cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Use of the Recall Task to Measure L2 Reading Comprehension

The free written recall task is used in much current L2 reading research (Bernhardt, 1983; Carrell, 1983, 1984a, 1984b; Connor, 1984; Lee & Ballman, in press). An examination of the work using this task as a measure of comprehension reveals variation in design and findings: measurement of quantity recalled, method of textual analysis, the language used to recall, the level of the learners, and pre-reading instructions given. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to elaborate the differences between studies using a free written recall task to measure L2 reading comprehension; and (2) to report the results of experimentation that attempts to test the significance of the language of recall (native versus target) and the effect of knowing, prior to reading, that the subjects would be required to recall the passage. Results showed that passage recall is significantly better when done in the subjects' native language than in the target language. Also, a significant interaction was found for prereading instructions and level of the learner. Implications for research design are discussed.
5-HT2B Antagonism Inhibits Strain- and Cytokine-Dependent Formation of Calcific Nodules by Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells

The progression of aortic valve (AV) disease is often characterized by the formation of calcific nodules on thickened AV leaflets, limiting the biomechanical function of the valve. In these cases, the association of extracellular Ca2+ with phosphates remaining in cellular debris within the decellularized scaffolds has been proposed to lead to the nucleation and growth of calcific nodules. In native tissue, calcification is thought to be a more active process involving AV interstitial cells (AVICs). AVICs have been shown to form nodule-like structures in vitro through differentiation to a phenotype with osteogenic character. Additionally, in vitro nodules are characterized by activated smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) positive AVICs and high levels of apoptosis [1–2]. Mechanical strain has also been shown to influence nodule formation in excised AV leaflets [3]. Our lab has recently developed a model system that recapitulates the formation of calcific nodules in vitro [4]. AVICs treated with TGF-β1 for 24 h prior to the addition of 15% cyclic strain in a Flexcell strain system form nodules that appear to be dependent upon the initiation of AVIC activation. These observations are consistent with previous studies that have shown that αSMA expression is required for nodule formation by AVICs in static culture, with statins shown to inhibit in vitro nodule formation [1]. However, retrospective epidemiological studies have shown that these drugs may not be as effective in preventing calcific valve disease in patients [5]. Additionally, the molecular target and relevant pathways for statins in AVICs remain largely unknown. Therefore, a therapeutically relevant target to prevent AVIC activation and subsequent nodule formation is greatly needed. In this study we investigated the ability of antagonists to 5-HT2B, a receptor known to be upstream of TGF-β1, to oppose strain- and TGF-β1-induced AVIC activation and nodule formation. We also assessed the efficacy of an antagonist to a receptor, the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), known to crosstalk with both 5-HT2B and TGF-β1 signaling in other cell types in inhibiting AVIC nodule formation. Our results indicate that 5-HT2B antagonism inhibits AVIC activation and nodule formation by blocking non-canonical TGF-β1 signaling, whereas AT1R antagonism does not inhibit these outcomes. We believe that the results of this study may indicate novel therapeutic targets to prevent the progression of AV calcification.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Analysis of Variance

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique to analyze variation in a response variable (continuous random variable) measured under conditions defined by discrete factors (classification variables, often with nominal levels). Frequently, we use ANOVA to test equality among several means by comparing variance among groups relative to variance within groups (random error). Sir Ronald Fisher pioneered the development of ANOVA for analyzing results of agricultural experiments.1 Today, ANOVA is included in almost every statistical package, which makes it accessible to investigators in all experimental sciences. It is easy to input a data set and run a simple ANOVA, but it is challenging to choose the appropriate ANOVA for different experimental designs, to examine whether data adhere to the modeling assumptions, and to interpret the results correctly. The purpose of this report, together with the next 2 articles in the Statistical Primer for Cardiovascular Research series, is to enhance understanding of ANVOA and to promote its successful use in experimental cardiovascular research. My colleagues and I attempt to accomplish those goals through examples and explanation, while keeping within reason the burden of notation, technical jargon, and mathematical equations. Here, I introduce the ANOVA concept and provide details for 2 common models. The first model, 1-way fixed-effects ANOVA, is an extension of the Student 2-independent-samples t test that lets us simultaneously compare means among several independent samples. The second model, 2-way fixed-effects ANOVA, has 2 factors, A and B, and each level of factor A appears in combination with each level of factor B. This model lets us compare means among levels of factor A and among levels of factor B; furthermore, we may examine whether combined factors induce interaction effects (synergistic or antagonistic) on the response. In the second ANOVA article, the author reviews several multiple-comparisons procedures for analysis …
Directional Representations of 4D Echocardiography for Temporal Quantification of LV Volume

