cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of ubiquinone reduction by succinate in electron transport particles.

Abstract The reduction of ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport particles from beef heart, caused by succinate in the presence of the respiratory inhibitors Antimycin A and eyanide, appears to follow mixed zero- and first-order kinetics of the type expected for a simple enzymic reaction. The zero-order rate for Q reduction is the same in the presence of Antimycin A or cyanide, and is the same as that for cytochrome c reduction in the presence of cyanide and cytochrome b reduction in the presence of Antimycin A for equal numbers of electrons transported. The half-time for Q reduction is at least four times greater than that for the cytochromes under comparable conditions. A simple, approximate method was used to calculate Km for Q in the reduction reaction, assuming that the reaction follows simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics and that the Q is “dissolved” and uniformly distributed in the lipid phase of the particles. The calculated value approximates 1 mm.
DREAMM: a biobehavioral imaging methodology for dynamic in vivo whole-brain mapping of cell type-specific functional networks.

DREAMM: A Biobehavioral Imaging Methodology for Dynamic In Vivo Whole-Brain Mapping of Cell Type-Specific Functional Networks
The eukaryotic RNA exosome

The eukaryotic RNA exosome is an essential multi-subunit ribonuclease complex that contributes to the degradation or processing of nearly every class of RNA in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Its nine-subunit core shares structural similarity to phosphorolytic exoribonucleases such as bacterial PNPase. PNPase and the RNA exosome core feature a central channel that can accommodate single stranded RNA although unlike PNPase, the RNA exosome core is devoid of ribonuclease activity. Instead, the core associates with Rrp44, an endoribonuclease and processive 3'→5' exoribonuclease, and Rrp6, a distributive 3'→5' exoribonuclease. Recent biochemical and structural studies suggest that the exosome core is essential because it coordinates Rrp44 and Rrp6 recruitment, RNA can pass through the central channel, and the association with the core modulates Rrp44 and Rrp6 activities.
Association of Hospital Participation in a Surgical Outcomes Monitoring Program With Inpatient Complications and Mortality

(adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.03), serious complications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94-1.03), or mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.14). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No association was found between hospital-based participation in the NSQIP and improvements in postoperative outcomes over time within a large cohort of patients undergoing elective general/vascular operations at academic hospitals in the United States. These findings suggest that a surgical outcomes reporting system does not provide a clear mechanism for quality improvement.
Routine review of ascites fluid from patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma is a low-yield procedure: an observational study.

Background: Patients with cirrhosis develop ascites for physiologic reasons that are unrelated to malignant progression. However, physicians performing paracentesis in these patients, often send fluid to the cytology laboratory, sometimes specifically looking for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have investigated the diagnostic yield of these specimens. Materials and Methods: A computerized pathology database search for all ascites fluid cases submitted to the cytology laboratory at a major liver transplant center between November 2004 and April 2008 was performed. Clinical history was obtained for each case. Patients with cirrhosis, with or without HCC, were included in the study. Cytologic diagnoses were compiled and follow-up information was obtained for cases with non-negative findings. Results: A total of 167 specimens from 133 patients ranging from 29 to 85 years of age (mean 56 years) were submitted over the said time period. The causes of cirrhosis included: alcohol - 44; Hepatitis C - 30; Hepatitis B - 6; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - 7; cryptogenic - 18; other single causes - 6; and multifactorial (alcohol and hepatitis viruses) - 22. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was present or strongly suspected in 17 patients and had been previously resected in two others. The status of fifteen patients was post liver transplant, with recurrent liver failure. Human immunodeficiency virus was present in seven patients and eight patients had a history of non hepatic malignancies. Among the specimens, 162 were negative, two had atypical lymphocytes worked up for lymphoma, and three had atypical epithelioid cells; none was positive for HCC. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a mesothelial origin for the atypical epithelioid cells in two cases; in the third case, the patient died shortly after the specimen was collected, with no radiological evidence of HCC. Conclusion: Ascites fluid cytology specimens in patients with cirrhosis, even those known or suspected to have HCC, are almost always negative. Atypical cells seen in such specimens should be treated with skepticism since the likelihood that they represent peritoneal spread of HCC is low.
On the Possible Application of a Microscale Thermocouple to Measure Intercellular Ice Formation in Cells Embedded in an Extracellular Matrix

To optimize a freezing protocol for tissue systems, knowledge of intercellular ice formation and water transport is essential. Water transport during freezing can be measured using low temperature microscopy technique [1] and/or by differential scanning calorimetry method [2]. To study the formation of intracellular ice in cells embedded in an extracellular matrix we propose to design and develop an array of microscale thermocouples using microfabrication techniques [3]. The microfabricated thermocouples will be required to accurately measure the small temperature fluctuations in an embedded cell due to the formation of intracellular ice.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
High strength, ductility, and impact toughness at room temperature in hot-extruded FeAl alloys

