cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realistic Yield Simulation for VLSIC Structural Failures

This paper presents a methodology for determining the probability of structural failures for VLSI circuits. An analytically based approach is used to perform simulations accurately and efficiently. This approach considers the specific IC layout and accounts for most of the fault mechanisms caused by global geometrical variations and local defects. A hierarchical model is proposed to describe the defect statistics including clustering. Strict analytical methods are used to find probabilities of failure for simple layout patterns. Then, the probability of failure for macrocells are calculated hierarchically. This methodology has been implemented in a CAD tool called RYE (Realistic Yield Evaluator). To demonstrate the effectiveness of this tool, the simulation results of several examples and the CPU time comparisons with Monte Carlo methods are also presented in this paper.
Initial study on pulse wave velocity acquired from one hand using two synchronized wireless reflectance pulse oximeters

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has garnered attention as a means to estimate vessel elasticity. This paper presents an approach to measure PWV using two synchronized, wireless pulse oximeters placed on the wrist and fingertip of the same hand. A MATLAB interface acquires and time-aligns these incoming photoplethysmograms (PPGs), and then it calculates PWVs using time differences at three waveform features: the foot, inflection point, and peak of the rising slope in each PPG. Consistent with expectations, PWV values for inflection points are larger than those calculated at waveform feet, since PWV is known to increase with increased intra-arterial pressure. However, the presence of pulse wave reflections complicates the interpretation of PWVs calculated from the PPG peaks since the reflected components impose a varying time delay on the related peaks.
Reformulation of the Dirac Theory of the Electron

It is shown that when the Dirac theory is formulated in the formalism of the dynamical group O(4, 2), there is no need to invoke the hole theory or the notion of backward motion in time to describe antiparticles. A single irreducible representation of O(4, 2) is used and the discrete operators $P$, $C$ become inner automorphisms of the group. The most general linear minimal parity-violating equation generalizing the Dirac equation is shown to lead to two possible distinct mass values.
Surgical Outcome following Resection of Contrast-Enhanced Pediatric Brainstem Gliomas

Background: The role of surgery in the management of gadolinium-enhancing pediatric brainstem lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been a matter of open debate. This clin
Assimilation of felsic crust by basaltic magma: Thermal limits and extents of crustal contamination of mantle-derived magmas

Basaltic magma is the most widely used probe of mantle chemistry and structure. Chemical characterization of the sources for mantle-derived magma is possible only after quantitative evaluation of possible contamination by crustal wall rocks. The most commonly invoked contamination mechanisms are the combined processes of crustal assimilation and magmatic fractional crystallization (AFC). Because of the energetic link between these processes, predicting assimilation and crystallization progress requires modeling both heat and mass transfer in the magma–country-rock system. Using the MELTS software package, we modeled isenthalpic (heat-balanced) AFC between two common types of basaltic magma and several types of felsic crust at 1 kbar. Our simulations show that during the early stages of isenthalpic AFC, the ratio of rates of assimilation to crystallization (r) may be substantially greater than one (2.0–2.7), allowing assimilation of a mass of country rock up to 5%–18% of the initial magma mass with only 3%–7% crystallization. The second stage of AFC, beginning with plagioclase and/or pyroxene saturation, is characterized by lower r (0.5–1.0). The initial high- r stage results from suppression of crystallization associated with the change in magma composition as assimilation progresses. Under certain conditions, even small degrees of crystallization of olivine alone, coupled with cooling of the magma, can accommodate relatively large amounts of crustal assimilation, and cause large shifts in isotopic and trace element geochemical indices with little differentiation.
Observations on the antispasmodic principle of Euphorbia pilulifera, L

In attempts to isolate the antispasmodic and “spike” principles of Euphorbia pilulifera it has been found that the former is stable to acids but destroyed by alkali, is dialyzable, is not adsorbed by cation exchange resins, and can be extracted from aqueous solutions by prolonged extraction with amyl alcohol. The spike principle is unstable on standing in aqueous solution, is dialyzable, and is adsorbed by cation exchange resins, from which it can be eluted by 5 per cent HCI.
Amino Acid and Lipid Relationships in Component 6 of Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Cockerel Serum

Abstract INTRODUCTION USING electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, investigators (Clegg and Hein, 1953; Heim and Schectman, 1955; Moore, 1948) have noted marked differences between the serum patterns of male and ovulating female chickens. Clegg et al. (1951) showed that when a diethylstilbestrol solution was injected into cockerels, changes take place in the serum of these birds similar to changes which occur when hens begin egg production. Polonovski (1966) also demonstrated differences in the serum of control and estrogenized birds. A great increase in the lipoproteins extending into the chylomicron range was observed by Schjeide and Dickinsen (1953). Misra (1959) has purified a high lipid- and phosphorus-containing fraction using salt fractionation, ultracentrifugation and preparative electrophoresis. This fraction appeared to have similar properties to that fraction described by Schjeide and Dickensen (1953). Misra called this high lipid fraction, component 6. Though Misra's work showed component 6 to be essentially one component, Clegg and Malik (1962) . . .
Diagnostic approaches to renal genetic disorders using DNA analysis

