cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjugation of 15-keto-prostaglandins by glutathione S-transferases.

Abstract Incubation of 15-keto[3H] prostaglandin F2α with glutathione (GSH) produced a metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α which was not extractable from aqueous solution and thus termed ‘water-soluble metabolite’. The addition of cytosol of guinea pig liver to the incubation mixture increased the formation of water soluble metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α 3-fold. The conversion of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α to water soluble metabolite in both the presence and absence of enzyme was linear during 10 min of incubation and required 2.5 mM GSH for maximal activity. Liver and kidney cytosol possess about 70 and 25 times, respectively, as much activity as compared to lung cytosol. Chromatographic analysis of the water soluble metabolite obtained from incubation of either 15-keto[3H] prostaglandin F2α and GSH or [3H]GSH and 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α showed that the water-soluble metabolite was an adduct of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α and GSH. The addition of prostaglandin A1, a substrate of GSH S-transferases, to the incubation mixture competitively inhibited the formation of the water-soluble metabolite of 15-keto[3H] prostaglandin F2α. Presumably, 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α and other 15-keto-prostaglandins are converted to GSH conjugates by GSH S-transferases. This indicates that 15-keto-metabolites produced by prostaglandin dehydrogenase may be further metabolized to GSH conjugates.
Software design for reliability and reuse: a proof-of-concept demonstration

The Pacific Software Research Center is developing a new method to support reuse and introduce reliability into software. The method is based on design capture in domain specific design languages and automatic program generation using a reusable suite of program transformation tools. The transformation tools, and a domain specific component generator incorporating them, are being implemented as part of a major project underway at the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology. The processes used in tool development and application of the method are being captured. Once completed, an experiment will be performed on the generator to assess its usability and flexibility.This paper describes the Software Design for Reliability and Reuse method and illustrates its application to the Message Translation and Validation domain, a problem identified by our sponsors so that our method can be compared directly to a previously existing state-of-the-art solution based on code templates produced by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) [14].
Built-up Mica plate for high-temperature applications

Certain developments in the field of built-up bonded mica products for use as electrical insulation are described with emphasis placed on high-temperature applications.
Oxygen migration in primary nitroalkenes under electron-impact

Several primary nitroalkenes have been shown to undergo migration of oxygen to the carbon-carbon double bond during mass spectrometric fragmentation. The oxocarbonium ion species which result are rationalized as arising through cleavage of ionized epoxide intermediates.
Hypnotic analgesia: A constructivist framework

Abstract Hypnotic analgesia remains an enigma. Recent neuroscience studies demonstrate that widespread distributed processing occurs in the brains of individuals experiencing pain. Emerging research and theory on the mechanisms of consciousness, along with this evidence, suggest that a constructivist framework may facilitate both pain research and the study of hypnosis. The authors propose that the brain constructs elements of pain experience (pain schemata) and embeds them in ongoing consciousness. The contents of immediate consciousness feed back to nonconscious, parallel distributed processes to help shape the character of future moments of consciousness. Hypnotic suggestion may interact with such processing through feedback mechanisms that prime associations and memories and thus shape the formation of future experience.
A Field Guide to Heidegger: Understanding ‘The Question Concerning Technology’

This essay serves as a guide for scholars, especially those in education, who want to gain a better understanding of Heidegger's essay, ‘The Question Concerning Technology’. The paper has three sections: an interpretive summary, a critical commentary, and some remarks on Heidegger scholarship in education. Since Heidegger's writing style is rather opaque, the interpretive summary serves as a map with which to navigate the essay. The critical commentary offers a careful analysis of some of the central concepts in the essay. These concepts, which include bringing‐forth, challenging‐forth, and gestell, are intriguing but problematic. The problems and possibilities of these ideas are analyzed, and an overall assessment of Heidegger's ideas on technology is offered. In the final section, the work of several scholars in education is examined. Some of this work is excellent, but there is also a significant amount of confused and confusing scholarship.
Optimization modeling for enhanced network-level pavement management system

A new formulation of a network-level pavement management system (PMS) model is described, which includes the identification of specific network links in the optimization. This model uses Markov transition probabilities for pavement condition modeling, as have several previously developed PMS models. The incorporation of specific links into the model, however, allows much easier translation of network-level policies to project-level decisions than has been possible. This formulation also allows the easy incorporation of user costs as well as agency costs and can include a variety of specific constraints on the solution. A case study application to Nassau County, New York, illustrates the use of the model and allows a comparison of the model solution with current maintenance practices in the New York State Department of Transportation.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of N−H Imines

