cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Untangling Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Peculiarity and Chemo-Resistance: Trailing Towards Marker-Based Targeted Therapies.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, affects nearly 15% of women with breast cancer. To date, the mainstay of treatment remains chemotherapy, with all the associated consequences, such as the significant toxicity and the suboptimal effect on the five-year survival rates. RNA-expression profiling showed that TNBC is biologically a heterogeneous malignancy. Therefore, predictive biomarkers matched with the diverse subtypes of TNBC could classify patients that would most benefit from a certain targeted treatment. Three biomarker-driven therapies are currently available: poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribose polymerase inhibitors for patients with germline BReast CAncer gene (BRCA) mutations, atezolizumab combined with nab-paclitaxel for patients expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting human trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP-2). Identifying predictive biomarkers is crucial for the optimum generation and implementation of targeted agents for TNBC, while further relevant treatments are in the pipeline given the promising results in clinical trials. Finally, newly developed immunotherapies and other targeted agents should also be investigated in earlier stages of the disease, especially in the neoadjuvant setting, broadening the therapeutic application of such regimens.
Critical Examinations of the Known and the Unknown in Social Science: Where Do We Go from Here?

If the use of social science assumptions and beliefs is what helped set fields of professional practice on the quest for recognition in the academy, what does the recent outpouring of publications on the limits of science reveal about sociocultural research prospects at the dawn of the 21st century? The last few years alone have witnessed the publication of special journal issues on the "scientific wars" of the nineties, year long professional association debates on "the known and unknown," and new books and online data sources proclaiming "the end of social science." Cumulatively, research and commentary on the limits of science offer pessimistic and optimistic arguments about advances in understanding intractable sociocultural problems that center on understanding extraordinary complexity. We come down on the optimistic side, encouraged by possibilities for using heuristic tools to identify propositions and ideologies presented across a variety of interpretive texts written to accomplish the function of expressing interpretations on the known and unknown in sociocultural research. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol5/iss1/5 Critical Examinations of the Known and the Unknown in Social Science: Where Do We Go from Here? by Cynthia Wallat and Carolyn L. Piazza The Qualitative Report, Volume 5, Numbers 1 & 2, May, 2000
The triangulation theorem for 2-manifolds

In Rn, ‖P‖ denotes the norm of P, that is, the distance between P and the origin. Let $$D = \left\{ {P|P \in {R^n}\,and\,||P||\, < 1} \right\},$$ $$D' = \left\{ {P|P \in {R^n}\,and\,||P||\, < \frac{1}{2}} \right\}.$$
La necesidad de perspectivas múltiples en la planificación

Evalua de manera critica algunos aspectos de la que denomina perspectiva tradicional de analisis, que a su juicio ha impregnado de modo casi absoluto a la planificacion del desarrollo para subrayar la necesidad de utilizar perspectivas multiples: la tradicional que debe ser complementada con la organizacional/societaria y la personal/individual.
Some Optical Diagnostic Techniques Involving High Power Lasers

Although lasers have permitted the development of several completely new diagnostic techniques such as Holographic Interferometry and Thomson Scattering they have also brought about significant improvements in other more conventional methods, and in the present paper some examples of optical interferornetry and Schlieren photography involving high power lasers are described.
Photopotential probe of space charge and field profiles at electrolyte/silver halide interfaces: Part II. Pure and doped crystals of silver halides

Abstract The solid-state adsorption and electrochemical thermodynamic models combine to give a unified picture of charge, field and potential distributions at silver halide/solution interfaces. Standard potential measurements verify the electrochemical approach by showing constancy of crystal/electrolye potential differences irrespective of ionic defect concentrations. Open circuit photopotentials demonstrate correct signs and approximate magnitudes of local potential and field inside the crystal surface. Photopotentials were dependent on impurity doping, light intensity and temperature. There was no direct dependence on bathing solution pAg (neither sign reversal nor monotonic change with pAg variation). There is an indirect effect near the null charge solution pAg, where surface trapped holes (X-atoms) hydrolyze to precipitate Ag+ and disturb uniformity of pAg. These results indicate near constancy of the internal crystal electric field when dopant and other variables are fixed and require that the two-fluid model be modified to include both electrolyte and internal defect specific adsorption.
A new design for built-in self-test of 5GHz low noise amplifiers

This paper presents a new low-cost built-in self-test (BIST) circuit for 5GHz low noise amplifier (LNA). The BIST circuit is designed for system-on-chip (SOC) transceiver environment. The proposed BIST circuit measures the LNA specifications such as input impedance, voltage gain, noise figure, and input return loss all in a single SoC environment.
Vascular anomalies: what they are, how to diagnose them, and how to treat them.

