cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Patient–Provider Relationship in Chronic Pain Management: Where Do We Go From Here?

Ask any clinician which patients he or she considers the most difficult to manage, and odds are patients with chronic pain will top the list. Anecdotal reports abound detailing the challenges such patients pose for providers. The limited published research in patient–provider communication in chronic pain care corroborates these anecdotal reports, telling of adversarial, unproductive clinic visits, often characterized by competing demands between patients and providers [1], struggles for dominance and control [2], and mutual lack of trust [3]. Research has described a “burdened physician–patient relationship”[4] and power struggles between patients with chronic pain and their providers [2,5]. Such problematic relationships pose significant challenges for providers, who have described caring for patients with pain as a “thankless” task, in which they are “confronted with failure” every day [5]. In managing patients with fibromyalgia, physicians described interactions as time-consuming, demanding, and emotionally challenging [4]. In a VA study, 73% of providers surveyed considered caring for patients with chronic pain a “major source of frustration”[6]. Patients, too, feel the relational strain prevalent in chronic pain care. In one study, female patients with chronic pain described actively working to establish credibility with their physicians, characterizing their interactions as “strenuous,”“complicated,” and “heavy.”[3] Patients may experience stress, depression, anxiety, and feelings of alienation when PCPs do not believe their pain complaints or when they perceive that they have not received adequate information about their condition and its treatment [5,7,8]. Staiger et al. found that when patients with back pain disagreed with their physicians about the cause of their pain, or the recommended diagnostic and treatment plans, patients reported decreased satisfaction with care …
RNA Recognition Motif 2 of Yeast Pab1p Is Required for Its Functional Interaction with Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G

The eukaryotic mRNA 3′ poly(A) tail and its associated poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1p) are important regulators of gene expression. One role for this complex in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is in translation initiation through an interaction with a 115-amino-acid region of the translation initiation factor eIF4G. The eIF4G-interacting domain of Pab1p was mapped to its second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) in an in vitro binding assay. Moreover, RRM2 of Pab1p was required for poly(A) tail-dependent translation in yeast extracts. An analysis of a site-directed Pab1p mutation which bound to eIF4G but did not stimulate translation of uncapped, polyadenylated mRNA suggested additional Pab1p-dependent events during translation initiation. These results support the model that the association of RRM2 of yeast Pab1p with eIF4G is a prerequisite for the poly(A) tail to stimulate the translation of mRNA in vitro.
Transplantation of β cells from transgenic mice into nude athymic diabetic rats restores glucose regulation

Abstract We have shown that elevated plasma d -glucose levels in experimentally-induced diabetic nude athymic rats can be reduced by intraperitoneal transplantation of microcarrier-attached insulin producing β cells from the mouse pancreatic β cell line, β TC-1. The reduction in the level of hyperglycemia was observed as early as two days following cell transplantation and was associated with a concomitant increase in plasma insulin levels. β TC-1 cell transplanted diabetic rats had plasma d -glucose levels similar to those found in non-diabetic control animals and remained normoglycemic throughout the 39 day experimental period. The β TC-1 cell transplanted diabetic rats also had near normalization of body weight, food and water intake and of urine output when compared to control diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Similarly, they exhibited improved blood glucose clearance following intravenous d -glucose administration. These results suggest that β TC-1 cells regulate d -glucose homeostasis following transplantation into diabetic rat recipients in a manner similar to that of endogenous pancreatic β cells.
Is the onset of senescence in leaf cells of intact plants due to low or high sugar levels

This review examines the hypotheses that developmental programmed cell death in leaves is mediated (i) by sugar starvation in the leaf cells or (ii) by sugar accumulation in these cells. Experimental evidence for both hypotheses is critically discussed and found to be lacking. For example, some papers show that sugars prevent senescence of cut leaves placed in darkness, and prevent low sugar levels in the leaves. In these tests, the sugars seem to replace photosynthesis, hence the results have little relevance to leaf senescence in intact plants in the light. Low nitrogen nutrition and high light results in earlier senescence than the low nitrogen treatment alone. This is accompanied by high sugar levels in the leaves. The results have led to the idea that accumulation of sugars is the cause of the additional effect, or more generally, that sugar accumulation is always the direct cause of leaf senescence. Results from over-expressing, or knocking out, hexokinase genes tend to support the high sugar hypothesis, but pleiotropic effects confound this conclusion. In addition, several experiments show the effects of treatments on senescence without the increase in leaf sugar levels. Nonetheless, sugar levels are usually measured in whole leaves. Such an overall level does not reflect the differences in the onset of senescence between tissues and cells, and can therefore not be used as an argument for or against either of the two hypotheses. It is argued that future work should determine the time line of the concentrations of various sugars in various cells and cellular compartments, in relation to senescence processes in the same cells. Taken together, the data are not decisive. It is possible that neither of the two hypotheses is correct.
Structural differences between soluble and membrane bound cytochrome P450s

