cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder

Abstract Psychopathologists have been greatly influenced by information-processing models of emotional disorders that suggest preferential processing of threat-relevant information underlie these disorders. Meta-analyses now show that information-processing biases do characterize anxious individuals. More specifically, anxious individuals preferentially attend to threat-relevant information as well as interpreting ambiguous information as threatening. There is also some evidence that there is preferential memory for social information in socially anxious individuals. By far the majority of this research has examined the correlational nature of these cognitive biases and anxiety. However, since the second edition of this book, accumulating evidence suggests that such biases may play a causal role in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorders. In previous editions, we introduced the concept of experimental approaches to modifying information-processing biases and presented preliminary evidence suggesting the utility of these interventions. Since the last edition of this chapter, the field has witnessed a surge of interest in the modification of cognitive biases in social anxiety. This research has largely focused on attentional bias modification, although research is beginning to accumulate examining the efficacy of interpretation bias modification in reducing social anxiety symptoms. Together these studies suggest that information-processing biases may be causally implicated in social anxiety. Relative to attention and interpretation, research on memory biases in social anxiety lags behind. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence for information-processing biases that may characterize socially anxious individuals. For each domain, we provide a review of the literature and suggest areas of future research.
Neuroglobin: A Novel Target for Endogenous Neuroprotection

Augmentation of endogenous protective mechanisms has been thought to be promising strategies to develop new therapies against stroke. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a tissue oxygen-binding globin that is highly and specifically expressed in brain neurons. Accumulating evidences have proved Ngb is a unique endogenous neuroprotective molecule against hypoxic/ischemic insults in cultured neurons and in stroke animals, which strongly suggest that development of pharmacological strategies that upregulate endogenous Ngb expression may lead to a novel therapeutic approach for stroke intervention. In this chapter, recent experimental findings from our laboratory and others in understanding Ngb’s biological function, gene expression regulation, and neuroprotective mechanisms are summarized. We also propose strategies to identify small molecules that upregulate endogenous Ngb for neuroprotection against stroke and related neurological disorders. Briefly, the strategies comprise two translational features. First, we will establish both mouse and human Ngb gene activation reporter stable cell lines to ensure that only compounds capable of activating both mouse and human Ngb promoters will be selected for further testing. Second, validation is the key component of any single step in drug screening and therapeutic development processes.
Objective Decision Making in Lonergan and Dworkin

Critical Legal Scholars argue that judges are unable to make truly objective decisions. This view gained strength in 2000 in Bush v. Gore, when the U.S. Supreme Court decided the presidential election largely along partisan lines. This Note, however, argues that Critical Legal Scholars fail to provide positive, constructive answers to the problems of objective decision making. Alternatively, the Note examines these problems through the philosophies of Bernard Lonergan and Ronald Dworkin. The Note explains both philosophers' approaches to objective decision making, then examines those approaches in the context of Bush v. Gore. The Note concludes that Lonergan's philosophy, though not designed specifically for legal thinking, provides the stronger means for understanding and achieving objective judicial decision making.
The «soggy saddle» theory of fission

The transition state theory of fission is generalized to allow for trajectories that return from saddle to compound nucleus due to high viscosity at the saddle point. This generalization includes neutron emission from the saddle. Experimental indications seem to support the present approach.
Cold acclimation increases carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity in oxidative muscle of striped bass

The effect of thermal acclimation on the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), the rate-limiting enzyme for beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, was determined in oxidative red muscle of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) acclimated at 5 or 25 degrees C. As observed in mammalian tissues, malonyl-CoA potently inhibited CPT I activity of mitochondria. Inhibition by malonyl-CoA required inclusions of both bovine serum albumin (BSA) and palmitoyl-CoA in the reaction media. Because BSA binds long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs, this observation suggests that free fatty acyl-CoAs may disrupt mitochondrial membranes and affect the CPT I protein. Cold acclimation increased citrate synthase activity 1.6-fold and total CPT activity 2-fold in homogenates of red muscle; free carnitine increased 62%, and specific activity of CPT I in mitochondria increased 2-fold. No differences were observed between cold- and warm-acclimated fish in substrate-binding properties of CPT I at an assay temperature of 15 degrees C, as judged by the Michaelis constant (Km) for carnitine (0.11 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.02 mM) or inhibition of CPT I, as determined by the half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) for malonyl-CoA (0.14 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.03 microM). Thermal sensitivity of CPT I (Q10 = 2.91 +/- 0.12 vs. 3.02 +/- 0.20) and preference of CPT I for different long-chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates (16:1-CoA = 16:0-CoA > 18:1-CoA) were not altered by thermal acclimation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hausdorff dimension of divergent geodesics on product of hyperbolic spaces

