cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cytotoxic and Regulatory T-Cells in Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Recent data suggests the presence of cytotoxic (TIA-1 and granzyme B+) and regulatory T-cells (FOXP3+) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) tissues has been shown to correlate with poor overall survival in mainly diagnostic biopsies. By tissue microarray analyses, we extend this observation to a cohort of relapsed/refractory cHL tissue biopsies and analyze immunohistochemical expression of FOXP3, TIA-1, and granzyme B in the inflammatory background and the tumor microenvironment. High expression of TIA-1 (>50%) correlated with poor overall survival (P 50%) and low FOXP3 (<25%) correlated with poor overall survival (P<0.0001). Expression of cytotoxic and regulatory T-cells shows prognostic significance in the relapsed/refractory clinical setting of cHL.
A test of the identity of forces in mesons and baryons: Calculating quarkonium spectra using only baryon parameters

Masses of low-lying states of the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, $\ensuremath{\psi}$, and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ systems are calculated using parameters derived from a fit to the baryons. The results confirm that the same forces occur in both mesons and baryons.
Trace Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy Using Preconcentration, Separation, and Computer Techniques:

The use of infrared spectroscopy in trace analysis can be greatly aided by employing preconcentration and/or separation techniques for appropriate samples. In some cases, classical infrared difference spectroscopy or computer treatment of data will be sufficient to identify qualitatively or to quantitate a trace component in a complex mixture. Analysis of aromatic isomers, gasoline additives, drugs, and polymer additives will be described to illustrate the methods.
Development of Interarterial Coronary Anastomoses by Chronic Anemia. Disappearance Following Correction of Anemia

The effect of chronic severe anemia upon functional interarterial coronary anastomoses has been studied in dogs. Retrograde flow measurements at controlled aortic pressures and under conditions of normal viscosity and hemoglobin concentration indicate that severe chronic anemia stimulates growth of collaterals to a significant degree. On the other hand, removal of this stimulus by spontaneous recovery from anemia induces regression of collateral function to control levels.
Multiple lesions in receptor tyrosine kinase pathway determine glioblastoma response to pan-ERBB inhibitor PF-00299804 and PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor PF-05212384

A novel pan ERBB inhibitor PF-00299804 (dacomitinib) is currently in phase II clinical trials in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients; however its pre-clinical efficacy in GBMs has not been tested. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of dacomitinib alone or in combination with PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor PF-05212384 in GBM and assessed the mechanisms of resistance and the molecular determinants of response. A panel of established and patient derived primary GBM lines that present different molecular profiles and also the GBM lines engineered to express EGFRvIII mutant or PTEN were treated with either dacomitinib, PF-05212384, or combination and assessed for their viability and changes in EGFR/PI3K/mTOR signaling. We show that dacomitinib significantly reduced phosphorylated EGFR in all the GBM lines but did not show a dose-dependent response on cell viability in a majority of the lines tested. Multiple lesions in the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) pathway including PTEN mutation, co-activation of RT...
Unexpected Function of the Glucanosyltransferase Gas1 in the DNA Damage Response Linked to Histone H3 Acetyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin organization and structure are crucial for transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and damage repair. Although initially characterized in remodeling cell wall glucans, the β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase Gas1 was recently discovered to regulate transcriptional silencing in a manner separable from its activity at the cell wall. However, the function of Gas1 in modulating chromatin remains largely unexplored. Our genetic characterization revealed that GAS1 had critical interactions with genes encoding the histone H3 lysine acetyltransferases Gcn5 and Sas3. Specifically, whereas the gas1gcn5 double mutant was synthetically lethal, deletion of both GAS1 and SAS3 restored silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The loss of GAS1 also led to broad DNA damage sensitivity with reduced Rad53 phosphorylation and defective cell cycle checkpoint activation following exposure to select genotoxins. Deletion of SAS3 in the gas1 background restored both Rad53 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation following exposure to genotoxins that trigger the DNA replication checkpoint. Our analysis thus uncovers previously unsuspected functions for both Gas1 and Sas3 in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation.
Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure in the spiny lobster Panulirus argus

Adult spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) were collected from nine locations throughout the tropical and subtropical northwest Atlantic Ocean and examined for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation. 187 different mtDNA haplotypes were observed among the 259 lobsters sampled. Haplotype diversity was calulated to be 0.986 and mean nucleotide sequence-diversity was estimated to be 1.44%; both of these values are among the highest reported values for a marine species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and phenetic clustering both failed to reveal any evidence of genetic structure within and among populations of P. argus. The present data are consistent with high levels of gene flow among populations of P. argus resulting from an extended planktonic larval stage and strong prevailing ocean currents.
Red shift of spectral lines in the Sun's chromosphere

