cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Factors Influencing the Amount of Mold Mycelia in Butter

Summary 1. Mold mycelia fragments in butter are an index of the length of time, temperature of storage, and the oxygen relationship of the cream from which the butter was made. 2. Mold mycelia in butter is not a direct index of the organoleptic quality of the cream from which the butter was made. 3. A higher percentage of mold mycelia is retained in the butter than bacteria. In general, the per cent retention is between 20 and 30 per cent. 4. Of the manufacturing operations studied none were found to significantly influence the mold mycelia content of the butter.
Preferential Accumulation of Iron in Hyperplastic Tissue of Rat Mammary Gland

AbstractQuantitative measurements of the iron contents of various rat mammary tissues (normal, hyperplastic, and tumor) revealed that hyperplastic tissues contained significantly more iron than normal and tumor tissues. Normal mammary glands from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and retired breeder rats had an iron content ranging from 21 to 73 μg/100 mg dry weight (X = 43), while that of primary and transplantable DMBA-induced mammary tumors ranged from 31 to 52 μg/100 mg dry weight (X = 38). In contrast, the iron content of hyperplastic mammary tissue, both DMBA-induced and spontaneous, was 139 to 204 μg/100 mg dry weight (X = 176). Thus, in addition to their previously reported growth alterations, rat mammary hyperplasias are also physiologically altered from normal in their sequestering of iron. Although the mechanisms involved are unknown, this property should provide a useful quantitative index for in vivo assays of mammary hyperplasias induced in vitro.
‘Random coil’ 1H chemical shifts obtained as a function of temperature and trifluoroethanol concentration for the peptide series GGXGG

Proton chemical shifts of a series of disordered linear peptides (H-Gly-Gly-X-Gly-Gly-OH, with X being one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids) have been obtained using 1D and 2D 1H NMR at pH 5.0 as a function of temperature and solvent composition. The use of 2D methods has allowed some ambiguities in side-chain assignments in previous studies to be resolved. An additional benefit of the temperature data is that they can be used to obtain ‘random coil’ amide proton chemical shifts at any temperature between 278 and 318 K by interpolation. Changes of chemical shift as a function of trifluoroethanol concentration have also been determined at a variety of temperatures for a subset of peptides. Significant changes are found in backbone and side-chain amide proton chemical shifts in these ‘random coil’ peptides with increasing amounts of trifluoroethanol, suggesting that caution is required when interpreting chemical shift changes as a measure of helix formation in peptides in the presence of this solvent. Comparison of the proton chemical shifts obtained here for H-Gly-Gly-X-Gly-Gly-OH with those for H-Gly-Gly-X-Ala-OH [Bundi, A. and Wuthrich, K. (1979) Biopolymers, 18, 285–297] and for Ac-Gly-Gly-X-Ala-Gly-Gly-NH2 [Wishart, D.S., Bigam, C.G., Holm, A., Hodges, R.S. and Sykes, B.D. (1995) J. Biomol. NMR, 5, 67–81] generally shows good agreement for CH protons, but reveals significant variability for NH protons. Amide proton chemical shifts appear to be highly sensitive to local sequence variations and probably also to solution conditions. Caution must therefore be exercised in any structural interpretation based on amide proton chemical shifts.
Directed evolution of LuxI for enhanced OHHL production

Quorum sensing is acommon mechanism used by bacteria to coordinate population behavior, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as biolu- minescence, virulence factor synthesis, antibiotic produc- tion, and biofilm formation. To engineer the LuxI enzyme of the LuxI-LuxR quorum-sensing system, we developed a high throughput genetic selection to identify LuxI mutants with improved OHHL (3-oxo-hexanoyl homoserine lac- tone) synthesis in E. coli. Using this genetic selection, we created LuxI mutants with improved OHHL synthesis rates and yields through directed evolution, identifying three LuxI mutants after two generations. An in vivo semi-quantitative method allowed for verification of the genetic screen and OHHL yields were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS, reveal- ing an 80-fold increase in a mutant culture compared to the wildtype culture. In addition to OHHL, the yields of C6HSL (hexanoyl homoserine lactone) and C8HSL (octanoyl homoserine lactone) were also improved, and a slight change in substrate specificity towards C6HSL production was observed. Based on alignment with the crystal structure of EsaI, a homolog of LuxI, two mutations are most likely involved in enhancing the interactions between the enzyme and the substrates. The high throughput genetic selection and the semi-quantitative method can be conveniently modified for the directed evolution of LuxI homologs. The identification of these LuxI mutants has implications in synthetic biology, where they can be used for the con- struction of artificial genetic circuits. In addition, develop- ment of drugs that specifically target quorum sensing to attenuate the pathogenesis of gram-negative infectious bacteria might also benefit from the insights into the mole- cular mechanism of quorum sensing revealed by the amino acid substitutions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;xxx: xxx-xxx.
Low intensity ultrasound

Abstract Ultrasonic sensors have exploited to measure useful fundamental and empirical properties of foods both in the laboratory and in the processing plant. In this review, the basics of sound–matter interactions are introduced along with a discussion of what can be measured and how it can be related to food properties. Some example applications are given, along with suggestions for successful method development.
Peptide YY and proglucagon mRNA expression patterns and regulation in the gut.

