cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of starter fertilizer on root and shoot growth of corn hybrids and seeding rates and plant-to-plant variability in growth and grain yield

Starter fertilizer (SF) often increases early-season growth and the developmental rate of corn (Zea mays L.), while yield responses have varied. One objective of this study was to identify how seeding rates and hybrids with different root ratings respond to SF in growth, development, and grain yield. Another objective was to identify why grain yield responses to SF have been variable. Two similar experiments were conducted at Ames, IA and Nashua, IA in 2011 and 2012; locations differed in tillage and crop rotation. We used three hybrids, three seeding rates, and with and without SF as treatments to create different stresses for corn plants. We measured developmental stage, plant heights, stem diameters, and destructively sampled for biomass to create models to estimate plant size on plants that were eventually hand harvested; grain yield components were measured. Grain yield and moisture were measured at harvest. Starter fertilizer increased estimated plant biomass at 8 of 12 sample dates at Ames, IA and 4 of 6 sample dates at Nashua, IA. Developmental stage increased at 8 of 9 sample dates at Ames, IA and 3 of 4 sample dates at Nashua, IA with SF. Starter fertilizer increased kernel row number plant -1 in 2012 – a drought year – at both locations. Starter fertilizer application had no impact on grain yield in 2011. However, application of SF increased grain yield by 0.79 Mg·ha -1 at Ames in 2012 and increased yield at Nashua in 2012 at the low and medium seeding rates by 1.17 Mg·ha -1 and 1.58 Mg·ha -1 respectively. Lack of yield response to SF at the high seeding rate at Nashua was likely related to moisture
RPE lipofuscin in ageing and age-related macular degeneration

Lipofuscin accumulates throughout life in the RPE as a result of oxidative damage to photoreceptor membranes. At old age, lipofuscin trapped in lysosomes is a major cellular constituent and can occupy as much as 25% of the free cytoplasmic space1. It has been postulated that excessive lysosomal accumulation of lipofuscin in RPE cells impedes metabolic activity of these cells and that lipofuscin contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)1–6. These concepts are supported by the finding that elevated levels of lipofuscin in donor eyes are associated with decreased numbers of photoreceptors7, and by the striking parallels in the age-relation and topography of lipofuscin in donor eyes and AMD5. Loss of visual function in inherited diseases such as Stargardt’s disease8 and Batten’s disease9 has also been associated with excessive accumulation of lipofuscin-like materials in the RPE.
Easy to Please: Separating User Experience from Choice Satisfaction

Recommender systems are evaluated based on both their ability to create a satisfying user experience and their ability to help a user make better choices. Despite this, quantitative evidence from previous research in recommender systems indicate very high correlations between user experience attitudes and choice satisfaction. This might imply invalidity in the measurement methodologies of these constructs, whereas they may not be measuring what researchers think they are measuring. To remedy this, we present a new methodology for the measurement of choice satisfaction. Part of our approach is to measure a user's "ease of satisfaction," or that user's natural propensity to be satisfied, which is measured using three different approaches. An (N=526) observational study is conducted wherein users browse a movie catalog. A factor analysis is done to assess the discriminant validity of our proposed choice satisfaction apparatus from user experience. A statistical analysis suggests that accounting for ease-of-satisfaction allows for a model of choice satisfaction that is not only discriminant, but independent, from user experience. This enables researchers to more objectively identify recommender system factors that lead users to good choices.
Estimating a Total

Pine forests are periodically infected with beetles, and the infestations often seem to jump from tree to tree in a random manner. Diseases that spread through the soil, however, tend to infect large clumps of trees in a few locations. How can a forester choose a good sampling method to use to count diseased trees? Should the sampling method method change for the two types of disease described above?
Effects of molding temperatures on aqueous fatigue behavior of polycarbonate: Investigation shows that fatigue strength of injection-molded polycarbonate is strongly dependent on specimen geometry and processing variables

Fatigue behavior of polycarbonate was investigated to evaluate its potenitial as a material for prosthetic heart valves. Smooth and notched small cantilever specimens were injection molded using various combinations of cylinder and mold temperates. Fatigue testing was conducted in a machine specifically designed to accommodate multipe specimens inliquid environments. Results presented herein are for water immersion. The fatigue lives fell on Weibull distributions with nonzero minimum-life parameters. S-N equations were fitted at constant probabilities of failure; most of these had nonzero fatigue-limit parameters. Polycarbonate fatigue strengths, of notched spcimens particularly, were greatly influenced by cylinder and mold temperatures. Notch sensitivities varied from very low to quite high. These effects were attributed to molecular orientation and residual stresses.
Watermelon and l-arginine consumption improve serum lipid profile and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress by altering gene expression in rats fed an atherogenic diet.

