cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermochemistry and structures of Na+ coordinated mono- and disaccharide stereoisomers

The Na+ affinities of several mono- and disaccharide stereoisomers are determined in the gas phase based on the dissociations of Na+-bound heterodimers [saccharide + Bi]Na+, where Bi represents a reference base of known Na+ affinity (kinetic method). The compounds investigated include the pentoses arabinose, xylose, and ribose; the hexoses glucose, galactose, and mannose; and the disaccharides melibiose, gentiobiose, and lactose. The decompositions of [saccharide + Bi]Na+ are assessed as a function of internal energy, to thereby obtain both absolute Na+ affinities as well as relative entropies of Na+ attachment. The Na+ affinities measured are consistent with multidentate coordination of sodium ion by the oxygen sites of the saccharides. In general, hexoses bind Na+ stronger than pentoses, suggesting that the hydroxymethyl substituent equips them with more conformational flexibility and larger inductive effects for complexing Na+. The latter properties are further enhanced in the disaccharides, which also carry more basic substituents; as a result, disaccharides form even stronger bonds to Na+. The entropies of Na+ attachment are found to rise in the order pentose < hexose < disaccharide, pointing to an increase in this direction of the rotational flexibility lost after attachment of Na+. The favored [monosaccharide + Na]+ structures predicted computationally contain pyranose rings in chair or boat conformations that permit tri- or tetradentate Na+ coordination and hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl ligands; the most stable disaccharide complexes are tetradentate and involve chair forms. In the calculated structures, the pyranose O atom and the hydroxymethyl group(s) generally participate in the Na+ binding, in agreement with the experimental trends. Small changes in the saccharide stereochemistry alter the optimum Na+ coordination possible and, therefore, the Na+ affinity; as a result, the latter thermochemical property is ideally suitable for the distinction of stereoisomeric saccharides.
Mutational analyses of the putative calcium binding site and hinge of the turnip crinkle virus coat protein.

The turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) coat protein (CP) is folded into R (RNA-binding), S (shell), and P (protruding) domains. The S domain is an eight-stranded β barrel common to the coat protein subunits of most RNA viruses. A five-amino-acid hinge connects the S and P domains. In assembled particles, each pair of CP subunits is thought to bind a single calcium ion through interactions with three residues of one subunit and two residues of a neighboring subunit. These five residues comprise the putative calcium-binding site (CBS). The putative CBS and hinge are adjacent to one another. Mutations were introduced into the putative CBS or hinge in an effort to further determine the biological functions of TCV CP. One putative CBS mutant, TCV-M32, exhibited wild-type cell-to-cell movement but failed to move systemically in Nicotiana benthamiana, and particles were not detected. Another putative CBS mutant, TCV-M23, exhibited deficient cell-to-cell movement but particles accumulated in isolated protoplasts. Two other putative CBS mutants, TCV-M22 and -M33, showed wild-type cell-to-cell and systemic movement but elicited mild systemic symptoms that were somewhat delayed. All of the hinge mutants exhibited wild-type movement but some elicited non-wild-type symptoms. Point mutations in the putative CBS or hinge appear to alter virus–ion interactions, secondary structure, or particle conformation, thereby affecting interactions between the CP and plant hosts.
Ophthalmic applicators: An overview of calibrations following the change to SI units

Since the NIST dose to water standard for 90Sr/90Y ophthalmic applicators was introduced, numerous sources have undergone calibration either at NIST or at the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UWADCL). From 1997 to 2008, 222 of these beta-emitting sources were calibrated at the UWADCL, and prior reference source strength values were available for 149 of these sources. A survey of UWADCL ophthalmic applicator calibrations is presented here, demonstrating an average discrepancy of -19% with a standard deviation of +/- 16% between prior reference values and the NIST-traceable UWADCL absorbed dose to water calibrations. Values ranged from -49% to +42%.
What is space weather

Abstract Space weather refers to the dynamic, highly variable conditions in the geospace environment including those on the sun, in the interplanetary medium, and in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system. Adverse changes in the near-Earth space environment can diminish the performance and reliability of both spacecraft and ground-based systems. This, in turn, can spell major losses due to communication, navigation, power system, and reconnaissance satellite operational problems. This paper discusses some of the principal adverse space environmental effects presently known including trapped magnetospheric radiation, solar energetic particles, geomagnetic storms, and magnetospheric substorms. The scientific underpinnings for present prediction methods in space weather are considered. It is concluded that practical and effective methods of predicting and mitigating space weather effects are close at hand.
The flavonoid pigments of Liatris spicata

Abstract The flavonoid pigments of Liatris spicata were isolated and identified as the 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside of quercetin.
Resident perceptions of social–ecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica

