cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotubes as Potential Cold Cathodes for Vacuum Microelectronic Applications

Materials science is playing a dramatic role in discovering new materials with tailored physical properties. Cold cathodes/field emitters are one of the examples. Electron field emitting materials are of vital importance for a variety of vacuum microelectronic devices including field emission displays for flat panel displays, electron microscopes, X-ray generators, and vacuum lamps. This is the driving force to investigate the advanced nanostructured carbons as cold cathodes as one of the potential candidates. Recently, they are also being proposed for thermionic power generators. The rationale is that reducing one or more dimensions of a system below some critical length changes the systems’ physical properties, where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the class of carbon nanostructures serve as a model example. In this paper, synthesis and characterization of vertically aligned multiwall and single-/double-wall carbon nanotube films using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique for vacuum microelectronics is presented. Recent advances in their synthesis, processing, and characterization indicate that the above mentioned potential is slowly being realized. Experiments showed that by continuous reduction in the thickness of the catalyst film produces hollow concentric tubes in contrast to bamboo-like multiwalled tubes with larger thickness. To assess the electron field emission properties, besides the traditional field emission (I-V) properties, temperature dependent field electron emission microscopy (T-FEEM) enabling real-time imaging of electron emission providing information on emission site density, temporal variation of the emission intensity, and insight into the role of adsorbates from nanotube films will be discussed. Physics based models (such as negative or low electron affinity,geometric enhancement, surface dipole,tunneling due to adsorbates, structure modification due to doping etc.) will be described to support the experimental observations in addition to weak thermionic field emission contribution. These findings provided a great insight into the field emission mechanism and a contrasting comparison between small and large diameter carbon nanotubes.
The Location of Empire: Anne Grant’s Memoirs of an American Lady

Glasgow‐born Anne Grant has recently received critical attention for her Romantic‐era writing on the Scottish Highlands. Her most popular work in the United States, however, was the Memoirs of an American Lady (1808), which recounts Grant’s childhood experiences growing up in colonial upstate New York, where her father, an officer in the British army, was posted. In contrast to recent critical studies that have situated the Memoirs in an American, post‐revolutionary, pastoral tradition, I argue that Grant’s account of her early life is testament to the transnational and transperipheral circuits of movement and exchange in the British Atlantic world, circuits which make for complex instabilities of national, ethnic, and regional identities. Grant’s Memoirs – chronicling a childhood lived among a prominent Dutch family in Albany; Mohawks in the surrounding countryside; and Irish, Scots, and English in her father’s regiment – describes what can be termed a “translocality.” Grant’s childhood world is a polygl...
The Lost Senior Year: Benefits of a Community College to an Urban Preparatory High School

The lost senior year is costing taxpayers, in the form of school taxes and federal financial aid programs, millions of dollars each year. One way to address the lost senior year is to use college instructors to go out to high school campuses, thus helping students to successfully transition from high school into the world of college, employment, and adulthood. A general psychology class was taught by an El Centro College (of the Dallas County Community College District) faculty member to senior high school students at a Dallas, Texas, urban neighborhood preparatory academy as part of the school's pilot program to bring community college classes to their campus. Students at the preparatory school showed similar performance levels in three out of four assessments compared to a traditional course of college students on the campus. School districts and college administrators should look at expanding on-site college classes at high schools as a way to address the lost senior year.
Optimization of annealing temperature for YBa2Cu3O7 thin films post-annealed at a low oxygen partial pressure

Post-annealing of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) thin films is usually performed at 850–900°C in atmospheric-pressure oxygen. In this study, coevaporated YBCO films on LaAlO3 were post-annealed in an oxygen partial pressure of 29 Pa at temperatures in the range 700–825°C. Zero resistance transition temperatures were 89–90 K. Both d.c. (room-temperature resistance and critical-current density) and a.c. parameters (extracted from eddy-current response measurements at 25 MHz) were monitored. The optimum temperature is close to 750°C, which is on the YBCO thermodynamic stability line at this low oxygen partial pressure.
Wavelet-based figure of merit for macro-uniformity

Wavelets are a powerful tool that can be applied to problems in image processing and analysis. They provide a multi-scale decomposition of an original image into average terms and detail terms that capture the characteristics of the image at different scales. In this project, we develop a figure of merit for macro-uniformity that is based on wavelets. We use the Haar basis to decompose the image of the scanned page into eleven levels. Starting from the lowest frequency level, we group the eleven levels into three non-overlapping separate frequency bands, each containing three levels. Each frequency band image consists of the superposition of the detail images within that band. We next compute 1-D horizontal and vertical projections for each frequency band image. For each frequency band image projection, we develop a structural approximation that summarizes the essential visual characteristics of that projection. For the coarsest band comprising levels 9,10,11, we use a generalized square-wave approximation. For the next coarsest band comprising levels 6,7,8, we use a piecewise linear spline approximation. For the finest bands comprising levels 3,4,5, we use a spectral decomposition. For each 1-D approximation signal, we define an appropriate set of scalar-valued features. These features are used to design two predictors one based on linear regression and the other based on the support vector machine, which are trained with data from our image quality ruler experiments with human subjects.
Experiment study on structure health monitoring with high-order resonant circuit

