cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling of passive myocardium

This work deals with the computational modeling of passive myocardial tissue within the framework of mixed, non-linear finite element methods. We consider a recently proposed, convex, anisotropic hyperelastic model that accounts for the locally orthotropic micro-structure of cardiac muscle. A coordinate-free representation of anisotropy is incorporated through physically relevant invariants of the Cauchy–Green deformation tensors and structural tensors of the corresponding material symmetry group. This model, which has originally been designed for exactly incompressible deformations, is extended towards entirely three-dimensional inhomogeneous deformations by additively decoupling the strain energy function into volumetric and isochoric parts along with the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient. This decoupled constitutive structure is then embedded in a mixed finite element formulation through a three-field Hu–Washizu functional whose simultaneous variation with respect to the independent pressure, dilatation, and placement fields results in the associated Euler–Lagrange equations, thereby minimizing the potential energy. This weak form is then consistently linearized for uniform-pressure elements within the framework of an implicit finite element method. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach, we present a three-dimensional finite element analysis of a generic biventricular heart model, subjected to physiological ventricular pressure. The parameters employed in the numerical analysis are identified by solving an optimization problem based on six simple shear experiments on explanted cardiac tissue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ten-micron eclipse observations of Io, Europa, and Ganymede

Eclipse observations of Jupiter's satellites Io, Europa, and Ganymede have been obtained in an 8 to 14-micron band pass during 1971. The simplest thermal model able to explain the data for each satellite is a two-layer surface structure with an upper layer, only a few millimeters thick, having low thermal conductivity consistent with fine rock powder or frost, and a subsurface having high thermal conductivity consistent with solid rock or dense ice. The upper layer on Io appears to be different from that on Europa and Ganymede, but the two-layer model fits all three satellites.
The structures and energies of pentaprismane and hexaprismane: an ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio calculations are reported for pentaprismane and hexaprismane using the 3-21G and 6-31G* basis set. The calculated structures and energies are compared with what is known experimentally and with the results of previous molecular mechanics calculations.
Opiate antagonists and agonists and feeding in sheep.

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that endogenous opiate peptides may be involved in the control of food intake. In previous experiments, injection of β-endorphin has stimulated food intake and peripheral injections of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, decreased food intake in rats. In the present experiments, food and water intakes of sheep were measured in response to peripherally administered opiate antagonists and continuous lateral ventricular administration of opiate agonists. Intravenous injections of both of the opiate antagonists naloxone (0.03, 0.062 and 0.125 mg/kg) and 3–4(hydroxyl-phenyl)-3-4-dimethyl-piperidine propiophenone maleate (0.03, 0.062 and 0.125 mg/kg) decreased food intake for up to 90 min in 4-hr fasted sheep. In water-deprived sheep, naloxone did not affect water intake or body temperature for the first 4 hr but depressed 24 hr water intake. Continuous 90-min injection of 26, 51 and 102 nmoles/min of the opiate agonist D-ala 2 -met-enkephalinamide (DME) increased food intake of satiated sheep. Intravenous injection of 0.125 mg/kg naloxone blocked the increase in food intake elicited by intraventricular injection of DME. In contrast, intraventricular injection of kyotorphin, a releasor of endogenous enkephalin in the brain, did not affect food intake. Thus, in sheep intracerebroventricular administration of opiate agonists increased food intake; peripheral administration of opiate antagonists decreased food intake and blocked the feeding induced by agonists.
Long-Term Temporal Analysis of the Human Fecal Microbiota Revealed a Stable Core of Dominant Bacterial Species

Next-generation sequencing has greatly contributed to an improved ecological understanding of the human gut microbiota. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the characteristics of this ecosystem and the ecological processes that shape it, and controversy has arisen regarding the stability of the bacterial populations and the existence of a temporal core. In this study, we have characterized the fecal microbial communities of three human individuals over a one-year period by 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA tags in order to investigate the temporal characteristics of the bacterial communities. The findings revealed a temporal core of 33 to 40 species-level Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) within subjects. Although these OTUs accounted only for around 12% of the total OTUs detected, they added up to >75% of the total sequences obtained for each individual. In order to determine the capacity of the sequencing and bioinformatic approaches applied during this study to accurately determine the proportion of a core microbiota, we analyzed the fecal microbiota of nine mice with a defined three-member community. This experiment revealed that the sequencing approach inflated the amount of rare OTUs, which introduced a significant degree of artificial variation across samples, and hence reduced the apparent fraction of shared OTUs. However, when assessing the data quantitatively by focusing on dominant lineages, the sequencing approaches deliver an accurate representation of the community. In conclusion, this study revealed that the human fecal microbiota is dominated by around 40 species that maintain persistent populations over the duration of one year. The findings allow conclusions about the ecological factors that shape the community and support the concept of a homeostatic ecosystem controlled largely by deterministic processes. Our analysis of a three-member community revealed that methodological artifacts of OTU-based approaches complicate core calculations, and these limitations have to be considered in the interpretation of microbiome studies.
Percutaneous transluminal in vivo gene transfer by recombinant adenovirus in normal porcine coronary arteries, atherosclerotic arteries, and two models of coronary restenosis.

