cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement in GlideScope® Video Laryngoscopy performance over a seven-year period in an academic emergency department

To evaluate the outcomes in first pass success (FPS) of GlideScope (GVL) intubations over a seven-year period in an academic ED. Data were prospectively collected on all patients intubated in an academic ED with a level 1 trauma center over the seven-year period from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2014. Following each intubation, the operator completed a standardized data collection form that included information on patient, operator and procedure characteristics. The primary outcome was first pass success, defined as successful intubation with a single laryngoscope blade insertion. The secondary outcome was the Cormack–Lehane (CL) view of the airway. To adjust for important confounders, a logistic regression model was used to determine the association between academic year and first pass success. In the first year of the study, the first pass success with the GVL was 75.6 % (68/90; 95 % CI 65.4–84.0 %) and the percentage of patients with CL I/II views was 95.6 % (86/90; 95 % CI 89.0–98.8 %). By the seventh year of the study, the first pass success with the GVL increased to 92.1 % (128/139; 95 % CI 86.3–96.0 %) and the percentage of patients with CL I/II views was 94.2 % (131/139; 95 % CI 89.0–97.5 %). In the logistic regression model, first pass success improved during the seven-year period (aOR 3.1; 95 % CI 1.3–7.1; p = 0.008). Over the seven-year period, there was significant improvement in the first pass success of the GVL, without any change in the Cormack–Lehane view, suggesting that there was improvement in the skill of tube delivery with use of the GVL over time.
Comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes

Human chromosome specific painting probes were hybridized on sheep (Ovis aries, 2n = 54) chromosomes by FISH. The painting results on sequentially stained RBA-banded preparations demonstrated high degree of conserved regions between human and sheep genomes. A total of 48 human chromosome segments were detected in sheep chromosomes. Comparisons with sheep gene mapping data available and previous Zoo-FISH data obtained in sheep, cattle, and river buffalo were performed.
School Size and the Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Student Achievement:Confronting the Threat of Size Bias in National Data Sets

Most of the recent literature on the achievement effects of school size has examined school and district performance. These studies have demonstrated substantial benefits of smaller school and district size in impoverished settings. To date, however, no work has adequately examined the relationship of size and socioeconomic status (SES) with students as the unit of analysis. One study, however, came close (Lee & Smith, 1997), but failed to adjust its analyses or conclusions to the substantial bias toward larger schools evident in the data set used. The present study, based on the same large data set, but with size issues in the rural circumstance clearly in focus, reaches rather different conclusions, extending previous work for the first time to a more adequate examination of size effects on individual students. Findings challenge assertions about ideal and minimum size. Analyses include comparison of means and multi-level modeling. Methodologically, the study illustrates the challenge of using nationally representative data sets of students to investigate second-level contextual phenomena, such as school size. When aggregated to schools attended by nationally representative students, the result cannot be a nationally representative set of schools. Adjustment with weights to simulate such a distribution, moreover, is inadequate to overcome this threat if one is interested in investigating size relationships among the smaller half of US schools, as one must be in seeking to generalize results to the nation as a whole. The present study finds that the smallest national decile of size maximizes the achievement of the poorest quartile of students. Moreover, appropriate size is shown to vary by student socioeconomic status.
Analysis of Electrospinning Nanofibers: Diameter Distribution, Process Dynamics, and Control

Electrospinning is a method of producing nanometer scale fibers by accelerating a jet of charged polymer solution in an electric field. In many emerging, high value electrospinning applications, such as the biomedical area, the diameter distribution of electrospun polymeric nanofibers has important implications for the product’s performance and process economics (in terms of yield and production rate). However, the current state-of-the-art electrospinning process results in unpredictable and time varying diameter distributions, both during a run and run-to-run. Thus, this work is focused on developing an appropriate control system to achieve consistent and controllable fiber diameters. Another goal of this work is to develop a better understanding of the relation between process physics and the resulting fiber diameter characteristics. To address these problems, a well instrumented and computer based actuator control system has been developed. The effects of process parameters on fiber diameter are investigated for achieving consistent and repeatable process capability. The fundamental process dynamics are identified and the relation between measurable variables and the resulting fiber diameter distribution is analyzed. This relation provides the basis of developing appropriate control strategies in order to reduce both the process variations from run-to-run and during a run.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Formal specification and verification of communication protocols for degraded modes of operation of IVHS

The formal specification and verification of intervehicle communication protocols for degraded modes of operation on the automated highway system (AHS) is presented. The protocols are designed to stop a "faulty" automated vehicle or to take it out of the highway. Logical correctness of the protocols is checked using automatic verification tools.
Time-Resolved Crystallization of GeTe

