cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How does the motor system correct for errors in time and space during locomotor adaptation

Walking is a complex behavior for which the healthy nervous system favors a smooth, symmetric pattern. However, people often adopt an asymmetric walking pattern after neural or biomechanical damage (i.e., they limp). To better understand this aberrant motor pattern and how to change it, we studied walking adaptation to a split-belt perturbation where one leg is driven to move faster than the other. Initially, healthy adult subjects take asymmetric steps on the split-belt treadmill, but within 10–15 min people adapt to reestablish walking symmetry. Which of the many walking parameters does the nervous system change to restore symmetry during this complex act (i.e., what motor mappings are adapted to restore symmetric walking in this asymmetric environment)? Here we found two parameters that met our criteria for adaptive learning: a temporal motor output consisting of the duration between heel-strikes of the two legs (i.e., “when” the feet land) and a spatial motor output related to the landing position of each foot relative to one another (i.e., “where” the feet land). We found that when subjects walk in an asymmetric environment they smoothly change their temporal and spatial motor outputs to restore temporal and spatial symmetry in the interlimb coordination of their gait. These changes in motor outputs are stored and have to be actively deadapted. Importantly, the adaptation of temporal and spatial motor outputs is dissociable since subjects were able to adapt their temporal motor output without adapting the spatial output. Taken together, our results suggest that temporal and spatial control for symmetric gait can be adapted separately, and therefore we could potentially develop interventions targeting either temporal or spatial walking deficits.
Gene therapy for osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incurable, chronic, painful, debilitating joint disease characterized primarily by the gradual erosion of protective articular cartilage. Although joint damage contributes to the onset of OA, the continued synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, by synovial cells and chondrocytes is thought to drive the progression of disease. Numerous naturally occurring proteins have been identified with the potential to block inflammatory processes, or alternatively, stimulate the repair of damaged cartilage. Problems lie in the lack of effective methods of delivery, as most proteins have limited half-lives in vivo. Through the use of gene therapy applications, exogenous transgenes can be delivered to cells and tissues of arthritic joints, thereby redirecting their biology for sustained, local synthesis of therapeutic transgene products. A wide variety of transgenes and methods of delivery are currently under investigation for their capacity to block ongoing inflammation or stimulate repair and regeneration of cartilage tissues in OA.
Comments on ‘Earned profit method’, ‘Indexed discount rate method’ and ‘Is Paul vs. Virginia dead?’

Michael McLaughlin presented the case for the indexed discount rate method for fair valuation of liabilities using realistic assumptions as to future experience. McLaughlin states that multiple realistic scenarios covering the range of feasible options should be observed. The projected cash flows for each scenario are discounted at the Treasury spot rate appropriate for the duration of the cash flow. McLaughlin argues that no adjustment should be added to the Treasury rate because it would inappropriately overcount risk and optimistically reduce fair value of liabilities. In essence, McLaughlin shifts the complications imputed in the discount rate decision to the estimation of the cash flow.
Antioxidative enzymatic response of Lemna to environmental pollutants

Abstract The effects of sulfur dioxide, cadmium and copper on some antioxidative enzymes were studied in Lemna. Superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced after treatment with each of these pollutants. The maximum increase in superoxide dismutase activity was observed after 24 hours of sulfur dioxide fumigation. Lemna exhibited a rapid response to environmental pollutants. In untreated Lemna, catalase was found to be the dominant antiperoxidative enzyme. Sulfur dioxide inhibited catalase activity, but enhanced the guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. After the cadmium and copper treatments, activities of all three of these antiperoxidative enzymes were enhanced.
Ultrasensitive Piezoelectric-Based Microcantilever Biosensor: Theory and Experiment

Microcantilever (MC)-based sensors have become an advantageous tool for detection of ultrasmall masses and biological species. Exploiting high affinity of biomolecules, MCs offer a simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive platform for high throughput diagnosis and analytical sensing. A number of methods have been reported targeting sensitivity enhancement of MC-based systems including geometry modification, employing nanoparticle-enhanced MCs, and operating MCs in lateral and torsional modes. High mode resonating MCs have been reported as a promising sensitivity enhancement method. Although being investigated, there have not been enough analytical high fidelity models describing all dynamics and behavior of MCs operating in high modes with experimental proof. In this study, experimental results of a piezoelectric self-sensing MC operating as a biological sensor at ultrahigh mode along with theoretical verification are presented. Effect of absorbed mass on the frequency shift was investigated using self-sensing and optical measurement methodologies. Mode convergence theory was adopted in order to get the best estimation of resonance frequencies at different modes. Amino groups of aminothenethaiol solution are immobilized over MC. Shift in resonance frequencies in higher modes are measured and the quality factor is calculated proving the fact that sensitivity of MC to detect absorbed masses enhances as the number of modes increases.
Long-term effects of neonatal seizures and physical exercise on learning,memory and CaMKIIexpression in hippocampus of rats

