cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated extension and education program to reduce mastitis and antimicrobial use

A critical, and often unrecognized, obstacle to implementation of mastitis control practices in many dairy herds is the behavior and attitude of farmers and employees. Additionally, increasing reliance on hired labor in the US dairy industry raises concerns with communication, training, and protocol compliance. The Quality Milk Alliance is a 5-year, USDA-NIFA funded project that seeks to reduce mastitis prevalence and antimicrobial drug use on dairy farms. This will be accomplished by the development of a team-building approach to address social and communication barriers to adoption of mastitis control practices. To that end, the first aim of the project used a combination of a mailed survey and focus group meetings to determine existing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about mastitis control and antimicrobial use on dairy farms, as well as potential barriers to adopting and complying with herd protocols.
A survey of barriers to screening for oral cancer among rural Black Americans.

Objective Research documents a disparity between Black and White Americans in mortality for oral cancer that appears to result in part from behaviors such as lower oral cancer screening among Black Americans. We examined barriers to oral cancer screening among Black Americans. Methods We surveyed Black Americans (N = 366) living in rural Florida to identify barriers to getting screened for oral cancer. Results Low knowledge/social attention, lack of resources, and fear/defensive avoidance predicted screening intentions, with lack of resources emerging as the largest barrier. Participants also reported that a recommendation from their provider was most likely to increase screening intentions, whereas encountering financial barriers was most likely to decrease screening intentions. Conclusions Low knowledge/social attention, lack of resources, and fear/defensive avoidance emerged as independent barriers to oral cancer screening, with the latter two barriers accounting for the most variance in intentions to get screened. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thematic Awareness and Recall of Information from Text.

In a repeated-measures experimental design,28 college students read and lateranswered questions about specific pieces ofinformation in 2 sets of 4 fictitiousbiographical passages that differed in terms ofthe presence of thematic connections (withtheme or without theme). As hypothesized, thestudents recalled more items from the theme setthan the non-theme set. The positive effect ofthematic connections was strongest for thestudents who exhibited some awareness of theme. In other words, the students who selected thetheme set as the easiest recalled more thanthose who chose the non-theme set as easiest. The students who picked the theme set aseasiest were also more accurate in theirprediction estimates of their theme set recall. Student explanations for why one story set waseasier than the other were predominantly Storyexplanations (referring to characteristics ofthe story) and Order explanations (referring tofactors influenced by set order). Studentsgave different explanations depending on whichstory set they picked as easiest. As expected,the students who picked the non-theme set aseasiest gave relatively few Story explanations. The students reported different patterns ofstrategy use depending upon whether or not theyswitched strategies for the different storysets.
The role of object primitives in natural language processing

A computer program, OPUS, is described which uses a set of Object Primitives to represent knowledge of physical objects and provide an organizing structure for associative memory. OPUS applies this representational system to the problem of analyzing natural language sentences dealing with objects.
Prolonged Survival of Thymoma-bearing Mice after Vaccination with a Soluble Protein Antigen Entrapped in Liposomes: A Model Study

Abstract EG7-OVA cells are mouse thymoma ELA cells stably transfected with the complementary DNA of chicken ovalbumin (OVA) and thus express OVA epitopes as a unique antigen. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific to OVA can be elicited by immunization of mice with OVA osmotically loaded into syngeneic splenocytes or entrapped in liposomes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes thus induced can specifically cytolyse the EG7-OVA cells in vitro in an antigen-specific and major histocompatibility complex-restricted manner. In the present study, we have examined in this model system whether immunization with liposomal OVA can protect mice against tumors induced by EG7-OVA cells. Vaccination with OVA either entrapped in liposomes or osmotically loaded in the syngeneic splenocytes prolonged the survival of mice which had been challenged with EG7-OVA cells, but not those mice challenged with the parent EL4 cells. The antitumor effect was attributed to the induced OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, since other forms of acquired immunity such as interaction of tumor cells with specific antibody could not be detected. Our results demonstrate that immunization with antigen incorporated in liposomes could be a useful means of inducing a protective antitumor response.
Extraction of a weak phase from B → D ( * ) π

