cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallelization of a Six Degree of Freedom Entry Vehicle Trajectory Simulation Using OpenMP and OpenACC

The art and science of writing parallelized software, using methods such as Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) and Open Accelerators (OpenACC), is dominated by computer scientists. Engineers and non-computer scientists looking to apply these techniques to their project applications face a steep learning curve, especially when looking to adapt their original single threaded software to run multi-threaded on graphics processing units (GPUs). There are significant changes in mindset that must occur; such as how to manage memory, the organization of instructions, and the use of if statements (also known as branching). The purpose of this work is twofold: 1) to demonstrate the applicability of parallelized coding methodologies, OpenMP and OpenACC, to tasks outside of the typical large scale matrix mathematics; and 2) to discuss, from an engineer’s perspective, the lessons learned from parallelizing software using these computer science techniques. This work applies OpenMP, on both multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and Intel® Xeon Phi™ 7210, and OpenACC on GPUs. These parallelization techniques are used to tackle the simulation of thousands of entry vehicle trajectories through the integration of six degree of freedom (DoF) equations of motion (EoM). The forces and moments acting on the entry vehicle, and used by the EoM, are estimated using multiple models of varying levels of complexity. Several benchmark comparisons are made on the execution of six DoF trajectory simulation: single thread Intel® Xeon® E5-2670 CPU, multi-thread CPU using OpenMP, multi-thread Xeon Phi™ 7210 using OpenMP, and multi-thread NVIDIA® Tesla® K40 GPU using OpenACC. These benchmarks are run on the Pleiades Supercomputer Cluster at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center (ARC), and a Xeon Phi™ 7210 node at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC).
Observations of insect predation on rotifers

Interactions between rotifers and their insect predators have not received adequate attention, possibly due to the assumption that rotifers are too small for insects to eat. In laboratory experiments, we offered the rotifers Hexarthra mira, Plationus patulus and small and large Synchaeta pectinata to four common insect predators: the notonectids Notonecta lunata and Buenoa macrotibialis, the smaller hemipteran Neoplea striola and small (1.5 mm) aeschnid dragonfly larvae. Excepting Plationus offered to dragonflies, all rotifer preys were consumed to some degree. No size selectivity was apparent for predators that ate few rotifers, but small instar Buenoa ate significantly more large (420 µm) than small (300 µm) Synchaeta. Predator size appeared to be less important than predatory style and prey morphology in determining ingestion rates. Neoplea and dragonflies ate more Hexarthra than Plationus, while the pattern was reversed for Buenoa, possibly because Buenoa is able to manipulate the hard lorica of Plationus better. Insect predators are capable of direct suppression of rotifer populations, an interaction which may be particularly important in littoral zones and fishless ponds where macroinvertebrates are numerous.
Evaluation of the anemia of rheumatoid arthritis.

Thirty-six patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in whom anemia was slight were investigated, in part with radioiron and radiochromium, for abnormalities which might lead to anemia. The primary defect appeared to be a pronounced reduction of ability to absorb iron from the intestinal tract. There was an equally marked reduction in the serum concentration of iron which could not be attributed to the slight reduction in the iron-binding capacity of the serum. Despite the reduction level of iron in the serum, the apparent turnover of iron was so rapid that the total clearance per day was normal or moderately elevated. However, the fraction of the iron cleared from the blood and appearing in the circulation in newly synthesized erythrocytes was slighfly depressed. Erythrocyte survival was normal or very slightly shortened; hemolysis seems to play no important role. The fecal excretion of radioiron, not associated with erythrocytes, was greatly increased in two patients in whom there was no evidence of intestinal bleeding. A moderate increase in plasma vohime was common.
Correlation of Air Displacement Plethysmography with Alternative Body Fat Measurement Techniques in Men and Women

International Journal of Exercise Science 5(4) : 367-378, 2012. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions with serious health consequences. Techniques used to measure body fat (BF) yield variable BF estimates, and this variability may lead to underestimation or overestimation of BF and subsequent treatment options. The measurements that are most accurate (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)) are expensive and often unavailable. The purpose of this study is to find the commonly available BF measurement that is the most accurate and practical for individual body types in the general population and compare these measurements to ADP (BOD POD®) as the standard. Field measurements include skinfolds (SKF), upper, lower, and whole body bioelectrical impedance (BI), waist and hip circumference ratios, body mass index calculations (BMI), and ADP. Our data indicate that BI is the least accurate measurement of body fat in males and females (paired t-tests of % body fat: BI vs. ADP, p0.05). However, preliminary data suggest female- specific SKF equations more accurately predict body fat in obese males than male-specific SKF equations. Given the current obesity trends, it is imperative to update these formulae to accurately reflect the current population.
The Problem with Words: Plain Language and Public Participation in Rulemaking

