cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The load carrying and fatigue properties of the stem–cement interface with smooth and porous coated femoral components

Porous coated surfaces for fixation of total hip replacement are a current trend in clinical orthopedics. Such devices are designed to be fixed by ingrowth of bony tissue, although in the absence of FDA approval for biologic fixation, fixation with PMMA cement is recommended by the implant manufacturers. In order to characterize the mechanical properties of the micro-interlocked stem-cement interface, we tested both porous coated and smooth femoral components in cement mantles of consistent overall geometry. Under conditions of increasing load the smooth stems demonstrated stepwise irreversible subsidence into the mantle. Axial and circumferential strains measured in the cement containment vessels with the smooth stems showed that stepwise increases in tensile hoop strain occurred concomitantly with the stepwise incidents of stem subsidence. When subjected to the same loading conditions, the porous coated stems did not undergo stepwise incidents of subsidence, and hoop strain generation was reduced. In addition, a twofold increase in the failure load of the stem-cement interface was measured with the porous coated stems. Fatigue loading for 10(7) loading cycles did not result in gross failure of either the micro-interlocked or smooth interfaces. However, the data showed that during fatigue loading, stepwise subsidence of the smooth stems again occurred. The final subsidence magnitude of the smooth stem-cement interface at 10(7) loading cycles was six times greater than the value associated with the porous coated stem. Thus the porous coating of femoral stems was shown to dramatically improve the load carrying capability and fatigue characteristics of the stem-cement interface.
Ortho-Babinet polarization-interrogating filter: an interferometric approach to polarization measurement

A novel, interferometric, polarization-interrogating filter assembly and method for the simultaneous measurement of all four Stokes parameters across a partially polarized irradiance image in a no-moving-parts, instantaneous, highly sensitive manner is described. In the reported embodiment of the filter, two spatially varying linear retarders and a linear polarizer comprise an ortho-Babinet, polarization-interrogating (OBPI) filter. The OBPI filter uniquely encodes the incident ensemble of electromagnetic wave fronts comprising a partially polarized irradiance image in a controlled, deterministic, spatially varying manner to map the complete state of polarization across the image to local variations in a superposed interference pattern. Experimental interferograms are reported along with a numerical simulation of the method.
Ground truth methods for optical cross-section modeling of biological aerosols

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems have demonstrated some capability to meet the needs of a fastresponse standoff biological detection method for simulants in open air conditions. These systems are designed to exploit various cloud signatures, such as differential elastic backscatter, fluorescence, and depolarization in order to detect biological warfare agents (BWAs). However, because the release of BWAs in open air is forbidden, methods must be developed to predict candidate system performance against real agents. In support of such efforts, the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (JHU/APL) has developed a modeling approach to predict the optical properties of agent materials from relatively simple, Biosafety Level 3-compatible bench top measurements. JHU/APL has fielded new ground truth instruments (in addition to standard particle sizers, such as the Aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) or GRIMM aerosol monitor (GRIMM)) to more thoroughly characterize the simulant aerosols released in recent field tests at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG). These instruments include the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), the Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVAPS), and the Aspect Aerosol Size and Shape Analyser (Aspect). The SMPS was employed as a means of measuring smallparticle concentrations for more accurate Mie scattering simulations; the UVAPS, which measures size-resolved fluorescence intensity, was employed as a path toward fluorescence cross section modeling; and the Aspect, which measures particle shape, was employed as a path towards depolarization modeling.
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Preterm Infants

OBJECTIVE. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections cause significant neonatal mortality and morbidity, but the course and prognosis in preterm infants is not well documented. We performed a retrospective review of herpes simplex virus infections at out institution within the first 30 days after birth in infants who were born at METHODS. Hospital databases were reviewed to identify culture- or polymerase chain reaction–proven cases of herpes simplex virus-1 or herpes simplex virus-2 infections that occurred in preterm newborns between 1989 and 2003. Maternal and neonatal histories, clinical features, and laboratory results were reviewed systematically. RESULTS. Ten preterm singletons and a set of twins were infected with herpes simplex virus-2 during the first month after birth. No mother had herpes simplex virus lesions at delivery, but a history of genital herpes simplex or other sexually transmitted infections was prevalent among the mothers. Infants presented with either disseminated disease or encephalitis. All infants with disseminated disease (n = 9) died, whereas the 3 infants with encephalitis survived. All infants in the cohort developed respiratory distress, and consistent with the prominence of respiratory symptoms, viral cultures of the respiratory tract were consistently positive. Ten of 12 infants received acyclovir, but despite treatment within 48 hours of symptoms, infants with disseminated disease deteriorated rapidly and died. Two of 3 infants who received high-dosage (60 mg/kg per day) acyclovir survived. CONCLUSIONS. Herpes simplex virus infections in preterm infants usually present during the first 2 weeks of life with respiratory distress and a high incidence of disseminated disease. Viral respiratory cultures have a high yield for documentation of infection. The morbidity of herpes simplex virus in this population may be attributable to a relatively immature immune system in this population. Additional studies are necessary to delineate the evolution of herpes simplex virus disease in preterm infants and the role of antiviral therapy in mitigating the sequelae of herpes simplex virus infections in this population.
High density interleaved VCSEL-RCPD arrays for optical information processing

