cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertonicity activates pulmonary vagal afferents independently of vasoconstriction

Abstract Injecting hypertonic saline into the lung periphery causes a vagally mediated neural hyperpnea and tachypnea (the excitatory lung reflex, ELR). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that hypertonic saline activates lung afferents mainly by increasing fluid flux from pulmonary vessels into the alveoli. If our hypothesis is correct, reducing perfusion of the vagal sensory region will reduce the fluid flux and attenuate the ELR. In anesthetized, open chest and mechanically ventilated rabbits, using intravital video microscopy, we confirmed that topical KCl (100 mM) constricted sub-pleural blood vessels and limited blood flow significantly, as indicated by a 43.3 ± 9% decrease in arteriolar diameters (p
Simulating the impacts of groundwater pumping on stream–aquifer dynamics in semiarid northwestern Oklahoma, USA

Visual MODFLOW, a numerical groundwater flow model, was used to evaluate the impacts of groundwater exploitation on streamflow depletion in the Alluvium and Terrace aquifer of the Beaver-North Canadian River (BNCR) in northwestern Oklahoma, USA. Water demand in semi-arid northwestern Oklahoma is projected to increase by 53% during the next five decades, driven primarily by irrigation, public water supply, and agricultural demand. Using MODFLOW’s streamflow routing package, pumping-induced changes in baseflow and stream leakage were analyzed to estimate streamflow depletion in the BNCR system. Simulation results indicate groundwater pumping has reduced baseflow to streams by approximately 29% and has also increased stream leakage into the aquifer by 18% for a net streamflow loss of 47%. The magnitude and intensity of streamflow depletion, however, varies for different stream segments, ranging from 0 to 20,804 m3/d. The method provides a framework for isolating and quantifying impacts of aquifer pumping on stream function in semiarid alluvial environments.
Magnetism or bonding: A nearly periodic table of transition elements

Abstract A table of the transition metal elements is constructed to show their dominant electronic features. The strictly periodic table of the elements is misleading for the study of many useful metallic materials. The actinide series is central to this new view.
Synthesis and molecular structures of mononitrosyl (N2S2)M(NO) complexes (M = Fe, Co).

A series of tetragonally distorted square pyramids of formula N2S2M(NO) (M = Fe, Co) is prepared and characterized by nu(NO) IR and EPR spectroscopies, magnetism and electrochemical properties, as well as solid-state crystal structure determinations. While the nu(NO) IR frequencies and the angleM-N-O angles indicate differences in the electronic environment of NO consistent with the Enemark-Feltham notation of [Fe(NO)]7 and [Co(NO)]8, the reduction potentials, assigned to [Fe(NO)]7 + e- [Fe(NO)]8 and [Co(NO)]8 + e- [Co(NO)]9 respectively, are very similar, and in cases identical, for most members of the series. Coupled with the potential for the M(NO) units to breathe out of and into the N2S2 core plane are unique S-M-N-O torsional arrangements and concomitant pi-bonding interactions which may account for the unusual coherence of reduction potentials within the series.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to myelin basic protein

A solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of anti-myelin basic protein (BP) in sera. Antigen was adsorbed to glass test tubes, reacted with rat anti-BP sera, followed by 125I-labeled rabbit anti-rat IgG. This assay was capable of detection of specific antibody at low nanogram per ml levels, was technically simple, and the results correlated well with established procedures.
Calculating the diffusivity of Cu and Sn in Cu3Sn intermetallic by molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to calculate the diffusivity of Cu and Sn atoms in the Cu 3 Sn intermetallic compound. Our MD results show that Cu atoms are the dominant diffusion species in Cu 3 Sn. The diffusion coefficient of Cu atoms in Cu 3 Sn is about 17 times higher at room temperature (300 K), and 7 times higher at the annealing temperature (423 K) than that of Sn. This large difference in diffusivity between Cu and Sn is believed to be the main cause of Kirkendall void formation within the Cu 3 Sn layer in lead-free solder joints.
Specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding activity in digitonin-solubilized preparations from bovine brain.

Abstract Receptors for the specific muscarinic radioligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) were solubilized by digitonin from a particulate preparation of bovine brain without significant alteration in binding affinities for muscarinic antagonists. Electron microscopy and sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis confirmed the solubility of these receptors in aqueous solutions of digitonin. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of [3H]QNB binding to solubilized receptors indicated that binding was stereoselective and was blocked by muscarinic compounds. These tests permit tentative identification of digitonin-solubilized [3H]QNB binding sites as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Digitonin-solubilized receptors were homogeneous with respect to sedimentation behavior and binding affinities for agonist and antagonist drugs, unlike membrane-bound receptors. Enzyme digestion studies and treatment with group-specific reagents indicated that muscarinic receptors are proteins whose binding activity could be disrupted by reduction with dithiothreitol or by modification of sulfhydryl residues.
Effect of Gap Size on Tip Leakage Cavitation Inception, Associated Noise and Flow Structure