Real-time acquisition via four-dimensional (3D plus time) ultra-sound obviates the need for slice registration and reconstruction, leaving segmentation as the only barrier to an automated, rapid, and clinically applicable calculation of accurate left ventricular cavity volumes and ejection fraction. Speckle noise corrupts ultrasound data by introducing sharp changes in an image intensity profile, while attenuation alters the intensity of equally significant cardiac structures, depending on orientation with respect to the position of the ultrasound beam. These properties suggest that measures based on phase information rather than intensity are appropriate for denoising and boundary (surface) detection. Our method relies on the expansion of temporal volume data on a family of basis functions called Brushlets. These basis functions decompose a signal into distinct patterns of oriented textures. Projected coefficients are associated with distinct “brush strokes” of a particular size (width) and orientation (direction). Brushlet decompositions are invariant to intensity (contrast range) but depend on the spatial frequency content of a signal. Preliminary results of this directional space-frequency analysis applied to both phantoms and clinical data are presented. The method will be used to clinically evaluate 4D data and to extract and quantify heart LV volumes.
The Elephant Problem: Science, Bureaucracy, and Kenya's National Parks, 1955 to 1975

This article examines debates about how to manage elephants in Kenya's Tsavo National Park as a jumping off point for exploring the relationships among the local, national, and global constituencies that converged in the formulation of wildlife policy in Kenya during the 1950s and 1960s. Bridging the colonial and post- colonial years, the so-called Elephant Problem in Tsavo, while leveraging different international constituencies, pitted different administrative philosophies against one another and drew out different understandings of the application of ecological sciences in national parks. The result was a paralysis of policymaking which sparked an overhaul of the wildlife departments in the 1970s.
Turbo design for LDPC codes with large girth

LDPC codes, with performance extremely close to the theoretical limit, are gaining increased attention of the communication systems designers. LDPC codes with good girth properties are of particular interest. In this paper, we design large girth regular LDPC codes in a turbo-like manner. Specifically, we describe codes that are two sub-trees interconnected by an interleaver. Careful design of the interleaver block eliminates short cycles in its factor graph. We present designs for turbo-like LDPC codes with column weight j /spl ges/ 3 and girth at least 8 and with column weight j = 2 and girth at least 16. These proposed codes support a wide range of code rates and code block length, suitable for most practical applications.
Garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks from the Dominican Republic: Fossil mantle plume fragments in an ultra high pressure oceanic complex?

Abstract Ultra high pressure (UHP) garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks from the Dominican Republic may represent the only known example where such rocks were exhumed at an ocean–ocean convergent plate boundary, and where the protolith crystallized from a UHP magma (> 3.2 GPa, > 1500 °C). This study focuses on the petrology and geochemistry of one of the ultramafic lithologies, the pegmatitic garnet-clinopyroxenite (garnet + clinopyroxene + spinel + corundum + hornblende). Three distinct types of garnet were recognized: Type-1 garnet (low Ca, high Mg) is interpreted as near magmatic (P > 3.2 GPa, > 1500 °C). Type-1′ garnet (high Ca, low Mg) is interpreted as having formed approximately isochemically from magmatic high-Al clinopyroxene. Type-2 garnet (intermediate Ca, high Mg, and low Fe + Mn) formed together with hornblende as a result of late, low-pressure retrograde hydration. Clinopyroxene is close to diopside–hedenbergite (Mg# ~ 88) and metasomatized by arc-related fluids. Spinel and corundum occur as microinclusions in type-1 and type-1′ garnets in the only reported natural occurrence of coexisting garnet + spinel + corundum, indicative of very high pressure. Chondrite-normalized REEs (rare earth elements) of the garnets show humped or weakly sinusoidal patterns, typically associated with garnet inclusions in diamond and garnet in kimberlite that crystallized at UHP conditions. These humped to weakly sinusoidal REE patterns developed as the result of interaction with a light REE-enriched metasomatic fluid. Partitioning of REEs between type-1′ and type-1 garnets is consistent with the former having inherited its REEs from a high-Al clinopyroxene predecessor. The partitioning preserves a record of near-solidus temperatures (~ 1475 °C). Petrology and phase relationships independently suggest near-solidus conditions > 1500 °C (the highest temperature conditions reported in a UHP orogenic setting), providing evidence for an origin in a mantle plume. Therefore, the Dominican ultramafic rocks may represent the only example of exhumed “fossil fragments” of mantle plume in an orogenic setting (oceanic or continental).
Medullary circuits for nociceptive modulation

Neurons in the medullary raphe are critical to opioid analgesia through descending projections to the dorsal horn. Work in anesthetized rats led to the postulate that nociceptive suppression results from tonic activation of nociceptive-inhibiting neurons and tonic inhibition of nociceptive-facilitating neurons. However, morphine does not cause tonic changes in raphe neuronal firing in unanesthetized rodents. Recent work suggests that a drop in activity of nociceptive-inhibiting neurons synchronizes nociceptive circuits and a burst of activity in nociceptive-facilitating neurons facilitates withdrawal magnitude. After morphine, the phasic responses of raphe cells are suppressed along with nociceptive withdrawals. The results suggest a new model of brainstem modulation of nociception in which the medullary raphe facilitates nociceptive reactions when noxious input occurs and may modulate other functions between injurious events.
Overview of Creep Strength and Oxidation of Heat-Resistant Alloy Sheets and Foils for Compact Heat Exchangers

