cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do convergent developmental mechanisms underlie convergent phenotypes

Convergence is a pervasive evolutionary process, affecting many aspects of phenotype and even genotype. Relatively little is known about convergence in developmental processes, however, nor about the degree to which convergence in development underlies convergence in anatomy. A switch in the ecology of sea urchins from feeding to nonfeeding larvae illustrates how convergence in development can be associated with convergence in anatomy. Comparisons to more distantly related taxa, however, suggest that this association may be limited to relatively close phylogenetic comparisons. Similarities in gene expression during development provide another window into the association between convergence in developmental processes and convergence in anatomy. Several well-studied transcription factors exhibit likely cases of convergent gene expression in distantly related animal phyla. Convergence in regulatory gene expression domains is probably more common than generally acknowledged, and can arise for several different reasons.
Simulation and visualization of the Viterbi decoder using a spreadsheet

This paper demonstrates that a spreadsheet is an excellent tool for the simulation of the Viterbi decoder for educational purposes. Spreadsheet programming is streamlined by using complex number representations for metrics computation, allowing two values associated with each state at each time to be stored in a cell, thus providing a one-to-one correspondence between the spreadsheet cells and the nodes in the trellis diagram. The decoded path is plotted in a trellis diagram on the same spreadsheet so that the results can be readily visualized and examined. Either soft-decision or hard-decision decoding can be performed. A simple convolutional code of rate 1/2 and constraint length 3 is used for illustration, but the spreadsheet program is structured in such a way that it can be readily modified to simulate other codes.
Role Played by Brainstem Neurons in Regulating Testosterone Secretion via a Direct Neural Pathway between the Hypothalamus and the Testes

We previously reported anatomical and functional evidence for a direct, inhibitory neural pathway that regulates testosterone (T) secretion independently of the pituitary. This pathway is activated by the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of agents that stimulate stress responses, such as IL-1beta, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and norepinephrine (NE), which results in a blunted T response to the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Blunting of the T response is mediated by central beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation. CRF, but not ethanol (EtOH) or IL-1beta, acts directly on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to activate the pathway. Here we explored the role played by brain areas hypothesized to be part of this pathway, such as neurons in the dorsal pons [including the locus coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem], where NE is produced. Microinfusion of EtOH or IL-1beta, but not CRF, into these neurons activated the pathway. Electrolytic lesions of this region significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of icv-administered EtOH on hCG-induced T release, while having no effect on the ability of IL-1beta or CRF to do so. However, the icv administration of IL-1beta, EtOH, or CRF, in doses that rapidly inhibit the T response to hCG, all caused a significant depletion of NE from the LC. Collectively, these results indicate that in addition to the paraventricular nucleus, the brainstem area containing the LC is part of a neural pathway that connects the brain to the testes independently of the pituitary. We also speculate that EtOH may stimulate this pathway through NE-dependent activation of the dorsal pons.
Estimation of subcellular particle size histograms with electron microscopy for prediction of optical scattering in breast tissue

Diffuse near-infrared tomography of tissue reveals scattering changes that originate from the submicroscopic features of the tissue; yet the existing tools to use this information to predict which features contribute to the scattering spectrum are limited by the lack of direct data quantifying the particle sizes. Breast tissue was examined with electron microscopy, and analysis showed that the distributions of particle sizes appear in double exponential functions for most cellular tissues. The average particle size histograms of high-grade cancer, low-grade cancer, fibroglandular tissue, and adipose tissue were examined. The particle histograms were progressively decreasing in magnitude for these tissue types, and the average size of the particles increased, for these four tissues, respectively. Typical particle sizes in the range of 10 to 500 nm for these tissue types, with biexponential fitting, gave two particle distributions: one near 20 to 25 nm for the smaller size and one at 110 to 230 nm for the larger distributions. Mie scatter theory was used to take these particle distributions and calculate scattering spectra. The ability to image reduced scattering coefficient spectra of bulk breast tissues exists, and so this data provides insight into how bulk imaging may be mapped over to predict factors related to the tissue ultrastructure.
Late Arterial Waves: An Early Warning System for Heart Failure?

