cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Web Panels to Understand Whether Online Ad Exposure Influences Information-Seeking Behavior

Measuring the impact of online health campaigns is challenging. Traditionally, advertisement click-through rates (CTRs) have been used to measure message reach, but CTRs are low with most clicks coming from a small fraction of users. However, low CTRs do not necessarily indicate that an ad was not effective. There may be latency effects whereby people do not click on ads at time of exposure but visit the promoted website or conduct searches later. Online panels that unobtrusively collect panelists’ web behavior may provide a more reliable data source for measuring online campaign effects. We used web behavior data from a proprietary online panel to identify panelists who were either exposed or unexposed to the Tobacco Free Florida Cessation Internet ad campaign. We assessed whether ad exposure influenced website visits and searches on campaign-related topics up to 4 weeks after initial exposure. Those who were exposed to the campaign were significantly more likely than those who were not exposed to have v...
An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Strategy with Conservative Space-Time Coupling for the Lattice-Boltzmann Method

A conservative lattice-Boltzmann method is presented for solving the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations at low Mach numbers on lattices that are adaptively refined in space and time. A method for coupling the interfaces between grids at different resolutions was constructed following techniques established for finite-volume computational fluid dynamics methods. The effectiveness of the new coupling method, which relies on a spacetime interpolation and solving constrained least-squares problems to ensure conservation is compared against similar approaches relying only on spatial interpolation.
Study of Digital Compound-control Technology of On-line UPS

The on-line UPS is introduced briefly.The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of many important methods used in UPS’s inverter control,and proposes that the tendency of the inverter control strategies is compound-control.Finally,a compound-control scheme based on DSP/TMS320LF2407 is proposed,and this system is tested.The experimental results verify the system’s feasibility and advantage.
A Functional Approach to Twenty-First Century Science Literacy

Literacy studies and new education standards in the twenty-first century emphasize the importance of content-specific literacy development. This chapter reports a teacher professional development program where Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is strategically incorporated into the SIOP (Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol) model to strengthen the trainee teachers’ capacity to deliver language-based content instruction to ELLs. SFL, a semantic-functional approach to text analysis, identifies that science texts are difficult because they are “simultaneously technical, abstract, dense, and tightly knit” (Fang and Schleppegrell 2008, p. 20). In this chapter, the linguistic features of science texts and instructional strategies are explained and illustrated with a middle school science unit on the water cycle. Assessment data of the professional development program show that the SFL incorporation deepens science teachers’ understanding of the linguistic complexity encoded in science texts, which forms a solid foundation for them to design teaching strategies to support ELLs’ disciplinary academic language development.
Flying Multiple UAVs Using ROS

This tutorial chapter will teach readers how to use ROS to fly a small quadcopter both individually and as a group. We will discuss the hardware platform, the Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.0, which is well suited for swarm robotics due to its small size and weight. After first introducing the crazyflie_ros stack and its use on an individual robot, we will extend scenarios of hovering and waypoint following from a single robot to the more complex multi-UAV case. Readers will gain insight into physical challenges, such as radio interference, and how to solve them in practice. Ultimately, this chapter will prepare readers not only to use the stack as-is, but also to extend it or to develop their own innovations on other robot platforms.
Cracking the Code to Writing Legal Arguments: From IRAC to CRARC to Combinations in Between

This article discusses how to organize the argument section of trial and appellate briefs and discusses the IRARC/CRARC methods as options to IRAC, BaRAC, CIRAC, CRAFADC, CREAC, CRuPAC, FIRAC, FORAC, IDAR, IGPAC, ILAC, IRAAAPC, IREAC, MIRAT, RAFADC, TREACC, and TRRAC.
Visual Communication and Cognition in Everyday Decision-Making

Understanding cognition and the context of decision-making should be prioritized in the design process in order to accurately anticipate the outcome for intended audiences. A thorough understanding of cognition has been excluded from being a part of foundational design principals in visual communication. By defining leisure, direct, urgent, and emergency scenarios and providing examples of work that deeply considers the viewer’s relationship to the design solution in context of these scenarios allows us to affirm the relevancy of cognition as a design variable and the importance of projects that advocate public utility.
Mental Health Screening of Medically-Admitted Patients With Cystic Fibrosis.

