cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kinetics of Hydroxylation of Phenylethylamine, Amphetamine and Phenylalanine in Rodent Tissues

Phenylethylamine (PEA) and amphetamine (α-MePEA) are closely related structurally and pharmacologically. Both amines elicit a number of similar clinical and behavioral (animal) responses, appear to use similar transport systems and to act via some common neurochemical mechanisms (1, 2). These observations have led several investigators to suggest that at least some of the α-MePEA actions are mediated via PEA, an endogenous amine (3) which has been conceptualized as a naturally occurring α-MePEA (4). We now report for the first time that both amines are p-hydroxylated, in vitro, by a common rat liver microsomal enzyme. It seems likely that PEA and α-MePEA might compete for the same catalytic site.
Knee angle does not affect ankle eversion to inversion peak torque ratios derived from an isokinetic dynamometer

The purpose of this study was to examine varying degrees of knee flexion on isokinetic eversion (E) to inversion (I) strength ratios. Twenty healthy subjects volunteered for this study. Concentric (CON) peak torque (PT) of both ankles (dominant, non-dominant) at three different angles of knee flexion (15°, 30°, 45°) and two different velocities (30°/s, 120°/s) was assessed with ankle plantar flexion maintained at 10°. The E CON :I CON ratios at 30°/s ranged from 0.87 to 1.04 across all three angles, while those at 120°/s ranged from 0.86 to 1.00 indicating no differences in ratios between knee-flexion angles or ankles. However, there was a trend in lower ratios evident in the dominant compared to non-dominant ankles. These results suggest that subjects may be positioned with knee flexion angles ranging from 15° to 45° without influencing the outcome of the ankle eversion and inversion strength measurements.
CisPi: a transcriptomic score for disclosing cis-acting disease-associated lincRNAs

Motivation Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have risen to prominence in cancer biology as new biomarkers of disease. Those lincRNAs transcribed from active cis-regulatory elements (enhancers) have provided mechanistic insight into cis-acting regulation; however, in the absence of an enhancer hallmark, computational prediction of cis-acting transcription of lincRNAs remains challenging. Here, we introduce a novel transcriptomic method: a cis-regulatory lincRNA-gene associating metric, termed 'CisPi'. CisPi quantifies the mutual information between lincRNAs and local gene expression regarding their response to perturbation, such as disease risk-dependence. To predict risk-dependent lincRNAs in neuroblastoma, an aggressive pediatric cancer, we advance this scoring scheme to measure lincRNAs that represent the minority of reads in RNA-Seq libraries by a novel side-by-side analytical pipeline. Results Altered expression of lincRNAs that stratifies tumor risk is an informative readout of oncogenic enhancer activity. Our CisPi metric therefore provides a powerful computational model to identify enhancer-templated RNAs (eRNAs), eRNA-like lincRNAs, or active enhancers that regulate the expression of local genes. First, risk-dependent lincRNAs revealed active enhancers, over-represented neuroblastoma susceptibility loci, and uncovered novel clinical biomarkers. Second, the prioritized lincRNAs were significantly prognostic. Third, the predicted target genes further inherited the prognostic significance of these lincRNAs. In sum, RNA-Seq alone is sufficient to identify disease-associated lincRNAs using our methodologies, allowing broader applications to contexts in which enhancer hallmarks are not available or show limited sensitivity. Availability and implementation The source code is available on request. The prioritized lincRNAs and their target genes are in the Supplementary Material. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Behavioral Classroom Management for Impoverished At-Risk Youth

In the USA, millions continue to live in poverty and a significant portion is students under 18 years of age. These at-risk students exhibit behaviors that need to be understood and managed correctly to improve their odds of academic success. Employing effective behavioral classroom management strategies to account for these students is critical to increasing their academic performance and ultimately laying the foundation for them to reach their full potential. The aim of this article was to exam the literature for common themes of impoverished students, highlight links between behaviors and academic performance, and provide recommendations on how to effectively manage these students when they enter a classroom setting. Conclusion: The top areas educators working with impoverished at-risk youth should be cognizant of are the ineffectiveness of zero tolerance policies, the role of parental involvement, and stressors these students experience. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.10.7
In utero exposure to norbuprenorphine, a major metabolite of buprenorphine, induces fetal opioid dependence and leads to neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome

Buprenorphine is the preferred treatment of opioid use disorder during pregnancy but can cause fetal opioid dependence and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Notably, withdrawal severity is independent of maternal buprenorphine dose, suggesting that interindividual variance in pharmacokinetics may influence risk and severity of NOWS. Using a rat model of NOWS, we tested the hypothesis that clinically relevant doses of the active metabolite norbuprenorphine (NorBUP) can induce in utero opioid dependence, manifested as naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal signs in the neonate. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were implanted with 14-day osmotic minipumps containing vehicle, morphine (positive control), or NorBUP (0.3-10 mg/kg per day) on gestation day 9. By 12 hours post-delivery, an intraperitoneal injection of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (1 or 10 mg/kg) or saline was administered to pups. Precipitated withdrawal signs were graded by raters blinded to treatment conditions. In a separate group, NorBUP concentrations in maternal and fetal blood and brain on gestation day 20 were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Steady-state maternal blood concentrations of NorBUP in dams infused with 1 or 3 mg/kg per day were comparable to values reported in pregnant humans treated with buprenorphine (1.0 and 9.6 ng/ml, respectively), suggesting a clinically relevant dosing regimen. At these doses, NorBUP increased withdrawal severity in the neonate as shown by an evaluation of 10 withdrawal indicators. These findings support the possibility that NorBUP contributes to fetal opioid dependence and NOWS following maternal buprenorphine treatment during pregnancy.
Incumbent-led transitions and civil society: Autonomous vehicle policy and consumer organizations in the United States

Abstract The transition to connected and autonomous (or automated) vehicles (CAVs) in the United States is used to explore the role of civil society in the acceleration and deceleration of sociotechnical transitions. This is an “incumbent-led transition,” which occurs when large industrial corporations in one or more industries lead a systemic technological change. This type of transition may generate public concerns about risk and uncertainty, which can be expressed and mobilized by civil society organizations (CSOs). In turn, CSOs may also attempt to decelerate the transition process in order to develop better regulation and to change technology design. Based on an analysis of CSO statements in the public sphere and media reports on CAVs in the U.S., the political strategy of CSOs is examined to improve understanding of the role of civil society in incumbent-led transitions. The analysis indicates that the strategy includes four main aspects: articulating an alternative political goal (slower introduction of advanced autonomous vehicles and more rapid introduction of existing driver-assisted technology), engaging multiple targets or venues of action (different government units and the private sector), forming and expanding a broad coalition, and selecting effective tactics of influence (lobbying, media outreach, and research involving public opinion polls).
Photocatalytic hydrogels for removal of organic contaminants from aqueous solution in continuous flow reactors

Light-driven degradation of organic contaminants by photocatalytic nanoparticles has attracted significant attention for wastewater treatment applications. However, implementation of these approaches has been limited by challenges in reactor design, which often require post-treatment separation of nanoparticles or exhibit low reactivity owing to immobilization of particles at the surface of heterogeneous supports. In this work, we present a material design strategy that circumvents these challenges by encapsulating photocatalytic particles in three-dimensional polymer networks, leading to structurally-stable photocatalytic hydrogels that were used as the walls of a flow reactor. This design leverages the volumetric reactions of commonly-implemented slurry reactors but circumvents the need for downstream separation of photocatalytic particles. A two-step soft lithography technique was used to fabricate a patterned poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel composite with embedded titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles that were employed as a photocatalyst. In this configuration, contaminant molecules introduced via a flow channel were absorbed into the hydrogel, and subsequently diffused to the surface of the embedded photocatalyst particles where they were oxidized upon light irradiation. Using reactor configurations with low residence times (15 seconds) and moderate UV irradiation (0.28 mW cm−2 at 365 nm), we demonstrated removal of up to 33% of model contaminant methylene blue (MB) and 13% of the antibiotic norfloxacin, both of which were introduced at a concentration of 3 mg L−1. The influence of molecular design parameters, such as hydrogel ionic strength, crosslinking density, and photocatalyst loading on transport and reactor performance were investigated and shown to have a strong influence on the transport properties of the hydrogels, providing options for optimizing the material to enhance treatment efficiency.
Leveraging the Electronic Health Records for Population Health: A Case Study of Patients With Markedly Elevated Blood Pressure.

Background The digital transformation of medical data provides opportunities to perform digital population health surveillance and identify people inadequately managed in usual care. We leveraged t...
Dendritic Spines in the Spinal Cord: Live Action Pain.

Dendritic spines are microscopic protrusions on neurons that house the postsynaptic machinery necessary for neurotransmission between neurons. As such, dendritic spine structure is intimately linke...
A Stepwise Transition to Telemedicine in Response to COVID-19.

