cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering of Neutrons by Deuterons

Angular distributions and total cross sections for neutrons scattered by deuterons were measured at various neutron energies ranging from 220 kev to 3 Mev. A proportional counter filled with deuterium was irradiated with monoenergetic fast neutrons produced by bombarding thin lithium and tritium-filled zirconium targets with protons from the electrostatic generator. Angular distributions of the neutrons scattered by deuterons were determined by measuring the distribution in energy of the recoiling deuterons with a differential discriminator. Total neutron-deuteron cross sections were measured by comparing the neutron transmission of heavy water with ordinary water. Phase shifts determined from an analysis of the data were not in agreement with theoretical conclusions of Buckingham and Massey or of Verde.
The Measurement of Surge Voltages on Transmission Lines Due to Lightning

This paper, after referring to the work of previous investigators in the application of the photographic Lichtenberg figures to the measurement of surge voltages, describes results of additional work in this field by the authors. Laboratory calibrations of photographic Lichtenberg figures, using the cathode ray oscillograph and the lightning generator, are shown. Data are presented relative to the accuracy obtainable with these figures as a means of measuring surge voltages. An extension of instrument design is described in which two recording elements are used to give greater certainty of result. Means for connecting a surge voltage recorder instrument to a transmission line by an insulator-string potentiometer are described, and calibration of the instrument with potentiometer is given up to 1400 kv. Specimen field records of surge voltages up to 2000 kv. are shown.
The role of respiratory virus infections in childhood asthma inception

Viral respiratory illnesses associated with wheezing are extremely common during early life and remain a frequent cause of morbidity and hospitalization in young children. Although many children who wheeze with respiratory viruses during infancy outgrow the problem, most children with asthma and reductions in lung function at school age begin wheezing during the first several years of life. Whether symptomatic viral infections of the lower respiratory tract are causal in asthma development or simply identify predisposed children remains a controversial issue. Wheezing illnesses caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), particularly those severe enough to lead to hospitalization, have historically been associated with an increased risk of asthma at school age. However, with the development of molecular diagnostics, human rhinovirus (HRV) wheezing illnesses have been recognized more recently as a stronger predictor of school-age asthma than RSV. In this article, the authors review the impact of virus infections during early life, focusing primarily on RSV and HRV, and their potential roles in asthma inception.
Prognostic Significance of p53 and p21waf1/cip1 Immunoreactivity in Epithelial Cancers of the Ovary

Abstract Objectives. Theprognostic value of p53 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer remains unresolved. We hypothesized that prognosis may relate more to expression of p21 waf1/cip1 , the major downstream effector of p53, which can also be induced through p53-independent mechanisms. We therefore studied the relationship of p53 and p21 waf1/cip1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancers to clinicopathological variables and prognosis. Methods. Fixed, embedded tumors from 85 patients with untreated, primary epithelial ovarian cancer were immunostained with antibodies to p53 and p21 waf1/cip1 . Expression was correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test for p53, p21 waf1/cip1 , and all combinations of expression of the two markers. Results. Sixty-two percent of tumors expressed p53, and 42% expressed p21 waf1/cip1 . There was no correlation between p53 and p21 waf1/cip1 expression. Advanced stage, grade, age ≥50, and p53 expression were associated with worse disease-free survival. Patients whose tumors were p53 + /waf1 − , however, had a particularly strong association with poorer disease-free survival when compared with other combinations of p53 and p21 waf1/cip1 expression ( P = 0.003). Neither p53, nor p21 waf1/cip1 , nor combinations of expression were independently related to survival when histology, age, stage, and differentiation were considered. Conclusions. p53 expression in the absence of p21 waf1/cip1 expression is a better marker of poor prognosis than either p53 or p21 waf1/cip1 expression status alone in univariate analysis. Absence of independent prognostic significance may be related to the paucity of early stage cases in the current study.
Exploring the basis of [PIN+] variant differences in [PSI+] induction

Abstract Certain soluble proteins can form amyloid-like prion aggregates. Indeed, the same protein can make different types of aggregates, called variants. Each variant is heritable because it attracts soluble homologous protein to join its aggregate, which is then broken into seeds (propagons) and transmitted to daughter cells. [PSI+] and [PIN+] are respectively prion forms of Sup35 and Rnq1. Curiously, [PIN+] enhances the de novo induction of [PSI+]. Different [PIN+] variants do this to dramatically different extents. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying this effect. Consistent with a heterologous prion cross-seeding model, different [PIN+] variants preferentially promoted the appearance of different variants of [PSI+]. However, we did not detect this specificity in vitro. Also, [PIN+] variant cross-seeding efficiencies were not proportional to the level of Rnq1 coimmunocaptured with Sup35 or to the number of [PIN+] propagons characteristic for that variant. This leads us to propose that [PIN+] variants differ in the cross-seeding quality of their seeds, following the Sup35/[PIN+] binding step.
A mesh/token ring hybrid-architecture LAN