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are uniquely suited for massively parallel interconnects and scannerless imaging applications due to their small size, high efficiency and amiability to formation of high-density 2-dimensional arrays. We have successfully fabricated 4096 element arrays (64×64) containing alternating rows of selectively-oxidized 850 nm VCSELs and resonant-cavity photodetectors (RCPDs) on a 55 micron pitch monolithically integrated on semi-insulating GaAs substrates. We employ a matrix addressable architecture to reduce the input and output electrical connections to the array, where all the VCSELs (or RCPDs) in each row are connected by a common metal trace at the base of their mesas. The columns are connected by metal traces that bridge from mesa top to mesa top, connecting every other row (i.e., only VCSELs or only RCPDs). The design, fabrication and performance of these arrays is discussed.
Sky type discrimination using a ground-based sun photometer

A 2-year feasibility study was conducted at the USGS EROS Data Center, South Dakota (43.733°N, 96.6167°W) to assess whether a four-band, ground-based, sun photometer could be used to discriminate sky types. The results indicate that unique spectral signatures do exist between sunny skies (including clear and hazy skies) and cirrus, and cirrostratus, altocumulus or fair-weather cumulus, and thin stratocumulus or altostratus, and fog/fractostratus skies. There were insufficient data points to represent other cloud types at a statistically significant level.
Effect of artificial airway on ear complications from hyperbaric oxygen.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is associated with an increased risk of barotrauma to the tympanic membrane and middle ear. An artificial airway may compromise normal eustachian tube function and equilibration of middle ear pressures. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the risk of middle ear complications in 267 patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy and to compare those with and without artificial airways. Charts of all patients were reviewed for middle ear and tympanic membrane complications and myringotomy tube placement. Eighteen of the 267 patients had artificial airways. Seventeen (94%) of these 18 patients developed middle ear or tympanic membrane complications, and 11 (61%) required tympanostomy tubes for pain, hemo-tympanum, or serous otitis. In contrast, 114 (45.8%) of the 249 patients without airways developed ear complications, and 53 (21.3%) required tympanostomy tubes. These results suggest that patients with an artificial airway who are receiving HBO therapy are at greater risk for developing tympanic membrane and middle ear complications than nonintubated patients. Similarly, patients with artificial airways receiving HBO frequently require placement of tympanostomy tubes.
Distributive justice reasoning in hearing and hearing-impaired children

Abstract The development of distributive justice reasoning was examined in four populations, hearing and hearing-impaired children, ages 9 and 11 years. In addition, two methods for scoring Enright's Distributive Justice Scale (1981) were considered. As expected, hearing children scored higher than did hearing-impaired children, suggesting that hearing-impaired children have more limited opportunities for socialization, resulting in a lag in the acquisition of the concept of distributive justice reasoning. Consistent with previous results, older children and children of higher socioeconomic status scored higher than did younger children and children of lower socioeconomic status; no differences were found for gender and there were no interactions among the factors. Finally, the traditional method advocated by Enright and a scoring technique based on interval scaling revealed comparable results, although the interval scoring method appeared to be somewhat more robust. Discussion included ways in which social interactions of hearing-impaired children might be improved to develop increased social perspective taking.
Novel applications of cryptography in digital communications

A tutorial on digital signatures is presented, covering the basic concepts of public-key cryptography and digital signatures based on public-key techniques. Applications are discussed, including key management for conventional encryption equipment, electronic mail and data interchange, access control and audit trails, software verification and virus detection, counterfeit-proof currency, nuclear test ban treaty detectors, and challenge response systems such as in aircraft identification of friend or foe. >
Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery: Clinical Update on Mechanisms and Prophylactic Strategies

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with increased cost, morbidity, and mortality. Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have not substantially reduced the risk of developing AF. The development of AF after cardiac surgery remains common and significantly increases mortality, morbidity, and total hospital costs, including readmission. In an effort to reduce these adverse consequences of this complication, considerable research recently has focused on identifying prophylactic strategies for AF after cardiac surgery. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the genesis of AF in this setting may aid in designing preventative paradigms and standardizing treatment. The purpose of this expert review is to highlight the incidence, pathogenesis, and preventative strategies for AF after cardiac surgery.
Democratic disengagement: toward Rousseauian global reform

What are the moral costs of democratic trade with dictatorships, and what action these costs demand of our elected governments? This article develops as a Rousseauian answer the idea that democracies ought to boycott corrupt dictatorships and establish themselves collectively as an autarkic bloc, in order to reform not others but themselves. I articulate the basis for this democratic disengagement, first through a reconstruction of Rousseau's social contract, as seeking to replace corrupt dependence with egalitarian interdependence between citizens. I then examine the potential for egalitarian interdependence between democracies that treat their citizens equally as collectively sovereign, contrasted with corrupting cooperation between democracies and dictatorships, which distorts democracies’ values, specifically by making them complicit in despots’ theft of their peoples’ resources. Ending this corruption requires disengagement, elaborated here first against liberal objections and then against skeptic criticism.
TOXICITY TESTING OF FAT EMULSIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION.

