cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enterotropic coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus) in mice: Influence of host age and strain on infection and disease

The course of enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection was examined in genetically susceptible (BALB) and resistant (SJL) mice of different ages at inoculation (1, 3, and 12 weeks) and at sequential intervals (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days) after oral inoculation with the Y strain of MHV (MHV-Y). Virus was quantified in stomach, upper and lower segments of small intestine, cecum, upper and lower segments of colon, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph node, and feces, and tissues were examined microscopically. An infant mouse bioassay was used to quantify virus in all tissues of 3-week-old BALB mice and ascending colons of other mouse groups. MHV-specific serum IgG antibody titers were measured with an enzyme immunoassay, using MHV-S-infected 17 Cl 1 cells as antigen. Lesions were first detectable at 2 days and were most severe in 1-week-old mice and more severe in BALB mice, compared with SJL mice of the same age. Additional BALB mice inoculated at the age of 24 hours developed severe necrotizing enterocolitis, whereas SJL mice inoculated at the age of 24 hours developed lesions equivalent to those in 1-week-old BALB mice. Virus was first detectable at 2 days and virus titers were highest at 2, 3, and 5 days, then diminished on days 10, 20, and 30. Low titers of virus were found in a few mice of different ages and genotypes through day 30. Lesions were most severe and virus titers highest in the ascending colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Behavior problems of children.

Children at any age know how to get what they want. The dividends they desire should accrue to them for being good, social human beings, not for misbehaving.Inconsistency and undependability in parents' attitudes toward children greatly affect their feeling of security. Putting pressures on children may lead to bed-wetting, stuttering and stammering.It is important to recognize the pressures and influence of “the gang” and strive to keep it acceptable.Love within the family, not just spoken but lived, is a necessary factor for emotional development.
Electrophoretic analysis of 3H-pargyline-labeled monoamine oxidases A and B from human and rat cells.

3 H-Pargyline binds specifically to both A and B forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) under appropriate conditions. In this study the properties of 3 H-pargyline-labeled MAO from rat and human cells were analyzed in three electrophoretic systems: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis. Four types of samples were labeled with 3 H-pargyline: crude mitochondrial preparations from rat hepatoma (with A and B activity), rat glioma (with A activity) and human fibroblasts (with predominantly A activity); and particulate fractions from human platelets (with B activity). Autoradiography of SDS-polyacrylamide gels of all four samples showed a single protein band labeled, with molecular weight of 57,000 ± 3000. Autoradiography of isoelectric focusing and nonequilibrium pH gradient gels revealed a single protein band with basic p I . Two-dimensional gels indicated an identity between this basic protein and the 57,000-dalton protein band. Quantitative analysis of the amount of label recovered in the specifically labeled protein band showed that binding of 3 H-pargyline to the A form was more labile than to the B form under the conditions used for solubilization and electrophoresis in nonequilibrium pH gradient gels. These results show that A and B forms of MAO from rat and human cells have similar molecular weight and net charge, but differ in their interaction with pargyline, and suggests they represent distinct enzyme entities.
The First Charge upon the Government

The chapter places social work within the American political tradition and progressive movement. A return to the distinction between Hamilton and Jefferson informs government and big business’ relationship throughout American history, giving a framework for the establishment of social work. This chapter also analyzes the government’s role in business over the course of American history, outlining how presidents ranging from Jefferson to John Quincy Adams used powers granted in the Constitution to serve “business” ends in serving the economy, such as the Louisiana Purchase and Hamilton’s setting up of a national bank. Historical context is given in order to illustrate the mindset of the Early American government and its relationship with business and how it establishes the groundwork for FDR’s New Deal.
Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine.

Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine.
Relating through differences: disability, affective relationality, and the U.S. public healthcare assemblage

Using affect theory and disability theory, this article theorizes relationality as it emerges between disabled people who require daily assistance and their paid care providers. In response to the question of how people relate when not only their social identities but also their embodied capacities are different, the concept of affective relationality is developed. Using the work of Deleuze and Guattari, Spinoza, as well as Harney and Moten, I describe how such relationality emerges based on the ontological, haptic connection of bodies that develops through recursive practices of a task co-conducted by and between those bodies, and is co-capacitative. As this study takes place in the U.S. neoliberal public healthcare assemblage—which involves mainly lower- or no-income disabled beneficiaries and their paid workers who are disproportionately lower-income, non/immigrant women of color—the concept of affective relationality is brought into the political arena by contemplating what the relationality does in such assemblage.
Polarities in Clinical Thinking and Practice

False clinical and ethical dilemmas may be created when physicians ignore patient characteristics and contexts that are integral to shared decision making.
Molecular basis of metabolism-mediated conversion of PK11195 from an antagonist to an agonist of the constitutive androstane receptor

