cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comodulation masking release and auditory grouping.

The detectability of a pure‐tone signal masked by a band of noise centered on the signal can be improved by the addition of flanking noise bands, provided that the temporal envelopes of the flanking bands are correlated with that of the on‐signal band. This phenomenon is referred to as comodulation masking release (CMR). The present study examined CMR in conditions in which some flanking noise bands were comodulated with the on‐signal band, but other flanking bands (termed ‘‘deviant’’ bands) were not. Past research has indicated that CMR is often substantially reduced when deviant bands are present at spectral locations close to the signal frequency. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether the disruptive effects of such bands could be reduced by factors related to auditory grouping. The signal frequency was 1000 Hz. In one condition, only 20‐Hz‐wide comodulated bands, centered on 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 Hz, were present. The CMR for this condition, referenced to threshold fo...
Invertible preservers and algebraic groups

Abstract We consider groups of invertible linear transformations on matrices preserving some property. Let F be an infinite field. Our main result is that if an invertible transformation of M n ( F ) preserves a finite union of similarity classes, then the transformation is essentially conjugation. This was proved for F algebraically closed of characteristic zero by Li and Pierce. Our method relies heavily on results about maximal subgroups of algebraic groups. These results were obtained by Dynkin in characteristic zero and Seitz in positive characteristic.
Wittig methylenation of 9,10-didehydro-6-methylergolin-8-one, a novel synthesis of lysergene and its subsequent conversion to agroclavine

Abstract N-p-Ts-lysergene ( 6 ) was synthesized by the reaction of N-p-Ts-9,10-didehydro-6-methylergolin-8-one ( 5 ) with methylene triphenylphosphorane. Subsequent lithium/ammonia reduction of 6 yielded agroclavine ( 3 ).
Proliferative Potential of Malignant and Non-Malignant Meningiomas

Meningiomas are common neoplasms in the central nervous system. Although most of these tumors are encapsulated and grow very slowly, some meningiomas invade into adjacent brain tissue and skull, grow faster, and recur more frequently than classic meningiomas. These malignant meningiomas, however, are not well defined histopathologically, and their biological characteristics have never been well documented. We studied the cell kinetics of human meningiomas immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody against bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) (2), a thymidine analogue that is incorporated into nuclear DNA during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle. BUdR-labeled S-phase cells can be identified by anti-BUdR monoclonal antibodies, which can then be detected by indirect immunoperoxiase methods (3, 6).
Soliton broadening under random dispersion fluctuations : Importance sampling based on low-dimensional reductions

We demonstrate that dispersion-managed solitons are less likely to experience critical broadening under the influence of random dispersion fluctuations than are solitons of the integrable nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and that this robustness increases with map strength from the constant-dispersion (integrable) limit to the large-map-strength limit. To achieve this, we exploit a separation of scales in dispersion-managed soliton dynamics to implement an importance-sampled Monte Carlo approach that determines the probability of rare broadening events. This approach reconstructs the tails (i.e., the regions of practical importance) of probability distribution functions with an efficiency that is several orders of magnitude greater than conventional Monte Carlo simulations. We further show that the variational approach with an appropriately scaled ansatz is surprisingly good at capturing the effect of random dispersion on pulse broadening; where it fails, it can still be used to guide very efficient simulation of the original equation.
PI(3,5)P2 controls membrane trafficking by direct activation of mucolipin Ca2+ release channels in the endolysosome

Phosphoinositides activate intracellular ion channels to release Ca2+ from membrane-bound stores. This study demonstrates that Ca2+-permeable mucolipin TRP channels, TRPMLs, are activated by the phospholipid PI(3,5)P2 in murine endolysosomes and yeast vacuoles.
Flash visual evoked potentials predict visual outcome in traumatic optic neuropathy.

Purpose:To determine the significance of flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) in the evaluation of patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON).Methods:Eleven head-injured patients admitted to our center were diagnosed with unilateral TON. For every patient, FVEPs were obtained in both the affect
Managing medical supply logistics among health workers in Ecuador.

Abstract Operations research techniques are being used to solve business and government problems throughout the world. This paper discusses the use of an analytical technique—the location set covering algorithm—to determine placement of medical supply centers in Ecuador. By establishing the optimum location of supply centers it is possible to effectively utilize scarce health care resources in a developing country and to help community level health workers be better prepared to deliver primary health care services.
Elevated Level of Fibrinogen Increases Caveolae Formation; Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

