cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and quantification of methyl-benzotriazoles and chloromethyl-benzotriazoles produced from disinfection processes in wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the major sources of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the environment. Benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors are a class of CECs that are resistant to biodegradation and have been reported in waters varying from WWTP effluent to groundwater and drinking water. This study examined wastewater influent and effluent grab samples over three years using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC × GC) to discover six target benzotriazoles, four of which have never been properly characterized in water prior to this work. The six benzotriazoles were two methyl isomers (4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole) as well as four chloromethyl isomers (previously unidentified). Using targeted analysis, the benzotriazoles were quantified and semi-quantified in the wastewater. In all seasons sampled but one, the concentration of three of the four chloromethyl-benzotriazoles increased from the influent to effluent waters. For the first time, it was observed that the 4 and 5-methyl-benzotriazoles interact with the sodium hypochlorite in the tertiary treatment step of the WWTP leading to the formation of the four chloromethyl-benzotriazoles. This was confirmed with lab scale synthesis of the reaction where the products were chromatographically analyzed and matched mass spectral and retention time data of the water samples. Assisted by the mass spectral fragmentation information, the four chloromethyl-benzotriazole isomers were tentatively identified as 4-chloromethyl-2H-benzotriazole, 5-chloromethyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4-chloromethyl-1H-benzotriazole, and 5-chloromethyl-2H-benzotriazole, in order of elution. No analytical standards are available for the chloromethyl-benzotriazole compounds and this is the first attempted identification of them in waters. The yearly mass loadings of total benzotriazoles were estimated to average between 148.86 and 394.64 kg/year at this particular facility. The WWTP studied reuses all effluent water for irrigation of crop and forested land so this high value of benzotriazoles entering the environment is concerning and the impacts need to be further studied.
How to Manage Cartilage Injuries

Abstract Although small cartilage injuries are commonly found in knee arthroscopy procedures, significant chondral and osteochondral injuries are relatively infrequent. Incidence of cartilage injury rises when considering traumatic origin, especially when approaching significant ligamentous or meniscal pathology. Options for restoration span the gamut from benign neglect to open procedures that restore both cartilage and subchondral bone. The best choice of procedure largely depends on lesion size, depth, and location. Smaller lesions isolated to cartilage Larger osteochondral lesions >2 cm2 are better treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation, where osteochondral cores from a size-matched, fresh cadaver are matched to the patient's lesion. This option may require multiple cores to be placed in a “snowman” pattern; however, recent literature demonstrated that a single plug might produce better outcomes. Alternatively, for large chondral-only lesions, a resurfacing procedure may be chosen that may include biologic options. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), currently in its third iteration (matrix ACI [MACI]), is an excellent choice with good long-term durability. In addition, MACI may be used for chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint where matching the native joint topology may be more difficult. If the patient has an underlying bone marrow lesion but an intact cartilage cap that appears healthy on arthroscopic examination, one may consider a core decompression and injection with biologics such as BMAC and bony scaffold with fibrin glue (also known as bioplasty). It is also critical that the surgeon address any concomitant knee pathology that would compromise cartilage restoration. This includes addressing malalignment with distal femoral, proximal tibial, or tibial tubercle osteotomy, significant meniscal deficiency with meniscal transplant, and any instability from lack of cruciate or collateral ligaments with ligament reconstruction.
Twin Composites, Strange Continued Fractions, and a Transformation that Euler Missed (Twice)

We introduce a polynomial E(d, t, x) in three variables that comes from the intersections of a family of ellipses described by Euler. For fixed odd integers t ≥ 3, the sequence of E(d, t, x) with d running through the integers produces, conjecturally, sequences of “twin composites” analogous to the twin primes of the integers. This polynomial and its lower degree relative R(d, t, x) have strikingly simple discriminants and resolvents. Moreover, the roots of R for certain values of d have continued fractions with at least two large partial quotients, the second of which mysteriously involves the 12th cyclotomic polynomial. Various related polynomials whose roots also have conjecturally strange continued fractions are also examined.
Assessment of sustainability indicators for Iranian fisheries management (case study of Persian Gulf)

The Persian Gulf Iranian fishery, just like many marine fisheries, needs sustainable management. The assessment of the sustainability of the fishery requires the development of a set of local indicators. This paper used an integrated multi-criteria participatory framework as a decision-making approach, to evaluate sustainability relating to ecological, economic, social, technological, and management dimensions. The indicators were modified from appropriate tools such as Rapfish and other reference studies. The determination of the importance of sustainability indicators was performed based on local stakeholders’ opinions in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Three groups of stakeholders in this field have included fishers, managers, and researchers. Also, cognitive mapping as a soft methodology was applied to useful tools, for the assessment of the perceived linkage among indicators. The result of the assessment was analyzed and provided an overview for understanding the decision-making process and how to achieve sustainable fishery management in Iran.
Terminology in safety of collaborative robotics

