cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Deuterium-to-Hydrogen Abundance Ratio toward the QSO SDSS J155810.16–003120.0*

We present a measurement of the D/H abundance ratio in a metal-poor damped Lyα (DLA) system along the sight line of QSO SDSS 1558-0031. The DLA system is at redshift z = 2.70262 and has a neutral column density of log N = 20.67 ± 0.05 cm-2 and a gas-phase metallicity [O/H] = -1.49, which indicates that deuterium astration is negligible. Deuterium absorption is observed in multiple Lyman series with a column density of log N = 16.19 ± 0.04 cm-2, best constrained by the deuterium Ly11 line. We measure log D/H = -4.48 ± 0.06, which when combined with previous measurements along QSO sight lines gives a best estimate of log D/H = -4.55 ± 0.04, where the 1 σ error estimate comes from a jackknife analysis of the weighted means. Using the framework of standard big bang nucleosynthesis, this value of D/H translates into a baryon density of Ωbh2 = 0.0213 ± 0.0013 ± 0.0004, where the error terms represent the 1 σ errors from D/H and the uncertainties in the nuclear reaction rates, respectively. Combining our new measurement with previous measurements of D/H, we no longer find compelling evidence for a trend of D/H with N.
Numerical models for predicting watershed acidification

Three numerical models of watershed acidification, including the MAGIC II, ETD, and IL WAS models, are reviewed, and a comparative study is made of the specific process formulations that are incorporated in the models to represent hydrological, geochemical, and biogeochemical processes which affect the responses of watersheds to acidic deposition. The models differ notably in the level of detail with which they represent various processes and in the degree of aggregation used to assimilate important watershed-specific parameters relating to hydrologic-flow routing and soil and solution chemistry. The models have been used to simulate the short-term dynamics of water quality at a number of different watersheds currently receiving acidic deposition. The predictive reliabilities of these models still need to be tested against observed data from watersheds that have been monitored for long periods.
Thermodynamics of Thomas-Fermi screened Coulomb systems

We obtain in closed analytic form, estimates for the thermodynamic properties of classical fluids with pair potentials of Yukawa type, with special reference to dense fully ionized plasmas with Thomas-Fermi or Debye-Hueckel screening. We further generalize the hard-sphere perturbative approach used for similarly screened two-component mixtures, and demonstrate phase separation in this simple model of a liquid mixture of metallic helium and hydrogen.
Effect of maternal deprivation on polyamine metabolism in preweanling rat brain and heart

Abstract Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC) the first and probably rate-limiting step in polyamine biosynthesis, is usually elevated in tissues with high rates of growth or protein synthesis and in preweanling rat brain is altered by hormones thought to play a role in stress such as thyroxine and cortisol. Maternal deprivation stress was examined for its effect on preweanling rat brain ODC activity. Ten day old rat pups were removed from the maternal cage, then alternately returned to the mother or placed in a warm environment after the method of Hall. Pups taken from the mother for as little as 1 hour show a significant decline in their whole brian ODC activity. The effect peaked at 2–4 hours of deprivation, at which time the brain ODC activity was 60% below that of the equally handled littermate controls. Two hours of deprivation produced a similar effect throughout preweanling development. The effect occurred in all brain regions and also in heart. Return to mother reversed rapidly the deprivation-induced ODC decline, with ODC activity overshooting to 300% of control 2 hours after return, then declining to baseline by 4 hours. Putrescine, the immediate product of the ODC reaction, declined 15% one hour after deprivation, and 50% in brain and heart after 15 hours. These data demonstrate that maternal deprivation alters polyamine metabolism in preweanling rat brain and heart.
Experimental Analysis of Thick Blunt Trailing-Edge Wind Turbine Airfoils

An experimental investigation of blunt trailing-edge orflatback airfoils was conducted in the University of California, Davis aeronautical wind tunnel. The blunt trailing-edge airfoil is created by symmetrically adding thickness to both sides of the camber line of the FB-3500 airfoil, while maintaining the maximum thickness-to-chord ratio of 35%. Three airfoils of various trailing-edge thicknesses (0.5%, 8.75%, and 17.5% chord) are discussed in this paper. In the present study, each airfoil was tested under free and fixed boundary layer transition flow conditions at Reynolds numbers of 333,000 and 666,000. The fixed transition conditions were used to simulate surface soiling effects by placing artificial tripping devices at 2% chord on the suction surface and 5% chord on the pressure surface of each airfoil. The results of this investigation show that lift increases and the well-documented thick airfoil sensitivity to leading-edge transition reduces with increasing trailing-edge thickness. The flatback airfoils yield increased drag coefficients over the sharp trailing-edge airfoil due to an increase in base drag. The experimental results are compared against numerical predictions obtained with two different computational aerodynamics methods. Computations at bounded and unbounded conditions are used to quantify the wind tunnel wall corrections for the wind tunnel tests.
Energy and vibrational spectrum of the Si(111) (7×7) surface from empirical potentials

