cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OpenMalaria and EMOD: a case study on model alignment

This paper presents a case study of model alignment involving two independently developed agent-based malaria models. Each of these models simulates malaria transmission and various malaria interventions, such as insecticides, drugs, and bednets. EMOD specifically models both humans and mosquitoes as agents that interact with each other and interventions. However, OpenMalaria, only directly models humans as agents, while the mosquitoes interact based on results from several differential equations. This is the main difference between the two models, but there are several more, some which are not clearly noticeable without performing a complete comparison. In this docking exercise, we take a unique third-party perspective in order to determine equivalence between these two models. The successful alignment of OpenMalaria and EMOD further validates each model beyond their previous, individual validations. This case study also provides insight into the challenges and benefits of docking when none of the original model creators are fully involved in the exercise.
Grain Rotations during Tensile Deformation of Columnar Tantalum

We report on tensile tests performed on thin sheet samples of tantalum that have a nearcolumnar structure. By annealing sheet of approximately 1 mm thickness at high temperatures, a columnar structure is generated with grain boundaries nearly perpendicular to the flat surfaces. The purpose of the experiments is to investigate the mechanical behavior in terms of crystal plasticity in a geometry that is readily amenable to both experimental characterization and computer simulation. Automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has been used to obtain orientation maps both before and after deformation. For the small strains used in this study (<10%), the grains deform rather uniformly with little evidence of cell formation. Analysis of the lattice rotations shows considerable scatter in the rotation axis and demonstrates significant disagreement with polycrystal plasticity calculations.
Optimal fiscal policy with incomplete markets

This paper studies optimal fiscal policy in an economy with heterogeneous households and incomplete markets. Relative to a representative-agent version of the model, the Ramsey planner takes into account the idiosyncratic income risk faced by heterogeneous households in a way that alters the model's prediction about the government debt level. The simpler model with a representative agent has the government accumulate assets that eventually give it such large interest earnings that it can finance its budget with zero taxes. In contrast, with heterogeneous agents who face income risk that is sufficiently large relative to government expenditure risk, the Ramsey planner chooses to issue debt and facilitate self-insurance of the private sector. I interpret these outcomes in terms of the strengths of two competing precautionary saving motives that concern the Ramsey planner: the precautionary saving of households, and of the government.
Threedimensional Computations for Flowfields in DI Piston Bowls

Calcul de l'ecoulement tridimensionnel dans le bol du piston d'un moteur a injection directe
Oxidatively-induced aromatic cyanation mediated by Ni(iii).

A Ni(II) complex with two t-butylisocyanide ligands supported by a N3C− type tetradentate ligand was synthesized and characterized. Quantitative generation of the aromatic cyanation product, tBuN3C-CN, is observed by reacting this Ni(II) complex with 1 equiv. of an oxidant. Reactivity studies suggest that this oxidatively-induced cyanation involves a heterolytic cleavage of the N–tBu bond and is mediated by Ni(III).
Methods for Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Lunar Simulant

Oxygen extraction from the lunar regolith is a key objective of ne ar-term research for lunar exploration. Replacing oxygen from Earth with oxygen obtained from lunar regolith can reduce the weight o f spacecraft at launch by 42%. (Eighty-five percent of the weight of a typical spacecraft at launch is oxygen used to fuel the craft.) We are developing tools to numerically model the minimum power required to bring the lunar regolith to the processing temperature so that oxygen can be extracted using electrolysis methods. At this time, the thermophysical properties of lunar regolith are unknown. In this paper, we describe methods for measuring thermophysical properties of copper and aluminum. We have devised methods to measure thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity. In testing for these three properties, we would then be able to compare our results with similar tests for lunar regolith. The test rigs for thermal conductivity and heat capacity are modeled from ASTM Standards E1225-04 and D4611-1, respectively. To measure thermal diffusivity, we modify Codastefano’s method for measuring mass diffusivity. Nomenclature M (T) = Thermal conductivity of meter bars (reference materials) as a function of temperature S (T) = Thermal conductivity of specimen T(t) = Temperature of a body at a given time t = Specific heat capacity = Temperature of the surrounding medium = Density of Material = Thermal diffusivity ( /( cp) b = Time constant measured in (1/s); D = Mass diffusivity or diffusion coefficient
The 3-D Navier-Stokes analysis of crossing, glancing shocks/turbulent boundary layer interactions

