cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic rheological model with shear stress limit for acrylamide polymer modified bentonite drilling muds

Abstract The effects of additives on the flow characteristics of the drilling muds used in various drilling operations including oil and gas wells must be better quantified. In this study, acrylamide polymer was used to modify the water based bentonite mud to reduce the yield point and maximum shear stress produced by the mud during the drilling operation. The bentonite content in the drilling mud was varied up to 6% (by weight). Based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses the major constituents of the bentonite were montmorillonite (MMT, (Na,Ca) 0.33 (Al,Mg) 2 (Si 4 O 10 )(OH) 2 ·nH 2 O), feldspar (Albite, NaAlSi 3 O 8 ), kaolinite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH 4 )), Beidellite ((Na,Ca 0.5 ) 0.3 Al 2 ((Si,Al) 4 O 10 )(OH) 2 ·nH 2 O) and quartz (SiO 2 ). The bentonite was modified using a water soluble polymer solution before using it in the drilling mud. The rheological properties of bentonite were characterized from very low strain rate to relatively high strain rate to determine the nonlinear behavior of the shear thinning drilling mud. The polymer modification reduced the yield point by 26–66% based on the bentonite content in the drilling mud. The polymer treatment also reduced the apparent viscosity of the drilling muds. The shear thinning behavior of the bentonite drilling mud with and without polymer has been quantified using the new hyperbolic model and compared with two other constitutive models, Herschel–Bulkley and Casson models. While Casson model had two material parameters the other two models had three parameters. The results showed that the hyperbolic model predicated the shear thinning relationship between the shear stress and shear strain rate of the polymer modified bentonite drilling mud very well. Also the hyperbolic model has a maximum shear stress limit were as the other two models did not have a limit on the maximum shear stress. Based on the hyperbolic model the maximum shear stresses produced by the 2%, 4% and 6% bentonite drilling muds were 11 Pa, 18.5 Pa and 45.7 Pa respectively. The maximum shear stress produced by 0.24% polymer treated 2%, 4% and 6% bentonite drilling muds were 10.4 Pa, 16 Pa and 31 Pa respectively, hence a reduction of 5–33% in the maximum shear stress. Effects of bentonite content and polymer content on the model parameters have been quantified using a nonlinear model (NLM). The NLM quantified the effect of polymer treatment on all the model parameters.
Particle-associated and cell-free extracellular enzyme activity in relation to nutrient status of large tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River

Microbial extracellular enzyme activity is responsible for much of the carbon and nutrient cycling in freshwaters, and logically there should a relationship between the chemical properties of a system and its enzymatic profile. To evaluate this concept, we surveyed extracellular enzyme activity in five large rivers (the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas) of the Mississippi River Basin, one of the world’s largest river systems. The rivers drain areas of different climate, physiography, and land use, and differ in their physicochemical properties. Despite differences in nutrient concentrations, there were no consistent differences in enzyme activity between the five rivers, with as much variation in activity between sites on the same river as among different rivers. Enzymatic profiles were dominated by leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatase, and β-glucosidase, and appreciable enzymatic activity was still present following the removal of particles (3-micron filtration) or cells (0.22-micron filtration). The proportion of particle- or cell- associated enzymatic activity contributing to overall activity varied between enzymes, being higher for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase than for sulfatase or cellobiohydrolase. Dissolved elemental stoichiometry suggested that bacterioplankton in all rivers were limited by C overall, with P also being more limiting than N. While regional-scale patterns in enzyme activity in large rivers may indicate anthropogenic influences, this study demonstrates that finer-scale variation, such as between sites on the same river, or between particles and free-living bacterioplankton, may be equally as important.
Modeling of flow and transport at the microscale

Physical, chemical and biological processes at the microscale are very complicated. Understanding these processes is fundamental to understanding the behavior and characteristics of a porous medium. At this scale, the flow equations are the Navier-Stokes equations instead of Darcy's law. Not only are the equations nonlinear, but the flow domain is very irregular. A mixed-finite element method for irregular domains is presented. For the transport of contaminants or nutrients, also modeled in the same irregular domains, we use a finite element method. Numerical test cases are given.
Alkyne-Functional Polymers through Sonogashira Coupling to Poly(4-bromostyrene)

