cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of p60, a mediator of progesterone receptor assembly, with heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp70.

Previous studies on the assembly of progesterone receptor (PR) complexes in vitro have suggested that PR assembly is a dynamic, ordered process involving at least eight nonreceptor proteins. One of these proteins, p60, appears transiently during assembly and is not a component of functionally mature PR complexes. In the present study we observe that a monoclonal antibody specific for p60 can, on the one hand, inhibit formation of mature PR complexes containing heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), p23, and immunophilins and, on the other, enhance recovery of early PR complexes containing hsp70 and Hip (p48). This observation supports a model in which p60 functions at an intermediate stage of PR assembly to facilitate formation of subsequent PR complexes lacking p60. Since p60 is typically found in a complex with hsp90 and hsp70, we have further characterized its interactions with these proteins. P60 can bind either hsp70 or hsp90 independently and in an ATP-independent manner. Since hsp90 and hsp70 do not readil...
Parent/child transactional processes predictive of resilience or vulnerability to "substance abuse disorders".

This article discusses implications of a theoretical model of resilience—the Resilience Framework, including the impact of parent/child transactional processes in moderating or mediating a child's ...
Experimental evaluation of failure-detection schemes in real-time communication networks

An effective failure-detection scheme is essential for reliable communication services. Most computer network rely on behavior-based detection schemes: each node uses heartbeats to detect the failure of its neighbor nodes, and the transport protocol (like TCP) achieves reliable communication by acknowledgment/retransmission. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of such behavior-based detection schemes in real-time communication. Specifically, we measure and analyze the coverage and latency of two failure-detection schemes-neighbor detection and end-to-end detection-through fault-injection experiments. The experimental results have shown that a significant portion of failures can be detected very quickly by the neighbor detection scheme, while the end-to-end detection scheme uncovers the remaining failures with larger detection latencies.
Discretion in the Translation of Research to Policy: A Case From Beginning Reading:

Today, when information spreads like wild fire through the media and across the Web, we argue that the standards for reporting and interpreting educational research should be raised. The need for a higher standard is urgent in fields such as beginning reading, in which public interest is intense, because findings can quickly become distorted or misinterpreted and enshrined through misinformed policy decisions. Researchers investigating beginning reading should exercise extra caution to delimit findings from their own studies. They should take special pains to show how studies contribute to a larger picture of literacy development which policymakers and educational leaders, in turn, need to consider. We examine one recent, and uncommonly influential, reading methods study as an example of research that has been overly promoted by the media and misused by some policymakers and educational leaders to support a simple solution to the complex problem of raising the literacy of young children in high-poverty ne...
Student Teaching in South Africa: An Intercultural Experience

This descriptive case study at the intersection of multicultural and global education analyzes a student teaching experience in South Africa. The findings suggest that overseas student teaching provides a unique opportunity to enhance preservice teachers’ intercultural sensitivity and global awareness to benefit students in their future multicultural classrooms.
Choosing our Children’s Genes

This week is an interesting time to discuss our subject: newspaper stories of cannibalism in the Andes invite the question regarding what difference there is between eating a dead person’s flesh and putting his heart in your chest or his lenses in your eyes.
Chemical Fragmentation of C60F48

Complex mixtures of fused alicyclic fluorocarbons CnFm (n = 16−30, m = 30−50) were obtained during extensive fluorination of C60 beyond C60F48 using elemental fluorine at elevated temperatures (275−325 °C). Analysis of these fluorocarbon mixtures (performed by GC-MS and NMR) demonstrated that the distribution of individual fluorocarbons in these mixtures is not random. A plausible computational model of the chemical fragmentation process was developed.
Dynamic optimization of a hybrid system of energy-storing cryogenic carbon capture and a baseline power generation unit

Recently promulgated regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aggressively limit CO2 emissions from the US power industry. Carbon capture and increased utilization of renewable energy sources are viable approaches to reduce CO2 emissions from the power industry. Cryogenic carbon capture considered in this study is a post-combustion CO2 removal system that separates CO2 from the flue gas by desublimation. In this investigation, a hybrid system of cryogenic carbon capture and a baseline fossil-fueled power generation unit are optimized with a framework to mathematically represent this hybrid system. Optimization of this hybrid system results in meeting the electricity demand through a combination of coal, gas, and wind power sources with a priority given to wind power for utilization. A comparison of the cost associated with operating the steam turbine as a baseline or load-following unit is also made. A significant decrease in the cycling cost associated with load-following of the coal-fired power plant is observed when it operates as a baseline unit. The decrease in the cycling costs is 82% and 85%, respectively, for when wind power is utilized in meeting the electricity demand and when it is not. The saving in the cycling costs is attributed to the energy storage of cryogenic carbon capture.
Static friction between silicon nanowires and elastomeric substrates.