The heart and arterial tree are conjoined in the circulatory system—a concept taught in introductory physiology. Yet, our clinical paradigm for heart failure focuses predominantly on alterations in left ventricular structure and function. 1 There is growing interest in the interplay of vascular and cardiac dysfunction in the development of heart failure. With the parallel trends of increasing obesity and an aging population, there has been a linked rise in arterial stiffness and heart failure. Clinically symptomatic heart failure poses a significant burden to patients and the medical system. Prior to the expression of overt heart failure, there is a prolonged period of risk that provides a window for interventions to alter the disease trajectory. Identifying the arterial maladaptations that contribute to heart failure may expedite discovery of novel treatments. Importantly, early detection of vascular precursors to heart failure holds promise to target preventive therapies. The advent of noninvasive arterial assessment has greatly facilitated our understanding of cardiac and vascular connections. Aortic stiffness can be measured by use of tonometry to determine pulse wave velocity. Arterial waveform evaluation has been used to estimate wave reflection as an evaluation of hemodynamic load. 2 Arterial stiffness and heart failure share multiple risk factors. Altered arterial function has been observed in the setting of established heart failure. 3 In patients with heart failure, higher central arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity predicts mortality. 4 Arterial stiffness predicts the development of systemic hypertension and cardiovascular events. 5–7 A recent meta-analysis of over 17 000 participants confirmed the value of aortic pulse wave velocity beyond blood pressure measurements for predicting coronary heart disease, stroke, and composite cardiovascular disease events. 8 In longitudinal analysis including measurement of both central pressure and flow, forward pressure wave amplitude (a measure of proximal aortic properties) predicts a composite outcome of incident cardiovascular events that included heart failure. 9 Wave reflection estimated from arterial pressure waveform analysis alone (without concomitant flow assessment) has been shown to predict the risk of incident heart failure. 10 In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity but not central pressure predicted incident heart failure hospitalizations. 11 Together these prior studies emphasize the critical intersections of arterial aging with cardiovascular end-organ damage and suggest the possibility that non-invasive arterial tests may have clinical utility in risk assessment.
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Lutein and β-Carotene in Cerithidia californica (Gastropoda) Infected with Two Species of Larval Trematodes

High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done on lutein and β-carotene in the digestive gland–gonad complex (DGG) and whole body of uninfected Cerithidia californica snails and those infected with the larval trematodes Mesostephanus appendiculatis or Euhaplorichis californiensis. HPTLC of the DGG extract on C-18 reversed-phase plates developed in petroleum ether–acetonitrile–methanol (1:2:2) mobile phase showed 2 identifiable pigment zones; the least polar zone had a retention factor (Rf) of 0.07, identical to a β-carotene standard, and the more polar zone had an Rf of 0.41, identical to a lutein standard. Densitometric scanning of the pigment zones in sample versus standard chromatograms showed that the weight percent of lutein in the uninfected DGGs (3.4 × 10−3%) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of DGGs infected with either M. appendiculatis (0.35 × 10−3%) or E. californiensis (0.82 × 10−3%). Changes in β-carotene in the infected DGGs were insignificant compared to t...
CO2 loading-dependent corrosion of carbon steel and formation of corrosion products in anoxic 30 wt.% monoethanolamine-based solutions

Abstract Corrosion of A106 carbon steel in anoxic CO2-loaded 30 wt.% monoethanolamine-based solutions (a corrosive solvent for post-combustion CO2 capture) with CO2 loadings ranging from 0.24 to 0.53 mol CO2/mol amine is investigated. The results show that corrosion and formation of a protective layer of corrosion products on the A106 surface are strongly CO2 loading-dependent. That is, initial corrosion is accelerated with increased CO2 loading. However, the formation of chukanovite and subsequently siderite, which dramatically inhibits the corrosion, was promoted with increasing CO2 loading. Chukanovite is a metastable intermediate corrosion product which transforms into siderite. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Eating Behaviors and Weight Development in Obesity-Prone Children and the Importance of the Research of Albert J. Stunkard.

Albert J. Stunkard, MD, was an internationally recognized leader and pioneer in the field of obesity and eating disorders research. He was also among the first scientists to study eating phenotypes and early life risk factors for childhood obesity at a time when childhood obesity prevalence rates were still comparatively low. The aim of this review is to highlight select findings from the work of Albert J. Stunkard which significantly advanced our understanding of eating traits of children with a different familial predisposition to obesity and genetic and environmental influences on weight outcomes. Collectively, Stunkard’s early work on childhood obesity had a significant impact on the field of ingestive behavior and obesity research in that he was one of the first investigators who pointed to genetic influences underlying behavioral eating traits and child weight status. His work also inspired numerous subsequent investigations on the relative contributions of specific genes (e.g., polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene) on individual differences in child eating traits (e.g., satiety responsiveness, eating in the absence of hunger) and body weight.
Toward action and advocacy

Teaching is complex, emotional work. That is the message of the papers that make up this issue of Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice. No surprise to those of us who are engaged in the prepa...
Community-Based Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Program: Developmental Framework and Process Evaluation

