cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of suppressor cells to T- and B-cell proliferative responses and immunoglobulin production by monoclonal antibodies recognizing the CD3 T-cell differentiation antigen

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb's) recognizing the CD3 T-cell differentiation antigen induced the generation of suppressor cells. These cells inhibited (1) proliferative responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to PHA and allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte culture; (2) proliferative responses of purified E-rosette-negative cells to Staphylococcus aureus Cowans I; and (3) de novo immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced differentiation system. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing other T-cell differentiation antigens (anti-Leu 2a, anti-Leu 3a, and anti-Leu 5) did not induce the generation of suppressor cells, even at very high antibody concentrations. Statistically significant differences were not observed in the ability of the OKT3 and anti-Leu 4 mAb's to induce suppressor cells. Monocytes were not required for the generation of anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells. F(ab')2 fragments of the OKT3 mAb's were equally effective when compared with intact antibody molecules in inducing suppressor cells, although they did not induce proliferative responses. Proliferation was not required for the induction of suppressor cells. Irradiation (2500 rad) of PBMC before incubation with the anti-CD3 mAb did not affect the generation of suppressor cells. Furthermore, anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells were radioresistant. Addition of recombinant IL-2 to the cultures of responding cells and suppressor cells did not reverse the suppression. In vitro treatment of anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells with either the OKT4 mAb plus complement or the OKT8 mAb plus complement partially decreased the suppression of proliferative responses of PBMC to PHA or allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocytes culture. However, treatment with both OKT4 and OKT8 mAb's plus complement or the OKT11 mAb plus complement completely abolished the suppression. These results suggest that the suppressor cells are of the T11+T4+T8- and T11+T4-T8+ phenotypes. In other experiments, T4+T8- and T8+T4- cells were isolated from PBMC treated for 48 hr with anti-CD3 mAbs. Both these two populations significantly inhibited proliferative responses of autologous PBMC to PHA and de novo immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by mixtures of purified T4 and B cells from normal donors, in the PWM-induced differentiation system. These results demonstrate that anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells are of the T4 or T8 phenotype. Treatment of purified T4+T8- and T8+T4- cells with anti-CD3 mAb's resulted in the generation of suppressor cells, suggesting that the precursors of the anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells can belong to either of these two populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Differential Diagnostic Patterns of Dysarthria

Thirty-second speech samples were studied of at least 30 patients in each of 7 discrete neurologic groups, each patient unequivocally diagnosed as being a representative of his diagnostic group. Three judges independently rated each of these samples on each of 38 dimensions of speech and voice using a 7-point scale of severity. Computer analysis based on the means of the three ratings on each patient on each dimension yielded results leading to these conclusions: (1) Speech indeed follows neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. There are multiple types or patterns of dysarthria, each mirroring a different kind of abnormality of motor functioning. (2) These patterns of dysarthria can be differentiated; they sound different. They consist of definitive groupings of certain dimensions of speech and voice, deviant to distinctive degrees. (3) Five types of dysarthria were delineated: flaccid dysarthria (in bulbar palsy), spastic dysarthria (in pseudobulbar palsy), ataxic dysarthria (in cerebellar disorders), hypokine...
Diversity in voice characteristics--interaction between genes and environment, use of microarray analysis.

Abstract Genetic information is used by the cells to make proteins. These proteins are then used to perform cellular and tissue functions. This process is briefly reviewed. Research to identify genes and their expression patterns is a fruitful field in the area of voice disorders. Gene expression studies of vocal lesions illustrates why this type of research is important. The role of microarray analysis (MA) to find genes of interest is discussed. Gene expression may be influenced by various environmental factors. This interaction between environment and genes is constantly manifested in many vocal characteristics and disorders. Since the end result of the gene–environment interaction is the production of cellular and tissue proteins, the field of proteomics is relevant to voice disorders. Some voice disorders have been treated successfully through using proteomic approaches. Learning outcomes (a) Understand the factors that influence genetic expression; (b) display a knowledge of why the study of proteins is important to understand voice characteristics; (c) become familiar with MA, a powerful tool for the study of gene expression; and (d) describe the interaction between genes and environment.
Qualitative supercritical fluid extraction coupled to capillary gas chromatography