This paper presents a hybrid architecture for local area networks (LANs) which combines the advantages of token ring and mesh networks while remaining relatively simple. Each node may have two communication channels. The first is a token ring and is used for short or prioritized message data transmissions. The other consists of an arbitrary collection of data links, which are used for relatively high volume and low priority data messages. With this architecture, a LAN can be installed in the form of token ring and can be upgraded and “tuned” to its application environment by the insertion of node-to-node data links.Simulation results indicate that even with rather simple network control and routing algorithms, performance is improved over token ring due to data transmission concurrency greater than one.
Assessing Wind Resource Potential in the Built Environment

This study addresses the issue of siting wind turbines on existing structures in the built environment for optimal performance. Annually averaged wind power maps were produced over the surface of two different building types using a Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) model in order to assess the feasibility of building integrated wind under various wind resource conditions. The modeling approach was first applied to a cubical geometry for which validation of the CFD results was possible with existing field measurements. A pitched roof building was also modeled to study the power density over top of typical residential shaped structures. The average annual power density for twenty-seven locations over the top of the modeled structures was analyzed under varying wind direction distributions (wind roses). The overall results of this study have the potential to inform the wind energy and built environment communities on best practices for siting wind turbines on or near buildings.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Computer content analysis of sex differences in the language of children

This study presents empirical procedures for the collection and content analysis of the oral language of kindergarten children. The analysis technique used material and machines available to most researchers. The results of the analysis of language samples of 144 randomly selected children from the entire kindergarten class of the Ithaca, New York, school system showed that boys produced significantly more language than did the girls as well as significantly more references to “aggression,” “self,” “time,” “space,” “quantity,” “fears,” “good,” “act of oral communication,” “negation,” and “affirmation,” and asked more questions of the examiner than did the girls. The girls made significantly more “female” references than did the boys. Implications for future research are discussed.
Unraveling the μτ-mystery in a-Si:H

The μτ-mystery is the large difference between mobility-lifetime products (μτ) in a-Si:H estimated from steady-state photoconductivity and transient photocharge measurements. We discuss whether this effect can be attributed to deep-trapping of electrons and subsequent re-emission prior to recombination. We present a simplified version of the re-emission model which shows that its principal assumptions can be checked using photocharge measurements over a sufficiently large time range. Measurements of the transient photocharge in a-Si:H are presented between 10 −8 and 10 2 s; the measurements show the same features as the re-emission model, and permit the characteristic emission time to be measured.
Liquid-liquid separations in a conventional hydrocyclone

The performance of a conventional hydrocyclone for separation of immiscible liquids was investigated experimentally. The results are particularly useful for evaluation of multi-cyclone process design of same system. The effect of materials of constructions of the hydrocyclone on the separation efficiency was also tested. Significant differences in performance were noted depending on the preferential wettability characteristics of the solid surfaces for the liquids being separated. On a etudie experimentalement l'efficacite d'un hydrocyclone classique pour separer des liquides non-miscibles. Les resultats sont particulierement utiles pour l'evaluation de la conception d'un procede a base de cyclones multiples pour le meme systeme. On a aussi etudie l'effet des materiaux de construction de l'hydrocyclone sur l'efficacite de la separation. On a observe des differences importances dans ladite efficacite selon les degres de mouillage preferentiel des surfaces des matieres solides que presentaient les liquides qu'on separait.
Some Open Problems in the Philosophy of Space and Time

This article is concerned to formulate some open problems in the philosophy of space and time that require methods characteristic of mathematical traditions in the foundations of geometry for their solution. In formulating the problems an effort has been made to fuse the separate traditions of the foundations of physics on the one hand and the foundations of geometry on the other. The first part of the paper deals with two classical problems in the geometry of space, that of giving operationalism an exact foundation in the case of the measurement of spatial relations, and that of providing an adequate theory of approximation and error in a geometrical setting. The second part is concerned with physical space and space-time and deals mainly with topics concerning the axiomatic theory of bodies, the operational foundations of special relativity and the conceptual foundations of elementary physics.
Usefulness of high-density barium for detection of leaks after esophagogastrectomy, total gastrectomy, and total laryngectomy

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of a high-density (250% weight/volume) barium compared with a water-soluble contrast agent for the detection of esophageal leaks in patients who had undergone esophagogastrectomy, total gastrectomy, or total laryngectomy.MATERIALS AND METHODS.A search of our radiology database from 1998 to 2001 revealed 46 eligible radiographic studies performed using a water-soluble contrast agent alone or a water-soluble contrast agent followed by barium that showed leaks in patients who had undergone esophagogastrectomy, total gastrectomy, or total laryngectomy. The images were reviewed to determine the morphology of the leaks (i.e., blind-ending tracks, sealed-off collections, or free extravasation of contrast material). Medical records were also reviewed to determine whether detection of the leaks seen on the radiographic studies affected patient management.RESULTS. Of the 46 leaks seen on radiographic studies, 23 (50%) were detected with a water-so...
Gender, development, and HIV/AIDS: Implications for child mortality in less industrialized countries