Making the use of the electromechanical characteristics of piezoelectric, admittance-based structure health monitoring method is an effective method to detect damages. The experiment study on the admittance-based damage detection method with high-order resonant circuit is presented in this paper, including comparisons with first-order resistive circuit, and second-order inductive circuit on the aspects of signal-to-noise ratio and damage detection sensitivity. The results show that the designed damage detection method with high-order resonant circuit has higher signal-to-noise ratio and higher sensitivity to damages than the first-order resistive circuit and the second-order inductive circuit. Optimal electrical components, i.e., resistors, inductors, and capacitors, are found in the experiment study. It also indicates that the admittance change due to damages is very sensitive to the inaccuracies of electrical components. We find that the damage detection method with high-order resonant circuit has very high requirement for the resistance in the circuit, that is to say, even a small resistance (for example, 0.5 Ohm) may cause too large damping for the system.
Identification and immunochemical analysis of biologically active drosophila P element transposase

We have identified proteins encoded by P transposable elements expressed in transformed Drosophila tissue culture cells. Two proteins have been identified by immunochemical techniques. One, an 87,000 dalton polypeptide, is encoded by a P element mRNA lacking the third (ORF2-ORF3) intervening sequence. The other protein, a 66,000 dalton polypeptide, is encoded by an mRNA that retains the third intron and is found in somatic tissues. Furthermore, tissue culture cell lines expressing the 87,000 dalton polypeptide are able to catalyze both the precise and imprecise excision of a nonautonomous P element. The 87,000 dalton protein is encoded by sequences from all four P element open reading frames. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the 87,000 dalton polypeptide is the P element transposase.
Using sentiment analysis to review patient satisfaction data located on the internet

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the usefulness of sentiment analysis and time-to-next-complaint methods in quantifying text-based information located on the internet. As important, the authors demonstrate how managers can use time-to-next-complaint techniques to organize sentiment analysis derived data into useful information, which can be shared with doctors and other staff. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used sentiment analysis to review patient feedback for a select group of gynecologists in Virginia. The authors utilized time-to-next-complaint methods along with other techniques to organize this data into meaningful information. Findings – The authors demonstrated that sentiment analysis and time-to-next-complaint techniques might be useful tools for healthcare managers who are interested in transforming web-based text into meaningful, quantifiable information. Research limitations/implications – This study has several limitations. For one thing, neither the data set nor the ...
Use of hematoporphyrin as a fluorescent stain for detection of lipids in high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Abstract The use of hematoporphyrin as a sensitive and selective fluorescent dye for the detection of various lipids after separation by high-performance thin-layer chromatography is reported. To maximize the fluorescence signal, one of the visible lines of an argon ion laser is used for fluorimetric excitation; to minimize background noise, a novel approach involving the rapid treatment of the chromatogram with a dilute solution of copper(II) nitrate for the efficient quenching of background fluorescence from hematoporphyrin adsorbed on the silica gel substrate is presented. Excellent limits of detection in the low nanogram range are obtained for the detection of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelin, lecithin and triolein. Some preliminary investigations regarding visual detection limits, selectivity and photostability of hematoporphyrin are also reported.
A finite difference approximation of the kinematic wave model of traffic flow

Abstract This article shows that if the kinematic wave model of freeway traffic flow in its general form is approximated by a particular type of finite difference equation, the finite difference results converge to the kinematic wave solution despite the existence of shocks in the latter. This result, which applies to initial and boundary condition problems with and without discontinuous data, is shown not to hold for other commonly used finite difference schemes. In the proposed approximation, the flow between two neighboring lattice points is the minimum of the two values returned by: 1. (a) a “sending” function evaluated at the density prevailing at the upstream lattice point and 2. (b) a “receiving” function evaluated at the downstream lattice point. The sending and receiving functions correspond to the increasing and decreasing branches of the freeway's flow-density curve. The article presents an asymptotic formula for the errors introduced by the proposed finite difference approximation and describes quantitatively the finite difference's shock-capturing behavior. Errors are shown to be approximately proportional to the mesh spacing with a coefficient of proportionality that depends on the wave speed, on its rate of change with density, and on the slope and curvature of the initial density profile. The asymptotic errors are smaller than those of Lax's first-order, centered difference method which is also convergent. More importantly though, the proposed procedure never yields negative flows, and this makes it attractive in practical engineering applications when the mesh cannot be made arbitrarily small.
Insufficiency of Instantaneous Strength Determinations for Failure Rate Prediction

