cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liver donation: surgical techniques

Abstract Efficient and technically sound graft procurement is an integral component of a liver transplant recipient's immediate and eventual outcome. Furthermore, the current era of organ scarcity increases the demand on the donor surgeon to extract the maximum potential from the existing pool, including the assessment and use of expanded criteria donors, nonheart beating donors, and the splitting of deceased donors to supply 2 recipients. The techniques described here represent the authors' combined experience with over 20 years and 3000 procurements. They are widely applicable to a broad patient population and can be routinely performed at donor hospitals without specialized equipment or staff.
Traction versus distension for distraction of the joint during hip arthroscopy

Distraction is the most popular technique used in hip arthroscopy. It has been postulated that, if adequate distraction cannot initially be achieved with traction, it will be overcome by distension. The purpose of this study is to quantitate the additive effects of traction and distension in achieving distraction of the hip joint for arthroscopy. Eleven consecutive patients undergoing hip arthroscopy in the supine position on a fracture table were studied. Radiographs of the hip were obtained before and immediately after applying 50 pounds of traction. The hip was then immediately distended with 40 mL saline, and a third radiograph was obtained. After correcting for magnification, distraction was measured for traction alone (DT) and traction plus distension (DTD). A paired t-test was used to compare DT and DTD. Additionally, the ratio of distraction attributed to distension was compared with distraction attributed to traction ([DTD--DT]/DT) and was defined as the delta percent (delta %). Adequate distraction for arthroscopy was able to be achieved in all cases. Distraction due to traction alone (DT) ranged from 2.8 mm to 10.3 mm, with an average of 6.2 mm. Distraction due to traction plus distension (DTD) ranged from 4.8 m to 10.3 mm, with an average of 7.2 mm. The difference between DT and DTD was statistically significant (P < .05). The change in distraction due to distension (delta %) ranged from 0% to 81% with an average of 22%. This study shows that distension may facilitate distraction but the degree is variable.
Design of a personalized cognitive trainer (student paper)

Recent research in cognitive science and aging has shown that 1. Cognitive decline happens much later than previously thought, 2. Cognitive decline can be slowed, and even reversed through appropriate training and mental exercises. These recent findings raise the need for new healthy lifestyle recommendations and for new technological tools in line with these findings. More importantly, this research raises many questions relating to cognitive aging. In this paper, we describe an ongoing project in which we are developing a personalized computer-based cognitive trainer, called Brain-Aerobics. Brain-Aerobics is being designed with a dual purpose of 1. taking advantage of the cognitive research to train its users and help them maintain or raise their cognitive fitness, 2. serve as a tool for further research by collecting extensive data about the use and effectiveness of mental exercises. A unique aspect of Brain Aerobics is that it takes advantage of the wealth of personal information that can be found on a personal computer. Information is extracted and used to support and enhance the memory, spatial visualization, and other games used for training. This paper describes the first version of Brain-Aerobics with a focus on personalization.
Threading/Dethreading Exchange Rates as Structural Probes in Polypseudorotaxanes

First, the complexation of rigid bis(paraquat)-based cyclophane host 1 with linear MDI-based polyurethane guests 2−5 prepared from tetra(ethylene glycol) was studied. Through detailed analysis of 1H NMR data, we have shown a relationship between the length of the linear polyurethanes and the fraction of all threaded cyclophanes rapidly exchanging with solution upon the 1H NMR time scale. In other words, the molecular weight of the polymer can be estimated from the proportion of cyclic threaded but exchanging rapidly, i.e., those near the ends, versus those that are threaded but exchanging slowly because they do not have ready access to the ends of the macromolecule; this is essentially an end group analysis. And then in a similar study of branched polyurethanes 7−11 derived from tetra(ethylene glycol) and glycerol, it was shown that the cyclophane can be used to determine the (accessible) fraction of the polymer between a branch point and a terminus and the average length between a branch point and a term...
Process energy analysis and optimization in selective laser sintering

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are increasingly being used to manufacture complex precision parts for the automotive, aerospace and medical industries. One of the popular AM processes is the selective laser sintering (SLS) process which manufactures parts by sintering metallic, polymeric and ceramic powder under the effect of laser power. The laser energy expenditure of SLS process and its correlation to the geometry of the manufactured part and the SLS process parameters, however, have not received much attention from AM/SLS researchers. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the laser energy required for manufacturing simple parts using the SLS process. The total energy expended is calculated as a function of the total area of sintering (TAS) using a convex hull based approach and is correlated to the part geometry, slice thickness and the build orientation. The TAS and laser energy are calculated for three sample parts and the results are provided in the paper. Finally, an optimization model is presented which computes the minimal TAS and energy required for manufacturing a part using the SLS process.
Constitution and alcohol consumption: Physique