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been involved in research and development related to improved performance of recuperators for industrial gas turbines since about 1996, and in improving recuperators for advanced microturbines since 2000. Recuperators are compact, high efficiency heat-exchangers that improve the efficiency of smaller gas turbines and microturbines. Recuperators were traditionally made from 347 stainless steel and operated below or close to 650°C, but today are being designed for reliable operation above 700°C. The Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored programs at ORNL have helped defined the failure mechanisms in stainless steel foils, including creep due to fine grain size, accelerated oxidation due to moisture in the hot exhaust gas, and loss of ductility due to aging. ORNL has also been involved in selecting and characterizing commercial heat-resistant stainless alloys, like HR120 or the new AL20-25+Nb, that should offer dramatically improved recuperator capability and performance at a reasonable cost. This paper summarizes research on sheets and foils of such alloys over the last few years, and suggests the next likely stages for manufacturing recuperators with upgraded performance for the next generation of larger 200–250 kW advanced microturbines.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Physiological sphingosine 1-phosphate requirement for optimal activity of mouse CD4+ regulatory T Cells

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) evokes T cell chemotaxis at 1-100 nM and inhibits chemotaxis to chemokines at 300 nM-1 uM through their predominant S1P1 G protein-coupled receptor (R). Mouse CD4+25+ regulatory T cells now are shown to express the same pattern of S1P1 > S1P4 >>other S1P Rs as other CD4 T cells. CD4+25+ T cell suppression of 3H-thymidine uptake and IL-2 generation by CD4+25- T cells stimulated with anti-T cell receptor antibodies without S1P was enhanced significantly by S1P at normal blood and lymph concentrations. These levels of S1P also enhanced IL-10 generation by CD4+25+ T cells by up to threefold compared with that without S1P but decreased IL-10 from CD4+25- T cells. That IL-10 from CD4+25+ T cells incubated with S1P mediates suppressive activity was demonstrated by prevention with neutralizing anti-IL-10 or anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies. Extracellular fluid S1P thus is required for optimal activity of CD4+25+ T cells.
Charge Trapping and Detrapping in nc-RuO Embedded ZrHfO High-k Thin Film for Nonvolatile Memory Applications

The charge trapping and detrapping characteristics of the nc-RuO embedded Zr-doped HfO2 (ZrHfO) high-k MOS capacitor have been studied. The memory function of the capacitor is mainly contributed by hole trapping during the forward sweep from − 9Vt o +9 V and electron trapping during the backward sweep from + 9Vt o−9 V. The time- and bias-dependent stress test results show that the hole-trapping efficiency is higher than the electron-trapping efficiency due to different charge trapping sites and supply mechanisms. In order to delineate the detailed mechanisms, samples were characterized with the frequency-dependent conductancevoltage curves, relaxation currents, ramp-relax current measurements, and retention characteristics. Although most electrons are deeply trapped in the bulk nc-RuO sites, a portion of holes are loosely trapped at the nc-RuO/ZrHfO interface due to the lost of the short-term retention capability. The deeply-trapped holes and electrons were strongly held for a long period.
Drosophila homologues of the transcriptional coactivation complex subunits TRAP240 and TRAP230 are required for identical processes in eye-antennal disc development

We have identified mutations in two genes, blind spot and kohtalo, that encode Drosophila homologues of human TRAP240 and TRAP230, components of a large transcriptional coactivation complex homologous to the yeast Mediator complex. Loss of either blind spot or kohtalo has identical effects on the development of the eye-antennal disc. Eye disc cells mutant for either gene can express decapentaplegic and atonal in response to Hedgehog signaling, but they maintain inappropriate expression of these genes and fail to differentiate further. Mutant cells in the antennal disc lose expression of Distal-less and misexpress eyeless, suggesting a partial transformation towards the eye fate. blind spot and kohtalo are not required for cell proliferation or survival, and their absence cannot be rescued by activation of the Hedgehog or Notch signaling pathways. These novel and specific phenotypes suggest that TRAP240 and TRAP230 act in concert to mediate an unknown developmental signal or a combination of signals.
Factor analysis of the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R)

The present study describes a factor analysis of the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R), an original scale design to measure spontaneity. The analysis revealed three factors underlying the inventory. The first, titled vigor/ pleasure, suggests that spontaneity is a pleasurable and dynamic experience. The second factor, titled freedom, indicates that spontaneity is characterized by a sense of free expression and actions unhindered by conventions. The third factor, titled involvement/focus, indicates that spontaneity is focused experience a characteristics that separates it from impulsivity. These factors seemed consistent with the theoretical understanding of spontaneity.
Statistical shape analysis using 3D Poisson equation—A quantitatively validated approach ☆

