cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Free Omental Lymphatic Flap for the Treatment of Lymphedema

UNLABELLED Advances in microsurgery have displayed promising results for the treatment of lymphedema. The use of vascularized lymph node transfers has increased in popularity but incurs the potential risk for donor-site lymphedema. The omentum has been previously described for the treatment of lymphedema but has been overlooked because of presumed high morbidity, including the need for celiotomy and pedicled complications. The authors present a novel technique and early results of the laparoscopic free omental lymphatic flap for the management of lymphedema. The minimally invasive harvest successfully avoids both the previously associated morbidity of this flap and the risk of iatrogenic lymphedema to the donor site. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
Location and repair of air leaks in the ATF vacuum vessel

On the basis of partial pressure rate-of-rise and base pressure measurements, it was determined that the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) vacuum vessel had an air leak in the low 10/sup -4/-mbar-L/s range. Large portions of the outside of the vessel are covered by the helical field coils and a structural shell, making the leak difficult to pinpoint. Various alternative leak-detection schemes that were considered are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages noted. In the method ultimately used, gum-rubber patches of various sizes ranging from 12.7 by 12.7 cm to 20.3 by 30.5 cm were positioned on the inside surfaces of the vessel and evacuated by the leak detector (LD). After roughly 5% of the surface was inspected in this way, a leak of >10/sup -5/ mbar-L/s was discovered and localized to an area of 5 by 5 cm. Dye penetrant applied to this area disclosed three pinholes. Two small slag pockets were discovered while these points were being ground out. After rewelding, no further leakage could be found in the repaired area. Global leak rates measured after the machine was reevacuated indicated that this leak was about 30% of the overall leak rate. >
Open source virtual private network experience in classroom

Open VPN is an Open Source software, which is freely available for a number of different operating systems. The software is used to create a virtual private network (VPN), connecting a remote user or a fixed site to another remote network using the public Internet. Strong encryption is used to ensure that data passing back and forth over the public Internet is secure. The first part of this paper will focus on the basic concept of Open VPN software. Then the technologies and technical issues will be discussed in detail. The second part of the paper will focus towards the classroom experiment of Open VPN. This is done by using minimal hardware and available open-source software required to demonstrate Open VPN communications in action. As a result, students will learn (1) how to set up an Open VPN laboratory, (2) how to install Open VPN, (3) how to configure VPN client and server, (3) how to set up the network with the static key and dynamic key configuration files, and (4) how to test the connections stability and security in a wired and wireless environment as a home and mobile user.
Clinical efficacy and prospects for use of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers.

There is an urgent need for more active and better tolerated chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of advanced breast and ovarian cancers. Current therapeutic strategies in these malignancies include the use of moderately effective initial regimens that are usually accepted by patients. Tolerability considerations are especially important in the development of palliative regimens: retreatment for persistent or hormone-resistant disease must include quality-of-life analyses. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has demonstrated a better therapeutic index than free doxorubicin in murine solid tumours and human tumour xenografts in nude mice. In early clinical studies in patients with refractory ovarian cancer, PLD has produced high response rates (26%) and gratifyingly long response durations (8 to 21 + months after onset of therapy). Less mature data also suggest that PLD is active against breast cancer. Information from these same clinical studies confirms the marked reduction in several toxicities associated with free doxorubicin, including nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity. Alopecia is also markedly diminished. On the other hand, mucosal and skin toxicities appear to be more common with PLD. PLD therefore offers the prospect of retaining activity, together with attenuated acute toxicity. In addition to facilitating the development of palliative regimens with better tolerability, the drug may lend itself to effective integration of chemotherapy with loco-regional therapies, utilisation in ‘maintenance’ regimens that are associated with an acceptable quality of life for the patient, and the avoidance of long term toxicities associated with treatment. Moreover, additional study of PLD in combination with other drugs and modalities may extend the use of the drug beyond palliation to the development of combination regimens with other drugs at conventional doses, and high doses with G-CSF support.
A Framework for Developing Objective and Measurable Recovery Criteria for Threatened and Endangered Species

For species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service are tasked with writing recovery plans that include "objective, measurable criteria" that define when a species is no longer at risk of extinction, but neither the act itself nor agency guidelines provide an explicit definition of objective, measurable criteria. Past reviews of recovery plans, including one published in 2012, show that many criteria lack quantitative metrics with clear biological rationale and are not meeting the measureable and objective mandate. I reviewed how objective, measureable criteria have been defined implicitly and explicitly in peer-reviewed literature, the ESA, other U.S. statutes, and legal decisions. Based on a synthesis of these sources, I propose the following 6 standards be used as minimum requirements for objective, measurable criteria: contain a quantitative threshold with calculable units, stipulate a timeframe over which they must be met, explicitly define the spatial extent or population to which they apply, specify a sampling procedure that includes sample size, specify a statistical significance level, and include justification by providing scientific evidence that the criteria define a species whose extinction risk has been reduced to the desired level. To meet these 6 standards, I suggest that recovery plans be explicitly guided by and organized around a population viability modeling framework even if data or agency resources are too limited to complete a viability model. When data and resources are available, recovery criteria can be developed from the population viability model results, but when data and resources are insufficient for model implementation, extinction risk thresholds can be used as criteria. A recovery-planning approach centered on viability modeling will also yield appropriately focused data-acquisition and monitoring plans and will facilitate a seamless transition from recovery planning to delisting.
The Initiation of Coronal Mass Ejections by Magnetic Shear