Despite major investments in community-based tourism to diversify economies, reduce poverty and improve life quality in the Caribbean, little is known about what conditions lead to resilience and sustainability. Sustainability from a resilience theory perspective is the likelihood an existing system of resource use will persist indefinitely without a decline in social and natural resource bases. Undertaking activities to enhance resilience and sustainability improves a system's ability to persevere, adapt and learn to meet challenges from unanticipated economic, political or natural events. This study investigated six communities in the Commonwealth of Dominica, all part of a seven-year community tourism program, and examined residents' perceptions of the social, institutional, economic and ecological resilience of their community, and therefore the resilience and sustainability of community tourism development. It used a new scale using eight steps suggested by Devellis' scale development methodology. Da...
Attachment theory and clinical social work

Recent additions have rendered attachment theory potentially viable for clinical social work practice. The author examines its formulations and possible use, seeing it as an important alternative to other psychosocial approaches that attempt to explain how early childhood experiences may affect later mental health. The emphasis of this theory on the cognitive makes it congenial to those who favor cognitive approaches to individual therapy, and its emphasis on patterns of attachment makes it of appeal to family therapists.
Third-order analysis of rotatory strengths of f ↔ f transitions in chiral lanthanide systems

The general expression for the rotatory strength of f ↔ f transitions in chiral lanthanide systems is presented. The approach is based on double perturbation theory, and the transition amplitude is defined within the static and dynamic models of central ion-ligand interactions. In order to include the perturbing influence of all single excitations from the 4f shell to one-electron states of given symmetry, the effective operators which contribute to the rotatory strength are expressed in terms of perturbed functions. In addition to the third-order electron correlation effective operators which have been already introduced into the theory of one- and two-photon processes in rare earth ions, new terms arising from the perturbing influence of the inter-space part of the even-rank crystal field potential are presented. The results of test ab initio calculations performed for Na3[Eu-(oxydiacetate)3].2NaClO4.6H2O are analysed in order to establish the relative importance of new effective operators in the theore...
Membrane alterations in hemolysis: Internalization of plasmalemma induced by primaquine

Incubation of normal human erythrocytes with primaquine, a derivative of 8-aminoquinoline, results in internalization of the cell membrane and the formation of intracellular vacuoles. These changes are similar to those observed in other types of cells in pinocytosis. The reduction in surface cell membrane which accompanies internalization of plasmalemma may be generally significant in the destruction of red cells.
Comparative studies of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced composites

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber is a very promising material for making light-weight high strength and high impact resistant composites, especially for ballistic protective shields. Three commercially available materials designed specifically for ballistic applications are Spectra® woven cloth, Dyneema Fraglight® nonwoven felt, and Spectra Shield® Plus PCR prepreg were chosen for parallel comparisons. The high-temperature high-pressure sintering process was applied to all three materials. The physical, thermomechanical, and microstructural properties of the consolidated products were studied and compared, including their crystallinity, molecular orientation, impact resistance, interlaminar adhesion, flexural properties, and thermoformability. The differences in these materials and their structures are reflected in the different properties of the final products. The influence of different processing conditions on the properties also differs for each material. It is concluded that matrix free Spectra cloth composite has dominant advantages over the other two materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1544–1553, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Political geography and interest-group power

The relationship between the distribution of an interest group's members (i.e., voters) across legislative districts and the group's ability to influence government policy is not well understood. We propose a simple model of interest groups and legislative decisionmaking to characterize this relationship formally, and analyze the model for the case of three competing interest groups. We find that an interest group's expected power is maximized when its members are evently divided across (m+1)/2 of the m districts, except when the group is somewhat small, in which case its expected power is maximized when it is evenly divided across all m districts. Expected power decreases sharply as a group's members become concentrated in fewer than (m+1)/2 districts.
Relationship of early inhalant use to substance use in college students

Abstract This study examined the relationship between early inhalant use and later substance use in a sample of college students. Data were taken from four campus-wide surveys that assessed changes in rates of substance use over time at a large Southwestern university. Within these surveys, a group of students ( n =187) who reported early use of inhalants (i.e., before age 18) was identified and examined in terms of their substance use behavior while in college (i.e., during the year and month prior to the survey). These students were compared to two other groups of students: those who reported early use of marijuana but no early use of inhalants ( n =1271) and students who reported no early use of either inhalants or marijuana ( n =1479). Results show that early use of either inhalants or marijuana substantially increased risk of frequent drinking, binge drinking, smoking, illicit drug use, and substance-related consequences during the college years. However, the early use of inhalants conferred the greatest risk and was associated with twice the rate of binge and frequent drinking and significantly greater rates of tobacco and drug use than early marijuana use alone. Implications of these findings for intervention and prevention with college students are discussed.
Burning velocities of CO flames

Asymptotic and computational methods are employed to investigate premixed laminar burning velocities of planar adiabatic flames in ideal gas mixtures containing carbon monoxide, oxygen, an inert, and trace amounts of hydrogen-containing species. The chemical-kinetic steps that control the burning velocity are identified, and the dependence of the burning velocity on composition, pressure, and temperature is determined. A lower limit to the burning velocity that is greater than 5 mm/s, independent of pressure, is established for totally dry stoichiometric mixtures at 300 K. The results contribute to understanding of CO flame structure.
A Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) Outreach Research Approach to Promoting Youth Development Theoretical, Methodological, and Meta-Theoretical Challenges

