cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Bound and Released Neuronal Glycoconjugates

The establishment of synaptic arrays during vertebrate neural development is the result of a series of cellular interactions between neurons and their targets. These interactions occur throughout the stages of cell migration, axonal outgrowth, recognition of target cells, differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic elements, competition between and reorganization of connections, and stabilization of the final connections in maturity (cf. Patterson and Purves, 1982). A number of these stages, particularly the later ones, are controlled primarily by synaptic transmission. For example, distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in adult skeletal muscle is determined largely by the activity induced in the muscle by synaptic transmission (Lomo and Westgaard, 1976). On the other hand, a number of interactions, particularly during the early phases of synapse formation, do not appear to be mediated by the transmitter. The initial organization of muscle AChR under the nerve, for example, can occur in the absence of ACh binding to its receptor (Anderson et al., 1977). Cellular interactions in this case must involve other secreted or cell-surface molecules. The identification, purification, and characterization of these molecules are essential for at least two reasons: (1) purification of such molecules and production of antibodies against them will demonstrate the physical reality of the often formal concept of “trophic” interactions, and (2) manipulation of these molecules is essential for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such interactions.
Study of InN surface by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS )

Understanding the surface structure and termination of semiconductor thin films during epitaxial growth is critical since it affects the structural, interfacial and electronic properties of epilayers and device structures. The structural properties and surface bonding configuration of InN layers grown by high pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been characterized using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREELS analysis of these InN layers shows that the surface is predominantly terminated with NH 2 species. This is in contrast to previous work on HPCVD-grown InN layers, which showed only NH species on the nitrogen terminated surface. The presence of NH 2 related modes of vibration is the indication of the orientation of the surface other than c-plane. Key words : HREELS; Indium nitride; NH 2 The Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011 Page: 35-37 Uploaded Date : 1 August, 2011
Series Preface Contemporary concepts of condensed matter science: Board of Editors

Publisher Summary Contemporary Concepts of Condensed Matter Science , a new series of volumes, is dedicated to clear expositions of the concepts underlying theoretical, experimental, and computational research, and techniques at the advancing frontiers of condensed matter science. The term “condensed matter science” is central, because the boundaries between condensed matter physics, condensed matter chemistry, materials science, and biomolecular science are diffuse and disappearing. The overall goal of each volume of this series is to provide an intuitively clear discussion of the underlying concepts that are the “driving force” for the high-profile developments of the subfield, while providing only the amount of theoretical, experimental, and computational detail that would be needed for an adequate understanding of the subject.
Cloning, sequencing, purification, and Gq-dependent activation of phospholipase C-beta 3.

Abstract Six mammalian phospholipase C isozymes (PLC-beta 1, PLC-beta 2, PLC-gamma 1, PLC-gamma 2, PLC-delta 1, and PLC-delta 2) have been identified at both protein and DNA levels. Here, cDNAs corresponding to a previously unidentified PLC isozyme were isolated from a rat thyroid cell FRTL cDNA library. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of this new PLC with other known PLC isozymes revealed a high degree of overall similarity with PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2. Thus, the new PLC was named PLC-beta 3. Comparison with PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2 also revealed that the deduced amino-terminal sequence of PLC-beta 3 was incomplete by 10-20 amino acids. With the use of antibodies raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to PLC-beta 3-specific amino acid sequences, we purified PLC-beta 3 from a rat brain particulate fraction. The purified enzyme exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 152 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, as compared with 150 and 140 kDa for PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2, respectively. Studies of the activation of PLC-beta isozymes by three alpha subunits of Gq class G proteins, alpha q, alpha 11, and alpha 16 in the presence of guanosine 5-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) revealed that the extent of activation decreased in the order of PLC-beta 1 > or = PLC-beta 3 > PLC-beta 2 for all three alpha subunits, suggesting a certain degree of specificity in the interaction of Gq alpha subunits with different PLC-beta isozymes.
Large-Area $\hbox{MgB}_{2}$ Films Fabricated by Scaled-Up Hybrid Physical–Chemical Vapor Deposition

A scaled-up hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) method has been developed to fabricate large-area high-quality magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin films. The 2-in-diameter MgB2 thin films on sapphire (0001) show uniform superconducting properties, including Tc ~ 39 K, residual-resistivity ratio ~ 14, and Jc (4.2 K) ~ 107 A/cm2. X-ray diffraction showed that the films are epitaxial with c-axis normal to the film surface. The film properties are uniform across the 2-in substrate.
Outflows from the nearest barred galaxies

I review the evidence for bars and outflows associated with three very nearby galaxies, beginning with the two nearest infrared starbursts (NGC 253 and M 82). These two starbursts and their outflows are rather similar to one-another, even though M 82 is a much less massive galaxy. The existence of a large (25 kpc) soft X-ray halo in NGC 253 and its lack in M 82 may be related to M 82's low mass. I also discuss the curious case of the circumnuclear region in M 31: are the goings-on there (including the nearest example of the LINER phenomenon) due to a bar, an outflow, or neither? Finally, I summarize recent empirical results concerning the link between galaxy disk dynamics and circumnuclear starbursts.
Host RecJ is required for growth of P22 erf bacteriophage.