The superfamily of cytochrome P450s forms a large class of heme monooxygenases with more than 13,000 enzymes represented in organisms from all biological kingdoms. Despite impressive variability in sizes, sequences, location, and function, all cytochrome P450s from various organisms have very similar tertiary structures within the same fold. Here we show that systematic comparison of all available X-ray structures of cytochrome P450s reveals the presence of two distinct structural classes of cytochrome P450s. For all membrane bound enzymes, except the CYP51 family, the beta-domain and the A-propionate heme side chain are shifted towards the proximal side of the heme plane, which may result in an increase of the volume of the substrate binding pocket and an opening of a potential channel for the substrate access and/or product escape directly into the membrane. This structural feature is also observed in several soluble cytochrome P450s, such as CYP108, CYP151, and CYP158A2, which catalyze transformations of bulky substrates. Alternatively, both beta-domains and the A-propionate side chains in the soluble isozymes extend towards the distal site of the heme. This difference between the structures of soluble and membrane bound cytochrome P450s can be rationalized through the presence of several amino acid inserts in the latter class which are involved in direct interactions with the membrane, namely the F'- and G'-helices. Molecular dynamics using the most abundant human cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, incorporated into a model POPC bilayer reveals the facile conservation of a substrate access channel, directed into the membrane between the B-C loop and the beta domain, and the closure of the peripheral substrate access channel directed through the B-C loop. This is in contrast to the case when the same simulation is run in buffer, where no such channel closing occurs. Taken together, these results reveal a key structural difference between membrane bound and soluble cytochrome P450s with important functional implications induced by the lipid bilayer.
Units of Intonation in Discourse: A Comparison of Acoustic and Auditory Analyses

Measurements were made of the correspondence between acoustic (declination) units and auditory (intonation) units in American English conversation in an attempt to relate these two levels of description. The results showed that 99% of the acoustic unit boundaries coincided with auditory unit boundaries, indicating that the acoustic cues of F0 reset, pause, and speaker change used in defining the acoustic units were perceived, verifying the validity of both types of analyses. However, the units differed in scope, with many more auditory units occurring than acoustic units. This result suggests that the common practice of assuming the 'intonational phrase' to be the primary domain of prosodic phenomena such as declination does not adequately account for our data of larger periods of speech. Both acoustic and auditory analysis are needed for a satisfactory description of intonation. The establishment of a methodological connecting link between the acoustic and auditory dimensions suggests that further comparisons of such different data types may yield guidelines for regularizing the relationship between the two levels.
Hybrid Patient-Dependent Phantoms Covering Statistical Distributions of Body Morphometry in the U.S. Adult and Pediatric Population

Hybrid computational phantoms offer unique advantages for the construction of diverse anthropomorphic models. In this paper, a methodology is presented for the construction of patient-dependent phantoms built around anthropometric distributions of the U.S. adult and pediatric populations. The methodology relies on the flexibility of hybrid phantoms to match target anthropometric parameters as determined from National Center for Health Statistics databases. Target parameters as defined in this paper include the primary parameters such as standing height, sitting height, and total body mass; and secondary parameters such as waist, buttocks, arm, and thigh circumference. As a demonstration of this methodology, the UF hybrid adult male (UFHADM) and UF hybrid 10-year-old female (UFH10F) were selected as representative anchor phantoms for this study and were subsequently remodeled to create 25 different adult male and 15 different pediatric female patient-dependent phantoms. The phantoms were evaluated based on appearance and internal organ masses. Aesthetically, the phantoms appear correct and display characteristics of a diverse population including variability in body shape and standing/sitting height. Organ masses display several general trends, including a gradual increase with both standing height and subject weight. Selected organ masses from the UFHADM series were also compared with published correlations taken from a 2001 French-based autopsy study. The organ masses were located well within the statistical deviation presented in the autopsy study and followed similar trends when correlated with both standing height and body mass index.
Effectiveness of Biobrane for treatment of partial-thickness burns in children

Purpose Wound care for partial-thickness burns should alleviate pain, decrease hospital length of stay, and be readily applied to a variety of wounds. The effectiveness of Biobrane (UDL Laboratories, Rockford, IL) is compared with that of Beta Glucan Collagen (BGC; Brennan Medical, St. Paul, MN) in a retrospective cohort study.
The relationship between perceived e-service quality and brand equity

