cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification System for Mandibulectomy Defects

The mandible is a U-shaped bony structure with posterior vertical extensions that establishes the height, width, and projection of the lower face. The bone of the mandible abuts multiple soft-tissue structures that are equally essential to both function and form: anteriorly, the chin, lips, and oral commissures; laterally, the external cheek and intraoral lining; posteriorly, the pharyngeal pillars; and medially, the floor of the mouth and tongue. Resection of cancers that occur in this region can create not just bony defects but also loss of the surrounding soft-tissue components. Thus, a classification system for mandibular defects must also address the soft-tissue defects. This chapter describes the Cordeiro classification system consisting of 13 primary types of defects; the algorithms to approach reconstruction of these defects can vary in different surgeons’ hands, but, generally, the reconstructive options need to address the specific defect.
How Polling Place Changes Reduce Turnout: Evidence from Administrative Data in North Carolina

How do changes to voting procedures affect participation in elections? Looking within the state of North Carolina, I estimate the causal effect of Election Day polling place changes on voter participation using detailed individual-level voter file information linked with a panel of polling place locations. Implementing a series of difference-in-differences designs, I find that changing a voter’s polling place location causes a 1 to 2 percentage point decline in general election turnout likelihood. The majority of the turnout decline can be attributed to the search costs associated with finding one’s new polling place location rather than the distance costs of traveling to the polling place on Election Day. This, along with a series of mechanism tests, suggests that providing information to voters is important to help mitigate the voting costs associated with election changes.
Abstract B081: Regulation and function of monocarboxylate transporters in osteosarcoma

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common malignant bone tumor in humans and dogs, shares several features in both species including clinical presentation and molecular alterations. Despite numerous efforts there have been no improvements in outcome: 30% of people and 90% of dogs still die of metastasis. In both species, macroscopic metastasis exhibits inherent resistance to multiple agents (kinase inhibitors, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, among others). In both dogs and humans, the OS genomes exhibit low somatic mutational load and no clear molecular drivers. These data, along with a history of failed clinical trials suggest that contemporary approaches to therapeutic advancement (kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint blockade) will likely have limited clinical impact, necessitating therapeutic innovation. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) move lactic acid across the plasma membrane, providing a mechanism for tumor cells to meet their bioenergetic needs in a variety of limiting microenvironments. The objective of this work is credential MCTs (MCT1/MCT4) as therapeutic targets in OS and investigate mechanisms of synthetic lethality. Methods: STAT3, MCT1 and MCT4 expression and function were modulated in canine and human OS cell lines using a combination of CRISPR/cas9 techniques and pharmacologic agents (AZD3965, AstraZeneca; syrosingopine, Sigma Aldrich). Western blotting, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of MCT1/MCT4. The metabolic effects of STAT3 and MCT inhibition were investigated through measurement of lactate (Lactate-Glo, Promega) and respirometry (Seahorse XFe96 extracellular flux analyzer), while cell proliferation and invasion were evaluated using sulforhodamine B and Matrigel invasion assays. Results: MCT1/MCT4 and were found to be expressed in all OS cell lines, although at variable levels. Following knockdown of STAT3, MCT4 expression was downregulated in several OS cell lines. ChIP assays confirm enrichment of STAT3 and FOXM1 at the MCT4 promoter, and this was confirmed in STAT3 deficient OS lines that exhibited decreased MCT4-dependent luciferase reporter activity. The absence of MCT1 or MCT4 was associated with decreased basal and compensatory glycolysis and increased intracellular lactate. In addition, decreased proliferation and invasive capacity were noted concurrent with MCT loss. Dual MCT1/MCT4 inhibition exhibited synergy with doxorubicin, as determined by a combination index Citation Format: Heather L. Gardner, Joelle M. Fenger, Cheryl A. London. Regulation and function of monocarboxylate transporters in osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B081. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-B081
Baseline Wandering Removal in Optical Mapping Measurements With PID Control in Phase Space

Optical imaging methods on ex-vivo hearts have had large impact in furthering our understanding of cardiac electrophysiology. One common problem in this method is a baseline wandering of the fluorescence signals over time, caused by dye photo-bleaching, small variation of the excitation light source, or other similar artifacts. Due to its relative magnitude, the removal of baseline wandering can be a nontrivial task and has major implications for analyzing important physiological dynamics such as traveling waves and alternans. Here we present a computational technique for the removal of such baseline wandering based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) closed loop feedback. The PID method applied a continuous control stimulus to the input V m based on an error value which is defined by Euclidean distance from a pre-computed setpoint in phase space. We quantify and validate the PID control method by adding a linear combination of arbitrary sinusoidal drift, of frequency less than the signal pacing frequency, to the system signal V m . The PID control loop effectively removed the baseline wandering with minimal degradation to the input V m , and thus provides a viable tool for baseline wandering removal when implemented in an appropriate phase space. The computational simplicity of the method also lends itself to implementation in embedded systems, such as Arduinos and Raspberry-Pis.
Simulationism and the Function(s) of Episodic Memory