To observe CP-violating asymmetries through the interference of a weaker amplitude with a stronger one in ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays, one must collect enough events that the intensity associated with the weaker amplitude would be statistically significant. We show that, provided the weaker amplitude is measured separately in ${B}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decays, the time-integrated approach requires around $2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8} B\overline{B}$ pairs for measurements of the weak phase $\mathrm{sin}(2\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})$ with an uncertainty of $0.05$ or better. We also determine the optimal conditions for precise $2\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ measurements and discuss the possibilities for resolving a discrete ambiguity.
Comment on `Footprint Analysis: A Closed Analytical Solution Based on Height-Dependent Profiles of Wind Speed and Eddy Viscosity'

Here D y is the crosswind-integrated vertical concentration distribution within a plume downwind of a unit-strength surface point-source, x and z are the streamwise and vertical coordinates, z is the mean plume height, U is the plume advection speed, and A and b are constants dependent on the value of the exponent r as defined in H97/99. HG99 note that the G83 formulation for r causes the footprint model to violate a fundamental constraint on the streamwise integral of the flux footprint and conclude that it should therefore not be used. HG99 subsequently propose a footprint model that is based on a power–law wind profile and that identically satisfies the constraint. It should be noted that this author was cognizant of the inconsistencies in the H97/99 model highlighted by HG99, and in fact the quantitative consequences were discussed briefly in those papers. However, that issue was considered to be not of sufficient interest to warrant detailed discussion in the literature. It will be shown that the errors caused by the inconsistencies are less than 5% and are therefore negligible compared to other sources of uncertainty in the application of surface-source diffusion and flux-footprint models to the real world, such as the applicability of empirical Monin–Obukhov (MO) surface-flux-layer similarity
Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Angiography generally refers to any imaging method that can visualize blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a class of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques that create blood vessel images. During the past decade, there has been a tremendous amount of development and refinement in MRA techniques, making MRA a powerful tool in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. In most of the cases, MRA techniques are applied noninvasively, without the use of ionizing radiation. The inherent advantages of MR imaging (noninvasive, flow sensitive, high soft tissue contrast, and flexible imaging approaches) make it ideally suited to the study of the vasculature in almost any part of the human body. MRA presents a wide spectrum of techniques for the study of flowing blood: different methods for high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, velocity sensitization, flow quantification, and visualizing pulsatility. This article addresses the basic principles of MRA and describes its applications.
Autism and Interactional Aspects of Dialogue

Little research has been done to explore differences in the interactional aspects of dialogue between children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and those with typical development (TD). Quantifying the differences could aid in diagnosing ASD, understanding its nature, and better understanding the mechanisms of dialogue processing. In this paper, we report on a study of dialogues with children with ASD and TD. We find that the two groups differ substantially in how long they pause before speaking, and their use of fillers, acknowledgments, and discourse markers.
An Economic Analysis of Teenage Fertility

. The relationship between the probability of a teenage birth and various independent variables representing fecundity, attitudes, resources, and the economic opportunities for a sample of teenage females drawn from the 1980 census is examined. A theoretical framework, based on Becker's model, is employed to describe the birth-decision process and tested using a logit technique. The findings suggest that receipt of public assistance income and perceived economic opportunities are more important in explaining fertility probabilities among older (18–19 years old) teenagers. Among younger teens, accessibility to family planning and abortion services, and religious attitudes toward family planning ate more important predictors of fertility.
Antecedents of open source software defects: A data mining approach to model formulation, validation and testing

This paper develops tests and validates a model for the antecedents of open source software (OSS) defects, using Data and Text Mining. The public archives of OSS projects are used to access historical data on over 5,000 active and mature OSS projects. Using domain knowledge and exploratory analysis, a wide range of variables is identified from the process, product, resource, and end-user characteristics of a project to ensure that the model is robust and considers all aspects of the system. Multiple Data Mining techniques are used to refine the model and data is enriched by the use of Text Mining for knowledge discovery from qualitative information. The study demonstrates the suitability of Data Mining and Text Mining for model building. Results indicate that project type, end-user activity, process quality, team size and project popularity have a significant impact on the defect density of operational OSS projects. Since many organizations, both for profit and not for profit, are beginning to use Open Source Software as an economic alternative to commercial software, these results can be used in the process of deciding what software can be reasonably maintained by an organization.
Changes in Cytoplasmic Volume Are Sufficient to Drive Spindle Scaling

