cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin B 1, B 2 and B 6 deficiency in neurological disorders.

The activities of the red blood cell enzymes transketolase, glutathione reductase, and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase were measured with and without in vitro addition of their respective coenzyme components thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine in a group of patients with neurological disorders which may have been caused by malnutrition, intestinal malabsorption, hepatic failure or neoplasms arising outside the nervous system. The incidence of thiamine deficiency was 31%, of riboflavin deficiency 22% and of pyridoxine deficiency 6%. Alcoholics in particular suffered from deficiencies of vitamin B 1, and B 2. There was a correlation of vitamin B 1 and B 2 deficiency and signs of a cerebellar and/or brainstem lesion. The most frequent symptoms in this connection were gait disturbances and oculomotor signs like spontaneous and gaze nystagmus, disturbed eye tracking, diminished optokinetic nystagmus, decreased ability to suppress vestibular nystagmus by fixation. These signs hardly ever occurred in alcoholic patients who showed no deficiency of vitamin B 1, B 2 or B 6. Whenever they do appear, a vitamin B supplementation has to be performed in order to prevent the manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy, cerebral or cerebellar atrophy. Alcoholics showed the same incidence of polyneuropathy, whether they suffered from a deficiency of B vitamins or not. Deficiencies of vitamin B 1, B 2 or B 6 were also found in patients with intestinal malabsorption and polyneuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, optic atrophy, myelopathy and cerebellar ataxia of unknown etiology, neurological manifestations of neoplasms arising outside the nervous system, B 12 myeloencephalopathy and Thevenard's syndrome.
Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Abstract Objective: To review the available evidence regarding efficacy, benefits, and risks of magnesium sulfate seizure prophylaxis in women with preeclampsia or eclampsia. Data Sources: The English-language literature in MEDLINE was searched from 1966 through February 1998 using the terms “magnesium sulfate,” “seizure,” “preeclampsia,” “eclampsia,” and “hypertension in pregnancy.” Reviews of bibliographies of retrieved articles and consultation with experts in the field provided additional references. Methods of Study Selection: All relevant English-language clinical research articles retrieved were reviewed. Randomized controlled trials, retrospective reviews, and observational studies specifically addressing efficacy, benefits, or side effects of magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia or eclampsia were chosen. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: Nineteen randomized controlled trials, five retrospective studies, and eight observational reports were reviewed. The criteria used for inclusion were as follows: randomized controlled trials evaluating use of magnesium sulfate in eclampsia, preeclampsia, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; nonrandomized studies of historical interest; “classic” observational studies; and recent retrospective studies evaluating efficacy of magnesium sulfate therapy, using relative risk and 95% confidence intervals where applicable. Magnesium sulfate therapy has been associated with increased length of labor, increased cesarean delivery rate, increased postpartum bleeding, increased respiratory depression, decreased neuromuscular transmission, and maternal death from overdose. A summary of randomized, controlled trials in women with eclampsia reveals recurrent seizures in 216 (23.1%) of 935 women treated with phenytoin or diazepam, compared with recurrent seizures in only 88 (9.4%) of 932 magnesium-treated women. Randomized controlled trials in women with severe preeclampsia collectively revealed seizures in 22 (2.8%) of 793 women treated with antihypertensive agents, compared with seizures in only seven of 815 (0.9%) magnesium-treated women. Conclusion: The evidence to date confirms the efficacy of magnesium sulfate therapy for women with eclampsia and severe preeclampsia. However, there is a need for a randomized controlled trial to determine efficacy of magnesium sulfate therapy for women with mild preeclampsia and gestational hypertension.
NOTES ON THE NATIVE BEE POLLINATORS IN NEW YORK APPLE ORCHARDS

Abstract We surveyed apple orchards in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Pollinator guilds included many honey bees and native bee species known to be effective pollinators of apples. Of the 31 native bee species collected, 14 species belong to eight subgenera of Andrena. Cavity-nesting mason bees were represented by a single female blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria Say. The most numerous bees were mining bees in the genus Andrena. This paper serves as a preliminary look at the native bee pollinators in apple orchards in New York State.
Inferring the Timescale of Dengue Virus Evolution Under Realistic Models of DNA Substitution

Dengue virus (DENV) is the agent of the most widespread vector-borne viral disease of humans. To infer the timescale of DENV evolution with as much accuracy as possible, we compared, within a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework, estimates of phylogenetic tree length using both covarion and noncovarion models of molecular evolution, the latter also incorporating lineage-specific rate variation through a “relaxed” molecular clock. Using a data set of 32 complete genome sequences representing all four viral serotypes, we found evidence for covarion-like evolution at second codon positions in specific DENV genes, although rarely at the level of complete gene or genomes. Further, the covarion model had little effect on estimates of tree length and hence time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA). We conclude that although covarion models can improve descriptions of the dynamics of amino acid substitution, they have little effect on estimates of the timescale of viral evolution, which in the case of DENV covers a period of no more than 2000 years.
Patterns of Volunteerism, Testing, and Exclusion Among Potential Living Kidney Donors