The stability and vibrational properties of the Si(111) (7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) [Takayanagi, or dimer-adatom-stacking-fault structure (DAS)] surface are investigated using the Stillinger-Weber and modified Tersoff interatomic potentials for silicon. The diamond-cubic bulk and surface-terminated bulk and (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) structures are treated for comparison. The modified Tersoff potential underestimates the bulk transverse-acoustic branch frequencies while the Stillinger-Weber does the opposite. Both potentials produce z expansions away from the idealized (constant-bond-length) structures. The Stillinger-Weber potential produces surface energies in the following order: terminated bulk \ensuremath{\gtrsim}(\ensuremath{\surd}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\surd}3)(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) DAS, whereas the modified Tersoff potential reverses this order in accord with local-density-functional calculations and experiment. The two potentials produce surprisingly similar features in the local densities of vibrational states on surface atoms. In the case of adatoms, a high-frequency state split off from the bulk continuum and a mid-frequency state are observed. The high-frequency state has significant weight in the z direction on the adatom, (x,y) weight (only) on the three first-layer atoms to which the adatom is attached, and z weight again on the second- and third-layer atoms directly beneath; the mid-frequency state corresponds to the z motion of the adatom and the two atoms underneath in phase with each other, while out of phase with the three first-layer atoms attached which symmetrically vibrate in the (x,y) plane as well. Atoms with dangling bonds (first-layer atoms not directly attached to adatoms and atoms in the open site at the corners of the unit cell) have small force constants in the z direction and their local spectra only exhibit weight at low frequencies. The z-polarized adatom vibrations agree nicely with recent inelastic electron-energy-loss spectra by Daum, Ibach, and M\"uller.
Turbulent heat transfer augmentation using microscale disturbances inside the viscous sublayer

The authors report here on an experimental study of heat transfer augmentation in turbulent flow. Enhancement strategies employed in this investigation are based on the near-wall mixing processes induced in the sublayer through appropriate wall and near-wall streamwise-periodic disturbances. Experiments are performed in a low-turbulence wind-tunnel with a high-aspect-ratio rectangular channel having either (a) two-dimensional periodic microgrooves on the wall, or (b) two-dimensional microcylinders placed in the immediate vicinity of the wall. It is found that microdisturbances placed inside the sublayer induce favorable heat-transport augmentation with respect to the smooth-wall case, in the near-analogous momentum and heat transfer behavior are preserved; a roughly commensurate increase in heat and momentum transport is termed favorable in that it leads to a reduction in the pumping power penalty at fixed heat removal rate. The study shows that this favorable performance of microcylinder-equipped channel flows is achieved for microcylinders placed inside y{sup +} {approx equal} 20, implying a dependence of the optimal position and size on Reynolds number. For microgrooved channel flows, favorable augmentation is obtained for a wider range of Reynolds numbers; however, optimal enhancement still requires a matching of geometric perturbation with the sublayer scale.
Direct evidence for transformation of differentiated iris epithelial cells into lens cells.

Abstract Although it is generally assumed that the lens regenerated in the newt eye after complete lentectomy is formed by cells derived from the dorsal iris epithelium, experimental evidence so far obtained for this transformation does not rule out participation of cells from the dorsal iris stroma. When the normal dorsal iris epithelium of adult Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens was isolated and cultured in the presence of frog retinal complex, newt lens tissue was produced in 88% of cultures. These lens tissues were positive for immunofluorescence for lens-fiber-specific gamma crystallins as well as for total lens protein. On the basis of a study of stromal cells contaminating the samples of dorsal iris epithelium and a test for the lens-forming capacity in vitro of the dorsal iris stroma in the presence of frog retinal complex, it is concluded that lens formation observed in the above experiment is not dependent on the contaminating stromal cells. This implies that, in Wolffian lens regeneration, fully differentiated adult cells completely withdrawn from the cell cycle are transformed into another cell type. An additional culture experiment demonstrated that lens-forming capacity is not restricted to the dorsal half of the iris epithelium, but extends into its ventral half.
Flowing toward Correct Contributions during Group Problem Solving: A Statistical Discourse Analysis

