cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical current enhancement in Nb3Sn by low-temperature, fast-neutron induced flux pinning centers

Abstract The short-section critical current density jc has been measured at 4.2 K for two types of composite Nb3Sn wires irradiated with fast neutrons at 6 K and then annealed to 77 K. For the first type (A), a fluence of 4.8 × 1017 n/cm2 increased jc at transverse fields above 1.5 T, and the enhancement increased with field to 45% at 10 T. The overall enhancement was a few percent less for a fluence of 1.1 × 1018 n/cm2. In an improved type wire (B) with a larger intrinsic jc, the enhancement for a fluence of 1.8 × 1018 n/cm2 was 85% at 10 T. Both types A and B retained partial enhancement after anneals to between 295 K and 540 K. For type B material, Tc and Hc2(T) were measured and Hc2(0) calculated using Hc2(0) = 0.693Tc (dHc2/dT)Tc. Consequently the pinning force density Fp = jc × B was plotted as a function of h = H H c2 . The shift in Fp(max) from h = ~0.17 to ~0.23 following irradiation implies modification in the pinning center microstructure. A 540 K anneal leaves Fp(max) reduced in magnitude, but unchanged in position, suggesting relative stability for the radiationinduced modification.
Handle With Care: Integrating Caring Content in Mathematics and Science Methods Classes

Abstract It is a well-known theory and practice among early childhood educators that building early relationships with the children is crucial to their development. However, there is irony in the fact that many teacher education programs that propose to model “best practices” do not model relationship building with their preservice teachers. This study examines two methods courses that integrated the ethic of care within their science and mathematics pedagogy as an avenue to operationalize the “relational zone.” Two cohorts of 24 and 20 female preservice early childhood teachers participated in the study. The students were enrolled in science and mathematics classes that emphasized integration and an ethic of care. Integration included joint syllabi, discussions, joint assignments, and co-teaching by both teacher educators. Caring practices were modeled and practiced within the courses. The participants responded to 10 prompts by writing journal entries. Qualitative analysis of the students' journals reve...
Two new copepod genera (Poecilostomatoida) associated with the scleractinian coral Psammocora in New Caledonia

The anchimolgid copepod Paraclamocus hiulcus gen. n., sp. n., associated with the coral Psammocora togianensis near Noumea, New Caledonia, is remarkable for the form of its mandible, with the inner margin broadly and deeply incised. The rhynchomolgid copepod Numboa porosa gen. n., sp. n., associated with Psammocora contigua, has a much flattened, discoidal prosome with many small surficial pores and lacks leg 4 and the endopod of leg 3. More than 200 species of copepods are associated with New Caledonian invertebrates, 80 of them with Scleractinia.
Risk-taking behavior of banks under regulation

Abstract This paper analyzes the value maximization of regulated banks within a moral-hazard framework. In the model, regulators monitor both the capital ratio and the asset portfolio, and banks simultaneously select the optimum capital ratio and asset portfolio. A key assumption is that a bank cannot expect a positive put option value once it is classified as risky by regulators. The optimum values of the two variables depend on investment opportunities and charter values, as well as regulatory parameters. The model that explicitly incorporates regulation can explain various phenomena that are seemingly inconsistent with the predictions of moral hazard models — for example, a positive relationship between the capital ratio and the riskiness of the asset portfolio. A particularly interesting result is that a larger charter value results in a higher-risk interior solution.
Dopachrome Conversion: A Possible Control Point in Melanin Biosynthesis

Melanin biosynthesis involves the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine, via dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), to melanin through a number of intermediate steps. It is generally assumed that the major rate-limiting factor in this process is the amount of active tyrosinase (monophenol monoxygenase; monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) available since when dopa has been oxidized by tyrosinase to dopa quinone the succeeding steps can occur spontaneously through auto-oxidation. We now present evidence that a later step, namely the conversion of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid may also be under regulatory control. We have found a factor(s) from 3 different melanomas (Cloudman, B16, and Greene) which catalyzes this step. This activity is also present in mushrooms, which contain a potent pigment-synthesizing system, but not in a variety of cell lines of nonmelanocytic origin. We have not yet identified the factor but it is of relatively low molecular weight (less than 1000 daltons by Sephadex G10 gel filtration), negatively charged at pH 6.8, and stable to boiling. The factor contains no detectable sulfhydryl groups. In crude cell extracts the factor appears to be complexed to tyrosinase since it cochromatographs with tyrosinase through the early steps of purification. The factor binds tightly to QAE-Sephadex anion exchange resin and can be separated from tyrosinase by differential salt elution. We have not yet demonstrated that the factor has a physiological role in melanogenesis but we feel such a role is likely since the activity was found only in cells with melanin-synthesizing systems.
Large-scale magnetic field perturbation arising from the 18 May 1980 eruption from Mount St. Helens, Washington

