cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explicit Solution of the Statistical Bootstrap Model via Laplace Transforms

A compact analytic treatment of the statistical bootstrap model is presented, using the standard techniques of statistical mechanics. Nahm's results on the asymptotic level density are recapitulated. Montvay's derivation of the symptotic moments of the multiplicity distribution of decay products is generalized to the ease of an arbitrary input spectrum. Explicit formula are given for thc moments of the quamtum-number distributions among high-mass resonances, including the spin distribution. Finally, thc n-particle correlation functions among the momenta of decay products are investigated. (auth)
Influence of Complex Formation on Membrane Transport

Abstract Theoretical aspects of the influence of complex formation on transport across a diffusional barrier of three species, participating in an association-dissociation reaction, are presented. On the basis of solution of a nonlinear differential equation derived from equations of continuity, valid for stationary states, when diffusion coefficients are constants and coupling between fluxes of different species is ignored, it is shown that the usual assumption that the complex formation reaction is at equilibrium at all locations in the system is not valid, except when the concentration of one of the reactant species is maintained equal on both sides of the membrane. In the general case, methods of calculation of reactionrate profiles and concentration profiles to any desired order of approximation in the inhomogeneous diffusional barrier region from experimentally measurable quantities are included. The method of computing the association-rate and dissociation-rate constants from suitable transport measurements is presented.
Premature differentiation and aberrant movement of pituitary cells lacking both Hes1 and Prop1

Abstract In the pituitary, the transition from proliferating progenitor cell into differentiated hormone producing cell is carefully regulated in a time-dependent and spatially-restricted manner. We report that two targets of Notch signaling, Hes1 and Prop1, are needed to maintain progenitors within Rathke's pouch and for the restriction of differentiated cells to the ventral pituitary. We observed ACTH and αGSU producing cells that had prematurely differentiated within Rathke's pouch along with correlated ectopic expression of Mash1 only when both Prop1 and Hes1 were lost. We also discovered that downregulation of N-cadherin expression in cells as they transition from Rathke's pouch to the anterior lobe appears to be essential for their movement. In the Prop1 mutant, cells are trapped in Rathke's pouch and N-cadherin expression remains high. Also, Slug, a marker of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, is absent in the dorsal anterior lobe. When Hes1 is lost in the Prop1 mutant, N-cadherin is downregulated and cells are able to exit Rathke's pouch but have lost their migrational cues and form ectopic foci surrounding Rathke's pouch. Our data reveal important overlapping functions of Hes1 and Prop1 in cell differentiation and movement that are critical for pituitary organogenesis.
Observation of oxide particles below the apparent oxygen solubility limit in tantalum

The apparent solubility of oxygen in polycrystalline tantalum as determined by the X-ray diffraction lattice parameter technique is about 1.63 atomic percent at 820 C. However, oxide particles were identified in samples containing as low as 0.5 atomic percent of oxygen. These oxide particles were present at the grain boundaries and within the grains. The number of oxide particles increased with increasing oxygen concentration in tantalum. The presence of oxide particles suggests that the true solubility of oxygen in the polycrystalline tantalum metal is probably significantly lower than that reported in the literature.
Phenotypic characteristics of hybrid cells produced by cell fusion of porcine adrenal chromaffin cells with human mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary study

Abstract Background and purpose: Transplantation of adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) that release endogenous opioid peptides and catecholamines produces significant antinociceptive effects in patients with terminal cancer pain. In clinical practice, however, obtaining a sufficient number of chromaffin cells may not be possible because of the limited availability of human adrenal tissue. Recent works have shown that fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with differentiated cells can occur spontaneously in vivo and acquire the phenotype of the recipient cells. In this study, we investigated the possibility of producing chromaffin-like cells by fusing human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MeSCs) with post-mitotic porcine CCs in vitro with the application of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Methods and results: Before cell-to-cell fusion was initiated, MeSCs and CCs were labeled by fluorescence dyes DiO (green) and Dil (red), respectively. The hybrid cells generated by PEG-mediated fusion expressed a DiO an...
Communication and cultural insularity: The Chinese immigrant experience

Through a case study of a Chinese immigrant family's media use within the social and media environment of New York's Chinatown, this article examines the issues of cultural assimilation, pluralism, and insularity. The experience of contemporary immigrants supports the assimilation and the pluralism theses to varying degrees; it also suggests the importance of insularity as a process by which immigrants can maintain their cultural identity in a foreign land.
Xenobiotic oxidation by cytochrome P-450-enriched extracts of streptomyces griseus

