cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Skills and Family Background to Educational Mobility

We study the role of hard and soft skills in economic performance and social mobility in a sample of twins (N = 2,764) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, combining classical economic models of parental investment with a complete and realistic equilibrium model of genetic transmission of skills. Hard and soft skills have comparable roles in affecting early educational success and college attainment. We then use the information on family background to estimate the determinants of social intergenerational mobility. The transmission of personality characteristics – in particular but not exclusively of intelligence – explains a substantial fraction of upward and downward mobility of children.
Acute kidney injury in patients treated with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam: A retrospective cohort analysis.

Background Empiric antimicrobial therapy often consists of the combination of gram-positive coverage with vancomycin (VAN) and gram-negative coverage, specifically an antipseudomonal beta-lactam such as piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ). Nephrotoxicity is commonly associated with VAN therapy; however, recent reports show higher nephrotoxicity rates among patients treated with the combination of VAN and PTZ. Objective This study evaluated the effect of the VAN/PTZ combination on acute kidney injury (AKI) compared to VAN and PTZ monotherapies. Design, setting, and patients This is a retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients without renal disease receiving VAN, PTZ, or the combination from September 1, 2010 through August 31, 2014 at an academic medical center. Measurements The primary outcome was AKI incidence as defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage (RIFLE) criteria. Methods Continuous and categorical variables were assessed with appropriate tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess for associations between variables and AKI incidence. Subanalyses based on severity of illness were performed. Results Overall, 11,650 patients were analyzed, with 1647 (14.1%) developing AKI. AKI was significantly more frequent in the VAN/PTZ group (21%) compared to either monotherapy group (VAN 8.3%, PTZ 7.8%, P ⟨ 0.001 for both). Combination therapy was independently associated with higher AKI odds compared to monotherapy with either agent (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-2.39; aOR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.97-2.71, for VAN and PTZ, respectively). Receipt of concomitant nephrotoxic drugs was independently associated with increased AKI rates, as were increased duration of therapy, hospital length of stay, increasing severity of illness, and increasing baseline renal function. Conclusions In this study of more than 10,000 patients, VAN combined with PTZ was associated with twice the odds of AKI development compared to either agent as monotherapy. This demonstrates the need for judicious use of combination empiric therapy. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:77-82.
Effect of Heat Treatments for Hand in Raynaud'S Phenomenon

Background/Objectives: Heat treatment of physical agent modalities (hot pack, paraffin bath, infrared lamp) was widely used in the treatment of the Raynaud's phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate effective heat treatment of physical agent modalities for hand hypothermia. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Forty-two subjects were classified into hypothermia group (21 adults) and control group (21 healthy adults). The heat treatment was applied on the subjects after exposing central part of their hands in a laboratory at 23 to 25 °C for 10 minutes before applying the heat treatment, and measured temperature of central part of their hands through Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging before and after treatment. The heat treatment included hot pack, paraffin bath, infrared lamp, and each heat treatment were applied for 20 minutes. Findings: Significant difference appeared in three factors of each group when skin temperature was compared before and after the heat treatment application. The hot pack and paraffin bath showed significant difference when temperature of the experiment group and control group were compared temperature difference before and after the application. When each factor was compared in the experiment group by temperature difference before and after the heat treatment application, between the hot pack and infrared lamp were showed significant difference. According to the result of this study, each heat treatment can be considered to have effect in increasing the skin temperature for both groups. The hot pack treatment applied to people with hypothermia is considered to show better effects when treating hypothermia. Application/Improvements: heat treatment is considered to be an appropriate physical therapy for people with hypothermia.
Using neutrons to measure keV temperatures in highly compressed plastic at multi-Gbar pressures

Abstract We have designed an experiment for the National Ignition Facility to measure the Hugoniot of materials such as plastic at extreme pressures. The design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a hohlraum radiation drive. The shock front conditions can be characterized using X-ray radiography until background from shock coalescence overtakes the backlit signal. Shock coalescence at the center is predicted to reach tens of Gbars and can be further characterized by measuring the X-ray self-emission and 2.45 MeV neutrons emitted from the shock flash region. In this simulation design work the standard plastic sphere is replaced with a deuterated polyethylene sphere, CD2, that reaches sufficiently high densities and temperatures in the central hot spot to produce neutrons from Deuterium-Deuterium (DD) fusion reactions that can be measured by a neutron time of flight spectrometer (nTOF) and act as a temperature diagnostic. This paper focuses on the design of these experiments, based on an extensive suite of radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, and the interpretation of the predicted DD neutron signals. The simulations predict mean temperatures of 1 keV in the central hot spot with mean densities of 33 g/cc and mean pressures of 25 Gbar. A preliminary comparison with early experimental results looks promising with an average ion temperature of 1.06 ± 0.15 keV in the central hot spot estimated from the nTOF spectral width and measured neutron yield of 7.0 (±0.5) × 109 DD neutrons.
On the probability of union in the n-space

