cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and straining of E. coli O157:H7 in saturated porous media

[1] The transport and deposition behavior of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 was studied under unfavorable electrostatic conditions in saturated quartz sands of various sizes (710, 360, 240, and 150 μm) and at several flow rates. At a given velocity, column effluent breakthrough values for E. coli tended to decrease in magnitude, and concentration curves became more asymmetric with decreasing sand size. In a given sand, experiments conducted at a higher velocity tended to produce higher effluent concentrations, especially for finer (240 and 150 μm) textured sands. The shape of the deposition profiles for E. coli was also highly dependent on the sand size and velocity. Coarser-textured sands and higher flow rates were associated with less deposition and gradually decreasing concentrations with depth. Conversely, finer-textured sands and lower flow rates tended to produce greater deposition and nonmonotonic deposition profiles that exhibited a peak in retained concentration. This deposition peak occurred nearer to the column inlet for finer-textured sands and at low flow rates. Microscopic observations of E. coli retention in these finer-textured sands (micromodel experiments) clearly indicated that straining was the dominant mechanism of deposition. Batch experiments also indicated minor amounts of E. coli attachment for the selected sands and solution chemistry. A conceptual and numerical model was developed and successfully used to describe the observed E. coli transport and deposition data. Our conceptual model assumes that E. coli can aggregate when large numbers of monodispersed E. coli are deposited at pore constrictions or straining sites. When the deposited E. coli reach a critical concentration at the straining site, the aggregated E. coli O157:H7 can be released into aqueous solution as a result of hydrodynamic shearing forces.
Molecular Typing of the Etiologic Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

The p44 gene of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aoHGE) encodes a 44-kDa major outer surface protein. A technique was developed for the typing of the aoHGE based on the PCR amplification of the p44 gene followed by a multiple restriction digest with HindIII, EcoRV, and AspI to generate restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. Twenty-four samples of the aoHGE were collected from geographically dispersed sites in the United States and included isolates from humans, equines, canines, small mammals, and ticks. Six granulocytic ehrlichiosis (GE) types were identified. The GE typing method is relatively simple to perform, is reproducible, and is able to differentiate among the various isolates of granulocytic ehrlichiae in the United States. These characteristics suggest that this GE typing method may be an important epizootiological and epidemiological tool.
Defining a Democracy: Reforming the Laws on Women's Rights in Chile, 1990–2002

This article evaluates 38 bills seeking to expand women's rights in Chile and finds that the successful ones often originated with the Executive National Women's Ministry (SERNAM), did not threaten existing definitions of gender roles, and did not require economic redistribution. These factors (plus the considerable influence of the Catholic Church) correlate in important ways, and tend to constrain political actors in ways not apparent from an examination of institutional roles or ideological identity alone. In particular, the Chilean left's strategic response to this complex web of interactions has enabled it to gain greater legislative influence on these issues over time.
The remediation of conduction aphasia via sentence repetition: A case study

Repetition is viewed typically as a primary deficit in conduction aphasia. Consequently, repetition is considered to be a target of treatment, as opposed to an approach to treatment for this syndrome. However, our experience with a conduction aphasic who had greater speech fluency in repetition than in conversation encouraged us to develop a treatment programme based on sentence repetition. The treatment programme has three components: (1) a pre-/post-test of sentence repetition; (2) the treatment component, in which a new set of sentences is introduced each week in outpatient therapy for daily repetition; (3) analysis of verbal picture description prior to and following treatment as an independent language measure. The patient CM participated in 2 months of sentence repetition treatment, after which he displayed improvement in both sentence repetition and picture description. The reasons for such improvement and the general utility of the treatment programme are discussed.
Computationally Efficient Combined Plant Design and Controller Optimization Using a Coupling Measure

This paper presents a novel approach to the optimization of a dynamic systems design and control. Traditionally, these problems have been solved either sequentially or in a combined manner. We propose a novel approach that uses a previously derived coupling measure to quantify the impact of plant design variables on optimal control cost. This proposed approach has two key advantages. First, because the coupling term quantifies the gradient of the control optimization objective with respect to plant design variables, the approach ensures combined plant/control optimality. Second, because the coupling term equals the integral of optimal control co-states multiplied by static gradient terms that can be computed a priori, the proposed approach is computationally attractive. We illustrate this approach using an example cantilever beam structural design and vibration control problem. The results show significant computational cost improvements compared to traditional combined plant/control optimization. This reduction in computational cost becomes more pronounced as the number of plant design variables increases.
Introduction to special section on future light sources

