cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of cortisol and antibiotics on substrate entry and ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat thymocytes in vitro.

Abstract Incubation of rat thymocytes with either puromycin, cycloheximide, or actinomycin D resulted in a progressive inhibition of the accumulation of radioactivity derived from amino acids and uridine in the trichloracetic acid-soluble fraction. No further inhibitory effects on incorporation into either the trichloracetic acid-soluble or trichloracetic acid-insoluble fraction were produced by 1 x 10-6 m cortisol when incubations were carried out for 3 hours in the presence of the antibiotic. However, with antibiotic added late in the incubation period, inhibitory effects of steroid on incorporation into both trichloracetic acid fractions, similar to those obtained without antibiotic, were still evident. Cortisol and puromycin inhibited incorporation of orotic acid into the trichloracetic acid-insoluble fraction, with no corresponding effects on the trichloracetic acid-soluble fraction. Moreover, in the presence of puromycin, an additional inhibitory effect of cortisol on orotic acid incorporation into RNA was obtained. An inhibitory effect of cortisol on incorporation of uridine into the trichloracetic acid-insoluble fraction occurred in the absence of significant effects on the trichloracetic acid-soluble fraction when cells were incubated in the presence of puromycin for 6 hours. Fractionation by sucrose gradient centrifugation of the total RNA obtained from thymocytes exposed to cortisol and labeled with uridine revealed no differential effects of the steroid on a specific species of RNA. Incubation of thymocytes with cortisol resulted in a progressive decrease of RNA polymerase activity as measured directly with either a nuclear or aggregate enzyme preparation. This inhibitory effect on polymerase activity was also produced by incubation of thymocytes with 6α, 9α-difluoro-11α,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide (fluocinolone acetonide) (1 x 10-7 m) but not by incubation with progesterone (1 x 10-6 m). Incubation of the cells with puromycin also resulted in decreased polymerase activity; however, a further inhibitory effect of cortisol was evident in the presence of the antibiotic. It is concluded that continuing protein synthesis throughout the incubation period is required for amino acid transport, for uridine transport or conversion to UMP (or both), and for the manifestation of the steroid effects on these processes. In contrast, continuing protein synthesis is not required for the inhibitory effect of cortisol on RNA synthesis.
Regulation of chromatin structure and gene activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an abundant nuclear protein that plays an important role in repairing DNA and responding to infection. Here we review recent evidence that PARP1 and related proteins also carry out crucial functions regulating genes during normal development. Genetic studies in mammals and Drosophila have implied that PARPs mediate rapid responses to environmental stimuli, including infection, stress, hormones, and growth signals. In addition, these polymerases may control fundamental processes that differentially mold and remodel chromatin within the many cell types of a developing embryo. We discuss a unified mechanism of PARP action during DNA repair, gene transcription, and chromatin modulation.
Aspects of Optimality Behavior in Population Genetics Theory

Optimality principles are central to many areas of the physical sciences, and often the simplest way of finding the evolutionary behavior of some dynamical system is by finding that path satisfying some optimality criterion. This paper discusses two aspects of the evolutionary paths followed by gene frequencies under natural selection as derived by optimality principles.
Relationships among video games: Existing standards and new definitions

This paper identifies and defines common relationships among video games and interactive media in an attempt to improve our understanding of and support conceptual data modeling in this domain. Existing models and standards such as Dublin Core, Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, Resource Description and Access, CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, and Cataloging Cultural Objects do offer a variety of relationships between resources; however, many video games are related in more complex ways that cannot be adequately represented by these models and standards, especially in ways that reflect how game players understand games and how cultural heritage institutions might curate them. After thorough review of existing standards, consultation with domain experts, and examination of sample game sets, we identified and defined 11 relationship types and 4 grouping entities prevalent in the video game domain, and offer suggestions on how these might be represented in a conceptual model.
Safety of Intraperitoneal Injection of Adipose Tissue-Derived Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cats

Background Chronic inflammatory diseases are common in cats and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a promising therapeutic approach for management of these disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of intraperitoneal injection of MSC in cats. Hypothesis Intrapertioneal injection of autologous MSC in cats is safe. Animals Ten healthy adult purpose-bred cats. Methods Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue collected during ovariohysterectomy and characterized for expression of CD90, CD105 and CD44 and trilineage differentiation. Three weeks postoperatively a complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. Five cats then received 1 × 106 of autologous MSC/kg of body weight intraperitoneally with ultrasound guidance; 5 additional cats were sham injected. Cats were monitored for 6 weeks with daily physical examinations and weekly clinicopathological evaluations. Abdominal ultrasonography was repeated at weeks 1 and 5 after injection. Results Serious adverse effects were not observed in any MSC-injected cat. Two animals developed transient lethargy and decreased activity. Jejunal lymph node size was increased in MSC-injected cats compared to controls at weeks 1 (1.38 ± 0.25 versus 0.88 ± 0.25 cm2; P = .036) and 5 (1.75 ± 0.82 versus 0.79 ± 0.12 cm2; P = .047). A hyperechoic renal segmental cortical lesion was observed in 1 MSC-injected cat. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Intraperitoneal MSC injection was well tolerated with only mild, self-limiting adverse effects being observed in 2 cats. This route provides a safe means of administration for cell-based treatment in cats.
The philosophical development of the conception of psychology in Germany, 1780–1850.

