cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of organic additives on the impurity and grain structure of electrodeposited cobalt

Abstract Co films were electrodeposited with different additives including dimethylglyoxime, sodium chloride, and mercapto-propanesulfonate (MPS). A systematic study was conducted using scanning electron microscope, four-point probe, secondary ion mass spectrum, and X-ray diffraction to understand the effects of such additives on the morphology, resistivity, impurity incorporation, and grain structure of film, as well as how thermal annealing influences these attributes. The addition of MPS into the electrolyte was found to significantly increase the S incorporation level and decrease the grain size, both contributing to a higher sheet resistance of film. Transmission electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and local electrode atom probe tomography were used to determine the distribution of different impurity elements. A pronounced grain structure change from columnar grains to pseudo-spherical grains was observed upon the addition of MPS in electrolyte or the incorporation of S in film. In addition to the precipitation of sporadic S-rich clusters, S and C were also found to segregate at the grain boundaries in annealed Co films, both of which are believed to correlate to the grain growth and a significant resistance drop upon annealing.
Arbitration Clauses: The Louisiana Supreme Court’s Flawed Decision in Duhon v. Activelaf, LLC. And Why the Doctrine of Unconscionability Should Be Adopted in Louisiana

Louisiana should give credit where credit is due and recognize the doctrine of unconscionability. Louisiana is the only civil law jurisdiction in the United States. In order to preserve its unique heritage, Louisiana has been reluctant to adopt common law concepts. Because of this reluctance, some beneficial concepts have been rejected or overlooked, such as the doctrine of unconscionability. Common law states use the doctrine of unconscionability to analyze contracts of adhesion, or determine the enforceability of arbitration clauses. Louisiana, on the other hand, utilizes a four-factor test outlined in Aguillard v. Auction Management Corp. The four factors are: (1) the physical characteristics of the arbitration clause, (2) the distinguished features of the arbitration clause, (3) the mutuality of the arbitration clause, and (4) the relative bargaining strength of the parties. The Louisiana Supreme Court used these factors in its decision of Duhon v. Activelaf, LLC. The court failed to use all of the factors and conducted a faulty analysis. This Article discusses how an analysis of all four leads to the conclusion that the disputed arbitration contract is not adhesionary and is valid. This Article also discusses how the doctrine of unconscionability is quite compatible with the Louisiana Civil Code. The doctrine helps fill in the gaps of existing law, which is inadequate when dealing with mass, standard-form contracting.
Child Care in Poor Communities: Early Learning Effects of Type, Quality, and Stability

Young children in poor communities are spending more hours in non-parental care due to policy reforms and expansion of early childhood programs. Studies show positive effects of high-quality center-based care on children's cognitive growth. Yet we know little about the effects of center care typically available in poor communities or the effects of home-based care. Using a sample of children age 12 to 42 months when their mothers entered welfare-to-work programs, this paper finds positive cognitive effects for children in center care. Children also display stronger cognitive growth when caregivers are more sensitive and responsive, and stronger social development when providers have education beyond high school. Children in family child care homes show more behavioral problems but no cognitive differences.
Feeding habitats of nesting wading birds: Spatial use and social influences

Etude de l'utilisation du site d'alimentation loin de la colonie ou la ou se trouve la colonie par six echassiers observes sur la cote de Caroline du Nord entre mai et juin 1979 et en mai 1980. Directions de vol de la colonie. Relations trophiques. Utilisation de l'espace. Comportement alimentaire
Identification of a basolateral membrane targeting signal within the cytoplasmic domain of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.

Oligodendrocytes possess two distinct membrane compartments – uncompacted plasma membrane (cell body, processes) and compact myelin. Specific targeting mechanisms must exist to establish and maintain these membrane domains. Polarized epithelial cells have the best characterized system for targeting components to apical and basolateral compartments. Since oligodendrocytes arise from neuroepithelial cells, we investigated whether they might utilize targeting paradigms similar to polarized epithelial cells. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a transmembrane Ig-like molecule restricted to uncompacted oligodendroglial plasma membrane. We stably expressed MOG in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) Type II epithelial cells, which have been extensively used in protein-targeting studies. Data from surface biotinylation assays and confocal microscopy revealed that MOG sorts exclusively to the basolateral membrane of MDCK cells. Expression vectors containing progressive truncations of MOG from the cytoplasmic C-terminus were expressed in MDCK cells to localize basolateral sorting signals. A loss of only four C-terminal residues results in some MOG expression at the apical surface. More strikingly, removal of the C-terminal membrane associated hydrophobic domain from MOG results in complete loss of basolateral sorting and specific targeting to the apical membrane. These data suggest that myelinating oligodendrocytes may utilize a sorting mechanism similar to that of polarized epithelia.
Revealing true subspace clusters in high dimensions