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Antagonism of the CAR represents a key strategy for studying its function and may have potential clinical applications. However, specific human CAR (hCAR) antagonists are limited and conflicting data on the activity of these compounds have been reported. 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), a typical peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, has been established as a potent hCAR deactivator in immortalized cells; whether it inhibits hCAR activity under physiologically relevant conditions remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of PK11195 on hCAR in metabolically competent human primary hepatocytes (HPH) and HepaRG cells. We show that although PK11195 antagonizes hCAR in HepG2 cells, it induces the expression of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, targets of hCAR and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), in HPH, HepaRG, and PXR-knockout HepaRG cells. Utilizing a HPH-HepG2 coculture model, we demonstrate that inclusion of HPH converts PK11195 from an antagonist to an agonist of hCAR, and such conversion was attenuated by potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole. Metabolically, we show that the N-desmethyl metabolite is responsible for PK11195-mediated hCAR activation by facilitating hCAR interaction with coactivators and enhancing hCAR nuclear translocation in HPHs. Structure-activity analysis revealed that N-demethylation alters the interaction of PK11195 with the binding pocket of hCAR to favor activation. Together, these results indicate that removal of a methyl group switches PK11195 from a potent antagonist of hCAR to an agonist in HPH and highlights the importance of physiologically relevant metabolism when attempting to define the biologic action of small molecules.
Questions of Athletic Excellence and Justice in Sport

Abstract This essay delineates and analyzes two kinds of questions that sport ethicists tend to ask: (1) questions about athletic excellence and (2) questions about justice. To pass ethical judgements when delving into questions concerning athletic excellence, sportspeople rely largely on a sport’s internal values, primary skills, or sport-specific athletic excellences. In contrast, questions about justice do not and should not include the reference or application of principles derived from the nature of a sport. Instead, sportspeople must refer to general theories, most often based on the rights and obligations of fellow citizens. There are multiple benefits to pointing out this distinction. First, it can help sportspeople and sport philosophers recognize the normative standards most appropriate within specific debates. Second, the distinction may explain why some disputes in sport philosophy remained unresolved. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, an awareness of the differences between these types...
What About Classroom Communicators

Note that the comparisons presented in this paper serve only as a springboard in pointing out some of the advantages and limitations of the Classroom Communicator. Like the bicycle and the automobile, each serving a useful purpose under certain conditions, different types of teaching aids and teaching machines will find their use. Not many individuals will want to argue whether the bicycle or the automobile is better. One would hope that an out-of-context decision on the Classroom Communicator versus this or that teaching machine is not made. It is thought, however, that some empirical or logical decision might be made with respect to the use of the Classroom Communicator in the near future.
Predictors for Use of Sentinel Node Biopsy and the Association with Improved Survival in Melanoma Patients Who Have Nodal Staging

It is unknown how many patients with localized melanoma undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or if there is a therapeutic effect from performing nodal staging. We evaluated predictors for SLNB use and assessed if there was an association with improved survival in melanoma patients who had SLNB. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for clinically node-negative melanoma cases ≥ 0.75 mm in thickness treated from 2010 to 2012. Clinicopathologic factors were correlated with SLNB use, overall survival (OS), and melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Overall, 13,703 cases were included. SLNB was performed in 1479 of 3439 thin cases (43.0%), 5810 of 8522 intermediate-thickness cases (68.2%), and 916 of 1742 thick cases (52.6%). On multivariable analysis, age ≥ 70 years, thickness 4 mm, head/neck or trunk tumor location, being unmarried, African American race, and residing in a county with a lower level of education were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of performing SLNB (p < 0.05). Patients with intermediate-thickness or thick melanoma who had a SLNB had significantly improved OS and MSS compared with patients who did not have a SLNB (p < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, SLNB use significantly predicted for improved OS and MSS (p < 0.01). Only 68.2% of intermediate-thickness and 52.6% of thick melanomas are treated with SLNB. Age, thickness, tumor location, race, marital status, and socioeconomic factors appear to influence the performance of SLNB. This data becomes more relevant with the finding that SLNB use is potentially associated with improved survival.
U.S. Small Business’s Philanthropic Contribution to Local Community: Stakeholder Salience and Social Identity Perspectives

This study investigates relational attributes that explain small-business owners’/managers’ philanthropic contribution to their local community. Drawing on the theory of stakeholder salience and th...
Évariste Galois, 1811–1832. By Laura Toti Rigatelli

(1998). Evariste Galois, 1811–1832. By Laura Toti Rigatelli. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 284-288.
Unusual presentation of hereditary leiomyomatosis mimicking neurofibromatosis

