cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results After Rectal Cancer Resection With In-Continuity Partial Vaginectomy and Total Mesorectal Excision

Background: Although sharp mesorectal excision reduces circumferential margin involvement and local recurrence, a concomitant partial vaginectomy may be required in women with locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: Sixty-four patients requiring a partial vaginectomy during resection of primary rectal cancer were identified. Survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and distributions were compared by the log-rank test. Results: Locally advanced disease was reflected by presentation with malignant rectovaginal fistulae (n = 6) or cancers described as bulky or adherent/tethered to the rectovaginal septum (n = 32). Thirty-five patients received adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 22 months, 27 (42%) patients developed recurrent disease, with most of these occurring at distant sites. The 5-year overall survival was 46%, with a median survival of 44 months. The 2-year local recurrence–free survival was 84%. The crude local failure rate was 16% (10 of 64), and local recurrence was more common in patients with a positive as opposed to a negative microscopic margin (2 [50%] of 4 vs. 8 [13%] of 60, respectively). Positive nodal status had a significant effect on overall survival (P < .001). Conclusions: Partial vaginectomy is indicated for locally advanced rectal cancers involving the vagina. The results are most favorable in patients with negative surgical margins and node-negative disease.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Isolation of Cytokinins from Natural Sources 6-(3-Methyl-2-butenylamino) purine from Agrobacterium Tumefaciens

Gas-liquid chromatographic retention times for 20 purines or purine nucleosides, 14 of which are highly active cytokinins, are reported. With one exception, all of the naturally occurring cytokinins are separated.Ethyl acetate extraction of yeast transfer RNA hydrolysates and of culture filtrates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens gave sufficient concentration of the naturally occurring cytokinins for immediate gas-liquid chromatography. This procedure permitted the detection of 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-beta, d-ribofuranosylpurine in yeast transfer RNA extracts. An active cytokinin was isolated from A. tumefaciens culture filtrates and was tentatively identified as 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine.
Rates and extents of hydrolysis of several caseins by pepsin, rennin, Endothia parasitica protease and Mucor pusillus protease

Abstract The initial rates of hydrolysis, rates of hydrolysis and extents of hydrolysis after 1,440min reaction of whole, α-, β-, and κ-caseins by crystallized rennin, crystallized pepsin and purified M. pusillus protease and E. parasitica protease at pH 3.0, 3.5, 5.5 and 6.0 have been determined. The number of peptide bonds hydrolyzed was determined by the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid method. E. parasitica protease generally had more activity than the other three enzymes on all substrates at all pHs. With whole, α- and κ-caseins the initial rates and extents of hydrolysis decreased from pH 3.0 to 6.0 with a few exceptions. With all four enzymes the extent of hydrolysis of β-casein was lower at pH 3.0 than at pH 3.5. At pH 6.0, a11 four enzymes had the fastest initial rates of hydrolysis on κ-casein followed in turn by α-casein and β-casein. The initial rates of hydrolysis of β-casein at pH 6.0 were very low by all four enzymes. The extents of hydrolysis at pH 6.0 were in the order of α-, κ- and β-casein except for E. parasitica protease where the order was α-, β- and κ-casein. With a11 four enzymes the extent of hydrolysis of β-casein at pH 5.5 was much greater than at pH 6.0.
Secondary Structural Elements of the HCV X-region Involved in Viral Replication.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The noncoding regions in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome contain secondary structures that are important for replication. The aim of this study was to identify detailed conformational elements of the X-region involved in HCV replication. METHODS: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) structural analogs X94, X12, and X12c were constructed to have identical conformation but 94%, 12%, and 0% sequence identity, respectively, to the X region of HCV genotype 2a. Effects of structural analogs on replication of HCV genotypes 1b and 2a HCV RNA were studied by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In replicon BB7 cells, a constitutive replication model, HCV RNA levels decreased to 55%, 52%, 53%, and 54% after transfection with expression plasmids generating RNA structural analogs 5B-46, X-94, X-12, and X-12c, respectively (p<0.001 for all). In an HCV genotype 2a infection model, RNA analogs 5B-46, X-94, and X-12 in hepatic cells inhibited replication to 11%, 9%, and 12%, respectively. Because the X-12 analog was only 12% identical to the corresponding sequence of HCV genotype 2a, the sequence per se, or antisense effects were unlikely to be involved. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that conformation of secondary structures in 3'-UTR of HCV RNA genome is required for HCV replication. Stable expression of RNA analogs predicted to have identical stem-loop structures might inhibit HCV infection of hepatocytes in liver and may represent a novel approach to design anti-HCV agents.
Frontal lobe deficits and alcohol abuse: Possible interactions in predicting domestic violence

This study is a secondary analysis of data presented by Westby and Ferraro (1999), who examined the relationship between performance on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe deficits and domestic violence. Their results suggest that men who commit domestic violence perform more poorly than controlled counterparts on measures related to frontal lobe deficits. The purpose of this re-analysis is to further explore the associations among frontal lobe deficits, alcohol abuse, and domestic violence. Findings from the re-analysis suggest that the effects of frontal lobe deficits on domestic violence may be most pronounced in cases of severe violence. The effects of alcohol abuse per se on domestic violence may be mediated by neuropsychological factors. The well-documented association between alcohol abuse and domestic violence may need to be re-evaluated to include neurological vulnerability.
The interaction between horizontal and vertical eye-rotations in tracking tasks.