Vascular anomalies are congenital lesions that most often first present in pediatric patients. Treatment of these lesions is a multidisciplinary team approach, involving several specialities, including diagnostic and interventional radiology, dermatology, general and plastic surgery, otolaryngology, and hematology. Knowing the characteristic findings of vascular anomalies on ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging leads to early, accurate diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of these lesions. This article discusses the gross and radiographic appearances and the latest treatment options for vascular anomalies.
The design of curves and surfaces by subdivision algorithms

We present a survey of the basic principles and concepts associated with subdivision algorithms. Special attention is given to the convergence question for these algorithms, and the mathematical tools suitable for analysing convergence are presented.
GLUE, an industry/education/government partnership

The Global Leadership of US Engineers (GLUE project) is intended to provide the US with capable, experienced engineers. Concepts of teaming, concurrent engineering, and the importance of productivity, quality, and profitability are taught. Engineering, mathematics, and science instruction with an emphasis on engineering applications, workshops, engineering projects, global product design and marketing, and long-range planning and project control are provided. It is shown why programs focused on basic science and math principles are insufficient, why engineering programs must begin in primary education, and why internationally/globally oriented projects and studies are necessary. An organization and execution plan for the GLUE project is outlined. >
Is What's Best for Employees Best for Shareholders?

We study the effect of labor-friendly corporate practices on shareholder outcomes using firms selected by Fortune magazine as the "Best 100 Companies to Work for in America" over 1998-2004. We find that investors react positively to the list's announcement and that list firms subsequently outperform a size- and industry-matched control group on productivity, profitability, and value creation. Human capital dependent firms are more likely to make the list and the benefits of improved performance accrue mostly to such firms. Our analysis of excess executive compensation and forced turnover suggests that top management derives no pecuniary benefits from labor-friendly practices. We therefore interpret our results as consistent with rational choice, noting that the benefits of devoting significant resources to employee welfare appear to outweigh the costs, especially for firms that depend more on human capital.
Osteoclasts express the B2 isoform of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase intracellularly and on their plasma membranes

Osteoclasts express high levels of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) in their ruffled membranes, driving the secretion of H+ required for normal bone resorption. Previous reports have suggested that the B subunit of the osteoclast V-ATPase differs from those expressed in kidney and other tissues. In this study, B subunit isoform-specific antibodies and cDNA probes were used to examine which B subunit isoform is expressed in osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells. Immunoblotting and RNA hybridization analysis were used to demonstrate that cells from an osteoclast-rich mouse bone marrow culture model express the B2 but not the B1 subunit isoform. Immunocytochemical staining of murine osteoclasts generated in vitro and of native rat osteoclasts in bone sections showed that the B2 but not the B1 isoform was expressed at high levels and was polarized to the ruffled membrane. Human marrow cultures and monocyte-derived macrophages, used as models for osteoclasts, also expressed the B2 but not the B1 subunit isoform. These results indicate that V-ATPases containing the B2 subunit isoform mediate osteoclast bone resorption.
IL-33 Induces Nuocytes and Modulates Liver Injury in Viral Hepatitis

Molecules containing damage-associated molecular patterns play an important role in many pathogenic processes. In this study, our aim was to investigate the role of IL-33, a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, in adenovirus (Ad)-induced liver inflammation. Ad-infected mice exhibited a steadily increased IL-33 and its receptor IL-1R-like 1 expression in the liver during the first week of infection. Treatment of exogenous IL-33 resulted in a great decrease in the serum alanine aminotransferase levels and the number of Councilman bodies in the liver. Attenuated liver injury by IL-33 correlated with an increase in T regulatory cells but with a decrease in macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells in the liver. IL-33 enhanced both type 1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and type 2 (IL-5 and IL-13) immune responses in infected mice. However, IL-33 inhibited TNF-α expression in hepatic T cells and macrophages, and significantly reduced TNF-α levels in the liver. We found that in addition to its direct effects, IL-33 strongly induced novel nuocytes in the livers and spleens of infected mice. When cocultured with nuocytes, hepatic T cells and macrophages expressed lower levels of TNF-α. The IL-33-treated mice also demonstrated a slight delay, but no significant impairment, in eliminating an intrahepatic infection with Ad. In conclusion, this study reveals that IL-33 acts as a potent immune stimulator and a hepatoprotective cytokine in acute viral hepatitis. Its direct immunoregulatory functions and ability to induce novel nuocytes further suggest to us that it may be a potentially promising therapeutic candidate for the management of viral hepatitis.
Statistical quasi-particles as the normal component of a superfluid

Abstract It is argued from the structure of many body theory Feynman graphs that the statistical average of a spontaneously broken conserved charge density decomposes naturally into two parts: (1) a “normal” part given by an ideal gas-like expression with statistical quasi-particle emergies, and (2) a “superfluid” part which vanishes when the symmetry is restored. The momentum density of a relativistic superfluid is also discussed.
A role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in spontaneous rupture of the fetal membranes.

