cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiential Learning in Trusts and Estates Courses

The Legal Education Committee of the American College of Trust and Estate Counsel has had extensive discussions about the increasing need for law schools to provide students with opportunities to engage in skills-related or experiential learning courses. Many Committee members observed that, as the large firms are cutting back on their hiring and many lawyers in all sizes of firms are being forced to be more focused on the bottom line, there are fewer and fewer opportunities for new young lawyers to receive the mentoring and training they need. Additionally, given the sad state of the job market, many of us are seeing our students start up their own firms immediately upon graduation. In addition, the American Bar Association is placing more emphasis on experiential learning in its accreditation process. Standard 302(a)(4) requires law schools to provide each student with, “professional skills generally regarded as necessary for effective and responsible participation in the legal profession.” Interpretation 302-2 provides the following non-exclusive list of programs that fulfill this Standard: “[t]rial and appellate advocacy, alternative methods of dispute resolution, counseling, interviewing, negotiating, problem solving, factual investigation, organization and management of legal work, and drafting.” Mary F. Radford and Gerry W. Beyer chaired a subcommittee to gather information on what types of experiential learning opportunities are being offered or being considered in our area of the law. The results of this survey are provided in this article. The authors provide contact information for many of the professors using the techniques and encourage you to contact them to learn more about their techniques and to share your own experiences.
On steganographic chosen covertext security

At TCC 2005, Backes and Cachin proposed a new and very strong notion of security for public key steganography: secrecy against adaptive chosen covertext attack (SS-CCA); and posed the question of whether SS-CCA security was achievable for any covertext channel. We resolve this question in the affirmative: SS-CCA security is possible for any channel that admits a secure stegosystem against the standard and weaker “chosen hiddentext attack” in the standard model of computation. Our construction requires a public-key encryption scheme with ciphertexts that remain indistinguishable from random bits under adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack. We show that a scheme with this property can be constructed under the Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. This encryption scheme, which modifies a scheme proposed by Kurosawa and Desmedt, also resolves an open question posed by von Ahn and Hopper at Eurocrypt 2004.
Abstract W P231: Efficacy Of Clinically Tested Laropiprant In Minimizing Brain Injury Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: The significant association of PGD2 and its receptor DP1 in vasculature, blood, and brain warrants further examination of their role in intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we tested whether deletion of DP1 receptor or its inhibition by selective antagonist Laropiprant improves functional and anatomical outcomes following ICH by limiting intracranial bleeding. Methods: Wildtype (WT) and DP1-/- C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to ICH by giving a single dose of collagenase in the striatum. Neurologic deficits, brain injury volume, and edema volume were calculated at 72h. In another set of cohorts, WT mice were subjected to ICH followed by single i.p. injection of Laropiprant. To test whether the beneficial effects of DP1 receptor inhibition could be through reduced intracranial bleeding, non-ICH WT and DP1-/- mice were tested for tail bleeding time following the Laropiprant treatment. To further test the effect of Laropiprant on ex-vivo coagulation, mouse blood was mixed with vehicle or Laropiprant and the uncoagulated content was quantified. Finally, the role of DP1 inhibition in modulation gliosis was also tested by performing immunoreactivity for Iba1 on the brain sections of WT and DP1-/- mice. Results: A significant decrease in the injury volume (4.8±1.7mm3 vs 14.1±4.5mm3; p Conclusions: Together, the data suggests that inhibition of the DP1 receptor after ICH attenuates functional and anatomical deficits partially by minimizing intracranial bleeding and neuroinflammation.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced Apoptosis in LNCaP Cells Is Mediated through Ceramide Synthase

Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is often antiapoptotic, although in a few cell types PKC initiates apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. Recent investigations showed that activation of PKCα by 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The present studies examine the mechanism of this effect and show that de novo ceramide generation through the enzyme ceramide synthase is required. TPA induced rapid ceramide generation, which was detectable by 1 h and increased linearly for 12 h. TPA-induced apoptosis was measurable by 12 h and was progressive for 48 h. Investigations into the mechanism of TPA-induced ceramide generation revealed that acid and neutral sphingomyelinase activities were not enhanced. However, TPA induced an increase in ceramide synthase activity that persisted for at least 16 h. Treatment with fumonisin B1, a specific natural inhibitor of ceramide synthase, abrogated both ceramide production and TPA-induced apoptosis. Ceramide analogues bypassed fumonisin B1 inhibition to initiate apoptosis directly. Thus, ceramide appears to be a necessary signal for TPA-induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. This represents the first description of a pathway by which PKC may signal apoptosis.
Electromagnetic phenomenology studies using a data-adaptive time-frequency representation

