cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proprioceptive Sensory Neuropathy in Mice with a Mutation in the Cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain 1 Gene

Mice heterozygous for the radiation-induced Sprawling ( Swl ) mutation display an early-onset sensory neuropathy with muscle spindle deficiency. The lack of an H reflex despite normal motor nerve function in the hindlimbs of these mutants strongly suggests defective proprioception. Immunohistochemical analyses reveal that proprioceptive sensory neurons are severely compromised in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of newborn Swl /+ mice, whereas motor neuron numbers remain unaltered even in aged animals. We have used positional cloning to identify a nine base-pair deletion in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 gene ( Dync1h1 ) in this mutant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Loa /+ mice, which have previously been shown to carry a missense point mutation in Dync1h1 that results in late-onset motor neuron loss, also present with a severe, early-onset proprioceptive sensory neuropathy. Interestingly, in contrast to the Loa mutation, the Swl mutation does not delay disease progression in a motor neuron disease mouse model overexpressing a human mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1 G93A ) transgene. Together, we provide in vivo evidence that distinct mutations in cytoplasmic dynein can either result in a pure sensory neuropathy or in a sensory neuropathy with motor neuron involvement.
The decline of academic poultry science in the United States of America

Academic poultry science in the United States had its origins in the early part of the 20th century. It reached its peak with 45 active departments in the 1940′s, but then started to decline signif...
Comment Comparison of ab initio and scaled quantum mechanical methods for the calculation of vibrational structure: A reply to bose and polavarapu

Abstract Recent criticisms by Bose and Polavarapu of the scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field method for the calculation of vibrational structure are discussed. The SQM method can give quantitatively accurate frequencies, force constant matrix elements, and potential energy distributions of molecules, while the corresponding ab initio calculation using the same basis set can fail to give even qualitative agreement with experiment. The SQM method can be employed for molecules whose vibrational assignment is uncertain by transferrring SQM scale factors from related molecules. For molecules without symmetry whose vibrational assignment is certain, the SQM method is equivalent to an ab initio calculation in which all calculated frequencies are scaled using a single multiplicative factor.
Optomechanically induced transparency and self-induced oscillations with Bogoliubov mechanical modes

Bogoliubov mechanical modes have the mathematical form of two-mode squeezed states and can form in an optomechanical system in which two mechanical modes couple to an optical mode via respective red and blue sideband couplings. Analogous to optical parametric downconversion, these special mechanical excitations can enable the generation of phonon pairs as well as mechanical entanglement. Here we report experimental studies of Bogoliubov mechanical modes using a silica microsphere as a model three-mode optomechanical resonator. We have employed optomechanically induced transparency to characterize the effective optomechanical coupling of the Bogoliubov mode. Self-induced oscillations of the Bogoliubov mode further reveal that Stokes photons generated from blue sideband coupling are converted via red sideband coupling to phonons in another mechanical mode, demonstrating a key process for the optomechanical generation of phonon pairs.
Soil properties and crop yield under different tillage methods for rapeseed cultivation in paddy fields.

A two-year research was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on some soil physical characteristics and crop yield in rapeseed cultivation after rice harvesting. Five tillage treatments including: (i) using rotavator, once to depth of 10-15 cm (T1), (ii) using rotavator, twice to depth of 10-15 cm (T2), (iii) using moldboard plow to depth of 25 cm + rotavator, once to depth of 10-15 cm (T3), (iv) no-till planting through removing rice stubbles from plots (T4), and (v) no-till planting without removing rice stubbles from plots (T5), were evaluated under randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. The biannual results revealed that the effect of tillage methods was significant (p<0.01) on soil bulk density, surface residues after tillage, dry mass of weeds, seed germination, and grain yield. T2 and T3 made considerable reduction in soil bulk density compared to other treatments for the 15- to 30-cm tillage depths. In T1, T2, T3, and T4, surface residues after tillage decreased in comparison with T5 by up to 35.37, 50.71, 69.92, and 75.75%, respectively. Having 71.48 g m-2, T5 had the maximum dry mass of weeds while T3 had the minimum one with 37.50 g m-2. Means comparison represented that in T2 and T3, seed germination reached the shortest length of 6.4 days in average. The highest and lowest grain yields were acquired in T3 (1,571 kg ha-1) and T5 (1,339 kg ha-1), respectively. Statistically, there was no significant difference between T1 (1,432 kg ha-1) and T2 (1,537 kg ha-1) compared with T3 in terms of grain yield.
Theory of Counterflow Mixing of Fuel with Hot Reaction Products

Abstract A parametric analysis is performed of the counterflow mixing of two gas streams having different temperatures, with density changes taken into account. Numerical integrations of the self-similar stagnation-flow equations are completed to provide velocity, temperature and mixture-fraction fields. Results are obtained that are needed in analysis of the structure and extinction of counterflow diffusion flames.
Regional brain homovanillic acid followingδ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine

