cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of water and ambient temperature effects on polydipsia

Abstract The separate contributions to schedule-induced polydipsia in rats of water temperature and ambient temperature were examined by varying each while the other was held constant. Water intake varied directly with water temperature between 5° and 30°C, and decreased at 35°C and 40°C relative to 30°C. Ambient temperature did not influence water intake when water temperature was held constant. These observations favor an orolingual locus for the effect of temperature on water intake, and rule out the participation of skin temperature receptors.
An empirical re-examination of the dividend–investment relation

Modigliani and Miller show that, in perfect capital markets, the optimal investment decisions of a firm are not affected by how these investments are financed. Miller and Modigliani further imply that, under the assumption of perfect capital markets, a firm's investment decisions are not affected by its dividend decisions, although dividend decisions may or may not be influenced by investment decisions. Fama and Miller label this result the separation principle. Most recent studies of the separation principle that take into account the existence of market imperfections report sharply contradictory results. This paper tests for linear and nonlinear causality between dividends and investments using both firm-specific and aggregate data for a sample of 417 firms over the 1962 to 2004 period. In general, linear causality tests support the separation principle, whereas nonlinear causality test results contradict the separation principle by revealing strong bi-directional linkages between dividends and investments.
Experimental Cerebral Infarction. I. Selective Segmental Occlusion of Intracranial Arteries in the Dog

1. Cylinders of silicone rubber can be molded to any desired diameter and cut to length, yielding a highly pigmented, radio-opaque, elastic bolus suitable for intravascular injection and embolizati...
Resonance fluorescence and Raman line shapes produced by monochromatic laser fields: Effects of branching ratio and homogeneous broadening

Abstract The Heitler-Ma damping theory is developed for a two level system in which the excited state is homogeneously, and irreversibly coupled to various continuum states with a total decay rate 1/τ. We give particular consideration to the channel consisting of a third, discrete, atomic level and a continuum of emitted photons, which simply corresponds to a spontaneous resonant Raman process. The theory applies to either a narrow, pulsed, laser beam, or injection of target atoms or molecules into a c.w. field. In this paper, we examine the t=∞ spectra as a function of field strength, detuning from resonance, and especially as a function of the upper state broadening, characterized by the branching ratio fA=τ/tA, where τ-A is the natural resonance fluorescence lifetime. For strong fields, we obtain the usual resonance fluorescence spectrum centered at the incident, pumping frequency, with two symmetric side bands displaced by the Rabi frequency. If fA→0, the spectrum approaches the one-photon limit, with the height of the side bands equal to 1 2 that of the central peak and all of equal width. In this limit, the target predominantly decays into the Raman or other irreversible channels, and only a single laser photon contributes to the extremely weak resonance spectrum. At the opposite extreme, fA→1, the target scatters many photons out of the laser-field before it is optically pumped into a non-interacting state and the spectrum exhibits the infinite cascade properties obtained by Mollow. The side bands become broadened, with a height equal to 1 3 of the central peak. In this theory, we obtain a more complete interpretation of the elastically scattered delta function, which is an artifact of the infinite lifetime of the atom in the usual two-level theories. In both limits of fA, we obtain a Raman lineshape which is unchanged and is simply a function of the total width ℏ/τ of the excited state.
An Ecological Aspect of the Gulf Stream

THE view has been increasingly accepted, since first put forth by Nathansohn1, that the fertility of the sea depends upon the restoration to the surface of plant nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates liberated by the decomposition of organic matter within its depths. In shallow coastal waters the turbulence due to wind and tide, aided in high latitudes by the instability resulting from cooling in winter, suffice to maintain this part of the nutritional cycle. In the deep sea, organic matter generated in the surface as the result of photosynthetic processes appears in large part to sink to great depths before being finally oxidized to its ultimate inorganic products. This is evidenced by the increasing concentration of nitrate and phosphate (and decreasing quantity of oxygen) which is observed until depths of 800–1,000 metres are reached.
Introduction to “Justice in Animals”

Although much is known about humans’ responses to inequity, little is known about similar responses in other species. The goal of these issues is to bring together researchers focusing on both humans and non-humans to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of non-human responses to inequity to date, and what these data tell us about the evolution of humans’ responses. In this Introduction, I provide a brief background, highlighting both areas in which differences among the related literatures emerge and the ways in which the comparative approach can provide insight in to this question. As becomes clear in these issues, we have reached the point where we can move beyond documenting these responses in other species and develop research programs combining both human and non-human perspectives to better understand the evolution of fairness and justice.
Growth factor responsiveness declines during adulthood for human skin-derived cells.

Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were obtained from upper arm biopsies of young (22–27 years) and old (60–82 years) adult donors. Keratinocytes were grown in serum-free medium containing variable quantities of either epidermal growth factor (EGF) or a bovine hypothalamic extract known to contain keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Fibroblasts were grown in serum-free medium containing variable quantities of EGF or insulin. Paired keratinocyte cultures were plated in serum-free medium containing 20% newborn keratinocyte-conditioned medium (NM) or 20% control conditioned medium (CM). Newborn foreskin keratinocytes were plated in 20% conditioned media derived from newborn, young adult or old adult keratinocyte cultures. In spite of large interdonor variability, keratinocyte growth significantly decreased with age (0.05 >P > 0.01). Cell yield at 7 days showed an 8-fold increase for young adults over the KGF dose range treated, but only a 4-fold increase for old adults. Young adult cells in varying concentrations of EGF achieved 3-fold to 5-fold higher densities than old, although EGF was not stimulatory for either adult age group. Donor age-associated loss of growth factor responsiveness was confirmed with dermal fibroblasts derived from the same biopsies. Newborn but not adult keratinocytes were stimulated by NM, while newborn cells were not stimulated by either young or old adult conditioned media (YM or OM). An epidermal proliferation index, incorporating both donor cell yield and cell yield of newborn cells in donor conditioned medium, was significantly different (P < 0.01) for newborn vs. young or old adult cells. Our findings confirm that a decreased proliferative capacity is measurable within adulthood, and suggest that this decrease may be due to a reduced ability to synthesize or respond to mitogens, including autocrine factors.
Geostationary Satellite Observations of the April 1979 Soufriere Eruptions

Infrared images from the geostationary satellite SMS-1 were used to study the growth of the eight major eruptions of Soufriere, St. Vincent, during April 1979. These eruptions differed considerably in growth and intensity, the most intense being that of 17 April which formed an ash cloud of 96,000 square kilometers in 4 hours. The weakest eruption formed a cloud of only 16,000 square kilometers.
Priming virtue: Forgiveness and justice elicit divergent moral judgments among religious individuals

Forgiveness and justice are related virtues but they may exert divergent effects on moral judgments. Participants were primed with either forgiveness or retributive justice and made moral judgments of individuals. Experiment 1 demonstrated that religious participants recalling an experience of forgiveness reported more favorable attitudes toward moral transgressors than did those recalling an experience of retributive justice. Experiment 2 replicated the priming effect on moral judgments using a subtle prime of either forgiveness or justice (word search) and a different dependent measure. Experiment 3 employed a more religiously diverse sample and revealed the moderating role of religious commitment. These results suggest that salience of forgiveness leads to more favorable evaluations of moral transgressors compared to retributive justice for religious individuals.
The Truth about Models: How Well Do Mechanical Models Mimic the Observed Gender Distributions in Two-Child Families?

We question the use of mechanical models, such as coin flipping, to represent the probabilities of gender distributions in sibship families consisting of two children. Both the assumptions of the models and the reliability of the data should be evaluated. Using models without these critical evaluations may tend to perpetuate myths rather than elucidate biological realities.
Similarity evaluation in a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) CADx system for characterization of breast masses on ultrasound images

Purpose: The authors are developing a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) CADx system to assist radiologists in characterization of breast masses on ultrasound images. In this study, the authors compared seven similarity measures to be considered for the CBIR system. The similarity between the query and the retrieved masses was evaluated based on radiologists’ visual similarity assessments. Methods: The CADx system retrieves masses that are similar to a query mass from a reference library based on computer-extracted features using a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) approach. Among seven similarity measures evaluated for the CBIR system, four similarity measures including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Bayesian neural network (BNN), cosine similarity measure (Cos), and Euclidean distance (ED) similarity measure were compared by radiologists’ visual assessment. For LDA and BNN, the features of a query mass were combined first into a malignancy score and then masses with similar scores were retrieved. For Cos and ED, similar masses were retrieved based on the normalized dot product and the Euclidean distance, respectively, between two feature vectors. For the observer study, three most similar masses were retrieved for a given query mass with each method. All query-retrieved mass pairs were mixed and presented to the radiologists in random order. Three Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) radiologists rated the similarity between each pair using a nine-point similarity scale (1=very dissimilar, 9=very similar). The accuracy of the CBIR CADx system using the different similarity measures to characterize malignant and benign masses was evaluated by ROC analysis. Results: The BNN measure used with the k-NN classifier provided slightly higher performance for classification of malignant and benign masses (Az values of 0.87) than those with the LDA, Cos, and ED measures (Az of 0.86, 0.84, and 0.81, respectively). The average similarity ratings of all radiologists for LDA, BNN, Cos, and ED were 4.71, 4.95, 5.18, and 5.32, respectively. The k-NN with the ED measures retrieved masses of significantly higher similarity (p<0.008) than LDA and BNN. Conclusions: Similarity measures using the resemblance of individual features in the multidimensional feature space can retrieve visually more similar masses than similarity measures using the resemblance of the classifier scores. A CBIR system that can most effectively retrieve similar masses to the query may not have the best Az.
Rhodopsin-egg phosphatidylcholine reconstitution by an octyl glucoside dilution procedure.

