cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intensive agropastoralism: dryland degradation, the Grain-to-Green Program and islands of sustainability in the Mu Us Sandy Land of China

Abstract The Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP) was initiated in China in 2000 to address environmental degradation. In northern China, the central goal of the program is to entice sustainable transitions in resource uses through subsidizing cropland afforestation and grassland exclosure. This study, based on a household survey in Shabianzi, an agropastoral community in the Mu Us Sandy Land, examines farmers’ responses to and the environmental outcome of the GTGP. Results show that through intensification of maize production, farmers were able to assimilate the impact of grassland exclosure, and the new resource use system fosters closer linkage between crop and livestock production. As a result, sheep population in the community shows a steady recovery after the program, hogs experience a sharp increase, while goats register an abrupt decline. Improved household economy resulted from increased livestock offtake rates diminishes pressure on subsistence cultivation, and average household landholding has been stabilized at ∼1.0–1.2 ha. Grassland exclosure is almost universally violated through surreptitious herding; but grazing intensity has been reduced, which leads to vegetation recovery and an improvement in the local environment. Similar transitions are observable within the Mu Us Sandy Land, demonstrating these successful stories are not site-specific, but represent a general pattern. These “islands of sustainability” stress the importance of pathway(s) undertaken by local farmers in understanding the environmental outcomes of the GTGP. They also suggest that even in an endangered environmental region, opportunities for sustainable resource use are still present.
Self Consistent Field Calculations of Interactions between Chains Tethered to Spherical Interfaces

Self consistent mean field (SCF) theory is used to investigate the structure of and interactions between layers of polymer chains tethered to a spherical interface. Traditional methods have combined flat geometry results with the Derjaguin approximation to calculate the interaction potentials between curved surfaces, leading to a great overestimation of both the range and steepness of the pair interaction potential. We have improved upon this approach by utilizing the chain configurational statistics from the curved geometry with a modified Derjaguin approximation to calculate pair interaction potentials. By varying the core radius, the degree of polymerization, and the tethering density in an athermal solvent, the tethered layer assumes structures ranging from those in star polymer systems to planar polymer brushes. The interaction potentials are found to be strictly repulsive with varying degrees of range and steepness. These changes in the interaction potential are related to changes in the tethered la...
Distribution systems—Warehouse location and capacity

Abstract This paper deals with the integration of interrelated problems to create a unique product distribution system design. A full design phase showing the mathematical representations of the integrated decisions and the details of interactions among models and data, and with interactions of models with each other has been developed. The single unified model developed in this research also allows insertion, deletion and choice of individual models and provides a high degree of flexibility and coordination necessary for production operations management decisions.
Activity of oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus mirrors the periodicity of the endogenous stimulatory rhythm regulating prolactin secretion.

PRL secretion is regulated by an endogenous stimulatory rhythm of PRL-releasing factors within the hypothalamus. The endogenous rhythm has a bimodal periodicity with a nocturnal component which peaks at approximately 0300 h and a diurnal component that peaks at approximately 1700 h. Several PRL-releasing factors are known to be involved in this rhythm. Among these are oxytocin (OT), vasoactive intestinal peptide, and serotonin. We have proposed that OT is the neurohormone that stimulates PRL release from the lactotroph. In this study, we examined the activity of OTergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus using the expression of the protooncogene c-fos (Fos) as a marker of neuronal activity. Ovariectomized rats were killed at either 0300, 1200, or 1700 h and brains quickly fixed by perfusion with 2.5% acrolein in 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were blocked and processed for OT/Fos immunohistochemistry. Rats killed at 0300 and 1700 h had significantly greater proportion of Fos expressing OTergic neurons th...
Ag-Perovskite Composite Materials for SOFC Cathode–Interconnect Contact

Silver-perovskite composites with the perovskite being either (La 0.6 Sr 0.4 )(Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 )O 3 (LSCF) or La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM) were evaluated as the contact material between the ferritic interconnect alloy Crofer 22 APU and the LSM cathode. The area-specific resistances (ASRs) of the test specimens were highly dependent on the volume percentage and the type of the perovskite present in the composite contact material as well as the amount of thermal cycling that the specimens were subjected to during testing. The chromium content present in both the contact layer and the adjacent cathode material was measured after testing, and the Ag-LSCF composite contact materials proved more effective in trapping Cr within the contact material and preventing Cr migration into the cathode than the Ag-LSM composites. Silver-perovskite composite contact materials are promising candidates for use in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks with ferritic stainless steel interconnects due to their ability to maintain acceptably low ASRs while reducing Cr migration into the cathode material. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3139022] All rights reserved.
Serine proteases and brain damage – contribution of the urokinase-plasminogen activator system

