cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clopidogrel resistance - a clear problem with an unclear solution.

Over the last decade, dual antiplatelet therapy has been shown to be of significant benefit for secondary prevention in millions of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), in those undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), and in those with atrial fibrillation unable to take warfarin.1–3 Much like any other therapeutic agent, variability in response to clopidogrel was considered a reason for clinical failure leading to cardiovascular events; it was not until the 2006 firestorm related to late stent thrombosis that this issue underwent systematic study.4,5 Investigations into the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of clopidogrel led to the uncovering of specific genetic polymorphisms such as CYP2C19*2 and ABCB1 involved in the metabolic conversion of the pro-drug clopidogrel into its active metabolite which finally binds to the ADP receptor responsible for the antiplatelet effect. Reduced function of these alleles has since been shown to be associated with impaired PK and PD response to clopidogrel and worse clinical cardiovascular outcomes, with those homozygous for this polymorphism faring worse than those who were heterozygous, adding further biological plausibility.6–10 Given the large numbers worldwide who need to be on clopidogrel therapy for various secondary prevention indications, even the conservative prevalence estimates for these genetic polymorphisms on the order of 25% make it a priority for clinical research.
Representations of the Frontier in Ottoman Town Views of the Sixteenth Century

City views, one of the most distinctive and ubiquitous features of sixteenth‐century Ottoman manuscript illustration, were used to document the territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire and to map its expanding frontiers. This study examines the portrayal of the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire in one famous group of manuscripts from the mid‐sixteenth century, Matrakci Nasuh's Histories of the House of Osman. This body of work, which includes four unique illustrated volumes, was the first to use city views and topographical paintings as a means of representing the geographical limits of the Ottoman state. The idea of representing the frontier through town views was in some respects well suited to the geopolitical realities of the Ottoman borderlands, which were fluid, discontinuous and defined mostly by claims on frontier towns. City views offered a vision of the Ottoman Empire as the sum of its territorial acquisitions and allowed members of the ruling elite who collected the images to imagine their emp...
Proof Without Words: Lunes and the Regular Hexagon

(2002). Proof Without Words: Lunes and the Regular Hexagon. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 316-316.
The political economy of ‘open regionalism’ and education in small (and micro) states: the construction of the Caribbean Educational Policy Space in CARICOM

In this era of amplified regionalisation, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean's (ECLAC) conceptualisation of ‘open regionalism’ is pertinent to examine the role of regional governance mechanisms in constructing what I call the Caribbean Educational Policy Space. With the aid of a latent content analysis of policy documents that focuses on the current wave of regionalism within the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries, I argue that open regionalism is the instrument that facilitates the expansion of education into a regional tradable commodity that is embedded and linked to the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME). I suggest that open regionalism can be further finessed to consider the modalities that make the operationalising of the integrative project possible. In essence, open regionalism is used as a governance framework by CARICOM's states to enact national educational reform. I conclude by arguing that open regionalism is an approach that is driven by the knowledge-ba...
A Convection-Diffusion Model of Indicator Transport through an Organ

A model for interpretation of extravascular indicator dilution experiments is proposed, in which the indicator is assumed to enter the blood-tissue exchange region through vascular sources, to equilibrate instantaneously and locally between blood and tissue at the capillary-cell level, and, while maintaining this local equilibration, to be transported to vascular sinks by simultaneous diffusion and convection at a more macroscopic distance level. The model has the mathematical form of the time-dependent Fick diffusion equation to which a convection term was added. The model contains as opposite limiting cases the washout-type models and a recently proposed delayed wave model of the indicator dilution process. The various features of the extravascular indicator outflow pattern-appearance time, modal time, semi-log downslope, and dispersion about the mean-are described in terms of two parameters: (1) a diffusion parameter, square of source-to-sink distance divided by diffusion coefficient of the indicator in the tissue; (2) a convection parameter, the blood flow divided by steady-state solubility volume of distribution of the indicator in the tissue. In contrast to the preceding opposite limiting cases, the present model accounts plausibly for extravascular indicator experiments in dog kidney.
Functional bowel disturbance and milk allergy—bedside diagnosis

1. Food allergy is a more common cause of functional bowel disturbance and spastic colon than is generally appreciated. 2. Milk is one of the more common allergens responsible for such colonic food allergy, accounting for about 25% of the cases. 3. Milk allergy can be more readily recognized or excluded by simple trial and error method than other common food allergens (e.g. wheat or egg) because it is more easily eliminated from the diet. The diagnosis therefore may often be made a simple office or bedside one. 4. A symptom-free interval, in the period between arising in the morning and the ingestion of breakfast, frequently occurs, and is of importance in the diagnosis of colonic food allergy. 5. The recognition of the allergic nature of certain bowel disturbances, may prevent serious diagnostic errors, and unnecessary, often dangerous, medical and surgical procedures. 6. The physician should be “allergy conscious,” in his investigation of obscure bowel disturbances. 7. Organic disease of the gastro-intestinal tract should always be ruled out by appropriate diagnostic procedures; however, organic disease and allergic functional disturbance may coexist.
Fourier and wavelet analyses of dental radiographs detect trabecular changes in osteoporosis

