cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OSS : the secret history of America's first central intelligence agency

OSS: America's First Central Intelligence Agency CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Donovan's Dreamers 1 2 The Torch of Reaction 36 3 Mediterranean Interlude 68 4 Italian Sunset 83 5 Of Communists and Kings 123 6 "Contre Nous de la Tyrannie" 163 7 Herrengasse 23 204 8 The Chinese Puzzle 242 9 "Save England's Asiatic Colonies" 286 10 Mission to Indochina 320 11 OSS and CIA: The Espionage Gap 361 12 Notes 387 Bibliography 421 Index up0 437
Horseradish peroxidase degrades lipid hydroperoxides and suppresses lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of phenolic antioxidants.

Linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH) was effectively degraded by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of quercetin. Several natural phenolic antioxidants, such as quercetin, capsaicin, and α-tocopherol, acted as good hydrogen donors in the peroxidase reaction that occurs during lipid hydroperoxide degradation. However, glutathione, which is a non-phenolic antioxidant that acts as a hydrogen donor for glutathione peroxidase, could not suppress lipid peroxidation in the presence of HRP. Lipid hydroperoxides generated from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also degraded with HRP in the presence of quercetin, and oxidative decomposition of DHA was suppressed by this reaction.
The Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor Is a Component of Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Preintegration Complexes

Retroviral integration in vivo is mediated by preintegration complexes (PICs) derived from infectious virions. In addition to the integrase enzyme and cDNA substrate, PICs contain a variety of viral and host cell proteins. Whereas two different cell proteins, high-mobility group protein A1 (HMGA1) and the barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), were identified as integration cofactors based on activities in in vitro PIC assays, only HMGA1 was previously identified as a PIC component. By using antibodies against known viral and cellular PIC components, we demonstrate here functional coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous BAF protein with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PICs. Since integrase protein and integration activity were also coimmunoprecipitated by anti-BAF antibodies, we conclude that BAF is a component of HIV-1 PICs. These data are consistent with the model that BAF functions as an integration cofactor in vivo.
No Idea of Justice: A Social Contractarian Response to Sen and Nussbaum

In The Idea of Justice (2009) and Frontiers of Justice (2006), Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, respectively, put forth their own ideas about justice and criticize social contractarian approaches t...
Aberrations for grazing incidence telescopes.

The wavefront aberration polynomial and transverse ray aberration expansions will be derived for grazing incidence two-mirror Wolter telescopes including all paraboloid-hyperboloid and paraboloid-ellipsoid combinations. The reference sphere is determined with the help of the principal surface of the telescope, and the aberration polynomials will be given as functions of the coordinates of the ray intersection with the reference sphere. Third -and some of the fifth-order and seventh-order aberration terms will be analyzed. Also, the well-known relationship between wavefront aberration polynomials and transverse ray aberration polynomials will be verified.
Determination of the quantum density matrix from experiment: An application to positron annihilation

This paper presents a simple method for determining a one-particle quantum density matrix for an electronic system using experimental data as input. The resulting matrix has proper trace value and is idempotent as required by quantum mechanics. With the use of this method the density matrix is calculated for two different model systems and for a Cu-Ge alloy. The population of the s, p, and d states of part of a band of the alloy are determined from the resulting matrix. The effect of symmetry on the technique is clarified and the inclusion of a positron wave function for momentum-density measurements is outlined.
New method for calculating series expansions of correlation functions in the d = 2 Ising model

We exhibit a new method for calculating high-and low-temperature series expansions for diagonal spin-spin correlation functions in the $d=2$ Ising model. The method makes use of a differential equation obeyed by these functions.
Primitives for asynchronous list compression

In this paper we study the problem of asynchronous processors traversing a list with path compression. We show that if an atomic splice operation is available, the worst-case work forp processors traversing a list of length h is Θ(np 1/2). The splice operation can be generalized to removek elements from the list. For thek-splice operation the worst-case work is Θ(np 1/ k+1).
Flame induced vorticity: Effects of stretch

In many conbustion situations the flame may be regarded as an interface separating fluids of different densities: fresh reactants from burnt products. Basic considerations of such thin flames indicate that in general the velocity field in the burnt regions is rotational; that is, flames produce vorticity. The circulation of the above flow depends linearly on the flame stretch. In order to account for the jump in normal velocity across the flamefront, the flame may be thought to consist of a collection of sources whose strength depends on the density ratio and the laminar flame speed. For flames of finite length it is shown that the cumulative action of these sources induces an additional contribution to the stretch, and thus to the circulation. The sense of rotation of this flame-induced circulation is such as to decrease the flame-induced stretch. The effects of vorticity production on the velocity field is illustrated for the case, of the stretch caused by the presence of the flame only, and for the stretch dominated by cold flow inhomogeneities, in steady flow conditions. The results indicate that for flames of finite extent, the production of vorticity forms an integral part of the ovarall velocity field and that ignoring the effects of fluid rotation may lead to results not in accordance with experiment.
A simulation model of the ELHILL 3 system of the National Library of Medicine