We present an expanded overview and introduction to four articles on future light sources which briefly covers recent developments and topics not covered in the four articles. It includes extensive references to reports in the literature absent from the four articels.
Unsupervised Models for Coreference Resolution

Traditional learning-based coreference resolvers operate by training a mention-pair classifier for determining whether two mentions are coreferent or not. Two independent lines of recent research have attempted to improve these mention-pair classifiers, one by learning a mention-ranking model to rank preceding mentions for a given anaphor, and the other by training an entity-mention classifier to determine whether a preceding cluster is coreferent with a given mention. We propose a cluster-ranking approach to coreference resolution that combines the strengths of mention rankers and entity-mention models. We additionally show how our cluster-ranking framework naturally allows discourse-new entity detection to be learned jointly with coreference resolution. Experimental results on the ACE data sets demonstrate its superior performance to competing approaches.
Ultrasonic Measurements on Textured Materials

Over the past 30 years the study of acoustoelasticity has gone through various stages of development. Hughes and Kelly reported their initial work on acoustoelasticity in 1953.1 Theoretically they considered materials to be homogeneous and isotropic but found limited experimental agreement with theory due to initial anisotropy. Early on, it was recognized that most materials display an initial anisotropy in regards to acoustic and acoustoelastic measurements. This was attributed to preferential grain orientation (texture). Numerous works considering ultrasonic texture measurement prior to 1973 are referenced by Green.2 Not until twenty years after Hughes and Kelly, in 1973, did Iwashimizu and Kubomura present a theory to account for both initial anisotropy and stress. The theory they proposed assumes that a homogeneous orthotropic symmetry exists in rolled plates. Their theory was found to agree rather well with experimental data and spurred renewed interest in the potential of acoustoelasticity. A number of refinements have been made using slight orthotropic symmetry as a basis. However, all of these theories consider only the macroscopic symmetry displayed by the material.3,4
Accounting, Culture, And Emerging Economies: IFRS In The BRIC Countries

The culturally derived accounting orientations of four major emerging economies, Brazil, Russia, India and China, the BRIC countries, are examined based on the Geert Hofstede work on cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) and the hypothetical derivation of related accounting values by S. J. Gray. (Gray, 1988) Results on Hofstede’s four original cultural dimensions are analyzed and compared. An analysis of results for Gray’s derived accounting values is presented for these countries. An IFRS favorable profile based on Gray’s accounting value dimensions is developed and BRIC and G7 results on these dimensions are compared. Strategies to adjust for country cultural profiles at variance with the IFRS profile are proposed.
Estimating aperture efficiency

It is shown that for a wide class of aperture distributions, the aperture efficiency can be related to the ratio between the beamwidth of this distribution and that of the uniform one. A heuristic rule for estimating the aperture efficiency of elliptic and rectangular tapered apertures is introduced. It is shown that, if the beamwidth is given (i.e., the aperture size is unconstrained), the maximum directivity is provided by a tapered, rather than uniform amplitude distribution.
USM3D Simulations of Saturn V Plume-Induced Flow Separation

*† ‡ The NASA Constellation Program included the Ares V heavy lift cargo vehicle. During the design stage, engineers questioned if the Plume Induced Flow Separation (PIFS) that occurred along Saturn V rocket during moon missions at some flight conditions, would also plague the newly proposed rocket. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was offered as a tool for initiating the investigation of PIFS along the Ares V rocket. However, CFD best practice guidelines were not available for such an investigation. In an effort to establish a CFD process and define guidelines for Ares V powered simulations, the Saturn V vehicle was used because PIFS flight data existed. The ideal gas, computational flow solver USM3D was evaluated for its viability in computing PIFS along the Saturn V vehicle with F-1 engines firing. Solutions were computed at supersonic freestream conditions, zero degree angle of attack, zero degree sideslip, and at flight Reynolds numbers. The effects of solution sensitivity to grid refinement, turbulence models, and the engine boundary conditions on the predicted PIFS distance along the Saturn V were discussed and compared to flight data from the Apollo 11 mission AS-506.
Modeling, Testing, and Evaluation of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector

The performance of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic-Thermal (BIPV/T) collector is examined in this study. A full scale-test collector is monitored over several weeks in the summer of 2008 and measured data is used to calibrate a heat transfer model implemented in a common scientific computing software package. Following calibration, error between experimental measurements and the calibrated model outputs is within the limits of measurement uncertainty. Collector simulations are constructed to examine thermal efficiency, the effectiveness of the collector as a night-sky radiator, the effect of heat collection on electrical efficiency, the effect of two common exterior convection coefficients on collector performance, and the effect of eliminating the air gap between the PV and absorber surfaces. Overall collector thermal efficiency is relatively low compared to existing collectors. However, the potential low cost of the system could allow larger collector areas to compensate for low efficiency, especially in warm climates. Combined thermal and electrical efficiency can be as high as 34%. Additional analysis also indicates that the predicted thermal performance is highly dependent on the thermal resistance between the PV cells and the absorber plate and is sensitive to assumptions regarding wind-driven convection heat transfer coefficients.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Okadaic acid-like toxin in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Hypothesis for toxin-induced pathology, immune dysregulation, and transactivation of herpesviruses