This article examines child well-being in less industrialized societies through a gender and development perspective. Using a quantitative, cross-national analysis of data from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) among other sources, I find that child HIV/AIDS infections and adult female prevalence of the disease increase child mortality while female empowerment and gender equality decrease its prevalence. In addition, an interaction between female empowerment and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the adult population also reduces child mortality, revealing the significance of gender for where the disease is more concentrated. Findings are net of controls for economic development, population pressure, democratization, economic globalization, child health, child hunger, and region. The global realities of HIV/AIDS reveal the need for increasingly undertaking cross-national analysis of the disease and issues of gender, development, and women’s contributions to human security.
Photon splitting and photon dispersion in a strong magnetic field

We determine the refractive indices for photon propagation, and the absorption coefficient and polarization selection rules for photon splitting, in a strong constant magnetic field. Results are presented both in the effective Lagrangian (low frequency) approximation and in a more accurate approximation which exactly sums the vacuum polarization ring diagrams, neglecting only internal virtual photon radiative corrections. Our principal conclusion is that photon splitting can provide a mechanism for the production of linearly polarized gamma rays.
The structure and organization of Chinese industrial R&D activities

The paper is an account of the authors visit to the Peoples Republic of China in 1981. It shows how a highly centralised state deals with innovation, in this context innovation being equated with R&D. The first part of the paper deals with the way the responsibility for planning and execution of scientific and technical effort is distributed through the state and industry. The second looks at the manpower and organisational problems resulting from the economic backwardness of the country and past mistakes in trying to overcome it.
The Internet and DSS – Massive, Real-Time Data Availability Is Changing the DSS Landscape

The Internet can serve as a source of massive, micro-level data. We discuss the opportunities and challenges in capturing and utilizing real-time data off the Internet, intranets, or extranets. Emphasis is placed on developing dynamic decision support systems (DSSs) in our new data-enabled environment. Illustrations of real-time data capture and potential DSS use are provided from work on online auctions, e-retailing, piracy, and intellectual property.
A Pagan Prophetess of the Jewish God: Religious Identity and Hellenization in the Third Sibyl:

From a modern point of view, the mixture of Hellenism and Judaism in Sibylline Oracles 3 might appear paradoxical, but not so for the author. It is possible to analyze Jewish religious identity and Hellenization in the Third Sibyl with precision utilizing Ninian Smart's seven marks of religion. In most respects the sibyllist synthesizes the two cultural contexts easily, but the Jerusalem cult is normative for all, and certain Jewish ethics and rituals are prioritized. This helps us understand not only Sibylline Oracles 3 better, but also Second Temple Judaism.
The Diversity of Traction Mechanisms in Myopic Traction Maculopathy

Purpose To identify the major traction mechanisms that cause myopic traction maculopathy and to determine whether surgery can be tailored successfully to the specific mechanism involved. Design Nonrandomized, retrospective, interventional case series. Methods We performed a chart review of consecutive patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for myopic traction maculopathy by a single surgeon at a tertiary referral center. Traction mechanisms were identified based on preoperative and intraoperative findings and postoperative response to a tailored surgical approach. Results Six eyes of 6 patients with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included. Major pathogenic traction mechanisms included perifoveal posterior vitreous detachment with vitreomacular traction in 3 eyes, noncompliance of native internal limiting membrane in 2 eyes, epiretinal membrane in 1 eye, and remnant cortical vitreous layer after posterior vitreous detachment in 1 eye. One eye exhibited 2 traction mechanisms. The surgical approach addressed only the major traction mechanism(s) identified in each eye. After surgery, the visual acuity improved by 2 lines or more in all eyes, and macular thickening resolved completely in 5 (83%) of 6 eyes and partially in the remaining eye. Conclusions The traction mechanisms causing myopic traction maculopathy are diverse. Vitreoretinal surgical repair for this condition is successful when the major traction mechanisms causing tautness of the inner retina are identified and relieved.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of cephalohematoma due to pre-labor trauma.

