cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere is rising rapidly1, with the potential to alter many ecosystem processes. Elevated CO2 often stimulates photosynthesis2, creating the possibility that the terrestrial biosphere will sequester carbon in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, partly offsetting emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, cement manufacture, and deforestation3,4. However, the responses of intact ecosystems to elevated CO2 concentration, particularly the below-ground responses, are not well understood. Here we present an annual budget focusing on below-ground carbon cycling for two grassland ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. Three years of experimental CO2 doubling increased ecosystem carbon uptake, but greatly increased carbon partitioning to rapidly cycling carbon pools below ground. This provides an explanation for the imbalance observed in numerous CO2 experiments, where the carbon increment from increased photosynthesis is greater than the increments in ecosystem carbon stocks. The shift in ecosystem carbon partitioning suggests that elevated CO2 concentration causes a greater increase in carbon cycling than in carbon storage in grasslands.
Vaccination Coverage among U.S. Children Aged 19–35 Months Entitled by the Vaccines for Children Program, 2009:

Objectives.Following the measles outbreaks of the late 1980s and early 1990s, vaccination coverage was found to be low nationally, and there were pockets of underimmunized children primarily in inner cities. We described the percentage and demographics of children who were entitled to the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program in 2009 and evaluated whether Healthy People 2010 (HP 2010) vaccination coverage objectives of 90% were achieved among these children.Methods.We analyzed data from 16,967 children aged 19–35 months sampled by the National Immunization Survey in 2009. VFC-entitled children included children who were (1) on Medicaid, (2) not covered by health insurance, (3) of American Indian/Alaska Native race/ethnicity, or (4) covered by private health insurance that did not pay all of the costs of vaccines, but who were vaccinated at a Federally Qualified Health Center or a Rural Health Center.Results.An estimated 49.7% of all children aged 19–35 months were entitled to VFC vaccines. Compared with chi...
Neurospora 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase I. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WILD TYPE ENZYME

Abstract A purification procedure is described for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-d-gluconate:NADP oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.44) of Neurospora crassa. A 192-fold purification was obtained with a 30% yield and an average specific activity of 30. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 110,000 to 120,000 as estimated by gel filtration and consists of subunits of molecular weight 57,000. One or more reactive sulfhydryl groups influence the aggregation state of the enzyme, and are also essential for enzymatic activity as indicated by iodoacetamide inactivation. Kinetic parameters, specificity, heat stability, and inhibition by NADPH and fructose 1,6-diphosphate were measured as was photooxidation of the enzyme in the presence of Rose Bengal and pyridoxal phosphate.
Suicide Potential and Behavior in Children Ages 4 to 12.

From a population of 662 children 12 years of age and under, seen at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, during the years 1970 to 1974, 34 severely depressed children were identified who were also self-abusive and/or suicidal. Case study revealed fragmented, pathological homes, where the children's affect disorders and behaviors were symptomatic of acute family breakdown, marital disharmony, and observed and experienced violence, both verbal and physical. Follow-up on all available children, at least three years posttreatment, revealed that no child had committed suicide. Treatment evaluation by the parents was highly positive, with the great majority of children showing fair to good recovery and adjustment.
WHY SHOULD MACHINES LEARN

When I agreed to write this chapter, I thought I could simply expand a paper that I wrote for the Carnegie Symposium on Cognition, since the topic of that symposium was also learning. The difficulty with plagiarizing that paper is that it was really about psychology, whereas this book is concerned with machine learning. Now although we all believe machines can simulate human thought—unless we’re vitalists, and there aren’t any of those around any more—still, I didn’t think that was what was intended by the title of the book. I didn’t think it was appropriate to write about psychology.
Near neutrality: leading edge of the neutral theory of molecular evolution.

The nearly-neutral theory represents a development of Kimura’s Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution that makes testable predictions that go beyond a mere null model. Recent evidence has strongly supported several of these predictions, including the prediction that slightly deleterious variants will accumulate in a species that has undergone a severe bottleneck or in cases where recombination is reduced or absent. Because bottlenecks often occur in speciation and slightly deleterious mutations in coding regions will usually be nonsynonymous, we should expect that the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous fixed differences between species should often exceed the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphisms within species. Numerous data support this prediction, although they have often been wrongly interpreted as evidence for positive Darwinian selection. The use of conceptually flawed tests for positive selection has become widespread in recent years, seriously harming the quest for an understanding of genome evolution. When properly analyzed, many (probably most) claimed cases of positive selection will turn out to involve the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations by genetic drift in bottlenecked populations. Slightly deleterious variants are a transient feature of evolution in the long term, but they have had substantial impact on contemporary species, including our own.
Dopamine-Mediated Stabilization of Delay-Period Activity in a Network Model of Prefrontal Cortex

