cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A non-universal transcription factor? The Leishmania tarentolae TATA box-binding protein LtTBP associates with a subset of promoters.

Abstract In kinetoplastids a 39-nucleotide spliced leader RNA is trans-spliced to the 5′ end of nuclear mRNAs before they can be translated, thus the spliced leader is central to gene expression in kinetoplastid biology. The spliced leader RNA genes in Leishmania tarentolae contain promoters with important sites at approximately −60 and −30. A complex forms specifically on the −60 element as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift. The −60 shift complex has an estimated mass of 159 kDa. An L. tarentolae homologue of TATA-binding protein, Lt TBP, co-fractionates with the −60 shift complex. Inclusion of anti- Lt TBP antiserum in the shift assay disrupts the shift, indicating that Lt TBP is a component of the complex that interacts with the TATA-less −60 element of the spliced leader RNA gene promoter. Both Lt TBP and Lt SNAP 50 are found near the spliced leader RNA gene promoter and the promoters important for tRNA Ala and/or U2 snRNA gene transcription, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The Lt TBP appears to interact with a subset of promoters in kinetoplastids with an affinity for short transcription units.
Golden UFOs: The Indian Poems: Los ovnis de oro: Poemas indios

INTRODUCTION LOS OVNIS DO ORO GOLDEN UFOS NELE KANTULE NELE OF KANTULE ENTREVISTA CON EL CACIQUE YABILIGUINA INTERVIEW WITH CACIQUE YABILIGUINA LA TIERRA QUE DIOS NOS ENTREGO THE LAND GOD GAVE US SIERRA NEVADA SIERRA NEVADA LOS YARUROS THE YARUROS LA ARCADIA PERIDIDA LOST ARCADIA LOS HIJOS DEL BOSQUE DE LAS PALABRAS-ALMAS THE SONS OF THE FOREST OF THE WORDS-SOULS KAYANERENHKOWA KAYANERENHKOWA TAHIRASSAWICHI EN WASHINGTON TAHIRASSAWICHI IN WASHINGTON MARCHAS PAWNEES PAWNEE MARCHES LA DANZA DEL ESPIRITU THE GHOST DANCE GRABACIONES DE LA PIPA SAGRADA THE SACRED PIPE RECORDINGS CANTARES MEXICANOS I II III IV V VI VII MEXICAN SONGS I II III IV V VI VII NEZAHUALCOYOTL NEZAHUALCOYATL LOS TLAMATINIMES THE TLAMATINIMES IN XOCHITL IN CUICATL IN XOCHITL IN CUICATL QUETZALCOATL ZUETZALCOATL LA NINA NAHUATL THE NAHUATL GIRL MILPA MILPA LA CARRETERA CAUSEWAY BAJO EL COMAL NEGRO UNDER THE BLACK COMAL LAS CIUDADES PERDIDAS LOST CITIES MAYAPAN MAYAPAN KATUN 11 AHAU KATUN 11 AHAU 8 AHAU 8 AHAU ARDILLA DE LOS TUNES DE UN KATUN SQUIRREL OF THE TUNS OF A KATUN ORACULOS DE TIKAL (DE UN AH KIN DE KU) ORACLES OF TIKAL (FROM AN AH KIN OF KU) ECONOMIA DE TAHUANTINSUYU THE ECONOMY OF AHUANTINSUYU EL SECRETO DE MACHU-PICCHU THE SECRET OF MACHU PICCHU GLOSSARY
Medical evaluation and treatment of the obese patient with cardiovascular disease.

Abstract The incidence of coronary artery disease only weakly correlates with the percent of excess body weight; however, obesity in humans is not a homogeneous condition. Classification of obesity based on anatomic distribution of body fat allows for identification of a group of patients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Abdominal (upper body) obesity, measured as the waist/hip ratio, is a strong independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease and should be used to assess a subgroup in need of medical weight loss treatment. A focus on dietary fat intake and the magnitude of overeating “caloric intake” are central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease observed in the obese person. Identification of the process of overeating (magnitude of recent weight gain, episodes of weight cycling) is important in the design of successful medical nutrition treatment programs. A nutrition/medical history that includes age of obesity onset and duration of obesity provides additional criteria for assessment of risk of disease. Childhood-onset obesity and prolonged obesity (>15 years) has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, grades of obesity based on body mass index have provided a valuable marker for treatment. Each reduction in obesity grade (equal to Δ5 body mass index or Δ11.6 kg) is associated with a decrease in risk of medical illness. The new focus of obesity treatment should be to decrease body weight in 10% to 15% increments (equal to 1 grade) with emphasis on reducing the risk of medical illness and treatment intensity (e.g., number of existing medical visits, hospitalization). Rather than focusing on achieving “ideal body weight,” the goal of any treatment should be to achieve and maintain medically significant weight loss using these criteria.
High-resolution medium-energy backscattering spectrometry

