cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Before the Florescence

The period preceding the Terminal Classic florescence in the Puuc region of Yucatan, Mexico has not received adequate research attention. Recent comprehensive site survey and excavation at Chac II (Chac) are exploring Puuc origins and have begun to redress the lack of chronological understanding regarding the region by independently linking architectural styles to ceramic sequences via a program of absolute dating. Results to date suggest that Chac was a significant Early Classic center ( a.d. 300–600) that also experienced a major Late Classic ( a.d. 600–800) occupation. Multiple lines of chronological evidence, including buildings with a mix of early architectural styles and associated pre-Cehpech and Cehpech ceramics ( a.d. 800–1000) within sealed architectural and stratigraphic contexts, suggest a period of architectural transition and the antecedents of Cehpech ceramics dating to the sixth century. These new chronological data and associated evidence for foreign contacts perhaps reaching to central Mexico argue for the assignment of a Middle Classic period ( a.d. 500–700) to the region, with broad evolutionary implications for Puuc origins and pan-Mesoamerican contacts.
Efficient polyadenylation of Rous sarcoma virus RNA requires the negative regulator of splicing element

Rous sarcoma virus pre-mRNA contains an element known as the negative regulator of splicing (NRS) that acts to inhibit viral RNA splicing. The NRS binds serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, hnRNP H and the U1/U11 snRNPs, and appears to inhibit splicing by acting as ad ecoy 5 ′ splice site. Deletions within the gag gene that encompass the NRS also lead to increased read-through past the viral polyadenylation site, suggesting a role for the NRS in promoting polyadenylation. Using NRS-specific deletions and mutations, we show here that a polyadenylation stimulatory activity maps directly to the NRS and is most likely dependent upon SR proteins and U1 and/ or U11 snRNP. hnRNP H does not appear to mediate splicing control or stimulate RSV polyadenylation, since viral RNAs containing hnRNP H-specific mutations were spliced and polyadenylated normally. However, the ability of hnRNP H mutations to suppress the read-through caused by an SR protein mutation suggests the potential for hnRNP H to antagonize polyadenylation. Interestingly, disruption of splicing control closely correlated with increased read-through, indicating that a functional NRS is necessary for efficient RSV polyadenylation rather than binding of an individual factor. We propose a model in which the NRS serves to enhance polyadenylation of RSV unspliced RNA in a process analogous to the stimulation of cellular pre-mRNA polyadenylation by splicing complexes.
Research Partnerships with Schools to Implement Prevention Programs for Mexican Origin Families

We describe critical participatory principles and practices used in a successful multiyear partnership between university researchers and a public elementary school district to implement an efficacy trial of the Puentes program, a family-based program to prevent school disengagement and mental health problems in Mexican origin seventh graders. We highlight the role of the School Advisory Board (SAB) as the principle structure facilitating the collaboration and the expansion of roles and power sharing that evolved over the course of the project. We also present the results of a focus group conducted to evaluate the school district’s perspective on the partnership. We end by sharing conclusions regarding the critical aspects of the partnership. Editors’ Strategic Implications: Researchers and educators alike will benefit from the lessons on how to work together toward effective and sustainable prevention programming.
Demonstration of a reading coach that listens

Project LISTEN stands for “Literacy Innovation that Speech Technology ENables.” We will demonstrate a prototype automated reading coach that displays text on a screen, listens to a child read it aloud, and helps where needed. We have tested successive prototypes of the coach on several dozen second gmders. [1] reports implementation details and evaluation results. Here we summarize its functionality, the issues it raises in human-computer interaction, and how it addresses them. We are redesigning the coach based on our experience, and will demonstrate its successor at UIST ’95.
Internal kink mode dynamics in high-β NSTX plasmas

Saturated internal kink modes have been observed in many of the highest toroidal β discharges of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). These modes often cause rotation flattening in the plasma core, can degrade fast-ion confinement and in some cases contribute to the complete loss of plasma angular momentum and stored energy. Characteristics of the modes are measured using soft x-ray, kinetic profile and magnetic diagnostics. Toroidal flows approaching Alfvenic speeds, island pressure peaking and enhanced viscous and diamagnetic effects associated with high-β may contribute to mode nonlinear stabilization. These saturation mechanisms are investigated for NSTX parameters and compared with experimental data.
Query-time optimization techniques for structured queries in information retrieval

