cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination and Consideration of: Jurisdiction and Forum Selection in International Maritime Law: Essays in Honor of Robert Force

In 2005, a collection of essays on jurisdiction and forum selection in cases governed by shipping law was edited by Martin Davies and published in honor of his Tulane University colleague, Robert Force. In this article, Jonathan Gutoff of Roger Williams University responds to the essays. William Tetley wrote about jurisdiction in cases involving carriage of goods by sea and application in such cases of the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Davies and Force wrote together inviting US courts to temper with attention to equity their willingness to enforce a forum selection clause against cargo interests. John Hare writes of the opportunity for forum shopping with respect to limitation and security that follows from rigid enforcement of forum selection clauses. Nigel Meeson compares the reactions of common law and civil jurisdictions to the anti-suit injunction and about the problems in English law when third parties are involved. Alexander von Ziegler also focus on the problem of third parties not privy to the contract in which a forum is dictated and how that problem is affected by the various international conventions governing ocean commerce. Hannu Honka lays out the law of the EU pertaining to loss or damage to marine cargo and presents the contemporary mosaic in lieu of uniformity. Paul Myburgh writes about the problem of personal jurisdiction and its solutions in jurisdictions where the ship is not personified. Hilton Staniland describes the South African rule of lex fori for the enforcement of liens, and advocates instead a rule of lex causae. Peter Murray describes the emerging system in China, where its late arrival has allowed it the benefit of lessons learned in senior jurisdictions.
Sympathoadrenal Medullary System and Stress

Claude Bernard, in 1879, introduced the concept that as organisms evolved to become more independent of their external environment, they developed more complex means of preserving their internal environment, the milieu interieur. He wrote that “all vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have only one object, that of preserving the conditions of life in the internal environment.” Modern concepts of stress stem from this tenet.
Isoform-Level Interpretation of High-Throughput Proteomics Data Enabled by Deep Integration with RNA-seq.

Cellular control of gene expression is a complex process that is subject to multiple levels of regulation, but ultimately it is the protein produced that determines the biosynthetic state of the ce...
Improving visualization of trace components for quantification using a power law based integration approach

Abstract In some cases, trace component analysis only requires a sensitive and high-resolution mass spectrometer. However, enantiomers must be completely separated to be differentiated with a mass spectrometer, which is highly dependent on the stationary-mobile phase composition. In case of a challenging chiral separation, instead of trying new columns for screening purpose, resolution enhancement techniques could be used to resolve partially overlapping peaks. A well-known enhancement method is the power law, which increases the linear dynamic range of each analyte and reduces excessive noise. In many cases, the peak noise can decrease significantly by applying the power law. However, the main drawback is that this approach changes relative peak areas and heights of each peak in a non-linear fashion which limits its use for quantitative purposes. In this study, a normalized power law was utilized for extracting correct area information. It is a simple (5 step) protocol that only requires Microsoft Excel, and results in enhanced visualization of trace components, especially in low signal/noise environments, and makes integration convenient and reproducible. Several difficult chiral trace component analyses were investigated, including applications pertaining to ultrafast high-throughput chromatography, enantiopurity, and peak purity analysis. For complicated cases with multiple overlapped peaks of different resolutions, a segmented normalized power law was utilized. A trace component coeluting near a dead volume peak and a trace enantiomeric component in the tail of the corresponding enantiomeric peak were virtually enhanced. As an additional tool, first and second derivatives were utilized to identify if an enantiomeric impurity is coeluting with the dominant enantiomer under overload conditions. Idiosyncrasies of the derivative test are discussed. This study shows how these simple approaches can be used for accurate quantitation, specifically for trace enantiomeric components.
Greenhouse Gas Production and Transport in Desert Soils of the Southwestern United States

Author(s): Oerter, E; Mills, JV; Maurer, GE; Lammers, LN; Amundson, R | Abstract: Deserts comprise a large portion of the Earth's land area, yet their role in the fluxes and cycles of greenhouse gases is poorly known and their likely response to climate change largely unexplored. We report a reconnaissance investigation of the concentrations and fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O along two elevation (climate) gradients in the southwestern United States. In-soil concentrations of CO2 increased with elevation (up to 5,000nppm). Concentrations of CH4 declined with depth in all soils (to less than 1nppm), but the rates of decrease with depth increased with elevation. In contrast, concentrations and depth trends of N2O varied erratically. Soils were net CO2 sources (0 to g1,500nkgnCO2·ha−1·year−1), and net CH4 sinks (0.2 to g3nkgnCH4·ha−1·year−1). The small and variable N2O fluxes were inconsistent with the trends in soil N δ15N values, which decreased by 5‰ to 6‰ over about 1,000nm of elevation. The high soil N δ15N values (up to nearly 17‰ at the lowest elevation) indicate that there is a soil N loss mechanism that is highly depleted in 15N, and gaseous losses—either NH3 or N2O/N2—are suspected of driving these values. In summary, there appears to be a strong climate control on both soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations and to a lesser degree on calculated fluxes. The soil N trace gas concentrations indicate that deserts can be either small sources or sinks of N2O and that there may be significant consumption of arid soil N2O.
Abstract WP114: High-fat Diet Leads to Increased Brain Inflammation and Worse Outcomes After Stroke in Mice

