cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid classification with partial models

The parametric classifiers trained with the Bayesian rule are usually more accurate than the non-parametric classifiers such as nearest neighbors, neural network and support vector machine, when the class-conditional densities of distribution models are known except for some of their parameters and the training data is abundant. However, the parametric classifiers would perform poorly if these class-conditional densities are unknown and the assumed distribution models are inaccurate. In this paper, we propose a hybrid classification method for the data with partially known distribution models where only the distribution models of some classes are known. For this partial models case, the proposed hybrid classifier makes the best use of knowledge of known distribution models with Bayesian interference, while both purely parametric and non-parametric classifiers would lose a specific predictive capacity for classification. Theoretical proofs and experimental results show that the proposed hybrid classifier has much better performance than these purely parametric and non-parametric classifiers for the data with partial models.
Periodic Solution of Plane Librational Motion of a Satellite

This paper presents an approximate method of solution for the plane librational motion of an axially symmetric satellite in an elliptic orbit. Two types of motion are formulated, namely, small and finite oscillations. The equation of motion for small oscillation can he written in the form of the well-known Hill's equation with a sinusoidal forcing function. The periodic solution for finite oscillation is obtained in the form of a seven-term Fourier series in terms of the mean anomaly. The coefficients of the series are determined by using Lagrange's theorem of expansion of functions and Galerkin's principle. Numerical examples are presented for the case of e = 0.2 with K = (It — Ia)/It as a parameter. The results show that for small and moderate eccentricity the series converges rapidly. Comparison of the series solutions with an exact solution is made.
Characterization of predation on egg masses of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)

Predation by several species of potential predators of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) egg masses was examined under laboratory conditions to determine which species are likely predators of O. nubilalis egg masses, to characterize the damage by predators on egg masses, and to develop a technique to quantify predation on egg masses in the field. Adults and larvae of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, larvae of Chrysopa sp., larvae and adults of Orius insidiosus Say, adults of Stenus flavicornis Erichson, and adults of Amblyseius (?) sp. readily consumed egg masses. Adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin, H. tredecimpunctata (L.), H. parenthesis (Say), H. variegata (Goeze), Adalia bipunctata (L.), Cycloneda munda (Say), Coccinella septempunctata L., C. transversoguttata Faldermann, C. novemnotata Herbst, and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), and neonate larvae of H. convergens, H. tredecimpunctata, A. bipunctata, C. munda, and C. septempunctata rarely consumed any part of an egg mass. Adult C. maculata consumed 1.02 egg masses/d at 24°C and 1.45 egg masses/d at 30°C, and larvae completed development from egg to adult on a pure diet of egg masses, consuming nearly 3 egg masses/d during the fourth stadium. Hatched eggs, eggs that had been preyed upon by chewing predators, eggs that had been preyed upon by Chrysopa sp., and eggs that had been preyed upon by other sucking predators could be distinguished from each other readily and reliably. Chewing predation on egg masses exposed to naturally occurring predators in maize fields at Goodhue, Minn., was correlated with C. maculata population density, and Chrysopa predation was correlated with larval Chrysopa sp. population density. Thus, characterization of predation on egg masses is a potentially useful technique for quantifying predation rates in the field.
Translocation of sucrose by squash plants.

Sucrose-14C was fed to the leaf blades of squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo torticallis Bailey) for 30 or 60 minutes. Petioles of treated plants were cut into sections and extracted. The majority of the 14C within the petiole was in sucrose rather than stachyose, the sugar that is transported by the squash plants when 14CO2 is supplied. This indicates that the phloem loading system of squash plants is not the system that specifies which sugar is transported.
MR fluid, foam and elastomer devices

Abstract Magnetorheological (MR) fluids, foams and elastomers comprise a class of smart materials whose rheological properties may be controlled by the application of an external magnetic field. MR fluids are liquids whose flow or shear properties are easily controlled to enable a variety of unique torque transfer or vibration control devices. MR foams, in which the controllable fluid is contained in an absorptive matrix, provide a convenient way of realizing the benefits of MR fluids in highly cost sensitive applications. MR elastomers are solid, rubber-like materials whose stiffness may be controlled to provide tunable or adjustable mounts and suspension devices.
Rapid Separation of Whey Proteins by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