Subspace clustering is one of the best approaches for discovering meaningful clusters in high dimensional space. One cluster in high dimensional space may be transcribed into multiple distinct maximal clusters by projecting onto different subspaces. A direct consequence of clustering independently in each subspace is an overwhelmingly large set of overlapping clusters which may be significantly similar. To reveal the true underlying clusters, we propose a similarity measurement of the overlapping clusters. We adopt the model of Gaussian tailed hyper-rectangles to capture the distribution of any subspace cluster. A set of experiments on a synthetic dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach. Application to real gene expression data also reveals impressive meta-clusters expected by biologists.
The Fate of Nitrogen Applied to Soils

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fate of nitrogen applied to soils. Nitrogen in the soil may undergo several changes. The chief channel of nitrogen loss in normal agricultural practice is probably leaching that usually occurs chiefly in the fall and spring months. The major gaseous loss is believed to be molecular nitrogen formed from nitrates and nitrites, by biological denitrification. There is also some evidence for slow and continuing losses of nitrogen to the air in the finer-textured soils, as a result of denitrification in soil aggregates or anaerobic pockets. Heavy applications of urea or ammonia may lead to nitrite formation. This inhibits nitrate formation and cause large losses of nitrogen, chiefly as molecular nitrogen in slightly acid soils. The mechanism of loss is still undetermined, but the gas is believed to result from the interaction of nitrous acid, with undetermined soil constituents. Apparently, the nitrous acid or nitrite is either reduced chemically to nitrogen gas or it may react, with NH 2 groups in the soil organic matter, according to a Van Slyke type of reaction. Two methods can be used for determining nitrogen recovery. The most accurate method for determining the recovery of added nitrogen is, by 15 N assay, provided the nitrogen remaining in the soil is determined. Nitrogen recovery can also be determined, by the difference method. This method commonly gives results that agree closely, with those, by the tracer procedure, if a residual crop is also grown, and very low nitrogen rates are avoided.
Inositol Phosphates Inhibit Uptake and Transport of Iron and Zinc by a Human Intestinal Cell Line

To examine the influence of inositol phosphates on the uptake and absorption of Fe and Zn, Caco-2 cells were grown on either plastic (uptake studies) or porous membranes in bicameral chambers (transport/absorption studies). Caco-2, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, was selected as the test cell because it spontaneously differentiates into polarized enterocyte-like cells at confluency. Uptake of Fe (added as Fe-nitrilotriacetate complex) from a calcium-free solution by fully differentiated cells was 37 pmol/cm2. Addition of 10-fold molar excess of individual inositol phosphates (IP3, IP4, IP5 or IP6) decreased Fe solubility by 13 to 25% and reduced Fe uptake by 50 to 65%. The rate of transport of Fe from the apical solution into the basolateral chamber [1.4 +/- 0.1 pmol/(h.cm2)] decreased (34-96%) in proportion to the degree of phosphorylation of the inositol derivative in the apical compartment. Uptake and transepithelial transport of Zn were 246 +/- 5 pmol/cm2 and 23 +/- 1 pmol/(h.cm2), respectively. The solubility, uptake and rate of transport of Zn also decreased in proportion to the degree of phosphorylation of inositol. These results demonstrate the inhibitory influence of IP3-IP6 on the uptake and transport of Fe and Zn and support the usefulness of the Caco-2 human cell line as an appropriate model for evaluating the effects of specific dietary factors on trace metal bioavailability.
The Asian Financial Crisis

The Asian financial crisis—the topic has dominated headlines throughout the world. Since July 1997, there have been more than 16,000 articles, journals, and reviews published nationally and internationally on this subject.
Web search: challenges and directions

These are exciting times for the field of Web search. Search engines are used by millions of people every day, and the number is growing rapidly. This growth poses unique challenges for search engines: they need to operate at unprecedented scales while satisfying an incredible diversity of information needs. Furthermore, user expectations have expanded considerably, moving from “give me what I said” to “give me what I want”. Finally, with the lure of billions of dollars of commerce guided by search engines, we have entered a new world of “Adversarial Information Retrieval”. This talk will show that the world of algorithm and system design for commercial search engines can be described by two of Murphy’s Laws: a) If anything can go wrong, it will; and b) Even if nothing can go wrong, it will anyway.
4. Chat on Collaborative Knowledge Building