People who are obese are 64% more likely to have a stroke than those who are not. Obesity is also associated with chronic peripheral inflammation characterized by increased antigen presentation and...
Overlooked no longer

In the era of #metoo, #citeblackwomen, and #blacklivesmatter—all movements founded by black women that, collectively, seek to call attention to pervasive social injustices and secure acknowledgment of this group9s contributions to American society—Charly Evon Simpson has written a play that centers on the experiences of antebellum-era enslaved women, whose sufferings provided a platform for white medical men to pioneer surgical techniques.
Demand Inertia and the Hidden Impact of Pharmacy Benefit Managers

We study the dual price-negotiation and formulary-design role played by Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) in U.S. prescription drug markets. Reduced-form evidence suggests that PBMs enforce a tradeoff between net-of-rebate prices and formulary coverage generosity within each market. However, net-of-rebate prices grow consistently and appear unresponsive to competitor entry. We argue that inertia in drug demand can reconcile these facts because it obscures the impact of PBMs on prices and spending. To formally analyze the roles played by PBMs and demand inertia, we build a dynamic structural model of drug pricing and estimate it using net-of-rebate prices of anti-cholesterol drugs from 1996–2013. Counterfactuals suggest that, relative to a market with price setting by drug manufacturers and patients who face coinsurance, PBMs reduce overall spending by 18 percent, without greatly limiting patient access.
Antibiotic Resistance of E. coli Isolated From a Constructed Wetland Dominated by a Crow Roost, With Emphasis on ESBL and AmpC Containing E. coli.

Information on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the environment as well as wild life is needed in North America. A constructed wetland (where ~15,000 American crows roost) was sampled on the University of Washington Bothell Campus for the presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli (ARE). Crow droppings from individual birds and grab samples of water were collected in 2014-2015. E. coli were isolated by selective agar plating. The most frequent antibiotic resistance (AR) of the fecal isolates was to ampicillin (AMP) (53%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (45%), streptomycin (S) (40%) and nalidixic acid (NA) (33%). Water isolates had similar AR pattern and ~ 40% were multidrug resistant. Isolates from water samples collected during storm events showed higher resistance than isolates from no rain days to tetracycline, Amp, AMC, NA and gentamycin. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) containing E. coli with the blactx-M was found in 3 water and 7 feces isolates while blacmy-2 in 19 water and 16 fecal isolates. Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis (MLST) yielded 13 and 12 different sequence types (STs) amongst fecal and water isolates, many of which could be correlated to livestock, bird, and humans. MLST identified ESBL E. coli belonging to the clinically relevant ST131 clone in 6 fecal and 1 water isolate. Three STs found in feces could be found in water on the same dates of collection but not subsequently. Thus, the strains do not appear to survive for long in the wetland. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similar distribution of the water and fecal isolates among the different phylo-groups, with the majority belonging to the commensal B1 phylo-group, followed by the pathogenic B2 phylo-group. This study demonstrates that corvids can be reservoirs and vectors of ARE and pathogenic E. coli, posing a significant environmental threat.
Comparison of process outcomes, clinical symptoms and laboratory values between patients with antepartum preeclampsia, antepartum with persistent postpartum preeclampsia, and new onset postpartum preeclampsia.

Abstract Objective There is limited literature on postpartum preeclampsia for process outcomes, clinical symptoms, and laboratory values. Method Retrospective study comparing 3 groups of antepartum preeclampsia without postpartum preeclampsia (APNP; n = 43), antepartum preeclampsia with persistent postpartum preeclampsia (APYP; n = 59), and new onset postpartum preeclampsia (NEWYP; n = 18). Results For process outcomes, NEWYP had higher odds for readmission as compared to APYP [OR: 5.41, 95 % CI: 1.34, 21.56, p = 0.02]. For clinical symptoms of postpartum highest systolic blood pressure NEWYP had greater values as compared to both APYP [B = 19.95, SE = 3.84, p Conclusion NEWYP may represent a different disorder from APNP and APYP. We recommend close monitoring of NEWYP by clinicians.
Unaccompanied Migrant Children: Orphan-Martyrs in Motion

