cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrethroids and enhanced inhibition in the hippocampus of the rat.

Abstract The pyrethroid insecticides have been divided into two classes on the basis of their biochemical actions and behavioral indices of toxicity. Both types of pyrethroids have effects on sodium conductance, and Type II pyrethroids have been reported to antagonize γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by interacting with the t -butyl-bicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS)/picrotoxinin binding site. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is equipped with GABAergic recurrent inhibitory circuits. The present experiment was designed to demonstrate dissociation in the biochemistry of pyrethroids by activating the perforant path with pairs of stimulus pulses and monitoring the recurrent inhibition in this circuit. Antagonism of GABA leads to a reduction in inhibition, measured as an increase in the size of the population spike in response to the second pulse of the pair. The GABAergic properties of the pyrethroids were assessed by examining paired pulse inhibition before and after oral treatment with 20 mg/kg of cismethrin (Type I), 20 mg/kg of fenvalerate, or 10 mg/kg of deltamethrin (Type IIs). Input/output ( I/O ) functions revealed a reduction in excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) following cismethrin and deltamethrin. Population spike height was unaffected. Fenvalerate had no effect on I/O functions. In contrast to the prediction of reduced inhibition following treatment with Type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and fenvalerate increased inhibition up to 500 and 150 ms interpulse intervals, respectively. Cismethrin was without effect on paired pulse inhibition. These findings fail to provide evidence of GABA antagonistic properties of Type II pyrethroids and may be best explained by a differential effect of these three pyrethroids on sodium channel kinetics.
Democratic Education in an Era of Town Hall Protests

One central aspect of a healthy democracy is the practice of democratic dissent. For the first time in many years, dissent is being widely practiced in town hall meetings and on street corners acro...
Effects of oral zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels in Ache males of eastern Paraguay.

Significant population variation has been demonstrated in serum leptin levels, independent of adiposity. Included within these populations, Ache males have significantly lower leptin levels compared to American subjects with comparable adiposity. The underlying causes of these differences are not understood but zinc has been shown to be an important regulator of leptin in humans and rodents. Zinc deficiency is associated with somatic wasting and significant declines in circulating leptin levels. Zinc deficiency is common in underdeveloped regions and may therefore contribute to low leptin levels among Ache men. To ascertain the potential role of zinc on Ache male leptin profiles, zinc supplementation was conducted to observe leptin responsiveness. Ache males were given daily oral zinc supplementation (50mg zinc gluconate) (n = 8) or placebo (n = 6) for 10 days. Serum leptin levels were measured on the first and last days of the treatment/placebo period. Despite supplementation exceeding triple the USDA recommended daily requirements, serum leptin levels did not change in the zinc-supplemented group (P = 0.61) and were not significantly different from males receiving placebo (P = 0.72). It is concluded that zinc is not likely to be a contributing factor in male Ache leptin profiles and that other sources of variation such as chronic energetic stresses affecting leptin production and perhaps receptor number or sensitivity should be considered.
Regulation of root hair density by phosphorus availability in Arabidopsis thaliana

We characterized the response of root hair density to phosphorus (P) availability in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis plants were grown aseptically in growth media with varied phosphorus concentrations, ranging from 1 mmol m -3 to 2000 mmol m -3 phosphorus. Root hair density (number of root hairs per mm of root length) was analysed starting at 7 d of growth. Root hair density was highly regulated by phosphorus availability, increasing significantly in roots exposed to low-phosphorus availability. The initial root hairs produced by the radicle were not sensitive to phosphorus availability, but began to respond after 9 d of growth. Root hair density was about five times greater in low phosphorus (1 mmol m -3 ) than in high phosphorus (1000 mmol m -3 ) media. Root hair density decreased logarithmically in response to increasing phosphorus concentrations within that range. Root hair density also increased in response to deficiencies of several other nutrients, but not as strongly as to low phosphorus. Indoleacetic acid (IAA), the auxin transport inhibitor 2(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid (CMPA), the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and the ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) all increased root hair density under high phosphorus but had very little effect under low phosphorus. Low phosphorus significantly changed root anatomy, causing a 9% increase in root diameter, a 31% decrease in the cross-sectional area of individual trichoblasts, a 40% decrease in the cross-sectional area of individual atrichoblasts, and 45% more cortical cells in cross-section. The larger number of cortical cells and smaller epidermal cell size in low phosphorus roots increased the number of trichoblast files from eight to 12. Two-thirds of increased root hair density in low phosphorus roots was caused by increased likelihood of trichoblasts to form hairs, and 33% of the increase was accounted for by changes in low phosphorus root anatomy resulting in an increased number of trichoblast files. These results show that phosphorus availability can fundamentally alter root anatomy, leading to changes in root hair density, which are presumably important for phosphorus acquisition.
RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES: THE COLLEGE BOUND SISTERS PROGRAM

