cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation of water”

Yagasaki et al. [Phys. Rev. E 89, 020301 (2014)] present results from a molecular dynamics trajectory illustrating coarsening of ice, which they interpret as evidence of transient coexistence between two distinct supercooled phases of liquid water. We point out that neither two distinct liquids nor criticality are demonstrated in this simulation study. Instead, the illustrated trajectory is consistent with coarsening behaviors analyzed and predicted in earlier work by others.
Diluting power of thick limbs of Henle. I. Peritubular hypertonicity blocks basolateral Cl- channels

This paper provides the results of experiments intended to assess the mechanism responsible for the suppression of net salt absorption and the attendant spontaneous voltage (Ve, mV) that occurs when isolated thick ascending limbs of Henle (TAL) are exposed to a hypertonic environment. In isolated mouse medullary (MTAL) and cortical (CTAL) segments, as well as in rabbit MTAL segments, increases in peritubular osmolality with urea produced a graded suppression of Ve. This effect was evaluated in further detail in isolated mouse MTAL segments, where 600 mM peritubular urea produced a reversible reduction in Ve and a reversible reduction in the transcellular electrical conductance (Gc; mS.cm-2). There was no detectable effect on the paracellular conductance (Gs; mS.cm-2). Simultaneously, 600 mM peritubular urea also produced hyperpolarization of the voltage across basolateral membranes (mV). Moreover, 600 mM peritubular urea produced virtually the same magnitude reduction in Gc either in the absence or presen...
Familial partial lipodystrophy as differential diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome.

According to current diagnostic criteria, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is effective as a diagnosis of exclusion. Here, we present a case of a 31-year-old woman with a history of oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism, who, despite a “muscular” appearance and a normal body mass index (22.27 kg/m2), was found to have an extreme insulin resistance and diabetes accompanied by hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. An autoimmune screen for possible latent autoimmune diabetes in adults was negative. She was subsequently found to have familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD2, OMIM #151660) caused by an R482Q mutation in the LMNA gene encoding lamin A/C. This mutation results in arginine to glutamine substitution at the protein level, while phenotypically this condition presents with a loss of body fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and other features mimicking PCOS. Interestingly her mother, with a history of myocardial infarction and diabetes at the age of 46 but no oligomenorrhoea, was also found to harbour the same mutation (LMNA R482Q). Conclusions: Our case highlights the importance of assessment of adipose tissue distribution, as well as a significance of assessment of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in the differential diagnosis of PCOS. Furthermore, patients with atypical adipose tissue distribution should be referred for formal genetic testing. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (6): 550–554)
The Rise of the Defenders, 1793–5

The year 1794 has been characterised as a lull in the overcrowded history of the 1790s.1 The reason is obvious. Coming after the catholic and reform campaigns of 1791–3 and before the dramatic sequence of events which led from Fitzwilliam’s dismissal in 1795 to rebellion in 1798, this year has indeed an appearance of ‘comparative calm’. Taking into account the attendance figures at meetings of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen which began to decline in April 1793, the seeming fall-off in political activity — the ‘lull’ — might even be extended to eighteen months. In fact those eighteen months were formative in the development of the revolutionary movement. Political activity did not diminish, rather it was rerouted into clandestine channels. For example, almost all of the evidence relating to the Philanthropic Society, a major component of Dublin’s political underground before it merged into the United Irish movement, comes from 1794. In both Ulster and Dublin the United Irishmen began organising as a secret society late that year. If this decade is approached through the history of the Defenders, moreover, the notion of a lull becomes even less tenable. A major Defender riot occurred in Cavan in May, 1794, and in August Westmeath magistrates met to discuss ‘the late violences’ in the county.2 In the arena of popular direct action there was no ceasefire.
Are ‘the destitute’ destitute? Understanding micro-inequalities through the concept of defiled surpluses:

The poorest and most marginalized people in cities are often understood to be those living in the worst forms of shelter or with none at all. They are labelled the “homeless”, the “destitute” and the “extreme poor”. Based on ethnographic research in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this article challenges this association, arguing that living in the worst conditions can enable people to earn, save, and invest in lives and livelihoods elsewhere. Their capacity to do so is generally related to the urban potential for creating “defiled surpluses”, resources that can be productively exploited but at the cost of an association with the defiled. These costs and opportunities are not however equally distributed, and recognizing this helps us to understand the nature of micro-inequalities. In Dhaka the presence of people living on pavements and in markets, parks and transport terminals can represent destitution, but also the astute negotiation of the city.
Improved CENA Regression Relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensities and Ground‐Motion Parameters