Background Multi-national studies have identified an increased risk for depression and anxiety among the cystic fibrosis population. People with cystic fibrosis and depression have decreased lung function, adherence, and quality of life, and increased health care utilization. This is a pilot study of mental health screening and referral of patients with cystic fibrosis in a large tertiary medical center. Objective Patients with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis aged 8 and older, medically admitted to a tertiary hospital, were screened for eligibility and offered mental health screening for depression and anxiety. Methods Patients indicating elevated rates of anxiety, depression, or suicidal ideation were offered a psychiatric consultation, and all participants were offered mental health referrals. Health-related outcomes were gathered via medical record review. Results The pediatric population showed elevated rates/at risk of depression (17%), anxiety (22%) and clinically-elevated depression (5%), and anxiety (11%). Twenty-two percent of the youth reported suicidal ideation. The adult population reported mild rates of depression (11%), anxiety (28%), and suicidality (11%). The mental health screening process resulted in 1 mental health referral, 16 patients eligible for psychiatric consultation, and 4 completed psychiatric consultations. Discussion This study represents a pilot mental health screening in the inpatient medical setting. The results indicate an elevated rate of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, and a protocol for responding to elevated responses via psychiatric consultation. This study indicates the need for further exploration of implementation of mental health screening, rapid response to suicidal ideation, referral process, and treatment interventions.
Enhancing Data Access and Utilization: Federal Big Data Initiative and Relevance to Health Disparities Research

High value health and healthcare data are available from both the U.S. Federal Government and the private sector. Advancements in technology and networking capabilities, as well as the rise in wearable devices and consumer health care applications, have led to a considerable increase in the volume and variety of these data. While very large databases are being combined within electronic health records systems (EHRs), information reflecting nursing and potentially other relevant interprofessional notes is still to be integrated. Numerous federal initiatives are ongoing to improve access to and use of big data, and enhance and develop new analytical tools to maximize and accelerate the integration of big data and data science into biomedical research. Nurse practitioners and researchers have the opportunity to use big data to support clinical decisions, increase understanding of patient self-reported data, and expand the emerging research field of symptoms management to ultimately contribute to elimination of health and health care disparities and promote health equity.
Medicare Advantage and Fee‐for‐Service Performance on Clinical Quality and Patient Experience Measures: Comparisons from Three Large States

Objective To compare performance between Medicare Advantage (MA) and Fee-for-Service (FFS) Medicare during a time of policy changes affecting both programs. Data Sources/Study Setting Performance data for 16 clinical quality measures and 6 patient experience measures for 9.9 million beneficiaries living in California, New York, and Florida. Study Design We compared MA and FFS performance overall, by plan type, and within service areas associated with contracts between CMS and MA organizations. Case mix-adjusted analyses (for measures not typically adjusted) were used to explore the effect of case mix on MA/FFS differences. Data Collection/Extraction Methods Performance measures were submitted by MA organizations, obtained from the nationwide fielding of the Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (MCAHPS) Survey, or derived from claims. Principal Findings Overall, MA outperformed FFS on all 16 clinical quality measures. Differences were large for HEDIS measures and small for Part D measures and remained after case mix adjustment. MA enrollees reported better experiences overall, but FFS beneficiaries reported better access to care. Relative to FFS, performance gaps were much wider for HMOs than PPOs. Excluding HEDIS measures, MA/FFS differences were much smaller in contract-level comparisons. Conclusions Medicare Advantage/Fee-for-Service differences are often large but vary in important ways across types of measures and contracts.
Distribution of Enterotoxin- and Epsilon-Positive Clostridium perfringens Spores in U.S. Retail Spices

The role of spices as vehicles of foodborne illness prompted an examination of bacterial spores in these products. Here, we report on the levels and characteristics of spores of Clostridium perfringens associated with 247 U.S. retail spices. Forty-three confirmed isolates from 17% of samples were obtained, present at levels ranging from 3.6 to 2,400/g. Twenty-seven (63%) of C. perfringens isolates were positive for the enterotoxin gene ( cpe). Seven random spice isolates produced enterotoxin at levels of between 4 and 16 ng/mL, compared with three outbreak (control) strains that each produced enterotoxin levels of >1,024 ng/mL. D95°C levels (1.0 to 3.3 min) of spores of four randomly selected spice isolates suggests a plasmid-localized cpe, while one had D95°C (>45 min) consistent with chromosomally located cpe. Five of the 43 isolates possessed the epsilon toxin gene ( etx, as well as cpe). Foods could easily become contaminated with spores of cpe-positive C. perfringens by the addition of spices. Because of its spore-forming ability, its rapid generation times at elevated temperatures, improper heating, cooling, and holding conditions could lead to elevated levels of C. perfringens in foods, a requirement for its implication in foodborne outbreaks.
Discovery of Modulators of Adipocyte Physiology Using Fully Functionalized Fragments

