cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The simulation of 3D hypervelocity spallation using a hydrocode PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM

Abstract In this work, a hydrocode PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM is presented and exercised to investigate the fracture in ductile material. The merit of PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM to solve the advection problem is first illustrated by a solid piston periodically moving in a sealed tube with air. Furthermore, the ability of PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM to capture the fracture in material is shown by a simple stretching fracture in ductile material. In both of two benchmark problems, the PAGOSA results and analytical solutions are also presented for comparison. Then PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM is used to model complex spall in ductile material, which is a challenging problem in engineering applications. The convergences of PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM—based on both the mesh size and the marker density—are investigated by monitoring free surface velocity. To further show the ability of PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM to predict fracture in ductile material, the numerical results are compared with the experimental results and other published numerical results. Moreover, the effect of the spall parameter in PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM on the numerical simulation is also analyzed by investigating the free surface velocity. Finally, the effects of the peak compressive stress, the tensile strain rate, and the loading rate on the spallation are further investigated. The numerical results show that PAGOSA with FLIP+MPM can improve PAGOSA's performance when applied to predicting fracture in ductile materials, and is robust enough to accurately predict spall fracture in ductile materials.
A simple solution to the problem of selective detection of phosphate and arsenate by the molybdenum blue method

Abstract We report a simple and fast method for the quantification of both phosphate and arsenate in water using the molybdenum blue method. The method does not require established pre-treatment procedures for physically separating arsenate and phosphate or reducing the arsenate to arsenite. In our method, the heteropolymolybdate ions in the solution are precipitated and collected on a membrane that is transparent in both the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The phosphate is determined by recording a visible spectrum in transmission mode through the membrane. This membrane is then air-dried, and then an infrared spectrum is recorded through the membrane in transmission mode. The concentration of arsenate is then determined from the intensity of an As–O band positioned at 879 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum. Using this method, a detection limit of 0.86 μg L−1 phosphate and 13.9 μg L−1 arsenate in water was achieved. Matrix spikes on environmental samples gave a 108% recovery of arsenate and a 105% recovery of phosphate over a dynamic range of 25–250 μg L−1 of arsenate and phosphate in the sample.
Frank Jackson’s Knowledge Argument: On Qualia, Physical Information, and the Supposed Falsity of Physicalism

In “Epiphenomenal Qualia” Frank Jackson argues against Physicalism (the thesis that all correct information is physical information) and for the existence of qualia on the grounds that all of the physical information possible cannot explain the qualitative feel of experience (qualia). In “The Knowledge Argument for Qualia” Jackson partakes in a thought experiment using the examples of “Fred” and “Mary” to show that having all of the physical information about color; including all of the information about physical history, physiology, behavior, light waves, and the physical sciences fails to provide the information of what it is like for Fred and Mary to experience (see) color. Given that all of the physical information cannot provide all of the information available, Jackson concludes that Physicalism is false and that qualia exist, for some information is not physical. I argue against Jackson on the grounds that he assumes that physical information must be publicly accessible and that the experience of color (privately accessible information) cannot be physical information. Moreover, I argue that all information is contextually dependent upon one’s physical environment and physiological functions, thus it is possible that conscious experience is a kind of physical information and that Physicalism is true.
Public Goods Problem

Public goods (as opposed to private goods) are nonrival in consumption: once the good is provided, the additional resource cost of another person consuming the good is zero. Public goods are also nonexclusive: the consumption of a good is non-excludable when it is either very costly or impossible to prevent others from consuming the good. National defense and street lighting are examples of public goods. However, the definition of a public good is not absolute; it depends on market conditions, the state of technology, and legal arrangements. If public goods are provided by private companies, then their level of production will be suboptimal and correspondingly the incentives for overuse are greater. A free-rider problem occurs as consumers cannot be excluded from the consumption of a public good, and they may try to avoid paying for their consumption of this good. In addition, it is difficult to determine the true market demand for public goods. The public goods problem can be improved on by changing, assigning, or creating property rights. When property rights are secure and tradable and transactions costs are low, the Coase Theorem suggests that people will trade rights until the new pattern of ownership is efficient. Keywords: externalities; transactions costs; intellectual property rights; Coase theorem; free rider problem
Enhanced Schottky barrier InP MESFETs

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a stable InP MESFET with a delta-doped p/sup +/ layer are outlined. The 1 mu m gate length MESFET has a transconductance of 110 mS/mm; the InP surface was not passivated or treated prior to the gate metal deposition. Measured f/sub max/ and f/sub T/ are 11.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz respectively. >
Influenza and Bacterial Superinfection: Illuminating the Immunologic Mechanisms of Disease