An unexplained center-to-limb variation (CLV) of solar wavelengths has been known for 75 years. A theory is described which not only explains this variation but also predicts its amplitude without the use of any adjustable parameter. The model considered is based on the fact that the momentum transfer of the solar photons to the electrons of the atoms of the solar atmosphere produces secondary radiation due to bremsstrahlung. The energy of this bremsstrahlung radiation is taken away from the energy of the initial photons and leads to a red shift. No ad hoc parameters are used, and all constants are either fundamental physical constants or well-known solar parameters. The model can explain the variation of the CLV as a function of its position on the disk and near the limb, and even the change in the lineshapes especially near the limb. >
Aligning Individual and Organizational Performance: Goal Alignment in Federal Government Agency Performance Appraisal Programs

Performance appraisal programs are touted as a management control tool for implementing organizational goals and driving organizational performance but how these programs do that has not been evalu...
Lecithin can be detected by volume‐selected proton MR spectroscopy using a 1·5T whole body scanner: a potentially non‐invasive method for the prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity

The prenatal determination of fetal lung maturity is currently assessed by chemical analysis of surfactant associated lipids from amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. This is an invasive procedure with rare but occasionally serious morbidity. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method for the in vivo localization and identification of molecules with known resonance peaks at specified chemical shifts. In this report we examine the in vitro MRS of a lecithin/saline solution as well as term and preterm amniotic fluid samples with the use of a 1.5 T whole body scanner and a flexible surface coil. We found that amniotic fluid at term demonstrates a resonance peak at 3.2 ppm which was the same as the chemical shift of lecithin in saline. The lecithin peak is not observed in preterm amniotic fluid. This demonstrates the feasibility of using MRS with a whole body scanner to detect lecithin, one of the markers for fetal lung maturity. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crafting Theory to Satisfy the Requirements of Explanation

Positivism, in defining what it means by "explanation," leads to certain requirements for theory to satisfy. We refer to explanation as defined in the positivist philosopher Carl G. Hempel's deductive-nomological model of explanation. The requirements pertain to the operationalization of a theory, the precision with which a theory needs to be stated, and the composition of a theory. Researchers who consider themselves positivist need to craft their theories to satisfy these requirements. Counterintuitive findings are that the rigor of an explanation and the theory it uses is independent of whether or not they involve statistical analysis, that mathematical operationalizations of behavioral theories suffer from under determination, and that qualitative research can live up to the requirements of positivist explanation.
A new class of distributed-element models for cyclic plasticity—I. Theory and application

A class of multi-dimensional Distributed-Element Models is proposed for constitutive modeling in cyclic plasticity. A new formulation in the “invariant-yield-surface” space is presented in which no kinematic hardening rule is needed to account for the subsequent yielding and strain hardening behavior. This physically-motivated class of models is not only mathematically simple but also parsimonious in parameters. Validity of the model is confirmed by comparison with experimental results from the literature.
Self-identity in an adolescent a decade after spinal cord injury.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this mixed methods case study was to describe the current self-identity of an adolescent a decade after spinal cord injury and how he recalls his rehabilitative journey through recovery. The instruments included three in-depth interviews, administration of the Lin Interest Check List, the Stress Profile, and the Tennessee Self Concept Scale: 2. An association between participation in meaningful occupations and regaining self-identity was articulated. Results revealed above average self-concept and adequate coping skills with high use of positive appraisal. Higher scores in family and social self-concept validate his strong reliance on spirituality and his local church as a support system. In contrast, this client also scored above average on negative appraisal and on self-criticism. Implications for improved practice for occupational therapists and other rehabilitation science professionals are discussed.
Absorption of Hydrokollag from the Obstructed Bowel.

ConclusionsNo evidence was obtained to indicate that in high, mid, or low obstruction of the simple type that Hydrokollag was absorbed. These results lend no support to the “absorption of toxins” theory of the cause of death in simple obstructions in which the bowel is viable.
Postpartum mood disorders

Depression is a common disorder in women of childbearing age. Many women experience depressive symptoms during the postpartum period, ranging from mild postpartum blues to significant mood disorder...
Fac-[Re(CO)3L]+ Complexes with N-CH2-CH2-X-CH2-CH2-N Tridentate Ligands. Synthetic, X-ray Crystallographic, and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations

Polyamine ligands (L) have excellent binding characteristics for the formation of fac-99mTc(CO)3-based radiopharmaceuticals. Normally, these L are elaborated so as to leave pendant groups designed ...
Improving air quality in California's San Joaquin Valley: The role of vehicle heterogeneity in optimal emissions abatement