Alkyne-functional polymers and block copolymers were synthesized by postpolymerization modification of poly(4-bromostyrene) (PBrS) via palladium-catalyzed coupling with terminal alkynes. Several coupling methods, most notably bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride/tris-tert-butylphosphine catalyst systems at room temperature, were examined on well-defined polymers and copolymers of 4-bromostyrene prepared by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) with TEMPO. High conversions to alkyne-functional repeat units were obtained with low molecular weight homopolymers of PBrS (8−15 kg/mol) to afford alkyne-rich random copolymers of poly[(4-phenylethynyl)styrene]-co-poly(4-bromostyrene) and poly[(4-hexynyl)styrene]-co-poly(4-bromostyrene). Coupling reactions run on higher molecular weight polymers (70 kg/mol) or multiblock copolymers also gave high conversions to poly[(4-phenylethynyl)styrene], while coupling reactions with 1-hexyne suffered from side reactions. 1H NMR analysis of the coupled products suggests tha...
Bounds on coverage time and node density for multi-modality sensing

In wireless sensor networks, nodes may employ multiple sensing modalities to improve the robustness of covering a region. Multi-modality coverage requires that every point in the region be covered by at least one node for each sensing modality. In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing the multi-modality coverage time and the relationship between node density and the probability of coverage. To this end, for the coverage time, we (1) derive lower and upper bounds on the achievable coverage time; (2) formulate the multi-modality coverage time maximization problem as a linear program; and (3) develop a heuristic to compute the achievable coverage time when the network is operated in phases. Through simulations, we show that the heuristic approach attains coverage time close to the optimal for a random network when large number of phases are employed. For the node density estimation, we evaluate the probability that a point is covered by at least one node for each modality for a given density of deployment by considering the possible correlation in the sensed information.
Claiming hidden memories as one's own: A review of inadvertent plagiarism

Inadvertent plagiarism, or cryptomnesia, occurs when an individual claims another's idea as his or her own with no recollection of having been exposed to the idea before. Although some variation exists in the explanations of this occurrence, the source monitoring framework has emerged as the most plausible account. The purpose of this paper is to review the core body of research that has been conducted on cryptomnesia over the past two decades, with particular focus on the factors that affect the propensity of this phenomenon and how these influences inform a theoretical explanation of cryptomnesia. This paper also includes some suggestions for how future research might continue to explore the phenomenon of inadvertent plagiarism.
Generation of sub-20fs pulses from an all-fiber carbon nanotube mode-locked laser system

We report a simple all-fiber femtosecond laser system based on carbon nanotube saturable absorber that was capable of generating 17-fs pulses with optical spectrum extending from 1000 nm to 1750 nm.
Rob Kling and the Irvine School

The Irvine School refers to an intellectual perspective on information technology in complex organizational settings that emerged at the University of California, Irvine, over the last three decade...
Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to finerpriting of bacterial enomes

Dispersed repetitive DNA sequences have been described recently in eubacteria. To assess the distribution and evolutionary conservation of two distinct prokaryotic repetitive elements, consensus oligonucleotides were used in polymerase chain reaction [PCR] amplification and slot blot hybridization experiments with genomic DNA from diverse eubacterial species. Oligonucleotides matching Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic [REP] elements and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus [ERIC] sequences were synthesized and tested as opposing PCR primers in the amplification of eubacterial genomic DNA. REP and ERIC consensus oligonucleotides produced clearly resolvable bands by agarose gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification. These band patterns provided unambiguous DNA fingerprints of different eubacterial species and strains. Both REP and ERIC probes hybridized preferentially to genomic DNA from Gram-negative enteric bacteria and related species. Widespread distribution of these repetitive DNA elements in the genomes of various microorganisms should enable rapid identification of bacterial species and strains, and be useful for the analysis of prokaryotic genomes.
Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in young adolescents with diabetes mellitus: a case study.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) was initiated in a young female adolescent with severe insulin resistance, decreased growth velocity, and poor metabolic control. The patient's insul...
Simulated Thin Pericardial Bioprosthetic Valve Leaflet Deformation Under Static Pressure-Only Loading Conditions: Implications for Percutaneous Valves