Our review 1xSerine proteases and brain damage – is there a link?. Gingrich, M.B. and Traynelis, S.F. Trends Neurosci. 2000; 23: 399–407Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (186)See all References1 focused on the potential role of serine proteases in neuropathology of stroke and traumatic brain injury, and thus we took care to limit our discussion of the literature to serine proteases thought to be involved in these processes. However, we are in full agreement with Schwab et al.2xSerine proteases and brain damage – contribution of the urokinase-plasminogen activator system. Schwab, J.M. et al. Trends Neurosci. 2000; 24: 8–9Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDFSee all References2 that the urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) system has many important roles in the nervous system. As they clearly point out, the uPAR–uPA system is crucial to a host of diverse pathological events extending beyond those considered in our review. Their letter not only underscores the importance of protease signaling in CNS function, but also emphasizes the breadth of the neuropathological processes that involve serine proteases and their receptors.
A finite intersection property and the Loeb measurability of ultrafilters on hyperfinite sets

The question of whether a non-principal ultrafilter on the internal subsets of a hyperfinite set is measurable in the Loeb completion of counting measure is shown to be equivalent to a question involving an intersection property of families of subsets of a finite set. Non-measurability then follows from a combinational result of Frankl (1976).
The effects of obtaining one's preferred service brand on consumer satisfaction and brand loyalty

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to focus on the feeling associated with being rejected by the preferred service brand, and its effect on consumer assessment of the alternate brand.Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire in the context of higher education services targeted at the international market.Findings – Consumers who do manage to get their preferred service brand tend to be more satisfied with the features of the obtained brand and exhibit higher levels of brand loyalty towards that brand. In comparison, consumers who end up with a service brand that is not their first choice seem to have lower levels of satisfaction with and loyalty towards the obtained brand.Research limitations/implications – A key limitation of this study is the sampling frame. Future studies should replicate this study in different service and product contexts and with different target population. In addition, the disconfirmation of expectations or desires within the...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 166

Comments Dataset for A = 166 * CORAL M. BAGLIN Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Abstract: Nuclear structure data pertaining to all known A=166 nuclides (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt) have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. This evaluation for A=166 supersedes the previous publication (E.N. Shurshikov and N.V. Timofeeva, Nuclear Data Sheets 67 , 45 (1992) (literature cutoff date 1 October 1990)) and the revision by C.M. Baglin of 166 W (literature cutoff date 16 April 2000). It includes literature available by 1 March 2008. Subsequent to 166 Gd the previous evaluation, states in here for has been observed for the first time and the first observations of excited 166 Ir 166 Tb, 166 Re, 166 Os 166 Re and have been reported; also, knowledge of collective structure in 166 Ta 166 Dy, 166 Ho, 166 Re 166 Er, 166 Tm, 166 Yb, 166 Lu, 166 Hf, and has been considerably expanded. However, the structure suggested could is highly tentative and a further, more detailed study of α decay into (and out of) be informative. Cutoff Date: Data received by 1 March 2008 have been evaluated. General Policies and Organization of Material: See the January issue of the Nuclear Data Sheets or http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nds/NDSPolicies.pdf. Acknowledgments: The evaluator is grateful to the reviewer of this mass chain for a thorough reading of the manuscript and for constructive comments; the evaluator also thanks the XUNDL database compilers (D. Reed, M. Lee, B. Singh) for initial data entry for 10 publications. General Comments: Uncertainties of absolute γ –ray intensities are calculated using the method of Browne (1986Br21). Throughout this evaluation, rotational band parameters are calculated from the standard energy equation: E(J,K)=E 0 +A[J(J+1)+ δ K,1/2 (–1) J+1/2 a(J+1/2)]+BJ 2 (J+1) 2 where A is given in keV, B is given in eV, and the decoupling constant a is dimensionless. When not explicitly stated, B is assumed to be 0. The minimum number possible of the lowest energy levels was used to calculate each set of parameters, unless noted otherwise. Theoretical conversion coefficient data are from relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations using the frozen–orbital approximation (2005KiZT). * This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contracts DE–AC03–76SF00098 and DE–AC02–05CH11231. F rom NNDC (B NL ) p rogr am E NS DA T
Creating a Networked, Learning Organization in the Classroom

As organizations strive to become more flexible and adaptable to a rapidly changing environment, they are developing flatter structures composed of networks of task-focused teams. The resultant horizontal, cross-functional processes shift the flow of information and human interaction from vertical superior-subordinate to peer-to-peer relationships. These networked organizations further require that coworkers, as colleagues across the organization, develop the ability to continually learn together. Based on an application of the classroom as organization model, this article presents an approach that can assist students in developing the type of skills that will prepare them for these changes.
Development of response selectivity in the mouse auditory cortex.