Associations were investigated between alcohol consumption and a variety of physical characteristics, including standard anthropometric measurements and indices, skinfold thickness, and somatotype, in three groups of subjects: 150 healthy men working in one factory, all second-generation Italian-Americans; and 81 white and 58 Negro women, medically-screened healthy outpatients at a New York City hospital. The results were mostly negative. Of 22 physical traits studied among the men, only one, gynandromorphy, was significantly correlated (r = −0.20, P < 0.02); the more masculine men drank more. The mean values of 5 somatotype characteristics for 12 ‘rare’ drinkers fell outside those for abstainers, ‘moderate’ drinkers, and ‘heavy’ drinkers. The heavier and stockier white women drank more alcohol than the lighter, leaner ones, independently of age; but this association did not hold among the Negro women.
Mantle control of a dynamically evolving spreading center: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 31–34°S

Abstract A segment of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 33°S changes dramatically as its center is approached. Towards the center of the segment, the axis shoals from 3900 to 2400 m and a deep median valley nearly disappears. There is a prominent bullseye gravity low centered over the shallow summit, indicating thicker crust or lower density mantle or both. Incompatible element and radiogenic isotope ratios in MORB increase, creating a ‘spike high’ centered on the summit of the segment. The basalts' enrichment is confined to this robust ridge segment alone and is geochemically unlike the nearby hotspots at Tristan da Cunha, Gough and Discovery Island. The average extent of mantle melting for the entire segment, as determined from mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) major element chemistry, is slightly greater than for adjacent segments. The segment has lengthened to 100 km by ridge propagation at both ends during the past 3.5 m.y., and is presently the longest and shallowest segment in the region. Although the ridge crest anomalies of this ridge segment strongly resemble those caused by the interaction of mid-ocean ridges with mantle hotspots, the geochemical and geophysical evidence suggests that they may instead be related to interaction of the ridge with a passively embedded chemical heterogeneity in the mantle.
Spiral ganglion loss outpaces inner hair cell loss in endolymphatic hydrops.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Neuronal toxicity is thought to be important in Meniere's disease and experimental endolymphatic hydrops (ELH). This study quantifies the relationship between neuronal degeneration and hair cell degeneration in ELH to evaluate the hypothesis that a primary neural insult would yield greater loss in the spiral ganglion than at the inner hair cell level. Study Design: Following induction and histopathologic confirmation of endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs, the degree of hydrops, spiral ganglion loss, and hair cell degeneration were quantified and compared. Methods: Guinea pigs with surgically induced unilateral hydrops were sacrificed and their cochleas preserved. Hydrops severity and spiral ganglion density were quantified using automated methods. Hair cells were counted manually. Values were normalized against the contralateral ear to create loss indexes. Results: Inner hair cell (IHC) loss at the apex is significantly lower than corresponding neuronal loss. IHC loss at the base is also lower than neuron loss, although not significantly. Regression analysis shows a significant, positive correlation between neuron loss severity and IHC loss severity at the apex, but not at the base. There is no correlation between hydrops severity and inner hair cell loss. Conclusions: By confirming that spiral ganglion loss is more severe than hair cell loss, and that hair cell loss appears to worsen with neuronal degeneration, this study supports the theory that neuronal toxicity is the primary insult in ELH-related disorders, such as Meniere's disease, and may provide the basis for designing treatment strategies. Laryngoscope, 2010
The Experience of Time in Nahuatl Religion

between the individual and the world of the material universe he inhabits; that is, it reveals the nature of his being in the world, his existence. Such an inquiry may be seen to be vital for an understanding of many cultures and religions, for it us upon such a view of the world that societies base their way of life. Thus, the issues raised concerning such an experience of time are of interest not only to the historian of religions but to all those dealing with the problems involved in the study of religion. In this connection, I should like to present an instance of how one culture's predominating concern with time has been manifested in its religious history. For some two thousand years before the coming of the Spaniards to Mexico in the sixteenth century, a flourishing civilization existed in the central highlands. Although these ancient Mexicans were people of diverse interests and settled in and around the Valley of Mexico at different periods, they shared a common cultural heritage. The Aztecs, or Mexica, arrived in the Valley of Mexico sometime in the last half of the twelfth century to take possesession of an area which had long been inhabited by other peoples. Tenochtitlan, their capital city, was founded around 1370, but the Aztecs themselves did not begin to strive for political dominance until approximately 1430. The Aztecs, then, were latecomers, a fact which suggests that their religion was a mixture of ancient and new, alien and native elements.2 The Aztecs, Texcocans, Cholulans, and others inherited many of the traditions and ideas of the ancient Toltecs, with whom they are thought to have shared a common language, Nahuatl, as well as a complex calendrical system.3
Transcriptional Profiling of Keratinocytes Reveals a Vitamin D-Regulated Epidermal Differentiation Network

