cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal ecology and physiology of an elongate and semi-fossorial arthropod, the bark centipede.

Organismal performance is strongly linked to temperature because of the fundamental thermal dependence of chemical reaction rates. However, the relationship between the environment and body temperature can be altered by morphology and ecology. In particular, body size and body shape can impact thermal inertia, as high surface area to volume ratios will possess low thermal mass. Habitat type can also influence thermal physiology by altering the opportunity for thermoregulation. We studied the thermal ecology and physiology of an elongate invertebrate, the bark centipede (Scolopocryptops sexspinosus). We characterized field body temperature and environmental temperature distributions, measured thermal tolerance limits, and constructed thermal performance curves for a population in southern Georgia. We found evidence that bark centipedes behaviorally thermoregulate, despite living in sheltered microhabitats, and that performance was maintained over a broad range of temperatures (over 20 °C). However, both the thermal optimum for performance and upper thermal tolerance were much higher than mean body temperature in the field. Together, these results suggest that centipedes can thermoregulate and maintain performance over a broad range of temperatures but are sensitive to extreme temperatures. More broadly, our results suggest that wide performance breadth could be an adaptation to thermal heterogeneity in space and time for a species with low thermal inertia.
Child behaviors as a moderator: examining the relationship between foster parent supports, satisfaction, and intent to continue fostering

Foster parents need access to supports and resources in order to be satisfied with their caregiving role and continue providing foster care services. However, they often experience multiple demands in their role as a substitute caregiver that could lead to stress. Child behaviors especially may be a significant factor when considering sources of strain and may be a potential risk factor for negative outcomes such as dissatisfaction or the decision to discontinue providing foster care. The purpose of this study was to examine whether child disruptive behaviors moderated or influenced the nature or strength of the relationship between foster parent supports and satisfaction as a caregiver as well as intent to continue fostering. The sample consisted of 155 licensed foster caregivers from across the United States. Child behaviors served as a significant moderator between some types of supports and satisfaction. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Creating language spaces with bilingual youth to expand conversations about students’ communities and civic experiences

This qualitative study investigated the ways in which one secondary social studies teacher engaged bilingual youth through translanguaging and citizenship education. We employed a translanguaging f...
Altered cerebellar-cortical resting-state functional connectivity in cannabis users:

Background:Cannabis use has been associated with abnormalities in cerebellar mediated motor and non-motor (i.e. cognition and personality) phenomena. Since the cerebellum is a region with high cann...
A tailored telehealth group tobacco cessation treatment program for people with HIV: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Smoking-related illnesses are the leading cause of death among people with HIV (PWH). Yet, there are few effective evidence-based interventions that help PWH quit smoking. The group-based program Positively Smoke Free is a biobehavioral cessation intervention for PWH with a growing evidence base. This study builds on prior work of Positively Smoke Free and addresses numerous weaknesses of prior trials for this population. We describe the Positively Quit Trial, a randomized controlled trial comparing a videoconferencing delivered Positively Smoke Free intervention to an attention-matched condition, assessing cessation over a 1-year period. Methods This attention-matched, randomized (1:1) controlled trial compares Positively Smoke Free Video-Groups to an updated version of Healthy Relationship Video-Groups. Participants are PWH, aged 18 years and older, who smoke at least one cigarette per day. All are offered nicotine replacement therapy patches and given brief advice to quit. Participants are enrolled in 12 group sessions focusing on either smoking cessation for PWH or broader topics regarding living healthy with HIV; in both conditions, Social Cognitive Theory is the guiding theoretical framework. Participants complete assessments at baseline, days 42, 90, 180, and 360; self-reported abstinence is verified with a video-observed cheek swab sent to a lab and tested for cotinine. Primary outcomes Biochemically confirmed 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at day 360 is the primary outcome. Cost per quit, sustained abstinence at various timepoints, and biochemical confirmed abstinence at three and six months are secondary outcomes. Effects of smoking cessation on CD4 and virologic suppression are also explored.
On the generation of entropy noise in a shock containing nozzle of high-performance aircraft at afterburner