Objective: Peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 are important in the control of energy homeostasis and are both secreted from the gut in response to ingested nutrients. However, more studies are needed on nutrient regulation of their gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut. This study detailed PYY and proglucagon (the gene that encodes glucagon-like peptide-1) gene expression patterns and regulation in the gut. We further examined the regulation of PYY and proglucagon mRNA by a diet containing fermentation-resistant starch (in vivo) and butyrate (in vitro). Research Methods and Procedures: Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure PYY and proglucagon gene expression in epithelial cells collected from the duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and colon in normal Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats fed a resistant starch diet for 4 weeks. The same measurements were also performed in primary epithelial cells collected from the cecum and colon of normal rats after the cells were incubated with butyrate for 3 hours. Results: The gene expression patterns for PYY and proglucagon are similar to their peptide distribution patterns in the gut. Also, PYY and proglucagon mRNA expression were up-regulated in the cecum and colon in resistant-starch—fed rats. Butyrate increased PYY and proglucagon gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Discussion: Our data provide evidence that the distal part of the gut has the ability to sense nutrients such as butyrate, resulting in the up-regulation of PYY and proglucagon gene expression.
Does “inhibition of return” occur in discrimination tasks?

When attention is drawn to a location and then withdrawn, responding to a stimulus at that location may be slower than to one at a new location. This “inhibition of return” (IOR) has not been reliably demonstrated in tasks that require discrimination of targets from nontargets. The present experiments replicated IOR in detection and localization tasks only when target/nontarget discrimination was not also required. When discrimination was required, a consistent samelocation advantage occurred for repeated targets. Changed targets may, however, induce a bias toward opposite responses. The results cast doubt on IOR as a general attentional phenomenon.
Detection of OH in an atmospheric pressure flame via laser enhanced ionization of indium

Abstract A resonance ionization detector (RID) based on the two-step laser enhanced ionization of indium metal in an atmospheric pressure air/acetylene flame is studied and characterized. Practical utilization of the RID is shown by recording a partial excitation spectrum of the OH radical in the same air/acetylene flame used as the detector cell and measurement of the flame temperature by the Boltzmann plot method. OH transitions were excited in the X 2 Π → A 2 Σ + (1,0) vibronic band in the wavelength range 281–288 nm. Two possible mechanisms, fluorescence capture and collisional energy transfer, for the observation of the OH excitation spectrum are put forth and discussed. No conclusive evidence supporting either mechanism as predominant was found.
von Willebrand disease type 2N: uncovering a congenital bleeding disorder in a patient with hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and coagulopathy.

Von Willebrand disease type 2N (VWD 2N) is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder caused by mutations in von Willebrand factor that impair its ability to bind to factor VIII (FVIII). Patients with VWD 2N present with abnormal bleeding, low factor VIII levels, and often a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Although both are associated with low factor VIII levels, distinguishing VWD 2N from hemophilia A is clinically important because the prophylactic and therapeutic approach to bleeding is distinctly different. We present an instructive case of a woman with abnormal bleeding in the setting of progressive liver disease who had been previously diagnosed with "hemophilia." Her clinical history and laboratory testing were neither consistent with bleeding solely due to progressive liver dysfunction nor consistent with hemophilia. We outline the diagnostic evaluation of VWD 2N in the context of this case presentation and discuss the rationale for the use of purified VWF/FVIII concentrates for surgical prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding in VWD 2N patients.
Contextual Cross-Referencing of Species Names for Fiddler Crabs (Genus Uca): An Experiment in Cyber-Taxonomy

Cyber-taxonomy of name usage has focused primarily on producing authoritative lists of names or cross-linking names and data across disparate databases. A feature missing from much of this work is the recording and analysis of the context in which a name was used—context which can be critical for understanding not only what name an author used, but to which currently recognized species they actually refer. An experiment on recording contextual information associated with name usage was conducted for the fiddler crabs (genus Uca). Data from approximately one quarter of all publications that mention fiddler crabs, including 95% of those published prior to 1924 and 67% of those published prior to 1976, have currently been recorded in a database. Approaches and difficulties in recording and analyzing the context of name use are discussed. These results are not meant to be a full solution, rather to highlight problems which have not been previously investigated and may act as a springboard for broader approaches and discussion. Some data on the accessibility of the literature, including in particular electronic forms of publication, are also presented. The resulting data has been integrated for general browsing into the website http://www.fiddlercrab.info; the raw data and code used to construct the website is available at https://github.com/msrosenberg/fiddlercrab.info.
Thymic carcinoma arising from long standing thymoma and presenting with pituitary metastases