Abstract Ingots and powders of FeAl alloys (Fe-36Al-0.5Mo-0.05Zr-0.13C (at%), base composition) were hot extruded at 900–1100 °C to produce fine or ultrafine grained materials. Ingot material ( I M ) FeAl alloys with (100 or 210appm) and without added boron extruded at 900 °C had fully recrystallized, fine-grained (35–50 μm) microstructures and 8–10% tensile ductility in air. Boron microalloying also changed the fracture mode from intergranular to a more ductile transgranular quasicleavage mode. Charpy impact toughness tests measured an absorbed energy of 25 J in the boron-free I M FeAl, and a much higher impact energy of 63 J in the boron-doped I M FeAl alloy. Intragranular microstructures of all these I M FeAl alloys consisted of dislocation networks with some dislocation loops and no fine precipitates. Powder material ( P M ) FeAl alloys were directly consolidated by hot extrusion at temperatures of 950, 1000, and 1100 °C. This processing produced complex microstructures of deformed remnant oxide ‘envelopes’ (950, 1000 °C) or stringers (1100 °C) structures related to the prior particle interfaces, and ultrafine recrystallized grain structures within those particles. P M FeAl alloys extruded at 950 °C and 1000 °C had an ultrafine 2–4 μm grain size, 12.5–15% elongation in air (21–29% in oxygen), and ductile-dimple fracture within the prior powder particles. Despite their ductility, these P M FeAl alloys were also much stronger than I M FeAl alloys (yield strength (YS) of 600–670 MPa compared to 410–435 Mpa, respectively). These P M FeAl alloys also had high Charpy impact energies of 85–105 J. By contrast, P M FeAl extruded at 1100 °C had slightly coarser grain size (9–13 μm), had 9% elongation in air (11 % in oxygen), had a more brittle mixture of intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage, was weaker (YS of 500–520 MPa), and had lower impact energy (25J). The ultrafine-grained P M FeAl alloys also have subtle differences in intragranular precipitate (ZrC) and dislocation (loops) components of the microstructure which may play a role in their excellent mechanical properties.
Linear and nonlinear ultrasonic characterization of in limestone

Characterization of dolomitic limestone rock samples with increasing levels of damage is presented using linear and nonlinear ultrasonic approaches. Limestone test samples with increasing levels of damage were created artificially by exposing virgin samples to increasing temperature levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700oC for a ninety minute period of time. The linear characterization is based upon the concept of complex moduli, which is estimated using ultrasonic dilatational and shear phase velocity measurements and corresponding attenuations. The nonlinear approach is based upon non-collinear wave mixing, involving mixing of two dilatational waves. Criteria were used to assure that the detected scattered wave originated via wave interaction in the limestone and not from nonlinearities in the testing equipment. These criteria included frequency and propagating direction of the resultant scattered wave, and the time-of-flight separation between the two primary waves and the resulting scattered wave. It was observed that both the linear and nonlinear approaches are able to characterize the level of damage in limestone rock.
Application of Bayesian Monte Carlo analysis to a Lagrangian photochemical air quality model

Uncertainties in ozone concentrations predicted with a Lagrangian photochemical air quality model have been estimated using Bayesian Monte Carlo (BMC) analysis. Bayesian Monte Carlo analysis provides a means of combining subjective “prior” uncertainty estimates developed by standard Monte Carlo techniques with information about the agreement between model outputs and observations. The resulting “posterior” uncertainty estimates reflect both the model's performance and subjective judgments about uncertainties in model parameters and inputs. To demonstrate the approach, BMC analysis was applied to a model of ozone concentrations along two-day trajectories ending on 28 August 1987 at Azusa and Riverside, CA. Refined estimates of uncertainties in base case O3 concentrations were calculated, along with estimates of uncertainties in the response to 25% reductions in motor vehicle emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. For the cases studied, the model results were in reasonable agreement with spatially interpolated observations. Bayesian updating reduced the estimated uncertainty in predicted peak O3 concentrations from 35 to 20% at Azusa and from 24 to 18% at Riverside.
Some Macroscopic Properties of Dielectric, Absorbing, and Active Cylinders*†