This Article, part of the special issue commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the Administrative Conference of the United States (“ACUS”), situates ACUS’s recommendations for improving public rulemaking participation in the context of the federal “plain language” movement. The connection between broader, better public participation and more comprehensible rulemaking materials seems obvious, and ACUS recommendations have recognized this connection for almost half a century. Remarkably, though, the series of presidential and statutory plain-language directives on this topic have not even mentioned the relationship of comprehensibility to participation until very recently. In 2012, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (“OIRA”) issued “Executive Summary Guidance,” instructing that “straightforward executive summaries” be included in “lengthy or complex rules.” OIRA reasoned that “[p]ublic participation cannot occur . . . if members of the public are unable to obtain a clear sense of the content of [regulatory] requirements.” Using a novel dataset of proposed and final rule documents from 2010 through 2014, this Article examines the effect of the executive summary requirement. The results show that the use of executive summaries increased substantially compared with the modest executive-summary practice pre-Guidance. Additionally, agencies have done fairly well in providing summaries for “lengthy” rules. Success in providing the summary in “complex” rules, and in following the standard template recommended by the Guidance is mixed. The most significant finding is the stunning failure of the new executive summary requirement to produce more comprehensible rulemaking information. Standard readability measures place the executive summaries at a level of difficulty that would challenge even college graduates. Moreover, executive summaries are, on average, even less readable than the remainder of the rule preambles that they are supposed to make more accessible to a broader audience.
After Violent Conflict: Justice, Well-being, and International Criminal Courts

This article contributes to the empirically-based research on transitional justice by comparing different sectors associated with the ICTY’s multidimensional mandate in Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo and Serbia. Our central proposition is that given the initial differences between Balkan states over the establishment of the court and varied levels of international involvement throughout the region, changes associated with the ICTY’s long-term mission, what we call transitional justice outcomes, should vary and there should be some clear differences in transitional justice outcomes in the Balkans. Yet, we find that this is not the case and outcomes related to progressive political change and transitional justice are fairly uniform throughout the region.
A systems-based human rights approach to a national food plan in the USA

Molly Anderson's vision of making US federal food assistance rights-based is a powerful and strategic call for justice. Let us expand it to a call for human rights-based sustainable food system development at the national and local level. International human rights frameworks provide strategic and still-evolving tools to support social justice as well as experienced global networks and partners. To advance that potential, we need to fire up broad-scale human rights and human right to adequate food and nutrition education and training.
Power rail logic: a low power logic style for digital GaAs circuits

This paper describes a new logic style called Power Rail Logic (PRL) which is compatible with DCFL circuits. Multiplexors, latches, flip-flops and exclusive-OR gates can be built using this logic style. Compared to DCFL, PRL uses fewer transistors, has larger noise margins, and up to 40% lower power-delay products. A test chip containing 32-bit barrel shifters designed in DCFL and in PRL, were successfully fabricated and tested. Test results are given for both circuits.
Accuracy of density functional theory methods for the calculation of magnetic exchange couplings in binuclear iron(III) complexes

Abstract We assess the performance of popular hybrid density functional approximations for the prediction of magnetic exchange couplings ( J ) in Fe III complexes. To this end, eleven dinuclear oxo-bridged iron(III) complexes with accurately determined J values were chosen to cover cases of weak and strong antiferromagnetic couplings ranging from −6 cm - 1 to −132 cm - 1 . Seven representative exchange-correlation functionals ranging from the hybrids PBEh and B3LYP to meta hybrids (M06, M062X), range separated functionals (HSE, LC- ω PBE), and LSDA with 30% of HF exchange were used for this assessment. These functionals have been suggested as good performers for this particular property in transition metal complexes and hence this assessment aims to narrow the interval of confidence for the particular case of Fe complexes. In addition, we examined the performance of an alternative method based on differential local spin rotations to calculate magnetic exchange coupling parameters in these complexes. Our results show that, although some of these functionals perform on par, the M06 and HSE functionals yield magnetic exchange couplings in closer agreement with experimental data, with mean absolute percentage errors of 8.6 and 9.2%, respectively.
Revolutionary Networks: The Business and Politics of Printing the News, 1763–1789: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 280 pp., $54.95, ISBN 978-1-4214-2860-4, Publication Date: May 2019

Joseph Adelman, assistant professor of history at Framingham State University, offers an important contribution to the bourgeoning field of print culture. In Revolutionary Networks, Adelman deftly ...
Abstract 221: How an ICD-10 Code for Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Impacts Patient Inclusion in Acute MI Cohorts for Value-based Programs