Abstract The interaction between vertical and horizontal tracking was investigated by using a two-dimensional target motion consisting of a sinusoid in one of the directions vertical or horizontal, and low-pass filtered Gaussian random sequences of variable bandwidth (and hence information content) in the orthogonal direction. It was found that the presence of the random sequences reduced the efficiency of the sinusoidal tracking. However, the sinusoidal tracking was only slightly dependent on the bandwidth of the random sequences. Thus the system should be described as consisting of two independent channels with a small amount of mutual cross-talk.
On Reconnection Phenomena in the Standard Nontwist Map

Separatrix reconnection in the standard nontwist map is described, including exact methods for determining the reconnection threshold in parameter space. These methods are implemented numerically for the case of oddperiod orbit reconnection, where meanders (invariant tori that are not graphs) appear. Nested meander structure is numerically demonstrated, and the idea of meander transport is discussed.
Cassis/CD-ROM — A project report

Abstract The article describes the development of the classification and Search Support Information System (CASSIS), which is an on-line patent information data service provided by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to its network of Patent Depository Libraries (PDLs). The initial success of the system in the early 1980s was so great that its rapidly increasing cost forced some curtailment of its expansion. In 1987 a pilot project was undertaken to determine whether CD-ROM supplied to the PDLs could substitute for some parts of the on-line service. This has proved successful in reducing the cost of the on-line service and further expansion of CD-ROM use to all PDLs is planned in 1989.
Research policy and review 26: where does the United States stand in the global resource scarcity debate?

U.S. policy on world resources and population underwent a drastic shift between the 1970s and 1980s. Underlying this shift were deep and persistent divisions among social scientists and policy scientists who are students of the global resource scarcity hypothesis. This article consists of a brief review of the history of the debate between those who believe that resources are becoming increasingly scarce and those who do not. Major focuses include the ambiguities of scarcity measures and economic literature such as The Limits to Growth Global 2000 the critique of Julian Simon and The Resourceful Earth. (EXCERPT)
The common beliefs survey III and its subscales: Discriminant validity in clinical and nonclinical subjects

Scores on “irrational beliefs” inventories usually correlate well with scores on questionnaires about emotional feeling states, consistent with central tenets of RET and cognitive therapy. However, without specific demonstrations of beliefs inventories' discriminant validity, it is possible that they would correlate well withany questionnaire about negative states or events, thus limiting conclusions about links between thoughts and feelings. In a test of the discriminant validity of the Common Beliefs Survey (CBS), we examined responses to a battery of questionnaires on beliefs and emotional states that had been administered to 151 subjects drawn from samples of college students, hospital staff members, mental health center outpatients, and state hospital inpatients. Results were that the CBS shows (a) satisfactory internal consistency; (b) discriminant validity in that its subscales on self-criticism and perfectionism clearly differentiate clinical from nonclinical subjects; (c) the predicted strong correlations with questionnaires on emotional feeling states; (d) convergent validity in showing a strong correlation with another beliefs inventory; and (e) discriminant validity in correlating more strongly with the other beliefs inventory than with most of the questionnaires on feeling states. The CBS thus shows some respectable psychometric properties that justify its further refinement as a clinical instrument.
Matching Processes in the Labor Market

Quantitative research in occupational mobility has typically focused on individual status attainment, examining the effect of background and individual characteristics on the attainment of status (or, infrequently, on mcomes). Yet the labor market involves a matching process in which the matches between persons and jobs are determined by the resources of the person, relative to those of other persons in the market, the resources of the job, relative to those of other jobs, the interest of the employer in the person's resources, and the mterest of the person in the job's resources A model is presented, assuming a perfect market of resource exchange, in which the value of the resources a person brings to the job is equal to the value of the job's resources. The model allows estimation of the value of each resource in the labor market. It is applied to data on a representative sample of the US labor force, allowing estimation of the value of various resources of persons and jobs in the US labor market in 1986.
Transient cerebral ischemia and brain serotonin: relevance to migraine.

