cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Nucleotides Related to Tubercidin, Toyocamycin, and Sangivamycin

The 6-aza analogues of toyocamycin and sangivamycin were prepared as potential cytotoxic agents. The toyocamycin analogue (4-amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile) could not be obtained directly from its O-acetylated precursor but was accessible via 4-amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-3-thiocarboxamide. The identity of the nitrile was verified by its ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectra, and by its conversion to the corresponding 3-carboxamide and thiocarboxamide when treated with water or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Bioassay of the synthetic compounds in comparison with 4-amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (6-azatubercidin) and 4-amino-2-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine revealed that the 3-thiocarboxamido derivative was more cytotoxic to the growth of mouse fibroblasts than 6-azatubercidin, effecting killing of 3T6 cells at less than or equal to 1 mug/ml. 4-Amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (but not its 2-ribofuranosyl isomer) was shown to act as a substrate for adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa with an apparent Km of 125 (vs. 20 for adenosine) and the corresponding 5'-diphosphate of 6-azatubercidin was polymerized by polynucleotide phosphorylase (Micrococcus luteus) in the presence of Mn2+ to afford a homopolymer and copolymers with adenosine. The copolymers directed the binding of [3H]lysyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes from Escherichia coli, but could not be used for the synthesis of polylsine in a cellfree system. The copolymer consiting of adenosine and 6-azatubercidin in a 2:1 ratio was found to form a 1:1 complex with poly(uridylic acid) at 4degreesC.
Impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species on clinical outcomes and hospital costs: a matched cohort study.

Objectives. To evaluate the economic and clinical impact of infection with extended-spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (ESBL-EK). Design. A matched-cohort analysis of the cost of illness. Setting. An 810-bed, urban, community hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. Patients. Twenty-one case patients infected with ESBL-EK at a site other than the urinary tract were matched with 21 control subjects infected with a non–ESBL-producing organism on the basis of pathogen species, age, anatomic site of infection, hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) during the time of infection, date of hospitalization, and initial antibiotics received. Results. Mean infection-related costs per patient were significantly greater for case patients than for control patients ($41,353 vs $24,902; P = .034). Infection-related length of stay was the main driver of cost, which was prolonged for case patients, compared with control patients (21 vs 11 days; mean difference, 9.7 days [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.2-14.6 days] P = .006). The additional cost attributed to the presence of an ESBL-EK infection was $16,450 per patient (95% CI, $965-$31,937). Case patients were more likely than control patients to have clinical failure ( P = .027), and the rate of treatment success for case patients whose initial treatment involved antibiotics other than carbapenems was lower than that for their matched control patients (39% vs 83%; P = .013). Treatment was successful in patients for whom initial treatment was with a carbapenem, regardless of the ESBL status of the pathogen. Conclusion. The cost of non–urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-EK was 1.7 times the cost of non–urinary tract infections caused by non-ESBL producers. Prompt recognition and appropriate antimicrobial selection may minimize this ESBL-related impact on hospital costs.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Along the Rat Intestine, in the Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (Caco-2), and in Human Ileum

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) has been implicated in the intracellular degradation of insulin in insulin target cells. Knowledge of the existence of this enzyme in the intestine will be beneficial to the achievement of clinical oral efficacy of insulin. A comparative study was conducted with rat intestine, human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells, and human ileum. Confocal microscopy analysis using the anti-IDE antibody showed that IDE was localized in the mucosal cells of rat and human intestines, as well as in Caco-2 cells. Immunostaining of this enzyme was homogeneous throughout the cell excluding nucleus, indicating a typical cytosolic distribution in rat and human enterocytes and in Caco-2 cells.
A selective spot test for nitrate ion

The well known test for nitrate ion employing diphenylamine in sulfuric acid solution has been made selective by reducing oxidizing agents present with sodium sulfite. In nitrite-free nitrate ion solutions which are acidic, sulfite does not reduce nitrate ion. In the presence of nitrite, nitrate ion can be identified by first destroying the nitrite with sodium azide and subsequent reduction of other oxidizing agents with sodium sulfite. With this procedure 0.5/gmg of NO3− per drop can be detected readily.
The changing landscape of employee rewards: Observations and prescriptions

This article examines the dramatic changes in employee rewards since the Center for Effective Organizations (CEO) was created 35 years ago. The article first examines ten major changes in employee rewards, including a reorientation toward the external labor market; attempts to become more strategic; new rewards models; changes in base pay, benefits, and incentive practices; and changes in governance. Next, it considers macro factors explaining these changes, including labor supply and demand, workforce composition, competitive pressures, globalization, the decline of manufacturing, diminishing unions, technology, and regulatory and legislative changes. The article concludes with prescriptions for the future, including greater business leader direction for rewards, an investment perspective on rewards, and the radical shift in rewards mix from benefits incentives for performance and development.
Longitudinal brain MRI study in a mouse model of Rett Syndrome and the effects of choline.

