cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gustatory hedonic value: potential function for forebrain control of brainstem taste processing.

Among well-nourished populations, eating beyond homeostatic needs when presented with caloric-dense palatable food evidences the assertion that an increasing proportion of consumption is driven by pleasure, not just by the need for calories. This presents a major health crisis because the affective component of foods constitutes a behavioral risk factor that promotes over consumption [Sorensen, L.B., Moller, P., Flint, A., Martens, M., Raben, A., 2003. Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27, 1152–1166; Yeomans, M.R., Blundell, J.E., Leshem, M., 2004. Palatability: response to nutritional need or need-free stimulation of appetite? Br. J. Nutr. 92 (Suppl. 1), S3–S14]. Overweight or obese individuals have an increased risk of developing hypertension, stroke, heart disease, chronic musculoskeletal problems, type-2 diabetes, and certain types of cancers [Hill, J.O., Catenacci, V., Wyatt, H.R., 2005. Obesity: overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 28, 1–23, vii]. The etiology of obesity is complex involving genetic, metabolic, and behavioral factors, but ultimately results from long-term energy imbalance. Evidence indicates that learned and some forms of unlearned control of ingestive behavior driven by palatability (i.e. hedonic value) are critically dependent on reciprocal interactions between brainstem gustatory nuclei and the ventral forebrain. This review discusses the current understanding of centrifugal control of taste processing in subcortical gustatory nuclei and the potential role of such modulation in hedonic responding.
Developing an Evidence-Based Classification of Eating Disorders: Scientific Findings for DSM-5

The product of the collective efforts of an international group of eating disorder investigators, Developing an Evidence-Based Classification of Eating Disorders: Scientific Findings for DSM-5, is ...
Enhancement of Glutathione S-Transferase Activity of the Mouse Forestomach by Inhibitors of Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Neoplasia of the Forestomach

The effects of glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity and acid-soluble sulfhydryl levels of a number of compounds previously investigated for their capacity to inhibit benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced neoplasia of the mouse forestomach were determined. Five of the compounds studied increased the GST activity of the forestomach 78-182%. The five compounds were: p-methoxyphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, coumarin, alpha-angelicalactone, and benzyl isothiocyanate. With the exception of benzyl isothiocyanate. With the exception of benzyl isothiocyanate, these compounds also increased acid-soluble sulfhydryl levels, but to a lesser magnitude. All five chemicals inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. These data indicate that enhancement of the GST activity by an amount of about 75% or greater is associated with a reduced carcinogenic response of the forestomach to BP. The data also suggest that such enhancement might be used as a method of identifying compounds likely to inhibit BP and other carcinogens detoxified in a similar manner. Inasmuch as inhibition of the action of carcinogens may involve mechanisms other than detoxification by GST, the failure to increase GST activity substantially does not rule out the possibility of a compound being an inhibitor.
Relative entropy and free energy dualities: Connections to Path Integral and KL control

This paper integrates recent work on Path Integral (PI) and Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence stochastic optimal control theory with earlier work on risk sensitivity and the fundamental dualities between free energy and relative entropy. We derive the path integral optimal control framework and its iterative version based on the aforemetioned dualities. The resulting formulation of iterative path integral control is valid for general feedback policies and in contrast to previous work, it does not rely on pre-specified policy parameterizations. The derivation is based on successive applications of Girsanov's theorem and the use of Radon-Nikodým derivative as applied to diffusion processes due to the change of measure in the stochastic dynamics. We compare the PI control derived based on Dynamic Programming with PI based on the duality between free energy and relative entropy. Moreover we extend our analysis on the applicability of the relationship between free energy and relative entropy to optimal control of markov jump diffusions processes. Furthermore, we present the links between KL stochastic optimal control and the aforementioned dualities and discuss its generalizability.
Testing for the equality of two nonparametric regression curves

Abstract This paper discusses the problem of testing the equality of two non-parametric regression curves against one-sided alternatives when the design points are common and when they are distinct. Two classes of tests are given for each case. One class of tests requires the estimation of the common regression function while the other class avoids this. This paper derives the asymptotic power of these tests for continguous alternatives, obtains an upper bound on the asymptotic power of all tests under these alternatives and then discusses asymptotically optimal tests from these classes. As an example, in the distinct design case, a weighted covariate matched Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test turns out to be optimal against certain contingous alternatives if the error density is logistic. Optimal tests are also given at the normal error density. A simulation study investigates the behavior of these tests for moderate sample sizes.
Aggregation pheromone of driedfruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus Wind-tunnel bioassay and identification of two novel tetraene hydrocarbons.