Abstract Preliminary evidence suggests there is a toxin in the sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients which reacts with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for the detection of the marine toxin, okadaic acid. Data is presented which supports the hypothesis that an okadaic acid-like toxin may be the principle agent of lymphocyte dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and other immune-dysreguaated states. The okadaic acid-like toxin can produce the specific abnormalities in T-lymphocyte phenotype and function typical of systemic lupus erythematosus, principally through its ability to inhibit serine/threonine phosphatases necessary for secondary signalling processes, and through its ability to inhibit calcium which is crucial to protein kinase C-mediated signalling of T-lymphocytes. The disruption probably occurs through the protein tyrosine kinase p56 lck pathway crucial for IL-2. Additionally, the toxin's ability to disrupt voltage-sensitive ion channels in cell membranes may be responsible for the multi-organ pathology observed in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, particularly neurological, cardiac and nephritic. Data from a different study conducted by the author suggests that latent and persistent viruses are reactivated in active lupus. This activation could be the result of the toxin's ability to act as an immune modulator, or its ability to act as a transactivating factor.
The Kid Brother

Structural family dynamics that place one sibling in an outsider role can have powerful repercussions in the family business. This article draws on case examples to illustrate a process. The author discusses approaches to preventing such a pattern.
Values Engagement in Evaluation: Ideas, Illustrations, and Implications

Values-engagement in evaluation involves both describing stakeholder values and prescribing certain values. Describing stakeholder values is common practice in responsive evaluation traditions. Prescribing or advocating particular values is only explicitly part of democratic, culturally responsive, critical, and other openly ideological traditions in evaluation, but we argue that it is implicit in all evaluation approaches and practices. In this article, we discuss various conceptualizations of values-engagement in evaluation. We further present a specific form of values-engaged evaluation that is committed to descriptive and prescriptive valuing, with an emphasis on its prescriptive advancement of the values of inclusion and equity. Examples from field experience illustrate these two countenances and underscore the multiple challenges invoked by intentional engagement with the values dimensions of evaluation. The examples come from evaluations of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) e...
Signal detection by correlation of Fresnel diffraction patterns

A typical problem of signal detection is the search for key words. This can be done automatically by means of optical matched filtering. Here we describe an alternative method in which the key word is used directly, not in the form of a matched filter. We compute optically the correlation integral of the intensity distributions of the Fresnel diffraction patterns from the input (printed page) and from the reference signal (key word). In the output plane a detection peak (light point) indicates the position of the key word on the input page.
Effectiveness of flameless catalytic infrared radiation against life stages of three stored-product insect species in stored wheat

A bench top flameless catalytic infrared emitter was evaluated in the laboratory to disinfest wheat containing different life stages (ages) of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica ; rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae ; and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum . The emitter produces infrared in the 3 to 7 um range. A noncontact infrared thermometer obtained real-time grain temperatures during exposures of uninfested and infested wheat containing various life stages of the three insect species. The grain temperatures attained were influenced by wheat quantity, distance from the emitter, and exposure time, which in turn influenced effectiveness against various life stages of the three species. In general, higher grain temperatures were attained in 113.5 g of wheat as opposed to 227.0 g, at 8.0 cm from the emitter surface rather than at 12.7 cm, and during a 60-sec exposure compared to a 45-sec exposure. Logistic regression indicated the probability of death of various life stages of R. dominica, S. oryzae , and T. castaneum was temperature-dependent. About 99 to 100% mortality of all life stages of the three species occurred when the mean wheat temperatures were in the range of 108 to 114°C. The promising results show flameless catalytic infrared technology to be a viable option for disinfestation of stored wheat, provided such high temperatures do not affect grain quality. Keywords : Infrared radiation, Stored-product insects, Non-chemical method, Efficacy assessment
Propagation of uncertainty in chemically activated systems