Amorphous thin films of GeTe were irradiated with excimer laser pulses and the subsequent crystallization was investigated utilizing simultaneous transient reflectivity and conductivity measurements. Below a threshold fluence of 15 mJ/cm2 pure thermal behaviour was found. Above that value, nucleation and growth are observed during the cooldown process. Above a fluence of 22 mJ/cm2 the films crystallize to a large degree within 200ns. Between 15 and 22 mJ/cm2 crystallite nuclei are formed (“frustrated crystallization”), and application of a subsequent pulse over areas exposed to this fluence regime leads to extremely fast crystallization (50 ns).
The Effects of Social Support on Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Job Search Efficacy in the Unemployed

This study attempted to determine the effects of family and social support on the self-esteem, self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy of the unemployed. A total of 117 surveys were collected in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon measuring self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy and social support. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated moderately strong positive relationships between social support and self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy. Social and family support had a stronger influence on the self-perceptions of men than women.
WATER BALANCE IN FLESH FLY PUPAE AND WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION ASSOCIATED WITH DIAPAUSE

We report the water balance characteristics for diapausing and nondiapausing pupae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis . The challenge of maintaining water balance is particularly acute for pupae that spend 9–10 months in diapause, without access to drinking water. While diapausing pupae can tolerate a loss of up to 24.5% of their total body water content (67.3%), they have also acquired several other physiological attributes that have enhanced their capacity for maintaining water balance. Net transpiration rates for diapausing pupae (0.008 % h −1 ) are far lower than rates for nondiapausing pupae (0.023 % h −1 ). In addition, diapausing pupae can counter water loss with their ability to absorb water vapor from lower humidities (approximate water vapor activity, a v , 0.58 at 20°C) than can nondiapausing pupae (approximate a v 0.74 at 20°C). The high ritical transition temperature for diapausing pupae (39 °C, compared to 30 °C for nondiapausing pupae) suggests that epicuticular lipids have been modified to restrict water loss during diapause.
Prediction of early summer rainfall over South China by a physical-empirical model

In early summer (May–June, MJ) the strongest rainfall belt of the northern hemisphere occurs over the East Asian (EA) subtropical front. During this period the South China (SC) rainfall reaches its annual peak and represents the maximum rainfall variability over EA. Hence we establish an SC rainfall index, which is the MJ mean precipitation averaged over 72 stations over SC (south of 28°N and east of 110°E) and represents superbly the leading empirical orthogonal function mode of MJ precipitation variability over EA. In order to predict SC rainfall, we established a physical-empirical model. Analysis of 34-year observations (1979–2012) reveals three physically consequential predictors. A plentiful SC rainfall is preceded in the previous winter by (a) a dipole sea surface temperature (SST) tendency in the Indo-Pacific warm pool, (b) a tripolar SST tendency in North Atlantic Ocean, and (c) a warming tendency in northern Asia. These precursors foreshadow enhanced Philippine Sea subtropical High and Okhotsk High in early summer, which are controlling factors for enhanced subtropical frontal rainfall. The physical empirical model built on these predictors achieves a cross-validated forecast correlation skill of 0.75 for 1979–2012. Surprisingly, this skill is substantially higher than four-dynamical models’ ensemble prediction for 1979–2010 period (0.15). The results here suggest that the low prediction skill of current dynamical models is largely due to models’ deficiency and the dynamical prediction has large room to improve.
Group Membership and Place Meanings in an Urban Neighborhood

The changing nature of cities has raised serious questions concerning the quality of neighborhood and community life. It is essential to reflect on the meaning of neighborhoods and their function for urban dwellers. The role of group membership in place meanings is considered, using an environmental perspective that acknowledges the importance of places to an individual's sense of identity. A small case study of a Hasidic sect with a distinctive life style provides an opportunity to assess the contribution of group affiliation to connections to a neighborhood. Sources of commitment to an area are discussed as are the qualities of group affiliations that affect this commitment. A conception of generic and specific place meanings, based on individual and group experiences, is proposed.
F.A. Hayek as an Intellectual Historian