The use of information retrieval (IR) systems is evolving towards larger, more complicated queries. Both the IR industrial and research communities have generated significant evidence indicating that in order to continue improving retrieval effectiveness, increases in retrieval model complexity may be unavoidable. From an operational perspective, this translates into an increasing computational cost to generate the final ranked list in response to a query. Therefore we encounter an increasing tension in the trade-off between retrieval effectiveness (quality of result list) and efficiency (the speed at which the list is generated). This tension creates a strong need for optimization techniques to improve the efficiency of ranking with respect to these more complex retrieval models. This thesis presents three new optimization techniques designed to deal with different aspects of structured queries. The first technique involves manipulation of interpolated subqueries, a common structure found across a large number of retrieval models today. We then develop an alternative scoring formulation to make retrieval models more responsive to dynamic pruning techniques. The last technique is delayed execution, which focuses on the class of queries that utilize term dependencies and term conjunction operations. In each case, we empirically show that these optimizations can significantly improve query processing efficiency without negatively impacting retrieval effectiveness. Additionally, we implement these optimizations in the context of a new retrieval system known as Julien. As opposed to implementing these techniques as one-off solutions hard-wired to specific retrieval models, we treat each technique as a ``behavioral'' extension to the original system. This allows us to flexibly stack the modifications to use the optimizations in conjunction, increasing efficiency even further. By focusing on the behaviors of the objects involved in the retrieval process instead of on the details of the retrieval algorithm itself, we can recast these techniques to be applied only when the conditions are appropriate. Finally, the modular design of these components illustrates a system design that allows improvements to be implemented without disturbing the existing retrieval infrastructure.
Successful and Unsuccessful Multicultural Supervisory Behaviors: A Delphi Poll

Using the Delphi method, university counseling center supervisors with significant experience in multicultural supervision generated and ranked elements of successful and unsuccessful multicultural supervision. Twenty-seven of 35 successful elements and 24 of 33 unsuccessful elements involved cultural considerations. Multicultural supervision was defined as a supervisory situation in which the individuals in the supervisory dyad differed in their ethnicity. Empleando el metodo Delphi, los supervisores de un centro universitario de consejeria con amplia experiencia en supervision multicultural generaron y clasificaron elementos de supervision multicultural fructuosos e infructuosos. Veintisiete de los 35 elementos fructuosos y 24 de los 35 infructuosos implicaron consideraciones culturales. La supervision multicultural se definio como una situacion de supervision en la cual las personas que forman la diada tienen etnicidades distintas.
Technical Note-A Sample Survey of Operations-Research Activities at the Corporate Level

This paper describes and discusses the results of a national survey covering the activities of the operations-research department at the corporate level. The major points considered are: 1 the organizational structure of the department and its position in the corporation, 2 the internal structure of the department, 3 budgets and savings, 4 use of services, and 5 a study of the activities in the past, present, and future.
Sources of variability and comparability between salmonid stomach contents and isotopic analyses: study design lessons and recommendations

We compared sources of variability and cost in paired stomach content and stable isotope samples from three salmonid species collected in September 2001-2005 and describe the relative information provided by each method in terms of measuring diet overlap and food web study design. Based on diet analyses, diet overlap among brown trout, rain- bow trout, and mountain whitefish was high, and we observed little variation in diets among years. In contrast, for sample sizes n ‡ 25, 95% confidence interval (CI) around mean d 15 N and d 13 C for the three target species did not overlap, and species, year, and fish size effects were significantly different, implying that these species likely consumed similar prey but in different proportions. Stable isotope processing costs were US$12 per sample, while stomach content analysis costs averaged US$25.49 ± $2.91 (95% CI) and ranged from US$1.50 for an empty stomach to US$291.50 for a sample with 2330 items. Precision in both d 15 N and d 13 C and mean diet overlap values based on stomach contents increased consider- ably up to a sample size of n = 10 and plateaued around n = 25, with little further increase in precision. Resume´ : Nous avons compareles sources de variabiliteet les couts dans des echantillons apparies de contenus stomacaux et d'isotopes stables recoltes en septembre 2001-2005 chez trois especes de salmonides; nous decrivons l'information rela- tive apportee par chaque methode en ce qui a trait au chevauchement des regimes alimentaires et au plan d'etude des re ´- seaux trophiques. D'apres les analyses des regimes alimentaires, le chevauchement est eleveentre la truite brune, la truite arc-en-ciel et le menomini de montagnes et il y a peu de variation de regime entre les annees. En revanche, pour des tail- les d'echantillon de n ‡ 25, les intervalles de confiance (IC) a 95 % autour des valeurs moyennes de d 15 Ne t ded 13 C pour les trois especes ciblees ne se chevauchent pas et les effets de l'espece, de l'annee et de la taille du poisson sont significa- tivement differents, ce qui implique que ces especes consument vraisemblablement des proies semblables, mais dans des proportions differentes. Le cout de traitement des analyses d'isotopes stables est de 12 $US par echantillon, alors qu'une analyse de contenu stomacal coute en moyenne 25,49 ± 2,91 $US (IC a ` 95 %) et varie de 1,50 $US pour un tube digestif vide a 291,50 $US pour un echantillon contenant 2330 proies. La precision du chevauchement moyen des regimes alimen- taires basesur les valeurs de d 15 Ne t ded 13 C et sur les contenus stomacaux augmente considerablement jusqu'aune taille d'echantillon de n = 10 et atteint un plateau vers n = 25 avec peu d'augmentation de precision par la suite. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Evaluation of biomedical text-mining systems: Lessons learned from information retrieval