An adaptive time-frequency representation (TFR) based on a non-uniform tiling of the time-frequency plane is presented and applied to several radar scatterers. In the proposed TFR, several focusing times can be selected according to the local (non-dispersive) features of the data. The maximum available frequency band is utilized to provide good time-resolution for points close to the focusing points. As one moves away the focusing points, the utilized bandwidth is reduced to accommodate good frequency-resolution capability. >
Northern Hemisphere summer temperature and specific humidity anomalies from two reanalyses

[1] This study investigates the magnitude and spatial extent of extreme summer temperature and specific humidity events in the extratropical northern hemisphere (NHEXT) using the NCEP Reanalysis (1979–2012) and the 20th century reanalysis (1871–2010). Specifically, we look at the percentage of area exceeding standard deviation thresholds in layer-averaged (500 mb–1000 mb) temperature and surface-level specific humidity to classify extremes. We find that: (1) areas of the NHEXT, including the southwestern tip of Greenland, experienced a summer heat wave during 2012 that was almost as extreme in spatial extent and magnitude as the Russian heat wave of 2010, (2) there is an increasing trend in summer heat waves and positive specific humidity anomalies and a decreasing trend in summer cold waves and negative specific humidity anomalies, and (3) while similar patterns in the global trend (1979–2012) in variability exist for both temperature and specific humidity, areas of increased variability are not necessarily the areas that have experienced extreme heat waves.
Calcium and Its Role in the Nuclear Translocation and Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 in Cells Rendered Sensitive to TNF-Induced Apoptosis by Cycloheximide

In these experiments, we investigated the role of calcium as a second messenger in the apoptotic activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)). As our model, we used a murine fibroblast cell line (C3HA) that was induced to undergo apoptosis by a combination of TNF and cycloheximide. Using fura 2 Ca(2+) imaging, we found strong evidence for an intracellular calcium response after 1 h of treatment, which correlated with the onset of phosphatidylserine externalization, but preceded effector procaspase processing by several hours. The response was strongest in the perinuclear region, where mean levels rose 83% (144 +/- 14 nM in untreated cells vs 264 +/- 39 nM in treated), while cells displaying morphological evidence of apoptosis had the highest levels of calcium (250-1000 nM). Verapamil blocked this response, indicating an extracellular source for the calcium. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a pattern of nuclear translocation of cPLA(2) during apoptosis, which was also blocked by verapamil, indicating an important role for calcium in this process. In addition, we found that verapamil prevented the release of [(3)H]arachidonic acid from C3HA cells induced to undergo apoptosis by the chemotherapeutic agents vinblastine, melphalan, and cis-platinum. Together, these data suggest that calcium is important for cPLA(2) activation by diverse apoptotic stimuli.
The influence of pentachlorophenol on oxidative and glycolytic phosphorylation in snail tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Oxidative phosphorylation has been demonstrated for the first time in cell-free particulate preparations of the albumen gland of the aquatic snail, Lymnaea stagnalis . 2. 2. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in low concentrations (2.5 × 10 −5 M ) completely prevented the uptake of inorganic phosphate associated with the oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate in these preparations. 3. 3. Glycolytic phosphorylation, in the whole homogenate or the soluble fractions, was not interrupted by PCP in concentrations as high as 5 × 10 −4 M . However, 5 × 10 −3 M PCP completely inhibited glycolysis and the associated anaerobic phosphorylations. 4. 4. PCP greatly enhanced the activity of molluscan ATPase (latency effect). 5. 5. Oxidative phosphorylation could not be demonstrated with the hepatopancreas. Possible reasons for this inability are discussed. 6. 6. It is postulated that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylatiou provides a biochemical mechanism of PCP's molluscicidal action.
Rare gas physisorption on potassium treated Ni(100)

Abstract In response to a recent article by Mullins, White and Luftman [Surface Sci. 167 (1986) 39] we present an alternative explanation of some of their data and discuss implications for the rare gas wetting behaviour of this system.
A smart power IC for high side driver applications

New technologies allow the realization of power MOSFET, bipolar transistors and complex analog and digital structures on the same piece of silicon. A high side switch IC for current and high voltage applications is presented. This smart power chip is optimized to drive inductive and resistive loads in an automotive environment. The chip contains fault diagnostics to detect any failure at system level. This paper also presents the new power BICMOS technology used for this design. >
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INHIBITORY RECEPTOR IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS: A MICROIONTOPHORETIC STUDY USING CON‐FORMATIONALLY RESTRICTED AMINO ACID ANALOGUES

