cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Dimensional Space-Charge Limited Current Using Variational Calculus and Vacuum Capacitance

Space-charge limited current (SCLC) is the maximum current that can flow in the steady-state operation of a diode. Analytical formulations of SCLC are extremely important for various practical applications, including nano vacuum transistors, electric thrusters, multipactor, and time-resolved electron microscopy 1 . The analytical solution for a 1-D planar diode was initially derived by Child and Langmuir over a century ago 1 , 2 . Lau extended this result to derive the SCLC density from a 2-D patch of width W on an infinite electrode for a planar diode when W/D >> 1, where D is the plate separation 3 . In this presentation, we apply variational calculus (VC) 4 and conformal mapping 5 , which have recently been used to derive SCLC in 1-D diodes with non-planar geometries, to derive a mathematical relationship between space-charge limited potential and vacuum electric potential for a diode of any geometry. We further extend this derivation to obtain a mathematical relationship between SCLC and vacuum capacitance, which we use to derive exact analytical solutions for 2-D SCLC for a practical geometry with the emission area on the same order of magnitude as the emitter dimensions and recover Lau’s result when W / D >>1. We also derive 3-D SCLC density for a rectangular parallel plate and disk electrodes. Implications of this approach for crossed-field diodes and emitter arrays, will be discussed.
Temporal Relationships of Late (Plains) Woodland Components in Eastern Kansas

Frequency of occurrence of plain and cordmarked sur face finishes in Late Woodland sherd samples from sites in eastern Kansas are used to arrange the sites in a series believed reflective of change through time (ca. A.D. 500-1000). Changes observable in pottery surface finish are only one aspect of a systematic change in pottery vessels taking place during this time period, perhaps a result in changes in cooking practices contingent on in creasing use of agricultural products.
Is Verification Getting Too Complex

Verification of HW and HW/SW systems is becoming more and more complex. This presentation will look at the reasons for the increased complexity and what can be done about it. Specifically, I shall look at where bugs come from and how they flow through the system (from specification, through design, detection, debug and removal).I shall then present some promising directions for reducing verification complexity, many of them attacking "incidental complexity". Throughout the presentation, I shall try to emphasize currently-neglected research areas.
Mechanistic Studies on Enzyme-Catalyzed Phosphoryl Transfer

Abstract Phosphoryl transfer reactions have essential roles throughout biochemistry. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions result in tremendous rate enhancements for their normally unreactive substrates. This fact has led to great interest in the enzymatic mechanisms, and debate as to whether the mechanisms for enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphate esters differ from those of uncatalyzed reactions. This review summarizes the uncatalyzed reactions of monoesters, diesters and triesters. A selection of enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions that have been the most studied and are the best understood are discussed, with examples of phosphatases, diesterases, and triesterases.
Analyse und Synthese in einer kategorialen Unifikationsgrammatik: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

Im LILOG Projekt (LInguistische und LOGische Methoden zum maschinellen Verstehen des Deutschen) ist ein Prototyp eines textverstehenden Systems implementiert worden. Die Analyse des Eingabetextes wird von einem Chart Parser mittels einer kategorialen Unifikationsgrammatik (CUG) durchgefuhrt. Im folgenden diskutieren wir die Frage, wie sprachliche Auserungen auf der Basis der CUG generiert werden konnen. Wir gehen dabei davon aus, das eine Planungskomponente bereits entschieden hat, was generiert werden soll und eine eindeutige Spezifikation des zu erzeugenden Oberflachensatzes erstellt hat.
Overview of randomized trials of systemic adjuvant therapy.

The most influential analyses of the effectiveness of systemic adjuvant therapy of breast cancer are the 3 overview meta-analyses performed at Oxford and published in 19881, 19922, and 19983. These meta-analyses are a collaborative effort dependent on pooling of data by trialists of nearly all the randomized clinical trials of systemic adjuvant therapies. The major questions that were addressed by these Overview analyses were: 1) Is systemic adjuvant therapy of breast cancer effective? 2) Are there subsets of patients in whom given adjuvant therapies are particularly effective? 3) How effective is the current adjuvant therapy?
Comparison of the Biochemistry and Rates of Synthesis of Mesosomal and Peripheral Membranes in Bacillus subtilis

