cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Transfer Processes in a Partially Ionized, Two-Temperature Gas

The elementary situation of convective energy transfer between parallel plates at different temperatures is analyzed for partially ionized, nonreacting, monatomic hydrogen wherein the electrons may be at a temperature different from that of the heavier species. The gas conditions considered are such that an ion sheath, less than a mean free path in spatial extent, forms on the fully catalytic colder surface. The numerical results obtained indicate that 1) the gross features of the continuum solution are rather insensitive to the models of sheath and transition regions employed; 2) the energy transfer between ions and electrons due to the electric field external to the sheath is appreciable, particularly in its effect of reducing electron temperature; 3) thermal nonequilibrium effects on total heat transfer are not as great as might be anticipated because of the energy transfer between species by electric fields and the contribution of diffusional processes; and 4) magnetic field effects on total heat transfer are less than the effect on electronic thermal conductivity would indicate and are further lessened by thermal non equilibrium effects.
Cerebral palsy--are the definitions of the Gross Motor Functional Classification System too broad?

Cerebral palsy—are the definitions of the Gross Motor Functional Classification System too broad?
Regulating antigen-receptor gene assembly

The genes encoding antigen receptors are unique because of their high diversity and their assembly in developing lymphocytes from gene segments through a series of site-specific DNA recombination reactions known as V(D)J rearrangement. This review focuses on our understanding of how recombination of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene segments is tightly regulated despite being catalysed by a common lymphoid recombinase, which recognizes a widely distributed conserved recombination signal sequence. Probable mechanisms involve precise expression of the lymphoid-restricted recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2, and developmentally regulated epigenetic alterations in template accessibility, which are targeted by transcriptional regulatory elements and involve chromatin-modifying enzymes.
Corneal topography and irregular astigmatism.

ABSTRACT Background. The term irregular astigmatism has been used to refer to a variety of types of optical irregularity, although there are no widely recognized quantitative definitions of irregular astigmatism. This paper proposes a particular approach to defining and quantifying irregular astigmatism, and relates this model to blur disc formation. Methods. A model of irregular astigmatism is developed and illustrated using corneal topography data. This method quantifies the variation in dioptric power with meridian by expressing that profile as a series of sinusoidal components. The relation between these components of irregular astigmatism and defocus blur discs is described, as well as the relation between irregular astigmatism and other models used to quantify aberrations. Results. Irregular astigmatism is expressed in diopters, and may predict blur of the retinal image in the same way that spherocylindrical defocus causes blur. Conclusions. This model of irregular astigmatism is an efficient, quantitative means of describing irregular astigmatism.
Predicted effect of automatic crash notification on traffic mortality

Abstract Objective: To estimate the reduction in traffic mortality in the United States that would result from an automatic crash notification (ACN) system. Methods: 1997 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 30875 cases of incapacitating or fatal injury with complete information on emergency medical services (EMS) notification and arrival times were analyzed considering cases at any time to be in one of four states: (1) alive prior to notification; (2) alive after notification; (3) alive after EMS arrival; and (4) dead. For each minute after the crash, transition probabilities were calculated for each possible change of state. These data were used to construct models with (1) number of incapacitating injuries ranging from FARS cases up to an estimated total for the US in 1997; (2) deaths equal to FARS total; (3) transitions to death from other states proportional to FARS totals and rates and (4) other state transitions equal to FARS rates. The outcomes from these models were compared to outcomes from otherwise identical models in which all notification times were set to 1 min. Results: FARS data estimated 12 823 deaths prior to notification, 1800 after notification, and 14 015 between EMS arrival and 6 h. If notification times were all set to 1 min, a model using FARS data only predicted 10 703 deaths prior to notification, 2306 after notification, and 15 208 after EMS arrival, while a model using an estimated total number of incapacitating injuries for the US predicted 9569 deaths prior to notification, 2261 after notification, and 15 134 after arrival. In the first model, overall mortality was reduced from 28 638 to 28 217 (421 per year, or 1.5%), while in the second model mortality was reduced to 26964 (1674 per year, or 6%). Conclusions: Modest but important reduction in traffic mortality should be expected from a fully functional ACN system. Imperfect systems would be less effective.
A method to test the reproducibility and to improve performance of computer-aided detection schemes for digitized mammograms