ABSTRACT Seasonal influenza virus infection presents a major strain on the health care system. Influenza virus infection has pandemic potential, which was repeatedly observed during the last century. Severe disease may occur in the young, in the elderly, in those with preexisting lung disease, and in previously healthy individuals. A common cause of severe influenza pathogenesis is superinfection with bacterial pathogens, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A great deal of recent research has focused on the immune pathways involved in influenza-induced susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Both innate and adaptive antibacterial host defenses are impaired in the context of preceding influenza virus infection. The goal of this minireview is to highlight these findings and synthesize these data into a shared central theme of pathogenesis.
The altitude coverage of temperature measurements using RASS with wind profiler radars

The Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) technique for measuring temperature profiles with good time and height resolution has been applied using wind profiling radars operating at three frequencies (49.8, 404.37 and 915MHz). The performance of the three systems is discussed in terms of the altitude coverage of the temperature measurements and physical processes limiting the coverage. The lower frequencies can probe greater altitudes, but the 49.8MHz wind profilers have a minimum range of about 2.1 km limiting their usefulness for some studies. These preliminary results indicate that the use of RASS in concert with wind profilers has promise for operational meteorology.
Computer detection of stellate lesions in mammograms

The three primary signs for which radiologists search when screening mammograms for breast cancer are stellate lesions, microcalcifications, and circumscribed lesions. Stellate lesions are of particular importance, as they are almost always associated with a malignancy. Further, they are often indicated only by subtle architectural distortions and so are in general easier to miss than the other signs. We have developed a method for the automatic detection of stellate lesions in digitized mammograms, and have tested them on image data where the presence or absence of malignancies is known. We extract image features from the known images, use them to grow binary decision trees, and use those trees to label each pixel of new mammograms with its probability of being located on an abnormality. The primary feature for the detection of stellate lesions is ALOE, analysis of local oriented edges, which is derived from an analysis of the histogram of edge orientations in local windows. Other features, based on the Laws texture energy measures, have been developed to respond to normal tissue, and so improve the false alarm performance of the entire system.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of charge collection from energetic ions typical of neutron-recoil events with charge collection from alpha particle strikes

We describe experimental measurements of the charge collection from fluorine ions striking ICs. The fluorine ion strikes produce charge bursts similar to the charge bursts from energetic heavy ions produced when cosmic-ray-generated neutrons collide with silicon nuclei in an IC. Charge collection from the ions strikes is about ten times as large as from alpha strikes, too large to be easily overcome in DRAM design. The ion-beam technique provides a useful tool for investigating charge bursts of the silicon-recoil events, now thought to be a major source of DRAM errors.
A comparison of some conditional and unconditional exact tests for 2x2 contingency tables

In 1935, R.A. Fisher published his well-known “exact” test for 2x2 contingency tables. This test is based on the conditional distribution of a cell entry when the rows and columns marginal totals are held fixed. Tocher (1950) and Lehmann (1959) showed that Fisher s test, when supplemented by randomization, is uniformly most powerful among all the unbiased tests UMPU). However, since all the practical tests for 2x2 tables are nonrandomized - and therefore biased the UMPU test is not necessarily more powerful than other tests of the same or lower size. Inthis work, the two-sided Fisher exact test and the UMPU test are compared with six nonrandomized unconditional exact tests with respect to their power. In both the two-binomial and double dichotomy models, the UMPU test is often less powerful than some of the unconditional tests of the same (or even lower) size. Thus, the assertion that the Tocher-Lehmann modification of Fisher's conditional test is the optimal test for 2x2 tables is unjustified.
Mechanistic Approach to Structural Fire Modeling of Composites

In this paper, a framework is presented for the modeling of the response of structural composites subjected to combined mechanical loading and fire. An emphasis is placed on the response of composites at temperatures below the decomposition temperature, where the viscoelastic response of the composite material becomes important. Material property characterization results are presented for an E-glass reinforced vinyl ester composite typical of that used for naval ship applications. Time-temperature equivalence is used in a compression strength model to predict the time to failure of composites subjected to isothermal compression loading (compression creep rupture failure). These predictions are compared with experimentally determined times to failure with good agreement. In particular, shift factors obtained from shear compliance testing are able to collapse the compression creep rupture data at different temperatures, indicating that viscolelasticity is the dominant mechanism driving the failure. This model is combined with a standard diffusion model for heat transfer in the composite to predict the time-dependent failure of composites subjected to simultaneous one-sided heat flux and compression loading. Predicted times to failure are compared with experimental results with good agreement.
Investigating the role of emotion during the search process in free recall

Typically, research has shown that emotional words are remembered better than neutral words; however, most studies have reported only the mean proportion of correctly recalled words. The present study looked at various dependent measures used by search models to determine whether emotion can influence the search process as well. The results from Experiment 2 showed that when emotionality was made salient, participants were able to utilize emotional associations, in addition to temporal associations, to cue retrieval of additional emotional words during subsequent sampling but relied mainly on temporal context when the emotional information was not made salient (Experiment 1). Additionally, both experiments showed that emotional words were more likely to be output earlier in the recall sequence, which would suggest that emotion also serves to boost relative strength during initial sampling. Overall, the results suggest that emotion contributes to enhanced memory dynamically by influencing the probability of sampling an item during the search process—specifically, by boosting relative strength and strengthening interitem associations.
Role of velocity saturation in lifting pinchoff condition in long-channel MOSFET

