cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Is the Efficacy of Teaching Psychotherapy to Psychiatry Residents and Medical Students

Because there are no formal reviews, the authors set out to identify and evaluate studies on teaching psychotherapy to psychiatry residents and medical students. PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for papers with outcomes on teaching psychotherapy. Search terms included psychotherapy, teaching, residents, medical students, supportive, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, learning, training, skills, competency, and mentalization. Nine studies were found that met inclusion criteria. There were seven studies of psychiatry residents and two of medical students. Only two of the research designs had comparison groups, and these were both randomized controlled trials, while seven of the other designs were pretest and posttest. Teaching methods, course content, and outcome measures varied widely across studies. Common methodological problems included a lack of control, low numbers of subjects as learners, and a lack of validity of the outcome measures. Only one of the studies was judged to be methodologically rigorous. These findings establish a priority for undertaking additional rigorously designed studies in evaluating the teaching of psychotherapy to psychiatry residents and medical students.
Designing an interactive tool for video object segmentation and annotation

An interactive authoring system is proposed for semi-automatic video object segmentation and annotation. This system features a new contour interpolation algorithm, which enables the user to define the contour of a video object on multiple frames while the computer interpolates the missing contours of this object on every frame automatically. Typical active contour (snake) model is adapted and the contour interpolation problem is decomposed into two directional contour tracking problems and a merging problem. In addition, new user interaction models are created for the user to interact with the computer. Experiments indicate that this system offers a good balance between algorithm complexity and user interaction efficiency.
PORE SCALE MODEL FOR FLOW REGIME TRANSITION IN A TRICKLE BED REACTOR

The hydrodynamic modeling of gas-liquid cocurrent downflow through a trickle bed reactor based on pore scale is presented. The pore scale hydrodynamic is related to the macroscopic scale flow param...
ENERGY METABOLISM AND OBESITY

The average adult human consumes close to 1 million calories per year. Despite this huge energy intake, most healthy individuals are able to strike a remarkable balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, resulting in a state of energy balance. This accurate balance between energy intake and energy expenditure is an example of homeostatic regulation and results in maintenance of body weight and body energy stores. Regulation of energy balance is achieved over the long-term despite large fluctuations in energy intake and energy expenditure within and between days. The accuracy and precision by which the body maintains energy balance is highlighted by the fact that even a small error in the system can have detrimental consequences over time. If energy intake exceeds energy expenditure by as little as 25 kcal/d, over time, a person becomes obese. The achievement of energy balance is driven by the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy can be neither destroyed nor created. This principle necessitates that when energy intake equals energy expenditure, body energy stores must remain constant. Obesity is the end result of a mismatch between energy intake and energy expenditure, such that intake exceeds expenditure, resulting in net accumulation of energy stores in the body. It remains unclear, however, whether obesity is due to excess energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure. This article reviews the influence of energy expenditure on the cause of obesity.
Steam with additives: Field projects of the eighties

Abstract The use of surfactants as additives, sometimes in conjunction with noncondensible gases, has recently been tested under various conditions to improve both steam drive and cyclic steam injection in field projects. The objective of this technique is to reduce gravity override and channeling of the steam. When successful, this technology seems to be economic even at today's low oil price. However the results have ranged from excellent to negative. This paper aims to be a general evaluation of the field projects published to date. Sixteen field tests of steam with additives have been studied. They cover a broad spectrum of reservoirs, oils, depths and pressures. The type of surfactant used, the surfactant concentration, the presence or absence of noncondensible gases and their nature and the mode of injection of the additives also varied widely. The effect of these factors on the efficiency of the projects will be discussed. Some of the field tests have been performed after extensive laboratory work. The data published on laboratory screening of additive and on field support are used to explain some of the results observed in field testing. A brief description of each of the field tests is given. Emphasis of this work is on explaining some of the possible causes of failures or partial success and on suggestions for possible improvements for future field tests. Evidence of mobility control has been sought through pressure measurements, tracer testing, injectivity profiling, logging, temperature monitoring and observation wells. Production data have of course been analyzed. Evaluation of some of the monitoring techniques used in field testing of steam with additives is also discussed. The results of this study show that the use of additives with steam can provide significant benefits over the use of steam alone. Indeed addition of surfactant to the steam has as far as the author is concerned been proven as both technically and economically successful as long as some relatively simple criteria are met. These criteria are discussed in the paper.
An Anglo‐Barbadian dialogue: the negotiations leading to Barbados' independence, 1965–66