The purpose of this study is to develop a new method for assessment of the reproducibility of computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes for digitized mammograms and to evaluate the possibility of using the implemented approach for improving CAD performance. Two thousand digitized mammograms (representing 500 cases) with 300 depicted verified masses were selected in the study. Series of images were generated for each digitized image by resampling after a series of slight image rotations. A CAD scheme developed in our laboratory was applied to all images to detect suspicious mass regions. We evaluated the reproducibility of the scheme using the detection sensitivity and false-positive rates for the original and resampled images. We also explored the possibility of improving CAD performance using three methods of combining results from the original and resampled images, including simple grouping, averaging output scores, and averaging output scores after grouping. The CAD scheme generated a detection score (from 0 to 1) for each identified suspicious region. A region with a detection score >0.5 was considered as positive. The CAD scheme detected 238 masses (79.3% case-based sensitivity) and identified 1093 false-positive regions (average 0.55 per image) in the original image dataset. In eleven repeated tests using original andmore » ten sets of rotated and resampled images, the scheme detected a maximum of 271 masses and identified as many as 2359 false-positive regions. Two hundred and eighteen masses (80.4%) and 618 false-positive regions (26.2%) were detected in all 11 sets of images. Combining detection results improved reproducibility and the overall CAD performance. In the range of an average false-positive detection rate between 0.5 and 1 per image, the sensitivity of the scheme could be increased approximately 5% after averaging the scores of the regions detected in at least four images. At low false-positive rate (e.g., {<=}average 0.3 per image), the grouping method alone could increase CAD sensitivity by 7%. The study demonstrated that reproducibility of a CAD scheme can be tested using a set of slightly rotated and resampled images. Because the reproducibility of true-positive detections is generally higher than that of false-positive detections, combining detection results generated from subsets of rotated and resampled images could improve both reproducibility and overall performance of CAD schemes.« less
Soil microbial community response and recovery following group selection harvest: Temporal patterns from an experimental harvest in a US northern hardwood forest

Abstract Forest harvesting and the associated loss of nutrients and carbon has the potential to negatively affect the soil microbial community, which plays a significant role in the health and productivity of the forest ecosystem. We used an experiment to evaluate the effects of group selection using whole-tree harvesting on the soil microbial community in a second growth northern hardwood forest dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in northern Wisconsin, USA. We compared the response of the soil microbial community in 200 m2 and 380 m2 harvested gaps to unharvested controls during the spring and summer in the first two years post-harvest, and continued to monitor changes in the soil microbial communities and microenvironment in 380 m2 gaps in years four, five, and seven post-harvest. Changes in community size and composition were assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. We found that the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi initially decreased following harvest, while abundance of anaerobic and gram positive bacteria, and the cyclo/pre-cyclo microbial stress ratio increased; responses that can be linked to microclimatic variability and resource accessibility. Neither actinomycete bacteria nor saprotrophic fungi exhibited an initial response to harvest, but in later years, we observed a decrease in actinomycetes and an increase in fungal abundance, suggesting a competitive interaction between the two main complex carbon-utilizing microbial groups. Canopy gap size had a minimal effect on the soil microbial community, resulting in a higher microbial stress ratio in 200 m2 gaps. The microbial community exhibited seasonal and yearly fluctuation, which reinforces the need for repeated sampling over multiple seasons to correctly interpret management effects. Despite the large amount of seasonal and yearly variability, we began to see signs of recovery in the soil microbial community between two and four years post-harvest. We conclude that group selection accomplished via whole-tree harvesting of this size and scale does not result in long-term effects on the soil microbial community in this temperate northern hardwood forest.
A summary of the biogeochemistry of nitrogen compounds in ground water

Abstract The biogeochemistry of nitrogen compounds in ground waters is exceedingly complex. The exclusive chemical monitoring of nitrates in ground waters is overly simplistic and may lead to errors in data interpretation. Nitrogen compounds are biodegradable and an understanding of the physical, chemical, and biologic systems through which transient water is moving is important in analyzing chemical data. Ground water nitrate contamination is generally encountered in shallow aquifers which have direct or indirect hydraulic continuity with the ground surface. Surface sources of ground water nitrate contamination related to man's activities include domestic sewage, agricultural practices, and high-density animal confinement.
ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF MENTAL/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN CHILDREN AFTER SUCCESSFUL LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

We measured anthropometries, intellectual and motor functioning in 18 children (8 months - 15 years) before and one year after liver transplant. Depending on age at testing, we obtained Bayley Mental (MDI) and Psychomotor (PDI) Development Indices, or Stanford Binet IQ and Motor Age (MA), or Wechsler Verbal (VIQ) Performance (PIQ), and Full Scale (FSTQ) IQs on each subject. Weight (W), height (H), and head circumference for age (H/A, HC/A), and W for H (W/H) were expressed as percent of median (NCHS standards). Relevant findings were (Means): No significant differences were found in mean development scores before and after transplant. However, for subjects with scores <80 before transplant, there was a trend towards improvement after transplant. Older subjects consistently improved in visual attention and fine motor speed. We conclude that there were significant increments in weight and head growth but no increase in linear growth. Intellectual and motor development remain unchanged for the group as a whole, although the most delayed made meaningful improvement. Long-term follow-up studies are indicated to determine ultimate intellectual outcome.
Effects of cellular viscoelasticity in multiple-bond force spectroscopy