The role of velocity saturation due to high–field mobility degradation in lifting the pinchoff condition in a longchannel MOSFET is described. The electric field on the drain end at the onset of current saturation is always extremely high leading to the velocity saturation of the carriers. This velocity saturation leads to the saturation value nsD =nsoV'g/2Vc = IDsat/qvth W on the drain end, in contrast with the well-known pinchoff behaviour, where the carrier density is shown to vanish at the saturation point. The carrier distribution, as well as the velocity distribution as a function of the channel distance along the length of the channel, is presented.
A time-dependent model of nutrient distribution in continental shelf waters

Abstract A time dependent, vertical plane mathematical model of nitrate distribution in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, is developed using similarity theory and conventional numerical techniques. Inputs of nitrate into Onslow Bay are the result of Gulf Stream intrusions (Atkinson et al., 1980) and this forcing is included as a boundary condition for this system. Advective and diffusive processes provide the mechanisms for transport of nitrate in Onslow Bay. The time dependence of the resulting nitrate fields is determined by the rate of phytoplankton removal of nitrate. Nondimensional numbers, arising from model formulation, indicate the relative importance of various processes included in the model. Two nondimensional numbers, H and P , and the nondimensional ratio, P / H , indicate interactions of physical processes. Importance of the biological terms is determined by a third nondimensional number, A . Model results are compared to nitrate data collected in Onslow Bay, North Carolina during an intrusion.
Remarks on the Genus Ellopia(Order Lepidoptera, Family Geometridae) with Special Refrernce to the Oak Looper, E. SomniariaHulst and the Hemlock Looper, E. Fervidaria Hubner

Ellopia fervidaria and E. somniaria of the Pacific Northwest are apparently biological strains of one species. The former is a serious pest of coniferous trees while the latter defoliates oaks. E. fiscellaria inflicts heavy damage to conifers in Northeastern America while E. athasaria does some damage to hemlock and other trees in Ohio. The life history of E. somniaria in the Willamette Valley of Oregon is given. The decline in epidemic infestations is apparently due largely to parasitism. One species of tachinid, one chalcid, one Pteromalid and three species of Ichneumonidae were found to parasitize nearly 25% of the caterpillars and pupae.
FOOTBALL PLAYERS' OPINIONS OF MOUTHGUARDS.

High school football players have little sense of cleanliness when it comes to mouthguards: they lend them to friends and store them in socks.
On the properties of a periodic fluid

The Born-Green equation is used to clarify and estimate the error introduced into Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of dense fluids by the use of periodic boundary conditions. This theory is applied to the Lennard-Jones fluid and the theoretical predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. The implications for size dependence of pressure, for anisotropy of the radial distribution function, for size dependence of the supercooling limit for crystal nucleation, and for the orientations of nucleated crystals are discussed.
Surgical site infection in colorectal surgery: a review of the nonpharmacologic tools of prevention.

P S c a d o a c e o v a h s c t t t c t urgical site infections (SSI) are among the most common ource of nosocomial morbidity for patients undergoing surical procedures. SSIs are associated with increased hospital ength of stay, increased risk of mortality, and decreased ealth-related quality of life. SSIsalso increasehospital costsby 1,300to$5,000percase. SoSSIscausea substantialburdento he patient, the hospital, and the third party payers, and represent n important target for surgical quality improvement. In the United States, an individual subjected to a major peration is expected to carry a 2% risk of SSI. This rate is ubstantially higher if the individual undergoes colorectal surery, with a current rate of 5% to 30% for SSIs in colorectal perations. The wide variation in reported rates is largely a unction of the varying definitions that have been applied to efine SSI. The most widely used definition for SSIs was provided by he Centers for Disease Control in 1992 and updated in 2003. t broadly categorized SSIs into incisional and organ/space nfections. Incisional SSIs were further split into 2 categoies: superficial (involving the skin and subcutaneous tissue) nd deep (involving fascia and muscle layers). This categoriation is important because the etiology, risk factors, and clincal consequences vary depending on the location. An infection in the surgical site is the result of inoculation ith a bacterial load that is greater than the ability of the mmune system to control it. Therefore, increased contamiation (contaminated or dirty-infected wound classes) and ecreased host immunity lead to increased incidence of SSI. ince Lister’s time, we have applied the scientific method to urgical practice to identify options for decreasing bacterial ontamination and augmenting host immunity, and although he incidence of SSI has been reduced by applying the results f our investigations, the current rates of SSI, particularly in olorectal surgery, suggest that there is still room for mprovement. Contributing to the development and/or prevention of
Synthesis of 2-substituted benzylidene-6-b-nitrothiazolo[3,2-α]benzimidazol-3(2H)ones as possible anticonvulsants