Crude extracts Streptomyces griseus grown on soybean flour-enriched medium contain high levels of cytochrome P-450. The cytochrome P-450-enriched fractions, obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation (30–50% saturation), catalyze the NADPH-dependent oxidation of a variety of xenobiotics when complemented with both spinach ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase and spinach ferredoxin. Reactions observed are aromatic, benzylic and alicyclic hydroxylations, O-dealkylation, non-aromatic double bond epoxidation, N-oxidation and N-acetylation.
Absence of reverse transcriptase activity in human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract The reverse flow of gentic information from RNA transcripts to DNA has been postulated to be the mechanism for the generation of pseudogenes, dispersed repetitious DNA families, and small extrachromosomal circular DNAs in eukaryotic cells. We were unable to detect reverse transcriptase-like activity in several strains of cultured human cells, with or without induction by a variety of chemical and physical agents known to induce latent retroviruses.
Immunology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a brief review of its history

The history of clinical marrow transplantation since 1968 is reviewed with an emphasis on immunological and immunogenetic aspects. The events leading to the creation of an international network of volunteer donor registries and the implementation of unrelated allogeneic marrow transplantation as a routine procedure are discussed. Current major issues which need to be resolved are addressed in order to set the stage for the topics covered in this volume of Immunological Reviews.
Embedded post-processing for enhancement of compressed images

This paper presents a simple and effective post-processing method for compressed images. This work focuses on the cyclic time-variance introduced by block-based and subband transform coders. We propose an algorithm to (almost) restore stationarity to the cyclo-stationary output of the conventional transform coders. Despite a simple, non-iterative structure, this method outperforms other methods of image enhancement known to us, e.g. linear and nonlinear filtering, projection on convex sets (POCS), wavelet-based and optimization-based methods. In particular, the proposed method performs very well in suppressing both blocking and ringing artifacts. Furthermore, it admits a solution with successive approximation. The resulting embeddedness is very useful for multimedia applications such as image browsing on the World Wide Web.
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Founder's Lecture 2010: Breastfeeding: An Obstetrician's View

Abstract The value of breastfeeding for mothers, babies, and society is well established, yet in the United States too many women do not breastfeed. The U.S. Public Health Service set forth breastfeeding goals for 2010 and subsequently developed report cards so that breastfeeding trends could be followed for each state. Many efforts are made by healthcare professionals to encourage and support new mothers, but some areas in the United States have low levels of breastfeeding. This report examines aspects of obstetricians' education, role, and responsibility to promote and support breastfeeding. Additionally, some current trends affecting the practice of breastfeeding are considered, including shorter hospital stays, rapidly rising cesarean delivery rates (soon to approach 50%), and increasing proportion of working mothers. Because obstetricians often have the first contact with expectant mothers and there are over 20 million prenatal visits annually in the United States, obstetricians have many opportuniti...
On the Cyclicality of R&D

This paper explores the link between short-run cycles and long-run growth by examining the cyclicality of RD but aggregate data repeatedly show that RD but interestingly, estimates using demand-shift instruments suggest that it responds asymmetrically to demand shocks. We propose that liquidity constraints and technology improvement cause the observed pro-cyclicality of R&D.
Variable morphological differentiation of a raphé-derived neuronal cell line following transplantation into the adult rat CNS.

Abstract A clonal, neuronally-differentiating cell line, RN33B, was previously developed by retroviral infection of neural tissue derived from embryonic Sprague-Dawley raphe nuclei with a retrovirus encoding the temperature-sensitive allele of SV40 large T-antigen. In the present study, RN33B cells were transplanted into two target areas of the raphe nuclei, the spinal cord and hippocampal formation, of adult allogeneic hosts. Prior to transplantation, RN33B cells were infected in vitro with a retroviral vector carrying the Escherichia coli lacZ reporter gene and were visualized in vivo using a βgalactosidase immunohistochemical technique. RN33B cells were seen throughout the spinal cord and hippocampal formation of the adult hosts at 15 days post-transplantation. T-antigen-immunoreactive nuclei were detected where RN33B cells were observed, but in much greater numbers than β-galactosidase-immunoreactive cells. Bipolar RN33B cells were found in the spinal cord grey matter. RN33B cells with multipolar morphologies were visualized in the hippocampal and subicular pyramidal cell layers, and also in the dentate gyrus granule cell and polymorph layers, while bipolar RN33B cells were seen in the remainder of the hippocampal formation. The results suggest that immortalized neural cell lines of CNS origin can differentiate in the adult CNS with their ultimate morphology being determined by local tissue signals. We speculate that endogenous neutrophins may significantly influence RN33B cell differentiation in vivo.
Integral equation for the scattered field in the presence of a phase-conjugate mirror

A consistent and conceptually simple derivation is given for the basic integral equation of the scattered field in the presence of a phase-conjugate mirror characterized by a constant amplitude-reflection coefficient. This integral equation is exact, except for the fact that the incident field is assumed to contain no evanescent components and the effects of the evanescent waves are neglected at the phase-conjugate mirror.
Thirty-day mortality statistics underestimate the risk of repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: A statewide experience