Introduction With the emergence of COVID-19, many primary care offices closed their physical space to limit exposure. Despite decades of telemedicine in clinical practice, it is rare to find it used in small-metro and academic settings. Following the decision to limit face-to-face care, we tracked our practice's transition to telemedicine. Methods This was a prospective quality improvement project following Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to optimize the use of telemedicine (both telephone and video in this practice) encounters. Central to the PDSA cycles was the use of a post-encounter questionnaire to track patient, appointment, and physician factors. Throughout the cycles, inferential statistics were used to inform process improvement. Results In Cycle 2, a logistic regression model showed length of encounter, need for physical examination, and physician satisfaction correctly predicted a physician's preferred medium (χ2(3) = 40.56, P Discussion Using the variables that predicted preference for telemedicine, we were able to adjust our processes through PDSA cycles. Conclusion Early use of the PDSA cycle allows for informed quality improvement at the local level. Our findings highlight factors to consider when implementing telemedicine such as need for physical examination and type or length of encounter. In addition, physician satisfaction can encourage use of telemedicine, and tools for learning and practicing telemedicine should be available.
Psychometric analysis of the behavioral assessment screening tool (BAST) in adults with stroke

The purpose of this study was to examine the initial psychometric properties of the Behavioral Assessment Screening Tool (BAST), a self-reported measure of neurobehavioral symptoms, in adults with ...
Viewing Development Through the Lens of Culture: Integrating Developmental and Cultural Psychology to Better Understand Cognition and Behavior:

Although many definitions of culture exist, studies in psychology typically conceptualize different cultures as different countries. In this article, we argue that cultural psychology also provides...
Lipoic acid supplementation associated with neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 (NELL1)-associated membranous nephropathy

Lipoic acid (alpha lipoic acid, thioctic acid) is a popular over-the-counter antioxidant and insulin-mimetic supplement under investigation in a variety of conditions including multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and schizophrenia. Unfortunately, high-grade proteinuria was an unexpected adverse event specific to the treatment arm of our clinical trial investigating lipoic acid supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis. This observation led to detection of similar patients in our nephrology practice. Here, we describe four biopsy-proven cases of neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 (NELL1)-associated membranous nephropathy following lipoic acid supplementation and a fifth suspected case. Discontinuation of lipoic acid and supportive therapy resulted in remission.
DHEA-induced PSA production in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells is inhibited by both androgen receptor and estrogen receptor antagonists

3192 Supplemental use of over-the-counter preparations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by men, in the hope that it will retard the aging process, may pose a risk for increasing prostate cancer, as DHEA is a precursor to the more potent androgens, testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as well as the potent estrogen, estradiol (E2). We recently reported that DHEA stimulates cell growth and gene and protein expression in human LNCaP prostate cancer epithelial cells, which contain a mutant form of the androgen receptor (AR), and that its effects are delayed and reduced compared with those of DHT and T, but similar to those of E2, (Am J Physiol (Endocrinol), in press). In the present study, we investigated the extent to which DHEA-modulated effects in LNCaP cells are mediated via the AR and/or estrogen receptor β (ERβ), by evaluating cell proliferation and prostate specific antigen (PSA) production in LNCaP cells treated with DHEA, DHT, or E2 in the absence or presence of an AR antagonist (Casodex®-bicalutamide) or an ER antagonist (ICI 182,780). Casodex inhibited DHEA-induced (100nM) cell proliferation by 93% (p
Defining the Content of the Undergraduate Systems Analysis and Design Course as Measured by a Survey of Instructors.

There are many factors that make the undergraduate systems analysis and design course somewhat enigmatic in its purpose, and therefore equivocal in its delivery. The purpose of this research is to learn, specifically, what instructors are teaching in their systems analysis and design courses. This paper reports the results of a survey and follow up interviews that were administered to instructors of the course located in colleges and universities around the world. Results indicate that there is a fair amount of consensus among instructors as to the course content.
Inverse Opal Nanoarchitectures as Lithium-Ion Battery Materials

Lithium-ion battery technologies enable the proliferation of portable electronic devices and are critical to developing energy infrastructures that will supplant fossil fuels. Inverse opal materials have been evaluated as advanced lithium-ion battery components because an inverse opal’s three-dimensionally ordered, bicontinuous macropore-solid nanostructure supports high rates of electrochemical charging and discharging and can be synthesized in a wide range of compositions that store and transport Li ions. This chapter appraises the state of research about inverse opal materials for lithium-ion anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes and examines their role in three-dimensionally interpenetrated lithium-ion microbatteries.
Measuring Gambling Outcomes Among College Students

The present research describes the proposal and validation of three gambling outcome measures, the Gambling Quantity and Perceived Norms Scale (GQPN), the Gambling Problem Index (GPI), and the Gambling Readiness to Change Questionnaire (GRTC). The study consisted of 560 undergraduate college students who completed a survey including the newly constructed measures and other measures designed to assess convergent validity. Results confirmed good reliability and convergent validity of all three measures. Implications for evaluating efficacy of treatment and prevention interventions are detailed.
Hierarchies and Markets

Hierarchies and markets are herein described as alternative modes of governance, the main purpose of which is to economize on transaction costs. It originates with path-breaking contributions by Karl Llewellyn (1931) on contract law; John R. Commons (1932) on the need to come to terms with the three conditions of conflict, mutuality and order; Ronald Coase (1937) on the need to make provision for positive transaction costs; and Chester Barnard (1938) on the neglected importance of coordinated adaptation. These fundamental ideas were joined and operationalized in the 1970s as Transaction Cost Economics took shape and has been a work in progress since. Not only does a predictive theory emerge, but a large and growing empirical research literature that is broadly supportive has taken shape. Public policy ramifications proliferate.
Early Virus-Associated Bystander Events Affect the Fitness of the CD8 T Cell Response to Persistent Virus Infection