Groups that created more correct ideas (correct contributions or CCs) might be more likely to solve a problem, and students' recent actions (micro-time context) might aid CC creation. 80 high school students worked in groups of 4 on an algebra problem. Groups with higher mathematics grades or more CCs were more likely to solve the problem. Dynamic multilevel analysis statistically identified watersheds (breakpoints) that divided each group's conversation into distinct time periods with many CCs versus few CCs, and modeled the groups' 2,951 conversation turns. Wrong contributions, correct evaluations of one another's ideas, justifications, and polite disagreements increased the likelihood of a CC. In contrast, questions, rude disagreements, and agreements reduced it. Justifications had the largest effects, whereas the effects of correct evaluations lasted 3 speaker turns. Some effects differed across groups or time periods. In groups that solved the problem, justifications were more likely to yield CCs, an...
On the Mechanisms of Deactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus Spores Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract Greater than 6-log reduction of viable Bacillus atrophaeus spores is achieved by treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Spores treated with CO 2 + H 2 O 2 released significantly more dipicolinic acid than untreated or pure CO 2 treated spores. Substantial damage to the spore envelope was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These observations are consistent with damage to the outer layers of the spore and subsequent uptake of H 2 O 2 , resulting in death.
Characterizing the photon spectrum in the DARHT Axis-I diode

An array of photon diagnostics have been deployed on a high power relativistic electron beam diode. Surface flashover of a carbon fiber velvet cathode generates a discharge from which electrons are accelerated through a 17.8 cm diode. This discharge is assumed to be a hydrocarbon mixture. A small portion of the off energy electrons (1–3 MeV) accelerated during the rise and fall of the 80 ns FWHM pulse impact the beam pipe and generate a Bremsstrahlung spectrum of 0.1–3 MeV photons. The principal objective of these experiments is to quantify the dynamics of the hard X-ray and γ-ray flux generated in the diode region, in addition to quantifying dynamics of the visible photons generated, and the ion species of the surface discharge on the velvet cathode. A qualitative comparison of different diagnostic results are presented, which include time resolved measurements with X-ray PIN diodes, a PMT, and CCD images. In addition initial visible spectroscopy measurements will also be presented.
Effect of amphotericin B and Cl- removal on basolateral membrane K+ conductance in frog corneal epithelium.

Abstract Increase in stromal K+ concentration from 4 to 79 mM in an in vitro preparation of the frog cornea, in Cl−-free solutions, did not change the apical membrane fractional resistance, fR0, or the transepithelial conductance, gt; it depolarized the intracellular potential, V0, by 38 mV and decreased the short-circuit current, Isc by 2.9 μA/cm2. These changes were similar to those observed for the same increase in stromal K+ in control solutions except for the increase in gt in the latter. When stomal K+ was increased with 10−5 M amphotericin B, AmB, in the tear solution, fR0 increased by 0.27 in control solutions and by 0.08 in Cl−-free solutions; respectively, gt increased by 0.40 and by 0.17 mS/cm2; Isc decreased by 12 and 11 mS/cm2; V0 depolarized by 9 and by 9.5 mV. These results support the concept that: (i) entrace of Cl− into the cell is responsible in part for the bioelectrical changes observed when stromal K+ is increased; and (ii) AmB decreases the partial K+ conductance in the basolateral membrane of the frog cornea epithelium by a decrease in intracellular K+.
Factors affecting stress in emergency medicine residents while working in the ED.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to identify factors other than work hours in the emergency department (ED) work environment contributing to resident stress. Methods This study involved a prospective cohort evaluation of emergency medicine residents in the ED. Twelve surveys were collected from 18 subjects, 4 each from the day, evening, and night shifts. The Perceived Stress Questionnaire and a visual analog stress scale were administered. Data collected included the shift number of a given consecutive sequence of shifts, number of procedures performed, number of adverse events, average age of the patients seen by the resident, triage nurse–assigned acuities of the patients seen by the resident during the shift, the number of patients seen during a shift, the number of patients admitted by the resident during the shift, anticipated overtime after a shift, and shift-specific metrics related to overcrowding, including average waiting room time both for the individual residents and for all patients, average waiting room count for all patients, and average occupancy of the ED for all patients. Results Among the 216 studied shifts, there was considerable variability in stress both within and between residents. In the multivariate mixed-effect regression analysis, only anticipated overtime and process failures were correlated with stress. Factors related to ED overcrowding had no significant effect on resident stress. Conclusions Resident stress was most impacted by anticipation of overtime and adverse events. Overcrowding in the ED and traditional measures of workload did not seem to affect stress as much.
Residual Germicidal Action of Water and Plain Agar After Exposure to Ultraviolet Light.

ConclusionsIf water and other materials exposed to ultraviolet light retain a bactericidal property, it varies greatly for different organisms. There is some doubt in the authors' minds as to whether the mortality of certain bacteria in radiated water is really due to a toxic factor contributed by the ultraviolet light.
‘What harbour shelters peace?’ On the opera Peter Grimes, exclusion and stigma

Benjamin Britten’s opera Peter Grimes premiered in 1945 and has since enjoyed lasting popular and critical acclaim. Its central character is a fisherman driven to suicide by circumstances beyond his control. It has a wide political and social resonance and is a testament to the damaging psychological effects of exclusion and stigma.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of Crotonohydroxamic Acid, and a Preliminary Investigation of the Solid-State Reactivity of the Acid and Its Salts