According to simulationism, the function of episodic memory is not to remember the past, but to help construct representations of possible future episodes, by drawing together features from different experiential sources. This article suggests that the relationship between the traditional storehouse view, on which the function of memory is remembering, and the simulationist approach is more complicated than has been typically acknowledged. This is attributed, in part, to incorrect interpretations of what remembering on the storehouse view requires. Further, by appeal to function pluralism, the article questions both the assumption that the traditional view and simulationism are inconsistent, and the simulationist’s inference to the best explanation strategy that is based upon this assumption. The article then provides an evaluation of the simulationist argument against the traditional view, and finds it in need of further support.
Seismic Response of Post-Tensioned Cross-Laminated Timber Rocking Wall Buildings

AbstractNonlinear time history analyses were conducted for 5-story and 12-story prototype buildings that used post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking walls coupled with U-shaped flexural plat...
The structure of Ce2Al3Ge4 refined for the first time from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.

Single crystals of dicerium trialuminium tetra­germanide, Ce2Al3Ge4, have been synthesized from a high-temperature reaction using an eutectic mixture of Al and Ge as a metal flux. Through single-crystal X-ray diffraction it was established that Ce2Al3Ge4 crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group Cmce (No. 64) with the Ba2Cd3Bi4 structure type (Pearson code oC36). Five atoms com­pose the asymmetric unit, i.e. one Ce, two Al, and two Ge atoms, all in special positions with Wyckoff symbols 8f (Ce), 4a and 8e (Al), and 8e and 8f (Ge). The structure can be described as a three-dimensional network of Al and Ge atoms, with Ce atoms occupying the cavities of the framework.
Integrating Concepts of Physiological and Behavioral Resistance to Parasites

Conceptual parallels between physiological and behavioral forms of resistance to parasites have led to the development of terminology like “the behavioral immune system” to refer to behaviors that combat parasites. I extend this metaphor by applying findings from research on physiological resistance to generate predictions for the ecology and evolution of behavioral resistance (here, synonymous with avoidance). In certain cases, behavioral resistance may follow similar evolutionary dynamics to physiological resistance. However, more research on the nature of the costs of behavioral resistance is needed, including how parasite transmission mode may be a key determinant of these costs. In addition, “acquiring” behavioral resistance may require specific mechanisms separate from classical forms of conditioning, due to constraints on timing of host learning processes and parasite incubation periods. Given existing literature, behavioral resistance to infectious disease seems more likely to be innate than acquired within the lifetime of an individual, raising new questions about how individual experience could shape anti-parasite behaviors. This review provides a framework for using existing literature on physiological resistance to generate predictions for behavioral resistance, and highlights several important directions for future research based on this comparison.
Nephrology-Taking the Lead.

Today, nephrology stands at a critical crossroads. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and sweeping movements to advocate for racial equality have brought into focus the need for each of us to play a part and take the lead to shape our future. The American Association of Kidney Patients
Is post-stroke cognitive impairment all about real estate?

An international consortium analysis has shown that stroke location strongly predicts post-stroke cognitive impairment, but the effect could be confounded by the characteristics of the infarct and of different patients. Taking pre-stroke cognition and risk factors into consideration might put information about infarct location into a more appropriate context.
School Psychology, Special Education and Program Evaluation: Ethical and Professional Concerns

The ethical and professional concerns which impact on program evaluation activities of school psychology and special education services are presented. Emerging professional standards for evaluating...
What drives households to buy flood insurance? New evidence from Georgia

Abstract Benefiting from access to detailed data on the federally run National Flood Insurance Program for the entire state of Georgia, USA, we analyze residential flood insurance purchasing behavior in that state over more than three decades (1978–2010). The demand for flood insurance on an extensive margin, based on take-up rates, is found to be relatively price inelastic. Aligned with the behavioral economics literature, recent flood events temporarily increase purchases, but this effect fades after 3 years. We also find that the proportion of developed area in floodplains has a significant positive impact on insurance take-up rates. Contrary to what is often assumed, we do not find evidence that insurance purchase and mitigation efforts are substitutes. Educated individuals, individuals over the age of 45, and African-Americans are, all else equal, more likely to purchase flood insurance.
Neurotransmitters and the regulation of food intake.

