cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic analysis of the effects of plasmid multimerization on segregational instability of CoIE1 type plasmids in Escherichia coli B/r.

The effect of plasmid multimerization on segregational instability was investigated using a structured, segregated model of genetically modified Escherichia coli cells. By including the multimerization of plasmids, the model can predict the proportion of each multimer in the total plasmid population. Simulation results suggest that the plasmid copy number is controlled by the total plasmid content (i.e., total number of plasmid origins) in the host cell and that multimerization reduces the total number of independent, monomeric segregation units. However, multimerization is found to have a minor effect on decreasing plasmid segregational stability for multicopy plasmids with average copy number per cell greater than about 25. Also model predictions were used to test whether or not a nonrandom plasmid distribution at cell fission could cause segregational instability. Even in the case of severely biased partitioning, plasmids whose copy number is above 45 per cell do not show significant segregational instability. The results suggest that when the ColE1-type plasmid does not encode and express any large or disruptive foreign proteins, the copy number of 45 per cell may be the threshold at which only growth rate-dependent instability is responsible for overall plasmid instability.
Cytological consequences of proembryo irradiation

Abstract Cytological responses (including effects on embryo size and cell number, changes in mitotic cycle time, and production of chromosome aberrations) exhibited by early and mid-proembryos of barley ( Hordeum distichum cv Hannchen) following acute X-irradiation (450 R) were examined in the hope of finding explanations for some of the striking differences in radio-sensitivity between these stages (e.g., embryo survival and anomalous organogenesis). In irradiated early proembryos strong diplontic selection appears to operate against cells with gross cytological aberrations, which, because of the small number of cells present, makes embryo abortion common. Surviving embryos are mostly ones escaping major damage or reconstituted from one or a few undamaged cells. These embryos, therefore, are relatively homogeneous for absence of gross genetic deficiencies during what seems to be the ‘critical period’ for production of organ abnormalities, i.e., just prior to or at the very onset of differentiation stages in embryogeny. Presumably this accounts for organ anomalies being so rare after irradiation of early proembryos. Irradiated mid-proembryos , by contrast, tolerate the continued presence of cells with gross cytological aberrations, and must be, therefore, highly heterogeneous, genetically. Intercellular incompatibilities engendered by such heterogeneity during the ‘critical period’ are postulated to be responsible for the high frequency of anomalous organ development associated with mid-proembryo irradiation. Evidently the presence of gross cytological aberrations during actual organ differentiation does not produce abnormality nor does their presence per se result in growth retardation or disturbance of mean mitotic cycle time. Partitioning of cellular components may account for the changes in genetic partiteness manifest during proembryo development.
Abstract 1062: Sustained adrenergic signaling promotes intratumoral innervation through BDNF induction

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Mounting clinical and preclinical evidence supports a key role of sustained adrenergic signaling in the tumor microenvironment as a driver of tumor growth and progression. However, the mechanisms by which adrenergic neurotransmitters are delivered to the tumor microenvironment are not well understood. Sustained adrenergic signaling resulted in increased tumor growth and was correlated with a significant increase in intratumoral nerve density and norepinephrine in several orthotopic models of disease. These effects were completely abrogated by hexamethonium bromide (ganglionic blocker), but not by removal of the adrenal glands. To elucidate mechanism by which tumor cells induce nerve growth, we analyzed gene expression changes and found BDNF to be a key factor upregulated by catecholamine treatment. Treatment with different ADRB agonist and blockers determined that ADRB3 is required for the induction of BDNF. Use of cAMP and Epac agonist/antagonist demonstrated that this axis is required for catecholamine induced BDNF expression. Further analyses revealed that JNK exerts its control of BDNF expression through the regulation of AP-1. In various orthotopic models of disease, chronic stress significantly increased tumor growth and intratumoral innervation, an effect completely blocked by BDNF siRNA-DOPC nanoliposomes. Moreover, BNDF overexpression was sufficient to induce tumor growth and intratumoral innervation. Silencing of TrkB, BDNF receptor, on the host by murine BDNF siRNA-Chitosan nanoparticles blocked the effects of sustained adrenergic signaling on tumor growth and innervation. Additionally, inhibition of host TrkB activity in a transgenic TrkB Kinase-Switch mouse model inoculated with ovarian cancer cells showed that adrenergic induced tumor growth and innervation is mediated by the host TrkB. In cancer patients, high tumor nerve density was significantly associated with increased BDNF and norepinephrine levels, and worse overall survival. Collectively, these data describe a novel pathway for tumor neo-innervation with resultant biological and clinical implications. Citation Format: Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena, Archana S. Nagaraja, Julie K. Allen, Nouara C. Sadaoui, Rajesha Rupaimoole, sherry Y. wu, Sunila Pradeep, Hee Dong Han, Behrouz Zand, Heather Dalton, Rebecca Previs, Morgan Taylor, Justin Bottsford-Miller, Lingegowda S. Mangala, Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo, Mariela De Biasi, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Steve Cole, Susan K. Lutgendorf, Anil K. Sood. Sustained adrenergic signaling promotes intratumoral innervation through BDNF induction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1062. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1062
Supporting Human-Automation Collaboration Through Dynamic Function Allocation: The Case of Space Teleoperation

