cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adversity of secret relationships

Are secret romantic relationships alluring or aversive? Previous research suggests that romantic secrecy (i.e., keeping a romantic relationship secret from others) creates a cognitive preoccupation that enhances romantic attraction. In contrast, we predicted that romantic secrecy interferes with relationship interdependence and thereby decreases relationship quality. Three studies of secrecy in ongoing romantic relationships confirmed this prediction. In Study 1, romantic secrecy predicted lower levels of initial relationship quality and decreased relationship quality over a 2-week period. In Study 2, relationship burden mediated partially the negative association between romantic secrecy and relationship quality. In Study 3, the negative association between romantic secrecy and relationship quality was primarily explained by decreased relationship satisfaction. The importance of understanding romantic secrecy is discussed.
Is the Turbellaria polyphyletic

Within the last two decades, syntheses of both light-microscopic and ultrastructural characters have shown that there are three well-defined monophyletic groups within the Platyhelminthes: 1) the Catenulidale, 2) the Nemertodermatida-Acoela, and 3) the Haplopharyngida-Macrostomida-Polycladida-Neoophora (+ parasitic platyhelminth classes). However, the relationships among these three groups are problematic. The possible apomorphies that would unite them are either not true homologues (i.e. frontal organ), are mutually conflicting (i.e. 9+1 axoneme in spermatozoa vs. biflagellate spermatozoa, epidermal ciliary rootlet structure, and protonephridia), or are unrooted with any outgroup and hence untestable or uncertain as apomorphies (pro- tonephridia, mode of epidermal replacement, absence of accessory centrioles on cilia). The chief obstacle to deciphering the relationships of these groups is the lack of information on them; presently available information is insufficient to test potential synapomorphies and insufficient also to allow agreement upon a narrowly defined outgroup for the Turbellaria.
Monitoring river ice with landsat images

Abstract In the northern United States, ice can delay or stop river navigation in the winter and cause unexpected problems and emergencies. As part of a program to develop a river ice forecasting model, photointerpretation techniques were used to map the areal distributions of four classes of river ice along the navigable reaches of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers and the Illinois Waterway each winter from 1972 to 1985 from Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS Band 2, 0.6–0.7 μm), Thematic Mapper (TM Band 3, 0.63–0.69 μm), and Return Beam Vidicon (RBV, 0.580–0.680 μm and 0.505–0.750 μm) images. The four classes, 1) ice-free, 2) partial gray ice, 3) complete gray ice, and 4) white ice, were usually readily apparent on the images due to differences in gray tones produced by the various ice types and conditions that make up the different classes. Landsat-derived ice observations compared favorably with available ground and aerial observations 64–80% of the time. During mild winters without extensive and long-lasting ice, or along rivers which normally do not have such ice, Landsat images are less-useful because of the time gaps between cloud-or haze-free images. Yet for many rivers in cold regions, Landsat images may be the only source of data on river ice.
High temperature thermal properties for metals used in LWR vessels

Because of the impact that melt relocation and vessel failure has on subsequent progression and associated consequences of a light water reactor (LWR) accident, it is important to accurately predict the heatup and relocation of materials within the reactor vessel and heat transfer to and from the reactor vessel. Accurate predictions of such heat transfer phenomena require high temperature thermal properties. However, a review of vessel and structural steel material properties in severe accident analysis codes reveals that the required high temperature material properties are extrapolated with little, if any, data above 700 °C. To reduce uncertainties in predictions relying upon this extrapolated high temperature data, INL obtained data using laser-flash thermal diffusivity techniques for two metals used in LWR vessels: SA 533 Grade B, Class 1 (SA533B1) low alloy steel, which is used to fabricate most US LWR reactor vessels; and Type 304 Stainless Steel SS304, which is used in LWR vessel piping, penetration tubes, and internal structures. This paper summarizes the new data, compares it to existing data in the literature, and provides recommended correlations for thermal properties based on this data.
Chemical and Structural Aspects of Ebola Virus Entry Inhibitors.

The Ebolaviruses are members of the family Filoviridae (“filoviruses”) and cause severe hemhorragic fever with human case fatality rates as high as 90%. Infection requires attachment of the viral particle to cells and triggering of membrane fusion between the host and viral membranes, a process that occurs in the host endosome and is facilitated by the envelope glycoprotein (GP). One potential strategy for therapeutic intervention is the development of agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) that can interfere with viral entry aspects such as attachment, uptake, priming, or membrane fusion. This paper highlights recent developments in the discovery and evaluation of therapeutic entry inhibitors and identifies opportunities moving forward.
Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins

BORST, S. E., D. V. DE HOYOS, L. GARZARELLA, K. VINCENT, B. H. POLLOCK, D. T. LOWENTHAL, and M. L. POLLOCK. Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 4, 2001, pp. 648–653. Purpose:Our goal was to determine the effec
Giant hemorrhagic myelolipoma in a patient with sickle cell disease

Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign tumor consisting of adipose tissue and hematopoetic elements. It is generally diagnosed as an incidental finding due to its nonfunctioning, asymptomatic nature (Meaglia and Schmidt J Urol 147:1089, 1992). With increasing size, however, as seen in this case, myelolipomas can cause flank pain and abdominal distention. This lesion was diagnosed in a young male with sickle cell disease during a vaso-occlusive crisis.
Have North-South Growth Linkages Changed?