Background: The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services uses primary discharge ICD-10 codes for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) to define inclusion in value-based payment programs such as the h...
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Milling Damage Formed During Tem Sample Preparation of Silicon

The ongoing reduction of scale of semiconductor device structures places increasing demands on the sample preparation methods used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Much of the semiconductor industry's failure analysis and new process development effort requires specific transistor, metal or dielectric structures to be analyzed using TEM techniques. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling has emerged as a valuable technique for site-specific TEM sample preparation. FIB milling, typically with 25-50kV Ga+ ions, enables thin TEM samples to be prepared with submicron precision. However, Ga+ ion milling significantly modifies the surfaces of TEM samples by implantation and amorphization. Previous work using 90° milling angles has shown that Ga+ ion milling of Si produces a surface damage layer that is 280A thick. This damage is problematical since the current generation of semiconductor devices requires TEM samples in the 500-1000A thickness range.
TSPAN5 influences serotonin and kynurenine: pharmacogenomic mechanisms related to alcohol use disorder and acamprosate treatment response

We previously reported that SNPs near TSPAN5 were associated with plasma serotonin (5-HT) concentrations which were themselves associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). TSPAN5 SNPs were also associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk. The present study was designed to explore the biological function of TSPAN5 with a focus on 5-HT and kynurenine concentrations in the tryptophan pathway. Ethanol treatment resulted in decreased 5-HT concentrations in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuron culture media, and the downregulation of gene expression of TSPAN5, DDC, MAOA, MAOB, TPH1, and TPH2 in those cells. Strikingly, similar observations were made when the cells were treated with acamprosate-an FDA approved drug for AUD therapy. These results were replicated in iPSC-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, TSPAN5 interacted physically with proteins related to clathrin and other vesicle-related proteins, raising the possibility that TSPAN5 might play a role in vesicular function in addition to regulating expression of genes associated with 5-HT biosynthesis and metabolism. Downregulation of TSPAN5 expression by ethanol or acamprosate treatment was also associated with decreased concentrations of kynurenine, a major metabolite of tryptophan that plays a role in neuroinflammation. Knockdown of TSPAN5 also influenced the expression of genes associated with interferon signaling pathways. Finally, we determined that TSPAN5 SNPs were associated with acamprosate treatment outcomes in AUD patients. In conclusion, TSPAN5 can modulate the concentrations of 5-HT and kynurenine. Our data also highlight a potentially novel pharmacogenomic mechanism related to response to acamprosate.
Nickel–Cadmium Batteries

Nickel–cadmium batteries were invented at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth century and since that time have been a popular battery choice for many applications, in particular when high current or a high number of cycles is needed for an application. In this chapter, the principle of operation of nickel–cadmium batteries, their charge–discharge cycles, processes in the overcharge phase, self-discharge, memory effect, and failure modes are explained.
Cannabidiol: A case presentation on the shortcomings in clinical application

Nearly four percent of the global population consumes cannabis with the highest prevalence among young people. Proponents of its use boast a myriad of benefits, including relief of pain, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Pharmacologic research on cannabidiol (CBD) first occurred in the late 1970s, and more recently has garnered expanded focus due to mounting consumption despite a dearth of evidence in health efficacies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is deemed to be the intoxicating component of the flowering plant, lending to psychoactive outcomes, including euphoria and psychosis. Conversely, CBD is not thought to be psychotropic in nature. While there are a number of considerations regarding the utilization of CBD, emphasis is placed on the fact that medical-use indication is limited to its anti-seizure effects. In addition, high-grade evidence-based research data regarding the use of CBD for other medical diseases is deficient. Negative health consequences for consumers who may be unaware that inaccurate labeling and dose variability across the product backdrop is problematic. All things considered, counsel against the use of CBD products may be a judicious clinical approach.
TPM: Using Experiential Learning to Support Accessibility in Computing Education

This tutorial will introduce our Accessibility Learning Labs (ALL). The objectives of this collaborative project with The National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) are to both inform participants about foundational topics in accessibility and to demonstrate the importance of creating accessible software. The labs enable easy classroom inclusion by providing instructors all necessary materials including lecture and activity slides and videos. Each lab addresses an accessibility issue and contains: I) Relevant background information on the examined issue II) An example web-based application containing the accessibility problem III) A process to emulate this accessibility problem IV) Details about how to repair the problem from a technical perspective V) Incidents from people who encountered this accessibility issue and how it has impacted their life. The labs may be easily integrated into a wide variety of curriculum at high schools (9–12), and in undergraduate and graduate courses. The labs will be easily adoptable due to their self-contained nature and their inclusion of all necessary instructional material (e.g., slides, quizzes, etc.). No special software is required to use any portion of the labs since they are web-based and are able to run on any computer with a reasonably recent web browser. There are currently four available labs on the topics of: Colorblindness, Hearing, Blindness and Dexterity. Material is available on our website: http://all.rit.edu This tutorial will provide an overview of the created labs and usage instructions and information for adaptors.
The Expatriation Tax, Deferrals, Mark to Market, the Macomber Conundrum and Doubtful Constitutionality