Objectives: Osteoporosis results in loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration. Dental radiographs potentially offer a means of screening for osteoporosis as they are commonly made on adults. Spatial frequency analyses are well suited to detect subtle changes in image patterns. We hypothesize that individuals with osteoporosis exhibit an altered radiographic trabecular pattern that can be detected by spatial frequency and strut analysis. Study design: Maxillary and mandibular periapical radiographs of 26 women with osteoporosis and 23 controls were examined using one-dimensional discrete Fourier and wavelet analyses in both jaws to measure the spatial frequency distributions of trabecular structures. A strut analysis was also performed. Results: Individuals with osteoporosis revealed an altered trabecular pattern compared to controls. Using Fourier and strut variables allows classification of subjects with 92% sensitivity, 96% specificity, and a 22% cross-validation error rate. Wavelet analysis was also useful but did not perform better than Fourier analysis for subject classification. Conclusions: Spatial frequency analysis of digitized dental radiographs, especially Fourier analysis, and strut analysis provide value for identifying individuals with osteoporosis.
Serum glucose and triglyceride determine high-risk subgroups in non-diabetic postinfarction patients

A strategy was developed to identify subgroups at high risk for recurrent coronary events in non-diabetic postinfarction patients as a function of metabolic, inflammatory, and thrombogenic blood markers. A graphical screening technique for presumptively identifying high-risk subgroups from outcome prevalence maps was devised that was equally sensitive for all values of risk factors in contrast to traditional approaches where risk is presumed for the highest or the lowest values. Traditional statistical analysis confirms high risk in identified subgroups. Serum glucose and triglyceride served as bivariate search domain. Results demonstrated three high-risk subgroups. One was characterized as pre-diabetic; another as metabolic syndrome-enriched; and the third, with unexpectedly high risk, as normoglycemic and modestly hypertriglyceridemic. Within-subgroup risk as determined by Cox proportional hazards model gave for odds ratios and 95 percentile confidence intervals: glucose, 2.49 (1.17-5.33) in pre-diabetic; PAI-1, 3.95 (1.81-8.61) in metabolic syndrome-enriched; and BMI, 2.79 (1.17-6.63) and fibrinogen, 2.79 (1.29-6.04) in normoglycemic, modestly hypertriglyceridemic patients. We conclude that the graphical approach holds promise in screening for high-risk patient subgroups. Finding different within-subgroup predictors of risk underscores the notion of context-dependent risk, an observation that may be relevant for determining optimal use of emerging risk factors.
Open-field test behavior of growing swine maintained on a concrete floor and a pasture☆

Abstract Open-field test behaviors of 5 barrows and 5 gilts from each of two housing treatments ( N = 20) were recorded for 5-min periods. The hogs had been housed in their respective systems (pasture or concrete floor) for 6 weeks and averaged 18 weeks old at the time of the experiment. The 38 × 198-m pasture (P) contained approximately 70% grass of grazeable length and housed 49 pigs. The 3.7 × 7.6-m concrete feeding floor (FF) was located in an open-front building and housed 34 pigs. The open-field tests were conducted in a 3 × 12-m enclosure on pasture. Data collected include time spent chewing, grazing, nudging, sniffing or rooting, number of vocalizations, and time spent lying, standing walking or trotting. FF pigs spent more time grazing and chewing than did P pigs. Standing time was also greater for FF pigs. Only P pigs lay down during the test period. These findings suggest an increased specific-action potential for grazing behaviors resulted from maintaining the hogs in an indoor housing facility.
Muscle cell-derived factors inhibit inflammatory stimuli-induced damage in hMSC-derived chondrocytes

Summary Objective Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in inducing cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Muscle is a tissue that lies near cartilage in situ . However, muscle's non-loading biochemical effect on cartilage has been largely unexplored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that muscle cells can regulate the response to pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated damage in chondrocytes derived from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Method hMSCs were allowed to undergo chondrogenic differentiation in porous silk scaffolds in the typical chondrogenic medium for 12 days. For the next 9 days, the cells were cultured in chondrogenic medium containing 50% conditioned medium derived from C2C12 muscle cells or fibroblast control cells, and were subject to treatments of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β or TNFα. Results Both IL-1β and TNFα-induced strong expression of multiple MMPs and hypertrophic markers Runx2 and type X collagen. Strikingly, culturing hMSC-derived chondrocytes in C2C12 muscle cell-conditioned medium strongly inhibited the expression of all these genes, a result further confirmed by GAG content and histological evaluation of matrix protein. To determine whether these effects were due to altered chondrocyte growth and survival, we assayed the expression of cell proliferation marker Ki67, cell cycle arrest markers p21 and p53, and apoptosis marker caspase 3. Muscle cell-conditioned medium promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis, thereby suggesting a possible decrease in the cellular aging and death that typically accompanies cartilage inflammation. Conclusion Our findings suggest the role of muscle in cartilage homeostasis and provide insight into designing strategies for promoting resistance to pro-inflammatory cytokines in hMSC-derived chondrocytes.
Effects of molecular adsorption on the electronic structure of single-layer graphene.