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the 30-day and 365-day mortality for the repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAA), when stratified by age, in the general population. These data provide clinicians with information more applicable to an individual patient than mortality figures from a single institutional series. Methods Data were obtained from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for the years 1991 to 2002. These data were linked to the state death certificate file, allowing for continued information on the status of the patients after hospital discharge. All patients undergoing elective and ruptured TAA repair as coded by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Clinical Modification (ICD-9, CM) in California were identified. Patients aged 90 years old were excluded. We determined 30- and 365-day mortality and stratified our findings by decade of patient age (eg, 50 to 59). Demographics of elective and ruptured cases were also compared. Results We identified 1010 patients (797 elective, 213 ruptured) who underwent TAA repair. Mean patient ages were 70.0 (elective) and 72.1 years (ruptured). Men comprised 62% of elective and 68% of ruptured aneurysm patients, and 80% (elective) and 74% (ruptured) were white. Overall elective patient mortality was 19% at 30 days and 31% at 365 days. There was a steep increase in mortality with increasing age, such that elective 365-day mortality increased from about 18% for patients 50 to 59 years old to 40% for patients 80 to 89 years old. The elective case 31-day to 365-day mortality ranged from 7.8% for the youngest patients to 13.5%. Mortality for ruptured cases was 48.4% at 30 days and 61.5% at 365 days, and these rates also increased with age. Conclusions Our observed 30-day mortality for TAA repairs is consistent with previous reports; however, mortality at 1 year demonstrates a significant risk beyond the initial perioperative period, and this risk increases with age. These data reflect surgical mortality for TAA repair in the general population and may provide more useful data for surgeons and patients contemplating TAA surgery.
Development of manufacturing methods for 50-cm diameter neutron source targets for RTNS-II

Abstract RTNS-II is an accelerator driven neutron source. We attempted to produce a larger version of our current accelerator target but experienced problems in diffusion bonding and thermal stability of the copper alloy used for target fabrication. We have identified the causes of these problems and demonstrated a new technique, electro forming, for fabricating targets.
Increased risk for myelodysplastic syndromes in individuals with glutathione transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) gene defect

Abstract Summary Background The glutathione S-transferases (GST) mediate exposure to various cytotoxic and genotoxic agents, including those associated with increased risk of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Both GST M1 (GSTM1) and GST theta 1 ( GSTT1 ) genes have a "null" variant allele, in which the entire gene is absent. We tested whether the homozygous null genotype of GSTM1 and GSTT1 altered the risk for MDS. Methods In a hospital-based case-control study we analysed lymphocyte or bone-marrow DNA samples from 96 patients with MDS and 201 cancer-free controls of similar age, race, and sex. We have restricted our report to the 92 white MDS patients. We analysed GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes by PCR. Findings The frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype was higher among MDS cases (46%) than among controls (16%). Inheritance of the GSTT1 null genotype conferred a 4·3-fold risk of MDS (odds ratio 4·3, 95% Cl 2·5-7·4, p GSTM 1 null genotype was not associated with increased risk of MDS (odds ratio 0·8, 0·5-1·3). Interpretation Individuals with the GSTT1 null genotype may have enhanced susceptibility to MDS. The mechanism might involve decreased detoxification of environmental or endogenous carcinogens.
Reductions in internal disinhibition during weight loss predict better weight loss maintenance.

The construct of disinhibition, as measured by the Eating Inventory, was recently found to have two factors: internal disinhibition (eating in response to cognitive and emotional cues) and external disinhibition (eating in response to environmental cues). This study examined whether early changes in disinhibition that occurred during a weight loss program predicted later weight loss maintenance. Participants were adults enrolled in a weight loss treatment study (n = 81, 16% men, BMI = 38.4 ± 6.5 kg/m2). Two-thirds of participants were African Americans. Participants received a uniform, meal-replacement-based weight loss program in months 1–3 and one of four nutritionally focused programs for weight loss maintenance in months 4–12. Disinhibition and weight were assessed at clinic visits. Change in internal disinhibition from months 1–3 (i.e., the weight loss period) significantly predicted change in weight from month 4 to 12 (i.e., the weight maintenance period); this remained significant when treatment group, age, gender, ethnicity, baseline weight, baseline depression, baseline internal disinhibition, and initial weight loss were controlled for (P = 0.03). A comparable analysis examining change in external disinhibition found that it was not a significant predictor of weight maintenance (P = 0.43). Participants who experienced the biggest decreases in internal disinhibition during the initial phase of treatment had the most success maintaining their weight loss in the next phase of treatment. Long-term weight loss outcomes may be improved by spending sufficient treatment time teaching strategies for reducing eating in response to internal cues.
Vasopressin and operative hysteroscopy in the management of delayed postabortion and postpartum bleeding.