Taxpayers shift income offshore with lawful devices like operating through a foreign corporation. Taxpayers have enhanced the amount of that income lodged outside the U.S. with transfer pricing strategies. And taxpayers have evaded U.S. taxation of their worldwide income by secreting assets and income in tax haven, bank secrecy jurisdictions. Statutes, regulations and litigation seek to limit use of offshore opportunities to avoid the U.S. income tax. Penalties for taxpayers and their foreign hosts have been enacted to prevent the hiding of assets offshore. This article reviews many of those techniques and statutory or regulatory responses in the context of examining the 2008 expatriation tax. Expatriation removes taxpayers’ foreign source income from U.S. taxing jurisdiction including gain on appreciated property that changes source as the taxpayer expatriates. In response to increasing numbers of expatriating Americans, loss of potential tax revenue from those expatriates has become a growing concern. While capture of a portion of the expatriate’s wealth produced while in the U.S. seems justified and desirable, continuing U.S. taxing jurisdiction over pre-expatriation increases in wealth is difficult to enforce as the individual may be beyond the reach of U.S. authorities. Congress enacted the expatriation tax to capture those increases in wealth at the moment of expatriation while the U.S. still has jurisdiction over the taxpayer. Yet, requiring an expatriating individual to pay a tax on increases in wealth that accrued while the individual was subject to the U.S. income tax – largely unrealized appreciation in value -- is problematic in a realization-based tax system like the U.S. has. Even if taxation is permissible, taxing expatriation is a barrier to emigration and in that it treats emigrating taxpayers differently and less favorably from all other U.S. taxpayers. Expatriation is not an event of realization and longstanding U.S. Supreme Court precedent determined that absent realization, gain is not income. This article addresses that constitutional conundrum and identifies the income that the U.S. may tax without question and emphasizes the constitutional barrier to taxing the unrealized appreciation. The article anticipates litigation of the constitutional issue and recommends that if the tax withstands constitutional challenge Congress enact a comprehensive tax base reaching all unrealized appreciation for all taxpayers. That comprehensive base would both simplify the tax law and help to level the growing disparity between wealthy and poor in the U.S.
Mathematical Anti-Realism and Explanatory Structure

Plausibly, mathematical claims are true, but the fundamental furniture of the world does not include mathematical objects. This can be made sense of by providing mathematical claims with paraphrases, which make clear how the truth of such claims does not require the fundamental existence of mathematical objects. This paper explores the consequences of this type of position for explanatory structure. There is an apparently straightforward relationship between this sort of structure, and the logical sort: i.e. logically complex claims are explained by logically simpler ones. For example, disjunctions are explained by their (true) disjuncts, while generalizations are explained by their (true) instances. This would seem as plausible in the case of mathematics as elsewhere. Also, it would seem to be something that the anti-realist approaches at issue would want to preserve. It will be argued, however, that these approaches cannot do this: they lead not merely to violations of the familiar principles relating logical and explanatory structure, but even to reversals of these. That is, there are cases where generalizations explain their instances, or disjunctions their disjuncts.
We are still putting out fires": Considering educator intentionality in remote instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic."

The COVID-19 Pandemic affected P-12 educators around the world, including an emergency move to remote instruction, inclusion of new technology tools to teach at a distance, and in many cases technology mandates for instruction. In the present study, we examine educators' self-reported survey responses about technology use during face to face and online instruction during the COVID-19 Pandemic. We use SAMR, a framework used to understand degrees of technology integration in teaching, as a way to interpret educators' responses and consider the ways that educators reported their use of technology in their face to face and online teaching.
DeFi as an Information Aggregator.