Although it is generally acknowledged that the modern science of psychology was produced in the mid-nineteenth century by the cross-fertilization of philosophy and physiology, few historians have tried to specify the exact role of philosophers in the evolution of modern psychology. The purpose of this article is to identify one important line of development from within early-nineteenth-century German philosophy toward the conception of psychology as an independent, experimental, and mathematical science. The thesis it proposes is that Immanuel Kant's criticism of the psychological tradition and his articulation of a specific philosophy of science provided the negative and positive foundations upon which Jakob Friedrich Fries, Johann Friedrich Herbart, and Friedrich Eduard Beneke developed the conceptualization of scientific psychology.
Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion xanthomelas (Odonata: Coenagrionidae).

Microsatellite loci have been isolated from two species of endemic Hawaiian damselflies, Megalagrion xanthomelas and M. eudytum, that are of conservation concern. Sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized in 32 M. xanthomelas from one population on Molokai and one on Hawaii Island. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16 and observed population heterozygosity ranged from 0.0 to 0.963. Eleven of these loci amplified successfully in M. eudytum as well. These loci will be used to further conservation efforts and infer genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciations.
Aspartic acid residues 72 and 75 and tyrosine-sulfate 73 of heparin cofactor II promote intramolecular interactions during glycosaminoglycan binding and thrombin inhibition.

We used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of Glu(69), Asp(70), Asp(71), Asp(72), Tyr-sulfate(73), and Asp(75) in the second acidic region (AR2) of the serpin heparin cofactor II (HCII) during formation of the thrombin.HCII complex with and without glycosaminoglycans. E69Q/D70N/D71N recombinant (r)HCII, D72N/Y73F/D75N rHCII, and E69Q/D70N/D71N/D72N/Y73F/D75N rHCII were prepared to localize acidic residues important for thrombin inhibition. Interestingly, D72N/Y73F/D75N rHCII had significantly enhanced thrombin inhibition without glycosaminoglycan (4-fold greater) and with heparin (6-fold greater), showing maximal activity at 2 microg/ml heparin compared with wild-type recombinant HCII (wt-rHCII) with maximal activity at 20 microg/ml heparin. The other rHCII mutants had lesser-enhanced activities, but they all eluted from heparin-Sepharose at significantly higher ionic strengths compared with wt-rHCII. Neutralizing and reversing the charge of Asp(72), Tyr-sulfate(73), and Asp(75) were done to characterize their individual contribution to HCII activity. Only Y73K rHCII and D75K rHCII have significantly increased heparin cofactor activity compared with wt-rHCII; however, all of the individual rHCII mutants required substantially less glycosaminoglycan at maximal inhibition than did wt-rHCII. Inhibition of either alpha-thrombin/hirugen or gamma(T)-thrombin (both with an altered anion-binding exosite-1) by the AR2 rHCII mutants was similar to wt-rHCII. D72N/Y73F/D75N rHCII and D75K rHCII were significantly more active than wt-rHCII in a plasma-based thrombin inhibition assay with glycosaminoglycans. These results indicate that improved thrombin inhibition in the AR2 HCII mutants is mediated by enhanced interactions between the acidic domain and anion-binding exosite-1 of thrombin and that AR2 may be a "molecular rheostat" to promote thrombin inhibition in the presence of glycosaminoglycans.
Group foraging sensitivity to predictable and unpredictable changes in food distribution: past experience or present circumstances?

The ideal free distribution theory (Fretwell & Lucas, 1970) predicts that the ratio of foragers at two patches will equal the ratio of food resources obtained at the two patches. The theory assumes that foragers have ‘‘perfect knowledge’’ of patch profitability and that patch choice maximizes fitness. How foragers assess patch profitability has been debated extensively. One assessment strategy may be the use of past experience with a patch. Under stable environmental conditions, this strategy enhances fitness. However, in a highly unpredictable environment, past experience may provide inaccurate information about current conditions. Thus, in a nonstable environment, a strategy that allows rapid adjustment to present circumstances may be more beneficial. Evidence for this type of strategy has been found in individual choice. In the present experiments, a flock of pigeons foraged at two patches for food items and demonstrated results similar to those found in individual choice. Experiment 1 utilized predictable and unpredictable sequences of resource ratios presented across days or within a single session. Current foraging decisions depended on past experience, but that dependence diminished when the current foraging environment became more unpredictable. Experiment 2 repeated Experiment 1 with a different flock of pigeons under more controlled circumstances in an indoor coop and produced similar results.
Effects of electroconvulsive shock and cycloheximide on the incorporation of amino acids into proteins of mouse brain subcellular fractions.