Biomedical text-mining systems have great promise for improving the efficiency and productivity of biomedical researchers. However, such systems are still not in routine use. One impediment to their development is the lack of systematic and rigorous evaluation, comparable to the approaches developed for information retrieval systems. The developers of text-mining systems need to improve both test collections for system-oriented evaluation and undertake user-oriented evaluations to determine the most effective use of their systems for their intended audience.
An analysis of the two-dimensional turbulent buoyant jet

Abstract The two-dimensional turbulent buoyant jet is analyzed using a vertical length scale defined by L = M0F0 F0−23 where Ma is the rate at which momentum is added at the source and F0 is the rate at which buoyancy is added. Introduction of the length scales into the equations of motion shows the ratio x/L directly controls the bouyancy term. The pure momentum jet corresponds to the limit x/L→;0 and the pure buoyant plume to x/L→∞. Utilizing an eddy viscosity model, a similarity solution is presented for the buoyant plume, a series solution is used to develop this eddy viscosity model, and a numerical solution is presented for the buoyant jet. Comparisons are made with available experimental data.
Reports Of Solving The Conflicts Of Interest In Auditing Are Highly Exaggerated

Nelson argues that we should trust the auditing profession and collect more data before taking action to reform the auditing system. We argue that the risk of doing nothing is greater than the risk associated with reform, and that the arguments Nelson makes have been exploited by the auditing industry to defend a system that destroys the independence of audits for the financial benefit of the auditors themselves.
Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Structure of Oregon Continental Margin in Framework of Plate Tectonics: ABSTRACT

More than 8,000 km of seismic-reflection survey and 250 rock samples provide the basis for a discussion of late Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Oregon continental margin, a critical boundary region between the North American plate and the Gorda-Juan de Fuca plate. Uplifted and faulted folds along the edge of the shelf, commonly manifested as banks, are dominant shallow structural features of the margin. A persistent, broad, relatively shallow syncline lies between the banks and the shore. The continental slope off southern Oregon is characterized by a major fault and fold system; benches result from the ponding of sediments behind anticlinal folds. The northern slope consists of a series of broad anticlinal folds and intervening synclinal basins with deeper und rlying folded structure. Structural elements on the margin generally trend north-south and are either parallel or subparallel with it. At least two regional unconformities establish a first-order subdivision of the stratigraphic column. The older separates late Miocene diatomaceous sediments from underlying rocks. The younger is Pliocene-Pleistocene. These unconformities appear to correlate with significant plate tectonic events. Second-order subdivision into stratigraphic units on the basis of gross lithologic and faunal trends, reflection characteristics, and stratigraphic succession indicates similarities to the Pullen, Eel River, and Rio Dell Formations of northern California. Generally rich foraminiferal faunas display affinities to the late Miocene to Pleistocene biostratigraphy of California. Provenance and paleoenvironment of lower slope samples suggest a north component of motion for the Gorda-Juan du Fuca plate. Paleoenvironmental analyses indicate a total range of vertical tectonic movement since the late Miocene of approximately 1,200 m. End_of_Article - Last_Page 433------------
Endogenous oxidative damage of deoxycytidine in DNA.

Abstract Three major oxidation products of 2'-deoxycytidine (dC)--5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine (oh5dC), 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (oh5dU), and 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxyuridine (dUg)--were analyzed from enzymatically hydrolyzed DNA with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. oh5dC and oh5dU can be detected with high sensitivity (50 fmol) and selectivity (0-0.2 V) from hydrolyzed DNA. dUg is not electrochemically active but can be measured by dehydrating it into oh5dU. The quantities of oh5dC, dUg, and oh5dU in untreated commercial-grade calf thymus DNA are 10, 10, and 0.75 fmol/micrograms of DNA, respectively. These levels increased substantially when calf thymus DNA was exposed to ionizing radiation, H2O2 alone, H2O2 and combinations of Fe3+ or Cu2+ and ascorbate, near-UV light (365 nm), near-UV light in the presence of menadione, and OsO4, indicating that oh5dC, oh5dU, and dUg are major oxidative DNA damage products. The steady-state levels of these products were determined from freshly extracted rat tissues and ranged from less than 0.5 fmol/micrograms of DNA for oh5dU to about 10 fmol/micrograms of DNA for oh5dC and dUg in liver and kidney and 22 fmol/micrograms of DNA for oh5dC in brain. The levels of oxo8dG were also determined and in general were somewhat lower than the levels of oh5dC. These findings reinforce the link between DNA damage induced by oxidative metabolism and spontaneous mutagenesis leading to cancer and aging.
trans Fatty acids: infant and fetal development