Abstract Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is rich in l -citrulline, an l -arginine precursor that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of watermelon powder and l -arginine on lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation in rats fed an atherogenic diet. We hypothesized that watermelon and l -arginine would increase antioxidant capacity and reduce blood lipids and inflammation by modulating hepatic gene expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 21 days (N = 32) were assigned to 3 groups and fed diets containing watermelon powder (0.5% wt/wt), l -arginine (0.3% as 0.36% l -arginine HCl wt/wt), or a control diet for 9 weeks. Watermelon and l -arginine supplementation improved lipid profiles by lowering serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P l -arginine groups. Rats in the watermelon and l -arginine groups showed reduced oxidative stress, increased total antioxidant capacity, and higher concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase (P l -arginine groups. Watermelon and l -arginine consumption upregulated hepatic gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and downregulated expression of fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor–κB p65 (P
A phase II RCT of high-dose vitamin D supplementation for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-induced bone loss among older prostate cancer (PCa) patients.

10113Background: ADT is the most commonly used systemic therapy for treating locally advanced and metastatic PCa. ADT use causes hypogonadism, which can result in accelerated bone loss and fragilit...
Larval Hosts of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Parandrinae, Prioninae, Lepturinae, Spondylidinae, Cerambycinae) in Connecticut and Nearby States

Abstract Based upon adults reared from dead wood collected in Connecticut and nearby states, larval hosts for 58 species of Cerambycidae in the subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae, Lepturinae, Spondylidinae, and Cerambycinae are reported. New hosts were discovered for 34 (58.6% of total) of the species. In all, 1,892 adults were reared to document 170 host associations, including 87 (51.2% of total) new host plant records. Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (Fabricius) had the broadest host range with 30 fully identified hosts, followed by Xylotrechus colonus (Fabricius) with 13 hosts; the remaining 56 species developed in seven or fewer hosts. Cerambycid adults emerged from 62 woody species in 33 genera distributed among 20 plant families. The number of known host families for each species usually is given, along with comments about questionable host records. Evaluation of host records and suggestions for improved reporting are discussed.
Eukaryotic RAS proteins and yeast proteins with which they interact.

Wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells coordinate cell division with the availability of essential nutrients. In rich media, cells divide continuously. If the medium is moderately limited for some nutrients required for growth and division, cells grow slowly, requiring more time for each cell cycle. The increase in cell cycle time is due to a preferential increase in the time required to traverse the G1 phase of the cell cycle Johnston et al. 1977). If the medium is severely limited for nutrients, haploid cells arrest in G1 in an altered physiologic state. In this altered state, the cells are resistant to heat shock and can survive long periods of nutrient deprivation (Pringle and Hartwell 1981). Diploid cells severely limited for nutrients can arrest in G1 and sporulate (Esposito and Klapholz 1981). These data suggest that nutritional information may influence the nature of events in G1.
Jensen's \Sigma^* theory and the combinatorial content of V=L

The purpose of this article is to indicate how a reformulation of Jensen's $\Sigma^*$ theory (developed for the study of core models) can be used to provide a more satisfactory treatment of uniformization, hulls and Skolem functions for the $J_\alpha$'s. Then we use this approach to fine structure to formulate a principle intended to capture the combinatorial content of the axiom $V=L.$
Serotonergic Modulation of Aggression in Drosophila Involves GABAergic and Cholinergic Opposing Pathways.

Summary Pathological aggression is commonly associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders and can impose a substantial burden and cost on human society. Serotonin (5HT) has long been implicated in the regulation of aggression in a wide variety of animal species. In Drosophila , a small group of serotonergic neurons selectively modulates the escalation of aggression. Here, we identified downstream targets of serotonergic input—two types of neurons with opposing roles in aggression control. The dendritic fields of both neurons converge on a single optic glomerulus LC12, suggesting a key pathway linking visual input to the aggression circuitry. The first type is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron: its activation leads to a decrease in aggression. The second neuron type is excitatory: its silencing reduces and its activation increases aggression. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) profiling of this neuron type identified that it uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter and likely expresses 5HT1A, short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR), and the resistant to dieldrin (RDL) category of GABA receptors. Knockdown of RDL receptors in these neurons increases aggression, suggesting the possibility of a direct crosstalk between the inhibitory GABAergic and the excitatory cholinergic neurons. Our data show further that neurons utilizing serotonin, GABA, ACh, and short neuropeptide F interact in the LC12 optic glomerulus. Parallel cholinergic and GABAergic pathways descending from this sensory integration area may be key elements in fine-tuning the regulation of aggression.
Trump’s US-Mexico Border Agenda: An Agenda-Building Examination of Candidate-Generated Messages