Abstract Popular non-normative terms in robot safety, including “co-existence”, “collaboration”, “cooperation”, “collaborative robot”, “cobot”, are used inconsistently in technical literature and in practice. Comparison of terms and evidence of inconsistency are provided on the basis of recent works about safety of collaborative robotics. Frequency and energy of interaction are discussed as more appropriated classification figures for the purpose of risk assessment. Examples and recommendations about the classification of safety methods are discussed according to contemporary state-dependent, mixed modes safety strategies.
Central Banking in the United States

American money and banking have been determined within changing legal frameworks—such as the Banks of the United States, the Independent Treasury, and the Federal Reserve—determined primarily by legislation, the effects of which have been controversial and often unsatisfactory as measured by instability and inflation. The most significant constants have been the desires for more regulation (mainly to offset the effects of previous regulations) and the use of the banking system, assisted by government agencies, to monetize government debt.
Impact of childhood trauma on executive function in adolescence-mediating functional brain networks and prediction of high-risk drinking

Abstract Background Childhood trauma is known to impart risk for several adverse life outcomes. Yet, its impact during adolescent development is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the relationships among childhood trauma, functional brain connectivity, executive dysfunction (ED), and the development of high-risk drinking in adolescence. Methods Data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (sample size = 392, 55% female) cohort were used. This included resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, childhood trauma and ED self-reports, and detailed interviews on alcohol and substance use collected at baseline and at 4 annual follow-ups. We used longitudinal regression analyses to confirm the relationship between childhood trauma and ED, identified the mediating functional brain network hubs, and used these linkages to predict future high-risk drinking in adolescence. Results Childhood trauma severity was significantly related to ED in all years. At baseline, distributed functional connectivity from hub regions in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, right anterior insula, right intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and ED. Furthermore, high-risk drinking in follow-up years 1–4 could be predicted with high accuracy from the trauma-affected functional brain networks that mediated ED at baseline, together with age, childhood trauma severity, and extent of ED. Discussion Functional brain networks, particularly from hub regions important for cognitive and sensorimotor control, explain the relationship between childhood trauma and ED and are important for predicting future high-risk drinking. These findings are relevant for the prognosis of alcohol use disorders.
On the relationship between excursions and paleomagnetic secular variation – Records from MIS 5, North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract We have recovered four new records of the paleomagnetic field variability within Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5: 71–130 ka) from deep-sea sediment cores of the Bahama Outer Ridge, western North Atlantic Ocean. These cores contain reproducible evidence of the Blake Event and are located within 300 km of cores used by Smith and Foster (1969) to define the Blake Event. Our new paleomagnetic records have both reproducible directions and relative paleointensities, but they should be considered only medium-resolution records because they were recovered from sediments with bulk accumulation rates of only ~6 cm/kyr. Paleomagnetic interpretations of the records are complicated by the fact that the Blake Event occurs partially within two narrow zones of bacterial magnetite. Our rock magnetic and paleomagnetic studies suggest that the bacterial magnetite has not contributed significantly to the directional or relative paleointensity results. Our records indicate that the Blake event occurred ~119–126,000 years BP, within MIS5e (114–130,000 years BP). The Blake Event is a local magnetic field reversal (Class II excursion) with directions flipping quickly to reversed-polarity directions, hovering statically for at least 6000 years, and then flipping quickly back to normal polarity directions. The core dynamo source for the Blake Event must have a strong axisymmetric and global-scale character to produce such a true local polarity reversal. We have carried out detailed short-interval (3 ka and 9 ka) statistical analysis of the PSV (after removal of true excursional directions) from three of our records to assess the pattern of PSV through MIS 5 and associated with the Blake Event. Reproducible statistical results among the three records suggest significant deviations away from long-term average on time scales greater than 3 ka and 9 ka. The overall angular dispersions are generally low (~10°) except for two narrow intervals (~25°). The high dispersion intervals are associated with the lowest paleointensity intervals and excursions.
Abstract PS12-14: Phase II trial of fulvestrant plus enzalutamide in ER+/Her2- advanced breast cancer

