cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The modeled distribution of corals and sponges surrounding the Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges with implications for high seas conservation.

The Salas y Gomez and Nazca ridges are two adjacent seamount chains off the west coast of South America that collectively contain more than 110 seamounts. The ridges support an exceptionally rich diversity of benthic and pelagic communities, with the highest level of endemism found in any marine environment. Despite some historical fishing in the region, the seamounts are relatively pristine and represent an excellent conservation opportunity to protect a global biodiversity hotspot before it is degraded. One obstacle to effective spatial management of the ridges is the scarcity of direct observations in deeper waters throughout the region and an accompanying understanding of the distribution of key taxa. Species distribution models are increasingly used tools to quantify the distributions of species in data-poor environments. Here, we focused on modeling the distribution of demosponges, glass sponges, and stony corals, three foundation taxa that support large assemblages of associated fauna through the creation of complex habitat structures. Models were constructed at a 1 km2 resolution using presence and pseudoabsence data, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, aragonite saturation state, and several measures of seafloor topography. Highly suitable habitat for each taxa was predicted to occur throughout the Salas y Gomez and Nazca ridges, with the most suitable habitat occurring in small patches on large terrain features such as seamounts, guyots, ridges, and escarpments. Determining the spatial distribution of these three taxa is a critical first step towards supporting the improved spatial management of the region. While the total area of highly suitable habitat was small, our results showed that nearly all of the seamounts in this region provide suitable habitats for deep-water corals and sponges and should therefore be protected from exploitation using the best available conservation measures.
Infrared spectroscopy of interstellar shocks

Infrared emission lines from interstellar shocks provide valuable diagnostics for violent events in the interstellar medium, such as supernova remnants and mass outflow from young stellar objects. There are two types of interstellar shocks: In J shocks, gas properties “jump” from their preshock to their postshock values in a shock front with a thickness 50 km/s) in molecular gas. In C shocks, gas is accelerated and heated by collisions between charged particles, which have a low concentration and are coupled to the magnetic field, and neutral particles; radiation is generated throughout the shock and is emitted almost entirely in infrared emission lines. Such shocks occur in weakly ionized molecular gas for shock velocities below about 50 km/s.
Aptamer-Mediated Delivery of Splice-Switching Oligonucleotides to the Nuclei of Cancer Cells

To reduce the adverse effects of cancer therapies and increase their efficacy, new delivery agents that specifically target cancer cells are needed. We and others have shown that aptamers can selectively deliver therapeutic oligonucleotides to the endosome and cytoplasm of cancer cells that express a particular cell surface receptor. Identifying a single aptamer that can internalize into many different cancer cell-types would increase the utility of aptamer-mediated delivery of therapeutic agents. We investigated the ability of the nucleolin aptamer (AS1411) to internalize into multiple cancer cell types and observed that it internalizes into a wide variety of cancer cells and migrates to the nucleus. To determine if the aptamer could be utilized to deliver therapeutic oligonucleotides to modulate events in the nucleus, we evaluated the ability of the aptamer to deliver splice-switching oligonucleotides. We observed that aptamer-splice-switching oligonucleotide chimeras can alter splicing in the nuclei of treated cells and are effective at lower doses than the splice switching oligonucleotides alone. Our results suggest that aptamers can be utilized to deliver oligonucleotides to the nucleus of a wide variety of cancer cells to modulate nuclear events such as RNA splicing.
The modeling approach.

Publisher Summary Simple (steady-state) models can aid in the interpretation of radioactive tracer data, provide information on reaction rates in vivo , and make predictions about intracellular and intercellular compartmentation. More complex (transition) models can be used to integrate, over time, data on enzyme mechanisms, metabolite concentrations, and flux. These models can help define those events, which are most critical to a particular metabolic transformation, for example, in development, aging, malignancy, dimorphic fungi, or a fermentation process. The modeling approach is also useful in the analysis of specific areas of metabolism in higher animals, for example, glycogen metabolism in liver or glycolysis in the perfused heart. This chapter summarizes the data required for and the kind of information obtained from a steady state model and compares these to a transition model.
On supervisory policies that enforce liveness in controlled Petri nets that are similar