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant condition that predisposes individuals to cutaneous leiomyomas (CLMs), renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and uterine leiomyomas. In HLRCC, CLMs develop during adolescence or late adulthood as smooth-surfaced, skin-colored or pink-to-brown papules or nodules usually ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 cm in diameter and 1 to 150 in number.1, 2 Typical involvement includes the trunk, neck, face, and extensor surfaces. Lesions are painful in up to 90% of patients.1, 2 Predisposition to papillary RCC in affected patients necessitates evaluation for malignancy. We present a case of HLRCC initially thought to represent neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1).
Improving “gut feelings” for poorly water-soluble drugs

A nanocarrier system self-assembled in the intestine significantly improves oral availability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Epilepsy and the Cortex Anatomy

Numerous morphological studies of epileptic brains have been made over the past century. The earliest descriptions were made of brain tissue obtained from humans with epilepsy, whereas the more recent studies have concentrated on the analysis of brain tissue from various animal models in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of epileptic activity. A review of the current literature demonstrates that many different animal models have been analyzed with neuroanatomical methods. The most common and consistent cytological finding described in the brains of epileptic humans and animals with experimental focal epilepsy is neuronal loss with concomitant gliosis. In addition, the use of contemporary immunocytochemical methods has demonstrated specific neurochemical changes for various neurotransmitters, most notably for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD).
Reseña: José Manuel Díaz Blanco, Razón de Estado y Buen Gobierno. La Guerra Defensiva y el imperialismo español en tiempos de Felipe III, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 2010, 372 páginas.

Jose Manuel Diaz Blanco, Razon de Estado y Buen Gobierno. La Guerra Defensiva y el imperialismo espanol en tiempos de Felipe III, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 2010, 372 paginas.
Migratory Properties of Some Nuclear Waste Elements in Geologic Media

To aid in assessing the suitability of geologic disposal, the authors have examined the interactions of trace quantities of cesium, plutonium,, neptunium, and americium in aqueous solutions with rocks from formations that may be suitable for waste repositories. Results indicate that many geologic formations are barriers to the movement of these elements in flowing water. However, reactions that retard element migration are varied and do not lend themselves to simplified descriptions. In experiments with plutonium and americium, kinetics of reactions were seen to differ for each trace element and rock studied. In rock infiltration experiments with radioactive cesium, plutonium, neptunium, and americium, often most of the activity moved slowly compared to the water stream, but small quantities of the trace elements moved downstream from the main peaks of activity because of the slow reaction rates seen in static experiments, or possibly because of multiple speciation, colloid formation, movement of particles with adsorbed nuclides, or other causes. 2 figures, 7 tables.
MNGI-41. LARGE VOLUME RE-IRRADIATION FOR RECURRENT MENINGIOMA WITH PULSED REDUCED DOSE RATE RADIOTHERAPY

BACKGROUND Meningiomas comprise up to 30% of primary brain tumors. The majority of meningioma patients enjoy high rates of control after conventional therapies. However, patients with recurrent disease previously treated with radiotherapy have few options for salvage treatment, and systemic interventions have proven largely ineffective. The aim of this study was to determine whether PRDR radiotherapy was well tolerated and effective in patients with recurrent meningioma.
Generating a Three-Dimensional Genome from Xenopus with Hi-C

Hi-C is a sequencing-based method that captures three-dimensional (3-D) genome interactions by counting the interaction frequencies of pairs of genomic loci. This protocol describes the application of in situ Hi-C to the Xenopus embryo. Briefly, after fixing embryos with formaldehyde, nuclei are isolated and chromatin is digested with a restriction enzyme. Restriction sites are filled in with a biotinylated nucleotide and the blunted ends are re-ligated in place, all while still contained in the nuclei (i.e., in situ). Subsequently, the re-ligated genomic DNA is isolated and fragmented by sonication. Biotinylated ligation junctions are captured with streptavidin-coated beads, and DNA fragments are amplified by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR). The PCR product is isolated and sequenced from both ends (paired-end), and informatics methods are then applied to align the two sides of the ligation junctions to the reference genome. Because ligation occurs much more frequently intra- than interchromosomally, and with generally decreasing frequency the further away DNA loci are from each other on the linear chromosome, interaction frequency information can be used to assist in assembling genomes and to phase haplotypes, which is especially useful in the case of a tetraploid organism such as X. laevis Our streamlined version of in situ Hi-C was optimized for high throughput and low cost, and enables generation of high-quality Hi-C libraries from small cell numbers (down to ∼10,000 cells) in 2 d.
Treatment of appendicitis: Do Medicaid and non-Medicaid-enrolled patients receive the same care?

