cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection by Gonadal Steroid Hormones Against Procarbazine-Induced Damage to Spermatogenic Function in LBNF1 Hybrid Rats

Some anti-cancer drugs, such as procarbazine (PCZ), are associated with irreversible damage to spermatogenic function and cause sterility in men. In the present study, protection of spermatogenesis by gonadal steroid hormones during PCZ treatment was investigated in male rats. LBNF1 hybrid rats were chosen for these studies because the response of the testis to PCZ was more uniform than in a stock of Sprague-Dawley outbred rats. Mature male LBNF1 rats were subcutaneously implanted with cholesterol (C)-, testosterone (T)-, and/or estradiol-17 beta (E)-containing capsules, and 5-10 weeks later given one or four weekly intraperitoneal injections of PCZ at a dose of 200-250 mg/kg of body weight. Hormone capsules were removed 24 hours after the last PCZ injection and the animals were killed 10-12 weeks later. Testicular weights, sonication-resistant sperm head counts, and quantitative testicular histology revealed protection of the spermatogenic epithelium from PCZ toxicity by gonadal steroid hormones when compared with the C controls. Protection was observed against both single and multiple injections of PCZ. A combination of T and E capsules provided better protection than T alone. This model system is suitable for studies of the mechanism of protection of spermatogenesis from chemotherapy-induced damage.
Spray Characteristics of Throttle Body Fuel Injection

This paper describes work from an investigation using a Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer to characterize a throttle body injection system. Spray data are presented from two injectors: a ball type and a pintle type. Tests were performed on externally mounted injectors. Further experiments were performed with these injectors mounted in the throttle body. These experiments are described, and the resulting data is discussed..
A Study on FTA Between Korea and USA

Korea is still to be developed, there are many industries vulnerable in the Republic of Korea must adhere to the high-tech industry. First of all, the effects of the FTA have little to do with it. Per IT and shipbuilding, the effect is already being conducted by the duty-free. Cars exported to the United States, only2.5% duty. Among already exported to the United States, 70% of the cars and the Hyundai-Kia has local production there. Instead, the Republic of Korea’s agriculture, financial services, hospital, high-tech industry seems to be smashed. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) will be more kinds of products by greatly reducing or even eliminating tariffs on trade between the countries is much cheaper to buy and sell to each other suggesting that agreement. Traditionally, tariffs and other restrictions between the countries made it difficult for free goods across the border both incoming and outgoing. By eliminating or minimizing such constraints, it is FTA like within same country the buying and selling of goods among other countries. Key words: Duty-Free; FTA; IT; Shipbuilding; High-Tech industry
Airborne spectrophotometry of P/Halley from 20 to 65 microns

We report on simultaneous 20–65 µm spectrometry and 100 µm photometry of P/Halley obtained on board the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) in 1985 December and 1986 April. Spectra with resolution λ/∆λ≃20–40 were obtained with the NASA/Goddard 24-channel grating spectrometer. Measurements were made on the nucleus as well as 5 points along and perpendicular to the sun-tail direction. The comet spectrum is smooth and contains no strong (>6%) spectral features. The color temperature of the dust is higher than that expected for a rapidly rotating blackbody and varies over time scales as short as 2 days. The coma is brighter at these wavelengths on the suward side than on the tailward side, but the color temperature does not vary within one arcmin of the nucleus. The spectrum is fitted with a power law distribution of dark, featureless, spherical grains.
Capillary electrophoresis separation of the desamino degradation products of oxytocin

Oxytocin is an endogenous and therapeutic hormone necessary for maternal health. It is also the subject of fast growing research in the field of behavioral science. This article describes a rapid capillary electrophoresis method using UV detection at 214 nm for the determination of the deamidation products of oxytocin. Deamidation is the most common degradation pathway of peptides and proteins and can lead to reduced therapeutic efficiency of biopharmaceuticals. To achieve a separation of the seven structurally similar desamino peptides from oxytocin, 11 mM sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin and 10% v/v MeOH were added to a background electrolyte of 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. The assay is linear within ≤5-100 μM for all species with a total analysis time of 12 min. The method was then applied to monitor the heat-stress degradation of oxytocin at 70°C, where all seven desamino species were observed over a 96 h period.
Site-Specific Gene Stacking Method