SYNOPSIS Central pain supersensitivity related to depletion of serotonin in the central nervous system has been postulated as a mechanism for migraine. In the present study, transient cerebral ischemia in an animal preparation caused depletion of central nervous system serotonin. Ischemia associated with the prodromal phase of migraine must, therefore, be considered as a possible cause of altered central nervous system serotonin metabolism, possibly leading to increased pain sensitivity
EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH PROSTATE CANCER IN NEGATIVE BIOPSIES

ABSTRACTPurpose: The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) to screen individuals for prostate cancer has changed the management of the disease, permitting early detection in men. Repeat biopsies for persistently increased PSA are not uncommon with prostate cancer never being detected in many of the men. The novel prostate cancer marker, EPCA, is expressed throughout the prostate of individuals with prostate cancer but not in those without the disease.Materials and Methods: The expression of ECPA was studied to identify those men with initially negative biopsies who were ultimately found to have prostate cancer. Negative biopsies, subsequent biopsies and prostatectomy specimens were evaluated by quantitative immunohistochemistry.Results: The EPCA staining intensity in the samples analyzed from the patient cohort with prostate carcinoma were significantly different compared to controls (p <0.001) with almost no overlap in staining results. Sensitivity of the EPCA immunohistochemistry is 84% and specificity...
Semianalytical solution for multicomponent pressure swing adsorption

A theoretical study of multicomponent pressure swing adsorption (PSA) in which the system is considered to be one-dimensional, isothermal, locally at equilibrium with linear adsorption isotherms, and is considered to have negligible diffusion effects and axial total pressure variation is presented in this paper. The resulting mathematical model for multicomponent PSA is a set of first-order quasilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations. The similarities between this model and the model for multicomponent elution chromatography are used to define regions of constant state in the physical plane of time and distance and to obtain the solution in these regions semianalyticaly. Simple relations in terms of algebraic and ordinary differential equations which provide quick and simple estimation of the maximum product purity, maximum productivity, and maximum feed and purge times for PSA processes with an arbitrary number of components are derived. The application of the theory is illustrated by the construction of solutions for a four-step PSA process.
Heterogeneous integration of InGaAsP microdisk laser on a silicon platform using optofluidic assembly

Heterogeneous integration of InGaAsP microdisk lasers on a silicon platform is demonstrated experimentally using an optofluidic assembly technique. The 200-nm-thick, 5- and 10-μm-diameter microdisk lasers are fabricated on InP and then released from the substrates. They are reassembled on a silicon platform using lateral-field optoelectronic tweezers (LOET). The assembled laser with 5-μm diameter exhibits a threshold pump power of 340 μW at room temperature under pulse condition. The heterogeneously-integrated InGaAsP-on-Si microdisk laser could provide the much needed optical source for CMOS-based silicon photonics. The small footprint and low power consumption make them attractive for optical interconnect applications. The optofluidic assembly technique enables efficient use of the III–V epitaxial materials in silicon photonic integrated circuits.
The crystal and molecular structure of μDithiocyanatotetrakis(methyldiphenylphosphine)dicopper(I)

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of Dithiocyanatotetrakis (methyldiphenylphosphine)dicopper(I) [CuNCS(PCH 3 (C 6 H 5 ) 2 ) 2 ] 2 has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected from a single crystal. The material crystallizes in the space group P1 of the triclinic system with two molecules in a cell of dimensions a=10.32 0.02, b=11.24 0.02, c = 12.00 0.02 A, a=90.4 0.1°, The observed density of 1.36 0.02 g/cm 3 agrees well with the calculated density of 1.36 g/cm 3 . Intensity data were collected on multiple films by the integrated equi-inclination Weissenberg technique The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares methods to a final R Factor of 8.7 percent for 1195 non-zero independent reflections. The complex exists as a dimer in the solid state in which the thiocyanates bridge the two copper atoms. The two thiocyanate moieties and the copper atoms form an eight membered ring which is only approximately planar. The geometry around the copper atom can be described as a higly distorted tetrahedron.
Thyroid cell responses to thyrotropin and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate: translocation of protein kinase C and phosphorylation of thyroid cell polypeptide substrates.

Abstract Not all of the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on the thyroid are mediated by activation of the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, indicating that other control systems must also exist. Although a calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and specific substrates had been identified in thyroid tissue, their responsiveness to TSH and other stimulators has not been determined. In thyroid cells which had been preloaded with [ 32 P]orthophosphate, TSH and 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phor-bol-13-acetate (TPA) increased the phosphorylation of a 33K polypeptide substrate within 5 min in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect was observed with 1 mU/ml TSH and 3 n m TPA and was maximal with 100 mU/ml TSH and 100 n m TPA. The biologically inactive analog of TPA, 4α-phorbol, had no effect. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) decreased the phosphorylation of the 33K polypeptide and inhibited the effect of TSH and TPA, indicating that the phosphorylation is not mediated by cyclic AMP. TSH and IBMX, but not TPA, augmented phosphorylation of a 38K polypeptide, suggesting involvement of cyclic AMP. In contrast TPA, but not TSH, increased the phosphorylation of 58K and 28K polypeptides. TSH, but not TPA or 4α-phorbol, elevated the cyclic AMP level of thyroid slices. Incubation of thyroid slices with TSH or TPA significantly decreased protein kinase C activity in the 100,000 g cytosol fraction and increased it in an extract of plasma membranes. The effect was present within 5 min and was maximal by 30 min. The effect was observed with 100 mU/ml TSH or 1 n m TPA. The stimulation by TSH or TPA of protein kinase C and its translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membranes of thyroid tissue may provide another mechanism for control of thyroid Cell metabolism.
Near-bed turbulence and hydrodynamic control of diffusional mass transfer at the sea floor