Abstract Comparisons between peak ground motions (PGMs) and intensities are mainly based on the regression of felt intensity with peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), response spectral values, and occasionally with maximum displacement. Using the Next Generation Attenuation‐East database, we update and extend the relations of Dangkua and Cramer (2011). We start by developing magnitude and distance‐independent linear regression relationships between modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) in the range of I≤MMI≤VII and the ground‐motion parameters (GMPs) of PGA, PGV, and 21 pseudospectral accelerations for central and eastern North America (CENA). We correct for recently acknowledged differences between community Internet intensities (CIIs) and MMI (Hough, 2013, 2014; Boyd and Cramer, 2014; Tosi et al. , 2015). We then perform residual analysis to evaluate whether there are any discrepancies and dependency, first with magnitude and then distance. For the magnitude‐dependent analysis, we use a bilinear fit. This bilinear magnitude dependence is especially important for longer periods. The residuals show homoskedasticity with zero mean and are serially correlated. We correct for the serial correlation using the Cochrane–Orcutt procedure. Our new ground‐motion intensity correlation equations for CENA have the form log 10 ( Y )= c 1 + c 2 × I + c 3 ×min{ M w , M t }+ c 4 ×log 10 (Dist), in which log 10 ( Y ) is the GMP, M w is the moment magnitude, M t is the magnitude of the bend in the bilinear magnitude dependence, log 10 (Dist) is the distance term, I is the intensity of interest (MMI or CII), and c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , and c 4 are the coefficients of regression. The equation is invertible for obtaining both CII and MMI from the PGM of interest and vice versa. Electronic Supplement: Figures of data for intensity prediction equation (IPE) evaluation, additional residual analyses, and evaluations based on other performance metrics. Tables that list the events and details of the earthquakes used in the analysis and the means, standard errors, and standard deviations of modified Mercalli intensity (MMI)/community Internet intensity (CII) values of the selected ground‐motion parameters.
Remembering “The Terrorism”: Sergei Stepniak-Kravchinskii's Underground Russia

How was terrorism first remembered when it surged up from the Russian underground in the third quarter of the nineteenth century? In this article, Lynn Ellen Patyk argues that memory is indispensible to terrorism and that historians’ attribution of the “invention of modern terrorism“ to Russian revolutionaries in the mid-nineteenth century is as much a testament to these revolutionaries’ mnemonic savvy as to their tactical innovation. The revolutionary-litterateur Sergei Stepniak-Kravchinskii (1852-1895) was at the avant-garde of this innovation, and this article analyzes his mastery of the implicit mnemonics of the terrorist deed and then of its literary commemoration in Underground Russia: Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life (1882). Stepniak-Kravchinskii uses historical narrative to perform essential plot revisions and linguistic reclamations (for example, of the word Nihilist) and employs the device of “personal recollections” to authenticate and lend emotional and sensual immediacy to his representation of “the Terrorism” and its place of origin, Underground Russia.
Dwarf Mistletoe and Breeding Bird Abundance in Ponderosa Pine Forests

Southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum) parasitizes ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). It can kill severely infected trees and induce the growth of dense masses of branches that can affect foraging and nesting habitat for wildlife. We tested the hypothesis that higher densities of breeding birds would be correlated with higher levels of southwestern dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona. We estimated densities of 15 species of breeding birds and measured 26 habitat elements in 19 stands. Average dwarf mistletoe ratings (DMR) ranged from 0.0 (uninfested) to 3.7 (severely infested). Although we observed higher densities with higher infestation of dwarf mistletoe for 2 bird species and lower densities for 3 bird species, the effect of dwarf mistletoe on these was minor. Instead, higher snag density, an indirect measure of past mistletoe infestation, was a more important predictor of bird density. With greater snag size or density, the species richness and densities of 3 bird species increased. Because dwarf mistletoe infection can create snags, retaining groups of dwarf mistletoe-infected trees in ponderosa pine stands will provide a continued source of snags, which are important habitat for many wildlife species.
Into the Mystic

As long as Ranulfo’s dreams weren’t putting on the brakes, I was probably his last chance to escape from the oncoming train wreck. If my ingrained trepidation rose to the surface, I might still be able to convince him to pull out of the bakery plan.
Non-Conventional Forward Surgical Elements

During the last 15 years of conflict numerous types of military medical units capable of providing surgical care have been deployed, formed, or hastily created, based upon mission needs, standard doctrine, and perceived advantages. With an increased emphasis upon flexibility, mobility, and smaller footprint, yet preserving the capabilities of damage control surgery and prolonged field care, smaller specialized surgical and resuscitative units have been formed in all branches of service. The deployed surgeon may well find him or herself assigned to one of these units with little or no specific preparation. This chapter will briefly describe the composition of several of these currently employed units, as well as some specific considerations for the assigned surgeon.
Rejuvenation of soft material-actuator

Akin to the natural tissues, soft artificial muscles possess a life cycle limited by aging and degradation phenomena. Here, we propose a rejuvenation method aimed at silicone-ethanol soft composite actuators, in which ethanol escape occurs during prolonged actuation, thus compromising their performance. The rejuvenation is achieved by immersion of the material-actuator in ethanol, allowing its diffusion into the silicone-based material until saturation. Repeatable rejuvenation of a soft robot, based on the soft material-actuator, resulted in retention of up to 100% of its functionality. Thus, we suggest that this method may be used for the rejuvenation of soft artificial muscles and material-actuators.
Tracking ion irradiation effects using buried interface devices