This paper provides preliminary econometric evidence suggesting that the traditional trade-based business cycle linkages between the North and the South have changed. Many countries in the South, in particular in Asia, appear to have become more resilient to cyclical movements in the North, and to have come to play a more significant role in sustaining global activity, in particular during the 1991-93 slowdown. A number of factors may have contributed to these changes: improved domestic policies and more open trade and exchange regimes; closer financial linkages with the North and a substantial increase in capital flows; a marked rise in inter-regional trade; and greater diversification of the exports of the South.
Simple decision making at high altitude.

Eight volunteer military subjects were exposed to 428-8 mm Hg atmospheric pressure (15,000 ft) for 48 hours, during which they performed four card-sorting tasks: (1) sorting 90 blank cards into two bins alternately, (2) sorting 96 blank cards into 1G bins sequentially, (3) sorting 96 cards into two bins according to colour of central figure, (4) sorting 96 cards into 16 bins according to colour, shape, size of central figure and presence or absence of a black dot. These tasks were performed after 3 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, and 45 hours of exposure. The results were as follows: (1) cognitive tasks (tasks 3 and 4) showed a greater decrement at 15,000 ft in speed and accuracy than psychomotor tasks (tasks 1 and 2); (2) complox decision making tasks were more affected than simplo tasks; (3) speed was generally sacrificed to maintain accuracy; (4) the greatest decrement on all tasks occurred at the 3-hour test period, after which performance improved.
Longitudinal electron beam and free electron laser microbunch measurements using off-phase rf acceleration

Magnetic dispersion followed by off-phase rf acceleration and an energy spectrometer were used to measure the longitudinal density profile of bunched relativistic electron beams with a resolution approaching 100 fs. Various electron bunch shapes were measured by this method and compared to bunch length measurements derived from the spectra of coherent transition radiation produced as the bunches traversed a thin foil. A reasonable agreement was found between the two bunch length methods. The off-phase rf acceleration method was then used to observe the modulated profile of a microbunched electron beam at the exit of a far-infrared free electron laser oscillator. In a preliminary study of the relationship between optical cavity power and the microbunch distribution, the density modulation and the energy spread of the electron beam were seen to increase as the optical field strength increased.
Mobile Mothers: Bridging Domestic Place and Public Space in the Eighteenth-Century Chivalric Dramas of Eleonore Thon and Elise Bürger

This article examines the interrelationship of motherhood, cross-dressing, and mobility. By employing motherhood both to compel and to justify female mobility, these authors use the ideologies designed to restrict women to domesticity as the means to bridge the gendered boundaries between private place and public space. In the process, they rewrite motherhood, constructing a notion of ideal motherhood that is no longer biological, but rather depends on female engagement in mobile practices.
Adenylate Cyclase in the Corpus Luteum of the Rhesus Monkey, I. General Properties and Optimal Assay Conditions

To characterize the adenylate cyclase system of the primate corpus luteum, we assayed the conversion of [α-32P] ATP to [32P]cAMP in preparations of luteal tissue obtained from rhesus monkeys on days 17–19 of the menstrual cycle. Basal, gonadotropin (hCG; 250 nm)- sensitive, and guanine nucleotide (5′-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P]; 10 μm)-sensitive cAMP production were influenced by the pH, osmolality, and ionic strength of the assay buffer. As the concentration of Mg+2 increased from 2 to 10 mm, adenylate cyclase activity was enhanced; however, the relative stimulation by hCG plus GMP-P(NH)P was maximal when the Mg+2 concentration approximated that of ATP plus EDTA. In contrast, the presence of Ca+2 inhibited basal, hCG-stimulated, and GMP-P(NH)P-stimulated cAMP production. Adenylate cyclase activity was substrate dependent at ATP concentrations from 0.7–4.5 mm; however, higher concentrations of ATP did not alter cAMP production. The relative stimulation by hCG and GMP-P(NH)P was independent of A...
Chemical comparison of flavours in microwaved and conventionally heated foods