Abstract A rapid electrophoretic method was developed for separating whey proteins on cellulose acetate strips. Tris-barbital-sodium barbital buffer was used at pH 8.6 (ionic strength .097) with a constant current of 225V for 1h. Densitometer tracings showed excellent resolution of five peaks. The method can be used for β -lactoglobulin typing of milk and for monitoring heat denaturation of whey proteins.
Chondrocyte activation by a putative interleukin-1 derived from lapine polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) recovered from 4-h lapine peritoneal exudates contained factors which provoked the synthesis of collagenase, gelatinase, caseinase, and prostaglandin E 2 by lapine articular chondrocytes. Rapid secretion of these factors occurred after exposing the polymorphs to phorbol myristate acetate or formyl-MetLeu-Phe. Fractionation of polymorph lysates by HPLC size exclusion chromatography provided a molecular weight of approximately 14,000 for the active principle. Examination of the most active fraction by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by silver staining, confirmed the presence of a single band with this apparent molecular weight. Isoelectric focusing of this fraction revealed the presence of four distinct bands with the p I values 6.90, 7.05, 7.45, and 7.55. This fraction tested positive in a bioassay for interleukin-1. We were unable to activate chondrocytes by exposure to extracts of human PMNs from either peripheral blood or inflammatory synovial fluid.
Intermediates in the vitamin B12 biosynthetic pathway of Propionibacterium shermanii by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Abstract Simple matrix conditions have been discovered which have given 100% success in examination of a large number of isolated intermediates or derivatives on the Vitamin B 12 biosynthetic pathway of Propionibacterium shermanii , including metal-free and metal-containing porphyrins.
Alcohol and Illicit Substance Use in the Food Service Industry: Assessing Self-Selection and Job-Related Risk Factors

The present study examines alcohol and illicit substance use in the food service industry with a generalizable national sample. Specifically, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this r...
History of the Artificial Hip Joint

고관절의 외상 및 다양한 질환들은 관절의 변화를 일으 켜 통증뿐 아니라 파행, 심하면 보행 불능까지도 야기 할 수 있으며 정형외과 의사들은 이런 관절 증상을 치료하기 위해 수세기 동안 노력해 왔다. 그러나 고관절 수술은 마취 의 기술이나 무균적 수술 방법이 소개되기 전에는 성공률 이 매우 낮아 심한 외상이나 감염의 경우에 한정적으로 시 행되는 최후의 방법으로 생각되었다. 1865년 Lister에 의해 감염을 줄이기 위한 수술법이 소개된 후로 1964년 Charnley 경에 의해 소개된 무균 폐쇄식 수술실( “Clean Air Operating Enclosure”)개념의 도입까지 다양한 무균적 수술법들이 개발되고 적용되어 술 중 감염률을 상당히 낮출 수 있게 됨 으로써 많은 수술 방법들이 발전하게 되었다. 초창기에는 관절 유합술, 신경 절제술, 관절의 변연절제술과 현재 시행 되고 있는 것과는 약간 다른 의미의 절골술 등이 시도되었 다. 당시의 관절 변연절제술의 목적은 골극이나 칼슘 침전 물의 제거 및 불규칙한 연골 면을 다듬어 내는 것이었고 점 차 관절 면을 매끄럽게 만드는 방향으로 발전되어 실제로 망가진 관절의 재 표면화 또는 관절면을 대신할 삽입 물질 (근육, 지방, 돼지 방광, 금속 등)을 찾고자 하는 수많은 시 도가 이루어졌다. 이런 시도의 비교적 성공적인 결과물로 컵 치환술(cup arthroplasty)이 개발되었고 이어서 인공 고관절이 등장하였다. 인공 고관절은 영국의 Charnley경 이 현대적인 개념을 정립한 후 눈부시게 발전하여 왔다. 현 재 대표적인 재건술로 널리 시행되고 있고, 정상적 관절 기 능의 회복을 목표로 발전해 나가고 있는 인공고관절 전치 환술은 오랜 기간 많은 사람들의 참신한 시도와 이들에 대 한 끊임없는 혁신의 결과라 하겠다. 여기에서 다룰 내용은 인공 고관절 이전의 고관절 수술 방법을 간략하게 소개하 고 인공 고관절의 역사를 살펴 봄으로써 과거를 통해 현재 의 상황, 더 나아가서는 앞으로의 발전 방향에 대하여 알아 봄으로써 이해에 도움이 되도록 하기 위한 것이다. History of the Artificial Hip Joint
Mercury porosimetry of fine particles: Particle interaction and compression effects

Abstract By using a simplified ‘random packing of uniform spheres’ model to simulate the process of fine powder compaction during mercury porosimetry, we have been able to ascertain the relative magnitudes of the pore volume distribution curve corresponding to interparticle void filling, sample compression and pore filling. The filling of the toroidal region in the vicinity of particle contacts and particle near-neighbors is calculated from the exact solution of the Young—Laplace equation. Sample compression is assumed to be described by a linear model and the Washburn equation is assumed to describe pore filling. Inter-particle void filling is not complete until dimensionless pressures, PR/γ, of ⋍50 are attained. The largest pore size which can be accurately measured is approximately 4% of the particle size. However, if sample compression is significant, accurate density and pore size analysis may not be possible.
531 A QUANTITATIVE IN VITRO MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF MUCUS-PRODUCING SUBSTANCES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

