cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retailing and the Internet: a perspective on the top 100 US retailers

Compares and contrasts use of the Internet for the 100 largest US retail companies. Discusses availability of Internet addresses and online status in terms of retail types (food, apparel, discount retailers) and differences between companies of various sizes. While a high percentage of retailers were identified as having Internet addresses (91 per cent), only 64 per cent were identified as currently online. Online presence was most notable for retailers selling electronics, drug stores and department stores. Somewhat suprisingly, apparel retailers did not exhibit a strong online presence. Online status did appear to be associated with company size, with lower sales volume companies somewhat less likely to have an online presence. Categorized and discusses accordingly analysis of the information contained in each retailer’s Internet site.
Lipase Action in Human Milk

THE presence of lipase in human milk was reported as early as 19221. Recent reports indicate2,3 that the concentration of lipase is several times higher in human milk than in cow milk.
Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional surface perception: binocular and half-occluded scenic images

Abstract Previous models of stereopsis have concentrated on the task of binocularly matching left and right eye primitives uniquely. A disparity smoothness constraint is often invoked to limit the number of possible matches. These approaches neglect the fact that surface discontinuities are both abundant in natural everyday scenes, and provide a useful cue for scene segmentation. da Vinci stereopsis refers to the more general problem of dealing with surface discontinuities and their associated unmatched monocular regions within binocular scenes. This study develops a mathematical realization of a neural network theory of biological vision, called FACADE theory, that shows how early cortical stereopsis processes are related to later cortical processes of three-dimensional surface representation. The mathematical model demonstrates through computer simulation how the visual cortex may generate three-dimensional boundary segmentations and use them to control filling-in of three-dimensional surface properties in response to visual scenes. Model mechanisms correctly match disparate binocular regions while filling-in monocular regions with the correct depth within a binocularly viewed scene. This achievement required the introduction of a new multiscale binocular filter for stereo matching which clarifies how cortical complex cells match image contours of like contrast polarity, while pooling signals from opposite contrast polarities. The filter also suggests how false binocular matches and unmatched monocular cues are automatically handled across multiple spatial scales. Pooling of signals from even- and odd-symmetric simple cells at complex cells helps to eliminate spurious activity peaks in matchable signals. Later stages of cortical processing by the blob and interblob streams, including refined models of cooperative boundary grouping and reciprocal stream interactions between boundary and surface representations, are modeled to provide a complete simulation of the da Vinci stereopsis percept.
Testing informative missingness in genetic studies using case-parent triads

In genetic studies, the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) using case-parent triads has gained popularity attributable to its robustness to population admixture. Several extensions have been proposed to accommodate incomplete triads. Some strategies assume that parental genotypes are missing completely at random (MCAR) to insure an unbiased conclusion and some methods allow parental genotypes to be missing informatively, resulting in reduced power when the missing data pattern is indeed MCAR. However, these tests assumed that offspring genotypes were MCAR. Recently, Guo indicated that when offspring genotypes were missing informatively, an occurrence that can be considered as ascertainment bias, inflated type-I error and/or reduced power may occur using the TDT when incomplete triads are excluded. In an effort to avoid an erroneous conclusion, we propose a strategy called testing informative missingness (TIM) that compares conditional distributions of parental genotypes among complete triads and incomplete data with only one parent to examine the missing data pattern. Through computer simulations, TIM has decent power to detect informative missingness and is robust to population admixture. In addition, we illustrate TIM with an application to the Framingham Heart Study.
Using Evidence-Based Practice to Improve Intrapartum Care

The Cochrane Data Base (http://www.cochrane1ibrary.com/clibhome/clib.htm, retrieved February 23, 2001), a comprehensive international review of current medical and obstetric practices, demonstrates that birth outcomes improve with one-to-one labor support but not necessarily with continuous fetal monitoring. Because of a cultural bias toward technology, however, few extrinsic rewards exist for nurses who provide individualized labor support. Clinical scholarship in the obstetric setting is one way to begin changing ritualized practices, incorporating evidence-based practice, and improving nursing care.
Competition Law and International Relations

ONE of the most prominent features in the history of competition law in the United States and Europe in the past three decades has been the extent to which systems of competition law have had to adjust to international conditions and forces. The importance of the international market place and foreign competition is now considered obvious. This awakening to things international, however, has not been accompanied by much thinking about how competition law relates to the international environment in which it operates. Individual issues, like extraterritorial enforcement, have been discussed in some detail; but what is lacking is an attempt to relate competition law in a broader way to international relations. This article makes an initial and incomplete attempt to provide a wider framework in which to analyse the relationship between competition law and international relations.
Hyperspectral image compression on reconfigurable platforms