Theoretical MHD models have shown that magnetic shear, which can be induced in coronal magnetic fields by photospheric flows (including differential solar rotation), can lead to the destabilization of large-scale coronal magnetic arcades and coronal streamers. When the shear exceeds a critical threshold, helmet streamers erupt, with characteristics that are generally similar to observations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These results indicate that magnetic shear can be considered to be a candidate for the initiation of CMEs. We discuss the concept of magnetic shear in the corona, and we describe its role in the energization of the coronal magnetic field. We review some theoretical results on the shearing of axisymmetric coronal arcades and streamers, and we present preliminary results on the evolution of a three-dimensional model of the solar corona at solar minimum, including the eruption of magnetic fields that resemble a CME.
The Dess-Martin Periodinane: 1,1,1-Triacetoxy-1,1-Dihydro-1,2-Benziodoxol-3(1H)-One

The Dess-Martin periodinane: 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one intermediate: 1-Hydroxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one 1-oxide (1) product: 1,1,1-Triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (2) Keywords: acylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, miscellaneous; oxidation, miscellaneous
The control of the magnetopause by the interplanetary magnetic field

The solar wind dynamic pressure determines the “zeroth-order” location of the earth’s magnetopause. However, the normal stresses of the solar wind dynamic pressure are also accompanied by tangential stresses which erode the magnetopause from its equilibrium position and transport magnetic flux into the magnetotail. It is clear that the tangential stress on the magnetopause is at least in part controlled by the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field. When the interplanetary magnetic field turns from northward to southward, the magnetopause moves in toward the earth, the polar cusp moves equator-ward, and the polar cap increases in size, as does the diameter of the magnetotail. Since particle observations show that the polar cap magnetic field is directly connected to the interplanetary magnetic field, this observation of magnetopause erosion is an unambiguous demonstration that the process of reconnection is occurring. However, it does not elucidate the physical mechanisms by which such reconnection occurs. The study of the physical processes at the magnetopause and their control by the IMF is actively being investigated on the ISEE mission. Initial results indicate that when the magnetosheath magnetic field is southward the connection takes place in a series of flux transfer events capable of transporting 1016 Mx or more per hour.
Policing Gangs in America: Studying the Police Response to Gangs

That's what they wanted – and that's what they got. – Former Los Angeles CRASH Unit officer By the mid-to-late 1980s, Los Angeles, California, had become widely recognized as the epicenter of the nation's growing gang problem. The city had about 280 gangs with 26,000 members who were becoming increasingly involved in violence and narcotics trafficking (Spergel and Curry 1990). Between 1984 and 1992, the number of gang homicides in Los Angeles County skyrocketed from 200 to 800 homicides per year (Maxson 1999). The seriousness of the phenomenon was highlighted in media reporting, both locally and nationally. Local news programs frequently led with gang-related stories in which innocent bystanders had been shot and killed in drive-by shootings. The movie industry was producing popular films such as Colors and American Me , portraying L.A. gang members as bloodthirsty, minority males who were involved in high-level drug sales (Hagedorn 1998). As a consequence, a deep fear of gangs gripped parts of the city. The Los Angeles Times reported that residents in gang neighborhoods were barring their windows and chaining their doors, sleeping in bathtubs or on the floor, to protect themselves from nighttime drive-by shootings. People avoided wearing clothing in colors associated with gangs to prevent being misidentified by rival gangs (J. Katz 1990). There was talk from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that the Crips in Los Angeles were well on their way to bringing together all Crip sects across the nation into “one major organization with a chief executive officer-style leadership structure” to enhance the gang's ability to traffic drugs (Brantley and DiRosa 1994, 3).
Studies on the action of antacids in the human stomach.

