cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Within- and Across-Subject Correlations

In some fields of applications, response variables are measured on k(k > 1) independent samples for each experimental subject. For this type of situation, within-subject and across-subject correlation matrices are defined and methods of analysis are discussed.
Percutaneous Tracheostomy With Apnea During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era: A Protocol and Brief Report of Cases

Objective To assess feasibility of modified protocol during percutaneous tracheostomy in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era. Design A retrospective review of cohort who underwent percutaneous tracheostomy with modified protocol. Settings Medical, surgical, and neurologic ICUs. Subjects Patients admitted in medical, surgical, and neurologic units with prolonged need of mechanical ventilation or inability to liberate from the ventilator. Interventions A detailed protocol was written. Steps were defined to be performed before apnea and during apnea. A feasibility study of 28 patients was conducted. The key aerosol-generating portions of the procedure were performed with the ventilator switched to standby mode with the patient apneic. Measurements and main results Data including patient demographics, primary diagnosis, age, body mass index, and duration of apnea time during the tracheostomy were collected. Average ventilator standby time (apnea) during the procedure was 238 seconds (3.96 min) with range 149 seconds (2.48 min) to 340 seconds (5.66 min). Single-use (disposable) bronchoscopes (Ambu A/S [Ballerup, Denmark] or Glidescope [Verathon, Inc., Bothell, WA]) were used during all procedures except in nine. No desaturation events occurred during any procedure. Conclusions Percutaneous tracheostomy performed with apnea protocol may help minimize aerosolization, reducing risk of exposure of coronavirus disease 2019 to staff. It can be safely performed with portable bronchoscopes to limit staff and minimize the surfaces requiring disinfection post procedure.
Cell-blocks and other ancillary studies (including molecular genetic tests and proteomics)

Many types of elective ancillary tests may be required to support the cytopathologic interpretations. Most of these tests can be performed on cell-blocks of different cytology specimens. The cell-block sections can be used for almost any special stains including various histochemistry stains and for special stains for different microorganisms including fungi, Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii), and various organisms including acid-fast organisms similar to the surgical biopsy specimens. Similarly, in addition to immunochemistry, different molecular tests can be performed on cell-blocks. Molecular tests broadly can be divided into two main types Molecular genetic tests and Proteomics.
An Examination of the Factors Associated With Implementation of Evidence-Based Management Practices for Improving Nurse Work Environments

Background Evidence-based management practices (EBMPs) that improve nurses' work environments have been linked to improvements in patient outcomes such as patient satisfaction and mortality. Yet, the extent to which nurse managers implement these EBMP or the factors associated with their implementation is not known. Aims Guided by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) Framework, we examined individual, evidence, and organizational characteristics associated with nurse managers' implementation of the five EBMPs. Methods A cross-sectional, correlational, survey design was used. Nurse managers from 10 public hospitals in New York City were recruited. Evidence and contextual variables were measured with the Organizational Readiness for Change Assessment instrument. EBMPs were measured with a modified version of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. All multi-item scales were validated with confirmatory factors analysis in the studied sample. Additionally, the scales had Cronbach's alpha reliability greater than .8. A multivariate linear regression analysis with robust standard error correction was used to analyze the data and to adjust for clustering of managers in hospitals. Results A total of 331 nurse managers responded for a 47.4% response rate. Bachelor's degree, number of staff supervised, managers' personal experience with evidence for EBMPs, staff culture, and organizational resources were significant predictors of nurse managers' implementation of EBMPs for NWE improvement (p Linking evidence to action Staff culture was positively associated with implementation of all five EBMPs for improving nurses' work environments. Managers should prioritize nursing unit culture that encourages staff to innovate and change in order to improve care.
Amaurosis fugax leading to anchoring bias

