cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the mechanism of neurulation in the chick: Microfilament‐mediated changes in cell shape during uplifting of neural folds

The organization and properties of microfilaments of developing chick neuroepithelial cells were investigated in an attempt to elucidate the structural basis for the observed changes in cell shape during uplifting of neural folds. Microfilaments in the apical regions of cells are more organized than those along the lateral and basal cell margins and are associated with developing junctions. At the level of the zonula occludens, microfilaments are arranged into a loose meshwork extending just below the luminal surface. At the level of the zonula adherens, microfilaments are organized into several discrete bundles rather than as a single circumferential bundle. The opposite ends of these bundles appear to make contact with the plasma membrane at specialized areas of the junction. Microfilaments in the peripheral cytoplasm of the neck and basal regions form a continuous but sparse meshwork. All of these microfilaments bind heavy meromyosin. The implications of the present findings to the observed changes in cell shape during uplifting of neural folds in the chick is discussed.
HEMATOLOGIC FINDINGS IN PERTUSSIS

Patients infected with Bordetella pertussis frequently exhibit leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Eosinophilia has been noted less frequently. Peripheral blood counts were analyzed in 17 patients with laboratory confirmed pertussis (culture +14, fluorescence +3) to look for other hematological abnormalities. Fifteen of 17 patients were below the age of one year; others were 4 and 35 years old. Leukocytosis (> 15,000/cmm) was noted in 12 patients; 11 of these also had lymphocytosis (>10,000/cmm). Five patients were neutropenic (ANC 500/cmm) was noted in 6 patients. No patient had a hemoglobin < 10 gm/dl. The platelet count was normal (150,000-400,000/cmm) in 15 patients and elevated in 2. Previous investigators have described the lymphocytes in pertussis as being small and mature. In contrast, 5 patients in this study had immature lymphocytes that were medium sized with scanty cytoplasm, loose nuclear chromatin and one or more nucleoli on light microscopy. While the previously described lymphocytosis and eosinophilia were seen, the hematologic findings in pertussis should be expanded to include neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphocytes.
On the role of the process zone in hydrogen assisted cracking—II. Kinetic conditions

Abstract Following up the developments of recent work on the geometric and force characteristics of the process zone (PZ) and its role on environmental fracture we discuss here the problem of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) in elastoplastic material under kinetic conditions. The analysis is based on the postulate that cracking proceeds in step-wise fashion with an average velocity determined by the ratio Δa/Δt c , where Δa is an average crack jump length and Δt c the time interval between two subsequent jumps. Since Δa has been calculated in our earlier work with the aid of macroscopic considerations, emphasis is put here on the calculation of Δt c by considering the critical accumulation of hydrogen within the PZ. Indeed, this is used to formulate a chemomechanical type fracture criterion which eventually leads to the prediction of velocity vs stress intensity factor graphs.
Getting Guests to Work for You

ABSTRACT The authors discuss how managers can take a proactive approach to using guests to benefit foodservice operations. Applications of customer co-production, customers as marketers and customers as providers of information are investigated. Each area includes a review of relevant literature, examples from the foodservice industry and discussions on how managers can best utilize customers to produce benefits for the organization. The paper closes with a discussion on how employees must be managed to accommodate customer interaction in the service delivery system.
EPR study of iron—nitrosyl clusters in the oxidation of Fe(NO)2(CO)2

The oxidation of Fe(NO)2(CO)2 by tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), by the nitrosonium ion (NO+), or by electrolysis in polar solvents was studied by EPR spectroscopy. A number of long-lived (τ1/2 of the order of hours) free radicals were detected in the early stages of reaction, all having similar isotropic g-factors and 14,15N hyperfine interactions. These have been identified as the mononuclear cations, Fe(NO)2(CO)2−nStn+ (St = solvent molecule). They slowly disappear and are replaced by persistent radicals (τ1/2 of the order of days) that show equal isotropic hyperfine interactions with four-, six- or eight-nitrogen nuclei. Infrared and EPR spectroscopic data suggest that two of these species are trinuclear nitrosyl clusters, Fe3(NO)2n(CO) (n = 3, 4), in which the unpaired spin is localized on one iron nucleus, but which are fluxional on the EPR time-scale. The third nitrosyl radical with four equivalent NO ligands is tentatively identified as a binuclear intermediate that may be a precursor of the trinuclear clusters.
Assertion and Accommodation as a Paradoxical Dance in Achieving Self-Formation of Korean Women in Evangelical Churches

In response to Kelly H. Chong’s book, Deliverance and Submission: Evangelical Women and the Negotiation of Patriarchy in South Korea, the purpose of this article is to suggest that the paradigm of self-formation offers more adequate explanations for evangelical women’s fervent participation in heavily patriarchal churches by understanding assertion and accommodation as the paradoxical dance in achieving self-formation of women in Korean evangelical churches.
The eyes of beholders: roles and the distribution of scarce medical resources.