A male-produced aggregation pheromone was demonstrated inCarpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Both sexes responded to the pheromone, but the beetles flew in the wind tunnel only after they had been starved for at least several hours. The attractiveness of the pheromone was greatly enhanced by volatiles from a food source, and combinations of pheromone and food volatiles typically attracted 3–10 times more beetles than either source by itself. A variety of food-related sources of volatiles were effective. These included apple juice; a mixture of baker's yeast plus banana; the pinto bean diet used for rearing this beetle; the chemicals propyl acetate, ethanol; and a mixture of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The pheromonal activity resided with a series of 10 male-specific, unsaturated hydrocarbons of 13, 14, and 15 carbon atoms. These were partially separated by HPLC. No single compound was absolutely required for pheromonal activity to be observed, and various subsets of these compounds were active. The most abundant component was (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene. One minor component was (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene. These structures were proven by synthesis. Together, the synthetic compounds were as active in the wind tunnel as the beetle-derived pheromone.
Non-metal Catalysts for Dioxygen Reduction in an Acidic Electrolyte

Active non-metal catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) were prepared by decomposition of acetonitrile vapor at 900°C over a pure alumina support, and supports containing 2 wt% Fe or 2 wt% Ni on alumina. The exposed alumina and metal in the samples were subsequently washed away with HF acid to purify the solid carbon material. The sample prepared with iron was the most active sample for the ORR, with only 100 mV greater overpotential than a commercial 20 wt% Pt / Vulcan Carbon catalyst. However, nitrogen-containing carbon deposited on pure alumina (which contained less than 1 ppm metal contamination) was also quite active, demonstrating that platinum or iron is not required for ORR activity. Characterization by XPS and TEM revealed that the more active samples had nanostructured carbon with more edge plane exposure than the less active tube structures formed from the nickel sample.
Analytical Method for the Analysis and Simulation of Human Locomotion

An all purpose computer algorithm used in the analysis and simulation of human locomotion is presented. The utility of the program "DYAMUS" stems from its simplicity in defining the initial configuration of the human model through a configuration graph called the "tree-array," and the handling of individual cases of human locomotion through separate sets of constraints conditions. Both the forward and inverse dynamical problems are presented together with the accommodation of kinematical experimental data. Closed-loops, linear and nonlinear springs and dampers at the joints, friction forces, and other external forces are easily incorporated. The selection of mathematical constraint equations to predict the human behavior during normal walking (gait) is presented. The intention of this paper is to emphasize how the constraints equations play a major role in the simulation of human locomotion once the dynamical equations of motion for a particular model are developed.
Interface-engineered parylene C coating for corrosion protection of cold-rolled steel

Abstract Vacuum-deposited poly(chloro-p-xylylene), or parylene C, can be used for corrosion protection of cold-rolled steel (CRS) through interface engineering. Interface engineering replaces galva...
Thermal generation of Alfvén waves in oscillatory magnetoconvection

Marginal convection in the form of Alfven waves in an electrically conducting Benard layer in the presence of a vertical magnetic field is investigated analytically using the Boussinesq model for the fluid. Small amplitude solutions are studied using the linearized magnetoconvection equations. These solutions are represented by double expansions in terms of two small parameters: a dimensionless viscosity and a dimensionless magnetic diffusivity. The leading-order problem corresponds to undamped Alfven waves propagating between the boundaries of the fluid; buoyancy forces appear at higher order and can maintain the Alfven waves against viscous and ohmic damping. The structure of the Alfven waves is strongly dependent, even at leading order, on the physical nature of the walls. Four different types of boundary conditions are considered here: (A) illustrative, i.e. mathematically simple conditions, (B) solid, perfectly conducting walls, (C) vacuum external to the layer, and (D) solid, perfectly insulating walls. It is shown how in each case Alfven waves are excited by a small, but sufficiently strong, thermal buoyancy but that, because of boundary layers, the solutions for the four sets of boundary conditions are very different.
Prepubertal treatment with estrogen or testosterone precipitates the loss of regular estrous cyclicity and normal gonadotropin secretion in adult female rats.