Abstract This paper reviews the chemical differences between the flavour compounds of microwaved and conventionally heated Maillard model systems, meat, baked products and vegetables. Both the food temperature and the length of time the food is heated play important roles in the development of flavour compounds in microwaved systems. Water content also affects the generation of volatile compounds during microwave irradiation; volatiles were produced earlier in cabbage microwaved in the absence of water than in cabbage microwaved in the presence of water. Perceived ‘doneness’ and flavour acceptability are lower in microwaved systems than in conventional systems.
Dehydrogenation behavior of ball-milled ammonia borane and lithium hydride mixtures

Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reaction between ammonia borane and lithium hydride is thermodynamically favorable above −46 °C. This reaction takes place during ball milling at 20 °C, but can be suppressed when milling is conducted at liquid nitrogen temperature. Cryomilling for 60 min reduces the reaction temperature from ∼70 °C for unmilled powder to below room temperature, indicating that cryomilling can adjust the onset temperature for releasing hydrogen from solid materials that are thermodynamically unstable but with kinetic barriers.
Structure-function requirements of parathyroid hormone for stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by rat renal proximal tubules

PTH stimulates synthesis and secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in renal proximal tubule cells through activation of the protein kinase-A (PKA) or the protein kinase-C (PKC) signaling pathway. The relative contribution of the two transducing systems was explored using PTH fragments with selective activation of either PKA or PKC. Rat renal proximal tubules were isolated by Percoll centrifugation, and PKA and PKC activities were measured after treatment with synthetic fragments and analogs of PTH. Rat PTH-(1-34), [Nle8,Nle15,Tyr34]bovine PTH-(3-34), and human PTH-(13-34) increased PKC activity in a dose-dependent manner. All fragments tested stimulated PKC at physiological concentrations (10(-11)-10(-10) M). Rat PTH-(1-34) (10(-7) M) increased PKA activity 4.5-fold, but other fragments failed to stimulate PKA between 10(-12)-10(-6) M. Human PTH-(28-34) stimulation of PKC was variable from experiment to experiment. All four PTH fragments tested increased 1,25-(OH)2D3 secretion by perifused ...
An iterative method for SAR moving target detection and geolocation for staring radar applications

Our proposed research is to focus and geolocate moving targets in synthetic aperture radar imagery. The first step is to estimate the target cross-range velocity using sequential sub-apertures; this is done by forming low resolution images and estimating position as a function of sub-aperture, thus yielding an estimate of the cross-range velocity. This cross-range estimate is then used to bound the search range for a bank of focusing filters. Determining the proper velocity that yields the best focused target defines an equation for the target velocity, however both components of the targets velocity can not be determined from a single equation. Therefore, a second image with a slightly different heading is needed to yield a second focusing velocity, and then having a system of two equations and two unknowns a solution can be obtained. Once the target velocity is known the proper position can be determined from the range velocity.
Elongation factor-2 kinase: immunological evidence for the existence of tissue-specific isoforms

eEF-2 kinase is a ubiquitous Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that is specific for protein synthesis elongation factor-2 (eEF-2). This study describes an improved procedure for the purification of eEF-2 kinase from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The eEF-2 kinase preparation was used to raise polyclonal antibodies, which immunoprecipitated eEF-2 kinase protein and activity from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The antibodies recognized a single 103 kDa band in extracts from several cell lines including NIH 3T3, PC12, C6 glioma, HeLa, and MCF-7 breast carcinoma. However, there was no immunoreactivity in extracts of rabbit or bovine liver or rabbit kidney despite the presence of abundant eEF-2 kinase activity in these tissues. Exposure of PC12 cells to nerve growth factor (NGF) resulted in rapid down-regulation of eEF-2 kinase activity and a decrease in immunoreactivity. After 24 h of incubation with NGF, the activity of the kinase recovered to 80% of initial values. In contrast, the immunoreactivity of eEF-2 kinase continued to decrease. These data suggest that tissue-specific isoforms of eEF-2 kinase may exist and that these isoforms may be regulated by growth factors.
Corporate Strategy and ethics

Corporate Strategy has emerged as a central metaphor for private-sector enterprise. Given inherent imperfections in markets, one important question to consider is how well the practice of Corporate Strategy contributes to social welfare. An account of the implicit morality of free markets is developed as a standard against which two particular, “second best” solutions to market imperfections — namely, American federal antitrust policy and Corporate Strategy — are compared. Corporate Strategy is subsequently evaluated in terms of the fundamental principles of Rawls' theory of justice. In both analyses, Corporate Strategy is found to depart significantly and systematically from the standards of social justice. An alternative principle, grounded in the concept of duty, is introduced as a means for reconceptualizing Corporate Strategy.
Some aspects of pH and temperature dependence of the NMR spectra of cytochrome c

