cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source scaling of Pn and Lg spectra and their ratios from explosions in central Asia: Implications for the identification of small seismic events at regional distances

[1] Multiple station recordings of Pn and Lg spectra from an mb = 6.6 nuclear explosion and several mb ≤ 3.7 chemical explosions in central Asia are used to invert for source seismic moments (M0), corner frequencies (fc), and path-variable Q models. A modified Mueller-Murphy source model fits the nuclear explosion well and fits the chemical explosions reasonably well, although Pn from chemical explosions are complicated by event-variable spectral fluctuations. New source spectral scalings are derived for underground explosions in a wide mb range between ∼3.7 and 6.6; they preserve features of the previous scalings, such as (1) larger PnM0 than LgM0, (2) quarter-root scaling between fc and M0, and (3) higher Pnfc than Lgfc by factors of ∼4. A necessary and important consequence of the scalings is that the Pn/Lg spectral ratio grows rapidly in an intermediate frequency range between the fc of Pn and Lg. Since fc scales with event size, this frequency range shifts higher for smaller events. This magnitude dependence is directly confirmed using observed Pn/Lg ratios from the above explosions. It is also confirmed using Pn/Lg ratios observed at station WMQ using many mb ∼ 6 and mb ∼ 5 Soviet explosions. A procedure is proposed to account for then magnitude dependence of Pn/Lg ratios in the explosion identification.
Pyridine nucleotides in ocular tissues as determined by the cycling assay

The modified cycling assay of Nisselbaum and Green (1969) has been demonstrated to be a useful method for the determination of pyridine nucleotides in ocular tissues. With this method it is possible to assay conveniently and accurately amounts of coenzyme as low as 10 −11 mol which permits analysis of pyridine nucleotides in the epithelium of a single rabbit lens. Using this assay, the concentrations of coenzymes were determined in lens, retina and corneal epithelium of various species. The ratio of NAD + to NADH in each of the tissues analyzed was substantially greater than 1·0, varying from 1·9 in rabbit corneal epithelium to 5·5 in bovine corneal epithelium. The highest ratio of NADPH to NADP + (1·3) was found in rat retina and bovine corneal epithelium. A study of the distribution of pyridine nucleotides in rabbit lens showed that the combined levels of NAD + plus NADH were nearly equal in cortex and nucleus. However, a distinct difference between the ratios of NAD + to NADH present in cortex (3·3) and nucleus (1·3) reflected the lower metabolic activity in the nuclear region of the lens. Low concentrations of NADP + and NADPH were found in nucleus and were most likely a result of a low concentration of ATP, possibly insufficient for the phosphorylation of NAD + . A major finding was that lens epithelium contains unusually high concentrations of phosphorylated pyridine nucleotides at levels 25 times higher than those in cortex or whole lens. The abundance of NADP + and NADPH may be related to the high level of glutathione (GSH) and high activity of glutathione reductase present in epithelium. Higher ratios of both NADPH and GSH to protein-SH groups exist in epithelium compared to the rest of the lens. This may ensure that membrane sulfhydryls in the epithelium are maintained in the reduced state in an environment that is more highly oxidative than the inner regions of the lens.
Accurate Formulas and Asymptotic Expansions of Transient Antenna Current

Approximate formulas for transient antenna current on an infinite cylindrical antenna caused by a step voltage source, applied at the delta gap, are discussed. A new alternative formula is derived. An asymptotic expansion of the transient solution for late time is given. The Hallen filament approximation, a previous simple formula obtained by averaging, an alternative formula, and the asymptotic expansion are compared to the accurate numerical integration of the exact solution.
Perioperative Myocardial Infarction Associated with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Improved Sensitivity in the Diagnosis Within 6 Hours after Operation with 99mTc-Glucoheptonate Myocardial Imaging and Myocardial-Specific Isoenzymes

Abstract The present study was performed to evaluate scintigraphic imaging with technetium 99m-labeled glucoheptonate and serum enzyme levels of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (MB-CPK) in the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with saphenous vein bypass graft operations. Myocardial imaging was done in 27 patients (50% of whom were considered high-risk) before operation and again 5 hours after operation. Four of these patients (15%) had both electrocardiographic and serum MB-CPK evidence of acute myocardial infarction, and all 4 had developed positive postoperative scintigrams. Four other patients had only elevated serum MB-CPK, and scintigrams became positive after operation in 3 of them. In addition, serum MB-CPK 6 hours after operation was 83 ± 21 mIU/ml (mean ± standard error of the mean) in patients with positive post-operative scans compared with 24 ± 5 mIU/ml in those patients with negative postoperative scintigrams ( p Myocardial imaging with 99m Tc-glucoheptonate in the perioperative period is rapid, safe, and atraumatic. Furthermore, our results suggest that it is a sensitive method for the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction, and, when imaging is combined with serum MB-CPK isoenzyme analysis, the reliability of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is enhanced even further. Only 1 of the patients who showed perioperative myocardial damage had acute hemodynamic compromise or obvious impairment of recovery in the immediate postoperative period, and the 30-day mortality of the total group was 4% (1 of 27).
Valuation of firms that disclose related party transactions

