cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Registration of a 3D mouse brain atlas with brain microstructure data

Abstract The brain tissue scanner http://research.cs.tamu.edu/bnl/ is being used to explore the topology and geometry of mouse brain architecture at two levels: its gross anatomy and its microstructure. Aligned volume data set acquisition using this instrument is described. A 3D atlas of mouse brain partitions the gross anatomical structures of brain by a solid model. When registered with the microstructure data, the model serves to organize and index the microstructure data. Volume element partitioning of the mouse brain data can provide a common coordinate framework for visualization and morphological modeling of neurons and can serve as containers to grow synthetic neurons.
Real Income Stagnation of Countries 1960–2001

Abstract This paper examines the phenomenon of real-income stagnation (in which real-income growth is uninterruptedly negligible or negative for a sizable sequence of years). We analyse data for four decades from a large cross-section of countries. Real income stagnation is a conceptually distinct phenomenon from low average growth and other features of the growth sequence that have been previously considered. We find that real income stagnation has affected a significant number of countries (103 out of 168), and resulted in substantial income loss. Countries that suffered spells of real income stagnation were more likely to be poor, in Latin America or sub-Saharan Africa, conflict ridden and dependent on primary commodity exports. Stagnation is also very likely to persist over time. Countries that were afflicted with stagnation in the 1960s had a likelihood of 75 per cent of also being afflicted with stagnation in the 1990s.
Classical free-streamline flow over a polygonal obstacle

In classical Kirchhoff flow, an ideal incompressible fluid flows past an obstacle and around a motionless wake bounded by free streamlines. Since 1869 it has been known that in principle, the two-dimensional Kirchhoff flow over a polygonal obstacle can be determined by constructing a conformal map onto a polygon in the log-hodograph plane. In practice, however, this idea has rarely been put to use except for very simple obstacles, because the conformal mapping problem has been too difficult. This paper presents a practical method for computing flows over arbitrary polygonal obstacles to high accuracy in a few seconds of computer time. We achieve this high speed and flexibility by working with a modified Schwarz-Christoffel integral that maps onto the flow region directly rather than onto the log-hodograph polygon. This integral and its associated parameter problem are treated numerically by methods developed earlier by Trefethen for standard Schwarz-Christoffel maps.
Simultaneous Triggered Collapse of the Presolar Dense Cloud Core and Injection of Short-Lived Radioisotopes by a Supernova Shock Wave

Cosmochemical evidence for the existence of short-lived radioisotopes (SLRIs) such as26Al and60Fe at the time of the formation of primitive meteorites requires that these isotopes were synthesized in a massive star and then incorporated into chondrites within ~106 yr. A supernova shock wave has long been hypothesized to have transported the SLRIs to the presolar dense cloud core, triggered cloud collapse, and injected the isotopes. Previous numerical calculations have shown that this scenario is plausible when the shock wave and dense cloud core are assumed to be isothermal at ~10 K, but not when compressional heating to ~1000 K is assumed. We show here for the first time that when calculated with the FLASH2.5 adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) hydrodynamics code, a 20 km s−1 shock wave can indeed trigger the collapse of a 1 M☉ cloud while simultaneously injecting shock wave isotopes into the collapsing cloud, provided that cooling by molecular species such as H2O, CO2, and H2 is included. These calculations imply that the supernova trigger hypothesis is the most likely mechanism for delivering the SLRIs present during the formation of the solar system.
Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of a lithium manganese nitride, (Li, Mn)2N

Abstract The grayish–black ternary nitride LixMn2−xN (x≈0.67) was prepared from lithium nitride, manganese powder and nitrogen. The phase adopts an anti-Rutile structural arrangement with lithium and manganese atoms disordered on one site: Space group P42/mnm (No. 136), a=4.68578(9) A, c=2.97762(9) A, Z=2. The electrical resistivity of a sintered pellet (ρ≈8.5·10−3 Ω cm at 250 K) increases slowly as the temperature is decreased (to about 1·10−2 Ω cm at 4 K). Magnetic susceptibility and solid state 6Li-NMR measurements suggest localized magnetic moments on the manganese atoms and probably an antiferromagnetic ordering at about 115 K.
Late-onset steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: A variant of classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hormonal studies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping were performed in 5 males and 13 females who were demonstrated to have 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The enzymatic deficiency of steroidogenesis was detected by family studies of 10 females who presented with varying symptoms of androgen excess. The 10 index cases had normal genitalia at birth, but virilized to varying degrees postnatally. The additional 8 affected family members had not sought medical care, but some were found to have signs of virilization on physical exam- ination, while others were normal. Thus both late-onset (symp- tomatic) and cryptic (asymptomatic) 21-hydroxylase deficiency occurred in the same pedigree. The hormonal and genetic linkage studies indicate that the late-onset (symptomatic) form of 21- hydroxylase deficiency, like the cryptic (asymptomatic) and classical forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, is transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene which is linked to HLA-B. Further- more, the classical form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency associated with prenatal virilization is transmitted by an allelic variant for steroid 21-hydroxylase different from that of the nonclassical forms, late-onset (symptomatic) and cryptic (asymptomatic) 21- hydroxylase deficiency. Although these latter 2 disorders have different clinical manifestations, they demonstrate a similar de- gree of steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency that is less severe than that observed in classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The hor- monal and genetic linkage data indicate that cryptic (asympto- matic) and late-onset (symptomatic) 21-hydroxylase deficiency result from the same allelic variant at the steroid 21-hydroxylase locus. A glossary of terms is presented to describe the various allelic forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency with consistency. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 817, 1982)
Depolarized source for fiber-optic applications.