Defects in adipocyte function associated with obesity drive the development of systemic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Agents that correct obesity-linked adipocyte dysfunction serve as useful insulin sensitizers in humans, as is exemplified by the thiazolidinediones (TZDs). We have developed a new platform that integrates advanced chemoproteomics with phenotypic screening to identify small molecules that promote differentiation and lipid storage in adipocytes, and, in tandem, their molecular target(s). These molecules mimic the activity of TZDs in culture and thus may also serve as insulin sensitizers in vivo. Central to this platform is the use of fully functionalized fragment (FFF) probes that consist of a variable, fragment-like recognition element linked to an alkyne-diazirine group that enables the photoactivated capture of probe-bound proteins directly in living cells and subsequent copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to reporter tags for enrichment and identification of these probe-bound proteins by mass spectrometry. This platform, which can be adapted to diverse screens and cell types beyond adipocytes, has the potential to uncover new biological pathways amenable to pharmacological modulation that may impact human disease.
Environmental Psychology and Action Research: Lewin’s Legacy

Environmental psychology developed out of research that began in the late 1950s and 60s, focusing on the impact of the physical environment, an area that had been largely neglected by social scientists. Much of this work came out of a period of building, of expansion, a time of questioning and environmental activism. Some social scientists found that designers and planners also were raising questions about the people/ environment interrelationship and a number of disciplines embarked on a collaboration that has persisted into the present. Despite its name, environmental psychology has drawn on a wide range of social sciences, including anthropology, sociology, economics, geography, political science and history—as well as the design and planning specialities—architecture, landscape architecture, urban design and urban planning.
Experiential learning in analogical problem solving

A computational model of skill acquisition is analyzed based on extensions to an analogical problem solving method and previous Al work on concept acquisition. The present investigation focuses on exploiting and extending the analogical reasoning model to generate useful exemplary solutions to related problems from which more general plans can be induced and refined. Starting with a general analogical inference engine, problem solving experience is, in essence, compiled incrementally into effective procedures that solve various classes of problems in a more reliable and direct manner.
Hair Cell Differentiation

The mammalian inner ear is a highly complex structure containing six distinct sensory organs. Each sensory organ comprises mechanosensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells arranged in a cellular mosaic. Hair cells and supporting cells are both derived from progenitor cells located in developing sensory patches. Hair cell differentiation is initiated through the expression of the transcription factor Atoh1. Initially, most progenitor cells within each sensory patch express Atoh1; however, subsequent cell–cell interactions lead to the downregulation of Atoh1 in cells that will develop into supporting cells. In hair cells, the expression of Atoh1 leads to the initiation of a signaling cascade that promotes hair cell development and survival.
Effective categoricity of injection structures

We study computability theoretic properties of computable injection structures and the complexity of isomorphisms between these structures.
Visible-Light, Iodine-Promoted Formation of N-Sulfonyl Imines and N-Alkylsulfonamides from Aldehydes and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents

Alternative synthetic methodology for the direct installation of sulfonamide functionality is a highly desirable goal within the domain of drug discovery and development. The formation of synthetically valuable N-sulfonyl imines from a range of aldehydes, sulfonamides, and PhI(OAc)2 under practical and mild reaction conditions has been developed. According to mechanistic studies described within, the reaction proceeds through an initial step involving a radical initiator (generated either by visible-light or heat) to activate the reacting substrates. The reaction provides a synthetically useful and operationally simple, relatively mild alternative to the traditional formation of N-sulfonyl imines that utilizes stable, widely available reagents.
Using long short-term memory recurrent neural network in land cover classification on Landsat and Cropland data layer time series

Land cover maps are significant in assisting agricultural decision making. However, the existing workflow of producing land cover maps is very complicated and the result accuracy is ambiguous. This...
A Jump-Distance-Based Parameter Inference Scheme for Particulate Trajectories.

Abstract This study presents an improved quantitative tool for the analysis of particulate trajectories. Particulate trajectory data appears in several different biological contexts, from the trajectory of chemotaxing bacteria to the nuclear mobility inferred from the trajectory of MS2 spots. Presently, the majority of analyses performed on particulate trajectory data have been limited to mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis. Although simple, MSD analysis has several pitfalls, including difficulty in selecting between competing methods of motion, handling systems with multiple distinct subpopulations, and parameter extraction from limited time-series data. Here, we provide an alternative to MSD analysis using the jump distance distribution (JDD), which addresses the aforementioned issues. In particular, the method outperforms MSD analysis in the data-poor limit, thereby giving access to a larger range of temporal dynamics. In this work, we construct and validate a derivation of the JDD for different transportation modes and dimensions and implement a parameter estimation and model selection scheme. This scheme is validated, and direct improvements over MSD analysis are shown. Through an analysis of bacterial chemotaxis data, we highlight the JDD’s ability to extract parameters at a variety of timescales, as well as extract underlying biological features of interest.
Coulomb excitation of the first 2 + state of even nuclei with 58 ≦ A ≦ 82