Up to 91% of ER+ breast cancers express androgen receptor (AR), but its function is uncertain. Although AR expression is associated with more indolent tumors, high AR expression relative to ER is associated with endocrine resistance, and in the absence of estradiol or if ER function is blocked, preclinical studies suggest that AR can take over to signal cell survival and proliferation. Following extensive preclinical studies and a brief phase I to demonstrate a lack of significant PK interaction, this phase II trial of fulvestrant plus enzalutamide in ER+/Her2- metastatic breast cancer was conducted. Methods: Eligible patients were women with ECOG 0-2, ER+/Her2- measurable or evaluable metastatic breast cancer without CNS disease. Prior fulvestrant was allowed, if clinically indicated as per treating physician. Fulvestrant was administered in standard dosing at 500 mg IM days 1, 15, 29 and every 4 weeks thereafter. Enzalutamide was given at 160 mg po daily on a continual basis. Fresh tumor biopsies were required at study entry and at about 4 weeks on therapy. The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial was clinical benefit rate at 24 weeks (CBR24). Assuming the undesirable rate of 10% and desirable rate of 30%, a sample size of 24 provided 89% power to detect this 25% rate difference using an exact binomial test with a one-sided alpha of 0.085. Due to the exploratory nature of biomarker analysis, the type I error rate was not adjusted for exploring multiple biomarkers. Results: A total of 38 patients were consented, of whom 32 were eligible. Median age was 61 years (46-87); PS 1 (0-1); a median of 2 prior chemotherapy and 2 prior hormonal therapies for metastatic disease. Twelve patients had prior fulvestrant, and 90% had visceral disease. TEAEs >20% included fatigue, nausea/vomiting, constipation, headache, anorexia, although most were low grade. There were no G4 or G5 toxicities. Median PFS was 2.0 months (0.5-12). CBR24 was 25% (7/28 evaluable).Conclusions: In a heavily pretreated population of women with metastatic ER+/Her2- BC, the combination of fulvestrant plus enzalutamide had manageable side effects, and modest activity. About 25% reached the primary endpoint of clinical benefit of more than 6 months on therapy. Extensive molecular studies of paired fresh biopsies from pretreatment and at 4 weeks are underway. These analyses and correlations with clinical outcome will be described. Citation Format: Anthony D Elias, Nicole Spoelsta, Gregory A Vidal, Sharon Sams, Peter Kabos, Jennifer R Diamond, Elena Shagisultanova, Anosheh Afghahi, Jose Mayordomo, Tessa McSpadden, Gloria Crawford, Lisa Carter, Kathryn Zolman, Stephanie Armstead, Alyse Winchester, Virginia Borges, Julia Wulfkuhle, Emanuel Petricoin, Dexiang Gao, Jennifer Richer. Phase II trial of fulvestrant plus enzalutamide in ER+/Her2- advanced breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS12-14.
The Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62) and College Academic Outcomes:

College students experiencing psychological distress are at risk for negative academic outcomes. The Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62) is a symptom inventory desi...
A 3-D virtual human thermoregulatory model to predict whole-body and organ-specific heat-stress responses

This study aimed at assessing the risks associated with human exposure to heat-stress conditions by predicting organ- and tissue-level heat-stress responses under different exertional activities, environmental conditions, and clothing. In this study, we developed an anatomically detailed three-dimensional thermoregulatory finite element model of a 50th percentile U.S. male, to predict the spatiotemporal temperature distribution throughout the body. The model accounts for the major heat transfer and thermoregulatory mechanisms, and circadian-rhythm effects. We validated our model by comparing its temperature predictions of various organs (brain, liver, stomach, bladder, and esophagus), and muscles (vastus medialis and triceps brachii) under normal resting conditions (errors between 0.0 and 0.5 °C), and of rectum under different heat-stress conditions (errors between 0.1 and 0.3 °C), with experimental measurements from multiple studies. Our simulations showed that the rise in the rectal temperature was primarily driven by the activity level (~ 94%) and, to a much lesser extent, environmental conditions or clothing considered in our study. The peak temperature in the heart, liver, and kidney were consistently higher than in the rectum (by ~ 0.6 °C), and the entire heart and liver recorded higher temperatures than in the rectum, indicating that these organs may be more susceptible to heat injury. Our model can help assess the impact of exertional and environmental heat stressors at the organ level and, in the future, evaluate the efficacy of different whole-body or localized cooling strategies in preserving organ integrity.
Abnormal Eye Movement in a 5-year-old Girl.