Abstract A traveling magnetic field disturbance generated by the 18 may 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens at 1532 UT was detected on an 800-km linear array of recording magnetometers installed along the San Andreas fault system in California, from San Francisco to the Salton Sea. Arrival times of the disturbance field, from the most northern of these 24 magnetometers (996 km south of the volcano) to the most southern (1493 km S23° E), are consistent with the generation of a traveling ionospheric disturbance stimulated by the blast pressure wave in the atmosphere. The first arrivals at the north and the south ends of the array occurred at 26 and 48 min, respectively, after the initial eruption. Apparent average wave velocity through the array is 309 ± 14 m s−1 but may have approached 600 m s−1 close to the volcano. The horizontal phase and the group velocity of ∼ 300 m s−1 at periods of 70–80 min, and the attenuation with distance, strongly suggest that the magnetic field perturbations at distances of 1000–1500 km are caused by gravity mode acoustic-gravity waves propagating at F-region heights in the ionosphere.
Straight-Chain Acyl-CoA Oxidase Knockout Mouse Accumulates Extremely Long Chain Fatty Acids from α-Linolenic Acid: Evidence for Runaway Carousel-Type Enzyme Kinetics in Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Diseases

Abstract Extremely long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ELCPs) with >24 carbons and four or more double bonds are normally found in excitatory tissues but have no known function, and are greatly increased in brain and other tissues of humans with peroxisomal disorders. Straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of peroxisomal β-oxidation of very-long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We have studied the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism of AOX knockout mice (AOX−/−) as a model of human AOX deficiency (pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy), and as a genetic tool to test the putative peroxisomal β-oxidation involvement in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Liver lipids of 26-day-old weanling AOX−/− mice livers accumulate n -3 and n -6 ELCPs from C24 to C30 with 5 and 6 double bonds, have 356 ± 66 μg/g docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n -3), similar to congenic (AOX−/* = AOX+/+ and AOX+/−) controls (401 ± 96 μg/g), but increased 22:5 n -6 (22.4 ± 3.7 vs 6.4 ± 1.5 μg/g). AOX+/* mice injected intraperitoneally at 23 days with [U- 13 C]-18:3 n -3show strong labeling of 22:6 n -3 after 72 h, whereas AOX−/− mice display less labeling of 22:6 n -3but strong tracer incorporation into 24:6 n -3, 26:6 n -3, and 28:6 n -3, after the same period. These data suggest that ELCPs are natural runaway elongation by-products of 22:6 n -3 and 22:5 n -6 synthesis, which are normally disposed of by peroxisomal β-oxidation. Under conditions with impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation, such as Zellweger syndrome and adrenoleukodystrophies, ELCPs accumulate due to increased synthesis and impaired disposal. Two mechanisms for the formation of these runaway elongation by-products and the involvement of secondary carnitine deficiency in this process are proposed: n -3 ELCPs are synthesized by a carnitine-dependent multifunctional mitochondrial docosahexaenoic acid synthase (mtDHAS) which normally synthesizes primarily 22:6 n -3, while n -6 ELCPs are synthesized by independent elongation enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Symmetrical exchange of potassium trialkylborohydrides with trialkylboranes, direct observation of steric effects by 11B NMR spectroscopy

Mixtures of potassium triethylborohydride and triethylborane in tetrahydrofuran at 25° C show evidence by 11B NMR and IR spectroscopy of essentially quantitative formation of a hydride bridged diborohydride ion and of rapid exchange between diboron and monoboron species. The formation of an association compound (2/1) and the rate of hydride exchange is remarkably sensitive to increases in steric hindrance of the alkyl groups on boron.
Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort

St John's wort reduced the area under the curve of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir by a mean of 57% (SD 19) and decreased the extrapolated 8-h indinavir trough by 81% (16) in healthy volunteers. A reduction in indinavir exposure of this magnitude could lead to the development of drug resistance and treatment failure.
Nucleation and medium Range Order in Silicate Liquids: Inferences From NMR Spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy is beginning to provide quantitative information on short–and medium–range structure in silicate glasses and liquids, and on molecular-scale dynamics in the liquids. Data on coordination numbers, second and higher neighbor connectivities, and larger scale heterogeneities, as determined by NMR at ambient and high temperatures, are potentially very useful in models of nucleation and growth of immiscible liquid and crystalline phases. New techniques such as dynamic angle spinning (DAS), high temperature magic angle spinning (MAS) are especially promising. Detailed studies of paramagnetic nuclear spin relaxation can characterize compositional heterogeneity in glasses to distance scales of at least several nanometers.
A Methodology for Incorporating Ergonomics into Manufacturing Systems Design

Approaches to manufacturing systems design often utilize a sequential procedure that focuses on the use of new and available technologies to improve production capacity, with the roles of employees in production processes considered much later. This study developed a methodology that integrates both manual and computer simulations to evaluate system performance and identify ergonomic problems early in the system design process. Information about operator performance and potential ergonomic risk factors is obtained through manual simulations, and estimates of operator utilization and system throughput are obtained through computer simulations. An iterative design process is used, with the results of manual and computer simulations informing each other during subsequent simulations. The results of an industrial case study in which the methods were applied to the design of a manufacturing cell demonstrate that the methodology can be used to design manufacturing systems with significant savings in labor cost ...
Impacts of hydrologic soil properties on drought detection with MODIS thermal data

Remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), a climatic water budget model, and the STATSGO database were used within a GIS environment to determine the influences of hydrologic soil properties on soil moisture and thermal emission in western–central Kansas for a dry year, 2000. Two important variables, water-holding capacity (WHC) and hydrologic soil group (HSG), were controlled in our water budget experiment to evaluate their impacts on soil moisture content (SMC) changes throughout the period. Results showed that HSG affected drought detection and occurrence very little, but WHC variations explained most local variations of soil moisture content. As a strong indicator of relative soil moisture deficit, the Standardized Thermal Index (STI) patterns were also influenced by WHC. Generally, the earlier the soil moisture content drops below 40%, the earlier the STI reaches a threshold value of 0.2 or higher. Vegetation responses to thermal detection lagged behind the STI by up to 8 weeks, which was computed by comparing the STI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) deviation from a 10-year mean. The spatial pattern of lag-times was not apparent, but lag-times were correlated with a WHC component.
Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty

Ceramic bearing surfaces have been introduced to prevent bone loss after osteolysis seen with conventional polyethylene bearing surfaces. One hundred three ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasties in 97 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Average follow-up was 50.4 months. Preoperative Harris Hip Score was 49.5 points, which improved to 87.2 postoperatively (P < .05). Pain score improved from 13.7 points preoperatively to 40.6 points postoperatively (P < .05). Functional score improved from 30 points preoperatively to 41 points postoperatively (P < .05). No fractures, dislocations, infections, or osteolysis was observed on radiographs. Five patients (4.9%), at 11, 16, 30, 38, and 60 months postoperatively, presented with “squeaky” hips that continue to perform well. Long-term studies will be required to determine the true efficacy of these hard bearing surfaces.
Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Requirement of initiation factor eIF-2 holoprotein for substrate specificity of heme-regulated protein kinase.

The specificity of the heme-regulated protein kinase (HRI) was investigated further by utilizing the isolated 38000 Da subunit (α subunit) polypeptide of eIF-2 as the substrate. For this purpose, the three subunit polypeptides of eIF-2 (38000 Da, α, 50000 Da, β; and 52000 Da, γ) were resolved by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results show that HRI is incapable of phosphorylating the 38000 Da subunit separated from the other two eIF-2 polypeptides. Data suggest that the substrate'specificity of HRI is determined by the quaternary structure assumed by the α subunit in association with the other two subunits in the eIF-2 holoprotein.
Damage quantification in TBCs by photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy

A procedure is described for assessing the extent of damage in an electron beam vapor deposited (EBPVD) thermal barrier coating (TBC) based on the quantitative analysis of its photo-stimulated luminescence spectrum. In contrast to purely statistical fitting procedures, the analysis procedure uses experimental calibrations of the effect of stress on the principal features of a luminescence spectrum. Luminescence spectra from a thermally cycled TBC are used to illustrate the procedure and derive estimates of the thermal cycling induced damage.
Strategies for Epstein–Barr virus monitoring, detection and therapy in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The most serious complication of EBV infection in this population is post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). EBV-viral load monitoring can be used to predict those SOT patients at high risk of PTLD, particularly those who are EBV seronegative prior to transplant. Surveillance EBV-load monitoring to inform pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression has contributed to the decrease in the incidence of PTLD in SOT recipients. The use of the anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, as a therapeutic agent is increasing, with anecdotal reports of positive outcomes. However, experience to date suggests that the use of this agent may not prevent recurrence of the tumor or improve cell-mediated immune responses to EBV. Future investigation of EBV-specific T-cell responses as an adjunct to monitoring, and the adoptive transfer of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes appear likely in future attemp...
Performance of Jamaica Hope Cattle in Commercial Dairy Herds in Jamaica

Abstract Performance of Jamaica Hope cattle, developed in Jamaica from a crossbred foundation containing about 80% Jersey, 15% Sahiwal, and 5% Holstein breeding, was evaluated. There were 8,819 lactation records for 1969 to 1975 of Jamaica Hope and other cows from 28 herds for estimates of environmental effects. Herd, year, season, and age affected milk yield. Milk yield declined from 3890kg in 1969 to 2658kg in 1975. Effects of season and age of calving were small (5 and 13%). Progeny of Jamaica Hope sires were below other cows in milk yield (2732 versus 3013kg). Phenotypic correlations among milk yield, lactation length, and body weight were positive but were negative for milk yield and days dry. Lactation length accounted for about 35% of the variation in milk yield where-as days dry and body weight contributed less than 10%. Total variance for milk was small, 749,283kg 2 . Percentages of total variance in milk yield attributed to herd, sire, cow, and error were 29, 9, 46, and 16. For milk yield, heritability was .35 and repeatability .77. Sire values for 62 Jamaica Hope sires with at least 5 daughters were +243 to −300kg. Factors that affect performance of Jamaica Hope do not appear greatly different from those influencing other breeds in tropical areas.
Effect of electrical field on crazing test of enameled wire in water

