cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labeling, discrimination and repetition of stimuli with level and changing fundamental frequency

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate further certain relationships between fundamental frequency and the perception of duration. The first sought to determine whether categorical labeling functions of stimuli with level and changing F0 are accompanied by categorical discrimination functions; the second tested whether repetition of stimuli is categorical or continuous. Results of listening tests indicate that the perception of linguistically significant suprasegmental continua is generally characterized by categorical perception when the subjects are presented with a labeling task, but by non-categorical perception in a discrimination task. Results of production tasks showed that while listeners assign labels to a suprasegmental continuum in a categorical fashion, they are nevertheless capable of producing phonetically different durations within the same durational category. It is suggested that this may constitute one of the characteristics of suprasegmental features in general.
An Empirical-Phenomenological Investigation of Being Anxious

Whether one reflects upon the language of the current media or simply takes stock of one’s chats with friends and neighbors, one soon realizes that, for the most part, contemporary living is described in the language of emotion. Television dramas and magazines, even the lyrics of popular music, offer characterizations as well as analyses of various fears, frustrations, guilts, shames, jealousies, and contentments of everyday life. Moreover, popular books and periodicals abound in prescriptions for living happily, for keeping one’s mate satisfied if not in love, for avoiding guilt or embarrassment, for staying unaffected or in control of one’s emotions, for steering clear of depression, and for coping with despair. In everyday life, the varieties of emotional living are unequivocally acknowledged as significant, even if occasionally problematic.
Surprises in Knockout Tournaments

Sometimes the second-best player in a knockout tournament is more likely to win that to finish second. We characterize this surprising situation, under certain natural conditions.
The Sovereignty Cartel

Sovereignty is the subject of many debates in international relations. Is it the source of state authority or a description of it? What is its history? Is it strengthening or weakening? Is it changing, and how? This book addresses these questions, but focuses on one less frequently addressed: what makes state sovereignty possible? The Sovereignty Cartel argues that sovereignty is built on state collusion – states work together to privilege sovereignty in global politics, because they benefit from sovereignty's exclusivity. This book explores this collusive behavior in international law, international political economy, international security, and migration and citizenship. In all these areas, states accord rights to other states, regardless of relative power, relative wealth, or relative position. Sovereignty, as a (changing) set of property rights for which states collude, accounts for this behavior not as anomaly (as other theories would) but instead as fundamental to the sovereign states system.
The effect of an electronic medical record intervention on hydroxychloroquine prescribing habits and surveyed providers’ opinions of the 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines in the rheumatology and dermatology practices of an academic institution

BACKGROUND Retinal toxicity is a rare adverse event related to the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). To address this, in 2016, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) issued guidelines recommending that HCQ not exceed 5 mg/kg/day. We analyzed HCQ prescribing habits at our institution, compared to these guidelines, and used surveys to determine the opinions on these guidelines. We then introduced, in a prospective and non-controlled study, a clinical decision support (CDS) tool into the electronic medical record (EMR) to study how this intervention might affect adherence with or opinions on these guidelines. METHODS Data were collected pre-intervention (June 2017-January 2019) and post-intervention (March 2019-April 2020). In January 2019 we released our CDS tool. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics for demographic data and Fisher's exact tests for comparisons of proportions between groups. RESULTS Pre-intervention, we reviewed 1128 rheumatology charts and 282 dermatology charts. 31.0 and 39.7% respectively (32.8% combined) were prescribed HCQ > 5 .0 mg/kg/day. Post-intervention, we reviewed 1161 rheumatology charts and 110 dermatology charts. 23.0 and 25.5% respectively (23.2% combined) were prescribed HCQ > 5.0 mg/kg/day. Post-intervention, 9.6% fewer patients were prescribed HCQ > 5 mg/kg/day (P < .001). Pre-intervention, we compiled 18 rheumatology surveys and 12 dermatology surveys. Post-intervention, we compiled 16 rheumatology surveys and 12 dermatology surveys. Post-intervention, fewer rheumatologists incorrectly described the AAO weight-based guidelines. Combined, there was an overall reduction but not of statistical significance (P = .47). The majority of providers surveyed believed that the CDS tool was useful (72.2%). CONCLUSIONS At our academic institution, there remains unfamiliarity with and hesitation to comply with the 2016 AAO guidelines. Prescribed doses often exceed what is recommended in these guidelines. A CDS tool can improve adherence with these guidelines and might improve providers' familiarity with these guidelines.
Trollfare: Russia’s Disinformation Campaign During Military Conflict in Ukraine