In this paper we present an implementation of the image compression routine SPIHT in reconfigurable logic. A discussion on why adaptive logic is required, as opposed to an ASIC, is provided along with background material on the image compression algorithm. We analyzed several discrete wavelet transform architectures and selected the folded DWT design. In addition we provide a study on what storage elements are required for each wavelet coefficient. The paper uses a modification to the original SPIHT algorithm needed to parallelize the computation. The architecture of the SPIHT engine is based upon fixed-order SPIHT, developed specifically for use within adaptive hardware. For an N /spl times/ N image fixed-order SPIHT may be calculated in N/sup 2//4 cycles. Square images which are powers of 2 up to 1024 /spl times/ 1024 are supported by the architecture. Our system was developed on an Annapolis Microsystems WildStar board populated with Xilinx Virtex-E parts.
Erratum to “Existence of exponentially small separatrix splittings and homoclinic connections between whiskered tori in weakly hyperbolic near-integrable Hamiltonian systems” [Physica D 114 (1998) 3–80]☆

Abstract As was pointed out by Gallavotti, Gentile and Mastropietro [Physica D 137 (2000) 202–204], Theorem 2.1 of Rudnev and Wiggins [Physica D 114 (1998) 3–80] is false. This theorem claimed an exponentially small estimate (67) for the Fourier coefficients of the splitting distance function (20) of Rudnev and Wiggins (1998). Further, it was used in order to arrive at Theorems 2.2 and 2.3, thus invalidating the proofs of these theorems as given. The present note is contingent upon the new results [M. Rudnev, S. Wiggins, Regular Chaot. Dyn. 4 (1999) 39–58; M. Rudnev, S. Wiggins, Regular Chaot. Dyn. 5 (2000) 227–242] and vindicates the estimate in question. This is achieved via redefining the splitting distance function in accordance with the approach developed in these papers. Such a definition is provided by (11) of this note. Despite the fact that (11) and the definition (20) given by Rudnev and Wiggins (1998) differ only by a near-identity reparameterization, the former affords the estimate (13) of this note which implies (67) of Rudnev and Wiggins (1998). Theorem B of this note gives the correct statement of Theorem 2.1 of Rudnev and Wiggins (1998). Hence, Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 therein stand as they are, modulo a few modifications compiled at the end of this note.
Squirrel monkeys' response to inequitable outcomes indicates a behavioural convergence within the primates

Although several primates respond negatively to inequity, it is unknown whether this results from homology or convergent processes. Behaviours shared within a taxonomic group are often assumed to be homologous, yet this distinction is important for a better understanding of the function of the behaviour. Previous hypotheses have linked cooperation and inequity responses. Supporting this, all species in which inequity responses have been documented are cooperative. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the response to inequity in squirrel monkeys, which share a phylogenetic family with capuchin monkeys, but do not cooperate extensively. Subjects exchanged tokens to receive food rewards in conditions in which the level of effort required and reward received varied. Squirrel monkeys did not respond negatively to inequity. However, the monkeys were sensitive to the variation present in the task; male subjects showed a contrast effect and, as in previous studies, subjects were more sensitive to differences in reward in the context of a task than when rewards were given for free. Taken with other results, these results support the hypothesis that a negative response to inequity evolved convergently in primates, probably as a mechanism for evaluating outcomes relative to one's partners in cooperative species.
Cost-aware sequential Bayesian tasking and decision-making for search and classification

This paper focuses on the development of a cost-aware sequential Bayesian decision-making strategy for the search and classification of multiple unknown objects within a task domain. Search and classification of multiple objects of unknown numbers are competing tasks under limited vehicle and sensory resources. This is because sensor-equipped vehicles in the system can perform either the search or classification task but not both at the same time. The decision of one task over the other may result in missing other, more important objects not yet found or missing the opportunity to classify a found critical object. In this paper we develop a cost-aware sequential Bayesian decision-making strategy for search and classification, which results in the detection and satisfactory classification of all the unknown objects in the task domain.
The Significance of φιλέω and φίλος in the Tradition of Jesus Sayings and in the Early Christian Communities

Due in part to the prominence of the word ⋯γαπάω in the New Testament, readers of that book have often believed that the early Christians as a group considered ⋯γαπάω to refer to a superior form of love than that represented by the Greek word φιλέω. One of the primary reasons for this conviction is the way in which the apostle Paul uses ⋯γάπη and ⋯γαπάω to such an extent in his epistles. In fact, Paul's usage of the ⋯γαπάω word family is so consistent that with one exception the word φιλέω is entirely absent from his vocabulary. Likewise, in the Septuagint the occurrences of ⋯γαπάω outnumber those of φιλέω by a ratio of 266 to a mere fifteen. 1
Frequency Domain Filter Design and Analysis of Request Scheduling in Internet Servers