We found that in kidney transplantation, more females donate. We analyzed transplant recipients for patterns of potential donor exclusion and found that equal proportions of male and female po tential donors existed among first-degree biological relatives. More male recipients were married and therefore had more spousal potential donors. Among friends and non-first-degree relatives, significantly fewer males offered to donate to females. Equal proportions of female and male potential donors were excluded from donating for medical comorbidities, blood type incompatibility, recipient refusal, and potential donor reluctance. We concluded that female transplant candidates had fewer potential donors among spouses and opposite sex volunteers from friends and non-first-degree relatives.
Ontology and ideology

If moral experience is discussed in terms of the uniqueness of the imperative, instead of the quality, a similar analysis holds. Either the psychoanalytic or behavioristic accounts of the development of the superego or conscience illustrate genetic explanations of moral experience in the imperative mood. They provide empirical explanations which, if true, account for the facts and do not lead to any undesirable metaphysic about the nature of standards and our conformance to them. An analysis of the kind liere presented is thus "non-naturalistic" in the narrower meaning that term has come to have in ethical discussion-insistence upon the indefinability of the moral predicates-yet naturalistic in the broader sense of not admitting extranatural realms of being or ways of knowing. Clearly, it is not necessary to deny some fairly obvious facts of human experience in order to deny objective reality to values.6
A Comparison of Information Technology Usage across Supply Chains: A Comparison of the U.S. Beef Industry and the U.S. Food Industry

Historically, the growth of the beef industry has been hampered by various entities, i.e., breeders, cow-calf producers, stockers, backgrounders, processors, etc..., within the beef industryâ€™s supply chain. The primary obstacles to growth are the large numbers of participants in the upstream side of the supply chain and the lack of coordination between them. Over the last decade significant advances have been made in information and communication technologies, and many new companies have been founded to promote these technical advances. This research looks at both the upstream and downstream participants to determine the degree to which information technologies are currently being utilized and the degree that these new technologies have driven performance improvements in the beef industryâ€™s supply chain. Through surveys, the authors find that the beef industry does not use information technologies to their benefit and that the US beef supply chain is not yet strategically poised to enable the use of these technologies.
Editorial Board, 2010/2011

This is the season to be thankful while looking forward to our next adventures. The number and quality of new manuscripts continue to increase. During the past year, we published diverse papers ranging from an administrative case report of a triage system for acute care physical therapy services,1 to a perspective on the effects of statins on skeletal muscle,2 to a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of progressive resistive training on physical activity levels of people with osteoarthritis.3 Our new features that link evidence to practice and discuss the relevance of health policy issues ( Health Policy in Perspective ) have helped broaden our scope of interest as we find our way forward in this time of health care reform. Listening to the podcasts and hearing the voices of our authors as they discuss with other experts the relevance of their work to clinical practice has given us a greater understanding of the research. The year 2011 will only offer more! The January issue is chock-full of exciting information that challenges some of our traditional approaches in the clinic and in the classroom. For example, the systematic review by Katalinic et …
Social Anxiety and Social Perception: Construing Others' Reactions to the Self

This study investigated whether socially anxious people differ from less socially anxious people in how they interpret the facial expressions of an interaction partner. Undergraduates answered a series of questions about themselves in a structured interview, replying to what they thought was the TV image of another undergraduate but was actually a videotape. The videotaped interviewer either maintained a consistently neutral facial expression or varied in expression (positive, neutral, negative) across three blocks of questions and answers. After each block, subjects rated the interviewer's approval of and interest in them. Analysis of these ratings revealed that the two social anxiety groups were equivalently responsive to changes in facial expression. Independent of this, socially anxious subjects made ratings that were consistently less favorable than the ratings made by subjects lower in social anxiety. Additional analyses tended to support the most straightforward interpretation of this finding: that...
Influence of plasma glucose and insulin concentration on plasma glucose clearance in man