Abstract High performance aircraft operate at high jet temperature and velocity. Measured noise data indicate that at afterburner condition their noise contain components not found in high temperature supersonic laboratory model jets. The combustion process inside an afterburner is highly unsteady and incomplete. Residual combustion takes place in the jet plume. This suggests that the flow from the afterburner into the jet nozzle would contain significant amount of hot and cold temperature blobs, generally referred to as entropy waves. It is known that when entropy waves move through a non-uniform mean flow, indirect combustion noise (also called entropy noise) would be generated. Military styled nozzles have a rather abrupt area change at and near the throat. This induces the formation of internal shocks inside the nozzle. This paper investigates the generation of entropy noise when strong entropy blobs or waves are convected through the internal shocks. It is found that the result of entropy blobs-shock interaction could lead to the radiation of intense entropy noise out of the nozzle exit into the jet plume as fast waves with a speed equal to sound speed plus jet flow speed. These fast waves create highly supersonic flow disturbances in the jet flow leading to strong Mach wave radiation. It is proposed that this Mach wave radiation is the source of a new noise component observed in the spectra of the F-22A aircraft. Detailed analysis of the F-22A noise data provides support for the proposal.
Traditional Anthropometrics versus Computerized Photograph Manipulation in Rhinoplasty Planning

Rhinoplasty planning requires meticulous forethought and is a source of challenge to surgeons. Traditional anthropometric analyses aim to use measurements and ideal ratios to determine the appropriate changes in nasal measurements such as length and tip projection. More recently, computerized photograph manipulation has been adopted as a means to demonstrate to patients the planned changes in a rhinoplasty and improve communication and patient confidence. It remains undetermined if the changes recommended using traditional anthropometric rhinoplasty planning are similar to those done by an experienced rhinoplasty surgeon manipulating preoperative photographs to an aesthetic ideal. Preoperative photographs obtained for clinical use were analyzed from 97 consecutive patients seen in clinic for rhinoplasty or septorhinoplasty by the senior author (R.H.G.). Facial and nasal anthropometric measurements were performed on the preoperative photographs. The analysis prescribed by Byrd and Hobar was used to then calculate their prescribed “ideal” nasal anthropometrics. Separately, these patients had their preoperative photographs manipulated using computer manipulation software by the senior author, with an eye toward creating an aesthetically pleasing nose. Nasal anthropometrics were measured from the manipulated photographs. The changes prescribed in traditional anthropometrics were compared to those obtained from computer manipulation using univariate analyses. The mean patient age was 35.4 years, and the population was 68% female. Average nasal proportions from the computer manipulation were a nasal length 76.1% of the midfacial height, tip projection of 57.7% of nasal length, and radix projection of 24.3% of nasal length. Computerized manipulation minimally changed nasal length relative to Byrd’s analysis which decreased nasal length on average (100.3% of the original nasal length versus 88.2%, p<0.01). It prescribed a greater decrease in tip projection than Byrd’s analysis (97.7% of original projection versus 99.9% of original projection, p=0.05). Computer manipulation also prescribed a lesser increase in radix projection than Byrd’s analysis (100.5% of original radix projection versus 109.3% of original radix projection, p<0.01). Byrd’s analysis remains an excellent tool for guiding the changes in nasal dimensions in rhinoplasty. However, computerized manipulation may help patients and surgeons communicate a common goal. Their desired nasal dimensions may differ from those traditionally prescribed. Specifically, some patients may seek lesser decreases in nasal length or lesser increases in radix projection than Byrd’s analysis prescribes. Further research in this topic is warranted, and ultimately the surgeon’s judgment and patient goals should drive surgical planning. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors - www.springer.com/00266 .
Inter and intra-limb coordination variability during walking in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is difficult to characterize from a gait biomechanics perspective, possibly due to increased inter and intra-individual variability. Previous research illustrates increased gait variability in young children with autism, but assessments in older adolescents or at varying speeds are unavailable. The purpose of this study was to determine if adolescents with autism demonstrate increased intra-limb and inter-limb coordination variability during walking compared to age, sex, and body mass index matched controls. Methods Seventeen adolescents with autism (age 13–18 years) and seventeen matched controls performed walking at two matched speeds: self-selected of adolescents with autism and at 1.3 m/s. Modified vector coding was used to determine the patterns of movement for foot-shank, left/right thigh, and contralateral thigh-arm coupling. Coordination variability, a measure of cycle-to-cycle variability, was determined across the full stride. Mixed-model analyses of variance were used to determine if group by speed interactions and/or main effects existed for coordination variability. Findings A significant interaction existed for foot-shank variability (p = 0.039). Adolescents with autism had greater variability at self-selected speeds (p = 0.018), but not at 1.3 m/s (p = 0.593) compared to controls. Thigh-thigh coordination was greater for adolescents with ASD compared to controls at both speeds (p = 0.021). Variability was decreased at 1.3 m/s for both foot-shank (p = 0.016) and thigh-thigh (p = 0.021) coupling. Interpretation This study illustrates that adolescents with autism perform walking with increased coordination variability at both proximal and distal segments. Thus, it is likely intra-individual variability drives the disparity of movement patterns in this population.
Cross Cultural Caregiver Perceptions of Challenging Behaviors and Responses