A common difficulty with the application of theories of justice to the allocation of medical resources is the assumption that one perspective is primary, whether that privileged perspective be that of the practitioner, on the one hand, or policy analyst on the other. By a discussion of three theories — those of Ramsey, Childress, and Joseph Fletcher — I attempt to show that these perspectives must be treated as related. As a result, values and ethics expressed in micro-allocation should be uniform with those of macro-allocation. This point has implications for such issues as substance and procedure in just decision, the role of the political process in medical allocation, and the definition of health and health services.
Effect of prolonged fasting upon the calcium activated sarcoplasmic factor of rabbit skeletal muscle.

Adult male New Zealand rabbits were subjected to a 28-day fast (food deprivation). Various blood biochemical parameters, as well as organ and individual skeletal muscle (semitendinosus and longissimus dorsi) weights, were determined. Additionally, the effect of fasting upon individual skeletal muscle functions was assessed. The calcium activated sarcoplasmic factor (CASF) isolated from the fasted rabbits was compared with the same enzyme isolated from ad lib fed rabbits. The fasted rabbits yielded greater amounts of CASF of a slightly higher specific activity than the same enzyme derived from ad lib fed rabbits. However, the enzymes from both treatments exhibited similar activities on intact myofibrils, as demonstrated by phase contrast microscopy and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Protein Kinases Are Associated with Multiple, Distinct Cytoplasmic Granules in Quiescent Yeast Cells

The cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell is subdivided into distinct functional domains by the presence of a variety of membrane-bound organelles. The remaining aqueous space may be further partitioned by the regulated assembly of discrete ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that contain particular proteins and messenger RNAs. These RNP granules are conserved structures whose importance is highlighted by studies linking them to human disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, relatively little is known about the diversity, composition, and physiological roles of these cytoplasmic structures. To begin to address these issues, we examined the cytoplasmic granules formed by a key set of signaling molecules, the protein kinases of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interestingly, a significant fraction of these proteins, almost 20%, was recruited to cytoplasmic foci specifically as cells entered into the G0-like quiescent state, stationary phase. Colocalization studies demonstrated that these foci corresponded to eight different granules, including four that had not been reported previously. All of these granules were found to rapidly disassemble upon the resumption of growth, and the presence of each was correlated with cell viability in the quiescent cultures. Finally, this work also identified new constituents of known RNP granules, including the well-characterized processing body and stress granule. The composition of these latter structures is therefore more varied than previously thought and could be an indicator of additional biological activities being associated with these complexes. Altogether, these observations indicate that quiescent yeast cells contain multiple distinct cytoplasmic granules that may make important contributions to their long-term survival.
Nitrosation and transnitrosation of nornicotine: inhibitory effect of some antioxidants

Abstract Nornicotine (3) can be nitrosated by C-nitro compounds having electronwithdrawing groups (tetranitromethane is particularly effective) and by various nitrosamines. However, compared to other secondary amines, it is a poor recipient of the nitroso group. Ascorbic acid inhibits the transfer of the nitroso group to nornicotine and also blocks the nitrosation of nornicotine by NaNO2. The latter reaction is also inhibited by cysteine and tannic acid.
The application of muscle endurance training techniques to the respiratory muscles in COPD.

Standard treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that are directed at reducing the degree of obstruction may be insufficient to relieve symptoms and improve exercise tolerance in severe cases. Many severely affected patients have reduced respiratory muscle endurance, which makes them less able to tolerate their excessive respiratory workloads. Despite the absence of a naturally-occurring endurance-training effect, the respiratory muscles of patients with COPD can be trained for increased endurance when periodic respiratory exertion is deliberately induced by isocapnic hyperventilation or added inspiratory resistance. Such training has resulted either in improved sustainable ventilatory capacity or in improved exercise tolerance. These improvements due to respiratory muscle training were better than those observed with whole body exercise training programs in some cases but not in others. Respiratory muscle training is a promising new adjunct in the management of COPD, but further investigation is required to delineate its indications and contraindications.
Regulation of Pigment Sedimentation by Photo-Oxidation and Herbivore Grazing

Reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography was used to show that algal carotenoid sedimentation is regulated by photo-oxidation and herbivore grazing in three unproductive, north-temperate lakes. Comparison of algal carotenoid and biovolume standing stocks revealed that carotenoid concentrations in epilimnetic waters were influenced by nonplanktonic inputs of pigments as well as phytoplankton community composition. Sediment traps did not record weekly events in the water column. Pigments that were incorporated in zooplankton feces and sank rapidly (e.g. alioxanthm and pheophorbide a) were overrepresented in trap material relative to epilimnetic pigment standing stocks. Differential decay of pigments in traps could not account for this observed bias. Chlorophyll mass–balance budgets corroborated the important influence of grazing by large-bodied zooplankton on pigment sedimentation. Interannual differences in pigment sedimentation were caused by changes in zooplankton community structure and the ve...
Proteomic analyses of courtship pheromones in the redback salamander, Plethodon cinereus.

