cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional distress, alcohol use, and peer violence among Mexican-American and European-American adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To examine the longitudinal relations among emotional distress, alcohol use, and peer-directed violence. Methods Interviews were conducted with 297 young adolescents, randomly selected from the membership lists of a large health maintenance organization. Participants were aged 12–15 years, 55% were male, and were either Mexican-American (n = 147) or European-American (n = 150). Adolescents reported on their emotional distress at baseline, and on their alcohol use at 6-month follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, they reported on their involvement in peer violence, including physical fights and weapons exposure. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. Results Boys reported being in more physical fights than girls. Mexican-Americans reported more weapons exposure than European-Americans, but when controlling for socioeconomic status and age, these differences disappeared. For both ethnic groups, adolescents who experienced greater emotional distress later reported more alcohol use and more involvement in peer violence. For Mexican-American adolescents, alcohol use mediated the relations between emotional distress and both physical fights and weapons exposure. For European-Americans, alcohol use mediated the relations between emotional distress and physical fights, but only marginally mediated the relation between emotional distress and weapons exposure. Conclusions Adolescents who experience greater emotional distress are at heightened risk for using alcohol and, in turn, for becoming involved in peer violence. Mexican-American adolescents in particular may use alcohol as a means of coping with emotional distress, and alcohol use appears to facilitate involvement in peer violence.
Orphan granzyme turned lethal weapon

For the first time, human granzyme H is shown to directly induce death in tumor target cells, changing its status from orphan to killer. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are innate (natural killer [NK] cells) and adaptive (T cells) effector cells that play an important role in host defense against infection
Enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of liquid hot water and AFEX pretreated distillers' grains at high-solids loadings.

Abstract The dry milling ethanol industry produces distiller’s grains as major co-products, which are composed of unhydrolyzed and unfermented polymeric sugars. Utilization of the distiller’s grains as an additional source of fermentable sugars has the potential to increase overall ethanol yields in current dry grind processes. In this study, controlled pH liquid hot water pretreatment (LHW) and ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment have been applied to enhance enzymatic digestibility of the distiller’s grains. Both pretreatment methods significantly increased the hydrolysis rate of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) over unpretreated material, resulting in 90% cellulose conversion to glucose within 24 h of hydrolysis at an enzyme loading of 15 FPU cellulase and 40 IU β-glucosidase per gram of glucan and a solids loading of 5% DDGS. Hydrolysis of the pretreated wet distiller’s grains at 13–15% (wt of dry distiller’s grains per wt of total mixture) solids loading at the same enzyme reduced cellulose conversion to 70% and increased conversion time to 72 h for both LHW and AFEX pretreatments. However, when the cellulase was supplemented with xylanase and feruloyl esterase, the pretreated wet distiller’s grains at 15% or 20% solids (w/w) gave 80% glucose and 50% xylose yields. The rationale for supplementation of cellulases with non-cellulolytic enzymes is given by Dien et al., later in this journal volume. Fermentation of the hydrolyzed wet distiller’s grains by glucose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4124 strain resulted in 100% theoretical ethanol yields for both LHW and AFEX pretreated wet distiller’s grains. The solids remaining after fermentation had significantly higher protein content and are representative of a protein-enhanced wet DG that would result in enhanced DDGS. Enhanced DDGS refers to the solid product of a modified dry grind process in which the distiller’s grains are recycled and processed further to extract the unutilized polymeric sugars. Compositional changes of the laboratory generated enhanced DDGS are also presented and discussed.
3D Chip Stacking Technology with Low-Volume Lead-Free Interconnections

In this paper a three-dimensional (3D) chip stacking technology using fine-pitched interconnects with lead-free solder is described. Different interconnect metallurgies such as Cu/Ni/In, Cu/In and Cu/Sn were considered and the bonding conditions to optimize the bonding parameters were determined. The effect of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation on the mechanical properties of the joins is discussed. Unlike standard 100-micron C4 solder balls, very small solder volumes (< 6 microns high) were investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated by shear and impact shock testing, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy were used to study the morphology of the IMC layers in solder joins before and after annealing. It was found that Cu/Ni/In and Cu/In interconnections have slightly lower shear strength per bump. While these values were lower than the Cu/Sn joins, the Cu/Ni/In chips passed the impact shock test for a simulated heat sink mass of 27 g/cm2. The reasons for the differences in reliability of these metallurgies are discussed. 3D chip stacking using two-layers of chips with fine-pitch lead-free interconnects was demonstrated. The resistance of link chains comprising through-vias, lead-free interconnects and Cu links were measured using a 4-point probing method. The average resistance of the through-via including the lead-free interconnect was 21 mOmega.
Bone mineral mobilization activity of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D☆