The membrane vesicle (beaded chain) portion of the mesosomes and peripheral (ghost) membrane of Bacillus subtilis were obtained by protoplast lysis and separated by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy revealed that both fractions were satisfactorily homogeneous. Comparison of the two membrane preparations showed that they were similar with respect to total protein, total phosphorus, and lipid-soluble phosphorus content. Their protein patterns on acrylamide gel electrophreograms did not differ significantly. A possible point of distinction was revealed by a difference spectrum analysis of their cytochromes. The two preparations showed clear quantitative differences in all five of the enzyme activities assayed. Acrylamide gel electrophreograms of peripheral membrane stained for malate dehydrogenase showed four weak isozyme bands, whereas electrophreograms of mesosome membranes exhibited a single strong peak. (A survey of published data on enzymes in mesosome fractions shows a marked lack of correspondence between different species of bacteria.) Comparison of 3 H-acetate incorporation into the two membrane fractions showed that both were labeled at the same rate. Similarly, 35 SO 4 was taken up by both fractions at a comparable rate and was chased from both comparably. Lipid and protein labeling thus indicates that mesosome vesicle membrane is not a precursor or special growing point of peripheral membrane. Images
Complementary Roles of Hippocampus and Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Episodic Memory

Spatial mapping and navigation are figured prominently in the extant literature that describes hippocampal function. The medial entorhinal cortex is likewise attracting increasing interest, insofar as evidence accumulates that this area also contributes to spatial information processing. Here, we discuss recent electrophysiological findings that offer an alternate view of hippocampal and medial entorhinal function. These findings suggest complementary contributions of the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex in support of episodic memory, wherein hippocampal networks encode sequences of events that compose temporally and spatially extended episodes, whereas medial entorhinal networks disambiguate overlapping episodes by binding sequential events into distinct memories.
Suicide in special populations and circumstances: A review

Suicide is associated with certain diagnoses. In addition to its association with depression, suicide is related to panic disorder, borderline personality disorder, and schizophrenia, more so than other psychological disorders. Therefore, full understanding of the individual, including his or her psychiatric diagnosis, is important in dealing with someone who is suicidal. Suicide is associated with certain traumas. The trauma of physical and sexual abuse as a child increases risk both in childhood and in adulthood. In studying the connection between different types of abuse and suicide, prospective research is needed that uses clear definitions and distinguishes between physical, sexual, and combined abuse. Also, the trauma of contracting AIDS may heighten suicide risk, particularly near the time of HIV testing or if dementia or drug treatment clouds consciousness. At these times clinicians should take special care to assess for suicidality. Suicide is associated with certain groups more than others. Adolescents, the elderly, and certain ethnic groups, such as Caucasians, have higher rates than others. Prevention strategies that acknowledge the uniqueness of the individual and take place at home, in school, and in the community have become extremely important. Suicide may be contagious. Contagion is more likely if the model is a celebrity, if the publicity is extensive, and if people are asked about others rather than themselves. Suicide is so complex that current knowledge, though enabling us to predict which special populations and circumstances increase risk, is not sufficient to predict the specific individuals who will attempt or succeed in killing themselves.
Effect of Partial Phytate Removal and Heat upon Iron Bioavailability from Soy Protein‐Based Diets

The effect of heat and partial phytate removal upon in vivo iron bioavailability from soy protein was studied by chick hemoglobin repletion. Iron repletion diets were formulated with unheated and heated soy protein isolates and phytate-reduced soy protein isolates, with and without iron supplementation. Heating at 120°C for 20 min, 75% phytate reduction and 20 mg/kg iron supplementation improved iron bioavailability by 65-77%, 6-11% and 10-17%, respectively. These beneficial effects were interpreted in terms of promoting protein and protein-Fe-phytate complex digestion and release of endogenous and added iron.
Multilevel Modeling with Correlated Effects

When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters. This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum. This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors. An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient among unbiased estimators.
Experimental observations of the hydrodynamic behavior of solvent systems in high-speed counter-current chromatography

Abstract Extensive studies have been performed on hydrodynamic distribution of two immiscible solvent phases in helical and spiral columns by means of coil planet centrifugation. Under the Scheme IV [see Fig. 1 in Y. Ito, J. Chromatogr., 301 (1984) 377] planetary motion, the two phases display unilateral distribution in the coil, i,e., one phase travels toward the head and the other phase toward the tail. This hydrodynamic trend is sensitively affected by various factors such as physical properties of the solvent system, helical diameter of the column, revolutional radius, etc. Phase distribution diagrams obtained from a set of conventional two-phase solvent systems under various experimental conditions provide extremely useful information for both basic hydrodynamic studies and practical application in high-speed counter-current chromatography.
Few and far between: understanding the role of the victim in federal environmental crime prosecutions in the United States