This paper focuses on the onset of tip-leakage cavitation on a fixed hydrofoil. The objectives are to investigate the effect of gap size on the flow structure, conditions of cavitation inception, the associated bubble dynamics and cavitation noise. The same hydrofoil with three tip gap sizes of 12%, 28%, and 52% of the maximum tip thickness are studied. Controlled cavitation tests are performed after de-aerating the water in the tunnel and using electrolysis to generate cavitation nuclei. The experiments consist of simultaneously detecting cavitation inception using a 2000 fps digital camera (visual) and two accelerometers (acoustic) mounted on the test section windows. To obtain the time-dependent noise spectra, portions of the signal containing cavitation noise are analyzed using Hilbert-Huang transforms. Rates of cavitation events as a function of the cavitation index (σ) for the three gap sizes are also measured
Possible Mesozoic age of Ellenville Zn-Pb-Cu(Ag) deposit, Shawangunk Mountains, New York

Ore textures, epithermal open-space filling of Permian structures of the Alleghanian orogeny, and largely postorogenic mineralization of the Ellenville, New York, composite Zn-Pb-Cu(Ag) vein system, provide permissive evidence for post-Permian mineralization. Isochron ages determined by 40Ar/39Ar laser-fusion techniques for K-bearing liquid inclusions in main-stage quartz from the Ellenville deposit additionally suggest a Mesozoic time of mineralization, associated with extensional formation of the Newark basin. The best 40Ar/39Ar total-fusion age range is 165 ± 30 to 193 ± 35 Ma. The Mesozoic 40Ar/39Ar age agrees with that of many other dated northern Appalachian Zn-Pb-Cu(Ag) deposits with near-matching lead isotope ratios, and adds new evidence of Jurassic tectonism and mineralization as an overprint to Late Paleozoic tectonism at least as far north as Ellenville (lat. 41°43′N).
The transient stress field near the tip of a stationary crack in a material undergoing creep-constraint grain boundary cavitation

Abstract The influence of cavitation on the transient stress field near the tip of a Mode I plane strain stationary crack is examined using a phenomenological constitutive model proposed by Hutchinson for the steady state creep of polycrystalline materials under creep constrained grain cavitation. The time history of the amplitude of the singular stress field near the crack tip is computed for the special case of a plane strain edge crack under a suddenly applied constant load. The effect of non-uniform distribution of cavitating facets on the near tip stress field is analyzed by assuming that the density of a cavitating facet is piecewise constant.
Interferons in the treatment of malignant melanoma. A review of recent trials

Malignant melanoma is one of the several human tumors against which interferons have demonstrated significant antitumor activity. Such activity was first observed in early clinical trials with natural human leukocyte interferon; 4 of 75 patients in different institutions achieved partial response to treatment and 5 patients showed minor regression of disease. Subsequentlyin a number of trials conducted with recombinant leukocyte interferonsantitumor activity against melanoma was observed consistently. Recombinant interferons have also revealed remarkable activity against malignant melanoma in the human tumor stem-cell assaywith 18 of 60 samples (30%) showing marked inhibition in tumor growth. Recombinant interferons from two different sources were tested in Phase I and Phase II trials against malignant melanoma. In one Phase I trial with interferon alfa-2b, 4 of 23 patients responded to treatment. In another Phase I study using recombinant interferon alfa-2a, 3 of 20 patients achieved objective responses. More recentlya number of Phase II trials were initiated and the detailed results of two Phase II studies have been published. In the first trial using recombinant leukocyte interferon at a dosage of 50 × 106 U/m2 three times a weekobjective regression of tumor was observed in 7 of 31 patientsfor a response rate of 22%. Because of severe toxicity associated with this dosagea second Phase II trial was conducted using a dosage of 12 × 106 U/m2 three times a weekand 6 of 30 patients experienced objective regression of diseasefor a response rate of 20%. Based on the results of these early trials with recombinant leukocyte interferona number of clinical trials using different species of interferon at different doses and treatment schedules were initiated. The preliminary results of these trials are reported here.
Thermal response of infinitely extended layered nickel-titanium shape memory alloy thin film with variable material properties

This paper reports a study of the thermal response of an infinitely extended shape memory alloy thin film. Motivated by experiments reported in the literature about SMA thin films on a silicon substrate, the thin film is taken to have three layers from the bottom to the top – an amorphous layer, a non-transforming austenitic layer and a transforming SMA layer. The boundary conditions are taken to be adiabatic and convective at the bottom of the film and the top respectively. The material properties of the transforming layer (thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and specific heat) are taken to evolve hysteretically with temperature, commencing from an initial room temperature state of martensite. All the results are presented in non-dimensional form. The steady state results are compared with an analytical solution. The computations of the transient response are carried out with ANSYS. The thermal response of the 3-layer model is compared with that of a 1-layer model (where the entire film is a SMA transforming layer) and it is seen that the the temperature of the top surface for the 3-layer model is higher than that of the 1-layer model. It is also seen that the evolution of the specific heat has the least effect whereas the evolution of the electrical resistivity has the most effect on the thermal response of the 3-layer model. The thermal response of the infinitely extended films provides a benchmark against which the response of finite sized films can be assessed.
Experience with Bayesian Reliability Measurement of Large Systems