Abstract δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (10 mg/kg) increased homobanillic acid in rat prefrontal cortex and olfactory tubercle. This dose did not affect homobanillic acid in the caudate. Higher doses increased homobanillic acid in all 3 regions. Cocaine (20, 30, or 50 mg/kg) did not affect homobanillic acid in any of these brain regions.
Sample sizes for the transmission disequilibrium tests: tdt, s-tdt and 1-tdt

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) is widely used to detect the linkage disequilibrium between a candidate locus (a marker) and a disease locus. The TDT is a family-based design and has the advantage that it is a valid test when population stratification exist. The TDT requires the marker genotypes of affected individuals and their parents. For diseases with late age of onset, it is difficult or impossible to obtain the marker genotype of the parents. Therefore, when both parents marker genotypes are unavailable, Ewex and Spielman extended the TDT to the S-TDT for use in sibships with at least one affected individual and one unaffected individual. When only one of the parents' genotype is available. Sun et al. proposed a test the 1-TDT, for use with niarker genotypes of affected individuals and only one available parent. Here, we study the saniple sizes of TDT, S-TDT, and 1-TDT. We show that the sample size needed for the 1-TDT is rogghly the same as the sample size needed for the S-TDT with two s...
Visual evoked potential augmenting/reducing slopes in cats—2. Correlations with behavior

Abstract Relationships were studied in cats between the augmenting/reducing slopes of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and three types of behavioral responses: learning and performance measures in (1) fixed interval (FI), and (2) differential reinforcement of low rate of response (DRL) bar pressing tasks for food reward, and (3) the effect of noise stress or increasing task difficulty on performance of an FI, DRL or 2 bar discrimination task. The most reliable slope measure (N1 at a medium intensity range) was found to correlate most highly with inhibitory behaviors such that reducers were most successful in controlling bar pressing behavior during an inhibitory DRL task or when stress was introduced. At a higher range of flash intensity slopes tended to be more negative, and the P1 - N1 slopes although more variable correlated most consistently with general temperament. Augmenters at a high intensity range were more active and explaratory, and learmed to bar press more quickly and efficiently.
202. Bereavement and depression: immune concomitant

Bereavement is a common stressor, with spousal/significant other bereavement one of the major life stressors experienced. Early research on immune modulation by psychosocial processes therefore utilized bereavement as a stressor when searching for immune alterations. In the early 1980s several reports documented immune findings following spousal or significant other bereavement. Since the most common psychological sequela of bereavement is depression, the depression/ immunity relationship has been pursued since the early studies of bereavement and immunity. A number of manuscripts have reported various immune findings associated with adult depression and have been presented in meta-analytic reports. These findings include decreases in T4 cells and mitogen stimulation with increasing age, and a general decrease in NKCA. Since the immune system develops with age and since depression may represent differing entities within differing age groups, the relation between depression and immunity was explored across differing developmental cohorts. First the immune depression relationship was examined as separate case/control experiments examining children, early adolescents, late adolescents, early adulthood, middle age and elderly. Finally, all of these “separate” studies were combined to appreciate the developing relationship along the age dimension. The immune depression relation in children and adults have been previously reported. We examined a total of 284 adolescents, 32 with MDD and 252 without current MDD. The percent of T4 cells and T cells were increased, while the percent of NK and B cells were decreased. When age and gender were partialled none of these effects remained significant. Analysis of Partial Variance revealed lower mitogen response and NKCA in the depressed adolescents. Contextualizing these findings along with those of other age groups and the “seamless” age analyses will be presented. An age immune relational continuum is postulated.
Responding to Teacher Candidate Testing through Program Development.

Testing prospective teachers in the basic skills is becoming standard practice for admission to a teacher education pro gram. Regrettably, the practice has had adverse effects on certain segments of the population. Heger and Salinger describe the importance of continuing to prepare minority and Hispanic stu dents. Furthermore, they identify methods of testing that might be used to identify preservice teacher language and computational deficiencies. The emphasis at UTEP, according to the authors, is on diagnosing and remediat ing problems so that prospective teachers can start their professional studies with adequate intellectual skills.
Detection of stimulus deviance within primate primary auditory cortex : intracortical mechanisms of mismatch negativity (MMN) generation

