cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Price Policy in the Context of Economic Development

A GRICULTURAL price policy is a means for influencing the develAf\^ opment and allocation of resources to society's objectives of growth and equitable distribution of income. Formulation of agricultural price policy is complicated by the multiplicity of often conflicting functions that price performs, including: (1) allocation of resources between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors; (2) allocation of resources within agriculture; (3) generation of additional resources for growth, particularly capital; and (4) distribution of income amongst regions, sectors, and income groups [8,9,10]. Agricultural price policy is of particular importance with respect to income distribution because agriculture produces the consumer goods that comprise the bulk of expenditure by low income people [1]. Even though agriculture is primarily a consumer goods producing industry, agricultural prices affect capital formation by their influence on distribution of income, industrial profits, and government net revenues [1, 6]. With respect to efficient allocation of resources, it must be remembered that the personnel and structure for administering price policy are also scarce resources that must be allocated efficiently. This places an important restraint on choice of optimal price policy. Finally, the actual price policy chosen will reflect the state of knowledge concerning the various variables. Uncertainty regarding the effects and objectives of price policy will normally necessitate adoption of policy different from those which would be preferable under conditions of certainty. Agricultural price policy delineated in this paper assumes three prime characteristics of a country's economy: (1) that it is a low income country, with a small capital stock, a small capacity to save, a small supply of administrative talent, limited administrative structures, and a small command of financial resources by government; (2) that the requisites have been met for moderately rapid technological change in agriculture with
Quality of cantaloupe muskmelons: Variability and attributes

Abstract Sensory evaluations of 2 cultivars of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) at the eating-ripeness stage indicated considerable variations in quality. Soluble solids, flesh firmness, rind resistance and volatile flavor components also varied. Mechanical devices for testing tissue texture correlated well with sensory evaluations. There was low correlation between total volatiles determined by gas chromatography and aroma. However, differences were noted in the production of volatile compounds between melons. Statistical analysis of the data indicated low correlation between eating-quality and soluble solids content. Sweetness was the most important attribute in the determination of eating-quality.
Characterization and Function of Histamine Receptors in Corpus Cavernosum

ABSTRACTWidespread clinical use of H sub 2 antagonists for peptic ulcer disease has been associated with reports of impotence. Histamine is a vasoactive amine which is endogenously produced in many organs including the penis. To date, 3 histamine receptor subtypes (H1, H2 and H3) have been identified. However, the role and function of histamine in the corpus cavernosal physiology are poorly understood. This study evaluates the in vitro functional characteristics of the 3 histamine receptor subtypes in the isolated corpus cavernosal strips from New Zealand White rabbits. The isometric responses to histamine and specific histamine receptor subtype agonists were assessed, following cyclooxygenase (indomethacin, 10 sup -5 M.), adrenergic (guanethidine, 5 x 10 sup -6 M.) and cholinergic (atropine, 5 x 10 sup -6 M.) blockade, at resting tension and after submaximal precontraction with norepinephrine (NE, 2 x 10 sup -5 M.). Histamine (10 sup -8 M. to 10 sup -3 M.) produced concentration-dependent contraction fro...
Vision Health Disparities in the United States by Race/Ethnicity, Education, and Economic Status: Findings From Two Nationally Representative Surveys

Purpose To assess vision health disparities in the United States by race/ethnicity, education, and economic status. Design Cross-sectional, nationally representative samples. Methods We used national survey data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Main outcome measures included, from NHANES, age-related eye diseases (ie, age-related macular degeneration [AMD], cataract, diabetic retinopathy [DR], glaucoma) and from NHIS, eye care use (ie, eye doctor visits and cannot afford eyeglasses when needed) among those with self-reported visual impairment. The estimates were age- and sex-standardized to the 2000 US Census population. Linear trends in the estimates were assessed by weighted least squares regression. Results Non-Hispanic whites had a higher prevalence of AMD and cataract surgery than non-Hispanic blacks, but a lower prevalence of DR and glaucoma (all P high school) and lower income (poverty income ratio [PIR] Conclusions Observed vision health disparities suggest a need for educational and innovative interventions among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.
Genetic control of ribosome assembly.