Abstract Growth of bacteriophage P22 erf is known to require host RecA recombination function. We show that the RecA function is necessary but not sufficient to restore the plaque-forming ability of phage P22 erf; such mutant phage also requires host RecJ function. The residual efficiency of plaquing of P22 erf in a recJ background (0.03%) is completely abolished in recJ recB hosts (< 0.001%), suggesting that the RecBCD nuclease can provide an alternative function allowing phage growth. One tentative explanation is that circularization of P22 erf DNA mostly proceeds through the RecF pathway of recombination; however, less efficient circularization via the RecBCD pathway may also occur. In a recJ background, lysates obtained upon induction of an erf prophage show reduced yield (10%), suggesting that growth of P22 erf may require host RecJ in a step(s) other than circularization of phage DNA.
Mutational analysis of the Escherichia coli glpFK region with Tn5 mutagenesis and the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract Transposon Tn5 mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli chromosome was used to isolate 21 independent insertion mutations conferring an altered colony color phenotype on MacConkey-glycerol plates. The polymerase chain reaction was used to map 16 of these Tn5 insertions within the glpFK region at 88 min. The most polar Tn5 insertion was shown by nucleotide sequencing to be in the proposed glpF open reading frame. The data suggest that the glpF and glpK genes are in an operon with a bent DNA segment (BENT-6) involved in transcriptional regulation of this operon.
On hummingbirds, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and IBM.

Among the meager (medical) benefits of World War II were the Kirschner wire (for internal fixation of fractures), the creation of university-based surgical teams, the forced development of pulmonary physiology (to combat the force of gravity in dive-bombers), and the movement of statistically based experimental designs from Great Britain9s agriculture to its war production lines, there to minimize through sequential analysis and similar techniques the Empire9s investment of men and metal in defective shell casings. Subsequent to the cessation of hostilities, several of these statistical techniques began to be used in the art of clinical medicine and place it more firmly on the permanent pilings of the scientific method than had previously been the case.
Students’ reasoning about relationships between variables in a real-world problem

Abstract This paper reports on part of an investigation of fifteen second-semester calculus students’ understanding of the concept of parametric function. Employing APOS theory as our guiding theoretical perspective, we offer a genetic decomposition for the concept of parametric function, and we explore students’ reasoning about an invariant relationship between two quantities varying simultaneously with respect to a third quantity when described in a real-world problem, as such reasoning is important for the study of parametric functions. In particular, we investigate students’ reasoning about an adaptation of the popular bottle problem in which they were asked to graph relationships between (a) time and volume of the water, (b) time and height of the water, and (c) volume and height of the water. Our results illustrate that several issues make reasoning about relationships between variables a complex task. Furthermore, our findings indicate that conceiving an invariant relationship, as it relates to the concept of parametric function, is nontrivial, and various complimentary ways of reasoning are favorable for developing such a conception. We conclude by making connections between our results and our genetic decomposition.
VERMICULITE AS A RAW MATERIAL IN CERAMIC MANUFACTURE

Expanded Vermiculite has been studied for use with a low vitrifying plastic clay bond to form structural clayware, such as partition tile and bathroom tile, which may carry glazed coatings in decorative effects. The advantages of this material are its low thermal conductivity, its relatively high strength as compared to its specific gravity, and the ease with which it can be cut and fitted into installations.
Industrial noise control is practical.

Abstract An extensive program of noise control has been conducted at the various process sites within the Hanford Atomic Plant. At the outset, criteria were developed to provide a basis for judging the severity of noise conditions, and the high noise level areas were surveyed and categorized on the basis of these criteria. In retrospect, this program has demonstrated that effective control of industrial noise does not require sophisticated, expensive techniques. This statement is supported by a number of specific examples where glass fiber blanket material, acoustical baffles, mufflers, and simple system modifications were utilized to good effect in combating problems of high noise level.
The Effects of Immunity and Resistance on the Development of AIDS

We incorporate basic genetics into an AIDS model. We illustrate that if a homozygote is immune to the disease or is resistant to the effects of the disease, the corresponding allele goes to fixation. On the other hand, if the heterozygote is immune to the disease or is resistant to the effects of the disease, polymorphism usually occurs.
Photoaffinity Labeling by 4-Thiodideoxyuridine Triphosphate of the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Active Site during Synthesis SEQUENCE OF THE UNIQUE LABELED HEXAPEPTIDE

