cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence That Androgen Acts Through NMDA Receptors to Affect Motoneurons in the Rat Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus

In adult male rats, spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons shrink after castration and are restored in size after androgen treatment. Sixty-day-old Sprague Dawley males were castrated and implanted with SILASTIC capsules containing testosterone (T) or nothing, and osmotic minipumps continuously infusing MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, or saline. Twenty-five days later, bulbocavernosus muscles were injected with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (CT-HRP) to label SNB cells. As seen previously, among saline-treated rats, SNB somata of T-treated castrates were significantly larger than those of castrates receiving blank capsules (p < 0.0001). MK-801 treatment blocked this effect of T on the SNB. MK-801 had no effect on non-androgen-responsive spinal motoneurons in the neighboring retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN), nor did the drug affect SNB soma size in the absence of androgen treatment. Motoneuronal soma size in Nissl stain revealed the same pattern of results seen with CT-HRP fills. In situ hybridization indicated that SNB motoneurons express mRNA for the NMDA receptor subunits R1, R2a, and R2b. Castration reduced the expression of R1 mRNA in SNB motoneurons, an effect that was blocked by androgen replacement in castrates. R2A and R2B mRNA expression in SNB cells was not affected by androgen manipulations. Likewise, androgen manipulations had no effect on the expression of any NMDA receptor subtypes in RDLN motoneurons. These results suggest that androgen affects the size of SNB motoneurons by influencing their expression of the NMDA receptor, and therefore the response of the motoneurons to endogenous glutamate.
Further Validation of the Nonverbal Pain Scale in Intensive Care Patients

Pain assessment is difficult but vital for sedated patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICUs. Few nonverbal scales have been developed for assessing pain, and few studies of their validity and reliability have been published. The authors compare the original and revised versions of the Nonverbal Pain Scale in sedated patients receiving mechanical ventilation in an ICU and present the results.
Geographical mobility over the life course: motivations and implications

Studies of geographical mobility are typically divided into studies of residential mobility, which are assumed to be motivated by family factors, and studies of migration, which are assumed to be motivated by the opportunities for realising economic gains as a result of the move. We use a life course approach and data from the 1999–2005 March Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey to investigate the age trajectories of both residential mobility and migration among American adults. We find that mobility trajectories and motivations for moves vary by economic status and family status; that quality of life motivations and family factors account for a substantial proportion of long-distance as well as short-distance moves; and that both residential mobility and migration are associated with an increased risk of economic instability and family and employment changes in the year following the move. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing satellite-based precipitation estimates in the Southern Appalachian mountains using rain gauges and TRMM PR

Abstract. A study was performed using the first full year of rain gauge records from a newly deployed network in the Southern Appalachian mountains. This is a region characterized by complex topography with orographic rainfall enhancement up to 300% over small distances (
High Energy Density Simulations for Inertial Fusion Energy Reactor Design

The so-called 'threat spectra' of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) high gain target (neutron, x-ray, and ion energy fraction and particle spectra) are the usual starting point for IFE reactor conceptual design. The threat spectra are typically computed using the same radiation hydrodynamics and thermonuclear burn computer simulation codes used to compute implosion, ignition and burn. We analyze the validity of this model for simulating the expansion of the direct drive IFE target plasma and for computing threat spectra. Particular attention is paid to the collisionality of the expanding plasma.
Integration of ASIC design tools into an undergraduate electrical engineering program

A Center for Electronic Design Automation (CEDA) has been created at the Rochester Institute of Technology. The driving force behind the establishment of the center was a desire to integrate modern electronic hardware and its associated design software into the electronics curriculum. The authors discuss the progress that has been made towards this objective. >
Improvement of Wheat Protein Quality and Quantity by Breeding

Substantial genetic variability for grain protein content in wheat has been identified. In appropriate combinations known genes can increase protein content of wheat grain by 5 percentage points. Productive high protein experimental lines with good agronomic traits and satisfactory processing attributes have been identified. A high protein hard red winter variety developed in Nebraska was released for commercial production in 1975 under the name “Lancota”. The high protein of Lancota resides entirely in the starchy endosperm portion of the kernel and is fully transmissible to white milled flour. The high protein of Lancota results from elevated NO3 reductase activity, increased N-absorption by the roots, and more complete translocation of N to the grain. Despite strong environmental influence on wheat protein level, genes for high protein have been demonstrated to effectively increase protein content in many different production environments. Lysine % of protein decreases but lysine % of grain increases as protein is increased. Genetic variability for lysine of sufficient magnitude to overcome the normal depression of lysine % of protein as protein is increased has been uncovered. Experimental lines have been developed in the ARS-Nebraska program in which genes for high protein and high lysine were combined. The lines have been widely distributed for use in other breeding programs.
Affinity strategies in relation‐ships: The role of gender and imagined interactions in maintaining liking among College roommates