Primary thymic squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon and has only rarely been linked to a pre-existing thymoma. We are reporting a case of primary thymic squamous cell carcinoma with pituitary metastases, in a patient with a long standing thymoma.
Influence of heavy ionospheric ions on substorm onset

[1] Multifluid/multiscale simulations are used to examine the influence of ionospheric outflows on two substorms that occurred on August 13, 2001. Both substorms had well defined onsets in Cluster ion spectrometer (CIS) data of ion composition of the plasma sheet. It is shown that the model is able to account for two orders of magnitude variation in the H+ density and one order of magnitude change in the O+ density in the plasma sheet in association with the ionosphere generating peak outflows of 4 × 1025 H+ ions/s and 2 × 1025 O+ ions/s. The model shows that the growth phase is associated with the venting of solar wind plasma in association with the formation of an X-line and the ejection of a plasmoid. This reconnection occurs in a proton-dominated plasma and occurs well before onset. After this venting, a Y-line configuration develops with the ionospheric plasma being the dominant source of the plasma sheet. Lobe reconnection involves heavy enriched O+ lobe field lines produced by enhanced outflows that start at the beginning of the growth phase. This O+ produces enhanced dissipation and localized formation of flux ropes prior to substorm onset. For the isolated substorms considered here, the acceleration of O+ in the plasma sheet keeps the density low in this region but leads to the buildup of both number and density at the inner edge of the plasma sheet. O+ can contribute nearly 50% of the total energy density in this region just prior to onset. This results in over pressurization and dipolarization in conjunction with onset and associated increases in the nightside auroral currents.
Quantification of Three-Dimensional Motion of the Renal Arteries Using Image-Based Modeling Techniques

Stents implanted to treat renal artery stenosis are vulnerable to stent fracture and thrombosis [1–3]. We hypothesize that the motion of the renal arteries during respiration is a possible cause of stent fracture or in-stent restenosis. However, the respiratory motion of the renal arteries and the kidneys is poorly understood. Using magnetic resonance imaging data we previously quantified the two-dimensional deformation of the renal arteries and demonstrated that respiration-induced kidney motion results in vessel bending near the ostia [4]. In this study we quantified the complex three-dimensional motion of the renal arteries and kidneys over the respiratory cycle using magnetic resonance angiography data and imaged-based modeling methods. We provide quantitative information on anatomic changes to the renal arteries that may provide data to design improved pre-clinical, benchtop tests for renal stents.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A pumping-test method for the determination of specific yield

The specific yield of a water-table aquifer is one measure of the amount of water within the aquifer that is available for recovery (development). It is expressed as a percentage or decimal fraction of the total volume of material of which the aquifer is composed. The specific yield may be determined during the course of an equilibrium pumping test by comparing the volume of dewatered material in the cone of depression with the total volume of discharge water. An equation is developed theoretically that expresses the volume of dewatered material in terms of test data. A related equation indicates the magnitude of losses at the pumped well. These equations were tested by applying them to test data tabulated in ground-water literature.
Golod-Shafarevich groups with property ($T$) and Kac-Moody groups

We construct Golod-Shafarevich groups with property (T) and thus provide counterexamples to a conjecture stated in a recent article of Zelmanov [Z2]. Explicit examples of such groups are given by lattices in certain topological Kac-Moody groups over finite fields. We provide several applications of this result, including examples of residually finite torsion nonamenable groups
Evaluation of 1,3-pentadiene for mutagenicity by the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay

Abstract 1,3-Pentadiene, a food contaminant produced by some molds when they metabolize sorbic acid, was tested for mutagenicity, using variations of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. The chemical was incorporated into the test system (with and without S9 mix) by 3 methods: (a) the standard plate incorporation assay, (b) a liquid preincubation procedure and (c) exposure of test bacteria in the soft agar overlay to gaseous 1,3-pentadiene. The chemical was extremely toxic to the test bacteria with amounts as low as 2.0 μg/plate causing cell death. However, none of the nonlethal concentrations tested by any of the methods was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 or TA1538.
Moving from entrenched structure to a universal design

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act [1] requires electronic and information technology communications to be in made available in an accessible format by alternative means perceptible by people with disabilities. These provisions apply to all entities-including colleges and universities-that receive Federal money (17 U.S.C. § 794). The Accessible Educational STEM Videos Project aims to transform learning and teaching for students with disabilities through integrating synchronized captioned educational videos into undergraduate and graduate STEM disciplines. This Universal Video Captioning (UVC) platform will serve as a repository for uploading videos and scripts. The proposed infrastructure is a web-based platform that uses the lasted WebDAV technology (Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning) to identify resources, users, contents, etc. It consists of three layers: i) an administrative management system; ii) a faculty/staff user interface; and iii) a transcriber user interface.
Negative to positive strain rate sensitivity in 5xxx series aluminum alloys: Experiment and constitutive modeling