In this paper we consider event-driven systems, modeled by Petri nets (PNs) that are prone to livelocks when left unsupervised. There are well-known conditions for the existence of supervisory policies that can regulate the sequence of task-executions in such a manner that there are no livelocks in the supervised system. We consider the problem of modifying a supervisory policy that ensures livelock-freedom for a given event-driven system into a similar policy for another event-driven system. The formal concept of simulation was introduced in the Petri net (PN) literature to capture the notion of “similarity” among PNs. In this paper we generalize this concept to controlled PNs. The set of transitions in a controlled PN are partitioned into controllable- and uncontrollable-subsets. The supervisory policy determines which of a subset of controllable transitions are permitted to fire at any marking of the PN. A transition in a controlled PN can fire if and only if (1) there are sufficient tokens in its input places, and (2) the supervisory policy permits it to fire. A transition in a supervised PN is live if it can be fired, not necessarily immediately, from every marking that is reachable under supervision. The synthesis of a liveness enforcing supervisory policy (LESP) for a subset of transitions in a PN serves as the motivating problem for this work. We consider two PNs that in a simulation relationship under supervision, and we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a LESP for a subset of transitions in these PNs. Using an illustrative example, we show how this observation can be used to synthesize LESPs in a PN that simulates another PN. Further investigations into formalizing this synthesis procedure is suggested as a future research topic.
Reversible and Irreversible Changes in NaCl and KCl Absorption During Multiple Pulse 10.6 μm Irradiation

Repetitively pulsed laser calorimetry was used to detect both reversible and irreversible increases in the 10.6 μm absorption of NaCl and KCl. The irreversible changes are first noted at the same intensity that is found to cause damage after multiple irradiations. Just below this intensity damage is not detected even after ∼1800 pulses. As a result of this work, a redefinition of the fatigue threshold is necessary as it must be distinguished from the breakdown damage threshold studied in earlier research.
Pocket Tape Measure for Waist Circumference: Training Medical Students and Residents on a Simple Assessment of Body Composition

Metabolic syndrome, the clustering of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia, increases the risk of coronary heart disease. Abdominal obesity is an important cue for the clinician to consider metabolic syndrome. Measurement of waist circumference is a simple means of identifying abdominal obesity. The development and distribution of pocket tape measures to medical students, residents and attending physicians were initiated to enhance identification and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Distribution of the tape measures was added to a cardiovascular nutrition component in a 4th-y medical school curriculum. The nutrition component continued to include computer-based cases and pocket reference cards. Limited data suggest that the addition of pocket tape measures to the nutrition component of an ambulatory care clerkship may increase the percentage of medical students who use waist circumference to identify patients at risk for metabolic syndrome. It is anticipated that student use will increase with role modeling by residents and attending physicians.
General solution of reactor kinetic equations for one group of delayed neutrons and time dependent reactivities

Abstract A new method of obtaining analytic solutions of the space independent reactor kinetic equations for arbitrary time dependent reactivities is presented. The method is based upon transforming the kinetic equations with one group of delayed neutrons into a single Ricatti equation for the system. This single equation permits a variety of useful approximate solutions which are generally considerably more accurate than approximate solutions obtained for the standard kinetic equations. General perturbation solutions of the single equation for the system are found and are shown to be valid even for very large changes of the dependent variables. Specific solutions for step, impulse, ramp sinusoidal and generalized reactivities are found. The solution for sinusoidal reactivities confirms that unstable exponential flux growth occurs due to the presence of delayed neutrons, while without delayed neutrons the solution is oscillatory but bounded. Finally the exact solution is found for the system when the reactivity is an analytic function.
Serological and Genetic Studies of the HL‐A System

Immunization of 35 recipients with skin allografts and leukocytes obtained from genetically haplo-indentical donors induced the formation of antibodies directed against HL-A antigens in 25 instances. The resulting antibodies could be divided into three main categories: (i) “broad” antibodies capable of reacting equally well with at least two allelic HL-A specificities; (ii) “narrow” antibodies which reacted with one antigenic specificity, but could be absorbed by and eluted from cells bearing another specificity, without any cytotoxic reaction (CYNAP); (iii) antibodies which may be considered monospecific in the light of current knowledge. Antisera produced in the course of thir study have resulted in the definition of four new HL-A antigens. Two of these, Da17 (HL-A10) and Da25, were detected by the lymphmytotoxicity method, and have a gene frequency of 0.060 and 0.053, respectively. (The other two antigens, Da18 and Da22, were detected by the platelet complement fixation technic and have a gene frequency of 0.043 and 0.040, respectively.) Further absorption and elution of the antisera permitted the isolation of at least two populations of antibodies in a number of the immunized recipients. As a result, three HL-A speciticities were subdivided into two allelic antigens: HG-A9 was divided into HL-A9′ and HL-A9” HG-AlO was divided into HL-AlO' and HL-A10” and Da25 was divided into Da25′ and Da25”. Review of the antigenic relationships existing between donors and recipienta in each of the 35 families studied indicates that (i) the occurrence of cross-reacting antigens in donor and recipient is usually not associated with the production of antibodia (i.c, it constitutes a situation of nonimmunogenicity) and (ii) antibodies capable of reacting with one or several specificities, absent in the donor and in the recipient but which crossreact with the immunizing antigen, may occur with relative frequency. One other recipient developed three defferent antibody populations. Two of these antibodies were “broad” antibodies, capable of reacting with two allelic specificities. This observation supports the concept that the same munizing cell may bear several determinants, each of which may share a common structure with other defic products of the same locus. These data have been discuesed on the basis of two not mutually exclusive hypotheses: (i) complex antibodies capable of reacting with different allelic determinants and (ii) complex antigens bearing several antigenic factors.
Investigation of the red Perspex bubbling temperature for dosimetric purposes