The interaction of small molecules (CCl4, CS2, H2O, and acetone) with single-layer graphene (SLG) has been studied under steady-state conditions using infrared multiple-internal-reflection spectroscopy. Adsorption results in a broad and intense absorption band, spanning the ∼200 to 500 meV range, which is attributed to electronic excitation. This effect, which has not previously been reported for SLG, has been further investigated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory to model the adsorption of H2O on SLG supported on an SiO2 substrate. However, the ideal and defect-free model does not reproduce the observed adsorption-induced electronic transition. This and other observations suggest that the effect is extrinsic, possibly the result of an adsorption-induced change in the in-plane strain, with important differences arising between species that form liquid-like layers under steady-state conditions and those that do not. Furthermore, the C–H stretching modes of CH2 groups, incorporated in the...
Revolution From Without: Yucatan, Mexico, and the United States, 1880–1924

List of tables and figures ix Foreword / Alan Knight xi Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvi Prologue: Yucatan receives a revolution 1 Part I. The Parameters of Revolution 1. Plant and plantation: the development of a monocrop economy 13 2. The henequen boom: oligarchy and informal empire, 1880-1915 33 3. The revolutionary equation within Yucatan: the problem of mobilization 70 Part II. The Bourgeois Revolution, 1915-1918 4. Salvador Alvarado and bourgeois revolution from without 93 5. The theory and practice of bourgeois reform: land and the export economy 122 6. The breakdown of bourgeois revolution, 1918-1920 150 Part III. The Socialist Revolution, 1920-1930 7. Felipe Carrillo Puerto and the rise of Yucatecan socialism 185 8. The ideology and praxis of a socialist revolution: agrarian reform and the henequen industry 228 9. The failure of revolution from within, 1923-1924 263 Epilogue: With revolution, 1924- : Yucatan's legacy of frustration 288 Appendix: Agrarian reform, 1915-1927 305 Abbreviations used in notes 308 Notes 311 Select bibliography 373 Index 392
Interferometric spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

We present in vivo human fundus imaging using interferometric spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (iSECSLO). iSECSLO allows for video-rate fully confocal imaging with the interferometric advantage of optical coherence tomography though single-mode optical fiber.
Wittgenstein and Mad Pain

Despite Wittgenstein’s most valiant efforts in Investigations, Zettel,1 and other scattered writings, philosophers continue to be philosophers and speak utter nonsense, or to be charitable, to speak what Wittgenstein would call utter nonsense. I have in mind here what has been written on pain, though of course the list can be multiplied greatly. My target will be David Lewis’s “Mad Pain and Martian Pain”,2 but I shall take him on in a rather narrow way. What I mean by this is that I shall not attack the theoretical claims he makes in his article for his particular “materialist theory of mind”. Rather, I shall try to apply some Wittg-ensteinian therapy on a claim for which he gives no argument, for which he admits he has no argument, but also for which he thinks it is unimportant whether an argument is supplied. Let me stop being so mysterious and allow Lewis to speak for himself.
The Increasing Significance of Class: The Relative Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Academic Achievement

ABSTRACT Previous researchers have found that, on average, African American students don't perform as well in school as their white counterparts. Another frequent finding is that the higher a student's socioeconomic status the higher her or his educational achievement. However, there has been little attention paid to how race and socioeconomic status interact to affect educational achievement. Using a nationally representative sample from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), this research examines the longitudinal effects of race and socioeconomic status on 12th grade educational achievement and achievement two years after high school. For 12th grade outcomes, we found that (1) African American students don't perform as well as their white counterparts, and (2) socioeconomic status is more than three times more important than race in predicting outcomes. Results for two years after high school were very surprising: (1) when controlling for socioeconomic status, African American students act...
TiO2/TiSi2 Heterostructures for High-Efficiency Photoelectrochemical H2O Splitting

A TiO2/TiSi2 complex heteronanostructure was synthesized to improve the efficiencies of TiO2 in photosplitting H2O. Photoactive TiO2 served to convert incident photons into separated charges, and the supporting TiSi2 nanonet acted as an efficient conductor to transport separated charges. The structural complexity of TiSi2 also provided a framework of high surface area to enhance photoabsorption. 16.7% peak conversion efficiency was obtained when measured under monochromic UV illuminations. The TiO2 growth was further explored to extend the absorption to the visible range by incorporating W into TiO2, and 0.83% efficiency was measured under simulated solar lights.
Mutations in the EVC1 gene are not a common finding in the Ellis-van Creveld and short rib-polydactyly type III syndromes.