A case of neonatal cephalohematoma secondary to fetal trauma prior to the labor and delivery is presented. History of blunt maternal abdominal trauma by an automobile steering wheel is cited as the etiology. Fetal scalp mass diagnosed by sonogram is illustrated. Pathognesis, diagnosis and management are discussed.
Reversal of immune dysfunction in osteopetrotic rats by interferon-γ : augmentation of macrophage Ia expression and lymphocyte interleukin-2 production and proliferation

Lymphocytes from osteopetrotic (op) rats, compared to their normal (n) littermates, exhibit defective immune functions associated with their inability to resorb bone. Among these immune defects are the failure of their spleen cells to proliferate normally to mitogens and to generate IL-2. Addition of exogenous IL-2 failed to reverse the suppressed proliferation in the op spleen cells, indicating that additional defects were involved in the suppression. Phenotypic analysis of cellular constituents of op and n spleens revealed that the percentages of T cells, macrophages, and IL-2 receptor positive cells were not different. Furthermore, there was no difference in CD4 (W3/25) and CD8 (OX8) cells. However, the Ia+ (OX3) cells in the op spleen represented less than 50% of those found in the n spleen, but the op had higher levels of transferrin receptor (OX26). On the basis of the ability of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to increase Ia expression, this cytokine was added to op spleen cells (10-50 U/ml) and found to increase the number of Ia+ cells to the level found in n spleen cells. Moreover, pretreatment of op spleen cells with IFN-gamma restored their ability to proliferate to mitogens and their responsiveness to IL-2. Not only did IFN-gamma reverse the defective response to IL-2, but it also augmented the defective IL-2 production by op spleen cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IFN-gamma can reverse many of the impaired immune functions characteristic of op spleen cells in vitro. Furthermore, these data suggest that IFN-gamma may provide an important avenue of treatment in these animals that may contribute to restoration of normal bone resorption.
Mobile nonlinear excitations in the two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet.

The effect of motion on two-dimensional solitons (skyrmions) in the Heisenberg ferromagnet is considered. First, it is shown that these excitations become vortexlike with a small in-plane spin component far from the excitation center and the original circular symmetry of the excitation is broken by motion. Second, the out-of-plane dynamic correlation function is calculated and it is shown to have a modified Gaussian central peak.
A systematic mutational analysis of a histone H3 residue in budding yeast provides insights into chromatin dynamics

In previous work using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system, a mutant version of histone H3—H3-L61W—was found to confer a variety of abnormal growth phenotypes and defects in specific aspects of the transcription process, including a pronounced alteration in the distribution pattern of the transcription elongation factor Spt16 across transcribed genes and promotion of cryptic transcription initiation within the FLO8 gene. To gain insights into the contribution of the H3-L61 residue to chromatin function, we have generated yeast strains expressing versions of histone H3 harboring all possible natural amino acid substitutions at position 61 (H3-L61X mutants) and tested them in a series of assays. We found that whereas 16 of the 19 H3-L61X mutants support viability when expressed as the sole source of histone H3 in cells, all 19 confer abnormal phenotypes ranging from very mild to severe, a finding that might in part explain the high degree of conservation of the H3-L61 residue among eukaryotes. An examination of the strength of the defects conferred by each H3-L61X mutant and the nature of the corresponding substituted residue provides insights into structural features of the nucleosome required for proper Spt16−gene interactions and for prevention of cryptic transcription initiation events. Finally, we provide evidence that the defects imparted by H3-L61X mutants on Spt16−gene interactions and on repression of intragenic transcription initiation are mechanistically related to each other.
Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.

A mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is described. A high-titered, large-volume inoculum results in replication of RSV to a high titer in lungs of BALB/c mice. Mice older than 15 weeks of age are more susceptible to RSV infection. Titers up to 106.9 plaque-forming units (pfu)/gram lung can be attained in 32-week-old mice. Older mice experience a clinical illness manifested by ruffled fur, reduced activity, and weight loss. Lung histology of older mice infected with RSV shows bronchiolitis and increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages in alveolar spaces compared with that of mice less than 8 weeks old. This model will serve as the basis for investigating immunodeterminants of recovery and protection from RSV infection.
Effects of Denial of Sleep Attacks on Wireless Sensor Network MAC Protocols

As wireless platforms get less expensive and more powerful, the promise of wide-spread use for everything from health monitoring to military sensing continues to increase. Like other networks, sensor networks are vulnerable to malicious attack, however, the hardware simplicity of these devices makes defense mechanisms designed for traditional networks infeasible. This paper explores the denial-of-sleep attack, in which a sensor node's power supply is targeted. Attacks of this type can reduce sensor lifetime from years to days and have a devastating impact on a sensor network. This paper classifies sensor network denial-of-sleep attacks in terms of an attacker's knowledge of the MAC layer protocol and ability to bypass authentication and encryption protocols. Attacks from each classification are then modeled to show the impacts on three sensor network MAC protocols: S-MAC, T-MAC, and G-MAC. A framework for preventing denial-of-sleep attacks in sensor networks is also introduced. With full protocol knowledge and an ability to penetrate link-layer encryption, all wireless sensor network MAC protocols are susceptible to a full domination attack which reduces network lifetime to the minimum possible by maximizing the power consumption of the nodes' radio subsystem. Even without the ability to penetrate encryption, subtle attacks can be launched that reduce network lifetime by orders of magnitude. If sensor networks are to live up to current expectations, they must be robust in the face of network attacks, to include denial-of-sleep
Val-HeFT: changing the heart failure horizon