Limited research exists on the process, partners, and resources needed to develop and implement programs addressing pedestrian and bicycle safety. Before communities can evaluate program effectiveness, they first need more guidance on what efforts could theoretically lead to fewer crashes, the extent of program delivery needed before changes in behavior or other outcomes can be measured, and how to assess and improve program delivery. The Watch for Me NC (WFM) intervention is a multifaceted, community-based pedestrian and bicycle safety program implemented in North Carolina. This paper describes the WFM intervention development, assesses program delivery through implementation records, and identifies successes and challenges in implementing behavioral interventions to promote pedestrian and bicycle safety. As a process evaluation, this study proceeds and complements research of program effects on intended outcomes (in progress). The nature, duration, and frequency of the delivery of key program components...
Actors and Audiences: Negotiating Fisheries Management

AbstractThis paper combines narrative and policy performance analyses to explore why resource management is contentious even when resources are increasing in abundance. Employing a case study of red drum in North Carolina, the study aimed to find out how different narratives of fishery science interact with policy performances to create outcomes that exacerbate conflicts. Examining six years of fisheries governance, the study explores how policy performances shape managers’ interpretations of fisheries science and modes of interacting with each other. The study finds that despite being a so-called success story, red drum management remains controversial because while user groups are concerned about access and allocation questions, managers focus on debating the meaning and implications of scientific data. Though compromises between user groups are made, conflict continues because the process through which they are reached creates frustration rather than understanding. That resource access dilemmas remain ...
Investigation on Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior of Community Residents in Shenzhen City

[Objective]To understand the current status of nutrition knowledge,attitude,behavior(KAP) of community residents in Shenzhenn city,and the corresponding impacting factors,and provide evidence for carrying out nutrition education in community residents.[Methods] An indoor inquiry questionnaire survey was conducted on 460 community residents over the age of 15 years,based on the cluster sampling approach.[Results] The knowledge rate of nutrition for this community is 70.8%,and that for permanent residents is 82%,which was high than that for temporary residents(61.9%),the difference was significant(P0.05).The knowledge rate of rational nutrition behavior for the community is 61.3%,and 70.7% for permanent residents,which is higher than 53.8% for temporary residents,the difference was significant(P0.05).[Conclusion]The knowledge rate of nutrition for the community is low and many unreasonable nutrition behaviors exist.It is necessary to educate community residents especially temporary residents on nutrition knowledge and provide guidance on their nutrition behavior.
Novel instant message system based on extensible markup language

Traditional instant message systems have the shortcomings of low security and inefficiency in LANs or enterprises.To overcome the shortcomings,a novel instant message system with an improved transmission protocol was proposed.The management mode of network structure co-operation of three servers was employed in this system.In addition,a unique form of binary tree P2P lookup structure was proposed in the model of multi-client meeting.Furthermore,a novel protocol based on XML,which is different from any other protocols,was developed in the new system.The new protocol can improve the transmission security.Experimental results show that,compared with other two instant message systems,the proposed system is more steady and efficient in term of location lookup rate.
X. Subfamily Chloridoideae Kunth ex Beilschm. (1833)

Plants herbaceous. Annuals or perennials, caespitose, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, erect or decumbent. Culms hollow or solid. Ligule membranous, or a fringed membrane, or a fringe of hairs. Leaf blades lacking pseudopetioles or auricles. Inflorescences unbranched, or with unbranched primary branches, or with branched primary branches. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 to many flowers, the proximal ones fertile, the distal ones (if present) often reduced. Glumes 2, disarticulation above the glumes. Lemmas bilobed, awned from the sinus. Lodicules 2, fleshy. Caryopsis with the pericarp fused to the seed coat; hilum short, punctate; embryo with an epiblast, with a scutellar cleft, with an elongated mesocotyl internode, with the embryonic leaf margins not overlapping. Midrib anatomy simple. Mesophyll radiate, with a double bundle sheath. All species C4 except for Merxmuellera rangei, the ancestral condition probably C3. Bicellular microhairs with the distal cell narrow and elongate (“panicoid type”) to nearly spherical (“chloridoid type”).
Saltwater icephobicity: Influence of surface chemistry on saltwater icing.

Most studies on icephobicity focus on ice formation with pure water. This manuscript presents studies to understand the influence of surfaces on saltwater ice nucleation and propagation. Experiments are conducted to quantify the influence of surface chemistry on saltwater ice nucleation and to understand the utility of superhydrophobic surfaces for saltwater icephobicity. These experiments are conducted with pure water and two sodium chloride solutions, which represent the salinity of seawater and briny produced water. It is seen that the presence of salt slows down the ice front propagation velocity significantly. Saltwater droplet impact dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces are also different from pure water. Saltwater droplets retract more and a greater fraction of impacting liquid is repelled from the superhydrophobic surface. It is seen that the greater bounciness of saltwater droplets is a result of slower ice nucleation propagation kinetics. These experiments indicate that superhydrophobic surfaces will have better resistance to impact icing with saltwater than pure water and can remain useful at temperatures as low as −40 °C. Overall, this work is a starting point for further studies on heterogeneous nucleation in saltwater and serves as a bridge between the widely studied freshwater icephobic surfaces and saltwater-related applications.
Multiwall carbon nanotube–nylon-6 nanocomposites from polymerization