This review evaluates scientific data associated with the possibility that trans fatty acids compromise fetal and infant early development. Concerns have been triggered by research that has heightened our awareness of the importance of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids; shown that trans fatty acids inhibit delta6 desaturation of linoleic acid; identified trans fatty acid isomers in fetal, infant, and maternal tissues; and reported an inverse association between the trans fatty acid content of tissue lipids and measures of growth and development. Animal studies provide little evidence that trans fatty acids influence growth, reproduction, or gross aspects of fetal development. However, these models may not have been appropriate for addressing all the subtle effects that influence development of human infant retinal, neural, or brain function. Human studies are hampered by the complexity of the interrelations among nutritional, genetic, and environmental factors and by ethical considerations that constrain the research design. Existing data have not established a causal relation between trans fatty acid intake and early development. Conclusions cannot be drawn from the possible association found between trans fatty acid exposure and lower n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and growth because of confounding factors. Few studies addressed the question of whether trans fatty acids adversely affect human fetal growth. One study reported a correlation between the trans fatty acid content of plasma and birth weight of preterm infants and one study reported a relation between preterm births and the trans fatty acid content of maternal plasma. Limited associative data have addressed whether trans fatty acids adversely affect fetal and infant neurodevelopment and growth. The interpretation of existing research and development of recommendations should be done cautiously. Suggestions for research to clarify these issues are made.
Extratropical Transition of Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Climatology and Mean Structure Changes

A database of tropical cyclone best track and intensity information for the southwest Pacific Ocean basin is used to construct a 28-year climatology for tropical cyclones that move into middle latitudes. Of the nine or so tropical cyclones that form each year, an average of about three can be expected to migrate south of 358S, with the greatest fraction in March. Storms entering the Tasman Sea west of New Zealand (NZ) move almost due south on average and retain greater intensity than those to the east of NZ, where storms decay quickly while moving rapidly away to the southeast. Storms east of NZ are embedded in a stronger, more zonal flow than those to the west, which move poleward ahead of a larger-amplitude trough. During El Nino years, tropical cyclones that move into middle latitudes exhibit stronger zonal motion and occur over a wider range of longitudes than during La Nina years. Storm intensity is only weakly correlated with concurrent SST anomalies, suggesting that atmospheric circulation is the dominant influence on storm properties. Average structure changes during extratropical transition (ET) are identified using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset, for a subset of 33 transitioning storms during 1980-97. Composites are used to construct a three- dimensional conceptual model of the transformation from a mature hurricane to an asymmetric baroclinic midlatitude cyclone. Southwest Pacific tropical cyclones encounter the baroclinic westerlies early in their lives, accounting for their average eastward (and poleward) motion. At maximum average intensity near 208S, baroclinic effects are already important, with warm frontogenesis appearing in the southeast quadrant and outflow aloft into a downstream subtropical wind maximum that moves poleward with the storm. By 258S, the average TC has lost the characteristic symmetric anticyclonic outflow aloft and acquired the characteristics of a baroclinic midlatitude storm, including regions of warm and cold frontogenesis, a vertical motion dipole and a westward tilt with height. From about 308S poleward, a second upper-tropospheric wind maximum appears west of the storm, with strengthening cyclonic vorticity advection aloft. Below about 400 hPa, the storm retains the vertical, warm cyclonic core as it migrates poleward.
Immunological predictors of overall survival in treatment naïve metastatic pancreatic cancer patients

Meeting abstracts Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer that has a 5-year survival rate of less than 7% and is ultimately refractory to most treatments. An assessment of immunologic factors relevant to disease has not been performed in a comprehensive manner for treatment
Control in an Economic System

As we have seen in the example of the 1857 panic, bank panics occur in a common pattern. There is a price disequilibrium in a capital asset market, created by speculators’ reflexivity about future prices and their use of excessive leverage—increasing prices unto a financial bubble which grows and finally bursts. Then the banks which funded the speculation suffer bank runs, as their assets fall in the “debt deflation” from the bubble. And before 2007, this pattern had been identified in the economic writings of Fisher, Keynes, Minsky, and Soros. So why was this pattern a surprise again in 2007?
Abstract B2-21: Identification of somatic RNA splicing alterations in human cancers