The assembly of E. coli ribosomes has been studied through the analysis of a new group of ribosome maturation mutants. These mutants, all blocked in a late stage in the maturation of 50S ribosomes, map at four different sites on the chromosome. These sites are distant from the known ribosomal protein sites at the str-aro E region of the chromosome. The ribosome precursor particles of the mutants contain precursor-type 23S RNA (p23 RNA) and 5S RNA. 43S particles of one of the mutants contain all but one of the normal complement of proteins. Precursor 43S particles from this mutant can be converted to particles with sedimentation values around 50S by incubation with extracts from either the wild-type organism or from other mutants. This in vitro conversion process differs considerably from the process of ribosome reconstitution and indicates a role for extrinsic factors in the maturation of E. coli ribosomes.
DECREASED CYTOKINE PRODUCTION FROM HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS(PBMCs) BY FUROSEMIDE. 77

Inhaled furosemide (FUR) has been demonstrated to inhibit bronchoconstriction induced by bronchial challenges in asthmatic subjects. The mechanism of action is not known, but may be anti-inflammatory. PBMCs from 25 normal subjects were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and pretreated with varying concentrations of FUR before LPS (10μg/ml) was added. The cells (1×106 cells/ml) were then incubated at 37°C for 2 days and supernatants analyzed for various cytokines by ELISA kits: IL-6(Genzyme), IL-8 (Amersham), and TNF-α (Biosource). FUR inhibited production of all three cytokines at concentrations between 2.5 and 5 mg/ml. TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced by 71% (p=0.001) and 56% (p=0.02), respectively, at a FUR concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, and undetected amounts at 2.5 mg/ml (for TNF p<0.001) and 5.0 mg/ml (for IL-6, p=0.002). IL-8 production was reduced by 78% (p<0.001) and 89% (p<0.001) at FUR 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml, respectively. (There were high levels of IL-8 which were consitutively produced and were not effected by FUR.)Figure
RAPID APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS FOR ADSORPTION BED CONCENTRATION PROFILE AND BREAKTHROUGH CURVE BEHAVIOR: FAVORABLE ISOTHERMS AND BOTH PHASE RESISTANCES IMPORTANT

A simple method is presented for determining fluid-phase and solid-phase solute concentration profiles, and solute breakthrough curves, for fixed bed adsorbers when both the fluid-phase and solid-phase mass transfer resistances are important. The method applies to any nonlinear isotherm of the “favorable” type. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms are used as specific examples in the present paper. Constant-pattern behavior and linear-driving-force rate laws are assumed.
How to Divide a Territory? A New Simple Differential Formalism for Optimization of Set Functions

In many practical problems, we must optimize a set function, i.e., find a set A for which f(A) → max, where f is a function defined on the class of sets. Such problems appear in design, in image processing, in game theory, etc. Most optimization problems can be solved (or at least simplified) by using the fact that small deviations from an optimal solution can only decrease the value of the objective function; as a result, some derivative must be equal to 0. This approach has been successfully used, e.g., for set functions in which the desired set A is a shape, i.e., a smooth (or piece-wise smooth) surface. In some real-life problems, in particular, in the territorial division problem, the existing methods are not directly applicable. For such problems, we design a new simple differential formalism for optimizing set functions.
A Synopsis of Learning to Recognize Names Across Languages

The development of natural language processing (NLP) systems that perform machine translation (MT) and information retrieval (IR) has highlighted the need for the automatic recognition of proper names. While various name recognizers have been developed, they suffer from being too limited; some only recognize one name class, and all are language specific. This work develops an approach to multilingual name recognition that uses machine learning and a portable framework to simplify the porting task by maximizing reuse and automation.
In the long run, healthcare costs appear to be related to overweight and obesity at younger ages.

Overweight and obesity are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and noncardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, and shorter life expectancy. Despite declines in prevalence of other key major cardiovascular disease risk factors, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions and it continues to rise. This has implications for future Medicare expenditures. Recent findings indicate that irrespective of interim changes in weight, being overweight or obese in young adulthood and middle age is significantly and positively associated with higher average annual and cumulative cardiovascular disease-related and total Medicare charges in older age. However, the prevention and control of overweight and obesity has proven difficult due to overconsumption of calorie-dense foods, sedentary lifestyles, and insufficient and ineffective treatment options. Clinicians should emphasize weight management strategies for all patients and public health authorities should imple...
Wives' Orientation Toward Breadwinning Sweden and the United States

In both Sweden and the United States, married women have the right to seek employment outside the home. American wives, however, are regarded as having the option of employment, while Swedish wives are urged to see themselves as obligated to bring in family income. The purpose of this article is to report research findings on the breadwinning orientation of Swedish and American working wives. Comparisons are made to see if Swedish wives have in fact adopted the breadwinning role more than their American counterparts. Factors associated with variations in employed wives' breadwinning orientation are also explored.
Joint phase/amplitude estimation and symbol detection for wireless ICI self-cancellation coded OFDM systems