Abstract The yields of gamma rays resulting from Coulomb excitation have been measured for fifteen even nuclei of nickel, zinc, germanium and selenium. Coulomb excitation was produced by variable energy α-particles (3 to 10 MeV). In favourable cases the absolute γ-ray yields are determined to an accuracy of ±4 %. The reduced electric quadrupole transition probabilities B (E2) are generally determined to an accuracy of ±9 % . The observed values for B (E2)are larger than the single-particle estimate by factors ranging from 11 for Ni 58 to 51 for Se 76 . The 2 + energies and B (E2) values are interpreted in terms of the collective vibrational model.
Integrating the Washington Media Scholars Case Study Competition into a Capstone Course

Integrating the WMSF Case Study competition into a capstone course will create a whole new dynamic for students. The case studies provided by WMSF are valuable for students because they demonstrate...
Mitigating Risk of COVID-19 in Dialysis Facilities

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic sweeping the world’s population, is particularly threatening to patients on dialysis. This concise publication brings the evidence-based guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the practical judgment of dialysis
Surface properties and characterization of metallic biomaterials

The surface properties of biomaterials play a key role in determining the success of any implantable medical device. In this chapter, the significance of surface properties such as surface chemistry, surface wettability, surface texture, and surface charges is discussed. Also, the instruments that are commonly used for characterizing these surface properties are covered in this chapter. The instruments, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with three commonly used modes including attenuated total reflection, specular reflectance, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for characterizing surface chemistry, are described. The fundamentals behind contact angle analysis and the use of goniometer instrument for characterizing surface wettability are described. For characterizing surface textures, the instruments such as scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and profilometer (contact and noncontact) are described. For characterizing surface charges, the use of zeta potential analysis technique is described.
What have we learned from C5 palsy – A short communication

Abstract A study group on C5 palsy retrospectively reviewed 1001 cervical operations at their institutions in order to understand the incidence, prognosticators, pathogenesis, and outcome of C5 palsy after cervical operations. Three studies are summarized. C5 palsy was higher after posterior versus anterior operations. C4-C5 foraminotomy and age were the strongest predictors of C5 palsy after posterior surgeries and anterior cervical decompression-fusion, respectively. Among patients undergoing C4-C5 posterior laminoforaminotomy with instrumented fusion, cord shift on postoperative imaging was thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of C5 palsy. Among affected patients, 81.4% recovered. Median time to resolution of C5 palsy was between 6 months to 1 year.
Survival After Primary Surgery Compared With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Early-stage Ovarian Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM Our study evaluated the survival of women with early-stage ovarian cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) vs. primary debulking surgery (PDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We used the 2004-2015 National Cancer Database to identify women with early ovarian cancer treated with multiagent chemotherapy or surgery. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of NAC. Overall survival estimates were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine variables. RESULTS In total, 14,627 women were included. The majority (96%) underwent PDS while (4%) underwent NAC. Median survival time was 40 months (95%CI=37.190-47.280, p<0.0001) in the NAC group and 91 months (95%CI=84.4-110.290, p<0.0001) in the PDS group. Five-year overall survival was 36% for the NAC cohort and 65% for the PDS cohort. CONCLUSION Women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) had worse overall and 5-year survival. This finding agrees with the accepted convention of reserving NAC for women with advanced, unresectable disease.
Lightning Impulse Protection for Grid-connected Solid-state Transformers

A lightning protection scheme is designed and experimentally verified for protecting a 7.2 kV soft-switching solid-state transformer from lightning-induced overvoltage surges. The general design procedures of the lightning protection scheme as well as device selection guidelines are discussed in detail. A prototype has been constructed based on economical, off-the-shelf surge protective devices with unique choices of gapped metal-oxide varistors and air-core inductors. Lightning impulse tests have been performed to evaluate the lightning impulse protective level of the protection scheme, which also experimentally confirm a satisfactory protective ratio between the lightning protection scheme and the solid-state transformer according to the criteria of IEEE Std. C62.22. Working as an independent surge attenuator, the lightning protection scheme is able to protect various kinds of grid-connected converters and facilitate their field deployment in distribution systems.
From Boyfriend to Boy’s Love: South Korean Male ASMRtists’ Performances of Digital Care:

YouTube-based ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) has become widely popular in South Korea as a readily accessible mode of self-care. However, ASMR scholarship in South Korea has largely ov...
The Administrative Process