BACKGROUNDGene therapy has been proposed as a possible solution to the problem of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. The current study was undertaken to assess conventional methods of gene transfer and to develop percutaneous techniques for introducing genes directly into the coronary arteries of large mammals. Since the anticipated targets of gene therapy against restenosis include atherosclerotic and previously instrumented arteries, we also evaluated gene transfer in atherosclerotic coronary arteries and in two porcine models of restenosis: one using intracoronary stents and a second using balloon overstretch angioplasty.METHODS AND RESULTSThe conventional method of using perforated balloon catheters to deliver Lipofectin-DNA complexes directly into the coronary arteries of intact animals was applied to 18 porcine coronary arteries including normal arteries, hypercholesterolemic arteries, and those simulating restenosis. The results of this study were consistent with previously published results in...
Iodine-129 in terrestrial ores.

Xenon extracted from natural iodyrite (silver iodide) from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, contains excess xenon-129 from the in situ decay of naturally occurring iodine-129 and excess xenon-128 from neutron capture on iodine-127. On the basis of the amount of radiogenic xenon-129, it is estimated that, prior to the nuclear age, terrestrial iodine contained an equilibrium ratio of iodine-129 to iodine-127 of between 3.3 x 10-15 and 2.2 x 10-15.
Cross-reactive recognition of alloantigens and certain B6 mutant antigens by antigen-specific and polyclonally activated cytotoxic effector cells.

Abstract Various B6 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector populations were tested for cross-reactive lysis (CRL) of unmodified third-party allogeneic as well as of various Kbm and Dbm mutant target cells. The effector cells were generated by in vitro stimulation of B6 spleen cells either from unprimed mice against alloantigen, Con A, or a pool of different allogeneic stimulators, or from in vivo hapten-self primed mice against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-self or N-(5-sulfonic-1-naphthyl)ethylenediame (AED)-self antigens. Except for AED-primed effector cells all CTL populations exhibited significant CRL on third-party allogeneic target cells. More importantly, these alloreactive and H-2-restricted effectors also lysed some of the Kb mutants, but not others. Thus, unmodified bm1 and bm11 mutants were lysed by all of the B6 wild-type effectors, whereas bm6 and bm9 were only weakly lysed by alloreactive CTL. None of the B6 CTL populations lysed bm13 and bm14 target cells. These data indicate that (a) alloreactive and self-restricted CTL can recognize the same molecular structure of Class I antigens although the epitopes may be different; (b) CTL discriminate between a few amino acid substitutions in certain positions of the H-2 molecule, and (c) the newly generated antigenic determinants of the bm mutants allow them to be divided into three categories in terms of their allogenicity for these cross-reactive CTL populations.
The use of 2,4-D to intensify the skin color of pontiac potatoes

1. Experiments were conducted during the years 1950 to 1953 to determine the influences of rate, time, and method of application of 2,4-D and MCP on yields, tuber skin color, and specific gravity of Pontiac potatoes. 2. Spraying potato vines with either 2,4-D or MCP prior to tuber setting tended to reduce yields of potatoes and were less effective in intensifying tuber color than applications made when tubers were one to two inches in diameter. 3. MCP was not as effective as 2,4-D in intensifying tuber color when applied at comparable rates. 4. Rates of one-quarter to two pounds of either 2,4-D or MCP had no effect on specific gravity of Pontiac potatoes. 5. Application of one-half to one pound of 2,4-D as a basal spray to plants in full bloom (tubers 1–2 diameter) was effective in intensifying tuber skin color without reducing yields. Complete coverage sprays of 2,4-D at the same rates tended to reduce potato yields.
Ab Initio Study of the Effect of Solvation on the Electronic Spectra of Formamide and N-Methylacetamide

Calculations on the electronic spectra of formamide and N-methylacetamide in solution are presented. Solvents are modeled by macroscopic continua characterized by their dielectric constant and refractive index. The complete-active-space self-consistent-field model implemented within a self-consistent reaction field model is used. Dynamical correlation is accounted for using multiconfigurational perturbation theory. The Rydberg states are shown to be destabilized by the Pauli repulsion of the solvent. An advantageous side effect of this destabilization is the reduction of mixing between valence and Rydberg states encountered in gas-phase calculations on amides. A red-shift of 0.5−1.0 eV relative to comparable gas-phase calculations is seen for the ππ* transitions. For formamide in cyclohexane, nπ* and ππ* vertical transitions are computed to lie at 5.56 eV (oscillator strength f = 0.0006) and 6.94 eV (f = 0.274). For N-methylacetamide, the corresponding transitions are found at 5.55 eV (f = 0.001) and 6.59...
Pharmacotherapy for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in the elderly