The ELHILL 3 system of the National Library of Medicine is one of the world's largest online information retrieval systems, providing access to many different files via MEDLINE, TOXLINE, CATLINE, SDILINE, CHEMLINE, AVLINE, etc. In order to determine whether cost reductions are possible for systems of online bibliographic retrieval, stochastic models were developed that are capable of projecting the operational and cost performance of different configurations handling the same known workload as ELHILL 3. The existing configuration (multiprocessor system consisting of two tightly‐coupled IBM 370/158s) was first modeled, establishing a baseline for performance comparison. A systems approach was followed in building the model. This involved decomposition of the ELHILL 3 system into quantifiable components, analysis of the components, integration of the components into a network model, and performance measurement via discrete event procedures. The model is a network of processing activities, decision points, queues, and services, and the passage of individual user transactions through the retrieval system is simulated. Alternative configurations are modeled (e.g. distributed processing systems) for ELHILL 3, and tested for cost and performance projections.
Morphology and immunoreactivity of retrogradely double-labeled ganglion cells in the mouse retina.

PURPOSE To examine the specificity and reliability of a retrograde double-labeling technique that was recently established for identification of retinal ganglion cells (GCs) and to characterize the morphology of displaced (d)GCs (dGs). METHODS A mixture of the gap-junction-impermeable dye Lucifer yellow (LY) and the permeable dye neurobiotin (NB) was applied to the optic nerve stump for retrograde labeling of GCs and the cells coupled with them. A confocal microscope was adopted for morphologic observation. RESULTS GCs were identified by LY labeling, and they were all clearly labeled by NB. Cells coupled to GCs contained a weak NB signal but no LY. LY and NB revealed axon bundles, somas and dendrites of GCs. The retrogradely identified GCs numbered approximately 50,000 per retina, and they constituted 44% of the total neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Somas of retrogradely identified dGs were usually negative for glycine, ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), bNOS (brain-type nitric oxidase), GAD (glutamate decarboxylase), and glial markers, and occasionally, they were weakly GABA-positive. dGs averaged 760 per retina and composed 1.7% of total GCs. Sixteen morphologic subtypes of dGs were encountered, three of which were distinct from known GCs. dGs sent dendrites to either sublaminas of the IPL, mostly sublamina a. CONCLUSIONS The retrograde labeling is reliable for identification of GCs. dGs participate in ON and OFF light pathways but favor the OFF pathway. ChAT, bNOS, glycine, and GAD remain reliable AC markers in the GCL. GCs may couple to GABAergic ACs, and the gap junctions likely pass NB and GABA.
Computing generators of groups preserving a bilinear form over residue class rings

We construct generators for symplectic and orthogonal groups over residue class rings modulo an odd prime power. These generators have been implemented and are available in the computer algebra system GAP.
Cooperative Control of a Team of AUVs Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics With Restricted Communication

In this paper, the problem of controlling a team of AUVs in an environment containing obstacles and under communication restrictions is addressed. The control methodology is decentralized and utilizes Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which allows each agent to be modeled as a single fluid particle, with forces acting upon it. Studies are conducted concerning the effect of the interpolation kernel’s width to allow uniform distribution of the vehicles in the goal region. The ability to model an adverse region using the SPH methodology is also addressed. Simulations are included that demonstrate the effect that the kernel’s width has on the dynamics of the system, as well as the effect of modeling adverse particles in the domain.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Analyses for petroleum-related contaminants in marine fish and sediments following the Gulf oil spill

Abstract Approximately 1 year after Kuwaiti crude oil was spilled and burned during the Gulf War, scientists on board the NOAA R/V Mt Mitchell sampled sediment and biota in the Gulf to look for evidence of petroleum contamination. Subtidal sediments and fish bile were analysed for petroleum-related aromatic compounds (ACs) on board the Mt Mitchell using cost-effective and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) screening methods. Parent ACs and their alkyl homologs were measured in sediments. However, because fish extensively metabolize ACs in their livers to form polar metabolites that are concentrated in bile for excretion, metabolites of ACs were measured in bile. HPLC screening analyses found ACs in many of the sediment and fish bile samples collected. The results of HPLC screening were confirmed in selected samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses that identified petroleum-related ACs (e.g., alkyl phenanthrenes or dibenzothiophenes) in sediments and their metabolites in bile.
Sub-Kelvin cooler configuration study for the Background Limited Infrared Submillimeter Spectrometer BLISS on SPICA