Context-sensitive function allocation can take two forms: (a) ‘adaptable automation’, where changes in the allocation of functions are initiated by the user, or (b) ‘adaptive automation’, where the automation triggers changes. However, operational experience suggests that neither approach by itself is sufficient and appropriate. This paper describes a hybrid dynamic function allocation scheme, in which the system and the operator collaborate on selecting and activating appropriate automation levels. The default mode of the system is adaptive automation, but operators can override system selections when they feel the need and have the time to do so. The effectiveness of the hybrid system was compared to fixed function allocations, to an adaptive scheme and to adaptable function allocation in the context of simulated robotic arm control tasks. The hybrid system improved performance and reduced workload in routine scenarios. The system was also preferred over the fixed and adaptive approach by the operators....
Controlling the Instructional Development Process

Process Control is a way for training managers in business and in- dustry to plan, monitor, and com- municate the instructional development process of training projects. This article describes two simple and useful tools that managers use to control the process of instructional development. The Pro- cess Control Planning Sheet is used by the training manager to plan the con- struction of courses. The Process Con- trol Record is a charting tool that is used to monitor all training projects of a department. Process Control is a method training managers can use to in- crease the efficiency and effectiveness of the instructional development process.
Urn models for evolutionary learning games

Abstract In an influential paper, Harley ( Journal of Theoretical Biology 89 1981 611–633) proposed a model in which an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is learned rather than inherited. Harley also established an approximation to such an ESS called the relative payoff sum learning rule. Audley and Jonckheere ( British Journal of Statistical Psychology 9 1956 87–94) and Arnold ( Journal of Mathematical Psychology 10 1973 232–239; 4 1967, 301–315) have developed general urn models for learning through reinforcement. In this paper, we establish correspondences among these learning models, thus suggesting a potential bridge between evolutionary game theory and classical learning theory.
The Role of Auditory Cues in the Detection of State Anxiety 1

Detecting anxiety is essential in both help-giving settings and in everyday social relationships. The studies reported here represent a follow-up to an earlier set of studies in which observers (raters) accurately identified others' (expressers') state anxiety using either video-only cues or audio-video cues. The earlier studies had included expressers who were repressors and nonrepressors, while the present studies included only nonrepressors. Observers viewedheard selected segments of previously videotaped expressers' self-reported high and low state anxiety experiences. Surprisingly, unlike the earlier studies, state anxiety was significantly inaccurately evaluated when video-only cues were used, but when audio cues were available, state anxiety was correctly identified. Information in video-only cues seemed to mislead observers since low compared with high state anxiety was rated as more anxious. These studies, and the significant comparison between studies with audio cues present and with audio cues absent, indicate the impact of auditory cues in detecting state anxiety in others.
Protein synthesis by polyribosomes on protoplast membranes of B. megaterium

At least 25% of the ribosomes of B. megaterium occur in clusters of four or more, bound to membranes in crude cell lysates made by alumina grinding or lysozyme treatment in 10−2 M -Mg2+. Relatively few polyribosomes are observed free of membranes. The bound polyribosomes are not released by repeated washes with buffer; most will, however, come off when the Mg2+ concentration is lowered, or in 0·2% sodium deoxycholate. Bound to membranes, or released from them by deoxycholate, polyribosomes form more protein per unit of RNA than mixtures of 70 s ribosomes and 100 s dimers fortified with similar quantities of messenger RNA (M-RNA); the largest polyribosomes make the most protein per unit of RNA. If membranes are treated with μg quantities of RNase sufficient to destroy M-RNA, they can no longer form protein. Ribosomes subsequently released by deoxycholate sediment as single 70 s or as 100 s dimers. Similarly, when membranes are supplemented with supernatant enzymes and ATP and form protein, or when messenger RNA is permitted to decay in whole cells after RNA synthesis is shut off with actinomycin D, the polyribosomes break down and are freed from the membrane as 70 s and 100 s. The sum of the evidence supports the current hypothesis that protein synthesis in bacteria occurs on polyribosomes, each composed of a number of ribosomes serviced by a molecule of M-RNA; the functioning complexes may be stabilized on the cell membrane.
Guinea pig anaphylaxis: time course of changes in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP.