Objective To observe the long-term effects of neonatal seizures and physical exercise on learn- ing,memory and the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡ(CaMKⅡ).Methods Thirty- six neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 days were randomized into 3 groups:the single-seizure group(SS),the re- current-seizure group(RS)and the control group.The rats in the RS and SS groups were put under forced running exercise program daily for one week once they reached the age of 51 days.Morris water-maze test were performed with the rats when they reach the age of 27-31,58 to 61 days and 80 to 82 days.In situ hybridization method was used to detect the expression of CaMKⅡmRNA in hippocampus.Results①Searching strategy:In the first Morris water- maze test,there was a decreasing tendency of marginal strategy and an increasing trend of taxis strategy in three groups,but the frequeney of use of marginal strategy was higher and t of taxis strategy was lower in RS group than that in SS and control groups in the third and fourth day(P0.01).However,there were no significant differences a- mong the three groups in the second and third Morris water-maze test.The escape latency of RS group was much lon- ger than that of SS and control groups.There was no significant difference between the SS group and control group.②Memory test:the frequency of use of taxis strategy was much lower in RS group than that in SS and control groups in the first to third day(P0.01).③In situ hybridization detection showed that the expression of CaMKⅡmRNA in dentate gyrus was much lower in RS group than that in SS and control groups(P0.01).Conclusion Recurrent but not single prolonged seizures might cause long-term effects on learning and memory,which might be associated with the down-regulated expression of CaMKⅡmRNA in hippocampus.Physical exercise may improve the learning ca- pacity but not the memory capacity of the rats with recurrent-seizure RS group.
Licensing a technology standard

Abstract I examine the optimal licensing strategy of the owner of a proprietary technology standard in a monopolistically competitive industry. The standard owner can be either an outsider inventor or a joint venture of downstream firms. I find that (1) a simple revenue royalty replicates the integrated monopoly outcome; (2) a patent pool cannot do better than adopting a non-discriminatory licensing policy that offers higher royalty rates to pool members than to nonmembers; (3) if the standard owner also sells a complementary good, then it may choose a decentralized marketplace as a commitment not to maximize licensing revenue. Implications to the use of RAND pricing in standard settings are discussed.
Language and Literacy Interventions for ELs with LD: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

In the last 15 years there has been a proliferation of research with English learners (ELs), but limited research on ELs with learning disabilities or difficulties. Much of the research is in reading and with Spanish-speaking ELs in the primary grades. Thus, there is evidence and consensus to guide reading instruction for Spanish-speaking ELs with reading difficulties, but little in the other content areas, for older ELs, or those who speak a language other than Spanish as their first language. This chapter will present empirically supported instruction for ELs with literacy related learning disabilities or difficulties, promising practices in those areas that have a less robust research base and areas for future research.
Have the ‘black clouds’ cleared with new residency programme regulations?

For decades, residents believed to work harder have been referred to as having a 'black cloud'. Residency training programmes recently instituted changes to improve physician wellness and achieve comparable clinical workload. All Internal Medicine residents in the internship class of 2014 at Columbia were surveyed to assess for the ongoing presence of 'black cloud' trainees. While some residents are still thought to have this designation, they did not have a greater workload when compared to their peers.
Learning to Teach and Teaching to Learn Mathematics: Assessing and Evaluating Students' Work

The mathematics course that we envision utilizes a variety of assessment techniques, including team home- work, projects, student presentations and writing assignments. A common element of these assessment practices is the clear and precise communication of mathematical ideas. In many cases, students are expected to work cooperatively – to produce a single piece of work representing the collective efforts of three or four students. In order to provide sufficient challenge for a group of students and sufficient incentive for the students to work cooperatively (instead of simply dividing the work among themselves, and later compiling their individual contributions for submission) the problems assigned are more complicated, and are sometimes more “open-ended” than exercises typically assigned in traditional mathematics classes. The problems assigned typically require students to make appropriate assumptions, to try alternative avenues of inquiry, to try to understand the mathematics more thoroughly by recognizing its application to otherwise unfamiliar situations, etc. The work that students produce on these more complicated assignments is not simply pages of algebraic manipulations with boxed answers at the end. Instead, students are encouraged (and helped) to exhibit their understanding of the mathematics in multiple ways (such as graphs, written accounts of their assumptions and reasoning processes), instead of simply recording the algebraic steps that they performed. As may be expected, assessing and grading student work of this kind can be radically different from assessing and grading pages of algebraic manipulations with a conveniently highlighted answer at the end.
Death and end times: the effects of religious fundamentalism and mortality salience on apocalyptic beliefs