Three dimensional viscous flow analysis is performed for a configuration where two crossing and glancing shocks interact with a turbulent boundary layer. A time marching 3-D full Navier-Stokes code, called PARC3D, is used to compute the flow field, and the solution is compared to the experimental data obtained at the NASA Lewis Research Center's 1 x 1 ft supersonic wind tunnel facility. The study is carried out as part of the continuing code assessment program in support of the generic hypersonic research at NASA Lewis. Detailed comparisons of static pressure fields and oil flow patterns are made with the corresponding solution on the wall containing the shock/boundary layer interaction in an effort to validate the code for hypersonic inlet applications.
Redness Around the Umbilicus in a Newborn

A newborn presents with redness around the umbilicus. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories ### Presentation The infant was feeding well, active, and afebrile for the first 72 hours after birth. Late at night on the fourth day, the parents noted some redness around the umbilical cord. They took the baby to the emergency department, and she was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) early in the morning on the fifth postnatal day. ### Vital Signs ### Physical Examination
Histamine Antagonists. V. Comparison of Benadryl and Pyribenzamine in Histamine and Anaphylactic Shock

SummaryThe LDloo of histamine was first determined in a control group of guinea pigs. It was found that approximately 5 times this amount was required to kill all animals previously treated with 3 mg/kg of Benadryl, while 35 times the lethal dose of histamine was necessary to produce 100% mortality in animals receiving 3 mg/kg of Pyribenzamine. No apparent difference was discernible between the 2 drugs in preventing anaphylaxis in passively sensitized guinea pigs. One mg/kg of either compound gave significant protection against a shocking dose of antigen, while 3.0 mg/kg prevented fatal anaphylaxis in all animals tested.
Family Achievement Guilt and Mental Well-being of College Students

Previous research has demonstrated that first-generation college students (i.e., students whose parents did not attend college) feel guilty about their educational achievements when their family members do not have similar access to higher education. We advance existing research by investigating how college students’ mental health is associated with family achievement guilt, which is feelings of discomfort with one’s college success, particularly in the context of family members (i.e., parents and siblings). We hypothesize that family achievement guilt will be associated with more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem, and that high levels of guilt will impact first-generation college students’ mental well-being significantly more than non-first-generation college students. College students (N = 255; M Age = 19.96, SD = 1.77, 40 % Mexican descent) completed online surveys with measures of family achievement guilt, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. Analyses revealed that, as hypothesized, more family achievement guilt was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms (p < .001) and lower self-esteem (p < .05) for all students. As predicted, first-generation college students reported significantly more depressive symptoms at higher levels of family achievement guilt compared to non-first-generation college students (p < .001). These findings demonstrate how the family context is important to consider in the adjustment and success of first-generation college students.
SP0114 Interactions of the Immune System and Endothelium in the Development of Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. Using the well-established K/BxN arthritis model, our group could show several years ago that particularities of the vasculature are responsible for this feature. That study highlighted the importance of vascular permeability in the development of arthritis by allowing immune complexes as well as immune effector cells to leave the circulation and enter the peri-articular space. Vasoactive amines, mast cells, neutophils and FcgRIII were identified as critical parts for development of early site-restricted permeability after injection of K/BxN arthritic serum. Now, our group found further evidence for the key role that the vasculature, in particular endothelial cells play in the development of arthritis. Starting with the long-known clinical observation of hemiplegia-induced sparing of joints we were able to model the phenomenon in the K/BxN serum-transfer system by unilateral denervation. The result is a near-complete abrogation of clinically detectable arthritis in denervated joints. This observation adds to the increasing body of data that suggest a crosstalk between the immune and nervous system; the exact anatomic correlate that governs the interaction remains to be found. Interestingly, however, our data demonstrate that the rapid and joint-localized vascular leak that typically accompanies and promotes serum-transferred arthritis was compromised in those denervated limbs. Attempts at rescuing the leak with histamine or serotonin that were successful in our previous work failed in the current study. This prominent defect was reflected in the transcriptome of endothelial cells: the expression of several genes impacting vascular leakage or transendothelial cell transmigration were altered in denervated limbs. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated pathway to dissect and eventually target in inflammatory arthritis. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Constructing the sex trafficker: spectral figures and sexual violence in California’s Proposition 35

AbstractThis article examines the development, framing, and implementation of Proposition 35, the ‘Californians Against Sexual Exploitation Act.’ The 2012 ballot initiative, described variously as a measure against human slavery, human trafficking, and sex trafficking secured more votes than any other initiative or candidate in a single statewide election in California history. We argue that the measure exemplifies a disjuncture in the articulation of feminist politics against sexual violence, labor exploitation, and criticisms of the carceral state. The rise of the sex trafficker as a ‘spectral’ subject of contemporary political discourse shapes a broader ideological framework that permits a distinct set of political actors and interests to widen their institutional and political authority and to marginalize competing claims about the roots of sexual violence and labor exploitation. Proposition 35, which targets a ‘spectral’ figure abstracted from institutional context and relations of power, expands the...
The close interaction of a C F bond with a carbonyl π–system: Attractive, repulsive, or both?