Abstract The bubbling effect of the red Perspex is examined in this paper as a function of the radiation dose and the swelling temperature, and taking into consideration a given temperature rate fro heat treatment of the Perspex. The experimental results show that the bubbling temperature of the Perspex is strictly related to the dose, and up to about 25 kGy it is a straight line. It is found that the swelling effect can be used as an alternative method of the UV absorbance dosimetry for not too high dose levels.
JOHN HERSCHEL: BRITAIN'S FIRST MODERN PHYSICAL SCIENTIST

SUMMARY In this paper I shall present a sketch of the life and contributions to science of Sir John F. W. Herschel (179–1871). One of the theses that I shall develop is that John Herschel can meaningfully be described as Britain's first modern physical scientist. In addition to developing this thesis, I shall make some remarks about lesser known aspects of Herschel's life.
Calculation of x-ray-diffraction profiles from vicinal surfaces.

We present a calculation of x-ray diffraction from a crystal with a surface oriented at an arbitrary angle relative to the axes of the bulk crystalline lattice, demonstrating that the scattering consists of rods in reciprocal space, each passing through a bulk peak and rotated away from the crystalline axes by an angle equal to the surface miscut. The cross-sectional profile of these rods is shown to be a direct probe of the surface height-height correlation function. For zero miscut, multiple rods overlap and previous results for flat surfaces are recovered. We consider the convolution of surface-diffraction profiles with a two-dimensional resolution function.
Radiation-induced enterocolitis: basic and applied science.

We adapted and introduced in our laboratory a simplified animal model of radiation-induced enterocolitis. After a shielding of the parenchymatous organs, our dose-response studies revealed that 20 Gy x-ray radiation resulted in about 20% mortality and reproducible lesions in the terminal ileum and proximal colon. These changes are optimal for pharmacologic studies since they may be decreased or aggravated by drugs. Sucralfate dose-dependently decreased the clinical signs of enterocolitis (e.g., lethargy, diarrhea) as well as the number and area of ileal and colonic erosions and ulcers. The wet weight of the ileum and colon were also decreased by sucralfate. bFGF at the small doses used exerted a beneficial effect only on a few of the parameters of enterocolitis. Thus sucralfate, and maybe bFGF, might decrease the severity and accelerate the healing of radiation-induced enterocolitis. Copyright © 1998 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Testable Sequential Cellular Arrays

The progress of semiconductor technology has been a dominant factor on the use of cellular arrays in digital computer design. When a subsystem is implemented in the form of a cellular array, it is important that the subsystem can be tested at the array terminals for the presence of a faulty cell in the array. In this paper some sufficient conditions for the testability of two-dimensional sequential cellular arrays are derived. These can be either unilaterally interconnected or bilaterally interconnected arrays where each cell has some storage elements and logic circuits.
The effects of ion pairing on the EPR spectra of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon radical anions

Abstract It is shown that the calculation of spin density changes in radical anions caused by a counterion can be usefully extended to radicals involving hyperconjugation. Such calculations are done for the acenaphthene and pyracene anions and show that the alternating linewidth effects in their EPR spectra are consistent with proposed double potential minima above the aromatic parts of these radicals. New experiments on acenaphthene are reported which support the calculations. The calculation is shown to account successfully for the effects of ion pair formation in 9,10-dihydroanthracene and in benzocyclobutane. Experiments with partially deuterated dihydroanthracene resolve some uncertainty about the assignment of the coupling constants.
Reading the Fat in Cream Tests

Owing to the recent criticisms and misunderstanding concerning the manner of reading the test in the Babcock method for cream testing, we deemed it advisable to give a brief review and offer some additional data. I t is not our intention to propose any modifications, but rather to substantiate and verify the accuracy of cream testing as compared with the official R oes-Gottlieb method for fat determinations. The question of inconsistant results obtained by the Babcock method for cream testing when compared with the gravimetric method, has been the cause of numerous publications proposing modifications which should give most concordant results. In 1903-1904, Ed. H. Webster, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 58, made a study of the testing of cream. The subject matter of this investigation which concerns this article, is his work and results on the value or per cent of butter fat included in the meniscus in cream testing. Webster in his investigation found the value of the meniscus when compared with gravimetric method as shown in the following table:
Photodynamic Therapy in the Palliation of Late Stage Obstructing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Photodynamic therapy selectively destroys malignant tumors by laser activation of injected hematoporphyrin derivative. Between July 1985 and January 1989, ten patients underwent 13 courses of PDT for relief of endobronchial tumor obstruction due to endstage primary non-small lung cancer. Initial biopsy specimens demonstrated squamous carcinoma in eight patients and adenocarcinoma in two. At the time of treatment, all patients were considered surgically unresectable: T4N2M1(one), T4N2M0(one), T3N3M1(two), T3N2M0(five), and T2N1M0(one). This latter patient had exclusionary medical conditions. The average Karnofsky status was 75 (worst was 60, best was 90). Obstruction was mainstem for six, bronchus intermedius in one, and left upper lobe in three. The average obstruction was 86 ± 2 percent. Following treatment, the average obstruction was 57 ± 3 percent. Responses were >50 percent reduction in four and
Flash-lag: Prediction or emergent property of directional selectivity mechanisms?