This paper describes work directed toward creating community-supported positive youth development interventions that draw on a developmental intervention science outreach research approach. With respect to developmental interventions, this approach focuses on creating evidence-based longitudinal change intervention strategies for promoting long-term developmental change. The paper describes three broad challenges (theoretical, methodological, and meta-theoretical) that the authors faced in their efforts to develop and implement community-supported intervention programs built on this approach. The authors describe first the theoretical challenges they addressed in developing the conceptual framework for their community-supported intervention; second, the challenge of developing and refining a methodological framework for evaluating positive youth development interventions in “real-world” settings; and third, the meta-theoretical challenges that arose in the context of implementing community-supported posit...
Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia

We combined data from a population-based longitudinal survey with satellite measures of aerosol levels to assess the impact of smoke from forest fires that blanketed the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra in late 1997 on adult health. To account for unobserved differences between haze and nonhaze areas, we compared changes in the health of individual respondents. Between 1993 and 1997, individuals who were exposed to haze experienced greater increases in difficulty with activities of daily living than did their counterparts in nonhaze areas. The results for respiratory and general health, although more complicated to interpret, suggest that haze had a negative impact on these dimensions of health.
Diving Bradycardia in the Trained Dolphin

IT has been known for nearly a century that bradycardia is a common feature of the circulatory response to the asphyxia of diving. Heart slowing has been observed in a wide variety of both aquatic and terrestrial animals during submersion1–3. Several lines of evidence indicate that this bradycardia is associated with a decreased cardiac output and widespread arterial vasoconstriction with vastly diminished blood flow in viscera and skeletal muscle2,4,5. Flow in the cerebral and coronary circulations appears to be sustained.
ANTISENSE TR3 ORPHAN RECEPTOR CAN INCREASE PROSTATE CANCER CELL VIABILITY WITH ETOPOSIDE TREATMENT

In androgen-responsive LNCaP human prostatic cancer cells, human TR3 orphan receptor, a member of the steroid receptor superfamily, can be rapidly induced by androgen. In contrast, ablation of androgen by castration can induce the expression of the TR3 orphan receptor gene in rat ventral prostate that has undergone apoptosis. This phenomenon prompted us to further analyze the potential role of human TR3 orphan receptor in prostate cancer cells in which apoptosis had been induced. Northern blot analysis shows that human TR3 orphan receptor expression can be induced rapidly after treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells with calcium ionophore or etoposide. Our data further demonstrate that a much higher concentration of etoposide was needed to kill the same number of cells in LNCaP and PC-3 cells transfected stably with antisense TR3 orphan receptor compared with that in control vector transfectants. Together, our data suggest that the human TR3 orphan receptor may play an important role in modulating drug-induced prostate apoptosis.
Teaching under High-Stakes Testing: Dilemmas and Decisions of a Teacher Educator

In this article, the author reports on the curricular changes and testing focus that have occurred in her teaching since PRAXIS II: Principles of Learning and Teaching (PLT) tests were mandated in ...
Clinical Usefulness of a Biomarker-Based Diagnostic Test for Acute Stroke. The Biomarker Rapid Assessment in Ischemic Injury (BRAIN) Study

Background and Purpose— One of the significant limitations in the evaluation and management of patients with suspected acute cerebral ischemia is the absence of a widely available, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic test. The objective of the current study was to assess whether a test using a panel of biomarkers might provide useful diagnostic information in the early evaluation of stroke by differentiating patients with cerebral ischemia from other causes of acute neurological deficit. Methods— A total of 1146 patients presenting with neurological symptoms consistent with possible stroke were prospectively enrolled at 17 different sites. Timed blood samples were assayed for matrix metalloproteinase 9, brain natriuretic factor, d-dimer, and protein S100β. A separate cohort of 343 patients was independently enrolled to validate the multiple biomarker model approach. Results— A diagnostic tool incorporating the values of matrix metalloproteinase 9, brain natriuretic factor, d-dimer, and S-100β into a composite...
PARAMETERS OF TEXTURE CHANGE IN PROCESSED FISH: MYOSIN DENATURATION

The white muscle of the Sacramento blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus) was processed by freezing, dehydration, and cooking. Myosin was extracted immediately afterwards or following a period of storage in order to examine evidence for denaturation. The tests used were the solubility of whole muscle protein and the intrinsic viscosity, isoelectric point, ATPase activity, ultra-violet absorption spectrum, and optical rotatory dispersion of purified myosin extract. Almost all measures used showed that denaturation increased in the order: fresh < frozen < frozen-stored < dehydrated < dehydrated-stored < cooked.
Effect of flax grain inclusion on rumen fermentation, digestion, and microbial protein synthesis in growing and finishing diets for beef cattle