This paper reports the first direct measurements of static friction force and interfacial shear strength between silicon (Si) nanowires (NWs) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). A micromanipulator is used to manipulate and deform the NWs under a high-magnification optical microscope in real time. The static friction force is measured based on “the most-bent state” of the NWs. The static friction and interface shear strength are found to depend on the ultraviolet/ozone (UVO) treatment of PDMS. The shear strength starts at 0.30 MPa without UVO treatment, increases rapidly up to 10.57 MPa at 60 min of treatment and decreases for longer treatment. Water contact angle measurements suggest that the UVO-induced hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion of PDMS surface is responsible for the increase in the static friction, while the hydrophobic recovery effect contributes to the decrease. The static friction between NWs and PDMS is of critical relevance to many device applications of NWs including NW-based flexible/s...
Evaluating the Multiple Effects of Retail Promotions on Brand Loyal and Brand Switching Segments

The authors determine the multiple effects of retail promotions on brand loyal and brand switching segments of consumers. Segments are determined by an iterative Bayesian procedure. The variations ...
Influence of monensin fed with a starch-based energy supplement on forage digestibility and intake by range cows during drought

Management strategies that maintain livestock performance while reducing intake in times of low forage availability, such as drought, are valuable. The hypotheses of this experiment were that a grain-based supplement would decrease forage intake and digestibility, whereas a grain-based supplement plus monensin would decrease forage intake and increase forage digestibility. Crossbred cows (n = 36) grazing native range pasture during the late summer were used in a randomized complete block design for 2 yr (average forage quality for yr 1 = 8.7% CP, 77% NDF, 47% ADF; for yr 2 = 8.0% CP, 76% NDF, 45% ADF). Treatments were control (no supplement; NS), cracked corn (S; 0.91 kg/cow per day, as-fed basis), and S with monensin added at 385 mg/kg of corn (SM). Diet samples were collected from 6 ruminally cannulated cows to calculate digestibility. Cows were dosed with Cr2O3 boluses to determine fecal output, OM intake, and digestible OM intake during 2 sampling periods each year. Forage intake and digestible OM intake as percentages of BW were greater (P 0.05) in yr 2. Starch-based supplement alone reduced OM and NDF digestibility in period 1 of both years compared with NS or SM treatments (P < 0.001). In period 2 of both years, OM digestibility was greatest for the SM treatment (P < 0.001). In period 2 of yr 1, NDF digestibility was greatest in SM (P < 0.001), but similar between SM and NS in yr 2. Under our experimental conditions, monensin fed with a starch-based energy supplement did not decrease forage intake during drought; however, moderate forage quality and type and amount of supplement provided may have affected responses.
Do Computerized Physician Order Entry and Bar Code Medication Administration Improve Quality of Care

Rationale: Computerized patient records and bar code medication systems are gaining favor in the health care industry. These systems are believed to reduce patient care errors and improve the work environment for medical professionals, although there is little objective research on the effects of these systems on patient care and staff morale. In the late 1990s, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) implemented two major information systems to enhance record-keeping and quality of care. The Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS), phased in over the past decade, consists of a comprehensive electronic patient medical record, including outpatient and inpatient services. The Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) system, which was in all VA medical centers by 1999, created a computerized pharmacy ordering, distribution, and administration system for use in the inpatient setting. These two systems are among the largest investments in information technology in the hospital industry over the past decade, and the VA has been a leader in implementing information technology. Objectives: This paper examines the effects of CPRS and BCMA on adverse events experienced by patients. Methodology: Several VA data systems provide data about patient outcomes. Patient outcomes are measured using the AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators and Inpatient Quality Indicators. Other patient outcomes measures, such as those used by Needleman and Buerhaus, also are used. All VA facilities were surveyed to obtain exact implementation dates of modules of CPRS and BCMA. The effects of CPRS and BCMA on staffing and outcomes are identified by estimating multivariate regression equations with panel data from the late 1990s through early 2000s. For each equation, the dependent variable is the patient outcome of interest, with the explanatory variables including whether CPRS or BCMA was implemented, patient characteristics, facility characteristics, staff characteristics, and other factors. The models will account for the phase-in periods of CPRS and BCMA, to distinguish between short-term changes in patient safety and long-term changes. Results: This study is underway, with preliminary results expected by March, 2007. The survey of VA facilities found that there was significant variation in the implementation dates of CPRS and BCMA, which assures that there is enough variation in the data to complete our analyses. We have extracted the Patient Safety Indicators, and are conducting site visits to provide qualitative data and more guidance about factors to consider in the econometric modeling.
Effects of roughage particle size on site of nutrient digestion and digesta flow through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep fed corncob-concentrate diets.

