cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with time under quarantine for swine herds in the voluntary phase of the Illinois pseudorabies eradication program

The association of herd characteristics and intervention strategies with time under quarantine was evaluated for 163 farrow-to-finish swine herds enrolled in the voluntary phase (1986–1987) of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) eradication program in the state of Illinois (USA). Vaccination was the intervention strategy used most widely (69% of herds), particularly in larger herds. Depopulation was used primarily when PRV seroprevalence was high, and test-and-removal when seroprevalence was low. Approximately 50% of the herds were released from quarantine within 3 years of developing a herd clean-up plan. Multiple regression analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model indicated the following. Vaccination had a strong association with a longer time until release from quarantine (P<0.001). This is attributed to the lack of a vaccine differential test during this time, which made diagnosis of natural infection more difficult. Offspring segragation was associated with a longer time under quarantine (all herds: P=0.05; non-vaccinated herds: P=0.004). Delay in implementation of a herd clean-up plan was also associated with longer time under quarantine (all herds: P=0.012; non-vaccinated herds: P<0.001). Herds with higher seroprevalence at the time of agreement to a herd plan required a longer time under quarantine (all herds: P<0.001). This result was apparent for non-vaccinated herds (P=0.001), and thus is not merely a consequence of vaccination. Herds in areas with a high geographic density of quarantined herds required a longer time before release from quarantine (all herds: P=0.003), although this trend was not apparent for non-vaccinated herds (P=0.39). After taking PRV seroprevalence into account, there was no apparent association of time under quarantine with sow herd size (all herds: P=0.057; non-vaccinated herds: P=0.81) or confinement housing (all herds: P=0.19; non-vaccinated herds: P=0.91).
Flight Simulator Performance of Younger and Older Aircraft Pilots: Effects of Age and Alcohol

Objective: To determine if older pilots forgot more about a learned flight task after a 10-month delay than did younger pilots and if the anticipated greater skill loss led older pilots' performance to be more disrupted by alcohol. Design: Repeated measures comparative group design examining the effects of alcohol versus placebo in two age groups (younger and older) and at two timepoints: acute intoxication, at a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.10%, and 8 hours post-drink. Setting: University medical center research laboratory. Subjects: Fourteen younger (mean age = 27; SD = 4.21; range 21–34) and 13 older (mean age = 60; SD = 6.27; range 51–69) pilots, recruited from local flying clubs, with current FAA medical certificates. Methods: We examined the effects of alcohol versus placebo in the two age groups and at two times, ie, acute intoxication (target BAC 0.10%) and 8-hour post-drink. Subjects flew a Frasca 141 simulator in a flight task that they had previously learned but not practiced for several months. After completing a baseline flight, pilots were tested during either an alcohol or a placebo condition at the two timepoints. The main outcome measure was a composite measure of flight performance based upon the mean of eight component standardized scores from different aspects of the flight task. Results: We found detrimental effects of alcohol on the main outcome measure both at the acute and 8-hour post-drink testing. There was also no significant difference between the older and younger pilots' performance of the flight task or in susceptibility to alcohol either while intoxicated or during hangover. Conclusions: This study replicates the findings of earlier studies that an 8-hour waiting period from “Bottle-to-Throttle” is insufficient but finds little difference according to age in recollection of a previously learned task or in susceptibility to either acute or hangover effects of alcohol.
Interrater agreement for reviews for Developmental Review

Abstract Reviewer reliability is examined for the first 2 years of operation of Developmental Review . Using the statistic, Finn's r , summary recommendations on publishability are shown to be higher in reliability than previously reported for other journals. Separate rating scales are shown to be less reliable than summary recommendations. Finn's r is compared with the intraclass correlation coefficient and shown to be a better method for examining reviewer agreement across different journals. Potential causes of high reviewer agreement for Developmental Review are discussed, and the importance of the distinction between reliability and validity of reviews is noted.
Cytochalasin B: its action on glucose-induced electrical and metabolic responses in rat pancreatic islets.

Abstract Cytochalasin B was found to inhibit both glucose-induced spike activity and glucose utilization in isolated rat pancreatic islets under conditions previously shown to increase insulin release (Lacy, P.E., Klein N.J. and Fink. C.J. (1973) Endocrinology 92, 1458–1468). However, cytochalasin B did not prevent the depolarization of islet cells caused by high glucose. The results indicate that neither glycolysis nor spike activity are necessary events leading to insulin release.
Individual Growth Curves of Frequency of Sexual Intercourse Among Urban, Adolescent, African American Youth : Results from the CHAMP Basic Study

