cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between adsorption and small molecule hydrogen bonding

Previous studies indicate that phenolic solutes adsorb from hexane onto an acrylic ester sorbent (XAD-7, Rohm and Haas) through a hydrogen-bonding mechanism. Because of experimental limitations, adsorption studies typically provide only thermodynamic energies but no direct mechanistic information. To overcome this limitation, the authors used ethyl propionate as a small molecule analogue of the acrylic ester sorbent and studied solution-phase hydrogen bonding between ethyl propionate and various phenolic solutes. Consistent with a hydrogen-bonding mechanism, FTIR spectra of hexane solutions containing phenols showed that the hydroxyl stretching peak was broadened and displaced to lower wavenumbers in the presence of ethyl propionate. Molecular modeling showed hydrogen bonding between the phenolic hydroxyl and the carbonyl oxygen of ethyl propionate. Qualitatively, small molecule hydrogen bonding studies provide evidence that the poor adsorption of 2,6-disubstituted phenols is due to steric limitations. For 2,6-dimethylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, IR spectra showed suppressed hydrogen bond formation with ethyl propionate, whereas molecular modeling showed that the hydrogen bonds that did form were lengthened and distorted compared to those of phenol. The small molecule binding studies also provided qualitative evidence that the poor adsorption of 2-methoxyphenol and 2-chlorophenol is due to competing intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Quantitatively, it was observed that formore » a series of phenolic solutes the adsorption affinity cross-correlates to the IR frequency shift observed for hydrogen bonding to ethyl propionate. Correlations between adsorption affinities and computed binding energies were limited because of the insensitivity of computed binding energies to substituent effects. These studies indicate that the small molecule analogue provides a convenient system for studying hydrogen-bonding interactions that affect adsorption onto the polymeric adsorbent.« less
High-fat diet preference in developing and adult rats

Diet preference tests in rats have yielded equivocal results, as some investigators have reported a strong preference for diets high in fat over those containing less fat, while others have failed to see this preference. To further explore this unresolved problem, two diet preference experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, adult rats were maintained for at least three months on one of three powdered diets (control, high-carbohydrate or high-fat). Rats were then given a preference test with all three diets available. Animals from each group overwhelmingly preferred the high-fat diet. To determine whether this preference was also present in younger, developing rats, in Experiment 2, weanling animals were tested with the same three diets as in Experiment 1. As observed with adult animals, weanling rats also showed a strong preference for the high-fat diet. The idea that rats prefer a diet with a relatively high level of fat is supported. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
SLEEP IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Psychiatric disorders are some of the most common causes of sleep-related complaints, particularly insomnia. Sleep abnormalities may be caused by CNS abnormalities associated with psychiatric illnesses as well as by accompanying behavioral disturbances. Although sleep patterns are not necessarily diagnostic of particular psychiatric disorders, there are relationships between certain sleep abnormalities and categories of psychiatric disorders. Sleep disturbances associated with psychiatric disorders and general approaches to treatment are reviewed.
Effects of Production Control Strategy and Duration Variance on Productivity and Work in Process: Simulation-Based Investigation

AbstractImproving productivity and reducing work-in-process are two activities that can improve project performance, but are often difficult to accomplish. The construction process is complex and consists of a large number of interdependent and sequential tasks. Construction activities are simulated as serial production lines, using state- and resource-based simulation of construction processes simulation models, to investigate the effects that different production control strategies (push/pull and balanced/unbalanced) have on productivity and work-in-process. The sensitivity to task duration variance is also examined for different working strategies. Simulation results are used to compare the models based on their performance. In the presence of duration variance, push strategies result in higher productivity, whereas pull strategies result in lower amounts of work-in-process. Pull strategies are more sensitive to the presence of duration variance. Work-in-process is also a function of the coefficient of...
Exploring Questions of Social Justice in Bilingual/Bicultural Teacher Education: Towards a Parity of Participation

This qualitative study examined the development of bilingual and bicultural preservice teachers’ beliefs and attitudes about social justice and its role in the education of language minority children. Fraser’s in Redistribution or recognition: a political-philosophical exchange. Verso, New York, (2003) perspectival dualist framework, which calls for the consideration of both the distribution of resources and the recognition of cultural identity, was applied to the investigation of participants’ social justice claims. In addition to observing these preservice teachers in their courses and conducting interviews, the researchers also analyzed the teaching practices of their bilingual-bicultural professors. Findings indicate that bilingual teacher candidates need to have space and support for reflecting upon the conflicting meanings they might ascribe to experiences and insights gained through the occupation of different identity positions. Bilingual-bicultural university professors’ ability to recognize and legitimate the experiences and perspectives of bilingual/bicultural teacher candidates was significant and empowering.
Splenic preservation in the management of splenic epidermoid cysts in children

