cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of Electromigration Voiding in Cu Lines

Cu film characteristics and in-situ observation of electromigration voiding in passivated Cu lines are reported. Measured grain size distribution show a median grain size of 0.4 µm. A 3 µm wide, 800 µm long line passivated with 5000 r. of SiO2 was tested in a high voltage scanning electron microscopy (HVSEM), enabling dynamic in-situ events to be recorded. Electromigration voiding in this line showed some similarity to that previously observed in polygranular Al lines. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure of the passivated Cu lines.
The Prudential Value of Education for Autonomy.

A popular justification of education for autonomy is that autonomy possession has intrinsic prudential value. Communitarians have argued, however, that although autonomy may be a core element of a well-lived life in liberal societies, it cannot claim such a prudential pedigree in traditional societies in which the conception of a good life is intimately tied to the acceptance of a pre-established worldview. In this paper I examine a recent attempt made by Ishtiyaque Haji and Stefaan Cuypers to respond to this challenge by reestablishing the intrinsic prudential value of autonomy, and I argue that although their work has merit in some respects, it suffers from a notable theoretical deficiency as well as a practical deficiency. Like Haji and Cuypers, I wish to argue that autonomy has intrinsic prudential value; but my argument is not grounded on the claim that autonomy is a necessary part of well-being. I argue, rather, that it stands to reason—and that liberals and traditionalists alike have reason to accept—that autonomous assent to a conception of the good life is an intrinsically prudentially better state of affairs than nonautonomous assent to the same. My goal in this essay, then, is to clarify the prudential significance of (and to provide a justification for) education for autonomy in a manner that will be appealing to liberals and traditionalists alike.
A parallel string search algorithm

A new parallel processing algorithm for solving string search problems is presented. The proposed algorithm uses O(m*n) processors where n is the length of a text and m is the length of a pattern. It requires two and only two iteration steps to find the pattern in the text, while the best existing parallel algorithm needs the computation time O(loglog n). >
Targeting Autophagy in Dendritic Cells as a Mechanism to Limit Immunopathogenesis in Herpetic Stromal Keratitis

In a recent mBio article, Y. Jiang, X. Yin, P. M. Stuart, and D. A. Lieb [mBio 6(6):e01426-15, 2015, doi:10.1128/mBio.01426-15] presented an elegant set of experiments that utilized a transgenic, knockout strain of mice whose dendritic cells (DCs) are incapable of undergoing autophagy, to dissect out the aspects of the chronic inflammatory response following viral infection of corneal epithelial cells. The authors' results provide a potential proof of concept that the DC autophagy pathway may be a valid target for therapeutic drug design in certain inflammatory pathologies.
A Classification of the Muscoid Calyptrate Diptera

The objective of this study was to see if a coordinated study of both adults and larvae of the calyptrate Diptera would bring out any new relationships within the group. With this objective in mind, larvae of all groups were examined, or descriptions gleaned from the literature, to determine what characters they offered and what groupings they fell into on the basis of the characters found. The present day adult groupings were then re-examined and considered in relation to those offered by the larvae. The resultant classification is based on characters offered by both and has involved a shifting in rank of some groups formerly based only on adult characters.
Strategic Marketing Planning by Product Managers—Room for Improvement?:

Product managers have a unique position in the organizational hierarchy. Neither line nor staff executives, they are responsible for planning and managing the activities of the firm's revenue gener...
INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR COMPLIANCE MEASUREMENTS: A PARADOX? THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

systemic inflammation - as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) - is adversely associated with arterial compliance. However, information is scant on whether this association in consistent throughout the different non-invasive measurements of arterial compliance. The purpose of
Mechanisms of ammonium excretion: role of the renal medulla.

E XCRETION of ammonium* by the kidney plays a central role in the regulation of systemic acid-base balance. Ammonium excreted in the urine is derived almost entirely from its renal synthesis, with the bulk of ammonium production occurring in the cortex in cells of the proximal tubules. The biochemical reactions involved in proximal tubule ammonium production, and the factors controlling proximal tubule ammonium production and secretion, have been studied extensively and widely discussed.‘-‘j In contrast, much less attention has been focused on ammonium transport processes in the renal medulla, which channel the ammonium produced and secreted by the proximal tubules to the final urine. Over the past few years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the pathways and mechanisms of ammonium transport in the renal medulla. These studies have shown a complex pattern of ammonium movement within the medulla that includes active transport of NH4+ by the thick ascending limb, concentration of ammonium in the medullary interstitial fluid by countercurrent multiplication, and generation of large NH3 concentration gradients across the medullary collecting ducts. Furthermore, the control of urinary ammonium excretion has been found to depend
Flexible Fiberoptic and Rigid-Rod Lens Endoscopy of the Lower Urinary Tract: A Prospective Controlled Comparison

Cystourethroscopy was performed on 80 men by separate examiners with a rigid-rod lens instrument and a flexible fiberoptic choledochonephroscope. Findings with the flexible system were equivalent to or more accurate than those with the rigid endoscope in 94 per cent of the cases. With the flexible instrument the duration of the examination was unchanged, patient comfort was improved, the amount of irrigation fluid was reduced, and patient preparation and positioning were simpler and quicker.
Stability-Weighted Matrix Completion of Incomplete Multi-modal Data for Disease Diagnosis.