We examined the influence of plasma glucose concentration on whole-body glucose uptake and glucose clearance at two physiologic levels of hyperinsulinemia. Twelve healthy, young volunteers were divided into two groups (A and B); each subject participated in three studies. In group A, plasma insulin was raised and maintained by ∼100 μU/ml for 3 h, while plasma glucose concentration was clamped at hypoglycemic (60 ± 1 mg/dl), euglycemic (89 ± 1 mg/dl), or hyperglycemic (165 ± 3 mg/dl) levels. In group B, plasma insulin was raised by ∼50 μU/ml, while plasma glucose was clamped at 62 ± 1,86 ±2, or 143 ± 3 mg/dl for 3 h. At the higher insulin level (group A), glucose uptake rose from 5.2 ± 0.5 to 7.3 ± 0.6 to 12.2 ±1.0 mg/min· kg as plasma glucose was varied from low to high levels; glucose clearance fell slightly from 8.8 ± 1.0 to 7.8 ± 0.7 to 7.3 ± 0.6 ml/min·kg during the hypo-, eu-, and hyperglycemic clamps (P = NS). At the lower insulin level (group B), glucose uptake rose from 6.0 ± 1.2 to 8.1 ±1.7 mg/min·kg (P We conclude that physiologic hyperglycemia exerts a modest inhibitory effect on glucose clearance, which is largely overcome at higher, yet still physiologic, plasma insulin levels (∼100 μU/ml).
Neutron powder diffraction study of the products from fluorinating YBa2Cu3O7−s at room temperature and at 400 °C

Fluorination of YBa2Cu3O7−s at room temperature results in no change of the critical temperature but a drastic reduction of superconducting volume fraction as determined by magnetic flux exclusion measurements. Rietveld refinement of neutron powder diffraction data indicates that the bulk structure has not changed in any significant way despite the loss of superconductivity. In marked contrast, when the superconducting oxide is fluorinated at 400 °C, a structural transformation from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry occurs that is accompanied by essentially complete filling of eight of the nine perovskite anion sites and total loss of superconductivity above 7 K. Interpretation of neutron activation analysis and neutron diffraction results render the formula of the fluorinated product as YBa2Cu3F3.5O4.5, but fluoride ions in the unit cell were not distinguished from oxide ions.
Rat Motoneuron Properties Recover Following Reinnervation in the Absence of Muscle Activity and Evoked Acetylcholine Release

Available evidence supports the idea that muscle fibres provide retrograde signals that enable the expression of adult motoneuron electrical properties but the mechanisms remain unknown. We showed recently that when acetylcholine receptors are blocked at motor endplates, the electrical properties of rat motoneurons change in a way that resembles changes observed after axotomy. This observation suggests that receptor blockade and axotomy interrupt the same signalling mechanisms but leaves open the possibility that the loss of muscle fibre activity underlies the observed effects. To address this issue, we examined the electrical properties of axotomized motoneurons following reinnervation. Ordinarily, these properties return to normal following reinnervation and re-activation of muscle, but in this study muscle fibre activity and evoked acetylcholine release were prevented during reinnervation by blocking axonal conduction. Under these conditions, the properties of motoneurons that successfully reinnervated muscle fibres recovered to normal despite the absence of muscle fibre activity and evoked release. We conclude that the expression of motoneuron electrical properties is not regulated by muscle fibre activity but rather by a retrograde signalling system coupled to activation of endplate acetylcholine receptors. Our results indicate that spontaneous release of acetylcholine from regenerated motor terminals is sufficient to operate the system.
Impact of transmission on resource adequacy in systems with wind and solar power

Variable generation is on track to become a significant contributor to electric power systems worldwide. Thus, it is important to analyze the effect that renewables will have on the reliability of systems. In this paper we present a new tool being implemented at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, which allows the inclusion of variable generation in the power system resource adequacy. The tool is used to quantify a first estimate of the potential contribution of transmission to reliability in highly interconnected systems and an example is provided using the Western Interconnection footprint.
Children of female sex workers and drug users: a review of vulnerability, resilience and family-centred models of care

Injection drug users and female sex workers are two of the populations most at risk for becoming infected with HIV in countries with concentrated epidemics. Many of the adults who fall into these categories are also parents, but little is known about the vulnerabilities faced by their children, their children's sources of resilience, or programmes providing services to these often fragile families. This review synthesizes evidence from disparate sources describing the vulnerabilities and resilience of the children of female sex workers and drug users, and documents some models of care that have been put in place to assist them. A large literature assessing the vulnerability and resilience of children of drug users and alcoholics in developed countries was found. Research on the situation of the children of sex workers is extremely limited. Children of drug users and sex workers can face unique risks, stigma and discrimination, but both child vulnerability and resilience are associated in the drug use literature with the physical and mental health of parents and family context. Family-centred interventions have been implemented in low- and middle-income contexts, but they tend to be small, piecemeal and struggling to meet demand; they are poorly documented, and most have not been formally evaluated. We present preliminary descriptive data from an organization working with pregnant and new mothers who are drug users in Ukraine and from an organization providing services to sex workers and their families in Zambia. Because parents' drug use or sex work is often illegal and hidden, identifying their children can be difficult and may increase children's vulnerability and marginalization. Researchers and service providers, therefore, need to proceed with caution when attempting to reach these populations, but documentation and evaluation of current programmes should be prioritized.
Activation in Human MT/MST by Static Images with Implied Motion

A still photograph of an object in motion may convey dynamic information about the position of the object immediately before and after the photograph was taken (implied motion). Medial temporal/medial superior temporal cortex (MT/MST) is one of the main brain regions engaged in the perceptual analysis of visual motion. In two experiments we examined whether MT/MST is also involved in representing implied motion from static images. We found stronger functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation within MT/MST during viewing of static photographs with implied motion compared to viewing of photographs without implied motion. These results suggest that brain regions involved in the visual analysis of motion are also engaged in processing implied dynamic information from static images.
BACTERIAL DNA METHYLATION : A CELL CYCLE REGULATOR?