Abstract The Background Limited Infrared Submillimeter Spectrometer (BLISS) is an instrument proposed for the Japanese space borne telescope mission SPICA. The BLISS concept is a suite of grating spectrometers which combine to cover the 40–400 μm range at resolving power R ∼ 700 with detector sensitivity approaching the natural photon background limits. To achieve the high sensitivity, the BLISS detectors require cooling to 50 mK, well below the 1.7 K cold stage provided on the SPICA spacecraft. We present a thermal architecture for BLISS that includes a thermal intercept stage actively cooled to a temperature in between the 1.7 K cold tip and the detector stage at 50 mK. This architecture requires, essentially, two coolers; one to cool the intercept stage from 1.7 K and one to cool the detectors from the intercept stage temperature to 50 mK. We compared several configurations of flight-heritage coolers to cool the intercept and detector stages. Of the various configurations studied, a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) for each stage has the highest maturity, lowest heat dump at 1.7 K and total mass comparable to other approaches. Other options, such as a Herschel 3 He sorption cooler-ADR hybrid and the recently demonstrated closed cycle version of the dilution cooler on Planck are also feasible for BLISS on SPICA.
Cross-language information retrieval with the UMLS metathesaurus

We investigate an automatic method for Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) that utilizes the multilingual UMLS Metathesaurus to translate Spanish and French natural language queries into English. Two experiments are presented using OHSUMED, a subset of MEDLINE. Both experiments examine retrieval effectiveness of the translated queries. However, in the second experiment, the query translation procedure is augmented with digram based vocabulary normalization procedures. In this comparative study of retrieval effectiveness the measures used are: 11-point-average precision score (11-AvgP); average interpolated precision at recall of 0.1; and noninterpolated (i.e., exact) precision after 10 retrieved documents. Our results indicate that for Spanish the UMLS Metathesaurus based CLIR method appears equivalent to multilingual dictionary based approaches investigated in the current literature French yields less favorable results and our analysis suggests that linguistic differences may have caused the performance differences.
Inhibition of postbinding target cell lysis and of lymphokine-induced enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by in vitro exposure to ultraviolet B radiation

In vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to ultraviolet B (uvB) radiation has been shown to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. The purpose of this study was to examine the manner by which uvB produced these deleterious effects. Inhibition of NK activity was not due to lethal injury to NK cells since the viability of cell populations enriched for NK activity was greater than 90% with the uvB doses employed. uvB appeared to directly affect NK cells since procedures which removed suppressor mechanisms, such as removal of monocytes and pharmacologic inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway, failed to reverse the response. Furthermore, no suppression of activity of unirradiated NK cells could be produced by coincubation of unirradiated NK cells with uv-irradiated NK cells. When the single cell assay for binding and killing was employed to determine at which stage in the lytic sequence inhibition occurred, it was found that binding was normal but lysis of bound targets and the recycling capacity of active NK cells were markedly reduced. At uvB doses above 50 J/m2, both interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) were ineffective in augmenting NK cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions after cells had been irradiated with uvB. Furthermore, incubation of NK cells with IFN-alpha prior to irradiation failed to protect against the inhibitory effects. These studies provide evidence that in vitro exposure of NK cells to uvB radiation inhibits their function by a direct nonlethal effect and that this inhibition occurs selectively at the postbinding stage of target cell lysis.
Investigation of the clay mineral protection theory for non‐hydrolysable nitrogen in soil

The stability of clay minerals and synthetic clay mineral-nitrogen complexes in boiling 6 N hydrochloric acid was studied to determine whether clay minerals in soil could protect nitrogen compounds or ions from solution. The crystal structure of uncomplexed clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, appeared to be destroyed by boiling acid. Interlamellar ammonium did not reduce the solubility of these clay minerals in boiling acid, nor was the ammonium ion protected from solution. However, a number of organic nitrogen compounds (in particular quaternary ammonium salts) markedly reduced the solubility of montmorillonite. In addition the clay mineral reduced the solubility of organic nitrogen compounds in boiling acid. This reduction in solubility did not appear to be due to humin formation or to adsorption of nitrogen compounds on the amorphous residue produced from acid treatment of montmorillonite. The results suggest that a clay mineral protection theory for non-hydrolysable nitrogen is tenable.
Knowledge of travel medicine providers: analysis from a continuing education course.

Background:With millions of international travelers, there has been an increase in the scope and variability of travel medicine providers. A study was conducted to measure the baseline knowledge of providers, determine factors affecting this knowledge, and assess acquisition of knowledge after a continuing education course. Methods: A one-day continuing medical education course was held for health care professionals interested in travel medicine. Prior to the course, attendees completed a test determining knowledge in malaria chemoprophylaxis, traveler's diarrhea management, vaccines, jet lag, the returned traveler, and other areas. An identical test was given after completion of the course. Performance on the test was analyzed by profession, area of specialty training, and experience in travel medicine. Results: Seventy-seven attendees completed the precourse test. Forty-eight percent were physicians and 47% were nurses; 29% specialized in infectious diseases, 22% in occupational medicine and student health, and 18% in family or internal medicine; 60% had ± 1 year of travel medicine experience while 20% had no experience. The precourse test score for all participants was 62.7%± 6.5 (sd). Analysis by profession found that physicians scored the highest (71%). Providers with ± 1 year of travel medicine experience scored higher than those with no experience (67% vs 53%, p < .01). Statistically significant correlations were found between precourse exam results and profession (+.432, p < .001) and travel medicine experience (+.365, p = .002). No significant correlation was found between precourse exam and area of specialty training. Combined mean score on the postcourse exam improved to 81.8%± 4.5, an increase of 17.2% over the precourse score for those who took both tests (p < .001). Conclusions: The profession of the provider and the duration of experience in travel medicine were the most important correlations of baseline knowledge in travel medicine. All groups improved their knowledge following the course. Combining continuing education with clinical experience should be an effective way to train providers in travel medicine.
A comparison of statistical methods for evaluating risk factor changes in community-based studies: an example from the Stanford Three-Community Study.

