cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pocket total dose meter

Laboratory measurements have demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously measure absorbed dose and dose equivalent using a single tissue equivalent proportional counter. Small, pocket sized instruments are being developed to determine dose equivalent as the worker is exposed to mixed field radiation. This paper describes the electronic circuitry and computer algorithms used to determine dose equivalent in these devices.
Ethanol intake under social circumstances or alone in sprague-dawley rats: impact of age, sex, social activity, and social anxiety-like behavior.

Background In human adolescents, heavy drinking is often predicted by high sociability in males and high social anxiety in females. This study assessed the impact of baseline levels of social activity and social anxiety-like behavior in group-housed adolescent and adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats on ethanol (EtOH) intake when drinking alone or in a social group. Methods Social activity and anxiety-like behavior initially were assessed in a modified social interaction test, followed by 6 drinking sessions that occurred every other day in animals given ad libitum food and water. Sessions consisted of 30-minute access to 10% EtOH in a “supersac” (3% sucrose + 0.1% saccharin) solution given alone as well as in groups of 5 same-sex littermates, with order of the alternating session types counterbalanced across animals. Results Adolescent males and adults of both sexes overall consumed more EtOH under social than alone circumstances, whereas adolescent females ingested more EtOH when alone. Highly socially active adolescent males demonstrated elevated levels of EtOH intake relative to their low and medium socially active counterparts when drinking in groups, but not when tested alone. Adolescent females with high levels of social anxiety-like behavior demonstrated the highest EtOH intake under social, but not alone circumstances. Among adults, baseline levels of social anxiety-like behavior did not contribute to individual differences in EtOH intake in either sex. Conclusions The results clearly demonstrate that in adolescent rats, but not their adult counterparts, responsiveness to a social peer predicts EtOH intake in a social setting—circumstances under which drinking typically occurs in human adolescents. High levels of social activity in males and high levels of social anxiety-like behavior in females were associated with elevated social drinking, suggesting that males ingest EtOH for its socially enhancing properties, whereas females ingest EtOH for its socially anxiolytic effects.
Developing web applications to evaluate mammography analysis algorithms

Algorithms involving the analysis of mammograms are an important part medical image analysis, seeing continued research and innovation. A problem with this research is that some test data do not have any ground truth. Creating a medium to where experts could judge the results of these algorithms could be beneficial to finding the best algorithms and to create some form of ground truth for data. The algorithms that are tested include ones to detect the boundary line and the pectoral muscle line. Creating some form of ground truth, even if it is not exact would make results from researched algorithms that much more concrete, making the research a more valuable addition to the field.
Viability Assessment of Turkey Sperm Using Fluorescent Staining and Flow Cytometry

Turkey sperm viability was evaluated using several fluorescent stains both singularly and in combination. Dilution curves and several extenders were used to determine optimal stain concentrations. Semen was collected from eight toms, pooled, diluted, stained, and evaluated microscopically within 2 h of collection. Replicates were assessed for both viable and nonviable sperm (green and red fluorescence, respectively) using flow cytometry. SYBR-14, which likely requires membrane potential for optimal fluorescence, or Calcein AM (CAL), which assesses the membrane integrity of cells (both green fluorescence), in combination with propidium iodide (PI) to stain the dead or degenerating cells (red fluorescence) provided optimal results. Sperm were killed by unprotected freeze-thawing to provide mixed aliquots containing known amounts of fresh:killed sperm. The percentage of viable sperm, as determined by SYBR-14 with PI or CAL with PI staining, were 76.6, 58.8, 39.3, 20.1, 8, and 73.5, 55.8, 36.0, 17.1, .4, respectively, for ratios of 100:0, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 of fresh:killed mixtures. Semen from 30 individual toms was collected on 2 d and examined in replicate using these staining combinations. The proportion of viable sperm, as indicated by uptake of SYBR-14 or CAL stain, ranged from 55.8 to 86.7 and 38.0 to 86.1, respectively. Staining combinations were effective in estimating the viability of turkey sperm and could be useful for monitoring sperm viability before and after storage.
Atomic and molecular processes at solid surfaces

Abstract Development of new techniques over the past 15 years permits the investigation of the structure, the composition, and reactivity of solid surfaces on the atomic scale. Our present knowledge of the structure of clean surfaces and of adsorbed monolayers as studied by low-energy electron diffraction is reviewed. Surface crystallography provides information on the nature of the surface chemical bond. Electron spectroscopy studies of the surface phase diagrams (surface composition vs bulk composition and temperature) of binary alloy systems are reviewed. The surfaced enrichement of one of the alloy constituents is commonly observed. The various thermodynamic and chemical variables that control the surface composition are discussed. The reactive scattering of molecular beams from surfaces reveals the kinetics and mechanisms of surface reactions. From the data the minimum surface residence times of the reactants and products and the partitioning of energy between the molecules and the surface are determined. The available experimental data are reviewed and the utility of this tecnique is demonstrated by discussion oif the H2-D2 exchange on platinum surfaces.
Extramammary Paget disease in peristomal skin: report of a unique case.