This is an informal discussion from my personal perspective on computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). In such a knowledge-building artifact, it is impossible to distinguish idiosyncratic personal views from their sources in other artifacts too numerous to cite. I composed this invited paper as a dialog with the Qwerty readership, almost in the format of a text chat. I envision an epical opportunity for promising new media to enable interpersonal interaction with today’s network technologies. While asynchronous media have often been tried in classroom settings, I have found that synchronous text chat in small workgroups can be particularly engaging in certain circumstances – although perhaps chat can often be integrated with asynchronous hypermedia to support interaction within larger communities over longer periods. More generally, building collaborative knowledge, making shared meaning, clarifying a group’s terminology, inscribing specialized symbols and creating significant artifacts are foundational activities in group processes, which underlie internalized learning and individual understanding no matter what the medium. Therefore, I look at the online discourse of small groups to see how groups as such accomplish these activities. This has consequences for research and design about learning environments that foster knowledge building through group cognition, and consequently contribute to individual learning.
The Effect of Chronological Age on the Acceptance of Internet-Based Hearing Health Care.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to offer design considerations in developing Internet-based hearing health care for older adults by analyzing and discussing the relationship between chronological age, computer skills, and the acceptance of Internet-based hearing health care. Method This article reports baseline data from a training study measuring the acceptance of Internet-based hearing health care. Participants (n = 26; 20 men, 6 women) were aged 55–95 years. All passed a cognitive screen and failed a hearing screen. Participants completed the Patient-Technology Acceptance questionnaire (Or, 2008). Computer literacy was measured using the Northstar Digital Literacy Assessment (Cytron-Hysom, Hadley, Vanek, Graif, & Asp, 2012). Results Computer literacy was negatively correlated with increasing age. Additional negative relationships were seen between computer literacy and computer anxiety and between computer literacy and computer self-efficacy. Finally, there was a negative relationship between co...
Matching effect and dynamic phases of vortex matter in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 nanoribbon with a periodic array of holes

We report investigations on the dynamics of vortex matter with periodic pinning in crystalline Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 nanoribbons containing an array of nanoscale holes. We found that the matching effect is enhanced near the melting field and persists to higher fields beyond the melting line. We attribute this enhancement to the existence of a soft-solid phase and a mixture of solid-liquid phases near the melting line, enabling the vortices to pin more effectively. We observed distinct regions in the voltage-current curves attributed to transitions of various dynamic phases which also account for the driving current dependent appearance of the matching effect.
Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination in Late Victorian and Edwardian England

Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination in Late Victorian and Edwardian England. Annie E. Coombes. New Haven and London: Yale University Press., 1994. 280 pp., 112 b/w illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00 (cloth).
CDH2 and CDH11 act as regulators of stem cell fate decisions

Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical and biochemical signals originating from cell-cell adhesion are critical for stem cell lineage specification. In this review, we focus on the role of cadherin mediated signaling in development and stem cell differentiation, with emphasis on two well-known cadherins, cadherin-2 (CDH2) (N-cadherin) and cadherin-11 (CDH11) (OB-cadherin). We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of CDH2 and CDH11 during development and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We also discuss engineering strategies to control stem cell fate decisions by fine-tuning the extent of cell-cell adhesion through surface chemistry and microtopology. These studies may be greatly facilitated by novel strategies that enable monitoring of stem cell specification in real time. We expect that better understanding of how intercellular adhesion signaling affects lineage specification may impact biomaterial and scaffold design to control stem cell fate decisions in three-dimensional context with potential implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Static Magnetic Fields for the Treatment of Pain

Abstract Therapeutic magnets constructed with permanent magnets that generate static magnetic fields have gained popularity in recent years. Federal authorities in the United States do not currently regulate sales. The marketed devices are not FDA approved. Nonetheless, there is a body of published data that supports potential therapeutic utility of static magnetic field–generating devices. This body of knowledge is critically reviewed here. Characterization of effective field metrics and mechanisms of interaction with biological substrates are incomplete. The design of magnetic placebos for masking in long-duration studies is essential. Current evidence suggests that there is merit in continuing to develop and test therapeutic magnetic devices.
On linear topological conjugacy of Lur'e systems

In this letter, we prove several results regarding linear conjugacy between Lur'e systems. For example, we prove that except for a measure zero set, two Lur'e systems are linearly conjugate if they share an equilibrium point and the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices are matched at every point. A corollary of that result is that piecewise-linear vector fields with parallel boundary planes are determined, up to linear conjugacy, by the boundary planes, the equilibrium points and the eigenvalues in each region.
Laser-Induced Forward Transfer Of Metal Oxides To Trim The Frequency Of Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator Devices

The frequencies of surface acoustic wave resonators (SAWRs) sealed in novel all quartz packages have been accurately set using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of aluminum-oxide thin films. This technique allows accurate frequency adjustment of SAWRs over -40 parts per million (PPM) with a resolution of better than ±1 PPM. This technique does not significantly degrade relevant electrical SAWR device characteristics and provides the user with substantial cost and time savings when setting a SAWR oscillator to frequency. However, some degradation in the long-term stability of oscillators driven by laser-trimmed SAWR devices has been measured. The quality of the LIFT-deposited oxide film plays an important role in both the frequency sensitivity and long-term stability of laser-trimmed SAWR devices.
Location, innovation and trade: The role of localization and nation-based externalities