In vitro assays have demonstrated the presence of a “factor” in the serum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) which alters mucus production and ciliary action. A more quantitative assay system is needed. Mucociliated “urn cells”, which are found in the coelamic fluid of the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus are being used to approach this problem. These cells are easily cultured in their own serum and respond to specific stimuli by secreting mucus tails which vary in rates of response, in quality, and in mean length, depending on the source of the stimulus. This dose-related response can be directly observed in a light microscope, and the length of the mucus tail can be measured. Heated human serum is a known stimulus of mucus production. Thus, human sera from control subjects and patients with CF were tested. Preliminary results show that 18 control sera yielded a mean (± SD) mucus tail length of 1.5 (± 0.21); sera from 12 CF hamozygotes yielded a mean mucus tail length of 6.6 (± 1.3), p < .005. A consistent response was noted when a given serum was retested in the same urn cell suspension, as well as when a given serum was tested in different urn cell suspensions over a time interval of 3 months. Such a population of discrete mucus-producing cells may provide a useful in vitro model for studying the effects of the putative CF factors on mucociliary action.
Schedule-induced polydipsia in the rhesus monkey.

Four rhesus monkeys were allowed water, which was continuously available on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR-1) schedule of reinforcement, and food, which was available on differing reinforcement schedules. In Exp. 1, water intake greatly increased when the food schedule was changed from continuous reinforcement to a variable-interval schedule. In Exp. 2, when the same schedule change was employed but the number of food reinforcements was held constant, the water intake increased as in Exp. 1. In Exp. 3, a fixed-ratio 25 (FR-25) schedule of food reinforcement was employed in which a total of approximately 80 food pellets were divided among 4, 8, 16, or 24 periods per 24-hr. session. Water intake was related linearly to the increase in the number of food periods. Since water responding took place only after the FR-25 food periods, it was argued that the schedule-induced polydipsia observed was not due to accidental chaining.
Challenging cases encountered in colorectal cancer screening for Lynch syndrome reveal novel findings: Nucleolar MSH6 staining and impact of prior chemoradiation therapy

Many pathology laboratories have developed specific screening protocols to detect patients with Lynch syndrome. With recent recommendations to test all patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer for Lynch syndrome, the volume of testing will increase, and the most economic and reliable screening test will prevail. Although the detection of microsatellite instability by polymerase chain reaction and the detection of loss of the mismatch repair proteins by immunohistochemistry can each be used as a screening tool, each methodology has its strengths and weaknesses. During the time of our study, we used both polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to screen for Lynch syndrome in colorectal cancer specimens. We encountered 21 cases that posed significant interpretive challenges. A previously unpublished pattern of nucleolar MSH6 staining and potential spurious results induced by chemoradiation therapy are described. We feel that it is important to report these cases so that potential pitfalls in screening for Lynch syndrome can be avoided.
Baseline Study Of Radiology Services For The Purpose Of PACS Evaluation

The management of the vast amounts of medical images and information generated by today's clinical services is a growing problem. The solution to the problem will increasingly require the use of advanced technologies data storage, image display, communication, and human engineering. The progress of individual technologies has been rapid; however, system integration and user acceptance of digital image management technology have been slow . Critical evaluation of the efficacy of this use of technology is essential for the evolution of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in radiology.
Experimental structural behavior of wall-diaphragm connections for older masonry buildings

Abstract Wall-diaphragm connections can affect overall seismic performance of older unreinforced masonry buildings, but there is little test data available about the structural behavior of such connections. Results are presented of an experimental study designed to evaluate the behavior of typical brick wall to wood joist/diaphragm connections. Tests were conducted on two different types of component specimens (with and without nailed strap anchors), using three different loading methods (static monotonic, as well as static and dynamic cyclic). Contributions of friction (activated at brick joist supports to represent gravity load normal force effects) and of strap anchor nails loaded in shear have been considered separately and together in the testing matrix. Force vs. displacement envelope and hysteresis curves have been developed from the experimental data. Also from these data, simplified average multi-linear plots derived from all the experiments can be compared based on different test specimen and loading types, leading to aggregate findings about various distinctive structural behaviors exhibited. These findings include typical strengths and failure modes, as well as stiffness and/or friction coefficient values as a function of displacement, for all the test specimens. Results obtained from these masonry connection tests can be used in numerical analyses of whole building systems.
Comparative fractography of chemical vapor and combustion deposited diamond films

Polycrystalline diamond films of several thicknesses have been fractured by manual bending and examined by scanning electron microscopy. These films have been deposited in controlled environments at low pressures by chemical vapor deposition and in ambient atmosphere with an oxygen-acetylene torch. Fracture surfaces in the low pressure depositions exhibit cleavage steps across the grains. These surfaces, independent of thickness, are primarily transgranular, attesting to the inherent strength of the deposits. However, the ambient deposited diamond has primarily intergranular fracture indicative of weak grain boundaries. Internal defects, observed with transmission electron microscopy, such as twins, stacking faults, and dislocations, occur generally in both types of deposition with no apparent preference for location or type of deposition.
LEPTOGRAPHIUM PYRINUM IS A MYCANGIAL FUNGUS OF DENDROCTONUS ADJUNCTUS

Several species of Dendroctonus (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae) have cuticular invaginations, or my- cangia, in the integument which are specialized for carrying specific symbiotic fungi. The mycangium of Dendroctonus adjunctus, located under a callus that surrounds the prothorax, has been recognized but the mycangial fungus has not yet been identified. Fungi from mycangia of Dendroctonus adjunctus were isolated and compared with Leptographium pyrinum and Ophiostoma adjuncti, two species of fungi known to be present in trees colonized by Dendroctonus ad- junctus. Fungi isolated from Dendroctonus adjunctus mycangia were determined to be morphologically
Community-based program for Latino substance abusers at risk for HIV.