Abstract We have synthesized a molecule containing a close interaction between a C F bond and the π–orbitals of a ketone carbonyl group. Our studies have revealed that there is a combination of attractive and repulsive forces at play: the ketone’s IR stretching mode is blue-shifted, the carbonyl is bent away from the fluorine atom, and electron deformation density maps show some significant distortion of the fluorine atom’s electron density distribution. Finally, binding of the ketone to an aluminum-based Lewis acid deshields the fluorine nucleus. IR and NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray crystallography, and quantum mechanical calculations were used to investigate this unusual interaction.
Journalism and the hybrid condition: Long-form television drama at the intersections of news and narrative:

Particularly in the context of American television, hybridity has become the defining feature of contemporary broadcast journalism. Hybridity itself manifests on multiple levels – the textual, syst...
Monoubiquitination in proteasomal degradation

Conjugation of ubiquitin to target proteins is a finely tuned process involving a reaction, culminating in the conjugation of a single ubiquitin (1). The first step is conjugation of a single ubiquitin molecule to the substrate’s protein amino group (monoubiquitination) or to multiple amino groups (multimonoubiquitination), which can remain as it is or be further extended by additional ubiquitin molecules to form elongated chains (polyubiquitination). The process is reversible because deubiquitinating enzymes can partially trim the polyubiquitin chains or completely strip all ubiquitin molecules from the protein (2, 3). Protein ubiquitination is of great physiological significance and plays a role in every cellular process. Examples include determining protein subcellular localization, regulating signaling (e.g., transcription factors, protein kinases), and controlling the duration and magnitude of a protein’s activity by promoting its clearance (4, 5). The diverse functions associated with protein ubiquitination require exquisite regulation to ensure that the cellular machinery can distinguish between ubiquitination that marks a protein for translocation from one that targets the protein for elimination. This process is accomplished, in part, through the length, type, and organization of ubiquitin molecules on the substrate. On a simplistic level, monoubiquitination has largely been linked to chromatin regulation, protein sorting, and trafficking, whereas polyubiquitination has been associated with protein signaling and clearance through proteasomal or autophagic degradation (5⇓–7). An additional layer of regulatory complexity results from the different topologies of polyubiquitin chains conjugated through various lysine residues (e.g., K6, K11, K29, K48, and K63). Different polyubiquitin chain topologies have been documented in vitro and in vivo, and they have been modeled structurally (8⇓⇓–11). In particular, high-resolution MS/MS has revealed the highly heterogenous nature of polyubiquitin chains and their topologies. Cellular homeostasis critically depends on maintaining a balance between the synthesis of … [↵][1]1Email: zeev{at}ronailab.net. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A streak camera based fiber optic pulsed polarimetry technique for magnetic sensing to sub-mm resolution

The technique of fiber optic pulsed polarimetry, which provides a distributed (local) measurement of the magnetic field along an optical fiber, has been improved to the point where, for the first time, photocathode based optical detection of backscatter is possible with sub-mm spatial resolutions. This has been realized through the writing of an array of deterministic fiber Bragg gratings along the fiber, a so-called backscatter-tailored optical fiber, producing a 34 000-fold increase in backscatter levels over Rayleigh. With such high backscatter levels, high repetition rate lasers are now sufficiently bright to allow near continuous field sensing in both space and time with field resolutions as low as 0.005 T and as high as 170 T over a ∼mm interval given available fiber materials.
An R package for modeling and simulating generalized spherical and related distributions

A flexible class of multivariate generalized spherical distributions with star-shaped level sets is developed. To work in dimension above two requires tools from computational geometry and multivariate numerical integration. An algorithm to approximately simulate from these star-shaped distributions is developed; it also works for simulating from more general tessellations. These techniques are implemented in the R package gensphere.
Extreme-Value Statistics for Testing Dark Energy

The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect was recently detected at a level of 4.4σ by [Granett et al. ( 2008 )], by stacking compensated CMB temperature patches corresponding to superstructures in the universe. We test the reported signal using realistic gaussian random realizations of the CMB sky, based on the temperature power spectrum predicted by the concordance ΛCDM model. Such simulations provide a complementary approach to the largely used N-body simulations and allow to include the contaminant effects due to small-scale temperature fluctuations. We also apply our pipeline to foreground-cleaned CMB sky maps using the [Granett et al. ( 2008 )] voids/clusters catalog. We confirm the detection of a signal, which depart from the null hypothesis by 3.5σ, and we report a tension with our theoretical estimates at a significance of about 2.5σ.
Social discounting of large dams with climate change uncertainty