Effective utilization of heterogeneous multi-modal data for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) diagnosis and prognosis has always been hampered by incomplete data. One method to deal with this is low-rank matrix completion (LRMC), which simultaneous imputes missing data features and target values of interest. Although LRMC yields reasonable results, it implicitly weights features from all the modalities equally, ignoring the differences in discriminative power of features from different modalities. In this paper, we propose stability-weighted LRMC (swLRMC), an LRMC improvement that weights features and modalities according to their importance and reliability. We introduce a method, called stability weighting, to utilize subsampling techniques and outcomes from a range of hyper-parameters of sparse feature learning to obtain a stable set of weights. Incorporating these weights into LRMC, swLRMC can better account for differences in features and modalities for improving diagnosis. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method outperforms the conventional LRMC, feature-selection based LRMC, and other state-of-the-art methods.
Symmetric Sampling Gate with Stored Charge Dumping

The method of reducing the ultra wideband signal conversion error by a symmetric sampling gate has been considered in the given work. Characteristics of the sampling gate with stored charge dumping have been analyzed. It has been shown that the design of this sampling gate can deal without servo feedbacks in a sampler, as well as it permits to increase its sensitivity
Academic Program Profile: Human Performance Technology in University of West Florida's Department of Instructional, Workforce and Applied Technology

The University of West Florida instructional and performance technology (IPT) programs, currently housed in the Department of Instructional, Workforce and Applied Technology (IWAT), have been in place for over 20 years. Intense interactions with potential members of the target population including area public school teachers, school administrators, directors of instructional technology, the US Navy, the Chamber of Commerce, Pensacola State College, and others guided the initial planning processes, aiding in the identification of a framework for IPT competencies needed by regional partners. These same partners continue to provide input today, ensuring that the programs offered are preparing students to meet the demands of today's workforce. Coursework provides students with the critical thinking, communication, and project management skills to examine performance improvement opportunities holistically, taking a systems view and focusing on adding value by concentrating on results and working in partnership with clients and stakeholders.
A hybrid three-dimensionally structured electrode for lithium-ion batteries via 3D printing

Abstract New hybrid 3D structure electrodes with a high aspect ratio are fabricated through extrusion-based additive manufacturing to achieve high mass loading. This new 3D printed battery exhibits both high areal and specific capacity, thus overcoming the trade-off between the two of the conventional laminated batteries. This excellent battery performance is achieved by introducing a hybrid 3D structure that utilizes the benefits of the existing laminated structure and three-dimensional interdigitated structure. In addition, conventional battery paste components are used optimally to fit the 3D printing process, which eliminates the need for a complicated solvent preparation process required for a typical 3D printing process for battery applications. Using the CR2032 coin cell, the general assembly problem that occurs at the 3D structured electrodes is solved, which means that the proposed hybrid 3D structure can easily be added to the existing lamination structure. This innovative design and fabrication process demonstrates the high areal energy and power density, which is a critical requirement for energy storage systems in transportation and stationary applications.
On the spatial variability of CPT-based geotechnical parameters for regional liquefaction evaluation

Abstract In-situ index tests, such as the cone penetration test (CPT), are widely used for the site-specific evaluation of liquefaction potential and are getting increased use in the regional mapping of liquefaction hazards. In this work, the spatial variability of CPT-based geotechnical parameters on the liquefaction potential evaluation is assessed through an integrated framework combining an empirical liquefaction model and a multiscale random field model that allows the effective incorporation of soil spatial variability across scales. Within this framework, two approaches, termed the local soil property approach and the averaged index approach, are developed and assessed for the characterization of spatial variability in CPT-based geotechnical parameters. The proposed framework is applied to the probabilistic and spatial assessment of the liquefaction potential of an earthquake-prone region to demonstrate its applicability and to investigate the implications of spatial variability on regional liquefaction susceptibility evaluation.
Serials to Graphic Novels: The Evolution of the Victorian Illustrated Book

In the face of alarms over the decline of reading, the quantized digitization of everything textual, and the predicted imminent demise of the long narrative codex, the subject of Catherine Golden's...
Sex differences in angiotensin II-stimulated fluid intake.