In the year 2000, the Latino 1 population in the United States became the nation's largest ethnic and racial minority group. In Philadelphia, Latinos comprised 8.5% of the population with 71% identifying as Puerto Ricans. Ethnic and racial minorities are disproportionately affected by HIV infection. In 2002, HIV/AIDS was one of the top five causes of death among Latinos aged 35 to 44. In addition, the Latino population is at high risk for contracting HIV secondary to risky behaviors, such as substance abuse or unprotected sex. This article presents the findings from a project designed to decrease the risk for HIV infection among Latino substance abusers.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF FISSION FRAGMENTS FROM 22-MEV PROTON-INDUCED THORIUM FISSION

The angular distributions of barium, strontium, zirconium, ruthenium, and silver fission products from thorium fission induced by 22-Mev protons were measured using the internal, circulating beam of the ORNL 86-inch cyclotron. Within the accuracy of the measurements, all angular distributions are symmetric about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and may be well fitted to $I(\ensuremath{\theta})=a+b{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$. For Ba, Sr, Zr, Ru, and Ag fission products, for which the fission mass ratios are 1.53, 1.52, 1.37, 1.19, and 1.04, the anisotropy ($\frac{b}{a}$) is 0.26, 0.25, 0.19, 0.15, and 0.10, respectively.
Regulation of Ion Channels by G Proteins

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes and slides for a class covering regulation of ion channels by G proteins and is part of the course "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students." The lecture begins with an overview of calcium channels and then proceeds to describe the interaction of signaling molecules with calcium channels.
Sex and microhabitat influence the uptake and allocation of mycosporine-like amino acids to tissues in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

UVR-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were detected in tissues of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and in ten species of Rhodophyte macroalgae (eight previously untested) collected from intertidal microhabitats in November and January 2006–2007 in Central California (35°09′N, 120°45′W). In sea urchins, MAA concentrations were higher in ovaries than testes, while epidermal concentrations were similar between sexes. Ovaries and epidermal tissues had similar MAA signatures and broadband UVA/UVB absorbance, while testes had a narrower absorption ranges shifted toward higher energy wavelengths. Sea urchins occupying pits in the substrate exhibited lower MAA concentrations than those outside pits, suggesting adult microhabitat may impact UV protection. Light levels did not influence gonadal MAA concentrations, but correlated with elevated epidermal MAA concentrations for males in the sunniest microhabitat. This study suggests sex and habitat strongly influence MAA concentrations among individual S. purpuratus and that allocation of MAA sunscreens to tissues in response to UVR is sex-dependent.
Motivation, Interest, and Attention: Re-defining learning in the Autism Spectrum?

edited by W. Lawson, 2011, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 224 pp., UK£15.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84-905121-7 How do people with autism learn? Despite the simplicity with which this questio...
The electro dynamic ratio of the Galitzin seismometer

In his “Vorlesungen uber Seismometrie” Galitzin writes the differential equation for the motion of the galvanometer as formula (32) on page 301 in the form Figure 1. where ϕ represents the deflection of the galvanometer, θ the deflection of the pendulum, and the primes represent differentiation with respect to time. In formula (56) on page 254 he found it convenient to use the quantity defined by Figure 2. but he does not seem to have been aware of the advantage to be gained in discussing the damping of the galvanometer in terms of the analogous quantity hl, an advantage that we made capital of in Chapter VIII of our “Introduction to theoretical seismology” (Part II). It did not occur to him, or to any one else for that matter, that the corresponding quantity k/2n1 or kT1/4π might be a much more interesting if not a much more important working constant than his transfer-factor k. Upon examination some interesting relations were obtained, which have led the present writer to the opinion that the choice of k for a working constant was rather unfortunate.
Dynamic strength and strain rate effects on fracture behavior of tungsten and tungsten alloys

An investigation of the stress-strain response as a function of strain rate, spall strength, and dynamic fracture behavior of pure W, W-26Re, W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Fe-Co has been performed. Spall strength measurements, obtained in symmetric-impact tests, showed an increase in spall strength from 0.4 GPa for pure tungsten to 3.8 GPa for 90W- 7Ni-3Fe. Concurrent with increase in spall strength was a change in fracture mode from cleavage (for pure W) to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture for the alloyed systems. Compression testing performed at strain rates from 10{sup {minus}3} s{sup {minus}1} to 3000 s{sup {minus}1} showed that pure tungsten exhibits a large strain rate sensitivity and almost no work hardening at tested strain rates. In contrast, W-26Re and W-Ni-Fe-Co displayed significant work hardening at all strain rates. 12 refs., 5 figs. 2 tabs.
Landscape of supersymmetry breaking vacua in geometrically realized gauge theories