In New York City, on June 16, 2015, Donald J. Trump announced his candidacy for president of the United States. During his speech, he stated, among other things, that Mexico is no friend of the US because it is economically killing the US. At the border, Mexicans are bringing drugs, are bringing crime, they are rapists, and Mexicans have a lot of problems that they are bringing with them to the US. Also, Trump stated that Mexico is taking America’s jobs. Trump finished his talk by saying that he will build a wall on the southern border and Mexico will pay for it. From this moment on, the US-Mexico border region became the news epicenter in the nation, making the national news agenda daily throughout the 2016 presidential campaign. This paper examines Trump’s candidate-generated messages as part of his political communication strategy. The present investigation content analyzed Trump’s official website, his first 100 days contract, his political ads, and his tweets to identify Trump’s border agenda. Outcomes show that, overall, Trump presented a total of 16 issues, six of which were related to the border. The six issues were economy, foreign policy, immigration, regulations, taxes, and trade. Each of the issues were content analyzed to determine their particular issue positions regarding the border. Results documented that 27 issue positions were related to the border, two positions coming from the economy, five from foreign policy, eleven from immigration, two from regulations, four from taxes, and three from trade. Therefore, the most important issue related to the border was immigration. Its topmost recurrent issue positions were to build a wall on the border with Mexico that Mexico will pay for, to secure our borders, to stop immigrants, to stop drugs, to stop money, and to end illegal immigration to keep America safe. Overall, Trump’s most effective political communication venues to disseminate his US-Mexico border agenda to American voters was Trump’s Tweeter account and his First 100 Days Contract.
“It’s not something I can shake”: The Effect of Racial Stereotypes, Beauty Standards, and Sexual Racism on Interracial Attraction

Sexual racism, a form of prejudice enacted in sexual or romantic settings, is a complex phenomenon that can interact with racial stereotypes and media representations of beauty to affect interracial attraction. Research suggests that racialized beauty standards and racial stereotypes can perpetuate broader racist tendencies in social interactions. This study aims to develop a critical understanding of how undergraduate students conceptualize the intersection of race and sexuality, and how racial identity shapes their sexual and romantic experiences. Using a qualitative methodology of survey analysis and in-depth interviews, this study examines the attitudes and behaviors of students at a large public university in California, and focuses on the thematic analysis of qualitative data obtained during eighteen student interviews. This research identifies three significant themes: (1) the impact of racial stereotypes on interracial attraction, (2) the media’s tendency to perpetuate Whiteness as a standard of beauty, and (3) the harmful consequences of sexual racism on students’ self-esteem and self-worth. Findings suggest that racial stereotypes, beauty standards, and sexual racism are prevalent among this student community and have harmful consequences for students of color, including decreased self-esteem, sexual repercussions, and internalized racism.
Switching between augmented reality and a manual-visual task: a preliminary study

In this project we designed an Augmented Reality working space for drivers in a semi-automated vehicle, and evaluated users visual behavior in this space specifically during switching from the AR non-driving task to a Manual-Visual task. The results of this preliminary study show that users do not switch between the two provided tasks immediately after they are asked to. One possible explanation for this gradual transition is the timing of the interruption during the sub task. These results also provide a potential path for how to proceed with the study.
A Sleepy Patient With Frequent Falls

CITATIONChada A, Dholakia S, Rye D. A sleepy patient with frequent falls. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(11):1691–1693.
Heat capacity, thermal expansion and heat transport in the Han Blue (BaCuSi4O10): Observation of structural phase transitions

Structural phase transitions at 87 K and 103 K are reported for single-crystalline Han Blue (BaCuSi4O10) by means of high-resolution thermal-expansion, thermal conductivity and heat capacity measurements. The phase transition at 103 K results in differing lengths of the a and b lattice parameters, and thus a lowering of the crystallographic symmetry. Negative thermal-expansion coefficients are observed perpendicular to the c-axis over a wide temperature range T 108 K 350 K (< <). The thermal conductivity is small, and decreases with temperature, both of which suggest strong scattering of heat-carrying phonons. The principle Gruneisen parameter within the plane and perpendicular to it was determined to be γ1 ¼� 1.09 and γ3¼1.06 at room temperature; the bulk Gruneisen parameter is γ¼0.10. The results are consistent with the presence of low-energy vibrations associated with the collective motions of CuO4 and Si4O10 polyhedral subunits.
The effect of lanthanoid defects on anionic solvation of Li in Li6.5La2+xZr1.5Ta0.5O12 from x = 0 to x = 1.2 garnet