Purpose. The use of atypical antipsychotics for maximizing clinical efficacy and overall health in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia is discussed. Summary. Psychotic and behavioral symptoms are common among older patients with dementia, and an accurate diagnosis can be obscured by complex presentation of symptoms and comorbidities. When initiating pharmacotherapy in this patient population, it is important to consider the increased presence of comorbidities and the additive pharmacologic effects of concomitantly administered drugs. Atypical antipsychotics are among the most well-studied therapeutic classes of psychoactive medications and are frequently utilized for treating psychotic symptoms and agitation in the elderly. These medications have distinct pharmacologic profiles with different liabilities for adverse effects such as sedation, metabolic disturbances, and anticholinergic effects. Recent findings from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness—Alzheimer’s Disease (CATIE-AD) study demonstrate that although these agents have some efficacy, their adverse effects may limit their utility in patients. Conclusion. The adverse effect profile should be an important consideration for clinicians selecting an atypical antipsychotic for use in this population.
A High Incidence of Brown-Headed Cowbird Parasitism of Willow Flycatchers

Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) parasitize both Willow (Empidonax traillii) and Alder (E. alnorum) flycatchers (Friedmann et al. 1977, Friedmann and Kiff 1985). These two flycatchers were considered a single species until 1973 (AOU 1973), which has masked information about the frequency with which each is parasitized. Whereas several studies of the superspecies (Traill's Flycatcher) have focused on or included details of cowbird parasitism, most were of eastern populations, and most reported frequencies of
Modeling of LWIR Hyperspectral System Performance for Surface Object and Effluent Detection Applications

In support of hyperspectral sensor system design and parameter tradeoff investigations, an analytical end-to-end remote sensing system performance forecasting model has been extended to the longwave infrared (LWIR). The model uses statistical descriptions of surface emissivities and temperature variations in a scene and propagates them through the effects of the atmosphere, the sensor, and processing transformations. A resultant system performance metric is then calculated based on these propagated statistics. This paper presents the theory and operation of extensions made to the model to cover the LWIR. Theory is presented on combining both surface spectral emissivity variation with surface temperature variation on the upwelling radiance measured by a downward-looking LWIR hyperspectral sensor. Comparisons of the model predictions with measurements from an airborne LWIR hyperspectral sensor at the DoE ARM site are presented. Also discussed is the implementation of a plume model and radiative transfer equations used to incorporate a thin man-made effluent plume in the upwelling radiance. Example parameter trades are included to show the utility of the model for sensor design and operation applications.
FASEB Science Research Conference on Biology and Chemistry of Vision

Vision research is a mature and exciting field at the forefront of modern biological sciences. For over one century, it has appealed to some of the brightest minds, driven by the desire to understand our visual function on the network, cellular, and molecular levels. Furthermore, the studies of vision have been highly influential in driving the progress of other areas of research and development of new experimental tools, such as in vivo imaging, gene therapy, and mouse and human genetics, just to name a few. In addition, as the retina is an extension of the brain, vision research has produced many of the breakthroughs in neuroscience and continues to be at its cutting edge. Similarly, as photoreceptors use a prototypical G-protein signal-transduction cascade to convert information that they receive by absorbing light into neuronal electric activity, studies of phototransduction have been a major driving force in understanding the most common principles of G-protein signaling. Finally, visual defects are widespread and have devastating consequences, leading to extensive efforts to understand the underlying pathophysiology. As a result, the visual system has been an extremely informative model for elucidating general mechanisms of neurodegeneration, assessing risk factors for multifactorial diseases, and development of gene therapy in animal models and human patients.
Escalation to Major Depressive Disorder among adolescents with subthreshold depressive symptoms: evidence of distinct subgroups at risk.

Abstract Background The presence of subthreshold depressive symptoms (SubD) in adolescence is associated with high prospective risk of developing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Little is known about variables that predict escalation from SubD to MDD. This study used a longitudinal prospective design in a community sample of adolescents to identify combinations of risk factors that predicted escalation from SubD to MDD. Methods Classification tree analysis was used to identify combinations of risk factors that improved the sensitivity and specificity of prediction of MDD onset among 424 adolescents with a lifetime history of SubD. Results Of the 424, 144 developed MDD during the follow-up period. Evidence for multiple subgroups was found: among adolescents with poor friend support, the highest risk of escalation was among participants with lifetime histories of an anxiety or substance use disorder. Among adolescents with high friend support, those reporting multiple major life events in the past year or with a history of an anxiety disorder were at highest risk of escalation. Limitations Study findings may not inform prevention efforts for individuals who first develop SubD during adulthood. This study did not examine the temporal ordering of predictors involved in escalation from SubD to MDD. Conclusions Adolescents with a history of SubD were at highest risk of escalation to MDD in the presence of poor friend support and an anxiety or substance use disorder, or in the presence of better friend support, multiple major life events, and an anxiety disorder. Findings may inform case identification approaches for adolescent depression prevention programs.
A scientific view of the productivity of abrasive blasting nozzles