Internet traffic has a characteristic of strong correlation. This traffic characteristic greatly complicates the problem of server performance modeling and optimization. Conventional time domain analysis has limitations in the study of the impact of complex traffic on server performance, because self-similarity of Internet traffic is often characterized in frequency domain. In this paper, we present a frequency domain filter model to characterize the relationship between server capacity, resource allocation, and service quality for general input traffic. Power spectral density (PSD) shows the strength of variations (power) as a function of frequency. By the model, server scheduler operates as a filter of input traffic that transforms its PSD function into another PSD function of server utilization process. The optimality of the scheduler in second-order statistics is to minimize the power leakage in the transformation. Most Internet traffic has monotonically decreasing PSD functions. For this type of input traffic, we prove that the optimal schedulers have a convex structure. Uniform allocation is an extreme case of the convexity and is proven to be optimal for traffic of independent arrivals. We integrate the convex-structured scheduling principle with GPS discipline and show that the enhanced GPS policy improves the service quality significantly.
Islamic Financial Institutions and Products in the Global Financial System: Key Issues in Risk Management and Challenges Ahead

The provision and use of financial services and products that conform to Islamic religious principles pose special challenges for the identification, measurement, monitoring, and control of underlying risks. Effective and efficient risk management in Islamic financial institutions has assumed particular importance as they endeavor to cope with the challenges of globalization. This requires the development of not only a more suitable regulatory framework, but also new financial instruments and institutional arrangements to provide an enabling operational environment for Islamic finance. The recent establishment of the Islamic Financial Services Board, facilitated by the IMF, addresses these needs.
Mental Activity and the Perception of Beauty in Jonathan Edwards

Recent scholarship on Jonathan Edwards has been quite attentive to his view that the true apprehension of reality is achieved through an integrated act of aesthetic perception in which the whole personality of the knower is engaged. It has also been suggested that Edwards viewed the mind as making an active contribution to perception itself.' What has been lacking however, is a systematic explication of what Edwards believed to be the psychological mechanism of the mind's active role in experience. No doubt this lack is due, at least in part, to the fact that Edwards nowhere sets out whole a theory of mental activity. We believe, however, that operating in his system of thought is a very forward-looking conception of the creative process involved in aesthetic perception and in experience in general. We also believe that it is possible to piece together at least the principal aspects of that conception on the basis of Edwards's own discussions found at various places in his works. An understanding of that theory would not only help us in gaining a greater appreciation of Edwards's place in the history of modern aesthetics and epistemology; it may also throw some further light upon a number of interpretative issues emerging out of recent discussions of Edwards's thought. For example: Is it accurate to describe Edwards's "sense of the heart" as a "sixth sense"? Is Edwards a "mystic"? In exactly what sense did Edwards go beyond Locke? This essay aims to make a contribution toward the reconstruc-
AatA Is a Novel Autotransporter and Virulence Factor of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Autotransporters (AT) are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria, and many of them are involved in virulence. An open reading frame (APECO1_O1CoBM96) encoding a novel AT was located in the pathogenicity island of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O1's virulence plasmid, pAPEC-O1-ColBM. This 3.5-kb APEC autotransporter gene (aatA) is predicted to encode a 123.7-kDa protein with a 25-amino-acid signal peptide, an 857-amino-acid passenger domain, and a 284-amino-acid β domain. The three-dimensional structure of AatA was also predicted by the threading method using the I-TASSER online server and then was refined using four-body contact potentials. Molecular analysis of AatA revealed that it is translocated to the cell surface, where it elicits antibody production in infected chickens. Gene prevalence analysis indicated that aatA is strongly associated with E. coli from avian sources but not with E. coli isolated from human hosts. Also, AatA was shown to enhance adhesion of APEC to chicken embryo fibroblast cells and to contribute to APEC virulence.
Influences on tag choices in del.icio.us