The ways caregivers perceive and respond to challenging behavior (CB) could depend, in part, on their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Yet, limited research is available on the definitions, perceptions, and response strategies of CB across cultural groups, particularly among caregivers of young children with disabilities. In this exploratory multimethod study, data were collected from four diverse caregiver groups (i.e., Black, Korean American, Mexican American, and White) with young children with disabilities to understand (a) what behaviors they considered challenging and (b) how they responded to those behaviors. Data revealed similarities and differences in the types of behaviors reported and indicated caregivers rely on preplanned consequence strategies and unplanned responses.
Identifying sources of D-serine in Caenorhabditis elegans and their impact on behavior

Free D-serine (D-Ser) is a potent co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in glutamate neurotransmission and regulates NMDAR functions in the nervous system. Serine racemases convert L-serine to D-Ser and are believed to be the major source of D-Ser in animals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a knockout of the serine racemase serr-1 results in behavioral changes, but the level of D-Ser is unaffected. By growing C. elegans on peptone-free nematode growth medium (PF-NGM), we delineated the sources of D-Ser, both exogenous from peptone in culturing media and endogenous from the serine racemase serr-1, and a potential serine/aspartate racemase candidate, Y51H7C.9, identified by sequence similarity network analysis. We also discovered a new serine dehydratase (aka serine ammonia-lyase), K01C8.1, in C. elegans. We identified the serr-1 knockout and PF-NGM culturing conditions as two independent factors that impact C. elegans locomotion behavior after off-food, both short-term and long-term, and no interactions were found between the two factors.
Evaluating the Stability of RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiles and Drug-Induced Immune-Related Expression Changes in Whole Blood

Methods were developed to evaluate the stability of rat whole blood expression obtained from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and assess changes in whole blood transcriptome profiles in experiments replicated over time. Expression was measured in globin-depleted RNA extracted from the whole blood of Sprague-Dawley rats, given either saline (control) or neurotoxic doses of amphetamine (AMPH). The experiment was repeated four times (paired control and AMPH groups) over a 2-year span. The transcriptome of the control and AMPH-treated groups was evaluated on: 1) transcript levels for ribosomal protein subunits; 2) relative expression of immune-related genes; 3) stability of the control transcriptome over 2 years; and 4) stability of the effects of AMPH on immune-related genes over 2 years. All, except one, of the 70 genes that encode the 80s ribosome had levels that ranked in the top 5% of all mean expression levels. Deviations in sequencing performance led to significant changes in the ribosomal transcripts. The overall expression profile of immune-related genes and genes specific to monocytes, T-cells or B-cells were well represented and consistent within treatment groups. There were no differences between the levels of ribosomal transcripts in time-matched control and AMPH groups but significant differences in the expression of immune-related genes between control and AMPH groups. AMPH significantly increased expression of some genes related to monocytes but down-regulated those specific to T-cells. These changes were partially due to changes in the two types of leukocytes present in blood, which indicate an activation of the innate immune system by AMPH. Thus, the stability of RNA-seq whole blood transcriptome can be verified by assessing ribosomal protein subunits and immune-related gene expression. Such stability enables the pooling of samples from replicate experiments to carry out differential expression analysis with acceptable power.
Northeast Research Farm Summary

Includes Farm and Weather Summary, Research Farm Projects, Acknowledgements and Experiments in Previous Annual Reports
Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome

Columbarium tombs are among the most recognizable forms of Roman architecture and also among the most enigmatic. The subterranean collective burial chambers have repeatedly sparked the imagination of modern commentators, but their origins and function remain obscure. Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome situates columbaria within the development of Roman funerary architecture and the historical context of the early Imperial period. Contrary to earlier scholarship that often interprets columbaria primarily as economic burial solutions, Dorian Borbonus shows that they defined a community of people who were buried and commemorated collectively. Many of the tomb occupants were slaves and freed slaves, for whom collective burial was one strategy of community building that counterbalanced their exclusion in Roman society. Columbarium tombs were thus sites of social interaction that provided their occupants with a group identity that, this book shows, was especially relevant during the social and cultural transformation of the Augustan era.
The implications of genomics on the nursing care of adults with neuropsychiatric conditions.