Purpose Extramammary Paget disease is a rare neoplasm most often found in the perianal area which can be primary in origin or secondary from underlying colorectal adenocarcinoma with epidermotropic spreading. However, the occurrence of extramammary Paget disease has not been described in peristomal skin.
Psychological Interventions for Cancer Patients to Enhance the Quality of Life

Although the thrust of the nation’s cancer objectives for the year 2000 is prevention and screening, each year approximately 1 million Americans are diagnosed and must cope with the disease and treatments. They do so with the aid of family, friends, and the health care system, but accumulating data suggest that psychological interventions may be important for reducing emotional distress, enhancing coping, and improving “adjustment.” Experimental and quasi-experimental studies of psychological interventions are reviewed, and discussion of treatment components and mechanism is offered. A final section discusses future research directions and challenges to scientific advance.
Closed form series solutions of boundary value problems with variable properties

Abstract A Fourier cum polynomial series solution scheme is presented herein which is applicable to a broad class of initial/boundary value problems in engineering mechanics. Special emphasis is given to those problems that are represented by linear partial or ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients and not amenable to exact analytic solutions. In the proposed approach, the coefficients of the polynomials are simultaneously solved as functions of the undetermined Fourier coefficients by satisfying the initial/boundary conditions. A Fourier series expansion of the variable coefficients and application of orthogonality conditions leads to the evaluation of the undetermined Fourier coefficients through the solution of simultaneous equations or summation equations. The summation equations are solved in closed form by a new and highly efficient algorithm developed by the authors. Representative engineering mechanics problems are examplified to elucidate the features of the method and demonstrate its advantages over other techniques.
New Testament Space/Spatiality:

This Readers Guide introduces biblical interpreters to the use of spatial theory as it is applied to biblical texts. Modern geographers, anthropologists, and sociologists understand space to consist of the physical world in which people exist, the ideological underpinnings of understanding places as designated for certain activities while restricting other activities, and the lived practices of people within those places that sometimes challenge and sometimes reaffirm the expected uses of such places. Biblical scholars have only recently begun to consider how space fits into an analysis of the texts with which they are interested. These scholars use spatial theory to analyze the spaces of the Roman Empire and how Jesus and his early followers fit within those spaces, in some cases contesting dominant meanings and practices, while in other cases adopting the dominant spatial practices of their cultural contexts.
Budgeting for Development: The Case of Nigeria

This article evaluates the developmental efforts of the federal government of Nigeria and how these efforts have proceeded during the “boom and bust” cycles that have been a major feature of the Nigerian economy. The unpredictability of resource flows creates uncertainty in resource allocation and capital accumulation. Thus, economic development is subject to the characteristic “boom and bust budgeting,” resulting in disastrous delays and cancellations of expenditures and projects. For economic development to continue uninterrupted, Nigeria must develop a core of ability-based, as opposed to needs-based, programs that must be protected from the hazards of boom and bust budgeting and the business cycle.
The Development, Factor Structure, and Validation of the Self-concept and Identity Measure (SCIM): A Self-Report Assessment of Clinical Identity Disturbance

Clinically relevant identity disturbance, rather than more normative identity confusion, is a construct that has received limited empirical attention. This relative lack of empirical research is surprising, given that identity disturbance is a criterion for BPD, among the proposed features of all DSM-5 personality disorders, and may also be relevant for many other psychiatric diagnoses. The nomenclature used to describe identity-related constructs is currently unstandardized and many theorists have described overlapping concepts. Thus, there is a need to operationalize identity problems and improve measurement of this important construct. In this article we report the results of two studies that establish the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM). The SCIM is a brief, self-report scale designed to assess dimensions of identity (healthy and disturbed) among adults. Participants were recruited through a psychology department subject pool (Study 1; n = 536) and also through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk Website (Study 2; n = 470). An exploratory factor analysis of Study 1 data revealed a 3-factor structure. A confirmatory factor analysis validated the 3-factor structure in the community sample recruited for Study 2. Results indicate that the SCIM is correlated with emotion dysregulation, Borderline Personality Disorder, depression, and other measures of psychopathology. Scores on the SCIM yielded high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89), test–retest reliability (α = 0.93, r = 0.88; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88), and adequate construct validity. The SCIM appears to produce valid and reliable test scores, with promising applications for clinical research and practice.
Media Evaluation for the Production of Microbial Enzymes