Abstract Rett Syndrome (RTT), the second most common cause of mental retardation in girls, is associated with mutations of an X-linked gene encoding the transcriptional repressor protein MeCP2. Mecp2 1lox mutant mice express no functional MeCP2 protein and exhibit behavioral abnormalities similar to those seen in RTT patients. Here we monitor the development of both whole brain and regional volumes between 21 and 42 days of age in this model of RTT using MRI. We see decreases in whole brain volumes in both male and female mutant mice. Cerebellar and ventricular volumes are also decreased in RTT males. Previous work has suggested that perinatal choline supplementation alleviates some of the behavioral deficits in both male and female Mecp2 1lox mutant mice. Here we show that perinatal choline supplementation also positively affects whole brain volume in heterozygous females, and cerebellar volume in male RTT mice.
Finite element methods for unsteady solidification problems arising in prediction of morphological structure

Galerkin finite element methods are presented for calculation of the dynamic transitions between planar and deep two-dimensional cellular interface morphologies in directional solidification of a binary alloy from models that include solute transport, the phase diagram, and the interfacial free energy between melt and crystals. The unknown melt-solid interface shape is accounted for in the finite element formulation by mapping the equations to a fixed domain. Novel nonorthogonal transformations are introduced combining cylindrical and Cartesian coordinate interface representations for approximating the deep cellular interfaces that evolve from a planar solidification front. The algorithm for time integration combines a fully implicit Adams-Moulton algorithm with the Isotherm-Newton method for solving the nonlinear set of differential-algebraic equations that result from the spatial discretization of the moving-boundary problem. The fully implicit scheme is found to be more accurate and efficient than an explicit predictor-corrector algorithm. Sample calculations show the connectivity between families of shapes with resonant spatial wavelengths.
The Cuban health care system and factors currently undermining it.

This paper explores the dynamics of health and health care in Cuba during a period of severe crisis by placing it within its economic, social, and political context using a comparative historical approach. It outlines Cuban achievements in health care as a consequence of the socialist transformations since 1959, noting the full commitment by the Cuban state, the planned economy, mass participation, and a self-critical, working class perspective as crucial factors. The roles of two external factors, the U.S. economic embargo and the Council of Mutual Economic Cooperation (CMEA), are explored in shaping the Cuban society and economy, including its health care system. It is argued that the former has hindered health efforts in Cuba. The role of the latter is more complex. While the CMEA was an important source for economic growth, Cuban relations with the Soviet bloc had a damaging effect on the development of socialism in Cuba. The adoption of the Soviet model of economic development fostered bureaucracy and demoralization of Cuban workers. As such, it contributed to two internal factors that have undermined further social progress including in health care: low productivity of labor and the growth of bureaucracy. While the health care system is still consistently supported by public policy and its structure is sound, economic crisis undermines its material and moral foundations and threatens its achievements. The future of the current Cuban health care system is intertwined with the potentials for its socialist development.
PingPong++: community customization in games and entertainment

In this paper, we introduce PingPong++, an augmented ping pong table that applies Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and community contribution principles to the world of physical sports and play. PingPong++ includes an API for creating new visualizations, easily recreateable hardware, an end-user interface for those without programming experience, and a crowd data API for replaying and remixing past games. We discuss a range of contribution domains for PingPong++ and share the design, usage, feedback, and lessons for each domain. We then reflect on our process and outline a design space for community-contributed sports.
Mitochondrial alterations in human and experimental atherosclerosis

Abstract Electron microscopic observations of the lesions seen in the enzymatic induction of atherosclerosis in rabbits, the repair of surgically injured arteries in dogs, and the human atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries have lead to an hypothesis of atherogenesis. Injury to mitochondria characterized by disruption of the cristae appears to precede accumulation of lipid vesicles in the smooth muscle cells. Accumulation of lipid within injured mitochondria is noted. These processes are seen in injury-altered smooth muscle cells, and injury-altered reparative type cells. It is concluded that injury at the level of the mitochondria causes a metabolic blockade which results in the accumulation of lipids. This process is analogous to that seen in the liver in fatty metamorphosis. Since the accumulation of lipid in cells where it is not normally present is by definition fatty metamorphosis, it is postulated that this may be the basic underlying process in atherosclerosis.
Time-domain analysis of periodic anisotropic media at oblique incidence: an efficient FDTD implementation