Abstract We exploit cross-sectional repair cost and emissions data to estimate an abatement cost schedule for vehicles participating in a program in California's San Joaquin Valley to reduce tailpipe emissions. We find that 1995 and older model year vehicles have a lower marginal abatement cost than newer vehicles across all emissions levels. Since older vehicles are also significantly more polluting, an optimal allocation of emissions-related repair funds should target these vehicles. Total emissions reductions could be improved by an estimated 20% if the program has to shift from the actual flat $500 voucher to the first-best vehicle-specific voucher scheme. A two-tier voucher based on vehicle model year would yield a 15% decrease in emissions over the flat voucher, achieving three fourths of the remaining potential abatement. We also use our estimated abatement cost schedule to provide a measure of the foregone emissions reductions for this fleet due to the current structure of the California Smog Check program. Optimally redistributing the total expenditure required to bring each vehicle to California Smog Check standards could further reduce emissions by an estimated 19–31%.
Prevention, solution-focused therapy, and the illusion of mental disorders

This chapter highlights theoretical tensions between prevention models and treatment models. Treatment models look for specific causes of specific problems and attempt to deal with them by means of specific tailored interventions. In contrast, prevention models involve the creation of generalized positive conditions that decrease the incidence of multiple negative consequences. For example, water purification prevents numerous water-borne diseases, while a specific antibiotic would be used to kill a particular bacterium. The chapter points out that emphasis of solution-focused therapy on building on strengths and seeking exceptions to problem behavior (rather than looking for its causes and seeking to deal with them) fits well with prevention models.
Associative symmetry: III. Complex maze learning in humans

Two groups of subjects (1 and 2) were required to learn a 10-choice pencil maze. A backward trial was interpolated every sixth run, with Group 1 going from goal to start on the same maze and Group 2 making the return trip on a different maze. Group 1 learned the backward task significantly faster than Group 2, indicating that associative symmetry occurred during forward learning.
Logistic quantile regression for bounded outcomes

When research interest lies in continuous outcome variables that take on values within a known range (e.g. a visual analog scale for pain within 0 and 100 mm), the traditional statistical methods, such as least-squares regression, mixed-effects models, and even classic nonparametric methods such as the Wilcoxon's test, may prove inadequate. Frequency distributions of bounded outcomes are often unimodal, U-shaped, and J-shaped. To the best of our knowledge, in the biomedical and epidemiological literature bounded outcomes have seldom been analyzed by appropriate methods that, for one, correctly constrain inference to lie within the feasible range of values. In many respects, continuous bounded outcomes can be likened to probabilities or propensities. Yet, what has long been heeded when modeling the probability of binary outcomes with the widespread use of logistic and probit regression, so far appears to have been overlooked with continuous bounded outcomes with consequences at times disastrous. Logistic quantile regression constitutes an effective method to fill this gap.
Geographical and genetic structure of life-history variation in milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus)

Life-history variation was investigated using crosses within and among the laboratory-bred descendants of six geographic samples of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. These samples spanned the species' range, from permanent (year-round) populations on tropical islands to seasonal middle-latitude populations found in temperate North America. The seasonal populations must be refounded each year by colonists from more southern populations. Marked differences in life-history traits (particularly in age at first reproduction, clutch size, and rate of egg production) were observed among the six population samples, with tropical-island and west-coast populations being the most distinct. In the eastern and central United States, there was a marked north-south difference in life history. Crossing experiments demonstrated a genetic basis for these differences. F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses between continental populations tended to have intermediate phenotypes. The similarity of the seasonal middle-latitude populations' life histories and the consistency of the distribution of life-history characteristics among populations (across years) may indicate that the north-south difference in life history is due to selection on these traits during the annual northward movement or that migrants represent a distinct genetic form of this species.
K-ras mutations in Müllerian inclusion cysts associated with serous borderline tumors of the ovary.

Abstract Objective. Mullerian inclusion cysts (MIC) are small benign appearing glands that are occasionally noted in lymph nodes and peritoneal biopsies. They occur most frequently in women with serous ovarian tumors, with borderline tumors (SBOT) having a higher incidence than invasive cancers. The aim of this study was to examine whether MIC and SBOT have identical K- ras mutations, which would suggest that they are related. Methods. Six patients in whom adequate tissue was available from SBOT, MIC, and normal tissue were identified from a consecutive series of patients with SBOT who underwent lymph node sampling from 1992 to 1997 at Duke University Medical Center. DNA extraction was performed using laser capture microdissection. Exon 1 of the K- ras gene was amplified using PCR and subjected to single-strand conformation analysis to screen for mutations. Shifted bands were sequenced to confirm the presence of mutations. Results. Mutations in codon 12 of K- ras were found in three of six (50%) SBOT. In two of these three cases, the identical mutation was found in the SBOT and the MIC (gly to val in both cases), but not in the corresponding normal DNA. In one case, a mutation was seen in the ovarian tumor (gly to asp), but not in the corresponding MIC. Conclusions. Mutations in codon 12 of the K- ras gene are a hallmark of serous borderline tumors. The presence of identical K- ras mutations in some SBOT and their associated MIC suggests that they are related processes. Both may arise due to a field effect, or alternatively some MIC may represent metastases from the primary ovarian tumor.
Effects of conditionality on INDSCAL and ALSCAL weights