Abstract This paper models locales that produce goods for trade outside their boundaries. We use a model that assumes monopolistic competition in both service and traded goods sectors; and, influenced by Porter (The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York, 1990), we study the impact of both a localization externality and a nation-based externality. The localization externality is related to innovation that occurs because of agglomeration in the locale. The nation-based externality reflects the idea that some nations promote competitive industries more successfully than do others. We identify two types of comparative statics effects related to two distinct results of innovation.
Transient Thermal Modeling of In-Situ Curing During Tape Winding of Composite Cylinders

Fully-transient, two-dimensional, heat transfer analysis for the simultaneous tape winding and in-situ curing of composite cylinders is presented. During processing, the orthotropic composites are continuously wound onto an isotropic mandrel and cured simultaneously by infrared (IR) heating. To most efficiently and effectively consider the continual accretion of composite, the model is formulated within a Lagrangian reference frame in which the heating source rotates while the coordinate system and composite are stationary. This enables prediction of composite temperature and degree-of-cure history from the first to last layer. Separate heat conduction equations are formulated for both the mandrel and composite cylinder The composite cylinder 's outer surface is modeled as a moving boundary due to the accumulated layers. Exothermic heat generation due to the epoxy resin 's chemical reaction is included as a function of temperature and degree of cure. Numerical simulations using a control-volume-based finite difference method are run for a common graphite/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) composite. The Lagrangian approach was found to more accurately predict the in-situ curing temperature and degree-of-cure histories than the previously used, quasi-steady-state Eulerian approaches, which underpredict thermal losses. The model and its computational implementation were verified using analytical solutions and actual experiments. During winding, the top layer maximum temperature increases with total number of layers wound, demonstrating that a given incoming prepreg tape's temperature history evolves with time. Moreover, with appropriate mandrel preheating, the inner layers can reach a very high degree of cure by the end of the winding process, revealing that the mandrel's initial temperature has a significant effect on the composite's temperature and degree-of-cure history. Substantial increases in the winding speed have little or no effect on the composite's temperature history, but can significantly reduce the corresponding degree-of-cure. The development of structurally debilitating residual stresses are an important concern in selecting process parameters, such as winding speed and heating power. Taking advantage of the strong correlation between winding speed and IR heat flux, process windows can be used to guide the selection of manufacturing process parameters. These definitively show that there are thermodynamically imposed limits on how fast the cylinders may be wound and radiatively cured.
Photochemotherapy: Molecular And Cellular Processes Involved

In photochemotherapy, as exemplified by the photodynamic therapy of tumors, a photosensitizing drug is administered to the patient; then, after a period of time to permit the most effective anatomical distribution of the drug, the diseased area is illuminated using an appropriate source of light of wavelengths absorbed by the sensitizer. In the tumor case, this results in the photochemical alteration of critical kinds of biornolecules in the diseased tissue, which interferes with the normal activities of certain cell organelles. This, in turn, leads to the injury or death of diseased cells in the treated area. This paper briefly reviews the reactive chemical species that can be formed in biological systems by illuminated sensitizers (triplet states of sensitizer molecules, free radicals of sensitizers and cellular components, singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical) and the kinds of biochemical changes they produce in essential cellular molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, unsaturated lipids, etc.). Also reviewed are the effects of these molecular changes on the structure and function of mammalian cell organelles (membranes, mitochondria, nuclear components, etc.) and the mechanisms of the resulting injury or killing of the cells.
Post-Pliocene Uplift of the Sierra Nevada, California

Reconstructed stream profiles and paleobotanical evidence suggest that in the Yosemite region altitude increased approximately 4000 feet following the Broad Valley stage. Since this was preceded by a 2500- to 3000-foot uplift of the Late Pliocene Boreal (“Eocene”) surface during the Plio-Pleistocene transition, total post-Pliocene uplift is about 6500–7000 feet. With similar methods, divergent results have been reported for the Lake Tahoe sector. The presence in the summit region of Miocene deciduous hardwood forests typical of mild-temperate climate, the absence there of montane conifers, the spatial relations of the Miocene forest zones, and the regional pattern of climate they suggest all imply altitudes near 2000 feet. Reconstructed stream profiles indicate an altitude of 5000–7000 feet. These results are tested for plausibility by utilizing (1) sea-surface temperatures to calculate temperature and, hence, climate, at any altitude postulated for the Sierran summit and (2) sequences of later Tertiary floras on opposite sides of the barrier to determine the magnitude of the rain shadow. Both lines of evidence suggest only low altitude The postulate of a high Tertiary barrier, and of only 4000 (Yosemite sector) to 2000 feet (Lake Tahoe sector) uplift in the Pleistocene raises problems: the Tertiary section has defied erosion; fine-grained sediments were deposited well up in the range and at its summit; formations were deposited across the crest; Tertiary rivers and basalt flowed across the summit; faulting and warping of dated sections and erosion surfaces show post-Pliocene uplift of 4000–9000 feet; and the scarps have resisted erosion. These “problems” disappear if the range originated as a major post-Pliocene topographic barrier. Two basic weaknesses to the method of determining Tertiary altitude from ancient stream profiles are: (1) The assumption that certain well-graded stretches of the ancient streams had pretilt slopes equal to those of well-graded parts of the modern rivers does not agree with the nature of the Tertiary sediments in the range. (2) Recurrent tectonism during the Tertiary tilted the basement and Tertiary river channels, giving them gradients more nearly like those of present-day streams, and, hence, the illusion that the range has not been uplifted appreciably since Eocene.
Mapping ambivalence: Exploring the geographies of community change and rails-to-trails development using photo-based Q method and PPGIS