Recombinase-mediated gene targeting has been achieved in a number of plant species (for review, see Ow, 2002). The general scheme requires a first recombination site to be introduced into the genome to serve as the target site for the subsequent insertion of a second DNA molecule. With plants, a current limitation is that the target site can only be generated at random chromosome locations. Reports to date show that recombinase-directed site-specific integration can place a single-copy non-rearranged DNA fragment into the target site at a practical frequency. Moreover, a high percentage of the insertions express the transgene at a predictable and reproducible level (Day et al., 2000). This means that once a suitable target line is found, it can be used for the subsequent delivery of trait genes. However, the current methods do not provide a convenient way to append additional trangenes to the target locus once the first insertion event is obtained. In this paper, a strategy is described that permits the sequential and repeated delivery of new DNA to the genomic target, as might be expected if a transgenic plant line were to be improved over time through the sequential addition of new transgenic traits. Appending DNA onto existing target sites justifies the initial investment in screening for suitable chromosome locations. The clustering of desirable traits also facilitates the introgression of large gene sets to field cultivars.
Implications of the Reflectivity-Impulsivity Dimension for Special Education

The cognitive development of exceptional children has been a topic of discussion for many years. Cognitively based explanations for faulty academic and social performance, however, have not been forthcoming. A major problem has been that theorists and researchers alike have viewed cognition as a global process. Reliance upon standardized global intelligence tests for research data has contributed to the dilemma. Therefore, theories have been presented in universal terminology, and research has neglected many subtle differences among individuals. If special educators are to understand the cognitive processes of exceptional children, the search for global explanations of behavior must be attenuated and redirected toward the understanding of individual differences in cognition. The task can be accomplished by dissecting the process of cognition into smaller, more discrete units so that the dynamics of cognition can be observed.
Bevacizumab-induced tumor vessel remodeling in rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts increases the effectiveness of adjuvant ionizing radiation

Abstract Purpose Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may effect transient "normalization" of tumor vasculature by pruning immature vessels, resulting in improved tumor perfusion and oxygenation. This may improve the efficacy of adjuvant ionizing radiation (IR). We tested this hypothesis using bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) xenografts. Methods Mice bearing orthotopic alveolar RMS xenografts were treated with a single dose of bevacizumab, IR, or a combination of the two on different schedules. Tumors were then evaluated for changes in microvessel density, vessel maturity, vessel permeability, intratumoral oxygenation, as well as altered growth. Results After bevacizumab treatment, a significant decrease in tumor microvessel density and a significant increase in tumor vessel maturity , defined as the ratio of pericytes to endothelial cells, were observed, suggesting pruning of immature vessels lacking pericytes. Tumor vessel permeability was also significantly decreased and intratumoral oxygen tension increased 2 and 5 days after bevacizumab owing to a transient improvement in tumor perfusion. Treatment with IR 2 or 5 days after bevacizumab resulted in the greatest antitumor activity. Conclusion Our findings support the hypothesis that VEGF inhibition with bevacizumab transiently normalizes the dysfunctional vasculature of RMS xenografts, improving tumor oxygenation and increasing tumor sensitivity to adjuvant IR.
Limit on majoron emission in beta beta decay of 100Mo.

We report the results of an experimental search for double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$. No evidence is found for the decay mode with majoron emission, yielding a half-life limit of 3.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ yr with 90% confidence. We also obtain a lower limit for the two-neutrino mode of 3.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ yr.
Paced Mating Behavior in Female Rats in Response to Different Hormone Priming Regimens

A female rat will display a repertoire of behaviors during a sexual encounter with a male rat including sexually receptive (the lordosis response) and proceptive (hopping, darting) behaviors. In addition, when given the opportunity, a sexually receptive female rat will approach and withdraw from the male rat, controlling the timing of the receipt of mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations, a behavior known as paced mating behavior. The present experiments tested the hypotheses (1) that progesterone regulates paced mating behavior, and (2) that multiple hormone regimens used previously to induce sexual receptivity have the same effect on paced mating behavior. Paced mating behavior was assessed in sexually receptive ovariectomized female rats after treatment with: (1) estradiol benzoate (EB; 30.0 mg/kg) followed by a range of doses of progesterone (P; 1.0-8.0 mg/kg), (2) two pulses of unesterified estradiol (E2; 2.0 microg/rat) followed by 1.0 mg/rat of P, and (3) EB alone (5.0 microg/rat) for 6 days. No differences in sexual receptivity or in paced mating behavior were observed across doses of P (1.0-8.0 mg/kg). In contrast, the number of hops and darts per min increased with the dose of P administered. E2 + P administration resulted in slightly, but significantly, lower levels of sexual receptivity along with significantly longer contact-return latencies following an intromission in relation to the other treatment conditions. In addition, female rats exhibited fewer hops and darts per min in response to E2 + P than in response to EB + 8.0 mg/kg of P. The administration of EB alone for 6 days induced levels of receptivity and paced mating behavior indistinguishable from EB + P, while eliciting significantly fewer hops and darts per min than the EB + 8.0 mg/kg P treatment condition. Hormone priming regimen had no effect on the percentage of exits displayed during the paced mating tests in any experimental phase. Dose of P had no effect on paced mating behavior in sexually receptive rats. In addition, P does not appear to be necessary for the display of paced mating behavior following long-term treatment with EB. In contrast, the pulsatile administration of E2 + P induced a different pattern of paced mating behavior in sexually receptive rats.
Plasma phenomena and the solid state