Abstract The administration of 650 pmoles of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to rats fed a vitamin D-deficient, low-calcium diet increases their serum calcium concentration (bone mineral mobilization) and intestinal calcium transport. The 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol brings about the bone mineral mobilization response more rapidly than does 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, but the maximum response achieved is no greater than that achieved with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In contrast, the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-induced increase in intestinal calcium transport is not only more rapid but also is greater than the maximum level achieved with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. There is approximately a 3-hr lag in the responses of both systems after the intravenous injection of 650 pmoles of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Actinomycin D given prior to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol blocks the bone mineral mobilization response in contrast to the previous finding that the intestinal transport response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is insensitive to this antibiotic.
Tests of Structural Hypotheses in Free Recall of Bizarre and Common Dream Reports: Implications for Sleep Research:

Interpretation of research investigating the content of dreams within the context of sleep studies is complicated by memory-related factors. The present study offers a controlled experiment using wakeful participants to test two main hypotheses that have implications for sleep studies: 1) that the bizarre content of dream reports is more memorable than the common content and 2) that dream structure influences dream recall. Regarding the latter hypothesis, the memorability of three different types of dream reports (Discontinuous, Improbable Combinations, and Improbable Identities) was tested. The results indicated that bizarre content was recalled better than common content across all dream types. Although the three dream types did not differ in terms of correct recall, there was more misplacement in the recall of bizarre than common target content for Discontinuous dream reports only. Implications of the results for the interpretation of sleep studies investigating dream content is discussed.
A jagged circle: from ethnicity to internationalism to cosmopolitanism – and back

Over the last 150 years, Jews of the former Russian Empire have moved for the most part from an unequivocal sense of their Jewishness and acceptance thereof, to a fascination with the possibility of submerging their ethnicity in a new world of undifferentiated humanity, or to maintaining it, but as a Soviet nationality among other nationalities. They moved from an intense, unquestioned sense of being Jewish to a ‘cosmopolitan’ meta-ethnic identity as ‘Soviet people’. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many are moving back to a more positive cognisance of their Jewishness, though they are uncertain about what it is and what behaviours should flow from it. Post-Soviet Jews have not come full circle ‘back home,’ but have traversed wide expanses only to return to a now unfamiliar ‘neighbourhood’: a sense of Jewishness that remains somewhat undefined despite the efforts of foreign Jews to define it for them.
Nitroavidin as a Ligand for the Surface Capture and Release of Biotinylated Proteins

Discussed here is the preparation, detailed purification, and evaluation of nitroavidin as a ligand for surface capture and release of biotinylated proteins. Avidin from chicken egg white was nitrated using dilute tetranitromethane solutions. UV−vis spectroscopy was used to show decreased binding of the biotin analogue, 2-(4′-hydroxyazobenzene)benzoic acid, HABA, to nitroavidin compared to binding of HABA to native avidin. From enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays of the modified avidin, it was found that there are approximately three tyrosine residues converted to nitrotyrosine out of the total four tyrosine residues in the protein tetramer. For the first time, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to demonstrate the point of nitration in nitroavidin as that of the tyrosine associated with the binding of biotin (Y33). From surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) experiments, it is shown that biotin has less binding prop...
Antibody production in organ culture by bursae of mature chickens and the development of immunological competence

Antibody responsiveness of bursal lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Organ culture of bursal tissue in the presence of antigen, either sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin, results in significant numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) compared to controls. The response in organ culture is age-dependent in that only bursae from chickens at least three weeks of age contained significantly increased numbers of secreting cells. Prolonged culture of normally unresponsive bursae from newly hatched birds results in a PFC response to antigen, suggesting that in vitro maturation occurs.
Calibration of Platoon Dispersion Model with High-Resolution Signal Event Data

This paper presents a scalable methodology for automatically measuring platoon characteristics on links between signalized intersections. This methodology estimates the parameters of the Robertson dispersion model that characterize platoon travel time and platoon distribution along a link. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test was used to assess how well the model parameters characterize the platoon arrivals measured by the high-resolution event data. The methodology was tested on a corridor of nine intersections containing 18 coordinated links with data that were collected over a 3-week period. Quite consistent results were obtained for link travel times; however, in many cases the observed link travel times were faster or slower than the posted speed. The distributions of the dispersion parameter showed considerable variation across the analysis period as well as across the system. The test corridor presented an interesting situation in which shorter links experienced greater dispersion than did longe...
Comparison of the 5' regions of human and mouse carbonic anhydrase II genes and identification of possible regulatory elements.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the 5′ region of the human carbonic anhydrase II gene has been determined. This sequence begins 643 base pairs upstream from the ATG start site and continues through exon 1, intron 1, exon 2 and the adjoining 125 nucleotides of intron 2. The human sequence is compared with homologous regions of the mouse (YBR strain) carbonic anhydrase II gene by aligning the two sequences for optimal homology. In addition to a TATA box and a putative CCAAT box (CCACC in human and CCACT in mouse), three conserved tandem-repeat elements in mouse and two in human (consensus: cCNGTCACCTCCgC) are located 15 and 22 base pairs upstream, respectively, from the CCAAT boxes in the human and mouse sequences. This repeat element is similar to a tandem repeat sequence located at about the same position in mammalian β-globin genes, and may represent regulatory elements common to both the carbonic anhydrase and β-globin genes. The regions surrounding exon 1 are extremely G + C-rich in both human and mouse genes. In addition, severel CCGCCC or GGGCGG sequences which may be important for transcriptional efficiency are found in the 5′ flanking regions of the human and mouse genes.
Self-organizing input space for control of structures