Introduction: Anchoring bias is a cognitive bias referring to physicians' practices of prioritizing information and data that support their initial impressions, even when the first impressions are wrong. These errors often occur while inheriting patients from a different geography or a long history of medical illnesses. Keeping a broad differential diagnosis, understanding changes in health and illness over time with appropriate evaluation of available laboratory and imaging data is critical to creating and appraising interventions for individuals, families and populations. Initial errors in diagnostic and therapeutic plans can be detrimental to overall outcome in critically ill patients which is even more apparent in the elderly. Case Report: A 70-year-old woman presented with fever, shortness of breath, malaise and dry cough. She was noted to be hypoxemic requiring high flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Her past history included recent diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) based on left sided acute vision loss for which she was on oral prednisone and methotrexate without pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis. Her antibody panel was noted to be negative except for elevated ESR and CRP. She was found to be negative for Sars-CoV-2. Bilateral temporal artery biopsies did not reveal GCA (Figure 1). Her respiratory failure progressed into severe ARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. BAL was positive for pneumocystis stain and pneumocystis culture. She was initiated on appropriate treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia and ARDS. Her ICU course was further complicated by new left sided hemiparesis and MRI showed temporal and occipital infarcts. TEE revealed immobile vegetation on all 3 aortic valve leaflets concerning for non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. After initiation of anticoagulation, the patient developed spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding and progressed to multi-organ failure. Her family decided to transition her care to comfort only, and the patient succumbed to her illness. Discussion: Acute vision loss in elderly requires a thorough work up including cerebrovascular events, autoimmune and local ocular causes. A significant anchoring bias towards GCA in the absence of American College of Rheumatology's qualifying criteria for GCA led to initiation of high dose steroids and immunosuppression. Further addition of F-flurodeoxyglucose PET with temporal artery biopsy is shown to increase diagnostic fidelity in doubtful cases. Early evaluation for embolic events with an echocardiogram could have avoided development of PCP ARDS and fulminant embolic strokes in this patient. In addition, it is recommended that all patients on prednisone ≥20 mg daily for more than 30 days should receive PCP prophylaxis.
Transitional Nutrition for Sinall Ruminants

The time around parturition is the single most stressful event in a doe's or ewe's reproductive life cycle. Nutritional insults prior to and following parturition can result in exacerbation of key metabolic changes necessary to make the physiologic transition from pregnancy to lactation, resulting in a myriad ofnietabolic diseases. Current perceptions tend to focus attention on the lactating female and nutritional support of milk production; however, nutrition and management of the late pregnant female has more significant impact on her productive efficiency, both reproductive and lactational. Veterinarians can play an important role in their client's small ruminant transition program through nutritional monitoring of body condition score, forage quality and metabolic parameters of energy balance and protein status.
Increasing Secondary Students’ Comprehension Through Explicit Attention to Narrative Text Structure:

In spite of the prevailing assumption that formal reading instruction is no longer needed once adolescents reach high school, students at the secondary level still benefit from explicit reading ins...
Influence of Insurance Status on Subdural Hematoma Management- An NTDB Analysis.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury is a major public health concern with a rising incidence in the United States. Prior studies have looked at associations between insurance status and traumatic brain injury, but none have focused specifically on traumatic subdural hematomas (SDH). It is important to evaluate whether insurance and/or other social determinants of health play a role in treatment and outcomes of traumatic SDH. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank was conducted from 2012 to 2016 to look at associations between insurance status and management of SDH with surgery versus intracranial pressure (ICP)/EVD monitoring. Secondary outcomes of interest were emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, ICU admission, ICU LOS, and mortality. RESULTS We identified 68,687 adult patients with a single diagnosis of subdural hematoma. Overall, self-pay patients with SDH were younger, predominately male, and more likely to be non-white compared to patients with public or private health insurance. More specifically, Black/African American SDH patients made up a large percentage of the self-pay category (15.5%; P < 0.001) compared to publicly and privately insured (7.5% and 8.0%, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale, alcohol intoxication, and trauma center level, publicly insured patients were 1.86 (95% CI 1.36-2.55, P < 0.001) times more likely to undergo a craniotomy or craniectomy compared to self-pay patients. However, insurance status did not appear to impact whether a patient received ICP/EVD monitoring (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.24-1.18, P = 0.118). There was no statistically significant difference in ED LOS, Hospital LOS, and ICU LOS between insurance categories. CONCLUSIONS Publicly insured patients have higher odds of undergoing surgical management for traumatic SDH compared to self-pay patients. Further studies evaluating this association are warranted.
Using instruments to understand argument structure: Evidence for gradient representation

Abstract The arguments of a verb are commonly assumed to correspond to the event participants specified by the verb. That is, drink has two arguments because drink specifies two participants: someone who drinks and something that gets drunk. This correspondence does not appear to hold, however, in the case of instrumental participants, e.g. John drank the soda with a straw . Verbs such as slice and write have been argued to specify an instrumental participant, even though instruments do not pattern like arguments given other criteria. In this paper, we investigated how instrumental verbs are represented, testing the hypothesis that verbs such as slice encode three participants in the same way that dative verbs such as lend encode three participants. In two experiments English-speakers reported their judgments about the number of participants specified by a verb, e.g. that drink specifies two participants. These judgments indicate that slice does not encode three distinct arguments. Nonetheless, some verbs were systematically more likely to elicit the judgment that the instrument is specified by the verb, a pattern that held across individual subjects. To account for these findings, we propose that instruments are not independent verbal arguments but are represented in a gradient away: an instrument may be a more or less salient part of the force exerted by an agent. These results inform our understanding of the relationship between argument structure and event representation, raising questions concerning the role of arguments in language processing and learning.
An imputation-based solution to using mismeasured covariates in propensity score analysis

Although covariate measurement error is likely the norm rather than the exception, methods for handling covariate measurement error in propensity score methods have not been widely investigated. We...
In vitro studies on single beating rat heart cells. II. Intercellular communication.