Abstract : Clinical and histopathologic toxicity studies were conducted on fourteen fat emulsions including Lipomul, Intralipid, Lipofundin and cottonseed or soybean oil emulsions prepared commercially or experimentally for intravenous use. These emulsions were administered to rabbits and/or rats in a daily dose of 2.0 to 3.0 gm. of fat per kg. of body weight. Clinical studies included observation of the animals' general reaction to the infusion, local reaction at the site of injection, variation in body weight, and weekly hemograms and urinalyses. The animals were sacrificed at least ten days after infusion and a detailed necropsy was performed. No gross lesions could be attributed to the fat emulsion. However, histopathologic examination revealed the deposition of intravenous fat pigment in the liver and spleen of every animal. The most pigment was found in animals given cottonseed oil emulsions and the least in animals given emulsion SR-151. Lipoid granulomas were observed in all test animals except those given emulsion SR-141. Mild hepatic fibrosis was observed in animals receiving Lipofundin. Adverse clinical reactions in rabbits included death in two animals, produced by Lipofundin K399, and hyperpyrexia, anorexia, decreased water intake, weight loss, and decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit following infusion. The best performance in rabbits was obtained with Intralipid 293011 and in rats with SR-4734-107A. Although Lipofundin was well tolerated by rats, in general, soybean oil-egg yolk phosphatide-glycerol type emulsions produced the least adverse physiologic and histopathologic changes in the test animals. (Author)
Commentary on "Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease." New criteria for a new era.

The publication in Alzheimer’s & Dementia of new criteria for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1] ,m ild cognitive impairment (MCI) [2] due to AD, and dementia due to AD [3] represents the dawning of a new era in our field. Coupled with the groundbreaking recommendation of an advisory panel to the Food and Drug Administration regarding marketing approval for florbetapir in the diagnosis of AD [4], we move into a period during which attention is shifted from the diagnosis of a single syndrome to the staging of a complex disease and its clinical manifestations. These exciting developments are tempered by the public health emergency related to the anticipated emergence of 115 million new cases of dementia worldwide in the next 40 years [5], whereas the most recent drug development efforts have been disappointing and are seriously challenging the amyloid hypothesis. The new criteria represent a major advance because they establish certain principles. The first principle established is the distinction of clinical syndromes due to brain disease fromtheircauses inthebrain—inthepast,thetermdementia was often used to refer to a syndrome and a brain disease at the same time. Consistent with evidence produced since the last AD criteria, MCI and dementia are unequivocally defined as syndromes existing entirely in the clinical realm, diagnosable purely on clinical grounds. They are recognized as heterogeneous entities, MCI more heterogeneous than dementia, typically caused by underlying brain disease, with what we call AD being a principal cause. At the same time, an initial attempt is made to definewhen AD pathology assessed in vivo should be considered as the prime or, at least, major contributing cause to the occurrence of MCI or dementia. It is in the latter that the criteria fall short by not adequately spelling out causal rules for the attribution of cognitive syndromes to the presence of the underlying pathology. This challenge arises since much, if not most, of the time several underlying pathologies are present in dementia, each contributing partly to the occurrence of the clinical picture[6].Suchare thelimits ofour knowledge and ofour ability to quantify causal relationships between brain pathology and clinical conditions in living people. The second principle is established by setting a much broader boundary for these cognitive syndromes. This is an implicit recognition that specific clinical manifestations of brain disease represent damage to specific brain circuits affectedratherthantheprocessesdamagingorleadingtomalfunction of these areas [7]. In complex heterogeneous conditions such as AD, in which several brain areas are affected,
Development of the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility

The Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) construction project has been completed and the first radioactive ion beam has been successfully accelerated. The project, which began in 1992, has involved numerous facility modifications. The Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron has been converted from an energy booster for heavy ion beams to a light ion accelerator with internal ion source. A target-ion source and mass analysis system have been commissioned as key components of the facility's radioactive ion beam injector to the 25 MV tandem electrostatic accelerator. Beam transport lines have been completed, and new diagnostics for very low intensity beams have been developed. Work continues on a unified control system. Development of research quality radioactive beams for the nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics communities continues. This paper details facility development to date.
Aspects of feeding, growth and stage development by trochophora larvae of the boreal polychaete Mediomastus fragile (Rasmussen) (Capitellidae)