Abstract Four Holstein steers (339 ± 10 kg initial BW) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects of flax inclusion in diets for growing and finishing cattle on intake, ruminal fermentation, and site of digestion. Flax at 80 g/kg of dietary DM in growing (0.4 concentrate) and finishing (0.8 concentrate) diets replaced linseed meal and a portion of the corn. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial; the main effects were ration type (growing or finishing) and flax inclusion (with or without flax). Diets were formulated to contain 140 g/kg CP for growing and finishing. No differences (P≥0.24) were observed for DM intake (10.2 ± 0.54 kg/d; 2.4 ± 0.09% of BW). Flax inclusion decreased microbial OM flow at the duodenum (P=0.02). Total tract OM digestion was greater for steers fed finishing diets (P=0.02) and apparent ruminal OM digestibility tended to be greater for steers fed finishing diets (P=0.09). Steers consuming finishing diets had greater (P=0.001) total tract CP digestion. Microbial efficiency was not affected (P=0.36; g N/kg OM) by diet type or flax inclusion. Steers fed growing diets had greater (P≤0.004) ruminal aNDF and ADF digestion. Steers consuming flax had lower (P=0.02) ruminal ammonia. There was no effect (P≥0.19) of flax on CP, aNDF, ADF, and OM ruminal and total tract digestion. Results indicate that substituting 8% flax for part of corn and linseed meal in growing and finishing diets by beef cattle did not alter OM and CP digestion.
The propagation of elastic waves in thin cylindrical shells

Abstract T he propagation of longitudinal elastic waves along cylindrical shells can be treated in terms of the exact three-dimensional elastic theory. When the thickness of the shell is very small compared with its radius r, the shell might be expected to behave like a flat plate for wavelengths small compared with r. In this paper it is shown theoretically and verified experimentally that this is so, and that both symmetrical and antisymmetrical plate waves can be propagated. The experimental part of the paper is concerned with the signal velocity of a mechanical pulse travelling in a thin-walled steel tube, and it is found that those Fourier components which travel with the symmetrical plate wave velocity appear at the head of the pulse as it propagates down the tube.
The Value of Thinking-Aloud Protocols in Industry: A Case Study at Microsoft Corporation:

Thinking-aloud protocols traditionally have been used by academic researchers as a qualitative data collection method. This method is currently gaining acceptance in industry usability testing. The Usability Group at Microsoft has adopted the thinking-aloud protocol as a primary method for obtaining data from users. We have found the method valuable not only because it is valid for gathering qualitative data, but also because it is responsive to the constraints we face and the organizational culture we work within. The issue of validity has been discussed in detail by researchers such as Deffner & Rhenius and Ericcson & Simon. Our case study further pursues the validity of thinking-aloud protocols and also discusses how this method allows the researcher to work within industry constraints and incorporate changes into the product within a small time frame. Finally, our case study demonstrates how thinking-aloud protocols fit in well with Microsoft corporate culture where understandable and persuasive resul...
Angiogenic Therapy for the Chronically Ischemic Lower Limb in a Rabbit Model

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in achieving neovascularization following ischemia from arterial ligation and to determine an optimal dosage level. We used an Ameroid constrictor to produce progressive occlusion of the left femoral artery of rabbits. At 2 weeks, the rabbits were randomized to receive intravenous injection of vehicle (group A, n = 15); 3 microg/kg/day bFGF (group B, n = 12); 10 microg/kg/day bFGF (group C, n = 12); or 16 microg/kg/day bFGF (group D, n = 15) for 3 days. At 1 to 37 days after surgery, we assessed limb neovascularization by transcutaneous oximetry (TCPO(2)), angiography, heart rate, arterial pressure, peripheral vascular resistance (PRU), and muscle blood flow (MBF) during steady-state intra-arterial infusion of saline (basal), acetylcholine, papaverine, or serotonin under anesthesia and capillary density (cap/mm(2)) and capillary per muscle fiber ratio (cap/F). Groups B and C showed significantly greater change in TCPO(2) over time than groups A and D (P < 0.0001). Group D showed the lowest TCPO(2) values from days 14 to 37 and group C the highest. Groups B and C showed a higher number of vessels filled with contrast agent than groups A and D (P < 0.0001). Calf cap/mm(2) and cap/F were significantly higher in groups B and C than groups A and D (P < 0.0001). Calf basal MBF values were higher in groups B and C than in groups A and D, but were not statistically significant. Group D showed the highest level in basal PRU. There were no significant differences in heart rate or blood pressure among the groups. These results show (1) treatment with bFGF has no adverse hemodynamic effects, (2) bFGF enhances angiogenesis and circulation at moderate doses, and these effects persist at least several weeks, and (3) high doses of bFGF may inhibit angiogenesis and collateral circulation.
Automated real-time immunoassay of biomolecules

ImmunoDetection is a novel technique combining perfusion chromatography technology with antibodies to perform the steps of an immunoassay in a flow-through column format. Sensitive and precise measurements are performed in seconds to minutes using automated liquid chromatography instrumentation.
Impact of patient age on distal hypospadias repair: a surgical perspective.