Abstract The Stanford Three-Community Study was an experiment in which media programs were used in two California towns to reduce the principal risk factors of cardiovascular disease, while a third town was followed as a control. Cohorts were selected in each community and surveyed annually for 4 yr. A statistical analysis using ANOVA and ANOCOVA revealed that there was significant variation between the three communities in baseline risk factor patterns and suggested that the communities, not individuals, be used as the experimental units in testing for reductions. To this end we have employed a regression analysis which fits a linear trend to the mean values of the four annual surveys in each community. This approach is contrasted with standard methodology which ignores the nonrandom allocation of people to communities and, therefore, produces exaggerated significance levels.
Composition and structure of spontaneously adsorbed monolayers of n-perfluorocarboxylic acids on silver

Abstract Monolayer films of n -perfluorocarboxylic acids (CF 3 (CF 2 ) n COOH, where n = 0–2, 5–8) have been formed by spontaneous adsorption at silver. Infrared reflection spectroscopy, optical ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements indicate that these films exhibit low surface free energies, that the carboxylic acid group is symmetrically bound at the silver substrate as a carboxylate bridging ligand, and that the structure is composed of tilted (≈ 40° from the surface normal) perfluorocarbon chains and small structural defects.
Ecology and Engineering: Changing Paradigms

Human activities, particularly in industrialized countries, are placing heavy burdens on the carrying capacity of the Earth and hence challenging engineers to consider new paradigms. Since Sustainable Development has become a standard against which engineering projects are increasingly measured, mission statements and learning goals for academic engineering programs are being modified to reflect growing ecological awareness. Faculty members in liberal arts departments of engineering schools are contributing by developing courses that link ecology with engineering. As part of re-examining the undergraduate curriculum at Colorado School of Mines (CSM), faculty members in the Division of Liberal Arts and International Studies (LAIS) have developed a new core course called “Nature and Human Values.” Changing paradigms would require that engineers be educated to question the sustainability of current patterns of production and consumption and to consider which practices need to be changed. This paper considers principles leading to courses intended to foster new ecological paradigms among engineers.
A reexamination of plasticity-induced crack closure in fatigue crack propagation

Abstract The crack closure concept is often used to consider the R-ratio and overload effects on fatigue crack growth. The presumption is that when the crack is closed, the external load produces negligible fatigue damage in the cracked component. The current investigation provides a reassessment of the frequently used concept with an emphasis on the plasticity-induced crack closure. A center cracked specimen made of 1070 steel was investigated. The specimen was subjected to plane-stress mode I loading. An elastic–plastic stress analysis was conducted for the cracked specimens using the finite element method. By applying the commonly used one-node-per-cycle debonding scheme for the crack closure simulations, it was shown that the predicted crack opening load did not stabilize when the extended crack was less than four times of the plastic zone size. The predicted opening load was strongly influenced by the plasticity model used. When the elastic–perfectly plastic (EPP) stress–strain relationship was used together with the kinematic hardening plasticity theory, the predicted crack opening load was found to be critically dependent on the element size of the finite element mesh model. For R = 0, the predicted crack opening load was greatly reduced when the finite element size became very fine. The kinematic hardening rule with the bilinear (BL) stress–strain relationship predicted crack closure with less dependence on the element size. When a recently developed cyclic plasticity model was used, the element size effect on the predicted crack opening level was insignificant. While crack closure may occur, it was demonstrated that cyclic plasticity persisted in the material near the crack tip. The cyclic plasticity was reduced but not negligible when the crack was closed. The traditional approaches may have overestimated the effect of crack closure in fatigue crack growth predictions.
Mechanical Property Enhancement of Semi-Crystalline Polymers by Solid State Rolling

Amelioration des proprietes mecaniques et de la stabilite chimique de polyethylene haute densite et de polypropylene
Study of the physicochemical and chemical properties of Bence-Jones protein from multiple myeloma