An experiment examining nutritional effects of dietary corncob particle size was conducted using ruminal-, duodenal- and ileal-cannulated sheep in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Site of nutrient digestion and digesta flow were the principal criteria evaluated. Analyses of dry matter (DM), N, starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were performed on feed, feces and digesta samples. Chromic oxide-impregnated paper was used as an external marker to estimate digestibilities at different sites along the gastrointestinal tract. Ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid molar proportions were also determined. All diets (74.9% concentrates: 25.1% corncobs) were pelleted and were similar in ingredient composition but varied in corncob particle size (corncob mean particle sizes were 6.5, 5.4, 1.4 or .8 mm). Dietary crude protein levels differed little among treatments. Starch concentration was higher in diets containing the larger corncob particles while NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations were lower in diets containing larger particles, suggesting a reaction between starch and fiber moieties during the pelleting process. Starch flow past the duodenum decreased (P less than .05) as dietary corncob particle size decreased. Apparent NDF digestion before the duodenum was highest for sheep fed diets containing 1.4-mm corncobs (P less than .05). Apparent starch digestion in the small intestine decreased (P less than .05) as dietary corncob particle size decreased. A considerable amount of NDF was apparently digested in the small intestine of sheep consuming diets containing 5.4- and .8-mm corncobs. Likewise, a substantial amount of NDF was apparently digested in the large intestine. Few differences in apparent total tract digestibilities were noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Customizable 3D Printed Tactile Maps as Interactive Overlays

Though tactile maps have been shown to be useful tools for visually impaired individuals, their availability has been limited by manufacturing and design costs. In this paper, we present a system that uses 3D printing to (1) make tactile maps more affordable to produce, (2) allow visually impaired individuals to independently design and customize maps, and (3) provide interactivity using widely available mobile devices. Our system consists of three parts: a web interface, a modeling algorithm, and an interactive touchscreen application. Our web interface, hosted at www.tactilemaps.net, allows visually impaired individuals to create maps of any location on the globe while specifying (1) what features to map, (2) how the features should be represented by textures, and (3) where to place markers and labels. Our modeling algorithm accommodates user specifications to create map models with (1) multiple layers of continuously varying textures and (2) markers of various geometric shapes or braille characters. Our interactive application uses a novel approach to 3D printing tactile maps using conductive filament to provide touchscreen overlays that allow users to dynamically interact with the maps on a wide range of mobile devices. This paper details the implementation of our system. We also present findings from a user study validating the usability of our mapping interface and the utility of the maps produced. Finally, we discuss the limitations of our current implementation and the plans we have to improve our system based on feedback from our user study and additional interviews.
EULAR recommendations for disease management: guidance not guidelines.

The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis that have made remission in previously untreatable conditions a realistic goal for many patients. These advances derive from new insights into disease mechanisms; the advent of the biologics and other new therapies; the development of robust measures of disease activity; coherent treatment strategies to guide therapy (ie, treat to target or T2T); and a sufficient supply of rheumatologists to implement the new approaches.1 The advances in rheumatology have been unprecedented and, arguably, the treatment of inflammatory arthritis has progressed faster and further than that of any other serious chronic disease in all of medicine. Indeed, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) today can lead an essentially normal life, whereas, a few decades ago, such a patient would have a restricted existence and be easily recognised by the appearance of grave illness, wasting and deformity. Along with better outcomes have come challenges in the utilisation of the current armamentarium of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs or DMARDs (table 1). These challenges are, of course, welcome since they signify progress. In the face of literally hundreds to thousands of ways to treat arthritis and the continuing influx of novel agents, they also demand guidance for both providers and patients to establish a treatment plan, recognising potential risks, benefits and costs. The publication of three articles on European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the treatment of early inflammatory arthritis, RA and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is therefore an important event and provides a much needed perspective and framework for the delivery of best care.2–4 View this table: Table 1 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Each article represents a remarkable effort by panels of rheumatologists, health professionals and patient representatives to encompass an ever-expanding literature and provide overarching principles as well as specific recommendations. The work …
Relationships between Exciton Dissociation and Slow Recombination within ZnSe/CdS and CdSe/CdS Dot-in-Rod Heterostructures.