Solutions to the wave equation and Maxwell’s equations in cylindrical coordinates were found that satisfy the boundary conditions at the interface between an infinitely long absorbing or active cylinder and an arbitrary outside medium. These solutions are exponentially decreasing or increasing TE, TM, or hybrid waves traveling along the direction of the axis. The components of the complex Poynting vector make it possible to determine the time average of the excess of the inflow or outflow of radiant flux along each of the coordinate directions and over the surfaces of an arbitrary cylindrical volume element. These equations show for the first time, in the simpler case of TE and TM waves, that cylinders of large radii possess unique modes, which simultaneously exhibit stimulated emission and absorption along different coordinate directions. In each case, the pumped-in radiant flux either reappears as stimulated emission along other coordinate directions or disappears by absorption introduced by the conductivity and complex dielectric constant. The theory is of a linear, resonant type, and is therefore limited to weak pumping fields for which fluorescence is absent.
Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, arf-binding protein adaptors mediate insulin-responsive trafficking of glucose transporter 4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Small glucose transporter 4 (Glut4)-containing vesicles represent the major insulin-responsive compartment in fat and skeletal muscle cells. The molecular mechanism of their biogenesis is not yet elucidated. Here, we studied the role of the newly discovered family of monomeric adaptor proteins, GGA (Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), in the formation of small Glut4 vesicles and acquisition of insulin responsiveness in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In these cells, all three GGA isoforms are expressed throughout the differentiation process. In particular, GGA2 is primarily present in trans-Golgi network and endosomes where it demonstrates a significant colocalization with the recycling pool of Glut4. Using the techniques of immunoadsorption as well as glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay we found that Glut4 vesicles (but not Glut4 per se) interact with GGA via the Vps-27, Hrs, and STAM (VHS) domain. Moreover, a dominant negative GGA mutant inhibits formation of Glut4 vesicles in vitro. To s...
Evaluations of As-fabricated GaN-based light-emitting diodes

We have assessed the structural perfection of as-fabricated light emitting devices using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. We have used the electron beam induced current and cathodoluminescence techniques to evaluate the electrical activity of the structural defects. Results indicate that the density of threading dislocations in the device structure is about 1010 cm-2, and they are of edge character. We argue that this high density is a consequence of the coalescence of the AlN islands that form on the SiC substrates. We also discuss the replication behavior of the threading dislocations during subsequency growth. Both the electron beam induced current and cathodoluminescence images show non-radiative recombination regions. We attribute them to the presence of the threading dislocations.
Use of a nematic liquid crystal for the gas-liquid chromatographic separation of naphthalene homologues

Abstract The gas-liquid chromatographic separations of methyl-, ethyl-, and dimethylnaphthalene isomers on the nematic and supercooled regions of N,N′-bis( p -methoxybenzylidene)-α,α′-bi- p -toluidine are presented and compared with the results obtained on other materials. The unique selectivity of this liquid crystal, based upon differences in the molecular length-to-breadth ratio of the solute positional isomers, has enabled the complete separation of these naphthalene homologues.
MALIGNANT THYROID TUMORS OCCURRING IN THE MOUSE AFTER PROLONGED HORMONAL IMBALANCE DURINGTHE INGESTION OF THIOURACIL

INTRODUCTION IT IS generally recognized that the surgical removal of an endocrine gland will affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. It would be expected, too, that a chemical agent capable of specifically blocking the secretion of a single endocrine gland would also alter the normal hormonal balance. Experiments on mice have been in progress for over seven years in our laboratories on the effects of long continued chemically produced hormonal imbalance (1). The goitrogenic drug, thiouracil, in these experiments has been the chemical agent used to interfere with the secretions of the thyroid gland. The expected hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland of mice treated for prolonged periods with thiouracil were accompanied by structural changes in other endocrine glands notably the adrenal, pituitary, testes and ovary (2, 3). Young mice ingesting thiouracil continuously also ceased increasing in body weight at an early age. Estrus was inhibited or completely suppressed. Mammary gland develop...
Cd adsorption onto bacterial surfaces: A universal adsorption edge?

In this study, we measure the thermodynamic stability constants for proton and Cd binding onto the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus megaturium, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sporosarcina ureae, and Bacillus cereus. Potentiometric titrations and Cd-bacteria adsorption experiments yield average values for the carboxyl site pKa, site concentration, and log stability constant for the bacterial surface Cd-carboxyl complex of 5.0, 2.0 × 10−3 mol/g and 4.0 respectively. Our results indicate that a wide range of bacterial species exhibit nearly identical Cd adsorption behavior as a function of pH. We propose that metal-bacteria adsorption is not dependent on the bacterial species involved, and we develop a generalized adsorption model which may greatly simplify the task of quantifying the effects of bacterial adsorption on dissolved mass transport in realistic geologic systems.
Towards multi-perspective rasterization

We present a novel framework for real-time multi-perspective rendering. While most existing approaches are based on ray-tracing, we present an alternative approach by emulating multi-perspective rasterization on the classical perspective graphics pipeline. To render a general multi-perspective camera, we first decompose the camera into piecewise linear primitive cameras called the general linear cameras or GLCs. We derive the closed-form projection equations for GLCs and show how to rasterize triangles onto GLCs via a two-pass rendering algorithm. In the first pass, we compute the GLC projection coefficients of each scene triangle using a vertex shader. The linear raster on the graphics hardware then interpolates these coefficients at each pixel. Finally, we use these interpolated coefficients to compute the projected pixel coordinates using a fragment shader. In the second pass, we move the pixels to their actual projected positions. To avoid holes, we treat neighboring pixels as triangles and re-render them onto the GLC image plane. We demonstrate our real-time multi-perspective rendering framework in a wide range of applications including synthesizing panoramic and omnidirectional views, rendering reflections on curved mirrors, and creating multi-perspective faux animations. Compared with the GPU-based ray tracing methods, our rasterization approach scales better with scene complexity and it can render scenes with a large number of triangles at interactive frame rates.
Audiometric evaluation of prosthetic ears: A preliminary report

