cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using behavioral science theory to enhance public health nursing

The application of behavioral science theory is instrumental in advancing nursing research and practice. Nurses can benefit from a thorough understanding of theoretical perspectives related to health behavior change. Behavioral science theory can provide a conceptual context for understanding patient behavior, it can guide research on the determinants of health behavior and health service delivery, and it can offer alternative approaches to nursing practice that may improve the effectiveness of patient care. The aim of this paper is to provide some examples of behavioral theories that can be used in nursing research and practice, and provide an example of how one theory, Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model), can be applied to older adult fall prevention. Given the critical role behavior plays in premature morbidity and mortality, public health nurses and researchers can benefit by broadening the use of theory in the design and implementation of interventions, using behavioral theory as their guide.
Consistency is key: Understanding academic socialization among high-achieving Black boys

Abstract Despite the racial achievement gap, many Black adolescent boys excel in school. Academic socialization is one way that parents can contribute to these youths' success. However, only a few studies have examined the specific ways that Black parents support their sons' high achievement. To address this gap, we used a multi-wave, multi-informant, mixed-method design to examine the conversations, rules, and after school routines of 12 Black boys and their primary caregivers. First, using latent class growth curve analyses, boys were grouped into a high-achieving or low-achieving group according to their average grade in Math and English across 5 assessments from 6th to 11th grade. Then, using content analysis, we analyzed semi-structured interviews from these families for evidence of academic socialization. Drawing on the Stage Setting Framework, we found that parents of high-achieving Black boys engaged in four types of academic socialization practices that facilitated their children's academic success.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making - Pareto Front Optimization Strategy for Solving Multi-Objective Problems

To date, Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) has been viewed in terms of both exploration and exploitation of the solution search area. Accordingly, the main contribution of this paper relies on the exploitation of the solution space, rather than the exploration of the solutions set. Exploration of the solution sets is performed with a combination of the Pareto front and Evolutionary Algorithm (EA). For exploitation in the search environment, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is used to pick the best performing agent/policy from the group of agents/policies. The novelty behind the methodology proposed in this paper is the introduction of Decision Making during the evolution of the policies, named Multi-Criteria Decision Making - Pareto Front (M-PF) optimization. The performance of the proposed solution is compared under numerical simulations against popular techniques such as Non-Dominated Sorting Algorithm -II (NSGA-II) and Non-Dominated Sorting Algorithm-III (NSGA-III).
Feature Selection Algorithms Enhance the Accuracy of Frailty Indexes as Measures of Biological Age

Biological age captures some of the variance in life expectancy for which chronological age is not accountable, and it quantifies the heterogeneity in the presentation of the aging phenotype in various individuals. Among the many quantitative measures of biological age, the mathematically uncomplicated frailty/deficit index is simply the proportion of the total health deficits in various health items surveyed in different individuals. We used three different statistical methods that are popular in machine learning to select 17-28 health items that together are highly predictive of survival/mortality, from independent study cohorts. From the selected sets, we calculated frailty indexes and Klemera-Doubal's biological age estimates, and then compared their mortality prediction performance using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Our results indicate that the frailty index outperforms age and Klemera-Doubal's biological age estimates, especially among the oldest old who are most prone to biological aging-caused mortality. We also showed that a DNA methylation index, which was generated by applying the frailty/deficit index calculation method to 38 CpG sites that were selected using the same machine learning algorithms, can predict mortality even better than the best performing frailty index constructed from health, function, and blood chemistry.
Teaching Case: Should New York City (NYC) Build the Brooklyn Queens Connector (BQX) or Will it Soon Be Obsolete?

Marc Andreessen (a co-founder and general partner of venture capital firm Andreessen-Horowitz, who was an early stage investor – either personally or via his firm - in Facebook, Groupon, Skype, Twitter, Zynga, Foursquare, LinkedIn and others) famously observed that software is eating the world, by which he means that every industry sector is being impacted by the confluence of ever declining computing and digital storage costs, combined with continual improvements in software. In the private sector the result has been the rise of firms like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Uber and so on, with the simultaneous devastation of many traditional organizations (e.g., physical retail bookstore chains such as Borders Books, and/or many local newspapers) that were made effectively obsolete. We often think of this as a private sector issue, perhaps only impacting the public sector in terms of thinking about work force retraining and similar activities, but in truth this wave of obsolescence has implications for the public sector in areas we don’t normally associate with digital technology. For example, the rise of autonomous vehicles, and related technologies, may have important implications for the feasibility of big transport infrastructure projects, such as the BQX.
Suggested Work Guidelines, Based on Operating Room Data, for Departments with a Breast Milk Pumping Supervising Anesthesiologist

Objective: Coordinating breast milk pumping sessions is challenging for lactating anesthesiologists who supervise multiple simultaneous anesthetics. We quantify the minimum percentages of adjacent ...
Designing Intelligent Systems to Support Medical Diagnostic Reasoning Using Process Data.