To examine the effects of prepubertal steroid environment on subsequent estrous cyclicity and gonadotropin secretion, Silastic implants containing 25, 50 or 100% 17 beta-estradiol (E2;n=34), 50% diethylstilbestrol (DES; n=16) or 50% testosterone (T; n=17) were placed into female rats at 12 days of age and removed on the day of vaginal opening (18-24 days of age). At 80 days of age, the percentages of regularly cycling females in the E2-(three groups combined), DES- and T-implanted groups were 59%, 0% and 59%, respectively. By 110 days of age, the percentages were reduced to 24%, 0% and 0%, and at 140 days of age 6%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Many of these females displayed irregular estrous cycles followed by a persistent estrous (PE) state. By contrast, 89% of the control females (blank implants or no implant) maintained regular cycles up to 140 days of age. At 150 days of age, an i.p. injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 ng/100 g BW) markedly increased serum luteinizing hormone (LH), but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in intact PE females treated prepubertally with E2 implants. After the test with GnRH, PE rats were ovariectomized (OVX). Thirty days after OVX, similar GnRH administration significantly increased serum levels of both LH and FSH, but these responses were significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced when compared with those in OVX controls. Progesterone administration to estradiol benzoate-primed, acutely (3 days) OVX, or long-term (43 days) OVX-PE females did not increase LH or FSH release. These results indicate that exposure to exogenous estrogen or T prior to puberty precipitates the decline in estrous cyclicity associated with the loss of gonadotropin surge response, presumably due to an alteration in hypothalamic GnRH release.
Logic, conscious and unconscious

This essay reconsiders the question, “Is human thought logical?” Some structural features of human cognition are described, focusing chiefly on the distinction between consciousness and unconsciousness. The syllogism research which supports the conclusion that human thought is not particularly logical is considered and set aside for several reasons. Research describing general unconscious cognitive operations, as well as perception, comprehension, and inference in particular, is shown to support the idea that human cognition can be modeled logically. Creativity and imagery are acknowledged as exceptions to the overall conclusion that human thought is logical. This logicality particularly typifies our unconscious processes, which are foundational to human communication.
Parallel-decomposition algorithm for discrete computational problems and its application in developing an efficient discrete convolution algorithm

The authors present a parallel-decomposition algorithm for discrete computational problems. An efficient convolution algorithm is developed under the proposed decomposition algorithm. The decomposition operation is based on integer modular arithmetic. Congruent sets are generated from integer modular operation over the index of the problem and constitute a partition. The partition is used to decompose the problem into several small subproblems. The partition under the integer modular operation is unique. Complete reconstruction of the problem is guaranteed by the uniqueness of the partition. Since the algorithm is established on the foundation of all algebraic systems, i.e. number and set theories, it is highly problem-independent, and provides an uniform approach to parallel decomposition of general problems on the discrete domain. Because the subproblems are highly regular, it is suitable for VLSI hardware implementation. The computational complexity of the developed convolution algorithm is reduced by a factor of p/sup 2/, and (p/sup 2/)/sup n/ for n-dimensional problems (p can be any common factor of the input sequences). Compared to the popular FFT methods, where round-off error is introduced, the convolution result from the algorithm is exact. In addition, it does not have restrictions on the length of the input sequences, as in the well known block convolution algorithm. As a result, the algorithm is highly efficient for convolution of large input sequences or correlation operations. >
Hub location–allocation in intermodal logistic networks

Abstract Within the context of intermodal logistics, the design of transportation networks becomes more complex than it is for single mode logistics. In an intermodal network, the respective modes are characterized by the transportation cost structure, modal connectivity, availability of transfer points and service time performance. These characteristics suggest the level of complexity involved in designing intermodal logistics networks. This research develops a mathematical model using the multiple-allocation p -hub median approach. The model encompasses the dynamics of individual modes of transportation through transportation costs, modal connectivity costs, and fixed location costs under service time requirements. A tabu search meta-heuristic is used to solve large size (100 node) problems. The solutions obtained using this meta-heuristic are compared with tight lower bounds developed using a Lagrangian relaxation approach. An experimental study evaluates the performance of the intermodal logistics networks and explores the effects and interactions of several factors on the design of intermodal hub networks subject to service time requirements.
5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine-mediated reductions in G9A histone methyltransferase and histone H3 K9 di-methylation levels are linked to tumor suppressor gene reactivation

The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a common event during carcinogenesis, and often involves aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification of gene regulatory regions, resulting in the formation of a transcriptionally repressive chromatin state. Two examples include the antimetastatic, tumor suppressor genes, desmocollin 3 (DSC3) and MASPIN, which are frequently silenced in this manner in human breast cancer. Treatment of the breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB-231 and UACC 1179 with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) induced transcriptional reactivation of both genes in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, DSC3 and MASPIN reactivation was closely and consistently linked with significant decreases in promoter H3 K9 di-methylation. Moreover, 5-aza-CdR treatment also resulted in global decreases in H3 K9 di-methylation, an effect that was linked to its ability to mediate dose-dependent, post-transcriptional decreases in the key enzyme responsible for this epigenetic modification, G9A. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of G9A and DNMT1 led to increased MASPIN expression in MDA-MB-231 cells, to levels that were supra-additive, verifying the importance of these enzymes in maintaining multiple layers of epigenetic repression in breast tumor cells. These results highlight an additional, complimentary mechanism of action for 5-aza-CdR in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes, in a manner that is independent of its effects on DNA methylation, further supporting an important role for H3 K9 methylation in the aberrant repression of tumor suppressor genes in human cancer.
36: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing normal saline with and without dextrose on the course of labor in nulliparas