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This report describes sex differences in the responses to angiotensin II, with a focus on fluid intake. What advances does it highlight? There are conflicting reports on the direction of the sex difference in fluid intake in response to angiotensin II. This review highlights how accounting for differences in body weight contributes to the discrepancies in the literature. In certain conditions, body weight influences fluid intake in a sex-specific manner. This review also highlights the divergent effects of oestrogen receptor activation on fluid intake, which are likely to underlie the discussed sex differences. Sex has a clear effect on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Although sex differences in the pressor response to angiotensin II (Ang II) are well established, understanding of the sex differences in the fluid intake response to Ang II is clouded by conflicting reports. Here, I suggest that accounting for differences in body weight contributes to the discrepancies in the literature. Our recent findings demonstrate that body weight influences Ang II-stimulated water intake in certain conditions in male, but not in female rats. When differences in body weight are corrected for in the appropriate circumstances, we found that males consume more water in response to Ang II compared with females. Males and females also show differences in drinking microstructure, i.e. bottle spout lick patterns, which provide clues into the mechanism(s) underlying this sex difference. Oestrogens, which inhibit Ang II-stimulated fluid intake and circulate at higher concentrations in females, are likely to contribute to this sex difference. This review also discusses the diversity in oestrogen signalling via multiple oestrogen receptor subtypes, which selectively inhibit Ang II-stimulated fluid intake.
Virus-Specific T Cells for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

During the period of T cell immune recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), viral infections and reactivation are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Adoptive immunotherapy using virus-specific T cells (VSTs) derived from virus-exposed or naive donors has emerged as an effective strategy to prevent viral complication early after HSCT. Early-phase clinical trials show that such VSTs can both prevent and treat viral infections in 70–90% of patients, are safe, and are well tolerated with no infusion-related adverse events and/or worsening of graft-versus-host disease. These clinical trials have a tremendous potential in preventing and treating viral infections post HSCT. The field of adoptive T cell therapy has made huge strides to overcome some of the challenges such as cumbersome manufacturing strategies, targeting multiple viral antigens, and making the T cell product widely available through third-party banks. A collaborative effort between academic centers and industry is likely to facilitate the broader implementation and accessibility of these novel therapies. It will also enable randomized phase 3 clinical trials to prove the efficacy of these T cell products in comparison to often expensive and ineffective pharmacotherapies. Here we review the current methods of VST generation, clinical results using VSTs in the HSCT setting, and applications of VSTs to treat viral-associated malignancies.
Cerebrovascular blood pressure autoregulation monitoring and postoperative transient ischemic attack in pediatric moyamoya vasculopathy.

Background Children with moyamoya vasculopathy are at high risk of perioperative cerebral ischemia or hyperperfusion. Maintaining blood pressure within the range of functional cerebrovascular blood pressure autoregulation might reduce the risk of perioperative neurologic injury. Aims We tested whether blood pressure autoregulation is associated with postoperative transient ischemic attack in a study of patients with pediatric moyamoya vasculopathy. Methods We conducted an observational study of 15 pediatric patients undergoing surgical revascularization with pial synangiosis. Nine patients had bilateral moyamoya and 6 had unilateral moyamoya. We measured autoregulatory vasoreactivity intraoperatively and during the first postoperative night with the hemoglobin volume index, a value derived from near-infrared spectroscopy. We also identified the optimal mean arterial blood pressure at which autoregulation was most robust in each patient. Results Of the 15 children monitored, 3 with bilateral moyamoya and one with unilateral moyamoya experienced a transient ischemic attack. Poorer autoregulation during surgery was associated with postoperative transient ischemic attack among those with bilateral vasculopathy (P = .048, difference in hemoglobin volume index medians: 0.023, 95% confidence interval: 0.003-0.071). This relationship was not observed with postoperative autoregulation. The optimal mean arterial blood pressure was identifiable during surgery in all monitored patients, varied among patients, and often differed between the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Conclusion Dysfunctional intraoperative autoregulation may increase the risk of TIA in patients with pediatric moyamoya vasculopathy. The blood pressure range that supports autoregulation appears to vary among patients. Using autoregulation monitoring to guide individualized blood pressure goals should be studied as a potential method to reduce perioperative neurologic morbidity in pediatric patients with moyamoya.
DISC-FETs: Dual Independent Stacked Channel Field-Effect Transistors