Recent developments in molecular genetic technology have made it possible to diagnose many genetic disorders affecting the kidney before they are clinically manifest. For a disorder to be diagnosed by DNA analysis, either the causative gene must be known and cloned, or a closely linked DNA segment must have been identified. If one of these criteria is met, the disorder may be diagnosed either by direct detection of a mutation, if it is known, or indirectly by linkage analysis of the region using closely linked genetic markers. The methodology currently employed for direct detection of mutation includes the Southern blot, which will detect large structural alterations of genes or mutations altering a restriction recognition site, or the use of allele-specific oligonucleotides, which will detect specific point mutations. Linkage analysis is performed on DNA from multiple family members of the person at risk. Polymorphic markers are “tracked” in the family to determine the allele segregating with the disease gene. These methods are now routinely applied to the diagnosis of mendelian disorders affecting the kidney. It is anticipated that progress over the next decade will extend these applications to detection of the genetic component(s) contributing to multifactorial conditions.
Producing of Heteroglossic Classroom (Micro)cultures Through Hybrid Discourse Practice

Abstract In this article, I examine two different classroom events to construct a theoretical/methodological argument for how hybrid discourse practices function to produce heteroglossic classroom (micro)cultures. These (micro)cultures constitute “free spaces” within which students and teachers are empowered to fuse authoritative and internally persuasive discourses as these constructs have been defined by Bakhtin. These fusions often function to promote the intellectual, social, and ideological development of students and teachers alike.
Pulsed, frequency stable, narrow linewidth master oscillator

Abstract We describe a method and the theoretical bases to construct a pulsed, frequency stable, narrow-linewidth, FM modulated master oscillator for laser radar, and laser communication systems. In this scheme, the long term stability of the central frequency of the pulsed laser is locked to the stable cw laser, which is used to pump as well as to seed the phase conjugation resonator. FM modulation broadens the narrow spectral content in a controllable fashion, thus allows short pulse and pulse shaping. This oscillator can also be used to study some nonlinear optical processes and nonlinear noise source.
Positivity conditions on the spin density matrix: A simple parametrization

A simple parametrization of the spin density matrix $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is given which ensures that $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is a positive, Hermitian matrix which satisfies the parity symmetry conditions. There is a minimal number of parameters and they can vary independently; no complicated constraints on their allowed region of variation are required. A similar parametrization is given for the real part of $\ensuremath{\rho}$. Rank conditions, polarized targets, and angular distributions are also discussed.
Explicit SU(12) family and flavor unification model with natural fermion masses and mixings

We present an SU(12) unification model with three light chiral families, avoiding any external flavor symmetries. The hierarchy of quark and lepton masses and mixings is explained by higher dimensional Yukawa interactions involving Higgs bosons that contain SU(5) singlet fields with vacuum expectation values about 50 times smaller than the SU(12) unification scale. The presented model has been analyzed in detail and found to be in very good agreement with the observed quark and lepton masses and mixings.
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Can Reduce Weed Suppressive Ability of Sweet Corn

Abstract Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) stunts corn growth, delays development, and is the most prevalent viral disease of sweet corn grown in many regions of North America and Europe. Although some weeds escape control in most sweet corn fields, the extent to which MDM influences the weed suppressive ability of the crop is unknown. Field studies were conducted over a 3-yr period to characterize the influence of variable MDM incidence in sweet corn on growth, fecundity, and germinability of wild-proso millet, a common weed in the crop. Treatments included five levels of MDM incidence (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of plants infected) in two MDM-susceptible hybrids differing in weed suppressive ability. Previous research showed that hybrid ‘Legacy’ had greater weed suppressive ability than ‘Sugar Buns’. Wild-proso millet biomass and fecundity depended largely on the hybrid in which the weed was growing. Wild-proso millet growing in Sugar Buns weighed 45 to 117% more than wild-proso millet in Legacy. Incidence of MDM i...
Departure-Time Choice and Mode Choice for Nonwork Trips: Alternative Formulations of Joint Model Systems