Abstract 1 Pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus were used to study the molecular dimensions of a receptor for inhibitory amino acids in the central nervous system. The inhibitory potencies of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), β-alanine and glycine were compared by standard microiontophoretic techniques. Subsequently, rigid cyclopentane and cyclohexane amino acid analogues were applied by iontophoresis and their relative efficacies were compared with those of the naturally occurring amino acids. 2 GABA was the most effective of the small aliphatic amino acids in producing inhibition of the firing of hippocampal pyramidal neurones. β-Alanine was less effective and glycine was the least effective. GABA-induced inhibition was antagonized by concurrent iontophoresis of picrotoxin or bicuculline, whereas strychnine did not antagonize GABA inhibition. 3 The ability of the series of substituted aminocyclopentane and aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids to produce inhibition of pyramidal cells was a direct function of the separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups. In both series of the cyclic amino acids the most potent inhibition was demonstrated when the spatial separation was similar to that of the extended GABA molecule (4.74 A). Additionally, the inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells by (±-cis-3-amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, like that produced by GABA, could be blocked by simultaneous application of picrotoxin or bicuculline, but not by strychnine. 4 The present results suggest that the physiologically active conformation of GABA is the fully extended molecule, and additionally indicate that one dimension of the postsynaptic receptor site is within the range of 4.2 to 4.8 angstroms.
After the feature presentation: technologies bridging untargeted metabolomics and biology

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics is now an established experimental approach that is being broadly applied by many laboratories worldwide. Interpreting untargeted metabolomic data, however, remains a challenge and limits the translation of results into biologically relevant conclusions. Here we review emerging technologies that can be applied after untargeted profiling to extend biological interpretation of metabolomic data. These technologies include advances in bioinformatic software that enable identification of isotopes and adducts, comprehensive pathway mapping, deconvolution of MS2 data, and tracking of isotopically labeled compounds. There are also opportunities to gain additional biological insight by complementing the metabolomic analysis of homogenized samples with recently developed technologies for metabolite imaging of intact tissues. To maximize the value of these emerging technologies, a unified workflow is discussed that builds on the traditional untargeted metabolomic pipeline. Particularly when integrated together, the combination of the advances highlighted in this review helps transform lists of masses and fold changes characteristic of untargeted profiling results into structures, absolute concentrations, pathway fluxes, and localization patterns that are typically needed to understand biology.
Cladistic assessment of subtribal affinities within the tribe Moriomorphini with description of Rossjoycea glacialis, gen. n. and sp. n. from the South Island, and revision of Meonochilus Liebherr and Marris from the North Island, New Zealand (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Moriomorphini Sloane, 1890 are analyzed cladistically based on 75 morphological characters and 21 ingroup terminal taxa rooted at a Trechus obtusus Erichson outgroup. Based on the resultant cladistic relationships, two subtribes–Moriomorphina and Amblytelina Blackburn, 1892–are recognized, with the following new synonymies proposed: Meonides Sloane, 1898 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY); Tropopterides Sloane, 1898 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY); Mecyclothoracitae Jeannel, 1940 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY). Monophyly of Moriomorphina is based on presence of elongate, parallel-sided and glabrous to nearly glabrous male parameres, whereas Amblytelina are defined most broadly by possession of conchoid parameres with narrowed, setose apices, subtending a clade defined by a more derived parameral configuration whereby elongate styloid parameres terminate in a whip-like apical extension. Representatives of all New Zealand moriomorphine genera are included in the analysis, with cladistic results necessitating description of Rossjoycea glacialis, gen. n. and sp. n., known from a single locality near the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Monophyly of Meonochilus Liebherr and Marris, 2009 is demonstrated, and its six species are taxonomically revised: Meonochilus amplipennis (Broun), Meonochilus eplicatus (Broun), Meonochilus placens (Broun), Meonochilus bellorum, sp. n., Meonochilus rectus, sp. n., and Meonochilus spiculatus, sp. n. Geographic restriction of Meonochilus to the North Island of New Zealand, coupled with its sister-group status to an Australian-based Amblytelus Erichson-Mecyclothorax Sharp clade reinforce the interpretation that Meonochilus was isolated in New Zealand by vicariance along the Norfolk Ridge, subsequent to New Zealand’s initial Cretaceous isolation from Tasmania and southeastern Australia via opening of the Tasman Sea.
Process margin improvement using custom transmission EAPSM reticles