We captured 36 medical professionals’ process data across five medical cases using CResME, a multimedia system designed to activate illness scripts. Findings showed medical expertise was unrelated to diagnostic performance when illness scripts were disrupted, and that process data was predictive of diagnostic performance for some medical cases. Implications of our study illustrate ways to design AIEd systems capable of scaffolding diagnostic reasoning to reduce medical errors.
Herding cats: Label-based approaches in protein translocation through nanopore sensors for single-molecule protein sequence analysis

Proteins carry out life's essential functions. Comprehensive proteome analysis technologies are thus required for a full understanding of the operating principles of biological systems. While current proteomics techniques suffer from limitations in sensitivity and/or throughput, nanopore technology has the potential to enable de novo protein identification through single-molecule sequencing. However, a significant barrier to achieving this goal is controlling protein/peptide translocation through the nanopore sensor for processive strand analysis. Here, we review recent approaches that use a range of techniques, from oligonucleotide conjugation to molecular motors, aimed at driving protein strands and peptides through protein nanopores. We further discuss site-specific protein conjugation chemistry that could be combined with these translocation approaches as future directions to achieve single-molecule protein detection and sequencing of native proteins.
Compulsory Voting and Populism

The political theory and strategy of populism has recently gained traction throughout the world but has a long history in Iberian South America. This region is further characterized by constitutional requirements that everyone vote, known as compulsory voting systems. We present a study showing a high use of such laws in the region as a method to elect populist leaders and maintain their control of government, and conclude that a continuation of the populist trend elsewhere is likely to be associated with more compulsory voting laws.
Relationship of underwater acoustic intensity measurements to beamforming

The standard method of determining the directional properties of underwater acoustic fields is to coherently combine the weighted pressure field measurements made by spatially distributed sensors. An alternative approach is to make measurements of other properties of the acoustic field, in addition to pressure, at single points in space. For example, measurements of acoustic particle velocity can be combined multiplicatively with those of pressure to determine the vector acoustic intensity. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the relationship between the information obtained on the directionality of the sound field by the standard beamforming techniques and vector acoustic intensity
Early versus Late Disclosure of Evidence: Effects on Verbal Cues to Deception, Confessions, and Lie Catchers' Accuracy

The strategic use of evidence (SUE)—a method of using case information to elicit different verbal responses from guilty and innocent suspects—has been shown to increase cues to deception and lie detection accuracy. This study manipulated the timing of evidence presentation to determine its effect on cues to deception, lie detection accuracy, and confession rates. Liars were less consistent with the evidence, and SUE was associated with higher lie detection accuracy. Results showed no difference between early and late disclosure of evidence on suspects' confession rates, nor on the diagnosticity of the confessions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GEM: a proposal for a more comprehensive guideline document model using XML.

Objective: To develop a guideline document model that includes a sufficiently broad set of concepts to be useful throughout the guideline life cycle. Design: Current guideline document models are limited in that they reflect the specific orientation of the stakeholder who created them; thus, developers and disseminators often provide few constructs for conceptualizing recommendations, while implementers de-emphasize concepts related to establishing guideline validity. The authors developed the Guideline Elements Model (GEM) using XML to better represent the heterogeneous knowledge contained in practice guidelines. Core constructs were derived from the Institute of Medicine's Guideline Appraisal Instrument, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, and the augmented decision table guideline representation. These were supplemented by additional concepts from a literature review. Results: The GEM hierarchy includes more than 100 elements. Major concepts relate to a guideline's identity, developer, purpose, intended audience, method of development, target population, knowledge components, testing, and review plan. Knowledge components in guideline documents include recommendations (which in turn comprise conditionals and imperatives), definitions, and algorithms. Conclusion: GEM is more comprehensive than existing models and is expressively adequate to represent the heterogeneous information contained in guidelines. Use of XML contributes to a flexible, comprehensible, shareable, and reusable knowledge representation that is both readable by human beings and processible by computers.
Chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. II. Oxygen transport in two clinical types.

