cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking outside the box: options for transport of high burnup spent fuel

AbstractThe current uncertainty surrounding the licensing and eventual opening of a long term geologic repository for the nation’s civilian and defense spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste has shifted the window for the length of time spent fuel could be stored to periods of time significantly longer than the current licensing period of 40 years for dry storage. An alternative approach may be needed to the licensing of high burnup fuel for storage and transportation based on the assumption that spent fuel cladding may not always remain intact. The approach would permit spent fuel to be retrieved on a canister basis and could lessen the need for repackaging of spent fuel. This approach is being presented as a possible engineering solution to address the uncertainties and lack of data availability for cladding properties for high burnup fuel and extended storage time frames. The proposed approach does not involve relaxing current safety standards for criticality safety, containment, or permis...
An Employment Approach to Urban Poverty Alleviation: Employment Patterns of AFDC Recipients—The Milwaukee Experience, 1989-93

Major changes are underway in the American programme to aid mothers with dependent children. One major component of the proposed changes is a work requirement for mothers. To begin to explore what problems and opportunities may be created by a work requirement, this paper explores several questions related to the work and earnings' experience of a cohort of 42 000 aid recipients in an urban county. Among the several findings is the fact that about 70 per cent of the welfare recipients have recent work experience. For some, the experience is limited; for others, especially those known to have left welfare, it is extensive. The earnings produced from work range from basically pocket change to well in excess of US$16 500 per year. The implications for policy changes vary with one's perspective. What is clear is that some recipients can earn more than welfare; for others, such earnings will be more difficult.
Efficient generation of motion transitions using spacetime constraints

This paper describes the application of space time constraints to creating transitions between segments of human body motion. The motion transition generation uses a combination of spacetime constraints and inverse kinematic constraints to generate seamless and dynamically plausible transitions between motion segments. We use a fast recursive dynamics formulation which makes it possible to use spacetime constraints on systems with many degrees of freedom, such as human figures. The system uses an interpreter of a motion expression language to allow the user to manipulate motion data, break it into pieces, and reassemble it into new, more complex, motions. We have successfully used the system to create basis motions, cyclic data, and seamless motion transitions on a human body model with 44 degrees of freedom. Additional
Validity of MMPI sex offender scales with admitters and nonadmitters

This study compared 130 male sex offenders with 239 male controls on MMPI special scales of sexual deviance. Offenders differed from controls on 3 sexual deviance scales, but these differences were accounted for by admitters alone. Comparison of admitters with controls who had a comparable degree of psychopathology showed that the differences were not based on general psychopathology. On the same 3 sexual deviance scales, nonadmitters differed from a control group that had comparable defensiveness, showing that nonadmitters could be discriminated from nonoffenders on the basis of sexual deviance and not simply on defensiveness. The results have implications for the eventual development of procedures for assessing sexually deviant men even when they do not admit their offenses
Cripto is required for mesoderm and endoderm cell allocation during mouse gastrulation.

Abstract During mouse gastrulation, cells in the primitive streak undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and the resulting mesenchymal cells migrate out laterally to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm across the entire embryonic cylinder. The mechanisms underlying mesoderm and endoderm specification, migration, and allocation are poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the function of mouse Cripto, a member of the EGF-CFC gene family that is highly expressed in the primitive streak and migrating mesoderm cells on embryonic day 6.5. Conditional inactivation of Cripto during gastrulation leads to varied defects in mesoderm and endoderm development. Mutant embryos display accumulation of mesenchymal cells around the shortened primitive streak indicating a functional requirement of Cripto during the formation of mesoderm layer in gastrulation. In addition, some mutant embryos showed poor formation and abnormal allocation of definitive endoderm cells on embryonic day 7.5. Consistently, many mutant embryos that survived to embryonic day 8.5 displayed defects in ventral closure of the gut endoderm causing cardia bifida. Detailed analyses revealed that both the Fgf8–Fgfr1 pathway and p38 MAP kinase activation are partially affected by the loss of Cripto function. These results demonstrate a critical role for Cripto during mouse gastrulation, especially in mesoderm and endoderm formation and allocation.
Work in progress - an innovative science and engineering outreach program

Faculty and students in the Biomimetic MicroElectronic Systems Engineering Research Center (BMES ERC) at the University of Southern California in collaboration with teachers at Murchison Elementary School( MES) in Los Angeles are designing and implementing science and engineering modules that introduce inner city children in grades 3, 4, and 5 to the excitement and utility of engineering. Each module uses the research of the BMES ERC testbeds as focal and reference points to make the science relevant to the young children. Lesson plans are standards-aligned, rich in experience-dependent activities, and age-appropriate. The elementary children learn science by doing science. Student learning is measured by a series of written and practical formative and summative assessments that focus on both content knowledge and analytical reasoning skills. In addition, student attitudes toward science are measured. Essentially all MES students are Latino and come from families with limited formal education. This cohort of students is traditionally underrepresented in the science and engineering professions. Although this is a Work in Progress, preliminary results indicate that significant science achievement is attained by the majority of students but the degree of success is influenced by the English language proficiency of the students.
P53 mutation correlates with cisplatin sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines.