Abstract The mouse auditory system contains neurons selective for tone duration and for a narrow range of frequency modulated (FM) sweep rates. Whether such selectivity is developmentally regulated is not known. The main goal of this study was to follow the development of neuronal responses to tones (frequency and duration tuning) and FM sweeps (direction and rate selectivity) in the core auditory cortex (A1 and AAF) of ketamine/xylazine anesthetized C57bl/6 mice. Three groups were compared: postnatal day (P) 15–20, P21–30 and P31–90. Frequency tuning bandwidth decreased during the first month indicating refinement of the excitatory receptive field. Duration tuning for tones did not change during development in terms of categories of tuning types as well as measures of selectivity such as best duration and half-maximal duration. FM rate and direction selectivity were developmentally regulated. Selectivity for linear up and down FM sweeps (0.06–22 kHz/ms) was tested. The best rate and half-maximal rate of neurons categorized as fast- or band-pass selective shifted toward faster rates during development. The percentage of fast-pass selective neurons also increased during development. These data suggest that cortical neurons' discrimination and detection abilities for relatively faster sweep rates improve during development. Although on average, direction selectivity was weak across development, there was a significant shift toward upward sweep selectivity at slow rates. Thus, the C57bl/6 mouse auditory cortex is not adult-like until at least P30. The changes in response selectivity can be explained based on known developmental changes in intrinsic and synaptic properties of mouse auditory cortical neurons.
Analogue CMOS high-frequency continuous wavelet transform circuit

A 16-channel analogue CMOS high-frequency continuous wavelet transform circuit has been realised. The circuit performs a time-frequency decomposition of a high-frequency input signal. A 100 MHz operating frequency, 45 MHz bandwidth, and 40 mW/channel power dissipation have been achieved using a 0.5 µm CMOS process.
The cooling history of Silurian to Cretaceous alkaline ring complexes, south Eastern Desert, Egypt, as revealed by fission-track analysis

Abstract Forty fission-track ages of apatite, zircon and sphene, and nine horizontal “confined” track-length distribution patterns in apatite have been used to establish the cooling history of nine Silurian to Late Cretaceous alkaline ring complexes which intrude Precambrian basement in the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt. Zircon or sphene fission-track ages were determined from three complexes for whichK/Ar andRb/Sr ages on the same samples were also available, these ages are concordant and are interpreted as emplacement ages resulting from rapid cooling following high level crustal intrusion into relatively thick volcanic piles. Average apatite ages for each of the eight ring complexes range from 33 to 167 m.y. Track-length distribution patterns for apatites taken together with their ages invite subdivision into two groupings. Those complexes yielding Early Oligocene apparent apatite ages suggest cooling from the total track annealing zone followed by a relatively lengthy residence near the base of the partial annealing zone whereas those with Late Cretaceous ages indicate cooling from a shallower level in the partial annealing zone. Variations in cooling history resulted from differential uplift between fault-bound blocks. One block, that containing the Late Cretaceous Abu Khruq complex, was relatively stable and the different degrees of partial resetting recorded in apatites of this complex are attributed to the thermal effect of localised Tertiary dyke intrusion. Fission-track analysis in combination with geologic data indicates that in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt a phase of uplift commenced in Late Oligocene time and was accompanied by paleogeothermal gradients of ca. 40–50°C/km. Uplift was more pronounced (at least 2–2.5 km) in areas within about 100 km from the present Red Sea coast. This uplift, which is viewed as part of a broader regional tectonism related to the opening of the Red Sea, occurred along a northwest fracture pattern and was controlled by pre-existing lines of weakness in the basement complex.
Detection of 146Pm among the products of uranium fission

Rare earths were separated from a sample of aged mixed fission products and the sample was then reactor irradiated. The activity at reactor discharge was 1.23 x 10/sup -6/ total gamma from Pm/sup 146/ per beta from Pm/sup 147/. Using a value of 1.30 gamma per Pm/sup 146/ decay, the ratio at reactor discharge of Pm/sup 146/ atoms to Pm/sup 147/ atoms was found to be 6.9 x 10/sup -7/. Reactor conditions for different Pm/sup 146/ yields are discussed. (P.C.H.)
Cytoplast formation and enrichment from mesophyll tissues of Nicotiana spp.

Abstract Cytoplasts, which are plasmalemma-limited cytoplasmic derivatives lacking nuclei but containing plastids and mitochondria, were found to occur in percentages from 10 to 15 in isolates obtained from treatment of Nicotiana (deb)tbc leaves with cellulase and pectinase. We have used density gradient centrifugation to enrich cytoplasts 3–5 fold. Observation of onion epidermal cells during plasmolysis suggests that elongated cells may be essential for the formation of cytoplasts. In N. glauca , fewer cytoplasts occurred in isolates from young leaves than from mature, fully-expanded leaves which have more elongated cells. Suspension cultures of N. (deb)tbc , which are more isodiametric than elongate, produced no cytoplasts. Suspension cultures derived from N. glutinosa , which contain many elongated cells, produced cytoplasts during plasmolysis. Thus, cytoplasts may be isolated from plant tissues of suspension culture or mesophyll origin providing that elongated cell types are present.
Comprehensive and efficient HBB mutation analysis for detection of β-hemoglobinopathies in a pan-ethnic population

