cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of musculoskeletal tissues.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of musculoskeletal tissues related, which support initial cell differentiation. During gastrulation, the epithelial blastodisk gives rise to mesenchymal cells. This process is repeated with dispersal of sclerotome and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition differs remarkably from that occurring during gastrulation. In mammalian development, the formation of extraembryonic coelom is a similar process. Mammals also show similarities in formation of the blastocyst, amnion, and extraembryonic coelom, where a fluid-filled space leads to the separation of cells and establishment of new tissue layers. The limb provides an excellent model of musculoskeletal differentiation, for it is into a mass of somatopleure that presumptive myoblasts migrate. Each cell of an embryo interacts with its environment or with its extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is physically connected to its intercellular counterpart, and ultimately to the genome. The embryonic cells retain a degree of phenotypic plasticity detectable in vitro .
Geomorphic Evolution of the Burnsville Cove Caves

The cave descriptions and maps were used to produce a highly tentative chronology for the development of the caves of Burnsville Cove. It begins with the establishment in the late Cretaceous to mid-Tertiary of the Schooley erosion surface. There may have been early hydrothermal development of deep solution pathways by the Eocene volcanism. Cave development accelerated in the Miocene by south-flowing water that created the upper level trunk passages in Chestnut Ridge. The Bullpasture River was captured along the Water Sinks lineament producing a reversal of gradients and a reversal of drainage to its present discharge points in the Bullpasture River springs. There was massive sediment in-filling in the mid-Pleistocene followed by removal of the sediment and further modification of the cave systems from the mid-Pleistocene to the present.
Abstract 1359: Design, synthesis and evaluation of fluorinated antifolates for improved selectivity and potency against tumor cells

Folates are important single carbon transferring cofactors required for the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nitrogen bases and DNA. Antifolates inhibit synthesis of these nitrogenous bases and function as antineopastic agents. The use of currently marketed antifolates such as methotrexate (MTX and pemetrexed (PMX) is limited by dose-limiting toxicity due to non-selective transport by the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier (RFC). We previously reported a series of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine classical antifolates that are selectively transported by folate receptors (FR) and/or by the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) over RFC and inhibit FR/PCFT expressing tumor cells (KB and IGROV1) at sub-nanomolar IC50 values. These antifolates are comparatively more potent and circumvent the important limitation of currently marketed clinical antifolates that lack selective uptake into tumors. As an extension of the SAR, we now report on the role of fluorine atom(s) in improving selectivity as well potency. Fluorine was incorporated into our 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates to improve pharmacodynamics by improving binding affinity to target proteins via a number of well documented electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of fluorine. In addition, fluorines were strategically placed on the side chain of our targeted antifolates for improved potency and selectivity through induced conformational restriction due to a plausible intramolecular fluorine-hydrogen bonding interaction. The fluorinated analogs had IC50s in the subnanomolar range (IC50 = 0.33 to 0.29 nM) for KB tumor cells and nanomolar (IC50 = 2.77 to 3.47 nM) for IGROV-1 cells. In addition, these analogs showed 600- to 1000-fold selectivity for FRα expressing cells over RFC. Protection studies suggest that glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase (GARFTase) is the intracellular targets. In vivo activity was established toward the SKOV3 tumor xenograft model. These preclinical studies suggest that these fluorinated analogs are candidates for possible clinical trial as antitumor agents. Citation Format: Aleem Gangjee, Manasa P. Ravindra, Mike R. Wilson, Adrianne W. Povrik, Lisa P. Hou, Carrie O’Connor, Zhanjun Hou, Larry H. Matherly. Design, synthesis and evaluation of fluorinated antifolates for improved selectivity and potency against tumor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1359.
Influence of Electrolyte Modulus on the Local Current Density at a Dendrite Tip on a Lithium Metal Electrode

Understanding and controlling the electrochemical deposition of lithium is imperative for the safe use of rechargeable batteries with a lithium metal anode. Solid block copolymer electrolyte membranes are known to enhance the stability of lithium metal anodes by mechanically suppressing the formation of lithium protrusions during battery charging. Time-resolved hard X-ray microtomography was used to monitor the internal structure of a symmetric lithium-polymer cell during galvanostatic polarization. The microtomography images were used to determine the local rate of lithium deposition, i.e. local current density, in the vicinity of a lithium globule growing through the electrolyte. Measurements of electrolyte displacement enabled estimation of local stresses in the electrolyte. At early times, the current density was maximized at the globule tip, as expected from simple current distribution arguments. At later times, the current density was maximized at the globule perimeter. We show that this phenomenon is related to the local stress fields that arise as the electrolyte is deformed. The local current density, normalized for the radius of curvature, decreases with increasing compressive stresses at the lithium-polymer interface. To our knowledge, our study provides the first direct measurement showing the influence of local mechanical stresses on the deposition kinetics at lithium metal electrodes.
Sensing solutions for assessing and monitoring roads