OFDM has been applied in the current wireless local-area networks and digital video broadcasting systems since it has the advantage over the conventional single-carrier modulation schemes when the frequency-selective fadings are present. Nevertheless, intercarrier-interference (ICI) due to Doppler frequency drift, phase offset, local oscillator frequency drift, and multipath fading will be a severe problem in OFDM systems. Previous ICI self-cancellation coding schemes can greatly reduce the ICI, but they are very sensitive to the phase ambiguity, which is due to the composite effect of the phase offset, the multipath fading and the local frequency drift. In this paper, the phase ambiguity and amplitude ambiguity problems in ICI self-cancellation coded OFDM receivers will be formulated and discussed. Then, a novel receiver which combines the current ICI self-cancellation coding techniques with a new expectation-maximization-based joint phase/amplitude estimation and symbol detection scheme is proposed. The outstanding performance of this proposed scheme is shown and compared with other existing methods at different noise levels through OFDM simulations.
Translation rate is controlled by coupled trade-offs between site accessibility, selective RNA unfolding and sliding at upstream standby sites

The ribosome’s interactions with mRNA govern its translation rate and the effects of post-transcriptional regulation. Long, structured 5 0 untranslated regions (5 0 UTRs) are commonly found in bacterial mRNAs, though the physical mechanisms that determine how the ribosome binds these upstream regions remain poorly defined. Here, we systematically investigate the ribosome’s interactions with structured standby sites, upstream of Shine– Dalgarno sequences, and show that these interactions can modulate translation initiation rates by over 100-fold. We find that an mRNA’s translation initiation rate is controlled by the amount of single-stranded surface area, the partial unfolding of RNA structures to minimize the ribosome’s binding free energy penalty, the absence of cooperative binding and the potential for ribosomal sliding. We develop a biophysical model employing thermodynamic first principles and a fourparameter free energy model to accurately predict the ribosome’s translation initiation rates for 136 synthetic 5 0 UTRs with large structures, diverse shapes and multiple standby site modules. The model predicts and experiments confirm that the ribosome can readily bind distant standby site modules that support high translation rates, providing a physical mechanism for observed context effects and long-range post-transcriptional regulation.
Ultrasound-guided injections of the knee and hip joints

Intra-articular knee and hip injections have been a mainstay for the treatment of peripheral joint pain. Although these injections are routinely performed using a blind technique, when compared with fluoroscopically guided injections, reported accuracy of needle placement is highly variable. Ultrasound (US)-guided injections provide a reasonable alternative for ensuring accurate, intra-articular needle placement, without the risks associated with radiation exposure from fluoroscopy. This article presents suitable techniques for performing US-guided intra-articular knee and hip injections. With appropriate training, it would be feasible for physicians to incorporate US-guided injections into their clinical practices.
Wave packet studies of dissociative recombination

Wave packet methods, that is, numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation, are standard techniques in the study of the dynamics of chemical reactions. We have used these techniques with great success in the calculation of cross sections for dissociative recombination (DR) and dissociative excitation of molecular ions by electron impact. In this paper, we will outline the basic method and highlight two areas where the wave packet method has been shown to be robust. The first is in the determination of branching ratios into final states. This will be illustrated by the examples of ion-pair formation in HD+ and the branching ratios for final states produced in the dissociative recombination of HeH+ with low energy electrons. The second is the applicability of the method to polyatomic systems. This will be illustrated by the example of the dissociative recombination of the water ion.
The Problem of Budgetary Overload A Comment on Najjar's Proposal

Although reforming the budget process is an attractive vehicle for achieving many ends, most reforms fall short because the budget process and budget personnel are overloaded by the demands of the reforms. The prospect for Najjar's proposal to use the budget mechanism to further the delimitative society is dim because the budgetary process is already burdened by uncontrollable spending, largely fixed by the values of budget-related personnel, and would be overloaded by usurping a political function.
Computing in High Energy Physics

In this review, the computing challenges facing the current and next generation of high energy physics experiments will be discussed. High energy physics computing represents an interesting infrastructure challenge as the use of large-scale commodity computing clusters has increased. The causes and ramifications of these infrastructure challenges will be outlined. Increasing requirements, limited physical infrastructure at computing facilities, and limited budgets have driven many experiments to deploy distributed computing solutions to meet the growing computing needs for analysis reconstruction, and simulation. The current generation of experiments have developed and integrated a number of solutions to facilitate distributed computing. The current work of the running experiments gives an insight into the challenges that will be faced by the next generation of experiments and the infrastructure that will be needed.
The lipid composition of the blood of marine mammals—II. Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus and two species of seals, Halichoerus grypus and Phoca vitulina

Abstract 1. 1. The blood lipids of four mature Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, two young grey seals and one harbor seals were analyzed. 2. 2. Cholesterol esters constituted the major lipid in the plasma of both dolphins and seals. 3. 3. The plasma phospholipid compositions were similar in both species of seal while the plasma phospholipid compositions in the dolphin had reduced amounts of phosphatidyl choline and elevated sphingomyelin compared to the seal samples. 4. 4. The erythrocyte lipid consisted of cholesterol, glycosphingolipids and phospholipids. 5. 5. In the red cells of both the seals and dolphins the major components present were sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, although in somewhat different proportions.
A Hierarchical Object Recognition System Based on Multi-scale Principal Curvature Regions