SALINE WITH AND WITHOUT DEXTROSE ON THE COURSE OF LABOR IN NULLIPARAS. VINEET SHRIVASTAVA, THOMAS GARITE, SHERI JENKINS, LISA SAUL, PAMELA RUMNEY, CHRISTINE PRESLICKA, KENNETH CHAN, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Long Beach, California OBJECTIVE: As previously seen in laboring nulliparae, increased maternal hydration has been demonstrated to shorten the frequency of prolonged labor. However, the effects of carbohydrate administration on labor duration have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study is to compare intravenous normal saline with and without dextrose on the course of labor in nulliparae. STUDY DESIGN: This was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Consenting term, nulliparae with singletons in active labor between 3-5 cm or with ruptured membranes were included. Subjects were randomized to normal saline (NS), NS with 5% dextrose (D5NS), or NS with 10% dextrose (D10NS) at 125 cc/hr. The primary outcome was total length of labor from onset of study fluid. Both maternal and neonatal outcomes were examined. A sample size of 95 patients in each group was needed for 80% power to detect shortening of total labor by 20% from 560 to 450 minutes. RESULTS: Of 300 enrolled, 290 subjects met inclusion and exclusion criteria and completed study. There were no significant differences observed in the cesarean section rates between the groups (p 0.21). In vaginally delivered subjects, significant differences were noted in time to complete dilation [(NS) 461 402 min vs. (D5NS) 363 293 min. vs. (D10NS) 340 200 min. (p 0.039)], and total length of labor [(NS) 565 408 min. vs. (D5NS) 450 302 min. vs. (D10NS) 413 202 min. (p 0.027)]. No differences were noted in oxytocin use (p 0.08), epidural administration (p 0.12) or chorioamnionitis (p 0.16). There were no differences in neonatal jaundice (p 0.12), NICU admission (p 0.16) or neonatal hypoglycemia at one (p 0.21) or two hours following delivery (p 0.38). CONCLUSION: This study presents the novel finding that administration of a dextrose solution to nulliparae in labor compared to normal saline resulted in shorter lengths of labor in subjects who deliver vaginally. This shortening of labor with the use of dextrose solutions was accomplished without any apparent adverse neonatal outcomes.
Magnetic devices: Clocking with no field

Nanomagnet logic devices that do not require a magnetic field for clocking can now be fabricated.
Functional Morphology of the Teleost Pituitary Gland

synopsis. The current state of our knowledge of the morphology and histo- and cytophysiology of the teleost pituitary gland is presented. The zonation that characterizes the adenohypophysis is based on the regional distribution of specific cell types. As a result there is also a functional zonation indicated by specific hormones emanating from clearly identifiable parts of the gland. These observations make the teleost hypophysis ideal for the study of problems that may be basic to all vertebrates. The ultrastructure of hypophysial cells is presented and related to observations at the light microscope level. The manner in which secretory granules are released from spe? cific cells is compared, and the problem of evaluating "cell activity" discussed. The application of immunohistochemical techniques to the study of the teleost pitui? tary gland is reviewed, and its use as a tool of investigation for future studies evaluated. These methods have helped to elucidate the cellular source of teleost pituitary hor? mones and have confirmed the findings of the histophysiologists.
A Comparison of Minimum Distance and Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Mixture Proportion

Abstract The estimation of mixing proportions in the mixture model is discussed, with emphasis on the mixture of two normal components with all five parameters unknown. Simulations are presented that compare minimum distance (MD) and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters of this mixture-of-normals model. Some practical issues of implementation of these results are also discussed. Simulation results indicate that ML techniques are superior to MD when component distributions actually are normal, but MD techniques provide better estimates than ML under symmetric departures from component normality. Interestingly, an ad hoc starting value for the iterative procedures occasionally outperformed both the ML and MD techniques. Results are presented that establish strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the MD estimator under conditions that include the mixture-of-normals model. Asymptotic variances and relative efficiencies are obtained for further comparison of the MD and ML estimators.
A comparison of four frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser systems for treatment of facial telangiectases.