Abstract The time course of changes in the levels of cyclic AMP and GMP and in histamine and prostaglandin release following the onset of anaphylaxis in guinea pig lung (sliced, minced and whole perfused) was studied. A parallel change in the cyclic nucleotide levels was found. There was an initial increase, followed by a decrease, and a subsequent greater and more prolonged increase. Significant histamine and prostaglandin release occurs at approximately the same time while prostaglandin metabolite is released later. Metiamide does not affect histamine or prostaglandin release but abolishes the initial cyclic nucleotide peak and delays the appearance of the secondary increase. The pattern of cyclic nucleotide changes in lung tissue thus appears to be different from that in isolated mast cells. The initial and late increases might be the response of two different cell populations to histamine.
Carbohydrate Phosphinites as Practical Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Electronic Effects and Dependence of Backbone Chirality in Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenations. Synthesis of R- or S-Amino Acids Using Natural Sugars as Ligand Precursors

Vicinal diarylphosphinites derived from carbohydrates are excellent ligands for the Rh(I)-catalyzed enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives, producing the highest enantioselectivity of any ligands directly prepared from natural products. The enantioselectivity can be enhanced by the appropriate choice of substituents on the aromatic rings of the phosphinites. For example, the use of phosphinites with electron-donating bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl) groups on phosphorus provides ee's up to 99% for a wide range of amino acids including some with easily removable N-protecting groups. Electron-withdrawing aryl substituents, on the other hand, decrease the enantioselectivity. Sense of chiral induction in the amino acid product depends on the relative juxtaposition of the vicinal diphosphinites on a given sugar backbone. When readily available d-glucopyranosides are used as the starting sugars, 2,3-phosphinites give the S-amino acids and 3,4-phosphinites give the R-amino acids. In th...
2D linear and iterative reconstruction algorithms for a PET-insert scanner

We are developing novel insert devices for existing whole body PET scanners to achieve better resolution in selected regions of interest such as the head, neck, breast or abdomen. The insert considered here is a full ring of high resolution detectors, which can be placed around the object of interest. Adding the insert inside the scanner leads to three different types of coincidences: insert–insert, insert–scanner and scanner–scanner. The insert–insert and scanner–scanner coincidences are similar to the coincidences obtained in a traditional PET system. The insert–scanner coincidences have an inherent fan-beam geometry for which a spatially variant system matrix is proposed. The system matrix is computed using the intersection of a fan beam with a pixel. A filtered back-projection (FBP) algorithm for the insert–scanner geometry is presented. This FBP algorithm yields images with significantly reduced artifacts compared to FBP reconstructions on insert–scanner data rebinned into parallel beams. This is demonstrated using simulated point source data acquired using SimSET. It is proposed to use a penalized ML-EM (PML-EM) algorithm using a log-cosh roughness penalty function to reconstruct a single activity distribution from all three data sets. This is demonstrated qualitatively using simulated point source data. A quantitative comparison of PML-EM and FBP was performed on data acquired from insert–scanner coincidences using a phantom with hot and cold tumors imaged in an experimental setup. The quantitative studies demonstrate that the resolution/noise tradeoff of PML-EM is improved relative to FBP.
Continuous, intermittent and passive sampling of airborne VOCs.

Long sampling periods are often advantageous or required for measuring air quality and characterizing exposures. However, sampling periods exceeding 8 to 24 h using thermally desorbable adsorbent tube (TDT) samplers for the measurement of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) face several challenges, including maintaining stable and low flow rates, and avoiding breakthrough of the adsorbent. These problems may be avoided using intermittent sampling; however, the literature contains few if any reports that have evaluated this technique in environmental, occupational or other applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate continuous, intermittent and passive sampling methods using both laboratory and real-world tests. Laboratory tests compared continuous and intermittent (active) samplers in a controlled dynamic test gas generation system. Field tests used side-by-side active and passive samplers in an office, home workshop and four smokers’ homes. All samples were analyzed for a wide range of VOCs by GC-MS. In most instances, intermittent sampling yielded better reproducibility (duplicate precision of 10 ± 6%) than continuous low-flow sampling (18 ± 5%), in part due to difficulty maintaining low flows. Concentrations obtained using intermittent sampling agreed with those for continuous sampling, with downward biases resulting primarily from errors in flow rate measurements. In the field, more VOC species were detected using active rather than passive sampling. Passive measurements were 12% lower than continuous measurements, a difference attributed to declining uptake rates at higher concentrations over the 3 to 4 d sampling period. Overall, most measurements obtained using the three sampling methods agreed within 20% for a wide range of concentrations (0.1 to 230 μg m−3). Both passive and intermittent sampling approaches are suitable for long sampling periods, but intermittent sampling provides greater flexibility with respect to sampling period, and permits the use of multi-bed adsorbents that can capture a wider range of VOCs.
Longitudinal changes in serum lipids among HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Objective The aim of the study was to describe longitudinal changes in serum lipids among HIV-infected men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with long-term follow-up. Methods A total of 304 HIV-infected men who initiated HAART and who had serum lipid measurements prior to and for up to 7 years after HAART initiation were identified from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were examined at biannual time-points. Results Significant lipid changes were seen within 0.5 years of HAART initiation but increases in TC (+1.09 mmol/L), LDL-C (+0.57 mmol/L), HDL-C (+0.16 mmol/L) and non-HDL-C (+0.91 mmol/L) reached peak levels 2–3 years after HAART initiation. Declines in serum TC, LDL-C and non-HDL-C in subsequent years occurred concurrently with a substantial increase in use of lipid-lowering medications (from 1% usage pre-HAART to 43% 6–7 years after HAART initiation) but the proportion of men who either were treated with cholesterol-lowering medication or had elevated cholesterol levels (>5.18 mmol/L) did not change during the 2–7-year interval after HAART. Mean HDL-C also decreased after 2–3 years and was low (<1.04 mmol/L) in 55% of HIV-infected men 6–7 years after HAART initiation. Conclusions Atherogenic serum lipids increased early after the initiation of HAART, peaked at 2–3 years and remained high or required treatment thereafter. Low HDL-C levels persisted in the majority of men. The long-term effects of lipid abnormalities on cardiovascular risk and the effectiveness and toxicity of prolonged use of lipid-lowering medications in combination with HAART are not known.
Preliminary evidence for novel fucose-containing lipids in normal and murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells.