Percutaneous aortic valve (PAV) replacement is currently being investigated as an endovascular alternative to conventional open-chest valve surgery for patients with severe aortic stenosis. The results of multi-center clinical trials of PAV devices have been encouraging. However, there are serious adverse events associated with this procedure. Furthermore, long-term durability and safety of PAV need to be studied carefully. In this study, we developed a thin pericardial bioprosthetic valve model, which has similar design features of PAV. We utilized this model to investigate PAV deformation under static, pressure-only loading conditions using Finite Element method. Mechanical properties of PAV leaflet were obtained from planar biaxial testing of glutaraldehyde treated thin bovine pericardium (BP) and porcine pericardium (PP), and characterized by the Fung-elastic model. Simulations were performed to examine the effects of tissue thickness and anisotropy on the valve deformation and stress distribution. The results indicated peak stress and strain occurred in the vicinity of commissures. The peak maximum principal stresses (MPS) were reduced with the increase of leaflet tissue thickness, by 36% and 59% from the mean thickness to 0.35 mm for BP and PP, respectively. The PAV with BP leaflet had a lower peak MPS than that with PP leaflet. Moreover, leaflet material orientation had a significant influence on the peak MPS of PAV.
Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: Advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) can occur as part of 4 inherited disorders, including Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) (von Recklinghausen disease), and the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The relative frequency with which patients who have these disorders develop PETs is MEN1>VHL>NF-1>TSC. Over the last few years, there have been major advances in the understanding of the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of these disorders as well in the localization and the medical and surgical treatment of PETs in such patients. The study of PETs in these disorders not only has provided insights into the possible pathogenesis of sporadic PETs but also has presented several unique management and treatment issues, some of which are applicable to patients with sporadic PETs. Therefore, the study of PETs in these uncommon disorders has provided valuable insights that, in many cases, are applicable to the general group of patients with sporadic PETs. In this article, these areas are reviewed briefly along with the current state of knowledge of the PETs in these disorders, and the controversies that exist in their management are summarized briefly and discussed.
Foreign Object Damage Behavior of a SiC/SiC Composite at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of a gas-turbine grade SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was determined at 25 and 1316 C, employing impact velocities from 115 to 440 meters per second by 1.59-mm diameter stell-ball projectiles. Two different types of specimen support were used at each temperature: fully supported and partially supported. For a given temperature, the degree of post-impact strength degradation increased with increasing impact velocity, and was greater in a partially supported configuration than in a fully supported one. The elevated-temperature FOD resistance of the composite, particularly under partially supported loading at higher impact velocities greater than or equal to 350 meters per second, was significantly less than the ambient-temperature counterpart, attributed to a weakening effect of the composite. For fully supported loading, frontal contact stress played a major role in generating composite damage; whereas, for partially supported loading, both frontal contact and backside bending stresses were combined sources of damage generation. The SiC/SiC composite was able to survive higher energy impacts without complete structural failure but suffered more strength affecting damage from low energy impacts than AS800 and SN282 silicon nitrides.
Nicotine analog inhibition of nicotine self-administration in rats

Rationale Partial agonists and antagonists of addictive drugs have been useful in the treatment of dependence.
Exertional Dyspnea and a Widened Mediastinum

Il s'agissait d'une compression de l'artere pulmonaire droite par un gros anevrysme de l'aorte ascendante
Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Species, Flight, and Attack on Living Eastern Cottonwood Trees.

Abstract In spring 2002, ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infested an intensively managed 22-ha tree plantation on the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Nearly 3,500 scolytids representing 28 species were captured in ethanol-baited traps from 18 June 2002 to 18 April 2004. More than 88% of total captures were exotic species. Five species [Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama), Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff), Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimmermann), Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff, and Xyleborus impressus Eichhoff]) were collected in South Carolina for the first time. Of four tree species in the plantation, eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides Bartram, was the only one attacked, with nearly 40% of the trees sustaining ambrosia beetle damage. Clone ST66 sustained more damage than clone S7C15. ST66 trees receiving fertilization were attacked more frequently than trees receiving irrigation, irrigation + fertilization, or controls, although the number of S7C15 trees attacked did not differ among tre...
Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing

Abstract A three-roll mill was used to disperse/exfoliate the clay nanoparticles in an epoxy matrix. The compounding process was carried out with varying clay contents (1–10 wt.%). The technique was found highly efficient and environmentally friendly in achieving high levels of exfoliation and dispersion within a short period of time.
The Multidimensionality of Presbycusis: Hearing Losses on the Content and Relational Dimensions of Speech

Abstract Presbycusis, the age associated decline in hearing and listening, has been traditionally conceptualized as the progressive inability to distinguish phonemes and hence to apprehend the content of spoken communication. Based on the distinction between the content and relational dimensions of communication, this study posed the possibility that presbycusis also involves a loss of listening ability along the relational dimension of communication. Using five measures of speech discrimination and listening, the study confirmed that aging is significantly associated with losses on the content and relational dimensions of listening. Furthermore, there are different rates of aging for these two dimensions. Whereas the loss on the content dimension is linearly related to age, the loss on the relational dimension is curvilinearly related to age with little decline in ability until a relatively drastic loss occurs in the early to mid-70s. These results indicate that the communicative impact of presbycusis is...
Synthesis, characterization and DNA interactions of 5,15-(4-pyridyl)-10,20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin coordinated to two [Ru(bipy)2Cl]+ groups

