cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV infection and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Beijing: a survey in 2012

Objective To determine the prevalence of and correlations between HIV infection and syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing.Methods Totally,600 MSM collected from sentinel surveillance sites for AIDS in Beijing were recruited in this study,and underwent screening tests for HIV infection and syphilis.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the primary screening for HIV infection,and Western blot for its confirmation.Both nontreponemal test (rapid plasma regain (RPR) assay) and treponemal test (Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay,TPPA) were performed to detect syphilis,and only those with a reactive TPPA result were defined as having syphilis (including past infection).Specimens confirmed as HIV-1 positive were further tested with BED-capture enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) to find recent HIV-1 infection,and the incidence of HIV infection was then calculated.The correlation between syphilis and HIV infection was statistically analyzed.Results Of the 600 MSM,49 (8.17％) had HIV infection,including 14 cases of recent infection,with the incidence rate of HIV infection being 4.68％; 51 were positive for both RPR and TPPA tests with the infection rate (including past infection) being 18.5％ (111/600).People without a Beijing household registration and those with high education levels accounted for a large proportion of HIV-infected MSM.Conclusions The prevalence and incidence of HIV infection as well as prevalence of syphilis maintain at a relatively high level in MSM in Beijing.HIV infection is markedly correlated with syphilis in MSM population. Key words: Homosexuality, male; HIV infections; Syphilis
Facility Dependent Distance Decay in Competitive Location

In this paper we propose a simple general framework for obtaining facility dependent distance decay function in competitive location models. As the distance increases, the decay in patronage by more attractive facilities is slower than the decay by less attractive facilities. This implies that by using only the distribution patterns of neighborhoods from which facility’s patrons originated, the facility dependent decay approach implicitly accounts for the varying degrees of facilities’ attractiveness. No modifications are required in order to apply existing solution algorithms to the new model. The effectiveness and accuracy of the new approach is demonstrated using a real data set.
Prepubertal gynecomastia is not always idiopathic: case series and review of the literature

Although pubertal gynecomastia is a common clinical presentation of adolescent males, prepubertal gynecomastia is uncommon and mostly idiopathic. However, pathological causes of prepubescent gynecomastia are encountered in clinical practice. This manuscript carries an important message to general pediatricians, to care about exclusion of pathological causes for every patient of prepubertal gynecomastia. We present four different patients with pathological gynecomastia. One of them revealed to be secondary to Sertoli cell tumor, while the second patient describes trauma as a rare cause of prepubertal true gynecomastia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report occupational trauma as a cause of true gynecomastia as confirmed by pathological specimen, in a prepubertal boy. The third patient presented with retro-areolar mass and bloody nipple discharge secondary to mammary duct ectasia and had favorable self-limited course. Hyperprolactinemia secondary to neglected congenital hypothyroidism was the cause beyond gynecomastia in the fourth patient and this cause has been reported only once in the literature. Conclusion: Despite being rare, pathological causes of prepubertal gynecomastia are encountered in clinical practice, and full investigations including breast and testicular ultrasound are needed to exclude any pathology before diagnosing idiopathic gynecomastia. Repeated friction of the breast can lead to true gynecomastia not only to pseudogynecomastia as previously known.
An 8.5 GHz Arecibo Survey of Carbon Recombination Lines toward Ultracompact H II Regions: Physical Properties of Dense Molecular Material

We report here on a survey of carbon recombination lines (RLs) near 8.5 GHz toward 17 ultracompact H II regions (UCHs). Carbon RLs are detected in 11 directions, indicating the presence of dense photodissociation regions (PDRs) associated with the UCHs. In this paper, we show that the carbon RLs provide important, complementary information on the kinematics and physical properties of the ambient medium near UCHs. Non-LTE models for the carbon line-forming region are developed, assuming that the PDRs surround the UCHs, and we constrained the model parameters by multifrequency RL data. Modeling shows that carbon RL emission near 8.5 GHz is dominated by stimulated emission, and hence we preferentially observe the PDR material that is in front of the UCH continuum. We find that the relative motion between ionized gas and the associated PDR is about half that estimated earlier, and it has an rms velocity difference of 3.3 km s-1. Our models also give estimates for the PDR density and pressure. We found that the neutral density of PDRs is typically >5 × 105 cm-3, and UCHs can be embedded in regions with high ambient pressure. Our results are consistent with a pressure-confined H II region model in which the stars are moving relative to the cloud core. Other models cannot be ruled out, however. Interestingly, in most cases, the PDR pressure is an order of magnitude larger than the pressure of the ionized gas. Further investigation is needed to understand this large pressure difference.
Chapter 14: A Feminist Media Analysis of the Digiulian-Kinder Incident; Rock Climber Cyber-Bullying on Instagram