This paper aims to draw attention to the information aggregation role of DeFi, which has not received as much attention in community discussions as many other DeFi topics yet. A study in this direction seems important, however, given that DeFi intends to rebuild financial markets based on smart contracts, while a large literature in financial economics has studied information aggregation via the market. In those papers, investors submit demand schedules for a risky asset during the trading process: Equilibrium trading quantities are contingent on the realized price, which is an implicit function of all investors’ information, determined by market clearing. Similarly, when agents with dispersed private information interact in a more general setting, they may also want to have their actions contingent on others’, as the aggregate action profile in equilibrium is also an implicit function of everyone’s information. For example, investors in a risky project may want to have individual investment amounts contingent on their total investment amount. A well-designed smart contract that appropriately divides payoffs may thus induce contingent actions that efficiently use the aggregated information, leading to efficient allocations. Therefore, DeFi may improve the information aggregation role of financial markets, in addition to streamlining operations or cutting out the middle-man.
Ego Mechanisms of Defense: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers

Clinical Applications. The historical origins of Sigmund Freud's concept of the mechanisms of defense. The place of defense mechanisms in diagnostic formulation and in modern clinical practice. The need for a uniform nomenclature for defenses. The clinical management of immature defenses in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders. Empirical Studies. The struggle for empirical assessment of defenses. Empirical evidence that defensive styles are independent of environmental influence. An empirical study of defensive styles: the Defense Style Questionnaire. A cross-validation of two methods of investigating defenses. Toward reliability in identifying ego defenses: clinical techniques. An approach to evaluating adolescent ego defense mechanisms using clinical interviews. What do cross-sectional measures of defense mechanisms predict? A Q-sort approach to identifying defenses. Appendixes. Seven Assessment Schemes for Defense Mechanisms. DSM-III-R glossary of defense mechanisms. Meissner's glossary of defenses. Vaillant's glossary of defenses. Perry's Defense Mechanism Rating Scale. Ego Defense Mechanisms Manual (Jacobson et al.). Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Vaillant's modification of the Haan Q-sort.
Regional heterogeneity in the distribution of somatostatin-28- and somatostatin-28(1-12)-immunoreactive profiles in monkey neocortex

The distribution of the prosomatostatin-derived peptides (PSDP), somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-28(1–12), in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) neocortex was characterized in quantitative immunohistochemical studies of 3 visual areas (V1, primary visual cortex; V2, the adjacent visual association area; and AIT, a visual association area in anterior inferior temporal cortex), 2 auditory areas (AI, primary auditory cortex; and T1, an adjacent auditory association area) and anterior cingulate cortex (Area 24). The results of similar quantitative analyses in 3 homologous areas in rat neocortex (primary visual, primary auditory, and anterior cingulate) are also presented. Primate cortical areas differed significantly in both density and laminar distribution of PSDP-immunoreactive profiles. Area 24, the most densely labeled area, had nearly 6 times as many PSDP- immunoreactive neurons as V1. Both auditory areas contained approximately two-thirds the number of PSDP-immunoreactive neurons found in Area 24; however, both had nearly 4 times as many immunoreactive neurons as V1. The 3 visual areas showed incremental increases in the number of PSDP-immunoreactive neurons; V2 contained nearly twice and AIT nearly 3 times the number of immunoreactive neurons present in V1. Both the supra- and infragranular layers were densely labeled in Area 24 and Area T1, however, in AI, V1, V2, and AIT the infragranular layers were relatively sparsely labeled. In contrast to the regional heterogeneity found in the primate neocortex, the distribution of immunoreactive neurons was quite uniform across the 3 rat cortical areas. The rat cortical areas contained substantially fewer immunoreactive neurons than most of the monkey cortical areas, and a majority of these immunoreactive neurons were located in the infragranular layers. These findings suggest that the regional specialization of primate neocortex involves the selective distribution of PSDP-immunoreactive neurons. They also suggest that chemically specified intrinsic organization of neocortex is not likely to be uniform across species or across cortical areas in the primate. The distinctive regional distribution patterns of PSDP-immunoreactive profiles appear to parallel that of the long corticocortical projections (contralateral and distant ipsilateral projections), suggesting an association between these presumed inhibitory interneurons and this important extrinsic system.
The American Legal System and the Insurability of Environmental Damage and Catastrophic Loss

For decades perhaps, for its entire history the insurance industry has been concerned that catastrophic losses caused by natural disasters might imperil the solvency of individual carriers if not of the property/casualty industry in its entirety. These concerns have necessarily increased as modern levels of investment have increased, for example, along hurricane zones or earthquake fault lines. And very recent natural disasters the Northridge earthquake and Hurricane Andrew have surely magnified these fears, as might be expected of occurrences causing losses of $12 billion and $15 billion respectively. That with only slight shifts in the geographic center of these disasters, each loss might have ballooned to $50 billion suggests that the concerns are far from pretended.1
ACUTE ISOLATED MYOCARDITIS Review of the Literature and Report of a Case in a Ten Year Old Child

A brief review of the literature on acute isolated myocarditis is presented. The age incidence of reported cases is predominantly in two groups, adults and infants or children under the age of three years. A case of a 10 year old child who ran a rapid, six day course terminating in death is reported with postmortem findings. Diagnosis of acute isolated myocarditis may be suspected clinically but can be made with finality only with postmortem examination.
Measuring aortic diameter with different MR techniques: comparison of three-dimensional (3D) navigated steady-state free-precession (SSFP), 3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), 2D T2 black blood, and 2D cine SSFP.