Abstract Two contrasting types of patients with chronic airway obstruction were distinguished by purely clinical criteria: the emphysematous type (herein referred to as PP patients) and the bronchial type (BB patients). In the autopsy cases there was somewhat more extensive emphysematous destruction of the lungs and much less evidence of active bronchial mucous gland hyperplasia in the former type than in the latter. These two types of patients were studied physiologically and were found to have equivalent degrees of ventilatory impairment. However, PP patients had larger lungs, more uniform distribution of inert gas (helium) and hyperventilated both at rest and during exercise. BB patients had higher carbon dioxide tensions and much lower arterial oxygen saturations than did PP patients. The severe hypoxemia in BB patients was not caused by alveolar hypoventilation per se nor could it be satisfactorily explained by calculations of gas and blood flow distribution in the lungs. The most consistent measured difference relevant to pulmonary oxygen transport in the two types was in pulmonary blood flow: PP patients had subnormal and BB patients normal cardiac outputs both at rest and during exercise. The higher ratio of total ventilation to total blood flow in PP patients probably accounted for the nearly normal arterial oxygenation. The hypoxemia in BB patients is considered to be a form of diffusion impairment resulting from too rapid flow of red blood cells through hypoventilated alveoli. The most consistent measured difference relevant to tissue oxygenation in the two types was in the systemic oxygen transport (product of total blood flow and arterial blood oxygen content). Because of their low cardiac outputs, PP patients, although their arterial blood had a higher oxygen pressure, delivered less oxygen to their tissues than BB patients, who maintained a normal cardiac output despite a greater degree of pulmonary hypertension. These findings may account for the cachexia of the former and the cor pulmonale of the latter patients.
Are Preferences Stable Across Domains? An Experimental Investigation of Social Preferences in the Field

Our research investigates whether social preferences are stable across contexts in the field. We build a unique data set by recruiting participants from a low-income urban neighborhood to participate in a series of laboratory experiments. Their decisions are used to demonstrate the stability of cooperative actions across multiple decision contexts. We show that choices in a laboratory VCM predict giving in donation experiments, as well as self-reported donations and volunteering outside the lab. These results have important implications for modeling a general preference for cooperation, measurable in the lab and in the field, and for public policy regarding the voluntary provision of public goods.
Severe Factor VII Deficiency Due to a Mutation Disrupting an Sp1 Binding Site in the Factor VII Promoter

We have identified a point mutation in the promoter of the factor VII gene responsible for a severe bleeding disorder in a patient from a large French-Canadian family with known consanguinity. The proband has an extremely low plasma level of factor VII antigen and factor VII coagulant activity (<1 percent of normal) and suffers from hemarthroses and chronic arthropathy. Sequencing of the patient's factor VII 5' flanking region, intron/exon junctions, and coding regions showed a homozygous point mutation, a C to G transversion at position -94 relative to the translation start site. We show here that this mutation prevented binding of transcription factor Sp1 and of other nuclear proteins to this region of the factor VII promoter and resulted in a 20-fold reduction in reporter gene expression in HepG2 cells. These data underscore the importance of this region of the factor VII promoter for in vivo expression of the factor VII gene.
Human Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Is Induced by IL-4 and Negatively Regulated by CD45: Implication of CD45 as a Janus Kinase Phosphatase in Antibody Diversification

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays critical roles in Ig class switch recombination and V(H) gene somatic hypermutation. We investigated the role of IL-4 in AID mRNA induction, the signaling transduction involved in IL-4-mediated AID induction, and the effect of CD45 on IL-4-dependent AID expression in human B cells. IL-4 was able to induce AID expression in human primary B cells and B cell lines, and IL-4-induced AID expression was further enhanced by CD40 signaling. IL-4-dependent AID induction was inhibited by a dominant-negative STAT6, indicating that IL-4 induced AID expression via the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT6 signaling pathway. Moreover, triggering of CD45 with anti-CD45 Abs can inhibit IL-4-induced AID expression, and this CD45-mediated AID inhibition correlated with the ability of anti-CD45 to suppress IL-4-activated JAK1, JAK3, and STAT6 phosphorylations. Thus, in humans, IL-4 alone is sufficient to drive AID expression, and CD40 signaling is required for optimal AID production; IL-4-induced AID expression is mediated via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and can be negatively regulated by the JAK phosphatase activity of CD45. This study indicates that the JAK phosphatase activity of CD45 can be induced by anti-CD45 Ab treatment, and this principle may find clinical application in modulation of JAK activation in immune-mediated diseases.
Effect of marcaine, a myotoxic drug, on macromolecular synthesis in muscle

Abstract The effects of Marcaine (bupivacaine) on RNA and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle have been studied. The drug did not affect RNA synthesis by pieces of rat tibialis anterior at concentrations as high as 0.5% (w/v), nor did it affect cell-free transcription of calf thymus DNA by wheat germ RNA polymerase II. In contrast, Marcaine inhibited protein synthesis by muscle chunks, and also inhibited [ 3 H]leucine incorporation by cell-free components prepared from muscle. Specifically, the drug significantly inhibited aminoacylation of muscle transfer RNA with the amino acids leucine, methionine, lysine and valine (50–90 per cent) at a concentration of 0.5% and also inhibited elongation of polypeptide chains at the same concentration. Marcaine (0.5%) also inhibited aminoacylation of tRNA in cell-free systems derived from rat liver and from murine myeloma RPC-20, but it did not inhibit as strongly as in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, 0.5% Marcaine had no effect on the acylation of tRNA with leucine, methionine, lysine or valine when cell-free components from Escherichia coli were used.
The Effect of IFN-Gamma and Alpha on CON-A Stimulated T-Cell Proliferation: Role of Monocytes