1. Jessica X. Ouyang, MD* 2. Edward E. Kim, MD† 3. John J. Manaloor, MD†,‡ 1. *Brown University, Providence, RI 2. †Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 3. ‡Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indianapolis, IN A 5-year-old previously healthy girl was taken to an outpatient ophthalmologist by her guardian due to abnormal eye movements for a few weeks. On examination she is found to have papilledema and is sent to the emergency department for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits. She is subsequently admitted to the pediatric hospitalist service after obtaining head imaging. Her history reveals that she had a febrile illness approximately 1 month earlier and was diagnosed as having a right otitis media at a local emergency department (ED). Amoxicillin was started, but during the following week she began to have eye movement changes, headache, clumsiness, and a stiff neck. She returned to the ED after completing 7 days of amoxicillin and was instructed to stop the amoxicillin and start cefdinir. The patient was unable to tolerate cefdinir owing to adverse effects after a trial of 3 days, and she returned for the third time to the ED. She received and completed a 10-day course of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Although the fevers, headache, and neck pain had all resolved, her eye symptoms persisted, prompting her to be seen by an outpatient ophthalmologist, who referred her for an MRI. On admission, the physical examination revealed an afebrile, developmentally normal, and well-appearing 5-year-old, whose vital signs were within normal limits for age but whose examination revealed incomplete abduction of her eyes bilaterally, with the left worse than the right. Her examination was also significant for an erythematous, nonbulging right tympanic membrane with good light reflex. The remainder of her examination, including gait, and range of motion of her neck, were unremarkable. Her history and ancillary study results taken together reveal the diagnosis. ### Differential Diagnosis Papilledema alone, but especially in conjunction with abducens nerve palsy, is highly indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Elevated ICP in …
Random Walk and the Heat Equation

The heat equation can be derived by averaging over a very large number of particles. Traditionally, the resulting PDE is studied as a deterministic equation, an approach that has brought many significant results and a deep understanding of the equation and its solutions. By studying the heat equation by considering the individual random particles, however, one gains further intuition into the problem. While this is now standard for many researchers, this approach is generally not presented at the undergraduate level. In this book, Lawler introduces the heat equation and the closely related notion of harmonic functions from a probabilistic perspective. The theme of the first two chapters of the book is the relationship between random walks and the heat equation. The first chapter discusses the discrete case, random walk and the heat equation on the integer lattice; and the second chapter discusses the continuous case, Brownian motion and the usual heat equation. Relationships are shown between the two. For example, solving the heat equation in the discrete setting becomes a problem of diagonalization of symmetric matrices, which becomes a problem in Fourier series in the continuous case. Random walk and Brownian motion are introduced and developed from first principles. The latter two chapters discuss different topics: martingales and fractal dimension, with the chapters tied together by one example, a random Cantor set. The idea of this book is to merge probabilistic and deterministic approaches to heat flow. It is also intended as a bridge from undergraduate analysis to graduate and research perspectives. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduates, particularly those considering graduate work in mathematics or related areas.
Switches, Wavelength Routers, and Wavelength Converters

This chapter introduces some of the basic components in WDM networks, discusses various implementations of these components, and provides insights into their capabilities and limitations. The components discussed are fixed and reconfigurable wavelength routers, optical packet switches, and wavelength converters.
Who Wants to Know - And Why?: The Supreme Court’s Secret Purposivist Test for Exemptions from Association Membership Disclosure Laws

In the recent case Doe v. Reed, the Supreme Court announced the test for associations to get exemptions for their members from membership disclosure laws under the First Amendment. The Doe test requires an organization to “show ‘a reasonable probability that the compelled disclosure of personal information will subject [its members] to threats, harassment, or reprisals from either Government officials or private parties.’” However, the Court’s stated test is inconsistent with its membership disclosure cases, including Doe’s own dicta. In response to this inconsistency, this Note identifies the secret two-part purposivist test the Court has actually applied in its eighty years of membership disclosure case law — one that focuses only on “Government officials.” Under its actual test, the Supreme Court asks (1) whether the association deserves judicial protection from the disclosure law at issue because the government has targeted it, and (2) whether the association’s activities are economic or criminal such that disclosure is outside the realm of paradigmatic — and therefore deeply felt — First Amendment harm. This Note then argues that the Supreme Court’s secret test is more consistent with existing doctrine than its announced Doe test once the private parties that target associations are understood to be like a hostile audience.
Title 28, Section 2225 of the United States Code - Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence: Effective or Ineffective Aid to a Federal Prisoner?

This article places in historical perspective the enactment and administration by the federal courts of Section 2255 of the Judicial Code and concludes a prisoner’s basic right to attack, collaterally, a conviction is largely unimpaired by this legislation. Section 2255 was enacted not with the idea of enlarging the class of remedies already available to attack a conviction, but rather to provide that a proper attack upon an original conviction be made in the sentencing court and not in some other court through use of the writ of habeas corpus. Resort to habeas corpus is thus allowed only when the remedy by motion is inadequate and ineffective.
Survival of Escherichia coli with and without ColE1: Tn5 after aerosol dispersal in a laboratory and a farm environment