Abstract We discuss how a buried interface device, specifically a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, can be utilized to track effects of ion irradiation on insulators. We show that the exposure of oxides within unfinished capacitor devices to ions can lead to significant changes in the capacitance of the finished devices. For multicharged ions, these capacitive effects can be traced to defect production within the oxide and ultimately point to a role for charge-dependent energy loss. In particular, we attribute the stretchout of the capacitance-voltage curves of MOS devices that include an irradiated oxide to the ion irradiation. The stretchout shows a power law dependence on the multicharged ion charge state (Q) that is similar to that observed for multicharged ion energy loss in other systems.
Insurance Coverage Policies for Pharmacogenomic and Multi-Gene Testing for Cancer

Insurance coverage policies are a major determinant of patient access to genomic tests. The objective of this study was to examine differences in coverage policies for guideline-recommended pharmacogenomic tests that inform cancer treatment. We analyzed coverage policies from eight Medicare contractors and 10 private payers for 23 biomarkers (e.g., HER2 and EGFR) and multi-gene tests. We extracted policy coverage and criteria, prior authorization requirements, and an evidence basis for coverage. We reviewed professional society guidelines and their recommendations for use of pharmacogenomic tests. Coverage for KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF tests were common across Medicare contractors and private payers, but few policies covered PML/RARA, CD25, or G6PD. Thirteen payers cover multi-gene tests for nonsmall lung cancer, citing emerging clinical recommendations. Coverage policies for single and multi-gene tests for cancer treatments are consistent among Medicare contractors despite the lack of national coverage determinations. In contrast, coverage for these tests varied across private payers. Patient access to tests is governed by prior authorization among eight private payers. Substantial variations in how payers address guideline-recommended pharmacogenomic tests and the common use of prior authorization underscore the need for additional studies of the effects of coverage variation on cancer care and patient outcomes.
Isogrammic-Fusion ORAM: Improved Statistically Secure Privacy-Preserving Cloud Data Access for Thin Clients

We study oblivious random access machine (ORAM) simulation, in cloud computing environments where a thin client outsources her data to a server using O(1)-sized messages.
Improving Mental Health Through Nutrition: The Future

Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are (Anthelme Brillat-Savarin). When I behold a fashionable table set out in all its magnificence, I fancy that I see gouts and dropsies, fever and lethargies, with other innumerable distempers, lying in ambuscade among the dishes. Nature delights in the most plain and simple diet. Every animal, but man, keeps to one dish. Herbs are the food of this species, fish of that, and flesh of a third. Man falls upon everything that comes in his way; not the smallest fruit or excrescence of the earth, scarce a berry or a mushroom can escape him (Joseph Addison). The pleasures of the palate deal with us like the Egyptians thieves, who strangle those whom they embrace (Seneca). Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food (Hippocrates).
Stable Points, Stable Cycles and Chaos

We proceed now to look at the dynamics of a population with a life history in which successive generations do not overlap one another. Some types of fishes, such as the salmon, as well as many kinds of insects live in this way. The parent generation leaves its eggs before it dies in the fall. The eggs then winter over, and the young emerge in the spring. The potential for bizarre population trajectories exists; consider for example the thirteen year periodic cicada. Our goal will be to try to discover the range of behavior which is possible.
Augmented Reality: An Overview

We define Augmented Reality (AR) as a real-time direct or indirect view of a physical real-world environment that has been enhanced/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated information to it [1]. AR is both interactive and registered in 3D as well as combines real and virtual objects. Milgram’s Reality-Virtuality Continuum is defined by Paul Milgram and Fumio Kishino as a continuum that spans between the real environment and the virtual environment comprise Augmented Reality and Augmented Virtuality (AV) in between, where AR is closer to the real world and AV is closer to a pure virtual environment, as seen in Fig. 1.1 [2].
Survey of Applications of Tunneling Spectroscopy

Tunneling spectroscopy has unique capabilities for the vibrational spectroscopy of thin organic films. After an examination of its spectral range, sensitivity, resolution, and selection rules, and a comparison of it with other techniques for vibrational spectroscopy, I will discuss six areas of application: (1) surface chemistry, (2) identification of biochemicals, (3) trace substance detection, (4) adhesion, (5) radiation damage, and (6) lubrication.
Shifting Paradigms in Environmental Research Methods through the Visual Arts.