ABRASIVE blasting is a sensitive issue in infrastructure refurbishment. Recent environmental laws and resulting costs have brought about a powerful incentive for improvement, but the scientific basis of abrasive blasting has remained essentially the same for over a century. Everyone knows that abrasive blasting "doesn' t take a rocket scientist." However, a rocket propulsion scientist, in fact, can bring about some much needed improvements in abrasive blasting, especially in the efficiency and productivity of blasting nozzles. For instance, the exhaust of the space shuttle main engine contains "shock diamonds," which are characteristic of supersonic flow. So does a blasting nozzle, although the diamonds are seldom visible to the naked eye. Micrometer-sized alumina particles are accelerated through the nozzles of the shuttle's solid rocket boosters (Ref 1), just as abrasive particles are accelerated through a blasting nozzle. (Actually, it is easier to analyze the shuttle booster problem because the particles are so small.) This article will explain how some of the extensive knowledge and sophistication of rocket nozzle technology (Ref 2) can be used to improve the productivity of abrasive blasting nozzles. It begins with a brief review of the history and state-of-the-art of blasting nozzles, followed by a somewhat technical explanation of bow to improve productivity. Why is the so-called venturi nozzle a better choice for abrasive blasting than the earlier straight-bore nozzle? From the field of gas dynamics (Ref 4) comes an immediate answer: just as in a rocket nozzle, it is the only way to achieve high speed flow at the nozzle exit. The nozzle must contract to a minimum area for the flow to reach the speed of sound, and then it expands to produce supersonic airspeeds. Rocket nozzles like the one shown in Fig. 2 obey the same principle, although in order to be effective at high altitudes, they expand to much larger exit diameters than the earthbound blasting nozzle. However, blasting nozzles have not benefited from any twentieth-century aerospace technology developments. For example, consider the double-venturi scheme shown in Fig. 1. It is a type of ejector nozzle that entrains outside air, but there is no
Resilient trust management for Web service integration

In a distributed Web service integration environment, the selection of Web services should be based on their reputation and quality-of-service (QoS). Various trust models for web services have been proposed to evaluate the reputation of Web services/service providers. Current mechanisms are based on tracing the feedbacks to the past behaviors of Web services. However, very few of them consider the robustness and attack-resiliency of the trust models. In this paper, we present an attack resilient distributed trust management system in a Web service management environment. The proposed attack resilient trust model uses two vectors to capture the behavior and the trustworthiness of a Web service/service provider based on our analysis on the possible attacks against the trust models. We also present a set of experiments that show the effectiveness of our trust model in detecting malicious behavior of service providers.
Aetiology of Multiple Sclerosis

Are dietary defects a cause of multiple sclerosis? There is some evidence that a lack of certain fatty acids during the maturation of the brain results in demyelination.
Minimizing the Magnetic Field Surrounding Isolated-Phase Bus by Electrically Continuous Enclosures

This paper describes a bus with electrically continuous phase enclosures interconnected at both ends. Currents in the shielding loop thus formed reduce external magnetic flux to less than one tenth the amount experienced with a discontinuous sheath. Circulating currents in nearby metallic loops are greatly reduced thereby, making joint insulation and banding of steel beams unnecessary. Over-all sheath losses are practically unchanged, for shielding current losses are approximately balanced by substantial elimination of sheath eddy-current losses. Analytical predictions are confirmed by tests.
Geospatial Analysis of Neighborhood Characteristics and Access to Fresh Produce: The Role of Farmers' Markets and Roadside Farm Stands

A growing number of studies have shown that adequate spatial access to healthy foods leads to increased fresh produce consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Annual dynamics of spatial access to 1,539 vendors of fresh produce (including farmers markets and roadside farm stands) are analyzed in Massachusetts. Travel distance to the nearest fresh produce vendor was calculated for each census block group using GIS and dasymetric mapping. Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was calculated to test whether the association between neighborhood characteristics and the travel distance to the nearest vendor existed and if it was statistically significant in urbanized and rural areas. Results show that during summer, median travel distance to the nearest fresh produce vendor decreases 20% in rural areas and 9% in urbanized areas. The shortest travel distances are associated with the most disadvantaged neighborhoods in both rural and urbanized settings. Further research is needed to examine if the same association holds true in other parts in the country.
Hydrocephalus in aqueductal stenosis