Summary Plasma phenomena in the solid state combine the essential characteristics of the gaseous plasma with those of the solid state such as band structure, degeneracy and anisotropy, and lead to new and interesting types of behaviour.
Value of serial sections of the mouse urinary bladder in the determination of the incidence of bladder carcinoma

Abstract The urinary bladders of 517 BALB/c mice with previously diagnosed transitional cell carcinoma were re-examined to determine if serial sections would significantly increase the incidence of bladder carcinoma. Out of the 517 bladder carcinomas, a total of 62 (12%) would not have been diagnosed without the examination of serial sections.
Native American women and agriculture: A Seneca case study

This study examines the impact of European invasion on the mode of production, household lives, and ideology of one group of Native American women, the Seneca. Seneca women had high public status, a balanced division of labor, ownership of the land, and control over the means of agricultural production. The power derived from their role in production and the social institutions which had developed from this production were difficult to destroy, despite the efforts of missionaries, government, and reformers. The effects of disease, war, and the market economy on the Seneca women are specifically examined. Also described are attempts to impose the ideology of individualism and nuclear household patterns on the Seneca by withdrawing women from production outside the home and establishing male ownership of private property.
Interleukin-10 Inhibits Proinflammatory Chemokine Release by Neutrophils of the Newborn without Suppression of Nuclear Factor-κB

An increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and proinflammatory chemokines, such as IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP), are found in the airways during early stages of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We determined whether IL-10 produces a dose-related inhibition of proinflammatory chemokine release from stimulated neutrophils of the newborn and whether the mechanism involves the pivotal transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB. PMNs isolated from the cord blood of healthy newborns were stimulated submaximally with either lipopolysaccharide (n = 5) or tumor necrosis factor (n = 4), with and without IL-10 (0.01–1000 ng/mL). IL-8 and MIP release were measured in cell culture supernatants at 18 h. The presence or absence of nuclear factor-κB activity and inhibitor-κBα degradation was measured at 30 min and 3 h after PMN stimulation began. During lipopolysaccharide stimulation, IL-10 significantly reduced IL-8 levels from 50 ± 16 ng/mL to 7 ± 3 ng/mL, and MIP levels from 14 ± 5 to 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL (mean ± SEM, p < 0.01). IL-10 produced an insignificant reduction in IL-8 and MIP levels after stimulation of PMNs with tumor necrosis factor. IL-10 did not inhibit nuclear factor-κB activation and inhibitor-κBα degradation in PMNs stimulated with tumor necrosis factor or lipopolysaccharide for 30 min. After PMN stimulation for 3 h, inhibitor-κBα cytoplasmic levels were restored; however, they were unaffected by IL-10. We conclude that IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of IL-8 and MIP from neutrophils of the newborn via a mechanism not involving nuclear factor-κB activity. Further work is needed to determine whether exogenous IL-10 may be useful for suppressing inflammation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
A functional basis for the association of HLA class II genes adn susceptibility to multiple sclerosis: cellular immune responses to myelin basic protein in a multiplex family

Abstract This study has examined the cellular response to myelin basic protein (MBP) ina multiplex family with multiple sclerosis (MS). A total of 81 MBP-specific T cell liens (TCLs) were derived from three affected siblings and four healthy siblings. No difference was observed in estimated precursor frequenceis of MBP-specific TCLs or peptide specificity of TCLs when comparing affected and unaffected siblings. MPB-specific TCLs from affected siblings, however, were restricted to the DRw15/DQw6 allele more frequently than those from unaffected siblings (P
Regulation of ERBB2 signaling and response to Trastuzumab by DARPP-32 in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is characterized by a poor response to therapy with less than 10% five-year survival rates. Although Herceptin, a humanized monoclonal anti-ERBB2 antibody, has been successfully used for treatment of ERBB2-positive metastatic breast and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, a significant proportion of patients either fail to achieve initial response or develop acquired resistance. Clinical trials using Herceptin for the treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas are ongoing in several Western countries. Understanding mechanisms that could hamper the response to Herceptin could influence the therapeutic decision making options and the management of these patients. Methods and Results: Truncated DARPP-32 (t-DARPP) (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000), located at the 17q21 region, is a commonly amplified and overexpressed gene in upper gastrointestinal malignancies. The CellTiter cell viability, clonogenic survival, ...
Analysis of Binding of Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin to DNA Using Computerized Curve-Fitting Procedures