N−H ketoimines 3a−3v are readily prepared in high yield via organometallic addition to nitriles and isolated as corresponding bench-stable hydrochloride salts. Homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected N−H ketoimines 3a−3v using Ir-(S,S)-f-binaphane as catalyst provides chiral amines 4a−4v in 90−95% yield with enantioselectivities up to 95% ee.
Inhibition of hepatitis C replicon RNA synthesis by beta-d-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine: a specific inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication

beta-D-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine (PSI-6130) is a cytidine analogue with potent and selective anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity in the subgenomic HCV replicon assay, 90% effective concentration (EC90)=4.6 +/- 2.0 microM. The spectrum of activity and cytotoxicity profile of PSI-6130 was evaluated against a diverse panel of viruses and cell types, and against two additional HCV-1b replicons. The S282T mutation, which confers resistance to 2'-C-methyl adenosine and other 2'-methylated nucleosides, showed only a 6.5-fold increase in EC90. When assayed for activity against bovine diarrhoea virus (BVDV), which is typically used as a surrogate assay to identify compounds active against HCV, PSI-6130 showed no anti-BVDV activity. Weak antiviral activity was noted against other flaviviruses, including West Nile virus, Dengue type 2, and yellow fever virus. These results indicate that PSI-6130 is a specific inhibitor of HCV. PSI-6130 showed little or no cytotoxicity against various cell types, including human peripheral blood mononuclear and human bone marrow progenitor cells. No mitochondrial toxicity was observed with PSI-6130. The reduced activity against the RdRp S282T mutant suggests that PSI-6130 is an inhibitor of replicon RNA synthesis. Finally, the no-effect dose for mice treated intraperitoneally with PSI-6130 for six consecutive days was > or =100 mg/kg per day.
Observations improve understanding of the heliosphere

[1] The outer regions of the heliosphere, a giant bubble around the solar system created by solar wind, are difficult to study directly. The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission, which maps emission of energetic neutral atoms from the boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium, has greatly contributed to understanding of the heliosphere and even discovered some unexpected features. In particular, IBEX maps showed a strange “ribbon” of enhanced energetic neutral atom emission that was not predicted by any theory. The origins of this ribbon, which stretches more than 300° across the sky, remain unknown. McComas et al. review IBEX observations, current understanding of the heliosphere, hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the ribbon, and directions for future research. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048763, 2011)
Volatile organic trace gases emitted from North American wildfires

Trace gases from wildfires and prescribed burns were collected from the National Science Foundation (NSF)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft at fire locations in temperate forests (Montana, Colorado) and sage scrub (California). Comprehensive compositions for hydrocarbons, partially oxidized hydrocarbons (POHC), halocarbons, alkyl nitrates, and some sulfur compounds were determined in 99 samples. All of these trace gas emission groups correlated linearly with CO emissions. Fires in temperate forests emitted ∼28% more nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and 120% more POHC than the California fire and the molecular weight range of the emitted hydrocarbons was higher. The POHC contribution relative to NMHC emissions is significant: 26 and 38% for California and temperate forests, respectively. Since the observed POHCs (mostly ketones, aldehydes, and furans) typically react faster than many NMHC and undergo cascades of photochemical degradations, they should be included in calculations of the effect that fires have on the local and global oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The composition of the hydrocarbons and POHCs in the plumes varied with combustion efficiency, displaying a distinct pattern, which reflected fire chemistry. Interfire differences were evident among fires in temperate forests. The dominant halocarbon emissions from all fires were methyl halides. The emission ratio was always largest for methyl chloride and was dependent on vegetation and fire location. C1-C5 alkyl nitrates were found in all fire emissions and showed little dependence on the location of the fire. The major organic sulfur compound measured was carbonyl sulfide. Minor amounts of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide were observed. Budget estimates for emissions from fires in temperate forests were made based on the measured emission ratios and published carbon monoxide estimates.
Lipoprotein heterogeneity in end-stage renal disease

Lipoprotein heterogeneity in end-stage renal failure. Fifteen patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis without any additional known cause for dyslipidemia were arbitrarily divided into two groups based on fasting plasma triglyceride levels. The hypertriglyceridemic patients (plasma triglyceride levels above 170 mg/dl, N=7) also had decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and decreased post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity compared to the normotriglyceridemic patients (N = 8). All lipoprotein fractions collected by density gradient ultracentrifugation were triglyceride-enriched in the hypertriglyceridemic patients. Both groups of patients had elevated intermediate density lipoprotein levels, heterogeneity in the distribution of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and apoprotein-specific HDL subpopulations, and abnormalities in the size and composition of both LDL and HDL. The described alterations tended to be more marked in hypertriglyceridemic patients and are not detected by the usual laboratory evaluation of lipoproteins. These lipoprotein abnormalities have been shown to be atherogenic in patients without renal disease and are likely to contribute to the high prevalence of premature atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease.
Borders and Communication: Connecting Disciplines

The studies compiled in this special issue of the Journal of Borderlands Studies comprise a unique set of analyses investigating the role of communication across borders. Simply put, nothing can be more critical to the interaction of borders than communication. The works that follow arose from "Communication Across Borders," a conference held in Israel in July, 2008, jointly sponsored by Michigan State University and the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel. The goal of the conference – and, in turn, this special issue of JBS – was to explore and elaborate upon the advances in information technology, conceptualization, and theoretical propositions that enable cross-border communication.
Algebraically punctured cyclic codes