In this article, we consider the diagonal geodesic flows on product of $k$ copies of non-compact hyperbolic spaces with finite volumes of dimension $n$ and we want to study the points on the product space such that their trajectories under geodesic flows are divergent. We prove that the set of such points has Hausdorff dimension $k(2n-1) -(n-1)/2$. This work is a generalization of a result of Y. Cheung, which deals with the product space of copies of the arithmetic space $SL(2,Z)\setminus SL(2,R)$. The proof involves some interesting results on the distribution of the orbits of discrete group actions on Furstenberg boundary.
The Intensity of Emotion

A theory is outlined that assumes that emotions are motivational states with the special function of producing adaptation to situational conditions. The theory assumes that the emotional system lies in the central nervous system, that it is fast to react, able to change quickly from one emotional state to another, produces only one emotion at a time, and that the intensity of that emotion is a nonmonotonic function of deterrence to the aim of the emotion. Supporting data from several experimental tests are reported, and selected theoretical problems are discussed.
BMD: The problem

Few fields of clinical medicine possess tools as useful and accurate as bone densitometry. Bone mineral density (BMD) and its cognate T -score have contributed importantly to the maturation of the field, to the identification and treatment of patients with osteoporosis, and, at various levels, to the validation of efficacy for a broad array of treatment regimens. That much has been a success story. However, BMD has also come to dominate the field of clinical bone research. There, as Seeman has commented [1], it is usually the wrong measure, both because it is only indirectly related to the research question it is used to answer, and because it often gives misleading results. This is not an original observation. Seeman has expanded on this point exhaustively [1–3]; Prentice has stressed that BMD should never be used in epidemiological research [4]; and chapters on design of clinical bone studies have emphasized the importance of using bone mineral content (BMC) rather than BMD [5]. Yet paper after paper continues to be submitted (and, alas, published) in which BMD is the primary outcome variable, when something else should have been analyzed instead.
Hemodynamic Effects of Pargyline in Hypertensive Patients

Pargyline exerts its antihypertensive effect via a predominant reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, whereas cardiac output is not altered significantly. The effect on renal blood flow is inconsistent, but a significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate does occur. Therefore the drug should be used with appropriate caution in patients with significant impairment of renal function. The hemodynamic response observed with pargyline is similar to that obtained with other MAO inhibitors.
Effect of SO2 on the activity of Ag/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for NOx reduction in lean conditions

Abstract The lean-NOx performance and the effect of SO2 on silver doped gamma alumina catalysts were investigated with simulated diesel exhaust in order to understand the active site and poisoning phenomena of the catalysts. The samples were prepared by impregnating γ-alumina with silver nitrate or silver sulfate using incipient wetness technique. Among the catalysts tested in the absence of SO2, 2 wt.% Ag/Al2O3 was found to be the optimum silver loading for NOx reduction, while further increasing the Ag loading resulted in lower selectivity due to the fact that metallic Ag species in high loading samples favors propene oxidation. However, the common catalyst performance paradigm dramatically changed when SO2 was present in the feed stream. The NOx reduction over the 2 wt.% Ag/Al2O3 initially was enhanced by SO2 exposure and then decreased until the N2 yield leveled off at 40%. Upon removal of SO2 from the feed stream, the catalyst was completely regenerated to the original N2 yield. The NOx reduction performance of a high silver loading catalyst (8 wt.% Ag/Al2O3) increased significantly after SO2 was introduced in the gas stream from its initial performance of 1–28%. XPS analysis showed that the dispersion of silver species decreased by exposure to the feed gas containing SO2. Crystallite silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) was observed in the XRD pattern for the 8 wt.% Ag/Al2O3. The catalyst performance and characterization results suggested that the silver sulfate species enhanced the NOx reduction capability via producing more intermediate species ( NCO). Eventual decrease in the performance could be attributed to SO2 poisoning of the alumina sites, which are responsible for NOx reduction to N2. A sample containing selectively sulfated silver sites showed higher NOx reduction performance than a sample containing silver oxide. However, when alumina sites were sulfated it demonstrated lower NOx reduction than a pure alumina. With the results obtained from this study the order of apparent catalytic activity for silver species to enhance NOx reduction on alumina is proposed as the following: Ag2SO4 > Ag2O ≫ Ag0.
Photon burst mass spectrometry

Abstract A photon burst atom counter, with high isobaric and isotopic selectivity, could be used to eliminate interferences which limit sensitivity in mass spectrometers. With the addition of such a device, a conventional mass spectrometer of moderate capability should be capable of measuring isotope ratios at the 10 −15 level. A photon burst detector could also open up the heavy elements to smaller AMS machines. About half the elements of the periodic table could be studied by Photon Burst Mass Spectrometry.
Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid by extant actinopterygians