Abstract Background Studies using national data sets have suggested that insurance type drives a disparity in the care of emergency surgery patients. Large databases lack the granularity that smaller, single-institution series may provide. The goal of this study is to identify factors that may account for differences in care between Medicaid and non-Medicaid enrollees with appendicitis in central Massachusetts. Methods All adult patients with acute appendicitis in an academic medical center between 2010 and 2018 were included. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were compared according to Medicaid enrollment status. Analyses were performed to assess differences in the frequency of operative treatment, time to surgery, length of stay, and rates of readmission. Results The sample included 1,257 patients, 10.7% of whom (n = 135) were enrolled in Medicaid. The proportions of patients presenting with perforated appendicitis (28.9% vs 31.2%, P = .857) and undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy (96.3% vs 90.7%, P = .081) were similar between the 2 groups, as were length of stay (20 hours 30 minutes versus 22 hours 38 minutes, P = .109) and readmission rates (17.8% vs 14.5%, P = .683). Medicaid enrollees did experience somewhat greater time to surgery (6 hours 47 minutes versus 4 hours 49 minutes, P Conclusion Despite anticipated differences in population, the treatment of appendicitis was similar between Medicaid and non-Medicaid enrollees. Medicaid enrollees experienced greater time to surgery; however, further studies are needed to explain this disparity in care.
Triflic acid-mediated synthesis of thioglycosides

An efficient synthesis of thioglycosides from per-acetates in the presence of triflic acid is described. The developed protocol features high reaction rates and product yields. Some reactive sugar series give high efficiency in the presence of sub-stoichiometric trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) in contrast to other known protocols that require multiple equivalents of Lewis acids to reach high conversion rates.
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response evaluation with MRI/MR elastography (MRE) in surgical and nonsurgical patients with HCC.

480Background: Currently, there is a lack of imaging biomarkers of immunotherapy outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study aim was to determine if HCC enhancement on MRI and stiffness ch...
The Effects of Methylphenidate on Stress Fractures in Patients' Ages 10-29: A National Database Study

Objectives: Current literature is divided on the effect of methylphenidate (MP) on stress fracture development and if this medication increases fracture, or is actually protective for it. This stud...
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTIVENESS AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF PASSIVE SOLAR WINDOW INSULATION MATERIALS & SYSTEMS

This paper via mathematical approach demonstrates a systematic analysis of heat transfer processes of nowadays commercialized passive solar window insulation products. A complete mathematical algorithms for evaluating and designing such materials is derived. Insulation materials involved for studies are transparent, non-transparent, reflective and non-reflective types. Window systems concerned for evaluations are of exterior and interior set-ups as well as air spaces allowed effects. The mathematical model is heavily emphasized on the interrelationship between U-factor, emissivity and absorptivity according to different thermal and environmental situations. The overall presentations and conclusions drawn are applicable to various passive solar concerned and built environmental glazing systems.
Social Vulnerability Factors and Reported Post-Disaster Needs in the Aftermath of Hurricane Florence

This research examines the relationship between social vulnerability factors and reported needs following Hurricane Florence. Weighted least squares regression models were used to identify predictor variables for valid registrations that reported needs pertaining to emergencies, food, and shelter. Data consisted of zip codes in North Carolina and South Carolina that received individual assistance for Hurricane Florence (N = 406). The results suggest that when controlling for event-specific factors and flood mitigation factors, the proportions of the population that is female, the population over 65, the population aged 5 and under, the population older than 5 years not speaking English, and the minority population were all predictors of the per capita reported emergency needs. When controlling for the same variables, the proportions of the population over the age of 25 with a Bachelor’s degree, the female population, the population aged 5 and under, the population above 5 years old that does not speak English, and the minority population were all predictors of the per capita reported food needs. With the same variables controlled for, three variables—the proportions of the population over 65, the population aged 5 and under, and the non-English-speaking population above 5 years of age—were all predictors of the per capita reported shelter needs. The results suggest that more attention should be given to these vulnerable populations in the pre-disaster planning process.
Debunking the High Cost of Healthy Diets: Consumer Behavior Predicts Dietary Energy Density in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults.