Experience with two methods of Bayesian reliability measurement is described. An aerospace subsystem was evaluated assuming continuous gamma-distributed component failure rates. Priors were developed by conventional reliability prediction methods based on handbook data. The ``strength'' of the prior was expressed in terms of variance about a predicted mean. Comparative evaluation was also made by a classical technique during a test program extending over 10 months. The Bayesian method was preferred though problems inherent in the method were apparent. More recently, a complex marine system was evaluated over a one-year period using a Bayesian formulation in which the failure rate is described by a discrete probability distribution with nonuniform cell widths. This technique avoids some of the operational problems of continuous formulations. Experience with Bayesian methods leaves little doubt of their utility as evaluation tools. The philosophical problems, however, remain as intransigent as ever.
“If your roommate dies, you get a 4.0”: Reclaiming rumor with burke and organizational culture

The study argues for a reconsideration of rumor from an interpretive perspective. The study articulates a theoretical perspective that combines organizational culture with Burke's guilt‐purification‐redemption cycle. The perspective is then used to study the rumor, “If your roommate dies, you get a 4.0.” The study concludes that students use the rumor to make sense of and to cope with problematic aspects of their university‐life pertaining to roommates, academic pressures, and hierarchical relations between students and the university administration.
The Oregon State University Mini Malter

In the past 30 years the growing micro brewing community has stimulated research in the science of brewing beer. The Oregon State University (OSU) food science and crop science departments are resources for such research. There has existed a gap between the two departments that hinders the combination of their work. This gap is the production of malted barley, which is a key ingredient in beer. There currently exists no industry equivalent that can malt a batch size on a scale appropriate for the OSU food science brewery. This factor was the motivation for the mini malter project. This project was a collaborative effort between the schools of mechanical, industrial, manufacturing engineering and food science technology to design and build a prototype malting machine. The design chosen was a round stainless steel vessel for washing, steeping, germinating and kilning. Its main capability is incorporating all the different processes required for malting barley into a single machine. These multiple systems are controlled by a dedicated PC, data acquisition and conditioning hardware, and a custom LabVIEW program. After calibrating to produce malt similar to industry standard the mini malter has become a permanent addition to the food science department. The mini malter has also attracted interest from local brewers and barley farmers.© 2012 ASME
Stimulus specific effect of scotophobin on mouse plasma corticoids

Abstract Scotophobin is a peptide previously extracted from brains of rodents shocked in the dark compartment of a white/dark apparatus and identified as the behaviorally active dark avoidance-inducing factor. This study attempted to ascertain whether a stable synthetic analog of scotophobin induced no adrenocortical stress reaction, a generalized, unconditioned stress reaction, or a stress reaction selectively triggered by the dark compartment of the apparatus. Twenty eight mice were injected IP with the synthetic substance and 28 with placebo. A day later half of each group was placed in the dark compartment and the other half in the light compartment. Fifteen min afterward, the animals were bled, and serum samples were obtained. Plasma corticoid levels were determined by radioassay. Only the animals injected with scotophobin analog and exposed to the dark box had elevatd levels. The interaction effect between drug treatment and light or dark environment was highly significant.
Uniformities in OSA-UCS and in NCS tested by color difference prediction based on principal hue components

The OSA uniform color system is a 3-D collection of color samples according to the regular rhombohedral structure in which each color is surrounded by its 12 nearest neighbors, all perceptually equally different (local uniformity). The Swedish NCS system is a 3-D collection of color samples that vary gradually in each of the three perceptual attributes. It is not clear that this arrangement implies all neighboring pairs along the respective coordinates being perceptually equally different (local uniformity). Of pairs (j,k) of interest, predicted color differences djk were calculated that have the following property. Suppose an observer selects a pair of Munsell grays (Va, Vb) that matches in size with the color difference between (j,k), then djk=|Va-Vb| is predicted by djk, on the average, with error of 0.34 in Munsell V-unit. Variation of djk in this unit was in the order of 0.22V for nearest neighboring pairs (j,k) in various cleavage planes of OSA-UCS and in the order of 0.11V for neighboring pairs (j,k) along s-coordinate and c-coordinate in sheets with fixed hue of NCS. Both were well within the prediction error range, but some systematic trends in values of djk were found.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparing the regional accrediation standards: outcomes assessment and other trends