—The incorporation of [4,5-3H]lysine and [1-14C]leucine into the proteins of subcellular fractions of mouse brain was examined following a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or following cycloheximide injections. When the [3H]lysine was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the ECS the incorporation into total brain proteins was decreased by more than 50% as compared to sham controls. The proportion of lysine incorporated into the microsomal fraction was increased, but no changes were observed in the other subcellular fractions including the synaptosomal fraction. With extended pulses administered at various times after the ECS there was no change in total incorporation nor were selective effects seen in any subcellular fractions. With intracranial injections of both [3H]lysine and [14C]leucine the decreased incorporation caused by ECS was not observed, neither were there selective changes in any subcellular fraction. This lack of inhibition occurred because the intracranial injection itself severely inhibited [3H]lysine incorporation. Cycloheximide (30 mg/kg) which depressed [3H]lysine incorporation into brain proteins by 84% caused a selective depression of the incorporation into the cell-sap fraction and selective elevations into the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions. Similar changes were seen with a higher (amnestic) dose of cycloheximide (150 mg/kg) which inhibited incorporation by 94%. These data are interpreted in terms of the diverse mechanisms by which ECS and cycloheximide inhibit protein synthesis.
On the neurology of thinking

In the simplest case of learning by “trial and error,” the learner tries successive respohses to a given situation until he finds the correct one. Even in this simple type of learning there are at least two different components which contribute to the efficiency of the learning process: the degree to which the search is conducted systematically-for instance, not making the same wrong response twice-and the degree to which the correct response is fixed, so that no further mistakes will follow. If, in a later, different problem, a different response is correct, there is a third component-namely, the efficiency of unlearning or re-learning. The present study shows how ablations of different portions of the forebrain in monkeys affect the different components of trial and error learning, and the implications of these findings are discussed for the character of the neurological bases of the “active uncertainty” called thought.
Regulation of excitation energy distribution in photosystem-II fragments by magnesium ions.

Abstract Fluorescence characteristics of Photosystem-II subchloroplasts (TSF-II and TSF-IIa) fractionated by Triton X-100 treatment were studied in relation to cation-induced regulation of excitation-energy distribution within subchloroplast fragments. Absorption spectra and fluorescence-emission spectra at 77 K showed that TSF-II contains the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex in addition to the reaction-center complex, which is present alone in TSF-IIa. Mg2+ increased the ratio of F695nm to F685nm in the fluorescence-emission spectrum of TSF-II particles at 77 K, but had no effect on TSF-IIa particles. Mg2+ also induced a quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence at room temperature in TSF-II, an effect that was insensitive to the presence of DCMU. The DCMU-insensitive fluorescence quenching was not observed in the TSF-IIa preparation. These results suggest an existence of cation-induced regulation of excitation-energy transfer in TSF-II preparations. Presence of antenna chlorophyll molecules alone does not seem to be sufficient for observing energytransfer regulation by cations in Photosystem-II preparations.
Human ferritin light chain gene sequences mapped to several sorted chromosomes

The iron storage ferritin light-chain gene exhibits multiple restriction enzyme fragments which have been mapped by analyzing sorted human chromosomes. A dual laser chromosome sorter was used to construct spot-blot filter panels representing 22 chromosome fractions. Hybridization of radiolabeled human ferritin-L gene probe to spot-blot panels revealed the ferritin-L gene on more than one chromosome. Miniaturized restriction enzyme analysis was used to map each of the ferritin-L restriction fragments uniquely to one of three chromosomes. This combination of sorted chromosome analyses provides a rapid method to map homologous DNA sequences located on more than one chromosome.
Procaryote phylogeny IV: concerning the phylogenetic status of a photosynthetic bacterium.

The 16S ribosomal RNA (30S subunit) ofRhodopseudomonas spheroides has been characterized in terms of T1 ribonuclease digestion products. This “fingerprint” ultimately permits the placement ofR. spheroides into a detailed procaryotic phylogenetic tree. Given the number of major procaryotic lines that have been characterized in these terms to date, one can tentatively place the Athiorhodaceae closer to the Vibrio-Enteric group than to the Bacillaceae or Cyanophyta.
THE SIGNIFICANCE AND SYMBOLIZATION OF TREND DIRECTION

Even though most statistical maps emphasize surface elevation, trend direction and gradient are important facets of statistical surfaces. Trend direction might play an important role in visual judgments of cross-correlation, particularly insofar as the cosine of the angle between the trend directions of two uniform, planar distributions equals the bivariate correlation. For distributions without simple, uniform slopes, the detection and symbolization of local trends can be an important objective of the map author. A spectrum describing the emphasis that might be given the portrayal of local trends indicates that the representation of geographic trends generally is not graphically compatible with the representation of surface elevation. Meme si les cartes statistiques mettent l'accent sur l'altitude, la direction des tendances et les gradients sont des facettes importantes des surfaces statistiques. La direction des tendances peut jouer un role clef dans les jugements visuels des correlations croisees, sur...
Lysolipid incorporation in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes enhances the ion permeability and drug release rates at the membrane phase transition.