We examine the stock market’s valuation of firms that disclose related party (RP) transactions compared to those that do not. We examine market values just prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) ban on RP loans to evaluate the market’s perception of firms with RP transactions prior to regulatory intervention. We also evaluate subsequent returns to assess the RP firms’ overall risk return profile. We use the 2001 S&P 1500 to provide a large yet manageable hand-collected sample that predates SOX. Our market analysis suggests that RP firms have significantly lower valuations and marginally lower subsequent returns than non-RP firms. Market perceptions differ based on partitioning firms by RP transaction type and parties. The results are consistent with the market discounting firms that engage in simple RP transactions.
Thermal stability characterization of magnetic tunnel junctions using hard-axis magnetoresistance measurements

The use of hard-axis magnetoresistance (MR) measurements for characterization of the device-level anisotropy field and thermal stability in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions is proposed and evaluated. We develop functional forms describing the hard-axis MR curves using a Stoner–Wohlfarth particle model, which are then used for fitting to the experimental curves to extract the free layer magnetic anisotropy field. The model accounts for nonidealities observed in the experimental MR curves in the form of asymmetry (with respect to applied fields), and linear drop in resistance at high fields. Micromagnetic simulations are used to identify the cause for these deviations and verify the presented model.
The strength of weak culture

Abstract The theoretical work of Granovetter on the strength of weak social ties needs to be extended to the study of cultural objects and relations. The tie that binds an actor to a cultural taste might be strong (purposive, intensive in time or commitment, fostered by a tightly integrated community bound by social symbols and representations) or weak (banal, non-instrumental, non-demanding, non-exclusive). Weak culture can be “strong” in several different respects. We elucidate various possibilities and conundrums: whether weak culture bridges across otherwise disconnected social groups, or bonds actors to a wider collectivity than is possible on the basis of strong-culture commitments; weak culture as signifying elaborated (as opposed to restricted) genre codes, versus the moderation of genre commitments; and weak culture as enabling publics and institutional domains as well as enabling movement across domains. Then, in analysis of items from the US General Social Survey Culture Module (1993; N = 1606), we illustrate the strength of weak culture (operationalized as “liking” versus “loving” musical genres) in producing perceptions of an integrated national society.
CT-guided automated detection of lung tumors on PET images

The calculation of standardized uptake values (SUVs) in tumors on serial [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) images is often used for the assessment of therapy response. We present a computerized method that automatically detects lung tumors on 18F-FDG PET/Computed Tomography (CT) images using both anatomic and metabolic information. First, on CT images, relevant organs, including lung, bone, liver and spleen, are automatically identified and segmented based on their locations and intensity distributions. Hot spots (SUV >= 1.5) on 18F-FDG PET images are then labeled using the connected component analysis. The resultant "hot objects" (geometrically connected hot spots in three dimensions) that fall into, reside at the edges or are in the vicinity of the lungs are considered as tumor candidates. To determine true lesions, further analyses are conducted, including reduction of tumor candidates by the masking out of hot objects within CT-determined normal organs, and analysis of candidate tumors' locations, intensity distributions and shapes on both CT and PET. The method was applied to 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans from 9 patients, on which 31 target lesions had been identified by a nuclear medicine radiologist during a Phase II lung cancer clinical trial. Out of 31 target lesions, 30 (97%) were detected by the computer method. However, sensitivity and specificity were not estimated because not all lesions had been marked up in the clinical trial. The method effectively excluded the hot spots caused by mediastinum, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle and bone metastasis.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF THE FUNGAL EXTRACT OF BASIDIOMYCETES SP. YL8006

Abstract Many fungal products are known to possess biological activity towards the mammalian tissues. We studied vasodilating activity in the crude ethanol extract of the dried mycelia of Basidiomycetes sp. YL8006, cultured by submerged fermentation with a complex medium. The activity was assayed using the isolated perfused rat heart in the working mode. Immediately following injection of the extract into the perfusion system, a 20–25% increase in coronary flow was observed (p
Di-manganese carbonyl compounds containing bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane (dcpm) ligation