Statistical shape analysis has been an important area of research with applications in biology, anatomy, neuroscience, agriculture, paleontology, etc. Unfortunately, the proposed methods are rarely quantitatively evaluated, and as shown in recent studies, when they are evaluated, significant discrepancies exist in their outputs. In this work, we concentrate on the problem of finding the consistent location of deformation between two population of shapes. We propose a new shape analysis algorithm along with a framework to perform a quantitative evaluation of its performance. Specifically, the algorithm constructs a Signed Poisson Map (SPoM) by solving two Poisson equations on the volumetric shapes of arbitrary topology, and statistical analysis is then carried out on the SPoMs. The method is quantitatively evaluated on synthetic shapes and applied on real shape data sets in brain structures.
Oxygen generation by electrolysis to treat retinal ischemia

This paper reports the first electrolysis-based oxygen generation and transportation device for the treatment of retinal ischemia; containing an isolated biocompatible electrolyte and inductive power transfer for on-demand oxygen. A finite element model of the retina along with oxygen delivery data demonstrates the feasibility of the device. The estimated therapeutic window for the device was found to be 210 minutes for the light adapted retina, and 55 minutes for the dark adapted retina.
Extraction of protein-bound ATP and ADP from human platelets in plasma.

Abstract Actin is the major ATP and ADP binding protein in platelets, 0.9-1.3 nmol/10(8) cells, 50-70% in the unpolymerized state. The goal of these experiments was to develop a method for extracting all protein-bound ATP and ADP from undisturbed platelets in plasma. Extraction of actin-bound ADP is routine while extraction of actin-bound ATP from platelets in buffer has been unsuccessful. Prior to extraction the platelets were exposed to 14-C adenine, to label the metabolic and actin pools of ATP and ADP. The specific activity was determined from the actin-bound ADP in the 43% ethanol precipitate. Sequential ethanol and perchlorate extractions of platelet rich plasma, and the derived supernatants and precipitates were performed. ATP concentrations were determined with the luciferase assay, and radioactive nucleotides separated by TLC. A total of 1.18 nmol/10(8) cells of protein-bound ATP and ADP was recovered, 52% ATP (0.61 nmol). The recovery of protein-bound ADP was increased from 0.3 to 0.57 nmol/10(8) cells. This approach for the first time successfully recovered protein bound ATP and ADP from platelets in a concentration expected for actin.
Commentary: Desiccation and tone within linguistic theory and language contact research

The notion that there may be causal connections between the environment and language structure has long been in disrepute. In part, this is due to earlier connections to racist ideologies. And in part, this is due to the more recent Chomskyan tradition, which sees language as an autonomous and innate faculty. Within the domain of phonology, the general sentiment that there can be no causal relationship between the environment and language is nicely expressed by the following quote: There is no correlation whatever between […] any aspect of linguistic structure and the environment. Studying the structure of a language reveals absolutely nothing about either the people who speak it or the physical environment in which they live . (Kaye 1989: 48) This claim bristles with confidence, using phrases such as ‘absolutely nothing’ and ‘no correlation whatever’, making it clear that the author—like many other linguists—is convinced that environmental influences on language are not worth studying. We note that this statement (and its context) do not reference positive evidence for this conclusion, but rather express the absence of correlations as an established scientific statement. Has Kaye sieved through quantitative data of hundreds of languages to show that there is no correlation between the environment and linguistic structure? No, he did not. The quote is an expression of tradition, not an expression of fact. Everett et al. (2015) rightly point out that unquestioned beliefs about the absence of environmental influences are just as speculative as the racist ideas that were circulating within linguistics of the 19th and 20th century. Happily, tradition and force of rhetoric are becoming less constraining now. We are currently experiencing a ‘data gold rush’ within linguistics, what some have called ‘computational cognitive revolution’ in analogy to the ‘cognitive revolution’ ushered in by Noam Chomsky (Griffiths 2015). The …
The Fake Inca of Tucuman: Don Pedro de Bohorques

In the middle of the seventeenth century a Spanish adventurer, dressed in a traditional Andean cusma tunic and wearing a silver diadem, convinced tens of thousands of Indians in a remote part of the viceroyalty of Peru that he was a direct descendant of the former Inca emperors. More than a hundred native chiefs accepted him as their overlord, carried him on a litter, furnished maidens for his service, and followed him in battle when he promised to liberate them from Spanish control. Although Indian rebellions occurred frequently in colonial Peru, this particular one is unique because a European led it. Initially this imposter secured approval for his actions from the Spanish provincial governor and Jesuit missionaries, but later.when the Indians rebelled, the fake Inca was apprehended, imprisoned for seven years, then hanged. The story of his “empire” is a ten year episode that has not been printed in English and is not widely known in Spanish.
ERCP in association with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A strategy to minimize the number of unnecessary ERCPs.