Background. A critical factor for successful organ preservation treatment in head and neck cancer may be selecting tumors that respond to chemotherapy and radiation. Previous results in patients indicated that tumors that overexpressed p53 were more sensitive to chemotherapy than those that did not overexpress p53. Methods. To determine the relationship of p53 mutations to sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro, 23 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines were analyzed for cisplatin sensi-
Domestic Migration and New Business Creation in the United States

While an extensive line of research links international migration to entrepreneurship, less attention has been devoted to mobility within a country. This study examines the relationship between new business creation and migration between states in the United States, building on prior research associating education and entrepreneurship. In addition to tracking general migration patterns among the states, the study focuses on young, single and college-educated segment of the population. This segment may be less risk averse and more geographically mobile, and brings knowledge resources to the geographic areas where they choose to live. While overall levels of net migration did not predict new business creation, prior net migration of the young, single, college-educated was a statistically significant predictor. States that are attracting young, single, highly educated people are more entrepreneurially dynamic than would be indicated by overall levels of migration.
How Do You Measure Distance in Spatial Models? An Example Using Open-Space Valuation:

Spatial distance is a critical component of theories across the social, natural, and information sciences, but too often the methods and metrics used to describe spatial distance are implicit or underspecified. How distance is measured may influence model results in unanticipated ways. We examined the differences among distances calculated in three ways: Euclidean distances, vector-based road-network distances, and raster-based cost-weighted distances. We applied these different measures to the case of the economic value of open space, which is frequently derived using hedonic pricing (HP) models. In HP models, distance to open space is used to quantify access for residential properties. Under the assumption that vector-based road distances better match actual travel distance between homes and open spaces, we compared these distances with Euclidean and raster-based cost-weighted distances, finding that the distance values themselves differed significantly. Open-space values estimated using these distances...
The Perfect Hypnotic

The market for hypnotics is big business, with 10 to 15% of the population in the United States suffering from chronic insomnia ( 1 , 2 ). Although the pathology is unknown, and likely heterogeneous, patients with insomnia are in a state of hyperarousal (even during the day), suggesting that wake-promoting systems are hyperactive ( 3 ). The search for the ideal hypnotic has been marked by cycles of exuberance followed by disappointment, as adverse side effects associated with each new class of drug have emerged following wide use. Although insomnia therapy increasingly uses cognitive behavioral therapy, the enormous number of sufferers mandates new pharmacological approaches. Uslaner et al. ( 4 ) report the prospect of a new class of compound with a new mode of action that may usher in a new era for insomnia treatment, with the potential for fewer side effects.
Systemic myostatin inhibition via liver-targeted gene transfer in normal and dystrophic mice.

Background Myostatin inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy to maintain muscle mass in a variety of disorders, including the muscular dystrophies, cachexia, and sarcopenia. Previously described approaches to blocking myostatin signaling include injection delivery of inhibitory propeptide domain or neutralizing antibodies. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe a unique method of myostatin inhibition utilizing recombinant adeno-associated virus to overexpress a secretable dominant negative myostatin exclusively in the liver of mice. Systemic myostatin inhibition led to increased skeletal muscle mass and strength in control C57 Bl/6 mice and in the dystrophin-deficient mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The mdx soleus, a mouse muscle more representative of human fiber type composition, demonstrated the most profound improvement in force production and a shift toward faster myosin-heavy chain isoforms. Unexpectedly, the 11-month-old mdx diaphragm was not rescued by long-term myostatin inhibition. Further, mdx mice treated for 11 months exhibited cardiac hypertrophy and impaired function in an inhibitor dose–dependent manner. Conclusions/Significance Liver-targeted gene transfer of a myostatin inhibitor is a valuable tool for preclinical investigation of myostatin blockade and provides novel insights into the long-term effects and shortcomings of myostatin inhibition on striated muscle.
Stabilization Policy with an Inflation Adjustment Mechanism

I. Introduction, 355.—II. A basic model, 355.—III. A model with unemployment, 357.—IV. Conclusion, 358.
Aeroelastic dynamics of mistuned blade assemblies with closely spaced blade modes