Summary In the current study we examined individual growth curves of frequency of sexual intercourse among a sample of urban, low-income, African American youth at increased risk for subsequent HIV/AIDS exposure. Three waves of longitudinal data from the Collaborative HIV-Prevention AdolescentMental Health (CHAMP) project were utilized. Participant ages ranged from 9 to 12 years (M = 11 years) at the first interview wave and from 15 to 19 years (M = 18 years) at the final interview wave. As such, we were able to map out true developmental trajectories of sexual intercourse over a 10-year period of adolescence (spanning ages 9 to 19 years). Results indicate that the average study participant was sexually abstinent (in terms of intercourse) during the pre-teen years, reported a single episode of sexual intercourse between ages 14 and 15, and by age 19, reported between 3 and 10 episodes of sexual intercourse. Significant variability in the acceleration of growth rates (as captured by a quadratic random effe...
Electron acceptor behavior of 9-phenylxanthenium carbocation singlet

The fluorescence of 9-phenylxanthenium carbocation is efficiently quenched by aromatics, predominantly by a charge transfer mechanism in which the carbocation acts as an acceptor. The electron transfer nature of the quenching is established by laser flash photolytic observation of long-lived aromatic radical cations and 9-phenylxanthenyl radical in microsecond time regimes.
Sm-Nd dating of spatially controlled domains of garnet single crystals: a new method of high-temperature thermochronology

Ganguly and Tirone [Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36 (2001) 167^175] recently presented a method of determining the cooling rates of rocks from the difference between the core and bulk ages of a crystal, as determined by a single decay system. Here we present the first application of the method using the core and bulk ages of garnet single crystals, according to the Sm^Nd decay system, in two rock samples with contrasting cooling rates, which can be constrained independently. The samples belong to the metamorphic core complex, Valhalla, British Columbia, and the mid-crustal magmatic arc exposure of the Salinian terrane, California. We have micro-sampled the garnet crystals over specific radial dimensions, and measured the Nd isotopes of these small sample masses, as NdO þ via solid source mass spectrometry, to determine the Sm^Nd age difference between the core and bulk crystals. Using a peak metamorphic P^T condition of 8 > 1 kbar, 820 > 30‡C [Spear and Parrish, J. Petrol. 37 (1996) 733^765], the core (67.3 > 2.3 Ma) and bulk (60.9 > 2.1 Ma) ages of the British Columbian garnet sample yield a cooling rate of 2^13‡C/Myr, which is in very good agreement with the cooling rates that we have derived by modeling the retrograde Fe^Mg zoning in the same garnet, and assuming the same peak metamorphic P^T condition. Considering earlier cooling rate data derived from closure temperature vs. age relation of multiple geochronological systems [Spear and Parrish, J. Petrol. 37 (1996) 733^ 765], a cooling rate of V15^20‡C/Myr seems most reasonable for the Valhalla complex. Diffusion kinetic analysis shows that the Sm^Nd core age of the selected garnet crystal could not have been disturbed during cooling. Consequently, the core age of the garnet crystal, 67.3 > 2.3 Ma, corresponds to the peak metamorphic age of the Valhalla complex. The Salinian sample, on the other hand, yields indistinguishable core (78.2 > 2.7 Ma) and bulk (77.9 > 2.9 Ma) ages, as expected from its fast cooling history, which can be constrained by the results of earlier studies. The Sm^Nd decay system in garnet has relatively high closure temperature (usually s 650‡C); therefore, the technique developed in this paper fills an important gap in thermochronology, since the commonly used thermochronometers are applicable only at lower temperatures. Simultaneous modeling of the retrograde Fe^Mg zoning in garnet, spatially resolved Sm^Nd ages of garnet single crystals, and resetting of the bulk garnet Sm^Nd age
Inactivation of the dual Bmp/Wnt inhibitor Sostdc1 enhances pancreatic islet function

Current endeavors in the type 2 diabetes (T2D) field include gaining a better understanding of extracellular signaling pathways that regulate pancreatic islet function. Recent data suggest that both Bmp and Wnt pathways are operative in pancreatic islets and play a positive role in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Our laboratory found the dual Bmp and Wnt antagonist Sostdc1 to be upregulated in a mouse model of islet dysmorphogenesis and nonimmune-mediated lean diabetes. Because Bmp signaling has been proposed to enhance β-cell function, we evaluated the role of Sostdc1 in adult islet function using animals in which Sostdc1 was globally deleted. While Sostdc1-null animals exhibited no pancreas development phenotype, a subset of mutants exhibited enhanced insulin secretion and improved glucose homeostasis compared with control animals after 12-wk exposure to high-fat diet. Loss of Sostdc1 in the setting of metabolic stress results in altered expression of Bmp-responsive genes in islets but did not affect expression of Wnt target genes, suggesting that Sostdc1 primarily regulates the Bmp pathway in the murine pancreas. Furthermore, our data indicate that removal of Sostdc1 enhances the downregulation of the closely related Bmp inhibitors Ctgf and Gremlin in islets after 8-wk exposure to high-fat diet. These data imply that Sostdc1 regulates expression of these inhibitors and provide a means by which Sostdc1-null animals show enhanced insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Our studies provide insights into Bmp pathway regulation in the endocrine pancreas and reveal new avenues for improving β-cell function under metabolic stress.
Characterization and growth of oxide films