Abstract Objectives To assess whether the age at which the initial hypospadias repair is performed influences the complication rate of hypospadias repair. Methods The records of 325 consecutive patients who underwent initial hypospadias repair were reviewed. The patients with glanular and coronal hypospadias underwent repair with either meatoplasty and glanuloplasty or a glans approximation procedure. Patients with subcoronal hypospadias and penile hypospadias underwent repair with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty. The patients were divided into 6-month age groups, and the complication rates were analyzed by age group using the chi-square test. Results A total of 325 hypospadias repairs were performed from January 1999 to January 2005 by a single surgeon. Of the 325 cases, 194 tubularized incised plate procedures were performed, 69 meatoplasty and glanuloplasty procedures were performed, and 53 glans approximation procedures were performed. Nine tubularized island flap urethroplasties performed for penoscrotal hypospadias were excluded because we did not perform a significant number of proximal urethroplasties. Nineteen patients (6.0%) developed urethrocutaneous fistulas and six (1.9%) demonstrated dehiscence. Overall, 2 patients (2.2%) who underwent surgical repair within the first 6 months of age developed complications compared with 23 patients (10.3%) who underwent initial hypospadias repair when they were older than 6 months of age (P = 0.006). Conclusions Tubularized incised plate, meatoplasty and glanuloplasty, and glans approximation urethroplasty are all excellent options for the surgical correction of hypospadias in the appropriately selected patient. The results of our study have indicated that complications are minimized when hypospadias repair is performed when the patient is 4 to 6 months of age.
The use of r-adaptivity with local, intermittent remesh for modeling hypervelocity impact and penetration

An explicit, r-adaptive finite element method is described for application to hypervelocity impact and penetration problems. Here, r-adaptivity refers to a numerical scheme in which the nodes of the mesh are moved to improve the quality of the mesh. The r-adaptive scheme implemented here is similar to ALE, in that the physical and mesh velocities are independent; however, in this application the mesh is constrained to follow the physical boundaries of the material. Thus, interfaces do not flow through the mesh. The advantage of this treatment is that the original contact conditions are preserved. The r-adaptive scheme is very effective in controlling the time step in the calculation; however, it is not sufficient to completely control the topology of elements. At that stage an automatic remesh is performed and is confined to a region local to the distorted elements. To illustrate the applicability and robustness of the method, results from low-velocity and hypervelocity Taylor anvil impact simulations are presented. The results for hypervelocity represent the first near-Lagrangian calculations with traditional finite elements ever successfully performed for this application (here, near-Lagrangian implies that the mesh motion is typically everywhere close to the material motion). Strengths and weaknesses of the approach are highlighted.
Effects of membrane potential on the voltage dependence of motility‐related charge in outer hair cells of the guinea‐pig

1. Isolated outer hair cells (OHCs) from the guinea-pig were whole-cell voltage clamped to study the influence of initial voltage on the voltage dependence of motility-related gating current or, equivalently, on the voltage dependence of membrane capacitance. 2. Prepulse delivery caused changes in the magnitude of motility-related gating currents, which are due predominantly to shifts in the voltage at peak capacitance (VpkCmm). Depolarization shifts VpkCm in the hyperpolarizing direction, and hyperpolarization does the opposite. The mean shift between -120 and +40 mV prepulse states with long-term holding potentials (> 2 min) at -80 mV was 14. 67 +/- 0.95 mV (n = 10; mean +/- s.e.m.). 3. The effect of initial membrane potential is sigmoidal, with a voltage dependence of 23 mV per e-fold change in VpkCm, and maximum slope within the physiological range of OHC resting potentials. This indicates that the cell is poised to respond maximally to changes in resting potential. 4. The kinetics of prepulse effects are slow compared with motility-related gating current kinetics. High-resolution measurement of membrane capacitance (Cm) using two voltage sinusoids indicates that shifts in VpkCm induce Cm changes with time courses fitted by two exponentials (tau0, 0.070 +/- 0.003 s; tau1, 1.28 +/- 0.07 s; A0, 1.54 +/- 0.13 pF; A1, 1.51 +/- 0.13 pF; means +/- s.e.m. ; n = 22; step from +50 to -80 mV). Recovery of prepulse effects exhibits a similar time course. 5. Prepulse effects are resistant to intracellular enzymatic digestion, to fast intracellular calcium buffers, and to intracellular pressure. Through modelling, we indicate how the effect may be explained by an intrinsic voltage-induced tension generated by the molecular motors residing in the lateral membrane.
Diagnostic Modeling and Diagnosability Evaluation of Mechanical Systems