Efforts to gather systematic data and undertake empirical studies on the extent of environmental crime, the magnitude of environmental victimization, and the punishment of environmental offenders in the United States remains elusive in the criminological literature. We take a novel approach to studying these gaps in the literature, by examining federal environmental crime prosecutions. While not all encompassing, this approach advances the literature by providing valuable insights into what types of human victimization occur, the role victims play in prosecutions, and how offenders are punished. What is the nature and extent of case-documented environmental victimization with regard to human victimization in the U.S. over the past decade? We address this question through a content analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) criminal investigation cases, 2001–11. Out of 972 total criminal cases, we find that only 3 % of cases involve acute or identifiable victimization. Environmental crime victims, unless immediately harmed, are not likely to play a major role in environmental crime cases; thereby limiting potential political and public attention to victims of environmental crime.
Localized deposition of lead phosphate precipitate in flycerinated rabbit psoas muscle during atp-induced contraction

Abstract The location of ATP-ase sites within sarcomeres was studied by allowing glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle to shorten under load in a solution containing ATP and lead nitrate. The lead phosphate precipitate formed during the contraction is located mainly within the A-band of shortened sarcomeres. In fibers glycerinated at rest length, the heaviest precipitate deposits are located at the center of the A-band, roughly corresponding to the double overlap zone, with lesser precipitate concentrations at the A–l boundary contraction bands. In fibers glycerinated at stretched length, shortened sarcomeres with heavy contraction bands at the A–l boundary and patent H-bands have heavy precipitate deposits over the contraction bands and no localization to the center of the A-band. The precipitate is thus seen to be most concentrated at those regions where one would expect to find the best contact between thick and thin filaments. Physiological experiments were performed. Evidence is presented that lead ions can substitute for calcium in the contraction process, altering the time course of contraction.
Safety and efficacy of clonidine and clonidine extended-release in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders.

Clonidine has been used off-label in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) with or without comorbidities. Clonidine extended-release was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for ADHD in children. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of clonidine extended-release and clonidine in children and adolescents with ADHD. A search of the Medline database and clinical trials register from 1996–2011 yielded ten clinical trials for critical evaluation of efficacy and safety. Eight of the ten trials reviewed were double-blinded and placebo-controlled. Nine of the ten trials utilized multiple outcome measures. Both clonidine extended-release and clonidine, as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, were reported to be efficacious in treating ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with or without comorbid disorders in nine of the ten clinical trials. One study showed clonidine to be ineffective in improving performance of a single task, at a specific point in time, in a small number of subjects. All of the studies that evaluated safety reported clonidine and clonidine extended-release to be well tolerated. The side effects of clonidine included somnolence, fatigue, headache, bradycardia, hypotension, and clinically insignificant electrocardiographic changes. However, there are historical anecdotal reports of serious cardiac side effects, including death in cases with other risk factors. None of the studies compared clonidine extended-release with clonidine in subjects with ADHD. Therefore, it is not clear whether clonidine extended-release is advantageous over clonidine, with regard to either efficacy or safety. It is equally unclear whether clonidine or clonidine extended-release is more efficacious in treating ADHD in subjects with comorbid disorders than in those without comorbidities. All the studies reviewed had limitations in their designs and methods. Clonidine and clonidine extended-release could be efficacious and safe for the treatment of ADHD both as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with stimulant medications in selected patients. There is a need for clinical trials to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with clonidine and clonidine extended-release in patients with ADHD.
Addition theorems for Legendre functions as corollaries of an addition theorem for Gegenbauer polynomials

Proofs are given for addition theorems for Legendre functions with arbitrary upper and lower indices, based solely on an addition theorem for Gegenbauer polynomials. New versions of these and other similar theorems are given, both in the form of sums and of integrals.
Magnetic circular dichroism studies of exogenous ligand and substrate binding to the non-heme ferrous active site in phthalate dioxygenase

Abstract Background: Mononuclear non-heme iron centers are found in the active sites of a variety of enzymes that require molecular oxygen for catalysis. The mononuclear non-heme iron is believed to be the active site for catalysis, and is presumed to bind and activate molecular oxygen. The mechanism of this reaction is not understood. Phthalate dioxygenase is one such enzyme. Because it also contains a second iron site, the Rieske site, it is difficult to obtain information on the structure of the active site. We therefore used magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to probe the mononuclear non-heme Fe 2+ site in this biodegradative enzyme. Results: The MCD spectrum of the resting enzyme shows features indicative of one six-coordinate Fe 2+ site; substrate binding converts the site to two different five-coordinate species, opening up a coordination position for O 2 binding. MCD spectra of the corresponding apoenzyme have been subtracted to account for temperature-independent contributions from the Rieske site. Azide binds both to the resting enzyme to produce a new six-coordinate species, showing that one of the ferrous ligands is exchangeable, and also to the enzyme-substrate complex to form a ternary species. The low azide binding constant for the substrate -enzyme species relative to the resting enzyme indicates steric interaction and close proximity between exogerious ligand and the substrate. Conclusions: We have been able to provide some detailed structural insight into exogenous ligand and substrate binding to the non-heme Fe 2+ site, even in the presence of the enzyme's [2Fe2S] Rieske center. Further mechanistic studies are now required to maximize the molecular-level detail available from these spectroscopic studies.
Impressions of presidents: Effects of information, time, and discrepancy