Low k 1 lithography poses a number of challenges to the process development engineer. Although polarization and immersion lithography will allow us to create processes at lower k 1 than previous paradigms allowed, the lithographer will quickly be looking for Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET) to push to the ultra-low k 1 regime, or to extend older generation tools and avoid the aforementioned expensive options. Reticle transmission is a RET that can enable a low k 1 process by increasing image contrast. With work performed in conjunction with our MP Mask facility, we have been able to obtain custom-transmission EAPSM reticles. Reticle transmission optimization can be carried out through simulation. Optimum transmission varies depending on optical parameters and feature size. Moreover, when working with 2D patterns, reticle transmission can be optimized for weaker features, without significantly sacrificing image contrast on primary features. Process improvement by optimizing reticle transmission will be explored for a variety of device types using both 248nm and 193nm lithography. Simulation, custom-transmission reticle fabrication, and empirical wafer results will be presented.
Manganese in the therapy of disseminated lupus erythematosus.

On the basis of a reported relationship between manganese depletion and the hydralazine syndrome, the possible therapeutic role of this metal in systemic lupus erythematosus was studied. Manganese glycerophosphate was administered to six patients with the latter disease without favorable effects, suggesting that the hydralazine syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus have different pathogenic mechanisms. Super le base del reportate relation inter le depletion de manganese e le syndrome de hydralazina, le possibile rolo therapeutic de iste metallo in systemic lupus erythematose esseva studiate. Glycerophosphato de manganese esseva administrate a sex patientes con le morbo mentionate. Le absentia de effectos favorabile suggere que le syndrome de hydralazina e systemic lupus erythematose es governate per differente mechanismos pathogenic.
Large-area flexible 3D optical negative index metamaterial formed by nanotransfer printing

Patterned metal and dielectric layers can be printed onto rigid or flexible substrates with high throughput to produce large-area metamaterials with negative index of refraction.
Acellular Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Vocal Fold Regeneration

A variety of xenogeneic and allogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have been promising in various tissue engineering applications, such as the porcine small intestinal submucosa. Yet no particular scaffolds have been optimal for vocal fold regeneration. The decellularized human umbilical vein (HUV) is a novel allogeneic scaffold that has shown some promise for cardiovascular tissue engineering. This study examines the potential of the HUV as an acellular scaffold for engineering the vocal fold lamina propria, in order to develop an implantable tissue substitute that can promote a natural ECM remodeling response. A novel saline-based decellularization protocol developed in our laboratory was used to fabricate a three-dimensional (3-D), biodegradable, acellular scaffold from native HUV tissue. Histological examination and scanning electron microscopy indicated that native cells in the HUV were removed with a fine 3-D structure of proteins and proteoglycans well preserved. Primary human vocal fold fibroblasts were cultivated on the abluminal surface of the acellular scaffold in vitro. Significant proliferation and infiltration of the fibroblasts in the scaffold were observed. These findings supported the biocompatibility of the HUV scaffold, and its promise for vocal fold reconstruction and regeneration.
Ubiquitinated proteins including uH2A on the human and mouse inactive X chromosome: enrichment in gene rich bands

The inactive X chromosome (Xi) forms a heterochromatic structure in the nucleus that is known to have several modifications to specific histones involving acetylation or methylation. Using three different antibodies in four different cell lines, we demonstrate that the Xi in human and mouse cells is highly enriched in ubiquitinated protein(s), much of which is polyubiquitinated. This ubiquitination appears specific for the Xi as it was not observed for centromeres or other regions of heterochromatin. Results using an antibody specific to ubiquitinated H2A provide a clear link between H2A ubiquitination and gene repression, as visualized across an entire inactive chromosome. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of the chromosome persists into mitosis and can be seen in a reproducible banded pattern. This pattern matches that of Xist RNA which forms bands as it detaches from the mitotic X chromosome. Both ubiquitination and Xist RNA appear enriched in gene dense regions and depleted in gene poor bands, but do not correlate with L1 LINE elements which have been suggested as key to X-inactivation. These results provide evidence that ubiquitination along with Xist RNA plays an important role in the formation of facultative heterochromatin during X-inactivation.
Assessment of the Dynamic Quality of a Class of Dwell-Rise-Dwell Cams

A number of new cam profiles of the dwell-rise-dwell type have been proposed by different researchers in the past two decades. They were claimed as efficient cam curves suitable for high-speed applications. This paper re-examines these profiles with regard to the important vibrational response characteristics when they are applied as motion excitations to a cam-and-follower system. The severity of the dynamic response of the cam follower to the motion excitation of a cam will be measured by a dimensionless quantity known as the normalized acceleration amplification factor (NAAF). A simplified response envelop for the residual vibration of NAAF versus the fundamental period is constructed so that an assessment of the merit of any given cam profile can be made qualitatively and quantitatively.
Can the universe afford inflation