This paper proposes a new generic object recognition system based on multi-scale affine-invariant image regions. Image segments are obtained by a watershed transform of the principal curvature of a contrast enhanced image. Each region is described by an intensity-based statistical descriptor and a PCA-SIFT descriptor. The spatial relations between regions are represented by a cluster-index distribution histogram. With these new descriptors, we develop a hierarchical object recognition system which uses an improved boosting feature selection method (Opelt et al., 2004) to construct layer classifiers by automatically selecting the most discriminative features in each layer. All layer classifiers are then combined to give the final classification. This system is tested on various object recognition problems. Experimental results show that the new hierarchical system outperforms the comparable solutions on most of the datasets tested
Stereotactic radiosurgery for single brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: progression of extracranial disease correlates with distant intracranial failure

Background: Limited data exist regarding management of patients with a single brain lesion with extracranial disease due to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Eighty-eight consecutive patients with a single brain lesion from NSCLC in the presence of extracranial disease were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone. Local control (LC), distant intracranial failure (DIF), overall survival (OS), and toxicity were assessed. The logrank test was used to identify prognostic variables. Results: Median OS was 10.6 months. One-year DIF was 61%; LC 89%. Treatments were delivered in 1-5 fractions to median BED10= 60Gy. Five patients developed radionecrosis. Factors associated with shortened OS included poor performance status (PS) (p = 0.0002) and higher Recursive Partitioning Analysis class (p = 0.017). For patients with PS 0, median survival was 22 months. DIF was associated with systemic disease status (progressive vs. stable) (p = 0.0001), as was BED (p = 0.021) on univariate analysis, but only systemic disease (p = 0.0008) on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: This study identifies a patient population that may have durable intracranial control after treatment with SRS alone. These data support the need for prospective studies to optimize patient selection for up-front SRS and to characterize the impact of DIF on patients’ quality of life.
Approximate linearized inversion by optimal scaling of prestack depth migration

Linearized inversion provides one possible sense of image amplitude correctness. An image or bandlimited model perturbation has correct amplitudes if it is an approximate inversion, that is, if linearized modeling (demigration), with the image as input, reproduces the data approximately. The theory of linearized acoustic inverse scattering with slowly varying background or macromodel shows that an approximate inversion may be recovered from the output of prestack depth migration by a combination of scaling and filtering. The necessary filter is completely specified by the theory, and the scale factor may be estimated via filtering, linearized modeling, a second migration, and the solution of a small auxiliary inverse problem.
NFAT1 supports tumor-induced anergy of CD4+ T cells

Cancer cells express antigens that elicit T cell-mediated responses, but these responses are limited during malignant progression by the development of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that drive immune escape. T-cell hyporesponsiveness can be caused by clonal anergy or adaptive tolerance, but the pathophysiological roles of these processes in specific tumor contexts has yet to be understood. In CD4+ T cells, clonal anergy occurs when the T-cell receptor is activated in the absence of a costimulatory signal. Here we report that the key T-cell transcription factor NFAT mediates expression of anergy-associated genes in the context of cancer. Specifically, in a murine model of melanoma, we found that cancer cells induced anergy in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell populations, resulting in defective production of several key effector cytokines. NFAT1 deficiency blunted the induction of anergy in tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, enhancing antitumor responses. These investigations identified tumor-induced T-cell hyporesponsiveness as a form of clonal anergy, and they supported an important role for CD4+ T-cell anergy in driving immune escape. By illustrating the dependence of tumor-induced CD4+ T-cell anergy on NFAT1, our findings open the possibility of targeting this transcription factor to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy.
On the decreasing significance of large standard cells in technology mapping

Technology scaling reduces gate delays while wire delays may increase. Our work studies the interaction of this phenomenon with technology mapping and its impact on modern EDA flows. In particular, we demonstrate that the use of larger standard cells increases the number of long wires and may undermine circuit delay optimization at 65 nm and below. Experiments with 130 nm, 90 nm, 65 nm, and 45 nm industrial CMOS technology suggest that limiting the use of larger standard cells in technology mapping becomes more effective at 65 nm and 45 nm node, resulting in up to 12% improvement in critical path delay on large benchmark circuits.
Political Party Affiliation and Judges' Decisions