Abstract Surface-analytical techniques are useful to characterize oxide films and to study growth processes on metals and semiconductors. This paper will summarize work at the National Research Council of Canada on the high temperature oxidation of nickel, chromium, FeCrAl alloys (with and without yttrium additions), β-NiAl and silicon. The application of secondary ion mass spectrometry, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy is emphasized. Also considered is the thermal oxidation of III–V semiconductors, indium phosphide and gallium arsenide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides additional useful information on the chemical composition of the oxides. The often complementary information provided by the various techniques leads to (i) a better understanding of oxidation processes and of oxide growth mechanisms on an atomic scale, (ii) interfacial segregation phenomena, and (iii) the role of reactive elements like yttrium in modifying transport processes in oxides.
Evaluation of daytime measurements of aerosols and water vapor made by an operational Raman lidar over the Southern Great Plains

Raman lidar water vapor and aerosol extinction profiles acquired during the daytime over the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in northern Oklahoma (36.606 N, 97.50 W, 315 m) are evaluated using profiles measured by in situ and remote sensing instruments deployed during the May 2003 Aerosol Intensive Operations Period (IOP). The automated algorithms used to derive these profiles from the Raman lidar data were first modified to reduce the adverse effects associated with a general loss of sensitivity of the Raman lidar since early 2002. The Raman lidar water vapor measurements, which are calibrated to match precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from coincident microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements were, on average, 5-10% (0.3-0.6 g/m(exp 3) higher than the other measurements. Some of this difference is due to out-of-date line parameters that were subsequently updated in the MWR PWV retrievals. The Raman lidar aerosol extinction measurements were, on average, about 0.03 km(exp -1) higher than aerosol measurements derived from airborne Sun photometer measurements of aerosol optical thickness and in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and absorption. This bias, which was about 50% of the mean aerosol extinction measured during this IOP, decreased to about 10% when aerosol extinction comparisons were restricted to aerosol extinction values larger than 0.15 km(exp -1). The lidar measurements of the aerosol extinction/backscatter ratio and airborne Sun photometer measurements of the aerosol optical thickness were used along with in situ measurements of the aerosol size distribution to retrieve estimates of the aerosol single scattering albedo (omega(sub o)) and the effective complex refractive index. Retrieved values of omega(sub o) ranged from (0.91-0.98) and were in generally good agreement with omega(sub o) derived from airborne in situ measurements of scattering and absorption. Elevated aerosol layers located between about 2.6 and 3.6 km were observed by the Raman lidar on May 25 and May 27. The airborne measurements and lidar retrievals indicated that these layers, which were likely smoke produced by Siberian forest fires, were primarily composed of relatively large particles (r(sub eff) approximately 0.23 micrometers), and that the layers were relatively nonabsorbing (omega(sub o) approximately 0.96-0.98). Preliminary results show that major modifications that were made to the Raman lidar system during 2004 have dramatically improved the sensitivity in the aerosol and water vapor channels and reduced random errors in the aerosol scattering ratio and water vapor retrievals by an order of magnitude.
In vitro uptake of a new cholesteryl carborane ester compound by human glioma cell lines.

Abstract The cellular uptake and retention of a new cholesteryl carborane ester compound, cholesteryl 1,12‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaboranel‐carboxylate (BCH), by two human glioma cell lines, glioblastoma multiforme SF‐763 and SF‐767, was evaluated. BCH, which is an extremely hydrophobic compound, was formulated into liposomes and incubated with two human glioma tumor cell lines and one human normal neuron cell line. The amount of BCH uptake by the cells was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of BCH concentration in the culture medium and the incubation time on the cellular uptake of BCH were studied. In addition, BCH uptake by tumor cells was examined in the presence and absence of lipoprotein in the culture medium. It was found that the amount of BCH taken by the glioma cell lines was much more (up to 14 times) than that by the normal neuron cell line. The cellular uptake of BCH was related to the amount of BCH in the medium as well as the incubation time. The cellular uptake of BCH by SF‐763 and SF‐767 cells after 16 h of incubation was 283.3 ± 38.9 and 264.0 ± 36.5 μg boron/g cells, respectively. The majority of BCH taken up in tumor cells was retained after the subsequent incubation. In the presence of lipoprotein, the cellular uptake of BCH by SF‐767 tumor cells was about four times as much as that in the absence of lipoprotein. In conclusion, the cellular uptake of BCH by glioma cells was about 14 times higher than by normal neuron cells. The uptake in glioma cells was up to 10 times higher than that required for successful cancer treatment and BCH was well retained in the tumor cells. Lipoprotein seemed to have an important role in the BCH uptake by glioma cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:13–19, 2004
ACP Journal Club. Concurrent PPIs and antibiotics for incident C. difficile infection were associated with increased risk for recurrent infection.