Several 2-substituted benzylidene-b-nitrothiazolo[3,2-α]benzimidazol-3(2H)ones were prepared by the condensation of 6-nitrothiazolo[3,2-α]benzimidazol-3(2H)one with suitable aryl aldehydes as possible anticonvulsants. Amongst these benzimidazoles, two compounds possessed anticonvulsant activity and provided 60% protection against pentylene-tetrazol-induced seizures in mice. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 14, 1093 (1977)
From In-Session Behaviors to Drinking Outcomes: A Causal Chain for Motivational Interviewing

Client speech in favor of change within motivational interviewing sessions has been linked to treatment outcomes, but a causal chain has not yet been demonstrated. Using a sequential behavioral coding system for client speech, the authors found that, at both the session and utterance levels, specific therapist behaviors predict client change talk. Further, a direct link from change talk to drinking outcomes was observed, and support was found for a mediational role for change talk between therapist behavior and client drinking outcomes. These data provide preliminary support for the proposed causal chain indicating that client speech within treatment sessions can be influenced by therapists, who can employ this influence to improve outcomes. Selective eliciting and reinforcement of change talk is proposed as a specific active ingredient of motivational interviewing.
Hiraga Gennai: The Renaissance marketer of eighteenth-century Japan

Purpose – This paper aims to examine a copy Hiraga Gennai wrote advertising the toothpowder brand Sosekiko in terms of its target audience, product decisions pertaining to branding and packaging, pricing and advertising objectives and message appeals. A masterless samurai in the eighteenth century, Hiraga Gennai is considered Japan’s first advertising copywriter. Life of the versatile Renaissance man Gennai and the influences of his accomplishments on advertising in following generations are briefly discussed. Design/methodology/approach – The research draws from a sampling of classical and contemporary literature as well as the interpretation of the images shown here. Visual content is described and analyzed as well. Findings – Gennai’s witty and humorous advertising copy for handbills attracted the townspeople of Edo. The toothpowder market was mature and competitive, and Gennai’s copy emphasized differentiation through packaging and volume discount rather than ingredients. The advertising copy has culturally unique aspect: It appeals to the audience’s ninjo, or feelings of humanity, and explicitly solicited disseminating positive word-of-mouth by the audience. Originality/value – This research shows that activities resembling more contemporary marketing practices, such as advertising and branding, for consumer products such as toothpowder existed in eighteenth-century Japan, more than a century prior to the paradigmatic development of marketing concept. The possibility for Gennai as a potential strategic marketing planner and implementer, in addition to advertising copywriter, is researched and analyzed.
Analyst's workspace: Protecting vastopolis

Analyst's Workspace is a sensemaking environment designed specifically for use of large, high-resolution displays. It employs a spatial workspace to integrate foraging and synthesis activities into a unified process. In this paper we describe how Analyst's Workspace solved the VAST 2011 mini-challenge #3 and discuss some of the unique features of the environment.
The crystallization of polyethylene I

Abstract The crystallization of polyethylene fractions of varying molecular weight has been studied by the dilatometric method, and a procedure developed to enable the primary and secondary processes to be analysed separately. The value of the Avrami exponent, n, calculated on the basis of this method, varies with molecular weight and temperature, and is often significantly different from the integers required by theory. Modifications to the assumptions on which the theory is based are proposed to account for this observation. A reversal in crystallization behaviour occurs at a molecular weight of ca. 60 000 and as this is near to the point where melt viscosity also undergoes a change, it is suggested that viscosity is an important factor governing crystallization rate. It thus follows that crystallization is determined by the same molecular weight average as that determining melt flow. The secondary crystallization has a rate which is less than one order slower than that for the primary process and also has a similar temperature dependence to the latter, in that the rate decreases as the temperature is raised.
Thermodynamics of substrates and reversible inhibitors binding to the active site cleft of human α-thrombin

Abstract The study of the temperature effect on the binding to the active site of human α-thrombin for ten different ligands, i.e. nine peptide substrates and the tight binding inhibitor Nα-(naphtalenesulphonyl-glycyl)-4-amidino- d l -phenyl-alaninepiperidine (α-NAPAP), showed that the enthalpy is constant over the temperature range spanning from 10 to 40°C. It was found that the values of the binding enthalpy are linearly correlated to those of entropy, and that this correlation arises from a real phenomenon of chemical compensation. On the other hand, no compensatory chemical effect was found for the process of thrombin acylation. Additional experiments showed that binding to thrombin of two competitive thrombin inhibitors, i.e. proflavin and p-aminobenzamidine, is characterized by a change in the standard heat capacity change (δCp), approximately equal to -1 kcal/mol K. By analogy with model compound transfer studies and protein folding investigations, it is proposed that a burial of a large surface area of non-polar residues, roughly equal to 3000 A2, brings about the observed heat capacity change. Altogether, the observed phenomena of the chemical compensation and heat capacity change, although qualitatively different, are interpreted as expressions of the same property of the enzyme, i.e. the capacity to undergo conformational transitions upon ligation of the catalytic domain. These structural transitions are strictly ligand-linked and could play a central role for setting the rules which regulate the specificity of substrates and inhibitors binding to the catalytic groove of human α-thrombin.
Upper respiratory tract deposition of inspired acetaldehyde