Optimal cyclic group codes obtained by deleting or puncturing certain coordinates of maximal length shift register code
Charge-transfer absorption spectra of chlorine atoms in halogenated solvents

Abstract The UV absorption spectrum of chlorine atoms has been measured in several halogenated solvents following 355 nm laser flash photolysis of molecular chlorine. A linear correlation between band maxima and solvent ionization potential indicates the transitions are chlorine atom/solvent change-transfer absorptions.
Neural representations of the sense of self

The brain constructs representations of what is sensed and thought about in the form of nerve impulses that propagate in circuits and network assemblies (Circuit Impulse Patterns, CIPs). CIP representations of which humans are consciously aware occur in the context of a sense of self. Thus, research on mechanisms of consciousness might benefit from a focus on how a conscious sense of self is represented in brain. Like all senses, the sense of self must be contained in patterns of nerve impulses. Unlike the traditional senses that are registered by impulse flow in relatively simple, pauci-synaptic projection pathways, the sense of self is a system- level phenomenon that may be generated by impulse patterns in widely distributed complex and interacting circuits. The problem for researchers then is to identify the CIPs that are unique to conscious experience. Also likely to be of great relevance to constructing the representation of self are the coherence shifts in activity timing relations among the circuits. Consider that an embodied sense of self is generated and contained as unique combinatorial temporal patterns across multiple neurons in each circuit that contributes to constructing the sense of self. As with other kinds of CIPs, those representing the sense of self can be learned from experience, stored in memory, modified by subsequent experiences, and expressed in the form of decisions, choices, and commands. These CIPs are proposed here to be the actual physical basis for conscious thought and the sense of self. When active in wakefulness or dream states, the CIP representations of self act as an agent of the brain, metaphorically as an avatar. Because the selfhood CIP patterns may only have to represent the self and not directly represent the inner and outer worlds of embodied brain, the self representation should have more degrees of freedom than subconscious mind and may therefore have some capacity for a free-will mind of its own. S everal lines of evidence for this theory are reviewed. Suggested new research includes identifying distinct combinatorially coded impulse patterns and their temporal coherence shifts in defined circuitry, such as neocortical microcolumns. This task might be facilitated by identifying the micro-topography of field-potential oscillatory coherences among various regions and between different frequencies associated with specific conscious mentation. Other approaches can include identifying the changes in discrete conscious operations produced by focal trans-cranial magnetic stimulation.
Role of elastic and shear stabilities in the martensitic transformation path of NiTi

Due to the importance of NiTi as a shape-memory material and the uncertainty regarding its atomisitic martensitic transformation path, a thorough investigation to understand the structural stability governing this displacive phase transformation is warranted. We investigate elastic and shear stabilities of NiTi using first-principles calculations with the highly precise full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. Ambiguities of the B2, R, B19, $\text{B}1{9}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and proposed B33 structures are resolved, and we establish that the $P3$ symmetry is preferred for the R phase of equiatomic NiTi, and the phase stability of each structure is established by examining calculated formation energies, which show agreement with direct reaction calorimetry experiments. Additionally, all single-crystal elastic constants, Young's, bulk and shear moduli, Poisson's ratio, and the Zener anisotropy of the B2, R, B19, $\text{B}1{9}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and B33 phases are calculated and presented yielding agreement with experiment that exceeds that of previous calculations. To investigate the susceptibility to shearing, generalized stacking-fault energetics are calculated for the {001}, {011}, and {111} slip planes of the B2 phase. Burgers vectors and shear resistance are established while examining atomic shuffling throughout the imposed shear; the {001} and {111} stacking faults possess high-energy barriers. By investigating various deformation mechanisms related to these stacking faults, we find an instability to $⟨100⟩{011}$ slip in the B2 phase. Using this and reviewing previously proposed atomistic transformation paths, the mechanisms governing the direct martensitic transformation of NiTi between the austenite and the martensite are identified. Barrierless transformation paths from the B2 phase to the $\text{B}1{9}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase and from the B2 phase to the B33 phase are proposed.
H2O2/VisUV photo-oxidation process for treatment of waterborne hazardous substances—Reaction mechanism, rate model, and data for tubular flow and flow stirred tank reactors