Abstract Planktotrophic larvae of the boreal capitellid polychaete Mediomastus fragile (Rasmussen) were hatched and reared to metamorphosis. Larvae were fed Isochrysis galbana and grazing rate, growth and developmental stage were recorded as a function of food concentration, 0–1350 μgC·1 −1 . The larvae exhibited delayed stage shifts and reduced growth rates at low food concentrations, −1 . Maximum specific growth rate and the maintenance energy requirement were notably low, indicating adaptation to low in situ food concentrations. Larvae were able to capture and ingest particles in the size spectrum between 2 and 10 μm. The optimal particle size was 7 μm. The larvae enter the plankton in the early spring, when the phytoplankton size spectrum is typically dominated by large algal cells, exceeding the size for efficient uptake. The physical limitations for particle capture are therefore a potential limit for grazing. The ability to delay larval development is an advantage for a planktotrophic larva functioning as a growing dispersive organism.
Incidental Findings with Genomic Testing: Implications for Genetic Counseling Practice

This paper summarizes the current controversies surrounding the identification and disclosure of "incidental" or "secondary" findings from genomic sequencing and the implications for genetic counseling practice. The rapid expansion of clinical sequencing has influenced the ascertainment and return of incidental findings, while empiric data to inform best practices are still being generated. Using the North Carolina Clinical Genomic Evaluation by Next Generation Exome Sequencing (NCGENES) research project as an example, we discuss the implications of different models of consent and their impact on patient decisions.
Four professions: how different, how alike

ness. For example, settings that involve techniques such as role playing, simulation, microteaching, and the like seem to offer a vital third position supplementing the dualism of classroom and practice site. In each of the four fields and in other professions as well, there has been no hurry to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. In fact, it has been part of the professional tradition that the student should acquire them in a rather leisurely fashion via slow internship and learning from peers through apprenticeship. Such training was a mixture of so cialization and modeling. There was little pressure from the consumer (or from the payer) demanding accounta bility of the task performed. There was also the sense that having service available was a privilege and not a right. Thus it was easy to maintain the traditional stretched-out model of training and education, ensconced in
Low Incidence of Pulmonary Embolism Associated With Upper-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Background Most recent Chest 2008 guidelines counsel at least 3 months of anticoagulation for acute upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). These guidelines are inconsistently followed, perhaps owing to relatively limited information regarding clinical outcomes among patients with UEDVT. Our institution maintains an UEDVT registry of consecutively encountered patients with sonographically confirmed UEDVT. We analyzed patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes among these patients. Methods Between April 2005 and November 2008, 300 consecutively encountered peripheral vascular laboratory patients with UEDVTs were identified. Data on UEDVT sonographic characteristics, patient demographics, anticoagulation treatment, pulmonary embolism (PE) incidence and diagnostic modality, hemorrhagic complications, and mortality were then extracted. Results Among the 300 patients, there was deep venous obstruction in the distal innominate ( n = 69), internal jugular ( n = 146), subclavian ( n = 161), axillary ( n = 107), and brachial ( n = 91) veins. Two hundred forty-six patients (82%) had UEDVTs identified as clearly acute or acute on chronic, based on sonographic appearance. Most patients with UEDVTs were symptomatic ( n = 265, 88%). One hundred six patients had documented malignancy (35%), 92 were postoperative or trauma patients (31%), and 76 patients were obese (body mass index: >30, 25%). Additionally, 240 patients had associated or previous indwelling central venous lines or leads (80%). One hundred twenty-eight patients (43%) were initially anticoagulated with heparin, whereas 121 of these patients were converted to warfarin therapy (40%) for variable lengths of time. One hundred sixty-seven patients were not treated with anticoagulation (56%), of whom 16 had documented contraindication to anticoagulation. Although the anticoagulated subset of patients tended to be younger, the decision to anticoagulate patients correlated significantly with the sonographically documented acute nature of the deep venous thrombosis, and its extent. Six patients (2%) suffered PE in association with their UEDVT diagnosis. There was no PE-related mortality. However, among anticoagulated UEDVT patients, there were four patients who suffered intracranial hemorrhage resulting in three deaths, and an additional three patients who required rehospitalization for upper gastrointestinal ( n = 2) or stomal ( n = 1) hemorrhage. Conclusions Anticoagulation therapy is inconsistently used to treat UEDVT and most often used for patients with multiple vein segments involved and with sonographically acute UEDVT components. However, regardless of the decision to anticoagulate, the incidence of PE attributable to UEDVT is small (2%), regardless of treatment with anticoagulation. Given the observed mortality associated with anticoagulation in this fragile patient cohort, the risk–benefit analysis for anticoagulation does not favor routine anticoagulation among these patients.
Fieldwork as a learning experience