This article pays particular attention to Barbados' decisive move to independence in November 1966, using previously unseen archival evidence. It attempts to provide a solid explanation of why, unlike the neighbouring British dependencies in the Eastern Caribbean, Barbados moved smoothly to constitutional independence. Particular attention is paid to the island's domestic landscape, tracing the immediate catalysts leading it to go it alone. In evaluating Barbados' transition to independence, the study reconstructs not only the differing perspectives of the various components of the colonial leadership but, equally importantly, brings to the surface the positions espoused by British policy makers both in the Cabinet and Colonial Office, as well as the stances adopted by their counterparts in the Johnson Administration in Washington.
In-Home Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Clinical Considerations

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an empirically-supported behavioral parent training program designed to be administered in a clinic or laboratory-based setting. Recently, an empirical investigation revealed that in-home PCIT produced comparable results as the PCIT trials conducted in more controlled environments (this issue). Administering PCIT in a home setting carries both drawbacks and advantages. This article provides an overview of both the positive and negative clinical aspects of conducting in-home PCIT and presents effective solutions to potential treatment barriers.
GIS-based modeling to evaluate aquatic habitats in the lower Mississippi River, southeastern United States

In a study conducted for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division (MVD), we used ArcGIS software to interpolate, analyze, and display spatially explicit data describing fish and physical habitat factors (bathymetry, current velocity, and substratum) associated with a dike notching project in Bondurant towhead secondary channel in the lower Mississippi River between River Miles 390 - 394. Data were collected throughout project areas using hydroacoustic equipment. We used ArcGIS to interpolate coverages of each physical habitat variable, which were then compared with fish distribution data to determine patterns of habitat association. After analyzing data from several locations, we concluded that bathymetry, water velocity, and substrate composition were most variable in areas immediately behind dike notches. However, the habitat diversity associated with notches was limited throughout the remaining portion of each project location. Data collected from throughout the side channel were analyzed. Habitat diversity (i.e., bathymetry, current velocity, and substratum) was greatest in areas of immediate proximity with the notched dike. However, the lack of pre-notching data precluded a direct quantification of how dike-notching activities changed habitat quality.
Determination of pKa values of N-heterocyclic bases by fluorescence spectrophotometry

Abstract Fluorimetry is a relatively fast and accurate means of determining the dissociation constants of sparingly soluble heterocyclic bases. Complications can arise, however, from the dependence of fluorescence on excited-state as well as ground-state acid—base chemistry. Several approaches to circumventing or compensating for this difficulty are discussed. To demonstrate the utility of the methods, the p K a , values of the conjugate acids of two bases are evaluated by the methods described.
Improved Methods in the Recovery of Lactose using Ion Exchange Resins

Summary Two methods of recovering lactose from cheddar cheese whey were studied. One method involved passing the original whey through ion exchange resins, removing the whey protein and further purifying the removed lactose solution with ion exchange resins. The purified lactose solution then was spray dried. The second method differed from the first only in that the original whey was not treated with ion exchange resins prior to the recovery of the protein fraction. Lactose of a higher degree of purity was recovered when the original whey was not treated with ion exchange resins. An average purity of 97.0 per cent on 12 runs was obtained. Five selected runs yielded lactose of an average purity of better than 98 per cent. Three runs yielded lactose of better than 99 per cent purity although none quite met specifications of USP grade. The recovered lactose was a fine, white powder, slightly sweet and readily soluble. In solution the recovered lactose was colorless, odorless, and neutral to litmus. Analysis of the recovered lactose for monosaccharides gave negative results.
The forced vibration of helical springs

Abstract The extensional-torsional dynamic response of helical springs caused by forced displacements is discussed in this paper. The general solution to the equations of motion is first derived using the method of Laplace transform. Closed-form solutions are then obtained for harmonic excitations. The solutions show that two types of periodic waves will propagate through the structure, one characterizing the extensional-compressive deformation and the other, the torsional deformation. The steady and transient motions of the vibration are studied in detail in the analysis.
TRACHELOMONAS HISPIDA VAR. CORONATA (EUGLENOPHYCEAE). I. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CYTOSKELETAL AND FLAGELLAR SYSTEMS1,2

Trachelomonas hispida var. coronata Lemm. has a fibrous, mucilaginous, ovoid, mineralized envelope (lorica), the ornamentation and coloration of which are capricious in culture. Cells exhibit a radial distribution of most organelles: (i) A cortical endoplasmic reticulum, (ii) parietal chloroplasts, and (iii) a median vacuolar region surrounded by several Golgi bodies and diverse vesicles. Associated with the emergent flagellum is a “paraflagellar complex” that consists of dense globules, cross-striated ribbon-like structures, a paraflagellar body, and an array of parallel striated filaments. The stigma consists of a single layer of pigmented granules that partially surrounds the canal/reservoir transition zone where microtubular bands intersect. A microtubular cytoskeleton consists of pellicular microtubules, peri-canal microtubules, stigma-associated microtubules and para-reservoir microtubules. The thickenings on the posterior, concave margins of the pellicular strips suggest that this pellicle is of intermediate complexity between those of Euglena spirogyra (Ehrenb. and Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehrenb.).
Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the transacylase components of branched chain oxoacid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida, and the pyruvate and 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli

The nucleotide sequence of bkdB, the structural gene for E2b, the transacylase component of branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida has been determined and translated into its amino acid sequence. The start of bkdB was identified from the N-terminal sequence of E2b isolated from branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase of the closely related species, P. aeruginosa. The reading frame was composed of 65.5% G + C with 82.3% of the codons ending in G or C. There was no intergenic space between bkdA2 and bkdB. No codons requiring minor tRNAs were utilized and the codon bias index indicated a preferential codon usage. The bkdB gene encoded 423 amino acids although the N-terminal methionine was absent from E2b prepared from P. aeruginosa. The relative molecular mass of the encoded protein was 45134 (45003 minus methionine) vs 47000 obtained by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was a single lipoyl domain in E2b compared to three lipoyl domains in E2p, and one domain in E2o, the transacylases of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli respectively. There was significant similarity between the lipoyl domain of E2b and of E2p and E2o as well as between the E1-E2 binding domains of E2b, E2p and E2o. There was no similarity between the E3 binding domain of E2b to E2p and E2o which may reflect the uniqueness of the E3 component of branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase of P. putida. The conclusions drawn from these comparisons are that the trans-acylases of prokaryotic pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenases descended from a common ancestral protein probably at about the same time.
Strong measures of group coherence and the probability that a pairwise majority rule winner exists

A Pairwise Majority Rule Winner (PMRW) exists for a voting situation if some candidate can defeat each of the remaining candidates by Pairwise Majority Rule. The PMRW would be very appropriate for selection as the winner of an election, but it is well known that such a candidate does not always exist. This paper concludes a series of studies regarding the probability that a PMRW should be expected to exist in three-candidate elections, by introducing the notion of a strong measures of mutually coherent group preferences. In order for voting situations to be reasonably expected to fail to have a PMRW in a three-candidate election, voters’ preferences must be generated in an environment that is far removed from the situation in which there is a strong-overall-unifying candidate. So far removed, that it is extremely unlikely that a PMRW will not exist in voting situations with large electorates for a small number of candidates.
Assessment of Exploration Bias in Data-Driven Predictive Models and the Estimation of Undiscovered Resources

The spatial distribution of discovered resources may not fully mimic the distribution of all such resources, discovered and undiscovered, because the process of discovery is biased by accessibility factors (e.g., outcrops, roads, and lakes) and by exploration criteria. In data-driven predictive models, the use of training sites (resource occurrences) biased by exploration criteria and accessibility does not necessarily translate to a biased predictive map. However, problems occur when evidence layers correlate with these same exploration factors. These biases then can produce a data-driven model that predicts known occurrences well, but poorly predicts undiscovered resources. Statistical assessment of correlation between evidence layers and map-based exploration factors is difficult because it is difficult to quantify the “degree of exploration.” However, if such a degree-of-exploration map can be produced, the benefits can be enormous. Not only does it become possible to assess this correlation, but it becomes possible to predict undiscovered, instead of discovered, resources. Using geothermal systems in Nevada, USA, as an example, a degree-of-exploration model is created, which then is resolved into purely explored and unexplored equivalents, each occurring within coextensive study areas. A weights-of-evidence (WofE) model is built first without regard to the degree of exploration, and then a revised WofE model is calculated for the “explored fraction” only. Differences in the weights between the two models provide a correlation measure between the evidence and the degree of exploration. The data used to build the geothermal evidence layers are perceived to be independent of degree of exploration. Nevertheless, the evidence layers correlate with exploration because exploration has preferred the same favorable areas identified by the evidence patterns. In this circumstance, however, the weights for the “explored” WofE model minimize this bias. Using these revised weights, posterior probability is extrapolated into unexplored areas to estimate undiscovered deposits.
Frequency position modulation using multi-spectral projections

