cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the impact of residents’ participation on free flap reconstruction

As microsurgery gains in popularity, surgical training becomes more critical. There have been numerous studies assessing resident involvement in an array of surgical subspecialties; however, there is a dearth of data as it relates to patient outcomes in the field of Reconstructive Microsurgery. A retrospective review was conducted by searching for all free tissue transfer cases from 2011 to 2012 in the NSQIP database. Study groups were divided based on presence of a resident. The flaps were then subdivided into type of free flap. The primary outcome was the development of major complications, defined as return to OR or flap loss. Secondary outcomes were total hospital length of stay, total operative time, and minor complications defined as surgical site infection, wound dehiscence, and bleeding not requiring return to OR or readmission. A total of 462 free tissue transfers were identified, 92 of which were performed without resident participation, and 369 included resident participation. The majority of flaps of cases were done for breast reconstruction. After adjusting for comorbidities, cases in which residents participated had a statistically significant increase in bleeding, SSI, and total operative time. Interestingly, cases involving a PGY-6 and above conferred a protective effect from developing major complications. Resident involvement in Reconstructive Microsurgery cases is safe, with only a slightly higher probability of minor complications. There was no difference in major complications, and in fact, having a chief resident and above participate in the case conferred a protective effect. Attending surgeons can be confident that their patients will be safe, and that involving residents will not negatively affect their outcomes. Level of evidence: Level III, risk/prognostic study.
Abnormal eating behavior in video-recorded meals in anorexia nervosa.

Objective Eating behavior during meals in anorexia nervosa (AN) has long been noted to be abnormal, but little research has been done carefully characterizing these behaviors. These eating behaviors have been considered pathological, but are not well understood. The current study sought to quantify ingestive and non-ingestive behaviors during a laboratory lunch meal, compare them to the behaviors of healthy controls (HC), and examine their relationships with caloric intake and anxiety during the meal.
Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis

Systemic necrotizing vasculitis (SNV) includes a group of approximately 20 diseases manifested by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitides are autoimmune disorders involving small to medium size blood vessels. They include granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener's gramulomatosis), microscopic polyangitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Other synonyms are “angiitis” or “arteritis". While this group of disorders shares several common features, the conditions differ with respect to organs involved, severity, and clinical management. Peripheral neuropathy is a common feature of SNV. Among the most severe consequences of vasculitis results from ischemic damage caused by the occlusion of blood vessels associated with an inflammatory process in the vasa nervorum of the vessel walls.
Adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences. Studies with animal models.

This chapter reviews findings, mainly obtained from the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) line of rats, on (a) the development of alcohol drinking during the peri-adolescent period, (b) neurobiological factors that may contribute to adolescent drinking, (c) interventions to prevent alcohol drinking during adolescence, and (d) some long-lasting consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking. The findings indicate that P rats readily initiate alcohol drinking during the early post-weaning, adolescent and peri-adolescent periods of development. The early age-of-onset of alcohol drinking in the P compared to the NP line is associated with (a) higher densities of serotonin-lA (5-HT1IA) receptors in cerebral cortical and hippocampal regions; (b) lower densities of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); (c) higher functional activity in several limbic, cortical and hippocampal regions; and (d) sensitivity to the low-dose stimulating effect of ethanol. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training during adolescence produces long-term effects on preventing high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats. Alcohol drinking during peri-adolescence by P rats produces long-lasting effects that increase the acquisition of ethanol self-administration in adulthood, and, in addition, increase craving-like behavior and the potential for alcohol relapse. With suitable animal models, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences can be attained.
Secondary Mathematics Preservice Teachers' Assessment Perspectives and Practices: An Evolutionary Portrait.

Over the past two decades, mathematics education reformers have increasingly called for new approaches to assessment. This call urges mathematics teachers to merge their assessment with pedagogy, to employ assessments that engage students in the process of "doing mathematics," and to exploit assessment to support learning. This paper presents a research study of how six secondary mathematics preservice teachers learned to use such reform-based assessment practices while enrolled in one of three reform-minded teacher education programs. Data includes three interviews that concentrate on each preservice teacher's views on assessment. In addition, a series of classroom observations focus on the ways each preservice teacher assessed student learning. Analysis of the data revealed three distinct stages in the evolution of preservice teachers' assessment perspectives and practices—from traditional to more reform-based. Findings indicate that preservice teachers first focus on how to assess before considering other assessment functions such as what to assess and how to use assessment.
AUGMENTATION OF SINGLE-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES BY USE OF HELICAL VANE INSERTS

Tube heat transfer augmentation by helical vane inserts, noting Reynolds number and mass flow rate effects
Semantic-Web Technology: Applications at NASA

We provide a description of work at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on building system based on semantic-web concepts and technologies. NASA has been one of the early adopters of semantic-web technologies for practical applications. Indeed there are several ongoing 0 endeavors on building semantics based systems for use in diverse NASA domains ranging from collaborative scientific activity to accident and mishap investigation to enterprise search to scientific information gathering and integration to aviation safety decision support We provide a brief overview of many applications and ongoing work with the goal of informing the external community of these NASA endeavors.
Distinct platelet-activating factor binding sites in synaptic endings and in intracellular membranes of rat cerebral cortex.