Several scholars within the public law field of political science have compiled data on differences in the backgrounds of American judges, but without attempting to correlate these characteristics with differences in the decisions of the judges. Other scholars have compiled data on the different decisional tendencies of American judges, but again without correlating these tendencies with differences in the backgrounds of the judiciary.The first purpose of this paper is to explore the empirical relationships between one background characteristic and fifteen areas of judicial decision-making. Political party affiliation was chosen as the one background characteristic because it is of particular interest to political scientists, and is an especially useful indicator for predicting how judges on bipartisan appellate courts will divide when they do not agree. The second purpose is to explore empirically the effectiveness of three judicial reforms (judicial appointment, non-partisan ballot, and long term of office) which are frequently advocated as means of decreasing partisan influences in judicial decisions.
Deceased-donor kidney transplantation: improvement in long-term survival

Background. Despite marked improvement in short-term renal allograft survival rates (GSR) in recent years, improvement in long-term GSR remained elusive. Methods. We analysed the kidney transplant experience at our centre accrued over four decades to evaluate how short-term and long-term GSR had changed and to identify risk factors affecting graft survival. The study included 1476 adult recipients of a deceased-donor kidney transplant who were transplanted between 1963 and 2006 and who had received one of five distinct immunosuppressive protocols. Results. Five-year actual GSR steadily improved over the years as immunosuppressive therapy evolved (22–86%, P < 0.001) in spite of an increasing trend in the transplantation of higher-risk donor–recipient pairings. For those whose grafts functioned for the first year, subsequent 4-year GSR (5-year conditional GSR) also improved significantly (63–92%, P < 0.001). Acute rejection and delayed graft function (DGF) were the most significant risk factors for actual graft survival, while acute rejection was the only significant risk factor for conditional GSR. Use of kidneys from expanded-criteria donors (ECD) was not a risk factor, compared to the use of standard-criteria donor kidneys for either 5-year actual or conditional GSR. There was an impressive decline in the incidence of acute rejection events (77.4–5.8%, P < 0.001). While the DGF rate had decreased, it still remained high (68.7–38.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusions. We found a significant improvement in both short-term and long-term GSR of deceased-donor kidney transplants over the last four decades. These improvements are most likely related to the decreased incidence of acute rejection episodes. Minimizing acute rejection events and preventing DGF could result in further improvement in the GSR. Our experience in the judicious use of ECD kidneys suggests that this source of kidneys could be expanded further.
On the Approximation of the Coriolis Terms in C-Grid Models

Abstract A new representation of the Coriolis terms on the Arakawa C grid is proposed. The approximation dumps the grid-scale noise that arises because of spatial averaging of the Coriolis terms when the grid spacing is larger than the deformation radius. The proposed approximation can also be applied in C-grid schemes with semi-implicit treatment of the Coriolis terms. The new scheme is analyzed in the context of the linear inertial–gravity waves and its advantageous behavior is demonstrated with respect to the conventional technique.
The mammary gland

The breasts are specialized skin glands which undergo maturational changes at puberty but only achieve full structural and functional development during lactation. The structural and physiological status of these glands usually is in excellent agreement with the age, reproductive stage and hormonal balance of the individual. In mature, non-pregnant women each breast contains 15–20 lobes radiating from the nipple or mammary papilla. Each lobe is an independent gland containing an arborizing duct system. The ducts converge to form a single lactiferous duct that dilates to form a lactiferous sinus and then narrows as it opens onto the nipple. Dense irregular connective tissue occurs between lobes. Loose, moderately cellular connective tissue subdivides the lobes into lobules, the basic structural units. Ducts (i.e., primary/lactiferous, secondary/interlobular and tertiary/intralobular) are the chief epithelial components. Most ducts contain bi-layered, stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium. There are two cells types, glandular and myoepithelial.
Updating temperature monitoring on reciprocating compressor connecting rods to improve reliability

Abstract In recent years, formerly depleted domestic oil fields have become producers once again through tertiary oil recovery. In tertiary oil recovery, water and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) are alternatively injected into reservoirs through injection wells. This raises the field pressure and forces oil to producing wells where it is then pumped to a storage tank referred to as a battery. This paper is focused on an operating division in the Permian Basin (USA). The CO 2 is acquired from underground domes in Colorado and then transferred through pipelines to oil fields in West Texas and New Mexico. The compressors are used to move CO 2 and boost the gas to the required field pressure, usually around 2,200 psig. Reciprocating compressors are flexible and able to handle wide capacity and condition swings, offer an efficient method of compressing almost any gas composition in a wide range of pressures and have numerous applications and wide power ratings. This makes them a vital component in various industrial facilities. Condition monitoring of critical rotating machinery is widely accepted by operators of centrifugal compressors. However, condition monitoring of reciprocating machinery such as compressors and internal combustion engines has not received the same degree of acceptance. This paper examines the reliability impact as a result of upgrading the temperature monitoring devices on the connecting rods of electric driven reciprocating compressors. A cost analysis is also presented to demonstrate that the upgrade in hardware and software will eventually yield a saving in the operating cost.
Crop domestication and the evolutionary ecology of cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal)