Publisher Summary The worldwide development in synthesis of large-scale Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) has encouraged research in the use of carbon nanotubes in composites. Carbon nanotube-based composites have the potential to revolutionize structural materials for aerospace, electrical and thermal conductors for energy applications, nano-biotechnology, and other disciplines. Nanotubes are a very attractive reinforcing material for polymer composite structures. Their extremely high aspect ratio and their amazingly high modulus and strength are the main reasons for so many studies that are conducted in the polymer–nanotubes composites field. However, there are three main problems in successful preparation of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites. These are dispersion, orientation of carbon nanotubes, and adhesion between carbon nanotubes and matrix. In that research work, MWNT–nylon-6 nanocomposites were prepared using the in situ polymerization technique, assisted by a few minutes of ultrasonication to form nylon-6 polymer in the presence of carbon nanotubes. Therefore, Nylon-6/MWNT nanocomposites were prepared by an in situ polymerization technique.
CLASSIFYING SMALL SPARSE MATRICES

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the classifying small sparse matrices. Small matrices, such as 3 × 3, or 4 × 4, are ubiquitous in computer graphics. They are used to transform everything from rays, and normal vectors in ray tracing to vectors, and polygons in traditional display list processing. It is observed that as these matrices are often formed by concatenating several simpler matrices, such as rotations, translations, changes of scale, and reflections, they frequently contain a number of zero elements, and they are frequently sparse. It is found that if a given sparse matrix is used for many transformations, its zero structure can be exploited to minimize the total number of floating-point operations. Tagging of each matrix with an integer form index is proposed indicating its zero structure, and subsequently using this index to branch to optimized handlers for each zero structure, and that is, code in which the zero additions, and multiplications have been removed. It is found that because a 3 × 3 matrix has 29 or 512, possible zero structures, nearly half of which are guaranteed to be singular, it would seem unreasonable to supply special-purpose code for every case.
MATLATZINCO BEFORE THE AZTECS: JOSÉ GARCÍA PAYÓN AND THE SCULPTURAL CORPUS OF CALIXTLAHUACA

This article studies the sculptural corpus of the Matlatzinca state before it was conquered in the mid-1470s by the Aztec Empire. Previously, Matlatzinco had been an independent polity in the northern part of the Valley of Toluca surrounding the traditional center of government, which was also called Matlatzinco. After invading the area, the Aztecs renamed this city Calixtlahuaca and established their own provincial capital at nearby Tollocan (modern Toluca). Making Calixtlahuaca a symbol of control over the area, the Aztecs raised new architecture phases in the ancient city center and installed Aztec-style deity images.
RETENTION TIME AND TOXICITY OF A DYE MARKER, SUNDAN RED 7B, ON FORMOSAN AND EASTERN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE)

Workers of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were force-fed a dye marker, Sudan Red 7B, and c...
Technological supports to increase nature contact for older adults

Abstract Maintaining an older adult’s health is crucial to achieving a high quality of life. However, as older adults age, many face health issues making it impossible, or unsafe, to venture outdoors. Nevertheless, the natural environment has consistently shown, dating back to ancient times, to have therapeutic benefits with mounting supporting evidence. The premise of this chapter is that technology is an effective means to simulate natural landscapes as a substitute for actual immersion in nature. The health benefits related to simulated landscapes are widespread including encouraging physical activity, boosting cognitive functioning, and facilitating social relationships. This emerging field is demonstrating how technological supports are recreating nature through interactive display screens, fiber optics, virtual environments, and virtual reality googles. Technology is increasingly extending beyond isolated objects and becoming fully integrated into physical environments, yielding simulated experiences that more closely replicate real world settings.
Multi-resolution learning for knowledge transfer

Related objects may look similar at low-resolutions; differences begin to emerge naturally as the resolution is increased. By learning across multiple resolutions of input, knowledge can be transfered between related objects. My dissertation develops this idea and applies it to the problem of multitask transfer learning.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