We propose a novel type of neural networks for structural control, which comprises an adaptive input space. This feature is purposefully designed for sequential input selection during adaptive identification and control of nonlinear systems, which allows the input space to be organized dynamically, while the excitation is occurring. The neural network has the main advantages of (1) automating the input selection process for time series that are not known a priori; (2) adapting the representation to nonstationarities; and (3) using limited observations. The algorithm designed for the adaptive input space assumes local quasi-stationarity of the time series, and embeds local maps sequentially in a delay vector using the embedding theorem. The input space of the representation, which in our case is a wavelet neural network, is subsequently updated. We demonstrate that the neural net has the potential to significantly improve convergence of a black-box model in adaptive tracking of a nonlinear system. Its performance is further assessed in a full-scale simulation of an existing civil structure subjected to nonstationary excitations (wind and earthquakes), and shows the superiority of the proposed method.
CMOS (Sub)-mm-Wave System-on-Chip for exploration of deep space and outer planetary systems

This paper discusses the applicability of CMOS (sub)-mm-Wave System-on-Chips in space explorations of the solar system, especially planetary missions. Specifically assessed are issues related to high levels of radiation encountered in deep space. To exemplify the type of technology infusion that is possible, we specifically feature the incorporation of a previously developed “self-healing” 12/48 GHz CMOS frequency synthesizer into a current planetary sub-mm-wave (or Terahertz) heterodyne receiver instrument (PISSARRO) for the substantial benefit of payload size, area and weight reduction.
Synthesis of p-type ZnO films

Abstract p-Type ZnO obtained by arsenic (As) doping is reported for the first time. Arsenic-doped ZnO (ZnO : As) films have been deposited on (0 0 1)-GaAs substrates by pulsed laser ablation. The process of synthesizing p-type ZnO : As films was performed in an ambient gas of ultra-pure (99.999%) oxygen. The ambient gas pressure was 35 mTorr with the substrate temperature in the range 300–450°C. ZnO films grown at 400°C and 450°C are p-type and As is a good acceptor. The acceptor peak is located at 3.32 eV and its binding energy is about 100 meV. Acceptor concentrations of As atoms in ZnO films were in the range from high 10 17 to high 10 21 atoms/cm 3 as determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Hall effect measurements.
Progress in natural hazard risk reduction: What hath development wrought?

The development-disaster risk management agenda has been shaped over the last 25 years by development policies and practices that have isolated lesser developed countries' development agenda from dealing with risk to natural hazards, by intentional actions to create a theory and practice of disaster risk management alongside other cross-cutting issues, by attempting to nurture emergency management in the context of disaster risk management and by fostering competition for resources. Sovereign states, multilateral development banks and the international development community should collaborate in shifting paradigms to: consider all development actions as initiatives to reduce risk; separate emergency management policy and practice from disaster risk management; fold disaster risk management and climate change adaptation into development planning and lending processes so as to address risk to natural hazards; promote hazard, vulnerability and risk information as a public good; and insist on accountability a...
Personality and patient adherence: Correlates of the five-factor model in renal dialysis

The five-factor taxonomy of personality traits has received increasing attention in the literature regarding personality correlates of health outcomes and behaviors. We examined the association of the five NEO Five-Factor Inventory dimensions to medical regimen adherence in a sample of 72 renal dialysis patients. Results indicated that Conscientiousness (Dimension III) is a five-factor trait significantly associated with adherence to the medication regimen. No other NEO-FFI dimension was significantly associated with patient adherence.
Growth and electronic properties of ZnO epilayers by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

ZnO thin films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The crystalline properties of the layers as measured by x-ray diffraction were found to improve with lower growth temperatures, where the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the x-ray rocking curves was shown to be in the range of 100 to 1,100 arcsec. The electronic properties were found to improve for higher growth temperatures, with n-type carrier concentration and electron mobility in the range of 1×1017 −5×1018 cm−3 and 80–36 cm2/Vs, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated that growth at higher temperatures provided superior band edge radiative emission, while growth at lower temperatures resulted in significant deep level radiative emission centered at 2.35 eV. Photoconductive decay measurements exhibit a slow decay indicating the presence of hole traps, where Zn vacancies are believed to be the source of both the slow decay and the deep level emission observed in PL spectra.
Application of linear graphs to multilevel maser analysis