The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) established that the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan is effective for reducing morbidity and slowing the progression of heart failure in patients already taking angiotensin-converting enzymes or beta blockers. In patients not receiving ACE inhibitors, valsartan significantly improves mortality. This review surveys the results from Val-HeFT and makes the point that the concordance between mechanistic data and overall clinical outcomes indicates that neurohormones, echocardiographic data and other parameters might be legitimate surrogate markers in place of clinical outcomes in future heart-failure trials.
Micro Resonators on Side-Polished Fiber - A Potential Fiber Optic Sensor Platform

A novel fiber optical sensor structure based on micro-ring resonators coupled to a side-polished fiber is presented. A waveguide ring resonator is made directly over the core of a side-polished optical fiber. Since the resonator cavity itself is made of sensing material, the detection is intrinsic, which may lead to higher sensitivity and faster response than fiber Bragg grating based sensors. Various fiber-optic sensors with improved temporal and spatial resolution, as well as multifunctional sensor arrays are possible with this small size and light weight device structure
SUMMARY OF WORK ON ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN GLASS

The present picture of the atomic arrangement in glass has developed from four kinds of information, namely, the laws of crystal chemistry, the X-ray diffraction study of glass, the various measured physical properties of glass, and the kinds of materials and the ranges of composition in which glassforming properties exist. X-ray diffraction studies establish the predominant type of bonding in the glass, for example, the tetrahedral bonding in silicate glasses. Secondary structural features such as those which change with annealing or conditioning do not show up in the X-ray pattern. Most of the proposed structures are those which are suggested and are partially substantiated by X-ray studies, those which fit the laws of crystal chemistry, and those which seem best able to explain the physical properties of the glass. The preliminary theory of immiscibility in glass systems has been extended to include a consideration of the temperature dependence. A study of thermal expansion in terms of the number of glassforming bonds allows a simple correlation between thermal expansion coefficients in the silica-boric oxide and the soda-boric oxide systems. The same kind of considerations used in discussing immiscibility may be used to give a quantitative treatment of the change in the coordination number of the boron atom when boric oxide is present with soda.
Preparing technical communication students to play a role on the translation team

Technical communicators need to be prepared for the challenges of international communication. This tutorial focuses on the need for technical communication faculty to prepare students to be skilled intercultural communicators and to play a role on the translation team. The tutorial begins with a discussion of the importance of writing for translation in the international workplace and then presents specific assignments designed to instruct students in intercultural communication and give them experience writing for translation. In addition to introducing students to the cultural issues that impact the creation of documentation for international audiences, these assignments also serve to reinforce core skills recognized as vital to professional success in the field of technical communication. Taken together, these assignments can be used as the basis for a course in international technical communication. An appendix to the tutorial includes numerous resources available to faculty who want either to develop a course in international technical communication or to include some of the assignments in existing technical communication courses.
A framework for sensor management in wireless and heterogeneous sensor network

This paper proposes a framework for sensor configuration and management in wireless multi sensor network system, which is responsible for taking decisions in order to coordinate the assignment and scheduling of sensors best suited for the application. A sensor manager operates over a heterogeneous sensor network, which provides sensory data from multiple types of sensors. The application of this work is tracking the movement of objects in a moderately occupied confined space. Simulations were run to study the operations of the proposed sensor manage in such application. The simulation results are compared to other published results to show the effectiveness of this work.
Environmental applications of poly(amic acid)-based nanomaterials.

Nanoscale materials offer new possibilities for the development of novel remediation and environmental monitoring technologies. Different nanoscale materials have been exploited for preventing environmental degradation and pollutant transformation. However, the rapid self-aggregation of nanoparticles or their association with suspended solids or sediments where they could bioaccumulate supports the need for polymeric coatings to improve mobility, allows faster site cleanups and reduces remediation cost. The ideal material must be able to coordinate different nanomaterials functionalities and exhibit the potential for reusability. We hereby describe two novel environmental applications of nanostructured poly (amic acid)-based (nPAA) materials. In the first application, nPAA was used as both reductant and stabilizer during the in situ chemical reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III). Results showed that Cr(VI) species were rapidly reduced within the concentration range of 10−1 to 102 mM with efficiency of 99.9% at 40 °C in water samples and 90% at 40 °C in soil samples respectively. Furthermore, the presence of PdNPs on the PAA-Au electrode was found to significantly enhance the rate of reduction. In the second application, nPAA membranes were tested as filters to capture, isolate and detect nanosilver. Preliminary results demonstrate the capability of the nPAA membranes to quantitatively capture nanoparticles from suspension and quantify their abundance on the membranes. Silver nanoparticles detection at concentrations near the toxic threshold of silver was also demonstrated.
Association of obesity with risk of coronary heart disease: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006.