Arts-based research offers a potentially valuable approach for students trained in the positivist tradition of environmental issues to expand their repertoire. This article traces the experience of...
Dynamical rigidity transition in the viscoelastic properties of chalcogenide glass-forming liquids

Abstract The viscoelastic properties of supercooled AsxSe100-x (0 ≤ x ≤ 30) and AsxSe100-x-yIy (x = 20, 30 and y = 10, 20) liquids are studied using oscillatory parallel plate rheometry. In addition to the α-relaxation process, the shear relaxation of liquids with selenium chains longer than ~ 3 atoms is also characterized by a low-frequency polymeric mode. The temporal decoupling of this low-frequency soft/floppy relaxation mode from that of the α-relaxation mode is a unique function of the average selenium chain length. The floppy mode abruptly vanishes for liquids with average chain lengths shorter than ~ 3 Se atoms, thus implying a dynamical rigidity transition. When taken together, these results indicate that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the pertinent structural variable associated with such transition in the viscoelastic behavior is not the average coordination number but instead the intermediate-range structural elements such as the average selenium chain length.
Supervised Domain Adaptation via Label Alignment for Opinion Expression Extraction

In this paper, we propose a supervised domain adaptation technique for opinion expression extraction task. The technique generates low dimensional projections that can improve the performance of a sequence model (e.g. CRF) in the target domain by align features with the true label sequence. We test our methods on product reviews and observe significant improvement in performance in comparison to baseline methods.
Unfair trade underground revealed by integrating data with Nash bargaining models.

Mutually beneficial resource exchange is fundamental to global biogeochemical cycles and plant and animal nutrition. However, there is inherent potential conflict in mutualisms, as each organism benefits more when the exchange ratio (‘price’) minimizes its own costs and maximizes its benefits. Understanding the bargaining power that each partner has in these interactions is key to our ability to predict the exchange ratio and therefore the functionality of the cell, organism, community and ecosystem. We tested whether partners have symmetrical (‘fair’) or asymmetrical (‘unfair’) bargaining power in a legume–rhizobia nitrogen‐fixing symbiosis using measurements of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a mathematical modeling framework derived from economic theory. A model of symmetric bargaining power was not consistent with our data. Instead, our data indicate that the growth benefit to the plant (Medicago truncatula) has greater weight in determining trade dynamics than the benefit to the bacteria. Quantitative estimates of the relative power of the plant revealed that the plant's influence rises as soil nitrogen availability decreases and trade benefits to both partners increase. Our finding that M. truncatula legumes have more bargaining power than their rhizobial partner at lower nitrogen availabilities highlights the importance of context‐dependence for the evolution of mutualism with increasing nutrient deposition.
Effect of hybrid-heave motions on the propulsive performance of an oscillating airfoil

Abstract Inspiration for a number of unsteady aerodynamics studies has been gathered from biology, mimicking locomotion of birds, insects, and fish. We instead employ a sports-mimetic approach to study unsteady airfoil motions inspired by sail dynamics. Olympic sailors use various unsteady aerodynamic techniques to increase propulsion. One such technique is “sail flicking,” whereby sailors use their bodyweight to roll the boat about its longitudinal axis, flicking the sail periodically. Because sailors do not sail directly into the wind, the boat travels at an angle relative to the wind it experiences, which is generally referred to as the “apparent wind angle.” Due to this angle, the sail oscillates at non-perpendicular angles to the incoming flow, in a motion we call “hybrid-heave” We study these hybrid-heave oscillations with a NACA 0012 airfoil, focusing on its effects on the lift force as well as the driving force, which is aligned in the direction the boat is pointing. The benefits of hybrid-heave are seen across all cases studied here, with the maximum mean lift of up to 6 times the lift of a static airfoil and 2 times the lift of classical heave (heaving perpendicular to the free-stream). We find the existence of a “high-lift mode” close to apparent wind angles (AWA) ≈ +45°, and a “low-lift mode” centered around AWA ≈ -45°. Similar gains are seen in the driving forces with more than three-fold increases compared to the static driving force at optimal conditions. The vortex dynamics of the high-lift case reveal a departure from classical pure heave whereby only one side of the airfoil generates a leading-edge vortex in every cycle, leaving only 3 vortices shed per cycle. High lift is generated for in-phase variation of the airfoil’s instantaneous angle of attack and speed with respect to time. Conversely, out-of-phase variation of these parameters leads to a reduction in lift, compared to the static airfoil case.
Reinvigorating Civic Education in Communication through "Imitatio".