Abstract Uniaxial tension and compression tests, at both quasi-static and dynamic ranges of loadings, are utilized to study the thermo-mechanical response of an AA5182-O sheet. The strain rate at quasi-static regime ranges from 10 −4 to 10 0 (s −1 ) and at dynamic loading is chosen to be around 3500 (s −1 ). Measurements are reported at temperatures of 296 K, 338 K, 373 K, 423 K, and 473 K. While at temperatures lower than the critical temperature of T c , the flow stress decreases with increase of strain rate during quasi-static loading; above this temperature, the measured response shows positive strain rate sensitivity at the same strain rate range. In contrast, significant positive strain rate sensitivity prevails at dynamic loading over the whole range of temperature. A constitutive model is proposed to predict the stress–strain response of the alloy over the studied strain rate and temperature ranges. The developed model is also calibrated for another AA5xxx alloy series, AA5754-O, to evaluate the capability of the developed model in capturing transition from negative to positive strain rate sensitivity.
Path analysis of rice yield and yield components as affected by seeding rate

Understanding relationships among rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and yield components (panicle density, filled grain per panicle, unfilled grain per panicle, and grain weight) is critical to utilizing these relationships effectively. Interrelationships among rice yield and yield components for direct-seeded rice cultural systems using path-coefficient analysis that describes a priori cause-and-effect relationships have not been shown. Our objective was to study direct-seeded rice yield and yield component relationships as affected by seeding rates using path-coefficient analysis. «Lemont», a semidwarf rice, was seeded at 43, 85, 128, 170, and 213 kg ha −1 in four environments between 1986 and 1988 (...)
Efficacy of intra-articular botulinum toxin type A in painful knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injected intra-articularly in 60 subjects with moderate pain and functional impairment secondary to knee osteoarthritis. The study investigators hypothesized that intra-articular BoNT-A would result in statistically significant improvements in pain and function at 8 weeks. Design Double-blind, randomized, single tertiary care academic medical center trial with 6-month follow-up. Patients Sixty patients aged 40 years or older with painful osteoarthritis of the knee who had failed physical therapy, medications, and/or injection therapy presenting to the musculoskeletal or orthopedic outpatient clinics at a large tertiary care medical institution. All 60 patients completed 8-week follow-up, but only 32 patients completed the 26-week follow-up. Methods Subjects were randomized to receive a single injection of corticosteroid, low-dose BoNT-A (100 units), or high-dose BoNT-A (200 units). Outcome measures were compared at baseline, 4, 8, 12, and 26 weeks after injection. Main Outcome Measurements The primary outcome measure was pain visual analog scale (VAS) at 8 weeks. Secondary outcome measures included Western Ontario McMaster Arthritis Index, Short Form-36 scores, patient global assessment, 40-meter timed walk, and adverse effects. Results The primary end point was pain VAS score at 8 weeks, which decreased within each group but only reached statistical significance in the low-dose BoNT-A group. In the intra-articular corticosteroid group, VAS decreased from 6.4 ± 1.8 to 5.4 ± 2.3 ( P = .15); for low-dose BoNT-A, from 6.6. ± 1.9 to 4.5 ± 2.2 ( P = .01); and for high-dose BoNT-A, from 6.6 ± 1.4 to 5.9 ± 2.4 ( P = .15). All groups showed statistically significant improvements in Western Ontario McMaster Arthritis Index scores (pain, stiffness, function) at 8 weeks. No serious adverse events were noted in any group. Conclusions This pilot study supports a possible role for BoNT-A as a treatment option for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis; however, larger double-blind randomized studies are needed to determine whether BoNT-A is more effective than placebo in this patient population.
Molecular milestones that signal axonal maturation and the commitment of human spinal cord precursor cells to the neuronal or glial phenotype in development

Insights into the programmatic induction of neuronal and glial genes during human embryogenesis have depended largely on extrapolations of data derived from experimental mammals. However, the assumptions upon which these extrapolations are based have not been rigorously tested. Indeed, practically no information is available even on the human counterparts of the relatively small subset of well-characterized, developmentally regulated neuron and glial specific genes of the mammalian CNS. Thus, the developmental programs upon which human neural embryogenesis are based remain largely undeciphered. We have addressed this problem in immunohistochemical studies conducted on 22 human fetal spinal cords with gestational ages (GAs) that ranged from 6 to 40 weeks by using monoclonal antibodies to several classes of neuron or glial specific polypeptides. These polypeptides included: representatives of four different types (Types I-IV) of intermediate filament proteins, i.e., vimentin filament protein (VFP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), different phospho-isoforms of the high (NF-H), middle (NF-M), and low (NF-L) molecular weight (Mr) neurofilament (NF) subunits, both acidic and basic cytokeratin (CK) proteins; three different microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), i.e., MAP2, MAP5, and tau; two different synaptic or coated vesicle proteins, i.e., synaptophysin (SYP) and clathrin light chain B (LCb); an oligodendroglial specific protein, i.e., myelin basic protein (MBP); and a receptor for a CNS trophic factor, i.e., the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Combined therapy with vasodilator drugs and beta-adrenergic blockade in hypertension. A comparative study of minoxidil and hydralazine.