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a cognitive, auditory event-related potential (AEP) that reflects preattentive detection of stimulus deviance and indexes the operation of the auditory sensory ('echoic') memory system. MMN is elicited most commonly in an auditory oddball paradigm in which a sequence of repetitive standard stimuli is interrupted infrequently and unexpectedly by a physically deviant 'oddball' stimulus. Electro- and magnetoencephalographic dipole mapping studies have localized the generators of MMN to supratemporal auditory cortex in the vicinity of Heschl's gyrus, but have not determined the degree to which MMN reflects activation within primary auditory cortex (AI) itself. The present study, using moveable multichannel electrodes inserted acutely into superior temporal plane, demonstrates a significant contribution of AI to scalp-recorded MMN in the monkey, as reflected by greater response of AI to loud or soft clicks presented as deviants than to the same stimuli presented as repetitive standards. The MMN-like activity was localized primarily to supragranular laminae within AI. Thus, standard and deviant stimuli elicited similar degrees of initial, thalamocortical excitation. In contrast, responses within supragranular cortex were significantly larger to deviant stimuli than to standards. No MMN-like activity was detected in a limited number to passes that penetrated anterior and medial to AI. AI plays a well established role in the decoding of the acoustic properties of individual stimuli. The present study demonstrates that primary auditory cortex also plays an important role in processing the relationships between stimuli, and thus participates in cognitive, as well as purely sensory, processing of auditory information.
Balanced reciprocal translocations: risk factors for aneuploid segregant viability.

Reciprocal translocations were studied in two groups of balanced carrier couples: 202 had 210 translocation aneuploid liveborn (LB) infants, and 95 couples had repetitive abortions (AB) without liveborn ancuploids. The observed translocation aneuploidies in the LB group were compared to predicted potential aneuploidies in A B by frequency of chromosome involvement, meiotic segregation mode, and mean trisomic, monosomic and combined genomic imbalances. Qualitative and quantitative differences identified genomic regions and chromosomes possibly vital for in utero survivability. LB aneuploidies indicate non-random chromosome involvement, selection of least detrimental segregants and segments, and predominant transmission from maternal balanced carriers (especially in 3:1 tertiary segregation, 93.5%). For an individual with a balanced reciprocal translocation and untested reproductive capability, an approach is given for predicting whether a translocation aneuploid conceptus will be liveborn or aborted.
Cognitive processes in intimate conflict: I. extending attribution theory

Abstract When involved in an ongoing family conflict, family members are assumed to ask themselves attributional questions (e.g., “Who or what is causing this problem?”) and efficacy questions (e.g., “Can we solve this problem?”). Using attribution theory and social learning theory constructs, this paper presents a conceptual model explaining how the answers to these questions influence family conflict attitudes and behavior. The focus of this paper (the first of a two part series) is on how causal attributions affect blaming behavior, generalization of one negative conflict to other family situations, and family members' sense of efficacy for solving their problems. The author calls for more attention to the role of the individual's cognitions in family conflict situations.
Effect of Electromagnetic Field on the Solidification Structure of HMn084 Brass

The effect of electromagnetic field on the solidification structure of HMn084 brass (Cu-20%Zn-7.5%Mn-5.5%Al-1.5%Si-1%Fe-0.5%Pb in mass%) had been investigated in this paper. The results show that the as-cast structure of HMn084 brass is composed of matrix β-phase, small amount of α-phase and silicide (Mn, Fe)5Si3. Applying electromagnetic field during the solidification of HMn084 brass can refine grain and silicide phase, promote the uniform distribution of silicide phase. The morphology of silicide phase changes from coarse acicular and massive shape to fine acicular and massive shape. The above-mentioned effects become more obvious with the increasing in current intensity.
Amylase, Cellulase, Invertase and Pectinase in Several Free-Living, Mycophagus, and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes 1 )

The enzymes amylase, cellulase, invertase, and pectinase were investigated by viscometric and spectrophotometric methods using homogenates of up to nine species, representing seven genera, of free-living, mycophagus and higher plant-parasitic nematodes. No amylase activity was demonstrated in homogenates of Meloidogyne arenaria arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita acrita, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Radopholus similis, but it occurred in Aphelenchoides sacchari, Ditylenchus triformis and Panagrellus redivivus. Cellulase was present in all these nematodes except P. redivivus, and this enzyme was also demonstrated in homogenates of a species of Rhabditis. Invertase, while not found in D. triformis, was present in homogenates of A, sacchari, M, arenaria arenaria, and R. similis. In addition, a small amount of invertase activity was detected in homogenates of P. penetrans and P. redivivus. No pectinase activity was found in M. incognita acrita, A. sacchari, D. triformis, and P. redivivus but it occurred in homogenates of M. arenaria arenaria, M. hapla, and R. similis.
IBM 3090 performance: a balanced system approach

The IBM 3090 system represents the highest level of system performance offered by IBM to date. To realize the full performance potential of this system, it is essential to maintain a balance among its various components. The major components of the system are the processor(s), storage, I/O, and the software that manages the system resources. Their performance attributes are discussed and their effect on system performance illustrated by laboratory benchmark measurements for the MVS and VM operating systems.
PCSK9 in South African Variants of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

An elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major established risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The standard regimen for the treatment of elevated LDL-C relies on the statins, which inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis, reducing the
An analysis of benefits and risk information on pharmaceutical web sites for the treatment of menopause.