Abstract The transmembrane protein bovine rhodopsin was reconstituted with egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) by using a modified detergent dilution technique employing the nonionic detergent octyl-β- d -glucoside (octyl glucoside). Using this technique, reconstituted membranes having molar phospholipid/protein ratios between 60:1 and 255:1 were prepared. This is in contrast to the results obtained when an octyl glucoside dialysis technique was employed (Jackson, M.L. and Litman, B.J. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 5601–5608). In the latter case, the highest molar phospholipid/protein ratio that could be obtained when reconstituting rhodopsin with egg PC was approximately 50:1. Reconstituted vesicles prepared by the octyl glucoside dilution technique were examined by negative stain and freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and it was found that the vesicles were unilamellar providing the molar PC/protein ratio was below about 200:1, whereas in preparations having ratios higher than this, a significant number of the vesicles were multilamellar. The mean vesicle diameter showed no trend based on the molar PC/protein ratio within the range of 82:1 to 186:1. The mean diameters of the preparations were between 520 and 850 A. Approximately equal numbers of protein particles were observed on the concave and convex fracture faces of the freeze-fracture micrographs of the reconstituted membranes which is indicative of a symmetric distribution of the protein across the bilayer.
Origins of cardiac vagal preganglionic fibers: A retrograde transport study

The origin of cardiac preganglionic neurons in the rat was investigated using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A single injection of HRP was made into the right myocardium in either a sinoatrial or mid-ventricular location. Labeled cells were found in the mid- and lower medulla primarily in and around the nucleus ambiguous (NA) 600-1800 micrometers above the obex. The dorsal motor nucleus of X (DMN) was sparsely labeled and a few cells were found in an intermediate zone near the level of the obex. Labeling was bilateral with slightly heavier labeling found ipsilateral to the injection site than contralateral to it. Following a unilateral vagotomy, labeled cells were only found ipsilateral to the intact vagus. Atrial and midventricular injections yielded similar results. Occasionally only 1-2 cells in the NA were labeled per section. Inspection of serial sections revealed that in these sparsely labeled rats, the HRP was often in the same location within the NA forming a column of cells within the nucleus. The columns sometimes extended at least 240 micrometers in the rostral-caudal direction. The columnar organization was most apparent in rats with few labeled cells presumably because it was obscured in nuclei that were heavily labeled. In a second group of rats, the right vagus was cut at the cervical level and dipped in HRP to determine the extent of the NA and DMN in rats. In these animals, heavier labeling was found in the DMN than in the NA. Cells in the DMN were filled from the upper spinal cord to its most rostral extent 1200 micrometers above the obex. Thus, although the DMN and NA send projections in the vagus nerve, those axons terminating in the myocardium primarily originate in the NA.
Estimating inundation patterns in detention wetlands: methodology and application to North‐Central Texas

The objective of this study was to develop and apply a method for estimating hydroperiods in proposed detention wetlands. We applied the method to a riparian mitigation project in north‐central Texas, USA. The approach used in this study incorporates field measurements of hydrologic variables, historical observations, and digital elevation data – all processed in a geographic information system (GIS) linked to a dynamic water budget model.
Information Technology, Institutional Racism, and Affirmative Action: African-American and Latino Under-Representation

Abstract African-American and Latino under-representation in the Information Technology (IT) industry appears to be perpetuated throughout institutions in society. An examination of the institutional and ideological social forces which arguably perpetuate the exclusion of African Americans and Latinos from greater representation in the IT field will be provided. The viability of affirmative action will be assessed with respect to its role in promoting diversity in the IT field. Policy recommendations will then be outlined in order to address the disparity of African Americans and Latinos in IT careers.
Granular Computing, Computer Security andWeb Intelligence

What is granular computing? As the author have said in (T.Y. Lin, 2006): There are no mathematically valid formal definitions yet. Informally, any computing theory/technology that involves elements and granules (generalized subsets) may be called granular computing (GrC). Intuitively, elements are the data, and granules are the basic knowledge. So granular computing includes data and knowledge computing/engineering, data mining, knowledge discovery, learning and the uncertainty management (granules of no knowledge). We may lump these subfields into AI-engineering. Here granules are interpreted as generalized subsets that include classical subsets, fuzzy subsets, and sets with neighborhood systems (e.g., the alpha cut as neighborhood systems of the cores). As fuzzy sets are defined by membership functions which are bounded real-valued functions, so we will extend further to all functions, even to generalized functions (e.g. Dirac functions), measures/probabilities, generalized measures (e.g. belief functions)
A comparison study of piroxicam and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis of the foot