Abstract This paper presents the chemical reaction engineering development of the H 2 O 2 /VisUV photo-oxidation process for treatment of hazardous waterborne substances, that occur in groundwater, leachates, and industrial wastewater. Reaction results, on benzene (BNZ), dichlorobenzene (DCB), trichloroethene (TCE), trichloroethane (TCA), and carbon tetrachloride (CTC), have been obtained, providing engineering data and models that can be used to size full-scale equipment. A photochemical flow stirred tank reactor (pcfSTR) and a photo-chemical tubular flow reactor (pcTFR) were used in the experimental work. Two experimental discoveries were made in the course of the work: (1) conventional thermal kinetics do not apply, the rate controlling variable is the photon flux, and (2) for the photo-chemical reactors used, the pcfSTR was more effective than the pcTFR. The following sub-topics are discussed: reaction mechanism, reactor hydrodynamics, photon flux effects, typical reaction data (on benzene and trichloroethane), and rate constants.
Engineering nicking enzymes that preferentially nick 5-methylcytosine-modified DNA

N.ϕGamma is a strand-specific and site-specific DNA nicking enzyme (YCG↓GT or AC↑CGR). Here we describe the isolation of single and double mutants of N.ϕGamma with attenuated activity. The nicking domains (NDs) of E59A and 11 double mutants were fused to the 5mCG-binding domain of MBD2 and generated fusion enzymes that preferentially nick 5mCG-modified DNA. The CG dinucleotide can be modified by C5 methyltransferases (MTases) such as M.SssI, M.HhaI or M.HpaII to create composite sites AC↑YGG N(8–15) 5mCG. We also constructed a fusion enzyme 2xMBD2-ND(N.BceSVIII) targeting more frequent composite sites AS↑YS N(5–12) 5mCG in Mn2+ buffer. 5mCG-dependent nicking requires special digestion conditions in high salt (0.3 M KCl) or in Ni2+ buffer. The fusion enzyme can be used to nick and label 5mCG-modified plasmid and genomic DNAs with fluorescently labeled Cy3-dUTP and potentially be useful for diagnostic applications, DNA sequencing and optical mapping of epigenetic markers. The importance of the predicted catalytic residues D89, H90, N106 and H115 in N.ϕGamma was confirmed by mutagenesis. We found that the wild-type enzyme N.ϕGamma prefers to nick 5mCG-modified DNA in Ni2+ buffer even though the nicking activity is sub-optimal compared to the activity in Mg2+ buffer.
Coming of Age in Computing

Historians, arguably, have been most reluctant to adopt the computer for teaching and not particularly enthusiastic about its applicability to their research. This article introduces a collection of surveys of ways historians have used computers across the globe, each with a significant portion devoted to their own practice of history. What follows here details the professional life of one historian who embraced the computer age rather earlier than most, intended mainly to indicate how it has changed what many historians do.
Introduction to Majorana masses

We present a pedogogical review of Majorana masses and Majorana's theory of two-component massive fermions. We discuss the difference between Majorana and Dirac masses and show that Majorana masses are formion-number violating. We discuss the connection between Majorana and, Weyl spinors and show that the massive Majorana and Weyl field theories are equivalent. We study the second quantization of the massive Weyl theory in detail.
Responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in single versus grouped participants.

Psychological stress plays an important role in psychopathologies. Laboratory methods have been designed to study stress responses in health and disease. The Trier Social Stress Test is a procedure designed to induce psychosocial stress, but the method is costly in terms of time and personnel requirements. We investigated whether conducting the task with multiple participants influenced cortisol, heart rate, and subjective responses and improved efficiency. Healthy male and female volunteers (N 5 32) performed the task individually or in groups. Salivary cortisol, anxiety, and jitteriness increased and calmness decreased similarly in both conditions. Grouped participants exhibited greater peak increases in heart rate than those who performed individually. The findings suggest that the TSST may be conducted with multiple participants without significantly affecting subjective and cortisol responses to the task.
Expert system based placement sequence identification for surface mount PCB assembly

Component placement is a critical and time consuming task in the assembly of surface mount printed circuit boards (PCBs). The past decade has witnessed the need for high speed, accurate, and repeatable placement procedures in the PCB assembly domain. At the same time, manufacturing engineers are faced with demands to reduce flow-time and increase throughput rates in order to increase productivity. A consequence of these trends has been the need to identify acceptable (possibly optimal) placement sequences during surface mount PCB assembly.
Social History and Local Records: Historical Methods, Archival Theory, and the Library of Virginia.

Local records are the foundation on which social history is constructed. However, in an era when most historians categorize themselves as social historians, it is amazing to note how much these primary resources appear to be underutilized in scholarly works. This article attempts to understand why this is so by investigating how it is that historians seek resources and how archivists make them available. It then proposes possible solutions beneficial to both the institutions and the researchers alike on how to make the most of these often difficult to access records.
Oral and Tympanic Temperatures as Heat Strain Indicators for Workers Wearing Chemical Protective Clothing