According to terror management theory, the awareness of death motivates people to subscribe to cultural worldviews that offer some form of death transcendence. In support of this assertion, studies...
Fundamental Concepts in Biotransport

Biotransport is concerned with understanding the movement of mass, momentum, energy, and electrical charge in living systems and devices with biological or medical applications. It is often subdivided into four disciplines: biofluid mechanics, bioheat transfer, biomass transfer, and bioelectricity. These topics are often taught together because of the great similarities in the principles that govern the transport of mass, heat, and momentum of charged and uncharged species.
An Outsider's Perspective on Psychotherapy Integration

This article offers those who are identified with progress in psychotherapy integration an outsider's perspective on progress in the field. The author argues for a contextual study of psychotherapy and psychotherapy integration, noting that the social psychology of psychotherapy may be an overlooked dimension in the study of psychotherapy integration. He suggests that perceptions of progress in psychotherapy integration may be exaggerated due to the lack of such a perspective.
Techniques for Surgical Orthotopic Implantation of Human Tumors to Immunodeficient Mice

Surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) allows the growth and metastatic potential of transplanted tumors to be expressed and reflect clinical cancer. Unique clinically-accurate and relevant SOI models of human cancer have been developed for all major cancer types. SOI of intact tumor tissue allows a clinical pattern of metastasis, compared with orthotopic implantation of cancer cell suspension, which does not (Hoffman, R. M., Invest New Drugs 17:343–359, 1999).
Justice for victims of spouse abuse in divorce and child custody cases

Unequal power positions and domination-subordination roles of battering husbands and battered wives during marriage contaminate the process of separation and divorce. These dynamics may continue long after the marriages cease. Risks of extreme violence, rape, and homicide are highest when victims seek freedom. Because both victims and abusers construct a veil of secrecy while married, even if abused wives disclose the violence during the separation process, there may be nothing to substantiate their claims. Restraining orders often fail to restrain obsessed husbands; other husbands may get revenge by using their children as pawns. Attitudes favoring fathers' rights and joint custody may help win unfair financial advantages, and/or continued control over victims after divorce. Mandatory mediation in some states may give abusers additional advantages. Although some of these problems are being addressed with mechanisms to ameliorate them, the need to recognize problems facing battered wives in divorce and custody contexts has not received adequate attention. The purpose of this article is to provide a review and commentary on these issues.
Epilogue: The End of the Arctic as We Know It

The word unaami from the Alaskan Native Yup’ik language translates broadly to “tomorrow” and is commonly used with a connotation of change. There is no question that Arctic environments are changing, and not just the climate. There are a host of cultural, ecological, and economic factors that are also transitioning to unknown futures. Two powerful change-agents, climate change and culture-shift are a reality and challenge to the traditional communities in the high northern latitudes. This epilogue briefly explores how circumpolar Inuit communities are responding to this “double whammy.”
HOMOGENEITY IN THE GROUND STATE OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL FALICOV-KIMBALL MODEL

The Falicov-Kimball model is one of the simplest models of itinerant fermions with an on site interaction. It consists of spinless fermions on a lattice which may hop between nearest neighbor sites and which interact with another species of particles which are not allowed to hop. There are several physical interpretations of this model. We will use the interpretation in which one thinks of the hopping fermions as electrons and the static particles as nuclei. The Hamiltonian is $$ H = \sum\limits_{{x,y:|x - y| = 1}} {c_{x}^{ + }} {{c}_{y}} - U\sum\limits_{x} {c_{x}^{ + }} {{c}_{x}}W(x) $$ where c x † and c x are creation and annihilation operators for the electrons, W(x) = 1 if there is a nuclei at x and W(x) = 0 if there is not.
The origins and crisis of continental philosophy

When contemporary continental philosophy dismisses, with the discourse of post-modernism, the role of origin, teleology, foundation, etc., it is forsaking its own style of thinking and as a consequence is no longer able to discern crises of lived-meaning or to engage in the transformation of historical life. I address this crisis by characterizing continental philosophy as a particular style of thinking, generative thinking. I then examine the meaning and origins of philosophical thinking by drawing, for strategic reasons, on Jacques Derrida's essay “Cogito et histoire de la folie.” For not only has the very question of “origins” come under fire through various post-modern readings of Derrida, but Derrida's own point of critique concerning Western Metaphysics depends upon a specific understanding of origin that I call origin-originating. In the final section of this paper. I interpret the crisis within continental philosophy as a forgetting the “point” of origin-originating within the generative structure of experience.
The liminal effects of social movements : Red Guards and the transformation of identity