Introduction The sylvian aqueduct is the most common site of intraventricular blockage of the cerebro-spinal fluid. Clinical aspects, neuroradiological appearance, and treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis are specific.
Monsoon-tropical ocean interaction in a network of coral records spanning the 20th century

Abstract The 20th century evolution of basin-wide gradients in surface ocean properties provides one essential test for recent models of the interaction between the Asian monsoon and the tropical ocean, because various feedback mechanisms should result in characteristic regional patterns of variability. Although the instrumental record of climate variability in the tropics is essentially limited to the last few decades, the stable isotopic composition of living corals provides an effective means for extending the instrumental observations. Here we present two coral isotopic records from the Indonesian Maritime Continent, and we use these records with other previously published records to describe: (i) the relationship between western Pacific and central Pacific climate variability over the past century, with special emphasis on the biennial band; and (ii) the strength of the west–east ‘Indian Ocean Dipole’. We find that the amplitude of the biennial cycle in the Pacific did not vary inversely with the strength of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation), as might be expected from some models of monsoonal feedback on the central Pacific. Instead, the biennial variability was modulated on decadal timescales throughout much of the Pacific. We also show that the zonal oxygen isotopic gradient in the Indian Ocean coral records was significantly correlated with central Pacific sea surface temperature on a variety of timescales. Thus, it is likely that this ‘coral dipole’ was a product of strong ENSO-like teleconnections over the Indian Ocean, as opposed to being the result of unique Indian Ocean or monsoonal dynamics.
Combined thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy for venous thrombosis in children.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate safety, efficacy, and outcome after combination thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy. Study design: An open nonrandomized clinical protocol with prospective standardized monitoring and data collection. Children with a documented first episode of deep vein thrombosis were treated with urokinase 4400 U/kg load and per hour with unfractionated heparin at 10 U/kg/h. At 48 hours heparin infusions were increased to achieve a therapeutic level for 5 days. Children were given therapeutic warfarin for at least 3 months. Outcome was assessed at 48 hours and ≥1 year with history, physical examination, high-resolution imaging, and Doppler ultrasonography ± impedance and photo plethysmography. Results: Thirty-two children were treated. There was 1 thrombotic death, 1 nonfatal thrombus progression, and 1 pulmonary embolism. At 48 hours half of the children showed substantial clot lysis, and on follow-up these children had complete resolution and had no symptoms. Three children with poor early clot lysis had recurrent thromboemboli, pulmonary embolism, or both, 2 had limb pain and swelling, and 2 had asymptomatic swelling. Two children had minor bleeding, whereas systemic reactions were common. Conclusions: Combination therapy in children (urokinase and unfractionated heparin) was safe and efficacious. A prospective, randomized, controlled study in children is needed. (J Pediatr 2000;136:446-53)
A Study of the Dielectric Breakdown of Thermally Grown SiO2 by the Self-Quenching Technique

The dielectric breakdown of SiO2 films thermally grown on (100) silicon substrates was studied by the self-quenching technique, using thin aluminum field plates. The breakdown regions show distinct differences among the four possible combinations of substrate type and polarity of applied voltage. With p-type substrate and positive field-plate polarity, an anisotropy is observed which reflects the crystallo-graphic structure of the substrate. A pre-breakdown instability, which is enhanced at lowered temperatures, is ascribed to hole-electron pair production in the oxide followed by hole trapping at or near the negative electrode.
Pancreatitis after liver transplantation in children: a single-center experience.

Background and method. Posttransplantation acute pancreatitis (PTAP) is a rare but serious complication after pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). We performed a retrospective review in a large cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients at a single institution to define the impact of this problem in children. Results. Between January 1986 and December 1999, 634 pediatric LTx were performed. Twenty-six patients developed serious acute pancreatitis. The mean age at transplantation was 7.7 years (9 months to 19 years), and the indications for transplantation were biliary atresia in seven, fulminant hepatic failure in six, chronic rejection in seven, and other etiologies in six patients. PTAP was more likely to occur early after LTx (61% within the first week), was associated with the presence of an infrarenal aortic graft in 14 (54%) of 26 patients, was more likely to occur after retransplantation (11/26 patients), and was associated with blood loss and prolonged surgery in four cases. Acute renal failure occurred in 15 (58%) of 26 patients. Mortality was 42% (11/26); causes of death were sepsis or multiple organ failure in nine and hemorrhage in two patients. Management of PTAP included antibiotics, sphincterotomy, debridement with drainage, hepatic arterial revascularization, and arterial ligation. Of the 14 patients with complicated pancreatitis, 5 were treated conservatively and died. Nine patients had extensive operative interventions and four survived (45%). Conclusions. Several risk factors such as retransplantation, extensive dissection at the time of LTx, and use of infrarenal arterial graft contribute to development of PTAP in children. Early exploration and debridement in patients with complicated pancreatitis may result in a better outcome. Retransplantation in the presence of clinical pancreatitis has a high failure rate.
RDX/GAP/BTTN propellant flame studies