3D FORMOTION, a unified cortical model of motion integration and segmentation, explains how brain mechanisms of form and motion processing interact to generate coherent percepts of object motion from spatially distributed and ambiguous visual information. The same cortical circuits reproduce motion-induced distortion of position maps, including both flash-lag and flash-drag effects.
Comments on the genetic control of forebrain development

Abstract This review focuses on a description of two studies that are currently ongoing in the Rubenstein laboratory. The first is the analysis of the Dlx homeobox genes in controlling differentiation of forebrain GABAergic neurons, the principal type of inhibitory neurons. The second is the analysis of mechanisms that control formation of regions of the cerebral cortex; Fgf signaling appears to have a central role in formation of the frontal cortex. We are currently exploring the possibility that both processes contribute to childhood neuropsychiatric disorders.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatomedin C regulate G1 progression in competent BALB/c-3T3 cells.

Abstract The activity in platelet-poor plasma that allowed density-arrested BALB/c-3T3 cells rendered competent by a transient exposure to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to traverse G1 and enter the S phase has been termed progression activity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatomedin C-supplemented medium was shown to be capable of replacing the progression activity of 5% platelet-poor plasma (PPP) for competent density-inhibited BALB/c-3T3 cells. Exposure of competent cells to medium supplemented with EGF and somatomedin C reduced the 12 h minimum G1 lag time found in plasma-supplemented medium by 2 h. It is suggested that the reduction in the minimum time required for progression through G1 is due to the availability of free, unbound somatomedin C. Complete G1 traverse required both EGF and somatomedin C; however, the traverse of the last 6 h of G1 and entry into the S phase required only somatomedin C. Though EGF and somatomedin C could replace the G1 phase progression activity of plasma, medium supplemented with EGF and somatomedin C did not support complete cell cycle traverse or growth of sparse cultures of BALB/c-3T3 cells.
A familial F/G translocation [t(20p‐; 22q+)] observed in three generations

A family is described in which a translocation between chromosomes 20 and 22 has been observed in three generations. Two first cousins with remarkably similar malformations and mental retardation have identical karyotypes which, after chromosome banding, were interpreted as partially trisomic for the short arm of chromosome No. 20.
InAs/GaAs Quantum Well Lasers Grown By Atomic Layer Epitaxy

We report the first observation of stimulated emission (16 K and 77 K) in any material grown by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). The quantum wells in this structure are six uncoupled InAs layers 6.6 A thick separated by 509 A thick GaAs barriers. These are the thinnest and most highly strained (7.4%) quantum wells ever reported to support stimulated emission. These results demonstrate that ALE is capable of growing laser quality material with good control of the growth process.
Dissociation of acids in aqueous micellar systems

Abstract Incorporation in charged micelles induces large p K a shifts for a number of acids of varying type. Analysis of the measurements in terms of simple electrostatic theory is reasonably satisfactory in view of uncertainties regarding the net charge on the micelle and the exact character of its surface. The behavior of the long-chain fatty acids, whose mode of incorporation in micelles is least uncertain, confirms the suggestion of others that the effective dielectric constant at the micellar surface is quite low.
Modeling of oxidation in metal matrix composites

Abstract Oxidation in metal matrix composites (MMCs) is modeled by Fickian diffusion of oxygen in both the oxide layer and metal matrix. The oxidation process and the resulting immobilized oxygen at the interface is accounted for by the introduction of a jump discontinuity in the oxygen concentration across the interface. The problems of a uniformly growing oxide layer from the surfaces of a semi-infinite solid, outward oxygen diffusion and oxidation from a cylindrical cavity, as well as inward oxygen diffusion and oxidation from the surface of a cylinder, are considered as benchmark problems in oxidation of MMCs. In addition to the modeling results, a series of experimental results of oxidation of a unidirectional SiC/Ti matrix MMC are presented. The measured oxide thicknesses at different times and temperatures are used to calibrate and validate the model under development. While the present paper deals only with the oxidation problem, the coupled oxidation—thermomechanical problem, and especially the influence of oxidation on fatigue life of MMCs, will be presented in a future communication.
Reteplase for dysfunctional hemodialysis catheter clearance.