Abstract A new porphyrin 5,15-(4-pyridyl)-10,20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (H2DPDPFPP) and its diruthenium(II) analog ([trans-H2(DPDPFPP)Ru2(bipy)4Cl2(PF6)2]) have been synthesized and characterized. Electronic transitions associated with the porphyrin consist of an intense Soret band near 400 nm and four Q-bands from 500 nm to 650 nm. Coordination of two [Ru(bipy)2Cl]+ groups, where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, to the pyridyl nitrogens of the porphyrin give additional electronic transitions associated with the bipy orbitals and metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions associated with the Ru(II) and bipy orbitals. Reversible redox couples in the cathodic region occur at E1/2 = −0.74 V and −1.21 V versus Ag/AgCl reference which are shifted to more positive potentials when the porphyrin is coordinated to the Ru(II) groups. Gel electrophoresis studies with linearized pUC18 indicate an interaction between the metallated porphyrin and DNA which is confirmed by UV/Vis titrations with calf thymus (CT) DNA giving a binding constant of ca. 105 M−1. When buffered, pH 7, solutions of circular plasmid DNA containing the ruthenium porphyrin are irradiated with a 50 W tungsten lamp cleavage of the DNA is observed.
Track coverage in sensor networks

So far coverage problems have been formulated to address area coverage or to maintain line-of-sight visibility in the presence of obstacles (i.e., art-gallery problems). Although sensor networks often are employed to track moving targets, none of the existing formulations deal with the problem of allocating sensors in order to achieve track-formation capabilities over a region of interest. This paper investigates the problem of finding the configuration of a network with n sensors such that the number of tracks intercepted by k sensors is optimized without providing redundant area coverage over the entire region. This problem arises in applications where proximity sensors are employed that have individual detection capabilities, and that obtain limited measurements from each track, possibly at different moments in time. By assuming that the target travels along a straight unknown path, and that the sensors are omnidirectional with limited range (i.e., their visibility can be represented by a circle), it can be shown that the tracks detected by one or more (k) sensors always are contained by a coverage cone. Therefore, the track coverage of the network can be measured through the opening angle of the coverage cone and formulated in terms of unit vectors that depend on the sensors' range and location. Through this approach, the coverage of a given network configuration can be rapidly assessed. Also, a coverage function is obtained that, when maximized with respect to the sensor location, optimizes the number of tracks detected over a rectangular area of interest. The same approach can potentially be applied to other convex polygons and to three-dimensional Euclidian space.
Borrowing Capacity and Financial Decisions of Low‐to‐Moderate Income First‐Time Homebuyers

This study documents the extent to which first-time homebuyers seeking a mortgage accurately estimate their borrowing capacity and how this is associated with their decisions regarding mortgage debt and the take-up of a free offer of financial coaching. We find that consumers who underestimate their nonmortgage debt (31.5% of the sample) also take out larger mortgages relative to income. Consumers who underestimate or overestimate their total debt as well as their monthly debt payments are more likely to accept the offer of financial coaching. Moreover, overconfidence in financial matters reduces the take-up of financial coaching. These biases in perceived financial status appear to be systematically related to behavior among a group of relatively inexperienced consumers. These findings suggest that efforts to extend homeownership may need to include debiasing mechanisms to help less informed consumers accurately assess their current debt levels and ability to make ongoing mortgage payments.
Commentary on Viewpoint “Human experimentation: No accurate, quantitative data?”

To the Editor : In his Viewpoint article, “Human Experimentation: No accurate, quantitative data?” Dr. Loring Rowell ([2][1]) provides ample examples of quantitative methods that have added immeasurably to our understanding of physiology through human research. At the same time, however, Dr.
Sex Differences in Caspase Activation After Stroke

Background and Purpose— Over the past 5 years, experimental data have emerged that ischemia-induced cell death pathways may differ in males and females. Cell death in males is triggered by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. We have previously shown that interference with this pathway benefits males but not females after an experimental stroke. In contrast, caspase activation may be the major pathway activated after ischemic injury in females. The aim of this study is to examine whether sex differences exist in caspase activation in adult mice after stroke and to determine if interference with stroke-induced caspase activation preferentially protects females. Methods— Focal stroke was induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (90 minutes) in young and aging C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. The pan-caspase inhibitor, quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy was administered at reperfusion. Histological outcomes were assessed 48 hours after midd...
Refractometric Sensors for Lab-on-a-Chip Based on Optical Ring Resonators

We demonstrate refractive index measurement of liquids using two sensor system designs, both based on microring resonators. Evanescent sensors based on microrings utilize the resonating nature of the light to dramatically decrease the required size and sample consumption volume, which are requirements of lab-on-a-chip sensor systems. The first design, which utilizes an optical microsphere, exhibits a sensitivity of 30 nm/RIU and a resulting detection limit on the order of 10-7 RIU. The second approach is a novel design called a liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). This concept uses a quartz capillary as the fluidics and as the ring resonator and achieves a sensitivity of 16.1 nm/RIU. The detection limit of this system is around 5times10-6 RIU. Both of these systems have the potential to be incorporated with advanced microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications. In particular, the LCORR combines high sensitivity, performance stability, and microfluidic compatibility, making it an excellent choice for lab-on-a-chip development
Partial Mixture Estimation and Outlier Detection in Data and Regression

