cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An energetic scale for equilibrium H/D fractionation factors illuminates hydrogen bond free energies in proteins

Equilibrium H/D fractionation factors have been extensively employed to qualitatively assess hydrogen bond strengths in protein structure, enzyme active sites, and DNA. It remains unclear how fractionation factors correlate with hydrogen bond free energies, however. Here we develop an empirical relationship between fractionation factors and free energy, allowing for the simple and quantitative measurement of hydrogen bond free energies. Applying our empirical relationship to prior fractionation factor studies in proteins, we find: [1] Within the folded state, backbone hydrogen bonds are only marginally stronger on average in α-helices compared to β-sheets by ∼0.2 kcal/mol. [2] Charge-stabilized hydrogen bonds are stronger than neutral hydrogen bonds by ∼2 kcal/mol on average, and can be as strong as –7 kcal/mol. [3] Changes in a few hydrogen bonds during an enzyme catalytic cycle can stabilize an intermediate state by –4.2 kcal/mol. [4] Backbone hydrogen bonds can make a large overall contribution to the energetics of conformational changes, possibly playing an important role in directing conformational changes. [5] Backbone hydrogen bonding becomes more uniform overall upon ligand binding, which may facilitate participation of the entire protein structure in events at the active site. Our energetic scale provides a simple method for further exploration of hydrogen bond free energies.
A platform-based approach for peptide drug discovery: generating probes to understand and treat itch (1054.1)

There is an unmet medical need for novel strategies to treat pruritus (itch). Recently a family of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) were cloned and shown to be expressed in primary ...
Flow rate perturbations in a black smoker hydrothermal vent in response to a mid-ocean ridge earthquake swarm

Although there is indirect evidence for strong connections between tectonic processes and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flow, there are no direct observations of these links, primarily because measuring flow in these systems is difficult. Here we use an optical analysis technique to obtain a 44 day record of flow rate changes in a black smoker vent in the Main Endeavour field of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We show that variations in the flow rate coincide with an earthquake swarm observed using an ocean bottom seismometer array. These observations indicate that connections between tectonics and flow are indeed strong, that hydraulic connections within this hydrothermal system are long ranging, and that enhanced tidal pumping of fluids may be initiated by earthquake activity. Because the effects of the swarm cross over an intervening vent field, we infer that the upflow zones feeding this field are narrow. Using the time lag between the swarm onset and the flow rate changes we estimate that the bulk permeability of the crust on the Endeavour segment ranges from 3.0 × 10−13 m2 to 6.0 × 10−12 m2.
Function of cell membranes in cerebral cortical tissue of newborn piglets after hypoxia and inhibition of nitric oxide synthase.

Hypoxia-induced brain cell membrane lipid peroxidation can be caused by free radicals that are produced during hypoxia. Recently, the production of nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, has been shown to be increased during cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. The present study tested the hypothesis that inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) reduced hypoxia-induced modifications of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, lipid peroxidation, and [3H]MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in cerebral cortical tissue of newborn piglets. Studies were performed in 26 newborn piglets. Cerebral NOS was inhibited by the i.v. administration of 25 or 50 mg/kg N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (NNLA) over 30 min. Control animals received normal saline. Six groups of piglets were thus created (normoxia, no NNLA; normoxia + NNLA 25 mg/kg; normoxia + NNLA 50 mg/kg; hypoxia, no NNLA; hypoxia + NNLA 25 mg/kg; hypoxia + NNLA 50 mg/kg). One hour after the start of NNLA or saline infusion, hypoxia was induced by lowering the FiO2 to 0.07 in the three hypoxia groups, whereas in the three other groups normoxia was maintained. After 60 min of hypoxia, the brain was taken out and frozen. NOS activity, Na+,K+-ATPase activity, conjugated dienes, and [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor of cerebral cortical tissue were determined. NOS activity was reduced to 34% of its baseline value with NNLA 25 mg/kg, and to 19-27% of its baseline value with NNLA 50 mg/kg, respectively. Administration of NNLA did neither significantly alter the hypoxia-induced production of conjugated dienes, indicating lipid peroxidation nor the decrease of Na+,K+-ATPase activity after hypoxia. [3H]MK-801 binding studies of the NMDA receptor, however, showed that NNLA preserved Bmax and Kd after hypoxia. We conclude that inhibition of NOS does not change the hypoxia-induced decrease of Na+,K+-ATPase activity and production of conjugated dienes in brain cell membranes. Inhibition of NOS preserved the binding of [3H]MK-801 to the NMDA receptor after hypoxia.
Percolation of level sets for two-dimensional random fields with lattice symmetry