Publisher Summary This chapter concentrates on the regulation of food intake and neurotransmitters involved in hyperphagia and aphagia by following three things—namely, (1) understanding of two major syndromes of abnormal feeding including hypothalamic hyperphagia and lateral hypothalamic aphagia, (2) pinpoint some unresolved issues, and (3) present some recent findings from that may indicate lines of thought and work that can prove fruitful in the next few years. Because the fundamental work of Grossman, there has been a great deal of work on intracranial application of neurotransmitters to determine their role in normal feeding. The major disturbances in feeding, hypothalamic hyperphagia and lateral hypothalamic aphagia are recently tied to specific transmitter systems in the brain. Recent advances along these lines are discussed and several paradoxes are raised in the chapter. New evidence from behavioral analyses of these syndromes indicates that there are many more levels of control over the act of eating than are presently taken into account.
Permanency planning in the context of parental incarceration: Legal issues and recommendations

Parental incarceration is a growing problem that is not accommodated for in the traditional, time-driven model of permanency planning. The trend in both law and policy regarding children in out-of-home care is toward early termination of parental rights and placement for adoption. The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 places additional pressure on state agencies to continue this trend. Child welfare agencies need to recognize the importance of maintaining parent-child relationships, even when a parent is incarcerated, and must develop creative approaches for dealing with the unique challenges presented by parental incarceration. The author, an advocate for incarcerated parents, offers recommendations for permanency planning in the context of parental incarceration.
On Deciding the Care of Severely Handicapped or Dying Persons: With Particular Reference to Infants.

Two philosophies of deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons are commonly used. The first is "disease-oriented" which places death in the extreme negative position. The second is "person-oriented" which regards some kinds of severely compromised living as worse than death. The first philosophy is convenient for the development and the use of medical technology but its unbridled application commonly dehumanizes patients and aggravates suffering. The second philosophy may protect persons from the indignities of pointless treatment or the cruelties of disease. But its use in some respects is illegal and may be unwise; also, in caring for infants, children, and incompetent adults, the second philosophy creates special problems since the patient himself cannot participate in decision-making. In deciding which philosophy to follow in a given situation we believe the patient (when able), the sorrowing family, and the concerned physician are the best judges. Since these persons vary widely, they must be entrusted with more freedom to change or to ignore commonly accepted principles if the values of patients and families in the many unique situations of living, illness, and dying are to be protected. We believe with few exceptions that these persons are now worthy of this trust and with experience they would use it with growing wisdom.
A novel two site frequency reuse plan

A novel two site frequency reuse plan is described. This plan can offer better interference protection level than that of 4/spl times/3 as a result of optimal frequency allocation to cell sites, further sectorisation and use of antenna beamshaping. Detailed C/I analysis is presented. The effect of practical issues, such as irregular site locations, inaccurate antenna bearings and lognormal shadowing, on C/I performance of this plan is addressed.
Le groupe surréaliste de Bucarest entre Paris et Bruxelles, 1945-1947 : une page d’histoire

Resume : Le conflit qui eut lieu en 1947, par voie epistolaire et a coup d’expositions, entre—d’une part—le groupe surrealiste de Bucarest et le peintre surrealiste bruxellois, Rene Magritte, et—d’autre part—celui-ci et Andre Breton, chef de file du groupe surrealiste de Paris, est considere ici comme revelateur d’une des multiples tensions qui ont traverse le mouvement surrealiste international. Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, par l’affrontement de sensibilites divergentes et de rhetoriques fort marquees, ce bref episode temoigne d’un des moments les plus nevralgiques de l’histoire europeenne. En reconstituant cet episode a partir du groupe bucarestois, encore peu connu, l’article le presente aux lecteurs. Mots-cles : Surrealisme, Infra-Noir, Gherasim Luca, Paul Paun, Victor Brauner, Seconde guerre mondiale, Andre Breton, Rene Magritte, amentalisme, 1947 Abstract: The conflict waged in 1947, through letters and exhibitions, between the surrealist group of Bucharest and the Belgian surrealist painter, Rene Magritte on the one hand, and, on the other, Magritte and Andre Breton, the leading figure of the French surrealist group, is being considered here as typical of the multiplicity of tensions that traversed the international surrealist movement. In the aftermath of the second world war, this conflict bears witness, through the confrontation of divergent sensibilities and strong rhetoric, to one of the most nevralgic moments of European history. By reconstituting this episode from the position of the little-known Bucharest group, the article introduces it to the readers. Key words: Surrealism, Gherasim Luca, Paul Paun, Victor Brauner, World War II, Andre Breton, Rene Magritte, Amentalism, 1947
Novel composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antennas

In this paper several novel composite right/left-handed (CRLH) leaky-wave (LW) antennas are discussed. In each of the four cases both left-handed and right-handed properties of the structure allow the designers to achieve extraordinary phenomena. The first antenna is a CRLH LW antenna that can perform radiation angle scanning along with beamwidth controlling at a fixed frequency by using varactor diodes. The second antenna is a LW array antenna that can perform 2-D frequency-controlled beam-steering. Next, we discuss a common-/differential-mode LW antenna which can operate in a left-handed (LH) mode under differential-mode operation. On the other hand, the common-mode is in the cut-off region of this antenna which makes it well suitable for integrated mixer application. The next structure is a conformal CRLH LW antenna that has been dispersion engineered to perform similar radiation characteristics as a planar version in terms of the radiation beamwidth. Finally we discuss two active CRLH LW antennas, one is used for beam-shaping and the there one is a integrated CRLH LW antenna with distributed amplifier (DA).
Trends in Special Libraries: Observations Based on Conference Content