The role of the inflammatory agent fibrinogen (Fg) in increased pial venular permeability has been shown previously. It was suggested that an activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is involved in Fg-induced enhanced transcytosis through endothelial cells (ECs). However, direct link between Fg, caveolae formation, and MMP-9 activity has never been shown. We hypothesized that at an elevated level, Fg enhances formation of functional caveolae through activation of MMP-9. Male wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J) or MMP-9 gene knockout (MMP9−/−) mice were infused with Fg (4 mg/ml, final blood concentration) or equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After 2 h, mice were sacrificed and brains were collected for immunohistochemical analyses. Mouse brain ECs were treated with 4 mg/ml of Fg or PBS in the presence or absence of MMP-9 activity inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4, 12 ng/ml). Formation of functional caveolae was assessed by confocal microscopy. Fg-induced increased formation of caveolae, which was defined by an increased co-localization of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein-1 and was associated with an increased phosphorylation of Cav-1, was ameliorated in the presence of TIMP-4. These results suggest that at high levels, Fg enhances formation of functional caveolae that may involve Cav-1 signaling and MMP-9 activation.
Infrared absorption intensities of nitrous acid (HONO) fundamental bands

Abstract A Fourier transform spectrometer with a resolution of 0.06 cm -1 was used to measure the absorption intensities of the four in-plane fundamental bands ( v 1 , v 2 , v 3 and v 4 ) of trans -nitrous acid (HONO) and three of the in-plane fundamental bands ( v 1 , v 2 and v 4 ) of cis -nitrous acid. The equilibrium constants for the reactions NO + NO 2 + H 2 O ⇄2 HONO , NO + NO 2 ⇄ N 2 O , and 2 NO 2 ⇄ N 2 O 4 were used to determine the partial pressure of HONO in the gas mixture in the absorption cell. Interferences from overlapping absorptions of NO 2 , H 2 O and other species were digitally subtracted from the spectra.
Group theory and reaction mechanisms: An extension of the mciver‐stanton rules

McIver and Stanton's rules concerning the symmetry of transition states have a counterpart in rules concerning the permutation symmetry of single steps in degenerate rearrangements, derivable with the aid of Longuet-Higgins group theory. Examples in organometallic fluxional systems and carbonium ions illustrate the rules; the analysis leads to prediction of hitherto unexplored pathways for rearrangements in ethyl and homotetrahedryl cations.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of some proteins and the aqueous solution acid/base equilibrium model in the negative ion detection mode

Abstract Basic solutions of myoglobin, β-lactoglobulin, pepsin and ubiquitin have been examined by means of electrospray mass spectrometry in the negative ion detection mode. The distribution of protein ions in the mass spectra was found to correlate well with the distribution of protein species in solution calculated from published titration data. These results lend further credibility to an earlier proposed aqueous solution acid/base equilibrium model, which relates the “bellshape” ion distribution observed in the electrospray mass spectrometry of proteins to the distribution of protein ions in solution.
Selection Procedures for Poultry Flocks with Many Hatches

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of differences in duration of hatching season upon variation in production traits of chickens. The accuracy of estimating genetic worth of breeding animals and, hence, the efficiency of selection decisions depends among other factors on family size, which in turn depends on the number of hatches and thus on the duration of the hatching season. It is conceivable that an extended hatching season might, because of purely environmental causes or interaction between genotypes and environment, lead to an increase in variation among full sisters. Such added sources of nongenetic variation would tend to counteract the anticipated advantages of large families. Some of the problems pertaining to family size have been discussed by Lerner (1950) and by Lerner and Dempster (1951). In a more recent study King and Henderson (1954) have given quantitative estimates of variation introduced by …
Effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. residue on early sugarcane growth in organic and mineral soils

Abstract Parthenium hysterophorus is an aggressive annual weed of tropical and subtropical environments commonly associated with noncrop areas in the sugarcane production region of Florida but is now encroaching into cultivated fields. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the potential phytotoxic effect of P. hysterophorus residue on germination and early growth of sugarcane on organic and minerals soils of Florida. P. hysterophorus dry residue was mixed with both soils at 0, 132, 264, 527, 1054, 2108, 4216, and 8432 g of P. hysterophorus dry residue per m−3 of soil. The weight of P. hysterophorus was based on the dry biomass of average current field infestation of 32 plants m−2 in fallow sugarcane fields, and the volume of the planting media was based on an area of a field disked at a depth of 15 cm. These rates were equivalent to 0×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, and 16× the amount of P. hysterophorus dry biomass present at field infestation levels in Florida based on an area of a field disked at a depth of 15 cm. Results showed that on mineral soil, sugarcane germination, height, aboveground and belowground biomass decreased
Exploration and verification analysis of a Linear Reluctance Accelerator

Little research is done in the field of Linear Reluctance Accelerators (coilguns) owing to their notorious inefficiency, difficulties in modeling their behavior, as well as little interest in them in lieu of seemingly better alternatives such as railguns, which has stifled much of the advancement in the field. Here, a study and re-examination of Dr. William Slades's 2005 paper “A Simple Unified Physical Model for a Reluctance Accelerator” was performed to validate and continue further research suggestions mentioned within the paper. In our experimentation, the Slade accelerator was rebuilt using high saturation armatures, thin walled barrels, and a more powerful capacitor bank. We carried out our experiment using armatures of vanadium permendur, electrical iron, and 12L14 steel. Tektronix oscilloscope interface software was implemented to measure coil voltage, current, and armature exit velocities, and our results were compared to Slade's results and his modeling equations. Results compiled establish a reasonable set of guidelines for designing these devices to achieve maximum efficiency.
A new two-photon ghost imaging experiment with distortion study