Study Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of reteplase administration in clearing hemodialysis catheters. Design. Open-label, uncontrolled, observational trial. Setting. University medical center. Patients. Thirty-four patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Intervention. Patients had dual-lumen, cuffed, tunneled dialysis catheters placed for long-term vascular access. Reteplase 3 U was instilled into each catheter lumen (total dose 6 U) in the first 20 episodes, 2 U in each catheter lumen (total dose 4 U) in the next 20, and 0.5 U in each catheter lumen (total dose 1 U) in the final 45. Measurements and Main Results. Over 12 months, 85 episodes of catheter dysfunction were documented. Catheter dysfunction was defined as absence of flow from the catheter lumen, inability to aspirate heparin from the lumen, blood flow rates below 150 ml/minute, or venous pressure greater than 250 mm Hg at blood flow rates below 200 ml/minute. Reteplase was instilled into the catheter lumens and allowed to dwell there until the next hemodialysis session. Successful catheter recanalization was defined as return of aspiration and infusion function allowing dialysis to be completed at blood flow rates above 300 ml/minute. Reteplase restored catheter function in 74 (87%) instances of catheter dysfunction. In the first 40 episodes in which 4- or 6-U doses were given, catheter function was restored in 36 instances (90%). There was no difference in restoration of catheter function between 4 U (18/20, 90%) and 6 U (18/20, 90%). In the last 45 cases in which 1 U was administered, function was restored in 38 catheters (84%). Mean overall dwell times were not different between the first 40 (32 ± 7 hrs) and the last 45 episodes (33 ± 10 hrs). The overall mean duration of catheter patency was 45 ± 39 days. Durations of patency in the three dose groups were not significantly different (44 ± 38, 46 ± 40, 45 ± 39 days). No patient suffered adverse effects related to reteplase. Conclusion. Reteplase installation in dysfunctional hemodialysis catheters was effective in restoring catheter function in 87% of episodes. A dose of 1 U appears to be as effective as 4 and 6 U.
Cloning of estrogen-regulated messenger ribonucleic acids from rat uterus.

A cDNA library prepared from the mRNA of uteri of estrogen-stimulated immature female rats was constructed in γgtlO. Differential screening of the hybrid phages was performed using control and stimulated cDNAs as probes. Selected clones were then characterized by Northern and Southern blot hybridizations. In all, eight unique clones corresponding to estrogen-stimulated messages in rat uterus were identified. These clones hybridized to uterine mRNAs varying in size from 1.4–8.4 kilobases. Three of the clones were characterized as coding for three different types of collagen, and one as coding for smooth muscle actin. These are described in more detail elsewhere. The kinetics of increase in estrogen-regulated messages was examined. After a single injection of estradiol, five clones, including the three collagen mRNAs, showed two peaks of accumulation, at 4 and 24 h. Messages of two other clones were maximal at 12 h. The actin clone hybridized to mRNAs with peaks at 4 h for cytoskeletal actins and 8–12 h for...
Two cutoff phase space slicing method

The phase space slicing method of two cutoffs for next-to-leading-order Monte Carlo style QCD corrections has been applied to many physics processes. The method is intuitive, simple to implement, and relies on a minimum of process dependent information. Although results for specific applications exist in the literature, there is not a full and detailed description of the method. Herein such a description is provided, along with illustrative examples; details, which have not previously been published, are included so that the method may be applied to additional hard scattering processes.
Comparison of Simplexa Flu A/B & RSV PCR with Cytospin-Immunofluorescence and Laboratory-Developed TaqMan PCR in Predominantly Adult Hospitalized Patients

To compare Simplexa Flu A/B & RSV PCR with cytospin-immunofluorescence and laboratory-developed TaqMan PCR methods, 445 nasopharyngeal samples were tested. Of these, 199 were positive (46 for respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], 120 for influenza A, and 33 for influenza B) and 246 were negative. The direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA) detected 132 (66.3%) positive samples, Simplexa direct detected 162 (81.4%), Simplexa using extracts detected 177 (88.9%), and lab-developed TaqMan PCR reference methods detected 199 (100%). The specificities were 99.6%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The two Simplexa methods were more sensitive than the DFA (P = 0.0001) but less sensitive than the TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR (P = 0.0001).
STABILITY OF STERILE BEEF AND BEEF EXTRACT TO PROTEASE AND LIPASE FROM Pseudomonas fragi