Abstract This note gives an application of linear graphs to multilevel maser analysis. A general technique and some special formulas for use in computing the total number of terms in the steady state energy-level population expressions are developed. Manual or computer methods may be used to obtain explicit expressions.
Developmental Aspects of Auditory and Visual Scanning

60 Ss from Grades 1 through 6 were administered an auditory and visual scanning procedure and 27 of those Ss were given arithmetic and reading achievement tests. Data indicated scanning ability increases linearly with grade in school and the relationship between the scanning measures also increases sharply with grade. Auditory scanning was related to academic achievement; visual scanning only approached significance with arithmetic achievement but was unrelated to reading achievement.
PSI has to live and become PCI: Protein Complex Initiative.

The large-scale, systematic, community-wide determination and structural characterization of protein complexes will happen regardless of the current decision on the continuation of funding for PSI. It is already happening in other countries and will happen in the United States, simply because it is the direction where the science is going. Arguing against it is like arguing against automobiles in 1890s (saying that horses are a better way of transportation, which I am sure was true at the time) or space exploration in 1960s (with the logic of how many lunches can be provided for the cost of a single flight to the moon). The only issue is whether it will happen now (within a few years) or later down the road with time and resources wasted, progress slowed down, and the quality of biomedical research in the United States and other countries damaged. Therefore, PSI has to live and thrive by significantly increasing its focus on protein complexes.
Subcellular Localization of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase and Mapping of Its Karyophilic Determinant

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like other members of the lentivirus subfamily, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), can infect nondividing and terminally differentiated cells. The transport of the preintegration complex into the nucleus is cell cycle-independent, but the mechanism is not well understood. Integrase is a key component of the complex and has been suggested to play a role in nuclear import during HIV-1 replication. To determine its karyophilic property, FIV integrase fused with glutathione S-transferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein was expressed in various feline and human cells and the subcellular localization was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Wild-type FIV integrase was karyophilic in all cell lines tested and capable of targeting the fusion protein to the nuclei of transfected cells. Analysis of deletion and point mutation variants of FIV integrase failed to reveal any canonical nuclear localization signal, and the karyophilic determinant was mapped to the highly conserved N-terminal zinc-binding HHCC motif. A region near the C-terminal domain enriched with basic amino acid residues also affected the nuclear import of integrase. However, the role of this region is only modulatory in comparison to that of the zinc-binding domain. The N-terminal zinc-binding domain does not bind DNA and instead is essential in integrase multimerization. We therefore postulate that the karyophilic property of FIV integrase requires subunit multimerization promoted by the HHCC motif. Alternatively, the HHCC motif may directly promote interaction between FIV integrase and cellular proteins involved in nuclear import.
Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: I. Reproductive terms

This is the first of a two part glossary of terms used in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology.
Optical Fresnel-Zone gain of a rectangular aperture

An equation for the on-axis gain of a uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture is derived which is valid in the "Optical Fresnel Zone." This equation is formulated in terms of the ordinary radiation field gain multiplied by a correction factor which depends upon the aperture dimensions and the distance, R, from the aperture at which the gain is measured. A table of the function [C2(v)+S(v)]/v2 is given; C(v) and S(v) being the Fresnel integrals. The gain of a square aperture (LXL meters) in the Fresnel-zone region is compared with the gain of a circular aperture and it is shown that for apertures of equal Gsquare < Gcircle when (L2/?) <R ?(2L2 ?); it is also shown that Gsquare has minima, but not zeros at R=L2/7.30?, R=L2/5.24?. Furthermore it is shown that for R?L2/2? the first order gain correction factor of a square aperture is equal to the gain correction factor of a circular aperture having a diameter equal to 1.208 times the sidelength of the square. An approximate formula for the Fresnel-zone gain of a long and narrow aperture is also given.
Using Angiogenesis in Chronic Wound Care with Becaplermin and Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose/Collagen

For most of the last century, chronic wound care was a practice of passive techniques, designed to prevent the progression of the wound. In the last decade, however, advanced techniques have focused on improving the wound at the molecular level to accelerate wound healing. Successful modalities include tissue-engineered products, hyperbaric oxygen, negative pressure therapy, electrical stimulation, and recombinant growth factors. This shift in the treatment of wound care saw the development of a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor, becaplermin, which stimulates granulation and increases the incidence of complete wound closure. Another product is oxidized regenerated cellulose/collagen, which protects growth factors and granulation tissue by inhibiting wound proteases. Used together, an optimal environment for wound healing can be created.
Cyclic AMP levels in relation to membrane phospholipid variations in Neurospora crassa