The usefulness and ease of utilizing supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) directly coupled to capillary gas chromatography (GC) as quantitative or qualitative analytical problem-solving tools will be demonstrated. As an alternative to conventional liquid solvent extractions, SFE presents itself as a means to achieve high extraction efficiencies of different compounds in complex solid matrices in very rapid tims frames. Moreover, SFE has an additional advantage of being able to achieve distinct extraction selectivities as a function of the solubilizing power of the supercritical fluid extracting phase. For on-line SFE/GC, the extraction effluent is directly transferred to the analytical chromatograph. On-line SFE/GC involves the decompression of pressurized extraction effluent directly into a heated, unmodified capillary split injection port of the GC. In this respect, SFE introduction into GC can be used as an alternative means of GC injection, comparable to such modes of injection as pyrolysis and thermal desorption. This paper will show applications of SFE/GC where mass spectrometric detection together with flame ionization detection was used for component identification from environmental, tobacco, and petroleum matrices.
Seeing the forest for the trees: long‐term exposure to elevated CO2 increases some herbivore densities

The effects of elevated CO 2 on plant growth and insect herbivory have been frequently investigated over the past 20 years. Most studies have shown an increase in plant growth, a decrease in plant nitrogen concentration, an increase in plant secondary metabolites and a decrease in herbivory. However, such studies have generally overlooked the fact that increases in plant production could cause increases of herbivores per unit area of habitat. Our study investigated leaf production, herbivory levels and herbivore abundance per unit area of leaf litter in a scrub-oak system at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, under conditions of ambient and elevated CO 2 , over an 11-year period, from 1996 to 2007. In every year, herbivory, that is leafminer and leaftier abundance per 200 leaves, was lower under elevated CO 2 than ambient CO 2 for each of three species of oaks, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus chapmanii and Quercus geminata. However, leaf litter production per 0.1143 m 2 was greater under elevated CO 2 than ambient CO 2 for Q. myrtifolia and Q. chapmanii, and this difference increased over the 11 years of the study. Leaf production of Q. geminata under elevated CO 2 did not increase. Leafminer densities per 0.1143 m 2 of litterfall for Q. myrtifolia and Q. chapmanii were initially lower under elevated CO 2 . However, shortly after canopy closure in 2001, leafminer densities per 0.1143 m 2 of litter fall became higher under elevated CO 2 and remained higher for the remainder of the experiment. Leaftier densities per 0.1143 m 2 were also higher under elevated CO 2 for Q. myrtifolia and Q. chapmanii over the last 6 years of the experiment. There were no differences in leafminer or leaftier densities per 0.1143 m 2 of litter for Q. geminata. These results show three phenomena. First, they show that elevated CO 2 decreases herbivory on all oak species in the Florida scrub-oak system. Second, despite lower numbers of herbivores per 200 leaves in elevated CO 2 increased leaf production resulted in higher herbivore densities per unit area of leaf litter for two oak species. Third, they corroborate other studies which suggest that the effects of elevated CO 2 on herbivores are species specific, meaning they depend on the particular plant species involved. Two oak species showed increases in leaf production and herbivore densities per 0.1143 m 2 in elevated CO 2 over time while another oak species did not. Our results point to a future world of elevated CO 2 where, despite lower plant herbivory, some insect herbivores may become more common.
Shear-wave splitting beneath the Snake River Plain suggests a mantle upwelling beneath eastern Nevada, USA

The Snake River Plain (SRP), a 90-km-wide topographic depression in southern Idaho, is a topographically anomalous feature in the western U.S. Previous seismic studies focused on the northeastern SRP to study its relationship with the Yellowstone hotspot. We present new teleseismic shear-wave splitting data from six broadband seismic stations deployed along the axis of the SRP from June 2000 to September 2001. We also analyze splitting at HLID, a permanent station of the National Seismic Network located f100 km north of the plain. Splitting of individual teleseismic phases is consistent at all stations within 2r errors, and we favor the interpretation of anisotropy with a single horizontal fast axis, although a dipping-axis interpretation is statistically permitted at two of the stations. Our station fast directions, as well as shear-wave splitting data from numerous other stations throughout the Basin and Range, are best explained by a lattice preferred orientation of olivine due to horizontal shear along the base of the plate associated with the gravitational spreading of buoyant plume-like upwelling material beneath eastern Nevada into a southwestward flowing asthenosphere (with respect to a fixed hotspot reference frame). This parabolic asthenospheric flow (PAF) model for the Great Basin is attractive because it explains the observed high elevations, high mantle buoyancy, low-velocity anomaly beneath eastern Nevada, high heat flow, and depleted geochemistry of some erupted basalts. The lack of Pliocene-Recent major volcanism in eastern Nevada suggests that a significant amount of the buoyancy flux is due to compositional buoyancy. Our splitting station delay times vary in a way not predicted by the PAF model, and can be explained by: a zone of aligned magma-filled lenses and/or partially molten dikes beneath the SRP lithosphere, a depleted olivine-rich residuum underneath the sides of the eastern SRP, and/or the effect of lateral lower crustal flow from beneath the eSRP toward its adjacent flanks. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Correlations of in vivo growth of CTL-susceptible and -resistant variant tumor cell lines in CTL-responder AKR.H-2b:Fv-1b and -nonresponder AKR.H-2b mice.