Abstract The cubic phase of lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) is a solid electrolyte based on the garnet crystal structure which has shown promise in enabling batteries with significantly higher energy density compared to lithium-ion. Owing to its stability against lithium, LLZO is compatible with metallic lithium electrodes that, when paired with state-of-the-art cathodes, can achieve >1000 Wh/l. The preferred cubic LLZO phase is stabilized at room temperature by doping LLZO, which results in the formation of lithium vacancies (VLi′) that can achieve ionic conductivities in the 1 mS/cm range. While much attention has been paid to optimizing VLi′, discrepancies in lanthanum to zirconium (La:Zr) ratios provide an indication of the existence of vacancies at one or both of these sites. As La is the largest cation present, La vacancies should show the most dramatic effects on lattice parameter, which should affect lithium-ion transport within the LLZO sublattice. In turn, changes in lithium-ion site occupancy and solvation should affect activation energy and conductivity. However, the effects of the sub stoichiometric use of La on the crystal structure of LLZO have yet to be characterized. In this work, La content is varied in the LLZO structure Li6.5La2+xZr1.5Ta0.5O12 from x = 0 to x = 1.2. X-ray diffraction, SEM imaging, Raman Spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance measurements, and DC cycling were performed in order to correlate the effect of La deficiency on crystal structure and electrochemical properties of LLZO. Vacancy and decomposition mechanism are proposed. A linear increase in lattice parameter is observed over the range of La content measured. An increase in conductivity and CCD are also observed ranging from 0.649 mS/cm and 0.5 mA/cm2 at x = 0.2 to 0.789mS/cm and 0.80 mA/cm2 at x = 1.0.
High Frequency Signal Propagation in Through Silicon Vias

The 3D IC integration technology and silicon interposers rely on through silicon vias (TSVs) for vertical interconnections. Hence, the medium carrying high frequency signals is lossy silicon (Si). Fundamental understanding of wave propagation through TSVs is essential for successful implementation of 3D IC integration technology as well as for the development of Si interposers at RF/microwave frequencies. The focus of this paper is characterization and modelling of TSVs and Si to explore high speed signal propagation through the lossy Si medium. To understand better the physical significance of the TSV, we will establish a framework for wave propagation through TSVs based on dielectric quasi-TEM, skin effect, and slow-wave modes similar to MIS micro-strip lines. For validation of the existence of these modes, full wave simulation results will be compared with simpler two dimensional transmission line simulators.
CHAPTER V – Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of derivatives. The chapter presents a theorem that states that if the graph of a continuous function f possesses a tangent I at the point (c,f(c))y not parallel to the y-axis, then f'(c) exists and equals the slope of I. The study of many quantitative laws deals with the rate at which one of the (related) quantities changes with regard to the other. This rate is defined along the same lines as velocity, the latter being the special case for which the quantities are time and distance. Many scientific laws relate the values of a quantity with those of time. In handling such laws, the dot-notation because of Newton is even more convenient than the d-notation, though again defective. It also provides an overview of the process reverse to differentiation, viz. that of determining a function f from its derivative f’.
Creating Epistemological Pathways to a Critical Citizenry: Examination of a Fifth-Grade Discussion of Freedom.

Background/ContextResearch has demonstrated that moving from traditional teacher-directed, monologic practices to dialogic discussions remains a daunting challenge. The reasons for this staying pow...
Picture This! Reflecting on the Use of Posters as Expressions of PhD Research Projects

The presentation of posters at scientific conferences to visually represent research projects is a widespread international practice. The main purpose of this paper is to offer reflections relating to posters as visual representations of research studies conducted by PhD candidates.
X-RAY ACTIVITY PHASED WITH PLANET MOTION IN HD 189733?

We report on the follow-up XMM-Newton observation of the planet-hosting star HD 189733 we obtained in 2011 April. We observe a flare just after the secondary transit of the hot Jupiter. This event shares the same phase and many of the characteristics of the flare we observed in 2009. We suggest that a systematic interaction between planet and stellar magnetic fields when the planet passes close to active regions on the star can lead to periodic variability phased with planetary motion. By means of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on board XMM-Newton, we determine that the corona of this star is unusually dense.
Thinking Back Through Our Mothers: The Legacies of Nancy Chodorow

Taking off from two scenarios, this chapter will offer a two-part reflection on Chodorow’s profound influence on literary study and the new directions that influence might take. Coinciding with the feminist critical turn to women’s literary genealogies, dubbed “gynocriticism”, Chodorow’s Reproduction of Mothering provided a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the dynamics of women’s literary inheritance. These dynamics are echoed in Virginia Woolf’s Room of One’s Own (1929), whose narrator famously proclaims that “we think back through our mothers if we are women.” By making the psychoanalytic discourse of object relations available for literary study, Chodorow initiated a paradigm shift from the model of oedipal rivalry presumed to characterize masculine literary inheritance to the dynamics of merger and separation that characterize the mother–daughter relations between and within books authored by women. Forty years later, feminist critics accustomed to thinking back through our literary mothers are learning to think forward through the object world bequeathed by the death of our literal mothers. In this second scenario, in which it is our mothers who separate from us, lingering only in the things they leave behind, I ask how the “reproduction of mothering” might help us chart the material terrain of women’s object relations.
Evidence or Confidence: What Really Accumulates During a Decision?