We showed that mutations in the EVC1 gene are not a common finding in the Ellis-van Creveld and short rib-polydactyly type III syndromes
Short-term retention of visual and kinesthetic information

Abstract This series of experiments concerns short-term retention of the position of a circle on a line (visual-location) and of the length of a motor movement without visual feedback (kinesthetic-distance). Both tasks show forgetting of information over time intervals up to 30 seconds. Visual-location shows a systematic increase in forgetting as interpolated task difficulty is increased. Forgetting of kinesthetic-distance is unrelated to interpolated task difficulty. Analysis of the data suggests that in both tasks primary retention is through imagery rather than verbal codes. Retention of information about visual-location seems to require the availability of central processing capacity but kinesthetic-distance does not. The implications of these findings for the analysis of perceptual-motor skills and for a general theory of short-term memory are examined.
Congenital nasal dermoid cysts and fistul

Summary The clinical manifestations of nasal dermoid cysts and fistul˦ are described with the findings in seven clinical cases. The literature is reviewed and the two theories held to account for their origin are described. In the theory of the superficial origin of the lesions no evidence could be found to support epithelial sequestration by the development of the nasal bones. It is suggested that aberrations of skin appendages would provide a more reasonable theory for cysts of superficial origin. In the type of case with deep extensions, evidence is presented to support the theory that the lesions arise from persistence of epithelial elements included in the nasal septum during development.
NOTE ON COGNITIVE FACTORS RELATED TO FACTOR B OF THE 16 PF TEST

Summary.-A selection of 21 tests from the French, Eksuom, and Price battery of cognitive tests and the Cattell 16 PF Test were administered to 54 Army enlisted men. Product-moment correlations and multiple linear regression equations were computed between 16 PF Factor B scores (considered a measure of intelligence) and the 21 cognitive tests. The multiple linear regression equation indicated that 70% of the variance of Factor B scores could be accounted for by the selected cognitive rests. The principal objective in including Factor B in the Cattell 16 PF Test is to add a good general ability measure to a comprehensive personality inventory (Cattell & Eber, 1957, p. 11). While Cattell has not elaborated greatly on the nature of intelligence, Factor B has been described by him (Cattell & Eber, 1954) as measuring a dimension ranging from less intelligent, concrete thinking (lower scholastic mental capacity) to more intelligent, abstract thinking (high scholastic mental capacity). Furthermore, Cattell (1957, p. 877) has distinguished between fluid ability and crystallized ability measures of intelligence. Fluid ability is described as "a general relation-perceiving capacity which operates in all fields" and crystallized ability as the "sum of particular relationperceiving skills in specific fields . . ." which become functionally unified because they "were acquired during growth under the influence of the unitary growing fluid ability" (Cattell, 1957, p. 877). The former ability is also described as a speed measure and the latter, of which Factor B is an example, is described as a power measure. Possibly as a consequence of the auxiliary role of Factor B in the 16 PF, previous studies with the 16 PF, to our knowledge, have not investigated relationships between Factor B and other tests of intelligence. The purpose of the present srudy was to assess the extent to which intelligence factors which have been previously identified in factor analytic studies correlate with Factor B. A selection of 21 tests from the French, Ekstrom, and Price (1963) battery of cognitive tests was employed to provide information regarding this problem. The reliabilities and factor clustering of these 21 cognitive tests have been reported (Fleishman & Dusek, 1971). The reliabilities are generally quite high (16 of the 21 tests have a reliability of .8 or greater). In addition, five factors were identified and described for the 21 tests. METHOD Ss were 54 Army enlisted men. Each S was administered the 16 PF tests (Forms A and B) and the 21 cognitive tests in a randomized order during a four-day test period.
Static and dynamic light scattering approach to the hydration of hemoglobin and its supertetramers in the presence of osmolites