Current methods that assay hemoglobin beta-globin chain variants can have limited clinical sensitivity when applied techniques identify only a predefined panel of mutations. Even sequence-based assays may be limited depending on which gene regions are investigated. We sought to develop a clinically practical yet inclusive molecular assay to identify beta-globin mutations in multicultural populations. We highlight the beta-globin mutation detection assay (beta-GMDA), an extensive gene sequencing assay. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers are located to encompass virtually all hemoglobin beta locus (HBB) mutations. In addition, this assay is able to detect, by gap PCR, a common large deletion (Delta619 base pair), which would be missed by sequencing alone. We describe our 5-year experience with the beta-GMDA and indicate its capability for detecting homozygous, heterozygous, and compound heterozygous sequence changes, including previously unknown HBB variants. The beta-GMDA offers superior sensitivity and ease of use with comprehensive detection of HBB mutations that result in beta-globin chain variants.
Total body and spinal bone mineral density across Tanner stage in perinatally HIV-infected and uninfected children and youth in PACTG 1045

Objective To characterize total body bone mineral content (BMC) and total body and spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in perinatally HIV-infected and uninfected children/youth across puberty.
Oxygenation of anoxic water in a fluctuating water table system: an experimental and numerical study

A side effect of in situ groundwater remediation techniques that operate by establishing reducing conditions within an aquifer is that anoxic water exits these zones, posing a potential risk to aquatic organisms inhabiting areas of groundwater discharge downgradient from the site. A number of processes have been identified that can attenuate an anoxic plume in an unconfined aquifer with a fluctuating water table. The hypothesis that water table fluctuations increase oxygen transfer from air to water, through enhanced exchange from entrapped air, is tested in an intermediate-scale, fluctuating water table experiment. A dual-energy gamma radiation system was used to measure water saturations while dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured with flow-through oxygen microelectrodes. A hysteretic multifluid simulator was used to test whether the experimentally obtained water and entrapped air saturations, as well as DO concentrations, could be predicted using the assumptions of two-phase flow and equilibrium partitioning between the gas and the aqueous phases. The experimental results show that zones with entrapped air, formed during the imbibition portions of the experiment, were instrumental in re-oxygenation of the water. The fluctuating water table system also caused significant amounts of dissolved oxygen to be transported deeper into the flow cell. The simulator was able to predict water and entrapped air saturations, as well as dissolved oxygen concentrations reasonably well.
Transcriptional expression of bursicon and novel bursicon-regulated genes in the house fly Musca domestica.

Bursicon is a neuropeptide that regulates cuticle sclerotization (hardening and tanning) via a G protein–coupled receptor. It consists of two subunits, an alpha and a beta. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional expression and in situ localization of bursicon α and β in the central nerve system of the house fly Musca domestica. Most importantly, we identified two novel bursicon-regulated genes using recombinant bursicon (rbursicon) heterodimer in a neck-ligated house fly assay. RT-PCR analysis revealed that both bursicon α and β subunits were present in the central nerve system of larval and pupal stages, reached the maximal level in pharate adults, and declined sharply after adult emergence, suggesting the release of the hormone upon adult emergence. In situ localization of bursicon transcripts showed that both bursicon α and β transcripts were expressed in a set of neurosecretory cells (NSCs) in the thoracic-abdominal ganglia of M. domestica. Two Drosophila melanogaster homologous genes, designated CG7985hh and CG30287hh, were up-regulated by rbursicon in a time-dependent manner and verified by real-time PCR, implying their involvement in the cuticle tanning process. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Broad-band continuous-wave four-wave mixing in silicon wire waveguides

We demonstrate continuous-wave four-wave mixing over an extremely broad bandwidth using dispersion-engineered silicon nanowaveguides, which allow for efficient wavelength conversion across four telecommunication bands from 1477 nm to 1672 nm.
Classification of one-state-variable bifurcation problems up to codimension seven

We present a classification of one-state-variable singularities with distinguished parameter through codimension seven. This extends results previously known up to codimension four on contact equivalence with distinguished parameter. Among other interesting phenomena we present the topology of a modal family in codimension five. The classification uses elementary techniques including the notions of tangent space, restricted tangent space, and intrinsic ideals. For each problem of codimension seven or less, a normal form, criteria for recognizing the singularity and a set of unfolding vectors are given. Subordination relations between the different singularities are also described.
Spiritual Striving, Acceptance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS

We prospectively examined the effects of spiritual striving, social support, and acceptance coping on changes in depressive symptoms among adults living with HIV/AIDS. Participants were 180 culturally diverse adults with HIV/AIDS. Participants completed measures of spiritual striving, social support, coping styles, and depressive symptoms at baseline, three-month follow-up, and six-month follow-up. A path model showed that spiritual striving had direct and indirect inverse effects on changes in depressive symptoms. The relationship between spiritual striving and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by acceptance coping, but not by social support. Results suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS who strive for spiritual growth in the context of their illness experience less negative affect.
Radiographic and clinical findings in unusual abdominal aortic aneurysms

Atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms typically present either asymptomatically or with abdominal or back pain. Inflammatory, mycotic, and traumatic aortic aneurysms and aneurysms complicated by venous fistula are less common. The different clinical presentations of these latter aneurysms should raise a suspicion to their diagnosis and appropriate preoperative evaluation. The radiographic and clinical features of inflammatory, mycotic, traumatic, and complicated atherosclerotic aneurysms are presented and discussed.
Removal of odorous aromatic amine environmental pollutants by chloramine-T

A study of the reaction of some aromatic amines (e.g., some substituted anilines, emitted from industrial stacks or as sewage effluent ultimately becoming environmental contaminants) with chloramine-T has been made. Odor studies have been performed on the products as well as reactants using an odor test panel to determine the odor threshold levels. From the preliminary studies it is concluded that this chlorinating technique may have application in air and water pollution control.
Instrumental variable estimation of nonparametric models

In econometrics there are many occasions where knowledge of the structural relationship among dependent variables is required to answer questions of interest. This paper gives identification and estimation results for nonparametric conditional moment restrictions. We characterize identification of structural functions as completeness of certain conditional distributions, and give sufficient identification conditions for exponential families and discrete variables. We also give a consistent, nonparametric estimator of the structural function. The estimator is nonparametric two-stage least squares based on series approximation, which overcomes an ill-posed inverse problem by placing bounds on integrals of higher-order derivatives.
Propertius 1. 16. 1–2

Line 2 has puzzled editors: ‘The significance of the name is beyond knowledge’ (Shackleton-Bailey); ‘Hie versus inter difHcillimos Properti est’ (Enk). It should mean, ‘a door known to the chastity of Tarpeia’, i.e. ‘known to Tarpeia when she was still chaste‘, i.e. ‘known to Tarpeia as a girl’; and I suggest it means just that.
A determinantal proof of the Craig-Sakamoto theorem

Abstract The Craig-Sakamoto theorem states that if A and B are symmetric matrices, then (a) |I − αA − βB| = |I − αA||I − βB| for all α, β if and only if (b) AB = 0. There are a number of proofs of this result, the most common based on expansions of the logarithm of (a). The present proof is elementary in that it depends only on determinantal conditions.
Relationship between damage accumulation and mechanical property degradation in cortical bone: microcrack orientation is important.

The accumulation of damage and the associated degradation of the mechanical properties of cortical bone are postulated to contribute to age-, disease-, overuse-, and disuse-related skeletal fragilities. Therefore, gaining insight into the relationship between damage and degradation processes is essential in understanding the etiology of skeletal fractures. In investigating this relationship, the damage measure ideally needs to account for the size, the distribution density, and the orientation of microcracks. Existing measures of damage address the size and distribution density of microcracks; however, the orientation of cracks has not been well-investigated. Because the overall orientation of microcracks determines the material axis along which the greatest degradation will be experienced, we hypothesized that the incorporation of the relative orientation between microcracks and loading direction will improve the significance of the relationship between damage accumulation and material property degradation. A three-cycle damage protocol was used to induce tensile damage and to quantify the degradation of the elastic modulus of specimens from human donor femoral cortical bone (a 24-year-old and a 72-year-old man). Microcracks were evaluated by en bloc basic fuchsin staining of specimens after testing. The length (L(i)) and the orientation with respect to the loading direction (beta(i)) of each crack were quantified by a video microscopy system. Three damage measures were quantified for each specimen: the number of linear microcracks (Cr #), the sum of the crack lengths (SigmaL(i)) accounting for the microcrack size alone, and the sum of the projected crack length [SigmaL(Pi) = SigmaL(i)cos(beta(i))] accounting for both crack size and orientation. Inclusion of the orientation parameter improved the coefficient of determination between damage accumulation and the degradation of the elastic modulus: the coefficient of determination of the sum of the projected crack length (R(2) = 0.239) was 60% greater than that of the sum the projected crack length (R(2) = 0.149) and 33% greater than that of the number of linear microcracks (R(2) = 0.180). We conclude that microcrack orientation is an essential physical variable in the relationship between damage accumulation and degradation of mechanical properties of cortical bone tissue.
Advanced tunneling models for solar cell applications