Hayek is known primarily as an economic theorist and classical liberal political economist. A few scholars have delved deeply into the connection between Hayek's analytical contributions to economics and his visionary political economy of liberalism, but most prefer to divide Hayek's career into two distinct stages: an early stage as an economist primarily concerned with monetary theory and business fluctuations, and a later stage as a social theorist concerned with the critique of socialism and the advocacy of classical liberalism. It is not my purpose to counter this argument in this chapter with an argument for unity in the corpus of Hayek's work. Instead, what I want to emphasize is not so much his analytical unity (which I do believe is largely present), but an attitudinal unity with regard to the way one makes an argument in politics, philosophy, and economics. Throughout his career, Hayek possessed a profound respect for the intellectual history of the various disciplines within which he chose to write. He read far into the past of the discipline in order to place contemporary disputes in context and to borrow from older ideas in order to make innovative contribution. For Hayek, saying something old often represented saying something extremely fresh and new. Hayek was part of a generation of economists who believed that knowledge of history of the discipline was not simply an antiquarian interest, but a vital component of the education and training of any economist.
Intensity-Dependent, Rapid Activation of Presynaptic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors at a Central Synapse

Synaptic signals from retinal bipolar cells were monitored by measuring EPSCs in ganglion cells voltage-clamped at −70 mV. Spontaneous EPSCs were strongly suppressed byl-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (AP-4), an agonist at group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Agonists of group I or II mGluRs were ineffective. AP-4 also suppressed ganglion cell EPSCs evoked by bipolar cell stimulation using potassium puffs, sucrose puffs, or zaps of current (0.5–1 μA). In addition, AP-4 suppressed Off EPSCs evoked by dim-light stimuli. This indicates that group III mGluRs mediate a direct suppression of bipolar cell transmitter release. An mGluR antagonist, ( RS )-α-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylyglycine (CPPG), blocked the action of AP-4. When bipolar cells were weakly stimulated, AP-4 produced a large suppression of the EPSC, but CPPG alone had little effect. Conversely, when bipolar cells were strongly stimulated, CPPG produced an enhancement of the EPSC, but AP-4 alone had little effect. This indicates that endogenous feedback regulates bipolar cell transmitter release and that the dynamic range of the presynaptic metabotropic autoreceptor is similar to that of the postsynaptic ionotropic receptor. Furthermore, the feedback is rapid and intensity-dependent. Hence, concomitant activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamate receptors shapes the responses of ganglion cells.
Burn Care in the Field Hospital

This chapter is provided as both a refresher and a primer for general surgeons and other physicians who anticipate caring for burn casualties in an austere combat hospital environment. The experience level of general surgeons in the care of severely injured burn patients is widely variable, ranging from having no experience whatsoever to daily work in a burn center. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a list of key and essential management priorities which may ultimately help you improve the outcomes for severely burned patients within the limitations of your facility’s resources.
Reconstruction of total pelvic exenteration defects with rectus abdominus myocutaneous flaps versus primary closure.

Abstract Background Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is reserved for patients with locally invasive and recurrent pelvic malignancies. Complications such as wound infections, dehiscence, hernias, abscesses, and fistulas are common after this procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tissue transfer to the pelvis after TPE decreases wound complications. Methods Fifty-three patients who underwent TPE between 2004 and 2010 were reviewed. Two groups were identified, those who underwent pelvic reconstruction with a vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap (n = 17) and those who underwent primary closure (n = 36). Demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and outcomes were compared. Results The 2 groups were similar in demographics and histopathologic characteristics. Preoperative and surgical factors including comorbidities, nutrition, radiation, surgical times, blood loss, length of stay, and complications were similar between the groups. Of the 17 patients undergoing vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap placement, complications were seen in 11 patients (65%), with most of them stemming from flap dehiscence (n = 7). Conclusions In our study, the transfer of tissue into the pelvis did not increase surgical times, blood loss, length of stay, or wound complications.
Ultrasound Enhancement of Drug Release Across Non Ionic Surfactant Vesicle Membranes

Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) have potential applications in targeted drug delivery and imaging because of their ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents and their enhanced uptake by physiological membranes. Ultrasound may be used to mediate delivery non-invasively by altering the niosome membrane structure. Niosomes composed of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 61), cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate were synthesized via a thin film hydration technique. A fluorescing dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF), was encapsulated and used as a drug model. The amount of dye in the niosomes, the concentration of the vesicles, and their mean particle size after each 5 minute incremental exposure to ultrasound were monitored. Dye concentration encapsulated by the niosomes in the samples decreased while the population and size distribution of the niosome remained largely unchanged. Our conclusion is that ultrasound enhances the rate of dye diffusion across the niosome membrane non-destructively.
Extraction of information and speckle noise reduction in SAR images using the wavelet transform

This paper presents a method for extracting information from SAR images using the wavelet transform. It is shown experimentally that the shape of the wavelet can be chosen in order to extract different features in the image. Then a new method based on the wavelet transform is used to reduce speckle noise in model SAR image. The result is compared with the more traditional wavelet shrinking method.
A new basis set for the representation of angular degrees of freedom