Cosmic inflation is envisioned as the ``most likely'' start for the observed universe. To give substance to this claim, a framework is needed in which inflation can compete with other scenarios and the relative likelihood of all scenarios can be quantified. The most concrete scheme to date for performing such a comparison shows inflation to be strongly disfavored. We analyze the source of this failure for inflation and present an alternative calculation, based on more traditional semiclassical methods, that results in inflation being exponentially favored. We argue that reconciling the two contrasting approaches presents interesting fundamental challenges, and is likely to have a major impact on ideas about the early universe.
Experiments on the Relative Intensities of some X-ray Lines in the L Spectrum of Tungsten and the K Spectrum of Copper

Tungsten L series lines.---The experiments of Duane and Patterson on the strong lines in the L series of tungsten were repeated with improved apparatus, and also some of the weaker lines were studied. The value 10 obtained by Duane and Patterson for the relative intensity of $\mathrm{L}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ to $\mathrm{L}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ was confirmed. The theoretical ratio is 9. For the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ group the relative intensities were found to be, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{3}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{6}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{7}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{9}:{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{10}=100 :49.3 :15.0 :7.7 :.47 :2.0 :.4 :.68 :.60 $. The relative intensities of the weak lines among themselves are not very reliable on account of the faintness of the lines and the critical absorption of the target, yet it is clear that the forbidden lines ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{9}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{10}$ are of the same order of intensity as ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{5}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{7}$. For the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ group the relative intensities were found to be, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{4}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{6}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{8}=100 :14.0 :22.3 :7.0 :3.0 :2.3 :1(?) $. ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{8}$ could not always be obtained. The determination of the intensity ratios for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ was complicated by absorption in the target. The agreement of the observed value of the intensity ratio for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{3}}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}}$ with the theoretical value 2, tends to confirm Stoner's suggestion that there are twice as many electrons in the ${\mathrm{M}}_{22}$ orbit as in the ${\mathrm{M}}_{21}$. The deviation of the observed intensity ratio for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3}}{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}}$ from 2 may be due to the influence of intervening levels.Copper K series lines.---The average of two determinations of the relative intensity of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ to $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ gave 100/2.4. No reliable evidence of the non-diagram lines ${K}_{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{4}}$ was obtained at 30,700 volts.
The kinetics of urethane elimination in the mouse

Data from several investigators suggest that the prevalence of urethane-induced lung adenomas in the mouse is more nearly linearly related to the square of the urethane dose than to the dose itself. However, the relationship between urethane dose and integrated internal exposure to urethane has not been established. Outbred male Swiss mice between 41 and 45 days old were injected ip with one of seven doses of urethane ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 mg/g. The rate of elimination of urethane from the blood was followed by assaying the ethanol liberated from urethane by alkaline hydrolysis. The results indicated that urethane elimination is saturable, and saturated at all doses used, with a Vmax of 0.087 mg/ml/hr. Thus, internal exposure to urethane, measured as the area under the blood concentration, time curve, is not linearly related to urethane dose. In the range of doses used in this study, the area under the curve is C0(2)/2Vmax or (D/VD)2 (1/2Vmax), where C0 is the initial concentration; D, the dose; and VD, the volume of distribution. This relationship can be used to predict internal exposure to urethane as a function of dose.
Ephaptic Coupling in Cardiac Myocytes

While it is widely believed that conduction in cardiac tissue is regulated by gap junctions, recent experimental evidence suggests that the extracellular space may play a significant role in action potential propagation. Cardiac tissue with low gap junctional coupling still exhibits conduction, with conflicting degrees of slowing that may be due to variations in the extracellular space. Inhomogeneities in the extracellular space caused by the complex cellular structure in cardiac tissue can lead to ephaptic, or field effect, coupling. Here, we present data from simulations of a cylindrical strand of cells in which we see the dramatic effect highly resistant extracellular spaces have on propagation velocity. We find that ephaptic effects occur in all areas of small extracellular spaces and are not restricted to the junctional cleft between cells. This previously unrecognized type of field coupling, which we call lateral coupling, can allow conduction in the absence of gap junctions. We compare our results with the classically used cable theory, demonstrating the quantitative difference in propagation velocity arising from the cellular geometry. Ephaptic effects are shown to be highly dependent upon parameter values, frequently enhancing, but sometimes decreasing propagation speed. Our mathematical analysis incorporates the inhomogeneities in the extracellular microdomains that cannot be directly measured by experimental techniques and will aid in optimizing cardiac treatments that require manipulation of the cellular geometry and understanding heart functionality.
Disappearing Depression in a Population Sample of Boys