The role of conditionality in the INDSCAL and ALSCAL procedures is explained. The effects of conditionality on subject weights produced by these procedures is illustrated via a single set of simulated data. Results emphasize the need for caution in interpreting subject weights provided by these techniques.
The “tower in a park” in America: Theory and practice, 1920–1960

This paper examines the history of widely‐spaced, high‐rise “tower in a park” housing in America in the middle decades of the 20th century. While acknowledging the influence of the urbanism of Le Corbusier, it is focused on the development of this housing type in the United States, where other influences also played a role. I look at how European modernist ideas were received into the tradition of housing reform centred in New York, and discuss the 1934 study of the Housing Study Guild (Henry Wright, Lewis Mumford, Albert Mayer and Carol Aronovici) which argued that cruciform‐plan high‐rises were the most economical form of rental housing in areas of high land values. I then examine the projects produced after this realization, notably the New York City Housing Authority's Red Hook Houses and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's Parkchester, both opened in 1940, the models for scores of other, similar projects such as Stuyvesant Town, Metropolitan Life's second tower project opened in 1948. The large...
Mathematical modeling of a parallel global optimization algorithm

Abstract We describe the formation of a mathematical model of a reasonably complex parallel global optimization program, and the use of this model to assist in the development and understanding of the underlying parallel algorithm. First we discuss the formation of a model that accurately matched execution times of the parallel program on an Intel hypercube. Then we discuss the use of this model to simulate the behavior of our parallel algorithm in a variety of new situations, in order to detect weaknesses in the parallel algorithm and analyze possible improvements to it. We believe that this combination of parallel computer implementation and mathematical modeling is a useful approach in parallel algorithm development.
Continuous feedback pedagogical patterns

Successful teachers recognize there is more to teaching than mastering content. Concern for student learning is the central theme. Over time, teachers develop a repertoire of best practices, classroom skills, and methods that have proven effective for them. The teaching patterns presented here were gathered from our collective experience in the classroom and those we have observed among our colleagues. The patterns presented in this paper focus on continuous feedback. Some patterns involve direct feedback from the teacher to the student while others involve feedback from the students to the teacher. Several of the patterns can be adapted for use in classrooms ranging from kindergarten to adult learning and to seminars and workshops in the business and industrial communities.
Daily stressors and adult day service use by family caregivers: effects on depressive symptoms, positive mood, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate.

Objective: This study examines effects of daily use of adult day service (ADS) programs by caregivers of individuals with dementia (IWD) on a salivary biomarker of stress reactivity, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), and whether these effects on DHEA-S are associated with daily variability in positive mood and depressive symptoms. Methods: We used a daily diary design of 8 consecutive days with alternation of intervention (ADS) and nonintervention days to evaluate within- and between-person effects of the intervention. Family caregivers (N ¼ 151) of IWD who were using ADS were interviewed daily by telephone at home. Saliva samples were collected from caregivers five times a day for 8 consecutive days and were assayed for DHEA-S. Daily telephone interviews assessed daily stressors and mood. Results: DHEA-S levels were significantly higher on days after ADS use. Daily DHEA-S levels covaried significantly with daily positive mood but not with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: These results demonstrate an association of ADS use by family caregivers and higher DHEA-S levels on the next day. Prior research has found that higher DHEA-S levels are protective against the physiologic damaging effects of stressor exposure and may reduce risks of illness. Regular use of ADS may help reduce depletion of DHEA-S and allow the body to mount a protective and restorative response to the physiologic demands of caregiving. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine DHEA-S levels across the day in connection with an intervention that affected daily exposure to stressors. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; -:-e-)
Elementary Proofs of Error Estimates for the Midpoint and Simpson's Rules

(2009). Elementary Proofs of Error Estimates for the Midpoint and Simpson's Rules. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 365-370.
Computer based harmonic simulation and testing for protective relays

Abstract This paper discusses a unique simulation method to study harmonics using a computer-based three phase harmonics source, programmable three phase voltage and current amplifiers, a digital-to-analog interface board, and a computer program. This paper can be useful for educational purposes and in research facilities to teach and perform research on harmonic related problems. This simulation method has been used in the center for energy studies for the past 3 yr in many research projects.
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Workers' incentives to seek employment and remain employed are affected by a number of government policies. The policies themselves are in turn influenced by the political beliefs of the electorate about what working conditions and incomes should be. Using a simultaneous equations model of political climate and labor market conditions, this study shows that political liberalism may lead to decreased labor force participation and higher unemployment, particularly for women.
Online Resources in MEMS Technology for Professional and Educational Development