A simple closure scheme for turbulent transport yields mean-velocity and dissolved-substance concentration profiles just above and solute fluxes across a sediment-water interface underlying uniform, steady flow. In the case of near-bed turbulence characterization, this approach retains both turbulent and viscous terms in expressions for important structural aspects of the near-bed regions of turbulent boundary layers. Moreover, a modified turbulent kinetic energy balance is used to define eddy viscosity in the viscousdominated region of flow very near the bed. In the case of characterization of mass distribution and diffusional transfer rate, the approach partitions important factors that control mass transfer rate: nearbed turbulent transport, interfacial-flux boundary condition, and reaction kinetics. Diffusive sublayers overlying smooth beds exposed to typical deep-sea conditions are predicted to be 1 mm thick, a result in agreement with the sublayer thickness observed in situ and the inferred thickness used in many hydrodynamic models. One application of the new closure scheme indicates that typical biogenic roughness in fine-sediment marine environments enhances solute exchange rates threefold over those expected for a smooth bed. This increase is due to enhanced turbulent transport in the vicinity of the rough bed and occurs in spite of viscous ponding of “dead water” among roughness elements. Diffusional transfer of dissolved substances across the sediment-water interface in marine environments is an important factor in early diagenesis of fine sediments accumulating over most of the earth’s surface. Boudreau and Guinasso (1982) explored many important aspects of this issue. In particular they advanced the notion, originally proposed by Levich (1942, 1962; see also Nernst 1904; Nernst and Merriam 1905; Langmuir 1912), that presence of a dzflusive sublayer can act as a region of impedance to scalar transport and thus act to retard some chemical reactions occurring at or just below the sea floor. This sublayer is the region next to an interface where molecular diffusion of mass or heat exceeds transport due to turbulent motions of the carrier fluid. Thus, an understanding of hydrodynamic control of diffusional mass transfer at the sea floor relies on the ability to characterize turbulent mass I Present address: Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, U.K. Acknowledgments Ideas in this and earlier versions benefited from the comments of D. Archer, S. Emerson, P. Hill, P. Jumars, A. Nowell, J. Shimeta, and two anonymous referees. Special thanks are due B. P. Boudreau for his thorough review and helpful insight. This research was supported by ONR grant NO0
Hepatic tumors treated by cryosurgery: normal CT appearance.

An understanding of the normal appearance of hepatic tumors treated with cryosurgery is essential for accurately distinguishing normal postoperative changes from potential complications such as hepatic abscess or infarct, which may necessitate further interventions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the normal spectrum of CT findings after cryoablation of hepatic tumors.The CT scans of 14 patients who had undergone hepatic cryoablation 4-16 days (mean, 7 days) before scanning were reviewed by three radiologists. None of these patients had postprocedural complications that necessitated intervention (e.g. abscess, infarct, or hemorrhage). Indications for cryoablation included primary hepatic tumors in four patients and hepatic metastases in 10 patients. CT findings were correlated with surgical findings in a lesion-by-lesion manner to ensure that only cryolesions were included in the analysis.Twenty-eight cryolesions from 3 to 11 cm maximum diameter (mean, 7 cm) were detected on CT scans. All cr...
Potassium Enrichments in Interstitial Waters of Recent Marine Sediments

Potassium enrichments in marine sediments have been reported which would imply a rate of diffusion of potassium into the oceans much larger than any of the know rates of addition or removal by other mechanisms. Experiments with mixtures of seawater and clay suggest that spurious enrichments can be produced if sediment samples are allowed to warm up before the pore water is expressed.
On nonparametric likelihood ratio estimation of survival probabilities for censored data

Abstract Thomas and Grunkemeier (1975) proposed a nonparametric likelihood ratio method for interval estimation of survival probabilities for randomly censored data. Their method always produces confidence intervals inside [0,1] and has a better performance than the normal approximation method based on the Kaplan-Meier estimate and Greenwood's formula. In this note we show that the likelihood ratio used by Thomas and Grunkemeier (1978) is a “genuine” nonparametric likelihood ratio. That is, it can be derived by considering the parameter space of all survival functions. This property is not shared by many existing empirical likelihood methods. We also note that this result is not a direct consequence of the fact proved by Kaplan and Meier (1958) that the maximum of the likelihood over the space of all survival functions is achieved in the subspace of all discrete survival functions supported on the observed uncensored lifetimes. Another objective of this note is to point out that the likelihood ratio approach can also be used to draw joint inferences on any finite number of probabilities, and test goodness of fit of a given survival function for censored data. A rigorous derivation for the limiting distribution of the likelihood ratio is also provided.
Changing Societies, Changing Childhood: Studying the Impact of Globalization on Child Development