The mitotic spindle must function in cell types that vary greatly in size, and its dimensions scale with the rapid, reductive cell divisions that accompany early stages of development. The mechanism responsible for this scaling is unclear, because uncoupling cell size from a developmental or cellular context has proven experimentally challenging. We combined microfluidic technology with Xenopus egg extracts to characterize spindle assembly within discrete, geometrically defined volumes of cytoplasm. Reductions in cytoplasmic volume, rather than developmental cues or changes in cell shape, were sufficient to recapitulate spindle scaling observed in Xenopus embryos. Thus, mechanisms extrinsic to the spindle, specifically a limiting pool of cytoplasmic component(s), play a major role in determining spindle size.
George Tenet and the Last Great Days of the CIA

George Tenet served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1997 to 2004, an intense period spanning the administrations of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and covering the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Few other central intelligence directors have served for so long, so energetically, or amid so much controversy. This profile examines the steep trajectory of Tenet’s career, his response to the al-Qaeda threat, the role he played during the invasion of Iraq, and the eventual reorganization of the nation’s intelligence community. It describes a public servant caught between the warring factions of the White House decision-making process, his own agency’s intelligence priorities, and, ultimately, his own conscience.
Nutrition Considerations in the Neonatal Extracorporeal Life Support Patient

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a type of heart-lung bypass commonly used to support neonates with life-threatening respiratory or cardiac failure. These patients are among the most critically ill patients in the neonatal intensive care unit and are at significant nutritional risk. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature regarding guidelines for nutrition support of the neonatal ECLS patient. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the indications, techniques, and complications of ECLS and to address the approach to nutrition support of these patients. Emphasis will be placed on issues unique to the neonatal ECLS patient.
2-Keto acids based biosynthesis pathways for renewable fuels and chemicals

Global energy and environmental concerns have driven the development of biological chemical production from renewable sources. Biological processes using microorganisms are efficient and have been traditionally utilized to convert biomass (i.e., glucose) to useful chemicals such as amino acids. To produce desired fuels and chemicals with high yield and rate, metabolic pathways have been enhanced and expanded with metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. 2-Keto acids, which are key intermediates in amino acid biosynthesis, can be converted to a wide range of chemicals. 2-Keto acid pathways were engineered in previous research efforts and these studies demonstrated that 2-keto acid pathways have high potential for novel metabolic routes with high productivity. In this review, we discuss recently developed 2-keto acid-based pathways.
Elastic deformation of thick, laminated composite shells

Abstract A rigorous theory is derived which governs the linearly elastic deformation of shells made of laminated composite materials, including shear deformation and rotary inertia effects. The equations presented are applicable to static and dynamic problems for shells of arbitrary curvature, but constant thickness. Non-principal shell coordinates (α,β) are used in order that shells with initial twist ( R αβ ≠ ∞) may be straightforwardly accommodated. Equations of motion, boundary conditions and energy functionals are given for laminates with arbitrary fiber stacking sequences. An accurate theory is developed based upon the assumptions that terms containing ζ 2 / R i R j ( i , j = α , β ) are small in comparison with unity, where ζ is the thickness coordinate, and R α and R β are radii of curvature. A more simple but less accurate theory is also given, corresponding to ζ / R i ⪡ 1 ( i = α , β ). Shallow shell theories are obtained by setting the Lame parameters equal to unity and using projected planform coordinates ( x,y ) in place of the shell coordinates (α, β). Further simplification to a Donnell-type shallow shell theory is also made.
Relationship between NP GCL Internal and HDPE GMX/NP GCL Interface Shear Strengths

An investigation was conducted on the relationship between the internal shear strength of hydrated needle-punched (NP) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) and the interface shear strength between hydrated NP GCLs (nonwoven side) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) textured geomembranes (GMXs). New large-scale direct shear data are presented and compared to previous results obtained using similar materials and procedures. The data indicate that both GCLs and GMX/GCL interfaces display large postpeak strength reduction, even at high normal stress. Peak and large-displacement failure envelopes are nonlinear; except for the GCL internal residual strength envelope, which passes through the origin and has a friction angle of 4.8°. GMX/GCL interfaces can be expected to have lower peak strengths and higher large-displacement strengths than GCL internal shear specimens. However, the failure mode for GMX/GCL specimens can change from interface shear to GCL internal shear as normal stress increases. Design for peak strength conditions should be based on the lowest peak strength interface in a liner system, and design for large displacement conditions should be on the basis of the residual strength of the same interface.
Stability and thermodynamics of polyuridylic acid-deoxyadenosine complexes in aqueous neutral salt solutions.