Chemically activated systems play an important role in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. The overall reaction paths exhibit complex pressure and temperature dependencies because each intermediate involves a coupled system of competing multistep isomerization, dissociation, and stabilization paths. A number of estimation techniques exist for deriving the required thermochemical and elementary kinetic input parameters for rate coefficient estimation. The availability of high-level ab initio methods promises to reduce the inaccuracies associated with older empirical methods. The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of the various thermochemical parameters entering the rate coefficient calculation. We describe and illustrate a computational framework to quantify the functional relationship between the thermochemical properties and the macroscopic observables through appropriate response surface methods. The approach is demonstrated by analyzing the impact of thermochemical properties in estimating autoignition delays in propane oxidation.
Maturation of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in relation to neonatal apnoea

Apnoea and periodic breathing are the hallmarks of breathing for the infant who is born prematurely. Sustained respiration is obtained through modulation of respiratory-related neurons with inputs from the periphery. The peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, uniquely and reflexly change ventilation in response to changes in oxygen tension. The chemoreflex in response to hypoxia is hyperventilation, bradycardia and vasoconstriction. The fast response time of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tension increases the risk of more periodicity in the breathing pattern. As a result of baseline hypoxaemia, peripheral arterial chemoreceptors contribute more to baseline breathing in premature than in term infants. While premature infants may have an augmented chemoreflex, infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a blunted chemoreflex at term gestation. The development of chemosensitivity of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and environmental factors that might cause maldevelopment of chemosensitivity with continued maturation are reviewed in an attempt to help explain the physiology of apnoea of prematurity and the increased incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in infants born prematurely and those who are exposed to tobacco smoke.
A Brief Study of Ground Controlled Orbital Rendezvous: When is Autonomy Required?

The ability to control the relative motion of two orbiting spacecraft from the ground is approximately a function of four key parameters: relative state knowledge errors, maneuver execution errors, environment modeling errors, and the time-delay between the execution of successive maneuvers. Based on these four parameters an assessment of the ground’s capability to control relative position can be made and a minimum safe-approach distance can be determined. Approximate analytic expressions for minimum ground controlled separations are presented and then validated with detailed linear covariance analysis.
Order Reduction for a Control-Oriented Model of the Water Dynamics in Fuel Cells

Predicting the water dynamics and estimating humidity and flooding conditions in a low-temperature fuel cell are critical for robust operation and long life. Previous work by McKay et al [1] shows that the fuel cell anode, cathode, and membrane water dynamics and gaseous species concentrations can be accurately modeled by discretizing the partial differential equations that describe mass transport into three segments. Avoiding sensitivities associated with over-parameterization, and allowing for the real-time computations necessary for embedded controllers, requires in-depth investigation of the model order. In this paper the model from [1] is formulated into a bond graph representation. The objective is to establish the necessary model order for the fuel cell model using the Model Order Reduction Algorithm (MORA) [2], where an energy-based metric termed the Activity is used to quantify the contribution of each element of the model. Activity is a scalar quantity that is determined from the generalized effort and flow through each element of the model. We show the degree of model order reduction and provide a guideline for appropriate discretization.Copyright © 2006 by ASME and Toyota Technical Center, USA Inc.
Prehistoric fires in the Chirripó highlands of Costa Rica: Sedimentary charcoal evidence

To determine the long-term history of fire in the Chirripo highlands of Costa Rica, the charcoal content of a 110 cm sediment core from a glacial lake was analyzed. The core was raised from Lago Chirripo, the largest of the approximately thirty glacial lakes in the Chirripo massif. The basal sediments from the core yielded a radiocarbon date of 4110 yr. B.P. The charcoal record indicates that the watershed of the lake has burned repeatedly during the past four thousand years due to human activity, lightning, or both.
Temperature Characterization of Pulsed Laser Annealing of Semiconductors

The dynamic characteristics of lattice temperature, T attained in Si under the influence of a high power laser beam irradiation are examined analytically over a wide range of laser wavelengths, pulse intensities and durations. The strongly temperature-dependent material parameters, such as optical absorption coefficient α(T) and thermal diffusivity D(T) are incorporated in heat diffusion equation, and their nonlinear coupling effect on the ensuing temperature in laser-processed semiconductors are examined. Specifically, the threshold pulse energy for surface melting is characterized as a function of both material and annealing laser beam parameters. This analytic description of pulsed laser heating of semiconductors should provide considerable insight into the transient heating phenomena and localized material modifications.
XINWEN MINING AREA CYCLE MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

For more depletion of resources,high production costs gradually,the deterioration of the ecological environment in terms of the mining area,the development of recycling economy and build efficient savings mining area is to address these issues effectively means.Through the new Mining Group to develop a cyclical economy of the concept,practice,review and prospect of introducing new mining group recycling economy development model,the coal enterprises to the economic cycle and provide a reference for the full build a conservation-mining area to provide efficient reference.
Low Voltage Ride-through Modeling and Control Strategy for Photovoltaic Generation System Based on RTDS