The survival of a laboratory strain and a naturally occurring fecal strain of Escherichia coli, with and without a Tn5-containing derivative of ColE1, was examined after aerosol dispersal in a laboratory office and a barn under ambient temperature and humidity conditions. Following the release of paired strains, air and diverse types of surfaces were assayed for the test organisms. In both environments, the number of airborne bacteria declined rapidly within the first 2 h. Longer survival was found on surfaces and varied with surface type: recovery was greatest from wood products. Organisms persisted for 1 day in the office and for up to 20 days in the barn. Survival of the fecal strain was better than that of the laboratory strain in both test environments. In general, plasmid-bearing strains fared similarly to their plasmidless parents, but in several comparisons the ColE1::Tn5-containing strain showed enhanced survival. These studies have implications for the present and proposed release of genetically engineered organisms with and without plasmid vectors.
Hollow-fiber membrane bioelectrochemical reactor for domestic wastewater treatment

Background Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are potentially advantageous as an energy-efficient approach to wastewater treatment; however, the quality of the MFC effluent has not been well addressed. In this study, a membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) was developed through integrating hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membranes into a tubular MFC to improve the effluent quality. Results This MBER was operated with an acetate solution or domestic wastewater (primary effluent) for more than 200 days. The MBER removed 43–58% of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the acetate solution and achieved 30–36% coulombic efficiency. When treating the wastewater, the MBER was able to maintain almost 90% COD removal and an effluent turbidity <1 NTU. A strategy of periodic backwash and membrane relaxation led to a slow increase in the transmembrane pressure (TMP) from zero to 15 kPa in more than 40 days at hydraulic retention time (HRT) 36 h. However, both lower HRTs and high organic loading rates rapidly increased the transmembrane pressure. Conclusion A proof of concept of an MBER was presented and shown to be effective in contaminant removal. Preliminary energy analysis suggests that the MBER could theoretically produce sufficient energy from the acetate solution to support the pumping system. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the MBER concept and the challenges for further development of the MBER system. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Equal-Weight Fingerprinting Codes

We consider binary fingerprinting codes that trace at least one of t pirates using the marking assumption. Ensembles of binary equal-weight codes are considered along with a new efficient decoding algorithm. The design substantially increases the code rates of the former fingerprinting constructions. In particular, for large t , the new t -fingerprinting codes have code rate of t *** 2ln 2 and identify a pirate with an error probability that declines exponentially in code length n .
Dominant X-Chromosome Nondisjunction Mutants of CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Eight dominant X-chromosome nondisjunction mutants have been identified and characterized. Hermaphrodites (XX) heterozygous for any one of the mutations produce 20-35% male (XO) self-progeny compared with the wild-type frequency of 0.2%. Seven of the eight mutants carry X-autosome translocations. Three of these, represented by mnT2, involve linkage group (LG) II and show severe crossover suppression for X-linked markers. The two half-translocations comprising mnT2 are separable and of very unequal size. The smaller one includes the left tip of X and the right end of LGII and can exist as a free duplication, being present in addition to the normal chromosome complement, in either hermaphrodites or males; it has no effect on X nondisjunction. The reciprocal half-translocation of mnT2 includes the bulk of both LGII and X chromosomes; it disjoins regularly from a normal LGII and confers the property of X-chromosome nondisjunction. A fourth translocation, mnT10(V;X), is also reciprocal and consists of half-translocations that recombine with V and X, respectively. Either half-translocation of mnT10 can exist in heterozygous form in the absence of the other to give heterozygous duplication-deficiency animals; the property of X-chromosome nondisjunction is conferred, in homozygotes as well as heterozygotes, solely by one of the half-translocations, which is deficient for the left tip of the X. The final three translocations have X breakpoints near the right end of X and autosomal breakpoints near the right end of LGIV, the left end of LGV and the right end of LGI, respectively. All three are homozygous inviable. Males hemizygous for the X portion of any of the seven translocations are viable and fertile. The final mutant, mn164, maps as a point at or near the left tip of the X and causes X-chromosome nondisjunction in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. In heterozygotes, mn164 promotes equational nondisjunction of itself but not its wild-type allele. The mutants are discussed in light of the holocentric nature of the C. elegans chromosomes. It is proposed that the left end of the X chromosome plays a critical structural role in the segregation of X chromosomes during meiosis in XX animals.
Mutation Rate and Dominance of Genes Affecting Viability in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Spontaneous mutations were allowed to accumulate in a second chromosome that was transmitted only through heterozygous males for 40 generations. At 10-generation intervals the chromosomes were assayed for homozygous effects of the accumulated mutants. From the regression of homozygous viability on the number of generations of mutant accumulation and from the increase in genetic variance between replicate chromosomes it is possible to estimate the mutation rate and average effect of the individual mutants. Lethal mutations arose at a rate of 0.0060 per chromosome per generation. The mutants having small effects on viability are estimated to arise with a frequency at least 10 times as high as lethals, more likely 20 times as high, and possibly many more times as high if there is a large class of very nearly neutral mutations.—The dominance of such mutants was measured for chromosomes extracted from a natural population. This was determined from the regression of heterozygous viability on that of the sum of the two constituent homozygotes. The average dominance for minor viability genes in an equilibrium population was estimated to be 0.21. This is lower than the value for new mutants, as expected since those with the greatest heterozygous effect are most quickly eliminated from the population. That these mutants have a disproportionately large heterozygous effect on total fitness (as well as on the viability component thereof) is shown by the low ratio of the genetic load in equilibrium homozygotes to that of new mutant homozygotes.
Realism and Relevance in the Economics of a Free Society