Using the thermodynamic analysis and methodology of Hill (Biopolymers, 12, 257 (1973)) for the treatment of optical thermal transition data the effects of various neutral salt additives on the stability and thermodynamics of the poly U–deoxyadenosine interactions that lead to the formation of triple-stranded helical polymer–monomer complexes have been studied. In order of increasing molar effectiveness as polyU–deoxyadenosine complex stability perturbants (pH 7 and in the presence of 1 M NaCl), the various ions may be ranked: SO4−2 < Cl− < Br− < ClO4−; and (CH3)4 N+ < Li+ < Rb+ ∼ Na+ < K+ < (CH3 CH2)4 N+ < urea < Guan+ ∼ (CH3(CH2)2)4 N+. Destabilizing neutral salt additives (e.g., NaClO4) caused a decrease in the absolute magnitude of the apparent enthalpy and entropy of binding relative to the values determined in the presence of NaCl. By contrast, stabilizing additives (e.g., Na2 SO4) had the opposite effect on these parameters. Along a melting curve the apparent differential heat of complex formation calculated for the binding of deoxyadenosine to poly U in 1 M NaCl appeared to vary linearly with θ, the extent of fractional binding. For such a linear dependence it can be shown that the integral heat (usually determined calorimetrically) equals the differential heat at θ = 0.5. Correcting the apparent differential heat calculated at θ = 0.5 for ligand activity resulted in values for the integral heat of binding of deoxyadenosine to poly U in 1 M NaCl of −13 to −16 kcal/mol. Binding isotherms determined in the presence of different inorganic electrolytes could be superimposed provided that different temperatures were compared. However, the additive (CH3)4NCl, which has been shown to interact preferentially with A-T rich regions of DNA (Shapiro, Stannard, and Felsenfeld, Biochemistry, 8, 3233 (1969)) resulted in a considerably broadened binding isotherm indicating less cooperativity.
Characterization of interstitial oxygen striations in silicon single crystals

Oxygen precipitation occurs along growth striations in Czochralski-grown (CZ) silicon single crystal. Interstitial oxygen (Oi) striations in various CZ and horizontal magnetic field Czochralski-grown (HMCZ) silicon single crystals were studied with a micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) mapping system. These striations were found in most crystals. The Oi profiles were irregular but their periods and heights were about 0.8 mm and 0.2 × 1017 atoms/cm3 except for several cases. Subsequently, oxygen microprecipitation was investigated for various conditions of thermal treatment. It was found that homogeneous nucleation was inferred to be operative in CZ and HMCZ crystals.
A General Physiological and Toxicokinetic (GPAT) Model for Simulating Complex Toluene Exposure Scenarios in Humans.

Realistic simulation of environmental exposure scenarios requires dynamic methods in which exposures and human activities vary continuously as a function of time. Simulation of such complex scenarios is, with conventional physiologically based methods, a complex and programming-intensive task. The goal of the present effort was to simplify this task by combining a commercially available general whole-body human physiological model (QCP2004) with a slightly extended physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model from the literature. The QCP2004 model is a differential equation-based model similar to PBTK models except that normal organ function is simulated and the body organs are appropriately interlinked. Here QCP2004 provided estimates of physiological parameters required by the PBTK model. These were updated as the model was iteratively executed appropriate to the varying activity of the human subject. The combined general physiological model and the PBTK model was called a general physiological and ...
Impacts of tree rows on grassland birds and potential nest predators: a removal experiment.