Over the last twenty years, the National Science Foundation (NSF) through its Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program has funded many ATE centers across the United State of America to advance the technician level work force in the Country. One of these centers is the Southwest Center for Microsystems Education (SCME) located at the University of New Mexico. The SCME offers educational materials and professional development at no cost. These materials and professional development opportunities include sponsored conferences, downloadable written materials for instructors and students, YouTube channels providing lectures, animations and videos, hands-on kits for the classroom, micro and nano films, webinars, online distance learning courses and mentoring opportunities for educators. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v3i1.5841
The incidence of endophthalmitis following transconjunctival sutureless 25- vs 20-gauge vitrectomy

To determine the incidence of endophthalmitis following 25-gauge and standard 20-gauge vitrectomy. In this single-centre retrospective interventional case series, we evaluated the incidence of acute endophthalmitis occurring within the 14-day postoperative period in all patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy between 1 November 2002 and 31 December 2006. A total of 3477 consecutive patients were identified. Of them, 3046 patients underwent 20-gauge vitrectomy and 431 underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy. The event rates of postoperative endophthalmitis were 0.03% (1 of 3046) after 20-gauge vitrectomy and 0.23% (1 of 431) after 25-gauge vitrectomy (P=0.23). In the endophthalmitis case that occurred after 25-gauge vitrectomy, a combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery was performed with the 25-gauge vitrectomy. Analyses of event rates of postoperative endophthalmitis after combining phacoemulsification cataract surgery and vitrectomy were 0% (0 of 170) for 20-gauge vitrectomy and 2.17% (1 of 46) for 25-gauge surgery vitrectomy (P=0.21). The incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis following 25-gauge vitrectomy and 20-gauge surgery is low. Although there is a trend suggesting an increased risk of endophthalmitis with the 25-gauge system, this difference was not statistically significant given the low number of measured outcomes.
Modifier of rudimentary p1, mod(r)p1, a trans-acting regulatory mutation of rudimentary.

Modifier of rudimentaryp1 (mod(r)p1) is a hybrid dysgenesis-induced mutation isolated as a suppressor of rhd1, a hypomorphic rudimentary(r) allele in Drosophila melanogaster.mod(r)p1 has opposite effects on two of the rudimentary mutant phenotypes. It suppresses the wing truncation associated with hypomorphic r alleles, which was the phenotype used to isolate it. On the other hand, it does not suppress the sterility of r females and in fact decreases the fertility of wild-type females. This infertility is associated with a drastic decrease in r expression in mod(r)p1 females. P elementagging was used to clone the mutant allele, mod(r)p1. Subsequently, 28 kb of genomic DNA encompassing the wild-type mod(r) gene in the chromosomal region 1B was cloned. mod(r) encodes a 1.3 kb transcript which is not detected in the mod(r)p1 mutant. The sequences of mod(r) cDNA clones reveal that the gene encodes a protein of 200 amino acids in length. When compared to sequences in GenBank, the amino acid sequence did not reveal any long sequences similarities. However, the structure of the protein reveals similarities to known transcription factors. The N-terminal half of the protein is very acidic, whereas the C-terminal half is basic. The basic domain suggests a possible DNA-binding domain, while the acidic domain suggests a transcriptional activation domain. Consistent with this possibility is the fact that mod(r) acts through the 5' control region of the rudimentary gene to control its expression.
Separation property for Schrödinger operators on Riemannian manifolds

We consider a Schrodinger differential expression L=ΔM+q on a complete Riemannian manifold (M,g) with metric g, where ΔM is the scalar Laplacian on M and q≥0 is a locally square integrable function on M. In the terminology of Everitt and Giertz, the differential expression L is said to be separated in L2(M) if for all u∈L2(M) such that Lu∈L2(M), we have qu∈L2(M). We give sufficient conditions for L to be separated in L2(M).
Oscillatory magnetoresistance of gallium

We present the results of an experimental investigation of the oscillatory magnetoresistance of gallium. The frequency spectrum of the large-amplitude magnetic-breakdown-generated oscillations for field directions in the $bc$ plane was measured. A particularly rich spectrum which includes five previously unreported frequency components was observed for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$ along the $c$ axis. The results are compared with existing de Haas-van Alphen data as well as with the best available. Fermi-surface model due to Reed. We discuss a possible interpretation of the data in terms of the one-dimensional coupled orbit network which emerges from Reed's calculation, but for which the consequences have not been previously considered. The calculation is shown to be only partially consistent with the experimental data.
Colossal kinetic isotope effects in proton-coupled electron transfer.