The correlation between membrane phospholipid composition and total cyclic AMP levels was investigated by using Neurospora lipid auxotrophs under various supplementation conditions. The lipid composition of the supplemented cultures was determined, and the intracellular and extracellular cyclic AMP levels were measured at various stages of the culture growth. Kinetic parameters and the thermostability of adenylate cyclase and of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphodiesterase were measured under all supplementation conditions. In inositol deficient inl cultures the levels of intracellular cyclic AMP decreased exponentially towards the end of the log phase and thereafter. In chol-l; chol-2 cultures, grown in N-monomethylethanolamine and low choline supplementation, the level of intracellular cyclic AMP decreased as function of decreasing exogenous choline supplement. Rates of cyclic AMP extrusion in all cultures were comparable on dry weight basis, and thus not affected by the mycelial lipid composition. Adenylate cyclase activity and thermostability decreased under those supplementation conditions resulting in reduction of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphodiesterase was insensitive to phospholipid changes. Accordingly, it is suggested that specific perturbations in cellular phospholipid composition affect the membranebound adenylate cyclase and hence the cyclic AMP synthesis in vivo.
Once you click 'done': Investigating the relationship between disengagement, exhaustion and turnover intentions among university IT professionals

Recent studies have shown that turnover is a major issue in IT environments (Armstrong & Riemenschneider, 2011; Carayon, Schoepke, Hoonakker, Haims, & Brunette, 2006; Moore, 2000a; Rigas, 2009). In fact, the research literature in IT and the popular press suggest that IT professionals are particularly vulnerable to burnout (Armstrong & Riemenschneider, 2011; Kalimo & Toppinen, 1995; McGee, 1996; Moore, 2000a). Using the Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout as a framework, this study investigates the relationship between disengagement, work exhaustion and turnover intentions among IT professionals in a single university in a major metropolitan area. This study employed a non-experimental, cross-sectional survey research design using a Web-based survey questionnaire to collect data from a population (N=287) of university IT employees in a major metropolitan area. Two instruments were employed in the study: the OLdenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) measures work exhaustion and disengagement as developed by Demerouti et al. (2001); the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale (MOAQ-JSS) measures turnover intentions. The findings from this research indicated that disengagement consistently showed a statistically significant, positive correlation with turnover intentions. The most important conceptual implication of the study is that future investigations of disengagement, work exhaustion and turnover intentions among university IT employees must account for the unique work environment and how those workplace characteristics predict disengagement, work exhaustion and subsequent thoughts about quitting.
Elastase in intestinal mucus enhances the cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin type 2d.

Shiga toxin variant type 2d (Stx2d) produced by some strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is composed of an enzymatically active A subunit and a B (binding) pentamer. The cytotoxicity of Stx2d is increased (activated) 10–1000-fold for Vero cells when the toxin is incubated with mucus obtained from the small intestine of mice. In this study we isolated an Stx2d activator and identified it as a mouse elastase with strong homology to human elastase IIIB. Moreover, commercially available porcine pancreatic elastase preparations also activated Stx2d cytotoxicity although with a lower specific activity than isolated mouse elastase. Elastase directly nicked the Stx2d A subunit to A1 and A2, an event that did not correlate with activation. However, elastase also reduced the size and changed the isoelectric point of the A2 peptide, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by Western immunoblot analysis. This elastase-mediated size and charge shift in the A2 peptide of Stx2d occurred concurrently with activation of the toxin. Both the reduction in size of the Stx2d A2 peptide by incubation with elastase as well as the associated activation of Stx2d cytotoxicity were fully inhibited by elastatinal, an elastase-specific inhibitor.
Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and daily torpor on thyroid function in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.

Abstract The biological half-life of thyroidal radioiodide and proportions of thyroid-iodoamino acids were determined in Peromyscus leucopus after 3 weeks' treatment with one of several constant ambient temperatures ranging from 7 to 35° and prior exposure to long (16:8 LD) or short (8:16 LD) photoperiod. Similarly, the biological half-life of radioiodide was determined in mice exposed to temperature cycles of 16 hr at 22° and 8 hr at 7° or 16 lit at 35° and 8 hr at 22° and prior treatment with long photoperiod. The mean radioiodide half-life of mice kept at 7° was 9.4 days which was significantly longer than the pooled radioiodide half-life of 5.6 days exhibited by mice in all other temperature-photoperiod regimes. It is suggested that this long radioiodide half-life was due to the occurrence of daily torpor in the experimental animals. Mice monitored for daily torpor also exhibited significant reductions in the radioiodide release rate. Thyroid activity was not depressed in these animals on days during which they remained euthermic. The daily radioiodide release rate was positively correlated with the minimum body temperature of torpor and negatively correlated with the duration of torpor. It is suggested that this decrease in thyroid activity was a result of a direct effect of body temperature on thyroid function. Percentages of thyroid hydrolysate components were similar throughout all treatments.
Geometry dependence of steady-state heat flow in He II☆