Extracellular protease and lipase from Pseudomonas fragi significantly (P < 0.05) decreased color stability of sterile beef at 4°C and sterile beef extract at 4°C and 21°C. Concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in enzyme-treated sterile beef samples were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in sterile controls held at 4°C indicating hydrolysis of glycerides by lipase from P. fragi. Concentrations of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and free amino acids in sterile beef extract treated with extracellular enzyme and held at 4°C and 21°C were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in controls indicating proteolysis by protease from P. fragi. This was confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of enzyme-treated beef extract stored at 4°C for 6 days. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and poly-acrylamide disc electrophoresis indicated that the molecular size and electrophoretic mobility of the protease and lipase were similar.
DRUG USE AND AIDS: ESTIMATING INJECTION PREVALENCE IN A RURAL STATE

This paper presents approaches used in one rural U.S. state to describe the level of injecting drug use and to estimate the number of injectors not receiving drug-user treatment. The focus is on two broad areas of estimation that were used to present the prevalence of injecting drug use in Kentucky. The first estimation approach uses available data from secondary data sources. The second approach involves three small community studies.
Confronting, Representing, and Believing Counterintuitive Concepts: Navigating the Natural and the Supernatural.

Recent research shows that even preschoolers are skeptical; they frequently reject claims from other people when the claims conflict with their own perceptions and concepts. Yet, despite their skep...
Chemie der Phosphorfluoride, VII. Synthese und Koordinationschemie der Fluorophosphite

Eine Reihe von Fluorophosphiten der Formel (RO)nPF3–n (R = einwertiger Kohlenwasserstoffrest; n = 1 oder 2) und F2POR′OPF2 (R′ = zweiwertiger Kohlenwasserstoffrest) wurde durch Halogenaustausch aus den entsprechenden Chlorverbindungen gewonnen. Die Reaktion dieser Fluorophosphite mit Nickelcarbonyl und mit Cycloheptatrien-molybdan(0)-tricarbonyl oder Molybdanhexacarbonyl fuhrte zu Tetrasubstitutionsprodukten des Nickels(0) sowie zu Tricarbonyl-molybdan(0)-Komplexen von erheblicher Stabilitat. Koordinationspolymere mit nullwertigem Nickel entstanden bei der Umsetzung von Nickelcarbonyl mit den bifunktionellen Liganden F2POCH2·CH2OPF2 und (p)F2PO·C6H4·OPF2. Die Eigenschaften der neuen Koordinationsverbindungen werden diskutiert.
A comparison of the annual cycle of two sea surface temperature climatologies of the World Ocean

Abstract A comparison of the annual cycle of two monthly sea surface temperature climatologies for the world ocean is presented. One set of the climatological fields used consist of one-degree objectively analyzed monthly means, based on approximately 1.5 million temperature soundings held by the National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, DC. The second climatology used is based on monthly objective analyses of a subset of the 70 million historical merchant ship reports from the Cooperative Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set. The comparison is performed by examining the amplitude and phase of the first two harmonics of each climatology, as well as the percent variance contributed by each harmonic to the annual cycle. There is excellent agreement between the two sea surface temperature climatologies in the first two harmonics. In the Northern Hemisphere, maxima in the amplitude of the first harmonic are found off Japan (approximately 7.5°C–8.0°C) and off the east coast of the United States (8.0°C–9.0°C off Cap...
TREND: a low noise terahertz receiver user instrument for AST/RO at the South Pole

Based on the excellent performance of NbN HEB mixer receivers at THz frequencies which we have established in the laboratory, we are building a Terahertz REceiver with NbN HEB Device (TREND) to be installed on the 1.7 meter diameter AST/RO submillimeter wave telescope at the Amundsen/Scott South Pole Station. TREND is scheduled for deployment during the austral summer season of 2002/2003. The frequency range of 1.25 THz to 1.5 THz was chosen in order to match the good windows for atmospheric transmission and interstellar spectral lines of special interest. The South Pole Station is the best available site for THz observations due to the very cold and dry atmosphere over this site. In this paper, we report on the design of this receiver. In particular, we report on HEB mixer device performance, the quasi-optical coupling design using an elliptical silicon lens and a twin-slot antenna, the laser local oscillator (LO), as well as the mixer block design and the plans for coupling the TREND receiver to the sky beam and to the laser LO at the AST/RO telescope site.
Pricing in marketing strategies of U.S.- and foreign-based companies

Abstract This study examines the role of pricing in marketing plans of U.S.- and foreign-based companies operating in the United States. Concurrently, two other issues, centrality of pricing decisions and pricing objectives, are examined. One objective of this study is to complement prior research, which has suggested the existence of managerial differences in other marketing and nonmarketing areas between U.S.- and foreign-based firms. The results, based on a mail survey and personal interviews, show that some differences exist between the U.S.- and foreign-based firms so far as the pricing element of their marketing plans is concerned. Pricing decisions are also shown to be more centrally made in the U.S.-based firms than in the foreign-based firms. Distribution of pricing objectives of the two types of firms, however, were not significantly different from one another. Group mean scores for pricing objectives, on the other hand, do suggest some fundamental differences.
Hydrogen uptake of DPB getter pellets