Courses: Introduction to Rhetoric and Communication, Basic Course, Public Speaking, Classical Rhetoric.Objectives: To re-establish disciplinary commitment to civic education in perilous democratic ...
Cationic indium alkyl complexes incorporating aminotroponiminate ligands

The synthesis and structures of indium complexes incorporating the bidentate monoanionic ligand N,N'-diisopropylaminotroponiminate ( i Pr 2 -ATI) are described. The reaction of InCl 3 with Li[ i Pr 2 -ATI] yields ( i Pr 2 -ATI)InCl 2 (3), which is converted to ( i Pr 2 -ATI)InMe 2 (4) by reaction with MeLi; 4 is also formed by the reaction of InMe 3 with ( i Pr 2 -ATI)H. The reaction of 4 with [Ph 3 C] [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] at 23 °C yields the diimine complex [{ 1,2-(N i Pr) 2 -5-CPh 3 -cyclohepta-3,6-diene}InMe 2 ] [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (5) via addition of Ph 3 C + to the C5 carbon of 4. Thermolysis of 5 (75 °C) yields [( i Pr 2 -ATI)InMe][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (6) and Ph 3 CMe. 6 was isolated as the chlorobenzene solvate 6.PhCl. An X-ray diffraction study shows that there are two independent cations in the asymmetric unit of 6.PhCl. One cation (In(1)) is ion-paired with two B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 - anions, while the second cation is complexed with two PhCl molecules and is disordered between two equally occupied positions (In(2) and In(3)). Dative In-ClPh bonding and PhCl/ATI π-stacking interactions contribute to the PhCl coordination in 6.PhCl. The reaction of 4 with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 yields [( i Pr 2 -ATI)InMe] [MeB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] (7), which decomposes slowly at 23 °C by C 6 F 5 - transfer reactions. The reaction of 4 with [HNMe 2 Ph][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] yields the labile amine adduct [( i Pr 2 -ATI)In(Me)(NMe 2 Ph)][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (10).
Theological Studies Eighty Years Ago

At the outbreak of World War II, the synchronicity between the history of the Society of Jesus and the history of the West led to the founding of Theological Studies. This article, based on archiva...
Developing and Implementing an Intervention Study: Strategies for Mentoring Students Throughout the Research Process:

IntroductionDesigning and conducting an intervention study is an arduous task for students that requires strong teaching and mentoring practices from psychology instructors.Statement of the Problem...
Seven Neurons of Psychopharmacology: Adaptive Regulation in Biogenic Amine Neurons

The mind of the medical clinician, no less than that of the researcher, travels often to models of physiological function. Although he knows such cartoonlike, mechanistic scenarios to be less than perfect, they serve to organize his observations. Vague discomfort arises when one must make such models explicit, for we know there is evidence missing for many steps in their pictorial development and the false steps we must knowingly take to ensure their continuity. Likewise, I didn’t enjoy the news that the mathematical models used to predict the tides for the next ten years had nothing to do with the mechanisms of tide formation, or the fact that Wall Street chartists often don’t know anything about the companies the stock prices of which they predict. Chloral hydrate does not decompose to chloroform in the body, even though a century ago this explanatory model predicted much of its clinical pharmacology: latency, duration, interactions with other drugs, and effects of overdose. The bromides are not antiepileptic because they reduce the frequency of masturbation, although that was the reason given for their first use.
A Review of Schusswaffen und Schusswirkungen I

This is the second edition of this book about firearms and the effects of firearms. It is divided in three main chapters: (1) ballistics, weapons, and ammunition; (2) medical consideration of firearms; and (3) criminalistic consideration of firearms. A fourth chapter includes tables and formulas relevant to the subject.
Race & Non-Racial Characteristics in Sentencing Length and Sentencing Type Disparity

Utilizing data from the United States Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (SISCF) 2004, this research investigates the possibility that African American drug offenders receive lengthier prison sentences and are imposed more range of time or indeterminate sentences as opposed to flat sentences based on race and/or non-racial characteristics; specifically parole status prior to sentencing, plea agreement status, prior criminal history, education status prior to arrest, employment status prior to arrest, and parental incarceration. While regression analysis revealed racial sentencing disparity for length of sentence and type of sentence (p< .05 and p< .001 respectively), among non-racial characteristics, only education status prior to arrest proved a significant predictor for length of sentence (p≤ .001). African American drug offenders were more likely sentenced to indeterminate sentences as opposed to flat sentences and were less likely to receive short sentences of 0 to 4 years or medium sentences of 4 to 10 years as compared to long sentences of 10 or more years. Potential research implications include the necessity for additional research regarding racial sentencing disparity as length or type of sentences as opposed to disparity as a numerical or a percentage difference between racial groups as well as the utilizing of inmate data that encompasses recent changes in drug sentencing laws, e.g. crack cocaine versus powder cocaine. Future research might also consider the evolution of marijuana laws in the United States and the potential impact on racial sentencing disparity. Race and Non-Racial Characteristics in Sentencing Length & Sentencing Type Disparity
Disparities in urban and rural mastectomy populations : the effects of patient- and county-level factors on likelihood of receipt of mastectomy.

