cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of the Landscape

For landscapes to conserve and take care of needs of local communities, understanding the total local economy of the landscape is imperative. Hence, to know who is where and who has what stake in the landscape is so important. Equally important are the knowledge of types of natural assets present in the landscape and what asset contributes to fulfill what need. Weighting values of that stakeholder’s place on assets, finally, is also important to understand the dynamics of the landscape and how that would, ultimately, affect biodiversity. Assessing who is where and who has what weight in the Lake Tumba Landscape, the chapter describes an ensemble of 150 organizations located within the Lake Tumba Landscape with 69% made of national and local non-governmental structures and 13% of churches. The study identified 9% being international structures, including the UN Agencies, whereas the state was among the minority of structures. Power-wise, churches, particularly the Catholic Church, were the most important force; and lack of political leadership has also meant diminishing sense of purpose as a community at both the national and local levels. Traditional authority and the churches filled the vacuum left by the state in providing the sense of purpose for whole communities. Churches and ambulant merchants were found to possess most of the economic power: The message conveyed by the chapter is that to conserve biodiversity; these non-traditional biodiversity conservation actors have to become an essential part of the biodiversity conservation equation.
African Communal Ethics

This chapter examines the idea of communalism in African traditions and how it is exemplified in various ethical norms, values, and ways of life. It argues that African communalism is rooted in the traditions of a group of people with common kinship, aspirations, values, and beliefs, living together proximately, sharing, and organizing aspects of their lives cooperatively in a community. It discusses how communal ethical norms, values, and ways of life inform African conceptions of personhood, environmental ethics, individual rights, and obligations, and their ontological, epistemological, and religious foundations and implications.
Time-Varying Multiscale Spatial Correlation: Simulation and Application to Wind Loading of Structures

AbstractThe nonstationarities observed in extreme winds (e.g., tropical cyclones and downbursts) are typically characterized by the time-dependent second-order statistics (e.g., power spectra and c...
Development of β-glucan enriched wheat bread using soluble oat fiber

Abstract Soluble oat fiber (SOF) containing 70% oat β-glucan was incorporated into wheat bread by replacing 10, 12, and 14% of flour in wheat bread formulas. At each level of SOF, bread was made at the farinograph water content defined by the amount of water required to develop a dough consistency of 500 Brabender Units in farinograph tests, and 10 and 20% extra water above the farinograph water content. At the farinograph water content, bread formulated at each level of SOF exhibited lower specific volume and porosity, darker color, higher hardness, and lower springiness and cohesiveness than the control white bread. These negative effects were effectively counteracted by optimizing the water content in bread formulas. For the three levels of bran addition, when the water content was increased by 20% above the farinograph water content, the obtained loaves exhibited similar loaf volume, microstructure, textural properties, and crumb porosity to the control white bread. A serving (28 g) of the developed bread contained respectively 0.95, 1.12, and 1.28 g of β-glucan, which substantially exceed the minimum standard for approved health claims.
Biomarkers of senescence in non-human primate adipose depots relate to aging

Forty-three female African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) were selected to represent young adult to advanced geriatric ages (7-24 years) to exhibit a wide range of obesity status (8-53% body fat) and diverse metabolic syndrome criteria such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were collected and evaluated for the presence of senescence cells in both whole tissue and single-cell isolates from subcutaneous sources, utilizing senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SAβ-gal) staining. Plasma samples were analyzed for selected metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers related to the senescence-associated secretory profile. Our results indicated that tissue staining scores did not differ between subcutaneous and intra-abdominal visceral depots and were highly related within individuals. Tissue staining was significantly associated with chronological age; however, no associations with fatness or metabolic syndrome criteria were observed. Associations with age were unchanged when obesity status was included in regression models. Isolated cell staining did positively relate to age but not tissue staining, suggesting some of the SAβ-gal-positive cells were stromal vascular cells or small adipocytes, but that mature large adipocytes, filtered out in the cell isolation process, are also likely to exhibit positive SAβ-gal staining. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentration in circulation was the sole inflammation-related biomarker that positively associated with age and is considered to be a marker of senescent cell burden. Our study is the largest, most comprehensive assessment of adipose SAβ-gal staining in a relevant animal model of human aging, and confirms that this senescence-associated biomarker specifically indicates an age-related process.
Cross-calibration of MODIS and VIIRS long near infrared bands for ocean color science and applications