Collaborative tagging systems have the potential to produce socially constructed information organization schemes. The effectiveness of tags for finding and re-finding information depends upon how individual users choose tags; however, influences on users' tag choices are poorly understood. We quantitatively test competing hypotheses from the literature concerning these choices, using data from del.icio.us (a collaborative tagging system for organizing web bookmarks) and a computer model of possible tag choice strategies. We find evidence that users choose tags in a pattern consistent with personal information management goals, rather than as a result of social influence.
On the complexity and distributed construction of energy-efficient broadcast trees in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper addresses the energy-efficient broadcasting problem in ad hoc wireless networks. First, we show that finding the minimum-energy broadcast tree is NP-complete. We then develop a distributed clustering algorithm that computes energy-efficient broadcast trees in polynomial time. Our distributed algorithm computes all N possible broadcast trees simultaneously, while requiring O(N/sup 2/) messages to be exchanged between nodes. We compare our algorithm's performance to the best-known centralized algorithm, and show that it constructs trees consuming, on average, only 18% more energy. We also consider the possibility of having multiple source nodes that can be used to broadcast the message and adapt our algorithm to compute energy-efficient broadcast trees with multiple source nodes. We observe a reduction in the amount of energy needed to form the broadcast tree that is linear in the number of source nodes.
The Assessment of Eating Disorders

Like most behavior disorders, bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are multifaceted problems which cannot be assessed adequately with a single type of measure. The following review will show that there are a variety of measures for each of the important features of these disorders. In view of the rapid development of assessment methodology in this area, there needs to be some framework for selecting and organizing a battery of measures for eating disorders. No matter what theoretical orientation one wishes to apply to eating disorders, ultimately the type of assessment one chooses should be related to the diagnostic criteria. In keeping with this notion, we are limiting our review to psychological and behavioral measures of the symptoms of eating disorders, that is, to abnormal eating behavior, strict weight control, and body image disturbance.
A Software Fault Tree Metric

Analysis of software fault trees exposes hardware and software failure events that lead to unsafe system states, and provides insight on improving safety throughout each phase of the software lifecycle. Software product lines have emerged as an effort to achieve reuse, enhance quality, and reduce development costs of safetycritical systems. Safety-critical product lines amplify the need for improved analysis techniques and metrics for evaluating safety-critical systems since design flaws can be carried forward though product line generations. This paper presents a key node safety metric for measuring the inherent safety modeled by software fault trees. Definitions related to fault tree structure that impact the metric?s composition are provided, and the mathematical basis for the metric is examined. The metric is applied to an embedded control system as well as to a collection of software fault tree product lines that include mutations expected to improve or degrade the safety of the system. The effectiveness of the metric is analyzed, and observations made during the experiments are discussed.
Partitioning Ada∗ programs for execution on distributed systems

The goal of Honeywell's Distributed Ada project is to develop an approach where a distributed system appears to the application program as one high performance, fault tolerant and extensible Ada virtual machine. This approach simplifies the application software design since the design need not contain information about the underlying distributed configuration. Responsibility for synchronization of the application software is shifted from the application program to the virtual machine. Our project has three main thrusts: definition of a notation for expressing the partitioning of the application program onto the distributed system (the focus of this paper), a compiler which generates code appropriate for a given application program and partitioning specification, and a distributed Ada runtime system.
Full Band S-Parameter Generation Methodology for High Speed Package Interconnect Modeling

Beyond GHz operation frequency and Gb/s transfer rate bring a big challenge to high speed package interconnect designs. To make sure the product meets the specifications, signal integrity analysis has to be done carefully for critical signals before tape out for manufacturing. In order to obtain an accurate signal integrity modeling, the package interconnect must be accurately modeled. Frequency domain S-parameter has been widely used to replace the traditional package lumped model characterized by the fixed values of R, L, and C, which is no longer accurate. To facilitate the time domain analysis, equivalent circuits or behavioral macro models can be established based on the frequency domain S-parameter. In order to obtain a stable, casual and accurate time domain response, the S-parameter should be accurate in the full frequency band from DC to the interested maximum frequency. Usually full wave electromagnetic simulators are used to obtain the package S-parameter. The obtained S-parameter is very accurate in high frequency band, but unfortunately poor in low frequency band which is usually an extrapolation of the high frequency results. Improper use of such EM tools will result in wrong S-parameter, which may sometimes bring instability to the final results in a time-domain simulator based on direct convolution. The equivalent circuit synthesized from the high frequency S-parameter may also generate poor result due to lack of accurate information in the low frequency band. In this paper, we first address the theoretic al reason for the inaccurate low frequency result from the full wave electromagnetic simulators. Then we introduce a new process to generate accurate S-parameter in the full interested frequency band. In the process, the frequency band is divided into three parts, the low frequency range, middle frequency range, and the high frequency range. Skin effect phenomenon is found to be the physical explanation for the frequency band division. It is found that properly choosing EM tools in the proper frequency band is the key to get accurate full band S-parameters.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Costs of Uniformity: Federal Foreign Policymaking, State Sovereignty, and the Massachusetts Burma Law