Two diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers are combined with their polarization vectors at 90° to each other to create a depolarized source suitable for propagation over long lengths of ordinary, low-birefringence single-mode fiber without a change in the polarization state. The source is demonstrated with an integrated-optical Mach–Zehnder interferometer and provides a constant −3-dB intensity input to the required linear input polarization state.
Fast texture synthesis on arbitrary meshes

While texture synthesis on surfaces has received much attention in computer graphics, the ideal solution that quickly produces high-quality textures with little user intervention has remained elusive. The algorithm presented in this paper brings us closer to that goal by generating high-quality textures on arbitrary meshes in a matter of seconds. It achieves that by separating texture preprocessing from texture synthesis and accelerating the candidate search process. The result of this is a mapping of every triangle in a mesh to the original texture sample with no need for additional texture memory. The whole process is fully automatic, yet still user controllable. It also places no special restrictions on the mesh or on the texture, and the original mesh is not modified in any way. A preprocessed texture sample can be used to synthesize a texture map on any number of meshes.
Two problems in the theory of fairness

Abstract An allocation is called fair if it is pareto efficient and no agent prefers the bundle of any other agent to his own. This paper briefly discusses the conceptual foundations of this definition and then considers two problems in the theory of fairness. The first involves clarifying the sense in which equal income competitive equilibria are ‘especially fair’, and the second involves a suggestion for using the fairness idea for ‘second best’ comparisons of arbitrary allocations.
Controlling Hematopoiesis Through Sumoylation-Dependent Regulation of a GATA Factor

GATA factors establish transcriptional networks that control fundamental developmental processes. Whereas the regulator of hematopoiesis GATA-1 is subject to multiple posttranslational modifications, how these modifications influence GATA-1 function at endogenous loci is unknown. We demonstrate that sumoylation of GATA-1 K137 promotes transcriptional activation only at target genes requiring the coregulator Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1). A mutation of GATA-1 V205G that disrupts FOG-1 binding and K137 mutations yielded similar phenotypes, although sumoylation was FOG-1 independent, and FOG-1 binding did not require sumoylation. Both mutations dysregulated GATA-1 chromatin occupancy at select sites, FOG-1-dependent gene expression, and were rescued by tethering SUMO-1. While FOG-1- and SUMO-1-dependent genes migrated away from the nuclear periphery upon erythroid maturation, FOG-1- and SUMO-1-independent genes persisted at the periphery. These results illustrate a mechanism that controls trans-acting factor function in a locus-specific manner, and differentially regulated members of the target gene ensemble reside in distinct subnuclear compartments.
Reach-avoid problems with time-varying dynamics, targets and constraints

We consider a reach-avoid differential game, in which one of the players aims to steer the system into a target set without violating a set of state constraints, while the other player tries to prevent the first from succeeding; the system dynamics, target set, and state constraints may all be time-varying. The analysis of this problem plays an important role in collision avoidance, motion planning and aircraft control, among other applications. Previous methods for computing the guaranteed winning initial conditions and strategies for each player have either required augmenting the state vector to include time, or have been limited to problems with either no state constraints or entirely static targets, constraints and dynamics. To incorporate time-varying dynamics, targets and constraints without the need for state augmentation, we propose a modified Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation in the form of a double-obstacle variational inequality, and prove that the zero sublevel set of its viscosity solution characterizes the capture basin for the target under the state constraints. Through this formulation, our method can compute the capture basin and winning strategies for time-varying games at virtually no additional computational cost relative to the time-invariant case. We provide an implementation of this method based on well-known numerical schemes and show its convergence through a simple example; we include a second example in which our method substantially outperforms the state augmentation approach.
Incorporating fairness in generalized games of matching pennies

We examine individual behavior in generalized games of matching pennies. We have three main findings. First, individuals cooperate in these games; that is, they systematically select strategies that lead both players to obtain higher expected payoffs than in a Nash equilibrium. Second, existing models that assume altruistic preferences do not explain the cooperative behavior in these games. Third, among the main models in the extant literature, the only one that predicts the observed behavior is the quantal response equilibrium.
Efficient Parallel Simulation of CO2 Geologic Sequestration in Saline Aquifers

