cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial-temporal modeling of malware propagation in networks

Network security is an important task of network management. One threat to network security is malware (malicious software) propagation. One type of malware is called topological scanning that spreads based on topology information. The focus of this work is on modeling the spread of topological malwares, which is important for understanding their potential damages, and for developing countermeasures to protect the network infrastructure. Our model is motivated by probabilistic graphs, which have been widely investigated in machine learning. We first use a graphical representation to abstract the propagation of malwares that employ different scanning methods. We then use a spatial-temporal random process to describe the statistical dependence of malware propagation in arbitrary topologies. As the spatial dependence is particularly difficult to characterize, the problem becomes how to use simple (i.e., biased) models to approximate the spatially dependent process. In particular, we propose the independent model and the Markov model as simple approximations. We conduct both theoretical analysis and extensive simulations on large networks using both real measurements and synthesized topologies to test the performance of the proposed models. Our results show that the independent model can capture temporal dependence and detailed topology information and, thus, outperforms the previous models, whereas the Markov model incorporates a certain spatial dependence and, thus, achieves a greater accuracy in characterizing both transient and equilibrium behaviors of malware propagation.
Ultrasound imaging for cavitation detection during HIFU ablation in brain

High intensity focused ultrasound (abbreviated as HIFU) has its potential in tumor treatment due to its non-invasive benefits. During HIFU exposure, cavitation (generation of gas bubbles) is often observed, which can be an indication of potential lesion created by HIFU power. Due to a large difference in ultrasound acoustic properties between the gas bubble and surrounding tissues, ultrasonic energy is reflected and scattered at the HIFU focus, thus indicating activity around the focal area and often interfering HIFU dosage delivery. A good understanding and control of cavitation phenomenon could potentially enhance the HIFU delivery and treatment outcomes. Quantifying the onset timing and extent of the cavitation could be potentially used for detecting HIFU effects and therapy guidance. In this paper, we study the relationships among HIFU parameters, the characteristics of cavitation quantified from ultrasound imaging, and characteristics of the final tissue lesion created by HIFU. In our study, we used 12 freshly excised pig brains in vitro for observation and analysis of cavitation activities during HIFU exposure with different HIFU parameters. Final lesions were examined by slicing the brain tissues into thin slices and 3D volume was constructed with segmentation of the lesion. HIFU parameters, cavitation activities through image processing and lesion characterization were correlated. We also present our initial understanding of the process of cavitation activities under certain HIFU parameters and control of such activities that could lead to optimal lesion
Developing a Model for Student Teacher Supervision.

This article addresses itself to two recurring questions regarding the supervision of student teachers: who should carry out the work of supervision, and how can it most skillfully be done? The answer to the first question seems to be that, for a variety of reasons, the cooperating teacher appears best suited to do the supervision. University supervisors might use their time more efficiently to train a cadre of classroom teachers who will teach with and supervise student teachers. With respect to the question of how to carry out the supervision, two different approaches appear in the literature. One focuses on recording and analyzing observable events in the classroom (including student learning and teaching techniques), while the other emphasizes a Rogerian type of interaction wherein the student teacher's anxieties and ‘self’ needs are discussed. A possible model for supervision combining features of both approaches is suggested along with strategies and techniques for implementing this combined approach to supervision.
’The life with a hole in it’: Philip Larkin and the condition of England

(1994). ’The life with a hole in it’: Philip Larkin and the condition of England. Textual Practice: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 279-301.
Relationship Of The Concentration-Dependent Ti Center To The LinbO 3 Ordinary Optical Index

ABSTRACT Using x -ray absorption techniques, the Ti center in congruent LiNb03 is shown to be concentration -dependent. The change inthe Ti center takes place within the concentration range used for integrated optics and involves a displacement in the xy plane ofthe LiNb03 crystal lattice perpendicular to the polar axis. Reports in the literature indicate that as the ordinary optical indexincreases with increasing Ti concentration, an abrupt decrease in slope occurs at approximately the same concentration at which ourdata shows the Ti center itself changes. Simple theory based on a linear- combination -of- atomic -orbitals (LCAO) model suggests that the change in slope of the ordinary index vs Ti concentration can be accounted for by the observed xy displacement of the Ti.1. INTRODUCTIONThe work reported in this paper represents the first phase of a program to control photorefraction in LiNbO3. Titanium inLiNbO3 was chosen as the first impurity for study because it is the best understood impurity and could serve to demonstrate theusefulness of the experimental techniques we employed. The primary experimental technique used was X -ray Absorption Spectros-copyt (XAS) which provides a measure of the impurity lattice site geometry which theory indicates is so important in photorefrac-
Literary Cosmotopia and Nationalism in Ariel