The aeroelastic characteristics of tuned and randomly mistuned blade assemblies which possess two blade-alone natural modes with close frequencies are studied. Modal interactions among the two blade modes are shown to be come extremely significant for small frequency separation. The two distinct loci of the aeroelastic eigenvalues, which characterize an assembly with well separated modes, fully merge into a single root locus as the blade-mode frequency separation vanishes. Also, while in the case of well separated blade modes the introduction of random mistuning into one blade mode affects only the assembly modes which are predominantly of that blade-mode type, mistuning results in the localization of all the assembly modes when the blade-alone natural frequencies are close. Results indicate that in the case of closely-spaced blade modes a single-degree of freedom blade model yields qualitatively erroneous results and that an N-blade assembly with two close blade modes behaves like an equivalent 2Nb-blade assembly with a single blade mode.
Volatiles and Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Egg Yolk, White and Their Combinations

Headspace volatiles were produced by heating fresh egg yolk, white and different ratios of yolk to white. Volatiles of the same treatments produced during steam distillation extraction were identified, compared, and related to sensory characteristics of fresh scrambled eggs. Overall impression, sulfur, and sweet notes were sensory characteristics identified to distinguish between samples with varying yolkwhite ratios. Volatile concentrations of compounds in the headspace, and steam distillation/ solvent extracts were used to distinguish between scrambled eggs with different yolk:white ratios. The concentration of both egg yolk and white had a significant effect on fresh scrambled egg sensory characteristics and flavor volatiles. The contribution of both must be considered when producing egg substitutes.
Development and Characterization of a Novel Human In Vitro Blood-Nerve Barrier Model Using Primary Endoneurial Endothelial Cells

There are phenotypic and functional differences between vascular endothelium from different tissues and between microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells (ECs) from the same tissue. Relatively little is known about the human blood-nerve barrier (BNB). We report the development of an in vitro BNB model using primary human endoneurial ECs freshly isolated and purified from decedent sciatic nerves via endoneurial stripping, connective tissue enzymatic digestion, and density centrifugation. Primary human endoneurial ECs are spindle shaped and contact inhibited. They rapidly differentiate to form capillary-like networks and microvessels, bind Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin 1 lectin, express von Willebrand factor, and endocytose acetylated low-density lipoprotein. They also express specific transport and cellular adhesion molecules and tight junction proteins, consistent with cells that form a highly restrictive endothelial barrier similar to the blood-brain barrier. When cultured on collagen-coated transwell inserts, the primary human endoneurial ECs develop an in vitro BNB with high transendothelial electrical resistances (160 Ω . cm2; maximal 12 days after seeding) and low solute permeability coefficient to fluoresceinated high-molecular weight (70 kDa) dextran (2.75 × 10 3 cm/minute). This in vitro BNB model retains essential known or expected characteristics of the human BNB and has many potential applications for studies of solute, macromolecule, microbial, virus, and leukocyte interactions with this highly specialized endothelial barrier.
Inheritance of some polymorphic isoenzymes in pitch pine (Pinus Rigida Mill.)

The inheritance of eight polymorphic isoenzyme systems encoded by 14 loci is demonstrated in pitch pine using megagametophytes and embryos of open-pollinated seed collected in natural stands. Electrophoretic variants of iso-citrate dehydrogenase and aconitase segregate in megagametophytes in a pattern suggestive of control by a single locus. The segregation of two zones of activity on gels stained for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate isomerase and leucine aminopeptidase suggests that two loci control each of these enzymes. The finding that electrophoretic variants in each zone segregate randomly with respect to the other zone supports this hypothesis. Three zones of activity are observed on gels stained for glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase with electrophoretic variants at GOT-2 coinciding precisely with variants at the cathodally migrating zone. Whether both zones are controlled by the same locus or whether they represent two tightly linked loci remains unknown. No evidence of genetic linkage was observed between pairs of loci that were heterozygous in the same mother-tree.
The effect of interstate banking on large bank holding company profitability and risk

Abstract Using data from the early stage of widespread interstate banking, a recursive system of profit and risk equations is estimated to determine whether large bank holding companies operating subsidiary banks in other states experienced higher rates of return on assets and/or lower levels of volatility risk and risk of bank failure. This paper finds empirical evidence that interstate bank holding companies did experience a significantly higher level of profitability than strictly intrastate banking organizations during the 1988–1991 time period. The empirical findings also support the argument that interstate banking activity lowers earnings volatility and risk of bank insolvency.
Monitoring physiological variables with membrane probes.