Abstract Spontaneously occurring lymphoma/leukemias in AKR and AKR.H-2 b mice are characterized by their expression of the Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA) and their weak immunogenicity. Although of a responder H-2 type, AKR.H-2 b mice could not raise cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against a syngeneic GCSA + tumor (AKR.H-2 b L1). In contrast, AKR.H-2 b :Fv-1 b mice served as a source for “antiviral” CTLs specific for GCSA + tumors such as AKR.H-2 b SL1, but not for CTLs against the cl.18-5 variant tumor, an antiviral CTL-resistant subclone derived from AKR.H-2 b SL1. In the present study in vivo tumor challenge experiments demonstrated that both the ability of the recipient strain to raise CTLs and the sensitivity of the tumor to the CTLs were critical factors which determine tumor growth and recipient mortality. Furthermore, the ability to raise protective immunity against AKR.H-2 b SL1 and cl.18-5 tumor challenge by preimmunization was investigated. It was not possible to raise protective immunity in CTL-nonresponder AKR.H-2 b mice. In the case of AKR.H-2 b :Fv-1 b mice, immunization with allogeneic GCSA + E♂G2 tumor cells leads to complete protective immunity—not only against parental AKR.H-2 b SL1 but, somewhat surprisingly, also against cl.18-5 variant, tumor challenge. Consistent with these findings and at the same time with an in vivo role for antiviral CTL, however, CTLs directed to the E♂G2, AKR.H-2 b SL1, and cl.18-5 tumors could be generated from the spleens of mice which had rejected cl.18-5 tumor cells. Interestingly, immunization of AKR.H-2 b :Fv-1 b mice with syngeneic AKR.H-2 b SL1 tumor cells failed to raise any protective immunity. Thus, the data suggested that the concurrent recognition of allogeneic components with tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) might be important in the induction of sufficient protective immunity against syngeneic GCSA + tumors. Finally, the possible relationship of TATA and retroviral antigens, such as gp70 and p30 or as defined by CTL clones, is discussed.
Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study

Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73-193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new "wug test" data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs. Tested against experimental data, this analogical model also failed in key respects: it could not locate patterns that require abstract structural characterizations, and it favored implausible responses based on single, highly similar exemplars. We conclude that speakers extend morphological patterns based on abstract structural properties, of a kind appropriately described with rules.
Non-Stationary Finite-Amplitude Convection in a Thin Fluid Layer Bounded by a Stably Stratified Region

Abstract Numerical integrations are performed for the equations governing two-dimensional convection flows in a fluid confined between two horizontal plates. A situation considered here is that local heating at a time-independent rate is provided at the middle level of the fluid so that the upper half of the fluid is destabilized and the lower half stabilized. It is shown that steady-state solutions are obtained when the Rayleigh number (R) is 1.1 times Rc (critical Rayleigh number at which convection sets in according to the linearized theory). For three cases where R=1.5 Rc, 2 Rc and 3 Rc, time-dependent solutions are obtained which describe extremely regular and repeatable convection flows. The flow pattern is such that plume-like cells generated by heating move horizontally, merge with neighboring plumes, and new plumes are generated. This process is repeated. Time-dependent but irregular solutions are obtained for R=5 Rc and beyond.
Polarization and ellipticity of high-order harmonics from aligned molecules generated by linearly polarized intense laser pulses

We present theoretical calculations for polarization and ellipticity of high-order harmonics from aligned ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO${}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules generated by linearly polarized lasers. Within the rescattering model, the two polarization amplitudes of the harmonics are determined by the photo-recombination amplitudes for photons emitted with polarization parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the same returning electron wave packet. Our results show clear species-dependent polarization states, in excellent agreement with experiments. We further note that the measured polarization ellipse of the harmonic furnishes the needed parameters for a ``complete'' experiment in molecules.
A feedback-based congestion control mechanism for labeled optical burst switched networks

In this article we describe a feedback-based OBS network architecture in which core nodes send messages to source nodes requesting them to reduce their transmission rate on congested links. Within this framework, we introduce a new congestion control mechanism called congestion control with explicit reduction request (CCERQ). Through feedback signals, CCERQ proactively attempts to prevent the network from entering the congestion state. Basic building blocks and performance tradeoffs of CCERQ are the main focus of this article.
Effect of Fatty Acids on Acetylcholine Synthesis.