Let ψ(x),x∈ℝ2, be a random field, which may be viewed as the potential of an incompressible flow for which the trajectories follow the level lines of ψ. Percolation methods are used to analyze the sizes of the connected components of level sets {x:ψ(x)=h} and sets {x:ψ(x)≦h} in several classes of random fields with lattice symmetry. In typical cases there is a sharp transition at a critical value ofh from exponential boundedness for such components to the existence of an unbounded component. In some examples, however, there is a nondegenerate interval of values ofh where components are bounded but not exponentially so, and in other cases each level set may be a single infinite line which visits every region of the lattice.
On the academic interview circuit: an end-to-end discussion

This article summarizes my recent job search that effectively began in the late fall of 2000 and ended in the early summer of 2001. The opinions I express here are largely based on what I experienced, heard and read from various sources, and should be taken as mere tips or suggestions for Ph.D. students who are soon to graduate and look for a position in a research-oriented academic institution.This is by no means a comprehensive guide to job searching: in limited space, I address only the issues that I deem more relevant or important, in an effort to provide information and insight that I believe is not readily available elsewhere. I do, however, try to provide pointers to (hopefully) complementary information throughout the text wherever appropriate and in Section 13.Figure 1 illustrates the typical timeline for the entire process, from pre-application to final decision, and the documents and activities required at each stage. The rest of the article briefly discusses each of these stages.
Developmental progression of the Spider Lamb Syndrome

Abstract The progression of ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia, referred to as the Spider Lamb Syndrome (SLS), was characterized by collecting fetuses at the end of the second trimester, the middle of the third trimester, and the end of gestation. The SLS fetuses were produced by artificially inseminating three affected SLS ewes with frozen semen collected from an affected SLS ram, and surgically transferring the resulting embryos to unaffected recipient ewes. All resultant offspring possessed morphologic abnormalities consistent with a clinical diagnosis of SLS, although the degree of symptoms of the syndrome varied from animal to animal. The variable SLS clinical involvement was not correlated with the degree of symptoms expressed by the parents. We have confirmed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with complete penetrance and variable expressivity of the SLS phenotype with developmental expression of gross pathological changes apparent by the completion of the second gestational trimester.
Effect of cerumen removal on the hearing ability of geriatric patients.

The purposes of this study were to estimate the prevalence of impacted cerumen in a population of hospitalized elderly patients, and to evaluate the effect of cerumen removal in reversing hearing impairment. The design was a pre-test/post-test static-group comparison. Over a 1-year period, a random sample (n = 226) was drawn every third day from daily admission lists of English-speaking patients aged 65 or older, admitted to non-intensive care units of one hospital. On either the second or third day of hospital stay, subjects were given a hearing test using an AudioScope and then their ear canals were examined for impacted cerumen. Ear canal irrigations were performed on those subjects with impacted cerumen. All subjects received a second hearing test. Results indicate that impacted cerumen is a common condition in the hospitalized elderly. Thirty-five per cent of the sample had impacted cerumen, 19.9% bilaterally and 15.0% unilaterally. Furthermore, removal of cerumen significantly improved hearing ability. Improved hearing scores were obtained in 75.0% of the ears after the impacted cerumen was removed, with subjects hearing from one to three more tones per ear on the second hearing test. An analysis of variance for repeated measures on hearing was computed to test for the effect of removing cerumen from individuals who had neither, one or both ears occluded. A significant interaction (F = 146.83, d.f. = 2/223, P less than 0.0001) between hearing tests and cerumen removal was found indicating that those with no occlusion had no change in hearing whereas both occluded groups increased with the greatest change for the bilateral group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Correlated-cell model for small-angle X-ray scattering of supported-metal catalysts and other amorphous systems

Abstract For amorphous multiphase systems, a model based on the division of space into cells, each of which is filled with one phase or another on a random basis, has been shown useful. We here propose an improvement, which allows for correlations between the contents of neighboring cells, and apply it to samples of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and catalysts using SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 as supports. Compared to the uncorrelated-cell model, the predicted scattering intensities fit the measured intensities significantly better. The value determined for the additional correlation parameter indicates an enhanced tendency for neighboring cells to contain the same phase. Interphase surface areas are derived and compared with other measurements. The additional parameter does not suffice to define all the surfaces for a system of more than two phases; an additional assumption is required.
Laser-induced Selective Dissociation of Nitro Groups in Nitrocellulose

Photon-induced dissociation of organic molecules is becoming an useful method for destruction of toxic or hazardous materials in the environment, since the absorption of a photon often results in selective dissociation of radicals that make the materials toxic or hazardous. In this case, mass spectrometric measurement of the dissociation products can also be a detection method that verifies the presence of those materials. In this paper, UV laser-induced dissociation of nitro groups in nitrocellulose (high explosive material known as smokeless gun powder) and its dependence on the laser parameters have been investigated using an ion trap mass spectrometer.
Temperature-insensitive miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer for highly sensitive refractive index measurement