This project has demonstrated the possibility of using membrane probes in rodents to monitor physiological variables for extended periods of time. The utility of these probes in physiological studies of microgravity has been demonstrated. The feasibility of developing on-line sensors has also been demonstrated and allows for the possibility of developing real-time automated monitoring systems which can be used in ground-base physiological research as well as in research and medical monitoring in space. In addition to space applications these techniques can be extended to medical monitoring in critical care situations on earth as well as facilitating research in many human and animal diseases.
Separation of Cellular from Extracellular Controls of Drinking in Rats by Frontal Brain Damage

Rats that had undergone removal of the frontal portion of the brain, including the olfactory bulbs, did not drink, or drank less than controls, when subjected to cellular dehydration. These same animals drank normally in response to extracellular volume reduction. Rats from which only the olfactory bulbs had been removed drank normally in both tests. An essential part of the neurological system mediating drinking produced by cellular dehydration, but not by volume reduction, therefore lies within the frontal cortex or immediate subcortical tissue.
Methylene bis(aluminum dihalides)

Abstract Methylene bis(aluminum dichloride) and methylene bis(aluminum dibromide) have been synthesized in essentially quantitative yields. It is postulated that the reaction sequence which leads to these compounds requires aluminum monohalide as a transitory intermediate.
Revolution, Common Sense and the Dynamics of A frican-Nicaraguan Politics, 1979-85

L'histoire, l'identite et le sens commun politique creole expliquent en partie les raisons pour lesquelles les Creoles du Nicaragua ont successivement soutenu puis combattu les sandinistes. Le sens commun politique creole est multiple et contradictoire : si dans un premier temps le populisme ethnique creole dominait, l'ideologie anglo l'emporta par la suite
Isotope Shift Measurements of Helium

The helium isotope shift provides invaluable information for testing theories describing many-body systems. We review the recent advances in measurements of the isotope shifts for helium with an emphasis on a new experimental technique.
Dirofilaria immitis: Effect on the longevity of Aedes trivittatus

Abstract Laboratory studies on vector mortality as related to parasite burden revealed that the mosquito Aedes trivittatus showed considerable tolerance to infection with the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis. Although mosquitoes exposed to a dog with a high microfilaremia (347 microfilariae/20 mm3) had a significant increase in mortality during the first 16 days postexposure, 66% of the mosquitoes lived long enough for complete parasite development to occur. Those mosquitoes exposed to a dog with a low microfilaremia (62 microfilariae/20 mm3) had no significant increase in mortality. There was a strong negative correlation between parasite burden and mosquito survival, but only mosquitoes harboring more than 15 juveniles had an increased chance of dying before D. immitis could develop to the infective stage. The retention of microfilariae within the blood clot and peritrophic membrane of A. trivittatus seems beneficial to this vector-parasite system by reducing the parasite burden and increasing mosquito longevity.
Aggressive personality traits in the effects of violent imagery on unprovoked impulsive aggression

In a three-factor design varying the aggressive-behavior subtraits of physical aggression (low, high) and hostility (low, high) with exposure to film content (innocuous, violent imagery), respondents were exposed to film segments and thereafter engaged in a teaching task that involved the administration of noxious feedback for unproductive efforts by the learner. A display informed respondents of the intensity of delivered feedback. Instructions were to provide feedback as often as required and of intensities deemed appropriate. However, respondents were also told to refrain from using extremely high intensities, as these intensities would be hurtful to the learner. None of the three independent variables exerted appreciable influence on the frequency of use of recommended feedback. In contrast, the frequency of the use of the disallowed, hurtful feedback was markedly affected. Independent of exposure to film content, men scoring high on hostility used impulsive aggressive responses more frequently than men scoring low on that subtrait. Within the subtrait of physical aggression, however, the degree of trait manifestation proved inconsequential for impulsive aggression, but exposure to the violent film segment resulted in more frequent use of impulsive aggressive responses than exposure to the innocuous film segment.
Diameter-controlled synthesis of single-crystal silicon nanowires

Monodisperse silicon nanowires were synthesized by exploiting well-defined gold nanoclusters as catalysts for one-dimensional growth via a vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. Transmission electron microscopy studies of the materials grown from 5, 10, 20, and 30 nm nanocluster catalysts showed that the nanowires had mean diameters of 6, 12, 20, and 31 nm, respectively, and were thus well defined by the nanocluster sizes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the nanowires have single-crystal silicon cores sheathed with 1–3 nm of amorphous oxide and that the cores remain highly crystalline for diameters as small as 2 nm.
1992 Update of U.S. EPA’s Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program

The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program (ETP) has encouraged and financially supported further development of bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies suitable for use at hazardous waste sites for five years. The ETP was established under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986. The ETP complies with the goal of the SITE Program to promote, accelerate and make commercially available the development ofalternative /innovative treatment technologies for use at Superfund sites. Technologies are submitted to the ETP through yearly solicitations for Preproposals. Following a technical review, chosen applicants are asked to submit a detailed project proposal and a cooperative agreement application that requires Developer I EPA cost sharing. EPA co-funds selected Developers for one to two years. Second-year funding requires documentation of significant progress during the first year. Facilities, equipment, data colle...
Dynamic Cloud Deployment of a MapReduce Architecture