Summary1. The effect of fatty acids and related substances on the synthesis of acetylcholine was investigated. 2. The synthesis was not modified in the presence of glycerol, acetic-, palmitic-, and stearic acid, acetone, and acetoacetic acid. 3. The synthesis increased in the presence of butyric-, propionic-, valeric-, and n-caproic acid. 4. The synthesis decreased in the presence of formic-, n-caprylic-, capric-, lauric-, oleic-, linoleic acid, glyceraldehyde, acetylaldehyde, and β-hydroxy butyric acid.
Unusual persistence of DDT in some Western USA soils.

Agricultural use of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane) was canceled in 1972. By the late 1970's and early 1980's, the National Soils Monitoring Program of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was consistently finding higher soil residues of the degradate DDE (1,1-dichloro 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene) than of parent DDT. Similarly, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) had been finding during the late 1970's that DDT and related compounds had been decreasing in birds throughout the US. During 1984 and 1985, the EPA and the agriculture departments of Texas and New Mexico, in response to the FWS, conducted soil sampling in 13 areas where contaminated birds had been collected. It was agreed that soil samples containing higher levels of DDT than DDE would serve as a possible indicator of illegal DDT use. This was an intensive soil sampling program; over 236 fields were sampled. A controversy developed as to whether high ratios of DDT and DDE might corroborate the accusations of recent illegal use of DDT products. Dell City area soils containing higher levels of DDT than of DDE became classified as suspicious soils. Soils bearing the expected higher level of DDE were dubbed as normal. To resolve the controversy, themore » authors, in 1989, conducted a DDT soil metabolism study with representative samples of the suspicious and normal soils. It was felt that a soil metabolism study could, once and for all, determine if there was, indeed, something unusual about the rate at which the suspicious soils degrade DDT.« less
Cholinergic neurons in the caudate-putamen complex proper are intrinsically organized: A combined evans blue and acetylcholinesterase analysis

Abstract In an attempt to determine whether or not acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-containing neurons of the caudate-putamen proper were the source of striatal efferent fibers, we infused Evans Blue, a retrogradely transported fluorescent label, into the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, or retrorubral area. Following microscopic analysis of the striatum for Evans Blue-labelled somata, the same brain sections were processed for AChE according to the pharmacohistochemical regimen and, after additional microscopic evaluation, were counterstained with cresyl violet. Histology for Nissl substance revealed that the areal density of cell bodies in the caudate-putamen complex proper was about 1510 somata/mm 2 . Striatal neurons labelled with Evans Blue, those considered to be projection cells, were medium-sized (approximate minor and major dimensions: 11×14 μm), had a density of roughly 833 cells/mm 2 , and were predominantly oval with lesser proportions being fusiform, triangular, or round. Each of the target structures received input from approximately 55% (range=26–78%) of the total population of striatal neurons in regions where the projection cells were located. The two types of AChE-containing somata in the caudate-putamen complex proper—the medium-sized, lightly staining Type A and the large, intensely staining Type B cell—had densities of 14 and 15 somata/mm 2 , respectively. None of the AChE neurons contained Evans Blue, indicating that they were not the source of striatal efferent fibers but rather interneurons that could be categorized best as the aspiny or sparsely spined cells described in Golgi studies.
Scoring Rules and Epistemic Compromise

Formal models of epistemic compromise have several fundamental applications. Disagreeing agents may construct a compromise of their opinions to guide their collective action, to give a collective opinion to a third party, or to determine how they should update their individual credences. Recent literature on disagreement has focused on certain questions about epistemic compromise: when you find yourself disagreeing with an epistemic peer, under what circumstances, and to what degree, should you change your credence in the disputed proposition? Elga (2006) and Christensen (2007) say you should compromise often and deeply; Kelly (2010) disagrees. But these authors leave open another question: what constitutes a perfect compromise of opinion? In the disagreement literature, it is sometimes assumed that if we assign different credences ca and cb to a proposition p, we reach a perfect compromise by splitting the difference in our credences. In other words: to adopt a perfect compromise of our opinions is to assign (ca+cb)/2 credence to p. For instance, Kelly (2010) says that when peers assign 0.2 and 0.8 to a proposition, to adopt a compromise is to split the difference with one’s peer and believe the hypothesis to degree 0.5.2 But why does 0.5 constitute a perfect compromise? Of course, 0.5 is the arithmetic mean of 0.2 and 0.8. But why must a compromise of agents’ opinions always be the arithmetic mean of their prior credences? In other cases of compromise, we do not simply take it for granted that the outcome that constitutes a perfect compromise is determined by the arithmetic mean of quantities that reflect what individual agents most prefer. Suppose
Prospects for the Employment of Directive Decision Devices in Financial Applications