In this paper, our sets are orthants in R n and N , the number of them, is large ( N n ). We introduce the modified inclusion-exclusion formula in order to efficiently calculate the probability of a union of such events. The new formula works in the bivariate case, and can also be used in R n , n ź 3 with a condition on the projected sets onto lower dimensional spaces. Numerical examples are presented.
Magnetic separation of microparticles by shape

Accurate separation of microparticles by shape has diverse applications in biology and biotechnology, but is a significant challenge in separation science and engineering. We demonstrate a simple and effective mechanism that can achieve shape-based separation of magnetic particles in microscale flows. In this method, a uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the flow direction, and causes shape-dependent lateral migration of the particles. Using high-speed imaging, we studied the rotational dynamics of the ellipsoidal particles. It is found that the lateral migration is correlated with the asymmetric rotation of the particles. Different from existing techniques that use magnetic forces, our method uses shape-dependent magnetic torque but zero magnetic force.
Difference in R01 Grant Funding Among Osteopathic and Allopathic Emergency Physicians over the Last Decade.

Background: Receiving an R01 grant from the National institute of Health is seen as a major accomplishment for the physician researcher and can be used as a means of scholarly activity for the AOA and ACGME. However, the ACGME notes that the grant must be obtained while the AOA states that an application for a grant would qualify for scholarly activity whether received or not. Objective: To determine if a medical degree disparity exists between those who successfully receive an emergency medicine R01 grant and to determine publication characteristics of those who receive this grant. Methods: The NIH RePORTER search engine was queried for those physicians who received an R01 grant in emergency medicine. Degree designation was then determined for each grant recipient based on an internet search involving the recipients name and location that the grant was awarded. The grant recipient was then queried through pub med central for the total number of publications that were published in the decade prior to receiving the grant and the authors location on these publications. Results: A total of 264 R01 grant recipients were noted over the last decade with 78.03% of those receiving the award being an Allopathic physician. No Osteopathic physician had received an R01 grant in emergency medicine over the last ten years. Of those allopathic physicians who received the grant, 44.17% held a dual degree. All grant recipients had prior publications over the last ten years. Allopathic physicians had an average of 48.05 publications over the last ten years prior to grant receipt and those with a dual degree 51.62 publications. The majority of allopathic physicians either served as a primary author or senior author prior to receiving an R01 grant. Conclusion: Allopathic physicians comprise the majority of those who receive and R01 grant in emergency medicine over the last decade. These physicians typically have numerous prior publications and an advanced degree.
"It's Just Not Very Realistic": Perceptions of Media Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women.

ABSTRACTAlthough research has documented a connection between media and body image for women, little research has explored this connection among pregnant or postpartum women. The purpose of this study was to explore women’s perceptions of media and body image during the perinatal period. Fredrickson’s objectification theory provided a theoretical framework for the study. Data collection involved semi-structured in-depth interviews with 50 pregnant or postpartum women in which they were asked to describe their perceptions of media depictions of pregnant or postpartum women and its impact on their body image. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Four major themes emerged: (1) participants questioned the realism of media depictions of pregnant and postpartum women, (2) participants described complex reactions to media messages including negative impacts on body image and strategies for mitigating negative impacts, (3) participants desired changes in media messages ...
Research-Based Learning

Research-based learning provides training and practice for students in a number of broad learning objectives: (1) how to pose a research question; (2) how to test the question; (3) how to present research findings; and (4) how to practice research integrity. Not all students can join a full-time undergraduate research experience, but most classes can be structured to teach elements of research. Research skills are not learned solely by observation, but need to be taught, practiced, and critiqued. Assignments illustrated in this chapter may take as little as 5–10 min or may be expanded to become major components of a class. Research skills are useful for every student, and the reinforcement of research skills should be at multiple levels from course or lesson organization to use of learning objectives and grading rubrics, to consistency in how the instructor models research standards.
Values and Harms in Loss and Damage

AbstractThis paper explores what is meant by ‘loss and damage’ within the area of climate policy focused on loss and damage. I present two possible understandings of loss and damage, one of which connects it to harm and one of which connects it to value. In both cases, I argue that the best contemporary philosophical understandings of these concepts suggest a much broader range of losses and damages than is currently being considered within the usual discussions in this area. I argue that a broader understanding of loss and damage would allow a more complete assessment of potential climate impacts. I conclude by offering recommendations for evaluating loss and damage according to this broader understanding.
Analog Frontend for Tribo-Current-Based Fly-Height Sensor for Magnetic Hard Disk Drive