The direct and difference spectroscopic methods of determining the binding constant of daunorubicin to DNA were compared. In addition, several other experimental parameters were varied, including the cell path length (1 or 10 cm), solution concentration, and analytical wavelength. The criterion used for judging the conditions and experimental methods was the attainment of a well-defined binding isotherm. Computerized least-squares curve fitting was used to determine the DNA binding constants from the binding isotherms and to compare the fit of a one-site and two-site model to the data. These studies showed that the best technique for determining the daunorubicin-DNA binding constants involved difference spectroscopic analysis of the absorbance change at 480 nm in long path length cells. In addition, overnight equilibration of daunorubicin-DNA complexes produced spectral changes, which indicated that methods involving prolonged equilibration would be inappropriate for daunorubicin-DNA binding studies. Computerized curve fitting of the data obtained from daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA solutions gave DNA binding constants of 1.27 × 106 M− 1 for daunorubicin and 2.04 × 106 M− 1 for doxorubicin and showed that a one-site model fit the data better than a two-site model. These binding constants are consistent with other physical and biological data and provide a very preliminary indication that DNA affinity and biological activity (e.g., antitumor activity) may be related in the anthracyclines. In addition, the value of the number of binding sites obtained from the computerized curve-fitting program was 8/40 or 0.2, which is in agreement with the neighbor exclusion model. The methods and criterion used in this study describe a general approach for determining accurately the binding of drugs to DNA.
SNAP-25 Substrate Peptide (Residues 180–183) Binds to but Bypasses Cleavage by Catalytically Active Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin E

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent toxins to humans. The recognition and cleavage of SNAREs are prime evente in exhibiting their toxicity. We report here the crystal structure of the catalytically active full-length botulinum serotype E catalytic domain (BoNT E) in complex with SNAP-25 (a SNARE protein) substrate peptide Arg180-Ile181-Met182-Glu183 (P1–P3′). It is remarkable that the peptide spanning the scissile bond binds to but bypasses cleavage by the enzyme and inhibits the catalysis fairly with Ki ∼69 μm. The inhibitory peptide occupies the active site of BoNT E and shows well defined electron density. The catalytic zinc and the conserved key residue Tyr350 of the enzyme facilitate the docking of Arg180 (P1) by interacting with its carbonyl oxygen that displaces the nucleophilic water. The general base Glu212 side chain interacts with the main chain amino group of P1 and P1′. Conserved Arg347 of BoNT E stabilizes the proper docking of the Ile181 (P1′) main chain, whereas the hydrophobic pockets stabilize the side chains of Ile181 (P1′) and Met182 (P2′), and the 250 loop stabilizes Glu183 (P3′). Structural and functional analysis revealed an important role for the P1′ residue and S1′ pocket in driving substrate recognition and docking at the active site. This study is the first of its kind and rationalizes the substrate cleavage strategy of BoNT E. Also, our complex structure opens up an excellent opportunity of structure-based drug design for this fast acting and extremely toxic high priority BoNT E.
Role of diet in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To determine whether eucaloric diets either enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 17% energy) or low in carbohydrates (Low CHO; 43% energy) would increase insulin sensitivity (Si) and decrease circulating insulin concentrations, relative to a standard diet (STD; 56% CHO, 31% fat, 16% protein), among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Crossover. Setting Academic research environment. Patient(s) Healthy women with PCOS not on hormonal or insulin-sensitizing therapy. Intervention(s) Subjects consumed three, 16-day, eucaloric diets, each separated by a 3-week washout period. A frequently sampled, intravenous, glucose tolerance test was administered at baseline and following each diet. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fasting glucose, insulin, the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), Si, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), total testosterone (T), free T, A4, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), tryglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA). Result(s) Fasting insulin was lower following the Low CHO diet relative to the STD diet; AIRg was lower following the Low CHO diet relative to the MUFA diet. Fasting glucose, Si, and the circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones were not significantly affected by the intervention. Conclusion(s) A moderate reduction in dietary carbohydrate reduced the fasting and postchallenge insulin concentrations among women with PCOS, which, over time, may improve reproductive/endocrine outcomes.
In Vitro Studies of Tobramycin, an Aminoglycoside Antibiotic

Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which has excellent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and many members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Most strains of Serratia, Providence, Streptococcus, and Diplococcus pneumoniae were resistant to concentrations of tobramycin which could be achieved in man. Tobramycin was effective against certain Pseudomonas strains resistant to gentamicin. The growth medium used to determine the inhibitory level of tobramycin had a significant effect upon the minimal inhibitory concentration. Calcium and magnesium ions inhibited the bactericidal effect of tobramycin. Tobramycin and carbenicillin acted in a synergistic manner. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid did not act in a synergistic manner with tobramycin. Broth-dilution susceptibility tests and disc-diffusion tests in agar (10-mug discs) showed excellent correlation except with Proteus strains.
Epigenetic and functional analysis of IGFBP3 and IGFBPrP1 in cellular immortalization.