Abstract Inhalation exposure of rodents to high concentrations of acetaldehyde produces lesions in the upper respiratory tract (URT, all regions of the respiratory tract anterior to and including the larynx). Information on the inhalation dosimetric relationships for this vapor are needed for a comprehensive understanding of its inhalation toxicity. Toward this end, uptake of acetaldehyde was measured in the surgically isolated URT of the urethaneanesthetized male F344 rat under unidirectional (50, 100, 200, or 300 ml/min) and cyclic (100 ml/min) flow conditions at inspired concentrations of 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm. Under all flow conditions URT deposition efficiency was strongly dependent on inspired concentration. URT deposition efficiency (under cyclic flow) averaged 76, 48, 41, and 26% at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm, respectively. Nasal acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity averaged 1.2 μg/min. Absolute acetaldehyde deposition rates (μg/min) at 100 and 1000 ppm exceeded this activity by 5- to 100-fold, suggesting a possible mechanism for the reduced deposition efficiency at high concentrations. URT deposition under unidirectional flow was strongly dependent on the inspiratory flow rate. The effect of flow rate on deposition was reasonably predicted by the mass-transfer model of Aharonson et al. ( J. Appl. Physiol. 37, 654–657, 1974). The uptake coefficients determined from the unidirectional flow studies were used to predict uptake under cyclic flow by integration of the model. The predicted cyclic deposition efficiencies differed from the observed efficiencies by 2.3 ± 4.3% (mean ± SEM), suggesting this model might provide a reasonable first approximation for acetaldehyde uptake under cyclic breathing conditions.
Assessment of radiation-induced segregation mechanisms in austenitic and ferritic–martensitic alloys

Abstract The RIS mechanism in austenitic and ferritic–martensitic (F–M) alloys is addressed by both atomic-scale modeling and experiment. Ab initio based modeling shows that the inverse Kirkendall mechanism for Cr in austenitic Ni-based systems is consistent with the observed Cr depletion, but that the result may be a balance of significant contributions from both vacancy and interstitial fluxes. In the F–M alloy system Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of Cr segregation show that depending on the binding and diffusion energetics of Cr with vacancies, Cr diffusion by a vacancy mechanism can be either faster or slower than Fe. Experimental results show that RIS depends on the alloy composition and irradiation temperature, with grain boundary Cr enrichment occurring in the alloy with lower Cr (T91) and at lower temperature (400 °C), and depletion occurring in higher Cr alloys (HT9 and HCM12A) and at higher irradiation temperature (500 °C). Modeling results are entirely consistent with the expectations of an inverse Kirkendall mechanism determined by the relative rate of Cr to Fe diffusion.
Optimal manufacturing and delivery schedules in a supply chain system of deteriorating items

The market is changing from minute to minute nowadays. Increasing cooperation and pursuing of the optimal interest of the integrated supply chain system become more effective than acting alone in the face of competition. In this research, an integrated inventory policy between a single producer and a multi-buyer is developed. The model extends the research of Lin and Lin (2007, A cooperative inventory policy with deteriorating items for a two-echelon model. European Journal of Operational Research, 178 (1), 92–111) by changing the single-buyer system to the multi-buyer system. This problem is solved under the assumptions of equal replenishments and production cycles. The producer and buyers collaboratively intend to decrease their joint total cost of operation. We consider the deterioration of items at all levels of producer, buyer and in-transport, and the backorders at buyer's level only. The algorithm to find the optimal solution is given, and Matlab and Maple software are used. A numerical example is ...
The Americans with disabilities act, mental disability, and employment practices

This research examines the response of employers to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), with a specific focus on the employment of those with mental disabilities. A telephone survey was completed in a metropolitan area in the southern United States with a random sample of 117 businesses. In terms of specific practices that indicated compliance with the ADA, 15% had specific policies for hiring those with mental disabilities, and 37.6% had indeed hired such individuals. Companies that had complied with the ADA were more likely to be large and to have specific policies for the hiring of minorities and those with physical disabilities. Employers also did not believe that employment of those with mental disabilities was their responsibility, and supported increased efforts by the rehabilitation community to improve employment opportunities for individuals with mental disabilities. Mental health service providers need to work more closely with employers in their regions and educate them about the capabilities of individuals with mental disabilities, and inform employers that the types of accommodations necessary are neither costly nor difficult to implement.
A time-accurate multiple-grid algorithm

