cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future scaling of processor-memory interfaces

Continuous evolution in process technology brings energy-efficiency and reliability challenges, which are harder for memory system designs since chip multiprocessors demand high bandwidth and capacity, global wires improve slowly, and more cells are susceptible to hard and soft errors. Recently, there are proposals aiming at better main-memory energy efficiency by dividing a memory rank into subsets.We holistically assess the effectiveness of rank subsetting in the context of system-wide performance, energy-efficiency, and reliability perspectives. We identify the impact of rank subsetting on memory power and processor performance analytically, then verify the analyses by simulating a chipmultiprocessor system using multithreaded and consolidated workloads. We extend the design of Multicore DIMM, one proposal embodying rank subsetting, for high-reliability systems and show that compared with conventional chipkill approaches, it can lead to much higher system-level energy efficiency and performance at the cost of additional DRAM devices.
Subsurface defect detection in ceramic materials using optical gating techniques

Components made from advanced ceramics materials, because of their thermomechanical and chemical properties, have several advantages over traditional steel parts, making them well suited for use in severe operating environments. In particular, silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics, because of their stiffness and resistance to corrosion, are being considered for use in rolling contact elements such as bearings and contact races. In addition, when combined with rare-earth oxide sintering aids such as yttria (Y2O3), silicon nitride ceramics have high-temperature strength which makes them excellent candidates for components such as rotors and blades in advanced turbine engines.
The geometry on a step 3 Grushin model

In this article we study the geometry associated with the sub-elliptic operator 1 (X 2 +X 2 2), where X1 = @x and X2 = x 2 2 @y are vector flelds on R 2 . We show that any point can be connected with the origin by at least one geodesic and we provide an approximate formula for the number of the geodesics between the origin and the points situated outside of the y-axis. We show there are inflnitely many geodesics between the origin and the points on the y-axis.
Visualizing I/O predictability

We propose a novel method to study storage system predictability based on the visualization of file successor entropy, a form of conditional entropy drawn from a file access trace. First-order conditional entropy can be used as a measure of predictability It is superior to the more common measures such as independent likelihood of data access. For file access data, we developed a visualization tool that produces 3D graphical views of the variation in predictability of successive access events on a per-file basis. Our visualization tool provides interactive observation of the variations in predictability according to some arbitrary criterion, e.g. time of day, program identifier, user groups, or any other classification of files. Four entropy data sets were extracted from various file system traces. These four data sets are representative of the variability in file access patterns for different machine use: server personal workstation, large number of interactive users, and heavy write activity. Visualization results show that there is strong predictability among files and optimizations would be profitable.
Enhanced mixing of partial waves near threshold for heavy meson pairs and properties of Z b ( 10610 ) and Z b ( 10650 ) resonances

The mixing of $S\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}D$ partial waves for the heavy meson pairs in the decays $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[{B}^{*}\overline{B}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.]\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{*}{\overline{B}}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}$ is considered. It is argued that this mixing, enhanced by the heavy meson mass, is calculable as dominated by a rescattering through pion exchange if the production of the heavy mesons is dominated by $S$-wave ``molecular'' resonances ${Z}_{b}(10610)$ and ${Z}_{b}(10650)$. The effect of the mixing grows with the c.m. energy $E$ in each channel over the threshold, and may reach $10\textdiv{}20%$ in the rate at the upper end of applicability of the discussed approach, $E\ensuremath{\sim}15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. It is also argued that the mixing is likely to reach maximum at an energy approximately equal to the mass gap between the thresholds.
Correcting injunctive norm misperceptions motivates behavior change: a randomized controlled sun protection intervention.

Despite long-standing social psychological research supporting the influence of injunctive norms (i.e., what is commonly approved or disapproved) on behavior, support for this influence on health behaviors is limited. We examined the utility of correcting misperceptions of injunctive norms for improving sun protection and whether changes in attitudes mediated the injunctive norm-intention relationship.At baseline 263 community residing primarily White women, aged 37 to 77 years, reported their beliefs about sun protection and tanning and their perceptions of "typical women's" approval of sun protection versus tanning. Women underestimated approval of sun protection and overestimated approval of tanning. In a randomized trial, 189 of these women received either information about sun protection or information plus personalized normative feedback (PNF). PNF compared each woman's own perceptions of typical women's approval of tanning and sun protection with actual normative values, both measured at baseline. PNF communicated that most women approve of others who sun protect.PNF led to more positive sun protection injunctive norms, attitudes, and intentions at immediate posttest and more positive intentions and self-reported behavior at 4-week follow-up. Baseline discrepancy between a woman's beliefs and actual normative values related negatively to changes in sun protection in the control condition but positively in the PNF condition. As hypothesized, changes in attitudes partially mediated the influence of PNF on changes in intentions.The present research demonstrates the utility of correcting injunctive norm misperceptions for promoting healthy behaviors. That attitudes changed in response to PNF and mediated the norm-intention relationship suggests a method for influencing attitudes that may limit reactance.
Women in Carpentry Apprenticeship: A Case Study:

This paper examines barriers to women's participation in the construction trades using a case study of a carpentry apprenticeship program. It finds that women, though they continue to face obstacles to working in the trade, remain determined to participate. It also suggests that though external efforts to open the trade to women have met with resistance, attempts to upgrade apprenticeship training and attract qualified applicants may inadvertently help ease the way for women to enter the trade. The paper concludes with speculation about the value to the union of welcoming qualified and determined women apprentices.
On Highly Composite Numbers

for a certain c. In fact I shall prove that if n is highly composite, then the next highly composite number is less than n+n(log y&)-C ; and the result just stated follows immediately from this. At, present I cannot, decide whether the number of highly composite numbers not exceeding z is greater than (logx)” for every k. The principal tool in the proof will be Ingham’s improvement,$ on Hoheisel’s theorem. This asserts that if x is sufficiently large, then the number of primes in the int,erval (x, x+&) is asymptot.ic to cxg(logz)-1. First we state three lemmas, which will be proved at the end of the paper. They are contained subst’antially in the paper of Ramanujan, but we prove Ohem here for completeness. Let n = 22 3~ . . . p+ be a sufficiently large highly composite number. Plainly
Synthesis of N-Type Plasmonic Oxide Nanocrystals and the Optical and Electrical Characterization of their Transparent Conducting Films

We present a general synthesis for a family of n-type transparent conducting oxide nanocrystals through doping with aliovalent cations. These monodisperse nanocrystals exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances tunable in the mid- and near-infrared with increasing dopant concentration. We employ a battery of electrical measurements to demonstrate that the plasmonic resonance in isolated particles is consistent with the electronic properties of oxide nanocrystal thin films. Hall and Seebeck measurements show that the particles form degenerately doped n-type solids with free electron concentrations in the range of 1019 to 1021 cm–3. These heavily doped oxide nanocrystals are used as the building blocks of conductive, n-type thin films with high visible light transparency.
Aging enhances intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats.

Age is an important factor affecting oxidative stress and plasticity after brain injury. The present study investigated the effects of aging on brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Aging (18- month) and young (3-month) male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebral infusion of 100-µl autologous blood. Age-related changes in brain edema and neurological deficits were examined and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and heat shock protein 32 (HSP32) levels were determined by Western blotting. Perihematomal brain swelling was more severe in aged rats compared to young rats at three days after ICH (P < 0.05). The behavioral tests used were forelimb placing test and forelimb use asymmetry test. There were more severe neurological deficits and a slower recovery in aged rats compared to those in young rats after ICH (P < 0.05). In addition, perihematomal HSP27 and HSP32 protein levels were higher (p < 0.05) in aged rats. In conclusion, ICH causes more severe brain swelling and neurological deficits in aged rats. Clarification of the mechanisms of brain injury after ICH in the aging brain should help develop new therapeutic strategies for hemorrhagic brain injury.
Experimental Research Supporting the National Tire Modeling Program

This paper presents the status of a dual-prong research effort by NASA experimentalists in support of the National Tire Modeling Program. Specifically, the first experimental thrust deals with tire responses in the form of heat build-up in a rolling tire; force distribution in the contact region of a statically loaded tire; and static tire mechanical properties, such as spring rate and damping characteristics. In addition, testing techniques have been demonstrated, such as the use of close-range photogrammetry for measuring tire deflection and the use of individual cord-load transducers imbedded in a tire carcass for determining the distribution of applied loads throughout the tire structure. Material characterization of viscoelastic materials is the second experimental thrust. In this regard, factors affecting modulus measurements have been studied, and test techniques for determining reliable, quantitative material properties are under development.
Inhalation of Alcohol Vapor: Measurement and Implications.