A pilot study was conducted to measure the acoustic change provided by a prosthetic ear and to determine whether this change is functionally significant. Four subjects with acquired loss of the ear were tested. Objective data confirmed that the prosthesis provided acoustic gain. This gain may be significant only for individuals with a preexisting hearing loss.
Theoretical calculations of temperature and current profiles in multi-finger heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented to determine both the temperature profile and current distribution among the fingers for a multi-finger heterojunction bipolar transistor designed for microwave power applications. This analysis allows for arbitrary transistor geometries and non-uniform emitter ballast resistors in the fingers. The effects of varying ballast resistances, emitter width, emitter length, and spacing between the fingers will be discussed.
Identification of military morphing aircraft missions and morphing technology assessment

Morphing as an independent variable is addressed. Potential missions to demonstrate the value of morphing are presented and discussed. The effects of morphing on vehicle kinematics is demonstrated for takeoff, landing, and turn rate. At the system level, the effects of variable lift-to-drag ratio and specific fuel consumption on vehicle weight are examined for cruising flight. An example mission is presented to demonstrate how morphing can be implemented in constraint and sizing analyses, which are at the core of the aircraft conceptual design process. A comparison of morphing and non-morphing aircraft weights is made. It is demonstrated in some cases morphing adds weight due to requiring a structure to complete two missions. The requirement for new structural concepts is briefly discussed.
Structure and propagation of premixed flame in nozzle-generated counterflow

The accuracy of the counterflow, twin-flame technique for the determination of laminar flame speeds was examined analytically, numerically and experimentally. The analysis was conducted by using multiple-expansion, large activation energy asymptotics, while the numerical simulation incorporated detailed chemistry and transport. In both approaches the solutions were obtained in a finite domain and with plug flow boundary conditions in order to better simulate the actual experiments. Results show that linear extrapolation of the minimum velocity to zero stretch overestimates the true laminar flame speed. This overestimate, however, can be reduced by using larger nozzle separation distances. The theoretical results were further confirmed by experimental measurements for methane/air flames with various stoichiometries and nozzle separation distances. The numerical and experimental results indicate that for atmospheric methane/air flames, nozzle separation distances in excess of about 2 cm yield laminar flame speeds obtained by linear extrapolation accurate to within the uncertainty range of the experiment. The results obtained herein thus provide further support for the viability of the counterflow technique, when the influence of the nozzle separation distance is properly accounted for. The viability of an alternate technique for the determination of laminar flame speeds, based on the variation of flow velocity at a constant temperature near the upstream boundary of the flame with stretch, was also theoretically investigated.
Geometric tools for image compression

Images typically contain strong geometric features, such as edges, that impose a structure on pixel values and wavelet coefficients. Modeling the joint coherent behavior of wavelet coefficients is difficult, and standard image coders fail to fully exploit this geometric regularity. We introduce wedgelets as a geometric tool for image compression. Wedgelets offer piecewise-linear approximations of edge contours and can be efficiently encoded. We describe the fundamental challenges that arise when applying such a tool to image compression. To meet these challenges, we also propose an efficient rate-distortion framework for natural image compression using wedgelets.
Role of the cerebellum in reaching movements in humans. I. Distributed inverse dynamics control

This study focuses on the role of the motor cortex, the spinal cord and the cerebellum in the dynamics stage of the control of arm movement. Currently, two classes of models have been proposed for the neural control of movements, namely the virtual trajectory control hypothesis and the acquisition of internal models of the motor apparatus hypothesis. In the present study, we expand the virtual trajectory model to whole arm reaching movements. This expanded model accurately reproduced slow movements, but faster reaching movements deviated significantly from the planned trajectories, indicating that for fast movements, this model was not sufficient. These results led us to propose a new distributed functional model consistent with behavioural, anatomical and neurophysiological data, which takes into account arm muscles, spinal cord, motor cortex and cerebellum and is consistent with the view that the central nervous system acquires a distributed inverse dynamics model of the arm. Previous studies indicated that the cerebellum compensates for the interaction forces that arise during reaching movements. We show here how the cerebellum may increase the accuracy of reaching movements by compensating for the interaction torques by learning a portion of an inverse dynamics model that refines a basic inverse model in the motor cortex and spinal cord.
Distributed relational decision framework for scalable enterprise systems