Abstract The high resolution NMR spectrum of ferricytochrome c is pH dependent. The hyperfine shifted absorptions titrate with pK's ∼9 and ∼ 11 on the alkaline side of neutrality but stay characteristic of a low spin heme iron. Below pH ∼3, all shifted absorptions are broadened beyond detection, indicating the presence of a high spin heme iron. From the relaxation rate of H2O protons below pH ∼3, one finds that the heme iron is exposed to the solvent, and has a rapidly exchanging water ligand. The studies further suggest that above pH ∼9, the iron-methionine coordination is no longer present and methionine is replaced, perhaps by a lysine. From the pH and temperature dependence of the upfield region of the NMR spectrum of reduced cytochrome c , it appears that a hydrogen bond involving a threonine or a methionine is at least partly responsible for keeping the crevice structure of the reduced protein closed. At pH ∼12, this bond is reversibly broken, though methionine still remains coordinated to the heme in the reduced state.
Reversal of Severe Serous Atrophy of the Bone Marrow in Anorexia Nervosa

The patient described in this case report had anorexia nervosa, which ultimately was fatal. She presented with complete serous atrophy of the bone marrow associated with pancytopenia. After 2 weeks of intensive nutritional support, her peripheral blood counts had returned to normal. At autopsy on day 24, the serous atrophy had resolved and the bone marrow was populated by normal numbers of hematopoietic precursors. This case is unique in demonstrating that starvation-induced severe serous atrophy of the bone marrow is reversible with nutritional intervention. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition11:422-423, 1987)
Endometrial Cancer: Hormonal Factors, the Perimenopausal “Window of Risk,” and Isoflavones

Often the risk factors for endometrial cancer (EC) are discussed only in terms of their propensity to be associated with estrogen excess and the importance of inadequate progesterone opposition has received less attention. In this review the dietary and lifestyle factors that are associated with an increased risk of EC are explored with respect to their effects not only on excessive estrogen levels but also diminished progesterone levels. In addition legume consumption which has been shown to have a protective effect on the risk of EC is discussed with respect to the possible antiestrogenic effect of isoflavone compounds on the endometrium. Finally the menopausal transition also known as the perimenopause which has recently been characterized as a period of estrogen dominance is highlighted as a possible "window of risk" for the development of EC. (excerpt)
Effect of Stage of Maturity and Method of Preservation of Alfalfa on Production by Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using three maturities of first-cutting alfalfa harvested at midbud (early), early flower (mid), and full flower (late) as silage in 1984 and as silage and hay in 1985. All diets for both experiments were fed at a 55:45 forage:concentrate ratio (dry basis). In Experiment 1, production was most affected by maturity of alfalfa silage in the high production group in which cows produced 30.3, 28.9, and 26.2kg of milk per day for the early-, mid-, and late-cut alfalfa diets, respectively. In Experiment 2, alfalfa maturity had no overall effect on production or DM intake. Cows fed the alfalfa silage diets in Experiment 2 consumed an average of 3.0kg more of DM and produced 1.5kg more milk than did cows consuming the hay diets. Dry matter digestibility of the total diet decreased with increasing maturity of alfalfa in both experiments, averaging 67.9, 63.8, and 63.1% across all production groups in Experiment 1 and 63.8, 61.4, and 58.7% in Experiment 2 far the early-, mid-, and late-cut diets. Intake of digestible DM was 1.0kg lower, and rumen retention time of the lanthanum marker applied to the forage was 2.1h longer for late-cut than for early-cut alfalfa. Rumen retention times of lanthanum were shorter and digestible DM intake was greater for cows consuming the silage diets than for cows consuming hay.
Model-based fault detection and metrology error rejection in registration APC system

After we implemented the run-to-run feedback control system for lithographic stepper registration, we found that the metrology error introduced wrong control signals which drove the process away from normal operation. This paper presents methods of model-based fault detection and metrology error rejection. We use the fault detection method to monitor the health of run-to-run system and apply the error rejection method to proactively correct control signal to ensure the desired targets. Comparing to the old run-to-run system used in litho process that only provides warning limits and hard limits with fixed thresholds on individual physical variables, the proposed fault detection method is more sensitive to detect drift, shift and out-of-control points. It could have detected a real problem much quicker if this method was used. The error rejection method is very powerful to handle metrology errors as well as shift and drift by using the estimated output instead of the measured output. The experiments on the real data and simulation data validate the usefulness of the method.
Lewin’s Action Research Model as a Tool for Theory Building: A Case Study from South Africa

This article explores the importance of first-person research strategies in enhancing practice and theory within the field of conflict resolution. The core of the article is a case study that descr...
The importance of viscoelasticity in arterial blood flow models.

