cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the impact of the physical health care environment on nurse fatigue.

AIM(S) The purpose of this study was to investigate factors in the physical health care environment (PHE) contributing to nurse fatigue. BACKGROUND Nurses experience high levels of physical, mental and overall fatigue related to the physically demanding and mentally complex nature of bedside care. METHOD(S) This study used secondary data analysis of a 2017 focus group session, which explored: (a) challenges nursing professionals face while delivering care, (b) the effect of nurse fatigue on care delivery and (c) system factors that can either reduce or contribute to nurse fatigue. Eleven volunteers from a health care design focused nursing organisation participated in the focus group. RESULTS Twenty-seven design elements across four environmental categories were identified in this study as impacting fatigue. The effects of fatigue were found to have implications at the individual level (nurse and patient), the organisational level and the profession at large. Fatigue effects were found to be cumulative. CONCLUSION(S) Findings suggest that the PHE can have a substantial impact on nurse fatigue and contribute to profound effects with patient and staff safety implications. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT This study provides nursing managers, hospital administrators, nurses and designers with evidence for utilizing the PHE to mitigate and prevent nurse fatigue.
Juegos y actividades lúdicas para las clases de segundas lenguas y lenguas extranjeras

In this article, we start by overviewing the theories that, coming from different disciplines, place games as central to human development and learning, as well as seeing them as a tool for language teaching. We also analyze ways to make games an effective resource to use in class and ways to adapt them to all types of learning contexts. We will explore different types of interaction and skills needed to use games as presentation, practice of recycling of language items. We will see how games adapt to all types of learning styles, teaching techniques, age groups, topics, teaching approaches and class contents. We will discuss challenges that teachers face when trying to make use of this tool in their second and foreign language classes and provide advice to avoid possible failures. There is a detailed explanation on how to set rules and vary them according to levels, topics and type of classes. We will analyze how students may be affected, positively or sometimes negatively, by winning or losing games. Finally, we will offer some advice to make games an effective tool for language teaching in all contexts.
Shareholder Litigation Risk and Readability of Corporate Financial Disclosures: Evidence from Natural Experiments

We use a natural experiment to weigh conflicting theories on the impact of shareholder litigation risk on the readability of corporate financial disclosures. In response to a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that unexpectedly reduced litigation risk, we find that firms in the Ninth Circuit significantly improved the readability of their financial disclosures relative to control firms. This supports the idea that litigation risk discourages firms from providing financial disclosures with greater readability. Our finding is robust to different linguistic complexity measures and matching techniques, fixed effects for both time-invariant and time-varying unobservable confounders, and an alternative natural experiment.
Chiral-at-Metal Ruthenium Complexes with Guanidinobenzimidazole and Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl Ligands: Synthesis, Resolution, and Preliminary Screening as Enantioselective Second Coordination Sphere Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts

Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (GBI = HN═C(NHH′)NHC(NHR)═NR′) chelate complexes are accessed by treating (η5-C5Ph5)Ru(CO)2(Br) with Me3NO, GBI, and Ag+PF6–. Chromato...
Chapter 2 – Introductory Material

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses objects that are defined in mathematical terms. As a first step toward a mathematical description of an object, one therefore defines a coordinate system in which it will be described analytically. The interest is in the object and not in its relationship to some arbitrary coordinate system. Therefore, the methods that one develops must be independent of a particular choice of a coordinate system. It motivates the strict distinction between points and vectors. The convex hull of a point set is a convex set. Such a set is characterized by the following: for any two points in the set, the straight line connecting them is also contained in the set. The fundamental operation for points is the barycentric combination. Barycentric coordinates are not only defined on a straight line, but also on a plane. This property may be used to define affine maps. Every map that takes straight lines to straight lines and is ratio preserving is an affine map. The concept of ratio preservation may be used to derive another useful property of linear interpolation.
Engaging Citizens in Air Pollution Research: Investigating the Built Environment and Indoor Air Quality and Its Impact on Quality of Life

Abstract There is evidence that when people are exposed to sociobehavorial and socioeconomic disadvantage they become more susceptible to the impacts of poor environmental quality and experience ex...
Benefits of Movement-Integrated Learning Activities in Statistics and Research Methods Courses:

Background:College students majoring in psychology often report low interest and engagement in statistics and research methods courses.Objective:The purpose of the current study was to examine pote...
Mapping clinically significant lesions from mpMRI using convolution neural network: feasibility assessment in MRI-guided biopsy cases