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and alpha (IFN-alpha) have been shown to influence T-cell proliferation in several systems. Since both species of IFN affect monocyte (Mo) functions, it is conceivable that these effects are mediated through Mo. In the present study, the effect of IFN-gamma and alpha on concanavalin A (Con A)-driven T-cell proliferation was investigated under suboptimal culture conditions. T-cell proliferation was augmented by IFN-gamma. The stimulatory effect of IFN-gamma was Mo mediated and required the pretreatment of Mo with IFN-gamma prior to co-culture with T-cells. Addition of IFN-gamma during co-culture or pretreatment of T-cells with IFN-gamma was ineffective in achieving augmentation. IFN-gamma induced enhanced T-cell proliferation was not due to increased interleukin-I (IL-I) production by Mo pretreated with IFN-gamma, because addition of IL-I to control Mo-T-cells co-culture failed to increase T-cell proliferation. In contrast, IFN-alpha suppressed T-cell proliferation. The inhibitory effect of IFN-alpha was not mediated through Mo and could be achieved by preincubating the T-cells with IFN-alpha. These results demonstrate opposing effects of the two species of IFN on Con A-driven T-cell proliferation. In addition, Mo play an obligatory role in IFN-gamma induced stimulation, whereas Mo-IFN-alpha interaction is not required for IFN-alpha mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation.
Preliminary results on a new potentiometric method for the estimation of the rare earth elements. Comments on other ions titratable with sodium tetraphenylborate

Abstract The oxonium cations formed by the rare earth metals with polyethylene glycol were titrated potentiometrically with sodium tetraphenylborate. Electromotive forces were monitored with a graphite rod coated with a solution of polyvinyl chloride and dioctylphthalate in tetrahydrofuran and a double-junction reference electrode. No differentiation of the rare earth series is possible, but their sum can be determined. The sequence of solubilities of the precipitated ion pairs is Pb ~ Ba
Volatile combustion products of polycarbonate and polysulfone

Thermal analysis of polycarbonate and polysulfone has shown each plastic to undergo a two-step decomposition, the first step involving production of high-boiling chain scission and volatile products, the second resulting, in addition, in production of large amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Ten to fifteen volatile products of each plastic have been quantitatively analyzed under several combustion conditions and also in several temperature ranges chosen on the basis of TGA curves. Polycarbonate products include a moderate amount of methane, small amounts of other aliphatic hydrocarbons through C5, methanol, acetaldehyde, and several aromatics. Volatile products account for 40–60% of polycarbonate, with phenol and substituted phenols predominating in the large amount of liquid residue formed during chain scission. Polysulfone produces very similar hydrocarbon products as well as sulfur dioxide, which accounts for 85–96% of the sulfur of the plastic, and carbonyl sulfide, which was only detectable during the temperature range 490°–550°C. Volatile products account for 50–60% of polysulfone.
Functional organization of cotransmission systems: Lessons from small nervous systems

Small invertebrate nervous systems allow one to ask a series of questions concerning the functional roles of cotransmitters. This review outlines some of the implications of cotransmission for target selectivity in complex neuropils. We suggest the possibility that a unique constellation of cotransmitters in individual identified modulatory neurons allows a specificity of action even when peptides may act over an extended distance, and when individual modulatory substances may be released from several modulatory neurons.
Effects of environmental manipulations and treatment with bupropion and risperidone on choice between methamphetamine and food in Rhesus monkeys

Preclinical and human laboratory choice procedures have been invaluable in improving our knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms of drug reinforcement and in the drug development process for candidate medications to treat drug addiction. However, little is known about the neuropharmacological mechanisms of methamphetamine vs food choice. The aims of this study were to develop a methamphetamine vs food choice procedure and determine treatment effects with two clinically relevant compounds: the monoamine uptake inhibitor bupropion and the dopamine antagonist risperidone. Rhesus monkeys (n=6) responded under a concurrent schedule of food delivery (1-g pellets, fixed-ratio (FR) 100 schedule) and intravenous methamphetamine injections (0–0.32 mg/kg/injection, FR10 schedule) during 7-day bupropion (0.32–1.8 mg/kg/h) and risperidone (0.001–0.0056 mg/kg/h) treatment periods. For comparison, effects of removing food pellets or methamphetamine injections and FR response requirement manipulations were also examined. Under saline treatment conditions, food was preferred over no methamphetamine or small unit methamphetamine doses (0.01–0.032 mg/kg/injection). Larger methamphetamine doses resulted in greater methamphetamine preference and 0.32 mg/kg/injection methamphetamine maintained near exclusive preference. Removing food availability increased methamphetamine choice, whereas removing methamphetamine availability decreased methamphetamine choice. Methamphetamine choice was not significantly altered when the FR response requirements for food and drug were the same (FR100:FR100 or FR10:FR10). Risperidone treatment increased methamphetamine choice, whereas bupropion treatment did not alter methamphetamine choice up to doses that decreased rates of operant behavior. Overall, these negative results with bupropion and risperidone are concordant with previous human laboratory and clinical trials and support the potential validity of this preclinical methamphetamine vs food choice model.
Predator-prey interactions in Lake Michigan: model predictions and recent dynamics