The enhanced permeability of lipid bilayer membranes at their gel-to-liquid phase transition has been explained using a ‘‘bilayer lipid heterogeneity’’ model, postulating leaky interfacial regions between still solid and melting liquid phases. The addition of lysolipid to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers dramatically enhances the amount of, and speed at which, encapsulated markers or drugs are released at this, already leaky, phase transition through these interfacial regions. To characterize and attempt to determine the mechanism behind lysolipidgenerated permeability enhancement, dithionite permeability and doxorubicin release were measured for lysolipid and non-lysolipid, containing membranes. Rapid release of contents from lysolipid-containing membranes appears to occur through lysolipid-stabilized pores rather than a simple enhancement due to increased drug solubility in the bilayer. A dramatic enhancement in the permeability rate constant begins about two degrees below the calorimetric peak of the thermal transition, and extends several degrees past it. The maximum permeability rate constant coincides exactly with this calorimetric peak. Although some lysolipid desorption from liquid state membranes cannot be dismissed, dialyzation above Tm and mass spectrometry analysis indicate lysolipid must, and can, remain in the membrane for the permeability enhancement, presumably in lysolipid stabilized pores in the grain boundary regions of the partially melted solid phase. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rimmed vacuoles with β-amyloid and ubiquitinated filamentous deposits in the muscles of patients with long-standing denervation (postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy): similarities with inclusion body myositis

In the chronically denervated muscles of patients with prior paralytic poliomyelitis, there are secondary myopathic features, including endomysial inflammation and rare vacuolated fibers. To assess the frequency and characteristics of the vacuoles and their similarities with those seen in inclusion body myositis (IBM), we examined 58 muscle biopsy specimens from patients with prior paralytic poliomyelitis for (1) the presence of rimmed vacuoles; (2) acid-phosphatase reactivity; (3) Congo-red-positive amyloid deposits; (4) electron microscopy, searching for tubulofilaments; and (5) immunoelectron microscopy, using antibodies against beta-amyloid and ubiquitin. We found vacuolated muscle fibers in 18 of 58 (31%) biopsies, with a mean frequency of 2.06 +/- 0.42 fibers per specimen. The vacuoles contained acid phosphatase-positive material in 6 of the 18 (33.30%) specimens and stained positive for Congo red in five (27.80%). By immunoelectron microscopy, the vacuoles contained 5.17 +/- 0.13 nm fibrils and 14.9 +/- 0.31 nm filaments that immunoreacted with antibodies to beta-amyloid and ubiquitin in a pattern identical to the one seen in IBM. We conclude that vacuolated muscle fibers containing filamentous inclusions positive for amyloid and ubiquitin are not unique to IBM and the other vacuolar myopathies but can also occur in a chronic neurogenic condition, such as postpoliomyelitis. The chronicity of the underlying disease, rather than the cause, may lead to vacuolar formation, amyloid deposition, and accumulation of ubiquitinated filaments.
The significance of DNA cross-linking to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced cytotoxicity in sensitive and resistant lines of murine leukemia L1210 cells

Abstract The cross-linking of DNA by cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) ( cis -DDP) has been studied in a murine leukemia L1210 line (L1210/0) and a 30-fold resistant subline (L1210/DDP 2 ) utilizing the technique of alkaline elution. The kinetics of cross-link formation were similar in both cell lines. After 1-h treatment with cis -DDP, cross-linking continued to increase to a maximum at 12 h posttreatment. Although cross-linking decreased by 24 h some lesions were seen to persist. After 72 h interstrand cross-links were completely removed by both cell lines, however 50% of the DNA-protein cross-links still remained in the sensitive cells even though they were undetectable in the resistant subline. To correlate cross-linking with cytotoxicity, a range of drug concentrations were used for concomitant growth inhibition studies and alkaline elution analyses. In addition to the 30-fold resistant subline, two other sublines developed in our laboratory which show 20- and 50-fold resistance to cis -DDP were included in these determinations. All the resistant sublines exhibited the same degree of cross-linking at the same applied drug doses although these doses elicited markedly different cytotoxicities; cross-linking varied only with applied drug concentrations. The degree of cross-linking in L1210/0 was also directly related to the dose of cis -DDP. However, the sensitive cell line displayed equivalent total cross-linking at a 5-fold lower applied dose. This may implicate an uptake phenomenon as a contributor to resistance. However, such a phenomenon can account for only part of the resistance observed as there existed 6-fold more total cross-links and 9-fold more interstrand cross-links in L1210/DDP 2 at doses that were equitoxic to L1210. This suggests the existence of a more critical cytotoxic lesion that was not detectable by alkaline elution, probably intrastrand cross-links. Resistance could be due to a differential removal of these lesions.
Ras-GRF Activates Ha-Ras, but Not N-Ras or K-Ras 4B, Proteinin Vivo