This chapter analyzes women climbers’ clothing and the social constructions of climber culpability and success through media discourses surrounding the Digiulian-Kinder Instagram cyberbullying incident.
Unilateral pulmonary edema and acute severe mitral regurgitation associated with operatively repaired aortic coarctation

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema classically presents bilaterally and with a symmetric distribution. Occasionally, cardiogenic pulmonary edema can present unilaterally, which carries an independent risk for mortality, possibly due to the delayed diagnosis. The most common cardiogenic cause of unilateral pulmonary edema is acute mitral regurgitation, frequently described in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Here we describe a case of unilateral pulmonary edema caused by acute mitral regurgitation outside the setting of acute coronary syndrome.
APT characterization and modeling of irradiation-induced Nb-rich nanoclustering in Zr-1.0%Nb alloys

Abstract Recent development of Zr-based alloys containing Nb solutes have demonstrated promising improvements in corrosion resistance and reduced irradiation growth, particularly when irradiation-induced Nb-rich nanoclusters are present and inhibit 〈c〉 loop formation. In this study, a Zr-1.0%Nb alloy is irradiated with either Kr2+ ions or neutrons to 5 dpa at 310 °C. Using atom probe tomography, radiation-induced Nb-rich nanoclusters and a corresponding reduction of Nb matrix composition from 0.40 at% to 0.26 at% and 0.34 at% is characterized following each irradiation, respectively, suggesting that matrix solutes coalesce to form nanoclusters. Irradiation with Kr2+ ions induces nanoclusters that are larger and denser than those following neutron irradiation. Utilization of a simple rate-theory nanocluster evolution model demonstrates high sensitivity to the solute migration, vacancy formation, and vacancy migration energies directly influencing radiation-enhanced mobility of solutes, enabling exploration of irradiation temperature effects and potential differences in nanocluster evolution for different solutes or alloy systems.
Correlates of e-cigarette use among active duty US military personnel: implications for cessation policy.

Background Electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette) use has grown substantially since its US market introduction in 2007. Although marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, studies have shown they can also be a gateway to their use. The purpose of this investigation is to identify factors associated with different patterns of tobacco use among active duty military personnel. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted using the 2014 Defense Health Agency Health Related Behaviors survey data. Results are based on 45 986 US military respondents, weighted to 1 251 606. Both univariate and regression analyses were conducted to identify correlates. Results In 2014, approximately 7.8% of respondents reported using e-cigarettes at least once in the past year. Among e-cigarette users, 49% reported exclusive e-cigarette use. Prevalence of exclusive use is highest among white people (58%), Navy (33%), men (83%) and persons with income ≤$45 000 (65%). Regression comparing exclusive cigarette with exclusive e-cigarette users revealed higher odds of being Air Force (OR=2.19; CI 1.18 to 4.06) or Navy (OR=2.25; CI 1.14 to 4.41) personnel and being male (OR=1.72; CI 1.12 to 2.64), and more likely to not receive smoking cessation messaging from healthcare providers in the last 12 months (OR=2.88; CI 1.80 to 4.62). When comparing exclusive e-cigarette users with poly-tobacco users, e-cigarette users had higher odds of being Hispanic (OR=2.20; CI 1.02 to 4.78), college educated (OR=4.25; CI 1.22 to 14.84) and not receiving tobacco prevention/cessation messaging (OR=4.80; CI 2.79 to 8.27). Conclusion The results demonstrate that exclusive e-cigarette users in the military have unique characteristics when compared with groups of other/mixed tobacco users. Findings can inform cessation and prevention efforts to improve both the overall health and combat readiness of active duty military personnel.
'Public order is the first business of government': The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the making of a liberal counterinsurgent police-industrial complex

Recent studies of post-1968 U.S. policing have situated the neoliberal carceral state and the concomitant rise of mass incarceration within a liberal capitulation to conservative law-and-order ‘mil...
Estimating time-varying treatment switching effect using accelerated failure time model with application to vascular access for hemodialysis

Vascular access for hemodialysis is of paramount importance. Although studies have found that central venous catheter (CVC) is often associated with poor outcomes and switching to arteriovenous fis...
Comparison of the early host immune response to two widely diverse virulent strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei that cause acute or chronic infections in BALB/c mice.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. We previously found by the intraperitoneal (IP) route that we could discern differences in virulence in mice amongst different strains of B. pseudomallei. We report an early immune response study comparing two strains in our collection which represent the least, B. pseudomallei 1106a, and one of the most, HBPUB10134a, virulent strains in BALB/c mice. B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a infected mouse spleens contained a 2-3 log higher bacterial burden than mice infected with B. pseudomallei 1106a 3 days post-infection (PI). More and higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were detected in sera and spleen extracts from B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a than B. pseudomallei 1106a infected mice. The most prominent were IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, and MIG. After 7 days PI, there was a decrease in bacterial burden in spleens from 1106a infected mice and a decrease in cytokines/chemokines in sera and spleen extracts from both sets of mice. By day 14 PI we saw an increase in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and granulocytes in spleens from both sets of mice. No B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a infected mice survived after this time. In summary, B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a was more virulent and induced host innate immune responses typical of a more acute-type infection than did B. pseudomallei 1106a which produced a more chronic infection in mice.
On-line instructional testing in a mobile environment