A time-accurate multiple-grid algorithm is described. The algorithm allows one to take much larger time steps with an explicit time-marching scheme than would otherwise be the case. Sample calculations of a scalar advection equation and the Euler equations for an oscillating airfoil are shown. For the oscillating airfoil, time steps an order of magnitude larger than the single-grid algorithm are possible.
Modeling Vehicle Lateral Dynamics by Gaussian Processes

A method of modeling a vehicle’s lateral dynamics is investigated. Gaussian processes (GP) are used to estimate the side slip and yaw rate of the vehicle. A method of clustering the inputs to the GPs is also investigated and the effects of a key parameter, the clustering threshold, are examined. Sensitivity of this parameter is considered and a compromise is found between model accuracy and computation time. A discussion of how these methods can be extended to online adaptation of the estimators is included.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Single-dose etomidate for rapid sequence intubation may impact outcome after severe injury.

Background: Etomidate is an induction agent used for the rapid sequence intubation (RSI) of trauma patients because of its favorable hemodynamic profile and rapid onset. However, recent studies have shown etomidate to decrease circulating cortisol concentrations, potentially influencing inflammation. We hypothesized that etomidate may alter the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in injury victims. Methods: We analyzed data collected prospectively from a clinical trial of prehospital hypertonic saline administration. Post hoc, patients were grouped according to whether they did or did not receive etomidate for prehospital airway management. The incidence of ARDS was compared between the two groups by Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was used to adjust for the effects of other known risk factors for ARDS. Results: Over a 2-year period, 94 study patients underwent RSI, of which 35 received etomidate (37%). There were no significant differences in demographic, physiology, anatomic injury scores, or use of hypertonic saline resuscitation between the groups. After adjusting for physiology, injury severity, and transfusion, etomidate use remained associated with ARDS (aOR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.24―12.0). Conclusion: Single-dose etomidate for RSI in severely injured trauma patients is associated with increased ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, in part, because of an effect of etomidate on the inflammatory response.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOTAL PLASMIN AND THE TRYPSIN INHIBITOR OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM I. METHODS FOR THE TITRATION OF TOTAL PLASMIN AND OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR

Methods are described for the separate titration of total plasmin and of trypsin inhibitor in human blood serum. Azocoll was used as the substrate in all experiments. When titrating the total plasmin, interference by trypsin inhibitor was minimized by mixing together serum, streptokinase, and substrate in the cold before incubation was commenced. When titrating the trypsin inhibitor, interference by plasmin was avoided by using small quantities of serum and of crystalline trypsin. Experimental results show that with the methods employed neither the trypsin inhibitor in the serum nor the inhibitor in the streptokinase nor the antistreptokinase in the serum significantly interfered with the results of titrations of total plasmin.
Sensitive, Selective, & Tunable Porous Silicon Gas Sensor

Hybrid porous silicon, consisting of a microporous framework whose walls are covered with a thin nanoporous layer, proves to be an inexpensive and robust platform for fabrication of rapid, reversible, and sensitive semiconductor sensors. An extremely high surface area provides a mechanism for the detection of ppm and ppb levels of a range of gases including ammonia, NOX, and CO. A general method of coating electroless metal onto the surface provides a basis for nanostructure induced selectivity between these gases. Further, the introduction of FFT analysis to the rapidly reversible and linear response of the porous silicon gas sensor allows the gas response to be acquired and filtered on a drifting baseline.
Analysis of evolutionary relationships among shiners of the subgenus Luxilus (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Notropis) with the lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme systems.

Abstract 1. 1. Eight species of the subgenus Luxilus of Notropis (Cyprinidae) were compared with respect to their lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns. 2. 2. This isozymic analysis permitted the resolution of the three distinct phyletic groups within the subgenus. 3. 3. Extensive polymorphism was observed at the lactate dehydrogenase C locus, the function of which is restricted primarily to the liver.
Study of H2S emissions from a salt water marsh

Abstract A gas chromatographic method was developed for measuring background levels of atmospheric H2S. A detectivity of 0.02 ppbv ( S N = 2 ) was achieved with a frequency of one sample per 8 min. A reduction of the detectivity to 0.005 ppbv was predicted with modest optimization effort. The technique was applied in a study of H2S emissions from a salt water marsh. Large diurnal variations of the H2S levels were observed that were relatively repeatable under similar meteorological conditions. The area averaged emission rate of H2S for one evening in July was estimated to be between 3 and 16 g S m−2 y−1. The emission rate was estimated to have decreased by a factor of at least 10 between 22 July and 13 December 1978. Atlantic Ocean air was found to be very low in H2S content, typically less than 30 pptv.
Reaction of trimethylaluminium with a tridentate open-chain amine. Synthesis and molecular structure of [Al(CH3)]2[C12H28N6][Al(CH3)2]2