ABSTRACTThe annual conference of the Special Libraries Association (SLA) provides an opportunity to observe trends in special libraries emerging, continuing, and fading. This column analyzes the program of the SLA 2015 conference held in Boston June 14–16, 2015, and compares it to the programs of previous SLA conferences. Prior analyses and observations of SLA conferences are discussed. Emerging trends noted at the 2015 conference include data management and analysis, print collections, laboratory safety, and prospect research. Consulting, outsourcing, strategic alignment, open access, digitization, institutional repositories, and taxonomies have maintained a prominent presence at SLA conferences over the years. The column closes by calling for more research on and analysis of the content of SLA and other conferences attended by special librarians to capture trends not yet appearing in the journal literature.
Substance abuse: Practice implications

Abstract The incidence of substance abuse and practice implications are reviewed. Variables that might be altered to prevent abuse among clients are discussed. The manuscript reviews the following effective treatment paradigms: school and peer environment, home and family, community movements, and business and industry in terms of how they can be employed to prevent substance abuse. The manuscript concludes with an elucidation of what must be done to reduce substance abuse in America.
Model lead and radiometric ages from the Churchill Province, Canadian Shield

Abstract The isotopic composition of primary lead has been determined in 11 galenas and 26 feldspars from the Churchill Province, Canada. Samples were collected from a triangular area bounded by La Ronge, Saskatchewan, Lake Wollaston, Saskatchewan and Flin Flon, Manitoba. The galena lead model ages are consistent around 2030 m.y. assuming a closed system isotopio evolution for their lead and 4550 m.y. as the age of the earth. The least radiogenic lead from feldspars gives model ages similar to the galena ages, while others are more radiogenic and give anomalously younger ages even after correction for in situ uranium decay. The Pb 208 Pb 204 ratios of the galenas and the least radiogenic feldspars are indistinguishable. Rb-Sr ages determined on whole rocks and potassium feldspars from pegmatites and whole rocks give an isochron age of 1846 ± 60 m.y. This is probably the time of the formation of the galena ore bodies also. Feldspars from a belt of metamorphic rocks of possible pre-Hudsonian age contain lead with aberrant model ages, which are mostly much younger than the ages of the galenas and other feldspars. The difference between the radiometric and model ages seen in this area is of the same sign, but lesser magnitude than the difference found in the 2720 m.y. old rocks of the Superior Province in Canada. On the other hand, ores and rocks younger than 1400 m.y. generally have model ages less than radiometric ages. These observations cast doubt on the validity of closed system evolution models for common lead.
“Black” images, African American identities: Corporate cultural projection in the “songs of my people”

By creating a vision of African American progress and success, Songs of My People,1 produced by African American editors, masks for its mass audience the organized agency of white racism. The legitimation of a positive dominant racial narrative embedded in “black” images is the aim of this successful act of “black” cultural projection. The published catalogue and exhibition succeeded because of the images’ broad popular appeal to both African Americans who were relieved to be recognized as artists and art subjects, and to a mainly European American mainstream audience relieved to see African Americans portrayed as non‐threatening to whiteness. Time Warner's sponsorship of Songs of My People was implemented by a professional African American cultural agent whose job it was to provide the funding and infrastructural interface between corporate elites, African American artists, and mass markets for “black” commodities. With the resources made available, that cultural agent transformed the simple project of p...
Extended finite element method for three-dimensional crack modelling

An extended finite element method (X-FEM) for three-dimensional crack modelling is described. A discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip displacement fields are added to the finite element approximation to account for the crack using the notion of partition of unity. This enables the domain to be modelled by finite elements with no explicit meshing of the crack surfaces. Computational geometry issues associated with the representation of the crack and the enrichment of the finite element approximation are discussed. Stress intensity factors (SIFs) for planar three-dimensional cracks are presented, which are found to be in good agreement with benchmark solutions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of air pollution from copper smelters on a desert grassland community

Abstract The effects of copper smelter effluents on a desert grassland plant community were investigated by soil analyses for trace elements and pH, and quantitative sampling of vegetation. Along transects away from the smelter soil copper and pH decreased and plant species diversity increased. Application of a bioassay technique confirmed that toxic conditions existed in surface soils near the smelters.
Initial characterization of the ferric H175G cytochrome c peroxidase cavity mutant using magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy: phosphate from the buffer as an axial ligand