Abstract: The United States faces a monumental infrastructure management problem in the scheduling and implementation of maintenance and repair operations, and in the prioritization of expenditures within budgetary constraints. The efficient and effective performance of these operations is crucial to ensuring roadway safety, preventing catastrophic failures and promoting economic growth. Several viable inspection techniques are discussed focusing on current methods as well as futuristic sensing methods that will speed up the assessment process without closing traffic, and are likely tools for network-wide roadway monitoring systems. Economic benefits cannot be realized until an accurate and timely updated monitoring and assessment system and network is achieved.
Dissociation and Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkane Radical Cations. Time-Resolved FDMR

Alkane and olefin radical cations, fundamental reaction intermediates in organic chemistry and in the radiation chemistry of hydrocarbons, have been characterized by time-resolved Fluorescence Detected Magnetic Resonance (FDMR) in pulse radiolysis of alkane liquids and solids from 30K to room temperature. Studies of olefin cations in neat and mixed alkane liquids have elucidated the mechanism for conversion of alkane cations into olefin cations by loss of H2. Alkane cations are extremely short-lived in neat alkane liquids, and their detection and characterization in pure hydrocarbon systems by magnetic resonance techniques have been elusive. Stabilization of alkane cations can result from (1) lowered temperature and/or (2) isolation of the cation from neutral parent molecules (as in alkane mixtures). Our observations suggest that alkane cations rapidly undergo proton transfer to neutral alkane molecules, in competition with geminate recombination.
Tetra­ethyl­ammonium 7,12-di­cyano-1-carba-closo-dodeca­borate

In the title compound, C8H20N+·C3H10B11N2−, the carborane anion cage displays nearly-perfect Cs symmetry, with the two CN groups lying on a noncrystallographic mirror plane that bis­ects the cage. In the crystal, the anions form extended chains along the a-axis direction, with C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds linking consecutive anions. The C≡N bond lengths (and B—C≡N angles) in the nitrile moities are 1.1201 (19) A, 178.60 (15)° and 1.1433 (17) A, 179.45 (15)°, similar to those observed in organic nitriles. A hydrogen bond between a methylene H atom of the cation and the N atom in one of the nitrile groups of the anion is the closest contact between the anion and cation, at 2.52 A.
Scanning mircostrip arrays using controlled mutual reactance with parasitic elements

We investigate a linear array of microstrip patches consisting of excited elements spaced >λ with two parasitic patches in between. Varactor-controlled reactances are used to terminate the parasitic elements, to provide variable coupling between patches and to vary the reactive part of the input impedance of excited elements. A full wave analysis model is used to obtain the impedance matrix of the system. Subsequently a genetic algorithm optimization is used to obtain the reactance terminations to scan over an angular range of 0 to 45° in the H-plane. This low cost array can adaptively reconfigure for arbitrary shaped beams, and has the ability to steer a null.
Control Rod Calculations for Determination of Reactivity and Power Distribution

Thermal and epithermal absorption of neutrons by a cylindrical control rod are computed using two-group diffusion theory and assuming a flat source distribution for the epithermal group. Hurwitz-Ro...
Oxidatively stable fluorinated sulfone electrolytes for high voltage high energy lithium-ion batteries

New fluorinated sulfones were synthesized and evaluated in high voltage lithium-ion batteries using a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) cathode. Fluorinated sulfones with an α-trifluoromethyl group exhibit enhanced oxidation stability, reduced viscosity and superior separator wettability as compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts. Their improved performance in high voltage NMC532/graphite cells makes them promising high voltage electrolytes for next generation high voltage high energy lithium-ion batteries.
Neural tube defects in Waardenburg syndrome: A case report and review of the literature

Waardenburg syndrome type 1 (WS1) is an autosomal dominant genetic condition characterized by sensorineural deafness and pigment abnormalities, and is caused by variants in the PAX3 homeodomain. PAX3 variants have been associated with severe neural tube defects in mice and humans, but the frequency and clinical manifestations of this symptom remain largely unexplored in humans. Consequently, the role of PAX3 in human neural tube formation remains a study of interest, for clinical as well as research purposes. Though the association between spina bifida and WS1 is now well-documented, no study has attempted to characterize the range of spina bifida phenotypes seen in WS. Spina bifida encompasses several diagnoses with a wide scope of clinical severity, ranging from spina bifida occulta to myelomeningocele. We present a patient with Waardenburg syndrome type 1 caused by a novel missense variant in PAX3, presenting with myelomeningocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus at birth. Additionally, we review 32 total cases of neural tube defects associated with WS. Including this report, there have been 15 published cases of myelomeningocele, 10 cases of unspecified spina bifida, 3 cases of sacral dimples, 0 cases of meningocele, and 4 cases of miscellaneous other neural tube defects. Though the true frequency of each phenotype cannot be determined from this collection of cases, these results demonstrate that Waardenburg syndrome type 1 carries a notable risk of severe neural tube defects, which has implications in prenatal and genetic counseling.
Graphic Analysis of Data