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and is reported to be seen first in the foot at an early age. While there have been controlled comparison studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) in the treatment of OA, these are mostly limited to the knee and hip. This randomized, double-blind parallel trial of 8 weeks duration compared piroxicam (Feldene, 20 mg daily) to ibuprofen (Mortin, 1800 mg daily) in the treatment of symptomatic OA of the foot in 39 patients. No statistically significant differences were reported, and both groups experienced pain relief and increased mobility. No serious adverse events occurred during the study and laboratory parameters showed no clinically relevant changes in either treatment group. The study suggests that piroxicam and ibuprofen are efficacious and equally appropriate choices in the treatment and management of pedal OA.
A fit to nerve membrane rectification curves with a double-dipole-layer membrane model

Following Wei's suggestion that nerve stimulation and conduction properties are due to dipole layers at the two membrane surfaces (Wei, 1969), we have done steady-state electro-diffusion calculations in the constant field approximation for a simple double-dipole-layer model. We are thereby able to quantitatively fit the recent potassium iso-osmotic rectification curves of Gilbert and Ehrenstein for the squid giant axon membrane. For the squid axon membrane in a natural ion environment, only the outside dipole layer is present in the fit to the data.
Neuroscience-based Tests for Assessing Cognitive Changes in Normal Aging and in the Prodromal Phase of Alzheimer’s Disease

Slow decline in cognition is key to the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This diagnosis relies on screening tests insensitive to detection of prodromal AD, which occurs years before the appearance of clinical symptoms. Neuroscience-based tests of eyeblink classical conditioning, spatial navigation, and object recognition are associated with synaptic-level function. They show promise in detecting early changes in AD-impacted memory circuits. Eyeblink conditioning engages synapses dependent upon nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and medial septal cholinergic input to the hippocampus. Spatial navigation and object recognition engage perforant pathway entorhinal cortical input to the hippocampus. Synapses in these circuits are among the earliest impacted by beta amyloid. These three translational tests are well characterized in normal aging and AD in humans and pertinent animal models, including organisms expressing the AD risk factor apolipoprotein E4. They may detect cognitive decline in prodromal AD and prove useful for population screening and evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
Gene activity during germination of spores of the fern, Onoclea sensibilis. Cell-free translation analysis of mRNA of spores and the effect of alpha-amanitin on spore germination

Poly(A)-RNA fractions of dormant, dark-imbibed (non-germinating) and photoinduced (germinating) spores of Onoclea sensibilis were poor templates in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system, but the translational efficiency of poly(A)+RNA was considerably higher than that of unfractionated RNA. Poly(A)+RNA isolated from photoinduced spores had a consistently higher translational efficiency than poly(A)+RNA from dark-imbibed spores. Analysis of the translation products by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no qualitative differences in the mRNA populations of dormant, dark-imbibed, and photoinduced spores. However, poly(A)+RNA from dark-imbibed spores appeared to encode in vitro fewer detectable polypeptides at a reduced intensity than photoinduced spores. A DNA clone encoding the large subunit of maize ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase hybridized at strong to moderate intensity to RNA isolated from dark-imbibed spores, indicating the absence of mRNA degradation. Although alpha-amanitin did not inhibit the germination of spores, the drug prevented the elongation of the rhizoid and protonemal initial with a concomitant effect on the synthesis of poly(A)+RNA. These results are consistent with the view that some form of translational control involving stored mRNA operates during dark-imbibition and photoinduced germination of spores.
Determinants of the CmoB carboxymethyl transferase utilized for selective tRNA wobble modification

Enzyme-mediated modifications at the wobble position of tRNAs are essential for the translation of the genetic code. We report the genetic, biochemical and structural characterization of CmoB, the enzyme that recognizes the unique metabolite carboxy-S-adenosine-L-methionine (Cx-SAM) and catalyzes a carboxymethyl transfer reaction resulting in formation of 5-oxyacetyluridine at the wobble position of tRNAs. CmoB is distinctive in that it is the only known member of the SAM-dependent methyltransferase (SDMT) superfamily that utilizes a naturally occurring SAM analog as the alkyl donor to fulfill a biologically meaningful function. Biochemical and genetic studies define the in vitro and in vivo selectivity for Cx-SAM as alkyl donor over the vastly more abundant SAM. Complementary high-resolution structures of the apo- and Cx-SAM bound CmoB reveal the determinants responsible for this remarkable discrimination. Together, these studies provide mechanistic insight into the enzymatic and non-enzymatic feature of this alkyl transfer reaction which affords the broadened specificity required for tRNAs to recognize multiple synonymous codons.
Thermodynamic modeling of the VB system

Abstract Accurate thermodynamic data are lacking for most binary metal-B systems, but experimental or reasonably estimated temperature-composition phase diagrams are usually available. In this paper we report the use of theoretical calculations to develop a complete set of internally consistent thermochemical data for the VB system by utilizing the available experimental data and the exact mathematical relationships between equilibrium thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams.
Image interpolation in 4D CT using a BSpline deformable registration model.