Although there is evidence that rates of depressive disorders increase during adolescence in girls, the data on the effects of age on depression in boys have been contradictory. In order to shed fu...
Comparison of 115mcadmium retention in rats following different routes of administration

Abstract Whole body retention studies of 115m Cd were carried out on rats following four different routes of administration: oral, inhalation, intraperitoneal, and intravenous. The retention curve for each route of administration was divided into two components. The first component reflected the initial rapid clearance of 115m Cd primarily by the gastrointestinal tract and the second component indicated the absorption and turnover of 115m Cd. Extrapolation of the second component to the intercept gave initial absorption values of 93%, 91%, 41%, and 2.3% for intraperitoneal, intravenous, inhalation, and oral routes, respectively. Immediately after inhalation exposure, 9.7% of the total inhaled Cd was present in the lungs. The route of administration did not significantly influence the rate of elimination and biological half-life of the second component of the whole body retention curve.
Effect of source damping upon matrix effects and repeatability

Abstract With low voltage condensed spark sources of the Multisource type it is possible to obtain discharges which deposit carbon from the counter electrode upon the sample surface. This type of discharge, which occurs near critical damping, has been investigated by changing the damping resistance in small increments. It was found that critical damping occurs at a lower resistance value than predicted by theory find that spectral intensity reaches a minimum at this point. Analytical curves and repeatability studies using cast iron, low alloy steel and tool steel samples indicate that slightly oscillatory discharges give the best analytical results.
Increased calcium supplementation is associated with morbidity and mortality in the infant postoperative cardiac patient.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the association of calcium replacement therapy with morbidity and mortality in infants after cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass.Design:Retrospective chart review.Setting:The cardiac intensive care unit at a tertiary care children's hosp
Radiation therapy of the oral cavity: Sequelae and management, part 1

This is the first article in a two-part series dealing with the effects and manifestations in the oral cavity of radiation therapy of head and neck tumors. In this section, oral mucous membranes, taste buds, edema and trismus, diet, salivary glands, bone, periodontium, teeth, and composition of oral flora are discussed. Dental management of the dentulous patient is then approached; criteria for preradiation extraction are delineated. In the next issue of Head & Neck Surgery, the final article in this series will discuss preradiation and postradiation extractions and will elaborate on the dental management (fluoride treatments, follow-up, and restorative care) of the dentulous patient. Dental management of the edentulous patient will also be presented.
Fluid-Structure Interaction of a Variable Camber Compliant Wing

This paper presents results for a loosely-coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of a flexible wing using FUN3D to compute the aerodynamic flow-field and Abaqus to calculate the structural deformation. NASA Langley also provides a general 3D algorithm to interpolate between dissimilar meshes which is used here to map pressures and displacements between the aerodynamic and structural codes. This method is applied to the AFRL developed “Variable Camber Compliant Wing” (VCCW), which is an adaptable wing designed target airfoil shapes between a NACA 2410 and 8410. Results will be compared to experiments conducted in the AFRL Vertical Wind Tunnel.
User-space protocols deliver high performance to applications on a low-cost Gb/s LAN

Two important questions in high-speed networking are firstly, how to provide Gbit/s networking at low cost and secondly, how to provide a flexible low-level network interface so that applications can control their data from the instant it arrives.We describe some work that addresses both of these questions. The Jetstream Gbit/s LAN is an experimental, low-cost network interface that provides the services required by delay-sensitive traffic as well as meeting the performance needs of current applications. Jetstream is a combination of traditional shared-medium LAN technology and more recent ATM cell- and switch-based technology.Jetstream frames contain a channel identifier so that the network driver can immediately associate an incoming frame with its application. We have developed such a driver that enables applications to control how their data should be managed without the need to first move the data into the application's address space. Consequently, applications can elect to read just a part of a frame and then instruct the driver to move the remainder directly to its destination. Individual channels can elect to receive frames that have failed their CRC, while applications can specify frame-drop policies on a per-channel basis.Measured results show that both kernel- and user-space protocols can achieve very good throughput: applications using both TCP and our own reliable byte-stream protocol have demonstrated throughputs in excess of 200 Mbit/s. The benefits of running protocols in user-space are well known- the drawback has often been a severe penalty in the performance achieved. In this paper we show that it is possible to have the best of both worlds.
Molecular and genetic markers in the local-regional management of breast cancer.