Camilla Fojas, in her paper "Literary Cosmotopia and Nationalism in Ariel," argues that turn-of-the-century cosmopolitan literary texts encoded political interests and that they were concerned with the proper way of being cosmopolitan and national at the same time, of forging literary and diplomatic parity between national and international interests. Unfortunately, this search for balance was beset by rhetorical and ideological prejudices manifest in phobic language about the corrupting forces of cosmopolitan effeminacy on national character. The conflict of cosmopolitanism with nationalism was played out as a kind of war between the sexes, as a gendered battle for dominance. This tension is born out in the critical responses to Jose Enrique Rodo's Ariel (1900), a text that seeks to reroute the course of national identity through a turn to cosmopolitanism. Although women are excluded from the discursive scene of Ariel, its generic form is transgendered and inclusive, its rhetoric contains the possibility of breaking the masculinist coda of nationalism. Also, the parable of the hospitable king restores cosmopolitanism to its fundamental basis in hospitality where the outcast figures of speculation and imagination, of the strange and queer, might find refuge. The rhetoric of Ariel is insufferable and its classical boys-only model is tiresomely narrow, yet the refusal of North American materialism is admirable and it ventures onto terrain untraversed by many other modernists. In the end, it retains the most useful model of cosmopolitanism, one forgotten in the relentless drive to be modern. Camilla Fojas, "Literary Cosmotopia and Nationalism in Arie " page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.4 (2004):
Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982-83 el nino warming event.

One probable extinction and one range reduction of eastern Pacific reef-building hydrocoral ( Millepora ) species mark the first documented cases of species eliminations resulting from the worldwide 1980s coral reef bleaching events. Two of 12 Panamanian coral species were eliminated suddenly from their former ranges by prolonged high sea temperatures during the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event. Three conditions contributed to their demise: high sensitivity to sea warming, populations confined to a small geographic area, and bathymetric restriction to the euphotic zone (≤20 meters depth) where El Nino sea warming had its greatest effect
Spectral conditions for admissibility of evolution equations in Hilbert space

Abstract We study properties of solutions of the evolution equation u ′ ( t ) = ( B u ) ( t ) + f ( t ) ( ∗ ) , where B is a closable operator on the space AP ( R , H ) of almost periodic functions with values in a Hilbert space H such that B commutes with translations. The operator B generates a family B ˆ ( λ ) of closed operators on H such that B ( e i λ t x ) = e i λ t B ˆ ( λ ) x (whenever e i λ t x ∈ D ( B ) ). For a closed subset Λ ⊂ R , we prove that the following properties (i) and (ii) are equivalent: (i) for every function f ∈ AP ( R , H ) such that σ ( f ) ⊆ Λ , there exists a unique mild solution u ∈ AP ( R , H ) of Eq. ( ∗ ) such that σ ( u ) ⊆ Λ ; (ii) [ B ˆ ( λ ) − i λ ] is invertible for all λ ∈ Λ and sup λ ∈ Λ ‖ [ B ˆ ( λ ) − i λ ] −1 ‖ ∞ .
Some economic characteristics of animal husbandry in Pakistan

In spite of the predominance of agriculture in the economy of Pakistan, animal raising is the most neglected industry in the country. The study points out some of the reasons for such neglect and lack of enthusiasm in organizing the cattle industry. Cost and return method has been used to relate the importance of crops over livestock in the farm economy.
Comment on the optimal costs of isotopes

Abstract The minimum cost of radioisotope production has been recently determined through application of Pontryagin's principle. The cost function which was minimized is, Although a , b and ξ are arbitrary positive constants, the problem was solved only for ξ > 1. This letter points out that Pontryagin's principle also determines a solution for ξ ≦ 1. In the latter case, the solution calls for maximum flux throughout the irradiation.
New Acousto-Optic Signal Processing Architectures And Applications

Acousto-optic transducers are the obvious candidates for real-time high bandwidth signal processors. Several new applications and system architectures for acousto-optic signal processors are described. These include: a passive ambiguity surface processor, a space-variant acousto-optic system and a self-synchronizing spread spectrum system.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Integrating Accountability With Choice: Implications for School Governance

As school choice policies continue to gain momentum in the American system of public education, a push for increased accountability by different levels of government has occurred. In some instances, policymakers have begun to pair public-school choice and performance-based accountability mechanisms within the same initiative (e.g., the Florida A+ Plan). Theoretically, whereas school choice is supposed to release schools and their potential for innovation and improvement from bureaucratic control, prevailing forms of educational accountability have arisen from politically negotiated, bureaucratically administered standards for school success. The purpose of this article is to explore the consequences of integrated choice/accountability policies for the organization and governance of schooling on purely conceptual grounds. In so doing, it exposes what may be a fundamental tension.
OpenRadio: a programmable wireless dataplane