It has long been known that the economic assessment of large projects is sensitive to assumptions about discounting future costs and benefits. Projects that require high upfront investments and take years to begin producing economic benefits can be difficult to justify with the discount rates typically used for project appraisal. While most economists argue that social discount rates should be below 4%, many international development banks and government planning agencies responsible for project appraisal can be found using rates of 7-12% or more. These agencies justify choosing higher discount rates to account for the opportunity cost of capital. Meanwhile, a new and robust debate has begun in economics over whether social discount rates of even 3-4% are too high in the context of climate change. This paper reviews the recent discounting controversy and examines its implications for the appraisal of an illustrative hydropower project in Ethiopia. The analysis uses an integrated hydro-economic model that accounts for how the dam’s transboundary impacts vary with climate change. The real value of the dam is found to be highly sensitive to assumptions about future economic growth. The argument for investment is weakest under conditions of robust global economic growth, particularly if these coincide with unfavourable hydrological or development factors related to the project. If however long-term growth is reduced, the value of the dam tends to increase. There may also be distributional or local arguments favouring investment, if growth in the investment region lags behind that of the rest of the globe. In such circumstances, a large dam can be seen as a form of insurance that protects future vulnerable generations against the possibility of macroeconomic instability or climate shocks.
How do general chemistry students’ impressions, attitudes, perceived learning, and course performance vary with the arrangement of homework questions and E-text?

Two large sections of first-semester general chemistry were assigned to use different homework systems. One section used MindTap, a Cengage Learning product, which presents short sections of the textbook with embedded homework questions; such that students could read the textbook section then answer one or more questions in the same screen. The other section used Online Web Learning (OWL-version 2) also from Cengage Learning, which presents homework questions that contains links to open the textbook in a separate window. Findings showed no difference between the groups in any course grades, with both groups strongly indicating that they learned from their system. During a second-semester chemistry course taught by the same instructor, all students used OWLv2. At the end of the second semester, students who had used MindTap during the first semester were given a delayed survey, containing Likert-scaled and open-response questions dealing with students’ perceived learning/perceived level of understanding with each system, how easy each system was to use, and the advantages/disadvantages of each system. In addition, students were asked to compare the two systems giving their homework preference. Students were heavily positive towards the MindTap system. Further data was collected to compare students who used MindTap for the first semester and OWL for the second-semester with those who used the systems in reverse order, using the same survey. Results showed that students indicated significantly higher perceived learning with MindTap and better attitudes and opinions of MindTap, with its single window arrangement, often citing that they read more with MindTap.
An Intramolecular Interaction of UHRF1 Reveals Dual Control for Its Histone Association

Summary UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1) is one of the essential components of mammalian DNA methylation machinery. Chromatin association of UHRF1 is controlled via an interplay between its intramolecular interaction and dual recognition of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me3) and hemimethylated DNA. Here, we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal tandem Tudor domain (TTD) of UHRF1 in complex with the C-terminal polybasic region (PBR). Structural analysis reveals that PBR binding leads to displacement of the TTD-plant homeodomain (PHD) linker, as well as blockage of the H3K9me3-engaging cage, both of which contribute to a chromatin-occluded UHRF1 conformation. Disruption of the TTD-PBR interaction, which is facilitated by the binding of UHRF1 to hemimethylated DNA or regulatory protein USP7, shifts the UHRF1 conformation toward an open state, allowing for efficient H3K9me3 binding. Together, this study provides structural basis for the allosteric regulation of UHRF1.
Associations Between Initial Subjective Experiences with Tobacco and Self-Reported Recent Use in Young Adulthood

ABSTRACTBackground: Youth tobacco use behaviors are predictive of patterns in adulthood and effect long-term health outcomes. Yet, few studies have examined the effect of initial subjective experiences (ISEs) during first tobacco use, which has been found to be an indicator of individuals. sensitivity to nicotine and vulnerability to dependence. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ISEs across a variety of tobacco products, evaluate the factor structure of ISEs by first tobacco product used, and examine the relationship between ISEs and recent (30-day) use of tobacco products across time, using a university sample. Methods: Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify latent factors present with respect to items measuring ISEs with tobacco, separately by tobacco product (e.g. cigarettes, cigars, hookah, e-cigarettes). Factor scores for positive and negative ISEs were calculated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between ISEs...
The Contribution of Anthropology to Concepts Guiding LTSER Research