Abstract Generation of consistent multi-sensor datasets is critical to the assessment of long-term global changes using satellite-borne instruments. Recent research suggests, however, that a fundamental assumption in satellite ocean color data processing concerning the calibration of the long near infrared band (i.e., 865 nm for MODIS) may introduce sensor-specific biases in space and/or time, which may also contribute to cross-sensor inconsistency in the derived reflectance data products. As such, it is necessary to assess the calibration of this band across sensors – performed here for MODIS/Aqua and VIIRS/SNPP using ‘simultaneous same view’ matchups (SSV; similar to simultaneous nadir overpass, but allowing for non-nadir measurements). Towards that end, we assess geometric, temporal, and spatial homogeneity metrics to identify SSVs, and develop a band-shifting approach applicable within standard satellite data processing routines to resolve expected spectral differences in the radiometry. We find top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance data from VIIRS/SNPP long near infrared band to be approximately 3% higher than the corresponding MODIS/A data. With the expectation that cross-calibrating the NIRL should improve cross-sensor continuity of downstream geophysical products (e.g., chlorophyll-a), we reprocessed VIIRS data using updated calibration coefficients. While we noticed many minor improvements in cross-sensor continuity in such data products, large-scale geographic and temporal biases between these two datasets still remain. These discontinuities may be the result of disparate errors in polarization correction or atmospheric correction, both of which are modulated by radiant path geometry.
A phase II trial of stereotactic radiation therapy and in situ oncolytic virus therapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) patients followed by pembrolizumab (STOMP).

1079Background: Pembrolizumab, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and viral vector-based gene therapy such as adenovirus-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ADV/HSV-tk...
Advanced Single-Mode 850 nm VCSELs for Record NRZ and PAM4 Data Rate on SMF-28 Fiber up to 1 km

Temperature-stable single-mode 850 nm VCSELs with integrated mode-selective filters are developed and demonstrated record NRZ 38 Gb/s (25 °C), NRZ 32 Gb/s (70 °C) and PAM4 32 GBaud (25 °C) on 1 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28).
Entropy of Digraphs and Infinite Networks

The information content of a graph G is defined in Mowshowitz (Bull Math Biophys 30:175–204, 1968) as the entropy of a finite probability scheme associated with the vertex partition determined by the automorphism group of G. This provides a quantitative measure of the symmetry structure of a graph that has been applied to problems in such diverse fields as chemistry, biology, sociology, and computer science (Mowshowitz and Mitsou, Entropy, orbits and spectra of graphs, Wiley-VCH, 2009). The measure extends naturally to directed graphs (digraphs) and can be defined for infinite graphs as well (Mowshowitz, Bull Math Biophys 30:225–240, 1968).This chapter focuses on the information content of digraphs and infinite graphs. In particular, the information content of digraph products and recursively defined infinite graphs is examined.
Maximum Utility-Minimum Information Loss Table Server Design for Statistical Disclosure Control of Tabular Data

Statistical agencies typically serve a diverse group of end users with varying information needs. Accommodating the conflicting needs for information in combination with stringent rules for statistical disclosure limitation (SDL) of statistical information creates a special challenge. We provide a generic table server design for SDL of tabular data to meet this challenge. Our table server design works equally well with counts data and magnitude data, and is compatible with commonly used cell perturbation methods and cell suppression methods used for the statistical disclosure control of sensitive tabular data. We demonstrate the scope and the effectiveness of our table server design on counts and magnitude data by using a simplified controlled tabular adjustment procedure proposed by Dandekar (2003). In addition to ad hoc queries, the information compiled using our table server design could be used to capture multi-way interactions of counts data and magnitude data either in a static environment or in dynamic mode.
Expression of the Macrophage Growth Factor, CSF-1 and Its Receptor c-fms by a Hodgkin's Disease-derived Cell Line and Its Variants

Expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor CSF-1 and its receptor, the product of the protooncogene c-fms, was detected in cell line L428, originally derived from a patient with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease, and its two sublines L428KS and L428KSA. While all lines expressed membrane-associated and soluble CSF-1 proteins, L428KSA secreted 30-fold greater amounts of CSF-1 than the other cells. Three transcripts for CSF-1 (4.4, 3.7, 3.4 kilobases) were expressed in all lines and an additional 2.1-kilobase message in L428KSA. Restriction enzyme fragment analysis did not reveal any gross rearrangements of the CSF-1 gene. L428 and L428KS contained a 4.4-kilobase message for c-fms, whereas L428KSA expressed a smaller 3.8-kilobase c-fms transcript. The c-fms gene structure appeared to be unaltered in all lines by restriction enzyme fragment pattern analysis. Monoclonal anti-c-fms antibody precipitated from all cells a Mr 120,000/130,000 doublet and two lower molecular weight phosphoproteins; however, only L428KSA cells showed evidence for an autocrine growth regulation by CSF-1. DNA ploidy and proliferation kinetic studies suggested that L428KSA were derived from the actively proliferating mononuclear Hodgkin's cell population of the parental cell line. Since the simultaneous expression of CSF-1 and c-fms is a characteristic feature of mononuclear phagocytes, these results suggest that Hodgkin's cells are affiliated with the monocyte/macrophage lineage or, at least, derived from a hemopoietic cell type with the capability for aberrant expression of a monocyte-specific growth factor and its receptor.
Health Care Reform and Informal Payments in Central and Eastern Europe