Differing from the early principle demonstrations, this practical ghost imaging experiment reports the first set of two-photon images captured by a photon counting CCD camera by means of jointly counting ‘reflected’ photons from the object. Interestingly, the CCD camera was not ‘looking’ at the object at all. Instead, the CCD camera was facing the chaotic light source. The output of the CCD camera was used for coincidence registration of the two-photon joint-detection events with another photon counting detector which simply collects all randomly reflected photons from the surface of the object. It is also interesting to find that the observed two-photon images are ‘distortion-free’, i.e. any disturbances made along the light path has no effect on the quality of the image. These experimental observations are not only useful for practical field-applications, but also important from a fundamental point of view. It rejects the ‘projection shadow’ idea in a non-deniable way and further explores the two-photon...
Difficulties in interpretation of right heart catheterization data

Abstract By means of illustrative case reports, the following difficulties in interpretation of data obtained by cardiac venous catheterization are described. 1. 1. The diastolic right atrial pressure was found to be several millimeters of mercury higher than diastolic right ventricular pressure in the absence of organic tricuspid stenosis. 2. 2. The diastolic right ventricular pressure was found to be one-third as high as the right ventricular systolic pressure in conditions other than constrictive pericarditis. 3. 3. Right ventricular systolic pressures may be somewhat higher than those in the pulmonary artery in the absence of pulmonary stenosis. Artefactually low pulmonary arterial pressure readings in the presence of pulmonary hypertension resulting from temporary obstruction of the catheter tip may cause an incorrect diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis to be made. 4. 4. Increase in oxygenation of right atrial blood may be produced by a septal defect between the left ventricle and right atrium. 5. 5. The observation of an increase in oxygen content of pulmonary arterial over right ventricular blood requires consideration of a number of possibilities. In addition to patency of the ductus arteriosus some of the other causes are variations in pulmonary flow; ventricular septal defect; anomalous pulmonary arteries; contamination of the sample by pulmonary venous blood, resulting from a peripheral location of the catheter tip. 6. 6. As the probable result of pulmonary valvular insufficiency, patent ductus arteriosus may be associated with an apparently greater increase in oxygenation of right ventricular than of pulmonary arterial blood. 7. 7. When the tip of a cardiac catheter enters a pulmonary vein after entering the cardiac shadow, caution is required to ascertain whether the pulmonary vein drains into the right or the left atrium. 8. 8. The pressure curve obtained by wedging the cardiac catheter tip into the coronary sinus or one of its tributaries may simulate a right ventricular pressure curve. 9. 9. Artefacts in the right atrial pressure curve resulting from motion of the catheter tip may cause a falsely high right atrial systolic pressure reading.
Study 1: unexpected high incidence of coronary artery disease and abnormal platelet reactivity in long-term pediatric kidney transplant recipients

L ong-term outcomes of children who undergo renal transplantation are unknown. However, as they enter adulthood, many will have risk factors for developing coronary artery disease (CAD). Certain noninvasive tests may detect early CAD. Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) can measure the amount of coronary artery calcification (CAC), which correlates with the presence of atherosclerotic CAD. In addition, abnormal platelet function has been linked to increased risk for atherogenesis and CAD. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of CAD by using EBCT in adults who underwent renal transplantation as children and determine whether presence of accelerated atherogenesis is associated with enhanced platelet reactivity. Eight pediatric kidney transplant recipients with good long-term allograft function ( 10 years) underwent evaluation by EBCT. The CAC score was determined by standardized technique. Platelet reactivity was assessed by measures of dense granule secretory rate, metabolic content, and spontaneous microaggregate formation. Results were compared with those in age-matched controls. The mean age at transplantation was 14 years (range, 10-16). Mean age at evaluation was 45 years (range, 23-48). Mean follow-up in this group was 17 years (range, 10-23). All received cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Seven had 2 or more clinical risk factors for CAD. All were asymptomatic at the time of evaluation. Seven out of 8 patients had significant CAC detected on EBCT. When compared with ageand gender-matched controls, study patients had CAC scores 99% (n 4), 95% to 99% (n 2), and 75% to 95% (n 1). Platelets from those with CAC were significantly more likely to form microaggregates after mild stimulation compared with those without CAC (P .02). Also, they were more likely to form microaggregates (P .03), had slower dense granule secretion (P .04), and had lower metabolic stores (P .03) compared with controls. Conclusion: The incidence of CAC by EBCT in long-term pediatric kidney transplant recipients is much higher than expected compared with the general population. Besides clinical risk factors, it appears that platelets from these patients are more reactive, which may place them at further increased risk for thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Our data suggest that measures to decrease risk factors for CAD should be undertaken as children approach young adulthood. From the William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic; and the Department of Radiology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0955-470X/04/1704-0000$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.trre.2003.10.006
Protein phosphorylation system in bovine brain cytosol dependent on calcium and calmodulin.