The failure of an element subjected to a steady applied stress is associated with the time-wise deterioration of the element's strength. At the instant of failure, the element can no longer perform to specifications. The strength of the element can be obtained at a specified point in time by abruptly modifying the applied stress to a level which causes the element to fail. The instantaneous strengths determined by this procedure are investigated for the possibility of reducing the test time necessary in obtaining the failure rate associated with exponentially distributed failure times. A simple, physically plausible class of strength deterioration functions is considered and the distributional character of the instantaneous strengths at any time instant is determined. It is found that when the underlying distribution of time to failure is exponential, the instantaneous strengths have distributions which are invariant with time. This result indicates that no clue to the form of strength deterioration can be obtained by testing for the instantaneous strengths. Thus the conclusion is reached, in the case of the exponential failure distribution, that instantaneous destruction tests for strength determination are ineffective for assessing the underlying failure rate.
The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of osteoid osteoma: a pictorial review.

(2001). The Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoid Osteoma: A Pictorial Review. Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging: Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 357-377.
External Rotation Ankle Injuries: Investigating Ligamentous Rupture

Ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries [1], accounting for 10% to 15% of these injuries [2]. The severity of injury varies greatly and the player’s recovery time is related to the structures involved and their degree of damage. In contrast to the soft tissue injuries reported in many clinical studies on the ankle, experimental studies have typically generated a high frequency of bone fracture when the foot/ankle complex is externally rotated [3–5]. In a majority of these manuscripts, the cadaveric test specimens are of advanced or unknown age. These variables may substantially affect both the failure load and the mode of failure in the joint, since most ankle sprains occur in people under the age of 35 years [6].© 2009 ASME
Extraperitoneal laparoscopic colposuspension for genuine urinary stress incontinence.

Abstract Study Objective. To evaluate endoscopic colposuspension with extraperitoneal and direct entry into the space of Retzius. Design. Setting. Patients. Intervention. Measurements and Main Results. Conclusion.
Estrous cycle and cold stress in iron-deficient rats

Abstract Whether iron-deficient female rats can thermoregulate when exposed to cold was studied to assess the interactive effects of iron deficiency and the female reproductive cycle. Rats were assigned to either iron-deficient (∼3 ppm Fe, n = 60) or control (35 ppm Fe, n = 60) diets for approximately 5 weeks. The two groups were then subdivided into five groups, four based on stage of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus) and the fifth group was ovariectomized. Animals were exposed to 4° C for 6 hours. Following sacrifice, tissues were collected for analysis of thyroid hormone and iron status indices. There was an interactive effect of iron status and the estrous cycle on core temperature response to the cold (P ⩽ 0.05). Iron-deficient animals had lower core temperatures following cold exposure than did controls, and this effect was most pronounced during proestrus. Ovariectomy resulted in significantly lower core temperatures following cold stress as well as lower plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were unaffected by iron status or the estrous cycle, and plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were lower (P
Novel applications of lignin in composite materials

Some exploratory work was done to look at novel applications, such as filler use and comonomers, for lignin in thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters. The solubility of different lignins (pine kraft, hardwood, ethoxylated, and maleinated) was determined in different resin systems (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, hydroxylated soybean oil, soy oil monoglyceride, and a commercial vinyl ester) to give an idea of the compatibility of lignin with the resin systems that were used. Further, the use of lignin as a filler was studied. An increase in the glass-transition temperature was noticed, and the modulus at 20°C decreased because of the plasticizing effect of lignin. The lignin was modified to improve its effect on the matrix properties by adding double bond functionality, thus making it possible to incorporate the lignin molecule in the resin through free-radical polymerization. Modified lignin was introduced in several resins by a reaction with maleic anhydride and epoxidized soybean oil and was tested for its effect on the solubility, glass-transition temperature, and modulus. This modification improved the solubility of lignin in styrene-containing resins, as well as the chemical incorporation of lignin in the resin. Moreover, lignin was used to treat the surfaces of natural hemp fibers to utilize lignin's natural affinity for cellulosic fibers. The idea was to cure the surface defects on the natural fibers and increase the bonding strength between the resin and fiber. An optimum improvement was noticed that depended on the amount of lignin covering the fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 323–331, 2002
Prenatal Diagnosis and Management of Disorders of Sexual Differentiation