ABSTRACT The crystal structure of crotonohydroxamic acid, CH3CH˭CHC(O)NHOH 5 contains centrosymmetrically-related pairs of acid molecules, with a short contact of 3.36 A between the α-carbon atoms. The observed arrangement provides excellent alignment for a solid-state ene reaction, but, apparently, the threshold temperature for such a process cannot be realized. The hydrogen bonding patterns observed include C(5) chains and both and ring systems. Facile preparation of metal salts of the acid is reported, as well as discussion of the effect of heating and 60Co γ-irradiation of the materials.
Observation of intermediate spin states in Er/Y superlattices

Low temperature hysteresis measurements, performed on a series of Er/Y superlattices with Er interlayer thickness ranging from 37 to 90 A, suggest the existence of intermediate spin states that are stabilized in a field. While bulk Er becomes ferromagnetic at 20 K, even at 10 K these samples transform to a state carrying (1)/(7) the saturation moment. This state, which is observed only at high temperatures in bulk Er, is stable at 10 K to 15 kOe, beyond which the magnetization saturates. The widths of hysteresis loops associated with the low and high field transitions, respectively, are 0.5 and 2.5 kG, many times that of Er. Just below the critical field the spin structure passes through a narrow field range where the magnetization is approximately Ms/2. No such state is observed in bulk Er in zero field. This intermediate state is more apparent on reducing the field after saturation, and becomes more stable as the Er interlayer thickness is decreased. The magnetization is not found to decay appreciably w...
Electron-phonon interaction and quasiparticle damping in a layered metal

Abstract It is shown that in layered metal (i) there exists a “band” of phonon excitations, (ii) for large wave vectors the longitudinal phonon spectrum coincides with that of the two-dimensional high frequency ion plasmon, and (iii) the inelastic electron-high-frequency-phonon interaction can produce the quasi-linear temperature dependence of the resistivity ϱ∼Tln(2T/Ω c ) with a low value of the energy threshold Ωc, thereby providing an explanation of the observed quasi-linearity of the resistivity of Cu-O superconductors in the normal state.
Tumor-derived alpha-fetoprotein impairs the differentiation and T cell stimulatory activity of human dendritic cells

Several tumor-derived factors have been implicated in DC dysfunction in cancer patients. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal antigen that is highly expressed in abnormalities of prenatal development and several epithelial cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients exhibiting high levels of serum AFP, we have observed a lower ratio of myeloid-to-plasmacytoid circulating DC compared to patients with low serum AFP levels and healthy donors, suggesting that AFP alters DC differentiation in vivo. To test the effect of AFP on DC differentiation in vitro, peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of cord blood-derived normal AFP (nAFP) or HCC tumor-derived AFP (tAFP), and DC phenotype and function was assessed. Although the nAFP and tAFP isoforms only differ at one carbohydrate group, low (physiological) levels of tAFP, but not nAFP, significantly inhibited DC differentiation. tAFP-conditioned DC expressed diminished levels of DC maturation markers, retained a monocyte-like morphology, exhibited limited production of inflammatory mediators, and failed to induce robust T cell proliferative responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that the suppressive activity of tAFP is dependent on the presence of low molecular weight (LMW) species that i) co-purify with tAFP, and ii) are abundant in the LMW fractions of both tumor and non-tumor cell lysates. These data reveal the unique ability of tAFP to serve as a chaperone protein for ubiquitous LMW molecules, which function cooperatively to impair DC differentiation and function. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that antagonize the regulatory properties of tAFP will be critical to enhance immunity and improve clinical outcomes.
Fast recovery with a conventional probe

Abstract A relatively simple scheme is proposed for reducing, without loss of sensitivity, the ringdown time of a conventional, 50 Ω matched probe by about an order of magnitude. It is shown that the ringing properties following a pulse are grossly influenced by the impedance into which the probe operates, and that, while optimal damping may only be achieved under special circumstances, in general, considerable reductions may be obtained by selecting correctly the preamplifier input impedance and the length of coaxial cable between the probe and the preamplifier. Suggestions are made for damping the high-voltage voltion of the ringdown, and a practical circuit (used in imaging studies at 5 MHz with a probe of quality factor 1000) is given by way of example.
Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion: sterilization after failed laparoscopic or abdominal approaches.

BACKGROUND: When tubal ligations cannot be performed because of dense postoperative adhesions, options for female sterilization are very limited. As the incidence of cesarean delivery rises and the occurrence of peritubal adhesions increases, tubal ligation using abdominal or laparoscopic surgery may become increasingly technically difficult. Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion provides a method of permanent sterilization when an abdominal or laparoscopic approach is unsuccessful. CASES: Three patients with failed tubal ligations by abdominal or laparoscopic approaches were referred to our institution. Their cases were complicated by technically difficult surgeries with dense intraabdominal adhesions. Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion was successfully performed in each patient. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion can be used for permanent sterilization when abdominal or laparoscopic approaches are not possible.
Triangularin, a new chalcone from Pityrogramma triangularis

Abstract 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-3′-methylchalcone has been isolated from the exudate farina of the ceroptin chemotype of Pityrogramma triangularis. The analogous flavanone was also detected as a minor component in the extract.
Est-7, a set of genes controlling green tissue esterases in wheat and related species.