In this paper we present an approach to harness multi-spectral projections (MSPs) to carefully shape and locate tones in the spectrum, enabling a new and robust modulation in which a signal's discrete frequency support is used to represent symbols. This method, called Frequency Position Modulation (FPM), is an innovative extension to MT-FSK and OFDM and can be non-uniformly spread over many GHz of instantaneous bandwidth (IBW), resulting in a communications system that is difficult to intercept and jam. The FPM symbols are recovered using adaptive projections that in part employ an analog polynomial nonlinearity paired with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) sampling at a rate at that is only a fraction of the IBW of the signal. MSPs also facilitate using commercial of-the-shelf (COTS) ADCs with uniform-sampling, standing in sharp contrast to random linear projections by random sampling, which requires a full Nyquist rate sample-and-hold. Our novel communication system concept provides an order of magnitude improvement in processing gain over conventional LPI/LPD communications (e.g., FH- or DS-CDMA) and facilitates the ability to operate in interference laden environments where conventional compressed sensing receivers would fail. We quantitatively analyze the bit error rate (BER) and processing gain (PG) for a maximum likelihood based FPM demodulator and demonstrate its performance in interference laden conditions.
Practical time series forecasting for the hospitality manager

One of the most basic pieces of information useful to hospitality operations is gross sales, and the ability to forecast them is strategically important. These forecasts could provide powerful information to cut costs, increase efficient use of resources, and improve the ability to compete in a constantly changing environment. This study tests sophisticated, yet simple‐to‐use time series models to forecast sales. The results show that, with slight re‐arrangement of historical sales data, easy‐to‐use time series models can accurately forecast gross sales.
Optical Measurement of the Internal Geometry of a CFD Validation Experiment

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation experiments require careful documentation of the boundary conditions. Many validation experiments contain complex geometries or facilities that are not accesible for meaurement using calipers. This paper describes a method for providing accurate optical measurement of physical geometries using an Nd:YAG laser, a CCD camera, and two 1-dimensional traverses. The facility used is a cylinder array test section. The laser sheet is aligned perpendicular to the cylinder span and the camera is aligned parallel to the cylinders.After images were acquired, a code was written to analyze the images based on the Gaussian-like intensity profiles of the illuminated cylinder edges and walls in the facility. The peaks were extracted and a least squares fit applied to the peaks resulting in the center coordinates and diameter of the cross-sections. These were then reconstructed into a surface which can be imported into a CFD simulation package. This study shows that the cylinder diameters and x- and y-coordinates can be determined accurately.The effects of various surface finishes are also compared. Three finishes were used: transparent, painted flat black, and a rhodamine painted surface with an appropriate band pass filter. The intensity profiles were compared using a single laser power setting.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Determinants of gait as applied to children with cerebral palsy

In the present study, we quantified the isolated contributions of eight determinants of gait on the vertical center of mass (CoM) displacement of both typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy (CP). The role of these determinants, on vertical excursion, has never been examined for children or children with CP. We hypothesized that the relative contributions of the determinants to vertical CoM excursion of children with CP would be the same as the age-matched controls. We found that based on the similarities in the determinants effect on gait between the controls and adults reflect that children of this age walk with a mature gait. When applied to subjects with CP the determinant analysis found similar, but slightly exaggerated effects of those of the controls. All determinants that negatively affect CoM excursion were significantly worse in the children with CP, while those determinants that decreased excursion were varied. Heel rise, single support knee flexion, and pelvic obliquity had similar effects for on both groups. Pelvic rotation resulted in more excursion reduction in the controls, while leg inclination was more beneficial in reducing the CP groups excursion. The main cause for increased vertical excursion of the CoM in the children with CP was the increased knee flexion of both legs during double support. This excessive lowering of the CoM means that extra work is done to raise the CoM over the single support leg. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the CoM was lifted higher than typical because of the heel lifting during single support. Although these determinants allow quantification of the effects of gait kinematics and provide some useful information for gait they are limited in their ability to quantify the dynamics and kinetics of gait that are important for individuals with walking disabilities.
EFFECT OF EXTRACELLULAR SLIME SUBSTANCE FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS ON THE HUMAN CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE

Abstract Staphylococcus epidermidis infection of plastic catheters is often associated with heavy deposits of slime. To test whether this slime affects the human cellular immune response, its effect on the lymphoproliferative response of mononuclear cells to polyclonal stimulators was measured. Slime drastically reduces this response. Its inhibitory action was not immediate but took place over a few days and resulted in destruction of affected cells. The effect is dose related. This inhibition of cellular response may contribute to S epidermidis infection of implanted prostheses.
Ultrabroadband tunable external-cavity quantum well lasers

The spectral tunability of properly designed quantum well lasers is demonstrated to equal the range of dye lasers. Theoretical and measured gain spectra are presented to support this statement, and stepwise wavelength tuning over a 125 nm span in GaAs/AlGaAs lasers and 175 nm in InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers are shown.
Mechanics of Thin, Flexible, Translating Media and Their Interactions with Surrounding Air