Abstract The Gorter-Mellink equation of steady-state heat transfer in He II is used to develop a method of calculating the peak heat flux for a magnet cooled in a bath of He II. It is shown that the equivalent thermal resistance of a series or parallel arrangement of linear cooling channesl is given by R eq = f(T) 1 3 g eq where f(T) is the inverse of the heat conductivity function and geq is the equivalent geometry factor respectively defined for series or parallel channels as g s = (Σg 3 i ) 1 3 and p = [Σ(1)/gi)]−1. Here g i = L 1 3 i /A i where L and A are the channel length and cross-sectional area respectively. The peak heat flux is given by q ∗ = Z(T b )/(A o g en ) where Z(Tb) is the integrated heat conductivity function. Specific forms of the peak heat flux are developed for three different winding geometries: a simple pancake-wound magnet, a layer-wound magnet, and a multiply connected coil pack.
Techniques of production and analysis of polarized x-ray synchrotron radiation

The use of the unique polarization properties of synchrotron radiationin the hard x-ray spectral region (E > 3 keV) is becoming increasingly important to many synchrotron radiation researchers. The radiation emitted from bending magnets and conventional (planar) insertion devices (IDs) is highly linearly polarized in the plane ofthe particle's orbit. Elliptically polarized x rays can also be obtained by going off axis on a bending magnet source, albeit with considerable loss of flux. The polarization properties of synchrotron radiation can be further tailored to the researcher's specific needs through the use of specialized insertion devices such as helical and crossed undulators and asymmetrical wigglers. Even with the possibility of producing a specific polarization, there is still the need to develop x-ray optical components that can manipulate the polarization for analysis and further modification of the polarization state. A survey of techniques for producing and analyzing both linear and circular polarized x rays will be presented with emphasis on those techniques that rely on single-crystal optical components.
A Parallel Neuromorphic Text Recognition System and Its Implementation on a Heterogeneous High-Performance Computing Cluster

Given the recent progress in the evolution of high-performance computing (HPC) technologies, the research in computational intelligence has entered a new era. In this paper, we present an HPC-based context-aware intelligent text recognition system (ITRS) that serves as the physical layer of machine reading. A parallel computing architecture is adopted that incorporates the HPC technologies with advances in neuromorphic computing models. The algorithm learns from what has been read and, based on the obtained knowledge, it forms anticipations of the word and sentence level context. The information processing flow of the ITRS imitates the function of the neocortex system. It incorporates large number of simple pattern detection modules with advanced information association layer to achieve perception and recognition. Such architecture provides robust performance to images with large noise. The implemented ITRS software is able to process about 16 to 20 scanned pages per second on the 500 trillion floating point operations per second (TFLOPS) Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)/Information Directorate (RI) Condor HPC after performance optimization.
On Box, Weak Box and Strong Compactness

One of the most important goals of set theorists over the last few years has been to re-prove old results which previously had used very strong assumptions from hypotheses which, at least prima facie, are weaker. Examples of these abound, including, but certainly not limited to, the work of Woodin and Cummings (see [3]) on the Singular Cardinals Problem, in which results previously obtained by Magidor[5, 6] using supercompactness and hugeness were re-proven using hypermeasurability. This paper continues the work of [1] along these lines, re-proving a result of Ben-David and Magidor[2] using strong compactness instead of supercompactness. In [2], the authors show that Con (ZFC + GCH + 3K[K is K supercompact]) => Con (ZFC +•«„, + "' DKJ, where • * and • * are, respectively, the combinatorial principles box and weak box at the cardinal K. (See [2] for the appropriate definitions.) We prove the following.
Cell density dependent effects of TGF-β demonstrated by a plasminogen activator-based assay for TGF-β

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) induces a decrease in plasminogen activator (PA) expression in confluent cultures of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells. We describe an assay using the suppression of PA expression in confluent BAE cells by TGF-beta 1 which detects concentrations of the growth factor ranging from 5 to 200 pg/ml and has an ED50 of 15-20 pg/ml. The assay can be performed in 96-well plates and requires a minimum of 35 ul of solution per sample, thereby limiting the amount of reagents required and allowing many samples to be tested in a single assay. Here we demonstrate that the effect of TGF-beta 1 on PA expression in BAE cells depends on the length of time the cells are exposed to the growth factor and the density at which the cells are plated. In cells plated at a high density (3.5 x 10(5) cells/cm2), both 4 h and 24 h exposures to TGF-beta 1 suppress PA expression. However, with cells plated sparsely (3.5 x 10(4) cells/cm2), a 4 h exposure to TGF-beta 1 increases PA expression 2-fold, whereas a 24 h exposure results in an 85% inhibition of basal PA expression. The paradoxical stimulation of PA expression in cells at a sparse density upon 4 h exposure to TGF-beta 1 occurs in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 of 15-20 pg/ml. This bifunctional response of PA production in cells exposed to TGF-beta 1 may have implications with regard to the role of TGF-beta 1 in angiogenesis.
Contour-based kernel modeling and verification for E-Beam lithography