Analysis using isoelectric focusing of “Chinese Spring” wheat genetic stocks revealed a set of coleoptile and leaf esterase loci, designated Est-7, on the long arms of the group 2 chromosomes. A survey of 38 other hexaploid genotypes revealed onyl a single variant, at Est-D7. Homoeoloci were found on chromosome (arm) 2HL of Hordeum vulgare, 2RL of Secale cereale, 2Rmα of S. montanum, 2U of Aegilops umbellulata, 2E of Agropyron elongation and 2V of Dasypyrum villosa.
On Knowing the Meaning; With a Coda on Swampman

I give an analysis of how empirical terms do their work in communication and the gathering of knowledge that is fully externalist and that covers the full range of empirical terms. It rests on claims about ontology. A result is that armchair analysis fails as a tool for examining meanings of ‘basic’ empirical terms because their meanings are not determined by common methods or criteria of application passed from old to new users, by conventionally determined ‘intensions’. Nor do methods of application used by individual speakers constitute definitive referencedetermining intensions for their idiolect terms or associated concepts. Conventional intensions of non-basic empirical terms ultimately rest on basic empirical concepts, so no empirical meaning is found merely ‘in the head’. I discuss the nature of lexical definition, why empirical meanings cannot ultimately be modelled as functions from possible worlds to extensions, and traps into which armchair analysis of meaning can lead us. A coda explains how ‘Swampman’ examples, as used against teleosemantic theories of content, illustrate such traps.
Bacterial colonization factors control specificity and stability of the gut microbiota

Mammals harbour a complex gut microbiome, comprising bacteria that confer immunological, metabolic and neurological benefits. Despite advances in sequence-based microbial profiling and myriad studies defining microbiome composition during health and disease, little is known about the molecular processes used by symbiotic bacteria to stably colonize the gastrointestinal tract. We sought to define how mammals assemble and maintain the Bacteroides, one of the most numerically prominent genera of the human microbiome. Here we find that, whereas the gut normally contains hundreds of bacterial species, germ-free mice mono-associated with a single Bacteroides species are resistant to colonization by the same, but not different, species. To identify bacterial mechanisms for species-specific saturable colonization, we devised an in vivo genetic screen and discovered a unique class of polysaccharide utilization loci that is conserved among intestinal Bacteroides. We named this genetic locus the commensal colonization factors (ccf). Deletion of the ccf genes in the model symbiont, Bacteroides fragilis, results in colonization defects in mice and reduced horizontal transmission. The ccf genes of B. fragilis are upregulated during gut colonization, preferentially at the colonic surface. When we visualize microbial biogeography within the colon, B. fragilis penetrates the colonic mucus and resides deep within crypt channels, whereas ccf mutants are defective in crypt association. Notably, the CCF system is required for B. fragilis colonization following microbiome disruption with Citrobacter rodentium infection or antibiotic treatment, suggesting that the niche within colonic crypts represents a reservoir for bacteria to maintain long-term colonization. These findings reveal that intestinal Bacteroides have evolved species-specific physical interactions with the host that mediate stable and resilient gut colonization, and the CCF system represents a novel molecular mechanism for symbiosis.
Preliminary report: rhG-CSF may reduce the incidence of neonatal sepsis in prolonged preeclampsia-associated neutropenia