Background. Telangiectases are cosmetically concerning for millions of individuals who develop them on the face as they mature. The causative factors are numerous. Lasers have recently become the focus for treating small facial telangiectases because of their ability to selectively target vessels. Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different frequency-doubled neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (FD Nd:YAG) laser (532 nm) systems for the treatment of facial arteriolar telangiectases. Methods. Forty adult subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phenotypes I and II were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Each group, consisting of 10 subjects, had telangiectases less than 1000 μm in diameter treated with one of four different FD Nd:YAG laser systems with a wavelength of 532 nm. Patients were treated once and clinical improvement and potential adverse effects were assessed at 1 and 8 weeks after treatment. Results. All treated patients showed improvement after one laser session. No patients were seen to have scarring or pigmentary changes. There was no significant difference in the clinical response following treatment with each laser. Conclusion. The four different FD Nd:YAG lasers performed equally well in treating facial telangiectases. With a wavelength of 532 nm and pulse durations in the millisecond range, vessels can be selectively targeted with a minimal incidence of post-operative complications.
Differential downregulation of protein kinase C isoforms in spreading depression

Spreading depression (SD) is a propagating depolarization of populations of neurons induced by intense electrical, chemical, or mechanical stimulation, which has been proposed to be an important mechanism in the aura of migraine. SD is characterized by a transient loss of synaptic transmission and thus may involve signal transduction mechanisms known to modulate synaptic strength. To examine the underlying pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of SD, we analyzed the regulation of eight protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by immunoblot during SD induced by a high-intensity stimulus of synaptic afferents in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. We observed a downregulation of the conventional (alpha, beta I, beta II, gamma) and the novel (delta, epsilon, eta) PKC isoforms in SD, but no change in the atypical isozyme (zeta). The coordinate downregulation of multiple PKC isoforms may be important in the functional depression of neuronal activity in SD. In contrast, the atypical zeta, and its constitutively active fragment PKM zeta, is a specific PKC isozyme that has been implicated in the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), widely studied models for the mechanism of memory. The stability of PKC zeta and PKM zeta in SD indicates that a molecular mechanism for the maintenance of LTP/ LTD is relatively resistant to alterations that occur during pathophysiologically large ionic fluxes. This result could help to explain the retention of information stored in the cortex despite the massive release of excitatory neurotransmitter and neuronal depolarization that may occur during the migrainous aura.
Systematics of the nuclear giant dipole resonance

Abstract We study the systematics of the giant dipole resonance width Γ in hot rotating nuclei as a function of temperature T , spin J and mass A . We compare available experimental results with theoretical calculations that include thermal shape fluctuations in nuclei ranging from A = 45 to A = 208. Using the appropriate scaled variables, we find a simple phenomenological function Γ ( T , J , A ) which approximates the global behavior of the giant dipole resonance width in the liquid drop model. We reanalyze recent experimental and theoretical results for the resonance width in Sn isotopes and 208 Pb.
Historical perspectives on North Korea: a brief introduction and bibliography

This brief introduction and bibliography on historical perspectives of North Korea is intended to shed more light on one of the most reclusive countries in the world. A seminal portal for understanding is the history of North Korea. After a brief introduction, some key, selected, bibliographical references are provided.
Targeting the neuropeptide Y system in stress-related psychiatric disorders

Repeated, extreme, or traumatic stressors can elicit pathological effects leading to many negative physical and psychological outcomes. Stressors can precipitate the onset of psychiatric diseases, or exacerbate pre-existing disorders including various anxiety and mood disorders. As stressors can negatively impact human psychiatric health, it is essential to identify neurochemicals that may confer protection from the negative sequelae of repeated or extreme stress exposure. Elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of stress resilience will enhance our ability to promote resilience to, or recovery from, stress-related psychiatric disease. Herein, we will review the evidence for neuropeptide Y as an endogenous mediator of resilience and its potential relevance for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric diseases.
Personality differences in cognitive control? BAS, processing efficiency, and the prefrontal cortex

Emotion and cognition can be viewed as complementary behavioral control systems, both of which show considerable variation across individuals. We tested the hypothesis that affective individual differences in behavioral activation (i.e., approach tendencies) are related to individual differences in cognitive control functions of the prefrontal cortex (loosely, executive function). Our guiding intuition was that individual differences in reward responsiveness might be related to differences in goal-directed (reward seeking) cognitive control processes. Working memory tasks can greatly tax cognitive control, and specific areas within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are known to be sensitive to working memory load. Behavioral studies have shown that extraverts can have slightly better working memory performance than introverts (Humphreys & Revelle, 1984; Lieberman & Rosenthal, 2001). Given our theoretical interest in reward responsiveness, which is similar but not necessarily identical to extraversion, we first replicated this finding using measures of Behavioral Activation Sensitivity (BAS) (Carver & White, 1994). Consistent with prior work on extraversion, higher BAS predicted slightly better working memory performance the first time participants performed a challenging working memory task, the 3-back task (in which participants see items, such as a words or faces, displayed every few seconds on a computer screen, and have to indicate whether a current item exactly matches the one they saw three items previously). The task places high demands on cognitive control by requiring participants to actively maintain information (e.g., a word) in the face of distraction (two intervening words), and then respond on the basis of that information. However, with repeated administration of the task, this effect reversed leading to no main effect of BAS on performance but a strong interaction of BAS with time (task repetition). In hindsight
Effect of lattice zero-point motion on electronic properties of the Peierls-Fröhlich state.