We experimentally demonstrate a 3D field-effect transistor (FET) architecture leveraging emerging nanomaterials: Dual Independent Stacked Channel FET (DISC-FET). DISC-FET is comprised of two FET channels vertically integrated on separate circuit layers separated by a shared gate. This gate modulates the conductance of both FET channels simultaneously, although the stacked channels are independent, i.e., n-type or p-type with separate source and drain terminals separately accessed via routing. This 3D FET architecture enables new opportunities for area-efficient 3D circuit layouts. The key to enabling DISC-FET is low temperature processing to avoid damaging lower-layer circuits during upper-layer circuit fabrication. As a case study, we use carbon nanotube (CNT) FETs (CNFETs), since they can be fabricated at low temperature (e.g., ${V}_{\textsf {OUT}}$ ) range of 94% of the supply voltage ( ${V}_{\textsf {DD}}$ ) for input voltage ( ${V}_{\textsf {IN}}$ ) ranging from 0 V to ${V}_{\textsf {DD}}$ . 2) output gain (maximum value of - $\Delta {V}_{\textsf {OUT}}/\Delta {V}_{\textsf {IN}})$ of 6.3. 3) logic gate-level hysteresis of 2.4% ${V}_{\textsf {DD}}$ , measured as the difference in ${V}_{\textsf {IN}}$ at which ${V}_{\textsf {OUT}}={V}_{\textsf {DD}}$ /2 between forward and reverse sweeps of ${V}_{\textsf {IN}}$ . All statistics are averaged over 500 NOR2 gates measured with ${V}_{\textsf {DD}} = \textsf {1}$ V. This letter highlights the potential of 3D integration not only for enabling new 3D system architectures but also new 3D FET architectures and 3D circuit layouts.
Percutaneous Catheter Drainage of Post-Traumatic Urinoma

We report a case that demonstrates that percutaneous catheter drainage may be considered as an alternative to surgical intervention in the treatment of urinomas, especially when there is no persistent ureteral obstruction.
Summary: Issues in Galactic Star Formation

Many new ideas, ground-based and space-based observations, theories, and numerical computations have considerably advanced our knowledge of star formation over the past few decades. This summary of the main physical ingredients in the process emphasizes the many questions that still remain unanswered or controversial. With more powerful telescopes and computers that will be available over the next decade, some of these questions will be further clarified, and further insights will contribute to this evolving subject. The topics covered in this text start with the assumed existence of molecular clouds over a range of masses, and end with stars in hydrostatic equilibrium, having a photospheric spectrum, and proceeding through the contraction phase toward the main sequence.
Deformation Behavior of Alumina at Elevated Temperatures

The thermomechanical behavior and microstructural observations of several polycrystalline alumina bodies varying from 2–80 µm in grain size with typical purities of ⩾99% tested in compression at T ⩾1210°C are presented. The mechanical behavior of alumina is considered in terms of these results and similar investigations of the behavior of sapphire bicrystals. Plastic deformation is observed to be related to dislocations, mechanical twinning and/or grain boundary shear. In general, decreasing the grain size gives rise to a transition in deformation mechanisms and leads to increased mechanical strength. Impurities, however, strongly modify this relationship and are instrumental in enhancing grain boundary shear processes in alumina.
Allometry of Litter Mass in Bats: Maternal Size, Wing Morphology, and Phylogeny

We examine how litter mass in bats varies with respect to wing loading, an important aerodynamic aspect of flight. From geometric proportions, litter mass should scale to wing loading by an exponent of three. Conversely, analysis of aerodynamic consequences of carrying extra mass suggests that an exponent significantly less than three would be selectively advantageous. Our results show that Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera differ in the relationship between litter mass and wing loading. Litter mass in megachiropterans scales as expected by geometric proportions, whereas litter mass in microchiropterans, as a group, and for individual families, scales as expected if aerodynamic consequences of flight influence litter mass more than size constraints. Thus, selection pressures on reproductive traits appear to differ between the two suborders of bats.
Comprehension and perceptions of study participants upon receiving perfluoroalkyl substance exposure biomarker results

Abstract Background Measurement of environmental biomarkers in biomedia is increasingly used as a method of exposure characterization in human population studies. Reporting the results of biomarker measurements back to study participants has been controversial, including questions of ethics and whether the study participants would want to receive and would understand the results. Methods Recently we mailed individual measurements of two serum biomarkers, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to participants in three exposure studies of persons living in the Ohio River Valley, of whom 60 were parents of children who had been sampled. Many had serum concentrations of PFOA above the US population 95th percentile value. Reporting forms used in the three studies were somewhat different (either tables or charts for comparison to US population values) and varied in complexity. With all reports, we included information about concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in the general population, and a survey designed to ascertain the opinions of the study participants about the information they received. Results Approximately 33% (273/821) returned the survey, and of those, 96% reported that they were pleased that we had sent them the report. Most (86%) responded that the results were easy to understand and the enclosed fact sheet was helpful in answering questions (87%). Regarding the amount of information, most felt that we provided the “right amount” (78%) but some “too much” (7%) and some “too little” (15%). The majority (53%) were surprised at their serum concentrations. Of those with serum values > 13.0 ng/mL, 74% responded that they thought their serum concentration was “high”, but only 22% of those with serum concentrations ≤5.6 responded that their concentration was “low”. Surprisingly, many talked to no one about their levels; those who did were most likely to discuss the report with family members. Conclusions Reporting back individual environmental biomarker results is generally well received by study participants, and those with high concentrations perceived them to be high. Questions remain as to why study participants did not discuss their results with others.
A closer look at some National Clinical Trials Network sites and their recruitment ability.