The covariance matrix is a key component of many multivariate robust procedures, whether or not the data are assumed to be Gaussian. We examine the idea of robustly fitting a mixture of multivariate Gaussian densities in the situation when the number of components estimated is intentionally too few. Using a minimum distance criterion, we show how useful results may be obtained in practice. Application areas are numerous, and examples will be provided.
9,11-dodecadienyl alcohols, acetates, or aldehydes as synthetic chemical sex attractants for four Lepidoptera: Cosmopterix gemmiferella (Clemens), Dichrorampha simulana (Clemens), Tortricidia testacea (Packard), and an Ancylis Sp

Four lepidoptera were lured to field traps containing various combinations of 9,11-dodecadienes with alcohol, acetate, or aldehyde functional groups. All species required two chemical components for best attraction.Cosmopterix gemmiferella was most responsive to a combination of (9Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate and (9E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate in 2∶1 ratio;Dichrorampha simulana to (9E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate and (9E)-9,11-dodecadien-1-ol in 10∶1 ratio;Tortricidia testacea to (9Z)-9,11-dodecadienal and (9E)-9,11-dodecadienal in 10∶1 ratio; andAncylis sp. to (9Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate and (9Z)-9,11-dodecadien-1-ol in 10∶1 ratio.
The Coevolution of Institutional Entrepreneurship: A Tale of Two Theories

This article provides a review and analysis of institutional entrepreneurship research with a focus on the emergence of this literature within two largely divergent streams: sociology-based institutional theory and economics-based institutional economics. The authors completed a review of 141 articles from these concurrent, but unlinked, research streams to understand how their integration might contribute to the further understanding of institutional entrepreneurship. Each stream is reviewed on its respective approaches to the following topics: the nature of the institutional entrepreneur, the types of institutions addressed, the determinants of institutional entrepreneurship, the mechanisms used in the process, and the empirical focus of each stream. The article recommends greater assimilation of the two streams and discusses specific opportunities for conceptual integration. Finally, the article offers an agenda for incorporating entrepreneurship research into the study of institutional entrepreneurshi...
Requirement of Sur2 for Efficient Replication of Mouse Adenovirus Type 1

Mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) early region 1A (E1A) encodes a virulence gene in viral infection of mice. To broaden our understanding of the functions of E1A in MAV-1 pathogenesis, an unbiased experimental approach, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, was used to screen for cellular proteins that interact with E1A protein. We identified mouse Sur2, a subunit of Mediator complex, as a protein that binds to MAV-1 E1A. The interaction between Sur2 and MAV-1 E1A was confirmed in virus-infected cells. Conserved region 3 (CR3) of MAV-1 E1A was mapped as the region required for Sur2-E1A interaction, as is the case for human adenovirus E1A. Although it has been proposed that human adenovirus E1A recruits the Mediator complex to transactivate transcription of viral early genes, Sur2 function in adenovirus replication has not been directly tested previously. Studies on the functions of Sur2 with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed that there was a multiplicity-dependent growth defect of MAV-1 in Sur2(-/-) MEFs compared to Sur2(+/+) MEFs. Comparison of the viral DNA and viral mRNA levels in Sur2(+/+) and Sur2(-/-) MEFs confirmed that Sur2 was important for efficient viral replication. The viral replication defects in Sur2(-/-) MEFs appeared to be due at least in part to a defect in viral early gene transcription.
Chronic hypokalemia due to excessive cola consumption: a case report

A 52-year-old man was noted to have severe chronic hypokalemia despite discontinuation of diuretic treatment for hypertension and aggressive oral potassium supplementation. His serum potassium normalized temporarily when he was hospitalized, but hypokalemia recurred after discharge. He complained of generalized weakness and fatigue, and occasional loose stools. Physical examination showed mild generalized muscle weakness. Laboratory testing ruled out renal potassium wasting. A dietary history revealed that he was consuming 4 liters of cola per day, with a calculated fructose load of 396 grams per day. Since fructose absorption in the small bowel is relatively inefficient, this probably led to an osmotic diarrhea and GI potassium wasting. Physicians should ask their patients about soft drink consumption when they encounter unexplained hypokalemia.
Vectorized sparse matrix multiply for compressed row storage format

The innovation of this work is a simple vectorizable algorithm for performing sparse matrix vector multiply in compressed sparse row (CSR) storage format. Unlike the vectorizable jagged diagonal format (JAD), this algorithm requires no data rearrangement and can be easily adapted to a sophisticated library framework such as PETSc. Numerical experiments on the Cray X1 show an order of magnitude improvement over the non-vectorized algorithm.
Phylogenetic utility of the major opsin in bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): a reassessment.