Although children are significantly affected by globalization in many ways, there has been little study of its impact on their development. Understanding the effects of the political, economic, and cultural changes associated with globalization requires diverse research strategies designed to (a) provide an impact analysis of the effects of changes associated with globalization on local social ecologies (e.g., families, schools, neighborhoods, health-care system) and on children's everyday experience; (b) examine how globalization influences the knowledge, skills, and forms of learning required of children as cultures are affected by worldwide influences; and (c) explore children's interpretations of these changes for themselves and their future. The specific research strategies suitable to these goals include large-scale social indicators analysis (which can sometimes be drawn from national or international datasets), behavioral studies, document content analyses, ethnographic methods and other approaches to assess specific social practices affecting children, carefully designed child interviews, and coordinated multimethod programs of research that examine the impact of cultural change on children from institutional, societal, and individual perspectives. This article profiles a number of key research challenges and opportunities entailed in the effort to understand how development is shaped, and reshaped, by broader cultural currents.
Religiosity and Adolescent Substance Use: Evidence From the National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Prior research indicates that religiosity is associated with lower levels of substance use in adolescence. The extant research, however, is limited by issues related to data quality and analytic strategy. The current research uses the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to further our understanding of the nature of the relationship between religiosity and substance use during adolescence. Results show that religiosity reduces the odds of tobacco use, heavy drinking, prescription drug misuse, marijuana use, and other illicit drug use. These associations are partially explained by respondent and peer attitudes toward substance use and, to a lesser extent, respondent psychological well-being. The influence of respondent substance use attitude is especially pronounced, explaining between 41% (marijuana) and 53% (tobacco) of the association between religiosity and substance use. In fully adjusted models, all mediators account for between 46% (marijuana) and 59% (tobacco) of the association between religiosity and substance use.
Phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) in Xenopus Egg Extracts Requires Binding of ATRIP to ATR but Not the Stable DNA-binding or Coiled-coil Domains of ATRIP

ATR, a critical regulator of DNA replication and damage checkpoint responses, possesses a binding partner called ATRIP. We have studied the functional properties of Xenopus ATR and ATRIP in incubations with purified components and in frog egg extracts. In purified systems, ATRIP associates with DNA in both RPA-dependent and RPA-independent manners, depending on the composition of the template. However, in egg extracts, only the RPA-dependent mode of binding to DNA can be detected. ATRIP adopts an oligomeric state in egg extracts that depends upon binding to ATR. In addition, ATR and ATRIP are mutually dependent on one another for stable binding to DNA in egg extracts. The ATR-dependent oligomerization of ATRIP does not require an intact coiled-coil domain in ATRIP and does not change in the presence of checkpoint-inducing DNA templates. Egg extracts containing a mutant of ATRIP that cannot bind to ATR are defective in the phosphorylation of Chk1. However, extracts containing mutants of ATRIP lacking stable DNA-binding and coiled-coil domains show no reduction in the phosphorylation of Chk1 in response to defined DNA templates. Furthermore, activation of Chk1 does not depend upon RPA under these conditions. These results suggest that ATRIP must associate with ATR in order for ATR to carry out the phosphorylation of Chk1 effectively. However, this function of ATRIP does not involve its ability to mediate the stable binding of ATR to defined checkpoint-inducing DNA templates in egg extracts, does not require an intact coiled-coil domain, and does not depend on RPA.
A biomechanical comparison of two volar locked plates in a dorsally unstable distal radius fracture model.

Background:This study compares the biomechanical stability of two volar locked plate systems for fixation of unstable, extra-articular distal radius fractures.Methods:In six matched pairs of fresh frozen cadaveric specimens, a simulated unstable, extra-articular distal radius fracture was created. T
The Victorian Achievement of Sir Henry Maine: A Centennial Reappraisal