The hypotensive efficacies of two vasodilators, hydralazine and minoxidil, were assessed as these drugs were used individually in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade and diuretics in 11 hypertensive patients in whom elevated blood pressure had not been adequately controlled previously by other antihypertensive therapy. Control supine blood pressure fell from 191/128 mm Hg on propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide to 169/108 mm Hg on hydralazine, with a significantly greater reduction to 142/92 mm Hg on minoxidil. Although sodium retention and tachycardia were controlled by the use of concomitant diuretics and beta-blockade, an increment in each of these drugs was occasionally required to prevent these complications. Renal function was changed little with the decrease in blood pressure. Plasma renin increased from a standing control of 14.5 mµg/ml/hr to 35.9 and 31.1 mµg/ml/hr, respectively, on hydralazine and minoxidil. These data suggest the role of vasodilators used in combination with beta-blockers ...
Dependence of creaming and rheology of monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions on droplet size and concentration

Abstract The influence of droplet concentration (1–67 vol.%) and size (r=0.43 and 0.86 μm) on the creaming stability and rheology of monodisperse n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by sodium dodeycl sulfate (SDS) was studied. Creaming was monitored by measuring the back-scattered light from an emulsion as a function of its height. Apparent viscosity and shear modulus were measured using a dynamic shear rheometer. The creaming velocity of the emulsions decreased with increasing droplet concentration. The apparent viscosity of the emulsions increased with increasing droplet concentration, decreasing droplet size and decreasing shear stress. Emulsions gained elastic characteristics and did not exhibit creaming when the droplet concentration exceeded about 40% because of close packing of the droplets. The viscosity and creaming behavior of monodisperse emulsions could be described using the same equations as for monodisperse suspensions.
pH and base counterion affect succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations

Succinate production was studied in Escherichia coli AFP111, which contains mutations in pyruvate formate lyase (pfl), lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) and the phosphotransferase system glucosephosphotransferase enzyme II (ptsG). Two-phase fermentations using a defined medium at several controlled levels of pH were conducted in which an aerobic cell growth phase was followed by an anaerobic succinate production phase using 100% (v/v) CO2. A pH of 6.4 yielded the highest specific succinate productivity. A metabolic flux analysis at a pH of 6.4 using 13C-labeled glucose showed that 61% of the PEP partitioned to oxaloacetate and 39% partitioned to pyruvate, while 93% of the succinate was formed via the reductive arm of the TCA cycle. The flux distribution at a pH of 6.8 was also analyzed and was not significantly different compared to that at a pH of 6.4. Ca(OH)2 was superior to NaOH or KOH as the base for controlling the pH. By maintaining the pH at 6.4 using 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2, the process achieved an average succinate productivity of 1.42 g/l h with a yield of 0.61 g/g.
Extending speed range of five-phase PM machines by changing the stator windings connections

Multi-phase permanent magnet machines are good candidate for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications due to their fault tolerance capability, high torque to current ratio, high efficiency and fast dynamic response. However limited speed range is a major drawback for these electric machines. Stator winding configuration has a significant effect in speed range operation of AC electric machines. In a three phase AC machine a wide speed range operation can be achieved by changing the stator winding connection from wye to delta. In this paper the performance of a five-phase permanent magnet machine with different winding configurations for the stator is investigated. Simulation results are carried out to show the performance of each stator winding connections over a wide speed range.
Steroid-responsive (autoimmune?) sclerosing cholangitis.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and destruction of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts (1). Although the natural history of PSC is variable, it is almost always progressive and leads to cirrhosis and liver failure (2‐5). The etiology of PSC is unknown, and there is no effective medical treatment. We report on all patients who first presented to us between January 1999 and December 2001 with confirmed sclerosing cholangitis of a highly inflammatory nature. Six such patients presented in this time-period out of 80 patients with PSC. All six of these patients improved dramatically in response to glucocorticoid treatment. Biochemical tests of liver function normalized in five patients and improved greatly in the sixth, cholangiograms improved in those who had cholangiograms before and after treatment and symptoms resolved in all six. The response of these patients to immunosuppressive therapy suggests that their sclerosing cholangitis may be of autoimmune etiology. Based on this experience, we suggest that PSC may be a syndrome with different etiologies, rather than one discrete disease, and that our patients have an autoimmune variant. That sclerosing cholangitis may be a family of diseases with different etiologies would explain the disparate results found in the PSC literature concerning the efficacy of medical treatments.
New azimuthal binning for improved delineation of faults and fractures