Decades of alcohol research have established the health risks and pharmacodynamic profile of oral alcohol consumption. Despite isolated periods of public health concern, comparatively less research has evaluated exposure to alcohol vapor. Inhaled alcohol initially bypasses first-pass metabolism and rapidly reaches the arterial circulation and the brain, suggesting that this route of administration may be associated with pharmacological effects that increase the risk of addiction. However, detailed reviews assessing the possible effects of inhaled alcohol in humans are lacking. A comprehensive, systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed to examine manuscripts studying exposure to inhaled alcohol and measurement of biomarkers (biochemical or functional) associated with alcohol consumption in human participants. Twenty-one publications reported on alcohol inhalation. Fourteen studies examined inhalation of alcohol vapor associated with occupational exposure (e.g., hand sanitizer) in a variety of settings (e.g., naturalistic, laboratory). Six publications measured inhalation of alcohol in a controlled laboratory chamber, and 1 evaluated direct inhalation of an e-cigarette with ethanol-containing “e-liquid.” Some studies have reported that inhalation of alcohol vapor results in measurable biomarkers of acute alcohol exposure, most notably ethyl glucuronide. Despite the lack of significantly elevated blood alcohol concentrations, the behavioral consequences and subjective effects associated with repeated use of devices capable of delivering alcohol vapor are yet to be determined. No studies have focused on vulnerable populations, such as adolescents or individuals with alcohol use disorder, who may be most at risk of problems associated with alcohol inhalation.
Aggregation of Choquet integrals in GPR and EMI for handheld platform-based explosive hazard detection

Substantial interest resides in identifying sensors, algorithms and fusion theories to detect buried explosive hazards. This is a significant research effort because it impacts the safety and lives of civilians and soldiers alike. Herein, we explore the fusion of different algorithms within and across ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors on a U.S. Army NVESD furnished experimental handheld demonstrator (EHHD) platform. Fusion is not trivial as these sensors have different sampling rates, resolutions, they observe different spatial areas and they span different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Herein, we investigate and compare the use of different approaches for co-registration and decision-level fusion using the Choquet integral (ChI). With respect to the ChI, we explore the impact of using a "global" (single) aggregation strategy (operator) versus tailoring different ChIs to subsets of algorithms and sensors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results are shown for data from a U.S. Army test site containing multiple target and clutter types, burial depths and times of day.
Rethinking urbanism in the early Bronze Age of China: The role of craft specialists and community politics in the social construction of Yanshi Shangcheng

Abstract This paper challenges traditional models of Chinese urbanism which emphasize the role of elites in the urbanization process while deemphasizing the role of other social groups. Synthesizing data from recent excavation reports from the early Bronze Age site of Yanshi Shangcheng, and primary research on lifeways of potters, the contribution of craft specialists to urban development is evaluated for different phases of the city's evolution. Results indicate that artisans, residing in a distinct city district, were instrumental in transforming the city, both spatially and socially, during an expansion phase, reshaping the urban plan and transforming its demographics. Implications of the spatial segregation of craft specialists are explored, including the construction of artisan identity in local communities and status building in these communities through the practice of potent rituals. Findings imply a more complex political dynamic in the built urban environment than traditionally formulated for this period in northern China.
Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Control Response to Insecticide Coverage in South Central Iowa, 2004

Introduction We investigated the importance of insecticide coverage as it relates to tank mixes of insecticides with postemergent herbicides. Glyophosate is applied to reduce drift, with low pressure and large droplet size. We refer to this as a herbicide best practice (HBP), which is different from how insecticides should be applied for maximum aphid control. An insecticide best practice (IBP) would be an application with high pressure and small droplet size. We also compared insecticides of different classes alone and in combination. Pyrethroids have a longer residual activity, while organophosphates tend to kill more quickly. Combining these may improve efficacy.
Breast radiology malpractice suits: Characteristics of frequency and outcomes‐ national and statewide distinctions

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and outcomes of breast malpractice suits among all enrollees in One Call Medical Inc.'s panel of interpreting radiologists nationally and to evaluate state-by-state variations. The 8401 radiologists enrolled had 4764 suits, of which 826 were related to breast disease. In New York and New Jersey, the ratio of breast suits to One Call Radiologists was 0.28 and 0.27, twice as much as in any other state. Breast suits in radiology have a wide variation in frequency across the country with New York and New Jersey far exceeding all others in relative frequency and number of radiologists with multiple breast suits.
A New Species of Long-glanded Coralsnake of the Genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from Dinagat Island, with Notes on the Biogeography and Species Diversity of Philippine Calliophis and Hemibungarus

Abstract We describe a new species of coralsnake from northern Dinagat Island, southeastern Philippines. The discovery of this new species comes as a surprise because it is phenotypically distinct from all other Philippine coralsnakes and has a close phylogenetic affinity to the blue coralsnakes of the Sunda Shelf. The new species is distinguished from all Philippine and other Southeast Asian taxa by its large body size and ventral scale counts; its black head and neck; an alternating, broadly banded color pattern of black and off-white; and a bright orange tail. We use DNA sequence data to investigate the phylogenetic placement of the new species and that of several other populations of Philippine coralsnakes with respect to other Southeast Asian and Australasian elapids. Our results corroborate the uniqueness of the new species with respect to all other Philippine and Sundaic taxa, including the species most closely related to it: Calliophis bivirgatus, C. bilineatus, C. philippinus, and C. suluensis. W...
Advances in subjective well-being research