Human cells contain four homologous Ras proteins, but it is unknown whether these homologues have different biological functions. As a first step in determining if Ras homologues might participate in distinct signaling cascades, we assessed whether a given Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor could selectively activate a single Ras homologue in vivo. We found that Ras-GRF/Cdc25Mm activates Ha-Ras, but does not activate N-Ras or K-Ras 4B, protein in vivo. Moreover, our results suggested that residues within the C-terminal hypervariable domains of Ras proteins may dictate, at least in part, the specificity of Ras-GRF/CDC25Mm for Ha-Ras protein. Our studies represent the first biochemical evidence that a Ras GEF can selectively activate a single Ras homologue in vivo. Selective activation of a single Ras homologue by Ras-GRF/Cdc25Mm or other Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors could potentially enable each of the Ras homologues to participate in different signal transduction pathways.
Effective and Reproducible Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Thiols under Conditions Where Exceptionally High Current Is Generated

There is an escalating interest in the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in biological systems and how this chemical regulates physiology in normal and disease states. In biological systems, the cellular concentration can be estimated, in the simplest form, by accounting for NO and its common metabolites, nitrate and nitrite. However, since NO is also known to interact with other chemical entities, such as thiols, it would be valuable to have a rapid qualitative assay that could account for thiol binding and S-N bond cleavage in the presence of different reducing agents. A separation buffer consisting of 10 mM phosphate, 10 mM HCl, and 250 mM KCl is shown to be adequate for the separation of glutathione, nitrosylated glutathione, and glutathione disulfide solubilized in 2 M HCl. The current observed under these separation conditions (249 microA at 11 kV) is extremely high by capillary electrophoresis (CE) standards, with a total power (current x voltage/capillary length) calculated to be in excess of 7 W/m. While this exceeds the approximately 1.0 W/m recommended by previous studies as a maximum for CE-based separations, we demonstrate that effective CE separation of thiols can, in fact, be accomplished under these conditions with acceptable reproducibility, provided that buffer depletion issues are addressed.
The development of territorial-induced intermale agonistic behavior in albino laboratory mice

Male mice of the CF-1 strain (Mus musculus) were allowed to take up lone residence in a small territory consisting of a 60-cm enclosure attached by a tubular runway to a standard mouse cage with food, water, and bedding. A group of ten mice, each of which resided in its own separate enclosure for 24 hours, were more aggressive toward intruders than other groups of ten mice following six-hour residence periods, or no such residence. Aggression toward intruders increased in repeated weekly tests of the six-hour residents, but after four weeks of testing did not reach the maximum stable level displayed by the 24-hour residents over four weeks of testing. In another experiment, the 24-hour residence period of groups of 20 CF-1 male mice was disturbed by briefly removing the mouse from the enclosure, before introducing the intruder, at various intervals prior to testing. Removal of the resident five minutes before testing resulted in a marked decrease in aggression toward intruders. Although lesser decreases in aggression followed intervals of 30, 45, and 60 minutes, a 180 minute interval resulted in no appreciable effects compared to undisturbed controls. It is concluded that exposure to the stimuli provided by the enclosure results in an aggressive readiness in the resident mouse which reaches a high level within a 24-hour period.
Stochastic aggregation model (SAM) for DNAPL-water displacement in porous media

Abstract Source zone characterization of DNAPL in the subsurface is a necessary part of managing environmental risks. Modeling DNAPL–water displacement processes at the pore-scale can lead to greater insight and understanding of lateral spreading, the extent of vertical migration, and the final fluid distributions of dense non-aqueous phase liquids. A two-dimensional stochastic aggregation model is developed to study DNAPL–water displacement in porous media. The model is a modified diffusion limited aggregation model, and uses essential properties governing front stability as model input: DNAPL–water viscosity differences, DNAPL–water density differences, intrinsic permeability of the porous media, flow rate, and the inclination angle of the porous media from the horizontal. Due to the simplicity of the algorithm, this modeling technique can produce realistic DNAPL–water configurations much faster than conventional continuum approaches and allows for a Monte Carlo approach to be utilized. The model is validated through comparison to laboratory experiments involving 1,2-Dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, and mobile pyrogard 53. These experiments were performed at varying flow rates and angles of inclination from the horizontal.
Solution of the Langevin equation for rare event rates using a path-integral formalism