Background As the Internet is a source of information for many health consumers, there is a need to evaluate the information about prescription drugs provided on pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites. Objectives Using a sample of pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites for the treatment of menopause, the main objective of this study was to evaluate consumer-oriented information about benefits and risks of prescription drugs for the treatment of menopause provided on pharmaceutical web sites. Methods Pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites for analysis were identified using a list of U.S. FDA-approved hormone therapies for the treatment of menopause. Results This study revealed substantial gaps in how benefits and risk information were presented on the web sites. Specifically, information about the benefits was prominent while risk information was incomplete and challenging to find. Further, references to the scientific literature to support claims advertised about prescription drug benefits were not provided. Conclusions Given the lack of scientific evidence to support claims of benefits and limited disclosure about risks, more information is needed for consumers to be able to weigh the benefits and risks of these treatments for menopause. Overall, these findings provide guidance for evaluating drug information provided on pharmaceutical web sites.
Clear cell Basal cell carcinoma

Introduction. Clear cell basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is an uncommon and unusual variant of BCC, which is characterized by a variable component of clear cells. The pathogenesis of this histological variant and its clinical significance has not been clarified. Differentiation of this uncommon variant of BCC from other clear cell tumors is important for the treatment. Case Presentation. A 65-year-old male presented with a 0.9 cm dome-shaped lesion on his upper chest. A shave biopsy revealed a dermal basaloid tumor that comprised nests with a peripheral palisading pattern, retraction artifacts, and striking clear cell changes. Histopathologic examination, along with findings from immunohistochemical studies and special staining of the clear cells, supports the diagnosis of clear cell basal cell carcinoma. Conclusion. Clear cell BCC is a rare and unusual variant of BCC. The underlying pathogenesis of this subtype is unclear; however, accurate identification may affect treatment and prognosis.
Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile chinook salmon

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) were fed casein-gelatin-based diets containing graded levels of potassium (0.01–1.20%) for 10 weeks to determine their dietary potassium requirement. The fish were able to sequester potassium directly from the water but they were unable to meet their requirement without additional dietary potassium. Signs of potassium deficiency included anorexia, convulsions, tetany, and death. Although the potassium levels were not replicated in this study, growth-response data suggest that a dietary potassium concentration of 0.8% should produce maximum growth. Whole body potassium saturation (3200 ppm wet fish weight) occurred at a dietary potassium concentration between 0.6 and 1.2% of the diet. Whole body sodium and magnesium were significantly elevated in fish fed potassium-deficient diets.
Glucocorticoid receptor-induced MAPK phosphatase-1 (MPK-1) expression inhibits paclitaxel-associated MAPK activation and contributes to breast cancer cell survival.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation has recently been shown to inhibit apoptosis in breast epithelial cells. We have previously described a group of genes that is rapidly up-regulated in these cells following dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. In an effort to dissect the mechanisms of GR-mediated breast epithelial cell survival, we now examine the molecular events downstream of GR activation. Here we show that GR activation leads to both the rapid induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) mRNA and its sustained expression. Induction of the MKP-1 protein in the MCF10A-Myc and MDA-MB-231 breast epithelial cell lines was also seen. Paclitaxel treatment resulted in MAPK activation and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and both processes were inhibited by Dex pretreatment. Furthermore, induction of MKP-1 correlated with the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity, whereas p38 activity was minimally affected. Blocking Dex-induced MKP-1 induction using small interfering RNA increased ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and decreased cell survival. ERK1/2 and JNK inactivation was associated with Ets-like transcription factor-1 (ELK-1) dephosphorylation. To explore the gene expression changes that occur downstream of ELK-1 dephosphorylation, we used a combination of temporal gene expression data and promoter element analyses. This approach revealed a previously unrecognized transcriptional target of ELK-1, the human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We verified the predicted ELK-1 → tPA transcriptional regulatory relationship using a luciferase reporter assay. We conclude that GR-mediated MAPK inactivation contributes to cell survival and that the potential transcriptional targets of this inhibition can be identified from large scale gene array analysis.
A Plastid Phylogeny of the Cosmopolitan Fern Family Cystopteridaceae (Polypodiopsida)

Abstract Among the novel results of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses are the unexpectedly close evolutionary relationships of the genera Acystopteris, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium, and the phylogenetic isolation of these genera from Woodsia. As a consequence, these three genera have been removed from Woodsiaceae and placed into their own family, the Cystopteridaceae. Despite the ubiquity of this family in rocky habitats across the northern hemisphere, and its cosmopolitan distribution (occurring on every continent except Antarctica), sampling of the Cystopteridaceae in phylogenetic studies to date has been sparse. Here we assemble a three-locus plastid dataset (matK, rbcL, trnG-R) that includes most recognized species in the family and multiple accessions of widespread taxa from across their geographic ranges. All three sampled genera are robustly supported as monophyletic, Cystopteris is strongly supported as sister to Acystopteris, and those two genera together are sister to Gymnocarpium. The Gym...
Regulation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by tyrosine phosphorylation