In E-beam lithography, the double or multiple Gaussian kernels used to describe the electron scattering behavior have been discussed extensively for critical dimensions (CDs) larger than the e-beam blur size. However in e-beam direct write on wafer, CD dimensions are close to the beam blur size because of requirements in both resolution and throughput. This situation gives rise to a severe iso-dense CD bias. Hence the accuracy of the modeling kernel is required to achieve a larger common process window. In this paper we present contour-based kernel modeling and verification for e-beam lithography. The edge contours of CD-SEM images of the contact hole array pattern with duty ratio splits are used in this Gaussian kernel modeling study. A 2-step optimization sequence is proposed to improve the fitting efficiency and robustness. In the first step, roundness is the primary and the most effective index at the corner region which is sensitive to determine the beam blur size. The next step is to minimize the deviation of the through-pitch proximity effect by adjusting the ratio of the electron backscattering to the electron forward scattering. The more accurate cost index, edge placement error, is applied in the subsequent optimization step with constrained beam blur sizes extracted from the previous step. The optimum modeling kernel parameters can be obtained by the lowest cost deviation of the simulation contours and the CD-SEM extracted edge contours after optimization iterations. For early study of the proximity impact on future EBDW systems, the exposure experiment is performed on an EBM-8000 mask writer to build the modeling kernel. The prediction accuracy of the optimum modeling kernel on 60-nm features with different pattern densities is also verified experimentally to be within 1.5 nm.
Piggyback technique and selective use of veno-venous bypass in adult orthotopic liver transplantation.

Background. The piggyback technique (PT), with preservation of the cava, is being used more frequently in adult orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The advantages of PT include hemodynamic stability during the anhepatic phase without a large-volume fluid infusion and obviating the need for veno-venous bypass (VVB). At our center, we changed our practice in July 1997 from the standard technique (ST) of OLT with routine use of VVB to PT and selective use of VVB. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the results with the two different practices, ST-routine VVB versus PT-selective VVB. Methods. Forty OLTs were performed during the period July 1995-July 1997 using ST-routine VVB (group I) and 36 during August 1997--December 1998 using PT-selective VVB (group II). The etiology of liver disease was similar in the two groups, with hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease accounting for half of the patients in each group. The UNOS status, age, sex, and percentage of patients with previous upper abdominal surgery were also similar between the two groups. Results. In the PT-selective VVB era (group II), 34/36 patients (94%) underwent OLT with PT and VVB was used for 8 (22%) patients. The decision to use VVB was elective for 3 patients (fulminant hepatic failure, 2; severe portal hypertension, 1) and urgent for 5 patients (hemodynamic instability during hepatectomy). The intraoperative use of packed red blood cells (PRBC) (mean ± SD) was 15 ± 12 units for group I and 9 ± 8 units for group Il (p = 0.023). Anastomosis time and total operating time (mean ± SD) were 91 ± 30 min and 9.5 ± 3.2 h, respectively, for group I patients compared with 52 ± 28 min and 7.6 ± 1.6 h, respectively, for group II patients (p 90%) undergoing OLT. With the routine application of the piggyback procedure, the use of VVB has been reduced to 20% of OLTs at our center. The practice of piggyback technique with the selective use of VVB is associated with shorter anhepatic phase and total operating time, lower blood product use, a trend towards shorter hospital length of stay, and reduced hospital charges compared with standard technique of OLT with routine use of VVB.
Domestic migration, benefit spillovers, and local education spending: evidence from China 1993–2009

The idea that educational externalities affect local governments' incentive to provide such service was proposed over a century ago. Several studies have tested the relationship in the US, with mixed results. However, the theory has rarely been tested systematically outside of the US context. Paradoxically the unique household registration system in China makes the study of educational benefit spillover simpler to grasp theoretically and easier to handle empirically. A dynamic panel-data analysis that spans 17 years across 31 provinces of China suggests that a one-percentage-point increase in intra-provincial migration rate would decrease non-personnel spending in the following year by 23, 30, and 45 yuan per student for elementary schools, junior middle schools, and senior middle schools respectively. Narrowing the focus only on rural education funding, this study also shows that intra-provincial migration negatively affects rural spending per student by a similar magnitude. While migration and urbanizat...
Of Different Minds: An Accessible Identity Model of Justice Reasoning