This study compares the performances of animal-based byproducts with other complex nutrients. Productions of α-amylase by Bacillus subtilis, glucoamylase by Aspergillus niger, endocellulase, exocellulase, and xylanase by Trichoderma viride, protease by B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis were evaluated in shake-flask fermentation. Culture broths were analyzed daily for enzyme activity for up to 9 days. Significant increases in α-amylase, cellulase, and xylanase activities were observed. Data strongly suggest that many of these byproducts can be used to replace the more expensive complex nutrients in industrial enzyme production with a corresponding increase in enzyme production. Keywords: Enzyme production; α-amylase; glucoamylase; endocellulase; exocellulase; xylanase; protease
Familial immotile-cilia syndrome in English springer spaniel dogs

A laboratory-maintained colony of English springer spaniel dogs heterozygous for a putative autosomal recessive immotile-cilia syndrome (ICS) has been studied. Matings between dogs thought to be heterozygous for ICS resulted in 22 pups, five (three males and two females) of which were homozygous for ICS. Four of the five ICS-affected dogs had chronic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia. The other dog had a serious nasal discharge and died at 10 days. Four dogs had situs inversus totalis (kartagener syndrome), and the two males of reproductive age were azoospermic. In the two ICS dogs studied for ciliary function, in vivo mucociliary clearance was absent, and in vitro ciliary beat was rarely observed and of low frequency. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy disclosed the same lesions in respiratory cilia from all dogs with ICS, including random orientation and partial outer dynein arm deficiency. Four of five dogs with ICS had dilated lateral ventricles. One female pup with neonatal rhinitis and bronchopneumonia, situs solitus, and dilated lateral ventricles was presumed to be homozygous for ICS, but died without functional or structural confirmation of defective respiratory cilia. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the ciliary defects and respiratory signs of ICS in these dogs is proposed.
Carnitine Acetyltransferase is not a Cytosolic Enzyme in Rat Heart and Therefore Cannot Function in the Energy-linked Regulation of Cardiac Fatty Acid Oxidation

The subcellular location of cardiac carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) was investigated by measuring the release of carnitine acetyltransferase and of marker enzymes from isolated rat myocytes permeabilized with digitonin. Additionally, the carnitine acetyltransferase activity exposed to the cytosolic compartment was quantified. The results indicate that soluble acetyl transferase is not present in the cytosol, and that only 5% of the cellular carnitine acetyltransferase activity is positioned to catalyse the formation of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A. This situation makes it unlikely that the energy-linked regulation of cardiac fatty acid oxidation proceeds by mechanisms which require the conversion of acetylcarnitine to acetyl coenzyme A in the cytosol.
A simple solution to the hardest logic puzzle ever

1. The simplest solution to the ‘hard’ puzzle The puzzle. Three gods A, B, and C are called, in some order, ‘True’, ‘False’, and ‘Random’. True always speaks truly, False always speaks falsely, but whether Random speaks truly or falsely is a completely random matter. Your task is to determine the identities of A, B, and C by asking three yes-no questions; each question must be put to exactly one god. The gods understand English, but will answer all questions in their own language, in which the words for ‘yes’ and ‘no’ are ‘da’ and ‘ja’, in some order. You do not know which word means which. 1
South Korean Strategic Thinking toward North Korea: The Evolution of the Engagement Policy and Its Impact upon U.S.-ROK Relations

Despite agreements in 2007 in the Six-Party Talks, the U.S. and South Korea have had trouble reaching consensus in dealing with subsequent nuclear crises spawned by North Korea. This study focuses on South Korean strategic thinking about and policy toward North Korea and Korean unification, and their changes since the 1990s.
The Formation of a Combustible Mixture During the First Cycle of Cranking and Startup in a Port-Fuel-Injected Spark-Ignition Engine

As automotive engine emission standards continue to become more stringent, excellent cranking, and startup fuel control will become imperative in order to achieve minimum engine-out emissions. Optimized engine starting requires the generation of a strong first firing cycle. Fortunately, an engine's first cycle event is physically less complex than future engine cycles, providing the opportunity for accurate modeling. A physically based crank mixture preparation model coupled with a multicomponent fuel model was developed to provide insights into the fuel vapor generation process during the first cycle of engine starting. Excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained over a range of operating conditions. Model results show that for increased engine temperatures, fuel distillation becomes of comparable importance to the convective mass transfer fuel vapor formation mechanism. Additionally, the modeling work suggests that fuel pooling near the intake valve is occurring at rich fueling levels. The important effect of engine speed during intake is correctly predicted by the model.
Use of a head dome system to compare i.v. methacholine‐induced bronchoconstriction in conscious vs anesthetized rhesus monkeys