Polypterus senegalus, the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus and the bowfin Amia calva had gulonolactone oxidase activity in the kidney and thus can synthesize ascorbic acid de novo. The enzyme activity was associated with the microsomal fraction. The common carp Cyprinus carpio and the goldfish Carassius auratus had no gulonolactone oxidase activity. Antibodies directed against white sturgeon gulonolactone oxidase showed cross-reactivity with lake sturgeon, bowfin and longnose gar kidney enzymes, but not with enzymes from Polypterus, sea lamprey, and tadpole kidney or pig liver. Given cross-reactivity, gulonolactone oxidase relatedness matched actinopterygian phylogeny, and suggested homology of the character throughout fishes. Modern teleosts may have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid since the late Triassic as a result of a single reversal in the founding population. Wild bowfin and longnose gar exhibited high ascorbate concentrations in liver and spleen when compared with the teleosts rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp fed vitamin C-supplemented diets.
A Further Look at Youth Intellectual Giftedness and its Correlates: Values, Interests, Performance, and Behavior

Abstract This study was an attempt at furthering previous broad-based analyses of intellectual giftedness and at extending our knowledge and understanding of giftedness, achievement and intelligence in general as well as the youth developmental process and differences for males and females. To do this, six groups of 10th grade students were selected from distributions of a large stratified random sample of 1,000 American high schools (N=12,630). Groups were selected based on scores on a highly reliable composite of general intelligence. Samples were created by selecting the top 5 percent, the top 20 percent, and the lower 80 percent of male and female distributions. Indices assessed in the base year (10th grade) as well as four years following high school graduation were examined. Measures of high school experiences, family characteristics, study habits, social attitudes, future plans, post-graduation activities and self-esteem were assessed, most of which manifested association with intellectual giftedness as well as examinee sex. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for American youth achievement levels, manpower planning, and possible educational interventions.
Simulated annealing study of the structure and reducibility in ceria clusters

The structure and reducibility of ceria clusters was investigated using simulated annealing and interionic potentials, given by Sayle and co-workers (Sayle, T. X. T.; Parker, S. C.; Catlow, C. R. A. Surf. Sci. 1994, 316, 329), which include terms for ionic and van der Waals interactions, overlap repulsions, and ion polarizability. For CenO2n, the lattice energies, pair-distribution functions, and angular-distribution functions were determined for the crystals at 0 K for n = 2−20 and n = 50. As expected, the lattice energy decreased with n. Only for the largest cluster was the fluorite structure clearly observed. This cluster also exhibited (111) surface facets, indicating that this is the most stable surface. The reducibility of the clusters was determined from the difference in lattice energies of CenO2n and CenO2n-1, where charge neutrality was maintained by changing two Ce4+ ions to Ce3+. The energy required to reduce the cluster generally increased with increasing cluster size, but large fluctuations ...
The Role of FoxO in the Regulation of Metabolism

Forkhead proteins, and FoxO1 in particular, play a significant role in regulating whole body energy metabolism. Glucose homeostasis is achieved by adjusting endogenous glucose production as well as glucose uptake by peripheral tissues in response to insulin. In the fasted state, the liver is primarily responsible for maintaining glucose levels, with FoxO1 playing a key role in promoting the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. Following feeding, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which promotes the uptake of glucose by peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and can in part suppress gluconeogenic enzyme expression in the liver. In addition to directly regulating metabolism, FoxO1 also plays a role in the formation of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, two major organs that are critical for maintaining energy homeostasis. The importance of FoxO1 in energy homeostasis is particularly striking under conditions of metabolic dysfunction or insulin resistance. In obese or diabetic states, FoxO1-dependent gene expression promotes some of the deleterious characteristics associated with these conditions, including hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. In addition, the increase in pancreatic beta cell mass that normally occurs in response to a rise in insulin demand is blunted by nuclear FoxO1 expression. However, under these same pathophysiological conditions, FoxO1 expression may help drive the expression of genes involved in combating oxidative stress, thereby preserving cellular function. FoxO1 may also be involved in promoting the switch from carbohydrate to fatty acid as the major energy source during starvation.
The Changing Paradigm of Data-Intensive Computing

Through the development of new classes of software, algorithms, and hardware, data-intensive applications provide timely and meaningful analytical results in response to exponentially growing data complexity and associated analysis requirements.
Change in tunnel heading in the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in response to movement through opened space.

Subterranean termites excavate tunnel patterns that radiate outward from a point of origin along vectors generated by path integration. Upon encountering open space, the tunnel heads away from the new site. In this study we forced termite excavators to travel from an introduction chamber through a tube with a 90° bend before entering a sand-filled arena, an opened chamber with perpendicular openings that forced a 90° turn before access to the arena, or an open chamber with an odor trail left by previous termites traveling through the opened chamber connecting the perpendicular openings. When forced to move through an opened chamber with no odor trail, the termites tunnelled away from the second chamber, not the introduction chamber. In contrast, when a path is either constrained inside a tube or demarcated by odor trail the path was more likely to head away from the first chamber, suggesting that they are not responding to a cue derived from an intrinsic value of open space. The discontinuation of their perceived path as they traveled through the open space seems to have caused an updating of the path integrator. The location of the deposition of excavated sand from the arena within the tube and chamber system varied, with sand found only in the second chamber when the path was broken. The cues that cause an updating of the path integrator also may stimulate sand deposition.
Immune complex deposition in thyroid carcinoma associated with chronic thyroiditis.

