cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inverse scattering by a continuation method with initial guesses from a direct imaging algorithm

A novel continuation method is presented for solving the inverse medium scattering problem of the Helmholtz equation, which is to reconstruct the shape of the inhomogeneous medium from boundary measurements of the scattered field. The boundary data is assumed to be available at multiple frequencies. Initial guesses are chosen from a direct imaging algorithm, multiple signal classification (MUSIC), along with a level set representation at a certain wavenumber, where the Born approximation may not be valid. Each update via recursive linearization on the wavenumbers is obtained by solving one forward and one adjoint problem of the Helmholtz equation.
Using Palm Technology in Participatory Simulations of Complex Systems: A New Take on Ubiquitous and Accessible Mobile Computing

This paper reports on teachers’ perceptions of the educational affordances of a handheld application called Participatory Simulations. It presents evidence from five cases representing each of the populations who work with these computational tools. Evidence across multiple data sources yield similar results to previous research evaluations of handheld activities with respect to enhancing motivation, engagement and self-directed learning. Three additional themes are discussed that provide insight into understanding curricular applicability of Participatory Simulations that suggest a new take on ubiquitous and accessible mobile computing. These themes generally point to the multiple layers of social and cognitive flexibility intrinsic to their design: ease of adaptation to subject-matter content knowledge and curricular integration; facility in attending to teacher-individualized goals; and encouraging the adoption of learner-centered strategies.
Class composition: Socioeconomic characteristics of coursemates and college enrollment

Students with college educated parents are more likely to attain higher levels of education than students of parents with lower levels of education. Past research has explained this favorable outcome as the result of advantageous placement and greater availability of educational resources. Using data from Add Health and AHAA, we find evidence that exposure to students of college educated parents at the school level and within courses increase the likelihood of four year college enrollment even after controlling for family background, achievement, and placement. We also found that exposure to students of college educated parents has especially strong positive effects on college enrollment for students whose own parents do not have a college degree. These findings suggest that greater exposure to students of highly educated parents at the school level and within courses partially explains the favorable educational attainment of students with college educated parents.
Mixed Methods Sampling A Typology With Examples

This article presents a discussion of mixed methods (MM) sampling techniques. MM sampling involves combining well-established qualitative and quantitative techniques in creative ways to answer research questions posed by MM research designs. Several issues germane to MM sampling are presented including the differences between probability and purposive sampling and the probability-mixed-purposive sampling continuum. Four MM sampling prototypes are introduced: basic MM sampling strategies, sequential MM sampling, concurrent MM sampling, and multilevel MM sampling. Examples of each of these techniques are given as illustrations of how researchers actually generate MM samples. Finally, eight guidelines for MM sampling are presented.
States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. By Mounira M. Charrad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 388p. $50.00 cloth, $22.00 paper

The politics of gender relations, as a critical element in the construction of and resistance to power in the Age of Empire, has been the focus of a range of interdisciplinary scholarship on the Middle East, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Colonial officials such as Lord Cromer (in Egypt) and Lord Curzon (in India) often relied on discussions of the subjugated status of “native” women to articulate the moral imperative of the colonizer's “civilizing mission.” Meanwhile, the intersection of gender and power was a key element in the formation of anticolonial nationalist movements and in the process of state building throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Mounira M. Charrad's book makes a significant contribution to this growing body of literature.
Correlation of latent heats of vaporization

Generalized equations for vapor pressure and PVT behavior are used to develop a functional relationship between latent heat of vaporization and reduced temperature and pressure. This function leads to a graphical correlation which utilizes the slope M of the vapor-pressure curve at the critical point. The correlation gives the latent heat of vaporization at any temperature in the two-phase region for any substance for which the critical point and one vapor-pressure point are known. The correlation is particularly useful for prediction of latent heat of vaporization near the critical point by the use of information for removed from the critical. Included in the study are polar, nonpolar, organic, inorganic, and metallic substances. General predictions of latent heat as a function of temperature are within a few percent wherever comparisons can be made with experimental data.
Discrete control for dependable IT automation