Abstract A new set of angular basis functions is presented that yields a straightforward representation of the bending kinetic energy operator. The basis functions vanish at the interval limits and are therefore appropriate for the description of librational but not rotational motion. The basis set can be derived from Chebychev polynomials of the second kind and is related to an equidistantly spaced quadrature grid. We compare the performance of these functions to the standard basis for bending operators, Legendre functions Pl(cos(x)), for the description of the pure bending motion of water and the vibrational states associated with the ground state potential of ozone.
FEDERALISM, PUBLIC CHOICE AND LOCAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITy1

This paper brings together the major arguments of federalism as reflected in the Federalist Papers, public choice as it relates to local government management, and national government programs conc...
Diversity and Aggressiveness of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia-like Fungi on Vegetables in New York

Vegetable growers in New York, especially those growing table beets, have recently observed that the corn rotation is no longer effective in suppressing diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia-like fungi. To investigate this problem, 68 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia-like fungi infecting vegetables in New York were isolated, characterized, and their pathogenicity on corn determined. Sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region inferred 26 isolates to belong to R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-2 and 19 isolates to belong to AG 4. Remaining isolates belonged to AG 1, AG 2-1, AG 5, AG 11, Ceratobasidium AG (CAG) 2, CAG 6, and Waitea circinata var. zeae. This is a first report of AG 11 and W. circinata var. zeae recovered from naturally infected vegetables in New York. Pathogenicity tests on corn showed that the majority of isolates are pathogenic on corn, and isolates belonging to AG 2-2, AG 5, and AG 11 exhibited high aggressiveness. These results suggest that certain strains of R. solani and Rhizoctonia-like fungi infecting vegetables in New York have acquired the ability to infect corn. In addition, snap bean was inoculated with seven isolates exhibiting low to high aggressiveness on corn, and a correlation between aggressiveness on corn and snap bean was observed.
Using Pulse Width Modulation for Wireless Transmission of Neural Signals in a Multichannel Neural Recording System

This paper presents a wireless implantable neural recording system (WINeR), which pulse width modulates (PWM) a 15-channel time division multiplexed (TDM) neural signal for telemetry in the industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band. To evaluate the performance of this wireless PWM-based architecture and indicate its potential sources of error, measurements have been conducted on a setup consisting of the WINeR system as the transmitter and two receivers: 1. An Agilent 89600 vector signal analyzer with 36 MHz bandwidth and 2. A custom built receiver with bandwidth of 75 MHz. In addition, a MATLAB-Simulink model of the entire WINeR system is constructed to simulate the overall behavior of the system. We concluded that the WINeR chip, fabricated in a 0.5 mum standard CMOS process, can acquire and wirelessly transmit up to 320 k samples/sec to a 75 MHz receiver with 8 bits of resolution, equivalent to a wireless data rate of 2.56 Mb/s.
Age-Related Retention of Skilled Memory Search: Examination of Associative Learning, Interference, and Task-Specific Skills

Young and older adults performed skilled memory search after either a 3- or 6-month retention interval. Participants were first trained in consistent-mapping (CM) memory search; then, one of the search conditions was subjected to interfering processing activity prior to the retention interval. Retention testing simultaneously examined situations where interfering processing activity either did or did not intervene between original learning and retention testing. In addition, general task-specific learning was assessed. Results indicate that (a) old and young adults equally retained general, task-specific skills; (b) old adults' performance declined more than young adults' performance for trained CM stimuli; (c) when an interfering processing activity was inserted prior to the retention interval, old adults' performance declined disproportionately more than young adults' performance, especially when compared to the task not subjected to such interference; and (d) for both old and young adults all initial retention deficits were quickly eliminated within retention retraining.
Training Ethnic Minority Graduate Students in a White Man's Program: Don't Get Bucked Off!

This is a narrative journey of a Blackfeet woman as she learned to help ethnic minority students navigate graduate training. The talk reflects the holistic, contextual, and interdependent characteristics of Native American culture blended with the culture of the West. Insights from working with horses are included because they have much to teach people. Esta es la narracion de la trayectoria de una mujer de la tribu Pies Negros que aprendio a ayudar a los estudiantes de minorias etnicas a desenvolverse en sus estudios universitarios. El discurso refleja las caracteristicas holisticas, contextuales e interdependientes de la cultura de los Nativos Americanos mezclada con la cultura occidental. Se incluyen observaciones obtenidas a partir del trabajo con caballos, porque tienen mucho que ensenar a los humanos.
Patterns of Homicide in North India: Some Sociological Hypotheses

Numerous and varied incidents of homicide are provided. The typical psychiatric and criminological hypotheses appear to be inadequate. Rather a sociological explanation based on rapidly shifting societal major upheavels seem to be a sounder hypothesis.
Approaches to computer reliability: then and now