We present OpenRadio, a novel design for a programmable wireless dataplane that provides modular and declarative programming interfaces across the entire wireless stack. Our key conceptual contribution is a principled refactoring of wireless protocols into processing and decision planes. The processing plane includes directed graphs of algorithmic actions (eg. 54Mbps OFDM WiFi or special encoding for video). The decision plane contains the logic which dictates which directed graph is used for a particular packet (eg. picking between data and video graphs). The decoupling provides a declarative interface to program the platform while hiding all underlying complexity of execution. An operator only expresses decision plane rules and corresponding processing plane action graphs to assemble a protocol. The scoped interface allows us to build a dataplane that arguably provides the right tradeoff between performance and flexibility. Our current system is capable of realizing modern wireless protocols (WiFi, LTE) on off-the-shelf DSP chips while providing flexibility to modify the PHY and MAC layers to implement protocol optimizations.
Conditions ensuring starter induced 1‐factorizations are not isomorphic

In general, it is difficult to determine whether two starter induced 1-factorizations of K2n are isomorphic. However, when one of the 1-factorizations has a unique starter group to within conjugacy, we show that two starter induced 1-factorizations on K2n are isomorphic, if and only if, the corresponding starters are isomorphic. Two starters are isomorphic if there is a group isomorphism between the respective starter groups which takes one starter to the other. It is relatively easy to check whether starters are isomorphic in many examples. The difficulty comes in showing there is a unique starter group to within conjugacy. A number of sufficient conditions for this are given; one such condition is the assumption that the 1-factorization be irreducible, a condition which applies to all almost perfect 1-factorizations. Also, generalized Mullin Nemeth starters are introduced and discussed in this context. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 124–143, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10023
Radiation treatment of patients with primary pediatric malignancies: Risk of developing thyroid cancer as a secondary malignancy

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of thyroid cancer as a secondary malignancy after radiation treatment of primary pediatric malignancies. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we identified 7,670 patients from 1973 to 1988 with primary pediatric malignancies. The relative risk of thyroid cancer in irradiated patients was calculated using the Poisson regression model, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for survival rates. Results The relative risk (RR) of thyroid cancer for children who received radiation was 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–4.29). It was highest for central nervous system cancer (RR = 4.47) and lowest for those with leukemia (RR = 1.75). Mortality was significantly reduced for patients who received radiation as children; the hazard ratio was .80 (95% CI, .75–.86). Conclusions Radiation for pediatric malignancies increases the risk of developing thyroid cancer as a secondary malignancy; however, these patients had localized disease and lower 20-year mortality.
Exploring the Use of Web-Based HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug-Using Black Men Who Have Sex with Both Men and Women: A Feasibility Study

This study examined HIV prevention program needs from the perspective of injection-drug-using men who have sex with both men and women (IDU-MSM/W) involved in sex trade. Focus groups were conducted involving an exploratory sample (N = 105) of men who met the following parameters: African American, injection-drug-using behavior, men who have sex with men and women, and men who frequent parks and other areas for sex trade in Baltimore City and surrounding areas, ages 18 to 40 years. Data suggest that an HIV prevention program is needed that includes language acquisition specific to the IDU-MSM/W sex-trade community, comprehensive services including treatment for depression and other mental health needs, and methods for improving HIV prevention, such as safer-sex communication skills. These findings provide a better understanding of a population for which little is known, and identifies HIV prevention program needs for the IDU-MSM/W community involved in sex trade.
Long-term nutrient cycling patterns in Douglas-fir and red alder stands: a simulation study

Long-term patterns in nutrient cycling in regrowing Douglas-fir (Pseudosuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) on native soils plus soils previously occupied by other species were simulated using the nutrient cycling model. Simulations of regrowing stands were also compared with observations of nutrient cycling in mature Douglas-fir and red alder. We hypothesized that (1) prolonged presence of red alder will cause a depletion in soil base cations due to increased nitrification and NO3 ˇ leaching; (2) lower base cation availability under red alder will ultimately cause biomass production to decline; (3) high N availability in red alder soils will favor regrowth of Douglas-fir; (4) higher base cation and P status of the Douglas-fir soils will favor growth of red alder both in the short- and long-term, since N is not limiting to red alder; and (5) in regrowing red alder, NO3 ˇ leaching will increase with time as a result of increased N fixation. All hypotheses were confirmed, but the effect of soil type on biomass production was minimal both for red alder and Douglas-fir. The higher soil organic matter content in the mature red alder stand most likely reflected previous occupation by old-growth Douglas-fir and also a large litter input from the understory vegetation. In general, the nutrient cycling model simulated differences in nutrient cycling patterns at least qualitatively between Douglas-fir and red alder and was helpful in identifying potential gaps in the understanding of biogeochemical cycling as well as uncertainties in the data. The nutrient cycling model did not fully elucidate differences in P cycling between Douglas-fir and red alder and overestimated weathering rates under Douglas-fir. Uncertainties in the data included: (1) temporal patterns in N fixation in the regrowing stands; (2) understory litterfall; and (3) site history and, consequently, presence of pre-existing differences in site conditions. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Development of rapidly deployable instrumentation packages for data acquisition in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires

In an effort to quantify structure ignition mechanisms during wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires, rapidly deployable instrumentation packages were developed. For a structure under a WUI fire attack, the packages are designed to: (1) provide temporally resolved images of structure ignition mechanisms and (2) provide quantitative data on total heat flux, wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, and relative humidity near a structure. The unique design of the packages allowed for wireless transmission of all data signals collected to a hardened location. Prior to attempting to use these instrumentation packages in real WUI fires, a proof-of-concept test was conducted under a prescribed fire. In these tests, a shed was used as a surrogate for a typical structure that would be found in the WUI. The proof-of-concept test was successful and has demonstrated that relatively inexpensive instrumentation can be used to image structure ignition in the path of an approaching crown fire and that directional flame thermometers (DFT) were acceptable instrumentation to measure total heat flux in place of cumbersome water cooled total heat flux gages. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Elevated preoperative fasting serum glucose levels increase the risk of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing open heart surgery.

We conducted a case-control study to investigate the relationship between preoperative fasting serum glucose and postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed that a glucose level of 126 mg/dL or greater was associated with a significantly increased risk of mediastinitis (OR, 5.25; P = .002).
POVERTY CONCENTRATION IN THE PRISMATIC METROPOLIS: THE IMPACT OF COMPOSITIONAL and REDISTRIBUTIVE FORCES WITHIN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, 1990–2000

ABSTRACT:The degrees to which poor populations are spatially concentrated within metropolitan areas are influenced by two sets of forces. In this article, I refer to the first set of forces as redi...
Constructive codes for arbitrary discrete memoryless channels

In 1982, Delsarte and Piret constructed a concatenated code for which the error probability decreases exponentially with the block length for a subclass of symmetric channels called regular channels. In the case of arbitrary discrete memoryless channels, they were not able to prove an exponential bound, but one for which the error probability decreases as (log N/N)/sup /spl alpha// where /spl alpha/ is related to the random coding exponent and N is the block length. The present author shows that indeed, the codes also satisfy the much stronger exponential bound for arbitrary discrete memoryless channels and hence are good in this sense. It is also indicated that the codes are valid for the bandlimited additive Gaussian noise channel. >
Enhancement of low light image based on Gaussian Mixture Modeling

This paper presents a method for global image enhancement based on Gaussian Mixture Modeling (GMM)1. The philosophy behind GMM based enhancement is to enable a more efficient packing of individual Gaussian components in the histogram of the enhanced image, which gets rid off unutilized brightness zones in the image. This enhancement technique falls under the category of global image enhancement and is applied to the image using a transfer function. This method has been tested on diverse set of images under low light conditions.
Learning Trajectories, Lesson Planning, Affordances, and Constraints in the Design and Enactment of Mathematics Teaching

Recent reform efforts in mathematics education have stimulated a focus on learning trajectories. At the same time, a global increase in high-stakes testing has influenced instructional practices. This study investigated how four fourth grade teachers within a school planned and enacted lessons to understand what mediated their planning and teaching decisions. Findings reveal that three of these teachers, who were veteran teachers, used a testing trajectory approach with decisions mediated by preparing students for high-stakes tests. The fourth teacher, a novice, attempted to use a learning trajectory approach to support student understanding. Results reveal that high-stakes testing played a crucial role in teachers' instructional decisions. Based on the findings, we provide a framework for a testing trajectory approach that the veteran teachers used to make instructional decisions. Further research is needed to understand how to support teachers to prepare students for testing using effective teaching pra...
Key establishment via common state information in networked control systems

Security is an important issue in networked control systems, but has not received sufficient attention. The fundamental step for realizing a security protocol for networked control systems is to establish a secret key between the sensor and controller. Traditional approaches for key establishment such as the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) usually incur significant overhead. In this paper, the common information of the physical system state is exploited for the key establishment between the sensor and the controller. In this scheme, the controller takes an action that causes the system state to change, which can be observed by the sensor. The controller and the sensor will then exchange messages to find the common random bits in the predicted and observed system states, respectively. The secret key will be generated from the common bits. The theoretical bound for the rate of generating common bits is analyzed using information theoretic analysis. This key establishment scheme is implemented on a remote controlled inverted pendulum. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can generate tens of common bits per second.
Interventions for Substance Misuse following TBI: A Systematic Review