Expert systems, decision support systems, and knowledge management systems, are computer-based constructs intended to somehow assist human users in making decisions. Directive decision devices, on the other hand, are a prospective class designed to function as entirely autonomous decision agents, and so are capable of displacing human decision-makers. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the prospects transferring the responsibility for handling certain sorts of financial management applications from human functionaries to directive decision devices.
Digital image restoration using spatial interaction models

This paper is concerned with developing fast nonrecursive algorithms for the minimum mean-squared error restoration of degraded images. The degradation is assumed to be due to a space invariant, periodic, nonseparable known point-spread function, and additive white noise. Our basic approach is to represent the images by a class of spatial interaction models, namely the simultaneous autoregressve models and the conditional Markov models defined on toroidal lattices, and develop minimum mean-squared error restoration algorithms using these models. The restoration algorithms are optimal, if the parameters characterizing the interaction models are exactly known. However, in practice, the parameters are estimated from the images. By using spatial interaction models, we develop restoration algorithms that do not require the availability of the original image or its prototype. The specific structure of the underlying lattice enables the implementation of the filters using fast Fourier transform (FFT) computations, Several restoration examples are given.
The Electrocardiographic Manifestation of Combined AV Nodal Wenckebach Periodicity and Reentry

Presented are three patients with Wenckebach type second degree AV block that was complicated with AV nodal reentry producing different arrhythmias. The common presentation of manifest AV nodal reentry is an incomplete Wenckebach periodicity, whereby the retrograde impulse interrupts the Wenckebach cycle; rarely, the retrograde impulse initiates an AV junctional reentrant tachycardia. The documentation of concealed AV nodal reentry is more difficult and should be considered if there is a sudden increase of the PR interval in the Wenckebach cycle.
O modernismo entra em campo: O caso Wisnik

Neste artigo, discuto o livro de Jose Miguel Wisnik, Veneno remedio: o futebol e o Brasil, publicado em 2008. Noto como, nele, a discussao do futebol permite retomar impasses ja trabalhados pelos modernistas, revivendo algumas de suas angustias fundamentais. Analiso ainda como o livro se poe na linhagem das grandes inquiricoes sobre o Brasil, rebatendo criticamente o esforco hermeneutico dos nossos ensaistas classicos.
A 0.8V 1.52MHz MSVC Relaxation Oscillator with Inverted Mirror Feedback Reference for UHF RFID

A 0.8V nano-power relaxation oscillator for EPC standard UHF RFID transponder is presented. A low-voltage inverted mirror feedback VGS/R reference is proposed to provide correlated current and voltage references for the oscillator. As a result, the oscillator frequency is solely determined by the resistor in the reference and the timing capacitor to meet the frequency tolerance specification. Meanwhile, to minimize the power consumption, a minimum-supply-voltage-constraint (MSVC) design criterion is proposed to minimize the required supply voltage. The inverted mirror feedback technique reduces the headroom requirement of the traditional VGS /R to meet the MSVC. Measurement results show that the entire oscillator requires a minimum supply voltage of 0.8V in the prototype chip fabricated in CMOS 0.13mum technologies. The measured oscillation frequency is 1.52MHz with 400nA total current consumption. The chip area is 13400mum2
Interactive effects of flow speed and particle concentration on growth rates of an active suspension feeder

Suspension-feeding organisms dominate subtidal habitats in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) at depths of 25‐40 m. Parasmittina jeffreysi is an encrusting cheilostome bryozoan found in this zone throughout the GOM. Regional variation between coastal and offshore locations in both flow speed and particle concentration makes the GOM an ideal location to study the effect of these factors on the growth of P. jeffreysi. Particle flux measurements at two offshore and two coastal sites indicated that flow speeds were .3-fold greater offshore than at coastal sites. Chlorophyll a concentrations and particulate quantity and quality were greater at offshore sites, but sedimentation rates were greater in the coastal region. The growth rate of P. jeffreysi was measured at each of the sites using unobstructed colonies free from spatial competition and colonies that remained within their natural community. Both unobstructed colonies and those in quadrats within the natural community displayed no regional difference in growth rates, despite higher particle flux in the offshore region. The interactive effects of flow speed and particle concentration are acting upon growth rates in opposite directions, resulting in the net effect of no regional differences in growth. Growth of unobstructed colonies at one of the coastal sites (Halfway Rock) was less than that at any of the other three sites and may have resulted from the combination of high sedimentation and extremely low flow at this site. A comparison between unobstructed colonies and those in natural quadrats suggested that growth was limited by spatial competition in the natural community. A significant site interaction effect indicates that this response did not occur at all four sites and was absent at Halfway Rock because of poor growth of unobstructed colonies. Any differences in growth due strictly to differential food acquisition (e.g., unobstructed colonies) appear to be dampened by competitive interactions in the natural community.
Impact of Accommodation Strategies on English Language Learners' Test Performance