Modeling travel demand by time of day is gaining increasing attention in the practice of travel demand forecasting. The relationship between time-of-day (departure-time) choice and mode choice for nonwork trips is investigated. Two alternative causal structures are considered: one in which departure-time choice precedes mode choice and a second in which mode choice precedes departure-time choice. These two causal structures are analyzed in a recursive bivariate probit modeling framework that allows random error covariance. The estimation is performed separately for worker and nonworker samples drawn from the 1999 Southeast Florida Regional Household Travel Survey. For workers, model estimation results show that the causal structure in which departure-time choice precedes mode choice performs significantly better. For nonworkers, the reverse causal relationship, in which mode choice precedes departure-time choice, is found to be a more suitable joint modeling structure. These two findings can be reasonably explained from a travel behavior perspective and have important implications for advanced travel demand model development and application.
Genetic Analysis of Termite Colonies in Wisconsin

The objective of this study was to document current areas of subterranean termite activity in Wisconsin and to evaluate genetic characteristics of these northern, peripheral colonies. Here, amplified fragment-length polymorphism was used to characterize levels of inbreeding, expected heterozygosity, and percent polymorphism within colonies as well as genetic structure among populations sampled. Genetic analysis revealed two species of termites occur in Wisconsin, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes tibialis Banks, both found in the southern half of the state. Colonies of both species in Wisconsin are thought to represent the northern boundary of their current distributions. Measurements of within colony genetic variation showed the proportion of polymorphic loci to be between 52.9-63.9% and expected heterozygosity to range from 0.122-0.189. Consistent with geographical isolation, strong intercolony genetic differences were observed, with over 50% of FST values above 0.25 and the remaining showing moderate levels of genetic differentiation. Combined with low levels of inbreeding in most collection locations (FIS 0.042-0.123), we hypothesize termites were introduced numerous times in the state, likely by anthropogenic means. We discuss the potential effects of these genetic characteristics on successful colony establishment of termites along the northern boundary compared with termites in the core region of their distribution.
How performatives really work: A reply to Searle

One way to do things with words is to do them explicitly. As J. L. Austin observed, one can do this by using "special explicit performative verbs like 'promise', 'pronounce', 'find', etc." in sentences beginning with "I" followed by a performative verb in the "first person singular present indicative active form" (1962, p. 61),1 such as "I promise you a rose garden" or "I pronounce you husband and wife". Austin contended that making explicit "is not the same as stating or describing". But we have long maintained that performative utterances are true or false, that perfor matives2 are statements too, and John Searle endorses this view in his recent 'How Performatives Work'.3 He endorses little else in our account.
Optimization of Microchannel Plate Multipliers for Tracking Minimum Ionizing Particles

The progress in development of special Microchannel Plates for particle tracking is reported. The requirements of i) high spatial resolution, ii) high density of information and, iii) rate capability were found to be satisfied in a thick Microchannel Plate with a CsI coating operating in a focusing magnetic field. The measurements of the Microchannel Plate detection efficiency, gain and noise are presented for several detectors. The pictures of the passage and interaction of the high energy charged particles inside the detector are shown.
Some long-term effects following daily infusion of intravenous fat emulsions into dogs

Abstract The long-term effect of daily administration of i.v. fat emulsion to dogs has been investigated. Ten dogs were infused with cottonseed oil emulsions over extended periods of time. Liver biopsies and blood samples were obtained at staggered intervals from 3 days to 30 months postinfusion. In most of the dogs, the hemoglobin concentration fell during the infusion period but recovery to preinfusion levels occurred with cessation of fat administration. The BSP retention, BUN, and serum bilirubin levels remained within normal limits during the infusion and postinfusion period. Intravenous fat pigment was observed in all liver biopsy sections taken from dogs in the postinfusion period. The deposition of the i.v. fat pigment was accompanied by the formation of microgranulomas, giant cells, and ultimately diffusely distributed focal, pigment-laden, granulomatous lesions in the intralobular liver parenchyma and diffuse, pigment-laden, focal areas of interlobular and portal scarring.
The public costs of mental health response: Lessons from the New York City post-9/11 needs assessment

There is evidence of increased rates of psychiatric disorder in New York City in the period following September 11th. Public mental health services need to develop plans to respond to these higher rates of disorder. This article describes what we know and do not know with respect to the costs of such response. We examine evidence on the demand for mental health services, the nature of services to be provided, the characteristics of providers, and the likely sources of payment for care in the context of the attacks of September 11th in New York City.
Boltzmann Approach to Cascade Mixing

The Boltzmann transport equation is used to describe a beam of ions of atomic species 1 (1-atoms) bombarding a target modelled as an amorphous mixture of 2-atoms and 3-atoms. In a manner familiar in nuclear reactor theory, the method of characteristics is used to integrate the resulting transport equations. An exact expression for the migration flux J3 of 3-atoms is obtained in closed form. This expression can be evaluated in terms of a power series in a distance parameter s. For the case of slowly varying density N3 of 3-atoms, Fick’s law, relating J3 to the gradient of N3, is derived from this expression; it is given by the lowest order term of the power series. J3 is shown to be proportional to the bombarding flux. Concomittantly, a closed expression for the mixing parameter in Fick’ s law is obtained, which allows a calculation of this quantity for realistic interatomic potentials. A model Kinchin-Pease displacement cascade is proposed, which is expected to allow a reasonable first approximation calculation of the mixing parameter in Fick’s law. It is deduced that the mixing parameter will depend sensitively on the lattice displacement energy. This dependence constitutes a physical mechanism for chemical effect in cascade mixing, as well as for fluence and temperature dependence of cascade mixing.
Highly localized thermal response measurements in composites using embedded fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors

In this research, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors are embedded in composites in order to detect highly localized temperature gradients in the composite structures. The primary goal is to perform structural health monitoring on a composite structure. A secondary goal is to use the sensors as a diagnostic tool to determine the optimal composite materials, architectures, or structures that are the least susceptible to thermal damage. Initial results will be discussed for two composite materials using a single sensor to measure temperature variations. The tests include measurements of the temporal and spatial thermal response of the composite resulting either from an applied heat source or to high energy radiation incident on the surface. Additional tests demonstrate the response using a 3x2 array of sensors to simultaneously measure the temperature at three varying depths in the composite, using three FBGs aligned with the heat source, and three FBGs located a short lateral distance (3cm) away from the heat source. In addition, since FBGs respond to strain as well as to temperature, any strain in the composite is coupled into the embedded fiber and is also detected by the FBG sensors. Initial measurements demonstrate the simultaneous response of FBG sensors to both temperature and strain. The various components of strain that are observed in the composite will be discussed, and possible methods to isolate these components and mitigate their response will be considered.
Age-associated alterations in corpus callosum white matter integrity in bipolar disorder assessed using probabilistic tractography.

Objectives Atypical age-associated changes in white matter integrity may play a role in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder, but no studies have examined the major white matter tracts using nonlinear statistical modeling across a wide age range in this disorder. The goal of this study was to identify possible deviations in the typical pattern of age-associated changes in white matter integrity in patients with bipolar disorder across the age range of 9–62 years. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging was performed in 57 (20 male and 37 female) patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and 57 (20 male and 37 female) age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy were computed for the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, two projection tracts, and five association tracts using probabilistic tractography. Results Overall, patients had lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity compared to healthy volunteers across all tracts (while controlling for the effects of age and age2). In addition, there were greater age-associated increases in mean diffusivity in patients compared to healthy volunteers within the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum beginning in the second and third decades of life. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for alterations in the typical pattern of white matter development in patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy volunteers. Changes in white matter development within the corpus callosum may lead to altered inter-hemispheric communication that is considered integral to the neurobiology of the disorder.
On uncertain suboptimum estimation with hypothesis switching

The problem model considered here is y(k+1) = A(k)y(k) + ?G(k)w(k) (1) x(k) = sy(k) (2) z(k) = ?C(k)x(k) + v(k) (3) where x(k) is a Gauss-Markov n vector, the state of the system, w(k), the plant noise vector, is a white gaussian m vector with known mean and variance, v(k) is the observation noise vector and is zero mean gaussian r vector, z(k) is the r vector of observation, A(k), G(k), and C(k) are known coefficient matrices, ?, s, and ? are the sources of uncertainty for this model.
A Role of Tyrosine Phosphatase in Acetylcholine Receptor Cluster Dispersal and Formation

Innervation of the skeletal muscle involves local signaling, leading to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering, and global signaling, manifested by the dispersal of preexisting AChR clusters (hot spots). Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation has been shown to mediate AChR clustering. In this study, the role of tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) in the dispersal of hot spots was examined. Hot spot dispersal in cultured Xenopus muscle cells was initiated immediately upon the presentation of growth factor-coated beads that induce both AChR cluster formation and dispersal. Whereas the density of AChRs decreased with time, the fine structure of the hot spot remained relatively constant. Although AChR, rapsyn, and phosphotyrosine disappeared, a large part of the original hot spot-associated cytoskeleton remained. This suggests that the dispersal involves the removal of a key linkage between the receptor and its cytoskeletal infrastructure. The rate of hot spot dispersal is inversely related to its distance from the site of synaptic stimulation, implicating the diffusible nature of the signal. PTPase inhibitors, such as pervanadate or phenylarsine oxide, inhibited hot spot dispersal. In addition, they also affected the formation of new clusters in such a way that AChR microclusters extended beyond the boundary set by the clustering stimuli. Furthermore, by introducing a constitutively active PTPase into cultured muscle cells, hot spots were dispersed in a stimulus- independent fashion. This effect of exogenous PTPase was also blocked by pervanadate. These results implicate a role of PTPase in AChR cluster dispersal and formation. In addition to RTK activation, synaptic stimulation may also activate PTPase which acts globally to destabilize preexisting AChR hot spots and locally to facilitate AChR clustering in a spatially discrete manner by countering the action of RTKs.
Effect of the pseudodipolar interaction on critical spin dynamics in cubic ferromagnets

Abstract We study the effect of the pseudodipolar interaction on the critical spin dynamics of cubic ferromagnets. Due to its finite range the interaction has a negligible effect on the dynamics at Tc. Above the critical point it gives rise to a relaxation rate for the uniform mode which varies as the inverse of the susceptibility. This behavior is consistent with recent experimental results for Fe and Ni.
Effect of Role Choice on Vocational High School Students.