The empirical science of subjective well-being, popularly referred to as happiness or satisfaction, has grown enormously in the past decade. In this Review, we selectively highlight and summarize key researched areas that continue to develop. We describe the validity of measures and their potential biases, as well as the scientific methods used in this field. We describe some of the predictors of subjective well-being such as temperament, income and supportive social relationships. Higher subjective well-being has been associated with good health and longevity, better social relationships, work performance and creativity. At the community and societal levels, cultures differ not only in their levels of well-being but also to some extent in the types of subjective well-being they most value. Furthermore, there are both universal and unique predictors of subjective well-being in various societies. National accounts of subjective well-being to help inform policy decisions at the community and societal levels are now being considered and adopted. Finally we discuss the unknowns in the science and needed future research.
Florida’s Growth Management Experience: From Top-Down Direction to Laissez Faire Land Use

Land use and development pose fundamental long-term governance challenges for city regions across the world. This chapter traces the recent history of reforms in Florida’s growth management regime, advancing understanding of the containment tools employed by cities and the strategies that underlie these configurations. Utilizing surveys of local government planners from three time periods (2002, 2007, and 2015), the chapter examines land-use choices before and after the Great Recession and a state-level deregulatory reform of Florida’s once-heralded growth management system in 2011 to examine variation in land-use regulations at the local level. The patterns have implications for future research and practice and suggest that the durability of land-management tools intended to stave off development and preserve open space may need to be carefully examined apart from smart-growth approaches which assume development is inevitable.
Canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma tumor volume is dependent on imaging modality and measurement technique.

Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the canine urinary tract. The inconsistent appearance of transitional cell carcinoma in patients introduces error if applying mathematic models for extrapolating total tumor volume from linear measurements. Reliable techniques to assess tumor size are important for monitoring treatment response. A method comparison study was performed comparing four techniques for calculating tumor volume were compared: (1 and 2) contoured tracing of tumor margins using serial computed tomography (CT) images using pre-(1) and postintravenous (2) contrast medium studies, (3) longest three linear dimensions using CT, and (4) longest three linear dimensions on abdominal ultrasound. Volumes of the transitional cell carcinoma tumor calculated by CT tracing techniques were significantly smaller than volumes calculated with an ellipsoid mathematic model using the linear measurements (P < 0.01). Intravenous contrast medium did not significantly change the volumes calculated from tracing tumor margins on CT for observer B; however, volumes differed for observer A. The volumes extrapolated from linear measurements using CT and ultrasound did not differ significantly. The interobserver reliability was highest for the precontrast CT contoured technique and was lowest using the ultrasound linear technique. Tumor volumes differed significantly between techniques of contoured tracing of the tumor margins on serial CT images compared to calculation of tumor volume from linear dimensions. The calculated volume of a transitional cell carcinoma depends upon the technique used. Characterizing the response of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma tumor size to therapy differs based on the method and modality used.
Polycentric Business Governance and Climate Risk Mitigation

Governments and markets have thus far failed to adequately address the growing global threat to climate stability from human activity. Some businesses are emerging as active leaders in the mitigation of this threat, but they are hampered by incentives that work against their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper argues that businesses may best protect climate stability, a common-pool resource, when their collaboration is organized by a set of design principles that was developed for collective action to govern our commons. Allowing businesses to cooperate for the purpose of mitigating climate risks may not be anti-competitive, and may enhance long-term business performance. Additionally, collective climate action may create spillover effects that advance United Nations Sustainable Development Goals beyond those directly related to climate and environmental issues.
Silver in Wound Care—Friend or Foe?: A Comprehensive Review