Affinity-seeking behavior among College roommates was examined to investigate how individuals sustain the relationship. Planning for affinity maintenance was examined in terms of covert dialogues based on the literature on imagined interactions (Ils) in which individuals rehearse anticipated encounters while reviewing prior conversations. A series of hypotheses and research questions were posed examining gender and self-talk with roommates in terms of predicting roommate affinity. The association between 11s and affinity maintenance strategies was examined. Results reveal differences between male and female roommate dyads in terms of strategy usage, particularly those reflecting an orientation to the other's needs. Strategies reflecting other-involvement emerged as significant predictors of affinity.
Sense in Communication

The demand for text messaging relative to telephony, the amount of time spent participating in virtual worlds or digital games relative to television viewing, and the value of camera phone services all depend on how persons make sense in communication. Three models for communication are information transfer, storytelling, and presence. While analysis of communication has tended to employ the first two models, the third model provides a better orientation for recognizing and organizing useful knowledge about sensuous choices in communication. Making sense of presence of another like oneself is a good that drives demand for a wide range of communication services. From study of living organisms, artistic masterpieces, and media history, this work documents knowledge about this good. Providing means for persons to make sense of presence encompasses competition among communication services with different sensory qualities. Competition to support this good offers enduring opportunities to create high industry value. This work includes images of artistic masterpieces. The terms of permission that I received to use these images do not give me permission to include this work in the SSRN database. However, you may contact the author for access to the paper.
Babies on Board: Women, Children and Imperial Policy in the Spanish Empire

From 1778 to 1784, in an attempt to colonise Patagonia, the Spanish Crown transported more than 1,900 peasants from northern Spain to the Rio de la Plata. Based on Enlightenment ideas about economy and society, the Crown used the colonisation scheme to assert control over some of its most marginal subjects. In the hope of transforming these peasants from poverty-stricken burdens on society into filial agents of empire, the Crown invested heavily in the health and wellbeing of the colonising mothers and children, and clearly established the monarchy as a benevolently powerful paternal authority.
Pharmacogenomics instruction in US and Canadian medical schools: implications for personalized medicine.

Aims: To determine the extent of pharmacogenomics instruction at US and Canadian medical schools, characterize perceptions of curricular coverage, identify curricular resources and compare responses with similar studies conducted in US pharmacy schools and British medical schools. Materials & methods: A survey was sent to the pharmacology department chairs of US and Canadian medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education or the American Osteopathic Association’s Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation. Data were collected from July 2009 to February 2010. Results: A total of 56% of eligible medical schools responded (90 out of 160). Of these schools, 82% (74 out of 90) incorporated pharmacogenomics into their curriculum. However, only 28% (21 out of 74) had more than 4 h of the required didactic pharmacogenomic coursework, and only 29% (22 out of 75) were planning to increase the number of pharmacogenomic coursework hours in the next 3 years. Pharmacogenomics coursework wa...
Information terrorism: Political violence in the information age

Information warfare represents a threat to American national security and defense. There are two general methods in which a terrorist might employ an information terrorist attack: (1) when information technology (IT) is a target, and/or (2) when IT is the tool of a larger operation. The first method would target an information system for sabotage, either electronic or physical, thus destroying or disrupting the information system itself and any information infrastructure (e.g., power, communications, etc.) dependent upon it. The second would manipulate and exploit an information system, altering or stealing data, or forcing the system to perform a function for which it was not meant (such as spoofing air traffic control). A perennial dilemma of combating terrorism in a democratic society is finding the right balance between civil liberties and civil security. The special problems associated with IT are examined. The US national security establishment needs to use a flexible, integrated response to counter...
Behavior associated with parturition in the domestic goat

Abstract The behavior of does during labor, birth and the post-partum period and the behavior of kids during and after birth are described for domestic goats maintained under confined but undisturbed conditions. Most females (76%) separated themselves from herd-mates several hours prior to birth. The majority of births (65%) occurred about mid-day, between the hours of 11.00 and 16.00 h. Immediately after birth, does vigorously licked their kids and continued to groom them intermittently for 2–4 h. Mothers and kids began a series of vocal interchanges within minutes of the young's expulsion. Most newborns (62%) attempted to stand within 15 min of their birth, and 77% suckled within an hour of birth. Mother and young remained at the birth site, isolated from conspecifics, for 12–24 h post-partum, after which kids moved from their mothers and remained secluded, except during brief suckling bouts, for 4–7 days. Does and their kids had little contact during this first week following parturition. Results are compared with maternal and neonatal behavior of other domestic ungulates.
Soil Resources Influence Vegetation and Response to Fire and Fire-Surrogate Treatments in Sagebrush-Steppe Ecosystems