We study the consequences of the previously overlooked fact that in most quasi-one-dimensional materials with a Peierls-Frohlich ground state the lattice zero-point motion is comparable to the lattice distortion. The density of states deviates significantly from that of a rigid lattice, containing a tail of strongly localized states below the gap. Moreover, thermal lattice motion causes the tail to increase significantly with temperature. This is consistent with the subgap optical absorption seen in these materials.
Enhancing Latin American History Teaching and Research With Computers

Historians specializing in Latin America use a wide range of electronic tools in their research, publication, and teaching. Quality information for the region is now available in a wide variety of formats, including databases, spreadsheets, CD-ROMs, concept maps, and web sites, created by historians and librarians. Thanks to electronic finding aides, it is now quicker and more convenient to research and to teach students about Latin America's past. In addition, teachers can bring more of the richness and variety of Latin American culture to their students by using new technologies.
The Exorcising Sounds of Warfare: The Performance of Shamanic Healing and the Struggle to Remain Mapuche

Since the cessation of Mapuche guerrilla warfare against Chileans in 1881, machis who are predominantly women, have progressively incorporated aspects of traditional warring into their shamanic healing and performance of collective nguiUatun rituals. Guns, knives, war cries, and male pre-war bonding acts are used by machis to "kill" or "defeat" illness, evil, and the effects of acculturation on their patients and the community. Acculturation is often seen by the Chilean Mapuche as the root of illness, evil, and alienation. All three are conceived as enemies that threaten the Mapuche self from the outside and are detrimental to the physical and spiritual well-being of the individual or group. While ritual played an important role in gaining supernatural help to strengthen warriors in the past, the warring complex in ritual, and healing in particular, is crucial in reinforcing contemporary Mapuche identity, traditions, and wholeness. I analyze the performance of spiritual warfare in healing and collective ritual as the Mapuche way of aggressively advocating the opposition between self, tradition, and life on one hand, and otherness, acculturation, and death, on the other.
Induction of Gαq-specific Antisense RNA in Vivo Causes Increased Body Mass and Hyperadiposity

Transgenic BDF-1 mice harboring an inducible, tissue-specific transgene for RNA antisense to Galphaq provide a model in which to study a loss-of-function mutant of Galphaq in vivo. Galphaq deficiency induced in liver and white adipose tissue at birth produced increased body mass and hyperadiposity within 5 weeks of birth that persisted throughout adult life. Galphaq-deficient adipocytes display reduced lipolytic responses, shown to reflect a newly discovered, alpha1-adrenergic regulation of lipolysis. This alpha1-adrenergic response via phosphoinositide hydrolysis and activation of protein kinase C is lacking in the Galphaq loss-of-function mutants in vivo and provides a basis for the increased fat accumulation.
Chat reference evaluation: a framework of perspectives and measures

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a holistic view of the current practice of chat reference evaluation and to suggest a framework that could help reference practitioners evaluate chat reference services in multiple contexts.Design/methodology/approach – A thorough review of the literature on chat reference evaluation is conducted and the evaluation studies are grouped by their evaluative perspective and measures. Based on the literature review, a framework of perspectives and measures for chat reference evaluation is proposed.Findings – Chat reference evaluation has incorporated a number of new elements that do not exist in desk reference evaluation. All the evaluation perspectives and measures reported in chat reference literature are incorporated into a final framework except for one variable – “cost‐effectiveness” – which lacks the support of empirical studies in the literature.Practical implications – The analytical review of the literature provides a holistic view of how chat reference is being me...
Electron Transfer in Symmetric Complexes: Displaced Oscillators and [Fe(CN)6Pt(NH3)4Fe(CN)6]4- Spectra

Resonance Raman enhancements yield reorganization energies and displacements of individual modes in electron-transfer (ET) spectra when modeled as displaced harmonic oscillators. The same approxima...
Development of a cation-exchange methodology for marine toxicity identification evaluation applications