Sequence types and serial positions affect impression formation based on adjectives or descriptive paragraphs. The present study involved ratings of U.S. presidents after presentation of favorable and unfavorable paragraphs of information. Instructional sets (equal weight or discounting), time spans (long or short), paragraph sets (balanced or discrepant for positive and negative information), and sequence types were manipulated. The results indicate that every sequence type was discriminated and instructions had no effect on impressions. Ratings were higher under the long time span for the discrepant, but not under the balanced, paragraph set. The data were compared with previous studies of impression formation based on the simpler adjective stimuli.
Mapping of two varicella-zoster virus-encoded genes that activate the expression of viral early and late genes

Abstract A transient assay system was used to identify varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-encoded genes whose products are able to activate the expression of an early gene promoter, the thymidine kinase (tk) promoter, and a late gene promoter, and the glycoprotein I (gpl) promoter. Vero cells were cotransfected with individual cloned DNA fragments spanning the entire VZV genome and with the recombinant construct p1tkCAT which contained the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene under the control of putative regulatory sequences. Five- to 20-fold increases in the expression p1tkCAT was observed in cotransfections with plasmids containing VZV open reading frame (ORF)4 (map location 0.02–0.03) or ORF62 (0.82–0.86). Expression of p68CAT (contains −682 to +222 by relative to the AUG of gpl) was also enhanced by the products of ORF4 and ORF62. Synergy between ORF4 and ORF62 products was observed in the activation of p68CAT, resulting in a 22-fold increase in CAT activity. RNA analysis indicated that activation of these promoters was at the transcriptional level. A VZV-encoded “repressor” sequence, containing ORF60 and ORF61, was also identified which repressed expression of p1tkCAT and modulated its activation by ORF4 and ORF62.
Fundamental Aspects of Spontaneous Cathodic Deposition of Ru onto Pt/C Electrocatalysts and Membranes under Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operating Conditions: An in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance Study

In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), using both EXAFS and the Δμ-XANES analysis procedures, is utilized to examine Ru deposition onto Pt/C cathodes at millimolar concentration of Ru in a 1 M HClO4 electrolyte. Also, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is utilized to examine the effects of Ru3+ ion exchanged Nafion membranes. The Δμ-XANES analysis of the data allows a determination of the coverage of Ru with time (minutes to hours) and also to identify the binding site of the deposited Ru species (atop/bridged at low coverage and 3-fold at higher coverage) apparently onto the corners and edges initially and at higher coverage onto the faces of the cubooctahedral clusters when exposed to Run+ at OCP. The deposition of Ru appears to be inhibited at potentials where adsorbates (such as H and O(H)) usually adsorb, and Coulomb enhanced at OCP when substantial O exists on the surface. The ESR analysis of Ru3+ in the Nafion membrane indicates significant detrimental changes to the membrane in the p...
A study of bounds on limit cycles in digital filters

We give bounds on the self-sustained limit cycles in fixed-poin implementations of state-variable-form digital filters having general stable system matrices. These bounds, which are period independent and which concern limit cycles due to quantization errors in physical realizations of digital filters, are given in closed form for second-order sections. A numerical comparison shows that the bounds are smaller than corresponding ones reported in the literature. This is due to our use of real similarity transformations.
Are one or two dangerous? Tricyclic antidepressant exposure in toddlers

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), increasingly prescribed for multiple indications in children and adults, are responsible for many pediatric poisonings. Though the majority of TCA exposures in this age group remain asymptomatic, several reports in the English language literature reveal significant morbidity as well as fatalities in toddlers, primarily from imipramine and desipramine. These few cases indicate that doses of 10-20 mg/kg (one to two pills) have the potential for toxicity and fatalities. More recent studies have focused on the relative safety of small exposures suggesting that with doses less than 5 mg/kg the patient may be safely observed at home. Though further studies are necessary to determine the exact dosing that places the child at risk, the authors recommend a 6-h Emergency Department observation period for children who ingest more than 5 mg/kg of most TCAs, as clinical toxicity becomes evident within this time frame.
Polynuclear complexes of cobalt(II) with 2-dipicolylamine and 2-amino-methylpyridine