The binding of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC or PAF, platelet-activating factor) to synaptic plasma membranes, microsomal membranes, and other rat cerebral cortex subcellular fractions was studied. Using several PAF-binding antagonists, three distinct sites were identified. Two of them were in intracellular membranes (microsomes) and one in synaptic plasma membranes. Microsomal membranes were prepared after obtaining a 43,500 x g pellet from the postmitochondrial supernatant and subsequent centrifugation at 105,000 x g of the resulting supernatant. Most plasma membrane markers were retained in the 43,500 x g pellet (Sun, G.Y., Huang, H.-M., Kelleher, J.A., Stubbs, E.B., Sun, A. Y. (1988) Neurochem. Int. 12, 69-77). Microsomes were purified by density-gradient centrifugation and marker enzymes showed relatively very low contamination by plasma membrane markers. Myelin and mitochondria were devoid of specific PAF binding. A site displaying the highest PAF-binding affinity reported to date in all cells and membranes (KD = 22.5 +/- 1.7 pM and Bmax 8.75 = fmol/mg protein), was found in the microsomal fraction. There was a second binding site in microsomal fractions (KD = 25.0 +/- 0.8 nM and Bmax = 0.96 pmol/mg protein. Ca2+ decreases PAF affinity for the microsomal binding sites. The third binding site displays relatively low specific PAF binding and is present in synaptosomal plasma membranes. Moreover, displacement curves by a wide variety of PAF antagonists indicated different affinities for each of the binding sites described here. These results indicate that PAF-binding sites are heterogeneous in rat cerebral cortex, and they imply that the microsomal membrane sites may be involved, at least in part, in intracellular events such as gene expression.
Fundulus heteroclitus gonadotropin(s). I. Homologous bioassay using oocyte maturation and steroid production by isolated ovarian follicles.

Abstract Isolated ovarian follicles from several species were cultured to develop an in vitro bioassay system for Fundulus heteroclitus gonadotropin. An extract of F. heteroclitus pituitaries, when tested in heterologous systems using follicles from Rana pipiens, Xenopus laevis , and Carassius auratus , was ineffective in provoking either germinal vesicle break-down or steroid production. In a homologous system using F. heteroclitus follicles, F. heteroclitus pituitary extract was capable of inducing both germinal vesicle breakdown and steroid production in a dose-dependent fashion. Testosterone, estradiol-17β, and 17α-hydroxy,20β-dihydroprogesterone were detected in both the culture media and the follicle extracts after F. heteroclitus pituitary extract stimulation. The steroidogenic responses resulting from the pituitary extract stimulation were dependent on the size and stage of follicular development. Only large vitellogenic follicles (1.2–1.4 mm diameter) were able to produce 17α-hydroxy,20β-dihydroprogesterone and testosterone. Small vitellogenic follicles ( F. heteroclitus pituitary extracts as scored by either germinal vesicle breakdown or production of 17α-hydroxy,20β-dihydroprogesterone and testosterone. However, estradiol-17β production was detected in follicles of a much wider size range: Follicles as small as 0.8 mm diameter were responsive to F. heteroclitus pituitary extract stimulation and produced a large quantity of estradiol-17β. There was a marked seasonal sensitivity of F. heteroclitus follicles to pituitary extract stimulation in vitro . Follicles obtained from fish outside of the breeding season (January) were less responsive to stimulation by pituitary extract or steroid. The same preparation of pituitary extract was capable of provoking germinal vesicle breakdown in follicles obtained in May. Pituitary extracts prepared during October through January were also less potent than those prepared during the breeding season (Februry through September). We conclude that F. heteroclitus gonadotropin(s) shows a noticeable species specificity and that F. heteroclitus follicles exhibit both a season- and a size-dependent responsiveness to gonadotropin(s). Hence, with a judicious use of the appropriate types of F. heteroclitus ovarian follicles, we have been able to demonstrate that in vitro oocyte maturation and steroid production are sensitive, homologous bioassays for F. heteroclitus gonadotropin(s).
Silicon-chip source of bright photon pairs

Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on the purity, scalability, integrability, and flexibility of a photon source to support diverse quantum functionalities on a single chip. Here we report a chip-scale photon-pair source on the silicon-on-insulator platform that utilizes dramatic cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator. The device is able to produce high-quality photon pairs at different wavelengths with a high spectral brightness of 6.24×107 pairs/s/mW2/GHz and photon-pair correlation with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 1386 ± 278 while pumped with a continuous-wave laser. The superior performance, together with the structural compactness and CMOS compatibility, opens up a great avenue towards quantum silicon photonics with capability of multi-channel parallel information processing for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication.
Optical Properties of Solids