Access to health care is considered a public right in European countries. The transition to democracy in Central and Eastern Europe has introduced new medical technology, equipment, and medication, while at the same time exposing and even deepening the shortcomings inherited from the old Semashko systems. The “tradition” of informal payments is one of the features passed from the old regime and which has continued to expand after 1989. Reforming health care systems in post-communist Europe has proven to be very difficult. The lack of a unified European health care policy meant that the European Union could exercise little pressure on candidate countries to reform and combat corruption in their health care systems. This paper examines the extent and use of informal payments in health care systems of Central and Eastern European countries and assesses the institutional strategies designed to reform the system. The results show that informal payments are common practice in most countries with important consequences for people’s health. Additionally, the analysis shows that reforms were impeded by the lack of a clear vision, high turnover of Ministers of Health, insufficient funding, and lack of political will.
Continuum Model for Effective Properties of Orthotropic Octet-Truss Lattice Materials

Cellular materials, often called lattice materials, are increasingly receiving attention for their ultralight structures with high specific strength, excellent impact absorption, acoustic insulation, heat dissipation media and compact heat exchangers. In alignment with emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, realization of the structural applications of the lattice materials appears to be becoming faster. Considering the direction dependent material properties of the products with AM, by directionally dependent printing resolution, effective moduli of lattice structures appear to be directionally dependent. In this paper, we develop a constitutive model of a lattice structure, which is an octet-truss with a base material having an orthotropic material property considering AM. One case study is conducted with an orthotropic property of a base material in 3D Printing. A polyjet based 3D printing material having an orthotropic property with a 9% difference in the principal direction provides difference in the axial and shear moduli in the octet-truss by 2.3 and 4.6%.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Library of Parameterized Floating-Point Modules and Their Use

We present a parameterized floating-point library for use with reconfigurable hardware. Our format is both general and flexible. All IEEE formats are a subset of our format, as are all previously published floating-point formats for reconfigurable hardware. We have developed a library of fully parameterized hardware modules for format control, arithmetic operations and conversion to and from any fixed-point format. The format converters allow for hybrid implementations that combine both fixed and floating-point calculations. This permits the designer to choose between the increased range of floating-point and the increased precision of fixed-point within the same application. We illustrate the use of this library with a hybrid implementation of the K-means clustering algorithm applied to multispectral satellite images.
RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS OF IDENTICAL BOSONS.

We extend the probabilistic interpretation of the relativistic scattering of a charged scalar particle by an external electromagnetic field to a system of several such particles. We find that the use of causal Green functions again demands the specification of boundary conditions for particles at the initial time, and for antiparticles at the final time. The resulting theory is essentially one for a fixed number of particles, which can be found in two states, customarily described as «going forward in time» (particles) and «going backward in time» (antiparticles). This feature allows, and strongly recommends, the use of Dirac's many-time formalism, with one time parameter for each particle. The probabilistic interpretation includes the possibilities of pair creation and annihilation.
Special considerations in infants and children

Head injury in children is one of the most common causes of death and disability in the US and, increasingly, worldwide. This chapter reviews the causes, patterns, pathophysiology, and treatment of head injury in children across the age spectrum, and compares pediatric head injury to that in adults. Classification of head injury in children can be organized according to severity, pathoanatomic type, or mechanism. Response to injury and repair mechanisms appear to vary at different ages, and these may influence optimal treatment; however, much work is still needed before investigation leads to clearly effective clinical interventions. This is true both for the more severe injuries as well as those at the milder end of the injury spectrum, the latter of which have received increasing attention. In this chapter, neuroassessment tools for each age, newer imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and specific pediatric management issues, including intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and seizure prophylaxis, are reviewed. Finally, specific head injury patterns and functional outcomes relevant to pediatric patients are discussed. While head injury is common, the number of head-injured children is significantly smaller than the corresponding adult head-injured population. When divided further by specific ages, injury types, and other sources of heterogeneity, properly powered clinical research is likely to require large data sets that will allow for stratification across variables, including age. While much has been learned in the past several decades, further study will be required to determine the best management practices for optimizing recovery in individual pediatric patients. This approach is likely to depend on collaborative international head injury databases that will allow researchers to better understand the nuanced evolution of different types of head injury in patients at each age, and the pathophysiologic, treatment-related, and genetic factors that influence recovery.
Properties and Limitations of Image Intensifies Used in Astronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses properties and limitations of image intensifiers used in astronomy. The basis for an interest in image tubes lies in the properties of the photoemissive surface. Astronomers have long looked forward to the availability of an image tube that would combine the high quantum efficiency and linear response to light of the photomultiplier with the panoramic image properties of the photographic emulsion. In 1936, Lallemand suggested the advantages that an image tube would have over conventional photography and point-by-point photometry with a photocell. The property of high quantum efficiency should permit greatly reduced exposure times or, of even greater consequence, the observation of fainter objects in the same length of time. Linear response and freedom from saturation are essential because astronomical images contain a wide range of light intensity and quantitative measurement is required. In this chapter, qualitative comparison between the photographic plate and the image tube is done. Quantitative evaluation of image tubes is discussed. Concepts related to Lallemand tube-electronography and cascade tube are explained. Some general characteristics of tubes that are currently being used on telescopes are also given.
Cancer statistics: Breast cancer in situ