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to present heatmaps from the likelihood of clinically significant prostate cancer with a deep learning model. This will give radiologists more information on the location of prostate lesions. Methods: 3D Slicer module was developed using a machine learning model to predict pixel-by-pixel PI-RADS scores. The working hypothesis is that the machine learning algorithm will be capable of producing heatmaps with hotspots within a typical size of a lesion with PI-RAD score of 4. Discussion and conclusion: The study provided insight into the future of MRI assessment using Deep Learning models.
Acute covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

### What you need to know The most common symptoms in children with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (covid-19 disease) are fever and cough. Other symptoms may include sore throat, rhinorrhoea, or congestion, myalgias, headache, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea. The range of symptom prevalence is reported from three large meta-analyses, one with 131 studies and 7780 paediatric patients,1 the second with 28 studies and 1614 patients,2 and the third with 46 studies and 551 patients3 and summarised in table 1. Though children have a similar distribution of initial symptoms as compared with adults, children are more likely to have mild, self-resolving symptoms without progression to the lower pulmonary disease that necessitates hospitalisation.4 Dermatological manifestations in children with mild disease are uncommon: acute infection has at times been associated with a maculopapular exanthem, but the pseudo chilblain lesions or “covid toes” seen in adults are rare.56 Although assessing the prevalence of loss of taste or smell among children may be challenging (especially when children …
Muscle-Specific RING Finger 1 (MuRF1) Dependent Activation of Dual-specificity Phosphatase 4 (Dusp4) Under Neurogenic Atrophy Conditions

Skeletal muscle atrophy is the result of many physiological conditions, including denervation, corticosteroid treatment, and aging. The E3 ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, is induced under atrophic conditions and is believed to play a role in protein degradation in wasting muscle. However, the data described in this study provides evidence that MuRF1 may also act as a transcriptional modulator of atrophy-induced gene activity, including the regulation of Dusp4 expression. In order to characterize the transcriptional regulation of Dusp4, reporter gene constructs with fragments of the proximal promoter region of the gene were developed, transfected into C2C12 cells with or without a MuRF1 expression plasmid and analyzed for differences in reporter gene activity. The Dusp4 reporters showed repressed activity in cells ectopically expressing MuRF1 compared to cells that did not overexpress MuRF1. Interestingly, overexpression of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), MyoD and myogenin, also caused repression of the D...
Implementing size-optimal discrete neural networks require analog circuitry

This paper starts by overviewing results dealing with the approximation capabilities of neural networks, as well as bounds on the size of threshold gate circuits. Based on a constructive solution for Kolmogorov's superpositions we will show that implementing Boolean functions can be done using neurons having an identity transfer function. Because in this case the size of the network is minimised, it follows mat size-optimal solutions for implementing Boolean functions can be obtained using analog circuitry. Conclusions and several comments on the required precision are ending the paper.
Computer Technology for the Benefit of the Rule of Law: Communication and Research

This Essay suggests a number of ways in which rule of law partners in the United States and abroad with modest technical background might more easily communicate, plan, coordinate, and research joint projects. Without the new computer technologies it would be very difficult to conduct rule of law projects between partners in the United States and Russia. Recent advances in technologies now make communication with colleagues across the world by computer easier than ever. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE RULE OF LAW: COMMUNICATION AND RESEARCH
The resistive-wall klystron as a high-power microwave source

A novel high-power high-frequency klystron is presented in which a relativistic electron beam is modulated at the first cavity and propagates downstream through a resistive wall. Because of the self-excitation of the space charge waves by the resistive-wall instability, a highly nonlinear current modulation is accomplished. Due to the relatively large growth rate of the instability, the required tube length of the klystron is short for most applications.
The synthesis of messenger RNA without protein synthesis: II. Synthesis of phage-induced RNA and sequential enzyme production*

A polyauxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli which is deficient in the ability to synthesize thymine, uracil and histidine has been used to analyse virus-induced processes of making specific nucleic acids and enzymes. The RNA made in this T6 r + -infected mutant strain in the absence of required amino acid or in the presence of chloramphenicol has the characteristic base ratios and electrophoretic mobility of normal phage-induced RNA, and is mainly associated with ribosomes. Incubation of the isolated RNA-charged ribosomes with inorganic phosphate leads to the selective degradation of the phage-induced RNA. This RNA in infected cells is degraded actively either in the presence or absence of histidine. In the presence of histidine, the degradation products of this RNA then appear in DNA. Thus, phage-infected cells appear to produce normal phage-induced RNA in the absence of protein synthesis. In T6 r + -infected cells deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase, thymidylate synthetase and lysozyme appear in that order at different times after infection. The syntheses of these enzymes are completely inhibited in the absence of histidine. The appearance of these enzymes is considerably delayed in the absence of uracil, that of lysozyme never attaining a high level. After charging ribosomes with phage-induced RNA in the absence of protein synthesis, addition of the essential amino acid to infected cells produces a stimulated rate of synthesis of early phage-induced enzymes, deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase and thymidylate synthetase. However, such prior synthesis of RNA does not significantly affect the rate of synthesis, nor even the time of appearance, of a late enzyme, lysozyme. From these results we suggest that the early RNA determines early proteins alone, and that the sequential production of phage proteins is determined by the sequential production of phage-induced RNA. On infection by phage inactivated by u.v. light, the synthesis of hydroxymethylase continues for a considerable time, whereas the syntheses of DNA and of lysozyme are strongly inhibited. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cessation of synthesis of early enzymes and inception of synthesis of late proteins require DNA synthesis.
Quantitative 3D evaluation of myocardial perfusion during regadenoson stress using multidetector computed tomography