Receptor–ligand bonds are often subjected to forces that regulate their detachment via modulating off-rates. Though the dynamics of detachment is primarily controlled by the physical chemistry of adhesion molecules cellular features such as cell deformability and microvillus viscoelasticity have been shown to have an effect on it as well. In this work, Monte Carlo simulation of the rupture of multiple receptor–ligand bonds between substrate and a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cell suspended in a Newtonian fluid is performed. It is demonstrated via various micromechanical models of the PMN cell adhered to the substrate by multiple receptor–ligand bonds that viscous drag caused by relative motion of cell suspended in a Newtonian fluid and cellular viscoelasticity modulate transmission of an applied external load to receptor–ligand bonds. It is demonstrated that due to cellular viscoelasticity the instantaneous intermolecular bond force is lower than the instantaneous applied force. It is also demonstrated that due to cellular viscoelasticity, the mean intermolecular bond rupture forces are lowered while the mean bond lifetime increases.
Morphometric analysis of the zona pellucida and ooplasm of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) eggs

The objective of this study was to correlate the thickness of the zona pellucida (zona) with egg (oocyte) maturity determined through a widely-used method of assessing oocyte maturation namely, the evidence for cumulus and corona cells expansion. Measurements of the zona of cultured oocytes were recorded at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 hr after laparoscopic oocyte retrieval from hormonallystimulated squirrel monkeys. The results indicated that at the time of oocyte retrieval, oocytes that were classified as mature had thicker zonae compared with immature oocytes. The zona layer of the mature oocyte expanded to a maximum after 6 hr of incubation while the zona layer of the immature oocyte became compressed. The diameter of the mature oocyte (minus the zona and perivitelline space) became smaller with time while the immature oocyte diameter remained relatively unchanged. The correlation between the maturational state of the oocyte and the thickness of the zona layer suggest the possible application of zona morphometric evaluations as an indicator of oocyte maturation.
Speech changes in Parkinson's disease during treatment with L-DOPA

The speech of 17 Parkinsonian patients was evaluated before and after the administration of L-DOPA therapy. A significant difference was demonstrated after treatment for voice quality, articulation, and pitch variation, but not for rate of speech. Amount of speech improvement correlated significantly with amount of physical improvement. Although age and duration of disease may exert some influence on speech change, the results suggest that these factors do not reliably predict the response. After 4 years of L-DOPA therapy, three out of four patients demonstrated additional improvement or the same degree of speech improvement.
RESIDENT PARTICIPATION AS AGENDA SETTING: A STUDy OF NEIGHBORHOOD‐BASED DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS

The issue of resident participation in community organizations has come full circle in the literature. Once considered an integral aspect of decision making within community groups, participation is viewed increasingly as a problem to he overcome rather than as a value to he pursued. This study examines thirty-two neighborhood-based development corporations throughout the United States in order to assess the emerging consensus that resident participation is simply not a feasible concept in a bureaucratic society. The findings indicate that resident input has a limited but crucial role in the decision-making processes of even the most highly professionalized community organizations. The conclusions suggest that postreform commitments to participatory politics are more ingrained among community elites than recent studies indicate and that participation and professionalization are not necessarily mutually exclusive concepts.
The photon distribution of atoms and molecules

Abstract In the weak coupling limit of QED, it is shown how to express the parton distributions — in particular the photon distribution — in terms of the non-relativistic wave functions. A sum rule is derived, relating the momentum carried by the photons to the binding energy, thus allowing quantitative predictions about the modification of the photon distribution as molecules are formed from atoms. The physical content is illustrated in a semi-classical picture as well as by providing analytic results for positronium.
Ecology of Migrating Colorado Potato Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Western Massachusetts

The age structure, reproductive status, and sex ratio of migrating and dispersing adults of Lepiinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in a potato field in western Massachusetts was determined. Movement by flight (local and migratory) occurred predominantly in adults 7–13 d old. Although significantly more males engaged in local flight activity, possibly in search of mates, males and females were equally likely to migrate by flight. The majority of postdiapause females (73.3%)subsampled from windowpane trap collections reproduced. Only 38.9%(1985) and 44.4%(1986) of first-generation females oviposited, and 89.5%(1985) and 67.7% (1986) of the females that did not oviposit were collected after the first part of August; this was explained by induction of diapause. The applicability of current migration theory to the Colorado potato beetle and the role of migration in the life history strategy of this insect are discussed.
Nanoparticles: A very versatile nanocapsule