An estimated 60,290 new cases of breast carcinoma in situ are expected to be diagnosed in 2015, and approximately 1 in 33 women is likely to receive an in situ breast cancer diagnosis in her lifetime. Although in situ breast cancers are relatively common, their clinical significance and optimal treatment are topics of uncertainty and concern for both patients and clinicians. In this article, the American Cancer Society provides information about occurrence and treatment patterns for the 2 major subtypes of in situ breast cancer in the United States-ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ-using data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and the 13 oldest Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries. The authors also present an overview of in situ breast cancer detection, treatment, risk factors, and prevention and discuss research needs and initiatives.
Counting on the Past or Investing in the Future? Economic and Political Accountability in Fujimori's Peru

This article strengthens and extends economic theories of presidential approval, assesses accountability in Peru's “delegative democracy,” and explores the political feasibility of economic policies. The analysis finds that prospective evaluations shape presidential approval in Peru, demonstrating the utility of economic theories in the developing world. Peruvians hold politicians accountable not only for the economic past, but also for future implications of past actions, which suggests that vertical accountability exists and that this type of accountability encourages forward-looking policy choices. Finally, the analysis indicates that important political events, including the capture of the Sendero Luminoso guerrillas and Fujimori's autogolpe, influence Peruvians' approval of the president.
Detection of Glycophospholipid Anchors on Proteins

Many eukaryotic proteins are tethered to the plasma membrane by glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchors. This unit provides a general approach for detecting GPI-anchored proteins. First, the detergent-partitioning behavior of a protein of interest is examined for characteristics of GPI-linked species. The partitioning of total cellular and isolated proteins with Triton X-114 is described in this unit, and precondensation of Triton X-114, which is necessary to remove hydrophilic contaminants before partitioning, is outlined in a Support Protocol 1. The protein may also be subjected to specific enzymatic or chemical cleavages to release it from its GPI anchor. Phospholipase cleavage (starting with intact cells or membranes, or with isolated protein) is detailed, and chemical cleavage with nitrous acid is also described. If GPI-anchored proteins are radiolabeled with fatty acids, it facilitates the detection of the GPI protein products following the cleavage reactions. A protocol for separation of lipid moieties released from proteins is provided and base hydrolysis of proteins is also presented.
Thermal boundary condition effects on heat transfer in the turbulent incompressible flat plate boundary layer

Abstract Experimental Stanton number results are presented for the turbulent incompressible flat plate boundary layer with a variety of thermal boundary conditions—constant wall temperature, constant wall heat flux, and linear wall temperature variations. These experiments have extended the range of such heat transfer data to a Reynolds number, Rex, of 10 00 0000. The thermal boundary condition is found to have a significant influence on the behavior of the Stanton number. The experimental results are compared with the various heat transfer theories—analogies with skin friction, solutions of the integral boundary layer equations, and finite difference solutions of the Reynolds averaged boundary layer equations.
DNA Photoionization and Alkylation Patterns in the Interior of Guanine Runs

Of the DNA bases, guanine has the smallest ionization potential (IP). The recent combined use of experimental gas-phase photoelectron data and self-consistent field (SCF) and post-SCF descriptions has provided new information about the energetics of guanine ionization at the nucleotide and dinucleotide levels (Fernando, H.; Papadantonakis, G. A.; Kim, N. S.; LeBreton, P. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95, 5550−5555. Kim, N. S.; Zhu, Q.; LeBreton, P. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11516−11530). The energetic matching of the highest occupied π orbitals and the π interaction which occurs in regions of stacked guanines (G runs) give rise to sequence-specific regions of low IP. This is described by a Koopmans analysis of results from ab initio SCF calculations with 6-31G*, 6-31G, 3-21G, and STO-3G basis sets and with ZINDO semiempirical calculations on oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide models. At the ab initio 3-21G SCF level, model calculations indicate that the lowest IP of guanine in a double-st...
Steady axially symmetric three-dimensional thermoelastic stresses in fuel rods