Two women, one with refractory postabortion hemorrhage and the other with refractory postpartum hemorrhage, were managed with vasopressin, operative hysteroscopy, and a dilute vasopressin pack. Both patients had been treated by standard methods (i.e., dilation and curettage) and both were being prepared for a surgical intervention procedure. It was decided in both cases to try to slow the bleeding by injection of vasopressin paracervically and then performance of operative hysteroscopy. In both cases, the injection of dilute vasopressin paracervically when coupled with operative hysteroscopy was quite effective in determining the cause of the bleeding and was instrumental in avoiding major operative procedures.
Cryogenic origin for brine in the subsurface of southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Sampling of interstitial fluids during deep coring in southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, revealed the presence of seawater-sourced, hypersaline brine at depths >200 m below the seafloor. Na-Cl-Br and SO 4 -Cl-Br relationships are consistent with a concentration mechanism that involves the removal of pure H 2 O as ice and precipitation of mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O) during progressive freezing of seawater. The brine is in Neogene subglacial, glacimarine, and marine facies that record advance and retreat of glaciers through the Ross Sea embayment. In this environment, sea ice formation in semi-isolated marine basins that occupied flexural troughs along ice sheet margins produced dense brines that sank and infiltrated the permeable subglacial sediment. Repeated cycles of glacial advance and retreat provided multiple opportunities for batches of seawater to be transformed into brine that now is in the subsurface of southern McMurdo Sound. Results demonstrate the feasibility of brine formation via seawater freezing and attest to the potential of a cryogenic origin for subsurface brines in high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as proposed by some workers.
Proterozoic metamorphism and cooling in the southern Lake Superior region, North America and its bearing on crustal evolution

Abstract Metamorphism along the southern margin of the Archean Superior Province has been historically attributed to the Penokean orogeny. A narrow corridor of amphibolite facies rocks north of the main suture does record 1.83–1.80 Ga metamorphic monazite U–Th–Pb ages that mark the culmination of arc accretion. However, subsequent widespread amphibolite facies metamorphism and associated magmatism is recorded along the regions of greatest Penokean crustal thickening: the tectonically buried Archean–Proterozoic continental margin. In Minnesota, new monazite geochronology reveals a profound midcrustal metamorphic imprint caused by emplacement of the ∼1.775 Ga East-central Minnesota batholith at moderate depths. In northern Wisconsin and upper peninsula Michigan metamorphic monazite growth at 1.78–1.745 Ga (and far from geon 17 intrusions) reflect a previously little recognized regional amphibolite facies metamorphic event associated with ca. 1.76 Ga Yavapai-interval accretion, not solely Penokean induced crustal collapse. South of the Penokean suture, Penokean terrane rocks were twice metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies; first during Yavapai accretion and again during geon 16 Mazatzal accretion. Geon 16 overprinting also affected a small part of the continental margin in the northeast orogen, the Peavy metamorphic node. South-directed basement thrusts there likely accommodated substantial Mazatzal foreland shortening, suggesting thick-skinned deformation. Mazatzal amphibolite facies metamorphism occurred throughout Iowa and southernmost Wisconsin (south of the Baraboo quartzite). 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mineral cooling ages from eastern Wisconsin reveal a limited metamorphic aureole associated with the intrusion of the 1.47 Ga Wolf River batholith, in part reflecting its rapid emplacement at shallow crustal levels. A local area of anomalously young 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mica ages away from known Midcontinent Rift exposures probably reflect shallow crustal level reheating during rifting, not exhumation. The pattern and degree of Proterozoic metamorphism preserved across the northern interior of the North American midcontinent is highly variable and is a reflection of multiple accretionary and intrusive events between 1.87 and 1.47 Ga. Collectively, the geo- and thermochronologic data reveal a progressive tectonic younging toward the south and overall waning of Proterozoic metamorphism in this region. These results demonstrate a changing tectonic environment from active margin to continental interior as Laurentia grew southward and stabilized over a few hundred million years.
Survival differences between patients with scalp or neck melanoma and those with melanoma of other sites in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program.