The use of a newly developed head dome system has allowed measurement of pulmonary function in conscious monkeys. Such information is often desired, so that pharmacological or toxicological effects of administered compounds can be measured in the absence of effects from anesthetic agents. The current study was conducted to gain experience with this method and to allow the determination of the effects of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg kg −1 i.v.) on the bronchoconstriction seen during i.v. infusion of methacholine in rhesus monkeys. Bronchoconstriction was measured as changes in respiratory resistance using a Buxco LS20 pulmonary mechanics computer. Four male rhesus monkeys (4.2-5.1 kg) were used. For the anesthetized exposures, the animals were intubated with a 4.0-mm cuffed endotracheal tube attached to a size «O» Fleisch pneumotachograph. For the conscious exposures, the animals sat in restraining chairs with a custom-built head dome attached to the same pneumotachograph. In both cases, transthoracic pressure was monitored with an intrapleural catheter. Each monkey was infused with methacholine in stepwise doses, while anesthetized and conscious, until a 75% increase in respiratory resistance was seen. The ED 50 values of 0.134 and 0.180 mg ml −1 methacholine were not significantly different in anesthetized vs conscious monkeys, respectively
Comment on Langley C. Keyes et al.’s “Networks and nonprofits: Opportunities and challenges in an era of federal devolution”

Abstract Housing markets are determined by a complex interplay of consumers and suppliers. The Keyes et al. article discusses the changing landscape for nonprofit housing providers and what recent developments in federal housing assistance policy will mean to them. But this perspective is too narrow to predict the effects of changes in federal housing policy because all housing providers are somewhat interrelated. All housing providers need to be considered, and using the terms “for‐profit” and “nonprofit” to distinguish between the two types of providers is unfortunate and misleading. For‐profits and nonprofits are fundamentally different: They place a different emphasis on community, and nonprofits can often deliver subsidies that for‐profits cannot. In addition, the strengths and the skills needed to produce housing under somewhat different objectives have led to some specialization. Ultimately, however, determining the optimal provider or mix of providers is best left to local and state governments as...
Intraspecific variation of conifer phenolic concentration on a marine terrace soil acidity gradient; a new interpretation

Interaction between soil acidity and vegetation phenolic concentration was investigated to identify mechanisms by which forests sustain productivity on extremely acidic, infertile soils. Contrasting soils on well-preserved marine terraces of the “Ecological Staircase’ near Mendocino, CA comprise an extreme edaphic gradient. Pygmy forests of dwarf (< 5m) Mendocino cypress (Cupressus pygmaea), Bolander pine (Pinus contorta var. bolanderi), and Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) are found on the oldest, most acidic soils, and along a gradient that includes three distinct levels of soil acidity, with pH(CaCl2) ranging from 5.0 to 3.0 in the upper mineral soil and from 4.0 to 2.0 in the litter layer where fine roots are concentrated. Mature foliage was collected from five sites on this edaphic gradient. Aqueous methanol extracts of the samples were analyzed for concentrations of total phenols and condensed tannin by the Prussian blue and acidified vanillin assays, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in foliar condensed tannin and phenolic concentrations within each species and concentrations were inversely related to soil pH, approximately doubling along the gradient. Natural selection for soil-regulated variation in polyphenol concentration is interpreted in the context of plant-litter-soil interactions as an adaptation that permits these conifers to survive in extremely acidic soils. H Lambers Section editor
Comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes isolated from human infections.

We studied the in vitro activity of ertapenem against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes from 11 genera and 52 species isolated from human infections. Ertapenem was uniformly active against 460 of 469 (98%) strains at concentrations of or = 8 microg/ml for inhibition.
Definitive radiotherapy in the management of paragangliomas arising in the head and neck: a 35-year experience.

Background. An evaluation of the treatment results for 104 patients with 121 paragangliomas of the temporal bone, carotid body, and/or glomus vagale who were treated with radia- tion therapy (RT) at the University of Florida between 1968 and 2004.
Low Neonatal Birth Weight as a Possible Predictive Factor for the Onset of Postpartum Eclampsia

Objective. To report about a case of complicated late postpartum eclampsia where neonatal low birth weight could be considered a predictive factor of placental sufferance. Methods. A 25-year-old woman, without medical or familiar history for hypertension or cerebrovascular diseases, underwent a normal spontaneous delivery with neonatal birth weight of 2340 g (9th percentile). Eight days later the patient presented sudden headache and generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Results. Blood hypertension and alterations in laboratory studies were detected; a diagnosis of late postpartum eclampsia was made. A CT scan showed subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt and hess grade I, Fisher grade III). Serial cerebral angiograms did not show any intracranial vascular malformations; epilepsy and hypertension were successfully medically treated; and a repeat CT examination showed the gradual resolution of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Headache progressively disappeared. Conclusions. Low neonatal birth weight could be linked to placent...
Presidential Support in the Russian State Duma

Recent comparative research on presidential systems has analyzed the ways in which presidents build majorities for their legislative agendas. Through an analysis of roll-call votes from the 2000-03 Russian State Duma on a set of issues reflecting President Putin's legislative agenda, I examine the impact of parliamentary party affiliation, policy preferences, issue type, and electoral mandate type on structuring floor support for the president. I also assess the implications of a mixed electoral system for building legislative coalitions in multiparty legislatures. Further, my findings shed light on Putin's recent reforms of the Duma's rules and procedures and the country's electoral system.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the masseter muscle in different facial morphological patterns.