Notes on contributors Foreword Sir John Lyons Introduction Alan Diamond 1. The Victorian values of Sir Henry Maine George Feaver Part I. Maine and the Idea of Progress: 2. Henry Maine and mid-Victorian ideas of progress John W. Burrow 3. Maine, progress and theory Raymond Cocks 4. Maine and the theory of progress Krishan Kumar 5. Democracy and excitement: Maine's political pessimism Stefan Collini Part II. Maine and the Social Sciences: 6. The rise and fall of Maine's patriarchal society Adam Kuper 7. Some contributions of Maine to history and anthropology Alan D. J. Macfarlane 8. Henry Sumner Maine in the tradition of the analysis of society Edward Shils 9. Maine as an ancestor of the social sciences J. D. Y. Peel 10. Ancient Law and modern fieldwork Ray Abrahams Part III. Maine on Law, Legal Change and Legal Education: 11. Maine and legal education Peter G. Stein 12. Maine and legal education: a comment William Twining 13. A wake (or awakening?) for historical jurisprudence Calvin Woodard 14. Further thoughts on Maine's historical jurisprudence David E. C. Yale 15. Fictions, equity and legislation: Maine's three agencies of legal change Alan Diamond 16. Law and language: a metaphor in Maine, a model for his successors? Bernard S. Jackson 17. Linguistics and law: the legacy of Sir Henry Maine John Lyons Part IV. Maine and India: 18. The influence of Sir Henry Maine on agrarian policy in India Clive Dewey 19. India and Henry Maine Gordon Johnson 20. Maine and change in nineteenth-century India C. A. Bayly Appendix: the conference programme Bibliography Index.
A VLSI join module

Some of the previously proposed join operation implementations in several database machines are briefly analyzed. An associative parallel join module and its O(n) associative parallel algorithm are proposed. A VLSI chip that has been simulated and fabricated is described, demonstrating the feasibility of the module. >
Surface Optic Phonons in Cylindrical and Rectangular Cross-Sectional Semiconducting Nanowires

Raman scattering from surface optic (SO) phonons has been observed and identified in cylindrical and rectangular cross-section nanowires with lateral dimensions in the range 20-50 nm and lengths of ~ 10 microns. The position of the SO band is found to depend on both the shape of the wire cross section (i. e., circular or rectangular) and on the dielectric constant of the external medium. The position of the SO band in GaP and ZnS nanowires is in good agreement with a dielectric continuum model that takes the shape of the wire cross section into account. We propose that the symmetry breaking mechanism which activates the Raman sacttering of the SO phonon in our nanowires is a quasi-periodic modulation of the cross-sectional area along the nanowire axis. We suggest this modulation stems from an interesting growth instability associated with vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth.
Epitope mapping and immunoneutralization of recombinant human stem-cell factor.

The epitope regions of three anti-[stem-cell factor (SCF)]g have been mapped by characterization of immunoreactivities against truncated forms of SCF in immunoblots and against synthetic peptides in solution-phase competition ELISA. Two of the antibodies, mAb 7H6 and mAb 8H7A, were raised against Escherichia coli-derived human SCF-(1-164) while the third, polyclonal antibody (pAb) 1337, was raised against a peptide corresponding to residues 3-31 of human SCF. The epitopes of mAbs 7H6 and 8H7A have been mapped to residues 61-95 and 95-110, respectively. The epitope of pAb 1337 has been mapped to residues 21-31. The ability of the anti-SCF Ig to recognize E. coli-derived human SCF presented in various formats, i.e. partially denatured (fixed in standard ELISA or on a western blot) or native (in solution), was studied, mAb 7H6 recognized its epitope in partially denatured or native SCF with equally high affinity, while mAb 8H7A and pAb 1337 recognized their epitopes only when SCF was at least partially denatured, mAb 7H6 was found to neutralize in vitro SCF-mediated cell proliferation and SCF binding to its receptor, when present in equimolar concentrations relative to the ligand, suggesting that the epitope region is functionally significant. Evidence that the mAb 7H6 epitope is represented by discontinuous regions (residues within sequences 61-65 and 91-95 are critically involved) is presented. The observation that the mAb 7H6 epitope is discontinuous has implications for the structure of SCF.
Long-term survival of neural transplants to senescence in rats

A critical issue for clinical and research applications of transplant techniques is the long-term survival of transplanted tissue and its effect on the host brain. In this study, entorhinal cortices from donor embryos were transplanted into the lesioned angular bundle of juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were maintained for 2 years and then sacrificed for histological and histochemical examinations. The results indicate that entorhinal transplants survive to old age and that both the host and transplant tissues maintain morphological features consistent with those of short-term neural grafts. An unexpected finding of this experiment was the persistence in the transplanted tissue and adjacent host cortex of a pattern of AChE staining which is typical of early postnatal development.
The case for neutrinos from SN 1987A

A case is made for the observation of both neutrinos and antineutrinos in the burst observed from SN 1987A. The angular distribution and energetics support this hypothesis. The experiments have good agreement with each other and with the hypothesis of a 25% forward-scattering component of the form expected from ..nu..e..--> nu..e. The nature of the forward-scattering component can be inferred from known cross sections and experimental expectations. The flux and energy output in various neutrino types can be estimated. A total energy in the range of 5--8 x 10/sup 53/ ergs seems needed. This result has implications for models of supernova and for neutrino physics itself.
Mixing And Matching Of Wafer Steppers And Wafer Scanners For Cost-Effective, High-Volume Device Production