In this study, we explore online informational warfare by the Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA) against Ukraine during the military conflict in Donbass. Introducing a digital dimension to the long-standing Russian disinformation strategy of reflexive control as a historic and theoretical framework, we investigate how the IRA combined online news and social media platforms to promote propaganda to its growing number of followers. Combining computational and qualitative content analyses with time series modeling, we demonstrate how the IRA blurs distinctions between fact and fiction through interlinks among digital platforms, and we expose its successful strategies for follower growth on Twitter. We conclude with implications for understanding and promptly identifying modern hybrid warfare strategies, with a focus on coordinated multiplatform efforts that spread disinformation through the hybrid media ecosystem.
The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals

The omnivore's dilemma: a natural history of four meals , The omnivore's dilemma: a natural history of four meals , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
An Iterative Procedure for Efficient Testing of B2B: A Case in Messaging Service Tests

Testing is a necessary step in systems integration. Testing in the context of interenterprise, business-to-business (B2B) integration is more difficult and expensive than intra-enterprise integration. Traditionally, the difficulty is alleviated by conducting the testing in two stages: conformance testing and then interoperability testing. In conformance testing, systems are tested independently against a referenced system. In interoperability testing, they are tested simultaneously against one another. In the traditional approach for testing, these two stages are performed sequentially with little feedback between them. In addition, test results and test traces are left only to human analysis or even discarded if the solution passes the test. This paper proposes an approach where test results and traces from both the conformance and interoperability tests are analyzed for potential interoperability issues; conformance test cases are then derived from the analysis. The result is that more interoperability issues can be resolved in the lower-cost conformance testing mode; consequently, time and cost required for achieving interoperable solutions are reduced.
Normal compactness conditions in variational analysis

In this paper we consider some aspects of nonsmooth variational analysis that are especially important for numerous applications to constrained optimization and nonlinear control systems in infinite-dimensional spaces. These properties, unified under the name of "sequential normal compactness", automatically hold in finite dimensions while playing a crucial role in infinite-dimensional variational analysis and its applications.
A model-based meso-zooplankton production index and its relation to the ocean survival of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

The ocean survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off the Pacific Northwest coast has been related to oceanographic conditions regulating lower trophic level production during their first year at sea. Coastal upwelling is recognized as the primary driver of seasonal plankton production but as a single index upwelling intensity has been an inconsistent predictor of coho salmon survival. Our goal was to develop a model of upwelling-driven meso-zooplankton production for the Oregon shelf ecosystem that was more immediately linked to the feeding conditions experienced by juvenile salmon than a purely physical index. The model consisted of a medium-complexity plankton model linked to a simple one-dimensional, cross-shelf upwelling model. The plankton model described the dynamics of nitrate, ammonium, small and large phytoplankton, meso-zooplankton (copepods), and detritus. The model was run from 1996 to 2007 and evaluated on an interannual scale against time-series observations of copepod biomass. The model’s ability to capture observed interannual variability improved substantially when the copepod community size distribution was taken into account each season. The meso-zooplankton production index was significantly correlated with the ocean survival of hatchery coho salmon from the Oregon production area, although the coastal upwelling index that drove the model was not itself correlated with survival. Meso-zooplankton production within the summer quarter (July–September) was more strongly correlated with coho survival than was meso-zooplankton production in the spring quarter (April–June).
Transductions of context-free languages into sets of sentential forms

Divide the context-free languages into equivalence classes in the following way: L1 and L2 are in the same class if there are a-transducers M and \(\bar M\)such that M(L1)=L2 and \(\bar M\)(L2)=L1. Define L1 and L2 to be structurally similar if they are in the same class. Among the results given below are: 1) if L1 and L2 are structurally similar and L1 has a structurally similar set of (right) sentential forms then so does L2, 2) if L1 and L2 are structurally similar and L1 is deterministic then L2 has a structurally similar set of right sentential forms, 3) if L1 and L2 are structurally similar and L1 is a parenthesis language then L2 has a structurally similar set of sentential forms, 4) there is a nonempty equivalence class of structurally similar languages that contains no (right) sentential forms of any grammar, 5) if an equivalence class contains any set of (right) sentential forms at all then every language in the class has a set of (right) sentential forms in that class.
Relationship Between Plastic Limit Values and Fine Fractions of Soils

The paper examines the change of soil plastic limit values as a function of percent of fine soil fraction and demonstrates the importance of determination of the interval of plastic limit monotonic increase. The above-mentioned analysis provides a scientific justification for the development of statistically correct relationships between cohesive soil physical and mechanical properties and plastic limit values.
Context influences on TALE–DNA binding revealed by quantitative profiling

Transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins recognize DNA using a seemingly simple DNA-binding code, which makes them attractive for use in genome engineering technologies that require precise targeting. Although this code is used successfully to design TALEs to target specific sequences, off-target binding has been observed and is difficult to predict. Here we explore TALE–DNA interactions comprehensively by quantitatively assaying the DNA-binding specificities of 21 representative TALEs to B5,000–20,000 unique DNA sequences per protein using custom-designed protein-binding microarrays (PBMs). We find that protein context features exert significant influences on binding. Thus, the canonical recognition code does not fully capture the complexity of TALE–DNA binding. We used the PBM data to develop a computational model, Specificity Inference For TAL-Effector Design (SIFTED), to predict the DNA-binding specificity of any TALE. We provide SIFTED as a publicly available web tool that predicts potential genomic off-target sites for improved TALE design.
Encephalitis and Schizophrenia

The viral hypothesis for schizophrenia does not consist of a single line of reasoning, but rather is an accretion of assorted “clusters” of data that can be connected in various ways to form the often ill-defined sub-theories of the hypothesis. These sub-theory themes range from autoimmunity to the virology of retroviruses, and range considerably in their cogency, clarity, and relevance to schizophrenia. This chapter begins to scrutinize some of these or clusters of evidence and the theories that rely on them. Specifically, it will cover: i) the established ability of viruses to cause psychosis; and ii) the burgeoning and controversial literature on Borna disease virus.
Microiontophoretic bicuculline restores binocular responses to visual cortical neurons in strabismic cats

Rearing cats with surgically induced strabismus resulted in an abnormally high percentage (80%) of monocularly driven neurons in visual cortex. Microiontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline restored binocular responses to over 50% of these monocular cells. Elevation of spontaneous rate by glutamate failed to produce binocularity. These results indicate that intracortical inhibition plays a role in the abnormal ocular dominance distribution of strabismic cats.
The center for advanced training in cell and molecular biology: an opportunity for biomedical scientists

AbstractThe Center for Advanced Training in Cell and Molecular Biology has been established as a national center to provide expert training for scientists and technicians in the biomedical sciences. Its focus is on those new and established biomedically related concepts and technologies that provide the major impetus for contemporary research, innovative industrial applications and sophisticated laboratory techniques. The Center sponsors diverse programs such as workshops, conferences, and symposia. Its primary emphasis is on 1-week programs that combine principles with laboratory practice. This unique endeavor is designed to serve society by providing scientists with opportunities to exploit effectively new and alternate technologies and by relieving industry and government of the burden of training its technical staff. Toxicologists will benefit from such programs as in vitro toxicology, receptors, epithelial cell culture, neurotropic drugs, and inflammatory responses.
Slip lines in front of a round notch tip in a pressure-sensitive material

Abstract Plastic deformation in the form of slip lines is observed in front of notches in pure epoxy and rubber-toughened epoxy specimens under four-point bending. In contrast to the case for pressure-insensitive materials, the angles between two families of slip lines emanating from notch surfaces are not 90°: they are smaller than 90° under tension, but they are larger than 90° under compression. For the pure epoxy specimen, the angles are almost constant throughout plastic zones, and the deviations of the angles from 90° are almost the same under both tension and compression. For the rubber-toughened epoxy specimen, however, the angles are not constant throughout the plastic zone under tension although they are almost constant under compression. In addition, the angles for the rubber-toughened specimen under tension are smaller than those for the pure epoxy specimen under tension, but the angles for the rubber-toughened specimen under compression are larger than those for the pure epoxy specimen under compression. Furthermore, theoretical slip lines are constructed around notches for pressure-sensitive perfectly plastic materials. These slip lines are in good agreement with the slip lines observed in the pure epoxy specimen.
Update on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women

OverviewIn 2008, more women in the United States died from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than from all forms of cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, and Alzheimer's disease combined. One in three deaths in women was from CVD. While many women have come to recognize CVD as the leading cause of d
c‐fos expression and (14C) 2‐deoxyglucose uptake in the caudal cerebellum of the rat during motor/sensory cortex stimulation