This chapter analyzes three well-known and influential works that illustrate the wide range of media and genres spanned by migrant melodrama: the 2006 journalistic narrative Enrique’s Journey: The Story of a Boy’s Dangerous Odyssey to Reunite with His Mother, by Sonia Nazario; the 2007 fictional film Under the Same Moon, directed by Patricia Riggen; and the 2005 play Our Dad Is in Atlantis by Javier Malpica. Created by authors from both the United States and Mexican sides of the border, these works nevertheless share a construction of child migrant protagonists as innocents who are entitled to rights not by virtue of being human but by virtue of suffering and sacrifice, including sometimes the suffering of others on their behalf.
Islet Tolerance in Humans and Transgenic Mice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses islet tolerance in humans and transgenic mice. The ability to target expression of antigens and immune effector molecules to the periphery in vivo provides a unique delivery system in which the acquisition of tolerance to self-components can be investigated. Although, in most cases, tolerance to self-components is maintained, this tolerance is lost in other rarer instances, leading to tissue destruction. This chapter discusses whether these lymphocytes are capable of recognizing normal nontransgenic islet tissue in vivo . The chapter presents a study in which the histocompatible pancreatic tissue was transplanted into transgenic mice. This study showed that the mice had become sensitized to nontransgenic islet tissue in vivo. The localized expression of IFN-γ in vivo leads to the sensitization of the immune system. The grafting experiments could be interpreted as reflecting the loss of tolerance to islets in the IFN-γ transgenic mice or as reflecting the ability of low levels of this lymphokine in circulation to be deleterious to engrafted islets.
A Review of Exogenous Factors Implicated in the Induction of Cutaneous Melanoma

Melanoma is an increasingly pervasive form of malignant skin cancer. Cases of cutaneous melanoma are on the rise across ages and global populations, with incidence increasing significantly for both men and women. Accordingly, the identification of modifiable behaviors is of paramount concern. Previous reviews have focused on specific risk factors (e.g. UVR, pollution, diet, hormonal supplementation) to the near exclusion of other contributory factors. This review strives to report an inclusive range of exogenous variables linked to cutaneous melanoma incidence. In this review, we examine the various contributions of exogenous factors linked to the induction of cutaneous melanoma. Factors for consideration include but are not limited to: long-wave Ultraviolet A (UVA), short-wave Ultraviolet B (UVB), hormonal supplementation, diet, smoking, alcohol, vitamin supplementation, ionizing radiation, pollution, and chemical exposure.
Chapter 37 – Estrogens and Progestins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structure and function of estrogens and progestins. The physiological actions of sex steroids contribute to sexual dimorphism of the skeleton, timing of epiphyseal closure, determination of peak bone mass, maintenance of mineral homeostasis during reproduction, and maintenance of bone mass, architecture, and mineral homeostasis in adults. Estrogen (E) is the major sex steroid that affects the growth, remodeling, and homeostasis of the skeleton. E regulates the processes of osteoblast (OB)-mediated bone formation and osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption at multiple levels, which includes progenitor cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Additionally, a second estrogen receptor distinct from the classical receptor has been identified, and loss-of-function mutations for these two receptor isoforms produce different skeletal phenotypes in mice. The activity of steroid nuclear receptors is modulated by the family of steroid receptor coregulators, which is composed of coactivators and corepressors. Coactivators, when bound to active receptor conformations, mediate favorable interactions with the basal transcriptional machinery, stabilize the preinitiation complex and, overall, stimulate gene transcription. Conversely, corepressors bind preferentially to inactive receptor conformations and prevent the interaction of the receptor with coactivators, thus resulting in nonproductive transcription factor complexes, which suppress gene transcription. Progesterone (P) is often given in conjunction with E during hormone replacement therapy of postmenopausal women to minimize some of the undesirable effects of E on reproductive tissues. P has been shown to stimulate mineralization of newly induced bone in rats and to increase the cortical bone formation rate in spayed Beagle dams.
Hepatic fibrosis in fetal alcohol syndrome

Abstract The light- and electron-microscopic changes in a biopsy of the liver obtained at age 17 mo from a child with fetal alcohol syndrome were studied. At the time of biopsy, hepatomegaly and raised serum transaminases were present as well as neurologic and growth defects and the typical facial anomalies seen in this syndrome. Light microscopy of the liver biopsy specimen revealed parenchymal fat with portal and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, perisinusoidal spaces contained deposits of intermediate-size and large collagen fibers, myofibroblasts and occasional Ito cells, and subendothelial basement membrane—like material. These changes resemble those seen in adult human and baboon alcoholic liver disease and suggest that hepatic fibrosis in fetal alcohol syndrome has a similar pathogenesis.
Negawatt resource frontiers: Extracting energy efficiency from private spaces:

Energy saved through efficiency and conservation efforts is often framed as a “resource” in climate change mitigation policies because of the ways such “negawatts” can cost-effectively reduce green...
Mixed Models: Combining incompatible scalar models in any space–time dimension