An accessible identity nodel (AIM) of justice reasoning is introduced to explain when people become concerned about justice and how they define what is fair or unfair once justice concerns are activated. This model has two core propositions: (a) People are most likely to think about justice and fairness when self-relevant values and goals are highly accessible or activated, and (b) how people define fairness depends on which aspect of the self (i.e., material, social, or personal and moral) dominates the working self-concept. A review of the literature indicates that this general model provides an integrative account for when and how people become concerned about both procedural and distributive justice, and provides a cogent explanationfor known effects and results previously thought to be anomalies. Finally, the model generates novel hypotheses about how identity threat may lead to motivated perceptions off airness or unfairness.
Capital in Agriculture

I. Proportion of income saved and invested by farmers, 49. — II. Proportion of nation's capital employed in agriculture, 50. — Influence of interest rates, 53. — III. Prospective profits less influential than other considerations, 54. — Extent of underinvestment, 56.— IV. Influence of tenancy, 58. — Factors restricting use of credit, 58. — V. Unexploited investment opportunities, 61. — Remedial measures available, 61.
Disinfection of Goldmann tonometers after contamination with hepatitis C virus

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare methods of disinfecting Goldmann tonometer tips inoculated with hepatitis C virus. METHODS: Hepatitis C virus was placed on Goldmann tonometer tips, air dried, and then disinfected by dry gauze wipes, isopropyl alcohol wipes, cold water washes, povidone iodine 10% wipes, and hydrogen peroxide or isopropyl alcohol soaks followed by a cold water wash and dry. Hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl alcohol disinfection techniques followed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for prevention of possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After disinfection, samples from tonometer tips were amplified by polymerase chain reaction to quantitate the amount of hepatitis C virus RNA remaining. RESULTS: Percentage of hepatitis C virus RNA remaining after disinfection: dry gauze wipes 95.65%, isopropyl alcohol 5-second wipes 88.91%, cold water wash 4.78%, povidone iodine 10% 5-second wipes 0.72%, hydrogen peroxide soak with cold water wash 0.07%, and isopropyl alcohol soak and cold water wash 0.02%. CONCLUSIONS: After inoculation of Goldmann tonometer tips with hepatitis C virus, a 5-minute soak in 3% hydrogen peroxide or 70% isopropyl alcohol followed by washing in cold water resulted in the greatest reduction in hepatitis C virus RNA.
Effect of Roasting Temperature on High Temperature Sintering Process of Different Mass Ratio of CaCO3/ SiO2

Roasting temperature is a significant factor for synthesis of wollastonite by high-temperature roasting. In this paper, experiments were carried out at various temperatures by using quartz and nanometer calcium carbonate mixed in different ratios. The synthetic products under the condition of different roasting temperatures and initial temperatures were characterized by means of XRD. The results indicated that initial temperature had a remarkable effect on the synthetic product during calcination at 1300°C for 2 h when nanometer calcium carbonate and quartz were mixed in such ratios as 2.3:1 and 4:1 by weight.
Cytoplasmic alkalization reduces calcium buffering in molluscan central neurons

The effect of raised cytoplasmic pH (pHi) on intracellular concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients following calcium influx during membrane depolarization was studied in identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. The pHi was monitored with pH-sensitive microelectrodes. Sea water containing 15 mM NH4Cl at pH 7.7 elevated pHi about 0.35 pH units from the normal level of 7.17. These cells have an estimated buffering power of about 60 mM/pH unit. Calcium influx was elicited by depolarizing pulses under voltage clamp and [Ca2+]i transients were monitored with the photoprotein aequorin or the metallochromic dye arsenazo III. Aequorin photo-emissions increased by 21--131% (mean, 48%) and arsenazo III absorbance changes accompanying depolarization increased by 9--33% (mean, 20%) after 30 min in NH4+, corresponding roughly to a 14% increase in [Ca2+]i transients. Calcium-dependent potassium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse were somewhat slower and 4--91% (mean, 38%) large in NH4+. The magnitude and time- and voltage-dependence of the membrane calcium conductance was studied using calcium tail currents following depolarizing pulses. The calcium current was unaffected by NH4+, so the enhanced [Ca2+]i transients must reflect reduced calcium buffering at high pHi. Either reduced cytoplasmic calcium binding or slowed active extrusion of calcium may be responsible for this effect.
An elastic–visco-plastic analysis of ductile expanding ring

We investigate the fragmentation of an elastic visco-plastic ring in the one-dimensional framework. The governing equations include the effects of large deformation, geometric softening, hydrostatic pressure and material's viscoplasticity. Linear perturbation analysis exhibits a rate-dependent dominant necking pattern. Numerical solution of the governing equations includes wave propagations, and shows that the fragment size is controlled by the unloading wave propagations in the ultimate fragmentation stage. The results are compared with experimental data on the fragmentation of uranium rings under different strain-rates. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Doing Research in Cyberspace

Although laws and policies developed in the context of off-line research apply to online investigations, questions about the identifiability of human subjects, the con - ceptualization of privacy, the need for and means of obtaining informed consent, and the applicability of copyright law to computer-mediated communication (CMC) pose special problems for doing research in cyberspace.