We present an approach to the problem of evaluating the rates of rare activated events by solving the Langevin equation through a path-integral formalism. At temperatures much lower than the activation barrier, we find that the minimal path approximation to the path integral yields excellent accuracy, and greatly simplifies numerical efforts in the solution of the Langevin equation. In addition, the extremal paths allow one to locate the saddle points without presuming any particular physical mechanisms for getting from one configuration to another. As a demonstration of this approach, we study the Brownian motion of a particle in a periodic potential subject to stochastic forces. This model has many applications in varied fields besides physics, such as chemistry and communication theory. We focus specifically in this paper on the application to the problem of surface adatom diffusion. For one dimension, the results we obtain with this approach are in full agreement with standard analytical and numerical methods. Furthermore, we have derived analytical formulas for the probability distribution of jump lengths. @S0163-1829~99!02248-1#
Fine structure of the interstitial cells of leydig in the squirrel monkey during seasonal regression

The fine structure of the interstitial cells of Leydig has been examined in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, during the non breeding portion of the year when the testes are essentially azoospermic. Interstitial cells are present in abundance as a layer, several cells thick, on the inner aspect of the tunica albuginea. Cytologically, the cells possess the characteristics usually associated with cells which synthesize and secrete steroid hormones: an abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of anastomotic tubules; mitochon-chondria with both lamellar and tubular cristae; only a few strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum; a Golgi apparatus and associated vesicles, some of which are of the coated variety; a varying population of lipid droplets and dense bodies. Some of the dense bodies appeared to be lipofuscin pigment. A previously undescribed inclusion was frequently encountered which consisted of arrays of a honeycomb like structure. Most frequently these structures were present near the cell periphery or in blunt protrusions of the cytoplasm.
CO-EXISTING MYXEDEMA AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: CASE REPORT

THE following case report is presented because in the first place it possesses the unusual feature of thyroid and parathyroid disease occurring in the same patient. In the second place it demonstrates many medical problems which emphasize the importance of considering hyperparathyroidism in syndromes with gastrointestinal symptoms. Finally, it suggests a psychosomatic problem: the relationship of alterations in calcium and phosphorus metabolism to the development of a major psychosis. CASE REPORT The patient was a white female who came under observation for the first time in 1936 at the age of 50. Her complaints at that time were shortness of breath and palpitation of ten years' duration. There had been no recent increase in the severity of her symptoms but she was known to have had cardiac enlargement for ten years and had been previously regarded as suffering from arteriosclerotic heart disease. Her past history was a full one. At the age of seven she had malaria. She was treated for tuberculosis in ado...
Characterization of biomimetic calcium phosphate on phosphorylated chitosan films

This study examined the effect of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA), concentration of simulated body fluid (SBF), and mineralization time on the composition, structure, and crystallinity of calcium phosphate (CaP) biomimetically deposited on chitosan and on osteoblast cell growth. Phosphorylated chitosan films of 92.3%, 87.4%, and 80.6% DDA were soaked in SBF (1.0x or 1.5x) for 7, 14, or 21 days. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CaP precipitated from 1.5x SBF had a porous, granular morphology; while the coatings precipitated in 1.0x SBF were smoother and more uniform. X-ray diffraction showed that films mineralized in 1.0x SBF were amorphous, while films mineralized in 1.5x SBF for 21 days exhibited crystalline peaks similar to hydroxyapatite, with the most crystalline peaks seen on 92.3% DDA chitosan. When mineralized films were placed in cell media for 14 days, more calcium phosphate precipitated onto all films, and the most calcium phosphate was found on 92.3% DDA films mineralized in 1.5x SBF. After seven days of osteoblast culture, there were approximately three times as many cells (based on DNA measurements, p < 0.05) on 92.3% DDA films soaked in 1.0x SBF for seven or 21 days than on 80.6% DDA films soaked in 1.0x SBF for any length of time or any films soaked in 1.5x SBF. The DDA of chitosan, concentration of SBF and mineralization time affect the structure of and biological response to chitosan/biomimetic CaP films, and these factors must be considered when designing new materials to be used in orthopaedic and dental/craniofacial implant applications.
PRIAPISM: ETIOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND RESULTS IN SERIES OF 35 PRESENTATIONS

Of 35 cases of priapism a successful outcome with detumescence of the erection and preservation of potency was achieved in only 6 instances. Patients with sickle cell disease enjoyed a more optimistic outcome, and early presentation appeared to be the key factor. The different therapeutic approaches did not have great impact on the outcome, and we advise an initial conservative approach progressing to glans-cavernosa fistula creation and subsequently to cavernosum-spongiosum shunting for patients failing to respond.
Primary cultures of normal rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells for studies of renal cell injury