Of approximately 200,000 species of flowering plants, perhaps 3000 are eaten as food. About 200 species have been domesticated as crops, and of these, only 15–20 are now of major importance (Heiser, 1973; NAS, 1972). Despite this statistical minority of domesticated crops, few activities have so changed the history of the human race as has crop domestication.
Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Regulation of Myogenesis

Rapid and efficient deposition of muscle tissue is the primary goal of meat- animal production. Because numerous events that occur during embryonic de- velopment influence the number, size, and type of muscle fibers present in a particular muscle, alterations in the timing or the duration of these events could potentially result in changes in muscle mass or efficiency of muscle deposition in the postnatal animal. Thus, an increased knowledge of the mechanism and regulation of myogenesis, the embryonic development of muscle, is potentially of great significance to our ultimate goal of understanding and regulating mus- cle growth. The aim of this chapter is to briefly describe the events that occur during myogenesis and to discuss the factors that may regulate this process.
Anion-directed self-assembly of a 2,6-bis(2-anilinoethynyl)pyridine bis(amide) scaffold

Bis(sulfonamide) receptors based on the 2,6-bis(2-anilinoethynyl)pyridine scaffold form persistent dimers with water and halides in solution and in the solid-state. The structurally related bis(amide) receptor derived from 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride is a dimer in the solid-state with two HCl molecules directing the self-assembly. The 2+2 dimer, with a twisted ‘S’-shaped backbone, is held together by six hydrogen bonds. Dissolution of the (H2+√Cl − )2 adduct in CHCl3 results, however, in a monomeric structure. DOSY and 1H NMR experiments were used to identify the dominance of monomer in solution for both 2 and H2+√Cl − . The ‘OFF–ON’ fluorescence response of 2,6-bis(2-anilinoethynyl)pyridine is retained with amide arms.
Why are native annual abundances low in invaded grasslands? Testing the effects of competition and seed limitation

Competitive suppression of native species has long been considered among the most important mechanisms allowing exotic plants to dominate some communities, but recent work has focused attention on the potential role of native seed limitation. We tested effects of competition from exotic annual grasses and seed limitation on the abundances of four native annual plants in invaded southern California grassland for two different years. Both initial responses and effects still present 1–3 years later were measured. In the wetter year of 2006, all four native species (Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia, Phacelia distans, Camissonia bistorta and Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera) increased in abundance with exotic grass removal, and two (Clarkia and Camissonia) responded significantly to seed addition. We observed limited treatment effects during the much drier growing season of 2007. By 2008–2009, any initial effects of exotic grass removal had disappeared. However, for both the 2006 and 2007 experiments seeding significantly increased native cover in 2009, independent of initial grass removal. Abundances of both Amsinckia and Phacelia, but not Camissonia or Clarkia, were significantly higher in seeded plots during 2008–2009. These delayed responses may have resulted from seed dormancy. Our results support the importance of both competition with exotics and seed limitation in determining native annual community composition of California grasslands. An interesting future question is whether traits related to resource use or germination phenology may predict differences in native species interactions with exotic grasses.
In Vivo Transport of Water and Electrolytes in the Infant Rat Small Intestine

SummaryUsing an in vivo onepass perfusion technique, transport of water (H2O), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3) and potassium (K) was studied in segments of the jejunum and ileum in normally growing 2-, 3- and 8-week-old rats. From solutions containing in mmole/1, NaCl 120, KCl 5, NaHCO3 25, Phenol Red 100 μmoles, glucose 0 or 15 and mannitol 25 or 10, quantitative differences in the net transport rates (μmoles/hr per g dry weight of segment) were observed. In general permeability of the epithelium of the perfused segments to H2O, Cl, HCO3 and K appeared to be greater in the 2 than in the 8-week-old rats. Glucose had the expected effect of enhancing absorption rates of water and Na in the segments of the rats at all three age periods.
Uncommon commonalities: Cosmopolitan ethics as a framework for music education policy analysis

ABSTRACTContemporary American education policy rhetoric is problematic because its authors’ assertions, particularly those about the goals of education, frequently conflict with their implied moral and/or ethical commitments. This philosophical policy analysis uses Appiah's cosmopolitan principles to examine the ethical implications of current education and music education policy discourse and practice. While education policy rhetoric promoting the fulfillment of basic human needs through employment aligns with one aspect of the cosmopolitan principle of universal concern, policy makers’ assertions about unbridled economic competition contradicts cosmopolitans’ concern for all individuals. Contemporary education and music education policies that enable teachers to have freedom in selecting content and instructional practices reinforce the cosmopolitan principle of respect for legitimate difference, but discourse and action emphasizing standardization, including standardized outcomes, conflicts with the co...
Discussion on Reasonable Connect:Electronic Prescription Dispensing Outside and Drug Electronic Supervision Platform