Objective: Review the literature to evaluate the evidence for effective treatment to mitigate substancemisuse and substance use disorders (SUD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Systematic review. Data source: Scopus. Study eligibility criteria: A study was considered eligible for review if (a) the intended population specifically included persons with TBI; (b) the experimental intervention targeted misuse of alcohol, illegal drugs or prescription drugs; (c) the intervention was compared to the standard of care, control or another intervention; (d) the outcomes under study included substance use or misuse; and (e) the study design was a controlled trial. Results: Six studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Three studies were conducted during the acute phase of recovery using brief interventions, while the remaining three were conducted with individuals in the post-acute phase (usually several years post-injury) using more intensive treatment. All studies were found to be vulnerable to bias due to methodological weaknesses. Conclusions: While firm conclusions could not be drawn from the results of the studies, each study provided important information about the challenges to conducting SUD intervention trials with persons with TBI. The choices researchers will have to make to address these challenges are delineated.
Locating, collecting, and maintaining colonies of fungus-farming ants (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae: Attini)

The purpose of this paper is to describe methods developed by generations of attinologists for locating, collecting, and maintaining in the laboratory live colonies of fungus-farming ants. Our goal is to accelerate the study of the many very poorly known and increasingly threatened species of this fascinating and biologically important group. We primarily focus on the collection of non-leaf-cutting fungus-farming ants and describe standardized measurement and data collection protocols in three sections: (i) locating fungus-farming ants in the field; (ii) collecting whole colonies of fungus-farming ants; and (iii) maintaining living colonies of fungus-farming ants in the laboratory. We provide lists of necessary equipment and materials, including information on where they can be acquired.
Dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in chlamydiae: reductive evolution and a novel operon for tryptophan recapture

Complete genomic sequences of closely related organisms, such as the chlamydiae, afford the opportunity to assess significant strain differences against a background of many shared characteristics. The chlamydiae are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are important pathogens of humans and other organisms. Tryptophan limitation caused by production of interferon-γ by the host and subsequent induction of indoleamine dioxygenase is a key aspect of the host-parasite interaction. It appears that the chlamydiae have learned to recognize tryptophan depletion as a signal for developmental remodeling. The consequent non-cultivable state of persistence can be increasingly equated to chronic disease conditions. The genes encoding enzymes of tryptophan biosynthesis were the focal point of this study. Chlamydophila psittaci was found to possess a compact operon containing PRPP synthase, kynureninase, and genes encoding all but the first step of tryptophan biosynthesis. All but one of the genes exhibited translational coupling. Other chlamydiae (Chlamydia trachomatis, C. muridarum and Chlamydophila pneumoniae) lack genes encoding PRPP synthase, kynureninase, and either lack tryptophan-pathway genes altogether or exhibit various stages of reductive loss. The origin of the genes comprising the trp operon does not seem to have been from lateral gene transfer. The factors that accommodate the transition of different chlamydial species to the persistent (chronic) state of pathogenesis include marked differences in strategies deployed to obtain tryptophan from host resources. C. psittaci appears to have a novel mechanism for intercepting an early intermediate of tryptophan catabolism and recycling it back to tryptophan. In effect, a host-parasite metabolic mosaic has evolved for tryptophan recycling.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation’s Impact on Atlantic Basin Hurricanes and U.S. Landfalls

Abstract El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been shown in many previous papers to impact seasonal levels of Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity. This paper revisits this relationship by examining a longer period (1900–2009) than has been examined in earlier analyses. Alterations in large-scale climate parameters, especially vertical wind shear, are shown to be the primary reasons why tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic is reduced in El Nino years. Climate signals are found to be somewhat stronger in the Caribbean than for the remainder of the tropical Atlantic. The focus of the paper then shifts to U.S. landfalls, confirming previous research that U.S. landfalls are reduced in El Nino years. The reduction in landfall frequency is greater along the Florida peninsula and East Coast than it is along the Gulf Coast, especially for major hurricanes. The probability of each state being impacted by a hurricane and major hurricane is given for El Nino, La Nina, and neutral years. The most dramatic...
Medical Nutrition Therapy Lowers Serum Cholesterol and Saves Medication Costs in Men with Hypercholesterolemia