Abstract Steady axially symmetric three-dimensional thermoelastic stresses in solid rods having space dependent energy generation are given in terms of the Goodier and the Love-Galerkin or the Boussinesq-Papkovich potentials. Results find applications in nuclear technology.
Anion mobility in soils: Relevance to nutrient transport from forest ecosystems

Nutrient transport from forest ecosystems is strongly regulated by the availability of anions in soil solution. Each of the major anions in forest soil solutions has some unique properties which affect its production and mobility. The production of bicarbonate, one of the most common anions, is regulated by soil CO2 pressure and pH. The mobility of phosphate is most strongly affected by adsorption reactions. The mobility of nitrate is regulated almost solely by biological processes, whereas chloride is relatively uninvolved in either biological or inorganic chemical reactions. Sulfate is intermediate, being involved in both biological and inorganic chemical reactions. Knowing these properties of the major anions, it is possible to assess and to predict the effects of several diverse site manipulations on soil leaching rates. Case studies from a site in Washington State consistently demonstrate the importance of accounting for bicarbonate transformations following site manipulations. Although organic anions are frequently dominant in cold-region soil solutions, very little information on the complex factors affecting their mobilities is available. Further research into organic anion mobility and futher attention to bicarbonate mobility should add greatly to the body of knowledge on nutrient transport processes in forest soils.
Maillard reaction of ribose 5-phosphate generates superoxide and glycation products for bovine heart cytochrome c reduction

Ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) is a sugar known to undergo the Maillard reaction (glycation) at a rapid rate. In a reaction with the lysines of bovine heart cytochrome c, R5P generates superoxide (O2-) that subsequently reduces ferri-cytochrome c to ferro-cytochrome c. The rate equation for the observed cytochrome c reduction is first order in respect to cytochrome c and half order in respect to R5P. The addition of amines to the cytochrome c-R5P system greatly increases the O2- generation with rates of approximately 1.0 μMmin(-1) being observed with millimolar levels of R5P and amine at 37°C. Pre-incubation of R5P with the amine prior to cytochrome c addition further enhances the rate of cytochrome c reduction approximately twofold for every 30 min of incubation. While clearly accounting for a portion of the reduction of cytochrome c, O2- is not the sole reductant of the system as the use of superoxide dismutase only partially limits cytochrome c reduction, and the contribution of O2- proportionally decreases with longer amine-R5P incubation times. The remainder of the cytochrome c reduction is attributed to either the Amadori product or a cross-linked Schiff base created when a Maillard reaction-derived dicarbonyl compound(s) reacts with the amine. It is believed that these compounds directly transfer electrons to ferri-cytochrome c and subsequently become stable free-radical cations. ATP, a putative regulator of cytochrome c activity, does not inhibit electron transport from O2- or the cross-linked Schiff base but does prevent R5P from reacting with surface lysines to generate superoxide. The spontaneous reaction between R5P and amines could serve as an alternative system for generating O2- in solution.
Serotonin fiber innervation of cerebellar cell suspensions intraparenchymally grafted to the cerebellum of pcd mutant mice.

One aspect of integration of implanted neurons into the neuronal circuitry of a defective host brain is the re-establishment of a host-to-graft afferent innervation. We addressed this issue by using the adult cerebellum of ‘Purkinje cell degeneration’ (pcd) mutant mice, which lack virtually all Purkinje cells after postnatal day (P) 45. Purkinje cells constitute one of the cerebellar cell types being innervated by axons of raphe serotonin (5-HT) neurons. In normal mice, 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers are distributed to all cerebellar folia. Following Purkinje cell loss inpcd mice, cerebellar 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers persist. Cerebellar cell suspensions were prepared from embryonic day (E) 11–13 normal mouse embryos and were intraparenchymally grafted into the cerebellum ofpcd mutants either directly or after pre-treatment with 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to selectively remove 5-HT cells of donor origin. The state of Purkinje cells and 5-HT axons was monitored in alternate sections by 28-kDa Ca2+-binding protein (CaBP) and 5-HT immunocytochemistry, respectively. Serotonin-immunoreactive axons were seen in the grafts from 5 to 32 days after transplantation. In some of the grafts which had not been pre-treated with 5,7-DHT, a small number of 5-HT-immunoreactive cell bodies was found, indicating that part of the 5-HT fiber innervation of the graft could actually derive from donor cells. On the other hand, in grafts pre-treated with 5,7-DHT, no 5-HT cell bodies were seen in the grafted cerebellum; 5-HT fibre innervation of the grafts occurred, but it appeared to be slightly less robust compared to situations of co-grafted 5-HT cell bodies. These findings suggest that host 5-HT fibers are able to provide afferent innervation to donor cerebellar tissue; the presence of co-grafted 5-HT cells may augment such an innervation.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS AND COMPACTION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