Wireless access to the Internet has opened the door to a new range of computer applications, designed to satisfy the requirement of the mobile user, equipped with a personal digital assistant or cell phone device. In the educational field, the mobile communication environment allows students to access registrar records, enter enrollment information, obtain grades, etc. This paper describes the use of mobile devices in helping students prepare for knowledge tests and required concepts, followed by an in-depth description of the interactive wireless experimental application.
The Impact of Intelligent Transportation Systems on Bus Driver Effectiveness

This paper examines the potential for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to improve bus driver effectiveness. Analysis of data gathered reveals the unlikelihood of improvement of individual bus driver effectiveness measures. The authors determined that the most visible benefits were seen in the automatic processing of information related to transferring passengers and in the increased speed with which emergency and maintenance calls can be handled.
Low-energy precision tests of the standard model: a snapshot

This brief review describes a class of uniquely crafted particle physics experiments that typically each tackle just one investigation—and they do that very well. The aim of these experiments is to both establish Standard Model parameters and also to provide unique tests in search of new physics. I provide a brief snapshot of many of the current activities, selected with a bias toward low-energy and high precision. These include searches for permanent electric dipole moments, charged lepton flavor violation, tests of the weak interaction, and other broad searches for deviations from very precise Standard Model predictions, such as the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment. I highlight what drives these efforts and how they might impact a new Standard Model.
Anthropometry for Computer Animated Human Figures

Anthropometry as it applies to the creation and articulation of computer graphics human figures is examined. Necessary concepts for computer models of animated people suitable for engineering animation environments are discussed, including joints, joint limits, mass, moment of inertia, and volume. A versatile spreadsheet-like user interface is described that permits the simple manipulation of the data used to specify anthropometric parameters. Different populations are easily utilized. Examples of various percentile male and female figures sized from a particular database illustrate the system’s capabilities.
Unstructured Clinical Interviews

The clinical interview has long been regarded as a foundational element of psychiatric and clinical psychological practice (Sullivan, 1954; Wiens, 1976). The interview format affords clinicians a direct opportunity to solicit from clients salient, firsthand information regarding their presenting problems and the exigencies thereof—assessment information that typically proves germane to the ongoing process of case conceptualization (e.g., diagnosis) and the formulation of appropriate intervention strategies (Scheiber, 1994). In addition, under many circumstances, the clinical interview involves the interviewer in the process not only of assessment but also of implementing de facto interventions, that is, acting as an agent of salubrious clinical change during the interview itself. Keywords: clinical interviews; diagnostic methods; interviews; unstructured interviews
Abstract 703: Highly selective HSV virotherapy for glioblastoma

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Oncolytic HSV vectors (oHSV) are attenuated lytic viruses that have shown promise in the treatment of human GBM models in animals. Although proven safe for treatment of GBM in patients, oHSVs efficacy has been limited, a consequence of poor intra-tumoral virus replication and spread. To counter these limitations, we have developed oHSVs whose selective replication in GBM cells does not rely on defective genes. This was accomplished by (i) full retargeting of oHSV to utilize the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for infection of human GBM tumor cells and (ii) further vector engineering to modify the essential HSV immediate early gene (ICP4) for sensitivity to repression by the microRNA mir-124. Mir-124 is highly expressed in neurons but virtually absent in GBM and highly conserved among different species. The mir-124-regulated vector was unable to replicate in nude mice following intracranial inoculation supporting vector safety and was shown to be effective in the treatment of human GBM in nude mice. To enhance vector intra-tumor vector spread, our EGFR retargeted-mir-124 controlled vector was further modified by vector arming with the matrix metalloproteinase gene encoding MMP9. MMP9 degrades collagen type IV, a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes of glioblastomas but absent in normal brain tissue. Studies are ongoing to determine whether MMP9 expression enhances vector spread in GBM neurospheres and as a therapeutic agent for enhanced treatment of human GBM in animals Citation Format: Aofei Li, Marco Marzulli, Lucia Mazzacurati, Hiroaki Uchida, Justus Cohen, Joseph Glorioso, Paola Grandi. Highly selective HSV virotherapy for glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 703. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-703
Effects of El Chichon volcanic effluents on stratospheric aerosol dynamics

The effects of El Chichon's April 1982 eruption on stratospheric aerosol dynamics are presently discussed in terms of log-normal size distributions over 15-20 km sample altitudes between 30 and 45 deg N over the contiguous U.S. After collection, samples were studied by SEM, and log-normal size distributions were fitted to the data-points obtained. It is found that stratospheric aerosol behavior is explainable by the laws of aerosol mechanics more easily than has been the case for tropospheric aerosol, for which the source-sink relationship is much more complex.
The role of aldonolactonase in the conversion of L-gulonate to L-ascorbate