Abstract The assumption of negligible viscoelastic response in arterial walls has been routinely made in the analysis of cardiovascular fluid dynamics, however, with incomplete justification. The present study was designed to explore this justification in depth. In a commonly used one-dimensional blood flow model, the viscoelastic properties of the thoracic aorta are mathematically modelled as an area pressure shift in the State Equation. From experimentally measured proximal pressure and velocity waveforms, distal waveforms are computed by the periodic method of characteristics for different levels of viscoelasticity and compared with those waveforms obtained from the same model having purely elastic arterial walls. The results indicate that viscoelasticities encountered physiologically do not discernibly affect the development of the pressure and velocity waveforms. Further, for stiffer vessel walls, the viscous wall component is even less important. It is concluded that for most practical purposes in single large artery models, the arterial walls may be considered to be purely elastic. The corresponding justification for multiple artery models or for smaller arteries has not been examined.
Radiation from initially static vacuum structures

An alternate scheme of quantizing extended vacuum structures is further developed to include the case of scalar multiplets. Approximate static bubble and multibubble states are presented for several scalar theories which possess a symmetry that creates energetically degenerate minima for their potentials. The first theory is the standard psi/sup 4/ model, while the second theory is a model which exhibits spontaneous CP violation. The approximate bubble solution is consistent with selecting the particle spectrum associated with a constant vacuum expectation value for the scalar field. The spectrum of radiation associated with the collapse is calculated in lowest-order approximation and the average number of emitted particles is found to be proportional to the area of the bubble. Approximate multibubble solutions are presented and the energy of these configurations exhibits an attraction between the bubbles.
The Interaction of Family Variables and Gang Variables in the Aetiology of Delinquency

struct and test theories that explicitly take advantage of interactive effects."' In empirical research on opportunity theory in delinquency, some evidence has been presented showing interactive relationships between variables representing availability of both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities.2 This article is a further effort to press for theory building and testing through the use of statistical interaction in empirical studies.
Murine bladder wall biomechanics following partial bladder obstruction

Evaluation of bladder wall mechanical behavior is important in understanding the functional changes that occur in response to pathologic processes such as partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO). In the murine model, the traditional approach of cystometry to describe bladder com pliance can prove difficult secondary to small bladder capacity and surgical exposure of the bladder. Here, we explore an alternative technique to characterize murine mechanical properties by applying biaxial mechanical stretch to murine bladders that had undergone pBOO. 5–6 week old female C57/Bl6 mice were ovariectomized and subjected to pBOO via an open surgical urethral ligation and sacrificed after 4 weeks (n¼12). Age matched controls (n¼6) were also analyzed. Bladders were separated based on phenotype of fibrotic (n¼6) or distended (n¼6) at the time of harvest. Biaxial testing was performed in modified Kreb' ss olution at 371C. Tissue was preconditioned to 10 cycles and mechanical response was evaluated by comparing axial strain at 50 kPa. The normal murine bladders exhibited anisotropy and were stiffer in the longitudinal direction. All mice showed a loss of anisotropy after 4 weeks of pBOO. The two phenotypes observed after pBOO, fibrotic and distended, exhibited less and more extensibility, respectively. These proof-of-principle data demonstrate that pBOO creates quantifiable changes in the mechanics of the murine bladder that can be effectively quantified with biaxial testing. & 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in lower Chesapeake Bay and Virginia (USA) coastal waters

This study describes the diet of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, highlighting differences in diet within various regions of the Virginia (USA) nursery area, as well as ontogenetic changes in diet. Stomach samples were obtained in 2001 and 2002 from 232 sharks caught by gillnets or longlines. Historical data from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Shark Ecology Program were also analyzed. Ontogenetic changes in diet were evident, with crustacean prey decreasing in frequency with increasing shark size, and elasmobranch prey importance increasing with increasing shark size. Whereas previous research in Chincoteague Bay, VA showed the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was the dominant crustacean in sandbar shark diet, the mantis shrimp, Squilla empusa, dominated the crustacean portion of the diet in this study. Differences in diet of sharks were observed among locations within the study area. Small juveniles (≤80 cm precaudal length) in the lower Chesapeake Bay ate more fishes, whereas Eastern Shore juveniles ate more crustaceans. Crustacean prey items varied among locations along the Eastern Shore, with more portunid crabs consumed in waters near Wachapreague and more mantis shrimp consumed near Sand Shoal Inlet. Our study showed that Carcharhinus plumbeus is a generalist predator and is thus unlikely to strongly impact the population of any particular prey species, and in turn is not likely to be strongly affected by fluctuations in abundance of a single prey species.
Some Implications of Recent Theoretical Studies in Turbulent Combustion