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critically involved in working memory, which underlies memory-guided, goal-directed behavior. During working-memory tasks, PFC neurons exhibit sustained elevated acti...
Ureteral Obstruction due to Blood Clot Following Percutaneous Renal Biopsy: Resolution with Intraureteral Streptokinase

The nonsurgical approach to unilateral ureteral obstruction due to impaction of a blood clot is described. A patient with the nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease had gross hematuria and acute renal failure following percutaneous renal biopsy. After he responded to prednisone therapy, clot obstruction developed at the site of the percutaneous biopsied kidney, which was treated with intracaliceal infusion of streptokinase via a ureteral catheter. Complete resolution of the clot and the urinary tract obstruction was accomplished within 3 days. This approach appears to be the treatment of choice in upper urinary tract obstruction secondary to blood clots when simple ureteral catheter drainage is ineffective.
Acceptance and Quality of Solutions as Related to Leaders' Attitudes toward Disagreement in Group Problem Solving

An experiment was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) disagreement in a discussion can lead either to hard feelings or to innovation depending upon the attitude of the discussion leader; and (2) acceptance will depend upon the leader's perception of disagreement as well as upon the decision reached. The test situation utilized a role-playing format in which a foreman attempted to induce three subordinates to accept a change in work methods. Measures of the negative vs. positive effects of disagreement were obtained by the frequency with which the discussion leader reported having problem employees vs. idea men in his group.The results showed that when the foreman most often reported having problem employees, solutions were least likely to be innovative and acceptance was relatively low. When the foreman perceived his subordinates as idea men, innovative solutions increased and satisfaction with the solution was greatest for all concerned, despite the fact that all persons involved had to change their...
Pulsed optical gyros

Abstract This paper explores the possibility of using optical pulses in laser gyros. It is shown that solitons, produced in resonant medium, could conceivably be used in tandem with ultrafast time measurement techniques to produce gyros with rotation sensitivity of 10 −7 rad/s.
A sensitive fluorimetric rate assay of arylsulfatases

Abstract A fluorimetric rate assay for arylsulfatases is described which utilizes the special fluorescence spectral properties of 2-naphthol, the hydrolysis product of the substrate employed. The technique is about 50-fold more sensitive than absorption spectral methods and can be used over a wide pH range.
An in-situ neutron diffraction study of the crystal structure of PrBaCo2O5 + δ at high temperature and controlled oxygen partial pressure

Abstract Neutron powder diffraction was used to characterize the layered perovskite PrBaCo 2 O 5 + δ (PBCO) under in-situ conditions from 573 to 852 °C and at p O 2 = 10 − 1 –10 − 4 atm. The data were fit to a tetragonal model in space group P4/mmm . The oxygen vacancies were found to be localized within the Pr layer, with total oxygen stoichiometry between 5.57(1) and 5.17(2). This was verified by coulometric titration. The location of these vacancies and the anisotropic displacement of the surrounding oxygen anion sites indicate that ion transport occurs via a hopping mechanism between O sites in the Pr layer and the nearest neighbor sites in the Co layer. While the direct hopping distance between these sites was found to be greater for PBCO than previously reported for NdBaCo 2 O 5 + δ , the larger radius of Pr 3 + stabilizes a higher concentration of mobile anions within the Ln layer.
Some additional notes on the cytotaxonomy of Ruppia taxa in Western Europe

Abstract Plant morphological and cytological observations have been carried out in several Ruppia populations in Western Europe. In addition to R. maritima var. maritima L. (2 n = 20 chromosomes), R. maritima var. brevirostris (Agardh) Aschers. & Graebn. (2 n = 20 chromosomes) and R. cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande (2 n = 40 chromosomes), several Ruppia populations resembling R. maritima L. were found to have 2 n = 40 chromosomes. These populations were found in southern latitudes (France, Spain), whereas a R. maritima var. maritima population from more northern latitudes showed 2 n = 20 chromosomes. Some literature data were considered, suggesting that at least one more Ruppia taxon occurs in Western Europe, R. maritima var. longipes Hagstrom.
Influence of Harbor Contamination on the Level and Composition of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Produce in Greater New Bedford, Massachusetts