Using the data collected from the online banking users in Taiwan, we build a hierarchical model of e-banking service quality and investigate the relationships among e-service quality, trust, satisfaction, loyalty, and brand equity. Moreover, the simultaneous equations system approach is also applied to transfer the traditional satisfaction-loyalty path into the simultaneous relationships between trust and loyalty, and between satisfaction and loyalty. As the structural form coefficients demonstrate the direct relations between our research constructs, the reduced form estimates further disclose the total impacts of the quality of e-banking service on trust, satisfaction, loyalty, and brand equity, respectively. The results indicate that the perceived quality formed through interaction with an online banking service positively affects customer trust and satisfaction, which in turn influence loyalty and brand equity. The significant simultaneous relationships between trust and loyalty, and between satisfaction and loyalty, are confirmed by our data, implying that these relationships must be determined simultaneously, rather than sequentially. We build a hierarchical and multidimensional model of e-banking service quality.Simultaneous equations system is developed and is estimated by OLS, 2SLS, and 3SLS.Quality of E-banking service has positive effects on trust and satisfaction.Trust and satisfaction significantly affect loyalty, which influence brand equity.Simultaneous relationships are confirmed among satisfaction, trust, and loyalty.
Distinct Roles of Cytoskeletal Components in Immunological Synapse Formation and Directed Secretion

A hallmark of CD4+ T cell activation and immunological synapse (IS) formation is the migration of the microtubule organization center and associated organelles toward the APCs. In this study, we found that when murine CD4+ T cells were treated with a microtubule-destabilizing agent (vinblastine) after the formation of IS, the microtubule organization center dispersed and all of the major cellular organelles moved away from the IS. Cytokines were no longer directed toward the synapse but were randomly secreted in quantities similar to those seen in synaptic secretion. However, if the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted at the same time with cytochalasin D, the organelles did not shift away from the IS. These findings suggest that there is a complex interplay between the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton, where microtubules are important for directing particular cytokines into the synapse, but they are not involved in the amount of cytokines that are produced for at least 1 h after IS formation. In addition, we found that they play a critical role in mobilizing organelles to reorient toward the synapse during T cell activation and in stabilizing organelles against the force that is generated through actin polymerization so that they move toward the APCs. These findings show that there is a complex interplay between these major cytoskeletal components during synapse formation and maintenance.
Geometric Patterns, Light and Shade: Quantifying Aperture Ratio and Pattern Resolution in the Performance of Shading Screens

This research focuses on the application and performance assessment of geometric patterns as shading screens and shows how the geometric patterns can function as a design agency, an environmental control system, and a cultural element. We begin with a brief review of the underlying rules of creating two-dimensional geometric patterns, and then look at how these patterns evolve as three-dimensional shading screens in buildings. We next discuss a predictive model for translating complex patterns to simple patterns concerning their perforation ratio, granularity, and morphology. This is followed by an experimental and simulation study for measuring the daylighting performance of some simple shading screens. The result of this phase assesses the agreement among experimental and numerical studies. Finally, we evaluate the performance of a screen inspired by a Persian pattern.
Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Shoulder

The shoulder frequently is affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), often resulting in musculoskeletal dysfunction. The primary purpose of this article is to provide the clinician with an in-depth look at the pathological factors and treatment of RA as it affects the shoulder. The review includes sections on pathological factors, radiology, morbidity, clinical manifestations, and both conservative and surgical management. The secondary purpose of this article is to acquaint the clinician with some of the other rheumatic diseases in which shoulder dysfunction may occur. I hope that the presentation of management principles will stimulate discussion and interest regarding the scientific rationale for the treatment of musculoskeletal manifestations of RA.
Live 4D optical coherence tomography for early embryonic mouse cardiac phenotyping

Studying embryonic mouse development is important for our understanding of normal human embryogenesis and the underlying causes of congenital defects. Our research focuses on imaging early development in the mouse embryo to specifically understand cardiovascular development using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We have previously developed imaging approaches that combine static embryo culture, OCT imaging and advanced image processing to visualize the whole live mouse embryos and obtain 4D (3D+time) cardiodynamic datasets with cellular resolution. Here, we present the study of using 4D OCT for dynamic imaging of early embryonic heart in live mouse embryos to assess mutant cardiac phenotypes during development, including a cardiac looping defect. Our results indicate that the live 4D OCT imaging approach is an efficient phenotyping tool that can reveal structural and functional cardiac defects at very early stages. Further studies integrating live embryonic cardiodynamic phenotyping with molecular and genetic approaches in mouse mutants will help to elucidate the underlying signaling defects.
Image Guided Radiation Therapy Using Synthetic Computed Tomography Images in Brain Cancer.