Abstract Two fucose-containing lipids with long chain base as their apolar moiety are described. These compounds were shown to possess a free amino group and a net positive charge by derivatization with specific amino reagents and by cation exchange column chromatography. The presence of long chain base was demonstrated by periodate-NaB[3H]4 treatment to yield long chain alcohol and by [3H]-dansylation followed by hydrolysis to yield dansyl-long chain base.
Dynamic optimization of a batch cooling crystallization process

Dynamic optimization techniques are applied for the optimization of crystallization processes. These obtain promising results, especially for difficult industrial applications with significant heat effects, concentrated slurries, and state constraints. Here we introduce some concepts that focus not only on the optimization strategy but also on the practical implementation. As a case study, we consider a batch crystallization process, which has been studied in the field. The dynamic model includes not only moment equations but also thermodynamic equations to make the model closer to practical operating characteristics. Significant differences between this research and previous work are that we incorporate the heat-transfer components and control directly into the model. After demonstrating in plant that the dynamic model is valid in both model formulation and parameter identification, we optimize this model. The objective is to maximize the final crystal size in order to obtain the highest purity of the de...
Predicting sensor fusion performance using theoretical models

Simple theoretical models can be constructed to study the behavior of sensor-fused systems using idealized sensor suites. Models are available for feature-level and decision-level fusion, both of which are now being used with demining sensors. These models are attractive as design tools and for estimating the expected performance of new sensor suites, since their performance can be evaluated with relatively little effort. In this paper we review some simple idealized models and their predictions for fused system performance. The data produced by demining sensors are often correlated, and the effect of correlation is explored for both feature-level and decision-level fusion.
SU-FF-I-11: Investigation of a Method to Adjust Non Medical Grade Monitors Without the Use of a Photometer

Purpose: Computer monitors with luminance range less than the ACR recommended value of 220 cdm−2 for diagnostic monitors are increasingly being used for the viewing of clinical images. One of the reasons is the increased popularity of Web applications that make clinical images easily accessible from office and home computers. In this study we investigate a quick and easy method for radiologists/clinicians to set-up the brightness and contrast of such monitors without the use of a photometer. Methods and Material: 17 commonly used flat-panel desktop monitors were visually optimized for low contrast resolution using the TG18-BR pattern. Since the monitors' low contrast resolution performance was found to be affected significantly less by the brightness setting than by the contrast setting, we fixed the brightness setting at 75% of maximum brightness and changed the contrast setting to further optimize the low contrast resolution After optimization, the display function of each monitor was compared to the DICOM Gray Scale Display Function (GSDF). After forcing the minimum and the maximum luminance of the monitor to fall on the GSDF we calculated the RMS error between the monitor display function and the GSDF for the 20%, 50% and 90% gray-scale values of the SMPTE pattern. Results: The mean value of the optimum contrast settings was 39.6% of maximum contrast with standard deviation of 21.8%, and a range of 0% to 63%. The RMS error ranged from 1.9 to 39 with an average of 17. The RMS error was poorly correlated with the contrast setting (r=0.21), 100% luminance (r=0.27) and 0% luminance (r=0.12). Conclusion: Further ROC studies are needed to determine what RMS errors relative to the GSDF are acceptable for viewing images of different types (e.g. CT or chest) on these monitors and whether window and level adjustments can compensate for larger RMS errors.
Utility of B-natriuretic peptide as a rapid, point-of-care test for screening patients undergoing echocardiography to determine left ventricular dysfunction