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate whether medical nutrition therapy administered by registered dietitians could lead to a beneficial clinical and cost outcome in men with hypercholesterolemia. Ninety-five subjects participating in a cholesterol-lowering drug study took part in an 8-week nutrition intervention program before initiating treatment with a cholesterol-lowering medication. Patient records were reviewed via a retrospective chart review to determine plasma lipid levels at the beginning and end of the program and the number and length of sessions with a dietitian. Complete information was available for 74 subjects aged 60.8±9.8 years (mean±SD). Medical nutrition therapy lowered total serum cholesterol levels 13% ( P P P P f =2.6, P P =.027). Lipid drug eligibility was obviated in 34 of 67 (51%) subjects per the National Cholesterol Treatment Program guidelines algorithm. The estimated annualized cost savings from the avoidance of lipid medications was $60,561.68. Therefore, we conclude that 3 or 4 individualized dietitian visits of 50minutes each over 7 weeks are associated with a significant serum cholesterol reduction and a savings of health care dollars. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:889-894.
Compression and crustal shortening in Andean-type orogenesis

CONTROVERSY exists as to the role of crustal compression and shortening in the formation of the easterly-directed thrust system in eastern portions of the North American Cordilleran orogen1,2. In fact, the controversy can be extended to the general issue of the presence or absence of crustal shortening in any major phase of the development of that orogen. Opponents of crustal shortening have suggested that most fold and thrust structures of the Cordilleran orogen can be explained by gravity-induced stresses3,4.
Herpes simplex virus latency after direct ganglion virus inoculation

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) latent infection of ganglion neurons follows axoplasmic transport of HSV, probably in the form of nucleocapsid from peripheral sites of infection (e.g. footpad). This raises the possibility that latency is dependent on this particular means of presenting HSV to ganglion neurons. To investigate this, we directly infected ganglia of mice with HSV and evaluated latency. Initially, ganglia were surgically exposed in intact mice, infected with HSV and after 4 weeks evaluated for HSV latency-associated transcript (LAT) expression. LAT expression suggested latency. To more fully evaluate latency after direct ganglion inoculation, a transplant model was developed. In this model, ganglia were removed from mice, inoculated with HSV, transplanted into syngeneic recipients and evaluated for latency after several weeks. Latency was evident in transplanted ganglia by (1) the presence of LAT in neurons; (2) the lack of HSV ICP4 RNA or viral antigen, and (3) the isolation of HSV from explants of transplants but not from direct homogenates. The transplant model was then used to evaluate the effect of inhibition of HSV replication on latency. Antivirals which inhibited HSV replication markedly decreased the number of LAT-positive neurons in transplants, suggesting a role for HSV replication mechanisms and latency. It is thought that direct ganglion inoculation and ganglion transplant methods will permit unique investigations of mechanisms of latency.
A single-fractal analysis of cellular analyte-receptor binding kinetics utilizing biosensors.

Abstract A fractal analysis of a confirmative nature only is presented for cellular analyte–receptor binding kinetics utilizing biosensors. Data taken from the literature can be modeled by using a single-fractal analysis. Relationships are presented for the binding rate coefficient as a function of the fractal dimension and for the analyte concentration in solution. In general, the binding rate coefficient is rather sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the biosensor surface. It is of interest to note that examples are presented where the binding coefficient, k exhibits an increase as the fractal dimension (Df) or the degree of heterogeneity increases on the surface. The predictive relationships presented provide further physical insights into the binding reactions occurring on the surface. These should assist in understanding the cellular binding reaction occurring on surfaces, even though the analysis presented is for the cases where the cellular ‘receptor’ is actually immobilized on a biosensor or other surface. The analysis suggests possible modulations of cell surfaces in desired directions to help manipulate the binding rate coefficient (or affinity). In general, the technique presented is applicable for the most part to other reactions occurring on different types of biosensor or other surfaces.
Comparison of vitrified and unvitrified Eocene woody tissues by TMAH thermochemolysis – implications for the early stages of the formation of vitrinite

Samples of vitrified and unvitrified Eocene woody plant tissues collected from the Fossil Forest site, Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island, have been characterized by TMAH thermochemolysis. All samples are gymnosperm-derived, are of very low maturity and all share the same post-depositional geologic history. Differences in the distributions of products observed from vitrified and unvitrified samples suggest that vitrification of woody tissue is associated with modification of the lignin C3 side chain, following loss of all or most of the carbohydrate present in the precursor woody tissues. The key driver of vitrification appears to be physical compression of the tissue following biological removal of cellulosic materials.
How wise is it to screen all newborns for cystic fibrosis

Abstract Screening of newborns (NBS) for select genetic illnesses is conducted in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and many parts of the world. Recently, some venues have added screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) to the panel of tests, and other states are considering its addition. Using a bioethical framework, the arguments for and against adding CF to routine NBS are presented. Nurses are urged to become players in the policy decision process about expanding newborn screening to include CF. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Identifying the proteins to which small-molecule probes and drugs bind in cells