We used static and dynamic light scattering for comparing the mass (MW) and hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) of several hemoglobin systems, namely human hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, human hemoglobin cross-linked with a sebacyl residue, and bovine hemoglobin cross-linked with an adipoyl residue. We measured the MW and R(h) of these systems in 0.1M phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 in the absence and in the presence of either betaine or glycerol up to 1.7 molal concentrations. The 90 degrees scattering was measured with a photon counting machine equipped with a diode laser at 783 nm. The Rayleigh ratio [R(theta)] of the instrument was estimated using R(theta) = 7.19E-6 cm(-1) for toluene at 783 nm. The refractive index increment of hemoglobin solutions was measured using a laser beam at 750 nm. We estimated a value dn/dc = 0.210 cm3/g in the absence and dn/dc = 0.170 in the presence of 1.7 molal osmolites. For all systems both in liganded and unliganded form, the static light scattering data showed a 16% mass increase with increasing concentration of osmolites. The hydrodynamic radii of all investigated systems in the presence and absence of osmolites were close to 3.17 nm. Assuming a partial specific volume nu = 0.739 for hemoglobin, and using spherical geometry, the estimated average hydration volume of hemoglobin was 32.6 L/mole in the absence of osmolites. It decreased to 23.5 L/mole in the presence of 1.7 molal osmolites. Assuming that the density of water in the hydration volume is D = 1.0 g/cm3, the hydration of Hb was 0.51 gH2O/gHb, with a surface density of 0.20 molH2O/A2. The hydration decreased to 0.33 gH2O/gHb and 0.14 molH2O/A2 in the presence of 1.7 molal osmolites. The decreased hydration was compensated by the increased mass (i.e., decreased surface area per unit volume) so that the thickness of the water shell around these proteins remained close to a single layer of water molecules. These findings indicate that the combination of static and dynamic light scattering offer unique means for investigating the relevance of water activity on the structure and function of biological macromolecules. In the case of hemoglobin, the data suggest that the decreased oxygen affinity in the presence of osmolites reported by Colombo et al. (M. F. Colombo, D. C. Rau, and V. A. Parsegian Science, 1992, Vol. 256, pp. 655-659), as due to ligand linked water binding on hemoglobin surface, is part of a complex phenomenon involving the hydration shell of hemoglobin and the formation of low affinity supertetrameric molecules.
Coupled oceanic and atmospheric mixed layer model

Abstract A coupled, one-dimensional atmospheric-oceanic boundary layer model based on a single station assessment has been formulated from independent oceanic and atmospheric bulk boundary layer models. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine major differences in the responses of the coupled model compared to those of the separate oceanic and atmospheric models. The general behavior of the coupled model atmosphere is not significantly different from that of the atmospheric model over short term simulations (12–24 h). However, large differences may occur under certain limited conditions when winds are light and the lifting condensation level is close to the height of the inversion. Major differences between the predicted evolution of the ocean boundary layer by the ocean model and coupled model are more common, and the short term predictive ability of the ocean model in coupled form is enhanced.
The influence of displacement damage on deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to plasma

Trapping of tritium at lattice damage from fusion neutron irradiation is expected to increase the tritium inventory in tungsten components in ITER. The magnitude of this increase depends on the concentration of traps that are produced, and on the depth to which the increased tritium retention extends into the material. Experiments to address these issues are described, in which displacement damage by ion irradiation was used as a surrogate for neutron damage. Irradiated samples were exposed to high flux deuterium plasma to simulate divertor conditions. The resulting deuterium content was measured by nuclear reaction analysis. Measurements were done at various damage levels up to those expected from the end-of-life neutron fluence in ITER. These experiments determine the number of traps produced by displacement damage and the rate at which they are filled during exposure to plasma. The role of defect annealing was explored through plasma exposures at various temperatures. In addition to trapping at damage, near-surface retention from internal precipitation was observed at lower temperatures. Addition of 5% helium to the deuterium plasma greatly reduced D retention by precipitation by localizing it closer to the surface. Results from these experiments indicate that the contribution to tritium inventory in ITER from trapping at neutron damage should be small.
Patient–physician discordance about benefits and risks in gastroenterology decision‐making

Summary Aims : To illustrate the characteristics of situations in gastroenterology when patients and physicians harbour different perspectives of medical costs and benefits, and how such different perspectives affect the outcome of medical decision-making. Methods : Two exemplary scenarios are presented, in which threshold analysis yields different results depending on the varying values assigned to identical medical events. The occurrence of varying values is subsequently phrased in economical terms of varying utility functions that characterize patient vs. physician behaviour. Results : Safety and therapy are the two major preferences that determine patient and physician utility functions. Patients and physicians make medical decisions based on two different utility functions. In comparison with their patients, gastroenterologists are more concerned with safety and inclined to spend more health care resources on safety than therapy because safety and the occurrence of medical complications affect their own professional status. In trying to maximize their own utility, gastroenterologists tend to spend more resources on safety than the patient him/herself might have spent given a free choice of management options. Conclusions : In instances of potential complications associated with risky medical interventions, patients may receive less medical therapy in exchange for more procedural safety.
Thermal studies on oxalate complexes. IV. Potassium bis(oxalato)cuprate(II) dihydrate