Abstract The active site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) was investigated by photoaffinity labeling based on catalytic competence. A stable ternary elongation complex was assembled containing enzyme, DNA template (RT20), DNA primer molecule (P12), and the necessary dNTPs (one of which was α-32P-labeled) needed for primer elongation. The photoaffinity probe 4-thiodideoxyuridine triphosphate was incorporated uniquely at the 3′ terminus of the 32P-labeled DNA product. Upon photolysis, the p66 subunit of a HIV-1 RT heterodimer (p66/p51) was uniquely cross-linked to the DNA product and subsequently digested by either trypsin or endoproteinase Lys-C. The labeled HIV-1 RT peptide was separated, purified, and finally subjected to Edman microsequencing. A unique radioactive hexapeptide (V276RQLCK281) was identified and sequenced. Our photoaffinity labeling results were positioned on the HIV-1 RT·DNA·Fab complex x-ray crystallography structure and compared with the suggested aspartic triad active site.
Disequilibrium macroeconomics, money as a buffer stock and the estimation of money demand☆

Abstract Standard explanations of the seeming instability of the money demand in the post-1973 period usually link to stories about financial innovation and deregulation. I propose an alternative hypothesis: Much of the seeming instability occurs because of shifts in monetary policy, either explicit or implicit, in an environment where the Federal Reserve controls a more “exogenous” money stock. My econometric analysis modifies existing methods for estimating markets in disequilibrium and incorporates newly developed cointegration and error-correction modeling. My findings provide support for the buffer-stock interpretation of the money market.
50 years ago in CORR: recurrent dislocating patella: a long-term follow-up study James B. Jones, MD, Kenneth C. Francis, MD, John R. Mahoney, MD CORR 1961;20:230-240.

Dislocation of the patella has been long recognized, although recurrent dislocation more recently so. Hippocrates appears not to have mentioned recurrent dislocations [10, 11]. A number of mid-19th century surgeons described patellar dislocation [2, 7, 15], but not those that were recurrent. Goldthwait [6], in 1896, briefly described one patient with long-standing bilateral recurrent dislocation in whom he performed lateral release and medial reefing. The minutes of a meeting of the orthopaedic subsection of the Royal College of Medicine in discussion, held in March 1921, noted that Bristow briefly mentioned a procedure in which the tibial tubercle was transplanted medially [1]. “He would suggest that transplantation of the tubercle with the tendon attached was a better procedure than transplanting the tendon alone, the union of bone to bone being better able to combat strain.” Hauser reviewed six types of procedures used by various authors to treat recurrent dislocation of the patella, then provided a detailed description of his procedure to transfer the tibial tubercle medially [8, 9]. He appeared to have been unaware of the brief note of the earlier suggestion by Bristow. In the first edition of his classic textbook, Campbell detailed many varieties of operations and their variations [3]. Clearly, the recurrent dislocation was well recognized by the 1930s with a profusion of surgical alternatives. Jones and his colleagues [12], in 1961, reported the findings in patients with an average of 11.5 years followup (up to 15 years). At this time, such longer-term followup studies were relatively infrequent in orthopaedic surgery. Few authors provided more than qualitative observations, and those that did typically developed their own categorical rating system (see Table 6 for that of Jones et al. [12]). (These physician-generated categorical ratings have been largely abandoned because they are neither particularly reliable nor, from a patient viewpoint, valid.) Using a modification of the Hauser technique (Fig. 3), Jones et al. found 18 of their 19 patients had “excellent” or “good” function at last followup. Table 6 Results (Reprinted with permission and © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, from Jones JB, Francis KC, Mahoney JR. Recurrent dislocating patella: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Orthop. 1961;20:230–240.) Fig. 3 A method of reinserting the tibial tubercle to provide intrinsic internal fixation. (Reprinted with permission and © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, from Jones JB, Francis KC, Mahoney JR. Recurrent dislocating patella: a long-term follow-up ... Subsequent authors, including Southwick [16], Maquet [13], and Fulkerson [5], described refinements of the tibial tubercle transfer, all seemingly offering a high chance of eliminating the dislocations. The benefits have continued for some decades, and there appears to be minimal risk of long-term degeneration [4, 14] as a result of the procedures.
Lack of Synergy of EDTA with Antimicrobials in Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

ETHYLENEDIAMINETETBAACETIC acid (EDTA) is known to increase the permeability of Enterobacteriaceae to certain compounds such as actinomycin1 and to make Escherichia coli susceptible to lysozyme lysis2. Presumably, this is related to the disruption of the cell wall characterized by loss of lipopolysaccharide3. Weiser, Asscher and Wim-penny4 reported that EDTA increases the sensitivity of certain organisms resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, chlor-amphenicol and tetracycline presumably by overcoming their permeability barrier to these antimicrobials. Resistance to ampicillin, penicillin and chloramphenicol has been demonstrated to be the result of an inactivation of the drugs by penicillinase5,6 and chloramphenicol acetyl trans-ferase7. The mechanism of resistance to tetracycline is unclear although Franklin8 suggested a change in permeability in E. coli with transferable resistance.
The role of stathmin in the regulation of the cell cycle