Type-II and quasi type-II heterostructure nanocrystals are known to exhibit extended excited-state lifetimes compared to their single material counterparts because of reduced wave function overlap between the electron and hole. However, due to fast and efficient hole trapping and nonuniform morphologies, the photophysics of dot-in-rod heterostructures are more rich and complex than this simple picture. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we observe that the behavior of electrons in the CdS “rod” or “bulb” regions of nonuniform ZnSe/CdS and CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods is similar regardless of the “dot” material, which supports previous work demonstrating that hole trapping and particle morphology drive electron dynamics. Furthermore, we show that the longest lived state in these dot-in-rods is not generated by the type-II or quasi type-II band alignment between the dot and the rod, but rather by electron–hole dissociation that occurs due to fast hole trapping in the CdS rod and electron localization to the b...
Privacy and the Database Industry

It has been a difficult couple of months for many of the data broker industry’s heavyweights. In mid February, ChoicePoint reported that credit reports and other data of over 140,000 people were provided to criminals posing as legitimate businesses. Later in February, Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) chastised Westlaw for the ease in which sensitive records are available through “egregious loopholes” in its database access policies. Finally, LexisNexis reported that “potentially fraudulent access” may have compromised records of 32,000 individuals.These incidents have lead to calls for increased regulation of data brokers and other consumer information companies, as well as questions about privacy and the information that these brokers hold. Social Security numbers are of particular concern in that they are often the base upon which to build identity fraud. But what about other information such as names, addresses and phone numbers? Or more detailed information such as birth date, employer, income, marital status, home value? Or potentially harmful or embarrassing information like credit reports, criminal records, bankruptcies or lawsuits? How does the law cover the creation and distribution of these records?
Global citizenship identification and willingness to protest unethical corporations

In two studies, we examined the association between global citizenship identification and willingness to protest a corporation. In Study 1, participants rated their degree of identification with global citizens, read about an ethical or unethical company, and rated willingness to protest the company. The results showed that identification with global citizens was positively associated with willingness to protest an unethical, but not ethical, company. In Study 2, participants read about an ingroup (or outgroup) company committing unethical actions against an ingroup (or outgroup) country. The results showed a general trend of highly identified global citizens endorsing willingness to protest. When the ingroup was harmed, low identified global citizens endorsed protest behaviours when an outgroup was the perpetrator, but not when an ingroup company caused harm. Together, the results support the notion that social justice, as reflected in willingness to protest, is a component of global citizen identity group content.
The Effect and Use of Milestones in the Assessment of Neurological Surgery Residents and Residency Programs.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones on the assessment of neurological surgery residents. The authors sought to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of this new framework in making judgments of progressive competence, its implementation within programs, and the influence on curricula. Residents were also surveyed to elicit the effect of Milestones on their educational experience and professional development. Design, Setting, and Participants In 2015, program leadership and residents from 21 neurological surgery residency programs participated in an online survey and telephone interview in which they reflected on their experiences with the Milestones. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory. Results Response themes were categorized into 2 groups: outcomes of the Milestones implementation process, and facilitators and barriers. Because of Milestones implementation, participants reported changes to the quality of the assessment process, including the ability to identify struggling residents earlier and design individualized improvement plans. Some programs revised their curricula based on training gaps identified using the Milestones. Barriers to implementation included limitations to the adoption of a developmental progression model in the context of rotation block schedules and misalignment between progression targets and clinical experience. The shift from time-based to competency-based evaluation presented an ongoing adjustment for many programs. Organized preparation before clinical competency committee meetings and diverse clinical competency committee composition led to more productive meetings and perceived improvement in promotion decisions. Conclusions The results of this study can be used by program leadership to help guide further implementation of the Milestones and program improvement. These results also help to guide the evolution of Milestones language and their implementation across specialties.
Wikis as Online Collaborative Learning Experiences: "A Different Kind of Brainstorming".

Online learning has become an established and customary way for adults to learn. Adult educators are challenged with promoting learner engagement through online collaborative teaching practices, su...
An Invertebrate Ecosystem Engineer Under the Umbrella of Sage-Grouse Conservation

Abstract. Conservation practitioners often rely on areas designed to protect species of greatest conservation priority to also conserve co-occurring species (i.e., the umbrella species concept). The extent to which vertebrate species may serve as suitable umbrellas for invertebrate species, however, has rarely been explored. Sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.) have high conservation priority throughout much of the rangelands of western North America and are considered an umbrella species through which the conservation of entire rangeland ecosystems can be accomplished. Harvester ants are ecosystem engineers and play important roles in the maintenance and function of rangeland ecosystems. We compared indices of the abundance of western harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) and Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at 72 sites in central Wyoming, USA, in 2012. The abundance of harvester ant mounds was best predicted by a regression model that included a combination of local habitat characteristic...
Copying and pasting patient treatment notes.