Summary Upon clotting milk loses a significant amount of its buffering capacity (approximately 20 per cent at pH 3.5). For this reason, the in vitro titration is not a true index of its in vivo action. In 3 patients with duodenal ulcer and high rates of acid secretion 90 cc. of milk and cream every hour for eight hours failed to raise the pH of the gastric contents significantly. Addition of 4 grams of sodium bicarbonate accomplished complete neutralization but addition of 4 grams of calcium carbonate did not. Factors affecting the in vivo efficiency of antacids are discussed. A new technic is described using the fat contents of milk and cream as an indicator of dilution in the stomach.
ANALYSIS OF THE MOUSE DHFR/REP-3 MAJOR PROMOTER REGION BY USING LINKER-SCANNING AND INTERNAL DELETION MUTATIONS AND DNASE I FOOTPRINTING

The mouse dihydrofolate reductase (Dhfr) promoter region is buried within a CpG island (a region rich in unmethylated CpG dinucleotides), has a high G+C content, and lacks CAAT and TATA elements. The region contains four 48-bp repeats, each of which contains an Sp1-binding site. Another gene, Rep-3 (formerly designated Rep-1), shares the same general promoter region with Dhfr, being transcribed in the direction opposite that of Dhfr. Both genes appear to be housekeeping genes and are expressed at relatively low levels in all tissues. The 5' termini of the major Dhfr transcripts are separated from the 5' termini of the Rep-3 transcripts by approximately 140 bp. This curious structural arrangement suggested that the two genes might share common regulatory elements. To investigate the promoter sequences driving bidirectional transcription, a series of promoter mutations was constructed. These mutations were assayed by a replicating minigene system and by promoter fusions to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Linker-scanning mutations that spanned the four repeats produced a variety of mRNA transcript phenotypes. The effects were primarily quantitative, generally reducing the abundance of transcripts for one or both genes. Some mutations affected Dhfr in a qualitative manner, such as by changing the startpoint of one of the major Dhfr transcripts or changing the relative abundance of the two major Dhfr transcripts. Additionally, protein transcription factors that bind to sequences in the mouse Dhfr/Rep-3 major promoter region, potentially affecting expression of either or both genes, were investigated by DNase I footprinting. The results indicate that multiple protein-DNA interactions occur in this region, reflecting potentially complex transcriptional control mechanisms that might modulate expression of either or both genes under different physiological conditions.
Serum immunoglobulin G fraction 4 levels in pancreatic cancer: elevations not associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.

Abstract Context.—Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon, inflammatory disease of the pancreas that presents with clinical features, such as painless jaundice and a pancreatic mass, similar to those caused by pancreatic cancer. Patients with autoimmune pancreatitis frequently have elevated serum immunoglobulin G fraction 4 (IgG4) levels, and their pancreatic tissue may show IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration. It is imperative to differentiate autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer because autoimmune pancreatitis typically responds to corticosteroid treatment. A previous Japanese study reported that serum IgG4 greater than 135 mg/dL was 97% specific and 95% sensitive in predicting autoimmune pancreatitis. Objective.—To prospectively measure serum IgG4 levels in pancreatic cancer patients to ascertain whether increased levels might be present in this North American population. Design.—We collected blood samples and phenotypic information on 71 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients and 103 healt...
Representations of the Alternating Group which are Irreducible Over Subgroups

Let $F$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p \geq 0$ and $A_n$ be the alternating group on $n$ letters. The main goal of this paper is to describe the pairs $(G, E)$, where $E$ is an irreducible $FA_n$-module and $G 3$. The case $p = 0$ has been treated by J. Saxl. The problem is important for the classification of maximal subgroups in finite classical groups. 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 20C20, 20C30, 20B35, 20B20.
Beliefs about Women's Labour in the Reunified Germany, 1991-2004

This research investigates the mechanisms of change in gender beliefs in East and West Germany since reunification. Using repeated cross-sectional data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS), we examine how processes of cohort replacement and of intra-cohort change contributed to the changes in beliefs about gender ideology and about the consequences of women working for pay that occurred from 1982 to 2004 in the former West Germany and from 1991 to 2004 in the former East Germany. We find that while changes in gender beliefs occurred through both cohort replacement and within-cohort change in West Germany, changes in East Germany primarily occurred through processes of intra-cohort change. Heterogeneity in levels of schooling and employment status are important in accounting for variation in gender beliefs. We find support for the conclusion that there are continued changes in gender beliefs in the reunified Germany across time. However, we do not find that beliefs converged in the East and West following reunification. In fact, focusing on the period following reunification, we find that the gap in beliefs between the East and West actually increased between 1991 and 2004.
Short cycles of Poncelet’s conics

Abstract Main results of this paper are the following: 1. A closed N -gon interscribed between two conics exists if and only if a specially constructed polygon with a smaller number of sides ( n ) is closed. To verify the closure of this n -gon, we need to find a periodic solution of a dynamical system of order n . The proof is based on the connection of Poncelet’s curves and matrices that admit unitary bordering [4,9,10,16]. Application of this criterion makes sense when n ≪ N , in particular when n ≈ log 2 N (see Table 4 where n = m 1 ). So for example we may say that a polygon with 2049 sides interscribed between two circles is closed if and only if some specially constructed 11-gon is closed. 2. A closed N -gon interscribed between two confocal ellipses (the billiard case) exists if and only if an N -gon interscribed between two special nested circles is closed.
Correlated pairs in the attractive Hubbard model

Abstract The attractive Hubbard Model is considered in the strong coupling limits (U⪢t) by treating the hopping integral, t, as a perturbation. A phase diagram emerges with two critical temperatures: itkBitTc t2/U and itkBTU U/4. For T TU, one has a normal metal.
Differentiation and secretion in Volvox.