Abstract A case of unilateral multifocal carcinoma of the thyroid associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was studied by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence. Immune complex deposits were demonstrated in the follicular basement membrane (FBM) correlating with positive immunofluorescent staining with anti-IgG, anti-C3, and antithyroglobulin. This report provides evidence that a humoral immune mechanism with immune complex deposition, such as previously described in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, may also play a role in the pathogenesis of thyroiditis associated with carcinoma of the thyroid. An attempt is made to explain the selective deposition of immune complexes in the FBM.
Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia.

Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia are widely considered to be problems of developing countries. Indeed, more than 60 such countries are recognized by the World Health Organization as suffering from an aggregate 5 million new cases of xerophthalmia, one quarter million resulting in blindness, every year. 1 The true number may be twice as large: recent data suggest that a significant proportion of measles-associated blindness, the major cause of pediatric blindness in Africa, is secondary to acute decompensation of borderline vitamin A status. 2 The mechanism(s) by which vitamin A deficiency results in corneal ulceration and necrosis remains uncertain, but local sepsis appears to be a late and variable complication. 3,4 See also pp 350 and 354. Recent data suggest that vitamin A deficiency also has a profound impact on general morbidity, 5 mortality, 6-8 growth, 8,9 and hematopoiesis. 8,10 Even subclinical deficiency may have important implications for survival. 11
Favorable Outcome of Epileptic Blindness in Children

Acute blindness is a rare presentation of epileptic seizures, referring to loss of sight without loss of consciousness associated with electroencephalographic (EEG) epileptic discharges, mainly representing an ictal phase but also either pre- or postictal. We report a series of 14 children with documented epileptic blindness, describing the accompanying fits and thereafter the response to therapy to resolve the blindness and control associated seizures. All patients experienced episodes of acute complete visual obscuration lasting for 1 to 10 minutes. Seven patients hadaccompanying generalized seizures, with a photosensitive response recorded in three of them. All of these seven children were treated with valproic acid, regaining full vision, and six of them became seizure free. Three patients with acute blindness who had accompanying focal motor seizures and unilateral temporooccipital posterior epileptic discharges were treated with carbamazepine regained full vision and complete seizure control. Four additional children had the constellation of migrainous headaches, focal motor phenomena, and complete blindness, along with occipital discharges compatible with Gastaut syndrome, benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms. All four patients were started on carbamazepine and became asymptomatic. Our overall experience suggests that epileptic blindness in children is associated with a favorable outcome when promptly diagnosed and treated appropriately, resulting in complete resolution of blindness in all children and satisfactory control of seizures in most of them. We therefore recommend performing a prompt EEG in any child presenting with acute visual obscuration, even in the absence of other epileptic phenomena.
Geochemical Characteristics and Possible Origins of the Southern Closepet Batholith, South India

The polyphase Closepet batholith in South India intrudes Archean tonalitic and granitic gneisses in a terrane that grades from amphibolite to granulite grade at the southern end of the batholith. Two granite and two granodioritic suites are recognized in the batholith. One granite suite from the southern terminus of the batholith has high Sr, Ba, La/Yb, and Eu/Eu*, and low Sc, Y, Nb, Ta, and total REE and is similar to other granites from along the amphibolite-granulite transition zone that have the characteristics of a fractionally crystallized cumulate. The other granite suite has lower Sr and Ba, higher Sc and Y, and no distinctive Eu anomaly. This latter group, which is widespread in the southern Closepet batholith, can be derived by 20% equilibrium partial melting of a tonalite source (containing hornblende and garnet) that is compositionally similar to South India tonalites near the amphibolite-granulite transition. The two granite groups may have been produced by separate episodes of $CO_{2}$ metam...
Soybean agglutinin binding to corneal endothelial cell surfaces disrupts in situ monolayer integrity and actin organization and interferes with wound repair