Fos, the protein product of the c-fos gene, is induced in neurons in response to a variety of stimuli. In order to see if Fos could be used to map activity in the brain, the pattern of Fos staining was compared to the pattern of (14C) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in the seventh and eighth lobules of the cerebellum during electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Electrical stimulation of hindlimb motor/sensory cortex of awake rats increased 2DG uptake in the contralateral and ipsilateral cerebellum. The largest increases occurred in granule cell patches in the contralateral copula pyramidis (Cop P) and pyramis (P), the hemispheric and vermal portions of the eighth cerebellar lobule, respectively. The granule cell patches formed parasagittal bands that extended short distances mediolaterally, and extended long distances anteroposteriorly over much of the Cop P. Forelimb motor/sensory cortex stimulation increased 2DG uptake bilaterally in the seventh, paramedian (PM) cerebellar lobule. The greatest increases occurred in the granule cell layer contralateral to the stimulation. These and the above results generally agree with classical studies that localize forelimb on the seventh lobule anterior to the hindlimb on the eighth lobule. However, hindlimb cortical stimulation activated parts of the PM, and forelimb cortical stimulation activated portions of the rostral Cop P. In general, nonoverlapping portions of Cop P and PM were activated during the two types of cortical stimulation. These results are consistent with a fractured somatotopy (Welker and Shambes, '85) in which nonadjacent body parts are consistently represented in adjacent granule cell patches on each lobule, with the fractured somatotopy being different for every lobule. No region of cerebellum expressed Fos in unstimulated, electrode implanted, control subjects. However, following 15 minutes of electrical stimulation of hindlimb cortex, Fos was expressed 4 hours later in patches of granule cell nuclei in Cop P and P. These patches of Fos immunostained granule cells occurred in similar locations in Cop P to the patches of highest glucose metabolism observed with the 2DG method. Zones of Purkinje cell nuclei also expressed Fos. These Purkinje cell zones were often directly over similar sized granule cell patches in P. In the hemisphere however, the zones of Purkinje cells in ventrolateral Cop P expressing Fos only partially overlapped underlying granule cell patches that expressed Fos. Moreover, Fos was not unduced in any Purkinje cells adjacent to the Fos- stained granule cell patch in dorsolateral Cop P.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Relative Deprivation: A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review

Relative deprivation (RD) is the judgment that one is worse off compared to some standard accompanied by feelings of anger and resentment. Social scientists use RD to predict a wide range of significant outcome variables: collective action, individual achievement and deviance, intergroup attitudes, and physical and mental health. But the results are often weak and inconsistent. The authors draw on a theoretical and meta-analytic review (210 studies composing 293 independent samples, 421 tests, and 186,073 respondents) to present a model that integrates group and individual RD. RD measures that (a) include justice-related affect, (b) match the outcome level of analysis, and (c) use higher quality measures yield significantly stronger relationships. Future research should focus on appropriate RD measurement, angry resentment, and the inclusion of theoretically relevant situational appraisals. Such methodological improvements would revitalize RD as a useful social psychological predictor of a wide range of i...
On the Use of Glasgow Coma Scale as a Predictor of ICU Admission in Deliberate Drug Poisoning

We read with interest the article by Maignan and colleagues(1) regarding predictive factors for ICU admission in poisoned patients. Deliberate drug poisoning (DDP) is indeed a significant public health threat, particularly considering the current prescription drug overdose epidemic in the United States.(2) To their credit, the authors acknowledge the limitations of their dataset with regard to "toxicological anamnesis" as well as the issue of generalizability to other regions that do not routinely practice direct ICU admission that bypass the ED. However, we feel some aspects of the methodology deserve some comments with regard to the interpretation of their final model, particularly on the use of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) as a predictor and ICU admission as the endpoint in the study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
Valence-band structures of III-V compounds and alloys-Bond-orbital and coherent-potential approximations

The bond-orbital model (BOM) and the coherent-potential approximation (CPA) are used to study the valence-band structures of the III-V compound semiconductors GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, and InSb and their alloys. All the third-neighbor bond interactions are included, but the main outstanding defects in the BOM found by previous authors remain. However, the model reproduces the major structure of the observed densities of states. The BOM is especially convenient for alloys because it effectively isolates the important disorder parameters and facilitates the execution of CPA. The model's parameters are deduced by fitting to the photoelectric thresholds and x-ray photoemission spectra. We found that the most interesting CPA results are not the densities of states usually studied but are the more detailed band properties like energy shifts, effective masses, alloy scattering, and optical-absorption-line broadening. This work provides a basic understanding of the effect of alloy disorder on the nonlinear concentration dependence of the energy at the top of the valence band and line broadening of the fundamental optical gap ${E}_{0}$.
The solution of the Binet—Cauchy functional equation for square matrices

Abstract It is shown that if ƒ : M n (K)→K is a nonconstant solution of the Binet-Cauchy functional equation ƒ(AB) = 1 n! ∑ |s|=n n s ƒ(A s )ƒ(B s ) for A , B ∈ M n ( K ) and if ƒ(E) = 0 where E is the n × n matrix with all entries 1 n then ƒ is given by ƒ(A) = m( det A) where m is a multiplicative function on K . For ƒ(E)≠0 it has been shown by Heuvers, Cummings and Bhaskara Rao, that ƒ(A) = φ( per A) where φ is an isomorphism of K . Thus the Binet-Cauchy functional equation is the source of the common properties of det A and per A . The value of ƒ(E) is sufficient to distinguish between the two functions.
Journalist or panderer? Framing underage webcam sites

If the television brought images of the outside world into the home, web camera technology potentially inverts this trend by transmitting activities in the home to outside viewers. This article examines a high-profile case, first exposed by the New York Times, of teenagers using their home computers, web cameras, and other web-based commercial establishments such as PayPal to establish and conduct their own home-based, interactive Internet pornography businesses. The author considers recent journalistic and public policy discourses surrounding these sites—often run surreptitiously out of minors’ rooms—especially the uneasy representation of teens as simultaneously stars, victims, producers, perpetrators, and entrepreneurs. The author argues that what is being produced is not only a classic narrative of underage victims and adult perpetrators but also a new set of complex social and legal relationships enabled by and embedded within these new technologies.
The treatment of movement disorders by deep brain stimulation.