Synchronously grown populations of the normal HK10 strain of Volvox carteri were used to establish the ultrastructural characteristics of the cells during a maximal phase of sheath secretion. These include evidence for the transport of materials from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, and assembly within the apparatus of a fibrillar material which is subsequently moved in secretory vesicles to the cell surface. The presence of many small vesicles and multivesicular bodies may indicate there are some additional processes related to membrane assembly or turnover. These features were compared with those of a mutant strain which lacks the ability to secrete sheath materials. In the latter, hypertrophy of the apparatus and formation of fibrillar materials was not observed; however, increases in the number of Golgi stacks and various ultrastructural characteristics indicate that membrane assembly continues in the absence of the normal secretory function.
Synthesis and Fluorescence of N,N,N‐Trimethyl‐2‐[methyl(7‐nitrobenzo[c][l,2,5]oxadiazol‐4‐yl) amino]ethanaminium Iodide, a pH‐Insensitive Reporter of Organic Cation Transport

Abstract A synthesis of the title compound, its characterization, and the pH dependence of its fluorescence properties are described. This compound serves as a pH‐insensitive real‐time reporter of organic cation transport in biological systems.
Heat treatment effects in neutron transmutation doped silicon

Abstract It is shown by electrical property measurements that a significant concentration (1014−1015 cm−3) of an impurity (presumably Li) which can be activated by heat treatment at ⩾650°C is present in commercially available float zone (FZ) refined, Czochralski (Cz) grown or neutron transmutation doped (NTD) Si. Most (90%) of these donors become inactive in FZ or Cz Si after heat treatment within a few days at ambient temperature, but many (40–70%) of them are still active as donors after several months in polycrystalline (PX) or NTD Si that contains lattice defects or radiation damage. Virtually all of these donors can be reactivated by a subsequent heat treatment at ⩾650°C. These results are especially significant because heat treatment is required to remove oxygen-related donors formed in Cz Si during cooldown after growth or to remove radiation damage and obtain the anticipated carrier concentration in NTD FZ or Cz Si. Heat treatment for 20 h at 900°C is not sufficient to remove all of the Li-lattice defect donor complexes in NTD Si. The fact that Li can be activated and remain as a stable donor in Si under certain heat treatment conditions should be considered in conventional device processing steps such as dopant diffusion to form a junction or heat treatment to remove neutron irradiation or ion implantation induced defects.
Primary papillary serous neoplasia of the peritoneum: A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of eight cases

The well-documented but rare primary papillary serous peritoneal tumors are difficult problems for the pathologist and the clinician. Because of their unusual location, these tumors are often classified as mesothelioma or advanced ovarian carcinoma. In this study, we report the clinicopathologic features of eight primary peritoneal serous papillary tumors and compare their histologic and ultrastructural features to 12 serous ovarian tumors and 16 epithelial mesotheliomas (two peritoneal and 14 pleural). The eight peritoneal serous papillary tumors occurred in women aged 19 to 75 years; two were serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline) and six were serous carcinomas. The tumors were located in the mesosalpinx, left pelvis, omentum, and/or surface of the ovary. The two patients with borderline neoplasms had long disease-free survival (11 years and 20 years), while three of the four patients with carcinoma with more than 1 year of follow-up died of disease. The peritoneal serous papillary tumors were morphologically identical to serous ovarian tumors of equivalent grade. Well-differentiated papillary structures with distinct fibrovascular cores and one or several layers of columnar, crowded cells, dense overlapping nuclei with a long axis perpendicular to the surface of the papillary cores, and numerous psammoma bodies were features of the peritoneal and ovarian serous tumors. In contrast, the tubulo-alveolar, solid, or poorly defined papillary structures lined by well-spaced polygonal to cuboidal cells with abundant cytoplasm, absence of nuclear polarity, and infrequent psammoma bodies characterized the mesotheliomas. Epithelial mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunoreactivity, when present, supported a diagnosis of serous tumor in these generally mucin-poor and CEA-negative neoplasms. Ultrastructurally, the cells of serous tumors had slender, straight microvilli of variable length interspersed with or without cilia, while the nonciliated cells of mesothelioma had long, exuberant, wavy microvilli. The morphologic and clinical features of the peritoneal papillary serous tumors are distinctive enough to warrant their separation from mesotheliomas.
ASPECTS STRUCTURELS ET FONCTIONNELS DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ DES PEUPLEMENTS DE POISSONS.