How can we make effective accommodations for nonnative English speakers taking mathematics measures? What kinds of accommodations are useful and what kinds are not? Where does this research need to go in the future?
Enals via a Simple Two‐Carbon Homologation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Ethoxyacetylene Borane dimethyl sulfide complex Diethyl zinc Hydrocinnamaldehyde 5-Phenyl-pent-2-enal Keywords: Enals; Two-carbon homologation; Aldehdyes; Ketones; Diethyl zinc; Safety; Waste disposal
Better rules, fewer features: a semantic approach to selecting features from text

The choice of features used to represent a domain has a profound effect on the quality of the model produced; yet, few researchers have investigated the relationship between the features used to represent text and the quality of the final model. We explored this relationship for medical texts by comparing association rules based on features with three different semantic levels: (1) words (2) manually assigned keywords and (3) automatically selected medical concepts. Our preliminary findings indicate that bi-directional association rules based on concepts or keywords are more plausible and more useful than those based on word features. The concept and keyword representations also required 90% fewer features than the word representation. This drastic dimensionality reduction suggests that this approach is well suited to large textual corpora of medical text, such as parts of the Web.
Truncating and missense BMPR2 mutations differentially affect the severity of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background Autosomal dominant inheritance of germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene are a major risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While previous studies demonstrated a difference in severity between BMPR2 mutation carriers and noncarriers, it is likely disease severity is not equal among BMPR2 mutations. We hypothesized that patients with missense BMPR2 mutations have more severe disease than those with truncating mutations.
Effect of Introducing Procalcitonin on Antimicrobial Therapy Duration in Patients With Sepsis and/or Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit

Background: Utilizing procalcitonin (PCT) levels to limit antimicrobial overuse would be beneficial from a humanistic and economic perspective. Objective: To assess whether introducing PCT at a teaching hospital reduced antimicrobial exposure in critically ill patients. Methods: Patients wereadmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for >72 hours with sepsis and/or pneumonia. PCT levels were drawn on admission to the ICU or with new suspected infection, with at least 1 PCT level being drawn at least 48 hours later. Patients were matched in a 1:1 fashion to historical patients on age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, gender, and primary diagnosis. The primary outcome was duration of initial antimicrobial exposure defined as days from initiation of antimicrobial therapy to the intentional discontinuation of therapy by the physician. Secondary end points included length of stay, readmission to the hospital, and relapse of infection. Results: There were 50 patients in the P...
Solution-Processed Phase-Change VO2 Metamaterials from Colloidal Vanadium Oxide (VOx) Nanocrystals

We demonstrate thermally switchable VO2 metamaterials fabricated using solution-processable colloidal nanocrystals (NCs). Vanadium oxide (VOx) NCs are synthesized through a nonhydrolytic reaction and deposited from stable colloidal dispersions to form NC thin films. Rapid thermal annealing transforms the VOx NC thin films into monoclinic, nanocrystalline VO2 thin films that show a sharp, reversible metal–insulator phase transition. Introduction of precise concentrations of tungsten dopings into the colloidal VOx NCs enables the still sharp phase transition of the VO2 thin films to be tuned to lower temperatures as the doping level increases. We fabricate “smart”, differentially doped, multilayered VO2 films to program the phase and therefore the metal–insulator behavior of constituent vertically structured layers with temperature. With increasing temperature, we tailored the optical response of multilayered films in the near-IR and IR regions from that of a strong light absorber, in a metal–insulator stru...
AMP-activated protein kinase kinase activity and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in contracting muscle of sedentary and endurance-trained rats.

This study was designed to examine activity of AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) in muscles from nontrained and endurance-trained rats. Rats were trained 5 days/wk, 2 h/day for 8 wk at a ...
Image-content classification using a dynamically allocated ALISA texture module

ALISA (adaptive learning image and signal analysis) is an adaptive learning image and signal classification engine based on the collective learning systems theory. Using supervised training, the ALISA engine builds a set of multidimensional feature histograms that estimate the joint probability density function of the feature space for each trained class. Six general-purpose features, one with a precision of 60 bins and the rest with 20 bins, were used to build a dynamically allocated sparse data structure instead of a complete static structure for each class. During the training of the new dynamically allocated ALISA with 6 different classes (sky, water, skin, rose, evergreen, and grass), a total about 12,000,000 counts were accumulated during training, generating fewer than 150,000 unique feature vectors. The results demonstrate the classification of several test images for each of the 6 trained classes. Much work remains to be done to optimize the new dynamically allocated ALISA classifier, but the initial results are encouraging.
A Children of Twins Study of Parental Divorce and Offspring Psychopathology.

