to be engaged in more than one synaptic contact within a single cross section. A qualitative electron microscopic study of the entorhinal projection to area CA3 suggested a response to kainic acid treatment similar to that of the mossy fiber projection, except that no entorhinal boutons were seen to become electron dense. These findings suggest that presynaptic fibers in the mature hippocampus adjust the size of their terminal arborizations and number of synaptic contacts to accommodate a reduction in the target cell population. The rapid loss of mossy fiber boutons may be attributable to an unsual fragility of these structures when they are deprived of the mechanical support normally provided by the pyramidal cell. Finally, the ability of kainic acid administration to alter the number and distribution of presynaptic elements must be taken into account whenever this toxin is used to make selective lesions of postsynaptic cells.
HIV-1 LTR DNA sequence variation in brain-derived isolates

Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) derived from the central nervous system (CNS) display properties distinctive from blood-derived isolates, including a high incidence of macrophage tropism in CNS isolates. Macrophage tropism is a result, in part, of DNA sequence variation in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gene, but evidence also exists suggesting differences in the long terminal repeat (LTR) may contribute to differential gene expression. To investigate the nature of HIV-1 LTR sequence variation in the brain, we have sequenced bases -374 to +43 of the LTR from the brains of four HIV-1-infected patients. A total of 56 clones were derived from either both gray and white matter (three brains) or white matter alone (one brain), and these sequences were compared to 17 published sequences derived from multiple sources. A total of five LTR quasispecies were found. Overall, there was a significant amount of sequence variation both within and between brains, comparable to that seen in quasispecies of the envelope glycoprotein derived from blood or brain. The vast majority of the variation was seen in regions upstream from the two NF-kappa B sites. Compared to the blood-derived, T cell-tropic IIIB LTR, a majority of clones from two or more of the brains shared 11 unique substitutions in transcription factor binding sites, of which eight were shared with the CNS-derived clones JR-CSF and JR-FL and altered the NF-AT and LEF-1 transcription factor binding sites. These findings correlate with published functional studies showing CNS-derived HIV-1 LTRs are distinct from the blood-derived IIIB LTR, and represent a starting point for future studies designed to determine which LTR sequence variations are associated with cell-specific differences in gene expression in the CNS.