Objective To compare the prognosis of patients with scalp or neck (scalp/neck) melanomas with that of patients with melanomas at other sites in a large, population-based national data set controlling for known prognostic factors. Design Retrospective cohort study using US cancer registries that constitute the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 13 Registries (SEER-13) database. Patients A total of 51 704 non-Hispanic white adults in the United States with a first invasive cutaneous melanoma reported during the period 1992 to 2003. Main Outcome Measures Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used to compare melanoma-specific survival by anatomic site at 5 and 10 years. Multivariate Cox models were used to examine the hazard ratio (HR) of melanoma-specific death associated with scalp/neck melanoma compared with melanoma of the extremities after controlling for other variables. Results The 5- and 10-year Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities for scalp/neck melanoma were 83.1% and 76.2%, respectively, compared with 92.1% and 88.7%, respectively, for melanoma of the other sites, including extremities, trunk, face, and ears (log-rank test; P Conclusions A notable survival difference remained between scalp/neck melanoma and melanoma of other sites even after adjustment for important prognostic factors. This finding has implications for screening and public health recommendations, and we urge physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and nurse practitioners to examine the scalp/neck carefully during routine skin examinations. Further studies are needed to understand the biological or environmental factors leading to survival differences by anatomic site.
Color image segmentation using multi-scale clustering

The use of clustering in color image segmentation poses two distinct problems: (a) equal distances throughout a color space may not be perceived equally by the human visual system, and (b) the number of color clusters must be predetermined. This paper describes a color clustering method that resolves these problems. The first problem is addressed by operating in the nonlinear, geodesic chromaticity space where color shifts are nearly uniform. The second problem is remedied by utilizing a newly developed multi-scale clustering algorithm. This algorithm determines the prominent numbers of color clusters via an objective measure named lifetime. The obtained segmentation results indicate that this color segmentation approach identifies the prominent color structures or objects in a color image.
Dimethylsulfide Production from a Phaeocystis Bloom in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) and pigment samples were taken over two months (October–November 1990) in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, as part of the Icecolors’ 90 ozone-hole cruise. During this period, a large ice-edge bloom of Phaeocystis developed over an extensive area. To estimate DMS production over the entire bloom, CTD casts provided samples over depth, while transects were taken following the ice edge, and from heavy ice to the open sea. Together, these data provide a three-dimensional overview of DMS production. DMS measurements correlate well with in vivo measurements, and with the presence of Phaeocystis. An estimate was made of DMS production over the duration of an ice-edge bloom.
Broadcast Feedback for Stochastic Cellular Actuator Systems Consisting of Nonuniform Actuator Units

In this paper, the concept of broadcast feedback for stochastic cellular control systems is expanded to a system with nonuniform cellular length and nonuniform transition probability. The cellular control architecture was originally inspired by skeletal muscles comprising a vast number of tiny functional units, called sarcomeres. The output of the actuator system is an aggregate effect of numerous cellular units, each taking a bistable ON-OFF state. A central controller broadcasts the error between the aggregate output and a reference input. Rather than dictating the individual units to take specific states, the central controller merely broadcasts the overall error signal to all the cellular units uniformly. In turn each cellular unit makes a stochastic decision with a state transition probability, which is modulated in relation to the broadcasted error. Stability conditions of the broadcast feedback system are obtained by using a stochastic Lyapunov function. It is demonstrated that, even in the presence of the distribution of the cell length and/or the distribution of the transition probability generated in each cell, the aggregate output of the cellular units can track a given trajectory stably and robustly.
Size-dependent response of macroinvertebrates to metals in experimental streams

Our previous research has shown that the effects of metals on stream benthic invertebrate populations and communities can vary within and between locations. With this in mind, we examined whether invertebrate body size could explain some of the variation in metal sensitivity within a species. Benthic macroinvertebrates from a pristine Rocky Mountain foothills' stream were collected using artificial substrates and exposed to a mixture of Cd, Cu, and Zn in stream microcosms for 10 d at their respective Colorado chronic criterion levels (4.0, 5.0, and 50 μg/L). The effects of metals on the ephemeropterans Baetis tricaudatus (Baetidae), Ephemerella infrequens (Ephemerellidae), and Rhithrogena hageni (Heptageniidae) and the plecopteran Pteronarcella badia (Pteronarcyidae) were size dependent, as there was an inverse relationship between body size and survivorship. These results may have important implications for setting water-quality criteria for metals and for using benthic invertebrates in biological assessments.
Merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of soluble and membrane-bound enzymes in L1210 leukemia cells.

Abstract Merocyanine 540 (MC 540) is a photosensitizing dye that is used clinically for the purging of autologous bone marrow grafts and preclinically for the inactivation of enveloped viruses in blood products. Its mechanism of action is not yet well understood. This paper investigates the sites of MC 540-mediated photodamages in L1210 leukemia cells by examining the effects of MC 540-sensitized photoirradiation on several soluble and membrane-bound marker enzymes. When exposed to MC 540 and white light under a standard set of conditions, the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and 5′-nucleotidase (three plasma membrane-bound enzymes) were reduced by 54, 49, and 55%, respectively. None of the intracellular enzymes included in this survey was affected by MC 540-sensitized photoirradiation as long as the plasma membrane remained intact. The two soluble enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, remained refractory to MC 540-sensitized photoirradiation even after the plasma membrane had been disrupted. By contrast, the activities of the membrane-bound enzymes, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate dehydrogenase, were reduced in cell lysates by 55 and 81%, respectively. Purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was about 3 times less sensitive than the microsomal enzyme, suggesting that the membrane environment facilitated photoinactivation. The MC 540-sensitized photoinactivation of enzymes was accelerated in the presence of deuterium oxide and inhibited if oxygen in the medium was displaced by nitrogen or azide was added to the medium. Taken together, these data support the view that the plasma membrane is a major target of MC 540-mediated photodamages, that the inactivation of membrane-bound enzymes is an oxidative process, and that at least some photodynamic damages are mediated by type II chemistry.
The Global 500: Mapping the World Economy at Century's End