Abstract Background Obesity is a well-known risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in the 10-year CHD risk with increasing severity of obesity in men and women participating in the latest National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods Data from a representative sample of 12,500 U.S. participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed. The Framingham risk score was calculated for men and women according to a body mass index (BMI) of 2 . Results The prevalence of those with hypertension increased with an increasing BMI, from 24% for a BMI 2 to 54% for a BMI of ≥35.0 kg/m 2 . The prevalence of an abnormal total cholesterol level (>200 mg/dL) increased from 40% for a BMI 2 to 48% for a BMI of ≥35.0 kg/m 2 . The 10-year CHD risk for men increased from 3.1% for a BMI 2 to a peak of 5.6% for a BMI of 30.0–34.9 kg/m 2 . The 10-year CHD risk for women increased from .8% for a BMI 2 to a peak of 1.5% for a BMI of ≥35.0 kg/m 2 . Both diabetes and hypertension were independent risk factors for an increasing CHD risk. Conclusions The 10-year CHD risk, calculated using the Framingham risk score, substantially increased with an increasing BMI. An important implication from our findings is the need to implement surgical and medical approaches to weight reduction to reduce the effect of morbidity and mortality from CHD on the U.S. healthcare system.
Type safe dynamic linking for JVM access control

The Java JDK security model provides an access control mechanism for the JVM based on dynamic stack inspection. Previous results have shown how stack inspection can be enforced at compile time via whole-program type analysis, but features of the JVM present significant remaining technical challenges. For instance, dynamic dispatch at the bytecode level requires special consideration to ensure flexibility in typing. Even more problematic is dynamic class loading and linking, which disallow a purely static analysis in principle, though the intended applications of the JDK exploit these features. We propose an extension to existing byte-code verification, that enforces stack inspection at link time, without imposing new restrictions on the JVM class loading and linking mechanism. Our solution is more flexible than existing type based approaches, and establishes a formal type safety result for bytecode-level access control in the presence of dynamic class linking.
PermJoin: An Efficient Algorithm for Producing Early Results in Multi-join Query Plans

This paper introduces an efficient algorithm for Producing Early Results in Multi-join query plans (PermJoin, for short). While most previous research focuses only on the case of a single join operator, PermJoin takes a radical step by addressing query plans with multiple join operators. PermJoin is optimized to maximize the early overall throughput and to adapt to fluctuations in data arrival rates. PermJoin is a non- blocking operator that is capable of producing join results even if one or more data sources are blocked due to slow or bursty network behavior. Furthermore, PermJoin distinguishes itself from all previous techniques as it: (1) employs a new flushing policy to write in-memory data to disk, once memory allotment is exhausted, in a way that helps increase the probability of producing early result throughput in multi-join queries, and (2) employs a novel state manager module that adaptively switches operators between joining in-memory data and disk-resident data in order to maximize overall throughput.
New views of cells in 3D: an introduction to electron tomography

The most important goal of structural cell biology is to elucidate the mechanisms of the processes of life. The structure of a membrane system or fibrous array, the changes in such structures over time or the localizations of enzymes relative to organelle boundaries can often illuminate associated cellular functions. To be of maximal value, structural studies should provide isotropic, 3D information about well-preserved samples at the highest possible resolution. Electron tomography can provide such information about many kinds of cells and organelles.
Acute saline expansion increases nephron filtration and distal flow rate but maintains tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness: role of adenosine A1 receptors

Temporal adaptation of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) permits readjustment of the relationship of nephron filtration rate [single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR)] and early distal tubul...
Extracardiac Neural Remodeling in Humans With Cardiomyopathy