Credentialing and privileging are fundamental mechanisms employed by healthcare facilities to ensure that only qualified, competent healthcare professionals are granted access to patients and authorized to practice medicine. This chapter outlines best practices for credentialing, privileging, and ensuring maintenance of certification for APPs performing invasive procedures. Additionally, processes for evaluating initial competency and ensuring ongoing competency for invasive procedures are discussed.
Maternal Perceptions of Safeguards for Research Involving Children

The vitality of clinical research and the health of the public relies on continued efforts to engage children in clinical research in a fully protected and ethically robust manner. Parents serve as proxy decision-makers assessing the risks and benefits of any given study in order to do what is in the best interest of their child. This study investigated maternal perceptions of research safeguards and mothers’ willingness to enroll their children in clinical research studies. We hypothesized that mothers’ perceptions of the protectiveness of safeguard procedures utilized in clinical research would be associated with mothers’ willingness to enroll their children in research studies with such safeguards. Through a survey conducted via Amazon Mechanical Turk, mothers were asked to rate the perceived protectiveness of four safeguard procedures (confidential data coding, data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs), institutional review boards (IRBs), and informed consent) and the degree to which they were willing to have their child participate in research studies in the presence of each of the four safeguard procedures. Respondents generally perceived safeguard procedures to be protective. Mothers’ trust in researchers’ honesty positively impacted perceptions of the protectiveness of research safeguard procedures and willingness to enroll children in research. Mothers of only healthy children perceived research safeguards to be more protective than mothers with at least one child with at least one health issue. This study provides insight into whether maternal perceptions of the protectiveness of different safeguard procedures are associated with mothers’ willingness to enroll their children in research.
Editorial for the special section on humans, algorithms, and augmented intelligence: The future of work, organizations, and society

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have increased interest in combining AI with human intelligence to develop superior systems that augment human and artificial intelligence. In th...
Introduction to this special section: Quantitative interpretation

Abstract Quantitative interpretation (QI) is the geophysicist's endeavor to go beyond reservoir architecture. It is the effort to use geophysical measurements in understanding reservoir properties ...
COVID-19 Related Racial Discrimination in Small Asian Communities: A Cross Sectional Study.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been a surge of discrimination against Asians across the globe. However, there is a knowledge gap of COVID-19 related racial discrimination against Asians in smaller Asian populations. A total of 221 adults living in Florida completed an online survey between June-July 2020. Adjusted logistic regression assessed associations between sociodemographic factors and experienced discrimination, hypervigilance of safety, nervousness in public, and anticipated discrimination. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Asian respondents were more likely than non-Asians to experience discrimination during COVID-19 (AOR = 12.58; 95% CI 4.74, 33.38; p ≤ 0.001). Asians were more likely to anticipate discrimination after the pandemic ends (AOR = 4.35, 95% CI 1.33, 14.17; p < 0.05). We found that Asians in smaller Asian populations suffer from a disproportionate level of discrimination due to COVID-19, relative to non-Asians. Our findings support previous research that racial discrimination exists on a continuum of violence and can have severe negative health consequences.
Design Issues and Comparison of Methods for Microarray-Based Classification

Except in situations where the amount of data is large in comparison to the number of variables, classifier design and error estimation involve subtle issues. This is especially so in applications such as cancer classification where there is no prior knowledge concerning the vector-label distributions involved. It is clearly prudent to try to achieve classification using small numbers of genes and rules of low complexity (low VC dimension), and to use cross-validation when it is not possible to obtain large independent samples for testing. Even when one uses a cross-validation method such as leave-one-out estimation, one is still confronted by the high variance of the estimator. In many applications, large samples are impossible owing to either cost or availability. Therefore, it is unlikely that a statistical approach alone will provide satisfactory results. Rather, one can use the results of classification analysis to discover gene sets that potentially provide good discrimination, and then focus attention on these. In the same vein, one can utilize the common engineering approach of integrating data with human knowledge to arrive at satisfactory systems.
Bottom backscattering strengths measured at 2-5 kHz in shallow water west of Scotland