Cet article passe brievement en revue les relations existant entre la biodiversite des peuplements de poissons et leur fonctionnement ecologique. La biodiversite et la structure des peuplements peuvent etre decrites, a l'echelle locale, en termes (1) de diversite phylogenetique, (2) de structure des populations, (3) de strategies demographiques, (4) de diversite morphologique, (5) et de diversite trophique. Un defi majeur est de determiner les relations qui existent entre la structure des populations et des peuplements et le fonctionnement des peuplements et des ecosystemes. La structure phylogenetique d'un peuplement resulte de l'interaction entre colonisation, extinction et evolution. En depit du fait que ces facteurs operent sur une vaste gamme d'echelles spatiales et temporelles, de grands progres ont ete realises dans la modelisation des processus qui sont a la base de la structure genetique et phylogenetique des populations et des peuplements. Les modes de reproduction des poissons sont tres varies, et la definition de guildes de reproduction et de strategies demographiques permet de poser le cadre dans lequel les aspects structurels et fonctionnels peuvent etre etudies. Des etudes theoriques et empiriques mettent en evidence de fortes relations entre les strategies demographiques, les variations environnementales et la dynamique des populations. Les poissons presentent une grande diversite morphologique qui, a l'echelle du peuplement, tend a augmenter avec la richesse specifique. Des relations reliant la morphologie et l'ecologie, en termes de fonction et de performance dans l'utilisation du milieu, ont ete etablies, mais dans certains cas, les tendances predites sont masquees par des biais d'echantillonnage et la flexibilite du comportement en reponse a la variabilite environnementale. Le spectre des strategies trophiques manifeste par les poissons est large, au niveau inter-specifique, mais egalement souvent au niveau intra-specifique, particulierement durant l'ontogenese. La structuration en guildes trophiques est plus complexe dans les peuplements comprenant beaucoup d'especes. Le partage des ressources alimentaires est generalement perceptible quand les regimes sont examines sur une periode de temps suffisamment longue pour gommer les variations de disponibilite des ressources. La structure et le fonctionnement des reseaux trophiques est variable dans l'espace et dans le temps, et des maillons biotiques et abiotiques peuvent etre fortement affectes par les poissons. La gestion des peuplements de poissons au sein d'une biosphere en modification necessite des informations accrues sur les liens existant entre la diversite biologique et l'habitat, une meilleure connaissance des facteurs qui sont a l'origine des tendances observees, et le developpement de modeles qui predisent les relations entre structure et fonctionnement ecologique.
Pituitary gonadal function in diabetic male patients with and without impotence.

Zusammenfassung Hypophysare Keimdrusenfunktion bei mannlichen Diabetikern mit und ohne Impotenz Die Beurteilung der Hypophysenfunktion wurde bei mannlichen Diabetikern mit und ohne Impotenz sowie bei gesunden Individuen mittels eines kombinierten GnRH-TRH-Tests vorgenommen. Die Basalwerte im Plasma fur Testosteron, Gonadotropine, Prolactin und TSH waren bei den diabetischen Patienten und den Kontrollen gleich. Nach i.v. Gabe von 150 μg GnRH und 500 μg TRH zeigten die diabetischen Patienten mit Impotenz eine geringere LH-Reaktion nach 30 und 150 Minuten und eine erhohte Prolactin-Reaktion nach 20 Minuten, die beim Vergleich mit den Kontrollen statistisch signifikant war. Der GnRH-TRH-Test wurde bei impotenten diabetischen Patienten unter der Gabe von 0,8-1mU/kg/h Insulin mittels Infusionspumpe wiederholt. Es konnte kein Unterschied der LH- und Prolactin-Reaktion nachgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, das diabetische Patienten mit Impotenz beim GnRH-TRH-Test eine im Vergleich zu Kontrollen signifikant unterschiedliche LH- und Prolactin-Reaktion hervorbringen. Bei diesen Patienten konnte die genaue Kontrolle der Hyperglykamie mittels einer Insulininfusionspumpe die anormale Reaktionen nicht beeinflussen.
Alexander disease: An important mimicker of focal brainstem glioma—response