We tested the hypothesis that quantitative 3D analysis of myocardial perfusion from MDCT images obtained during regadenoson stress would more accurately detect the presence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) than the same analysis when performed on resting MDCT images. Fifty consecutive patients referred for CT coronary angiography (CTCA) underwent additional imaging with regadenoson (0.4mg, Astellas) using prospective gating (256-channel, Philips). Custom software was used to calculate for each myocardial segment an index of severity and extent of perfusion abnormality, Qh, which was compared to perfusion defects predicted by the presence and severity of coronary stenosis on CTCA. In segments supplied by arteries with luminal narrowing >50%, myocardial attenuation was slightly reduced compared to normally perfused segments at rest (91±21 vs. 93±26 HU, NS), and to a larger extent at stress (102±21 vs. 112±20 HU, p<0.05). In contrast, index Qh was significantly increased in these segments at rest (0.40±0.48 vs. 0.26±0.41, p<0.05) and reached a nearly 3-fold difference at stress (0.66±0.74 vs. 0.28±0.51, p<0.05). The addition of regadenoson improved the diagnosis of CAD, as reflected by an increase in sensitivity (from 0.57 to 0.91) and improvement in accuracy (0.65 to 0.77). In conclusion, quantitative 3D analysis of MDCT images allows objective detection of CAD, the accuracy of which is improved by regadenoson stress.
Chapter 5 Variable Styles of Sediment Accumulation Impacting Strata Formation on a Clinoform: Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea

A detailed study of the seabed near the Fly River in the Gulf of Papua has revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in accumulation styles along and across the margin and in the resulting strata. Seven distinct styles are identified with an eighth regime characterized by negligible accumulation on a 100-y timescale. Accumulation Types I and II indicate steady-state accumulation at high (>1.0 cm/y) and low (<1.0 cm/y) rates, respectively. Type III designates steady-state accumulation in segments that indicate a change in accumulation rate. Type IV is characterized by event layers that have low 210Pb activity associated with elevated clay content. Types V and VI have thick, uniform surface mixed layers that unconformably lie on sediment containing supported 210Pb activity or decreasing activity, respectively. Type VII is characterized by variable activity but a general trend of decreasing activity with depth in core. Sediment accumulation on the clinoform in the southwestern portion of the Gulf of Papua (directly off Fly River mouth) is slow, and progradation of the clinoform is limited in this region. Accumulation rates are unsteady but greater to the northeast of the river mouth and, on the foreset, are influenced by episodic events of sediment emplacement. In shallower water on the outer topset, tidal currents are important for generating thick (∼100 cm), uniform surface mixed layers of 210Pb.
Gradient Bounds for Solutions of Stochastic Differential Equations Driven by Fractional Brownian Motions

We study some functional inequalities satisfied by the distribution of the solution of a stochastic differential equation driven by fractional Brownian motions. Such functional inequalities are obtained through new integration by parts formulas on the path space of a fractional Brownian motion.
Shoulder impingement syndrome: Diagnosis, radiographic evaluation, and treatment with a modified Neer acromioplasty

Seventy-one patients who had shoulder impingement syndrome were managed operatively with a modified Neer acromioplasty: thirty-seven, who had an intact rotator cuff, had a modified acromioplasty, and thirty-four, who had a torn cuff, had a modified acromioplasty and repair of the cuff. In the classic anterior acromioplasty as described by Neer, emphasis is placed on resection of the inferior prominence of the acromion. We believe that the removal of only the inferior prominence is insufficient, as often too much of the anterior aspect of the acromion protrudes beyond the anterior border of the clavicle. This portion of the acromion continues to irritate the subacromial bursa and the rotator cuff and to produce symptoms of impingement. Our modified acromioplasty is done in two steps: the portion of the acromion that projects anteriorly beyond the anterior border of the clavicle is resected vertically and then an anteroinferior acromioplasty is performed. We studied the results in patients who had been operated on by the senior one of us and who had been followed clinically for a minimum of two years. At the most recent follow-up visit, no difference in terms of pain and function was found between the patients who had had the modified acromioplasty only (Group I) and the patients who had had the modified acromioplasty and repair of the rotator cuff (Group II); thirty-three (89 per cent) of the patients in Group I and thirty (88 per cent) of those in Group II had a good or excellent result.
A low ohmic loss radial superlattice conductor at 15 GHz using eddy current canceling effect