Approaches to the attainment of reliable computer operation are considered in this paper. The goal is to assure correct execution of programs using less than perfect components. The discussion includes design methodology, fault classification, redundancy techniques, reliability modeling and prediction, and examples of fault-tolerant computers. The last section identifies some relationships between reliability methods for hardware and for software.
Assault Riffle Bullet-Experimental Characterization and Computer (FE) Modeling

This paper describes the development of a finite element model for the 7.62x39 mm mild steel core (MSC) bullet. The derivation of the numerical model is based on results of compression testing performed on bullet components and bullets. The material constants needed are obtained using an iterative approach, where numerical models of the compression tests are carried out to match the force displacement response of the tested structures. Later, these set of constants are refined by comparing predicted deformed shapes against those observed during ballistic impact experiments. Numerical simulations of the 7.62x39 mm MSC bullet impacting a semi-infinite rigid plate are carried out over a range of impact velocities, and the predicted deformed shapes compared to experimental shapes obtained with the help of high speed photography. Soft recovery of cores and jackets are also used to perform comparisons with predicted results. It was found that our constitutive and damage models, implemented in ABAQUS Explicit, were able to accurately predict deformed shapes and failure modes without any predefined defects in the element mesh.
Endotoxins and the Immune Response

This review deals with immunologic aspects of the effects of endotoxins in susceptible hosts. The subject matter is divided into three sections as follows: (1) biologic effects of endotoxins and immunologic implications, (2) endotoxins as adjuvants, and (3) endotoxins as immuno-suppressants. Not considered is the extensive literature on the antigenic make-up of endotoxins, characterizing the numerous O and R antigens, and endotoxins as immunogens.
Family Interests in Competition: Relocation and Visitation

This article examines one of the most difficult family law issues in modern society. As divorce has become more common, and women have gained greater economic and social freedom, the issue of how to deal with a custodial parent who wants to relocate a considerable distance from the noncustodial parent (perhaps to be with a new spouse, to take a new job, to enter an educational program, or simply to change geographical location) the courts are confronted with a direct challenge to the historical policy of having both divorced parents with regular and frequent contact with the children. There has been some movement toward greater liberality in authorizing relocation of a custodial parent, although with some adjustment of the visitation time allowed to the other parent. However, the issue of relocation has been further compounded by the growth of the father's rights movement, which has successfully lobbied legislatures to enact joint custody laws which encourage both shared legal custody and shared physical custody. Shared physical custody is essentially incompatible with substantial distance location on the part of one parent, and suggested solutions such as virtual visitation by use of computer technology has found little support in the courts. The article examines these trends and finds that there is little national consensus on how to deal with an issue which promises to put the various competing family interests into competition.
Appearance of soluble and cross-reactive complement-fixing antigens on treatment of poliovirus with formalin.

SummaryPoliovirus in tissue culture fluid was treated with dilute formaldehyde and fractionated by ultracentrifugation. Most of the complement-fixing antigen in the active virus preparations could be sedimented at 105,000 x gravity for 2 hours. However, in the formalin-treated samples a soluble antigen appeared which remained in the supernatant fluid. The active virus preparations used were almost completely type specific in their complement-fixing reactions, but after treatment with formaldehyde, cross reactions were found between all types.
Utilization of antidepressant medications among elderly patients with depression: Comparison between usual care and collaborative care using care managers

Introduction: Depression remained under diagnosed and inadequately treated. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial confirmed that several sequential treatment steps are often needed to obtain remission. Only 28% of patients remitted after 12 weeks of adequate trial on a single agent; switching to another agent or augmentation with a second agent was often necessary. The collaborative care model, using care managers, has been consistently showed in numerous studies to be an effective way to manage depression and achieve sustained outcomes compared to usual care. In March 2008, this model was implemented among primary care sites in our institution. We had previously compared utilization of antidepressant medications among patients with depression managed under the collaborative care management (CCM) model with those under usual care and found that those patients who were followed under CCM had significantly greater utilization of anti-depressant medications at the end of one year (p value: <0.001). However, subgroup analysis of a small sample of patients aged 65 and older did not yield similar result. We therefore expanded the sample size of this group. Methods: Data was abstracted from medical records of patients aged 65 and older who received a diagnosis of depression from March 2008 until December 2010, defined as a screening score of 10 or greater on the Patient Health Questionnaire9 (PHQ-9), had given permission to have their records reviewed and had at least a 6 month follow-up. Pattern of antidepressant medications utilization were compared between patients with depression enrolled in the CCM model and those under usual care. Results: There were one hundred eighty six (N1⁄4 186) patients who met study criteria; ninety (N1⁄4 93) were enrolled under CCM and ninety one (N 1⁄4 93) were in usual care. There was no statistical difference in demographics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, initial PHQ-9 score) between the two groups. At six months, the mean PHQ-9 score of those enrolled in CCM was statistically lower compared to those in usual care (6.42 vs. 13.19; p value: <0.001). Likewise the mean difference in PHQ-9 score from baseline was also greater among those in CCM compared to usual care. Those patients who were followed under CCM did not have a significantly greater utilization of anti-depressant medications at the end of six months (p value: 0.53). Conclusions: In patients aged 65 and older, the collaborative care model for depression management is not associated with greater anti-depression medication utilization compared to usual care. However, it is statistically significantly associated with greater reduction in PHQ-9 scores and treatment response at 6 months when compared to usual care. The model consistently demonstrate efficacy across in both young and elderly adult patients.
Analysis of etiological surveillance results of HFMD in Honghe prefecture,Yunnan province,during 2010-2011