Consideration of diagnosability in product design promises to increase product quality by reducing maintenance time without increasing cost or decreasing reliability. Methods for investigating the diagnosability of mechanical and electro-mechanical systems are described and are applied to the Bleed Air Control System (BACS) on the Boeing 747-400. The BACS is described and a diagnostic model is developed using information from the system Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between the system's functions and its components. Two metrics for the evaluation of system diagnosability and two metrics for the evaluation of component diagnosability are defined. These metrics emphasize diagnostic ambiguity and are combined with the probability of different system failures to weight the effects of each failure. Three modified systems are produced by reassigning functions from one component to another. The resulting effects on the system and component diagnosability are evaluated. We show that by changing these relationships system diagnosability can be improved without adding sensors or other components.
Synthesis of stereoregular poly(alkyl malolactonates)

Preparation de (R)-malolactonates, optiquement purs de methyle, ethyle, isopropyle et benzyle, polymerisation en masse en presence de benzoate de tetraethylammonium
Predicting extravesical extension of bladder carcinoma: a novel method based on micrometer measurement of the depth of invasion in transurethral resection specimens

Abstract Objectives. Patients with bladder cancer and extravesical extension (Stage T3 or greater) have worse survival than those with organ-confined cancer. We sought to determine whether the depth of invasion in transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) specimens will predict extravesical extension in patients treated by radical cystectomy. Methods. We studied 90 patients diagnosed with invasive bladder carcinoma between 1979 and 1984. The 1997 TNM (tumor, lymph node, metastasis) system was used for pathologic staging. The mean patient age was 65 years (range 44 to 78). The male/female ratio was 5:1. All patients had invasive bladder cancer at TURB. Muscle invasion was identified in 35 patients (39%) and lamina propria invasion was present in 55 patients (61%) in the TURB specimens. The depth of invasion in the TURB specimens was measured by an ocular micrometer. All patients were treated by radical cystectomy. The median interval from TURB to cystectomy was 44 days (range 2 to 159). Extravesical extension (Stage T3 or greater) at cystectomy was present in 39 patients (43%). Results. The depth of invasion was associated with final pathologic stage (Spearman correlation r = 0.58, P Conclusions. Patients with a bladder cancer depth of invasion greater than 4 mm in the TURB specimens, as measured by micrometer, are likely to have extravesical extension, and more aggressive treatment should be considered.
Intracellular plutonium: removal by liposome-encapsulated chelating agent

Chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were successfully encapsulated within lipid spherules (that is, liposomes). Encapsutlated [14C]EDTA, given intravenously to mice, was retained longer in tissues that nonencapsulated [14C]EDTA. Encapsulated DTPA, given to mice 3 days after pluttonium injection, removed an additional fraction of plutonium in the liver, presumably intracellular, not available to nonencapslulated DTPA. It also further increased urinary excretion of plutonium. Introduction of chelating agents into cells by liposomal encapsulation is a promising new approach to the treatment of metal poisoning
Precision of ACL tunnel placement using traditional and robotic techniques.

The objective of this study was to examine the precision of ACL tunnel placement using: (1) Caspar® (orto MAQUET GmbH Co. KG) an active robotic system, and (2) four orthopedic surgeons with various levels of experience (between 100 and 3,500 ACL reconstructions). The robotic system and each surgeon drilled tunnels for ACL reconstruction in 10 plastic knees (total n = 50) that included a reference cube in the medial aspect of the proximal tibia and distal femur. For the robotic system, the placement of each tunnel was planned preoperatively using custom software and CT data for each femur and tibia. The robotic system then drilled the tunnels in the femur and tibia based on the preoperative plan. For the surgeons, tunnel placement was accomplished using their preferred technique, which was based on the one-incision arthroscopic technique. The distribution of intra-articular points on the tibia was contained within a sphere of radius 2.0 mm (robot system), 2.1 mm (Fellow 1), 2.4 mm (Fellow 2), 3.4 mm (Exper...
Pharmacogenetic differences in audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg-asr mice ☆

Abstract Susceptibility to audiogenic seizures can be induced in some strains of resistant mice by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus (acoustic priming). Aminooxyacetic acid, hydrazine, glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cycloheximide, and metyrapone antagonize the acoustic priming of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6Bg mice, whereas only metyrapone attenuates that of DBA/1Bg-asr mice. The strain difference in the effect of AOAA and cycloheximide is correlated with a small, transient fall in level of brain GABA in C57BL/6Bg but not DBA/1 Bg-asr mice. These findings support our hypothesis that there are at least two neural mechanisms of acoustic priming, each with its own genetic basis and that corticosteroids are required by both mechanisms for the development of primed seizures.
A direct comparison of shock tube photolysis and pyrolysis methods in the determination of the rate coefficient for O+H2→OH+H