Purpose:Dietary energy density (ED; kcal/g) is an established marker for diet quality and a risk factor for obesity. Previous studies have suggested that low-ED diets cost more than high-ED diets, ...
A vapor–liquid equilibrium induced Lewis number effect in real-gas shear layers: A theoretical study

In this work, the relevance of the multi-phase thermodynamic model based on the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) assumption over the single-phase model is discussed. An emphasis on the importance of the non-linear coupling between thermodynamic, transport, and governing equations is given from a macroscopic point of view by analyzing the mixing effects on a spatial mixing layer in real-gas (non-ideal) conditions. The goal is to prove the existence of an important difference between the two thermodynamic models and, therefore, establish the foundations on the effects that VLE induces in a fluid flow. The results indicate that differences in micro-mixing, ultimately changing the vortex dynamics, are directly related to the imbalance between the heat and mass transfer that occurs within the VLE mixing region of a shear layer.
Securing Database Integrity in Intelligent Government Systems that Employ Fog Computing Technology

Phenomenal technological developments have an immense and broad impact on the future of adaptive and evolving government systems. Technologies, such as cloud computing, fog computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), offer governments and their citizens opportunities to enhance their experiences and services; increased availability and higher-quality services via real-time data processing augment the potential for technology to add value to everyday experiences. This paper presents a novel model for an intelligent government system that uses fog computing technology to control and manage the data of the entire system. Guaranteeing trusted and reliable communication between entities is the primary intent of this model. Unique algorithms, focused on sustaining the system’s data integrity in the event of a system attack, are proposed and evaluated.
Reducing Catheter-associated Urinary-tract Infections in Cancer Patients: A Nurse and Infection Preventionist-led Interprofessional Program

Background : Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) is a common and preventable hospital-acquired infection (HAI). Cancer patients are at higher risk for developing CAUTI, and evidence-based strategies are needed to reduce CAUTI-associated morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this Quality Improvement project was to describe a nurse and infection preventionist (IP)-led interprofessional program to reduce CAUTI at a National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. Methods : Awareness of CAUTI-prevention efforts, protocols, and support from MDs/APPs was obtained through presentations of the program across various clinical committees. The program involved the following strategies: 1) a newly developed urinary catheter removal protocol implemented by unit nursing staff; and 2) IP managed external urinary catheters to reduce the usage of indwelling urinary catheters (IUC). The IP reviewed daily IUC reports and alerted unit nursing managers on inappropriate catheter indications or prolonged IUC cases. In collaboration with the institutional Nursing Excellence Department, Proactive Leadership Attention to Outcome (PLATO) rounds were implemented to increase unit-based awareness. Results : The interprofessional program was implemented over approximately four months (October 2019 to February 2020). Clinical committee presentations took place between November 2019-January 2020; PLATO rounds took place between December 2019-February 2020 and assisted with increasing unit-based compliance. The Nurse-IP collaboration resulted in overall CAUTI reductions across 11 inpatient units from 0.80 in 2019 to 0.37 in 2020. The IUC utilization rates were reduced from 1.02 in 2019 to 0.91 in 2020. The improvement continued despite COVID-19. Conclusions : An interprofessional, nurse-IP collaborative program was effective in reducing unit-level CAUTI. PLATO rounds, clinician champion, and meaningful use of unit based IUC and CAUTI reports should be considered for program sustainability.
Life Within Limits: Well-being in a World of Want

Imagining Firawa ix Fathers and Sons 1 Forty Days 13 Scenes from a Marriage 30 Smoke and Mirrors 46 Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World 63 The Reopening of the Gate of Effort 77 Something's Missing 88 The Politics of Storytelling 100 The Road to Kabala 112 Their Eyes Were Watching God 122 Albitaiya 134 The Year of Supernatural Abundance 145 Strings Attached 158 The Shape of the Inconstruable Question 172 Not to Find One's Way in a City 187 Coda 199 Acknowledgments 201 Notes 203 Index 225
A comparison of the effects of ultraviolet and ionizing radiations on trypsin activity and on its constituent amino acids

Photons of 254nm. u.v. light, (60)Co gamma-rays and 1Mev electrons produce different patterns of destruction of individual amino acids in dried films of trypsin and in the corresponding amino acid mixture. For example, in the amino acid mixture u.v. light destroys tyrosine, tryptophan and cystine, whereas in trypsin only cystine is disrupted but with 10 times the initial yield. Further, in the amino acid mixture loss of half-cystine is a simple exponential function of dose, but in trypsin there appear to be two exponential components of the loss with yields that differ by a factor of 35. Both the gamma-rays and electrons destroy half-cystine, tryptophan, histidine and methionine in the amino acid mixture with remarkably high yields, whereas in trypsin doses that destroy almost all of the enzymic activity produce no detectable destruction of amino acid residues. These marked differences between the two preparations show that the radiation-sensitivity of a given amino acid alone and in a protein is different, and suggests that in trypsin there is fairly extensive migration of energy, charge or both with localization of damage at specific sites determined by this enzyme's internal organization. All three types of radiation produce appreciable amounts of ;damaged' (not completely inactivated) molecules which are prevented from reassuming an active configuration by the addition of 5.5m-urea; thiol reagents have a similar effect after bombardment with u.v. light or electrons. The patterns of destruction produced by gamma-rays and by electrons in both the amino acid mixture and in trypsin are different (some of the yields vary by a factor of 30). This result appears to be inconsistent with the popular belief that most of the energy absorbed from gamma-rays is associated with very-high-energy electrons.
Peptide mapping at the 1 μg level: In-gel vs. PVDF digestion techniques