To compare nongated three-dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) with 3D-navigated cardiac-gated steady-state free-precession bright blood (3D-nav SSFP) and noncontrast 2D techniques for ascending aorta dimension measurements.
Separatism, Integration, or Parallel Play?

In brief reply to Staats, it is suggested that separatism is in the eye of the beholder, integration is not normally obtained on demand, and parallelism within an identifiable research tradition is to be expected.
Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism associations with growth, body composition, skeleton integrity, and metabolic traits in chickens

Abstract Molecular genetic selection on individual genes is a promising method to genetically improve economically important traits in chickens. A resource population was developed to study the genetics of growth, body composition, skeletal integrity, and metabolism traits. Broiler sires were crossed to dams of 2 diverse, highly inbred lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi), and the F1 birds were intermated by dam line to produce broiler-Leghorn and broiler-Fayoumi F2 offspring. Growth, body composition, skeletal integrity, and hormonal and metabolic factors were measured in 713 F2 individuals. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) was selected for study as a biological and positional candidate gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified between the founder lines in the IGF1 promoter region, and a PCR-RFLP assay was developed. A mixed model was used to statistically analyze associations of IGF1-SNP1 with phenotypic traits. The IGF1-SNP1 had significant associations with most recorded traits, except metabolic traits. Strong interactions between the IGF1 gene and genetic background on growth traits in the 2 F2 populations suggest that genetic interaction is an important aspect for consideration before using the IGF1-SNP1 in marker-assisted selection programs. Several beneficial effects (improved growth, increased breast muscle weight, decreased abdominal fat, and enhanced skeletal integrity) associated with 1 allele indicate the presence of 1 or more loci near IGF1-SNP1 controlling biologically diverse and economically important traits in chickens.
Sodium fluoride promotes morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells

Sequential treatment of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells with a chemical carcinogen followed by sodium fluoride (NaF) resulted in a higher yield of morphologically transformed cell colonies than treatment of the cells with carcinogen alone. For example, cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P; 3 micrograms/ml) for 3 days, then with NaF (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days, exhibited a transformation frequency more than six times greater than that obtained by summing the transformation frequencies from cells treated with either B[a]P or NaF alone. This enhancement/promotion of cell transformation by NaF was only expressed after the cells had been pretreated with either direct-acting carcinogens or procarcinogens. Pretreatment of the cells with noncarcinogens or weakly-acting carcinogens or administration of NaF prior to treatment with the carcinogen failed to enhance the yield of transformation. Transformation was enhanced even when the NaF treatment was delayed for several days after the carcinogen treatment. However, the continued presence of NaF was necessary for maintenance of the increased level of transformation. Removal of NaF prior to termination of the assay resulted in a reversal of the transformed clonal morphologies to a normal phenotype such that the final yield of transformants was decreased, but was still greater than that observed after carcinogen treatment alone. A similar pattern for reversibility of the transformation enhancement also occurs for the widely recognized tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Seven different SHE cell pools were tested for sensitivity to NaF promotion following carcinogen treatment. Although the response was heterogeneous, no carcinogen-treated cell pool was refractory to the NaF-induced enhancement. A second fluorocompound, sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP), was also found to enhance carcinogen-induced cell transformation in a manner resembling that of NaF.
Decrease of optic disc cupping and pallor of ocular hypertensives with timolol therapy.

. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether timolol drops compared to placebo drops had a significant effect on optic disc cupping and pallor in ocular hypertensives. Methods: Thirty-seven ocular hypertensives were randomly assigned to placebo or 0.5% timolol drops to both eyes in a double masked clinical trial. Measurements of ocular pressure and photographs of the optic disc for cupping by photogrammetry and pallor by computerized image analysis were made at about 3 month intervals, for 18 to 24 months of follow-up. Results: None of the subjects developed visual field loss when tested with the Goldmann perimeter by kinetic and static means at six month intervals. Subjects treated with timolol developed a significant decrease in ocular pressure and a significant decrease in optic disc cupping with a smaller decrease in pallor compared to subjects treated with placebo. Multivariate analyses indicated that the decrease of optic disc cupping and pallor was not associated with the ocular pressure on treatment or the decrease in ocular pressure during the trial. Conclusion: Timolol treatment was associated with a decrease in optic disc cupping and pallor. The effect of timolol appears to be related to mechanisms other than the decrease in ocular pressure.
An independent audit framework for software dependent voting systems