Most small-molecule probes and drugs alter cell circuitry by interacting with 1 or more proteins. A complete understanding of the interacting proteins and their associated protein complexes, whether the compounds are discovered by cell-based phenotypic or target-based screens, is extremely rare. Such a capability is expected to be highly illuminating—providing strong clues to the mechanisms used by small-molecules to achieve their recognized actions and suggesting potential unrecognized actions. We describe a powerful method combining quantitative proteomics (SILAC) with affinity enrichment to provide unbiased, robust and comprehensive identification of the proteins that bind to small-molecule probes and drugs. The method is scalable and general, requiring little optimization across different compound classes, and has already had a transformative effect on our studies of small-molecule probes. Here, we describe in full detail the application of the method to identify targets of kinase inhibitors and immunophilin binders.
Sr3Fe5/4Mo3/4O6.9, an n = 2 Ruddlesden−Popper Phase: Synthesis and Properties

In a systematic search for an oxygen-stoichiometric phase, Sr3(FeMo)O7, in a range of iron-to-molybdenum ratios greater than 1:1 that typically give phase mixtures, we have found an n = 2 Ruddlesden−Popper phase, Sr3Fe5/4Mo3/4O6.9, as supported by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (SPXD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM), and powder neutron diffraction (PND) results. By SPXD, this oxygen-deficient, B-site disordered, two-dimensional analogue of Sr2FeMoO6 adopts tetragonal I4/mmm symmetry (a = b = 3.92449(5) A; c = 20.3423(3) A) with vacancies at the O(1) oxygen site and with a composition that refines to a nominal stoichiometry Sr3Fe5/4Mo3/4O6.9. The two-phase SPXD refinement includes Sr3Fe5/4Mo3/4O6.9 (95.7%) and a double-perovskite (DP) intergrowth, Sr2FeMoO6 (4.3%), consistent with HREM studies in which DP intergrowths but no individual DP grains were found. The G-type antiferromagnetically (AFM)-ordered structure of the phase, with the magnetic cell am = ∼ 5.548 A, cm = c ∼ 2...
Systomics: Toward a Biology of System of Systems

This paper will propose to do as von Bertalanffy once did, and that is to draw on the biological sciences, now hugely advanced beyond that ever imagined by von Bertalanffy and his peers, and use its findings, architectures, and emergent behaviors to argue for a biology of system of systems (SoS). We seek a science and approach that we believe will provide richer insight into SoS failure, “health” maintenance, repair, replication, growth, and mutation-all those features of the evolution of systems which constantly challenge us and which, thus far, we have only been able to explain via macrolevel models and tools. We propose to go deeper into the structure of these systems and to discover their “DNA” (building blocks), thus establishing a foundation to understand their behavior using biological analogies, which we believe will turn out to be more than metaphors. We assert that these systems have microstructures which will explain their individual life cycle and their communal ecology.
Enabling Future Low-Cost Small Spacecraft Mission Concepts Using Small Radioisotope Power Systems

For more than five decades, Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) have played a critical role in the exploration of space, enabling missions of scientific discovery to destinations across the solar system by providing electrical power to explore remote and challenging environments - some of the hardest to reach, darkest, and coldest locations in the solar system. In particular, RPS has met the demand of many long-duration mission concepts for continuous power to conduct science investigations independent of change in sunlight or variations in surface conditions like shadows, thick clouds, or dust.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrum in the Determination of Lead in Urine

[Objective] To establish a simple and accurate method for the determination of lead in urine and detect the urine lead level among the occupationally lead-exposed workers. [Methods] 100 ml urine was collected, determined for its gravity, preserved after acidification and determined after being added with matrix modifier. [Results] The detection limit was 1.15 μg/L; RSD was 2.97%; the labeled recovery rate was 92%~106%.[Conclusion] This method is simple and ideal for the determination of lead in urine requiring only graphite tube but no molybdenum.
Endoscopic infundibulotomy in tuberculous renal infundibular stricture

AbstractTo salvage the renal parenchyma, percutaneous endoscopic infundibulotomy was performed in 10 patients with a tuberculous renal infundibular stricture. Followup ranged from 12 to 31 months. The sites of stricture were the upper calix in 6 patients and the lower calix in 4. A cold knife was used to incise the stricture and a stent was retained for 6 to 8 weeks. Postoperative excretory urography revealed marked shrinkage of the dilated calix in 5 patients, moderate shrinkage in 3 and no change in 2 (success rate 80%). Of 2 failed cases partial nephrectomy was done in 1 and 1 is being followed. There was no significant complication except for 2 cases of pyelonephritis that was controlled with conservative treatment. In conclusion, endoscopic infundibulotomy is a safe, less invasive, successful and parenchyma salvagable procedure to treat tuberculous renal infundibular stricture.
The Estelle medical professional judgment standard: the right of those in state custody to receive high-cost medical treatments.