Abstract Carcinogenic transformation of a cell requires bypassing senescence and becoming immortalized. A cellular senescence-like phenotype can be induced in immortal Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) cells by treating them with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-deoxycytidine. Our microarray-based expression profiling studies of spontaneously immortalized LFS cell lines identified genes that may provide the growth advantage required for the cells to become immortal. Several members of the IGFBP superfamily of genes fit the profile of genes involved in immortalization: silenced during immortalization and reactivated by 5-aza-deoxycytidine. Overexpression of IGFBP3 or IGFBPrP1 in the immortal LFS cell lines suppressed cell growth and inhibited colony formation. Both genes have the expression pattern of an epigenetically regulated gene and contain CpG islands suitable for methylation-dependent silencing. Analysis of how IGFBPs regulate immortalization will lead to a better understanding of this process and may lead to novel methods for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Oligodendrocyte Development: Implications for Demyelination and Remyelination

Fibroblast growth factors are a family of broad-spectrum growth factors influencing a plethora of cellular activities. The interaction of at least 23 ligands, 4 receptors and multiple coreceptors provides a dramatic complexity to a signaling system capable of effecting a multitude of responses. This review focuses on the fibroblast growth factors signaling in oligodendrocyte development, function and discusses implications for demyelination/remyelination.
Depth separation and lateral interference

In four experiments, the perceptual interaction between an annulus and a Landolt C enclosed within it was investigated as a function of their perceived relative depth positions and of the perceived lateral distance between the inner edge of the annulus and the outer edge of the C. To permit facile and unconfounded manipulation of perceived depth, the stimuli were stereoscopic contours formed from dynamic random-lement stereograms. Either one or both stimuli were visible continuously. The effect of the annulus on the Landolt C was assessed by forced-choice recognition thresholds of the C and by judgments of its apparent clarity. The main results were: (1) For both threshold recognition and apparent clarity, perceived depth separation has a strong effect on the strength of perceptual interaction; (2) the effect is asymmetrical in that the stimulus perceived as in front of its partner and closer to the observer has greater perceptual potency; and (3) as spacing between the elements increases, perceptual interaction declines independently of depth position. The implications of these data for general theories of stimulus interaction in three-dimensional space are discussed.
On-demand all-optical generation of controlled Rb-vapor densities in photonic-band-gap fibers

We investigate the time dynamics of light-induced desorption of Rb atoms in hollow-core photonic-band-gap fibers and demonstrate all-optical generation of precisely controlled Rb-vapor densities. We also compare the performance of the desorption process in an unmodified fiber with one with an organosilane-coated core, and based on the vapor depletion and recovery behavior, we propose a mechanism to describe the desorption processes. We further demonstrate that high densities of Rb vapor can be generated after the desorption beam is switched off and use it to realize $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-scheme electromagnetically induced transparency at control powers as low as 80 nW.
Microfilament Structure and Function in the Cortical Cytoskeleton

INTRODUCTION 337 PLANAR ASPECTS OF THE MEMBRANE .. . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,... . . . . . . . . . 339 The Spe ctrin/Actin Net work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES """""""""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''', . . ,"""""",.,', . . """"'" 345 Intestinal Micro villi ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Cul t ured Ce l a nd Pla ce ntal Mi cr ovill i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Stereocilia o f the A uditory Hair Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 356 MEMBRANE RUFFLES AND PSEUDOPODS . ....... . . . ........ . . ..... 356 ASSEMBLY AND REGULATION . . . ..... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .... ,., . . . . . . . . ... .. , .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Reg ulatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . 359 FUNCTIONS AND DyNAMICS .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . ........ . . 363
Interpolation by directed distance morphing

Shape-based interpolation (SBI) is used for interpolation between binary serial slice images. Although SBI approximates the interslice geometry more accurately than traditional techniques such as linear (L) or cubic spline (CS) interpolation, SBI produces only a binary result. This paper extends SBI to interpolation of grayscale images (SBIG) using simulated 3D distance maps to produce a grayscale image volume. Results of SBIG are superior visually (sharper detail, no artificial intensities) and quantitatively to L or CS. This is particularly evident in sagittal and coronal reconstructions. Clipping artifacts due to nonoverlapping structures or rapid changes in image brightness are minimized using simulated 3D maps. However, when objects between slices do not overlap, shape-based interpolation results in compressed or nonexistent geometry in some or all of the interpolated slices. The nonoverlapping problem is described and quantified. A new interpolation algorithm, directed distance morphing, is introduced and used to address the nonoverlapping problem.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Degradation mechanisms of SOFC anodes in coal gas containing phosphorus