Tyrosine kinases indirectly raise intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by activating phospholipases that generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 activates the IP3 receptor (IP3R), an intracellular calcium release channel on the endoplasmic reticulum. T cell receptor stimulation triggered a physical association between the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Fyn and the IP3R, which induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the IP3R. Fyn activated an IP3-gated calcium channel in vitro, and tyrosine phosphorylation of the IP3R during T cell activation was reduced in thymocytes from fyn-/- mice. Thus, activation of the IP3R by tyrosine phosphorylation may play a role in regulating [Ca2+]i.
A Basic Theory of Artery Buckling Under Internal Pressure

The stability of blood vessels under the lumen blood pressure load is essential to the maintenance of normal arterial function. It has been well documented that arteries and veins collapse when the internal lumen pressure is too low and/or the external pressure become higher than the internal pressure [1–3]. It has been demonstrated recently that arteries and veins also buckle (bend) due to hypertensive pressure or a reduced axial stretch ratio [4]. Buckling equations have been established recently for linear and nonlinear elastic artery and vein models based on assumed sinusoidal mode shapes [4–6]. However, the theoretical base for the assumption is lacking. It is necessary to determine whether arteries can bifurcate into the buckled shape under internal pressure.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Thermodynamics of gas phase chromium species: The chromium oxides, the chromium oxyhydroxides, and volatility calculations in waste incineration processes

The thermodynamics of three gaseous chromium oxides and twelve gaseous chromium oxyhydroxides are assessed for application to chromium volatility calculations in waste incineration processes. For the oxyhydroxides, the thermodynamic properties, S0(298), H0(298) − H0(0), −(G0(T) − H0(298))T, and Cp0(T), are calculated by the molecular constant method using estimated molecular parameters. The enthalpies of formation, ΔHf0(298), of the chromium oxides and the chromium oxyhydroxides are determined either from vapor pressure data when available or from bond energy correlations which use available data on the gaseous chromium oxyhalides. The thermodynamic constants, S0(298), ΔHf0(298), and H0(298) − H0(0), are tabulated for all fifteen gaseous species. Likewise, the thermodynamic functions, −(G0(T) − H0(298))T and Cp0(T), are given in polynomial form as a function of temperature for ranges from 298 to 1000 K and 1000 to 3000 K. Equilibrium vapor compositions over Cr2O3(s) at fixed partial pressures of oxygen (0.10 atm) and water (0.10 atm) and temperatures in the range of 800 to 1600 K show that CrO2(OH)2(g) is the dominant vapor species with small contributions from CrO(OH)3(g), CrO3(g), CrO2OH(g), and CrO(OH)2(g).
Linking stochastic fluctuations in chromatin structure and gene expression.

The number of mRNA and protein molecules expressed from a single gene molecule fluctuates over time. These fluctuations have been attributed, in part, to the random transitioning of promoters between transcriptionally active and inactive states, causing transcription to occur in bursts. However, the molecular basis of transcriptional bursting remains poorly understood. By electron microscopy of single PHO5 gene molecules from yeast, we show that the “activated” promoter assumes alternative nucleosome configurations at steady state, including the maximally repressive, fully nucleosomal, and the maximally non-repressive, nucleosome-free, configuration. We demonstrate that the observed probabilities of promoter nucleosome configurations are obtained from a simple, intrinsically stochastic process of nucleosome assembly, disassembly, and position-specific sliding; and we show that gene expression and promoter nucleosome configuration can be mechanistically coupled, relating promoter nucleosome dynamics and gene expression fluctuations. Together, our findings suggest a structural basis for transcriptional bursting, and offer new insights into the mechanism of transcriptional regulation and the kinetics of promoter nucleosome transitions.
Numerical Simulation of Piggyback Risers Under Steady Current Loading

With elevated interest in offshore drilling, transportation of production fluid to surface facilities are under heavy scrutiny. Particularly, design of marine risers either in standalone or in a piggyback configuration continues to dominate the focus of the research community in assessing the influence of hydrodynamic drag on its operation. In this study, full three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to estimate the flow induced drag on piggyback risers under steady current configurations. The turbulent structures generated in the flow domain are resolved using SST k-omega turbulence modeling approach.Effect of flow velocities and circumferential position of the smaller cylinder with respect to the larger cylinder, were investigated on drag coefficient. Two different piggyback riser models, with varying cylinder diameters were considered. The predicted drag coefficients under a wide range of Reynolds number were in good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of diameter ratio of the two cylinders and the position of smaller cylinder were identified to play an important role in the generation of flow structures within the domain. Numerical simulations identify and capture key hydrodynamics interference such as drag reduction and vortex shedding patterns that are critical in the design of piggyback riser configurations. For example, the drag coefficient of the largest cylinder is lowest value when it is placed in the wake of the smaller cylinder and the drag on the small cylinder depends significantly on the diameter ratio of the cylinders and their relative position. Further, detailed discussions pertaining to vortex shedding patterns under various model configurations are elaborated. This study clearly demonstrated the applicability of numerical tools to gain insight into the hydrodynamic interaction between two cylinders placed under close proximity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Design of compensators for robust tracking and disturbance rejection

In this paper, the design of compensators to achieve robust asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection is presented by solving a set of linear algebraic equations. Both plant-entered and input-entered disturbances are considered. The design requires less computation than the existing ones.
Evaluating the functional net value of pharmacologic agents in treating irritable bowel syndrome.