Chronic Ag exposure during persistent viral infection erodes virus-specific CD8 T cell numbers and effector function, with a concomitant loss of pathogen control. Less clear are the respective contributions of Ag-specific and Ag-nonspecific (bystander) events on the quantity, quality, and maintenance of antiviral CD8 T cells responding to persistent virus infection. In this study, we show that low-dose inoculation with mouse polyomavirus (PyV) elicits a delayed, but numerically equivalent, antiviral CD8 T cell response compared with high-dose inoculation. Low-dose infection generated virus-specific CD8 T cells endowed with multicytokine functionality and a superior per cell capacity to produce IFN-γ. PyV-specific CD8 T cells primed by low-dose inoculation also expressed higher levels of IL-7Rα and bcl -2 and possessed enhanced Ag-independent survival. Importantly, the quantity and quality of the antiviral CD8 T cell response elicited by dendritic cell-mediated immunization were mitigated by infection with a mutant PyV lacking the dominant CD8 T cell viral epitope. These findings suggest that the fitness of the CD8 T cell response to persistent virus infection is programmed in large part by early virus-associated Ag-nonspecific factors, and imply that limiting bystander inflammation at the time of inoculation, independent of Ag load, may optimize adaptive immunity to persistent viral infection.
The influence of microstructure on seismic wave speed anisotropy in the crust: computational analysis of quartz-muscovite rocks

SUMMARY We study the influence of microstructural variables on seismic wave speed anisotropy in crustal rocks. The bulk elastic properties and corresponding wave velocities are calculated for synthetic rock samples with varying amounts of muscovite and quartz, different muscovite and quartzgrainorientationsandvaryingspatialdistributionsofthemuscovitegrainstoinvestigate the sensitivity of seismic wave speed anisotropy on these characteristics. The asymptotic expansionhomogenizationmethodcombinedwithfiniteelementmodellingisusedtocalculate bulk stiffness tensors for representative rock volumes and the wave velocities are obtained from these tensors using the Christoffel equation. The aim of this paper is to (1) demonstrate how wave speeds computed from the rigorous asymptotic expansion homogenization method compare with those generated using stiffness tensors derived from commonly applied analytic estimates, and (2) explore how different microstructural variables influence seismic wave speeds. Our results show that the muscovite grain orientations have a significant influence on the wave speeds. Increasing the modal fraction and alignment of muscovite grains leads to greater seismic anisotropy of the rock. The P-wave speed at an incidence angle of 45 ◦ between the
Bioavailability algorithms in setting Recommended Dietary Allowances: lessons from iron, applications to zinc.

In addition to determining the amounts of isolated nutrients required for physiological function and homeostatic control, setting Recommended Dietary Allowances requires a consideration of nutrient bioavailability from foods in common diets. Bioavailability algorithms, or mathematical models to estimate nutrient bioavailability from different diets, have great appeal to help establish recommended intakes and identify beneficial dietary modifications. Accurate algorithms are difficult to develop because of the chemical complexity of the food supply and the numerous interactions that affect the bioavailability of mineral elements. A combination of reductionist and holistic approaches is necessary to identify the effects of isolated dietary components, and then to evaluate these effects in the complicated matrix of a whole diet. The most extensive development of bioavailability algorithms for mineral nutrients has been for iron, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the iron algorithms may help in development of algorithms for other inorganic nutrients such as zinc. Examples are provided to indicate the possible revision of iron bioavailability algorithms, the difficulty of verifying the iron bioavailability algorithms with iron status indices, and the possible development of zinc bioavailability algorithms. Bioavailability must be considered in the context of the biological control of mineral absorption, utilization and excretion, which may outweigh the importance of mineral bioavailability from diets in affluent countries with a varied and abundant food supply. While bioavailability algorithms may be helpful in estimating the effects of dietary changes or recommendations, and in improving diets of populations with a high incidence of deficiency of the mineral, they are not as yet sufficiently developed and validated for setting quantitative recommendations for bioavailable mineral intake.
How Roots Perceive and Respond to Gravity.