College Bound Sisters (CBS) is a program that helps younger sisters of teenage mothers change their life trajectory by accomplishing three objectives: avoidance of pregnancy, completion of high school, and enrollment in college. Data related to religious activities and accomplishment of the three objectives for 129 members were analyzed using chi square. CBS defines health as the accomplishment of the three program objectives using Norbeck’s theoretical model of social support. The adolescents were divided into three groups: those who became pregnant, dropped out of school, or completed high school. The three groups were compared with regard to the frequency of participating in religious activities. The majority of the CBS adolescents reported participating in weekly religious activities. No significant difference was found among the three groups, with regard to religious activities. However, CBS program participants were more likely than nonparticipants to graduate high school and activities in teenage pregnancy prevention programs are discussed.
Results of surgical treatment for radial tunnel syndrome

We reviewed the outcome of radial nerve decompression in 28 patients with an average 28-month follow-up period. The outcome was determined by both subjective (ie, questionnaire) and objective assessments. Only 11 of the 28 patients (39%) had excellent or good results. However, 64% subjectively assessed their results as excellent or good. Results were worse in patients receiving workers' compensation or who were in litigation. The difference was statistically significant. Although previous studies have found a high rate of good results, we believe that a high rate of morbidity is associated with both the disease and its treatment. Based on our results we suggest that great caution be taken before performing radial tunnel release and strict adherence to the indications noted during the preoperative examination.
Phenomenology of flavor-mediated supersymmetry breaking

The phenomenology of a new economical supersymmetric model that utilizes dynamical supersymmetry breaking and gauge mediation for the generation of the sparticle spectrum and the hierarchy of fermion masses is discussed. Similarities between the communication of supersymmetry breaking through a messenger sector and the generation of flavor using the Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism are exploited, leading to the identification of vector-like messenger fields with FN fields and the messenger U(1) as a flavor symmetry. An immediate consequence is that the first and second generation scalars acquire flavor-dependent masses, but do not violate flavor changing neutral current bounds since their mass scale, consistent with ''effective supersymmetry,'' is of order 10 TeV. We define and advocate a ''minimal flavor-mediated model'' (MFMM), recently introduced in the literature, which successfully accommodates the small flavor-breaking parameters of the standard model using order 1 couplings and ratios of flavon field VEVs. The mediation of supersymmetry breaking occurs via two-loop logarithm-enhanced gauge-mediated contributions, as well as several one-loop and two-loop Yukawa-mediated contributions for which we provide analytical expressions. The MFMM is parametrized by a small set of masses and couplings, with values restricted by several model constraints and experimental data. Full two-loop renormalization group evolution is performed, correctlymore » taking into account the negative two-loop gauge contributions from heavy first and second generations. Electroweak symmetry is radiatively broken with the value of {mu} determined by matching to the Z mass. The weak scale spectrum is generally rather heavy, except for the lightest Higgs boson, the lightest stau, the lightest chargino, the lightest two neutralinos, and of course a very light gravitino. The next-to-lightest sparticle always has a decay length that is larger than the scale of a detector, and is either the lightest stau or the lightest neutralino. Similar to ordinary gauge-mediated models, the best collider search strategies are, respectively, inclusive production of at least one highly ionizing track or events with many taus plus missing energy. In addition, D{sup 0}{r_reversible}D(bar sign){sup 0} mixing is also a generic low energy signal. Finally, the dynamical generation of the neutrino masses is briefly discussed. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.« less
Did Shakespeare Write Double Falsehood? Identifying Individuals by Creating Psychological Signatures With Text Analysis

More than 100 years after Shakespeare’s death, Lewis Theobald published Double Falsehood, a play supposedly sourced from a lost play by Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Since its release, scholars have attempted to determine its true authorship. Using new approaches to language and psychological analysis, we examined Double Falsehood and the works of Theobald, Shakespeare, and Fletcher. Specifically, we created a psychological signature from each author’s language and statistically compared the features of each signature with those of Double Falsehood’s signature. Multiple analytic approaches converged in suggesting that Double Falsehood’s psychological style and content architecture predominantly resemble those of Shakespeare, showing some similarity with Fletcher’s signature and only traces of Theobald’s. Closer inspection revealed that Shakespeare’s influence is most apparent early in the play, whereas Fletcher’s is most apparent in later acts. Double Falsehood has a psychological signature consistent with that expected to be present in the long-lost play The History of Cardenio, cowritten by Shakespeare and Fletcher.
PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMORS

Brain tumors are the most common solid neoplasms in children, second only to the leukemias in their overall frequency among childhood cancers, and are diagnosed in 1500 to 2000 children annually in the United States. 13,50 Although the prognosis for pediatric brain tumors is poorer than for some other childhood cancers, and varies with the specific tumor and age of the child, in general, it is a much better prognosis than for adults with brain tumors. The outlook has improved with recent developments in neuroimaging techniques that facilitate both earlier diagnosis and treatment planning, along with advances in neurosurgical capabilities that permit more aggressive and safer surgical resection, and with better chemotherapy and radiation therapy approaches. 34 As a result of all of these factors, many more children with brain tumors now experience long-term survival. 5 Several problems continue to interfere, however, with the best possible outcomes for children with brain tumors. Because they are relatively rare (the average practitioner is not likely to see more than two or three childhood brain tumors in a career), and their symptoms can mimic many other conditions, the diagnosis of a pediatric brain tumor frequently is delayed because it is not considered early in the differential diagnosis. 1 In addition, because of their relatively small numbers, yearly accrual of individual subtypes of pediatric brain tumors is even smaller, making it more difficult to conduct clinical treatment trials that will increase therapeutic knowledge. Moreover, not all children are referred to university or cancer treatment centers, further restricting the entry into such clinical trials. 15 Finally, radiation therapy, the most effective, current treatment for certain tumors, has a higher degree of toxicity for the young and developing nervous system and a negative influence on the quality of survival of pediatric patients. In some cases, this restricts its use altogether.
Evolution of Class III Homeodomain–Leucine Zipper Genes in Streptophytes

Land plants underwent tremendous evolutionary change following the divergence of the ancestral lineage from algal relatives. Several important developmental innovations appeared as the embryophyte clade diversified, leading to the appearance of new organs and tissue types. To understand how these changes came about, we need to identify the fundamental genetic developmental programs that are responsible for growth, patterning, and differentiation and describe how these programs were modified and elaborated through time to produce novel morphologies. Class III homeodomain–leucine zipper (class III HD–Zip) genes, identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, provide good candidates for basic land plant patterning genes. We show that these genes may have evolved in a common ancestor of land plants and their algal sister group and that the gene family has diversified as land plant lineages have diversified. Phylogenetic analysis, expression data from nonflowering lineages, and evidence from Arabidopsis and other flowering plants indicate that class III HD–Zip genes acquired new functions in sporophyte apical growth, vascular patterning and differentiation, and leaf development. Modification of expression patterns that accompanied diversification of class III HD–Zip genes likely played an important role in the evolution of land plant form.
Global Attitude Estimation using Single Direction Measurements

A deterministic attitude estimator for a rigid body under an attitude dependent potential is studied using small error assumptions. This estimator requires only a single direction measurement to a known reference point at each measurement instant. The measurement cannot completely determine the attitude, but an attitude estimation scheme based on this measurement is developed; a feasible set compatible with the measurement is described and it is combined with an attitude dynamics model to obtain an attitude estimate. The attitude is globally represented by a rotation matrix, and the uncertainties are described by ellipsoidal sets. A numerical example for a spacecraft in a circular orbit is presented.
Relationships between otitis media sequelae and age

Objectives: To explore relationships between age and sequelae in two groups of children treated with tympanostomy tubes for chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Study Design: Cross-sectional study of sequelae among children, adolescents, and adults at 4 years and 9 to 23 years after tympanostomy tube treatment. Methods: Group I was examined with otomicroscopy, tympanometry, and audiometry two to four times a year as part of a prospective study, and they were evaluated 4 years after initial tube treatment for this study. Group II received tubes while participating in a chronic OME study, but participants were not followed prospectively after treatment. Nine to 23 years after tube treatment, they were examined with otomicroscopy, tympanometry, and hearing screening. Results: Among the 5- to 28- year-old subjects, cholesteatoma (≤1%) and perforation (≤2%) were rare. In Group I, tympanosclerosis increased with age (P <.01), and OME (flat tympanograms) decreased with age in Group II (P <.01). The older cohort was more likely to have severe retractions (18% vs. 4%, P = .02), hearing loss (21% vs. 10%, P <.01), and severe atrophy (24% vs. 0%, P <.01) than the younger cohort, but they were less likely to have flat tympanograms (2% vs. 12%, P <.01). Conclusions: Although OME became less prevalent with age, important sequelae (severe atrophy, severe tympanic membrane retraction, hearing loss, cholesteatoma, and chronic perforation) may develop in children with chronic OME as they become adolescents and young adults. Long-term prospective studies are important in defining the progression of sequelae in these children.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Implications for Clinical Practice