Purpose: To develop a method for deriving the phase-binned four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) image sets through interpolation of the images acquired at some known phases. Methods and Materials: Four-dimensional computed tomography data sets for 3 patients were acquired. For each patient, the correlation between inhale and exhale phases was studied and quantified using a BSpline deformable model. Images at an arbitrary phase were deduced by an interpolation of the deformation coefficients. The accuracy of the proposed scheme was assessed by comparing marker trajectories and by checkerboard/difference display of the interpolated and acquired images. Results: The images at intermediate phases could be derived by an interpolation of the deformation field. An analysis of marker movements indicated that 3 mm accuracy is achievable by the interpolation. The subtraction of image analysis indicated a similar level of success. The proposed technique was useful also for automatically mapping the organ contours in a known phase to other phases, and for designing patient-specific margins in the presence of respiratory motion. Finally, the technique led to a 90% reduction in the acquired data, because in the BSpline model, a lattice of only a few thousand values is sufficient to describe a CT data set of 25 million pixels. Conclusions: Organ deformation can be well modeled by using a BSpline model. The proposed technique may offer useful means for radiation dose reduction, binning artifacts removal, and disk storage improvement in 4D imaging.
Outcomes of microsurgical vasovasostomy for vasectomy reversal: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature evaluating vasovasostomy for vasectomy reversal outcomes. Methods We conducted a review of English language articles describing results of microscopic vasovasostomy for vasectomy reversal. Two reviewers independently examined the studies for eligibility and evaluated data from each study. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. Results Thirty-one studies with 6633 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean patient age at time of vasectomy reversal was 38.9 years with a mean obstructive interval of 7.2 years. The mean postprocedure patency and pregnancy rates weighted by sample size were 89.4% and 73.0%, respectively. A meta-analysis comparing an obstructive interval (OI) of Conclusion We found no statistically significant difference in vasovasostomy outcomes when comparing the impact of single vs multilayer anastomoses. Patients with an OI
Effect of soluble tissue factor on the kinetic mechanism of factor VIIa: enhancement of p-guanidinobenzoate substrate hydrolysis.

The mechanism by which the protein cofactor, tissue factor, enhances the activity of its cognate serine protease, coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa), has been studied using the fluorogenic ester substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl p'-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB). Kinetic data were collected at pH 8.4 and pH 7.6 in the presence and absence of soluble tissue factor (sTF; recombinant human tissue factor containing only the extracellular domain). Pre-steady-state techniques allowed the determination of the individual rate constants for acylation (k2) and deacylation (k3) of the sTF.FVIIa complex as well as the dissociation constant for the noncovalent Michaelis complex with MUGB. Alternative methods were required for determination of these parameters for free FVIIa due to extremely slow hydrolysis of MUGB in the absence of sTF. Under all experimental conditions, deacylation was found to be rate-limiting. The major effect of sTF was to raise the affinity of FVIIa for MUGB (31-fold at pH 8.4 and 36-fold at pH 7.6); only minor changes in k2 and k3 were observed. Thus, we conclude that for the ester substrate MUGB, sTF exerts greater allosteric effects on substrate binding than on the later steps involved in the catalytic pathway.
Production of a Novel N-Monomethylated Dideoxysugar

The importance of unusual deoxysugars in biology has become increasingly apparent over the past decade. Some, for example, play key roles in the physiological activities of the natural products to which they are attached. Here we describe a study of TylM1, a dimethyltransferase from Streptomyces fradiae involved in the production of dTDP-mycaminose. From this investigation, the manner in which the enzyme binds its dimethylated product has been revealed. More significantly, by providing the enzyme with an alternative substrate, it was possible to produce a monomethylated product not observed in nature. This has important ramifications for the production of unique carbohydrates that may prove useful in drug design.
Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of pentafluoroethane (R125) from 190 K to 512 K at pressures to 70 mpa

New experimental data on the thermal conductivity of pentafluoroethane (R125) are reported that allow the development of an improved wide-range correlation. These new experimental data, covering a temperature range of 190 K to 390 K and a pressure range of 0.1 to 70 MPa, are used together with available data from the literature to develop a correlation for the thermal conductivity of R125 that covers the temperature range from 190 K to 512 K. The experimental data reported here have an uncertainty of less than 1 % for measurements removed from the critical point and for gas at pressures above 1 MPa, which increases to 3 % in the critical region and for gas at low pressures (<1 MPa). The quality of the primary data sets is such that the thermal conductivity correlation for R125 is estimated to have an uncertainty of about 3 % at a 95 % confidence level, with the exception of state points near the critical point and the dilute gas, where the uncertainty of the correlation increases to 5 %.
1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 EFFECTS IN RAT KIDNEY: REGULATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION .

This study tested the hypothesis that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment alters the pattern of protein phosphorylation in rat kidney. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (100 ng/day s.c. x 7d) in vitamin D-deficient rats markedly decreased phosphorylation of a particulate protein (91 +/- 0.6 kDa, n = 9) and moderately increased phosphorylation of a cytosolic protein (108 +/- 0.8 kDa, n = 9) in the kidney. The decreased phosphorylation of the 91-kDa particulate protein showed a graded dose response (0-200 ng/day), as did the more moderate increase in phosphorylation of the 108-kDa cytosolic protein. In conclusion, this study has provided evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays an important role in the regulation of protein phosphorylation in rat kidney and adds these biochemical events to the growing list of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects in this poorly understood target tissue.
Biologically measured human exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and human cancer

Abstract The development of methods to biologically measure human exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) has become an important breakthrough for epidemiological research. Because of the long half-life of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in humans, exceeding 5 years, biological measurements give an indication of human exposure occurring over many years. In this paper, we review cancer epidemiology studies of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the light of biological measurements of exposure and conclude that no human cancer has so far been established to be caused by exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. However increased cancer risks in two cohort studies involving significant exposure and sufficient time of follow-up raise the possibility that 2,3,7,8-TCDD is a human carcinogen.
Effects of alprazolam on the activity of rat cerebellar purkinje neurons: Evidence for mediation by norepinephrine

Acute administration of alprazolam causes a dose-dependent slowing of the spontaneous discharge of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. This effect is reversed by treatment with propranolol. There is also significantly less slowing in animals in which cerebellar neuronal circuitry has been destroyed by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These data suggest that some of the depressant effects of alprazolam may be mediated by an interaction with norepinephrine.
Sampling The Radon Transformation In Conventional Computed Tomography

The sampling geometry for conventional, multidetector, computed tomography is illustrated in terms of the Radon transformation for both rotate-rotate (3rd generation fan beam) and rotate-stationary (4th generation fan beam) scanners. By deriving an expression for the outline of the sampling region in the Radon transformation for each detector measurement it is demonstrated that the entire Radon transformation can be covered by non-overlapping sampling regions with the assumption of negligible detector dead space. An expression for angular aliasing is derived which demonstrates that object dependent artifacts can occur if the angular width of the sampling regions in conjunction with the angular sampling increment does not provide sufficient suppression of the high order angular harmonics in the representation of the scanned object. The number of views necessary to suppress angular aliasing, as well as the potential spatial resolution and general image quality are shown to be fundamentally related to the size, shape, and relative orientation of the Radon transformation sampling regions.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Blame Game: Accounting Education Is Not Alone

W. S. Albrecht and R. J. Sack (2000) noted that accounting education was on the path to destruction if major changes were not made. Moreover, K. Russell and C. Smith (2003) went so far as to state, "If we are looking for a primary contributing cause of corporate malfeasance … we need look no further than the classrooms of college and university accounting programs" (p. 47). However, in this article, the authors argue that the business environment and management practice are the primary causes of ethical failure, not accounting education.
Sources of amino acids for protein synthesis during earlyorganogenesis in the rat. 4. Mechanisms before envelopment of the embryo by the yolk sac

Abstract It was previously shown that uptake and digestion of protein by the visceral yolk sac supplies almost all of the amino acid neededby the 9.5–11.5-day rat conceptus cultured in vitro. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that protein uptake and digestion may not be as important as an amino acid source in the 8.5–9.5-day period, a stage of development before the yolk sac placenta envelops the embryo and before the vitelline circulation is established. Eight and a half-day rat conceptuses were cultured in serum supplemented with trace amounts of free [ 3 H]leucine, [ 3 H]leucine-containing serum proteins, free [3H]methionine or [ 3 H]methionine-containing serum proteins. The incorporation of radiolabelled amino acid into acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of the conceptus was determined. Leucine from either source was incorporated principally into proteins of the conceptus, but a greater proportion of the methionine incorporated was found in the low molecular weight fraction. It is estimated that 88 per cent of the leucine and 96 per cent of the methionine used by the conceptus was derived from protein in the culture serum; free amino acid comprised a minor supply source. We conclude that, despite the different anatomic relationships, the majority of amino acid incorporated into newly synthesized proteins of the conceptus very early in organogenesis is supplied by the digestion of protein in extraembryonic tissue, most likely the visceral yolk sac.
Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. IV. Evidence for T-like and B-like cells in reptiles.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the Florida alligator were separated into at least two subpopulations based upon surface markers and mitogen responsiveness. Fractionation on glasswool columns yielded two subpopulations, a nonadherent one responsive in vitro to PHA and Con A but not to LPS, and an adherent one responsive to LPS (and to PHA). Depletion of cells bearing surface immunoglobulin determinants (by complement-mediated cytotoxicity and by anti-immunoglobulin affinity columns) ablated the responsiveness to LPS (and PWM) but not to PHA. LPS, but not PHA, induced a subpopulation of alligator lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin producing cells. These data, and other related studies, indicate the Florida alligator likely has T and B cells akin to those of mammals and birds.
Acculturation, Food Consumption, and Diet-related Factors among Korean Americans