Purpose The development of synthetic computed tomography (CT) (synCT) derived from magnetic resonance (MR) images supports MR-only treatment planning. We evaluated the accuracy of synCT and synCT-generated digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) relative to CT and determined their performance for image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Methods and Materials Magnetic resonance simulation (MR-SIM) and CT simulation (CT-SIM) images were acquired of an anthropomorphic skull phantom and 12 patient brain cancer cases. SynCTs were generated using fluid attenuation inversion recovery, ultrashort echo time, and Dixon data sets through a voxel-based weighted summation of 5 tissue classifications. The DRRs were generated from the phantom synCT, and geometric fidelity was assessed relative to CT-generated DRRs through bounding box and landmark analysis. An offline retrospective analysis was conducted to register cone beam CTs (n=34) to synCTs and CTs using automated rigid registration in the treatment planning system. Planar MV and KV images (n=37) were rigidly registered to synCT and CT DRRs using an in-house script. Planar and volumetric registration reproducibility was assessed and margin differences were characterized by the van Herk formalism. Results Bounding box and landmark analysis of phantom synCT DRRs were within 1 mm of CT DRRs. Absolute planar registration shift differences ranged from 0.0 to 0.7 mm for phantom DRRs on all treatment platforms and from 0.0 to 0.4 mm for volumetric registrations. For patient planar registrations, the mean shift differences were 0.4 ± 0.5 mm (range, −0.6 to 1.6 mm), 0.0 ± 0.5 mm (range, −0.9 to 1.2 mm), and 0.1 ± 0.3 mm (range, −0.7 to 0.6 mm) for the superior-inferior (S-I), left-right (L-R), and anterior-posterior (A-P) axes, respectively. The mean shift differences in volumetric registrations were 0.6 ± 0.4 mm (range, −0.2 to 1.6 mm), 0.2 ± 0.4 mm (range, −0.3 to 1.2 mm), and 0.2 ± 0.3 mm (range, −0.2 to 1.2 mm) for the S-I, L-R, and A-P axes, respectively. The CT-SIM and synCT derived margins were Conclusion DRRs generated by synCT were in close agreement with CT-SIM. Planar and volumetric image registrations to synCT-derived targets were comparable with CT for phantom and patients. This validation is the next step toward MR-only planning for the brain.
How Does Professional Development Improve Teaching

Professional development programs are based on different theories of how students learn and different theories of how teachers learn. Reviewers often sort programs according to design features such as program duration, intensity, or the use of specific techniques such as coaches or online lessons, but these categories do not illuminate the programs’ underlying purpose or premises about teaching and teacher learning. This review sorts programs according to their underlying theories of action, which include (a) a main idea that teachers should learn and (b) a strategy for helping teachers enact that idea within their own ongoing systems of practice. Using rigorous research design standards, the review identifies 28 studies. Because studies differ in multiple ways, the review presents program effects graphically rather than statistically. Visual patterns suggest that many popular design features are not associated with program effectiveness. Furthermore, different main ideas are not differentially effective....
Trends in Health Care Utilization Among Adults With Serious Psychological Distress: 2003–2014

Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess trends in health care utilization among adults with serious psychological distress (SPD) from 2003 to 2014 and compare utilization patterns between adults with and without SPD.Methods:The study sample came from the 2003–2014 National Health Interview Survey series. SPD was measured by the six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Logistic regressions were performed to test the overall trends in health care utilization stratified by SPD status. Postestimation methods were used to obtain predicted changes in the percentages of adults with and without SPD who utilized health care services.Results:Adjusted analyses showed that from 2003 through 2014, the percentage of adults with four or more outpatient office visits per year decreased by .4% each year among adults without SPD and by .5% among adults with SPD. The percentage of adults with a hospital admission each year decreased by .1% among adults without SPD and .3% among adults with SPD. The percentag...
Planning Urban Foodscapes

First paragraph: One of the most exciting new areas of planning and development involves innovative strategies to reintegrate food production and distribution into our communities. Agricultural Urbanism, edited by senior planners at HB Lanarc, a Vancouver-based planning and design firm, is a collection of planning, policy, and design concepts to do just that. The book outlines a program — a manifesto, really — for "building a place around food" (p. 9). This requires rethinking the role of food in cities, transforming the messy elements of food production and processing functions that have been relegated to the "back of the house" to the "front of the house," and making food systems visible in communities so that people become reconnected to the sources of their food and better understand the nature of food production. In describing the contours of agricultural urbanism, the authors ambitiously discuss the whole gamut of the food system, including food access, the food economy, infrastructure, education, place-making, policy, and environmental protection....
Development and prospect of adaptive fault-tolerant control

Some new progress and its representative works appear in adaptive fault-tolerant control.Firstly,the connotation of adaptive fault-tolerant control is clarified,and then adaptive fault-tolerant control is divided into four categories:adaptive fault-tolerant control based on fault parameters estimations,adaptive fault-tolerant control based on approximate models,adaptive fault-tolerant control based on multi-mode switching and tuning,and direct adaptive fault-tolerant control.Especially,model reference adaptive fault-tolerant control is discussed separately.Finally,some challenging issues in this area are proposed.
Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in normal and uremic subjects.