Information technology (IT) administration is increasingly automated. Workflows—concurrent programs written in very-high-level languages—are an increasingly popular IT automation technology. Like multithreaded programming, workflow programming is notoriously difficult and error prone. Concurrency, resource contention, race conditions, and similar issues lead to subtle bugs that can survive testing undetected. Static workflow analysis provides a reliable offline way to validate IT administrative actions before they are performed [2], complementary to dynamic validation and post-mortem root cause localization. Static analysis, however, merely detects defects; repair remains manual, time-consuming, error-prone, and costly. Manuallycorrected workflows are less natural, less readable, and less efficient than the flawed originals. This paper shows how discrete control theory can allow safe execution of unmodified flawed workflows by dynamically avoiding undesirable execution states, e.g., states that violate dependability requirements. By externally enforcing compliance with some dependability requirements, our approach allows programmers to write straightforward workflows instead of perfect ones; by partially decoupling workflow software from dependability requirements, it reduces the need to alter the former when the latter change. Classical control theory has recently been applied to several performance-related IT problems [1]. Discrete control employs very different methods and modeling formalisms [3] and is better suited to safety and dependability problems. Discrete control has been applied in domains ranging from manufacturing to telecommunications. However it has never before been implemented for any IT automation or CS systems problem.
Laboratory Study of Wind Waves in Shallow Water

Very little quantitative information exists on growth of wind waves in waters where relatively shallow depth could influence wave growth; results of laboratory investigation of growth of waves in shallow water is presented, showing experimental relationships between wind velocity, fetch, and wave parameters for two different water depths.
Whitepaper for Shared Task on Learning Reordering from Word Alignments at RSMT 2012

Several studies have shown that the task of reordering source sentences to match the target order is crucial to improve the performance of Statistical Machine Translation, especially when the source and target languages have significantly divergent grammatical structures. In fact, it is now become a standard practice to include reordering as a pre-processing step or as an integrated module (within the decoder). However, despite the importance of this sub-task, there is no forum dedicated for its evaluation. The objective of the proposed Shared Task is to provide a common benchmarking platform to evaluate state of the art approaches for reordering.
A Review of “The Impossible Land”: Phillip H. Round. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. xii and 192 pp., maps, photos, bibliography. $19.95 paperback (ISBN-10 08263432136).

It has been fifty years since I last looked in D. H. Lawrence's (1923) Studies in Classic American Literature. To my surprise, the first chapter is called “The Spirit of Place.” Lawrence writes the...
Moral Foundation Sensitivity and Perceived Humor

The benign-violation theory of humor (McGraw & Warren, 2010) predicts that funniness should be an inverted-U function of perceived severity of violation. We tested this prediction for jokes targeting five moral foundations (Haidt & Joseph, 2004). Instead of manipulating the severity of moral violation in the jokes, we measured individual differences in moral foundation sensitivity. The data were analyzed by a hierarchical quadratic trend model with ordinal probit rating probabilities using Bayesian estimation of parameters. Results confirmed a negative quadratic trend in funniness ratings as a function of moral foundation sensitivity, affirming both the benign-violation theory of humor and the theory of moral foundations. A practical implication is that humorist should tune their jokes to the moral sensitivities of their audience with moral foundations as a structural guide. A theoretical implication is that theories of moral psychology should include humor in their purview, because some of the central functions of humor and laughter are to affiliate ingroup members, differentiate outgroup members, and mark transgressions of group norms.
An interprofessional nursing and pharmacy student simulation in acute pain management

Background: A team simulation was designed to expose nursing and pharmacy students to interprofessional teamwork. Aim: The goals were to emphasise patient safety in acute pain management, gauge change in attitudes about interprofessional learning, and have students understand more about the roles of different professions. Methods: Teams of four students collaborated during the simulation. Learners completed pre- and post-surveys to measure attitudes toward interprofessional learning and change in clinical confidence. Students provided reflection regarding their perceptions about the interprofessional simulation. Results: There was a positive shift among all students in attitudes from pre- to post-simulation. Differences between nursing and a cohort of pharmacy students were found for confidence in clinical skills, with nursing students gaining more confidence from participating in the simulation. Student reflection demonstrated that 42% had a better understanding of others’ roles in patient care post-simulation. Conclusion: This simulated activity emphasised how interprofessional teamwork can improve patient safety, encouraged students to develop new working relationships, and enhanced role identification around acute pain management.
Endocrine System of Mature Diapause and Nondiapause Larvae of the Southwestern Corn Borer, Diatraea grandiosella

The endocrine glands and related nerves of diapause and nondiapause larvae of Diatraea grandiosella Dyar were examined. The form and anatomical relationships of the brain, corpus cardiacum-allatum complex (CC-CA), prothoracic glands, and associated nerves were determined. While no anatomical differences were detected between diapause and nondiapause larvae, morphometric data revealed that diapause larvae had significantly larger CC-CA complexes than nondiapause larvae.
A new computational algorithm for the solution of radiation heat transfer problems