Behcet’s Disease (BD) is a rare multi-system vasculitis of unknown etiology. It is associated with oral and genital ulcerations, skin lesions, and uveitis. There may be vascular and gastrointestinal involvement as well. BD is a clinical diagnosis as illustrated by this case.4 While the clinical picture of BD varies, recurrent mucocutaneous lesions should raise clinical suspicion. Our case demonstrates that physician bias may delay proper diagnosis of vulvovaginal ulcerations in an adolescent female. Despite firm denial of sexual activity, herpes remained the primary focus of our diagnostic work up. This case should remind physicians to remain objective when evaluating an adolescent female.
Boundaries of Coxeter groups and simplicial complexes with given links

Abstract 1. (1) We construct hyperbolic Coxeter groups with boundaries homeomorphic to Pontryagin surfaces. 2. (2) For any given finite simplicial complex L we construct a finite simplicial complex K such that the link of every vertex of K is homeomorphic to L . 3. (3) We construct an effective action of p -adic integers on boundaries of certain Coxeter groups .
The mechanism of formation of Cellulose-like microfibrils in a cell-free system from Acetobacter xylinum.

The mechanism of formation of cellulose-like microfibrils by a non-soluble, particulate enzyme and uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) in a cell-free system from Acetobacter xylinum was studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The suspension of particles to which the enzyme is adsorbed is composed of whole, dense ovoids, 50–250 nm long when wet, of fragments of the ovoids, and amorphous substance. There is a typical unit membrane around each ovoid but initially there is no trace of fibrillar material in the suspension. When the suspension of particles is incubated with UDPG, linear wisps of fibrils are produced which associate rapidly to form longer and wider threads, especially in 0.01 M NaCl. There is no visible attachment of the wisps to the particles. After 20 min incubation, threads with the typical morphology of cellulose microfibrils are formed that later tend to become entangled in clumps. The microfibrils are insoluble in hot, aqueous, alkaline solutions and resistant to the action of trypsin, but may be degraded by glusulase. After treatment with 1 M NaOH at 100° C or with cold 18% NaOH they show an X-ray diffraction pattern which resembles that of Cellulose II from mercerized, authentic bacterial cellulose. Incorporation of radioactive glucose into the insoluble residue is enhanced by drying of the cellulose microfibrils before alkaline digestion and especially by the addition of a gross excess of carrier cellulose after incubation. In this system there is no evidence for participation of linear, axial, synthesizing sites on the cell wall of the bacterium or for ordered, organized granules in the assembly of the microfibrils. That is, cellulose-like microfibrils may be formed in a cell-free system without the action of any of the previously suggested cell organelles. In addition, these observations are consistent with a previously described notion of a transient, hydrated, nascent, bacterial cellulose microfibril. The possibility that cellulose microfibrils of green plants may be formed in the same way is considered.
Promoting active learning: the role of system structure in learning from hypertext

Since its conception, hypertext has attracted the attention of educators and psychologists alike. Although a great deal is known about learning from text, little is understood about the process of learning from hypertext or what benefit it offers over traditional text. This study is an attempt to (a) determine whether theories of learning from text may be extended to learning from hypertext, and (b) learn more about the general effectiveness of hypertext on learning. Seventy-two college undergraduates participated in a study of hypertext-based learning. Each participant was assigned to work with one of three hypertext systems. All systems contained the same documents. Two of these contained the same electronic links (pathways) between documents and the third system condition served as a control. It was presented as a digitized book (linear text) rather than as a linked system. Participants' navigation behavior was logged electronically as they worked. Posttests included an essay, a series of short-answer questions, and a concept mapping task. Analyses revealed that learning from hypertext bears many similarities to learning from text, as the predictions made by Kintsch's (1988) construction integration model were borne out. System structure systematically altered what was learned from hypertext, just as characteristics of text alter text-based learning. System structure was also relevant to the way in which learners approached the material, as navigation behavior was affected. The less structured system seems to have promoted more active processing and a deeper level of learning. In addition, hypertext was revealed to have only limited educational benefit for users in this study. Although no benefit of either hypertext system was observed over the linear system on the essay or short-answer questions, it was revealed that the presence of system links affects internal representations: Participants who were exposed to the hypertext systems produced concept maps that largely reflected their system links. Results are examined with reference to cognitive theory and the implication for system design is discussed.
Amplitude Equation for SPDEs with Quadratic Non-Linearities

In this paper we rigorously derive stochastic amplitude equations for a rather general class of SPDEs with quadratic nonlinearities forced by small additive noise. Near a change of stability we use the natural separation of time-scales to show that the solution of the original SPDE is approximated by the solution of an amplitude equation, which describes the evolution of dominant modes. Our results signiﬁcantly improve older results. We focus on equations with quadratic nonlinearities and give applications to the one-dimensional Burgers’ equation and a model from surface growth.
Simulations of dexterous manipulation for multifingered systems