Abstract This study was an attempt to determine whether the role choice dimension of Holland's theory was applicable to vocational high school students. The results of the study indicate that students with a clear role choice have significantly higher mean achievement scores, are more satisfied with their training program and have a lower attrition rate than students with an unclear role choice. These results seem to suggest that school counselors should listen to what students say they want to do in their work role.
A class of filter problems, I: Existence theory

A class of filter problems in which the autocorrelation function of the noise is assumed to be expressible as a convolution is related to a variational problem. The variational problem involves the minimization of the square of theL1[0, ∞] norm of a function y plus the square of theL2[0, ∞] norm of a functionG. The functions y andG are related by a renewal equation. The problems formulated here include as special cases previous problems solved by the authors and their students. In the present paper, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the variational problems are established.
Developing a Comparative Perspective on the Use of Nonstates in War

ABSTRACT The changing role of nonstate actors in world politics is of considerable theoretical and practical interest. In this paper I propose using wars in independent Africa as a rich source of data on such actors, in particular the role of insurgent group(s) in complex conflicts. I examine three groups, UNITA, RENAMO, and 32/201 Battalions during South Africa's Border Wars (1961–1988/2002), to propose specific features that make these groups amenable to successful or unsuccessful demobilization. I argue that in a changed world, the new wars against nonstates may require less concern over how to exclude nonstates from territory and more on how to exclude them from transnational and global sources of power. The paper is concluded by emphasizing that changes in the spatial dimensions of power-brokering institutions compels renewed attention to central concepts and the nature and focus of strategic interventions.
Adam: The Postmodernist Bourgeois Liberal?

This paper explores the connection between the early chapters of the book of Genesis and a kind of postmodern liberalism, suggested by Richard Rorty, by focusing on the themes of integration and differentiation. Thus, despite the appearance of a very stable structure, Genesis reveals a tension between too much integration on the one hand, and too much differentiation on the other, just as liberalism (in its postmodern form) is at pains to preserve individual human rights (differentiation) alongside of a stable social order (integration). Striking the balance between integration and differentiation is the key to both the Genesis account of human ordering and to postmodern liberalism.
Berezin Transform, Mellin Transform and Toeplitz Operators

We consider functions of the form \({f_1\bar g_1+h}\) in the range of the Berezin transform B, where f1 and g1 are holomorphic on the unit disk \({\mathbb D}\), and h is either harmonic or of the form \({f_2\bar g_2}\) for some holomorphic functions f2 and g2 on \({\mathbb D}\). First, by using the Mellin transform, we complement Ahern’s Theorem (Ahern in J Funct Anal 215:206–216, 2004) by proving that if \({u\in L^1}\) and B(u) is harmonic, then u is harmonic. Secondly, we extend Ahern’s Theorem when h is harmonic, and give very precise relations between f1 and f2, g1 and g2 when \({h=f_2\bar g_2}\) and g2(z) = zn with n ≥ 1. Finally, some applications of our results to the theory of Toeplitz operators are discussed.
Student, interrupted: A tale of two would-be writers

What I learned recently brings to mind the saga played out in the book Girl, Interrupted in which a mental patient nears a catastrophic breakdown as forces in her life conflate and collide. While no single force determines her fate, altogether—like an avalanche that starts with one small stone—they threaten to overtake her. In somewhat the same way, forces, some set in motion years ago, menace the course of two ESL students whose writing difficulties I set out to understand. 1 While a full report of the study can wait, I want here to explain an aspect that I find especially instructive—and troubling. Let me say at the outset that, jokes aside, I am not analogizing the psychiatric setting of the story, whose title I mirror, either to the students or schools they attended. Still, certain parallels apply. Looking back, as with the girl, no one foresaw that the students’ progression—in particular, their literacy development—would go so badly awry. Nor, as with the girl, was the damage done all at once but, rather, resulted from an entwining of circumstances over time. As with the girl, the students’ predicament severely limits current options and jeopardizes future possibilities. Also, as in the girl’s case, in the lives of these students, well-meaning individuals—in their case, mostly teachers—contributed to and even participated in shaping their present situation, seemingly unaware of the students’ inexorable slide toward the institutional edge. But first some background.
Alarm Related Incidents in Aviation: A Survey of the Aviation Safety Reporting System Database:

Today's aircraft cockpits are complex environments requiring pilots to monitor a large number of automated displays and alarm systems. A recent investigation of alarm-related incidents in Naval aircraft found high rates of alarm-related problems, particularly false and missed alarms. For the current research, we analyzed a sample of narrative accounts taken from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). We categorized and tabulated the data according to alarm problem (false, missed, or other), aircraft type, avionics (alarm system), and flight phase. Our findings indicated that alarm-related incidents are still quite common in civil aircraft. Furthermore, most alarm-related incidents occur during the approach phase of a flight, and are likely to involve the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) or the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). We recommend further empirical research to understand alarm-related problems, particularly the cry-wolf effect.
Very high-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Abstract Very high-energy gamma-ray astronomy has emerged as an exciting and vital field. In the last seven years, major discoveries have been made by experiments in space and on the ground. In space, instruments on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory have identified high-energy emission from a variety of astrophysical sources, including gamma-ray bursts, spin-down pulsars, and active galaxies of the blazar type. Remarkably, a number of these sources have now been detected at much higher energies by ground-based instruments. This review will concentrate on the methodology and results from these ground-based experiments, currently operating at energies above 250 GeV. The ground-based detections are for the first time statistically compelling and stand in direct contrast to earlier results reported in the 1980s. The future scientific and experimental prospects for the field appear excellent and are summarized.
SU-FF-J-95: Validation of the 5D Breathing Motion Model Using a 64-Slice CT Scanner

Purpose: A breathing motion model was developed that mapped the positions of lung and lungtumortissues to the tidal volume and airflow of the patient. This model is tested using a state‐of‐the art CT scanner. Methods and Materials: CTimages were acquired on a Philips Brilliance 64‐slice CT scanner using cine mode with 25 images per couch position and 0.68 × 0.68 × 0.625 mm3 voxels (4.0 cm longitudinal coverage). Simultaneous quantitative spirometry‐based tidal volume measurements were also acquired. The positions of the internal lungtissues were tracked by subdividing the lungtissues into 1 × 1 × 1 cm3 cubic regions and determining where those regions went in each of the 25 images. Registration was conducted using cross‐correlation maximization. The resulting positions r, tidal volumes and airflows (derivative of the tidal volume) were fit to the linear motion equation r = p 0 + α v r v + β f r f , where v and f are the volume and flow, rv and rf are the unit volume and flow vectors, and α and β are the volume and flow fitting parameters. Results: The values of images α and β varied smoothly across the lungs. In specific transverse slices, α (the ratio of motion to tidal volume) was smaller near the anterior of the lungs, increasing to a maximum near the center of the lungs and decreasing slightly near the posterior. β (the ratio of motion to airflow, a measure of hysteresis) was greater in the lateral portions of the lungs than the medial portion with little anteroposterior variation. Conclusions: Quantitative mapping the “5D” breathing model is feasible using a 64‐slice CT scanner. Quantitative mapping using fewer slices will require validated deformable registration techniques. This 5D model provides a quantitative model of the free‐breathing motion throughout the lungs. Supported in part by NIH R01CA96679.
TEMPEST simulations of the plasma transport in a single-null tokamak geometry

We present edge kinetic ion transport simulations of tokamak plasmas in magnetic divertor geometry using the fully nonlinear (full-f) continuum code TEMPEST. Besides neoclassical transport, a term for divergence of anomalous kinetic radial flux is added to mock up the effect of turbulent transport. To study the relative roles of neoclassical and anomalous transport, TEMPEST simulations were carried out for plasma transport and flow dynamics in a single-null tokamak geometry, including the pedestal region that extends across the separatrix into the scrape-off layer and private flux region. A series of TEMPEST simulations were conducted to investigate the transition of midplane pedestal heat flux and flow from the neoclassical to the turbulent limit and the transition of divertor heat flux and flow from the kinetic to the fluid regime via an anomalous transport scan and a density scan. The TEMPEST simulation results demonstrate that turbulent transport (as modelled by large diffusion) plays a similar role to collisional decorrelation of particle orbits and that the large turbulent transport (large diffusion) leads to an apparent Maxwellianization of the particle distribution. We also show the transition of parallel heat flux and flow at the entrance to the divertor plates from the fluid to the kinetic regime. For an absorbing divertor plate boundary condition, a non-half-Maxwellian is found due to the balance between upstream radial anomalous transport and energetic ion endloss.
What defence companies have done to be more commercially successful

As a result of the end of the cold war, the US Government’s defence spending has decreased significantly since 1989. Consequently, many aerospace companies in the defence industry have begun the transition to commercial products. Reviews the commercial success strategies of Lockheed Martin, Hughes Electronics and Rockwell. Commercial success strategies discussed include: mergers, derived products, partnerships, consolidation, fresh blood in management, subsidiaries and acquisitions. Examines the negative side‐effects ‐ which include downsizing and less investment in technology research ‐ of the commercial transition.
North–south component of the interplanetary magnetic field and large scale auroral dynamics