Abstract The reaction of [Mn2(CO)10] with bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane (dcpm) in refluxing cyclohexane yields the simple substitution products [Mn2(dcpm)(CO)8] (1) and [Mn2(dcpm)2(CO)6] (2). The solid state structures of 1 and 2 show the dcpm ligands to be bridging the di-manganese core with a pseudo-octahedral coordination about each Mn metal center. The 13C NMR spectra of 1 and 2 show the carbonyl ligands to be non-fluxional on the NMR time scale at 30 °C. Attempts to thermally induce decarbonylation of 2 at 174 °C in refluxing n-decane failed. However, photolysis of 2 in benzene was found to efficiently produce the complex [Mn2(dcpm)2(CO)5] (3) shown to contain a semi-bridging carbonyl ligand both in solution v(MCO)=1637 cm−1, and in the solid state (X-ray diffraction). The MnMn distance of 2.928(2) A in 3 is shorter than the values of 2.976(2) and 3.025(2) A found for 1 and 2, respectively. Crystal data at 293 K for Mn2P2O8C33H46 (1): a=13.097(1), b=11.6635(9), c=23.501(2) A, β=101.035(7)°, Z=4 in space group P21/n; for Mn2P4O6C68H120 (2·2C6H14) at 293 K: a=20.714(5), b=15.856(2), c=20.910(5) A, β=94.34(2)°, Z=4 in space group C2/c; for Mn2P4O5C55H92 (3) at 293 K: a=11.0309(9), b=12.319(2), c=21.518(2) A, α=83.361(9), β=76.293(7), γ=85.646(9)°, Z=2 in space group P 1 [kw]Crystal structures; Manganese complexes; Carbonyl complexes; Bidentate ligand complexes; Dinuclear complexes
Measurement of microwave power - A review of techniques used for measurement of high-frequency RF power

Measurement of the signal amplitude of radio frequency (RF) waves is an important function in a wide range of applications. Some of these applications are signal-level adjustment and verification for radar and communication radio and measurements made to control and ensure safety in industrial and home microwave heating processes. Frequencies that are normally considered to be "microwave" are typically those above 1 GHz, although the same power measurement techniques used at 1 GHz are successfully applied at lower frequencies. Common commercial coaxial RF power instruments will, for example, often be calibrated over a range of 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz, with calibrations at frequencies as low as 9 kHz and as high as 50 GHz used at times. This article introduces and reviews the techniques used for measurement of high-frequency RF power and for establishing traceability of the measurements to national standard units
Interpretation of ground‐water elevation measurements

Though the title of this paper permits a rather general discussion of water-table problems, the authors intend to review the literature briefly and to give some of their findings in a field-study of a section of the Sacramento Valley. Besides the abundant data presented in Water-Supply Papers of the United States Geological Survey, many independent reports and papers bear upon ground-water tables. Selected highlights from a few of these publications will bring the present discussion into focus. Lee [see 5 of “References” at end of paper], working in Owens Valley, found by using 10- foot-deep “post-hole” wells dug in clay that “ridges” followed the beds of streams and that “mounds” extended below irrigated fields, whereas the water-table contours roughly followed the general valley-contours. Meinzer [6] made a water-table contour-map of Silverbow Basin, Montana, by using data from wells ranging from 12 to 119 feet in depth, with water-levels from two to 89 feet below the surface. Clark [1, 2], studying the Niles Cone and Morgan Hill areas in California and using numerous wells whose water-levels varied during each season, drew conclusions as to specific yields of the areas. In the Morgan Hill region he checked the specific-yield data by pump tests.
Cycloxaprid Insecticide: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Binding Site and Metabolism

Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a novel neonicotinoid prepared from the (nitromethylene)imidazole (NMI) analogue of imidacloprid. In this study we consider whether CYC is active per se or only as a proinsecti...
A social survey of thermal injuries in South Australian children

INTRODUCTION AUSTRALIA'S vast area and small population make it difficult to establish where help is most needed for those caring for patients suffering thermal injuries. Australia is almost as large as the USA (excluding Alaska), but has only 7 per cent of its population. The Australian Continent is divided into seven States and South Australia is 4 times the size of the United Kingdom with only 2 per cent of its population, of which 75 per cent live in the capital city of Adelaide and its environs. Darwin in the north is 3200 km from Adelaide in the south, with Alice Springs in the centre. In this vast area the population does not exceed 110 000. The city of Adelaide, situated on the southern coast, has one major children's hospital which has the only children's burns unit in the state and admits seriously ill patients from places as far away as Darwin and Alice Springs. South Australia is the driest state in the driest continent of the world, so there are large areas which are sparcely populated with a rainfall of only a few inches a year. Getting seriously injured people to hospital from these areas can be a problem where time, as with the burned patient, is all important. Most of the state's rain falls along the southern coastal areas, where the rainfall is approximately 20 in a year, and this is where a large section of the rural population lives. In conjunction with the Flying Doctor Service in Australia, South Australia has formed its own Retrieval Team, which comprises a road and air ambulance service with a team of skilled doctors and nurses to go out and bring the critically ill patient to hospital, enabling the patient to have specialized treatment during the long journey. South Australia has a sub-committee of the NSC called the CHSAC and one of the responsibilities of this committee is to educate people on the prevention of thermal injuries by giving lectures, demonstrations and showing films. It was not difficult to meet these responsibilities in the city, but pleas for help and advice kept coming from isolated country areas. I therefore undertook a survey of all children suffering from thermal injuries admitted to hospitals in South Australia. Injuries of a lesser nature are admitted to local country hospitals and are attended to by the family doctor. By doing this we hoped to determine the extent of the problem in the country areas and see whether efforts aimed at burn prevention would be worth while.
Predicting interpersonal competence in young adulthood: The roles of family, self, and peer systems during adolescence.