Scientific data are important only insofar as they influence the behavior of the researcher and of other people. As Michael (1974, p. 647) points out: The observations [data] resulting from scientific experiments are stimuli that hopefully affect the scientist and his [or her] colleagues by producing better practical behavior, more sophisticated follow-up experiments, or better verbal behavior regarding the subject matter. These stimuli, however, may not result in any effective reaction, a fairly common reason being their complexity. Repeated observation of the same experimental condition, for example, may give rise to a set of numbers, all differing considerably from one another. This situation has occurred quite often and methods have been discovered for simplifying it to some degree. Some of the methods generate two-dimensional visual stimuli where the values of each dimension stand in a point-to-point relation to some feature of the data; a frequency polygon is such a stimulus. Another stimulus-simplifying technique results in a smaller set of numbers, each related to some important characteristic of the larger set, such as the mean and range of the raw data. Using the term “judgment” to refer to any of the various kinds of reactions that a scientist could make to the data of his [or her] experiment, it is useful to refer to these stimulus-simplifying techniques and their products as “judgement aids.”
A study of distributed compressive sensing for the Internet of Things (IoT)

Compressive sensing (CS) has been very useful for the Internet of Things (IoT). CS aims to reduce the number of samples acquired and transmitted by a sensor node using a low complex sampling operation. Furthermore, distributed compressive sensing (DCS) was introduced where the compressively sampled sensors' readings are jointly recovered at the fusion center rather than being recovered separately as in the CS. As a result, a reduction in the number of required measurements as well as the complexity of the sensor nodes is achieved. None of the previous works had studied the performance of DCS for sensed signals with abnormalities caused by sensor malfunctioning, sudden changes in temperature, or humidity. (i.e., practical IoT networks). In this paper, we extensively study the performance of DCS when signals with abnormalities are considered using simulations. The results show that DCS outperforms CS in successfully recovering signals with abnormalities.
A randomized phase II study of pembrolizumab, an anti-PD (programmed cell death) 1 antibody, in combination with carboplatin compared to carboplatin alone in breast cancer patients with chest wall disease, with immunologic and genomic correlative studies.

TPS1113Background: Chest wall disease from breast cancer has limited treatments. Given the inflammatory nature of this disease and the increased expression of PD-1 seen with lymphocytic infiltratio...
Managing medical radioisotope production facilities

Abstract: This chapter discusses the production of the medical radioisotope molybdenum-99 (99Mo). This radioisotope is commonly referred to as the ‘workhorse’ of the global nuclear medicine community. Foreign heads of state support of the United States’ nuclear non-proliferation objectives has had a significant economic impact on the way 99Mo/ technetium-99m (99mTc) is produced. Reactor facilities must convert from using highly enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) as the source material (i.e., target) used to produce fission product 99Mo, the parent nuclide of 99mTc. The technical challenges that must be overcome are summarized in this chapter. The research and development of alternate technologies that do not use uranium to produce 99Mo are also presented.
Cannabinoid exposure and altered DNA methylation in rat and human sperm.

Little is known about the reproductive effects of paternal cannabis exposure. We evaluated associations between cannabis or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure and altered DNA methylation in sperm ...
Increased adiposity, inflammation, metabolic disruption and dyslipidemia in adult male offspring of DOSS treated C57BL/6 dams.

Evidence indicates that obesity can be promoted by chemical ‘obesogens’ that drive adiposity, hunger, inflammation and suppress metabolism. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), a lipid emulsifier and candidate obesogen in vitro, is widely used in processed foods, cosmetics and as stool softener medicines commonly used during pregnancy. In vivo testing of DOSS was performed in a developmental origins of adult obesity model. Pregnant mice were orally administered vehicle control or DOSS at times and doses comparable to stool softener use during human pregnancy. All weaned offspring consumed only standard diet. Adult male but not female offspring of DOSS-treated dams showed significantly increased body mass, overall and visceral fat masses, and decreased bone area. They exhibited significant decreases in plasma adiponectin and increases in leptin, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Inflammatory IL-6 was elevated, as was adipose Cox2 and Nox4 gene expressions, which may be associated with promoter DNA methylation changes. Multiple significant phospholipid/sterol lipid increases paralleled profiles from long-term high-fat diet induced obesity in males. Collectively, developmental DOSS exposure leads to increased adult adiposity, inflammation, metabolic disorder and dyslipidemia in offspring fed a standard diet, suggesting that pharmaceutical and other sources of DOSS taken during human pregnancy might contribute to long-term obesity-related health concerns in offspring.
Leading Conversations about Microaggressions, Bias, and Other Difficult Topics