OBJECTIVE:To explore the feasibility of electronic prescription dispensing outside management and to find a solution for nonstandard retail prescription drug based on drug electronic supervision platform in China. METHODS:According to theory analysis and on-the-spot investigation,combined with the feature analysis of drug electronic supervision and electronic prescription,the feasibility of standard electronic prescription dispensed outside was discussed. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS:Based on market demand,policy support and the defects of paper prescription dispensing outside,electronic prescription dispensed outside is required for prescription drugs in China;drug electronic supervision is similar to the electronic prescription dispensed outside in respect of object,method and route. Based on the electronic supervision platform,the objects of traceable whole process of prescription and rational drug use can be achieved by electronic prescription dispensed outside.
Cultural exploration on desire——On theme of desire in Sun Hui-fen's novels

Due to the further maturity of the market economic system,the ordinary people's inside vulnerability is shattered,and their hidden desire is aroused,therefore,the balance of the usual serenity and harmony is broken.In this paper,the author analyzes the main topics of the works written by Chinese female writer Ms.Sun Hui-fen and tries to unfold the deeply disturbing impact of people's desire as well as how it is distorted,changed and purified .Besides,the author aims to reveal the profound upgrading of people's spirit behind the description of people's various desires.
Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy

Over 130 y have passed since Charles Darwin first discovered that the adventitious roots of English ivy (Hedera helix) exude a yellowish mucilage that promotes the capacity of this plant to climb vertical surfaces. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in elucidating the adhesion mechanisms underlying this high-strength adhesive. In the previous studies, spherical nanoparticles were observed in the viscous exudate. Here we show that these nanoparticles are predominantly composed of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a superfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present in the extracellular spaces of plant cells. The spheroidal shape of the AGP-rich ivy nanoparticles results in a low viscosity of the ivy adhesive, and thus a favorable wetting behavior on the surface of substrates. Meanwhile, calcium-driven electrostatic interactions among carboxyl groups of the AGPs and the pectic acids give rise to the cross-linking of the exuded adhesive substances, favor subsequent curing (hardening) via formation of an adhesive film, and eventually promote the generation of mechanical interlocking between the adventitious roots of English ivy and the surface of substrates. Inspired by these molecular events, a reconstructed ivy-mimetic adhesive composite was developed by integrating purified AGP-rich ivy nanoparticles with pectic polysaccharides and calcium ions. Information gained from the subsequent tensile tests, in turn, substantiated the proposed adhesion mechanisms underlying the ivy-derived adhesive. Given that AGPs and pectic polysaccharides are also observed in bioadhesives exuded by other climbing plants, the adhesion mechanisms revealed by English ivy may forward the progress toward understanding the general principles underlying diverse botanic adhesives.
Integration of 3D/4D Ultrasound in Teaching Medical Anatomy

Addition of interactive imaging modalities such as ultrasound within the teaching of anatomy may help facilitate student learning. Appreciating the stereostructural relationships (the particular spatial configurations) of the human body in 3D enables one to navigate cross sectional imaging anatomy. 3D/4D ultrasound imaging has been used successfully in the clinical arena, though the use within anatomical education in preclinical years of medical school has not been reported. This study aimed to gauge student perceptions on the value of supplementing a medical anatomy course with hands-on 3D/4D ultrasound imaging. First year medical students currently enrolled in medical anatomy had dissection laboratory sessions supplemented with 3D/4D ultrasound training to help assimilate their anatomical knowledge with clinical imaging. Prior to the training and after, students completed surveys utilizing Likert scale and write-in responses to gauge their experience with 3D/4D ultrasound imaging. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test. After training with 3D/4D ultrasound, students reported feeling comfortable performing and teaching 3D ultrasound imaging (4.06/5 and 3.9/5 respectively, with 5 translating to strongly agree). Additionally, students reported 3D/4D ultrasound allowed for better understanding of the relationship between structures within the human body (4.24/5), 3D/4D ultrasound is a useful instrument in learning anatomy (4.49/5), and that they would like to have further training with 3D/4D ultrasound in future courses (4.64/5). Students demonstrated proficiency in identifying organs and surrounding structures using 3D/4D ultrasonography and agreed that inclusion of 3D/4D ultrasonography within the anatomy course helped facilitate their learning of anatomy. This pilot study revealed student perception that 3D/4D ultrasound integration into the anatomy laboratory allows for an improved understanding of the relationship of structures within the human body.
Flame made nanoparticles permit processing of dense, flexible, Li+ conducting ceramic electrolyte thin films of cubic-Li7La3Zr2O12 (c-LLZO)