The pharmacokinetics of the 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid derivative, cefazolin, has been studied in normal subjects and in uremic patients after single and multiple intramuscular doses. In most cases serum concentration and cumulative urinary excretion data were successfully fitted to equations appropriate to the pharmacokinetic one-compartment open madel with first-order absorption and elimination. In normal subjects cefazolin gave maximum serum concentrations of 30 to 50 fLg per milliliter 1 hour after a single 500 mg injection with a serum half-life of about 2 hours. Higher serum levels were obtained after identical doses to uremic subjects, and serum half-lives increased with decreasing renal function. The apparent distribution volume of cefazolin was slightly greater in uremic subjects and was proportional to the decrease in serum protein binding. Urine concentrations were higher in normal than in uremic subjects but were consistently above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIG) for most organisms in both groups. Pharmacokinetic parameters were little affected by multiple dosing in normal subjects, but there was some evidence of enzyme induction. Good linear correlations were obtained between the elimination rate constant, serum and renal clearance, and creatinine clearance, and also between the logarithms of the amount of drug eliminated unchanged and creatinine clearance. It is proposed that the observed relationships may be used for adjustment of dosage regimens in cases of renal failure.
Examining ideation processes in online invited spaces

Governments use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in various ways to include the public into decision-making processes, and online public participation is one of the participatory activities included in open government plans. Using data from comments posted on an online deliberative platform initiated by a municipal government, this paper explores how ideation naturally emerged in the deliberation process and examines the role of participants in each stage of the ideation process. We identified five dimensions in the ideation process: idea proposal, idea reception, idea development, idea closure, and idea implementation. In the online forum that we examined, the comments referred to idea reception, idea development, and idea closure. We found that the dimensions and patterns of ideation were related to the level of controversy of particular issues. More specifically, when we examined the ideation processes by level of idea controversy, we observed that more disagreements led to more activity in stage I of idea development (informing, commentary, and clarifying). We also identified nine different roles performed by participants: supporting, disagreeing, informing, clarifying, commentary, arguing, expanding, wrapping, and mobilizing. This paper concludes with lessons for the design and implementation of online public participation processes.
Establishing the need for nutrition education: I. Methodology

Developmental and data collection phases for a comprehensive needs assessment project designed to provide baseline data for planning a statewide nutrition education and training project are summarized. To meet project objectives, 97 Kansas elementary schools were selected randomly as sampling units. A mail questionnaire was used to assess nutrition knowledge and attitudes and dietary and nutrition education practices of elementary teachers and food service personnel. Data from fifth grade students were collected on-site at each school. A written test was used to measure students' nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Students' nutritional status was partially assessed by measuring their height, weight, skinfold thickness, and upper arm circumference. As an additional assessment, 24-hour dietary recall interviews were conducted with a random sample of the students. In this article, each aspect of the data collection methodology is described in detail. As emphasized by authorities in the field, more complete information is needed in many nutrition survey reports to assist in useful interpretations and for comparisons among studies.
Consumption Based Asset Pricing Adjusting for Measurement Error in Consumption

This paper presents a modification to the testable Euler equation in the form of an adjustment term due to additive measurement error in consumption data. The error in consumption data has the potential to magnify the equity premium puzzle in a CRRA framework and including the adjustment term leads to a reduction in the estimated risk aversion coefficient. The paper also empirically estimates a ballpark figure for the variance of measurement error and demonstrates a significant resolution of the puzzle by including measurement error in the model.
Benefit of mechanical bowel preparation prior to elective colorectal surgery: current insights.

Background Back in the 1970s, the administration of oral antibiotics combined with mechanical bowel preparation prior to colorectal surgery was considered standard procedure and adopted widely. Subsequent evidence suggested that bowel cleansing was unnecessary, even harmful, and hence was abandoned. Most recent evidence, however, suggests that full preparation significantly improves a spectrum of colectomy-specific postoperative outcomes.
Influence of resin on delamination