Recent whole-exome sequencing studies have found that somatic mutations frequently occur in splicing factors across multiple cancer types, supporting the need to systematically and globally characterize splicing alterations across human cancers. Somatic alterations that affect RNA processing of cancer genes may be caused by multiple mechanisms, including mutations in splicing factors, mutations in cis-acting splice sites and other regulatory sequences, alterations in methylation, or alterations in chromatin structure. For a global look at somatic RNA splicing alterations, we are applying the Cancer Outlier Profile Analysis (COPA) approach on ~7,000 cancer transcriptomes from 12 tumor types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and investigating the underlying somatic mutations that cause these splicing alterations using matched whole-exome, whole-genome, and methylation data from these samples. To identify and quantify alternative splicing in RNA-Seq data, including unannotated splicing events, we have further developed a computational pipeline called JuncBASE. To distinguish between cancer-specific splicing alterations and normal transcriptome variation, we are utilizing ~700 RNA-Seq libraries from healthy individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. COPA analysis of outlier splicing events in lung adenocarcinomas and glioblastomas successfully identified known altered splicing events in MET and EGFR, respectively, that are caused by DNA level somatic mutations. The genomic mechanisms for novel somatic splicing events in known cancer genes such as FGFR3, as well as genes previously uncharacterized in cancer genomes, are currently being investigated. To identify splicing events that may be novel somatic driver alterations, these events have been profiled using RNA-Seq data from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and are being used as biomarkers to identify genetic vulnerabilities in high-throughput shRNA screens. This work will have a significant impact on the identification of somatic splicing events that contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Citation Format: Angela N. Brooks, Yawei Ge, Kevin Chau, Samuel S. Freeman, Gordon Saksena, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Matthew Meyerson. Identification of somatic RNA splicing alterations in human cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B2-21.
Performative Code: Strategies for Live Coding Graphics

Performing real-time, live coded graphics requires a streamlined programming environment, efficient implementation techniques, improvisatory inventiveness, a tuned ear, and above all, aesthetic sensibility. e performer must not only pull together these concepts, but maintain an awareness and forethought, of the graphical results of and performance expectations of the live coding environment.
Synthetic control over the structure and symmetry of carbon nanotubes: Towards biomedical applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are appealing materials for biomedical applications due to their unique chemical, electrical and mechanical properties. The emphasis of the present work is on controlling the structure and symmetry of carbon nanotubes by imposing an applied stress at the CNT growth site. CNTs were grown under these conditions using standard chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques and were subsequently characterized with a scanning electron microscope; the methodology and implications of this approach are discussed herein.
Host Recognition by the Gypsy Moth Larval Parasitoid, Apanteles melanoscelus

Host recognition in Apanteles melanoscelus Ratzeburg was studied by presenting females with 2 kinds of hosts simultaneously and recording their activities on each host type. An important stimulus which elicited examination and probing behavior by the parasitoid was hairyness of the host. Also important was a chemical(s) in the exuviae of young gypsy moth larvae, Porthetria dispar (L.), which could be removed with various solvents. The nature of the chemical(s), however, was not determined.
Contesting the Character of the Political Economy in the Early Republic

The U.S. Constitution left it notoriously ambiguous whether individuals could sue sovereign states for breach of contract in federal court. Within a few years, the issue had produced a constitutional crisis, famously acted out in the Supreme Court’s determination that states were subject to suit, Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793), and the political reversal of that permission, the Eleventh Amendment. The essay reconstructs the context that gave rise to the suit, its determination, and its political reversal. Colonial Americans had created a constitutional order that located legislative authority over the economy as the essential channel to self-determination, popular sovereignty, and calibrated justice over shared resources. But both political economic practices and conceptions about sovereignty were changing. The Supreme Court’s jurisdictional assertion was part of the movement towards an order that elevated judicial authority, locating it as the critical instrumentality in a liberal state where rights were supposed to exist independent of social and economic circumstance. The strategies adopted by the Chisholm claimant to define the obligations of contract and obtain a remedy showcase that transition. From Robert Farquhar’s 1784 death at sea on his way to obtain relief to the state of Georgia’s 1889 claim to reimbursement from the United States in the U.S. Court of Claims, the effort spanned more than a century. It took both individual and state claimants from executive officials and legislative committees to the increasingly ascendant courts.
Risk and Return Trade-Off in the U.S. Treasury Market

This paper characterizes the risk-return trade-off in the U.S. Treasury market. We propose a discrete-time no-arbitrage term structure model, in which bond prices are solved in closed form and the conditional variances of bond yields are decomposed into a short-run component and a long-run component, each of which follows a GARCH-type process. Estimated using Treasury yields data from January 1962 to August 2007, our model simultaneously matches the conditional volatility dynamics and the deviation from the expectations hypothesis in the data. We find that a higher short-run volatility component of bond yields significantly predicts a higher future excess return, above and beyond the predictive power of the yields. The long-run volatility component does not predict bond excess returns.
The Evolution of Consensus in the U.S. Supreme Court