The usefulness of silver for wound treatment has been known since 69 B.C.1 While silver metal (Ag) has no medicinal activity, silver ion (Ag+) has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and is cytotoxic to bacteria, viruses, yeast, and fungi.2 Ag+ binds to DNA, RNA, and various proteins, leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms,3 such as protein and nucleic acid denaturation, increased membrane permeability, and poisoning of the respiratory chain.4 For this reason, resistance against the silver ion has only rarely been reported.5–7 The past few decades have seen a renewed interest in silver as a topical antimicrobial agent. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a very widely used silver formulation, especially in burns. More recently, dressing with nanocrystalline silver has been developed. These novel dressings release silver ions into the wound in a sustained fashion. While the silver ion has great antimicrobial and bactericidal properties, it is also toxic to fibroblasts when present in high concentration.1,16,17 Injudicious use of silver-containing dressings can lead to impaired wound healing.45 It is imperative, therefore, that guidelines be developed on the proper use of silver-containing dressings. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the existing evidence on the use of silver in wound care. The questions that we sought to answer were: 1) What is the quality of the published studies on the use of silver in wound care? 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of various silver delivery systems? 3) What is the evidence for the use of silver-containing dressings in infected and heavily contaminated wounds? 4) What is the evidence for the use of silver-containing dressings in clean and clean-contaminated wounds? 5) What is the evidence for the use of silver-containing dressings in burns? 6) What is the evidence for the use of silver-containing dressings over closed surgical incisions? 7) What is the optimal strategy for the use of silver-containing dressings? 8) How does silver compare to alternative, lesser known agents? METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed using the following search parameters: silver AND (antimicrobial OR antibacterial) AND wound AND randomized; Silver AND epithelialization AND randomized; Silver AND negative pressure. The results were screened manually to exclude articles that were not relevant to our study (not about wound care), not in English, or which did not compare a silver-containing product to another product. We also excluded clinical studies with fewer than 20 patients. The articles were manually screened and duplicates were excluded. The remaining articles were analyzed in detail qualitatively, to extract answers to our study questions. The articles analyzed in this study are shown in Table ​Table11. Table 1. Summary of the Articles Included in This Study
Management Patterns in Pediatric Complicated Sinusitis.

ObjectivesSinusitis is a common pediatric illness that can be complicated by periorbital or intracranial extension. Patients can be managed with antimicrobials alone or in conjunction with surgical...
Maybe less is more: Considering capacity factor, saturation, variability, and filtering effects of wave energy devices

Abstract While a great deal of research has been performed to quantify and characterize the wave energy resource, there are still open questions about how a wave energy developer should use this wave resource information to design a wave energy converter device to suit a specific environment or, alternatively, to assess potential deployment locations. It is natural to focus first on the impressive magnitudes of power available from ocean waves, and to be drawn to locations where mean power levels are highest. However, a number of additional factors such as intermittency and capacity factor may be influential in determining economic viability of a wave energy converter, and should therefore be considered at the resource level, so that these factors can influence device design decisions. This study examines a set of wave resource metrics aimed towards this end of bettering accounting for variability in wave energy converter design. The results show distinct regional trends that may factor into project siting and wave energy converter design. Although a definitive solution for the optimal size of a wave energy converter is beyond the reaches of this study, the evidence presented does support the idea that smaller devices with lower power ratings may merit closer consideration.
What can a learning healthcare system teach us about improving outcomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes the learning healthcare system paradigm, recent examples, and future directions. Patients, clinicians, and health systems frequently encounter decisions between available treatments, technologies, and healthcare delivery methods with little or no evidence about the comparative effectiveness and safety of the available options. Learning healthcare systems endeavor to recognize such knowledge gaps, integrate comparative effectiveness research - including clinical trials - into clinical care to address the knowledge gaps, and seamlessly implement the results into practice to improve care and patient outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies comparing the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and treatments, using information technology to identify patients likely to experience an outcome or benefit from an intervention, and evaluating models of healthcare delivery have demonstrated how a learning healthcare system approach can reduce arbitrary variation in care, decrease cost, and improve patient outcomes. SUMMARY Learning healthcare systems have the potential to answer questions of importance to patients, clinicians, and health system leaders, improve efficiency of healthcare delivery, and improve patient outcomes. Achieving this goal will require realignment of the culture around clinical care, institutional and federal investment, expanded stakeholder engagement, tailored ethical and regulatory guidance, and methodologic advances in information technology and biostatistics.
Infrared spectroscopy of carbocations upon electron ionization of ethylene in helium nanodroplets.

The electron impact ionization of helium droplets doped with ethylene molecules and clusters yields diverse CXHY+ cations embedded in the droplets. The ionization primarily produces C2H2+, C2H3+, C2H4+, and CH2+, whereas larger carbocations are produced upon the reactions of the primary ions with ethylene molecules. The vibrational excitation of the cations leads to the release of bare cations and cations with a few helium atoms attached. The laser excitation spectra of the embedded cations show well resolved vibrational bands with a few wavenumber widths—an order of magnitude less than those previously obtained in solid matrices or molecular beams by tagging techniques. Comparison with the previous studies of free and tagged CH2+, CH3+, C2H2+, C2H3+, and C2H4+ cations shows that the helium matrix typically introduces a shift in the vibrational frequencies of less than about 20 cm−1, enabling direct comparisons with the results of quantum chemical calculations for structure determination. This work demonstrates a facile technique for the production and spectroscopic study of diverse carbocations, which act as important intermediates in gas and condensed phases.
An Outmoded Approach to Labour and Slavery