Abstract Splenic epidermoid cysts are a rare entity. The traditional treatment was splenectomy, performed to prevent infection, hemorrhage, or rupture of the cyst. The authors reviewed their series of 19 children with congenital splenic cysts from 1914 to 1993 to assess the change in management of these lesions. The age at time of presentation ranged from newborn to 17 years (median, 12.0 years). The male:female ratio was 1.0:1.1. Five cysts were found incidentally at the time of autopsy. The cysts were 0.5 to 24 cm in diameter (median, 12.0 cm). Only cysts greater than 8 cm presented with clinical symptoms: 64% with an abdominal mass and/or 78% with abdominal pain. One patient presented with a left varicocele. There were no complications related to the cysts. A variety of radiographic studies were performed, but ultrasonography provided all required diagnostic information. All patients treated before 1971 (n = 9) underwent splenectomy, and five patients treated since 1983 had hemisplenectomy or cystectomy. Postoperative spleen scans (obtained in three of these patients) and platelet counts showed preservation of splenic function. Pathological examination showed epidermoid cysts in all cases. There were no postoperative complications. In conclusion, in this series of epidermoid splenic cysts in children, (1) the cysts presented with an abdominal mass and/or abdominal pain only if they were greater than 8 cm in size, and there were no complications owing to the cysts; (2) ultrasonography was the most cost-effective and least invasive method of evaluation; and (3) splenic preservation by hemisplenectomy or cystectomy, used to avoid the long-term risks of splenectomy, proved to be a safe, easy procedure, with maintenance of splenic function.
‘Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections’ – going around in circles, respiratory medicine style

Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections are very common in childhood, particularly the pre-school years. The term lower respiratory tract infection [LTRI] is, as with many terms used in respiratory medicine, used very loosely and carries little more information than the often decried term 'chest infections'. LRTIs should more accurately be characterised by the type of infection [viral or bacterial], the site of infection [conducting airways, or respiratory compartment or both - bronchitis/pneumonia/bronchopneumonia], the nature of the episode [acute or acute on chronic (exacerbation)], the interaction with co-morbidities such as asthma. The limited nature of the responses of the lower airways to any insult whether it is infective or irritation due to inhaled or aspirated chemicals means that almost any aetiology can lead to cough, shortness of breath and noisy breathing. We lack good non-invasive techniques to study the nature of the inflammation in the lower airways and hence the cause of chronic and recurrent symptoms in patients is frequently mis-diagnosed.
Enzyme activity and shikonin production in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures.

The activities of the biosynthetic enzmes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase (HMGR) were measured in cells transferred from growth to production medium in a two-stage batch culture. It was found that both these enzymes showed transient increases, PAL (three- to fourfold) and HMGR (two- to four-fold), at or near the point of exhaustion of nitrogen source (NO3). Production of shikonin derivatives also started at this time. The addition of excess nitrate to the medium shortly before nitrate exhaustion (days 6–8) markedly reduced the final product yield (by 70–80%) while addition of excess nitrate in the later stationary growth phase (days 14–16) had no significant effect. When the production rate of shikonin derivatives was correlated with PAL activity, it was observed that production rate is very low (less than 1 mg/L · day) at low levels of PAL activity (below 0.1 unit/mg protein). Once a threshold level of PAL activity (about 0.15 unit/mg protein) is reached, the biosynthetic rate of shikonin derivatives increases. Such a relationship could not be deduced for HMGR activity. It was concluded that the production of shikonin derivatives may be limited at the phenylalanine deaminating step at low levels of PAL activity.
Configuration monitoring tool for large-scale distributed computing

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will likely use a grid system to achieve much of its offline processing need. Given the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of grid systems, it is desirable to have in place a configuration monitor. The configuration monitoring tool is built using the Globus toolkit and web services. It consists of an information provider for the Globus MDS, a relational database for keeping track of the current and old configurations, and client interfaces to query and administer the configuration system. The Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI), together with EDG Java Security packages, are used for secure authentication and transparent access to the configuration information across the CMS grid. This work has been prototyped and tested using US-CMS grid resources.
Characterization of cytosine nucleosides by mass spectrometry.

The mass spectra of most nucleosides of cytosine exhibit molecular ions of low abundance, rearranged ions base + 2H in greater abundance than the companion species base + H, and a characteristic and abundant ion which corresponds to base + C2HO from the sugar. Deuterium, oxygen-18 and substituent labeling showed the presence of C-1′, 2′, H-2′ and O-4′ in the latter ion, which led to a proposed mechanism of formation involving opening of the sugar ring and recyclization between O2 and C-2′ with expulsion of water. Primary driving force for the reaction is due to resonance stabilization promoted by unshared electrons from N4, which results in diminished abundance in the case of imino isomers and derivatives which contain electron-withdrawing groups at N4, and enhanced abundance resulting from methylation at N4. Data for 24 nucleosides are presented and discussed in terms of the determination of nucleoside structure.
Integrated signalling pathways for mast-cell activation