e18055Background: Targeted therapies have prompted clinical trials centers to screen large numbers of patients of a particular tumor type and to test further to identify those with molecular target...
One Little Spark: Putting the Service back in to Service Desk

Over the past few decades there has been a decline in the quality of service in many industries. Gas stations have gone from being full-service, with oil and tire checks, to transactional with little to no provided services at all. Many IT departments have seen a similar service decline over an even shorter timeframe while some IT organizations have never had the opportunity to be anything more than transactional. The Bowdoin College Service Desk has been able to take some simple concepts presented during a Disney Institute course to increase the overall satisfaction of its clients by creating a positive, emotional connection with them and to put the "Service" back into the "Service Desk". This presentation will briefly discuss some of the ideas that are used by Disney, how they are used at Bowdoin and how others can apply them in their own organization.
God Ain’t Good, but Humans Ain’t Better: Humanism at the Intersections of Social Difference

Contemporary humanism maintains a healthy suspicion of god and the supernatural but also tends to uncritically rely upon naturalized, self-evident, and universal assumptions about humans’ potential for progressive moral and ethical stances. Such tensions transform social differences into social “problems” needing redress. This chapter begins with discussion of human difference and particularity to consider the cultivation of humanizing strategies that recast social difference as expressions of human variability rather than problems to be overcome. Using the 2016 US election as a case study, this chapter explores the capacity and potential for the employment of intersectional techniques across difference in an increasingly turbulent twenty-first-century US social context. What epistemological changes are necessitated in order for humanism to take up, and take on, the challenge of human difference?
Simmel’s Dialectic of Form and Content in Recent Work in Cultural Sociology1

The concept of “form,” and the associated problem of the relationship between “forms” and “contents” is a central theme in Simmel’s overall work. This paper shows that recent work in cultural socio...
Charlie van der Horst (1952-2019)

Charlie van der Horst, an emeritus professor at the University of North Carolina and a friend of Pathogens and Immunity , disappeared from sight on Friday, June 14 during a marathon swim in the Hudson River. His death was confirmed. Few who knew him would call him Charles as formality was not his strong-suit. Charlie was born in Holland to a Dutch father and a Polish Holocaust survivor mother. His family moved to the Buffalo, New York area and sent Charlie to school at Andover. He attended Duke University where he captained the varsity swim team in 1973-74. He remained a powerful swimmer, competing often in national Masters’ competitions. He received his MD degree from Harvard in 1979 and trained in medicine at Montefiore Medical Center and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina. He was an expert in the management of fungal diseases and when the AIDS epidemic began, he knew he had to commit his career to AIDS research and care. He led a highly successful AIDS Clinical Trials Unit at the University of North Carolina and was a respected leader in this national consortium who gained international recognition and respect for his work. More than most anyone else I know, Charlie was driven to fight for justice, anywhere, any time. At the 2000 IAS meeting in Durban, South Africa he recognized that the greater AIDS need was in the developing world and he redirected his entire career towards the development of research and care programs in Africa. When Ebola hit West Africa, Charlie rushed to Liberia to help. In the U.S., Charlie was on the front lines urging his state legislature to deal fairly with all North Carolinians, working hard to fight for equity in health care. He was beloved by so many, respected for his talents, admired for his decency. He was, as my grandmother would have said—a mentsch—and more. Our world is lucky to have had him and is diminished by his loss.
What Is the Optimal Method to Perform Bone Biopsy (Method, Location, Imaging Use) for Patients With Foot and Ankle Infections?

Recommendation:A bone biopsy should generally be performed in a percutaneous fashion, particularly in cases where surgical debridement is not considered necessary.If surgical debridement is conside...
Dysproteinemia and the Kidney: Core Curriculum 2019.