This paper studies the potential of wide bandgap tunnel junctions such as AlGaAs/GaAs and GaAs/GaAs configurations for multi - junction solar cells. Simulations were performed to study the dominant physical mechanisms in tunnel junctions such as band to band tunneling and trap assisted tunneling. 1-D Drift Diffusion simulations were performed to determine the different regions in the I-V characteristics, namely, the tunneling current, excess current and classical diffusion current. We outline the implementation of local and non-local tunneling models to understand the nature of peak current. The variation of peak voltage is examined with the addition of band gap narrowing and different effective masses.
Phosphorus retention by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus)

Abstract Diploid and triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) in a laboratory experiment, excreted about equal amounts of the phosphorus consumed (5.6%–6.7%), all apparently in an insoluble form in feces. Sequestering of phosphorus in grass carp tissue may explain the failure of algal blooms to occur when these fish are used for aquatic macrophyte control.
Hot Corrosion Studies Using Electrochemical Techniques of Alloys in a Chloride Molten Salt (NaCl-LiCl) at 650°C

Next-generation solar power conversion systems in concentrating solar power (CSP) applications require high-temperature advanced fluids in the range of 600° to 900°C. Molten salts are good candidates for CSP applications, but they are generally very corrosive to common alloys used in vessels, heat exchangers, and piping at these elevated temperatures. The majority of the molten-salt corrosion evaluations for sulfates with chlorides and some vanadium compounds have been performed for waste incinerators, gas turbine engines, and electric power generation (steam-generating equipment) applications for different materials and molten-salt systems. The majority of the molten-salt corrosion kinetic models under isothermal and thermal cyclic conditions have been established using the weight-loss method and metallographic cross-section analyses. Electrochemical techniques for molten salts have not been employed for CSP applications in the past. Recently, these techniques have been used for a better understanding of the fundamentals behind the hot corrosion mechanisms for thin-film molten salts in gas turbine engines and electric power generation. The chemical (or electrochemical) reactions and transport modes are complex for hot corrosion in systems involving multi-component alloys and salts; but some insight can be gained through thermochemical models to identify major reactions. Electrochemical evaluations were performed on 310SS and In800H in the molten eutectic NaCl-LiCl at 650°C using an open current potential followed by a potentiodynamic polarization sweep. Corrosion rates were determined using Tafel slopes and the Faraday law. The corrosion current density and the corrosion potentials using Pt wire as the reference electrode are reported.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
FAS 133: What Is Accounting Truth?

FAS 133, the rule that governs accounting for derivatives, has been controversial since its inception. Besides being expensive to implement and maintain, the rules often cause accounting treatment to diverge markedly from economic reality, making financial statements less transparent and less useful. For example, by marking to market only one side of what are in fact two-sided (hedged) positions, FAS 133 often introduces artificial volatility into earnings and, in so doing, discourages companies from hedging. How should companies tackle financial disclosure and balance the economic and accounting effects of hedging? This article recommends that companies make economically sensible hedging decisions and then present two sets of earnings numbers to the investment community: (1) the first prepared and audited in strict accordance with GAAP; and (2) a supplemental calculation showing what earnings would have been had the firm qualified for hedge accounting treatment. This kind of supplemental disclosure should be viewed by companies as an opportunity to explain to their investors, creditors, and counterparties how they conceptualize, measure, and manage risk.
Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA

E.A. Wheeler and S.R. Manchester, 2002, International Association of Wood Anatomists Journal Supplement 3, 188 p. (Softcover, US $45.00) ISBN: 90-71236-52-8. Although commonly called “petrified wood,” only in a few cases, such as the jasper-replaced Triassic fossil wood of Arizona, has wood literally been turned into stone. A better term is permineralized wood, because cell walls visible in thin section are the original cellulose and lignin of the plant, and it is only the space left by the decayed cell that is filled with preservative minerals, such as silica, calcite and pyrite. Well-preserved microscopic cell-wall structure is used as the basis for identification of different woods. More often than I would like, enthusiastic rockhounds have urged me to identify fossil wood for them. Like the nodule and thunderegg collectors convinced that they have found dinosaur eggs, usually permineralized wood collectors also are disappointed, sometimes annoyed, when I confess that I am unwilling to identify fossil wood specimens for them. Not only is the preparation of the requisite thin sections an unreasonable financial and physical effort for casual inquiries, but identification of woods is difficult and not for the faint of heart. Nevertheless several of my students and visitors have persisted with thin section preparation and computer keys (using Wheeler et al., 1986) to find a treasure trove …
Training Analysis and Reanalysis in the Development of the Psychoanalyst