Summary 1. Rat heart cells separated by trypsin and grown in vitro continue to beat. 2. Cells beating at an independent rate become synchronous upon physical contact, indicating that the communication of rate of beating is through protoplasmic contact. 3. The rate of beating for the synchronous net of muscle cells is determined by the fastest beating cell. 4. Despite the superimposed rate, each cell retains potentially its own inherent rate of beating.
Number and placement of hydrophobic residues in a longitudinal strip governs helix formation of peptides in the presence of lipid vesicles.

alpha-Helix formation of a peptidyl sequence is stabilized by hydrophobic residues recurring at positions which create a longitudinal hydrophobic strip upon folding of the sequence as a helix against a hydrophobic surface. To test that hypothesis, we measured by circular dichroism the helical coiling on lipid vesicles of nine analogs of a prototypic helix peptide PH-1.0, Leu-Tyr-Gln-Glu-Leu-Gln-Lys-Leu-Thr-Gln-Thr-Leu-Lys. In these analogs, Thr was substituted for 1 or 2 Leu residues in the longitudinal hydrophobic strip Leu1...Leu5..Leu8...Leu12 which forms in the alpha-helical configuration. We found that coiling of analogs of Leu-Tyr-Gln-Glu-Leu-Gln-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Gln-Thr-Leu-Lys on lipid vesicles depends upon the strength and structure of its longitudinal hydrophobic strip.
Critical Race Theory: An Introduction

Acknowledgments Foreword Preface I A. What Is Critical Race Theory? B. Early Origins C. Relationship to Previous Movements D. Principal Figures E. Spin-off Movements F. Basic Tenets of Critical Race Theory G. How Much Racism Is There in the World? H. Organization of This Book II A. Interest Convergence, Material Determinism, and Racial Realism B. Revisionist History C. Critique of Liberalism D. Structural Determinism III A. Opening a Window onto Ignored or Alternative Realities B. Counterstorytelling C. Cure for Silencing D. Storytelling in Court E. Storytelling on the Defensive IV A. Intersectionality B. Essentialism and Antiessentialism C. Nationalism versus Assimilation V A. The Black-White Binary B. Critical White Studies C. Other Developments: Latino and Asian VI VII A. Right-Wing Offensive B. Postracialism and a Politics of Triangulation C. Power D. Identity VIII A. The Future B. A Critical Race Agenda for the New Century C. Likely Responses to the Critical Race Theory Movement Glossary of Terms Index About the Authors
On the relation between modified Mercalli intensity and body-wave magnitude

This paper is concerned with estimating body-wave magnitude, mb , from the intensity distribution of an earthquake. Initially, it is assumed that modified Mercalli (MM) intensity values are directly related to the ( A/T ) z values of 1-Hz, Lg -wave ground motion. By comparison with the intensity values of a reference earthquake, magnitudes are calculated for 41 western and central United States earthquakes. Magnitudes of these earthquakes also are determined independently, in the conventional manner, using teleseismic P -wave amplitudes. Comparison of the two sets of magnitude values indicates that the assumed relation between 1-Hz, Lg -wave ( A/T ) z values and MM intensity does not hold exactly over the mb range of 4.0 to 6.2. An empirical equation is derived to adjust the mb values obtained from intensity data so that they agree with the teleseismic P -wave magnitudes. The method then is applied to estimate mb of some historical earthquakes which occurred prior to 1962. These include the set for which Kanamori and Jennings (1978) estimated ML from strong-motion accelerograms. Some noteworthy United States earthquakes also are considered. These include: the 1811 New Madrid earthquake for which mb is estimated to be 7.3; the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 6.6 to 6.9; the 1897 Giles County, Virginia earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 5.8; the 1906 San Francisco, California earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 6.8 to 7.1. The intensity-attenuation method cannot be used for estimating mb of all historical earthquakes because the intensity data are not always adequate. In some cases, however, the total felt area or the area enclosed by the Modified Mercalli IV isoseism can be determined. It was found that empirical equations relating mb to these areas, which were derived for central and northeastern United States earthquakes, also apply for events in the southeast. These empirical methods are used to estimate mb values for a set of historical Virginia earthquakes.
A sharp estimate on the norm of the continuous square function

In this paper, we prove that the norm of the continuous square function in L 2 (w) is bounded linearly in the A 2 norm of the weight w.
A model-driven framework for enterprise service management