This chapter discusses electron–photon interactions and their impact on the optical properties of solids, while addressing the general concepts of absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission of light. Fermi’s Golden Rule is utilized to calculate absorption and luminescence intensities as a function of photon energy in three-, two and one-dimensional systems. The basic physics behind the operation of some solid state optical devices, such as LED and lasers, is also discussed. This chapter also discusses excitons since they impact optical properties of solids, and could produce nonlinear optical effects. Finally, some special topics of current interest in nanophotonics, such as polariton lasers, photonic crystals and negative refraction are discussed. This is the only chapter that deals with “optical properties” of nanostructured solids; the rest are mainly focused on “transport properties”.
Detection of Aberrantly Methylated hMLH1 Promoter DNA in the Serum of Patients with Microsatellite Unstable Colon Cancer

Serological tumor markers have proven valuable in the care of individuals with cancer for the early detection of primary cancers, early detection of cancer relapse, monitoring the response of cancers to therapy, and as predictors of cancer prognosis. Recently, the aberrant hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter and its consequent transcriptional silencing has been shown to be a common event in the formation of sporadic microsatellite unstable colon cancer. The silencing of hMLH1 expression appears to be controlled by the hypermethylation of a specific region in the hMLH1 promoter. We developed a methylation-specific PCR assay that assesses this region of the hMLH1 promoter. We found that this assay is able to detect methylated hMLH1 promoter DNA in the serum of some patients with microsatellite unstable colon cancers. In a panel of sera from 19 colon cancer cases, 9 with hMLH1 promoter methylation in the tumor primary, the assay proved 33% sensitive and 100% specific. This assay offers a potential means for the serum-based detection and/or monitoring of microsatellite unstable colon cancers.
Correlated optical and ULF magnetic observations of the winter cusp – Boundary layer system

We have found a consistent correlation between ground based ultra low frequency (ULF) magnetic and optical measurements of the dayside cusp/boundary layer system which, we believe, may allow ground based identification of the boundary layers and central cusp. We have based our analysis on data taken at Longyearbyen Svalbard, Norway. Under normal magnetic conditions, as the station rotates beneath the auroral zone each day it passes under the ionospheric projection of the cusp-boundary layer system, near magnetic noon at approximately 0830 UT. During the passage of the cusp-boundary layer system a distinctive sequence of magnetic spectral features is observed. The boundary layer passage is characterized by a sharp increase in the power spectral density of broad band, unpolarized noise, combined with a polarized low frequency (1–3 mHz) signal. This is followed by a period of greatly reduced power spectral density of the unpolarized noise. A narrow band polarized signal in the 3–5 mHz band persists throughout this quiet period which is observed to be predominantly left hand polarized before local magnetic noon. This narrow band feature also appears to rise in frequency as the cusp passes overhead, and then falls again after noon. Optical observations are strongly correlated with the magnetic data. We believe the observed features have their source in the ionospheric footprint of the boundary layers and central cusp. The polarized signals may arise from Alfven waves spawned at the magnetopause which propagate down the magnetic field lines that map to the boundary layers. As the cusp may move with changing geomagnetic activity, observations of the features noted here may not be seen on every day. The statistical question of how often, and under what conditions, these features appear is an ongoing research topic. We plan to address this statistical question in a future manuscript.
The effects of divorce: A research review with a developmental perspective

Abstract This paper reviews the available research on divorce with an emphasis on how children at different ages are differentially affected by the divorce process. Preschoolers seem to feel responsible and guilty but recover in two to three months. Early latency age children are exceptionally sad and vulnerable, while late latency age children are better able to express their anger. All latency age children are more likely to engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior as a result of the divorce. Adolescents are often prematurely made independent of the primary family and often are forced into alliances with one of the parents. Therapeutic implications of these findings are included in the discussion.
MESOPHASE FORMATION OF HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE AS AFFECTED BY MISCIBILITY WITH A FLEXIBLE POLYMER

Abstract The concentration for mesophase formation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in water or acetic acid was affected by the addition of a flexible polymer such as poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA) and poly(vinylpyridine), which were proton acceptors with preferential affinity for the solvent. The critical concentration decreased when the amount of flexible counterpart increased. HPC and PDMA produced a two-phase blend by solvent casting but a single-phase blend was obtained by in situ polymerization. Solution blending of HPC with poly(acrylic acid) resulted in precipitation. The precipitates and the films cast from supernatant solutions each showed a single glass transition. The in situ polymerization of acrylic acid with HPC also resulted in a single-Tg material.
Macromolecular Mass Transport to a Surface: Effects of Shear Rate, pH, and Ionic Strength