We investigated the tendency to crazing to enameled wire under applying DC voltage in an electrolyte in the different conductivity. Crazing occurred in the enameled wire film in the case of connecting the wire to the negative pole, but did not occur in the film in the case of connecting the wire to the positive pole. It was found that the penetration of H3O+ ion, due to electroosmosis, is the major factor for crazing.
Quantitative gene expression of two types of glycine transporter in the rat central nervous system

Nuclease protection assays were performed to determine the levels of gene expression for the glycine transporters (GLY(T)), GLY(T)-1a, GLY(T)-1b and GLY(T)-2 in select regions of rat CNS. Results showed regional differences in GLY(T)-1a and GLY(T)-1b gene expression throughout the central nervous system (CNS) whereas GLY(T)-2 was predominantly expressed in the caudal brain. Although the distribution of GLY(T) correlates with the regional distribution of the glycine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, areas shown to be highly susceptible to acute ischemia consistently showed low levels of GLY(T) mRNAs.
Hypercompetition and the future of global management in the twenty‐first century

In today's hypercompetitive landscape, organizations are moving from being multinational to being global in the strategic intent. There are a number of “drivers” of this globalization process, but it would be difficult to argue that globalization is not going to be an enduring phenomena. The consequences of this modification in the strategic orientation of organizations have implications for most every element in an organization. To gain an insight into the future of global organizations in the twenty-first century, a market-based perspective is utilized. In addition, the importance of organizational boundary spanners is also explored as a means to effectively compete in the global competitive arena. Inpatriation is viewed as a means to gain tacit knowledge at the headquarters level to ensure adaptation of corporate standard operating policies to effectively compete as a global network, yet with the flexibility to meet local competitor strategies and consumer demands. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mannitol permeation and radial flow of water in maize roots

Summary •The postulated nonselective hydraulic route through the root apoplast has not yet been supported by experimental findings on solvent drag. •Therefore, mannitol transport from the medium to the shoot of young maize plants was studied at different rates of transpiration in hydroculture. The concentration of mannitol was determined by gas chromatography. •Mannitol utilization in shoot metabolism was not detectable. Experiments with exuding roots showed that the radial transport of mannitol was mainly apoplastic. The ratio α between the mannitol concentration in xylem vessels and that of the external medium was calculated from mannitol translocation to the shoot or measurement of the mannitol concentration in the root exudate, where it reached c. 0.07 in the steady state. In transpiring plants, α decreased with increasing water flux from 0.04 to values below 0.01. These findings demonstrate that the root reflection coefficient for mannitol is above 0.99. •It is concluded that the radial movement of water to the vessels is under complete protoplastic control, whereas solutes can diffuse on an apoplastic path. The absence of a significant volume flux through the root apoplast is of physiological importance as it prevents the coupling of the apoplastic permeation of ballast solutes, such as NaCl, to transpiration.
Free-Energy Surfaces for Liquid-Phase Reactions and Their Use To Study the Border Between Concerted and Nonconcerted α,β-Elimination Reactions of Esters and Thioesters

Distinguishing between the concerted second-order mechanism for β-eliminations and nonconcerted mechanisms with discrete carbanion intermediates is very difficult experimentally, but the ability of quantum chemistry to find stationary points of the free-energy surface in liquid-phase solutions, even for complex reagents, provides a new tool for elucidating such mechanisms. Here we use liquid-phase density functional theory calculations to find transition states and intermediates on the free-energy surfaces of four base-initiated α,β-eliminations of acetoxy and mesyloxy esters and their analogous thioesters. The geometries, free energies, and charge distributions of these structures support a stepwise irreversible first-order elimination from a conjugate base (E1cBI) mechanism with acetoxy ester 3, acetoxy thioester 4, and mesyloxy thioester 6. However, mesyloxy ester 5, which has an excellent nucleofuge and a less-acidic proton, follows a concerted but asynchronous E2 mechanism with an E1cB-like transitio...
Local income redistribution: A club-theoretic analysis

Abstract This paper analyzes optimal income redistribution in a club model where interclub transfers are ruled out (redistribution must proceed on a local level in heterogeneous clubs). This assumption induces a trade-off between equity and efficiency in that the efficiency loss associated with club heterogeneity must be borne in order for redistribution to occur. The optimal club structure depends on society's evaluation of this trade-off.
Growth Signaling Through the α5β1 Fibronectin Receptor