Abstract Fractionation of bovine brain cytosol by DEAE cellulose chromatography revealed the presence of a calcium-dependent protein kinase. This soluble neuronal protein kinase selectively phosphorylated several endogenous substrates. The most prominent substrate was a polypeptide with an apparent M r of 45,000 which was stimulated 20-fold by addition of both calcium and calmodulin. Activation was dose-dependent, with half-maximal phosphorylation occurring at 0.9 μM free Ca 2+ and 60nM calmodulin. The effect of calmodulin was competitively inhibited by a variety of calmodulin inhibitors, in a manner characteristic of most calmodulin-dependent enzymes. This calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is distinct from any previously described protein kinase.
Introduction to the special issue: Longitudinal studies of leadership development

This introduction provides an overview of The Leadership Quarterly special issue on Longitudinal Studies of Leadership Development. The purposes of the special issue were to highlight research on the precursors of adult leadership, and to emphasize the importance of longitudinal designs and long-lens approaches to the study of leadership. In addition to shedding light on variables that impact the development of leadership, many of the studies in this special issue make use of important longitudinal databases that can be tapped for future research on leadership development across the lifespan.
Mechanistic studies of cyclohexanone monooxygenase: chemical properties of intermediates involved in catalysis.

Cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), a bacterial flavoenzyme, carries out an oxygen insertion reaction on cyclohexanone to form a seven-membered cyclic product, e-caprolactone. The reaction catalyzed involves the four-electron reduction of O2 at the expense of a two-electron oxidation of NADPH and a two-electron oxidation of cyclohexanone to form e-caprolactone. Previous studies suggested the participation of either a flavin C4a-hydroperoxide or a flavin C4a-peroxide intermediate during the enzymatic catalysis [Ryerson, C. C., Ballou, D. P., and Walsh, C. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 2644−2655]. However, there was no kinetic or spectral evidence to distinguish between these two possibilities. In the present work we used double-mixing stopped-flow techniques to show that the C4a-flavin−oxygen adduct, which is formed rapidly from the reaction of oxygen with reduced enzyme in the presence of NADP, can exist in two states. When the reaction is carried out at pH 7.2, the first intermediate is a flavin C4a-peroxide w...
An Experimental Study of the Behavioral Effects of Carbethoxysyringoyl Methylreserpate (Singoserp

Abstract Thirty-two male patients were tested for the chronic effects of treatment under two dose levels of syrosingopine upon objectively measured behavior and subjective reactions. All patients completed three 28-day treatment periods: (a) 1 mg syrosingopine, (b) 5 mg syrosingopine, and (c) matching placebo, given daily, and thus served as their own controls. Double-blind administration was effected, and ordering of treatments was counter-balanced across patients, to cancel out any practice effects. At the end of each treatment period, each patient was tested on the battery of behavioral tests. Thirty-five variables were scored from the test battery and examined statistically for the significance of the differences between all combinations of treatments: (1) placebo vs 1 mg syrosingopine, (2) placebo vs 5 mg syrosingopine, and (3) 1 mg vs 5 mg syrosingopine. Only three critical ratios were significant beyond the 5% level, when, because of the large number of tests of significance made, five would be expected by chance alone. It therefore seems clear that test behavior was not significantly affected by the drug, in either 1-mg or 5-mg daily doses, as compared with a placebo. Thus, as tested in this experiment, the chronic administration of syrosingopine, both in low and in high doses, gave no adverse behavioral effects.
Signal Detection Theory Applied to Size Constancy in Virtual Environments

Pictorial depth cues and instructional set are two factors that influence the degree to which size constancy maintains in static two-dimensional perspective displays. Signal detection theory (SDT) allows the determination of whether these factors influence observers' sensitivity to perceived size (d') versus their subjective criteria (bias) for making ”same” or ”different” discriminative responses. Two objects were presented at various perceived distances in static perspective displays that varied in number of available pictorial depth cues. Observers made comparative size judgments regarding the objects' apparent distal size (phenomenal instructions) or objective distal size (objective instructions). Observers showed greater sensitivity to distal size differences when responding to apparent, rather than objective size differences. The presence of more pictorial depth cues produced greater sensitivity than a reduced-cue condition, especially under objective instructions. Overall, results indicate that SDT...
Non-linear resonance-like processes in confined driven granular alignments and energy harvesting

Energy extraction from one source and perhaps in tandem from multiple natural sources such as wind, ocean waves and perhaps geothermal resources with devices that are not susceptible to wear and tear remains an outstanding challenge. Here we propose a simple, strongly non-linear system which is potentially capable of being tuned to just about any driving frequency and amplitude. The system consists of an alignment of N elastic spheres that are barely in contact and are of fixed or variable radius and held between two ends. When a persistent driving force is imparted at an edge grain, the system can end up in an oversqueezed state. Since a mechanical system must respond to unbalanced forces, such an oversqueezed system must eventually dilate. Persistent presence of the driving force can then end up forcing the system to vacillate between the oversqueezed and dilated states. The frequencies associated with such breathing processes are non-universal, depending on the system parameters and the details of the ...
Retrieval of Thermal and Microphysical Variables in Observed Convective Storms. Part II: Sensitivity of Cloud Processes to Variation of the Microphysical Parameterization