We describe an efficient implementation of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method as applied to lightwave propagation through periodic media with arbitrary anisotropy (birefringence). A permittivity tensor with non-diagonal elements is successfully integrated here with periodic boundary conditions, bounded computation space, and the split-field update technique. This enables modeling of periodic structures using only one period even with obliquely incident light in combination with both monochromatic (sinusoidal) and wideband (time-domain pulse) sources. Comparisons with results from other techniques in four validation cases are presented and excellent agreement is obtained. Our implementation is freely available on the Web.
Vibrational Spectra of Benzene Derivatives I. Para-Substituted Phenols

The infrared spectra of 16 para-substituted phenols have been recorded between 1600 and 300 cm−1. Assignments have been made for the frequencies of the p-X-C6H4-OH molecule where × is considered as a point-mass group. These assignments were made taking into account both the Raman spectra reported in the literature and Raman spectra obtained experimentally. Disregarding the four carbon-hydrogen stretching frequencies and the oxygen-hydrogen stretching frequency, 25 of the remaining 28 frequencies of the p-X-C6H4-OH group have been assigned. Nine of the assigned frequencies were found to be either substituent sensitive or characteristic of para-substituted phenols.
Salvage of Pacemakers and Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Using Dermis Grafts

Background Thin patients with thoracic pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators often have minimal tissue over the devices, with erosion through the surface a major concern. This erosion can lead to device infection and need for removal, or primary device infection can, in turn, lead to erosion. Even worse is exposure and infection of the leads to the heart, with fatalities having occurred. Pressure symptoms, as with shoulder seatbelt straps, can occur, and the visible deformity may be objectionable. Methods To correct these problems without device removal, we used a novel surgical approach. Thirteen patients had 15 grafts, of either the acellular dermal graft AlloDerm (LifeCell Corp, Branchburg, NJ [n = 13 for threatened exposure or pressure symptoms, including two repeats]) or autogenous dermis (n = 2 for existing open wounds with chronic drainage) placed over the devices. Results After all graft procedures, there was no skin breakdown; exposure and extrusion were completely prevented. Follow-up was 3 to 68 months (mean 36.8). The 2 open wound patients treated with dermis autografts had no recurrence of wound breakdown. Most patients with pressure symptoms had reduction in tenderness and pain. Patients liked the visible softening of the device contour, but not the subtly increased forward projection. The only immediate complication was one rapidly expanding hematoma leading to graft removal. One late complication was a mild infection, treated successfully. Conclusions Acellular human dermal allografts, or live dermis autografts, provided significant protection over cardiac pacing devices in 13 patients with 15 grafts, with no subsequent surface exposures or extrusions.
Applying learning algorithms to preference elicitation

We consider the parallels between the preference elicitation problem in combinatorial auctions and the problem of learning an unknown function from learning theory. We show that learning algorithms can be used as a basis for preference elicitation algorithms. The resulting elicitation algorithms perform a polynomial number of queries. We also give conditions under which the resulting algorithms have polynomial communication. Our conversion procedure allows us to generate combinatorial auction protocols from learning algorithms for polynomials, monotone DNF, and linear-threshold functions. In particular, we obtain an algorithm that elicits XOR bids with polynomial communication.
Effect of occlusal vertical dimension on lip positions at smile.

Statement of problem In complete mouth reconstructive dentistry, the occlusal vertical dimension may be increased to provide adequate restorative space or to improve esthetics. The effect of increasing the occlusal vertical dimension on the smile is not well understood. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing the occlusal vertical dimension on the dimensions of the smile. Material and methods Thirty dental students, 12 men and 18 women between the ages of 21 and 30 years old, participated in this study. Polyvinyl siloxane occlusal registrations 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm in thickness were fabricated from articulated stone casts. Posed smile images at occlusal vertical dimension +0, +2, +4, +6, and +8 mm were made with a digital single lens reflex camera mounted on a tripod. A wall-mounted head-positioning device, modified from a cephalometric unit, was used to stabilize the head position. Interlabial gap height, intercommissural width, incisal edge to upper lip, and incisal edge–to–lower lip measurements were made with computer software. The smile index was obtained by dividing width by height. The display zone area was measured by using computer software tracing. One-way repeated measures ANOVA (α=.05) was used for statistical analysis. Results With an increase in the occlusal vertical dimension, the interlabial gap height, incisal edge to lower lip distance, and display zone area increased significantly ( P P Conclusions The interlabial gap height, incisal edge–to–lower lip distance, and display zone area increase with increased occlusal vertical dimension. The smile index decreases with increased occlusal vertical dimension. However, the width of the smile and the length of the upper lip tend to remain unchanged.
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Optical Absorption Studies of the Growth of CdS Nanocrystals in Glass