Abstract This study demonstrates that perturbation of the fibronectin receptor (FNR), a member of the integrin family of adhesion receptors, can stimulate growth of non-transformed epithelial cells but not of transformed epithelial cells. Using the non-adherent cell line FA-K562 we demonstrate that growth stimulation via FNR ligands occurs rapidly and independently of any effects on cell adhesion. Low valence FNR ligands such as glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartate-serin (GRGDS) are the most potent stimulators of the cell cycle regulatory kinase cdc2. Partial synchronization and Western blotting studies suggest that GRGDS affects cdc2/cyclin A complexes in cells in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle. These studies suggest that FNR-mediated growth control appears to be a common feature of transformation. These data suggest that the FNR may be physiologically important in growth control, especially in the presence of low valence, proteolytic degradation fragments of FN. Furthermore, escape fron FNR-mediated growth control may be a common feature of transformation.
Erratum to: Review of the Molecular Development of the Thumb: Digit Primera

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3008-5.
A triphasic analysis of corneal swelling and hydration control.

Physiological studies strongly support the view that hydration control in the cornea is dependent on active ion transport at the corneal endothelium. However, the mechanism by which endothelial ion transport regulates corneal thickness has not been elaborated in detail. In this study, the corneal stroma is modeled as a triphasic material under steady-state conditions. An ion flux boundary condition is developed to represent active transport at the endothelium. The equations are solved in cylindrical coordinates for confined compression and in spherical coordinates to represent an intact cornea. The model provides a mechanism by which active ion transport at the endothelium regulates corneal hydration and provides a basis for explaining the origin of the "imbibition pressure" and stromal "swelling pressure." The model encapsulates the Donnan view of corneal swelling as well as the "pump-leak hypothesis."
Ureteral stump calculi

We report 2 cases of ureteral stump calculi presenting years after nephrectomy. Stones in the ureteral stump are extremely uncommon, and their occurrence has led us to review the possible mechanisms underlying their etiology.
Improved yields in the synthesis of 4‐nitro[1‐13C]aniline

4-Nitro[1-13C]aniline has been prepared in overall yield of 54%, based on labeled acetone, by modification of a standard procedure (2).
The association of hepatic apoprotein and lipid metabolism in hamsters and rats.

Abstract 1. The hamster liver but not that of the rat, secretes VLDL containing only apoprotein B100. Apoprotein B48 was identified in mesenteric lymph of hamsters and therefore plasma apoprotein B48 is of intestinal origin. 2. Male hamster livers secrete less free cholesterol but similar cholesterol ester than male rats resulting in a higher CE/FC ratio in hamsters. 3. Hepatic VLDL from male hamsters contain more apo B and E while that from females contains more TG and apo A-II/C. 4. Hamsters fed high-C diets secrete more hepatic VLDL-apoprotein B, -free and -cholesterol ester, and biliary cholesterol.
Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in Amazonian hunting

Optimal foraging theory is a set of related models from evolutionary ecology that predict the range and proportions of food items a predator should consume (diet breadth), where and how long it should hunt (patch choice), and how it should move (path choice). This paper assesses the utility of such models in anthropology by applying an optimal diet breadth approach to the analysis of hunting yields in three Amazonian societies. Specifically, we analyze diet breadth as a function of settlement age, distance, and technology. Data from the Siona-Secoya, Ye'kwana, and Yanomamo indicate that these factors have a significant influence on diet breadth and support the basic predictions of the optimization model. [ecological anthropology, foraging strategies, Amazonia, South American Indians, anthropological theory]
3-Cyano-5-fluoro-N-arylbenzamides as negative allosteric modulators of mGlu5: Identification of easily prepared tool compounds with CNS exposure in rats

Abstract Development of SAR in a 3-cyano-5-fluoro-N-arylbenzamide series of non-competitive antagonists of mGlu5 using a functional cell-based assay is described in this Letter. Further characterization of selected potent compounds in in vitro assays designed to measure their metabolic stability and protein binding is also presented. Subsequent evaluation of two new compounds in pharmacokinetic studies using intraperitoneal dosing in rats demonstrated good exposure in both plasma and brain samples.
Simulation of ion implantation in Si for 0.25 keV H+ under channeling conditions

Abstract CHANNEL is a recently developed simulation code for the prediction of the behavior (deposition, transmission) of ionized projectiles incident on bulk solids. We give early results for ion implantation profiles of H+ in diamond structured Si, with initial velocity along both the electronically dense and nonsymmetric 〈100〉 channel and the open and 2-fold symmetric 〈100〉 channel. Though diamond Si possesses a highly symmetric space group, the reduction in symmetry to the 2-D point group of the channel face both increases the computational challenge and raises questions about the validity of more drastically simplified models. We show that obtaining a statistically estimated implantation depth from CHANNEL is feasible. With these results, the expected depth for the 〈100〉 channel is predicted to be about a third that for the 〈100〉 channel.
Sandpiles with Bistable Automata Rules: Towards a Minimal Model of Pedestal Formation and Structure