Thin, flexible, continuous structures known as webs are used in a wide range of industrial applications. These structures interact with the surrounding air in beneficial or detrimental ways, depending on the application and the process parameters. A review of the literature related to modeling and experimental work on (mostly) the steady state fluid-structure interactions is given. Equilibrium equations of web mechanics, and the inertia dominated and viscosity dominated air flows are presented. Simulation examples from four different industrial applications; web/air-bar interactions; roller/web interactions for permeable and impermeable webs; and the flat-top recording-head/magnetic-tape interactions, are presented. Thin, flexible, continuous materials known as webs are encountered in a wide range of industrial settings. Roll-to-roll (RR) manufacturing provides a cost effective method to produce large quantities of a product. Classically, making of paper and photographic film, linear and helical magnetic tape recording, processing of aluminum foils and packaging products all require handling of these thin materials. Recently, RR methods were introduced to manufacturing of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) and/or thin film transistors (TFTs) on thin plastic substrates. Among the potential applications of these new technologies are flexible computer displays, light sources, television sets, and wearable computers with diverse civilian and military uses. Depending on the application, webs can encounter one or many rollers, fixed guides, coaters, driers during manufacturing or operational handling. In this paper a literature review of the papers related to the mechanics of some of the challenges caused by these interactions, is presented.
CHEMOPREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER IN MEN AT HIGH RISK: RATIONALE AND DESIGN OF THE REDUCTION BY DUTASTERIDE OF PROSTATE CANCER EVENTS (REDUCE) TRIAL

ABSTRACTPurpose: Chemoprevention may significantly impact the natural history of prostate cancer. The most potent intraprostatic androgen, dihydrotestosterone, has a significant role in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. It represents a biologically plausible target for chemoprevention through the inhibition of 5α-reductase isoenzymes.Materials and Methods: The Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events clinical trial is an international, multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled chemoprevention study designed to determine if dutasteride 0.5 mg daily decreases the risk of biopsy detectable prostate cancer. A total of 8,000 men will be randomized to receive dutasteride or placebo for 4 years. Eligible men must be 50 to 75 years old, have a serum prostate specific antigen of 2.5 to 10 ng/ml (ages 50 to 60 years) or 3.0 to 10 ng/ml (older than 60 years). Men must have a negative 6 to 12 core biopsy within 6 months prior to enrollment. Repeat biopsies will be taken at 2 and 4 years. The rates...
Comparison of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid dynamics on removal efficiency of non-specifically bound proteins in SAW biosensors

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are finding increasing use in medical diagnostic applications, such as detection of specific proteins in bodily fluids for detection of pathologies. In applications aimed at biological sensing, the sensing medium such as blood exhibits a Non-Newtonian behavior. We have recently shown that SAW induced acoustic streaming which refers to fluid motion induced by high frequency sound waves, is an important phenomenon that can be used for the removal of non-specifically bound (NSB) proteins from the device surface1. The removal efficiencies of NSB can be significantly different when the device interacts with Non-Newtonian fluids. This work reports on the influence of non-Newtonian fluid dynamics on the acoustic streaming and fluid velocity profiles in SAW devices, using a computational fluid-structure interaction finite element model. A two-port SAW device, based on 100 MHz YZ Lithium Niobate substrate, in contact with a fluid film was modeled using a three-dimensional bi-directionally coupled fluid-structure interaction model. Blood is modeled as a Non-Newtonian fluid whose viscosity is defined using the Carreau model. To elucidate the effect of non-Newtonian dynamics on acoustic streaming, results are compared with Newtonian fluid with viscosity at infinite shear rate. A transient analysis of the fluid flow profiles on the SAW device indicates significant differences between fluid velocity patterns, magnitudes of fluid velocities, and wall shear stresses for Non-Newtonian fluid loading on the device when compared to a Newtonian fluid. Our results indicate that the peak fluid velocities decreased for non-Newtonian fluid loading suggesting a significant viscous dissipation of energy as compared to the case of a Newtonian fluid. The extent of induced shear stresses at the piezoelectric device-fluid interface is almost two orders of magnitude higher for Non-Newtonian fluids. These results have implications in biosensing as well as micro-fluidic applications involving Non-Newtonian fluids.
Stability of annular flow and slugging

Abstract In this work we propose an effective viscosity criterion for the stabilization of annular gas-liquid and liquid-particle flows and an inertial mechanism which drives waves into slugs in slugging gas-liquid flows. Annular flow is stable when the fluid having the higher effective viscosity occupies the core region and the lower viscosity fluid is in the annulus. The eddy viscosity criterion is shown to be very consistent with published work on annular flow transitions in horizontal and vertical gas-liquid flows. It also applies to a variety of liquid-solid and gas-solid flows. In the second part of the paper we propose a mechanism for explaining the growth of initially small waves and initiation of slugs in gas-liquid flow.
Militant Abolitionism: Douglass, Emerson, and the Rise of the Anti-Slave

This essay, relying on a wealth of original sources, reveals for the first time the dynamic and personal relationship that evolved between Fredrick Douglass and Ralph Waldo Emerson from 1844 until the onset of the Civil War as they mounted a militant campaign against the heinous institution of slavery.
Redox state of respiratory chain enzymes and potassium transport in silkworm mid-gut.