Background Using the 2006 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and the 2004 Area Resource File (ARF), the likelihood of mastectomy for stages I–III breast cancer patients in urban versus rural populations are examined. County and patient level data are evaluated for impact on receipt of mastectomy. Patient variables included age, stage, race, and marital status, and community variables are income, employment, and radiation facility staff density. The likelihood of mastectomy in urban and rural patients, and the impact of the different variables on that procedure, is reported.
Quessep, Giovanni. Libro del encantado. Antología. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2000, 207 p

Libro del encantado. Antologia. Giovanni Quessep. Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico, 2000, 207 pags.
A Modality-Specific Neuromagnetic P3

Several studies indicate that in cases of psychopathology and alcoholism the amplitude and/or latency of endogenous, scalp-recorded P3 potentials elicited by rare events are abnormal (e.g., Roth et al., 1980; Polich, 1984). The P3 complex may normally be a valuable index of cognitive processing (see Donchin and Coles, 1988) and identification of the neural generator(s) of this response would thus provide valuable insight into both normal and abnormal information processes.
Paradise Lost and found: Popular documentary, collective identification and participatory media culture

ABSTRACTThe circulation and reception of HBO's award winning documentaries, Paradise Lost (Berlinger and Sinofsky, 1996) and Paradise Lost 2: Revelations (Berlinger and Sinofsky, 2000), represent the beginning of an emerging form of democratic practice facilitated by documentary distribution and the Internet. Paradise Lost chronicles the legal case of three teenage boys convicted of murdering three other adolescent boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. Although nothing was unusual about the broadcasting of the documentary, the public reception of the film was extraordinary. The Paradise Lost documentaries became a nexus around which audiences congregated as juror-citizens. The films successfully generated and sustained an activist media culture by unifying and politicizing viewers through viral online networking, public deliberation, and the creation of an instrumental counter-public that also utilized traditional modes of political agitation in the world before social media. This article will analyse the const...
Mental Content, Teleological Theories of

Teleological theories of mental content explain how emptiness and falseness can occur in thought. These defects are due to failure of the representation-producing devices to do the jobs they were designed to do. Teleological theories always rest on prior theories of what the jobs of mental representations are and of what their producers are. Keywords: mental content; intentionality; biological function; teleosemantics; swampman
Software watermarking as a proof of identity: a study of zero knowledge proof based software watermarking

Software watermarking has been proposed as a way to prove ownership of software intellectual property in order to contain software piracy. In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking technique based on Zero Knowledge Proofs. The advantages are multi-fold. The watermark recognizer can now be distributed publicly. This helps in watermark being used as a proof for both authorship and authentication of the software. The watermark is shown as a mathematical proof which varies with every run instead of the watermark string as in the previous techniques. This watermarking scheme not only has a high degree of tamper resistance but also allows the protocol to point out the tampered subset of the embedded secret data. We present potential attacks on the protocol and discuss the strength of the watermarking scheme. We present empirical results based on our implementation.
Collaboration in the Shadow of the Technology Frontier: Evidence from the Flat Panel Display Industry

The literature on competition through innovation tends to emphasize the benefits of technological leadership. However, we explain why a capable firm might prefer to shadow the technology leader—remaining slightly behind rather than competing directly at the frontier. On the basis of a formal model and the competitive dynamics literature, we propose that the more benefits a firm gains from collaboration with a technological leader through licensing and supply agreements, the more likely the firm is to take a shadowing position. Our hypotheses, particularly regarding licensing from a technological leader, receive support from a large sample in the flat panel display industry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constituencies and Legislation : The Fight Over the McFadden Act of 1927

The McFadden Act of 1927 was one of the most hotly contested pieces of legislation in U.S. banking history, and its influence was still felt over half a century later. The act was intended to force states to accord the same branching rights to national banks as they accorded to state banks. By uniting the interests of large state and national banks, it also had the potential to expand the number of states that allowed branching. Congressional votes for the act therefore could reflect the strength of various interests in the district for expanded banking competition. We find congressmen in districts in which landholdings were concentrated (suggesting a landed elite), and where the cost of bank credit was high and its availability limited (suggesting limited banking competition and high potential rents), were significantly more likely to oppose the act. The evidence suggests that while the law and the overall regulatory structure can shape the financial system far into the future, they themselves are likely to be shaped by well organized elites, even in countries with benign political institutions.
An iterative loop matching approach to the prediction of RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots

In this paper we present a heuristic algorithm, iterative loop matching, for predicting RNA pseudoknots. The method can utilize either thermodynamic or comparative information or both, thus is able to predict for both aligned and individual sequences. Using 8-12 homologous sequences, the algorithm correctly identifies more than 90% of base-pairs for short sequences and 80% overall. It correctly predicts nearly all pseudoknots, while having very few false predictions. Comparisons show that our algorithm is more sensitive and more specific than existing methods. In addition, our algorithm is very efficient and can be applied to sequences up to several thousands of bases long.
Emerging technologies, ubiquitous learning, and educational transformation