Abstract Aldonolactonase of the soluble fraction of rat liver has been purified 110-fold in a yield of 34% by isoelectric precipitation and heat treatment in the presence of Mn++, fractionation with acetone, and finally chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. During the purification of the enzyme, the aldonolactonase activity and the activity in stimulating conversion of L -gulonate to L -ascorbate by the L -gulonolactone oxidase of rat liver microsomes accompanied each other in an essentially constant ratio. The aldonolactonase thus was identified as catalyzing the lactonization of L -gulonate (reaction a) prior to the oxidation of the lactone (reaction b): L -gulonate ⇆ L -gulonolactone + H 2 O (a) L -gulonolactone + 1 2 O 2 → L -ascorbate + H 2 O (b) Aldonolactonase was shown to catalyze the net accumulation of equilibrium quantities of lactone from free L -gulonate. The tissue distribution and substrate specificity of the enzyme are discussed in relation to the ability of various species to synthesize L -ascorbic acid.
Tropomyosin regulates elongation by formin at the fast-growing end of the actin filament.

The balance between dynamic and stable actin filaments is essential for the regulation of cellular functions including the determination of cell shape and polarity, cell migration, and cytokinesis. Proteins that regulate polymerization at the filament ends and filament stability confer specificity to actin filament structure and cellular function. The dynamics of the barbed, fast-growing end of the filament are controlled in space and time by both positive and negative regulators of actin polymerization. Capping proteins inhibit the addition and loss of subunits, whereas other proteins, including formins, bind at the barbed end and allow filament growth. In this work, we show that tropomyosin regulates dynamics at the barbed end. Tropomyosin binds to constructs of FRL1 and mDia2 that contain the FH2 domain and modulates formin-dependent capping of the barbed end by relieving inhibition of elongation by FRL1-FH1FH2, mDia1-FH2, and mDia2-FH2 in an isoform-dependent fashion. In this role, tropomyosin functio...
Response of the human hepatic tissue cultures HEP-G2 and WRL-68 to cocaine

The hydrolytic metabolism of cocaine into benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine was studied in the human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2 and in the nontumorigenic fetal hepatic cell line WRL-68. Also, the toxicological response of these cells to cocaine was compared to previously published results obtained with perfused liver cells and in vivo systems. Our experiments indicated that Hep-G2 appear to have similar metabolic and toxicological patterns to in vivo and perfused cell systems. The WRL-68 tissue culture system was found to be less similar. These results suggest Hep-G2 cells can be utilized to study cocaine metabolism and toxicology, and possibly in studies involving other xenobiotic compounds.
The fall of “the other half of the sky”? chinese immigrant women in the new york area ☆

Abstract Using information from the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and from intensive interviews conducted in 1996 and 1998, this paper explores the impact of migration on gender ideology and relations of married mainland Chinese immigrant women living in New York City. It challenges the notion that these women, by virtue of the emigration act, enjoy more liberty, freedom, and equality than in their country of origin. It proposes that gender relations for these women in effect evolve on multiple paths depending on the pre- and postmigration circumstances of the individual. The study found that working-class Chinese women are concentrated in low-pay, low-skilled jobs in New York and assume heavy household burdens, but their financial contribution to the family strengthens their relative status within the household. In contrast, women from middle-class families experience mixed changes. Many face problems in pursuing further education and in securing jobs that correspond with their qualifications, leading to significant deterioration of their relative status.
Fine and hyperfine structure in the X2Σ+ state of gas-phase yttrium monoxide

Abstract The A2Πr-X2Σ+ visible spectrum of gas-phase yttrium monoxide has been studied at sub-Doppler resolution to obtain information on the spin-rotation and 89Y nuclear magnetic hyperfine interactions. The observations were fitted to an effective Hamiltonian model that neglected the nuclear magnetic hyperfine interactions in the excited electronic state. An interpretation of the determined parameters in terms of possible electronic configurations is presented.
Climate of the last 500 years: High resolution ice core records

Precipitation accumulating on the Earth's ice sheets and ice caps records a variety of physical and chemical information about the atmosphere and, in some cases, provides unique insight to both the history and the mechanics of the Earth's environmental system. High resolution (well-dated) dust records from both polar ice sheets suggest a linkage between increased atmospheric dust and cooler temperatures over Antarctica, but a similar relationship is not observed in ice cores from either Greenland or China. Net accumulation histories for the last 490 years reveal no discemible global pattern although interesting regional differences and similarities exist. Excess (non-sea salt) sulfate profiles provide
Massive Hiatal Hernia and Thoracic Stomach Illustrated by Barium Swallow During Left Atrial Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation was planned in a 68-year-old man with chronic atrial fibrillation refractory to medical therapy and cardioversion. After the transseptal puncture and before conscious sedation, the patient was asked to swallow 5 mL of barium paste (E-Z-EM, Lake Success, NY) so that the location of the esophagus in relation to the left atrium could be visualized.1 The esophagogram delineated a massive hiatal hernia that resulted in an intrathoracic stomach that was in apposition to the entire posterior left atrium (Figure 1). Because of this …
The Pachuca obsidian source, Hidalgo, Mexico: A geoarchaeological perspective