We report a miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), with an open micro-notch cavity fabricated by one-step fs laser micromachining, for highly sensitive refractive index measurement. The device was tested for measurement of the refractive indices of various liquids including isopropanol, acetone and methanol at room temperature, as well as the temperature-dependent refractive index of deionized water from 3 to 90 degrees C. The sensitivity for measurement of refractive index change of water was 1163 nm/RIU at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The temperature cross-sensitivity of the device was about 1.1x10(-6) RIU/degrees C. The small size, all-fiber structure, small temperature dependence, linear response and high sensitivity, make the device attractive for chemical and biological sensing.
I. Spinal recordings suggest that wide-dynamic-range neurons mediate sympathetically maintained pain

Abstract In order to determine which classes of spinal neurons are capable of mediating sympathetically maintained pain, recordings were made from single somatosensory neurons in spinal cords of anesthetized cats. Each neuron was functionally identified with mechanical stimuli, and its responses to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk were recorded. Nearly half (45%) of the wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons tested were activated by sympathetic stimulation, but none of the high threshold (nociceptor-specific) neurons and only 17% of the low threshold neurons were activated. Sympathetic activation was most common for WDR neurons that had the following: receptive fields proximal to the toes, low thresholds for mechanical activation, and both rapidly and slowly adapting responses to pressure. The predominant WDR response to sympathetic stimulation was long latency (>1 sec) excitation. Sympathetic activation of WDR neurons was abolished by each of the following procedures: subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic, cooling of the receptive field with ice, and intravenous injection of the alpha-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine. The axons of some sympathetically activated WDR were shown to project to higher centers. These results indicate that WDR neurons are the only spinal nociceptive neurons activated by sympathetic efferent activity in this preparation. Therefore, WDR neurons, rather than high threshold neurons, are most likely to mediate the spinal component of sympathetically maintained pain. These results provide supporting evidence for our previous hypothesis [30] that sympathetically maintained pain is mediated by myelinated mechanoreceptors acting on sensitized WDR neurons. Our results also demonstrate that sympathetic activation of WDR neurons is mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism in the skin.
Endophilin B1 is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology

We report that a fatty acyl transferase, endophilin B1, is required for maintenance of mitochondrial morphology. Down-regulation of this protein or overexpression of endophilin B1 lacking the NH2-terminal lipid-modifying domain causes striking alterations of the mitochondrial distribution and morphology. Dissociation of the outer mitochondrial membrane compartment from that of the matrix, and formation of vesicles and tubules of outer mitochondrial membrane, was also observed in both endophilin B1 knockdown cells and after overexpression of the truncated protein, indicating that endophilin B1 is required for the regulation of the outer mitochondrial membrane dynamics. We also show that endophilin B1 translocates to the mitochondria during the synchronous remodeling of the mitochondrial network that has been described to occur during apoptosis. Double knockdown of endophilin B1 and Drp1 leads to a mitochondrial phenotype identical to that of the Drp1 single knockdown, a result consistent with Drp1 acting upstream of endophilin B1 in the maintenance of morphological dynamics of mitochondria.
Microsomal mixed function oxidases in an estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, and their induction as a result of environmental contamination.

Abstract 1. 1. An hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system is described in the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus . 2. 2. In vitro aldrin ∗ epoxidation rates were measured and compared to those seen in freshwater fish. 3. 3. The oxidases are microsomal, require NADPH, † and were poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO) indicating the involvement of a CO-binding component. 4. 4. Liver microsomal preparations contained the CO-binding cytochrome P-450. 5. 5. High levels of these enzymes were induced both by a drug in the laboratory and by contamination of the aquatic environment by foreign hydrocarbons.
Integrating Space Weather and Meteorological Products for Aviation