We suggest and test a new way to define azimuth binning in Kirchhoff prestack migration. With this new definition, we sort seismic data by the azimuth of the average travel path traversed from the source to the subsurface image point and back to the receiver, rather than the azimuth between source and receiver on the surface of the earth. This approach avoids mixing the typically weaker side-scattered energy with the stronger in-plane reflections, thereby providing greater leverage in identifying image contributions from out-of-the-plane steeply dipping reflectors, fractures and faults. We examine the impact of this new imaging approach combined with analysis of seismic attributes that have proved useful for fracture detection, on data from the Fort Worth Basin, Texas, United States. We find that the image of features such as reflectors and discontinuities focus into azimuths perpendicular to the strike of each feature. The discrimination achieved in the azimuthal domain allows for an increased resolution in analysis of geologic features according to their strike direction. It should also result in improved residual azimuthal velocity analysis.
The Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science (AMO) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) provides a tight soft X-ray focus into one of three experimental endstations. The flexible instrument design is optimized for studying a wide variety of phenomena requiring peak intensity. There is a suite of spectrometers and two photon area detectors available. An optional mirror-based split-and-delay unit can be used for X-ray pump–probe experiments. Recent scientific highlights illustrate the imaging, time-resolved spectroscopy and high-power density capabilities of the AMO instrument.
Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) from High Efficiency Clean Combustion: Catalytic Exhaust Treatment Effects

High Efficiency Clean Combustion (HECC) strategies such as homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and pre-mixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) offer much promise for the reduction of NOx and PM from diesel engines. While delivering low PM and low NOx, these combustion modes often produce much higher levels of CO and HC than conventional diesel combustion modes. In addition, partially oxygenated species such as formaldehyde (an MSAT) and other aldehydes increase with HECC modes. The higher levels of CO and HCs have the potential to compromise the performance of the catalytic aftertreatment, specifically at low load operating points. As HECC strategies become incorporated into vehicle calibrations, manufacturers need to avoid producing MSATs in higher quantities than found in conventional combustion modes. This paper describes research on two different HECC strategies, HCCI and PCCI. Engine-out data for several MSAT species (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, PAHs, diesel PM) as well as other HC species are presented and compared when possible with conventional operation. In addition, catalyst-out values were measured to assess the destruction of individual MSATs over the catalyst. At low engine loads, MSATs were higher and catalyst performance was poorer. Particle sizing results identify large differences between PM frommore » conventional and HECC operation.« less
Gender Rather Than Choice of Intermediate Duration Opioids Affects Emergence After Craniotomy for Large Intracranial Tumors

Abstract Background: Opioid-based anesthetic techniques are commonly used during neurosurgical procedures. In the present randomized prospective study, we studied emergence after 4 anesthetic regimens combining intermediate duration opioids with isoflurane and nitrous oxide (N2O), in patients undergoing craniotomy for large (> 30 mm diameter with intracranial mass effect) intracranial tumors. Methods: One hundred seven patients were randomized into 4 groups: Group A: fentanyl (≤ 5 µg/kg) + isoflurane (≤ 1 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]), Group B: sufentanil (1-2 µg/kg plus infusion) + isoflurane (≤ 0.5 MAC), Group C: sufentanil (2 µg/kg bolus only) + isoflurane (≤ 1 MAC), and Group D: alfentanil (100 µg/kg plus infusion) + isoflurane (≤ 0.5 MAC). Boluses were administered as divided doses during induction, laryngoscopy, head pinning, and incision. Blood pressure was controlled at ±25% of baseline levels. All infusions were discontinued at the start of dural closure. Emergence was assessed using a mi...
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and follicle-stimulating hormone dynamics during the luteal-follicular transition.

To define the precise neuroendocrine characteristics of the luteal-follicular transition, 11 normal women underwent 12 frequent sampling studies at 10-min intervals for 48 h at various points during the transition from one cycle to the next. Daily blood samples captured both the preceding and subsequent LH surges, so that studies could be characterized in relation to the preceding LH peak (LH+), the subsequent LH peak (LH-), and menses (M). In the frequent sampling study, LH and FSH were measured in all samples, and estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in 2-h pools. The frequency of pulsatile LH secretion increased 4.5-fold over an 8-day period spanning the luteal-follicular transition. This increase in LH pulse frequency was strongly related to the preceding LH peak (r = 0.82; P less than 0.00001), but was not at all related to the onset of menses. When the temporal markers (i.e. LH+, LH-, and M) were removed from the analysis, LH pulse frequency was inversely related to the log of serum P (r = 0.50; P less than 0.005), but not E2. FSH levels increased both within the individual studies (P less than 0.005) and in the group as a whole over the duration of the luteal-follicular transition. Mean FSH rose 3.5-fold compared to less than a 2-fold increase in mean LH. As with LH pulse frequency, the increase in FSH was most strongly related to the preceding LH peak, but was also significantly associated with the subsequent LH peak and the onset of menses. The relationship between FSH and the number of days from the preceding LH peak is even better fit by a second degree polynomial, which revealed an abrupt increase in LH beginning at LH+11. With the temporal markers excluded, the increase in FSH related only to LH pulse frequency (r = 0.62; P less than 0.001). FSH was not statistically related to the decreases in P or E2, which are also key variables at this stage of the menstrual cycle. We reached the following conclusions. 1) A dramatic increase in LH pulse frequency, and by inference GnRH pulse frequency, accompanies the selective rise in FSH levels during the luteal-follicular transition of the normal menstrual cycle. 2) Both the increase in GnRH pulse frequency and the rise in FSH levels during this transition are strongly related to the preceding LH peak, while the clinical marker of menses is a relatively poor indicator of these events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reconfigurable assemblies of active, autochemotactic gels