The electronic voting machines known as Direct Recording Electronic (DRE), that are used in many states in the US have been shown to contain security vulnerabilities [16, 9, 3]. One of the problems is that the elections held on these machines cannot be independently audited. In this paper we address this issue by designing a new all-electronic independent audit framework for DRE voting systems. Our framework leverages system virtualization concepts and image recognition techniques to maintain an audit of the vote totals. The architecture we present is a step towards meeting the software independence requirements as defined by Rivest et al. [21, 2]. We have implemented a prototype using the Diebold Accuvote TS DRE voting software and the XEN hypervisor and demonstrate that our system can achieve a robust election audit with negligible overhead.
Study of electron beam irradiation induced defectivity in mono and bi layer graphene and the influence on Raman band position and line-width

Nanoscale metrology of graphene-based devices is a substantial challenge. The investigation of defects and stacking order is essential for graphene-based device development. Raman spectroscopy is a useful approach in this regard. The defect-induced Raman D band yields substantial insights regarding defect density and, consequently, can serve as in important tool to quantify impact of defects on eventual graphene-based device performance. Toward this end an investigation of electron beam-induced defects in bi-layer and mono layer graphene samples has been undertaken via the examination of the Raman D, and G bands. The evolution of the aforementioned Raman spectra as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via Raman spectroscopy and compared with spectra from the same samples prior to irradiation. Defect generation in the graphene as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via the change in the intensity ratios of the Raman D and G bands (I D /I G ) and the broadening of the G band line width. Continued irradiation at very high flux and very low accelerating voltages have also revealed charge accumulation evident from the narrowing of G band line-widths.
Some aspects of redox trends in the bottom muds of a mesotrophic bayou estuary

Redox profiles, pH, bacterial numbers, and organic content of sediments in Bayou Texar, Pensacola, Florida, were examined in an effort to delineate spatial and temporal patterns. These data were accompanied by field determinations of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and salinity. The results point to the importance of bacterial activity and bottom water dissolved oxygen upon the redox status of the sediments. It is suggested that, in certain systems, the redox status of deeper sediments may reveal long-term trends which are obscured at the sediment-water interface by transient effects.
Effects of the Managerial Factors on CAD/CAM Adoption in U.S. Textile and Apparel Industries

The study examines the managerial determinants of the adoption of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) in the U.S. textile and apparel industries. A variety of sources were used to develop the survey which was mailed to a national random sample of 500 textile and apparel manufacturers. The responses of 103 manufacturers from 30 different states were analyzed. Factor analysis was used to identify the dimensions of different kinds of information technology (IT) based knowledge. Hypotheses were tested with multiple regression analysis procedures. The product related IT knowledge of the CEOs/CIOs had a positive effect on CAD/CAM adoption. Generally CAD/CAM users had higher levels of IT vision than non-users.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Regarding workload and error rates in anatomic pathology.

In a situation in which a paucity of data are available, I commend Renshaw and Gould1 for their recent study of how workload in surgical pathology may relate to rates of disagreements when cases are reviewed, and I believe that their data demonstrate that significant disagreements are not related to case load, at least within the limited range of work rates for their group. Nevertheless, in their accompanying editorial, Raab and Grzybicki2 opine that pathology workload and error frequency are probably linked but that examination of the issues requires a more rigorous examination of multiple variables. In this regard, I offer the opinion that the numbers of disagreements and amendments are likely to be Poisson type of variables, ie, low-frequency events that depend on the number of cases or slides that have been reviewed. If one reviews no cases, then one finds no disagreements. If one reviews many cases, then one will find disagreements. The more cases reviewed, the more disagreements will appear. This is the nature of a Poisson variable, and the phenomenon is illustrated nicely by Renshaw and Gould’s data. ❚Figure 1❚ shows a plot of their number of observed disagreements vs the number of slides reviewed, and the plot demonstrates a clear trend toward increased disagreements with increased reviewed slides. Consequently, to test for a relationship between workload and disagreements, one needs to control for the number of reviewed slides, and the general linear model with the Poisson link and offset function for the logarithm of the number of reviewed slides can be used for this purpose.3,4 I reanalyzed Renshaw and Gould’s data using this model and found a significant but weak positive association between workload and disagreements (P = .03) but no association between workload and number of amendments (P ~ 1.0). Over a wider range of workload, I agree with Raab and Grzybicki2 that workload and error rates are likely to be linked, but the relationship could be bimodal. At low workloads, pathologists may make more errors simply because their daily experience is too limited to accurately evaluate all types of tissue. By contrast, at high workloads, pathologists may make more errors because they feel they cannot take the time to examine cases thoroughly or to consult the literature or colleagues. Thus, I intuit that error rate could be highest at both ends of the workload spectrum and lowest in the middle. In other words, I suspect that for each pathologist, there is an intermediate, ideal workload that gives the lowest error rate.
Computation of eigenvectors on concurrent processors