The mixing and matching of Step-and-Repeat Alignment systems and wafer scanners is a viable method of providing the high levels of overlay accuracy and resolution that are now required in the manufacturing of the most advanced devices such as 1 MBIT DRAMs. At the same time, significant reduction of the production costs, especially on large wafers, are realized. The utilization of scanner systems allows very high wafer throughput, in excess of 100 wafers/hour. The utilization of Step-and-Repeat Alignment systems allows the reduction of overlay errors to less than 0.3 micron (98%). The mixing of equipment has been enhanced by the introduction of Universal Mix-and-Match Prealigners on the Micralign scanner systems. These prealigners are capable of simulating the performance of any Step-and-Repeat Alignment system prealigner by the use of wafer edge mapping techniques and special prealigner simulation algorithms in software. Using these prealigners, device arrays and alignment keys are accurately positioned on the wafers. This allows the implementation of automatic alignment systems and the maintenance of high wafer throughputs on the scanner systems. New developments in metrology equipment now allow the use of automated overlay measurement systems for the mapping of overlay errors on wafers. The extraction of equipment overlay correction factors is now possible. The implementation of such systems will allow ≤ 0.4-micron overlay processes, such as 1 MBIT DRAMs, to be run routinely on mixed equipment.
Product structure complexity and inventory storage capacity on the performance of a multi-level manufacturing system

Abstract In today's competitive environment firms are placing greater emphasis on competitive priorities such as low cost and better customer service levels as measured by on-time deliveries. In a multi-level manufacturing system there are various factors which influence costs and service levels (material quality, master scheduling methods, product structure design, batch size, and inventory storage capacity, etc.). In this study, the effect of varying product structures, and choice of lot-sizing procedures is examined in inventory storage capacitated environments using cost and service level as performance evaluation criteria. The results show that choice of lot sizing rules and of the level of inventory storage capacity is influenced by product structure complexity. Finally, specific recommendations are given for various manufacturing environments.
Biochar—One way forward for soil carbon in offset mechanisms in Africa?

Abstract The Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has had relatively little success in Africa due to a number of factors. Increases in agricultural soil carbon have strong benefits for soil health as well as potential for carbon sequestration, but such projects are currently excluded from the CDM and other offset mechanisms. Small-scale biochar systems with net emission reductions may hold a key for Africa to engage with the international offset mechanisms and open the door to soil carbon sequestration projects.
Photoreceptor outer segment abnormalities as a cause of blind spot enlargement in acute zonal occult outer retinopathy-complex diseases.

Purpose To investigate the correlation between visual field (VF) defects in diseases of the acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR)-complex and their spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (OCT) findings. Design Observational case series. Methods Patients with AZOOR, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP) examined in a private practice retinal referral center had threshold VF testing and spectral-domain OCT examination performed using a device capable of obtaining a block of 128 B-scans in a 6 × 6-mm region centered on the optic nerve and macula. The areas of defects in the boundary between the inner segments (IS) and the outer segments (OS) of the photoreceptors, termed the IS/OS boundary, were compared with the VF defects measured. Results There were 18 evaluable eyes among one patient with MEWDS, two with AZOOR, and seven with MCP. In the 14 eyes with blind spot enlargement, corresponding IS/OS boundary defects were found in the four eyes peripapillary region, while no IS/OS boundary defects were found in the five eyes without blind spot enlargement. IS/OS boundary defects were seen over chorioretinal scars and areas of neovascularization and no widespread defects were seen elsewhere in the fundus. The IS/OS boundary defects showed improvement, as did the blind spot enlargement, spontaneously in the patient with MEWDS and after treatment with immunosuppression in the patients with AZOOR. Conclusion The spectral-domain OCT finding of IS/OS boundary defects, implicating photoreceptor OS perturbation, appears to explain the blind spot enlargement in patients with AZOOR-complex diseases. These defects are not necessarily permanent.
Sociotropic Concerns and Support for Counterterrorism Policies

Objective. An individual's personal experiences and perception of the collective experience are often linked to political attitudes, especially those concerning the national economy. In this article, we examine whether personal concern about terrorism and perceptions of public concern about terrorism affect attitudes about counterterrorism policies. In addition, we evaluate which factor is the strongest predictor across several counterterrorism policies. Method. We analyze individual-level survey data collected during the fall of 2001. Results. Our results indicate that perceptions of public concerns are the strongest and most consistent predictor of policy attitudes about terrorism. Conclusion. The implications for theory about perceptions of public opinion and the competing role of personal interest and sociotropic concern are discussed.
Synthesis and investigation of a radioiodinated F3 peptide analog as a SPECT tumor imaging radioligand.