A cylindrical radial superlattice (CRS) structure composed of alternating concentric Al/Permalloy layers is proposed for a low loss radio frequency (RF) conductor. The CRS structure utilizes the eddy current canceling effect by alternating permalloy and non-permalloy layers at the targeted frequency. Theoretical and numerical analyses are presented in the cylindrical coordinate system. Comparing with the conventional planar superlattice, the CRS offers a circular and conformal boundary condition, resulting in better analytical and numerical solutions for the suppression of RF conductor loss. Design procedure is provided. With the new CRS structure, RF resistance is reduced by up to 50 % at 15 GHz comparing to its solid conductor counterpart.
Transition metal ion complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived from 2-acetylpyridine. Part 1. The4N-methyl derivative

A series of metal ion complexes of the thiosemicarbazone,N-methyl-2[1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidene]-hydrazinecarbothioamide (HL4M) has been prepared and spectrally characterized. HL4M coordinates either as a neutral bidentate ligand (i.e., pyridyl N and imine N) or as deprotonated tridentate ligand (i.e., pyridyl N, imine N and thiol sulphur). The cobalt(II) salts yield hexacoordinated cobalt(III) cations, and an isoelectronic species, [Ni(L4M)2], has been formed from Ni(C2H3O2)2. The remaining nickel(II) complexes involve the neutral ligand, as do two of the three copper(II) complexes. HL4M possesses a weaker ligand field and has less covalency in its bonding than related thiosemicarbazones that possess anN-dialkyl-function.
The personality traits of liked people

Abstract There is surprisingly little understanding of how personality traits are associated with being generally liked by others after adolescence ( Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006 ). We examined the relationship between self-reported personality traits and being generally liked in young adulthood in Greek organizations and freshman dormitories. We found a high level of consistency in which traits were associated with being liked. We examined the relationship between liked and socially desirable traits, using a recent theory on agency and communion ( Wojciszke, Abele, & Baryla, 2009 ). Results help to create a personality profile of the person who is more liked by others, especially pointing to the importance of communal characteristics that are associated with behavior benefiting others.
Estimating Genetic Effects and Quantifying Missing Heritability Explained by Identified Rare-Variant Associations

Next-generation sequencing has led to many complex-trait rare-variant (RV) association studies. Although single-variant association analysis can be performed, it is grossly underpowered. Therefore, researchers have developed many RV association tests that aggregate multiple variant sites across a genetic region (e.g., gene), and test for the association between the trait and the aggregated genotype. After these aggregate tests detect an association, it is only possible to estimate the average genetic effect for a group of RVs. As a result of the "winner's curse," such an estimate can be biased. Although for common variants one can obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters by analyzing a replication sample, for RVs it is desirable to obtain unbiased genetic estimates for the study where the association is identified. This is because there can be substantial heterogeneity of RV sites and frequencies even among closely related populations. In order to obtain an unbiased estimate for aggregated RV analysis, we developed bootstrap-sample-split algorithms to reduce the bias of the winner's curse. The unbiased estimates are greatly important for understanding the population-specific contribution of RVs to the heritability of complex traits. We also demonstrate both theoretically and via simulations that for aggregate RV analysis the genetic variance for a gene or region will always be underestimated, sometimes substantially, because of the presence of noncausal variants or because of the presence of causal variants with effects of different magnitudes or directions. Therefore, even if RVs play a major role in the complex-trait etiologies, a portion of the heritability will remain missing, and the contribution of RVs to the complex-trait etiologies will be underestimated.
Evaluating Apps for Learning and Teaching

A growing number of educators and students are adopting mobile devices and using applications (apps). There are often no formal guidelines to assist with evaluating apps. A review of the literature was conducted to determine relevant criteria that could be applied to evaluating apps. Relevant examples are included where appropriate. Evaluation criteria are offered to assist educators and students with determining the suitability of apps.
Multifrontal vs frontal techniques for chemical process simulation on supercomputers