Normal rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cell cultures were obtained by collagenase digestion of cortex and studied for 10 days. To assess the purity of the seeding suspension, we histochemically demonstrated γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in >95% of the starting material. To identify cell types in cultures, we investigated several markers. Cells stained positively for lectinArachis hypogaea (rat proximal tubule) and negatively forLotus tetragonolobus (rat distal tubule). Intermediate filament expression of cytokeratin confirmed the epithelial differentiation of the cultured cells. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we found that cultures were negative for vimentin and Factor VIII. Cells exhibited activities of two brush border enzymes, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase, and Na+-dependent glucose transport activity. Multicellular domes were evident in the Week 2 of culture. Proliferation was studied by comparing growth factor-supplemented serum-free medium to cells grown in serum; growth enhancers included insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, glucose, bovine albumin, and epidermal growth factor. Cells proliferate best in medium with 5 or 10% serum and in serum-free medium supplemented with insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, glucose, and bovine albumin. Proliferation was assessed by determining cell number (population doublings). By light microscopy, the cells were squamous with numerous mitochondria, a central nucleus, and a rather well-defined homogeneous ectoplasm. By electron microscopy, the cells were polarized with microvilli and cell junctions at the upper surface and a thin basal lamina toward the culture dish. These data show that the proximal tubule epithelial cells retain a number of functional characteristics and that they represent an excellent model for studies of normal and abnormal biology of the renal proximal tubule epithelium.
Re Tκκ is not the level shift

Abstract In a time-independent theory or in a Greens function formalism, the shift in energy of a k-wave electron state due to an impurity in a metal is not equal to the real part of the forward-scattering T-matrix, Re Tκκ, as often assumed.
Prison Field Trips: Can White-Collar Criminals Positively Affect the Ethical and Legal Behavior of Marketing and MBA Students?.

Marketing educators bear some responsibility for teaching ethics and legal issues to their students. Visits to white-collar criminals in a federal prison camp are one method of achieving this task. This article develops and empirically assesses ten objectives for such a visit by MBA and undergraduate marketing classes. Undergraduates rated the experience higher on “helped me see that I am vulnerable to temptation to do the wrong thing” and “encouraged me to avoid making poor ethical decisions” than graduate students, while graduate students rated “helped make the course more relevant” higher. Also, students with less work experience gained a greater appreciation for the importance of business ethics as a result of the visit. There were no differences in terms of age or gender. Implications of the findings, future research suggestions, and implementation guidelines for those interested in taking their students on a prison visit are provided.
Directional encoding by fish auditory systems

This paper reviews and discusses several investigations of the peripheral neural code for the directional axis of acoustical particle motion in the saccule of two fishes: goldfish (Carassius auratus) and toadfish (Opsanus tau). Most saccular afferents are directional in the manner of hair cells, having a cosine-shaped directional response pattern. The saccular sensory epithelia are orientated almost vertically in a parasagittal plane. In the horizontal plane, these epithelia are orientated obliquely with respect to the midline. Hair-cell stereocilia project perpendicularly. Thus, directional response patterns of saccular afferents tend to be orientated in azimuth parallel to the orientation of the epithelia in the head. The oblique angle of the toadfish saccule is greater than that of the goldfish, and the range of best directions in the horizontal plane for each species reflects those differing orientations. The azimuth of acoustical particle motion could be computed by comparing the relative activation of the two saccules, as is the case for the ears of most terrestrial vertebrates. The spatial patterns of saccular hair-cell orientation of most fishes thus appear to have little function in azimuthal source location, but for toadfish are probably most important for determining the elevation of monopole sources.
Effects of Popular Music in Advertising on Attention and Memory

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of popular music in advertising to determine both the theoretical (the effect of popular music on the processing of advertising messages) and practical (the design of more effective advertisements using popular music) implications. An experiment is reported that tested the effects of three integrations of popular music in advertising: original lyrics, altered lyrics, and instrumentals (plus a control treatment with no music) on attention and memory. The results indicated that song vocals, either original or altered, are more effective stimuli of advertising effects than instrumentals or no popular music.
Effects of ketamine on EEG activity in cats and monkeys

Abstract The effects of intravenously administered Ketamine were studied in 28 cats and 6 monkeys. In cats, Ketamine initially induced generalized high voltage beta activity followed by generalized slow waves. These slow waves were called Ketamine complexes (KCs) and had two different morphological appearances suggestive either of polyspike-slow wave complexes or of delta waves intermixed with beta activity. Often it was morphologically uncertain if KCs represented spikes-slow waves or a combination of beta-delta waves. In monkeys, Ketamine induced theta and beta rhythms and at higher doses, quasi-periodic slow wave complexes. The effect of Ketamine on neocortical and hippocampal epileptogenic foci was studied in 16 cats. Ketamine consistently suppressed focal seizures but was ineffective in modifying interictal epileptogenic activity both at the primary and mirror focus. It was concluded that Ketamine had no epileptogenic properties. Ketamine affects the central nervous system at many levels in different ways. It simultaneously excites and depresses different systems and disrupts normal cortical and subcortical physiological activities.
Planning in the Real-Time City: The Future of Mobile Technology