Abstract The hydrometeor content and thermal fields in a thunderstorm are estimated from a three-dimensional kinematic cloud model employing Doppler wind fields and parameterized microphysical processes. The sensitivity of the cloud model calculations to variation of the microphysical parameterization is determined by comparing results of model runs with modified parameterizations to the results of a standard or control model run with complete warm/cold cloud microphysics. Changes of certain calculated or specified model parameters and alternate exclusion or inclusion of the ice phase modulate extreme values of precipitation content. Differences between the model solutions, which result from altering the balance between predominant precipitation processes, are traced through analysis of model output to some major change of the precipitation accretion mechanism. The largest differences in maximum retrieved graupel/hail content and radar reflectivity associate with the parameterizations which fix the graupe...
Camelina mutants resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a low-input oilseed crop of recent interest for sustainable biofuel production. As a relatively new crop in modern agriculture, considerable agronomic and regulatory problems need to be overcome. A common and troublesome problem is sensitivity to residues of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides in soils. To develop resistance to those residues, camelina seed were mutagenized by exposure to 0.3% ethyl methane sulfonate and screened at the M2 generation for increased resistance to imazethapyr and sulfosulfuron. Five lines with resistance were identified and characterized. Four mutants, identified in a screen for imazethapyr resistance (IM1, IM6, IM10, and IM18), appeared phenotypically identical and were controlled by the same co-dominant gene. One mutant identified in a screen for sulfosulfuron resistance was phenotypically different but also appears to be controlled by a single co-dominant gene. Further analysis with the IM1 and SM4 mutants confirmed they had increased resistance to imazethapyr, sulfosulfuron, and flucarbazone, with the resistance in the SM4 mutant being the highest. Compared to the wild type, doses of approximately 200 times more imazethapyr, 30 times more sulfosulfuron, and seven times as much flucarbazone were required to reduce plant growth by 50%. Sequence analysis of ALS genes from the SM4 line identified at least eight different genes or alleles. An allele associated with the highest levels of resistance was created by a single base substitution creating an amino acid shift previously found to cause ALS inhibitor resistance in yeast and tobacco.
Preprotachykinin messenger RNA detected by in situ hybridization in striatal neurons of the human brain

Sections from postmortem human brain were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry using a 35S-labelled RNA probe transcribed from a cDNA coding for the human preprotachykinin which contains both substance P and K. Labelled neurons were observed in the caudate nucleus and the putamen but not the cerebellum. The labelled cells were of medium size and their distribution and morphology were compatible with previous data on substance P-like immunoreactivity in the human brain. The results confirm the presence of preprotachykinin mRNA in a subpopulation of striatal neurons in the human and show that in situ hybridization can be used to detect specific neurotransmitter-related mRNAs in postmortem tissue from normal and diseased humans.
Microstructural development in a rapidly cooled eutectic Sn–3.5% Ag solder reinforced with copper powder

Experiments using eutectic Sn–3.5% Ag solder paste were conducted with the objective of examining the conjoint influence of copper particles addition and rapid cooling on microstructural development. The composite solder mixture was made by thoroughly mixing a pre-weighed amount of copper particles with a commercial Sn–3.5% Ag solder paste. The experiments were quite similar to the heating and cooling cycle of an industrial reflow soldering process. Heating of the samples was conducted in a furnace whose temperature was carefully controlled. The cooling process was conducted on a chilled aluminum block through which coolant was circulated at 0.5 °C. When the solder temperature reached 250 °C, the circulating system would turn on automatically and the sample, which is still molten, is forced to cool rapidly. Temperature records of the solder samples revealed that addition of copper particles to the eutectic Sn–3.5% Ag did not appreciably affect the heating and melting properties when compared to the unreinforced Sn–3.5% Ag counterpart. However, copper particles did change the solidification temperature of the composite solder. Detailed observations for varying amounts of copper particle addition revealed that copper particles less than 1.0 wt.% lowered the solidification temperature of the composite solder. For copper particles greater than 1.0 wt.%, the solidification temperature increased a few degrees Celsius, indicating that some of the copper particles did not completely dissolve in the Sn-dominant solder during the melting process. Results reveal that as-solidified microstructures of the eutectic Sn–3.5% Ag solder contain columnar type dendrites of the Sn-rich phase and a eutectic mixture of the Sn3Ag and Sn-rich phase located between the dendrite columns. The addition of copper particles to the eutectic Sn–3.5% Ag solder does refine the morphology of the primary phase, which is attributed to the presence and distribution of the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic in the solder matrix.
The Influence of Inorganic Salts and Bases on the Formation of the J-band in the Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of the Diluted Aqueous Solutions of TDBC