The methodological debate between Frank Knight and Terence Hutchison is usually framed in terms of the philosophical debates between positivism and intuitionism, or between empirical knowledge and theoretical knowledge. Hutchison’s The significance and basic postulates of economic theory was, after all, a defense of the need for empirically-based economic knowledge, using the justificatory framework provided by logical positivism, and Knight was widely known for his defense of the understanding of economic theory often associated with Lionel Robbins’ Essay. But the dispute between Knight and Hutchison was much more than a battle over the epistemological status of economics’ basic postulates. For Knight, Hutchison's positivism posed risks for the discussion at the heart of liberal democracy. Hutchison, also, aimed his methodological criticism of economic theory at a similar target: the economic objectives of all societies would be achieved sooner if planners were guided by an empirical economic science.
Historical contingencies and the evolving importance of race, violent crime, and region in explaining mass incarceration in the United States.

This article combines insights from historical research and quantitative analyses that have attempted to explain changes in incarceration rates in the United States. We use state-level decennial data from 1970 to 2010 (N = 250) to test whether recent theoretical models derived from historical research that emphasize the importance of specific historical periods in shaping the relative importance of certain social and political factors explain imprisonment. Also drawing on historical work, we examine how these key determinants differed in Sunbelt states, that is, the states stretching across the nation's South from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, from the rest of the nation. Our findings suggest that the relative contributions of violent crime, minority composition, political ideology, and partisanship to imprisonment vary over time. We also extend our analysis beyond mass incarceration's rise to analyze how factors associated with prison expansion can explain its stabilization and contraction in the early twenty-first century. Our findings suggest that most of the factors that best explained state incarceration rates in the prison boom era lost power once imprisonment stabilized and declined. We find considerable support for the importance of historical contingencies in shaping state-level imprisonment trends, and our findings highlight the enduring importance of race in explaining incarceration.
NEOLIBERAL URBANISM AND THE ARAB UPRISINGS: A VIEW FROM AMMAN

As suggested in our introduction to the articles collected here, the onset of the Arab uprisings in December 2010 and the speed with which they moved across the region, were indicative of a broadly...
A Simple Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Method for the Construction of Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Donor Vectors

Here we describe a simple method for generating donor vectors suitable for targeted transgenesis via recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) using the ΦC31 integrase. This PCR-based strategy employs small attB “tails” on the primers used to amplify a sequence of interest, permitting the rapid creation of transgenes for in vivo analysis.
Click synthesis of estradiol–cyclodextrin conjugates as cell compartment selective estrogens

Cyclodextrin (CD) is a well known drug carrier and excipient for enhancing aqueous solubility. CDs themselves are anticipated to have low membrane permeability because of relatively high hydrophilicity and molecular weight. CD derivatization with 17-beta estradiol (E2) was explored extensively using a number of different click chemistries and the cell membrane permeability of synthetic CD–E2 conjugate was explored by cell reporter assays and confocal fluorescence microscopy. In simile with reported dendrimer –E2 conjugates, CD–E2 was found to be a stable, extranuclear receptor selective estrogen that penetrated into the cytoplasm.
A Semi-Automated Method for Monitoring Dam Passage of Upstream Migrant Yellow-Phase American Eels

AbstractFish passage facilities at dams have become an important focus of fishery management in riverine systems. Given the personnel and travel costs associated with physical monitoring programs, automated or semi-automated systems are an attractive alternative for monitoring fish passage facilities. We designed and tested a semi-automated system for eel ladder monitoring at Millville Dam on the lower Shenandoah River, West Virginia. A motion-activated eel ladder camera (ELC) photographed each yellow-phase American Eel Anguilla rostrata that passed through the ladder. Digital images (with date and time stamps) of American Eels allowed for total daily counts and measurements of eel TL using photogrammetric methods with digital imaging software. We compared physical counts of American Eels with camera-based counts; TLs obtained with a measuring board were compared with TLs derived from photogrammetric methods. Data from the ELC were consistent with data obtained by physical methods, thus supporting the sem...
Elective modules in the behavioural sciences.