Mixtures of NO, N2O, and H2 in Ar were shock-heated and photolyzed with an ArF excimer laser. Measurements of O-atom profiles using atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS) permitted the determination of the rate coefficient for the reaction, O + H2 → OH + H, by two methods under near-identical conditions. The first used the pyrolysis of N2O as an O-atom source, and the second used the photolysis of NO as the O-atom source. The rate coefficients determined by the two methods are indistinguishable and are well represented in the temperature range 2120 to 2750 K by the expression 8.13(± 10%) × 1014 expBRET9540[±800/T (in K)]BRET1 cm3 mol−1 s−1. This rate coefficient agrees well with those previously reported in the literature.
LANTHANUM IN HEART CELL CULTURE : Effect on Calcium Exchange Correlated with Its Localization

Correlation of the localization of La+++ with its effects on Ca++ exchange in cultured rat heart cells is examined with the use of a recently developed technique. 75% of cellular Ca++ is exchangeable and is completely accounted for by two kinetically defined phases. The rapidly exchangeable phase has a t ½ = 1.15 min and accounts for 1 1 mmoles Ca++/kg wet cells or 43% of the exchangeable Ca++ (cells perfused with [Ca++]o = 1 mM) Phase 2 has a t ½ = 19.2 min and accounts for 1.5 mmoles Ca++/kg wet cells or 57% of the exchangeable Ca++. 0.5 mM [La+++]o displaces 0 52 mmoles Ca++/kg wet cells—all from phase 1—and almost completely abolishes subsequent Ca++ influx and efflux The presence of La+++ in the washout converts the washout pattern to a single phase system with a t ½ = 124 min. The effects upon Ca++ exchange are coincident with abolition of contractile tension but regenerative depolarization of the tissue is maintained Electron microscope localization of the La+++ places it exclusively in the external lamina or basement membrane of the cells. The study indicates that negatively charged sites in the basement membrane play a crucial role in the E-C coupling process in heart muscle
Factors Affecting Physicians’ Responses to Patients’ Requests for Antidepressants: Focus Group Study

Background The ways in which patients’ requests for antidepressants affect physicians’ prescribing behavior are poorly understood.
A Study of C5H10 radical cations by collisionally activated dissociation, charge stripping, and low energy ion‐molecule reactions

C5H10 radical cations generated from a variety of olefins and cycloalkanes were investigated by collisionally activated dissociation, charge stripping, and low energy ion-molecule reactions. It has been determined that all of the isomers studied can be distinguished by charge stripping, whereas collisionally activated dissociation and the ion-molecule reactions are less informative. The radical cations from cyclopentane, methylcyclobutane and substituted cyclopropanes retain their cyclic structures for at least a fraction of the population having lifetimes in the microsecond range.
Acoustical properties of fabrics in low-intensity ultrasound

Abstract In utilizing ultrasound to aid in the wet processing (dyeing and washing) of fabrics, it is important to know an effective way of introducing the ultrasound to the fabric. The process of increasing dye transfer from the dye bath to the fabric using ultrasonic energy is a function of the acoustic impedance characteristics of the fabrics. Previous research showed that fabrics transmit less than 4% of incident energy and have negligible absorption of high-intensity ultrasound. The transmission results show a great deal of scatter due to uncontrollable causes. Also, there is no standard method to quantify reflection when high-intensity ultrasound is used. This paper investigates the acoustical properties of fabrics in low-intensity ultrasound. These results are then compared with those obtained for high-intensity ultrasound. Tests showed that fabrics transmit about 15% and reflect about 50% of the low-intensity ultrasound. However, when thoroughly wetted, fabrics transmit 100% low-intensity ultrasound.
General relativity at Syracuse in the mid-fifties

A brief survey is given of the work of the relativity group at Syracuse University during the period 1953–1957. The two main thrusts of the research during this period were the search for the true observables of general relativity and the construction of a suitable commutator bracket.
Some Effects of Nonhydrocarbon Base Oil Constituents on the Friction and Surface Coating Formation Obtained with Three Additives

The effects of antiwear, EP, and friction modifying additives on the friction of steel-on-steel are greater when blended in more highly refined base oils. To explain this observation, non-hydrocarbons (sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds) of the types either (a) initially present in less well-refined oils or (b) formed by oil oxidation during use, were added to base blends consisting of a chlorinated wax, a sulfurized terpene oil, or didodecyl phosphite in a highly refined mineral oil. The resulting changes in friction and surface-coating formation were measured as a function of the nonhydrocarbon concentration. The additive effects on friction were canceled selectively by some of the 34 nonhydrocarbons studied at concentrations that could be encountered in less well-refined oils, whereas pure hydrocarbon additions had little effect. Mechanisms for the observed friction and surface coating changes have been proposed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubri...
Concentrations and Hazard Assessment of Organochlorine Contaminants and Mercury in Smallmouth Bass from a Remote Lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, toxaphene, chlordanes, dieldrin, and mercury were determined in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) collected from Fumee Lake, a remote lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. An ecological hazard assessment was conducted to determine potential impacts of contaminants on bald eagles and mink eating fish from this lake. Concentrations of organochlorines, except toxaphene, and mercury in smallmouth bass were similar to those found in fish from Lake Superior, where atmospheric inputs are the primary sources. Bioaccumulation was indicated by a positive correlation between fish weight and contaminant concentrations for organochlorines, while mercury concentrations did not appear to correspond predictably to body weight. Concentrations of mercury and PCBs in smallmouth bass were sufficiently great to be of concern regarding their consumption by eagles or mink.
Time-resolved ion beam induced charge collection (TRIBICC) in micro-electronics