Abstract This study examined how Korean Americans with different levels of acculturation varied in food consumption, and which diet-related factors were important to acculturation and food consumption. Pretested questionnaires were mailed to a national sample, and 55% of the deliverable sample responded, producing 356 usable questionnaires. Sociocultural acculturation was measured with a two-culture matrix model and Gordon's theoretical work and showed four dimensions: American structural, American cultural, Korean structural, and Korean cultural. Food frequency questionnaire responses were divided into American, common, and Korean food consumption. American food consumption increased with higher American structural adaptation and loss of Korean culture. In the relationship of acculturation to frequency of American food consumption, preparing meals themselves, concern about health, and willingness to try other ethnic foods were important. Meal preparation and purchasing power were related to the number of regularly consumed American foods. Korean food consumption decreased with higher familiarity with American culture and less retention of Korean society. Women with someone to prepare meals were most likely to eat more Korean foods. Korean food availability was related significantly only to the number of regularly consumed Korean foods. Future work can benefit by acknowledging acculturation as a multidimensional process and applying several dietary assessment approaches.
Genetic interactions among ZDS1,2, CDC37, and protein kinase CK2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We report here the identification of the homologous gene pair ZDS1,2 as multicopy suppressors of a temperature-sensitive allele (cka2-13ts) of the CKA2 gene encoding the α′ catalytic subunit of protein kinase CK2. Overexpression of ZDS1,2 suppressed the temperature sensitivity, geldanamycin (GA) sensitivity, slow growth, and flocculation of multiple cka2 alleles and enhanced CK2 activity in vivo toward a known physiological substrate, Fpr3. Consistent with the existence of a recently described positive feedback loop between CK2 and Cdc37, overexpression of ZDS1,2 also suppressed the temperature sensitivity, abnormal morphology, and GA sensitivity of a CK2 phosphorylation-deficient mutant of CDC37, cdc37-S14A, as well as the GA sensitivity of a cdc37-1 allele. A likely basis for all of these effects is our observation that ZDS1,2 overexpression enhances Cdc37 protein levels. Activation of the positive feedback loop between CK2 and Cdc37 likely contributes to the pleiotropic nature of ZDS1,2, as both CK2 and Cdc37 regulate diverse cellular functions.
Designing Pumped Well Characteristics into Electric Analog Models

Passive-element electric analog models have been used for many years as a means of tudying cause and effect relationships in the regional development of ground-water resources. Although successful use of such models has been demonstrated by several investigators, certain inherent characteristics designed into some electric analog models lead to significant error at particular boundaries of the model. Errors that exist at the pumped well junctions of non-steady-state two-dimensional flow electric analog models are analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that practical sustained yields and water-level data derived from pumped well junctions of electric analog models lead to overly optimistic estimates of aquifer and well yielding capabilities. This paper presents design methods for simulating pumped wells having different radii, screen lengths, partial penetrations, gravel pack sizes, and well-loss constants.
An analysis of adolescent health care and the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist.

Abstract There has been documented an increase in sexual activity in adolescents in the United States and a resultant increase in related health care for pregnancy, abortion, contraception, and sexually transmitted disease. This study characterizes some elements of these services and the attitudes of physicians in regard to adolescent sexuality. The Female Datafile from the University of Southern California-Mendenhall Manpower Study and the survey of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on adolescent pregnancy suggest that obstetrician-gynecologists provide a large portion of health care to both adult (14.6%) and adolescent women (7.7%); that reproductive health care is primarily provided by obstetrician-gynecologists to female adolescents (76%); that adolescent care is generally less comprehensive in private practice than is recommended; that obstetrician-gynecologists could be the primary care physicians for both adult and adolescent women, since they are increasingly the medical contact point, especially after age 14; and, in view of the negative attitudes of physicians to adolescent sexual practices, that some training or reorientation will probably be necessary to prevent judgmental approaches from interfering with the physician-adolescent patient relationship.
Interactions between cooperation strategies in mobile ad hoc networks