Abstract As the literature on trail development suggests, recreational trail projects can generate conflicts and controversies, particularly when built on abandoned rail corridors through developed areas. These conflicts are often understood as “not in my back yard” (NIMBY) reactions, suggesting a spatial proximity to conflict which increases as one draws closer to the proposed trail. This research seeks to understand local residents’ perceptions and reactions to recreational trail development in the City of Delaware (Ohio, USA). It addresses two spatially infused questions: Does the potential for conflict related to trail development increase as people live closer to a potential trail (the NIMBY factor)? Can important qualitative factors about favorable and unfavorable land uses including potential recreational trail sites be defined using a participatory methodology and then represented in GIS? The study used a mixed-method approach to collect and analyze qualitative data from a group of local residents. Each participant was interviewed and asked to sort 19 pictures related to trail development. After each of the sorts, participants were asked to explain why they ranked the pictures the way they did. Results of the picture sorts were then analyzed using Q method and mapped with GIS. The results show that spatial proximity matters in the context of trail development and potential NIMBY reactions to trails. Significant differences were found in the picture sorts that reveal the importance of proximity and location, although in a manner contrary to the assumptions in the writings on rails-to-trails. Through combining qualitative methods, Q analysis and PPGIS analysis, the research shows that qualitative place-based studies are capable of generating insights about the complexities of situated geographic change such as recreational trail development.
Adsorption of hydroxy pyridines and quinolines at the metal oxide-water interface: role of tautomeric equilibrium.

We have identified compound physical−chemical properties and structural criteria required to facilitate the adsorption of hydroxypyridines, quinolines, and pyrimidines onto aluminum(III), iron(III), and titanium(IV) oxides. We achieved this by measuring the adsorption behavior of a number of structurally related compounds, each with a nearly isolated variation in molecular structure, and systematically evaluating the effect of structural change on the nature and extent of adsorption. We find that the adsorption at the metal oxide−water interface is significant only when the oxo−hyroxy (keto−enol) tautomeric equilibrium in aqueous solution favors the hydroxy tautomer. Lack of adsorption of the oxo tautomer can be attributed to the absence of favorable electrostatic interactions between the compound and the surface, the absence of ligand groups capable of surface complexation, and the presence of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between ligand groups (carbonyl and amide) and water molecules. We find t...
The preeminent role of early untoward experience on vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders: the nature-nurture controversy revisited and soon to be resolved.

There is an increasingly impressive database concerning the long-term neurobiological consequences of untoward life events early in life, eg, child abuse and neglect, loss of parents. Such alterations appear to increase vulnerability to several major psychiatric disorders including affective and anxiety disorders. In the current issue, a case control study by Agid and colleagues provides further evidence for such an association.
Increased MPTP Neurotoxicity in Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Heterozygote Knockout Mice

The neurotoxic action of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been proposed to be attenuated by sequestration into intracellular vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). The purpose of this study was to determine if mice with genetically reduced levels of VMAT2 (heterozygote knockout; VMAT2 +/-) were more vulnerable to MPTP. Striatal dopamine (DA) content, the levels of DA transporter (DAT) protein, and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA, a marker of gliosis, were assessed as markers of MPTP neurotoxicity. In all parameters measured VMAT2 +/- mice were more sensitive than their wild-type littermates (VMAT2 +/+). Administration of MPTP (7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg, b.i.d.) resulted in dose-dependent reductions in striatal DA levels in both VMAT2 +/- and VMAT2 +/+ animals, but the neurotoxic potency of MPTP was approximately doubled in the VMAT2 +/- mice: 59 versus 23% DA loss 7 days after 7.5 mg/kg dose for VMAT2 +/- and VMAT2 +/+ mice, respectively. Dopaminergic nerve terminal integrity, as assessed by DAT protein expression, also revealed more drastic reductions in the VMAT2 +/- mice: 59 versus 35% loss at 7.5 mg/kg and 95 versus 58% loss at 15 mg/kg for VMAT2 +/- and VMAT2 +/+ mice, respectively. Expression of GFAP mRNA 2 days after MPTP was higher in the VMAT2 +/- mice than in the wild-type: 15.8- versus 7.8-fold increase at 7.5 mg/kg and 20.1- versus 9.6-fold at 15 mg/kg for VMAT2 +/- and VMAT2 +/+ mice, respectively. These observations clearly demonstrate that VMAT2 +/- mice are more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of MPTP, suggesting that VMAT2-mediated sequestration of the neurotoxin into vesicles may play an important role in attenuating MPTP toxicity in vivo.
Compensating the “Human Costs” of Increased Productivity of Fluid Milk Drivers