Abstract The midgut of Hyalophora cecropia actively transports potassium from hemolymph to lumen and the energy for this process appears to be intimately linked to oxidative metabolism. In the present investigation, we monitored concurrently the rate of active transport and the redox levels of the components of the respiratory chain in the intact tissue under a variety of experimental conditions. Approximately equal concentrations of cytochromes a 3 , a , c and b -557 were found. Other investigators (Pappenheimer, Jr, A. M. and Williams, C. M. (1954) J. Biol. Chem. 209, 915, Shappirio, D. G. and Williams, C. M. (1957) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 147, 233 and Chance, B. and Pappenheimer, Jr, A. M. (1954) J. Biol. Chem. 209, 931) have identified cytochrome b -557 with b 5 and found that it exists primarily in an extramitochondrial location. Steady-state experiments demonstrated that all these cytochromes were approximately 50% reduced while active transport proceeded at a high rate in regular cecropia Ringer containing 32 mM KCl. When the potassium concentration was reduced, the active transport decreased and all the cytochromes became more oxidized. Addition of 1 mM cyanide inhibited active transport by 90% and caused a 100% reduction of all cytochromes. Redox state and short circuit current ( I sc ) kinetics measured as the tissue was made anoxic showed that all the respiratory enzymes, except cytochrome b -557, became fully reduced at a faster rate than the rate of inhibition of the I sc . The rate of cytochrome b -557 reduction followed kinetically the I sc . These observations are interpreted in a scheme where cytochrome b -557 (possibly b 5 ) branches off cytochrome c from the conventional respiratory chain, utilizing cytochrome a 3 as the terminal oxidase for both branches. Cytochrome b -557 may be involved in providing a direct link between oxidative metabolism and active transport in the midgut of the silkworm.
Isolation of plasmids carrying the arginine repressor gene argR of Escherichia coli K12

A plasmid carrying the arginine repressor gene (argR) of Escherichia coli was obtained out of the Clarke and Carbon colony bank which contains clones of individual ColE1 plasmids carrying fragments of the E. coli chromosome. A shortened derivative of this plasmid was isolated and analyzed by restriction mapping and by cloning fragments of it into plasmid pBR322. The argR gene was located on a 2 kb fragment.
A pilot study of ultrasound analysis before pediatric peripheral vein cannulation attempt.

ObjectivesTo determine whether peripheral veins can be detected by ultrasound (US) and to determine vein characteristics, as measured by US, that are associated with successful peripheral venous (PV) catheterization in young children. MethodsThe authors conducted an observational study in the pediatric emergency department (ED), with a convenience sample of children younger than 7 years. They evaluated attempts at PV catheterization in two groups on the basis of the visibility and palpability of the patients' veins: 1) clinically apparent (visible or palpable) and 2) not clinically apparent (nonvisible and nonpalpable). The authors obtained sonographic measurements in a transverse view (vertical diameter, circumference, and area) and in a longitudinal view (maximal uninterrupted length). Practitioners blinded to the US images then attempted to catheterize veins in the usual manner. The proportion of clinically apparent veins and the proportion of veins that were successfully catheterized that were identified by US were assessed, and the association between ultrasonographic vein measurements and success at catheterization, controlling for possible confounders, was determined. ResultsThe authors assessed 120 attempts (90 clinically apparent and 30 not clinically apparent) at PV catheterization in 83 patients. US detected all 90 clinically apparent veins, and cannulation success rate was 62/90 (69%). In the not clinically apparent vein group, the rate of success was only 3/30 (10%), and US detected all successfully catheterized veins. In no instance was cannulation successful when the vein was not detected by US. Maximal vein length in longitudinal view was an independent predictor of cannulation success in multivariate analysis. ConclusionsUltrasound appears to be capable of detecting peripheral veins in children younger than 7 years of age, with lack of US vein visualization likely leading to unsuccessful PV placement. Greater vein length visualization may be a useful predictor of successful PV catheterization.
Software toolchain for large-scale RE-NFA construction on FPGA