To the Editor: We were pleased to read the interesting case presented by Ring et al., and like our case, it indicates the importance of considering a diagnosis of Alexander disease in patients with particularly unusual mass lesions on MRI. While our case discussed focal posterior fossa lesions in juvenile Alexander disease, this case highlights the fact that even classic, infantile Alexander disease can give the impression of tumor-like lesions. Despite the diagnostic issues raised by these two interesting cases, we believe that confirmatory genetic tests for Alexander disease should be undertaken judiciously; it is impractical to sequence the GFAP gene in every case where Rosenthal fibers are present in biopsied tissue. Rosenthal fibers are found in diverse reactive and neoplastic processes in the CNS, not just pilocytic astrocytoma and Alexander disease. Given sufficient tissue the pathologist would normally not misinterpret how Rosenthal fibers fit into a pathological process, including Alexander disease; its pathology is distinctive enough to be recognized in all but small biopsies. However, when tissue is limited and the presence of Rosenthal fibers is not be easy to reconcile with the other histopathological abnormalities or the clinical and radiological features, we would certainly recommend supplementary genetic testing for Alexander disease. This case presented by Ring et al. again highlights the importance for neuro-oncologists to keep Alexander disease in their differential diagnosis for CNS malignancy in children, especially when the MRI findings show bilateral, symmetric lesions within the frontal white matter, deep structures of the brain or the brainstem.
Abstract 2662: Radiosensitizing potential of the PI3K inhibitor, BKM-120 and the HSP 90 inhibitor, HSP990, is dependent on PTEN status of glioblastoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Introduction: Radiation therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most common primary adult brain tumor. GBMs frequently contain mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, a down regulator of the pro-survival phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. PTEN loss causes overactivation of the pathway inducing radioresistance. Heat-shock protein (HSP) 90 is overexpressed in GBM; it is a chaperone for many oncogenic proteins and plays a key role in assisting tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiosensitizing potential of an HSP 90 inhibitor, (HSP990) and a PI3K inhibitor, (BKM-120) in U87 GBM cells expressing PTEN or null for PTEN. Methods: Two isogenic U87 cell lines, stably transfected with wildtype PTEN (U87 wtPTEN) or lacking PTEN (U87PTEN null) were used. Radiosensitivity was determined by clonogenic and apoptotic assays (Annexin V kit). DNA damage and repair was assessed by quantifying gamma Histone 2AX (γH2AX) foci. Immunoblots were performed to assess pAkt levels. HSP990 and BKM -120 were provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Results: Neither HSP990 or BKM -120, alone or in combination, potentiated radiation-induced DNA damage in either cell line, as assessed by γH2AX foci. Radiation alone (6 Gy) activated AKT phosphorylation, with maximum activity occurring one hour post-radiation in both cell lines. Radiation-induced Akt phosphorylation was strongly inhibited by BKM -120 alone or in combination with HSP990 but not by HSP990 alone in both cell lines. In clonogenic assays, both drugs (alone or in combination), sensitized PTEN positive and PTEN null cells to radiation. Whereas the two drugs had similar efficacy in PTEN null cells, HSP990 was a better radiosensitizer than BKM -120 in U87 wtPTEN cells. Apoptosis assays revealed very little cell death 1 hr or 24 hr following drug and RT treatments. After 5 days, the percentage of apoptotic/necrotic cells increased >30% over control following treatment with BKM -120 alone or in combination with HSP 990 in PTEN null cells. In contrast, PTEN positive cells were more resistant to cell death following BKM -120. Conclusions: The results suggest that PI3K inhibition with BKM -120 will enhance radiotherapy for GBM lacking PTEN activity. HSP 90 inhibition by HSP990 may be of benefit in enhancing radiotherapy for GBM expressing functional PTEN. Thus, it appears that the optimal choice of radiosensitizer depends upon PTEN status. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2662. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2662
Degree credits, academic learning, and job mobility for adult students through field experience

This paper examines the adaptation of experimental learning modes to the situation of the working adult student who are an increasingly important group on many campuses. Just as the younger student can learn from job situations, so can the adult student. However, there are special situations or problems that are unique to this group. These are illustrated, and methods of designing learning objectives and student, reports are presented.
iPatch: Intelligent fault patching to improve energy efficiency

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling can provide substantial energy savings but is limited by SRAM since some cells will fail at very low voltages. Due to process variation effects, a small subset of SRAM cells will be more sensitive to voltage reduction, requiring increased margins and limiting energy savings. Since large arrays like caches are most vulnerable to cell failures, recent proposals suggest disabling failing portions of the cache to enable low voltage operation. Although such approaches save power, energy reduction is limited because reducing the effective cache size increases program runtimes. In this paper, we present iPatch, a solution to regain this lost performance and enable energy savings by exploiting the redundancy inherent in superscalar processors. By relying on existing microarchitectural structures and mechanisms to "patch" the faulty parts of caches, we enable further energy reduction with minimal overhead and complexity. Furthermore, because no critical paths or circuits are affected by our implementation, there is no impact on normal-voltage operation. For high cell failure rates, our results show significant energy savings with iPatch as well as an 18% reduction in energy-delay product compared to prior work.
MicroMARC for integrated formats

Archives collection managers have employed the power and flexibility of MicroMARC:amc since 1984. Now this MARC‐based information and storage retrieval software has been expanded to accommodate all MARC formats. The authors examine MicroMARC for Integrated Format version 1.2 and its data entry, searching, and reporting features, along with its latest upgrades. Features of the software include the ability to transfer records to and from local systems, make global changes to headings in the database, create additional indexes, and create reports that can be downloaded into word processing documents if necessary. The software can be loaded on stand‐alone computers or into a local area netowork (LAN) using DOS, Windows 95, or Windows NT.
Modeling of a Urea SCR Catalyst With Automotive Applications