Current paradigm suggests that spatial and temporal competition for resources limit an exotic invader, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), which once established, alters fire regimes and can result in annual grass dominance in sagebrush steppe. Prescribed fire and fire surrogate treatments (mowing, tebuthiuron, and imazapic) are used to reduce woody fuels and increase resistance to exotic annuals, but may alter resource availability and inadvertently favor invasive species. We used four study sites within the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) to evaluate 1) how vegetation and soil resources were affected by treatment, and 2) how soil resources influenced native herbaceous perennial and exotic annual grass cover before and following treatment. Treatments increased resin exchangeable NH4 þ ,N O3 � ,H 2PO4 � , and K þ , with the largest increases caused by prescribed fire and prolonged by application of imazapic. Burning with imazapic application also increased the number of wet growing degree days. Tebuthiuron and imazapic reduced exotic annual grass cover, but imazapic also reduced herbaceous perennial cover when used with prescribed fire. Native perennial herbaceous species cover was higher where mean annual precipitation and soil water resources were relatively high. Exotic annual grass cover was higher where resin exchangeable H2PO4 � was high and gaps between perennial plants were large. Prescribed fire, mowing, and tebuthiuron were successful at increasing perennial herbaceous cover, but the results were often ephemeral and inconsistent among sites. Locations with sandy soil, low mean annual precipitation, or low soil water holding capacity were more likely to experience increased exotic annual grass cover after treatment, and treatments that result in slow release of resources are needed on these sites. This is one of few studies that correlate abiotic variables to native and exotic species cover across a broad geographic setting, and that demonstrates how soil resources potentially influence the outcome of management treatments.
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A modulates the anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in mouse bone

Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a potent anabolic therapy for bone, and several studies have implicated local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in mediating this effect. The IGF system is complex and includes ligands and receptors, as well as IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGFBP proteases. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metalloprotease expressed by osteoblasts in vitro that has been shown to enhance local IGF action through cleavage of inhibitory IGFBP-4. This study was set up to test two specific hypotheses: 1) Intermittent PTH treatment increases the expression of IGF-I, IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in bone in vivo, thereby increasing local IGF activity. 2) In the absence of PAPP-A, local IGF activity and the anabolic effects of PTH on bone are reduced. Wild-type (WT) and PAPP-A knock-out (KO) mice were treated with 80 μg/kg human PTH 1-34 or vehicle by subcutaneous injection five days per week for six weeks. IGF-I, IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A mRNA expression in bone were significantly increased in response to PTH treatment. PTH treatment of WT mice, but not PAPP-A KO mice, significantly increased expression of an IGF-responsive gene. Bone mineral density (BMD), as measured by DEXA, was significantly decreased in femurs of PAPP-A KO compared to WT mice with PTH treatment. Volumetric BMD, as measured by pQCT, was significantly decreased in femoral midshaft (primarily cortical bone), but not metaphysis (primarily trabecular bone), of PAPP-A KO compared to WT mice with PTH treatment. These data suggest that stimulation of PAPP-A expression by intermittent PTH treatment contributes to PTH bone anabolism in mice.
Low-cost Production Test of BER for Wireless Receivers

Bit error rate (BER) is a key specification that characterizes the performance of a communication receiver. In digital radio applications, running BER tests during production is highly prohibitive in terms of test cost due to the prolonged testing time required for applying RF modulated digital data-frames (each containing pseudo-random bit patterns) to the receiver and capturing the response digital bits at low baseband data-rate. Accurate and repeatable BER measurement requires the use of a large number of data-frames. In this paper, a new production testing methodology for measuring BER of wireless receivers is presented. The proposed methodology significantly reduces the time for making BER measurements by applying a sequence of AC tests. The BER value is predicted using statistical regression models that map the results of the AC tests to the expected BER value. The method also alleviates the need for using a complex BER tester (BERT). Experimental results for a 900 MHz wireless receiver are presented
Shahira Fahmy, Mary Angela Bock, and Wayne Wanta. Visual Communication Theory and Research: A Mass Communication Perspective

As Mitchell (1994) predicted, we are indeed living through a cultural turn from the linguistic to the pictorial: Mobile phone screens got bigger and offered higher resolution display over the past ...
Investigation of Electrical Conductivity and Oxidation Behavior of TiC and TiN Based Cermets for SOFC Interconnect Application