Using computational modeling, we show that self-oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) gels can both emit and sense a chemical signal and thus drive neighboring gel pieces to spontaneously self-aggregate, so that the system exhibits autochemotaxis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the closest system to the ultimate self-recombining material, which can be divided into separated parts and the parts move autonomously to assemble into a structure resembling the original, uncut sample. We also show that the gels’ coordinated motion can be controlled by light, allowing us to achieve selective self-aggregation and control over the shape of the gel aggregates. By exposing the BZ gels to specific patterns of light and dark, we design a BZ gel “train” that leads the movement of its “cargo.” Our findings pave the way for creating reconfigurable materials from self-propelled elements, which autonomously communicate with neighboring units and thereby actively participate in constructing the final structure.
"YOU CAN TAKE THE BOY OUT OF DORCHESTER, BUT YOU CAN'T TAKE DORCHESTER OUT OF THE BOY": TOWARD A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF MOBILITY

This article seeks to illuminate some of the social psychological correlates of social mobility. It proceeds from the observation that while a great deal is known about aggregate rates of mobility and the factors that inhibit or enhance persons’ movement through social structures, far less is known about the way individuals define, interpret, comprehend, and give meaning to their own movement through social space. In-depth interview data from 25 professionals who grew up in working- or lower-class circumstances suggests that such a background deeply influences persons’ perceptions and actions throughout their occupational lives. The professionals whose own words we will hear, all between 50 and 60 years of age. have “made it” in the occupational world. And they have done it by traversing great social distances. As the recount their stories of becoming doctors, lawyers, academics, and businesspersons, they also mention over and again how their motives, strategic occupational choices, and self-images are connected to the circumstances of their origins. Class and ethnic background is an important “frame” within which persons understand, experience, and create their careers.
Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Hydrostatic model simulations

[1] This research examined hydrostatic groundwater model (MODFLOW) predictive adequacy and sensitivity in simulating hyporheic flow paths across a river step with a hydraulic jump. In a companion paper, we used flume and hydrodynamic model analysis to develop a refined conceptual model depicting these flow paths with zones of downwelling and upstream-directed flux below the step. The previous coarse conceptual model predicted uniform downstream-directed upwelling below the step. The hydrostatic model accurately predicted the downwelling and upstream-directed fluxes beneath the wave and jump but failed to predict the plunge pool downwelling, which is driven by dynamic pressures. Sensitivity tests varied riverbed topography and water surface profile geometry for a river with 1% slopes, 10 cm flow depths, and 50–150 cm long jets and jumps. The flow paths below the jet-jump region were driven by hydrostatic pressures and were highly sensitive to water surface profile and riverbed topography parameters. Failure to simulate the hydraulic jump caused errors in hyporheic flow path predictions beneath the jump region (∼1 m long by ∼0.5 m deep). If the jump was poorly parameterized, several meters of riverbed flow paths could be erroneously modeled as pointing upstream. The hyporheic zone may contain a spatial mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic waters regulating nutrient transformations and biologic productivity. Accurate parameterization of hydraulic jumps in hyporheic simulation has the potential to improve predictions and explain heterogeneous subsurface flow paths and associated nutrient patterns and ecosystem functions.
Use of Detergent Extracts of Brucella Abortus RB51 to Detect Serologic Responses in RB51-Vaccinated Cattle:

Serologic responses to the newly introduced rough Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 have been determined in a dot-blot format using gamma-irradiated RB51 cells as the antigen. Because gamma-irradiated cells are not easily prepared and the signal from cells was not always reliable, an alternative antigen was sought. Detergent extracts of B. abortus RB51 were prepared using zwittergent 3-14, Triton X-100, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and examined in a dot-blot format. Zwittergent 3-14 extracts and gamma-irradiated RB51 cells gave the same titers. Unlike gamma-irradiated RB51 cells, zwittergent 3-14 extracts produced signals consistently, and the signals were easily interpreted. Triton X-100 extracts interfered with signal development, and SDS extracts resulted in a high background signal. Western blot analyses revealed several outer membrane proteins in the zwittergent 3-14 extract. The major antigens in the extract had apparent molecular weights of <20,000.
A mathematical treatment of the effect of particle size distribution on mass transfer in dispersions