Publisher Summary Delamination resistance in laminated fibre-reinforced composites can be increased by improving the fracture toughness and reducing the interlaminar stresses. Both of these aims can generally be achieved by improving constituents and modifying laminate construction. Delamination is basically a matrix-dominated phenomenon; therefore, this chapter focuses on improving the delamination resistance of composites by utilizing tougher/ductile resin systems. Improvement in the resin toughness has been found, in general, to enhance the interlaminar fracture performance of composite materials. The use of tougher resins to enhance the mode I toughness of composites does not translate to a comparable improvement in mode II toughness; rather it results in a decrease in the ratio of mode II and mode I composite toughness. On the other hand, it appears that there is, in general, an increase in the mode III composite toughness, as well as in the ratio of mode III and mode I composite toughness, from an increase in mode I composite toughness by the use of tougher/ductile resins.
Just the Facts Ma’Am": How Military Appellate Courts Rely on Factual Sufficiency Review to Overturn Sexual Assault Cases When Victims are "Incapacitated"

This article contends that since sufficient protections are now in place in the military justice system, the military courts of criminal appeals no longer require factual sufficiency review authority to protect an accused tried by courts-martial, and furthermore, military criminal courts of appeals should have the same standard of review as other federal criminal courts, that is, a conviction should be tested for legal sufficiency.
“Keeping It Real”: The Relational Effects of Trauma Among African American Women and Their Substance Abuse Treatment Counselors:

African American women experience disproportionately high rates of trauma. Interpersonal forms of trauma often make it much more difficult for trauma survivors to initiate and maintain positive, healthy relationships with others. This study examined the kinds of relationships women with extensive histories of trauma and substance had with their substance abuse treatment counselors and the characteristics that they believe contributed to connected and disconnected client-counselor relationships. Using the case study method, 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with African American women. Data analysis revealed three primary kinds of relationships women had with their substance abuse treatment counselors: reparative, damaging, and transactional. Eighteen (69%) of the 26 women had reparative relationships with their counselors. Reparative relationships had two primary characteristics: empowering and mattering. Two (8%) of the 26 women had damaging relationships with their substance abuse treatment counselors. Damaging relationships had two primary characteristics: unimportant and untrustworthy. Six of the women (23%) had transactional relationships with their substance abuse treatment counselors. Transactional relationships were task-focused and superficial. Healing from interpersonal experiences of trauma is possible only within the context of trusting relationships. Substance abuse treatment counselors have an opportunity to help African American women with histories of trauma heal and recover. Creating positive, therapeutic relationships between clients and professionals is essential.
Ethanol alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor regulation in the hippocampus of adolescent rats

Our laboratory and others have shown that ethanol disrupts hippocampus-associated memory formation in adolescent rats, but the signaling pathway involved remains largely unknown. Phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, particularly the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), has been implicated in several ethanol effects and in memory formation. The present study investigated the effects of repeated ethanol exposure on the phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit and src protein in the hippocampus of adolescent rats. Rats were treated daily with ethanol or vehicle for 5 consecutive days and sacrificed at several time points after the last treatment. At 30 min postethanol treatment, levels of phosphorylated NR2B and src were significantly elevated; this was the same postethanol time point when adolescent rats showed impairments in their performance of memory tasks. Peak increases in both phosphorylated levels of NR2B and src were seen around 1 h post-treatment, after which levels of both phosphoproteins started to decline. Together, these data suggest that the time-dependent increase in hippocampal phosphorylated NR2B and src levels following repeated ethanol exposure may be responsible for hippocampus-associated memory impairments in adolescent rats.
Evolutionary Theory and Education

Evolution has resulted in a hierarchy of evolved, or primary, cognitive domains. These domains are designed to process information about other people, the flora and fauna in the local ecology, and the physical environment. Included among the associated competencies are language, the ability to interpret facial expressions, folk biology (e.g., knowledge of the behavior of other animals), and the ability to navigate in the physical world. The skeletal structure of these competencies appears to be universal and inborn and is fleshed out as children play, interact with other people, and explore the environment. In modern society, the development of primary abilities, while necessary, is not sufficient for social and economic success in adulthood. In these societies, people must also acquire a host of cognitive competencies that have not evolved. These nonevolved, or secondary, competencies include reading, writing, and much of mathematics. The acquisition of secondary competencies requires adapting primary systems for tasks for which they are not designed. The associated activities (e.g., direct instruction) appear to be very different from the activities (e.g., play) that foster the acquisition of primary abilities. Schooling thus involves the society-wide organization of children's activities, such that they learn competencies that would not otherwise emerge.
Hymenopterous parasitoids of pecan leafminers.