Numerous copies of a pumpkin-shaped molecule can be linked together to form a nanocapsule shell that can trap compounds inside. The outer surface of this capsule can be decorated with other species by plugging them into the cavities of the hollowed-out pumpkins.
Meadowfoam Seed Yield Response to Temperature during Flower Development

Variation in meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. subsp. alba cv. Mermaid) seed yield has resulted in unpredictable economic returns and limited the area of production of this new oilseed crop. A controlled-environment experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a 7-d period of 16/10, 24/10 and 32/10 o C day/night temperature regimes imposed during floral bud development or peak bloom stages on seed set and seed yield. Thirty hand-pollinated flowers were used to determine mean seed set per flower, weight per seed, and seed weight per plant (.)
Higher levels of adiponectin in vascular endothelial cells are associated with greater brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in older adults

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects on the vascular endothelium. Recently adiponectin protein has been reported in murine vascular endothelial cells, however, whether adiponectin is present in human vascular endothelial cells remains unexplored. We sought to examine 1) adiponectin protein in vascular endothelial cells collected from older adults free of overt cardiovascular disease; 2) the relation between endothelial cell adiponectin and in vivo vascular endothelial function; and 3) the relation between endothelial cell adiponectin, circulating (plasma) adiponectin and related factors. We measured vascular endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation using ultrasonography), vascular endothelial cell adiponectin (biopsy coupled with quantitative immunofluorescence) and circulating adiponectin (Mercodia, ELISA) in older, sedentary, non-smoking, men and women (55-79 years). We found that higher endothelial cell adiponectin was related with greater flow-mediated dilation (r = 0.43, P < 0.05) and greater flow-mediated dilation normalized for shear stress (r = 0.56, P < 0.01), but was not related with vascular smooth muscle responsiveness to nitric oxide (r = 0.04, P = 0.9). Vascular endothelial cell adiponectin was not related with circulating adiponectin (r = -0.14, P = 0.6). Endothelial cell and circulating adiponectin were differentially associated with adiposity, metabolic and other factors, but both were inversely associated with renal function (r = 0.44 to 0.62, P ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, higher endothelial cell adiponectin levels are associated with higher vascular endothelial function, independent of circulating adiponectin levels in older adults.
Effectiveness of manual physical therapy in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review

AbstractStudy design: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Objective: Review of current literature regarding the effectiveness of manual therapy in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy.Background: Cervical radiculopathy (CR) is a clinical condition frequently encountered in the physical therapy clinic. Cervical radiculopathy is a result of space occupying lesions in the cervical spine: either cervical disc herniations, spondylosis, or osteophytosis. These affect the pain generators of bony and ligamentous tissues, producing radicular symptoms (i.e. pain, numbness, weakness, paresthesia) observed in the upper extremity of patients with cervical nerve root pathology. Cervical radiculopathy has a reported annual incidence of 83·2 per 100 000 and an increased prevalence in the fifth decade of life among the general population.Results: Medline and CINAHL via EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve the randomized clinical trial studies for this review between the years of...
Physiological roles and therapeutic potential of metabotropic glutamate receptors.

: Discovery of mGlu receptors has dramatically influenced our understanding of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. This receptor family provides a mechanism by which activation by glutamate can regulate a number of important neuronal and glial functions that are not typically modulated by ligand-gated ion channels. This includes modulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and various metabolic functions. Because of the ubiquitous distribution of glutamatergic synapses, discovery of the mGlu receptors immediately raised the likelihood that mGlu receptors would participate in most, if not all, major functions of the CNS. In addition, the wide diversity and heterogeneous distribution of mGlu receptor subtypes could provide an opportunity for development of pharmacological agents that selectively target specific CNS systems to achieve a therapeutic effect. Over the past decade, an increasing number of agonists and antagonists selective for specific mGlu receptor subtypes have been developed. Use of these pharmacological tools along with genetic approaches has led to major advances in our understanding of the roles of mGlu receptors in regulating CNS systems and animal behavior. These studies suggest that drugs active at mGlu receptors may be useful in treatment of a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The storage constrained, inbound inventory routing problem

Purpose – This paper aims to describe the storage constrained, inbound inventory routeing problem and presents bounds and heuristics for solutions to this problem. It also seeks to analyze various characteristics of this problem by comparing the solutions generated by the two proposed heuristics with each other and with the lower bound solutions.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed heuristics use a sequential decomposition strategy for generating solutions for this problem. These heuristics are evaluated on a set of problem instances which are based on an actual application in the automotive manufacturing industry.Findings – The storage space clearly has a significant effect on both the routeing and inventory decisions, and there are complex and interesting interactions between the problem factors and performance measures.Practical implications – Facility design decisions for the storage of inbound materials should carefully consider the impact of storage space on transportation and logistics costs....
Serial long-term assessment of the natural history of asymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular systolic function.