Fortune magazine's listing of the largest corporations in the global economy, the Global 500, is used to inquire into the industrial structure of the world economy and to speculate about the rise and fall of hegemonic states. The authors' data show that about half the firms are involved in basic production and the rest split between finance and service industries, with Asia, Europe, and the United States each accounting for one third of the firms. The authors begin with an overview of the global economy's industrial and regional structure, trace the development of the tripolar world economy since the 1950s, then examine the overall structure of the world economy in the 1990s. They end with speculation about whether the current financial expansion might provide the staging for a financial crash, leading to a Schumpeterian moment of creative destruction, which could help move the center of productive advantage from North America to Asia in the 21st century.
Mycobacterium haemophilum as a Novel Etiology of Cervical Lymphadenitis in an Otherwise Healthy Adult Patient

We describe a case and summarize six additional cases of cervical lymphadenitis in otherwise healthy adults caused by Mycobacterium haemophilum. The organism causes cervicofacial lymphadenitis in healthy children and severe disease in immunocompromised patients but has not been previously reported to cause cervical lymphadenitis in nonimmunocompromised, healthy adults.
Using the "New Philosophy of Science" in Criticizing Current Research Traditions in Education

The “new” or post-Kuhnian philosophy of science emphasizes a historical, comparative assessment of research traditions; here, its use as a critical perspective on current research traditions is explored, with process- product research on teaching as a living example. The research tradition's assumptions about the nature of teaching and the proper methods for studying it are criticized, and an approach that emphasizes different outlooks is recommended. Reflection on the philosophical approach itself leads to recommendations of caution and suggests the philosopher's responsibility to be more than negatively critical. The power of the approach is seen in its results.
Protective Effects of Religion: Drug Use, HIV Risk, and Violence Research in Support of Current Health Policy Initiatives

This article highlights findings that examine how religiosity may influence drug use, HIV risk behavior, and violence. Findings indicate that religiosity is associated with less drug use, decreased engagement in HIV risk behaviors, and less exposure to and engagement in violence. The data presented in this paper imply that communities of faith and religious institutions may be important access points for HIV risk and violence prevention/reduction projects. Those who attend worship services may be more willing to successfully participate in these behavioral change endeavors. The data suggest that it is important to incorporate religiosity into a broad array of thinking about drug use.
A high performance micro-power CTD sensor

The paper describes an experimental micropower CTD sensor currently under development. It is designed for long term battery powered applications in the deep ocean and utilizes a novel circuit concept that is very simple and inherently linear. >
CBC substitution: an adaptive approach for dynamic simulation

This paper introduces an adaptive meshing algorithm to handle problems in dynamic finite element analysis and runtime simulation, where mesh re-generation or dynamic adjustment is required. Based on a concept called CBC (coded box cell) Substitution, this algorithm can be applied to both initial mesh generation and dynamic mesh adjustment along the border zones of multiple primitives that form an entire model. During the initial mesh generation, appropriate labels are assigned to the nodes and the faces of each finite element. These labels are used to facilitate decision-makings in dynamic mesh adjustment. A mapping technique is adopted to transform curved surfaces to plain ones for the ease of automatic mesh adjustment while still using the same algorithm. The meshing examples show that a finite element mesh can be adjusted dynamically and locally around its border zone; and the algorithm can be utilised effectively to simulate the thermal behaviour of a device under real operating conditions.
Lithospheric velocity structure of the New Madrid Seismic Zone: A joint teleseismic and local P tomographic study

[1] The enigmatic seismicity in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) has been attributed to some abnormal lithospheric structure, including the presence of dense mafic intrusions and a low-viscosity lower crust. However, the area's detailed lithospheric structure remains unclear. Here we invert 2,056 teleseismic P and 12,226 local P first arrival times from a recent nine-year dataset to infer the lithospheric velocity structure beneath the NMSZ. Our results show that the seismically active zone is associated with a local, NE–SW trending low-velocity anomaly in the lower crust and upper mantle, instead of high-velocity intrusive bodies proposed in previous studies. The low-velocity anomaly is on the edge of a high-velocity lithospheric block, consistent with the notion of stress concentration near rheological boundaries. This lithospheric weak zone may shift stress to the upper crust when loaded, thus leading to repeated shallow earthquakes.
Optimizing the warfighter's non-processing satellite transponder utilization