Abstract Processing defects such as porosity and impurities may be present in nanocrystalline materials produced by inert gas condensation and compaction. New synthesis and compaction devices were designed and built to improve the sample quality. Nanocrystalline Pd and Cu made in these new systems have reduced levels of hydrogen and oxygen impurities and increased density compared with materials made under similar conditions in the old system. It was more difficult to produce and maintain extremely fine grain sizes in the high-purity, high-density nanocrystalline Pd and Cu synthesized in this study. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
The Trouble with Fragrance

These lines have been extensively discussed in recent years. The crux of the debate is whether the existence clause (b) is to be construed in a way that commits Aristotle to particular, non-sharable properties. On the 'traditional' interpretation, a property is in an individual thing as in a subject, say, Socrates, only if it cannot exist apart from Socrates. This implies that the properties of an individual thing are peculiar to it or non-sharable, in the sense that they cannot be in any other thing. The particular white in Socrates, for example, ceases to exist when he gets a tan. It does not move on to inhere in Callias or any other subject, nor is the white in Callias numerically the same white as the white in Socrates. Although both are white, perhaps even the same shade of white, nonetheless they are numerically distinct particulars inhering in different individual things. Many recent commentators have tried to 'rescue' Aristotle from the alleged committment to such Stoutian particulars.' Their strategy has been to weaken (b) so that the particular inherent property is not existentially dependent on the very particular substance it inheres in. G.E.L. Owen opened the debate by arguing that (b) can mean 'cannot exist without something to contain it',2 and thus Aristotle is only committed to the view that particular properties need some substance or other in order to exist. A particular white, for example, would be a particular shade of white, which could, of course, be exemplified by more than one particular substance. The task I've set for myself in this paper is not to argue for either the weak or the strong interpretation of inherence in Aristotle. That is already a well-tr;odden path. Instead I shall look at what the ancient commentators on
Soviet Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia, 1972–82

(1984). Soviet Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia, 1972–82. Soviet Jewish Affairs: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 15-29.
The Effect of Variability in Hydraulic Conductivity on Contaminant Transport through Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Walls

Statistical analyses of data sets from five case histories indicate that soil–bentonite hydraulic conductivity is distributed log normally. The advection–diffusion equation was used to investigate the impact of log-normal variation in hydraulic conductivity on both steady-state and transient contaminant flux through a cutoff wall with idealized initial and boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that contaminant flux through cutoff walls increases as the variability in hydraulic conductivity increases while all other variables are held constant, including the area-weighted average conductivity. The effect of variability is most pronounced when advective transport and diffusive transport act in opposite directions, as occurs for circumferential cutoff walls that are operated with inward-directed hydraulic gradients to contain contaminated ground water. In this case, the increase in total outward flux due to variability of hydraulic conductivity occurs because the increase in inward advective flux in a...
Psychiatrists on the coronary care unit

From the psychosomatic research group. department of psychiatry. University of Colorado Medical Center. Since 1962, coronary care units have been increasingly utilized in the general hospital! -3 As these units have come under increasing scrutiny, data have accumulated that suggest death from cardiac disease is influenced by psychological factors, and that control of these factors may influence survival. The purpose of this article is to review this evidence, add to it some of our own observations on a coronary care unit, and suggest directions for future research.
Superoxide Anion Generation, Superoxide Dismutase Activity, and Nitric Oxide Release in Human Internal Mammary Artery and Saphenous Vein Segments.

Background: Internal mammary artery (IMA) as conduit for a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) stays patent longer and more often than saphenous vein (SV). However, the pre cise differences in the biology of IMA and SV are unclear.Methods and Results: To examine inherent difference in superoxide anion, superoxide dis mutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) formation in IMA and SV as a basis for differences in patency rates, we measured these parameters in vascular segments of patients undergoing CABG. Superoxide anion generation was measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence and reduction of cytochrome c, SOD by inhibition of pyrogallol auto-oxidation, and NO as nitrite/nitrate fluorometrically using 2-3-diaminonaphthalene as a probe. Generation of superoxide anion, SOD activity, and NO formation were all greater in the IMA than in the SV segments (IMA:SV = 2.6:1, 2.9:1, 1, and 3.0:1, respectively, all P < .01). There was a pos itive correlation between superoxide anion generation and SOD activity (r = 0.65, P < ...
Correlation between chemical modification and surface accessibility in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.