A critical computational step in large-scale process simulation using rigorous equation-based models is the solution of a sparse linear equation system. Traditional sparse solvers based on indirect addressing are not effective on supercomputers because they do not vectorize well. By relying on vectorized dense matrix kernels, the multifrontal and frontal methods provide much better performance, as demonstrated using several examples. These examples are also used to compare the performance of frontal and multifrontal solvers. On problems with good initial matrix orderings the frontal method is most effective, while without a good initial ordering the multifrontal method is attractive.
A randomized trial to determine the change in alanine aminotransferase during 10 days of paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration in subjects who consume moderate amounts of alcohol

SUMMARY Background Previous studies have suggested that therapeutic doses of paracetamol (acetaminophen) are safe in alcoholic patients when administered for up to 3 days. However, 14 days of therapeutic doses of paracetamol has been associated with an increase in serum transaminases. Aim To determine the effect of 10 days of the maximal therapeutic dose of paracetamol on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in subjects who consume 1 to 3 alcoholic beverages per day. Methods This was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects took 4 g of paracetamol (or placebo) daily for 10 days. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, bilirubin and INR were measured at baseline, day 4 and day 11. Symptoms potentially related to liver injury were also recorded. Results Paracetamol and placebo groups had no change from baseline values at day 4, but the paracetamol group had an increase in mean ALT at day 11 of 8.7 IU ⁄L. No subject developed symptoms of liver injury or met predefined criteria for hepatotoxicity or liver failure.
COMPARISON OF VITAMIN D AND 25-HYDROXY-VITAMIN-D IN THE THERAPY OF PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS

Abstract Skeletal demineralisation and low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D were observed in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Neither oral nor parenteral vitamin-D increased 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in serum or prevented further skeletal demineralisation. In contrast, oral 25-hydroxyvitamin-D increased serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations in all patients, and bone mineral content either improved or stabilised in all but one. 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D may be the preferred form of vitamin-D therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Provisioning nonconflicting restoration policies in a multiservice IP network

Limited attention has been paid to the interactions of service restoration protocols that operate during a fiber cut to restore connectivity between communications equipment. Historically, restoration protocols were deployed only at the SONET layer in telephony networks. SONET frames that carried voice-grade signals such as a T1 or T3 would be redirected to protection path over architectures that supported bidirectional communication. With the advent of new communication technologies such as ATM, IP and WDM, a cable cut can affect multiple routing processes at each of these layers even if a particular network region only supports a few of these technologies. For example, restoration processes at an arbitrary layer in adjacent networks might trigger if lower-layer protocols don't finish within specific deadlines. With the growth of data traffic and a wide range of service offerings, the telecommunication networks of the future are growing more complex, requiring multiple interactions between software systems. Failures will be difficult to pinpoint and the cooperation of the repair processes will be key to ensure that services traversing multiple networks are not interrupted.
Personal Clothing Retrieval on Photo Collections by Color and Attributes

Automatic personal clothing retrieval on photo collections, i.e., searching the same clothes worn by the same person, is not a trivial problem as photos are usually taken under completely uncontrolled realistic imaging conditions. Typically, the captured clothing images have large variations due to geometric deformation, occlusion, cluttered background, and photometric variability from illumination and viewpoint, which pose significant challenges to text-based or reranking-based visual search methods. In this paper, a novel framework is presented to tackle these issues by leveraging low-level features (e.g., color) and high-level features (attributes) of clothing. First, a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) approach based on the bag-of-visual-words (BOW) model is developed as our baseline system, in which a codebook is constructed from extracted dominant color patches. A reranking approach is then proposed to improve search quality by exploiting clothing attributes, including the type of clothing, sleeves, patterns, etc. Compared to low-level features, the attributes have better robustness to clothing variations, and carry semantic meanings as high-level image representations. Different visual attribute detectors are learned from large amounts of training data to extract the corresponding attributes. The construction of codebook and building of attribute classifiers are conducted offline, which leads to fast online search performance. Extensive experiments on photo collections show that the reranking algorithm based on attribute learning significantly improves retrieval performance in combination with the proposed baseline. Even our color-based baseline alone outperforms the previous CBIR-based search approaches. The experiments also demonstrate that our approach is robust to large variations of images taken in unconstrained environment.
Physical and electrochemical properties of alkaline earth doped, rare earth vanadates

Abstract The effect of partial substitution of alkaline earth (AE) ions, Sr 2+ and Ca 2+ , for the rare earth (RE) ions, La 3+ , Ce 3+ , Pr 3+ , and Sm 3+ , on the physical properties of REVO 4 compounds were investigated. The use of the Pechini method to synthesize the vanadates allowed for high levels of AE substitution to be obtained. Coulometric titration was used to measure redox isotherms for these materials and showed that the addition of the AE ions increased both reducibility and electronic conductivity under typical solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode conditions, through the formation of compounds with mixed vanadium valence. In spite of their high electronic conductivity, REVO 4 -yttira stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite anodes exhibited only modest performance when used in SOFCs operating with H 2 fuel at 973 K due to their low catalytic activity. High performance was obtained, however, after the addition of a small amount of catalytically active Pd to the anode.
Oxygen absorption into glucose solution