Major opsin (LW Rh) DNA sequence has been reported to provide useful data for resolving phylogenetic relationships among tribes of corbiculate bees based on analyses of 502 bp of coding sequence. However, the corbiculate tribes are believed to be of Cretaceous age, and strong support for insect clades of this age from small data sets of nucleotide sequence data has rarely been demonstrated. To more critically assess opsin's phylogenetic utility we generated an expanded LW Rh data set by sequencing the same gene fragment from 52 additional bee species from 24 tribes and all six extant bee families. Analyses of this data set failed to provide substantial support for monophyly of corbiculate bees, for relationships among corbiculate tribes, or for most other well-established higher-level relationships among long-tongued bees. However, monophyly of nearly all genera and tribes is strongly supported, indicating that LW Rh provides useful phylogenetic signal at lower taxonomic levels. When our expanded LW Rh data set is combined with a morphological and behavioral data set for corbiculate bees, the results unambiguously support the traditional phylogeny of the corbiculate bee tribes: (Euglossini + (Bombini + (Meliponini + Apini))). This implies a single origin of advanced eusocial behavior among bees rather than dual origins, as proposed by several recent studies.
Eigenbehavior and symbols

In this paper I sketch a rough taxonomy of self-organization which may be of relevance in the study of cognitive and biological systems. I frame the problem both in terms of the language Heinz von Foerster used to formulate much of second-order cybernetics as well as the language of current theories of self-organization and complexity. In particular, I defend the position that, on the one hand, selforganization alone is not rich enough for our intended simulations, and on the other, that genetic selection in biology and symbolic representation in cognitive science alone leave out the very important (self-organizing) characteristics of particular embodiments of evolving and learning systems. I propose the acceptance of the full concept of symbol with its syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimensions. I argue that the syntax should be treated operationally in second-order cybernetics.
NEW METHOD FOR MANAGEMENT OF DETRUSOR INSTABILITY: TRANSDERMAL SCOPOLAMINE

We report on the results of a pilot study using transdermal scopolamine in the management of detrusor instability (DI). Numerous agents have been used for the management of DI, however, many are associated with poor patient compliance and significant side effects. We have successfully used transdermal scopolamine on 3 patients with DI with good subjective and objective results.
The office management of recalcitrant rhinosinusitis

The patient referred to the otolaryngologist for the treatment of CRS has received many therapies for the condition. Newer therapies available focus on the anti-inflammatory therapies and local application of antimicrobial and antifungal agents to the sinus cavities. Much clinical work remains to be done to prove the efficacy of currently available treatments. The recent advances in the understanding of allergic and immune mechanisms may allow eventual intervention at the level of cytokines and other immunomodulators of inflammation. The complex cascade of interleukins and proinflammatory agents in CRS patients may some day allow "silver bullet" therapies in the properly selected patient. Until then, a systematic approach to the evaluation of these patients and management with the currently available treatment modalities may help relieve the symptoms in patients with CRS.
The impact of source credibility on young adults' health information activities on Facebook: preliminary findings

Within the context of SNSs, particularly Facebook, this study aims to understand how young adults perceive the credibility of various information sources, how their information activities differ by those information sources, and how young adults' perception of credibility impacts their information activities. The results of an online survey demonstrated that young adults consider medical/health organizations and government agencies the most credible and friends the least credible for health issues. As for information activities, although young adults' intents to read postings were significantly greater than those to post questions or answers, intents of information activities were generally lower than neutral. Nevertheless, it was found that the more young adults trust information sources, the more likely they are to be involved in information activities. The results showed the potential of Facebook as a good information channel, especially for health professionals and governmental organizations.
Preterm Birth: Associations With Genital and Possibly Oral Microflora

Opportunistic pathogenic microbes are indigenous to the female lower genital tract and etiologic in many types of pelvic infections and, apparently, a portion of preterm birth (PTB) cases. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a clinical syndrome based on an altered genital microflora in which Gardnerella vaginalis; anaerobic species primarily among Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, and Mobiluncus; Mycoplasma hominis; and Ureaplasma urealyticum become predominant in vaginal secretions. This BV complex of microbes, compared to a normal vaginal microflora dominated by facultative lactobacilli, is associated with significantly increased risks for preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, PTB, and other perinatal infectious complications. Pathogenetic mechanisms include an ascending route of infection and/or inflammatory process due to microbial products and maternal and/or fetal response(s) with production of prostaglandins and cytokines. In the presence of periodontal disease, oral opportunistic pathogens and/or their inflammatory products also may have a role in prematurity via a hematogenous route. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a common oral species, is the most frequently isolated species from amniotic fluid cultures among women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Also, the species and subspecies of fusobacteria identified from amniotic fluid most closely match those reported from healthy and diseased subgingival sites, namely F. nucleatum subspecies vincentii and F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum, compared to strains identified from the lower genital tract. Although these fusobacteria also could be acquired through cunnilingus from a partner, new data associating maternal periodontal disease with preterm low birth weight taken with the isolation of F. nucleatum, Capnocytophaga, and other oral species from amniotic fluid support further study of a possible additional route, oral-hematogenous, to PTB.
SF Supervision Practices