Abstract We study vacuum structure of N = 1 supersymmetric quiver gauge theories which can be realized geometrically by D-brane probes wrapping cycles of local Calabi–Yau three-folds. In particular, we show that the A 2 quiver theory with gauge group U ( N 1 ) × U ( N 2 ) with 1 2 N 1 N 2 2 3 N 1 has a regime with an infrared free description that is partially magnetic and partially electric. Using this dual description, we show that the model has a landscape of inequivalent meta-stable vacua where supersymmetry is dynamically broken and all the moduli are stabilized. Each vacuum has distinct unbroken gauge symmetry. The gaugino masses are generated by radiative corrections, and we are left with the bosonic pure Yang–Mills theory in the infrared. We also identify the supersymmetric vacua in this model using their infrared free descriptions and show that the decay rates of the supersymmetry breaking vacua can be made parametrically small.
Systematic Review of Psychological Interventions for Pediatric Feeding Problems

Objective To conduct a systematic review of the research evaluating the effect of psychological interventions for pediatric feeding problems. Methods A search was conducted to identify studies using psychological interventions for pediatric feeding problems published between 1998 and 2013. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies that examined aggregated outcome data were included. Primary outcomes were child mealtime behavior, nutritional status, and caregiver stress. A risk of bias assessment was conducted and the quality of the evidence rated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Results 13 studies were identified and a narrative synthesis framework was used to report findings. Conclusions The preponderance of evidence suggests positive effects of psychological intervention for the treatment of feeding problems. However, limited data and the paucity of studies using RCT methodologies limit conclusions that can be drawn regarding the efficacy of these interventions. Future studies using more rigorous research methods are needed to enhance understanding of these interventions.
Keeping It Real in the Global South: Hip-Hop Comes to Sri Lanka:

This article attempts to understand how hip-hop, as a uniquely black American articulation of marginalization and resistance, becomes a complex symbol of global belonging and post-colonial resistan...
Carboxylic Acid Deprotonation on the Ag(110) and Ag(111) Surfaces

The surface chemistry of hydrocarbon carboxylic acids has been compared with that of perfluorinated carboxylic acids on the Ag(110) and Ag(111) surfaces. The hydrocarbon acids adsorb reversibly on the clean silver surfaces. On Ag(110) their desorption energies increase linearly with increasing alkyl chain length (n) and are given by the expression ΔEdes = 10.6 + 0.9n kcal/mol. The surface chemistry of the perfluorinated acids is quite different from that of the hydrocarbon acids in the sense that they deprotonate to form perfluorocarboxylate species on both Ag(110) and Ag(111) surfaces. The perfluorocarboxylates are stable until the surface temperature reaches ∼620 K, at which point they decompose yielding desorption of CO2 and other decomposition fragments. On both Ag surfaces 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2) generated by deprotonation of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H) has been identified by its vibrational spectrum. The fact that fluorinated acids deprotonate on the Ag surfaces while the hydrocarbo...
Simulation of rare events in transportation systems

Prior to the deployment of any new or replacement component within a transportation system, it should be demonstrated that the modified system meets or exceeds the safety requirements of the original system. Since the occurrence of a mishap in such a system is a rare event, it is neither cost nor time effective to build and to test a prototype in an actual system prior to deployment. The Axiomatic Safety-Critical Assessment Process (ASCAP) is a simulation methodology that models the complete system and analyzes the effects of equipment changes. By carefully constraining the amount of the overall system state space required for analyses, it probabilistically determines the sequence of events that lead to mishaps. ASCAP is applicable to any transportation system that is governed by a well-defined operational environment.
A phagocytic cell line markedly improves survival of infected neutropenic mice

Disseminated candidiasis is a frequent infection in neutropenic patients, in whom it causes 50% mortality, despite antifungal therapy. As the duration of neutropenia is the strongest predictor of survival in neutropenic patients with invasive fungal infections, neutrophil transfusions are a logical, therapeutic option. However, significant technical barriers have prevented the clinical use of neutrophil transfusions. To overcome these barriers, we identified a human phagocytic cell line that could be administered to candidemic hosts in lieu of freshly harvested neutrophils. HL-60 cells killed Candida albicans in vitro. Activation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid abrogated the cells' proliferation and augmented their killing of C. albicans. Administration of activated HL-60 cells to candidemic, neutropenic mice significantly improved survival (53% vs. 0%). Live HL-60 cells chemotaxed to sites of infection, phagocytized C. albicans, and reduced the fungal burden in key target organs. Although unactivated HL-60 cells also reduced tissue fungal burden in vivo, they did not improve survival as a result of their toxicity in infected mice. In contrast, no toxicity as a result of activated HL-60 cells was observed at up to 2 months of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a cell line-based immunotherapy for an infectious disease. With further refinements, activated HL-60 cells have the potential to overcome the technical barriers to neutrophil transfusions.
Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy

Loss of vision is the second greatest, next to death, fear among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs, and perhaps, aging in general, (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a cure for ARM, and (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health rather than old age is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of our population. It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens and retina. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate the risk for ARC and ARM. Given the association between oxidative damage and age-related eye debilities, it is not surprising that over 70 studies have attempted to relate antioxidant intake to risk for ARC and ARM. This article will review epidemiological literature about ARC and ARM with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. Since glycation and glycoxidation are major molecular insults which involve an oxidative stress component, we also review new literature that relates dietary carbohydrate intake to risk for ARC and ARM. To evaluate dietary effects as a whole, several studies have tried to relate dietary patterns to risk for ARC. We will also give some attention to this emerging research. While data from the observational studies generally support a protective role for antioxidants in foods or supplements, results from intervention trials are less encouraging with respect to limiting risk for ARC/ARM prevalence or progress through antioxidant supplementations, or maintaining higher levels of antioxidants either in diet or blood. Without more information it is difficult to parse these results. It would be worthwhile to determine why the various types of studies are not yielding similar results. However, there are many common insults and mechanistic compromises that are associated with aging, and proper nutrition early in life may address some of these compromises and provide for extended youthful function later in life. Indeed, proper nutrition, possibly including use of antioxidant supplements for the nutritionally impoverished, along with healthy life styles may provide the least costly and most practical means to delay ARC and ARM. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the most effective strategy to prevent or delay the development and progress of ARC/ARM. The efforts should include identifying the right nutrient(s), defining useful levels of the nutrient(s), and determining the age when the supplementation should begin.
The Effects of Age and Dietary Restriction on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in C57B1 Mice

This study examined the effects of aging and dietary restriction on metabotropic type 1 (met1; high quisqualate affinity) and type 2 (met2; low quisqualate affinity) binding sites for glutamate and the relationship between these binding sites and spatial memory. Quantitative autoradiography was performed on 3-, 10-, and 26-month-old mice. Ten- and 26-month-old mice were fed ad libitum or fed restricted diets. Met1 binding sites were not notably affected by age or diet. Binding to met2 sites was maintained during aging in the ad libitum-fed mice, but there were decreases in binding in the diet-restricted mice as compared to 3-month-old mice. Binding to met1 and met2 sites did not correlate significantly with performance in the Morris water maze. These results suggest that dietary restriction induces a decrease in one or more of the functions associated with met2 binding sites during the aging process.
OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE BRIDGES

High-performance concrete (HPC) bridges can be cost-effective both initially and in the long term, provided the design and construction optimize the improved performance characteristics of HPC. Using the high-strength characteristic of HPC can reduce the required number and size of beams. Using the improved durability characteristics of HPC can reduce maintenance requirements and extend the service life. Practical guidelines help design and construction engineers implement HPC in bridges.
Detection of Arginine Dihydrolase in Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacteria by Use of Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography was used to detect the presence of the arginine dihydrolase system in nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. The test was positive for the fluorescent pseudomonads as well as Pseudomonas maltophilia, whereas other Pseudomonas sp., Mima, and Herellea were negative. This procedure can be completed in a few hours and may be useful in the clinical laboratory.
The Willow Architecture: Comprehensive Survivability for Large-Scale Distributed Applications

The Willow architecture is a comprehensive approach to survivability in critical distributed applications. Survivability is achieved in a deployed system using a unique combination of (a) fault avoidance by disabling vulnerable network elements intentionally when a threat is detected or predicted, (b) fault elimination by replacing system software elements when faults are discovered, and (c) fault tolerance by reconfiguring the system if non-maskable damage occurs. The key to the architecture is a powerful reconfiguration mechanism that is combined with a general control structure in which network state is sensed, analyzed, and required changes effected. The architecture can be used to deploy software functionality enhancements as well as survivability. Novel aspects include: node configuration control mechanisms; a workflow system for resolving conflicting configurations; communications based on widearea event notification; tolerance for wide-area, hierarchic and sequential faults; and secure, scalable and delegatable trust models.
Quantitative effect of low coronary pressure on left ventricular performance.