Many SIGCSE attendees are committed to inclusive teaching practices and creating an inclusive culture within their classrooms; yet, advocating for and sustaining these initiatives may require having difficult conversations with our colleagues and students. Understandably, many faculty are unsure about how to talk about sensitive topics such as race and gender with their colleagues and students. Research suggests that practicing some of these difficult conversations is essential to achieve the goals of inclusive teaching and culture. In our well attended session at SIGCSE in 2018, attendees learned strategies for responding to bias in academic settings. This was facilitated by playing two rounds of a research-based game developed by the NSF project CSTeachingTips.org (#1339404). This session will extend the work begun last year by helping attendees to replicate this activity with their colleagues. In this special session, attendees will first play the game to practice those strategies in small groups and will then receive facilitation tips and guidance for conducting this activity on their own. All attendees will receive a printed copy of the game and a link to download and print more copies.
Double isolation: Identity expression threat predicts greater gender disparities in computer science

Three studies examine the relationship between women’s expression of interest in computer science and identity expression threat, the concern about conveying an identity inconsistent with one's gen...
Compressed sensing and generative models

The goal of compressed sensing is make use of image structure to estimate an image from a small number of linear measurements. The structure is typically represented by sparsity in a well-chosen basis. We describe how to achieve guarantees similar to standard compressed sensing but without employing sparsity at all -instead, we suppose that vectors lie near the range of a generative model G: Rk → Rn. Our main theorem here is that, if G is L-Lipschitz, then roughly O(k log L) random Gaussian measurements suffice; this is O(kd log n) for typical d-layer neural networks. The above result describes how to use a model to recover a signal from noisy data. But if the data is noisy, how can we learn the generative model in the first place? This paper will describe how to incorporate the measurement process in generative adversarial network (GAN) training. Even if the noisy data does not uniquely identify the non-noisy signal, the distribution of noisy data may still uniquely identify the distribution of non-noisy signals. In presenting the above results we summarize and synthesize the work of [BJPD17] and [BPD18]. We then add some observations on the limitations of the approaches.
Mad Men’s Legacy in the Quality Television Tradition

Mad Men (AMC, 2007–2015) captured and expressed the zeitgeist in the late 2000s and early 2010s. In this preface, Edgerton describes and analyses how the series evolved from being that little program that nobody watched on an also-ran basic cable channel to the most celebrated scripted drama of its era. He contends that Mad Men is widely recognized in the popular, professional, and scholarly communities as a transformational series in the history and development of US television. Edgerton pays special attention to Mad Men’s industrial, aesthetic, and cultural legacy within the quality television tradition of the past half-century as well as its continuing influence and impact on subsequent programming today.
Behavioral heterogeneity among cigarette and e-cigarette dual-users and associations with future tobacco use: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study

Abstract Dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes are commonly treated as a single group. Our study applied a more nuanced classification of this complex behavior to examine its associations with future tobacco use behaviors using data from Waves 1 and 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health. Dual-users at Wave 1 (n = 1,665) were categorized into 4 groups based on the frequency with which they used each product (i.e., some days, daily). Analyses identified sociodemographic correlates of group membership and the prevalence of (1) completely switching to e-cigarettes and (2) quitting both products by Wave 3. Dual-users who smoked cigarettes every day and used e-cigarettes some days (69.6%) were the majority and more likely to have lower education (p
A new species of Blakea (Melastomataceae: Blakeeae) with pendulous flowers from Costa Rica

We describe Blakea ricardoi (Melastomataceae: Blakeeae), a species known only from the Parque Internacional La Amistad in Costa Rica side. It can be distinguished by the long peduncles up to 6.5 cm long, pendant flowers with green petals and indumentum of roughened trichomes. A key to other species of Blakea with pendulous flowers and connivent petals is provided.
Staphylococcus aureus lacking a functional MntABC manganese import system has increased resistance to copper

S. aureus USA300 isolates utilize the copBL and copAZ gene products to prevent Cu intoxication. We created and examined a ΔcopAZ ΔcopBL mutant strain (cop-). The cop- strain was sensitive to Cu and accumulated intracellular Cu. We screened a transposon (Tn) mutant library in the cop- background and isolated strains with Tn insertions in the mntABC operon that permitted growth in the presence of Cu. The mutations were in mntA and they were recessive. Under the growth conditions utilized, MntABC functioned in manganese (Mn) import. When cultured with Cu, strains containing a mntA::Tn accumulated less Cu than the parent strain. Mn(II) supplementation improved growth when cop- was cultured with Cu and this phenotype was dependent upon the presence of MntR, which is a repressor of mntABC transcription. A ΔmntR strain had an increased Cu load and decreased growth in the presence of Cu, which was abrogated by the introduction of mntA::Tn. Over-expression of mntABC increased cellular Cu load and sensitivity to Cu. The presence of a mntA::Tn mutation protected iron-sulfur (FeS) enzymes from inactivation by Cu. The data presented are consistent with a model wherein defective MntABC results in decreased cellular Cu accumulation and protection to FeS enzymes from Cu poisoning.
Compression of sodium-filled and empty open-framework Si 24 under quasihydrostatic and nonhydrostatic conditions