Macromolecular mass transport from a homogeneous solution to a glass planar surface was investigated under diffusion-limited conditions in a rectangular flow cell. A total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) method was used to determine the diffusivity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) based on the measurement of its adsorption rate to a glass surface under diffusion-limited conditions. Adsorption of BSA, which was covalently bound to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), was measured over the shear rate range of 200 to 1000 s−1using TIRF. Adsorbed concentrations of tritium-labeled BSA–FITC conjugate on the glass surface were compared to the measured surface fluorescence intensity to determine the calibration constant under various conditions. Adsorption was determined as a function of shear rate, pH, ionic strength, and buffer system. All adsorption experiments were run at 25 ± 1°C. Results in this study showed that the ratio of surface fluorescence intensity to adsorbed surface concentration of BSA was nearly constant and not a function of the various conditions investigated. The diffusivity of BSA measured showed no shear rate dependence and appeared to be a Brownian diffusivity. The range of diffusivity values was 3.0 × 10−7to 7.1 × 10−7cm2/s, with the highest diffusivity value occurring at the isoelectric point. The value of the BSA diffusivity calculated using the Stokes–Einstein equation was 3.1 × 10−7cm2/s.
A high leucine diet mitigates cardiac injury and improves survival after acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Objective Evidence suggests that branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are beneficial in treating human disease. It is unknown, however, what impact BCAAs have on outcomes in acute myocardial infarction (MI). This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the specific BCAA leucine mitigates cardiac injury and improves survival post-MI. Materials/Methods 11–12 week old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to experimental MI or sham procedure, and provided regular chow (RC; 1.5% leucine) or a high leucine diet (HLD; 5% leucine), and followed for 3½ or 28 days. All mice were studied by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, and all hearts were collected for histologic measurements of hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Inflammation, hypertrophic gene expression, signal transduction, and glucose, palmitate and leucine metabolism were also measured in 3½ day hearts. Results Except for increased leucine and decreased glucose oxidation, an HLD had no effect on measured outcomes in sham mice. With MI, cardiac structure, function, and survival were significantly improved with an HLD. At 3½ days post-MI, an HLD increased cardiac hypertrophic signaling and decreased inflammation. Cardiac leucine oxidation was decreased in RC mice post-MI, but significantly increased with an HLD. These changes in metabolism were accompanied by a significant increase in cardiac ATP content in the HLD group. Finally, at both 3½ and 28 days post-MI, an HLD increased compensatory hypertrophy, and attenuated cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis. Conclusions An HLD increases compensatory hypertrophy, attenuates fibrosis and apoptosis, and positively modulates oxidative metabolism to improve cardiac structure, function, and survival post-MI.
Response to Goldman and Brown: Making sense of microbial consortia using ecology and evolution

In their commentary on our review, ‘Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology’ [1], Goldman and Brown [2] encourage a synthesis that makes complete sense – the field of evolutionary and ecological theory has great potential to inform the design of engineered microbes and microbial consortia. The authors also raise several issues that allow us to clarify some points that we made in the review.
Stimulation of in vitro sumoylation by Slx5-Slx8: evidence for a functional interaction with the SUMO pathway.

The yeast genes SLX5 and SLX8 were identified based on their requirement for viability in the absence of the Sgs1 DNA helicase. Loss of these genes results in genome instability, nibbled colonies, and other phenotypes associated with defects in sumoylation. The Slx5 and Slx8 proteins form a stable complex and each subunit contains a single RING-finger domain at its C-terminus. To determine the physiological function of the Slx5-8 complex, we explored its interaction with the SUMO pathway. Curing 2μ circle from the mutants suppressed their nibbled colony phenotype and partially improved their growth rate, but did not affect their sensitivity to hydroxyurea. The increase in sumoylation observed in slx5Δ and slx8Δ mutants was found to be dependent on the Siz1 SUMO ligase. Physical interactions between the Slx5-8 complex and both Ubc9 and Smt3 were identified and characterized. Using in vitro reactions, we show that Slx5, Slx8, or the Slx5-8 complex stimulates the formation of SUMO chains and the sumoylation of a test substrate. Interestingly, a functional RING-finger domain is not required for this stimulation in vitro. These biochemical data demonstrate for the first time that the Slx5-8 complex is capable of interacting directly with the SUMO pathway.
Controlled Substance-Related Beliefs and Use: Relationships to Undergraduates' Creative Personality Traits.