Purpose: Neuropsychiatric disorders contribute substantially to disease burden and quality of life across the lifespan and the globe. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the science regarding genomic contributions to selected common neuropsychiatric conditions and to examine the consequent immediate and future implications for nursing practice and research. Organizing Construct: Our work is guided by an ecological model that recognizes that common diseases are complex or multifactorial, meaning that multiple genomic and environmental factors contribute to their etiology. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted to determine the state of the science in relationship to the genomic contributions to selected neuropsychiatric disorders. Findings: Neuropsychiatric conditions are genomically heterogeneous, both within a single disorder and across groups of disorders. While recent genomic research yields clinically validated and useful information for a small subset of persons (e.g., predictive genetic testing for Huntington disease and early-onset Alzheimer disease), broad clinical application of genetic information is not yet available. In addition, the implications of genomics for the development and targeting of nonpharmacologic treatment strategies is largely unexplored. Conclusions: Further research is needed to expand knowledge beyond genomic risk for the presence of disease to knowledge about the genomic risk for symptoms, symptom burden, and tailored symptom management interventions. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge about the genomic influences on neuropsychiatric conditions suggests important implications for practicing nurses in the identification of persons at risk, provision of follow-up support, and in the administration of medications.
Regulation of basal level expression of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Mutations in prfB, encoding release factor 2 (UGA- and UAA-specific), increase transcription termination at the trp operon attenuator in Escherichia coli strains grown in the presence of tryptophan. The prfB mutations have no effect on basal level expression in strains in which the natural trp leader peptide stop codon UGA was replaced by either UAG or UAA. The effect of introducing prfB mutations into mutant strains containing altered trp leader regions that influence basal level transcription readthrough was also determined. Our findings support a model for basal level control of trp operon expression in which ribosome release from the leader peptide stop codon, formation of alternative transcript secondary structures, and the position of the transcribing RNA polymerase regulate expression.
Adopting the EEOC Deterrence Approach to the Adverse Employment Action Prong in a Prima Facie Case for Title VII Retaliation

s Section 704(a) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees who oppose what they consider to be workplace discrimination from subsequent employer retaliation. The retaliation provision, however, does not delineate the types of discriminatory acts that an employer is prohibited from taking. Thus, the federal circuit courts of appeals are divided on what types of acts rise to the level of adverse action such that an employee plaintiff may establish a prima facie case of retaliation. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that the purpose of the retaliation provision is to maintain unfettered access to Title VII's remedial mechanisms. This Note argues that the most appropriate way to do this is to ensure that all retaliatory acts that would likely deter an employee from filing a discrimination charge or otherwise opposing discriminatory activity should be prohibited.
Secretion of K and Cl across colonic epithelium: cellular localization using electron microprobe analysis

Electron microprobe analysis of quick-frozen distal colonic epithelium from guinea pig was used to locate the cells responding to secretory stimuli. Concentrations of Na, K, and Cl were similar for cells of surface and crypt in the unstimulated state, 8, 149, and 46 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively. Stimulation of either K and Cl secretion with prostaglandin E2 or K secretion alone with epinephrine increased Na to approximately 12 mmol/kg wet weight in crypt cells but not in surface cells or cells in the crypt neck. This result supports the location of ion secretory cells in the lower two-thirds of the crypt. In the vacuoles of crypt columnar cells, stimulation of KCl secretion decreased K, S, Mg, and Ca and increased Na and Cl, indicative of the concomitant release of vacuole contents. Mucin granules in crypt goblet cells contained more S and Mg than granules in surface goblet cells. These findings support the concept of differentiation in ion and macromolecular secretory function along the axis from crypt to surface epithelium.
The “Spectral” Decomposition for One-Dimensional Maps

We construct the “spectral” decomposition of the sets \(\overline {Per\,f}\), ω(f) = ∪ω(x) and Ω(f) for a continuous map f: [0,1] → [0,1]. Several corollaries are obtained; the main ones describe the generic properties of f-invariant measures, the structure of the set Ω(f)\\(\overline {Per\,f}\) and the generic limit behavior of an orbit for maps without wandering intervals. The “spectral” decomposition for piecewise-monotone maps is deduced from the Decomposition Theorem. Finally we explain how to extend the results of the present paper for a continuous map of a one-dimensional branched manifold into itself.
Effects of Three-Dimensional Heliospheric Structures on Cosmic-Ray Modulation

The theory of cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere contains four distinct physical processes — diffusion, convection, adiabatic cooling, and drifts. The last of these has only recently been evaluated. Extrapolation of present understanding of the regions near the heliospheric equator to high heliographic latitudes leads to the conclusion that particle drift in the large-scale magnetic field plays an important role in cosmic-ray modulation. The large-scale, three-dimensional structure of the interplanetary magnetic field is therefore very important in understanding cosmic rays. Several key observed modulation effects are summarized, each of which is a natural consequence of drift, but which requires special assumptions if drift plays no role. It is concluded that particle drifts play an important and possibly dominant role in transport in the heliosphere.
Who Rules Home Care? The Impact of Privatization on Profitability, Cost, and Quality