This is a book that deserves not to have been reprinted, at least not bearing the freight with which its overwrought introduction burdens it. Its author, Bernard Mandel, a working-class activist with a doctorate from Case Western Reserve University, was an estimable and admirable figure. His 1963 biography of Samuel Gompers remains the best account of the life and limitations of the American Federation of Labor’s most important leader, both because of its assiduous research and of its critique of Gompers’s racism. That volume remains out-of-print while this relatively slim and unedifying one has been reissued by perhaps the nation’s leading academic publisher of labour history. Regrettably the republication appears to be mounted and marketed as an antidote to the alleged excesses of “whiteness studies,” a role the book cannot successfully play. Mandel’s virtues make all of this especially lamentable. Apparently – the editor’s introduction cannot quite nail down his political affiliations – an independent leftist able to profit from associations with both the Communist Party and the Socialist Workers Party, Mandel’s most dramatic transformation occurred as a result of participation in the Black freedom and pan-African movements in Cleveland and then Kenya from the late 1950s through the 1970s. A school teacher and union activist, he helped organize Cleveland’s freedom schools in the 1960s and felt so transformed by his activism and changes in his personal life that he announced to the press in 1969 that he considered himself to be Black, figuring race sociologically and psychologically. He moved to Kenya five years later and became an important English-to-Swahili translareview essay / note critique
Haplotype Analysis Defines a Minimal Interval for the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) Gene

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited syndrome characterized by development of multiple endocrine tumors in affected individuals. The gene responsible for the disease has been mapped to chromosome 11q13 by linkage analysis, but the gene itself has not yet been identified. We allelotyped 33 affected individuals from an extensive MEN1 kindred using eight polymorphic markers located on chromosome 11q13, including two new markers ( D11S4907 and D11S4908 ) that we derived and mapped to the SEA-D11S913 region. Analysis of affected individuals revealed two separate recombination events, providing new centromeric and telomeric boundaries for the MEN1 gene. The present data indicate the MEN1 gene is located between markers D11S1883 and D11S4907 , an approximate 2 Mb region on chromsome 11q13.
A New Reaction Control Approach for Sounding Rockets

High performance reaction pointing control systems for sounding rockets, using proportional control of differential thrust and adaptive control of thrust magnitude
Drosophila, the savvy exterminator.

Recently flies have provided remarkable clues to the mechanisms of mammalian innate immunity, but can we unlock the greater potential of the powerful fly genetic model? Drosophila has evolved a simple but efficient immune system for combating a diverse array of microbial threats. A central mechanism of host defense in Drosophila is mediated by the Toll family of receptors that, upon activation, lead to induction of antimicrobial peptides and hence elimination of foreign invaders. The first clues were unveiled by Medzhitov and Janeway, who identified the mammalian homologs of Drosophila Toll, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and demonstrated their participation in innate immunity through induction of cytokines and up-regulation of molecules involved in antigen presentation1. We now know that not only is there conservation between fly Toll and human TLR structures, but that striking similarities also exist in downstream components of their respective signaling pathways2.
Techniques of Submillimeter Astronomy

This review discusses the relative merits of direct and heterodyne techniques for detection in the submillimeter band. A variety of astronomical observing conditions is examined, including those for mountain-top and space telescopes. The spectral resolution (Δν/ν) of the observation is shown to be an important factor in the decision between direct and heterodyne techniques and this is examined for resolutions ranging from 10−1 to 10−7, relevant respectively to measurements on continuum objects and quiescent interstellar clouds. The conclusions reached can be summarized by the approximate statement that direct detection is preferable for resolutions worse than 10−3. Heterodyne detection is preferable for all better resolutions, longward of a wavelength of about 100 μ m. The most effective detection element for heterodyne receivers in the submillimeter band is the superconducting tunnel junction (SIS). The physics of this device is described and reasons given for its suitability. Some recent innovations in terms of materials, microcircuits and radiation coupling schemes are presented.
Manufacturers forming successful complex business services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to isolate and characterize organizational factors that enable the formation of high‐performing business services in product manufacturing firms.Design/methodology/approach – This study employed a case research design. In total, 32 depth interviews were conducted with 11 different managers from a Global 100 information technology manufacturing firm. These managers were directly responsible for forming a highly successful business service. All interviews were tape‐recorded, transcribed, and the resulting 500 pages of interview data were open‐coded in QSR NUDIST. A case report was reviewed by study participants to enhance construct validity.Findings – The general conclusion is that forming high‐performing business services in product manufacturing firms stems largely from managers' ability to create internal alignment among several organizational factors that collectively “fit” conditions in the market.Research limitations/implications – This study does not provide th...
Bluetooth™ Wireless Technology

First page of article Keywords: bluetooth-wireless technology; wireless personal area networks
Professional Ministry Satisfaction in Evangelical Education Agencies

Many ministries within and outside the church fall under the heading of Christian Education. Little research has been conducted to measure the degree of satisfaction derived from Christian ministry...
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 has a limited role in cell cycle regulation of cyclin D1 levels.