During The Technical Cooperation Program's T-MAST 02 sea trial in July of 2002, direct-path measurements of bottom backscattering strength were made at 2-5 kHz at 18 sites on the Outer Hebrides Platform and the Stanton Banks (west of Scotland). This is a complex area, with sediment types including mud, sand, gravel and bedrock, and strewn throughout with stones, pebbles, and rocks. When stones, etc. were present in accompanying bottom grabs, bottom backscattering strengths were generally high and flatfish in angle (over 10 to 40 deg), with many sites empirically exhibiting a sinthetas or flatter angular dependence. The frequency dependence in these cases was mild. When stones, etc. were absent, bottom backscattering strengths were less high and less flat in angle, with stronger frequency dependence. These results illustrate the inadequacies of using Lambert's Law to model bottom backscattering strengths, as well as relying on archival databases, and argue for in-situ environmental characterization
Promoting a Positive Childbirth Experience for Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and describe the labor support needs of adolescents that promote a positive childbirth experience. Design: Mixed method Setting: Three tertiary care hospitals. Patient/Participants: A convenience sample of 185 adolescents in the immediate postpartum period. Methods: The quantitative component identified the supportive behaviors using the 26‐item Bryanton Adaptation of the Nursing Support in Labor Questionnaire‐Adolescents. The qualitative component used two open‐ended questions to explore adolescents' needs during childbirth. Results: The most helpful supportive behavior was to provide pain medication. By psychosocial developmental levels, early adolescents perceived the nurse praising them was most helpful whereas middle and late adolescents perceived the provision of pain medication most helpful. Four major themes emerged from written responses: respectful nurse caring, assistance with pain control, nursing support of the adolescent's support person, and childbirth guidance. Conclusions: Adolescents were asked to recall their childbirth experiences to begin to develop a knowledge base specific to adolescent childbirth needs. By understanding the supportive behaviors that adolescents in labor desire and implementing those behaviors in their practice, intrapartum nurses can improve the childbirth experience for the adolescent.
Teaching as a Priority: A Promising Program at the University of Florida

Both supporters and critics of higher education express concern about the declining quality of teaching, particularly of undergraduates, within universities. Moreover, legislators in a dozen or more states are examining faculty workloads and developing legisla tion to ensure that faculty devote more of their time to teaching (Gilbert, Keck, and Simpson 1993; Winkler 1992). Although precise data about faculty teaching loads in the past are not available, the public perception that teaching loads have declined seems accurate. Winkler (1992) notes that the average teaching load in the 1920s and 1930s was thirteen to fourteen hours per semester as compared to an average load of 7.6 hours today. Like wise, Fairweather (1993) notes that self studies conducted at several large univer sities indicate that only one-fourth of all undergraduate courses are taught by full time university faculty. The public clearly is anxious about teaching in higher education, and similar discomfort exists within universities.
Observing H → W ( * ) W ( * ) → e ± μ ∓ p T in weak boson fusion with dual forward jet tagging at the CERN LHC

Weak boson fusion promises to be a copious source of intermediate mass standard model Higgs bosons at the CERN LHC. The additional very energetic forward jets in these events provide for powerful background suppression tools. We analyze the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}{W}^{(*)}{W}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{p}_{T}$ decay mode for a Higgs boson mass in the 130--200 GeV range. A parton level analysis of the dominant backgrounds (production of W pairs, $t\overline{t}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Z}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\tau}$ in association with jets) demonstrates that this channel allows the observation of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}{W}^{(*)}{W}^{(*)}$ in a virtually background-free environment, yielding a significant Higgs boson signal with an integrated luminosity of $5{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or less. Weak boson fusion achieves a much better signal to background ratio than inclusive $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{p}_{T}$ and is therefore the most promising search channel in the 130--200 GeV mass range.
The Effect of Obesity and Chronic Conditions on Medicare Spending, 1987-2011

Slowing the growth in Medicare expenditure is a key policy goal. Rising chronic disease prevalence is responsible for much of this growth. The first goal of this study is to estimate the percentage of Medicare spending growth that is attributable to increasing disease prevalence rates of diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and heart disease. Second, we estimate how much of this prevalence-related spending growth is attributable to rising obesity rates. We employ spending decomposition equations to estimate the percentage of Medicare spending growth that is attributable to rising chronic disease prevalence, and we use two-part models to estimate the portion of prevalence-related spending that is potentially due to obesity. For our four conditions of interest, growing disease prevalence accounted for between 13.6 % (in heart disease) and 58.9 % (in hyperlipidaemia) of Medicare expenditure growth. Up to 17.0 % (in diabetes) of the expenditure growth due to prevalence increases may be attributable to obesity and therefore may be modifiable. Rising obesity rates contribute to chronic disease prevalence, which, in turn, can lead to higher Medicare expenditures. To slow the growth in spending, policy makers should consider targeting obesity, using approaches such as improving pharmacotherapy coverage and providing intensive care coordination services to Medicare enrollees.
Contract grading with mastery learning in CS 1