Rat corneal endothelium demonstrates cell-surface soybean agglutinin (SBA) binding during organ-culture or injury. When organ-cultured in medium containing SBA, the endothelial monolayer is disrupted because of cell-cell and cell-matrix alterations. SBA binding disorganizes the circumferential microfilament bundles (CMBs), an effect that is partially prevented by phallacidin preincubation. This disruption is reversible if tissues are returned to standard culture medium. Serum heightens SBA binding, whereas puromycin prevents it. Neither actinomycin D nor α-amanitin inhibits SBA binding, suggesting that SBA-binding protein(s) may be post-transcriptionally regulated. During injury-induced cell migration in the presence of SBA, cellular processes are blunted and fail to extend significantly outward. By 72 h post-injury, cells of SBA-treated tissues repopulate the wound but demonstrate little association with neighboring cells. Cells migrating in the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine appear normal but also fail to reassociate with other cells in the jury zone. Immunofluorescent staining for ZO-1 reveals punctuate patterns in cells of control tissues, whereas neither SBA- nor N-acetylgalactosamine-treated tissues exhibit ZO-1 staining. Terminal N-acetylgalactosamine removal fails to affect cell morphology, actin organization, or migration but prevents lectin binding. Our results suggest that SBA binding reflects the synthesis of a stress-induced protein(s) that may play a role in reestablishing cell-cell relationships during monolayer reorganization following injury.
On the Fatty Acids Essential in Nutrition.

ConclusionThe recently reported cases of skin lesions discussed here were produced under conditions which indicate a lack of some growth factor. In no case were conditions such that uncomplicated fat-deficiency could result. It would be impossible, therefore, for these rats to respond to small doses of unsaturated fats. An adequate supply of all water soluble growth factors must be fed if the typical fat deficiency results are to be obtained. Growth should approximate that given by the daily consumption of 0.65 gm. or more of high grade dried yeast.
An Error Space Controller for a Resonating Fiber Scanner: Simulation and Implementation

A robust error-space controller for an amplitude modulated resonating fiber scanner is developed and implemented. Using a nonlinear dynamics model, the system's open loop temporal response for a spiral scan pattern is simulated and compared to experiments to understand scan distortions, such as, toroid, swirl, and beating. A feedback linearized linear quadratic regulator based on error dynamics drives the tracking error to zero. Controller simulations determine robustness limits, and effects of fiber nonlinearities and actuator time delay. Using real-time hardware, the controller asymptotically tracks and is capable of removing the scan distortions. Image acquisition with the controlled scanner produces nearly pixel accurate images.
Stress directions along the Alaska Wadati-Benioff zone from inversion of focal mechanism data

Abstract The focal mechanisms of 137 intermediate depth (60–180 km) earthquakes in the Alaska Wadati-Benioff zone (WBZ) were derived from P-wave first-motions. The study focused on three earthquake clusters referred to as Iliamna, Talkeetna, and Denali. In all three clusters, the orientations of the principal stresses (pressure (P), null (B), and tension (T) axes) are similar. The P axes for most of the events show NNE-SSW trends with shallow plunge conforming to the geometry of the WBZ in the study area. The rest of the events yielded E-W oriented P axes. The T axis for most of the events plunge at a steeper angle than P axes, but parallel the dip of the WBZ. We interpret this feature as indicting the predominance of gravitational sinking of the associated underthrust lithospheric plate. The regional stress direction was estimated from the focal mechanisms using the inversion method of Gephart and Forsyth (1984). The results show that the maximum regional stress in the 60–90 km depth range plunges shallowly in the Iliamna (14°) and Talkeetna (5°) areas, and approximately in the direction of convergence (N163°E) of the Pacific and North American plates. In this depth range, similar results for the Denali area could not be obtained due to a lack of data. However, the inversion of the focal mechanism data for all three clusters for depths greater than 100 km yielded large values for both misfit and 95 percent confidence area compared with those in the depth range of 60–90 km. This may indicate the stress directions for depths greater than 100 km along the Alaska WBZ are more heterogeneous than in the depth range of 60–90 km.
Korean American Women and Mammogram Uptake

A high percentage of Korean American (KA) women have never had a mammogram, which puts them at greater risk for late-stage breast cancer. The aim of this study was to compare health beliefs and spousal support about breast cancer and screening between KA women with and without a history of mammogram completion. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 428 non-adherent married KA women. KA women who never had a mammogram were younger, had less access to health care, had less knowledge, and had lower perceived self-efficacy, benefits, and spousal support, and higher perceived barriers to breast cancer screening compared to women who had had a mammogram. Assessing differing characteristics between the two groups of KA women may lead to a better understanding of the variables influencing mammography screening in this population and possibly increase early screening.
Energy conservation in the U.S.: A mixture of understanding and misunderstanding