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] regulates mineral homeostasis and exhibits potent anti-proliferative, prodifferentiative, and immunomodulatory activities. It mediates these effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which belongs to the superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptors. As a result of keratinocyte differentiation and anti-proliferation activities, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and its synthetic analogs are therapeutically effective in psoriasis and show promise for the treatment of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. To elucidate the VDR signaling pathway in keratinocytes, we examined the gene expression profile with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment using oligonucleotide microarrays. Out of the 12,600 genes investigated, 82 were upregulated and 16 were downregulated and many of these were involved in differentiation, proliferation, and immune response. We have identified three vitamin D-responsive chromosomal loci (1p36, 19q13, and 6p25) and show the induction of various class II tumor suppressor/growth-regulatory genes in response to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Finally, quantitative differences in gene expression revealed a vitamin D-regulated differentiation network and identified peptidylarginine deiminases, kallikreins, serine proteinase inhibitor family members, Kruppel-like factor 4, and c-fos as vitamin D-responsive genes, whose protein products may play an important role in epidermal differentiation in normal and diseased state.
Acute cerebral oedema during treatment of hyperglycaemia. An experimentsl model.

Abstract Increased intracranial pressure reproducibly occurs in hyperglycaemic dogs when their blood-sugar is permitted to fall precipitously and they are rehydrated with isotonic saline solution. This effect is not the result of overhydration or water intoxication, but may reflect the consequences of increased activity of the polyol (glucose/sorbitol/fructose) pathway in specific types of brain cells. This potential for the production of increased intracranial pressure may be responsible for the fatal acute cerebral oedema observed during the treatment of diabetic acidosis.
Learning to teach literacy through collaborative discussions of student work

Despite the high numbers of students with disabilities struggling with literacy, few teachers report feeling well prepared to address it. Most students with disabilities encounter challenges in reading and professional development can help teachers learn a range of ways to address those. In this article, we discuss a professional development project in which prospective teachers work collaboratively with practicing teachers throughout their university preparation. The professional development provided builds on the idea of ‘literacy artifacts’, which are samples of students’ and teachers’ work. Using guided discussions, teachers across the career continuum construct understandings and practices in which they learn how to infuse literacy instruction into all teaching and learning. By conjoining the literacy artifact with instructional resources teachers use, participants make visible the complexity of literacy instruction and how literacy could be embedded in teaching content for students with disabilities...
Coupling between magnon and ligand field excitations in magnetoelectric Tb 3 Fe 5 O 12 garnet

The spectra of far-infrared transmission in Tb{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} magnetoelectric single crystals have been studied in the range between 15 and 100 cm{sup -1}, in magnetic fields up to 10 T, and for temperatures between 5 and 150 K. We attribute some of the observed infrared-active excitations to electric dipole transitions between ligand-field split states of Tb{sup 3+} ions. Anticrossing between the magnetic exchange excitation and the ligand-field transition occurs at the temperature between 60 and 80 K. The corresponding coupling energy for this interaction is 6 cm{sup -1}. Temperature-induced softening of the hybrid IR excitation correlates with the increase in the static dielectric constant. We discuss the possibility for hybrid excitations of magnons and ligand-field states and their possible connection to the magnetoelectric effect in Tb{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12}.
Neutrophils are hyperpolarized after exudation and show an increased depolarization response to formyl-peptide but not to phorbol myristate acetate.

. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) to extravascular sites and the interaction with chemotactic substances at such locations is called exudation. Since stimulation of PMN in vitro modifies the characteristics of PMN, we asked the question whether similar modifications take place during in-vivo exudation. We found that resting guinea-pig peritoneal exudate PMN were hyperpolarized in comparison to blood PMN of the same species. Guinea-pig and human exudate PMN responded to lower N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fmet-leu-phe) concentrations than blood PMN and exhibited a larger membrane depolarization. Furthermore, experiments with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter revealed increased forward light scatter from resting exudate PMN compared to blood PMN. Experiments with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter using the fluoresceinated ligand fmet-leu-phe-lysin-fluorescein (fmet-leu-phe-lys-F) indicated that the priming of exudate PMN was associated with increased fmet-leu-phe-lys-F binding on the individual cells. In contrast, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) did not induce an increased membrane depolarization response in human and guinea-pig exudate PMN. With this stimulus, the only sign of priming was the shorter activation time in exudate PMN compared to blood PMN. Thus, in-vivo exudation modifies the characteristics of resting and stimulated PMN. The priming is different for different stimuli. Increased responsiveness to fmet-leu-phe may be due to fmet-leu-phe receptor upregulation. The distinct characteristics of exudate PMN that we describe may allow definition of clinical situations in which PMN are primed in vivo.
Patients with celiac disease have a lower prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