Mastery learning as an educational technique can be successfully used in a CS 1 course. Instructors explicitly predetermine the skills and knowledge required for varying levels of mastery. Incorporating contract grading with the levels of mastery gives students control over the grade they earn. Students have a high level of satisfaction when given clear and commonly understood expectations for performance when also coupled with the ability to choose their level of achievement. In an experiment with five sections of CS 1 over two consecutive semesters, students indicated a strong preference for mastery learning with contract grading over traditional percentage grading. Students' self-reported beliefs were that they did slightly more work, learned more, learned it better, and learned it more easily because of mastery learning and contract grading. They strongly felt that they were in control of the grade they received and were very confident that they knew what grade they would earn. Students strongly believed that the mastery learning aspect resulted in improved learning and higher grades. The technique used for mastery learning with contract grading is described along with significant benefits and problems encountered.
A Comparison of the Effects of Negative Communication and Spirituality on Relationship Quality Among Different Latino and Anglo Couple Groups

This study explored how negative communication and spirituality influence relationship quality across four couple groups. Data was gathered from Anglo couples, interethnic Latino and Anglo couples, and Latino couples. Data was analyzed in a mediating Actor–Partner Interaction Model (APIM) with a multiple group analysis. Negative communication was negatively associated with relationship quality uniformly. Generally, male spirituality positively influenced his own relationship quality and was positively associated with female relationship quality in one group. Female spirituality was negatively associated with relationship quality for both genders in that same group and her spirituality partially mediated that process. Clinical implications are discussed.
Molecular analysis of microbial community structure in an arsenite-oxidizing acidic thermal spring

Electron microscopy (EM), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA sequencing were used to examine the structure and diversity of microbial mats present in an acid-sulphate-chloride (pH 3.1) thermal (58-62 degrees C) spring in Norris Basin, Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA, exhibiting rapid rates of arsenite oxidation. Initial visual assessments, scanning EM and geochemical measurements revealed the presence of three distinct mat types. Analysis of 16S rDNA fragments with DGGE confirmed the presence of different bacterial and archaeal communities within these zones. Changes in the microbial community appeared to coincide with arsenite oxidation activity. Phylogenetic analysis of 1400 bp 16S rDNA sequences revealed that clone libraries prepared from both arsenic redox active and inactive bacterial communities were dominated by sequences phylogenetically related to Hydrogenobacter acidophilus and Desulphurella sp. The appearance of archaeal 16S rDNA sequences coincided with the start of arsenite oxidation, and sequences were obtained showing affiliation with both Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The majority of archaeal sequences were most similar to sequences obtained from marine hydrothermal vents and other acidic hot springs, although the level of similarity was typically just 90%. Arsenite oxidation in this system may result from the activities of these unknown archaeal taxa and/or the previously unreported arsenic redox activity of H. acidophilus- or Desulphurella-like organisms. If the latter, arsenite oxidation must be inhibited in the initial high-sulphide zone of the spring, where no change in the distribution of arsenite versus arsenate was observed.
Rabi oscillations between ground and Rydberg states with dipole-dipole atomic interactions.

We demonstrate Rabi oscillations of small numbers of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms between ground and Rydberg states with $n\ensuremath{\le}43$. Coherent population oscillations are observed for single atoms, while the presence of two or more atoms decoheres the oscillations. We show that these observations are consistent with van der Waals interactions of Rydberg atoms.
The prediction of professional behaviour.

Objective The purpose of this study was to establish outcome measures for professionalism in medical students and to identify predictors of these outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting A US medical school. Participants All students entering in 1995 and graduating within 5 years. Measures Outcome measures included review board identification of professionalism problems and clerkship evaluations for items pertaining to professionalism. Pre-clinical predictor variables included material from the admissions application, completion of required course evaluations, students' self-reporting of immunisation compliance, students' performance on standardised patient (SP) exercises, and students' self-assessed performance on SP exercises. Results The outcome measures of clerkship professionalism scores were found to be highly reliable (alpha 0.88–0.96). No data from the admissions material was found to be predictive of professional behaviour in the clinical years. Using multivariate regression, failing to complete required course evaluations (B = 0.23) and failing to report immunisation compliance (B = 0.29) were significant predictors of unprofessional behaviour found by the review board in subsequent years. Immunisation non-compliance predicted low overall clerkship professional evaluation scores (B = − 0.34). Student self-assessment accuracy (SP score minus self-assessed score) (B = 0.03) and immunisation non-compliance (B = 0.54) predicted the internal medicine clerkship professionalism score. Conclusions This study identifies a set of reliable, context-bound outcome measures in professionalism. Although we searched for predictors of behaviour in the admissions application and other domains commonly felt to be predictive of professionalism, we found significant predictors only in domains where students had had opportunities to demonstrate conscientious behaviour or humility in self-assessment.
Transcriptional Activation of Steroidogenic Factor-1 by Hypomethylation of the 5′ CpG Island in Endometriosis