Globally, grasslands and the wildlife that inhabit them are widely imperiled. Encroachment by shrubs and trees has widely impacted grasslands in the past 150 years. In North America, most grassland birds avoid nesting near woody vegetation. Because woody vegetation fragments grasslands and potential nest predator diversity and abundance is often greater along wooded edge and grassland transitions, we measured the impacts of removing rows of trees and shrubs that intersected grasslands on potential nest predators and the three most abundant grassland bird species (Henslow’s sparrow [Ammodramus henslowii], Eastern meadowlark [Sturnella magna], and bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus]) at sites in Wisconsin, U.S.A. We monitored 3 control and 3 treatment sites, for 1 yr prior to and 3 yr after tree row removal at the treatment sites. Grassland bird densities increased (2–4 times for bobolink and Henslow’s sparrow) and nesting densities increased (all 3 species) in the removal areas compared to control areas. After removals, Henslow’s sparrows nested within ≤50 m of the treatment area, where they did not occur when tree rows were present. Most dramatically, activity by woodland-associated predators nearly ceased (nine-fold decrease for raccoon [Procyon lotor]) at the removals and grassland predators increased (up to 27 times activity for thirteen-lined ground squirrel [Ictidomys tridecemlineatus]). Nest success did not increase, likely reflecting the increase in grassland predators. However, more nests were attempted by all 3 species (175 versus 116) and the number of successful nests for bobolinks and Henslow’s sparrows increased. Because of gains in habitat, increased use by birds, greater production of young, and the effective removal of woodland-associated predators, tree row removal, where appropriate based on the predator community, can be a beneficial management action for conserving grassland birds and improving fragmented and degraded grassland ecosystems.
Smugglers’ blues: Airport drug investigations

This article examines the Fourth Amendment problems inherent in detaining and searching commercial air travelers for smuggled drugs. Considered are problems involving the drug courier’s profile, the levels of encounters involved in the investigations, and canine sniffs of luggage.
Error analysis of Raman differential absorption lidar ozone measurements in ice clouds

A formalism for the error treatment of lidar ozone measurements with the Raman differential absorption lidar technique is presented. In the presence of clouds wavelength-dependent multiple scattering and cloud-particle extinction are the main sources of systematic errors in ozone measurements and necessitate a correction of the measured ozone profiles. Model calculations are performed to describe the influence of cirrus and polar stratospheric clouds on the ozone. It is found that it is sufficient to account for cloud-particle scattering and Rayleigh scattering in and above the cloud; boundary-layer aerosols and the atmospheric column below the cloud can be neglected for the ozone correction. Furthermore, if the extinction coefficient of the cloud is ≳0.1 km-1, the effect in the cloud is proportional to the effective particle extinction and to a particle correction function determined in the limit of negligible molecular scattering. The particle correction function depends on the scattering behavior of the cloud particles, the cloud geometric structure, and the lidar system parameters. Because of the differential extinction of light that has undergone one or more small-angle scattering processes within the cloud, the cloud effect on ozone extends to altitudes above the cloud. The various influencing parameters imply that the particle-related ozone correction has to be calculated for each individual measurement. Examples of ozone measurements in cirrus clouds are discussed.
Cognition and neuropathology in schizophrenia.

Clinical, neuropsychological and neuropathological avenues of research have advanced in concert to increase our understanding of schizophrenia. Progress in four general areas of investigation will be reviewed: (i) fronto-temporal-limbic dysfunction; (ii) abnormal connectivity or ‘miswiring’; (iii) aberrant neurodevelopment; and (iv) neurodegeneration and neural injury. The challenge for post-mortem research is to identify the molecular pathways in which abnormalities culminate in the highly diverse features of the disorder. Candidate pathways must be able to account for the developmental and deteriorative clinical profiles and the global and focal neuropsychological deficits, as well as the various patho-anatomical abnormalities that indicate aberrant cytoarchitecture and connectivity in the absence of neurodegeneration or other obvious evidence of postmaturational neural injury.
Postvagal Potentiation of the Chronotropic Effect of Norepinephrine

AbstractFollowing termination of vagal stimulation, heart rate increases above control (postvagal tachycardia). This phenomenon has been attributed to vagally mediated release of norepinephrine in the sinus node region, although other contributory factors may be important. The possibility that, during the postvagal period, the chronotropic efficacy of norepinephrine is enhanced was investigated. Mongrel dogs (N = 6) were pretreated with reserpine in order to minimize postvagal tachycardia and hence allow reliable detection of enhanced responsiveness to norepinephrine. The dogs were then anesthetized with chloralose, autonomically decentralized, and instrumented to record electrocardiogram, aortic blood pressure, and electrograms from right atrium and right ventricle. Thirty-, forty-, or sixty-second infusions of norepinephrine were administered via the sinus node artery. The mean cycle length decrease produced by norepinephrine alone was 95 msec (which corresponds to a heart rate increase of +19.6 bpm). A...
Insulin acts as a somatomedin analog in stimulating myoblast growth in serum-free medium.