The evolutionary success of plethodontid salamanders for ~100 MY is due partly to the use of courtship pheromones that regulate female receptivity. In ~90 % of plethodontid species, males deliver pheromones by “scratching” a female’s dorsum, where pheromones diffuse transdermally into the bloodstream. However, in a single clade, representing ~10 % of Plethodon spp., males apply pheromones to the female’s nares for olfactory delivery. Molecular studies have identified three major pheromone families: Plethodontid Receptivity Factor (PRF), Plethodontid Modulating Factor (PMF), and Sodefrin Precursor-like Factor (SPF). SPF and PMF genes are relatively ancient and found in all plethodontid species; however, PRF is found exclusively in the genus Plethodon – which includes species with transdermal, olfactory, and intermediate delivery behaviors. While previous proteomic analyses suggested PRF and PMF are dominant in slapping species and SPF is dominant in non-Plethodon scratching species, it was unclear how protein expression of different pheromone components may vary across delivery modes within Plethodon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to proteomically characterize the pheromones of a key scratching species in this evolutionary transition, Plethodon cinereus. Using mass spectrometry-based techniques, our data support the functional replacement of SPF by PRF in Plethodon spp. and an increase in PMF gene duplication events in both lineage-dependent and delivery-dependent manners. Novel glycosylation was observed on P. cinereus PRFs, which may modulate the metabolism and/or mechanism of action for PRF in scratching species. Cumulatively, these molecular data suggest that the replacement of pheromone components (e.g., SPF by PRF) preceded the evolutionary transition of the functional complex from transdermal to olfactory delivery.
Improved fermentative production of Monascus pigments in roller bottle culture

Abstract The quantities and qualities of Monascus pigments produced by the filamentous fungus Monascus anka in batch submerged, agar surface, and roller bottle cultures were compared. In roller bottles, the fungus became attached to the wall of the culture vessels and produced a larger quantity of both intracellular (1508 absorbance units g −1 cell mass) and extracellular (27 absorbance units g −1 cell mass) Monascus red pigments, a yield that was about 10-fold greater than that of batch submerged and agar surface cultures. The optimum time required for maximum pigment production was reduced from 7 days in batch submerged or agar surface cultures to 4 days in roller bottle culture. In the roller bottle culture, the ratio of red to yellow pigments was also greatly increased. The advantage of the rotating vessel might be due to a combination of factors, including better gas exchange, higher medium pH, efficient pigment secretion, solid support for mycelium, and retarded conidiation.
A bibliography of articles in dentistry and aging: research and case studies.

The following is a bibliography of articles pertinent to the interests and research areas of readers of Gerodontology. Both basic research papers and clinical reports are included. Most are quite recent publications; others are historically important. This bibliography supplements the listing of current references which is presented in each issue.
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism in two adolescents with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11 deletion).

We report on two unrelated adolescents affected with hypoparathyroidism-associated DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome who developed autoimmune thyroid disease.
Multiple boundary condition test (MBCT) - Identification with mode shapes

The multiple boundary condition test (MBCT) approach is a ground test method to test a class of large flexible structures which cannot be ground tested by state-of-the-art test methods due to the adverse terrestrial environment. The ultimate objective of a ground test is considered to be the validation and update of a mathematical model of the structure. The research to date has indicated the MBCT does work on numerical simulations and on experimental laboratory hardware. To date only the eigenvalue has been used in the model correlation/update by inclusion of the information in the nonlinear terms resulting from the difference between the analytical and measured eigenvectors. This paper presents the results of utilizing additional information, namely the difference in the analytical and the test eigenvectors, in the validation and update of the mathematical model.
The global distribution of sulfur dioxide ice on Io, observed with OSIRIS on the W.M. Keck telescope

Abstract We present ground based observations of Io taken with a high spatial resolution imaging spectrometer on 1 and 2 June 2006. We mapped the 1.98 and 2.12 μm absorptions of SO 2 frost, across Io's surface. We analyze these data with surface reflectance modeling using the Hapke method to determine the general frost distribution. This analysis also determined a lower limit of 700 μm on the grain size for the areas of strongest absorption. We incorporate our findings of a predominantly equatorial distribution of SO 2 frost, with the maps of Carlson et al. [Carlson, R.W., Smythe, W.D., Lopes-Gautier, R.M.C., Davies, A.G., Kamp, L.W., Mosher, J.A., Soderblom, L.A., Leader, F.E., Mehlman, R., Clark, R.N., Fanale, F.P., 1997. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2479–2482], McEwen [McEwen, A.S., 1988. Icarus 73, 385–426] and Doute et al. [Doute, S., Schmitt, B., Lopes-Gautier, R., Carlson, R., Soderblom, L., Shirley, J., and The Galileo NIMS Team, 2001. Icarus 149, 107–132] to produce a self consistent explanation of the global distribution of SO 2 . We propose that the differences between the above maps is attributable, in part, to the different bands that were studied by the investigators.
Expectancy bias in behavioral observations of therapeutic outcome: an experimental analysis of treatment and halo effects.