In systems that allow notes to be copied and pasted, there is a responsibility to audit the medical records to ensure their integrity. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Das System von von Neumann und andere Systeme

Ich nahm auserste Klassen zu Hilfe, um NF zu vergrosern. Von Neumann benutzte sie 1925, um Zermelos System zu vergrosern. Doch die von Neumannsche Vergroserung von Zermelos System machte Halt, unmittelbar bevor sich die volle Kraft des Axiomenschemas ‘uFu ∈ ϑ’ (oder (3) von Kapitel 42) entfaltete. Sein System liefert ‘uFu ∈ ϑ’, wenn die gebundenen Variablen in der Formel fur ‘Fu’ alle auf Mengen eingeschrankt sind, sonst gilt es nicht allgemein. Ich folge Wang, wenn ich diese eingeschrankte Art von Vergroserung, die sich gegen die uneingeschrankte Art, die von NF zu ML fuhrte, abhebt, pradikativ nenne. Poincares Gebrauch von ‘pradikativ’ (Kapitel 34) wird so in gewisser Weise ausgedehnt, denn wenn er die gebundenen Variablen des Klassenabstraktionsterms auf Mengen einschrankt, last von Neumann nicht notwendig uFu aus dem Wertebereich seiner gebundenen Variablen heraus. Diese Bezeichnung ist aber trotzdem angebracht, wie in Kapitel 44 herauskommen wird.
Globalization, Population, Aging, and Ethics

Many countries in the developing world have not benefited much from the emerging global economy. On the contrary, they have suffered substantial economic reversals. Through the imposition of structural adjustment policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, public sector capacities to meet the education and healthcare needs of their growing populations have been reduced. The fastest growing part of the population in many developing countries in Asia and Latin America is the elderly (60+) who have many economic and healthcare needs that the governments of these countries will not be able to meet without major changes in international and domestic economic policies and healthcare programs. These political and economic issues have major ethical implications that are rarely raised in discussions about the future of developing countries in a global economy. This article concludes with the description of two ethical frameworks within which more fruitful discussions might be conducted.
Whole-Brain, Neocortical, and Higher Brain Related Concepts

The organizers of this conference have chosen to contrast the whole-brain and neocortical definitions of death. It is not clear how precisely they are using the terms. Presumably, to be precise, a whole-brain oriented concept of death is one that measures death by the loss of all brain structure or functions, while a neocortical concept of death is one that measures death by the loss of all neocortical structure or functions.
Chapter 9 Clinical Measurements of Aqueous Dynamics: lmplications for Addressing Glaucoma

Publisher Summary Clinical interest in the circulation of aqueous humor has been stimulated to a considerable extent by the problem of glaucoma, which is a condition in which increased intraocular pressure can damage the optic nerve. Attempts by clinicians to understand the way of controlling intraocular pressure as the treatment for glaucoma has spawned numerous studies of the components of the aqueous circulation. Clinicians have developed a consensus about the major physiological properties of this circulation and the therapeutic opportunities and challenges that arise from its understanding. Four components of the aqueous system can be measured in humans and are studied clinically: intraocular pressure, outflow resistance, episcleral venous pressure, and the rate of aqueous humor flow. Each of these components can be measured noninvasively, but the methods and the accuracy of the measurements vary considerably from one component to another. The procedure of measuring intraocular pressure noninvasively in humans and animals is called “tonometry.”
Trends driving clinical trials into large clinical care settings.

This analysis highlights data indicating the limitations of traditional clinical trial processes, and discusses how moving clinical trials into large clinical care settings could help meet the growing demands for large volumes of sophisticated patient data.
Synthesis, characterization and their antimicrobial activity of crystalline materials of nickel (II) complexes with substituted 2-amino-benzimidazole

Abstract Majority of bio-molecules exist in nature are complex compounds and exhibits profound biological activity. The crystalline Nickel complexes are gained lot of attraction due their strong anti leukemic activity. The synthetic protocol of 2-Amino-benzimidazole (I) condensation with acetyl acetone, ethylcyanoacetate and 3, 4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde established to develop Schiff Bases ((IIa) C19H18N6, (IIb) C12H12N4O & (II c) C16H15N3O2). Schiff Bases were condensed with Nickel(II) Chloride to form Nickel complexes (IIIa,IIIIb,.IIIc). The prepared Ni (II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic analysis with IR, 1HNMR, UV-Visible. The antimicrobial activity of the ligands [IIa, IIb and IIc] and their Ni(II) complexes [IIIa, IIIb, IIIc] against bacterial strains and fungal strains were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared crystalline metal complexes and the ligands were also discussed.
The Contours of Cold War Liberalism (Berlin’s in Particular)