NOVEMBER 2003 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | ne might think that solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and geomagnetic storms are phenomena that only interest space scientists. However, conditions on the sun, in the solar wind, and within the Earth’s magnetic field, otherwise known as “space weather,” can affect a wide variety of ground and space technologies. For example, solar and geomagnetic events can impact satellite operations, navigation, space shuttle and space activities, high-altitude polar flights, electric power distribution, long-line telephone communication, high-frequency (HF) radio communication, and geophysical exploration. As the nation’s reliance on technological systems grows, so does our vulnerability to space weather. The aviation industry is just one of the many user groups that are trying to understand how space weather impacts their operations and what can be done to mitigate disruptions. Airlines are becoming more concerned with flying transpolar routes, losing HF communication, radiation hazards to crews, and the possibility of global positioning system (GPS) errors. Many space weather hazards can be mitigated or avoided if reliable space weather forecasts are available. In response to this need, the federal government has formed the National Space Weather Program, an interagency program under the auspices of the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology started in 1994, to “achieve an active, synergistic interagency system to provide timely, accurate, and reliable space environment observations, specification, and forecasts.” Currently, space environmental support services are provided by the NOAA Space Environment Center (SEC) and the U.S. Air Force (USAF), which jointly operate the Space Weather Operations (SWO) Forecast and Analysis Center. It is the national and world warning center for disturbances that can affect people and equipment working in space, and provides forecasts, warnings, and alerts of solar and geomagnetic activity to users in government, industry, and the private sector. NOAA/SEC is the official source of space weather alerts and warnings for commercial and public sector customers. INTEGRATING SPACE WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL PRODUCTS FOR AVIATION
Lactic acid elevation in extramitochondrial childhood neurodegenerative diseases.

We report three children, each of whom seemed to have a primary mitochondrial disorder at presentation but was eventually diagnosed with an extramitochondrial inherited metabolic disease. The first...
Bone marrow in the Batten-Vogt syndrome.

Abstract Six children with clinical and pathological features of Batten-Vogt syndrome showed autofluorescent material in bone marrow cells and in 5 of them sea-blue histiocytes were seen. It is suggested that bone marrow examination for sea-blue histiocytes and autofluorescence is a useful screening test for ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
Root systems and the Johnson and Hamming graphs

In [27] we show that any distance-regular graph Г containing a cycle {ν0, ν1, ν2, ν3, ν0} with δ(ν0, ν2) = δ(ν1, ν3) = 2 was finite, with diameter d, valency k and intersection numbers a1, cd satisfying d ⩽ k + c d a i + 2 with equality holding if and only if (1) c i − c i − 1 + b i − 1 − b i − a 1 − 2 = 0 , ( 1 ⩽ i ⩽ d ) In this graph we give a simplified proof of this fact, and then classify the graphs where the diameter bound is attained. Not assuming the existence of the above cycle in Γ but only that c2 > 2, we use the classification of the classical root systems to show a distance-regular graph satisfying (1) is either the Johnson graph J(d, n), a graph with the intersection numbers of the Hamming graph H(d, q), the Cocktail Party graph CP(n), ½ H(n, 2) (the halved graph of the n-cube), or one of a finite number of exceptional graphs, all with d ≤ 8, a1 ≤ 16, and k ≤ 28.
Small Scale Waste-to-Energy Technologies

The dominant technology for large Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities is combustion on a moving grate of “as-received” municipal solid wastes (MSW). However, there are circumstances where a low-capacity plant (<100,000 tons per year) is required. This study examines the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of some small-scale WTE technologies currently in operation. The Energos technology was developed in Norway, in order to provide relatively small communities with an economically efficient alternative to mass-burn incineration with equally low emissions to the atmosphere and flexibility in feedstock. All operating plants treat MSW plus additional streams of commercial or industrial wastes. Prior to thermal treatment, the materials are shredded in a high-torque, low-rpm shredder and ferrous metals are removed magnetically. The feedstock is partially oxidized on a moving grate in the gasification chamber where the fixed carbon is completely burnt off. The volatilized gases are fully combusted in a second chamber and the heat is transferred to a heat recovery system for steam generation. The Energos gasification technology is currently in operation at six plants in Norway, one in Germany, and one in the UK. As expected, the capital cost per ton of annual ton of capacity increases with decreasing plant capacity, while there is a linear relationship between energy recovery and capacity. Some other small-scale technologies are investigated in this study and will be reported at the NAWTEC meeting. Low capacity (<80,000 tons) WTE facilities require a relatively small footprint (1.5 to 2 acres; <1 hectare) and it is believed that these facilities can be built at a capital cost per ton that is as low, or lower, than that of large mass burn WTE facilities.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Segmentation of magnetic resonance images of the thighs for a new National Institutes of Health initiative