Summary Background The recent FDA provisional endpoint incorporates a one-tailed measure of improvement for IBS based on the underlying motility complaint. However, motility exists along a spectrum. Patients may experience diarrhoea resulting from therapy for their constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C) or constipation during treatment for diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), but still meet a unidirectional motility-based FDA endpoint. Aim To weigh the reported efficacy of existing therapies based on patient-reported outcomes with negative intestinal side effects in controlled clinical trial data. Methods We analysed the difference between ‘attributable risk’ of efficacy based on number needed to treat (NNT) in the literature and percentage of adverse events (AE) of opposite intestinal complaints in placebo-controlled trials identified through a literature search of IBS trials. This calculation was coined ‘functional net value’ (FNV) or net benefit of the given drug. Results For treating IBS-C, lubiprostone caused diarrhoea in excess of placebo in 3.9% of patients, leading to a FNV of 3.9 percentage units. Linaclotide caused diarrhoea in 15.3% resulting in negative FNV (−1.0 percentage unit). For IBS-D, alosetron and tricyclic anti-depressants caused constipation among a respective 16.9% and 13.0% resulting in a FNV of −3.6 and −0.5 percentage units. Among all therapies, only rifaximin did not cause the adverse event opposite the underlying motility complaint and the drug only had benefit, not detriment. Conclusions Functional net value (FNV) offers a method of evaluating the net benefit of a drug in IBS. Most IBS treatments have a negative effect on IBS that exceeds the benefits.
Regulation of norepinephrine transport system by angiotensin II in neuronal cultures of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat brains.

Brain angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a key role in blood pressure control in part by interacting with catecholamines (CA) and by stimulation of sympathetic pathways. The significance of Ang-CA interaction is further heightened by the presence of a hyperactive brain Ang II system in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat, a genetic model for essential hypertension. Neuronal cells in primary culture from the hypothalamus-brainstem that mimic in vivo situations in so far as many cellular actions of Ang II are concerned, have been used in the present study to elucidate Ang II regulation of CA by determining its cellular action on the norepinephrine transporter (NET) system. Ang II causes both acute and chronic stimulation of [3H]-norepinephrine (NE) uptake in neuronal cultures of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat brain. Acute stimulation begins as early as 5 min, reaches maximal levels in about 30 min in the presence of 100 nM Ang II, and is blocked by losartan, a specific antagonist for AT1 receptor subtype. In addition, t...
The effect of centralized decision‐making on work satisfaction among nursing educators

The relationship between work satisfaction and centralization of organizational decision-making was examined using survey data from faculty members at four baccalaureate degree schools of nursing, supplemented by interviews with the deans. In a multiple regression analysis, centralization was a significant predictor of satisfaction (p less than .01), with other relevant variables controlled. In tests for statistical interaction, the effect of centralization on satisfaction did not depend on the strength of faculty members' desires for professional autonomy. The results suggested the potential benefits of changes in organizational decision-making to increase faculty participation.
Two-step graphs of trees

Abstract In this paper we examine the two-step graphs of trees in two distinct contexts. We first consider the two-step graph S 2 ( T ) of a tree T as the competition graph of T and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the competition graph of a tree to be an interval graph. We then investigate the problem of inverting the two-step S 2 ( T ) of a tree T , i.e., reconstructing T from S 2 ( T ). A class of trees is identified whose two-step graphs are invertible.
Reactions of tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylsulfenyl bromide

Abstract Tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosylsulfenyl bromide ( 2 ) has a bivalent sulfur atom that exhibits electrophilic character. With such sulfur nucleophiles as benzenethiol and α-toluenethiol, the sulfenyl bromide 2 reacts to give mixed disulfides ( 5 and 6 , respectively) and, with such arylamines as aniline or o -chloroaniline, the sulfur atom of 2 attacks the nucleophilic nitrogen atom to give sulfenamides ( 7 and 8 , respectively). Addition of 2 to the double bond of cyclohexene gives trans -2-bromo-1-(tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosylthio)cyclohexane ( 3 ); the 3′,3′,6′,6′-tetradeuterated analog was prepared by use of cyclohexene- 3,3,6,6-d 4 . With N,N -dimethylaniline, the sulfenyl bromide 2 reacts by attack at the para position to give p -(dimethylamino)-phenyl tetra- O -acetyl-1-thio-β- D -glucopyranoside ( 1 ), although a concurrent, major reaction-pathway gives bis(tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosyl) disulfide ( 4 ). With phenol and various enolizable ketones, the sulfenyl bromide 2 reacts to give the disulfide 4 in high yield. The structures assigned to the products were confirmed by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Such glycosylsulfenyl halides as 2 thus offer a potential route to a wide range of thio sugar derivatives by reactions with thiols, amines, and alkenes.
Centroid orthogonal transformations