This paper presents an analog front end for measuring the triboelectric current flow between the triboelectric current sensor attached to the magnetic recording head and the media in a hard-disk-drive (HDD) system. The magnitude of the triboelectric current serves as a measure of the proximity between the head and the media and can be optimized for better performance in the next generation HDDs. The analog front end employs a novel current-divert circuit to create two separate signal paths with high and low gain that together provide a linear measure of the triboelectric current over a large dynamic range. A 42.6- $\text{M}\Omega $ dc-coupled, low leakage transimpedance amplifier is designed for the high gain path. It employs an area-efficient, floating, gate-voltage controlled MOS resistor with a novel open-loop temperature compensation scheme. A gain variation of <10% and an input current offset drift of < ±35 pA are measured over a temperature range of −40 °C to 120 °C. With the help of the low gain path, an overall input dynamic range of tens of picoamps to 50 nA is achieved. The high accuracy and large dynamic range measurement of tribocurrent serves the dual purpose of accurate fly-height estimation and tracking of the topography of the hard-disk media.
Stochastic collocation methods for differential equations with white noise

Stochastic collocation methods can lead to a fully decoupled system of PDEs, which can be readily implemented on parallel computers. However, stochastic collocation methods do not work when longer time integration is required. Though these methods are also cursed by the dimensionality, we apply the recursive strategy for longer time integration discussed in Chapter 6 to investigate the error behavior of stochastic collocation methods in one-time step approximation or short time integration.
Questioning Similarities: Prohibition in the United States and Finland

Only two republics have ever adopted national alcohol prohibition in peacetime, and they did so at almost exactly the same time. For these reasons and others, historians of temperance have considered prohibition in Finland and the United States to be essentially similar. In fact, despite originating at the same time, the two are quite dissimilar. American prohibition came out of Protestant revivalism and a capitalist desire for worker efficiency. By the late nineteenth century two powerful temperance organizations, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti- Saloon League, had emerged to lead the movement for domestic prohibition and to evangelize for prohibition abroad. Prohibition in Finland came out of the movement to achieve a cultural and political nationalism. Temperance was part of the Turku academics’ attempt to create a virtuous unified peasantry and working class. The working class, in particular, used the temperance movement to organize their movements. While the United States and Finland were the only two republics to undertake national prohibition, the US largely ignored the Finnish experiment. They praised it in the early 1920s only to emphasize its later failures as a way of trying to obscure their own inability to achieve a viable policy.
Endoscopic Treatment of Complications After Liver Transplantation

The main biliary complications after liver transplantation are bile leakage and bile duct stricture. The two complications can coexist. Their incidences are higher in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), which is the focus of discussion in this chapter. Choices of therapeutic modalities depend on the nature of the biliary complications and available facilities in each medical institution. Endoscopic therapy complemented with either radiologically guided or surgical intervention is the standard of care. When managing bile leakage, adequate percutaneous drainage before internal biliary stenting provides a better outcome; while balloon dilation with multiple plastic stents is the main choice of therapy for bile duct stricture. Several rescue modalities are employed to deal with difficult clinical scenario recently, which include rendezvous procedure, Yamanouchi magnetic compression anastomosis (YMCA) or Spyglass choledochoscopy. In the condition of partial IHD dilation, it is weird in the clinical course. Treatment or not is also controversial. Will the intraductal metallic stent be the first choice in the treatment of bile duct stricture of LDLT in the future? That still needs challenge. Finally, we present our biliary complications in a long-term follow-up of LDLT in our institution.
Use of spatio-temporal calibrated wind shear model to improve accuracy of wind resource assessment

Abstract Wind shear models are commonly used to predict the wind speed at wind turbine hub heights from the wind data collected at the elevation of the monitoring station. In many cases, the model parameters are based on empirical values recommended by design specifications that reflect the site conditions. This paper evaluates the benefits of incorporating site-specific wind data to calibrate the wind shear model parameters. Wind speed data collected by a ZephIR® Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system over a 2-year (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2012) period are used for the analyses. The atmospheric stability is found to have appreciable effects on the wind shear parameters, i.e. wind shear coefficients (WSC) for the power law model and roughness lengths for the logarithmic law wind shear models. The calibrated wind shear model parameters by the monitored wind data during the first year are presented in the format of a contour map to demonstrate the spatio-temporal variations, which shows daily and seasonal variations. The calibrated wind shear models are then validated by the wind data collected during the second year, which demonstrates decent performance. The accuracy and performance of incorporating site-specific wind shear model calibration to predict the wind energy resource is evaluated, where six different methods are compared. The results show that the consideration of spatio-temporal variations of wind shear model parameters achieved improve performance over the application of the empirical or yearly-averaged wind shear model parameters in extrapolating the wind speed. It is also found that the performance of considering spatio-temporal wind shear parameters are even better at higher elevations. Furthermore, the analyses find that the use of empirical wind shear model parameters underestimates the wind energy output at the studied sites. Site-specific calibration of the wind shear models could further improve the accuracy of wind energy assessment by considering the site condition and the variability in the atmospheric stability.
oN THE MOMENTS AND FACTORIAL MOMENTS OF A MPSD