We have measured and analyzed optical absorption, Raman scattering and x-ray absorption spectra of CdS nanocrystals grown by solid-state reaction in a borosilicate glass. We observe the appearance and growth of an optical absorption peak which is attributed to CdS nanoparticles. Using x-ray absorption we quantify the progressive replacement of O nearest neighbors of Cd by S with heat treatment and the appearance and growth of a well-defined second nearest neighbor peak.
Energy Management for Periodic Real-Time Tasks with Variable Assurance Requirements

Reliability-aware power management (RAPM) schemes, which consider the negative effects of voltage scaling on system reliability, were recently studied to save energy while preserving system reliability. The existing RAPM schemes for periodic tasks may be, however, inherently unfair in that they can manage only some tasks at the expense of the other remaining tasks. In this work, we propose the flexible reliability-aware power management framework, which allows the management of all the tasks in the system, according to their assurance requirements. Optimally solving this problem is shown to be NP-hard in the strong sense and upper bounds on energy savings are derived. Then, by extending the processor demand analysis, a pseudo-polynomial-time static scheme is proposed for the "deeply red" recovery patterns. On-line schemes that manage dynamic slack for better energy savings and reliability enhancement are also discussed. The schemes are evaluated extensively through simulations. The results show that, compared to the previous RAPM schemes, the new flexible RAPM schemes can guarantee the assurance requirements for all the tasks, but at the cost of slightly decreased energy savings. However, when combined with dynamic reclaiming, the new schemes become as competitive as the previous ones on the energy dimension, while improving overall reliability.
On the capacity of MIMO relay channels

We study the capacity of multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) relay channels. We first consider the Gaussian MIMO relay channel with fixed channel conditions, and derive upper bounds and lower bounds that can be obtained numerically by convex programming. We present algorithms to compute the bounds. Next, we generalize the study to the Rayleigh fading case. We find an upper bound and a lower bound on the ergodic capacity. It is somewhat surprising that the upper bound can meet the lower bound under certain regularity conditions (not necessarily degradedness), and therefore the capacity can be characterized exactly; previously this has been proven only for the degraded Gaussian relay channel. We investigate sufficient conditions for achieving the ergodic capacity; and in particular, for the case where all nodes have the same number of antennas, the capacity can be achieved under certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Numerical results are also provided to illustrate the bounds on the ergodic capacity of the MIMO relay channel over Rayleigh fading. Finally, we present a potential application of the MIMO relay channel for cooperative communications in ad hoc networks.
Low-Frequency Surface and Bottom Scattering Strengths Measured Using SUS Charges

During a series of at-sea experiments, we have measured low-frequency (70–1000 Hz) surface and bottom backscattering strengths for a variety of sea states and bottom types using broadband SUS charges as sources. The measured surface scattering strengths cover a range of grazing angles from 30 deg down to about 5 deg and a range of wind speeds from 1.5 to 14 m/s. We discuss the dependence of the surface scattering strengths on frequency, grazing angle, and some environmental parameters. Bottom scattering strengths are presented for grazing angles from 50 deg down to about 27 deg and for a variety of bottom types. We discuss the dependence of the bottom scattering results on frequency, grazing angle, and various geophysical parameters.
Heat capacities of liquids linear aliphatic polyoxides

Heat capacities at constant pressure of liquid polyoxymethylene (430-540 K) and polyoxyethylene (330-430 K) have been measured by scanning calorimetry. These new data are discussed together with the heat capacity of polyethylene and other linear, aliphatic polyoxides to arrive at a wide-range addition scheme for heat capacities. Values of absolute entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy are estimated. The new data are offered as “Recommended Data 1984” in our ATHAS Data Bank.
What's in a smile?

In positive social contexts, both adults and older infants show more Duchenne smiling (which involves high cheek raising) than non-Duchenne smiling (which does not). This study compared Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles in early infancy for clues to their emotional significance. Infants (N = 13) from 1 to 6 months of age were videotaped weekly for 5 min in 208 face-to-face interactions with their mothers. Levels of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiling were correlated within interactive sessions, and the 2 smiles had similar developmental trajectories. Duchenne smiles were typically preceded by non-Duchenne smiles. The results suggest these frequently contrasted types of smiles occur in similar situations and are often different temporal phases of a continuous emotional process. In contrast to adults, infant Duchenne smiles had longer durations than non-Duchenne smiles, suggesting infant smiling does not fit adult models of emotional functioning.
Is Availability of Endoscopy Changing Initial Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: The optimal management of vesicoureteral reflux continues to be controversial. Since dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer implants were approved in 2001 for endoscopic antireflux surgery, the perception that endoscopy is less morbid than open surgery, combined with concerns over potential adverse effects of prophylactic antibiotics, has led some to advocate endoscopy as initial therapy for reflux. We examined whether the availability of endoscopy has changed the management of reflux.Materials and Methods: The i3 Innovus database (Ingenix, Eden Prairie, Minnesota) contains longitudinal claims data on more than 39 million patients spanning a 5-year period. We analyzed children diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux (ICD-9 code 593.7, plus claim for radiographic or nuclear cystogram within 90 days) and at least 1 year of followup. We assessed patient characteristics, and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. We evaluated surgical trends, including the changing use of endoscopic vs open antireflux...
Single-shot high dynamic range imaging with conventional camera hardware