Stathmin is the founding member of a family of proteins that play critically important roles in the regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Stathmin regulates microtubule dynamics by promoting depolymerization of microtubules and/or preventing polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Upon entry into mitosis, microtubules polymerize to form the mitotic spindle, a cellular structure that is essential for accurate chromosome segregation and cell division. The microtubule-depolymerizing activity of stathmin is switched off at the onset of mitosis by phosphorylation to allow microtubule polymerization and assembly of the mitotic spindle. Phosphorylated stathmin has to be reactivated by dephosphorylation before cells exit mitosis and enter a new interphase. Interfering with stathmin function by forced expression or inhibition of expression results in reduced cellular proliferation and accumulation of cells in the G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Forced expression of stathmin leads to abnormalities in or a total lack of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of cells in the early stages of mitosis. On the other hand, inhibition of stathmin expression leads to accumulation of cells in the G2/M phases and is associated with severe mitotic spindle abnormalities and difficulty in the exit from mitosis. Thus, stathmin is critically important not only for the formation of a normal mitotic spindle upon entry into mitosis but also for the regulation of the function of the mitotic spindle in the later stages of mitosis and for the timely exit from mitosis. In this review, we summarize the early studies that led to the identification of the important mitotic function of stathmin and discuss the present understanding of its role in the regulation of microtubules dynamics during cell-cycle progression. We also describe briefly other less mature avenues of investigation which suggest that stathmin may participate in other important biological functions and speculate about the future directions that research in this rapidly developing field may take.
A strong developmental theory of field dependence-independence

Abstract Assume an X -linked gene in two alleles mediates performance on field dependent-independent tests such as the rod-and-frame test. Only the recessive gene with relative frequency q facilitates field independence. Other genotypes lead to field dependence. Under a simple genetic model, field dependence-independence may be viewed as outcomes of a discrete random variable B with field independent and dependent probabilities π i q and 1 − π i q for men, and π i q 2 and 1 − π i q 2 for women, respectively. The parameter π i is a maturational ageindexed parameter, 0 π i ≤ 1, monotonically increasing with development until maturity when π k = 1. Observations of performance are made on a random variable W of the form W = B + N , where N is normal in distribution independent of B ; N represents a composite of influences including error. The model implies testable age-related between- and within-sex predictions regarding E( W ) and Var( W ), predictions which appear to coincide with major empirical findings; it also generates novel predictions. For instance, W is a mixture of normals distribution. The model is briefly evaluates in two data sets.
Rupture process of large earthquakes in the northern Mexico subduction zone

The Cocos plate subducts beneath North America at the Mexico trench. The northernmost segment of this trench, between the Orozco and Rivera fracture zones, has ruptured in a sequence of five large earthquakes from 1973 to 1985: the Jan. 30, 1973 Colima event (M s 7.5) at the northern end of the segment near Rivera fracture zone; the Mar. 14, 1979 Petatlan event (M s 7.6) at the southern end of the segment on the Orozco fracture zone; the Oct. 25, 1981 Playa Azul event (M s 7.3) in the middle of the Michoacan “gap”; the Sept. 19, 1985 Michoacan mainshock (M s 8.1); and the Sept. 21, 1985 Michoacan aftershock (M s 7.6) that reruptured part of the Petatlan zone. Body wave inversion for the rupture process of these earthquakes finds the best: earthquake depth; focal mechanism; overall source time function; and seismic moment, for each earthquake. In addition, we have determined spatial concentrations of seismic moment release for the Colima earthquake, and the Michoacan mainshock and aftershock. These spatial concentrations of slip are interpreted as asperities; and the resultant asperity distribution for Mexico is compared to other subduction zones. The body wave inversion technique also determines the Moment Tensor Rate Functions; but there is no evidence for statistically significant changes in the moment tensor during rupture for any of the five earthquakes. An appendix describes the Moment Tensor Rate Functions methodology in detail.
SOLUBILITY STUDIES ON PURIFIED TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

Different samples of purified tobacco mosaic virus show a relatively wide variation in solubility in ammonium sulfate solution. This variation and the type of solubility curve obtained in the presence of varying amounts of solid phase show that the purified virus whether isolated by mild treatment with ammonium sulfate or by ultracentrifugation is not a homogeneous chemical substance but contains more soluble and less soluble virus fractions of comparable specific activities. Long contact with strong ammonium sulfate solutions or 0.1 M phosphate buffer results in a decrease in solubility. The variation in the solubility of samples isolated from different plants by the same method seems to depend in part on the length of time the plants are inoculated before they are cut, and probably also on the conditions under which they are grown. Virus preparations isolated from plants of different genera grown under the same conditions and inoculated at the same time, however, behaved like identical substances in solubility experiments.
Effect of Welding Residual Stress and Plastic Constraint on Brittle Fracture of a High Strength Steel