Describes a framework to support enterprise-level decision-making in network-based scalable systems. The fundamental principle of this approach asserts that decision tasks over a set of multiple, distributed, logically interrelated databases may be cast in the semantics of the underlying distributed database management system (DBMS). In this form, the augmented relational decision framework takes advantage of the principles of normalization and decomposition that are inherent to the relational DBMS model. The decision process is viewed as an instantiation of the relational schema, and the resulting representation of normal form hierarchies and data dependencies structures the process. Definition of a value function (or rule set) over the augmented relational decision space guides the search for desirable instances of the decision relations that constitute the suggested outcomes.
The NV Gene of Snakehead Rhabdovirus (SHRV) Is Not Required for Pathogenesis, and a Heterologous Glycoprotein Can Be Incorporated into the SHRV Envelope

Snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) affects warm-water fish in Southeast Asia and belongs to the genus Novirhabdovirus by virtue of its “nonvirion” (NV) gene. To examine the function of the NV gene, we used a recently developed reverse genetic system to produce a viable recombinant SHRV carrying an NV gene deletion. The recombinant virus was produced at the same rate and same final concentrations as the wild-type virus in cultured fish cells in spite of the NV gene deletion. The role of the NV protein in fish pathogenesis was also investigated. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) were infected with the NV deletion mutant or with a recombinant virus containing a copy of the SHRV genome, and similar mortality rates as well as final mortalities were recorded, suggesting no apparent role for the NV protein in fish pathogenesis. Interestingly, the unsuccessful rescue of fully viable recombinants with genomes containing deletions in the G/NV gene junction suggested a role for the gene junction in virus transcription and replication. Finally, we demonstrated that the SHRV glycoprotein can be replaced by the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) or by a hybrid protein composed of SHRV and IHNV sequences.
Enhancement in the Growth of Textured HFCVD Diamond Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrates by Excimer Laser Processing

In this work we address the studies of enhancement in diamond growth on Ti-6AI-4V metal alloy by modifying the surface using the excimer laser ablation technique, prior to deposition of diamond. Ti-6Al-4V is chosen for its technological importance in aerospace industry, dental and bio-implant applications. Analysis of the structures of the film is done using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ablation of the alloy by excimer laser pulses produces periodically hill/valley structures on the surface, thus increasing the density of diamond nucleation and film adhesion. The roughness of the alloy surface was measured to be in the 0.5μm - 1μm range with an average distance between peaks of the hill/valley structure measuring 1.5μm.
Insecticide studies on East African agricultural pests. III. Seed dressings for the control of the bean fly, Melanagromyza phaseoli (Coq.), In Tanganyika.

The bean fly, Melanagromyza. phaseoli (Coq.), the larvae of which tunnel in the stems of Phaseolus vulgaris , is a pest of this crop in Tanganyika. Field trials there in 1956 on haricot-type beans showed that dressing the seed with chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides could prevent attack for at least 30 days after germination; organophosphorus insecticides were less effective. In four further field trials (A-D), in 1957, the insecticides and types of formulation used were aldrin (wettable powder and emusifiable concentrate (EC)), endrin (EC), γ BHC (dry dressing and EC), dieldrin (dry dressing and EC) and a proprietary organophosphorus systemic (dry dressing). Wet dressings were applied by treating the seeds with the liquid and drying immediately, and in one treatment aldrin as a wettable powder was applied dry and the seeds then damped and dried at once. Damage was assessed on an arbitrary scale on trials A and B, and yields measured on trials A, C and D. Results varied between insecticides and under different growing conditions, but wet dressing with endrin at 213 mg. per 100 g. seed, of which about 50 per cent, was retained on the seeds, resulted in the lowest damage, amounting to 7·7 compared with 52·6 for the control (no dressing), and the highest yield, amounting to 13·5 units compared with 8·6 for the control. All treatments, except that with the organophosphorus dust, reduced the damage significantly below that in the control. Wet dressings were usually more effective than dry dressings with the same insecticide, as regards both yield and reduction in damage. This may be associated with the better retention of wet dressings, which was shown by the results of chemical analysis of the residues on the seeds left in the drill hopper after sowing.
CONVERGENT PATTERNS IN THE SELECTION MOSAIC FOR TWO NORTH AMERICAN BIRD-DISPERSED PINES

The strength and outcome of interspecific interactions often vary across the landscape because of differences in community context. We investigated how the presence or absence of pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus spp.) influences the ecology and (co)evolution of seed-dispersal mutualisms between Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) and limber (Pinus flexilis) and whitebark (P. albicaulis) pines. Nutcrackers are the primary seed dispersers of these pines. Therefore both nutcrackers and pines potentially benefit from the evolution of a cone structure that enhances seed harvest by nutcrackers. Pine squirrels are the dominant predispersal seed predator of these pines throughout the Sierra Nevada–Cascades and Rocky Mountains and do not disperse seeds, so that pines benefit from deterring seed harvest by pine squirrels. To determine whether pines have evolved in response to selection by nutcrackers and pine squirrels, we conducted studies in ranges with pine squirrels and in ranges in the Great Basin and north...
Climatic variation alters supply-side ecology: impact of climate patterns on phytoplankton and mussel recruitment