Nomenclature = coefficients in assumed probability density function, Eq. (14) = molecular diffusion coefficient = interior distribution for the probability density function of £ = enthalpy = step function = intermittency functions = extinction parameter, cf. Eq. (31) = length scale characterizing large eddies = probability density functions, single and multivariate = = turbulence Reynolds number, l/2(puZut/p) 1/2t/v0 - parameter for ordering reaction rates, cf.Eq. (17) = temperature = Cartesian velocity components = mass rate of production per unit volume of the /th species contribution to the production of the /th trace species from trace species, cf. Eqs. (21) and (22) = Cartesian coordinate = mass fraction of the /th species = mass fraction of the /th element = delta function = mass density = mixture variable, cf. Eq. (1) = dissipation terms = kinematic viscosity = viscosity coefficient
Impact of promotions on shopper price comparisons

Abstract Retailers implementing the Hi–Lo or promotional-pricing strategy frequently offer temporary price promotions to attract customers to the store. For this strategy to be financially successful, however, the store must entice bargain seekers to purchase non-discounted merchandise. Because regular prices at Hi–Lo retailers, as a rule, substantially exceed those of EDLP competitors, customers engaging in price comparisons across stores may perceive that a Hi–Lo retailer's regular (non-discounted) prices are excessive relative to competitors' prices and therefore will be less likely to make purchases at the regular Hi price. Given the potentially harmful effects of across-store price comparisons for Hi–Lo retailers, this exploratory research examines whether some forms of price promotion may be relatively more effective at discouraging consumers from comparing a retailer's non-discounted prices to those at competing stores.
Elaborating on the Effects of Early Offending: a Study of Factors that Mediate the Impact of Onset Age on Long-Term Trajectories of Criminal Behavior

Age of onset is one of the strongest predictors of long-term, continuous offending, with the prognosis worsening with an earlier start. In and of itself, onset age is just a marker and not a mechanism affecting behavioral trajectories. In this study, we examine the direct and mediated relationship between age of onset and other individual and social influences as they jointly affect long-term offending trajectories. This study utilizes longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance Study of serious young offenders in two major US cities (n = 792). Latent class growth models are estimated, and then, the direct and mediated impact of onset age in explaining variation in those trends is tested. A four class model provides the best fit to the data. Analyses indicate that most of the potential mediators do help to predict most likely class membership. After accounting for the mediation process, onset age maintains its significant direct effect on class membership for only the low, no offending class, and there are significant indirect effects present in the other models. The findings support a mixed perspective on continuity in offending: age of onset seems to be a marker for high delinquent propensity and related choices (e.g., association with delinquent peers), which reflects a population heterogeneity perspective, but it also may be an early link in a chain of causal mechanisms that increases the likelihood of becoming a serious long-term offender (i.e., state dependence).
Equivariant minimax dominators of the MLE in the array normal model

Inference about dependence in a multiway data array can be made using the array normal model, which corresponds to the class of multivariate normal distributions with separable covariance matrices. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for inference in the array normal model have appeared in the literature, but there have not been any results concerning the optimality properties of such estimators. In this article, we obtain results for the array normal model that are analogous to some classical results concerning covariance estimation for the multivariate normal model. We show that under a lower triangular product group, a uniformly minimum risk equivariant estimator (UMREE) can be obtained via a generalized Bayes procedure. Although this UMREE is minimax and dominates the MLE, it can be improved upon via an orthogonally equivariant modification. Numerical comparisons of the risks of these estimators show that the equivariant estimators can have substantially lower risks than the MLE.
A hybrid parareal spectral deferred corrections method

The parareal algorithm introduced in 2001 by Lions, Maday, and Turinici is an iterative method for the parallelization of the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations or partial differential equations discretized in the temporal direction. The temporal interval of interest is partitioned into successive domains which are assigned to separate processor units. Each iteration of the parareal algorithm consists of a high accuracy solution procedure performed in parallel on each domain using approximate initial conditions and a serial step which propagates a correction to the initial conditions through the entire time interval. The original method is designed to use classical single-step numerical methods for both of these steps. This paper investigates a variant of the parareal algorithm first outlined by Minion and Williams in 2008 that utilizes a deferred correction strategy within the parareal iterations. Here, the connections between parareal, parallel deferred corrections, and a hybrid parareal-spectral deferred correction method are further explored. The parallel speedup and efficiency of the hybrid methods are analyzed, and numerical results for ODEs and discretized PDEs are presented to demonstrate the performance of the hybrid approach.
Reaction of Organosulfur Compounds with Naturally Occurring Peroxides in Jet Fuel