It has been understood, for some time, that modulation of deep brain nuclei within the basal ganglia and thalamus can have a therapeutic effect in patients with movement disorders. Because of its reversibility and adjustability, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has largely come to replace traditional ablation procedures. The clinical effects of DBS vary, depending both on the target being stimulated and on the parameters of stimulation. Both aspects are currently the subject of substantial research and discovery. The most common targets for DBS treatment include the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease, the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of medically refractory essential tremor, and the globus pallidus interna for the treatment of both cervical and generalized dystonias and Parkinson’s disease. We review the current indications, targets, outcomes, and general procedure of DBS for essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease, and dystonia.
Quality adjusted price indexes and the Willig condition

Abstract This paper provides a graphical explanation of Willig's condition for developing consistent price indexes for quality change. The framework also describes how the single crossing condition generalizes the Willig condition.
KATP channels and myocardial preconditioning: an update

Ischemic or myocardial preconditioning (IPC) is a phenomenon whereby brief periods of ischemia have been shown to protect the myocardium against a more sustained ischemic insult. The result of IPC may be manifest as a marked reduction in infarct size, myocardial stunning, or incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. Whereas many endogenous neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones have been proposed to play a role in the signal transduction pathways mediating the cardioprotective effect of IPC, nearly universal evidence indicates the involvement of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel. Initial evidence suggested that the surface or sarcolemmal KATP (sarcKATP) channel triggered or mediated the cardioprotective effects of IPC; however, more recent findings have suggested a major role for a mitochondrial site or possibly a mitochondrial KATP channel (mitoKATP). This review presents evidence that supports a role for these two channels as a trigger and/or downstream mediator in the phenomenon of IPC or pharmacologically induced PC as well as recent evidence that suggests the involvement of a mitochondrial calcium-activated potassium (mitoKca) channel or the electron transport chain in mediating the beneficial effects of IPC or pharmacologically induced PC.
Déconstruire le rêve de nation : lionel Groulx et la Révolution tranquille

Lionel Groulx, fondateur de la Revue d’histoire de l’Amerique francaise, etait sans doute l’un des penseurs les plus importants du Canada francais au xxe siecle. L’heritage intellectuel de ce pretre historien continue de faire l’objet de debats parmi les historiens du Quebec. Le present article analyse les ecrits publies de Groulx lors des dernieres annees de sa vie (1960-1967), afin d’en faire ressortir son attitude vis-a-vis de la Revolution tranquille. A partir d’une analyse textuelle, l’auteure cherche a exposer une partie de la complexite et de l’ambiguite de sa pensee face a cet evenement. Au total, alors que Groulx le nationaliste applaudissait la construction de l’Etat sous le gouvernement Lesage, Groulx le pretre percevait les tendances laicisantes de la Revolution tranquille comme le demantelement de la civilisation traditionnelle du Canada francais telle qu’il la concevait.
Effects of unsteady shock impingement on high-speed gaseous mixing