Publisher Summary Micro-scale isolation of internal peptides from gel separated proteins for subsequent sequence analysis becomes an important task, and several procedures for generating internal peptides have been useful in yielding good internal peptide sequences. This chapter describes the selection and modification of two reported enzymatic digestion methods for in-gel and PVDF-blotted proteins, compares their digestion efficiency, RP-HPLC peptide recovery, mass spectra, and sequence yield using
Where there is no phone: The benefits and limitations of using intermediaries to extend the reach of mHealth to individuals without personal phones in Malawi

The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits and limitations associated with intermediaries to provide access to and increase utilization of an mHealth intervention amongst people without personal phones in Balaka District, Malawi. A mixed-methods approach was utilized including quantitative data on usage and focus groups and interviews with users and volunteers. Community volunteers equipped with mobile phones served as intermediaries and were critical access points to the service for users without personal phones. However, there were challenges maintaining phones and solar panels, sustaining volunteer motivation and understanding how to use the service. While these strategies had a number of limitations, the majority of users (more than 65%) were individuals without a personal phone, who may not have been able to access the service otherwise. Further research is needed to better understand the resources, strategies and effort needed to sustain access through intermediaries in the long-term.
Suppressing sub-bandgap phonon-polariton heat transfer in near-field thermophotovoltaic devices for waste heat recovery

We consider a near-field thermophotovoltaic device with metal as the emitter and semiconductor as the photovoltaic cell. We show that when the cell is a III-V semiconductor, such as GaSb, parasitic phonon-polariton heat transfer reduces efficiency in the near-field regime, especially when the temperature of the emitter is not high enough. We further propose ways to avoid the phonon-polariton heat transfer by replacing the III-V semiconductor with a non-polar semiconductor such as Ge. Our work provides practical guidance on the design of near-field thermophotovoltaic systems for efficient harvesting of low-quality waste heat.
Charmonium Spectroscopy in $\bar{p}p$ Annihilations

We present a review of results from E760, a resonant charmonium formation experiment in the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator. Experiment E835, a continuation of E760, and its physics goals are also presented.
Responding to the need for faculty development: a survey of U.S. and Canadian dental schools.

The Office of Professional Development at The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center Dental Branch was established in November 1996 in order to meet the professional development needs of the faculty, staff, and administration. Although other dental schools share similar needs, our research revealed no study to determine how dental schools managed their faculty development needs. Therefore, a preliminary survey to collect data about offices similar to ours was developed and sent to the deans of fifty-four U.S. schools including Puerto Rico and ten Canadian schools. Thirty-seven schools (58 percent) responded, and it was determined that five schools (14 percent) had Offices of Professional Development and seven (19 percent) had Offices of Faculty Affairs. Based on these results, an expanded follow-up survey was conducted. The respondents were asked to indicate 1) which entity within the school was primarily responsible for handling faculty development, and 2) which entity actually sponsored each of eighteen faculty development activities. With a response from thirty-three U.S. schools (61 percent) and six Canadian schools (60 percent), six administrative structures (models) for faculty development were identified: 1) Office of Academic Affairs, 2) Departmental Chair, 3) a Faculty Development Committee, 4) an Office of the Dean, 5) an Office of Faculty/Professional Development, and 6) Other Resources.
Metabolism in cancer metastasis

Cancer metabolism has regained substantial research interest over recent years. The focus has been mostly on the primary tumor, while metabolic adjustments during dissemination have been less extensively researched. Deadhesion impairs glucose transport and brings about an ATP deficit that leads to apoptosis. To survive, metastasizing cancer cells need to increase ATP synthesis, which involves mitochondrial activity and is accomplished in part through peroxide signaling. This change in metabolism, associated with cancer spread, is different from the Warburg effect. Therefore it is important to distinguish between the metabolic adjustments in primary tumor cells and those in disseminating tumor cells. In general, it is likely that metabolic responses to environmental cues commonly occur in cell biology.
CROSSING RESONANCES IN A NON-SCALING FFAG