The present investigation examines the impact of family, self, and peer systems, evaluated during early adolescence, on the development of interpersonal competence in young adulthood. The participants were 110 Caucasian individuals, their mothers, and one of their teachers. At the first assessment, the participants ranged in age from 11.5 to 15.1 years old. Approximately six years later, the participants completed a second evaluation involving assessment of interpersonal competence. Increased interparental conflict and parental divorce predicted decreased self-esteem. Decreased self-esteem predicted poorer peer-adolescent relationships, which, in turn, forecasted poorer adult interpersonal competence. The results suggest that living in a distressed family leads to diminished self-esteem which can influence the quality of peer relationships and place an adolescent on a trejectory toward difficulties in interpersonal competence during adulthood.
Constitutive Bcl-2 Expression during Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain–Promoted B Cell Differentiation Expands Novel Precursor B Cells

Abstract To test for effects on B cell differentiation, we introduced immunoglobulin μ heavy chain (HC) and Bcl-2 transgenes, separately or together, into recombination-activating gene 2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice. Transgenic Bcl-2 expression led to increased numbers of RAG-deficient pro-B cells, but did not promote their further differentiation. Expression of the μ HC transgene promoted the differentiation of RAG-deficient pro-B cells into pre-B cells that also expressed certain differentiation markers characteristic of even more mature B cell stages. However, the extent of the μ HC–dependent differentiation effects was greatly enhanced by coexpression of the transgenic Bcl-2 gene, and a subset of pre-B cells from both HC and HC, Bcl-2 -transgenic RAG-2-deficient animals expressed surface μ HCs that were functional as judged by cross-linking experiments. These experiments demonstrate that the pro-B to pre-B transition in vivo cannot be effected by the expression of Bcl-2 alone, and that nontransformed immature B-lineage cells are competent to receive signals through a surface μ complex.
Adreno-cortical carcinoma in infancy and childhood: a radiological report of ten cases.

Adreno-cortical carcinoma is a relatively rare neoplasm in infancy and childhood. This review, covering a period of 18 years (1965–83), revealed 10 cases, the study being prompted by three patients in whom the final diagnosis was considerably delayed. There were eight females and two males and their ages ranged from 6 months to 14 years; 50% were below the age of 18 months at the time of the presentation. Seven patients had features of either virilism or precocious puberty and three of these also had stigmas of Cushing's syndrome. In patients where the endocrine disturbance was evident, the clinical diagnosis was made rapidly. However, delay in diagnosis occurred when endocrinopathy was absent. Radiology, including newer methods of imaging, contributed by revealing the tumour and its spread but did not suggest a conclusive diagnosis. At times, clinical features, biochemical findings, radiological investigations and even histological studies mislead, thus delaying the final diagnosis. These cases are illustrated and discussed.
Lap belt injury to lumbar vertebrae

Seat belts have decreased the morbidity and mortality of automoblle accidents. However, a new type of injury pattern is now being encountered which is directly attributable to the use of these belts. A case of lap belt injury is described in which the patient, an automobile passenger, sustained a transverse fracture of the third lumbar vertebra involving the left transverse process, lamina, pedicle and right transverse process. This represents a classic form of vertebral injury, the "Chance fracture," which is unique to lap belt injuries though it rarely is seen in the driver of the automobile. The mechanism of injury involves acute hyperflexion of the spine, the belt acting as a fulcrum. Strong deceleration forces are thus distributed over a narrow area of the spine and abdominal viscera. Perforation of the small bowel and tearing of the mesentery are not uncommon accompaniments. Patients with spine injuries of this type should be carefully observed for such an associated injury while those with abdominal visceral injury deserve study of the spine.
Toward evaluation of natural objects

According to the suggested approach to the evaluation of natural objects current human needs should not be used in evaluation procedures. The ecological value of natural objects (communities and ecosystems) is proportional to the probabilities of disappearance associated with particular sets of objects. The ecological value is estimated using data on relative fragility, uniqueness, size of regeneration unit for defined types of objects, and intensity of destructive factors. The ecological value of a specific territory is equal to the sum of the values that are attached to the local objects situated at this territory.
GaAs HBT power amplifier for WiBro applications

In this work, we report, for the first time, a 3.5 V class AB GaAs HBT power amplifier for WiMax/WiBro applications. The amplifier has 3 amplification stages to meet the gain requirement. It is class AB design to achieve both high linearity and efficiency. At 2.35 GHz with Vcc=3.5 V, the amplifier deliveries 25 dBm linear power to the load with 28 dB of gain and 20% of efficiency. Driven by OFDM signal consisting of 256 carriers with 16 QAM modulation the amplifier showed Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of less than 3.5%, which meets the linearity specification of WiBro.
A Theory of Human Decisionmaking in Stochastic Estimation Tasks