Cloud-based MapReduce services process large datasets in the cloud, significantly reducing users' infrastructure requirements. Almost all of these services are cloud-vendor-specific and thus internally designed within their own cloud infrastructures, resulting in two important limitations. First, cloud vendors don't let developers see and evaluate how the MapReduce architecture is managed internally. Second, users can't build their own private cloud-infrastructure-based offerings or use different public cloud infrastructures for deploying MapReduce services. The authors' proposed framework enables the dynamic deployment of a MapReduce service in virtual infrastructures from either public or private cloud providers.
Efficiency and late data choice in a user-kernel interface for congestion-controlled datagrams

Streaming media servers send many datagrams, very quickly, on many different connections, hopefully without congesting the network. In addition, in order to adapt to constantly changing network conditions, they often demand the capability of late data choice , where they choose which data to send immediately before transmission. In this paper, we present a novel user-kernel interface for congestion-controlled datagram protocols that is both efficient and flexible . Our API consists of a packet ring located in shared memory. Applications enqueues packet descriptors directly onto the ring, without crossing the user-kernel boundary, and the kernel dequeues packets from the ring and sends them. This minimizes control and data transfers and gives good throughput. In addition, our API provides a mechanism that allows the application to go back and safely change, remove or even reorder previously-enqueued packets, right up until the kernel sends them. This design separates the mechanism for achieving QoS support from any particular QoS policy. We describe the interface and evaluate its performance. By reducing control transfers, the packet ring can even send zero-length packets through the kernel faster than conventional send()-based UDP. Furthermore, on a congested network, an MPEG-like application using our DCCP API can deliver more than twice as many important "I-frames" than a CBR UDP sender in the same network conditions.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of the π-conjugated ring orientations in polyaniline and polypyrrole

Abstract While both polyaniline and polypyrrole are similar conducting polymers, from angle-resolved photoemission, they exhibit key structural differences. A temperature dependent change in the orientation of the aromatic ring orientation is observed in polypyrrole doped with the perchlorate (ClO 4 − ) counter ion. This structural change occurs at about 220–240 K and is associated with a change in carrier mobility and ring orientation, but is not associated with a significant change in metallicity. Polyaniline exhibits a change in aromatic ring orientation with films thickness, but not with temperature.
Religious and nonreligious coping with the death of a friend

Interviewed 96 undergraduates about their coping with the recent death of a close friend. Measures assessed characteristics of: (a) the event (e.g., months since death); (b) the respondent (e.g., intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness); (c) religious and nonreligious causal appraisals; (d) religious and nonreligious coping strategies; and (e) general and event-related outcomes (e.g., dysphoria, personal growth). Data were analyzed by path analysis and models were constructed for each outcome variable, showing how each of the elements of the coping process was predictive of later elements in the models. As expected, person and event variables, attributions, and coping activities were predictive of each outcome in complex ways. One intriguing set of findings concerned the complex role of intrinsic religiousness, which was indirectly related to increased personal growth and decreased dysphoria, but was directly related to increased event-related distress. Overall, the results point to the important role of religion in the coping process.
Spontaneous, late, in-the-bag intraocular lens subluxation in a patient with a previous acute angle-closure glaucoma attack

Cataract surgery was performed in a 49-year-old woman 16 months after an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack. Zonular dialysis was observed during surgery, but the intraocular lens (IOL) was implanted in the capsular bag uneventfully. At 4 1/2 months, 1 IOL loop wrapped in the bag herniated into the anterior chamber. The patient had no history of trauma. The IOL loop remained in the anterior chamber for 9 months, until the subluxated IOL spontaneously returned to its original position. Six months later, the IOL again dislocated into the anterior chamber.
Thermal stability of ultrafine grained Fe–Cr–Ni alloy

Abstract Equal channel angular pressing was used to refine the microstructure of a Fe–14Cr–16Ni (wt.%) alloy. The as-processed alloy had predominantly equiaxed austenite fine grains with an average grain size of 0.4 μm and a low fraction of deformation induced martensite. Ex situ isothermal annealing experiments showed the fine microstructure was thermally stable up to 673 K, and abnormal grain growth occurred at ∼873 K. In situ annealing studies in a transmission electron microscope revealed the coarsening of grains. Analysis of grain growth kinetics from 873 to 1073 K yielded average activation energy of grain growth to be ∼207 kJ/mol. The grain growth mechanisms and annealing induced evolution of mechanical properties were discussed.
Jackknife empirical likelihood inference with regression imputation and survey data