BACKGROUNDMany asymptomatic patients with aorta regurgitation and normal left ventricular systolic function remain clinically stable for many years, but others ultimately develop symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction and require operation. To identify indexes of left ventricular function predictive of symptomatic and functional deterioration during the long-term course of asymptomatic patients, we studied 104 asymptomatic patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular ejection fraction at rest.METHODS AND RESULTSSerial echocardiographic (average, 7.8 per patient) and radionuclide angiographic (average, 5.0 per patient) studies were obtained over a mean follow-up period of 8 years (range, 2-16 years). By Kaplan-Meier life table analysis, 58 +/- 9% of patients remained asymptomatic with normal ejection fraction at 11 years, an average attrition rate of less than 5% per year; two patients died suddenly, four developed asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, and 19 underwe...
Separating storm‐hydrographs from small drainage‐areas into surface‐ and subsurface‐flow

To evaluate the effects of different land-management practices on the water economy of small drainage-areas, it is essential that the stream-hydrograph obtained from small drainage-areas be separated into ground-water flow and the several components of storm-flow as accurately as the data permit. The difficulty of drawing a ground-water hydrograph for routine separation of complex storm-hydrographs has been specifically pointed out by numerous workers. For example, W. G. Hoyt [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] states that peaks occurring in such rapid succession that only rarely does surface-runoff have a chance to drain out “make the task of drawing a ground-water hydrograph difficult and the results uncertain.” The improvement if present methods and the development of new methods for differentiating ground-water runoff tad surface-runoff has been specifically pointed out as one of the deficiencies in hydrologic research [2].
A Pipeline for Computer Aided Polyp Detection

We present a novel pipeline for computer-aided detection (CAD) of colonic polyps by integrating texture and shape analysis with volume rendering and conformal colon flattening. Using our automatic method, the 3D polyp detection problem is converted into a 2D pattern recognition problem. The colon surface is first segmented and extracted from the CT data set of the patient's abdomen, which is then mapped to a 2D rectangle using conformal mapping. This flattened image is rendered using a direct volume rendering technique with a translucent electronic biopsy transfer function. The polyps are detected by a 2D clustering method on the flattened image. The false positives are further reduced by analyzing the volumetric shape and texture features. Compared with shape based methods, our method is much more efficient without the need of computing curvature and other shape parameters for the whole colon surface. The final detection results are stored in the 2D image, which can be easily incorporated into a virtual colonoscopy (VC) system to highlight the polyp locations. The extracted colon surface mesh can be used to accelerate the volumetric ray casting algorithm used to generate the VC endoscopic view. The proposed automatic CAD pipeline is incorporated into an interactive VC system, with a goal of helping radiologists detect polyps faster and with higher accuracy
Cannabis dependence, withdrawal and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms and substance use disorders.

The prevalence of cannabis use is rising among adolescents, many of whom perceive little risk from cannabis. However, clinicians who treat adolescent substance users hear frequent reports of serious cannabis-use disorders and problems. This study asked whether cannabis produced dependence and withdrawal among such patients, and whether patients' reports supported previous laboratory findings of reinforcing effects from cannabis. This was a screening and diagnostic study of serial treatment admissions. The diagnostic standard was the DSM-III-R dependence criteria, and the setting was a university-based adolescent substance treatment program with male residential and female outpatient services. The patients were 165 males and 64 females from consecutive samples of 255 male and 85 female 13-19-year-olds referred for substance and conduct problems (usually from social service or criminal justice agencies). Eighty-seven patients were not evaluated, usually due to early elopement. Twenty-four others did not meet study admission criteria: > or = one dependence diagnoses and > or = three lifetime conduct-disorder symptoms. The main measures were items from diagnostic interview instruments for substance dependence, psychiatric disorders, and patterns of substance use. Diagnoses were substance dependence, 100%; current conduct disorder, 82.1%; major depression, 17.5%; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 14.8%. The results show that most patients claimed serious problems from cannabis, and 78.6% met standard adult criteria for cannabis dependence. Two-thirds of cannabis-dependent patients reported withdrawal. Progression from first to regular cannabis use was as rapid as tobacco progression, and more rapid than that of alcohol, suggesting that cannabis is a reinforcer. The data indicate that for adolescents with conduct problems cannabis use is not benign, and that the drug potently reinforces cannabis-taking, producing both dependence and withdrawal. However, findings from this severely affected clinical population should not be generalized broadly to all other adolescents.
PROSPECTS FOR HIGH TECHNOLOGY BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MATURE INDUSTRIAL REGIONS: Pittsburgh as a Case Study