This paper describes a new system for semi-automatically segmenting the background, subcutaneous fat, interstitial fat, muscle, bone, and bone marrow from magnetic resonance images (MRI's) of volunteers for a new osteoarthritis study. Our system first creates separate right and left thigh images from a single MR image containing both legs. The subcutaneous fat boundary is very difficult to detect in these images and is therefore interactively defined with a single boundary. The volume within the boundary is then automatically processed with a series of clustering and morphological operations designed to identify and classify the different tissue types required for this study. Once the tissues have been identified, the volume of each tissue is determined and a single, false colored, segmented image results. We quantitatively compare the segmentation in three different ways. In our first method we simply compare the tissue volumes of the resulting segmentations performed independently on both the left and right thigh. A second quantification method compares our results temporally with three image sets of the same volunteer made one month apart including a month of leg disuse. Our final quantification methodology compares the volumes of different tissues detected with our system to the results of a manual segmentation performed by a trained expert. The segmented image results of four different volunteers using images acquired at three different times suggests that the system described in this paper provides more consistent results than the manually segmented set. Furthermore, measurements of the left and right thigh and temporal results for both segmentation methods follow the anticipated trend of increasing fat and decreasing muscle over the period of disuse.
Voting with the Christian Right: Contextual and Individual Patterns of Electoral Influence

The ability of conservative Christian political organizations to influence local and national political races seems remarkable - made possible through mass distribution of voter guides, magazines, radio advertisement, and political talk show appearances. Research on the Christian Right offers several competing ideas about support for the Christian Right. But little research to date has examined an important means of Christian Right influence in the contemporary politicalprocess: helpingpeople decide how to vote in elections. This article analyzes nationally representative data on the influence of conservative Christian political organizations on voting, and seeks to explain who uses the electoral advice of such organizations, and why. Our results affirm some perceptions of Christian Right influence - that it is higher among evangelical Protestant voters - and challenge others - that it is higher among the elderly, less educated, whites, economically insecure, and southerners. Finally, we provide theoretical arguments and empirical evidence for the importance of accounting for social context to understand the appeal of Christian Right perspectives to the nearly 20% of Americans who claim to be influenced by them.
Using Web annotations for asynchronous collaboration around documents

Digital web-accessible annotations are a compelling medium for personal comments and shared discussions around documents. Only recently supported by widely used products, "in-context" digital annotation is a relatively unexamined phenomenon. This paper presents a case study of annotations created by members of a large development team using Microsoft Office 2000-approximately 450 people created 9,000 shared annotations on about 1,250 documents over 10 months. We present quantitative data on use, supported by interviews with users, identifying strengths and weaknesses of the existing capabilities and possibilities for improvement.
The Frog Prince

Bufotenin is a substance present in the skin of some common species of frogs, and its ingestion (such as would occur in licking or kissing a frog) can result in vivid hallucinations. This biological property offers an explanation for the portrayal of frogs in folklore as creatures of transformation, or as intermediaries with other worlds.
Assessing competency to waive Miranda rights in defendants with mental retardation.

Criminal defendants with mental retardation face special problems in the process of interrogation and confession, particularly with regard to the knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver ofMiranda rights. Despite this, little attention has been paid to empirical measurement of this form of competency in mentally retarded adults. The present research uses scales originally developed by Grisso (1981) to measure competency to waive such rights in juveniles. Two samples of mentally retarded adults, one in a sheltered workshop setting and the other composed of current probationers, were tested. Both samples scored substantially lower on measures ofMiranda comprehension than Grisso's samples of juveniles and adults. There were also differences between the samples that appear attributable to differential levels of criminal justice experience. It is concluded that the Grisso scales may be helpful in determining competency to waiveMiranda rights in defendants with mental retardation. In addition, the present data raise strong concerns about the ability of many such defendants to make intelligentMiranda waivers. Policy recommendations are discussed.
Yoga and pneumothorax.

2005;127;1863 Chest Deane Hillsman and Vijai Sharma Yoga and Pneumothorax http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/127/5/1863.1.full.html services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and ISSN:0012-3692 ) http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( written permission of the copyright holder. this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed without the prior Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of Copyright2005by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. is the official journal of the American College of Chest Chest
A specific, sensitive, and rapid method for the determination of glutathione and its application in ocular tissues

A method for specific determination of glutathione (GSH) is described. This method utilizes the enzymatic conjugation of GSH to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene through reaction catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase. The recovery of GSH as determined by this method is comparable to that in currently used methods. The method is specific for GSH determination. Other sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds including the protein -SH or beta-mercaptoethanol, which are often included in tissue homogenates, do not interfere with GSH determination. Acid extraction of the tissue is not required in this method and comparatively smaller amounts of tissue samples (as little as 20 microliters of a 10% w/v tissue homogenate) are needed for the analyses. The method when applied for GSH determination in ocular tissues yielded results in agreement with the reported values in literature. Evidence for the sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience of the method is provided by analysing the sample containing GSH in the range of 1-200 nmol by this method.
Laser-Assisted Angioplasty in the Treatment of Prosthetic Graft Stenosis:

Late failure of peripheral bypass grafts has been treated primarily by secon dary reconstruction. Laser-assisted angioplasty is an optional therapy that the authors investigated in 28 prosthetic grafts over a two-year period.Twenty-five symptomatic patients with 28 peripheral prosthetic arterial bypass grafts (25 polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] grafts and 1 each of knitted Dacron, Teflon, and umbilical vein) demonstrated graft occlusion (25) or high-grade stenoses (3). All patients underwent standard laser-assisted angioplasty using a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser source and hybrid probe.Twenty-one grafts (75%) were successfully recanalized with adequate resto ration of flow through the conduit. All 7 failures were in occluded PTFE grafts that presented with either recalcitrant lesions (5) or perforations (2) at the distal anastomoses.There have been 3 long-term failures (14%) to date in the successfully treat ed group, all in PTFE grafts. Two patients suffered recurrent thrombosis and 1 developed an inexpl...
The Role of Institutional Research in a High Profile Study of Undergraduate Research

Armed with a strong toolkit of knowledge and skills, institutional research (IR) professionals often serve as collaborators with campus colleagues who may need assistance with survey design, statistical analysis, program review, and assessment of individual programs or the institution. This paper discusses the role that an IR professional played in a comprehensive and high profile study of undergraduate research. The project was grounded in educational theory and principles of academic assessment. It consumed many long hours, but it also yielded gains in IR visibility, heightened professional relationships with campus colleagues, a second sizable grant, and multiple publications. Implications for the IR practitioner, contributions to the scholarship of assessment, and institutional synergy are discussed.
Properties of bound water in poly(acrylic acid) and its sodium and potassium salts determined by differential scanning calorimetry

The thermal transitions occurring in poly(acrylic acid) and its sodium and potassium salts were investigated over a large range of water content using differential scanning calorimetry at temperatures below the normal melting temperature of water. The bound water was identified as nonfreezing (type I), freezing with a constant melting temperature (type II), and freezing with a melting temperature dependent on the water content (type III). The transition temperatures of the freezing states of the water were determined. Two constant melting temperatures were observed for the type II water in the sodium and potassium polyacrylates, while a single transition of this type was observed for poly(acrylic acid). The sodium polyacrylate absorbed more water in the nonfreezing state than the potassium polyacrylate, and both polyelectrolytes absorbed about three times as much water in this state as the nonionic poly(acrylic acid). The effects of water content on the occurrence of an exotherm at low temperature in the melting scans of the polyelectrolytes are described.
Within- and between-series contrast in vowel identification: full-vowel versus single-formant anchors.

Subjects identified vowels from a [I]-[e] continuum in both an equiprobable control condition and an anchored condition in which one stimulus (the anchor) occurred four times as often as any other stimulus. There were seven different anchors: (1) a full-vowel anchor representing the [I] endpoint of the test continuum; (2)a single-formant version of (1); (3)a full-vowel anchor representing the [I] dendpoint but with a higher F0; (4) a single-formant version of (3); (5) a full-vowel anchor representing an [I] token but with a higher formant pattern than (3); (6) a single-formant version of (5); and (7) a pure tone anchor. The results demonstrated that the full-vowel anchors were more effective than either the single-formant anchors or the tone anchor in shifting the subjects’ identification of the test tokens. Of the single-formant anchors, only (2) produced vowel contrast. The pattern of results suggests that only a portion of the vowel-contrast effect can be explained on the basis of processes operating at the auditory level.
On the microstructural development in platinum-modified nickel-aluminide bond coats

Abstract A numerical procedure for simulating the distortions exhibited by a thermally grown oxide (TGO) upon temperature cycling has been adapted to incorporate the microstructure of the bond coat. The focus is on the dual phase β/γ′ microstructure that develops upon oxidation of a system with a Pt-aluminide bond coat. The results reveal that the presence of the γ′-phase next to the TGO reduces its distortion locally, because of the superior high-temperature strength of γ′, relative to β. Conversely, in regions where the β-phase exists adjacent to the TGO, it distorts and the TGO propagates downward, while simultaneously lengthening. These results from the simulations are in direct correspondence with experimental observations.
Local temperature measurements in turbulent rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

We present local temperature measurements of turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection with rotation about a vertical axis. The fluid, water with Prandtl number about 6, was confined in a cell with a square cross section of 7.3×7.3 cm(2) and a height of 9.4 cm. Temperature fluctuations and boundary-layer profiles were measured for Rayleigh numbers 1×10(7)<Ra<5×10(8) and Taylor numbers 0<Ta<5×10(9). We present statistics of the temperature field measured by a single thermistor located along the vertical centerline of the cell or by an array of thermistors distributed laterally from that centerline. The statistics include the mean temperature, standard deviation, skewness, and the probability distribution functions at various locations in the cell, especially near and inside the thermal boundary layer. The effects of rotation on these quantities are discussed including the presence of a rotation-dependent mean vertical temperature gradient, the negative skewness of temperature fluctuations in the boundary layer, and the horizontal homogenization of temperature.
On the Go: How Mobile Shopping Affects Customer Purchase Behavior