Climate change will modify ecosystems, but a dearth of long-term data sets on critical ecological factors makes prediction of mechanistic pathways and scope for ecological changes difficult. Using 14-18 year time series of phytoplankton abundance and mussel recruitment at up to 10 sites along 320 km of coast in a rocky intertidal ecosystem, we examined the influence of climatic variation at 3-7 year (El Ni˜ no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)), 7-10 year (North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO)), and 20þ year (Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)) timescales. Phytoplankton and mussel recruitment revealed order-of- magnitude increases and seasonal shifts in the 2000s compared to 1989-1999, but seasonal shifts were in opposite directions with phytoplankton blooms occurring earlier and recruitment occurring later in the year. The NPGO had the strongest relationships with both phytoplankton and recruitment, while relationships between these factors and ENSO and PDO were weak. Increases were associated with cooler ocean temperature and intensification in the ocean gyre-scale circulation reflected in a stronger North Pacific Current (NPC). Phytoplankton abundance and mussel recruitment were positively correlated, suggesting that increases in larval food may have driven the changes in mussel recruitment. With our prior demonstration that mussel growth rate is sensitive to phytoplankton concentration, these results suggest an important effect of bottom-up forcing on the dynamics of coastal mussel populations. We conclude that central supply-side ecological processes in coastal ecosystems are sensitive to long-term ocean basin-scale oceanographic and atmospheric fluctuation. Despite these changes, intertidal community dynamics have changed only in relatively subtle ways, suggesting a role for local ecological interactions in dampening the effects of dominant modes of climate forcings in coastal ecosystems.
Frictional wave dissipation on a remarkably rough reef

We present a week of observations of wave dissipation on the south forereef of Palmyra Atoll. Using wave measurements made in 6.2 m and 11.2 m of water offshore of the surf zone, we computed energy fluxes and near-bottom velocity. Equating the divergence of the shoreward energy flux to its dissipation by bottom friction and parameterizating dissipation in terms of the root-mean-square velocity cubed, we find that the wave friction factor, fw, for this reef is 1.80 ± 0.07, nearly an order of magnitude larger than values previously found for reefs. We attribute this remarkably high value of fw to the complex canopy structure of the reef, which we believe may be characteristic of healthy reefs. This suggests that healthy reefs with high coral cover may provide greater coastal protection than do degraded reefs with low coral cover.
COMMD1 promotes the ubiquitination of NF‐κB subunits through a cullin‐containing ubiquitin ligase

NF-κB is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in multiple processes, including inflammation and oncogenesis. We have previously reported that COMMD1 represses κB-dependent transcription by negatively regulating NF-κB–chromatin interactions. Recently, ubiquitination of NF-κB subunits has been similarly implicated in the control of NF-κB recruitment to chromatin. We report here that COMMD1 accelerates the ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB subunits through its interaction with a multimeric ubiquitin ligase containing Elongins B and C, Cul2 and SOCS1 (ECSSOCS1). COMMD1-deficient cells demonstrate stabilization of RelA, greater nuclear accumulation of RelA after TNF stimulation, de-repression of several κB-responsive genes, and enhanced NF-κB-mediated cellular responses. COMMD1 binds to Cul2 in a stimulus-dependent manner and serves to facilitate substrate binding to the ligase by stabilizing the interaction between SOCS1 and RelA. Our data uncover that ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB subunits by this COMMD1-containing ubiquitin ligase is a novel and critical mechanism of regulation of NF-κB-mediated transcription.
Activation of Cdc6 by MyoD is associated with the expansion of quiescent myogenic satellite cells

MyoD is a transcriptional factor that is required for the differentiation of muscle stem cells (satellite cells). In this study, we describe a previously unknown function for MyoD in regulating a gene (Cdc6) that is vital to endowing chromatin with the capability of replicating DNA. In C2C12 and primary mouse myoblasts, we show that MyoD can occupy an E-box within the promoter of Cdc6 and that this association, along with E2F3a, is required for its activity. MyoD and Cdc6 are both expressed after quiescent C2C12 myoblasts or satellite cells in association with myofibers are stimulated for growth, but MyoD appears at least 2–3 h earlier than Cdc6. Finally, knockdown of MyoD impairs the ability of C2C12 cells to express Cdc6 after leaving quiescence, and as a result, they cannot fully progress into S phase. Our results define a mechanism by which MyoD helps myogenic satellite cells to enter into the first round of DNA replication after transitioning out of quiescence.
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment

Summary Background The management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is controversial. Investigators form the International study of Unrupted intracranial Aneurysms aimed to asses the natural history of unrupted Intracranial aneurysms and to measure the risk associalted with the repair. Methods Centres in the USA, Canada, and Europe enrolled patients for prospective assessment of unruptured aneurysms. Investigators recorded the natural history in patients who did not have surgery, and assessed morbidity and mortality associated with repair of unruptured aneurysms by either open surgery or endo-vascular procedures. Findings 4060 patients were assessed-1692 did not have aneurysmal repair, 1917 had open surgery, and 451 had endovascular procedures. 5-year cumulative rupture rates for patients who did not have a history of subarachnoid haemorrhage with aneurysms located in internal carotid artery, anterior communicating or anterior cerebral artery, or middle cerebral artery were 0%, 2·6%, 14·5%, and 40% for aneurysms less than 7 mm, 7–12 mm, 13–24 mm, and 25 mm or greater, respectively, compared with rates of 2·5%, 14·5%, 18·4%, and 50%, respectively, for the same size categories involving posterior circulation and posterior communicating artery aneurysms. These rates were often equalled or exceeded by the risks associated with surgical or endovascular repair of comparable lesions. Patients' age was a strong predictor of surgical outcome, and the size and location of an aneurysm predict both surgical and endovascular outcomes. Interpretation Many factors are involved in management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Site, size, and group specific risks of the natural history should be compared with site, size, and age-specific risks of repair for each patient.
Elevated ammonium concentrations from wastewater discharge depress primary productivity in the Sacramento River and the Northern San Francisco Estuary.

Primary production in the Northern San Francisco Estuary (SFE) has been declining despite heavy loading of anthropogenic nutrients. The inorganic nitrogen (N) loading comes primarily from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WTP) discharge as ammonium (NH4). This study investigated the consequences for river and estuarine phytoplankton of the daily discharge of 15 metric tons NH4–N into the Sacramento River that feeds the SFE. Consistent patterns of nutrients and phytoplankton responses were observed during two 150-km transects made in spring 2009. Phytoplankton N productivity shifted from NO3 use upstream of the WTP to productivity based entirely upon NH4 downstream. Phytoplankton NH4 uptake declined downstream of the WTP as NH4 concentrations increased, suggesting NH4 inhibition. The reduced total N uptake downstream of the WTP was accompanied by a 60% decline in primary production. These findings indicate that increased anthropogenic NH4 may decrease estuarine primary production and increase export of NH4 to the coastal ocean.
Active-passive mode-locked Nd:YAG oscillator.

An active–passive mode-locked Nd:YAG oscillator provides greatly improved shot-to-shot reproducibility compared with passive mode-locking. Effects of modulator drive power, laser cavity length, and intracavity etalons on the pulse width and stability are given. Using two-photon-fluorescence techniques the pulse width was 35.9 ± 1.7 psec and the corresponding pulse energy was 166 ± 6 μJ.
A fully printed multilayer aperture-coupled patch antenna using hybrid 3D / inkjet additive manufacturing technique

In this paper, a fully additively manufactured multilayer aperture-coupled patch antenna operating at the ISM band around 2.4 GHz is demonstrated. For the first time, a hybrid additive manufacturing technique was utilized to fully print consecutive conductive and thick dielectric layers for 3D antennas topologies fabrication in the GHz frequency antenna fabrication. The metallization of 3D printed plastic dielectric layers was performed by inkjet printing layers of conductive ink. As a proof of concept, multiple layers of Diamine Silver Acetate (DSA) conductive ink were deposited to form a conductive thin layer on the surface of the 3D printed layers of Verowhite polymer. This novel fully printed antenna fabrication methodology could enable mass production of low cost printed RF circuits and antennas for a variety of scalable wireless sensor network and Internet of Things (IOT) as well as quick RF component prototyping.
Non-Nuclear Proliferation and Strategic Stability in the Asia-Pacific Region

At present, there exists the clandestine proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Asia-Pacific region. The nuclear proliferation may alter or even upset the current regional balance of power and disrupt the stability of the region. It may also lead to new military conflicts. During a regional conflict, one nuclear threshold state may use nuclear weapons against its adversary. Under the circumstances, international community should devote its best efforts to eliminating the nuclear proliferation in the region. Before that final goal is reached, states in the region should seek to maintain the strategic stability of the region in the presence of nuclear proliferation. In order to achieve that objective, the Asia-Pacific region should set up a model including multilateral security mechanisms and bilateral confidence and security-building measures.
Applications of Ramsey Style Theorems to Eigenvalues of Graphs

Let G be a graph, A(G) its adjacency matrix, i.e. A = (aij) is given by $$ {a_{{ij}}} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {1\,if\,i\,and\,j\,are\,adjacent\,vertices} \\ {0\,otherwise} \\ \end{array} } \right. $$ Thus, A = A(G) is a symmetric matrix whose entries are 0 and 1, with every aii= 0. For any real symmetric A, we denote its eigenvalues by $$ {\lambda_1}(A) \geqslant {\lambda_2}(A) \geqslant \ldots $$ or $$ {\lambda^1}(A) \leqslant {\lambda^2}(A) \leqslant \ldots $$ as is convenient. For A = A(G), we sometimes write λi(G) or λi (G) for λi(A(G)) or λi (A(G)) respectively.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Adverse Effects on Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Symptoms, and Lung Function