Mast-cell activation mediated by the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) is considered to be a key event in the allergic inflammatory response. However, in a physiological setting, other receptors, such as KIT, might also markedly influence the release of mediators by mast cells. Recent studies have provided evidence that FcepsilonRI-dependent degranulation is regulated by two complementary signalling pathways, one of which activates phospholipase Cgamma and the other of which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, using specific transmembrane and cytosolic adaptor molecules. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for these interacting pathways and describe how the capacity of KIT, and other receptors, to influence FcepsilonRI-dependent mast-cell-mediator release might be a function of the relative abilities of these receptors to activate these alternative pathways.
The use of TP10, soluble complement receptor 1, in cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery or lung transplantation initiates a systemic inflammatory response characterized by increased vascular permeability, generalized edema, abnormal lung function and oxygenation and impaired ventricular function. This post-CPB syndrome significantly contributes to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Activation of complement during CPB is a key component that initiates and augments this process. TP10, soluble complement receptor 1, is a novel complement inhibitor that is a potent inhibitor of C3 and C5 convertases, blocking activation of the complement cascade at the nexus of all three complement pathways. Recent controlled trials in humans have demonstrated that TP10 effectively inhibits complement activation during CPB. In high-risk adult patients, TP10 decreases the incidence of mortality and myocardial infarction in males but not in females following cardiac surgery. TP10 is also well tolerated and protects vascular function in infants undergoing CPB. In...
‘The Rebellion From Below’ and the Origins of Early Zionist Christianity

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Zionist Christianity emerged in South Africa out of the peasant revolt that occurred in the Boer Republics during and after the South African War. Using the experiences of early Zionist leaders Daniel Nkonyane and Engenas Lekganyane, the article demonstrates the continuity of their theology with the ideology of the ‘Rebellion From Below’ first described by Jeremy Krikler. The early Zionists, like their predecessors, were primarily interested in recreating a world based on communal politics and land ownership – a world without rents, landlords, or white supervision.
Implementation and information in teams

A risk-neutral principal hires risk-averse agents to work in a team production process. Each agent can observe the actions taken by some subset of the other agents, and (perhaps) the realization of a random variable which is correlated with output. The principal cannot observe actions or the random variable. However, the agents can communicate with the principal, and final output is verifiable. We characterize the information structures that make it possible for the principal to implement his first best. In general it will be desirable to restrict the information available to the agents. If the first best can be implemented, then it can be implemented by a very simple mechanism, in which each agent forecasts the team output, but sends no other message.
News Media Landscape in a Fragile State: Professional Ethics Perceptions in a Post-Ba'athist Iraq

During the years of Ba'athist dictator Saddam Hussein, media personnel were under tight control and tortured or executed when they strayed from the government line. In the decade following the fall of the Ba'athist regime, thousands of Iraqi journalists were trained in liberal democratic professional norms, and hundreds of news outlets opened even as some of the old patronage practices and violence continued. This study utilized Shoemaker and Reese's hierarchy of influences model to examine factors influencing a proxy indicator for professional ethics, the value of conflict of interest avoidance among a purposive sample of Iraqi journalists (N = 588). We found that the news media routines and ideological levels, though not strong, had the greatest influences on this conflict of interest avoidance perception criterion indicator, the proxy for professional ethics. The findings suggest a tension between liberal democratic journalism training at the routines level and ideological aspects, in some cases, such ...
Cellular covers of totally ordered abelian groups

Cellular covers of groups, and in particular, those of divisible abelian groups, were studied in [FARJOUN, E. D.—GOBEL, R.—SEGEV, Y.: Cellular covers of groups, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 208, (2007), 61–76], [CHA-CHOLSKI, W.—FARJOUN, E. D.—GOBEL, R.—SEGEV, Y.: Cellular covers of divisible abelian groups. In: Contemp. Math. 504, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2009, pp. 77–97], and continued in [FUCHS, L.—GOBEL, R.: Cellular covers of abelian groups, Results Math. 53, (2009), 59–76] for abelian groups in general. In this note we are investigating cellular covers in the category of totally ordered abelian groups (called o-cellular covers; for definition see Section 2). Some results are similar to those on torsion-free abelian groups (unordered), while others are completely different. For instance, though kernels of o-cellular covers can not be non-zero divisible groups (Lemma 3.1), they may contain non-zero divisible subgroups (Example 3.2); however, the divisible part can not be much larger than the reduced part (Theorem 3.4). There are o-groups, even among the additive subgroups of the rationals, whose o-cellular covers form a proper class (Theorem 4.3).
Maternal-fetal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus

The World Health Organization estimates that by year 2000, 10 million children will be infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at birth and will subsequently develop AIDS. Perinatally acquired infections account for the majority of all HIV-1 cases in children, with an estimated mother-to-infant transmission rate of more than 30%. It is not clear why more than half of the children born to HIV-1-infected mothers are uninfected. Maternal transmission of HIV-1 occurs at three levels: prepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum. Several maternal parameters including advanced clinical stages of the mother, low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, maternal immune response to HIV-1, recent infection, high level of circulating HIV-1, and maternal disease progression have been implicated in an increased risk of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1. Viral factors influencing mother-to-infant transmission are not known. Furthermore, several other factors such as acute infection during pregnancy, presence of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or other chronic infections, vaginal bleeding, disruption of placental integrity, premature rupture of membrane (PROM), and preterm PROM have been associated with mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1. In addition, tobacco and cigarette smoking during pregnancy have been shown to triple the rate of maternal transmission of HIV-1. The AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) suggested that zidovudine (ZDV) can reduce the rate of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1 if administered to HIV-1-infected pregnant women with CD4 counts greater than 200. Moreover, this study failed to take into consideration several factors that may influence maternal transmission of HIV-1. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1 are not understood, which makes it more difficult to define strategies for effective treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection in children. Several groups are engaged in the understanding of the molecular and biological properties of HIV-1 influencing mother-to-infant transmission. Results from my and several other laboratories suggest that the minor genotypes, subtypes, or variants of HIV-1 found in a genetically heterogeneous virus population of infected mothers are transmitted to their infants. The minor HIV-1 genotype predominates initially as a homogeneous population in the infant and then becomes diverse as the infant matures. Furthermore, transmission of a major or multiple HIV-1 genotypes from mother to infant has been reported. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that there are differences among the molecular and biological properties of the maternal variants that are transmitted to the infants and the maternal variants that are not transmitted to the infants. The understanding of the molecular and biological properties of the transmitted viruses will enable researchers to target a particular subtype in the mothers that is transmitted to the infants.
Cyclophosphoramidate ion as mass defect marker for efficient detection of protein serine phosphorylation.

A novel method is reported to modify the phosphate groups on phosphoserine peptides to the corresponding phosphoramidates, using 2-aminobenzylamine. Upon collision-induced dissociation, the modified peptides release the positively charged phosphoramidate that via gas-phase intramolecular elimination forms a cyclophosphoramidate (CyPAA) ion, the protonated form of 1,4-dihydro-2-hydroxy-2-oxobenzo[3,1,2]oxazaphosphorine. The positive nature of the ion eliminates the need for real-time instrument polarity switching and greatly increases the versatility of commonly used mass spectrometers for phosphopeptide analysis. This ion has sufficient mass defect, due to containing a phosphorus atom and a high content of oxygen atoms, which makes mass spectrometers of medium mass resolution and accuracy adequate for separating the ion from isobaric interfering ions. The specificity of the CyPAA ion for detecting phosphoserine peptides in complex peptide mixtures is comparable to the specificity of the phosphotyrosine im...
Note on liquid sloshing in a container of arbitrary shape

Vorliegende Mitteilung schlagt ein Verfahren zur naherungsweisen Bestimmung der Eigenfrequenzen einer schwingenden Flussigkeit mit freier Oberflache in einem Tank beliebiger geometrischer Gestalt vor. Die Flussigkeit wird als reibungsfrei, homogen und dichtebestandig, dic Stromung als wirbelfrei vorausgesetzt. Das Geschwindigkeitspotential wird in Form des Potentials einer einfachen Belegung angesetzt und eine Integralgleichung fur die Belegungsdichte hergeleitet. Als Frequenzgleichung ergibt sich eine Determinantenbedingung, welche die naherungsweise Berechnung der Eigenfrequenzen gestattet. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A1325111 00005
The Mating Strategy of the Male Short-tailed Cricket Anurogryllus muticus de Geer

Males of Anurogryllus muticus de Geer call with a sound intensity of 92–95 dB SPL/20 cm. The nightly calling time is 198 ± 79.5 min. Singing begins with the onset of darkness, and is under circadian control (τLL = 25.35 h). At 27 ° C, O2-consumption during rest is 1.7 ml/h/g, whereas for calling O2-consumption rises to 10.76 ml/h/g. According to the CO2/O2 ratio, A. muticus burns carbohydrates and lipids at rest, but mostly lipids during stridulation (R = 0.8). The type of fuel oxidized is rapidly adjusted to the particular behavior expressed. The testes serve as a reservoir for lipids, and their lipid level rises from 33.2 ± 15.4 μg/mg tissue at the imaginal molt to 95.2 ± 43.1 μg/mg tissue by the age of 30 days, although by that time testis size has shrunk by 90 %. Multiple, brief matings compensate for short calling times due to high energy expenditure. Comparative data for Teleogryllus oceanicus and T. commodus are given, where appropriate.
Medical direction of wilderness and other operational emergency medical services programs