Abstract Because of high reliabilities and the belief that behavioral observation is an objective and precise method with which to evaluate therapeutic change, clinical researchers are increasingly relying upon observational ratings in treatment outcome studies. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine expectancy biases and gender effects using micro-, midi- and macro-dimensions of adjustment. S s were assigned to two treatment experimental manipulations in which they were led to believe that the S s to be rated were either in need of and about to receive treatment, or that they had successfully completed treatment. In addition, raters were given another expectancy bias to assess potential halo effects in which ratees were identified as either well-adjusted or poorly-adjusted. Using a Latin-square counterbalanced design, 30 highly trained and reliable raters conducted the ratings within the various experimental conditions. The results revealed numerous ‘treatment’ and ‘halo’ bias effects across both specific and global behavioral measures of adjustment and social interaction, all in the expected direction. There were several significant gender effect differences. However, no significant bias × sex interaction effects were observed. The findings are discussed with specific recommendations for controlling for these potential methodological confounds in clinical research.
Supramolecular interactions of fullerenes with (Cl)Fe- and Mn porphyrins. A theoretical study.

The electronic structure and bonding in the noncovalent, supramolecular complexes of fullerenes (C60, C70) with (Cl)Fe- and Mn porphyrins [(Cl)FeP, MnP] were investigated in detail with DFT methods. A dispersion correction was made for the fullerene–porphyrin binding energy through an empirical approach. Several density functionals were employed in the calculations in order to obtain reliable results. Our calculated results differ from those obtained in a previous paper (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2005, 109, 3704). The ground state of (Cl)FeP·C60 is predicted to be high spin (S = 5/2), in agreement with the experimental results. MnP·C70 is calculated to have a high-spin (S = 5/2) ground state as well; this is similar to (Cl)FeP·C60, but at variance with the assignment of a low-spin (S = 1/2) state for this complex. According to the calculations, C70 in MnP·C70 does not have sufficient ligand-field strength to cause a high- to low-spin state change in MnP. An additional calculation on a comparable, high-spin (Py)MnP complex gives support for the calculated results on MnP·C70. More detailed experimental investigations are desirable, which might help to resolve the question of the MnP·C70 electronic structure. The estimated dispersion energies (Edisp) in the fullerene–porphyrin systems are rather large, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 eV. Including Edisp improves the calculated binding energy considerably.
A Detailed Phylogeny for the Methanomicrobiales

The small subunit rRNA sequence of twenty archaea, members of the Methanomicrobiales, permits a detailed phylogenetic tree to be inferred for the group. The tree confirms earlier studies, based on far fewer sequences, in showing the group to be divided into two major clusters, temporarily designated the "methanosarcina" group and the "methanogenium" group. The tree also defines phylogenetic relationships within these two groups, which in some cases do not agree with the phylogenetic relationships implied by current taxonomic names--a problem most acute for the genus Methanogenium and its relatives. The present phylogenetic characterization provides the basis for a consistent taxonomic restructuring of this major methanogenic taxon.
Ultrasonic and Jet Aerosolization of Phospholipids and the Effects on Surface Activity

Surface active aerosols were produced from aqueous dispersions of mixed lipids (CLL), extracted from bovine lung lavage. Particle size distributions were measured as a function of humidity for two types of aerosol generators: ultrasonic and jet. Lipid dispersions before aerosolization were prepared by sonication in an ice bath and by mechanical vortexing. Over a range of high humidity greater than 60-70%, ultrasonic nebulization gave CLL aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 1.4 +/- 0.1 micron, compatible with predicted alveolar deposition fractions of 0.2-0.3 according to current deposition models. For humidities of 30-95%, jet nebulization gave MMAD values of 0.4-0.5 micron, which have lower predicted alveolar deposition. The surface pressure-time (pi - t) adsorption characteristics at 35 +/- 2 degrees C of CLL dispersions prepared initially by vortexing or sonication were not significantly affected by ultrasonic nebulization over a 1-2 h time period. In addition, the dynamic surface tension lowering of both kinds of CLL dispersion was not affected by ultrasonic nebulization (minimum surface tension less than 1 dyne/cm at 37 degrees C and 100% humidity). Current interest in the treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) with exogenous surfactant replacement has focused largely on the delivery of surfactant replacement has focused largely on h delivery of surfactants to infants by tracheal instillation at birth. However, the ability to form multi-component surfactant aerosols with appreciable alveolar deposition fractions and high surface activity may help to expand the utility of replacement therapy to patients with aerated lungs.
Data Preservation in Data-Intensive Sensor Networks With Spatial Correlation