Results Two hundred patients in whom LV function was unknown were studied. In the 105 patients (53%) whose ventricular function was subsequently determined to be normal by echocardiography, BNP levels averaged 37 ± 6 pg/mL. This was significantly less than in those patients with either ultimate diastolic dysfunction (BNP 391 ± 89 pg/mL (P < .001) or systolic dysfunction (BNP 572 ± 115 pg/mL (P < .001). A receiver-operator characteristic curve showing the sensitivity and specificity of BNP against the echocardiography diagnosis revealed the area under the curve (accuracy) was 0.95. At a BNP level of 75 pg/mL was 98% specific for detecting the presence or absence of LV dysfunction by echocardiography. Conclusions A simple, rapid test for BNP, which can be performed at the bedside or in the clinic, can reliably predict the presence or absence of LV dysfunction on echocardiogram. The data indicate that BNP may be an excellent screening tool for LV dysfunction and may, in fact, preclude the need for echocardiography in many patients. (Am Heart J 2001;
The role of the chlamydial effector CPAF in the induction of genomic instability

The role of CPAF in chlamydial virulence is justifiably a tangle of confusion. CPAF is a potent and promiscuous cysteine protease capable of cleaving many proteins (Zhong, 2011). Over the 13 years since the original characterization of CPAF in the laboratory of Guaming Zohng (Zhong et al ., 2001) chlamydial researchers have contributed a long list of identified CPAF cleavable target proteins of both chlamydial and host origin (A Conrad et al ., 2013). However, careful studies by the Tan and Sutterlin group convincingly demonstrated that the majority of CPAF activity in infected cells is actually sequestered in the chlamydial inclusion and that biochemical assays relying on cell homogenization in many cases released the sequestered CPAF allowing degradation of ‘targets’ that would not interact with CPAF under biological conditions (Chen et al ., 2012). Thus, the question becomes not what host proteins does CPAF cleave but what host proteins does CPAF have access to and when does it gain this access. New data from the investigation of growth and virulence phenotypes of two mutant strains of chlamydia null for CPAF activity isolated by Emily Snavely in the Valdivia laboratory have added critical observations that have evolved our understanding of the role of CPAF in pathogenesis (Snavely et al ., 2014). The Valdivia laboratory observed that CPAF null strains follow the same developmental cycle and produce normal appearing …
Examining a Teacher's Negotiation through Change: Understanding the Influence of Beliefs on Behavior.

Previous research asserts the connection between teacher beliefs and behaviors in the classroom. However, using broad, general constructs collected in teacher self-reported surveys has provided neither clear connections between beliefs and behaviors, nor explanatory power between connected or disparate beliefs. This research examines teacher beliefs from a collection of beliefs perspective that acknowledges a multitude of beliefs coalescing to shape practice observed in the classroom. In this research, qualitative research methods including interviews and classroom observations were used to examine one teacher’s navigation through programmatic change to collect data regarding the teacher’s beliefs central to shaping praxis. Based on the methods employed, two central beliefs emerged (i.e., motivation is key to learning and the teacher’s role as interpreter). While these specific beliefs are interesting and informative, they are understood in this qualitative study as specific to this individual. So, care i...
High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI)

The primary scientific objective of the High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) is to understand particle acceleration and explosive energy release in the magnetized plasmas at the Sun. HESSI will provide the first hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy, the first high-resolution spectroscopy of solar gamma-ray lines from a spacecraft, the first imaging above 100 keV, and the first imaging of solar gamma- ray lines. The gamma-ray imaging spectroscopy will provide the first information on the spatial distribution of energetic (>1 MeV) protons, heavy ions, and relativistic electrons, and the first information on the angular distribution of the energetic ions. It will also provide detailed information on elemental abundances for both the accelerated ions and the ambient ions in the interaction region. HESSI uses Fourier-transform imaging spectroscopy to cover the broad energy range from soft X-rays (2 keV) to gamma-rays (20 MeV) with spatial resolutions down to 2 arcseconds and spectral resolutions down to 1 keV. This capability is achieved with 12 bi-grid rotating modulation collimators located in front of a corresponding set of 12 pairs of cooled germanium and silicon (Si(Li)) detectors to provide the wide spectral coverage. HESSI has been selected by NASA as an alternate Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) mission, for launch in the year 2000. If it does not get funded as a flight mission, it will be descoped and proposed at a Small Explorer mission for launch in 2000 at half the MIDEX cost.
Cognitive-behavioral group treatment of adolescent depression: Prediction of outcome