An efficient parallel simulator for large-scale, long-termCO2 geologic sequestration in saline aquifers has been developed. Theparallel simulator is a three-dimensional, fully implicit model thatsolves large, sparse linear systems arising from discretization of thepartial differential equations for mass and energy balance in porous andfractured media. The simulator is based on the ECO2N module of the TOUGH2code and inherits all the process capabilities of the single-CPU TOUGH2code, including a comprehensive description of the thermodynamics andthermophysical properties of H2O-NaCl- CO2 mixtures, modeling singleand/or two-phase isothermal or non-isothermal flow processes, two-phasemixtures, fluid phases appearing or disappearing, as well as saltprecipitation or dissolution. The new parallel simulator uses MPI forparallel implementation, the METIS software package for simulation domainpartitioning, and the iterative parallel linear solver package Aztec forsolving linear equations by multiple processors. In addition, theparallel simulator has been implemented with an efficient communicationscheme. Test examples show that a linear or super-linear speedup can beobtained on Linux clusters as well as on supercomputers. Because of thesignificant improvement in both simulation time and memory requirement,the new simulator provides a powerful tool for tackling larger scale andmore complex problems than can be solved by single-CPU codes. Ahigh-resolution simulation example is presented that models buoyantconvection, induced by a small increase in brine density caused bydissolution of CO2.
Combined stochastic and transfer model for atmospheric radiation

A model for incident solar radiation is developed. The sky is treated as if it were composed of two semi-grey layers, an upper passively attenuating medium, and a lower participating isotropically scattering medium. The radiative transfer equation is solved for the lower medium using an exponential kernel approximation. This solution is combined with a gamma distribution for the creation of cloud particles to obtain a probability distribution for optical thickness. The combined solution is fitted and compared to generalised radiation curves.
Wind profilers for support of flight operations

La mesure du profil du vent dans la zone tropospherique et de la couche limite atmospherique se fait par sondage radar Doppler et concerne les operations de vol. Ces memes appareils de mesure permettent aussi d'effectuer des profils de temperature
AdS/CFT applications to relativistic heavy-ion collisions: a brief review

We review some of the recent progress in our understanding of the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions due to applications of AdS/CFT correspondence.
Quantum point contact in a compressible Quantum Hall liquid

Abstract We derive the Caldeira–Leggett-type action describing electron tunneling through a quantum point contact between two compressible Quantum Hall liquids for both diffusive and ballistic regimes of the bulk electron motion. Although the edges of the system can not be identified as a Luttinger liquid of any kind, the current–voltage characteristic demonstrates only small, yet systematic, deviations from a pure power-law I ∼ V 1/ ν .
Antilock brakes and risk of front and rear impact in two-vehicle crashes

While antilock brakes (ABS) have been convincingly demonstrated to enhance test track braking performance, their effect on crash risk in actual driving has been less clear. This research was conducted to seek clear associations between ABS and risk of involvement in one particular class of crashes, namely, two-vehicle crashes, particularly on wet roads. Police reported crashes in which a following vehicle strikes the rear of a lead vehicle are extracted from 1992 and 1993 calendar-year data for five states. The study uses seven General Motors passenger vehicles having ABS as standard equipment for 1992 models but not available for 1991. It is found that when driving on wet roads ABS reduces the risk of a vehicle crashing into a lead vehicle compared to its risk of being struck in the rear by (48 +/- 6)% (the error limits are one standard error). This large effect could arise from reduced risk of front impacts or increased risk of rear impacts. Using the assumption that side-impact crashes estimate exposure showed that, for wet roads, ABS reduces the risk of crashing into a lead vehicle by (32 +/- 8)%, but increases the risk of being struck in the rear by (30 +/- 14)%.
When should we treat galaxies as isolated

Traditionally, secular evolution is defined as evolution of systems where the internal growth of structure and instabilities dominates the growth via external drivers (e.g. accretion and mergers). Most study has focused on “isolated” galaxies, where seed asymmetries may represent realistic cosmological substructure, but su bsequent evolution ignores galaxy growth and interactions. Large-scale modes in the disk then grow on a timescale of order a disk rotation period (� 0: 1 1 Gyr). If, however, galaxies evolve cosmologically on a shorter timescale, then it may not be appropriate to consider them “isolated.” We outline simple scalings to ask whether, under realistic conditions, the timesc ale for secular evolution is shorter than the timescale for cosmological accretion and mergers. We show that this is the case in a relatively narrow, but important range of perturbation amp litudes corresponding to substructure or mode/bar fractional amplitudes � � 0: 01 0: 1, the range of most interest for observed strong bars and most pseudobulges. At smaller amplitudes � � 0: 1, systems are not isolated: typical disks will grow by accretion at a comparable level over even a single dynamical time. At larger amplitudes � � 0: 1, the evolution is no longer secular; the direct gravitatio nal evolution of the seed substructure swamps the internal disk res ponse. We derive criteria for when disks can be well-approximated as “isolated” as a function of mass, redshift, and disk stability. The relevant parameter space shrinks at higher mass, hi gher disk stability, and higher- z as accretion rates increase. The cosmological rate of galaxy e volution also defines a maximum bar/mode lifetime of practical interest, of � 0: 1t Hubble(z). Longer-lived modes will encounter cosmological effects and will de-couple from their drivers (if they are driven).
Total synthesis of the threo, trans, threo-mono-tetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenin longifolicin