Graviperception by plant roots is believed to occur via the sedimentation of amyloplasts in columella cells of the root cap. This physical stimulus results in an accumulation of calcium on the lower side of the cap, which in turn induces gravicurvature. In this paper we present a model for root gravitropism integrating gravity-induced changes in electrical potential, cytochemical localization of calcium in cells of gravistimulated roots, and the interdependence of calcium and auxin movement. Key features of the model are that 1) gravity-induced redistribution of calcium is an early event in the transduction mechanism, and 2) apoplastic movement of calcium through the root-cap mucilage may be an important component of the pathway for calcium movement.
The Free and Forced Vibrations of a Closed Elastic Spherical Shell Fixed to an Equatorial Beam—Part I: The Governing Equations and Special Solutions

The classical theories of shells and curved beams are used to develop the equations of motion of an elastically isotropic spherical shell attached to an elastic equatorial beam of rectangular cross section. The mass densities and elasticities of the shell and beam are, in general, different. Remarkably, for the natural frequencies, the final set of eight linear homogeneous algebraic equations uncouples into two sets of four. The only approximations made are of the same order of magnitude as those inherent in classical shell and beam theory. Although solutions of the shell equations involve Legendre functions (and not polynomials), the final set of algebraic equations involve only trigonometric and gamma functions. Several special exact solutions are given. In Part II, perturbation techniques are used to find the natural frequencies for beam-shell configurations ranging from nearly pure beams to nearly pure shells.
Identifying indoor environmental patterns from bioaerosol material using HPLC

A substantial portion of the atmospheric particle budget is of biological origin (human and animal dander, plant and insect debris, etc.). These bioaerosols can be considered information-rich packets of biochemical data specific to the organism of origin. In this study, bioaerosol samples from various indoor environments were analyzed to create identifiable patterns attributable to a source level of occupation. Air samples were collected from environments representative of human high-traffic- and low-traffic indoor spaces along with direct human skin sampling. In all settings, total suspended particulate matter was collected and the total aerosol protein concentration ranged from 0.03 to 1.2 μg/m3. High performance liquid chromatography was chosen as a standard analysis technique for the examination of aqueous aerosol extracts to distinguish signatures of occupation compared to environmental background. The results of this study suggest that bioaerosol “fingerprinting” is possible with the two test environments being distinguishable at a 97 % confidence interval.
The teaching and practice of software design concepts early in a CIS curriculum

The wealth of literature on software design issues has not yet been synthesized or organized for use beginning at the elementary levels of computing science curricula. Despite exposure to the literature and advanced level courses in software engineering topics, computer science education has failed to provide adequate tools and environments for repetitive practice of well known design and implementation techniques. Some reasons for this problem are outlined in this paper, and the necessity for urgent change is argued. A possible remedy for this situation is also described. A methodology for software design and implementation is outlined, and some simple tools that can provide a framework in which to practice this methodology are illustrated. The suggested technique is based upon the Jackson structured design process. It is shown that this technique can be applied equally as well to simple as well as moderately complex systems: to business systems as well as compilers, assemblers, and simulation systems. It is further suggested that the systems implemented using this technique naturally exhibit a number of properties now generally associated with good quality software. The described process is also shown to mirror abstraction-based approaches even down to the implementation level using a simple encapsulation unit in a Pascal-like pseudo code.
Working and sustaining the virtual "Disaster Desk"

Humanity Road is a volunteer organization working within the domain of disaster response. The organization is entirely virtual, relying on ICT to both organize and execute its work of helping to inform the public on how to survive after disaster events. This paper follows the trajectory of Humanity Road from an emergent group to a formal non-profit, considering how its articulation, conduct and products of work together express its identity and purpose, which include aspirations of relating to and changing the larger ecosystem of emergency response. Through excerpts of its communications, we consider how the organization makes changes in order to sustain itself in rapid-response work supported in large part by episodic influxes of volunteers. This case enlightens discussion about technology-supported civic participation, and the means by which dedicated long-term commitment to the civic sphere is mobilized.
Fit to Be Tied!: The Relevance of Ties in Teaching Physical Education

(2005). Fit to Be Tied!: The Relevance of Ties in Teaching Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 76, No. 9, pp. 38-42.
Biological thermodynamic data for the calibration of differential scanning calorimeters: dynamic temperature data on the gel to liquid crystal phase transition of dialkylphosphatidylcholine in water suspensions

Abstract Heat capacity measurements of the gel to liquid crystalline transition of phosphocholine lipid suspensions in buffer solutions were performed using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) over a range of experimental conditions. Since the temperatures at the transition peak maxima, i.e. transition temperatures, were observed to increase linearly with scan rate due to the response time of the DSC, they were corrected to zero scan rate and found to agree closely with the literature values. The transition temperatures and enthalpies of the seven dialkylphosphatidylcholine lipids investigated ranged from 286.6 ± 0.1 K and 15.9 ±0.6 kJ mol −1 for 1,2-ditridecanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine to 353.7 ± 0.1 K and 69.1 ±3.3 kJ mol −1 for l,2-ditetracosanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. At the slowest scan rates of 3–5 K h −1 , the transition widths at half the peak maximum were close to 0.2 K. The transition temperatures were found to be independent of the following: the ionic strength of the sodium phosphate buffer from 0.01–0.02 M, the pH of the buffer from 6 to 8, the concentration of the suspension from 0.1–1.0 mass%, the commercial source of the lipid, and storage of the lipid in a freezer for 4 years. Suspensions of the dialkylphosphatidylcholine lipids in sodium phosphate buffer solutions can be used as sources of dynamic temperature data for the calibration of DSCs.
Mass spectometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CLXVIII. Effect of fluorine substitution on the McLafferty rearrangement of aliphatic ketones.†‡