In phase I of a standard toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) six manipulations are used to characterize toxicity. The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid addition manipulation is most often used to indicate toxicity caused by divalent metals. An alternative approach for characterizing/identifying metal toxicity is the use of cation-exchange chromatography. In this study, five cation-exchange media were compared to develop a method for using cation-exchange chromatography as part of a marine TIE. To be considered useful the cation-exchange media must meet the following criteria: (1) consistently (with minimal variability) extract and elute toxic concentrations of a mixture of metals spiked into seawater, (2) demonstrate negligible blank acute toxicity, and (3) function effectively with environmental samples. Two solid-phase extraction media met the criteria: Supelco's LC-WCX column and Alltech's Extract-Clean IC-Chelate column. In general, these columns were able to remove 80 to 100% of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from spiked seawater, and 85 to 100% of metals could be eluted back into solution (except copper for which recovery was 65–75%). Columns functioned effectively with seawater spiked with metals concentrations approaching 600 μg/L and showed low intercolumn variability (coefficient of variation = 1.0–14%). For actual environmental samples, once column breakthrough was assessed, both columns reduced toxicity and metal concentrations in postcolumn samples. Further, reconstituted column eluates were as toxic as whole samples. The methodology described can be used to assist in the TIE characterization and identification of toxic metals in environmental samples.
Late Pleistocene adult mortality patterns and modern human establishment.

The establishment of modern humans in the Late Pleistocene, subsequent to their emergence in eastern Africa, is likely to have involved substantial population increases, during their initial dispersal across southern Asia and their subsequent expansions throughout Africa and into more northern Eurasia. An assessment of younger (20–40 y) versus older (>40 y) adult mortality distributions for late archaic humans (principally Neandertals) and two samples of early modern humans (Middle Paleolithic and earlier Upper Paleolithic) provides little difference across the samples. All three Late Pleistocene samples have a dearth of older individuals compared with Holocene ethnographic/historical samples. They also lack older adults compared with Holocene paleodemographic profiles that have been critiqued for having too few older individuals for subsistence, social, and demographic viability. Although biased, probably through a combination of preservation, age assessment, and especially Pleistocene mobility requirements, these adult mortality distributions suggest low life expectancy and demographic instability across these Late Pleistocene human groups. They indicate only subtle and paleontologically invisible changes in human paleodemographics with the establishment of modern humans; they provide no support for a life history advantage among early modern humans.
The sodium permeability of butanol-treated erythrocytes. The role of calcium.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of mono- and bivalent cations, local anesthetics, treatment temperature and phospholipase C treatment on the sodium permeability of n-butanol-treated human red cells were investigated. The sodium content and per cent hemolysis of the erythrocytes were measured during and subsequent to treatment with 0.4 M butanol (final concn.) in otherwise isosmotic media. 2. 2. It was found, with the use of 22Na and under conditions precluding a change in cellular Na+ concentration, that 0.4 M butanol effected a 20− to 40-fold increase of Na+ influx at 15°. 3. 3. The bivalent cations, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+, partially reversed the subsequent increase of Na+ permeability of butanol-treated cells. This protective effect was in the order Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+. Mg2+ had no effect. The monovalent cations, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Rb+ and Cs+, showed no meaningful effects. 4. 4. The local anesthetics, tetracaine and procaine, partially reversed the effects of butanol in a manner similar to Ca2+. 5. 5. Ca2+ partially reversed the Na+ hyperpermeability of butanol-treated erythrocytes which were also treated with phospholipase C. However, the bivalent cation did not return the Na+ permeability to the non-phospholipase-treated control level. 6. 6. It was shown that the Na+ permeability and the ability of Ca2+ to reverse the effects of butanol were dependent on the incubation temperature during butanol treatment. 7. 7. The results were discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of n-butanol and the role of calcium in preserving the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane.
An experiment in estimating reliability growth under both representative and directed testing

The Order Statistic model of reliability growth offers improved• experimental design, and• flexibility in testing methodologycompared to conventional reliability growth models. It permits prediction of operational reliability without requiring that testing be conducted according to the operation profile of the program input space.This paper presents the first experimental use of the Order Statistic model under a test plan that combines both representative and directed tests. Results suggest that this is an effective way to obtain quantified measures of test quality without abandoning the advantages of directed test methods.
Development of gonadotrope desensitization to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and recovery are not coupled to inositol phosphate production or GnRH receptor number.

After initial GnRH pretreatment (10 nM, 5 h), subsequent GnRH-stimulated LH release from the gonadotrope was diminished (1 microM GnRH stimulated release of 36.4 +/- 1.4% total cellular LH over 3 h in cells initially pretreated with medium alone compared to 27.4 +/- 1.2% in GnRH-pretreated cells); however, inositol phosphate (IP) production in response to the releasing hormone remained unaffected (1 microM GnRH provoked IP accumulation of 161 +/- 9% above basal levels after 45 min in control cells and 162 +/- 11% in GnRH-pretreated cells). Pretreatment of pituitary cell cultures with NaF (a guanyl nucleotide binding protein activator, 10 mM, 3 h) also decreased subsequent GnRH-stimulated LH release, and in addition, provoked a decrease in GnRH receptor number, an increase in GnRH receptor affinity, reduction of GnRH-stimulated IP production to basal levels, and an increase in the amount of LH released in response to stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187. In order to determine if the changes in LH ...
Control of solidification of non-conducting materials using tailored magnetic fields