Chemical reactivities of the functional groups of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA are compared with surface accessibilities of the groups calculated with various probe radii representing effective radii of the chemical reagents used. We observe 97% agreement with the hypothesis that the chemically modified bases are those with the greatest surface accessibility. This overall strong correlation supports the conclusion that base exposure in an important determinant of chemical modification in this polynucleotide.
Mixed-mode crack-tip deformations studied using a modified flexural specimen and coherent gradient sensing

An optical mapping of deformation fields and evaluation of fracture parameters near mixed-mode cracks in homogeneous specimens under elastostatic conditions is undertaken. A modified edge notched flexural geometry is used in the study and its ability in providing a relatively wide range of mode mixities is demonstrated. A full-field, optical shearing interferometry called ‘coherent gradient sensing’ (CGS) is used in the study. Crack-tip parameters such as stress-intensity factors, mode mixity and energy-release rate are measured from the interference patterns. The patterns are analyzed using Williams' mixed-mode, asymptotic expansion field. An expression for energy-release rate for the specimen is also derived using beam theory. The theoretical stress-intensity factors are then obtained using a mode-partitioning method based on moment decomposition. Experimental measurements and theoretical predictions are found to be in good agreement. Limitations of the mode-partitioning method used in the investigation are also pointed out.
Broadband continuously variable microwave phase shifter employing a distributed Schottky contact on silicon

Fabrication details and microwave measurements are presented for the first realisation of a silicon, broadband, voltage-controlled, microwave phase shifter comprising a coplanar, slow-wave, Schottky-contact transmission line. This structure exhibits very little dispersion over the measured frequency range of 1–20 GHz. A voltage-dependent ‘wave compression’ factor is observed that can be varied from 11.7 to 17.0 by varying the bias between −6 and +0.1 V. Even though the device is fabricated on a ‘true’ (lossy) semiconducting substrate, the attenuation per unit length is smaller than that reported for a similar structure fabricated on semi-insulating GaAs.
A Closer Look at Contract Accountability: Exploring the Determinants of Sanctions for Unsatisfactory Contract Performance

Governments continue to increase their reliance on private and nonprofit agents to deliver goods and services to citizens. Yet there is a dearth of scholarly research on the critical decisions made by public managers throughout the contract implementation processudecisions that can have a profound impact on the quality of services delivered to citizens and on the accountability of contractors to the public interest. This research addresses the accountability dynamics in local government contracting by analyzing the decisions public managers make to determine whether they sanction contractors for unsatisfactory performance. This study reports the results of a national survey of local government managers and is supplemented with pre- and postsurvey interview data. Although public managers have powerful tools available, especially in the form of sanctions, the results presented here indicate that several factors prohibit their executionuspecifically the burdensome nature of the sanctioning process, willingness to use discretion, and the extent to which the organization is dependent on the poor-performing contractor. Understanding how and why managers use contract sanctions can elucidate both administrative decision making in the implementation process, and as importantly, the influence of this action on public accountability.
β-Adrenergic Receptors of Human Lymphocytes Are Unaltered by Hyperthyroidism*

ABSTRACT Lymphocytes from 12 patients with untreated hyperthyroidism were compared to lymphocytes from age- and sex-matched euthyroid control subjects to test the hypothesis that alterations in β-adrenergic response mechanisms occur in human hyperthyroidism. The binding of (-)[3H]dihydroalprenolol, a compound previously shown in these cells to label binding sites having the characteristics of β-adrenergic receptors,was assayed and no significant difference was found between the two groups. In addition, the accumulation of cAMP in response to isoproterenol was determined by RIA and, again, no difference was found. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 503, 1979)
Increased neonatal mortality in mice lacking cellular retinol-binding protein II.

Cellular retinol-binding protein II (CRBP II) is a member of the cellular retinol-binding protein family, which is expressed primarily in the small intestine. To investigate the physiological role of CRBP II, the gene encoding CRBP II was inactivated. The saturable component of intestinal retinol uptake is impaired in CRBP II −/− mice. The knockout mice, while maintained on a vitamin A-enriched diet, have reduced (40%) hepatic vitamin A stores but grow and reproduce normally. However, reducing maternal dietary vitamin A to marginal levels during the latter half of gestation results in 100% mortality/litter within 24 h after birth in the CRBP II −/− line but no mortality in the wild type line. The neonatal mortality in heterozygote offspring of CRBP II −/− dams (79 ± 21% deaths/litter) was increased as compared with the neonatal mortality in heterozygote offspring of wild type dams (29 ± 25% deaths per litter, p
Stability of rabbit globin and its messenger RNA in the mouse ovum.