Human decisionmaking in stochastic estimation tasks is considered. Theoretical and experimental results from mathematical psychology are reviewed. Concepts from stochastic estimation theory are used to develop a theory of human decisionmaking that employs optimal stochastic estimators with a short-term memory model, at least one long-term model, and a method of trading off estimates derived from each model. Approaches to testing the theory as well as the theory's implications are discussed. Also, the limitations of a linear theory are considered.
Non-inducibility of AF post electrophysiologically based PV isolation predicts freedom from AF

Background: Recently, various anatomic and electrophysiologic approaches to pulmonary vein (PV) isolation have shown variable efficacy in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether inducibility of AF after achieving prespecified electrophysiologic endpoints of PV isolation is a useful predictor of AF recurrence is unknown. Methods: This study included 105 consecutive patients who underwent PV isolation for the treatment of symptomatic AF and were followed for a mean of 327 days. Patients were 54 /11 years of age, 72% were males, 46% had hypertension, 15% had valvular heart disease (VHD), 10% had cardiomyopathy, 40% had persistent or permanent AF, and 60% were on antiarrhythmic agents. Complete isolation of all 4 PVs was confirmed by demonstration of bi-directional block across the ablation lines: a) loss of PV potentials and b) failure to capture the LA by pacing 10-14 bipolar pairs of electrodes of the Lasso catheter placed at the entrance of the PV at 10 mA. Induction of AF by burst pacing from the HRA and/or CS on/off Isoproterenol (1-10mcg/min) was attempted after PV isolation. AF was inducible in 61% of patients and was sustained ( 1 minute) in 42% of patients. Clinical follow up included assessment of asymptomatic or symptomatic AF by 2 week event recorder and 24 hour holter monitor at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Predictors of freedom from AF recurrence at 6 and 12 months were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Freedom from asymptomatic or symptomatic AF was present in 72% of patients at 6 months and 67% of patients at 12 months. Symptomatic improvement (90% reduction in symptoms) was present in 88% and 87% of patients at 6 and 12 months. In multivariable analysis, freedom from AF at 6 months was predicted by non-inducibility post PV isolation (OR: 5.48, p: 0.05) and absence of VHD (OR: 6.44, p: 0.03). Freedom from AF at 12 months was predicted by non-inducibility post PV isolation (OR: 39.32, p: 0.01), absence of VHD (OR: 8.28, p: 0.04), and absence of hypertension (OR: 10.73, p: 0.03). Conclusion: After complete PV isolation for AF, non-inducibility of AF in the electrophysiology laboratory predicts maintenance of sinus rhythm.
Heterogeneous Films of Ionotropic Hydrogels Fabricated From Delivery Templates of Patterned Paper

The use of delivery templates makes it possible to fabricate shaped, millimeter-thick heterogeneously patterned films of ionotropic hydrogels. These structures include two-dimensional (2-D) pattern...
Precision metrology and interferometry with ultracold calcium atoms

Advances in laser cooling of alkaline earth atoms have reduced trapped atom temperatures from the millikelvin to the microkelvin regime. Using such atoms, our optical atomic clock should have a fractional frequency uncertainty approaching 1 /spl times/ 10/sup -15/. Sub-recoil cooling and two-pulse atom interferometry are also discussed.
Crystallization effects in annealed thin Ge–Se films photodiffused with Ag

We have investigated the diffusion products occurring after photodiffusion of Ag in GeS2 films at room temperature and after annealing up to 430 � C. Quantitative data regarding the host film composition and the amount of diffused silver has been gathered using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The structure of the glassy host and the changes appearing after silver photodiffusion and annealing are characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The crystalline diffusion products are depicted and their size calculated using X-ray diffraction. We have found that silver reacts with the host to form Ag2S and Ag2GeS3 and this leads to formation of Ge-rich backbone and overall nanostructured heterogeneous medium. Annealing at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature affects the backbone and brings about the appearance of a new diffusion product – Ag8GeS6. � 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Optical isomers of N,N′-bis(1-phenylethyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide coordinated to europium(III) ions as reliable circularly polarized luminescence calibration standards

The synthesis of two optical isomers of N,N′-bis(1-phenylethyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide and the constant circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activity of their acetonitrile trivalent europium complex solutions over a long period of time open new perspectives for performing accurate routine CPL calibration tests at low cost.
Preclinical formulations for discovery and toxicology: physicochemical challenges