Social movements transform participants' identities. Why they do so is an unresolved puzzle. I argue that for participants, social movements are liminal phenomena characterized by varying degrees of freedom, egalitarianism, communion, and creativity. As such, the transformative power of social movements depends on their degree of liminality. Those that approximate most to the pure type of the liminal offer to the participants high degrees of freedom, egalitarianism, communion, and creativity. They transform identities most powerfully. In the 1960s, China's Red Guards experienced a profoundly liminal movement. As a result, an age-cohort that was coming of age began to recreate itself. The personal transformations of the Red Guards would persistently bear on Chinese politics and society up to the 1989 Chinese student movement.
Chemical Plume Tracing

Given a measurable concentration of a dissolved substance at a point within a fluid flow, where is the source? As physicists and engineers we often look at this problem from a more traditional perspective given a point source release of a substance, we seek to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the effluent plume. Animals, seeking to evade predators or to locate mates or sources of food, contend with this problem routinely every day, and they have evolved a keen ability to locate these sources. Thus whereas our traditional approach when studying point source releases in the field of fluid mechanics is to seek to understand the fate of the source material and hence to study the forward problem, animals, and hence the biologists who study them, traditionally approach the study of the point-source-in-a-fluid as an inverse problem. This Special Issue on chemical plume tracing presents the work of an interdisciplinary research team, assembled by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) to develop the ability to track chemical plumes to their sources. The fundamental approach to this research has been biomimetic. Both ONR and DARPA currently support research programs that seek either to integrate biological sensors or materials directly into new technology, or to capitalize on our knowledge about biological systems and processes to design new technological approaches to meet the demanding capability requirements of many armed services applications. This “biocentric” approach spans many disciplines and length scales. Some workers seek to enhance the performance of Navy surface and underwater platforms by a careful hydrodynamic analysis of swimming animals (Triantafyllou and Triantafyllou, 1995; Gordon et al., 2000; Bandyopadhyay, 2002). Others attempt to harness the power of single molecular motors to provide new energy sources (Montemagno and
The Integration of Basic Research, Treatment Research, and Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology

There are many ways research advances the science of pediatric psychology, as well as clinical psychology in general. Research contributes to the knowledge and thought base on which the future of the field is built. (Roberts and McNeal (1995)) distinguish among four types of empirical research in pediatric psychology: explicative, assessment, prevention, and treatment research. Each approach contributes uniquely to the study of the clinical phenomenon that are the subject matter of pediatric psychology. However, in recent years the balance among these four types of contributions has become skewed. In particular, there is an overemphasis on explicative research, which examines the associations among variables. In addition, there appears to be a chasm between explicative and treatment research, with explicative research seldom informing the development of treatment programs. However, the chasm has not always been there (see Roberts & McNeal, 1995), and was not characteristic of the early days of the field. Clinical research at that time primarily had an applied goal: to produce clinically significant treatment gains for the patients, as opposed to the current theoretical or model building goal of much of explicative research today. While important, explicative research and the associated theory development were not the primary focus of the majority of research.
Abstract 80: Older Patients Benefit More From Complete Recanalization Following Thrombectomy

Introduction: Higher rates of recanalization following thrombectomy are associated with better clinical outcomes. Specifically, patients with TICI 2c or 3 recanalization have higher degrees of func...
Serially transplantable mammary epithelial cells express the Thy-1 antigen

Recent studies in murine mammary tissue have identified functionally distinct cell populations that may be isolated by surface phenotype or lineage tracing. Previous groups have shown that CD24medCD49fhigh cells enriched for long-lived mammary epithelial cells can be serially transplanted. Flow cytometry-based enrichment of distinct phenotypic populations was assessed for their gene expression profiles and functional proliferative attributes in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show Thy-1 is differentially expressed in the CD24medCD49fhigh population, which allowed us to discern two functionally different populations. The Thy-1+CD24medCD49fhigh phenotype contained the majority of the serially transplantable epithelial cells. The Thy-1−CD24medCD49fhigh phenotype contains a rare progenitor population that is able to form primary mammary outgrowths with significantly decreased serial in vivo transplantation potential. Therefore, Thy-1 expression in the immature cell compartment is a useful tool to study the functional heterogeneity that drives mammary gland development and has implications for disease etiology.
Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool - Mixed Breastfeeding and Bottle-Feeding (NeoEAT - Mixed Feeding): factor analysis and psychometric properties