Field study experience raises the question of the limitations classroom courses place upon students.
Acetaldehyde selectively stimulates collagen production in cultured rat liver fat‐storing cells but not in hepatocytes

Hepatocytes and fat-storing cells have been implicated in the production of collagen, under both normal and pathological conditions. In this study, short-term primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, maintained in a serum-free, hormonally defined medium without dexamethasone and cultured on a fibronectin-collagen type IV substratum, were used. Primary and passage 1 and 2 cultures of fat-storing cells maintained on tissue culture plastic were also studied. Hepatocytes produced significant amounts of collagen type III, but formation of collagen type I was not detectable. Laminin and collagen type IV production were very low. Hepatocytes maintained their ability to metabolize ethanol (at levels comparable to those observed at 2 hr) for at least 48 hr after plating and this metabolism was inhibited 86% to 95% by 4-methylpyrazole (1 mmol/L). Neither ethanol (50 mmol/L) nor acetaldehyde (175 μmol/L, initial concentration) had any effect on the production of collagen type III or laminin. Fat-storing cells (95% to 100% desmin-positive) produced significant amounts of both type I and type III collagen. Production of collagen type IV and laminin was very low. Metabolism of ethanol by these cultures was not detected. Addition of ethanol had no effect on collagen or laminin production in fat-storing cells. In contrast, acetaldehyde significantly increased the production of collagen type I, but did not alter the production of collagen type III, IV or laminin. Incorporation of 3H-proline into total protein was not affected by addition of ethanol or acetaldehyde to fat-storing cells or hepatocytes. Exposure of fat-storing cells to ethanol or acetaldehyde did not change 3H-collagen degrading activity in the media. We conclude that fat-storing cells are likely effector cells in the increased production of collagen type I in alcoholic liver fibrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:511–518).
A theory of turbulent transport

A calculation is made of the turbulent transport terms (third moments) that occur in the Reynolds stress equation for buoyant and/or sheared fluids. This calculation is based on neglect of a two-time fourth-order cumulant – a weaker approximation than neglect of the usual single-time fourth-order cumulant. The previously used eddy-damping assumption for single point moments is avoided. This assumption is then examined critically. Comparison is afterward made between the turbulent transport terms derived here and those derived previously by the eddy-damping method, and between the respective derivations. Also the dissipation of third moments is calculated. The calculation is formally limited to mean quantities which vary but slowly in space and time, and to small anisotropy.
Clay Technology in Ceramics

Clays are used in the ceramics industries largely because of their contribution to the moulding and drying properties of the wares being produced; many clays, such as the flint clays, are used because of favorable behavior during firing or because they produce favorable properties in fired ware. To assure the most effective use of a clay, the ceramic technologist must meet problems of purification, aging, bacterial action, and the improvement of the working properties of clays and bodies through additions of non-plastic materials or chemicals. He deals with flocculation and deflocculation, thixotropy, and related phenomena in casting slips. Control of drying behavior is important. Finally, the ceramist is concerned with the influence of the clay content of ceramic bodies on their behavior during firing.
E valuation of modifications to the neutral-detergent-fiber analysis procedure for corn and distillers grains plus solubles 1

Six experiments were conducted to evaluate methods for measuring NDF in corn and distillers grains plus solubles. Methods included using sodium sulfite, α-amylase (AMY), amyloglucosidase, heat and steam with an autoclave, grinding methods, and a pre–fat extraction to decrease factors that interfere with measuring NDF accurately. Using sodium sulfite and AMY resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) corn NDF values, but these decreases were different dependent on dry-rolled corn or high-moisture corn (interaction P < 0.01). Two doses of AMY (0.5 mL each) was optimum at decreasing dry-rolled corn, high-moisture corn, and steam-flaked corn NDF, but using amyloglucosidase, heat and steam with an autoclave, or both did not aid in decreasing corn NDF. Grinding corns through a 1-mm Tecator Cyclomill, compared with a Wiley mill, resulted in decreased corn NDF (P < 0.01). Using a pre–fat extraction method before the traditional NDF method resulted in decreased NDF values for distillers grains plus solubles (P < 0.01) compared with using 100 or 200 mL of NDF solution. The recommended methods for obtaining accurate NDF concentrations include using cyclo grinding and adding two 0.5 mL of AMY doses and 0.5 g of sodium sulfite for corn and pre–fat extraction for distillers grains plus solubles.
Role of p160 Coactivator Complex in the Activation of Liver X Receptor