With a steady pace of adoption of service-oriented architecture, enterprises have made significant progresses in implementing various kinds of Web services and converting existing applications to service-oriented architecture. As a significant number of services have been put into actual use, many service-oriented enterprises are faced with the problem of how to manage these services efficiently. In this paper, we propose a model-driven framework for a more efficient management of these services. In this framework, the creation and maintenance of enterprise integration solutions are modeled by flows, finite state machines (FSMs), role-based access control (RBAC) among other formal systems models as well as appropriate decision models. For instance, each enterprise integration solution would be modeled as composite services that can be described by respective flow, FSM and RBAC models. These solution models can then be stored, and later retrieved for the execution of these composite services. Furthermore, formal systems and decision models are also used to maintain and update these service-oriented solutions to improve the efficiency and quality of service management by taking advantage of the underlying service-oriented architecture.
Discriminant and Convergent Validity of High School Student Ratings of Instruction

Two studies addressed the construct validity of the IDEA Form H Survey with which high school students rate instruction. Both studies provided indirect evidence of the validity of this instrument as a measure of student progress on goals selected by the teacher of each class.
Geodynamics: Double-dunk tectonics

Continental crust is less dense than that of the oceans, and less likely to sink into the mantle. Nevertheless, an analysis of a high-pressure rock from the Swiss Alps suggests that more than one cycle of crustal sinking and return is possible.
A spatio-temporal pattern recognition approach to word recognition

A limited-vocabulary, speaker-independent, isolated-word recognition system has been built. This system recognizes digitized isolated words without performing segmentation, phoneme identification, or dynamic time warping. It uses a static pattern recognition approach to recognize a spatio-temporal pattern. The preprocessing only includes endpoint identification, preceding and trailing silence removal and word length determination. A fourth-order linear prediction coding (LPC) analysis is preformed on each of 32 equally spaced frames. The four LPC coefficients plus four other features from each frame are input to a neural network consisting of 50 hidden-layer units and four output-layer units. The authors have trained the system for four words spoken by one single speaker. The system is then able to recognize four words from each of five other speakers. >
Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Hematoma: Etiology, Characteristics, Management, and Outcome

Abstract Background Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH) can be fatal, requiring immediate recognition and intervention. Current literature is limited, providing little direction in patient care. Objective To describe clinical characteristics of patients with SRH during an 8-year period. Methods Observational cohort study of all consecutive patients 18 years and older with SRH from January 2000 to December 2007. SRH was defined as unrelated to invasive procedures, surgery, trauma, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Results Of 346 patients screened, 89 were eligible. Median age was 72 years; 56.2% were male. Overall, 66.3% were anticoagulated: 41.6% on warfarin, 30.3% heparin, and 11.2% low-molecular-weight heparin; 30.3% were on antiplatelet therapy; 16.5% were taking both anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications; 15.3% were taking neither. Primary presentation to the Emergency Department was seen in 36%; 64% developed SRH during inpatient anticoagulation therapy. The most common symptom was pain: abdominal (67.5%), leg (23.8%), hip (22.5%), and back (21.3%); 10.1% were misdiagnosed upon their initial encounter. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 98.8%, ultrasound in 22.1%, and magnetic resonance imaging in 3.5%. Of all subjects, 40.4% were managed in an intensive care unit; 24.7% underwent interventional radiology (IR) procedures and 6.7% surgical evacuation; 75.3% received blood transfusion. Mortality was 5.6% within 7 days, 10.1% within 30 days, and 19.1% within 6 months. Conclusions SRH is uncommon but potentially lethal, with a non-specific presentation that can lead to misdiagnosis. One-third of the cohort was not taking anticoagulants. CT was effective at identification. Most patients received aggressive management with transfusion or IR procedures.
The Variations in Eccentricity and Apse Precession Rate of a Narrow Ring Perturbed by a Close Satellite

We derive a Hamiltonian which describes the first-order perturbations of orbital eccentricity and apse precession rate of a narrow ring due to a close satellite whose orbit is also eccentric. Our treatment covers cases in which the satellite crosses the ring. The level curves of the Hamiltonian are displayed for several values of the parameters. We apply our results to the interaction of Saturn's F ring with its inner shepherd satellite.
Using MarcEdit to Bridge the Distance Between AACR2 and RDA

The transition between Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2) and the Resource Description and Access (RDA) metadata standards has had a number of impacts on how libraries create and update bibliographic data. For libraries committed to RDA and its implementation within their organizations, new workflows and best local practices around the creation of new records and the updating of existing bibliographic metadata have needed to be developed. However, these workflows often ignore existing record data or bibliographic data purchased from third party vendors, creating an environment in which only a small percentage of new bibliographic content may actually be encoded using RDA guidelines. To help facilitate the transition between AACR2 and RDA, MarcEdit introduced a new tool in January 2013 called the RDA Helper. The RDA Helper provides a straightforward, scriptable method that can be integrated into most existing workflows, allowing librarians the ability to automatically migrate existing...
A tale of two recognition systems: Implications of the fusiform face area and the visual word form area for lateralized object recognition models