Thirty-seven hymenopterous parasitoids, representing the families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, and Eupelmidae were reared from the larvae and pupae of each of the pecan leafminers Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae), and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Six of the parasitoids were secondary or hyperparasitoids, 10 were gregarious parasitoids and 4 were multiple parasitoids. Parasitoid exuviae and meconium in the host mine were useful diagnostic characteristics for distinguishing parasitoid species.
Pheromones of three ambrosia beetles in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex: ratios and preferences

Three cryptic species in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex were reared in laboratory colonies and investigated for the presence of pheromones. Collections of volatiles from combinations of diet, fungus, beetles, and galleries from polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp. #1) revealed the presence of 2-heneicosanone and 2-tricosanone only in the presence of beetles, regardless of sex. Subsequent examination of volatiles from the other two species, tea shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp. #2) and Kuroshio shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp. #5), revealed these two ketones were present in all three species but in different ratios. In dual choice olfactometer behavioral bioassays, mature mated females were strongly attracted to a synthetic binary blend of ketones matching their own natural ratios. However, females in each species were repelled by ketone blends in ratios corresponding to the other two species. Males of each species responded similarly to females when presented with ratios matching their own or the other two species. The presence of these compounds in the three beetle species, in ratios unique to each species, and their strong species-specific attraction and repellency, suggests they are pheromones. The ecological function of these pheromones is discussed. In addition to the pheromones, the previously known attractant (1S,4R)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (also known as quercivorol) was discovered in the presence of the fungal symbionts, but not in association with the beetles. Quercivorol was tested in a dual-choice olfactometer and was strongly attractive to all three species. This evidence suggests quercivorol functions as a kairomone for members of the E. fornicatus species complex, likely produced by the symbiotic fungi.
Discrete Mathematics Is Essential Mathematics in a 21st Century School Curriculum

In this chapter we discuss discrete mathematics in the school curriculum. We make the case, based on many years of curriculum research and design, that discrete mathematics is essential in a modern, robust school mathematics curriculum, and that five broad problem types emerge as ways to organize the diversity of discrete mathematics contexts that are important and appropriate for the curriculum—enumeration, sequential change, relationships among a finite number of elements, information processing, and fair decision-making. In this chapter, these five problem types are briefly described and three classroom examples are provided. Subsequent chapters in this volume provide additional analysis, research, and more classroom examples.
Success of Antiviral Therapy Involves Cooperative Immune Responses

Because of the close coupling of the replication of animal viruses and host cell functions, successful antiviral therapy has demanded agents specifically directed against virus infected cells. In addition, the spread of virus within an infected individual involves a wide variety of cells in which antiviral drugs may or may not act with similar efficacy. Recent studies (1) have demonstrated that host defense to viral infection involves a multitiered series of interrelated, but yet independent responses, which act on virus infected cells as well as on extracellular virus to diminish spread of the agent within the host. Various host defenses act both at the portal of entry and in the target organs with relative efficacy which differs from one virus to another -- or even between strains. In addition to local action of IgA antibody and macrophages, systemic IgM and IgG antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms come into play, together with thymus-derived lymphocyte cytotoxicity and lymphoidne production. Such host factors are clearly critical in dictating the pathogenesis of infection of any particular virus. The proper function of all of these events obviously depends on a complex series of host biosynthetic and differentiation steps.
Stones: MET for distal ureteral calculi: not all stones are created equal.

Results of two large randomized controlled trials have challenged the use of medical expulsive therapy for the management of ureteral calculi. A new trial now shows that tamsulosin is effective in patients with distal calculi >5 mm in size, demonstrating that the effectiveness of MET depends on stone size and location.
Procedures for the Maintenance and Generalization of Achieved Behavioral Change

Procedures for the maintenance and generalization of achieved behavioral change in anti-social adolescents are reviewed. A review of follow-up studies which provides the rationale for the incorporation of such procedures in practice is initially elaborated. Specific items discussed are possible avenues to the maintenance and generalization of behavior: social networks, peers, and parents; training socially relevant behaviors; changing the conditions of training; gradually removing or fading the contingencies; delayed reinforcement; and self control procedures. Throughout the manuscript relevant case illustrations are reviewed. 1 Preparation of this manuscript was facilitated through funding from U.S.P.H. S. research grant MH 18813 and MH 21905 awarded by the National Institute of Mental Health, Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency and University of Maryland and University of Georgia Graduate School Faculty Research Awards.
Ultrasmall particles of CdSe and CdS formed in Nafion by an ion-dilution technique

The transition of semiconductor chalcogenides from molecular CdX (X = Se, S) to bulk material has been observed in Nafion, a cation-exchange membrane. The two-phase structure of Nafion, consisting of a hydrophobic region and ionic clusters, has been utilized to form ultrasmall particles of CdS/Se by using a technique analogous to an inverted micelle microemulsion method, where the Cd ion/ionomer cluster ratio is controlled by diluting the cadmium-exchange solution with an inert ion (Ca{sup 2+}). The absorption onset for the cadmium chalcogenides formed ban be tuned over a range of more than 3.5 eV by varying the Cd{sup 2+}Ca{sup 2+} ratio in the solution used to exchange the acidic form of the ionomer membrane.
Extremity nevus count is an independent risk factor for basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, but not squamous cell carcinoma