Abstract Electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) data are reported for the H175G cavity mutant of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (H175G CCP) in its ligand-free ferric state at 4 °C under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.9). Initial analysis of the MCD spectrum of this state suggested a five-coordinate structure with ligation by an aspartate or glutamate. However, examination of the crystal structure of wild-type CCP revealed no plausible carboxylate-containing amino-acid residues close enough to the heme iron to serve as the ligand. An alternative interpretation of the MCD data is that the phosphate ion from the buffer is bound to the ferric heme iron. A phosphate group is similar in electronic character to a carboxylate and could give an MCD signal similar to that of a carboxylate-bound heme. Phosphate coordination to the ferric heme iron, albeit trans to imidazole, has recently been seen in a 2.0-A-resolution crystal structure of imidazole-bound ferric H175G CCP in phosphate buffer [Biochemistry 40 (5) (2001) 1265]. To investigate the validity of phosphate ligation, the pH 5.9 species in the 100 mM phosphate buffer was exchanged into the pH 5.9, 100 mM MES (2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid) buffer. The MCD spectrum of the species in the MES buffer was spectrally distinct from that in the phosphate buffer, indicating that the original spectrum depends on the presence of a phosphate ion. We conclude that in the phosphate buffer, the exogenous ligand-free ferric state of the H175G CCP cavity mutant is actually coordinated by a phosphate ion from the buffer.
Integer matrices with constraints on leading partial row and column sums

Consider the problem of finding an integer matrix that satisfies given constraints on its leading partial row and column sums. For the case in which the specified constraints are merely bounds on each such sum, an integer linear programming formulation is shown to have a totally unimodular constraint matrix. This proves the polynomial-time solvability of this case. In another version of the problem, one seeks a zero-one matrix with prescribed row and column sums, subject to certain near-equality constraints, namely, that all leading partial row (respectively, column) sums up through a given column (respectively, row) are within unity of each other. This case admits a polynomial reduction to the preceding case, and an equivalent reformulation as a maximum-flow problem. The results are developed in a context that relates these two problems to consistent matrix rounding.
Gene rearrangement analysis in lymphoid neoplasia.

Abstract Current uses for gene rearrangement analysis in clinical dermatology are listed in Table 3. This technique is useful for determining the existence of clonal populations within a background of polyclonal lymphoid cells; 73'74 therefore, it is helpful in the diagnosis and staging of patients with CTCL and PTCL. 9'75 Although dual genotypes do occur, this technique is usually capable of determining lineage in a clonal lymphoid infiltrate 9'76'77 and elucidating and characterizing the etiopathogenesis of certain neoplasms. 78'79 On the basis of this review of the literature and our own experience, we conclude that gene rearrangement analysis shows great promise for monitoring response to therapy and detecting progression or relapse in patients with CTCL and PTCL. With the recent technology of PCR, it is possible to amplify specific sequences of DNA, detect molecular alterations in individual malignant T cells, and even identify exogenous retroviral gene sequences in tissues of patients with CTCL. 80 Although gene rearrangement analysis has supported or established the clonal nature of lymphomatoid papulosis, pre-Sezary syndrome, granulomatous slack skin syndrome, and follicular mucinosis, the clinical significance of these findings is not yet clear. In the case of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and its benign counterpart, B-cell pseudolymphoma, further investigation will be needed to determine the clinical significance of clonal rearrangements.
Dirac R -matrix method for the calculation of x-ray line polarization

We have developed a method within the Dirac $R$-matrix theory to calculate x-ray line polarization resulting from electron-impact excitation to excited-state magnetic sublevels of complex ions. We apply this method to the excitation of two well-known x-ray lines of Fe XVII, $3C$ $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.015\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$ and $3D$ $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.262\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$. We find strong resonance effects which contribute to complicated energy dependence in the polarization. Our results show large differences, up to 30% or more, from earlier theoretical work, and thus provide a stimulus for direct experimental measurement of the $3C$ and $3D$ line polarizations and further theoretical studies.
A high resolution monochromator for undulator radiation

Abstract A compact high resolution monochromator for undulator radiation in the 20–1000 eV energy range is described. The instrument can be programmed to operate in either the on-blaze mode of Kunz, Haensel and Sonntag or the virtual-source mode of Petersen et al., as used in the SX 700. High transmission is achieved by using only two plane and one ellipsoidal reflecting surface. A relatively small plane grating is employed. Silicon carbide mirrors, cold baffles and temperature control are definite possibilities to handle heat load and carbon buildup. The design has been facilitated by ray tracing with a Monte Carlo source distribution, which simulates the characteristics and depth of an undulator.
The electronic spectra and the H‐bonding pattern of the sulfur and selenium substituted guanines