Abstract The hypothesis that the blue color of basic anaerobic solutions of cobalt(II) with 2-aminomethyl- pyridine (AMP) and 2-dipicolylamine (DPA) is due solely to deprotonation of the ligand amine has been modified. Deprotonation does occur, but only as an intermediate step in the reaction. Bis(AMP)cobalt(II) forms stable dimers and polymers in these solutions. The dimerization and polymerization are competitive reactions, the former being directly and the latter inversely dependent on the hydroxide concentration. In the dimer reported earlier, the two metal centers are linked by one μ-hydroxo and two μ-amido bridges. In the potymer reported here, metal atoms are linked by a μ-amido bridge, with μ-hydroxo bridges between alternate metal atoms. Blue complexes of cobalt(II) with DPA contain one mole of ligand per mole of cobalt(II). The dimer is not stable and polymerization readily occurs. The polymer contains one μ-hydroxo and one μ-amido bridge between each pair of metal atoms. In a previous paper [1] we reported on the nature of amine deprotonation in basic solutions of bis(2- aminomethylpyridine)cobalt(II). The blue color which developed slowly in these solutions was attributed to the formation of a triply-bridged binuclear species in which the two metal centers were linked by one μ-hydroxo and two μ-amido bridges. The results of this work explained the earlier findings of Walker and Nakon [2]. These investigators also reported that bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (of 2-dipicolylamine, DPA) solutions with cobalt(II) also turned blue in oxygen-free basic solution. Potentiometric formation data indicated that the reacting species was [Co(DPA)(H 2 O) 3 ] 2+ . As with the 2-aminomethyl- pyridine (AMP) complex, Walker and Nakon attributed the blue color to a change in cobalt(II) stereo- chemistry upon deprotonation of the amine hydrogen. They noted, however, that molecular models of a tetrahedral complex indicate severe distortion about the metal center.
"A 28-day program ain't helping the crack smoker"--perceptions of effective drug abuse prevention interventions by north central Florida African Americans who use cocaine.

: Context: Cocaine is a major problem in the rural South, but knowledge is limited regarding the impact on African American populations. Purpose: This study of 18–39-year-old black drug users assessed perceptions of contributing factors to drug use and possible interventions. Methods: The study design was qualitative-descriptive, utilizing 4 focus groups with 5 rural women and 14 small-city residents. Findings: Some respondents perceived that drug use initiation and continuation were due to themes of (1) loss, (2) peer pressure, (3) personal problems and dealing with pain, (4) desire for fun or to “feel good,” and (5) drugs and drug-related messages within their environments. Common themes of effective strategies to stop drug use were (1) the necessity of wanting to quit, (2) the importance of help or support from family and friends, and (3) the need for resources, such as a job, car, and housing. Some respondents agreed on 3 human resources: (1) family, (2) ex-users, and (3) churches. Strategies to increase attendance at drug prevention programs included (1) making the program fun/enjoyable, (2) having mixed gender programs, (3) providing food/money, and (4) having the programs in their community. Recurrent themes were the lack of drug prevention intervention programs available to respondents and the failure of traditional programs of the majority culture to adequately meet their needs. Conclusion: Effective drug prevention programs for southern African Americans who use cocaine must be community based, personalized, and culturally relevant.
Exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the home

Power-frequency magnetic fields in homes come from a variety of sources, internal (appliances and domestic wiring) and external (electricity distribution and transmission circuits). The authors present results from a survey of the fields encountered at home by 258 adults over one week each. Information on the major electrical features of each of the homes was collected and related to the exposures incurred. The strongest identified factor influencing exposure at home was the presence or absence of overhead lines at voltages of 132 kV or above within 100 m of the home (geometric-mean TWA field encountered by participants 208 nT near lines, 54 nT not near lines). Occupants of homes near overhead lines or supplies from 415 V to 66 kV did not on average encounter fields significantly different to those in homes without such lines (50 and 54 nT, respectively). Occupants of flats incurred greater exposures than those incurred by occupants of semi-detached and terraced houses, which were in turn greater than those incurred by occupants of detached houses (109, 60, 56 and 43 nT, respectively).
From Philosophy to Engineering

In the years since I first thought of the possibility of producing artificial black holes, my focus on it has shifted from the role of life in the universe to a practical suggestion for the middle-term future, which I think of as on the order of a few centuries.
Prothrombin in newborns and during the first year of life.