In this paper we present a general method of obtaining the moment generating function and hence the moments of a Modified Series distribution introduced by Gupta (1974). The factorial moments are also obtained as by-products. These results are then employed to derive the moments and factorial moments of the generalized negative binomial, the generalized Poisson, the generalized logarithmic series, and the lost game distributions. Some of the well-known results follow trivially.
Real world clinical outcomes of palbociclib in hormone receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients.

e13034Background: Palbociclib (PA), a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor, has been shown in clinical trials to prolong progression free survival (PFS) in HR+/Her-2 negative MBC when combined with an aromatase inh...
The effect of energy-matched exercise intensity on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and motor learning.

Abstract Background Pairing a bout of high-intensity exercise with motor task practice can enhance motor learning beyond task practice alone, which is thought, in part, to be facilitated by an exercise-related increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of different exercise intensities on BDNF levels and motor learning while controlling for exercise-related energy expenditure. Methods Forty-eight young, healthy participants were assigned to one of three groups: high-intensity exercise [High], low-intensity exercise [Low], or quiet rest [Rest]. The duration of the exercise bouts were individually adjusted so that each participant expended 200 kcals regardless of exercise intensity. BDNF was measured before and after exercise or rest. After exercise or rest, all participants practiced a 3-dimensional motor learning task, which involved reach movements made to sequentially presented targets. Retention was tested after 24-h. BDNF genotype was determined for each participant to explore its effects on BDNF and motor learning. Results All participants equally improved performance, indicated by a reduction in time to complete the task. However, the kinematic profile used to control the reach movement differed by group. The Rest group travelled the shortest distance between the targets, the High group had higher reach speed (peak velocity), and the Low group had earlier peak velocities. The rise in BDNF post-exercise was not significant, regardless of exercise intensity, and the change in BDNF was not associated with motor learning. The BDNF response to exercise did not differ by genotype. However, performance differed between those with the polymorphism (Met carriers) and those without (Val/Val). Compared to the Val/Val genotype, Met carriers had faster response times throughout task practice, which was supported by higher reach speeds and earlier peak velocities. Conclusion Results indicated that both low and high-intensity exercise can alter the kinematic approach used to complete a reach task, and these changes appear unrelated to a change in BDNF. In addition, the BDNF genotype did not influence BDNF concentration, but it did have an effect on motor performance of a sequential target reach task.
Subunits of the mechano-electrical transduction channel, Tmc1/2b, require Tmie to localize in zebrafish sensory hair cells.

Mutations in transmembrane inner ear (TMIE) cause deafness in humans; previous studies suggest involvement in the mechano-electrical transduction (MET) complex in sensory hair cells, but TMIE’s precise role is unclear. In tmie zebrafish mutants, we observed that GFP-tagged Tmc1 and Tmc2b, which are subunits of the MET channel, fail to target to the hair bundle. In contrast, overexpression of Tmie strongly enhances the targeting of Tmc1-GFP and Tmc2b-GFP to stereocilia. To identify the motifs of Tmie underlying the regulation of the Tmcs, we systematically deleted or replaced peptide segments. We then assessed localization and functional rescue of each mutated/chimeric form of Tmie in tmie mutants. We determined that the first putative helix was dispensable and identified a novel critical region of Tmie, the extracellular region and transmembrane domain, which is required for both mechanosensitivity and Tmc2b-GFP expression in bundles. Collectively, our results suggest that Tmie’s role in sensory hair cells is to target and stabilize Tmc channel subunits to the site of MET.
Antiproton and Charged Kaon Production in sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

Preliminary results on antiproton and charged kaon spectra and the net-proton number at mid-rapidity are reported for Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 130\) GeV as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Inverse slope parameters of the transverse mass distributions increase with the collision centrality, consistent with a strong radial flow. The antiproton and charged kaon extrapolated yields, normalized to the uncorrected negatively charged hadron yield, increase with the collision centrality. A finite but small number of net-baryons is found to be present at mid-rapidity.
Prognostic value of radiographically defined extranodal extension in human papillomavirus‐associated locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma

Background Pathologic extranodal extension (ENE) has traditionally guided the management of head and neck cancers. The prognostic value of radiographic ENE (rENE) in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPX) is uncertain. Methods Patients with HPV + OPX with adequate pretreatment radiographic nodal evaluation from a single institution were analyzed. rENE status was determined by neuroradiologists' at time of diagnosis. Distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), overall survival (OS), and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the impact of rENE on survival endpoints. Results Hundred sixty-eight patients with OPX + squamous cell carcinomas diagnosed between April 2008 and December 2014 were included for analysis with median follow-up of 3.3 years. Eighty-eight percent of patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. rENE was not prognostic; its presence in patients with HPV + OPX did not significantly impact OS, LRFS, or DMFS. Conclusions In patients with HPV + OPX, rENE was not significantly associated with OS, LRFS, or DMFS.
Brillouin-Based Nonreciprocity and Laser Cooling in Silicon Photonics

We use strong and tailorable stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon waveguides to demonstrate wideband nonreciprocity (>100 GHz), silicon-based Brillouin laser oscillators, and laser-cooling of a continuum of phonon modes.
Computer-Aided Drug Design for the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Using Accessible Molecular Modeling Tools

Drug design and development is a central thrust of current research. Thus, it is imperative that students pursuing degrees in a variety of chemical and biological fields become exposed to the resea...
Flux-balanced two-field plasma edge turbulence in a channel geometry

We investigate the drift wave–zonal flow interaction formulated on a channel domain geometry approximating an isolated plasma edge region with zero net radial transport across the boundary. The recent two-field flux-balanced Hasegawa–Wakatani (BHW) model with improved treatment for a parallel electron response is adapted to the channel geometry configuration, which allows for generalized non-uniform zonal density profiles and is valid for the simulation of turbulent fields near the tokamak or stellarator edge regions. New conserved quantities are constructed based on the channel geometry to help the analysis for the competition between zonal states and non-zonal fluctuations. Effective bounds can be found constraining the maximum growth of total fluctuations and the amplitude of the dominant zonal state based on the conserved quantities. Total statistical variance among all the modes can also be estimated depending on the zonal state strength. The theoretical discoveries are confirmed by detailed numerical experiments from simulations in the channel domain. In addition, the channel geometry provides further support for the important advantage of adopting the balanced flux correction in the BHW model by showing a physically consistent growth rate from a stability analysis for the small-amplitude fluctuation interaction with a prescribed zonal mean profile, in comparison with the persistent instability and strong outward transport found in the modified Hasegawa–Wakatani model even with the increasing zonal density profile. This is again confirmed by direct numerical simulations of the two models. The channel domain BHW model framework with attractive features implies many potential applications in the study of the complex phenomena in plasma edge turbulence.
A Rare Case of Lead-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Abstract A 39-year-old man, painter by profession, presented with symptoms of heart failure. His work up was unrevealing except for elevated blood lead levels (BLL). He was started on guideline-dir...
Predictors of ventricular pacing burden after permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND In the era of an expanding use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), conduction disturbances and the requirement for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation remains a clinical concern. HYPOTHESIS Using a single-center experience, we sought to identify predictors of ventricular pacing burden after TAVR in patients who required PPM implantation. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 359 consecutive patients with symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis who underwent TAVR at our institution between September 2013 and July 2019. Thirty patients (8.4%) required a PPM within 30 days after TAVR. Pre and post-TAVR electrocardiograms, pre-TAVR echocardiograms and computed tomography (CT), TAVR procedural details and post-TAVR device interrogation records at 1, 3, and 6 months were reviewed. RESULTS Mean percentage of ventricular pacing (VP%) at 1, 3, and 6 months was 58%, 59%, and 56% respectively. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, patients who had low VP% < 5% at 6 months were more likely to have a prosthesis/echocardiography-derived left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter ratio < 1.3 (OR 7.00, P-value .048), prosthesis/CT-derived aortic annulus diameter ratio < 1.02 (OR 7.11, P-value .047), post-TAVR new-onset LBBB (OR 16.80, P-value .019), time to PPM implantation greater than 2 days post-TAVR (OR 9.38, P-value .026) and pre-TAVR use of a beta blocker (OR 9.40, P-value .026). CONCLUSIONS In patients who required a PPM implantation post-TAVR, a lower TAVR prosthesis/LVOT or aortic annulus diameter ratio, post-TAVR new-onset LBBB and later time of PPM implantation showed a trend toward predicting a low VP% at 6 months.
Social Networks in Political Science: Hiring and Placement of Ph.D.s, 1960–2002