Based on the real time digital simulator(RTDS),a low voltage ride-through(LVRT) real time digital simulation scheme is presented for the photovoltaic generation system.A set of LVRT simulation platform including the voltage sag generator,photovoltaic array,isolation transformer and photovoltaic grid-connected inverter,is built by RTDS big step models and small step models.A LVRT control strategy is designed to ensure the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter operate in three-phase grid voltage's normal and symmetrical drop conditions.Finally,the LVRT simulation test and field experiment have been carried out for a 250 kW photovoltaic grid-connected inverter.The simulation and experiment results show that the RTDS simulation platform is able to simulate the on-site testing platform and the proposed control strategy has good dynamic as well as static characteristics in LVRT process.
Graphene-Templated Supported Lipid Bilayer Nanochannels

The use of patterned substrates to impose geometrical restriction on the lateral mobility of molecules in supported lipid membranes has found widespread utility in studies of cell membranes. Here, we template-pattern supported lipid membranes with nanopatterned graphene. We utilize focused ion beam milling to pattern graphene on its growth substrate, then transfer the patterned graphene to fresh glass substrates for subsequent supported membrane formation. We observe that graphene functions as an excellent lateral diffusion barrier for supported lipid bilayers. Additionally, the observed diffusion dynamics of lipids in nanoscale graphene channels reveal extremely low boundary effects, a common problem with other materials. We suggest this is attributable to the ultimate thinness of graphene.
Ten-Vertex Carboranes

The synthesis, structures, and reactivities of the monocarbon nido -CB 9 H 12 − and arachno -CB 9 H 14 − , dicarbon closo -CB 9 H 10 − , closo -C 2 B 8 H 10 , nido -C 2 B 8 H 12 and arachno -C 2 B 8 H 14 , tricarbon nido -C 3 B 7 H 11 and arachno -C 3 B 7 H 13 , and tetracarbon nido -C 4 B 6 H 10 and arachno -C 4 B 6 H 12 systems are described.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering of the Intrinsically Disordered Protein FlgM under Crowded Conditions

Using the intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) FlgM and several macromolecular crowders we have revealed evidence for attraction between protein and crowder under cell-like conditions. The majority of biophysical studies use solutions that are dilute relative to in vivo conditions. By conducting studies in solutions at concentrations comparable to those of cellular environments, we may further our understanding of how proteins behave in the conditions in which they function. While lacking well-defined structures, IDPs are recognized as playing key roles in cellular signaling processes. FlgM is an IDP that acts as a negative regulator of flagellin synthesis. It is readily expressed and robust, making it an excellent system for studying the effects of crowding on IDPs. Via contrast matching, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) allows isolation of the FlgM signal from that of the crowder. Perdeuterated FlgM was expressed and purified at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with SANS experiments conducted at the EQ-SANS diffractometer. Over a concentration range of 75-450 mg/mL, four crowders were used: dextran, Ficoll, bovine serum albumin, and lysozyme. Ensemble optimization modelling (EOM) was used to analyze the SANS profiles to gain information on the conformational ensembles of FlgM in dilute and crowded conditions. Analysis suggests that as crowder concentration increases, the average radius of gyration of FlgM initially decreases and subsequently increases. The latter is an indication of attraction between protein and crowder. Circular dichroism experiments showed an increase in helical content of FlgM as the concentration of dextran or Ficoll was increased. These studies, along with complementary NMR experiments, will allow us to quantitatively characterize the conformation and internal dynamics of FlgM in dilute and crowded conditions.
Sensitivity derivatives for advanced CFD algorithm and viscous modelling parameters via automatic differentiation

The computational technique of automatic differentiation (AD) is applied to a three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes multigrid flow solver to assess the feasibility and computational impact of obtaining exact sensitivity derivatives typical of those needed for sensitivity analyses. Calculations are performed for an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flow with both the Baldwin-Lomax and Johnson-King turbulence models. The wing lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients are differentiated with respect to two different groups of input parameters. The first group consists of the second- and fourth-order damping coefficients of the computational algorithm, whereas the second group consists of two parameters in the viscous turbulent flow physics modelling. Results obtained via AD are compared, for both accuracy and computational efficiency with the results obtained with divided differences (DD). The AD results are accurate, extremely simple to obtain, and show significant computational advantage over those obtained by DD for some cases.
A prospective cohort study investigating the effect of generalized joint hypermobility on outcomes after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization

ABSTRACTObjectives: Generalized joint laxity has been proposed as a significant risk factor for failure after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization. The purpose of this study was to prospectively measure joint mobility in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization and to determine whether hypermobility is a risk factor for worse outcomes compared with patients having normal joint mobility.Methods: Patients with anterior shoulder instability were prospectively enrolled. Generalized joint hypermobility was measured using the Beighton Hypermobility Score and the Rowe, UCLA, SANE, SST, and WOSI scores were administered and reported as patient outcomes preoperatively and following arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization at 6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months postoperatively. Patients were stratified into two groups based on their Beighton Hypermobility Score, with scores ≥ 4/9 indicative of joint hypermobility.Results: Sixteen patients with joint hypermobility (JH) and...
Enzymatic reactive crystallization for improving ampicillin synthesis

Abstract The enzyme penicillin G acylase (PGA) catalyzes the condensation of phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) with 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) to form ampicillin. We improved the selectivity of ampicillin synthesis with PGA by running simultaneous reaction and crystallization. However, the enzyme also catalyzes two undesirable side reactions: the hydrolysis of PGME to phenylglycine and the hydrolysis of ampicillin to phenylglycine and 6-APA. We demonstrate that a fifty percent improvement in selectivity for ampicillin over phenylglycine is achieved by combining reaction and crystallization in batch at pH value of 6 with saturated 6-APA and equimolar PGME. The enhancement in selectivity is mainly attributed to the decreased rates of enzymatic ampicillin hydrolysis; however, the course of the pH value during the reaction also has an effect on enzyme activity that improved selectivity. In addition to showing experimental results, we developed a new kinetic process model that predicts the observed improvement. The new model accounts for the solubility limits of different species as functions of pH value as well as the large change in pH value at high conversion. Previous work does not account for changes in activity with conversion. The pH-dependent activity for the specific enzyme used in this system, Assemblase® from DSM-Sinochem, is well-realized by the model and generalization to other PGAs is possible within the model framework; the selectivity parameters α, β 0 , and γ for Assemblase® are compared to PGA from E. coli as evidence.
Economies of Scope, Resource Relatedness, and the Dynamics of Corporate Diversification

Research summary: The dominant view has been that businesses that are more related to each other are more often combined within diversified firms. This study uses a dynamic model to demonstrate that, with inter-temporal economies of scope, diversified firms are more likely to combine moderately related businesses than the most-related businesses. That effect occurs because strong relatedness reduces redeployment costs and makes firms redeploy all resources to better performing businesses. The strength of that effect depends on inducements for redeployment measured as the current return advantage of one business over another business, volatilities of business returns, and correlation of those returns. This study develops hypotheses for those relationships and suggests empirical operationalizations, encouraging empiricists to retest the implications of relatedness for the dynamics of corporate diversification. Managerial summary: It is believed that diversified firms are more likely to combine more-related businesses because relatedness enables sharing of resources between businesses. Indeed, a firm can apply knowledge created in one business to another business, avoiding costly duplication in knowledge development. Resource sharing also adds value when a firm offers several products, adding the convenience of one-stop shopping and charging higher prices. However, resource sharing is not the only motivation for corporate diversification. In environments where profitability of businesses changes frequently, firms diversify by redeploying part of resources from an underperforming business to a better performing business. This study uses a dynamic model to demonstrate that, with that second motivation for corporate diversification, firms end up combining moderately related businesses rather than the most-related businesses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing component functionality via multi-process additive manufacturing

Additively manufactured components, although extensively customizable, are often limited in functionality. Multi-process additive manufacturing (AM) grants the ability to increase the functionality of components via subtractive manufacturing, wire embedding, foil embedding and pick and place. These processes are scalable to include several platforms ranging from desktop to large area printers. The Multi3D System is highlighted, possessing the capability to perform the above mentioned processes, all while transferring a fabricated component with a robotic arm. Work was conducted to fabricate a patent inspired, printed missile seeker. The seeker demonstrated the advantage of multi-process AM via introduction of the pick and place process. Wire embedding was also explored, with the successful interconnect of two layers of embedded wires in different planes. A final demonstration of a printed contour bracket, served to show the reduction of surface roughness on a printed part is 87.5% when subtractive manufacturing is implemented in tandem with AM. Functionality of the components on all the cases was improved. Results included optical components embedded within the printed housing, wires embedded with interconnection, and reduced surface roughness. These results highlight the improved functionality of components through multi-process AM, specifically through work conducted with the Multi3D System.
The Empirical Average Cost of Capital: A New Approach to Estimating the Cost of Corporate Funds