The mass spectra of allphatic ketones are drastically altered following substitution of a trifluoromethyl entity adjacent to the carbonyl group (II and III) or attachment to the γ-carbon atom (V). Loss of the trifluoromethyl group by α-cleavage far exceeds the alternative elimination of an alkyl radical. Virtually complete repression of the McLafferty rearrangement process (I a) occurs when a CF3 group is attached to the γ-carbon atom. A fluorine atom is not transferred in lieu of hydrogen in the McLafferty rearrangement as demonstrated by the mass spectrum of 1,1,1,7,7,7-hexafluoroheptan-4-one (IV). Rationalization for these results are presented as is a description of the syntheses of several hitherto unknown fluorinated ketones.
Phase speed spectra and the recent poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies

[1] The poleward shift of the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies in recent decades is examined in reanalysis data and in the output of coupled atmosphere-ocean and uncoupled atmospheric models. The space-time spectra of the eddy momentum fluxes in the upper troposphere reveal a trend that marks an increase in the eastward phase speed of the tropospheric eddies accompanied by a poleward displacement of the region of wave breaking in the subtropics. A dynamical mechanism is suggested that may help explain the connections among the lower stratospheric wind anomalies, the increased eastward propagation of tropospheric eddies and the poleward shift of the tropospheric circulation.
On the mechanism of (PCP)Ir-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation of alkanes: a combined computational and experimental study.

Pincer complexes of the type (RPCP)IrH2, where (RPCP)Ir is [η3-2,6-(R2PCH2)2C6H3]Ir, are the most effective catalysts reported to date for the “acceptorless” dehydrogenation of alkanes to yield alkenes and free H2. We calculate (DFT/B3LYP) that associative (A) reactions of (MePCP)IrH2 with model linear (propane, n-PrH) and cyclic (cyclohexane, CyH) alkanes may proceed via classical Ir(V) and nonclassical Ir(III)(η2-H2) intermediates. A dissociative (D) pathway proceeds via initial loss of H2, followed by C−H addition to (MePCP)Ir. Although a slightly higher energy barrier (ΔE⧧) is computed for the D pathway, the calculated free-energy barrier (ΔG⧧) for the D pathway is significantly lower than that of the A pathway. Under standard thermodynamic conditions (STP), C−H addition via the D pathway has ΔG°⧧ = 36.3 kcal/mol for CyH (35.1 kcal/mol for n-PrH). However, acceptorless dehydrogenation of alkanes is thermodynamically impossible at STP. At conditions under which acceptorless dehydrogenation is thermodyn...
Relationship between aberrant brain connectivity and clinical features in Angelman Syndrome: a new method using tract based spatial statistics of DTI color-coded orientation maps.

Aim In order to relate brain structural abnormalities to clinical features of Angelman Syndrome (AS), we determined the locations of abnormal regional white matter architecture in AS children using a sensitive and objective whole brain approach to analyze diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) color-coded orientation maps.
Establishing a new business venture unit within a firm

Abstract The rapid growth of the United States as a whole is basically a story of the discovery and adoption of novel and improved ways of satisfying wants and needs. Previously, these wants and needs have been championed by individuals such as J.P. Morgan (finance), James B. Duke (tobacco), Andrew Carnegie (steel), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), and John D. Rockefeller (oil). Each of these entrepreneurs commercialized a new idea or invention—the essence of the innovation process. Each bridged the gap between science and the marketplace by developing and commercializing a marketable innovation . Although even more of a need to reach the market as quickly as possible exists today, the majority of the innovations commercialized each year come from new or smaller organizations-often the ones with the least amount of capability and resources to accomplish the task. Existing businesses, especially larger ones, are in a much better position to bridge this gap. These companies have the existing financial resources, business skills, and usually the marketing and distribution systems to successfully commercialize a new innovation. Recognizing this capability, large companies have tried to instill an entrepreneurial spirit or an internal venturing program in an attempt to increase the amount and success of new offerings. This activity has taken on a variety of forms, one of which is the new business venture unit . What are the characteristics of a new business venture unit? Are they more successful at introducing new products than autonomous entrepreneurs? These and other questions were addressed in a research project of Fortune 1000 firms consisting of a mail questionnaire and in-depth personal interviews . The majority of these firms did not have a new business venture unit (70%). Of those firms that did, the average age of their unit was 5.3 years and the range of ages was from a few months to 20 years. In addition, the range of employees in the new business venture unit varied greatly: from one to 100. Firms in the primary product lines of chemical and medical products, computers, beauty products, and feminine products tended to have new business venture units more than did firms in other product areas. These units contained a variety of departments, including marketing (the most frequent), finance, and research and development. Through modest increases in the number of new products introduced each year, the new business venture units also significantly increased the per- centages of sales attributed to products introduced within the previous three years. A good environment for a successful new business venture unit included: encouraging new ideas; allowing mistakes and failure; making available the resources of the firm; encouraging teamwork; establishing broad per- formance goals and an appropriate reward system; and having top management strongly support the unit .
The Process of Industrial Concentration