A zero order lumped parameter control oriented model of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst is presented. The lumped parameter model is developed using two approaches. in the first approach it was assumed that the catalyst behaves as an Isothermal Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (ICSTR). The second approach involved deriving the lumped parameter model from a 1D model using the method of weighted residuals. Both approaches led to a three state model, with the gas phase concentrations of NOx and NH3 and the surface coverage fraction as the states. The model depends on chemical properties specific to the SCR catalyst; consequently model validation requires knowledge of these parameters, either via laboratory-based experiments or as supplied by the catalyst supplier. We present an alternate approach that allows estimation of the essential parameters through a minimization of the l2 errors between measured and simulated results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Prior elicitation in the classification problem

Results are developed concerning the asymptotic behaviour of the Bayes classification rule as the number of unclassified observations grows without bound. It is shown that unclassified observations serve only to estimate the individual population parameters in an unlabeled sense and do not provide information about the labels that are attached to the populations. Prior construction is approached through investigation of prior odds over regions of the joint parameter space (across all populations) deemed likely to contain the true joint parameter vector. It is shown that consideration of these prior odds can lead to more robust a posteriori classification of individual observations. Les auteurs s'interessent au comportement de la regie de classification bayesienne a mesure qu'augmente le nombre d'observations non classifiees. Us demontrent que ces observations peuvent servir a estimer certains des parametres propres aux classes, mais qu'elles ne fournissent pas d'information permettant d'identifier ces classes. Pour construire la loi a priori, les auteurs proposent d'evaluer la probabilite relative que le vecteur de parametres caracterisant les classes appartienne a telle ou telle region de l'espace parametrique conjoint. Us expliquent pourquoi cette facon de proceder permet d'accroǐtre la robustesse de la regie de classification a posteriori des observations.
Propagation of Gaussian Schell-model Beams in Dispersive and Absorbing Media

Abstract The spectral properties and the coherence properties of Gaussian Schell-model beams, propagating in dispersive and absorbing media, are discussed. Unlike in free space, the ratio of the transverse spectral correlation length to the beam width is found to increase on propagation. Consequently upon propagation the beam becomes spatially more coherent at each frequency. Numerical results for the spectrum and for the degrees of spectral and of temporal coherence of the field are presented for some selected values of the beam parameters and for several values of the propagation distance. Propagation in a gain medium is also briefly discussed.
An efficient system for small protein expression and refolding

The low expression yield and poor refolding efficiency of small recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli have continued to hinder the large-scale purification of such proteins for structural and biological investigations. A system based on a small fusion partner, the B1 domain of Streptococcal protein G (GB1), was utilized to overcome this problem. We have tested this system on a small cysteine-rich toxin, mutant myotoxin α (MyoP20G). The highly expressed fusion protein was refolded using an unfolding/refolding protocol. Due to the small size of GB1, we were able to monitor the unfolding/refolding status by heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The final product yielded well-resolved NMR spectra, with a topology corresponding to the natural product. We conclude that GB1 not only increases the expression level but also enhances the refolding of small proteins.
Synthesis of steroid precursors. Intramolecular Diels-Alder approach to the trans-hydrindenone system.

Abstract The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of the 1,3-propanediol-derived ketal of (6E)-2-methyl-1,6,8-nonatrien-3-one produces an approximately 3:1 ratio of trans- and cis-hydrindenones.
Chemical identification of comet 81P/Wild 2 dust after interacting with molten silica aerogel

Flight aerogel in Stardust allocation C2092,2,80,47,6 contains percent level concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni that have a distinctive Fe- and CI-normalized distribution pattern, which is similar to this pattern for ppb level chemical impurities in pristine aerogel. The elements in this aerogel background were assimilated in non-vesicular and vesicular glass with the numerous nanometer Fe-Ni-S compound inclusions. After correction for the background values, the chemical data show that this piece of comet Wild 2 dust was probably an aggregate of small (<500 nm) amorphous ferromagnesiosilica grains with many tiny Fe,Ni-sulfide inclusions plus small Ca-poor pyroxene grains. This distinctive Fe- and CI-normalized element distribution pattern is found in several Stardust allocations. It appears to be a common feature in glasses of quenched aerogel melts but its exact nature is yet to be established.
Calculating solar radiation for ecological studies

Abstract Several approaches are presented which permit calculation by computer or hand calculator of solar radiation for any place on Earth. Some of the approaches require input of certain measured data for the location of interest, but others permit an approximation even without actual data. Calculation of solar radiation is especially useful in aquatic ecology studies on primary production, and may also be useful in ecological modeling work when solar radiation is being used as an independent variable.
Pharmacological induction of peroxisomes in peroxisome biogenesis disorders.