Many data-intensive sensor network applications are potential big-data enabler: they are deployed in challenging environments to collect large volume of data for a long period of time. However, in the challenging environments, it is not possible to deploy base stations in or near the sensor field to collect sensory data. Therefore, the overflow data of the source nodes is first offloaded to other nodes inside the network, and is then collected when uploading opportunities become available. We call this process data preservation in sensor networks. In this paper, we take into account spatial correlation that exist in sensory data, and study how to minimize the total energy consumption in data preservation. We call this problem data preservation problem with data correlation. We show that with proper transformation, this problem is equivalent to minimum cost flow problem, which can be solved optimally and efficiently. Via simulations, we show that it outperforms an efficient greedy algorithm.
Comparison of optical and capacitive measurements of slider dynamics

A simultaneous slider air bearing thickness measurement is made using capacitive and optical techniques. The first technique measures the capacitance between a conducting disk and a probe attached to the slider, and the other measures the optical path length using interferometry. A quartz disk with a transparent conductive coating is used for this experiment. Measurements are made simultaneously at three corners of the slider from DC to 100 kHz. The DC flying height measurements agree to within 7 nm while the AC fluctuations agree to within the noise level of each technique (0.2 nm).
Animal Welfare Volunteers: Who Are They and Why Do They Do What They Do?

Although the volunteerism literature has grown in recent years, our understanding of those who volunteer to help non-human animals rather than humans is lacking. In light of the continuing difficul...
Lipemia-producing activity of pituitary gland: separation of lipemia-producing component from other pituitary hormones.

SummaryA method for fractionation of hog pituitary glands by saline extraction, fractional precipitation with acetone at pH 4.3, and ion-exchange chromatography, is described. The final fraction has high lipemia-producing activity in the rabbit and is free of recognized pituitary hormones. Lipemia-producing activity of this fraction is enhanced by simultaneous injection of ACTH. Production of lipemia in the rabbit by injection of ACTH together with commercial preparations of TSH, prolactin or FSH is also described. In the combination ACTH + commercial TSH, evidence is presented that ACTH acts in synergism with some “contaminating” substance in commercial TSH preparation, rather than with TSH itself.
Disseminating Health Information and Diabetes Care for Latinos Via Electronic Information Kiosks

This study investigated the use of electronic, web-enabled touch-screen information kiosks as a tool to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate diabetes information to Latino audiences. Two kiosk models (high privacy sit-down, group enabled stand-up) in two locations (pharmacy, community center) in Northeast Georgia provided bilingual, read-aloud diabetes education and local resource information on health care. Data from public use and interviews with focus group participants showed that users found the kiosks and their functions helpful and usable, though usage was moderated by presence or absence of a peer health educator (promotora); participants also preferred the sit-down, multi-function kiosk model.
Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of The Printing Press

The printing press was the great innovation in early modern information technology, but economists have found no macroeconomic evidence of its impact. This article exploits city-level data. Between 1500 and 1600, European cities where printing presses were established in the 1400s grew 60% faster than otherwise similar cities. Cities that adopted printing in the 1400s had no prior advantage, and the association between adoption and subsequent growth was not due to printers choosing auspicious locations. These findings are supported by regressions that exploit distance from Mainz, Germany—the birthplace of printing—as an instrument for adoption.
Changes in Cognitive Function Associated with Sleep Disordered Breathing in Older People

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is very common in older people and is known to be associated with complaints of impaired daily functioning, including excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairments. As part of a larger study on SDB and aging, it became possible to examine the relationship between SDB and cognition in older men and women. DESIGN: A population-based longitudinal study. SETTING: In-home interviews and home sleep recordings in the greater San Diego area. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people age 65 and older with high risk for SDB were originally studied from 1981 through 1985 and then followed every 2 years. Data from the 46 subjects who completed Visit 3 and Visit 4 are presented. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were interviewed in the home about their sleep and medical condition before each visit. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Daytime sleepiness was based on self-report. Objective sleep was recorded in the home and scored for sleep, apneas and hypopneas, and oximetry variables. RESULTS: Increases in respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (P = .036) and increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .002) were associated with decreases in cognitive performance (i.e., increases in cognitive impairment). Increases in RDI were also associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .012). Change in MMSE scores was therefore regressed onto changes in RDI, daytime sleepiness, age, and education, resulting in decreases in MMSE scores being associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .019) but not with changes in RDI (P = .515). There was no significant relationship between changes in oxygen saturation levels and changes in MMSE. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that declining cognitive function is associated primarily with increases in daytime sleepiness. Although cognitive decline was also associated with increases in RDI, this association did not hold in the more inclusive model which also included variable of SDB, oximetry, sleep and subjective report. One theoretical model could suggest that any relationship between SDB and cognitive function may be mediated by the effect of SDB on daytime sleepiness. These results suggest that older patients suffering from mild to moderate SDB may benefit from the treatment of SDB, even if they are not markedly hypoxemic.
Strain hardening of fibrin gels and plasma clots