Sierra Las Navajas, known to archaeologists as “the Pachuca obsidian source,” has been a major source of obsidian to Mesoamerican societies for more than 3000 years, producing a fine green obsidian unique in Middle America. It was the primary source of the obsidian that formed the economic backbone of the major sociopolitical centers of Classic period Teotihuacan, epi-Classic Toltec Tula, and Aztec Tenochtitlan. In this paper, the obsidian of Sierra Las Navajas is discussed in the following contexts: (1) geologically, because the extraordinary quality of the Pachuca obsidian, its ease of extraction, and its distinctive color and chemistry are a direct result of its geologic emplacement; (2) locally, as the different mining localities within Sierra Las Navajas reflect the varying needs of the cultures working them; and (3) globally, as the obsidians of Las Navajas were used in concert with obsidians from other sources, and were traded great distances across Mesoamerica. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probleem van de oplossing

Je kunt een probleem zien als iets wat vraagt om een oplossing. Je kunt ook omgekeerd te werk gaan. Oplossingen zijn dan dingen waar je nog een probleem bij moet vinden. De eerste route is de makkelijkste, maar over het resultaat zijn we vaak niet enthousiast - dat wordt dan weer als een probleem gezien, en ga zo maar door.
Growth is required for cell competition in the imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster.

Imaginal wing discs from late third-instar larvae were gammairradiated to induce clones of rapidly growingMinute− cells in a background of slowly growingMinute cells and culturedin vivo for periods up to 18 days. Clones in discs cultured for 16 to 18 days did not grow significantly larger than clones in uncultured controls, indicating that competition between populations of cells having potentially different mitotic rates does not occur in imaginal discs after their growth is completed.
The equilibrium shapes of crystals and of cavities in crystals

Abstract Surface free energies are assumed to be the sum of the excess free energies of bonding of molecules in or near the surface, and the stable form of a crystal or cavity is assumed to be the form that makes the sum of these excess free energies a minimum. When only plane surfaces are allowed, this model predicts the same shapes for crystals as an equation of Wulff (2. Kristallogr. 34, 449 (1901)) , which is based on the macroscopic thermodynamic relation of Gibbs (“The Collected Works, Vol. 1.: Thermodynamics,” Longmans, Green, New York (1931)). The model predicts rounding of edges and corners of kinds which are not allowed by the Wulff relation and predicts that spherical forms of particles and cavities can be stable despite anisotropic surface free energies. The model provides a useful framework for analysis of whether unstable crystal or cavity shapes will evolve into stable or metastable forms. Some crystals and cavities that have been assumed to have equilibrium shapes instead have metastable shapes.
Modeling vehicle-to-vehicle line of sight channels and its impact on application-layer performance

We analyze the properties of line of sight (LOS) channels in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. We use V2V measurements performed in open space, suburban, and urban environments. By separating LOS from non-LOS data, we show that a two-ray ground reflection path loss model with effective reflection coefficient range fits the LOS channels better than the frequently used free space path loss model. Two-ray model is a better fit not only in open space, but also in suburban and urban environments. We investigate the impact of using the modified two-ray model on the application-level performance metrics: packet delivery rate, throughput, latency, and jitter. Our results show that considerable differences arise in application performance when using the modified two-ray and free space models.
Clinical Experience With A Digital Remote Viewing System In Coronary Care Unit

As a critical care unit that functions under strict time constraints, the coronary care unit (CCU) requires rapid access to radiological information of the patient. In order to meet this clinical demand, a digital remote viewing system was developed and has been in clinical operation since March 1987. The system delivers the softcopy of chest images to the intensive care unit. During the nine months of continuous clinical operation, the system was evaluated by analyzing the utilization and performance statistics.
“Sometimes” and “not never” revisited: on branching versus linear time temporal logic

The differences between and appropriateness of branching versus linear time temporal logic for reasoning about concurrent programs are studied. These issues have been previously considered by Lamport. To facilitate a careful examination of these issues, a language, CTL*, in which a universal or existential path quantifier can prefix an arbitrary linear time assertion, is defined. The expressive power of a number of sublanguages is then compared. CTL* is also related to the logics MPL of Abrahamson and PL of Harel, Kozen, and Parikh. The paper concludes with a comparison of the utility of branching and linear time temporal logics.
Object retrieval/detour deficits in monkeys produced by prior subchronic phencyclidine administration: evidence for cognitive impulsivity