We studied the influence of inorganic salts and bases on absorption and fluorescence spectra of diluted aqueous solutions of 5, 6-dichloro-2-[3-[5, 6-dichloro-1-ethyl-3-(3-sylfopropyl)-2(3H)-benzimidazolidene]-1-propenyl]1-ethyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl) benzimidazolium hydroxide, inner salt, sodium salt (TDBC). Addition of inorganic salts or bases led to the appearance of an intense J-band and to the disappearance of monomer bands, even when the concentration of TDBC was as small as 2.3 10 -8 mol/L. Salts and bases also significantly changed the maximal temperature at which the J-band was still observed in the spectra of the solutions. Finally, they affected the position of the maximum and the shape of the J-band.
Effect of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine on pseudorabies infection in rabbits.

SummaryWhen administered locally via the conjunctival sac, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine delays the onset of symptoms of experimentally produced pseudorabies keratitis in rabbits. The incubation period was approximately 20 hours longer in treated animals than in controls.
Residual metals cause variability in methionine oxidation measurements in protein pharmaceuticals using LC-UV/MS peptide mapping

Methionine oxidation has been demonstrated to play an important role in protein stability in vitro and in vivo. It may also cause changes in biological activity and immunogenicity profile of therapeutic proteins. Therefore, it is critical to monitor methionine oxidation in biopharmaceuticals during process and formulation development, as well as long-term stability studies. A common analytical method for methionine oxidation determination is peptide mapping analysis of protein enzymatic digests using UV detection with or without mass spectrometric detection. The quantitation of oxidation is performed based on the UV or extracted ion chromatographic peak areas of the oxidized and non-oxidized peptides. This method was found to be susceptible to significant variability over long-term use. Major factors leading to this variability included presence of low levels of metal ions, especially iron, in the digestion buffer, chromatographic column, LC injector, and other sample contact surfaces. Careful control of metal ion levels generally leads to less variability and long-term consistency of peptide mapping methods for oxidation determination.
Three conjoint segmentation approaches to the evaluation of advertising theme creation

Abstract Advertising professionals have been challenged for decades by the problem of choosing the most appropriate advertising theme or product claims. Although many studies have been conducted in the areas of message recall and viewer response rates, very little guidance has been provided in this elusive area. Some methodological insights are provided here describing three segmentation procedures, using conjoint analysis in advertising theme creation.
Monitoring weight daily blocks the freshman weight gain: a model for combating the epidemic of obesity

The Tissue Monitoring System (TMS) is an algorithm that estimates changes in body tissue from a series of daily weight measures. It is intended to provide people with a feedback of changes in their tissue weight so they may have a basis for estimating how much they would have to change their intake or expenditure to maintain their weight at a prescribed level. We tested the effectiveness of the TMS to prevent freshmen from gaining weight during their first semester in college. In two similar but independent studies (Fall 2002, 2003), female freshmen college students were given analog bathroom scales and instructed to weigh themselves each morning immediately after rising from bed, then e-mail their weight to our staff. After 7 days, a linear function was performed on the most recent 7 days of the weight-day function for each participant. In the first study, the slope of this function was e-mailed back to the participants. In the second study, the difference between last point and the original weight was determined, using linear regression techniques, converted to calories, and the information was e-mailed back to the participants. Control participants in both studies were weighed at the beginning and the end of the semester. The untreated controls gained 3.1±0.51 kg and 2.0±0.65 kg, respectively (P<0.01 for both studies), whereas weight gain of the experimental groups was 0.1±0.99 kg and −0.82±0.56 kg, values that were not significantly different than zero. The TMS appears to be an effective technique to help female college freshmen resist gaining weight in an environment that is conducive to weight gain. These results suggest that the TMS may be a useful method to help curb the slow increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity that is characteristic of all industrialized societies.
Effect of paraquat on plasma enzymes, insulin, glucose, and liver glycogen in the rat.

Abstract Paraquat dichloride was administered (45 mg/kg i.p.) to male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were sacrificed at different times after treatment. Blood was collected and plasma was used for various biochemical measurements. A significant increase in creatine phosphokinase activity was obtained at 12, 24, and 48 hr after paraquat treatment. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase were also consistently elevated in paraquat-treated animals but a statistically significant increase was obtained only at 48 hr for GOT. Paraquat had no effect on glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity. Paraquat caused a marked increase in blood glucose and a marked depletion of liver glycogen that lasted for at least a period of 48 hr. The plasma insulin level in paraquat-treated animals was markedly depressed as compared to saline control. Various possibilities have been discussed for the hyperglycemic and liver glycogen-depleting effects of paraquat in the rat.
The use of back corrections in multistep methods of numerical integration

Generalized multistep methods for the numerical solution of nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations are introduced which allow the correction of previously computed values of the solution at internal points of the grid. These methods are shown to possess enhanced numerical stability. Preliminary numerical results indicate that for some satellite orbit problems these methods also possess greater overall efficiency. A uniformly converging theory of error propagation is presented which is valid for nonasymptotic values of the step size. Experimental results are seen to conform with theory.
Urinary markers of kidney injury and kidney function decline in HIV-infected women.