Abstract Assessing one’s confidence in one’s choices is of paramount importance to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that humans excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post-hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice – the latter depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is accumulated during a decision is confidence (that the to-be selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Accumulating confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to any number of decisions – which is notoriously extemporaneous using traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives.
Adaptation to Weather Shocks and Household Beliefs on Climate: Evidence from California

Using a difference in differences framework, I show that California households exposed to a severe heat wave are differentially more likely to adopt central air conditioning units than those less exposed, controlling for historical climate. Using these “induced adopters” to predict take-up, I show that induced adopters have a significant increase in their summer energy demand 3 years following the heat wave, with insignificant effects on their winter electricity demand. In addition, I present a theoretical framework where household belief-updating about the climate rationalizes household learning about the climate that cannot be explained by myopia or alternative channels.
Heterogeneous Constellation Design for a Smart Soil Moisture Radar Mission

This article explores the tradespace for a constellation of heterogeneous smart satellites intended to measure soil moisture using a combination of L and P band radars, radiometers, and reflectometers. Orbit inclination, repeat cycle, number of satellites, and number of planes were treated as input variables to create a set of architectures for evaluation. Attempting to optimize multiple output variables (cost, average revisit time, maximum revisit time, and percent coverage) results in a complex tradespace with suitable options at various cost caps. Therefore, several cost ranges are examined to find the best constellation for a given cost cap. It was found that a relatively simple constellation of three satellites in one plane offers acceptable performance at a low cost. This preliminary submission shows results for a homogeneous constellation, while the final paper will include satellites with various instrument configurations.
On the Nature of Field-Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes

Bipolar membranes (BPMs) possess the potential to optimize pH environments for electrochemical synthesis applications when employed in reverse bias. Unfortunately, the performance of BPMs in revers...
p-adic interpolation of the Riemann zeta-function

This chapter is logically independent of the following chapters, and is presented at this point in the middle of our ascent to Ω as a plateau in the level of abstraction—namely, everything in this chapter still takes place in the fields ℚ, ℚ p , and ℝ.
Binary morphological coding of grayscale images

One approach to image coding is to segment the original gray-scale image and then encode the boundaries and the interiors of the segments to represent the image. The authors propose a novel image coding method based on this approach, with an important difference. With the proposed coding technique, an alternative representation of the image segments is used; instead of segment boundaries, morphological skeletons are used to represent the segments. The skeleton is a thin-lined caricature of the segment that summarizes its shape and conveys information about its size, orientation, and connectivity. A binary image morphological skeletonization procedure is used to create skeletons of the image segments. In this way, the gray-scale image is represented for coding purposes by the skeletons and the intensities of the segments. Preliminary estimates show a data rate of 0.12 bits per pixel can be obtained with this coding technique. >
Business, Economic Experts, and Conservative Party Building in Latin America: The Case of El Salvador:

A wave of leftist governments has swept Latin America in recent years, attracting a great deal of scholarly attention. Yet a number of new conservative parties have attained considerable electoral success, as well. This paper argues that a conservative party can succeed electorally and consolidate organizationally when it is supported by two strong groups in society: the business community and the neoliberal technocrats. To assess the argument, I explore the successful trajectory of the rightist Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA) in El Salvador. I then evaluate the generalizability of the argument by comparing ARENA’s trajectory with another conservative party in the region, Union Democrata Independiente (UDI) in Chile. In addition to proposing a new theory for conservative party success in Latin America, the paper calls for the revival of socioeconomic explanations in political science.
Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 protein

Macrophages and dendritic cells have key roles in viral infections, providing virus reservoirs that frequently resist antiviral therapies and linking innate virus detection to antiviral adaptive immune responses. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) fails to transduce dendritic cells and has a reduced ability to transduce macrophages, due to an as yet uncharacterized mechanism that inhibits infection by interfering with efficient synthesis of viral complementary DNA. In contrast, HIV-2 and related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVsm/mac) transduce myeloid cells efficiently owing to their virion-associated Vpx accessory proteins, which counteract the restrictive mechanism. Here we show that the inhibition of HIV-1 infection in macrophages involves the cellular SAM domain HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). Vpx relieves the inhibition of lentivirus infection in macrophages by loading SAMHD1 onto the CRL4(DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to highly efficient proteasome-dependent degradation of the protein. Mutations in SAMHD1 cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, a disease that produces a phenotype that mimics the effects of a congenital viral infection. Failure to dispose of endogenous nucleic acid debris in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome results in inappropriate triggering of innate immune responses via cytosolic nucleic acids sensors. Thus, our findings show that macrophages are defended from HIV-1 infection by a mechanism that prevents an unwanted interferon response triggered by self nucleic acids, and uncover an intricate relationship between innate immune mechanisms that control response to self and to retroviral pathogens.
Description and Application of a NPZD Model to Forecast Hurricane Impacts to Secondary Production in Coastal Ecosystems