ABSTRACT:This article presents an analytical account of the relationship between a region’s industrial past and its ability to attract new innovative economic sectors. Pittsburgh is the area used to study prospects for economic growth based on high technology in declining industrial regions. The region’s economic past is reviewed; experience of national high technology complexes is used to develop an analytical framework to assess Pittsburgh’s prospects; comparisons are made to Silicon Valley and Route 128; analytical findings are examined using competitiveness scores and location quotients; and the outlook for Pittsburgh is discussed.
Profitability and Speed of Foreign Market Entry

This research explores the relationship between firm profitability and actual speed of foreign market entry. Results suggest that profitability has an inverted U-shaped relationship with actual speed of foreign market entry, in the context of large US corporate law firms entering China. This result supports the idea that firms with both the need and resources to expand into foreign markets rapidly will do so, while laggards will lack either the resources or need to enter markets. Results also suggest that previously established offices in culturally similar markets, larger firm size, firm infancy, and prior international experience hasten market entry. Alternatively, limited organizational slack and concentrated practices delay market entry. Unexpectedly, prior entry of competitors appears to represent a deterrent to rapid entry. Additionally, while regulatory reforms on foreign law firms in China allowed for wider geographic access, they also increased operating restrictions, slowing entry speeds. Finally, results suggest that intense home-market competitive intensity may divert or decrease resource commitments to rapid foreign expansion.
Merging of Healthy Motor Modules Predicts Reduced Locomotor Performance and Muscle Coordination Complexity Post-Stroke

Evidence suggests that the nervous system controls motor tasks using a low-dimensional modular organization of muscle activation. However, it is not clear if such an organization applies to coordin...
Herbst appliance more effective than twin-block appliance in treating adolescent Class II division I malocclusions

Original Article O'Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, Sanjie Y, Mandall N, Chadwick S, et al. Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003 Aug;124(2):128-37. Level of Evidence 1b Question Which of the 2 methods is more effective in correcting a Class II division I malocclusion: the Herbst appliance or the twin-block appliance? Source of Funding Government Design Randomized controlled trial (multicenter)
Supporting electrolytes for electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces: Crystal violet and tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate in nitrobenzene

Abstract The equilibrium properties of two hydrophobic salts used as supporting electrolytes in nonaqueous solutions in electrochemical studies on water nitrobenzene have been examined. Crystal violet tetraphenylborate was prepared and studied as a new supporting electrolyte. Its standard potential of transfer across mutually saturated water nitrobenzene interface is 410 mV and across water dichloroethane interface it is 405 mV. Limiting ionic conductivity of crystal violet cation in nitrobenzene is 10.6 S cm2 mol−1. Association of crystal violet in nitrobenzene was determined from conductivity. The interfacial potential of the system, including crystal violet reference interface, was examined in the view of repartitioning of the electrolytes after the two immiscible solutions were brought into contact.
Cough, exertional, and sex headaches

Cough, exertional, and sex headaches are three relatively rare and distinct but related syndromes, all of which are triggered in the context of rapid rises in intra-abdominal pressure. Cough headache occurs after single or brief series of such rises, whereas exertional and sexual headache typically arise after more prolonged provocations. All three syndromes may occur as the manifestation of an underlying, potentially serious cause and appropriate management involves the elimination of intracranial structural or vascular abnormalities. The pathophysiology of the three syndromes is poorly understood. They share several clinical features including relatively brief duration and a response to indomethacin.
Exact solutions of the axisymmetric plasma equilibrium equation

With a general method based on the theory of pseudoanalytic functions, a sequence of exact solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium equation of an axisymmetric plasma configuration is found. A particular solution corresponding to reasonable boundary conditions and pressure and current density profiles is analysed in some detail. The Mercier criterion is used to study stability against localized perturbations.
The Effect of Prepaid Postage on Turnout: A Cautionary Tale for Election Administrators

Abstract In collaboration with local election officials, we conducted a randomized field experiment in which postage-paid envelopes were provided to a random sample of 10,000 permanent vote-by-mail (VBM) voters in San Mateo County, California, in advance of the November 2, 2010, general election. We find that the treatment generated statistically significant but unexpected effects: postage-paid envelopes increased the probability that voters cast their ballots in person and decreased the probability that they cast their ballots by mail. These offsetting effects meant that the intervention produced no net change in voter turnout. We find that this pattern of countervailing effects is strongest among voters who frequently voted by mail in the past, those potentially most susceptible to disruptions in routine. Post-election interviews support the idea that the postage-paid envelopes created confusion for some voters. The results suggest that reforms designed to increase turnout by decreasing voting costs may...
Techniques and tools for dynamic optimization