Tests are performed to determine the effects of impinging oscillating shocks of different frequencies on a 15 deg downstream angled, underexpanded, sonic helium jet injected into a supersonic airflow. Information on mixing, penetration, total pressure loss, and turbulence structure from these tests is employed to estimate mixing control achieved by adding an oscillating shock to the helium injection flow field. The principal result of this study is that impingement of an oscillating shock on a high-speed shear layer can be utilized to control the rate of mixing.
Altered arterial homeostasis and cerebral aneurysms: a molecular epidemiology study.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that patients with intractanial cerebral aneurysms (IAs) harbor a molecular defect in the process responsible for maintaining arterial integrity (arterial homeostasis). In this study, we undertook a preliminary assessment of differential expression of key molecules involved with each phase of homeostasis: arterial flow modulation, arterial tear and repair, and the ensuing extracellular matrix. METHODS: Key molecules from each phase of the arterial homeostatic process were selected: prostacyclin-stimulating factor, implicated with arterial flow modulation; PNUT and RAI, involved with tissue repair and arterial remodeling; and Type III collagen and fibronectin, which are key constituents of the extracellular matrix. A small sample of the IA dome was harvested at the time of surgical repair from both ruptured and untuptured domes. Pericranial vascular tissue was harvested from a sample of the of the superficial temporal artery (STA) or occipital artery from aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal patients undergoing craniotomy for unrelated conditions. Statistical analysis examining expression of each marker was performed initially using dichotomous analysis (presence or absence of expression), followed by an assessment of quantitative differences in expression, initial analysis was restricted to the pair consisting of dome and STA harvested from each individual patient. This was followed by a pooled analysis in which all domes and STAs were respectively pooled. RESULTS: A total of 86 tissue samples were studied, including 24 IA domes, STA samples from 43 aneurysmal patients, and STA samples from 19 nonaneurysmal patients. We found that the degree of prostacyclin-stimulating factor and RAI expression was reduced in ruptured aneurysm domes when compared with STAs from 1A patients (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.89; and odds ratio, 0.18; 95% Cl, 0.03-0.94, respectively). Type III collagen expression also was reduced among ruptured domes when compared with STA (P = 0.42). These differences were found to be independent of the effects of smoking with adjusted odds ratios of 0.25 (95% Cl, 0.08-0.77) and 0.18 (95% Cl, 0.04-0.79), respectively, for prostacyclin-stimulating factor and RAI. No statistically significant differences were noted among the unruptured domes. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest an impaired ability to express proteins responsible for flow modulation and arterial repair within the ruptured domes when compared with control pericranial tissue. The study generates a hypothesis of impaired arterial homeostasis with a reduced ability to modulate hemodynamic flow with perhaps increased microinjury. This is exacerbated further by an impaired molecular ability to repair the vessel wall, culminating in aneurysm rupture. The study has limitations based on the use of pericranial tissue as the control and the relatively small sample size. Nevertheless, this study suggests that altered arterial homeostasis warrants further investigation in hopes of better understanding IA pathogenesis.
Hammett studies of aryldichloromethide carbanion reactions.

Rate constants were measured for the capture of para-substituted phenylchlorocarbenes by chloride ions to form aryldichloromethide carbanions and for the additions of these carbanions to acrylonitrile. Hammett analyses give ρ = +0.86 for the former reaction and ρ = −2.65 for the latter reaction.
Political Choices and Economic Outcomes A Perspective on the Differential Impact of the Financial Crisis on South Korea and Taiwan

South Korea and Taiwan have gone through similar experience of political and economic development in the past several decades. Both countries have achieved miraculous economic developments under the government-led development paradigm and have gone through democratization process in the 1990s. Despite the similarity in developing history, the 1997 financial crisis experiences are quite different between the two countries. South Korea was hit hard by the crisis, whereas the crisis barely touched Taiwan. What caused the difference? The authors argue that the difference in the impacts of the crisis and the resulting outcomes on South Korea and Taiwan is a result of existing political and economic institutions and structures and the choices that were made within those institutions. They support this argument by using institutional explanation, such as growth strategy, market liberalization, and political development.
Strand assignment of polyadenylated nuclear RNAs synthesized early in infection with adenovirus 2.

Abstract Regions of the adenovirus 2 genome coding for early cytoplasmic RNAs also specify polyadenylated nuclear RNAs larger than the cytoplasmic RNAs [Craig, E. A., and Raskas, H. J. (1976). Cell 8, 205–213]. These large polyadenylated nuclear RNAs were analyzed further by hybridization studies with unique viral DNA fragments generated by digestion with endo R· Eco R1, endo R·H ind III, and endo R· Sma I. Hybridization-inhibition experiments were performed with 3 H-labeled nuclear RNA fractionated by size. The results demonstrated that the larger nuclear RNAs are derived from the same DNA strand as the cytoplasmic RNAs and that they contain most if not all the sequences present in cytoplasmic RNAs. Hybridization of the larger polyadenylated nuclear RNAs transcribed from the l strand of Eco R1-C and the r strand of Eco Rl-D was inhibited approximately 80% by cytoplasmic RNA; hybridization of RNA from the l strand of Eco R1-B was inhibited only 50% by cytoplasmic RNA. From the molecular weights of these nuclear RNAs and the results of the hybridization-inhibition studies, it appears that these nuclear RNAs contain from 600 to 2300 nucleotides which are not detected in cytoplasmic RNA.
A large artery exiting the proximal aortic root: anatomic variation or physiologic compensatory response?

the operating room for an aortic valve replacement. After anesthetic induction, a transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) examination confirmed the presence of the bicuspid aortic valve (Fig 1 and Video 1 [supplementary videos are available online]), severe aortic valve insufficiency (Fig 2 and Video 2), and left ventricular (LV) dilatation (not shown). A large artery (diameter 7.0 mm measured 2 cm from the orifice) was observed exiting the proximal aortic root immediately above the anterior-lateral aortic valve cusp near its lateral commissure (Fig 3 and Video 3). What is this blood vessel? Why is it so large?
Reflections on Teaching Graduate Students How to Use and Publish Nutrition Information on the World Wide Web