Source Citation Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, Fonda JR, Hermos JA. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:772-8. 20458084
Inorganic nanoparticle-based ionic liquid lubricants

Abstract This work deals with the tribological properties of recently described mixtures of nanoparticles (NPs) and ionic liquids (ILs), specifically mixtures of SiO 2 (silica) nanoparticles and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (trifluoromethysulfony)imide. Friction force profiles, kinetic friction coefficients, friction traces, rheological properties, and wear behavior of these mixtures were compared with that of the pristine ionic liquids at various concentrations of nanoparticles for a tribo-pair of stainless steel ball and a steel surface. It was shown that NP concentration significantly influences the tribological properties of the NP-IL mixtures: the friction coefficient for the optimum NP concentration (0.05 wt%) was ~35% less than that for high NP concentrations (>3 wt%) and 25% less than that for low NP concentrations (
Z - the 95% program editor

Recently much attention has been focused on structure-oriented program editors that have specific knowledge about the syntax and semantics of a particular programming language [1, 4, 5, 18]. These editors provide many desirable features for editing programs. However, the user interface is constrained by the syntax and semantics of the target language, and editing operations that are simple in a text editor can be quite complicated in a structure-oriented editor. In addition, the user has an editor that is limited to a single language and must use a different editor for text editing. Existing implementations of structure-oriented editors use a parse-tree representation for a program along with a supporting lexical analyzer, parser, and pretty-printer; this representation significantly complicates the implementation of an editor.We believe that the most natural representation of programs is text and that the editor should be able to take advantage of the same visual cues that programmers use to understand their programs. With a text-oriented model of program structure, the editor is both a program editor and a document editor. As a program editor it provides features to support many different programming languages, such as LISP, APL, PASCAL, and BLISS. As a document editor it provides basic word-processing functions such as text justification and spelling correction. A text orientation considerably simplifies the design of the editor and presents the user with a simple but powerful model of program structure. This paper describes a text-oriented display editor called Z. Z is the production editor in the Yale Computer Science Department.
Chronicity of The Eosinophilia—Myalgia Syndrome

Objective. To define the natural history and outcome of eosinophilia—myalgia syndrome (EMS) among a cohort of patients followed up at one center since the onset of their disease. Methods. Fifty-seven patients with well-characterized EMS were evaluated prospectively at a university hospital for 21—64 months (mean 36 months). Results. Eighty-eight percent of the patients continue to have symptomatic disease with >3 clinical manifestations. Fatigue (91%), muscle cramping (75%), myalgia (70%), paresthesias with objectively demonstrated hypesthesias (62%), articular symptoms (54%), scleroderma-like skin changes (44%), and proximal muscle weakness (40%) are the most common features of chronic EMS. New findings identified among this cohort include cognitive symptoms in 86% of the study group, tremor, and myoclonus. Conclusion. The recognition of new manifestations in EMS and ongoing clinical disease in 88% of patients highlights the chronic nature of this disorder. Continued prospective followup of a large patient base is warranted to further define the natural history of this newly recognized illness.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Chemstrips for Detection of Blood Residues on Prehistoric Stone Tools

Abstract Research on chemstrip tests for the detection of blood residues on prehistoric stone tools from the Middle Atlantic region of eastern North America indicates that false positive reactions can be caused by naturally occurring soil constituents, such as manganese oxide. Control tests of soils, pebbles and gravels are recommended before application of chemstrip tests.
Diastereo- and enantioselective dearomatization of rhenium-bound naphthalenes.

Dihapto-coordinated naphthalene complexes of the form TpRe(CO)(L)(η2-naphthalene) (L = PMe3, pyridine, or 1-methylimidazole) undergo electrophilic addition with dimethoxymethane and with various Michael acceptors to generate 1H-naphthalenium species. These naphthalenium complexes undergo intra- or intermolecular nucleophilic addition reactions with stabilized enolates, silyl ketene acetals, or enols to form the corresponding dihydronaphthalene complexes. Oxidative decomplexation generates the free dihydronaphthalene. When a resolved form of the rhenium dearomatization agent is used, these reactions can be performed enantioselectively. DFT calculations provide a useful guide in explaining the observed stereochemistry. Depending on reaction conditions, a Michael−Michael ring-closure sequence (MIMIRC) or a net [2 + 4] cycloaddition with the bound naphthalene is also observed, and the corresponding tricyclic molecules can be removed from the metal in high yield.
Aerobic, phenol-induced TCE degradation in completely mixed, continuous-culture reactors

BothPseudomonas putida F1 and a mixed culture were used to study TCE degradation in continuous culture under aerobic, non-methanotrophic conditions. TCE mass balance studies were performed with continuous culture reactors to determine the total percent removed in the reactors, and to quantify the percent removed by air stripping and biodegradation. Adsorption of TCE to biomass was assumed to be negligible. This research demonstrated the feasibility of treating TCE-contaminated water under aerobic, non-methanotrophic conditions with a mixed-culture, continuous-flow system.
Determination of the ODF of Hexagonal Symmetry Materials According to the Maximum Entropy Method