An analysis of the current and draft standards and relevant supporting documentation of the regional accreditation commissions reveals a greater emphasis on outcomes assessment, distance education, information literacy, and encouragement for collaboration, innovation, and experimentation in teaching and learning. This article discusses the trends in the standards and makes recommendations for academic libraries.
Effects of Visible Light on the Skin

Electromagnetic radiation has vast and diverse effects on human skin. Although photobiologic studies of sunlight date back to Sir Isaac Newton in 1671, most available studies focus on the UV radiation part of the spectrum. The effects of visible light and infrared radiation have not been, until recently, clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to highlight the effects of visible light on the skin. As a result of advances in the understanding of skin optics, and comprehensive studies regarding the absorption spectrum of endogenous and exogenous skin chromophores, various biologic effects have been shown to be exerted by visible light radiation including erythema, pigmentation, thermal damage and free radical production. It has also been shown that visible light can induce indirect DNA damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, a number of photodermatoses have an action spectrum in the visible light range, even though most of the currently available sunscreens offer, if any, weak protection against visible light. Conversely, because of its cutaneous biologic effects, visible light is used for the treatment of a variety of skin diseases and esthetic conditions in the form of lasers, intense pulsed light and photodynamic therapy.
Secretion of the sweet-tasting plant protein thaumatin by Streptomyces lividans

To produce and direct the export inStreptomyces lividans of the sweet plant protein thaumatin, thaumatin II cDNA was fused in the correct reading frame to the β-galactosidase leader peptide, under the control of the β-galactosidase promoter and ribosome binding site. The export of the recombinant thaumatin may allow the correct formation of the thaumatin disulfide bonds. The recombinant thaumatin was purified from the medium on an S-Sepharose column and detected with western blots by sheep α-thaumatin antibodies. The recombinant thaumatin was the same size as authentic thaumatin and changed position on an acrylamide gel in response to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol in the same manner.
Immersed Boundary Method for Variable Viscosity and Variable Density Problems Using Fast Constant-Coefficient Linear Solvers I: Numerical Method and Results

We present a general variable viscosity and variable density immersed boundary method that is first-order accurate in the variable density case and, for problems possessing sufficient regularity, second-order accurate in the constant density case. The viscosity and density are considered material properties and are defined by a dynamically updated tesselation. Empirical convergence rates are reported for a test problem of a two-dimensional viscoelastic shell with spatially varying material properties. The reduction to first-order accuracy in the variable density case can be avoided by using an iterative scheme, although this approach may not be efficient enough for practical use. In our time-stepping scheme, both the inertial and viscous terms are split into two parts: a constant-coefficient part that is treated implicitly, and a variable-coefficient part that is treated explicitly. This splitting allows the resulting equations to be solved efficiently using fast constant-coefficient linear solvers, and i...
Poston on similarity and acquaintance

In this article, I try to defend my conception of noninferential justification from important criticisms raised by Ted Poston in a recent article published in Philosophical Studies. More specifically, I argue that from within the framework of an acquaintance theory, one can still allow for fallible noninferential justification, and one can do so without losing the advantages I claim for the theory.
Brain perfusion imaging

Abstract Recent advances in both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) technology and a new emphasis on thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke have brought brain perfusion studies to the forefront of neuroimaging clinical practice and research. Although brain perfusion studies long have been possible with nuclear medicine techniques, singlephoton emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in particular, these techniques are not particularly amenable to the acute stroke setting. This article will review the basic concepts of brain perfusion imaging in the context of acute stroke. The focus will be on CT and MR perfusion. The methodology, technical aspects and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the individual techniques will be discussed. Additionally, xenon CT methods and perfusion imaging of other central nervous system (CNS) pathology will be briefly addressed.
Mapping the structure of knowledge for teaching nominal categorical data analysis

This report describes a model for mapping cognitive structures related to content knowledge for teaching. The model consists of knowledge elements pertinent to teaching a content domain, the nature of the connections among them, and a means for representing the elements and connections visually. The model is illustrated through empirical data generated as prospective teachers were in the process of developing knowledge for teaching nominal categorical data analysis. During a course focused on the development of statistical knowledge for teaching, the prospective teachers analyzed statistical problems, descriptions of children’s statistical thinking, and related classroom scenarios. Their analyses suggested various types of knowledge structures in development. In some cases, they constructed all knowledge elements targeted in the course. In many cases, however, their knowledge structures had missing, incompatible, and/or disconnected elements preventing them from carrying out recommendations for teaching elementary nominal categorical data analysis in an optimal manner. The report contributes to teacher education by drawing attention to prospective teachers’ learning needs, and it contributes to research on teachers’ cognition by providing a method for modeling their cognitive structures.
Quantitative Visualization of the Flow Within the Volute of a Centrifugal Pump. Part B: Results and Analysis