Background: Although parental divorce is associated with increased substance use and internalizing problems, experiencing the separation of one’s parents may not cause these outcomes. The relations may be due to genetic or environmental selection factors, characteristics that lead to both marital separation and offspring functioning. Method: We used the Children of Twins (CoT) Design to explore whether unmeasured genetic or environmental factors related to the twin parent, and measured characteristics of both parents, account for the association between parental divorce and offspring substance use and internalizing problems. Results: The association between parental divorce and offspring substance use problems remained robust when controlling for genetic and environmental risk from the twin parent associated with parental divorce, and measured characteristics of both parents. The results do not prove, but are consistent with, a causal connection. In contrast, the analyses suggest that shared genetic liability in parents and their offspring accounts for the increased risk of internalizing problems in adult offspring from divorced families. Conclusions: The study illustrates that unmeasured genetic and environmental selection factors must be considered when studying parental divorce. In explaining associations between parental divorce and young-adult adjustment, our evidence suggests that selection versus causal mechanisms may operate differently for substance abuse (a causal relation) and internalizing problems (an artifact of selection). The CoT design only controls for the genetic and environmental characteristics of one parent; thus, additional genetically informed analyses are needed. Keywords: Behavioural genetics, divorce, substance use, depression, alcohol abuse, children of twins. Abbreviations: CoT: Children of Twins; DZ: dizygotic twins; MZ: monozygotic twins; SCL: Symptom Checklist.
Wideband Cavity-backed Folded Dipole Superstrate Antenna for 60 GHz Applications

The wideband and high efficiency folded dipole antenna for 60 GHz applications with the integration capability in a low-cost plastic packaging technology was presented. The proximity of the cavity metal walls was used in an input impedance bandwidth enhancement process. Moreover, the metal cavity has the potential to make the antenna performance to a large extend insensitive to the surrounding package and PCB-level dielectric and metal structures. The antenna performance showed an extremely low sensitivity to the cavity manufacturing and attachment tolerances which is of special importance at mm-wave frequencies. The ideas presented in this paper are patent pending
Collagen based biomaterials: an ideal way of increasing their resistance to infection.

Collagen and gelatin containing biomaterials are relatively more susceptible to bacterial infection. Systemic administration or local delivery of antibiotics after implantation does not seem to solve the problem either effectively or easily. Antibiotics may be incorporated in the implant; but many, being water soluble, are quickly absorbed and not effective for adequate time periods. Resorcinol monoacetate (RMA) is a relatively water insoluble antibacterial agent which partially crosslinks collagen and has the potential to be an intrinsic antibiotic in collagenous bioprostheses. This study confirms the efficacy of RMA as a chemical that: (a) mildly crosslinks collagen at pH 3.5–4.5; (b) releases very slowly from the pretreated collagen sponge when washed in aqueous medium; (c) inhibits bacterial growth on the pretreated collagen sponges, at 2% (w/w) concentration, for at least 12 days; (d) remains biocompatible under treated conditions.
The Response of Milk Production to Price

ECENT efforts of dairymen to obtain so-called "self-help" legislation permitting marketing controls illustrates farmers' increasing concern with the persistent increase in milk output and a recognition that higher price goals probably cannot be achieved without some control on supply. At the recent hearings of the Joint Economic Committee on Policy for Commercial Agriculture, the questions having to do with farmers' supply response to price were among those major ones left unanswered. The whole fabric of our past and present price support program cannot be adequately judged without clear-cut answers to many questions about the response of productioin to price. The points above illustrate and emphasize the need for well-founded conclusions in this area.
Tetraalkylammonium uranyl isothiocyanates

Three tetraalkylammonium uranyl isothiocyanates, [(CH3)4N]3UO2(NCS)5 (1), [(C2H5)4N]3UO2(NCS)5 (2), and [(C3H7)4N]3UO2(NCS)5 (3), have been synthesized from aqueous solution and their structures de...
Antiphospholipid-Protein Antibodies

Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies (APA) are a family of immunoglobulins which recognize a number of plasma proteins that bind to activated phospholipid membranes. Among these plasma proteins are: β2 Glycoprotein I (β2 GPI), prothrombin, Annexin V, and other vitamin K dependent proteins (e.g., factor X). APA have been associated with venous and arterial events as well as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). It is estimated that 8 to 14% of venous thrombosis is secondary to the presence of APA. APA are the most common cause of acquired thrombophilia. The concept of antibody-mediated thrombosis is now widely accepted.The laboratory diagnosis of APA requires the use of coagulation-based tests to identify lupus anticoagulants (LA) and ELISA assays to identify anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA). The importance of testing for antibodies to β2 GPI is now well recognized. Antibodies to β2 GPI are more specific in identification of patients at risk for thrombosis.
Temperature gradients between arterial blood and brain in the monkey.