DIC is a life-threatening complication of several disease states. It is characterized by systemic activation of the hemostasis system. In many instances the release of tissue factor (TF) from endothelial cells or other circulating cells triggers the system. Initially, the increased activation can be compensated for by the natural inhibitor systems, a state referred to as compensated DIC. As the trigger persists, inhibitors will be consumed leading to more coagulation. In this process many clotting factors, most notably fibrinogen and platelets are consumed, resulting eventually in a complete breakdown of the hemostasis system. This results in a profuse and diffuse bleeding tendency or decompensated DIC. The term consumptive coagulopathy denotes this process. Of crucial importance is the fate of fibrin that is formed from fibrinogen by thrombin. If the fibrinolytic system is insufficiently activated, fibrin will be deposited in the microcirculation leading to MODS. This will not occur if the fibrinolytic system is fully activated. The clinical suspicion of DIC must be confirmed by laboratory tests and decreasing fibrinogen levels and platelet counts support the diagnosis. The determination of D-dimer, fibrin(ogen) split products (FSP) and soluble fibrin monomer (FM) further support the diagnosis. FM suggest the presence of thrombin, FSP the generation of plasmin, and D-dimer, both thrombin and plasmin. While the tests are not specific for DIC, they can be helpful, in the proper clinical setting, to diagnose decompensated or acute DIC. The tests are not useful for the diagnosis of compensated DIC, except for D-dimer, FSP, and FM if elevated. Compensated DIC can be diagnosed by molecular markers of in vivo hemostasis activation, such as thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F 1 + 2), or plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes. For the treatment of DIC it is imperative to remove the triggering underlying disease. The consumption of coagulation constituents can be corrected by cryoprecipitate, platelet concentrates, and fresh frozen plasma, if needed. This may reduce the bleeding tendency. Arrest of the activated hemostasis system by heparins, either subcutaneous in low doses or intravenous in therapeutic doses, is only recommended in patients with compensated DIC. If the patient bleeds, heparins should not be given. The administration of concentrates of natural anticoagulants, i.e., antithrombin, protein C, or tissue factor pathway inhibitor are safer than heparins since they do not exacerbate the bleeding tendency. These concentrates were found to be very effective in animal models of DIC; human experience is still limited. Generally, the earlier treatment is initiated, the better the patient's prognosis.
Marx, Marxism and Method

There will be little by way of original interpretation in this paper. It was written with an eye to the recent development in the United States of interest in Marx’s method. This interest, so far as I can tell, is especially evident in economics and political science, among a small but growing minority of younger academicians who are curious about the possibility that Marx might provide a methodological alternative to the perspectives and principles long in vogue and presently dominating work in their fields. Insofar as this interest is more in Marx’s method than in specific points of economic doctrine, and looks more to its possible adoption and application to the contemporary world than to simply an historical understanding, it would seem to be guided by what Engels, near the end of his life, wrote to Werner Sombart: ‘Marx’s whole manner of conceiving things is not a doctrine, but a method. It offers no finished dogmas, but rather points of reference for further research, and the method of that research …’ 1 It remains to be seen if Engels’s words, apparently long-since forgotten in the camp of official ‘Marxist-Leninist’ orthodoxy, will be heeded elsewhere, and whether Marx’s method, faithfully applied, will bear practical fruit in the form of the better human society which both Marx and Engels sought.
Emerging Technologies in Distance Education

A one-stop knowledge resource, Emerging Technologies in Distance Education showcases the international work of research scholars and innovative distance education practitioners who use emerging interactive technologies for teaching and learning at a distance. This widely anticipated book harnesses the dispersed knowledge of international experts who highlight pedagogical, organizational, cultural, social, and economic factors that influence the adoption and integration of emerging technologies in distance education. Emerging Technologies in Distance Education provides expert advice on how educators can launch effective and engaging distance education initiatives in response to technological advancements, changing mindsets, and economic and organizational pressures. The volume goes beyond the hype surrounding Web 2.0 technologies and highlights the important issues that researchers and educators need to consider to enhance educational practice.
A New Free Radical Approach to the Synthesis of Polydimethylsiloxane-Vinyl Monomer Block Polymers

The platinum catalyzed condensation of bis(silylpinacolate) free radical initiators bearing vinyl groups attached to silicon with α,ω-hydrogen functional polydimethylsiloxane oligomers, i.e., oligomers containing terminal Si-H bonds, leads to the preparation of high molecular weight macroinitiators. The thermolysis of these macroinitiators in the presence of various vinyl monomers provides a direct synthesis of block polymers. Depending on the monomer chosen, simple triblock and/or multisequence block polymers can readily be prepared. Analysis of the products of the block polymerizations using styrene monomer shows that only block polymers are formed. These block polymers display unusual properties such as intense iridescence, reversible stress crazing and solvent dependent mechanical properties. The stress-strain properties of the block polymers have been measured and found to be related to both the relative proportions of the hard and soft blocks and to their respective block lengths. At hard block contents of less than approximately 50%, the block polymers are thermoplastic elastomers while at compositions greater than 50% the block polymers are rubber modified thermoplastics.
Hemodialysis and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Neonatal hemodialysis (HD) for acute or chronic renal failure is a rare but important component of pediatric nephrological care. The needs for dialysis in infants are usually related to three different indications. Cause can be related to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), acute kidney injury (AKI), and finally inborn error of metabolism [2]. In larger children and rarely in infants, the other indication for renal replacement therapy is intoxication [9]. Because of the rarity of this cause in neonates, it will not be addressed in this chapter.
Regulation of the Export of Platinum-Containing Drugs by the Copper Efflux Transporters ATP7A and ATP7B