A sandpile with two stable and two unstable ranges of slopes is presented as a minimal model for the study of H-mode pedestal formation and dynamics. Pedestals are observed to form and expand inward with increasing deposition. Transport bifurcation is not critical to pedestal formation, though the pedestal structure obtained with a second, hard stability boundary is qualitatively different from that found in standard sandpiles. Nonperiodic particle ejection events are observed, but do not initiate pedestal collapse. Pedestal formation alters the spectrum of transport avalanches.
Risk of locoregional recurrence by receptor status in breast cancer patients receiving modern systemic therapy and post-mastectomy radiation

We assessed differences in locoregional outcome based on receptor status combinations in a cohort of stage II–III breast cancer patients treated with modern trimodality therapy. Medical records of 582 consecutively treated patients receiving post-mastectomy radiation (PMRT) between 1/1999 and 12/2009 were reviewed. Rate of local regional recurrence (LRR) was estimated by the method of cumulative incidence allowing for competing risks. The effect of prognostic factors was examined by Gray’s test and by Fine and Gray’s modeling approach. Median follow-up was 44.7 months. Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 73.9% and overall survival (OS) was 84%. The cumulative 5-year incidence of LRR as first site of failure was 6.2% (95% CI 4.2–8.7). Five-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 8.6 versus 4.4% for estrogen receptor (ER) negative versus ER positive (P = 0.017), 8.5 versus 3.4% for progesterone receptor (PR) negative versus PR positive (P = 0.011), and 1.7 versus 7.5% for HER2 positive (86% received trastuzamab) versus HER2 negative (P = 0.032). Five-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 11.8% for the triple negative subtype and 3.9% for other receptor combinations (P < 0.001). Among patients whose disease is ER positive, 5-year LRR rate was 7.8 versus 3.4% for PR negative versus PR positive (P = 0.130). The prognostic value of the triple negative and HER2 negative subtypes was maintained on multivariate analysis. In the era of HER-2 targeted therapy, tumors that are HER-2 over expressing and are treated with trastuzumab have a very low rate of LRR. ER negative, PR negative, and triple negative status are associated with increased risk of LRR.
Development and validation of experimental models for hyperemic thermal response using IR imaging

A common method for diagnosing heart health condition is to analyze blood flow rate and temperature behaviors after arterial occlusion. However, multiple factors besides heart condition could affect these behaviors. The objective of this research was to identify other factors that affect blood flow and thermal response after arterial occlusion, evaluate a mathematical model to determine thermal response after arterial occlusion, and develop an experimental model for thermal response after arterial occlusion. Twenty-eight experiments were conducted with 14 subjects to determine blood and thermal responses by using plethysmography and infrared imaging after applying arterial occlusion. Possible factors affecting blood flow and thermal responses that were investigated were: Initial finger temperature, blood pressure, body temperature, gender, and age. After determining the correlation coefficient among the mentioned factors and blood flow and thermal responses after occlusion, it was determined that only initial finger temperature and blood pressure show a strong effect. A mathematical model accounting only for the convective thermal effects, but not thermal conduction effects, was developed and tested, but was found to be insufficiently accurate in describing the thermal response by means of blood flow parameters for all of the subjects tested (error>90%). A linear regression model was then developed to relate blood flow to thermal response using two thirds of the experimental data, and was tested using one third of the data. The linear regression model was found to predict thermal response by means of blood flow response with an error rate of less than 50%.
Collaboration: what can health-care organizations learn about pharmacist retention from Magnet status hospitals?

In a review ofpharmacist availability from September 1999through September 2003, the Aggregate DemandIndex found the need for pharmacists’ continuesto outpace the supply. The increased demand forpharmacists is the result of a variety of factors in-cluding increasing prescription volume, expandingretail pharmacies and institutional facilities, andthe expanding professional roles of the pharmacistin health care.
Do Managers and Strategies Matter? A Study In Crisis*

Highly interactive, tightly coupled, high-risk technological systems have introduced the potential for catastrophic events. Although many people consider crises and disasters to be inevitable, our results suggest that firms that are better able to avoid crisis events have top-management teams with a higher level of functional team heterogeneity, higher education levels, shorter organizational tenures, and more tenure heterogeneity. These characteristics serve as proxies for deeper underlying cognitive processes such as more complex thinking, quality decision making, dialectical inquiry, and multiple perspectives in solving potential catastrophic problems. These cognitive and social processes appear to be successful in addressing interactive complexity in high-risk technologies, and may be associated with fewer faulty assumptions about firms' vulnerability to crises. In addition, firms whose top managers' time and energy is devoted to managing acquisition and divestment activities are more likely to experience crisis events. Highly diversified firms emphasizing financial and bureaucratic controls appear to develop threat-rigidities, a lack of firm specific knowledge, and decreased information processing capabilities making them increasingly vulnerable to systemic crisis events.
The Valley Task: Understanding Intention from Goal-Directed Motion in Typical Development and Autism.