THE role of the north–south component Bz of the interplanetary magnetic field on magnetospheric processes, in particular on magnetospheric substorm processes, has caused some controversy1–3. It has been generally thought that the southward turning of the Bz component leads directly to a series of growth phase processes which trigger the expansive phase of substorms. On the other hand, auroral observations made along the meridian chain of stations in Alaska showed that substorms occur frequently along a contracted auroral oval (namely, beyond the poleward field of view at auroral zone stations) even when the Bz component is directed northward (Bz>0)4.
The Floyd Landis doping scandal: Implications for image repair discourse

Abstract Floyd Landis’ efforts to repair his image in the wake of charges that he used illicit substances to win the 2006 Tour de France have been judged a failure. Analysis of his complex and contradictory rhetorical strategies reveals three important implications for the theory and practice of image repair. First, the use of absolutive stances can be severely confounded by the introduction of strategies designed to evade responsibility. This essay explains why attempts to evade responsibility contradict the combined strategies of denial and differentiation in such a way that weakens image repair efforts and confuses audiences. Second, the success of third party bolstering, cited elsewhere as an effective means of repairing one's image, is dependent upon the credibility of those third parties. Third, attacks on one's accuser have their limitations and may even worsen one's public image in some instances.
Politics as Social Learning: Policy Experts, Political Mobilization, and AIDS Preventive Policy

In a world increasingly dominated by high technology and esoteric scientific knowledge it is not surprising that political scientists and sociologists have begun to ask what role experts and specialists play in the policymaking process. Inaugurated almost a century ago by Weber's seminal essay on bureaucracy and the rationalization of authority, this issue was subsequently developed out of neo-Marxist debates over the relative autonomy of the state into a more explicitly state-centered perspective. Though state-centered theorists have not abandoned pluralism altogether, bureaucrats and policy experts have increasingly taken center stage in policy analyses. These state actors are portrayed as “policy experts,” free from political pressure, focused on making policy recommendations based on the most up-to-date knowledge of the field. Instead of pursuing votes and campaign money, policy experts seek the most efficient answers to social problems, a rationalized process of positivistic scientific inquiry and experiential learning. In most areas of public policymaking, this boils down to the reductive analysis of prior, presumably analogous, policy outcomes, drawing lessons for the future from the successes and failures of the past. Seen from this perspective, policymaking is portrayed as “a deliberate attempt to adjust the goals or techniques of policy in response to past experience and new information.” History thus not only transforms state capacities (as in historical institutionalist accounts) but also directly effects the ways in which policymakers think about social problems. Political scientists refer to this as a “social learning” process.
Heterogeneous groups: A legitimate alternative

Discussions of appropriate selection procedures and optimal group composition have occurred since the beginning of group therapy and have been as inconclusive as the literature has been voluminous. Although empirical grounds for relating selection criteria to outcome are lacking (Erickson, 1984a), pragmatic considerations relative to modern inpatient psychiatric practice argue for the acceptance of heterogeneous groups as a legitimate alternative. In order to make this case I will first mention the shortcomings of various demographic and diagnostic variables as selection criteria, will touch on the problem of selecting for involvement in groups on the basis of specific complaints or skill deficits, and will share some preliminary data related to information processing and problem-solving skill deficits among certain of our inpatients that cut across diagnoses and, if anything, would suggest other grounds for group selection. I will review the constraints imposed on group therapists in contemporary hospital practice. My history has been with the VA system so my comments should be understood to apply to public service hospitals serving chronic populations who present with limited means. Finally, I will relate these discussions to the issue of inpatient group selection and group composition, arguing for random assignment to free interaction groups and a policy of pragmatism and flexibility with regard to the leading of these groups. My goal is to suggest that heterogeneous groups are the only coherent and plausible option on many inpatient units, given the nature of the patient population and the constraints of the setting. For a greater elaboration of some of these points, see Erickson (1984a) and, for a somewhat contrasting point of view, Yalom (1983).
The vowel lengthening exaggeration effect in speakers with apraxia of speech: Compensation, artifact, or primary deficit?