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has received significant attention as a means of studying body composition and the relationship of changes in the body's conductive and other electrical properties to changes in body water or its distribution. The application of this technology to the care of patients with nutritional and metabolic disorders is presently under investigation. In this review, a broad overview of recent literature is provided, after the background and rationale for BIA and factors affecting the accuracy of measurements are reviewed.
Effects of Saline Environments on the Survival of Wild Goslings (Branta canadensis)

Abstract Research on ducklings and goslings has demonstrated that young birds hatched in moderate to high saline environments without access to fresh drinking water grow and develop slower, and have increased mortality rates. Most direct saline-induced mortality happens before day 6 of life, after which time the nasal salt glands become functional. At Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge in western Utah, the water available to Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings ranged from brackish to highly saline (3100–25,000+ µS/cm) throughout the summer and differed spatially across the impoundments; no fresh water was available. We followed collar-marked, radio-marked and unmarked broods from hatching to day 15 to determine early survival of all goslings hatched in 1997. Nineteen broods hatched between 25 April and 25 May. We analyzed the relationship between specific conductivity of water and gosling mortality in 1997. The levels of salinity found at the refuge within 15 d after hatching were independent of ...
Thromboxane A2 contributes to the enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback activity in young SHR.

We performed micropuncture studies to determine the role of thromboxane A2 in the exaggerated tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) activity in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Glomerular fun...
Effects of Detergents on Isolated Rat Lymphocyte Plasma Membranes

For several years we have been studying the genetic control of the immune response in inbred rats by immunochemical procedures for assaying antibody and by kinetic analysis of the production of antibody forming cells. These studies have been carried out using a chemically defined synthetic polypeptide antigen poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in high and low responder strains of rats (1). We are now purifying lymphoid cells in order to explore the chemical basis of the genetic control mechanisms by isolating and characterizing the membrane components which may be involved in the interaction with antigen. Since the membrane proteins and glycoproteins are integral components of the liquid crystalline structure of the plasma membrane, their isolation depends upon dissociation from their native semicrystalline environment into a liquid phase suitable for studies of their binding activity, molecular structure and biological function. The methods of dissociation employ certain assumptions about the effects of solubilization on the structure and function of membrane components. Although the various detergents used for isolation of membrane components are classified as anionic, cationic or nonionic, there is no reliable means of predicting the results of solubilization either in terms of the degree of solubilization or with respect to their selectivity for different macromolecules. For this reason, the selection of these agents is based upon empirical results.
Microbial biofilms associated with fluid chemistry and megafaunal colonization at post-eruptive deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Abstract At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, reduced, super-heated hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, oxygenated seawater. This creates temperature and chemical gradients that support chemosynthetic primary production and a biomass-rich community of invertebrates. In late 2005/early 2006 an eruption occurred on the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′N, 104°17′W. Direct observations of the post-eruptive diffuse-flow vents indicated that the earliest colonizers were microbial biofilms. Two cruises in 2006 and 2007 allowed us to monitor and sample the early steps of ecosystem recovery. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of microbial biofilms in relation to the temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids and the observed patterns of megafaunal colonization. The area selected for this study had local seafloor habitats of active diffuse flow (in-flow) interrupted by adjacent habitats with no apparent expulsion of hydrothermal fluids (no-flow). The in-flow habitats were characterized by higher temperatures (1.6–25.2 °C) and H2S concentrations (up to 67.3 µM) than the no-flow habitats, and the microbial biofilms were dominated by chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria. The no-flow habitats had much lower temperatures (1.2–5.2 °C) and H2S concentrations (0.3–2.9 µM), and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the biofilms. Siboglinid tubeworms colonized only in-flow habitats, while they were absent at the no-flow areas, suggesting a correlation between siboglinid tubeworm colonization, active hydrothermal flow, and the composition of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms.
On Philosophy in American Law: The Mechanics of Perfection: Philosophy, Theology, and the Foundations of American Law

Americans have been obsessed about the mechanics of perfectibility. Perfectibility is built into the constitutive documents of the American Republic. The expression of that perfection is Law, and Government provides the means. The mechanics of perfectibility lies in philosophy and theology. Through these mechanics Americans can discern the spirit of perfection - as God or as the genius of the American community made manifest. The essay considers these notions in the context of two cases, Swift v. Tyson (1842) and Erie Railroad Co. v. Tomkins (1938), which provide both the antipodes of American conceptions of the sources and hierarchy of law, and also suggest the mechanics of a mandatory perfectibility in American. But the judge is not the only intermediary between perfection and its expression in law. The essay suggests the way the political branches also seek the role of privileged (and uniquely privileged) intermediaries between the people and perfection. The essay ends with a consideration of the value of the theology of faith and reason in the elaboration of American jurisprudence.
REVISITING MONKEYS ON POTS: A CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATION OF PRIMATE IMAGERY ON CLASSIC LOWLAND MAYA POTTERY