The Objective Force Warrior will benefit from combined video, data and voice applications. These applications demand greater communication capacity generally accompanied by an associated increase in required spectrum. Mobile tactical satellite terminals support the warfighter and typically use smaller aperture antennas, often referred to as "disadvantaged". Non-processing ("bent pipe") satellite transponders operate with limits on bandwidth and power. Typical usage drives the operator to trade-off between power and bandwidth to maximize transponder efficiency. The cases for power-limited and bandwidth-limited transponder use lead to some interesting observations, and hence, directions for optimizing satellite utilization. While higher order modulation waveforms can better serve the larger terminals by increasing their bandwidth utilization, smaller tactical terminals suffer from limited satellite transponder power. This paper details several examples for bandwidth and power limited cases with particular attention given to optimizing the warfighter's satellite usage. A recently developed and proven waveform known as the advanced waveform provides the warrior the capability to double the effective data rate, or double the number of terminals under the satellite or halve the antenna aperture size.
Estimating the Incumbency Advantage in U.S. House Elections in the Presence of Strategic Retirement

Failure to take into account “strategic retirement” - incumbents choosing to retire rather than face difficult reelection fights - leads to inflated estimates of the incumbency advantage. The one attempt to address this issue in the context of U.S. House elections implies that much of the supposed incumbency advantage and most of its presumed increase over time are illusory (Cox and Katz 2002). However, there are probably unaccounted for biases in Cox and Katz (2002) that leave open the question of the relationship between strategic retirement and the incumbency advantage in House elections. This paper develops a new approach based on simulating the counterfactual condition of incumbents standing for reelection rather than retiring. The results show that when the bias induced by strategic retirement is removed, much of the apparent incumbency advantage and its increase over time remain evident.
The Role of the Pulmonary Vasculature in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is present in a broad spectrum of systemic diseases ([1][1]). Despite an established World Health Organization (WHO) classification system ([1][1]) and an expanding armamentarium of available pharmacotherapies ([2][2]), the prevalence of PH in the general population
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Normal and Failure Liver, Kidney and Heart Mitochondria.

Summary and Conclusion1. Heart, kidney and liver mitochondria were derived from normal and experimental congestive heart failure guinea pigs. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation was studied in the mitochondrial preparations employing α-ketoglutarate, succinate, citrate and glutamate as substrates. QNo2 values were higher in the normal heart and kidney mitochondria than in the failure heart and kidney mitochondria when α-ketoglutarate, glutamate and citrate were employed. QNo2 values were higher in normal liver mitochondria than in failure liver preparations. 3. The absence of hexokinase-glucose produced interesting acceptor effects in all the mitochondrial preparations under study. The acceptor effects were less in the failure group than in the normal group. The only exception was in the case of citrate. 4. Addition of co-factors such as coenzyme A or diphosphopyridine nucleotide had varied effects on the mitochondrial systems. CoA appeared to have stimulatory effects on oxidative phosphorylation in both normal ...
Mass-balance control on the interaction of axial and transverse channel systems

We present a geometric, sediment mass-balance model for the interaction of axial and transverse alluvial systems in a subsiding basin. By comparing the model result with a flume experiment that employed a simplified half-graben tectonic geometry with axial and transverse sediment sources, we quantify rates of axial-transverse erosional sediment mixing. In the experiment, the lateral migration rate of the axial-transverse boundaries due to the sediment mixing scales with sediment supplies delivered by transverse drainages, but not with water (or sediment) discharge from the axial channel or with tectonic tilting rate. Using an empirical lateral erosion rate, the model shows how sediment supply partitioning among the axial, hanging-wall, and footwall drainages controls the width and the location of the axial-channel belt. Comparing the modeling results with field cases demonstrates that transverse sediment fluxes could slow the axial-channel migration or even reverse the movement against the tectonic forcing.
Change in number of residents who plan to specialize in cerebrovascular disease and neurointervention in the Department of Neurology of Kyushu University Hospital

As an example of the Neurology Department of the University, I will report on the human resources education and changes in the number of young neurologists who want to specialize in cerebrovascular disease and neurointervention therapy in the Department of Neurology of Kyushu University. In our department, 12% (14/116) of residents planned to specialize in cerebrovascular diseases and 9% (11/116) of residents wanted to learn neurointerventional therapy. These rates are not high. However, in the past year, four out of seven residents want to specialize in cerebrovascular diseases and all want to learn neurointerventional therapy. It is possible that advances in neurointerventional therapy have influenced young neurologists. It is necessary to develop a system that encourages young neurologists to undertake these specializations in universities all over Japan.
Variability by another name: “repetition without repetition”