Abstract The interaction of phosphorus in synthetic coal gas with the nickel-based anode of solid oxide fuel cells has been investigated. Tests with both anode-supported and electrolyte-supported button cells were performed at 700 to 800 °C in synthetic coal gas containing 0.5 to 10 ppm phosphorus, which was introduced as phosphine. Two primary modes of degradation were observed. The most obvious was the formation of a series of bulk nickel phosphide phases, of which Ni 3 P, Ni 5 P 2 , Ni 12 P 5 and Ni 2 P were identified. Phosphorus was essentially completely captured by the anode, forming a sharp boundary between converted and unconverted anode portions. These products partially coalesced into large grains, which eventually affected electronic percolation through the anode support. From thermodynamic calculations, formation of the first binary nickel phosphide phase is possible at phosphorus concentrations
Polyicosahedricity: icosahedron to icosahedron of icosahedra growth pathway for bimetallic (AuAg) and trimetallic (AuAgM; M Pt, Pd, Ni) supraclusters; synthetic strategies, site preference, and stereochemical principles

Abstract In this review, syntheses and structural systematics of a series of vertex-sharing polyicosahedral clusters containing group 11 (Au,Ag,Cu) and group 10 (Pt,Pd,Ni) metals are discussed. This particular series of clusters follows a well-defined growth pathway in which the basic building block is the 13-atom centered icosahedron. The design rule is vertex sharing and the cluster “grows” by successive additions of icosahedral units via sharing of atoms. This cluster of clusters growth mechanism from a single icosahedron (13 atoms) to an icosahedron of icosahedra (127 atoms) parallels the atom-by-atom growth from a single atom to a 13-atom icosahedron and hence may be considered as a manifestation of the spontaneous self-organization and self-similarity aggregation process in the early stages of particle growth. This tendency to form polyicosahedral clusters may be termed polyicosahedricity. Recent developments in synthetic strategies and stereochemical principles of bi- and trimetallic vertex-sharing polyicosahedral clusters are highlighted with emphasis on (1) endo icosahedral chemistry by incorporating group 10 metals in the centers of the icosahedra, (2) exo icosahedral chemistry by capping the icosahedral faces with metal atoms or by “capturing” small molecules in the cluster cavities, and (3) framework icosahedral chemistry by changing the metal combination (group 11 metals) of the cluster architecture. Specifically, a new synthetic strategy based on “preformed clusters”, site preference rules, new concepts such as rotamerism and roulettamerism, and a new intracavity chemistry on a cluster surface resembling Venus flytrap are discussed. It is hoped that basic understanding of the stereochemical and bonding principles governing alloy formation in multimetallic clusters will lead to better electronic and stereochemical controls of their structures and reactivities and, ultimately, give rise to better design and manufacture or fabrication of structurally well-defined and functionally optimized nanoarchitecture, multimetallic catalysts, etc.
From Brighton beach to blogs: exploring food-related nostalgia in the Russian diaspora

This research presents a qualitative exploration of food-related nostalgia experienced by individuals from Russia and the former Soviet Union in the context of diasporic waves. By varying time and space dimensions associated with nostalgia, the analysis is conceptualized around three “locations”: (1) Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, (2) Brighton Beach, New York, and (3) cyberspace. Weblogs, demonstrated here to be objects of inquiry, are analyzed according to their nostalgia content, social connections, and community interaction. Nostalgic evocation through traditional cuisine is evident in all three settings. Personal, interpersonal, and cultural nostalgia are apparent in web content, demonstrating a technological role in the creation, sharing, and dissemination of nostalgia. Implications of the study relate to the sociology of food and interdisciplinary food studies, culinary tourism, online and offline marketing, and product distribution into ethnic and international markets.
Levels of activity of the enzymes of the glycogen cycle in rat tissues

Abstract Levels of phosphorylase, UDPG pyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase activities have been studied in rat tissues. Glycogen content of the same tissues has been determined in fed and fasted rats. The results obtained appear to be compatible with a cyclic mechanism of glycogen synthesis and degradation.
Pre-1990 evidence for the fullerene proposal

Abstract During the period 1985 to 1990, the closed cage carbon molecules known as the fullerenes could be observed only in the mass spectrometer. Through a number of mass spectrometric and theoretical investigations, a considerable amount of evidence was obtained supporting the hypothesis that closed cage carbon clusters are formed spontaneously in condensing carbon vapor, with the most stable one being the highly symmetrical, truncated icosahedron C 60 molecule. From these studies a coherent description of the structure and properties of the fullerenes, especially C 60 and C 70 , emerged which has been validated and greatly extended by investigations by many workers on macroscopic samples of these materials during the last two years.
Low-level laser therapy for Peyronie's disease