The kinetics of reduction of benzoquinone (Q) to hydroquinone (H2Q) by the Os(IV) hydrazido (trans-[OsIV(tpy)(Cl)2(N(H)N(CH2)4O)]-PF6 = [1]PF6, tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine), sulfilimido (trans-[OsIV-(tpy)(Cl)2(NS(H)-4-C6H4Me)]PF6 = [2]PF6), and phosphoraniminato (trans-[OsIV(Tp)(Cl)2(NP(H)(Et)2)] = [3], Tp– = tris(pyrazolyl)-borate) complexes have been studied in 1:1 (vol/vol) CH3CN/H2O and CH3CN/D2O (1.0 M in NH4PF6/KNO3 at 25.0 ± 0.1°C). The reactions are first order in both [Q] and Os(IV) complex and occur by parallel pH-independent (k1) and pH-dependent (k2) pathways that can be separated by pH-dependent measurements. Saturation kinetics are observed for the acid-independent pathway, consistent with formation of a H-bonded intermediate (KA) followed by a redox step (kred). For the pH-independent pathway, k1(H2O)/k1(D2O) kinetic isotope effects are 455 ± 8 for [1+], 198 ± 6 for [2+], and 178 ± 5 for [3]. These results provide an example of colossal kinetic isotope effects for proton-coupled electron transfer reactions involving nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus as proton-donor atoms.
Linear dichroism properties and orientations of different ultraviolet transition moments of benzo[a]pyrene derivatives bound noncovalently and cova

Abstract Linear dichroism and absorption methods are used to study the orientations of transition moments of absorption bands of polycyclic aromatic epoxide derivatives which overlap with those of the DNA band in the 240–300 nm region. Both the short and long axes of the pyrene residues of 1-oxiranylpyrene (1-OP) and the (+) and (−) enantiomers of trans -7, 8-dihydroxy- anti -9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (BPDE) noncovalently bound to double-stranded native DNA are oriented approximately perpendicular to the axis of the DNA helix, consistent with intercalative modes of binding. The covalent binding of these three epoxide derivatives to DNA is accompanied by reorientations of both the short and long axes of the pyrene residues. Covalent adducts derived from the highly mutagenic (+)- anti -BPDE are characterized by tilts of the short axis within 35 ° or less, and of the long axis by more than 60–80 °, with respect to the planes of the DNA bases. In the adducts derived from the binding of the less mutagenic (−)- anti -BPDE and 1-OP epoxide derivatives to DNA, the long axes of the pyrenyl rings are predominantly oriented within 25 ° of the planes of the DNA bases; however, in the case of the (−) enantiomer of BPDE, there is significant heterogeneity of conformations. In the case of the 1-OP covalent DNA adducts, the short axis of the pyrene ring system is tilted away from the planes of the DNA bases, and the pyrene ring system is not intercalated between DNA base-pairs as in the noncovalent complexes. The stereochemical properties of the saturated 7,8,9,10-ring in BPDE, or the lack of the 7 and 8 carbon atoms in 1-OP, do not seem to affect noncovalent intercalative complex formation which, most likely, is influenced mainly by the flat pyrenyl residues. These structural features, however, strongly influence the conformations of the covalent adducts, which in turn may be responsible for the differences in the mutagenic activities of these molecules.
Using Children's Literature to Promote Critical Geographic Awareness in Elementary Classrooms.

The cornerstone of sound social studies pedagogy is the ability of teachers to use materials that spur students to think critically, reflect honestly, and to participate purposefully and passionately. This article illustrates how elementary teachers can use select children's literature that prompts students to think critically about their geographic surroundings and encourages student-centered reflection and action.
The science/industry interface in clay mineralogy: aluminum hydroxide ― A case history

Abstract Industrial uses of aluminum hydroxide include those as fire retardant, filler, pigment, adsorbent, catalyst, and pharmaceutical products such as antacids. Pharmaceutical companies have done limited basic research on aluminum hydroxide materials used as antacids. Much of the basic work on aluminum hydroxide has been done by soil scientists and mineralogists, with Canadian scientists being among the most active. Inadequate understanding of the true nature of the aluminum hydroxide compounds used as antacids prevented pharmaceutical companies from fully defining and characterizing them, and, as a consequence, prevented the companies from diagnosing their problems and/or contacting outside scientists who could help them. This is a case history of how an interface between science and industry was developed in the area of aluminum hydroxide antacid materials. The contributions that we have made are those which many researchers in clay mineralogy are equipped to make, namely: (1) characterization of raw materials (clays, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, etc.), and (2) the use of a surface and colloid chemistry approach to problems involving particle interactions in formulations. Suggestions for establishing and enhancing the interface between scientists in clay mineralogy and industries utilizing clays and clay minerals are given.
Designing a lean infrastructure

Without the right infrastructure, even the very best manufacturing systems will not operate to their full potential. The author presents a method to design and implement a lean infrastructure. Lean, flexible, just-in-time controlled manufacturing systems consist of modules, or cells, dealing with high level distributed data processing and automated material flow, using highly flexible, computer controlled (and in some cases manually operated) material and information processors within an integrated, multilayered feedback control architecture.
A new ghost-node method for linking different models and initial investigations of heterogeneity and nonmatching grids