Summary Prothrombin concentration, determined specifically with a new two-stage method, was compared with thrombotest activity in samples from infants, aged 0–21 days. There was a significant correlation between the two methods. Effect of treatment with vitamin K and plasma was registered with both methods. As the distribution of prothrombin and thrombotest values from normal, full-term neonates was slightly skew, mean value and S.D. was calculated from the logarithmic values. The normal range, expressed as mean ± 2 S.D. was for prothrombin 26–85 % and for thrombotest 27–74% (values corrected for hematocrit). No bleeding was observed in any patient with prothrombin above 20% and thrombotest above 22% (corrected values). Most low values in newborns were found in children suffering from hypoxia. Prothrombin concentration was also compared with prothrombin-proconvertin activity in samples from children, aged 0–12 months. In the healthy child prothrombin values reached the normal adult level at the age of 6–12 months, prothrombin-proconvertin values at the age of about 3 months.
Microstructural and electrochemical impedance study of nickel–Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 anodes for solid oxide fuel cells fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

Abstract Optimization of the electrode microstructure in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an important approach to performance enhancement. In this study, the relationship between the microstructure and electrochemical performance of an anode electrode fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis was investigated. Nickel–Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 (Ni–CGO) anodes were deposited on a dense yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, and the resulting microstructure was analyzed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations revealed the impact of deposition temperature and precursor solution concentration on anode morphology, particle size and porosity. The electrochemical performance of the anode was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a Ni–CGO/YSZ/Ni–CGO symmetrical cell. The deposited anode had a particle size and porosity in ranging between 1.5–17 μm and 21%–52%, respectively. The estimated volume-specific triple phase boundary (TPB) length increased from 1.37 × 10 −3 μm μm −3 to 1.77 × 10 −1 μm μm −3 as a result of decrease of the particle size and increase of the porosity. The corresponding area specific charge transfer resistance decreased from 5.45 ohm cm 2 to 0.61 ohm cm 2 and the activation energy decreased from 1.06 eV to 0.86 eV as the TPB length increased.
Classification of asphaltenes via fractionation and the effect of heteroatom content on dissolution kinetics

The goal of this work is to provide characterization and a unified framework for understanding asphaltenes in crude oil. A fractionation technique that divides an asphaltene sample into different components based on polarity was developed. The morphology of the fractions varied from dense, shiny black particles that displayed a crystalline microstructure under SEM examination (the most polar fraction) to porous, dull-brown powders of a completely amorphous nature (the least polar fraction). Extensive studies using gel permeation chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis revealed no apparent structural differences between various fractions. However, substantially different dissolution characteristics were displayed by the fractions in a differential reactor with both toluene and an amphiphile/alkane micellar solvent. Fractions of higher polarity displayed lower dissolution rate constants and dissolved to a lesser extent than the lower polarity fractions. Analysis of asphaltene samples from ...
Coping With Academic Failure: Gender Differences in Students' Self-Reported Interactions With Family Members and Friends

This study examined gender differences in the interactions early adolescent students report having with significant others following academic failure and the consequences of these interactions for student worry. The 5th- through 8th-grade students ( N = 297) reported on their general strategies for coping with academic failure, the nature of their everyday interactions with family members and friends following failure, and their levels of academic worry. Gender differences emerged in students' reports of their postfailure interactions and the consequences of these interactions for student worry. The findings are consistent with evidence that girls' interactions are more supportive than boys' interactions but that these seemingly supportive interactions may lead to some negative rather than positive outcomes, including worry.
Organic Extractables from Packaging Materials: Chromatographic Methods Used for Identification and Quantification

Abstract A review is provided, related to the chromatographic methods used to assess the accumulation of leachable substances from packaging materials used for pharmaceutical products. The review considers methods used to identify and/or quantify such leachables in actual products or product simulating solvent systems. #Reprinted from the Encyclopedia of Chromatography, Jack Cazes, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. (© 2003); URL: http://www.dekker.com/servlet/product/productid/E‐ECHR.
Antioxidant properties of individual phospholipids in a salmon oil model system

The antioxidant properties of phospholipids (PL) in a refined salmon oil model system were measured by determining changes in the 2-thiobarbituric acid number and decreases in the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/palmitic acid (22:6/16:0) of a fish oil system incubated at 180°C for up to 3 h. The more phosphatidylcholine (PC) added to the oil system, the higher the oxidative stability obtained. The order of effectiveness of commercial phospholipids in inhibiting oxidation and the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids was as follows: sphingomyelin (SPH)=lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)=phosphatidylcholine (PC)=phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)>phosphatidylserine (PS)>phosphatidylinositol (PI)>phosphatidylglycerol (PG)>control salmon oil. Nitrogen containing PL, including PE, PC, LPC and SPH, were equally effective in exerting greater antioxidant properties than PS, PG and PI. The inverse relationship observed between the oxidation index (C22:6/C16:0) and color intensity for treatments following 2 h of heating suggests that Maillard-type reaction products may have contributed to the oxidative stability of PL-supplemented fish oils.
AN INTERVIEW WITH KARL SHELL