The fundamental distinction between reaction and anticipation corresponds to their respective condition. Reaction is by its nature the expression of a particular form of causality defined within Newtonian physics. Anticipation corresponds to a specific form of causality associated with the past and with possible futures. Bernstein acknowledged that motoric activity is driven by the future, i.e., by the goal pursued. The formula “repetition without repetition” captures the role that variability, as an expression of anticipation, plays in the motoric process. This study focuses on an attempt to capture the holistic expression of anticipation in quantitative descriptions, and draws a parallel between Bernstein’s experimental work and that carried out in the AnticipationScope.
The Social Security of the Farmers who Lose Their Land

Land is vital for farmers' living and has many functions of social security.However,with the rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization,more and more farmers lose their basic living security. In this paper,the status quo,problems in the security of those farmers is described.Some countermeasures of solving those problems are given.
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PURCHASING NEW PRODUCTS

A key component in the prevention of transmission of bloodbome pathogens for operating room personnel is the use of personal protective equipment. New protective products need to be evaluated in terms of information about new technologies, regulations,fiscal restraints, and studies on the risks of exposure. Clinical trials are essential to evaluate performance and comfort. Other considerations include issues on cost, standardization of products, disposable versus reusable products, variable protection needs, and the environmental impact of products.
Current status of treatment for patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION Men with advanced prostate cancer now have many treatment options which include first and second-line hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, (either directed external beam or systemic radio-istotope), and investigational agents on protocols. Additional adjunctive therapy with the bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, to reduce skeletal complications should be considered. DISCUSSION This review will discuss appropriate timing of many of these options and summarize the randomized trials demonstrating survival benefit for docetaxel and decreased skeletal morbidity for zoledronic acid. CONCLUSION The clinical trials conducted to date do not address the question of when to give chemotherapy in the course of hormone refractory disease and the role of chemotherapy earlier in advanced disease remains to be defined. For the present, clinicians must consider many factors in determining what treatment is appropriate for the individual patient with advanced prostate cancer.
Determination of methylmercury after supercritical fluid extraction.

A method, using supercritical fluid extraction, for determining methylmercury in seafood has been developed to eliminate use of toxic organic solvents. Seafood samples were treated with 1N NaOH and then acidified with HCl to release CH 3 HgCl. After mixing the sample with cellulose powder (40 mesh) containing stearic acid modifier at 5 mg/g, the extraction was performed with supercritical CO 2 under the following conditions: pressure, 200 atm; temperature, 50°C; time, 20 min; and trap, 0.01 N Na 2 S 2 D 3 in a conical tube immersed in a flask of warm water to prevent freezing. The extract was then analyzed by a suitable method, such as cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy of the procedure was verified by analyzing biological standard reference materials. Several commercial seafood samples and spikes have been analyzed.
Using Item Response Theory (IRT) to Reduce Patient Burden When Assessing Desire for Hastened Death.

Desire for hastened death (DHD) represents a wish to die sooner than might occur by natural disease progression. Efficient and accurate assessment of DHD is vital for clinicians providing care to terminally ill patients. The Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD) is a commonly used self-report measure of DHD. The goal of this study was to use methods grounded in item response theory (IRT) to analyze the psychometric properties of the SAHD and identify an abbreviated version of the scale. Data were drawn from 4 studies of psychological distress at the end of life. Participants were 1,076 patients diagnosed with either advanced cancer or AIDS. The sample was divided into 2 subsamples for scale analysis and development of the shortened form. IRT was used to estimate item parameters. A 6-item version of the SAHD (SAHD-A) was identified through examination of item parameter estimations. The SAHD-A demonstrated adequate convergent validity. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated comparable cut scores to identify patients with high levels of DHD. These analyses support the utility of the SAHD-A, which can be more easily integrated into research studies and clinical assessments of DHD. (PsycINFO Database Record
Development and Validation of Multidimensional Models of Supercritical CO2 Energy Conversion Systems for Nuclear Power Reactors

A general objective of this project was to develop, verify and validate mechanistic multidimensional models of local flow and heat transfer in supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) devices and systems, and to demonstrate the application of the new models to selected components of S-CO2 nuclear energy transport systems. Both steady-state and time-dependent operating conditions have been investigated. The overall workscope consisted of the following three major parts: Development, testing and validation of a mechanistic model of forced-convection heat transfer in heated channels cooled using S-CO2 at slightly supercritical pressures; Development, testing and verification/validation of a new model of the dynamics of closed- loop S-CO2 heat transport systems; and, Formulation, testing and verification of a mechanistic model for the analysis of flow and pressure distribution in S-CO2 compressors. The results of the work performed for the project have been documented in several publications.