Abstract This article describes an approach to teaching graduate nutrition students how to search the Internet and publish on the World wide Web (WWW). The students first learned how to search for information and then developed documents on a nutrition topic. The first WWW document was first used as a supplement to an in-class lecture and then was expanded to include links to other documents the students developed and to other locations on the WWW that were relevant to the topic. Students learned how to develop the programs using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and link the documents to the WWW home page for the course that had been developed by the instructor. The outcome was very positive. Pros and cons to this educational approach are discussed.
Coordinate Expression of Functionally Distinct Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Isoforms during Neonatal Brain Development

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are nuclear proteins that regulate gene expression through interactions with specific DNA sequences. It is well known that thyroid hormones have critical functions in the control of normal brain development. In the rat brain, at least three mRNA species are generated by differential processing of the TRα transcript. Only one of the isoforms, TRα-1, is a transcriptional activator, while the regulatory roles of the carboxyterminal variants TRα-2 and TRα-2v remain unclear. In this study we have used polymerase chain reaction amplification of total RNA to compare TRα-1, TRα-2, and TRα-2v mRNA levels in the brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain, and olfactory bulbs of developing neonatal brains in rats. RNA was collected 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after birth from both normal and hypothyroid animals. Coordinate expression of all three isoforms was observed in most tissues during development, with TRα-2 generally maintaining the highest level of expression, and TRα-1 the lowe...
What's so Bor(a)ing about Aurora-A Activation?

Aurora-A kinases are highly conserved mitotic kinases required for cell division. The regulation of Aurora-A activity is less highly conserved and currently poorly understood. Work by Knoblich and coworkers in this issue of Developmental Cell identifies the conserved protein, Aurora Borealis (Bora), as a key regulator of Aurora-A activity during mitosis.
Theory and politics: lessons from feminist economics

Investigates two issues raised by D.C. Moore: the apparent failure of critical accounting theory to launch and sustain a critical programme and relative lack of critical accounting activity in the USA. These concerns are related in that radicalization and change of one′s own academic discipline would seem to be one of the highest‐priority political activities to be undertaken by critical theorists. Offers feminist economics as an example of a critical social theory that meets Moore′s four criteria for successful criteria endeavour and is applicable to accounting research. Compares the feminist economic critique with critiques of accounting by Cooper, and by Shearer and Arrington, based on the French feminist philosophers. The two approaches differ in goals and politics. Suggests that the experience of feminist economics in reforming economics also provides insights into the slow growth of critical accounting theory in the USA.
NON-STATIONARY SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION USING THE JOINT MOMENTS OF TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS☆

We present a time-frequency based non-stationary time-series classification method which utilizes features derived from the joint moments of time-frequency distributions (TFDs). The method is applied to both synthetic and real signals, with comparison to classification performance utilizing features derived from temporal moments only and spectral moments only. The results show that a classification algorithm which utilizes joint time-frequency information, as quantified by the joint moments of the TFD, can improve performance over time or frequency-based features alone, for classification of non-stationary time series.
Valuation of National Park System Visitation: The Efficient Use of Count Data Models, Meta-Analysis, and Secondary Visitor Survey Data

The National Park Service (NPS) currently manages a large and diverse system of park units nationwide which received an estimated 279 million recreational visits in 2011. This article uses park visitor data collected by the NPS Visitor Services Project to estimate a consistent set of count data travel cost models of park visitor willingness to pay (WTP). Models were estimated using 58 different park unit survey datasets. WTP estimates for these 58 park surveys were used within a meta-regression analysis model to predict average and total WTP for NPS recreational visitation system-wide. Estimated WTP per NPS visit in 2011 averaged $102 system-wide, and ranged across park units from $67 to $288. Total 2011 visitor WTP for the NPS system is estimated at $28.5 billion with a 95% confidence interval of $19.7–$43.1 billion. The estimation of a meta-regression model using consistently collected data and identical specification of visitor WTP models greatly reduces problems common to meta-regression models, including sample selection bias, primary data heterogeneity, and heteroskedasticity, as well as some aspects of panel effects. The article provides the first estimate of total annual NPS visitor WTP within the literature directly based on NPS visitor survey data.
Development of a CAD/CAM robotic translator for programming the IBM 7535 SACRA robot off-line