A combination of photographic filter placed over the lens and the color filter array on image sensor induces differences in red, green, and blue channel sensitivities. Spectrally selective single-shot HDR (S4HDR) imaging treats this as an exposure bracketing. Optimally exposed regions of low dynamic range red/green/blue color components are merged in a principled manner to yield a single HDR color image. Though not expected to yield results superior to the traditional time multiplexing counterparts, the single-shot HDR solution we propose is a robust alternative that can be realized with conventional camera hardware.
Follicular flushing and in vitro fertilization outcomes in the poorest responders: a randomized controlled trial

Study question Does follicular flushing during oocyte retrieval improve the number of oocytes retrieved in the poorest responders? Summary answer Follicular flushing in the poorest responders does not increase the number of oocytes retrieved and may result in lower implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. What is known already Although previous studies have shown no beneficial effect of follicular flushing in normal responders, no study has demonstrated a detrimental effect and many IVF centers continue to perform this technique in poor responders. Data on follicular flushing in this patient group are limited, with no randomized trial to date assessing its utility in the poorest responders. Study design, size, duration This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of follicular flushing and direct aspiration on IVF outcomes in the poorest responders, defined as having four or fewer follicles ≥12 mm on the day of hCG administration. Fifty patients were randomized during the 12-month enrollment period. Participants/materials, setting, methods The patients were treated at an academic fertility center at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. Main results and the role of chance Fifty women were randomized to follicular flushing (n = 25) or direct aspiration (n = 25). One patient in the direct aspiration group was canceled prior to oocyte retrieval for premature ovulation and was included in the intent-to-treat analysis. There was no difference in the number of oocytes retrieved with a median (IQR) of 4 (2-6) in the aspiration group versus 3 (2-5) in the flushing group (95% CI: -0.78, 1.98; P = 0.41). Patients who underwent follicular flushing had significantly fewer embryos transferred {1.7 [standard deviation (SD) 0.6] versus 2.5 (SD 1.2), P = 0.03}, a lower implantation rate (5.3 versus 34.2%, P = 0.006) and a lower clinical pregnancy rate (4 versus 36%, P = 0.01). The difference in pregnancy rates remained significant after adjusting for embryos transferred. Limitations, reasons for caution Findings, including results for secondary outcome measures, may not be generalizable to natural IVF cycles as these were excluded from the study. Wider implications of the findings This is the first randomized trial to evaluate the utility of follicular flushing in the poorest responders, and the first to demonstrate a potentially detrimental effect of flushing on IVF outcomes. Study funding/competing interest(s) None. Trial registration number NCT 01558141.
The consequences of climate change at an avian influenza ‘hotspot’

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant danger to human health. A key step in managing this threat is understanding the maintenance of AIVs in wild birds, their natural reservoir. Ruddy turnstones ( Arenaria interpres ) are an atypical bird species in this regard, annually experiencing high AIV prevalence in only one location—Delaware Bay, USA, during their spring migration. While there, they congregate on beaches, attracted by the super-abundance of horseshoe crab eggs. A relationship between ruddy turnstone and horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ) population sizes has been established, with a declining horseshoe crab population linked to a corresponding drop in ruddy turnstone population sizes. The effect of this interaction on AIV prevalence in ruddy turnstones has also been addressed. Here, we employ a transmission model to investigate how the interaction between these two species is likely to be altered by climate change. We explore the consequences of this modified interaction on both ruddy turnstone population size and AIV prevalence and show that, if climate change leads to a large enough mismatch in species phenology, AIV prevalence in ruddy turnstones will increase even as their population size decreases.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 1,3-diphenylguanidine in the male F344 rat☆

Abstract 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG), a rubber accelerator, was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of the male Fischer rat and rapidly distributed throughout the body tissues. Absorption and disposition of DPG were not significantly affected by the route of administration or by the dose in the dose range studied, 1.5 to 150 μmol/kg. Most of the dose of DPG was excreted in the urine and feces at approximately equal amounts within 24 hr after oral or iv administration. Greater than 99% of the DPG dose was cleared into the urine and feces within 3 days after administration. Approximately 30% of the DPG-derived radioactivity excreted in urine was the parent compound, DPG, while the remainder was present in the form of two major and one minor metabolite. Close to 95% of the radioactivity excreted in bile was in the form of a single major metabolite. Administration of multiple doses resulted in a proportional increase of DPG-derived radioactivity in the liver as the number of doses increased. DPG-derived radioactivity did not increase in other tissues following multiple doses.
Ecological lessons from long-term studies in experimental forests: Ponderosa pine silviculture at Pringle Falls Experimental Forest, central Oregon