The maximum entropy method (MEM) was applied to the determination of orientation distribution functions (ODF) of hexagonal materials. It shows that the ODF determination may be treated as a standard problem of the MEM. Two examples, which confirm the preferable applicability of this method and the reliability of its results, are presented.
Determining the optimal time frame for multisensor track correlation

Conventional algorithms for track association (termed "correlation" by convention) employ algorithms which are applied to all sensor tracks at a specific time. The overall value of sensor networks for data fusion is closely tied to the reliability of correct association of common objects tracked by the sensors. Multisensor architectures consisting of gaps in target coverage requires that tracks must be propagated substantially forward or backward to a common time for correlation. This naturally gives rise to the question: at which time should track correlation be performed? In the conventional approach, a two-sensor correlation problem would be solved by propagating the first sensor's tracks forward to the update time (current time) of the tracks from the second sensor. We question this approach by showing simulation results that indicate that the current time can be the worst time to correlate. In addition, a methodology for calculating the approximate optimal correlation time for linear-Gaussian tracking problems is provided.
Using a training survey to move mountains and blaze trails

What do you do when the attendance in all of your workshops drops to fifty percent? This is not a sudden drop. It is something that you notice has been happening over several semesters. These are workshops that you have been offering for years.Does that mean that you have saturated the campus? Or, are your workshops old and out dated? You have been revamping them to the new versions of software, but has that been enough?Are you meeting the training needs that people are expecting? What are those training needs? Are those training needs what you thought they were? Are you offering workshops at the right time? Should you be offering evening and Saturday workshops?These are all questions our department, Instructional Services at the University of Kansas, found ourselves asking about the workshops that we offered. Our unit not only provides workshops on a variety of computing and information literacy topics, we also provide Deskside Coaching sessions and Custom Training for computer support.We created an in-depth survey that we shared with faculty, staff, and students. We asked them to help identify their computing and information literacy training needs, as well as provide feedback regarding the quality of the services we provide.In this presentation, we will share our results and how we changed our workshop structure.
Influence of celestial light on visual and olfactory behavior of seed chalcids (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

When the alfalfa [Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky)], clover [Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)], and trefoil seed chaldds (TSC) [Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)] were exposed to yellow, white, green, and purple painted polyethylene vials perforated by four small holes, only the latter species had a color preference, and that was for yellow, the color of its host flower. When TSC were exposed to green and yellow targets 5 h after sunrise, they preferred yellow targets but not 1 h after sunrise. The possibility of a circadian response was eliminated because different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the test did not change the results. When TSC were exposed only to yellow targets, half of which had trefoil flowers hidden within, females preferred targets with flowers. When an identical test was conducted but with green instead of yellow targets, the preference for targets with flowers disappeared. In a four-choice test, TSC preferred yellow targets with or without flowers to green targets with or without flowers. Thus, TSC displayed an olfactory response only when the color yellow was present. In unfiltered skylight females preferred baited targets when the test began 3 h before or 1 h after solar noon but not 4 h before or 2 h after solar noon. Chalcids did display an olfactory preference 4 h before solar noon when a Polaroid filter was used to filter skylight and provide an east-west but not a north-south E-vector. When Helmholtz coils were used to apply a magnetic field that canceled or changed the direction of the earth's magnetic field, olfactory preference disappeared because the applied magnetic field changed TSC perception of the E-vector. In effect, TSC must perceive yellow in the presence of an east-west E-vector to display an olfactory preference to a choice of odors. We believe this is the first report that the E-vector of celestial light can influence olfactory and visual behavior of an insect.
Studies on the regulation of ornithine decar☐ylase activity by the microtubules: The effect of colchicine and vinblastine

Abstract Colchicine and vinblastine in micromolar concentrations inhibit the activity of ornithine decar☐ylase (E.C.4.1.1.17) (ODC), of mouse leukemia L1210 cells, which has been stimulated by dilution of the cells with fresh medium and serum. The colchicine analogues, lumicolchicine and colchiceine, which do not affect microtubular strcuture, do not inhibit ODC activity even at 10 −4 M. However, it appears that disruption of the microtubular structure is not in itself enough to inhibit ODC activity but that one or more additional temperature dependent steps are involved. We propose that the microtubule system is one of a series of components which regulates ODC activity.
Magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B films analyzed by Lorentz microscopy

Abstract A JEOL4000EX microscope operated in the Lorentz mode was used to analyze the magnetic structure in pulsed laser deposited films. The films consist of grains of 20 nm with Nd2Fe14B as the hardmagnetic phase. The thickness of the grain boundary is between 1 and 2 nm. Most domains follow the grain boundaries, some, however, seem to intrude the grains. The influence of film thickness on the magnetic properties is emphasized. An increase of film thickness from 100 nm to 200 nm leads to a decrease in domain size from 500 nm to 100 nm, while the crystalline properties remain the same.
Studies on the Argentine Ant Queen (Iridomyrmex Humilis Mayr).