Environmental scientists from across the spectrum of physical and biological disciplines are generally agreed that human activities are integral to ecosystems and are organising research networks to identify and address contemporary ecological questions. However, without ready and open access to diverse social areas of expertise and practice, environmental scientists alone will not be able to succeed in carrying out forward-looking, problem-oriented research on simultaneously maintaining Earth’s life support systems and meeting human needs. This chapter addresses the specific contribution of anthropology to LTSER research by answering two questions. First, given the numerous calls for interdisciplinary research is there still a role for individual disciplines in contemporary, problem-oriented environmental research? Second, contrary to popular views on what anthropology is and anthropologists do, what is the specific role of anthropology as a discipline in LTSER research? The chapter ends with two case studies from ongoing research in the Coweeta LTER Project in Southern Appalachia that rely on anthropology.
A composite three-dimensional photoelastic method

Care must be taken in preparation and testing of three-dimensional composite photoelastic models. Some problems encountered in modeling the prototype and during model testing are: model-material failure, loss of fringe pattern in slicing, inherent shrinkage response in freezing, inadequate bonding between materials, and modular ratio difficulties. The selection of the correct plastic can eliminate the first four problems, but the correct modular ratio between the matrix and the insert has to be obtained.
The Impact of Prior Knowledge on Accessibility and Availability of Information From Prose

The effects of prior knowledge on accessibility and availability are examined in this work. The impact of prior knowledge on accessibility was primarily qualitative while the effect on availability was quantitative. Evidence for the effect was observed at both encoding and retrieval. Further, the hierarchical structure of text was shown to be particularly vulnerable to prior knowledge while the logical relations among concepts in the text was not.
Immunohistochemical Detection Methods

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells using antibodies. Direct IHC uses a primary antibody conjugated to a fluorophore for visualization of antigen expression. Due to limited sensitivity of direct detection, indirect antigen detection methods employing secondary antibodies and other amplification techniques are often preferred. These methods include enzymatic amplification, avidin–biotin complex formation, catalyzed analyte reporter deposition, and rolling circle amplification. The development of antigen retrieval techniques and diverse, photostable fluorophores has further increased the utility and multiple antigen detection capabilities of IHC. IHC has become a powerful tool for addressing both basic hypotheses in experimental pathology and diagnostic issues in the clinical practice of pathology.
Review of Locke's Image of the World by Michael Jacovides

A review of Michael Jacovides's recent book, Locke's Image of the World (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Space-Frequency Conjugate Two-Path Transmission for Precoded OFDM Systems

This brief presents space-frequency (SF) conjugate two-path transmission orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with precoders to combat inter-carrier interference in mobile fading channels. Initially, an SF architecture is developed to form an SF-OFDM system. Second, a conjugate cancellation two-path transmission scheme is integrated with the SF-OFDM system to form a new SFCC-OFDM system. Third, three orthogonal transforms, Haar, Walsh–Hadamard, and discrete Hartley transform, are employed as the precoder to form HAARSFCC-, WHSFCC-, and HTSFCC-OFDM systems. These precoded systems improve bit error rate without expanding power or bandwidth in comparing with the SFCC scheme. Simulations indicate that all three precoded systems outperform the SF- and SFCC-OFDM systems. All these SFCC schemes are simple and backward compatible with the existing OFDM system. They may serve as baseband building blocks in OFDM transceivers and can be used for four generation and planned 5G multiple input and multiple output systems.
Radiologic predictors of response to checkpoint inhibitors in advanced head and neck SCC.

e15133Background: Checkpoint blockade in advanced HNSCC benefits a minority of patients. Here we nominate radiologic parameters of response to guide patient selection. Methods: We retrospectively c...
Effects of Body Mass Index on Outcome Measures of the Patients With Penetrating Injuries; A Single Center Experience

Objective: To determine if there was any decrease in measures of injury severity or outcome with obese patients (body mass index greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 ) as compared to non-obese patients (body mass index less than 30 kg/m 2 ). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the trauma database maintained by Natividad Medical Center's Level 2-Trauma program. From July 1st, 2014 to July 1st, 2017 there were 371 cases of penetrating trauma in adults between the ages of 18-80 years old. Overall 311 patients had BMI data recorded. We divided these 311 patients into two groups: penetrating injury due to firearm (n= 198) and penetrating injury due to stabbing or piercing (n=113). We compared non-obese patients against obese patients for age, gender, Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of stay (LOS), Intensive Care Unit LOS, units of blood given, direct transfer from ED to operating room, and mortality. Results: A total of 311 patients were included in the study, 198 (63.6%) patients suffered from gunshot wounds and 113 (36.4) from stab or piercing wounds. The mean age was 33.6 ± 12.8 and there were 283 (91%) men among the victims. Overall 87 (28%) required emergent surgery and a 19 (6.1%) mortality rate was recorded. In the gunshot wound group there was no significant difference between non-obese and obese patients for age ( p =0.400), gender ( p =0.900), ISS ( p =0.544), LOS ( p =0.273), Intensive Care Unit LOS ( p =0.729), units of blood given ( p =0.300), or mortality ( p =0.855). We found that in the stab or piercing group there was no significant difference between non-obese and obese patients for age (p=0.900), gender ( p =0.900), ISS ( p =0.580), LOS ( p =0.839), Intensive Care Unit LOS ( p =0.305), units of blood given ( p =0.431), or mortality ( p =0.321). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that in our patient population, there was no significant difference in markers of injury severity, morbidity, or mortality in adult non-obese patients as comparted with obese patients. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the two groups in operative rates, suggesting that obesity may not confer a protective effect in penetrating trauma.
Saving Data Journalism: New strategies for archiving interactive, born-digital news