Objective To study the etiology of EV71 and Cox A16 in Honghe prefecture,Yunnan province,from 2010 to2011,and provide laboratory evidence for prevention and treatment. Methods Clinical patients with HFMD were used to test the viral nucleic acid of EV71 and Cox A16 using real-time PCR. Results Among 312 HFMD cases,91. 99% were under5 years old,and most of them were 1 ~ 3 years old. The two incidence peaks occurred in 2010,one was April,the other was October; The incidence peak occurred during March-August and sub-peak was in May. There were 164 EV71 infections( 97. 0%) and 5 Cox A16 infections( 3. 0%). 352 samples were collected from 312 HFMD patients. Among of them,221 samples were throat swabs and 112 were positive samples( 50. 7%); 69 samples were anal swabs and 40 were positive samples( 58. 0%); 62 samples were stools and 39 were positive samples( 62. 9%). Conclusion The major pathogen of HFMD was EV71 and most cases occurred in children under 5 years old in Honghe prefecture from 2010 to 2011.
Christina Rossetti: the Female Queer Virgin

If the Oxford Movement provided a means for opening queer religious spaces through the elevation of identities based on religious chastity, later Victorian writers demonstrate the impact and evolution of that theology. Purity is eroticized in the works of Christina Rossetti and Gerard Manley Hopkins. The sacred space of virginity became a means for glorification of the self as writer, queer in her/his separation from society. In the literature and life of Christina Rossetti, we find a woman who entered Victorian Anglo-Catholic discourse as a champion of female virginity. Although the feminist component of such a position cannot be denied, a justification of the queer single life is a crucial part of Rossetti’s argument. At a time when other Victorian Christian women praised motherhood, Christina Rossetti maintained that the solitary life in devotion was the better portion.
Transgenic Animal Models of Gastrointestinal Function

Transgenesis in animals has immense potential for the study of gene function during development, organogenesis, and aging and has permitted the modeling of human diseases and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies in a manner not possible in human subjects. Although transgenic animals have been produced in a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, including fish, birds, mammals, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , the laboratory mouse is by far the most commonly used species for studying gastrointestinal function. Mice have a high degree of physiological and molecular similarity to humans: the availability of a well-developed set of technologies for introducing genetic modifications, a short gestation time, a short life cycle, the existence of orthology maps with humans, and the availability of a sequenced genome. In this chapter, we describe how genetically engineered mice are generated and used to study gastrointestinal physiology and disease, focusing on the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
Intercalation of Cobalt into the Interlayer of Birnessite Improves Oxygen Evolution Catalysis

We show that the activity of cobalt for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be enhanced by confining it in the interlayer region of birnessite (layered manganese oxide). The cobalt intercalation was verified by employing state-of-the-art characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that the Co2+/birnessite electrocatalyst can reach 10 mA cm–2 at an overpotential of 360 mV with near-unity Faradaic efficiency. This overpotential is lower than that which can be achieved by using a pure cobalt hydroxide electrocatalyst for the OER. Furthermore, the Co2+/birnessite catalyst shows no degradation after 1000 electrochemical cycles.
Tumor interface stability on CT imaging is an early marker of response to cytotoxic therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

284Background: There is currently no reliable biomarker for assessing the response to therapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we investigated how changes in the tumor/parenchyma i...
Endoscopic optical coherence tomography: Technologies and clinical applications [invited]