Background The expression level of cyclin D1 plays a vital role in the control of proliferation. This protein is reported to be degraded following phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) on Thr-286. We recently showed that phosphorylation of Thr-286 is responsible for a decline in cyclin D1 levels during S phase, an event required for efficient DNA synthesis. These studies were undertaken to test the possibility that phosphorylation by GSK3 is responsible for the S phase specific decline in cyclin D1 levels, and that this event is regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway which controls GSK3.
The CU 2-D-MAX-DOAS instrument – Part 1: Retrieval of 3-D distributions of NO 2 and azimuth-dependent OVOC ratios

Abstract. We present an innovative instrument telescope and describe a retrieval method to probe three-dimensional (3-D) distributions of atmospheric trace gases that are relevant to air pollution and tropospheric chemistry. The University of Colorado (CU) two-dimensional (2-D) multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (CU 2-D-MAX-DOAS) instrument measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), oxygen dimer (O2–O2, or O4), and water vapor (H2O); nitrous acid (HONO), bromine monoxide (BrO), and iodine monoxide (IO) are among other gases that can in principle be measured. Information about aerosols is derived through coupling with a radiative transfer model (RTM). The 2-D telescope has three modes of operation: mode 1 measures solar scattered photons from any pair of elevation angle (−20°
Gang Leader for a Day: A Response to the Critics

This essay provides a response to Clampet-Lundquist, Charles, and Young's comments on my book Gang Leader for a Day:
Tgfbr2 regulates the maintenance of boundaries in the axial skeleton.

Previously, we showed that deletion of the TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) in Type II Collagen (Col2a) expressing cells results in defects in the development of the axial skeleton. Defects included a reduction in size and alterations in the shape of specific vertebral elements. Anterior lateral and dorsal elements of the vertebrae were missing or irregularly shaped. Vertebral bodies were only mildly affected, but the intervertebral disc (IVD) was reduced or missing. In this manuscript, we show that alterations in the initiation or proliferation of cartilage are not detected in the axial skeleton. However, the expression domain of Fibromodulin (Fmod), a marker of the IVD, was reduced and the area of the future IVD contained peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining cartilage. Next, we show that the expression domains of Pax1 and Pax9, which are preferentially expressed in the caudal sclerotome, are expanded over the entire rostral to caudal length of the sclerotome segment. Dorsal–ventral patterning was not affected in these mice as accessed by expression of Pax1, Pax9, and Msx1. Proliferation was modestly reduced in the loose cells of the sclerotome. The results suggest that signaling through Tgfbr2 regulates the maintenance of boundaries in the sclerotome and developing axial skeleton.
Serotonergic modulation of the acoustic startle response in rats during preweaning development.

Abstract The involvement of serotonin (5-HT) in modulating the acoustic startle response (ASR) is well established in adult rats, but 5-HT involvement during the preweaning period, when 5-HT neurons undergo extensive development, has not previously been described. Three 5-HT receptor subtypes are reported to modulate the ASR in adults rats: 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2 receptor agonists facilitate the ASR, whereas 5-HT 1B agonists decrease the response. In the present study, the effect of 5-HT agonists and generalized 5-HT depletion on the ASR were studied in preweanling animals, using independent groups of Long-Evans rats tested on postnatal day (PND) 13, 17 and 21.8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8OHDPAT, 62–1000 μg/kg), a 5-HT 1A receptors agonist, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine (MeODMT, 2–4 mg/kg), a nonselective 5-HT agonist, had no effect on PND 13 and then increased the ASR on PND 17 and 21. The 5-HT 2 receptor antagonists cyproheptadine (5 mg/kg) and ketanserin (5 mg/kg) blocked the effect of MeODMT at both ages, providing some evidence that MeODMT increased the ASR through 5-HT 2 receptors. 1-(m-Chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP, 1–5 mg/kg), a 5-HT 1B agonist, had no effect on ASR amplitude on PND 13 or 17 and then produced a dose-related decrease in the response on PND 21. Generalized depletion of 5-HT by 80–90% in whole-brain and spinal cord, using p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg 24 hr prior to testing), did not alter ASR amplitude at any age. These results support the development of 5-HT facilitation and inhibition of the ASR during the third postnatal week. 5-HT involvement in facilitating the ASR (5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2 ) developed earlier than inhibition (5-HT 1B ). The failure of PCPA to increase the ASR in preweanling rats tends to indicate that 5-HT tonic inhibition has not developed by PND 21. The results with PCPA are inconclusive, however, since there is some discrepancy regarding the effect of PCPA on the ASR in adult rats.
Chromium-Like Model for an Itinerant Antiferromagnet