Abstract The dehydration and decomposition of K2[Cu(C2O4)2] · 2 H2O have been studied using TG. The dehydration reaction gave the best fit to a second-order rate equation and has an activation energy of 411.5 ± 41.1 kJ mole−1. Three distinct decomposition patterns were observed for the anhydrous complex. In the first case, K2[Cu(C2O4)2] decomposes to K2CO3 and CuO by loss of CO2 and 2 CO. In the second case, decomposition leads to K2C2O4 and Cu by loss of 2 CO2. In the third case, the basic carbonate K2[Cu(CO3)3/2O1/2] is produced by loss of 2 CO and 0.5 CO2. In the last case additional loss of CO2 leads to the formation of K2CO3 and CuO in a separate reaction. Kinetic parameters are reported and discussed for all these reactions.
A basic program to compute Fisher's exact test

This paper describes a BASIC computer program which performs Fisher's exact test for significance of association in 2 by 2 tables. Computations are ordered to avoid overflow, even in samples of one thousand observations or more.
Scaling of the first-passage time and the survival probability on exact and quasi-exact self-similar structures

The authors calculate the asymptotic behaviour of the moments of the first-passage time and survival probability for random walks on an exactly self-similar tree, and on a quasi-self-similar comb, by applying an exact decimation approach to the master equations. For the hierarchical comb, a transition from ordinary to anomalous diffusion occurs at R=2, where R is the ratio of teeth length in successive iterations of the structure. In the anomalous regime (R>2), the positive integer moments of the first-passage time, (tq), scale as Ltau q, with tau q=1+(2q-1)ln R/ln 2, where L is the linear distance from input to output. The asymptotic behaviour of the survival probability is studied using both scaling theory and by a direct solution of the master equations. They find that the characteristic time, t*, in the asymptotic exponential decay of the survival probability, exp(-t/t*), scales as t* approximately Ltau *=, with tau *=ln R2/ln 2, i.e. tau * is distinct from tau 1. However, substantial corrections to this asymptotic form for tau * exist, and these are needed to account for the recent simulation data of Havlin and Matan (1988).
CYP2M1: Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of a New Cytochrome P450 from Rainbow Trout Liver with Fatty Acid (ω-6)-Hydroxylation Activity

Abstract A cDNA clone was isolated from a female rainbow trout liver λgτ11 library using polyclonal antibodies raised against rainbow trout cytochrome P450 LMC1. This 2149-nucleotide clone contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 499 amino acids with a calculatedMrof 56,850 Da. On the basis of cytochrome P450 (P450) amino acid sequence comparisons, this rainbow trout P450 was assigned by the P450 Nomenclature Committee to a new P450 subfamily designated as CYP2M1. Northern blot results suggest that the expression of CYP2M1 at the transcriptional level was generally sex, tissue, and age specific. By use of a full-length CYP2M1 cDNA probe, it was observed that this cDNA hybridized strongly to a single 2.2-kb transcript in juvenile female rainbow trout trunk kidney and in liver from juvenile and sexually mature trout from both sexes. Negligible amounts of mRNA hybridizable to CYP2M1 cDNA were found in the juvenile and sexually mature male trunk kidney. cDNA-directed expression in COS-7 cells and of recombinant baculovirus in insect cells produced a protein that was reactive with rabbit anti-trout P450 LMC1 polyclonal antibody and exhibited the unique (ω-6)-hydroxylation toward lauric acid previously observed with rainbow trout P450 LMC1.
A Contextual-Congruence Model of Socialization:

For more than a century, social scientists from a variety of disciplines have proposed theories of socialization to explain how values, goals, skills, and attitudes are passed from socialization ag...
Hybrid Membrane-Cryogenic Distillation Air Separation Process for Oxygen Production

A hybrid air separation process for oxygen production uses a membrane gas permeator with bypass to increase the oxygen concentration of the feed to 23.5% before the cryogenic distillation plant. A 23.5% limit on oxygen is required to avoid use of more expensive construction materials. By pre-concentrating the oxygen, the feed flowrate to the compressor, heat exchangers and the distillation column can be reduced by 11%, which reduces power requirements and sizes of the downstream equipment. Achieving this concentration with very low energy requirements is surprisingly difficult with commercially available membranes. New membrane materials with higher fluxes and selectivities could make the process more economical.
Predictors of cardiac arrest occurring in the context of acute myocardial infarction.