Abstract Objectives: Preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes is responsible for 30% to 40% of preterm deliveries. Fetal membranes are composed primarily of collagen. Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix macromolecules, including collagens. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B, 92 kd) and its tissue inhibitor (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) has been localized in amnion and chorion. The objective of this study was to determine whether rupture of fetal membranes and intrauterine infection are associated with changes in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Study Design: Two hundred one women in the following categories had amniotic fluid retrieved: (1) preterm labor and intact membranes in the presence (n = 42) or absence (n = 21) of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, (2) preterm premature rupture of the membranes with (n = 29) or without (n = 23) microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, and (3) term gestation with intact membranes (n = 50) or with premature rupture of the membranes (n = 40). Women in groups 1 and 2 were matched for gestational age at amniocentesis. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was defined by a positive amniotic fluid culture for micro-organisms. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were measured with use of sensitive and specific immunoassays that were validated for amniotic fluid. Results: Spontaneous rupture of membranes at term is associated with a significant increase in the amniotic fluid concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (premature rupture of membranes, no labor: median 3.9 ng/mL, range 2.7 to 11.1 ng/mL vs no premature rupture of membranes, no labor: median P P = .06). Women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity had higher median matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations than did those without microbial invasion regardless of membrane status (preterm labor: 54.5 ng/mL, range P P Conclusion: Our data support a role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the mechanisms responsible for membrane rupture in term and preterm gestations. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1248-53.)
Reinnervation of normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle

A comparative study was conducted of resting membrane potential (RMP), extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity, spontaneous and neurally evoked transmitter release, and directly and indirectly elicited action potentials in posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of normal (line 412) and dystrophic (line 413) chickens during reinnervation after nerve crush. Control (nondenervated) dystrophic muscle fibers had a significantly greater RMP (-77.2 vs. -74.1 mV), extrajunctional ACh sensitivity (0.34 vs. 0.04 mV/nC), and incidence of repetitive firing of directly elicited action potentials than did normals. Miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude in dystrophic fibers was significantly reduced (0.26 vs. 0.38 mV). Six to 7 days after nerve crush, muscle fibers from both lines of chickens showed a significant reduction in RMP and an increase in extrajunctional ACh sensitivity. During this time spontaneous MEPPs were absent and the incidence of repetitive firing was decreased. No significant difference was noted between chicken lines in any of the properties studied. The return of normal properties associated with reinnervation occurred primarily between days 9 and 40. Repolarization of the RMP was clearly evident by day 9 in both lines, but dystrophic fibers showed a slightly earlier and greater degree of repolarization. Similarly, initial decreases in extrajunctional ACh sensitivity and the reappearance of MEPPs were observed on day 9 with dystrophic and day 12 with normal fibers. Neurally elicited action potentials were first recorded on day 11 for dystrophic and day 12 for normal fibers. Finally, multiple firing of directly elicited action potentials associated with reinnervation attained the same incidence (20 to 21% of fibers) on day 12 in dystrophic and day 14 in normal fibers. The results suggest that dystrophic chicken muscle has an enhanced capacity for reinnervation following nerve crush.
Coupled process modeling and waste package performance

The interaction of borosilicate waste glasses with water has been studied extensively, and reasonably good models are available that describe the reaction kinetics and solution chemical effects. Unfortunately, these models have not been utilized in performance assessment analyses, except in estimating radionuclide solubilities at the waste form surface. A geochemical model has been incorporated in the AREST code to examine the coupled processes of glass dissolution and transport within the engineered barrier system. Our calculations show that the typical performance assessment analyses using fixed solubilities or constant reaction rate at the waste form surface are not always conservative or realistic predictions of radionuclide release. Varying the transport properties of the waste package materials is shown to produce counterintuitive effects on the release rates of some radionuclides. The use of noncoupled performance assessment models could lead a repository designer to an erroneous conclusion about the advantages of one waste package design or host rock setting over another.
Prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious.

An unidentified environmental reservoir of infectivity contributes to the natural transmission of prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies [TSEs]) in sheep, deer, and elk. Prion infectivity may enter soil environments via shedding from diseased animals and decomposition of infected carcasses. Burial of TSE-infected cattle, sheep, and deer as a means of disposal has resulted in unintentional introduction of prions into subsurface environments. We examined the potential for soil to serve as a TSE reservoir by studying the interaction of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) with common soil minerals. In this study, we demonstrated substantial PrPSc adsorption to two clay minerals, quartz, and four whole soil samples. We quantified the PrPSc-binding capacities of each mineral. Furthermore, we observed that PrPSc desorbed from montmorillonite clay was cleaved at an N-terminal site and the interaction between PrPSc and Mte was strong, making desorption of the protein difficult. Despite cleavage and avid binding, PrPSc bound to Mte remained infectious. Results from our study suggest that PrPSc released into soil environments may be preserved in a bioavailable form, perpetuating prion disease epizootics and exposing other species to the infectious agent.
Lipid-lipid complexes: Properties and effects on lipase binding to surfaces