ATP7A and ATP7B are P-type ATPases that detoxifie copper (Cu) through sequestration into the secretory pathway. While ATP7A is ubiquitously expressed, the expression of ATP7B is mainly specific to the liver tissue. These transporters are up-regulated in many types of tumors refractory, to the platinum-(Pt) containing drugs. Studies on cell lines indicate that ATP7A and ATP7B mediate sequestration and efflux of cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBDCA) and oxaliplatin (L-OHP). An in vitro transport assay system consisting of vesicles isolated from Sf9 cells that expressed either a wild type ATP7B (WT) or a mutant form of this protein (MT) was used to determine whether ATP7B plays a direct role in the transport of DDP. While both forms of ATP7B significantly enhanced the capacity of Sf9 vesicles to bind DDP in the absence of ATP, only the WT form was capable of mediating ATP-dependent accumulation of DDP and forming a transient acylphosphate inter me diate in the presence of DDP. ATP7B-mediated transport of DDP into Sf9 vesicles was similar to that for 64Cu, but had a slower rate. DDP and Cu also inhibited each other's transport into the WT-expressing vesicles. These studies demonstrated that, although less effective than Cu, DDP serves as a substrate of ATP7B.
Proteomic identification of interleukin-2 therapy response in metastatic renal cell cancer

3117 Introduction. Establishing the diagnosis of brain and leptomeningeal involvement of lymphoma is often a significant problem. Deep brain parenchymal lesions may pose considerable risk for stereotactic biopsy and are associated with an approximate 5% risk of catastrophic hemorrhage; moreover stereotactic biopsy is associated with an approximate 10% non-diagnostic rate in which no definitive histologic diagnosis is achieved. In addition, CSF cytology is extremely insensitive; between 40-50% of patients with leptomeningeal disease have negative cytology. Finally, our experience at UCSF suggests that complications in establishing the diagnosis which include diagnostic delays are significantly associated with adverse outcome. For these reasons we have begun to test the hypothesis that the CSF proteome contains biological information which can be used to facilitate early, non-invasive diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. Methods. We collected CSF from 18 immunocompetent patients with a diagnosis of CNS and/or ocular lymphoma (17 B-cell, 1 T-cell) and from 15 control subjects without a diagnosis of CNS malignancy. CSF was processed under standardized conditions and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) for differential proteomic profiling followed by protein identification. We are complementing this proteomic approach with gene expression data generated by analysis of 30 CNS lymphomas, 3 specimens of non-neoplastic brain and 4 brain metastases of lung cancer to facilitate potential biomarker selection and validation. Results. We have completed two exploratory studies which support the hypothesis. Use of tandem MS and Mascot commercial software has resulted in the identification of several dozen proteins which are differentially expressed between CNS lymphoma and controls, each with a p-value of
Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Aerogels in a Blend of Ammonia and Nitrogen Gases

Nitrogen-doped carbons (NCs) are emerging as high-performance and inexpensive materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The combined merits of carbon and nitrogen dopants allow NCs to possess the advantages of carbon as well as the unique functionalities of N moieties. Conventionally, NCs are produced by pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich organic precursors such as naturally abundant biopolymers. However, these NCs generally exhibit poor electrochemical performance due to their limited surface area and the loss of N moieties at elevated temperatures. In this work, we modified the widely practiced pyrolysis protocol by blending 20 vol % of ammonia gas into a nitrogen atmosphere at the early stage of pyrolysis. The carbonization of chitosan, a naturally abundant biopolymer, in the N2/NH3 (20 vol %) gas mixture led to N doped carbon aerogels (NCAs) with a roughened surface, an increased surface area, an augmented micropore volume, and a high content (up to 11.3%) of nitrogen-containing functionali...
Effect of a Standardized Treatment Panel on Hypoglycemic Events in Hospitalized Acute Hyperkalemic Patients Treated With Intravenous Regular Insulin.