Abstract We describe a new form of backscattering spectrometry using medium-energy ions and time-of-flight detection that is particularly useful in characterizing surfaces and thin films. The technique uses incident ions with energies from a few tens of keV up to about 500 keV. It combines the advantages of conventional Rutherford backscattering, including insensitivity to the scattered ion's charge, with increased surface sensitivity, increased depth resolution and reduced target damage. Several ions have been used successfully for analyses, with He+ and Li+ at 270 keV and C2+ at 500 keV being particularly useful because of the range of cross sections and the resolution for depth profiling that they offer. Measurements of heavy constituents on low-mass substrates have been demonstrated at the 2 × 1012/cm2 level and depth resolutions of less than 4 nm are routinely achievable. In this article we review the current status of the technique with particular emphasis on its use in applications which are complementary to conventional MeV Rutherford backscattering.
Coherent phonon spectroscopy of GaAs surfaces using time-resolved second-harmonic generation

Abstract The general theory and experimental considerations are presented for a novel all-optical time-domain technique for measuring low frequency vibrational modes of surfaces (phonons or adsorbate vibrational modes). A pump-laser pulse impulsively drives an initial displacement of the surface atoms. The subsequent free-induction decay of the coherent phonon modes of the surface atoms is detected by time-resolved second-harmonic generation (SHG). The spectral features are recovered by fitting the time-domain data to exponentially decaying sinusoids. This all-optical probe has advantages over inelastic particle scattering techniques because it can be applied at buried interfaces. It has signal to noise advantages over linear and spontaneous Raman techniques. This technique is demonstrated by measurement of surface optical phonon spectra on the clean GaAs (110)–relaxed–(1×1), GaAs (100)–(1×6), and GaAs (100)–(4×1) in UHV and of a local monolayer-scale interfacial mode at the buried native-oxide-covered GaAs (100). The chemical sensitivity is demonstrated by in situ oxidation of the GaAs (100)–(4×6). The general mechanism of generating coherent surface phonons is discussed in light of the symmetry selection rules.
The Phase Formation Sequence in Titanium-Silicon Thin Films

The reliable use of TiSi2 in integrated circuit metallizations will depend in part on an intimate knowledge of the effects of processing variables — such as annealing time, temperature, and ambient — on the phase formation sequence. For this reason, transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the formation of TiSi2 thin films on silicon substrates [1]. For films formed either by reacting titanium with a silicon substrate or by sintering a codeposited (Ti + 2 Si) mixture, we find that a high resistivity (~60 μΩcm), metastable phase — TiSi2(C49 or ZrSi2 structure) — forms prior to the desired low resistivity (~15 μΩcm), equilibrium phase — TiSi2(C54 structure). In titanium-silicon diffusion couples, a thin layer of TiSi is also present on top of the metastable TiSi2. For processing temperatures above 550°C, the available data suggest that the metastable TiSi2 forms first and acts as a template for subsequent nucleation of the TiSi phase. In codeposited (Ti + 2 Si) films, TiSi2(C49 structure) is the only intermediate phase. The temperature at which the C49 structure transforms to the C54 structure increases significantly as the film impurity content increases. Differences in earlier reports of TiSi2 formation [2-5] appear to be resolved if x-ray diffraction peaks attributed to Ti5Si3 and TiSi were actually from the metastable TiSi2.
Instructional Scaffolding: The Computerized Classroom

This article addresses the use of embedded scaffolding to enhance web-based learning in an online course which covers an introduction to multiple programming languages, utilizing selected resources and strategies as scaffolding techniques. This programming languages class is taught at the junior level in the Information Systems discipline as an online elective class, in a public institution located in a large, urban setting. Low to high knowledge learners are guided in the development of programs and implementation of systems through the use of four different programming languages. Learners with various experience levels were surveyed to determine if they thought these reinforcing scaffolding techniques were effectively used to provide all students with their own success producing pathway through the course. While finding out which scaffolding sections actually added to student success may not be absolutely necessary in designing a successful course, embedding hypermedia fostering a systematic improvement of learning options requires the constant "redesign" and encompasses web-based scaffolding processes as a very real advantage.
The Character of God: Recovering the Lost Literary Power of American Protestantism

It is a truism that modern theology is mostly dull and irrelevant to religious life. In this book, Thomas Jenkins maintains that theology became boring because the depiction of God as a character in theology became boring. To a large extent, theologians have fashioned the character of God according to their own notions of character, and especially from notions derived from contemporary literature. In the early 19th century, American theologians depicted God in terms of the serene benevolence of neoclassicism, and the effusive sympathy of sentimentalism. These styles persisted in theology long after they lost favour in the larger culture, where the romantic character had come to be seen as most admirable and interesting. Jenkins considers why it proved difficult for theologians to adopt a romantic characterization of God, and how this hurt theology.
Estrogen synthetase and C17-20lyase activity in the fetal monkey gonad.