Background With the evolution of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as the standard operation for benign gallbladder disease, the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones has to be defined.
Comparison of Yields and Decay Rates for a Biological Nutrient Removal Process and a Conventional Activated Sludge Process

Two pilot-scale activated sludge reactors, one VIP (named after Virginia Initiative Plant) biological nutrient removal (BNR) process and one conventional, fully aerobic process, were operated over a range of solids retention times (SRT9s) and under the same conditions so that growth yields and specific decay rates could be evaluated and compared. True growth yields (Y9s) for the BNR and the conventional processes were equal and were 0.41 gVSS/gCOD. The specific decay rate, b, for the BNR process, 0.063 d, was lower than in the fully aerobic process, 0.110 d -1 , indicating that decay occurs at a much lower rate in the anoxic and anaerobic zones of the BNR process.
FDF Simulation of Swirling Reacting Flows on Unstructured Meshes

Large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted of the Sydney swirl burner (SM1 flame). The subgrid scale (SGS) closure is based on the scalar filtered mass density function (SFMDF). A flamelet model is used to relate the instantaneous composition to the mixture fraction. The modeled SFMDF transport equation is solved by a new hybrid finite-volume / Monte Carlo scheme, on a domain portrayed by unstructured grids. The mesh dependence of LES results is studied on a series of grids with progressively increased resolution, reaching over 2 million computational elements. The overall agreement between LES/SFMDF predictions and measured data is very good. The agreement improves as the resolution increases.
Gold carbenes, gold-stabilized carbocations, and cationic intermediates relevant to gold-catalysed enyne cycloaddition

Cationic gold complexes in which gold is bound to a formally divalent carbon atom, typically formulated as gold carbenes or α-metallocarbenium ions, have been widely invoked in a range of gold-catalyzed transformations, most notably in the gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1,n-enynes. Although the existence of gold carbene complexes as intermediates in gold-catalyzed transformations is supported by a wealth of indirect experimental data and by computation, until recently no examples of cationic gold carbenes/α-metallocarbenium ions had been synthesized nor had any cationic intermediates generated via gold-catalyzed enyne cycloaddition been directly observed. Largely for this reason, there has been considerable debate regarding the electronic structure of these cationic complexes, in particular the relative contributions of the carbene (LAu+CR2) and α-metallocarbenium (LAu–CR2+) forms, which is intimately related to the extent of d → p backbonding from gold to the C1 carbon atom. However, over the past ∼ seven years, a number of cationic gold carbene complexes have been synthesized in solution and generated in the gas phase and cationic intermediates have been directly observed in the gold-catalyzed cycloaddition of enynes. Together, these advances provide insight into the nature and electronic structure of gold carbene/α-metallocarbenium complexes and the cationic intermediates generated via gold-catalyzed enyne cycloaddition. Herein we review recent advances in this area.
Inhibition of CD18-dependent neutrophil adherence reduces organ injury after hemorrhagic shock in primates

Neutrophil adherence or aggregation may be important in the development of organ injury after hemorrhagic shock. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 60.3 prevents both adherence and aggregation. Therefore we investigated MAb 60.3 treatment in prevention of organ injury after hemorrhagic shock in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We performed esophagogastroscopy and placed catheters to measure cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, and urine output. Blood was removed to decrease CO to 30% of baseline for 90 minutes. Just before resuscitation, MAb 60.3 (2 mg/kg) or saline solution (control) was administered intravenously. Monitoring and fluid resuscitation continued for 24 hours, with lactated Ringer's solution given as a maintenance infusion (4 ml/kg/hr) plus additional lactated Ringer's solution to maintain CO at preshock levels. Esophagogastroscopy was repeated 24 hours after shock. There were two deaths in the control group at about 72 hours and none in the MAb 60.3 group. MAb 60.3-treated animals required less fluid (9.6 +/- 8.8 ml/kg vs 263.8 +/- 225.7 ml/kg), gained less weight (0.08 +/- 0.11 kg vs 0.70 +/- 0.37 kg), and maintained a higher hematocrit level (35.0% +/- 1.0% vs 26.9% +/- 4.9%). All five control animals had gastritis; MAb 60.3-treated animals had none (p less than 0.05; Fisher's exact test). Inhibition of neutrophil adherence or aggregation with MAb 60.3 at the time of resuscitation reduces fluid requirements and gastric injury in monkeys after hemorrhagic shock.
Lessons Learned from Implementing Application-Oriented Hands-On Activities for Continuous-Time Signal Processing Courses [SP Education]