In the presence of bulk water, the lipase-catalyzed synthesis and hydrolysis of insoluble lipid esters occur at the lipid-water interface. For water-soluble lipases, a necessary step in this process is the partitioning of enzyme from the bulk aqueous phase to the surface phase. In surface phases of phospholipids and the substrates and products of lipolysis, physical studies have demonstrated the formation of preferred packing arrays or lipid-lipid “complexes.” Such interactions involve changes in both lipid molecular area and hydration. Binding of pancreatic carboxylester lipase (cholesterol esterase) and colipase to monomolecular films of a phosphatidylcholine and its complexes with fatty acid or diglyceride is negligible. In contrast, saturation of film of pure fatty acid or diglyceride correlates with formation of a protein monolayer. With mixtures of complex and uncomplexed fatty acid or diglyceride, binding to the uncomplexed lipid occurs, but only with colipase can saturation of available sites be achieved. The lower affinity of carboxylester lipase for surfaces containing complexes can be qualitatively explained by differences in the size of lipid and protein molecules. Because it involves no direct interaction between enzyme and complex, such “proxinhibition” of enzyme binding is potentially an important regulation of lipid-protein interactions.
Optimization of mechanical/physical properties for rubber/epoxy composite coating on asphalt concrete

Etude de la resistance a la compression, a la traction, a la flexion au pelage de composites sable/elastomere/resine epoxy en fonction de leur composition. Etude par SEM de la morphologie de l'interface entre le composite et le beton asphaltique soumis a des essais (gel, humidite, chaleur). Proposition de composition optimale pour ce composite
Applying Evolutionary Search to a Parametric Family of Auction Mechanisms

In this paper we describe an evolution-based method for evaluating auction mechanisms, and apply it to a space of mechanisms including the standard first- and second-price sealed bid auctions. We replicate results known already in the Auction Theory literature regarding the suitability of different mechanisms for different bidder environments, and extend the literature by establishing the superiority of novel mechanisms over standard mechanisms, for commonly occurring scenarios. Thus this paper simultaneously extends Auction Theory, and provides a systematic method for further such extensions.
Surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins after processing and after polishing.

Purpose: Circumstances exist in which the need to adjust denture base acrylic resins is necessary. This process obviously alters the surface of the polished denture base. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three chairside polishing kits and conventional polishing on four denture acrylic resins. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four 30 × 30 × 2 mm acrylic resin specimens were fabricated with each of four acrylic resins: autopolymerizing, heat processed, injection molded, and microwaveable. One side was polished conventionally with pumice and polishing compound. The other side was polished with one of three chairside polishing kits: Axis, Brasseler, and Shofu. Each side was evaluated by a Dektak 8 Programmable Stylus Profiler to determine the surface roughness (Ra). Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that: (1) There was no significant difference in the time it took to polish the specimens with the chairside polishing kits (F= 2.118, p= 0.14). (2) There was a significant difference in surface roughness between the acrylic resins before any polishing, with the injection-molded and heat-processed being less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 4.588, p= 0.005). (3) There was a significant difference in surface roughness between the acrylic resins when conventionally polished, with the injection-molded and microwavable being less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 4.503, p= 0.005). Factorial ANOVA revealed that: (1) There was no significant difference in the surface roughness among the chairside polishing kits (F= 1.209, p= 0.30). (2) There was a significant difference between the acrylic resins, with the heat-processed, injection-molded, and microwaveable being significantly less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 6.610, p= 0.0001). (3) There was no significant interaction between the acrylic resins and the chairside polishing kit in the amount of surface roughness (F= 1.728, p= 0.12). An independent t-test revealed that conventional polishing was significantly smoother than polishing with the chairside polishing kits (t= 3.847, p= 0.0001). Conclusions: It was concluded that time was not a factor in using any of the chairside polishing kits. It is recommended that conventional polishing be used after adjustments to the cameo surface of denture acrylic resin.
Antiflow-Induced Vibration Structure in Hard Disk Drive

To meet market demand for the high data density on the disk of a hard disk drive (HDD), reduction of disturbance causing track misregistration is needed. The main disturbance in HDDs in a server or a desktop PC is flow-induced vibrations caused by airflow due to the disk rotation. Generally, there are two kind of flow-induced vibration (FIV) of the structures inside a HDD. One is in-plane or out of plane vibration of the read/write component, i.e., the carriage. Another is out of plane vibration of the disk. In these experiments, we tried to reduce out of plane vibration of the disk and the carriage by making a simple structural change. The investigation is carried out to clear up a cause of FIV of the carriage. The result showed that the outflow from the disk region is strong and can be the cause of the out of plane vibration of both the disk and carriage. To counteract this fluid force, the plates were put against the disks to prevent wind disturbance. As a result, the flow-induced vibrations of the carriage and the disks were significantly reduced. Based on our results, we designed an anti-FIV structure.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Molecular weights of homogeneous coliphage DNA's from density-gradient sedimentation equilibrium