An initial transformation for facilitating the analysis of a factor problem is discussed. Such a transformation is used in the rotational procedure developed by L. L. Thurstone in an accompanying article.
Improvements to pairwise sequence comparison (PASC): a genome-based web tool for virus classification

The number of viral genome sequences in the public databases is increasing dramatically, and these sequences are playing an important role in virus classification. Pairwise sequence comparison is a sequence-based virus classification method. A program using this method calculates the pairwise identities of virus sequences within a virus family and displays their distribution, and visual analysis helps to determine demarcations at different taxonomic levels such as strain, species, genus and subfamily. Subsequent comparison of new sequences against existing ones allows viruses from which the new sequences were derived to be classified. Although this method cannot be used as the only criterion for virus classification in some cases, it is a quantitative method and has many advantages over conventional virus classification methods. It has been applied to several virus families, and there is an increasing interest in using this method for other virus families/groups. The Pairwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) classification tool was created at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The tool’s database stores pairwise identities for complete genomes/segments of 56 virus families/groups. Data in the system are updated every day to reflect changes in virus taxonomy and additions of new virus sequences to the public database. The web interface of the tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/) makes it easy to navigate and perform analyses. Multiple new viral genome sequences can be tested simultaneously with this system to suggest the taxonomic position of virus isolates in a specific family. PASC eliminates potential discrepancies in the results caused by different algorithms and/or different data used by researchers.
Effect of a postdischarge education class on coronary artery disease knowledge and self-reported health-promoting behaviors

Objective: To determine the effect of a single 2-hour postdischarge education class on knowledge and health-promoting behaviors of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Design: Descriptive, two-group, posttest survey. Setting: Midwestern community hospital. Subjects: One hundred fourteen patients who had experienced a cardiac catheterization, 53 patients who had attended a postdischarge coronary artery disease education class, and 61 patients who had not attended the class. Outcome Measures: Knowledge of coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease risk factor, and health-promoting behaviors. Results: Those who attended the postdischarge class scored significantly higher on both knowledge and health-promoting behaviors. Conclusion: Patients who attended a single 2-hour postdischarge education class had significantly higher knowledge of coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease risk factors. Knowledge may better prepare people to increase health-promoting behaviors.
Reduced Gene Expression of Vascular Endothelial NO Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-1 in Heart Failure

Abstract Endothelium-dependent responses are depressed in coronary and peripheral blood vessels after the onset of pacing-induced heart failure in dogs and heart failure of various etiologies in humans. The present study was designed to examine whether these responses were due to decreases in the expression of endothelial cell NO synthase (ecNOS) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). After 1 month of left ventricular pacing, 8 mongrel dogs were monitored for heart failure as defined by clinical signs and left ventricular end diastolic pressures >25 mm Hg. Total RNA and protein were isolated from endothelial cells scraped from the thoracic aorta and analyzed by Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Blots probed with 32P-labeled cDNAs for ecNOS and COX-1 were quantified densitometrically, and results were normalized against GAPDH or von Willebrand factor (vWF). In arbitrary units, the ratios of ecNOS to GAPDH were 2.66±0.77 (mean±SEM, n=17) and 1.12±0.37 (n=6), and the ratios of COX-1 to GAPDH were 1.52±0.52...
Production and disposal of wastes from dry and wet flue-gas cleaning systems

Abstract The design of a flue-gas cleaning system for the removal of particulates and sulfur dioxide contaminants must take into account many factors for there to be successful operation and no secondary environmental impacts. One of the factors which must be taken into account is the production of wastes and the procedures to be put into place for proper disposal. For many years, Argonne has had a high-sulfur dry scrubbing system in operation as the means of emissions control from its largest coal-fired boiler. During this period thousands of tons of a dry powdery waste have been produced and landfilled without any adverse environmental effects. This paper reviews the theory of operation of a dry scrubbing system, and briefly details the performance of the Argonne system over several years. Among the performance details given are the results of an experimental program utilizing a high-sulfur ( s >4.2%) coal, done in co-operation with the Consol Coal Company, and the findings from a study on the leachate, toxicity, and disposal of the dry wastes. The experimental programs, to date, have shown that a dry scrubbing system can technically and economically remove sulfur dioxide and particulates from flue gas produced from the combustion of high-sulfur coal. In addition, mixtures of dry scrubber wastes and fly ash have been subjected to the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity tests. The results of these tests indicate that while the ash composition of the coal will have a bearing upon test results, for the most part mixtures of this waste and coal fly ash can be declared non-hazardous.
Research on Wireless Power Transmission Based on Magnetic Resonance Coupling

e. The formalism of wireless power transmission is discussed coupled mode theory can be used to describe the resonance process. According to the changing process of input impedance and input current to describe the demarcate of resonant frequency. also demonstrate that loop circuits have an important effect of the resonant magnetic field distribution.
A hyperbolic singular perturbation of Burgers' equation