Objective— Liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of a nuclear receptor family regulating the expression of several key proteins involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation. In contrast to several other nuclear receptors, very little is known about the coactivators needed for the agonist-mediated transactivation by LXR. In this study, we have investigated the role of p160 coactivator complex in the regulation of ATP-binding transporter A1 (ABCA1), a clinically important gene transcriptionally upregulated by LXR/RXR (retinoid X receptor) heterodimer. Methods and Results— Overexpression of LXRα, SRC-1, and p300, either alone or in combination, increased the luciferase activity driven by the wild-type ABCA1 promoter. The same coactivators bound to the ABCA1 promoter on oxysterol induction in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. To the contrary, CARM-1 and P/CAF had no effect on ABCA1 transactivation, nor do they bind the promoter. When the DR-4 element was mutated from the ABCA1 promoter, only p300 was able to activate ABCA1 transcription in a ligand-independent manner. Conclusions— The p160 coactivator complex members SRC-1 and p300, but not CARM-1 and P/CAF, coactivate LXR-mediated transcription of ABCA1 gene. In addition, p300 activates ABCA1 transcription independently of DR-4 element and LXR/RXR.
Practice Patterns of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Physicians Caring for Young Febrile Infants

The authors conducted a chart review of all febrile infants between 28 and 90 days of age who presented to the emergency department (ED) between December 1 and March 31 during 2004-2006. The objectives of the study were to describe the practice patterns of pediatric ED physicians caring for these infants and to determine whether the evaluation and management of these infants differed based on their age at presentation. Two groups were compared-infants aged 28 to 59 days (n = 79) and infants aged 60 to 90 days (n = 88). As compared with the younger age group, infants in the older age group had fewer complete blood cell counts (relative risk, RR = 3.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15-5.95), fewer blood cultures (RR = 3.38; 95% CI, 1.99-5.74), fewer urine cultures (RR = 3.83; 95% CI, 1.81-8.13), and fewer cerebrospinal fluid cultures (RR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.94-3.40). Overall, there was poor adherence to current guidelines for the diagnostic evaluation of young febrile infants.
Insulin-induced repartitioning of metabolic fuels inhibits hamster estrous behavior: role of area postrema

Excessive diversion of metabolic fuels away from oxidation and into adipose tissue storage depots, such as underfeeding or extraordinary levels of energy expenditure, can induce nutritional infertility. Treatment with pharmacological doses of insulin reduces metabolic fuel availability and suppresses both ovulatory cyclicity and pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in females of several mammalian species, but little attention has been paid to the effects of insulin treatments on reproductive behaviors. Ovariectomized Syrian hamsters were injected with long-acting insulin every 12 h for 72 h and were prevented from overeating by limiting their intake to ∼110% of pretreatment levels. When given estradiol and progesterone, insulin-treated hamsters exhibited significantly reduced levels of sexual receptivity compared with saline-treated controls. This insulin-induced inhibition of estrous behavior was prevented by lesions of the area postrema. Insulin treatments also caused changes in the number of detectable estrogen receptor immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Therefore, insulin-induced repartitioning of metabolic fuels induces changes in estrous behavior and neural estrogen receptors that are indistinguishable from those caused by food deprivation, cold exposure, or treatment with metabolic inhibitors.
Transcription factor C/EBP- β induces tumor-suppressor phosphatase PHLPP2 through repression of the miR-17–92 cluster in differentiating AML cells

PHLPP2, a member of the PH-domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family, which targets oncogenic kinases, has been actively investigated as a tumor suppressor in solid tumors. Little is known, however, regarding its regulation in hematological malignancies. We observed that PHLPP2 protein expression, but not its mRNA, was suppressed in late differentiation stage acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes. MicroRNAs (miR or miRNAs) from the miR-17-92 cluster, oncomir-1, were shown to inhibit PHLPP2 expression and these miRNAs were highly expressed in AML cells that lacked PHLPP2 protein. Studies showed that miR-17-92 cluster regulation was, surprisingly, independent of transcription factors c-MYC and E2F in these cells; instead all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a drug used for terminally differentiating AML subtypes, markedly suppressed miR-17-92 expression and increased PHLPP2 protein levels and phosphatase activity. Finally, we demonstrate that the effect of ATRA on miR-17-92 expression is mediated through its target, transcription factor C/EBPβ, which interacts with the intronic promoter of the miR-17-92 gene to inhibit transactivation of the cluster. These studies reveal a novel mechanism for upregulation of the phosphatase activity of PHLPP2 through C/EBPβ-mediated repression of the miR-17-92 cluster in terminally differentiating myeloid cells.
Morphology of peritoneal dialysis catheter tunnel: macroscopy and light microscopy.

There is scanty knowledge of the morphology of peritoneal dialysis catheter tunnels in humans, even though such knowledge may impact on peritoneal catheter design, implantation and postimplantation...
INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIATION AND HAPLODIPLOIDY, EUSOCIALITY, AND POLYGYNY IN THE HYMENOPTERA.