Early identification of feeding difficulty in infancy is critical to supporting breastfeeding and ensuring optimal nutrition for brain development. The Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool (NeoEAT) is a parent-report assessment that currently has two versions: NeoEAT – Breastfeeding and NeoEAT – Bottle-feeding for use in breast and bottle-fed infants, respectively. There are currently no valid and reliable parent-report measures to assess feeding through a combination of both breast and bottle delivery. The purpose of this study was to conduct a factor analysis and test the psychometric properties of a new measure, the NeoEAT – Mixed Breastfeeding and Bottle-Feeding (NeoEAT – Mixed Feeding), including internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity and known-groups validity. Parents of infants younger than 7 months who had fed by both bottle and breast in the previous 7 days were invited to participate. Internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach’s α. Test-retest reliability was tested between scores on the NeoEAT – Mixed Feeding completed 2 weeks apart. Construct validity was tested using correlations between the NeoEAT – Mixed-Feeding, the Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire - Revised (I-GERQ-R), and the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (IGSQ). Known-groups validation was tested between healthy infants and infants with feeding problems. A total of 608 parents participated. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 68-item scale with 5 sub-scales. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = .88) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.91; p < .001) were both acceptable. Construct validity was demonstrated through correlations with the I-GERQ-R (r = 0.57; p < .001) and IGSQ (r = 0.5; p < .001). Infants with feeding problems scored significantly higher on the NeoEAT – Mixed Feeding, indicating more problematic feeding symptoms, than infants without feeding problems (p < .001), supporting known-groups validity. The NeoEAT – Mixed Feeding is a 68-item parent-reported measure of breast- and bottle-feeding behavior for infants less than 7 months old that now has evidence of validity and reliability for use in clinical practice and research. The NeoEAT – Mixed Feeding can be used to identify infants with problematic feeding, guide referral decisions, and evaluate response to interventions.
Helping patients choose appropriate contraception.

Family physicians should have the skills and knowledge to help patients choose a contraceptive method that is not contraindicated. They should be ready to discuss failure rates positive aspects side effects cost and protection against disease particularly HIV infection for each available contraceptive method. Family physicians need to understand the relationship between method and user failure rate. Family planning methods fit into 4 categories: contraceptives used only during intercourse (i.e. episodic contraceptives) natural family planning continual contraceptives and sterilization. Episodic contraceptives--spermicides condoms and contraceptive sponges--are economical and require no physician prescription. Other episodic contraceptives (i.e. diaphragms and cervical caps) pose problems for effective use but help prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Tracking the basal body temperature increases the effectiveness of periodic sexual abstinence. Yet natural family planning has high method and user failure rates requires a lot of time and does not protect against STDs. Continual contraceptives include oral contraceptives (OCs) Norplant Depo-Provera and IUDs. OCs are very effective at preventing pregnancy but can produce estrogen- and progesterone-related side effects. Norplant is best for women who want protection from pregnancy but have rather low motivation. A drawback of Norplant use is the requirement of an office surgical procedure. Depo-Provera also provides long-term protection against pregnancy but may cause amenorrhea. Hormonal side effects are absent with IUD use but IUDs increase the risk of pelvic infection and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. Sexual sterilization options--tubal ligation and vasectomy--provide permanent protection against pregnancy for persons wanting no more children.
Clinical outcomes, local-regional control and the role for metastasis-directed therapies in stage III non-small cell lung cancers treated with chemoradiation and durvalumab.

Abstract Background and purpose Concurrent chemoradiation (cCRT) and durvalumab is standard therapy for patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Data is limited on outcomes with this regimen outside of clinical trials. Local-regional control rates remain undefined. Materials and methods We reviewed patients with stage III unresectable NSCLCs treated between November 2017 and February 2019 with cCRT and ≥1 dose of durvalumab. We examined 12-month progression-free-survival (PFS), overall-survival (OS), toxicities, and the incidence and pattern of local–regional and metastatic failures. Results Sixty-two patients (median follow-up 12 months) with median age of 66 years of which 73% had stage IIIB (n = 33) or IIIC (n = 12) disease started durvalumab a median of 1.5 months from the end of cCRT and were treated with a median of 8 months of durvalumab. Common reasons for stopping durvalumab included disease progression (32%, 20/62) and toxicity (24%, 15/62). The estimated 12-month PFS and OS were 65% (95% CI: 51–79%) and 85% (95% CI: 75–95%), respectively. The cumulative 12-month incidence of local–regional and distant failures were 18% (95% CI: 5.9–30%) and 30% (95% CI: 16.3–44.5%), respectively. Among patients with distant metastatic disease (n = 17), 47% had oligometastatic disease. High tumor mutation burden (≥8.8 mt/Mb) or PD-L1 (≥1% or PD-L1 ≥ 50%) did not predict improved PFS. Conclusions Outcomes with cCRT and durvalumab in practice align with the PACIFIC trial. A substantial minority of patients are candidates for metastasis-directed therapies at progression. Local regional outcomes appear improved to historical data of cCRT alone.
Experimental study on forced convection hydraulic and thermal characteristics in a dimpled flat duct