There are many possible applications for the non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS-FFAG): accelerating non-relativistic ions, ion cancer therapy, proton drivers, accelerator driven subcritical reactors, heavy radioactive ions, recirculating linacs, and etc. They are confronted with two significant challenges: first is crossing integer resonances as the tunes vary with energy, and that the required fast acceleration has not yet been achieved in practice. An example of a small 30–250 MeV NS-FFAG proton accelerator is used to study both problems. After an introduction, the second chapter shows theoretical predictions for the emittance blow up from crossing the integer resonances. In the third part, the lattice of the ring is briefly described. The fourth chapter describes the "phase jump" a method for fast proton acceleration, while in the chapter five a six dimensional simulations of acceleration is described, ending with conclusions.
Surgical treatment options in patients with impaired bone quality

Background Bone quality should play an important role in decision-making for orthopaedic treatment options, implant selection, and affect ultimate surgical outcomes. The development of decision-making tools, currently typified by clinical guidelines, is highly dependent on the precise definition of the term(s) and the appropriate design of basic and clinical studies. This review was performed to determine the extent to which the issue of bone quality has been subjected to this type of process.
Action Video Game Players and Vigilance Performance

The current study used a video game-based vigilance task in which participants viewed a dynamic environment filled with objects and elements from a real-world environment. Participants were to detect improvised explosive devices (IEDs) during a “patrol route” through a generic Afghanistan village. There was motivation to compare performance measures between participants who play video games and those who do not due to rising popularity in video game culture and the ubiquitous market on serious games as training platforms. Analysis reveals that action video game players (AVGPs) show significant advantages over non-video game players (NVGPs) as it relates to vigilance performance (i.e. proportion of correct detections, response time, false alarms, etc.). Additionally, workload analysis indicated AVGPs do find certain facets of the task to be demanding (Physical and Mental demand) but overall, AVGPs rate the task lower than NVGPs in terms of total or global perceived workload.
Physical modeling of piers socketed into soft rocks

This paper addresses some fundamental factors that affect the shaft frictional resistance of piers socketed in soft rocks subject to static loading. Constant normal load direct shear tests were conducted on various rock-concrete interfaces consisting of sawtooth asperities with different inclinations. Model piers with smooth and rough surfaces were constructed and pushed into rock sockets using an MTS load frame. The response of those piers was compared to the empirical predictions of Williams and Pells, Rosenberg and Journeaux, and Horvath et al. (A) This paper was presented at the 34th U.S. Symposium on rock mechanics, 27-30 June 1993, University of Wisconsin-Madison. For the covering abstract see IRRD 863389.
Devavanipravesika: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language

Presents the facts of Sanskrit language primarily as they show themselves in use in literature, and only secondarily as they laid down by the native grammarians.
Structural Characterization of Switchgrass Lignin after Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment

Kanlow switchgrass was subjected to aqueous ethanol organosolv pretreatment, and ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) was recovered through precipitation of pretreatment effluents. Ball-milled switchgrass lignin was also isolated from unpretreated and pretreated switchgrass. The obtained switchgrass lignins were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), two-dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results showed that the molecular weight of switchgrass EOL lignin decreased while polydispersity increased. The pretreatment resulted in an increase of free phenolic guaiacyl and syringyl units and a decrease of the β-O-4 linkage content.
Construction of acetate auxotrophs of Neisseria meningitidis to study host-meningococcal endotoxin interactions.

To facilitate studies of the molecular determinants of host-meningococcal lipooligosaccharide (endotoxin) interactions at patho-physiologically relevant endotoxin concentrations (i.e. or =20 x 10(6) Da (peak A) and approximately 1 x 10(6) Da (peak B) from both strains. Lipooligosaccharides in peaks A and B had the same fatty acid composition and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile. 14C-Labeled capsule copurified with (14)C-lipooligosaccharides in peak B from NMBACE1, whereas the other aggregates contained only 14C-lipooligosaccharide. For all aggregates, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14-induced delivery of lipooligosaccharides to endothelial cells and cell activation correlated with disaggregation of lipooligosaccharides. These processes were inhibited by the presence of capsule but unaffected by the size of the aggregates. In contrast, endotoxin activation of cells containing membrane CD14 was unaffected by capsule but diminished when endotoxin was presented in larger aggregates. These findings demonstrate that the physical presentation of lipooligosaccharide, including possible interactions with capsule, affect the ability of meningococcal endotoxin to interact with and activate specific host targets.
Thematic accuracy of the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 land cover for Alaska