Last fall's protests at the World Trade Organization (WTO) convention in Seattle evidenced mounting pressure by states and municipalities to retain their authority to further shared values of environmental conservation, labor standards, and human rights through their government procurement policies.1 As one local commentator lamented, "the WTO has had a tremendous chilling effect on jurisdictions."2 For example the Seattle City Council declined to enact a selective purchasing ordinance targeting human rights abuses in Burma after a similar law in Massachusetts was challenged before the WTO.3 That law, the Massachusetts Burma Law (MBL),4 now faces constitutional challenge as well. In Natsios v. National Foreign Trade Council,5 the Supreme Court will decide the MBL's fate under U.S. law,6 presumably the validity of at least 31 other
Plasma Facing Component Development: Boundary Layer Physics and Component Engineering

AbstractTokamaks currently in operation deposit on the order of 1-30 MW/m2 onto plasma facing surfaces during normal operation and hundreds of MW/m2 for shorter periods of time (0.1–3 ms) during disruptions. Disruption deposited energies on future high-power tokamaks may be well in excess of 20 MJ/m2 Design of plasma facing components (PFCs) for such severe environments requires considerable advancements in materials development, armor tile bonding to actively cooled substrates, heat transfer, and many other areas of engineering concern. Considerable improvements in PFC performance, reliability and lifetime can also be accomplished through improved understanding and control of the edge plasma boundary layer. This paper covers both engineering and edge plasma physics issues that must be addressed in the development of reliable PFCs for ITER. Several specific examples are addressed since a complete treatment of all critical development issues would be lengthy. Topics covered include impurity generation and ...
Gene Silencing In Vitro and In Vivo Using Intronic MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded regulatory RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Numerous miRNAs have been reported to induce RNA interference (RNAi), a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism. Recent evidence also indicates that they are involved in the transcriptional regulation of genome activities. They were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans as native RNA fragments that modulate a wide range of genetic regulatory pathways during embryonic development, and are now recognized as small gene silencers transcribed from the noncoding regions of a genome. In humans, nearly 97% of the genome is noncoding DNA, which varies from one individual to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noted to manifest in clinical and circumstantial malfunction; for example, type 2 myotonic dystrophy and fragile X syndrome were found to be associated with miRNAs derived from introns. Intronic miRNA is a new class of miRNAs derived from the processing of non-protein-coding regions of gene transcripts. The intronic miRNAs differ uniquely from previously described intergenic miRNAs in the requirement of RNA polymerase (Pol)-II and spliceosomal components for its biogenesis. Several kinds of intronic miRNAs have been identified in C. elegans, mouse, and human cells; however, their functions and applications have not been reported. Here, we show for the first time that intron-derived miRNA is not only able to induce RNAi in mammalian cells but also in fish, chicken embryos, and adult mice cells, demonstrating the evolutionary preservation of this gene regulation system in vivo. These miRNA-mediated animal models provide artificial means to reproduce the mechanisms of miRNA-induced disease in vivo and will shed further light on miRNA-related therapies.
Psychodynamics and sociodynamics of gender-dysphoric states.

The psychodynamics and sociodynamics of gender-dysphoric states are examined. The hypotheses (including pathology in the mother-child relationship; defective object relations; aggression and sexual...
Analysis on Peasants' Behavior of Insurance Participation in the Perspective of Social Capital

During the process of promoting new rural insurance,peasants' insurance behavior shows the characteristics of high rate in coverage and low participation amount. In view of this situation,this paper analyzes the mechanism of the effects of social capital on peasants' insurance participation from micro,meso and macro levels. It puts forward suggestions such as establishing different level endowment insurance system and acordingly advancing new rural social insurance; Strengthening system publicity and giving play to social mobilization effect; Enhancing financial subsidy input and building effective insurance participation mechanism; Keeping system stability and improving peasants' confidence on the system.
Design of Software Framework of Embedded On-line Detecting Device for Safety Monitoring and Control System of Coal Mine

The embedded on-line detecting device is main part of embedded on-line detecting system for safety monitoring and control system of coal mine,it is used to on-line detect function of sound and light alarming for methane concentration exceeding preset limit,power off/power recovery control function,function of wind electricity closed-cycle control of methane,control response time of the system,actual patrol period,actual distributed quantity of sensors and stability of methane sensor.The paper introduced design of software framework and work flow and functions of each part of embedded on-line detecting device in details.The design of the software framework makes each function of the software be realized by combination of several subprogram modules and makes each subprogram module run concurrently,which improves running speed of the program.
Nephrobronchial Fistula: An Uncommon Manifestation of Inflammatory Renal Disease

It is well known that inflammatory diseases of the kidney may involve the perirenal space and spread contiguously to other organs, such as the stomach, colon, gallbladder and duodenum. It is less well known that fistulas may develop between the kidney and the lung. Presenting symptoms may suggest either renal or pulmonary disease. Two cases are reported. Familiarity with this entity should help to avoid misdiagnosis, especially when presenting symptoms are related to the respiratory system.
Social stressors, coping behaviors, and depressive symptoms: A latent profile analysis of adolescents in military families.