The density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP, M05-2x, and M06-2x functionals, along with the 6-311+G(d, p) basis set, were used in the study of the UV absorption spectra and the H-bonding pairing patterns of the sulfur and selenium substituted guanines. The time-dependent DFT calculations reveal that the red-shifts of the transition energies predicted for guanine for the first gas-phase observable transition amount to 55 nm for S6mG and 86 nm for Se6mG, respectively. These changes in the transition energies are qualitatively comparable to the experimental data for substituted guanines in DNA. The density deformation map reveals that both sulfur and selenium atoms exhibit lesser conjugated with the purine ring, which leads to the small transition energies in S6mG and Se6mG. The decrease in binding energy (3 kcal/mol) of Se6mGmC as compared to that of mGmC is well related to the observation of the melting temperature difference ΔT(m) ~3.9 °C for the Se-DNA versus DNA. The molecular recognition (mGmC pairing) pattern is found to be changed significantly due to the replacement of O6 by S or Se. The substantial base-base plane twisting revealed in this study suggests that the base stacking in the DNA might be interrupted. This study shows that the red-shifts of the transition energies predicted by the M05-2x and M06-2x functionals are close to those revealed by the B3LYP calculations. As M05-2x and M06-2x offer better descriptions for the dispersion interactions, they provide efficient approaches to investigate the influences of the base-stacking on the transition energies.
Role of surface chemistry and topology of chemoselectively tailored embossed films on shear adhesion

Surface topology has been shown to play a crucial role in the adhesive ability of gecko-inspired, embossed films. Herein, we report the use of Pattern Replication In Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) to design micro- and nano-embossed films in order to explore the relationship between surface chemistry, feature size, feature geometry, and shear adhesion. Ketone-containing elastomers were synthesized from various amounts of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate. Due to the presence of the ketone, elastomer functionalization was demonstrated with various oxyamine-, hydrazine-, and hydrazide-terminated ligands. Films were also shown to be non-cytotoxic for future applications in biomedically related fields. This system may allow for the design of flexible adhesives that can be selectively tailored for a range of applications.
Thermodynamics of borate ester formation by three readily grafted carbohydrates

Abstract Borate ester association constants for d - glycero - d - gulo -heptonamide ( 1 ), N -methyl- d -glucamine ( 2 ), and disorbitylamine ( 3 ) were derived from 11 B NMR observations. Significant electrostatic effects were observed in the formation of borate esters with the ammonium derivative ( 2 ). 11 B NMR studies of 3 were consistent with the simultaneous formation of intramolecular tetradentate borate diesters and oligomeric chains of 3 connected by intermolecular borate diesters. The process enthalpies for formation of borate monoesters and diesters with 1 are Δ H 1 °=−37.2±4.9 kJ/mol and Δ H 2 °=−19.6±2.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The corresponding process entropies are Δ S 1 °=−51±17 J/mol/K and Δ S 2 °=−28±8 J/mol/K.
Exploring different automata representations for efficient regular expression matching on GPUs

Regular expression matching is a central task in several networking (and search) applications and has been accelerated on a variety of parallel architectures. All solutions are based on finite automata (either in deterministic or non-deterministic form), and mostly focus on effective memory representations for such automata. Recently, a handful of work has proposed efficient regular expression matching designs for GPUs; however, most of them aim at achieving good performance on small datasets. Nowadays, practical solutions must support the increased size and complexity of real world datasets. In this work, we explore the deployment and optimization of different GPU designs of regular expression matching engines, focusing on large datasets containing a large number of complex patterns.
Relationships among Anxious Symptomatology, Anxiety Sensitivity and Laboratory Pain Responsivity in Children

Existing laboratory‐based research in adult samples has suggested that anxiety sensitivity (AS) increases an individual's propensity to experience pain‐related anxiety, which in turn enhances pain responsivity. Such relationships have not been examined in younger populations. Thus, the present study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a conceptual model in which AS would evidence an indirect relationship with pain intensity via its contribution to state‐specific anticipatory anxiety in relation to a variety of laboratory pain tasks (cold pressor, thermal heat, and pressure pain) in 234 healthy children (116 girls; mean age = 12.6 years, range = 8–18 years). The model further hypothesized that existing anxious symptomatology would demonstrate a direct relationship with pain intensity. Results of the SEM supported the proposed conceptual model with the total indirect effect of AS accounting for 29% of the variance in laboratory pain intensity via its effects on pain‐related anticipatory anxiety....
Organisational dilemmas and workplace solutions

Organisations face unprecedented pressures to do more, and better, with less. To prosper, organisations must reduce capital and operating costs and increase flexibility and adaptability, while creating a workplace that helps attract and retain the highest quality of staff and enables them to work to their fullest potential. This paper reports on a recent study of how different types of office solutions, from closed offices and cubicles to team‐oriented bullpens, influence communication patterns, and how these, in turn, affect work effectiveness factors such as decision speed, organisational learning and the building of trust. The findings suggest that, contrary to conventional wisdom, more open team‐oriented environments support work effectiveness of individuals and teams better than do more closed environments such as cubicles. They do this while reducing cost and increasing flexibility. Implications for office planning and design are discussed.
Critiquing Critiques Another Word on the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