The authors develop a new way to measure the cost of capital, called the empirical average cost of capital (or “EACC”), which is consistent with existing methods of calculating the weighted average cost of capital, but uses information from the firm's financial statements and requires fewer and less subjective inputs. The authors’ model relies on the concept of economic profit while using data from the period 1990-2012 on net operating profits and total capital to estimate the EACC at both the individual company and industry-wide levels. Estimates of the EACC and rolling quarterly forecasts of future net operating profits for a single company, McDonald's, for its related industry, and for 57 other U.S. industries are compared to five conventional “textbook” estimates of the weighted average cost of capital published by Ibbotson Associates. The authors find that the EACC yields forecasts of future net operating profit after taxes that compare favorably to those of the five published measures of the weighted average cost of capital, as well as the average and median of these measures.
Identification of the Psychiatric Resident at Risk for Suicide

Records of the application interviews of four psychiatric residents ultimately known or suspected of having committed suicide and 110 randomly selected residents were retrospectively reviewed. An operational definition of an abnormal mental status exam was devised which was positive in three of the four residents who suicided but in only five of the 110 randomly selected resident applicants. This is significant at the 0.0001 level by Chisquare analysis.
Reminiscences of Oak Ridge

Publisher Summary The chapter presents reminiscences of oak ridge. It also presents an introduction to the high-speed digital computer in Oak Ridge. In August 1949, the second national meeting of the association for computing machinery (ACM) was hosted with a total attendance of about 150. Among the activities of the development of numerical analysis, were the organizing of several important symposia during the late 1940s, and that on matrices by Olga Taussky in 1951. The author was also involved in the development of numerical analysis during his tenure. The chapter discusses the Jacobi method for finding eigenvalues of symmetric matrices at various symposiums. At the ACM meeting at Urbana in 1958, the “Householder matrices,” was introduced and it was suggested that it could be used to reduce computation in the Givens method, and also the unitary triangularization in the course of matrix inversion.
Coherent imaging of laser-plasma interactions using high-harmonic EUV Light

We demonstrate that light generated using high-harmonic conversion in waveguides has very high spatial coherence at 30 nm and 13nm. Using this light source, we demonstrate EUV images of the explosion of a micron-size water droplet illuminated by an intense femtosecond laser using an all-reflective, double-multilayer mirror setup and a CCD camera as an image recording device.
Recognition and treatment of chlamydial infections from birth to adolescence.

The “silent epidemic” of Chlamydia trachomatis threatens to cause reproductive damage and infertility in many of the 50 million women who acquire it each year. Female reproductive tract infection has more recently been linked to stillbirth and premature delivery. Innate immune cells and mediators appear to be the primary players in pathogenesis, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in disease development. Although adaptive antibody and CD4 T cell responses appear primarily protective, these responses are inefficient. Infections are frequently chronic as a result, and when infection is diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics, repeated infection is the rule. The lack of acute symptoms in many infected individuals contributes to the high prevalence of chlamydial infection. Although chronic sequelae are relatively rare in men, and many women sustain infection without developing pelvic inflammatory disease or chronic sequelae, the extremely high prevalence of chlamydial infection leads to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. A vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection, but given the difficulties of inducing a CD4 T cell memory response that can home quickly to the genital tract, induction of sterilizing immunity may not be possible. A vaccine that prevents disease by lowering bacterial burden and dampening production of tissue-damaging responses may be possible. Until an efficacious vaccine is developed, screening and treatment programs appear to be the best method of disease prevention.
Classification of Conduct Disorders

Classification involves setting up clear and explicit rules (i.e., criteria) for determining the presence of disorders, in our case conduct disorders. The actual use of a classification system to determine if a disorder is present in a particular child or adolescent is the process of diagnosis. There are many important issues involved in developing and using classification systems for making psychiatric diagnoses and these issues have been the subject of many interesting and clinically important articles (e.g., Blashfield & Livesley, 1991; Morey, 1991). As mentioned, the process of diagnosis is an unavoidable part of clinical practice. In almost every clinical setting, clinicians make decisions about whether or not a child’s behavior should be considered “disordered” and in need of treatment. Classification systems provide a clear and explicit method for making these decisions, so that there is some consistency in the diagnostic process across different clinicians. Given the importance of the diagnostic process to clinical practice, it is essential that clinicians appreciate the complexities involved in classifying children and adolescents with conduct disorders.
The Effects of Collaborative Video Production on Situational Interest of Elementary School Students

The purpose of this study was to determine how Collaborative Video Production (CVP) influences students’ perceived learning, content interest, and school interest. The theoretical framework is based on the Four Phase Interest Model developed by Renninger and Hidi (2016). The sample consisted of 242 students and 13 teachers representing grades 2 through 5. Results of this convergent parallel mixed methods study (Creswell and Plano Clark 2011) suggest CVP had a positive influence on perceived learning, content interest, and school interest for second grade through fifth grade students. The presence of Phase 1: triggered situational interest, and Phase 2: maintained situational interest as described by Renninger and Hidi (2016) were evident in the results. Students and teachers also described CVP as having a positive influence on the learning environment.
Health Savings Account Ownership and Financial Barriers to Health Care: What Social Workers Should Know.