Background & Aims We investigated whether risk for non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and metabolic syndrome are affected by celiac disease. We examined the prevalence of NIDDM and metabolic syndrome among adults with celiac disease, compared with matched controls. Methods We assessed medical records of 840 patients with biopsy-proven celiac disease for diagnoses of NIDDM, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia; body mass index (BMI); lipid profile; and levels of glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin, to identify those with metabolic syndrome. Patients without celiac disease were matched for age, sex, and ethnicity (n = 840 controls). The prevalence of NIDDM and metabolic syndrome in the celiac disease cohort was compared with that of the controls and subjects included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results Twenty-six patients with celiac disease (3.1%) had NIDDM compared with 81 controls (9.6%) (P Conclusions The prevalence of NIDDM and metabolic syndrome are lower among patients with celiac disease than in matched controls and the general population. These differences are not explained by differences in BMI. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms by which celiac disease affects the risk for NIDDM and metabolic syndrome.
Cell proliferation of estrogen-sensitive cells: the case for negative control.

THAT the administration of estrogens to oophorectomized vertebrates results in the proliferation of certain cell types in secondary sex organs has been acknowledged for decades (1). Whether 17β-estradiol (E2) acts directly or indirectly on the proliferation of such target cells has been widely debated without reaching a conclusive answer. Since a definitive answer to this question cannot be obtained using whole animals, researchers explored models in which rodent target tissues have been explanted in culture (2–4). However, these experimental designs were not sufficiently discriminatory to conclude whether proliferation was due directly to the estrogen interaction with the cell that was stimulated or whether intermediate steps among cell types or within cells were responsible for the effect observed (1–10). During the 60's and 70's renewed interest in characterizing the proliferative response of estrogen target tissues in whole animal models became apparent as the concept of the estrogen receptor, or estr...
Enhancing Commercially Available Flight Control Systems: An Economical Approach

In this paper, the process of developing a Flight Control System (FCS) by using an economical Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) solution will be discussed. The approaches and methods of incorporating advanced features onto an inexpensive but fundamental FCS will be evaluated.
Kinetics of Surface and Interfacial Fluctuations in Phase Separating Polymer Blend Films

Surface and interfacial fluctuations in phase separating thin film polymer blends are investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and forward recoil spectrometry. The root-mean-square roughness at the surface (Rq,s) and the interface beneath the wetting layer (Rq,i) are quantified using AFM. Rq,s is found to scale with the initial film thickness (l0) during the early and intermediate stages, consistent with the morphology evolution mechanism reported earlier; however, the entire temporal evolution of Rq,s does not scale with l0. A fast Fourier transform of the AFM images uncovers low (ql) and high (qh) wavenumber fluctuations at both the surface and interface. The former fluctuation is associated with capillary fluctuations, whereas the latter reflects spinodal decomposition within the film. As the minority phase in the bulk of films undergoes 2D coarsening, the high wavenumber surface and interface fluctuations follow power-law dynamics, qh,s ∼ tαs and qh,i ∼ tαi, respectively. Both −αs and −αi incr...
Budget constraints, bailouts, and the firm under central planning

Abstract Motivated by the notion of the soft budget constraint, we develop two models of an enterprise that can obtain bailouts from the state when its operating profit is negative. The models allow for uncertainty both in production and in the extent to which the enterprise can obtain subsidies. We derive the optimal factor inputs and show, via both theorems and illustrative calculations, how the availability of bailouts increases the demand for factor inputs. The dependence of this increase on the features of the bailout process is also characterized.
Rubber-like elasticity of organically modified silicates

Rubber-like stress-strain behaviour was observed in the organically modified silicates (ORMOSILS) in which tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) were used as the inorganic and polymeric components, respectively. The flexibility and rubber-like elasticity of ORMOSILS increase with increasing volume fraction of incorporated PDMS. When the nominal mass ratio of TEOS/PDMS was less than 1.5, the ORMOSILS began to show the rubber-like elasticity. Three conceptual models of the structure of ORMOSILS that results from the fundamental reaction between TEOS and PDMS were used to interpret the experimental results.
The divorce process

This is a study of the process of divorce. Unstructured interviews were conducted with divorced individuals by both the male and female authors. It was found that problems such as adultery, alcohol abuse, or financial difficulties were aspects of nearly all the broken marriages. However, these problems could not be viewed as thecauses for the divorce. Instead, problems were used as a basis for escalating a crisis in order to dissolve long-standing, deep emotional bonds. Specific problems became tools in the process of creating an unlivable situation culminating in divorce. The crisis created by the divorcing couple became a reality for their acquaintances. Divorcees used a variety of strategies in the struggle for allegiances following divorce. These strategies and the reactions of friends and relatives are discussed.
Flow cytometric analysis of CFP–YFP FRET as a marker for in vivo protein–protein interaction