The relationship between creativity and various mind-altering substances — especially alcohol — has been a popular topic among creativity researchers and the public at large. Yet experimental studies have found little evidence that alcohol use has a causal influence on creativity, with most studies of creative production showing negative or neutral effects. However, the impact of high levels of creativity on future alcohol use (i.e., the reciprocal relationship) has been rarely studied. The present study examined the relationship between creative personality characteristics, use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, and alcohol-related beliefs among 431 undergraduates. Results of correlational and t-test analyses suggest that creative personality is not significantly correlated with use of these three controlled substances, and that the relationships between personality scores and self-reported beliefs about alcohol are generally weak, with notable exceptions. The paper concludes with specific recommendations regarding research on the relationship between creativity and the use of controlled-substances.
Site-structure dependent excitations

Abstract A method for generation of site-structure dependent seismic excitations is presented. These are constructed from past recorded earthquake accelerograms and have the property to produce upper bounds in the response of a given structure. Their application in the seismic assessment of structures indicates that they produce highly reliable results under an acceptable design conservatism. The approach presented, complements currently used procedures for assessments of earthquake structural resistance when higher levels of confidence are required. Currently used procedures are based on inputs derived by statistical analyses of past recorded earthquake accelerograms under the assumption of different probability distributions. The one described here utilizes such records and in addition takes into account the response characteristics of a given structure. It is based on a well founded mathematical formulation and is suitable for adaption on computers used today in the engineering community. Typical seismic evaluations based on rigorous application of the method are demonstrated. Simplifications for practical engineering applications are also described. The conclusion is that these site-stricture dependent seismic excitations should not be excluded in seismic assessments of nuclear structures which require high levels of confidence.
Elevated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, non-infectious leukocytosis and fevers in a patient with multiple myeloma.

Background: We report the case of a 56-year-old male with multiple myeloma in whom recurrent fevers and leukocytosis delayed potentially effective chemotherapy due to concern for active infection. Design and measurements: A thorough infectious workup, including CT and PET scans, was negative. The patient was eventually found to have an elevated serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) of 113 pg/ml (normal range 0.0 – 39.1 pg/ml), which was likely the cause of his persistent leukocytosis and fevers. Multiagent chemotherapy was initiated, and the fevers resolved in the next 4 days. Results: Leukocyte concentrations trended down after initiation of chemotherapy, but it is uncertain how much of the decline was attributable to immunosuppression. Conclusion: We report this well-documented case to demonstrate that G-CSF production should be considered as a cause of unexplained fever and leukocytosis in patients with multiple myeloma to prevent inappropriate and delayed definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Fatal reaction to 1-hydrazinophthalazine (apresoline).

Abstract A 28-year-old Indian woman suffering from pre-eclamptic toxemia developed severe precordial pain following too-rapid lowering of the arterial blood pressure by 1-hydrazinophthalazine (Apresoline). Symptomatology regressed and the blood pressure returned to previously elevated levels following drug withdrawal. The medication was inadvertently resumed the next day and an identical oral dose was accompanied by hypotension, coma, and oliguria, succeeded by hypertension, convulsions, and fatal pulmonary edema with fetal death in utero. It is considered that this fatality was related to the use of 1-hydrazinophthalazine. The literature dealing with the clinical toxicity of this compound is reviewed briefly.
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE DRIVING PRACTICES QUESTIONNAIRE: ASSESSMENT OF RISKY DRIVING

A national public health goal is to reduce injuries and deaths from motor vehicle crashes (MVC). The development and psychometric evaluation of the 10-item Driving Practices Questionnaire (DPQ) to measure risky driving is described. Based on responses from 297 drivers divided into safe, unsafe, and injured groups, the DPQ was evaluated using item and factor analysis, and reliability and validity measures. Principal axis factor analysis isolated one factor with 42.3% of the variance explained. The alpha coefficient for the scale was .87 and test-retest correlation was .94. High DPQ scorers were three times more likely to have prior traffic violations. The identification of driver subtypes will assist the testing of injury prevention interventions. Language: en
Church and State in Independent Mexico: A Study of the Patronage Debate, 1821-1857

This examination of the evolution of the controversy over ecclesiastical patronage suggests that the oligarchy which assumed independent control after independence was by no means isolated from the mainstream of European Roman Catholic thought.
Intrinsic nanoscale phase separation in polymers

Intrinsic nanoscale phase separation in polymers is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically for the first time. Dense stable nanodots with size ≈80 nm have been created over large areas in polymethylmethacrylate and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) blend films, and a model is developed to show that the intrinsic nanoscale phase separation is related to the hydrogen bonding and size-dependent surface tension intimately.
Ammonia inhibition of methanogenesis from cattle wastes

Ammonia inhibition of methanogenesis from cattle wastes was studied using laboratory scale, mesophilic and thermophilic fermentors fed beef-catle manure (40 kg Volatile Solids per cubic metre) and various levels of 5N NH4Cl. Results showed that ammonia inhibition began at about 2·5 kg Nm−3 for both thermophilic and mesophilic fermentations that were not previously acclimated to high ammonia concentrations and about 4 kg Nm−3 for thermophilic fermentors previously acclimated to ammonia concentrations between 1·4 and 3·3 kg Nm−3. This study also showed that assuming ‘steady state’ after three to four volume turnovers may lead to erroneous conclusions when inhibitory substances are present in the substrate.
Aircraft Engine Noise Scattering By Fuselage and Wings: A Computational Approach

The paper presents a time-domain method for computation of sound radiation from aircraft engine sources to the far-field. The effects of nonuniform flow around the aircraft and scattering of sound by fuselage and wings are accounted for in the formulation. The approach is based on the discretization of the inviscid flow equations through a collocation form of the Discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method. An isoparametric representation of the underlying geometry is used in order to take full advantage of the spectral accuracy of the method. Large-scale computations are made possible by a parallel implementation based on message passing. Results obtained for radiation from an axisymmetric nacelle alone are compared with those obtained when the same nacelle is installed in a generic configuration, with and without a wing.
A study of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections.