Abstract 1. 1. Several samples of Bence-Jones protein were isolated from urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. The isolation was carried out by different methods and from different urine specimens of the same patient. A sample of the same protein was also isolated from serum of the patient. 2. 2. The isoelectric point, acid-base binding capacity, viscosity, optical rotation, and amino acid composition of the various samples were determined. Significant variations in properties and chemical composition were found for several samples. 3. 3. The homogenity of the isolated Bence-Jones protein was determined by paper electrophoresis and by flocculation with propanol. The samples tested were found to give one single component by paper electrophoresis, but behaved like a mixture of proteins in the floccutation test.
Unique de novo mutation of BRCA2 in a woman with early onset breast cancer

Although it is widely stated that 5-10% of all breast cancers arise as the result of an inherited predisposition, the prevalence of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in unselected ascertainments of women with breast cancer is somewhat lower. In two population based series from the United States, presumably deleterious BRCA1 mutations were identified in only 14 female breast cancer patients out of a combined total of 884 women (1.6%).1,2 In two European series, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were identified in 19/1035 (1.6%) Finnish breast cancer patients3 and 24/1220 (2.0%) breast cancer patients from the UK.4 Because of the low prevalence of detectable mutations, screening of unselected breast cancer patients has not been recommended. Mutation analysis is more often suggested for specific groups of breast cancer patients in whom mutations are more likely to be detected. The decision whether or not to offer genetic testing usually revolves around the presence or absence of a significant family history of breast or ovarian cancer, although age at diagnosis, bilaterality, and ethnicity may be important considerations. A negative family history, however, clearly does not exclude the presence of a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 . In a population based series from the United Kingdom, none of the 13 mutation carriers diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 36 was reported to have had a family history of breast or ovarian cancer in first degree relatives.5 In contrast, in a series from the United States, most mutation carriers in a group of women with early onset breast cancer had a history of breast cancer in either first or second degree relatives.6 However, even in this series, one of the mutation carriers had no family history of breast cancer. The lack of a family history among mutation carriers …
Strategies for total NOx measurement with minimal CO interference utilizing a microporous zeolitic catalytic filter

A strategy is presented for determining total NOx (NO þ NO2) in gas streams at temperatures greater than 400 8C. By using a Pt-loaded zeolite Y as a catalyst filter bed placed before a sensor, NOx species in the gas stream are brought to an equilibrium concentration of NO and NO2 that is determined by the background oxygen concentration and the filter temperature. The equilibrated NOx is then measured with a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) sensor using a chromium oxide sensing electrode. In the absence of the filter NO and NO2 produced responses in opposite directions, while in the presence of the filter, NO and NO2 gave signals of the same magnitude and direction. By varying the temperature of the filter relative to the sensor, the signal magnitude could be increased. Another advantage of the filter is that CO is oxidized to CO2 and thus little interference of CO upon NOx was observed. By introducing a layer of the Pt-zeolite catalyst filter material directly onto a Pt electrode, a pseudo-reference to NOx was formed. This design provides the opportunity for miniaturization as well as removes the need for an air reference. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
D/H ratios in basalt glasses from the Salas y Gomez mantle plume interacting with the East Pacific Rise: Water from old D‐rich recycled crust or primordial water from the lower mantle?

[1] Deuterium/Hydrogen isotope ratios were measured in 22 fresh basalt glasses dredged from young seamounts along the Easter-Salas y Gomez seamount chain (ESC) and from the spreading centers of the Easter Microplate (EMP). The δD values decrease regularly from −36‰ near Salas y Gomez to −63‰, 800 km west on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and the west rift of the EMP. Similar gradients are observed in H2O, Pb and Sr radiogenic isotope ratios, trace element concentrations, and in the ratios of incompatible to moderately incompatible trace elements. Fractionation of the D/H ratios by recent low-temperature near surface processes during the emplacement of these basalts is discounted on the basis of (1) degassing and hydrothermal alteration modeling, (2) the observed correlation of H2O with refractory incompatible elements such as Ce and Th, and (3) the young age and freshness of the basalt glasses studied. The δD variation shows a strong geographical coherence with the long-lived Pb and Sr isotope ratios, suggesting long-lived upper mantle source heterogeneities in D/H and H2O as well. Binary mixing of the δD and H2O-rich Salas y Gomez mantle plume with the depleted upper mantle low in δD and H2O is clearly evident in the covariation of Pb radiogenic-bearing isotope ratios, δD, and H2O along the ESC-EMP. The positive correlations of δD with Pb isotope ratios indicate that the Salas y Gomez mantle plume with HIMU-affinity is rich in deuterium and in H2O. A mantle plume model with two possible variations, not mutually exclusive, namely recycling of old hydrothermally altered and dehydrated crust, with or without entrainment of primordial water from the lower mantle is proposed and evaluated.
Primates, philosophers and the biological basis of morality: a review of primates and philosophers by Frans De Waal, Princeton University Press, 2006, 200 pp