Oxidation of glucose in aqueous solution was catalysed by platinum deposited on fine carbon particles and also by an enzyme, glucose oxidase. Molecular oxygen was absorbed from atmospheric air to support the oxidation processes. Under the conditions used in this study, the platinum-catalysed and the enzyme-catalysed oxidations were both found to be first order with respect to the dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution. Experimental results indicate that the rate of oxygen absorption into the glucose solution was enhanced by the platinum catalyst and the enzyme. The observed enhancement factor, E, was found to be larger than predicted. It is suggested that a non-uniform distribution and thus a high local concentration of the platinum-on-carbon or the enzyme at the gas—liquid interface may account for the “extra” enhancement.
Food tube: coverage of food safety issues through video.

Food safety in restaurants is an increasing concern among consumers. A primary population segment working in foodservice is receiving food safety information through new media channels such as video social network websites. This research used content analysis to examine the purpose and messages of food safety-related videos posted to YouTube. A usable sample of 76 videos was identified using “food safety” in the YouTube search function. Results indicate that videos must be artfully developed to attract YouTube users while conveying a credible and educational message. Communicators must also monitor new media for competing messages being viewed by target audiences and devise strategies to counter such messages. This one-time snapshot of how food safety was portrayed on YouTube suggests that the intended purpose of videos, whether educational or entertainment, is not as relevant as the perceived purpose and the message being received by viewers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Findings from this study inform food safety educators working with young adults about existing messages in emerging communications channels. Many youth are moving to new social networking and online resources for entertainment and education. These findings characterize food safety information youth can currently access on one such site. By knowing what complementary and competing messages exist, educators, food safety experts and communicators can more strategically develop messages for this medium, which, in turn, helps achieve their communication or educational objectives.
SHARC II: a Caltech Submillimeter Observatory facility camera with 384 pixels

SHARC II is a background-limited 350 micron and 450 micron facility camera for the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory undergoing commissioning in 2002. The key component of SHARC II is a 12 x 32 array of doped silicon 'pop-up' bolometers developed at NASA/Goddard. Each 1 mm x 1 mm pixel is coated with a 400 Omega/square bismuth film and located lambda/4 above a reflective backshort to achieve greater than 75% absorption efficiency. The pixels cover the focal plane with greater than 90% filling factor. At 350 microns, the SHARC II pixels are separated by 0.65 lambda/D. In contrast to the silicon bolometers in the predecessor of SHARC II, each doped thermistor occupies nearly the full area of the pixel, which lowers the 1/f knee of tile detector noise to less than 0.03 Hz, under load, at tile bath temperature of 0.36 K. The bolometers are AC-biased and read in 'total power' mode to take advantage of the improved stability. Each bolometer is biased through a custom approx. 130 MOmega CrSi load resistor at 7 K and read with a commercial JFET at 120 K. The JFETs and load resistors are integrated with the detectors into a single assembly to minimize microphonic noise. Electrical connection across the 0.36 K to 4 K and 4 K to 120 K temperature interfaces is accomplished with lithographed metal wires on dielectric substrates. In the best 25% of winter nights on Mauna Kea, SHARC II is expected to have an NEFD at 350 micron of 1 Jy Hz(sup -1/2) or better. The new camera should be at least 4 times faster at detecting known point sources and 30 times faster at mapping large areas compared to the prior instrument.
Free energy changes and metabolic regulation in steady-state photosynthetic carbon reduction.

Abstract The standard physiological free energy changes of reactions of glycolysis, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle (photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) and the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle have been calculated from available data. The concentrations of metabolites of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, measured during steady-state photosynthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the presence of radioactive tracers, and the concentrations of some intermediates of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle measured during a subsequent dark period, have been employed to calculate the free energy changes of each reaction of the reductive cycle and of some of the reactions of the oxidative cycle during steady-state light and dark conditions. With respect to the magnitude of the negative free energy change, at steady state, such reactions have been found to be of two types. Those with high negative free energy changes (−6 to −11 kcal) are in each case reactions from which there exists independent evidence of a role in metabolic regulation. Those with small negative free energy changes (o to −2 kcal) are not regulated reactions and are highly reversible. Thus most of the negative free energy change occurring under steady-state conditions in this metabolic system is dissipated for purposes of control. By the criterion of negative free energy change, ribulosediphosphate carboxylase, and fructose- and heptosediphosphatases are regulated enzymes. The activities of these enzymes are known to be high in the light and low in the dark. Phosphoribulokinase, which mediates the one reaction with an intermediate negative free energy change (−3.82 kcal) also may be a regulated enzyme with greater activity in the light than in the dark. In the oxidative cycle, the reaction mediated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has a very high negative free energy change and appears to be active in the dark and inactive in the light. One function of these controls is thought to be the exclusive operation of the reductive cycle in the light and the oxidative cycle in the dark.
Precautions for ventilated ears during aquatic activities