We investigated the relationship between context-specific social stressors, coping behaviors, and depressive symptoms among adolescents in active duty military families across seven installations (three of which were in Europe) (N = 1036) using a person-centered approach and a stress process theoretical framework. Results of the exploratory latent profile analysis revealed four distinct coping profiles: Disengaged Copers, Troubled Copers, Humor-intensive Copers, and Active Copers. Multinomial logistic regressions found no relationship between military-related stressors (parental separation, frequent relocations, and parental rank) and profile membership. Analysis of variance results revealed significant and meaningful differences between the coping profiles and depressive symptomology, specifically somatic symptoms, depressive affect, positive affect, and interpersonal problems. Post-hoc analyses revealed that Active Copers, the largest profile, reported the fewest depressive symptoms. Accordingly, frequent use of diverse, active coping behaviors was associated with enhanced resilience. Discussion is provided regarding the promotion of adaptive coping behaviors within this developmental period and the context of military family life.
CrossFlow: A cross-layer architecture for SDR using SDN principles

Software defined radios (SDR) have revolutionized communications by enabling flexible implementation and deployment of physical layer and medium access control protocols through software, without the need for specialized hardware. Although SDRs have been around for many years now, there is still tremendous interest to make them work in scenarios that were not previously thought possible. One such scenario is to build a network of SDRs that can be handled in a programmatic manner. The challenge for building such an architecture is that there is a plethora of radio protocols that need to be supported, each having its own nuances. To address this, we need to build fundamental abstractions that provide enough visibility so that a programmer can implement protocols, while at the same time being rigid enough not to expose excessive details that will complicate the application development process. The purpose of this work is to introduce a principled approach to building a cross-layer architecture using the basic building blocks of SDR and the principles of Software Defined Networking (SDN). SDN provides a great level of programmability into devices through the separation of the control and data planes. This paradigm enforces development of abstractions necessary to support SDRs. We validate this design through a proof-of-concept implementation.
LIVVkit: An extensible, python-based, land ice verification and validation toolkit for ice sheet models

To address the pressing need to better understand the behavior and complex interaction of ice sheets within the global Earth system, significant development of continental-scale, dynamical ice sheet models is underway. Concurrent to the development of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM), the corresponding verification and validation (V&V) process is being coordinated through a new, robust, Python-based extensible software package, the Land Ice Verification and Validation toolkit (LIVVkit). Incorporated into the typical ice sheet model development cycle, it provides robust and automated numerical verification, software verification, performance validation, and physical validation analyses on a variety of platforms, from personal laptops to the largest supercomputers. LIVVkit operates on sets of regression test and reference data sets, and provides comparisons for a suite of community prioritized tests, including configuration and parameter variations, bit-for-bit evaluation, and plots of model variables to indicate where differences occur. LIVVkit also provides an easily extensible framework to incorporate and analyze results of new intercomparison projects, new observation data, and new computing platforms. LIVVkit is designed for quick adaptation to additional ice sheet models via abstraction of model specific code, functions, and configurations into an ice sheet model description bundle outside the main LIVVkit structure. Ultimately, through shareable and accessible analysis output, LIVVkit is intended to help developers build confidence in their models and enhance the credibility of ice sheet models overall.
A Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases

A transfer line is a pipeline used to convey very cold fluids from one place to another. The transfer line described in this paper was specially designed for use with liquid hydrogen but could easily be used to transfer other cold fluids such as liquid nitrogen, air or helium. It is installed in the NBS-AEC Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory’s liquid hydrogen plant to transfer liquid hydrogen from the liquefiers to the storage and transport dewars. Special emphasis is placed on features which contribute to lower heat leak, simplicity and reliability. The primary design consideration is to reduce heat transfer from the warm ambient atmosphere to the liquid. In our application, high vacuum is used as the insulation in the annulus between the two concentric tubes with the cold fluid flowing through the center tube.
Obesity candidate genes, gestational weight gain, and body weight changes in pregnant women.