Objectives. To determine whether adjunctive therapy with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) could reverse the neutropenia and reduce the incidence of sepsis (<28 days postnatal age) in neonates with prolonged preeclampsia-associated neutropenia compared with conventional therapy. Study Design. An intravenous infusion of rhG-CSF (10 μg/kg/day × 3 days for 10 neonates or 5 μg/kg/day × 3 days for 5 neonates) was administered to ventilated patients with prolonged (≥3 consecutive days in the first postnatal week) preeclampsia-associated neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] <1500/mm 3 ). Neutrophilic responses and the incidence of neonatal sepsis in the next 28 postnatal days were compared with 13 case-matched control neonates who also had prolonged preeclampsia-associated neutropenia. Sepsis was defined as at least one positive blood culture in a newly symptomatic neonate treated with antibiotics for ≥7 days. Results. No significant differences existed among the three groups in the birth weight, gestational age, sex, growth retardation, method of delivery, magnitude of respiratory support, use of surfactant, usage of intravascular catheters, or in the initial (pretreatment) ANC. The average baseline ANC (pretreatment) in the 10-μg rhG-CSF group was 815 ± 169/mm 3 (mean ± SEM), in the 5 μg group it was 786 ± 165/mm 3 , and in the conventional group it was 965 ± 283. Eighteen of 28 (64%) neonates with preeclampsia-associated neutropenia were neutropenic at birth, the other 10 (36%) had normal neutrophil counts at birth but subsequently developed ≥3 days of neutropenia between 24 and 120 hours after birth. The ANC increased by 2-fold at 24 hours, by 4-fold at 72 hours, and 14-fold by the 7th day in the 10-μg group. In the 5-μg group, a 2-fold and 5-fold increase occurred at 72 hours and 7 days, respectively. In the conventionally-treated group, only a 4-fold increase was seen as late as 7 days after achieving entry criteria. Sepsis was observed in 13% (2/15) of the rhG-CSF-treated neonates compared with an incidence of 54% (7/13) in the conventionallytreated neonates. Conclusions. rhG-CSF increases the ANC significantly (at 10 μg/kg/day × 3 days) and reduces the incidence of neonatal sepsis in critically ill ventilated neonates with prolonged preeclampsia-associated neutropenia when compared with conventional therapy. A future prospective, randomized, and blinded trial is needed to validate the beneficial effects of prophylactic rhG-CSF therapy in neonates with prolonged preeclampsia-associated neutropenia.
SHOULD WE CONSIDER AN ACCEPTABLE DRINKING LEVEL SPECIFICALLY FOR POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN? PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE POSTMENOPAUSAL HEALTH DISPARITIES STUDY

Aims: There are substantial neuroendocrine differences between postmenopausal (PMP) women and women with cyclic ovarian function; thus there are differences in hormonal responses to ‘acceptable’ levels of drinking, i.e. 7 total weekly drinks (TWD). The aim is to evaluate whether alcoholic beverage consumption for PMP women should be the same for all women, as is currently the case, or different from that for women with cyclic ovarian function. Methods: Carefully collected and cross-checked current drinking data in 318 PMP women from a spectrum of racial and ethnic groups have been analysed to determine if a plateau in estradiol (E2) levels at a particular alcohol consumption level other than 7 TWD can be identified as the drinking level above which no additional benefit in E2 levels occurs. Results: Levels of E2 are significantly different among abstainers and among drinkers within all racial and ethnic groups, with the disturbing exception of black PMP women. Although there are significant differences among racial and ethnic groups in the proportions of women who drink, there are no differences in TWD consumed during the previous month. Between ≤5 TWD and ≤6 TWD, a plateau in the correlation of E2 with increasing drinks/week occurs, and the range of the unstandardized multiple regression coefficient ± the standard error do not overlap between these same two drinking levels ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: Consideration should be given to lowering the acceptable level of drinking for PMP women 5 TWD. Additional studies in which sample sizes for each minority racial and ethnic are larger need to be performed in the future. ( Received 8 March 2005; first review notified 22 April 2005; accepted in revised form 2 May 2005 )
RADIATION DAMAGE IN MUSCLE CELL MEMBRANES AND REGULATION OF CELL METABOLISM

Abstract : The study is concerned with the effect of x-radiation upon those properties and function of muscle cells. The research program was additionally extended to the study of cell membrane behaviour under the presence of cesium and quaternary ammonium ions, as well as to chemical damage studies with enzyme upon the molecular membrane structure. Unfortunately it was not possible to accomplish the proposed idea of studying the effects of x-radiation on the membrane mechanisms related to the Ach, Ch interaction, as well as the comparison of the radiation changes and the enzymatic alteration on the muscle membrane. The comparison between, mechanical, electrochemical, biochemical and structural changes in frog muscles following x-irradiation have contributed fundamentally to a basic understanding of the effects of irradiation on membrane system and control mechanism. Basically, the contribution was again oriented to obtain a better understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation in the sequence of processes taking place in the membrane and responsible for regulating the membrane potential as well as the membrane organization and function. Changes in the membrane permeability, and processes of membrane potential regulation, as well as in the processes related to uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorilation, due to radiation were considered an important observation of cell damage. (Author)
Primers designed to amplify a mitochondrial nad1 intron in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa, limber pine, P. flexilis, and Scots pine, P. sylvestris.

The b/c intron of the mitochondrial nad1 gene, was sequenced to characterize the indel region of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa. The sequence in ponderosa pine was aligned with the sequence in Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, to design seven primers that are useful for sequencing and for revealing size variation in amplified fragments in ponderosa pine, Scots pine, and limber pine, Pinus flexilis. These primers reveal variability in all three species, and the pattern of variability within ponderosa pine is described by a preliminary survey. The indel region of ponderosa pine contains three distinct elements with lengths of 31, 32, and 34 bp.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Correlated Motions in Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes

A 100 ns simulation of a fluid phase dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer, consisting of 288 lipid molecules at full hydration, has been studied to describe in detail the lateral translational motion of individual lipid molecules. Analysis of the simulation trajectories suggests that correlated motion between neighboring lipid molecules is an important aspect of lipid dynamics. The correlation among neighboring lipids within a monolayer is substantial and surprisingly long-ranged with a decay length of approximately 25 A. This provides a mechanism for the previously published observation that lateral diffusion coefficients computed from molecular dynamics simulations exhibited a strong dependence on the size of the unit cell and for the recent suggestion that lipid flows on that nanoscale are an important component of translational diffusion within membranes. Additionally, we show that diffusive motion is only weakly correlated between lipids in opposing monolayers.
Contemporary management of gestational diabetes.