Abstract This paper presents friction factor and Nusselt number for a dimpled flat duct in single phase (liquid and gas flows) of R134a. It compares experimentally obtained data for the dimpled flat duct to correlation predictions for a rectangular duct with the same aspect ratio. Data show that the friction factor for liquid flow decreases remarkably with an increase in Reynolds number from 580 to 2700, while for vapor flow, the friction factor was barely affected in the range of Reynolds number from 1 × 104 through 5 × 104. The Nusselt numbers for both liquid flow and vapor flow increase gradually with increasing Reynolds number. The dimpled flat duct has 5.5–15.7 times friction factors and 3.2–8.6 times Nusselt numbers compared to the predicted values of correlations for the rectangular duct. The reasons for the higher friction factor and Nusselt number are attributed to the dimples which can generate secondary flows and destroy the boundary layer of flow.
Realizing the full potential of individualizing learning

Abstract The potential of individualization to transform learning that new technology makes possible has generated wide interest. We ask here whether individualization has been exploited to its maximum advantage. We explore its potential to provide individualized scaffolding at the meta-level of students’ reflection on their own thinking as they engaged in inquiry activity to support their reasoning about a multivariable causal system – a capability central to scientific thinking and higher-order thinking more broadly. In Study 1, middle-school pairs’ self-paced inquiry was individually guided by an adult who prompted them to question their assertions and strategies. Study 2 investigated how such scaffolding might be automated to provide individualization at scale. Delayed posttests for both studies involving new scenarios showed that gains in both inquiry and multivariable causal inference skills transferred to new content. Delayed far-transfer assessments showed that the intervention achieved its learning goals most effectively when an adult worked with a pair of students, compared to students working as a whole class (Study 1); students also learned effectively with an automated agent, but only when a human adult was also involved (Study 2). Implications are considered for developing and deploying technology that individualizes and supports self-directed, reflective meta-level thinking and learning, while remaining mindful of human social context.
Initial chest radiograph scores inform COVID-19 status, intensive care unit admission and need for mechanical ventilation.

AIM To evaluate whether portable chest radiography (CXR) scores are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status and various clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 500 initial CXR from COVID-19-suspected patients. Each CXR was scored based on geographic extent and degree of opacity as indicators of disease severity. COVID-19 status and clinical outcomes including intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, mortality, length of hospitalisation, and duration on ventilator were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CXR scores and COVID-19 status, CXR scores and clinical outcomes, adjusted for code status, age, gender and co-morbidities. RESULTS The interclass correlation coefficients amongst raters were 0.94 and 0.90 for the extent score and opacity score, respectively. CXR scores were significantly (p 0.05). CXR scores were not associated with length of hospitalisation or duration on ventilation (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Initial CXR scores have prognostic value and are associated with COVID-19 positivity, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation.
Taking a Close Look at Twitter Communities and Clusters

The rise in the popularity of Social Networking Sites has made Community Detection in such networks a major research interest. The edges connecting the entities in the network are the principal foci in graphical community detection. At the same time, large volume of data is produced on these Social Networking Sites, a large portion of which being text data. Document Clustering methods utilize the textual properties of text documents to cluster similar documents together while separating dissimilar documents. This paper treats text data collected from Twitter as a set of documents. The clusters produced by the document clustering methods are associated with the respective users. These clusters are then compared with the communities detected in the graphical representation of the network generated from the users and the relationships between them. NodeXL was used to collect data from Twitter while Gephi was used for visualizing the collected dataset. Different feature representation and clustering methods were applied for clustering the tweets(documents) and in turn the users associated with them.
Asynchronous Transmission for Multiple Access Channels: Rate-Region Analysis and System Design for Uplink NOMA

In this work, we thoroughly analyze the rate-region provided by the asynchronous transmission in multiple access channels (MACs). We derive the corresponding capacity-regions, applicable to a wide range of pulse shaping methods. We analytically prove that asynchronous transmission enlarges the capacity-region of MACs. Although successive interference cancellation (SIC) can achieve the optimal sum-rate for the conventional uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) methods, it is unable to achieve the boundary of the capacity-region for the asynchronous transmission. We demonstrate that for the asynchronous transmission, the optimal SIC decoding order to achieve the maximum sum-rate is based on the users’ channel strengths. This optimal ordering is in contrast to the conventional uplink NOMA, where various decoding orders can result in the maximum sum-rate. Furthermore, we provide practical transceiver designs to approach the capacity-region. The memory induced by asynchronous transmission enables the use of the trellis-based detection methods which improves the performance. In addition, we propose a transceiver design, based on channel diagonalization to exploit the frequency-selectivity introduced by timing offsets. The proposed transceiver design, joint with the turbo principle, enables us to achieve a rate pair that is not achievable by the synchronous transmission.
Factor Structure of Medical Autonomy Scales in Young People with Spina Bifida

OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this study was to examine the factor structure of a spina bifida (SB) medical responsibilities measure and a medical regimen skills scale across time in families of youth with SB. METHOD One-hundred and forty youth with SB and their parents were assessed in both childhood/adolescence and adolescence/young adulthood. The Sharing of SB Medical Responsibilities Scale (SOSBMR) includes 34 items for which participants indicate who is responsible for each task. The SB Independence Survey (SBIS) is composed of 50 SB-specific medical skills items in yes-no format. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to examine the factor structure of the SOSBMR and SBIS in childhood and adolescence (ages 8-15) and in adolescence/young adulthood (AYA; ages 16-25). RESULTS One- and seven-factor CFAs were compared for both measures. For the SBIS, both mother- and father-report were used in childhood; self-report was employed for AYA. For the SOSBMR, only self-report was used for both age groups. Across each rater and time point, the seven-factor models of the SBIS and SOSBMR had adequate to excellent fit and reliability, indicating the ability to use each subscale. In addition, each of the corresponding subscales on the SOSBMR and SBIS were associated with each other across raters and time, showing good concurrent and predictive validity. CONCLUSIONS From childhood to young adulthood, the subscales of the SOSBMR can be used to examine responsibility across multiple medical tasks and the SBIS can be used to assess medical regimen skills and mastery in young people with SB.
Performing pain: Sindhi Sufi music, affect, and Hindu-Muslim relations in western India

This article examines the affective enactment of the Sufi emotional concept of the pain of separation by Muslim singers in Kachchh, Gujarat, a border region in western India adjacent to Sindh, Paki...
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use and Outcomes of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke exist and have been described. We aimed to characterize disparities in the use of endovascular thrombectomy in a nationally representative analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2006 and 2016 were queried using validated International Classification of Disease codes. Patients admitted to US hospitals with acute ischemic stroke were included and stratified on the basis of race, income, and primary payer. Trends in endovascular thrombectomy use, good outcome (discharge to home/acute rehabilitation), and poor outcome (discharge to skilled nursing facility, hospice, in-hospital mortality) were studied using univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: In this analysis of 1,322,162 patients, endovascular thrombectomy use increased from 53/111,829 (0.05%) to 3054/146,650 (2.08%) between 2006 and 2016, respectively. Less increase was observed in black patients from 4/12,733 (0.03%) to 401/23,836 (1.68%) and those in the lowest income quartile from 10/819 (0.03%) to 819/44,984 (1.49%). Greater increase was observed in the highest income quartile from 18/22,138 (0.08%) to 669/27,991 (2.39%). Black race predicted less endovascular thrombectomy use (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72–0.86). The highest income group predicted endovascular thrombectomy use (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.13–1.36) as did private insurance (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.23–1.38). High income predicted good outcome (OR = 1.10; 95% CI. 1.06–1.14), as did private insurance (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.31–1.39). Black race predicted poor outcome (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.30–1.36). All results were statistically significant (P CONCLUSIONS: Despite a widespread increase in endovascular thrombectomy use, black and low-income patients may be less likely to receive endovascular thrombectomy. Future effort should attempt to better understand the causes of these disparities and develop strategies to ensure equitable access to potentially life-saving treatment.
SU-E-T-122: Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) Vs. Acuros XB (AXB) in Stereotactic Treatment Planning