This paper investigates the effect of welding residual stress and plastic constraint on brittle fracture of a 780 MPa class high-strength steel (HT780). In order to investigate the effect of welding residual stress, three point bend (3PB) fracture toughness tests were conducted using the parent-material specimens and groove-welded specimens which were prepared to have the same cross-sectional proportion; i.e., a ratio of thickness to width of 0.5. Crack length was determined so that the crack tip was located in the base-metal zone far from the heat-affected zone of the welded specimen to eliminate the effect of any degradation of the parent-material property on fracture resistance. Also, in order to investigate the effect of constraint, tensile loading tests in which the plastic constraint was expected to be less than 3PB were conducted using welded specimens as the same as employed in the 3PB test. Three dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were performed to evaluate the stress state near the crack tip at the point of brittle fracture initiation for each test condition. From the results of experiments and FE analyses, it is confirmed that the fracture test results can be evaluated using J or KJ – Q theory, by considering enhancement or reduction due to residual stress.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Selective uptake of lucifer yellow by bipolar cells in the turtle retina

Abstract Bipolar cells, but not other cell types in the turtle retina, take up and accumulate fluorescent markers from the external medium when bathed in zero calcium solutions. Selectively stained bipolar cells exhibit standard electrical behavior and appear to have normal morphologies. Dye uptake is not influenced by light but is blocked by metabolic inhibitors.
Characteristics of Batch, Semicontinuous, and Continuous Equilibrium Parametric Pumps

Abstract Batch, semicontinuous, and continuous versions of the parametric pump are analyzed in terms of an equilibrium theory of pump performance. The batch pump and pumps with feed at the enriched end are shown under certain conditions to have the capacity for complete removal of solute from one product fraction and at the same time arbitrarily large enrichment of solute in the other product fraction. Under other conditions and for all conditions for pumps with feed at the depleted end separation factors and enrichment are modest.
Connexion between Local and Global Physics

IF relativistic quantum mechanics can be founded on the ‘principle of triality’ as I have claimed elsewhere1,2 then this ought to be reflected in the global structure of physics. Locally, triality means the in variance of a form trilinear in phase functions and two kinds of wave functions. Globally the latter are replaced by the expectation values of phase functions and globally defined fields. So the question becomes, what kind of triality is possible in the relativistic phase space E8, considered as a quasi-classical object ?
Endoscopic recognition and screening of barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus is the premalignant lesion for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the gastric cardia. Recognition of Barrett's esophagus requires an upper endoscopy showing a columnar lined distal esophagus and the presence of intestinal metaplasia on histological examination. Careful identification of endoscopic landmarks, specifically the gastroesophageal junction, is crucial for the recognition of Barrett's esophagus. To impact the rapidly rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, more cases of Barrett's esophagus will have to be detected by a screening program. With the greater use of unsedated, transoral or transnasal, small caliber upper endoscopy, high-risk populations, which include older Caucasian males with chronic reflux symptoms, could undergo screening for Barrett's esophagus in a cost-effective manner, avoiding the costs and risks associated with the use of conscious sedation. Future technological advances in endoscopic (zoom and chromoendoscopy, virtual biopsy techniques) and nonendoscopic (balloon cytology) devices would help in increasing the accuracy of detecting intestinal metaplasia as well as reducing costs.
Estimating the number of terrestrial organisms on the moon.

NASA policy requires that the number and spatial distribution of terrestrial organisms deposited on the Moon be estimated. This paper describes the way in which such an ‘inventory’ is being maintained, and some of the conclusions that may be drawn from it.
Studies on the antitumor effects of analogues of 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid and 5,8-dideazaisoaminopterin

Abstract Six new analogues of 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid and 5,8-dideazaisoaminopterin were synthesized in an effort to obtain enhanced antitumor activity. The modifications included the replacement of the 2-amino group by hydrogen or methyl as well as the inclusion of a methyl substituent at position 9. Based upon activity against L1210 leukemia cells in culture, three of the new analogues together with one compound described previously were evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro using three human tumor cell lines (Colo 320 DM, Hep G2 and HL-60). The most effective compound was 2-desamino-N9-methyl-5,8-dideazaisoaminopterin (2c) with the HL-60 cells being the most sensitive to its cytotoxic effects. These analogues were evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) from human as well as bacterial (Lactobacillus casei) sources. All four of the 4-amino analogues were most effective toward L. casei DHFR compared with human DHFR, with 2-desamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazaisoaminopterin (2d) and its 9-methyl derivative (2e) having 818- and 430-fold greater selectivity (L. casei/human). Most of the compounds studied were found to be only modest inhibitors of human TS (I50 values = 1.5 to 20 μM) and were therefore at least 40-fold less inhibitory than 10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid. Nevertheless, reversal of cytotoxicity studies with thymidine, hypoxanthine and folinic acid using the HL-60 cell line suggested that TS is the primary target for these analogues.
Growth and physiological responses of the citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo seedlings to partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation

The effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on the growth and mineral nutrition of citrus rootstock seedlings in the glasshouse were determined, as well as the potential of DI and PRD to trigger root-to-shoot signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) to increase the growth per amount of water used (water use efficiency (WUE)). In the DI study, 3-month-old seedlings of the important citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo with intact roots received three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 evapotranspiration (ET)), 0·75 ET and 0·50 ET. DI clearly decreased growth, the net assimilation of CO2 (ACO2), WUE and the total content of N and K in leaves, even though concentrations of leaf N and K were increased in the drought-stressed smaller plants. Root K was not affected by DI treatments. Leaf ABA concentration increased linearly with DI. For the PRD study, root systems of 6-month-old Swingle citrumelo were split into half and allowed to become established in adjacent pots. There were three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 of the total crop ET, 0·50 in each pot), PRD 50-0 (0·50 ET by weight applied to only one-half of root zone) and DI 25-25 (0·50 ET in total, with 0·25 ET applied to each root half). Although the total root length was decreased by the DI 25-25 treatment, PRD 50-0 did not affect any growth characteristics compared to control plants. The dry root zone of the PRD 50-0 treatment had a higher specific root length, longer roots per dry weight, than the wet root zone. Leaf ACO2 and WUE of the DI 25-25 treatment were significantly lower than control plants after 11 weeks. Although the total contents of N and K in leaves were not affected by either PRD treatment, the concentrations of N and K in leaves were increased by DI 25-25. Root K was decreased by PRD treatments. Leaf ABA concentration was increased by PRD 50-0 but not by DI 25-25. Although all drought stress treatments increased the levels of ABA in leaves, DI and PRD treatments did not affect the whole plant WUE. Compared to well-irrigated control plants, DI reduced growth, whereas PRD 50-0 did not.
Local Tomography for the Limited-Angle Problem

Abstract We investigate local tomography in the case of limited-angle data. The main theoretical tool is analysis of the singularities of pseudodifferential operators (PDO) acting on piecewise-smooth functions. Amplitudes of the PDO we consider are allowed to be nonsmooth in the dual variable ξ across the boundary of a wedge. Results of numerical simulation of limited-angle local tomography confirm basic theoretical conclusions.
INTERACTION OF FUCOIDAN WITH PROTEASES AND INHIBITORS OF COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS

The interactions of fucoidan with glutamic plasminogen (Glu-Plg), two-chain tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), LMwt-urokinase, thrombin, and antithrombin III (AT-III) were investigated using fucoidan-sepharose affinity chromatography. The results showed 1) a high degree of affinity between fucoidan-sepharose and Glu-Plg; Lmwt-urokinase and thrombin while t-Pa and AT-III did not bind with fucoidan-sepharose. 2) The double reciprocal plot for the LMwt-urokinase activation of Glu-Plg showed that plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) inhibited this reaction in a noncompetitive manner and that the presence of fucoidan decreased Km for this interaction by 50% and increased Kcat by 30-fold, 3) The double reciprocal plot for the t-PA activation of Glu-Plg showed that PAI-1 inhibited this reaction in a competitive manner and that fucoidan in conjunction with 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AH) increased Kcat for this interaction by 5-fold without affecting Km. 4) Fucoidan enhanced the interaction of thrombin with both AT-III and heparin cofactor II (HC-II) and it was more effective than unfractionated heparin of LMwt-heparin in enhancing the interaction of HC-II with thrombin.
Self-dual embeddings of Cayley graphs☆

Abstract A method for constructing both orientable and non-orientable embeddings of Cayley graphs is described. This method yields all the previously known constructions in addition to producing some new self-dual embeddings.
Atomistic and Coarse-Grained MD Simulations of the Intrinsically Disordered Bacillus Subtilis Ribonuclease P Protein

The Bacillus subtilis Ribonuclease-P (RNase P) holoenzyme is a protein-RNA complex; however, the protein becomes disordered in the absence of its RNA binding partner. To identify the main determinants of why the RNase P protein becomes disordered, we performed (i) a statistical analysis of its interactions to identify the critical minimally frustrated residues that are important for structural stabilization, (ii) atomistic MD simulations in the presence and absence of the osmolyte Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), which has been shown experimentally to stabilize its native structure even without its RNA binding partner, and (iii) coarse-grained Go-type MD simulations to determine the folding/unfolding mechanism. We observed an intermediate in our coarse-grained MD simulations that we propose is the partially disordered state in the absence of its RNA binding partner and the intermediate seen experimentally in TMAO-induced folding experiments. We also identified critical residues for stabilization that can be tested experimentally using standard mutagenesis folding kinetic experiments.
Insights on treating an over-the-counter-type subgroup: data from the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Population.