Abstract In the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) the fetal testis appears to be more active than the fetal ovary in synthesizing steroids. This occurs despite the relative abundance of potential hormone precursors in the circulation. The possibility was investigated that this discrepancy in activity may be related to the activities of two rate-limiting enzymes, estrogen synthetase (ES) and C 17–20 lyase (LA). ES and LA activities were characterized in monkey fetal gonads during late gestation from the rate of formation of 3 H 2 O from [1,2- 3 H]-androstenedione (ES) and metabolism of [4- 14 C]-17-hydroxyprogesterone to [ 14 C]-androstenedione (LA). Ovaries and testes exhibited LA activity with apparent K m values of 3.4 × 10 −6 M and 7.1 × 10 −7 M, respectively. Reaction rate was 1.8 ± 0.3 × 10 −3 nmol/min × mg protein ( n = 3) in the ovary which was significantly less than LA rate in the testis (8.3 ± 1.6 × 10 −3 nmol/min × mg −1 protein, n = 5). ES activity was detected only in the fetal ovary; it averaged 1.5 ± 0.4 × 10 −4 nmol/min × mg −1 protein ( n = 5). The apparent K m was 5.3 × 10 −8 M. Isolation of the [ 3 H]-estrogens formed revealed the synthesis of estrone and estradiol-17β. During the 30 min incubation the amount of 3 H 2 O synthesized diverged from the combined quantity of tritiated estrone and estradiol-17β that was produced suggesting that other estrogens were synthesized. The reason fetal ovarian synthetic capacity is lower than that of the testis may be due to a low level of LA and ES activity in the ovary and additional metabolism of estrone and estradiol-17β.
Nutrient content of throughfall and stemflow in fertilized and irrigatedPinus resinosa ait. Stands

The P, K, Ca, and Mg contents of throughfall and stemflow from K-fertilized and/or irrigated plots from adjacent sites differing in productivity in 39-year-oldPinus resinosa plantations were determined. The amounts of these elements leached from the tree canopies (throughfall plus stemflow) during April through October varied significantly according to site and treatment. These amounts ranged in kg per ha from −0.03 to 0.23 for P, 2.05 to 8.78 for K, 1.55 to 3.63 for Ca, and 0.02 to 0.44 for Mg. Leaching of P, K, and Ca from the trees was usually greater on the more productive site than on the poorer one. In general, the fertilization treatment was correlated with increasing amounts of P, K, and Ca leached, whereas the irrigation treatment was correlated with decreasing amounts of P, K, and Ca leached. For Mg, leaching was consistently greater on the poorer site than on the more productive one; further, it was greatest on the control plots and least on plots both fertilized and irrigated.
Nanosecond air breakdown parameters for electron and microwave beam propagation

Air breakdown by avalanche ionization plays an important role in the electron beam and microwave propagations. For high electric fields and short pulse applications one needs avalanche ionization parameters for modeling and scaling of experimental devices. However, the breakdown parameters, i.e., the ionization frequency vs E/p (volt. cm−1. Torr−1) in air is uncertain for very high values of E/P. We review the experimental data for the electron drift velocity, the Townsend ionization coefficient in N2 and O2 and develop the ionization frequency and the collision frequency for momentum transfer in air. We construct the E/p vs Pτ diagram and show that our results are in better agreement with the most recent short pulse air breakdown experiments, compared to those predicted by the expression of Felsenthal & Proud (1965). This is because they extrapolate an expression for the drift velocity, linear in E/p, to high values of E/p. Experimentally the drift velocity varies as (E/p)½ in the region of E/p > 100.
Frontiers in Neurobiological Imaging: Scale, Speed, and Sensitivity

Technology advances in understanding neuronal connectivity, signal integration, and plasticity will be investigated based on super-resolution, sculptured light, and computational multiphoton microscopy. Article not available.
Empowering Parents and Building Communities The Role of School-Based Councils in Educational Governance and Accountability

This article builds and explores the hypothesis that parent and community participation in school governance can have positive impacts on community development by fostering improvements in school performance and school— community relations and by acting as a catalyst for collective action around community-development issues. It does so through case studies of reforms for school-based management that have led to the creation of school-site councils that include parents and community representatives in Kentucky, Hawaii, Chicago, and El Paso. The article finds that the hypothesized outcomes can occur where parents are given meaningful decision-making authority in schools, nongovernmental organizations provide training and advocacy for parents, and principals actively facilitate parent involvement.
KEYPECKING AS A SELF-CONTROL RESPONSE '

Self-control was analyzed in an operant conditioning experiment using pigeons as subjects. In past experiments, subjects were presented a brief stimulus such that a peck against a response key during the stimulus resulted in a small reinforcer, and not pecking during the stimulus resulted in a large reinforcer, delivered sometime later. Pecking the response key represented a lack of self-control; not keypecking represented self-control. Because evidence shows a stimulus that precedes a reinforcer can elicit keypecking, and possibly complicate the analysis of the self-control, we changed the self-control response. We made keypecking the response that led to the large reinforcer, and we made not keypecking the response that led to the small reinforcer. This change greatly improved self-control as compared to previous experiments. It also illustrated the fact that many elicited responses were probably present in previous self-control experiments.
Protecting-group-free synthesis of 3-tert-prenylated oxindoles: contiguous all-carbon quaternary centers via tertiary neopentyl substitution.