Volumes of theory have been written about supervision, with substantial emphasis on supervisor development and little research evidence to support its significance in relation to either supervisor effectiveness or client outcome. Rudes et al. (1997) speak about the supervisor’s “conduct” (p. 204) and the dearth of literature about what supervisors actually do in supervision. Supervisory practices have not been studied using deductive methods because of what may be a common understanding: that supervisors stimulate change is unchallenged, but the techniques supervisors use to bring about change are as unique as snowflakes. My ambition for this section of the book is to articulate practices that originate with SF pioneers such as Insoo Kim Berg as well as methods from my own work and those of close associates. The result is not intended to be scientific or generalizable; instead, I hope to invigorate and inspire the supervisor toward experimentation. After all, SF approaches are built on “what works,” and what works in general may not translate to your context. As Bateson said (1979, p. 43), “the generic we can know, but the specific eludes us.”
High speed quantum well lasers

A comprehensive review of the physics and applications high speed quantum well lasers will be given. Starting from fundamental quantum-confinement issues on which initial predictions of high-speed modulation characteristics are based, the review will include recent understandings on gain saturation, quantum capture and carrier transport in quantum wells—issues which may prevent quantum well lasers from ever achieving their potentials for broadband modulation as predicted earlier. On the other hand, narrow band "resonant" modulation and self-mode-locking have been achieved at mm-wave frequencies at or above 100 GHz, which opened up new applications in mm-wave systems, such as beam-forming in phased-arrayed antennae, and carrier distribution in mm- wave cellular networks. Both applications and fundamental device physics will be covered in this review.
The Cardinal and the State: Faulhaber and the Third Reich

0 ne of the great ironies of contemporary German history is that the episcopal motto of Michael Cardinal Faulhaber was "Vox Dei, Vox Temporis." For to hear the voice of God speaking through the voice of his own times requires a man's full involvement in the life of his times, a sensitivity to the many currents of thought and the variety of ideologies, and an understanding of the social and political structures which result. And all of this the Cardinal sorely lacked. Now that some of his papers and many of the relevant diocesan archives have become available,1 the time is ripe to reassess his position in Nazi Germany and to evaluate the role he played—or failed to play—in the opposition to Hitler. No one will deny that the Archbishop of Munich was a prelate of great zeal who remained utterly faithful to the Church. What has been written of his forceful denunciations of the actions of the
The role of AMH in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects 5 - 10% of reproductive age women, but its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to collate evidence and summarize our current knowledge of the role of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in PCOS pathogenesis. AMH is increased and correlated with the various reproductive and metabolic/endocrine alterations in PCOS. AMH plays an inhibitory role in follicular development and recruitment, contributing to follicular arrest. AMH inhibitory action on FSH-induced aromatase production likely contributes to hyperandrogenism in PCOS, which further enhances insulin resistance in these women. Elevated serum AMH concentrations are predictive of poor response to various treatments of PCOS including weight loss, ovulation induction and laparoscopic ovarian drilling, while improvement in various clinical parameters following treatment is associated with serum AMH decline, further supporting an important role for AMH in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. This review emphasizes the need for understanding the exact mechanism of action of AMH in the pathophysiology of PCOS. This may lead to the development of new treatment modalities targeting AMH to treat PCOS, as well as help clinicians in prognostication and better tailoring existing treatments for this disease.
Design and Construction of Unified Real-time Data Acquisition Platform for Distribution Network Based on eDNA

A unified real-time data acquisition platform using eDNA database for distribution network was proposed.Overall design ideas and the implementation scheme of the unified platform were given.The platform was designed with data interfaces and service interfaces for common control systems and management systems,and equipped with plentiful current software tools,therefore it has the ability to manage and analyze the whole real-time data of distribution network,facilitate advanced applications of smart distribution,and lay a foundation for building a new incorporate mode of distribution and utilization of smart grid.Taking a power distribution system in a power supply company as the example,the unified real-time data acquisition platform,which covered power distribution automation,power consumption data acquisition,distribution transformer monitoring and feeder fault monitoring,was designed.
An advanced modeling system for optimization of wind farm layout and wind turbine sizing using a multi-level extended pattern search algorithm