The problem of obtaining meaningful molecular weights for high molecular weight DNA samples by sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient has been solved by correcting the theory for thermodynamic non-ideality. Several different methods of virial corrections are suggested and examined to determine the best method of obtaining molecular weights at infinite dilution. A pronounced virial effect is experimentally demonstrated for high molecular weight DNA's. The concentration distributions at sedimentation equilibrium are studied as a function of DNA concentration for T7, T5 and T4 coliphage DNA's and the results extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain molecular weights for these DNA's. The values obtained by this technique are 23.2 × 106 for T7, 65.7 × 106 for T5 and 104 × 106 daltons for T4 DNA. These results are in agreement with recent hydrodynamic predictions but are in disagreement with many literature values. A brief review of the literature is presented to elucidate these discrepancies.
Etiology of MNU-induced melanomas in Xiphophorus hybrids

Genetic hybrids of the genus Xiphophorus have historically been useful models for study of the genetic aspects of tumor formation. In the most studied Xiphophorus tumor model, two-gene loci, XMRK and DIFF, are implicated as critical both to UV-induced and spontaneous melanoma formation in BC(1) hybrids of crosses between X. maculatus and X. helleri, with X. helleri as the recurrent backcross parent. In addition to UV, the direct-acting carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) has been used to induce tumors in Xiphophorus BC(1) hybrids from several cross types. In the present study, we address the hypothesis that excess melanomas in MNU-treated BC(1) hybrids may have been generated by direct mutation of CDKN2AB, a candidate gene for DIFF. MNU treatment of F(1) and BC(1) hybrid fish significantly increased tumor incidence at 6 months; however, no association was found between MNU-induced tumor formation and zygosity of the candidate tumor tumor-suppressor CDKN2AB in BC(1) hybrids, consistent with previously reported results. Sequence analysis of the X. maculatus CDKN2AB locus of heterozygous individuals (both BC(1) and F(1) hybrids) did not reveal any mutations caused by MNU, suggesting that the mechanism of MNU-induced melanoma formation in this Xiphophorus model does not involve direct mutation of CDKN2AB but may result from mutation of other critical genes.
Modification of responsiveness to allografts in larvae of the leopard frog by thymectomy.

Abstract Extirpation of the thymus, during its differentiation as a lymphoid organ, in the early larval life of the leopard frog was attended by a marked impairment of allograft immunity. In cases in which thymectomy was most successful—i.e., in which no thymic tissue was found in the larvae on later autopsy—the survival of allogeneic grafts was greatly prolonged. When thymectomy was less successful—i.e., when fragments ranging widely in size were found in the larvae at autopsy—the results were variable: the larvae either rejected allografts more slowly than control larvae or responded to them at the same rate as the control larvae. The “less successful” cases of thymectomy most likely represented instances of the regeneration of thymic tissue. The complete removal of the thymus in late larval life, after the thymus had differentiated, was not associated with any discernible decline in immunological capacity. Thus, the debilitating effects on the immune mechanism are demonstrable only when thymectomy is performed during, not after, the development of the thymus. The thymus apparently plays a critical role in the proliferation or maturation of immunologically competent cells during or shortly after its differentiation as a lymphoid organ.
Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of hepatic portal osmo- and sodium-receptive afferent projections within the brain

Abstract Previous investigations concerning the function of hepatic sodium and osmoreceptors indicated that the activation of these chemoreceptive structures significantly affected physiological and behavioral mechanisms related to water and electrolyte homeostasis. Though anatomical studies predicted that such information should follow the previously described gustatory afferent path, until recently, the precise course taken by higher order hepatic afferents was unknown. The studies described herein verify anatomical predictions with regard to the central course of vagal-visceral afferents, as hepatically activated neurons were localized to two areas known to relay gustatory input. Further, horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies verified that a path between the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus and the ventrobasal complex certainly exists. In the light of recent findings regarding projections from the ventrobasal complex to the supraoptic nuclei, from the parabrachial nucleus to the supraoptic nuclei and from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei it seems likely that the viscero-gustatory path which carries hepatic afferent information is the pathway responsible for the physiological and perhaps the behavioral consequences of hepatic sodium or osmotic stimulation.
THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZED PYRIMIDINE DIMER SPLITTING