This paper is concerned with the effect of perturbing Burgers' equation by a small term ϵ2Utt. It is shown by means of an energy estimate that the solution of Burgers' equation provides a uniform O (ϵ) approximation of the solution of the full hyperbolic problem. Existence and uniqueness of classical solutions for both problems is proved. A related linear problem is first addressed using the Faedo–Galerkin method to obtain key estimates. Important for the hyperbolic problem is the introduction of an ϵ-dependent energy in order to track the order-ϵ behaviour of various higher-order derivatives. Subsequent use of Schauder technique and Banach contraction mapping principle yields solutions of the semilinear problems.
Dimensions of multiple personality disorder

Abstract Research on multiple personality disorder (MPD) has burgeoned, and large-scale investigations indicate that a typical MPD patient is a woman, a victim of childhood abuse (especially sexual abuse), a person whose symptoms meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders, and a person who would employ many psychological defenses. Treatment approaches have frequently included hypnotherapy, which requires skill and caution.
IRAS low-resolution spectra of galaxies

The spectra of external galaxies are selected and extracted from the IRAS LRS database. Twenty-one objects present viable spectra. One is a peculiar star-forming E-S0 galaxy. The remainder are all starburst or H II region galaxies. Their average spectrum demonstrates the importance of the PAH emission bands in the 8-23-micron region and reinforces the conclusion reached from ground-based spectra, that there is a strong correlation between the PAH bands and the starburst or H II region character of a galaxy.
Differential gene expression in CD8+ cells from HIV-1-infected subjects showing suppression of HIV replication

CD8(+) cells from healthy HIV-1-infected individuals suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in infected cells by a non-cytotoxic mechanism. This activity is associated with the production of a soluble CD8(+) cell antiviral factor (CAF) that inhibits viral replication at the level of transcription. Strong CD8(+) cell non-cytotoxic anti-HIV responses (CNARs) correlate with an asymptomatic state and long-term survival of HIV-infected individuals. This antiviral activity is lost when the infected individual advances to disease. In attempts to define the gene(s) mediating CNAR we have evaluated differential gene expression between CD8(+) cells from infected subjects with high CNAR and CD8(+) cells from uninfected controls that lack this activity. The expression analysis, using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Set, indicated that 18% of the genes were differentially expressed (DE) of which 9.2% were up-regulated. A total of 568 genes were up-regulated with a >2.0-fold difference in expression levels and a >50% concordance of difference call. Stringent selection criteria narrowed down the list to 52 up-regulated 'high confidence genes' (> or = 75% concordance). These genes function in a wide variety of cellular processes and include 13 associated with immunologic activity.
Pharmacologic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Which agent, how much, how soon, how long?

PREVIEWIs there any good reason to give intravenous nitroglycerin during evolving acute myocardial infarction? How about a beta blocker? Should an ACE inhibitor be started routinely within the first 24 hours of infarction? When is aspirin useful for suspected acute myocardial infarction? Is it safe in patients with contraindications to thrombolytic therapy? In this article, Dr Rapaport answers these and many more questions by summarizing findings of important studies and describing conclusions he has come to on the basis of his own clinical experience.
Philippians as Chiasmus: Key to the Structure, Unity and Theme Questions

From a practical standpoint, it is a great advantage to ‘kill two birds with one stone’. But it is rare indeed to be able to confront and accomplish three significant tasks in one unified effort. That, however, is exactly what this slender treatment proposes to do: tackle the questions of structure, unity and theme that have long haunted the study of Philippians essentially in ‘one fell swoop’.
Selection Experiments as a Tool in Evolutionary and Comparative Physiology: Insights into Complex Traits--an Introduction to the Symposium.

‘‘The whole organism is so tied together that when slight variations in one part occur, and are accumulated through natural selection, other parts become modified. This is a very important subject, most imperfectly understood.’’ (Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species). ‘‘Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly modify unintentionally other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of correlation.’’ (Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species). ‘‘Biological reality is so complex that we are very far from any reasonably mechanistic understanding of evolutionary processes.’’ (Felsenstein, 1988, p. 468) ‘‘Apparent complexity usually means a lack of understanding.’’ (McCarthy and Roberts, 1989, p. 134)