"Productivity bargaining" provides a mechanism for sharing mutual benefits of increased productivity between management and labor. Minneapolis milk driver contract provisions limit wholesale route size, thus limiting driver productivity. Using severance pay as an example of "human cost" compensation, calculations demonstrate potential bargainable gains from increasing productivity through larger routes.
Synthesis of Fe-rich Fe-Al nanocrystalline solid solutions using ball milling

The synthesis of nanocrystalline Fe, Fe–4 wt% Al, and Fe–10 wt% Al solid solutions by SPEX ball milling has been studied. The microstructural evolution during ball milling, as well as subsequent heat treatment, has been characterized. The results demonstrate that ball milling promotes the formation of αFe–4 wt% Al and αFe–10 wt% Al solid solutions by reducing the activation energy of these alloys and generating thermal energy during this process. For Fe–10 wt% Al powders milled for various time intervals up to approximately 20 min, the FeAl intermetallic compound is formed. For alloys annealed at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C, the addition of 10 wt% Al to Fe significantly enhances the thermal stability of the nanocrystalline Fe–Al alloys. Interestingly, the addition of Al within the range of 4–10 wt% seems to have little effect on the thermal stability of these alloys annealed under the same conditions. Also, the thermal stability improves for alloys milled in air as opposed to those processed using Ar.
Ultrafast directional beam switching in coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We propose a strategy to performing ultrafast directional beam switching using two coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The proposed strategy is demonstrated for two VCSELs of 5.6 μm in diameter placed about 1 μm apart from the edges, showing a switching speed of 42 GHz with a maximum far-field angle span of about 10°.
The Legalization of Marijuana, Drug Trafficking, and U.S. and Mexican Security

International Journal of Social Science Research regrets that this article is no longer available. Should you have any questions, please contact us at ijssr@macrothink.org
Recognition-Mediated Unfolding of a Self-Assembled Polymeric Globule

Diaminotriazine-functionalized polystyrene folds into a highly compact micelle-like structure in nonpolar solvents, as established by gel permeation chromatography. Folding of this polymer arises from intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the triazine moieties, allowing the unfolding process to be effected through competitive intermolecular host−guest interactions. Variable-temperature NMR titrations of this polymer with a complementary host were used to quantify the thermodynamics of this unfolding process.
Seasonal Forcing of Summer Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Chlorophyll a on the Western Shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula

[1] The Southern Ocean is a climatically sensitive region that plays an important role in the regional and global modulation of atmospheric CO2. Based on satellite-derived sea ice data, wind and cloudiness estimates from numerical models (National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis), and in situ measurements of surface (0–20 m depth) chlorophyll a (ChlSurf) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DICSurf) concentration, we show sea ice concentration from June to November and spring wind patterns between 1979 and 2006 had a significant influence on midsummer (January) primary productivity and carbonate chemistry for the Western Shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP, 64°–68°S, 63.4°–73.3°W). In general, strong (>3.5 m s−1) and persistent (>2 months) northerly winds during the previous spring were associated with relatively high (monthly mean > 2 mg m−3) ChlSurf and low (monthly mean 200 m depth) “winter-like” DIC on the WAP.
Neural response in vestibular organ of Helix aspersa to centrifugation and re-adaptation to normal gravity.