Abstract An enantioselective synthesis of the C 35 threo , trans , threo -mono-tetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenin longifolicin through use of chiral long-chain α-and γ-OMOM allylic stannanes and ( E )-ethyl 3-formyl-2-propenoate as the starting materials is described. The synthesis is structurally definitive and potentially applicable to other members of this family of cytotoxic acetogenins.
The Largest Countable Inductive Set is a Mouse Set

Let KP' be the least ordinal s. such that L, (R) is admissible. Let A = {x C R I (3xa < r. R) such that x is ordinal definable in Lc, (R) }. It is well known that (assuming determinacy) A is the largest countable inductive set of reals. Let T be the theory: ZFC Replacement + "There exists co Woodin cardinals which are cofinal in the ordinals." T has consistency strength weaker than that of the theory ZFC + "There exists a) Woodin cardinals", but stronger than that of the theory ZFC + "There exists n Woodin Cardinals", for each n E co. Let 4 be the canonical, minimal inner model for the theory T. In this paper we show that A = R n A . Since AX is a iouse, we say that A is a mouse set. As an application, we use our characterization of A to give an inner-model-theoretic proof of a theorem of Martin which states that for all n, every Y; real is in A.
Inclination Effects and Beaming in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries

We investigate the dependence of observational properties of black hole X-ray binaries on the inclination angle i of their orbits. We find the following: (1) Transient black hole binaries show no trend in their quiescent X-ray luminosities as a function of i, suggesting that the radiation is not significantly beamed. This is consistent with emission from an accretion disk. If the X-rays are from a jet, then the Lorentz factor γ of the jet is 75°. This fact, plus the lack of eclipses among the 20 black hole binaries in our sample, strongly suggests at the 99.5% confidence level that systems with large inclination angles are hidden from view. The obscuration could be the result of disk flaring, as suggested by Milgrom for neutron star X-ray binaries. (4) Transient black hole binaries with i ~ 70°-75° have significantly more complex X-ray light curves than systems with i 65°. This may be the result of variable obscuration and/or variable height above the disk of the radiating gas.
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer and Bubble Dynamics Over Plain and Enhanced Microchannels

Pool boiling is of interest in high heat flux applications because of its potential for removing large amount of heat resulting from the latent heat of evaporation and little pressure drop penalty for circulating coolant through the system. However, the heat transfer performance of pool boiling systems is not adequate to match the cooling ability provided by enhanced microchannels operating under single-phase conditions. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pool boiling performance of structured surface features etched on a silicon chip. The performance is normalized with respect to a plain chip. This investigation also focuses on the bubble dynamics on plain and structured microchannel surfaces under various heat fluxes in an effort to understand the underlying heat transfer mechanism. It was determined that surface modifications to silicon chips can improve the heat transfer coefficient by a factor up to 3.4 times the performance of a plain chip. Surfaces with microchannels have shown to be efficient for boiling heat transfer by allowing liquid to flow through the open channels and wet the heat transfer surface while vapor is generated. This work is expected to lead to improved enhancement features for extending the pool boiling option to meet the high heat flux removal demands in electronic cooling applications.
Spectral theory and limit theorems for geometrically ergodic Markov processes

f ,w hereP is the transition kernel of the Markov chain and α ∈ C is a constant. The function ˇ f is an eigenfunction, with corresponding eigenvalue λ, for the kernel (e αF P) = e αF (x) P( x, dy). A “multiplicative” mean ergodic theorem. For all complex α in a neighborhood of the origin, the normalized mean of exp(αSt ) (and not the logarithm of the mean) converges to ˇ f exponentially fast, where ˇ f is a solution of the multiplicative Poisson equation. Edgeworth expansions. Rates are obtained for the convergence of the distribution function of the normalized partial sums St to the standard Gaussian distribution. The first term in this expansion is of order (1/ √ t) and it depends on the initial condition of the Markov chain through the solution � F of the associated Poisson equation (and not the solution ˇ f of the multiplicative Poisson equation). Large deviations. The partial sums are shown to satisfy a large deviations principle in a neighborhood of the mean. This result, proved under geometric ergodicity alone, cannot in general be extended to the whole real line. Exact large deviations asymptotics. Rates of convergence are obtained for the large deviations estimates above. The polynomial preexponent is of order (1/ √ t) and its coefficient depends on the initial condition of the Markov chain through the solution ˇ f of the multiplicative Poisson equation. Extensions of these results to continuous-time Markov processes are also given.
Special cohomology classes for modular Galois representations