Social scientists have long been interested in how academic disciplines are organized (Ben-David and Collins 1966; Kuhn 1970; Lipset 1994; Rojas 2003; Somit and Tanenhaus 1964; 1967). One important element of this organization is the network of Ph.D. placements among Ph.D.-granting institutions. Various authors have linked the structure of placements to prestige rankings of departments (for sociology departments see e.g., Hanneman 2001; and Burris 2004; for political science departments see Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007c), or have used various features of the structure of academic exchange networks to examine the shaping of disciplinary careers and practices (Feld, Bisciglia, and Ynalvez 2003; Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007b). There is also a more general literature on status and market exchange (see e.g., Podolny 2005).We are indebted to Clover Behrend-Gethard for bibliographic assistance.
Carbonaceous Deposits in a Fuel-Film-Cooled Rocket Combustor: Optical Profilometry

Fuel-film cooling is necessary to mitigate heat transfer in high-pressure oxygen-rich staged combustion engines. A 4.8 MPa (700 psia) axisymmetric kerosene–H2O2 combustor used fuel-film cooling to ...
Interpreting Neural Networks for Biological Sequences by Learning Stochastic Masks

Abstract Sequence-based neural networks can learn to make accurate predictions from large biological datasets, but model interpretation remains challenging. Many existing feature attribution methods are optimized for continuous rather than discrete input patterns and assess individual feature importance in isolation, making them ill-suited for interpreting non-linear interactions in molecular sequences. Building on work in computer vision and natural language processing, we developed an approach based on deep generative modeling - Scrambler networks - wherein the most salient sequence positions are identified with learned input masks. Scramblers learn to generate Position-Specific Scoring Matrices (PSSMs) where unimportant nucleotides or residues are ‘scrambled’ by raising their entropy. We apply Scramblers to interpret the effects of genetic variants, uncover non-linear interactions between cis-regulatory elements, explain binding specificity for protein-protein interactions, and identify structural determinants of de novo designed proteins. We show that interpretation based on a generative model allows for efficient attribution across large datasets and results in high-quality explanations, often outperforming state-of-the-art methods.
Peri-adolescent exposure to (meth)amphetamine in animal models.

Abstract Experimentation with psychoactive drugs is often initiated in the peri-adolescent period, but knowledge of differences in the outcomes of peri-adolescent- vs adult-initiated exposure is incomplete. We consider the existing animal research in this area for (meth)amphetamines. Established for a number of phenotypes, is lower sensitivity of peri-adolescents than adults to acute effects of (meth)amphetamines, including neurotoxic effects of binge-level exposure. More variable are data for long-term consequences of peri-adolescent exposure on motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, investigations often exclude an adult-initiated exposure group critical for answering questions about outcomes unique to peri-adolescent initiation. Despite this, it is clear from the animal research that (meth)amphetamine exposure during the peri-adolescent period, whether self- or other-administered, impacts brain motivational circuitry and cognitive function, and alters adult sensitivity to other drugs and natural rewards. Such consequences occurring in humans have the potential to predispose toward unfortunate and potentially disastrous family, social and livelihood outcomes.
Trends in Diet Counseling Among Stroke Versus Non-Stroke Patients: Evidence from the NAMCS, 2011-2016.

Abstract Introduction Dietary modifications in post-stroke patients facilitated by diet counseling improves post-stroke recovery and stroke recurrence. The extent to which clinicians provide dietary counseling for these patients is unknown. Methods 2011 to 2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS) data were used to assess trends in post-stroke diet consultations by age. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the likelihood of dietary counseling provision among patients with and without stroke. Results The proportion of patients with stroke aged 60–79 who received diet counseling decreased from 18.2% in 2011 to 5.3%, 11.9%, 8.7%, 13.4%, and 15.2% in 2012–2016, respectively. Among patients without stroke aged 60–79, diet counseling rate decreased from 12.9% in 2011 to 7%, 9.5%, 10.5%, 13.5%, and 12% in 2012–2016, respectively. Similar trends were observed among patients with and without stroke aged over 80. Conclusions The proportion of patients with and without stroke receiving dietary counseling has remained low over the past half-decade. It is likely multifactorial– related to clinician knowledge, patients' receptiveness, and system-level factors of time and reimbursement. Future interventions should explore methods to address barriers to nutrition recommendations for post-stroke patients and patient activation to adopt dietary changes.
Rapamycin as a Potential Treatment for Obesity

Obesity has been a rising pandemic leading to increased cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world at present. There is a pressing need to improve the health outcomes of indivi...
Executive and Broad-Based Stock Options: Evidence from U.S. Panel Data

This paper examines the productivity effect of the adoption of executive and broad-based stock options. The findings include a positive impact on productivity after the introduction of both executive and broad-based stock options. This productivity effect is maintained over a five-year period after adoption for executive plans but the effect diminishes for broad-based plans. We interpret these findings as evidence of stock option usage as being a benefit to organizations; however, firms may need to distribute broad-based stock options in the same way as for executive plans to maintain the impact.
The enzymatic activities of brain catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and methionine sulphoxide reductase are correlated in a COMT Val/Met allele-dependent fashion.