A novel paradigm investigates the ability to understand an agent's intended goal in children with autism (N = 25), typically developing children (N = 46), and adults (N = 16 + 12) by watching a non-human agent's kinematic properties alone. Computer animations depict a circle at the bottom of a U-shaped valley rolling up and down its slopes and getting closer to a target resting at the top of either side of the valley. The circle's persistent motion and improving attempts evoke the attribution of the intention to reach the target, regardless of whether the circle fails or attains its goal. Children with autism are as able as controls to infer an agent's intended-goal, disregarding its failure to reach the target. In addition, the study showed that the perception of persistent motion is a sufficient but not a necessary cue for very young children and children with autisn to attribute intention to an agent, whereas adults consider the persistent motion cue as a sufficient and necessary cue to attribute intention to an agent.
Examination of the Relationship Between Self‐Efficacy and Affect at Varying Levels of Aerobic Exercise Intensity

Although proposed as an explanation for increases in positive and decreases in negative affect, little evidence supports the notion of a stronger efficacy-affect relationship as acute aerobic exercise intensity increases. Relationships between self-efficacy (SE), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were examined with respect to 3 randomly assigned conditions: (a) no exercise (control), (b) cycling at 55% VO2max, and (c) cycling at 70% VO2max. Twenty subjects (age = 22.6 years; M VO2max= 47.8 ml · kg−1· min−1) participated in each. Preexercise SE predicted in-task NA and postexercise PA in the 55% condition and postexercise PA in the 70% condition (ps < .05). Although SE significantly increased from pre- to postexercise, in-task affect failed to predict these increases in SE. These data suggest that in a fit college-aged population, a stronger reciprocal relationship between preexercise SE, in-task affect, and postexercise SE does not exist with increasing levels of exercise intensity. Contrary to self-efficacy theory, no evidence was found for a reciprocal relationship. However, the relationship between efficacy and affect was such that when collapsed across conditions and time, subjects with higher SE scores reported lower NA (p < .05).
A rare case of extra nodal Rosai-Dorfman disease with isolated multifocal osseous manifestation

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) or Rosai-Dorfman disease is a non-neoplastic condition which typically presents as massive, bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and can involve multiple extranodal organ systems such as skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract in about 28% cases. Bone lesions in association with nodal disease are seen in less than 10% cases. Isolated bone involvement as the only manifestation of SHML is extremely rare, with less than 50 cases reported in the literature. We report a very uncommon case of Rosai-Dorfman disease with isolated multifocal osseous involvement as the only presenting feature, involving about 10 different sites with no lymphadenopathy or other organ system involvement.
Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function

Since the discovery of the hepatitis C virus over 15 years ago, scientists have raced to develop diagnostics, study the virus and find new therapies. Yet virtually every attempt to dissect this pathogen has met with roadblocks that impeded progress. Its replication was restricted to humans or experimentally infected chimpanzees, and efficient growth of the virus in cell culture failed until very recently. Nevertheless hard-fought progress has been made and the first wave of antiviral drugs is entering clinical trials.
1/f Noise: threshold voltage and ON-current fluctuations in 45 nm device technology due to charged random traps

Discrete impurity effects in terms of their statistical variations in number and position in the inversion and depletion region of a MOSFET, as the gate length is aggressively scaled, have recently been investigated as being a major cause of reliability degradation observed in intra-die and die-to-die threshold voltage variation on the same chip resulting in significant variation in saturation drive (on) current and transconductance degradation--two key metrics for benchmark performance of digital and analog integrated circuits. In this paper, in addition to random dopant fluctuations (RDF), the influence of random number and position of interface traps lying close to Si/SiO2 interface has been examined as it poses additional concerns because it leads to enhanced experimentally observed fluctuations in drain current and threshold voltage. In this context, the authors of this article present novel EMC based simulation study on trap induced random telegraph noise (RTN) responsible for statistical fluctuation pattern observed in threshold voltage, its standard deviation and drive current in saturation for 45 nm gate length technology node MOSFET device. From the observed simulation results and their analysis, it can be projected that with continued scaling in gate length and width, RTN effect will eventually supersede as a major reliability bottleneck over the already present RDF phenomenon. The fluctuation patterns observed by EMC simulation outcomes for both drain current and threshold voltage have been analyzed for the cases of single trap and two traps closely adjacent to one another lying in the proximity of the Si/SiO2 interface between source to drain region of the MOSFET and explained from analytical device physics perspectives.
Software architecture synthesis for retargetable real-time embedded systems

Retargetability of embedded system descriptions not only enables better exploration of the design space and evaluation of cost/performance tradeoffs but also enhances design maintainability and adaptivity to new technologies. Unfortunately, the traditional boundary between run-time support and user-code encourages use of ad hoc architecture-specific features that lack the structure to permit automatic code synthesis for the satisfaction of timing constraints. This work proposes a specification style for control dominated embedded systems that can be easily retargeted via automatic synthesis of the software architecture and run-time support. Unlike previous work, user-specified modes are an integral part of the run-time system and isolate architecture-specific details while scoping timing constraints to enable more efficient scheduling.
Liberation à la Finland: Reexamining Eisenhower administration objectives in Eastern Europe