Samples of produce (tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, and lettuce) from the area surrounding the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site were analyzed for the concentration and distribution of 47 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Samples of produce from out of state also were analyzed for comparison purposes. New Bedford Harbor sediments are highly contaminated with PCBs, which may partition into the seawater and ultimately into air. During low tide, direct volatilization of PCBs is likely since the sediment is in contact with air. Also, sediment dredging, from the spring of 1994 until the fall of 1995, daily exposed fresh layers of contaminated sediment. Overall levels of PCBs in produce are within the range observed at local and out-of-state background sites, with the exception of greatly elevated levels in tomatoes grown during harbor dredging. Spatial and temporal differences in PCB concentrations and congener profiles indicate the effect of the harbor and other sources of environmental contamination. Ou...
A West African Sufi Master on the Global Stage: Cheikh Abdoulaye Dièye and the Khidmatul Khadim International Sufi School in France and the United States

The recent wave of West African Muslim migration to the West started after the Great War and gained momentum in the 1960s. Sub-Saharan Africans have been particularly successful in finding a niche in Europe and North America partly because of the connection between immigrants and centers of Islamic spirituality and knowledge in Africa provided by a dynamic leadership that straddles the three continents. Based on extensive interviews in the United States and in France and on the examination of Murid internal sources and scholarly secondary literature, this article investigates the efforts of the late Sufi sheikh, Abdoulaye Dieye, to expand the Muridiyya Muslim tariqa in France and North America. I am particularly interested in examining the foundations of Dieye’s appeal, his struggle to earn legitimacy and relevance on the global stage, and the response of diverse constituencies to his calling. I contend that the attraction of Dieye’s teachings to Europeans, Americans, and Africans in the diaspora, is rooted in his dual cultural outlook as a Western educated and traditionally trained Murid.
Models for Infantile Spasms: An Arduous Journey to the Holy Grail...

Infantile spasms (IS) is a relatively common and severe epilepsy of infants and young children. IS likely contributes to up to 10% of all mental retardation, and it evolves into further epilepsies in about 50% of cases.1 Although this catastrophic epilepsy was first identified more than 160 years ago, its cause and mechanism are poorly understood and treatment is unsatisfactory, particularly in preventing the postulated effects of these seizures on cognitive function.1,2
Effects of maturation and storage on solubility, emulsion stability and gelation properties of isolated soy proteins.

Solubility, emulsion stability and gelation of isolated soy proteins and their 7S and 11S fractions from three stages of seed maturity were studied. The pH-solubility profile was similar irrespective of maturation and six-month storage. The 11S protein was more soluble in the acidic pH range than the 7S protein. Oil-in-water emulsion stability of isolated soy protein from mature soybeans was higher than that from the immature ones. This is due to the fact that there was more 7S fraction in the mature soybeans, and 7S protein was found to form a more stable emulsion than that formed from 11S protein. The result suggests that isolated soy protein from mature soybeans would serve as a better emulsifying agent. Heat-induced soy protein gels became weaker as the soybeans became more mature. This can be attributed to the higher content in the immature soybeans of 11S fraction which gives a stronger gel than 7S fraction in the protein from immature soybeans.
Exercises of Executive Stock Options on the Vesting Date

We investigate the motives for executives to exercise executive stock options on the options’ vesting date versus a later early exercise. We find that executives frequently exercise on the vesting date, executives with a greater need for portfolio diversification and riskier underlying stocks are more likely to exercise their options on the vesting date versus a later early exercise, and private information appears less relevant to vesting date exercises.
Balloon-borne observations of the galactic positron fraction during solar minimum negative polarity

[1] Galactic cosmic ray electrons and nuclei respond differently to solar modulation, with the differences directly related to the reversals of the solar magnetic field, which occur every 11 years. If the large-scale heliospheric magnetic field has certain types of structures, the charge sign of cosmic ray particles can affect their propagation. Careful study of the behavior of cosmic ray positrons, relative to negative electrons (which have identical masses), allows for a definitive separation of the effects due to charge sign from the other possible effects. As part of an ongoing investigation of charge sign dependence in solar modulation, cosmic ray positron fraction in the energy range of 0.6 to 4.5 GeV was measured on a balloon flight from Kiruna, Sweden, to Victoria Island, Canada, during 2–6 June 2006. Measurements from this flight are compared to previous results and current models.
Waveguides based on High Refractive Index Metamaterials

We recently discovered that metallic films with a sub-wavelength periodic arrangement of nano-slits act as dielectric slabs with an arbitrary high refractive index controlled by geometry only. Here, we investigate waveguides based on these metamaterials.
A mm-Wave Segmented Power Mixer