In the case of many species of ants the queens of the colony rear to maturity a first brood of minim workers which assume all nest duties. The queen henceforth gives herself up exclusively to laying eggs. She feeds from the tongues of her offspring and becomes indifferent to her young. She is practically a parasite, “a mere egg-laying machine.”
Mechanisms of Resistance and Clinical Relevance of Resistance to β-Lactams, Glycopeptides, and Fluoroquinolones

The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in a growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in the community and hospital settings. Antimicrobial classes for which resistance has become a major problem include the β-lactams, the glycopeptides, and the fluoroquinolones. In gram-positive bacteria, β-lactam resistance most commonly results from expression of intrinsic low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins. In gram-negative bacteria, expression of acquired β-lactamases presents a particular challenge owing to some natural spectra that include virtually all β-lactam classes. Glycopeptide resistance has been largely restricted to nosocomial Enterococcus faecium strains, the spread of which is promoted by ineffective infection control mechanisms for fecal organisms and the widespread use of colonization-promoting antimicrobials (especially cephalosporins and antianaerobic antibiotics). Fluoroquinolone resistance in community-associated strains of Escherichia coli, many of which also express β-lactamases that confer cephalosporin resistance, is increasingly prevalent. Economic and regulatory forces have served to discourage large pharmaceutical companies from developing new antibiotics, suggesting that the antibiotics currently on the market may be all that will be available for the coming decade. As such, it is critical that we devise, test, and implement antimicrobial stewardship strategies that are effective at constraining and, ideally, reducing resistance in human pathogenic bacteria.
Teaching and learning from a cognitive perspective

(1993). Teaching and learning from a cognitive perspective. The Teacher Educator: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 24-40.
Miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate with dodecyl mercaptan as cosurfactant

Miniemulsions of methyl methacrylate with sodium lauryl sulfate as the surfactant and dodecyl mercaptan (DDM) as the cosurfactant (or hydrophobe) were prepared and polymerized. The emulsions were of a droplet size range common to miniemulsions and exhibited long-term stability (greater than 3 months). Results indicate that DDM retards Ostwald ripening and allows the production of stable miniemulsions. When these emulsions were initiated, particle formation occurred predominantly by monomer droplet nucleation. The effects of the concentration of surfactant, cosurfactant and initiator were determined. Rates of polymerization, monomer droplet sizes, polymer particle sizes, molecular weights of the polymer, and the effect of initiator concentration on the number of particles vary systematically in ways that indicate predominant droplet nucleation in these systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Development of a Curriculum Toolkit with American Indian and Alaska Native Communities

This article explains the creation of the Growing and Learning with Young Native Children curriculum toolkit. The curriculum toolkit was designed to give American Indian and Alaska Native early childhood educators who work in a variety of settings the framework for developing a research-based, developmentally appropriate, tribally specific curriculum to use with Native children aged 0–3. The curriculum toolkit should assist Native people in preserving and maintaining their unique culture and language. Challenges specific to the implementation of an early childhood program in Indian Country have been explained. A brief historical overview of Indian education has been included.
Chromatic invariants of signed graphs

We continue the study initiated in ''Signed graph coloring'' of the chromatic and Whitney polynomials of signed graphs. In this article we prove and apply to examples three types of general theorem which have no analogs for ordinary graph coloring. First is a balanced expansion theorem which reduces calculation of the chromatic and Whitney polynomials to that of the simpler balanced polynomials. Second is a group of formulas based on counting colorings by their magnitudes or their signs; among them are a combinatorial interpretation of signed coloring (which implies an equivalence between proper colorings of certain signed graphs and matching in ordinary graphs) and a signed-graphic switching formula (which for instance gives the polynomials of a two-graph in terms of those of its associated ordinary graphs). Third are addition/deletion formulas obtained by constructing one signed graph from another through adding and removing arcs; one such formula expresses the chromatic polynomial as a combination of those of ordinary graphs, while another (in one example) yields a complementation formula for ordinary matchings. The examples treated are the sign-symmetric graphs (among them in effect the classical root systems), all-negative graphs (corresponding to the even-cycle graphic matroid), signed complete graphs (equivalent to two-graphs), and two varieties of signed graphs associated with matchings and colorings of ordinary graphs. Our results are interpreted as counting the acyclic orientations of a signed graph; geometrically this means counting the faces of the corresponding arrangement of hyperplanes or zonotope.
Selectively increased sensitivity of cerebellar granule cells to AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in a mouse model of Batten disease.