Abstract A focused 12-MeV carbon ion micro-beam was used to acquire multiple single ion transients at various locations of a single CMOS transistor. Complete current transients induced by single ions were measured at a 5 GHz analog bandwidth. The current transients reveal clear and discernible contributions of drift and diffusive charge collection. Estimates are presented for the drift assisted funneling charge collection depth. Radiation damage effects on drift and diffusive charge collection are reported. Transients measured for drain and off-drain ion strikes compare well to 3D DAVINCI calculations.
False‐Positive DAT Caused by Variables in Sample Procurement

A positive DAT may occur when blood samples are drawn from an intravenous line and are a function of 1) drawing the sample from a line containing 5% or 10% dextrose rather than dextrose with lactated Ringer's; 2) using a large bore rather than a small bore needle; 3) using a clot rather than anticoagulated sample for the DAT; and 4) drawing a smaller volume of blood (reactions strongest at a sample size of 0.5 ml).
Traumas With and Without a Sense of Agency

The authors differentiate two types of traumatic experience: trauma with agency and trauma without agency. The types are different despite the fact that the symptoms of both look similar enough to fall within the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The differentiating factor is the sufferer's sense of agency during the circumstances surrounding the trauma. What is traumatizing is that the individual acted in some way that, however adaptive in the moment of threat and crisis, was ultimately loathed simultaneously or subsequently by the person's larger self and seen by this larger self as defining of character. Traumatized clients with a sense of agency require treatment that comes from being cared for and loved despite this hated facet of self.
Tablet Keyboard Configuration Affects Performance, Discomfort and Task Difficulty for Thumb Typing in a Two-Handed Grip

When holding a tablet computer with two hands, the touch keyboard configuration imposes postural constraints on the user because of the need to simultaneously hold the device and type with the thumbs. Designers have provided users with several possible keyboard configurations (device orientation, keyboard layout and location). However, potential differences in performance, usability and postures among these configurations have not been explored. We hypothesize that (1) the narrower standard keyboard layout in the portrait orientation leads to lower self-reported discomfort and less reach than the landscape orientation; (2) a split keyboard layout results in better overall outcomes compared to the standard layout; and (3) the conventional bottom keyboard location leads to the best outcomes overall compared to other locations. A repeated measures laboratory experiment of 12 tablet owners measured typing speed, discomfort, task difficulty, and thumb/wrist joint postures using an active marker system during typing tasks for different combinations of device orientation (portrait and landscape), keyboard layout (standard and split), and keyboard location (bottom, middle, top). The narrower standard keyboard with the device in the portrait orientation was associated with less discomfort (least squares mean (and S.E.) 2.9±0.6) than the landscape orientation (4.5±0.7). Additionally, the split keyboard decreased the amount of reaching required by the thumb in the landscape orientation as defined by a reduced range of motion and less MCP extension, which may have led to reduced discomfort (2.7±0.6) compared to the standard layout (4.5±0.7). However, typing speed was greater for the standard layout (127±5 char./min.) compared to the split layout (113±4 char./min.) regardless of device orientation and keyboard location. Usage guidelines and designers can incorporate these findings to optimize keyboard design parameters and form factors that promote user performance and usability for thumb interaction.
Voices From the Field: Social Workers Define and Apply Social Justice

Social justice is embraced as a central mission of social work, yet how the profession defines it lacks clear and common understanding. This qualitative study explored the concept of social justice as perceived and applied by social workers in diverse practice settings. Focus-group participants were asked five primary open-ended questions. Key phrases and terms were identified and grouped into four themes: variation in meaning of social justice, confronting injustices, practice reality, and professional responsibility. The findings suggest that social justice as understood and practiced in the field is compatible with theoretical conceptions in the literature, but a predominant understanding remains lacking.
Mechanisms and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) describe their breathlessness as related to the work and effort associated with breathing. Current evidence suggests that the perception of dyspnea is due to a “mismatch” between the outgoing motor command from the central nervous system and the corresponding afferent information from chemoreceptors and/or mechanoreceptors. To measure the severity of dyspnea the principles of psychophysics (stimulus → response relationship) can be applied. One approach is to consider activities of daily living as a putative stimulus. Although this method relies on patient recall and description of daily tasks, ability to function, as well as time and effort to complete an activity, select clinical instruments have demonstrated appropriate measurement criteria in randomized clinical trials involving patients with COPD. Another approach is for a patient to report the intensity of dyspnea during exercise, and current practice is to provide ratings each minute “on cue...