Understanding the relationship between frequency and time domains using Fourier theory is crucial to engineers in many disciplines. In electrical and computer engineering, students usually first see this material in an introductory continuous-time signals and systems (CTSS) course and then apply it in many follow-up courses such as controls, digital signal processing (DSP), communications, and electromagnetic waves. Unfortunately, for such a crucial course, both faculty and students share longstanding concerns about the students' performance in these types of CTSS coursess.
Biomarkers Applied to Specific Tumor Types

Neoplasms affecting the nervous system represent a group with prominent genetic and phenotypic diversity. Large multi-institutional studies and the Cancer Genome Atlas have started to clarify the basic drivers in the major tumors involving the nervous system. Major biomarkers that have been widely accepted in the area of diffuse gliomas include MGMT promoter methylation, IDH mutations, and 1p19q co-deletion that have become standard of care for molecular testing in routine clinical settings and prerequisites for clinical trial enrollment. Other recent biomarkers that are increasingly applied include TERT promoter and ATRX mutations that identify molecular subgroups of diffuse gliomas in conjunction with other alterations. The field of pediatric brain tumors has also generated a wealth of data relevant for biomarker development, resulting in the identification of recurrent fusion events (e.g., KIAA1549-BRAF-, MYB, and MYBL1 rearrangements in pediatric gliomas). Global molecular profiling and whole exome and genome sequencing efforts have also identified major drivers and molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma, meningioma, embryonal neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Candidate Path Selection

The localized approach to proportional routing described in the previous chapters is simple and has several important advantages. However it has a limitation that routing is done based solely on the information collected locally. A network node under localized QoS routing approach can judge the quality of paths/links only by routing some traffic along them. It would have no knowledge about the state of the rest of the network. While the proportions for paths are adjusted to reflect the changing qualities of paths, the candidate path set itself remains static. To ensure that the localized scheme adapts to varying network conditions, many feasible paths have to be made candidates. It is not possible to preselect a few good candidate paths statically. Hence it is desirable to supplement localized proportional routing with a mechanism that dynamically selects a few good candidate paths.
RENEWABLE FORMS OF ENERGY UTILIZED IN DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN EUROPE

ABSTRACT In Europe, district heating systems with cogeneration and renewable forms of energy as fuel, are in extensive use and the corresponding technologies are developing rapidly. District heating has become a major energy conservation factor since early 1950's when systems using hot water instead of steam became common. Old systems were converted and expanded, and new systems were constructed in most of the cities in northern Europe, particularly in Scandinavia but also in Germany and the Soviet Union. To reduce the usage of fossil fuels: oil, coal, and natural gas, wood chips and wood waste are used in countries generating wood products. Peat is another form available in some countries, like in Finland, Sweden, and Denmark. In Scandinavia and Switzerland, hydroelectric power is used for electricity, but also for heating domestic hot water and summer time district heating. The burning of municipal solid waste has become a relatively common practice, and industrial and agricultural biomass has become an important source of energy in multi-fuel systems. In Sweden, successful experiments have led to the extraction of heat from municipal waste water, after it leaves the treatment plant, by heat pumps into return lines of district heating systems. This is also environmentally sound, as it reduces the temperature of the effluent entering a river or lake. Solar assistance is considered increasingly, employing large underground caverns for seasonal storage.
Communication quantization for data-parallel training of deep neural networks

We study data-parallel training of deep neural networks on high-performance computing infrastructure. The key problem with scaling data-parallel training is avoiding severe communication/computation imbalance. We explore quantizing gradient updates before communication to reduce bandwidth requirements and compare it against a baseline implementation that uses the MPI allreduce routine. We port two existing quantization approaches, one-bit and threshold, and develop our own adaptive quantization algorithm. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated and compared with MPI_Allreduce when training models for the MNIST dataset and on a synthetic benchmark. On an HPC system, MPI_Allreduce outperforms the existing quantization approaches. Our adaptive quantization is comparable or superior for large layers without sacrificing accuracy. It is 1.76 times faster than the next best approach for the largest layers in our benchmark and achieves near-linear speedup in data-parallel training.
The diverse and important contributions of the AHR to cancer and cancer immunity

Abstract With regard to its role in cancer, the AHR was originally described as a sensor of environmental carcinogens that, once activated, up-regulated monooxygenases responsible for the production of mutagenic metabolites. However, the AHR now appears to be play an ongoing role in cancer progression and tumor immunity. High AHR levels and constitutive activity in many types of cancers are consistent with the AHR's contribution to tumor progression. Here, we postulate that constitutive AHR activity is maintained, in part, through a positive amplification loop in which the AHR drives expression of tryptophan dioxygenases (IDO or TDO) which in turn contribute to the production of tryptophan-derived AHR ligands in malignant cells themselves and in non-malignant cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. The postulated consequences of this chronic AHR activity is increased malignant cell invasion, migration and metastasis, production of a subset of cells expressing cancer stem cell-like characteristics, and the creation of an immunosuppressive tumor environment. Therefore, drugs that inhibit or modulate AHR activity have the potential to both ameliorate tumor aggression directly and to act as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Combined aortic root replacement and mitral valve surgery: The quest to preserve both valves.