Dysproteinemic kidney diseases occur when B- or plasma cell clones produce pathogenic monoclonal immunoglobulins or light chains that cause kidney damage. The clinical presentation of these disorders ranges from sub–nephrotic-range proteinuria or microscopic hematuria with preserved kidney function to severe nephrotic syndrome to severe acute kidney injury or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. These monoclonal immunoglobulins can cause a variety of histologic patterns of injury, including cast nephropathy, glomerular and tubular deposition diseases, amyloidosis, and inflammatory glomerulonephritis. The underlying clonal disorder may meet criteria for overt multiple myeloma or systemic lymphoma. In recent years, there has been increased recognition and study of dysproteinemic kidney diseases that occur in the setting of smaller clonal plasma and B-cell populations, which are classified as monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance. Regardless of clonal cell burden, the goal of treatment is to achieve a hematologic response (ie, improvement or resolution of the monoclonal protein) by eradicating the underlying clone. Organ-specific responses are dependent on achieving hematologic response. Without appropriate treatment, many of these disorders are associated with high rates of progressive kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. In this installment of AJKD's Core Curriculum in Nephrology, we review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of dysproteinemic kidney diseases.
Seismic Fragility of Railway Bridge Classes: Methods, Models, and Comparison with the State of the Art

AbstractThis study proposes an approach for developing seismic fragility models based on elastic net regularized logistic regression and applies it to two railway bridge classes typical to the cent...
Zen and the art of experiments: A note on preventive healthcare and the 2019 nobel prize in economics

Abstract I discuss Banerjee, Duflo and Kremer’s work on preventive healthcare in low-income countries. Their research in this field has changed the way that governments view cost-recovery for key preventive services, ranging from deworming to insecticide-treated bed-nets. Equally, their contributions also help us understand why markets likely under-produce preventive goods and how traditional economic thinking on externalities and subsidies may have to be reevaluated in the light of new experimental findings. Throughout, their research in this field typifies a deep commitment to learning from the setting that they are working in, as well as an unyielding dedication to improving the lives of the poor.
Design Thinking in Industry

Creating the right product is a consistent topic of debate for competent product management. The issue is not always about creating something new as per the set-out specifications but rather whether the result is exactly aligned with customers' needs. A product can only be useful and considered a success if it is a necessity or exceeds expectations. The missing element is the customer, or rather what the customer exactly wants.
NO EASY OPTIONS: CONGENITALLY CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES AND LEFT VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY ARTERY CONDUIT STENOSIS

Relieving pulmonic stenosis in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) may worsen systemic RV function and tricuspid regurgitation due to ventricular septal interactions. A 27 year old woman with ccTGA and pulmonary atresia/VSD status post VSD repair and LV
Challenges in Designing a Distributed Cryptographic File System (Transcript of Discussion)

We are going to design a cryptographic file system, which has some cool features, which the current file system doesn’t solve, like: file sharing, partial file sharing and also enable the users to collaborate with each other based on these shared files and also make this promise to users that their possible conflicts with your result in the file system level.
Dicamba resistance in kochia from Kansas and Nebraska evolved independently

BACKGROUND Evolution and spread of resistance to glyphosate in kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a major challenge for the sustainability of glyphosate-resistant crop technology in this region. Dicamba offers a viable option to manage glyphosate-resistant kochia. However, the recent and rapid evolution of dicamba resistance in glyphosate-resistant kochia populations in Kansas (KS), and other states in the USA is a threat to the management of this weed. Our previous research suggests that two distinct mechanisms confer dicamba resistance in KS (KSUR) and NE (CSUR) kochia. CSUR kochia is dicamba-resistant due to a double mutation in an auxin and dicamba coreceptor gene (Aux/IAA16), and CSUR kochia plants show reduced dicamba translocation. However, the mechanism of dicamba resistance in KSUR is not known. The objective of this research was to determine if dicamba resistance in KSUR is due to a different mechanism and therefore evolved independently from CSUR by measuring whether the resistance traits are chromosomally linked. RESULTS The F1 and F2 progenies from KSUR × CSUR were generated. Single dicamba rate tests were conducted using the F1 and F2 progeny. The results indicate that two different genes confer dicamba resistance in KSUR and CSUR; importantly, these two genes are not linked. CONCLUSION This research provides evidence that different populations of kochia have independently evolved resistance to dicamba by different mechanisms, and we confirmed that the genes conferring resistance to the same herbicide in different populations are not chromosomally linked.
Single transient intraocular pressure elevations cause prolonged retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and retinal capillary abnormalities in mice.

Abstract Transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations are likely to occur in certain forms of glaucoma and after intravitreal injections to treat various retinal diseases. However, the impact of these transient IOP elevations on the physiology of individual retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is unknown. In this report, we explore how transient IOP elevations in mice affect RGC physiology, RGC anatomy, and retinal arteriole and capillary structure. Transient IOP elevation was induced in 12-week old wild type C57BL6J mice by injecting sodium hyaluronate into the anterior chamber. IOP was measured immediately after the injection and again 1 and 7 days later. Average peak IOP after injection was ~50 mmHg and subsequent IOPs returned to normal. RGC physiology was assessed with a multielectrode array (MEA) by calculating a spike triggered average (STA) at the same time points. RGC counts and retinal vascular structure were assessed 14 days after injection with immunohistochemistry to label RGCs and blood vessels. Transient IOP elevation caused a marked reduction of scotopic STA presence and delayed center and surround STA peak times that did not recover. Transient IOP elevation also caused a reduced photopic receptive field size and spontaneous firing rate, both of which showed some recovery with time. Transient IOP elevation also induced vascular remodeling: the number of capillary branches was decreased within the superficial and intermediate vascular plexi. RGC counts, retinal arteriole diameter, and deep capillary plexus branching were unaffected. These previously unappreciated findings suggest that transient IOP elevation may cause unrecognized and potentially long-term pathology to RGCs and associated neurovascular units which should be accounted for in clinical practice.
JCSM 15th anniversary collection.