Abstract Certain basic concepts are clarified and redefined. In particular a clear line is drawn between energy efficiency on the one hand and its thrifty use on the other, which is often confusingly referred to as energy conservation. It is axiomatic that the rapid increase of energy prices encourages installation of energy-efficient equipment. This is hampered, however, by the increase of the cost of capital. The combined result of these two simultaneous increases, in conjunction with the steady level of labor costs, results in an increase of labor content in the preferred capital-energy-labor mix of industrial production processes and therefore in a decrease of labor efficiency. The severity of the crisis in the American automobile industry is attributed primarily to its lack of perceptiveness and its shortage of vision, rather than to the energy situation. Government spending on energy policy was rapidly increasing, but its very existence is now endangered, as a result of President Reagan's firm belief that the interplay of marketplace forces will exert a powerful regulatory influence and will, by itself, take care of the energy problem. This view is challenged in the paper and arguments are advanced for the necessity of having a sustained government energy policy.
Adaptive thermogenesis: Orchestrating mitochondrial biogenesis

The biogenesis of mitochondria requires products of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Recent studies of adaptive thermogenesis have shown how mitochondrial proliferation and respiratory activity in brown fat and skeletal muscle are directed by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1.
Structural resolution of carbohydrate positional and structural isomers based on gas-phase ion mobility-mass spectrometry

This report describes the rapid characterization of positional and structural carbohydrate isomers based on structural separations provided by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Many of the diseases associated with glycoprotein variation can be more effectively treated with earlier detection substantiating the need for high-throughput methodologies for glycan characterization. This remains particularly difficult due to heterogeneity, branching, and large size of carbohydrate moieties which creates the potential for numerous isobaric positional and structural isomers that are difficult to characterize using conventional MS methods. IM-MS provides rapid (μs to ms) structural separations by IM and subsequent identification by MS which presents a means for characterization of positional and structural carbohydrate isomers. To chart the structural variation observed in IM-MS, the ion-neutral collision cross sections for over 300 carbohydrates are reported. This diversity can also be varied through the utility of using different alkali metals to tune separation selectivity viaalkali metal–carbohydrate coordination. Furthermore, the advantages of combining either pre- and/or post-IM fragmentation prior to MS analysis is demonstrated for enhanced confidence in carbohydrate identification.
Early Experience With Fiber Optic Picture Archival Communication System (PACS) For Medical Images

At the First International Conference on PACS for medical applications, the fiber optic communication network in our department was introduced. Since that time, the network has expanded substantially, the communication protocols have been significantly modified, new fiber optic interfaces have been designed, built, and installed and even further hardware changes are planned. As we gained experience during this evolutionary period, we have acquired even more confidence in the use of fiber optics, the star network configuration, standard television for review and comparison, and the hierarchical communication protocols described in this paper.
Cultural orientation, ego resilience, and optimism as predictors of subjective well-being in African Americans

This study tested a portion of a model proposed by Constantine and Sue (2006) that examined whether certain attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors thought to be consistent with the cultural orientation and worldview of African Americans (i.e., religiosity, racial pride, and time orientation), would predict ego resilience, optimism, and subjective well-being in a sample of African American college students (N = 215). Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that cultural orientation would predict ego resilience, optimism, and subjective well-being in the current sample of African American college students. Religiosity and racial pride positively predicted psychological functioning and well-being. Present time orientation, however, negatively predicted psychological functioning and well-being. Implications of the study's findings are discussed in the context of future research and clinical interventions.
Stabilization policy in the St. Louis econometric model

In earlier papers1,2 we examined the question of whether there are simple linear feedback control rules for the behavior of the money supply which reduce the instability of the rates of inflation and unemployment as compared with results under a rule by which the money supply is expanded at a constant rate. It has been argued that the lags of the effects of monetary policy on the economy are both so long and so variable as to make the optimal monetary policy one which does not respond to current economic events3. We found in our earlier work that there are simple (and plausible) feedback rules which stabilize the economy, as represented by one large model (Federal Reserve Board-M.I.T.-Pennsylvania [FMP]4) and one small quarterly econometric model (St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank [SL]5). These results were obtained by deterministic and stochastic simulation (with additive random disturbances only) of the two models.
Population Type of Cygnus X-2

Burbidge, Lynds and Stockton1 and Kristian, Sandage and Westphal2 have shown that the point X-ray source Cyg X-2 is very probably binary. Kraft and Demoulin3 further suggest that a third object may be present, for their radial velocity observations do not seem to repeat, but the observational uncertainties are such that this possibility will not be considered here.
A spatial non-dynamic LQG controller: Part I, application to adaptive optics

The theory of a spatial non-dynamic LQG controller developed in Part II is applied to astronomical adaptive optics (AO). The AO control system is described and reduced to an exact finite dimensional model by projecting into observable and controllable subspaces. A dynamic optimal minimum variance controller is derived, using the estimated covariance of the residuals rather than assuming a Komolgorov structure function. This controller is compared with a non-dynamic optimal controller and with the usual null-seeking controller
Building adaptive connectionist-based controllers: review of experiments in human-robot interaction, collective robotics, and computational neuroscience