Oral (Tor) and tympanic (Tty) temperatures were examined as alternatives for rectal temperature (Tre) as a heat strain indicator. Subjects were 20 male volunteers (age=18–33yr). A workload was determined in chemical protective clothing (CPC) by having the subject walk on a treadmill until a VO2 uptake of 1.33 (L/minute (≈650 W) was reached. At a second session subjects donned CPC and walked on the treadmill at the previously determined workload until Tre reached 39°C, or heart rate reached 185 bpm, or volitional fatigue, i.e., one work cycle. Subjects then rested for 48 minutes. This cycle continued for 4 hours or until absolute fatigue at 0.05) was observed in Δ Tor against Δ Tre at 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes o...
A model of second-order chemical reactions in turbulent fluid — part I. Formulation and validation

An approximation for the covariance A'B' of the fluctuations in the concentrations of two reactive chemical species A and B in turbulent fluid is developed. The method is intended for use primarily with stationary point or line source plumes in the atmosphere or in chemical reactor studies where the mean reactant concentration fields are homogeneous in planes normal to the flow axis. The model expression involves the mean concentrations Ā and B; certain measureable product mean values of inert species A1 and B1 in the same flow system; two mixing parameters ζA and ζB; and a reaction parameter λ. An expression relating the reaction parameter λ to the Damkohler number is developed on the basis of numerical experiments performed with a one dimensional simulation of the reaction and diffusion that occur on the spatial scales where the effects of molecular diffusion and the turbulence strain rate are in balance. The mixing parameters ζA and ζB have values of either 0 or 1 in many situations. To handle cases where these limiting values do not apply, approximate formulas relating ζA and ζBto the inert species product mean values mentioned above are developed. The predictions of the model are compared with laboratory data and good agreement is found over a wide range of reaction rates, stoichiometries, and flow conditions.
Hairy Cell Leukemia in Association with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Factor VIII Antibodies

A unique patient is reported with longstanding hairy cell leukemia who manifested two distinct abnormalities of factor VIII; factor VIII antibodies and recurrent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The patient presented in 1977 with splenomegaly and pancytopenia and was diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia and was treated with splenectomy. In 1989 he received interferon-a because of a relapse which resulted in a hematologic remission. Hospitalization on two occasions for gross hema-turia was caused by the development of a factor VIII antibody. He was successfully treated on both occasions with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and active prothrombin complex (FEIBA). In October 1991 he presented with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. A diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was made. Repeat bone marrow biopsy showed hairy cell leukemia. The patient responded to treatment with plasmapheresis, fresh frozen plasma replacement and prednisone. He had two subsequent relapses...
Reconstitution of the spinach oxygen-evolving complex with recombinant Arabidopsis manganese-stabilizing protein

The psbO gene of cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants encodes the precursor of the 33 kDa manganese-stabilizing protein (M S P), a water-soluble subunit of photosystem II (P SII). Using a pET-T7 cloning/expression system, we have expressed in Escherichia coli a full-length cDNA clone of psbO from A rabidopsis thaliana. Upon induction, high levels of the precursor protein accumulated in cells grown with vigorous aeration. In cells grown under weak aeration, the mature protein accumulated upon induction. In cells grown with moderate aeration, the ratio of precursor to mature MSP decreased as the optical density at induction increased. Both forms of the protein accumulated as inclusion bodies from which the mature protein could be released under mildly denaturing conditions that did not release the precursor. Renatured Arabidopsis MSP was 87~o as effective as isolated spinach MSP in restoring 02 evolution activity to MSP-depleted PSII membranes from spinach; however, the heterologous protein binds to spinach PSIIs with about half the affinity of the native protein. We also report a correction to the previously published DNA sequence of Arabidopsis psbO (Ko etal., Plant Mol Biol 14 (1990) 217-227).
Immanent justice in children: a review of the literature and additional data.

(1959). Immanent Justice in Children: A Review of the Literature and Additional Data. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 253-262.
Direct femtosecond laser excitation of the 2p state of H by a resonant seven-photon transition in H{sub 2}{sup +}

We observe Lyman-{alpha} radiation produced by the direct excitation of H{sub 2}{sup +} by 23-fs 800-nm laser pulses. The laser pulse first ionizes H{sub 2} molecules and dissociates the ions through bond softening, leaving the molecules in the repulsive 2p{sigma}{sub u} state. The expanding H{sub 2}{sup +} ions enter a region of strong multiphoton coupling leading to a resonant seven-photon excitation of the 2s{sigma}{sub g} state. Finally, the 2s{sigma}{sub g} state dissociates into the H(2s) and H(2p) atomic limits. The latter state then decays through Lyman-{alpha} emission.
Overexpression of Cloned RhsA Sequences Perturbs the Cellular Translational Machinery in Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT RhsA is a member of the multigene Rhs family and consists of a complex genetic sequence. This sequence consists of several distinct components, including a GC-rich core (core open reading frame [ORF]), an AT-rich extension (ext-a1) of the core ORF and an AT-rich region following the core extension (dsORF-a1). The functions of RhsA and the different distinct components, which can include open reading frames, are not well understood. Here, we study the effect of overexpression of the ext-a1 sequence and the ext-a1 3′ region, which includes a partial sequence of dsORF-a1, on Escherichia coli cells. Cells expressing these sequences show reduced cell growth and cell viability. The expression of these sequences dramatically affects different components of the transcription and translation machinery. Transcriptomic analysis reveals an increase in the expression of genes involved in transcription, RNA processing, and nucleotide biosynthesis and metabolism and a decrease in the expression of amino acid biosynthesis genes and transfer RNAs. Further, expression of the above-mentioned RhsA components increases ribosomal gene expression, as well as rRNA and ribosome abundance. Proteomic analysis reveals an overall reduction of protein expression at the genome-wide level in cells expressing the above-mentioned RhsA components. Based on these observations, we suspect a translation product of ext-a1 affects different regulatory mechanisms that control rRNA synthesis.
Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature

The hypothesis that the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is related to observable changes in the climate is tested using modern methods of time-series analysis. The results confirm that average global temperature is increasing, and that temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide are significantly correlated over the past thirty years. Changes in carbon dioxide content lag those in temperature by five months.
Decreased Stone-Free Rates After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for High Calcium Phosphate Composition Kidney Stones

Purpose: To our knowledge the most effective treatment in patients with renal stones containing calcium phosphate remains unknown. An inverse correlation exists between calcium phosphate stone composition and the stone-free rate of shock wave lithotripsy. It is unknown whether this is due to treatment type (shock wave lithotripsy) or to a feature unique to calcium phosphate stones. We determined whether calcium phosphate stone composition affects the stone-free rate of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.Materials and Methods: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed in 111 patients between 2001 and 2006 and stone fragments were analyzed for calcium phosphate composition. Patients were categorized into groups based on calcium phosphate content. All patients underwent preoperative computerized tomography. Patients were considered stone-free after percutaneous nephrolithotomy when fragments were 2 mm or less on noncontrast computerized tomography.Results: A total of 213 percutaneous nephrolithotomies were perfor...
Interrelationships between hormones, behavior, and affect during adolescence: complex relationships exist between reproductive hormones, stress-related hormones, and the activity of neural systems that regulate behavioral affect. Comments on part III.

Abstract: Adolescence is a period in life marked by change, encompassing physiological changes associated with pubertal development, changes in social status and the social stresses that an individual faces, and changes in behavioral affect regulation. The interactions between activity in the reproductive axis, the neural systems that regulate stress, hormones produced in response to stress, and neural systems governing behavioral affect regulation are complex and multifaceted. Although our understanding of these interactions remains rudimentary, we do know that stress can suppress activity of the reproductive axis, that reproductive hormones can modulate the activity of neural systems that govern the body's responses to stress, that both reproductive function and stress responsiveness can be altered in depressed individuals, and that the function of some of the key neural systems regulating behavioral affect (i.e., serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic systems) are modulated by both gonadal steroid hormones and adrenal steroid hormones. This summary reviews the central interactions discussed in this session on the interrelationships between hormones, behavior, and affect during adolescence and identifies key topics that require further investigation in order to understand the role that pubertal changes in reproductive function, interacting with increased exposure to life stresses, play in modulating behavioral affect regulation during the adolescent period.
The fast optimal voltage partitioning algorithm for peak power density minimization

Increasing transistor density in nanometer integrated circuits has resulted in large on-chip power density. As a high-level power optimization technique, voltage partitioning is effective in mitigating power density. Previous works on voltage partitioning attempt to address it through minimizing total power consumption over all voltage partitions. Since power density significantly impacts thermal-induced reliability, it is also desired to directly mitigate peak power density during voltage partitioning. Unfortunately, none of the existing works consider this. This paper proposes an efficient optimal voltage partitioning algorithm for peak power density minimization. Based on novel algorithmic techniques such as implicit power density binary search, the algorithm runs in O(n log n + m2 log2 n) time, where n refers to the number of functional units and m refers to the number of partitions/voltage levels. Our experimental results on large testcases demonstrate that large amount of (about 9.7×) reduction in peak power density can be achieved compared to a natural greedy algorithm, while the algorithm still runs very fast. It needs only 14.15 seconds to optimize 1M functional units.
Mechanization of the doffing of the green product from the presses and forming the charge on the kiln trucks

Six designs were chosen as standard types, viz., two charge-setting machines, three row-forming units, and a charge manipulator. The standard type machines are suitable for the mechanization of the loading of most types of product on the kiln trucks.
Native and denatured Zn cytochrome c studied by fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy.