Two areas of current intense interest in the neuroimaging literature are that of the visual word form area (VWFA) and of the fusiform face area (FFA) and their roles in word and face perception, respectively. These two areas are of particular relevance to laterality research because visual word identification and face identification have long been shown to be especially lateralized to the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere, respectively. This review therefore seeks to evaluate their significance for the broader understanding of lateralization of object recognition. A multi-level model of lateralized object recognition is proposed based on a combination of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Rather than seek to characterize hemispheric asymmetries according to a single principle (e.g., serial-parallel), it is suggested that current observations can be understood in terms of three asymmetric levels of processing, using the framework of the Janus model of hemispheric function. It is suggested that the left hemisphere represents features using an abstract-category code whereas the RH utilizes a specific-exemplar code. The relationships between these features are also coded asymmetrically, with the LH relying on associative co-occurrence values and the RH relying on spatial metrics. Finally, the LH controlled selection system focuses on isolating features and the RH focuses on conjoining features. It is suggested that each hemisphere utilizes efficient (apparently parallel) processing when stimuli are congruent with its preferred processing style and inefficient (apparently serial) processing when they are not, resulting in the typical left-lateralization for orthographic analysis and right-lateralization for face analysis.
Topological Soliton Bag Model for Baryons

Furnishing Skyrme's chiral soliton with a quark-bag core appears to generate a qualitative advance in the phenomenology of nucleon structure.
Brainstem Tegmental Necrosis and Olivary Hypoplasia: A Lethal Entity Associated with Congenital Apnea

Previously, we reported an isolated case of a newborn with central apnea at birth, ventilator-dependence, and combined malformative and destructive brainstem lesions (1). We now report 2 additional cases with similar clinicopathologic features. All 3 patients were male (XY karyotype) and required immediate ventilatory support in the delivery room. Perinatal complications included polyhydramnios and breech presentation. Variable cranial nerve palsies and orofacial and limb anomalies were present. The patients dies within minutes of withdrawal of ventilatory support at 2 to 11 weeks after birth. Significant neuropathologic findings were localized to the caudal pons and medulla, and included tegmental necrosis (neuronal loss, gliosis, mineralization) with involvement of respiratory-related nuclei, and anomalies of rhombic lip derivatives (olivary hypoplasia, arcuate nucleus hyperplasia). Three-dimensional computer reconstructions facilitated clinicoanatomic correlations, and underscored the restriction of the lesions to pontine and medullary rhombomeres and rhombic lip. The histopathology of these cases suggests a malformative process occurring at the end of the first trimester (time of rhombic lip migrations), and a superimposed destructive process (tegmental necrosis) in the second half of gestation. Although the etiology is unknown, the segmental nature of the lesions suggests the possibility of an abnormality in homeobox gene regulation. These cases likely represent a distinct clinicopathologic entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Moebius syndrome and failure to breathe at birth.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Function by Interferon

We showed previously that type I interferon causes a down-regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. We show here that IFN treatment leads to functional impairment of mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that interferon treatment reduces the steady-state level of cytochrome b in murine L-929 cells. Interferon produced a reduction in cytochrome c oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities of isolated mitochondria as well as inhibiting electron transport in isolated mitochondria and in intact cells. Several mitochondrial mRNAs are affected by interferon treatment in human Daudi lymphoblastoid cells, which are highly sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of interferon. Electron transport in Daudi cells was also inhibited by interferon both in intact cells and isolated mitochondria with a dose response identical to that for the antiproliferative response. In contrast, a Daudi strain resistant to the antiproliferative effects of interferon showed no down-regulation of mRNA expression and no inhibition of electron transport. Possibly as a consequence of the inhibitory effect on mitochondrial gene expression, treatment with interferon causes a reduction in cellular ATP levels. The inhibition of cellular growth by interferon may thus be partly a consequence of a reduction in cellular ATP levels.
Sympathetic Overactivity in Hypertension*: A Moving Target