Formulations play a key role in assessing the biological properties of a molecule during drug discovery. Maximising exposure is the primary objective in early animal experimentation, so that the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicological signals can be put into context with the biological response to specific targets. Consistency in the exposure is also a key aspect, and effective formulation and drug delivery strategies are important to achieve this. Diversity in the physiology between various animal species, routes of administration and limitations posed by specific pharmacological models make formulation development that much more challenging. Poor physicochemical properties of compounds in the early stages need to be kept under consideration while screening for formulation vehicles. This review captures the various challenges posed at different stages of drug discovery for formulation of a compound to dose in animals. Approaches to formulations for various routes of administration are discussed. Limitations posed by the goals for various animal studies such as early efficacy studies, pharmacokinetic studies and toxicology studies are identified and some strategies are proposed. Physicochemical characterisations that are needed to select formulation vehicles as well as to identify potential issues are suggested.
The Labor Force and Industrial Development in Soviet Germany

I. The background, 518. — II. Population and the labor force, 523. — III. Industrial production — concepts and procedures, 532. — IV. Industrial production in the Federal Republic and in Soviet Germany, 537. — V. Conclusion, 543.
The effects of observational training on spouse agreement about events in their relationship.

Abstract Several studies have found that spouses using the Spouse Observation Checklest (SOC) agree over the occurrence of specified relationship events only about half the time. The present study investigated the effects of spouse observational training on spouse agreement. Twenty-five married couples were randomly assigned to (a) a training condition, (b) an informed but untrained condition, or (c) an uninformed and untrained control condition. Self-administered training procedures during 15 days of home spouse observation nearly doubled kappa agreement coefficients, suggesting that spouses may be trained to be relatively reliable observers.
On real-time capacity limits of multihop wireless sensor networks

Multihop wireless sensor networks have recently emerged as an important embedded computing platform. This paper defines a quantitative notion of real-time capacity of a wireless network. Real-time capacity describes how much real-time data the network can transfer by their deadlines. A capacity bound is derived that can be used as a sufficient schedulability condition for a class of fixed-priority packet scheduling algorithms. Using this bound, a designer can perform capacity planning prior to network deployment to ensure satisfaction of applications' real-time requirements.
Ground-based microgravity and proton radiation exposure alters leukocyte activity

Immune system adaptation during spaceflight is a concern in space medicine. Decreased circulating leukocytes observed during and after space flight infer suppressed immune responses and susceptibility to infection. The microgravity aspect of the space environment has been simulated on Earth to study adverse biological effects in astronauts. In this report, the hindlimb unloading (HU) model was employed to investigate the combined effects of solar particle event-like proton radiation and simulated microgravity on immune cell parameters, including lymphocyte subtype populations and activity. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell critical for adaptive immune responses and T lymphocytes are regulators of cell-mediated immunity, controlling the entire immune response. Mice were suspended prior to and after proton radiation exposure (0 or 2 Gy doses) and total leukocyte numbers and splenic lymphocyte functionality were evaluated on days 4 or 21 after combined HU and radiation exposure. Total white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte counts are reduced by ~65, 70, 55 and 70%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control group 4 days after combined exposure. Splenic lymphocyte subpopulations are altered at both time points investigated. At 21 days post-exposure to combined HU and proton radiation, T-cell activation and proliferation were assessed in isolated lymphocytes. Cell surface expression of the Early Activation Marker, CD69, is decreased by 30% in the combined treatment group, compared with the non-treated control group and cell proliferation was suppressed by ~50%, compared with the non-treated control group. These findings reveal that the combined stres
Antiangiogenic Agents in Breast Cancer

Angiogenesis represents a complex mechanism of finely regulated mediators that act to promote new blood vessel growth and migration. This physiologic process is typically active only under specific...
Acculturation and gestational weight gain in a predominantly puerto rican population

Identifying risk factors that affect excess weight gain during pregnancy is critical, especially among women who are at a higher risk for obesity. The goal of this study was to determine if acculturation, a possible risk factor, was associated with gestational weight gain in a predominantly Puerto Rican population. We utilized data from Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort study of Hispanic women in Western Massachusetts, United States. Height, weight and gestational age were abstracted from medical records among participants with full-term pregnancies (n=952). Gestational weight gain was calculated as the difference between delivery and prepregnancy weight. Acculturation (measured via a psychological acculturation scale, generation in the US, place of birth and spoken language preference) was assessed in early pregnancy. Adjusting for age, parity, perceived stress, gestational age, and prepregnancy weight, women who had at least one parent born in Puerto Rico/Dominican Republic (PR/DR) and both grandparents born in PR/DR had a significantly higher mean total gestational weight gain (0.9 kg for at least one parent born in PR/DR and 2.2kg for grandparents born in PR/DR) and rate of weight gain (0.03 kg/wk for at least one parent born in PR/DR and 0.06 kg/wk for grandparents born in PR/DR) vs. women who were of PR/DR born. Similarly, women born in the US had significantly higher mean total gestational weight gain (1.0 kg) and rate of weight gain (0.03 kg/wk) vs. women who were PR/ DR born. Spoken language preference and psychological acculturation were not significantly associated with total or rate of pregnancy weight gain. We found that psychological acculturation was not associated with gestational weight gain while place of birth and higher generation in the US were significantly associated with higher gestational weight gain. We interpret these findings to suggest the potential importance of the US “obesogenic” environment in influencing unhealthy pregnancy weight gains over specific aspects of psychological acculturation.
Computer versus physician identification of gastrointestinal alarm features