Polar heteroatomic species have been correlated with storage instability problems in both petroleum- and shale-derived middle distillate fuels. Instability is defined as the formation of filterable sediments and gums. Heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) have been found to be greatly enhanced in such sediments. Trace levels of certain organosulfur compounds have been found to significantly influence the deposit formation process. Findings that free-radical inhibitors were ineffective in controlling the stability of shale-derived middle distillate fuels posed the question: is free-radical chemistry the key to distillate fuel instability with respect to deposit formation? The effectiveness of organic amines as additives suggests that acid/base chemistry was also involved in the formation of deposits. This paper reports on a study of organosulfur compounds employed as dopants with naturally occurring peroxide compounds in fuels. The product distribution from the dopant and the change in peroxide conce...
Collaborative Working Relationships Between Pharmacists and Physicians: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the degree of collaboration in a limited number of pharmacist–physician professional relationships and identify variables important in establishing collaboration between pharmacists and physicians. Design A multicase design, using a personal interview and a mailed survey. Setting Iowa. Participants Pharmacists in 10 community pharmacies and physicians with whom they collaborated. Intervention Two researchers independently judged the stage of collaboration for each case and the level of effect each influence variable had on the development of pharmacist–physician collaboration. Main Outcome Measures Using the Collaborative Working Relationship Model, nine indicators of collaboration were assessed. In addition, influence variables were studied, which included individual, context, and exchange characteristics believed to affect the development of collaborative working relationships between pharmacists and physicians. Results A Perrealt–Leigh reliability index of 0.89 was calculated as an estimate of interrater reliability of the judgments of nine indicators of collaboration. Four pharmacies were rated as having achieved early-stage collaboration, while six pharmacies were at late-stage collaboration. A high level of joint care activities, care communication, and increased accessibility to the physician and to patient information characterized late-stage collaboration. Six variables, labeled as discriminating, helped distinguish between early-stage collaboration and late-stage collaboration: the development of bidirectional communication, caring for mutual patients, the ability to identify a win–win opportunity, adding value to the medical practice, physician convenience, and movement toward balanced dependence between the pharmacist and physician. Conclusion The development of collaboration between pharmacists and physicians is influenced by characteristics of exchanges occurring between them. Continued study of collaborative working relationships between physicians and pharmacists can assist health care practitioners in developing a teambased approach to patient care, improving the ability of pharmacists and physicians to work together to coordinate patient care.
Positron emission tomography imaging in the thorax.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is emerging as a powerful tool that complements conventional radiologic assessment (chest radiographs, CT scans, MR imaging) of thoracic abnormalities. PET is a physiologic imaging technique that uses radiopharmaceuticals produced by labeling metabolic markers such as amino acids or glucose with the positron-emitting radionuclides fluorine-18, carbon-11, or oxygen-15. The radiopharmaceutical is typically imaged by coincidence detection of the two 511-KeV photons that are produced by annihilation of the emitted positrons. In the thorax, PET has been used to evaluate cardiac abnormalities, including myocardial viability, but most research has focused on its application in tumor imaging. The radiopharmaceutical, 18 F-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), a D-glucose analog labeled with fluorine-18, is ideally suited for tumor imaging. PET performed with this agent exploits the differences in glucose metabolism between normal and neoplastic cells. After intravenous administration, FDG preferentially accumulates within neoplastic cells, allowing accurate, noninvasive differentiation of benign versus malignant abnormalities by PET imaging. This article focuses on the current applications of FDG-PET in the thorax and reviews the evaluation of focal pulmonary opacities, lung cancer staging, tumor recurrence, treatment response, and prognosis.
Traffic safety and the switch to a primary seat belt law: The California experience

This study explores whether the change of an existing seat belt law from secondary to primary enforcement enhances traffic safety. In particular, we examine traffic fatalities and injuries in California from 1988 to 1997. During the first half of this period, California law provided for secondary enforcement of its mandatory seat belt law, but in 1993 it upgraded the law to primary enforcement. Controlling for the number of motor vehicle collisions, a Box-Tiao intervention analysis of the time series is used to compare the monthly fatalities and injuries before and after the change in the enforcement provision. The results show that California experienced an improvement in traffic safety in terms of a significant reduction in injuries, but the change in enforcement provision had no statistically significant impact on fatalities.
Effects of contact pressure, molecular weight, and supplier on the wear behavior and transfer film of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a designation given to materials of the polyaryletherketone family having a characteristic distribution of ether and ketone groups in the polymer backbone. PEEK materials have high strength and chemical resistance as well as very high melting points and glass transition temperatures. Because of this combination of properties, PEEK materials find use for wear application in extreme environments where they provide a light-weight and corrosion resistant bearing material that often does not require lubrication. This study focused on determining the effects of supplier and molecular weight on the wear of particular PEEK materials, in addition to the effect of contact pressure. Multidirectional wear testing was performed on four PEEK materials. The materials were obtained from two different suppliers, and two molecular weights were chosen for each supplier. Extensive analysis of transfer films produced during wear testing was performed using optical microscopy. White light profilometry was used to measure transfer film thickness in order to calculate a mean film thickness for given experimental conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis, as well as gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize each material's viscoelastic behavior, molecular weight, and crystallinity, respectively. It was found that the wear of PEEK materials was significantly affected by both contact pressure and molecular weight, but not by supplier. However, an interaction was observed that showed the low molecular weight material from one of the suppliers was more vulnerable to wear at high contact pressures than the other three materials. Results of transfer film analysis showed that film thickness was greatest in locations where pin sliding direction was perpendicular to the counterface roughness direction, but that mean transfer film thickness did not correlate to wear amounts. This work is significant because it highlights the fact that tribologically relevant polymers, such as PEEK materials, vary greatly in terms of their polymer morphology and processing history, and this variation must be recognized by investigators when reporting wear data.
A model for the study of the interference of the direct and compound-nucleus reaction mechanisms