Gravity plays a key role in shaping the vestibular sensitivity (VS) of terrestrial organisms. We studied VS changes in the statocyst of the gastropod Helix aspersa immediately after 4-, 16-, and 32-day exposures to a 1.4G hypergravic field or following a 7-day recovery period. In the same animals we measured latencies of behavioral “negative gravitaxis” responses to a head-down pitch before and after centrifugation and found significant delays after 16- and 32-day runs. In an isolated neural preparation we recorded the electrophysiological responses of the statocyst nerve to static tilt (±19°) and sinusoids (±12°; 0.1 Hz). Spike sorting software was used to separate individual sensory cells’ patterns out of a common trace. In correspondence with behavior we observed a VS decrease in animals after 16- (p < 0.05) and 32-day (p < 0.01) centrifugations. These findings reveal the capability of statoreceptors to adjust their sensitivity in response to a prolonged change in the force of gravity. Interestingly, background discharge rate increased after 16 and 32 days in hypergravity and continued to rise through the recovery period. This result indicates that adaptive mechanisms to novel gravity levels were long lasting, and re-adaptation from hypergravity is a more complex process than just “return to normal”.
An ultrastructural comparison of the mitotic apparatus, feeding apparatus, flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton in euglenoids and kinetoplastids

The euglenoids and kinetoplastids form a diverse assemblage of organisms which show no obvious phylogenetic relationship with other flagellates. An ultrastructural examination and comparison of the flagellar apparatus, the feeding apparatus, and mitotic nucleus indicate a number of shared morphological features which support a common ancestry for the two groups. Of particular interest is the euglenoid, Petalomonas cantuscygni, which shares many of the ultrastructural features common to both groups. Based on the data presented, we hypothesize that a euglenoid with features similar to those now present in P. cantuscygni was ancestral to both the euglenoid and kinetoplastid lines.
Autonomous Docking Demonstrations with Enhanced REMUS Technology

As autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV's) become more pervasive and enter common usage, systems that expand their capabilities, extend their range, and/or permit operation in denied areas become essential. A dock is one method of achieving these goals. An autonomous dock for an AUV provides the capability to greatly increase the duration and extent of AUV operations, provided the dock has a substantially greater energy supply than the AUV. Other docking station applications include the possibility of installation onto a cabled oceanographic observatory, thus providing unlimited power for battery recharge and continuous data communications. This paper presents the design, development, testing, and results of recent field demonstrations of a compact bottom-mounted docking station for a modified REMUS-100 series AUV. In addition to the dock development, the REMUS vehicle was enhanced with a new, modular endcap to facilitate the installation of modular sensors to the vehicle for the docking program. These sensors include a new digital ultra-short baseline (USBL) acoustic homing array and a periscope camera for sea-surface observations. The USBL homing array along with DVL velocity and altitude information provided the capability of the AUV to reliably navigate along a pre-programmed glidepath into an entrance nozzle of the dock. A unique challenge of this second generation docking system was the requirement for small size and near-bottom entrance into the dock.
Testing Small System Customer Set-Up:

Customer Set-Up is a proven approach to reducing service costs and providing products at lower prices to customers. To ensure the effectiveness of Customer Set-Up instructions and procedures, these instructions and procedures must be studied before being shipped with their associated product. This paper will address several points to consider when planning a study of a Customer Set-Up system, such as procedure, appropriateness of subjects, number of subjects, the iterative procedure, studies vs. test, and development of test criteria.
Flow structure and mean residence times of lateral cavities in open channel flows: influence of bed roughness and shape

Natural lateral cavities in open channels are important because their lower water velocities promote water quality and provide refugia for organisms. Little is known about the influence of natural cavity shapes and roughness on flow structure and exchange dynamics. We investigated the effects of cavity shape (semi-circular, backward conic, and forward conic) and bed roughness on the flow structure and mean residence time (MRT) of a lateral cavity in a flume. All cavity shapes have a flow field dominated by a one-gyre recirculation pattern, contrasting results of rectangular cavities at similar Reynolds number and aspect ratios. Transverse velocity energy spectra indicate the flow is dominated by large-scale quasi-2D coherent structures. Fundamental frequencies of mixing layer vortex shedding are fastest for forward conic cavities and slowest for backward conic cavities. Fluid enters cavities at shallower mixing layer depths, and fluid exits cavities at deeper mixing layer depths. MRTs are smaller for hydraulically smooth cases and forward conic cavities due to higher recirculation velocities. MRTs are larger for rough bed cases and backward conic cavities. Rough flow cases have a strong correlation to a predictive MRT relationship derived by Jackson et al. (Water Resour Res: 10.1002/wrcr.20272 , 2013) (R 2 = 0.77); however, this predictive model does not work well for smooth cavities. Two MRT relationships were derived for smooth lateral cavities and both have strong power-law correlations to normalized MRT. Understanding cavity shape and bed roughness effects will provide a guideline for designing lateral embayments in stream restoration projects.
Phenomena of Scintillation Noise in Radar-Tracking Systems