PDV is used for measuring the velocity within the volute of a centrifugal pump at different impeller blade orientations, on and off design conditions. It is demonstrated that the flow is “pulsating” and depends on the location of the blade relative to the tongue. The leakage also depends on blade orientation and increases with decreasing flow rate. The velocity near the impeller is dominated by the jet/wake phenomenon. Differences in the outflux from the impeller, resulting from changes inflow rate, occur primarily near the exit. Away from the tongue the distributions of vθ mostly agrees with the assumption that vθ ∝ 1/r. Sites prone to high velocity fluctuations include the blade wake, interface between the jet and the wake and near the tongue. Angular momentum and kinetic energy fluxes, turbulent stresses and tubulence production are also computed. It is shown that at the same θ the momentum flux can increase near the impeller and decrease at the perimeter. Consequently, the mean flux cannot be used for estimating conditions near the impeller. Torques caused by τrθ and τθθ can be as high as 2 and 5 percent of the change in angular momentum flux, respectively.
The dynamics of antibody secreting cell production: Regulation of growth and oscillations in the response to T-independent antigens

We present an interpretation and analysis of the dynamic structure of the response of antibody secreting cells to T-cell independent antigens. The observations of interest are sustained synchronous cycles in the number of such cells, and the discontinuous, “staircase” like increase in cell numbers during the first few days of the response. The main features of the model from which these results can be deduced are the existence of time delays which separate different cellular events, a particular distinction between proliferative and differentative events among the cells which will ultimately secrete antibody, and inhibition of the stimulation of the precursors of these cells by antibody already formed. In addition to describing various characteristics of cyclical antibody production, the model makes a variety of predictions related to its principal hypotheses, including the effects of antibody passively given or withdrawn on the kinetics and magnitude of the subsequent antibody response. The model also predicts, consistent with observation, the existence of an optimal dose of antigen, high and low zone unresponsiveness, and high zone tolerance. It is consistent with the phenomenon of maturation of affinity of antibody, and also predicts fluctuations in affinity. A study of the mathematical properties of the model indicates that for a wide range of parameters, the system possesses multiple steady states and limit cycle behaviour. Variations in concentrations of antigen and antibody are found to have a small influence on the frequency of oscillations, but a large influence on their amplitude.
Ramanujan's theories of elliptic functions to alternative bases—a symbolic excursion

Abstract Recently Berndt, Bhargava and Garvan were able to prove all of Ramanujan's results in the notebooks on his theories of elliptic functions to alternative bases. In this paper we show how we used MAPLE to understand, prove and generalize some of Ramanujan's results.
Some observations on the relationship between charge and 13C chemical shift in cyclohexadienylic anions and cations

Abstract Carbon-13 chemical shifts δ± in a variety of cyclohexadienylic cations and anions have been separated semi-empirically into contributions from (a) the hypothetical neutral framework, (b) charge effects and (c) interactions between ions and between ions and solvent molecules. Carbon-13 shifts for sites in neutral model compounds, δ0, approximate contribution (a) the shift differences for the model carbons δ±3,5-δ0 3,5 are assumed to reflect electric field effects (b). Thus what remains, δ±s-δ0s- (δ±3,5-δ03,5) comes from the charge. The summation of these terms for each of the ions comes to ca. 165 ppm. This shows that a changein charge of ±1 of the neutral model, with correction for the electric field, brings about a change in shift of 165 ppm, thus supporting the linearity of charge with shift.
Estimating a covariance function having an un unknown scale kakameter

The structure of a family ρ of measures corresponding to a zero-mean Gaussian process with covariance αR(s,t) is discussed. When R itself is known (R and T completely arbitrary), it is shown that ρ is either homogeneous or composed of singular measures, depending on whether the reproducing kernel Hilbert space H(R,T) is finite- or infinite-dimensional. For the case dim H < ∞ the MLE α is given; when dim H = ∞ an almost sure discriminator is constructed. More generally, it is shown that when R itself depends upon a parameter θ (not necessarily a scalar) and certain broad assumptions are met, one may describe the orthogonal decomposition of P and estimate both a and θ.
Reduced cardiac myofibrillar Mg-ATPase activity without changes in myosin isozymes in patients with end-stage heart failure.