A flexible, robust method for linking parent (regional-scale) and child (local-scale) grids of locally refined models that use different numerical methods is developed based on a new, iterative ghost-node method. Tests are presented for two-dimensional and three-dimensional pumped systems that are homogeneous or that have simple heterogeneity. The parent and child grids are simulated using the block-centered finite-difference MODFLOW and control-volume finite-element FEHM models, respectively. The models are solved iteratively through head-dependent (child model) and specified-flow (parent model) boundary conditions. Boundary conditions for models with nonmatching grids or zones of different hydraulic conductivity are derived and tested against heads and flows from analytical or globally-refined models. Results indicate that for homogeneous two- and three-dimensional models with matched grids (integer number of child cells per parent cell), the new method is nearly as accurate as the coupling of two MODFLOW models using the shared-node method and, surprisingly, errors are slightly lower for nonmatching grids (noninteger number of child cells per parent cell). For heterogeneous three-dimensional systems, this paper compares two methods for each of the two sets of boundary conditions: external heads at head-dependent boundary conditions for the child model are calculated using bilinear interpolation or a Darcy-weighted interpolation; specified-flow boundary conditions for the parent model are calculated using model-grid or hydrogeologic-unit hydraulic conductivities. Results suggest that significantly more accurate heads and flows are produced when both Darcy-weighted interpolation and hydrogeologic-unit hydraulic conductivities are used, while the other methods produce larger errors at the boundary between the regional and local models. The tests suggest that, if posed correctly, the ghost-node method performs well. Additional testing is needed for highly heterogeneous systems.
Brownian diffusion of submicrometer particles in the viscous sublayer

Diffusion of Brownian submicrometer particles from a point source in the vicous sublayer of a turbulent shear flow near a solid smooth wall is considered in this paper. The equation of motion of particles including the Brownian effect is considered. Ensembles of 500 particle trajectories are evaluated, compiled, and statistically analyzed. Effects of particle size, density ratio, and source distance from the wall on particle concentration profile and wall deposition rate are studied. The results are compared with those obtained from the exact solution to the corresponding convective diffusion equation in the absence of turbulent fluctuations. The effect of turbulence near a wall is also considered. The results show that the Brownian effects play a significant role in the diffusion of submicrometer particles at distances less than 2 wall units from the solid surface. The effect of turbulence, however, could become significant during the ejection/inrush process.
The structure of DinB from Geobacillus stearothermophilus: a representative of a unique four‐helix‐bundle superfamily

The crystal structure of the dinB gene product from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GsDinB) is reported at 2.5 A resolution. The dinB gene is one of the DNA-damage-induced genes and the corresponding protein, DinB, is the founding member of a Pfam family with no known function. The protein contains a four-helix up–down–down–up bundle that has previously been described in the literature in three disparate proteins: the enzyme MDMPI (mycothiol-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase), YfiT and TTHA0303, a member of a small DUF (domain of unknown function). However, a search of the DALI structural database revealed similarities to a further 11 new unpublished structures contributed by structural genomics centers. The sequences of these proteins are quite divergent and represent several Pfam families, yet their structures are quite similar and most (but not all) seem to have the ability to coordinate a metal ion using a conserved histidine-triad motif. The structural similarities of these diverse proteins suggest that a new Pfam clan encompassing the families that share this fold should be created. The proteins that share this fold exhibit four different quaternary structures: monomeric and three different dimeric forms.
Stability of maternal discipline practices and the quality of mother–child interaction during toddlerhood

Abstract This study examined the stability of maternal punitive/high-power discipline (PD) and inductive/authoritative discipline (ID) over the second and third years of life and the effect of maternal discipline on quality of mother–child interactions. Data from a longitudinal sample with 179 mother–toddler dyads were analyzed, and selected factors (i.e., child sex, temperament) that might moderate the association between maternal discipline and quality of mother–child interactions were also examined. Maternal discipline, quality of mother–child interactions, and temperamental moderators were measured at 16–18 months (Time 1) and 34–37 months (Time 2). Results showed that the stability of maternal use of discipline strategies over the toddler years was moderate. Lower maternal use of PD, higher maternal use of ID, and higher preference/reliance on ID (relative to PD) were associated with higher quality of mother–child interactions. Moderation effects of child temperament were also found. High ID and PD were associated with low quality of mother–child relationships in non-temperamentally difficult children but not in temperamentally difficult children.
Low maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and diminished neuromotor and neurocognitive performance in offspring with schizophrenia

Objective Previous research has linked maternal anemia during pregnancy with increased risk for schizophrenia in offspring. However, no study has sought to determine whether this early insult leads to a more severe form of the disorder, characterized by worsened motor and neurocognitive functioning.
Strength variability in brittle materials with stabilizing and destabilizing resistance fields