Traditional code optimizers have produced significant performance improvements over the past forty years. While promising avenues of research still exist, traditional static and profiling techniques have reached the point of diminishing returns. The main problem is that these approaches have only a limited view of the program and have difficulty taking advantage of the actual run-time behavior of a program. We are addressing this problem through the development of a dynamic optimization system suited for aggressive optimization - using the full power of the most beneficial optimizations. We have designed our optimizer to operate using a software dynamic translation (SDT) execution system. Difficult challenges in this research include reducing SDT overhead and determining what optimizations to apply and where in the code to apply them. Another challenge is having the necessary tools to ensure the reliability of software that is dynamically optimized. In this paper, we describe our efforts in reducing overhead in SDT and efficient techniques for instrumenting the application code. We also describe our approach to determine what and where an optimization should be applied. We discuss other fundamental issues in developing a dynamic optimizer and finally present a basic debugger for SDT systems.
S-taliro: a tool for temporal logic falsification for hybrid systems

S-TaLiRo is a Matlab (TM) toolbox that searches for trajectories of minimal robustness in Simulink/Stateflow diagrams. It can analyze arbitrary Simulink models or user defined functions that model the system. At the heart of the tool, we use randomized testing based on stochastic optimization techniques including Monte-Carlo methods and Ant-Colony Optimization. Among the advantages of the toolbox is the seamless integration inside the Matlab environment, which is widely used in the industry for model-based development of control software.We present the architecture of S-TALIRO and its working on an application example.
PSF estimation by gradient descent fit to the ESF

Calibration of scanners and cameras usually involves measuring the point spread function (PSF). When edge data is used to measure the PSF, the differentiation step amplifies the noise. A parametric fit of the functional form of the edge spread function (ESF) directly to the measured edge data is proposed to eliminate this. Experiments used to test this method show that the Cauchy functional form fits better than the Gaussian or other forms tried. The effect of using a functional form of the PSF that differs from the true PSF is explored by considering bilevel images formed by thresholding. The amount of mismatch seen can be related to the difference between the respective kurtosis factors.
TOTAL INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1946–1976: A SUMMARY REPORT

Extended accounts of total income and product and associated capital stocks for the United States, in current and constant dollars, are offered for the years 1946 to 1976. They include intangible and tangible capital accumulation and non-market and market outputs in all sectors, services of government and household capital and of unpaid household labor, and opportunity costs of students. Defense and police services are classified as intermediate product; a portion of commercial media services is counted as final product. Expenses related to work are subtracted while the values of employee training and human capital formation and net revaluations of existing tangible capital are added. Total incomes (TISA) net national product was 50 percent greater than official Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) NNP in 1976. BEA gross private domestic investment was only about 18 percent of TISA gross capital accumulation. Intangible investment and TISA net domestic capital accumulation grew more rapidly than BEA net private domestic investment. Household investment has been growing while there have been sharp declines in government investment, particularly in research and development. Contrary to some views of the import of the narrower BEA accounts, total capital accumulation appears to have risen considerably more rapidly than total consumption, 6.3 percent versus 2.2 percent per annum from 1946 to 1976, thus increasing sharply its share of TISA GNP.
Experimental games for the design of reputation management systems

Trust between people engaging in economic transactions affects the economic growth of their community. Reputation management systems, such as the Feedback Forum of eBay Inc., can increase the trust level of the participants. We show in this paper that experimental economics can be used in a controlled laboratory environment to measure trust and trust enhancement. Specifically, we present an experimental study that quantifies the increase in trust produced by two versions of a reputation management system. We also discuss some emerging issues in the design of reputation management systems.
Schistosome apyrase SmATPDase1, but not SmATPDase2, hydrolyses exogenous ATP and ADP

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that can live in the bloodstream of their vertebrate hosts for many years. It has been proposed that the worms impinge on host purinergic signalling by degrading proinflammatory molecules like ATP as well as prothrombotic mediators like ADP. This capability may help explain the apparent refractoriness of the worms to both immune elimination and thrombus formation. Three distinct ectoenzymes, expressed at the host-exposed surface of the worm’s tegument, are proposed to be involved in the catabolism of ATP and ADP. These are alkaline phosphatase (SmAP), phosphodiesterase (SmNPP-5), and ATP diphosphohydrolase (SmATPDase1). It has recently been shown that only one of these enzymes—SmATPDase1—actually degrades exogenous ATP and ADP. However, a second ATP diphosphohydrolase homolog (SmATPDase2) is located in the tegument and has been reported to be released by the worms. It is possible that this enzyme too participates in the cleavage of exogenous nucleotide tri- and di-phosphates. To test this hypothesis, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress the expression of the schistosome SmATPDase1 and SmATPDase2 genes. We find that only SmATPDase1-suppressed parasites are significantly impaired in their ability to degrade exogenously added ATP or ADP. Suppression of SmATPDase2 does not appreciably affect the worms’ ability to catabolize ATP or ADP. Furthermore, we detect no evidence for the secretion or release of an ATP-hydrolyzing activity by cultured parasites. The results confirm the role of tegumental SmATPDase1, but not SmADTPDase2, in the degradation of the exogenous proinflammatory and prothrombotic nucleotides ATP and ADP by live intravascular stages of the parasite.
Keepers of the Jungle: Environmental Management in British India, 1855-1900