Abstract The physical and chemical properties of 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne (DPB) blended with carbon-supported Pd (DPB–Pd/C) in the form of pellets during hydrogenation were investigated. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was employed to measure the kinetics of the hydrogen uptake by the DPB getter pellets. The kinetics obtained were then used to develop a semi-empirical model, based on gas diffusion into solids, to predict the performance of the getter pellets under various conditions. The accuracy of the prediction model was established by comparing the prediction models with independent experimental data on hydrogen pressure buildup in sealed systems containing DPB getter pellets and subjected to known rates of hydrogen input. The volatility of the hydrogenated DPB products and its effects on the hydrogen uptake kinetics were also analyzed.
Graphite--halogens as temperature calibration standards for transmission electron microscopy

Graphite–halogen (Br2, ICl) residue compounds have been found to be convenient temperature calibration standards for transmission electron microscopy in the medium temperature range. Due to the order–disorder transformation associated with the intralayer intercalate ordering in these intercalation compounds, the observation of the disappearance of the superlattice diffraction spots as the sample temperature is raised serves to calibrate the temperature. The transformation occurs at 100±1 °C in graphite–Br2 and 41±1 °C in graphite–ICl. The simplicity of specimen preparation gives added attraction to the use of graphite–halogens as temperature calibration standards.
Gram-scale synthesis of (+)-discodermolide.

A triply convergent, highly efficient second-generation synthesis of the potent antimitotic agent (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved on a 1-g scale.
Spontaneous currents in spinless fermion lattice models at the strong-coupling limit

What kind of lattice Hamiltonian manifestly has an ordered state with spontaneous orbital currents? We consider interacting spinless fermions on an array of square plaquettes, connected by weak hopping; the array geometry may be a $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2L$ ladder, a $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2L$ ``tube,'' or a $2L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2L$ square grid. At half filling, we derive an effective Hamiltonian in terms of pseudospins, of which one component represents orbital currents, and find the conditions sufficient for orbital current long-range order. We consider spinfull variants of the aforesaid spinless models and make contact with other spinfull models in the literature purported to possess spontaneous currents.
The use of gradient magnets in low emittance electron storage rings

Abstract The use of gradient magnets for a low emittance electron storage ring is discussed and a magnetic lattice for a 6 GeV electron energy synchrotron radiation source adopting this feature is presented.
On the nature of models in remote sensing

An explicit framework can provide a better understanding of remote sensing models and their interrelationships. This framework distinguishes between the scene, which is real and exists on the ground, and the image, which is a collection of spatially arranged masurements drawn from the scene. The scene model generalizes and parameterizes the essential qualities of the scene. Scene models may be discrete, in which the scene model consists of discrete elements with boundaries, or continuous, in which matter and energy flows are taken to be continuous and there are no clear or sharp boundaries in the scene. In the discrete case, there are two possibilities for models: H- and L-resolution. In the H-resolution case, the resolution cells of the image are smaller than the elements, and thus the elements may be individually resolved. In the L-resolution case, the resolution cells are larger than the elements and cannot be resolved. Most canopy models are L-resolution, deterministic, and noninvertible in nature; image processing models, however, tend to be H-resolution, empirical, and invertible. This taxonomy helps add insight to the development of remote sensing theory and point the way to new, productive areas of research.
Testing the CHARA telescopes

In this paper we describe the telescope optics, manufacturing tolerances and the geometric alignment procedure of the CHARA telescopes. We also report on our efforts to test and refine the alignment of the telescopes by implementing the curvature sensing method. The results of the first experiments on telescope W1 show that we can get consistent results with this method. We also found a slight distortion caused by the lateral support of the primary mirror.
Output order and rehearsal in multi-trial free recall

Overt rehearsal protocols were collected in a multitrial free recall task. The relationships between rehearsal and serial position showed only minor changes over trials. The probability of recalling an item was observed to be positively correlated with the amount of rehearsal of the item on all trials. The PRNI effect, the priority in recall of newly recalled items, was observed and explained as resulting from a subject-strategy of giving additional rehearsal emphasis to some of those items which had not been recalled on the preceding test. Thus, the PRNI effect was seen as consistent with a general tendency for subjects to recall items in order of strength from strongest to weakest.
Hydraulic properties and water balance of a clay soil cropped with cotton

A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content. The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations. Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall. The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile.
An analysis of the engagement of wet-clutch plates