Four species of monkeys may have lived in the Maya region in pre-Columbian times: two howler monkey species, the spider monkey, and possibly the capuchin. Simians also played an important role in Maya creation myth and cosmology, and are frequently represented on Maya pottery and in glyphic texts. Scholars disagree, however, on which monkeys are depicted. Here we provide an analysis of 142 monkey images on 97 pots, focusing especially on Classic-period lowland polychromes. Multiple physical characteristics of the primates are considered, along with cultural traits, to provide appropriate biological and cultural contexts and artistic conventions necessary to their interpretation. Besides the well-known scribal roles (attributed to howlers and “Monkey-Men”), we conclude that monkeys commonly take on pictorial and non-pictorial roles that involve carrying or bringing goods such as tribute or cacao. In contexts of liminality, these creatures are often charged with transcending natural and social realms.
How Come I'm Allowing Strangers to Go Through My Phone? Smartphones and Privacy Expectations.

This study examines the privacy expectations of smart phone users by exploring two specific dimensions to smart phone privacy: participants’ concerns with other people accessing the personal data stored on their smart phones, and applications accessing this data via platform APIs. We interviewed 24 Apple iPhone and Google Android users about their smart phone usage, using Altman’s theory of boundary regulation and Nissenbaum’s theory of contextual integrity to shape our inquiry. We found these theories provided a strong rationale for explaining participants’ privacy expectations, but there were discrepancies between users’ privacy expectations, smart phone usage, and the current information access practices by application developers. We conclude by exploring this “privacy gap” and recommending design improvements to both the platforms and applications to address it.
Incidence of Visualization of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve after Pediatric Tonsillectomy

The objective was to determine the incidence of exposure of the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve during tonsillectomy with a retrospective review of surgical findings in 138 children who underwent total tonsillectomy at a tertiary medical center. Age, sex, surgical indication, tonsil size, congenital abnormalities, operative time, and surgical findings indicating the presence or absence of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the tonsillar fossa were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with z test, t test, and Fisher’s exact test. Thirty-seven nerves were observed in 28 patients, with preponderance for the left fossa (24 of 37 vs 13 of 37; P = .01). In a comparison of children with and without exposed nerves, there was no statistically significant difference in mean age (6.89 vs 7.08; P = .84), proportion of males (14 of 28 vs 54 of 110; P = 1), or proportion of 3 to 4+ tonsils (20 of 28 vs 73 of 110; P = .66). In approximately 20% of children undergoing tonsillectomy, the lateral pharyngeal...
Distribution of Suspended Sediment in the Patuxent River, Maryland during Dredging Operations for Construction of a Pipeline

A trench for emplacement of a natural gas pipeline was excavated by dredging across an estuarine portion of the Patuxent River in southern Maryland. The turbidity of the water was determined by analyzing water samples for total suspended solids before, during and after dredging. The average turbidity during dredging increased a maximum of about two times over its preexisting baseline level. After completion of dredging, turbidity returned to baseline levels in less than three weeks. Estuarine currents in the Patuxent River were not capable of eroding dredge spoil stored in the river itself. These observations indicate that temporary subaqueous storage of spoil during construction in a tidal river can be an environmentally acceptable procedure, with far less potential impact upon the environment than alternatives, such as transportation of spoil off the site for storage or disposal elsewhere.
Sensory Trichites Associated With the Food Canal of Chrysops callidus (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Twelve pairs of putative sensory trichites (= sensilla) in the food canal of Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken are described. Eight paired trichites are located in the distal half of the food canal of all flies in the sample population ( n = 26 females), but paired trichites 9 through 12 were found in variable numbers in the proximal half of the canal. Trichites were more closely spaced in the distal half of the food canal, and more widely spaced in the proximal half of the canal, indicating that monitoring blood flow is more critical in the distal region of the canal. Moreover, trichites were not precisely paired, with mean position for each right wall trichite 1 through 8 being slightly anterior to its counterpart in the left wall. A short, funnel-shaped vestibule was evident at the labrum terminus, opening distally to the outside and proximally into the food canal (the vestibule/food canal junction). There were two pairs of sensilla (one pair of basicone design, the other setiform) observed at the base of the vestibule just anterior to the junction of the vestibule with the food canal. These vestibular sensilla were constant in type, number and position, in every member of the sample population.
Adaptive Echo Cancellation based on Blind Signal Separation