(2000). Keepers of the Jungle: Environmental Management in British India, 1855–1900. The Historian: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 557-574.
Mindfulness at the Mind–Body Interface

The concept and practice of mindfulness can enrich the biofeedback process in several ways: interpersonally, intrapersonally, and in the “triad” relationship that includes two people plus the ongoing biofeedback data display. Improving the relationship between clients and their somatic changes underlying the biofeedback data—including sensations, emotions, and the ever-fluctuating self-image—seems central, and benefits from mindfulness are apparent—specifically, the act of pulling back and accepting instead of striving for change. Even the familiar “body scan” promotes a detached observing attitude, with transient benefits similar to a more formal mindfulness focus. Knowing the related brain-processing correlates of meditation can enhance confidence in the process, and a prime element of modern mindfulness training—compassion—can be extended toward one's own bodily processes being revealed during biofeedback.
Relative Deprivation and Equity Theories

Relative deprivation and equity theory are the two major social psychological approaches to the study of felt distributive injustice. Both theories postulate its antecedent conditions, emotional concomitants, and behavioral consequences. Both theories assert that not having and deserving something are preconditions of felt unjust deprivation; that resentment, anger, and dissatisfaction are among its emotional concomitants, and that the experience of unjust deprivation leads to behaviors aimed at eliminating it.1
Serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonism and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism ameliorate the subchronic phencyclidine-induced deficit in executive functioning in mice

Rationale Reversal learning (RL), a type of executive function, dependent on prefrontal cortical function, is impaired in rodents by subchronic (sc) treatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), a widely studied model of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS).
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF FLUIDIZED BED COAL COMBUSTION OPERATIONS I. INCREASED MUTAGENICITY DURING PERIODS OF INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

The Ames Salmonella microsome assay (Ames and Yamasaki, 1975) is used extensively to screen environmental pollutants because of its rapidity, its relatively low cost, and its sensitivity in detecting carcinogens (McCann et al., 1975). We applied the Ames assay to the study of mutagenic particulates produced by an experimental process-development fluidized bed combustor (FBC) at Argonne National Laboratory. This FBC also was used for mouse inhalation toxicology experiments (Kirchner et al., 1980; this study is reported in this volume as Biological Monitoring of Fluidized Bed Coal Combustion Operations II.).
Shear-modulus change below Tc in YBa2Cu3O7−x

The ultrasonic transverse-wave velocity in the high-T c metal-oxide superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x between 275 and 4 K was measured. Above Tc the velocity shows normal behavior: during cooling, it displays a monotonic increase with decreasing slope. During cooling below T c the shear modulus departs from normal behavior, increasing as ΔG /G = b [1 − (T/T c)n, where n = 3. These results depart dramatically from those expected for a simple second-order normal-superconducting phase transition.
Design and Application of Load Dispatching Control System for Smart Grid

Development of power grid dispatching from generation side to load side is an important trend of smart grid.Therefore,this paper discusses typical structure of load dispatching control system and implement scheme.By analyzing main objects of load dispatching control and combining characteristics of existing dispatching system,it proposes that the load dispatching control system could be divided into master station layer,substation layer and customer layer.Aiming at characteristic of thermostatically-controlled load,a kind of customer side load dispatching control system based on home thermostatically-controlled equipments was designed and its hardware configuration,networking scheme and software function module was stated.By means of analyzing typical application scenarios of interaction of load dispatching control system with microgrid,developing direction and effect of load dispatching was pointed out.
Development Status and Countermeasure of Taiwan-funded Agricultural Enterprise in Fujian

Based on the investigation of the development of Taiwan-funded agricultural enterprise in Taiwanese investment gathering areas in Fujian Province,this paper expatiates on six problems in these enterprises development: The agricultural assistance system has not been fully developed;The policy environment has not been detailed in the levels of village,town and county;The preliminary planning of inviting investment was too rough;The coverage of technological service was not extensive;The input to basic facilities was not enough;The enterprises were deficient in suitable labor force.The paper takes the example of analysis from the existing problems in the development status of Taiwan-funded agricultural enterprises in Fujian and their countermeasures including construction of agricultural disaster warning,specialty insurance,detailed policy,financing service and information system,and so on.