Abstract Building on ideas of Vatsal [Uniform distribution of Heegner points, Invent. Math. 148(1) (2002) 1–46], Cornut [Mazur's conjecture on higher Heegner points, Invent. Math. 148(3) (2002) 495–523] proved a conjecture of Mazur asserting the generic nonvanishing of Heegner points on an elliptic curve E / Q as one ascends the anticyclotomic Z p -extension of a quadratic imaginary extension K / Q . In the present article, Cornut's result is extended by replacing the elliptic curve E with the Galois cohomology of Deligne's two-dimensional l -adic representation attached to a modular form of weight 2 k > 2 , and replacing the family of Heegner points with an analogous family of special cohomology classes.
Gas phase reactions of 1,1-dimethylsilabutadiene

Abstract Pyrolysis of 1,1-dimethyl-1-siletene at 363°C in a static reaction vessel produces three major products which are formal dimers of the starting material or the reactive isomer, the siladiene. Reactions with ethylene, propene, vinyltrimethylsilane and butadiene have been examined. Mechanisms leading to the Si2C10H20 products are discussed. The influence of temperature and concentration of coreactant on competing reaction pathways is interpreted.
A behavioral explanation for the negative asymmetric return–volatility relation

Abstract We examine the short-term dynamic relation between the S&P 500 (Nasdaq 100) index return and changes in implied volatility at both the daily and intraday level. Neither the leverage hypothesis nor the volatility feedback hypothesis adequately explains the results. Alternatively, we propose that the behavior of traders (from the representativeness, affect, and extrapolation bias concepts of behavioral finance) is consistent with our empirical results of a strong daily and intraday negative return–implied volatility relation. Moreover, both the presence and magnitude of the negative relation and the asymmetry between return and implied volatility are most closely associated with extreme changes in the index returns. We also show that the strength of the relation is consistent with the implied volatility skew.
A note on the deformed Virasoro algebra

Abstract A current of the deformed Virasoro algebra is identified with the Zamolodchikov-Faddeev operator for the basic scalar particle in the XYZ model.
The temporal development of collision cascades in the binary-collision approximation☆

Abstract A modified binary-collision approximation was used to study the temporal development of cascades in Cu and Au, initiated by primary atoms of kinetic energy
Gravitation as a supersymmetric gauge theory

Abstract We propose a gauge theory of gravitation. The gauge potential is a connection of the Super SL(2,C) group. A MacDowell–Mansouri type of action is proposed where the action is quadratic in the Super SL(2,C) curvature and depends purely on gauge connection. By breaking the symmetry of the Super SL(2,C) topological gauge theory to SL(2,C), a spinor metric is naturally defined. With an auxiliary anti-commuting spinor field, the theory is reduced to general relativity. The Hamiltonian variables are related to the ones given by Ashtekar. The auxiliary spinor field plays the role of Witten spinor in the positive energy proof for gravitation.
Syntheses and crystal structures of the quaternary uranium lanthanide oxyselenides UYb2O2Se3 and U2Ln2O4Se3 (Ln=Pr, Sm, Gd)

Single crystals of the new uranium lanthanide oxyselenide compounds UYb{sub 2}O{sub 2}Se{sub 3} and U{sub 2}Ln{sub 2}O{sub 4}Se{sub 3} (Ln=Pr, Sm, Gd) have been synthesized from an Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} flux. The structures have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. UYb{sub 2}O{sub 2}Se{sub 3} is isostructural to UYb{sub 2}O{sub 2}S{sub 3}. The structure comprises layers of edge-sharing YbSe{sub 6} octahedra and double layers of disordered (U/Ln)O{sub 4}Se{sub 4} square antiprisms. The U{sub 2}Ln{sub 2}O{sub 4}Se{sub 3} (Ln=Pr, Sm, Gd) compounds are isostructural to U{sub 2}Ln{sub 2}O{sub 4}S{sub 3} (Ln=La-Gd) whose structure had been deduced previously from X-ray powder diffraction data. In the structure a dodecahedron of four O atoms and four Se atoms surrounds a site primarily occupied by U and a distorted bicapped octahedron of five Se atoms and three O atoms surrounds a site primarily occupied by the lanthanide. These compounds represent the first examples of quaternary uranium oxyselenides. - Graphical abstract: The U{sub 2}Ln{sub 2}O{sub 4}Se{sub 3} (Ln=Pr, Sm, Gd) structure: primarily U sites are in black, primarily Ln sites are in blue, O red, Se orange. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Single crystals of the new compounds UYb{sub 2}O{sub 2}Se{sub 3} and U{sub 2}Ln{sub 2}O{sub 4}Se{sub 3} (Ln=Pr,more » Sm, Gd) have been synthesized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer These compounds represent the first examples of quaternary uranium oxyselenides. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer U is surrounded by a dodecahedron or square prism of four O atoms and four Se atoms« less
Tight contact structures with no symplectic fillings