The segmented power-mixer array based mm-wave power generation architecture is demonstrated to be an energy-efficient technique for generating high-speed nonconstant envelope modulations. High output power levels are achieved by efficiently combining power from several power mixers using an area efficient dual-primary distributed active transformer. The segmented scheme leads to back-off efficiency improvements while simultaneously providing direct envelope modulation eliminating the need for high-speed high-efficiency supply modulators. The power mixer is implemented in a 32-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS process and provides a peak output power of 19.1 dBm at 51 GHz with a drain efficiency of 14.2% and a peak power-added efficiency of 10.1%. High-speed constant (binary phase-shift keying, quadrature phase-shift keying), as well as nonconstant envelope modulations ( $m$ -amplitude shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation) show the versatility of the architecture towards spectrally efficient modulation schemes. Reliability against segment breakdown over long periods of time at 30% higher supply voltages has also been demonstrated.
Peritonsillar abscess: Tonsil antibiotic levels in patients treated by acute abscess surgery

Forty-five patients who had tonsillectomy in the acute phase of peritonsillar abscess were studied. All patients received intravenous penicillin or cephalosporin before surgery. Samples of tonsil from each side were evaluated for penicillin and cephalosporin as was a blood sample obtained during surgery. The tonsil tissue antibiotic levels were compared between the infected and non-abscess side. We expected to find less antibiotic on the inflamed side since less bleeding from the abscessed tonsil bed usually suggests less blood flow through this tonsil, and we also expected a low, satisfactory tissue level in patients under usual regimens of intravenous antibiotics. Our results indicate that 60% of the patients had evidence of streptococcal infections by culture or serum assay. All patients completed the treatment without complications. Eighty-five percent of abscesses were in the superior pole and 15% were located posteriorly and would be adequately drained only by tonsillectomy. There was no clear seasonal peak to the infection and no evidence of specific virulence of the streptococci found. Tissue antibiotic assay showed only 32% of the patients on penicillin had a measurable tissue level and 66% of the cephalosporin treated patients had detectable antibiotic levels in the tissue. The abscessed tonsil was equally as likely to have increased levels of penicillin as its uninflamed mate while in all cases, where detectable, the abscessed tonsil had increased concentrations of cephalosporin relative to the opposite side. We conclude that penicillin does not penetrate tonsil tissue very well and does not favor either the infected or uninfected side while the cephalosporins may have a specific reduced tissue barrier to penetration in the presence of inflammation. Therefore, we recommend medical treatment with 1 gm of penicillin intravenously every 4 hours or 1 gm of cephalosporin every 6 to 8 hours intravenously with an additional dose of the intravenous antibiotic at the time of tonsillectomy.
Cardiogenic shock after use of fluoroamphetamine confirmed with serum and urine levels

AbstractContext. 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) is a para-substituted phenethylamine-type synthetic stimulant that has in recent years gained popularity through internet blogs and market share according to confiscated drug data. No serious toxicity has previously been reported. We report a case of a young man who developed severe toxicity and cardiogenic shock after using 4-FA, with laboratory confirmation. Case details. An 18-year-old man presented to the emergency department with vomiting, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and altered mental status about 5 h after using a new and unfamiliar street drug. Two days prior, he had received naltrexone intramuscular injection as part of an opioid addiction treatment program and was taking fluoxetine and trazodone. Five hours after presentation, he developed cardiogenic shock requiring intraaortic balloon pump, inotropic and ventilatory support. An echocardiogram showed left ventricular (LV) hypokinesia, sparing the apex and ejection fraction (EF) = 10%. Compre...
Universality in the magnetic response of metamagnetic metals.

We report measurements of the nonlinear susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{3}(T)$ in the metamagnetic heavy fermion (HF) compound ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$. At high temperatures, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{3}(T)l0$ and is small. It turns positive for $T\ensuremath{\le}35$ K, forms a peak at $T\ensuremath{\cong}10$ K, and then decreases to zero with further decreasing temperature. The peak in $\ensuremath{\chi}{}_{3}$ occurs at a temperature ${T}_{3}$, which is roughly half of ${T}_{1}$, the temperature of the maximum in the linear susceptibility. We present results on ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ to show that this feature is common to other HF materials. A two-level model to describe the metamagnetic transition, with separation between the levels being the only energy scale, captures all experimentally observed features.
Outcome measures in urogynaecology: the clinicians' perspective.