Abstract Background: Impulsivity associated with frontal cortical dysfunction appears to be a direct consequence of chronic consumption of drugs of abuse, though few investigations in animals have attempted to directly address this issue. In this study the effects of repeated, intermittent administration of a psychotomimetic drug of abuse, phencyclidine, on the acquisition and performance of a task sensitive to corticostriatal function was examined in nonhuman primates. Methods: Monkeys were repeatedly exposed to phencyclidine (0.3 mg/kg) twice daily for 14 days. Acquisition and performance on an object-retrieval detour task was subsequently examined for up to 28 days after drug withdrawal. Results: Animals treated with phencyclidine exhibited impaired acquisition of the task. The performance of trials requiring inhibitory control (as opposed to solely sensory-guided responding) was specifically impaired by prior phencyclidine administration. Impairments were found to be due to increased perseveration and barrier reaching. As is the case after frontal cortex ablation, the behavioral deficits were particularly evident during acquisition and appeared to be alleviated by prolonged training. Conclusions: The current data demonstrate that subchronic administration of phencyclidine can produce deficits in inhibitory response control that are manifest as impulsivity (increased control of behavior by unconditioned, appetitive stimuli). These data suggest that long-term phencyclidine exposure induces frontostriatal-like cognitive impairments and may represent a potential (drug induced) model for the study of prefrontal cortical cognitive and dopaminergic dysfunction.
External gills and adaptive embryo behavior facilitate synchronous development and hatching plasticity under respiratory constraint

SUMMARY Plasticity in hatching timing allows embryos to balance egg- and larval-stage risks, and depends on the ability of hatching-competent embryos to continue developing in the egg. Hypoxia can slow development, kill embryos and induce premature hatching. For terrestrial eggs of red-eyed treefrogs, the embryonic period can extend ∼50% longer than development to hatching competence, and development is synchronous across perivitelline oxygen levels ( P O 2 ) ranging from 0.5–16.5 kPa. Embryos maintain large external gills until hatching, then gills regress rapidly. We assessed the respiratory value of external gills using gill manipulations and closed-system respirometry. Embryos without external gills were oxygen limited in air and hatched at an external P O 2 of 17 kPa, whereas embryos with gills regulated their metabolism and remained in the egg at substantially lower P O 2 . By contrast, tadpoles gained no respiratory benefit from external gills. We videotaped behavior and manipulated embryos to test if they position gills near the air-exposed portion of the egg surface, where P O 2 is highest. Active embryos remained stationary for minutes in gills-at-surface positions. After manipulations and spontaneous movements that positioned gills in the O 2 -poor region of the egg, however, they returned their gills to the air-exposed surface within seconds. Even neural tube stage embryos, capable only of ciliary rotation, positioned their developing head in the region of highest P O 2 . Such behavior may be critical both to delay hatching after hatching competence and to obtain sufficient oxygen for normal, synchronous development at earlier stages.
Isoleucine Epimerization in Peptides and Proteins: Kinetic Factors and Application to Fossil Proteins

The observed rate of isoleucine epimerization in peptides and proteins is dependent on (in addition to time and temperature) (i) the position of isoleucine in the peptide chain, (ii) the nature of adjacent amino acids, and (iii) the stability of the isoleucine peptide bonds. The relative rate is: NH(2)-terminal > COOH-terminal >> interior >/= free amino acid. The gradual hydrolysis of peptides and proteins to the more slowly epimerizing free amino acid causes a decrease in the apparent first-order rate constant with time. These results explain the isoleucine kinetics observed in fossil shells.
Posture and Movement Classification: The Comparison of Tri-Axial Accelerometer Numbers and Anatomical Placement

Patient compliance is important when assessing movement, particularly in a free-living environment when patients are asked to don their own accelerometers. Reducing the number of accelerometers could increase patient compliance. The aims of this study were (1) to determine and compare the validity of different accelerometer combinations and placements for a previously developed posture and dynamic movement identification algorithm. Custom-built activity monitors, each containing one tri-axial accelerometer, were placed on the ankles, right thigh, and waist of 12 healthy adults. Subjects performed a protocol in the laboratory including static orientations of standing, sitting, and lying down, and dynamic movements of walking, jogging, transitions between postures, and fidgeting to simulate free-living activity. When only one accelerometer was used, the thigh was found to be the optimal placement to identify both movement and static postures, with a misclassification error of 10%, and demonstrated the greatest accuracy for walking/fidgeting and jogging classification with sensitivities and positive predictive value (PPVs) greater than 93%. When two accelerometers were used, the waist-thigh accelerometers identified movement and static postures with greater accuracy than the thigh-ankle accelerometers (with a misclassification error of 11% compared to 17%). However, the thigh-ankle accelerometers demonstrated the greatest accuracy for walking/ fidgeting and jogging classification with sensitivities and PPVs greater than 93%. Movement can be accurately classified in healthy adults using tri-axial accelerometers placed on one or two of the following sites: waist, thigh, or ankle. Posture and transitions require an accelerometer placed on the waist and an accelerometer placed on the thigh.
Surface-Electromagnetic-Wave-Enhanced Raman Scattering by Overlayers on Metals