Abstract Variability in the fracture strength of materials with flaws which experience various stabilizing and destabilizing fields during their extension to failure is examined. Two cases are considered: (a) when the flaws are subjected to a residual surface stress, and (b) when the resistance to crack extension increases with crack length (R- or T-curve behavior). In the analysis, the crack size distribution is treated as continuous. By invoking the equilibrium and instability criteria for fracture, and by describing the physical stabilizing and destabilizing fields in terms of the appropriate stress intensity factors, the forms of the strength distributions are obtained. General forms for the crack size distribution are assumed and fundamental statistical descriptors, mean and standard deviation, are used to characterize the strength and variability. The results of the analysis are insensitive to the crack size distribution assumed and indicate that the variability in the cases studied is not necessarily a monotonic function of the microstructural variables. Directions for altering the microstructure of materials in order to obtain optimum strength and variability characteristics are discussed.
Models for detection of drug use in the U.S. Navy

Abstract Drug use in the Navy and the civilian sector, the source of new Navy personnel, continues to concern Navy managers. The Navy currently conducts a random urinalysis program to deter and detect drug abuse. Navy field commanders, who are responsible for execution of the testing program at their units, have latitude in both the frequency and rate of drug testing. The entire program is governed by strict procedural and legal safeguards. However, no systematic analysis of the sampling program has been undertaken to discover cheaper, more effective alternatives. This paper develops probabilistic models for urinalysis testing. Several observations are made concerning current practice, both with and without gaming. An alternative testing procedure is analyzed. This alternative procedure is the basis for a new microcomputer-based random urinalysis strategy currently under development by the U.S. Navy.
Human evolution: Fifty years after Homo habilis

Bernard Wood explains why the announcement of 'handy man' in April 1964 threw the field of hominin evolution into a turmoil that continues to this day.
The Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism: A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and progressive skeletal sclerosis

A distinct syndrome is delineated on the basis of two previously reported and one newly described case. The syndrome combines multiple congenital anomalies with a progressive skeletal dysplasia-dysostosis. The gradual evolution of the skeletal disorder is demonstrated in the present patient. It will now be possible to diagnose this syndrome at birth.
AGE CHANGES IN SIZE AND NUMBER OF THE GIANT MITOCHONDRIA IN THE FLIGHT MUSCLE OF THE COMMON HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.).

Abstract Changes in the giant mitochondria (sarcosomes) in the flight muscles of the ageing housefly Musca domestica L. have been quantitatively determined and the results incorporated in the present paper. Variations in mitochondrial size and number are both sex-related and age-dependent. In the male fly both mean size as well as the total number of mitochondria per fly increase up to the beginning of the second week and then begin to decline by the end of the second week. In the female, the maximum size and number are also reached by the third day and remain unchanged until the end of the third week, at which time both size and number then show a dramatic decline. From observations of specific changes in the populations of differently sized sarcosomes, it is inferred that multiplication, growth, and lysis of mitochondria are continuous processes throughout the life-span of the flies, but that their rates differ with age. In the male fly these changes in size and number of the mitochondria are preceded by the loss of wings and a decline in ATP-ase and in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activities, whereas in the female fly such mitochondrial variations occur with the decline in the physical and biochemical functions of flight.
Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on multi-unit activity of the hypothalamus in rats

Multi-unit activity was recorded from the diencephalon of unanesthetized, immobilized female rats. Less than 50% of the recording sites in the hypothalamus showed changes in the level of multi-unit activity to changes in the level of glucose utilization induced by injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). It was also not possible to specificy an area within the hypothalamus in which there was a concentration of recording sites which consistently responded to 2-DG. Relatively large amplitude, long duration changes in multi-unit activity levels were also observed in the optic tract, suggesting that 2-DG induced a widespread cellular metabolic response to glucoprivation which may not have been related to the regulation of feeding.
Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia undergo surface antigenic variation in vitro and in vivo. The presence of variant trophozoites can be detected in clones after exposure to cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies. Surviving Giardia (progeny) no longer possess the initial major surface antigen which is replaced by new antigens. Exposure of a clone from one progeny to another cytotoxic mAb specific to one newly appearing surface antigen resulted in the loss of this antigen and replacement by another set of antigens. The frequency of change was rapid (1:100-1:1000) and was dependent upon the isolate. The presence of variant populations in clones was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence using mAbs to major surface antigens of subsequent progeny. The putative amino acid sequence of a portion of one antigen revealed a cysteine-rich composition which was confirmed in this variant protein as well as others by preferential uptake of [35S]cysteine. The mechanism(s) responsible most likely involves genomic rearrangements since Southern blots revealed a family of related genes which changed frequently compared to other areas of the genome. However, expression-linked copies have not been detected. Loss and gain of surface antigens have also been found in gerbils and humans infected with defined clones, but there does not appear to be cyclical appearance of variant populations. The biological importance of antigenic variation is not known but it may contribute to chronic and/or repeated infections.