A new computational algorithm is developed for solving the mtegrodifferential equation of radiative heat transfer. Traditionally the equation has been solved using either the discrete ordinate method or the spherical harmonic method. This algorithm is a radical departure from all the existing techniques todate. A psuedo-time is added to the equation and the new equation is solved using the CrankNicolson finite-difference/finite-volume technique. The method offers three distinct advantages: (1) it is easily integrated with existing finite-difference/finite-volume CFD codes for thermal radiation analysis, (2) it is easily extended to 3-D in contrast to existing methods, and (3) it is significantly more efficient than the existing methods. The method is shown to be accurate, efficient and robust by comparing the calculations with known solutions.
Wireworms in Sweet Potatoes; Resistance to Cyclodiene Insecticides and Control with a Midsummer Application of Insecticide Over Foliage

In 1962, wireworms attacking sweet potatoes were found to have developed resistance to widely used cyclodiene insecticides in some areas of North Carolina. DDT controlled resistant wireworms effectively. Diazinon gave poor control of wireworms in sweet potatoes when it was incorporated into the soil prior to planting, but a foliage-surface application during August showed control. During 1963 and 1964 diazinon gave good control of wireworms when applied on the surface late in July at the rate of 3 lb active ingredient per acre in a granular formulation. Applications late in August were less effective. Applications made both in July and August were no better than the July treatment alone. Certain other compounds tested also showed effective control when applied to the surface late in July. Insecticides incorporated in the soil were less effective in organic soils than in sandy soils. Soil type appeared to have little effect on control by surface-applied materials.
Treatment of Acute Asthma in the Elderly

The treatment of asthma in the elderly is similar in many ways to that in younger patients, but it also differs in many respects. The elderly patient is more likely to have associated diseases that also require treatment. He is less adaptive to modifications in his program of living. Thus the regular therapeutic management of asthma must be modified to take into account the patient's advanced age and his special needs. The purpose of this paper is to present such a therapeutic program.
Basic Toughness: Scandinavians and Exercise

In the latter half of the twentieth century, American stress researchers generally believed that lower arousal corresponded with better performance in most circumstances, including situations of challenge or threat, and that lower arousal in those situations indicated emotional stability. Research that often used Type A participants found reduced physiological arousal in response to stressors after long-term training with aerobic exercise. Great, those pushy Type As could be calmed down with a personal trainer and some sweat.
Horror and the Horror Film: Fear in a Frame

Dreams and Reflexivity in Vampyr When dreams appear in horror films, they often show the dreamer and the viewer what is really going on in the waking world. In Vampyr a man dreams of a skeletal hand with a bottle of poison (Figure 10) and wakes in time to stop the vampire's victim from taking poison from the bottle in her hand (Figure 11). The dream and reality shots are similar, showing that the dream was an image of the truth, even if it was stylized. Dreams may offer privileged access to the mysteries and forces behind the story's events and can show them in their real forms or in forms that are more stylized or disguised. Like the dreams in Vampyr , they often appear to unleash evil and show its power but may finally be forces for good, revealing what the dreamer needs to know. The skeleton's hand in Vampyr is a warning about a real event but also a symbolic form for the hand of the victim, for the death the poison will bring her and for the more general force of death that reigns with the vampire. It shows the presence of death behind the mortal scene, which can reveal itself in a dream or in a movie as a whole. In many films, especially reflexive ones, framed narratives such as memories, dreams and tales (like those in Dead of Night ) call attention, often simply by their framing, to the larger narrative structures in which they are contained.
Risk Factors for Smoking in Rural Women: The Role of Gender-Based Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence

Abstract Background: Women living in Ohio Appalachia experience cervical cancer at disproportionately high rates. Intimate partner and sexual gender-based violence (GBV) and smoking are independent risk factors for cervical cancer and interact to heighten risk. Appalachian women smoke at higher rates than other Ohio women, but little is known about GBV exposure in the region. The purpose of this study was to establish prevalence of women's exposure to GBV in Ohio Appalachia and examine the association between GBV and smoking among women in the region. Methods: A two-phase address-based random sampling approach was used in three purposefully selected Ohio Appalachian counties to identify women to complete an interviewer administered cross-sectional survey (n = 398). The primary exposure variable was GBV Index Score, a 4 level indices representing increasing exposure to eight abuse types. Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to examine smoking correlations and risk. Results: Almost 57% of ...
Regulatory T Cells in SLE: Biology and Use in Treatment

T regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous group of lymphocytes that exert immunosuppressive activities on effector immune responses. Tregs play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis through diverse mechanisms which involve interactions with components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. As in many autoimmune diseases, Tregs have been proposed to play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by a progressive breakdown of tolerance to self-antigens and the presence of concomitant hyperactive immune responses. Here, we review how Tregs dysfunction in SLE has been manipulated experimentally and preclinically in the attempt to restore, at last in part, the immune disturbances in the disease.
sPHENIX Calorimeter Design and Jet Performance