We exhibit tight contact structures on 3-manifolds that do not admit any symplectic fillings.
Murray and the Omega Minus

The exciting findings and activities in particle physics in the 50's and 60's will be discussed from an experimentalist's viewpoint. Particular emphasis will be placed on the description of several crucial discoveries (including the omega minus) and on the remarkable insight, guidance, and major contributions of Murray Gell-Mann to the understanding of the symmetry of hadrons which led to the development of the standard model of the strong interactions.
Structured, Sparse Aggregation

This article introduces a method for aggregating many least-squares estimators so that the resulting estimate has two properties: sparsity and structure. That is, only a few candidate covariates are used in the resulting model, and the selected covariates follow some structure over the candidate covariates that is assumed to be known a priori. Although sparsity is well studied in many settings, including aggregation, structured sparse methods are still emerging. We demonstrate a general framework for structured sparse aggregation that allows for a wide variety of structures, including overlapping grouped structures and general structural penalties defined as set functions on the set of covariates. We show that such estimators satisfy structured sparse oracle inequalities—their finite sample risk adapts to the structured sparsity of the target. These inequalities reveal that under suitable settings, the structured sparse estimator performs at least as well as, and potentially much better than, a sparse agg...
Asymmetric information and economics

Abstract We present an expression of the economic concept of asymmetric information with which it is possible to derive the dynamical laws of an economy. To illustrate the utility of this approach we show how the assumption of optimal information flow leads to a general class of investment strategies including the well-known Q theory of Tobin. Novel consequences of this formalism include a natural definition of market efficiency and an uncertainty principle relating capital stock and investment flow.
Spillovers from health insurance to the US underground economy

Employing recent data on the prevalence of the underground economy across states in the United States, this article uniquely studies the nexus between health insurance coverage and the underground economy. We find a positive effect of health insurance coverage on the spread of the underground sector. Upon disaggregation, while private health coverage promotes the underground sector, government health insurance has the opposite effect.
Stereoselective Alkylation of α,β-Unsaturated Imines via C-H Bond Activation

The stereoselective alkylation of alpha,beta-unsaturated imines via C-H activation followed by imine hydrolysis produces tri- and tetrasubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, alpha,beta-unsaturated N-benzyl imines derived from methacrolein, crotonaldehyde, and tiglic aldehyde undergo directed C-H activation at the beta-position and react with terminal alkenes and alkynes to form the tri- and tetrasubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated imines with very high stereoselectivity. Hydrolysis to provide alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes can be performed under carefully controlled conditions that maintain the stereochemistry of the beta-alkylated imine products. Alternatively, for beta-alkylation products of the N-benzyl imine of methacrolein, hydrolysis can be performed under conditions that provide complete isomerization to the E isomer.
Attempted synthesis of Fjord-region containing polycyclic fluoranthenes reveals a steric-driven double Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement

Abstract A double Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement takes place commonly in the synthesis of sterically hindered polycyclic fluoranthenes via cyclodehydration reactions and the extent of intramolecular steric crowding within the initially formed tertiary cationic intermediate controls the equilibrium between the expected and the rearranged product.
Recent developments in representation in the science of design

Abstract A recent goal in computer-aided design is the representation of a design artifact in a form sufficient to support all analyses and to determine that the design is realizable. Some aspects of a theory of design representations are presented. The benefits of developing such a theory are discussed.
Critical care: why there is no global bioethics.

Purpose of review The possibility of content-full, universal, bioethical norms is assessed. The literature brings into question a global bioethics. A salient moral and bioethical pluralism undermines the plausibility of imposing of uniform bioethical norms on critical care. Addressing the tension between the aspiration to a global bioethics and the presence of moral pluralism is timely, given the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's development of universal, bioethical norms. The practice of critical care in the 21st century will be influenced by the tension between bioethical pluralism and counter-assertions on behalf of a global bioethics. Recent findings A growing literature reflects a bioethical pluralism with significant implications for critical care. Much of the literature supporting pluralism is rooted in a reaction in the Pacific Rim against North American and Western European moral and philosophical commitments. These voices of moral dissent join an already salient moral diversity in the West regarding issues ranging from abortion to end-of-life decision-making, physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia, as well as conflicting understandings of the bioethics of appropriate approaches to the allocation of scarce medical resources. This literature acknowledging bioethical diversity contrasts with announcements of universal bioethical norms. Summary Clinicians need to appreciate the sources of moral controversy that divide them from their patients and from their colleagues and to recognize that moral and economic differences may lead to different standards of care. Taking bioethical diversity seriously supports focusing on procedural moral approaches that allow peaceable collaboration in the face of substantive moral disagreement.
Case study: examining the contribution of historical sources of lead in urban soils in Portland, Maine, USA