Ruthenium-catalyzed tert-prenylation of isatin 1 occurs efficiently in the absence of N-protecting groups under the conditions of C−C bond-forming transfer hydrogenation employing 1,1-dimethylallene as the prenyl donor. The prenylated adduct, 3-hydroxy-3-tert-prenyl-oxindole 2, is converted to the tertiary neopentyl chloride 3, which participates in nucleophilic substitution by way of an aza-o-xylylene intermediate to furnish adducts 4a−4i. Through tertiary neopentyl substitution, two contiguous all-carbon quaternary centers are established.
Stimulation of testosterone biosynthesis by luteinizing hormone in transplantable mouse Leydig cell tumors.

Abstract Leydig cell tumors having large amounts of esterified sterols are capable of synthesizing testosterone when incubated in vitro . Addition of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to the incubation medium in concentrations above 0.1 μg/ml greatly enhances the synthesis of progesterone and testosterone by these tumors. This response occurs within 15 minutes and lasts at least one hour in the continued presence of LH. In a two-hour incubation, LH also increases acetate incorporation into steroids and decreases its incorporation into sterol esters. The response of the tumor to LH is similar to that of ovarian and testicular tissue.
Abstract LB-307: Giα proteins exhibit functional differences in activation of ERK1/2, Akt and mTORC1 by growth factors in normal and breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background In a classic model, Giα proteins, Gi1α, Gi2α and G3α, are important for transducing signals from Gi protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to their downstream cascades in response to hormones and neurotransmitters. Our previous study has suggested that Giα proteins are also important for activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its family members. However, a genetic role of Giα proteins in activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) by EGF is largely unknown. Further, it is not clear whether Giα proteins are also engaged in activation of both the Akt/mTORC1 and ERK1/2 pathways by other growth factor family members. Additionally, a role of Giα proteins in breast cancer remains to be elucidated. Results We found that Giα deficient MEFs showed defective ERK1/2 activation by EGFs, IGF-1 and insulin, and Akt and mTORC1 activation by EGFs and FGFs. Giα1/2/3 knockdown breast cancer cells exhibited a similar defect in this activation and a defect in in vitro growth and invasion. Giα proteins associated with RTKs, Gab1, FRS2 and Shp2 in breast cancer cells and their ablation impaired Gab1's interactions with Shp2 in response to EGF and IGF-1, or with FRS2 and Grb2 in response to bFGF. Conclusions Giα proteins differentially regulate activation of Akt, mTORC1 and ERK1/2 by different families of growth factors. Giα proteins are important for breast cancer cell growth and invasion. Citation Format: Wen-Ming Chu. Giα proteins exhibit functional differences in activation of ERK1/2, Akt and mTORC1 by growth factors in normal and breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-307. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-307
Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate-forming lipophilic cation JC-1.

Abstract By using a potential-dependent J-aggregate-forming delocalized lipophilic cation, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine++ + iodide (JC-1), we find that membrane potentials across mitochondria in a living cell can be heterogeneous. Remarkably, even within a long contiguous mitochondrion, regional heterogeneity in membrane potentials appears to be possible.
Is economic efficiency the driving force behind mergers

Some economists routinely argue against government regulation that limits the number of mergers and acquisitions. They believe that, as a matter of empirical fact, almost all mergers enhance economic efficiency. The possibility that some mergers do not create wealth but merely redistribute it is ignored. We study all companies delisted from the New York Stock Exchange for reason of merger since 1926. We find that economic efficiency cannot easily explain merger waves. Contrary to the disciplinary hypothesis, acquisition targets are not, in large majority, poor stock market performers. We also report evidence consistent with stock market undervaluation as a merger motive.
Vibration of a Two-Section Standing Column

The vibration of a two-section column under gravity effects is studied using an efficient initial value method. The problem is governed by the length and area ratios of the two sections in addition to gravity. For the standing column, the stability boundaries show looped properties. The first three frequencies for both standing and hanging two-section columns are determined. For given total volume or mass, there exists an optimum length and area ratios of the two sections for the highest fundamental frequency.
Metal atom-induced diffuse scattering from short-range order among deuterium atoms in single crystal α-phase V2D

Abstract X-ray scattering has been studied above the critical ordering temperature, Tc (133°C), in b.c.c. α-phase V2D. At 140 and 200°C quite weak diffuse intensity was observed centered on the reciprocal lattice points of the ordered superlattice. This intensity is due to short-range order among deuterium atoms which induces a local or short-range modulation of the parent vanadium lattice and suggests the possibility of local octahedral D—D fluctuations building up well above Tc.
Psychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders.

The functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are the most common conditions seen in gastroenterology practice, and also constitute a major portion of primary care practice. Psychosocial factors play a crucial role in the FGID influencing (1) gut physiology, (2) symptom severity, (3) health care seeking, (4) illness behavior, (5) quality of life, and (6) therapeutic approach. Identification of psychologic disturbance or an abuse history and recognizing their impact on the patient's disability are critical and can lead to more effective treatment using biopsychosocial factors, as opposed merely to diagnosing the pattern of the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms. This article reviews the literature on psychosocial aspects of FGID; discusses an approach to the patient encounter (with special emphasis on taking the abuse history); and briefly summarizes both nonpharmacologic and psychopharmacologic therapies for FGID.
Mast cell interactions with the nervous system: relationship to mechanisms of disease.

In summary, mast cell interactions in the nervous system are relevant to both physiological processes (i.e. reproduction) and pathologic states (i.e. inflammatory demyelination, painful disorders, toxic and metabolic disease, and tumor angiogenesis). Their physiologic roles may contribute to gender-related vulnerability to inflammatory disease and may modulate sensitivity to pain. Mast cells are universally involved in tissue repair and they release and respond to trophic factors such as NGF. These cells also produce and react to cytokines, and thus appear to play a role in tissue degeneration as well as repair. In certain neurological diseases, i.e. multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome, the ability of mast cell proteases to degrade specific myelin proteins suggests that these cells are agents, rather than bystanders, in the demyelinative process. Even more intriguing is their recently identified capacity to process bacterial antigen as efficiently as activated macrophages, suggesting that a more critical role than previously suspected might be considered for mast cells in CNS and PNS demyelination. In experimental metabolic disorders such as galactose intoxication and thiamine deficiency, mast cells appear to play a pathogenic role. Thus, in galactose intoxication, altered BNB vascular permeability occurs in conjunction with mast cell proliferation and degranulation, while in thiamine deficiency, increased histamine levels have been reported in the rat thalamus (79) and are associated with cell death and proliferation as well as mast cell degranulation (Powell and Langlais, unpublished observations). Structural interactions between mast cells and a variety of other cells have been observed, as well as close approximation of mast cells to nerve endings in tissues in which mast cells are especially active. Due to their paracrine nature, mast cells can modulate events in their microenvironment through explosive degranulation, piecemeal degranulation, or "transgranulation" as they insert granules into neighboring cells. Lastly, these cells play specific roles in reparative processes, e.g. angiogenesis, and are active in neoplastic states, including von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis). Their involvement may have been underestimated in neuropathological studies, to date, by a reliance on staining techniques that are inadequate for identifying degranulated and therefore activated mast cells (4). More exacting histochemical and immunostaining procedures will help to fully realize the extent of their participation in physiological and pathological processes.
New Streams of Religion: Fly Fishing as a Lived, Religion of Nature

Fly fishers around the world frequently use terms such as religious, spiritual, sacred, divine, ritual, meditation, and conversion to describe their personal angling experiences. Further, drawing upon religious terminology, anglers will refer to rivers as their church and to nature as sacred. Often these latter pronouncements drive a concern for the conservation of these sacred spaces as evidenced by participation in both local and national conservation organizations. Informed by theoretical perspectives offered by religious studies, particularly "lived religion" and "religion and nature," I shall trace a few of the historical, material, and everyday elements of fly fishers and their subcultures, demonstrating along the way the insights that come by understanding fly fishing as a religious practice, which can, at times, drive an ethic of environmental conservation.
Microsomal nadph-cytochrome c reductase from the midgut of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania)

Optimal conditions were established for the isolation and storage of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase from midgut tissues of southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larvae. Compared with KCl (1.15%)-nicotinamide (0.2%), the use of an isolation medium consisting of sucrose (0.25 M), phenylmethane sulphonyl fluoride (0.5 mM), polyvinylpyrrolidone (1%) and EDTA (1 mM) increased by 1.7-fold the yield of reductase activity in the microsomal fraction. Washing microsomes isolated in the sucrose medium with sucrose (0.3 M)-pyrophosphate (0.1 M) removed 30% of the protein and caused a similar increase in the specific activity of the reductase. Characteristics of the midgut microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were similar to those of the rat liver microsomal enzyme except that the former was relatively insensitive to changes in ionic strength.
The logical structure of the memory resource in the SYMBOL-2R computer

As has been reported elsewhere 1-5, the SYMBOL-2R computer system's basic design premises included the following:1. implementation of a user-oriented high-level programming language directly in hardware;2. provision of interactive computing service for as many as 31 independent user terminals simultaneously;3. incorporation of a virtual-memory system, using a small core memory to buffer a large paging drum.In this paper, we shall touch only peripherally on the last two of these premises; our chief concern here is to describe those aspects of SYMBOL's memory structure that impinge upon the first premise, namely, direct high-level language implementation.
On the controversies about clinical use of EEG Brain Mapping