In 1974 the results of widely publicized police experiment, the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (KCPPE), were released. The experiment generated considerable dialogue among police practitioners and researchers alike, who debated such issues as the policy implications of the research findings and the methods employed for obtaining those findings. This author was one of several who wrote critiques of the KCPPE. In a recent issue of Evaluation Review, an article critiquing my critique was published. This note represents my response to that article.
Enhanced quality control in continuous flow processes

Abstract The research described in this paper evaluates the implementation of a new method of quality control in continuous flow processes. Specifically, the kalman filter is introduced as a technique which is not dependent upon the traditional assumption of independent data. The application, utilization, and evaluation of the kalman filter for small order processes (specifically, AR(2)) are provided. Small scaled prototypes indicate that initial results are promising and should be the basis of future research endeavors.
Towards a compiler for a constraint language

For many engineering tasks, constraints are a useful knowledge representation formalism to specify functional relationships. In this paper, we describe a programming language based on constraints which, unlike former approaches, enables us to handle sets of possible values (rather than single values) and to filter them until consistent subsets are obtained that satisfy the constraints.As, e.g., in technical systems, the constraint relations are of different complexity, structure, and applicability, several ways to describe a relation are provided. Different control strategies are available, computing local consistency as well as globally consistent solutions. It is sketched how to realize a compiler for the language, which optimizes constraint descriptions during definition time. As a result, combinatorial explosion can be reduced, depending on the number of variables used in a constraint description.CONSAT is used in several applications, for example, in a system for process diagnosis [Voss 1988], where constraints are applied to maintain functional relationships in physical units. For this purpose, CONSAT was incorporated into the hybrid knowledge representation system BABYLON in order to use constraints together with rules, frames, and Prolog [Guesgen et al. 1987].
Alternative methods for ocular toxicology testing: validation, applications and troubleshooting

Introduction: Humanitarian concern, scientific progress and legislative action have lead to the development, validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative in vitro ocular models. However, to date not a single in vitro alternative ocular toxicity test has been validated as a full replacement for the in vivo Draize rabbit eye test for all classes of chemicals across whole irritancy ranges. Since the 1990s, ocular alternative methods have been validated but few have been accepted for regulatory purposes. These assays include: organotypic models, such as the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, the isolated chicken eye (ICE) test method and cell function-based in vitro assays, such as the cytosensor microphysiometer (CM) and the fluorescein leakage (FL) test methods. Some refinements to in vivo testing methods have been accepted by regulatory agencies, including humane endpoints to avoid or minimize pain and distress. Areas covered: The authors provide a review of the background, protoc...
Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha induce differential processing of the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Abstract The capacity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) to induce internalization and degradation of the EGF receptor was compared in NIH-3T3 cells expressing the human EGF receptor. This study was initiated following the observation that TGF-alpha was much less efficient relative to EGF in generating a Mr=125,000 aminoterminally truncated degradation product from the mature EGF receptor (EGF-dependent generation of this degradation product is described in S.J. Decker, J. Biol. Chem., 264:17641–17644). Pulse-chase experiments revealed that EGF generally stimulated EGF receptor degradation to a greater extent than TGF-alpha. Both ligands induced EGF receptor internalization to similar degrees. However, recovery of [125I]-EGF binding following incubation with EGF or TGF-alpha was much faster for TGF-alpha treated cells. Recovery of [125I]-EGF binding after TGF-alpha treatment did not appear to require protein synthesis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor from cells treated with TGF-alpha decreased more rapidly following removal of TGF-alpha compared to cells treated similarly with EGF. These data suggest that EGF routes the EGF receptor directly to a degradative pathway, whereas TGF-alpha allows receptor recylcing prior to degradation, and that tyrosine phosphorylation could play a role in this differential receptor processing.
Perioperative adjuncts in endoscopic skull base surgery

The field of endoscopic skull base surgery has rapidly evolved in the past decade and is now an accepted treatment modality for a variety of pathologies in the sinonasal cavities and anterior skull base. Inherent to the development of the field are a variety of technologies and surgical adjuncts that are utilized during various aspects of the surgeries. Understanding the indications, utility and limitations of these adjuncts is critical to the endoscopic skull base surgeon. Additionally important is a discussion of the process with which new surgical devices are integrated into clinical practice. The current article discusses this process in general terms and explores the role of stereotactic navigation, fluorescein, powered instrumentation and lumbar drainage in endoscopic skull base surgery.
Developmental osteology of Sciaenops ocellatus and Cynoscion nebulosus (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), economically important sciaenids from the western Atlantic