In this study we tested the hypothesis that reduced myofibrillar ATPase activities in end-stage heart failure are associated with a redistribution of myosin isozymes. Cardiac myofibrils were isolated from left ventricular free wall from normal human hearts and hearts at end-stage heart failure caused by coronary artery diseases, cardiomyopathy or immunological rejection. The hearts had been excised in preparation for a heart transplant. Myofibrillar Ca2−-dependent Mg-ATPase and myosin Ca−- and K−EDTA-ATPase activities were compared. Possible changes in myosin isozyme distribution in the diseased heart were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of native myosin in the presence of pyrophosphate. Significant reduction in myofibrillar Ca2+-dependent Mg-ATPase with no changes in the sensitivity of the myofibrils to Ca+ was observed in heart with coronary artery diseases (25.2 to 27.1% at pCa 5.83 to pCa 5.05), cardiomyopathy (21.1 to 25.5% at pCa 5.41 to pCa 5.05), and in the immunologically rejected heart (18.4 to 22.8% at pCa 5.41 to pCa 5.05). Significantly lower myosin Ca2+-ATPase was observed with coronary artery diseases only and myosin K-EDTA activities did not differ in diseased and normal hearts. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of native myosin from the normal and three models of end-stage heart failure revealed two distinct bands in the human left ventricle and one diffuse band in the human right atria. No apparent differences in myosin isoenzyme pattern were observed between the normal and diseased hearts. Further evaluation is needed to clarify the ATPase nature of the two bands.
Mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers

Rates of mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from boundary-layer theory. The velocity distributions which are assumed to exist are those derived from the linearized Navier-Stokes equations by Tomotika and Aoi. In the case of the sphere the Nusselt number is found to be a function only of the Peclet group when the Stokes streamline function is assumed to apply. Experimental data for mass and heat transfer to singel spheres fall 10 to 40% higher than predicted from the theory. Experimental data for heat and mass transfer to single cylinders at large NPe check the theory. Curves are also plotted for the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles by combined direct interception and diffusion for both spheres and cylinders.
KEES DE BOT AND SINFREE MAKONI , Language and aging in multilingual contexts

Kees de Bot and Sinfree Makoni , Language and aging in multilingual contexts . (Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 53.) Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2005. Pp.vi., 162. Hb. $99.95. This book raises many questions. Depending on one's disciplinary perspective, this slim volume could be seen as uneven in its coverage and, as one reviewer has commented, its intended audience is not always clear (Chen 2006 ). Notwithstanding, it is an important book, on two levels. Its ostensible purpose is to present a contextualizing summary of language and aging, designed to tug readers away from a monolingual, Eurocentric focus. Beneath and through its chapters runs its second stream of thought, an effort to push readers to understand that many older people, and especially those speaking more than one language, are aging out-of-place, dis-placed, cut off by new caretaking venues and other-languaged caregivers, from their own places, those sites once indexed by their language (Lamb 2000 , Neilson 2003 ). As Arjun Appadurai comments in an interview, “Sites, in the sense of secure locations for the practices of everyday life, may have largely vanished” (Baldauf & Hoeller 1999 ). What we have previously assumed about adult language, and about language and aging processes, may also need to change.
Carbon Nano Tubes Analysis for Blood Flow in Stenosed Tapered Arteries

Blood flow model is recycled to study the influence of magnetic field and carbon nanotubes in stenosed arteries. The carbon nanotubes for the blood flow with water as base fluid is not explored so far. The representation for the blood flow is through an axially nonsymmetrical but radially symmetric stenosis. Symmetry of the distribution of the wall shearing stress and resistive impedance and their growth with the developing stenosis is another important feature of our analysis. Exact solutions have been evaluated for velocity, resistance impedance, wall shear stress and shearing stress at the stenosis throat. The graphical results of different type of tapered arteries (i.e., converging tapering, diverging tapering, nontapered artery) have been examined for different parameters of interest for single wall carbon nanotubes and multiwall carbon nanotubes.
Optical constant determination for x-ray materials

In the x-ray region of the spectrum, the optical constants of electron beam vacuum evaporated absorbing thin films are determined by measuring the reflectance at a number of angles of incidence. A method for calculating the optical constants through an iteration process of matching calculated and measured values of the reflectance is described.
Effects of a coactor's prediction on latencies to predict and indentify stimuli

Abstract On each of 300 trials E's confederate (C) verbalized which of two stimuli would occur; then S made a prediction. Following each presentation, S and C pulled a trigger to identify the stimulus. Two latencies were measured: the interval between C's and S's prediction (prediction time), and the interval between stimulus presentation and S's identification response (choice RT). Prediction times were significantly shorter when S's prediction agreed rather than disagreed with C's prediction, when S's preceding prediction was correct rather than incorrect, and when S was female rather than male. Choice RT was influenced by distributions of C's stimulus predictions and C's prediction outcomes in directions supporting an expectancy model.
1371 NEONATAL LUNG DEFENSES AFTER SURFACTANT THERAPY