In 1947, an investigation was begun at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory to study noise in tracking radars. Of particular interest was the noise which was found to be caused by a target when it is of finite size and complex shape; this suggested a new basis for optimum radar design. With the increasing emphasis on precision in radar guidance in the space and missile age, complete instrumentation was prepared to permit investigation of target-scintillation or target-noise phenomena. While extensive theoretical studies were being carried out, the instrumentation was built to include a unique simulator of multiple, finite-size targets with a complete closed-loop-tracking system, an instrumentation radar composed of a dualchannel-tracking radar for measurement of components of target noise under actual tracking conditions, and equipment designed to provide automatic statistical analysis of noise data. The results of these studies showed several ways in which different components of the target noise affect the radar-tracking performance and how these components determine the choice of tracking systems and optimum design of the system. The studies revealed phenomena such as the two-reflector target, which can cause tracking errors of many target spans outside the physical extent, and a new concept of target noise in terms of a tilting of the phase front of the echo signal from a target.
Quenching studies of high-purity beta and gamma plutonium☆

Abstract A spray quenching system employing liquid nitrogen and high pressure helium was used to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the temperature of the β γ → α and γ → α transformations in high-purity plutonium ( β γ , β α is beta phase formed from γ or α phase respectively). Quenching rates up to 1500° C/sec were obtained at 100° C and below. The start temperature for the β γ →α transformation decreased rapidly with increasing cooling rate and β γ was retained at rates greater than 600°C/sec. The β γ →α transformation temperatures were higher and β γ could not be retained in lower-purity plutonium. The start temperature for the γ → α transformation decreased slowly with increasing cooling rate, and γ could not be retained even at the maximum rate of 1500°C/sec. The subzero β → α transformation temperatures for retained β γ and β α were determined for plutonium quenched to −196°C and then warmed to room temperature. The retained β α transformed to a at higher temperatures than the retained β γ , except immediately after a β γ → α transformation. Further, the subzero β α → α transformation was progressively retarded by prior α α β transformation cycling. These subzero transformation temperature observations are consistent with the difference in β γ → α and β α →α reaction behavior at high α-phase transformation temperatures.
Macrophages influence Salmonella host-specificity in vivo.

The generalist Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes disease in many animal species, but the closely related host-specific serovar Typhi only causes disease in humans. Typhi and Typhimurium share major virulence loci; hence it is not known exactly why Typhi does not cause disease in mice. We tested the hypothesis that macrophages contribute to Salmonella host-specificity in mice. No significant difference in survival of the two serovars was observed in vitro in mouse macrophage cell lines and primary murine peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages after 24 h. In contrast, differential survival was observed following infection in vivo. When BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally (i.p.), both Typhi and Typhimurium induced neutrophil influx into the peritoneum and macrophages were the major cell type containing internalized bacteria at 0.5 and 4 h post-infection for both serovars. The number of Typhimurium in macrophages remained high at 4 h post-infection, but the number of Typhi in macrophages decreased substantially within 4 h after i.p. infection. These results indicate that macrophages are able to distinguish Typhi from Typhimurium when infected in vivo but no significant differences were observed after 24 h in vitro, suggesting that the differential killing of the two serovars by macrophages requires additional factors within the host.
Determining constitutive models from conical indentation: Sensitivity analysis

Several procedures have previously been advanced for extracting constitutive relations from the force–displacement curves obtained from indentation. This work addresses the specific problem of determining the elastic modulus E, yield stress Y, and hardening exponent n, which define the isotropic strain-hardening model from a single force–displacement curve with a sharp conical tip. The sensitivity of the inversion process was tested through a series of finite element calculations using ABAQUS. Different magnitudes of normally distributed noise were superimposed on a calculated force–displacement curve to simulate hypothetical data sets for specific values of E, Y, and n. The sensitivity of the parameter confidence intervals to noise was determined using the χ2-curvature matrix, statistical Monte Carlo simulations, and a conjugate gradient algorithm that explicitly searches the global parameter space. All three approaches demonstrate that 1% noise levels preclude the accurate determination of the strain-hardening parameters based on a single force–displacement curve.
EXPOSING GLAUCOMA: PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS ARE INSTRUMENTAL IN EARLY DETECTION

Glaucoma is a common, insidious cause of blindness in the general population, especially in older patients. Although much is still unknown about the symptoms and pathogenesis of this group of ocular diseases, primary care physicians can make a major difference in reducing vision loss by identifying high-risk patients at an early stage of disease. A history that assesses important risk factors and a physical examination that includes the flashlight test and close inspection of the optic nerve for color of neuroretinal rim and cupping improve the chances of early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
Dr. Multicast: Rx for data center communication scalability

Data centers avoid IP Multicast (IPMC) because of a series of problems with the technology. We introduce Dr. Multicast (MCMD), a system that maps IPMC operations to a combination of point-to-point unicast and traditional IPMC transmissions. MCMD optimizes the use of IPMC addresses within a data center, while simultaneously respecting an administrator-specified acceptable-use policy. We argue that with the resulting range of options, IPMC no longer represents a threat and can therefore be used much more widely.