Abstract Objective To examine the associations of two obesity-associated genes, FTO (rs9939609) and GNB3 (rs5443) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with early pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention. Methods Secondary data analysis of self-identified white (n = 580) and black (n = 194) women who participated in a randomized controlled trial (2009–2014) and provided a saliva sample of DNA. Bivariate relationships were assessed using analysis of variance. Multiple regression models assessed the relationship between outcomes and gene SNPs, controlling for income, parity, and smoking status. Results FTO and GNB3 gene associations with pregnancy weight were different by racial group and early pregnancy body mass index. Obese black women homozygote for the FTO risk allele (AA) had a higher gestational weight gain compared with non-risk homozygotes (TT) (P = 0.006). GNB3 non-risk CC homozygotes tended to have a lower gestational weight gain compared with heterozygotes (P = 0.05). White GNB3 C carriers tended to be heavier in early pregnancy (P Conclusions The FTO gene and possibly the GNB3 gene are associated with high gestational weight gain in obese black women. Obese carriers of the FTO risk allele gained 4.1 kg (AT) and 7.6 kg (TT) more than those without risk alleles. Overweight GNB3 heterozygotes (CT) gained 6.6 kg less than homozygotes (CC). Overweight or obese black women who have either risk variant are at risk for high gestational weight gain.
Eyelid Retraction and Lagophthalmos

Eyelid retraction and lagophthalmos are common conditions encountered in ophthalmology. Diagnosis and appropriate management involve a systematic approach, beginning with a complete history. The surgeon must also be aware of conditions that could potentially worsen these problems. A thorough history and physical examination will help the physician avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate surgical intervention.
Greenhouse gas emissions and energy use associated with production of individual self-selected US diets.

Human food systems are a key contributor to climate change and other environmental concerns. While the environmental impacts of diets have been evaluated at the aggregate level, few studies, and none for the US, have focused on individual self-selected diets. Such work is essential for estimating a distribution of impacts, which, in turn, is key to recommending policies for driving consumer demand towards lower environmental impacts. To estimate the impact of US dietary choices on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and energy demand, we built a food impacts database from an exhaustive review of food life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and linked it to over 6000 as-consumed foods and dishes from 1 day dietary recall data on adults (N = 16 800) in the nationally representative 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food production impacts of US self-selected diets averaged 4.7 kg CO2 eq. person-1 day-1 (95% CI: 4.6-4.8) and 25.2 MJ non-renewable energy demand person-1 day-1 (95% CI: 24.6-25.8). As has been observed previously, meats and dairy contribute the most to GHGE and energy demand of US diets; however, beverages also emerge in this study as a notable contributor. Although linking impacts to diets required the use of many substitutions for foods with no available LCA studies, such proxy substitutions accounted for only 3% of diet-level GHGE. Variability across LCA studies introduced a ±19% range on the mean diet GHGE, but much of this variability is expected to be due to differences in food production locations and practices that can not currently be traced to individual dietary choices. When ranked by GHGE, diets from the top quintile accounted for 7.9 times the GHGE as those from the bottom quintile of diets. Our analyses highlight the importance of utilizing individual dietary behaviors rather than just population means when considering diet shift scenarios.
Single-Item Measures for Detecting Sleep Problems in United States Military Veterans.

As many as two-thirds of post-9/11 military veterans complain of sleep problems, including insomnia-like symptoms. Left untreated, chronic sleep problems increase the risk for a range of negative outcomes, including incident mental health disorders. However, sleep problems remain overlooked in primary care settings. To date, no brief sleep screeners have been developed or validated. Items assessing insomnia and poor sleep are often embedded into commonly used psychological assessments, and may serve as a viable first step in screening. The objective of this study was to examine the utility of three single items (i.e., trouble falling asleep, awakening in the early morning, and sleep that is restless or disturbed) embedded into the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL) for identifying two outcomes of interest, poor sleep and probable insomnia. Data were drawn from the cross-sectional Post-Deployment Mental Health Study, hosted by the Mid-Atlantic VA Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center. Item performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value calculations, along with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Post-9/11 U.S. military veterans with one or more overseas deployments and with no current DSM Axis I mental health disorder (N = 1118). An in-person health and sleep questionnaire, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL). Using an item response of 1, all three items demonstrated moderate sensitivity (0.70–0.78) and acceptable rates of false positives and false negatives (0.23–0.48 and 0.11–0.42, respectively) in predicting both outcomes, poor sleep and probable insomnia. Our initial findings suggest that existing items in the SCL may serve as a first step in screening for sleep problems. Early detection and treatment of sleep problems might prevent or ameliorate several negative outcomes, including incident mental health disorders.
The complexity of optimal multidimensional pricing for a unit-demand buyer

Abstract We resolve the complexity of revenue-optimal deterministic auctions in the unit-demand single-buyer Bayesian setting, i.e., the optimal item pricing problem, when the buyer's values for the items are independent. We show that the problem of computing a revenue-optimal pricing can be solved in polynomial time for distributions of support size 2, and its decision version is NP-complete for distributions of support size 3. We also show that the problem remains NP-complete for the case of identical distributions.
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: acute keratitis.