There is currently a paucity of information regarding clinicians’ expectations of treatment and whether their perception of bothersome symptoms is similar to that of the patient. Equally there is often a dichotomy of opinion when comparing clinician-centered evaluation with that of patients. The objectives of this study were to determine clinicians’ expectations following treatment, to assess the methods of outcome assessment used in the clinical and research settings, and to compare clinician’s expectations with those of patients. This was a prospective postal questionnaire-based study sent to members of the International Continence Society (UK). The questionnaire asked about expectations following treatment and use of outcome measures. These results were also compared to those of an identical patient questionnaire that have previously been published. Tests of agreement were performed between clinicians and patients using Cohen’s kappa statistic. Two hundred ninety-nine questionnaires were distributed with a response rate of 52.7%. Overall, 85.9% of responding clinicians felt a good improvement in urinary symptoms, so that they no longer interfered with quality of life, was a realistic outcome. The majority of clinicians thought that small or infrequent episodes of leakage were acceptable following treatment, although frequent or large leaks were not. Irritative urinary symptoms such as urgency and urge incontinence were felt to be less acceptable as were the symptoms of frequency and nocturia. Overall, there was found to be poor agreement between clinicians and patients attitudes to acceptability of symptoms with values of kappa ranging from –0.103 to 0.105, indicating that this agreement was no better than chance. In the research setting, 61% felt both subjective and objective outcome measures should be used, whereas in clinical practice, 42% thought subjective improvement alone, and 36% subjective improvement in QoL, were appropriate. Clinicians have realistic expectations following treatment, although there is poor agreement with those expectations expressed by patients. These findings may help to explain why patients may be disappointed regarding treatment outcomes and why there may be a difference between subjective clinical impression of success and patient satisfaction. In addition there is a lack of conformity in the use of outcome measures in both the clinical and research settings.
Foreign Currency Translation Under Two Cases‐Integrated and Isolated Economies

Beaver and Wolfson (1982 BW) identify economic interpretability and symmetry as desirable properties for financial statement translation. They then analyze translation methods with respect to these properties assuming perfect and complete markets between and within both countries (referred to, here, as the integrated economies case). This study extends BW's analysis by examining isolated economies characterized by perfect and complete internal markets and a random relationship between prices and exchange rates. In BW's integrated economies case, inflation differentials drive exchange rate changes. No exchange risk exists, although monetary assets are exposed to the risk of unexpected inflation. Isolated economies expose monetary and nonmonetary items to both exchange and inflation risk. In both cases, economic interpretability and symmetry can be achieved only by current value accounting translated at current exchange rates. In the integrated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting translated by current exchange rates for monetary items and historical costs translated by historical rates for nonmonetary items. In the isolated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting for monetary items and historical cost for non-monetary items, all translated at the current rate. In both cases, including translation gains or losses in income is a condition for these results. This extension of BW demonstrates (1) the translation rate required for symmetry depends upon the assumed relationship between prices and exchange rates, (2) a well-defined economic scenario exists where historical cost accounting using current rate translation results in symmetry, and (3) the results depend on including translation gains and losses in income.
Analysis of the merged charge memory (MCM) cell

This paper describes a new MOS dynamic RAM (Random-Access Memory) cell which utilizes a merged surface charge transistor structure. The merged charge memory (MCM) cell uses a polysilicon electrode as both a bit sense line and common plate for a column of storage capacitors. The MCM structure is self-aligned, contactless and free of closely spaced p-n junctions. Its spatial density approaches the conceptual limit of the intersection formed by two orthogonal lines or 4W2 where W is the minimum geometry feature. The cell area utilization efficiency is improved because of this simplicity. Preliminary experimental results and ASTAP simulations based on the charge control equivalent circuit for a dynamic potential well are described. Implications for chip design constraints are discussed, and the advantages and limitations of MCM are highlighted where appropriate.
Harmonic Vibration Synchronization Analysis of the Double Motors Based on Equivalent Control Synchronization Strategy

Based on the Lagrange equations, and aimed to the harmonic vibration synchronization problem of the nonlinear vibration machine that driven by double motors, the electromechanical coupling dynamic model of the nonlinear vibration system that driven by double motors had been established in the paper, and harmonic vibration response functions of the nonlinear vibration machine had been deduced also. Based on the equivalent control strategy and the state space equations of the speed difference and phase difference for the double motors that deduced in the paper, the harmonic vibration synchronization control strategy had been established. And based on the sliding surface reaching conditions, the harmonic vibration control synchronization movement law of the double motors had been discussed also. By the simulation experiment, the effectiveness and applicability of the harmonic vibration equivalent control synchronous strategy that established in the paper had been verified. All the research result in the paper can used to be one of an effective control strategy to solve the harmonic vibration synchronization movement problem of the nonlinear vibration machine that driven by dual-motor or multi-motor.
Evolved transforms for signal compression and reconstruction under quantization

State-of-the-art signal compression and reconstruction techniques utilize wavelets. However, recently published research demonstrated that a genetic algorithm (GA) is capable of evolving non-wavelet inverse transforms that consistently outperform wavelets when used to reconstruct one- and two-dimensional signals under conditions subject to quantization error. This paper summarizes the results of a series of three follow-on experiments. First, a GA is developed to evolve matched forward and inverse transform pairs that simultaneously minimize the compressed file size (FS) and the squared error (SE) in the reconstructed file. Second, this GA is extended to evolve a single set of coefficients that may be used at every level of a multi-resolution analysis (MRA) transform. Third, this GA is expanded to achieve additional SE reduction by evolving a different set of coefficients for each level of an MRA transform. Test results indicate that coefficients evolved against a single representative training image generalize to effectively reduce SE for a broad class of reconstructed images.
Detection theory and psychophysics: a review.