Abstract Increases in hurricane strength and frequency are forecast to occur in association with global climate changes. In coastal ecosystems the passage of a hurricane is associated with increases in nutrients that may cause subsequent increases in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. Zooplankton are an important food source for small fishes that are feed on by larger fishes, thus commercial and recreational fisheries could benefit from the passage of a hurricane. NPZD simulations of hurricane scenarios are used to assess the magnitude and resilience of secondary production after the passage of hurricanes with different wind speeds and directions of approach. Short-term increase and recovery of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass after the passage of hurricanes suggests short-term increase in fish biomass, and a potential benefit to some commercial and recreational fisheries.
Large signal S-parameters

This paper presents generalization of scattering parameters to nonlinear circuits, overviews their applications and discusses their limitations. Those limitations were not a problem as long as the devices under test were matched at all ports. However the software tools that allow arbitrary settings can be easily misused.
Growth and development of the thyroidectomized ovine fetus.

Extract: Thyroidectomies were performed through a flank incision and uterotomy on five fetuses of 1–4-year-old Columbia and Columbia Suffolk date-bred ewes of 90–110 days gestation. The fetuses were killed 19–43 days post-thyroidectomy. Body and organ weights, limb roentgenograms, DNA, RNA, and protein concentrations of selected tissues, cerebral and cerebellar lipid concentrations, and cerebellar cerebroside fatty acid composition were measured and compared with similar measurements in control animals. In the thyroidectomized fetuses mean carcass and lung weights were significantly reduced and wool development was consistently delayed. Extremity x-rays showed a delay in the time of appearance and a decrease in the size of epiphyseal centers. The mean DNA concentration was low in muscle tissue; mean protein concentrations were reduced in cerebellum, heart, lung, thymus, and muscle tissues, while mean total lipid concentration was low in cerebral tissue; the percentage of 18-carbon fatty acids was significantly increased in cerebellar cerebrosides. These results indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency, present during the last trimester of gestation in the ovine fetus, impairs carcass and lung growth, delays bone and skin maturation, inhibits growth in cell size in heart, lung, thymus, and cerebral tissues, and delays myelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Speculation: The present results, considered with results of other investigations of the effects of thyroid hormone deficiency in fetal and newborn mammals, indicate that hypothyroidism impairs somatic growth, delays bone growth and maturation, delays cell growth and replication in the CNS, and inhibits CNS myelination. The critical period for these effects varies in different species. In the rat this period is postnatal, whereas in the sheep it extends into the third trimester of pregnancy. During pregnancy, carcass growth, bone maturation, and lung maturation are most affected in the sheep; CNS changes are minimal. In man fetal hypothyroidism may produce some delay in bone maturation but somatic growth retardation and signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are not usually present at birth. Moreover, as in the sheep, any delay in CNS maturation probably is minimal in utero, since very early postnatal treatment minimizes mental retardation. Thus early diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism is necessary and consideration of the possibility of newborn screening would seem appropriate.
Identification of the cardiac and circulating form of atriopeptin in rabbit.

Summary Analysis of peptides purified from high and low molecular weight fractions of rabbit atrial extracts indicates that the sequence of the first 30 residues of rabbit atriopeptigen exhibits 80% homology with the rat peptide, and that the low molecular weight rabbit peptide (28 residues) is identical to rat atriopeptin 28 (AP 28). The effects of infused 1-deamino-arginine 8 -vasopressin (dAVP) and phenylephrine, volume expansion, and water immersion on AP release into the circulation of the rabbit was studied. Neither dAVP, nor water immersion elevated right atrial pressure (RAP) or plasma AP levels in the anesthetized rabbits. Phenylephrine induced a sustained increase in systemic blood pressure and right atrial pressure which was accompanied by elevated plasma AP immunoreactivity which appeared to be identical to rat AP-28 on HPLC. There is obviously a preferential conservation of the AP sequence, since the C-terminal peptide is exactly the same in rabbit, rat and mouse and differs from human, dog, cow and pig only by the single substitution of an isoleucine for a methionine residue.
Spatial patterns of spinal cord [14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic activity in a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy.