Traditionally, covariant scalar field theory models are either super renormalizable, strictly renormalizable, or nonrenormalizable. The goal of “Mixed Models” is to make sense of sums of these distinct examples, e.g. gφ34 + g′φ 36 + g″φ 38, which includes an example of each kind for space–time dimension n = 3. We show how the several interactions such mixed models have may be turned on and off in any order without any difficulties. Analogous results are shown for gφn4 + g′φ n138, etc. for all n ≥ 3. Different categories hold for n = 2 such as, e.g. gP(φ)2 + g′NP(φ) 2, that involve polynomial (P) and suitable nonpolynomial (NP) interactions, etc. Analogous situations for n = 1 (time alone) offer simple “toy” examples of how such mixed models may be constructed. As a general rule, if the introduction of a specific interaction term reduces the domain of the free classical action, we invariably find that the introduction of the associated quantum interaction leads, effectively, to a “nonrenormalizable” quantu...
Individualized Spatial Network Predictions Using Siamese Convolutional Neural Networks: A Resting-State fMRI Study of over 11,000 Unaffected Individuals

Abstract Individuals can be characterized in a population according to their brain measurements and activity, given the inter-subject variability in brain anatomy, structure-function relationships, or life experience. Many neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the potential of functional network connectivity patterns estimated from resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discriminate groups and predict information about individual subjects. However, the predictive signal present in the spatial heterogeneity of brain connectivity networks is yet to be extensively studied. In this study, we investigate, for the first time, the use of pairwise-relationships between resting-state independent spatial maps to characterize individuals. To do this, we develop a deep Siamese framework comprising three-dimensional convolution neural networks for contrastive learning based on individual-level spatial maps estimated via a fully automated fMRI independent component analysis approach. The proposed framework evaluates whether pairs of spatial networks (e.g., visual network and auditory network) are capable of subject identification and assesses the spatial variability in different network pairs’ predictive power in an extensive whole-brain analysis. Our analysis on nearly 12,000 unaffected individuals from the UK Biobank study demonstrates that the proposed approach can discriminate subjects with an accuracy of up to 88% for a single network pair on the test set (best model, after several runs), and 82% average accuracy at the subcortical domain level, notably the highest average domain level accuracy attained. Further investigation of our network’s learned features revealed a higher spatial variability in predictive accuracy among younger brains and significantly higher discriminative power among males. In sum, the relationship among spatial networks appears to be both informative and discriminative of individuals and should be studied further as putative brain-based biomarkers.
Dissociative electron attachment in C2H via electronic resonances

Investigation of microwave-activated CH4/H2 plasma used in chemical vapour deposition of diamond revealed the presence of electronically excited C2−∗ (B2Σu+). Using high-level electronic structure ...
Bistatic Microwave Sensor for In-Situ Composite Inspection and Structural Health Monitoring

Monitoring composite structures, such as wind turbines, for damage is an application of critical concern. While nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have been proposed to address these needs, they often require costly downtime while the inspection is being conducted. Therefore, minimally invasive, self-contained, in-situ methods such as sensors are of interest. This work proposes a low-power bistatic patch antenna-based microwave sensor system that could be used to meet these inspection needs. The design of the system, as well as simulations and measurements, are shown to provide a proof-of-concept of this approach.
The Impact of ABET Accreditation on Power Engineering Educational Programs

Many electric power engineering educational programs at universities worldwide are ‘accredited’. This paper discusses the implications of accreditation by ABET, a widely accepted engineering accreditation organization. The basic requirements and criteria for accreditation are described. ABET criteria include a continuous improvement feature, and this is described with its special implications on electric power engineering education. The impacts of ABET accreditation on power engineering education in general are discussed.
Trends in Differences in Health Status and Health Care Access and Affordability by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 1999-2018.

Importance The elimination of racial and ethnic differences in health status and health care access is a US goal, but it is unclear whether the country has made progress over the last 2 decades. Objective To determine 20-year trends in the racial and ethnic differences in self-reported measures of health status and health care access and affordability among adults in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants Serial cross-sectional study of National Health Interview Survey data, 1999-2018, that included 596 355 adults. Exposures Self-reported race, ethnicity, and income level. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates and racial and ethnic differences in self-reported health status and health care access and affordability. Results The study included 596 355 adults (mean [SE] age, 46.2 [0.07] years, 51.8% [SE, 0.10] women), of whom 4.7% were Asian, 11.8% were Black, 13.8% were Latino/Hispanic, and 69.7% were White. The estimated percentages of people with low income were 28.2%, 46.1%, 51.5%, and 23.9% among Asian, Black, Latino/Hispanic, and White individuals, respectively. Black individuals with low income had the highest estimated prevalence of poor or fair health status (29.1% [95% CI, 26.5%-31.7%] in 1999 and 24.9% [95% CI, 21.8%-28.3%] in 2018), while White individuals with middle and high income had the lowest (6.4% [95% CI, 5.9%-6.8%] in 1999 and 6.3% [95% CI, 5.8%-6.7%] in 2018). Black individuals had a significantly higher estimated prevalence of poor or fair health status than White individuals in 1999, regardless of income strata (P < .001 for the overall and low-income groups; P = .03 for middle and high-income group). From 1999 to 2018, racial and ethnic gaps in poor or fair health status did not change significantly, with or without income stratification, except for a significant decrease in the difference between White and Black individuals with low income (-6.7 percentage points [95% CI, -11.3 to -2.0]; P = .005); the difference in 2018 was no longer statistically significant (P = .13). Black and White individuals had the highest levels of self-reported functional limitations, which increased significantly among all groups over time. There were significant reductions in the racial and ethnic differences in some self-reported measures of health care access, but not affordability, with and without income stratification. Conclusions and Relevance In a serial cross-sectional survey study of US adults from 1999 to 2018, racial and ethnic differences in self-reported health status, access, and affordability improved in some subgroups, but largely persisted.
Street Fiction: or, Philadelphia Stories