The echo and noise arising in applications such as teleconferencing and free-hand communication seri-ously affect the quality of speech communication system. The contributions of the loud-speaker signals and the background noise to the microphone signals need to be cancelled. In this paper, a method for echo cancellation based on blind signal separation is proposed, which can effectively reduce the influence of echo and noise on the speech signal. During double talk, the near-end speaking signals are accurately recovered from the mixture signals combin-ing noise and echo directly by BSS.
The Charter School Mess, A Messy Systems View

This chapter uses the Jungian framework to examine The Charter School Mess (TCSM) for several reasons. First, the strong differences present in every aspect of the debate between the proponents and critics of charters fall easily into different Jungian quadrants. Second, TCSM and TEM have not been analyzed as a bitter and prolonged struggle between sharply differing psychological worldviews. Third, resolving the innumerable surface policy issues is impossible unless one deals with the underlying psychological issues first. Fourth, the Jungian analyses of some of the many stakeholders in education reveal crucial differences between them that are not easily apparent from other studies. Fifth, these unresolved psychological differences are significant contributors to TEM. The Jungian framework helps us gain deeper insight into the issue of charter schools, why it is currently a mess, but need not be necessarily an irresolvable one.
Biosolid Colloids as Environmental Contaminant Carriers

Abstract The disposal of biosolids through application to agricultural and disturbed lands provides a beneficial soil amendment. Biosolids can increase the organic and nutrient content of soil surfaces, but they often contain inorganic (metals, P(phosphorous)) and organic (pathogenic bacteria and viruses, PCBs) contaminants from industrial and domestic sources. Sorption and filtration by the soil matrix and the formation of stable complexes with the biosolid materials should prevent these contaminants from leaching freely from the soil surface. However their strong association with dispersed and mobilized mineral and organic biocolloid particles can provide an additional pathway for contaminant transport. Biosolid colloid generation and mobilization can be influenced by pH, solution ionic strength, particle size, organic content, and soil macroporosity. The high surface area of colloid particles, their high electronegativity, and surface charge density make them likely carriers of metal cations and other pollutants. This chapter discusses various issues associated with the application to land of biosolid materials—particularly in the form of biocolloids, including the types and sources of health risks, the potential generation of biosolid colloids under different environmental settings, their association with industrial and natural environmental contaminants, transport pathways to surface and groundwater, mechanisms and fates of transported contaminants, potential risks associated with colloid facilitated transport, as well as pollution prevention and remediation strategies. A better understanding of these processes and of the role of colloid particles as potential vectors for contaminant transport can significantly reduce or prevent contamination risks to surface and ground water resources.
A mixed-methods approach to assessing actual risk readership on branded drug websites

Despite FDA requirements that drug benefits and risks be presented in a ‘fair balance’ manner, little is known about the extent to which individuals actually seek and process risk information. Self-report measures of drug risk reading show mixed results. This exploratory study investigates this topic within the context of a branded prescription drug website for a fictional seasonal allergy drug. We use a mixed-methods approach involving eye-tracking, survey and qualitative data. While approximately 80% of participants (N = 29) claimed to have read half or more of the risk information, eye-tracking measures revealed limited to no risk reading when given the opportunity to freely view the site without explicit directions to read risk information. Survey results showed minimal unaided recall and modest aided recall of risks. To gain insight into why participants failed to seek drug risk information, we analyzed retro-active think aloud post-task interviews for potential explanations and looked for expression...
Failure of a systemic lupus erythematosus response index developed from clinical trial data: lessons examined and learned.

BackgroundOur primary goal was to create an outcome change score index similar to a standard rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model utilizing real-world data in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients...
Bacteriostatic Effect of Simvastatin on Selected Oral Streptococci in Vitro.

Context and Objective: Simvastatin is a widely used cholesterol-lowering drug, which has been found to have a number of pleiotropic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of simvastatin against selected oral streptococci as determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Methods: Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sanguis , Streptococcus anginosus , and Streptococcus salivarius were the test microorganisms. The serial dilution method was used to determine the MIC of simvastatin against these organisms. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of simvastatin that completely inhibited growth of the test organisms. Results: The data indicate that simvastatin inhibits the growth of the test organisms, with MIC's ranging from 7.8 to 15.6 μg/ml. Conclusions: Simvastatin has MIC's against the selected bacteria that compare favorably with reported values for topical agents such as essential oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, and triclosan. The levels of simvastatin required to inhibit bacterial growth of oral bacteria exceed the reported levels of the drug found in plasma or crevicular fluid of patients who are treated with this cholesterol-lowering drug. However, clinical studies are warranted to investigate the potential use of simvastatin as a novel antiplaque agent that could be used in local drug delivery to the oral cavity of those patients who are prescribed this cholesterol-lowering drug.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Role of Vascular Endothelial Cells and Implications for Risk Stratification and Targeted Therapeutics.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, and obstetric morbidities in the setting of persistently positive levels of antiphospholipid antibodies measured on 2 different occasions 12 weeks apart. Patients with APS are at increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and valvular heart disease. Vascular endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent complement system activation play a cardinal role in APS pathogenesis. Improved understanding of their pathogenic function could help in the risk stratification of patients with APS and provide new molecular therapeutic targets.
Emotional reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self‐report