A radioiodinated derivative of the tumor-homing F3 peptide, (N-(2-{3-[125I]Iodobenzoyl}aminoethyl)maleimide-F3Cys peptide, [125I]IBMF3 was developed for investigation as a SPECT tumor imaging radioligand. For this purpose, we custom synthesized a modified F3 peptide analog (F3Cys) incorporating a C-terminal cysteine residue for site-specific attachment of a radioiodinated maleimide conjugating group. Initial proof-of-concept Fluorescence studies conducted with AlexaFluor 532 C5 maleimide-labeled F3Cys showed distinct membrane and nuclear localization of F3Cys in MDA-MB-435 cells. Additionally, F3Cys conjugated with NIR fluorochrome AlexaFluor 647 C2 maleimide demonstrated high tumor specific uptake in melanoma cancer MDA-MB-435 and lung cancer A549 xenografts in nude mice whereas a similarly labeled control peptide did not show any tumor uptake. These results were also confirmed by ex vivo tissue analysis. No-carrier-added [125I]IBMF3 was synthesized by a radioiododestannylation approach in 73% overall radiochemical yield. In vitro cell uptake studies conducted with [125I]IBMF3 displayed a 5-fold increase in its cell uptake at 4 h when compared to controls. SPECT imaging studies with [125I]IBMF3 in tumor bearing nude mice showed clear visualization of MDA-MB-435 xenografts on systemic administration. These studies demonstrate a potential utility of F3 peptide-based radioligands for tumor imaging with PET or SPECT techniques.
Teaching for Transformation: Insights from Fiji, India, South Africa, and Jamaica

. How can teaching and living abroad impact our teaching in North America? This article explores how what I do teaching religion and ethics to undergraduates at Texas Christian University has been influenced by twelve years of teaching in the two-thirds world. It is structured in terms of three insights that correlate with what I call the past, present, and future dimensions of ethics, respectively. First, we need to begin where our students are – taking their contexts seriously. Second, we should expose them to the moral and religious experience of others, so that they might be pulled by those others toward broader perspectives. Third, we should challenge them to envision new ways of living, including new self-understandings and images of society. Drawing on examples of how I use these insights in courses at TCU, I contend that we can best promote transformation in our students by holding these three insights in creative tension.
ION/PLASMA CARBURIZING; THEORY AND PRACTICE

Abstract The manuscript describes plasma carburizing process with an emphasis on process parameters rather than structure-property relationships. Following a brief description of the glow-discharge plasma the results on several steels are presented to show the effect of process parameters on the kinetics of carburizing. A diffusion model, utilizing forward finite difference numerical technique, is also given as an aid in estimating process temperatures and times to obtain desired case depths.
That's the Way the Cookie Crumbles: An Attribute Sampling Application

There have been numerous calls to increase active student participation in the undergraduate accounting learning process to better enable graduates to use creative problem-solving skills. We have designed an active and instructor-based learning activity on the audit sampling process that allows variation in the level of professor-led versus student-led learning. In the activity, students are presented with a bakery that wants to provide its customers with independent verification that each of its chocolate chip cookies have at least seven chocolate chips. Students develop and implement an attribute sampling plan to test management's assertion. By planning, performing, and evaluating a sampling procedure, students learn how attribute sampling can be used in an attestation engagement, the steps in sampling, sampling terminology, and potential pitfalls in the use of sampling. Feedback from students consistently rated the activity to be worthwhile and effective.
Retinoic acid inducible gene I Activates innate antiviral response against human parainfluenza virus type 3

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a respiratory paramyxovirus that infects lung epithelial cells to cause high morbidity among infants and children. To date, no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy exists for HPIV3 and therefore, it is important to study innate immune antiviral response induced by this virus in infected cells. Type-I interferons (IFN, interferon-α/β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα activated by NFκB) are potent antiviral cytokines that play an important role during innate immune antiviral response. A wide-spectrum of viruses utilizes pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RLH (RIG like helicases) receptors such as RIGI (retinoic acid inducible gene -I) and Mda5 to induce innate antiviral response. Previously it was shown that both TNFα and IFNβ are produced from HPIV3 infected cells. However, the mechanism by which infected cells activated innate response following HPIV3 infection was not known. In the current study, we demonstrated that RIGI serves as a PRR in HPIV3 infected cells to induce innate antiviral response by expressing IFNβ (via activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 or IRF3) and TNFα (via activation of NF-κB).
On the similarity of macromolecular responses to high-energy processes: mechanical milling vs. irradiation

Recent efforts to blend and compatibilize intrinsically immiscible polymers in the solid state by high-energy methods have shown that macromolecules may undergo scission, crosslinking or amorphization, depending on the chemical nature of the repeat unit, the processing temperature and the initial degree of polymer crystallinity. Identical process-induced molecular and structural modifications have been previously observed in polymers exposed to large doses of electron and g radiation, suggesting that the responses of polymers to high-energy processes may be mechanistically similar. In this work, we explore a variety of similarities between mechanically-milled and irradiated polymers in terms of molecular characteristics, process temperature and polymer crystallinity, and we demonstrate that these similarities provide predictive guidance for the selection of polymers to be subjected to solid-state processing. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.