Vowel duration functions contrastively in English to signal the voicing feature of syllable-final stop consonants. This study examines three hypotheses posited to explain why speakers with apraxia of speech and a concomitant aphasia exhibit an exaggerated vowel lengthening effect relative to speakers with dysarthria, aphasia without apraxia and controls. The investigation addresses the hypotheses that the vowel lengthening exaggeration effect is attributable to: (1) a compensatory strategy, (2) an artifact of slow speaking rate, (3) the concomitant language impairment, or (4) a primary deficit reflecting the underlying nature of the apraxia disorder. The results do not support the first three of these hypotheses. It is hypothesized that the temporal measures most likely to reveal abnormalities which are uniquely characteristic of speakers with apraxia of speech are those which are relational in nature, either with respect to inter- articulator timing or contrastive durations.
When the UN Dropped the Palestinian Question

The placing of the Palestine Question on the Agenda of the United Nations General Assembly was recently the cause of considerable publicity throughout the world. It is, however, important to note that what occurred was the reinsertion of the Palestine Question upon an Agenda on which it once existed as a fully recognized item. This was the case in the United Nations General Assembly until 1952 and the Security Council until 1967. The purpose of this article will be to examine the very questionable process by which the item was eliminated in each case from the attention of the United Nations until recent events forced it once again to the forefront.
Experimental identification of rational function coefficients for time-domain flutter analysis

For time-domain flutter analysis, the frequency-dependent self-excited forces acting on the structure can be approximated in the Laplace domain by Rational Functions. The existing Rational Function Approximation (RFA) approach involves approximation of the experimentally obtained flutter derivatives. This motivated the formulation of a system identification technique (Experimental Extraction of Rational Function Coefficients or E2RFC) to directly extract the Rational Function Coefficients from wind tunnel testing. The current formulation requires testing of the section model at lesser number of velocities compared to the flutter-derivative approach which may lead to a significant reduction in time and resources associated with indirect extraction of Rational Functions from flutter derivatives. The methodology and algorithm of the E2RFC method, results of numerical simulation to test the method with two bridge deck sections, and experimentally obtained Rational Function Coefficients for one bridge deck section have been presented.
Resonant Diurnal Oscillations and Mean Alongshore Flows Driven by Sea/Land Breeze Forcing in the Coastal Southern California Bight

AbstractThis study presents observations of the cross-sectional structure of resonant response to sea/land breezes (SLBs) off Huntington Beach (HB) in the Southern California Bight (SCB). A resonant response to local diurnal wind stress fluctuations associated with SLB forcing occurs intermittently and produces strong diurnal oscillations of flow and temperature resulting from enhanced work of the diurnal local wind on the sea surface. At nighttime (daytime), a coherent cross-sectional circulation with offshore (onshore) currents in the surface layer (upper 15 m) and onshore (offshore) currents in the intermediate layer around 20 m are generated, with a three-layered vertical structure on the outer shelf. The authors find a net cross-shore eddy heat flux (net cooling of nearshore water) during the period of strong response to SLB, that is, a rectified mean heat flux and steeper isotherms resulting from the diurnal SLB fluctuations. The steepened mean isotherms are also found to be in thermal–wind balance ...
Evaluation of materials for use in algal culture systems

The introduction of excess nutrients along with other pollutants into natural waters is causing significant changes in these aquatic environments. One of the common changes resulting from nutrient additions is an excessive growth of algae and aquatic weeds . In the past, various bioassay systems have been suggested for monitoring aquatic environments for potential algal productivity . (FITZGERALD, 1968, 1969 ; OSWALD & GAONKAR, 1969 ; POTASH, 1956 ; SKULBERG, 1964 ; STROM, 1933) . Recently there has been an attempt to standardize assay procedures so that results from different laboratories may be readily compared . The Provisional Algal Assay Procedures (PAAP), BUELTMAN et al., (1969) were developed by a joint industry/government task force as a first step in this standardization. Three tests are listed in these procedures :
Throwing a monkey-wrench into the works: Including radicals in the teaching of technical/environmental writing

This paper discusses how the inclusion of environmental radicals in the teaching of environmental writing in professional and technical communication may benefit students' critical thinking, analysis, and reflection competencies. The origins and positions of eco-terror organizations as juxtaposed to the messages produced by government provide a pivotal intersection through which students can be introduced to the ideas of marginalized voices in environmental thinking. Including studies of radical rhetoric in an environmental writing curriculum presents to students another point of view in the discussion of the environment. Students can learn to assess the validity of claims made by others and develop the skills to identify real issues that exist in the spaces between mainstream and alternative environmental rhetorics.
Radiation and laminar forced convection of non-Newtonian fluid in a circular tube

Abstract Interaction of radiation with thermally developing laminar forced convection of power-law, non-Newtonian, absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering, gray fluid through an isothermal circular tube with a black boundary is investigated. The energy equation is solved by an implicit finite-difference scheme, while the radiation part of the problem is solved by the collocation method. Results are presented for the effects of conduction-to-radiation parameter, single scattering albedo, optical thickness and the inlet temperature on the local Nusselt number along the tube for the case of power-law index n=1/3, 1 and 3, where the case n=1 corresponds to the Newtonian fluid.