Abstract The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service celebrated the 100th anniversary of its network of experimental forests in 2008. For a century, the network of experimental forests have contributed immensely—both in the US and around the world—to the practical understanding of the environment and to the formation of management approaches and policies that affect our use of forests and the natural resources they contain. Experimental forests provide places for long-term science and management studies in major vegetation types across the 789,140 km2 of public land administered by the Forest Service. They also provide an incredible wealth of records and knowledge of environmental change in natural and managed forest ecosystems across the United States. Pringle Falls Experimental Forest (Pringle Falls), southwest of Bend, Oregon, is the oldest experimental forest in the Pacific Northwest and is the site of some of the earliest forest management and silviculture research in this region. Research at this site began in 1914, and it was formally established as part of the national network of experimental forests in 1931 as a center for silviculture, forest management, and insect and disease research in ponderosa pine forests east of the Oregon Cascade Range. As part of the celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the network of experimental forests, it is timely to examine a few of the ecological lessons that have resulted from long-term studies at Pringle Falls. Two different yet interconnected themes are traced: (1) management of existing old-growth ponderosa pine; and (2) management of young or immature ponderosa pine. Examples of ecological lessons, drawn from long-term studies established or followed by James W. Barrett, Matt D. Busse, Patrick H. Cochran, Walter G. Dahms, F. Paul Keen, Ernest L. Kolbe, Edwin L. Mowat, William W. Oliver, Ram Oren, Chester T. Youngberg, and Jianwei Zhang illustrate how work at Pringle Falls has both pursued and influenced societal demands for forest management strategies, and how this trajectory has cycled back to the themes under which the experimental forest was first established. Finally, these two themes are integrated as drivers for new landscape-scale long-term research at Pringle Falls, designed to evaluate the effects of thinning and fuel reduction treatments on multiple, interacting forest stresses of fire, insects, wind, and climate change.
Practitioner Expertise in Evidence-Based Practice Decision Making:

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an orientation to practice that values evidence as a resource for clinical decision making while recognizing that evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clini...
Solvent Effects on Chemical Processes. V: Hydrophobic and Solvation Effects on the Solubilities of Substituted Biphenyls in Methanol/Water Mixtures

A phenomenological model that permits solvent effects to be separated into general medium effects (the solvophobic effect) and solvation effects is applied to the solubility of a series of biphenyl compounds in methanol/water mixtures. The parameters of the model (gA, K1, and K2, K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants for solvation and gA describes the general medium contribution) were evaluated from the nonlinear regression of the model equation to the data. It was found that the surface tension curvature factor (g) was 0.37, that A represents the hydrophobic (nonpolar) surface area of the solute molecule, and that K1 and K2 were 2.53 and 1.77 (means for solutes in methanol/water), respectively. These results permit solvent effects on solubility in methanol/water to be predicted and they refine the interpretation of the solvent effect model.
The use of performance models in systematic design

The paper describes a top-down methodology for evaluating the performance of computer/communication systems and describes tools that help in implementing the methodology. It also deals with performance analysis during the design of new hardware and/or software systems. The goal of the methodology is to detect and correct performance problems early in the design cycle.
2-Deoxy-Glucose Downregulates Endothelial AKT and ERK via Interference with N-Linked Glycosylation, Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and GSK3β Activation

Interference with endothelial cell metabolism is a promising, yet unexploited strategy for angiogenesis inhibition. We reported that the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) inhibits angiogenesis at significantly lower concentrations than those required for tumor cytotoxicity. Here, we found that hypersensitivity to 2-DG in endothelial cells is not associated with enhanced drug uptake compared with tumor cells, but with time-dependent, endothelial-selective inhibition of AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Downregulation of these critical survival pathways is shown to be due to 2-DG's interference with N-linked glycosylation, leading to alterations in VEGFR2 (and downstream signaling) as well as induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, GSK3β activation, and apoptosis. In vivo, periocular administration of 2-DG in LHBETATAG mice was associated with significant reduction of newly formed (CD105(+)) tumor capillaries, ER stress (GRP 78 expression), and endothelial apoptosis (TUNEL). These findings uniquely link N-linked glycosylation inhibition, ER stress, and ERK/AKT downregulation in endothelial cells, and provide a novel drug development strategy to overcome resistance mechanisms to currently available antiangiogenic agents.
Previous Adverse Infant Outcomes as Predictors of Preconception Care Use: An Analysis of the 2010 and 2012 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) Surveys.