Combined grasping and manipulation by multifingered hands was studied. A method of force allocation by optimizing the friction angles at finger contacts was combined with the computed torque method to find the torques to be commanded at finger joints for multifingered systems. In this way, the chance of slip can be minimized when the object is grasped or manipulated. A rolling motion between the grasped object and the fingertips was studied in simulation. A history-based method was proposed to improve the smoothness of the input torque commands, and force feedback was used to compensate for the uncertainty of the system. Any finger which moved beyond the boundaries of its working volume was also moved to a new position for regrasping. The proposed method can be efficiently used to find the necessary actuator torques, and is applicable for real-time application. Three dimensional simulation results are given in this paper. >
Evolved Sex Differences in the Number of Partners Desired? The Long and the Short of It

Do men seek more short-term mates than women? Buss and Schmitt (1993) showed a pattern of mean difference in the ideal number of sexual partners men and women desired over various time frames. We replicated these mean sex differences (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Ms = 7.69 and 2.78 for men and women, respectively), but in both data sets the sampling distributions were highly skewed. In Study 1, we found few sex differences in medians across time frames (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Mdn = 1 for both men and women). In Study 2, most college men (98.9%) and women (99.2%) said they wanted to settle down with one mutually exclusive sexual partner at some point in their life, ideally within the next 5 years. Neither medians in number of partners desired overall before settling down (replicating Study 1) nor medians in short-term partners desired before settling down (Mdn = 0) differed significantly by gender. Rather, men and women concurred: Short-term mating is not what humans typically seek.
The Affymetrix Medicago GeneChip® array is applicable for transcript analysis of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

The recently released Affymetrix GeneChip ® Medicago Genome Array contains approximately 52 700 probe sets representing genes in both the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and the closely related crop species Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa). We evaluated the utility of the Medicago GeneChip ® for monitoring genome-wide expression of M. truncatula and alfalfa seedlings grown to the first trifoliate leaf stage. We found that approximately 40-54% of the Medicago probes were detected in leaf or root samples of alfalfa or M. truncatula. Approximately 45-59% of the detected Medicago probes were called 'present' in all replicate GeneChips of Medicago species, indicating a considerable overlap in the number and type of Medicago probes detected between root and leaf organs. Nevertheless, gene expression differences between roots and leaf organs accounted for approximately 17% of the total variation, regardless of the Medicago species from which the samples were harvested. The result shows that the Medicago GeneChip® is applicable for transcript analysis for both alfalfa and M. truncatula.
Optimum aperture monopulse excitations

A unified formulation of the optimization of monopulse antenna performance indices for a specified sidelobe envelope function and/or specified nulls of the pattern is presented. The performance indices considered are beam efficiency, gain factor, and angular sensitivity factor of rectangular and circular apertures. The unconstrained optimization of beam efficiency result in an integral equation, the solutions of which are prolate spheroidal wave functions for rectangular aperture and hyperspheroidal wave functions for circular aperture. These functions reduce, respectively, to Legendre and Zernike polynomials in the case of gain factor and angular sensitivity factor. The double orthogonality properties of these eigenfunctions are used for constrained optimization. The results obtained by this technique for the near-in sidelobes constrained at a uniform level are shown to be in agreement with the earlier works. The method is applicable for other aperture surfaces such as elliptical, ellipsoidal, and spherical.
Dealing with Denial: A Systems Approach for Family Professionals Working with Parents of Individuals with Multiple Disabilities:

Some parents of children with multiple disabilities appear to deny that their children have intellectual disabilities (i.e., mental retardation). This may be manifested in “shopping,” a continuous ...
The receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB3 maintains the balance between luminal and basal breast epithelium

ErbB3 harbors weak kinase activity, but strongly activates downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling through heterodimerization with and activation by other ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. We report here that ErbB3 loss in the luminal mammary epithelium of mice impaired Akt and MAPK signaling and reduced luminal cell proliferation and survival. ERBB3 mRNA expression levels were highest in luminal mammary populations and lowest in basal cell/stem cell populations. ErbB3 loss in mammary epithelial cells shifted gene expression patterns toward a mammary basal cell/stem cell signature. ErbB3 depletion-induced gene expression changes were rescued upon activation of Akt and MAPK signaling. Interestingly, proliferation and expansion of the mammary basal epithelium (BE) occurred upon ErbB3 targeting in the luminal epithelium, but not upon its targeting in the BE. Multiple cytokines, including interleukin 6, were induced upon ErbB3 depletion in luminal epithelium cells, which increased growth of BE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ErbB3 regulates the balance of differentiated breast epithelial cell types by regulating their growth and survival through autocrine- and paracrine-signaling mechanisms.
Heuristic Analysis of Bridge Trusses Under AASHTO Live Loads