For small, collegial bodies such as the U.S. Supreme Court, interpersonal dynamics play a key role in the decision making process. Previous work on the Court has focused on the existence of "consensual norms," examined only the presence of concurring and dissenting opinions, and rested entirely on aggregate statistics. As a result, that work is limited in its ability to uncover inter-justice conflict during the 19th and early 20th centuries and fails to explain whether changes in the Court's collegiality are due to shifts in issues, personnel, or the larger political environment. A sentiment analysis of all opinions -- majority, concurring, and dissenting -- issued by the Court between 1792 and 2000 allows us to measure the degree of consensual and discordant content for every opinion, justice, and term of the Court. Leveraging data at the opinion level also allows us to exploit an identification strategy for uncovering "chief justice effects." Our findings suggest a permanent increase in overall levels of valenced language in dissenting opinions corresponding roughly to the ascension of Chief Justice Taft, and a similar increase among majority opinions under Chief Justice Burger. However, though we uncover substantial justice-level differences in the positivity or negativity of opinion content, we find little evidence of systematic variations in the polarity of language associated with the regimes of particular chief justices.
Two approaches to estimate population size of drug users in six prefectural cities of Guangdong Province

Objective To explore a cost-effective,convenient,simple,and accurate method for estimating the population size of drug users. Methods Six prefectural cities located in eastern,middle,western,and northern parts of Guangdong Province were selected. Simplified multiplier method and capture-recapture method were used to estimate the population size of drug users. Multipliers were obtained using the interview among the drug users in the detoxification centers. Ratios of estimated size of drug users over registered drug users offered by local public security bureaus were calculated in each of cities. Results The estimated lowest and highest population sizes of drug users in the six cities by multiplier method were( 4 883,9 669),( 598,676),( 3 360,4 206),( 7 908,16 920),( 1 375,5 248),and( 657,1 321). The ratios of estimated population sizes to the number of the current registered drug users were( 0. 8,1. 5),( 1. 5,1. 7),( 1. 7,2. 1),( 0. 7,1. 4),( 0. 3,1. 3),and( 1. 5,3. 0),respectively. The corresponding sizes by capture-recapture method were( 4 918,5 048),( 1 259,1 259),( 4 033,4 735),( 9 921,10 976),( 1 995,2 134),( 1 355,1 355) and the ratios were( 0. 8,0. 8),( 3. 1,3. 1),( 2. 0,2. 4),( 0. 8,0. 9),( 0. 5,0. 5),and( 3. 1,3. 1). Conclusion Compared with the capture-recapture method,the simplified multiplier method was feasible,rapid,and reliable,and can be used for the areas with limited resources to apply the ratios obtained in the study or used directly.
Auto Regressive Dynamic Bayesian Network and Its Application in Stock Market Inference

In this paper, auto regression between neighboring observed variables is added to Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN), forming the Auto Regressive Dynamic Bayesian Network (AR-DBN). The detailed mechanism of AR-DBN is specified and inference method is proposed. We take stock market index inference as example and demonstrate the strength of AR-DBN in latent variable inference tasks. Comprehensive experiments are performed on S&P 500 index. The results show the AR-DBN model is capable to infer the market index and aid the prediction of stock price fluctuation.
Does change in neuromuscular Jitter predict or correlate with clinical change in mg

Introduction The objective of this study was to determine if single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) jitter accurately reflects change in severity in myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods We reviewed jitter and outcome data from all MG patients in our clinic who had at least 2 jitter measurements in the extensor digitorum or frontalis muscle. Results Change in all parameters of jitter measured with SFEMG electrodes predicted clinical change with acceptable accuracy. Absolute and percentage change in mean value of consecutive interval differences were equally accurate in predicting clinical change and were more accurate than change in the proportion of fiber pairs with blocking or normal jitter. Conclusions Jitter is a sensitive measure of severity in MG and has a potential role as a biomarker in clinical trials and the clinic. Absolute or percentage change in mean jitter is the best jitter parameter to follow. The accuracy of change in jitter measured with other electrodes has yet to be determined. Muscle Nerve 56: 45–50, 2017.
Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: periscope up! Broadcasting via live streaming

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to get acquainted with social networks and apps: up periscope! broadcasting via live streaming. Design/methodology/approach This study is a general review paper. Findings The popularity and growth of live streaming applications should not be overlooked by information professionals. Originality/value Even if the library does not use the app itself, it is important to be aware that patrons are using these tools to stream their lives to the world.
Computerized interferometric measurement of surface microstructure

The addition of modern electronics, computers, and software to an interference microscope greatly increases the surface height measurement capability of the interference microscope. The RMS repeatability of surface microstructure measured using a computerized phase-shifting interference microscope can be less than 0.1 nanometer. While phase- shifting interferometry having sub-nanometer height precision has limited dynamic range, the dynamic range of an interference microscope can be extended to hundreds, or even thousands, of microns by using vertical scanning coherence peak sensing techniques. This paper describes the measurement capabilities of an interference microscope employing both phase-shifting phase measurement capability and coherence peak sensing. Typical measurements obtained using phase-shifting and coherence peak sensing are illustrated. Techniques for extending the measurement capability of computerized interference microscopes are discussed.
Modeling of Minimum Void Ratio for Granular Soil with Effect of Particle Size Distribution