Abstract Fluorescence Line Narrowing (FLN) spectroscopy was employed to compare the environment around the porphyrin in folded and unfolded Zn-substituted cytochrome c (Zn cyt c ). Parameters of the resolved spectra, including the inhomogeneous energy-distribution function, vibrational energy levels, and phonon coupling, were compared for guanidine-denatured Zn cyt c and native Zn cyt c . The spectra of denatured Zn cyt c showed increased broad background and decreased peak resolution when compared to the native protein, indicating that denaturation results in increased phonon coupling. The energy-distribution function for the unfolded protein was fitted to a single Gaussian centered at 17230 cm−1 with a width of approx. 360 cm−1, which proved to be blue shifted and much wider than that for native Zn cyt c (approx. 65 cm−1). Vibrational frequencies of the ground-state for Zn cyt c were identified and shown to change upon denaturation. Temperature-dependence of the FLN spectra of native Zn cyt c was analyzed and found to have step-like broadening between 40 K and 50 K. Such discontinuous spectral broadening behavior suggests that a discrete conformational change occurs in the protein at these temperatures.
Quantum noise of a mode-locked laser

The master equation of mode locking written in operator notation is supplemented with noise-source terms that conserve commutator brackets. The noise sources are associated with the reservoirs responsible for loss and gain. The output of a mode-locked laser with the least possible quantum noise is determined.
Raman study of phase transition and dynamic structure of solid CCl4

A high pressure Raman study of CCl4 II and CCl4 III and the changes in the Raman activity at the II–III phase transition at 300 K are reported. The spectrum of CCl4 II is characterized by low intensity lattice bands and by the presence of sidebands on both the low and high energy side of the internal modes, ν2 and ν4. The sideband structure becomes Raman inactive and the lattice bands increase in intensity at the II–III phase transition; however, the major lattice peaks appear to be Raman active in both phases. It appears that there are some orientationally disordered molecules in CCl4 II. On the other hand, CCl4 III is an ordered phase.
Ethanol treatment alters β-endorphin metabolism by purified synaptosomal plasma membranes

Abstract Ethanol administration has been shown to affect β-endorphin (β-E) levels in most brain areas. Chronic ethanol treatment has also lead to changes in the levels of Met- and Leu-enkephalin which may be due to the recent finding that enkephalinase A activity is significantly altered. To determine if proteolytic enzymes responsible for β-E metabolism at the pSPM are also altered, we studied the effect of chronic ethanol (7% v/v; 8 days) administration on in vitro central β-E metabolism in male C57/BL mice. Purified SPM was time-course incubated with β-E (20 μM) for 30–120 min and subjected to HPLC analyses for determination of β-endorphin and related fragments. Chronic ethanol significantly reduced the half-life for β-E at the pSPM ( T 1 2 =50/ min ) versus controls ( T 1 2 =100.4 min ). Chronic ethanol also caused significant accumulation of the behaviorally active α- and γ-type endorphins formed at the pSPM. These results suggest that chronic ethanol treatment leads to an increase in the activity of peptidases responsible for β-E metabolism at pSPM leading to an increased formation of both α- and γ-type endorphins which may affect alcohol related behaviors.
Methods of Systematic Analysis: The Relative Superiority of Phylogenetic Systematics

The superiority of cladistic methods to both synthetic and phenetic methods is briefly advanced and reviewed. Cladistics creates testable hypotheses of phylogeny that also give a highly informative summary of available data. Thus it best fits the criteria for a method for determining the general reference classification in biology.
PREDICTION ERROR IN LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION : FURTHER CRITIQUE ON THE DEVIATION USED IN THE UNSCRAMBLER

Abstract In a recent critique on the deviation used in The Unscrambler a correction factor was proposed that gave improved results. However, this investigation was carried out under the standard assumption of the classical regression model, i.e. the measurement errors in the response and predictor variables were neglected. In many chemical applications this assumption is too restrictive. Moreover, even in absence of measurement errors, some problems remain and, consequently, further critique on the deviation used in The Unscrambler is in order. This paper recommends an extension of a recently derived expression for prediction variance that includes all measurement errors and is valid for multivariate calibration using ordinary least squares, principal component regression and partial least squares. The theory is illustrated on practical examples taken from the literature.
A Note on Prandtl’s Transposition Theorem

Given a solution of the boundary-layer equations for a two-dimensional, steady incompressible flow, Prandtl showed that additional solutions can be derived by a simple transformation. This is the well-known Prandtl's transposition theorem. The gist of the theorem is that the flow is displaced by the amount of the vertical displacement of an irregular solid surface, and the vertical component of the velocity is adjusted according to the slope of the surface. The form of the boundary-layer equations is invariant under the transformation, and the surface conditions can therefore be applied on a transformed flat surface. This allows the boundary conditions to be easily incorporated into any numerical method. Due to its universality, simplicity, and immediate applicability to problems, Prandtl's theorem is still frequent applied today, almost fifty years after it was first introduced. Glauert extended the theorem to unsteady and three-dimensional boundary layers. He also explicitly pointed out that is allows the normal displacement of the solid surface to be, at most, the order of the boundary-layer thickness. In section 2, Prandtl's theorem is rederived for a finite solid-surface displacement. Since Prandtl's coordinates are not orthogonal in physical space, the derivation shows that the normal pressure gradient, which is smallmore » and can be neglected across the boundary layer, has a leading-order effect in the axial momentum equation expressed in Prandtl's coordinates. This explains why the correct form of the boundary-layer equations in Prandtl's coordinates can only be derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, as demonstrated in this note, and cannot be obtained by the transformation of the boundary-layer equations in other coordinates as has been commonly done in the past.« less
The quantitative analysis of nanoplankton: a study of methods