Abstract Objective It is important for clinicians to inquire about "alarm features" as it may identify those at risk for organic disease and who require additional diagnostic workup. We developed a computer algorithm called Automated Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (AEGIS) that systematically collects patient gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and alarm features, and then "translates" the information into a history of present illness (HPI). Our study's objective was to compare the number of alarms documented by physicians during usual care vs. that collected by AEGIS. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study with a paired sample design among patients visiting adult GI clinics. Participants first received usual care by their physicians and then completed AEGIS. Each individual thus contributed both a physician-documented and computer-generated HPI. Blinded physician reviewers enumerated the positive alarm features (hematochezia, melena, hematemesis, unintentional weight loss, decreased appetite, and fevers) mentioned in each HPI. We compared the number of documented alarms within patient using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Seventy-five patients had both physician and AEGIS HPIs. AEGIS identified more patients with positive alarm features compared to physicians (53% vs. 27%; p p Conclusions Physicians documented less than one-third of red flags reported by patients through a computer algorithm. These data indicate that physicians may under report alarm features and that computerized "checklists" could complement standard HPIs to bolster clinical care.
High Functionality Polyether Polyols Based on Polyglycerol

Polyglycerol (PGL) is a polyhydroxyl compound obtained by selfcondensation of glycerol in the presence of alkaline catalysts. It is a very attractive polyol as a starter for the synthesis of polyether polyols for rigid polyurethane foams. It is liquid, easy to handle and has a very high average functionality of 4—20 (or more) hydroxyl groups/mol. By propoxylation of PGL or PGL—sucrose mixtures, we obtained new polyether polyols with very high functionalities, which are very difficult or impossible to obtain by other methods. A new technology for PGL-based polyether polyols preparation was investigated. In the first step the self-polycondensation of glycerol to PGL in the presence of potassium hydroxide or potassium methoxide as a catalyst was carried out. In the second step, the crude alkaline PGL was alkoxylated with PO without removing the catalyst, followed by purification of the resulting polyether polyols. Rigid polyurethane foams prepared from the synthesized PGL-based polyether polyols and crude MD...
Advection on graphs

This paper examines the dynamics of a networked, multi-agent system operating with an advection-based coordination algorithm. Flow advection is a close relative of diffusion whose discretized version forms the basis of the popular consensus dynamics. We endeavor to demonstrate in this paper that discretizing the continuous advection equation also forms an attractive set of system dynamics for coordinated control. The key advantage of advection-based algorithms over directed consensus is that the sum of the states is always conserved. This paper includes a formulation of the advection dynamics on directed graphs and a presentation of some of its characteristics, which are compared to the consensus dynamics. We also provide examples of the versatility of the advection dynamics: a formation control and sensor coverage example.
Distributed visual analytics for collaborative emergency response management

In emergency response management, there is a large volume of incoming data and minimal time to process it before making critical decisions. Multiple experts, physicians, incident commander who are geographically distributed, collaboratively work on the collected data to make efficient and timely decisions. In this paper we introduce a distributed visualization environment that supports collaboration among geographically dispersed users. To achieve synchronized update among multiple users we introduce a group synchronization technique which employs an adaptive time adjusting algorithm to modify the output time of the visualization unit. In order to evaluate our system we have developed an interactive synchronous visualization unit, and tested our work by running it on varying network delay collaborative servers and achieve time synchronization among them.
Microvascular pressure and functional capillary density in extreme hemodilution with low- and high-viscosity dextran and a low-viscosity Hb-based O2 carrier

Blood losses are usually corrected initially by the restitution of volume with plasma expanders and subsequently by the restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity using either a blood transfusion or p...
Simon Magus, Nicolas of Antioch, and Muhammad

Scholars of the Middle Ages have established that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, there was an intellectual shift in the Christian polemic against Islam. Whereas in earlier centuries heresiologists defined Islam as pagan, in the high Middle Ages the prevailing opinion emerged that it was instead a heresy. Medieval writers, who drew upon a rich theological tradition dating to the patristic era, sustained and expanded this new perspective. Many of the patristic theological refutations against heretics proved once again useful as groups such as the Waldensians, Albigensians, and others made serious challenges against the dominant orthodoxy. Even though Islam had already been a formidable presence in the Mediterranean—especially since the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early eighth century—in the high Middle Ages the continued expansion of Islam, including its defeat of the Crusaders, was perceived to be an increased threat to Christendom. A corollary development was the greater interest in Islam—mainly to discredit or refute it—by some leading western Christian theologians. One thing is certain: medieval writers were intent on demonstrating the heretical nature of Islamic doctrines and the perversity of Islamic morality. Medieval polemicists, however, resorted to a standard theological weapon to assault Islam, typology. Through typology medieval writers were capable of constructing alleged historical and doctrinal links between Muhammad and two of the most notorious “types” of heresy from early Christianity: Simon Magus and Nicolas of Antioch.
Hygrothermal Stability of Electrical Contacts Made from Silver and Graphite Electrically Conductive Pastes