I am particularly pleased to discuss the application in psychophysics of the general theory of signal detection at a symposium commemorating Fechner's founding work. Although this effort is in part a theoretical and experimental critique of Fechner's principal concepts and methods, which indicates that they should be replaced, I suspect that he would have welcomed it warmly---in fact, that he would have been among the first to recognize the value of these new tools had they become available in his time. I suspect this on the basis of his interest in Bernoulli's early ideas about statistical decision ([3], p. 284), and in the notion of subthreshold, or "negative," sensations ([3], p. 293)--two central concepts in the psychophysical application of the theory of signal detectability. The theory of signal detectability (henceforth called TSD) was developed most fully in the years 1952-1954 by Peterson, Birdsall, and Fox [35] at the University of Michigan, and by Van Meter and Middleton [55] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At the same time, although working apart from TSD, Smith and Wilson [39] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Munson and Karlin [33] at the Bell Telephone Laboratories were conducting psychoacoustic experiments that demonstrated the relevance of the theory to human observers; their experimental results led them to suggest a similar theory of the human detection process. Meanwhile, Tanner, and Swets [52, 53] were making a formal application of TSD in the field of vision. Since then, other general discussions and reviews similar to this one have appeared; I should mention the 1955 paper by Swets, Tanner, and Birdsall [47] that includes a complete review of the data collected in vision; the 1956 paper by Tanner, Swets, and Green [54] that includes several studies in audition; Green's [22] exposition in the current series of tutorial articles in the Journal o] the Acoustical Society; and Licklider's chapter [30] in the series edited by Koch for the American Psychological Association. The present discussion is distinguished from the first three of these in that it is not tutorial, detailed, nor documentary. The statistical and psychophysical bases of the work are not considered here, and no data are presented. In this sense, the present discussion is most like Licklider's. Its only ad
Habitat Partitioning among Three Species of Ephemerelloidea

ABSTRACT Niche volumes according to several physical and water quality parameters are shown for Drunella grandis, Drunella doddsi and Tricorythodes minutus. Generalist strategies have been adopted by D. grandis for physical habitat characteristics and by T. minutus for water quality characteristics. Drunella doddsi, a specialist, has the smallest physical habitat and water quality niche dimensions of the three mayfly species. Even though each has its own unique niche, there is some overlap between them for most niche dimensions studied. These overlaps are probably present because density independent seasonal limiting factors in western United States streams are as strong or stronger selectors than many density dependent factors. Also, each species has its own unique niche “hypervolume” that changes from station to station and from time to time.
Novel Transatrial Septoplasty Technique for Neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and an Intact or Highly Restrictive Atrial Septum

Two patients born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and an intact or highly restrictive atrial septum requiring emergent intervention are presented. For both patients, rapid septoplasty was performed using a hybrid approach involving direct atrial puncture and transatrial cutting balloon dilation of the atrial septum. This technique facilitates safe and rapid procedural completion and minimizes the risk of procedural complications in this very-high-risk patient population.
Perspectives on the Arctic's Shrinking Sea-Ice Cover

Linear trends in arctic sea-ice extent over the period 1979 to 2006 are negative in every month. This ice loss is best viewed as a combination of strong natural variability in the coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere system and a growing radiative forcing associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, the latter supported by evidence of qualitative consistency between observed trends and those simulated by climate models over the same period. Although the large scatter between individual model simulations leads to much uncertainty as to when a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean might be realized, this transition to a new arctic state may be rapid once the ice thins to a more vulnerable state. Loss of the ice cover is expected to affect the Arctic's freshwater system and surface energy budget and could be manifested in middle latitudes as altered patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation.
Percutaneous nephrostomy: techniques, indications, and results.