This article explores the literature, including two recent studies, on whether home health agency (HHA) ownership type plays a significant role in agency quality, cost, and profitability. The liter...
The Image Processing Handbook, Fourth Edition

Whether obtained by microscopes, space probes, or the human eye, the same basic tools can be applied to acquire, process, and analyze the data contained in images. Ideal for self study, The Image Processing Handbook, Sixth Edition, first published in 1992, raises the bar once again as the gold-standard reference on this subject. Using extensive new illustrations and diagrams, it offers a logically organized exploration of the important relationship between two-dimensional images and the three-dimensional structures they reveal. Provides Hundreds of Visual Examples in FULL COLOR! The author focuses on helping readers visualize and compare processing and measurement operations and how they are typically combined in fields ranging from microscopy and astronomy to real-world scientific, industrial, and forensic applications. Presenting methods in the order in which they would be applied in a typical workflowfrom acquisition to interpretationthis book compares a wide range of algorithms used to: Improve the appearance, printing, and transmission of an image Prepare images for measurement of the features and structures they reveal Isolate objects and structures, and measure their size, shape, color, and position Correct defects and deal with limitations in images Enhance visual content and interpretation of details This handbook avoids dense mathematics, instead using new practical examples that better convey essential principles of image processing. This approach is more useful to develop readers grasp of how and why to apply processing techniques and ultimately process the mathematical foundations behind them. Much more than just an arbitrary collection of algorithms, this is the rare book that goes beyond mere image improvement, presenting a wide range of powerful example images that illustrate techniques involved in color processing and enhancement. Applying his 50-year experience as a scientist, educator, and industrial consultant, John Russ offers the benefit of his image processing expertise for fields ranging from astronomy and biomedical research to food science and forensics. His valuable insights and guidance continue to make this handbook a must-have reference.
Postlearning Consolidation of Birdsong: Stabilizing Effects of Age and Anterior Forebrain Lesions

Birdsong is a learned, sequenced motor skill. For the zebra finch, learned song normally remains unchanging beyond early adulthood. However, stable adult song will gradually deteriorate after deafening (Nordeen and Nordeen, 1992), indicating an ongoing influence of auditory feedback on learned song. This plasticity of adult song in response to deafening gradually declines with age (Lombardino and Nottebohm, 2000), suggesting that, after song learning, there continue to be changes in the brain that progressively stabilize the song motor program. A qualitatively similar stabilization of learned song can be precipitated artificially by lesions of a basal ganglia circuit in the songbird anterior forebrain (Brainard and Doupe, 2000), raising the question of whether and how these two forms of song stabilization are related. We investigated this issue by characterizing the deterioration of song that occurs after deafening in young adult birds and the degree to which that deterioration is reduced by age or by lesions of the anterior forebrain that were directed at the lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN). In most respects, LMAN lesions stabilized song to a significantly greater extent than did aging; whereas old–deafened birds eventually exhibited significant deterioration of song, lesioned–deafened birds generally did not differ from controls. The one exception was for song tempo, which was significantly stabilized by age, but not by LMAN lesions. The results indicate that LMAN lesions do not simply mimic a normal aging process, and likewise suggest that the anterior forebrain pathway continues to play a role even in the residual song plasticity that is observed after the age-dependent stabilization of song.
Suspension Bridge Response to Multiple-Support Excitations

The earthquake-induced vertical response of suspension bridges when subjected to, correlated or uncorrelated, multiple-support excitations is analyzed by means of random vibration theory. Appropriate ground motions describing the basic inputs to such structures are defined through finite Fourier transforms of existing recorded ground displacements at locations within distances similar to the spans of such structures. Spectral correlation analysis of the multiple-support excitations are estimated via these Fourier transforms. It is found that studies of earthquake-induced vertical motion of suspension bridges need to take into account the influences of ground excitations in the longitudinal directions of such bridges. An example is presented in which the response of an existing bridge (in a seismically active area) to earthquake ground motions with characteristics significantly different at the supports is examined. It is observed that the participation of higher modes in the total response is essential to reliably assess the seismic behavior of such structures and that the response values associated with correlated multiple-support excitations are significantly different from those obtained through the uncorrelated case.
Development of a Flexible Framework for Hypersonic Navier-Stoke Space Shuttle Orbiter Meshes