Titanium carbide and titanium nitride based cermets were produced and investigated to evaluate potential application for SOFC interconnect in terms of electrical conductivity and oxidation resistance. TiC and TiN cermets with 30, 50 and 70 wt% of Ni were fabricated using wet milling and hot pressing, and were then subjected to electrical conductivity measurements in air at 800 oC for 100 hours. Although all samples tested were slightly oxidized, no degradation has been observed and high electrical conductivity values of the order of 10^3 S/cm have been recorded. The oxide scale strongly adhered to the substrate and protected the sample from further oxidation. With reference to the mixture rules, SEM and EDS results were presented and interpreted to discuss impact of characteristics of the oxide scales on their electrical conductivities.
Review of Discretization Error Estimators in Scientific Computing

Discretization error occurs during the approximate numerical solution of differential equations. Of the various sources of numerical error, discretization error is generally the largest and usually the most difficult to estimate. The goal of this paper is to review the different approaches for estimating discretization error and to present a general framework for their classification. The first category of discretization error estimator is based on estimates of the exact solution to the differential equation which are higher-order accurate than the underlying numerical solution(s) and includes approaches such as Richardson extrapolation, order refinement, and recovery methods from finite elements. The second category of error estimator is based on the residual (i.e., the truncation error) and includes discretization error transport equations, finite element residual methods, and adjoint method extensions. Special attention is given to Richardson extrapolation which can be applied as a post-processing step to the solution from any discretization method (e.g., finite different, finite volume, and finite element). Regardless of the approach chosen, the discretization error estimates are only reliable when the numerical solution, or solutions, are in the asymptotic range, the demonstration of which requires at least three systematically refined meshes. For complex scientific computing applications, the asymptotic range is often difficult to achieve. In these cases, it is appropriate to treat the numerical error estimates as an uncertainty. Issues related to mesh refinement are addressed including systematic refinement, the grid refinement factor, fractional refinement, and unidirectional refinement. Future challenges in discretization error estimation are also discussed.
Study on Relationship between Finite Elements Seal and Door Closure Force

The physical function of weather strip determines the magnitude and distribution of door-closing force.The finite element tool of Abaqus is applied to analyze the model of stress-distribution of whole dimension weather strip and the factors impacting on door-closing force and the status of stress-distribution during closing process.Base on the result of analysis,the structure is optimized by applying Response Surface Method(RSM) to reduce the deviation of the door assembly and thus to improve the match status of flushness and the gap between the door and the body-in-white.Case study proves it is applicable to real door and could provides a guidance for engineering.
Glycolipid Intermediates in Biosynthesis of Group B Streptococcal Capsular Polysaccharide

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis.1, 5 The capsular polysaccharide of GBS is important both in virulence and immunity to GBS infection, yet little is known about molecular mechanisms of capsule biosynthesis.2, 4, 6 Our current model for capsule biosynthesis in GBS is that an oligosaccharide unit is assembled on a carrier lipid, then individual oligosaccharide subunits are polymerized to form the polysaccharide. In earlier studies, we identified in type III GBS a galactosyltransferase activity which catalyzed the transfer of 14C-galactose from UDP-14C-galactose to lipid acceptor(s) that partitioned into the organic phase of a chloroform: methanol: water extraction mixture. Incorporation of labeled galactose into glycolipids was significantly reduced in an acapsular type III GBS strain with a mutation in cpsD, the putative galactosyl transferase gene.3 Further experiments have demonstrated the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to several distinct lipids, separable by thin layer chromatography (TLC). These glycolipids have been assigned provisional designations based on their relative migration on TLC: origin, lipid 0, lipid I, lipid II, and lipid III. Later experiments demonstrated that radiolabeled galactose appeared not only in glycolipids during the galactosyl transferase assays, but also in an insoluble complex shown to contain both peptidoglycan and type III capsular polysaccharide. The goal of the present study was to characterize more precisely the lipid(s) involved in capsule synthesis.
Troilus and Criseyde

IN Troilus and Criseyde Chaucer produced not only the finest piece of literature that he was to write, but the masterpiece of the whole Middle English period.
Reproductive success through high pollinator visitation rates despite self incompatibility in an endangered wallflower