(1997). Liberation a la Finland: Reexamining Eisenhower administration objectives in Eastern Europe. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 1-26.
Selective Transport of Monoamine Neurotransmitters by Human Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter and Organic Cation Transporter 3

The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) are the two most prominent low-affinity, high-capacity (i.e., uptake2) transporters for endogenous biogenic amines. Using the Flp-in system, we expressed human PMAT (hPMAT) and human OCT3 (hOCT3) at similar levels in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Parallel and detailed kinetics analysis revealed distinct and seemingly complementary patterns for the two transporters in transporting monoamine neurotransmitters. hPMAT is highly selective toward serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine, with the rank order of transport efficiency (Vmax/Km) being: dopamine, 5-HT ≫ histamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. The substrate preference of hPMAT toward these amines is substantially driven by large (up to 15-fold) distinctions in its apparent binding affinities (Km). In contrast, hOCT3 is less selective than hPMAT toward the monoamines, and the Vmax/Km rank order for hOCT3 is: histamine > norepinephrine, epinephrine > dopamine >5-HT. It is noteworthy that hOCT3 demonstrated comparable (≤2-fold difference) Km toward all amines, and distinctions in Vmax played an important role in determining its differential transport efficiency toward the monoamines. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that hPMAT is expressed at much higher levels than hOCT3 in most human brain areas, whereas hOCT3 is selectively and highly expressed in adrenal gland and skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that hOCT3 represents a major uptake2 transporter for histamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. hPMAT, on the other hand, is a major uptake2 transporter for 5-HT and dopamine and may play a more important role in transporting these two neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
Free energies of quantum particles: The coupled-perturbed quantum umbrella sampling method

We introduce a new simulation method called Coupled-Perturbed Quantum Umbrella Sampling that extends the classical umbrella sampling approach to reaction coordinates involving quantum mechanical degrees of freedom. The central idea in our method is to solve coupled-perturbed equations to find the response of the quantum system's wave function along a reaction coordinate of interest. This allows for propagation of the system's dynamics under the influence of a quantum biasing umbrella potential and provides a method to rigorously undo the effects of the bias to compute equilibrium ensemble averages. In this way, one can drag electrons into regions of high free energy where they would otherwise not go, thus enabling chemistry by fiat. We demonstrate the applicability of our method for two condensed-phase systems of interest. First, we consider the interaction of a hydrated electron with an aqueous sodium cation, and we calculate a potential of mean force that shows that an e(-):Na(+) contact pair is the thermodynamically favored product starting from either a neutral sodium atom or the separate cation and electron species. Second, we present the first determination of a hydrated electron's free-energy profile relative to an air/water interface. For the particular model parameters used, we find that the hydrated electron is more thermodynamically stable in the bulk rather than at the interface. Our analysis suggests that the primary driving force keeping the electron away from the interface is the long-range electron-solvent polarization interaction rather than the short-range details of the chosen pseudopotential.
Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra

Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra is an aggressive neoplasm associated with a poor prognosis. The outcome is dependent on early diagnosis and surgical intervention. However, the diagnosis is often delayed as a result of difficulties related to differentiating this lesion from other disorders. Such difficulties result from the variety of clinical and pathologic presentations that are common to melanoma. We report a case of primary malignant melanoma of the urethra with subsequent retrograde seeding of the bladder initially diagnosed and managed as invasive urothelial carcinoma.
A numerical simulation of the flow in the diffuser of the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel

The flow in the diffuser section of the Icing Research Tunnel at the NASA Lewis Research Center is numerically investigated. To accomplish this, an existing computer code is utilized. The code, known as PARC3D, is based on the Beam-Warming algorithm applied to the strong conservation law form of the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The first portion of the paper consists of a brief description of the diffuser and its current flow characteristics. A brief discussion of the code work follows. Predicted velocity patterns are then compared with the measured values.
Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. IV. Studies of the C-Terminal end of the Myelin Basic Protein Molecule (1)

The C-terminal end of the myelin basic protein (BP) molecule (peptide 117-170) was obtained by cleavage with BNPS-skatole, and purified by gel filtration. Peptide 117-170 from guinea pig BP induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, whereas the corresponding peptide from bovine BP was inactive. Neither peptide showed more than trace activity when tested in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs and rats treated with peptide 117-170 in incomplete Freund adjuvant were not rendered unresponsive to EAE induced by subsequent challenge with an encephalitogenic emulsion of BP in complete Freund adjuvant. Indeed, peptide-pretreated rats tended to develop clinical EAE significantly earlier than untreated controls.
An algorithm for pole-zero system model order estimation

In system identification, estimates of the unknown system model orders are often required. An algorithm for estimating model orders is described that looks at input/output data covariance matrix eigenvectors. When model orders are overestimated, zeros appear in the noise subspace eigenvectors. The number of zeros present can be used to estimate model orders. >