Biological macromolecules have unique rheological properties that distinguish them from common synthetic polymers. Among these, fibrin has been studied extensively to understand the basic mechanisms of viscoelasticity as well as molecular mechanisms of coagulation disorders. One aspect of fibrin gel rheology that is not observed in most polymeric systems is strain hardening: an increase in shear modulus at strain amplitudes above 10%. Fibrin clots and plasma clots devoid of platelets exhibit shear moduli at strains of approximately 50% that are as much as 20 times the moduli at small strains. The strain hardening of fibrin gels was eliminated by the addition of platelets, which caused a large increase in shear storage modulus in the low strain linear viscoelastic limit. The reduction in strain hardening may result from fibrin strand retraction which occurs when platelets become activated. This interpretation is in agreement with recent theoretical treatments of semi-flexible polymer network viscoelasticity.
Free volume and oxygen transport in cold‐drawn polyesters

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-4,4′-bibenzoate) (PETBB55), and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) were cold-drawn to achieve uniform extension without crystallization or stress whitening, and oxygen transport properties were studied at temperatures from 10 to 40 °C. Correlation of oxygen solubility and polymer specific volume made it possible to consider the oriented polyester as a one-phase densified glass. Orientation was viewed as decreasing the amount of excess-hole free volume and bringing the nonequilibrium polymer glass closer to the equilibrium condition. Between 10 and 40 °C, the amount of excess-hole free volume in PET decreased as the polymer approached the glass transition temperature. In contrast, temperature changes in this range had little effect on the excess-hole free volume in PETBB55 and PEN, which were well below their glass transition temperature. Gas diffusion was viewed as discrete jumps of the oxygen molecule between holes of excess-free volume. The jump length was extracted from the activation energy for diffusion according to a channel-formation model. The result agreed well with the hole spacing estimated from a simple lattice model using the hole density reported in the literature. Extending the lattice model to estimate the mean excess-free volume hole radius from the fractional free volume resulted in good correlation with the hole radius obtained from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 493–504, 2004
In search of an early warning system for pancreatic cancer

Commentary to Diagnosing Pancreatic Cancer Using Methylation Specific PCR Analysis Noriyoshi Fukushima, Kimberly M. Walter, Takashi Ueki, Norihiro Sato, Hiroyuki Matsubayashi, John L. Cameron, Ralph H. Hruban, Marcia Canto, Charles J. Yeo and Michael Goggins
Variation in Growth Rates under Saline Conditions of Pascopyrum smithii (Western Wheatgrass) and Distichlis spicata (Inland Saltgrass) from Different Source Populations in Kansas and Nebraska: Implications for the Restoration of Salt-Affected Plant Communities

Soil salinization resulting from agricultural and oil- and gas-production activities can impact habitats of native flora and fauna and reduce production on agricultural lands. Restoration of saline areas with salt-tolerant vegetation may alleviate impacts. However, differences in how the growth rate under saline conditions varies between species and source populations must first be evaluated before recommending species for restoration. Plant material of Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve, Kansas and Little Salt Fork Marsh, Nebraska was propagated to evaluate variation in growth rates between these species under saline conditions and determine if differences exist between populations within these species. Ten transplants of each species from each location were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse for 51 days and watered with one of five different saltwater solutions (0.86 dS/m, 9.85 dS/m, 17.85 dS/m, 32.5 dS/m, and 57.7 dS/m). Results indicate that P. smithii grew faster than D. spicata at all comparable salinity levels. Only D. spicata exhibited significant differences in growth rate under saline conditions between populations. Results suggest that P. smithii is equivalent to D. spicata in salt tolerance and should be regarded as an appropriate halophyte for restoration of salt-affected plant environments. Results for D. spicata suggest that differences between source populations should be considered when evaluating plant material for plant community restoration.
Carbonate mud bodies in Middle Mississippian strata of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky; end members of a Middle Mississippian mud mound spectrum?