Although bacterial DNA methyltransferases are generally associated with restriction-modification systems, DNA methylation also regulates chromosome replication, transcription, repair, and most likely other fundamental processes. The two best-studied DNA methyltransferases without apparent cognate
Intergenerational Relationship Quality Across Three Generations

Objectives. Studies of intergenerational relationship quality often include one or two generations. This study examined within-family differences and similarities or transmission of positive and negative relationship quality across three generations. Method. Participants included 633 middle-aged individuals (G2; 52% women, ages 40 – 60 years), 592 of their offspring (G3; 53% daughters; ages 18 – 41 years), and 337 of their parents (i.e., grandparents; G1; 69% women; ages 59 – 96 years). Results. Multilevel models revealed differences and similarities in relationship quality across generations. The oldest generation (G1) reported greater positive and less negative quality relationships than the middle (G2) and the younger (G3) generations. There was limited evidence of transmission. Middle-aged respondents who reported more positive and less negative ties with their parents (G1) reported more positive and less negative ties with their own children (G3). Grandmother (G1) reports of more positive relationship quality were associated with G3 reports of more positive relationship quality with G2. Discussion. Findings are consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis and only partially consistent with the theory of intergenerational transmission. Overall, this study suggests that there is greater within-family variability than similarities in how family members feel about one another.
Poisson Traces and D-Modules on Poisson Varieties

To every Poisson algebraic variety X over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, we canonically attach a right D-module M(X) on X. If X is affine, solutions of M(X) in the space of algebraic distributions on X are Poisson traces on X, i.e. distributions invariant under Hamiltonian flow. When X has finitely many symplectic leaves, we prove that M(X) is holonomic. Thus, when X is affine and has finitely many symplectic leaves, the space of Poisson traces on X is finite-dimensional. More generally, to any morphism \({\phi : X \to Y}\) and any quasicoherent sheaf of Poisson modules N on X, we attach a right D-module \({M_\phi(X,N)}\) on X, and prove that it is holonomic if X has finitely many symplectic leaves, \({\phi}\) is finite, and N is coherent.
BM-Map: an efficient software package for accurately allocating multireads of RNA-sequencing data

Background RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has become a major tool for biomedical research. A key step in analyzing RNA-seq data is to infer the origin of short reads in the source genome, and for this purpose, many read alignment/mapping software programs have been developed. Usually, the majority of mappable reads can be mapped to one unambiguous genomic location, and these reads are called unique reads. However, a considerable proportion of mappable reads can be aligned to more than one genomic location with the same or similar fidelities, and they are called "multireads". Allocating these multireads is challenging but critical for interpreting RNA-seq data. We recently developed a Bayesian stochastic model that allocates multireads more accurately than alternative methods (Ji et al. Biometrics 2011).
Beam deflection measurements of nondegenerate nonlinear refractive indices in direct-gap semiconductors

We use the beam-deflection method to measure nondegenerate nonlinear refractive indices of ZnO and ZnSe and show, in agreement with theory, extremely nondegenerate nonlinear refraction is significantly larger than in the degenerate or near-degenerate case.
On the well-coveredness of Cartesian products of graphs

A graph G is well-covered if every maximal independent set has the same cardinality. This paper investigates when the Cartesian product of two graphs is well-covered. We prove that if G and H both belong to a large class of graphs that includes all non-well-covered triangle-free graphs and most well-covered triangle-free graphs, then GxH is not well-covered. We also show that if G is not well-covered, then neither is GxG. Finally, we show that GxG is not well-covered for all graphs of girth at least 5 by introducing super well-covered graphs and classifying all such graphs of girth at least 5.
The method of elimination and substitution in the GMM estimation of mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive models

This paper proposes a computationally simple GMM for the estimation of mixed regressive spatial autoregressive models. The proposed method explores the advantage of the method of elimination and substitution in linear algebra. The modified GMM approach reduces the joint (nonlinear) estimation of a complete vector of parameters into estimation of separate components. For the mixed regressive spatial autoregressive model, the nonlinear estimation is reduced to the estimation of the (single) spatial effect parameter. We identify situations under which the resulting estimator can be efficient relative to the joint GMM estimator where all the parameters are jointly estimated.
Radiobiological Modelling in Radiation Oncology

Roger Dale and Bleddyn Jones (Eds)London: The British Institute of RadiologyISBN: 978 0 905749 60 0£60.00.Hard-core physicists generally subscribe to Eddington's (tongue-in-cheek) dictum that one s...
The development of acute post-traumatic stress disorder after orofacial injury: a prospective study in a large urban hospital.