Background— Intramyocardial nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction is associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Whether human stellate ganglia remodel in association with cardiac pathology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac pathology is associated with remodeling of the stellate ganglia in humans. Methods and Results— Left stellate ganglia were collected from patients undergoing sympathetic denervation for intractable ventricular arrhythmias and from cadavers, along with intact hearts. Clinical data on patients and cadaveric subjects were reviewed. We classified ganglia from normal, scarred, and nonischemic cardiomyopathic hearts without scar as NL (n=3), SCAR (n=24), and NICM (n=7), respectively. Within left stellate ganglia, neuronal size, density, fibrosis, synaptic density, and nerve sprouting were determined. Nerve density and sprouting were also quantified in cadaveric hearts. Mean neuronal size in normal, scarred, and nonischemic cardiomyopathic hearts without scar groups were 320±4 μm2, 372±10 μm2, and 435±10 μm2 ( P =0.002), respectively. No significant differences in neuronal density and fibrosis were present between the groups. Synaptic density in ganglia from SCAR and NICM groups were 57.8±11.2 μm2/mm2 ( P =0.084) and 44.5±7.9 μm2/mm2 ( P =0.039), respectively, compared with the normal group, 17.8±7 μm2/mm2 (overall P =0.162). There were no significant differences in left stellate ganglia nerve sprouting or myocardial nerve density between the groups. Conclusions— Neuronal hypertrophy within left stellate ganglia is associated with chronic cardiomyopathy in humans. Ganglionic and myocardial nerve sprouting and nerve density were not significantly different. These changes may be related to increased cardiac sympathetic signaling and ventricular arrhythmias. Further studies are needed to determine the electrophysiological consequences of extracardiac neuronal remodeling in humans.
Optimal control for nonlinear systems via dynamic neural network control (DNNC)

Design techniques for nonlinear dynamic systems are closely related to their stability properties. Stability results can be used to design an optimal controller. The paper discusses the stability analysis of the dynamic neural network control (DNNC). The results from the DNNC stability analysis are used to define the neural network stability index (NNSI). NNSI can be used to determine the optimal DNNC network structure and controller. An optimal DNNC is designed for the nonisothermal CSTR as an example of a wide class of nonlinear processes. >
The opposite pole quadrilateral as a compatibility linkage for parameterizing the center point curve

In planar four-position kinematics, the centers of circles containing four positions of a point in a moving rigid body form the center point curve. This curve can be parameterized by analyzing a “compatibility linkage” obtained from a complex number formulation of the four-position problem. In this paper, we present another derivation of the center point curve using a special form of dual quaternions and the fact that it is identical to the pole curve. The defining properties of the pole curve lead to a parameterization by kinematic analysis of the opposite pole quadrilateral as a four-bar linkage. Thus the opposite pole quadrilateral becomes the compatibility linkage. This derivation generalizes to provide parameterizations for the center point cone of spherical kinematics and the central axis congruence of spatial kinematic theory.
Promotion and tenure in nursing education: Lessons learned

Current nursing faculty spend part of their careers in service settings before they move to the academic milieu. The promotion and tenure of process may not be familiar to novice nurse educators prior to their entry into the academy. Fewer nursing academics successfully achieve tenure than other disciplines outside of allied health. These low numbers have been attributed to underperformance in the domain of scholarship by these female professionals socialized to practice and service. This article explains the essential components of the tripartite process necessary for achieving success in the promotion and tenure process. The authors draw on their own experiences and that of their colleagues locally and nationally to demystify this career path. Intended as a primer on the promotion and tenure process for new nurse educators the article concludes with eight bulleted admonitions and commentary to inform and streamline successful achievement of career goals.
African Americans should be screened at an earlier age for colorectal cancer.

Background African Americans (AAs) have been shown to exhibit a higher incidence of colorectal cancer and experience lower survival compared with whites. There is disagreement regarding the age at which to initiate screening in AAs. Objectives To calculate the age-specific incidence in AAs compared with whites while controlling for differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and to calculate the joinpoint at which the incidence begins to increase in each race. Design Retrospective database review. Setting Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum from 2000 through 2011 in the SEER 18 database. Interventions We calculated the joinpoint of the upward trend of the age-adjusted incidence rate to determine the age at which the slope of the incidence curve began to increase in each race, while controlling for differences in SES by using a composite socioeconomic index. Main Outcome Measurements Age-adjusted incidence of colon and rectal cancer. Results The age-specific incidence of colorectal cancer (cases per 100,000 population) was 0.3 versus 0.4 in whites compared with AAs at 20 years of age. At 50 years of age, the incidence was 44.2 compared with 62.6 in whites compared with AAs. The model indicated a joinpoint at 47 years of age for whites (95% confidence interval, 45-49) and 43 for AAs (95% confidence interval, 42-45) ( P P ≤ .001). Limitations There was no intervention, and we cannot conclude that changing screening policy would affect this disparity. Conclusion There is a disparity in the age-specific incidence of colorectal cancer in AAs compared with whites beginning at 45 years of age. These differences persist across socioeconomic strata.
PATTERNS OF HABITAT USE BY BATS ALONG A RIPARIAN CORRIDOR IN NORTHERN UTAH