AbstractMinimum void ratio is an important soil property in the practice of geotechnical engineering. It correlates with the volume change tendency, the pore fluid conductivity, and the shear stren...
Crumpled graphene oxide decorated SnO 2 nanocolumns for the electrochemical detection of free chlorine

A crumpled graphene oxide–SnO2 nanocolumn (CGO–SnO2) composite electrode was fabricated using aerosol-based techniques. First, SnO2 nanocolumn thin films were fabricated using an aerosol chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) technique. The surface of the nanocolumn was then decorated with CGO by electrospray deposition. The CGO–SnO2 electrode was utilized for the electrochemical detection and determination of the free chlorine concentration in aqueous solutions using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and amperometric i–t curve techniques. The CGO–SnO2 electrodes worked through the direct electrochemical reduction of hypochlorite ions (ClO−) on the surface of the electrode, which was used to determine the free chlorine concentration. The electrodes operate over a wide linear range of 0.1–10.08 ppm, with a sensitivity of 2.69 µA µM−1 cm−2. Further, selectivity studies showed that these electrodes easily conquer the electrochemical signals of other common ions in drinking water distribution systems, and only shows the electrochemical reduction signals of free chlorine. Finally, the CGO–SnO2 electrodes were successfully employed for the detection of free chlorine in tap water solutions (St. Louis, MO 63130, USA) with a sensitivity of 5.86 µA µM−1 cm−2. Overall, the sensor fabricated using simple and scalable aerosol-based techniques showed a comparable performance to previous studies on amperometric chlorine sensing using carbon-based electrodes.
Anatomy of Old Faithful From Subsurface Seismic Imaging of the Yellowstone Upper Geyser Basin

The Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park contains one of the highest concentrations of hydrothermal features on Earth including the iconic Old Faithful geyser. Although this system has been the focus of many geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies for decades, the shallow (<200 m) subsurface structure remains poorly characterized. To investigate the detailed subsurface geologic structure including the hydrothermal plumbing of the Upper Geyser Basin, we deployed an array of densely spaced three-component nodal seismographs in November of 2015. In this study, we extract Rayleigh-wave seismic signals between 1-10 Hz utilizing non-diffusive seismic waves excited by nearby active hydrothermal features with the following results. 1) imaging the shallow subsurface structure by utilizing stationary hydrothermal activity as a seismic source, 2) characterizing how local geologic conditions control the formation and location of the Old Faithful hydrothermal system, and 3) resolving a relatively shallow (10-60 m) and large reservoir located ~100 m southwest of Old Faithful geyser.
Sexual Violence Among College Students Attending a Nonresidential Campus

Using the empirical powers of theories of intersectionality, the study investigates the association between students' demographics (such as gender identity, race, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status) and sexual violence victimization. An anonymous survey was employed to collect data from a cluster random sample of 966 students attending face-to-face courses at a midsize urban nonresidential campus. The empirical findings suggest that being older and female are the only statistically significant factors in the analysis. As the first attempt to focus on students attending nonresidential programs in the United States, the study presents implications for policy and program implementation to include issues pertinent to students' diversity to better respond to students' risk of victimization.
Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in older adults across the glycaemic spectrum: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Aims To document the prevalence of current depressive symptoms and history of depression across the glycaemic spectrum in older adults, and examine if measures of health status and healthcare satisfaction, access and utilization explain differences in the prevalence of current depressive symptoms by diabetes status. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 6226 participants aged 67-90 years who attended the 2011-2013 visit of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes was based on self-report, medication use and HbA1c . Current depressive symptoms were defined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression 11-item questionnaire, and history of depression was assessed via self-report. We examined obesity, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, kidney disease, cognitive function, and self-reported health compared with others. Prevalence and prevalence ratios were estimated using age-, race-, and sex-adjusted Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of current depressive symptoms was 5.4% in people without diabetes and 11.0% in people with diabetes (prevalence ratio 2.04, 95% CI 1.60, 2.48); the prevalence of history of depression was 11% in people without diabetes and 17.7% in people with diabetes (prevalence ratio 1.61, 95% CI 1.28,1.95). Strong correlates of current depressive symptoms were history of depression (prevalence ratio 3.86, 95% CI 3.05, 4.90) and reporting poor health compared with others (prevalence ratio 3.88, 95% CI 2.93, 5.15). No variables had significantly different associations with depressive symptoms across glycaemic categories (P for interaction >0.10). Conclusions In older adults, current depressive symptoms were twice as prevalent in people with diabetes compared with those without. Measures of health status and healthcare did not explain differences in depressive symptoms between people with and without diabetes.
Choice Overload, Attitude Formation Hierarchy, and Online Approach/Avoidance Behavior

This study examined how the number of choices offered on a website influences consumers’ attitude formation and their approach/avoidance behavior (email subscription) and whether the presentation consistency can mitigate the effect of choice overload during online apparel shopping.
Nitroglycerin Ointment for Reducing the Rate of Mastectomy Flap Necrosis in Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction.