— A cis, syn-pyrimidine dimer (derived from thymine and orotate) covalently linked to 5-methoxyindole has been studied as a mechanistic model of photosensitized pyrimidine dimer splitting. In this dimer-indole, photoinitiated electron transfer to the dimer causes splitting in a manner that parallels the mechanism by which the DNA photolyases are thought to act. Dissolved in EPA (diethyl ether-isopentane-ethyl alcohol, 5: 5: 1, by vol) at room temperature, the dimer-indole exhibited indole fluorescence quenching and underwent splitting upon irradiation at 300 nm. In an EPA glass at 77 K, however, no splitting was detectable. To distinguish the effects of temperature and immobilization, photolysis experiments were performed on PMM [poly(methyl methacrylate)] films containing dimer-indole. In PMM at room temperature, dimer-indole underwent splitting when irradiated at 300 nm, which indicated that immobilization per se was not responsible for the failure of dimer-indole to split at low temperature. Furthermore, no splitting was observed when dimer-indole was irradiated in PMM at 77 K. These results imply that a step following photoinitiated, intramolecular electron transfer from indole to dimer has an insurmountable activation barrier at 77 K. The mechanistic implications for the photolyases are considered.
Points of View in the Perception of Facial Expressions of Emotion

S~imnzary.--65 Ss rated each of 20 facial emotions on 20 semantic differential scales. An obverse factor analysis was completed on the ratings which yielded dimensions of viewpoint associated with the perception of facial expressions of emotion. Six of seven significant dimensions obtained were identified by significant correlations of the individual coefficients on each dimension with other personality variables.
The Gene for C10, a Member of the β-Chemokine Family, Is Located on Mouse Chromosome 11 and Contains a Novel Second Exon Not Found in Other Chemokines

C10 is a recently described member of the beta-chemokine subfamily of the chemokine superfamily of cytokine proteins. Genomic clones encoding murine C10 were isolated and sequenced. The other members of the beta-chemokine family have a three-exon genomic structure containing, among other sequence similarities, four cysteines spaced in a highly conserved manner. In each of these genes, the second exon contains the first three of the four conserved cysteines, and the third exon contains the last. In contrast to this genomic structure, the C10 gene has four exons, with a novel second exon of 48 nucleotides. Exons 3 and 4 of C10 contain four cysteines distributed in the same manner as in exons 2 and 3 of other beta-chemokine family members. The novel second exon codes for a large number of charged amino acids, and this exon shows no homology to any previously described sequences in computer databases. Linkage studies showed that the C10 gene (Scya6) is closely linked to the Scya2 locus on mouse chromosome 11, indicating that the C10 gene is located in the same region of mouse chromosome 11 as other members of the beta-chemokine family. Thus, although the C10 gene contains a novel exon not found in any other members of the chemokine superfamily, its chromosomal location and conservation of cysteine residues and other structural features suggest that it evolved from the same ancestral gene as other members of the beta-chemokine family.
The Honolulu posttraumatic stress disorder stimulus set

We present word and picture stimuli constituting a validated stimulus set appropriate for cognitive investigations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat related and neutral words and pictures were rated by Vietnam veterans with PTSD and by three comparison groups along four dimensions: unpleasantness, Vietnam relevance, stressfulness, and memorability. There were distinctive patterns of responses by the PTSD group which efficiently discriminated the individuals in this group from those in the control groups. These stimuli have the potential to be developed as a diagnostic instrument.
ADAMANTANYL-HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR H6CAHA EXHIBITS FAVORABLE PHARMACOKINETICS AND AUGMENTS PROSTATE CANCER RADIATION SENSITIVITY

Purpose To evaluate pharmacological properties of H6CAHA, an adamantyl-hydroxamate histone deacetylase inhibitor, and to investigate its effect on prostate cancer cells following exposure to γ-radiation in vitro and in vivo . Methods and Materials H6CAHA was assessed for in vitro solubility, lipophilicity and growth inhibition, and in vivo plasma pharmacokinetics. The effect of H6CAHA on radiation clonogenic survival and DNA damage repair was evaluated in human prostate cancer (PC3, DU145, LNCaP) and nonmalignant control epithelial (RWPE1 and 267B1) cell lines. The effect of this agent on the growth of prostate cancer xenografts was also assessed in mice. Results H6CAHA demonstrated good solubility and permeability profiles and preferentially inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells over nonmalignant cells. Plasma pharmacokinetics revealed that the area under the curve of H6CAHA was 8.08 ± 0.91 μM × h, and its half-life was 11.17 ± 0.87 h. Radiation clonogenic assays revealed that H6CAHA decreased the survival of prostate cancer cells at the dose that exerted limited effect on normal cells. Concomitantly, delayed DNA damage repair following combination treatment was evident in cancer cells, indicated by the prolonged appearance of γH2AX and Rad51 foci and suppression of DNA damage repair genes ( ATM, BRCA1, and BRCA2 ). Combined modality of H6CAHA (daily intraperitoneal injections for 10 days) with γ-radiation (10 × 2 Gy) completely blocked the growth of PC3 tumor xenografts ( p Conclusion These results support the potential therapeutic value of H6CAHA in combination with radiation and support the rationale for further clinical investigation.
Anatomic resection to manage donor partial anomalous pulmonary venous return during lung transplantation: a case report and review.