We present a software toolchain for constructing large-scale regular expression matching (REM) on FPGA. The software automates the conversion of regular expressions into compact and high-performance nondeterministic finite automata (RE-NFA). Each RENFA is described as an RTL regular expression matching engine (REME) in VHDL for FPGA implementation. Assuming a fixed number of fan-out transitions per state, an n-state m-bytes-per-cycle RE-NFA can be constructed in O(n × m) time and O(n × m) memory by our software. A large number of RE-NFAs are placed onto a two-dimensional staged pipeline, allowing scalability to thousands of RE-NFAs with linear area increase and little clock rate penalty due to scaling. On a PC with a 2 GHz Athlon64 processor and 2 GB memory, our prototype software constructs hundreds of RE-NFAs used by Snort in less than 10 seconds. We also designed a benchmark generator which can produce RE-NFAs with configurable pattern complexity parameters, including state count, state fan-in, loop-back and feed-forward distances. Several regular expressions with various complexities are used to test the performance of our RE-NFA construction software.
Increasing Muscle Strength as a Treatment for Strabismus: Sustained Release of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Rabbit Extraocular Muscle

Purpose Currently, no drug treatment is available for strengthening underacting extraocular muscles (EOM) in strabismus. We showed previously that single injections of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) result in significant but short-term increases in muscle force generation. This study examined the effects of sustained release of IGF-1 on force generation in rabbit superior rectus muscles. Methods In adult rabbits, slow-release pellets containing IGF-1 were implanted on the global side of one superior rectus muscle. After 1 week, or 1, 2, 3, or 6 months, treated and control muscles were examined for force generation using an in vitro physiology apparatus. All muscles were prepared for histology and mean myofiber cross-sectional areas were determined. Results One and 3 months after pellet implantation, treated muscles generated significantly greater force than contralateral control muscles, whereas at 2 months, no significant difference was found. Force per cross-sectional area (mN/cm 2 ) at 3 months also increased significantly in the treated muscles. Mean muscle cross-sectional area increased significantly after 1, 2, and 3 months of sustained exposure to IGF-1 compared with controls. After an additional 3 months without IGF-1 exposure, mean cross-sectional areas were significantly greater than controls but significantly reduced compared with areas at 1, 2, and 3 months. Conclusions IGF-1 appears to be highly effective in increasing muscle force generation. Because slow release of IGF-1 results in sustained increases in EOM force generation, it may be a potentially useful alternative to surgical resection procedures because it avoids many of the potential long-term biomechanical hazards of resection surgery.
Materials erosion and redeposition studies at the pisces facility - net erosion under redeposition

Simultaneous erosion and redeposition of copper and 304 stainless steel under controlled and continuous plasma (D,He,Ar) bombardment has been investigated in the PISCES-facility, which generates typical edge-plasma conditions of magnetic fusion devices. The plasma bombardment conditions are: incident ion flux in the range from 10/sup 17/ to 10/sup 18/ ions/sec/cm/sup 2/, ion bombarding energy of 100 eV, electron temperature in the range from 5 to 15 eV, plasma density in the range from 10/sup 11/ to 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/, target temperature in the range from 300 to 900K, and the total ion fluence in the range from 10/sup 20/ to 10/sup 22/ ions/cm/sup 2/. The net erosion yield under redeposition is found to be significantly smaller than the classical sputtering yield data. A first-order modeling is attempted to interpret the erosion and redeposition behavior of materials under plasma bombardment. It is pointed out both theoretically and experimentally that the mean free path for electron impact ionization of the sputtered material is the key parameter to control the overall mechanism of erosion and redeposition. Strongly modified surface morphologies of bombarded targets are observed and indicate a retrapping effect.
On the production of helium fragments in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Partial production cross sections of projectile alpha fragments produced in high-energy interactions of 16 O and 32 S at 200 GeV/n and 16 O at 60 GeV/n in emulsion are studied. Evidence of multiplicity scaling of such produced fragments is presented in the energy range 2–200 GeV/n for various projectiles.
Adaptations for reflection of bioluminescent light in the gas bladder of Leiognathus equulus (Perciformes: Leiognathidae).

The gas bladder of leiognathid fishes functions not only in buoyancy but also in reflection of bioluminescent light from the circumesophageal light organ. Purine distribution, quality (guanine/hypoxanthine ratio), and concentration, as the basis for reflectivity, were assayed enzymatically for different portions of the gas bladder lining of the common leiognathid, Leiognathus equulus (Forskal). For highly reflective areas, the percentage of tissue wet mass and dry mass represented by purine was also determined. The results indicate that total purine content in the reflective areas of the leiognathid bladder was significantly higher than values determined for other similar, shallow water fishes; instead, purine content in these reflective areas was similar to that known for very deep-dwelling fishes, in which heavy purine deposition is correlated with high pressures and high oxygen concentrations in the bladder. In addition, the results show that differential purine distribution within the bladder correlates strikingly with the path of bioluminescent light. The dorsal bladder lining, the primary site of incident luminescence, had extremely high purine concentrations (averaging 2.80 mg/cm2), whereas the secondary reflective surfaces, the lateral (1.81 mg/cm2) and ventral (1.22 mg/ cm2) portions, although high in purine content, had concentrations significantly lower than the dorsum. Areas through which light is transmitted, the light organ-bladder interface (0.09 mg/cm2) and the posterior region (0.19 mg/ cm2), were greatly reduced in purine content. The enhancement of purine in the reflective portions of the bladder and the correlation of the differential distribution of purines with the path of light indicate that the L. equulus gas bladder is exquisitely adapted to function as a reflector of bioluminescent light.
Neonatal androgenization and estrogenization and the hormonal induction of sexual receptivity in rats.