Objectives This study aimed to understand the impact of a previous adverse infant outcome (AIO) on use of preconception care prior to a subsequent pregnancy. Methods Responses from the 2010 and 2012 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby Surveys were analyzed. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify significant associations between having had a previous AIO (preterm delivery, low birth weight infant, stillbirth, or major birth defect) and receipt of preconception care prior to the most recent pregnancy. Select patient-level covariates were included: chronic disease, age, education level, race/ethnicity, country of birth, insurance status prior to pregnancy and pregnancy intent. Adjustment for missing responses was performed using multiple chained imputation. Results After controlling for covariates, having had a previous AIO was associated with an increased odds of having utilized preconception care in the most recent pregnancy (OR 1.237, p = 0.040). Per the final regression model, a woman reporting a previous AIO and an intended subsequent pregnancy had a 42.4 % likelihood of having used preconception care. Of these women, only 28.8 % reported doing so because of concern regarding a previous birth complication. Discussion Women reporting a previous AIO were more likely to have used preconception care in a subsequent pregnancy. The prevalence of preconception care utilization remained low overall. Pregnancy intent emerged as a strong secondary predictor; any concerted strategy to improve access to preconception care must include initiatives to help ensure that pregnancies are planned.
Solid-Phase Synthesis, Hybridizing Ability, Uptake, and Nuclease Resistant Profiles of Position-Selective Cationic and Hydrophobic Phosphotriester Oligonucleotides

Analogues of oligonucleotides and mononucleotides with hydrophobic and/or cationic phophotriester functionalities often generate an improvement in target affinity and cellular uptake. Here we report the synthesis of phosphotriester oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) that are stable to the conditions used for their preparation. The method has been demonstrated by introducing phosphoramidite synthons where N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) protected amino alcohols replace the cyanoethyl group. After synthesis these ODNs were found to be stable to the condition required to remove base labile protecting groups and the ODNs from the solid support. Moreover the use of 1-(4,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene) ethyl (Dde) in place of Z protection on the amino alcohol has allowed us to introduce cationic aminoethyl phosphotriester modifications into ODNs. Melting temperatures of duplexes containing cationic or hydrophobic Z modified ODNs indicate that the backbone-phosphotriester modifications minimally affect duplex stability. Nuclease stability assays demonstrate that these phosphotriesters are resistant toward 5'- and 3'-exonucleases. Fluorescently labeled 23-mer ODNs modified with four cationic or hydrophobic Z phosphotriester linkages show efficient cellular uptake during passive transfection in HeLa and Jurkat cells.
On the roots of, and solutions to, the persistent battle between “chemonoia” and rationalist denialism of the subjective nature of human cognition

Despite remarkable advances over the past 35 years in the field of toxicology generally, and the development of a vast body of knowledge detailing the nature and degree of many human and environmental toxicological risks, the excessive fear of anything connected with chemicals that some refer to as "chemonoia" persists. So too, unfortunately, does the rationalist belief that once the facts are all in, everyone will agree on what those facts say. This article examines the roots of what is essentially a cultural conflict, explains what various bodies of social science research reveal about the psychological roots of that conflict, and offers suggestions on how to move forward.
Technology Access Services for Microenterprise

This case study analyzes the design, delivery, and sustainability of INSOTEC?s technology access services, which are offered to small and microenterprises working in the textiles sector in Ecuador. Three key elements to offering sustainable business development services are highlighted: taking a market approach to the problem, rigorously measuring profitability and performance, and investing in human resources. The case study is part of a broader research effort which was initiated by the Microenterprise Unit of the Inter-American Development Bank in January 1996.
Abstract W P217: The Impaired Leptomeningeal Collateral Flow Recruitment in the Type II Diabetic Mice is Independent of Hyperglycemia