A serum-free medium that supports the proliferation of myoblasts (but not of fibroblasts) has been developed recently in this laboratory. It is composed of 10−6 M insulin, 10−7 M dexamethasone, and 10−5 M fetuin, and is designated medium MM-1. The latter two components gave optimal stimulation at or near “physiological” concentrations, but insulin was required at levels far in excess of those found in serum. Accordingly, we have now investigated the possibility that insulin acts as a week analog of the somatomedins, as has been suggested in other systems. We found that maximal growth rates were observed when 10−6 M insulin was replaced by 0.5 to 1.0 μg/ml multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), indicating that insulin serves a somatomedinlike function of MM-1. We also investigated the possibility that a contaminant of fetuin is responsible for its action in MM-1 but found no evidence to support this suggestion. We conclude that MM-1 is suitable for the study of muscle cell growth and differentiation under rather well-defined conditions, and that insulin probably is serving as a somatomedin analog in this medium.
Characterization of the solar light field within the ocean mesopelagic zone based on radiative transfer simulations

Abstract The solar light field within the ocean from the sea surface to the bottom of the mesopelagic zone was simulated with a radiative transfer model that accounts for the presence of inelastic radiative processes associated with Raman scattering by water molecules, fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and fluorescence of chlorophyll-a contained in phytoplankton. The simulation results provide a comprehensive characterization of the ambient light field and apparent optical properties (AOPs) across the entire visible spectral range within the depth range 200–1000 m of the entire mesopelagic zone for varying chlorophyll-a concentration and seawater optical properties in the mixed surface layer of the ocean. With increasing depth in the mesopelagic zone, the solar irradiance is reduced by ~9–10 orders of magnitude and exhibits a major spectral maximum in the blue, typically centered around a light wavelength of 475 nm. In the green and red spectral regions, the light levels are significantly lower but still important owing to local generation of photons via inelastic processes, mostly Raman scattering and to a lesser extent CDOM fluorescence. The Raman scattering produces a distinct secondary maximum in irradiance spectra centered around 565 nm. Comparisons of our results with light produced by the radioactive decay of the unstable potassium isotope contained in sea salt (40K) indicates that the solar irradiance dominates over the 40K-produced irradiance within the majority of the mesopelagic zone for most scenarios considered in our simulations. The angular distribution of radiance indicates the dominance of downward propagation of light in the blue and approach to uniform distribution in the red throughout the mesopelagic zone. Below the approximate depth range 400–500 m, the shape of the angular distribution is nearly invariant with increasing depth in the green and red and varies weakly in the blue. The AOPs at any light wavelength also assume nearly constant values within the deeper portion of the mesopelagic zone. These results indicate that the mesopelagic light field reaches a nearly-asymptotic regime at depths exceeding ~400–500 m.
Can the chemistry of otolith nuclei determine population structure of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides

Otolith nucleus chemistry resolved the population structure of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, an exclusively marine species, along the Patagonian Shelf and North Scotia Ridge out to South Georgia in the Southern Ocean. Concentrations of 55 Mn, 88 Sr and 137 Ba, ratioed to 42 Ca, showed a sharp population boundary in the vicinity of the Polar Front, between South Georgia and the North Scotia·Ridge. These results validated otolith nucleus chemistry as a technique for examining population structure in Patagonian toothfish, demonstrating that otolith nucleus chemistry can discriminate between populations even in fully marine environments. Moreover, the nucleus chemistry indicated population heterogeneity not previously detected, suggesting the possibility of more than one South American population, and also suggested some South American-caught fish had moved from South Georgia.
Development of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in mice fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC)

Male strain A/J mice were exposed, 6 h a day, 5 days a week for 5 months to a mixture of 89% cigarette sidestream and 11% cigarette mainstream smoke and then allowed to recover for another 4 months in air. The animals were fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) at a concentration of 1% in AIN-93G diet either during smoke exposure, following smoke exposure or during the entire 9 months. At the end of the experiment, the incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors were determined. In a positive control experiment, strain A/J mice were injected with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and fed a diet containing 1% BBIC; these animals were killed 5 months later. It was found that in the animals treated with MCA, BBIC decreased lung tumor multiplicities, whereas in the smoke exposed mice, BBIC did not modulate lung tumor development.
An incommensurate-commensurate phase transformation in antiferroelectric tin-modified lead zirconate titanate