Individuals with psychopathic traits often demonstrate blunted reactivity to negative emotional stimuli. However, it is not yet clear whether these individuals also have difficulty regulating their emotional responses to negative stimuli. To address this question, participants with varying levels of psychopathic traits (indexed by the Triarchic Measure of Psychopathy; Patrick, 2010) completed a task in which they passively viewed, increased, or decreased their emotions to negative picture stimuli while electrocortical activity was recorded. During passive viewing of negative images, higher boldness, but not higher disinhibition or meanness, was associated with reduced amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), an ERP that indexes reactivity to emotionally relevant stimuli. However, all participants demonstrated expected enhancement of the LPP when asked to increase their emotional response. Participants did not show expected suppression of the LPP when asked to decrease their emotional response. Contrary to the electrophysiological data, individuals with higher boldness did not self-report experiencing blunted emotional response during passive viewing trials, and they reported experiencing greater emotional reactivity relative to other participants when regulating (e.g., both increasing and decreasing) their emotions. Results suggest inconsistency between physiological and self-report indices of emotion among high-bold individuals during both affective processing and regulation.
Punishment of Adjusting Avoidance Without Exteroceptive Discriminative Stimuli

Rats were trained to respond to avoid a brief electric shock on a schedule of adjusting avoidance. After a stable baseline was established, differential response-contingent shock was superimposed onto the schedule. Although response rates and shock density remained unchanged, rats were able to avoid the punishment shocks. This finding contradicts previous work on the ability of rats to discriminate their position in a schedule of adjusting avoidance.
Evaluating Deliberative Information in the Citizens’ Initiative Review

Theorists’ calls to improve citizens’ policy deliberations by enhancing the quality of the information that forms the basis of those deliberations highlight the question of how to evaluate deliberative information. To address that question, this paper synthesizes numerous standards proposed for evaluating deliberative information into a framework of five broad criteria: credibility, relevance, accessibility, applicability, and validity (“CRAAV”). The paper then demonstrates the use of the framework through an application to the Citizens’ Initiative Review. The results suggest that the CRAAV framework is a valuable resource for assessing deliberative information. In addition, the results underscore the potential of the Citizens’ Initiative Review to improve the quality of information that citizens employ in deliberating about ballot initiatives, by incorporating desirable features of several existing sources of initiative information into a single resource produced by citizens, for citizens.
Plasticity in Olfactory Epithelium: Is It a Sniffer or Shape Shifter?

Precise lineage trajectories and the cellular sources that contribute to regeneration after injury are largely unknown in many tissues. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Gadye et al. (2017) and Lin et al. (2017) show that olfactory epithelial cells transit through unique and unfamiliar paths of differentiation and undergo lineage reversion, respectively, during regeneration.
Intercalibration of Jason-3 advanced microwave radiometer through GPM core and constellation satellite instruments

The advanced microwave radiometer (AMR) is a critical payload on the recently launched Jason-3 mission, designed to provide the electrical range delay of the radar altimeter signal due to tropospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water [1]. The errors in the wet tropospheric path delay measurements have a direct impact on the record of global mean sea level (GMSL) and could lead to uncertainty in derived trends if spurious drifts in the radiometer are not accounted for. Therefore, it is imperative to quantify and correct radiometer calibration drift, enabling producing of a high-quality stable record of wet tropospheric path delay for use in the development of GMSL.
Cooperative Alliances and Competitive Strategies in Small Manufacturing Firms

This study extends existing work in the area of interorganizational relationships by exploring the interaction between the strategic posture of small firms and their propensity to form cooperative ...
Washington State Retail Marijuana Legalization: Parent and Adolescent Preferences for Marijuana Messages in a Sample of Low-Income Families.