Philosophical inquiries into morality are as old as philosophy, but it may turn out that morality itself is much, much older than that. At least, that is the main thesis of primatologist Frans De Waal, who in this short book based on his Tanner Lectures at Princeton, elaborates on what biologists have been hinting at since Darwin’s (1871) book The Descent of Man and Hamilton’s (1963) studies on the evolution of altruism: morality is yet another allegedly human characteristic that turns out to be built over evolutionary time by natural selection. This sort of intellectual project has historically generated tension between ‘‘the two cultures’’ (Snow 1959), and just a few years ago E. O. Wilson (1998) was predicting an eventual reduction of all humanities to biology by a continuing expansion of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. It is interesting, therefore, to find in De Waal’s book a clear willingness toward dialog, both on the part of the scientist and by the four philosophers (Robert Wright, Christine Korsgaard, Philip Kitcher and Peter Singer) called upon to comment on the main essay. Indeed, the idea that science can and should inform philosophical debates is becoming rather popular among both scientists and philosophers (e.g., Gibbard 1997; Sober and Wilson 1998; Skyrms 2000; Green et al. 2001; Pigliucci 2003; Clayton and Schloss 2004). That said, there is plenty of room for disagreement, which is of course were things get interesting. De Waal’s objective is two-fold: to make a case for the idea that humans are by nature moral, and to sketch out how such morality could have evolved from simpler building blocks present in our ancestors and our current close relatives. I will first examine De Waal’s case for his two conclusions, then move on to some of the four philosophers’ objections to parts of his thesis, and finally consider the merits and limits of De Waal’s own response to his critics.
Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathic features

This paper presents a few perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and early forms of psychopathy. The developmental changes and stability of each, and the interrelationship between the three conditions are reviewed, and correlates and predictors are highlighted. The paper also examines effective interventions for each of the three conditions and makes recommendations for future research.
Sex differences in the long-term stability of forehead cold pressor pain.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in the stability of experimental pain responding across time. Stability was assessed by using 2 forehead cold pressor applications separated by 9 months. Twenty-eight men and 20 women completed both Session 1 and Session 2. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a main effect for Session on maximum pain level. Women reported significantly more pain at Session 2, whereas men showed no difference between sessions. There were no differences on pain report between men and women at Session 1. A significant Session by Sex interaction was associated with perceived chronic stress and trait anxiety levels. At Session 2 but not Session 1, women endorsed a significantly greater expectation than men to experience unpleasant aftereffects from the cold pressor task. Additional analysis showed that chronic stress and trait anxiety were significantly associated with sex-specific pain responding. We propose that the influence of a prior painful incident on an identical repeated painful experience differs between men and women. We speculate that this influence is related to sex differences in psychological mechanisms used to interpret painful stimuli within the context of remembered experiences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of sex differences in the long-term stability of an experimental laboratory pain stimulus, controlling for follicular phase of the female menstrual cycle. Perspective This study examines sex differences in the stability of experimental pain responding across a 9-month period. We speculate that psychological mechanisms influence one's interpretation of a prior painful incident and that this interpretation facilitates increased pain reporting in response to an identical repeated exposure, as was observed for women.
Role of EGFR Transactivation in Angiotensin II Signaling to Extracellular Regulated Kinase in Preglomerular Smooth Muscle Cells

Angiotensin (Ang) II promotes the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK); however, the mechanisms leading to Ang II-induced ERK phosphorylation are debated. The currently accepted theory involves transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We have shown that generation of phosphatidic acid (PA) is required for the recruitment of Raf to membranes and the activation of ERK by multiple agonists, including Ang II. In the present report, we confirm that phospholipase D-dependent generation of PA is required for Ang II-mediated phosphorylation of ERK in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rat preglomerular smooth muscle cells (PGSMCs). However, EGF stimulation does not activate phospholipase D or generate PA. These observations indicate that EGF recruits Raf to membranes via a mechanism that does not involve PA, and thus, Ang II-mediated phosphorylation of ERK is partially independent of EGFR-mediated signaling cascades. We hypothesized that phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) can also act to recruit Raf to membranes; therefore, inhibition of PI3K should inhibit EGF signaling to ERK. Wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, inhibited EGF-mediated phosphorylation of ERK (IC 50 , ≈14 nmol/L). To examine the role of the EGFR in Ang II-mediated phosphorylation of ERK we utilized 100 nmol/L wortmannin to inhibit EGFR signaling to ERK and T19N RhoA to block Ang II-mediated ERK phosphorylation. Wortmannin treatment inhibited EGF-mediated but not Ang II-mediated phosphorylation of ERK. Furthermore, T19N RhoA inhibited Ang II-mediated ERK phosphorylation, whereas T19N RhoA had significantly less effect on EGF-mediated ERK phosphorylation. We conclude that transactivation of the EGFR is not primarily responsible for Ang II-mediated activation of ERK in PGSMCs.
Online activity detection in a multiuser environment using the matrix CUSUM algorithm