(2002). Precautions for ventilated ears during aquatic activities? Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 112, No. 2, pp. 48-48.
A WDM silicon photonic transmitter based on carrier-injection microring modulators

We present a 5 x 10 Gbps WDM silicon photonic transmitter based on carrier-injection type microring modulators. Resonant wavelengths can be adjusted by both thermal heaters and bias tuning.
Can research be basic and applied? You bet. It better be for B-schools!

Abstract This article reviews some of the very severe criticisms of university education and research that are now being made by businessmen and government officials as well as by distinguished members of the academy such as Peter Drucker and Milton Friedman. The focus is on business schools, and, in particular, business schools in research universities. One part of the response suggested in this paper can be described as “applications driven theory”, meaning that relevance is to be attained by starting with a concrete problem in the context of an actual application. This is what we mean by “applications driven”. “Theory” becomes a recognizable part of such a research effort when the approaches used are generalized and made publicly available (e.g., by publication) for interest, and use, by others with sufficient rigor and precision to admit of validation by “third parties”. Classroom relevance is attained by addressing the need for bringing research and its management uses into the classroom. This is also to be done in a manner that will help and encourage students to learn to use the university as a resource in their subsequent careers. New organizational forms for accomplishing this include what are sometimes referred to as the “core and cloud organization forms” described in this paper. Uses of this form with accompanying examples are suggested for delivering education and effecting the kind of applications-driven theory that management schools will then be better able to undertake. An Addendum compares US higher education with the situations in other countries.
Chemical studies on ursolic acid.

From ursolic acid, C29H46C29H46{−OH(C−2)−COOH(C−28), there was prepared acetyl ursolyl amide and acetyl ursolyl nitrile, both of which were reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to an ursolyl amine (C–28), C29H46{−OH−CH2NH2. By a similar reduction of ursonic acid oxime there was obtained an isomeric ursolyl amine (C–2), C29H46{−NH2−CH2OH. Methyl ursonate, C29H46{−¯O−COOCH3, was reduced, by the Huang-Minlon modification of the Wolff-Kishner method, to ursanic acid, C29H46{−¯H2−COOH, which was reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to the primary alcohol, ursanol, C29H46{−H−CH2OH, an isomer of the naturally occurring secondary alcohol, α-amyrin, C29H46{−OH−CH3.
Quantitative evaluation of reciprocal herkogamy in the distylous species, Hedyotis caerulea (Rubiaceae)

Hedyotis caerulea possesses two distinct floral morphs that are generally found in equal numbers in naturally occurring populations. Flowers either possess a relatively long style and short anthers, called a “pin,” or a short style and long anthers, called a “thrum.” This placement of reproductive organs is considered herkogamous and distylous, as it encourages outcrossing by restricting pollination to individuals of the alternate morph. Numerous species have been described as distylous without quantitative data establishing stigma-anther reciprocity. Here we assess those assumptions in H. caerulea by measuring stigma height, anther height and a suite of additional floral traits across multiple localities. All populations surveyed were isoplethic, although variation among them was present in all floral traits measured as well as for pollen diameter, pollen count, flower dry weight, and seed set. Pins produced smaller pollen than thrums, but made more of them. Thus, the total volume of pollen was similar for pins and thrums, and seed set was similar, suggesting that each morph has equal male and female fitness with no movement towards dioecy. Given a significant degree of variation found in the morphometric analysis, and that two of the three measures used to assess reciprocity were not consistent with predictions of precise symmetry, extensive change is possible where selection is acting on these traits. Even so, the distylous mating system in H. caerulea appears to be stable.
Case-wise policy information systems: redefining poverty