Purpose of reviewTo understand all of the current options available to treat glucose intolerance in pregnancy.Recent findingsRecent attention to the use of oral agents in the treatment of gestational diabetes remains controversial. This review will outline the advantages and disadvantages, as well a
Psychopharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a review.

Objective: Despite the high prevalence and significant morbidity associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents, there are limited and conflicting data to guide psychopharmacologic interventions. With these considerations in mind, we sought to summarize the current evidence for psychopharmacologic interventions in youth with PTSD. Data Sources/Study Selection: We conducted a literature review of the National Library of Medicine to identify publications of pharmacologic treatments for youth with PTSD or posttraumatic stress symptoms. The search was limited to articles written in English and published between 1966 and 2009. In addition, we manually searched each citation for additional references and the following journals: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Data Extraction: All articles were manually reviewed and evaluated. Thereafter, each agent or class of medication was categorized by level of evidence. Data Synthesis: Three double-blind, randomized controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and 1 double-blind randomized controlled trial of imipramine in children and adolescents with PTSD or acute stress disorder were identified. Additionally, several open-label studies and case series involving other classes of medications (eg, antiadrenergics, other antidepressants, and second-generation antipsychotics) were reviewed. Conclusions: The extant data do not support the use of SSRIs as first-line treatments for PTSD in children and adolescents. There is limited evidence that the brief use of antiadrenergic agents, second-generation antipsychotics, and several mood stabilizers may attenuate some PTSD symptoms in youth. However, controlled trials of these agents in children and adolescents with PTSD are needed.
Using temporal artery biopsy to diagnose giant cell arteritis in a patient with bilateral arm ischemia.

Abstract Introduction Bilateral upper extremity ischemia is an unusual presentation of vascular disease. Aetiologies include atherosclerosis as well as rheumatologic diseases. History and physical examination are often, but not always, enough to distinguish between aetiologies and guide treatment. Presentation of case We present the case of a female patient with findings neither typical for atherosclerotic or for rheumatologic disease who was ultimately found to have giant cell arteritis affecting her bilateral upper extremities. She underwent bilateral upper extremity bypasses using saphenous vein grafts. Discussion This patient presented without symptoms and laboratory findings often seen with GCA, however, biopsy revealed a definitive diagnosis. Treatment options for ischemia secondary to giant cell arteritis are not well-documented in the literature. Conclusion Giant cell arteritis can present in atypical forms, and should remain on the differential when atypical-appearing lesions are found, even in the absence of features usually associated with GCA.
Sensor Bias Fault Detection and Isolation in a Class of Nonlinear Uncertain Systems Using Adaptive Estimation

This technical note presents a sensor fault detection and isolation scheme for a class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems with unstructured modeling uncertainty. It significantly extends previous results by considering a class of system nonlinearities which are modeled as functions of the system input and partially measurable state variables. A new sensor fault diagnosis method is developed using adaptive estimation techniques. Adaptive thresholds for fault detection and isolation are derived, and several important properties are investigated, including robustness, stability and learning capability, and fault isolability. A robotic example is used to show the effectiveness of the method.
Polarization-analyzing power theorem for (p,n) transitions between members of an isospin multiplet☆

Abstract The approximate equality between the polarization and the analyzing power in the 7 Li(p, n) 7 Be and 3 H(p, n) 3 He reactions is shown to result from time-reversal invariance and charge-symmetry of the interactions responsible for transitions between nuclear states which are members of an isospin doublet. The argument is extended to include larger isospin multiplets.
High-Throughput, Lossless Data Compresion on FPGAs

Loss less compression is often used before writing data to a storage medium or transmitting across a transmission medium. Compression aids by saving storage space or transmission bandwidth, a decompression operation is performed when the data is subsequently read. Though this scheme has clear benefits, the execution time of compression and decompression is critical to its application in real-time systems. Software compression utilities are often slow, leading to degraded system performance. Hardware-based solutions, on the other hand, often drive large resource requirements and are not amenable to supporting future algorithmic changes. In the current article, we present a high-throughput, streaming, loss less compression algorithm and its efficient implementation on FPGAs. The proposed solution provides a peak throughput of 1GB/sec per engine, with a sustained overall measured throughput of 2.66GB/sec on a PCIe-based FPGA board with two compression and two decompression engines. This result represents an overall speedup of 13.6x over reference software implementation. The proposed design is very lean, and, with multiple engines running in parallel, provides a path to potential speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. In the current implementation, the achievable overall throughput is limited only by the available PCIe bus bandwidth.
SOLUBLE PROTEINS FROM LIVER CELL NUCLEI.