While the presence of lead in urban soils from residential lead paint and leaded gasoline is well documented, the relative contribution of lead from area historical industrial activities is not. This study examined the connection between historical industrial sources of lead in Portland, Maine, USA from 1860 to 1970 to current, spatial distributions of soil lead. Collecting 1859 surface and 122 sub-surface soil samples in accordance with USEPA's Lead Safe Yard Protocols, lead concentrations varied from 9 mg/kg to >100,000 mg/kg with most of the samples greater than USEPA's critical value for lead (400 mg/kg). Using historical documents, probable sources of lead were mapped. In comparing two datasets, no clear relationship emerged. Findings were hampered by inability to sample under large areas of impervious surfaces and private properties. Because of lead's immobility in soil, one would expect decreasing concentration with depth, but lead concentrations varied with depth and location. The haphazard dumpin...
Nonbiological photochemical energy conversion—Can it compete?☆

Abstract Solar photochemical energy conversion has much in common with solar thermal energy conversion systems. As a result, it is not to be expected that photochemical systems will be much less expensive than solar thermal systems. Since direct fuel production is unique to the photochemical system, the most promising application areas are in those sectors such as transportation that have particular needs for fuels. The results of an analysis of a combined photovoltaic/thermal system applied to meeting a community energy demand is reported.
HYTRAN: a software system to aid the analog programmer

In recent years much attention has been given to combined analog/digital computation, dividing the problem on hand into an analog and a digital part and letting each task be performed most economically by the part of the system which suits it best. This philosophy not only applies to simultaneous analog and digital computation, but also to a sequential use of these two means of computation. One such application is the use of digital computers in the programming and checking of analog computers, a task ideally suited to a digital machine and especially practical in an hybrid installation where the digital computer is most readily available to the analog programmer. HYTRAN, a system of software programs has been developed to provide quick digital assistance in the programming of the analog part of the HYDAC 2400 hybrid computer system, even to the analog programmer unfamiliar with digital computers.
Behavioral economics and climate change policy

The policy recommendations of most economists are based on the rational actor model. The emphasis is on achieving efficient allocation by insuring that property rights are completely assigned and that market failures are corrected. This paper takes the position that so-called behavioral “anomalies” are central to human decision-making and, therefore, should be the starting point for effective economic policies. This contention is supported by game theory experiments involving humans and closely related primates. This research suggests that the standard economic approach to climate change policy, with its focus on narrowly rational, self-regarding responses to monetary incentives, is seriously flawed.
Obesity: Is it a mental disorder?

Objective: Using Wakefield's conceptualization of mental disorder as “harmful mental dysfunction” (Wakefield, Am Psychol, 47, 373–388, 1992), we examined the evidence for including obesity as a mental disorder in DSM-V. Method: We searched computer databases and examined reference lists from review articles published in the last 10 years to identify empirical papers relevant to the present review. Results: Obesity is a condition of heterogeneous etiology that is harmful for most individuals. However, there is scant evidence that obesity, in general, is caused by mental dysfunction. Although recent work examining the neurocircuitry of energy balance has suggested that mental dysfunction may be involved in the etiology of specific obesity phenotypes, findings are too preliminary to support classification of obesity as a mental disorder. Nevertheless, there is evidence that obesity is related to mental disorder and many of the medications used to treat psychiatric illness. Discussion: There is little evidence for including obesity as a mental disorder in DSM-V. However, results confirm the importance of monitoring adiposity routinely among patients with psychiatric illness. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association. (Int J Eat Disord 2009)
Some remarks on singular solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations. I

We study strong maximum principles for singular solutions of nonlinear elliptic and degenerate elliptic equations of second order. An application is given on symmetry of positive solutions in a punctured ball using the method of moving planes.
Thermohaline Circulation Stability: A Box Model Study. Part II: Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model

Abstract A thorough analysis of the stability of a coupled version of an interhemispheric three-box model of thermohaline circulation (THC) is presented. This study follows a similarly structured analysis of an uncoupled version of the same model presented in Part I of this paper. The model consists of a northern high-latitude box, a tropical box, and a southern high-latitude box, which can be thought of as corresponding to the northern, tropical, and southern Atlantic Ocean, respectively. This paper examines how the strength of THC changes when the system undergoes forcings representing global warming conditions. Since a coupled model is used, a direct representation of the radiative forcing is possible because the main atmospheric physical processes responsible for freshwater and heat fluxes are formulated separately. Each perturbation to the initial equilibrium is characterized by the total radiative forcing realized, by the rate of increase, and by the north–south asymmetry. Although only weakly asymm...
A national neuroimaging database: a call to action.