Abstract The technique of observing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) fusion protein and a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion protein has been used in numerous studies as a reliable indicator of protein–protein interaction. Moreover, because CFP and YFP fusions generally retain activity and maintain their normal subcellular localizations, the detection of CFP–YFP FRET in live cells typically reflects the steady-state association of functional proteins in their native states. Although CFP–YFP FRET can also be monitored by fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy, the ability of flow cytometry to rapidly acquire multiparameter fluorescence data on a large number of individual cells provides several important advantages. The analysis of CFP–YFP FRET on a cell-by-cell basis allows for a sensitive and highly rigorous assessment of protein interaction, and the large number of cells that can be examined by flow cytometry provides for a high degree of statistical confidence. In addition, simple, yet stringent, gating-based analyses of FRET can be performed on a flow cytometer simultaneously with data collection, allowing FRET-based cell sorting that can be used in high-throughput screens to identify interacting proteins. As a brief review of flow cytometric CFP–YFP FRET analysis, this article outlines a typical instrument configuration, describes the required controls, explains how gating is performed, and discusses the basic physical principles behind FRET as they relate to the successful design and interpretation of protein interaction experiments.
Anomalous Origin of a Diseased Left Main Coronary Artery from the Right Sinus of Valsalva

1. Grmek MD: Georgius Baglivi. In Dictionary of ScientificBiography (Ed. Gillespie CC), p. 391–393. New York: CharlesScribner’s Sons, 19702. Stenn F: Georgio Baglivi. Ann Med Hist 1941; 3rd ser., 3:183–1943. Schullian DM, ed.: The Baglivi Correspondence from the Libraryof Sir William Osler . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 19744. Brown T: The Mechanical Philosophy and the “Animal Oeconomy .”New York: Arno Press, 19815. Baglivi G: The Practice of Physick , (a) p. 459; (b) p. 91; (c) p. 231;(d) p. 232. London: Andrew Bell, 17046. Baglivi G: De fibra motrice, et morbosa. Perusiae: Apud Con-stantinum, 17007. Bastholm E: The History of Muscle Physiology. Copenhagen:Ejnar Munksgaard, 19508. Jarcho S: Giorgio Baglivi on the practice of medicine (1700, 1704).In The Concept of Heart Failure from Avicenna to Albertini(Ed.Jarcho S), p. 228–236, quote from p. 229. Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 19809. Baglivi G: Opera Omnia Medico-Practica, et Anatomica , (a) trans-lated in Jarcho, op. Cit. p. 229–230; (b) p. 230. Lugduni: Anissonand Posuel, 1704
Neutron pickup by alpha particles to unbound states

Two conspicuous peaks are observed in the two-dimensional coincidence spectra of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and neutrons emitted in bombardments of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, Rh, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and U with 90 MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles. Through their energy-angle correlation these peaks are identified as arising from the breakup products of $^{5}\mathrm{He}$ (g.s.) formed in the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},^{5}\mathrm{He}(\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.)$) reaction. A somewhat less prominent peaking of events is identified as the signature for the breakup of $^{6}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}*$(1.8 MeV) formed by two-neutron pickup. A distorted-wave Born-approximation calculation was carried out for the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},^{5}\mathrm{He}(\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.)$) reaction on $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and was found to fit the measurements. The large differential cross section for the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},^{5}\mathrm{He}(\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.)$) reaction confirms an earlier interpretation of the somewhat square structure observed in the spectra of inelastically scattered $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles.
DNA binding protein profiles in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Eleven frozen autopsy specimens from cerebral cortex were tested for DNA-binding protein profiles. Six were Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, 1 was Parkinson's/senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type and 4 were age-matched control brains. Proteins were extracted in a guanidine thiocyanate-containing solvent and freed of all nucleic acids by density gradient sedimentation. The proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose by electroblotting under conditions which favor renaturation of proteins containing only one type of polypeptide. The nitrocellulose was treated with partially denatured radiolabeled DNA, washed and subjected to autoradiography. An Mr = 43000 (43 K DNA-binding protein was detected in 5 of the 6 AD brains and was found to be absent or at least greatly reduced in any of the other 6 brains. No other DNA-binding proteins were found which could be associated with AD brains. The nature of the 43 K protein has yet to be determined.
Regression Forecasting of the Onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon with Antecedent Upper Air Conditions