Abstract A model has been developed to simulate the engagement of a single pair of wet-type clutch plates used in automatic transmissions. The equations governing the engagement are derived from the model and together with initial and boundary conditions they are solved numerically. Thus it is possible to calculate the important engagement characteristics such as film thickness, transmitted torque, interface temperature, heat generation rate and engine speed. In order to predict these characteristics more accurately information on clutch facing permeability, critical film thickness and boundary lubrication region characteristics must be known. Two examples are considered which illustrate the theory and the numerical procedure.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a new alkaline earth nickel phosphide phase: BaNi9P5

A new barium nickel phosphide BaNi{sub 9}P{sub 5} was synthesized in a tin flux. Single crystal x-ray methods revealed that the material has hexagonal Laue symmetry with unit cell dimensions a = 6.5359(9){angstrom} and c = 10.854(3) {angstrom}. The structure was refined in the space group P6{sub 3}/mmc to an R value of 2.3%. The structure is best described as hexagonal layers of Ba atoms with each Ba atom surrounded by Ni{sub 18}P{sub 12} cages. The crystals have a silvery luster, and grow in an equidimensional, faceted habit. Magnetic measurements show temperature-independent Pauli paramagnetism, suggesting that BaNi{sub 9}P{sub 5} is a metal.
Eight novel mutations in the HEXA gene.

Purpose: To characterize novel mutations in the HEXA gene (α-subunit β-hexosaminidase A). Methods: Subjects included participants in the California Tay-Sachs disease prevention program. DNA samples from 49 subjects (47 enzymatically defined carriers and 2 disease afflicted) who were negative for the four common disease-associated and the two pseudodeficient mutations, were subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis over 14 exons. Results: Targeted sequencing of the 39 electrophoretic variants from SSCP analysis revealed eight novel and deleterious mutations and 31 with previously described mutations. Six novel mutations were found in non-Jewish carriers, and two were found in two patients with infantile Tay-Sachs disease. Conclusion: Identification of these eight novel mutations provides additional insight to the mutational spectrum for the HEXA gene. Furthermore, this knowledge should enhance diagnosis and prognosis for Tay-Sachs disease, carrier identification, and fundamental studies in structure/function relationships between this gene and its enzymatic product.
Biotelemetry in child study.

Abstract The development of biotelemetry is traced out from its beginnings with the transistor 20 years ago and the endoradiosonde about 10 years ago. The areas studied up to this point are then reviewed, and possible applications of the technique are considered in relation to child study.
The “Patman Effect” and Stabilization Policy

This paper examines the controversial link between interest rates and prices by introducing interest costs into John Taylor's model of overlapping wage contracts. We find that the presence of interest costs does affect the stabilization process and can make the tradeoffs between output and price variability less favorable.
The role of stratotypes in stratigraphy: Part 1. Stratotype functions

Abstract Because our concepts of various “natural” geological events and entities are always subject to modification with new data, we must provide a principled answer to the question: “How much can the scope of a stratigraphic or temporal unit change and yet still be called by the same name?” This issue is clarified by noting that stratotypes have three distinct functions in stratigraphy—the boundary-defining, example-providing, and name-bearing functions. Suggested names to denote these functions are “boundary-defining stratotype” (including unit- and boundary stratotypes), “exemplary stratotype,” and “nominal stratotype.” The analogy between type specimens in biology and type sections in stratigraphy is valid for nominal and exemplary stratotypes, but invalid for boundary-defining stratotypes. The terms boundary-defining, exemplary, and nominal refer to the functions performed by a given stratotype, whereas the terms holo-, para-, lecto-, neo-, and hypostratotype refer mainly to the historical circumstances under which a given stratotype is designated. Unit- and boundary stratotypes delimit an author's concept of the boundaries of a given stratigraphic entity in a particular section at a given time, but generally cannot be expected to permanently fix those boundaries. Important exceptions are the strict boundary stratotypes known as Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs). Exemplary stratotypes serve as examples of an author's concept of a given stratigraphic entity, but neither define nor constrain the boundaries of that entity. Nominal stratotypes constrain, but do not define the boundaries of a stratigraphic entity. They are divided into “loose” and “strict” subcategories, the former being appropriate for lithostratigraphic units, the latter for biochronologic units with geographic names. Both kinds of nominal stratotypes are also relevant to standard global chronostratigraphy. The designation of boundary-defining stratotypes for biostratigraphic units with binomial names is possible but essentially pointless, and such units are better characterized by exemplary stratotypes. For several reasons, however, biostratigraphic units with binomial names cannot have nominal stratotypes. An alternative method of attaching a name to a span of time involves what are here called nominal points, which are best used for the nominal definition of provincial biochronologic units with geographic names. While permitting much instability in our concept of a given biochron, the nominal point method does not suffer from the problem of potential temporal overlap inherent in the strict nominal stratotype approach. These distinctions should be made in future revisions of stratigraphic codes and guides.