Abstract Reaction of 3,3′-iminobispropylamine with trimethylaluminium affords the crystalline complex [Al(CH 3 )] 2 [C 12 H 28 N 6 ][Al(CH 3 ) 2 ] 2 . The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n , with unit cell parameters a = 8.334(2), b = 11.099(3), c = 14.264(4) A, β = 90.99(2)°, V = 1319.2 A 3 , and ϱ = 1.14 g cm −3 for Z = 2. Least-squares refinement based on 1018 observed reflections [ I > 3σ( I )] converged at R = 0.048, R w = 0.053. The title compound, consisting of two amine units bridged by four organoaluminium moieties, has extensive AlN association. The two central aluminium atoms are five-coordinate residing in trigonal bipyramidal environments. The compound contains three Al 2 N 2 rings with a mean AlN distance of 1.990(4) A. The shortest Al … Al contact of 2.830(2) A does not suggest significant metal-metal interactions.
Effects of body size on operative, intermediate, and long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass operation

Abstract Background . To investigate the role of body size, if any, on operative and longer term outcomes following coronary artery surgery. Methods . A total of 3,560 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting from 1991 to 1997, including 2,401 (67%) males and a mean ± SD age of 63 ± 10 years were ranked based on their body mass index (BMI). The association in these patients of preoperative, long-term, and economic data with variations in BMI were studied using regression analyses. Long-term survival was studied using 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results . Operative mortality, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, blood transfusions, and length of hospital stay were all increased in the smallest patients (BMI ≤ 24 kg/m 2 ). Obesity did not increase adverse operative outcomes except for a greater rate of sternal wound infections occurring with increasing severity of obesity. Direct variable costs were lowest in patients clustered around normal BMI, with cost increasing similarly at low and high extremes. This effect was correlated with similar BMI effects on ventilatory and intensive care requirements. Excluding operative mortality, 5-year survival trends were similarly worse for the smallest (BMI ≤ 24) and most severely obese (BMI > 34) patients. Mild obesity (BMI ≥ 30 to BMI Conclusions . Among study patients, immediate operative outcomes were adversely affected by small body size, which reflected older age (66 ± 10 years) and an exaggerated adverse impact of cardiopulmonary bypass. Younger age and smaller effects of cardiopulmonary bypass lead to better operative outcomes in the obese. Long-term outcomes were, however, suboptimal in severely obese patients although that group was the youngest (60 ± 10 years). In addition to their large body habitus, other factors, including substantial prevalence of diabetes, insulin dependence and hypertension, probably played a significant role in the poor long-term outcome in the severely obese.
Use of neural networks and sliding modes in vibration damping

This paper discusses a control algorithm for active vibration suppression in flexible structures with distributed actuation. This control algorithm employs an integral transformation of the distributed-parameter system such that the transformed system behaves according to a desired second-order partial differential equation in space and time. Furthermore, a neural network is used to learn and perform this integral transformation which can be very difficult to calculate analytically and which has a kernel that is generally nonlinear. Once the system has been transformed, sliding mode control algorithms may be used to yield a closed-loop system which is insensitive to disturbances or parameter variations. An Euler-Bernoulli beam with piezoelectric actuation will be considered as an illustrative example of this particular strategy.
Differential cation exchange capacity (DCEC) of nickel supported on silica-aluminas

Abstract Differential cation exchange capacity (DCEC) is the difference between the cation exchange capacity of a metal-supported catalyst and the support alone. DCEC values of two nickel catalysts (0.88 and 10% by weight) on a series of silica-alumina supports have been measured. For alumina-rich samples, DCEC values for both weight loadings of nickel are comparable. The silica-rich samples were different, with the lower weight loaded catalysts exhibiting higher DCEC values than the 10% nickel catalysts. The similarities and differences shown by this metal-support system can be traced to the chemical environment of the catalyst preparation. Adsorption and reaction studies are in accord with the reported DCEC values. This technique appears to be a potentially useful method for disclosing metal-support interactions.
Histocompatibility antigens in sympathetic ophthalmia.

Twenty patients with histopathologically confirmed sympathetic ophthalmia (Group 1) and eight patients with "presumed sympathetic ophthalmia," based on a clinical history of bilateral uveitis occurring within four months of a perforating ocular injury (Group 2), were typed for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C antigenic determinants by a micro-lymphocytotoxicity technique. HLA antigenic determinants found in Groups 1 and 2 were compared to a control group of 107 patients with sequelae of perforating ocular injuries from accidents, intraocular surgery, or corneal ulcers (Group 3). HLA-A11 antigen showed an increased frequency of 30% in Group 1 (relative risk = 11.0; P less than .002) and an increased frequency of 32% in Groups 1 + 2 (relative risk = 10.5; P less than .0005) compared to Group 3 (frequency = 4%). This finding was validated against a second control group of 453 healthy subjects without ocular disease or trauma (Group 4). This association suggests that a genetic factor may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sympathetic ophthalmia.
BMP signaling mediated by constitutively active Activin type 1 receptor (ACVR1) results in ectopic bone formation localized to distal extremity joints.