Aims The enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) plays a primary role in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters and is implicated in the modulation of cognitive and emotional responses. The best-characterized single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the COMT gene consists of a valine (Val)-to-methionine (Met) substitution at codon 108/158. The Met-containing variant confers a marked reduction in COMT catalytic activity. We recently showed that the activity of recombinant COMT is positively regulated by the enzyme Met sulfoxide reductase (MSR), which counters the oxidation of Met residues of proteins. The current study was designed to assess whether brain COMT activity may be correlated to MSR in an allele-dependent fashion.
The Influence of Green Policies on a Dual Marketing Center

Explores the efficacy of market‐driven (voluntary) approaches to ecological strategies. Examines ecological marketing behavior from a multiperson level of analysis. Focusses on members of the industrial DMC (dual‐marketing‐center) who participate in the buying‐selling process of the EPA policies with Government officials and investigates the DMC′s adaptive climatic configuration in response to varying levels of policy uncertainty. The findings from a national sample suggest that perceptions of policy uncertainty are related to DMC climate dimensions: cohesiveness, coordination and trust.
Chapter 13 Interorgan lipid and fatty acid metabolism in growing ruminants

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights some aspects from recent research of lipid metabolism in growing ruminants. The major focus is on the interorgan relationships of lipid metabolism during growth. Lipid metabolism is a dynamic and critically important function in growing ruminants. Preruminants consume a high-fat diet and deposit of the dietary lipid in adipose tissue. During post weaning growth, dietary fatty acid intake is low and long-chain fatty acid synthesis increases in adipose tissue depots as the animal approaches physiological maturity. Deposition of long-chain fatty acids synthesized within adipose or taken up from blood lipoproteins is extensive in near-mature fattening ruminants. Lipoprotein lipase is a key regulatory enzyme in determining interorgan disposition of long-chain fatty acids from circulating chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins in growing ruminants. The regulation of fatty acid esterification in adipose tissue is also characterized. The role of molecules, such as leptin and tumor necrosis factor α, which are synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, is elucidated in growing ruminants.
Faculty As Filmmakers: On The Cutting Edge Of Classroom Technologies

Digital video equipment and studios newly available for faculty use can be incorporated into the technological repertoire of college faculty, enabling professors to customize and enhance the learning experience of their students. Today’s students are particularly attuned to analyzing visual images and data, so the use of customized films in the classroom makes very good sense from a pedagogical standpoint. The present paper examines the lessons learned from the process of producing a documentary-style digital video that serves as the centerpiece of a thought-provoking learning module for the introductory course in marketing.
Taurine, betaine, and inositol share a volume-sensitive transporter in skate erythrocyte cell membrane

Our previous study [J. K. Haynes and L. Goldstein. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 34): R173-R179, 1993] showed that skate erythrocytes have a volume-sensitive amino acid transporter that passes amino acids across the cell membrane in a size-related nonstereospecific manner. The aim of the present study was to determine whether representatives of other groups of organic osmolytes (polyols, trimethylamines) could be transported by this same system. Volume-sensitive transport was assayed by measuring Na(+)-independent uptake of osmolytes into erythrocytes. Hypotonic stress stimulated uptake of the polyol myo-inositol and the trimethylamine betaine severalfold. There was little or no competition between osmolytes for transport. However, inhibitor studies indicated that both betaine and inositol are transported by the same pathway as amino acids. Inhibitors of the anion exchanger band 3 and a variety of chloride channel inhibitors blocked the hypotonically stimulated uptake of betaine, inositol, and taurine in a quantitatively similar manner. These results show that different chemical classes of organic osmolytes share a common volume-sensitive transporter.
In Vitro Shear Stress-Induced Platelet Activation: Sensitivity of Human and Bovine Blood

As platelet activation plays a critical role in physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis, it is important in the overall hemocompatibility evaluation of new medical devices and biomaterials to assess their effects on platelet function. However, there are currently no widely accepted in vitro test methods to perform this assessment. In an effort to develop effective platelet tests for potential use in medical device evaluation, this study compared the sensitivity of platelet responses to shear stress stimulation of human and bovine blood using multiple platelet activation markers. Fresh whole blood samples anticoagulated with heparin or anticoagulant citrate dextrose, solution A (ACDA) were exposed to shear stresses up to 40 Pa for 2 min using a cone-and-plate rheometer model. Platelet activation was characterized by platelet counts, platelet surface P-selectin expression, and serotonin release into blood plasma. The results indicated that exposure to shear stresses above 20 Pa caused significant changes in all three of the platelet markers for human blood and that the changes were usually greater with ACDA anticoagulation than with heparin. In contrast, for bovine blood, the markers did not change with shear stress stimulation except for plasma serotonin in heparin anticoagulated blood. The differences observed between human and bovine platelet responses suggest that the value of using bovine blood for in vitro platelet testing to evaluate devices may be limited.
The helium abundance on Jupiter