Abstract We propose jackknife empirical likelihood (EL) methods for constructing confidence intervals of mean with regression imputation that allows ignorable or nonignorable missingness. The confidence interval is constructed based on the adjusted jackknife pseudo-values (Rao and Shao, 1992). The proposed EL ratios evaluated at the true value converge to the standard chi-square distribution under both missing mechanisms for simple random sampling. Thus the EL can be applied to construct a Wilks type confidence interval without any secondary estimation. We then extend the proposed method to accommodate Poisson sampling design in survey sampling. The proposed methods are compared with some existing methods in simulation studies. We also apply the proposed method to an Italy household income panel survey data set.
Is Ethnic Diversity Good for the Environment? A Cross-Country Analysis:

Using cross-country data, the major thrust of this study is to establish the existence of a nonlinear relationship between environmental performance and ethnic diversity, while controlling for factors known to affect a country’s ability to meet environmental standards. Using the Environmental Performance Index developed by Columbia and Yale Universities in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, this study finds that countries with moderate levels of ethnic diversity experience the greatest environmental performance as they reap the benefits of a civically engaged society with creative, innovative, and efficient human talent pool and do not bear the negative effects of a highly fractionalized society that typically suffers from poor communication and social cohesion, among other societal ills. The policy implications are important, as policy makers need to understand how ethnic diversity affects a country’s ability to meet environmental goals such that these effects are accounted for in new environme...
REVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS IN THE USE OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS

Abstract A summary of the state-of-the-art in the formulation and numerical solution of integral equations in electromagnetics is presented. Following a brief summary of the method of moments, database and software requirements are given for specifying and numerically representing geometries and their electrical characteristics and excitation. While concentrating on the formulation of problems in the frequency domain, issues involved in time domain formulations are are also briefly summarized. Basic principles involved in the formulation of integral equations, including the use of Green's functions and symmetry to simplify the solution procedure, are presented. A class of basis and testing functions is defined which subsumes many of those in common use, and their application to compuational electromagnetics is outlined. Finally, matrix solution methods are summarized. For each of the issues considered, an indication of possible new directions in computational electromagnetics is also given.
Cardiac myocytes express mRNA for ten RGS proteins: changes in RGS mRNA expression in ventricular myocytes and cultured atria

Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) are recently identified proteins that shorten the lifetime of the activated G protein. We now show that rat cardiac myocytes express mRNA for at least 10 RGS. The mRNA for RGS-r is barely detectable in rat ventricles, but increases more than 20-fold during the 60- to 90-min process of isolating ventricular myocytes, and after 90 min of culture of atrial pieces in medium with Ca2+. Both in myocytes and in atria, the rise in RGS-r is transient. The mRNA for cardiac RGS5, but not RGS-r, is developmentally regulated. These studies suggest that rapid regulation of RGS levels may be a new mechanism that governs how signals are transmitted across the cardiac cell membrane.
Thermodynamic analysis of equilibria between binary liquid and solid solutions in ternary systems. Application to systems in which two guests compete for sites in the same host, tetrakis(4-methylpyridine)nickel(II) isothiocyanate

A thermodynamic analysis is presented of the equilibria between liquid solutions of guest A in guest B and solid solutions of HA in HB, where HA and HB are isomorphous 1:1 compounds of these guests with the host H. (The treatment is applicable whether or not HA and HB are inclusion compounds.) The mole ratio of A to B in the liquid,R1, is generally different from the same ratio in the solid,Rs. Data on many systems have indicated a linear relation between InR1, and InRs, but to date no theoretical basis has been forthcoming. The present analysis shows that this relation is usually sigmoidal in shape but, with certain restrictions, is nearly linear. The slope and intercept are interpreted in terms of the equilibrium constant for the displacement of A from HA by B and the deviations from ideality in the liquid and solid phases. If the deviations from ideality in the liquid phase are known or can be estimated, those for the solid phase can be determined, and thermodynamic equilibrium constants and standard free energy changes for the displacement of A by B calculated. These methods were applied to available data for the following pairs of guests with the host Ni(4-mepy)4(NCS)2:p-xylene with each ofp-dibromobenzenp-xylene-d6,p-xylene-d10,p-bromotoluene,p-chlorotoluene,p-dichlorobenzene,p-fluorotoluene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene, and the pairsp-dichlorobenzene/p-chlorotoluene and ethylbenzene/ toluene.
Mass spectrometry of organic compounds X–Fragementation of 2-buten-1-o1 on electron-impact

The mass spectra of variously deuterated 2-buten-1-ols (both Z and E) have been examined. Evidence is presented for the formation of the [M – H2O]+· ion via a 6-membered transition state, and for the occurrence of two distinct reaction pathways for formation of the major ions at m/e 57 and 43.
A Comparative Study of Eight Finite-Rate Chemistry Kinetics for Co/H2 Combustion