Cooperation among nodes in an ad hoc network is essential for multi-hop communication. Non-cooperative or selfish nodes reduce (or cease) cooperation by refusing to forward packets for others. In this demo we showcase the interactions between various cooperation strategies and quantify their impact on timely delivery of traffic across multi-hop routes. The cooperation strategies are implemented under the Linux operating system and run on an ad hoc network composed of virtual nodes on multiple physical workstations. The demo includes an interactive component that allows the audience to select the cooperation strategy to run on each individual network node and observe the effects of the selected combination of strategies on network performance. The mobility between nodes is emulated from connectivity traces gathered at the 2007 MANIAC Challenge.
Celebrating the 100th Birthday of the Electrocardiogram: Lessons Learned From Research in Cardiac Monitoring

The electrocardiogram continues to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias and acute myocardial ischemia. The treatment of arrhythmias in critical care units has become less aggressive during the past decade because research indicates that antiarrhythmic agents can be proarrhythmic, causing malignant ventricular arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes. However, during the same period, the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia has become more aggressive, with the goal of preventing or interrupting myocardial infarction by using new antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents and percutaneous coronary interventions. For this reason, critical care nurses should learn how to use ST-segment monitoring to detect acute ischemia, which is often asymptomatic, in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Because the electrocardiographic lead must be facing the localized ischemic zone of the heart to depict the telltale signs of ST-segment deviation, the challenge is to find ways to monitor patients continuously for ischemia without using an excessive number of electrodes and lead wires. The current trend is to use reduced lead set configurations in which 5 or 6 electrodes, placed at convenient places on the chest, are used to construct a full 12-lead electrocardiogram. Nurse scientists at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing are at the forefront in developing and assessing the diagnostic accuracy of these reduced lead set electrocardiograms.
How Can We Use Complete Experimental Catalogs in the Complex Spectra Limit

There is a broad consensus that many, if not most, of the unidentified spectral lines in astrophysical spectra are due to transitions in excited vibrational states of a relatively small number of molecules, the astrophysical weeds. For these unidentified lines, it is somewhat less well understood that the spectroscopic effort required to characterize them in the traditional quantum mechanical catalog approach is substantially larger because of significant perturbations. We have previously discussed a new experimental approach that addresses this challenge. This approach is based on the analysis of many complete, intensity-calibrated spectra taken over a range of temperatures. However, the spectroscopic completeness of this approach results in a much larger database. These data can be transfer to the astrophysical community in a variety of ways, but because an order of magnitude larger number of lines is included, consideration must be given to implementation strategies.
The Janus kinase 2 inhibitor fedratinib inhibits thiamine uptake: a putative mechanism for the onset of Wernicke's encephalopathy

The clinical development of fedratinib, a Janus kinase (JAK2) inhibitor, was terminated after reports of Wernicke's encephalopathy in myelofibrosis patients. Since Wernicke's encephalopathy is induced by thiamine deficiency, investigations were conducted to probe possible mechanisms through which fedratinib may lead to a thiamine-deficient state. In vitro studies indicate that fedratinib potently inhibits the carrier-mediated uptake and transcellular flux of thiamine in Caco-2 cells, suggesting that oral absorption of dietary thiamine is significantly compromised by fedratinib dosing. Transport studies with recombinant human thiamine transporters identified the individual human thiamine transporter (hTHTR2) that is inhibited by fedratinib. Inhibition of thiamine uptake appears unique to fedratinib and is not shared by marketed JAK inhibitors, and this observation is consistent with the known structure-activity relationship for the binding of thiamine to its transporters. The results from these studies provide a molecular basis for the development of Wernicke's encephalopathy upon fedratinib treatment and highlight the need to evaluate interactions of investigational drugs with nutrient transporters in addition to classic xenobiotic transporters.
Effect of NQO1 and CYP4F2 genotypes on warfarin dose requirements in Hispanic-Americans and African-Americans.

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the additional contribution of NQO1 and CYP4F2 genotypes to warfarin dose requirements across two racial groups after accounting for known clinical and genetic predictors. Patients & methods: The following were assessed in a cohort of 260 African–Americans and 53 Hispanic–Americans: clinical data; NQO1 p.P187S (*1/*2); CYP2C9*2, *3, *5, *6, *8 and *11; CYP4F2 p.V433M; and VKORC1 c.-1639G>A genotypes. Results: Both the CYP4F2 433M (0.23 vs 0.06; p < 0.05) and NQO1*2 (0.27 vs 0.18; p < 0.05) allele frequencies were higher in Hispanic–Americans compared with African–Americans. Multiple regression analysis in the Hispanic–American cohort revealed that each CYP4F2 433M allele was associated with a 22% increase in warfarin maintenance dose (p = 0.019). Possession of the NQO1*2 allele was associated with a 34% increase in warfarin maintenance dose (p = 0.004), while adjusting for associated genetic (CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1) and clinical factors. In this populat...