SummaryTemperature measurements were made simultaneously in the arterial blood and various brain structures in 5 chronically prepared rhesus monkeys at rest in a lighted, sound-attenuated, thermoregulated chamber. The level of alertness of the animals was also noted by observing changes in overt behavior together with EEG and EMG recordings. Spontaneous and induced shifts in the level of arousal were followed in seconds by warming or cooling of the arterial blood and seconds to minutes later by parallel shifts in the temperature of the majority of the brain sites. Arterial blood temperature was thus found to yield a sensitive index of the behavioral state of the monkey in relation to sleep and arousal. Changes in the mean temperature of the arterial blood going to the brain appeared primarily responsible for temperature fluctuations in the brain. A number of steadily maintained but differing thermal gradients were found to exist between regional brain sites and the arterial blood.
Yield Reduction from Feeding by Euschistus servus and E. variolarius (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on Stage V2 Field Corn

Field studies conducted to investigate the effect of feeding of the brown stink bug, Euschistus serous (Say), and the onespotted stink bug, E. varlolarius (Palisotde Beauvois), on corn growth and yield showed that aside from plant mortality, the production of tillers was the most apparent injury. During the 2-yr study, 52.5% of the plants exposed to the brown stink bug and 38.8% of those exposed to the onespotted stink bug formed tillers. In general, mean extended leaf heights of tillered plants (distance from the soil surface to tip of tallest extended leaf) were significantly shorter than those of untillered plants exposed to stink bugs and controls. Stink bug feeding also resulted in delayed silking of tillered plants. Mean grain weight per ear from plants that formed tillers wasreduced significantly compared with controls, but yields from untillered plants were not. Effects of the two stink bug species were similar.
Gravity modeling in the western Gulf of Mexico to support seismic imaging

The western Gulf of Mexico is known to be a challenging area for seismic imaging because of the presence of complex salt structures. The salt in the GOM is located in two layers: shallower allochthonous canopies and diapirs and the deeper autochthonous layer. The latter layer — the mother salt — was deposited during the Late Jurassic period. As sediments continued filling the basin, most of that salt was mobilized upward, forming the allochthonous salt structures. The remnant salt in the autochthonous level may vary in thickness from zero to tens of thousands of feet in the salt roots and pedestals. The top of the shallower allochthonous salt (TOS) is usually mapped relatively confidently in seismic data, while interpretation for the base of the allochthonous salt (BOS) may be ambiguous and requires some guidance. The top of deeper autochthonous salt is usually somewhat uncertain in seismic data in the western GOM, and its base is rarely imaged in seismic at all. As rock salt has low density, the massive salt bodies create density contrasts with the surrounding sediments, which are the sources for anomalies in gravity fields. Thus, gravity data may be used as an independent tool to (1) test the existing salt model, (2) guide seismic BOS interpretation and/or (3) test different geological hypotheses (e.g., presence of salt roots, rafted sections, subsalt minibasins, etc.). This paper describes the utilization of the 3D gravity modeling in support of seismic imaging in the East Breaks and Alaminos Canyon protraction areas of the western Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1).
Cefoperazone for the treatment of infections in patients with cancer.

Cefoperazone was used for the treatment of 105 febrile episodes in 103 patients with cancer. A dose of 12 g/day was administered according to two different schedules, one for neutropenic patients (neutrophil count, <1,000/mm3), the other for nonneutropenic patients. The rate of response for 85 episodes of documented infection was 68%. The rates of response for patients with bacteremia and pneumonia were 72% and 41%, respectively; all patients with soft-tissue and urinary-tract infections responded. Fiftyfive percent of patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common gram-negative organism causing infection, responded to therapy. Among patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus, the most common gram-positive organism causing infection, 82% responded. As expected, the rate of response was higher for patients with adequate neutrophil counts. In neutropenic patients the overall response was good, particularly when the neutropenia resolved. However, the occasional occurrence of resistant strains of bacteria precludes the use of cefoperazone alone as initial therapy for neutropenic patients. Toxic adverse reactions, including drug-induced fever, diarrhea, and rash, occurred rarely and were transient. This study indicates that cefoperazone has low toxicity and is effective for the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. Infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer. The majority of these infections are caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although staphylococcal infections have been increasing in frequency during the past several years. Recent studies indicate that 75% of patients with acute leukemia, 51% of patients with lymphoma, and 47% of patients with solid tumors die of infectious complications [1-3]. No antibiotic regimen has been entirely satisfactory against such complications; therefore, continued evaluation of new agents and regimens is necessary. Great effort has been devoted to the discovery of new p-lactam antibiotics, which have