Premise of the study Self incompatibility (SI) in rare plants presents a unique challenge-SI protects plants from inbreeding depression, but requires a sufficient number of mates and xenogamous pollination. Does SI persist in an endangered polyploid? Is pollinator visitation sufficient to ensure reproductive success? Is there evidence of inbreeding/outbreeding depression? We characterized the mating system, primary pollinators, pollen limitation, and inbreeding/outbreeding depression in Erysimum teretifolium to guide conservation efforts. Methods We compared seed production following self pollination and within- and between-population crosses. Pollen tubes were visualized after self pollinations and between-population pollinations. Pollen limitation was tested in the field. Pollinator observations were quantified using digital video. Inbreeding/outbreeding depression was assessed in progeny from self and outcross pollinations at early and later developmental stages. Key results Self-pollination reduced seed set by 6.5× and quadrupled reproductive failure compared with outcross pollination. Pollen tubes of some self pollinations were arrested at the stigmatic surface. Seed-set data indicated strong SI, and fruit-set data suggested partial SI. Pollinator diversity and visitation rates were high, and there was no evidence of pollen limitation. Inbreeding depression (δ) was weak for early developmental stages and strong for later developmental stages, with no evidence of outbreeding depression. Conclusions The rare hexaploid E. teretifolium is largely self incompatible and suffers from late-acting inbreeding depression. Reproductive success in natural populations was accomplished through high pollinator visitation rates consistent with a lack of pollen limitation. Future reproductive health for this species will require large population sizes with sufficient mates and a robust pollinator community.
Marine and (Over-) Fishing

The United Nations (UN) declares that oceans are “the lifeline of man’s very survival.” Human societies have depended upon the sea and its resources for millennia. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO or FAO), “[f]rom ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food for humanity and a provider of employment and economic benefits to those engaged in this activity.” Today, many cultures continue to rely on marine fishing as a main source of income, livelihood, and sustenance. The demand for fish and fisheries products has only increased as the world’s population has surged and standards of living (along with the desire for diets rich in high-quality protein) have risen over recent decades. For instance, the UN reports that global exports of fish and fish products increased more than 100 % from 1986 to 2006, reaching over $85 billion in 2006.
Degradable and biocompatible hydrogels bearing a hindered urea bond

A hindered urea bond (HUB), recently reported as a new type of dynamic chemical bond, can be facilely constructed by mixing an isocyanate and a hindered amine. Here, we report the use of the HUB in the design of degradable hydrogel materials for applications of stem cell encapsulation and delivery. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) diamine was end-capped with a HUB and an allyl group in a one-pot synthesis. The resulting polymer was cross-linked to form a hydrogel under UV with the addition of a 4-arm PEG thiol and a photoinitiator. The degradation properties of the hydrogels were confirmed with NMR, GPC, weight loss, and protein release studies. We found that the degradation kinetics is dependent on the size of the N-substituents, and the one with the tert-butyl group shows complete degradation within 2 days. The new hydrogel materials were also demonstrated to be biocompatible with hMSCs, and the cell release kinetics can be facilely tuned over 5 days.
Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation

This study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air‐equivalent mass concentrations of water‐soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water‐soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in‐cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in‐cloud sources (e.g., Cl^− and Na^+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in‐cloud altitude (e.g., NO_2− and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non–sea‐salt SO_4^2−, NO_3−, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
Purification and Properties of Two Sphingolipid Hydrolases

Our understanding of the lipid storage disorders has progressed dramatically since 1881 when Warren Tay, a British opthalmologist, described a cherry-red macular degeneration in the fundus of an infant with marked weakness of the trunk and limbs (1). This patient was the first reported case of Tay-Sachs disease. In the 90 years that have followed, there has been a delineation of a large number of inherited met abolic disorders characterized by the accumulation within tissues of large amounts of lipids.
Parameter estimation and site-specific calibration of disease transmission models.

The use of mathematical models for developing management options for controlling infectious diseases at a local scale requires that the structure and parameters of the model reflect the realities of transmission at that scale. Data available to inform local models are generally sparse and come from diverse sources and in diverse formats. These characteristics of the data and the complex structure of transmission models, result in many different parameter sets which mimic the local behavior of the system to within the resolution of field data, even for a model of fixed structure. A Bayesian approach is described, at both a practical and a theoretical level, which involves the assignment of prior parameter distributions and the definition of a semi-quantitative goodness of fit criteria which are essentially priors on the observable outputs. Monte Carlo simulations are used to generate samples from the posterior parameter space. This space is generally much more constrained than the prior space, but with a highly complex multivariate structure induced by the mathematical model. In applying the approach to a model of schistosomiasis transmission in a village in southwestern China, calibration of the model was found to be sensitive to the effective reproductive number, R eff . This finding has implications both for computation time for the Monte Carlo analysis and for the specification of field data to efficiently calibrate the model for transmission control.
Surrogation Fundamentals: Measurement and Cognition