Several years ago, we used a bioenergetics model to evaluate the impact of increasing salmonid stocking on the highly variable alewife forage base in Lake Michigan. At that time, we forecast an alewife population decline and the following system-wide effects: increased abundances of large zooplankton, decreased salmonid growth rates, increased diet breadth of salmonids, niche shifts among competitors of the alewife, increased alewife growth rates and increased densities of fishes suppressed by alewife. Alewives have continued to decline steadily since 1981 and are now reduced to a density similar to early outbreak levels in the early 1960s. Recent reports on fish growth rates, zooplankton size and fish community structure support our projections regarding system-wide responses to the alewife decline.
Corticosteroid effects in skeletal muscle : Gene induction/ receptor autoregulation

Common side effects of corticosteroid therapy include muscle weakness and atrophy, which are in part mediated by the induction of the enzyme glutamine synthetase. In addition, corticosteroids autoregulate their own receptor, thereby modulating tissue sensitivity to the hormone. The data in this report demonstrate that these gene-mediated effects are evident in muscle after short-term administration. Determination of molecular response dynamics could be useful in the design of future treatment regimens.
From Emotions to Spirituality: “Spiritual Labor” as the Commodification, Codification, and Regulation of Organizational Members’ Spirituality:

Though spirituality is often considered a private matter, this study employs the construct of spiritual labor to examine how spirituality might be managed, manipulated, and/or manufactured in organizations. Modeled on the construct of emotional labor, spiritual labor is defined as the commodification, codification, and regulation of organizational members’ spirituality. Thematic analysis of documents and interviews with parochial boarding school faculty/staff illustrate how the codification of spirituality occurred both overtly in official documents and more subtly in undocumented institutional norms. The regulation of spiritual expectations included normative pressure from both colleagues and administrators. Spiritual labor often led to dissonance and a sense of hypocrisy. Members who highly identified with the organization experienced less dissonance. Implications for issues such as job satisfaction, socialization, and organizational identity are discussed.
Counseling Services for Battered Women A Comparison of Outcomes for Physical and Sexual Assault Survivors

Approximately 15% of married or cohabiting women and as many as 60% of battered women are raped at least once by their partners. This study compared community-based counseling outcomes of battered women with outcomes of women who were both raped and battered by their partners. Over time, both groups improved in wellbeing and coping. Although those both battered and raped progressed more in counseling, they had lower scores before and after counseling compared to women who were battered only. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.
Anogenital explorations and testosterone propionate-induced sexual arousal in rats

Female and prepubertally castrated male rats displayed increases in anogenital explorations during the first week of testosterone propionate injections. No other increases in male sexual behavior were observed. The results indicate that although a priming time is required for testosterone propionate to induce complete patterns of male sexual behavior, increases in arousal, as indexed by anogenital explorations, occur quite rapidly.
Measurement Integrity of the Family Needs Survey.

The present study investigated the measurement integrity of data collected using the Family Needs Survey (FNS). The data provided by 53 mothers of children with disabilities were subject to both cl...
Intimate relationship characteristics associated with condom use among drug users and their sex partners: a multilevel analysis

Few studies have examined sexual risk behaviors among drug users in the context of their primary sexual relationships. The aim of this study is to examine characteristics of sexual partners associated with inconsistent condom use among a sample of 703 cocaine and opiate users from Baltimore, MD who participated in a network oriented intervention study of human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) risk behaviors among drug users. The current study examines relationship characteristics between drug users and their sexual partners (n=1003). Some of the study participants had more than one sexual partner, accounting for the greater number of sexual pairs than study participants. Study participants reported using multiple drugs (56% injected, 48% sniffed heroin, and 48% smoked crack) and that 70% of their sexual partners also used heroin and/or cocaine. Forty percent reported consistent condom use in the past 3 months. In multiple logistic regression, characteristics associated with consistent condom use were, the drug user being HIV infected; not living with their sexual partners; and not being financially interdependent. Previous research has demonstrated lower rates of condom use with main compared with casual and exchange partners. Primary sexual partners provide a sense of stability and introducing condoms may not be desirable or realistic. HIV prevention programs that target drug users should focus on the benefits, such as trust and a sense of security, and risks of not using condoms in primary relationships. Programs should also focus on enhancing communication and negotiation skills through targeting individuals as well as couples.
Cost of medical detoxification among drug and alcohol users in a private Texas hospital