Purpose: To evaluate dosimetric differences between superposition beam model (AAA) and determinant photon transport solver (AXB) in lung SBRT and Cranial SRS dose computations. Methods: Ten Cranial SRS and ten Lung SBRT plans using Varian, AAA _11.0 were re-planned using Acuros _XB_11.0 with fixed MU. 6MV photon Beam model with HD120_MLC used for dose calculations. Four non-coplanar conformal arcs used to deliver 21Gy or 18Gy to SRS targets (0.4 to 6.2cc). 54Gy (3Fractions) or 50Gy (5Fractions) was planned for SBRT targets (7.3 to 13.9cc) using two VAMT non-coplanar arcs. Plan comparison parameters were dose to 1% PTV volume (D1), dose to 99% PTV volume( D99), Target mean (Dmean), Conformity index (ratio of prescription isodose volume to PTV), Homogeneity Index [ (D2%-D98%)/Dmean] and R50 (ratio of 50% of prescription isodose volume to PTV). OAR parameters were Brain volume receiving 12Gy dose (V12Gy) and maximum dose (D0.03) to Brainstem for SRS. For lung SBRT, maximum dose to Heart and Cord, Mean lung dose (MLD) and volume of lung receiving 20Gy (V20Gy) were computed. PTV parameters compared by percentage difference between AXB and AAA parameters. OAR parameters and HI compared by absolute difference between two calculations. For analysis, paired t-test performed over the parameters. Results: Compared to AAA, AXB SRS plans have on average 3.2% lower D99, 6.5% lower CI and 3cc less Brain_V12. However, AXB SBRT plans have higher D1, R50 and Dmean by 3.15%, 1.63% and 2.5%. For SRS and SBRT, AXB plans have average HI 2 % and 4.4% higher than AAA plans. In both techniques, all other parameters vary within 1% or 1Gy. In both sets only two parameters have P>0.05. Conclusion: Even though t-test results signify difference between AXB and AAA plans, dose differences in dose estimations by both algorithms are clinically insignificant.
Automated cell cycle analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an instrument that automatically stages cells through their cycle and which possibly can be used to resolve the temporal structure of cells in the same way the electron microscope and the ultracentrifuge have resolved their spatial structure. In establishing synchrony in mammalian cells, there are two major considerations—namely, (1) purity with respect to age distribution of the starting synchronized cell population and (2) perturbations in cellular metabolism emanating from the synchronization process. Selection synchrony, in which cells of a particular age are separated from the remainder of the population on the basis of distinguishing physical or biological characteristics, is superior in both respects to alignment synchrony, in which some process essential to continued cycle traverse is inhibited. Selection synchrony avoids the problems of unbalanced growth. In practice, mitotic selection—the primary procedure in this class—is often enhanced with a low-calcium medium, or the collected cells are stored at low temperatures. Both of these treatments, which are performed to increase the yield of mitotic cells can affect subsequent cell cycle events and reduce the number of traversing cells. The upper limit on the yield of mitotic cells is determined by the volume of medium required and the logistical problems involved in selecting cells from large numbers of roller bottles. The logic of the sequence controller is such that many methods for making cells synchronous can probably be coupled to this sample-handling system.
Nutritional Studies of the Dermatophytes with Special Reference to the Red-Pigment-Producing Varieties of Trichophyton Mentagrophytes1

That the dermatophyte species differ in virulence, in invasive capacity and in the clinical character and persistence of the lesions produced, are well known facts, making almost imperative the identification of the species involved in a given infection, due to its bearing on the prognosis and therapy of the disease. The value of nutritional studies in improving both isolation and identification techniques for this group of organisms has been pointed out in recent papers (Benham 1953; Silva and Benham 1952).
Differences in Creep Performance of a HIPed Silicon Nitride in Ambient air and Inert Environments

High temperature tensile creep studies of a commercially available hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) silicon nitride were conducted in ambient air and argon environments. The creep performance of this HIPed silicon nitride was found to be different in these environments. The material crept faster (and had a consequential shorter lifetime) in argon than in ambient air at 1370{degrees}C at tensile stresses between 110-140 MPa. The stress dependence of the minimum creep rate was found to be {approx} 6 in argon and {approx} 3.5 in air, while the minimum creep rates were almost an order of magnitude faster in argon than in air at equivalent tensile stresses. Differences in the creep performance are explained with reference to the presence or absence of oxygen in the two environments.
Parametric study of HDD operational shock with disk -ramp contact

There has been a significant increase in the demand of hard disk drives (HDD) used in portable devices. High shock resistance is an important requirement for the reliable performance of mobile drives. In this paper we conduct a numerical study to understand the effect of shock parameters on the failure of the head-disk interface (HDI) using a spinning disk model. The result shows that the HDD's components have a strong influence on the shock resistance. This study can be helpful in improving the design of HDD components and air bearing sliders (ABS) for better shock performance.
Anomalous process temperature scaling behavior of sol-gel ZrO x gate dielectrics: Mobility enhancement in ZnO TFTs

Solution-processed transparent conductive oxides have emerged as an attractive material system for realization of large-area and flexible electronic systems, where the scalability of solution-processing offers potential advantages [1]. Recently, the performance of solution-processed ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) deposited via spray pyrolysis at 400°C has become comparable to sputtering with a competitive mobility of 85 cm2/Vs on a sol-gel ZrO x gate dielectric [2]. Similar results such as these have been obtained in other TCO material systems by exploiting the commonly observed yet unexplained phenomena of mobility enhancement due to high-k dielectrics. [3] While many of these results have been obtained at process temperatures of >500°C, there is particular interest in lowering the process temperatures to expand the range of compatible substrates. We have investigated the impact of lowering the deposition temperature of sol-gel ZrO x dielectrics [4] on the electrical performance of ZnO TFTs processed at a low temperature of 250°C using a spray pyrolysis technique [2]. Surprisingly, and potentially of tremendous advantage, transistor performance improved dramatically as the processing temperature of the ZrO x was reduced.