A flexible framework constructing block structured volume grids for hypersonic Navier-Strokes flow simulations was developed for the analysis of the Shuttle Orbiter Columbia. The development of the framework, which was partially basedon the requirements of the primary flow solvers used resulted in an ability to directly correlate solutions contributed by participating groups on a common surface mesh. A foundation was built through the assessment of differences between differnt solvers, which provided confidence for independent assessment of other damage scenarios by team members. The framework draws on the experience of NASA Langley and NASA Ames Research Centers in structured grid generation, and consists of a grid generation, and consist of a grid generation process implemented through a division of responsibilities. The nominal division of labor consisted of NASA Johnson Space Center coordinating the damage scenarios to be analyzed by the Aerothermodynamics Columbia Accident Investigation (ACAI) team, Ames developing the surface grids that described the computational volume about the Orbiter, and Langley improving grid quality of Ames generated data and constructing the final computational volume grids. Distributing the work among the participant in th ACAI team resulted in significantl less time required to construct complete meshes than possible by any individual participant. The approach demonstrated that the One-NASA grid generation team could sustain the demand of for five new meshes to explore new damage scenarios within an aggressive time-line.
A second harmonic generation study of the iron electrode surface using a picosecond laser

Abstract The widespread applicability of second harmonic generation (SHG) as an in situ surface specific probe in electrochemical studies is demonstrated. A frequency doubled Nd:YAG picosecond laser system was used to investigate the formation of different films on the surface of an iron electrode. Two intermediate surface species were shown to exist between the so-called “passive” film at anodic potentials and the reduced metal at cathodic potentials in both a mildly basic borate buffer and in alkaline solutions (0.1M NaOH or 0.1M KOH). In neutral salt solutions (0.25M NaCl, 0.25M Nal or 0.25 M CsCl), only one intermediate composition was detected between the oxidized and reduced potential regions. No change was observed in the SHG signal off iron in an acidic environment (0.1M HCl or H2SO4) at various potentials.
Fertility of bovine spermatozoa from rete testis, cauda epididymidis, and ejaculated semen.

Abstract A total of 141 heifers and cows, predominantly Holsteins, was used to compare fertility of sperm entering and leaving the epididymis. Testicular and cauda epididymal sperm were obtained through indwelling cannulae while ejaculated sperm were collected before surgery on seven Holstein bulls. After deposition of 200 × 106 sperm in the uterine body, 106 females were killed on day 4 of a natural estrous cycle. Percentages of fertilized ova were 0% for testicular sperm, 84% for cauda epididymal sperm, and 94% for ejaculated sperm. Fertilizing capacity of cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm was not significantly different. In contrast to observations for the other sperm types, testicular sperm were not detected on ova recovered on day 4. Testicular sperm also were not associated with five other ova, or in oviduct flushings, recovered 12 to 14 h after uterine body inseminations. However, epididymal or ejaculated sperm were plentiful in ova and flushings from two cows killed 13 to 14 h after insemination. The infertility of testicular sperm may result from intrinsic factors, a failure of sperm transport into the oviducts, or unusually rapid elimination of testicular sperm from the oviducts. Attempts to inseminate sperm surgically into the oviduct of 26 cows were unsatisfactory. Placement of sperm within the oviduct was uncertain with one technique while abnormal ovulation and/or corpus luteum formation, accompanied by a low incidence of ovum recovery, followed surgical inseminations by laparotomy.
Homeland security: definitions and accountability

Counter-terrorism measures must be developed that are both effective and meet accountability standards. This article approaches the issue by: (1) proposing a matrix facilitating the measurement of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a particular counter-terrorism measure; and (2) proposing an accountability matrix for measuring the effectiveness of particular measures. The article's central focus is on developing criteria for measuring effective counter-terrorism – premised on the rule of law, policy considerations and the limits of power. If utilised, these criteria will provide empirical evidence that particular counter-terrorism measures in actuality contribute to effective and legal counter-terrorism.
The Rotation of RR Lyrae Stars

We report upper limits to rotation from the measurement of line breadths via cross-correlation analysis for 27 RR Lyrae variables. The eight best-observed stars of type RRab show the same variation of breadth with phase: the breadth peaks sharply during the rise to maximum light, drops gradually, and reaches a broad minimum during the phase of maximum radius. During this phase the breadth is always narrow, consistent with instrumental resolution and turbulence alone. For the three well-observed RRc variables, the breadth is this narrow at all phases except for a slight increase during the rise to maximum light. The remaining stars also conform to these patterns, albeit with sparse phase coverage and lower signal-to-noise ratio. We interpret these results as indicating that lines are broadened in RRab stars by shock-induced plumes or turbulence during the rise to maximum light, and perhaps by other causes as well, but not by rotation in RR Lyrae stars of either type. We estimate an upper limit of v sin i 10 km s-1 in three out of six well-studied field stars, and to the more rapid rotation, often exceeding 100 km s-1, of the Population I δ Scuti variables which occupy adjacent regions of the instability strip.
Codewebs: scalable homework search for massive open online programming courses