A psychoanalyst faces the extraordinary demand of becoming instrumental in the psychoanalytic process. In the candidate's attempt to rise to that expectation, the first step is the training analysis. As the center-piece of psychoanalytic education, it is no ordinary analysis and bears special burdens intrinsic to its multiple functions and institutionalization. Recognizing the difficulties of both analytic education and analytic practice, Freud suggested that the analyst be periodically reanalyzed; for many, reanalysis is integral to their analytic development. Indeed, an analyst is actually never "made" but is always "in the making," developing and maturing in life and in practice. Reanalysis serves to focus elements of transference and resistance, rework defenses, facilitate more extensive regression in the service of the ego, deepen emotional integration, rework those elements of psychoanalysis itself that have been incorporated into defensive structure, and further the maturation of the analyzing instrument. If analysis is our most powerful mode of initial education, reanalysis is the most powerful form of continuing education. That remarkably little attention has been paid to reanalysis is testimony to the infantile fantasies that remain invested in our personal analyses.
Effects of sex role identity and sex on definitions of sexual harassment

Individuals' own definitions of sexual harassment ultimately influence the success of their companies in responding to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's (EEOC) guidelines against sexual harassment. Previous research has consistently shown that women see more sexual harassment than do men. However, sex differences in definitions of sexual harassment could be explained by sex role identity. Results from a study of undergraduate business students and MBA students holding full-time jobs instead reaffirmed the existence of a sex effect and revealed the presence of a Sex X Masculinity interaction effect. Subjects' femininity had a minor effect on their definitions of sexual harassment.
Sulfhydryl groups of rabbit liver arylsulfatase A.

Abstract Rabbit liver arylsulfatase A (aryl-sulfate sulfhydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) monomers of 130 kDa contain two free sulfhydryl groups as determined by spectrophotometric titration using 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) and by labeling with the fluorescent probe 5-(iodoacetamidoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid. Fluorescence quenching data indicate that the reactive sulfhydryl is present in proximit to one or more tryptophan residues. Chemical modification of the sulfhydryl groups does not alter the distinctive pH-dependent aggregation property of the arylsulfatase A. The free sulfhydryls of the enzyme react with numerous sulfhydryl reagents. Based on the reactions of iodoacetic acid, methyl methanethiosulfonate 5,5′dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) and 5-(iodoacetamidoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with the sulfhydryl groups of arylsulfatase A, it is concluded that free sulfhydryls are not essential for the enzyme activity. In contrast, the observed inactivation of the enzyme by p -hydroxymercuribenzoate or p -hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate is probably due to a modification of a histidine residue, consistent with previous reports that histidine is near the active site of arylsulfatase A. p -Hydroxymercuribenzoate and p -hydroxymecuriphenylsulfonate are able to react both with cysteine and with histidine residues of the protein molecule.
Update on radiosensitization by halogenated thymidine analogs-molecular mechanisms of drug processing and cell death signaling: implications for future clinical trials.

Commentary to:Sensitization to radiation-induced DNA damage accelerates loss of bcl-2 and increases apoptosis and autophagy Manuel Rieber , Mary Strasberg Rieber
Photonic band gaps in three dimensions: New layer-by-layer periodic structures

Abstract A new three-dimensional (3D) periodic dielectric structure constructed with layers of dielectric rods of circular, elliptical, or rectangular shape is introduced. This new structure possesses a full photonic band gap of appreciable frequency width. At midgap, an attenuation of 21 dB per unit cell is obtained. This gap remains open for refractive indices n ≥ 1.9. Furthermore, this new 3D layer structure potentially has the additional advantage that it can be easily fabricated using conventional microfabrication techniques on the scale of optical wavelengths.
Friends' Dieting and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Adolescents Five Years Later: Findings From Project EAT

Abstract Objective Use of disordered eating behaviors is common among adolescents, and cross-sectional research has suggested that friends may be an important influence, especially among females. The current study seeks to expand upon this literature using a longitudinal design and a large, diverse sample of male and female youth. Methods A total of 2,516 adolescents provided survey data at baseline (1998–1999) and follow-up (2003–2004) regarding their friends' involvement in dieting and their own experience of chronic dieting, unhealthy weight control, extreme weight control, and binge eating. General linear modeling was used to generate predicted probabilities of disordered eating at follow-up across four levels of friends' dieting at baseline, adjusting for baseline use of disordered eating, and other covariates. Interaction terms were used to determine whether the association between friends' dieting and disordered eating differed across age cohorts. Results One-third of participants reported that their friends were "not at all" involved in dieting at baseline, and 8.8% reported that their friends were very involved in dieting. Friends' dieting at baseline was positively associated with chronic dieting, unhealthy weight control behaviors, extreme weight control behaviors, and binge eating 5 years later among females, and with extreme weight control behaviors five years later among males. For both males and females, these associations were similar across age groups. Conclusions Interventions targeting friendship groups rather than focusing solely on individuals may be an important strategy for the prevention of disordered eating. Health care providers may wish to ask adolescents about their friends' eating and dieting practices so as to address these issues in a clinical setting.
Islamic Imperialism: A History – By Efraim Karsh

At the core of historical Islam lies an imperial impulse that has manifested itself repeatedly. That is the central thesis of this book. The author constructs a narrative history of the Middle East...
Averaged-evoked-response EEG audiometry in North America.