Isothermal equations of state were determined for the open-framework silicon allotrope ${\mathrm{Si}}_{24}$ and its sodium-filled precursor $({\mathrm{Na}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{24})$ using different pressure media including hydrogen and argon, and with no pressure medium. ${\mathrm{Si}}_{24}$ does not transform into diamond-cubic silicon under compression, and the low-density phase possesses a bulk modulus of 91(2) GPa. The sodium-filled precursor exhibits a comparable volumetric compressibility with different axial trends that are explained by the crystallographic structure. Above 11 GPa, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{24}$ transforms to the \ensuremath{\beta}-tin structure, followed by other high-pressure silicon allotropes similar to diamond-cubic silicon, driven by a large increase in density. Small molecules such as ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ do not enter the channels of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{24}$ during compression at room temperature, however, hydrostaticity strongly influences the transformation pressure and range of coexistence with other phases including \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn, $Imma$, and simple-hexagonal Si.
Transplantation and Cellular Therapy

Comprehensive cancer services include provision of care to patients with advanced hematologic malignancies, among whom some patients are candidates for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). HCT is a complex and resource-intense medical procedure and optimal transplant outcomes require a high-functioning, multidisciplinary, and cohesive team. The presence of a successful HCT program reflects the commitment from a cancer center to provide comprehensive cancer care services. The program can also serve as a platform for performing cellular therapy procedures such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies. This chapter reviews the potential pathways to establish an HCT and cellular therapy program along with recommendations on the required infrastructure and personnel. In addition, the chapter provides the foundation for establishing a robust quality program and the resources required for data and research.
Extinction: End-Permian Mass Extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction (252.3 Ma) was an abrupt and severe loss of diversity on land and in the oceans, the largest extinction of the Phanerozoic. Recent palaeontological, geochemical and modelling studies link the extinction with eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts, which would have caused global warming, ocean acidification and shallow-marine anoxia. On land, global warming and aridification were mostly responsible for the vertebrate and plant extinction. Although almost no marine group emerged unscathed, selectivity favoured more active animals, whereas sessile and heavily calcified taxa such as corals and reef-building sponges suffered heavily. The recovery interval was unusually long, likely because of continuing stress, and the extinction resulted in permanent shifts in marine ecosystem composition and structure, giving rise to the mollusc-rich communities that still dominate today. Key Concepts: The end-Permian mass extinction was a severe crisis for nearly every plant and animal group, on land and in the oceans. The extinction was abrupt, apparently synchronous on land and in the sea, with the majority of taxonomic losses occurring over a few tens of thousands of years, approximately 252.3 Ma. In the marine realm, more actively motile animal groups fared relatively better during the extinction. Although low-oxygen waters were widespread and contributed to the marine extinction, the primary cause most likely was global warming and ocean acidification from CO2 released by Siberia Traps flood basalt volcanism. The terrestrial extinction was also caused by global warming and, among plants, the resulting dry conditions. It took an unusually long time (5–7 million years) for most marine and terrestrial ecosystems to recover from the extinction, likely because of continuing intermittent stress. The extinction triggered permanent changes in the composition and structure of marine ecosystems, giving rise to mollusc-dominated communities that remain dominant today. Keywords: Permian; Triassic; extinction; ocean acidification; climate change; reefs; evolution
“High On My Own Supply”: Correlates of Drug Dealing among Heterosexually-identified Methamphetamine Users

Although rates of methamphetamine use continue to increase throughout the United States, little is known about the individuals who sell methamphetamine at the street level. This exploratory study examined the prevalence and correlates of drug-dealing behavior in a sample of 404 heterosexually identified methamphetamine users who were participants in a sexual risk reduction intervention in San Diego, California. Twenty-nine percent of participants (N = 116) reported "dealing" methamphetamine in the past 2 months. In a multivariate logistic regression, methamphetamine dealing was associated with being male (OR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.16-3.39), younger age (OR = 1.87 per year; 95% CI 1.10-3.17), more frequent use of methamphetamine (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.59-4.57), injecting methamphetamine (OR = 3.10; 95% CI 1.79-5.37), and higher hostility scores (OR = 1.07 per unit increase; 95% CI 1.01-1.13). These characteristics, particularly intensity of drug use and hostility, may be associated with greater resistance to drug treatment and lower success in treatment programs.
The Andrew File System on OS/2 and SNA