A mathematical model is proposed that takes into account interaction between drops or bubbles in a swarm as well as the effect of particle size distribution. The model is used to solve the equations for unsteady state mass transfer with and without chemical reaction when the drops or bubbles are suspended in a nonextraordinarily purified agitated fluid. Steady state diffusion to a family of moving drops with clean interface and without interaction and chemical reaction has been also analyzed. The model demonstrates the sort of error that may arise when one applies uniform drop size assumptions to drop populations. It is shown quantitatively that this error is usually small when one replaces the variable particle size by the mean. By using variables that can be determined and predicted, the equations presented permit the estimation of diffusion rate per unit area of interface, as well as the average concentration and the total average rate of mass transfer in the disperser under pseudo steady state conditions.
Lidar Remote Sensing of the Canopy Structure and Biophysical Properties of Douglas-Fir Western Hemlock Forests

21 of biomass and an LAI of 12, with 90% and like conventional microwave and optical sensors, lidar 75% of variance explained, respectively. Furthermore, we sensors directly measure the distribution of vegetation were able to make accurate estimates of other stand material along the vertical axis and can be used to pro- structure attributes, including the mean and standard devide three-dimensional, or volumetric, characterizations viation of diameter at breast height, the number of stems of vegetation structure. Ecological applications of scan- greater than 100 cm in diameter, and independent estining lidar have hitherto used one-dimensional indices to mates of the basal area of Douglas-fir and western hemcharacterize canopy height. A novel three-dimensional lock. These measurements can be directly related to indianalysis of lidar waveforms was developed to character- ces of forest stand structural complexity, such as those ize the total volume and spatial organization of vegeta- developed for old-growth forest characterization. Indices tion material and empty space within the forest canopy. of canopy structure developed using the novel, threeThese aspects of the physical structure of canopies have dimensional analysis accounted for most of the variables been infrequently measured, from either field or remote used in predictive equations generated by the stepwise methods. We applied this analysis to 22 plots in Douglas- multiple regression. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. fir/western hemlock stands on the west slope of the Cascades Range in Oregon. Each plot had coincident lidar data and field measurements of stand structure. We com- INTRODUCTION pared results from the novel analysis to two earlier methCharacterization of structure in moderate to high bioods of canopy description. Using the indices of canopy mass forests is a major challenge in remote sensing. structure from all three methods of description as inde
Health monitoring for software security

This paper discusses health monitoring of security properties, that is, software properties the violation of which might indicate that a vulnerability in the software is being attacked. Because malicious attackers may try to hide their presence from a health monitor, such monitoring has to be fine-grained - we will argue that individual instructions in the binary executable code should be monitored. This can be prohibitively expensive, but it may be possible to use static verification technology to reduce the workload of the health monitor. The paper discusses the possibilities of such a synthesis between static verification and runtime supervision.
Mercury oxidation by hydrochloric acid over TiO2 supported metal oxide catalysts in coal combustion flue gas

Abstract Mercury oxidation by hydrochloric acid over the metal oxides supported by anatase type TiO2 catalysts, 1 wt.% MOx/TiO2 where M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Mo, was investigated by the Hg0 oxidation and the NO reduction measurements both in the presence and absence of NH3. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area measurement and Raman spectroscopy. The metal oxides added to the catalyst were observed to disperse well on the TiO2 surface. For all catalysts studied, the Hg0 oxidation by hydrochloric acid was confirmed to proceed. The activity of the catalysts was found to follow the trend MoO3 ~ V2O5 > Cr2O3 > Mn2O3 > Fe2O3 > CuO > NiO. The Hg0 oxidation activity of all catalysts was depressed considerably by adding NH3 to the reactant stream. This suggests that the metal oxide catalysts undergo the inhibition effect by NH3. The activity trend of the Hg0 oxidation in the presence of NH3 was different from that observed in its absence. A good correlation was found between the NO reduction and the Hg0 oxidation activities in the NH3 present condition. The catalyst having high NO reduction activity such as V2O5/TiO2 showed high Hg0 oxidation activity. The result obtained in this study suggests that the oxidation of Hg0 proceeds through the reaction mechanism, in which HCl competes for the active catalyst sites against NH3. NH3 adsorption may predominate over the adsorption of HCl in the presence of NH3.
Expression of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Mice Promotes Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport

Background— Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins to apolipoprotein (apo) B–containing lipoproteins and in humans plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. However, the role that CETP plays in mediation of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) remains unclear. We used a validated in vivo assay of macrophage RCT to test the effect of CETP expression in mice (which naturally lack CETP) on macrophage RCT, including in mice that lack the low-density lipoprotein receptor or the scavenger receptor class B, type I. Method and Results— A vector based on adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) with a liver-specific thyroglobulin promoter was used to stably express human CETP in livers of mice and was compared with an AAV8-lacZ control vector. The RCT assay was performed 4 weeks after vector injection and involved the intraperitoneal injection of acetylated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–loaded and 3H-cholesterol–labeled J774 macrophages i...