Inherited aberrant peroxisome assembly results in a group of neurological diseases termed peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). PBDs include three major clinical phenotypes that represent a continuum of clinical features from the most severe form, Zellweger syndrome (ZS), through neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) to the least severe form, infantile Refsum’s disease (IRD). Somatic cell complementation studies have identified 13 PBD complementation groups, each representing a defect in a peroxisomal protein (peroxin) involved in peroxisome biogenesis. Most complementation groups include a range of clinical phenotypes. In this study, peroxisome numbers were determined in fibroblasts from 29 PBD (ZS, NALD, and IRD) patients, with various phenotypes from nine complementation groups, using antibodies against either a peroxisomal membrane protein (anti-Pex14p) or peroxisomal matrix proteins (anti-SKL). A correlation between the number of peroxisomes, determined with either antibody, and PBD phenotype was found, suggesting that induction of peroxisome number might have a favorable effect on PBD. After treatment of PBD fibroblasts with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, a human peroxisome proliferator, there was an approximate twofold increase in peroxisome number. After 4-phenylbutyrate treatment, an increase in transcription of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene and the peroxin gene, PEX11a, was found in PBD fibroblasts. In NALD and IRD, but not ZS, fibroblasts there was an increase in very-long-chain fatty acid b-oxidation and plasmalogen concentrations, and a decrease in very-long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These data suggest that pharmacological agents that induce peroxisome proliferation, such as 4-phenylbutyrate, may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of PBD patients with milder phenotypes (NALD and IRD). Wei H, Kemp S, McGuinness MC, Moser AB, Smith KD. Pharmacological induction of peroxisomes in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Ann Neurol 2000;47:286 ‐296
Stereoselectivity in the metal complex catalyzed hydrolysis of amino acid esters—II The role of a catalyst structure

Abstract A search for stereoselectivity in the hydrolysis of an optically active amino acid ester (histidine methyl ester) when catalyzed by nickel(II) complexes of optically active amino acids shows that such stereoselectivity occurs in only a fraction of the cases. Where the catalyst is the complex with histidine or tryptophan such stereoselectivity is found, but not when the complex is either aspartic acid or methionine. Of the tridentate ligands, only those with a certain minimum bulk appear to be capable of exhibiting stereoselectivity in such reactions.
Metabolic regulation of glucose transport.

Facilitated transport of glucose across plasma membranes, a passive Na+-independent process present in all mammalian cells, is mediated by a family of homologous glycoprotein molecules that exhibit characteristic kinetic properties and are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Because glucose is a universal energy-producing substrate, the regulation of its transport into cells is of fundamental importance in cellular homeostasis. This review is primarily focused on regulatory pathways that modulate the rate of glucose transport in response to alterations in cellular metabolism, with specific reference to conditions associated with increased demand for glucose utilization. Mechanisms mediating the regulation of glucose transport in response to a variety of other stimuli are also briefly considered.
The Effects of Integrating On-Going Training for Technical Documentation Teams.

The tools and techniques utilized in the technical communications profession are constantly improving and changing. Information Technology (IT) organizations devote the necessary resources to equip and train engineering, marketing, and sales teams, but often fail to do so for technical documentation teams. Many IT organizations tend to view documentation as an afterthought; however, consumers of IT products frequently base their purchasing decisions on the end user documentation's content, layout, and presentation. Documentation teams play a unique role in IT organizations as they help to build and create a public identity through end user manuals and the corporate website, as well as maintain intellectual knowledge through knowledge sharing and management. The technical communicator “makes sense” of complex engineering specifications by creating user-friendly manuals for the layman. The practitioner who compiles and records this complex information is a valuable resource to any IT organization. Therefore...
In vitro effects of iodinated arthrographic contrast media on bacterial growth

Seven bacterial species causing septic arthritis and infection of prosthetic joints (Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-positive; Staphylococcus albus, co-agulase-negative; Streptococcus pyogenes, group A; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Diplococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; and Hemophilus influenzae, type b) were exposed in vitro to three common arthrographic contrast materials for 30 minutes. Quantitative cultures showed no significant inhibition of bacterial growth, compared to controls. All strains except D. pneumoniae and N. gonorrhoeae grew after contact with contrast media for up to 72 hours. Thus, arthrography with the tested contrast agents is not expected to interfere with the culturing of bacteria from subsequently aspirated specimens.
Corrosion of thin film cobalt based magnetic recording media

Corrosion resistance of cobalt based magnetic recording media with and without carbon overcoats was investigated. Wet oxidation of unprotected alloys led to the preferential formation of cobalt oxide and hydroxide. Cobalt migration through carbon was discovered at ambient conditions and elevated temperature and humidity. This corrosion process is electrochemical, involving cobalt dissolution in adsorbed water, migration of cobalt ions through permeable carbon and precipitation of cobalt rich particles on the carbon surface.