The hygrothermal stability of electrical contacts made from silver and graphite electrically conductive pastes is comparatively evaluated by measurement of the increase in contact electrical resistance during immersion in water at 15°C and 40°C. The pastes are silver paint, silver paint with a nonconductive epoxy overcoat, silver epoxy, and graphite colloid. Each electrical contact is made between a seven-strand tin-coated copper wire and the surface of a carbon fiber epoxy-matrix composite. Silver paint and graphite colloid penetrate the spaces among the 130-μm-diameter strands, but silver epoxy does not. Partly due to its low penetrability and the silver flake (15 μm) preferred orientation, silver epoxy gives contacts of significantly higher resistance than silver paint. Graphite colloid is comparable to silver epoxy in the resistance. Among the four pastes, silver paint with an epoxy overcoat is most durable, though it gives slightly higher resistance than silver paint without epoxy. Silver epoxy is less durable than silver paint without an epoxy overcoat, particularly at 40°C, due to the low hygrothermal stability of epoxy. Graphite colloid is even less durable than silver epoxy, due to its being water based.
Reading Comprehension Test Performance and Hierarchical Classification.

Items from a widely used standardized reading achievement test were rated by trained judges according to the degree to which they required an understan- ding of hierarchical classification. 2 subtests were constructed from subsets of items that were identified by their extreme ratings: Subtest A was judged to require classification operations from respondents; Subtest B, not to require them. 22 third graders were assessed on 5 types of Piagetian classification tasks. After Guttman scaling, each was assigned a single score for classification ability. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that classification ability was significantly predictive of Subtest A performance, even when performance on Subtest B was controlled statistically. The results were interpreted to mean that reading test performance is partially influenced by one's mastery of hierarchical classification because some test items require this ability. Such items probably discriminate among children on the basis of developmental maturity rather than on instruction-related knowledge. It is probably a truism to claim that tests of reading comprehension require a complicated set of cognitive skills. Not only is it necessary for children taking such tests to understand the meanings of words and sentences, but they must fully grasp the underlying logic of each test item and its syntax. Note the following item taken from a widely used reading comprehension test (Gates & MacGinitie, 1965, p. 4): The third grade class went on a trip. They saw the fenced fields, the tall silo, and the powerful tractor. They watched the horses and cows and fed the chicks. They were even allowed to hold the baby rabbits. A. The children went to a farm zoo park circus B. They saw many engines pigs trees animals In this example item the child is called upon to do more than conjure up images of cows, chicks, silo and tractor, for the ability to infer more inclusive class concepts is required as well. The respondent must understand that horses, cows, chicks and rabbits can be generally classified as animals and also belong to a subset of farm animals. Comprehension tests typically contain a number of items presupposing a facility with hierarchical classification, and probably a variety of other logical abilities are called upon as well. Most developmental psychologists, particularly those inspired by the work of Piaget, have
Environmental Review: Characteristics of Collaborative Environmental Planning and Decision-Making Processes

In recognition of the limitations of strict, objective, instrumental decision making, government agencies, businesses, communities, and environmental groups are beginning to use concepts of participatory democracy and social learning in planning and decision-making processes. Information and power are shared among affected interests so that decisions can be reached that are supported by all parties to the process. This collaboration engages parties in mutual planning and decision making. Providing a forum for discussion that permits diverse points of view to be aired leads to joint problem solving. An open dialogue can demonstrate that opposing parties may actually share certain interests. In an effort to determine some characteristics and common threads in collaborative planning and decision making, this study examined 76 cases of environmental management described as involving overlapping or competing interests. Many of the reviewed case studies offered evidence that the following basic elements of collaboration were included: the establishment of a formal organization, the sharing of information among all participants, the open discussion of all matters by all participants, and the sharing of power among all participants. Organization formation (86% of the cases) and information sharing (80%) appear to be fundamental to collaborative planning and decision making. However, power sharing (65%) and open discussions (54%) were indicated in fewer cases and are likely to be more difficult to achieve.
Private specificities of heterologous immunity

Antiviral T-cell responses between individuals that have similar major histocompatibility complex molecules share similarities in epitope hierarchies and T-cell receptor variable gene usage (public specificities), yet the T-cell receptor amino acid sequences differ between individuals (private specificities). The significance of the private specificities of these repertoires is brought about under conditions of heterologous immunity and might have important consequences in anti-viral immunity and immunopathology.