We examined patterns of habitat use within a community of bats along the Provo River in Heber Valley, Utah. The landscape was divided into 5 habitat categories: riparian forest, wetland, agricultural field, edge, and a habitat restoration site. We used Anabat II bat detectors to record the number of echolocation calls per night within each habitat type as an index of bat activity. Echolocation calls were classified into foraging guilds based on acoustic traits, and we analyzed activity by entire community and by the 4 guilds related to habitat type and environmental variables. Activity was not significantly related to moon phase, average temperature, or day of the season. Activity by the entire bat community was significantly higher in riparian forest and edge habitats compared to other habitat types. Activity of the ''high'' Myotis guild was significantly greater in the riparian forest, edge habitats, and in the restored habitat site. Similarly, activity by the ''low'' Myotis guild was significantly higher in riparian forest and edge habitats. In contrast to the Myotis guilds, activity of molossids was significantly higher in agricultural fields compared to other habitats. Activity by the ''low'' Eptesicus guild did not vary significantly among habitats. ESUMEN Examinamos los patrones de uso del habitat en una comunidad de murcielagos a lo largo del Provo River, en el Heber Valley, Utah. El habitat fue dividido en cinco categorias: bosque ripario, humedal, terreno cultivado, borde de habitat, y a de restauracion de habitat. Usamos
Alpha-Internexin: The Fourth Subunit of Neurofilaments in the Mature CNS

Because α-internexin is expressed in embryonic brain and can form homopolymers in vitro, it was originally considered to be an independent filament system critical mainly during brain development and distinct from that assembled in neurons from neurofilament (NF) triplet proteins. Analysis of mice engineered to eliminate individual or different combinations of NF triplet or α-internexin has proved that α-internexin and NF proteins are constituents of the same NF and functionally interdependent. α-Internexin satisfies all criteria previously used to establish the NF triplet proteins as subunits of a single intermediate filament and can now be considered to be a fourth subunit of NF in the adult CNS. Its role as a subunit of CNS NF explains the close relationship of α-internexin with the pathology of CNS diseases associated with NF accumulation.
Bortezomib-induced acute interstitial nephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is one of the important causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from inflammatory tubulointerstitial injury induced by medications, infections and systemic diseases. Bortezomib has been increasingly used especially in renal related indications such as multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance. Severe allergic reactions from bortezomib treatment including AIN have not been described in the literature. We report a 47-year-old white man who developed biopsy-proven allergic AIN after treatment with bortezomib for his C3 glomerulonephritis. The patient's kidney function improved after treatment with glucocorticoid therapy and discontinuation of bortezomib, but worsened with recurrent AKI episode after re-initiation of bortezomib. His renal function improved after glucocorticoid therapy and discontinuation of bortezomib. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a biopsy-proven AIN from bortezomib.
A Remark on Certain Constructions with the Word Naka in Japanese

In this paper I would like to respond to a comment made by Kunihiro (1980) on the structure exemplified by (1) boku wa mori ga ussooto sigeru naka o hitori sanpo sita I forest luxuriant grom midst alone stroll ‘I strolled in a dense forest alone’
Crinoids from the Edwardsville Formation (Lower Mississippian) of southern Indiana

Six new crinoid species are described from the Lower Mississippian (Osagean, late Tournaisian) Edwardsville Formation of Monroe County, Indiana. New species include Cyathocrinites cf. glenni, Barycrinus stenobrachium, Atelestocrinus indianensis, Nipterocrinus monroensis, Macrocrinus strotobasilaris and Uperocrinus apheles. The specimen designated as holotype of C. glenni is from Davidson County, Tennessee. Paleogeographic and morphological notes on other crinoids are given including Catillocrinus, Saccosomopsis poterium, Histocrinus coreyi, Holcocrinus nodobrachiatus, Camptocrinus plenicirrus, and numerous Crinoidea incertae sedis.
The occurrence, induction, specificity and potential effect of antibodies against poly(ethylene glycol)

Specific antibodies against poly(ethylene glycol) (anti-PEG) were induced in animals following exposure to PEG-conjugated proteins and particles, resulting in rapid clearance of PEG-conjugated agents. In humans, induction of anti-PEG was observed following exposure to a PEG-conjugated drug, and pre-existing anti-PEG was identified in over 25% the healthy population. In clinical studies, the presence of anti-PEG was strongly associated with rapid clearance of PEG-asparaginase and PEG-uricase. PEGylation of therapeutic agents will continue to be of significant value in medicine to reduce immunogenicity, antigenicity and toxicity as well as markedly reducing renal clearance, while maintaining drug efficacy. It is important to recognize that PEG itself may possess antigenic and immunogenic properties. Further comprehensive studies are warranted to fully elucidate the effect of anti-PEG on PEG-conjugated agents and if confirmed in a prospective trial, patients should be screened and monitored for anti-PEG, and strategies developed to overcome the potential negative effect of anti-PEG on drug clearance to improve the effectiveness of therapy.
Searching for Powerful Supersaturated Designs

The authors consider several popular supersaturated design construction criteria in the literature, propose several of our own, and perform a simulation study to evaluate them in terms of power.