In a recent article, Adeli and Balasubramanyam [2] presented a heuristic approach for analysis of bridge trusses subjected to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) moving loads. This procedure is based on the recognition of patterns of influence line diagrams (ILDs) for various members of a bridge truss. The procedure was applied to Pratt trusses. This arricle extends and generalizes the previous work of the authors by applying it to other classes of trusses, i.e., the statically determinate K-trusses and the statically indeterminate Parker trusses. This approach is significantly more efficient than the bruteforce method of generating the nodal load vectors due to the moving loads positioned at numerous locations along the span and performing numerous structural analyses. Thus, it is particularly suitable for microcomputers. The heuristic approach presented in this article can be easily extended to other classes of bridge trusses.
Interconnect characteristics of 2.5-D system integration scheme

Growing number of excessively long on-chip wires in modern monolithic ICs is a byproduct of growing chip size. To address this problem instead of placing all systems components in one layer (i.e. in 2-D space) one can use a stack of single layer monolithic ICs (called here a 2.5-D integrated IC). To assess the potential benefits of such a 2.5-D integration schema this paper compares wire length distributions, obtained for 2-D and 2.5-D implementations of benchmark circuits. In the assessment two newly developed floorplanning and placement tools were used. Significant reductions in both total wirelength and worst-case wirelength was observed for the systems implemented as 2.5-D ICs.
Unmasking Mask Aversion

SIR-Black and Weinstein [1], commenting on my article "Iatrogenic Meningitis: The Case for Face Masks" [2], take off their masks and switch to blinders. Who is that masked man, and why isn't he wearing his mask when performing lumbar punctures? Black and Weinstein [1 ] comment that "In a review of 28 cases of streptococcal meningitis associated with myelography, 35 percent of patients had concurrent positive blood cultures...." This finding suggests to them that "seeding of the meninges may have occurred during the lumbar puncture via direct inoculation from an infected bloodstream." The table in Gelfand and Abolnik [3] that lists these data also indicates some clinical findings for cases of myelography-associated meningitis. It seems obvious that the positive blood culture results indicate the
A Psychometric Study of the Infant and Toddler Intervals of the Social Emotional Assessment Measure

Psychometric and utility studies on Social Emotional Assessment Measure (SEAM), an innovative tool for assessing and monitoring social-emotional and behavioral development in infants and toddlers w...
Integrin-directed modulation of macrophage responses to biomaterials.

Abstract Macrophages are the primary mediator of chronic inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials, in cases when the material is either in particulate or bulk form. Chronic inflammation limits the performance and functional life of numerous implanted medical devices, and modulating macrophage interactions with biomaterials to mitigate this response would be beneficial. The integrin family of cell surface receptors mediates cell adhesion through binding to adhesive proteins nonspecifically adsorbed onto biomaterial surfaces. In this work, the roles of integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2) and RGD-binding integrins were investigated using model systems for both particulate and bulk biomaterials. Specifically, the macrophage functions of phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to a model particulate material, polystyrene microparticles were investigated. Opsonizing proteins modulated microparticle uptake, and integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins were found to control microparticle uptake in an opsonin-dependent manner. The presence of adsorbed endotoxin did not affect microparticle uptake levels, but was required for the production of inflammatory cytokines in response to microparticles. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins influence the in vivo foreign body response to a bulk biomaterial, subcutaneously implanted polyethylene terephthalate. A thinner foreign body capsule was formed when integrin Mac-1 was absent (∼30% thinner) or when RGD-binding integrins were blocked by controlled release of a blocking peptide (∼45% thinner). These findings indicate integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins are involved and may serve as therapeutic targets to mitigate macrophage inflammatory responses to both particulate and bulk biomaterials.
Micro-debris evolution from a satellite collision