This paper summarizes a number of experiments in biologically inspired robotics. The common feature to all experiments is the use of artificial neural networks as the building blocks for the controllers. The experiments speak in favor of using a connectionist approach for designing adaptive and flexible robot controllers, and for modeling neurological processes. I present 1) DRAMA, a novel connectionist architecture, which has general property for learning time series and extracting spatio-temporal regularities in multi-modal and highly noisy data; 2) Robota, a doll-shaped robot, which imitates and learns a proto-language; 3) an experiment in collective robotics, where a group of 4 to 15 Khepera robots learn dynamically the topography of an environment whose features change frequently; 4) an abstract, computational model of primate ability to learn by imitation; 5) a model for the control of locomotor gaits in a quadruped legged robot.
Systolic architectures for the manipulator inertia matrix

Systolic architectures consisting of 1, N, and N(N+1)/2 processors are presented for computing the manipulator inertia matrix. A VLSI-based robotics processor which is under development is the fundamental component of the architecture. Its major elements are a 32-bit floating-point multiplier, a 32-bit floating-point adder, a triple-port memory, and four I/O ports for external communication which are interconnected to facilitate implementation of robotics operations. The algorithm used is based on recursive computation of the inertial parameters of sets of composite rigid bodies and is programmed to exploit any inherent parallelism. Good results are obtained for the N-processor and N(N+1)/2-processor configurations that give a compute-time delay of O(N). I/O time and idle time due to processor synchronization as well as CPU utilization and on-chip memory size are fully included in the evaluation and indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the design. >
The role of the hospital in the evolution of elite cultures of medicine.

Rosenberg argues that a culture of medicine articulates a unique medical vision reflecting scientific ideologies and perceptions, professional values and rewards, career patterns, and the work context of each generation of physicians (Rosenberg, 1987, p. 7) It might be more accurate, however, to recognize multiple cultures of medicine. This papers traces American hospitals' contributions to three specific aspects of certain elite cultures of medicine. Its first section introduces and explores these aspects transhistorically. They are: a stratified paradigm of the physician-patient relationship, the equation of competence with specialization, and a pattern within a stratified model of medicine called the “Lone Ranger syndrome.” A brief historical profile subsequently highlights changes in the structure and function of American hospitals in the 19th century. The three remaining sections chart the ebb and flow of the prominence and power of these specific aspects of elite cultures of medicine across three historical periods: the late 19th century, 1910–1930, and the post World War II era.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

verthepast2decades,signiﬁcantadvancesinmagneticresonance imaging (MRI) techniques have opened anentirely new ﬁeld of evaluating regions of neural activitybased on focal metabolic changes. Nuclear medicine studieswithsingle-photonemissiontomographyandpositronemis-sion tomography, over many years, have shown that areas ofbrain activity have increased blood ﬂow, and the ability tomeasure increases in oxygen concentration allows detectionof these regions of activity. Correlating imaging with speciﬁcneural activity is referred to as brain mapping. The ability toobserve brain function with MRI during speciﬁc tasks andmore recently in the resting state is called functional mag-netic resonance imaging (fMRI).fMRI reveals short-term physiological changes associatedwith active brain functioning, and in this way, fMRI canidentifythedifferentpartsofthebrainwhereparticularmen-tal processes occur and can characterize the patterns of acti-vation associated with those processes. This is a dynamiccomplementary modality to the static structural informationobtainedfromconventionalMRI.fMRIhasanincreasingrolein preoperative planning with delineation of eloquent brainareas in relation to intracranial pathologies. Furthermore,fMRIhasprovidedabetterunderstandingoftheneuralbasisfor major psychiatric disorders, neurologic disorders, andsubstance abuse. Numerous functional studies have identi-ﬁedneuralprocessingdifferencesoralterationsinfunctionalconnectivity on MRI between patient groups and healthyindividuals, such as regarding Alzheimer’s disease.
Tissue specificity of mitochondrial monooxygenase system for aflatoxin B1 activation

Abstract Rat liver mitoplasts free of detectable microsomal contamination can activate significant amounts of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) into electrophilic reactive forms. The activated carcinogen binds to mitochondrial macromolecules and inhibits mitochondrial RNA and protein biosynthesis. The mitochondrial monooxygenase oxygenase system for AFB1 activation is restricted to liver and kidney as tested by enzyme assays and effects on mitochondrial RNA and protein synthesis.
Experimental study on synthesizing TiO2 nanotube/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites and their thermoelectric and photosensitive property characterization

Abstract In this paper, TiO2 nanotube/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites were made. The thermoelectric and photosensitive properties of the nanocomposites were studied. The effects of processing time, voltage, concentration of F− ions and H3PO4 on the formation of TiO2 nanotubes were investigated. The morphologies of the synthesized nanocomposites were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of polyaniline was confirmed by both Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum conditions for the formation of well-organized TiO2 nanotubes are at 20 V for 60 min in the electrolyte containing 0.2 M fluorine ions. The highest absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient for the TiO2 nanotube/polyaniline nanocomposites is 124 μV/K at 30 °C. Pure Ti foil does not show photosensitive property, while the TiO2 nanotubes have strong photosensitivity.
Three-dimensional equilibria in DRAKONs