Abstract Purpose: Psychologic distress is a common outcome among trauma survivors. This report examines both the development and predictors of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of US inner-city orofacial trauma survivors seeking treatment in a publicly funded hospital. Patients and Methods: Baseline data were collected from 336 patients seeking urgent care for an oral injury (mandibular or midfacial fracture). Participants were predominantly unemployed, unmarried, African American or Hispanic men in their 30s. One-month follow-up assessments of PTSD symptoms were conducted on the available 84% of the sample. Results: Absolute levels of PTSD symptoms were high at 1 month; 25% of the sample appeared to meet diagnostic criteria for acute PTSD, based on a self-report of symptoms. Variables associated with self-reports of higher rates of PTSD symptoms included older age, being female, prior psychologic disturbance as reflected in lifetime and current mental health and social service need and use, exposure to and distress at a prior trauma as well as overall high rates of stressful life events in the past year, injury pain, psychologic distress at hospital discharge, and unmet social support needs during the recovery phase. Conclusions: A substantial subsample of these traumatized medical patients had negative psychologic outcomes at 1 month. Results underscore the potential use of screening survivors of orofacial injury at urban trauma centers for PTSD and developing systems of care that facilitate referral to appropriate psychologic treatment.
A History of African American Theatre. By Errol G. Hill and James V. Hatch. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 608. $130 cloth.

Over the more than twenty years since the publication of two profoundly influential collections—Errol Hill's two-volume anthology of critical essays The Theatre of Black Americans (1980) and James V. Hatch's first edition of the play anthology Black Theatre USA (1974)—there has been considerable activity in African American theatre scholarship. Yet even as scholars have produced new collections of historical and critical essays that cover a wide range of African American theatre history, book-length studies that document particular moments in the historical continuum such as the Harlem Renaissance, and Samuel Hay's broader study African American Theatre: An Historical and Critical Analysis (1994), no one until now has written a comprehensive study of African American theatre history. Into this void have stepped two of the aforementioned distinguished scholars of African American theatre, Errol G. Hill and James V. Hatch. To be certain, writing a comprehensive history of African American theatre poses a daunting challenge for anyone hearty enough to undertake it. Where to begin? What to include and exclude? With their study, A History of African American Theatre, Hill and Hatch show themselves indeed worthy of the challenge. They explore the evolution of African American theatre across time and space, documenting the particular efforts of artists, writers, scholars, and practitioners, from inside as well as outside the United States, that have had an impact on our understanding of African American theatre. The authors make clear that the definition of African American theatre from the beginning has been in constant flux and that it has been affected by the changing social times in American as much as it has influenced those times.
Economic Transition and the Potential Risks of Marital Instability in Contemporary Urban China

China is experiencing a fundamental social, political, economic, and cultural transformation under the impact of the present capitalistic globalization phenomena. Economically, the country’s planning economy has partially been replaced by a more free-market economy. Culturally, the state enforced gender equality ideal is being replaced by a more capitalistic ideology of “survival of the fittest.” “Equal pay for equal work” has begun to crumble as the party-state has ceased to be the central institute for labor allocation during the recent market reform. To examine how current social transformation, particularly economic and cultural transformations influence the stability of marriage in urban China, 44 in-depth interviews of 23 married couples were conducted in Beijing, China, in the summer 2004. The study suggests that most marriages are stable but they are facing some potential risks of marital instability associated with economic transition in urban China such as the increasing pressure at work, excessive time put into work, the rise of materialism, the increasing cost of education for children, and the unhealthy lifestyle. The study also indicates that the male breadwinner–female homemaker model is not an ideal but a potential threat to the stability of marriage. For wives, this model means a loss in financial independence, a disconnection with the outside world, a hinder of understanding their husbands’ work experience, and a communication barrier. For husbands, the model means family financial insecurity and a loss in personal freedom and social time.
Domestic Abuse and Custody Mediation: Two Training Curricula

These address court/mediation program screening for domestic violence, appropriateness and types of mediation used when domestic violence has occurred, conditional mediation, safe termination of mediation, and more. The curriculum for mediators is an 18-hour program with instructor notes, participant handouts, and small group and role play exercises. It is geared to mediators handling custody and visitation disputes. The curriculum for judges and court and program administrators is a 3-hour training for use in overseeing mediation services. It emphasizes best practices, including how to screen for domestic violence, not pressure survivors into mediation, and safely terminating mediation. Both curricula include presentation slides (on included diskette).
Natramune and PureWay-C reduce xenobiotic-induced human T-cell alpha5beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin.