Abstract During the past six years at our institution, percutaneous nephrostomy has been utilized for temporary diversion of the upper urinary tract in 33 patients and 42 individual kidneys. Two techniques are described, one of which has been developed recently by one of us (A. R. G.). Indications and results, including complications, are discussed. In our experience this procedure has been found to be safe and highly useful in the management of selected patients who have unilateral or bilateral urinary tract obstruction from a variety of reasons.
Synthesis, Anti-HIV Activity, and Molecular Mechanism of Drug Resistance of l-2‘,3‘-Didehydro-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-4‘-thionucleosides

β-l-2‘,3‘-Didehydro-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-4‘-thionucleosides (β-l-2‘-F-4‘-S-d4Ns) have been synthesized and evaluated against HIV-1 in primary human lymphocytes. The key intermediate 8, which was prepared from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-l-glyceraldehyde 1 in 13 steps, was condensed with various pyrimidine and purine bases followed by elimination and deprotection to give the target compounds, β-l-2‘-F-4‘-S-d4Ns (17−20 and 27−30). The antiviral activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells, among which the cytosine 17, 5-fluorocytosine 18, and adenine 27 derivatives showed potent anti-HIV activities (EC50 = 0.12, 0.15, and 1.74 μM, respectively) without significant cytotoxicity up to 100 μM in human PBM, CEM, and Vero cells. The cytosine derivative 17 (β-l-2‘-F-4‘-S-d4C), however, showed cross-resistance to a 3TC-resistant variant (HIV-1M184V). Molecular modeling studies suggest that the pattern of antiviral activity, similar to that of...
Signal enhancement for the sensitivity-limited solid state NMR experiments using a continuous, non-uniform acquisition scheme.

Abstract We describe a sampling scheme for the two-dimensional (2D) solid state NMR experiments, which can be readily applied to the sensitivity-limited samples. The sampling scheme utilizes continuous, non-uniform sampling profile for the indirect dimension, i.e. the acquisition number decreases as a function of the evolution time ( t 1) in the indirect dimension. For a beta amyloid (Aβ) fibril sample, we observed overall 40–50% signal enhancement by measuring the cross peak volume, while the cross peak linewidths remained comparable to the linewidths obtained by regular sampling and processing strategies. Both the linear and Gaussian decay functions for the acquisition numbers result in similar percentage of increment in signal. In addition, we demonstrated that this sampling approach can be applied with different dipolar recoupling approaches such as radiofrequency assisted diffusion (RAD) and finite-pulse radio-frequency-driven recoupling (fpRFDR). This sampling scheme is especially suitable for the sensitivity-limited samples which require long signal averaging for each t 1 point, for instance the biological membrane proteins where only a small fraction of the sample is isotopically labeled.
Beamlet dose distribution compression and reconstruction using wavelets for intensity modulated treatment planning

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning is often formulated as the optimization of weights of fixed-geometry subfields (beamlets). Efficient optimization techniques can be based on direct storage of the influence matrix relating beamlet weights to dose values. However, direct storage of beamlet dose distributions for IMRT treatment planning can easily exceed several gigabytes, and is therefore often not feasible. We present a method for rapidly calculating full three-dimensional IMRT dose distributions, based on a vector of beamlet weights. The method is based on compressed beamlet dose distributions using fast digital wavelet transforms and so-called hard thresholding. We studied the method with a rectangular beamlet of 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm cross section from a monoenergetic 6 MeV photon point source simulated in homogeneous (water) and heterogeneous (CT-data) phantoms. Dose was calculated using the accurate VMC+ + Monte Carlo engine. The beamlet dose distributions were wavelet transformed and compressed by dropping wavelet coefficients below a given threshold value. Dose is then computed using the remaining wavelets. Selection of the wavelet basis function, decomposition level, and threshold values, for different slice orientations (transverse or parallel to the beam) and varying angles of beamlet incidence are studied. A typical in-slice compression ratio for a plane containing a beamlet was 32:1 using the sym2 wavelet and a threshold of 0.01, with a typical root-mean-square error, for voxels above 50% of the maximum dose, of about 0.04%. The overall compression performance, which includes many planes with little information content, is on the order of 100:1 or greater compared to full matrix storage. Although other methods are available to make the use of stored influence matrix values more feasible in IMRT treatment planning (such as using coarse grids or restricting values to defined volumes of interest) we conclude that wavelet compression facilitates the storage and use of full pencil dose deposition (influence matrix) data in IMRT treatment planning.
Multicore-aware reuse distance analysis

This paper presents and validates methods to extend reuse distance analysis of application locality characteristics to shared-memory multicore platforms by accounting for invalidation-based cache-coherence and inter-core cache sharing. Existing reuse distance analysis methods track the number of distinct addresses referenced between reuses of the same address by a given thread, but do not model the effects of data references by other threads. This paper shows several methods to keep reuse stacks consistent so that they account for invalidations and cache sharing, either as references arise in a simulated execution or at synchronization points. These methods are evaluated against a Simics-based coherent cache simulator running several OpenMP and transaction-based benchmarks. The results show that adding multicore-awareness substantially improves the ability of reuse distance analysis to model cache behavior, reducing the error in miss ratio prediction (relative to cache simulation for a specific cache size) by an average of 70% for per-core caches and an average of 90% for shared caches.
Meanings of Sadism and Masochism