This Article discusses the rights of prisoners, pretrial detainees, and the involuntarily committed to receive high-cost medical treatments. More specifically, the Article analyzes U.S. Supreme Court and lower court case law dealing with the medical care rights of those in state custody and argues that, under a proper understanding of this case law, the financial considerations of states should play no role in determining the rights of these people to receive high-cost medical care. Finally, the Article defends the current medical care standard against various critiques.
Women and the Workplace

The mass-circulation “service” magazines such as Good Housekeeping, Ladies’ Home Journal, McCall’s and Woman’s Home Companion always considered their readers to be women who worked—worked, that is, as homemakers and sometimes as volunteers in their communities. While these magazines frequently published articles about women who indisputably had careers outside the home—media celebrities, health professionals, journalists, and even politicians—these were clearly presented as exceptional women, not necessarily role models for the average reader. Both during the war years and afterward, the magazines mirrored the culture’s deep ambivalence about women’s paid employment. Titles of two articles in the January 1944 issue of Ladies’ Home Journal announce the two sides of a continuous argument: “You Can’t Have a Career and Be a Good Wife” and “Working Wives Make the Best Wives.” It is not surprising that in magazines aimed primarily at homemakers, the majority of articles on the subject warn of the dangers of trying to inhabit both worlds: fatigue, neglected children, husbands with threatened egos. A Journal poll in 1940 indicated that its readers agreed: 74 percent of those responding believed that housewives led “more pleasant lives” than did women who worked outside the home. Yet by 1948, in part because of the increase in women’s paid employment during World War II, a Census Bureau study found that seventeen million women were in the paid labor force, half of them married.
Definitive embolization of meningiomas. A review.

SUMMARY This review examines the possible role for definitive embolization as a primary therapy for intracranial meningiomas. Surgery or radiosurgery are currently considered the standard of care for most benign meningiomas. However, each of these carries substantial risks. The perioperative mortality for surgical resection, as reported in large series, is between 3.7-9.4%; these studies report a similarly high rate of new neurological deficits following surgery. The rate of complications from radiosurgery is reported between 2-16% and it may take months to years before improvement in symptoms occurs following this therapy. There are a few reports of treating meningiomas by embolization without subsequent surgery. While these studies include small numbers of patients and have limited follow-up, the initial results are very promising. Given the risks and limitations of surgery and radiosurgery, prospective trials are now needed to determine the safety and efficacy of definitive embolization.
Evidence for Multiple Speech Codes

Speech codes theory postulates that multiple speech codes exist in any given speech community. In this chapter, materials and data are presented that address the presence and content of additional speech codes: what speech code (or codes) are evident in the communal conversation about NSE among these scientists and engineers? Evidence is considered for additional, competing and oppositional, speech codes at work in the nano community.
Introduction and expression of the Streptococcus faecalis transposon Tn916 into Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and its use in comobilizing the Staphylococcus aureus resistance plasmid pC194

58 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS 62 RESULTS 66 DISCUSSION 81 REFERENCES 87 SECTION I
Elastic and Inelastic Polarization Effects Observed with the Argonne Effective Mass Spectrometer

The Argonne polarized proton beam has been used together with the Effective Mass Spectrometer to study several different aspects of pp and pn interactions. The polarization asymmetry for pn elastic scattering was measured for the first time above cyclotron energies. The results show that both I = 0 and I = 1 exchanges have important contributions to the t-channel single-flip amplitudes. While the I = 1 amplitude has the energy dependence expected, the I = 0 contribution falls much faster with energy. For R↑p→Δ++n we find a left-right production asymmetry of about 40% for −t ≥ 0.5 GeV2, independent of energy. Absorbed one-pion-exchange together with quark-model calculations give a qualitative explanation of the Δ++ decay distributions and their dependence on the beam polarization. In the diffractive process p↑p→Δ++π−p we observe asymmetries in the low mass Δπ system that can be described by interference between an S-wave Deck background and a P-wave N*1470 resonance contribution.
Sustaining Autonomous Living for Older People Through Inclusive Strategies for Home Appliance Design

As the baby-boomer generation (born in 1946–1964) in the US approaches mature adulthood, our society will recognise that it is becoming the oldest population in recorded history (Dychtwald, 1999). This reality presents three immediate opportunities for industrial design/product development of everyday objects and systems: 1. to synthesise the attributes, qualities, and values of an ageing population into viable product systems that address an older person’s specific and changing needs; 2. to develop approaches to empower this specific user group/generation for sustained autonomous living; 3. to transparently embed assistive features to avoid stigmatising older people as a population marked by cognitive and physical deficiencies (Baskinger, 2007).
Humility, Religion, and Spirituality: Introduction to the Special Issue

This issue of the Journal of Psychology and Theology focuses on the intersection between humility, religion, and spirituality. In this introduction to the special issue, we first define humility, r...