The adult skeleton in members of the economically important Sciaenidae is well documented, but information on earlier developmental stages is sparse and often focused on a particular character complex. To generate information on skeletal development in sciaenid fishes, we investigated the ontogeny of the entire skeleton in the western Atlantic Sciaenops ocellatus (Red drum) and Cynoscion nebulosus (Spotted seatrout), which are the focus of successful captive rearing programmes within the southern United States. Development of the skeleton (excluding the basisphenoid and sclerotic bones) is complete in S. ocellatus and C. nebulosus at 14.4 mm SL and 13.5 mm SL, respectively. The basisphenoid did not appear until later in development (21.9 mm SL in S. ocellatus and 19.5 mm SL in C. nebulosus), while the sclerotic bones are not present in the material examined. No major differences are identified between the ossification sequences compiled for each species. Cynoscion nebulosus exhibited variation in the presence/absence of two elements, supraneural 1 and the coronomeckelian. Lastly, we compile and compare available information on skeletal development across members of the Sciaenidae and compare the sequence of ossification compiled for S. ocellatus to that available for Danio rerio and Salminus brasiliensis (entire skeleton), and Chanos chanos (cranium only).
Diophantine inequalities in function fields

This paper develops the Bentkus-Gotze-Freeman variant of the DavenportHeilbronn method for function fields in order to count Fq[t]-solutions to diagonal Diophantine inequalities in Fq((1/t)).
RADIOGRAPHIC RESTORATION OF LUMBAR ALIGNMENT AFTER TRANSFORAMINAL LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION

Objective Restoration of lumbar lordosis is a critical factor in long-term success after lumbar fusions. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a popular surgical technique in the lumbar spine, but few data exist on change in spinal alignment after the procedure. Methods Eighty patients who underwent TLIF surgery were retrospectively reviewed (minimum follow-up period, 2 years). Standing x-rays were assessed for changes in focal and segmental kyphosis, and restoration of lumbar lordosis. Improvement in spondylolisthesis, sagittal balance, and scoliosis were also assessed. Fusion was assessed as well. Results Eighty operations were performed at 107 levels. Mean presenting lumbar Cobb angle measurement (L1-S1) was 36.3 +/- 4.5 degrees (range, 12-77 degrees). Forty patients (50%) had sagittal imbalance. Mean postoperative Cobb angle (L1-S1) was 55.1 +/- 6.6. Thirty-three of 36 patients with segmental kyphosis (92%) had restoration of lordosis. Improvement in alignment was most prominent at the surgical level (mean increase in lordosis, 20.2 +/- 4.2 degrees). The improvement in lumbar lordosis among patients undergoing multilevel TLIFs (27.3 +/- 3.4 degrees) was significantly higher compared with patients undergoing single-level operations (17.4 +/- 4.4) (Student's t test, P = 0.0004). Thirty of the 40 patients with sagittal imbalance (75%) achieved immediate restoration of normal sagittal balance. The ability to restore normal sagittal balance was correlated with a sagittal imbalance of less than 10 cm (P = 0.0001). Spondylolisthesis was completely corrected at the TLIF site in 90 of 99 levels (91%). Three patients (4%) required reoperation, 2 for implant disengagement and 1 for worsening kyphoscoliosis above the original surgical levels. Two of the 80 patients had pseudoarthrosis; hence, the rate of pseudoarthrosis was 2.5%. Conclusion The TLIF operation is highly effective in improving spinal alignment in patients with degenerative spinal disorders when the appropriate surgical technique is implemented.
A combined remote Raman and fluorescence spectrometer system for detecting inorganic and biological materials

We have developed a combined remote telescopic Raman and laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) spectrograph with 532 nm pulsed laser excitation and a gated CCD detector. With this system, we have measured time-resolved Raman and LINF spectral measurements at 9 m with 10-ns time resolution. A comparison of Raman spectra of calcite crystal and that of chicken eggshell show that the CaCO 3 in the chicken eggshell is arranged in a calcite structure. The strong LINF band in the spectrum of the calcite crystal has lifetime longer than 1 μs, whereas the lifetime of LINF bands of the eggshell are in 10's of nano-sec (ns). The time-resolved Raman spectra of tomato and poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrimum ) green leaves show resonance Raman features of carotenes. The time-resolved remote LINF spectrum of ruby crystals, and LINF spectra of tomato and poinsettia green leaves yield information that the LINF lifetime of ruby lines is much longer (in milliseconds (ms)) as compared with the fluorescence lifetime of the tomato and the poinsettia leaves (in 10s of ns). These results show that it will be possible to discriminate between inorganic and biogenic materials on the basis of LINF lifetimes even with 8 nano-sec laser pulses and gated detection.