Abstract Administration of male sex hormone to neonatal female rats has been shown to inhibit the development of the capacity of the female to respond to female sex hormones in adulthood with the display of sexual receptivity (lordosis). Since the hormonal induction of sexual receptivity in the ovariectomized female typically involves the administration of both estrogen and progesterone, the failure of virilized females to show lordosis following treatment with these two hormones could be due to a diminished sensitivity to estrogen, a diminished sensitivity to progesterone, or both. One purpose of the present study was to determine which of these alternatives obtains. A second purpose of the study was to compare neonatally estrogenized females with neonatally androgenized females, in an attempt to determine to what extent neonatal estrogenization exactly mimics neonatal androgenization. Female rats were given either an injection of testosterone propionate, estradiol benzoate, or oil on the day of birth. Male rats were given a control injection of oil on the day of birth. As adults all rats were gonadectomized and tested for sexual receptivity following either estrogen administration or administration of both estrogen and progesterone. Females given oil at birth showed moderate levels of sexual receptivity when administered estrogen alone. Levels increased as estrogen dose was increased. At each dose level, females given oil at birth and estrogen and progesterone in adulthood showed higher levels of receptivity than did females given only estrogen. Male rats, androgenized females, and estrogenized females failed to show significant receptivity at any dose level of estrogen stimulation, regardless of whether or not progesterone was also administered. It was concluded that a major effect of neonatal androgen stimulation, exogenous or endogenous, is an inhibition of the development of estrogen sensitive systems for lordotic behavior. In this regard, neonatal estrogenization appears to mimic the effects of neonatal androgenization.
Improved method for cloning human B-cell lines.

Abstract Difficulties in the successful cloning of B-cell lines have prevented widespread establishment of specific antibody-forming human B-cell lines. We have improved on standard methods of cloning by culturing human lymphoid cells suspended in agarose with nonproliferating human fetal lung fibroblasts. Using this method, cloning efficiencies up to 20% were observed, from as few as 50 plated lymphoid cells. These results are significantly better than the efficiencies of up to 1% using 5 to 10 × 10 3 cells with traditional soft agar methods. The number of colonies observed increased in proportion to the number of fibroblasts plated with the lymphoid cells. A threshold number of fibroblasts was found. Microscopically, close association between lymphoid cells and fibroblasts was seen. A growth-enhancing factor appears to be produced by fibroblasts suspended in agarose. This cloning method is applicable to both well-established and newly established lymphoid cell lines and should be useful for growing and cloning B cells.
Increased Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in HIV-Infected Men

OBJECTIVE Among HIV-infected patients, high rates of myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death have been observed. Exploring potential underlying mechanisms, we used multidetector spiral coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) to compare atherosclerotic plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients and non-HIV-infected controls. METHODS Coronary atherosclerotic plaques visualized by CTA in HIV-infected (101) and non-HIV-infected (41) men without clinically apparent heart disease matched on cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed for three vulnerability features: low attenuation, positive remodeling, and spotty calcification. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of HIV-infected patients were receiving ART (median duration 7.9 years) and had well controlled disease (median CD4 cell count, 473 cells/μl; median HIV RNA <50 copies/ml). Age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were similar in HIV-infected patients and controls. Among the HIV-infected (versus control) group, there was a higher prevalence of patients with at least one: low attenuation plaque (22.8 versus 7.3%, P = 0.02), positively remodeled plaque (49.5 versus 31.7%, P = 0.05) and high-risk 3-feature plaque (7.9 versus 0%, P = 0.02). Moreover, patients in the HIV-infected (versus control) group demonstrated a higher number of low attenuation plaques (P = 0.01) and positively remodeled plaques (P = 0.03) per patient. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate an increased prevalence of vulnerable plaque features among relatively young HIV-infected patients. Differences in coronary atherosclerotic plaque morphology - namely, increased vulnerable plaque among HIV-infected patients - are here for the first time reported and may contribute to increased rates of MI and sudden cardiac death in this population.