Quantitative EEG analysis, often called EEG Brain Mapping, consists of a large variety of separate techniques. Most of these techniques have demonstrated research uses, but few have been shown to have clinical applications that actually impact patient care. Substantial problems exist that can interfere with routine clinical applications. These include a variety of artifacts, confounding clinical problems, diversity of techniques and statistical issues. Existing medical literature suggests several areas where there are clinical uses at this time. EEG Brain Mapping can be used as a testing technique to determine abnormality and perhaps as a monitoring tool, too. It should be viewed as complementary to neuroimaging techniques, rather than a competitor. Those who introduce costly new technology bear the burden of proof for demonstrating its usefulness and cost-effectiveness. Evaluation of new tests should be based on several principles outlined here. EEG Brain Mapping, when used for clinical purposes, should be read together with the accompanying traditional polygraph EEG record. Reproducibility of results should be demonstrated, and artifacts, normal variants and other problems must be identified or avoided. The reader must recognize that features noted on statistical tests do not necessarily imply that pathology exists. Reporting results and clinical implications should be done carefully, thoroughly and with appropriate caution. Results are often quite nonspecific. The user must have skills, knowledge and abilities for reading polygraph EEG as well as additional experience and knowledge about quantitative EEG techniques and problems. Experts must remain careful and responsible about introducing EEG Brain Mapping into routine clinical practice.
Changes in chromosomes and in development of cells of Sciara ocellaris induced by microsporidian infections

Two species of microsporidia distinguished by the shape of their spores were found to infect cells of various tissues of Sciara ocellaris. Although the infection affects profoundly the development of the infected cells, the interaction between the infective agents and the host cells are often well-balanced and the infected cells may survive longer than the uninfected of the same tissue. The infected cells, including their nuclei and chromosomes, increase greatly. The general reaction of the chromosomes of cells of S. ocellaris infected by microsporidia is the increase of their volume by an increase in the polyteny and the accumulation of chromosomal products between their chromonemata. The cells of the fat bodies, on the other hand, have peculiar types of reactions. Some show an increase in polyteny, frequently showing asynapsis of the entire or parts of the chromosome. Other cells show increased chromosome polyteny associated with different degrees of polyploidy. Still other infected cells develop a new type of chromosome morphology called brachy-polytene which may or may not be associated with polyploidy. Special emphasis must be given to the fact that in Diptera, which have polytene chromosomes, the relationships of the infection and the host cell may in many cases be studied thoroughly, starting with the reaction of the genes to the infective agent. It was shown that in the infected cells of the salivary gland of S. ocellaris the pattern of puffs is greatly changed; hence, this change may be the probable cause of their change in development. Infected cells of the salivary gland with enlarged and active polytene chromosomes were found in adult flies, a situation which never occurs in non-infected animals. Since the microsporidia when entering the cells of S. ocellaris do not cause degeneration of the infected cells but determine a new pattern of development, their association with host cells offers great possibilities in the study of basic problems in cell biology, mainly related to chromosomal morphology, physiology and differentiation.
Man-made climatic changes in the Ganges basin

Climate data pertaining to the Ganges basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international rivers upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the Ganges is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the Ganges' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a pre-diversion average value of 1932 m3 s−1, decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%, dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post-baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre-baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 °C more and 0.5 °C less than the corresponding values during the pre-baseline era; (3) the mode 32 °C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 °C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 °C of wintertime temperature was 1 °C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre-baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre-baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin Ganges flow, dredging of the Ganges and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re-excavation of canals for water discharge to depleted surface water bodies to re-establish the lost wetland ecosystems. The findings are useful for climate modellers to predict the climatic changes due to changes in surface features, for policy makers of governments of riparian countries constructing dams/barrages on international rivers for unilateral diversion of water, and for donor agencies who finance such projects. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Genetic analysis using genomic representations

Analysis of the genetic changes in human tumors is often problematical because of the presence of normal stroma and the limited availability of pure tumor DNA. However, large amounts of highly reproducible “representations” of tumor and normal genomes can be made by PCR from nanogram amounts of restriction endonuclease cleaved DNA that has been ligated to oligonucleotide adaptors. We show here that representations are useful for many types of genetic analyses, including measuring relative gene copy number, loss of heterozygosity, and comparative genomic hybridization. Representations may be prepared even from sorted nuclei from fixed and archived tumor biopsies.
Paracellular water uptake and molecular sieving by the foot epithelium of terrestrial slugs.