We are reporting the preliminary results of a nonrandomized trial using a low-level gallium- aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser at a wavelength of 830 nm (Microlight 830, Lasermedics, Inc., Stafford, TX) to treat patients with symptomatic Peyronie's disease. All patients entered into the study had disease consisting of a well-defined fibrous plaque causing pain and/or curvature of the penile shaft on erection that interfered with satisfactory sexual intercourse. Treatment has consisted of 30 mW administered over a duty cycle of 100 seconds (3 J) beginning at the base of the penis and extending to the coronal sulcus over the dorsum of the penis at 0.5 cm intervals. An additional duty cycle of 100 seconds was delivered to each 0.5 cm of palpable plaque. The ability of the therapy to reduce the size of the fibrous plaque, the severity of the penile curvature, and the severity of pain associated with penile erection and the treatment's effect on the patient's quality of life were assessed for each patient at completion of therapy and 6 weeks later.
The nested consideration model: Investigating dynamic store consideration sets and store competition

The nested logit model has been widely used to study nested choice. A typical example of such nested choice is store patronage and brand choice. An important limitation of the nested logit model is that it assumes that all alternatives at both levels of the nest are available in the choice set of the consumer. While there is a wide literature on the incorporation of restricted choice sets into the logit model, the logical extension of this analysis to nested restricted choice sets has not been pursued in the literature. In this study we develop a nested consideration model that integrates store choice and brand choice incorporating the formation of dynamic restricted choice sets of both stores and brands. We term the model the nested consideration model and derive the related probabilities in a manner analogous to the well-known nested logit model. In an empirical illustration, we find that the nested consideration model shows better prediction than nested logit models (with the same explanatory variables). We find that it is important to account for dynamic store consideration sets rather than static sets or store loyalty measures. We also conduct simulations to demonstrate the importance of the nested consideration set model for correct pricing and store location decisions of business managers.
Some acidic substances in neoplastic mast cells and in the pineal body.

Abstract In neoplastic mast cells in culture the levels of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine reflected the levels of taurine, cysteic acid, cerebroside sulfate, and adenosine triphosphate and the capacity of the cells to synthesize heparin. No neuraminic acid could be detected in these cells. In the pineal body, high levels of neuraminic acid were found along with significant concentrations of taurine and cysteic acid, but no cerebroside sulfate or sulfomucopolysaccharides were detectable. Reserpine did not affect the levels of taurine in brain, spleen, or heart of the rat.
Abnormal Nerve Conduction in Impotent Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

The etiology of impotence in the diabetic population has not been clearly defined. To assess this problem, 24 impotent diabetic subjects, 21 nonimpotent diabetic subjects, and 10 subjects with psychogenic impotence were compared with nocturnal monitoring of penile tumescence and rigidity, penile arterial blood flow, and nerve conduction of the pudendal nerve. There was no statistical difference in mean age or durationof diabetes among the various study groups. All diabetic subjects who presented with complaints of impotence had severe abnormalities on nocturnal erection monitoring. There was no significant difference in the mean penile brachial index between impotent and nonimpotent diabetic subjects ( P = .335). In contrast, there was a significant difference in bulbocavernosus-reflex latency times ( P < .001) between impotent (meanlatency 48.4 ms) and nonimpotent (mean latency 38.7 ms) diabetic subjects. This studystrongly suggests that impotence in the diabetic population is secondary to functional abnormalities of pelvic nerves and that the bulbocavernosus-reflex latency time is an excellent diagnostic test for assessing function of pelvic nerves in the diabetic individual.
Preschoolers search for hidden objects

The issue of whether young children use spatio-temporal information (e.g., movement of objects through time and space) and/or contact-mechanical information (e.g., interaction between objects) to search for a hidden object was investigated. To determine whether one cue can have priority over the other, a dynamic event that put these cues into conflict was created, with only spatio-temporal information being valid. The 3-year-olds used in the study were found to use the valid spatio-temporal cue exclusively and seemed to ignore the contact-mechanical cue. Both search behavior and eye tracking during the event support the view of a sophisticated sensitivity to the validity of a cue in indicating a target's hidden location.
Stability and Change of Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Common Liability to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis DSM-IV Dependence Symptoms

This study investigated the stability of genetic and environmental effects on the common liability to alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis dependence across adolescence and young adulthood. DSM-IV symptom counts from 2,361 adolescents were obtained using a structured diagnostic interview. Several sex-limited longitudinal common pathway models were used to examine gender differences in the magnitude of additive genetic (A), shared environment, and non-shared environmental effects over time. Model fitting indicated limited gender differences. Among older adolescents (i.e., age >14), the heritability of the latent trait was estimated at 0.43 (0.05, 0.94) during the first wave and 0.63 (0.21, 0.83) during the second wave of assessment. A common genetic factor could account for genetic influences at both assessments, as well as the majority of the stability of SAV over time [rA = 1.00 (0.55, 1.00)]. These results suggest that early genetic factors continue to play a key role at later developmental stages.
Viruses Associated with Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Philippines and Thailand