Mobile shopping (M-shopping) has become increasingly important in marketing and retailing. Using a unique dataset from an Internet-based grocery retailer, we evaluate changes in customers’ spending behavior upon adopting M-shopping, i.e., using smartphones or tablets to compose, modify, or place orders online. We find that order rate, i.e., number of orders placed per year, increases as customers adopt M-shopping. Especially for low-spending customers, both their order rate and order size, i.e., the amount of the order in dollars, increase as they become accustomed to M-shopping. In addition to the effect on customer's spending behavior, we also find that M-shoppers tend to use mobile devices to shop for habitual products that they already have a history of purchasing. We propose that customers utilize mobile devices because the technology provides convenient access, which leads them to incorporate M-shopping into their habitual routines. Managerially, we recommend that firms should fully leverage their mobile platforms, but they should also keep in mind that mobile devices may not be the most optimal channel for launching new products or promoting products that require more consideration during the buying process.
Reconstruction from projections in the presence of distortion

A direct application of the classical theory of reconstruction does not allow for attenuation or any other kind of distortion that one might expect in a practical situation. Here, we examine a method of deriving the density distribution when the corresponding projection functions are obtained in the presense of noise, attenuation, or errors introduced due to the characteristics of the data collecting device.
A Biography of Bela H. Banathy: A Systems Scholar

This article reflects a biographical account of Bela H. Banathy's life, providing a recorded history of his accomplishments, personally and professionally. Professor Banathy made significant contributions to systems design theory and practice throughout his life. The author chronicles Bela's lifework as a systems scholar, drawing from personal communication, autobiographical documents, and published works to create a biographical portrait.
Improving global health governance to combat counterfeit medicines: a proposal for a UNODC-WHO-Interpol trilateral mechanism.

Background Perhaps no greater challenge exists for public health, patient safety, and shared global health security, than fake/falsified/fraudulent, poor quality unregulated drugs, also commonly known as “counterfeit medicines”, now endemic in the global drug supply chain. Counterfeit medicines are prevalent everywhere, from traditional healthcare settings to unregulated sectors, including the Internet. These dangerous medicines are expanding in both therapeutic and geographic scope, threatening patient lives, leading to antimicrobial resistance, and profiting criminal actors.
Avoiding and seeking self-focused attention

Abstract Male and female undergraduates read aloud statements about women which were either attitudinally consistent, discrepant, or neutral relative to their attitudes toward women. Following this, they were given the opportunity to choose to wait in front of a mirror or a nonreflecting wall. Subjects engaging in attitudinally discrepant behavior avoided self-focusing stimuli; those engaging in attitudinally consistent behavior sought contact with self-focusing stimuli. Intermediate tendencies to seek or avoid self-focused stimuli were demonstrated by subjects reading attitudinally neutral material. The theory of objective self-awareness was extended by demonstrating that self-focusing stimuli are not just avoided in response to negative discrepancies, but are sought out in response to attitude-behavior consistencies.
Combined theoretical and experimental investigation of the adsorption geometry of Ga on Si(100) at low coverage

The atomic and electronic structures of Ga chemisorption on the Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) at low coverage have been investigated by a combined molecular-cluster total-energy and atomic-force approach and x-ray standing-wave (XSW) measurements. Four possible Ga-dimer adsorption geometries are calculated using cluster models with up to 77 atoms. By comparing the total energies for these optimized geometries, it is found that Ga dimers are centered at valley bridge sites with the Ga-dimer bond oriented parallel to the underlying Si-dimer bonds---a geometry strongly supported by XSW measurements of the Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)-Ga surface structure. The calculated Ga-dimer height above the ideal Si(100) is in excellent agreement with the XSW result. The stability of this parallel-dimer model is explained through the bonding between Ga-Si and Si-Si and by analyzing the Si-surface distortion when Ga is present.
Effect of Incubation Temperature and Salinity on Expression of the Outer Membrane Protein Profile of Edwardsiella tarda

Abstract Outer membrane proteins (OMP) of 10 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. The OMP profile of the type strain E. tarda ATCC 15947 cultured at 25°C had five major protein bands of 40, 36.5, 34, 28.5, and 25 kDa and a large number of minor proteins ranging in size from approximately 10 to 120 kDa. Differences between the OMP profiles of the isolates of E. tarda included the inconsistent presence of the 34- or 36.5-kDa proteins in five isolates of E. tarda and two major bands of 47 and 44 kDa that were present in only two isolates of E. tarda. There were no differences in the outer membrane protein profiles of 9 out of 10 isolates of E. tarda incubated at a temperature of 25°C compared with those at 35°C. To evaluate the effect of salinity, 10 isolates of E. tarda were cultured in brain heart infusion broth containing 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0% sodium chloride. Reactions of isolates of E. tarda to the different salinity levels were...
"Competing" Semantic Theories