Artificial surfactant has been used to treat Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD), but its effect on phagocytic function in the neonatal lung is poorly defined. A mixture of 70% phosphatidylcholine/30% phosphatidylglycerol w/w was diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sonicated. Either 4 mg/Kg of this mixture or an equal volume (100 μl) of PBS was instilled into the surgically exposed trachea of less than 12 hr old rabbits. One hr after instillation, in vivo bacterial clearance was studied by exposing the groups to a Streptococcus agalactiae type Ia (GBS) aerosol and the numbers of viable GBS-compared in the left lung at 0 and 4 hrs after infection. Results follow: Intrapulmonary killing of GBS was significantly lower in surfactant vs control (p<0.05). Additional litters were divided and treated with either surfactant or PBS, and alveolar macrophages (AM) recovered 1 hr later by lavage. Phagocytosis was ascertained using FITC-labeled GBS opsonized in newborn rabbit serum (50 GBS:AM) by a fluorescence quenching method. The percentage of phagocytic AM (x = 91.4 vs 93.0) and GBS/phagocytic AM (x = 16.9 vs 18.6) were similar in surfactant vs PBS animals. Surfactant therapy may impair bacterial killing by newborn AM.
Real-time identification using a canonical face depth map

A practical identification system based on 3D face scanning is presented. The speed of comparing a probe scan to the gallery is enabled by scan normalisation followed by extraction of higher level features. Our canonical face depth map (CFDM) is a standardised representation for three-dimensional (3D) face data in a face-based coordinate system. Our experiments demonstrate that the CFDM normalisation algorithm is (a) robust to noise and occlusion, (b) significantly reduces storage requirements and thus I/O time, and (c) improves the efficiency of face recognition algorithms. Producing the CFDM takes less than a second on a desktop for 320 times 240 rangel scans. Current 3D scanning and matching methods are too slow for person identification, even for a watch list of only a few hundred face models. Transforming scanned 3D faces into CFDM format enables a probe scan to be matched to hundreds or thousands of gallery scans in a fewtimesseconds on a commodity computer. The best results achieved so far are a rank-1 recognition rate of 98.2% and a speed of 1900 face matches per second. Extrapolating these results suggests that multistage systems could achieve even better performance on even larger galleries.
Teachers’ judgments of problems in the transition to kindergarten

Abstract This article examined teachers’ judgments of the prevalence and types of problems children present upon entering kindergarten. A large, national sample of teachers (N = 3,595) was surveyed by using the National Center for Early Development and Learning’s Transition Practices Survey (1996) . Teachers reported they perceived that 16% of children had difficult entries into kindergarten. Up to 46% of teachers reported that half their class or more had specific problems in any of a number of areas in kindergarten transition. Rates of perceived problems were related to school minority composition; district poverty level; and, for certain behaviors, school metropolitan status. The effects of these demographic characteristics were independent and additive. Teachers’ ethnicity showed a significant relation to their rates of reported problems. Results are discussed in terms of risk factors that predict transition problems and the match between children’s competencies and teacher’s expectations. These findings confirm the view that entering kindergarten is indeed a period of transition for children.
Integrated Study of APS YSZ Coatings with Different Spray Angle

Spray parameters play an important role on the microstructure and properties of plasma-sprayed coatings. Parameters such as spray distance, plasma gas flow and current, raster speed, and spray angle all can be varied. In this paper, an integrated study to investigate the effects and influences of spray angle on properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings was carried out with spray angles of 60°, 75°, and 90° (to the substrate surface). In situ coating property sensor based on beam curvature measurements was used to measure the evolving stress and elastic moduli of the resultant coatings and combined with other characterization tools for thermo-physical property and microstructure analysis, such as laser flash and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the coating with 60° spray angle had the lowest thermal conductivity and more compliant structure. This study seeks to understand the mechanism for this effect and will provide important insight into parametric sensitivities on complex spray parts.
The Impact of Corporate Reputation on Firm Entry Mode Strategy

Choosing the optimal entry strategy is critical to firms’ global success and survival. Traditional organizational economic approaches predict a firm’s entry mode from the degree of opportunistic behavior expected based on transaction-level attributes. These approaches acknowledge that firms can, and often do, engage in forbearance: choosing not to act opportunistically even when the ability to do so is present. Yet, the assumption that one cannot know ex ante which firms will act opportunistically and which will forbear suggests that all firms must be presumed to be potentially opportunistic. This results in a bias toward a greater degree of vertical integration than may actually be necessary or cost-effective. To address this limitation, we integrate organizational economics and the resource based view to develop theory on how a key attribute of transacting firms—corporate reputation—acts as a credible signal of trustworthiness and increases the perceived likelihood of forbearance. This results in reputa...
Free perforation complicating primary adenocarcinoma of the jejunum.