The mobile phone has transformed life in the city. Using them, individuals can both receive information about their surroundings through location-based services and contribute to the city as a system. They can participate by sharing location, text, photos, or video about the conditions of the city. This article explores the literature surrounding mobile phone technology in urban planning and city life. Specifically, it explores the potential of mobile phones in sensing, documenting, and exploring the city. This article draws on literature from a wide variety of fields to create a overview of the issues surrounding mobile phones in the city. This article review what we know and what has been speculated about the influence of mobile phones and similar devices on urban life. There is evidence that they alter our sense of individuality, our mobility, our interactions with others, our capacity to participate in and document public life, and our senses of privacy and publicness. The implications and meanings fo...
Control of noisy heteroclinic cycles

Abstract We develop a control strategy for strongly nonlinear dynamical systems possessing heteroclinic cycles connecting saddle points and subject to small random perturbations. In the absence of control, attracting cycles lead to solutions which exhibit intermittent behavior consisting of quiescent periods interrupted by rapid “bursts”. We show that suitable feedback control can retain solutions near the saddle points and hence reduce the typical bursting rate. The model studied and the form of control are motivated by our interest in reducing turbulence production in the boundary layer.
Cooperative Learning: Smart Pedagogy and Tools for Online and Hybrid Courses

This article focuses on meshing technology-enhanced learning with cooperative learning pedagogy, to address teaching/learning challenges in higher education online and hybrid courses. Illustrations...
Inheritance of Breast Width in Turkeys

Abstract IT HAS been shown elsewhere (Asmundson, 1944) that the birds of one strain of the so-called broadbreasted type of Bronze turkey could be differentiated from those of two other strains of Bronze turkeys by the width of the breast. The length of the shank (tarsometatarsus), the length of the keel of the sternum, and the depth of body were inadequate to differentiate these strains. Jaap, Thompson, and Milby (1939) concluded that the progeny of superior (plump) parents differed from those of inferior (thin, angular) parents but gave no data for breast conformation other than keel length which did not differ in the two groups. Jaap (1938) estimated that at least 25.3 and 39.0 percent of the variance in shank length of male and female turkeys was determined by hereditary factors, the balance being determined by environmental factors. Knox and Marsden (1944) crossed Broadbreasted Bronze with Beltsville Small White turkeys and . . .
A STUDY OF THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF URINARY ANDROGENS1 BY A MODIFICATION OF THE OESTING-NEUSTADT METHOD

THE METHOD OF NEUSTADT (1) for the colorimetric determination of urinary androgens isvirtually that of Oesting (2), except that the final estimation is made with a photoelectric colorimeter instead of a special visual instrument. In Neustadt's paper there is no mention of the necessity for temperature control. The method of Oesting which is used for color development has been discussed by Friedgood and Whidden (3). We had originally chosen the Neustadt method because of its apparent simplicity for clinical use, and had determined androgens routinely on a number of cases. In view of the anomalies observed by McCullagh, Schneider, and Emery (4) and by Talbot, Butler,MacLachlan, and Jones (5) in working with urine extracts and using more elaborate and sensitive procedures, it seemed worthwhile to us to attempt to alter the Neustadt Oesting technic, standardizing the conditions yet retaining the essential simplicity of the operations. We studied first theeffect oftemperature on the determination of pure andro...
Onsager reaction-field theory for magnetic models on diamond and hcp lattices

The Onsager reaction-field (ORF) theory is extended to apply to three-dimensional Bravais lattices with a basis. The ORF calculation is used to predict the critical temperature for classical Ising, $XY,$ and Heisenberg magnetic models, in particular, on diamond and hexagonal close-packed lattices. Results are compared with series extrapolations and other theoretical approaches where available. For the hcp lattice the ORF calculation is seen to be equivalent to a Green's-function approach by Adler [Physica B 107B, 207 (1981)].
Camillagate: Prince Charles and the Tampon Scandal

In 1993 a magazine published the transcript of a telephone conversation between Prince Charles, heir to the British crown, and his lover in which the couple made joking references to tampons in an erotic context. The story quickly spread around the world and became a source of embarrassment for Charles and the Royal family. This article reviews the media coverage of the story and discusses what it suggests about attitudes toward menstruation and men's references to it.
A Well‐Kept Secret: What Counseling Psychology Can Offer Social Psychology1

Although social psychology has increasingly influenced counseling psychology, the impact that counseling psychology has had or could have on social psychology is less well developed. This paper considers factors that have limited counseling's influence on social psychology. In addition, contributions that counseling can make to social psychology are presented. It is argued that both disciplines have evolved to investigate the behavior of “normal” individuals in social contexts. It is concluded that there is much to be gained by both specialties in a fuller and more comprehensive integration and understanding of the findings and methods of the other.
DeepTutor: towards macro- and micro-adaptive conversational intelligent tutoring at scale

We present an overview of the design of a conversational intelligent tutoring system, called DeepTutor, based on the framework of Learning Progressions. Learning Progressions capture students' successful paths towards mastery. The assumption of the proposed tutor is that by guiding instruction based on Learning Progressions, the system will be more effective (and efficient for that matter).