Abstract Batten disease, a lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene. The Cln3-knockout (Cln3−/−) mouse model of the disease exhibits many characteristic pathological features of the human disorder. Here, we show that Cln3−/− mice, similarly to Batten disease patients, have a deficit in cerebellar motor coordination. To explore the possible cellular cause of this functional impairment, we compared the vulnerability of wild type (WT) and Cln3−/− cerebellar granule cell cultures to different toxic insults. We have found that cultured Cln3−/− cerebellar granule cells are selectively more vulnerable to AMPA-type glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity than their WT counterparts. This selective sensitivity was also observed in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. Our results suggest that lack of the CLN3 protein has a significant influence on the function of AMPA receptors in cerebellar granule neurons, and that AMPA receptor dysregulation may be a major contributor to the cerebellar dysfunction in Batten disease.
Recent geochemical history of flood deposits in the northern Chesapeake Bay

210 Pb and 137 Cs dating of sediment cores from the extreme northern Chesapeake Bay has revealed that episodic sedimentation events associated with Susquehanna River floods in 1936 and 1972 have contributed half of all sediment deposited in this area since 1900. Much of this sediment is derived from resuspension of sediment trapped along the riverbed during years of normal riverflow. The normal 210 Pb determined sedimentation rate in this region, excluding flood events, is 0·45 cm year −1 which is in good agreement with rates previously estimated from sediment budget models. The long term sedimentation rate is probably twice this value which is in agreement with drainage basin sediment yield and denudation rate studies.
Ionization and solubility of an amphoteric β-lactam antibiotic

Abstract Solution equilibria of an experimental antibiotic (code named CP-38, 371) were investigated. In the pH range 2–4 the compound has two pK values. These overlapping macroconstants were determined by three methods: potentiometric titration, spectro-metric titration, and curve-fitting of pH—solubility data. Potentiometric values of pK1 = 2.86 and pK2 = 3.81 at 25°C (μ = 0.2) were in agreement ( ± 0.1 unit) with the constants determined by the other methods. CP-38,371 is amphoteric and pK3 = 7.50 was determined by potentiometric and solubility methods. The complete microionization scheme for the compound was simplified by consideration of the UV spectral characteristics of the ionizing groups. Using absorbance—pH data, 4 microconstants for the important processes were calculated by the method of Edsall et al. (1958), and by a method developed by the authors. The two procedures gave identical results.
A circle of learning through Invention Convention

Technology and Invention in Elementary Schools (TIES) engaged participants in a learning experience that would subsequently be translated into instructional practice in elementary school classrooms. The goals of TIES included teachers’ engagement in an inventive thinking process called “Invention Convention.” In this article project directors answer the following questions: “How did the TIES training affect science classroom instruction?” “What lessons did the teachers learn from their implementation of an Invention Convention in their own classrooms?” and “What did the TIES teachers’ students teach their teachers about science teaching?” The TIES project provided teachers with the research-supported professional development training that the standards (NRC, 1996) suggest is necessary to effect change in the science education classroom. The positive impact of the Invention Convention process on inventive and creative thinking in the classroom is evidenced and supported in the words of teachers and the lessons learned from their students. Teachers clearly learned lessons about the power of design technology and invention from their students as well. In such a reciprocal learning environment the teachers’ understanding and application of TIES’ themes were supported and strengthened. The work described in this article was supported by National Science Foundation Grant ESI-955650. Opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed or implied here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Abstract 2133: Phenylenebis(1,2-ethanediyl)bisisoselenourea (PBISe), a novel selenium drug for the treatment of hepatocellular cancer (HCC)

Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is an aggressive tumor that frequently arises in a setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Appearing 20 to 30 years from initial insult, it is more likely to be discovered in its late stage. The median survival following diagnosis is approximately 6 to 20 months. Although the definitive treatment is tumor resection, most patients are not eligible because of tumor extent or underlying liver dysfunction. Alternative chemopreventive approach in reducing HCC mortality is to be explored. Earlier we have shown the efficacy of PBISe against colon adenocarcinoma and metastatic melanoma with a negligible systemic toxicity in animal studies. In the present study, we intend to demonstrate the chemotherapeutic effects of PBISe on the human HCC. We analyzed the role of PBISe and the underlying mechanism in HCC. PBISe in our study suppressed cell growth, and induce apoptosis. Evaluation of PBISe was performed in vitro on human SK-HEP-1, HepG2, C3A and HUH-7 cells by cellular viability, caspase 3/7 activity, annexin-V expression, DNA fragmentation by Tunnel, cell cycle analysis and AKT, ERK, STAT, SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. PBISe promotes apoptosis by upregulating caspase 3/7, annexin-V, and cPARP. Increased DNA fragmentation was observed with PBISe in all the HCC cell lines tested. PBISe also mediated the cellular proliferation by AKT signaling and downstream pPRAS40 by inducing the cell cycle arrest at G2-M phase. Decreased pERK, pSTAT and pAKT shows that PBISe has a potential to target several signaling pathways. Overall our results suggest that PBISe is a potent chemotherapeutic agent with novel properties for the treatment of HCC. The chemotherapeutic effect of PBISe in the murine HCC model will be discussed. Supported by Penn State Deans Feasibility Grant to H.R.T, NIH RO3 CA 137763-01 to D. D., NIH KO8 417-67HY to K.S.O.C. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2133. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2133
Integrated sliding-mode adaptive-robust control