Relatively small, lens-shaped carbonate mud bodies are common features in the Ramp Creek Formation and Harrodsburg Limestone (Mississippian) of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky. The outcrop dimensions of the lenses range from approximately 10 cm thick and 3 m wide to as much as 2 m thick and in excess of 100 m wide; their three-dimensional geometry is unknown. The lens cores consist of dolomitic mudstone that grades laterally and vertically into increasingly more fossiliferous wackestone to grainstone with fenestrate bryozoans and echinoderms being the dominant fossils. The great abundance of fenestrate bryozoan fragments surrounding the lenses suggests that lens evolution was controlled by the trapping of carbonate mud by the baffling action of bryozoans. Wisps of organic material preserved in the lens cores may be remnants of some form of non-calcareous algae that also baffled and trapped carbonate mud. These mud lenses are end members of a spectrum of Mississippian carbonate mud bodies ranging in size from these small lenses to the classical Waulsortian mounds that may be hundreds of meters thick and a kilometer or more broad. All of these carbonate mud bodies may have in part formed by baffling and localizing of carbonate mud by organisms andmore » in part by local production of carbonate mud. The major difference between large and small bodies is the water depth in which each formed. The Ramp Creek-Harrodsburg mud lenses may be miniature Waulsortian mounds that developed at or above fair-weather wave base on a relatively shallow carbonate platform rather than on shelf-to-basin slopes as proposed for the classical Waulsortian mounds.« less
The Concept of a Marketing Crisis

Numerous marketing crises have gained media attention in recent years. The author examines the development of the concept of the crisis by political scientists, sociologists, and organizational theorists. Upon this base, a tentative definition for the marketing crisis is developed and a number of implications are drawn. Furthermore, the author suggests some directions for future research into the area of marketing crises.
Possible Infall around the Intermediate-Mass Young Stellar Object NGC 2264 IRS

Analysis of multitransitional CS and CO observations toward the class I intermediate-mass young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS indicates that the outflow associated with this source dominates the kinematic structure of the CS J = 2 → 1, J = 3 → 2, and J = 5 → 4 spectra. For example, toward the source, centroid velocities (the first moments) of these line profiles increase with increasing optical depth; i.e., the emission becomes increasingly redshifted, which is expected for outflow from a central source. In contrast, the CS J = 7 → 6 spectrum toward NGC 2264 IRS is asymmetric, having a single blueshifted peak with a red shoulder, which suggests the possible presence of infall toward NGC 2264 IRS. In addition, the centroid velocities for the CS J = 7 → 6 line become more negative (lines are blueshifted) as one approaches the source perpendicular to the outflow. Furthermore, the CS J = 7 → 6 line is blueshifted relative to the CS J = 2 → 1, J = 3 → 2, and J = 5 → 4 lines toward NGC 2264 IRS. Integrated intensity contours of the CS J = 5 → 4 emission are extended in the direction of the outflow; however, the CS J = 7 → 6 emission is extended in the direction perpendicular to the outflow. We describe a preliminary attempt to model the CS J = 7 → 6 spectra with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code (Choi et al.) using an inside-out collapse scenario (Shu).
Processable precursors: 4. Synthesis and characterization of processable precursors to poly(phenylene bisbenzoxazoles)

Processable precursor polymers to poly(phenylene bisbenzoxazole)s (PBOs) have been prepared and studied. The precursor polymers were synthesized by the polycondensation of 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-2,5-diethanoate dicarboxylic acid or 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-2,5-diol dicarboxylic acid with 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl or 2,2′-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane in poly(phosphoric acid). The precursor polymers were characterized by solubility, viscosity, spectroscopy (infra-red, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance) and thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and optical polarizing microscopy. Conversion of the more stable PBOs is achieved by pyrolysis in air or under argon atmosphere.
Elements of a non-gaussian analysis on the spaces of functions of infinitely many variables

We present a review of some results of the non-Gaussian analysis in the biorthogonal approach and consider elements of the analysis associated with the generalized Meixner measure. The main objects of our interest are stochastic integrals, operators of stochastic differentiation, elements of theWick calculus, and related topics.
Multimodality assessment of breast tumor physiology and metabolism

The objective is to compare power Doppler sonography (PD) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (MR) and PET SUV in assessing the vascularity of benign and malignant breast lesions. Sixty two patients with 89 lesions (59 malignant lesions, 30 benign lesions) were evaluated by PD, MRI (MR) and PET SUV prior to surgery. Each imaging modality was evaluated independently. Lesion vascularity on PD was graded as avascular, intermediately vascular, or hypervascular. On MR, degree of maximal enhancement (minimal, moderate, or marked) and the kinetic pattern of enhancement (persistent, plateau, washout) were graded separately. For malignant lesions, PET SUV values were correlated with MRI kinetics. Gamma variable analysis was performed to assess the degree of correlation. Of the 89 lesions 44 were invasive ductal carcinoma, 2 were intraductal cancers, 6 were invasive lobular carcinoma, and 7 were invasive cancers with mixture of ductal and lobular features. There was a high degree of correlation between degree of maximal enhancement and enhancement kinetics on MRI (G=0.074, p<0.0001). The correlation between CDS and degree of maximal gadolinium enhancement was moderate (G=0.57, p=0.02). The correlation between PD vascularity and gadolinium enhancement kinetics was weak (G=0.37, p=0.12). Invasive malignancy demonstrated moderate correlation between SUV and MRI kinetics (G=0.64, p=0.14). There is a variable degree of correlation between various imaging modalities in assessing breast lesion vascularity. Further evaluation on the relationship between subjective reader assessment and objective quantitative image analysis is required to elucidate the differences in these measures of breast tumor physiology. This work was supported in part by the NIH grant P01CA085424-03.
Planar Optic Interconnect Systems with Holographic Photopolymers