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) refers to the mixture of sidestream smoke, released from the cigarette’s burning end, and mainstream smoke, exhaled by the smoker. Although exposure of nonsmokers to ETS has only recently been investigated as a risk factor for disease, sufficient evidence has accumulated to identify adverse effects causally related to ETS. In 1986, reports of the United States Surgeon General (US DHHS 1986) and of the United States National Research Council (1986) linked ETS to increased respiratory infections and respiratory symptoms, reduced lung growth in children, and lung cancer in adult nonsmokers. The evidence for adults on respiratory morbidity, cancers at sites other than the lung, and ischemic heart disease was not considered conclusive.
On the Marginal Cost of Water Supply

On August 21, 1979, the Public Service Commission in the state of New York, took what may well be a landmark decision in the water rates field. It ordered the Spring Valley Water Company to: "perform a marginal cost study and to propose an alternative rate structure incorporating, in some feasible fashion, the results of the study in its pending rate case."To comply with this order, Professor Steve H. Hanke, performed the following study. The issues associated with computing marginal costs and developing marginal cost water rates are discussed.
Wait-Learning: Leveraging Wait Time for Education

Competing priorities in daily life make it difficult for those with a casual interest in learning to set aside time for regular practice. Yet, learning often requires significant time and effort, with repeated exposures to learning material on a recurring basis. Despite the struggle to find time for learning, there are numerous times in a day that are wasted due to micro-waiting. In my research, I develop systems for wait-learning, leveraging wait time for education. Combining wait time with productive work opens up a new class of software systems that overcomes the problem of limited time while addressing the frustration often associated with waiting. My research tackles several challenges in learning and task management, such as identifying which waiting moments to leverage; how to encourage learning unobtrusively; how to integrate learning across a diversity of waiting moments; and how to extend wait-learning to more complex domains. In the development process, I hope to understand how to manage these waiting moments, and describe essential design principles for wait-learning systems.
Early Permian seasonality from bivalve δ18O and implications for the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater

Oxygen isotope values of sequentially microsampled accretionary carbonate from the thick-shelled calcitic bivalve Eurydesma from the Early Permian of southeastern Australia vary seasonally over 6 yr of growth. Paleotemperature constraints derived from coeval glendonite and ice-rafted clasts, in combination with published biome data, indicate near-freezing winter conditions. However, paleotemperatures calculated from oxygen isotope data are too warm unless the δ 18 O value of seawater approached −4‰. Associated stenohaline brachiopods and lack of covariance with δ 13 C argue against significantly reduced salinity, and published δ 18 O data from across Australia suggest that conditions recorded by this bivalve were typical of the Gondwanan high latitudes. The negative δ 18 O value of seawater implied by these data reflects in part the expected meridional gradient in marine seawater composition related to latitudinal variation in evaporation and precipitation in Permian oceans, but is also consistent with previous suggestions of a secular increase in the oxygen isotopic composition of ocean water through the Phanerozoic.
Vertebral artery dissection after rapid head turning.

Unlike carotid artery trauma, which commonly is due to penetrating injury, injuries of the vertebral arteries are more frequently related to factors such as abrupt changes in the position of the head or neck, as with chiropractic cervical manipulation, hyperextension and cervical rotation, and blunt trauma or basilar skull fracture
The Review and Outlook on Terror Management Theory

A systematic review and outlook on Terror Management Theory(TMT)is studied in this paper.It begins from the original source of TMT,and then discusses three possible defensive mechanisms including worldview,self-esteem and affiliation,as well as the relationship of them.Furthermore,the author analyzes the cognitive process which is called the dual-process model of defense.Finally,the application,deficiency and prospect of TMT in various fields in our society are reviewed,especially the research foundation on the basis of Chinese culture.
Dynamical propertyanalysis on rotor rubbing duringloosening propagation

As the loosening is one of common faults for rotary machinery,the rotor rubbing is resulted from loosening propagation.By applying the nonlinear dynamics and rotor dynamics,a loosening model is first established for rotary machinery.Then,the loosening faults are categorized into different stages for vibration testing.Finally,the rubbing features and principles are analyzed based on different loosening clearances.
Development of Public Rental POA Financing and Its Path under the Urbanization Trend

PPP financing model of public rental offers investment channels for sector participating in public rental,and ABS financing mode provides entry and exit channels for individuals participating in public rental investment.If using "operate"(abbreviated 'O') to combine PPP with ABS to form "POA" financing model,and supplementing rent compensation mechanism,then public rental constructing can extensively absorb social funds and revitalize the stock of assets.At the same time,giving full play to the leverage of financial capital to maximize limit financing for the public rental construction.
Depression: an aspect of phenomenology and semantics.

Un des effets qu'a provoques le progres issu de nos connaissances de la depression, obtenues d'une part par la recherche psychanalytique et de l'autre par les agents psychopharmacologiques, a ete d...
Group psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients: the pairing group.

Close examination of pairing in a weekly, videotaped outpatient group of schizophrenic patients made clear that this is a complex and multifaceted dynamic. Pairing appears to begin with the formati...