Several contemporary debates in the philosophy of language can be characterized as follows. What is at issue is the semantic analysis' of a certain class of sentences.2 Two apparently competing analyses, or types of analyses, of the sentences in question are proposed. Let us call these analyses a-type and b-type analyses. Those who advocate a-type analyses accuse those who advocate b-type analyses of conflating what speakers mean in uttering certain words with what the words themselves mean. Those who advocate b-type analyses accuse those who advocate a-type analyses of ignoring the fact that what the words mean is ultimately going to be a matter of what speakers mean in uttering those words. The debate between Millians and Hidden-Indexical theorists, theorists interested in the semantic content of belief attributions,3 is a debate of this sort. While the Millians complain that the Hidden-Indexical theorists are conflating what speakers mean in uttering belief attribution sentences with what the sentences themselves mean, the latter complain that the former are ignoring the fact that what such sentences mean is ultimately going to be a matter of what speakers mean in uttering those sentences. The debate between those who advocate a unitary Russellian (i.e., quantificational) account of definite descriptions and those who advocate a quantificational/referential ambiguity account of such expressions, is also a debate of the sort in question. The Russellians accuse the ambiguity theorists of conflating what speakers mean (or might mean4) in uttering sentences containing definite descriptions with what the sentences themselves mean. The latter respond by accusing the former of ignoring the fact that what such sentences mean is ultimately going to be a matter of what speakers mean in uttering those sentences. The debate between Millians and description theorists with respect to ordinary proper names also appears to be a debate of the sort in question. While the Millians accuse the description theorists of conflating what
Performance Monitoring in Realistic Environments: Can Translating Neuroscientific Insights Augment Real-World Behavioral Adaptation?

To exert successful goal-directed behaviors, humans must continually monitor their actions for deviations from their intended outcomes. If a mismatch between the intended and actual outcome of an action is detected, performance monitoring enables the concurrent adaptation of ongoing behavior. One
Measuring State TANF Policy Variations and Change After Reform

Objectives. Our objectives are to describe the policies adopted after PRWORA, which vary across states, to test for common underlying policy concepts, demonstrating how these policies are interrelated, and to examine whether policy stringency diffused to neighboring states results in greater policy stringency across all states over time. We convert textual TANF welfare guidelines into empirically derived policy dimensions and use the derived quantitative scores to describe variation and change in welfare policy dimensions across status during the 1996–2003 post-welfare-reform period. Methods. Utilizing the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Database, we apply a factor analytic methodology to 78 unique state policy guidelines that were coded on a lenient-to-stringent continuum. Regression analyses, employing spatial contiguity weighting, are used to describe policy diffusion. Results. The results identified 15 underlying first-order post-welfare-reform policy dimensions, which for scientific parsimony were further reduced to three second-order underlying dimensions representing rules governing eligibility: eligibility requirements for groups, behavioral responsibilities for maintaining eligibility, and eligibility time limits and exemptions. Analysis of the quantitative scores showed that by 2003 states had become more lenient regarding eligibility criteria for groups but decidedly more stringent regarding behavioral guidelines for maintaining eligibility and eligibility time limits and exemptions. Spatial clustering is not found globally but is significant for some states at the local level. Spatial diffusion is apparent only for behavioral rules. Conclusions. Our results suggest that TANF policy variations across states go beyond payment levels to include salient eligibility rules. The patterns of variability in change scores across states do not support a pervasive “race to the bottom” conclusion.
Shifting the Reflective Focus: Encouraging Student Teacher Learning in Video-Framed and Peer-Sharing Contexts.

Since many studies that use video to support teacher learning are situated in strongly guided contexts and encourage particular kinds of thinking, we still know very little about how more loosely guided contexts can support teachers to think about the dilemmas of practice associated with their own goals by reflecting about video. This study explores how video-based and peer-based reflections about one’s own and others’ practices both indicate and guide the development of teachers’ change-directed thinking when they are sequenced before supervisor feedback. Six secondary preservice teachers reflected about peer-evaluated mini-teaching and videotaped field-based teaching in the prestudent teaching term and then about videotaped teaching alone, with peers, and alone again with supervisor feedback in the student teaching term. These reflections were coded by their subject, degree of reform-mindedness, and tendency toward three foci (player, stance, and source). Patterns in their ‘higher focus’ codes across th...