The clinical application of molecular markers in the diagnosis, staging, and management of breast cancer continues to expand. Although the use of molecular markers in local-regional disease does not approach the level of their application in the systemic management of breast cancer, a growing body of literature supports the potential for molecular and genetic factors in clinical decision making regarding the local-regional management of breast cancer. As with conventional clinical and histopathologic factors, data regarding molecular and genetic factors as they relate to local-regional relapse may be conflicting and are subject to the usual limitations of predominantly retrospective studies. There are, howver, some consistent data suggesting associations between local-regional control of disease and several molecular markers, including hormone receptor status, HER2/neu, p53, proliferative markers, and others. Interpretion of these data and how to use this information in clinical practice remains challenging. The available literature regarding the use of genetic and molecular markers in the local-regional management of breast cancer is summarized in this review.
Virtue Ethics and Digital ‘Flourishing’: An Application of Philippa Foot to Life Online

The neo-Aristotelian virtue theory of Philippa Foot is presented here as an alternative framework that is arguably more useful than deontological approaches and that relies less on the assertions of moral claims about the intrinsic goodness of foundational principles. Instead, this project focuses more on cultivating a true ethic; that is, a set of tools and propositions to enable individuals to negotiate inevitable conflicts among moral values and challenges posed by cultural contexts and technology use. Foot's “natural normativity” connects the conditions of human flourishing and objective reasons for acting morally, providing a framework for a digital media ethic to address three critical categories: virtuality and authenticity, privacy and autonomy, and exchange and discourse.
The investigation of 193nm CPL 3D topology mask effect on wafer process performance

As semiconductor process technology moves down below 90nm and 65nm, 193nm CPL (Chromeless Phase Lithography) technology becomes an important lithography strategy for process improvement on critical layers. In addition to the demand for very tight mask CD control, for a dry-etched process, there are two critical factors that can have significant impact on wafer CD control and window performance. They are etch-depth control (phase) through feature pitch and overall etching slope profile. Both affect image quality and the final overlapped process window. In this paper, we will study the effect of a 3D topology mask on the process window and wafer CD by making special 193nm CPL masks and printing them on 300mm wafers under a production-manufacturing environment. These masks had been specially designed with different sidewall angles and different etch depths (phase). There are 4 different quartz etch depths and 3 different sidewall angles for specially designed test patterns that are compatible with the 65nm technology node. They are printed on 300mm wafers by using a high NA ASML 193nm scanner and high contrast resist. In order to establish more effective specifications of phase and profile control on 193nm CPL between mask shops and wafer fabs, all AFM, wafer CD, and simulation results will be compared and correlated. By comparing the wafer CD and pattern profile on through focus conditions, we can understand the impact of phase and 3D mask profile on process performance.
The Arithmetic Fourier Transform Calculation Using Fiber Optical Parallel Processors

Anjan Ghosh, Susan D. Allen and Palacharla PaparaoDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA 52242.ABSTRACTThe Arithmetic Fourier Transform is a number -theoretic method for calculating Fourier coefficients of continu-ous time signals. In this paper, we present an efficient realization of the arithmetic Fourier transform algorithmon an optical parallel processor consisting of fiber optic tapped delay lines. The performance of the algorithm inpresence of optical errors and noise is analyzed. From results of numerical experiments on a simple test signal weobserve that the performance of the algorithm is affected minimally by roundoff errors of the optical system.
Decision making in medical technology innovation: The case of ultrasound

General characteristics of innovation in medical technology, which are revealed in ultrasound, are indicated. Institutional changes in decision making about medical technology are discussed. The basic change is from prior reliance upon the nongovernmental sector to increasing involvement of the federal government. This change is revealed in the regulation of medical devices and the creation of the National Center for Health Care Technology. Reasons for increasing federal involvement are indicated, the concerns of cost, risk, and efficacy are identified, and the implications for decision making are summarized.
On the origin of the helper component of tobacco vein mottling virus: translational initiation near the 5′ terminus of the viral RNA and termination by UAG codons