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs of medical detoxification among patients with alcohol and substance abuse disorders.Design/methodology/approach – The study data was drawn from a medical detoxification program in a community hospital in Texas. Secondary data analysis of 1337 cases from three years was reviewed. Age, gender, race, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, sedatives, opioids, financial classification, cost, length of stay (LOS) and cost by LOS were analyzed using Kruskal‐Wallis test and Mann‐Whitney U‐test.Findings – The sample comprised of 42.8 percent women and 57.2 percent males. The mean cost and cost by LOS was highest for cocaine ($2560.1 and $1,044, P<0.01), while opioid and cannabis ($815.5, p<0.01; $823.7, p<0.01) had significantly higher values than the rest. In each individual drug detoxification class, except for amphetamines, the mean and median LOS has been reported to be less among the uninsured category compared to privately insured subjects. In a...
Control of erythrocyte membrane microviscosity by insulin

Abstract The human erythrocyte membrane binds insulin through high-affinity, low-capacity binding sites (dissociation constant K d1 2.45 · 10 −9 M; capacity n 1 207 fmol/mg protein) and low-affinity, high-capacity binding sites ( K d2 0.63 · 10 −6 M; n 2 37 pmol/mg protein). Treatment of the erythrocyte membrane or the intact cells with the physiological concentration of insulin, which is within the range of K d value of the high-affinity sites, results in a significant reduction of the membrane microviscosity and the filtration time of the intact cells. Use of supraphysiological concentrations of the hormone reverses the effect of the lower concentration of insulin on the membrane microviscosity and the filtration time.
The rates of desulfurization of liquid iron by solid CaO and CaO-saturated liquid iron oxide at 1600‡c

The rates of desulfurization of Fe-O-S melts by CaO crucibles and by CaO-saturated liquid iron oxide have been measured at 1600 ‡C. It was found that irons containing 1.62 wt pct and 0.64 wt pct sulfur and 0.070 wt pct oxygen are desulfurized by a reaction with the containing CaO crucible which does not involve the formation of a CaS product layer. The rate of desulfurization reaction is controlled by diffusion of sulfur in the iron melt, and a value of 6.7 ±1.7 × 10-5 cm2 per second was obtained for the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in liquid iron. Iron containing 0.088 wt pct sulfur and 0.070 wt pct oxygen is not desulfurized by solid CaO. The rate of desulfurization of liquid iron containing 0.088 wt pct sulfur and 0.070 wt pct oxygen by CaO-saturated liquid iron oxide is significantly greater than that calculated on the assumption of diffusion control in the metal phase, and evidence is presented in support of speculation that the reaction rate is enhanced by Marangoni turbulence at the slag-metal interface. The addition of 4 wt pct CaF2 to the CaO-saturated liquid iron oxide has no influence on the rate of desulfurization of the melt.
Effects of ribonuclease on nuclear ultrastructure in larval Drosophila salivary glands

Nuclei from larval Drosophila virilis salivary glands incubated in culture medium containing ribonuclease exhibit several striking ultrastructural modifications. The chromosomes become somewhat more shrunken than normal. Nucleolus-like bodies are frequently found in association with the chromosomes. Numerous pockets of 400–500 A intrachromosomal granules are also found. The structure of the nucleolus is markedly altered especially with respect to the granular component, which appears as rather coarse fibrils in the treated material. Nucleolar vacuoles contain granules very similar to those found within the chromosomes. In contrast to the nucleus, the cytoplasm is not detectably affected by the RNase. Nuclei from control glands incubated in medium containing no RNase show none of the alterations described for the treated glands. There is, however, a progressive loss of the nucleolar granular component with increasing periods of incubation in the controls.
Age differences in encoding specificity

In two experiments (one under full attention, the other under divided attention), old and young adults were presented with a cued recall task in an encoding specificity paradigm. Targets and associated cues were either pictures or matched words, and there was either a strong or weak semantic relationship between targets and cues. Additionally, cues presented at recall were either the same as or different from those presented at encoding, resulting in four encoding cue—retrieval cue combinations: (a) strong encoding cue and (same) strong retrieval cue; (b) weak encoding cue and (same) weak retrieval cue; (c) weak encoding cue and (different) strong retrieval cue; (d) strong encoding cue and (different) weak retrieval cue. For the most part, the results revealed strong encoding specificity effects for both age groups, as both old and young participants recalled more when the same cues were presented at encoding and retrieval than when different cues were presented. However, when elderly participants received verbal cues under divided attention conditions, evidence for general encoding rather than encoding specificity occurred. Results are discussed in terms of both the encoding specificity principle as well as a more process-oriented interpretation.
Meaning of corporate social responsibility in a local French hospital: a case study