The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in 1989 to assess risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Participants aged 65 and older were recruited from random samples of Medicare eligibility
Web services are not distributed objects

Web services are frequently described as the latest incarnation of distributed object technology. This misconception, perpetuated by people from both industry and academia, seriously limits broader acceptance of the true Web services architecture. Although the architects of many distributed and Internet systems have been vocal about the differences between Web services and distributed objects, dispelling the myth that they are closely related appears difficult. Many believe that Web services is a distributed systems technology that relies on some form of distributed object technology. Unfortunately, this is not the only common misconception about Web services. We seek to clarify several widely held beliefs about the technology that are partially or completely wrong. Within the distributed technology world, it is probably more appropriate to associate Web services with messaging technologies because they share a common architectural view, although they address different application types. Web services technology will have a dramatic enabling effect on worldwide interoperable distributed computing once everyone recognizes that Web services are about interoperable document-centric computing, not distributed objects.
Unusual Effects in the Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations: Synthesis of Chiral Chromans

An examination of earlier reports of poor-to-modest results using Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations (AAA) to effect cyclization to form tetrasubstituted carbons reveals several novel factors that can influence this class of reactions. Thus, carboxylate has a major effect on such cyclizations wherein the ee increases from 14% ee favoring the S with no carboxylate to 84% ee favoring the R enantiomer in the presence of 1 equiv of carboxylate. Changing the double bond geometry from E to Z further increases the ee to 97%. Furthermore, the chiral catalyst that forms the R enantiomer with the E-alkene forms the S enantiomer with the Z alkene. In contrast to trisubstituted alkene substrates, disubstituted ones show a decrease in ee in going from the E to Z alkenes. The role of carboxylate appears to be a ligand to Pd during the catalytic cycle, a previously unsuspected phenomenon since such reactions are generally believed to involve π-allylpalladium cationic complexes. The dependence upon alkene geomet...
Probing ternary complex equilibria of crown ether ligands by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.

Ternary complex formation with solvent molecules and other adventitious ligands may compromise the performance of metal-ion-selective fluorescent probes. As Ca(II) can accommodate more than 6 donors in the first coordination sphere, commonly used crown ether ligands are prone to ternary complex formation with this cation. The steric strain imposed by auxiliary ligands, however, may result in an ensemble of rapidly equilibrating coordination species with varying degrees of interaction between the cation and the specific donor atoms mediating the fluorescence response, thus diminishing the change in fluorescence properties upon Ca(II) binding. To explore the influence of ligand architecture on these equilibria, we tethered two structurally distinct aza-15-crown-5 ligands to pyrazoline fluorophores as reporters. Due to ultrafast photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) quenching of the fluorophore by the ligand moiety, the fluorescence decay profile directly reflects the species composition in the ground state. ...
Lanthanum(III) Triflate-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation via Intramolecular Methylene Transfer

A new method for cyclopropanation involving intramolecular methylene transfer from an epoxide to an olefin has been developed. This La(OTf)3-catalyzed process proceeds with good efficiency and with high stereoselectivity. A range of examples illustrating substrate scope are given along with a mechanistic rationale. Also demonstrated is an asymmetric cyclopropane synthesis that combines enantioselective epoxidation with this methylene-transfer protocol.
A novel unmanned aircraft with solid-state control surfaces: Analysis and flight demonstration

This article presents a completely servo-less, piezoelectric controlled, wind tunnel and flight tested, remotely piloted aircraft that has been developed by the 2010 Virginia Tech Wing Morphing Des...
Historical perspective of the renin-angiotensin system

Researchers continue to be fascinated with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) more than 100 yr after its discovery because of its powerful role in controlling sodium balance, body fluid volumes, and arterial pressure. Development of drugs that block different components of this system has led to powerful treatments for hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and other diseases. Molecular approaches to studying this system offer new possibilities for better understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the RAS, and for developing new therapeutic paradigms. Our challenge in the future will be to effectively utilize the technological advances that are taking place in virtually all areas of science, including the RAS, and to translate them into a better understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of human diseases.
Oceanic methane biogeochemistry.

This review shows that thermodynamic and kinetic constraints largely prevent large-scale methanogenesis in the open ocean water column. One example of open-ocean methanogenesis involves anoxic digestive tracts and fecal pellet microenvironments; methane released during fecal pellet disaggregation results in the mixed-layer methane maximum. However, the bulk of the methane in the ocean is added by coastal runoff, seeps, hydrothermal vents, decomposing hydrates, and mud volcanoes. Since methane is present in the open ocean at nanomolar concentrations, and since the flux to the atmosphere is small, the ultimate fate of ocean methane additions must be oxidation within the ocean. As indicated in the Introduction and highlighted in Table 3, sources of methane to the ocean water column are poorly quantified. There are only a small number of direct water column methane oxidation rates, so sinks are also poorly quantified. We know that methane oxidation rates are sensitive to ambient methane concentrations, but we have no information on reaction kinetics and only one report of the effect of pressure on methane oxidation. Our perspective on methane sources and the extent of methane oxidation has been changed dramatically by new techniques involving gene probes, determination of isotopically depleted biomarkers, and recent 14C-CH4 measurements showing that methane geochemistry in anoxic basins is dominated by seeps providing fossil methane. The role of anaerobic oxidation of methane has changed from a controversial curiosity to a major sink in anoxic basins and sediments. © 2007 American Chemical Society.