In recent years, there have been numerous reports of relatively low levels of intraspecific genetic variability in the Hymenoptera (e.g., Snyder, 1974; Metcalf et al., 1975; Pamilo et al., 1978b). Theoretical explanations of this observation have been equally abundant (Crozier, 1970; Pamilo et al., 1978b; Lester and Selander, 1979; Pamilo and Crozier, 1981). This paper examines predictions of some of these explanations by analyzing patterns of genetic variation among the Hymenoptera, with particular reference to ants. Explanations for low levels of intraspecific genetic variability in the Hymenoptera have been based either on their haplodiploid breeding system or on the widespread occurrence of eusociality among species studied. Haplodiploids (normal males are haploid, females diploid) may be less genetically variable than are diplodiploids because selection eliminates exposed deleterious alleles in haploid males (Suomalainen, 1962; Crozier, 1970) or because their relatively smaller effective population sizes allow for fewer neutral polymorphisms (Pamilo and Crozier, 1981). Eusociality has also been implicated by both selectionist and neutralist arguments. A selectionist argument, based on the niche-variation hypothesis, suggests that eusocial species are likely to be better buffered from environmental change by colony structure and behavior (Hasselrot, 1960; Snyder, 1974; Shaumer et al., 1978), resulting in lower genetic variability than for solitary species. A similar result is predicted for neutral alleles because
Excimer Laser Induced Photochemistry of Silane-Ammonia Mixtures

Steady-state and time resolved molecular beam sampling mass spectrometry have been used to study the ArF excimer laser induced photochemistry of silaneammonia mixtures at 193 nm. Under both steady state and single laser shot conditions, products as complicated as tetraaminosilane are formed promptly. A mechanism which accounts for the formation of all observed products is proposed and evaluated.
Abstract 2568: Genetic association of POU5F1B at 8q24 with prostate cancer.

Numerous genetic variants at 8q24 have been associated with risk for multiple common cancers, most prominently for prostate cancer. POU5F1B is a retrotransposed copy of the master stem cell factor OCT4, and one of few known genes within the 8q24 interval. While OCT4 is expressed selectively in embryonic stem cells, POU5F1B retains its open reading frame and has been shown to be expressed in cancers. Ectopic expression of OCT4 blocks progenitor cell differentiation and causes dysplasia, raising the possibility that aberrant expression of POU5F1B might have analogous effects. Because POU5F1B sequence is non-unique, a potential contribution of POU5F1B genetic variation to cancer risk has not been investigated in prior GWAS. We evaluated genetic variants of POU5F1B for association with prostate cancer within a case-control study of familial prostate cancer at Vanderbilt University that included 830 familial prostate cancer probands, and 830 age-matched control probands without a personal or family history of prostate cancer. Our study identified four missense variants within POU5F1B, and eight haplotypes of > 1% frequency. G176E was associated with prostate cancer (P = 3.1 x 10−4) and was in LD with GWAS SNP rs6983267 (r2 = 0.69). The minor allele (encoding glutamate) uniquely marked a single haplotype (the most common) with an inverse association with prostate cancer (P = 5.7 x 10−4, OR = 0.78 (95%CI 0.7-0.9)). As expected, the haplotype association was correlated with that of GWAS SNP rs6983267. A second haplotype differing from the first only at G176E (encoding glycine) was independently associated with risk of prostate cancer (P = 5.5 x 10−7, OR = 1.91 (95%CI 1.5-2.5)). However, glycine would also be encoded at this position by all other haplotypes, none carrying a risk effect. The risk haplotype was tagged by the pair of missense variants, G176E (glycine) and E238Q (glutamine). In a single allele analysis, the latter variant had no apparent association with prostate cancer. The risk effect of the former adjusted for the latter was OR = 2.12 (95%CI 1.6-2.7), P = 1.7 x 10−8; the risk effect of the latter adjusted for the former was OR = 1.79 (95%CI 1.4-2.3), P = 9.4 x 10−6. The two missense variants would alter each of the DNA-binding domains: one altering a highly conserved site with a non-conservative substitution, and the other abrogating a kinase site known to physiologically regulate other POU transcription factors. Our data suggest that combinations of these variants may be associated with risk of prostate cancer and warrant further investigation of the potential role of POU5F1B in the 8q24 cancer associations. Citation Format: Joan P. Breyer, Jeffrey R. Smith. Genetic association of POU5F1B at 8q24 with prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2568
Pilot mental models and loss of control

Loss of control events often involve erroneous pilot mental models of the aircraft state and autoflight system modes in the period leading up to the event. These mental models include their immediate situation awareness of the aircraft state, but also often include their knowledge of the autoflight system. Both aspects of these have been modeled computationally in fast-time simulations. The situation awareness of aircraft state is represented as a model-based observer (e.g. Kalman filter). The knowledge of autoflight modes is represented as a finite state machine where each state represents a different control behavior, and transitions between modes are explicitly represented to describe the conditions in which they can be commanded by the pilot and/or commanded automatically. This paper will describe the results of simulations in which the mental model is run dynamically through flight events potentially leading to loss of control.
Using a Hierarchy of Supportive Consequences to Address Problem Behaviors in the Classroom