Abstract The aims of this study were (1) to develop a reliable noninvasive method to evaluate the masseter muscle metabolism, by using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and (2) to evaluate the metabolic profile of the masseter muscle in subjects with various facial patterns. The maxillary-mandibular relationship, which varied from hypodivergent to hyperdivergent, was measured on lateral cephalograms of 20 adults, 22 to 35 years of age. 31P-spectra were acquired from the masseter muscle at rest with a custom-made, single-turn, double-tuned, 3 × 5-cm oblong surface coil. The inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr) ratios were measured and compared in relation to vertical and sagittal cephalometric measurements. A statistically significant (R2 = 0.65, r = 0.81, P =.001) relationship was found between Pi/PCr ratio and the palatal-to-mandibular plane angle. As the maxillary-to-mandibular divergence increased, the Pi/PCr ratio decreased. This correlation suggests that muscles with a higher Pi/PCr ratio have a higher resting metabolic activity than those with a lower Pi/PCr ratio. Consequently, these muscles may keep bone under more tension and influence its growth in a more horizontal direction. Another possible explanation of the results is that the fiber type composition of the masseter muscle varies with facial morphology. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;120:427-34)
Men and Women Smallholder Participants in a Stall-Feeder Livestock Program in Malawi

Anita Spring is Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326 11, and Associate Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. She was Director of the Women in Agricultural Development Project in Malawi 1981-1983 and currently directs the Women in Agriculture Program at the University of Florida. She would like to thank the Office of Women in Development, USAZD, and the Ministry of Agriculture in Malawi for making this work possible.
A Brief Review of Metazoan Phylogeny and Future Prospects in Hox-Research1

Abstract Underlying any analysis on the evolution of development is a phylogenetic framework, whether explicitly stated or implied. As such, differing views on phylogenetic relationships lead to variable interpretations of how developmental mechanisms have changed through time. Over the past decade, many long-standing hypotheses about animal evolution have been questioned causing substantial changes in the assumed phylogenetic framework underlying comparative developmental studies. Current hypotheses about early metazoan history suggest that three, not two, major lineages of bilateral animals originated in the Precambrian: the Deuterostomes (e.g., seastars, acorn worms, and vertebrates), the Ecdysozoans (e.g., nematodes and arthropods), and the Lophotrochozoans (e.g., annelids, mollusks, and lophophorates). Although information in Hox-genes bears directly on our understanding of early metazoan evolution and the formation of body plans, research effort has been focused primarily on two taxa, insects and ve...
A new method for assessment of radiation risk from screening mammography.

Although there is no direct evidence of breast cancer risk from low dose radiation exposure such as mammography (0.1 rad, mGy), this possibility has been raised because of the excess breast cancer incidence seen among populations that received much higher doses (100–2000 rad, 1–20 Gy). The risk from such high doses has been proven in studies of Japanese A–bomb survivors (Tokunaga et al. 1984a, 1984b, 1987; Shimizu et al. 1988), North American sanitoria patients who underwent multiple chest fluoroscopies during treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (Boice and Monson 1977, Howe 1984) and women from New York (Shore et al. 1977, 1986) and Sweden (Baral et al. 1977) treated with radiation therapy for benign breast conditions. Evidence from these studies for increased risk from doses of less than 100 rads (1 Gy) is either absent or statistically weak (Feig 1984).
Static Timing Analysis of Shared Caches for Multicore Processors

The state-of-the-art techniques in multicore timing analysis are limited to analyze multicores with shared instruction caches only. This paper proposes a uniform framework to analyze the worst-case performance for both shared instruction caches and data caches in a multicore platform. Our approach is based on a new concept called address flow graph, which can be used to model both instruction and data accesses for timing analysis. Our experiments, as a proof-of-concept study, indicate that the proposed approach can accurately compute the worst-case performance for real-time threads running on a dual-core processor with a shared L2 cache (either to store instructions or data). Category: Embedded computing
Surface Potentials of Conjugated Molecules on Metal Surfaces: Measurements Using Electrostatic Force Microscopy and Calculations using a Preliminary Physically-Based Model.