The structure of fluid flow in a solidifying melt plays a critical role in the quality/properties of the solid. It follows that by controlling the flow behavior, the final solidified material can be suitably affected. Most of the magnetic control approaches used depend on the variation of the Lorentz force for suppression of flow and are limited to conducting materials alone. The application of a magnetic gradient gives rise to an additional force that can be used to affect the melt flow of any material. In this work, a computational method for the design of solidification of a non-conducting material is addressed such that diffusion-dominated growth is achieved by the suppression of convection. The control parameter in the design problem is the time history of the imposed magnetic field. The design problem is posed as an unconstrained optimization problem. The adjoint method for the inverse design of continuum processes is adopted. Examples of designing the time history of the imposed magnetic field for the directional growth of various non-conducting materials are presented to demonstrate the developed formulation.
Ultrasound Biofeedback Treatment for Persisting Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment program that includes ultrasound biofeedback for children with persisting speech sound errors associated with childhood...
Seroepidemiology of group B streptococcus type II antibody specificity

The specificity of human antibodies for the two major sidechain determinants of the type II group B streptococcal (GBS) polysaccharide was examined in 90 pairs of maternal and cord sera. Using an ELISA system, total antibody was measured against the complete (sialylated) type II antigen and the proportion of antibody against the galactose determinant was estimated by inhibition with free beta-methylgalactopyranoside. Mothers colonized by type II or by other GBS types had higher levels of total specific antibody (means, 3.3 and 4.7 micrograms/ml, respectively) than those not colonized (mean, 2.2 micrograms/ml). Cord sera averaged 1-2 micrograms/ml lower than maternal sera. Colonization with GBS was also associated with higher levels against the galactose determinant (mean, 1.5 micrograms/ml, compared to 0.7 micrograms/ml for those not colonized). The distribution of specificities favoured antibodies against the sialic acid determinant in maternal but not cord sera. Specificity as well as antibody level may play a role in the epidemiology of GBS type II.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of dislocation cores in metals and intermetallic compounds

Abstract Considerations for the observation and analysis of dislocation cores in metals and intermetallics using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are discussed. Specific examples treated are Lomer and 60° dislocations in aluminum and a〈011〉 edge dislocations in NiAl. The effect of thin-foil geometries on the structure and images of these dislocation cores is modeled using the Embedded Atom Method and image simulations. Some generalizations based on these calculations are discussed. Comparison of observed and simulated images enables determination of the spreading of the edge component of the cores, both in and out of the glide plane, which can have significant implications for the modeling of macroscopic behavior.
Gene-environment interplay between parent-child relationship problems and externalizing disorders in adolescence and young adulthood

Background Previous studies have shown that genetic risk for externalizing (EXT) disorders is greater in the context of adverse family environments during adolescence, but it is unclear whether these effects are long lasting. The current study evaluated developmental changes in gene-environment interplay in the concurrent and prospective associations between parent-child relationship problems and EXT at ages 18 and 25 years. Method The sample included 1382 twin pairs (48% male) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, participating in assessments at ages 18 years (mean = 17.8, s.d. = 0.69 years) and 25 years (mean = 25.0, s.d. = 0.90 years). Perceptions of parent-child relationship problems were assessed using questionnaires. Structured interviews were used to assess symptoms of adult antisocial behavior and nicotine, alcohol and illicit drug dependence. Results We detected a gene-environment interaction at age 18 years, such that the genetic influence on EXT was greater in the context of more parent-child relationship problems. This moderation effect was not present at age 25 years, nor did parent-relationship problems at age 18 years moderate genetic influence on EXT at age 25 years. Rather, common genetic influences accounted for this longitudinal association. Conclusions Gene-environment interaction evident in the relationship between adolescent parent-child relationship problems and EXT is both proximal and developmentally limited. Common genetic influence, rather than a gene-environment interaction, accounts for the long-term association between parent-child relationship problems at age 18 years and EXT at age 25 years. These results are consistent with a relatively pervasive importance of gene-environmental correlation in the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood.
Policies for deterring computer abuse

Abstract A great deal of recent discussion about computer abuse centers on the technical aspects of controls. Nevertheless, to a large extent, computer abuse can be reduced with nontechnical management policies. The use of policies is a low-cost first line of defense to deter rather than prevent, detect, or recovery from these acts. This piece concentrates on effective deterrents to intentional acts, as opposed to errors and omissions.