An analytic formula of the second-order equilibrium beta limit for DRAKONs with triangular connectors of rectilinear elements (CRELs) with arbitrary pressure profile is derived. Its predictions for a parabolic pressure profile are compared with the full third-order numerical results, leading to a semi-analytic formula. The beta limits obtained here are much lower than those obtained previously; for example, for a DRAKON with straight sections and CRELs equal in length and with triangular CRELs of aspect ratio 2, the peak beta limit is 2.2%, compared to the previous result of 12%. Pressure profiles with sharper boundaries have lower beta limits. The equilibrium is governed by the predominant quadrupole Pfirsch-Schluter current. Small deviations from the CREL condition have almost no effects on the equilibrium and thus the beta limit. Optimal triangular CRELs are found. They give beta limits slightly higher than those for the standard triangular CREL. Other possible ways of raising the beta limit are also discussed.
Appropriate Use of Surgical Procedures for Patients with Cancer

With increasing focus on improving quality and promoting patient-centered care, ensuring that patients receive appropriate surgical procedures is paramount. The appropriateness method was developed to determine which patients should and should not undergo surgical intervention versus medical therapy. This method combines the best available evidence in the literature with expert opinion to produce explicit guidance for clinicians on the relative risks and benefits of a procedure for specific clinical indications. A coordinated effort to produce appropriateness criteria for surgical oncology could improve the quality of surgical care for patients with cancer if these criteria are integrated into routine clinical practice.
Imbedding four-manifolds and slicing links

At the 1977 Georgia Topology Conference, Cappell and Shaneson(6) announced the following theorem. Let M be a closed oriented smooth four-manifold .
Brain potentials related to stages of sentence verification.

Subjects were shown the terms of simple sentences in sequence (e.g., “A sparrow / is not / a vehicle”) and manually indicated whether the sentence was true or false. When the sentence form was affirmative (i.e., “X is a Y”), false sentences produced scalp potentials that were significantly more negative than those for true sentences, in the region of about 250 to 450 msec following presentation of the sentence object. In contrast, when the sentence form was negative (i.e., “X is not a Y”), it was the true statements that were associated with the ERP negativity. Since both the false-affirmative and the true-negative sentences consist of “mismatched” subject and object terms (e.g., sparrow / vehicle), it was concluded that the negativity in the potentials reflected a semantic mismatch between terms at a preliminary stage of sentence comprehension, rather than the falseness of the sentence taken as a whole. Similarities between the present effects of semantic mismatches and the N400 associated with incongruous sentences (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980) are discussed. The pattern of response latencies and of ERPs taken together supported a model of sentence comprehension in which negatives are dealt with only after the proposition to be negated is understood.
Skepticism and Cryptography

Cryptography is an essential component of America’s national security infrastructure. Billions of dollars are spent on cryptosystems every year, in both the public and private sector. Unfortunately, the field is rife with dubious claims, snake oil salesmen, and outright fraud. This paper highlights the importance of skepticism and critical thinking in the role of evaluating and procuring cryptosystems. We discuss our experiences in teaching future leaders about testing extraordinary cryptographic claims by asking hard questions and show examples from our own experience. We believe that the rigorous application of skepticism and critical thinking in cryptography are absolutely essential to the wise use of America’s resources and the security of the nation.
Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near residences and poorly controlled asthma in adults

Background Air pollution may exacerbate asthma. Objective To investigate associations between traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near residences and poorly controlled asthma among adults diagnosed as having asthma in Los Angeles and San Diego counties, California. Methods We estimated traffic density within 500 ft of 2001 California Health Interview Survey respondents' reported residential cross-street intersections. Additionally, we assigned annual average concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter 2.5 and 10 micrometers or less in diameter, and carbon monoxide measured at government monitoring stations within a 5-mile radius of the reported residential cross-street intersections. Results We observed a 2-fold increase in poorly controlled asthma (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-3.23) among asthmatic adults in the highest quintile of traffic density after adjusting for age, sex, race, and poverty. Similar increases were seen for nonelderly adults, men, and women, although associations seemed strongest in elderly adults (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.13-7.91). Ozone exposures were associated with poorly controlled asthma among elderly adults (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 0.91-3.18 per 1 pphm) and men (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.05-2.94 per 1 pphm), whereas particulate matter 10 micrometers or less seemed to affect primarily women (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.17-3.61), even at levels below the national air quality standard. Conclusions Heavy traffic and high air pollution levels near residences are associated with poorly controlled asthma.