Objective HIV-infected persons have substantially higher risk of kidney failure than persons without HIV, but serum creatinine levels are insensitive for detecting declining kidney function. We hypothesized that urine markers of kidney injury would be associated with declining kidney function among HIV-infected women.
IMPAIRED COPPER UTILIZATION IN THE COPPER-DEFICIENT BRINDLED MOUSE MUTANT

Top of pageAbstract The Brindled mouse mutant is a model for the Kinky Hair syndrome. Male Brindled hemizygous suckling mice demonstrate poor growth and neurologic deterioration beginning during the first week of life and ending with death by the end of the second week. Newborn Brindled carriers are asymptomatic with normal brain copper concentration; liver copper concentration is low and the renal copper is high. Newborn carrier pups suckled by Brindled dams put on low copper diets on the day of parturition, however, show deficient weight gain by the age of 6 days and by 12 days weigh approximately one-half their normal litter-mates. Neurologic symptoms developed in the copper-deficient young carriers by age 12-14 days while their normal litter-mates remained asymptomatic. Tissue copper studies demonstrate that the liver and brain copper concentration in the carrier is no different from that of the normals, although the renal copper is greater than twice as high. On copper-deficient diets, the brain and liver concentrations of normal and heterozygous young decrease to comparable levels, but heterozygotes also develop systemic and neurologic symptoms. These observations are thought to implicate an abnormality in copper utilization in Brindled carriers brought out by marginal copper intake.
Origin of Corona-Dominated Topographic Rises on Venus

Both large-scale mantel upwellings, comparable to terrestrial hotspots on Earth, and smaller scale mantel upwellings, known as coronae, occur on Venus. Corona-dominated rises have many of the characteristics of large scale mantle upwellings, or hotspots, such as broad topographic rises greater than 1000km in diameter and large positive gravity anomalies.
Serologic and biochemical analysis of latent a1 IgG

Abstract Immunization of rabbits with anti-allotype antibody (Ab) induces at least two populations of highly cross-reactive molecules. One of these populations bears the nominal VHa allotype of the producing rabbit and is designated the VHa-positive anti-IdX Ab. The other population lacks the expected nominal allotype and thus could represent an induced latent allotype-bearing Ig. To define better the putative latent allotypes, they were subjected to serologic, electron microscopic and biochemical analyses. The induced latent-like population was compared to nominal a1 and found to be indistinguishable in inhibition assays incorporating both rabbit anti-a1 Ab and mouse monoclonal anti-a1 Ab. In contrast, the latent-like Ig was less inhibitory than nomal a1 Ig in assays with goat and guinea-pig anti-a1 Ab. The isolated anti-IdX population was less inhibitory than either nominal or latent al Ig in all assays. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis indicates that complexes composed of latent-like a1 molecules and Fab anti-a1 ab resemble allotype/anti-allotype (i.e. a1/anti-a1) complexes. Tryptic digests of the putative latent a1 H-chains reveals that these molecules share an a1-specific peptide with digests of nominal a1 H-chain. The peptides from both nominal and latent a1 IgG appear to have blocked N-terminal residues and have a similar though not identical amino acid composition. The composition of these peptides is correlated with the first nine amino acids of the nominal a1 H-chain. The data suggest that the induced latent a1-like molecules share the same major a1 epitope with nominal a1 but may differ in some subtle respects. The possible genetic bases for these observations are discussed.
State Transition Matrices for Terminal Rendezvous Studies: Brief Survey and New Example

Abriefsurvey and classie cation of much of the published material on linearized rendezvous is presented. Thisis followed by a new form of solution of the terminal rendezvous problem that is valid in a general central force e eld. This solution and the solution of the related adjoint system are used to construct a general state transition matrix. Because of the generality of the assumptions, this state transition matrix is very concise and e exible. Finally, the work is applied to the problem of terminal rendezvous near any Keplerian orbit in a Newtonian gravitational e eld using the Tschauner ‐Hempel equations. Because this solution is presented in terms of the true anomaly, considerable care is taken to avoid the types of singularities that are typical in this kind of problem. The result is a state-transition matrix for linearized rendezvous studies that is thought to be simpler and more convenient than other versions found in the literature. I. Introduction L INEARIZED equations of motion are useful in describing the terminal rendezvous phase of a mission or in satellite station keeping. These areas of astrodynamics are rich in the variety of linearizations available to investigators and in the resulting mathematical analysis and computations that follow. This paper presents a brief survey of the types of linear models found in rendezvous studies, followed by a new general model that incorporates much previous work as special cases. The work combines some ideas in 19th century celestial mechanics with some recent discoveries. Because this new model assumes a general central force gravitational e eld,muchofthecomplexitiesfoundinspecie ccasesareavoidedin designingarelativelysimplestatetransitionmatrixthatisapplicable to a variety of problems. The work is then applied to the important special case of linearized rendezvous in a gravitational e eld dee ned by an inverse square law using the Tschauner ‐Hempel equations. In fact, it was this problem that motivated the study. The search for a solution devoid of singularities, valid for any Keplerian orbit, that avoids universal functions can lead to a cluttered set of equations. The new general model avoids much of this clutter and presents the results in a relatively concise form.
Higher Infinitesimal Neighbourhoods