Averaged evoked responses recorded from the vertex (V potentials) are a valid basis for “physiological audiometry” in infants and young children. Their responses are slower and more variable than in older children and adults. A response to tactile stimulation is a useful guide to the form of the auditory pattern if the auditory threshold is high. Good agreement among the eight or ten most active laboratories in North America has been reached on the desirable parameters of stimulation and recording. The values are summarized, and references are given to a significant recent publication from each laboratory.
High dietary aluminum affects the response of rats to silicon deprivation

Antagonistic interactions between silicon and aluminum occur in living organisms. Thus, an experiment was performed to ascertain whether high dietary aluminum would accentuate the signs of silicon deprivation in rats and conversely whether silicon deprivation would accentuate the response to high dietary aluminum. The experiment was factorially arranged with two variables: silicon as sodium metasilicate, 0 or 40 micrograms/g diet, and aluminum as aluminum citrate, 0 or 500 micrograms/g diet. After 9 wk, body weights and plasma urea nitrogen were higher and plasma concentrations of threonine, serine, glycine, cystine, and methionine were lower in silicon-adequate than silicon-deprived rats. High dietary aluminum significantly decreased plasma phenylalanine. An interaction between aluminum and silicon affected plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and phosphorus concentrations. High dietary aluminum decreased these variables when silicon was absent from the diet, but increased them when silicon was present. Skull iron and silicon concentrations were decreased and iron and zinc concentrations in the femur were increased by the addition of 500 micrograms Al/g diet. High dietary aluminum decreased tibia density in silicon-adequate rats, but increased tibial density in silicon-deprived rats. The findings indicate that in rats, high dietary aluminum can affect the response to silicon deprivation and dietary silicon can affect the response to high dietary aluminum.
Semi-automated method for the enumeration of cytotoxicity results

This communication provides information on the design and use of a counting machine that enumerates adherent cells in cytotoxicity assays. To date, investigators have relied on inverted microscopes or quantimat automatic image analysis. The former method is tedious and time consuming while the latter method is prohibitively expensive. The counting machine which consists of projection microscope attached to an electronic counter is as accurate as the inverted microscope but is both less tedious and less time consuming.
Low temperature aqueous ferric sulfate solutions on the surface of Mars

[1] We have studied the low-temperature properties of ferric sulfate Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solutions as a model for potential liquid brines on the surface of Mars. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that concentrated ferric sulfate brines form through sulphur-rich acidic evaporation processes in cold oxidizing environments. Experiments and thermodynamic calculations show that the Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 eutectic temperature is 205 ± 1 K for 48 ± 2 wt% concentration. As a result of low water activity, these solutions exhibit evaporation rates ranging from 0.42 mm h -1 (29.1 wt%) to 0.03 mm h -1 (58.2 wt%), thus down to 20 times lower than pure water. The combination of extremely low eutectic temperature and evaporation rates allow subsurface liquids to be stable at high latitudes, where the majority of gullies and viscous flow features are located. Therefore, we conclude that episodic releases of highly concentrated ferric sulfate brines are a potential agent for the formation of recent and present-day gullies on Mars.
Simulation of Magneto-Rheological Fluids Using Lattice Boltzmann Method

Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations of Magneto-rheological fluids under a rotating magnetic field are presented in this paper. The LB method gives a complete solution of Navier-Stokes equation based on the Boltzmann transport equation. A relatively good agreement of normalized number of aggregated particles in experiments and simulations is found. Results pertaining to variation of chain length vs. Mason number are also shown. A complete analysis and comparison of forces on the particles found from LB simulations and from simple Particle dynamics (PD) type approach is also shown. Another aim of this study was to determine under what conditions do we need to solve the complete Navier-Stokes equations and under what conditions a simplistic but very fast simulation method like particle dynamics will work for Magneto-rheological fluids.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
PARTIAL CYSTECTOMY DURING RADICAL SURGERY FOR NONUROLOGICAL MALIGNANCY

Purpose: It is not uncommon for a locally advanced, nonurological malignancy to invade the bladder. Partial cystectomy may be required to ensure complete tumor eradication. To our knowledge the true benefit of this procedure is unknown.Materials and Methods: A total of 45 patients underwent partial cystectomy as part of radical surgery for a nonurological malignancy. We retrospectively reviewed these cases to determine which malignancies are prone to invade the bladder, the incidence of malignant invasion, the complication rate and the prognosis after wide en bloc resection.Results: Colorectal adenocarcinoma accounted for the majority of cases. Tumor invaded only 11 bladder specimens (21.5%). Radical surgery was performed with curative intent in 30 patients, of whom 23 had negative surgical margins. At a mean followup of 30.7 months 16 of these 23 patients (69.6%) were free of disease or died of other disease processes. Disease progression and/or cancer related death occurred in 14 of the 15 patients (93....