For immunochemical and cytochemical applications of cryoultramicrotomy, positive staining seems to be more suitable than negative staining. The quality of positive staining of frozen sections, however, had generally been far inferior to that of plastic sections. A major cause of this difficulty was believed to be the vulnerability of the sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying. Indeed, when stained frozen sections were embedded in methylcellulose for hydrophilic embedment and in pyroxylin for hydrophobic embedment, various structures were visualized in the definitions and densities close to those attainable in conventional sections. In particular, the delineation of membranes was excellent. An adsorption staining was also carried out in this study. In this method, unstained frozen sections were directly embedded in appropriate mixtures of stains and hydrophilic embedding materials, which avoided the removal of weakly bound stains by washing and resulted in heavy positive staining of various structures that was not readily attainable otherwise. Postembedding staining was also successfully applied but the range of its applicability was limited due to the nature of the embedding materials.
Identification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens using single target DNA microarray chip

A DNA microarray method was developed to identify the presence of toxin genes: encoding beta toxin (cpb), epsilon toxin (etx), enterotoxin (cpe), alpha toxin (cpa), and iota toxin (iA) in Clostridium perfringens. To build the DNA chip, each gene sequence was represented by one approximately 22-bp amino-modified oligonucleotide printed twice on aldehyde-coated slides. Multiplex PCR with Cy3 and Cy5-dCTP derivatized fluorescent nucleotides was used to label five genes and fluorescent probes were prepared. The PCR probes were denatured and single-strand-labeled DNAs were separated and purified using magnetic beads. The presence of toxin genes in C. perfringens was detected by hybridization of amplified ssDNA probes to oligonucleotides on the chip representing one target sequence of each toxin gene. The DNA chip was able to identify eight strains of C. perfringens.
An automated tool for relational database design

Abstract This paper addresses relational database design using the concept of functional dependencies (FDs). The classical synthesis approach processes a given set of functional dependencies to produce one minimal cover. This cover is then used to develop a relational schema; however, a given set of FDs may have more than one minimal cover. In turn, different minimal covers may give rise to different relational schemata. An enhancement is proposed to the traditional synthesis algorithm that aids in efficiently determining all minimal covers for a given set of functional dependencies. We have implemented a tool called SYNTHESIZER that uses the modified synthesis algorithm to produce relations in Third Normal Form. SYNTHESIZER not only preserves dependencies, but also enforces the lossless join property. SYNTHESIZER has been implemented in Turbo Pascal to operate on IBM-PC compatibles. Expert design heuristics have been incorporated into this tool. The tool supports the requirements collection, conceptual and logical design phases of database design. SYNTHESIZER has been extensively validated by designers in more than 10 different database design projects.
Ca2+ transport properties of ionophores A23187, ionomycin, and 4-BrA23187 in a well defined model system

Models for the electroneutral transport of Ca2+ by ionophores A23187, ionomycin, and 4-BrA23187 have been tested in a defined system comprised of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylcholine vesicles prepared by freeze-thaw extrusion. Quin-2-loaded and CaCl2-loaded vesicles were employed to allow the investigation of transport in both directions. Simultaneous or parallel measurements of H+ transport and membrane potential, respectively, indicate that for any of these ionophores, electrogenic transport events do not exceed 1 in 10,000 when there is no preexisting transmembrane potential. When a potential of approximately 150 mV is imposed across the membrane, transport catalyzed by A23187 remains electroneutral; however, for ionomycin and 4-BrA23187, approximately 10% of transport events may be electrogenic. The defined vesicle system has also been utilized to determine how the rate of Ca2+ transport varies as a function of ionophore and Ca2+ concentration and with the direction of transport. Some aspects of the results are unexpected and should be considered by investigators using ionophores in biological systems. These include the apparent failure of these compounds to fully equilibrate Ca2+ with a high affinity Ca2+ indicator when these species are separated by a membrane, rates of transport that vary markedly with the direction of transport, and extents of transport that are a function of ionophore concentration. At least some of these unexpected behaviors can be explained by a strong influence of delta pH on forward and reverse transport kinetics. In the case of A23187, the data also give some initial insights into the relationship between formation of the transporting species and the entry of this species into the membrane hydrophobic region.
2 Novel DNP-NMR Probes