Early detection of the entrance of a new user into a multiuser communication channel is considered. The matrix CUSUM (cumulative-sum) test, a multialternative quickest change detection method, is introduced and then applied to this problem. The general behavior of this algorithm is described in analytical results and simulations.
PSA Response to Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy Is a Strong Independent Predictor of Survival in High-Risk Prostate Cancer in the Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Era

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prior to dose-escalated radiation therapy (RT) and long-term ADT in high-risk prostate cancer. Methods and Materials We reviewed the charts of all patients diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer and treated with a combination of long-term ADT (median, 24 months) and dose-escalated (median, 75.6 Gy) RT between 1990 and 2007. The associations among patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics with biochemical response to neoadjuvant ADT and their effects on failure-free survival (FFS), time to distant metastasis (TDM), prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and overall survival (OS) were examined. Results A total of 196 patients met criteria for inclusion. Median follow-up time for patients alive at last contact was 7.0 years (range, 0.5-18.1 years). Multivariate analysis identified the pre-RT PSA concentration ( P =.021), TDM ( P =.009), PCSM ( P =.039), and OS ( P =.037). On multivariate analysis, pretreatment PSA (iPSA) and African-American race were significantly associated with failure to achieve a pre-RT PSA of Conclusions For high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with long-term ADT and dose-escalated RT, a pre-RT PSA level ≥0.5 ng/mL after neoadjuvant ADT predicts for worse survival measures. Both elevated iPSA and African-American race are associated with increased risk of having a pre-RT PSA level ≥0.5 ng/mL. These patients should be considered for clinical trials that test newer, more potent androgen-depleting therapies such as abiraterone and MDV3100 in combination with radiation.
The Effects of Layers in Dry Snow on Its Passive Microwave Emissions Using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on the Quasicrystalline Approximation (QCA/DMRT)

A model for the microwave emissions of multilayer dry snowpacks, based on dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory with the quasicrystalline approximation (QCA), provides more accurate results when compared to emissions determined by a homogeneous snowpack and other scattering models. The DMRT model accounts for adhesive aggregate effects, which leads to dense media Mie scattering by using a sticky particle model. With the multilayer model, we examined both the frequency and polarization dependence of brightness temperatures (Tb's) from representative snowpacks and compared them to results from a single-layer model and found that the multilayer model predicts higher polarization differences, twice as much, and weaker frequency dependence. We also studied the temporal evolution of Tb from multilayer snowpacks. The difference between Tb's at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz can be 5 K lower than the single-layer model prediction in this paper. By using the snowpack observations from the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment as input for both multi- and single-layer models, it shows that the multilayer Tb's are in better agreement with the data than the single-layer model. With one set of physical parameters, the multilayer QCA/DMRT model matched all four channels of Tb observations simultaneously, whereas the single-layer model could only reproduce vertically polarized Tb's. Also, the polarization difference and frequency dependence were accurately matched by the multilayer model using the same set of physical parameters. Hence, algorithms for the retrieval of snowpack depth or water equivalent should be based on multilayer scattering models to achieve greater accuracy.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: From Idea to Integration

The scholarship of teaching and learning is one development that has occurred over the last twenty-five years. This chapter argues that it is best understood as a habit of mind and set of practices that contribute to a culture in which other changes and developments can thrive.
The use of Z transform theory for numerical simulation of dispersive and non-linear materials with the FDTD method

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been proven capable of modeling electromagnetic (EM) interactions in a wide variety of applications . Among these have been biological applications, such as EM dosimetry and hyperthermia cancer therapy, and optical applications, such as the simulation of soliton propagation. Progress in biological applications proceeded with a method to simulate the frequency dependence of biological tissues while using a time domain method. However, the formulation for even a relatively straightforward problem proved to be extremely complicated. Progress in optical simulation proceeded when the ability to simulate non-linear materials was developed. However, these methods usually involved inserting an iterative procedure to allow for the non-linearity, making the formulation cumbersome, and substantially adding to the computation time. It has been found that both of these obstacles, the simulation of dispersive materials for biological application, and the simulation of non-linear materials for optical applications, can be addressed more easily by formulating the Maxwell's equations as a digital filtering problem, and then using concepts from Z transform theory to implement the solution into an FDTD algorithm.
Identification of reaction products and intermediates of aromatic-amine dehydrogenase by 15N and 13C NMR.