Abstract It is shown that the recorded onset dates of the summer monsoon in southwestern India can be closely related functionally to the antecedent upper air conditions. The antecedent upper air conditions are represented by April mean values of the daily upper air parameters at 100 and 700 mb from 1958 to 1978. It is further demonstrated that the multi-regression scheme on the basis of such a functional relationship may be utilized in an objective forecast of the onset date. The forecasted dates are shown to be reasonably close to the recorded onset dates. Various aspects of the approach and scheme are discussed. Because of the time variations of the patterns of the general circulation, a constant updating of the regression equation should be an integral part of the multi-regression forecasting scheme.
Flow, NO, and atherogenesis

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death and disability in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia. The lesions of atherosclerosis have a nonuniform distribution in the vasculature and are prone to develop at bends, branches, and bifurcations of the aorta and its conduit arteries. At these sites in the vasculature laminar flow is disturbed by recirculation, which resembles an eddy at a river branch. Here the endothelium of the blood vessel is exposed to reduced and oscillating flow, a hemodynamic condition that produces physicochemical and biological alterations predisposing to atherogenesis (Fig. 1). Recirculation causes an increase in particle residence time, so that lipoproteins and monocytes (the anlagen of atherosclerosis) have greater contact with the endothelium in these regions (1). The endothelium itself is morphologically altered. In relatively straight segments of a conduit vessel, endothelial cells are regularly aligned, each cell with its longitudinal axis oriented in the direction of flow. By contrast, in areas of disturbed flow, the usual orientation of endothelial cells is lost, and the cells become more polygonal in appearance. Intriguingly, endothelial cells at branch points appear to age faster. Endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow in vitro turn over more rapidly (2). In human iliac arteries, endothelial cells at the bifurcation have shorter telomeres, consistent with a focal acceleration of senescence (3). Senescent human endothelial cells produce less nitric oxide (NO⋅), generate more superoxide anion (O), and are more adhesive for monocytes, effects that can be reversed by transfection with the gene encoding telomerase (4).
Regionalization of hydrologic response in the Great Lakes basin: Considerations of temporal scales of analysis

Summary Methods for predicting streamflow in areas with limited or nonexistent measures of hydrologic response commonly rely on regionalization techniques, where knowledge pertaining to gauged watersheds is transferred to ungauged watersheds. Hydrologic response indices have frequently been employed in contemporary regionalization research related to predictions in ungauged basins. In this study, we developed regionalization models using multiple linear regression and regression tree analysis to derive relationships between hydrologic response and watershed physical characteristics for 163 watersheds in the Great Lakes basin. These models provide an empirical means for simulating runoff in ungauged basins at a monthly time step without implementation of a rainfall–runoff model. For the dependent variable in these regression models, we used monthly runoff ratio as the indicator of hydrologic response and defined it at two temporal scales: (1) treating all monthly runoff ratios as individual observations, and (2) using the mean of these monthly runoff ratios for each watershed as a representative observation. Application of the models to 62 validation watersheds throughout the Great Lakes basin indicated that model simulations were far more sensitive to the temporal characterization of hydrologic response than to the type of regression technique employed, and that models conditioned on individual monthly runoff ratios (rather than long term mean values) performed better. This finding is important in light of the increased usage of hydrologic response indices in recent regionalization studies. Models using individual observations for the dependent variable generally simulated monthly runoff with reasonable skill in the validation watersheds (median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.53, median R 2 = 0.66, median magnitude of the deviation of runoff volume = 13%). These results suggest the viability of empirical approaches to simulate runoff in ungauged basins. This finding is significant given the many regions of the world with sparse gauging networks and limited resources for gathering the field data required to calibrate rainfall–runoff models.
An Alternative Form for Potential Vorticity

Abstract A form of potential vorticity is described that has conservation properties similar to those of Ertel's potential vorticity (EPV) but removes the exponential variation with height displayed by EPV. This form is thus more suitable for inspecting vertical cross sections of potential vorticity and for use (with potential temperature) as a quasi-conserved coordinate in the analysis of chemical constituent data.
Targeting NKT cells and PD-L1 pathway results in augmented anti-tumor responses in a melanoma model

Invariant or Type 1 NKT cells (iNKT cells) are a unique population of lymphocytes that share characteristics of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Various studies have shown that positive costimulatory pathways such as the CD28 and CD40 pathways can influence the expansion and cytokine production by iNKT cells. However, little is understood about the regulation of iNKT cells by negative costimulatory pathways. Here, we show that in vivo activation with α-GalCer results in increased cytokine production and expansion of iNKT cells in the absence of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1, B7-H1, and CD274). To study whether PD-L1 deficiency on NKT cells would enhance antigen-specific T-cell responses, we utilized CD8+ OT-1 OVA transgenic T cells. α-GalCer enhanced the expansion and cytokine production of OT-1 CD8+ cells after adoptive transfer into wild-type recipients. However, this expansion was significantly enhanced when OT-1 CD8+ T cells were adoptively transferred into PD-L1−/− recipients. To extend these results to a tumor model, we used the B16 melanoma system. PD-L1−/− mice given dendritic cells loaded with antigen and α-GalCer had a significant reduction in tumor growth and this was associated with increased trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ T cells to the tumors. These data demonstrate that abrogating PDL1:PD-1 interactions during the activation of iNKT cells amplifies an anti-tumor response when coupled with DC vaccination.
Mechanism of spontaneous termination of stable atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model.