Measurement is a fundamental part of accounting. A primary purpose of measurement is to provide more concrete representations of abstract strategic objectives. A potential consequence of using measures to proxy for less-tangible strategic constructs is the tendency for managers to fall prey to surrogation, losing sight of strategic constructs and behaving as though measures are the constructs of interest. We show that surrogation can be a nonconscious process, providing further evidence that it arises as a form of attribute substitution. We also extend understanding of the conditions necessary for surrogation to occur by showing that mere awareness of measurement (even absent compensation) is sufficient to induce surrogation. These findings have implications for any setting where measures are used to represent a more abstract construct. While using measures is clearly very beneficial, we highlight the importance of understanding when and why surrogation can occur and developing strategies to reduce its effects.
The Search for Appropriate Actuator Distribution Criteria in Large Space Structures Control

In a series of previous publications the authors have defined various concepts of the degree of controllability, together with a unifying framework for such definitions. These concepts can be used as control system design tools, with applications that include actuator placement, model reduction, and the quantification of the degree of coupling between subsystems. These works were motivated by the actuator placement question in the shape control of future large flexible spacecraft. Previous use of these concepts have all pointed toward placement of the actuators at the corners of the structure where the modes have the largest deflections and slopes. Various physical situations suggest that this is not always the most desirable location, and this paper demonstrates that the degree of controllability concepts can give optimal locations distributed throughout the spacecraft when the time given to accomplish the control is relatively short.
Simplified physical model of interferometric radius of curvature test using the yybar diagram

The yybar diagram for Gaussian beam optics is employed to model the behavior of an interferometer system testing very small radius parts. The model was developed to overcome the limitations and known inconsistencies of a paraxial optics representation used to evaluate a calibration method for testing cylindrical wave optics using a fiber reference test. Gaussian beam analysis inherently contains physical optics conditions, and the yybar diagram method provides both an intuitive and powerful framework to generate analytical solutions. Particularly, we show how to model an interferometric test from a Fizeau transmission sphere (TS), to a small test ball and back to the TS, and yield test ball radius limits as a function of the test wavelength and TS F / # . A computation of error estimates for measuring the radius of curvature of the test balls is also presented.
Interchangeability of CT and 3D “pseudo-CT” MRI for preoperative planning in patients with femoroacetabular impingement

To determine whether a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with postprocessing applied to simulate computed tomography (CT) (“pseudo-CT”) images can be used instead of CT to measure acetabular version and alpha angles and to plan for surgery in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Four readers retrospectively measured acetabular version and alpha angles on MRI and CT images of 40 hips from 20 consecutive patients (9 female patients, 11 male patients; mean age, 26.0 ± 6.5 years) with FAI. 3D models created from MRI and CT images were assessed by 2 orthopedic surgeons to determine the need for femoroplasty and/or acetabuloplasty. Interchangeability of MRI with CT was tested by comparing agreement between 2 readers using CT (intramodality) with agreement between 1 reader using CT and 1 using MRI (intermodality). Intramodality and intermodality agreement values were nearly identical for acetabular version and alpha angle measurements and for surgical planning. Increases in inter-reader disagreement for acetabular version angle, alpha angle, and surgical planning when MRI was substituted for CT were − 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], − 7.7 to + 3.5%; p = 0.459), − 0.6% (95% CI, − 8.6 to + 7.3%; p = 0.878), and 0% (95% CI, − 15.1 to + 15.1%; p = 1.0), respectively, when an agreement criterion ≤ 5° was used for angle measurements. Pseudo-CT MRI was interchangeable with CT for measuring acetabular version and highly favorable for interchangeability for measuring alpha angle and for surgical planning, suggesting that MRI could replace CT in assessing patients with FAI.
Can Mergers and Acquisitions Internalize Positive Externalities in Funding Innovation

Fundamental innovation usually involves huge upfront costs, but the benefits are spread across various sectors of the economy. Given the large costs and limited appropriability of the benefits associated with fundamental innovations, individual firms underinvest in these innovations relative to the socially optimal level. We find that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) can internalize the positive externalities by merging firms from both the user industries and the producer industries of an innovation. Using the US patent citation dataset, we define the user and producer relationship between each pair of industries and between each pair of industry and technological class. We then show that after a merger between an innovation user and an innovation producer, the quantity of innovation output increases, and the increase is driven by targeted technological classes.
The Problem of Lygdamus and Ovid Reconsidered

In this paper I will examine the relationship between some well known parallel passages of Lygdamus and Ovid, but not according to the method laid out in the influential articles of Lee and Axelson. Instead of looking for signs of inept borrowing, I will ask whether Ovid, in these passages, does anything that suggests his characteristic manner of allusion. In each case, it will become apparent that Ovid alters the passage of Lygdamus in a way that is typical of his style, often leaving the distinctive verbal cues by which he ordinarily calls attention to his engagement with earlier literature. I therefore argue that Ovid is the imitator of Lygdamus, and not the other way around.
Energy-efficient LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence

Motivated by the shared spectrum paradigm, we address the problem of implicit coordination between coexisting wireless systems that do not share a common control plane. We consider the coexistence of LTE and Wi-Fi and study mechanisms for conserving energy when the wireless channel is occupied. In a Wi-Fi only system, the network allocation vector (NAV) included in the header of IEEE 802.11 frames advertises the duration of an imminent transmission. Nearby Wi-Fi terminals decode the frame header and transition to sleep mode to conserve energy. However, when heterogeneous systems coexist (e.g., LTE and Wi-Fi), frames that belong to other systems are not decodable. This leads to continuous channel sensing even when the channel is to be occupied for a long duration. We design two implicit mechanisms to play the role of the NAV. Our mechanisms predict the duration of an imminent LTE transmission by predicting the frame's traffic class. The prediction is based on the elapsed idle slots between successive transmissions and the transmission history. We show that our methods achieve significant energy savings without stifling transmission opportunities.
Hyperfluorescence Imaging of Kidney Cancer Enabled by Renal Secretion Pathway Dependent Efflux Transport

Renal tubular secretion is an active efflux pathway for the kidneys to remove molecules but has yet to be used to enhance kidney cancer targeting. We report indocyanine green (ICG) conjugated with a 2100 Da PEG molecule (ICG-PEG45) as a renal-tubule-secreted near-infrared-emitting fluorophore for hyperfluorescence imaging of kidney cancers, which cannot be achieved with hepatobiliary- and glomerular-clearable ICG. This pathway-dependent targeting of kidney cancer arises from the fact that the secretion pathway enables ICG-PEG45 to be effectively effluxed out of normal proximal tubules through P-glycoprotein transporter while being retained in cancerous kidney tissues with low P-glycoprotein expression. Tuning elimination pathways and utilizing different efflux kinetics of medical agents in normal and diseased tissues could be a new strategy for tackling challenges in disease diagnosis and treatments that cannot be addressed with passive and ligand-receptor-mediated active targeting.
The Emergence of Racialized Labor and Racial Battle Fatigue in the African American Student Network (AFAM)

Although little may be new with respect to the lived experience of racialized labor for People of Color navigating whiteness and white spaces, this study is the first to identify racialized labor in everyday life. Adapting consensual qualitative research methods to a phenomenological frame, we examined 277 notes summarizing weekly discussions in the African American Student Network (AFAM) over a 13-year time period. Co-facilitated by Black faculty and graduate students, AFAM was a space for Black undergraduates to make meaning of their experiences and find community on campus. We defined racialized labor as the ongoing process of navigating hostile environments steeped in a white racial frame and identified six categories: (1) self-monitoring/self-policing; (2) flexing/making adjustments; (3) questioning; (4) affirming; (5) avoiding; and, (6) being the change or standing up for justice. Racial battle fatigue was one outcome of all the racialized labor—primarily anger, stress, frustration, hypervigilance, pressure, and exhaustion along with numbness, shock, sadness and disappointment. Both racialized labor and racial battle fatigue also occurred at the intersections of students’ lives in structural, political, and representational ways. Future studies that capture the ways in which racialized labor in everyday life is enacted by People of Color are needed. The ability to name racialized labor provides an important analytical tool for distinguishing the ongoing process of navigating racism from negative consequences such as racial battle fatigue. This line of research also has implications for creating spaces that facilitate racialized labor and wellbeing for Black people and People of Color.
Incorporation of Arsenic in CdSe/CdTe Solar Cells During Close Spaced Sublimation of CdTe:As

Cu doping of CdTe has enabled reasonable device performance, but has some significant drawbacks, including limited achievable carrier concentration and high mobility in the CdTe films. Group V elements, on the other hand, are expected to facilitate higher carrier concentration and expected to have low mobility. Consequently, incorporate of As in CdTe is of great interest to the CdTe community. Here, we deposited CdTe from the CdTe:As feedstock to complete devices. We demonstrate that the As diffuses through the CdTe absorber layer and accumulates at the front and back interfaces with Cl activation. Current density-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements indicate that the devices have low carrier concentration, even though the concentration of As is high. These results indicate that the process employed here was insufficient to activate the As doping.
ERISA: Jury Trial Mandated for Benefit Claims Actions