A model of an itinerant-electron antiferromagnet, based on two paramagnetic energy bands, an intraatomic electron-electron interaction, and the Hartree-Fock approximation is constructed. The paramagnetic bands (a nearly free-electron band hybridized with a tight-binding band) determine the basic structure of the antiferromagnet. These bands possess the nesting property, which is important in maintaining the stable antiferromagnetic state in chromium and other metals. In this model, only the interaction between the tight-binding part of the electron wave functions is considered, and the strength of this interaction is the only variable parameter. The model exhibits generally good agreement with the experimental properties of chromium. Properties of the antiferromagnetic states for this model include: (a) an antiferromagnetic periodicity, which is incommensurable with the lattice and varies slightly with interaction strength; (b) antiferromagnetic energy gaps in the band structure and an altered Fermi surface which leads to significant changes in galvanomagnetic and electronic properties; (c) a first-order phase transition at the N\'eel temperature, characterized by a linear relationship between ${T}_{N}$ and the antiferromagnetic energy gap, and a quadratic relationship between ${T}_{N}$ and the heat of transformation; (d) temperature-dependent peaks in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant at energies near the antiferromagnetic gap energies.
Arsenate-Induced Neural Tube Defects Not Influenced by Constant Rate Administration of Folic Acid

ABSTRACT. Serious suggestions have been made that dietary supplementation with folic acid (FA) and perhaps other vitamins during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of neural tube defect (NTD) in human newborns. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate the effect of continuous infusion of FA on the incidence of NTDs induced by arsenate. This teratogen induces NTDs in up to 90% of golden hamster fetuses when administered acutely during critical stages of embryogenesis. FA was administered by subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps beginning on the 6th day of gestation, 48 h before an acutely administered dose of sodium arsenate. The protective effect of FA was examined at three teratogenic dose levels of arsenate: optimal, with 90% NTDs, intermediate, with 38% NTDs, and low, with 20% NTDs. Fetuses were recovered at day 13 of gestation and examined for NTDs and other malformations. Maternal red cell folate levels were determined on day 8, 48 h after implantation of the pumps. The results show that the maternal red blood cell level of FA can be significantly increased within 48 h by chronic infusion to levels which are almost two times (550 ng/ml) control levels. There was no significant protection against arsenate-induced NTDs following FA supplementation at any of three levels of this teratogen.
Electroanatomy of the lateral wall of the cochlea.

Metabolically, the most active membrane in the stria vascularis is the marginal cell membrane adjacent to the intermediate cells. It is probably at this site that K+ ions are actively transported in and Cl− ions are actively transported out by the Na+⇄K+, K+⇄H+, and Cl− ion pumps. Support for this hypothesis was derived from the work of other authors, from our own earlier results and the ex-perimental results presented in this paper. Our experiments indicate that the marginal cells of the stria vascularis facing the endolymphatic space have a positive intracellular potential similar to the potential of the scala media. Therefore, the major portion of the active ion transport takes place on the intermediate cell side of the marginal cells. The pumping mechanisms, localized in this membrane, are responsible for the generation of the positive endocochlear potential (EP).
Increased cellular free cholesterol in macrophage-specific Abca1 knock-out mice enhances pro-inflammatory response of macrophages

Macrophage-specific Abca1 knock-out (Abca1–M/–M) mice were generated to determine the role of macrophage ABCA1 expression in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and the innate immune response of macrophages. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in chow-fed Abca1–M/–M and wild-type (WT) mice were indistinguishable. Compared with WT macrophages, Abca1–M/–M macrophages had a >95% reduction in ABCA1 protein, failed to efflux lipid to apoA-I, and had a significant increase in free cholesterol (FC) and membrane lipid rafts without induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Abca1–M/–M macrophages exhibited enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which could be diminished by silencing MyD88 or by chemical inhibition of NF-κB or MAPK. In vivo LPS injection also resulted in a higher pro-inflammatory response in Abca1–M/–M mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, cholesterol depletion of macrophages with methyl-β-cyclodextrin normalized FC content between the two genotypes and their response to LPS; cholesterol repletion of macrophages resulted in increased cellular FC accumulation and enhanced cellular response to LPS. Our results suggest that macrophage ABCA1 expression may protect against atherosclerosis by facilitating the net removal of excess lipid from macrophages and dampening pro-inflammatory MyD88-dependent signaling pathways by reduction of cell membrane FC and lipid raft content.