Abstract The non-intrusive techniques of planar laser-induced fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and spontaneous laser Raman spectroscopy were used to map out species and temperature profiles above the surface of self-deflagrating RDX/GAP/BTTN model propellant with a pseudo pre-mixed flame. HCN, CO, and N 2 were found to be the major species near the surface, and CO, N 2 , and H 2 O in the burnt gases. A dark zone of about 1200 to 1300 K was observed in which the NO concentration was at its highest. NO 2 existed only very close to the surface. No formaldehyde was observed in the gas phase. Analysis of thermocouple measurements showed a surface temperature of 605 K. Thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity as a function of temperature were also measured.
Inverted hybrid solar cells based on pyrite FeS2 nanocrystals in P3HT:PCBM with enhanced photocurrent and air-stability

Abstract Pyrite iron disulfide (FeS2) is an earth-abundant and environmentally benign semiconductor with low procurement costs and advantageous optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Here, pyrite FeS2 nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) additives are deployed in ternary hybrid bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with an inverted architecture. The band gap (Eg) of the NCs is estimated to be 1.3 and 1.7 eV using UV–vis–NIR absorption and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. A dramatic increase of the oxidized iron species in the NCs is shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which may cause the elevated Eg, according to recent density functional theory calculations. Three device performance regimes are observed when the pyrite NC concentration is varied from 0 to 4 wt% that appear linked to microstructure transitions in the BHJ active layer. While addition of FeS2 NCs consistently increases photocurrent, the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) decreases in the devices with higher pyrite NC concentrations, possibly due to increased current leakage. The inverted ternary hybrid solar cells demonstrate great air-stability after aging 28 days exposed in air. Due to the inverted structure, exposure in air actually improves the VOC and FF significantly resulting in an average 28% increase in power conversion efficiency of the ternary hybrid devices compared to the control binary device with no FeS2. The photocurrent enhancement and air-stability demonstrated by this inverted design offer a promising architecture for future pyrite FeS2 NC-based devices. Furthermore, the NC characterizations presented here provide insight to advance pyrite's development as a sustainable PV material.
The effects of stimulation of the amygdala on food and water intake in rabbits

The amygdala is supposed to have a dual modulatory influence on instigating and inhibiting central functions of alimentary behavior. Electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala in rabbits suppressed food and water intake during stimulation but had no aftereffects. Stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala had no discernible effects on food and water intake.
Re-creation of sinuses is important for sparing the aortic valve: A finite element study

Abstract Objective: The treatment of choice for aortic valve insufficiency due to root dilatation has become root replacement with aortic valve sparing. However, root replacement with a synthetic graft may result in altered valve stresses. The purpose of this study was to compare the stress/strain patterns in the spared aortic valve in different root replacement procedures by means of finite element modeling. Methods: Our finite element model of the normal human root and valve was modified to simulate and evaluate three surgical techniques: (1) "cylindrical" graft sutured below the valve at the anulus, (2) "tailored" graft sutured just above the valve, and (3) "pseudosinus" graft, tailored and sutured below the valve at the anulus. Simulated diastolic pressures were applied, and stresses and strains were calculated for the valve, root, and graft. Leaflet coaptation was also quantified. Results: All three root replacement models demonstrated significantly altered leaflet stress patterns as compared with normal patterns. The cylindrical model showed the greatest increases in stress (16%-173%) and strain (10%-98%), followed by the tailored model (stress +10%-157%, strain +9%-36%). The pseudosinus model showed the smallest increase in stress (9%-28%) and strain (2%-31%), and leaflet coaptation was closest to normal. Conclusion: Valve-sparing techniques that allow the potential for sinus space formation (tailored, pseudosinus) result in simulated leaflet stresses that are closer to normal than the cylindrical technique. Normalized leaflet stresses in the clinical setting may result in improved longevity of the spared valve. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:753-63)
Thermodynamic and Dynamic Basis for the Broadened Ligand Specificity of a Tiam2 PDZ Domain Mutant

PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains are protein-protein interaction modules that typically recognize their binding partners through the use of two specificity pockets. Here we examine the consequence of mutating four residues in the Tiam2 PDZ domain specificity pockets to produce a quadruple mutant (QM). Equilibrium binding studies show that the specificity of the Tiam2 QM mutant is similar to that seen in the wild type Tiam1 PDZ domain. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments show a larger entropic contribution to ligand binding in the QM PDZ domain compared to the WT PDZ domain. Double-mutant cycle analysis uncovered cooperativity between residues in the two specificity pockets with respect to both ligand binding and protein folding. NMR-based HSCQ studies reveal that the wild type Tiam2 PDZ has severe line broadening in several loop regions, while the QM PDZ had additional regions of line broadening. However, peptide ligand binding dampens line broadening for both the Tiam2 WT and QM PDZ domains. Finally, CPMG dispersion experiments indicate that the number of residues experiencing micro to millisecond motions is significantly increased in the QM PDZ domain. We propose a model where enhanced dynamics alters the QM PDZ domain conformational ensemble allowing for broader ligand specificity relative to the WT PDZ domain.
Doublet-based micromechanical approaches to yield and failure criteria