Many educators across the country are implementing positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) in their schools and classrooms. While PBIS primarily focuses on proactive and preventative approaches to improve behavior, one of the essential elements of PBIS is the consistent use of consequences when students do not meet behavioral expectations. Most teachers view consequences as punitive reactions to misbehavior. However, there are ways to deliver consequences that are supportive in nature and result in positively redirecting students to engaging in desirable behavior, thereby eliminating the necessity of punitive responses. This column discusses the problems associated with commonly used punitive consequences to address challenging behaviors in classrooms and provides an alternative approach that is more in line with PBIS frameworks. This entails the use of a hierarchy of supportive consequences, which is explained in detail.
Study on the composition and properties of inclusion compound diclofenac sodium with β-cyclodextrin

The inclusion compounds, diclofenac sodium(DS) with β cyclodextrin (β CD) were prepared by con precipitate method. Determining physical constant and quantitative analysis showed that the molecular ratio of β CD to DS in the inclusion compounds was 1∶1 and 2∶1, respectively. The solubility of inclusive state DS was larger than that of the drug DS, and itsirritation to stomach was smaller than that of DS,and this irritation of 2∶1 inclusion compound was the smallest.
Study on Toxicology and Safety and Early Lead Intervention of Foremilk Exposure to Infants Development of Qijin Herbal Medicine

Objective The aim of study is evaluating the effect about toxicology and safety of the Qijin keli to hamster kidney cell, hamster kidney cell were cultured to determinate the significance about the Qijin keli to hamster kidney cell, evaluating the significance of foremilk lead level as an indicator for environmental lead, to investigate the relationship of early neurobehavioral development of neonates and taking Qijin herbal medication prescription about early lead intervention of foremilk exposure. Methods Determination of lead level in foremilk: altogether 40 foremilk samples, 1mL each,were collected.the same amount of violet acid was added to each sample, after foremilk was fully dissolved, 0.2mL solution was taken for determining lead level with graphite stove atom absorption spectrophotometer. The determined process strictly followed the internal quantity control of laboratory and was involved in the blind quality control of institute of Environmental Health of Chinese Academy. Results All of hamster kidney cell had no death and were analyzed. It showed that all cell behavior were normal. It had no significant difference between the test group and control group. Totally 40 neonates were involved, and the normal reference value of lead level of foremilk was 0.06 to 0.08μmol/L. The involved neonates were assigned into high-level lead group and low- level lead group. There is a relationship between the of early neurobehavioral development of neonates and taking Qijin herbal medication prescription about early lead intervention of foremilk exposure. Conclusion Qijin keli has no toxicology and side effect to hamster kidney cell various index. It has safety. Having an main effect upon neurobehavioral development and taking Qijin herbal medication prescription about early lead intervention of foremilk exposure.
Study on Coordination Degree Model of Agile Supply Chain System

In order to eliminate friction of supply chain,the supply chain system must be built up to be seamless,and its coordination degree should be an important index of harmony in the system.This study builds up the evaluation model of coordination degree in agile supply chain,and applies a sample to imitate the correctness and feasibility of the evaluation model.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy.

NSAID gastropathy is characterized by subepithelial hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers. Approximately half of patients taking NSAIDs regularly have gastric erosions and 10% to 30% have gastric ulcers. Although gastric lesions are common at endoscopy, clinically significant problems are uncommon. There is no correlation between NSAID gastropathy and upper abdominal symptoms frequently experienced by patients taking NSAIDs. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions may cause minor bleeding, but ulcers must be present for major bleeding, gastric outlet obstruction, or perforation to occur. NSAID use is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications; this risk is increased with older age, a history of peptic ulcer, a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, higher doses of NSAIDs, and concomitant use of corticosteroids. Perhaps three-quarters of 1% of patients taking NSAIDs for 6 months develop clinically significant complications ascribed to ulcers or erosions. NSAIDs do not cause a diffuse histologic gastritis (i.e., inflammatory cell infiltration). Any such gastritis is owing to H. pylori infection and appears to be unchanged by NSAID ingestion. Although some authors have suggested that NSAIDs cause a diffuse chemical or reactive gastritis, this has not been clearly documented in studies involving pre- and post-treatment biopsies. Cotherapy with misoprostol decreases the incidence of endoscopically visualized gastric and duodenal ulcers and appears to decrease the incidence of ulcer complications. In the future, development of NSAIDs that do not cause damage to the gut (e.g., COX-2-selective NSAIDs and NO-NSAIDs) may prevent any concerns about NSAID gastropathy and NSAID-associated gastrointestinal complications.