Methods of determining helium on Jupiter (and the Jovian planets) are critically surveyed. Current information is consistent with solar abundance, He/H2 = 0.11 by number. The available lines of evidence are the mean density, spectral-line broadening, and stellar occultations. Methods usable from spacecraft flying by are discussed. Observation of far-infrared emission has great promise, but we may have to await the development of entry probes for the greatest assurance.
Information Technology in Civil Engineering Curriculum

The fast-moving world of information technology confronts the civil engineer with constant change. This creates challenges for educators and students because rapid change requires curricula to be flexible and educators to gain competency and access to new equipment and software. Whereas a decade ago, civil engineering educators debated how to teach “programming,” the picture is now much more complex. The paper reports on how information technologies are changing the practice of civil engineering and offers a new framework for integrating next-generation information technology into the civil engineering curriculum at the department level.
Macroautophagy can press a brake on presynaptic neurotransmission.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) has been implicated in regulating synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration, but MTOR’s role in modulating presynaptic function through autophagy is unexplored. We studied presynaptic function in ventral dopamine neurons, a system from which neurotransmitter release can be measured directly by cyclic voltammetry. We generated mutant mice that were specifically deficient for macroautophagy in dopaminergic neurons by deleting the Atg7 gene in cells that express the dopamine uptake transporter. Dopamine axonal profiles in the mutant dorsal striatum were ~one third larger in the mutant mice, released ~50% more stimulus-evoked dopamine release, and exhibited more rapid presynaptic recovery than controls. Rapamycin reduced dopamine neuron axon profile size by ~30% in control mice, but had no effect on macroautophagy deficient axons. Acute rapamycin decreased dopaminergic synaptic vesicle density by ~25% and inhibited evoked dopamine release by ~25% in control mice, but not in the Atg7 deficient mutants. Thus, both basal and induced macroautophagy can provide a brake on presynaptic activity in vivo, perhaps by regulating the turnover of synaptic vesicles, and further regulates terminal volume and the kinetics of transmitter release.
The Naughty Child in Nineteenth-Century American Art

During the first half of the nineteenth century many Americans began to promote the visual arts as a means of defining and fostering national identity. One highly significant consequence of this new aesthetic was the rise of a native genre art which depicted uniquely “American” customs and characters. Focussing upon and interpreting the daily world of average citizens in an emphatically optimistic and ideal manner, these works of art celebrated the virtue, vigor, simplicity, resourcefulness and republicanism of American society. They tended chiefly to represent rural American activities – maple sugaring, quilting frolics, scenes of harvest and the like – and to rely upon a standard cast of characters – the farmer, the housewife, the peddler, the trapper, for example – each of whom exemplified a particular trait or traits that seemed distinctly “American.”
Assortative versus selective mating: Is the distinction worthwhile?

The study examines the distinction between assortative and selective mating made by Lewontin, Kirk, and Crow in 1968 and finds it unproductive. Not only has the difference been ignored on many occasions even as it was invoked, but maintaining it obscures several useful properties of both nonrandom mating schemes and some formally equivalent systems such as fertility selection. The elucidation of these similarities could have accelerated the work of population biologists.
Attenuation of Acoustic Energy Across a Turbine Stage With Subsonic Relative Flow

The attenuation of sound energy propagating through a turbine is analyzed using an actuator disk theory. The analysis is restricted to low frequency disturbances and subsonic relative flow. Mach number changes and flow turning across a stage element are taken into account. Results indicate that the attenuation of acoustic energy across a typical turbine stage is at least 10 dB.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Opinions about Parental Involvement in Elementary Children’s Education

Abstract Although parent–teacher interaction is a key factor for children's education, little attention has been paid to this issue in teacher education programs. This study explores and examines the opinions of elementary preservice teachers about parental involvement in elementary children's education. While a total of 223 preservice teachers from a large research university in the southeast of United States participated in the quantitative part, twelve preservice teachers within the same sample who were at the end of their student teaching participated in the qualitative part of the study. Study results suggested that teacher education programmes where parental involvement instruction and activities are integrated into the courses help preservice teachers become better prepared and carry positive opinions toward parental involvement.