Suppose a real symmetric general matrix A is reduced into a real symmetric tridiagonal matrix C by either Householder's method or Givens method. Eigenvalues of the tridiagonal matrix are the eigenvalues of the original matrix since they are similar. After eigenvalues are calculated, the eigenvectors of the original matrix may be obtained by the eigenvectors of the tridiagonal matrix and the transformation matrices used in either Householder's or Givens tridiagonalization methods [1]. In these methods, however, transformation matrices usually are not stored due to memory considerations. Only critical information such as rotation angles in Givens method is saved. Generally, the recovery of all transformation matrices involves more computation than the tridiagonalization procedure. Therefore such a scheme is rarely used. In this paper, a serial eigenvector solution procedure, assuming eigenvalues are known, is first described. This procedure applies Gauss elimination with diagonal pivoting on the characteristic equations. A parallel procedure is then developed by using scattered column decomposition. The efficiency and speedup are given in terms of problem and machine parameters. The efficiency of the parallel algorithm increases as the number of scattered columns assigned to each processor increases, and decreases as communication cost between processors increases.
The Role of Optimism Regarding Nutrition and Health Behavior

This article summarizes the relationships among optimism, nutrition, and health behavior. The benefits from optimism are addressed, optimism is defined, and measurement scales for testing optimism are presented. The purpose of this article is to review primary research studies and clarify the relationship between optimism and nutrition-related health behaviors. The literature offers confirmatory evidence that optimism enhances mental and physical well-being. Food selection decisions and the role of optimism are explained. Optimism increases the likelihood of making healthy food choices and living a healthier life. Finally, several reasons are proposed for explaining why optimism is overwhelmingly beneficial for physical and mental health.
A fast T1 algorithm.

Multispectral tissue classification using magnetic resonance T1, T2, and rho images may be useful in diagnosing and locating certain pathology. Techniques for generating the T1 images necessary for this classification scheme often require longer data collection and post processing times than are practical. As a consequence, further development of this classification scheme may be limited. This paper addresses an improvement in the post processing time required to generate T1 images. A nonlinear least-squares algorithm is described for rapidly generating spin-lattice relaxation time images from variable repetition time magnetic resonance images. The algorithm generates a 256 x 256 pixel T1 image from nine variable repetition time images in approximately 60 sec on a VAX-6510 computer.
Ferrimagnetic garnet thin films: Growth, structure and some magnetic properties

Ferrimagnetic garnet films, mainly gadolinium iron garnet, were deposited on fused-quartz substrates and subsequently heat-treated. They were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray analysis, and electron microscopy. Magnetic properties were measured and domains observed by employing the Faraday magneto-optic effect. Structure and properties were found to depend on growth parameters established in the heat-treatment step. The role of chemical factors in promoting the observed anomalies in structure (such as precipitation of Gd2O3 particles) and in properties (like the unusually high compensation temperature of the thinner films) is emphasised in the discussion of results.
Revised Miyake-Apple technique for postmortem eye preparation

We describe a revised Miyake-Apple technique to prepare cadaver eyes. A plastic mold is used to hold the globe for marking and to facilitate inverting the globe. This decreases vitreous loss and creates a more secure eye. The method is easy, decreases the learning curve, and increases the quality of the prepared eyes.
Infections Associated with War: the American Forces Experience in Iraq and Afghanistan

Infectious diseases and war have been intertwined throughout history. Trauma-related complications, food- and water-borne diseases, endemic zoonoses, and respiratory and vector-borne infections characterize specific types of challenges to the health of the American Forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). This review centers on subacute infections that may present or persist upon redeployment to the United States and those that may be less familiar to the American medical community. These include Q fever, tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, endemic arboviruses, diarrhea, and wound infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.
Tamoxifen metabolites in patients on long-term adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Abstract Serum concentrations of tamoxifen, 4-OH-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, and metabolites E and Y were assayed to assess the variation of tamoxifen-metabolism during short-term and long-term endocrine treatment for breast cancer. Once steady-state was achieved, serum levels of tamoxifen and its metabolites in individual patients were stable in the short (10 weeks) and long term (over 7 years) (coefficient of variation [CV], 10–15%), but the variation between individuals (CV 50–70%) was high. Serum tamoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen levels were not correlated with indices of obesity. Thus this does not explain the large variation between individuals. In addition to the metabolites that were measured, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen was tentatively identified in patients' serum. Overall, this study demonstrated that the metabolites of tamoxifen are stable (i.e. no metabolic tolerance) for up to 10 years of drug administration.