The chapter analyzes the contours of Cold War liberalism more broadly. Three central elements, which mutually supported each other, are identified: first, philosophical positions that can best be summed up with the concepts value pluralism and anti-determinism. Second, a set of distinct political principles, in particular a defense of negative liberty as the genuinely liberal conception of freedom and, in addition, liberal constitutionalism (which was not at all the same as an outright endorsement of electoral democracy, or a concern with electoral democracy as intrinsically valuable). Third, there was an insistence on a decent measure of social provision (or, put more directly: a sort of social democracy). Berlin’s political thought exhibits all these features to some degree and is analyzed accordingly.
Mining patient-specific and contextual data with machine learning technologies to predict cancellation of children's surgery.

Abstract Background Last-minute surgery cancellation represents a major wastage of resources and can cause significant inconvenience to patients. Our objectives in this study were: 1) To develop predictive models of last-minute surgery cancellation, utilizing machine learning technologies, from patient-specific and contextual data from two distinct pediatric surgical sites of a single institution; and 2) to identify specific key predictors that impact children’s risk of day-of-surgery cancellation. Methods and findings We extracted five-year datasets (2012–2017) from the Electronic Health Record at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. By leveraging patient-specific information and contextual data, machine learning classifiers were developed to predict all patient-related cancellations and the most frequent four cancellation causes individually (patient illness, “no show,” NPO violation and refusal to undergo surgery by either patient or family). Model performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) using ten-fold cross-validation. The best performance for predicting all-cause surgery cancellation was generated by gradient-boosted logistic regression models, with AUC 0.781 (95% CI: [0.764,0.797]) and 0.740 (95% CI: [0.726,0.771]) for the two campuses. Of the four most frequent individual causes of cancellation, “no show” and NPO violation were predicted better than patient illness or patient/family refusal. Models showed good cross-campus generalizability (AUC: 0.725/0.735, when training on one site and testing on the other). To synthesize a human-oriented conceptualization of pediatric surgery cancellation, an iterative step-forward approach was applied to identify key predictors which may inform the design of future preventive interventions. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the capacity of machine learning models for predicting pediatric patients at risk of last-minute surgery cancellation and providing useful insight into root causes of cancellation. The approach offers the promise of targeted interventions to significantly decrease both healthcare costs and also families’ negative experiences.
Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Eradicating Helicobacter Pylori Infections to Treat Ulcers

We describe how a chance discovery of bacteria that infect stomach linings completely changed how physicians treat ulcers. Specifically, we chronicle how: 1) two Australian physicians brought the bacterial infection to the world’s attention and challenged the conventional view that stomach acidity caused ulcers; 2) a global community of researchers helped corroborate the Australians’ findings and developed convenient tests and effective treatments; and 3) these tests and treatments were gradually, but not immediately, adopted.
Haplotype structure in commercial maize breeding programs in relation to key founder lines

High-density haplotype analysis revealed significant haplotype sharing between ex-PVPs registered from 1976 to 1992 and key maize founders, and uncovered similarities and differences in haplotype sharing patterns by company and heterotic group. Proprietary inbreds developed by the private seed industry have been the major source for driving genetic gain in successful North American maize hybrids for decades. Much of the history of industry germplasm can be traced back to key founder lines, some of which were pivotal in the development of prominent heterotic groups. Previous studies have summarized pedigree-based relationships, genetic diversity and population structure among commercial inbreds with expired Plant Variety Protection (ex-PVP). However, less is known about the extent of haplotype sharing between historical founders and ex-PVPs. A better understanding of the relationships between founders and ex-PVPs provides insight into the haplotype and heterotic group structure among industry germplasm. We performed high-density haplotype analysis with 11.3 million SNPs on 212 maize inbreds, which included 157 ex-PVPs registered 1976–1992 and 55 public lines relevant to PVPs. Among these lines were 12 key founders identified in literature review: 207, A632, B14, B37, B73, LH123HT, LH82, Mo17, Oh43, OH7, PHG39 and Wf9. Our results revealed that, on average, 81.6% of an ex-PVP’s genome is shared with at least 1 of these 12 founder lines and more than half when limited to B73, Mo17 and 207. Quantifiable similarities and contrasts among heterotic groups and major US seed industry companies were also observed. The results from this study provide high-resolution haplotype data on ex-PVP germplasm, confirm founder relationship trends observed in previous studies, uncover region-specific haplotype structure differences and demonstrate how haplotype sharing analysis can be used as a tool to explore germplasm diversity.
A Popularity-Based Model of the Diffusion of Innovation on GitHub