A paracellular pathway in the foot epithelium ofLehmannia valentiana can be opened by dehydrating the slug. Movement of water from a wet pad through the opened pathway into the haemolymph of this terrestrial slug is rapid. The sieving properties of this paracellular pathway have been determined using the reference isotope3HOH and various14C-labelled solutes. 1. Paracellular uptake of14C-inulin (Fig. 1) and3HOH (Fig. 2) is initial rate for at least 3 min. If the wet pad contains 1,000 cpm of14C per ml of3HOH, slugs absorb only about 400 cpm of14C with cach ml of3HOH absorbed representing a sieving ratio of 0.4 for inulin. 2. The sieving ratio of14C-inulin does not change when the concentration is increased from 0.1 to 2.5 mmol/l. Moreover, the sieving ratio of14C-inulin was not affected significantly by the nature of the labelling, i.e.,14C-carboxyl vs14C-methoxy. 3. Sieving ratios for14C-mannitol (182 Da),14C-polyethylene glycol (4,000 Da), and14C-inulin (5,250 Da) were 0.92, 0.63, and 0.39, respectively (Table 1), indicating that sieving is dependent on molecular size.14C-Dextran (70,000 Da) and blue dextran (200,000 Da) were excluded from the paracellular pathway (Fig. 4). 4. The effective pore size of the paracellular pathway was estimated using the relationships between sieving ratio and molecular weight of3HOH and the various solutes that can pass through the pathway. The extrapolated pore size is equivalent to that of a sieve having a molecular weight cutoff of about 10,000 Da (Fig. 3).
$100,000 prize jackpot. call now!: identifying the pertinent features of SMS spam

Mobile SMS spam is on the rise and is a prevalent problem. While recent work has shown that simple machine learning techniques can distinguish between ham and spam with high accuracy, this paper explores the individual contributions of various textual features in the classification process. Our results reveal the surprising finding that simple is better: using the largest spam corpus of which we are aware, we find that using simple textual features is sufficient to provide accuracy that is nearly identical to that achieved by the best known techniques, while achieving a twofold speedup.
Alkali elements in the Earth's core: evidence from enstatite meteorites.

The abundances of alkali elements in the Earth's core are predicted by assuming that accretion of the Earth started from material similar in composition to enstatite chondrites and that enstatite achondrites (aubrites) provide a natural laboratory to study core-mantle differentiation under extremely reducing conditions. If core formation on the aubrite parent body is comparable with core formation on the early Earth, it is found that 2600 (+/- 1000) ppm Na, 550 (+/- 260) ppm K, 3.4 (+/- 2.1) ppm Rb, and 0.31 (+/- 0.24) ppm Cs can reside in the Earth's core. The alkali-element abundances are consistent with those predicted by independent estimates based on nebula condensation calculations and heat flow data.
Dynamic light scattering in turbid media: deep tissue flow imaging

By extending the technique of dynamic light scattering from single light scattering to high order multiple scattering, we are able to measure the dynamics of a turbid medium averaged over some deep scattering volume. One biological application is to measure blood flow in deep tissues like the brain. Furthermore, by moving the light source and detector positions to cover an extended area, we are able to reconstruct images of the dynamics.
Failure of scattering interference in the pseudogap state of cuprate superconductors

We calculate scattering interference patterns for various electronic states proposed for the pseudogap regime of the cuprate superconductors. The scattering interference models all produce patterns whose wavelength changes as a function of energy, in contradiction to the energy-independent wavelength seen by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments in the pseudogap state. This suggests that the patterns seen in STM local density of states measurements are not due to scattering interference, but are rather the result of some form of ordering.
Label-Free SERS Detection of Small Proteins Modified to Act as Bifunctional Linkers.

Two double-cysteine mutants of a small protein judiciously modified so that the cysteines appear at axially opposite sides of the native fold were prepared such that different axes were defined in the two mutants. Upon reduction, the disulfide bonds are broken, and the proteins act as bifunctional ligands toward Ag nanoparticles, encouraging their assembly into nanoparticle dimers and small aggregates such that, when excited with laser light, the proteins are automatically located at electromagnetic hot spots within the aggregates. Because the protein molecules are small (∼2.3 nm) and because the electromagnetic energy at a hot spot tends to increase as the size of the interparticle gap decreases, this nanoparticle−protein−nanoparticle geometry significantly enhances the Raman emission at the metallic surface. Exploiting this effect, we have recorded surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of the proteins at near-single-molecule level. The observed SERS spectra were dominated by the vibrations of molecular ...
Transactions papers and discussions comprising pages 423–92 of the 1938 volume: Subharmonics in circuits containing iron-cored reactors

The performance of a series circuit consisting of a resistor, a capacitor, an iron-cored inductor, and a sinusoidal impressed voltage is specified by the non linear differential equation
Systematic prediction of control proteins and their DNA binding sites

We present here the results of a systematic bioinformatics analysis of control (C) proteins, a class of DNA-binding regulators that control time-delayed transcription of their own genes as well as restriction endonuclease genes in many type II restriction-modification systems. More than 290 C protein homologs were identified and DNA-binding sites for ∼70% of new and previously known C proteins were predicted by a combination of phylogenetic footprinting and motif searches in DNA upstream of C protein genes. Additional analysis revealed that a large proportion of C protein genes are translated from leaderless RNA, which may contribute to time-delayed nature of genetic switches operated by these proteins. Analysis of genetic contexts of newly identified C protein genes revealed that they are not exclusively associated with restriction-modification genes; numerous instances of associations with genes originating from mobile genetic elements were observed. These instances might be vestiges of ancient horizontal transfers and indicate that during evolution ancestral restriction-modification system genes were the sites of mobile elements insertions.
The heterogeneous prognosis of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and chromosome 5 abnormalities: how does it relate to the original lenalidomide experience in MDS?