Emerging technologies are enabling ubiquitous learning. This can empower a structural change away from classrooms as the primary place of learning, the school day as the primary educational time, and the teacher as the primary source of information. Mobile devices can allow teachers to link to tutors, coaches, and mentors outside of school in a seamless web of support for each student. My colleagues and I are conducting research on sophisticated analytics to mine rich datastreams collected on students' devices, using each learner's interactions to help in developing personalized educational experiences. We also are studying "augmented realities" that infuse virtual data and authentic, simulated experiences into real world settings, facilitating transfer of learning from classrooms to life. However, to realize the full power of ubiquitous learning for educational transformation, educators must overcome numerous challenges related to devices and infrastructure, safety and privacy, digital assets and assessments, and human capital.
Games, Gambling, and Children: Applying the Precautionary Principle for Child Health

TOPIC: We were compelled by the trends of Internet gambling, state-initiated gambling outlets, and of having gambling social events in middle schools and high schools in the United States to examine gambling and its health effects on children and adolescents. PURPOSE AND SOURCES: We researched trends in adolescent gambling as well as its association with negative health and sociological outcomes through the literature for child and adolescent gambling studies. CONCLUSION: The literature shows gambling to be associated with many negative health and socioeconomic effects. The increasing participation of children and adolescents is of particular concern, for the earlier a person starts gambling, the more likely that person is to develop serious gambling problems. We propose the application of the precautionary principle in this situation. Until it is proven that adolescents will not be negatively affected by exposure to gambling, the exposure of adolescents to gambling must be carefully restricted.
The incidence of Hashimoto's disease in nodular goitre: the concordance in serological and cytological findings.

Summary Objective: To determine the incidence of Hashimoto’s disease in nodular goitre and to ascertain the degree of the concordance between serological and cytological findings. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from 188 patients who underwent a fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid for uninodular or multinodular goitre with a documented serological level of antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies. AntiTPO antibodies were measured by immunochemiluminescent assay (Quest Diagnostics, Madison, NJ, USA). Results: The study cohort consisted of 170 female and 18 male patients with a mean (± SD) age of 47.8 ± 14.9 years. AntiTPO antibodies were positive in 74 (39.36%) of the individuals and negative in 114 (60.63%). The cytodiagnoses were as follows: 5 (2.6%) cancerous, 18 (9.5%) suspicious, 12 (6.3%) inadequate, 92 (48.9%) benign and 61 (32.4%) consistent with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT). For further analysis, we excluded all inadequate specimens. Based on the final sample of 176 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of antiTPO antibody test to detect CLT in nodular goitre were estimated to be 76.38% and 94.23% respectively. The prevalence of CLT in nodular goitre based on cytological criteria was (35.46%) compared with (31.97%) goitre based on positive antiTPO titres only. Conclusion: There is a high degree of concordance between serological and cytological findings of CLT in people with nodular goitres. The high prevalence of CLT in nodular goitre justifies the use of antiTPO antibodies as part of the workup in this population.
Acoustical analysis of Canadian French word-final vowels in varying phonetic contexts

This study analyzed Canadian French (CF) vowels /i y o e ɛ o u a/ in word-final position. Of particular interest was the stability of /e-ɛ/; although some dialects of French have merged /e-ɛ/ to /e/ in word-final context, this contrast is maintained in CF. The present study investigated the stability of this contrast in various preceding phonetic contexts and in lexical vs morphological contrasts. Results showed that the contrast was maintained by all four speakers, although to varying degrees.
Genes to remember.

It has been known for several decades that the formation of long-term memory requires gene expression. In recent years, the use of genetic and molecular approaches has led to the identification and characterization of genes and molecules that play a fundamental role in the biological mechanisms underlying learning and memory. From these studies, it appears that molecules and molecular mechanisms essential for the process of memory have been conserved throughout evolution. The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent activation pathway and a cAMP-dependent cascade of gene expression have been shown to be essential for memory formation in Aplysia californica, Drosophila melanogaster and rodents. Moreover, members of the transcription factor family cAMP response element binding proteins (CREBs) seem to represent key molecules for transforming incoming information into long-term memory. Here, we review the studies showing that conserved molecules and biological mechanisms are engaged in simple and complex forms of memory.
Internal structure of the Buckboard Mesa basalt

Engineering studies on Buckboard Mesa in Nevada have included extensive coring and borchole photographing in a late Cenozoic basalt flow. The basalt was evidently extruded from a fissure, now marked by a cinder cone, localized in the moat of the Timber Mountain caldera. It is an olivine-bearing andesitic basalt with a moderately high potassium content. Away from complications near the vent only a single flow is present. Distributaries from the main channel branch to clusters of lava toes at the flow terminus. A vesicular facies overlies a dense facies in general, but alternating layers formed in an early flow stage complicate the stratigraphy. Structures formed in a transitional stage are flattened vesicles, layers of vesicles, and lineated vesicles. These flow structures commonly parallel concentric flattened cylinders of the various rock types. The cylindrical structure is apparently fundamental to lava flow mechanics. In the brittle stage, an orthogonal system of three sets of fractures developed in the lava parallel and perpendicular to the flow layering. Similar flow channels with cylindrical flow structure and related fractures are present in Columbia River basalt and elsewhere.
Natural Ionising Radiation and Rate of Mutation