Abstract The expansion of therapeutic options for management of dyslipidemia is a potentially valuable avenue for the optimal treatment of most patients at low-to-moderate risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). In primary prevention, this population is closely approximated by that of the landmark Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). In AFCAPS/TexCAPS, 6,605 men and women without evidence of CAD and with average total cholesterol (180–264 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (130–190 mg/dL) concentrations and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels (≤45 mg/dL for men, ≤47 mg/dL for women) were treated with either lovastatin or placebo for a mean of 5.2 years. With few exceptions, the characteristics of the AFCAPS/TexCAPS cohort were similar to the profile of the majority of people in the United States and that of a potential over-the-counter (OTC)-type subgroup. The dosage of lovastatin used was 20–40 mg/day, titrated to achieve an LDL-cholesterol target of ≤110 mg/dL. Treatment reduced the combined incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and sudden cardiac death by 37% (p
Nasal inflammation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nasal inflammation is present in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and the concentrations of bradykinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were quantified in nasal lavage fluid of eight nonsmoking patients with OSA and in six matched controls before sleep and the next morning. The total number of cells and the percentage of PMNs was significantly higher in patients with OSA in comparison to controls before and after sleep (P < .05). Likewise, bradykinin and VIP concentrations were significantly higher in patients with OSA in comparison to controls before and after sleep (P < .05). These findings indicate that nasal inflammation is present in patients with OSA. We suggest that nasal inflammation plays a role in upper airway obstruction in OSA.
Structural biology: Conservation in vesicle coats.

Coat proteins of vesicles involved in intracellular membrane trafficking have closely related molecular architectures. The structure of COPI extends known similarities, and strengthens the case for a common evolutionary origin.
Hormonal and cofactor induction of tyrosine transaminase in vitamin B6 deficiency

Abstract The activity of liver tyrosine transaminase of vitamin B 6 deficient rats is approximately half that of normal animals. Administration of hydrocortisone to deficient animals raises the level of liver transaminase activity to a value 6 times greater than that achieved by the administration of pyridoxine. Actinomycin D or puromycin given with the vitamin or the hormone at zero time do not prevent the rise in enzymatic activity but further enhance it to values above the induced level. The results suggest that, in vitamin B 6 deficiency, cofactor and hormonal enzyme induction reflect stabilization of enzyme in vivo rather than de novo enzyme synthesis.
Concerning the miscibility of poly(vinyl phenol) blends — FTi.r. study

Abstract The results of a Fourier transform infrared study of poly(vinyl phenol) (PVPh) blends containing a number of chemically and structurally dissimilar polymers are presented. These polymers include the polyesters poly(e-caprolactone) and poly(⊤-propiolactone); poly(vinyl alkyl ethers) where the alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl and isobutyl respectively; poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). All of these PVPh blends, with the exception of that containing poly(vinyl isobutyl ether), exhibit infrared spectral features consistent with a significant degree of mixing. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions involving the PVPh hydroxyl group and either the carbonyl or ether oxygen moieties of the other polymers in the blend are identified. The relative strengths of these intermolecular interactions are discussed together with ramifications pertinent to the overall subject of polymer miscibility.
Control of electrical power assist systems: H∞ design, torque estimation and structural stability

Abstract In this paper, the H ∞ method is employed to design controllers for improved performance and robustness of electrical power assist steering systems (EPAS). EPAS systems are nonlinear MIMO systems with multiple objectives, including fast response to the driver torque command, good driver feel, and attenuation of load disturbance and sensor noises. Since the EPAS system has nonlinear frictions, component deviations and load disturbances, its linearized model is subject to significant modeling errors and external disturbances. Consequently, EPAS controllers must provide substantial robustness. In this paper, a control design method is introduced which employs the boost curve to form a feedforward control and an MISO H ∞ optimal feedback to ensure refined performance, robustness, and disturbance attenuation. Since the driver's torque command cannot be directly measured, due to packaging and cost issues, a torque estimator is introduced to generate the driver's torque command by using other measured signals which are normally available in the vehicle. Introduction of the torque estimator leads to an additional feedback loop, affecting system robust stability and performance in a fundamental manner. Robust stability under this circumstance is established. The controllers are evaluated via simulation on both linearized systems and original nonlinear systems, and verified on vehicle testing data.
Effects of trifluralin and metabolites on the decomposition of selected substrates by soil microorganisms

The effects of trifluralin and 12 of its soil-formed metabolites on the decomposition of radio-labelled glucose, protein and cellulose were determined, using 14CO2 evolution from soil as a measure of decomposition. Trifluralin increased 14C-glucose mineralization rates, but these increases could be eliminated by adding N. Trifluralin had no inhibitory effect on the mineralization of protein or cellulose, but five of the metabolites inhibited glucose mineralization. None of the trifluralin metabolites affected protein mineralization. Seven trifluralin metabolites increased the rate of cellulose mineralization when applied at rates exceeding those that would be expected in soil. After considering the rate of metabolite application and the magnitude of the responses observed these compounds are expected to have no major effects on the microbial decomposition processes in soil.
Experimental verification of a new mechanism for dissociative chemisorption: Atom abstraction.