This study of the relationships between spaces and stories reconsiders the common conception of architecture as a constructive art that shapes buildings and streets, so that they accommodate and re...
H ii Regions

By virtue of its spectrometers having simultaneous multichannel integration capability and relatively large input apertures, the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite has been the first instrument capable of effective study of the ultraviolet spectra of the gas from extended H ii regions. This review will concentrate on discussing the results of the studies made of the ultraviolet emission line and continuum spectra of the gas and dust of extended H ii regions in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. However, it should be noted also that ultraviolet spectral studies with the IUE have contributed new information about the extinction and dust associated with H ii regions, the nature of the highly ionized gas surrounding their exciting stars via ultraviolet absorption lines, and the integrated stellar + nebular spectra of more distant extragalactic H ii regions. Since the latter three subjects are parts of other reviews in this book, herein we will limit our discussion to results related to the continuous and emission line ultraviolet spectra from the gas and dust within the H ii regions themselves.
Memory-Optimal Evaluation of Expression Trees Involving Large Objects

The need to evaluate expression trees involving large objects arises in scientific computing applications such as electronic structure calculations. Often, the tree node objects are very large that only a subset of them can fit in memory at a time. This paper addresses the problem of finding an evaluation order of nodes in a given expression tree that uses the least memory. We develop an efficient algorithm that finds an optimal evaluation order in O(n 2) time for an n-node expression tree.
Truth or Consequences

Academic dishonesty is on the rise. How can we teach our students to honor the truth? Queens College takes a step beyond simple punishment by asking students to reflect on what they have done.
Identity, Variety and Destiny in Accounting Education for a Socialâ€”Environmental and Liberal Arts Tradition

When one considers that all profits are not made equally, philosophy, history, anthropologybecome pre-requisites for professional accounting and finance graduates. This allows for acomplete understanding of an intimately related financial market that exerts tremendous influenceon socio-economic conditions. A graduate from a liberal arts institution may be worthmore than what his or her academic balance sheet shows. A liberal arts education teaches onehow to think, how to analyze, how to read, how to write, how to develop a persuasive argument.Any liberal arts education, even vaguely defined becomes an intellectual antidote to theoverwhelming flood of information and technological change. A liberal arts education teachesstudents to read and to reason; to learn something about the range of human expression; to considerthe great literature and ideas of world civilizations; to recognize and construct arguments;and to have sensitivity towards othersâ€™ thinking. It also makes possible a genuine kind of citizenshipwithout which democracy and markets crumble. This study presents emerging trends inaccounting as a growing discipline in liberal arts institutions whose mission is aligned withsocial goals.Â Copyright Â© www.iiste.org
The long-term postsurgical prognosis of patients with pineoblastoma

BACKGROUND: For this report, the authors comprehensively summarized the existing literature on patients with pineoblastoma and identified the variables and treatments that had an impact patient on outcomes. METHODS: A comprehensive search identified 109 studies that collectively described the outcomes of patients with pineoblastoma. Individual patient data were classified based on treatment and were subjected to univariate comparisons. Cox regression analysis included comparisons of survival outcomes controlling for age, extent of resection, and treatment group, and between-group survival comparisons were performed using the Kendall tau (rank correlation) statistic. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-nine patients met inclusion criteria. The overall survival rate was 54% (175 of 299 patients) at a mean follow-up of 31 ± 1.9 months (range, 1-159 months). The analyses demonstrated a markedly worse prognosis for children aged ≤5 years compared with older patients (5-year survival rate: 15% for children aged ≤5 years vs 57% for children aged ≥5 years; log-rank P < .00001). In addition, a graded increase in survival was observed with increasing degrees of resection (5-year survival rate: 84% for patients who underwent gross total resection vs 53% for patients who underwent subtotal resection vs 29% for patients who underwent debulking; log-rank P < .0001). Multivariate analysis indicated that not achieving gross total resection markedly worsened patient survival (subtotal resection: hazard ratio, 6.47; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-19; P = .001. debulking: hazard ratio, 9.27; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-27; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings emphasize the importance of aggressive surgical resection in the treatment of pineoblastoma. In addition, the authors conclude that clinical trials should not mix young patients with older patients or patients who undergo subtotal resection with patients who undergo gross total resection, because such heterogeneity may alter the variability of responses to treatment and reduce the likelihood of success. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Simplified Rotor Dynamics