Introduction: Previously we found that type II diabetic mice db/db strain exhibited impaired collateral flow recruitment between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) vascular networks during MCA occlusion (MCAO)contributed to the worse stroke outcome when compared to their normoglycemic strain. However, it is unclear whether the underlying etiology in the diabetic stroke mice is attributed to hyperglycemia or other vascular pathology. Methods: Adult male db/+ received intraperitoneal injection of dextrose (HG) or normal saline (NG) (n=5-6/group), respectively, 60 minutes prior to distal MCAO. Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) was used to quantify the MCA flow direction and velocity at baseline and 30 min after MCAO. The chosen regions of interest of MCA network were classified according to branching order as segment 1 (seg1), seg2 and seg3, with seg1 most proximal to ACA while most distal to MCA. 5-10 points corresponding to the same location of each segment were selected for quantification. Results: Blood glucose level was maintained at approximately 382± 83.8 mg/dl in the HG group during blood flow imaging, compared to 166± 60.1 mg/ml in the NG group. It fell to 141± 36.3 mg/dl and 142± 46.3 mg/dl at 24h after stroke in both groups. Hyperglycemia didn't change baseline flow velocity (NG: 6.8±0.8/9.2±0.7/12.5±0.5mm in seg1/seg2/seg3; HG: 5.7±0.7/8.2±0.5/12.6±0.9 mm/s, NS in all segments). At 30 min after MCAO, collateral flow was induced in both groups and there was no significant difference in flow velocity between groups (NG: -3.8±0.3/-2.7±0.1/-2.7±0.3mm/s; HG: -4.1±0.2/-3.1±0.3/2.2±0.4mm/s, NS in all segments). There was also no significant difference in vessel diameter between the groups both at baseline (NG: 48.9±3.5/55.1±1.6/61.5±2.7μm; HG: 45.6±1.7/48.8±2.7/59.2±2.7μm, NS in all segments) and 30 min after MCAO (NG: 48.4±2.0/50.8±2.6/55.5±2.6μm, HG: 42.6±2.3/49.9±2.0/52.5±2.6 μm in HG, NS in all segments). Conclusions: Temporary induction of hyperglycemia doesn't affect collateral flow in normoglycemic mice during acute stroke, suggesting that the observed impairment of collateral flow recruitment in the type II diabetic mice is likely attributed to chronic vascular pathology.
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Concrete

AbstractThe use of recycled materials and sustainability are two factors taken into consideration during the design of environmentally conscious buildings, but structural performance is still the foundation of sound design. Modern day building designs many times incorporate performance-based methodologies to combat the effects of extreme loadings. The key of such designs is to absorb high amounts of energy and sustain loadings under excessive deflections. Fiber-reinforced concrete and concrete containing rubber particles have increased levels of toughness in comparison with conventional concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation focused on the material properties of fiber-reinforced rubber concrete. Rubber particles were used at various concentrations to partially replace coarse and fine aggregates coupled with the addition of fiber reinforcement. The investigation includes an evaluation of standard fresh and hardened concrete properties. Results show fiber reinforcement co...
What is effective care for varicose veins

Varicose veins affect one-quarter to one-third of Western adult populations and consume an increasing amount of health care resources. Much of this increased utilization has been driven by the advent of minimally invasive technology including endovenous thermal ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and more recently mechanicochemical and cyanoacrylate glue ablation. This has largely been driven by patient and physician preferences in the absence of robust evidence that one therapy is truly superior to another. This partially arises from misunderstandings about appropriate outcomes measures and what truly constitutes effective treatment of varicose veins. Technical outcomes, such as saphenous closure rates, have frequently been used as surrogates for effective treatment but are poorly correlated with symptom improvement, quality of life, and risk of recurrence. Although there does appear to be a trend towards higher recurrence with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy, the data are occasionally conflicting and there does not appear to be substantial differences between the various modalities. Similarly, there do not appear to be major differences in late quality of life measures between these treatment options. As long-term differences in recurrence and quality of life are small, overall cost effectiveness is driven primarily by initial treatment costs and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is the most cost-effective strategy in many models. However, there continues to be substantial uncertainty surrounding cost estimates and other factors of importance to the patient may ultimately drive treatment decisions. The benefits of some adjuncts to the treatment of axial superficial reflux, such as the concurrent versus staged management of tributary varicosities, remain ill-defined while that of others, such as routine post-procedural ultrasound surveillance and compression, need critical re-evaluation.
Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Management of Complex Skin Incisions

Performing a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on a patient with complex skin issues (prior incisions, trauma, etc.) poses several challenges. We review pre-, intra-, and, postoperative strategies to help with planning and executing a successful TKA in the presence of overlying complex skin and soft tissues. Knowing the patient’s surgical history is key to planning a surgical approach; understanding both unique and typical anatomy is essential to prevent complications. Seeking consultation from plastic and vascular surgery colleagues can be helpful in both anticipating complicating factors and optimizing management.
Brain Drain: Economic and Social Sufferings for Bangladesh

This paper presents the alarming issue of brain drain with the causes that are responsible for the migration of academics, doctors and engineers from Bangladesh to developed countries. Bangladesh being one of the least developed countries needs its talents to stay to contribute to the development. But majority of these highly skilled immigrants do not come back after completing their study or training and start living in the foreign countries. Lack of opportunity, higher standard and insecurity are some reasons behind their immigrations. After exploring the causes, the paper also examines the suffering of Bangladesh in want of native talent. Some real life cases have been obtained through interview which are analyzed and presented through charts. The suffering goes bigger in the health sector, education and science and technology. The loss of Bangladesh and ways to reduce this is the key concern of this research.