Massive open online courses (MOOCs), one of the latest internet revolutions have engendered hope that constant iterative improvement and economies of scale may cure the ``cost disease" of higher education. While scalable in many ways, providing feedback for homework submissions (particularly open-ended ones) remains a challenge in the online classroom. In courses where the student-teacher ratio can be ten thousand to one or worse, it is impossible for instructors to personally give feedback to students or to understand the multitude of student approaches and pitfalls. Organizing and making sense of massive collections of homework solutions is thus a critical web problem. Despite the challenges, the dense solution space sampling in highly structured homeworks for some MOOCs suggests an elegant solution to providing quality feedback to students on a massive scale. We outline a method for decomposing online homework submissions into a vocabulary of "code phrases", and based on this vocabulary, we architect a queryable index that allows for fast searches into the massive dataset of student homework submissions. To demonstrate the utility of our homework search engine we index over a million code submissions from users worldwide in Stanford's Machine Learning MOOC and (a) semi-automatically learn shared structure amongst homework submissions and (b) generate specific feedback for student mistakes. Codewebs is a tool that leverages the redundancy of densely sampled, highly structured homeworks in order to force-multiply teacher effort. Giving articulate, instant feedback is a crucial component of the online learning process and thus by building a homework search engine we hope to take a step towards higher quality free education.
Thermal and ion transport properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymerized styrenic imidazolium ionic liquids

Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are a platform for fundamental studies of structure-property relationships in single ion conductors, with potential applications in energy storage and conversion. The synthesis, thermal properties, and ionic conductivities of homologous, narrow dispersity styrenic PILs are described. Hydrophilic poly(4-vinylbenzyl alkylimidazolium chloride) (PVBn(alkyl)ImCl) homopolymers with constant average degrees of polymerization were synthesized by post-synthetic functionalization of a poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride) (Mn = 15.9 kg/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.34) master batch with N-alkylimidazoles (alkyl = CH3 (Me), C4H9 (Bu), and C6H13 (Hex)). The chloride counterions of PVBnHexImCl were exhaustively metathesized with BF, PF, and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) to yield a series of hydrophobic PILs. Thermogravimetric analyses indicate that PVBn(alkyl)ImCl homopolymers are unstable above 220 °C, whereas the hydrophobic PILs remain stable up to 290 °C. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) decrease with both increasing alkyl side-chain length and increasing counterion size, exemplified by Tg = 9 °C for PVBnHexImTFSI. Hydrophilic PILs exhibit high ionic conductivities (as high as ∼0.10 S cm−1) that depend on the relative humidity, water uptake, and the PIL side chain length. The hydrophobic PILs exhibit lower conductivities (up to ∼5 × 10−4 S cm−1) that depend predominantly on the polymer Tg, however, counterion size and symmetry also contribute. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1287–1296, 2011
On DCF Reinvestment Rate Assumptions: A Clarification

ABSTRACT Consistent with financial theory, this paper recognizes that under perfect capital markets the correct reinvestment rate in DCF models is the market-determined cost of capital. It is shown that using other rates is unnecessary and distorts capital project value. The paper evaluates the bias Inherent in the use of explicitly stated reinvestment rates other than the cost of capital. The bias is shown to depend on the reinvestment rate, the cash flow pattern, and project life.
Maximal multiplicity of the critical points of the CR equation modeling a constant flow stirred tank reactor

Le nombre maximal de regimes permanents est obtenu pour la serie de reactions de 1er ordre A→B→C se produisant dans un reacteur parfaitement agite en fonctionnement adiabatique et non adiabatique meme lorsque le comportement dynamique est tres different dans les deux situations
Linkage Analysis in Man by Somatic Cell Genetics

Techniques for the study of somatic cell genetics, and particularly those involving the expression of enzyme markers in hybrid cells, have already made possible a large number of gene-chromosome assignments. Genetic and family studies, as well as cellular studies on recombination and gene transfer, promise more and quicker results in the future.
The quadratic moment problem for the unit circle and unit disk

For the quadratic complex moment problem $$\gamma _{ij} = \int {\bar z^i } z^j d\mu \left( {0 \leqslant i + j \leqslant 2} \right)$$ , we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of representing measures μ supported in the unit circleT or in the closed unit disk $$\bar D$$ . We explicitly construct all finitely atomic representing measures supported inT or $$\bar D$$ which have the fewest atoms possible. For the quadratic $$\bar D$$ -moment problem in which the moment matrixM(1) is positive and invertible, there exists an ellipse eɛD such that the minimal (3-atomic) representing measures are supported in the complement of the interior region of e. Finally, we apply these results to obtain information on the location of the zeros of certain cubic polynomials.
Lamb Gastric Lipase and Proteases in Cheese Manufacture