Background In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that nutritional supplementation reduces inflammation and inflammatory markers associated with T-cell adhesion mechanisms. Here, we investigate the effects of the nutritional supplements, Natramune (PDS-2865) and PureWay-C, on xenobiotic-induced alpha5beta1 integrin-mediated T-cell adhesion to fibronectin. Material/methods The human CD4+ lymphoblastoid cell line CEM SS was treated with combinations of bifenthrin, blocking antibodies to human beta1 and alpha5 integrin, and nutrient supplements. After 30 minutes unattached cells were aspirated and the percent of attached cells was determined. Results Bifenthrin stimulated T-cell adhesion to fibronectin at concentrations between 1.0 and 100 microM with a maximal stimulation of 8.3-fold at 10 microM. At 500 microg/ml, Natramune reduced 100 microM bifenthrin-induced adhesion by nearly 90%. PureWay-C reduced by 1.5-fold the level of T-cell adhesion stimulated by bifenthrin concentrations of both 10 microM and 100 microM. The combination of Natramune and PureWay-C resulted in a 6.3 and 7.5-fold inhibition at 10 microM and 100 microM bifenthrin respectively. Antibody blocking studies demonstrated that bifenthrin induced CEM SS adhesion to fibronectin is mediated through alpha5beta1 integrin. Inhibition of T-cell adhesion achieved by anti-integrin antibodies was further reduced with 50 and 500 microg/ml Natramune treatment. Pretreatment of fibronectin with Natramune did not alter induced T-cell adhesion to fibronectin. Conclusions These data demonstrate that xenobiotic-induced alpha5beta1 integrin mediated T-cell adhesion to fibronectin is reduced by nutritional supplementation with Natramune (PDS-2865) and PureWay-C. These data suggest the possibility that inflammatory responses associated with exposure to pollutants can be mitigated by nutritional supplementation.
Private Lives, Public Records: Illegitimacy and the Birth Certificate in Twentieth-Century Britain

In the early decades of the twentieth century, as the British government expanded its social programs, and private charities and co-operative associations began to offer more benefits, birth certificates became essential to the bureaucratic process of establishing both age and identity. But every time a birth certificate was produced, it made the private circumstances of an individual's birth public knowledge. For those born out of wedlock, handing over these certificates was often stigmatizing at a time when illegitimacy remained for many a shameful family secret. When the government finally introduced an abbreviated birth certificate in 1947, which documented name, sex, and birth date without reference to parentage, they were responding to long-standing concerns both within and beyond the state bureaucracy about the tension inherent in keeping public records about people's private lives. The emergence of the short form birth certificate is thus part of a much larger human story that can help us to map significant shifts in the relationship between the individual citizen and the modern state in the information age.
Methods Improving the Estimate of Diagnostic Odds Ratio

AbstractDiagnostic odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of the positivity of a diagnostic test results in the diseased population relative to that in the non-diseased population. It is a function of sensitivity and specificity, which can be seen as an indicator of the diagnostic accuracy for the evaluation of a biomarker/test. The naive estimator of diagnostic odds ratio fails when either sensitivity or specificity is close to one, which leads the denominator of diagnostic odds ratio equal to zero. We propose several methods to adjust for such situation. Agresti and Coull's adjustment is a common and straightforward way for extreme binomial proportions. Alternatively, estimation methods based on a more advanced sampling design can be applied, which systematically selects samples from underlying population based on judgment ranks. Under such design, the odds can be estimate by the sum of indicator functions and thus avoid the situation of dividing by zero and provide a valid estimation. The asymp...
Resident and Caregiver: Handling Multiple People in a Smart Care Facility.

Intelligent environment research has benefited medical care in a number of ways, including emergency detection, comfort and accessibility. However, most of these techniques have been applied in the context of a single resident, leaving out situations where there is more than one person in the living space. A current looming issue for intelligent environment systems is performing these same techniques when multiple residents or care providers are present in the environment. In this paper we investigate the problem of attributing sensor events to individuals in a multi-resident intelligent environment. Specifically, explore and contrast using two different classification techniques. The naive Bayesian and Markov Model classifiers present different capabilities and features for identifying the resident responsible for a unique sensor event. We present results of experimental validation in an intelligent workplace testbed and discuss the unique issues that arise in addressing this challenging problem.
Constructing “Texts” and Making Inferences: Some Reflections on Textual Reality in Human Communication Research