The nature of the polypeptide products encoded by the 5'-terminal region of the RNA of the potyvirus, tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV), was investigated. Single-stranded DNA probes complementary to either nucleotides 1100-2100 or 2100-2820 from the 5' terminus of the RNA were prepared by subcloning recombinant plasmids in bacteriophage M13. These were hybridized to TVMV RNA, the DNA:RNA hybrids translated in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free translation system (hybrid-arrested translation), and the products analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels. The hybrids produced altered patterns of polypeptides which indicated that the major product, P75, was translated from the 5' terminus of the RNA. The N-terminal portion (molecular weight approximately 35,000) of P75 did not react with antisera to any of the five known potyviral proteins, suggesting the existence of a previously unidentified cistron at the 5' terminus. Translation of additional RNA sequences produced a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 68,000 which was immunoprecipitable by antiserum to TVMV helper component, establishing the coding region for helper component near the 5' terminus. Limited DNA sequence analysis of the region encoding the C terminus of P75 revealed an open reading frame of 369 nucleotides followed by a pair of UAG Codons. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that in the first 10 min of incubation, the only polypeptide initiated was P75, suggesting that products downstream from P75 arose from in vitro fragmentation of TVMV RNA and translation of the RNA fragments.
Estrogen Receptor Determinations of Cutaneous Recurrences of Breast Cancers: Reduced Sensitivity of Hormone Binding Assays

: Patients with estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma occasionally develop cutaneous recurrences that apparently do not contain receptors when analyzed by the dextran coated charcoal method. Since these nodules may contain only a few tumor cells, we wondered if such negative results were accurate. Our study group consisted of 19 pairs of specimens, each pair comprising a cutaneous nodule and the primary tumor from which it arose. Estrogen receptor determinations using the dextran coated charcoal method had been performed on each cutaneous specimen, and we repeated these determinations using an immunohistochemical method. We then compared the data derived from the cutaneous specimens with the estrogen receptor status of the corresponding primary tumors. The dextran coated charcoal method failed to detect receptors in about 70% of the recurrences that arose from receptor positive tumors (10 of 14 cases). The immunohistochemical staining, on the other hand, detected estrogen receptor protein in all 14 of these cutaneous nodules. In six cases, the small number of tumor cells in the cutaneous specimens could explain the discrepancy between the results of the immunohistochemical staining and the hormone binding assay. Administration of tamoxifen probably accounts for the divergent results in one other case. In the final three cases, the discrepancies remain unexplained. We conclude that cutaneous recurrences of breast carcinoma display estrogen receptors about as frequently as do primary tumors, but that the dextran coated charcoal assay may not detect the receptors in some cutaneous specimens. Physicians should bear these observations in mind when they encounter a case in which an estrogen receptor positive tumor has apparently given rise to a receptor negative cutaneous recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining of the nodule might reveal the receptors in such a case.
Paradigm for distributed detection under communication constraints

We present a flexible hybrid decision scheme for decentralized detection under communication constraints. In this scheme, local sensors send a binary (hard) decision to the fusion center when the local sensors have a relatively high confidence in the decision, otherwise a perfect version of the local likelihood ratio (LLR) is sent. In practice, a finely quantized version of the LLR is sent. The degree of confidence at which this switch is made is determined by the specified communication constraint. The fusion center makes a final decision based on the information received from local sensors. By employing the person-by-person optimization methodology, we develop the local decision rules and the fusion rule. Owing to the associated computational difficulty, we propose a simpler procedure based on the class of Ali-Silvey distance measures to obtain the local decision rules. A numerical example is also presented for illustration.
Exploring Student Interest in Hospitality Distance Education

The current study examined differences in hospitality students' interest in pursuing distance education with regard to their demographic factors, external constraints, GPA, achievement motivation, and perceived quality of four delivery modes of distance education. It was found that students were most interested in pursuing computer-mediated instruction, followed by satellite courses and tele course study. They were least likely to pursue correspondence study. Students most likely to pursue distance education were those with the highest GPA (F = 3.44, p = .04), the highest degree of external constraint (F = 7.27, p = .002), and full-time employment (F = 3.08, p = .05). No significant results were found with regard to achievement motivation and interest in distance education. These results empha size the importance of more technologicallysophisticated delivery modes in distance education and the necessity to preassess distance education students.
Survival analysis of adverse effects data in the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial.

Monitoring for adverse effects in an integral part of controlled clinical trials. Traditionally the results of monitoring are reported as either cumulative percentages at the end of the study or cross-sectional percentages at a given time in the study. These results are likely to underestimate the true number of complaints because participants may be withdrawn (e.g., deaths, losses to follow-up, and refusals) before they ever complain of an adverse effect. However, survival analysis methods can be used to compare the distributions of “time to first complaint” in the active and placebo treatment groups, taking into account withdrawals. Participants in the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial were monitored for possible adverse effects. On each follow-up visit they were asked whether they had had any of four conditions (blacking out, fatigue, depression, and bronchospasm) since their previous visit about 3 months earlier. The patients were followed for up to 30 months. For fatigue and bronchospasm, the complaint-free time was significantly longer in the placebo vs. active (propranolol) treatment group (P < 0.005). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 611–615; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.83