Abstract The value of lipase and proteases from lamb gastric tissues in cheese flavor development was demonstrated independently of lamb pregastric esterase and calf rennet activities. Parmesan, Romano, Cheddar cheese, and directly acidified Pizza curd were improved in body breakdown and flavor development when treated with lamb gastric extract. The best cheese flavor resulted when both gastric and pregastric extracts were incorporated. Protease system from lamb gastric tissue was active at pH 9.0 and had casein-agar gel diffusion and caseolytic characteristics that were different from calf rennet or swine pepsin.
What do tadpoles really eat? Assessing the trophic status of an understudied and imperiled group of consumers in freshwater habitats

Summary 1. Understanding the trophic status of consumers in freshwater habitats is central to understanding their ecological roles and significance. Tadpoles are a diverse and abundant component of many freshwater habitats, yet we know relatively little about their feeding ecology and true trophic status compared with many other consumer groups. While many tadpole species are labelled herbivores or detritivores, there is surprisingly little evidence to support these trophic assignments. 2. Here we discuss shortcomings in our knowledge of the feeding ecology and trophic status of tadpoles and provide suggestions and examples of how we can more accurately quantify their trophic status and ecological significance. 3. Given the catastrophic amphibian declines that are ongoing in many regions of the planet, there is a sense of urgency regarding this information. Understanding the varied ecological roles of tadpoles will allow for more effective conservation of remaining populations, benefit captive breeding programmes, and allow for more accurate predictions of the ecological consequences of their losses.
Knowledge management for administrative knowledge

Abstract: Administrative knowledge or office knowledge is the knowledge used in conjunction with the support operations in an organization. Systems managing this knowledge are referred to as extended office systems (EOSs). EOSs will be used to support knowledge exchanges in organizations. The types of knowledge handled by EOSs are illustrated and their characteristics are highlighted. Based on these characteristics, a formalism is proposed, which utilizes structural and descriptive links to achieve an extensible, open-ended representation. A prototype system using the representation and incorporating approximately 200 items of knowledge has been developed and can answer questions about a software engineering company.
Organic Priority Pollutants in Wetland-Treated Leachates at a Landfill in Central Florida

The occurrence of organic priority pollutants originating from leachate at a landfill adjacent to wetlands in Orange County, Florida was studied and compared to a prior one-year study. Volatile organic compounds were detected in groundwater at total concentrations of less than 150 μg/L. Few base/neutral and acid extractable compounds were detected in surface water and groundwater. Both studies suggested that organic priority pollutants present in the solid waste were likely metabolized by microorganisms or degraded, sorbed on particulate matter, or diluted to non-detectable levels.
Mars Rover Local Navigation And Hazard Avoidance

A Mars rover sample return mission has been proposed for the late 1990's. Due to the long speed-of-light delays between earth and Mars, some autonomy on the rover is highly desirable. JPL has been conducting research in two possible modes of rover operation, Computer-Aided Remote Driving and Semiautonomous Navigation. A recently-completed research program used a half-scale testbed vehicle to explore several of the concepts in semiautonomous navigation. A new, full-scale vehicle with all computational and power resources on-board will be used in the coming year to demonstrate relatively fast semiautonomous navigation. The computational and power requirements for Mars rover local navigation and hazard avoidance are discussed.
Turbulent boundary layer with injection and surface roughness

Experimental studies were conducted to measure directly the skin friction on an axisymmetric body with and without injection through the surface in a turbulent, low-speed flow. Measurements also were taken of velocity profiles and the axial turbulence intensity throughout the boundary layer. The axisymmetric model, with interchangeable solid, smooth and porous, slightly rough walls, was tested at ReL from 4.96 to 6.11xl0 6. Particular attention was paid to the law-of-the-wall region of the boundary layer. For both the law-of-the-wall and axial turbulent intensities, good correlation between the present experiment and previous experiment and theory was shown for the solid-wall data. Porous-wall tests with no injection showed an increase in the local skin friction and an attendant shift in the log region of the law-of-the-wall because of the slight roughness of the permeable-wall over the solid-wall values. For cases with blowing through the permeable wall, direct measurements of the skin friction showed a decrease over the unblown cases with the permeable wall. However, substantial blowing was required to reduce the skin friction below that obtained on the solid, smooth wall at the same conditions. The logarithmic region of the law-of-the-wall with blowing was found to be independent of the blowing rate over the range tested when compared to the porous, unblown wall results. These experimental data were used to construct extensions of both the Van Driest and Reichardt transport models. The Reichardt model proved more useful, and excellent results were achieved. A,A',B A +