Abstract In solids containing both unpaired electrons and nuclear spins, the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique can be applied to enhance the NMR signal. DNP requires irradiation at or near the electron Larmor frequency, and in this paper two probes are described to achieve this goal. Two new DNP probes were designed for electromagnets operating at a field of 1.4 T. In one probe, DNP can be combined with CPMAS. Compared to a similar probe reported previously, the main advantage of the new probe is the capability to spin vacuum-sealed samples with an improved filling factor. A second probe is based on an oversize microwave cavity. In this probe, large DNP enhancement factors can be obtained in nonlossy samples, e.g., a 1 H enhancement factor of 260 for doped polystyrene.
Citrate Anticoagulation during in vivo Simulation of Slow Hemofiltration

Citrate anticoagulation has been used as an alternative to heparin for hemodialysis in high-risk patients; however, its use in hemofiltration has not been well studied. We examined citrate in 6 patients placed on slow hemofiltration for up to 6 h duration. During the experiments, the systemic citrate level increased from a baseline average of 0.15 to 0.55 mmol/l, and then decreased to 0.27 mmol/l. The citrate was freely filtered. The systemic total and ionized calcium decreased very slightly and no untoward effects were noted. Anticoagulation was successful. This preliminary study suggests that citrate anticoagulation can be used in slow hemofiltration.
Activity-sensitive architectural power analysis for the control path

Prompted by demands for portability and low-cost packaging, the electronics industry has begun to view power consumption as a critical design criteria. As such there is a growing need for tools that can accurately predict power consumption early in the design process. Many high-level power analysis tools don’t adequately model activity, however, leading to inaccurate results. In a previous publication, we introduced architecture-level power analysis techniques for datapath and memory modeling. This paper focuses on the control path, describing a novel power analysis strategy known as the Activity-Based Control (ABC) model. Architecturelevel estimates are then compared to switch-level simulations of three chips: a divider, a speech recognition controller, and a microprocessor. The average error observed in the control path power estimates is 13% with a maximum error of 29%.
Javanese Adversatives, Passives, and Mapping Theory.

Relational Grammarians have proposed Union analyses for adversatives many languages. An odd asymmetry in base predicates contrasts Japanese (Dubinsky 1985), in which adversatives may not be formed on unaccusatives, and Indonesian (Kana 1986), in which adversatives may only be formed on unaccusatives. A close examination of adversatives in Javanese (a language closely related to Indonesian) resolves this asymmetry, revealing that Javanese adversatives (and by implication Indonesian adversatives) are best analyzed not as Unions but as passives. However, the passive analysis violates Perlmutter & Postal's (1984) I-Advancement Exclusiveness Law, which figures crucially in Dubinsky's elegant account of the distribution of Japanese adversatives. Gerdts' (1993a) Mapping Theory, rooted in an RG tradition, provides a solution, in which it is possible to capture the similarities of adversatives and other Javanese passives and at the same time preserve the insights of Dubinsky's analysis of Japanese.
Crystal and molecular structure of the β-anomer of 6,7-dideoxy-1,2;3,4;9,10-tris-O-(1-methylethylidene)- d-erythro-α-d-galacto-undecopyranosid-8-ulose

6,7-dideoxy-1,2;3,4;9,10-tris-O-(1-methylethylidene)-d-erythro-α-d-galacto-undecopy- ranosid-8-ulose, 3, was formed by adding a D-galactose-derived dithiane nucleophile to a protected erythronolactone followed by reductive removal of the dithioacetal group. Its β-anomer crystallizes in the chiral trigonal space group P3221 with a=b=12.2649(19) A, c=24.675(8) A, and Z=6. The molecule is composed of an erythrofuranose and a galactopyranose moiety, linked by a flexible ethylene bridge. The pyranose part of the molecule is disordered over two positions with equal occupancy. The configuration of the two disordered moieties is the same and they are converted into each other by a slight rotation of 6 degrees around one of the C–C single bonds of the ethylene bridge. The disorder allows for a more effective packing in the solid state.
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN HOME SCHOOLS: GOALS/OUTCOMES MISMATCH?

1 The author is grateful for the support of this work provided by the University of Toledo College of Education and Allied Professions. Particular appreciation is also extended to the editor and to...
Ca2+ signaling and membrane potential in descending vasa recta pericytes and endothelia

We devised a method for removal of pericytes from isolated descending vasa recta (DVR). After enzymatic digestion, aspiration of a descending vas rectum into a micropipette strips the pericytes fro...
GR-estimates for an autoregressive time series