This paper attempts to identify variables which distinguish depressed adolescents who were recovered versus not recovered at post treatment in a controlled outcome study. Fifty-nine adolescents meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for major and/or intermittent depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a cognitive-behavioral, psycho-educational treatment group for adolescents (n=21); (b) an identical protocol for adolescents, but with their parents enrolled in a separate parent group (n=19); and (c) a waitlist control condition (n=19). Thirty-seven of the 40 actively treated subjects were retained for prediction analyses examining treatment recovery via two assessment methods: (a) a discriminant function analysis predicting membership in KSADS/RDC diagnosis-based Recovered (n=16) and Not Recovered (n=21) groups; and (b) a hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual pre-to-post change on the Beck Depression Inventory. Because of the small sample, potential predictor variables were limited to those which demonstrated significant univariate correlations with the respective outcome variables. Recovery in the discriminant function analysis was associated with lower intake levels on the BDI, lower intake state anxiety, higher enjoyment and frequency of pleasant activities, and more rational thoughts on the Subjective Probability Questionnaire. The overall canonical correlation was .6277. In the hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual BDI scores, better outcome was associated with a greater number of past psychiatric diagnoses, parent involvement in treatment, and younger age at onset of first depressive episode. The overall regression solution yielded a multiple R=.842. The discussion focuses on the continuity between the current findings and results obtained from similar studies conducted with depressed adults, as well as the degree to which the observed results are consistent with the “capitalization” model of depression therapy outcome.
The Ontogeny of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion and Its Temporal Relationship to the Onset of Puberty in the Agonadal Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

The pubertal amplification of GH secretion in primates has been thought to reflect an increase in gonadal steroid hormones due to gonadotropin stimulation induced by hypothalamic GnRH release. Previous studies in agonadal, peripubertal, male rhesus monkeys have estimated the age of GnRH activation (defined as d 0) using analyses of nocturnal, pulsatile LH patterns derived from sequential blood samples. Using samples from these earlier studies, secretory patterns of GH were analyzed using Cluster at approximately 30-d intervals in the youngest prepubertal ages and at approximately 10- to 20-d intervals in the period immediately preceding and following the onset of puberty. Pulse frequency, amplitude, and mean GH increased significantly between early prepubertal ages (up to 30 d before d 0) and the late prepubertal period (between -20 d and d 0). Pulsatile GH activity increased earlier than pulsatile LH secretion in four of five animals. These findings support the conclusion that pulsatile GH secretion increases developmentally in the absence of gonadal steroids. Furthermore, the present observation that the developmental increase in GH secretion occurs earlier than previously reported is consistent with the possibility that GH itself either directly or indirectly participates in the pubertal reinitiation of GnRH pulse generator activity.
Intermittent Loss of Synchronization in Coupled Chaotic Oscillators: Toward a New Criterion for High-Quality Synchronization.

We observe incomplete synchronization of coupled chaotic oscillators over a wide range of coupling strengths and coupling schemes for which high-quality synchronization is expected. Long intervals of high-quality synchronization are interrupted at irregular times by large, brief desynchronization events that can be attributed to "attractor bubbling," clearly demonstrating that the standard synchronization criterion is not always useful in experiments. We suggest a simple method for rapidly selecting the coupling schemes that are most likely to produce high-quality synchronization.
H I Narrow Self-Absorption in Dark Clouds: Correlations with Molecular Gas and Implications for Cloud Evolution and Star Formation

We present the results of a comparative study of H I narrow self-absorption (HINSA), OH, 13CO, and C18O in five dark clouds. We find that the HINSA generally follows the distribution of the emission of the carbon monoxide isotopologs and has a characteristic size close to that of 13CO. This confirms earlier work that determined that the HINSA is produced by cold H I that is well mixed with molecular gas in well-shielded regions. The OH and 13CO column densities are essentially uncorrelated for the sources other than L1544. Our observations indicate that the central number densities of H I are between 2 and 6 cm-3 and that the ratio of the hydrogen density to total proton density for these sources is (5-27) × 10-4. Using cloud temperatures and the density of atomic hydrogen, we set an upper limit to the cosmic-ray ionization rate of 10-16 s-1. We present a model for H I to H2 conversion in well-shielded regions that includes cosmic-ray destruction of H2 and formation of this species on grain surfaces. We include the effect of a distribution of grain sizes, and we find that for an MRN distribution, the rate of H2 formation is increased by a factor of 3.4 relative to that for a model with a single grain radius of 1700 A. Comparison of observed and modeled fractional H I abundances indicates ages for these clouds, defined as the time since the initiation of H → H2 conversion, to be 106.5-107 yr. Several effects may make this time a lower limit, but the low values of n that we have determined make it certain that the timescale for evolution from a possibly less dense atomic phase to an almost entirely molecular phase must be a minimum of several million years. This clearly sets a lower limit to the overall timescale for the process of star formation and the lifetime of molecular clouds.
Biodegradable plastics: A review

In this paper, the approach of biodegradation to reduce the environmental impact of plastic wastes is reviewed. The mechanism of biodegradation and the processing and applications of these materials are also discussed in relation to the structural characters of their molecules. The synthetic biodegradable materials such as starch based biodegradable materials are compared with naturally occurring biodegradable materials such as poly(hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) in terms of their applications, processing difficulty, and degradation mechanism. The future trends of these materials are anticipated.
Comparative study of Sr and Ba adsorption on Si(1 0 0)