13C- and 15N-NMR studies of the reaction of aromatic amine dehydrogenase (AADH) with methylamine demonstrated that the products of the reductive half-reaction are an equivalent of formaldehyde hydrate and a reduced aminoquinol form of the tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) cofactor which contains covalently bound substrate-derived N. These data are consistent with the Ping Pong kinetic mechanism and aminotransferase-type chemical reaction mechanism which have been previously proposed for AADH. Comparison of the 15N-NMR spectra of the aminoquinol TTQ intermediates of AADH and methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) revealed that the substrate-derived aminoquinol N of AADH and MADH exhibited distinct 15N chemical shifts which are separated by approx. 7 p.p.m. In each case, the signal for the substrate-derived aminoquinol N appears optimally with short pulse delay and exhibits a relaxation time and chemical shift which are consistent with 15N covalently bound to an aromatic ring (i.e. aminoquinol) which is attached to a rigid protein matrix. The aminoquinol of AADH is less stable against reoxidation than that of MADH. These data suggest that differences in the active-site mediated electrostatic environments of the aminoquinol N in the respective enzymes may influence both the observed 15N chemical shift and the relative reactivities of the TTQ aminoquinols towards oxygen. These data also demonstrate the utility of 13C- and 15N-NMR spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring the intermediates and products of enzyme-catalysed transformations.
An Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Amorphous and Crystalline Ices of Vinylacetylene and Implications for Saturn's Satellite Titan

Laboratory infrared spectra of amorphous and crystalline vinylacetylene ices were recorded in the range of 7000-400 cm–1. The spectra showed several amorphous features in the ice deposited at 10 K, which were then utilized to monitor a phase transition between 93 ± 1 K to form the crystalline structure. Successive heating allows monitoring of the sublimation profile of the vinylacetylene sample in the range of 101-120 K. Considering Titan's surface temperature of 94 K, vinylacetylene ice is likely to be crystalline. Analogous studies on related planetary-bound molecules such as triaceylene and cyanoacetylene may be further warranted to gain better perspectives into the composition of the condensed phases in the Titan's atmosphere (aerosol particles) and of Titan's surface. Based on our studies, we recommend utilizing the ν1 and ν16//ν11/ν17 fundamentals at about 3300 and 650 cm–1 to determine if solid vinylacetylene is crystalline or amorphous on Titan.
Taxonomic Review of the Populations of the Fringe-Limbed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla) in Mexico and Nuclear Central America

Abstract. The members of the genus Ecnomiohyla from Mexico and Nuclear Central America have had their taxonomic names applied inconsistently in the literature, notably with much confusion surrounding specimens from the Maya Mountains of Belize. We refer those individuals to E. minera and, based on examination of almost all known specimens of Ecnomiohyla from Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras, provide revised diagnoses for the recognized species: E. echinata, E. minera, E. salvaje, and E. valancifer. These frogs are rarely encountered and some species have not been seen in many decades.
The role of counter ions in nano-hematite synthesis: Implications for surface area and selenium adsorption capacity

Nano metal oxides are of interest for aqueous selenium (Se) remediation, and as such, nano-hematite (nα-Fe2O3) was examined for use as a Se adsorbent. The effect of surface area on adsorption was also studied. nα-Fe2O3 particles were synthesized from Fe(NO3)3 and FeCl3 via forced hydrolysis. The resulting particles have similar sizes, morphologies, aggregate size, pore size, and PZC. The nα-Fe2O3 from FeCl3 (nα-Fe2O3-C) differs from the nα-Fe2O3 from Fe(NO3)3 (nα-Fe2O3-N) with a ∼25±2m(2)/g greater surface area. Selenite Se(IV) adsorption capacity on nα-Fe2O3 has a qmax ∼17mg/g for the freeze-dried and re-suspended nα-Fe2O3. The Δqmax for nα-Fe2O3 from Fe(NO3)3 and FeCl3 that remained in suspension was 4.6mg/g. For selenate Se(VI), the freeze-dried and re-suspended particles realize a Δqmax= 1.5mg/g for nα-Fe2O3 from Fe(NO3)3 and FeCl3. The nα-Fe2O3 from Fe(NO3)3 and FeCl3 that remained in suspension demonstrated Se(VI) Δqmax=5.4mg/g. In situ ATR-FTIR isotherm measurements completed for Se(VI) at a pH 6 suggest that Se(VI) forms primarily outer-sphere complexes with nα-Fe2O3 synthesized from both salts.
Managing Violent Patient Incidents: The Role of a Behavioral Emergency Committee

The Portland (Oregon) Veterans Administration Medical Center acknowledged the problem of dealing with aggressive and disruptive patients by establishing a behavioral emergency committee (BEC). The BEC first introduced a system for tracking disruptive patient incidents and then initiated an electronic flagging system for violence-prone patients that alerts medical center clinical and security personnel when a potentially dangerous patient is present. The committee also coordinates violence control training for medical center personnel. Since the BEC was formed, disruptive behavior among this high-risk patient group has been significantly reduced. Language: en
Undercut detection and generation of core/cavity in solid models

Existing undercut detection algorithms analyze the geometry of the part without considering the geometry of the mold halves. For this reason, these algorithms can only detect ‘potential’ undercuts. Actually, undercuts happen when the part can not be extracted from the core or cavity. Therefore, an accurate detection of undercuts must analyze the geometry of the core and cavity. Proposed algorithms are based on the generation of the core and cavity models. Undercut detection algorithms were implemented and successfully tested on industrial components.