Background:Cardiac arrest (CA) concurrent with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) claims the life of many patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we investigated the predictors of CA during AMI. Method:Patients admitted with CA concurrent with AMI (n = 31) were matched by age, gender, race, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to patients with AMI but no CA (n = 70). All patients underwent coronary angiography. Binary logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of CA during AMI. Results:A total of 101 patients (age = 61 ± 13 years, men 76%, Caucasians 98%, LVEF 33 ± 12%) admitted to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center with AMI were included in this analysis. Patients with CA concurrent with the AMI were more likely to have proximal rather than distal coronary artery culprit lesions (odds ratio (OR) = 7.2, P = 0.019). Other predictors of CA in the context of AMI included negative family history of CAD (OR = 8.0, P = 0.026) and absence of sinus rhythm upon hospital admission (OR = 5.1, P = 0.030). Conclusion:Proximity of culprit coronary lesion and presence of rhythm other than sinus rhythm at hospital admission are two strong predictors of CA in the context of AMI. The implication is that the mechanism of CA is primarily that of a large area of myocardial ischemia leading to lethal ventricular arrhythmia. Other predispositions such as genetic make-up cannot be ruled out.
Maternal death in the 21st century: causes, prevention, and relationship to cesarean delivery.

Objective We sought to examine etiology and preventability of maternal death and the causal relationship of cesarean delivery to maternal death in a series of approximately 1.5 million deliveries between 2000 and 2006. Study Design This was a retrospective medical records extraction of data from all maternal deaths in this time period, augmented when necessary by interviews with involved health care providers. Cause of death, preventability, and causal relationship to mode of delivery were examined. Results Ninety-five maternal deaths occurred in 1,461,270 pregnancies (6.5 per 100,000 pregnancies.) Leading causes of death were complications of preeclampsia, pulmonary thromboembolism, amniotic fluid embolism, obstetric hemorrhage, and cardiac disease. Only 1 death was seen from placenta accreta. Twenty-seven deaths (28%) were deemed preventable (17 by actions of health care personnel and 10 by actions of non-health care personnel). The rate of maternal death causally related to mode of delivery was 0.2 per 100,000 for vaginal birth and 2.2 per 100,0000 for cesarean delivery, suggesting that the number of annual deaths resulting causally from cesarean delivery in the United States is about 20. Conclusion Most maternal deaths are not preventable. Preventable deaths are equally likely to result from actions by nonmedical persons as from provider error. Given the diversity of causes of maternal death, no systematic reduction in maternal death rate in the United States can be expected unless all women undergoing cesarean delivery receive thromboembolism prophylaxis. Such a policy would be expected to eliminate any statistical difference in death rates caused by cesarean and vaginal delivery.
Developing a teaching portfolio.

Teaching portfolios—a compilation of carefully selected materials that describe the faculty member's teaching activities in the classroom, clinical practice, and other settings—are being used more widely for documenting teaching effectiveness in nursing education programs. The purpose of the teaching portfolio is to document the full range of teaching competencies of the faculty member over a period of time. This article describes teaching portfolios and their uses in nursing education, items to include in a portfolio, and how to develop a portfolio.
Fiscal Effects of Urban Zoning

Suburban governments are not the only agencies that engage in fiscal zoning. In this article, the author demonstrates how a city can employ land-use controls to improve its fiscal situation while discriminating against low-income households. This is achieved by restricting the location of low-income clusters to specific sections of the city through land-use controls. These clusters are then provided with low levels of municipal services while they are assigned high property tax assessments. The author has labeled this type of behavior "urban fiscal zoning."
Perceptions of Risk in Research Participation Among Underserved Minority Drug Users

Research with underserved minority drug users is essential to quality health care and prevention. Understanding how participants perceive risk in research is necessary to inform research regulators so that research protections are neither lax, exposing participants to harm, nor overly stringent, thereby denying access to beneficial research. Data from 37 semistructured interviews of underserved, African-American crack cocaine users, collected from February to May 2006 in a large, urban setting, were analyzed using content analysis. In three hypothetical studies, participants recognized risks as relative and articulated and evaluated specific risks. Research regulators may enhance the accuracy of risk assessment in research by incorporating the views of participants. Study implications and limitations are noted. Future research on risk perception in research participation is suggested.
The significance of crisis communication in the aftermath of 9/11: a national investigation of how tourism managers have re-tooled their promotional campaigns.

SUMMARY After September 11, 2001 (9/11), the United States immediately embarked upon a new way of life, or, as the media describes it, a “new normalcy” (Chura, 2002; Stark, 2002). Throughout Corporate America, managers had to instantaneously re-group, re-strategize, and re-tool their internal and external communication plans. The terrorist attacks on the United States created a crisis in the tourism industry, and have proved challenging even to experienced managers of corporate communication. This investigation examines the post-crisis communication efforts among convention and visitors bureaus (CVB) managers responsible for promoting travel to their destinations. Two theoretical underpinnings serve as the framework for the study: crisis communication theory and strategic communication management. The study examined the tools tourism managers use to promote travel to their destination, how they have redesigned their promotional messages, and how they have redirected their target market focus in the wake o...
Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive-, panic-, obsessive-compulsive personality-, and non-disordered individuals by variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene

Past research investigating the role of the serotonin transporter gene in OCD has produced mixed findings. One possible reason for the mixed findings is comorbidity. In this study, non-comorbid OCD individuals were compared to non-disordered controls. A sample of panic disordered individuals was also compared to a non-disordered group. Finally, as an exploratory analysis, individuals were assessed for OCPD and their allelic frequencies were also compared to non-disordered individuals. Analyses revealed that there were higher frequencies of the s/s genotype among the OCD group when compared to non-disordered controls. There were no differences in allelic frequencies on the serotonin transporter gene between the panic disordered group, the OCPD group, and the non-disordered control group. This study found that non-comorbid OCD individuals tended to have a higher percentage of the homozygous short genotype than non-disordered individuals. The s/s genotype might serve as a contributory risk factor for OCD.
The promise and obstacles of asthma genetics research

After two decades of major initiatives to define the genetic basis for asthma, it seems reasonable to reflect on what has (and has not!) been accomplished. In the current issue of The Journal, Marinho et al1 confirm the presence of an important asthma risk locus on chromosome 17. Aspects of this study point out and often address many of the limitations and strengths of asthma genetics research and the obstacles to realizing the promises of this line of research, which we highlight in the following point-by-point discussion2:
Inferring Hardness From High-Speed Video of the Machining Process

This paper presents the results of a study to assess the feasibility of inferring workpiece material hardness from high-speed video data of chip formation obtained during a turning operation. The motivation for assessing hardness in situ comes from the fabrication of shaped charges, where spatial variation in hardness is known to affect the performance of the shaped charge. While other in-process data could be used for this purpose, video data are analyzed here because of the stand-off, non-contact advantages afforded. This is especially relevant for highly qualified machining processes for small-lot, high value parts where any interference with the process (e.g., introduction of cables near the machine tool) is undesirable. A multistep image processing procedure is presented which is used to extract several features from the video data. These features are then used to develop a classifier which can be used to predict work-piece hardness. Multiple classifier designs (Knn and Ratchet) are considered.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Fractal Boundary Explorations for a Nonlinear Two Degree-of-Freedom System

This paper explores a two degree-of-freedom nonlinearly coupled system with two distinct potential wells. The system consists of a pair of linear mass-spring-dampers with a non-linear, mechanical coupling between them. This nonlinearity creates fractal boundaries for basins of attraction and forced well-escape response. The inherent uncertainty of these fractal boundaries is quantified for errors in the initial conditions and parameter space. This uncertainty relationship provides a measure of the final state and transient sensitivity of the system.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Brief report: A case of schizophrenia in a population with down syndrome

Since we published the survey of psychiatric disorders in an outpatient population of 425 children and adults with Down syndrome where we found no person with schizophrenia (Myers & Pueschel, 1991), we recently observed that a man in this population with Down syndrome has developed schizophrenia
Predator Recognition and Escape Responses of Some Intertidal Gastropods in Presence of Starfish

1. A series of common species of limpets, snails and abalone are shown to have a specific pattern of reaction to any of a series of common carnivorous asteroid species. The pattern of reaction may be regarded as an escape response and is significant as an example of a little studied aspect of invertebrate behavior, specific predator recognition by prey species. 2. The reaction is markedly different from any elicited by other forms of stimuli, including other common animals, plants, inanimate objects, echinoids, holothuroids and even certain other species of starfish which are chiefly herbivorous. 3. Certain species of gastropods do not react although of the same genus as others which do. The significant common denominator of the former appears to be that they are characteristic of ecologic situations where starfish predation must be rare. 4. The tube feet are the only very effective parts of the starfish. A single tube foot torn from a starfish is an adequate stimulus. 5. Although actual contact, as of tube feet to mantle edge, is usually necessary to ensure a response, many instances of the reaction beginning before contact have been observed. Distances of a few mm. up to some cm. are involved. The evidence suggests a chemical signal specific to predatory starfish and effective only on certain-adaptively susceptible-gastropods. 6. The groups concerned are abundant and motile, the number of contacts between them must be great. They are characteristically not found close together even in the situations where both are common. These facts are judged to be a measure of the general ecologic importance of the described specific behavior pattern.
Power MOSFET temperature measurements

Three temperature-sensitive electrical parameters are compared as thermometers for power MOSFET devices. The parameters are the forward drain-body diode voltage, the source-gate voltage, and the on-resistance. The results are also compared with temperatures measured with an infrared microradiometer. The procedure, apparatus, and circuits required to use each of the parameters as a thermometer are described. Some general considerations for measuring the temperature of power semiconductor devices are also discussed. Each parameter is found to be satisfactory for measuring the temperature of power MOSFETs. The sourcegate voltage measures a temperature nearest to the peak device temperature, and the drain-body diode voltage shows the least variation in calbiration from device to device.