Texts are places where power and weakness become visible and discussable, where learning and ignorance manifest themselves, where the structures that enable and constrain our thoughts and actions become palpable.
Abstract P32: Potential Underuse of Antidepressants in Post Stroke Depression: Data From the AVAIL Registry

Background: Post-stroke depression is common, yet little is known about factors associated with antidepressant use in this population Methods: Data from the multicenter, prospective Adherence eValuation After Ischemic stroke-Longitudinal (AVAIL) registry was used to identify patients with post-stroke depression and to describe factors associated with antidepressant use. The analysis was performed after 3 months in 1751 ischemic stroke patients who had been admitted to 97 hospitals nationwide; 12 month follow-up was available for 1637 patients. The Get with the Guidelines-Stroke database was used to collect baseline data. Patients were classified as depressed based on a self-report scale (the Patient Health Questionnaire-8; score range 0 to 24, score ≥10 indicating depression). Frequencies were compared with Pearson X2 and unadjusted ORs were calculated. Results: The prevalence of post stroke depression was similar at 3 and 12 months (19% [331/1751] vs 17% [280/1637], respectively, p=0.17). Regardless of depression status, antidepressant use was higher at 12 months (16% [287/1751] vs 20% [334/1637], p=0.002). Antidepressant use was also higher at 12 months in depressed patients (25% [84/331] vs 35% [98/280], p=0.009). The odds of antidepressant use at 3 months was higher in women than men (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1), Whites vs. Blacks (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), in patients with vs. without cognitive deficits (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and in those with more severe disabilities (mRS≥3 vs. mRS<3, OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3). Use did not vary with educational level, marital status, living situation, medication insurance coverage, or stroke recurrence. Similar trends were present at 12 months, except with higher use in those with recurrent stroke or TIA (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.1). Conclusion: Three-quarters of depressed stroke patients at 3-months and nearly two-thirds at 12 months were not receiving antidepressants. Regardless of depression status, utilization of antidepressants after 3 and 12 months varied based on gender, race/ethnicity, cognitive status, disability level, and after 12-months, stroke recurrence. The reasons for the apparent underuse of antidepressants in patients with prevalent post-stroke depression require further study.
Local near instantaneously dynamically triggered aftershocks of large earthquakes

Aftershocks are often triggered by static- and/or dynamic-stress changes caused by mainshocks. The relative importance of the two triggering mechanisms is controversial at near-to-intermediate distances. We detected and located 48 previously unidentified large early aftershocks triggered by earthquakes with magnitudes between ≥7 and 8 within a few fault lengths (approximately 300 kilometers), during times that high-amplitude surface waves arrive from the mainshock (less than 200 seconds). The observations indicate that near-to-intermediate-field dynamic triggering commonly exists and fundamentally promotes aftershock occurrence. The mainshocks and their nearby early aftershocks are located at major subduction zones and continental boundaries, and mainshocks with all types of faulting-mechanisms (normal, reverse, and strike-slip) can trigger early aftershocks.
Quantitative Data Analysis in Finance

Quantitative tools have been widely adopted in order to extract the massive information from a variety of financial data. Mathematics, statistics and computers algorithms have never been so important to financial practitioners in history. Investment banks develop equilibrium models to evaluate financial instruments; mutual funds applied time series to identify the risks in their portfolio; and hedge funds hope to extract market signals and statistical arbitrage from noisy market data. The rise of quantitative finance in the last decade relies on the development of computer techniques that make processing large datasets possible. As more data is available at a higher frequency, more researches in quantitative finance have switched to the microstructures of financial market. High frequency data is a typical example of big data that is characterized by the 3V’s: velocity, variety and volume. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio in financial time series is usually very small. High frequency datasets are more likely to be exposed to extreme values, jumps and errors than the low frequency ones. Specific data processing techniques and quantitative models are elaborately designed to extract information from financial data efficiently. In this chapter, we present the quantitative data analysis approaches in finance. First, we review the development of quantitative finance in the past decade. Then we discuss the characteristics of high frequency data and the challenges it brings. The quantitative data analysis consists of two basic steps: (i) data cleaning and aggregating; (ii) data modeling. We review the mathematics tools and computing technologies behind the two steps. The valuable information extracted from raw data is represented by a group of statistics. The most widely used statistics in finance are expected return and volatility, which are the fundamentals of modern portfolio theory. We further introduce some simple portfolio optimization strategies as an example of the application of financial data analysis. Big data has already changed financial industry fundamentally; while quantitative tools for addressing massive financial data still have a long way to go. Adoptions of advanced statistics, information theory, machine learning and faster computing algorithms are inevitable in order to predict complicated financial markets. These topics are briefly discussed in the later part of this chapter.
Composites Containing Fullerenes and Polysaccharides: Green and Facile Synthesis, Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Activity