Abstract The adsorption of submonolayers and monolayers of strontium and barium on Si(1 0 0) are reported using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The samples were prepared by deposition at room temperature followed by annealing at elevated temperatures, and by deposition with the silicon held at a high temperature. The adsorbate phases were observed using LEED and the surface coverage calibration using AES and ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM). Marked differences between the adsorption properties of the strontium and barium adsorbates have been found, shedding light on their prospective role as templates for the growth of perovskites used as high dielectric constants for electronic device applications.
Validation of a Grid Independent Spray Model and Fuel Chemistry Mechanism for Low Temperature Diesel Combustion

Spray and combustion submodels used in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, KIVA-CHEMKIN, were validated for Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) in a diesel engine by comparing measured and model predicted fuel spray penetrations, and in-cylinder distributions of OH and soot. The conditions considered were long ignition delay, early and late fuel injection cases. It was found that use of a grid independent spray model, called the GASJET model, with an improved n-heptane chemistry mechanism can well predict the heat release rate, not only of the main combustion stage, but also of the cool flame stage. Additionally, the GASJET model appropriately predicts the distributions of OH and soot in the cylinder even when the resolution of the computational mesh is decreased by half, which significantly reduces the required computational time.
Investigation of the flopping regime with two-, three- and four-cylinder arrays

The variation of the base pressure coefficient (Cp), and the characteristics of the velocity power spectra for arrays of two-, three- and four-cylinders aligned normal to the flow are presented. For the two-cylinder array with s/d=0.750 (where s is the spacing between the top and bottom surfaces of adjacent cylinders and d is the diameter of the cylinder) and Re=2.5×103, peaks in the power spectra of 145 and 45 Hz which correspond to Strouhal numbers of 0.35 and 0.11 have been observed. For the three-cylinder array with Re=2.5×103, at 0.338?s/d?0.730, three quasi-stable modes are observed. For 0.730?s/d?0.850, flopping and one quasi-stable mode are observed. For 0.850?s/d?1.202, only one mode is observed. The hot-wire power spectra measured downstream of the cylinder array on the center plane between the top and center cylinder and, also on the plane at s/2 above the top cylinder has three relative peaks that correspond to a wake structure, i.e. a pattern of vortices. For the four-cylinder array, when 0.338?s/d?0.750, four quasi-stable modes are observed. First, a mode can be observed in which the average Cp value of the top cylinder is relatively high, the average Cp value of the bottom cylinder is relatively low, and the average Cp values of the two center cylinders are nearly equal. A second mode is sometimes observed that is similar to the first except that the relatively high and low average Cp values of the outer cylinders are interchanged. A third mode is observed in which the average Cp value of the upper–inner cylinder is relatively high, the average Cp value of the lower–inner cylinder is relatively low, and the average Cp values of the outer cylinders are nearly equal. A fourth mode can be observed that is similar to the third mode except that the relative high and low average Cp values of the two inner cylinders are interchanged. For 0.750?s/d?1.202, only two of these modes are observed.
Around the World to the Technology at the Hub @ WT's, the University of Kentucky's Information Commons

Purpose: – To present the “Info Hub” at the University of Kentucky Library in Lexington.Design/methodology/approach – Introduces the University of Kentucky's Information Commons.Finding – “Information Commons” is an apt phrase that describes a more contemporary approach to how college and university students perceive library‐reading rooms and needs for technology support.Originality/value – Provides insights into the introduction of the project.
Fracture toughness and molecular structure of unfilled epoxy adhesives

The cohesive, mode I (tensile cleavage) fracture energy (or fracture toughness), GIc, of bulk tapered double cantilevered beam (TDCB) samples of a series of three epoxy thermoset networks was determined using a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) analysis. Networks of different crosslink density were obtained by mixing various amounts of an aromatic epoxy novolac and an aliphatic epoxy and crosslinking with an imidazole catalyst. Brittle, stick-slip fracture was observed for all formulations, with GIc increasing as the amount of aliphatic epoxy increased. However, fracture surface morphologies exhibited evidence of increasing plastic deformation as GIc increased. In the investigation of structure-property relationships for this series of thermoset networks, GIc was found to be inversely related to both network crosslink density and glass transition temperature (Tg). It was also found that the room temperature frequency of the glassy state transition (β-transition) increased as fracture toughness increased.
Finite groups ofOD-conjugates

Given any setx, define the set of conjugates ofx to be Given any subgroupG of the group of permutations of {1, ⋯,n}, it is consistent with ZFC that there exists an orderedn-tuple 〈x1, ⋯, xn〉 such that $$c(\langle x_1 ,...,x_n \rangle ) = \{ \langle x_{\pi 1} ,...,x_{\pi n} \rangle |\pi \in G\} .$$
Photovoltaic Investment Risk and Uncertainty for Residential Customers