BACKGROUND: To define the prognosis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and deletion 5q with or without other cytogenetic abnormalities. METHODS: Patients with MDS (<20% blasts) and evaluable cytogenetic studies (1966-present) were reviewed. Outcome of patients with deletion 5q or with loss of chromosome 5 (monosomy 5) was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 2743 patients analyzed, 287 (10%) had deletion 5q and 216 (8%) had monosomy 5 abnormalities. The median survival was 9 months with deletion 5q, 6 months with monosomy 5, and 17 months without a chromosome 5 abnormality. Considering patients with deletion 5q, the median survival was 33 months with deletion 5q alone, 17 months with deletion 5q and 1 additional abnormality, but only 6 months to 12 months with deletion 5q and ≥2 abnormalities or chromosome 7 abnormality. Only 93 patients (3.4% of total) had lower risk MDS (international prognostic scoring system low or intermediate 1) and deletion 5q; their median survival was 29 months (2-year survival 60%), and ranged from 13-41 months depending on the presence or absence of additional chromosomal abnormalities. Among 198 patients with MDS with deletion 5q and <10% blasts (a subset now often offered lenalidomide), the median survival was 12 months. Monosomy 5 was significantly more frequently associated with advanced MDS and with other chromosomal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided baseline expectations of outcome in different MDS subsets and deletion 5q. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Using stable isotopes and a multiple-source mixing model to evaluate fish dietary niches in a mesotrophic lake

Abstract Christensen, D.R. and B.C. Moore. 2009. Using stable isotopes and a multiple-source mixing model to evaluate fish dietary niches in a mesotrophic lake. Lake Reserv. Manage. 25:167–175. We used stable isotope analysis (SIA) of δ13C and δ15N and a multiple-source mixing model to evaluate dietary niches within the Twin Lakes, Washington, fish community to identify potential for exploitative competition, resource partitioning, and predation. The SIA revealed distinct spatial feeding niches; pelagic species were δ13C depleted, while littoral organisms were δ13C enriched. Trophic feeding niches were identified from δ15N enrichment with each successive trophic level. We found δ15N progression with increasing largemouth bass size, suggesting ontogenetic diet variability. Model results suggested that the smaller bass (i.e., ⩽299 mm length) fed principally on golden shiner, crayfish, and macroinvertebrates while larger bass (⩾300 mm) primarily consumed brook trout and golden shiner. Isotopic signatures for...
An exact analysis of Class-DE amplifier at any output Q

Previous papers on Class-DE power amplifiers are based on the assumption that the Q factor of the series-tuned circuit is high enough that the load current is sinusoidal. This paper presents a theoretical description of the Class-DE power amplifier in which the assumption of infinite Q is eliminated. Design and performance curves are given and discussed and a comparison with the previous known results, a practical tuning procedure, and practical limitations of the Class-DE circuit are also presented. Such an analysis is useful because low-Q circuits are appropriate for applications in which the harmonic content of the output is not important, e.g., in high-efficiency DC/DC converters, in providing RF energy for heating, for generation of plasmas, arcs, or sparks, for communications jamming, or for input driver to a higher power stage. Experimental results closely agree with the theoretical predictions.
Antisickling fetal hemoglobin reduces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in normoxic sickle mice: microvascular implications.

Chronic inflammation is a salient feature of sickle cell disease (SCD) and transgenic-knockout sickle (BERK) mice. Inflammation is implicated in the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under normoxic conditions. We hypothesize that, in SCD, inflammation coupled with nitric oxide (NO) depletion will induce expression of HIF-1α, a transcription factor with wide-ranging effects including activation of genes for vasoactive molecules. To this end, we have examined the expression of HIF-1α in normoxic BERK mice expressing exclusively human α- and βS- globins, and evaluated the effect of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in BERK mice (i.e., <1.0%, 20%, and 40% HbF). HbF exerts antisickling and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we show that HIF-1α is expressed in BERK mice under normoxic conditions, accompanied by increased expression of its vasoactive biomarkers such as VEGF, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and serum ET-1 levels. In BERK mice expressing HbF, HIF-1α expression decreases concomitantly with increasing HbF, commensurately with increased NO bioavailability, and shows a strong inverse correlation with plasma NO metabolites (NOx) levels. Reduced HIF-1α expression is associated with decreased HO-1, VEGF, and ET-1. Notably, arteriolar dilation, enhanced volumetric blood flow, and low blood pressure in normoxic BERK mice all show a trend toward normalization with the introduction of HbF. Also, arginine treatment reduced HIF-1α, as well as VEGF expression in normoxic BERK mice, supporting a role of NO bioavailability in HIF-1α activation. Thus HIF-1α expression in normoxic sickle mice is likely a consequence of chronic inflammation, and HbF exerts an ameliorating effect by decreasing sickling, increasing NO bioavailability, and reducing inflammation.