Background The presence of nevi portends an increased risk for melanoma. Objective We sought to examine the association between extremity nevus count and the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers. Methods We evaluated prospective cohorts of 176,317 women (the Nurses' Health Study, 1986-2012 and the Nurses' Health Study 2, 1989-2013) and 32,383 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986-2012). Information on nevus count (none, 1-5, 6-14, ≥15) on the extremity was collected at baseline. Results There were 1704 incident cases of melanoma, 2296 incident cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and 30,457 incident cases of basal cell carcinoma, with a total of 4,655,043 person-years for melanoma and 4,267,708 person-years for keratinocyte cancers. The presence of an extremity nevus was associated with an increased risk of melanoma in all anatomic areas and increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Individuals with ≥15 nevi had the highest risk of melanoma and BCC compared to those without any extremity nevi (melanoma hazard ratio 2.79 [95% confidence interval 2.04-3.83]; BCC HR 1.40 [95% confidence interval 1.32-1.49]). No significant association was observed for squamous cell carcinoma. Limitations Limitations of our study included self-reported nevus count and detection bias. Conclusions Extremity nevus count is a helpful clinical marker in risk-stratifying individuals for BCC and melanoma on all body sites.
Therapeutic Recreation in Korea

From 1993–2008, the field of TR in Korea grew rapidly both in quality and the quantity of education and training programs. However, since 2008, the field of therapeutic recreation in Korea appears to be gradually declining. The decline appears to be related to the premature administration of a certification system before the establishment of proper academic and educational systems. Producing certified, but not qualified TR specialists in today’s competitive health care market may have made both the general public and medical professionals in Korea question the validity of the profession. One of the needed but challenging tasks for TR professionals in Korea is the development of appropriate academic education and training systems at a college and university level that would produce qualified TR professionals. Subscribe to TRJ
The Short-Term Effect of Whey Compared with Pea Protein on Appetite, Food Intake, and Energy Expenditure in Young and Older Men

Background Diets higher in protein have been reported to improve age-related changes in body composition via increased energy expenditure, shifts in substrate oxidation (SO), and decreased appetite. However, how protein source (e.g., animal compared with plant protein) affects energy expenditure, appetite, and food intake as we age is unknown. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein source as part of a high-protein breakfast on appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation in young men (YM) compared with older men (OM). Methods This study used a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, with a 1-wk washout period between testing days. Fifteen YM (mean ± SD age: 25.2 ± 2.8 y) and 15 OM (67.7 ± 4.5 y), healthy adults, participated in the study. Participants arrived fasted and consumed an isocaloric, volume-matched, high-protein (40-g) test beverage made with either an animal [whey protein isolate (WPI)] or plant [pea protein isolate (PPI)] protein isolate source. Markers of appetite and energy expenditure were determined at baseline and over 4 h postprandial. Results There was a significant effect of time, age, and protein source on appetite (P < 0.05). There was no effect of protein source on plasma markers of appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and SO. After controlling for body weight, OM had decreased energy expenditure (P < 0.05) and lower fat oxidation (P < 0.001) compared with YM. Conclusions This study indicates that a high-protein breakfast containing WPI or PPI exerts comparable effects on appetite, energy expenditure, and 24-h energy intake in both young and older healthy adult men.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03399812.
Geographic variation in public interest about amyloidosis in the United States and English speaking countries.

Systemic amyloidosis – which causes organ dysfunction by extracellular deposition of misfolded protein fibrils into various organs – is substantially underdiagnosed. Recent breakthroughs in highly ...
Acupuncture for Migraine: a Review of the Data and Clinical Insights

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss the current evidence for acupuncture in migraine and to provide insight into which patients may benefit most from acupuncture. Recent findings Multiple studies support acupuncture as a validated modality for the prevention of episodic migraine. While small studies on acupuncture for the prevention of chronic migraine are encouraging, evidence for its benefit is limited. Likewise, the existing studies on acupuncture for acute migraine treatment are insufficient. Acupuncture is commonly used to treat migraine and has gained popularity as a validated non-pharmaceutical option. Although the specific mechanisms of acupuncture are not clearly understood, there is evidence for its effectiveness in treating migraine. Results of acupuncture studies are quite variable and depend on multiple factors, including frequency, duration, and consistency of treatments, as well as acupoint selection. A better understanding of the flaws inherent in acupuncture research will help guide the development of future studies.