Over a decade ago, Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) were deemed contrary to social work values, leading to greater inequality in access to health care. Using data from the 2015 National Health Interv...
Production, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of adeno-associated virus serotype 1.

Crystals of baculovirus-expressed adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) capsids have been grown in the rhombohedral space group R32 (unit-cell parameters a = 254.7 A, α = 62.3°) and shown to diffract X-rays to at least 2.5 A resolution. The diffraction data were subsequently processed and reduced with an overall R sym of 12.3% and a completeness of 89.0%. Based on the unit-cell volume, rotation-function and translation-function results and packing considerations, there is one virus capsid (60 viral proteins) per unit cell and there are ten viral proteins per crystallographic asymmetric unit. The AAV1 capsid shares both the twofold and threefold crystallographic symmetry operators. The AAV1 data have been initially phased using a polyalanine model (based on the crystal structure of AAV4) to 4.0 A resolution and the structure determination and refinement is in progress using tenfold noncrystallographic symmetry electron-density averaging.
Cuckoo’s Malware Threat Scoring and Classification: Friend or Foe?

Malware threat classification involves understanding the behavior of the malicious software and how it affects a victim host system. Classifying threats allows for measured response appropriate to the risk involved. Malware incident response depends on many automated tools for the classification of threat to help identify the appropriate reaction to a threat alert. Cuckoo Sandbox is one such tool which can be used for automated analysis of malware and one method of threat classification provided is a threat score. A security analyst might submit a suspicious file to Cuckoo for analysis to determine whether or not the file contains malware or performs potentially malicious behavior on a system. Cuckoo is capable of producing a report of this behavior and ranks the severity of the observed actions as a score from one to ten, with ten being the most severe. As such, a malware sample classified as an 8 would likely take priority over a sample classified as a 3. Unfortunately, this scoring classification can be misleading due to the underlying methodology of severity classification. In this paper we demonstrate why the current methodology of threat scoring is flawed and therefore we believe it can be improved with greater emphasis on analyzing the behavior of the malware. This allows for a threat classification rating which scales with the risk involved in the malware behavior.
Extranodal extension is a strong prognosticator in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To comprehensively examine the prognostic significance of extranodal extension (ENE) in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-positive OPSCC). METHODS Retrospective cohort of cases diagnosed with HPV-positive OPSCC from 2010 to 2015 in the National Cancer Database. Inclusion of all OPSCC HPV-positive cases with appropriate International Classification of Diseases-0-3 codes that received surgery with a neck dissection. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Hazard ratios (HR) for the independent effects of ENE and N stage on overall survival were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Cases that were ENE-negative had the highest 5-year survival (92.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.5%-94.7%). ENE-positive cases had the lowest 5-year survival (84.0%; 95% CI: 80.7%-87.4%). After adjusting for confounding variables, ENE-positivity was associated with almost twice the hazard of death (HR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.35-2.67) compared to ENE-negative cases. Nodal (N) category 1, ENE-positive status was associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.26-2.80) compared with N1, ENE-negative status. Compared to N1/ENE-negative cases, N2/ENE-positive cases had the poorest survival (HR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.94-4.43). Both microscopic and macroscopic ENE were associated with worse outcomes compared to node-positive/ENE-negative status. CONCLUSION The implementation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging system provides a much-improved framework to develop and discuss treatment plans for HPV-positive OPSCC. We feel that careful consideration should be given to the importance of ENE in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:939-945, 2020.
Nominal Realism in Congenitally Blind Children

To add to our understanding of language and cognition in congenitally blind children, the notion of nominal realism was probed. Subjects responded to questions regarding the origin of object names ...
People of Filipino Heritage

Filipinos, predominantly of Malayan ancestry, have been influenced by the neighboring Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Indonesian, Malaysian, and Islamic cultures and by influences from Spanish and American colonization. The Philippine archipelago consists of 7107 islands. The tropical climate is suitable for year-round agriculture and fishing, but it is affected by the seasonal northeast and southwest monsoons.