BACKGROUNDWe tested the hypotheses that spontaneous termination of stable atrial flutter is directly related to spontaneous beat-to-beat cycle length oscillations and that block of the circulating reentrant wave front occurs in an area of slow conduction.METHODS AND RESULTSWe studied 30 episodes of spontaneous termination of stable atrial flutter induced by atrial stimulation in 11 conscious, nonsedated dogs with sterile pericarditis. Additionally, in 5 dogs, 14 episodes of spontaneous termination of stable atrial flutter were studied with a multisite mapping system to record simultaneously from 190 right atrial electrodes. In the conscious-state studies, atrial flutter cycle length oscillations began 6 +/- 1 (mean +/- SEM) beats before termination in 26 episodes, stable atrial flutter evolved into atrial fibrillation in 3 episodes, and no cycle length change occurred before termination in 1 episode. In the open-chest studies, in all instances, spontaneous oscillations began 7 +/- 1 beats before terminati...
Single crystal growth of plutonium compounds from molten metal fluxes

The synthesis of single crystals of plutonium intermetallic compounds by the molten-metal flux growth technique is reviewed. The growth conditions, crystal structure, and physical properties including magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity of the binary and ternary Pu-based single crystals synthesized at Los Alamos National Laboratory are discussed.
Light-mediated liberation of enzymatic activity: "small molecule" caged protein equivalents.

Light-activatable (“caged”) proteins have been used to correlate, with exquisite temporal and spatial control, intracellular biochemical action with global cellular behavior. However, the chemical or genetic construction of caged proteins is nontrivial, with subsequent laborious introduction into living cells, potentially problematic competition with natural endogenous counterparts, and challenging intracellular incorporation at levels equivalent to the natural enzymes. We describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of small molecular equivalents of a caged Src kinase. These compounds are easy to prepare and function by inhibiting the action of the natural unmodified enzyme.
Predator Foraging Characteristics and Prey Population Structure on a Sheltered Shore

I investigated predation on mussels occurring at upper levels of a sheltered rocky shore on Santa Catalina Island, USA. Despite continuous recruitment, the mussels Mytilus californianus, M. edulis, and Septifer bifurcatus seldom survived to lengths >1.5 cm., and they remained inconspicuous beneath a canopy of perennial algae. Surveys using scuba at high tide and gut—content analyses showed that intertidal mussels were preyed upon by whelks (Ceratostoma nuttali and Maxwellia gemma), diurnal fishes (Halichoeres semisinctus and Semicossyphus pulcher), and nocturnal spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus). Whelks and fishes foraged primarily on mid to low shore levels, the lower half of the mussels' vertical range. However, the lobsters foraged over the entire intertidal zone and were the only predator to specialize on mussels. Exclusion of lobsters from upper shore levels caused significant increases in the densities and sizes of the mussels and herbivorous molluscs. Increases in the percent cover of mussels coincided with decreases in the percent cover understory algae. Previous studies open temperate shores indicate that mussel beds form in upper shore refugia where brief submergence intervals preclude predators that require long foraging times and are intolerant of exposure. On some sheltered temperate shores, predators that move quickly with the tides may influence upper shore zonation. Pronounced variation in prey population structure can result from shifts in the relative effectiveness of different foraging characteristics within diverse predator faunas.
The Far Ultraviolet Reflectivities of Metallic Films.

The reflectivities of evaporated films of aluminum, copper, silver, and beryllium have been measured spectrographically in the region 1200–2200A before the films were exposed to air. Copper reflection was considerably higher before contamination by air than afterward; the other metals showed no effect. The pronounced minimum in beryllium reflectivity found by previous investigators did not occur here; it is believed that this minimum is due to a thin film of tungsten evaporated over the beryllium.
Teaching dancing with ideokinetic principles

by Drid Williams, Urbana, Chicago and Springfield, IL 2011, 128 pp., US$60 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-252-0799-9 Since the pioneering work of Mabel Todd, Lulu Sweigard, and Barbara Clarke in the 1920s,...
Comparison of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from pine and balsam fir