Purpose – The research aims to examine how corporate social responsibility (CSR) is contextually understood, in comparison with the definitions proposed in the academic literature.Design/methodology/approach – The research was based on a case study analysis of a local public hospital in France, using semi‐structured interviews with multiple stakeholders exploring the perceived responsibilities of the organisation.Findings – The study findings provide the basis for the development of a model of CSR for the hospital. The findings highlight the importance of senior managers' involvement in stakeholder dialogue, as well as the effect of external influences, on the overall social performance of the hospital.Research limitations/implications – Case‐study replication of health care organisations would refine and allow for generalisations of results. Also the sample of participating stakeholders should be extended to include policy‐makers. The critical area for examination is whether management need to be at the ...
Monitoring Reading Growth: Goal Setting, Measurement Frequency, and Methods of Evaluation.

This study examined effects of goal setting, frequency of progress monitoring, and method of evaluating progress on the number of instructional change prompts generated by reading-curriculum-based measurements (CBM). Participants were 31 high-incidence special education students in grades 2–6 selected from 8 schools. Following baseline measurements, researchers administered grade-level CBM passages every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Comparisons included 3 goal levels (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 word growth per week), 3 monitoring/evaluation schedules (every 2, 4, or 8 weeks), and 2 methods for evaluating progress (points below the aim line or slope). Overall, more ambitious goals, less frequent monitoring, and using slope to evaluate progress generated more instructional change prompts. Results favored less frequent monitoring and using slope to evaluate progress.
Pediatric stage IV Hodgkin disease : long-term survival

Background. The optimal treatment for Stage IV Hodgkin disease (HD) remains uncertain, particularly the role of radiation therapy (RT). Methods. A retrospective review of 43 children, 18 years of age or younger, who were seen and treated for Stage IV HD between June 1970 and June 1988, was performed. All patients were treated with combination chemotherapy (CT), and 20 patients received RT after CT (combined-modality therapy, CMT). CT consisted of mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) in 41 patients and both MOPP and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in two patients. RT was added for patients who had a partial response (PR) to CT (n = 11) and/or for initial bulky thoracic disease (n = 12). Results. With a median follow-up of 83 months, the 7-year actuarial freedom from progression (FFP) and survival rates for all patients were 69% and 78%, respectively. For patients achieving a complete response (CR) to CT, the 7-year FFP rate was 73% and for patients with a PR it was 90% (P value not significant). The actuarial overall survival rates at 7 years were 88% for patients with CR versus 80% for patients with PR. In contrast, patients with either no response (one patient) or progressive disease (four patients) after CT had a significantly worse prognosis than patients with CR, with a 7-year actuarial survival rate of 40% (P = 0.006). FFP after CT alone was significantly more prevalent in patients with Stage IVA (11 of 13 patients) than in patients with Stage IVB disease (2 of 10 patients; P = 0.003). For these symptomatic patients, failures were almost exclusively (seven of eight patients) in sites of initial nodal disease. The addition of adjuvant RT improved the progression-free survival for patients with B symptoms: 2 of 13 patients had relapses after CMT versus 8 of 10 patients treated with CT alone (P = 0.003). Conclusions. This retrospective analysis of MOPP alone compared with MOPP plus RT showed a significant difference in FFP in patients with Stage IVB HD favoring CMT. Cancer 1993; 72:249–55.
Towards Toughening and Understanding of Silica Aerogels: MD Simulations

This presentation focuses on Molecular-Dynamics simulations of silica. It is aimed at shedding light on the stiffness, strength, and toughness of silica, chemically modified silica and ultimately of the silica-based aerogel. Various aspects of the simulation process will be discussed, such as the methods used for creating amorphous silica, applying strain, maintaining an isothermal condition, and so on. Results will be presented for amorphous silica. This is preliminary work leading towards the first author’s dissertation. Future work will be briefly summarized.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Magnitude of reward and reinforcement aftereffects

Rats trained to run a straight alley for either a one or five pellet reward with a double alternation sequence of reinforced and nonreinforced trials ran faster following reinforcement (TFR) than following nonreinforcement (TFN). Speed on TFR did not vary with magnitude of reward, but speed on TFN varied with confinement time in the goal box on nonreinforced trials for a late alley measure. Differences between speeds on TFR and TFN did not vary systematically with stage of training.
Reproductive organ involvement in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer.