Karl Shell is without a doubt one of the central players in the development of economic theory and macroeconomics in the latter part of the twentieth century. He has made important contributions on topics ranging from growth theory, to overlapping generations, to extrinsic uncertainty, to monetary economics, to market games, and to technological innovation. His collaborations with Dave Cass are legend, and include the seminal formulation of the concept of sunspot equilibria. His â€œNotes on the Economics of Infinity,â€ and his papers with Yves Balasko are overlapping-generations classics. Shell's many coauthors read like a Who's Who in economics, and include (in no particular order) Joe Stiglitz, Franklin Fisher, Miguel Sidrauski, Ned Phelps, Duncan Foley, Walt Heller, Albert Ando, Jim Peck, Rod Garratt, Aditya Goenka, Christian Ghiglino, and Todd Keister. This is also a club to which we are also proud to belong.Shell's research is first rate and highly innovative, but his full contribution to economic theory must also be judged by his long service as the editor of one of the profession's premier journals, the Journal of Economic Theory. As the founding editor of JET, Shell took a small upstart journal, originally envisioned as a niche outlet for papers on mathematical economics, and turned it into one of the best in the profession. JET has published papers that have had major impacts on the development of economic theory in all its various flavors.Because of Shell's long stewardship of JET, the story of his professional lifeâ€”which we hope we have captured in this interviewâ€”is also a history of the evolution of economic theory over the past quarter century. We spoke with Karl in his office at Cornell University and over lunch at the faculty club in the Statler, and the interview tapes we made were very much a three-way conversation between Karl and the two of us. In editing the transcripts of these tapes for publication, we wished to keep the focus of the conversation on Shell, and have therefore adopted the same anonymous â€œMDâ€ moniker we used in our interview of Dave Cass to mask the identity of the questioner. We hope you enjoy the conversation as much as we did.
Rapid changes in mixed layer stratification driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds

[1] Submesoscale eddies generated by baroclinic instability of upper ocean fronts lead to rapid restratification of the mixed layer on a time scale of days. This restratification can be opposed by a down-front wind stress (acting in the direction of the geostrophic velocity) that drives a surface Ekman flow from the dense side to the light side of the front to arrest the slumping of isopycnals. A scaling diagnostic is suggested to determine whether the effect of eddies or wind dominates under different conditions. Using a numerical model, we investigate the juxtaposition of submesoscale eddies and down-front winds acting on the mixed layer. By estimating the eddy-induced overturning stream function in the mixed layer, we separate the along- and cross-isopycnal fluxes of buoyancy associated with submesoscale mixed layer eddies and demonstrate the need for parameterization of the advective, along-isopycnal flux. Though the cross-front transport of buoyancy induced by the down-front component of the wind opposes restratification by mixed layer eddies, it becomes diminished as the eddies and growth of the frontal instability disrupt alignment between the wind and frontal axis.
High performance computing methods for the integration and analysis of biomedical data using SAS

From microarrays and next generation sequencing to clinical records, the amount of biomedical data is growing at an exponential rate. Handling and analyzing these large amounts of data demands that computing power and methodologies keep pace. The goal of this paper is to illustrate how high performance computing methods in SAS can be easily implemented without the need of extensive computer programming knowledge or access to supercomputing clusters to help address the challenges posed by large biomedical datasets. We illustrate the utility of database connectivity, pipeline parallelism, multi-core parallel process and distributed processing across multiple machines. Simulation results are presented for parallel and distributed processing. Finally, a discussion of the costs and benefits of such methods compared to traditional HPC supercomputing clusters is given.
Hurricane Storm Surge Simulations for Tampa Bay

Using a high resolution, three-dimensional, primitive equation, finite volume coastal ocean model with flooding and drying capabilities, supported by a merged bathymetric-topographic data set and driven by prototypical hurricane winds and atmospheric pressure fields, we investigated the storm surge responses for the Tampa Bay, Florida, vicinity and their sensitivities to point of landfall, direction and speed of approach, and intensity. All of these factors were found to be important. Flooding potential by wind stress and atmospheric pressure induced surge is significant for a category 2 hurricane and catastrophic for a category 4 hurricane. Tide, river, and wave effects are additive, making the potential for flood-induced damage even greater. Since storm surge sets up as a slope to the sea surface, the highest surge tends to occur over the upper reaches of the bay, Old Tampa Bay and Hillsborough Bay in particular. For point of landfall sensitivity, the worst case is when the hurricane center is positioned north of the bay mouth such that the maximum winds associated with the eye wall are at the bay mouth. Northerly (southerly) approaching storms yield larger (smaller) surges since the winds initially set up (set down) water level. As a hybrid between the landfall and direction sensitivity experiments, a storm transiting up the bay axis from southwest to northeast yields the smallest surge, debunking a misconception that this is the worst Tampa Bay flooding case. Hurricanes with slow (fast) translation speeds yield larger (smaller) surges within Tampa Bay due to the time required to redistribute mass.
Rhetoricizing alienation: Mary Wollstonecraft and the rhetorical construction of women's oppression