An integrated adaptive–robust control methodology based on the sliding mode is developed for the control of nonlinear uncertain systems. The new approach possesses the advantages of both adaptive control and robust control, and eliminates the disadvantages of each. It has the ability to learn like an adaptive controller and the ability to handle various uncertainties and reject disturbances like a robust controller. When compared with pure adaptive control, the approach used improves the transient performance, and when compared with pure robust control, it reduces the conservatism of the design. Furthermore, it guarantees the global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The paper presents the methodology and illustrates the approach using a simple 1-DOF robot in the vertical plane under gravity.
62 An updated checklist of the seaweeds and seagrasses of oregon

The recent checklist of the marine macrobenthic marine algae and seagrasses of Oregon (Hansen 1997) was based primarily on the literature. Although it revealed a depauperate flora of only 387 species, the low count was thought to be due in part to a lack of adequate floristic investigation in this area. To help correct this problem, a database of the existing collections of marine algae from Oregon was initiated. To date, 7500 specimens from 10 major herbaria have been cataloged. New records from these archived specimens and from some new collections have increased the species count by over 50. Further cataloging and collecting should reveal additional new records for the state, but it is unlikely that the predominantly exposed, sand-scoured coastline will ever be found to be as species rich as the more habitat diverse neighboring states of Washington and California. In addition to the updated checklist, the poster will include the early collection history of the state and some discussion of the problematic taxa.
Multiple-gap back-lighted thyratrons for high power applications

Switching of high voltage and high current simultaneously with a fast current rate of rise by an optically triggered back-lighted thyratron is reported at very high pulsed power levels, including 100-kV stand-off voltage and >70-kA switched peak current. This switch is triggered by an unfocused ultraviolet light incident on the back of the cathode and is referred to as a back-of-the-cathode, light-activated thyratron (BLT). It has a simple structure that can be electrically isolated from the trigger circuit. The switch closure is a glow discharge rather than an arc; this dramatically reduces electrode degradation. The holdoff capability of one gap is limited by surface flashover and field emission. Experiments for improved holdoff voltage were conducted by scaling the BLT into multiple-gap switch configurations. The voltage of a multiple-gap chamber is divided among gaps, reducing the voltage across one gap. Hence the holdoff voltage is enhanced by additional stacks of intermediate electrode and insulator. Simultaneous optical triggering of each gap for precision timing, and plasma triggering, are also discussed. The results suggest that fairly simple multiple-gap configurations of the device are useful for applications such as multiple high-power modulator systems for accelerators. >
On semiparametric inference for modulated renewal processes

SUMMARY Modulated renewal processes, suggested by D. R. Cox, give a flexible way to introduce dependencies into point processes. We discuss the asymptotics of partial likelihood inference for modulated renewal processes when the random covariate for the process involves its history. We show, in some generality, that the estimators of the regression parameter and the cumulative hazard have the same asymptotic distributions that they would have under the usual proportional hazards model, even though the martingale justification for partial likelihood no longer applies because of a reordering of the time-scale. An example is given to illustrate the ideas. A simulation study is presented to confirm the theoretical results.
State, shape, and parameter estimation of space objects from range images

An architecture for the estimation of dynamic state, geometric shape, and model parameters of objects in orbit using on-orbit cooperative 3-D vision sensors is presented. This has application in many current and projected space missions, such as automated satellite capture and servicing, debris capture and mitigation, and large space structure assembly and maintenance. The method presented here consists of three parts: (1) kinematic data fusion, which condenses sensory data into coarse kinematic surrogate measurements; (2) Kalman filtering, which filters these surrogate measurements and extracts the full dynamic state and model parameters of the target; and (3) shape estimation, which uses filtered pose information and the raw sensory data to build a body-fixed probabilistic map of the target's shape. This method does not rely on feature detection, optical flow, or model matching, but rather exploits the well-modeled dynamics of objects in space using the Kalman filter. The architecture is computationally fast since only coarse measurements need to be provided to the Kalman filter. This paper illustrates the three steps of the architecture in the context of rigid body (satellite and debris) estimation and flexible structure estimation.
Ferroresonance destroys transformers

The author discusses 60 Hz FR (ferroresonance), presents the necessary conditions for it to occur, suggests the analytical use of the incremental input describing function for the prediction of FR in circuits, and makes recommendations to minimize the exposure of the power system to FR. It is predicted that the frequency of FR occurrence in power systems will most likely increase in the future. Previous methods of using transformer connections to counter FR may be inadequate to eliminate damaging FR overvoltage conditions. While it may be more cost effective to design a power circuit free of FR, certain corrective measures can be applied to existing systems. These include: using three-phase switching devices, providing secondary damping resistances, using special switching sequences, temporarily grounding the neutral of wye-delta banks during switching operations, using resistance-grounded wye-delta banks, and using grounded wye-grounded wye transformers. >