Abstract The PHENIX collaboration is planning a detector upgrade, sPHENIX, which consists of large acceptance calorimetry and tracking detectors built around the superconducting solenoid recently shipped to Brookhaven from the decommissioned BaBar experiment at SLAC. The sPHENIX calorimeter system includes three radial layers of sampling calorimeters, a tungsten-scintillating fiber electromagnetic calorimeter, and two longitudinally segmented sampling hadron calorimeters that are made of scintillator tiles and steel plates. Together, they provide hermetic coverage in | η | 1 for calorimetry based jet measurements as well as minimal bias jet trigger capability, which coupled with high resolution tracking, enable an extremely rich jet physics program at RHIC.
Partner Support, Willingness to Sacrifice, and HIV Medication Self-Efficacy.

When taken as prescribed, highly active anti-retroviral medications allow individuals with HIV to live long, healthy lives. Nevertheless, poor adherence is common. In the current study, we examined why some people fail to feel efficacious to adhere, focusing on their interpersonal relationships. Given past findings that some individuals with primary partners adhere better than those without, whereas others adhere worse, we examined whether relationship dynamics influence the association between support from a primary partner and adherence self-efficacy. Specifically, we hypothesized and found that relationship partners’ support regarding medication adherence undermines self-efficacy when the partner is perceived as unwilling to sacrifice for the relationship. We discuss the implications of these results for intervention construction and for understanding the power of the relationship context on HIV medication adherence.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Initial Assessment and Follow-Up of Acute Aortic Syndromes

Acute aortic syndromes are life-threatening conditions that require optimal diagnostic and follow-up imaging to elaborate appropriate management. Magnetic resonance angiography is an excellent morphological imaging study with the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of aortic dissection. In addition, it is a dynamic imaging modality that provides highly valuable assessment of flow and lumen filling patterns, dissection flap mobility, and dynamic obstruction: perspectives that could not be previously appreciated using computed tomography angiography and which may impact initial and follow-up management decision.
The Relationship between Trans-Lesional Conduction, Motor Neuron Pool Excitability, and Motor Function in Dogs with Incomplete Recovery from Severe Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Spontaneous, acute, complete thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TL-SCI) in dogs frequently results in permanent deficits modeling chronic paralysis in people. Recovery of walking without recovery of sensation has been interpreted in dogs as reflexive spinal walking. To evaluate this assumption, this study characterized the electrophysiological status of motor and sensory long tracts and local reflex circuitry in dogs with absent recovery of sensation after acute TL-SCI and correlated findings to gait scores. Twenty dogs with permanent deficits after acute, clinically complete TL-SCI and 6 normal dogs were prospectively enrolled. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), H-reflex, and F-waves were evaluated. Gait was quantified using an ordinal, open field scale (OFS) and treadmill-based stepping and coordination scores (SS, RI). MEP latency and H-reflex variables were compared between cases and controls. Associations between presence of MEPs, SS...
Polymerization of Ethylene Catalyzed by Phosphine-Iminophosphorane Palladium Complexes

Phosphine-iminophosphorane palladium complexes were synthesized and studied as catalysts for ethylene polymerization. The effect of the substituents on the phosphine and iminophosphorane moieties was investigated. Catalyst 15 promoted the conversion of ethylene to moderate molecular weight linear polyethylene (Mn ≈ 14000 g/mol, branches/1000C ≈ 7). This catalyst proved to be stable at temperatures up to 100 °C with a turnover frequency of 2100 h–1.
The Fiction of Locally Owned Mom and Pop Car Dealers: Some Data on Franchised Automobile Distribution in the State of Michigan

The State of Michigan is currently defending a constitutional challenge to its automobile direct distribution prohibition. The lawsuit was brought by the automotive manufacturer Tesla, which has been denied a license to open show rooms or service centers in the state. A 2014 amendment to Michigan’s vehicle franchise statute tightened the statute’s direct distribution prohibition to make clear that even a manufacturer like Tesla that did not franchise dealers at all is prohibited from opening its own showrooms or service centers and dealing directly with consumers in the state. That law has been widely criticized by economists, consumer protection organizations like the Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Federation of America, environmental groups like the Sierra Club, and free market organizations like the Institute for Justice. In the Michigan litigation, the State is expected to rely on the assertion, frequently made by the dealers’ lobbyists, that maintaining a locally owned dealership system is beneficial to the State. Such assertions are grounded in the trope of the atomistic “mom and pop” dealer of American economic folklore — the family-owned, locally rooted dealership. This justification is increasingly a fiction. While some such dealerships may still exist, Michigan law does not require dealerships to be locally owned and operated or independent from other economic enterprises. Many are not.
Coaching na Educação? Pesquisa-ação com gestores escolares