Purpose: Regular insulin is a commonly utilized treatment option for acute hyperkalemia. Despite its benefit, hypoglycemia and associated morbidity/mortality remain important concerns. This institu...
Not So Sweet: Economic Implications of Restricting U.S. Sugar Imports from Mexico

After Mexican sugar producers gained unlimited, tariff-free access to the U.S. market in 2008, U.S. and Mexican governments bilaterally agreed to constrain Mexico’s sugar exports to the United States because of dumping allegations by U.S. producers in December 2014. This analysis employs a dynamic partial equilibrium model to estimate the price and welfare impacts of the U.S.-Mexico agreement by simulating the reimplementation of North American Free Trade Agreement sugar policies. Estimates suggest liberalizing the market would decrease U.S. sugar prices, translating to an average annual decrease in producer surplus of approximately 1.67 billion across the simulation.
Historical perspectives on managing automation and other disruptions in transportation

Abstract Vehicle automation and other new transportation innovations will reshape the workforce and economy. Examining the impacts of past technological disruptions in other sectors can provide clues about how the likely effects of such disruptions will affect transportation. In this chapter, we consider technological disruptions in farming, manufacturing, shipping, home care, and food preparation. We find that though automating transportation will indeed cause job loss, it will also expand demand for some existing jobs as well as create jobs that are entirely new. The aggregate economic benefits of automation are likely to far outweigh economic declines associated with limited job loss. However, policymakers should take steps now to establish retraining programs and other resources for workers whom automation will displace. Additional research will help pinpoint areas most likely to be affected and better quantify the likely magnitude and timeframe of automation-related impacts.
Media's Influence on LGBTQ Support Across Africa

Political leaders across Africa frequently accuse the media of promoting homosexuality, while activists often use the media to promote pro-LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer) narratives. Despite extensive research on how the media affects public opinion, including studies that show how exposure to certain information can increase support of LGBTQs, there is virtually no research on how the media influences attitudes towards LGBTQs across Africa. This study develops a theory that accounts for actors' mixed approach to the media and shows how different types of media create distinct effects on public opinion of LGBTQs. Specifically, the study finds that radio and television have no, or a negative, significant effect on pro-gay attitudes, whereas individuals who consume more newspapers, internet or social media are significantly more likely to support LGBTQs (by approximately 2 to 4 per cent). The author argues that these differential effects are conditional on censorship of queer representation from certain mediums. The analysis confirms that the results are not driven by selection effects, and that the relationship is unique to LGBTQ support but not other social attitudes. The results have important implications, especially given the growing politicization of same-sex relations and changing media consumption habits across Africa.
Predicting Ailanthus altissima presence across a managed forest landscape in southeast Ohio

The negative impacts of the exotic tree, Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven, stink tree), is spreading throughout much of the Eastern United States. When forests are disturbed, it can invade and expand quickly if seed sources are nearby. We conducted studies at the highly dissected Tar Hollow State Forest (THSF) in southeastern Ohio USA, where Ailanthus is widely distributed within the forest, harvests have been ongoing for decades, and prescribed fire had been applied to about a quarter of the study area. Our intention was to develop models to evaluate the relationship of Ailanthus presence to prescribed fire, harvesting activity, and other landscape characteristics, using this Ohio location as a case study. Field assessments of the demography of Ailanthus and other stand attributes (e.g., fire, harvesting, stand structure) were conducted on 267 sample plots on a 400-m grid throughout THSF, supplemented by identification of Ailanthus seed-sources via digital aerial sketch mapping during the dormant season. Statistical modeling tools Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), and Maxent were used to assess relationships among attributes, then model habitats suitable for Ailanthus presence. In all, 41 variables were considered in the models, including variables related to management activities, soil characteristics, topography, and vegetation structure (derived from LiDAR). The most important predictor of Ailanthus presence was some measure of recent timber harvest, either mapped harvest history (CART) or LiDAR-derived canopy height (Maxent). Importantly, neither prescribed fire or soil variables appeared as important predictors of Ailanthus presence or absence in any of the models of the THSF. These modeling techniques provide tools and methodologies for assessing landscapes for Ailanthus invasion, as well as those areas with higher potentials for invasion should seed sources become available. Though a case study on an Ohio forest, these tools can be modified for use anywhere Ailanthus is invading.
Drug influences on consumer judgments: emerging insights and research opportunities from the intersection of pharmacology and psychology

Recent evidence at the intersection of pharmacology and psychology suggests that pharmaceutical products and other drugs can exert previously unrecognized effects on consumers’ judgments, emotions, and behavior. We highlight the importance of a wider perspective for marketing science by proposing novel questions about how drugs might influence consumers. As a model for this framework, we review recently discovered effects of the over-the-counter pain reliever acetaminophen, which can alter consumers’ emotional experiences and their economic behavior well beyond soothing their aches and pains, and also present novel data on its memory effects. Observing effects of putatively benign over-the-counter medicines that extend beyond their originally approved usages suggests that many other drugs are also likely to influence processes relevant for consumers. The ubiquity of drug consumption—medical or recreational, legal or otherwise—underscores the importance of considering several novel research directions for understanding pharmacological-psychological interactions on consumer judgments, emotions, and behaviors.
The roles of vowel length and sentential context in onset pitch perturbations in Thai