Summary An elective modules programme in the behavioural sciences was designed for the undergraduate medical curriculum at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. The programme provides a mechanism by which a broad range of behavioural science content can be introduced into the curriculum without increased allocation of teaching staff or budget. Student preference data indicate some clear differences with the more popular modules being those which focus on skills or behaviours that students perceive to be useful in the immediate practice of medicine. The elective aspect of the programme was part of its initial appeal, both to students and teaching staff. Two years of course evaluation data from the students indicate that most individual modules and the programmes as a total have been successful in achieving their intentions. The programme has now been included as a permanent component of the curricula.
Surgical treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia: An overview

Summary The patient with chronic limb ischemia requires careful evaluation to determine the need for either medical therapy alone, or for both medical therapy and revascularization. With judicious use of angiography and proper selection of the method of revascularization, excellent operative results with good long-term graft patency can be achieved.
Phase contrast and electron microscopy of the mycetocytes and symbiotes of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Abstract Phase contrast, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy of the symbiotes of Acyrthosiphon pisum was undertaken. Some staining properties of the symbiotes were also studied. The symbiotes of the pea aphid were found to be coccoid bodies 2 to 5 μ in diameter, gram negative, stained slightly by Fuelgen's, and stained blue by Machiavello's. The symbiotes appear to be surrounded by three membranes. Ribosomes may occur within the cytoplasm of the symbiotes. The cytoplasm of the mycetocytes contains large numbers of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and a large nucleus, and nucleolus. A discussion of the classification of the symbiotes is also presented.
The Dialectic in Contemporary Egyptian Social Thought: The Scripturalist and Modernist Discourses of Sayyid Qutb and Hasan Hanafi

One of the most important arenas of the ferment in contemporary Arab social thought is Egypt. Egyptian writers have been contributing to a rapidly growing body of literature on state and society. Its themes include methodological issues, the nature of the ideal Islamic society; the elite–mass gap; the state's role in public life; the appropriate model for socioeconomic development; and the social bases of Islamist movements.
Solubilization of cationic drugs in lung surfactant.

Purpose. The association of hydrophobic, cationic drugs with lung surfactant was determined to assess the pharmacokinetic implications on drug disposition and retention in the lung.
Predictors of outcome in cardiac surgical patients with prolonged intensive care stay

Objective To determine the predictors of outcome in cardiac surgical patients with prolonged ICU stay. Design Inception cohort with retrospective chart review. Setting Adult cardiovascular ICU. Patients All patients admitted after cardiac surgery who stayed in ICU for at least 14 consecutive days. Interventions Collection of data, including preoperative demographics, comorbidity, routine laboratory testing, surgical procedure, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamping, postoperative requirement for transfusion and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and postoperative indexes of organ dysfunction 14 and 28 days after surgery. An organ failure score (OFS) was calculated for days 1, 14, and 28. Outcome measures Hospital mortality. Results One hundred forty-one of 324 (43.5%) ICU admissions lasting at least 14 days resulted in hospital mortality. Seventy-four of 166 (45%) ICU admissions lasting at least 28 days resulted in hospital mortality. Preoperative demographics, morbidity, and indexes of organ failure in the first 24 h after surgery were not predictive of hospital mortality. Indexes of organ failure predictive of hospital death at 14 days included requirement for epinephrine infusion, diminished Glasgow coma scale, requirement for dialysis, greater value of BUN, lower value of creatinine, greater value of bilirubin, greater value of arterial Pco 2 , lower platelet count, and lower value of serum albumin. After a 28-day stay in ICU, the indexes of organ failure predictive of hospital mortality included requirement for dopamine or norepinephrine infusions, diminished Glasgow coma score, greater value of bilirubin, greater value of arterial Pco 2 , lower value of serum albumin, and advanced age. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the OFS on day 1 was 0.55±0.04 (p=0.12), on day 14 it was 0.75±0.03 (p Conclusion Preoperative health status and early organ failure were not predictive of late hospital mortality. The pattern of late organ failure associated with hospital mortality changed with time.
Characterization of aluminum/LPCVD polysilicon Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract The I-V characteristics of aluminum Schottky diodes made on LPCVD deposited polysilicon with a wide range of doping concentration (8.5 × 1015−1.7 × 1020 cm−3) have been investigated. Diodes with ideality factor n = 1.12 at room temperature were obtained with doping concentration ≤ 8.5 × 1016 cm−3. In contrast to large grain polysilicon, uniform I-V characteristics can be obtained across the wafer on fine grain LPCVD polysilicon. A barrier height of qφB0.73 eV at 300 K was consistently determined from both the I-V measurements and the specific contact resistance measurements. The contact resistance of aluminum/polysilicon contacts is well described by present theory except in the intermediate doping range.
Thermopower as a possible probe of non-Abelian quasiparticle statistics in fractional quantum Hall liquids

We show in this paper that thermopower is enhanced in non-Abelian quantum Hall liquids under appropriate conditions. This is because thermopower measures entropy per electron in the clean limit, while the degeneracy and entropy associated with non-Abelian quasiparticles enhance entropy when they are present. Thus thermopower can potentially probe non-Abelian nature of the quasiparticles, and measure their quantum dimension.
Enteral Feeding in Prostaglandin-Dependent Neonates: Is It a Safe Practice?