We compare the performance and computational cost of 8 kinetic models (3 global and 5 elementary) that describe the finite-rate chemistry of syngas combustion. We apply them in simulating a turbulent jet flame with syngas diluted by 30% nitrogen. We model the turbulence by a modified k-epsilon model and the turbulence-chemistry interaction by the partially stirred reactor approach. To integrate the chemistry equations, we nominally use explicit fifth-order embedded Runge-Kutta ODE solver. But semi-implicit Bulirsch-Stoer and implicit Euler were also used. The computational time depends on the number of reaction steps and the ODE solver. Five models overpredict the maximum flame temperature (by 200 K-320 K). Two models underpredict it by 240 K and 580 K. The global model that is based on the Westbrook-Dryer (1981) model for hydrocarbon fuels gives the best agreement with measurements, and also has low computational demand. Therefore, it is recommended for modeling turbulent syngas flames.
Effection of motion on the parameters of the human operator engaged in a roll axis tracking task

A multiple-input single-output linear state variable model is used to determine the extent to which a human controller involved in a compensatory tracking task uses cues other than the visual error signal to improve his tracking performance. The control system used in this study is a roll axis chair designed to simulate roll in a high performance aircraft. The additional cues studied are the angular position and angular velocity of the human controller.
Diversifying Graduate Education: The Promise of Intellectual Entrepreneurship

Affirmative action is a necessary but not sufficient condition for diversifying graduate school. Increasing diversity requires us to capitalize on unintended consequences. Adopting the philosophy of intellectual entrepreneurship, although valuable to all students and disciplines, may have a special and perhaps more substantial impact on underrepresented minorities. The potential of intellectual entrepreneurship for increasing diversity inheres in its capacity to empower students to discover otherwise unobserved connections between academe and personal and professional commitments.
Groundwater in Geologic Processes

Any student of geology who inspects a sample of galena or fluorite from one of the lead-zinc mines of the Mississippi Valley Ore district will be immediately struck by the hydrologic processes that were required to concentrate the requisite far-flung chemical components into a relatively thin layer of limestone. What was the nature and scale of the flow system that formed this ore body? How long did it last? Was it unlike modern flow systems? Until recently, these questions have been the sole domain of economic geologists.
Can General Anesthetics Produce Splanchnic Visceral Hypoxia by Reducing Regional Blood Flow

Thirty-five normal adult males were studied before and during either cyclopropane or halothane anesthesia in an effort to learn whether these agents cause a critical reduction in the availability of oxygen to the splanchnic viscera. Although hepatic blood flow was markedly reduced during the inhalation of either agent, splanchnic oxygen utilization was not consistently affected, and restoration of blood flow to the initial level gave no clear evidence that an oxygen debt has been incurred during the period of reduced flow. Clearance of indocyanine green dye was reduced in proportion to blood flow when either cyclopropane or halothane was inhaled, but restoration of flow rate to normal did not correct the deficiency in clearance. “Excess” lactate was produced by the splanchnic viscera during cyclopropane but not during halothane anesthesia. This effect could be abolished by a beta adrenergic blocking drug. Therefore, “excess” lactate apparently resulted not from splanehnic ischemia but from metabolic action associated with increased sympathetic nervous activity in these viscera.
Relaxation in Rubidium-87 and the Rubidium Maser

The theory of the rubidium-87 maser is described. It is shown that the maser power output is a critical function of the rubidium density, light intensity, and cavity $Q$. Fundamental parameters and constants of the maser are grouped together to define an oscillation parameter ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{m}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ which determines the oscillation characteristics of the maser. Spin-exchange calculations in rubidium are presented. The relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ due to spin-exchange interactions are related to each other, and it is shown that ${T}_{2}=(\frac{8}{5}){T}_{1}$. A method of determining the spin-exchange cross section in terms of fundamental constants and maser parameters is described. Results of experiments made to verify these calculations are given. It is found in general that the results agree with the theory, but slight discrepancies exist. Tentative explanations are given.
Help-seeking: testing the effects of task interdependence and normativeness on employees’ propensity to seek help

This study explores the effects of task interdependence (high versus low) and helping norms (supportive versus non-supportive) on propensity to seek help. Participants were most likely to seek help when: (1) task interdependence was high, and (2) supportive help-seeking norms were operative. A 2-way interaction also emerged. Under the non-supportive norms condition, help-seeking was greatest for high versus low levels of task interdependence; when supportive norms were operative, relatively high levels of help-seeking arose across task interdependence conditions. No support for the hypotheses that high self-esteem, high task specific self-efficacy, and low achievement motivation would increase help-seeking was obtained.
Ethanol vapor deactivation of gossypol in cottonseed meal