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the role of the nervous system in human hypertension. The evidence for a widespread autonomic abnormality in the early phases of hypertension is overwhelming and excessive sympathetic activity is consistently present in such patients since their childhood. The enhanced sympathetic tone in hypertension is associated with the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Multiple mechanisms by which sympathetic overactivity could cause both hypertension and the metabolic syndrome have been documented. Furthermore, the excessive sympathetic tone is conducive to coronary heart disease through its association with high hematocrit values and with excessive platelet aggregability. Surprisingly, the myth that patients with neurogenic hypertension have a benign prognosis continues to persist. Much of the misunderstanding stems from the idea that patients with neurogenic hypertension, commonly called "white coat" or borderline hypertension, do not develop established hypertension. There is no support for such an assessment; in fact, patients with neurogenic hypertension are at a high risk of future accelerated hypertension. Another misunderstanding relates to differences in hemodynamics between neurogenic and established hypertension. It is true that patients with neurogenic hypertension initially show an increase of cardiac output. However, this later evolves into a classic picture of established high resistance hypertension. The hemodynamic transition is secondary to a decrease in cardiac responsiveness and an increase in vascular responsiveness over the course of hypertension. With passage of time, vascular reactivity increases, yet sympathetic tone tends to decrease. This can be explained by the "blood pressure seeking behavior of the central nervous system." In hypertension, the central nervous system appears to seek a higher blood pressure level and, as the vasculature becomes hyperresponsive, less sympathetic tone is needed to maintain the elevated blood pressure. This decrease of sympathetic tone in later phases of hypertension should not be viewed as a normalization, since sympathetic tone in relationship to vascular hyperresponsiveness remains excessive and the central nervous system maintains a crucial role in sustaining high blood pressure in hypertension.
Birthday and Non-birthday Videotapes: The Importance of Context for the Behavior of Young Children with Autism

The present study examines whether children display different frequencies of behaviors at birthday party as compared to non-birthday party settings, and elucidates in which setting behavior is more predictive of later child functioning. Behavior in birthday and non-birthday contexts was examined at 12 and 24 months of age for 56 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results of this study indicate that context does matter for young children's behavior and leads to a different picture of behavioral functioning. For children with ASD, behaviors from non-birthday videotapes are more predictive of functioning later in childhood. The findings suggest that close attention must be paid to contextual factors that may influence young children's behavior.
Category vs. item learning: implications for categorization models.

A paradigm that required that subjects learn two responses to each of 10 schematic faces was used to study the relative rate of discrimination and generalization learning. One response uniquely identified each face, whereas the second response classified each face as a member of one of two categories. Rapid category learning and slow item learning suggested that category responses were learned on the basis of abstracted information, but item responses depended on the more difficult task of discriminating among patterns. The results are related to categorization models and to task variables that should influence the relative rates of discrimination and generalization learning.
Raman spectroscopy of silicate rings: Benitoite and the three-membered ring

Polarized single-crystal Raman spectra of benitoite (${\mathrm{BaTiSi}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{9}$) were gathered and atomic displacements have been assigned to each line in the spectra from our interpretations of the Raman data, from determinations by Adams and Gardner in an earlier study, and from determinations by lattice-dynamics calculations. The spectra can be naturally divided into three frequency ranges, where lattice-dynamics calculations show that the 50 to 300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range contains Ba, Ti, ring translational, and ring rotational modes, the 300 to 800 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range contains three-membered silicate ring breathing, stretching, and deformation modes, and the 800 to 1200 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range contains Si-O bond-stretching modes. From our conclusions for benitoite, Raman features in the 300 to 800 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range may be sensitive to changes in Si-O-Si bond angles, or to the number of silicate tetrahedra within planar rings.
Spectacle wear in children reduces parental health-related quality of life

Purpose To investigate whether spectacle wear in children affects responses on the Intermittent Exotropia Questionnaire (IXTQ) or the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Methods We recruited 49 children, median age 8 years (range, 5-13 years), presenting with visual acuity 20/40 or better and an otherwise-normal eye examination (no strabismus), who either had no refractive error (n = 29) or had refractive error corrected with spectacles (n = 20). The IXTQ and PedsQL were completed, each comprising a child report (Child IXTQ, Child PedsQL) and a parent proxy report (Proxy IXTQ, Proxy PedsQL). In addition, the IXTQ contains a parent self-report (Parent IXTQ). Each questionnaire is scored from 0 (worst health-related quality of life [HRQOL]) to 100 (best HRQOL). Median scores were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Child IXTQ and Proxy IXTQ scores were similar between groups; nevertheless, Parent IXTQ scores were lower for spectacle wearers (90.4 vs 97.1, p = 0.01). Parent IXTQ questions that scored lower in the spectacle group were related to parental worry about permanent damage to their child’s eyes, long-term eyesight, surgery, self-consciousness, and teasing. The PedsQL composite scores and all subscale scores were similar between spectacle wearers and nonspectacle wearers, both for Child PedsQL and Proxy PedsQL. Conclusions Parental HRQOL, measured with the use of the Parent IXTQ, was lower for children wearing spectacles than for children who did not wear spectacles. There was no difference between spectacle and no-spectacle groups when either Child IXTQ, Proxy IXTQ, Child PedsQL, or Proxy PedsQL was used.
Applying Sport Psychology Philosophies, Principles, and Practices Onto the Gridiron: A Commentary