BMP signaling mediated by ACVR1 plays a critical role for development of multiple structures including the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. While deficient ACVR1 signaling impairs normal embryonic development, hyperactive ACVR1 function (R206H in humans and Q207D mutation in mice, ca-ACVR1) results in formation of heterotopic ossification (HO). We developed a mouse line, which conditionally expresses ca-ACVR1 with Nfatc1-Cre+ transgene. Mutant mice developed ectopic cartilage and bone at the distal joints of the extremities including the interphalangeal joints and hind limb ankles as early as P4 in the absence of trauma or exogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) administration. Micro-CT showed that even at later time points (up to P40), cartilage and bone development persisted at the affected joints most prominently in the ankle. Interestingly, this phenotype was not present in areas of bone outside of the joints – tibia are normal in mutants and littermate controls away from the ankle. These findings demonstrate that this model may allow for further studies of heterotopic ossification, which does not require the use of stem cells, direct trauma or activation with exogenous Cre gene administration.
A wind-driven Yellow Sea Warm Current?

Observations of current velocity, pressure, and temperature in the eastern Yellow Sea during January 10 to April 12, 1986, and geostrophic winds calculated from surface pressure distributions, are analyzed for a study of the synoptic band response of the Yellow Sea to the wintertime winds. Currents in shallow coastal waters along a straight portion of the coast are mostly downwind to the south. Along the northern coast sheltered by a large bay, the current is persistently northward. This could be the result of a domination by geostrophic currents associated with an offshore-directed density gradient which is known to form in areas around this location. In the Yellow Sea trough, strong upwind flows are found to follow closely surges in the north wind. Co-spectral analyses show that these events are driven by a longitudinal pressure gradient associated with the sea-level set-up along the west coast of South Korea under a prevailing north wind.
Learned helplessness in reflective and impulsive mentally retarded and nonretarded children

University ofAlabama at Birmingham. Birmingham. Alabama Forty-four educable mentally retarded and 44 nonretarded children of equivalent mental age were assessed with the Intellectural Achievement Responsibility (IAR) questionnaire. The stu­ dents' attributions on the IAR identified 35 mildly retarded and 36 nonretarded subjects who could be categorized as helpless or as mastery oriented. The retarded learners were significantly more helpless than were their nonretarded peers . The cognitive disposition of these 71 individuals was determined via Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). No difference was observed in the cognitive style of retarded and that ofnonretarded pupils, nor did reflective and impulsive subjects perform significantly differently on any of the four indices of helplessness. MFFT error and latency scores were not significantly correlated with measures of helplessness. The findings were interpreted as suggesting (1) that it is unlikely that cognitive disposition affects learned helplessness, and (2) the importance of environmental considerations in explaining the phenome­ non of learned helplessness in mildly retarded learners.
Not such a dismal science: the economics of protein synthesis, folding, degradation and antigen processing

There is a pronounced tendency among cell biologists to focus on qualitative aspects of cell physiology. The remarkable accomplishments of evolution in creating cells can only be fully appreciated, however, by combining this qualitative analysis with a quantitative assessment of cellular constituents and processes. Here, I consider the overall protein economy of cells as it relates to recent advances in understanding protein folding, ubiquitin-targeted proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins and the generation of peptide ligands for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.
Algorithm for quantum-mechanical finite-nuclear-mass variational calculations of atoms with two p electrons using all-electron explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions

A new algorithm for calculating the Hamiltonian matrix elements with all-electron explicitly correlated Gaussian functions for quantum-mechanical calculations of atoms with two p electrons or a single d electron have been derived and implemented. The Hamiltonian used in the approach was obtained by rigorously separating the center-of-mass motion and it explicitly depends on the finite mass of the nucleus. The approach was employed to perform test calculations on the isotopes of the carbon atom in their ground electronic states and to determine the finite-nuclear-mass corrections for these states.
Electrode shapes for a cylindrical electron beam

The problem of obtaining the electrode shapes which will maintain a cylindrical beam of space-charge limited current reduces to the problem of solving Laplace's equation for the electrostatic potential outside the space-charge region, with the appropriate boundary conditions on the surface of the beam. A new approximate analytical solution of the Laplace equation has been obtained, and numerical tables have been developed for designing the electrode shapes. A plot of the electrode shapes, which is applicable to either hollow or solid beams, has been drawn up. The shape of the outside electrodes is the same for either type of beam, but the hollow beam requires an additional set of electrodes located inside the beam. The shape of the outside electrodes agrees fairly well with that obtained previously by Pierce,(1) Harrison,(2) and Kuo Chu Ho and Moon.(3)