The revenues generated by rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems have several sources of uncertainty. We use a Monte Carlo framework to explore the sensitivity of PV investment returns to three categories of PV investment uncertainty: 1) interannual solar variability, 2) PV technical performance and maintenance costs, and 3) market risks including future electricity rates and the possibility that retail electricity rates will be restructured for PV customers. We find that PV investment risk and uncertainty is driven by market factors in some U.S. regions (California and Massachusetts) and by the PV technical performance in other U.S. regions (Missouri and Florida). We explore the relative impacts of three methods for reducing PV investment uncertainty: research-and-development-driven performance improvements, system performance guarantees that are common for third-party owned systems, and long-term power purchase contracts. We find that the effectiveness of each risk reduction option varies by region, depending on which factors drive regional PV investment uncertainty.
Atorvastatin increases oxidative stress and modulates angiogenesis in Ossabaw swine with the metabolic syndrome

Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on oxidative stress and angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium in a clinically relevant porcine model of the metabolic syndrome. Methods Sixteen Ossabaw pigs were fed either a high-fat diet alone or a high-fat diet supplemented with atorvastatin (1.5 mg/kg daily) for 14 weeks. Chronic myocardial ischemia was induced by ameroid constrictor placement around the circumflex artery. After 6 months of the diet, myocardial perfusion was measured at rest and with demand pacing. The heart was harvested for analysis of perfusion, microvessel relaxation, protein expression, and oxidative stress. Results Both groups had similar endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation to adenosine diphosphate and endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside. Myocardial perfusion in the ischemic territory was also not significantly different either at rest or with demand pacing. Atorvastatin treatment increased total myocardial protein oxidation and serum lipid peroxidation. However, the expression of markers of oxidative stress, including NOX2, RAC1, myeloperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase 1, 2, and 3, were not statistically different. The expression of proangiogenic proteins endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser 1177), phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate kinase (Thr 172), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (T202, Y204), and vascular endothelial growth factor were all upregulated in the atorvastatin group. Conclusions Atorvastatin increased the capillary and arteriolar density and upregulated the proangiogenic proteins endothelial nitric oxide synthase and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate kinase, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and vascular endothelial growth factor in a swine model of the metabolic syndrome. However, it failed to increase myocardial perfusion. Atorvastatin treatment was associated with increased myocardial and serum oxidative stress, which might contribute to the lack of collateral-dependent perfusion in the setting of angiogenesis.
Showdomycin, a nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

Abstract Showdomycin [2-(β- d -ribofuranosyl)maleimide] is a nucleoside antibiotic containing a maleimide ring and which is structurally related to uridine. Showdomycin inhibited rat brain (Na + + K + )-ATPase irreversibly by an apparently bimolecular reaction with a rate constant of about 11.01·mol −1 ·min −1 . Micromolar concentrations of ATP protected against this inhibition but uridine triphosphate or uridine were much less effective. In the presence of K + , 100 μM ATP was unable to protect against inhibition by showdomycin. These observations show that showdomycin inhibits (Na + + K + )-ATPase by reacting with a specific chemical group or groups at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme. Inhibition by showdomycin appears to be more selective for this site than that due to tetrathionate or N-ethylmaleimide. Since tetrathionate is a specific reactant for sulfhydryl groups it appears likely that the reactive groups are sulfhydryl groups. The data thus show that showdomycin is a relatively selective nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na + + K + )-ATPase and inhibition is likely due to the reaction of showdomycin with sulfhydryl group(s) at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme.
Rejoinder to “An Examination of Statistical Software Packages for Parametric and Nonparametric Data Analyses Using Exact Methods”

We became aware of a few issues related to our recent review of statistical software packages that are devoted primarily to or contain a strong co mponent of exact statistical tests and procedures (Oster and Hilbe 2008) after our review had already gone to press. These issues are focused on our evaluation of a few specific components of SAS and SPSS that involve exact and asymptotic statistical analyses. We address each of these issues in this article.
Pathophysiologic glucocorticoid levels and survival of translocating bacteria.

• Burn wound sepsis in rats results in sustained corticosterone elevations and the prolonged presence of translocated bacteria in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). To determine if survival of bacteria in the MLNs may be influenced by pathophysiologic corticosterone levels, MLNs were quantitatively analyzed from rats randomized to the following groups: burn wound sepsis (BI); BI with adrenocortical response attenuated by cyclosporine (cyclosporine/BI); or cyclosporine/BI with corticosterone replacement (cyclosporine/BI + P). Although rates of bacterial translocation were similar, corticosterone levels were significantly different among the three groups and correlated with the number of lymphocytes and the number of enteric bacteria present per gram of MLN. Thus, pathophysiologic elevations of corticosterone levels during sepsis may exert an effect that allows survival of translocated bacteria in the MLNs of rats, perhaps due to glucocorticoid-associated alterations in regional immunity. ( Arch Surg. 1991;126:50-55)