The helicopter’s main source of propulsion is provided by the main and tail rotor. The aerodynamic forces and moments are nonlinear functions of motion characteristics and controls. Due to the complexity and the uncertainty associated with the aerodynamic phenomena, a detailed model of the forces and moments produced by the main rotor would be of high order and completely impractical for any controller design. In this Chapter, the modeling approach presented in (Koo and Sastry in Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vol. 4, 1998, pp. 3635–3640; Lee et al. in Proceedings of Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, 1993, pp. 1385–1390; Mettler in Identification Modeling and Characteristics of Miniature Rotorcraft, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, 2003; Mettler et al. in Presented at the American Helicopter Society 55th Forum, May 1999 ) is followed to arrive at a simplified derivation of the main rotor dynamics and the produced thrust force vector that are considered sufficient for controller design purposes.
Low-temperature transport properties of polycrystalline Ba8Ga16Sn30

Low-temperature resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and heat-capacity measurements were performed on Ba8Ga16Sn30. This compound crystallizes in a cubic type-VIII clathrate phase, space group I¯43m, with the Baatoms residing inside voids created by a tetrahedrally bonded network of Ga andSn atoms. Ba8Ga16Sn30 exhibits semiconducting behavior above 150 K with a low thermal conductivity and thus may hold potential for thermoelectric applications.
GENETICS OF CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CONJUGATION IN PARAMECIUM AURELIA

Certain stocks of P. aurelia, syngen 8, could not be induced to conjugate in a solution (KCl + acriflavine + calcium-poor conditions) which was effective in inducing conjugation in other species of Paramecium as well as in other stocks of syngen 8. Both stocks could conjugate by interaction with cells of complementary mating type. Breeding analysis shows that each of the two stocks is homozygous for a recessive gene that blocks induction of conjugation by the KCl-acriflavine solution. These two genes are neither allelic nor linked. Analyses of the phenotypes of the two uninducibles and the wild type were carried out by attempting to induce mating in cells of a single mating type by exposing them to detached mating-reactive cilia from cells of complementary mating type and to the KCl-acriflavine solution, either sequentially or simultaneously. The results confirm the conclusions of others that there is at least one unique step in chemical induction not shared with induction by interaction of complementary mating types. But the results also indicate that there is more than one unique step in chemical induction and that the effects of the two genes described here operate during different periods of the hour required for chemical induction.
Characterization of the murine homolog of C1qRP: identical cellular expression pattern, chromosomal location and functional activity of the human and murine C1qRP

Human C1qR(P) is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein that is the human C1q receptor/receptor component that in vitro mediates enhancement of Fc- and C3b-mediated phagocytosis. A human genomic clone and a murine genomic clone that is 73% identical in sequence with the coding region for human C1qR(P) cDNA have been isolated. Chromosomal localization of the human and murine gene demonstrates that these genes are syntenic. Murine cell lines of diverse myeloid origins are shown to respond to interaction of C1q with the enhancement of phagocytosis similar to that seen previously in human peripheral blood monocytes. Northern blot, RT-PCR, Western blot and FACS analyses demonstrated that mC1qR(P) is expressed in these murine myeloid cell lines, but not in a mouse epithelial cell line, similar to the cell type expression of the human gene product. A polyclonal antibody to a peptide sequence common to the deduced sequence from the both murine and human C1qR(P) inhibited the enhancement of phagocytosis response to C1q when cells were permeabilized to permit access of the antibody to the intracellular milieu. These data support the postulate that the identified murine and human genes are homologs, confirm the previously predicted intracellular location of the C-terminus of the molecule, and indicates the necessary role of this intracellular domain in transducing the signal that leads to enhancement of phagocytic function.
Synthesis of aromatic polythers by Scholl reaction. IV. Homopolymerization and copolymerization of α,ω‐bis[4‐(1‐napthoxy)phenylsulfonyl]perfluoroalkanes

La polymerisation radicalaire cationique du 1,4-bis[4-(1-naphtoxyphenylsulfonyl)] perfluorobutane et du 1,8-bis[4-(1-naphtoxyphenylsulfonyl)] perfluorooctane en utilisant FeCl 3 comme oxydant donne des polymeres de masse moleculaires, respectives 33000 et 38000. Ces monomeres sont copolymerises entre eux ou avec la 4,4'-bis(1-naphtoxy) diphenylsulfone ou le 1,5-bis(1-naphtoxy) pentane. La reactivite des differents monomeres est discutee sur la base des effets stabilisants inductifs et resonnants
Central nervous system Hodgkin lymphoma: case report and review of the literature

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is extremely rare, accounting for 0.5% or less of HL cases. In contrast, CNS involvement can occur in 5-30% of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CNS HL can present at any point in the course of HL, most commonly during relapsing disease, and has been described in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. We describe a case of HL affecting the CNS and bone marrow on initial presentation in a 79-year-old immunocompetent female with a prior history of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Following the case report, a review of the literature on CNS HL is presented.
Interplay between Cytoskeletal Stresses and Cell Adaptation under Chronic Flow