Using a general formulation we show that by using surface electromagnetic waves in an attenuated-total-reflection prism configuration it should be possible to enhance the intensity of Raman scattering by a thin overlayer on a Ag surface by two orders of magnitude and that the use of surface electromagnetic waves may in fact make it possible to observe coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by the overlayer.
Generalized United‐Atom Theory of Molecules. I. Spherical Contributions in the sσ Wave Functions for H2+

The generalized united‐atom view of molecules suggests that electronic states of symmetric molecules may be characterized by means of ``atomic'' quantum numbers.A test for the purity of the quantum number l in sσ states in H2+ is facilitated by the Tibbs‐Wannier theory of a Coulomb field with cutoff. Comparison shows that 96% of the ground‐state electronic energy is due to contributions of spherical functions.
Faceted models of blog feeds

Faceted blog distillation aims at retrieving the blogs that are not only relevant to a query but also exhibit an interested facet. In this paper we consider personal and official facets. Personal blogs depict various topics related to the personal experiences of bloggers while official blogs deliver contents with bloggers' commercial influences. We observe that some terms, such as nouns, usually describe the topics of posts in blogs while other terms, such as pronouns and adverbs, normally reflect the facets of posts. Thus we present a model that estimates the probabilistic distributions of topics and those of facets in posts. It leverages a classifier to separate facet terms from topical terms in the posterior inference. We also observe that the posts from a blog are likely to exhibit the same facet. So we propose another model that constrains the posts from a blog to have the same facet distributions in its generative process. Experimental results using the TREC 2009-2010 queries over the TREC Blogs08 collection show the effectiveness of both models. Our results outperform the best known results for personal and official distillation.
Trends in Care for Uninsured Adults and Disparities in Care by Insurance Status

The uninsured fare worse than the insured on various measures, yet there is little evidence regarding trends in care for the uninsured and disparities by insurance status. Given changes in the health care system and the safety net, disparities between insured and uninsured populations may be changing over time. This article considers trends in access, chronic disease control, and heart attack care by insurance status and the disparity in these measures between uninsured and insured nonelderly adults, controlling for demographic characteristics to account for potential changes in the composition of these populations. Rates for the uninsured for all outcomes have generally been stable from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s, with fluctuation in some measures over shorter periods. In addition, there is a persistent disparity between the privately insured and uninsured on access measures. The gap between the uninsured and insured has not narrowed, though disparities generally have not worsened either.
Theoretical unity and Technical Eclecticism: Pathways to Coherence in Family Therapy

Abstract The premise of this article is that the diverse field of family therapy will be better served if the major theory underlying a clinical model is identified clearly and various techniques are integrated into it on a systematic basis. The method proposed for accomplishing this is specification of the underlying causality and objectives inherent in a theoretical model. The implications for the field of family therapy are that the current fads that result in divisiveness over who is cognitive-behavioral, strategic, gestalt, or systemic can be avoided if specific objectives are delineated and techniques are integrated coherently. This has impact upon the ability of third-party insurers and the general public to understand the field of family therapy more clearly, and to choose practitioners whose outcomes closely match client needs in terms of length of treatment and behavioral change.
Dual-Functional ROMP-Based Betaines: Effect of Hydrophilicity and Backbone Structure on Nonfouling Properties

Foundational materials for nonfouling coatings were designed and synthesized from a series of novel dual-functional zwitterionic polymers, Poly[NRZI], which were easily obtained via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) followed by a single step transformation of the cationic precursor, Poly[NR(+)], to the zwitterion, Poly[NRZI]. The resulting unique dual-functional structure contained the anion and the cation within the same repeat unit but on separate side chains, enabling the hydrophilicity of the system to be tuned at the repeat unit level. These dual-functional zwitterionic polymers were specifically designed to investigate the impact of structural changes, including the backbone, hydrophilicity, and charge, on the overall nonfouling properties. To evaluate the importance of backbone structure, and as a direct comparison to previously studied methacrylate-based betaines, norbornene-based carbo- and sulfobetaines (Poly[NCarboZI] and Poly[NSulfoZI]) as well as a methacrylate-based sulfobetaine (Poly[MASulfoZI]) were synthesized. These structures contain the anion-cation pairs on the same side chain. Nonfouling coatings were prepared from copolymers, composed of the zwitterionic/cationic precursor monomer and an ethoxysilane-containing monomer. The coatings were evaluated by using protein adsorption studies, which clearly indicated that the overall hydrophilicity has a major influence on the nonfouling character of the materials. The most hydrophilic coating, from the oligoethylene glycol (OEG)-containing dual-functional betaine, Poly[NOEGZI-co-NSi], showed the best resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption (Γ(FIB) = 0.039 ng/mm(2)). Both norbornene-based polymers systems, Poly[NSulfoZI] and Poly[NCarboZI], were more hydrophilic and thus more resistant to protein adsorption than the methacrylate-based Poly[MASulfoZI]. Comparing the protein resistance of the dual-functional zwitterionic coatings, Poly[NRZI-co-NSi], to that of their cationic counterparts, Poly[NR(+)-co-NSi], revealed the importance of screening electrostatic interactions. The adsorption of negatively charged proteins on zwitterionic coatings was significantly less, despite the fact that both coatings had similar wetting properties. These results demonstrate that the unique, tunable dual-functional zwitterionic polymers reported here can be used to make coatings that are highly efficient at resisting protein adsorption.
Effects of CCN Concentrations on Stratus Clouds