ABOUT a year ago there appeared in these columns a communication by A. R. Olson and G. N. Lewis on natural radioactivity and the origin of species (NATURE, April 28, 1928, p. 673), in which it was suggested that the natural ionising radiation of the earth plays an important part in evolution. It was pointed out that the relative effects of rays of different frequency upon the production of variants have not been experimentally ascertained, but that since the rays can only be effective when absorbed, and thus produce ionisation, it seems safe to assume that the various rays will produce biological effects in proportion to the ionisation they cause.
A colorimetric method for assaying serum aspartate aminotransferase activities

Abstract A methof for measuring serum aspartate aminotranaferase (glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, E.C. 2.6.1.1) activities is described. Oxalacetate is quantitated by reaction with 6-benzamido-4-methoxy- m -toluidine diazonium chloride (BMTD) 2 . The use of formaldehyde as an inhibitor allows the reaction to be stopped at the end of the specified incubation time and permits the use of appropriate blanks when required, particularly for sera with elevated concentrations of bilirubin and acetoacetic acid. Normal values established on 100 healthy laboratory workers had a mean value of 9.6 International Units with a standard deviation of 2.1. Transaminase assays performed on 78 hospitalized individuals with conditions precluding elevated transaminase activities, yielded a mean activity of 14.5 units and a standard deviation of 4.7. By combining the results from these two groups a mean normal value of 11.8 units with a standard deviation of 4.2 was obtained. A standardization technique is described which permits the use of oxalacetate as a primary standard, and eliminates the need of secondary enzyme standards.
Evaluating Treatment Effect in Multicenter Trials with Small Centers Using Survival Modeling

Clinical trials of rare diseases commonly enlist several centers to achieve recruitment goals. The aim of this study is to examine the estimation of treatment effects for survival outcomes in multicenter clinical trials with varying numbers of centers and few patients per center for rarer disease outcomes (i.e. rare cancers). We modeled the heterogeneity between centers using Cox frailty models to account for the variability in patients and patient care between centers and examined measures of model fit via smoothed functions of a prognostic factor. Through a simulation study, we were able to examine the consequence of having only a few centers or a few patients per center on the treatment and prognostic factor effects and model performance indices. Overall, we found it is preferable to have more patients per site and more sites in a multicenter trial as expected. However, having a few patients per site is feasible if there are many sites in a trial.
Efficiency of the Ouchterlony gel diffusion test in detecting bean pod mottle virus infection in soybean.

The efficiency of the Ouchterlony gel-diffusion test in detecting bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) infection in soybean was examined. Maximum infection level was detected in both ‘Bragg’ and ‘Lee 74’ soybean varieties ca. 7 days after inoculation of vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Approximately 2 weeks after inoculation the Ouchterlony gel-diffusion tests failed to detect BPMV in most infected plants. The virus was again detected 17 to 34 days after inoculation in both varieties inoculated in the vegetative growth stages. Virus detection continued until the plants were in the R6 growth stage. The level of infection detected during this period was less than that detected initially.
Survey of cadaveric donor application files: 1978–1993

Information derived from application files of potential cadaveric donors to our body donation program from the period of 1978–1993 was entered into a customized database to assess the characteristics of people contributing to such a program. A total of 1,267 application files were reviewed and the following information analyzed: 1) year of application submission, 2) age, 3) sex, 4) race, 5) marital status, 6) education, 7) occupation, and 8) disposition of cremains (return or not to family). Overall the typical body donor applicant to our program was likely to be a white married female homemaker of about 70 years of age. She was a high school graduate and chose not to have her cremains returned to her family. The males closely follow the above mentioned characteristics (with the exception of occupation), but were outnumbered by females in nearly every category throughout the span of our analysis. An analysis of the application numbers over the 15 year period of our survey indicated a reduction in applications during the period of 1982–1984 and a linear increase of applicant numbers from 1989 to 1993. Finally, we observed a tendency for married couples to donate together with 32.1% of our married applicants showing this phenomenon. Clin. Anat. 11:253–262, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Planning for Diversity: Preserving Local Manufacturing Jobs in an Era of Global Economic Transformation:

The development of Berkeley, Califomia's protected manufacturing zone is an intriguing case of a progressive urban social movement within the context of economic restructuring. While the neighborhood contained all the elements that usually lead to gentrification (industrial flight, high land values, anti-manufacturing sentiment, and wealthier "inmovers"), the process was reversed after a unique community-based economic justice coalition negotiated with local residents, developers, and city officials to institute a protected manufacturing zone. Activists pursued a strategy of retaining manufacturing as part of a larger goal of preserving the city's racial, ethnic, and class diversity and constructed their movement by consciously linking cultural and material politics. This case shows how community mobilization can disrupt what appears to be an inevitable process of capital disinvestment.