Within a healthcare system, operational emergency medical services (EMS) programs provide prehospital emergency care to patients in austere and resource-limited settings. Some of these programs are additionally considered to be wilderness EMS programs, a specialized type of operational EMS program, as they primarily function in a wilderness setting (eg, wilderness search and rescue, ski patrols, water rescue, beach patrols, and cave rescue). Other operational EMS programs include urban search and rescue, air medical support, and tactical law enforcement response. The medical director will help to ensure that the care provided follows protocols that are in accordance with local and state prehospital standards, while accounting for the unique demands and needs of the environment. The operational EMS medical director should be as qualified as possible for the specific team that is being supervised. The medical director should train and operate with the team frequently to be effective. Adequate provision for compensation, liability, and equipment needs to be addressed for an optimal relationship between the medical director and the team.
de Gennes' triclinic smectics – not so far-fetched after all

Study of the optical symmetry of the high-temperature liquid crystal phase of the bent core molecule NORABOW produces the first direct evidence for a material having fluid layers with internally stabilised triclinic symmetry, exhibiting the SmCPG structure: spontaneous in-plane polar ordering as well as substantial coherent molecular tilt in two Euler angles, giving an optical dielectric tensor with none of the principal axes oriented in or normal to the layer plane. The resulting C1 symmetry makes NORABOW layers the least symmetric fluids. This triclinic layer structure is found to be robust, depending little on the relative state of neighbouring layers or position relative to the air interface.
The type material of Mantodea (praying mantises) deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA

The collection of Mantodea of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, includes 26 holotypes, 7 allotypes, 4 lectotypes, 23 paratypes, and 1 paralectotype. Four type specimens were designated as lectotypes within this work. Highly accurate measurement data, high resolution images of specimens and labels, verbatim label data, georeferenced coordinates, original and newly assigned database codes, and bibliographic data are presented for all primary types. Label data for all paratype specimens in the collection are provide in tabular form. The location of the USNM collection has been moved to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History as a loan under the Off-site Enhancement Program.
Are vitamin D receptor agonists like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors without side effects?

Vitamin D receptor agonists (VDRAs) inhibit the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and reduce podocyte loss and fibrosis over and above RAS blockade. Several studies in humans show that VDRAs are antiproteinuric and have the potential to delay the progression of renal disease. Whether VDRAs will accomplish this goal among proteinuric patients with chronic kidney disease needs to be tested in randomized controlled trials.
Bacterial degradation of nicotinic acid.

A BACTERIUM utilizing nicotinic acid was isolated from culture media made up of a solution of nicotinic acid and dilute sodium sulphide and inoculated with a small amount of Potomac mud. After allowing the bacteria to grow anaerobically, several successive transfers were made into a medium containing nicotinic acid, peptone, yeast extract, metals, phosphate and sodium sulphide. The mixed bacterial suspension was then serially diluted in agar media of the same composition under anaerobic conditions. This serial dilution was repeated until the bacterium utilizing nicotinic acid was isolated in pure culture. By this enrichment culture technique, an anaerobic spore-forming rod was isolated which ferments nicotinic acid and which utilizes high concentrations of this compound for its growth. Maximum growth is achieved in the presence of 0.6 per cent yeast extract, 0.2 per cent peptone and 0.4 per cent nicotinic acid. No growth occurs with yeast extract and peptone alone. Neither will the bacterium grow on nicotinic acid as a sole source of carbon.
Theorems and Bounds Relating to the Two-Photon Decay of the Pion

An exact bound on the pi /sup o/-2 gamma vertex function is derived. From it, it is possible to estimate bounds to the corrections to the vector- dominance model, the anomalous constant S, and the asymptotic behavior of the form factor. A theorem is derived which states that, under specific assumptions, the coefficient (K) of the axial current in the short distance expansion of two electromagnetic currents is finite if sigma /sub e+ e/sup - l/s, but vanishes if sigma /sub e+ e- falls faster. (auth)
Signal transduction pathways in oligodendrocytes: Role of tumor necrosis factor-α

Abstract We have used a combination of electrophysiological and biochemical approaches to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of action of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on cultured oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Our studies have led to the following conclusions: (1) prolonged exposure of mature ovine OLGs to TNF-α leads to inhibition of process extension, membrane depolarization and a decrease in the amplitudes of both inwardly rectifying and outward K+ currents; (2) brief exposure of OLGs to TNF-α does not elicit membrane depolarization or consistent changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels; (3) incubation of OLGs with TNF-α for 1 hr results in inhibition of phosphorylation of myelin basic protein and 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase. Ceramides, which have been shown to be effectors of TNF-α, are ineffective in inhibiting phosphorylation, whereas sphingomyelinase mimicks TNF-α in this action. These observations suggest that other products of sphingomyelin hydrolysis may be the mediator(s) of TNF-α effect on protein phosphorylation. We have thus demonstrated that TNF-α can perturb the functions of OLGs via modulation of ion channels and of protein phosphorylation without necessarily inducing cell death. It is conceivable that modulation of ion channels and protein phosphorylation constitutes effective mechanisms for the participation of cytokines in signal transduction during myelination, demyelination and remyelination.
3D Electrostatics of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors

The three dimensional (3D) electrostatics of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) is studied by solving the Poisson equation self consistently with equilibrium carrier statistics of CNTFETs. The 3D Poisson equation is solved using the method of moments. We examine how the 3D environment affects the electrostatics of a 30 nm intrinsic CNT under equilibrium conditions. We show that for a CNTFET with a planar gate, the scaling length (the distance by which the source and drain fields penetrate into the channel) is mostly determined by the gate oxide thickness. The contact geometry can also play an important role on the scaling length. A smaller contact results in shorter scaling length and better gate control. We finally show that the top gated geometry offers obvious advantage over the bottom gated geometry in terms of gate electrostatic control.
The Importance of Assessing for Abuse and Neglect in Children With Chronic Health Conditions Referred for Neuropsychological Evaluation

Chronic childhood illnesses have been demonstrated to negatively impact family functioning by introducing new or additive stress on all members of the family system, as well as by increasing financial burden and social isolation. Although these factors have not necessarily been shown to have a direct causal effect on increased rates of abuse in children with chronic illnesses, these children have nonetheless been demonstrated to be at greater risk for neglect and physical and sexual abuse. Children with chronic health care needs are increasingly likely to be referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Thorough assessment of maltreatment would be a valuable addition to all neuropsychological evaluations of children presenting with chronic health conditions.
Lithographically patterned single-domain cobalt islands for high-density magnetic recording

Abstract We have used direct-write electron beam lithography and a multistep masking and milling process to pattern islands with feature sizes down to 0.1 μm out of a 200 A thick polycrystalline cobalt film. We have examined the physical structure of these islands using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and also with an atomic force microscope. Magnetic force microscopy images of islands of various sizes indicate that magnetic islands smaller than about 0.15 μm are usually single domain. Such small particles contain only 100 grains per island or less, and the magnetocrystalline anisotropies of these grains do not completely average out. The resultant net magnetocrystalline anisotropy can sometimes overwhelm the shape anisotropy, leading to unpredictably oriented easy axes of magnetization and variations in magnetic characteristics from island to island.
Electroconvulsive Thresholds in Rats as Functions of Various Types of Stimulating Currents

(1950). Electroconvulsive Thresholds in Rats as Functions of Various Types of Stimulating Currents. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 157-170.
Emergency Response Plans and Needs of Communities with Limited English Proficiency

A major component of an emergency plan is a well-organized evacuation proposal that takes into consideration all people with special needs and that uses all available resources. Given the wide distribution of people with limited English proficiency (LEP) in America's urban areas, especially large metropolitan areas, issues related to LEP communities will occur when large numbers of citizens are evacuated in emergencies. This paper presents a picture of LEP communities, their needs and preferences, and potential concerns for LEP communities in the case of an emergency. The paper raises the issue of addressing LEP populations in the design of emergency plans and proposes tactics that can be used to assist and expedite the evacuation of LEP communities.
INTERSECTION THEORIES AND CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS III

We investigate the properties of certain operators that were used in previous papers to create geometric and algebraic intersection number functions. Using these operators we show how to construct a general intersection theory and then we investigate properties of certain polynomials that arise naturally in this context. We indicate connections to twin primes.
Identification of a TXREB pseudogene (TXREBP) located between the genes for p55 (MPP1) and G6PD on Xq28

A fibroblast cDNA library was screened by hybridization to a yeast artificial chromosome containing genomic sequences from human Xq28. The majority of positive cDNA clones were found to correspond to the cDNA coding for TXREB, an HTLV-1 enhancer-binding protein. Sequence analysis of the Xq28 genomic DNA revealed a number of deleterious changes compared to the previously reported cDNA. In addition, both the genomic DNA and cDNA isolates were found to be lacking a 599-bp sequence, bracketed by GT and AG, in the 5' untranslated region. These results suggest that the Xq28-linked gene is a processed pseudogene for TXREB and that the previously reported cDNA was only partially processed. Southern blot analysis on a hybrid mapping panel confirmed the presence of at least one autosomal gene for TXREB, and Northern blot hybridization with the 599-bp putative intron probe confirmed that the sequence is not part of the mature mRNA. Further analysis showed that the gene is expressed in a variety of human tissues and that the pseudogene is located between the genes for the proteins p55 and G6PD.
Unusual Etiology of Esophageal Perforation

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Two clinical cases of esophageal perforation following chronic nontuberculous empyema are presented. This is a rare occurrence. Conservative therapy proved to be satisfactory. It is believed that the increased use of the antibiotics will continue to lower the frequency of nontuberculous empyemata together with the incidence of esophageal perforations from this source.
Inversion For S-wave Velocity From ODP Sonic Logging Data