This study investigates the relationship between fundamental frequency at the onset of voicing (onset f 0) and Voice Onset Time (VOT) in a tonal language with prevoiced, short-lag, and long-lag stops. Recent research on Thai and Vietnamese has suggested that higher f 0 in the following vowel is conditioned by long-lag stops, but this effect occurs more in higher, not lower, tones and in words produced in isolation, not in a carrier phrase. An examination of previous studies, however, suggests that the effect may be moderated by vowel length and the type of carrier phrase. To determine whether this is true, this study compares onset f 0 measured 40 ms after voicing onset in Thai low tone words with phonemically short and long vowels that occur in two types of carrier phrases and in isolation. The results show that prevoiced, not short- or long-lag, stops condition higher onset f 0 in short, not long, vowels, and this effect takes place in words occurring in both types of carrier phrases, not in isolation. This suggests that vowel length may be a relevant factor. The results will be discussed further, and implications for onset f 0 control will be offered.This study investigates the relationship between fundamental frequency at the onset of voicing (onset f 0) and Voice Onset Time (VOT) in a tonal language with prevoiced, short-lag, and long-lag stops. Recent research on Thai and Vietnamese has suggested that higher f 0 in the following vowel is conditioned by long-lag stops, but this effect occurs more in higher, not lower, tones and in words produced in isolation, not in a carrier phrase. An examination of previous studies, however, suggests that the effect may be moderated by vowel length and the type of carrier phrase. To determine whether this is true, this study compares onset f 0 measured 40 ms after voicing onset in Thai low tone words with phonemically short and long vowels that occur in two types of carrier phrases and in isolation. The results show that prevoiced, not short- or long-lag, stops condition higher onset f 0 in short, not long, vowels, and this effect takes place in words occurring in both types of carrier phrases, not in isolation. ...
Social Studies Teachers' Attitudes and Beliefs about Immigration and the Formal Curriculum in the United States South: A Multi-Methods Study.

Teachers’ beliefs and awareness regarding immigration policy is an area of research that has been largely unexplored in the broader discussion of socio-political consciousness and critical social studies education. This study is based on a multi-methods methodology, particularly a partially mixed sequential equal status design (Leech and Onwuegbuzie in Qual Quant 43(2):265–275, 2009). The quantitative portion of this study is based on a survey conducted in 2017 among K-12 teachers nationwide (n = 5190) and a nested sample of 200 Southern Social Studies teachers. (McCorkle in The awareness and attitudes of teachers towards educational restrictions for immigrant students. Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University, 2018a). The qualitative sample is a content analysis from an examination of South Carolina social studies textbooks (n = 8). The quantitative analysis revealed a concerning pattern of unawareness of immigration policy among many teachers as well as a strong relationship between embrace of false immigration narratives and exclusionary attitudes towards immigrant students. The analysis of the textbooks showed little in the formal curriculum that would problematize false immigration narratives and instead demonstrated a tendency to bolster these narratives. The results reveal a need of teacher education programs and additional professional development to help critique these “common-sense” (mis)understandings about immigration that are factually incorrect and help contribute to the larger patterns of xenophobia in the society.
El repertorio de acción política en el ciclo de movilizaciones estudiantiles chilenas

El articulo analiza las formas de accion politica de jovenes universitarios que participaron en el ciclo de movilizaciones estudiantiles surgidas en Chile en 2011. Para ello, se implemento un disen...
Optimal Orbital Selection for Full Configuration Interaction (OptOrbFCI): Pursuing the Basis Set Limit under a Budget.

Full configuration interaction (FCI) solvers are limited to small basis sets due to their expensive computational costs. An optimal orbital selection for FCI (OptOrbFCI) is proposed to boost the po...
Testing Asymptomatic Emergency Department Patients for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Low-prevalence Region.

The first cases of Coronavirus of 2019 (COVID‐19) were reported in Wuhan, China in December 20191. The literature demonstrates geographical variation with regards to estimates of infection incidence, suggesting that COVID‐19 has been underdiagnosed in certain regions2,3. The rate of asymptomatic infection has been estimated to be as high as 30.8%, which may help explain variation in incidence, particularly in regions with differing screening practices 3. Transmission of COVID‐19 by asymptomatic carriers has been reported in multiple family units, indicating that this mode of infection is important in understanding disease epidemiology and population risk4,5.