INTRODUCTION Pete Carroll is clearly a coach at the top of his profession, achieving unprecedented success in returning one of the most storied American college football programs to the highest echelons of the game. Capitalizing on his close contact with Coach Carroll, Mike Voight has provided readers with an inside look at the thought processes of a master coach. Coach Carroll’s openness and candor are refreshing, and Dr. Voight has expertly assembled Coach Carroll’s insights into a cohesive framework that is closely aligned with prominent perspectives in contemporary sport psychology. Although many ideas articulated in the article are noteworthy, three aspects are especially deserving of comment: (a) the value of a coaching philosophy; (b) adoption of a holistic view of athletes; and (c) the importance of relationships in coaching.
A statistical method for system evaluation using incomplete judgments

We consider the problem of large-scale retrieval evaluation, and we propose a statistical method for evaluating retrieval systems using incomplete judgments. Unlike existing techniques that (1) rely on effectively complete, and thus prohibitively expensive, relevance judgment sets, (2) produce biased estimates of standard performance measures, or (3) produce estimates of non-standard measures thought to be correlated with these standard measures, our proposed statistical technique produces unbiased estimates of the standard measures themselves.Our proposed technique is based on random sampling. While our estimates are unbiased by statistical design, their variance is dependent on the sampling distribution employed; as such, we derive a sampling distribution likely to yield low variance estimates. We test our proposed technique using benchmark TREC data, demonstrating that a sampling pool derived from a set of runs can be used to efficiently and effectively evaluate those runs. We further show that these sampling pools generalize well to unseen runs. Our experiments indicate that highly accurate estimates of standard performance measures can be obtained using a number of relevance judgments as small as 4% of the typical TREC-style judgment pool.
Estimates of the sulfate scavenging coefficient from sequential precipitation samples on Long Island

By comparing deposition of sulfate in successive hours of precipitation samples taken over a 6 year period at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) on Long Island in New York, we have estimated scavenging coefficients in air for sulfate under a variety of meteorological and seasonal conditions. The scavenging coefficients obtained are underestimated (typically up to 12%) because of liquid phase production of sulfate from SO 2 scavenged in air. The square root transformation of the scavenging coefficients λ 1/2 , yields an approximately normal distribution. An interesting property of the distribution of scavenging coefficients is that the ratios of the mean value of λ 1/2 to its standard deviation cluster around the value 2.4; this property may limit the choice of stochastic models which describe the scavenging process. The mean value of the sulfate scavenging coefficient is 1.0 x 10 -4 s -1 . A trend analysis of the relationship between the scavenging coefficients and rainfall rate indicates that the sulfate scavenging coefficient is virtually invariant for rainfall rates ≤ 5 mm h -1 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00094.x
Towards autonomous sensing

For some time, the smart materials and structures community has focused on transducer effects, and the closest advance into actually having the "structure" show signs of intelligence is implementing adaptive control into a smart structure. Here we examine taking this a step further by attempting to combine embedded computing into a smart structure system. The system of focus is based on integrated structural health monitoring of a panel which consists of a completely wireless, active sensing systems with embedded electronics. We propose and discuss an integrated autonomous sensor "patch" that contains the following key elements: power harvesting from ambient vibration and temperature gradients, a battery charging circuit, local computing and memory, active sensors, and wireless transmission. These elements should be autonomous, self contained, and unobtrusive compared to the system being monitored. Each of these elements is discussed as a part of an integrated system to be used in structural health monitoring applications.
Three-dimensional singular stress field at the front of a crack and lattice crack deviation (LCD) in a cubic single crystal plate

A novel eigenfunction expansion technique, based in part on separation of the thickness variable, is developed to derive three-dimensional asymptotic stress fields in the vicinity of the front of a semi-infinite through-crack weakening an infinite plate made of a homogeneous cubic single crystal. Crack-side boundary conditions and those that are prescribed on the top and bottom (free) surfaces of the cubic crystal plate are exactly satisfied. Explicit expressions for singular stress fields in the vicinity of the front of through-thickness cracks, weakening cubic single crystal plates subjected to far-field extension/bending (mode I), sliding shear/twisting (mode II) and antiplane shear (mode III) loadings are presented. The present investigation considers three through-crack systems (crack plane)[crack front] × [propagation direction], (010)[001] × [100], and , weakening cubic crystals, and their relatively easier cleavage planes for propagation. It also introduces a new concept of lattice crack deviation...
Flexible One-Dimensional Nanostructures: A Review