SUMMARY A recently published waveform inversion method is used to extract S-wave velocity from a few waveforms recorded in soft formations. A novel feature of the method is that it does not require estimates of the source and receiver transfer functions. This feature is useful for borehole problems as the sourcereceiver transfer functions may be different for different source-receiver pairs, and vary with depth due to changes of coupling with depth in the hole. actural values. Although Cheng’s spectral ratio eliminates the effects of the unknown source spectrum, it requires accurate estimates of the two receiver transfer functions. Recently Frazer & Sun (1998) presented waveform inversion techniques that are blind to the source wavelet and receiver transfer function. Their fourwise technique is developed here with reference to the LSS data. The LSS tool has two sources and two receivers (Fig 1), so at each depth only four full waveforms are recorded. THEORY
Standardizing utilization of biomarkers in diagnosis and management of acute cardiac syndromes

Publications on the development and use of myocardial markers have exploded in the decade of the 1990s. According to subscriptions to proficiency testing surveys, enzymatic measurement of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes have largely been replaced by CK-MB mass immunoassays. Laboratories reporting use of myoglobin and cardiac troponin have increased tremendously over the past few years. In this field of medicine where there have been dramatic changes, development of consensus guidelines can be helpful to provide assistance to clinicians and laboratorians as to how they can make the best use of new cardiac markers for clinical practice.
Ty1‐Mediated Integration of Expression Cassettes: Host Strain Effects, Stability, and Product Synthesis

The yeast retrotransposon Ty1 has been used to insert multiple copies of heterologous genes into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amplification using a GAL1-regulated Ty1 element carrying a 4.6 kilobase pair expression cassette (Escherichia coli lacZ structural gene under the control of the yeast CUP1 promoter, and the bacterial neo gene) was compared with that of a GAL1-regulated Ty1 element carrying only the neo gene. Mobilization of Ty1 was induced from a chromosomal element and a 2 mu-plasmid-based element; similar results were obtained for both locations. The two marked Ty1 cassettes were successfully integrated into the genomes of three different S. cerevisiae strains. Efficiencies were found to vary significantly between strains. The size of the inserted cassette was also important; the efficiency for the CUP1p-lacZ-neo cassette was much lower than that for the neo cassette in the same host. All amplified copies were found to be quite stable with or without expression for at least 50 generation in nonselective medium; moreover, there were no significant effects on the growth of the cells. After integration, beta-galactosidase specific activity from the lacZ construct in the three hosts was found to correlate well with the copy number of the CUP1p-lacZ expression cassette amplified by the Ty1 retrotransposon.
POSH misexpression induces caspase-dependent cell death in Drosophila

POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) is a scaffold for signaling proteins regulating cell survival. Specifically, POSH promotes assembly of a complex including Rac GTPase, mixed lineage kinase (MLK), MKK7, and Jun kinase (JNK). In Drosophila, genetic analysis implicated POSH in Tak1-dependent innate immune response, in part through regulation of JNK signaling. Homologs of the POSH signaling complex components, MLK and MKK7, are essential in Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure. Using a gain-of-function approach, we tested whether POSH plays a role in this process. Ectopic expression of POSH in the embryo causes dorsal closure defects due to apoptosis of the amnioserosa, but ectodermal JNK signaling is normal. Phenotypic consequences of POSH expression were found to be dependent on Drosophila Nc, the caspase-9 homolog, but only partially on Tak1 and not at all on Slpr and Hep. These results suggest that POSH may use different signaling complexes to promote cell death in distinct contexts. Developmental Dynamics 239:651–664, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Dual Intracultural and Intercultural Relationship between Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Consensus1

The Dual Intracultural and Intercultural Relationship between Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Consensus In the present manuscript, consensus analysis was applied to make an intracultural and intercultural comparison of medicinal plant knowledge in two groups of traditional healers from the Andes and Amazon regions in Bolivia, respectively. The ethnobotanical research methodology included field trips for plant collection in the presence of a healer and semistructured interviews, with dried and pressed plant specimens as a probe to ask questions about these plants’ medicinal uses (180 and 126 species in the Andes and Amazon, respectively). Plant use data were analyzed through calculation of the number of species known medicinally, an ethnobotanical index of consensus, and cluster analysis. The results point to a dual link between medicinal plant knowledge and consensus, which is positive at the group (cultural) level but negative at the level of the individual participant. As a group, Andean healers (N = 8) reported more medicinal plant uses and also agreed more often about these uses than their Amazonian peers (N = 7). However, an intracultural comparison shows that an individual healer who holds more plant knowledge often agrees less with other healers about the medicinal uses of these plants, and hence possesses a higher degree of idiosyncratic knowledge. These results demonstrate the challenge to extrapolate knowledge of individual participants to a community or even a cultural group. The careful selection of participants merits considerable attention before the start of fieldwork since interviewing the most knowledgeable healer in a community does not automatically imply that representative (general and commonly-shared) cultural information about medicinal plants will be recorded.
Solid-State 13C Chemical Shift Tensors in Terpenes. 2. NMR Characterization of Distinct Molecules in the Asymmetric Unit and Steric Influences on Shift in Parthenolide