Important works of data journalism are disappearing from the web because they are too technologically complex to be captured or archived by libraries or web archiving technologies. Research based o...
19 Population Psychology

Population psychology as a discipline and as an organizational entity originated in the early 1970s, in an effort to address concerns about population problems. The chapter reviews the literature about the effects of family structure on children, emphasizing tests of prominent theoretical models, such as the Confluence Model, Admixture Hypothesis, and Dilution theory. In addition, the chapter contains a literature review about the causes and consequences of childlessness and the one-child family. Psychological theories of fertility and family planning, notably the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Traits-Desires-Intentions-Behavior model, are described and evaluated. The expanding literature about behavioral genetic research on fertility and reproduction is reviewed. Finally, psychological approaches to the study of migration and Global Warming are presented. The chapter aims to demonstrate that psychological thinking can be useful for other disciplines to move population studies forward in the future, as multi-disciplinary scholars “jump together” to address population issues.
A longitudinal analysis of the spatial spread of police-investigated physical child abuse.

Abstract Background Research has shown that problematic behaviors, such as violence and drug use, may spread through shared physical space and social norms, lending rise to the notion of contagion theories of human behavior. Objective This study examines whether physical child abuse spreads across time and space in a pattern reflective of a contagion model. Participants and Setting This study uses 15 years of data from a large U.S. city police department. Data points are geo-located police-investigated physical child abuse incidents that occurred from 2001 to 2015. Methods Police department data are combined with U.S. Census estimates of the number of child residents in each of the Census Tract comprising the study site to derive annual rates of police-investigated physical child abuse cases per 1000 children residing in each Census tract. A panel data spatial regression model is used to analyze the association between this dependent variable, the rate of police-investigated physical child abuse cases in surrounding Census tracts, and time. The analysis statistically controls for multiple covariates commonly associated with Census tract-level estimates of child maltreatment, specifically household median income, residential instability, racial composition, population density, and the concentration of child residents. Results The rate of physical child abuse in a Census tract is positively associated with the rate of physical child abuse in the surrounding Census tracts, net of the covariates and the effect of time (β = 0.461, p Conclusion This finding provides preliminary evidence that physical child abuse, like some other problematic human behaviors, may spread spatially.
The Effect of Retrieval Practice on Transitive Inference.

Abstract. Compared to restudying, retrieval practice has often been found to enhance memory (the testing effect). However, it has been proposed that materials with high element interactivity may no...
Red and White Blood Cell Counts Are Associated With Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue, Bone Mineral Density, and Bone Microarchitecture in Premenopausal Women.

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) resides within the bone marrow microenvironment where its function remains poorly understood. BMAT is elevated in anorexia nervosa, a disease model of chronic starvation, despite depletion of other fat depots. In addition to BMAT, the marrow microenvironment also consists of osteoblast and hematopoietic progenitors. BMAT is inversely associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in multiple populations including women with anorexia nervosa, and regulates hematopoiesis in animal models. We hypothesized that BMAT would be associated with circulating populations of hematopoietic cells (red and white blood cells) in humans and performed a post hoc analysis of two studies-a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study-to investigate this hypothesis. We studied 89 premenopausal women cross-sectionally (median age [interquartile range], 27 [24.5, 31.7] years), including 35 with anorexia nervosa. We investigated associations between red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts and BMAT assessed by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, BMD assessed by DXA, and bone microarchitecture assessed by HR-pQCT. In addition, we analyzed longitudinal data in six premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa treated with transdermal estrogen for 6 months and measured changes in BMAT and blood cell counts during treatment. Cross-sectionally, BMAT was inversely associated with WBC and RBC counts. In contrast, BMD and parameters of bone microarchitecture were positively associated with WBC and RBC. In women with anorexia nervosa treated with transdermal estrogen for 6 months, decreases in BMAT were significantly associated with increases in both RBC and hematocrit (rho = -0.83, p = 0.04 for both). In conclusion, we show that BMAT is inversely associated with WBC and RBC in premenopausal women, and there is a potential association between longitudinal changes in BMAT and changes in RBC. These associations warrant further study and may provide further insight into the role and function of this understudied adipose depot. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Losing Hold of the American Dream: A Qualitative Exploration of the Relationship Between Foreclosure and Psychological and Physical Health:

The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory qualitative study of the impact of foreclosure on health. Twenty-nine interviews were conducted with people who had children under the age of...
Enhanced recovery for obese patients undergoing gynecologic cancer surgery.

Objective To compare post-operative length of stay and complication rates of matched obese and non-obese patients in an enhanced recovery (ERAS) program after open gynecologic cancer surgery. Methods We performed an observational cohort study of patients (n=1225) undergoing open surgery from November 2014 to November 2018 at a tertiary cancer center. Patients undergoing multidisciplinary procedures, non-oncologic surgery, or procedures in addition to abdominal surgery were excluded (n=190). Obese and non-obese patients were matched by date, age, disease status, and surgical complexity. The primary outcome was post-operative length of stay. Secondary outcomes included 30-day peri-operative complications, re-operation, re-admission, opioid use, and program compliance. Results After matching, 696 patients (348 obese, 348 non-obese) with median age of 57 years (IQR 48–66) were analyzed. Obese patients had a longer median procedure time (218 min vs 192.5 min, p Conclusions Neither post-operative length of stay nor the rate of serious complications differed significantly despite longer surgeries, greater blood loss, and more opioid use among obese patients. An ERAS program was safe, effective, and feasible for obese patients with suspected gynecologic cancer.
Technical Perspective: Database Repair Meets Algorithmic Fairness

There has been an explosion of interest in fairness in machine learning. In large part, this has been motivated by societal issues highlighted in a string of well publicized cases such as gender biased job recommendation and racially biased criminal risk prediction algorithms. Both the recognition of the potential disparate impacts of machine learning due to historical bias in the data and the realization of how algorithmic decision making can exaggerate existing structural inequities has become increasingly well known.
A longitudinal study of psychological distress in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused financial stress and disrupted daily life more quickly than any prior economic downturn and on a scale beyond any prior natural disaster. This study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on psychological distress and identify vulnerable groups using longitudinal data to account for pre-pandemic mental health status. Clinically significant psychological distress was assessed with the Kessler-6 in a national probability sample of adults in the United States at two time points, February 2019 (T1) and May 2020 (T2). To identify increases in distress, psychological distress during the worst month of the past year at T1 was compared with psychological distress over the past 30-days at T2. Survey adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate associations of demographic characteristics at T1 (gender, age, race, and income) and census region at T2 with within-person increases in psychological distress. The past-month prevalence of serious psychological distress at T2 was as high as the past-year prevalence at T1 (10.9% vs. 10.2%). Psychological distress was strongly associated across assessments (X2(4) = 174.6, p
Scientific intelligence, nuclear assistance, and bargaining:

Members of the non-proliferation regime give technical assistance to countries contemplating nuclear weapons. This is puzzling: it facilitates the behavior donors wish to stop, and other forms of c...
The Work of Art in the Age of Political Correctness

This article sets to examine some of the impacts the notion of “political correctness” has on the art world today. It argues that what started as the noble attempts to compensate for the grievous history of racism by way of inclusive speech and affirmative action has, in the end, generated new forms of discrimination and closure. In this context, instead of pushing the boundaries of what is considered acceptable in social, moral or aesthetic terms, art is itself being pushed back within these boundaries and rendered inert and ingratiating.
On mitigating the opacity of digital twins

Digital twins, or variants thereof, are becoming ubiquitous across many disciplines of computational science and engineering modeling and simulation. Despite the increased use of this concept, industrial practitioners and academic researchers alike lack consensus as to what exactly constitutes a digital twin, much less how one might quantify associated uncertainties to support the verification, validation, and ultimately credibility assessment thereof. Furthermore, the complexities involved in modeling structural vibration and acoustics can exacerbate the epistemic uncertainties of this opaque portrait. We therefore posit that use of goal structured notation (GSN) in the context of a credibility assessment framework (CAF) provides one viable means by which key stakeholders in both the development and deployment of digital twins can collectively work towards increased clarity. One can expect that achieving greater clarity for requirements of digital twins, particularly those of phenomenological relevance to structural dynamics and acoustics, computational, experimental, and operational disciplines can more optimally combine to achieve desired engineering outcomes.
Alternative weed management practices: Effects on weed control, grapevine performance, and soil quality in an established midwestern vineyard