The evolution of sadism and masochism from their origins in the 19th century until the present are described. Included are the pain-pleasure conception, dominance-submission, and sadistic and masochistic personality types. The need for differentiating types of sadism and masochism is emphasized.
Comparison of the heme electronic and molecular structure of soybean leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin by proton NMR

Abstract The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of soybean ferric leghemoglobin a in the low-spin cyanide and nicotinate complexes have been assigned by specific deuteration of heme methyl groups. The assignments differ from those obtained solely from nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements and are indicative of a proximal histidyl imidazole-hemin interaction which is very similar to that found in sperm whale myoglobin. The absence of a hyperfine shifted exchangeable NH peak for the distal histidine in leghemoglobin suggests either a very different orientation for this distal ligand or a significantly faster exchange rate with bulk solvent than found in myoglobin.
Fulminant head and neck congestion in advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a poor prognostic indicator.

Background. Clinical factors associated with a poor prognosis in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) include the extent and type of skin involvement and the presence and extent of lymphadenopathy. Materials. We report retrospectively the clinical course and survival time of four patients with advanced CTCL after the development of fulminant head and neck congestion. Methods. All four patients presented with marked erythema and edema of the head and neck with marked cervical adenopathy. Treatment with multidrug chemotherapy and radiation induced only brief remissions. The clinical picture was felt to be due to extensive tumor infiltration of the skin as well as lymphatic compression due to cervical adenopathy rather than venous compression at the level of the mediastinum. Survival from onset of this fulminant head and neck congestion was 1–5 months. Conclusion. Development of this fulminant head and neck congestion in patients with advanced CTCL heralds a progressively deteriorating clinical course with a poor prognosis.
Comparative toxicity studies on glucuronide-forming compounds in icteric and nonicteric newborn Gunn rats.

Comparative studies on the toxicity of glucuronide-forming compounds were conducted in icteric and nonicteric newborn Gunn rats. Toxicity was quantitated by determining the L.D. 50 in two-day-old rats. Statistically significant differences in toxicity between icteric and nonicteric littermates were found in six of ten glucuronide-forming compounds. This animal model appears to be a useful addition to preclinical toxicologic investigations with new drugs that may be given to premature and newborn infants.
Calculation of charge-changing cross-sections of ions or atoms colliding with fast ions using the classical trajectory method ☆

Abstract Evaluation of ion–atom charge-changing cross-sections is needed for many accelerator applications. A Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) simulation has been used to calculate ionization and charge-exchange cross-sections. For benchmarking purposes, an extensive study has been performed for the simple case of hydrogen and helium targets in collisions with various ions. Despite the fact that the simulation only accounts for classical mechanics, the calculations are comparable to experimental results for projectile velocities in the region corresponding to the vicinity of the maximum cross-section. The shortcomings of the CTMC method for multielectron target atoms are discussed.
Polymorphic Variants in the Human Mitochondrial CytochromebGene

Abstract We report the polymorphic variants of the human cytochromebgene based on sequence analysis in 32 Caucasian individuals. We found 27 variants (12 synonymous changes and 15 amino acid replacements). Of these, 15 (8 silent changes and 7 amino acid replacements) have not been previously reported. Based on restriction length polymorphism analysis of patients and their maternal relatives, we conclude that these new amino acid replacements represent maternally inherited polymorphisms. Comparative analysis of the data suggests that four different genotypes can be defined for the human cytochromebgene.
Lorentz Trial Function for the Hydrogen Atom: A Simple, Elegant Exercise

The quantum semester of a typical two-semester physical chemistry course is divided into two parts. The initial focus is on quantum mechanics and simple model systems for which the Schrodinger equation can be solved in closed form, but it then shifts in the second half to atoms and molecules, for which no closed solutions exist. The underlying principle that bridges this chasm is the variational method, which is easily the most important guiding principle for the construction of approximate wavefunctions including molecular orbitals. Students frequently encounter difficulties crossing this bridge, even when they did well in the first half. One contributing factor is the dilemma of the variational method that variational problems tend to be either too trivial or mathematically too involved to clearly show the concepts at work. Here, a Lorentz trial function for the hydrogen atom is discussed, a very elegant, yet straightforward example that somewhat alleviates this dilemma. Together with the standard example of a Gauss trial function and the exact solution, the Lorentz function provides an opportunity for an in-depth study of the variational principle before applying it to heavier atoms and molecules.