PHORMAT and FIREMAT solid-state NMR analyses provide all of the 13C tensor principal values for the carbons in solid parthenolide which contains two molecules per asymmetric crystallographic unit and 15 carbons per molecule. Only one pair of the isotropic lines is degenerate, thus 29 different sets of principal values have been measured along with the 29 isotropic resonances. The FIREMAT signal-to-noise per unit time is significantly higher than PHORMAT thereby allowing a more accurate 13C tensor analysis in an experiment taking much less time. This FIREMAT feature is especially beneficial for the inherently broader sp2 carbon spectral bands. Comparison of experimental tensor principal values with those computed from X-ray coordinates provides shift assignments for all carbon pairs. This comparison also clearly differentiates between shifts arising from the two specific molecules in the asymmetric unit for 7 of the 15 pairs of carbons. Two additional pairs of carbons may be assigned to specific molecules ...
The mechanism of antibody inhibition of proton pumping by cytochrome oxidase vesicles

Abstract Antibodies previously shown to inhibit vectorial proton translocation through cytochrome oxidase vesicles were converted to F(ab′) 2 and Fab′. Neither fragment inhibited proton pumping, although binding capacity was present. However, when a surrogate Fc was added to F(ab′) 2 , inhibition of proton translocation was restored; indicating that the inhibition is due to steric hindrance. These results provide insight into mechanisms of energy transduction by oxidase.
International Threshold Limits Values—1963

Abstract The activities and recommendations of the Second International Symposium on Permissible Limits of Air of Workplaces are briefly reviewed. Basic aspects of various methods of developing and establishing limits and standards are considered with comments. Agreement was reached that substances be classed in three groups: Group I—primarily acute toxic response; Group II—primarily cumulative response; and Group III—carcinogens and sensitively acting substances.
Success, Succession, and Adam Smith

ABS>It is the belief of the author that the dependence of man on nature is, more than the crisis of energy and more than the developing crisis of world economics, the emergent scientific and political issue of the next year. It is always taught that the pressures on the environment are the result of population increase. An additional pressure is human activities. World supplies of energy are finite. The challenge is to recognize the dependence of man on the Earth's biota and to bend phenomenal scientific and technological resources to see that the biota is preserved and enhanced in the most energetic way. It is a challenge to redirect growth to such that 7 billion people in about 30 years survive successfully. (MCW)
New combinations and typifications in Bistorta, Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex (Polygonaceae)

New combinations are proposed in anticipation of the Polygonaceae treatment in the forthcoming volume of Intermountain Flora: Polygonum kelloggii var. esotericum, P. kelloggii var. watsonii,Rumex densiflorus var. pycnanthus,R. salicifolius var. utahensis, and R. occidentalis var. tomentellus. Typifications are proposed to facilitate ongoing studies in Polygonaceae and to maintain current usage.
The Green Revolution's ghost: Unruly subjects of participatory development in rural Indonesia

After the Batu Hijau mine in Sumbawa, Indonesia, began operating in 2000, mine managers identified area farmers as a top security risk because they were threatening to shut down the mine unless they were given jobs there. Among various efforts to get local residents “back on the land,” the mine began sponsoring participatory integrated pest management trainings that were supposed to turn residents into productive and self-reliant subjects. Instead, these trainings evoked subjects who claimed—through their resistance to certain aspects of the trainings—that they were dependent on and entitled to conventional forms of development aid from the mine. [participatory development, subjectivity, Indonesia, mining, environment]
The ever-expanding RNA world

RNA is perhaps the most mystical molecule in life. As a single molecule endowed with both informational and catalytic capacities, it was proposed by Alexander Rich 52 years ago to be the first molecule that self-replicated at the origin of life, to be taken over by DNA only later. Although this ‘RNA world’ (vividly phrased by Walter Gilbert in 1986) remains an enticing yet unproven hypothesis, the crucial roles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) in transcribing and translating genetic information into proteins and, in turn, life processes have been indisputably established and extensively illustrated in the past half-century, as elegantly simplified in the central dogma of molecular biology. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) since early 1993 further enriched the dogma by revealing that these two classes of small non-coding RNAs mediate new mechanisms that regulate the turnover and translation of mRNAs. In the past 10 years, the advent of the DNA deep-sequencing technology further allowed the discovery of an even larger RNA world full of various types of novel non-coding RNAs, such asmillions of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
Is There Anything Beyond the Solution

When I finished writing down the solution of Grand Problem I, I did not want to think about anything else. It was time to celebrate. I took a nice walk around Quail Lake.