The electrostatic surface potential of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of aliphatic and aromatic thiols has been measured using electrostatic force microscopy. The variation of the surface potential of chemisorbed alkanethiols, with respect to bare Au(111), is observed to increase with increasing chain length. The trend is similar to that observed in the literature. A preliminary theoretical model, based on treating the monolayer as a sheet of dipoles, has been used to calculate the surface potential of alkanethiols. Similar measurements on several aromatic thiols, with a symmetric and non-symmetric molecular structure, reveal that non-symmetric systems have significantly higher potential (≥ 170mV) than the symmetric molecules.
Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Viral Suppression in HIV-Infected Drug Users: Comparison of Self-Report and Electronic Monitoring

To compare electronically monitored (MEMS) with self-reported adherence in drug users, including the impact of adherence on HIV load, we conducted a 6-month observational study of 67 antiretroviral-experienced current and former drug users. Adherence (percentage of doses taken as prescribed) was calculated for both the day and the week preceding each of 6 research visits. Mean self-reported 1-day adherence was 79% (median, 86%), and mean self-reported 1-week adherence was 78% (median, 85%). Mean MEMS 1-day adherence was 57% (median, 52%), and mean MEMS 1-week adherence was 53% (median, 49%). One-day and 1-week estimates were highly correlated (r>.8 for both measures). Both self-reported and MEMS adherence were correlated with concurrent HIV load (r=.43-.60), but the likelihood of achieving virologic suppression was greater if MEMS adherence was high than if self-reported adherence was high. We conclude that self-reported adherence is higher than MEMS adherence, but a strong relationship exists between both measures and virus load. However, electronic monitoring is more sensitive than self-report for the detection of nonadherence and should be used in adherence intervention studies.
Characterization of Altered Forms of Glycyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase and the Effects of Such Alterations on Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis In Vivo

The glycyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (GRS) activities of several Escherichia coli glyS mutants have been partially characterized; the Km for glycine and the apparent Vmax of several of the altered GRS differ significantly from the parental GRS. Paradoxically, some of the altered forms exhibit more activity in vitro than the GRS from a prototrophic strain (GRSL); several parameters of these activities have been studied in an attempt to resolve this problem. The amount of acylated tRNAGly in vivo was examined to assess the GRS activities inside the cells. During exponential growth in media containing glycine, moderate amounts of acylated tRNAGly occur in the glyS mutants; glycine deprivation leads to a dramatic drop in the amount of acylated tRNAGly. An alternative measure of the in vivo activities of the altered enzymes is the efficiency of suppression of the trpA36 locus by su36+; glyS mutants grown with added glycine exhibit one-third to one-fourth the suppression efficiency of the prototrophic glySH parent, presumably because they are less efficient, even in the presence of high levels of glycine, in charging the tRNAGly species which functions as the translational suppressor.
Cultural diversity is basically a foreign term to me: the challenges of diversity for preservice teacher education

Abstract While student populations grow more diverse, the preservice teacher population is becoming more homogeneous, primarily White and middle-class. One challenge for teacher preparation programs arising from the mismatch of teacher and student cultures is to facilitate intercultural sensitivity and learning among prospective teachers. This longitudinal study examines the effectiveness of the approach to diversity issues used in an urban university during the final year of a teacher preparation program. The article examines the effects of the treatment on teacher beliefs in two case studies at the end of the program and also looks at residual effects three years later.
Microwave YIG-tuned transistor oscillator amplifier design: application to C band

An approach to the design of a microwave YIG-tuned transistor oscillator amplifier is discussed in this paper. A classic lumped-element model of the transistor is used to show that a simple but still accurate equivalent circuit can be useful in predicting the effect of transistor parameters on the tuning range of a microwave oscillator. On the other hand, this paper describes a design procedure `without model' based on the small-signal characterization of the transistor by its scattering matrix. This method is particularly suited to amplifier designing since scattering parameters are inherently power-flow parameters and well adapted to computer-aided design (CAD) and optimization techniques. A 3.0-6.5 GHz YIG-tuned transistor oscillator amplifier with 10 mW of output power illustrates the usefulness of these two methods.
Leader election in asynchronous distributed systems

In a previous paper, Garcia-Molina specifies the leader election problem for synchronous and asynchronous distributed systems with crash and link failures and gives an elegant algorithm for each type of system. This paper points out a flaw in Garcia-Molina's specification of leader election in asynchronous systems and proposes a new specification.
PDBFlex: exploring flexibility in protein structures

The PDBFlex database, available freely and with no login requirements at http://pdbflex.org, provides information on flexibility of protein structures as revealed by the analysis of variations between depositions of different structural models of the same protein in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). PDBFlex collects information on all instances of such depositions, identifying them by a 95% sequence identity threshold, performs analysis of their structural differences and clusters them according to their structural similarities for easy analysis. The PDBFlex contains tools and viewers enabling in-depth examination of structural variability including: 2D-scaling visualization of RMSD distances between structures of the same protein, graphs of average local RMSD in the aligned structures of protein chains, graphical presentation of differences in secondary structure and observed structural disorder (unresolved residues), difference distance maps between all sets of coordinates and 3D views of individual structures and simulated transitions between different conformations, the latter displayed using JSMol visualization software.
Cryocoolers and High-Temperature Superconductors: Advancing toward Commercial Appplications