Open source software development platforms are natural laboratories for studying the diffusion of innovation across human populations, enabling us to better understand what motivates people to adopt new ideas. For example, GitHub, a software repository and collaborative development tool built on the Git distributed version control system, provides a social environment where ideas, techniques, and new methodologies are adopted by other software developers. This paper proposes and evaluates a popularity-based model of the diffusion of innovation on GitHub. GitHub supports a mechanism, forking, for creating personal copies of other software repositories that can be used to measure the propagation of code between developers. We examine the effects of repository popularity on two aspects of knowledge transfer, innovation adoption and sociality, measured on a dataset of GitHub fork events.
Potential Benefit With Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background & Aims Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may pursue complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis examining efficacy of CAM vs. placebo or sham in adults with IBS. Methods Publication databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of CAM therapies (herbal therapy, dietary supplements, mind-body based, body-based, and energy-healing) in adults with IBS. Data were extracted to obtain pooled estimates of mean improvement in abdominal pain (standardized mean difference [SMD]) and relative risk (RR) of overall response using random effects models. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses along with quality assessments were completed. Results Among 2825 articles identified, 66 were included. Herbal therapy (SMD=0.47, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.75, I2=82%) demonstrated significant benefit over placebo for abdominal pain (low confidence in estimates). Benefit with mind-body based therapy for abdominal pain was of borderline significance (SMD=0.29, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.59, I2=78%). Herbal therapy (RR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.88, I2=77%), dietary supplements (RR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.73, I2=75%), and mind-body based therapy (RR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.49, I2=63%) showed benefit for overall response compared to placebo (low confidence in estimates). Body-based and energy healing therapies demonstrated no significant benefit over placebo or sham for abdominal pain or overall response. Conclusions CAM therapies such as herbal or dietary supplements and mind-body based approaches may be beneficial for abdominal pain and overall response in IBS. However, overall quality of evidence is low. Rigorous, high quality clinical trials are warranted to investigate CAM in IBS.
4-Input NAND and NOR Gates Based on Two Ambipolar Schottky Barrier FinFETs

We report on four-input NAND and NOR gates using only two 7nm Schottky-Barrier (SB) independent-gate FinFETs transistors that take advantage of gate workfunction engineering (WFE). Careful optimization of workfunctions at the source/drain contacts as well as two independent gates of the SB-FinFETs provide unprecedented control of the threshold in the ambipolar device operation. It is used in this work to tailor 4-input NAND and NOR functionalities out of only two transistors (2T), utilizing only two different metal workfunctions in a given gate. Correct operation of multi-input gates for supply voltages as low as V DD = 0.5V has been verified using 2D TCAD circuit simulations. Switching performance of the proposed 4-input gates indicate that they have 45% reduction in power-delay product (PDP) as compared to the conventional 16T FinFET counterparts, which is due to substantially lower power dissipation at the expense of slower transitions. A JK Flip-Flop circuit is designed using the proposed four-input NAND gate that illustrates its advantages for the logic operation.
Case report of mesenteric strangulation secondary to longstanding ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter.

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are the most common treatment for hydrocephalus in both pediatric and adult patients. Complications resulting from the abdominal portion of shunts include tube disconnection, obstruction of the shunt tip, catheter migration, infection, abdominal pseudocysts, and bowel perforation. However, other less common complications can occur. The authors present a unique case of a patient with a longstanding VP shunt presenting with an acute abdomen secondary to knotting of the peritoneal portion of the catheter tubing. A 13-year-old male with past medical history significant for myelomeningocele, requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement at 18 months of age, presented to an outside hospital with chief complaint of abdominal pain. Cross-sectional imaging revealed spontaneous knot formation within the shunt tubing around the base of the small bowel mesentery. He was then transferred to our facility for general and neurosurgical evaluation. His abdominal exam was notable for diffuse distension in addition to tenderness to palpation with guarding and rebound. Given his tenuous clinical status and peritonitis, he was emergently booked for abdominal exploration. He underwent bowel resection, externalization of his shunt, with later re-anastomosis and shunt internalization. He eventually made a full recovery. Given the potential for significant bowel loss with this and other shunt-related complications, this case serves as a reminder that even longstanding VP shunts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in any patient with a shunt.
Evaluation of aerodynamic coupling in side-by-side piezoelectric beams in quiescent and grid-generated turbulent flow