Ventricular output curves (left ventricular output vs. left atrial pressure) were studied with coronary arterial pressure controlled at various subphysiological levels in anesthetized dogs. The coronary pressure was changed with a small screw clamp placed around the left main coronary artery, in which a tiny catheter was introduced for coronary pressure measurement. The aortic pressure and cardiac output were controlled at constant values independent of coronary pressure. At low coronary pressures, depression of the plateau and rightward shift of the ventricular output curves was observed. The effect was more marked as the set coronary pressure was lowered. It was concluded that the change in maximal cardiac output (plateau level of the output curve) is a sensitive index of the integrity of cardiac function and that reduction in coronary pressure during hypotensive states plays an important role in the development of vicious cycle of cardiac deterioration. Also observed in the experiment was a consistent correlation between electrocardiographic changes and alterations in cardiac function.
Process induced stress for woven fabric thick section composite structures

Abstract A semi-numerical model was developed to simulate processing induced stress for woven fabric composite material structures. The approach consists three main parts. The first part was the simulation of resin chemical kinetic cure behavior and micromechanics for cure dependent resin and glass fiber. The second was the analytical extension of TEXCAD woven fabric micromechanics model (Naik RA. TEXCAD-Textile Composite Analysis for Design. NASA report 4639, December 1994) to cure dependent textile unit cell model. The last was the introducing of the effective unit cell properties to finite element structure modeling. Cure dependent material response includes thermoset resin hardening and volumetric shrinkage during cure. The approach was incrementally employed whereby the model predicts the composite fabric unit cell effective modulus, processing-induced strains and stresses (thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage) during cure. Case studies were presented which illustrate the effective modulus and processing stress/strain development during cure for a plain weave S2-glass/vinyl–ester composite laminate. An understanding of the complex relationships between cure, modulus and processing-induced stress/strain development represents a significant step towards optimizing processing strategies for thick-section woven fabric composite structures.
Plasma Sheets and Cylinders Generated From Aluminum Wire Fabric

Low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma has been produced within the microcavities of a single sheet of aluminum wire fabric. The fabric is composed of two sets of interwoven, orthogonally oriented Al wires and each of the sets serves as an electrode for the array of dielectric barrier devices. Carefully controlled anodization of the fabric electrically and chemically isolates the two sets of wires from each other with a thin barrier of nanoporous aluminum oxide. The resulting material is flexible, and cylindrical microcavity plasma lamps operating in Ne have been demonstrated.
Normalizing the exceptional: incorporating the "abortion pill" into mainstream medicine.

Abstract Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, and in the US known as “the French abortion pill”, finally received FDA approval in the United States in September 2000. This paper discusses the steps now in process to integrate this drug into mainstream healthcare and the sociological implications of those efforts. Each of the steps that is normally taken to introduce a newly approved medication in the US context is rendered highly complex in the case of mifepristone—because of the unique circumstances of abortion in both American culture generally, and medical culture specifically. The story of RU-486/mifepristone, as it is currently unfolding, can be understood as one of attempting to “normalize the exceptional”. After offering a brief historical overview of the protracted struggle for FDA approval of mifepristone in the US, this paper discusses the typical processes for integration of a newly approved medication into mainstream medicine and contrasts this process with the special challenges posed by a drug that is associated with abortion. We outline the challenges to implementation, including both external and internal obstacles. We compare the traditional role of a pharmaceutical company in drug diffusion and the circumstances of the company that produces mifepristone in the US. We discuss such external obstacles as the conflict between the FDA-approved regime and an evidence-based alternative; the necessity for physicians to order and dispense this drug; the ambiguity over the need for ultrasonography; and insurance reimbursement, malpractice, and other legal issues. Internal issues addressed include “turf issues” between medical specialties and between physicians and advanced practice clinicians as well as concerns over “cowboy medicine”, and patient compliance. This paper concludes with an exploration of the sociological implications of this effort to “normalize the exceptional”.
A noise-estimation algorithm for highly non-stationary environments

A noise-estimation algorithm is proposed for highly non-stationary noise environments. The noise estimate is updated by averaging the noisy speech power spectrum using time and frequency dependent smoothing factors, which are adjusted based on signal-presence probability in individual frequency bins. Signal presence is determined by computing the ratio of the noisy speech power spectrum to its local minimum, which is updated continuously by averaging past values of the noisy speech power spectra with a look-ahead factor. The local minimum estimation algorithm adapts very quickly to highly non-stationary noise environments. This was confirmed with formal listening tests which indicated that the proposed noise-estimation algorithm when integrated in speech enhancement was preferred over other noise-estimation algorithms.
Lights, Cameras, Action: Using Video to Create Instructor Presence in an Online Information Studies Course

By definition, social presence involves making individuals feel connected and part of a community. Yet, creating social presence among the students and the instructor does not happen automatically and can be challenging to develop in online courses. In these learning environments, interactions are typically conducted via text-based and asynchronous media. The visual and auditory cues that are often associated with face-to-face interactions are absent in this form of communication. However, easy-to-use and inexpensive technologies that can foster presence are emerging. This project investigated the use of rich media to promote visual thinking and increase the instructor’s social presence. More specifically, instructor-created videos were used to enhance the sense of presence in a fully online course. Based on surveys, reflections, and unstructured follow-up interviews, the students responded favorably to the richer mode of communication and indicated that they felt a greater connection to the instructor, as well as their classmates.
Connecting Across the Divides of Race/Ethnicity: How Does Segregation Matter?