Porting a distributed application from one environment to another can be significant, particularly when performance is an important consideration. The Andrew File System (AFS) is a distributed file system designed to be heterogeneous and scalable, and it runs efficiently on variations of Unix. A port of AFS to Operating system/2 (OS/2) encountered an assortment of problems at various levels. The port, performed as a sequence of two ports, first investigated feasibility and performance issues and then integrated AFS into the OS/2 environment. Additionally, the migration from the original AFS network protocol, user datagram protocol internet protocol (UDP/IP), to systems network architecture (SNA) posed challenges, not the least of which was the change from a connectionless to a connection-oriented protocol. OS/2 and SNA demonstrated their viability as platforms for distributed applications by providing competent support for this performance-critical software, but substantial modifications to the AFS structure were necessary to achieve an efficient OS/2 implementation that preserved the AFS file system interface and semantics. >
Improved Dehydrogenation Properties of Ti-Doped LiAlH4: Role of Ti Precursors

The dehydrogenation properties of LiAlH4 doped with different Ti precursors (Ti, TiO2, and TiCl3) via ball milling are investigated. The results not only show significant decreases in the decomposition temperatures (Tdec) and activation energies (EA) of the first two dehydrogenation reaction steps of LiAlH4 by doping with TiO2 or TiCl3, but also reveal how each Ti precursor affects the dehydrogenation process. Although doping LiAlH4 with TiCl3 induced the largest decrease in Tdec and EA, TiO2-doped LiAlH4 produced a decrease in Tdec and EA that is quite close to the TiCl3-doped sample as well as superior short-term stability, suggesting that doping with TiO2 has certain advantages over doping with TiCl3. Further, the underlying mechanisms associated with the Ti precursors during the dehydrogenation reaction of LiAlH4 have been studied using quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that the Ti4+ and Ti3+ reduction processes and the segregation of Li cations to the surface of LiAlH...
Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices (Report on the 6th International Conference, Nagoya, 1984)

This was the sixth in a series of international conferences which began at Argonne, II, USA, in 1974, and was followed by meetings in San Francisco, CA, USA (1976), Abingdon, UK (1978), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Federal Republic of Germany (1980), and Gatlinburg, TN, USA (1982). The purpose of these conferences has been to promote scientific exchange among experts from a variety of disciplines with a common interest in plasma-surface 'interactions. Significant advances continue to be made in magnetically confined plasmas through the understanding and control of plasma-surface interactions at the first wall and other plasma interactive components.
CA for SLA: Arguments from the Chinese Language Classroom

When the seminal article on the organization of turn-taking by Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974) was published 30 years ago, I started learning English as a foreign language. In addition to being a learner of the English language for many years, I was also trained in the traditions of Conversation Analysis (CA) and linguistic anthropology (particularly Language Socialization) in graduate school. For the present article, my objective is to explore the uses and nonuses of CA for language learning, particularly for Chinese language learning. In what follows, I take the perspective of a conversation analyst as well as that of a second language (L2) learner. This article is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses the kinds of contributions CA can make to research on L2 learning and teaching. I propose that the basic science produced by CA research can be fruitfully applied to L2 learning and instruction and to oral language assessment. I further suggest that CA studies of classroom interaction provide richly textured descriptions of language learning contexts such as expert-novice relations and participants' identity construction. The second section considers what CA does not do, or is not designed to do for Second Language Acquisition (SLA). I submit that, unlike language socialization research, CA does not address introspective, unobservable matters that may be important to language learning. Furthermore, unlike ethnomethodology, CA is not designed to document learning (i.e., change in behavior) over a considerable period of time. The final section concludes on a hermeneutical note: I argue that CA studies of SLA provide a part of the picture of L2 learning and teaching, a part that, crucially, compels us to reconsider the whole.
Immunohistochemical localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2, 4, 6, and 7 during induced heterotopic bone formation.

The distribution and staining intensity of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2, 4, 6, and 7 were assessed by immunohistochemistry in ectopic bone induced in Nu/Nu mice by Saos-2 cell derived implants. Devitalized Saos-2 cells or their extracts can induce endochondral bone formation when implanted subcutaneously into Nu/Nu mice. BMP staining was mostly cytoplasmic. The most intense BMP staining was seen in hypertrophic and apoptotic chondrocytes, osteoprogenitor cells such as periosteal and perivascular cells, and osteoblasts. BMP staining in osteocytes and osteoclasts was variable, ranging from undetectable to intensely stained, and from minimal to moderately stained in megakaryocytes of the induced bone marrow. BMP-2, 4, 6, and 7 staining in Saos-2 implant-induced bone indicates the following: (1) Saos-2 cell products promote expression of BMPs by host osteoprogenitor cells, which in turn, leads to bone and marrow formation at ectopic sites; (2) strong BMP staining is seen in maturing chondrocytes, and thus may play a role in chondrocyte differentiation and/or apoptosis; (3) BMP expression in perivascular and periosteal cells indicates that osteoprogenitor cells also express BMP; (4) BMP release by osteoclasts may promote osteoblastic differentiation at sites of bone remodeling. These new data can be useful in understanding the role of BMPs in promoting clinical bone repair and in various pathologic conditions. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:465–472, 2007
Comparative Efficacy of 2 Topical Anesthetics for the Placement of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices

This study compared the effectiveness of topical benzocaine 20% versus a combination of lidocaine, tetracaine, and phenylephrine in providing sufficient analgesia for the placement of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). The 2 topical anesthetics were tested against each other bilaterally using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The agents were left in place for the amount of time prescribed by the manufacturer. The TAD was then placed, and each subject rated the degree of pain on a Heft-Parker visual analogue scale. A pulse oximeter was used to record the preoperative and postoperative pulse rates. Statistically significant differences in perceived pain (P .05). It was concluded that when the efficacy of topical benzocaine and of a combination product was compared as the sole anesthetic to facilitate acceptable pain control for placement of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices, the combination product was considerably more efficacious.
Immunochemistry of the thrombin-altered NH2-terminal disulfide knot of human fibrinogen.

Abstract In an attempt to identify buried antigenic determinants of the fibrinogen molecule which might be exposed as a result of thrombin action, immunological studies were made of the thrombin-altered NH2-terminal disulfide knot (N-DSK-T) of human fibrinogen. Rabbits were immunized with N-DSK-T prepared from cyanogen bromide-treated fibrinogen. N-DSK-T was labelled with 125I and up to 81% of the radioactivity was specifically bound by antisera. Unlabelled N-DSK-T inhibited binding, 50% inhibition being produced by 15 ng (0.32 pmol). Plasmin was found to inhibit binding of 125I-N-DSK-T by altering the radiolabelled antigen and the plasmin effect could be prevented by soybean trypsin inhibitor or Trasylol. Fibrinogen and fragment E, derived from fibrinogen by digestion with plasmin, showed very low cross-reactivity in the N-DSK-T assay (1: 40,000 for fibrinogen and 1:250 for fragment E). The N-DSK-T assay did not distinguish between normal plasma and fibrin-containing plasma, or between the N-DSK (NH2-terminal disulfide knot not treated with thrombin) and N-DSK-T.
Coding and iterative decoding for patterned media storage systems

Various coding and iterative decoding techniques are investigated for patterned media storage systems and significant performance enhancements are reported at very high recording densities. Coding gains with different island geometries are compared, which shows the promising direction of incorporating coding/iterative decoding with patterned media to achieve ultra-high recording densities.
Inactivity of enkephaline on human serum esterase

Abstract While opioid agonist accelerate the hydrolytic action of human serum esterase, and opioid antagonists competitively antagonize this acceleration, the endogenous morphine-like factor methionine-enkephaline neither accelerates the enzyme nor competes with an opioid accelerator. It is proposed that the pentapeptide enkephaline is only the prosthetic group of the true endogenous morphine-like factor and too short a peptide chain to have a stable enough secondary structure for opioid action in the presence of dissolved protein.
Studies of the Cellular Immune Response to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan in the Tight Skin Mouse

As in human scleroderma, tight skin (TSK/+) mice develop cutaneous hyperplasia with over-production of extracellular matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans, associated with autoimmunity to a number of autoantigens. The present study investigated the presence of cellular autoimmunity to basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) in diseased TSK/+mice and their nondiseased littermates, pallid mice (+/pa). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to specific HSPG antigens, including intact HSPG, HSPG protein core (P. Core), and the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) were studied. Splenocytes from young TSK and control pallid mice reacted weakly to intact HSPG and HSPG P. Core antigens and did not respond to HS. However, lymphocytes from old TSK mice were reactive with HSPG and P. Core and demonstrated a de novo response to HS. The proliferative response to intact HSPG and HSPG P. Core in TSK mice was T cell dependent, but the response to HS was T cell independent. The T cell-dependent response was mediated by the CD4-positive subset and required the participation of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Cellular autoimmunity to HSPG, a critical cell surface and extracellular matrix component, may play a role in the disease suffered by TSK mice. Further studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms which link autoimmunity to HSPG with the pathology seen in TSK mice, particularly the overproduction of extracellular matrix and fibrosis.
An Integrated Perspective of Service Recovery: A Sociotechnical Systems Approach:

This study examines service recovery from an internal, operations-oriented perspective. Specifically, a model grounded in sociotechnical systems (STS) theory is developed and tested to investigate the relationships between service recovery systems, recovery climates, employee abilities and actions, and recovery performance. A sample of 221 general service employees is used to empirically test the proposed model. Results support the STS perspective and suggest that an integrated recovery system is essential in establishing a recovery climate, which in turn enables employee efficacy and reduces avoidance behaviors. Additionally, employee efficacy has a positive effect on performance, while avoidance leads to ineffective failure correction. The results presented herein highlight the need for service practitioners to consider designing and implementing integrated recovery systems in order to enhance the abilities of employees, while heightening the likelihood of failure correction. Furthermore, this study pro...
Advances in thermal imaging technology in the first responder arena

Thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming integral equipment for first responders for use in structure fires and other emergencies. Currently there are no standardized test methods or performance metrics available to the users and manufacturers of these instruments. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been conducting research that will provide a quantifiable physical and scientific basis upon which industry standards for imaging performance, testing protocols and reporting practices can be developed. To date, the components of this project have included full-scale fire testing, development of bench-scale testing facilities, computational fluid dynamics and radiation modeling, and performance metric evaluations. A workshop was held in which participants representing thermal imager users, manufacturers, researchers, government agencies, and standards developing organizations discussed the future of thermal imaging technology as it applies to first responders. Performance metrics for thermal and spatial resolution have been explored, with emphasis on the contrast transfer function, minimum resolvable temperature difference, and noise equivalent temperature difference. These performance metrics and associated test methods are currently being applied to conditions that simulate first responder scenarios. A system of thermal classifications was adopted to define the boundaries of testing conditions. A method of relating the performance of the imager's display screen to an image captured from the imager's composite video output is proposed. New testing instrumentation, in which optically simulated thermal scenes are projected onto the imager's sensor, is also under development.
Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships in State Child Welfare Systems: Results of a Multi-State Strategic Planning Process

Dramatic growth in health and human service contracting over the past two decades has increased the need for managerial competency in the development and sustainment of effective cross-sector partnerships. Although the quality of relations between partnering agencies can affect client outcomes, few macro-level interventions for strengthening cross-sector partnerships have been described or tested in the literature. This article describes a facilitated, strategic planning process implemented in five different states and presents pre-post test results of its effect on different factors known to affect partnership success. Implications for child welfare administrative practice and research are discussed.
On thermocline ventilation of active and passive tracers

The ventilation propagation of temperature and passive tracer anomalies are compared in a numerical model. Although both anomalies tend to have pathways close to the mean ventilation flow, the temperature anomaly could have a slower propagation speed and a more complex spatial structure. The temperature propagation is better understood in terms of baroclinic planetary waves.
Geophysical surveys on the East Pacific Rise — Galapagos Rise system

Summary. The East Pacific Rise at 12-15' S is topographically smooth with a crestal horst or linear volcanic peak marking the present axis of spreading. The Galapagos Rise at 14-17's is topographically rough with a possible central graben marking the extinct spreading axis. The seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies on the East Pacific Rise are of low amplitude, but fracture-zone anomalies at 13-14's have amplitudes of up to 1250 nT. Anomalies of this amplitude at the magnetic equator must be formed within the fracture zone by some combination of block reversal boundaries, anomalously-high magnetic intensities, and/or anomalously-large thicknesses of the magnetic layers within the fracture zone. Magnetization and majorelement chemical analyses of basalts dredged from four locales along the fracture zone indicate that the large magnetic-anomaly amplitudes are caused by the high iron and titanium content of these ferrobasalts. The magneticanomaly profdes from the Galapagos Rise and its fracture-zone system are of normal amplitude and are extremely difficult to correlate internally or with the geomagnetic timescale. Eighty-one heat-flow measurements indicate that the values measured are controlled by sediment thickness. Where the thickness of the sediment blanket is greater than loom, high heat flow is measured and possibly is representative of the total heat transfer at the seafloor. Where the sediment thickness is less than loom, seawater circulation in the oceanic crust is thought to remove most of the heat convectively; thus causing low conductive heat-flow values to be measured by the usual heat-flow apparatus. The heat loss by convective processes is probably a function also of topographic roughness and sediment permeability.
SYNTHESIS, ASSEMBLY, AND SECRETION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN BY MOUSE MYELOMA CELLS III. ASSEMBLY OF THE THREE SUBCLASSES OF IGG

The synthesis, assembly, and secretion of the three major subclasses of mouse IgG has been examined in 14 myeloma tumors and two cultured cell lines as well as in the cells from the popliteal lymph nodes of immunized mice. The total amount of IgG synthesized was between 15 and 43% of the cytoplasmic proteins made during a 15 min period. H(2) and H(2)L were the major precursors of IgG(2a) and IgG(1) but, in all of the tumors, HL was also an intermediate. In contrast, HL was a major precursor of IgG(2b). Most of the noncovalent and covalent assembly of IgG occurred after release of the newly synthesized H and L chains from the polyribosomes and assembly was not completed until 10 min or more after the synthesis of the polypeptide chains.