Abstract Comparisons between cloud-base CCN concentrations and cloud droplet concentrations in stratus clouds over San Diego and 100 km out to sea showed a positive correlation. The supersaturation in these clouds, as derived from the matching of the CCN spectra and the droplet spectra, is consistent with the concept of a moderate updraft intermediate between the supersaturation of a cumulus cloud and a fog.
Prevalence, pathogenesis, and impact of atrial fibrillation.

Purpose To describe the prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the risk factors for the rhythm disturbance. Summary The prevalence of AF, a common age-related disorder that causes substantial morbidity and mortality, is increasing. Structural heart disease (e.g., coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, valvular heart disease) is a common comorbidity of and risk factor for AF, although various other factors have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. The risk for AF and ischemic stroke, a major complication of AF, can be estimated using risk-scoring systems. The rate of hospitalization for AF and the costs of treating AF are increasing in the United States. Conclusion Understanding the pathogenesis of and risk factors for AF and using risk-scoring systems to estimate the risk for AF and stroke can facilitate treatment of this rhythm disorder and potentially minimize its morbidity, mortality, and costs.
Numerical solution of a time-like Cauchy problem for the wave equation

Let D ⊂ ℝn be a bounded domain with piecewise-smooth boundary, and q(x,t) a smooth function on D × [0, T]. Consider the time-like Cauchy problem Given g, h for which the equation has a solution, we show how to approximate u(x,t) by solving a well posed fourth-order elliptic partial differential equation (PDE). We use the method of quasi-reversibility to construct the approximating PDE. We derive error estimates and present numerical results.
An Introduction to the interviews with Grace Burnham McDonald and Charlotte Todes Stern of the Workers' Health Bureau.

New Solutions is fortunate to have found and received permission to publish two interviews of key staff members of the Workers’ Health Bureau. The Bureau was based in New York City; it operated between 1921 and 1928 and formally closed in 1929. Its mission was to provide medical and scientific support to unions in their efforts to identify hazardous materials in the workplace, present strategies for preventing occupational illnesses associated with these hazards, and when feasible present solutions for replacing these hazards with safer technologies. The Bureau organized several annual national health and safety conferences and pursued legislative action to obtain strong worker protection laws and standards. The Bureau was started by Grace Burnham (McDonald after her second marriage) and Harriett Silverman, and early on Charlotte Todes (Stern after her marriage) joined the Bureau. They were radical women who sought to ally with trade unions to improve workers’ health and safety. Burnham and Silverman met while working on the Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Cloak, Suit and Skirt Industry of Greater New York. (The board was a non-governmental organization established to oversee, investigate, and make recommendations regarding the working conditions in the clothing and textile industries of New York City. It had two representatives each from the unions and employers, and three public representatives. 1 )
Terminal and Intermediate Combustion Products Observed from 2.0 to 5.0 μm in Flame/Furnace Infrared Emission Spectrometry

A computer-controlled, dispersive, scanning spectrometer with a wave-length range from 1 to 15 μm is described and used to study the flame/furnace infrared emission (FIRE) spectra of combustion products formed in a small analyte/air flame and in an electrically heated furnace (570°C), operated with and without a column of heated hopcalite (370°C). When lead selenide was used as the detector, the emission spectra of the combustion products of pentane, benzene, dichloromethane, and methanol could be measured over the wavelength range from 2 to 5 μm. In addition to discrete emission bands from terminal combustion products such as CO2, H2O, and HCl, discrete emission from CO (4.6-4.9 μm) and continuum emission associated with soot formation were also observed under oxygen-limited combustion of benzene, dichloromethane, and possibly pentane. Bands centered at approximately 3.3 μm (3030 cm−1) and 3.5 μm (2857 cm−1) were observed in several spectra and attributed to C-H stretching in intermediate combustion products, with the 3.5-μm band being assigned to the stretching of the carbonyl hydrogen of aldehydes (formaldehyde, in particular). On the basis of these results, the