A hydrocode is used to model the expulsion of debris, down to micron sized particles, from a hypervelocity collision of a satellite at 7 km/s. Large numbers of such particles (> 1012 total) are released, with large relative velocities (100 to 1000 m/s) to the original impactors, and involving complex spatial patterns such as jets of material. The orbital evolution of the small particles, taking into account higher order gravity terms, Solar and lunar gravity, molecular drag, solar pressure, and Lorentz forces, is integrated out for 9000 seconds. A measure of cratering damage on a collection of 929 space resident objects is used to determine whether this cloud disperses quickly, or if it represents an immediate threat to satellite health. In this simulation, the fast dispersion of the cloud results in a minimal damage to other satellites from the micro-debris. This result argues that there is little utility to computing an early warning for micro-debris damage from a satellite collisions.
Early detection of neurologic injury and issues of rehabilitation after pediatric cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Abstract: Neurological impairment results in a significant population of children after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for treatment of otherwise intractable circulatory failure. Pre-ECMO hypoxia/ischemia, reperfusion injury, and impaired cerebral perfusion during low output situations possibly aggravated by harmful effects of apulsatile perfusion are discussed in terms of possible etiological reasons. To develop preventive strategies or to enable curative measure, early detection of neuronal injury seems mandatory. Electroencephalographic surveillance and/or monitoring of evoked potentials and monitoring of cerebral oxygenation by means of near infrared spectroscopy or jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation, as well as measurements of serum neuron specific enolase, S-100 protein, and brain type creatine kinase can be employed clinically. To improve functional outcome following neuronal injury, early rehabilitation seems essential to minimize the resulting effects on physical, cognitive, and emotional development.
Interest Reductions in the Politico-Financial Nexus of Eighteenth-Century England

In the 1730s and 1750s the English government proposed to refinance the redeemable debt by "lowering the interest rate." In the ensuing coordination game among creditors, large investors like the Bank of England could block the policy change by demanding cash. Using 4 percent and 3 percent annuities prices to analyze market expectations, this article studies two refinancing episodes with very different fates. Lord Barnard failed in 1737 because his terms were too strict and financial agents induced a temporary market crash. Lord Pelham succeeded in 1750 because his better terms fit market prices, and interest rates had fallen much faster than expected.
Project based electromagnetics education

This paper describes a comprehensive project based EM program that allows for independent thinking, builds design and analytical skills and trains students in state-of-art design procedures. It begins with incorporating software projects and measurement techniques in a junior level course on wave theory and transmission lines that lead to more complex software projects and to designing experiments in the graduate program. The design projects provide the complete design experience that includes the development of analytical models in addition to the use of software modeling tools, construction and validation by measurements. Some typical projects in microstrip circuitry, antenna design and RF circuitry have been illustrated that demonstrate the level to which EM education can be taken.
The separation of platinum and iridium by ion flotation

Abstract Mixtures of iridium(IV) and rhodium(III) as IrCl 2- 6 and RhCl 3- 6 are separated by ion flotation. The iridium(IV) is selectively floated from aqueous solutions of pH 2 and 0.05% Ce(IV) with either hexadecyltripropylammonium bromide (HTPAB) or hexadecyltributylammonium bromide (HTBAB). The rhodium(III) does not float under the same conditions. The floated iridium sublate is collected in n-butyl acetate without contamination by the unfloated rhodium. Data are presented also for the separation and recovery of the Ir(IV) and Rh(III) with the above surfactants, hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (HTMAB) and hexadecyltriethylammonium bromide (HTEAB) from solutions of various sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid concentrations. The use of solvent sublation for recovering the floated iridium is examined. The separation is fast, practical, simple and does not require expensive reagents or apparatus. For these reasons, the separation of iridium and rhodium by ion flotation offers advantages over previous methods.
Process Parameter Effects on Particle Residence Time in a Vertical Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger

Residence times of 1.0-2.0 cm potato cubes with 0.4-1.2% aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose flowing at 453-599 mli sec were investigated in a vertical scraped surface heat exchanger rotating at 60 160 rpm. Minimum and maximum normalized particle residence times (NPRTs) standard deviation of mean NPRTs, and characteristic parameter for tanks-in-series models were not significantly affected by particle concentration. Mean NPRT for 40% particle concentration was significantly higher than those of single particle - 20% particle concentrations. Mean NPRTs were significantly influenced by process parameters and 2-way interactions.
Supply chain focus dependent supplier selection problem

Increasing globalization, diversity of the product range, and increasing customer awareness are making the market(s) highly competitive thereby forcing different supply chains to adapt to different stimuli on a continuous basis. It is also well recognized that overall supply chain focus should be given an overriding priority over the individual goals of the players, if one were to improve overall supply chain surplus. Among all the possible order winners, ‘cost’ and ‘responsiveness’ seem to be the most significant metrics based on which majority of the supply chains compete with each other. Supplier selection problem is one of the crucial problems that need to be addressed in configuring a supply chain that could have far reaching ramifications on the total supply chain costs and order winnability. Our model, that considers inventory costs and the supply chain ‘cycle time’ reduction costs, would aid a supply chain manager to make informed decisions with regard to supplier selection problem at any stage, dependent upon the priorities attached to supply chain costs and cycle time. Inventory related costs and responsiveness related costs are the two primary cost elements that are considered in this model. We are also making use of a novel dimensionless quantity called the ‘coefficient of inverse responsiveness’ that not only facilitates the introduction of responsiveness related costs into the model but also improves the scalability and simplifies the analysis and interpretation of the results. Based on the strategic model developed, we offer some very interesting managerial insights with respect to the effect of cost efficient operations and/or location and cost of volume related flexibility at a stage on alternate suppliers, which in turn affects the overall supply chain performance.
The Fractional Metric Dimension of Permutation Graphs