This review discusses the recent reports on one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures with unusual flexibility. We discuss the importance that flexibility could have in future applications of nanowires and other nanostructures, and detail the two main approaches that have been followed to this day to synthesize highly flexible 1D nanostructures. One approach is based on making crystals in which one or two dimensions of the structure are comparable in size with the unit cell. Such thinness has been shown to provide unusual flexibility. The other approach conjoins hard nanostructures with flexible joints.
Whistle-blowing for profit: An ethical analysis of the federal false claims act

This paper focuses on the 1986 Amendments to the False Claims Act of 1863, which offers whistle-blowers financial rewards for disclosing fraud committed against the U.S. government. This law provides an opportunity to examine underlying assumptions about the morality of whistle-blowing and to consider the merits of increased reliance on whistle-blowing to protect the public interest. The law seems open to a number of moral objections, most notably that it exerts a morally corrupting influence on whistle-blowers. We answer these objections and argue that the law is not objectionable on these grounds. Since there are no compelling moral objections to the law, it is appropriate and acceptable to judge the law in terms of its economic costs and benefits. We assess the most salient of these and conclude that the benefits outweigh the costs. We suggest that a mechanism similar to the Act should be considered for protecting stockholders’ interests in the private sector. We conclude by making several proposals for improving the existing legislation.
The Treatment of Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency in the Dog

Summary Acute hypoadrenocorticism in the dog is a true medical emergency that requires a prompt and accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment in order to provide for the most optimal outcome. Because the signs of adrenal insufficiency mimic those caused by other more common clinical conditions such as renal failure, intoxications, and various gastrointestinal disorders, it behooves the emergency clinician to always include this condition in the list of differential diagnoses. This paper will review the main elements of this hypoendocrinopathy in order to provide the emergency clinician with the essentials that will be required for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. J Vet emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):7–14
Reactions of acenaphthenequinone and aceanthrenequinone with arenes in superacid

The hydroxyalkylation reactions of aceanthrenequinone (6) and acenapthenequinone (7) with a series of arenes have been studied. In reactions with the Bronsted superacid CF(3)SO(3)H (triflic acid), the condensation products are formed in good yields (58-99%, 10 examples) with high regioselectivity. Computational studies were also done to examine the structures and energies of mono- and diprotonated species from 6 and 7. The results from the condensation reactions are consistent with the formation of superelectrophilic species involving protosolvation of carboxonium ion intermediates.
A new mechanism for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The anaerobic pathway for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was established in the 1960s in Escherichia coli. The double bond is introduced into the growing acyl chain by FabA, an enzyme capable of both the dehydration of β-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to trans-2-decenoyl-ACP, and the isomerization of trans-2 to cis-3-decenoyl-ACP. However, there are a number of anaerobic bacteria whose genomes do not contain a fabA homolog, although these organisms nonetheless produce unsaturated fatty acids. We cloned and biochemically characterized a new enzyme in type II fatty acid synthesis from Streptococcus pneumoniae that carries out the isomerization of trans-2-decenoyl-ACP tocis-3-decenoyl-ACP, but is not capable of catalyzing the dehydration of β-hydroxy intermediates. This tetrameric enzyme, designated FabM, has no similarity to FabA, but rather is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. Thus, the branch point in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in S. pneumoniae occurs following the formation oftrans-2-decenoyl-ACP, in contrast to E. coliwhere the branch point takes place after the formation of β-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP.
Estimating Yen/Dollar and Mark/Dollar Purchasing Power Parities

A new technique for estimating purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates that makes use of price pressure exerted by exchange rate deviation is presented. The methodology consists of two equations for relative prices and relative costs, which are derived from a structural model, and offers a more satisfactory solution to the "base-year" problem than existing methods. The yen/dollar and mark/dollar PPP exchange rates are estimated and compared with those derived from other approaches. The closeness of these estimates shows that PPP estimation, although not a trivial exercise, can be performed with scientific accuracy.
Phosphate Transport after Acute Changes in Total NAD Content in Renal Proximal Tubules

Suspensions of proximal tubules were obtained by collagenase digestion of rat renal cortex followed by centrifugation on a percoll gradient. NAD content in tubules incubated at 37 degrees C was decreased by 40-60% compared with tubules incubated at 4 degrees C. This change occurred within 30 min and was maintained for up to 2 hr. Inhibitors of NAD hydrolysing enzymes prevented the depletion of cellular NAD at 37 degrees C. Acute changes in proximal tubule NAD content at 37 degrees C were not accompanied by changes in phosphate uptake by brush border membrane vesicles subsequently prepared from the same tubules. In contrast, incubation of tubules with parathyroid hormone (10(-6) M) produced the expected inhibition (20%) of brush border membrane transport of phosphate. One implication of these findings is that acute changes in total NAD content of proximal tubules at 37 degrees C may not influence the phosphate transport system in the renal brush border membrane. Other interpretations are discussed.