The article aims to analyze the experience of coaching with managers in a private school, evaluating the potential of the tool in this context. The investigation had the action-research as method, being considered as research subjects different managers of private school. The thoretical guideline came from the fields of Education - Luck (2000,2005, 2006, 2009 and 2011), Paro (2010), Libâneo, Oliveira and Toschi (2005), Santos and Sales (2012) and Rodrigues (2009) - and Coaching with Dutra (2010), Whitmore (2010), Perez (2009) and Goldsmith (2012). The coaching process was recognized as an experience that allowed school managers to review their professional practices and necessary changes. Participants rated it as a device which provided opportunities for reflection and a space for dialogue, strengthened the group and provided closeness and integration. As a result of the process, the managers identified the development of planning and organizational capacity enhancing their performance in the daily life of the school. As challenges can be mentioned the instability of the private school, the multiplicity of demands attributed to managers and a possible initial resistance in the school environment, as the practice of coaching prevails in business today.
Creating a medical education enterprise: leveling the playing fields of medical education vs. medical science research within core missions.

ABSTRACTBackground: Unlike publications of medical science research that are more readily rewarded, clinician-educators’ scholarly achievements are more nebulous and under-recognized.Objective:Create an education enterprise that empowers clinician-educators to engage in a broad range of scholarly activities and produce educational scholarship using strategic approaches to level the playing fields within an organization.Design: The authors analyzed the advantages and disadvantages experienced by medical science researchers vs. clinician educators using Bolman and Deal’s (B&D) four frames of organization (structural, human resource, political, symbolic). The authors then identified organizational approaches and activities that align with each B&D frame and proposed practical strategies to empower clinician-educators in their scholarly endeavors.Results: Our medical education enterprise enhanced the structural frame by creating a decentralized medical education unit, incorporated the human resource component...
Social Resilience to Climate-Related Disasters in Ancient Societies: A Test of Two Hypotheses

AbstractCurrent literature on disaster response argues that societies providing greater local participation in decision-making and which have more community coordination and governance organizations are more resilient to climate-related disasters. In contrast, recent research in psychology has argued that societies with tighter social norms and greater enforcement of those norms are more resilient. This paper tests whether one or both of these seemingly competing perspectives can be empirically supported through an examination of the diachronic impact of climate-related disasters on ancient societies. A cross-cultural research design and a sample of 33 archaeologically-known societies bracketing 22 catastrophic climate-related disasters are used to test two hypotheses about resilience to climate-related disasters. The paper finds that societies allowing greater political participation appear to provide greater resilience to catastrophic climate-related disasters, generally supporting the predominant persp...
Physical therapy clinical specialization and management of red and yellow flags in patients with low back pain in the United States.

AbstractObjectivesPhysical therapists (PTs) may practice in direct access or act as primary care practitioners, which necessitate patients’ screening and management for red, orange and yellow flags...
Hadron production from μ − Deuteron scattering at √ s = 17 GeV at COMPASS

Hadrons proceeding from quasi-real photo-production are one of the many probes accesible at the Common Muon Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy (COMPASS) at CERN. These hadrons provide information on the scattering between photon and partons through γ-gluon(g) direct channels as well as q-g resolved processes. Comparisons of unpolarized differential cross section measurements to next-to-leading order (NLO) pQCD calculations are essential to develop our understanding of proton-proton and lepton-nucleon scattering at varying center of mass energies. These measurements are important to asses the applicability of NLO pQCD in interpreting polarized processes. In this talk we will present the unidentified charged separated hadron cross-sections measured by the COMPASS experiment at center of mass energy of √ s = 17 GeV ,l owQ 2 (Q 2 1.0 GeV/c.)
A study examining relationships between micro patterns and security vulnerabilities

Software security is an integral part of software quality and reliability. Software vulnerabilities make the software susceptible to attacks which violates software security. Metric-based software vulnerability prediction is one way to evaluate vulnerabilities beforehand so that developers can take preventative measures against attacks. In this study, we explore the correlation between software vulnerabilities and code-level constructs called micro patterns. These code patterns characterize class-level object-oriented program features. Existing research addressed micro pattern correlation with software defects. We analyzed the correlation between vulnerabilities and micro patterns from different viewpoints and explored whether they are related. We studied the distribution of micro patterns and their associations with vulnerable classes in 42 versions of the Apache Tomcat and three Java web applications. This study shows that certain micro patterns are frequently present in vulnerable classes. We also show that there is a high correlation between certain patterns that coexist in a vulnerable class.
Comparison of NBG-18, NBG-17, IG-110 and IG-11 oxidation kinetics in air