In this paper, we review the current state of technology development and clinical applications of endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). Key design and engineering considerations are discussed for most OCT endoscopes, including side-viewing and forward-viewing probes, along with different scanning mechanisms (proximal-scanning versus distal-scanning). Multi-modal endoscopes that integrate OCT with other imaging modalities are also discussed. The review of clinical applications of endoscopic OCT focuses heavily on diagnosis of diseases and guidance of interventions. Representative applications in several organ systems are presented, such as in the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems. A brief outlook of the field of endoscopic OCT is also discussed.
The Ideas of the Chicago School and the Structural Contradictions of Neoliberalism

This chapter continues the review of the basic tenets of neoliberalism through an analysis of salient ideas of two key members of the Chicago School of Economics: Milton Friedman and Gary Becker. It is stressed that Friedman provided a rationale for the desirability of supply-side economics and a justification of the notion of socio-economic inequality. Becker’s notions of “homo economicus” and “human capital” provided the tools to legitimize individual competition, individuality, and individual responsibility as they were presented as indispensable for the good functioning of the economy and society. The chapter concludes by stressing the contradictions embedded in the neoliberal notions of competition, inequality, and uncertainty.
Students and Teachers

Mark Hopkins defined education as “that which occurs when there is a student at one end of a log and a teacher at the other.” In the education of the clinician, we must also include the patient and a fourth entity, the program in which treatment of the patient takes place. The log thus grows into a rhombus. However, this essay is meant to concern itself with the students and teachers involved in the education of the psychiatrist.
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF FROG VIRUS 3–LIKE RANAVIRUS IN JUVENILE CHELONIANS AT TWO TEMPERATURES

The pathogenicity of frog virus 3 (FV3)–like ranavirus varies in adult chelonian species at different environmental temperatures, but differences in pathogenicity at different temperatures has yet to be determined in juveniles. Our objective was to determine the susceptibility to FV3-like ranavirus in four species of juvenile chelonians: red-eared sliders (RES; Trachemys scripta elegans), Mississippi map turtles (Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii), false map turtles (FMT; Graptemys pseudogeographica), and eastern river cooters (Pseudemys concinna concinna) at two environmental temperatures. Two simultaneous trials (n=8 treatment and n=4 controls of each species) were conducted in separate temperature-controlled rooms with animals maintained at 22 C or 27 C. All of the inoculated animals of each species at each temperature died, but no mortality was observed in control animals. Median survival times varied between 8 d and 11 d, based on species and temperature, with RES in the 27 C trial surviving the shortest time and the FMT in the 22 C trial surviving the longest. Combining all species, turtles in the 27 C trial survived for fewer days than those housed at 22 C, despite all turtles in both trials having similar viral copies detected in postmortem tissues. Lesions in inoculated turtles resembled those noted in natural and experimental FV3-like ranavirus infections and included vasculitis, thrombosis, hemorrhage in multiple organs, renal tubular necrosis, and hepatic necrosis. Myositis was not present in any juvenile, infected turtles in this study. This study confirmed that juvenile chelonians have a high susceptibility to ranaviral disease.
Common Diseases of Cats

In metropolitan areas the cat is taking on new popularity as a pet. Small size and ability to adapt well to apartment living are possible explanations for this new-found favor, and cats do provide a considerable amount of amusement and pleasure for their owners.
Target RPE at the Ventilatory Threshold

The ventilatory threshold (VT) is an important physiological marker of the exercise intensity at which an individual can sustain performance for a prolonged period, and therefore is an important determinant of aerobic exercise performance capacity. Determination of the exercise training intensity equivalent to the VT is an important measure for both elite athletes and sedentary individuals. Training at the intensity equivalent to the individual’s VT provides an optimal overload stimulus to achieve both performance and health-fitness benefits. Identification of the VT in the laboratory setting requires experienced personnel and expensive laboratory equipment. Therefore, a surrogate measure of the VT is needed to guide exercise training intensity. This can be achieved by identifying a target HR associated with the VT (HR-VT). However, exercise HR can be affected by both environmental and clinical conditions and requires skill for accurate palpation when a HR monitoring device is unavailable. RPE has been validated for the prescription and regulation of exercise in a variety of settings and subject populations. Owing to its ease of use and cost-efficiency, a target RPE associated with the VT (RPE-VT) presents a practical method for prescribing exercise at VT intensity. The primary purpose of this laboratory experiment is to determine RPE-VT, using both the Borg and OMNI Scales, and HR-VT during load-incremented aerobic exercise.
Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE) of civil structures rehabilitated using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites

Abstract: The chapter begins by discussing the requirement for performance assessment of FRP rehabilitated structures by NDT/NDE methodologies. The general classification of NDT techniques are introduced, followed by the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) as related to the real-time performance monitoring of the rehabilitated structures. It then explores the suitability of major NDT techniques for defect detection and assessment of FRP composites and FRP rehabilitated concrete structures. The NDT methods reviewed include visual inspections, acoustic emission testing, impact-echo methods, ultrasonics, radiography, ground penetrating radar, microwave based techniques, thermography, optical and laser techniques, and superconducting quantum interference methods. The chapter includes a brief introduction into the basic principles, methodologies, and types of fiber optic sensors, and their applications in FRP composite and FRP rehabilitated concrete structures. Smart structure systems with fiber optic sensors for real-time monitoring of FRP rehabilitated concrete structures are then discussed. A summary of the methods is provided at the end.
Thermodynamics-based stability criteria for constitutive equations of isotropic hyperelastic solids

Abstract A generalized thermodynamic stability criterion for isotropic finite elastic solids is derived using the fundamental balance laws and field equations of continuum mechanics, which is then used to formulate constitutive inequalities for the polynomial form of hyperelastic constitutive equations. Individual thermodynamic constitutive inequalities (called T-C inequalities) are derived for the neo-Hookean, Mooney Rivlin, and three-parameter generalized Rivlin models under three pure homogeneous deformation modes, namely, uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension and shear (simple and pure), and are compared against two commonly used adscititious inequalities, the Baker-Ericksen (B-E) and E-inequalities. The range of stable model constants as defined by the T-C inequalities is represented by a region in an N-dimensional coordinate space (N is the total number of model constants), which is defined as the Region of Stability (ROS). It is shown that the ROS is a function of material deformation and evolves with the limiting strain, shrinking from an initially large region representing the necessary condition of thermodynamic stability to a converged region under infinite limiting strain that is equivalent to the ROS defined by the E-inequalities. By investigating the evolution of the ROS under different deformation modes, the implication of T-C inequalities on the selection of experimental routines and filtering of erroneous test data and model constants is discussed. It is also demonstrated that while the E-inequalities are over-restrictive for hyperelastic materials with small to moderate limiting strains, an observation supported by recent experimental evidence, the B-E inequalities are inaccurate under moderate to large limiting strain conditions. The applicability of the proposed mathematical framework to other hyperelastic strain energy density forms, such as exponential/logarithmic functions, is demonstrated by investigating the thermodynamic stability of the Fung-Demiray model. It is shown that the commonly assumed restriction that the Fung-Demiray model constants must be positive can be relaxed so that some typical material behaviors under small to moderate limiting strains can also be modeled.
Traumatic Brain Injuries and Co-occurring Mental Illness

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired brain injury induced by a physical force that leads to a temporary or permanent functional disruption or structural damage. According to the CDC (CDC.gov/traumaticbraininjury/data/statistics/index/html. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traumatic brain injury and concussion. TBI data and statistics. Access date 17 May 2018, 2013) [1], the yearly occurrences of TBI number around 2.8 million people in the United States, which resulted in 282,000 hospitalizations and 2.5 million emergency department visits. Approximately 50,000 people die from TBI each year. The most common cause of TBI is from falls, mostly among children ages 0–14 and adults ages 65 and older. However, motor- vehicle-, or traffic-related incidents cause the greatest number of TBI-related deaths. Over half of those diagnosed with TBI are male; additional risk factors include alcohol and drug misuse. Between 2007 and 2013, while rates of TBI-related ED visits increased by 47%, hospitalization rates decreased by 2.5% and mortality decreased by 5%. It is important to note that CDC estimates do not include the traumatic brain injuries occurring in the military and veterans, which would likely increase these numbers.
Impacts of invasive annuals on soil carbon and nitrogen storage in southern California depend on the identity of the invader.

Non-native plant invasions can alter nutrient cycling processes and contribute to global climate change. In southern California, California sage scrub (hereafter sage scrub), a native shrub-dominated habitat type in lowland areas, has decreased to 940 t C km-2 and >60 t N km-2 are lost when sage scrub converts to grass-dominated habitat, demonstrating that grass invasions are significant regional contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. We found that sites with greater total C and N storage were associated with high cation exchange capacities and bacterial concentrations. Non-native grassland habitat type was a predictor of lower total C, and soil pH, which was greatest in invasive habitats, was a predictor of lower total N. We demonstrate that modeling regional nutrient storage requires accurate classification of habitat type and fine-scale quantification of cation exchange capacity, pH, and bacterial abundance. Our results provide evidence that efforts to restore and conserve sage scrub enhance nutrient storage, a key ecosystem service reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Reconceptualizing the measurement of multidimensional salesperson job satisfaction

AbstractJob satisfaction is a key construct in many models examining salesperson attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Job satisfaction has often been conceptualized and measured as a multidimensio...