Citation:Collop NA, Quan SF. JCSM 15th anniversary collection. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(suppl_1):1S.
Semi-Analytical Models for the Formation of Disk Galaxies: I. Constraints from the Tully-Fisher Relation

We present new semi-analytical models for the formation of disk galaxies with the purpose of investigating the origin of the near-infrared Tully-Fisher (TF) relation. The models assume that disks are formed by cooling of the baryons inside dark halos with realistic density profiles, and that the baryons conserve their specific angular momentum. Only gas with densities above the critical density given by Toomre's stability criterion is considered eligible for star formation, and a simple recipe for supernovae feedback is included. We emphasize the importance of extracting the proper luminosity and velocity measures from the models, something that has often been ignored in the past. The observed K-band TF relation has a slope that is steeper than simple predictions based on dynamical arguments suggest. Taking the stability related star formation threshold densities into account steepens the TF relation, decreases its scatter, and yields gas mass fractions that are in excellent agreement with observations. In order for the TF slope to be as steep as observed, further physics are required. We argue that the characteristics of the observed near-infrared TF relation do not reflect systematic variations in stellar populations, or cosmological initial conditions, but are governed by feedback. Finally we show that our models provide a natural explanation for the small amount of scatter that makes the TF relation useful as a cosmological distance indicator.
Effect of Interprofessional Clinical Debates on Attitudes of Interprofessional Teams.

Introduction Current evidence supports the notion of debates as a pedagogical method to teach literature evaluation skills in health care education; however, there are no reports of this method as an interprofessional approach and its potential benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of interprofessional clinical debates on attitudes toward interprofessional teamwork and perceived literature evaluation skills. Methods We invited third-year family medicine residents and fourth-year pharmacy students to complete a survey before and after participating in an interprofessional clinical debate. The anonymous survey was composed of the Students' Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised (SPICE-R2) instrument to evaluate perceptions of interprofessional teamwork, literature evaluation, and other skills gained through the process. We evaluated matched responses for change in attitudes toward interprofessional teams. Results We evaluated 41 matched responses, which indicated improvement in attitudes toward interprofessional teams and was statistically significant ( P<.001). This finding held true for subscales of roles/responsibilities for collaborative practice and patient outcomes from collaborative practice (P<.001). Participants also perceived improvements in literature evaluation, problem-solving, critical thinking, teamwork, and communication skills. Conclusion The interprofessional clinical debate activity positively impacted medical residents and pharmacy students, and improved attitudes toward interprofessional teams.
Treatment of Monoclonal Gammopathy-associated C3 Glomerulopathy With Daratumumab-based Therapy.

Clinical Practice Points • C3 glomerulopathy represents a heterogeneous group of glomerulonephritides characterized by hyperactivity of the alternative complement pathway. • Although the pathophysiology is incompletely described, there is an increased recognition of the association between this disease and monoclonal gammopathies, especially in older individuals. • Monoclonal gammopathy-associated C3 glomerulopathy responds better to myeloma-directed therapy than traditional immunosuppressive regimens. • The efficacy of daratumumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against CD38 with potent antimyeloma activity, in monoclonal gammopathy-associated C3 glomerulopathy has not been fully characterized in the current literature. • This case report describes the clinical course and outcomes of 2 patients treated with daratumumab-based regimens after an inadequate response to alternative myeloma-directed therapy without daratumumab. • Both patients demonstrated significant hematologic and renal responses after the addition of daratumumab, a finding that warrants further investigation of this agent for monoclonal gammopathy-associated C3 glomerulopathy.
Accepting Muslims But Fearing Islam? Views Toward Islam and Muslims in 16 Western Countries

Discussions about Muslim minorities in Western countries often fail to distinguish between Islam and Muslims. When non-Muslims express concerns about integration, for example, are they doing so with an eye toward Islamic theology and ideology? Or are they more likely to be thinking about Muslim individuals? Do they even see a meaningful distinction between the two? Or do they assume that Islam is what drives all Muslims and that whatever Muslims do is Islam? We explore these questions using Pew Research Center surveys that asked non-Muslims in the United States and in 15 countries in Western Europe if they would be willing to accept Muslims as neighbors or as family members, if they see Islam as compatible with their nation’s culture, and if they believe Islam is a violent religion. We find that some factors—such as negative views toward immigrants and personally knowing a Muslim—have a similar impact on views toward Islam and toward Muslims, but that other measures, such as age, make it significantly more likely for non-Muslims to have a positive view toward Muslims while retaining a negative view toward Islam.
The first turnaround response of family firms in a crisis situation