Spatial patterns of spinal cord glucose metabolic activity were examined in unanesthetized rats with painful peripheral mononeuropathy produced by sciatic nerve ligation (chronic constrictive injury, CCI). Spinal cord metabolic activity was assessed 10 days after nerve ligation by using the fully quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique. This technique allows simultaneous examination of both neural activity inferred from local glucose utilization and its spatial distribution in multiple spinal regions previously implicated in nociceptive processing. Rats used in the experiment exhibited thermal hyperalgesia to radiant heat applied to the hind paw ipsilateral to nerve ligation and behaviors indicative of spontaneous pain. Sciatic nerve ligation produced a significant increase in spinal cord metabolic activity in four sampling regions (laminae I-IV, V-VI, VII and VIII-IX) of lumbar segments compared to sham-operated rats. The pattern of altered metabolic activity in CCI rats presented 3 distinct features. (1) The spinal cord grey matter both ipsilateral and contralateral to nerve ligation exhibited substantial increases in metabolic activity compared to sham-operated rats. (2) This increase in metabolic activity was somatotopically specific, i.e., higher metabolic rates were observed on the side ipsilateral to nerve ligation than on the contralateral side, and higher metabolic rates were seen in the medial portion of the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn than in the lateral portion. The peak metabolic activity occurred in laminae V-VI of CCI rats, a region involved in nociceptive processing. (3) The increase in spinal cord metabolic activity of CCI rats extended from lumbar segment L1 to L5 in all 4 sampling regions. The substantial increase in metabolic activity in both the ipsilateral and contralateral spinal cord that occurs over an extensive rostro-caudal area in CCI rats may represent a unique pattern of spinal cord metabolic activity distinct from that observed in rats exposed to acute thermal pain. This pattern of spinal cord neural activity in CCI rats may reflect possible radiation of neuropathic pain. In addition, the procedure of curare-induced paralysis in a separate group of CCI rats did not change the extent and patterns of metabolic activity seen in non-paralyzed CCI rats, reflecting a minimal influence of the afferent feedback from flexor motor reflexes on spinal cord metabolic activity following sciatic nerve ligation. This chronic increase in spinal cord neural activity in the absence of overt peripheral stimulation suggests a spinal cord hyperactive state and may account for behaviors suggestive of spontaneous pain in CCI rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pupae of the Genus Culiseta Felt. I. The Homology of Larval and Pupal Setae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Nerves connecting larval and pupal setae of prepupal mosquitoes were used to establish the homologies of the abdominal setae. Both larval and pupal setal patterns were then utilized to deduce serial (segment to segment) homologies. The chaetotactic system proposed is based on previous ones but contains several modifications suggested by the present work. The studies described were clone with prepupae of Culiseta inornata (Williston), Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say and Psorophora confinnis (Lynch Arribalzaga).
Substance use and abuse for youths in foster care: results from the Communities That Care normative database

This study uses the Communities That Care Normative database to examine the prevalence of drug and alcohol use and abuse among foster care youths in comparison to youths not living in a foster home setting. The foster youths were more likely to have used all of the examined illicit substances, and these differences generally remained after controlling for a number of demographic differences between the two groups. These negative differences appear to be amplified for females in foster care. The overall high-risk profile of foster youths makes them an especially important population for targeted prevention.
Carbon-detected correlation of carbon-13-nitrogen-15 chemical shifts

Sequencing amino acid units in peptides with molecular weights of 1000-2300 Da can be difhcult. The use of NOE-based experiments, for example, is frequently hampered by unfavorable rotational correlation times in this molecular weight range. The resulting lack of NOES between adjacent amino acid residues, coupled with the presence of nonsequential NOES in peptides due to intramolecularly hydrogenbonded amide groups, can sometimes lead to incorrect sequence assignments. Moreover, the use of long-range ‘H-13C or ‘H-j5N correlation experiments to sequence amino acid units through the amide carbonyls and nitrogens is often restricted by the combination of small coupling constants and short T2’s. The difficulties in using homonuclear and heteronuclear ‘H NMR techniques to sequence amino acids in smafl peptides have prompted us to devise a procedure on carbon-detected 13C-15N correlation spectroscopy. This experiment is of course difficult to perform at the natural abundance levels of r3C and “N. If the peptide is enriched with r5N to about 1570, however, sequencing can be achieved in a onedimensional experiment by correlating decoupled 13C signals in the carbony and a-methine regions with selectively irradiated 15N resonances. This approach has previously described by Llinas et al. (I). At 15N enrichment levels as low as 30-4096, two-dimensional correlation experiments become possible and in this report we describe our progress in examining the different approaches to this methodology. The logical first choice of experiments is an extension of the classical chemicalshift correlation (2). The basic pulse sequence is of the type
Autonomic nervous system abnormalities in cystic fibrosis

Abstract The basic defect in cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic diseases of white Americans, is unknown, but the character of the generalized exocrinopathy suggests some disorder of the regulation and control of the process of glandular secretion. Definite abnormalities in all branches of the autonomic nervous system have been demonstrated in patients with cystic fibrosis. including increased sensitivity to α-adrenergically stimulated pupillary dilation; increased responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation of pupillary constriction, parotid saliva secretion, and eccrine sweat secretion; and decreased responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation of the cardiovascular system as well as circulating lymphocytes and granulocytes. Since these abnormalities also occur in asymptomatic heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis (parents of patients), they are likely to be inherited characteristics and not secondarily acquired. This constellation of inherited autonomic abnormalities—α-adrenergic and cholinergic hyperresponsiveness and β-adrenergic resistance—may contribute to the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis and may also be an important clue to the nature of the basic defect.
A Bullous Skin Disease Patient With Autoantibodies Against Separate Epitopes in 1 mol/L Sodium Chloride Split Skin