Abstract A model is proposed for the investigation of the interference of direct and compound-nucleus reaction mechanisms in the inelastic scattering of nucleons. The continuum eigenfunction is considered to consist of a sum of two types of components: Product functions represent the nonlocalized open-channel or scattering components. Closed-channel or compound-nucleus components are represented by localized functions. The direct reaction mechanism is characterized by the set of matrix elements of the nucleon-nucleus interaction that couple two open-channel components. The compound-nucleus reaction mechanism is characterized by the matrix elements that couple open- and closed-channel components. The formal development of the above model is essentially a simple application of Feshbach's unified theory of nuclear reactions. However an additional “surface-transition model” is employed, in which the coupling of the various open- and closed-channel components is restricted to occur at one value of the nucleon-nucleus separation. Within this model, the effective Schrodinger equation is completely solvable and an analytic expression for the collision matrix is derived. This expression indicates clearly the dynamical interference between the reaction mechanisms; namely, it indicates the nonlinear manner in which the two mechanisms contribute to the collision matrix. The collision matrix is further investigated in two situations. The case of an isolated compound-nucleus state is considered and the departures from the form of a direct term plus Breit-Wigner term are examined. The case of a dense set of overlapping compound-nucleus states is also treated. Here the energy-averaged collision function is compared to that which would arise in the absence of any compound mechanism. Insight is gained into the relation between such energy averages and the use of complex potentials in reaction theory. Implications of the dynamical interference for studies of statistical fluctuations is noted.
Laser pyrolysis—gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric analysis of polymeric materials

Abstract A technique has been developed employing laser pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to assess the degree of deterioration produced by weathering of fiber glass-epoxy resing type composite systems. Thje amount of volatile product obtained may be equated to time of exposure and appears to rpovide better criteria for evaluation than conventional physical testing methods. Some aspects of the mechanisms involved in photooxidation may be postulated from the qualitative nature of the components obtained on pyrolysis, but more data arequired to permit definitive evaluation of various environemtnal effects.
Creation of trauma course in the Amazon jungle of Ecuador

Abstract Introduction: Estimates of the burden of injuries occurring in the Amazon jungles of Ecuador are lacking. The definition of trauma does not exist among local healthcare providers (HCP). The inability of HCP to recognize and adequately assess trauma patients results in underreporting of traumatic injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of the HCP in the Amazon jungle of Ecuador regarding trauma patient care after administration of a basic trauma course based on regional needs and resources. Methods: A basic trauma care course was developed based on a patient pathway system: from the site of injury in the jungle, to rudimentary health posts, continuing to provincial hospitals and definitive referral centers. The course was similar to PHTLS and was administered to HCP in the province of Morona Santiago in the Southeastern region of Ecuador. A fifteen-question test was given prior to, post and 6 months after the course. One-way ANOVA and pair-wise comparisons analyzed the grades at the 3 time points. Results: 52 students (23 physicians, 12 medical students, 17 health care administrators) participated in the course. 39 took the pre-test, 33 the post-test and 24 the six-month follow-up test, averaging a mean correct score of 47%, 56% and 75%, respectively. All 3 sets of grades were statistically significant from each other. Table AEcuador Trauma CourseTestNMeanStd DevMinMaxp ValuePre-course3946.814.57.080—Post-course3356.123.57.0800.02346 months post2475.47.362.085 Conclusions: The trauma course addressed the specific conditions of the region, was effective in educating local providers, and has the potential to improve regional trauma statistics and overall care of trauma victims.
Formation of Higher Alcohols During Grape Juice Fermentations at Various Temperatures

SUMMARY Significant effects of fermentation temperature on the formation of fusel oils in grape juice media were demonstrated. Isoamyl alcohol was formed most abundantly at 70–80°F, and n-propyl alcohol least abundantly. Isobutyl alcohol formation seems fairly independent of fermentation temperature. The formation of active amyl alcohol was affected but slightly, in a manner similar to isoamyl. The levels of the sum of the two amyl alcohols formed were 6–131% (averaging 47%) higher with fermentation at 70 or 80°F than with fermentation at 50°F. This effect is considered significant for commercial practice. Possible interpretations of the results are discussed along with pathways of higher alcohol formation.