Purpose: We evaluated pathological involvement of the reproductive organs in a cohort of female patients treated with anterior pelvic exenteration for invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: A total of 2,098 patients with bladder cancer underwent cystectomy at our institution between 1971 and 2008, including 458 females, of whom 411 had urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Median followup was 12.2 years (range 0.1 to 35.5). We reviewed the clinicopathological features of female patients treated with cystectomy who had pathological reproductive organ involvement. Recurrence-free and overall survival is reported using Kaplan-Meier survival curves.Results: Of 411 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder 267 underwent reproductive organ removal with cystectomy. A total of 20 patients (7.5%) had reproductive organ involvement, including 10 (3.8%) with vaginal, 2 (0.7%) with cervical and 1 (0.3%) with uterine involvement only, while the remaining 7 (2.6%) had multiple reprod...
Photo-induced proton gradients and ATP biosynthesis produced by vesicles encapsulated in a silica matrix

Sol-gel immobilization of soluble proteins has proven to be a viable method for stabilizing a wide variety of proteins in transparent inorganic matrices. The encapsulation of membrane-bound proteins has received much less attention, although work in this area suggests potential opportunities in microarray technology and high-throughput drug screening. The present paper describes a liposome/sol-gel architecture in which the liposome provides membrane structure and protein orientation to two transmembrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase; the sol-gel encapsulation converts the liposomal solution into a robust material without compromising the intrinsic activity of the incorporated proteins. Here we report on two different proteoliposome-doped gels (proteogels) whose properties are determined by the transmembrane proteins. Proteogels containing bR proteoliposomes exhibit a stable proton gradient when irradiated with visible light, whereas proteogels containing proteoliposomes with both bR and F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase couple the photo-induced proton gradient to the production of ATP. These results demonstrate that materials based on the liposome/sol-gel architecture are able to harness the properties of transmembrane proteins and enable a variety of applications, from power generation and energy storage to the powering of molecular motors, and represent a new technology for performing complex chemical synthesis in a solid-state matrix.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structure of a Three-Dimensional Cobalt(II) Triazolate Magnet

The reaction of CoCl2·6H2O, 1,2,4-triazole, and H2O at 200 °C for 96 h yields purple rods of [Co2(trz)3Cl] (1; trz = 1,2,4-triazolate) in 90% yield. The structure of 1 consists of {Co(trz)3}nn- chains of CoII sites linked through tetrahedral sites of {CoN3Cl} geometry into a three-dimensional framework. The competing antiferromagnetic interactions of the octahedral and tetrahedral CoII centers result in weak ferromagnetic behavior below Tc = 9 K.
Near-Infrared Absorption Coefficients of Solid Nitrogen as a Function of Temperature

Abstract We present the results of laboratory measurements characterizing the near infrared spectrum of solid nitrogen at temperatures between 35 K and 60 K. The measurements show that the appearance of the spectrum in the regions of both the fundamental vibrational transition and its first overtone is temperature dependent. The temperature dependence of the spectrum in the overtone region provides a means of determining the temperature of N 2 ice on Solar System objects using groundbased spectroscopy.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING DETECTION OF SYMPTOMATIC NONCOMMUNICATING INTRAURETHRAL WALL DIVERTICULA IN WOMEN

AbstractPurpose: We documented the merit of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting intraurethral wall diverticula in women.Materials and Methods: We report on 3 women with a long-standing history of urinary frequency, urgency and voiding dysfunction who had been treated unsuccessfully for other etiologies.Results: MRI of the urethra revealed noncommunicating intraurethral wall diverticula, which were excised.Conclusions: Urethral MRI should be considered in women with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to a suspected urethral pathology.
Linear time offline tracking and lower envelope algorithms

Offline tracking of visual objects is particularly helpful in the presence of significant occlusions, when a frame-by-frame, causal tracker is likely to lose sight of the target. In addition, the trajectories found by offline tracking are typically smoother and more stable because of the global optimization this approach entails. In contrast with previous work, we show that this global optimization can be performed in O(MNT) time for T frames of video at M × N resolution, with the help of the generalized distance transform developed by Felzenszwalb and Huttenlocher [13]. Recognizing the importance of this distance transform, we extend the computation to a more general lower envelope algorithm in certain heterogeneous l 1 -distance metric spaces. The generalized lower envelope algorithm is of complexity O(MN(M+N)) and is useful for a more challenging offline tracking problem. Experiments show that trajectories found by offline tracking are superior to those computed by online tracking methods, and are computed at 100 frames per second.
The intracellular location of hepatic fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase.

Foemmel etal. (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1892–1897, 1975) have presented evidence that rat liver aldolase exists insitu as a specific complex with the endoplasmic reticulum. In the present study we have examined the alternative possibility that binding of enzyme to the particulate element represents an artifact of the dilution of the ionic constituents of the cytoplasmic milieu. To this end, procedures were developed for homogenization and subfractionation which effected less than a 3-fold dilution of the intracellular content. Using these procedures, virtually all of the liver aldolase was recovered in the soluble supernatant fraction. We conclude that aldolase is not associated with the endoplasmic reticulum insitu.