Abstract The oxidation rates of several nuclear-grade graphites, NBG-18, NBG-17, IG-110 and IG-11, were measured in air using thermogravimetry. Kinetic parameters and oxidation behavior for each grade were compared by coke type, filler grain size and microstructure. The thickness of the oxidized layer for each grade was determined by layer peeling and direct density measurements. The results for NBG-17 and IG-11 were compared with those available in the literature and our recently reported results for NBG-18 and IG-110 oxidation in air. The finer-grained graphites IG-110 and IG-11 were more oxidized than medium-grained NBG-18 and NBG-17 because of deeper oxidant penetration, higher porosity and higher probability of available active sites. Variation in experimental conditions also had a marked effect on the reported kinetic parameters by several studies. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy and transition temperature were sensitive to air flow rates as well as sample size and geometry.
Ongoing Challenges for Women as Outdoor Leaders

Women outdoor leaders continue to face challenges in being fully recognized as both competent and caring leaders. Many of those challenges are based on stereotypical views of what constitutes what is appropriate for females and males (gender role stereotypes) and on views of what comprises a leader (one with masculine traits). Women leaders face sex-based microaggressions, which reinforce the demand that females behave in ways that match their socially defined gender. Acknowledging these types of challenges is the first of many steps that can be taken to support women being viewed and accepted as leaders in the out of doors.
Long-term effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin on flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder.

AbstractIntravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is effective therapy for multifocal carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The duration of this favorable response and its effect on disease progression are the subject of this report. Between March 1978 and July 1981, 47 patients with diffuse, often symptomatic, carcinoma in situ were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and followed every 3 to 4 months with cystoendoscopy, biopsy and urine cytology for 3 to 6 years. All patients had had prior or concurrent superficial papillary tumors controlled initially by transurethral resection and figuration 2 to 3 weeks before bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment. Of the 47 patients 23 were entered into a randomized study, and received intravesical and percutaneous bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Another 24 patients with carcinoma in situ were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (Pasteur strain) was given intravesically (120mg. in 50ml. saline) weekly for 6 weeks.Of the 4...
Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Determination of XZ -XX.Y Energy Separation and XZ State Lifetimes in AlGaAs/AlAs Type II Multiple Quantum Wells

Results of photoluminescence (PL) (steady-state and time-resolved with 150 ps resolution) experiments on a series of type II Al0.15Ga0.85As/AlAs multiple quantum wells with a (nominally) fixed alloy thickness of 4.0 nm and AlAs thicknesses ranging from 4.8 to 7.8 nm are reported. Samples with AlAs thickness less than 6.2 nm have the Xz state as the lowest lying conduction band level while for thicker AlAs layer the XX.Y states are lowest in energy. For samples with AlAs layers thicker than the critical value, a time-windowing technique is used to simultaneously observe PL from the Xz and lower-lying XX.Y states immediately following excitation by picosecond laser pulses. The energy separation of the two no-phonon lines directly yields the Xz- XX.y separation, and the decay rate from Xz to Xx.y can be obtained by time-resolving the hot Xz PL. The lifetime of the nonequilibrium Xz states in samples above the critical thickness is measured as a function of barrier thickness and uniaxial stress: it was found to depend weakly on the Xz- Xx.y separation from 3–9 meV, with values between 1 and 1.5 ns.
Drugs of abuse and experimental autoimmune diseases.

Despite efforts to treat inflammatory demyelinating diseases effectively, present therapies fall short of ideal goals (1,2). With respect to multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of this type (3) that affects the human central nervous system (CNS), current therapies run the gamut from the use of immunosuppressive and synthetic drugs (4–7) to plasmapheresis (8) and to hyperbaric oxygen (9).
A Genome-Wide Mutant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The P. aeruginosa mutant library appears to be a useful resource both as a source of mutants to analyze gene associations revealed using other techniques and directly for comprehensive screens for particular phenotypes. Increased automation in such phenotyping should substantially increase the utility of such screens in the future.
Molecular Markers and the Study of Phylogeny and Genetic Diversity in North American Sturgeons and Paddlefish

For a number of reasons, including their threatened or endangered status and importance in caviar production, much effort has been and is being expended worldwide on the study of the genetic variation of sturgeons and paddlefish. Presented here is a review of the genetic studies that have been conducted on the ten North American acipenseriform taxa and the types of molecular markers that have been used in these studies. The results that have been obtained from this research are invaluable for guiding conservation efforts by increasing our understanding of the relationships among species within the group, identifying intraspecific population structure and shedding light on acipenseriform life history traits.
Communicting with Persons with Severe Handicaps: Roles of Parents and Professionals.