Most cottonseed cultivars contain gossypol, a polyphenolic antinutritional compound. “Free” gossypol is a physiologically active form of gossypol, which is toxic to young- and nonruminant animals. To utilize solvent-extracted cottonseed meal as a general feed, gossypol must be either removed or deactivated to a minimum level specified for each class of animal. Normally, deactivation is carried out prior to oil extraction; however, the desired level of deactivation is not always attained. A new supplemental method of deactivation has been found by using either ethanol or isopropanol vapors on solventextracted meal. In a bench-top set-up, ethanol vapor reduced free gossypol from 0.115 to 0.053%, and a further reduction to 0.026% has been observed with the addition of ferrous sulfate. The supplemental deactivation method can, in most cases, reduce free gossypol to significantly safer levels for feeding, thus increasing utility, and possibly demand, for cottonseed meal as a general animal feed protein source.
Reflex Inhibition of Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Activity at a Peripheral Locus

Section of the lumbar sympathetic chain just proximal to a stimulating electrode most often results in a large increase in the neurogenic constrictor response to stimulation. The increase could not be accounted for by removal of sympathetic discharge present before section, or by an increase in vascular sensitivity to either exogenous or neurogenically released adrenergic amine. The increased neurogenic constriction is attributed to the removal of an inhibition present before nerve section. The inhibitory fibers are distributed over the classic sympathetic outflow and take origin at least in part at a supraspinal level. The inhibition is lost or markedly reduced by hypotension, spinal cord section, spinal anesthesia, section of the preganglionic sympathetics, or by section of the sinus and vagus nerves. The inhibition, lost by sinus and vagus nerve section or by induction of hypotension, can be restored by stimulation of the central ends of the cut nerves and by replacement of blood, respectively. It is concluded that the conventional pressoreceptor reflexes act to inhibit vasoconstrictor tone, at least in part, at a site in the vasoconstrictor pathway peripheral to the spinal cord.
Subcellular localization of rat kidney phosphate independent glutaminase

Abstract The phosphate independent glutaminase is contained in the brush border membrane of the rat kidney proximal tubule cells. This glutaminase activity cofractionates with the brush border membrane marker activities, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, during differential centrifugation. About 30% of these activities are recovered with the mitochondrial fraction, the remainder is pelleted in the heavy microsomal fraction. The phosphate independent glutaminase in both fractions bands, during isopycnic centrifugation, with a mean density of 1.16–1.17 and is coincident with both brush border membrane marker activities. The isolation of intact, individual kidney cells was accomplished by initial perfusion of the kidneys in situ with a collagenase-papain solution followed by a brief incubation in the same enzyme solution. Incubation of isolated cells with a higher concentration of papain results in selective release of the phosphate independent glutaminase. The fact that this occurs without appreciable release of a cytoplasmic marker activity, lactate dehydrogenase, suggests that the phosphate independent glutaminase may be localized on the external surface of the kidney cells.
Ensiling salt-preserved shrimp waste with grass straw and molasses

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and fermentation characteristics of ensiled salt-preserved shrimp waste. In Experiment 1, 7.5% salt-preserved shrimp waste was stored for 6 days then mixed with molasses and perennial ryegrass straw. Treatments included three levels of shrimp waste (83, 65 and 47%, as mixed) within which there were three levels of dry molasses (0, 9, or 17%, as mixed). Mixtures were stored in 15-l mini-silos for 40 days. The resulting nine shrimp silages, which ranged from 33 to 52% DM and 11 to 21% CP, never reached a pH of
Effects of light regime on the growth, leaf morphology, and water relations of seedlings of two species of tropical trees

An experiment was conducted with Heliocarpus appendiculatus, a pioneer or large gap species of tropical moist forest in Costa Rica, and Dipteryx panamensis, a small gap species. Seedlings were grown in full sun, partial (80%) shade, and full (98%) shade. After one month of growth they were switched between environments and grown for two more months.Growth in height of Heliocarpus was greatly affected by irradiance, being increased in response to full shade and decreased in full sun. Height of Dipteryx was unaffected by irradiance level. Survival of Heliocarpus seedlings was only 49% in full shade, whereas Dipteryx had 100% survival. Biomass of Heliocarpus was not significantly greater in full sun than in partial shade whereas it was for Dipteryx. The response of root: shoot ratio was similar for both species. They were lowest in full shade and highest in full sun. Heliocarpus exhibited greater changes in leaf thickness, specific leaf weight, and stomatal density than did Dipteryx. Stomatal conductance of both species was lower in full shade and full sun than in partial shade.The results of the experiment indicate that growth of Heliocarpus is more plastic than that of Dipteryx in response to changes in irradiance. Previous environment did not affect the response to the present environment in either species. Both species responded positively to increases in irradiance.