An additional case of primary adenocaricinoma of the jejunum complicated by perforation has been presented. This complication has occurred in only 11 prior cases where adequate data are available. Various clinical aspects of adenocarcinoma of the jejunum, with and without perforation, have been reviewed.
Teaching History Online to Today's Community College Students

When I began working toward a Ph.D. in twentieth-century U.S. history in 1996, I saw my future self as do, I imagine, many graduate students training as college faculty: lecturing, chalk in hand, to a group of note-taking students. Or, perhaps, seated among a group of enthusiastic young adults who have come to college prepared for the rigors of higher education and arrive at class daily with their assignments complete. Th e reality of my personal experience has been quite diff erent, infl uenced largely by the increased use of technology in the college classroom and the growth of online learning. Teaching U.S. history to community college students in the twenty-fi rst century, I have discovered, necessitates a fl exible approach to students’ learning styles and a willingness to embrace technology in both the on-campus and online classrooms. My journey into the use of technology in the classroom began simply with a computer and a projector. No longer did I “just talk” at the blackboard; I moved beyond telling the students what I wanted them to learn to also showing them. For each lesson, I displayed artwork, photographs, or maps to illustrate the key points. Th ough I have no quantitative evidence that my students’ work improved, I sensed immediately upon adopting this practice that the classroom atmosphere was changed for the better. A political cartoon from the War of 1812, for example, could be the foundation for a class discussion on British military relations with Native Americans. No matter if no one in the class had noticed the image in the textbook: I had placed it in front of them during class, and its presence alone fostered discussion. I embraced the use of technology in the classroom as a powerful tool for learning: a way to address diff erent learning styles (such as visual, verbal, or auditory) to reach students who might have tuned out more traditional modes of lecturing. Still, I never anticipated that one day I would be teaching entire courses online. Nor did I imagine a day when my students would have the capacity to access an infi nite amount of data in the palms of their hands. Yet in fall 2008, my second year as a tenuretrack assistant professor at the Community College of Rhode Island, the department
A comprehensive, multispecialty approach to an acute exacerbation of chronic central pain in a tetraplegic

A comprehensive, multispecialty approach to an acute exacerbation of chronic central pain in a tetraplegic
Risk assessment as a guide for the prevention of the many faces of venous thromboembolism

BACKGROUND: Approximately 900,000 cases of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occur annually in the United States, and one-third lead to the patient's death. A variety of surgical factors contribute to Virchow's triad of venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulability, including intraoperative venous distension and microvascular endothelial damage. Patients also may have individual risk factors such as a history of thromboembolism, cancer, advanced age, or a genetic trait linked to hypercoagulation. This article discusses recent trends in the development and validation of venous thromboembolism risk scores, including the results of a large validation study. DATA SOURCES: A Medline literature search was performed to identify original studies. CONCLUSIONS: Venous thromboembolism risk scores have been developed for groups of patients based on a few broad risk categories, but a more accurate, individualized risk score can be obtained using a recently validated risk scoring system, which can be used to determine the type and length of prophylaxis to administer. Further studies are under way to refine this system.
Use and non-use of public libraries in the information age: A logistic regression analysis of household characteristics and library services variables

Abstract For public libraries to achieve effective strategic planning, they must know who uses the public library and who does not use it. This study examines the characteristics of users and non-users of the public libraries using socio-demographic data from the Current Population Survey, a nationally representative survey of over 50,000 households conducted during October 13–19, 2002, and library services data from the Public Libraries Survey 2002 . The study finds 34 variables to be significant. These variables including factors that have not often been studied, such as distance from the library, age/school attendance status, use of other types of library, and public library expenditure per state capita. It is also worth noting that disadvantaged groups, including ethnic minorities, recent immigrants, and people with disabilities, were less likely to use public libraries. This was true even after other factors such as education and income were held constant. The study provides a national-level assessment of the under-served populations. It also offers triangulation to other existing research, particularly qualitative information behavior studies of specific groups.
Mutagenicity of monoadducts and cross-links induced in Aspergillus nidulans by 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 NM radiation.

— 8-Methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm radiation induces mutation at the methionine supressor loci of Aspergillus inhibitor-deficient conidia at low doses of near-UV radiation with one-hit kinetics and at higher near-UV radiation doses with two-hit kinetics. These results and others suggest that both monoadducts and cross-links, formed by 8-methoxypsoralen and DNA upon exposure to UV radiation, are capable of inducing mutation. Evidence is also presented that induced furocoumarin cross-links are responsible for the inactivation of the Aspergillus conidium.
Prevention of adverse reactions to blood transfusion by the administration of saline washed red blood cells

We prospectively compared the incidence of complications following saline-washed versus packed red blood cell transfusions, to determine whether routine use of washed red blood cells could reduce significantly the incidence of transfusion reactions. Clinical reports of reactions were evaluated carefully to confirm whether the reaction was caused by transfusion. In 3,799 washed red blood cell transfusions, there were eight confirmed reactions (0.21%). Of 6,359 packed red blood cell transfusions, 31 reactions occurred (0.49%). The difference in incidence of confirmed complications was statistically significant (p less than 0.03). Administration of washed red blood cells to all patients requiring transfusions can thus be seen to reduce significantly the incidence of adverse reactions. This is likely the result of the removal of leukocytes and plasma achieved by the washing process. The increased safety of washed red blood cells must be weighed against their extra expense to determine their cost-effectiveness in transfusion therapy.