Background:Mastectomy flap necrosis remains a challenging complication in immediate tissue expander breast reconstruction. Nitroglycerin ointment has been shown to reduce the incidence of mastectomy flap necrosis in a randomized controlled study, using 45 g per breast and treating one side only in b
Galectin-3 in M2 Macrophages Plays a Protective Role in Resolution of Neuropathology in Brain Parasitic Infection by Regulating Neutrophil Turnover

Macrophages/microglia with M2-activation phenotype are thought to play important anti-inflammatory and tissue reparative functions in the brain, yet the molecular bases of their functions in the CNS remain to be clearly defined. In a preclinical model of neurocysticercosis using brain infection with a parasite Mesocestoides corti, we previously reported the presence of large numbers of M2 cells in the CNS. In this study using female mice, we report that M2 macrophages in the parasite-infected brain display abundant galectin-3 expression. Disease severity was increased in Galectin-3-/- mice correlating with increased neurological defects, augmented cell death and, importantly, massive accumulation of neutrophils and M2 macrophages in the CNS of these mice. Because neutrophil clearance by efferocytosis is an important function of M2 macrophages, we investigated a possible role of galectin-3 in this process. Indeed, galectin-3-deficient M2 macrophages exhibited a defect in efferocytic clearance of neutrophils in vitro Furthermore, adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages from galectin-3-sufficient WT mice reduced neutrophilia in the CNS and ameliorated disease severity in parasite-infected Galectin-3-/- mice. Together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, a novel role of galectin-3 in M2 macrophage function in neutrophil turnover and resolution of inflammatory pathology in the CNS. This likely will have implications in neurocysticercosis and neuroinflammatory diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Macrophages/microglia with M1-activation phenotype are thought to promote CNS pathology, whereas M2-anti-inflammatory phenotype promote CNS repair. However, the mechanisms regulating M2 cell-protective functions in the CNS microenvironment are undefined. The current study reports that helminth infection of the brain induces an increased expression of galectin-3 in M2 macrophages accumulated in the CNS. Using multiple experimental models in vivo and in vitro, they show that galectin-3 in M2 macrophages functions to clear neutrophils accumulated in the CNS. Importantly, galectin-3 in M2 macrophages plays a central role in the containment of neuropathology and disease severity. These results provide a direct mechanistic evidence of the protective function of M2 macrophages in the CNS.
Design of a $\hbox{MgB}_{2}$ Beam Transport Channel for a Strong-Focusing Cyclotron

A superconducting strong-focusing cyclotron is being developed for high current applications. Alternating-gradient focusing is provided by ~ 6 T/m superconducting beam transport channels which lie in the sectors along the arced beam trajectory of each orbit of the cyclotron. The ~ 1 T sector dipoles, corrector dipoles, and Panofsky type quadrupoles utilize MgB2 superconductor operating around 15-20 K. The operating temperature provides a valuable margin for a cost-effective cryogenic design, and large thermal stability in the event of occasional heat loads from intercepted beam or other sources. The main dipole windings are designed with sufficiently large curvature so that they can be fabricated using react-and-wind procedure; the quadrupole windings require small-radius end bends and so must be fabricated using wind-and-react procedure. Initial magnetic modeling on the end field region is presented.
Deconvolving the input to random abstract parabolic systems: a population model-based approach to estimating blood/breath alcohol concentration from transdermal alcohol biosensor data*

The distribution of random parameters in, and the input signal to, a distributed parameter model with unbounded input and output operators for the transdermal transport of ethanol are estimated. The model takes the form of a diffusion equation with the input, which is on the boundary of the domain, being the blood or breath alcohol concentration (BAC/BrAC), and the output, also on the boundary, being the transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC). Our approach is based on the reformulation of the underlying dynamical system in such a way that the random parameters are treated as additional spatial variables. When the distribution to be estimated is assumed to be defined in terms of a joint density, estimating the distribution is equivalent to estimating a functional diffusivity in a multi-dimensional diffusion equation. The resulting system is referred to as a population model, and well-established finite dimensional approximation schemes, functional analytic based convergence arguments, optimization techniques, and computational methods can be used to fit it to population data and to analyze the resulting fit. Once the forward population model has been identified or trained based on a sample from the population, the resulting distribution can then be used to deconvolve the BAC/BrAC input signal from the biosensor observed TAC output signal formulated as either a quadratic programming or linear quadratic tracking problem. In addition, our approach allows for the direct computation of corresponding credible bands without simulation. We use our technique to estimate bivariate normal distributions and deconvolve BAC/BrAC from TAC based on data from a population that consists of multiple drinking episodes from a single subject and a population consisting of single drinking episodes from multiple subjects.