Abstract Building on recent advances in the socioemotional wealth (SEW) literature and the concept of bifurcation bias, we explore the first turnaround response of family firms to a decline in financial performance. We argue that heterogeneity among family firms in terms of their levels of family ownership and family involvement in management alters their response to an economic crisis situation. We also contend that severity of a crisis situation significantly moderates the relationships. Our multi-level analysis of a sample of crisis situations pertaining to family firms supports our hypotheses.
Tephrochronology of North America's most recent arc-sourced ignimbrite flare-up: The Deschutes Formation of the Central Oregon Cascades

Abstract The dangerous juxtaposition of human populations and active volcanic arcs worldwide makes elucidating the history of explosive eruptions of these arcs a crucial endeavor. The well-preserved Deschutes Formation, which forms part of the Deschutes Basin of central Oregon, USA, contains a distal record of a period of unusually frequent explosive eruptions between 5.45 and 6.25 Ma, which is atypical of the Cascades arc as a whole. However, no previous study has established the chronology, frequency, or total volume of all of the ignimbrites and tephra-fall units exposed within the Formation in order to compare to baseline activity of the arc. We use multivariate statistics on major and trace element compositions of pumice glass to correlate pyroclastic units across the Deschutes Basin, and combine these with recently published 40Ar/39Ar dates to establish, for the first time, a detailed and comprehensive tephrochronology of the Deschutes Formation. Our results suggest that at least 78 statistically distinct explosive eruptions occurred between 6.25 and 5.45 Ma. Eruption frequency is not constant throughout the 800 kyr of pyroclastic volcanism; a maximum rate of 1.7 to 3.0 explosive eruptions per 10 kyr occurred between 5.76 and 5.68 Ma and decreased for 340 kyr prior to graben formation. We estimate that the volume for 51 ignimbrite eruptions is 290 to 565 km3 (170 to 280 km3 DRE), assuming an equal westward flow component and a fall:flow ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.9:1. Using a single isopach method, we also estimate that a minimum volume of 110 km3 (45 km3 DRE) was deposited as 27 pumice-fall units which have no correlated ignimbrites. Thus, we estimate that a cumulative pyroclastic volume of 400 to 675 km3 (210 to 330 km3 DRE) was erupted in the central Oregon Cascades during this time. The volumetric rate (2.7 to 4.1 km3/10 kyr, DRE) and average frequency of ignimbrite eruptions (1.0 to 1.5 eruptions/ 10kyr) are more than a factor of ten greater than the Quaternary Cascades arc. Thus, the Deschutes Formation records North America's most recent arc-sourced ignimbrite flare-up. Although smaller in volume than most well-recognized flare-up events, this represents an important category of flare-ups that may be more common in arcs than previously recognized. We hypothesize that a heightened flux of basalt, possibly induced by slab-rollback, was focused beneath the arc and into the shallow crust by minor amounts of crustal extension. This extension allowed for the high flux of basalt to be stored at shallow levels beneath a new arc locus within fertile crust, resulting in an unusually silicic and explosive period of Cascade arc history.
The Physical Principles of Magneto-optical Recording: Overview of Optical Data Storage

Introduction Since the early 1940s, magnetic recording has been the mainstay of electronic information storage worldwide. Audio tapes provided the first major application for the storage of information on magnetic media. Magnetic tape has been used extensively in consumer products such as audio tapes and video cassette recorders (VCRs); it has also found application in the backup or archival storage of computer files, satellite images, medical records, etc. Large volumetric capacity and low cost are the hallmarks of tape data storage, although sequential access to the recorded information is perhaps the main drawback of this technology. Magnetic hard-disk drives have been used as mass-storage devices in the computer industry ever since their inception in 1957. With an areal density that has doubled roughly every other year, hard disks have been and remain the medium of choice for secondary storage in computers. Another magnetic data storage device, the floppy disk, has been successful in areas where compactness, removability, and fairly rapid access to recorded information have been of prime concern. In addition to providing backup and safe storage, the inexpensive floppies with their moderate capacities (2 Mbyte on a 3.5″-diameter platter is typical) and reasonable transfer rates have provided the crucial function of file/data transfer between isolated machines. All in all, it has been a great half-century of progress and market dominance for magnetic recording devices which only now are beginning to face a potentially serious challenge from the technology of optical recording.