Abstract The doublet-based micromechanical theory introduced by the authors is employed to investigate the multi-axial yield and failure properties of solids in terms of their ultimate properties in tension, compression and shear. Emphasis is placed on the special case of spatially uniform plane states imposed on a macroscopically isotropic material domain capable of axial doublet interactions only. In view of the invertibility of the microstress/macrostress relations for this special case, the derived microcriterion is equivalently re-expressed as a criterion that employs the conventional stresses and models different tensile and compressive properties. It is further shown that assuming the tensile and compressive limits to coincide recovers Von Mises criterion, while the criterion of Tresca is associated with a microscopically inconsistent procedure. Single-microstress yield and strength criteria are introduced for microstructured media with axial and shear doublet interactions. The relationships among the biaxial limit macrostresses in tension, compression and shear to their microscopic counterparts are established for the plane case with arbitrary structural angle φ. The ratio of the macroscopic limit in tension and shear is obtained in terms of its microscopic counterpart and φ. The proposed natural criteria are compared with the classical ones of Von Mises and Tresca. The analysis of the failure conditions in the Flamant problem for a microstructured medium is employed to establish the necessity for the single-microstress canonical criteria.
Multipoint measurements of upstream waves

Two-wave MHD populations are seen at collisionless shocks: precursor waves standing in the shock ramp which form an integral part of the shock and upstream waves which are usually attempting to propagate upstream but are carried back toward the shock by the solar wind flow. Both types of waves are observed at interplanetary shocks and planetary bow shocks. The difficulty in studying interplanetary shocks is that the shock normal is hard to determine accurately but multiple spacecraft measurements are of some assistance in this regard. Two types of multispacecraft studies have been used, closely spaced ones such as with ISEE-1 and -2 and more distantly separated ones such as with ISEE and UKS. These studies suggest that the paradigm proposed here for the evolution of large amplitude or 'fully developed' turbulence needs some revision.
Changes in lactate dehydrogenase zymograms from forelimb and tail regenerates of two species of salamander.

Abstract 1. 1. The changes in LDH isozyme pattern of forelimb and tail regenerates in Ambystoma mexicanum and Taricha torosa have been determined by starch gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Homologous changes occur at both amputation sites for both species. The early blastema yields an isozyme pattern very similar to that of normal skeletal muscle. 3. 3. At the 2–3-digit stage of redifferentiation, the isozyme pattern more closely resembles that of normal heart. 4. 4. As the fully differentiated regenerate regains normal size, the isozyme pattern is again that of normal skeletal muscle. 5. 5. Other tissues or organs taken from animals whose limbs were at the 2–3-digit stage of regeneration yielded normal isozyme patterns. 6. 6. The correlation of the isozyme pattern of the regenerate and its state of differentiation is discussed.
Incorporation of 14C-mevalonate into biliary cholesterol and bile acids by perfused rat liver: Effect of plasma and individual lipoproteins

Abstract Effect of plasma and individual lipoproteins on the incorporation of 14 C-mevalonate into biliary bile acids and cholesterol by perfused rat liver was investigated. Use of plasma free perfysate (instead of whole blood) gave similar rates of incorporation of 14 C-mevalonate into biliary bile acids, but showed a decrease in percent distribution in cholic acid and a increase in β-muricholic acid. Addition of VLDL (isolated from Zucker rats) into the plasma free perfusate caused a significant increase in the incorporation of the label into bile acids, but LDL and HDL had no effect. HDL caused an increase in biliary excretion of 14 C-cholesterol.
The Future of Paediatric Surgery in Nepal

mother 11.6568 Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1408 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.55-56
Observable gravity waves from supersymmetric hybrid inflation. II.