Abstract Introduction Rare vascular malformations are discovered infrequently in donor lungs before implantation into recipients. However, the proper handling of such malformations can influence ischemic time, implantation strategies, and subsequent patient outcomes. Case Report We report a simplified method for addressing the technical challenges of anomalous pulmonary venous return in a donor lung before implantation. Conclusions We demonstrate that anatomic resection is a safe and efficient method for managing this rare congenital vascular malformation.
Branched-chain carbohydrate structures resulting from formaldehyde condensation

Abstract Sugars prepared by condensation of formaldehyde under catalysis by calcium hydroxide (the formose reaction) were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl ethers; and when reduced to the corresponding alditols, as their O-trimethylsilyl and O-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Both branched-chain and straight-chain species are produced by formaldehyde condensation, and definitive spectra are provided that characterize the unique branched-chain products.
Experimental model for IgA nephropathy.

Abstract Dextrans were employed as antigens to induce an IgA immune complex glomerulonephritis in mice. Light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy showed IgA and IgM deposition and a mesangial proliferative response.
The uncommon roles of common gene regulatory factors in the genomes of differentiating cells.

Viewed through the lens of comparative regulatory mechanisms in developmental processes, the article of Calero‐Nieto et al (2014, this issue) is of particular interest. This work uncovers the causal combinatorial subtleties of the distinct enhancer occupancy profiles displayed by ten different transcription factors, which are expressed in common in two hematopoietic cell types, a stem cell‐like precursor and primary mast cells.
Effect of High Levels of Monensin During the Growing Period on Subsequent Breeding Performance of Adult Broiler Breeders

Abstract The breeding performance of broiler breeder chickens previously raised on high levels of monensin was evaluated. The birds were raised on concrete floors in an open-sided pullet brooding and growing house. At 21 weeks of age monensin feeding was stopped and birds were placed in the breeder house. A breeder ration formulated to contain 2,920 kcal metabolizable energy and 16% crude protein was fed to all the birds irrespective of the growing system used. A standard feeding allowance and lighting program as recommended by Indian River International was followed during the laying period. The parameters determined were body weight uniformity at 21 weeks of age, egg production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, feed conversion (kilograms feed/dozen eggs), mortality, fertility, and hatchability. Assays for monensin residue in the breast muscle, liver, and abdominal fat were run at 52 weeks of age (31 weeks after monensin withdrawal). Birds grown on high levels of monensin were not as uniform in body weight at 21 weeks of age as the restricted controls. Only birds fed 400 ppm of monensin with a low protein diet during the growing period showed a significant reduction in egg production, shell weight, and shell thickness. There were no significant differences among the growing systems in mortality during lay, fertility, hatch of fertile eggs, and hatch of total eggs. Monensin was not detectable (
Hyperventilation and lactate infusion in the production of panic attacks

Abstract Individuals with a history of panic attacks are more likely to report the experience of a panic attack when infused with sodium lactate than are individuals without such a history. This correlational fact has led to the hypothesis that lactate is a specific probe which leads to the chemical induction of panic attacks in lactate-sensitive people. Pertinent data from studies of lactate infusions were analyzed from a hyperventilation point of view. The conclusions reached supported the thesis that: (a) sodium lactate is not a specific probe in the biochemical induction of panic attacks, (b) sensitivity to lactate is a consequence of the experience of panic attacks, not the cause of panic attacks, and (c) the effects of lactate infusions can be explained parsimoniously by the hyperventilation theory of panic disorder and agoraphobia proposed by Ley.
Statewide Support of Thrombocytopenic Patients with ABO Matched Single Donor Platelets

Use of ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelet units obtained from single donors by pheresis, using the Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator, has a lowered hepatitis risk, and possibly delays the onset of the refractory state. Pheresis also offers a method of obtaining HLA matched platelets for the already refractory patient. A mean of 4.2 X 10(11) platelets are collected in about 1 1/2 hours. ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelets produced corrected increments of more than 2500/mm3 per 7 X 10(10) platelets infused in 67 per cent of transfusions to nonselected recipients. The procedure is simple, safe, and requires little time. It is a worthwhile large-scale program for a regional blood center to undertake in order to provide optimal therapy for thrombocytopenic patients.
Design of allele-specific inhibitors to probe protein kinase signaling