This paper presents a system of modeling advances that can be applied in the computational optimization of wind plants. These modeling advances include accurate cost and power modeling, partial wake interaction, and the effects of varying atmospheric stability. To validate the use of this advanced modeling system, it is employed within an Extended Pattern Search (EPS)-Multi-Agent System (MAS) optimization approach for multiple wind scenarios. The wind farm layout optimization problem involves optimizing the position and size of wind turbines such that the aerodynamic effects of upstream turbines are reduced, which increases the effective wind speed and resultant power at each turbine. The EPS-MAS optimization algorithm employs a profit objective, and an overarching search determines individual turbine positions, with a concurrent EPS-MAS determining the optimal hub height and rotor diameter for each turbine. Two wind cases are considered: (1) constant, unidirectional wind, and (2) three discrete wind speeds and varying wind directions, each of which have a probability of occurrence. Results show the advantages of applying the series of advanced models compared to previous application of an EPS with less advanced models to wind farm layout optimization, and imply best practices for computational optimization of wind farms with improved accuracy.
Abstract 3213: Hypomethylation therapy leads to immune polarization and improved efficacy of immunotherapy in transgenic model of pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND Despite significant activity of immunotherapies in several malignancies, their efficacy in pancreatic cancer has been limited. One possible explanation may be the absence of a tumor microenvironment and immune cells that are necessary. We have demonstrated that 5-aza-2-deoxycitidine (DAC) had a profound effect on pancreatic cancer associated stroma and up-regulated many immune pathways. Therefore we proposed that hypomethylating therapy may alter the microenvironment to allow immue checkpoint inhibitors greater therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Transgenic mice that spontaneously develop pancreatic cancer (Kras, Trp53, Pdx-1 Cre [KPC]) underwent weekly transabdominal ultrasound to detect mice initially with larger (6-8 mm) and subsequently with smaller (3-5 mm) tumors. PBS or DAC (5 mg/kg) and anti -PD1H or isotype control antibody were administered every 72 hours intraperitoneally for 3 doses. Tumor size was monitored biweekly and 3D tumor volume reconstruction was used to estimate size. The immune cell infiltrate was characterized by quantitative immunohistochemistry or by FACS. RESULTS Mice treated with DAC with 6-8 mm tumors demonstrated a significantly increased survival and tumor necrosis as well as polarization of the infiltrating macrophages towards an M1 (CD86, CD163) phenotype and a trend towards an increase in infiltrating CD8 cells compared with controls. The shift in the T cell population and the macrophage phenotypes was not seen in the spleen or peripheral blood of either wild type or tumor bearing animals treated with DAC compared with controls. We subsequently treated mice with 3 doses of DAC followed by 3 doses of anti -PD1H and compared them to anti-PD1H alone in KPC mice with smaller (3-5 mm) tumors. In DAC + anti-PD1H we noted a decrease in the growth rate of tumors, an increased survival and a significant increase in necrosis and CD8 infiltrates, as well as a significant decrease in Ki67 and increase in Tunel staining compared with anti-PD1H alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DAC pre-treatment prior to checkpoint inhibitors may favorably polarize the tumor infiltrating immune cell population, lead to increased recruitment of CD8 positive T cells, result in marked tumor necrosis and slow tumor growth. These effects ultimately contribute to increased therapeutic efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. We plan to optimize the efficacy of epigenetic therapy and checkpoint inhibitors by using other monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD1, PD1L)and different dosing regimens. Citation Format: Tamas Gonda, Jarwei Fang, Catheine Do, Anna Zhukovskaya, Martha Salas, Benjamin Tycko. Hypomethylation therapy leads to immune polarization and improved efficacy of immunotherapy in transgenic model of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3213.
Characterization of Enzymes Catalyzing Transformations of Cysteine S‐Conjugated Intermediates in the Lincosamide Biosynthetic Pathway

Lincosamides such as lincomycin A, celesticetin, and Bu-2545, constitute an important group of antibiotics. These natural products are characterized by a thiooctose linked to a l-proline residue, but they differ with regards to modifications of the thioacetal moiety, the pyrrolidine ring, and the octose core. Here we report that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme CcbF (celesticetin biosynthetic pathway) is a decarboxylating deaminase that converts a cysteine S-conjugated intermediate into an aldehyde. In contrast, the homologous enzyme LmbF (lincomycin biosynthetic pathway) catalyzes C-S bond cleavage of the same intermediate to afford a thioglycoside. We show that Ccb4 and LmbG (downstream methyltransferases) convert the aldehyde and thiol intermediates into a variety of methylated lincosamide compounds including Bu-2545. The substrates used in these studies are the β-anomers of the natural substrates. The findings not only provide insight into how the biosynthetic pathway of lincosamide antibiotics can bifurcate to generate different lincosamides, but also reveal the promiscuity of the enzymes involved.