Using stress sensitive FRET sensors we have measured cytoskeletal stresses in α-actinin and the associated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in cells subjected to chronic shear stress. We show that long-term shear stress reduces the average actinin stress and this effect is reversible with removal of flow. The flow-induced changes in cytoskeletal stresses are found to be dynamic, involving a transient decrease in stress (phase-I), a short-term increase (3–6 min) (Phase-II), followed by a longer-term decrease that reaches a minimum in ∼20 min (Phase-III), before saturating. These changes are accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton from parallel F-actin bundles to peripheral bundles. Blocking mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) with Gd3+ and GsMTx4 (a specific inhibitor) eliminated the changes in cytoskeletal stress and the corresponding actin reorganization, indicating that Ca2+ permeable MSCs participate in the signaling cascades. This study shows that shear stress induced cell adaptation is mediated via MSCs.
Effect of high-carbohydrate-low-fat diets on plasma glucose, insulin and lipid responses in hypertriglyceridemic humans

Two levels of dietary carbohydrate (40% and 60% of calories) were incorporated into typical US diets and fed for 15 days each to eight patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. Fasting blood samples were drawn on days 13, 14, and 15 of each dietary period, and analyzed for glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, as well as for triglyceride and cholesterol content of the various lipoprotein classes. In addition, these same measurements were made before and for three hours after the noon meal on days 14 and 15. Fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG concentrations were significantly increased (P less than 0.005) on the low-fat-high-carbohydrate diet. In addition, integrated postprandial insulin, TG, and VLDL-TG responses to the noon meal were significantly (P less than 0.01-0.001) elevated on the low-fat-high-carbohydrate diet. No dietary-induced changes were noted in either the fasting or postprandial values of glucose cholesterol, chylomicron-TG, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol, or HDL3-cholesterol. These results indicate that low-fat-high-carbohydrate diets accentuate the metabolic risk factors for coronary artery disease that are already present in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.
Aluminum accumulation in serum, liver and spleen of Fe-depleted and Fe-adequate rats.

The study described here was planned to test the hypothesis that Al absorption and accumulation in the body are inversely related to Fe status. Aluminum3+ and Fe3+ have similar ionic radii and charge densities, pH-solubility relationships, and affinities for ligands, such as citrate and transferrin. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were pair fed an Fe-deficient or Fe-adequate (control) diet for 2 wk. Each diet group was then randomly assigned to receive for four more weeks the Fe-deficient or adequate diet with: Iron depletion, confirmed by measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum Fe, and Fe binding capacity, increased concentrations of serum, liver, and spleen Al in all groups fed AlCl3. However, the increase owing to Fe deficiency was significant only when Al was fed with citrate. The data suggest that Fe deficiency enhances both Al absorption and accumulation in liver and spleen.
Fetal genotype for specific inherited thrombophilias is not associated with severe preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the association between fetal thrombophilias and severe preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to examine the association between fetal genotype for factor V Leiden, prothrombin, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations and severe preeclampsia. METHODS: Patients with severe preeclampsia or HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome admitted to Georgetown University Hospital were retrospectively identified. Controls were patients with uncomplicated, term deliveries. Fetal DNA was extracted from placental specimens and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with locus-specific primers. The presence of polymorphisms was determined by enzymatic digestion with specific enzymes, and analyzed by polyacrylamide gels. Statistical analysis used Student t test for continuous variables and Fisher exact test for categorical data. RESULTS: Patients with preeclampsia (n = 27) and controls (n = 17) were similar for maternal age, but, as expected, they were significantly different for gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores at 5 minutes, rate of preterm delivery less than 37 weeks, and fetal growth restriction (all P .05). CONCLUSION: In our study, fetal genotype for specific inherited thrombophilias does not appear to be associated with severe preeclampsia.
Chorus wave amplification: A free electron laser in the Earth's magnetosphere

A new theoretical model for whistler-mode chorus amplification in the Earth’s magnetosphere is presented. We derive, based on the free-electron laser mechanism in a high-gain amplifier, a new closed set of self-consistent relativistic equations that couple the Hamiltonian equations for particles with Maxwell’s equations. We demonstrate that these equations predict, through a cubic equation, whistler amplification levels in good agreement with those observed in the Earth’s magnetosphere.
(R-I) colors of Cepheids and yellow supergiants in open clusters