Abstract Objectives Coexisting aortic root and mitral valve pathology is increasingly recognized among patients undergoing surgery. We characterized the pathology and surgical outcomes of patients with combined aortic root and mitral disease. Methods From 1987 to 2016, 118 patients (age 52.40 ± 17.71 years) underwent concomitant aortic root and mitral procedures (excluding aortic stenosis, endocarditis, and reoperations). Aortic root pathologies included degenerative aneurysm (94%) and aortic dissection (6%). The aortic valve was bicuspid in 15% of patients and had normally functioning tricuspid leaflets in 23% of patients. Marfan syndrome was present in 34 patients (29%). Degenerative mitral disease predominated (78%). Mitral procedures were repair (86%) and replacement (14%), and root procedures were valve-preserving root reimplantation (36%), Bentall procedure (47%), and homograft root replacement (17%). In the last 10 years, the combination of valve-preserving root reimplantation and mitral repair has increased to 50%. Kaplan–Meier and competing risk analyses were used to estimate survival and reoperation. Results There were 2 (1.7%) operative deaths with survival of 79% and 71% at 10 and 15 years, respectively, and reoperation rates of 4.7% and 12% after 5 and 10 years, respectively. There were no operative deaths in patients with combined valve-preserving root reimplantation and mitral repair, with survival of 89% and reoperation rate of 7.8% at 10 years. Among patients with Bentall/homograft and mitral operation, survival was 73% and reoperation was 9.8% at 10 years. Conclusions In patients with aortic root and mitral pathology, combined surgical risk is low and valve durability is high. When possible, valve-preserving root reimplantation and mitral repair should be considered to avoid prosthesis degeneration, anticoagulation, and lifestyle limitations.
Management of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism in the Emergency Department

Patients with cancer are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism, and emergency physicians can play a significant role in addressing one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. However, there are no comprehensive guidelines addressing the approach to cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in the emergency department. Here, we review the guidelines put forth by various national and international cancer societies and highlight how emergency physicians can help institute appropriate treatment and prevent the recurrence of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. We also address areas of controversy and highlight topics that require further research.
Opportunities to Practice What Is Locally Valued: An Ecocultural Perspective on Quality in Family Child Care Homes.

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Drawing from cultural approaches to human development (Rogoff, 2003; Weisner, 2002, 2005) and cognition (Quinn & Holland, 1987), this article presents a working model and theory of change for quality in family child care by defining quality as the alignment of children’s opportunities for learning and development with locally relevant ideals or cultural models. Providers—as the people responsible for organizing children’s day-to-day activity—are conceptualized as the agents of change, and daily routine activities are the primary targets for quality improvement efforts. Sustainability, or how much daily routines fit with the conditions and meaning for participants in a setting, is hypothesized to moderate the impact of experiences in family child care on children’s long-term development. Each component of the model is presented with supporting evidence from published and pilot research. Practice or Policy: Quality ratings capturing alignment between what is valued and done can be...
Misremembering Past Affect Predicts Adolescents’ Future Affective Experience During Exercise

ABSTRACTPurpose: Increasing physical activity among adolescents is a public health priority. Because people are motivated to engage in activities that make them feel good, this study examined predictors of adolescents’ feelings during exercise. Method: During the 1st semester of the school year, we assessed 6th-grade students’ (N = 136) cognitive appraisals of the importance of exercise. Participants also reported their affect during a cardiovascular fitness test and recalled their affect during the fitness test later that semester. During the 2nd semester, the same participants rated their affect during a moderate-intensity exercise task. Results: Affect reported during the moderate-intensity exercise task was predicted by cognitive appraisals of the importance of exercise and by misremembering affect during the fitness test as more positive than it actually was. This memory bias mediated the association between appraising exercise as important and experiencing a positive change in affect during the mode...
A posteriori error estimates and adaptivity for the discontinuous Galerkin solutions of nonlinear second-order initial-value problems

Abstract In this paper, we propose and analyze an efficient and reliable a posteriori error estimator of residual-type for the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method applied to nonlinear second-order initial-value problems for ordinary differential equations. This estimator is simple, efficient, and asymptotically exact. We use our recent optimal L 2 error estimates and superconvergence results of Baccouch [15] to show that the significant parts of the DG discretization errors are proportional to the ( p + 1 ) -degree right Radau polynomial, when polynomials of total degree not exceeding p are used. These new results allow us to construct a residual-based a posteriori error estimator which is obtained by solving a local residual problem with no initial condition on each element. We prove that, for smooth solutions, the proposed a posteriori error estimator converges to the actual error in the L 2 -norm with order of convergence p + 2 . Computational results indicate that the theoretical order of convergence is sharp. By adding the a posteriori error estimate to the DG solution, we obtain a post-processed approximation which superconverges with order p + 2 in the L 2 -norm. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the this error estimator. Finally, we present a local adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) procedure that makes use of our local a posteriori error estimate. Our proofs are valid for arbitrary regular meshes and for P p polynomials with p ≥ 1 . Several numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical results.
Within What Distance Does "Greenness" Best Predict Physical Health? A Systematic Review of Articles with GIS Buffer Analyses across the Lifespan.