The nature of the process of concentration, 277.— The changing relative importance of different influences making for concentration and the various means of effecting concentration, 278.— I. The effect of each method of concentration upon the efficiency of production, 282. — (A) Effect when aimed at securing economies of production from operation on a larger scale, 282.— (1) Price cutting, 282.— (2) Expenditure aimed at increasing sales, 285.— (3) Mergers, 287.— (4) Price and output agreements, 292.— Price leadership, 292.— (B) Effect when aimed at securing market control, 292.— (1) Price cutting, 292.— (2) Expenditure aimed at increasing sales, 294.— (3) Mergers, 294.— (4) Price and output agreements, 294.— (5) Price leadership, 294.— Difference between effects of concentration to secure monopoly profits and concentration to avoid abnormally low profits, 295.— II. The effect of each method of concentration upon the distribution of gains and losses resulting from economic change, 297.— (A) Effect when concentration is aimed at economies of production, 297.— (B) Effect when aimed at market control, 299.— III. The problem of social control, 303.— Control has in the main rested upon judgment of the motives to concentration, 303. — This policy is unsatisfactory because of difficulty of application, 307.— And because it influences mainly the forms of concentration, 307.— The ultimate consequences of concentration are the most satisfactory basis for social control, 309.— Control upon such a basis will give prominence to very fundamental problems which must be faced, 309.
Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759 using a detoxified sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysate

Sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysate containing 71.9 g/l of xylose was used as an inexpensive feedstock to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759. Several inhibitory compounds present in wood hydrolysate were analyzed for effects on cell growth and PHA production with strong inhibition observed at concentrations of 1 g/l furfural, 2 g/l vanillin, 7 g/l levulinic acid, and 1 M acetic acid. Gradual catabolism of lower concentrations of these inhibitors was observed in this study. To increase the fermentability of wood hydrolysate, several detoxification methods were tested. Overliming combined with low-temperature sterilization resulted in the highest removal of total inhibitory phenolics (65%). A fed-batch fermentation exhibited maximum PHA production after 96 h (8.72 g PHA/L broth and 51.4% of dry cell weight). Compositional analysis by NMR and physical–chemical characterization showed that PHA produced from wood hydrolysate was composed of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with a molecular mass (M N) of 450.8 kDa, a melting temperature (T m) of 174.4°C, a glass transition temperature (T g) of 7.31°C, and a decomposition temperature (T decomp) of 268.6°C.
The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment.

Objective Whereas obesity increases overall loading of the knee, limb malalignment concentrates that loading on a focal area, to the level at which cartilage damage may occur. This study evaluated whether the effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) differs depending on the degree of limb malalignment. Methods The study population comprised 228 veterans and community recruits with symptomatic knee OA (pain on most days and radiographic disease) who volunteered to participate in a natural history study and from whom baseline radiographs were obtained to assess alignment; 227 (99.6%) completed a 30-month followup. Of 403 knees assessed at baseline, 394 (97.8%) were followed up. Participants' body mass index (BMI) was assessed at each examination. The main outcome measure was progression of knee OA, defined as narrowing of the tibiofemoral joint space by 1 grade (semiquantitative scale 0–3) on radiographs of the fluoroscopically positioned knee. The association between BMI and the risk of knee OA progression was assessed after adjusting for age, sex, and limb alignment, using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. Results Of 394 knees, 90 (22.8%) showed disease progression, and limb alignment was strongly associated with progression risk. The risk of progression increased with increasing weight (for each 2-unit increase in BMI, odds ratio [OR] for progression 1.08, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–1.16). However, among those knees with neutral alignment (0–2°), increases in BMI had no effect on risk of progression (OR 1.00), and in those with severe malalignment (≥7°), the effect was similarly null (OR 0.93). The effect of BMI on progression was limited to knees in which there was moderate malalignment (OR per 2-unit increase in BMI 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.45). Conclusion Although elevated BMI increases the risk of knee OA progression, the effect of BMI is limited to knees in which moderate malalignment exists, presumably because of the combined focus of load from malalignment and the excess load from increased weight. This has implications for clinical recommendations and for trials testing weight loss in those with knee OA.
Full retention in tuna fisheries: Benefits, costs and unintended consequences