Context: Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), a transcriptional factor essential for activation of multiple steroidogenic genes for estrogen biosynthesis, is undetectable in normal endometrial stromal cells and aberrantly expressed in endometriotic stromal cells. Objective: The objective of the study was to unravel the mechanism for differential SF-1 expression in endometrial and endometriotic stromal cells. Design: We identified a CpG island flanking the SF-1 promoter and exon I region and determined its methylation patterns in endometrial and endometriotic cells. Setting: The study was conducted at Northwestern University. Patients or Other Participants: Eutopic endometrium from disease-free subjects (n = 8) and the walls of cystic endometriosis lesions of the ovaries (n = 8) were investigated. Intervention(s): Stromal cells were isolated from these two types of tissues. Main Outcome Measure(s): Measures are mentioned in Results. Results: SF-1 mRNA and protein l...
Epoxygenation of arachidonic acid by rat anterior pituitary microsomal fractions

Microsomal fractions isolated from rat anterior pituitary glands catalyze the oxygenation of arachidonic acid. By a combination of Chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, we have identified epoxy-eicosatrienoic acids as reaction products and thus documented the presence of an NADPH-dependent arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity in rat adenohypophysis.
Understanding covalent modifications of proteins by lipids: where cell biology and biophysics mingle

Much effort has been expended on the in vitro characterization of enzymes that covalently attach lipids to proteins. Less information is available about properties conferred on modified proteins by their attached lipid groups, but biophysical studies of simple model systems have begun to shed light on this issue. Recent evidence suggests that the specificity of lipid modifications may be dependent upon the intracellular compartmentalization of the lipid and protein substrates of lipidating enzymes. The function and targeting of their lipidated products appear to be regulated dynamically through addition or subtraction of lipid moieties, other covalent or noncovalent modifications, as well as several devices that at this point can only be inferred. This field of research illustrates the necessity of integrating cell-biological and biophysical perspectives.
Evaluation of idea generation methods for conceptual design: Effectiveness metrics and design of experiments

A wide range of formal methods have been devised and used for idea generation in conceptual design. Experimental evidence is needed to support claims regarding the effectiveness of these methods in promoting idea generation in engineering design. Towards that goal this paper presents a set of effectiveness metrics experimental methods, data collection and analysis techniques. Statistically based Design of Experiments (DOE) principles were used in developing the guidelines. Four classes of operating variables were considered to characterize the design problem and the environment. The effectiveness metrics proposed are based on outcome and consists of the quantity, quality, novelty, and variety of ideas generated. Two experimental approaches have been developed. In the Direct Method, the influence of the type of design problem and various parameters related to the procedure of an idea generation method is measured by using the method in its entirety. In the Indirect Method, each idea generation method is decomposed into key components and its overall effectiveness is predicted by experimentally studying the effectiveness of its components and their mutual interactions.
Linguistic processing and performance in articulation-disordered subgroups of language-impaired children

Abstract The linguistic and dichotic listening performances of three groups of nine children were studied. The groups were divided as follows: (1) Language-disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily omissions; (2) language-disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily substitutions; (3) communicatively normal children. All subjects participated in articulation testing, imitative language tests, analysis of a spontaneous language sample, and a dichotic word task. The articulatory omission group differed sognificantly from the substitution group on the imitative language test but not on the developmental sentence analysis. All groups demonstrated a right ear advantage, suggesting left hemispheric processing of the dichotic stimuli. The results of the present study and prior research are discussed in terms of possible sources of variability.
Entropy and enthalpy catastrophe as a stability limit for crystalline material

The transition from a crystalline material with long-range order to a glass-like disordered structure has been observed in several metal alloys and minerals using experimental techniques such as solid-state reaction, mechanical alloying, pressure application, ion-beam mixing and hydriding1–3. In all these examples the vitrification occurs below the glass transition temperature, and because the glass can be thought of as a highly undercooled liquid, one may draw an analogy between the vitrification process and melting. The melting process is often viewed as a catastrophic instability of the crystal lattice4–6, although none of these theories predicts the melting temperature correctly. The transition from crystal to glass could also be triggered by some type of instability7; indeed, Kauzmann8 has argued that an undercooled liquid whose entropy falls below that of the crystalline phase must undergo massive freezing to a glass. Applying an 'inverse' Kauzmann argument to the problem of melting, an entropy catastrophe is predicted when the entropy of a superheated crystal exceeds that of the liquid phase. We propose that this temperature represents an ultimate stability limit for superheated or supersaturated crystals.