Abstract Fertilized one-cell mouse ova were injected with rabbit globin messenger RNA, (mRNA) containing approximately equal quantities of α- and β-message. The half-lives of α- and β-globin were 8.2 and 7.0 h respectively. The half-lives of α- and β-globin messages were 8.8 and 9.5 h respectively. Approx. four times as much α- as β-globin was present in the ova following the injections.
A linear algebra biography

Abstract In my talk at the LAA meeting in honor of Hans Schneider, I gave a brief biography of my introduction to linear algebra and my interaction with some of the linear algebraists at that time. It was suggested that I write this up, and thus the following.
Maintaining a quality of service routing tree for mobile ad hoc networks

We define the Quality of Service Routing Tree (QoSRT) for the weighted graph G(V,E), as a subgraph G'(V,E') such that G' is a tree, and the set of intermediate edges of the path between any pair of nodes u and v is a subset of E'. The weight of an edge represents its bandwidth. Furthermore, the lowest weight edge (bottleneck) of the path is maximized. In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm to construct a QoSRT that adapts quickly to mobile environments. The QoSRT is uniquely constructed for maintenance purposes. A maintenance scheme that responds quickly to mobility and bandwidth changes is also provided. A virtual backbone (VBB) which consists of a subset of the nodes is also constructed. The QoSRT and its VBB are constructed using O(nlog n) messages in O(nlog n) time.
A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHILD REARING ATTITUDES AND MATERNAL BEHAVIOR

INASMUCH AS the literature is replete with studies concerned with the measurement of paren tal attitudes, there is little evidence concerning how these attitudes, as measured in the reported investigations, are related to the behavior of par ents in interaction with their children. It is com monly assumed in these studies that measure ments of parental attitudes yield import ant in sights into existing parent-child relationships. The validity of such a concept, however, has not been established by empirical investigations. As Bell (1) points out, no studies directly concerned with the relation between parental attitudes and observed behavior of parents in interaction with their children have been reported in the literature. Such a study may aid psychologists and educators in reducing the complexity of p r o b lems involved in linking parents' attitudes to their actual behav ior with their children, and may provide informa tion on characteristics of parents which appear to affect the behavior of children. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypotheses that 1) maternal attitudes toward child rearing are significantly related to selected be haviors of mothers, observed in interaction with their children; 2) maternal behavior is indepen dent of social class; 3) maternal behavior is in dependent of the sex of the child with whom the mother interacts.
Delayed separation of the umbilical cord in two siblings with Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency: rapid screening by flow cytometer.

We describe 2 siblings who had interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency with a novel mutation in exon 2. They had delayed separation of the umbilical cord. The flow cytometric analysis of monocytic intracellular tumor necrosis factor-α production in response to lipopolysaccharide may be a useful method to screen for the disease.
Comparative Analysis of Idaho and Micro-Deval Aggregate Degradation Test Methods

AbstractIn the United States, several states have adopted the Micro-Deval test (MDT) method for evaluating degradation characteristics of aggregates used in road construction. This paper compares MDT aggregate degradation data to those obtained by the Idaho degradation test (IDT) method. Simple linear regression analyses were performed on the aggregate degradation data with the resulting coefficient of determination, R2, values of 0.70 and 0.67 for IDT versus MDT for coarse aggregate and IDT versus MDT for fine aggregate, respectively. Additional models considered are (1) a weighted combination method that relies on the judgment of the engineer and (2) a multivariate regression analysis that does not involve weighting factors. In all the analyses considered, the multivariate regression had the largest R2 value of 0.75. Numerical examples showing correlations between MDT and IDT loss values are presented, followed by conclusions. Analyses used in this project may be of practical use to other state departme...
Absolute line strengths of phosphine gas near 5 μm

Abstract Absolute line strengths and line positions for over 200 vibration-rotation transitions of PH 3 gas were measured at 295 K, using a tunable-diode laser spectrometer. The spectral range covered was from 2153.697 to 2210.566 cm −1 . Line strength measurements were reproducible to better than 5% on average, and the uncertainty in line positions was less than 0.002 cm −1 . Certain of the PH 3 lines were pressure-broadened with H 2 gas, and the pressure-broadening coefficients were determined.
Direct Measurement of Blood Flow in the Human Bladder

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated blood flow in the human bladder.Materials and Methods: In 8 surgical cases a laser Doppler flow probe was placed in the bladder dome and anterior wall. In 10 endoscopic cases the flow probe was placed in the bladder trigone and lateral wall.Results: Bladder filling resulted in reduced mean blood flow in the dome and anterior wall. After prostatectomy blood flow decreased in the dome but not the anterior wall. During endoscopy bladder filling resulted in diminished blood flow.Conclusions: Laser Doppler flowmetry can measure blood flow changes in the human bladder.
The child health epidemiology reference group reviews of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality

This article consists of a short introduction to the reviews presented in this series. It focuses on the contribution of the work of the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) to the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) through the development of estimates of key inputs to the model. These include previously estimated country-specific distribution of the main causes of under-5 deaths and of the proportion of these deaths that can be averted by specific interventions (affected fraction), along with the newly estimated efficacy/effectiveness of child survival interventions that are presented in detail in individual papers in this volume. This series reflects our efforts to make all data, materials and methods used in the estimation of parameters fully available and transparent.