Abstract The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 Alaska land cover classification is the first 30-m resolution land cover product available covering the entire state of Alaska. The accuracy assessment of the NLCD 2001 Alaska land cover classification employed a geographically stratified three-stage sampling design to select the reference sample of pixels. Reference land cover class labels were determined via fixed wing aircraft, as the high resolution imagery used for determining the reference land cover classification in the conterminous U.S. was not available for most of Alaska. Overall thematic accuracy for the Alaska NLCD was 76.2% (s.e. 2.8%) at Level II (12 classes evaluated) and 83.9% (s.e. 2.1%) at Level I (6 classes evaluated) when agreement was defined as a match between the map class and either the primary or alternate reference class label. When agreement was defined as a match between the map class and primary reference label only, overall accuracy was 59.4% at Level II and 69.3% at Level I. The majority of classification errors occurred at Level I of the classification hierarchy (i.e., misclassifications were generally to a different Level I class, not to a Level II class within the same Level I class). Classification accuracy was higher for more abundant land cover classes and for pixels located in the interior of homogeneous land cover patches.
Alpha-methylhistamine methylation by histamine methyltransferase.

Enzymatic methylation of histamine and analogues by histamine methyltransferase (HMT) was studied. Incubation of histamine or alpha-methylhistamine with HMT and S-adenosylmethionine was shown by GC-MS to yield tele-methyl and alpha-methyl-tele-methyl-histamine, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the reactions indicated that both substrates exhibited equivalentV max values, but that histamine'sK m was ten-fold lower than that of alphamethylhistamine. these results indicate that alphamethylhistamine can be methylated as effectively as histamine, and may be a useful tool in further studies of HMT.
Expression of Cytokine- and Chemokine-Related Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Lupus Patients by cDNA Array

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by diverse and complex immune abnormalities. In an effort to begin to characterize the full complexity of immune abnormalities, the expression pattern of 375 potentially relevant genes was analyzed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 21 SLE patients and 12 controls by cDNA arrays. When mean gene expression for patients was compared to controls, 50 genes were identified that exhibited more than 2.5-fold difference in expression level. By the Mann-Whitney U test, 20 genes were significantly different (P < 0.05) between patients and controls. Most of these genes have not been previously associated with SLE and belong to a variety of families such as TNF/death receptor, IL-1 cytokine family, and IL-8 and its receptors. Hierarchical clustering of samples and differentially expressed genes revealed that with few exceptions, patients clustered separately from controls. These results highlight the potential use of the microarray data in identifying genes associated with SLE, which could become candidate molecular markers or future therapeutic targets.
A Discussion of Time Transformations and Local Truncation Errors

A review and discussion of several investigations concerning the effect of time transformations on numerical integration errors is given. In particular, the discussion treats the relation between time transformations andlocal truncation errors. Additional numerical results are presented which indicate that time transformations reducelocal truncation errors. The results complement those of other studies, especially the recent studies of Danby, Wong, Velez, and Feagin and Mikkilineni. A Sundman time transformation with avarying exponent is introduced and discussed.
Control of plastid gene expression: 3′ inverted repeats act as mRNA processing and stabilizing elements, but do not terminate transcription

We have examined the function of inverted repeat sequences found at the 3' ends of plastid DNA transcription units in higher plants, using a homologous in vitro transcription extract. The inverted repeat sequences are ineffective as transcription terminators, but serve as efficient RNA processing elements. Synthetic RNAs are processed in a 3'-5' direction by a nuclease activity present in the transcription extract, generating nearly homogeneous 3' ends distal to the inverted repeat sequence. S1 nuclease protection experiments demonstrate that the 3' ends generated in vitro coincide with those found for plastid mRNAs in vivo. RNA molecules possessing inverted repeats near their 3' ends are substantially more stable than control RNAs in the chloroplast extract, and kinetic measurements indicate that each RNA has a unique decay rate. Coupled with previously published information suggesting that the differential accumulation of plastid RNAs during development is effectively controlled by post-transcriptional mechanisms, these results raise the possibility that RNA processing and stability, specifically involving 3' end inverted repeats, are important regulatory features of plastid gene expression.
A 4+3 cycloaddition approach to the synthesis of (+/-)-sterpurene

A synthesis of the sesquiterpene sterpurene is presented. Key steps include a 4+3 cycloaddition reaction and a quasi-Favorskii rearrangement. [reaction--see text]
EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH AXIAL TRANSPORT IN INSULATED OPEN-ENDED GORTER-MELLINK DUCTS

Steady, single-phase transport characterized by high eddy diffusivity in axial direction is a special case of vessel transport phenomena which has not been studied systematically so far. In the present paper, experiments are reported for a Gorter-Mellink duct, at zero net mass flow, covering turbulent eddy transport in cold He4 pressurized beyond its thermodynamic critical pressure above 4 K. Axial transport in vertical direction is induced by gravitational buoyancy. A new phenomenological equation is proposed on the basis of quantum fluid convection postulated originally for He II below the lambda point (Goner and Mellink, 1949). Our data agree reasonably with the equation.