By use of a green and simple ionic liquid, butylmethylimidazolium chloride (BMIm+Cl–) as a sole solvent, we developed a novel, green, and simple method to synthesize biocompatible composites containing polysaccharides (cellulose (CEL), chitosan (CS), and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-TCD)) and fullerene derivatives (amino-C60 and hydroxy-C60). The composites obtained (100%CEL, 100%CS, [CEL+γ-TCD] and [CS+γ-TCD]) readily adsorb amino-C60 and hydroxy-C60. Kinetics and adsorption isotherm results indicate that the fullerene derivatives physically adsorbed onto the surface of the CEL-based composites and subsequently desorbed from the composites when they were soaked in water. Conversely, because both fullerene derivatives strongly adsorbed onto the surface and subsequently diffused into the pores within the matrix of the CS-based composites, it was possible to synthesize (CS+amino-C60), (CS+hydroxy-C60), (CS+γ-TCD+amino-C60), and (CS+γ-TCD+hydroxyl-C60) composites. Microbial assay results show that adding γ-TCD, amino-C...
The Roles of Intermembrane Calcium in Polarizing and Activating Eggs

This paper first reviews the role of calcium in initiating tip growth in plant cells; emphasizing symmetry breaking in fucoid eggs, visualization of intermembrane calcium with chlorotetracycline, and the suppression of calcium gradients by injected calcium buffers. It then presents a new model of the path of calcium in the fertilization of deuterostomes, particularly of marine invertebrates and mammals. In this model, calcium leaks steadily across the inner acrosomal membrane of the acrosome-reacted and then fused sperm, thence beneath the oolemma whence it is slowly pumped by a cisternum of the e.r. Finally, this cisternum overloads and rapidly releases calcium to detonate a calcium wave.
Atmospheric pressure plasma accelerates tail regeneration in tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Atmospheric pressure plasma is a partially ionized gas composed of neutral and charged particles, including electrons and ions, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, it is utilized as possible therapy in oncology, sterilization, skin diseases, wound healing and tissue regeneration. In this study we focused on effect of plasma exposure on tail regeneration of tadpoles, Xenopus leavis with special emphasis on role of ROS, antioxidant defenses and morphological features of the regenerate. When amputated region of the tail was exposed to the helium plasma it resulted in a faster rate of growth, elevated ROS and increase in antioxidant enzymes in the regenerate compared to that of untreated control. An increase in nitric oxide (free radical) as well as activity of nitric oxide synthase(s) were observed once the cells of the regeneration blastema – a mass of proliferating cells are ready for differentiation. Microscopically the cells of the regenerate of plasma treated tadpoles show altered morphology and characteristics of cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress. We summarize that plasma exposure accelerates the dynamics of wound healing and tail regeneration through its effects on cell proliferation and differentiation as well as angiogenesis mediated through ROS signaling.
Hegel’s Anti-ontology of Nature

In this essay I argue that Hegel’s system includes no ontology of nature, either in any traditional sense, or in any specifically Hegelian sense, of “ontology.” What Hegel provides instead is a philosophy of nature in which specifically natural activities generate specifically natural differences and identities out of themselves. I make my case first by considering the meaning of “ontology” Hegel inherited from Wolff and Kant. I show that Hegel rejected this sense of ontology for his own philosophy, in part because of his recognition of the success of the Kantian critical project in making traditional ontology impossible. I then argue that although Hegel sometimes characterizes his own Objective Logic in ontological terms, he also restricts that characterization in a way that makes it inapplicable to his treatment of apparently natural categories in the Logic itself, and to his Philosophy of Nature. Against this anti-ontological background I examine a small portion of Hegel’s concrete treatment of natural phenomena and kinds: his discussion of the nervous system in higher-order animals. Through its self-formation and the contribution of its nervous-system activity to its overall life, the animal does not implement differences, identities, or logical structures borrowed from elsewhere, but itself produces the differences and identities through which it is constituted. The self-determination Hegel articulates in his study of the nervous system gives us a good example of his typically “on-the-ground” approach, which is strikingly different from the “top-down” approach more common in the ontological tradition.
No Room for Respectability: Boundary Work in Interaction at a Shanghai Rental

This article examines the dramaturgical challenges of doing boundary work for a group of college women living with non-college women at an overcrowded rental. To regulate tenant conduct and maintain their sense of self-worth, the college women engaged in defensive othering and constructed their identity as “high-quality” people on the basis of their characterization of their less-educated roommates as “low-quality” people. Their strategy of gaining self-worth at their roommates' expense violated basic rules of social interaction that require participants to give face to gain face. This study shows that, in addition to weakening group solidarity and reproducing social inequalities, defensive othering also undermines subordinates' effort to gain self-worth in the co-presence of other subordinates. A video abstract is available at http://tinyurl.com/yath4o65