Objective:As legalization of nonmedical retail marijuana increases, states are implementing public health campaigns designed to prevent increases in youth marijuana use. This study investigated whi...
Mercury: A Messaging Framework for Modular UI Components

In recent years, the entity--component--system pattern has become a fundamental feature of the software architectures of game-development environments such as Unity and Unreal, which are used extensively in developing 3D user interfaces. In these systems, UI components typically respond to events, requiring programmers to write application-specific callback functions. In some cases, components are organized in a hierarchy that is used to propagate events among vertically connected components. When components need to communicate horizontally, programmers must connect those components manually and register/unregister events as needed. Moreover, events and callback signatures may be incompatible, making modular UIs cumbersome to build and share within or across applications. To address these problems, we introduce a messaging framework, Mercury, to facilitate communication among components. We provide an overview of Mercury, outline its underlying protocol and how it propagates messages to responders using relay nodes, describe a reference implementation in Unity, and present example systems built using Mercury to explain its advantages.
Effective viscosity of a dilute emulsion of spherical drops containing soluble surfactant

The effective viscosity of a dilute emulsion of spherical drops containing a soluble surfactant is calculated under a linear creeping flow. It is assumed that convection of surfactant is small relative to diffusion, and thus the Peclet number, Pe, is small. We calculate the effective viscosity of the emulsion to $\mathcal {O}(Pe\phi \mu )$ , where ϕ is the small volume fraction of the dispersed drops and μ is the viscosity of the surfactant-free suspending fluid. This $\mathcal {O}(Pe\phi \mu )$ contribution is a sensitive function of the bulk and interfacial surfactant transport. Specifically, soluble surfactant molecules diffuse from the bulk to the interface and then adsorb to the interface. The ratio of the time scale for bulk diffusion to the time scale for adsorption to the interface is quantified by a Damkohler number, Da. The adsorption of surfactant to the interface may cause a significant decrease in the bulk concentration, which is known as depletion. The impact of depletion is characterized by two parameters: h, which is a dimensionless depletion depth; and k, which is the ratio of the desorption time scale to the adsorption time scale. We analytically determine how the $\mathcal {O}(Pe\phi \mu )$ contribution to the effective viscosity depends on h, k, and Da. Surprisingly, for certain regimes in the h − k − Da parameter space, we predict the effective viscosity of the emulsion to be greater than Einstein’s result for the viscosity of a suspension of rigid spheres. Large Marangoni stresses driven by convective transport of soluble surfactant molecules are responsible for this result.
Palliative Care’s Impact on Utilization and Costs: Implications for Health Services Research and Policy

The fundamental ethos of palliative care and hospice services is to improve quality of life and quality of care for those with serious and chronic illnesses as well as those approaching their death. The clinical innovators in hospice and palliative care—starting with Cicely Saunders herself—responded to the unmet needs of patients, focusing on the relief of suffering and creating the ability to provide for a “good death” when death is inevitable and imminent. The sole motivation of these innovators has been to reduce pain and suffering, and to cease futile interventions that create more burden than benefit for the patient. Because palliative care and hospice improve quality and meet the top priority needs of patients and families, receipt of these services prevents crises, leading to fewer 911 calls, ED visits, and hospitalizations and reduced costs. This chapter reviews the evidence on the impact of palliative care and hospice on healthcare spending.
Chapter 6 Analysis of protein structure by circular dichroism spectroscopy

Abstract Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a sensitive analytical tool for assessing protein structure. It can detect changes in both the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, as well as provide information regarding prosthetic groups, bound ligands and co-factors. The origin of circular dichroism in proteins is described and various applications of CD spectroscopy to the study of protein structure, function, and folding is discussed.
Continuous Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization Systems

Until recently all data other than temperature and pressure on emulsion polymerization systems were obtained almost exclusively through manual, off-line analysis of monomer conversion, emulsifier concentration, particle size, molecular weight, etc. Recent interest in closed-loop control of both batch and continuous emulsion polymerizations has resulted in the development of a number of sensors capable of continuously monitoring the states of an emulsion polymerization system. These sensors provide a continuous (or frequently-updated discrete) electronic signal which is compatible with state-of-the-art digital data acquisition and control systems.
5.11 Membrane Recruitment of Signaling Domains

Recruitment of signaling proteins to membranes plays an important role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. Direct physical interactions with membranes often involve recognition of rare phospholipid ligands including phosphoinositides and are mediated by folded membrane binding domains as well as natively unfolded polypeptide motifs. This chapter explores membrane binding modalities and recruitment mechanisms from structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic perspectives. In vitro , in silico , and cell-based analyses of membrane recruitment are also discussed, with representative examples of how the various biophysical methods have been applied.
E1 and E2 Strength in 32s Observed with Polarized Proton Capture

The polarized proton capture reaction is a very powerful tool for studying the giant El resonance as well as M1 and E2 strength in nuclei. The reaction matrix elements for radiative capture can be studied thoroughly if not only the angular distributions, σ(θ), but also the analyzing powers, A(θ), of the emitted photons are observed.