This study deals with soluble proteins obtained by saline extraction from rat liver nuclei isolated in sucrose media. Included are descriptions of exploratory experiments, the method of isolation adopted, and the electrophoretic behaviour of the soluble proteins obtained from normal animals, from starved animals during recovery and from animals given a liver carcinogen in their diet. In mobility these proteins correspond to the more basic of the soluble cytoplasmic proteins, but do not include histones, and they are retained in the nucleus by ion binding. Apparently each class of proteins binds at specific sites, each binding process has individual characteristics, and the presence of divalent metal ions is important in some cases. In resting animals, and in starved animals in which liver metabolism is below normal, these nuclear proteins yield electrophoretic patterns that give little indication of individual components. During recovery or adaptation, when new structural proteins and enzymes are being produced, individual components are clearly evident in the patterns, with obvious increases in certain components. It is clear that changes in the physiological status of the liver are accompanied by changes in the nature of the soluble proteins that are retained in the liver cell nuclei by ion binding. Apparently these soluble nuclear proteins are involved in liver cell metabolism.
An analysis of first-order singular thrust-arcs in rocket trajectory optimization

Abstract The time-free, Mayer-optimal control problem for coplanar rocket flight in an atmosphere is formulated. Lie brackets are used to analyse the resulting singular thrust magnitude and steering along the singular arc. Previously, an analysis of the endoatmospheric singular arc had been a source of frustration due to the laborious mathematical manipulations involved and the lack of necessary integrals to eliminate the annoying costate variables. While the Lie-bracket formalism does not appreciably reduce the mathematical labor, it is readily apparent by the choice of polar coordinates that sufficient integrals of motion exist to cast the singular control in a state feedback form for both optimal and prescribed, fixed-angle steering. From this result, it is shown that non-optimal steering alters the structure of the singular arc. Consequently, a steering-induced, first-order, exoatmospheric singular arc is derived by considering the limiting case of a vanishing atmosphere. For the special case of steering along the velocity vector, it is shown that the exoatmospheric singular thrust magnitude is simply equal to a component of the gravitational force.
Accelerated life studies of polyimide film under electrical and thermal multistress

Accelerated life studies on a high-temperature polyimide film (Kapton) were conducted under simultaneous electrical and thermal stress at 60 Hz and 400 Hz. The breakdown strength and the aging characteristics were obtained at test temperatures of 23 degrees C, 100 degrees C and 200 degrees C. The two-parameter Weibull distribution was used in the evaluation of the experimental data. The experimental results show that electrical aging, by increasing the applied voltage or the applied frequency, is the mechanism responsible for failure under these conditions, and that thermal aging is not a major degradation factor for the Kapton film in the applied temperature range, particularly at the higher frequency of 400 Hz. Several theoretical models were considered to obtain the best approximation to the experimental data. The analysis shows that present physical models cannot take into account acceleration of aging with the applied frequency. >
Design of a novel elliptical skin biopsy punch device

Current skin biopsy techniques utilizing a punch biopsy device can leave raised scars that are cosmetically unappealing. With 3.8 million procedures per year, the potential marketability of a superior device is substantial. The goal of this study is to design a novel elliptical punch biopsy device that maintains the simplicity of existing products while minimizing scarring. Mechanical testing was performed on porcine skin to determine the force required to breach the dermal layer using a single #11 scalpel blade (comparable to the excision biopsy technique), the traditional biopsy punch, and a novel blade design. The force required to penetrate the skin using the novel design (81.72 N) prototype was considerably higher than the single #11 blade (1.89 N–2.42 N) as well as the punch biopsy (4.61 N). Initial force data and mathematical analysis has resulted in a final blade design that requires less force than the initial prototype and includes fail-safes to prevent excessive depth of penetration. Clinicians will ultimately test these devices, and their feedback will be used to create a final production design. Finally, a proposed mass manufacturing technique was created.
Antimicrobial Action of Some Citrus Fruit Oils on Selected Food-Borne Bacteria

The antimicrobial properties of essential oils, terpineol, and orange oil, in particular, varied according to the type of bacteria tested. Terpineol and other terpeneless fractions of citrus oils appeared to have greater inhibitory effect on food-borne bacteria than the other citrus oils or derivatives. Gram-positive bacteria were, in general, more sensitive to essential oils than gram-negative bacteria. Terpineol extended the shelf life of commercially pasteurized skim milk, low-fat milk, and whole milk for more than 56 days at 4 C. Orange oil extended the shelf life of skim milk and low-fat milk for the same period.