Since 1971 the language and communication program at the Nisonger Center has integrated training, research, and program development into a unified approach to communication problems of persons with...
The Structure of the Metal Centers in Cytochrome c Oxidase

Progress toward elucidation of the structure of the metal centers in cytochrome c oxidase will be reviewed. Our studies are based on low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We have used nitric oxide (NO) extensively to probe the O2 reduction site of the enzyme. In addition, we have isolated auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to incorporate isotopically substituted amino acids into the yeast protein. This latter approach, in conjunction with low-temperature EPR and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy, has allowed unambiguous Information on the structure of two of the four metal centers.
Synthesis and hydrogen production kinetics of temperature-responsive aluminum-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) core-shell nanoparticles

Abstract We report here on the synthesis of air-stable aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) capped with a temperature-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). These core-chell particles display temperature-dependent hydrogen production kinetics upon hydrolysis. Kinetic studies show that the bimolecular rate constant below the critical solution temperature (CST) is 2.85 × 10−4 L mol−1 s−1 (at 20 °C), which is nearly twice that of the rate constant (1.6 × 10−4 L mol−1 s−1) above the CST (at 40 °C). This non-Arrhenius behavior is proposed to originate from collapse of the capping layer above the CST which creates a less permeable capping layer. The core-shell nanoparticles were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with total attenuated reflection (FTIR-ATR), and differential scanning calorimetry coupled with thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms the Al NPs are core-shell structures and the composite particle size distribution ranges from 22 nm to 40 nm.
Social–ecological landscape patterns predict woody encroachment from native tree plantings in a temperate grassland

Afforestation is often viewed as the purposeful planting of trees in historically nonforested grasslands, but an unintended consequence is woody encroachment, which should be considered part of the afforestation process. In North America's temperate grassland biome, Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is a native species used in tree plantings that aggressively invades in the absence of controlling processes. Cedar is a well-studied woody encroacher, but little is known about the degree to which cedar windbreaks, which are advocated for in agroforestry programs, are contributing to woody encroachment, what factors are associated with cedar spread from windbreaks, nor where encroachment from windbreaks is occurring in contemporary social-ecological landscapes. We used remotely sensed imagery to identify the presence and pattern of woody encroachment from windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. We used multimodel inference to compare three classes of models representing three hypotheses about factors that could influence cedar spread: (a) windbreak models based on windbreak structure and design elements; (b) abiotic models focused on local environmental conditions; and (c) landscape models characterizing coupled human-natural features within the broader matrix. Woody encroachment was evident for 23% of sampled windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Of our candidate models, our inclusive landscape model carried 92% of the model weight. This model indicated that encroachment from windbreaks was more likely near roadways and less likely near farmsteads, other cedar plantings, and waterbodies, highlighting strong social ties to the distribution of woody encroachment from tree plantings across contemporary landscapes. Our model findings indicate where additional investments into cedar control can be prioritized to prevent cedar spread from windbreaks. This approach can serve as a model in other temperate regions to identify where woody encroachment resulting from temperate agroforestry programs is emerging.
Delving Into Internet DDoS Attacks by Botnets: Characterization and Analysis

Internet distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are prevalent but hard to defend against, partially due to the volatility of the attacking methods and patterns used by attackers. Understanding the latest DDoS attacks can provide new insights for effective defense. But most of existing understandings are based on indirect traffic measures (e.g., backscatters) or traffic seen locally. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis based on 50 704 different Internet DDoS attacks directly observed in a seven-month period. These attacks were launched by 674 botnets from 23 different botnet families with a total of 9026 victim IPs belonging to 1074 organizations in 186 countries. Our analysis reveals several interesting findings about today’s Internet DDoS attacks. Some highlights include: 1) geolocation analysis shows that the geospatial distribution of the attacking sources follows certain patterns, which enables very accurate source prediction of future attacks for most active botnet families; 2) from the target perspective, multiple attacks to the same target also exhibit strong patterns of inter-attack time interval, allowing accurate start time prediction of the next anticipated attacks from certain botnet families; and 3) there is a trend for different botnets to launch DDoS attacks targeting the same victim, simultaneously or in turn. These findings add to the existing literature on the understanding of today’s Internet DDoS attacks and offer new insights for designing new defense schemes at different levels.
Improving efficacy of concurrent internal binary search trees using local recovery