Abstraction of a F atom from incident ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ by Si(100)- $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ is demonstrated by detection of the scattered, complementary F atom. He atom diffraction measurements are consistent with abstraction occurring at dangling bond sites. The low probability for single atom adsorption $({P}_{1}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01)$ relative to the total adsorption probability $({P}_{t}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)$ in the zero coverage limit indicates that the second F atom can also be trapped by the dangling bonds. Both the single and two atom adsorption probabilities decay to zero when the dangling bonds are saturated at 1 ML coverage. Atom abstraction represents a mechanism distinct from the classic one for dissociative chemisorption.
Lattice pseudospin model for ν=1 quantum Hall bilayers

We present a theoretical approach to the study of a $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ quantum Hall bilayer that is based on a systematic mapping of the microscopic Hamiltonian to an anisotropic SU(4) spin model on a lattice. To study the properties of this model we generalize the Heisenberg model Schwinger boson mean-field theory of Arovas and Auerbach to spin models with anisotropy. We calculate the temperature dependence of experimentally observable quantities, including the spin magnetization and the differential interlayer capacitance. Our theory represents a substantial improvement over the conventional Hartree-Fock picture which neglects quantum and thermal fluctuations, and has advantages over long-wavelength effective models that fail to capture important microscopic physics at all realistic layer separations. The formalism we develop can be generalized to treat quantum Hall bilayers at a filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.$
“If You Don't Like My Potatoes, Why Do You Dig So Deep?”: Food Imagery in Blues Lyrics

ABSTRACTFrom the beginning of the blues until relatively recently, it has been a music written and performed largely by and for poor black people. Composers used various images to create beauty and convey their meaning; frequently they employed food imagery, sometimes to express serious concerns and often to imply sexual activity. Food imagery suggesting sexual activity and stemming from the blues tradition became prominent in rock ‘n’ roll with Little Richard's “Tutti Frutti” in the mid 1950s. Such imagery remains a staple in blues lyrics, even among educated composers and musicians.
Calcium channel types mediating synaptic transmission during aging

Abstract The effects of ω-conotoxin (CTX) GVIA, ω-agatoxin (Aga) IVA, and the dihydropyridine nicardipine were studied on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during aging. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded in the CA1 region in slices from young and aged Fischer 344 rats. Peptide toxins reduced synaptic transmission similarly in both age groups while nicardipine showed no effect. These results suggest that the well documented age-related changes in synaptic transmission in the hippocampus cannot be explained by changes in the types of Ca2+ channel mediating synaptic transmission.
Tailoring the elastic postbuckling response of thin-walled cylindrical composite shells under axial compression

Abstract The buckling of cylindrical shells has long been regarded as an undesirable phenomenon, but increasing interests on the development of active and controllable structures open new opportunities to utilize such unstable behavior. In this paper, approaches for modifying and controlling the elastic response of axially compressed laminated composite cylindrical shells in the far postbuckling regime are presented and evaluated. Three methods are explored (1) varying ply orientation and laminate stacking sequence; (2) introducing patterned material stiffness distributions; and (3) providing internal lateral constraints. Experimental data and numerical results show that the static and kinematic response of unstable mode branch switching during postbuckling response can be modified and potentially tailored.
The first extracellular domain of claudin-7 affects paracellular Cl- permeability

Abstract Tight junctions (TJ) constitute paracellular diffusion channels regulating the passage of ions and solutes across epithelia. We recently demonstrated that overexpression of the TJ membrane protein claudin-7 in LLC-PK1 cells decreases paracellular permeability to Cl− and increases paracellular permeability to Na+. To investigate the effect of charged amino acid residues in extracellular domains (ED) of claudin-7 on paracellular charge selectivity, we created claudin-7 mutants by replacing negatively charged amino acids on ED with positively charged amino acids. Immunofluorescence light microscopy showed that these mutant proteins were correctly targeted to the cell junction. Ultrastructure examination of TJ morphology did not reveal any difference between cells expressing wildtype (WT) and mutant claudin-7. However, electrophysiological studies showed increased Cl− permeability in cells expressing first extracellular domain (ED1) mutants, but not second extracellular domain (ED2) mutants, compared to that of WT claudin-7. Our results demonstrate that negatively charged amino acids in ED1 of claudin-7 are involved in modulating paracellular Cl− permeability.