The (R-I) and (b-y) observations of nine Cepheids which are members of open clusters, 14 field Cepheids, and 34 nonvariable yellow giants in or near open clusters are presented. Color-color relations for the Cepheids are found to differ significantly from star to star. Additionally, the nonvariables may differ from the Cepheid color-color relation. Pulsational masses are determined for the Cepheids using both (R-I) and (B-V) colors as temperature indicators. For some of the shorter period stars the (R-I) masses agree with evolutionary masses, which is not the case for the (B-V) masses. A small increase (about 0.1 mag) in the absolute magnitudes of the short-period Cepheids is sufficient to bring agreement between the (R-I) masses and the evolutionary masses for the bulk of the stars, but the long-period stars still have low masses. However, it is suggested that this may be due to systematic errors in the color excesses. The cluster NGC 129 is found to have a nonvariable star within the instability strip in addition to the Cepheid DL Cas. Because the absolute magnitude and intrinsic color are all determined from the cluster, this is the best established case of a nonvariable in the Cepheid strip. Several other clustersmore » contain a number of yellow giants, and they are compared with evolutionary tracks. (AIP)« less
Temperature dependence of the anisotropic gap in YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract We present ab-initio calculations for the electronic structure and the temperature dependence of the anisotropic superconducting gap in YBa2Cu3O7. Our calculations show that the smaller gaps at some k-points on the Fermi surface collapse earlier than the large ones as the temperature increases.
Abstract C23: Therapy of triple‐negative breast tumors by targeting the MYC oncogene pathway

Human breast cancers that lack expression of the estrogen and progesterone nuclear receptors and with low HER2 expression are known as “gtriple‐negative” tumors. These are amongst the most aggressive breast cancers and no targeted therapeutics exists for this subclass of human tumors. MYC is a proto‐oncogene transcription factor that plays a key role in cell cycle transition of mammalian cells. Increased expression of MYC is estimated to occur in ∼ 20–50% of human breast cancers. Genomic amplification of the MYC locus, 8q24, is correlated with decreased patient survival, and MYC‐over‐expression in breast cancer cells has been associated with a resistance to anti‐hormonal therapies that seek to inhibit ER signaling. Furthermore, MYC has recently been shown to be one of the genes unique to high‐grade mammary tumors. Thus, these prior studies suggest that the level of MYC expression might be useful as a biomarker and that the inhibition of MYC function may be a useful therapeutic approach against this difficult‐to‐treat type of breast cancer. However, while MYC is strongly implicated in breast tumorigenesis, no direct small molecule inhibitors of its transcriptional activity are available in clinical practice. An alternative approach to directly inhibiting MYC is to find “synthetic‐lethal” combinations that selectively kill those cells with elevated MYC levels without affecting normal cells. The term “synthetic‐lethality” refers to a genetic context in which a mutation in a gene, which itself does not cause lethality, can cause lethality when combined with a mutation in another gene. Using engineered cells, we have previously demonstrated that inhibiting cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) can kill cells that over‐express MYC. We have now used a panel of breast cancer cell lines established from human patients to show that (1) those breast cancers that are receptor‐negative have significantly higher levels of MYC protein, (2) that the MYC pathways are critical for the survival and proliferation of this tumor subset, (3) CDK1 inhibition in triple‐negative breast cancer cells results in the initiation of apoptosis mediated by mitochondria‐dependent intrinsic pathway, and that (4) this apoptotic event is specifically achieved by altering the balance between pro‐survival and pro‐apoptotic members of the Bcl‐2 family proteins. Our results present a novel treatment strategy for “triple‐negative” breast cancers by targeting the MYC pathways via CDK inhibitors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C23.
Solvent-Equilibrated ion Pairs from Carbene Fragmentation Reactions

[R+ OC Cl-] ion pairs were generated in methanol/dichloroethane solutions, with R+ as the 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-adamantyl, or 3-homoadamantyl cation. Ion pairs were produced either by the direct fragmentation of alkoxychlorocarbenes (ROCCl), with R = 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-adamantyl, or 3-homoadamantyl, or by the ring expansion−fragmentation of R‘CH2OCCl, with R‘ = 1-norbornyl, 3-noradamantyl, or 1-adamantyl. Correlations of the [ROMe]/[RCl] product ratios as a function of the mole fraction of MeOH in dichloroethane showed that the homoadamantyl chloride ion pairs, produced by either the direct or ring expansion−fragmentations, were identical, solvent- and anion-equilibrated, and precursor independent. Laser flash photolysis experiments gave 20−30 ps as the time required for solvent equilibration and precursor independence. Methanol/chloride selectivities of the (less-stable) 1-adamantyl chloride and 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl chloride ion pairs were not independent of their ROCCl or R‘CH2OCCl precursors....
BAX unleashed: the biochemical transformation of an inactive cytosolic monomer into a toxic mitochondrial pore

BAX, the BCL-2-associated X protein, is a cardinal proapoptotic member of the BCL-2 family, which regulates the critical balance between cellular life and death. Because so many medical conditions can be categorized as diseases of either too many or too few cells, dissecting the biochemistry of BCL-2 family proteins and developing pharmacological strategies to target them have become high priority scientific objectives. Here, we focus on BAX, a latent, cytosolic and monomeric protein that transforms into a lethal mitochondrial oligomer in response to cellular stress. New insights into the structural location of BAX's 'on switch', and the multi-step conformational changes that ensue upon BAX activation, are providing fresh opportunities to modulate BAX for potential benefit in human diseases characterized by pathologic cell survival or unwanted cellular demise.