Binary Search Tree (BST) is an important data structure for managing ordered data. Many algorithms have been proposed for concurrent manipulation of a binary search tree in an asynchronous shared memory system that supports search, insert and delete operations based on both external and internal representations of a search tree. An important step in executing an operation on a tree is to traverse the tree from top-to-down in order to locate the operation's window. A process may need to perform this traversal several times to handle failures occurring due to other processes performing concurrent updates on the tree. Most concurrent algorithms that have been proposed so far use a naive approach and simply restart the traversal from the root of the tree. In this work, we present a new approach to recover from such failures more efficiently for certain types of concurrent binary search tree algorithms using local recovery by restarting the traversal from the "middle" of the tree in order to locate an operation's window (tree section of interest). Our approach is sufficiently general in the sense that it can be applied to most of the existing concurrent binary search trees using internal representation based on both blocking as well as non-blocking approaches. Using experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that our local recovery approach can significantly improve the performance of a concurrent internal BST by up to 124.7% when the contention is high.
Enabling High Availability Edge Computing Platform

The prodigious data generated by all kinds of smart devices creates the need for an efficient and reliable platform which should be capable of managing huge data traffic. To overcome the acute load on the cloud and achieve low latency for real-time applications, the computation has been moved to distributed edge devices, i.e., fog/edge computing. However, the capability of end devices is not on par with the cloud. To address performance and reliability issues of these edge nodes, it is important to have one management platform that can solve reliability challenges and improve the overall service availability. In this paper, we propose to design a distributed edge computing platform by providing an easy management solution for remote distributed edge nodes. The major functions of our platform include service auto discover, lightweight container provisioning, GPU container support for deep learning applications, manage all active end nodes without a fixed IP address, secure remote deployment of edge analytic applications, and joint edge/cloud data communication and processing. To minimize the service downtime and guarantee high availability of edge services, we propose a real-time internal and external container migration scheme to achieve cooperative processing, load balancing, data backup, and service failover. Comparing with existing edge platforms, our solution achieves lightweight service management, low overhead, flexible and secure networking, and the significant reduction in latency.
Edge integrity of nearest neighbor graphs and separator theorems

Abstract We give upper bounds for the edge integrity and the vertex integrity of k -type nearest neighbor graphs in R d . For n the order of a graph, examples are constructed to show that the bounds are best possible in the parameters n and k . The results follow from decompositions that are shown for certain graphs that possess small edge or vertex separators. A vertex separator theorem for nearest neighbor graphs is known, and an edge separator theorem is shown. We also apply the decompositions to obtain upper bounds for the edge integrity of planar graphs, graphs of fixed genus, and trees.
Treaty-Based Exclusions from the Boundaries and Jurisdiction of the States

The Johnson County, Kansas codes officer, charged with the personal service of citations for the unlawful sale of fireworks on Shawnee Reserve 206, probably should have mailed them, as had been done in the past. On the other hand, Jim Oyler, Jr., who was fortunate to escape prosecution after pushing an official around and breaking his cell phone a year and a half earlier, probably should have shown restraint. Tensions run high on Lot 206, however, and restraint has seldom been the watchword. Jim Oyler, Jr., when confronting the officer on the roadway leading into the 94-acre parcel, asserted the sovereign jurisdiction of the United Tribe of Shawnee Indians (UTOSI) over the area, charged the officer with violating it, and closed the gate to Lot 206, thus preventing the official from leaving. Rattled, the officer radioed for back up. Jim Oyler, Sr., the irascible, but often-realistic principal chief of the UTOSI, came upon the escalating scene, recognized the potential for real trouble, and moved to defuse it. He was starting to open the gate when the back-up unit's speeding squad car crashed into it, sending the seventy-year-old chief flying through the air. Oyler, Sr. was bruised, but unbowed. It was just another day in the political, legal, verbal, and sometimes physical war that has waged for a quarter century between the self-proclaimed little tribe on its restricted Indian land base in the midst of one of the wealthiest urban counties in the United States and the organized entities of local, state, and federal government that are increasingly unamused by Oyler's incessant intransigence. A functional description of Indian sovereignty comes from Williams v. Lee, where the Court viewed it as "the right of reservation Indians to make their own laws and be ruled by them." In another sense, sovereignty is the power to initiate and insulate the internal laws. This articles seeks to detail and untangle the struggle of the United Tribe of Shawnee Indians in their claim to sovereignty from the late 1860's to the present day in the context of a mix of treaties, Public Laws and competing claims of state and local authorities.
Body Composition and Physical Fitness Tests Among US Army Soldiers: A Comparison of the Active and Reserve Components.

Objectives:US Army reserve soldiers and active-duty soldiers differ in their daily work demands and supporting resources, yet research on reservists’ health and fitness is lacking. The objectives o...