Abstract Background: Deconvoluting protein kinase signaling pathways using conventional genetic and biochemical approaches has been difficult because of the overwhelming number of closely related kinases. If cell-permeable inhibitors of individual kinases could be designed, the role of each kinase could be systematically assessed. Results: We have devised an approach combining chemistry and genetics to develop the first highly specific cell-permeable inhibitor of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase v-Src. A functionally silent active-site mutation was made in v-Src to distinguish it from all other cellular kinases. A tight-binding cell-permeable inhibitor of this mutant kinase that does not inhibit wild-type kinases was designed and synthesized. In vitro and whole-cell assays established the unique specificity of the mutant v-Src–inhibitor pair. The inhibitor reversed cell transformation by the engineered but not the ‘wild type' v-Src, establishing that changes in cellular signaling can be attributed to specific inhibition of the engineered kinase. The generality of the method was tested by engineering another tyrosine kinase, Fyn, to contain the corresponding active-site mutation to the one in v-Src. The same compound that inhibited mutant v-Src could also potently inhibit the engineered Fyn kinase. Conclusions: Allele-specific cell-permeable inhibitors of individual Src family kinases can be rapidly developed in an approach that should be applicable to all kinases. This approach will be useful for the deconvolution of kinase-mediated cellular pathways and for validating novel kinases as good targets for drug discovery both in vitro and in vivo .
Interstitial potential during propagation in bathed ventricular muscle

Theoretical simulations have suggested that interstitial potential (Vis) during action potential propagation affects measurements of the transmembrane action potential in bathed ventricular muscle. To evaluate the Vis experimentally, we obtained Vis and intracellular action potential (Vic) recordings at various depths in paced guinea pig papillary muscles bathed in oxygenated Tyrode's solution. The peak-to-peak amplitude and the maximum dV/dt (dV/dtmax) of the intrinsic downward deflection of the Vis recordings were determined. The transmembrane action potential (TM) was obtained by subtracting each Vis from the corresponding Vic recording, and measurements for the phase zero depolarization and action potential foot of the Vic were compared with the measurements for the TM. At penetration depths of approximately 54 microns, the amplitude and dV/dtmax of the Vis were 13 mV and -38 V/s. When the depth was increased to 200 microns, these parameters increased to 24 mV and -59 V/s (P less than 0.005), and when the depth was further increased to 390 microns, the parameters decreased to 16 mV and -38 V/s. Because of the Vis at the various depths, the Vic underestimated dV/dtmax of phase zero of the TM by 20–31%, which would reduce estimates of Na+ current obtained from dV/dt. Also, the Vic overestimated the time constant of the 2–8 mV foot of the action potential by 48–82%, which would reduce estimates of the "effective" membrane capacitance by 33–45%. These influences of the Vis on measurements may affect results of quantitative studies of the ventricular action potential.
Evidence for separate intermediates in the biosynthesis of 24α- and 24β-alkylsterols in tracheophytes

Abstract When mevalonate-[2-14C] was incubated with seeds of Pinus pinea, 23% of the label in sterols was found in trans-24-ethylidenecholesterol, 12% in a mixture of 24α- and 24β-methylcholesterol, and 65% in 24α-ethylcholesterol. However, when the radioactive substrate was lanosterol-[24-3H], label appeared only in the 24-ethylidene- (85%) and the epimeric 24-methylsterols (15%). From the ratios of labels in the ethylidene- and methyl-sterols it was possible to show that the tritium in the 24-C1 -mixture was incorporated only into the 24β-methyl epimer. The labelling patterns are consistent with a pathway to 24β-alkylsterols via Δ25(27)-sterols bypassing 24-ethylidenesterols and to 24α-alkylsterols via Δ24(28)-sterols which are isomerized to Δ24(25)-sterols prior to reduction.
A Magic‐Angle‐Spinning NMR Spectroscopy Method for the Site‐Specific Measurement of Proton Chemical‐Shift Anisotropy in Biological and Organic Solids

Proton chemical shifts are a rich probe of structure and hydrogen bonding environments in organic and biological molecules. Until recently, measurements of 1H chemical shift tensors have been restricted to either solid systems with sparse proton sites or were based on the indirect determination of anisotropic tensor components from cross-relaxation and liquid-crystal experiments. We have introduced an MAS approach that permits site-resolved determination of CSA tensors of protons forming chemical bonds with labeled spin-1/2 nuclei in fully protonated solids with multiple sites, including organic molecules and proteins. This approach, originally introduced for the measurements of chemical shift tensors of amide protons, is based on three RN-symmetry based experiments, from which the principal components of the 1H CS tensor can be reliably extracted by simultaneous triple fit of the data. In this article, we expand our approach to a much more challenging system involving aliphatic and aromatic protons. We start with a review of the prior work on experimental-NMR and computational-quantum-chemical approaches for the measurements of 1H chemical shift tensors and for relating these to the electronic structures. We then present our experimental results on U-13C,15N-labeled histdine demonstrating that 1H chemical shift tensors can be reliably determined for the 1H15N and 1H13C spin pairs in cationic and neutral forms of histidine. Finally, we demonstrate that the experimental 1H(C) and 1H(N) chemical shift tensors are in agreement with Density Functional Theory calculations, therefore establishing the usefulness of our method for characterization of structure and hydrogen bonding environment in organic and biological solids.