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found on balsam fir in Minnesota and Wisconsin but was apparently not the primary cause of tree mortality. Unlike B. xylophilus from pine, adult females from balsam fir bad mucronate tails similar to those of B. mucronatus. However, B. xylophilus from balsam fir mated with B. xylophilus from pine and not with B. mucronatus. The balsam fir isolate of B. xylophilus was pathogenic on greenhouse grown balsam fir seedlings and did not kill Scots or red pine seedlings. The converse was true for a pine isolate of B. xylophilus from Minnesota which killed pine and not balsam fir seedlings. Pine and balsam fir isolates of B. xylophilus reproduced equally well on cultures of Botrytis cinera, but the balsam fir isolate reproduced minimally on cultures of Ceratocystis ips.
Time evolution and dynamical phase transitions at a critical time in a system of one-dimensional bosons after a quantum quench

A renormalization group approach is used to show that a one-dimensional system of bosons subject to a lattice quench exhibits a finite-time dynamical phase transition where an order parameter within a light cone increases as a nonanalytic function of time after a critical time. Such a transition is also found for a simultaneous lattice and interaction quench where the effective scaling dimension of the lattice becomes time dependent, crucially affecting the time evolution of the system. Explicit results are presented for the time evolution of the boson interaction parameter and the order parameter for the dynamical transition as well as for more general quenches.
Progressive flash heating and the evolution of high-velocity rock friction

Accurate descriptions of strength evolution are required in predictive models of fault zone behavior during earthquakes. At low sliding rates, frictional resistance between fault rocks is much higher than the shear stress that is typically inferred to be present during earthquakes. Laboratory experiments confirm that the friction coefficient drops at high sliding rates, and it is suggested that strengthening, possibly related to an increase in the area of viscous melt patches, may occur after this initial weakening stage. Most existing weakening mechanisms do not predict such strengthening, which may exert an important control on the thickness of the shear zone. We propose a micromechanical model of flash heating that describes how shear resistance evolves at the asperity scale as a result of distributed deformation over a weak layer that grows during the brief lifetime of each asperity contact. Beyond a threshold weakening velocity, our model predicts that friction should decrease with slip rate since higher sliding speeds cause the weak layer to thicken more rapidly. A comparison with published experimental data from a range of mineral systems shows good agreement with the model predictions. The parameter choices that ensure good model fits to the laboratory friction data are consistent with a priori estimates for the onset of asperity melting at high contact normal stresses. At higher sliding rates and/or elevated temperatures, our model predicts that the frictional rate dependence should transition from velocity weakening to become velocity strengthening because decreases in the contact lifetime with slip rate cause the average asperity strength to increase.
A quantitative analysis of ovalbumin utilization by the cultured chick embryo and its relationship to growth regulation during development.

Chick embryo explants of 11–13 somites were cultured on defined medium containing a 9:1 mixture of ovalbumin- 14C and conalbumin- 12C for periods up to 48 hr. After 24 hr of culture on labeled medium some explants were transferred to unlabeled medium for the remaining 24 hr of culture. The amounts of intact ovalbumin- 14C (antibody precipitable), ovalbumin- 14C as breakdown products (trichloroacetic acid soluble) and ovalbumin- 14C converted to embryonic proteins were measured in the various regions of the explants. The relatively greater quantities of intact ovalbumin in the area opaca region of the explant during the 48-hr culture period suggested that this region was the site of intact protein uptake. During the first 6-hr of culture on labeled medium, the rate of uptake of intact ovalbumin by the area opaca exceeded the rate of accumulation of ovalbumin breakdown products, and, after transfer to unlabeled medium, the rate of decrease in intact ovalbumin exceeded the rate of decrease of ovalbumin breakdown products. These results indicated that the ovalbumin was not transported intact to the embryo, but rather was degraded by the area opaca. The larger pool of ovalbumin breakdown products in the area opaca compared to that in the embryo suggested that these pools were not in direct equilibrium. Despite the different pool sizes, both the area opaca and the embryo accumulated embryonic protein derived from ovalbumin at similar rates. A model is proposed describing the flow of nitrogenous nutrients from the medium to the embryo proper.
Methodology to analyse aerospace structures repaired with a bonded composite patch

AbstractAdhesively bonded composite repair of metallic structures is one of the candidate technologies that has enormous potential in the ageing aircraft. A computational tool to analyse the repaired aerospace structure using an adhesively bonded composite patch is presented. This involves the three-layer technique based on the two-dimensional finite element method for adhesively bonded composite patch repair of cracked structures. This technique is capable of characterizing the crack growth and debond growth behaviour, as well as predicting the fatigue life extension of the repaired structure with a perfectly or imperfectly bonded patch. Also, the thermal effects which may develop during bonding or during service and the non-linear material behaviour of the adhesive are incorporated in this technique. The results from the three-layer technique show good agreement with experimental results as well as a previous investigator's published numerical results. Besides the accuracy of the technique, the advantag...