Is the amount of “greenness” within a 250-m, 500-m, 1000-m or a 2000-m buffer surrounding a person’s home a good predictor of their physical health? The evidence is inconclusive. We reviewed Web of Science articles that used geographic information system buffer analyses to identify trends between physical health, greenness, and distance within which greenness is measured. Our inclusion criteria were: (1) use of buffers to estimate residential greenness; (2) statistical analyses that calculated significance of the greenness-physical health relationship; and (3) peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2007 and 2017. To capture multiple findings from a single article, we selected our unit of inquiry as the analysis, not the article. Our final sample included 260 analyses in 47 articles. All aspects of the review were in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Analyses were independently judged as more, less, or least likely to be biased based on the inclusion of objective health measures and income/education controls. We found evidence that larger buffer sizes, up to 2000 m, better predicted physical health than smaller ones. We recommend that future analyses use nested rather than overlapping buffers to evaluate to what extent greenness not immediately around a person’s home (i.e., within 1000–2000 m) predicts physical health.
Predictive motion synchronization for two arm dynamic mobile manipulation

Manipulating in a closed kinematic chain results in forces and torques to the grasped object if the manipulator is not synchronized to the mobile platform. This paper presents a novel algorithm for dynamic manipulation on mobile platforms. A predictive algorithm synchronize robotic manipulators with a mobile platform. This is necessary when the manipulator or the mobile platform have huge dead-times. With the synchronization of the components the dynamics can be minimized to avoid any damage in the closed kinematic chain. With this novel approach for mobile manipulation precise tasks can be executed in large environments or while moving the platform. To synchronize the system the dead-times of the manipulator and the mobile platform have to be analyzed. The predictive algorithm is evaluated against an adaptive algorithm without dead-time knowledge. As hardware setup two LBR 4 are mounted on a KUKA Omnirob with Mercanum drives. The results are presented and discussed for the simulation and the real experiments.
Two-Dimensional Mapping of In-plane Residual Stress with Slitting

This paper describes the use of slitting to form a two-dimensional spatial map of one component of residual stress in the plane of a two-dimensional body. Slitting is a residual stress measurement technique that incrementally cuts a thin slit along a plane across a body, while measuring strain at a remote location as a function of slit depth. Data reduction, based on elastic deformation, provides the residual stress component normal to the plane as a function of position along the slit depth. While a single slitting measurement provides residual stress along a single plane, the new work postulates that multiple measurements on adjacent planes can form a two-dimensional spatial map of residual stress. The paper uses numerical simulations to develop knowledge of two fundamental problems regarding two-dimensional mapping with slitting. The first fundamental problem is to estimate the quality of a slitting measurement, relative to the proximity of a given measurement plane to a free surface, whether that surface is the edge of the original part or a free surface created by a prior measurement. The second fundamental problem is to quantify the effects of a prior slitting measurement on a subsequent measurement, which is affected by the physical separation of the measurement planes. The results of the numerical simulations lead to a recommended measurement design for mapping residual stress. Finally, the numerical work and recommended measurement strategy are validated with physical experiments using thin aluminum slices containing residual stress induced by quenching. The physical experiments show that two-dimensional residual stress mapping with slitting, under good experimental conditions (simple sample geometry and low modulus material), has precision on the order of 10 MPa. Additional validation measurements, performed with x-ray diffraction and ESPI hole drilling, are within 10 to 20 MPa of the results from slitting.
Designing tougher elastomers with ionomers.

Elastomers, such as a rubber band, undergo large deformations at low stresses, and when the stress is released, return to their original shape. For a material to have this response, it must have sufficient molecular mobility to allow the polymer conformations to be distorted by the applied stress, and covalent cross-links between the polymers to prevent flow and provide the restoring force. Increasing the stiffness of elastomers, particularly by increasing the cross-link density, typically comes at the expense of toughness (the ability to absorb energy without fracturing), because shorter polymer strands between cross-links have limited conformational flexibility. On page 502 of this issue, Filippidi et al. ( 1 ) have devised a versatile synthetic scheme based on the iron-catechol complexes found in mussels and used these ionic interactions to simultaneously strengthen as well as toughen an elastomer. There are many compelling reasons to control the mechanical properties of networks and gels, perhaps none more so than the role of mechanical properties in cell and tissue development ( 2 ).