We study the Hilbert function of thekth order neighbourhood of a collection Γ of points in linearly general position in Pn, writtenhPn(Γk, m). Our main results are the following bounds onhPn(Γk, k + 1): If deg Γ ≥ 2n − k + 1 thenhPn(Γk, k + 1) ≥ hPn(Ck, k + 1), whereC ⊂ Pnis a rational normal curve of degreen. If Γ is sufficiently general ands = deg Γ then and equality holds whenk = 3.
Response properties of ganglion cells in the isolated mouse retina

We have studied the organization of receptive fields of ganglion cells in the isolated mouse retina and have shown that the organization is similar to that of the cat. Based upon responses to circular and annular stimuli, most ganglion cells (90%; N = 83) had receptive fields with concentric center-surround organization, either ON or OFF center. The plot of response amplitude vs. stimulus area for these cells increased to a maximum (corresponding to a diameter of 10.0 +/- 2.8 deg S.E.M.; N = 13) and then decreased for larger stimuli, demonstrating the presence of an antagonistic surround. The dark-adapted sensitivity (205 +/- 43.8 impulses quantum-1 rod-1; mean +/- S.E.M.) did not differ from that measured for the intact preparation. We found a subset of OFF-center cells for which the dark discharge was very regular (mean coefficient of variation = 0.30). Using sinusoidal grating stimuli, we classified ganglion cells as X-like (87%) and Y-like (13%) based on spatial summation properties and the presence of subunit activity in the receptive-field center. We found no difference in the spatial-frequency preference between X-like and Y-like cells in the central retina (high cutoff frequency, 0.20 +/- 0.014 cycle/deg, mean +/- S.E.M.), in contrast to the marked difference between X cells and Y cells in the cat. Thus, ganglion cell receptive fields in the mouse retina resemble those of the cat, although the spatial characteristics of the receptive fields in the central retina are more homogeneous. This homogeneity would simplify the comparison of retinas from normal and mutant strains of the mouse.
Potters' Progress: Hybridity and accumulative change in rural Sri Lanka

IN A PARTICULARLY INFLUENTIAL PAPER in the critique of development literature in anthropology, Arturo Escobar once suggested that an underlying cause of the "crisis in developmentalist discourse" is our inability to imagine an alternative (1992, 21). The problem, he explains, is not a shortage of critics but, rather, a plethora who are content to operate within the "epistemological and cultural space" defined by the development discourse itself. Yet, he goes on in a subsequent work, "[tlhe alternative is, in a sense, always there" (1995, 223), if not in the work of development professionals and critics, then in hybridizations constructed by local people to protect and to improve themselves (218-19). This paper is about such hybridized alternatives as they have developed over the past century among a group of pottery makers in
Origin of pregnanetriol in a patient with adrenal carcinoma.

ABSTRACT The metabolism of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-4-C14 was studied in a patient with metastatic adrenal carcinoma. The daily urine excretion of 119 mg of pregnane-3α,17,20α-triol by this patient was found to be derived principally from precursors other than 17-hydroxyprogesterone, such as 17-hydroxy-δ5-pregnenolone or its 20-keto reduction products. It was estimated that glandular secretion of 17-hydroxy-δ5-pregnenolone was between 154 mg and 2 g, with the true value nearer the latter figure. Evidence also was obtained for the hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-4-C14 at C-21 by the isolation of radioactive pregnane-3α,llβ,20,21-tetrols. The daily production of the urinary steroids is reported.
In vivo nicking and rejoining of nuclear DNA in ultraviolet-irradiated radiation-resistant and sensitive strains of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Some aspects of DNA repair in several radiation-resistant and radiation-sensitive strains of Dictyostelium discoideum were investigated by using alkaline sucrose gradients to analyze for the production and resealing of single-strand breaks following irradiation with 254 nm UV. All radiation-resistant strains and all mutants assayed that are sensitive to both UV and 60Co gamma rays produced singlestrand breaks in their nuclear DNA after a UV fluence of 15 J/m2. Mutants at the radC locus which are sensitive to UV but as resistant as their parental strains to 60Co gamma rays produced many fewer single-strand breaks in their DNA after irradiation with UV. Thus, the radC mutations alter a repair pathway specific for UV-induced DNA damage and presumably affect the activity of a UV-damage-specific endonuclease involved in excision repair. All radiation-resistant strains and all of our mutants sensitive to gamma rays rejoined much of their DNA during a three-hour post-UV-irradiation incubation, suggesting that these strains have at least a partially intact excision repair system.