Non-resonant harvesters such as piezoelectric cantilever beams that extract energy from turbulence-induced vibration are often nonviable alternatives to their resonant counterparts. In the quest for enhanced viability, such fluidic harvesters can be positioned side-by-side and incorporate the aerodynamic coupling between them to improve power output. In this paper, we derive the power budget and electromechanical efficiency of two side-by- side beams subjected to an impact load in quiescent flow and grid-generated turbulence. We also introduce the aerodynamic coupling-to-input ratio and aerodynamic coupling effectiveness as ways to measure the influence of the aerodynamic coupling on the energy conversion process. The theoretical derivations are used to evaluate the aforementioned terms for two cases: (i) one beam subjected to a ringdown test in quiescent flow and (ii) both beams exposed to grid-generated turbulence. The influence of gap-to-width ratio, mean flow velocity and distance from the grid on each term has also been considered in this analysis. Our results show that while the aerodynamic coupling-to-input ratio exponentially decays with respect to the gap-to-width ratio for the ringdown test case, it remains relatively constant and non-zero with increasing gap-to-width ratio for the turbulence cases considered.
Negative affect and alcohol craving in trauma-exposed young adult drinkers.

Background Clinical research indicates that successful posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment does not lead to improvements in alcohol use outcomes in comorbid PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Emerging theory suggests that treating PTSD may not disrupt an association between negative affect and alcohol craving, which underlies negative reinforcement drinking. The goal of the current study was to determine the respective influences of PTSD symptoms, coping motives, and negative affect on trauma and alcohol cue reactivity to inform theoretical models of co-occurring PTSD and AUD. Methods The sample consisted of 189 young adults (50.3% women; 49.2% current PTSD; 84.0% current AUD) who endorsed interpersonal trauma (e.g., sexual/physical assault) and current weekly alcohol use. Participants completed a trauma and alcohol cue reactivity assessment, in which subjective (e.g., craving, affect) and physiological (i.e., salivation) measures were recorded in response to 4 narrative (i.e., personalized trauma or standard neutral) and in vivo beverage (i.e., personalized alcohol or water) cue combinations. Results Forward-fitted linear mixed-effects (LME) models confirmed that trauma cue-elicited craving was elevated among those high but not low in PTSD symptoms, consistent with prior research and theory. Trauma cue-elicited craving was fully explained by increases in negative affect, with no evidence of a direct effect of trauma cue on craving. PTSD symptoms moderated an association between trauma cue and negative affect (but not negative affect and craving), and coping motives for alcohol moderated an association between negative affect and craving (but not trauma cue and negative affect). Conclusions This study provides novel laboratory evidence for the respective contributions of negative affect, PTSD symptoms, and coping motives on alcohol craving in trauma-exposed drinkers. It offers a methodological framework in which to evaluate novel strategies that aim to disrupt negative reinforcement drinking in individuals with co-occurring PTSD and AUD.
Machine-Generated Evidence

Person-based evidence is no longer the monolith it once was. With technological advancement has come the rise of so-called "machine-generated evidence." Unlike traditional forms of evidence, the reliability of machine-generated evidence primarily depends not on any person’s actions—neither the quality of their perceptions nor their ability to carry out tasks—but instead on the standardized processes and mechanisms internal to the machine that produced it. As technological advancement continues apace, and new, innovative forms of machine-generated evidence reach the courtroom, judges and lawyers will be required to respond in two important ways. First must come awareness of the unique nature of machine-generated evidence. The legal profession must recognize that machine-generated evidence is categorically distinct from person-based evidence. It constitutes a difference in kind. Much of the present confusion, inaccuracies, and inefficiencies in our legal system’s treatment of machine-generated evidence is caused by attempts by judges and lawyers to treat machine-generated evidence as if it were person-based—as if its reliability depended on the actions of some individual. Only by recognizing the unique and, in many ways, paradigm-shifting features of machine-generated evidence can necessary reform occur. Second, after recognizing that machine-generated evidence constitutes a difference in kind, the legal profession must consider how to best treat it in the courtroom. What doctrines and rules must change to better scrutinize machine-generated evidence? If the reliability of machine-generated evidence doesn’t (or shouldn’t) require a witness on the stand, what is the best way to evaluate it at trial? Answering these questions will require innovative and potentially radical thinking, as demonstrated by recent scholarship paving the way on this front.
Risk Governance and the Social Amplification of Risk: A Commentary

A perplexing problem in risk governance is why some apparently relatively minor risks often elicit strong public concerns and substantially affect risk governance. Social amplification is an analytic framework that links the technical properties of risk with cultural dimensions of risk and risk-related behavior. The main thesis is that risks interact with the governance process and shape extensively public evaluation and responses to the risk. An important result is what we term “ripple effects,” or secondary impacts. And risk governance must take public concerns, perceptions, and ripple effects into account in decision making.