In many centers presurgical term neonates with prostaglandin-dependent cardiac lesions experience nutritional deficiency because of postponed enteral feeds. We recently adopted early enteral feeding in these infants. This retrospective study demonstrates feeding tolerance in 33 of 34 neonates fed enterally while receiving prostaglandin, suggesting the safety of this practice.
On the Complexity of Estimating the Size of a Test Set

Most NP-completeness results for test generation problems involve a reduction to the redundancy problem, which explicitly encodes the satisfiability problem. In this correspondence we investigate the complexity of a more modest problem?that of estimating the size of a test set under the constraint that the circuit is irredundant. We show that even this constrained problem is NP-hard in the strong sense.
The Mergers Panel: Highlights of the Charleston Conference

Summarizes panel presentation at the 2000 Charleston conference by Nancy Stanley, Head of the Acquisitions Services Department, Pennsylvania State University Libraries; John Secor, President and CEO of Yankee Book Peddler Library Services; Debbie DeSousa, Director of Consortia Market Development, Bell & Howell; and Robert W. Birch, Director of Sales, Greenwood Press.
Cryopreservation of fetal skin is improved by extracellular trehalose

In this study, we tested a non-permeating cryoprotectant, trehalose, in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) in the cryopreservation of human fetal skin and compared it to Me(2)SO and glycerol, protocols that are routinely used by skin banks. The viability of fetal skin from four groups (fresh, and cryopreserved with glycerol, Me(2)SO, or trehalose/Me(2)SO) were evaluated using an in vitro membrane integrity assay and by transplantation to immunodeficient mice. The membrane integrity assay showed a 90% integrity in fresh, unfrozen fetal skin. The number of intact cells dropped to 23 and 44% in fetal skin cryopreserved with glycerol and Me(2)SO, respectively. When trehalose was added to the cryopreservation medium containing Me(2)SO, the membrane integrity rose to 65%. When transplanted to immunodeficient mice, fetal skin cryopreserved with trehalose/Me(2)SO showed a graft performance indistinguishable from fresh unfrozen fetal skin and strikingly better graft take than that of fetal skin cryopreserved with Me(2)SO or glycerol only. These results suggest that cryopreservation protocols routinely used the skin banks can be improved by combining sugars such as trehalose with a permeating cryoprotectant.
Subduction in the Indonesion Region

Abstract The complex products. of Neogene subduction systems in the Indonesian region are superimposed on the results of equally diverse Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleogene rifting and subduction events. The outer-arc ridge between the active Java Trench and the main islands of Java and Sumatra is formed from a wedge of melange and imbricated sedimentary and crystalline rocks whose steep to moderate dips are sharply disharmonic to the gently dipping, subducting oceanic plate beneath. The wedge has grown both by scraping off of oceanic sediments and basement against and beneath its toe, and also by internal imbrication which is a gravitationally driven response to backward, subductive dragging at the base. Strata deposited on the top of the growing wedge have been imbricated down into it. The outer-arc basin behind the ridge may have originated from a Paleogene continental shelf-and-slope assemblage whose seaward side was raised by melange that was stuffed beneath it after subduction began in late Oligocene time. The Banda Arc (the east part of the Java subduction system) is now colliding with the Australian-New Guinea continent. As the frontal wedge of melange has been driven onto the continental shelf, abundant shallow-water shelf strata have been imbricated into the wedge. Eastward migration of the arc from, rotation of northwest New Guinea away from the advancing arc, and reversal of subduction direction on the south limb of the arc complicate the pattern. The Philippines are the product of a complex aggregation of segments of various island arcs. The Palawan subduction-arc system, which became extinct in late Miocene time, and the Sabah-Sulu-Zamboanga arc, active until Pleistocene time, bridge between Borneo and the Philippines. Farther east, the Sangihe and Halmahera arcs face each other and are now colliding in the south, but the collision is complete in the north, where the sutured components form central Mindanao. New subduction zones, including the Philippine Trench, have broken through on both outer sides of the arc aggregate. A small plate that includes northeastern Sulawesi is rotating clockwise over the Celebes Sea lithosphere, and is bounded by a trench on the north, a strike-slip fault in the west, and an orocline in the east.