Abstract Several tuna regional fisheries management organizations (t-RFMOs) have adopted retention requirements for skipjack, bigeye and yellowfin tunas caught by purse seine vessels to reduce discards, create disincentives to catch small fish, and incentivize the development and adoption of more selective technologies. Although retention policies in the t-RFMOs have been limited to target tunas in purse seine fisheries, some have advocated for an expansion of those policies, and t-RFMOs could consider expanding retention policies to a greater number of species and/or to other gear types. This paper discusses the benefits and costs of broader retention policies for purse seine and longline tuna fisheries in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). Using bycatch data from observers and logbooks from the U.S. purse seine and longline fleets operating in the WCPO, this paper documents the types and magnitude of fish discarded. For the purse seine fishery, this information was used to estimate direct impacts of having to off-load at the initial point of landing in key Pacific Island ports. For the longline fishery, estimates of direct impacts were limited to Honolulu and Pago Pago, American Samoa, the two primary ports where U.S. catch is landed. Expanding retention policies beyond the target tunas and to other gear types would further reduce discarding and possibly provide stronger incentives to develop and use more selective techniques. Beyond impacts to the ecosystem and fisher behavior, adopting broader retention policies may have other implications, and this paper explores those implications on vessels, processors, and communities. In general, as is the case with most direct interventions on fishing operations, there will be both benefits and costs, and the magnitude of those impacts will depend on the scope and extent of any expanded retention policy.
Nondopaminergic symptomatic therapies for Parkinson's disease: turn on or turn off?

The focus of experimental therapeutics for Parkinson disease (PD) is on neuroprotection to slow progression.1 However, patients with PD need better symptomatic treatments, especially patients with advanced disease with motor fluctuations. PD is a disorder of dopaminergic neurons, so dopamine replacement strategies are the most effective symptomatic treatments. However, these strategies may have long-term complications such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Current nondopaminergic therapies such as anticholinergics provide relatively little benefit to a minority of patients. Adenosine antagonists have long been thought to have potential for treatment of PD.2 Clinical trials of the nonselective adenosine antagonists caffeine and theophylline, however, have been unimpressive.2-4⇓⇓ In animal models of PD, selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists enhance dopamine benefit—importantly, without worsening dyskinesias.5,6⇓ This issue of Neurology reports the …
miR-26a and miR-384-5p are required for LTP maintenance and spine enlargement

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that results in enhanced synaptic strength. It is associated with the formation and enlargement of dendritic spines-tiny protrusions accommodating excitatory synapses. Both LTP and spine remodelling are crucial for brain development, cognition and the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the maintenance of LTP, however, is not well understood. Using next-generation sequencing to profile miRNA transcriptomes, we demonstrate that miR-26a and miR-384-5p specifically affect the maintenance, but not induction, of LTP and different stages of spine enlargement by regulating the expression of RSK3. Using bioinformatics, we also examine the global effects of miRNA transcriptome changes during LTP on gene expression and cellular activities. This study reveals a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism for gene-specific regulation of translation in LTP, identifies two miRNAs required for long-lasting synaptic and spine plasticity and presents a catalogue of candidate 'LTP miRNAs'.
A Pseudospectral optimal motion planner for autonomous unmanned vehicles

This paper presents a pseudospectral (PS) optimal control algorithm for the autonomous motion planning of a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). The UGVs must traverse an obstacle-cluttered environment while maintaining robustness against possible collisions. The generality of the algorithm comes from a binary logic that modifies the cost function for various motion planning modes. Typical scenarios including path following and multi-vehicle pursuit are demonstrated. The proposed framework enables the availability of real-time information to be exploited by real-time reformulation of the optimal control problem combined with real-time computation. This allows the each vehicle to accommodate potential changes in the mission/environment and uncertain conditions. Experimental results are presented to substantiate the utility of the approach on a typical planning scenario.
The assignment of carbonyl resonances in 13C-N.M.R. spectra of peracetylated mono- and oligo-saccharides containing d-glucose and d-mannose: An alternative method for structural determination of complex carbohydrates

In the present study, proton homonuclear (COSY) and 13C-1H heteronuclear shift-correlation, n.m.r. spectroscopies have been used to assign the carbonyl carbon resonances of peracetylated D-gluco- and D-mannopyranose monosaccharides and oligosaccharides containing residues of parent D-glucopyranose monomers. Chemical shifts of these assigned resonances, particularly those arising from acetyl groups near to aglycon substitution sites, were found to be sensitive to the position and configuration of glycosidic linkages present. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates that the shifts of these carbonyl carbon resonances depend on long-range interactions with other peracetylated pyranose monomers resulting from folding of the oligosaccharide chain. These results suggest that carbonyl carbon resonances of peracetylated carbohydrates may be useful probes of oligosaccharide structure.