Let G = (V (G),E(G)) be a graph with vertex set V (G) and edge set E(G). For two distinct vertices x and y of a graph G, let R G {x, y} denote the set of vertices z such that the distance from x to z is not equal to the distance from y to z in G. For a function g defined on V (G) and for U ⊆ V (G), let g(U) = Σ s∈ U g(s). A real-valued function g: V (G) → [0, 1] is a resolving function of G if g(R G {x, y}) ≥ 1 for any two distinct vertices x, y ∈ V (G). The fractional metric dimension dim f (G) of a graph G is min{g(V (G)): g is a resolving function of G}. Let G 1 and G 2 be disjoint copies of a graph G, and let σ: V (G 1) → V (G 2) be a bijection. Then, a permutation graph G σ = (V, E) has the vertex set V = V (G 1) ∪ V (G 2) and the edge set E = E(G 1) ∪ E(G 2) ∪ {uv | v = σ(u)}. First, we determine dimf (T) for any tree T. We show that $1 < \dim _f (G_\sigma ) \leqslant \tfrac{1} {2}(|V(G)| + |S(G)|) $ for any connected graph G of order at least 3, where S(G) denotes the set of support vertices of G. We also show that, for any ɛ > 0, there exists a permutation graph G σ such that dim f (G σ) - 1 < e. We give examples showing that neither is there a function h 1 such that dim f (G) < h 1(dim f (G σ)) for all pairs (G, σ), nor is there a function h 2 such that h 2(dim f (G)) > dim f (G σ)) for all pairs (G, σ). Furthermore, we investigate dim f (G σ)) when G is a complete k-partite graph or a cycle.
Phenyl Trimethylsilyl Sulfide

[4551-15-9] C9H14SSi (MW 182.39) InChI = 1S/C9H14SSi/c1-11(2,3)10-9-7-5-4-6-8-9/h4-8H,1-3H3 InChIKey = VJMQFIRIMMSSRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hemithioacetal formation;1 ether deprotection9) Physical Data: bp 72 °C/8 mmHg; d 0.963 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: GC. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: flammable liquid; moisture sensitive; avoid inhalation and body contact; use in a fume hood.
Evaluating predictive models of species’ distributions: criteria for selecting optimal models

Abstract The Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction (GARP) is one of several current approaches to modeling species’ distributions using occurrence records and environmental data. Because of stochastic elements in the algorithm and underdetermination of the system (multiple solutions with the same value for the optimization criterion), no unique solution is produced. Furthermore, current implementations of GARP utilize only presence data—rather than both presence and absence, the more general case. Hence, variability among GARP models, which is typical of genetic algorithms, and complications in interpreting results based on asymmetrical (presence-only) input data make model selection critical. Generally, some locality records are randomly selected to build a distributional model, with others set aside to evaluate it. Here, we use intrinsic and extrinsic measures of model performance to determine whether optimal models can be identified based on objective intrinsic criteria, without resorting to an independent test data set. We modeled potential distributions of two rodents ( Heteromys anomalus and Microryzomys minutus ) and one passerine bird ( Carpodacus mexicanus ), creating 20 models for each species. For each model, we calculated intrinsic and extrinsic measures of omission and commission error, as well as composite indices of overall error. Although intrinsic and extrinsic composite measures of overall model performance were sometimes loosely related to each other, none was consistently associated with expert-judged model quality. In contrast, intrinsic and extrinsic measures were highly correlated for both omission and commission in the two widespread species ( H. anomalus and C. mexicanus ). Furthermore, a clear inverse relationship existed between omission and commission there, and the best models were consistently found at low levels of omission and moderate-to-high commission values. In contrast, all models for M. minutus showed low values of both omission and commission. Because models are based only on presence data (and not all areas are adequately sampled), the commission index reflects not only true commission error but also a component that results from undersampled areas that the species actually inhabits. We here propose an operational procedure for determining an optimal region of the omission/commission relationship and thus selecting high-quality GARP models. Our implementation of this technique for H. anomalus gave a much more reasonable estimation of the species’ potential distribution than did the original suite of models. These findings are relevant to evaluation of other distributional-modeling techniques based on presence-only data and should also be considered with other machine-learning applications modified for use with asymmetrical input data.
Effects of Curie-point operation of a Pockels tube

An off-axis state of the art electron gun with a KD 2 P target crystal forms an on-line two-dimensional coherent spatial light modulator.