• Background.— We describe a patient with a subepidermal bullous skin disease associated with autoantibodies recognizing separate epitopes in 1 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl) split skin. Observations.— Direct immunofluorescence microscopy showed deposits of immunoglobulins and C3 in a continuous pattern in the patient's epidermal basement membrane zone. Direct immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated thick deposits of IgG overlying the lamina lucida and the lamina densa in a unique pattern. The patient had circulating IgG anti— basement membrane zone antibodies that bound both sides of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin, exhibited at least a fourfold-higher titer against the dermal side of this test substrate, and bound basal keratinocyte hemidesmosomes as well as focal sites along the superior portion of the lamina densa on indirect immunoelectron microscopy. Affinity purification of anti—base-ment membrane zone antibodies against epidermal or dermal strips of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin yielded IgG that only bound the side of split skin from which it was eluted. The patient's serum contained IgG that immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted the 230- and 170-kd bullous pemphigoid antigens. Affinity purification of patient antibody against bullous pemphigoid antigen immobilized on nitrocellulose paper yielded IgG that bound only the epidermal side of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin. The patient showed no evidence of reactivity against type VII collagen by direct immunoelectron microscopy, indirect immunoelectron microscopy, or immunoblot. Conclusions.— This patient's bullous skin disease is associated with IgG anti—basement membrane zone antibodies with two specificities: one recognizing the bullous pemphigoid antigen in the epidermal side of 1 mol/L NaCl split skin, and another binding a distinct, yet presently unidentified, epitope in the superior aspect of the lamina densa. ( Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1096-1101)
Site-specific regulation of CAV2.2 channels by protein kinase C isozymes βII and ε

Ca(v)2.2 high voltage-gated calcium channels are regulated by phorbol-12-myristae, 13-acetate (PMA) via Ser/Thr protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites in the I-II linker and C-terminus of the alpha(1) 2.2 subunit. Here we show that PMA enhancement of Ca(v)2.2 currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes can be blocked by inhibitors of PKC betaII or PKC epsilon isozymes, as shown previously for Ca(v)2.3 currents, and that microinjection of PKC betaII or PKC epsilon isozymes in the oocytes expressing the WT Ca(v)2.2 channels increases the basal barium current (I(Ba)). The I-V plot shows a large increase in current amplitude with PKC betaII and PKC epsilon isozymes with only a small shift in the peak I(Ba) in the hyperpolarizing direction. The potentiation of Ca(v)2.2 currents by microinjection of PKC betaII and PKC epsilon isozymes was not altered by the inhibition of G proteins with GDPbetaS. The combination of isozyme specific inhibitors with previously generated Ser/Thr to Ala mutants of alpha(1) 2.2 subunit revealed that PKC betaII or PKC epsilon isozymes (but not PKC alpha or delta) can provide full enhancement through the stimulatory site (Thr-422) in the I-II linker but that PKC epsilon is better at decreasing channel activity through the inhibitory site Ser-425. The enhancing effect of PKC betaII or epsilon at Thr-422 is dominant over the inhibitory effect at Ser-425. Injected PKC betaII also enhances Ca(v)2.2 current when any of the potential stimulatory sites (Ser-1757, Ser-2108 and Ser-2132) are available in the C-terminus. PKC epsilon provides lesser enhancement with C-terminal sites and only with Ser-2108 and Ser-2132. Sites Ser-1757 and Ser-2132, but not Ser-2108, are dominant over the inhibitory site Ser-425. Collectively, these results reveal a hierarchy of regulatory sites in Ca(v)2.2 channels. Site-specific regulation by different PKC isozymes may allow graded levels of channel activation and susceptibility or resistance to subsequent stimulatory events.
Neighborhood Racial Transition A Study of the Role of White Flight

There is a continuing debate over whether or not Whites move out of neighborhoods simply because Blacks are moving in, and, if so, what effects this has on neighborhood racial transition. Molotch (...
Imitation dairy products—Past, present and future

The history of substitute dairy products and their impact on the market is reviewed. The present status of filled and imitation milk products is discussed from the flavor acceptance, economic, legal and nutritional standpoints. Comments on some factors which will affect the future growth potential of these products, such as Consumer acceptance, economics, proposed legislation with respect to compositional, nutritional and labeling requirements and industry attitude toward marketing of these products are given.