High temperature superconducting (HTS) electronic device technology has matured over the past seven years and is approaching commercialization. The enabling technologies which will be essential for the commercialization of HTS devices are low-cost, highly-reliable cryogenic refrigeration systems and energy- efficient cryogenic packaging of the HTS device with the cryogenic refrigerators. To insure that HTS technology does become available for the marketplace, technologists from both the cryogenic and superconductivity communities must work together to integrate HTS devices with cryogenic refrigeration systems into a package that is reliable, low cost and is “transparent” to the user. This paper will review some of the issues associated with the packaging of HTS devices into products for both the civilian and military markets.
Making Sense of Good Faith in Delaware Corporate Fiduciary Law: A Contractarian Approach

Following the Delaware Supreme Court's momentous decision imposing a strict negligence standard on corporate directors in Smith v. Van Gorkom in 1985, the Delaware legislature passed Section 102(b)(7) of the state's General Corporation Law, allowing corporations to limit director liability for breach of fiduciary duty, but specifically not for breaches of the duties of loyalty or good faith. In the years since the statute was passed, Delaware courts have offered inconsistent definitions of these terms. While the supreme court has held that fiduciary duty consists of a triad of loyalty, care, and good faith, the court of chancery has repeatedly held that good faith is merely a subsidiary of loyalty and not a separate duty. Because Delaware is the most contractarian jurisdiction (i.e., willing to allow parties to business organizations to craft the limits of their obligations), it is appropriate to inquire whether Delaware courts should interpret good faith in the corporate context in the same way that they use that term in the contractual context. Approaching the inconsistency from this perspective reveals that the director's duty of good faith encompasses both the duties of loyalty and care. Even in the corporate context, courts should use the term good faith to determine whether directors knowingly complied with the obligations (among them, loyalty and care) to which they willingly submitted themselves when they became corporate directors. By viewing good faith in this way, we can reconcile the competing language used by the supreme court, the court of chancery, and Section 102(b)(7).
An Appraisal of Shareholder Proportional Liability

Shareholders of corporations have their liability for actions of the corporation limited by law. Unlike the equity holder in a partnership or proprietorship, the assets that a shareholder has distinct from her holdings in the enterprise can not be taken to satisfy liabilities arising from actions of the enterprise itself. This paper argues that a reasonable principle of fairness argues for an alternative to limited liability, proportional liability. Proportional liability makes a shareholder liable for the same proportion of a corporation's excess of liabilities over assets that her number of shares bears to the total number of shares outstanding. The key idea is that it is unfair in situations in which explicit agreements can not be reached for shareholders to bear only limited risk when they may receive gains from stock dividends and appreciation that are not limited to any pre-determined amount. Proportional liability has not been much examined in the financial literature. Good utilitarian arguments have been given for limited liability over unlimited liability for corporate shareholders, but these arguments do not clearly support the choice of limited liability over proportional liability.
EPR, spearheading the nuclear renaissance

L'offre actuelle d'AREVA en matiere de reacteurs comprend deux modeles de troisieme generation : le SWR 1000, un REB et l'EPR, un REP ; AREVA est le seul vendeur ayant actuellement une experience pratique de conception detaillee, de fabrication et de montage d'un reacteur de troisieme generation. AREVA fournit egalement des reacteurs de generation 2+, adaptes aux besoins specifiques de certains clients, dans la continuite de leurs programmes nationaux. AREVA intervient egalement, en liaison avec leur concepteur russe, sur des projets d'achevement ou de modernisation de reacteurs WER. L'EPR occupe naturellement la premiere place dans l'offre de reacteurs d'AREVA. Les principales caracteristiques de l'EPR lui permettent d'apporter une reponse adaptee aux besoins du marche car c'est un produit : • Evolutionnaire et sur, • Puissant et competitif, • A faible empreinte environnementale. L'article fait le point sur les enjeux actuels de l'EPR: realisation d'Olkiluoto 3, demarrage de Flamanville 3, offre chinoise de reacteurs de troisieme generation, approche du marche americain. Les consequences industrielles sur AREVA du choix finlandais de l'EPR sont analysees en termes d'organisation et de capacites d'ingenierie et de fabrication.
Controlled atmosphere pyrolysis of polyureasilazane for tailored volume fraction Si3N4/SiC nanocomposites powders

A controlled atmosphere pyrolysis process is used to develop processing protocols for controlled volume fraction Si3N4/SiC composites from a polyureasilazane. Various processing protocols are explored such as gas composition (Argon, NH3 and a 10%NH3/Argon mix) and a gas switching process where gas is switched from NH3 to Argon at specified temperatures and specified times to quench the reaction. Results showed an accurate control of the volume fraction of SiC in 0-30 volume% range in a Si3N4 matrix. FTIR spectroscopic results confirmed that a substitution reaction occurs between NH3 and the polyureasilazane. Raman spectroscopy shows a free carbon phase present up until 1850 degrees C and carbon present in specimens that do not show observable XRD peaks of SiC. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Defining the "community": applying ethnographic methods for a Latino immigrant health intervention.