Sustainable grape production entails the implementation of management practices that control weeds, maintain grapevine performance, and conserve soil quality. Conventional weed management practices include herbicide application and/or cultivation. These practices compromise soil quality by limiting additions of organic matter and exposing the soil surface, thereby leaving it prone to degradative processes. With the expansion of continental climate viticulture in areas with rain-fed agriculture, such as in the Midwest, there is a need for sustainable weed management practices that optimize production while conserving soil quality. The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate weed management practices in an established midwestern vineyard. Sub-objectives of the investigation addressed within individual experiments include: 1) comparing conventional and alternative weed management practices on weed control, grapevine performance, and soil quality, and 2) evaluating the influence of irrigation on grapevine growth and development, grown with and without a living mulch, on mitigation of water competition. An additional objective of this investigation was to survey Iowa fruit growers’ attitudes and awareness of weed management practices that conserve soil resources. In the first experiment, two conventional and two alternative weed management strategies were compared in an established Iowan vineyard with ‘Marechal Foch’ grapevines (Vitis rupestris Scheele ×vinifera L.). Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design and included: 1) cultivation, 2) herbicide application, 3) straw mulch, and 4) a living mulch of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ‘Pennlawn’). Straw and living mulches controlled weed populations and grapevine yield did not differ among the treatments. Dormant cane pruning weights and fruit quality were lowest in
Philanthropy's Function: A Neo-Classical Reconsideration

This essay lays the groundwork for a “new unified field theory” of philanthropy. That theory must have two complementary parts, an account of philanthropy’s core function and a measure of its performance, a metric for comparing philanthropic organizations both among themselves and with their counterparts in the for-profit, governmental, and household sectors. The essay first explains the need for such a measure, in both theory and practice. It then considers the critical shortcomings of today’s standard theory of philanthropy, which accounts for the philanthropic sector as subordinate and supplementary to our capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity. Chief among the limits of standard theory is taking the ends of that economy and polity, satisfying aggregate consumer demand and majority voter preference, as given. After showing how this critical assumption begs the basic normative questions of classical political and ethical theory, this essay outlines a way of reconciling the two in a neo-classical theory of philanthropy. In that theory, the goal of both the market and the state, guided by philanthropy, would be to ensure all citizens the fullest possible development of their best abilities. That regime would require no one to agree with its goals and values, but it would give everyone every possible opportunity to be able to appreciate them.
Processability and Compatibility of Polyethylene Terephthalate and High-Density Polyethylene from Post-Consumer Wastes

In view of the post-consumer waste problems facing the country, an at tempt to recycle mixed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which are the sources of soda bottles and milk jugs, was made. PET and HDPE were intensely co-mixed in a Brabender and compression molded into composite products. The processability of mixing PET and HDPE with various mixing ratios was investigated. The mechanical properties, i.e., stress at maximum load, percent strain at maximum load, and modulus of elasticity, of the composites were statistically analyzed. The ther momechanical properties—such as storage modulus and loss modulus—of composites were evaluated. Compatibility of the composites was also examined by a scanning electron microscope.
Molecular Pathology of the Genitourinary Tract: Prostate and Bladder

The knowledge of cellular mechanisms in tumors of the prostate and bladder has grown exponentially. Molecular technologies have led to the discovery of TMPRSS2 in prostate cancer and the molecular pathways distinguishing low- and high-grade urothelial neoplasms. UroVysion with fluorescence in situ hybridization is already commonplace as an adjunct to cytologic diagnosis of urothelial neoplasms. This trend portends the future in which classification and diagnosis of tumors of the prostate and bladder through morphologic analysis will be supplemented by molecular information correlating with prognosis and targeted therapy. This article outlines tumor molecular pathology of the prostate and bladder encompassing current genomic, epigenomic, and proteonomic findings.
College Students' Sexual Health: Investigating the Role of Peer Communication

This study used the Theory of Planned Behavior as a guide to investigate college students' discussions with their peers about sexual health-related topics. Two hundred thirty-one undergraduates from a large university completed a questionnaire that assessed their comfort level discussing sexual health-related issues, the topics discussed, and the sex of the discussion partners. Some of the topics most frequently discussed included birth control, condoms, sexually transmitted diseases, and resources. Although a majority of the participants felt comfortable talking with both males and females, participants felt more comfortable discussing with their own gender than the opposite gender, and were in general more comfortable talking with females than males. Results showed that most students felt comfortable discussing sexual health-related topics with their peers, with females reporting a slightly higher comfort level than males.