When the United States Supreme Court faces the issue of fashioning a federal common law of ERISA, some district courts have suggested it will decide in favor of the right to a jury trial for benefits-due lawsuits. Legislative history indicates that Congress views the benefits-due lawsuit as contractual, realizing both state and federal courts treat them as contractual under pre-ERISA law, even LMRA, and expressly intended to increase the legal remedies under benefits-due lawsuits. Contractual legal remedies require the right to a jury trial. However, even in the absence of legislative history, constitutional provisions mandate a jury trial. This is because the participant-beneficiary's rights in the benefits-due lawsuit arise under a contractual theory and the participant-beneficiary generally seeks a legal remedy. Until the correct decision comes down, some district courts refuse to strike the jury demand until the last possible moment in hopes that their circuit will finally revive its legal sensibilities. The federal circuit courts should desire to correct the legal error of denying jury trials for benefits-due lawsuits. Judges then could avoid appearing as despots permitting an employer, through its hand-picked plan administrator, vindictively denying a participant-beneficiary a lump-sum benefit because the former employee also took the employer's substantial clients to his new employer, or reduce the benefit because the former employee participated in a strike against the employer. Such an unjust result would be the jury's onus, or more likely, the jury would sense the injustice and decide differently to correct that injustice. That was what Congress sought in passing ERISA: participant-beneficiaries ought to recover benefits they rightfully are owed.
Semantics-based event log aggregation for process mining and analytics

In highly complex and flexible environments, event logs tend to exhibit high levels of heterogeneity, and clustering-based methods are candidate techniques for simplifying the mined process models from the process observations. To compensate for the information loss occurring during clustering, semantic information from event logs may be extracted and organized in the form of knowledge structures such as process ontologies using methods of ontology learning. In this article, we propose an overall computational framework for event log pre-processing, and then focus on a specific component of the framework, namely event log aggregation. We develop a detailed system architecture for this component, along with an implemented and evaluated research prototype SemAgg. We use phrase-based semantic similarity between normalized event names to aggregate event logs in a hierarchical form. We discuss the practical implications of this work for learning lower level process ontology classes as well as performing further process mining and analytics.
Direct Product and Power Series Formations Over 2-Primal Rings

We show that the direct product of an infinite set of 2-primal rings (or even rings satisfying (PS I)) need not be a 2-primal ring, and we develop some sufficient conditions on the rings for their direct product to be 2-primal. We also show that the ring of formal power series over a 2-primal ring (or even a ring satisfying (PS I)) need not be 2-primal.
The Rate of Reaction of Carbon Monoxide with Hemoglobins M

Abstract The rate of reaction of the three abnormal hemoglobins, Mkankakee, Mchicago, and Mmilwaukee, with carbon monoxide has been examined by flow and photochemical methods. In Mkankakee only one-half of the hemes become reduced and react with carbon monoxide. In the other two molecules, all of the hemes are reducible and react. Mkankakee and Mmilwaukee are similar to one another and to hemoglobin A. Mchicago reacts faster and is kinetically heterogeneous. The result with Mkankakee implies that an adjacent α chain containing ferric iron does not prevent the modification of ligand binding activity of the remaining chain which is usually described as heme-heme interaction.
150/sup +/ channel ultra-DWDM source with N/spl times/10 GHz spacing utilizing longitudinal mode slicing of supercontinuum

We report a 150+ channel ultra-DWDM source utilizing longitudinal mode slicing of a 140 nm supercontinuum. The modes of source laser are replicated in 48 nm region with /spl plusmn/0.5 dB uniformity, precise N/spl times/10 GHz spacing and <7 dB/Hz RIN degradation.
Calculation and Use of the Hardy‐Weinberg Model in Association Studies

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is an important tool for understanding population structure. If certain assumptions are met, genotype and allele frequencies can be estimated from one generation to the next. In genetic association studies, HWE principles have been applied to detect genotyping error and disease susceptibility loci. The focus of this unit is to review the key principles and assumptions of HWE. There is a brief discussion on how the significance of HWE is tested, and a review of current applications of HWE in association studies. The applications discussed include estimating penetrance, evaluating genotyping errors, testing for population stratification, and testing for association.
Electromagnetic reactions on light nuclei using chiral effective theory

I describe the use of chiral effective theory (ChiET) to compute electromagnetic reactions in two- and three-nucleon systems. I first explain how chiral perturbation theory can be extended to the few-nucleon sector. I then explain the predictions of the resulting ChiET for electron-deuteron scattering, and how they will be tested by forthcoming data from BLAST. I conclude by displaying predictions for elastic Compton scattering from deuterium and Helium-3 nuclei. These computations, in concert with future data from MAX-Lab and HIGS, should give significant new information on neutron polarizabilities, and hence yield insight into the structure of the nucleon.