Epidemiologic, clinical, and etiologic studies were carried out on a newly recognized, frequently fatal, pediatric disease syndrome which occurred in urban areas infested with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Four types of dengue virus (two of which are new), chikungunya virus, and another virus yet to be identified were isolated from the blood of patients. Dengue viruses, types 2 and 3, were isolated from the mosquitoes. Ample serologic confirmation was obtained of concurrent hemorrhagic fever and infection with one or more of these viruses. Thus, it was discovered that viruses of previously recognized types and of closely related new types apparently have etiologic roles in a new and highly dangerous epidemic disease syndrome.
Adjustment of international adoptees: Implications for practice and a future research agenda

Abstract Studies suggest that international (intercountry) adolescent adoptees have lower self-esteem and are at higher risk for developing severe mental health problems and social maladjustment than children of the same age living with their biological families in the general population. Although most U.S. studies report positive outcomes for international adoption, studies also report that many international adoptees are confused about their racial and/or ethnic identity and face difficulties in handling bias and discrimination. International adoptees may have a better adjustment if their adoptive parents are sensitive and appropriately responsive to issues related to their adopted child's race, ethnicity, and culture. This paper reviews the state of our current knowledge about how and why some international adoptees adjust better than others and suggests theoretically grounded avenues for future research.
Placelessness, spacelessness, and formlessness: experiential qualities of virtual possessions

People worldwide are increasingly acquiring virtual possessions. While virtual possessions have become ubiquitous, little work exists on how people value them, and how their experiences of them differ from material possessions. In this paper, we reflect on and synthesize findings from five studies we conducted over the past five years that investigated people's perceptions of and practices with virtual possessions. Through the higher-level perspective we adopt, we propose three thematic qualities that help characterize people's experiences with virtual possessions, as compared to their material things: placelessness, spacelessness, and formlessness. We draw on these proposed qualities as lenses to help frame future research and practice opportunities for better supporting value construction activities with virtual possessions.
Kinetics Approach To The Growth Of Cubic Boron Nitride

We have deposited cubic BN films on silicon (100) using a novel ion-assisted RF-sputtering process. Our efforts over the past several years have enabled us to significantly reduce the ion-energy needed to form the cubic phase, with values now substantially less than 100 eV. Through a better understanding of the growth process we have been able to make improvements in film crystallinity and orientation, with an associated reduction of the high film stress which has severely limited film thickness in the past. The combination of low-energy nitrogen ions and high temperature growth has enabled us to deposit cubic BN films as thick as 1.9 µm. A nucleation study, performed using scanning force microscopy, shows that the cubic BN is nucleating as triangular crystallites, indicative of (111) growth. More specifically, the cubic BN appears to be nucleating on the edges of perpendicularly oriented hexagonal planes such that the cubic BN [111] is normal to the hexagonal BN [0002] (c-axis). The results suggest a pathway to “compliant” oriented growth on a variety of substrates.
Comments on possible new three-generation Calabi-Yau manifolds

Abstract We present the observation that the new Calabi-Yau manifolds suggested by Aspinwall et al. and Candelas et al. do not admit the appropriate freely acting discrete symmetries needed to give to three generations.
Origins of the Taiping Vision: Cross-Cultural Dimensions of a Chinese Rebellion

The transmission of systems of ideas across wide cultural gaps is hard enough to study on any scale of human organization. It is particularly hard when two large, complex cultures meet under traumatic circumstances, as did China and the West in the nineteenth century. The myriad variables in such a situation dictate special care in defining the specific terms and conditions under which ideas are transmitted. The present case suggests three points worth attention: first, the precise language of the textual material that impinges on the host culture; second, the underlying structure of the historical circumstances into which this material is introduced; third, the process whereby the foreign material becomes important to sectors of society outside the group that first appreciated and received it and thereby becomes a significant historical force.
Assessment of the accuracy of snow surface direct beam spectral albedo under a variety of overcast skies derived by a reciprocal approach through radiative transfer simulation

With radiative transfer simulations it is suggested that stable estimates of the highly anisotropic direct beam spectral albedo of snow surface can be derived reciprocally under a variety of overcast skies. An accuracy of ±0.008 is achieved over a solar zenith angle range of θ0 ≤ 74° for visible wavelengths and up to θ0 ≤ 63° at the near-infrared wavelength λ = 862 nm. This new method helps expand the database of snow surface albedo for the polar regions where direct measurement of clear-sky surface albedo is limited to large θ0’s only. The enhancement will assist in the validation of snow surface albedo models and improve the representation of polar surface albedo in global circulation models.