Abstract A weighted rank-based (GR) estimate for estimating the parameter vector of an autoregressive time series is considered. When the weights are constant, the estimate is equivalent to using Jaeckel's estimate with Wilcoxon scores. Asymptotic linearity properties are derived for the GR-estimate. Based on these properties, the GR-estimate is shown to be asymptotically normal at rate n 1/2 .
Effects of platelet-activating factor on vascular permeability and granulocyte recruitment in the rat trachea.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator known to produce several features of airway inflammation. We examined the effects of intravenous PAF on vascular permeability and granulocyte recruitment in the rat trachea. To assess vascular permeability, anesthetized rats were given injections of Evans blue dye (30 mg/kg, iv) and PAF (1–10µg/kg, iv), and then their tracheas were removed and assayed spectrophotometrically for dye content. We found that a PAF dosage of 6µg/kg increased the tracheal dye content 7-fold compared to controls. The amount of extravasated dye in the tracheas was significantly increased 1 min after PAF injection, was maximal at 5 min, and had returned to control levels by 10 min. To assess granulocyte recruitment, anesthetized rats were given an injection of PAF (6µg/kg, iv), and then their tracheas were removed and stained to reveal myeloperoxidase-containing neutrophils and eosinophils. We found that the number of neutrophils in the tracheal mucosa was increased 7-fold from controls 5 min after PAF injection, but was not significantly increased 6 h later. The number of eosinophils in the tracheal mucosa was not significantly increased from controls at any time after PAF injection. We conclude that intravenous PAF causes a rapid but transient increase in vascular permeability in the rat trachea, and that intravenous PAF also causes a rapid but transient recruitment of neutrophils into the tracheal mucosa without a similar effect on eosinophils.
Perceptual “Read-Out” of Conjoined Direction and Disparity Maps in Extrastriate Area MT

Cortical neurons are frequently tuned to several stimulus dimensions, and many cortical areas contain intercalated maps of multiple variables. Relatively little is known about how information is “read out” of these multidimensional maps. For example, how does an organism extract information relevant to the task at hand from neurons that are also tuned to other, irrelevant stimulus dimensions? We addressed this question by employing microstimulation techniques to examine the contribution of disparity-tuned neurons in the middle temporal (MT) visual area to performance on a direction discrimination task. Most MT neurons are tuned to both binocular disparity and the direction of stimulus motion, and MT contains topographic maps of both parameters. We assessed the effect of microstimulation on direction judgments after first characterizing the disparity tuning of each stimulation site. Although the disparity of the stimulus was irrelevant to the required task, we found that microstimulation effects were strongly modulated by the disparity tuning of the stimulated neurons. For two of three monkeys, microstimulation of nondisparity-selective sites produced large biases in direction judgments, whereas stimulation of disparity-selective sites had little or no effect. The binocular disparity was optimized for each stimulation site, and our result could not be explained by variations in direction tuning, response strength, or any other tuning property that we examined. When microstimulation of a disparity-tuned site did affect direction judgments, the effects tended to be stronger at the preferred disparity of a stimulation site than at the nonpreferred disparity, indicating that monkeys can selectively monitor direction columns that are best tuned to an appropriate conjunction of parameters. We conclude that the contribution of neurons to behavior can depend strongly upon tuning to stimulus dimensions that appear to be irrelevant to the current task, and we suggest that these findings are best explained in terms of the strategy used by animals to perform the task.
Patients' rights in decision making: the case for personalism versus paternalism in health care.

The purpose of this presentation is to shine a psychological spotlight on the role of the breast cancer patient in the process of her decision making about her medical care and the specific influence that the nature of the physician-patient interaction has on that behavior. The vision of the parental physician as unilateral authority in decisions about health care is dimming. The picture is being supplanted by a new image that promotes a view of personalism and a concept of “shared responsibility.” The wave of consumerism is washing the shores of medical practice, and women are establishing their beachhead. Women are demonstrating their knowledge, their competence, and their responsibility in exercising decisions about their medical treatments and the quality of their survival. Therefore, it is essential to educate patients to exhibit informed consumer behavior and encourage physicians to recognize the value of a patient's participation. Such collaborative endeavors could result in increased patient satisfaction, reduced burdens for the physician, and preserved patients' feelings of individuality, autonomy, and sense of personal dignity.
A Modified Two Beam Accelerator Driven by a D. C. Pelletron Free Electron Laser

Assembling the next generation of linear particle accelerators requires progress in three areas. Sources must be developed to provide the coherent electromagnetic radiation used to power the device. Physical structures must be designed which efficiently transfer the power to the high energy beam. Cooling techniques must be developed in order to enhance beam transport and to provide sufficient luminosity. This paper will describe a method of obtaining a highly efficient coherent radiation source by using a continuous wave Free Electron Laser (FEL). Several possibilities exist for an accelerating structure which could use this radiation as a power source. These include scaling down the size of traditional R-F cavities, inverse free electron lasers, and surface grating schemes. Inverse free electron lasers have the possibility of intrinsic cooling of the high energy beam.
Breaking the cult of rationality: Mindful awareness of emotion in the critical theory classroom

Emotions play a more significant part in the process of critique than many acknowledge, and we must take them into account when thinking about adult education practices.