Comparaison de plusieurs methodes de determination de la densite des cellules en milieu naturel et au laboratoire appliquees au phytoplancton
Hydrothermal alteration at the Mineral Hill Mine, Jardine, Montana; a lower amphibolite facies Archean lode gold deposit of probable synmetamorphic origin

The Mineral Hill Mine is an Archean lode gold deposit in lower amphibolite facies grunerite-bearing banded iron-formation and metaturbidites. Three types of gold ore are mined: type I ore is dominant, developed in wall-rock alteration envelopes marginal to 0.01- to 1-m quartz veins; type II ore is in 1 formed large isoclinal folds and pervasive axial-planar S 1 schistosity. Concurrent M 1 metamorphism crystallized early grunerite, followed by zoned synkinematic garnet porphyroblasts in iron-formation, and garnet, biotite, staurolite, sillimanite,and andalusite in metaclastic rocks. Garnet growth was followed by formation of quartz-filled pressure shadows during M 1 . M 2 -D 2 created upright open F 2 folds, S 2 crenulation cleavage, folding of pressure shadows around garnet, and replacement of biotite and garnet by chlorite. D 2 was followed by D 3 folding and poorly developed S 3 cleavage with no metamorphic mineral growth. M 1 was the single prograde metamorphic event in the region; M 2 and D 3 were retrograde events. Petrogenetic grids and mineral thermometry place peak M 1 metamorphic conditions at 535 degrees to 560 degrees C and 3 kbars. Type I hydrothermal alteration has a characteristic zoning pattern: from quartz veins outward, it consists of the arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, hornblende, and grunerite zones. The arsenopyrite zone ( 4 ), and visible native gold, with rare galena, sphalerite, and siderite.
Location Prediction Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We propose a new mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocol called "Location Prediction Based Routing" (LPBR) to simultaneously minimize the number of route discoveries and hop count of the paths for a source-destination session. During a regular flooding-based route discovery, LPBR collects the location and mobility information of nodes in the network and stores the collected information at the destination node of the route search process. When the minimum-hop route discovered through the flooding-based route discovery fails, the destination node attempts to predict the current location of each node using the location and mobility information collected during the latest flooding-based route discovery. A minimum hop Dijkstra algorithm is run on the locally predicted global topology. If the predicted minimum hop route exists in reality, no expensive flooding-based route discovery is needed and the source continues to send data packets on the discovered route; otherwise, the source initiates another flooding-based route discovery. Our ns-2 simulations indicate that LPBR incurs a significantly reduced number of flooding-based route discovery attempts compared with the minimum-hop based and stable path routing protocols. At the same time, the average hop count per path is close to that of the minimum-hop based routing protocols.
Interactive simulation gaming for energy-policy analysis

This paper describes the design and implementation of a multiple player interactive simulation game in APL for use in education, policy analysis and planning in energy-environment related systems. The “Regional Energy-Environment Game” makes use of APLSV's shared-variable feature to establish communication links between players as well as to provide an interface between these players and an analytical model of an energy-environment system.
Persistent low expression of hZip1 in mucinous carcinomas of the ovary, colon, stomach and lung

Background Mucinous carcinomas from different organs are morphologically similar and might share similarities at the molecular and biochemical levels that may illuminate their pathogenesis and influence management. The factors involved in the pathogenesis of mucinous carcinomas remain unknown; which is likely one contributor to the current dearth of biomarkers for detection. Because zinc changes are implicated in some cancers e.g., prostate; we assessed the possibility of a similar role in mucinous carcinomas.
The Neuronal Centrosome as a Generator of Microtubules for the Axon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the several recent studies that point to a centrosomal origin for axonal microtubules. In addition, it discusses the potential implications of this idea on the elaboration of the axonal microtubule array and on the establishment of the neuronal phenotype. Neurons are remarkable cells, in terms of both their morphology and their cytoplasmic organization. The nucleus and protein synthetic machinery are housed, within a small rounded cell body, but most of the cytoplasm of the neuron is extended over long distances in the form of an axon. In typical nonneuronal cells, organized microtubule arrays are generated, by discrete microtubule-nucleating structures termed “centrosomes.” De novo initiation of microtubules is suppressed and new microtubules arise via nucleation from these structures. Microtubules are nucleated from the pericentriolar material and form a radial array emanating away from the centrosome. Nucleation from the centrosome regulates the key features of the microtubules, within the array. All the microtubules assemble with their plus ends away from the centrosome, resulting in a microtubule array of uniform polarity orientation.