Planar optics is a useful format for implementing free-space optical interconnects in electronic processing systems. This utility results from the fact that the planar optical substrate matches the geometry of many electronic assemblies and a large number of optical elements can be integrated to form a complete optical distribution system.
It's All About the (Social) Network

The paper discusses the Internet as a social network. Networking is naturally a central focus of the Internet computing space. Initially, this term referred to connecting computers together, now it refers just as often to how people are interconnected - that is, "social networks." The paper discuss information overload in the context of three social networks: Facebook, Linkedln, and Google Wave; and offers its prediction that social networks might go.
Optimizing toolkit-generated graphical interfaces

Researchers have developed a variety of toolkits that support the development of highly interactive, graphical, direct manipulation applications such as animations, process monitoring tools, drawing packages, visual programming languages, games, and data and program visualization systems. These toolkits contain many useful features such as 1) structured graphics, 2) automatic display management, 3) constraints, and 4) high-level input-handling models. Despite a number of optimizations that have been described in the literature, most toolkit-generated applications run in a predominantly interpreted mode at runtime: they dynamically determine the set of constraints and objects that must be redisplayed, which requires the use of time consuming algorithms and data structures. The optimizations that do exist rely on semantic information that applies globally to all operations in an application. In this paper we identify a number of optimizations that require local, operation-specific semantic information about an application. For each operation, these optimizations pre-compute update plans that minimize the number of objects that are examined for redisplay, and pre-compute constraint plans that minimize the amount of dynamic scheduling and method dispatching that is performed for constraint satisfaction. We present performance measurements that suggest that these optimizations can significantly improve the performance of an application. We also discuss how a compiler might obtain from a programmer the information required to implement these optimizations.
Data assimilation and dynamical interpolation in GULFCAST experiments

Abstract GULFCAST is a forecast system for the Gulf Stream meander and ring region consisting of a dynamical open-ocean model and an observational network comprised of remotely sensed sea-surface temperatures (and recently, sea-surface height) and critically located air-dropped expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs). We present here the case study of a real-time forecast system out for 2 weeks in the Spring of 1986 during the development of GULFCAST methodology. The AXBT data from successive flights were assimilated and a frontal location was ‘nowcast’ and forecast within the error bounds of navigation, AXBT sampling and model resolution during a multiple ring-stream interaction event.
Structural effects of network sampling coverage I: Nodes missing at random

Network measures assume a census of a well-bounded population. This level of coverage is rarely achieved in practice, however, and we have only limited information on the robustness of network measures to incomplete coverage. This paper examines the effect of node-level missingness on 4 classes of network measures: centrality, centralization, topology and homophily across a diverse sample of 12 empirical networks. We use a Monte Carlo simulation process to generate data with known levels of missingness and compare the resulting network scores to their known starting values. As with past studies (Borgatti et al 2006; Kossinets 2006), we find that measurement bias generally increases with more missing data. The exact rate and nature of this increase, however, varies systematically across network measures. For example, betweenness and Bonacich centralization are quite sensitive to missing data while closeness and in-degree are robust. Similarly, while the tau statistic and distance are difficult to capture with missing data, transitivity shows little bias even with very high levels of missingness. The results are also clearly dependent on the features of the network. Larger, more centralized networks are generally more robust to missing data, but this is especially true for centrality and centralization measures. More cohesive networks are robust to missing data when measuring topological features but not when measuring centralization. Overall, the results suggest that missing data may have quite large or quite small effects on network measurement, depending on the type of network and the question being posed.
Rabindranath Tagore, Implied Painter: On the Narratology of Visual Art

Abstract This essay examines the idea of implied authorship in relation to painting. It considers a painting by Tagore, arguing that enigmas in the painting may be partially resolved by reference to ideas from a range of Tagore's works. This suggests that, beyond the implied author of a particular work, we should consider the implied author across a canon of works. This canonical implied author does not substitute for the implied author of an individual work. However, it provides one important context for interpretation. Moreover, it does not render the work unequivocal, but alters the profile of ambiguity of the work.
Critical approaches to comparative education: vertical case studies from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas

edited by Frances Vavrus and Lesley Bartlett, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 263 pp., US$85.00, ISBN 978‐0‐230‐61597‐7 This book advances vertical case study research as the means to understan...