Abstract We identify models of supersymmetric hybrid inflation in which the tensor-to-scalar ratio, a canonical measure of gravity waves produced during inflation, can be as large as 0.03 or so, which will be tested by the Planck satellite experiment. The parameter space achieving this result is found to correspond to an intermediate-scale soft mass for the inflaton. The scalar spectral index lies within the WMAP one sigma bounds, while | d n s / d ln k | ≲ 0.01 .
IBM POWER6 SRAM arrays

The IBM POWER6™ microprocessor presented new challenges to array design because of its high-frequency requirement and its use of 65-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. Advancements in performance (2X to 3X improvement over the 90-nm generation) and design margins (cell stability, writability, and redundancy coverage) were major focus areas. Key elements of the POWER6 processor chip arrays include paradigm shifts such as thin memory cell layout, large signal read (without a sense amplifier), segmented bitline structure, unclamped column-half-select scheme, multidimensional programmable timing control, and separate elevated static random access memory (SRAM) power supply. There are two main array categories on the POWER6 microprocessor chip: core and nest. Processor core arrays use a single-port, 0.75-µm2, six-transistor (6T) cell and operate at full frequency, whereas the surrounding nest arrays use a smaller 0.65-µm2 cell that operates at half or one-quarter of the core frequency in order to achieve better density and power efficiency. The core arrays include the 96-KB instruction cache (I-cache) and the 64-KB data cache (D-cache), with associate lookup-path SRAM macros. The I-cache is a four-way set-associative, single-port design, whereas the D-cache is an eight-way design with dual read ports to handle multithreading capability. The lookup-path arrays contain content-addressable memory (CAM) and RAM macros with integrated dynamic hit logic circuitry. In the nest portion, an 8-MB level 2 (L2) D-cache and a level 3 (L3) directory (1.2 MB) make up the largest arrays. The latter macro designs use longer bitlines and orthogonal word-decode layouts to achieve high array-area efficiency.
Notes on spline functions I. The limits of the interpolating periodic spline functions as their degree tends to infinity

Abstract In the reference [3, 126] the author conjectured the following result: Let S n ( x ) be the periodic spline function of degree 2 n −1, period 2 π , that interpolates a prescribed set of k periodic data. 1. If k =2 h +1 and T ( x ) is the trigonometric polynomial of order h interpolating the data, then (1) S n ( x ) → T ( x ) as n → ∞. 2. If k =2 h and T ( x ) is among all interpolating trigonometric polynomials of order h the one such the terms of highest frequency have least amplitude, then again (1) holds. Here these results are established.
Technical Gas Permeation Processes

Both microporous membranes (of ceramic material or metal) and pore-free membranes (usually polymers, but also metal and glass) are used in industrial gas separations. The only process of industrial significance utilizing microporous partitions is the enrichment of uranium; pore-free membranes are mainly used in practice. Among the separations using polymeric membranes, the following processes are considered: (1.) purification of refinery hydrogen; (2.) enrichment of a CO/H2 synthesis gas in CO; and (3.) isolation of helium from natural gas. Metallic membranes are employed in the following processes: (1.) purification of hydrogen with the aid of a Pd/Ag membrane and (2.) separation of H2 from a CO/H2 mixture. In conclusion, problems yet to be solved and recognizable development trends are considered.
Delayed Restitution of Contractility Reflects Impaired Calcium Handling in Pacing Induced Heart Failure in Immature Goats

Delayed Restitution of Contractility Reflects Impaired Calcium Handling in Pacing Induced Heart Failure in Immature Goats
Nikon F2 exposure tool development

Present status of development of F2 (157nm) exposure tool in Nikon is described. Key points of F2 exposure tool are reported; low aberration projection optics, CaF2 quality, coating durability and gas purging of the pellicle space. We also report the measurement of refractive index inhomogeneity inside CaF2 crystals, which is suspected as the cause of local flare. Characteristics of high NA optics over 0.9 are investigated by imaging simulations for both 193nm and 157nm wavelengths, which are compared NA=0.85 imaging.
Complete DNA Sequence, Comparative Genomics, and Prevalence of an IncHI2 Plasmid Occurring among Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates

We have sequenced a large plasmid that occurs among avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. This plasmid, pAPEC-O1-R, is a 241,387-bp IncHI2 plasmid which is cotransmissible via bacterial conjugation with a ColBM virulence plasmid, encodes resistance to eight antimicrobial agents, and appears to occur at low rates among extraintestinal E. coli isolates.
Personality and Social Skill Differences Between Adults With and Without Siblings

Differences in personality and social skills of 146 adults with 1 or more siblings and 51 adults without siblings were investigated to examine the importance of family structure for individual personality development. Participants completed the Social Skills Inventory (SSI; R. E. Riggio, 1989), which measures social and emotional sensitivity, expressivity, and control, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ; H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975), which measures the personality factors of Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, and Psychoticism. Results revealed only a marginal difference between individuals with and without siblings in Neuroticism, and no differences in various social skills or overall social competence. Possible explanations for the lack of differences in social skills between adults with and without siblings are discussed.
Principles of Clinical Decision Making—An Introduction to Decision Analysis

Physical therapists are becoming increasingly aware of the growing complexity of clinical decision making. The level of understanding and the sophistication necessary to diagnose, treat, and manage medical problems has increased concomitantly with the increase in new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The purposes of this special communication are to discuss the principles of clinical decision making and to present a hypothetical situation to illustrate a decision analysis process for choosing among alternative treatment protocols.