Temperament and school performance.

1. Rachel Balck, MA 2. Penny Glass, PhD 1. Children’s National Medical Center Washington, DC 1. Temperament Risk Factors in Children: A Conference Report . Carey W. Dev Behav Pediatr . 1990;11:28-34 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] 2. Interactive Effects of Student Temperament and Instructional Method on Classroom Behavior and Achievement . Orth L, Martin RP. J School Psychol . 1994;32:149-166 [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][Web of Science][6] 3. Prediction of School Readiness From Kindergarten Temperament Scores . Schoen MJ, Nagle RJ. J School Psychol . 1994;32:135-147 4. Temperament and Development . Thomas A, Chess S. 1977 New York, NY.: Brunner/Mazel Publishers 5. Temperament and Behavior Disorders in Children . Thomas A, Chess S, Birch HG. 1968 New York, NY.: New York University Press The concept of temperament has been used to acknowledge a child’s contribution to his or her social environment and provides a foundation for later personality development. Experts have defined temperament as a child’s individual behavior style or the manner in which a child reacts to his or her environment. Temperament styles are believed to be partially genetic and may remain fairly consistent over time and across different situations. However, social experiences and interactions influence behavior and play a significant role in the nature and expression of temperament. Nine attributes of behavior are generally considered when determining a child’s temperament style: activity level, rhythmicity or regularity, distractibility, approach or withdrawal, adaptability, attention span and persistence, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness, and quality of mood. Certain attributes tend to cluster to delineate the three most common temperament styles—easy, slow to warm, or difficult. Children who have “easy” temperaments tend to be cheerful, respond easily to … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bdevelopmental%2Band%2Bbehavioral%2Bpediatrics%2B%253A%2B%2BJDBP%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BDev%2BBehav%2BPediatr%26rft.aulast%253DCarey%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D28%26rft.epage%253D34%26rft.atitle%253DTemperament%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bin%2Bchildren%253A%2Ba%2Bconference%2Breport.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252F00004703-199002000-00007%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2406290%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/00004703-199002000-00007&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=2406290&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F19%2F5%2F177.atom [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BSchool%2BPsychol.%26rft.volume%253D32%26rft.spage%253D149%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0022-4405%252894%252990008-6%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/0022-4405(94)90008-6&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1994NM84100007&link_type=ISI