There exists an active discussion as to the effects of racial/ethnic composition on community connection. Research has suggested that racial segregation is beneficial to one’s community connection....
K’u’x como vínculo corporal en el cosmos

Para los mayas kaqchikeles del altiplano guatemalteco, el vocablo k´u´x cobra gran importancia en la actualidad. Traducido generalmente como 'corazon', k´u´x conlleva fuerte sentido de fuerza vital. En la comunidad bajo estudio, k´u´x se manifiesta de tres maneras significativas: como enfoque de vida y sensibilidad, como la placenta y como la divinidad creadora sustentadora. En sus multiples aspectos de muestra un caacter espiritual entre laudo con las dimensiones fisicas de la vida humana. El objeto de este ensayo es intentar un entendimiento integral de k´u´x, tomando en cuenta su ubicacion en varios dominios de la experiencia maya. Planteo la cualidad fundamental de k´u´x como vinculo corporal en el mundo espiritual maya.
Investigation of Underseepage - Mississippi River Levees

Seepage and sand boils landward of Mississippi River levees have been a problem during major high waters. After the 1937 high water, the Mississippi River Commission initiated a general study of underseepage and various methods of its control. Its specific purposes were to develop a better understanding of the phenomena of seepage beneath levees and of factors influencing underseepage, to obtain information pertinent to analyses of underseepage, to develop and evaluate control methods, and to develop formulas and criteria for their design. The studies reported herein include a compilation of past underseepage reports; explroation and geological studies of numerous sites where underseepage was a serious problem in 1937; installation of piezometers at selected sites to measure substratum pressures; field pumping tests to determine the permeability of the sand aquifer; theoretical, model, and prototype studies of relief wells, partial cutoffs, and landslide berms for controlling underseepage; and observation and measurement of natural seepage during the 1950 high water.
Attenuation of reflex pressor and ventilatory responses to static muscular contraction by intrathecal opioids.

We have tested the hypothesis that intrathecal injections of opioid peptides attenuate the reflex pressor and ventilatory responses to static contraction of the triceps surae muscles of chloralose-...
A Marked Improvement of Efficiency in Infection of Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts with Plant Viruses and Virus RNAs by Using Polyethyleneimine as a Polycation

In attempts to search polycations suitable for inoculation of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts with virus RNA, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was found to be the most competent on which markedly improved the efficiency of infection not only with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNA and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA but also with CMV and tobacco necrotic dwarf virus (TNDV). For inoculation with virus RNAs and viruses, 25mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, and 10mM citrate buffer, pH 5.5, respectively, were found to be suitable. Over 90% of protoplasts could be constantly infected using CMV RNA and TMV RNA concentrations as low as 0.2 to 0.3μg/ml. The ratio of RNA and PEI was very important and excess amounts of RNA in inoculation mixtures lead to the drastic decrease in infection efficiency.
“Reading” the Web: Making Sense on the Information Superhighway:

This article reports on ongoing research being undertaken by the Technology and Literate Thinking group of the national Center on English Learning and Achievement (CELA) and concerned with how people make sense of WWW-based information. It discusses researchers' preliminary observations based on the think aloud protocols of fifteen adult students, the model of WWW “reading” they are developing, and directions for future research. Of particular interest is the absence of the linking by association predicted by many media scholars.
Dibutryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (dBcAMP) does not mimic the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on canine proximal tubular basolateral membrane Na+:Ca2+.

We have previously demonstrated that the Na+:Ca2+ exchanger found by Gmaj et al (1) in rat renal cortical basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) is present in canine renal cortical BLMV (2). We showed that its activity is depressed in the thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) state and that it was restored by in vivo infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This effect was achieved by a change in Vmax of the exchanger but no significant change in the Km. It has been established that the phosphaturic effect of PTH on the proximal tubule can be mimicked by cAMP analogues (3). We sought to examine the effect of dBcAMP on the activation of the Na+:Ca2+ exchanger in BLMV prepared from TPTX dogs. The dose of dBcAMP used was chosen to achieve the same phosphaturic effect as the previously used 2 µg/Kg PTH (4).
Measuring Fitness Actions and Dispositions Associated With Physical Activity: Validation of a Self-Report Instrument

Over the past 20 years, the status of adolescent health has deteriorated at an alarming rate. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) proposed six standards that identified characteristics of a physically educated individual. Some of these standards address constructs that can be framed in the self-determination theory. The purpose of this study was to validate an instrument intended to measure the actions and dispositions toward physical activity as a result of participation in a physical education program. Participants for this investigation were university freshmen. This sample was chosen because the participants were coming from a recent high school physical education experience. Using exploratory factor analyses, Griffin, Wang, and Hart (2008) found four-factor and three-factor solutions for actions and dispositions, respectively. The current study used confirmatory factor analysis that provides evidence for construct validity of the instrument for measuring the actions and dispositions toward physical activity. As a result of this investigation, a questionnaire measuring actions and dispositions toward physical activity has been validated. The instrument can easily be used by physical education specialists, physical activity practitioners, and academicians.