Purpose of reviewHerpes zoster is a common condition, and involvement of the trigeminal nerve results in herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). Acute keratitis is one of the most common of these ocular complications associated with HZO. The findings associated with and the management of acute zoster kera
Mechanisms of cell injury in ATP-depleted proximal tubules. Role of glycine, calcium, and polyphosphoinositides

Increase of intracellular free Ca2+ (Caf) plays an important role in the deterioration of cell structure that occurs during depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). On the other hand a form of Ca2+ independent cell injury due to glycine deficiency has also been recognized. Normally high intracellular gradients of glycine are dissipated during ATP depletion. Under these circumstances exogenous glycine protects cells and preserves structure independently of metabolism. We have examined the specific contributions of calcium and glycine to the injury process in isolated rabbit proximal tubules depleted of ATP by exposure to a metabolic inhibitor, or additionally made permeable to calcium ions by an ionophore. Tubules were incubated in high or low Ca2+ media (1.25 mM or 100 nM Ca2+) to attain high concentrations of Caf or 'clamp' Caf in the physiological range. Our results showed that structural breakdown in proximal tubule cells is compartmentalized. Increase of Caf leads to specific patterns of membrane damage and phospholipid hydrolysis. On the other hand glycine deficiency leads to a unique membrane defect that occurs independently of phospholipid breakdown and is fully expressed even if calcium-mediated injury is prevented by low Ca2+ conditions. Furthermore, the specificity of glycine was emphasized by its ability to maintain membrane continuity and thus dramatically delay lethal injury in spite of severe structural damage caused by massive increases of Caf.
Establishing baseline information on cigarette smoking behavior from ethnic-specific groups of Asian American and Pacific Islander youth in Seattle, Washington, 1996-1998.

OBJECTIVES To gather baseline impressionistic data from Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) teens about their tobacco cigarette smoking behaviors. METHODS Twenty six separate focus group interview sessions consisting of youth age 12-19 years, 49% female, and of mixed self-reported smoking status (N=190) were conducted over a three-year period from 1996-1999. Gender stratified groups of Samoans, Mien, Vietnamese, Filipino, Laotian, Chinese, and Cambodians were interviewed employing focus groups. FINDINGS Content analysis of more than 900 pages of transcripts revealed themes suggesting that, overall, parental authority loomed central in the control of youths' smoking; keen awareness and cynicism of media's role in the proliferation of tobacco products existed; and generally, tobacco regulation was thought needed to protect the health of the more vulnerable members of society. CONCLUSIONS The diversity within the broad AAPI category must be respected. This qualitative group interview approach uncovered general hypotheses for further cultural-specific research.
Kinetic Rate Law Issues in the Morphological Relaxation of Rippled Crystal Surfaces

A comparison study of surface relaxation below roughening using two simplified rate laws for adatom motion has been made. Both rate laws, termed i-kinetics and Δi-kinetics, show kinetic pathways to equilibrium whose scaling behavior is consistent with theory. For i-kinetics, pinch-off is always observed to be the operative mechanism in surface relaxation (over the temperature and wavelength range accessible to simulation), and is consistent with the observed λ4 scaling behavior. The temperature dependence of the amplitude decay is also consistent with pinch-off, but very different from the temperature scaling expected classically (and uniformly used in experiment). For Δi-kinetics, pinch-off is observed to be operative at higher temperatures and short times, leading to λα>4 scaling behavior, again consistent with theory. However, at low temperatures and large wavelengths, the surface is observed to spontaneously island, leading to λ3 scaling behavior at long times, consistent with the relaxation of surfaces with bidirectional modulations.
Negative Electrodes in Lithium Systems

A great deal of attention is currently being given to the development and use of batteries in which lithium plays an important role. Looked at very simply, there are two major reasons for this. One is that lithium is a very electropositive element, and its employment in electrochemical cells can lead to larger voltages than are possible with the other, less electropositive alkali metals. The second positive aspect of lithium systems is the possibility of major reductions in weight, at least partly due to the light weight of elemental lithium and many of its alloys and compounds.