Feminist scholars have grappled with the issue of women's experiences of alienation in diverse ways. Relying on Marxist materialist critiques of alienation, scholars have been frustrated by the inability to explain adequately women's experiences of alienation. In this essay, a “rhetoricized” conception of alienation is advanced through the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist writing in the 1790s. Wollstonecraft's theories suggest that alienation is a discursive problem posed by the interpellation of women throughout history and the reification of those interpellations over time. As a rhetorically material experience, alienation functions as a critical rhetoric suggesting a hierarchical potential embedded in ideology.
The Function of Leptin in Nutrition, Weight, and Physiology

Recent advances indicate that a robust physiologic system acts to maintain relative constancy of weight in mammals. A key component of this system is leptin. Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as the afferent signal in a negative feedback loop regulating body weight. In addition, leptin functions as a key link between nutrition and the function of most, if not all other physiologic systems. When at their set point, individuals produce a given amount of leptin and in turn maintain a state of energy balance. Weight gain results in an increased plasma leptin level, which elicits a biologic response characterized in part by a state of negative energy balance. Weight loss among both lean and obese subjects results in decreased plasma levels of leptin, which lead to a state of positive energy balance and a number of other physiologic responses. In humans, both the intrinsic sensitivity to leptin and its rate of production vary and both appear to contribute to differences in weight. Further studies of leptin, its receptor, and the molecular components of this system are likely to have a major impact on our understanding of obesity and the interplay between nutrition and physiology.
Solvent-accessible surfaces of nucleic acids

Abstract Static solvent-accessible surface areas were calculated for DNA and RNA double helices of varied conformation, composition and sequence, for the single helix of poly(rC), and for a transfer RNA. The results show that for DNA and RNA double helices, two thirds of the water-accessible surface area become buried on double helix formation; phosphate oxygens retain near maximal exposure while the bases are 80% buried. Transfer RNA exposes slightly less surface per residue than does double-helical RNA, despite the presence of several additional “modified” groups, all of which are exposed significantly. When a probe corresponding to a single water molecule is used, both the total and atom type exposures are very similar for A-DNA and B-DNA, although marked differences appear in the major and minor groove exposures between the two conformations. For a given base-pair, the accessible surface area buried upon double-helical stacking is nearly constant (within 5%) for different sequences of neighboring base-pairs. For probes larger than single water molecules, there exist considerable differences in the total and atom type exposures of A-DNA and B-DNA. Conformational transitions between the A-DNA and B-DNA helical forms can thus be related to differences in the accessible areas for “structured” water, or a secondary hydration shell, rather than to interactions with individual water molecules of the primary hydration shell. The base-composition dependence of DNA helical conformation can be explained in terms of the opposing effects of thymine methyl groups of A · T base-pairs and the amino groups of G · C base-pairs upon the solvent within the grooves. The area calculations show that primarily the major groove of B-DNA and the minor groove of A-DNA have sufficient accessible surface area to be recognized by a probe size corresponding to the side-chains of amino acids.
Use of the H,K-atpase β subunit to identify multiple sorting pathways for plasma membrane delivery in polarized cells

Abstract A dynamic equilibrium between multiple sorting pathways maintains polarized distribution of plasma membrane proteins in epithelia. To identify sorting pathways for plasma membrane delivery of the gastric H,K-ATPase β subunit in polarized cells, the protein was expressed as a yellow fluorescent protein N-terminal construct in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and LLC-PK1 cells. Confocal microscopy and surface-selective biotinylation showed that 80% of the surface amount of the β subunit was present on the apical membrane in LLC-PK1 cells, but only 40% was present in MDCK cells. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis of the isolated membranes showed that a significant fraction of the H,K-ATPase β subunits associate with the endogenous Na,K-ATPase α1 subunits in MDCK but not in LLC-PK cells. Hence, co-sorting of the H,K-ATPase β subunit with the Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit to the basolateral membrane in MDCK cells may determine the differential distribution of the β subunit in these two cell types. The major fraction of unassociated monomeric H,K-ATPase β subunits is detected in the apical membrane. Quantitative analysis showed that half of the apical pool of the β subunit originates directly from the trans-Golgi network and the other half from transcytosis via the basolateral membrane in MDCK cells. A minor fraction of monomeric β subunits detected in the basolateral membrane represents a transient pool of the protein that undergoes transcytosis to the apical membrane. Hence, the steady state distribution of the H,K-ATPase β subunit in polarized cells depends on the balance between (a) direct sorting from the trans-Golgi network, (b) secondary associative sorting with a partner protein, and (c) transcytosis.