Abstract The objective of this paper is to carefully examine the important issues involved in the design and development of a CAD/CAM translator for an industrial robot and report the successful development of a translator for the IBM 7535 SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robotic Arm) robot to convert the simulation data from McDonnell Douglas' Place system to Aml/e at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). SCARA robots are widely used in assembly operations and the translator serves as the interface between the CAD system and the robot controller. It has been found that there are numerous significant advantages, such as off-line programming (OLP), of using such a translator in various manufacturing industries. OLP involves the translation of positioning instructions, process parameters and other appropriate instructions to the robot's native language. The translator output is then generally downloaded to the robot controller directly. This paper concen in designing and developing such a robotic translator for the IBM 7535 robot. Various issues and challenges encountered along the way are described in detail. The Evans & Sutherland CAD system and the McDonnell Douglas robotic simulation software comprising four software packages, namely Place built, Adjust and Command , have been used for simulating the workcell.
Effects of causal explanations and sex variables on recommendations for corrective actions following employee failure

Abstract The current study examined the effects of different causal explanations for employee failure, sex of the evaluator, and sex of the employee evaluated upon ratings of the appropriateness of 11 supervisory actions. One hundred male and 100 female subjects were randomly assigned to evaluate four male or four female employees whose performance in a management-trainee position was described as unsatisfactory. One employee was described as failing due to lack of effort, one due to lack of ability, one due to difficulty of the task, and one due to bad luck. Subjects were asked to indicate why they felt each employee failed to rate the appropriateness of 11 corrective actions for each of the four employees. The data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed factors design. Results indicate that the cause for employee failure and the sex variables influence subjects' ratings of corrective actions. Coercive actions were considered most appropriate for failure due to lack of effort. Subjects appeared to concomitantly consider the internality and stability of the causes for employee failure. Regression analyses were used to examine the appropriateness of interpreting the results within an attribution theory framework.
High resolution vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of the B1Σ+-X1Σ+, C1Σ+-X1Σ+, and i3Σ+-X1Σ+ transitions in carbon monoxide

The C-X and B-X transitions in 12 C 16 O and 13 C 16 O have been studied under high resolution. Rotational analyses were performed on the (1–0) and (0–0) bands of both systems. Bands previously thought to be part of the B-X system have been assigned to an additional system, tentatively identified as j 3 Σ + - X 1 Σ + .
Investigation of the solution structure of a DNA octamer [d(GGAATTCC)]2 using two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

Proton two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (2D NOE) spectra in the pure absorption phase were obtained at 500 MHz for [d(GGAATTCC)]2 in aqueous solution at a series of mixing times. The experimental data were analyzed by comparison with theoretical spectra calculated using the complete 70 × 70 relaxation matrix including all proton dipole-dipole interactions and spin diffusion [Keepers, J. W. & James, T. L. (1984) J. Magn. Reson. 57, 404–426]. The theoretical spectra at each mixing time were calculated using two structures: a standard B-form DNA structure and an energy-minimized structure based on the similarity of the six internal residues of the title octamer with those of the dodecamer [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2, for which the crystal structure has been determined. Neither the standard B-form nor the energy-minimized structure will yield theoretical 2D NOE spectra which accurately reproduce all peak intensities in the experimental spectra. However, many features of the experimental spectra can be represented by both the B-form and the energy-minimized structure. Sequence-dependent structural characteristics are manifest in the 2D NOE spectra, in particular at the purine-pyrimidine junction as noted previously in the crystal structure. On the whole, the energy-minimized structure appears to yield theoretical 2D NOE spectra which mimic many, if not all, aspects of the experimental spectra. All 2D NOE data were consistent with nanosecond correction times as implied by proton spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. But better fits of some of the 2D NOE data using small variations in an effective isotropic correlation time suggest that there may be some local variations in mobility within the octamer duplex structure in solution.
Work absences and doctor visits during an illness episode: The differential role of preferences, production, and policies among men and women

Abstract This paper analyzes the absenteeism and medical care consumption behavior of employed men and women during an episode of acute illness. An individual’s daily optimization decisions are modeled in a dynamic framework to evaluate the role of (1) preferences for absences and treatment, (2) effectiveness of these inputs on recovery, and (3) economic incentives in determining the number and timing of absences and doctor visits and the duration of illness. In general, men appear to be more responsive than women to changes in sick leave and health insurance mainly due to differences in preferences.
Vesicular disruption of myelin in autoimmune demyelination

A pattern of autoimmune demyelination in EAE and EAN has been described which was encountered consistently and was sometimes more common than the better known phenomenon of active stripping of myelin by macrophages. This pattern involved the rapid dissolution of myelin into a vesicular network which was later degraded by macrophages. It occurred early in the disease, was not accentuated perivascularly, and was usually associated with the presence of macrophases. The underlying mechanisms are not known but several alternatives have been discussed, viz., activity of locally released antibody, cytotoxic factors, or hydrolytic enzymes.