Problem definition and program adaptation are difficult tasks in policy analysis. In the analysis of social welfare policy, for example, there are tendencies (1) to ignore many of the factors necessary to distinguish the truly needy, resulting in the misdirection of resources; (2) to focus on individual programs, resulting in unintended consequences arising from program interactions; and (3) to overlook evolutionary changes in the target populations, resulting in obsolete programs. Conventional techniques that simplify data by variables exacerbate these and related problems of analysis. Unconventional techniques that simplify by cases might help resolve them. This paper develops the rationale for case-wise policy information systems, using the measurement and definition of poverty as an example.
Effects of cortisol treatment on brain and adrenal corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) content and other parameters regulated by CRH.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been found in both hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic sites of the brain and also in the adrenal medulla. To study the timing and location of delayed glucocorticoid action in rats, we measured the effects of 2-day and 7-day cortisol treatment on immunoreactive CRH concentrations in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and adrenal gland. The activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathoadrenal system were also measured. Studies were carried out both in the afternoon and/or in the morning, to get information about possible circadian changes. CRH contents were not changed in any brain areas studied, except there was a trend of decrease in the hypothalamus compared to vehicle in the afternoon due to the lack of circadian increase after 7-day cortisol treatment. Pituitary ACTH content decreased significantly after 7-day treatment, while β-endorphin did not. Plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone, norepinephrine and epinephrine and adrenal ACTH and β-endorphin contents decreased after 2-day, adrenal CRH content after 7-day treatment with cortisol. Our findings suggest, that chronic cortisol treatment inhibits the circadian activation of the HPA axis at all levels but has variable effects on baseline measures because it causes different changes in release and synthesis at different sites.
From dispositions to behaviors: The flip side of attribution

Abstract The implicational relations between dispositional levels and relevant categories of behavior were investigated. Observers were asked questions about the extent to which persons occupying moderate or extreme positions on an attribute (dispositional) continuum (a) attempt various behaviors, (b) are potentially able to perform various behaviors, and (c) generally emit those same behaviors. Three determinants—central tendency, ability, and social desirabliity—offer a reasonable account of the observed implicational relations. First, persons with a given disposition are not expected to emit behavior that is widely discrepant with that disposition. Second, ability considerations dictate that persons with skillful dispositions are believed capable of unskillful behavior, but unskillful persons are thought relatively incapable of skillful behavior. Third, persons are believed to more frequently attempt socially desirable than socially undesirable behavior. Also, persons with moderate dispositions are believed to actually emit socially desirable behavior more frequently than socially undesirable behavior. Finally, the determinants noted above may be of differing relevance for morality, ability, and preference attributes.
Critical Moments in Research and Use of Assessment

This article attempts to show the interplay among the scholarly and practical perspectives and to mark major changes in the way assessment has been viewed, used, and interpreted by its various constituencies. Genius seems to have inspired the original focus of Theory Into Practice (TIP), positioned on the edge of research scholarship and usable, practical knowledge (Baker, 2009; Hargreaves, 2004). The nature of transition from theory to practice is of particular interest when considering assessment. To that end, the article begins by addressing the relationship of research to development and practice in general, with evident implications for assessment. After a pause for definitions, we linger in the early periods to identify major ideas of continued influence on assessment research and practice even until today. The article closes with a summary of the prospects for testing and assessment in the near future, touching briefly on technology, and using as context issues from earlier decades to pose a series...
Open and closed states of the plasmodial surface anion channel.

Abstract Background The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, causes most of its clinical sequelae through its intracellular growth and multiplication in human red blood cells (RBCs). During this intracellular cycle, the parasite markedly alters the membrane transport properties of the host RBC through the induction of an unusual ion channel known as the plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC). In addition to its unusual selectivity and pharmacology, PSAC exhibits atypical voltage-dependent gating; single-channel recordings reveal fast-flickering behavior interspersed with periods of inactivity. Detailed study of its gating properties have been complicated by the technical difficulty of obtaining single PSAC recordings, its small conductance, and various sources of error important for fast-flickering channels. Methods Here, we developed an automated algorithm to analyze large amounts of single-channel data with particular emphasis on these sources of error. This algorithm was evaluated with high-quality single-channel and multichannel recordings obtained in the presence and absence of furosemide, a well-known PSAC antagonist. Results and Conclusions Our analysis reveals that the adequate description of PSAC gating requires only one exponentially decaying open state, but at least three closed channel states. This model was further supported by single-channel recordings in the presence of furosemide, which inhibits PSAC with moderate affinity through an allosteric mechanism.
Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapies of Breakthrough Pain in Cancer

Breakthrough pain (BTP), defined as “transitory episodes of sudden severe pain that occur on a background of otherwise controlled pain” is common and disturbing for cancer patients. Optimal management of sudden, severe, and transitory episodes of BTP requires analgesics with rapid onset and short duration of effect, ideally in convenient and easily administered formulations. BTP has traditionally been treated with immediate-release oral opioids, but these analgesics are too slow in onset and have prolonged duration of effect. Recently developed and emerging pharmacotherapies exploit the properties of transmucosal absorption of lipophilic opioids in transbuccal, sublingual, and intranasal delivery systems to provide rapid and effective relief of BTP in reliable, convenient, and acceptable preparations.