Although Latino and other immigrant populations are the driving force behind population increases in the U.S., there are significant gaps in knowledge and practice on addressing health disparities in these populations. The Avance Center for the Advancement of Immigrant/Refugee Health, a health disparities research center in the Washington, DC area, includes as part of its mission a multi-level, participatory community intervention (called Adelante) to address the co-occurrence of substance abuse, violence and sex risk among Latino immigrant youth and young adults. Research staff and community partners knew that the intervention community had grown beyond its Census-designated place (CDP) boundaries, and that connection and attachment to community were relevant to an intervention. Thus, in order to understand current geographic and social boundaries of the community for sampling, data collection, intervention design and implementation, the research team conducted an ethnographic study to identify self-defined community boundaries, both geographic and social. Beginning with preliminary data from a pilot intervention and the original CDP map, the research included: geo-mapping de-identified addresses of service clients from a major community organization; key informant interviews; and observation and intercept interviews in the community. The results provided an expanded community boundary profile and important information about community identity.
Abstract P4-11-04: Program evaluation of a female sexual medicine and women's health program

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of simple sexual/vaginal health treatment strategies in breast cancer patients/survivors seeking treatment at a female sexual medicine program, and to evaluate compliance and clinical outcomes. Methods: Demographics, medical information, and clinical assessments from 94 new visits with at least 1 follow-up from 09/12–10/14 were analyzed. The assessment form consists of a clinician evaluation with the Vaginal Assessment Scale (VAS) and Vulvar Assessment Scale (VuAS), and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) including the Sexual Activity Questionnaire (SAQ), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and exploratory items. Compliance with treatment recommendations at the last visit were summarized. Changes from the first to last visit were compared with regard to clinical outcomes (e.g., vaginal pH, moisture), the VAS and VuAS, and the PROs (FSFI, SAQ, and confidence about future sexual activity). Results: The mean number of visits was 3 (range, 2-7). Mean age was 55.2 years (range, 29-48), 67% (n=63) were married or in an intimate relationship, and 94% (n=88) were menopausal. Seventy-seven percent (n=72) were on some form of active treatment, such as endocrine therapy (89%, 64/72). Only 15% (11/72) reported any hormonal supplementation (e.g., Vagifem). Treatment strategies included the use of vaginal moisturizers, lubricants with sexual activity, pelvic floor exercises, and dilator therapy. At last visit, 94% (80/85) of the women had complied with the clinical recommendation to moisturize 2 to 5+ times per week. Vaginal pH scores >6.5 declined from 31% (29/93) at Visit 1 to 20% (19/93) at the last visit (p=0.049). Vaginal (VAS) symptoms improved from the first to last visit (mean 1.2 to 0.59, p At Visit 1, 51% (43/85) of the women reported current sexual activity with a partner, and sexual activity rates increased over time—61% at last visit (52/85, p=0.049). FSFI total scores significantly improved from the first (mean=12.91) to last visit (mean=17.44) (p Conclusions: Breast cancer patients/survivors attending our female sexual medicine program reported improvement of vaginal and vulvar symptoms, sexual function and activity, and had clinical improvement over time on vaginal pH and moisture. Preliminary findings suggest that simple strategies, education, and support can improve vaginal/sexual health concerns in cancer survivorship. Citation Format: Carter J, Seidel B, Stabile C, Baser R, Eaton A, Goldfarb S, Goldfrank D. Program evaluation of a female sexual medicine and women9s health program. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-11-04.
Changes in billing for nutrition support services and dietetics staff resources between 1984 and 1986

Changes in hospital funding resulting from the Prospective Payment System have been recognized as a major force in hospitals in the 1980s. The Dietitians in Nutrition Support (DNS) Practice Group examined these changes using a survey sent to 1,000 clinical nutrition managers at American Hospital Association (AHA) hospitals. The goals of the survey were (a) to evaluate changes in billing for nutrition services and (b) to evaluate changes in resources available to dietetics staff members. Although income from nutrition services to inpatients had increased only 18% since 1984, 45% of respondents reported an increase in payment for outpatient services. Prior to 1984, larger hospitals reported screening for malnutrition more often than smaller hospitals, and the responsibility for screening was handled more often by dietetic technicians than by RDs. Larger hospitals also reported establishment of a home nutrition support company more often than smaller hospitals. Computer and academic course costs were paid more frequently by nonprofit and tertiary hospitals. Although the number of hospitals billing for nutrition services to patients was small, most reported receiving payment. We conclude that charges for nutrition services by dietitians to outpatients have increased, and that most dietitians who bill for services receive payment. Academic and technological resources for RDs have increased in general, though smaller primary-care and for-profit hospitals report such supports less consistently than larger, tertiary-care, and not-for-profit hospitals.