Ceramic electrolytes are proposed as key components in resolving challenges extant in developing next generation, high energy density Li batteries by replacing liquid electrolytes to improve safety and performance. Among numerous candidates, c-LLZO offers multiple desirable properties: high ionic conductivities (0.1–1 mS cm−1), Li stability, a wide electrochemical operating window (∼6 V) and pH stability (7–11.5). However, incorporation into prototype cells has yet to be demonstrated as c-LLZO membranes at thicknesses <50 μm have not been achieved. Processing dense, thin films matching bulk counterpart properties remains a very difficult target arising from energy and/or equipment intensive sintering, Li volatilization, and contamination from substrates. We show that using metalloorganic derived flame made nanoparticles can overcome these processing challenges resulting in a significantly reduced energy input required for densification, 10–40 fold shorter dwell times at sintering temperatures, compared to common solid state reaction derived c-LLZO. Furthermore, surface/volume ratios of the films are determined to be a critical factor affecting final microstructures and phase compositions of the sintered films. Through careful control of the processing variables, 10–15 grains thick, dense (94 ± 1%) c-LLZO thin (<30 μm), flexible films with high ambient ionic conductivities (0.2 ± 0.03 mS cm−1) are achieved using conventional casting–sintering of flame made nanoparticles. These c-LLZO membranes greatly increase the selection of complementary cell components and simplify battery configurations broadening opportunities for cell designs.
Psychological Spacetime: Implications of Relativity Theory for Time Perception

It has been an accepted scientific fact in physics for almost 100 years that time speeds up and slows down for an observer based on factors—such as motion and gravity—that affect space. Yet this fa...
Innovative framework to simulate the fate and transport of nonconservative constituents in urban combined sewer catchments

We have developed a probabilistic model to simulate the fate and transport of nonconservative constituents in urban watersheds. The approach implemented here extends previous studies that rely on the geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph concept to include nonconservative constituents. This is implemented with a factor χ that affects the transfer functions and therefore accounts for the loss (gain) of mass associated with the constituent as it travels through the watershed. Using this framework, we developed an analytical solution for the dynamics of dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in urban networks based on the Streeter and Phelps model. This model breaks down the catchment into a discreet number of possible flow paths through the system, requiring less data and implementation effort than well-established deterministic models. Application of the model to one sewer catchment in the Chicago area with available BOD information proved its ability to predict the BOD concentration observed in the measurements. In addition, comparison of the model with a calibrated Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) of another sewer catchment from the Chicago area showed that the model predicted the BOD concentration as well as the widely accepted SWMM. The developed model proved to be a suitable alternative to simulate the fate and transport of constituents in urban catchments with limited and uncertain input data.
Reconceptualizing Demeanor: The Implications of Civilian Procedurally Just Cooperation for Police Culture

This study revisits classic theoretical arguments regarding the broad effects of civilian demeanor on policing and extends associated findings. Our theoretical framework draws on the literatures on police culture, the group engagement model and fairness heuristic theory. We argue that demeanor should be conceptualized as the degree of procedural justice exhibited by civilians. Theoretically, procedurally just cooperation should influence officers’ adherence to police culture by affecting their social identification and assessments of civilians’ motives and moral deservingness. An analysis of data from a sample of police officers reveals that officers who perceive greater procedurally just cooperation feel less threatened by the public, are more willing to use procedural justice themselves, and are less supportive of a “tough cop” policing style.
UNUSUAL CASE OF INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA AFTER VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION: A CASE REPORT

Ventricular assist device (VAD) technology is being increasingly used for circulatory support and refractory heart failure. Known complications of VAD technology including bleeding and thrombosis. We report a rare case of acute mesenteric ischemia in a VAD patient, who was successfully treated with segmental small bowel resections.
Cell Phone Use While Driving: Prospective Association with Emerging Adult Use

Secondary task engagement such as cell phone use while driving is a common behavior among adolescents and emerging adults. Texting and other distracting cell phone use in this population contributes to the high rate of fatal car crashes. Peer engagement in similar risky driving behaviors, such as texting, could socially influence driver phone use behavior. The present study investigates the prospective association between peer and emerging adult texting while driving the first year after high school. Surveys were conducted with a national sample of emerging adults and their nominated peers. Binomial logistic regression analyses, adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and family affluence, showed that participants (n=212) with peers (n=675) who reported frequently texting while driving, were significantly more likely to text while driving the following year (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.19-7.59; P=0.05). The findings are consistent with the idea that peer texting behavior influences the prevalence of texting while driving among emerging adults.