Antiferroelectric tin-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZST), with 42 at. % Sn and 4 at. % Ti, were studied by hot- and cold-stage transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques. The previously reported tetragonal antiferroelectric state is shown to be an incommensurate orthohombic state. Observations revealed the existence of incommensurate 1/x 〈110〉 superlattice reflections below the temperature of the dielectric maximum. The modulation wavelength for this incommensurate structure was found to be metastably locked-in near and below room temperature. An incommensurate-commensurate orthorhombic antiferroelectric transformation was then observed at lower temperatures. However, an intermediate condition was observed over a relatively wide temperature range which was characterized by an intergrowth of 〈110〉 structural modulations, which was strongly diffuse along the 〈110〉. These structural observations were correlated with dispersion in the dielectric properties in the same temperature range. No previous reports of an incommensurate orthorhombic antiferroelectric state or an incommensurate-commensurate orthorhombic antiferroelectric transformation are known to exist.
Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease

We recently reported 50% decreases in mRNA levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded cytochrome oxidase (COX) subunits I and III in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. The decreases were observed in an association neocortical region (midtemporal cortex) affected in AD, but not in the primary motor cortex unaffected in AD. To investigate whether the decreases are specific to mtDNA-encoded mRNA, we extended this analysis to nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded subunits of mitochondrial enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Brains from five AD patients showed 50-60% decreases in mRNA levels of nDNA-encoded subunit IV of COX and the beta-subunit of the F0F1-ATP synthase in midtemporal cortex compared with mRNA levels from midtemporal cortex of control brains. In contrast, these mRNAs were not reduced in primary motor cortices of the AD brains. The amount of nDNA-encoded beta-actin mRNA and the amount of 28S rRNA were not altered in either region of the AD brain. The results suggest that coordinated decreases in expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes occur in association cortex of AD brains and are a consequence of reduced neuronal activity and downregulation of OXPHOS machinery.
Molecular ejection from low temperature sulfur by keV ions

Abstract Experimental results on the molecular species ejected from condensed S 8 at low temperatures by 10–60 keV H + , He + , N + , Ne + , Ar + , Kr + , and Xe + are presented. Net erosion rates and mass and energy spectra of the ejected species were measured. The net surface erosion rate measured at 15 K was found to exhibit two distinct regimes. For the heavier ions starting with N + the sputtering yield increased linearly with the collisional energy deposited at the surface. For incident keV H + the sputtering yield was determined by electronic excitations and when combined with MeV He + data exhibited a roughly quadratic dependence on the electronic stopping power. For keV He + the expected contributions to the yield from electronic and collisional energy deposition were comparable. The mass spectra for the ejected sulfur species S i , i = 1–8, by incident 34 keV Ne + , Ar + , Kr + and Xe + showed that, whereas the overall yield was nearly linear in the energy deposited at the surface, the relative yields of each molecular species varied from linear for the smallest, S 1 and S 2 , to nearly quadratic for S 8 , S 4 was the only exception to this trend. Its dependence on the surface deposited energy was also nearly quadratic indicating that it came predominantly from vibrationally dissociated S 8 . Correcting the mass spectrometer signal to account for various instrumental sensitivities, we found that ∼ 66% of the total yield corresponded to S 2 ejection. The ejected molecule energy spectrum for S 1 had the usual 1/ E 2 dependence at higher energies (∼ 1 eV) associated with the linear cascade model but S 2 , S 3 , and S 5 fell off more rapidly with increasing energy. These results are compared to previous measurements of sulfur sputtering and discussed in terms of current ideas concerning the sputtering of monatomic and multicomponent targets.
Exercise to Reduce Obesity in SCI

Obesity and obesity-related secondary complications represent highly prevalent health hazards among adults with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Obesity commonly accompanies a positive energy balance resulting from unique postinjury physiology and attenuated utilization of dietary and body fat by a diminished body muscle mass. Accumulation of body fat disposes persons with SCI to accelerated endocrine and cardiovascular diseases, as well as pain, functional decline, and diminished life satisfaction. Its health consequences are more serious in persons with SCI and more difficult to reverse, making primary prevention an important goal for persons living with SCI. Exercise is a widely recognized and effective countermeasure for obesity in persons without disability. In many cases, voluntary and involuntary exercise can also be used to improve energy balance and reduce obesity-related health hazards after SCI, although special guidelines are required for selection of exercise mode and intensities. This monograph ...
Ceruloplasmin receptors in liver cell suspensions are limited to the endothelium.

The interaction of ceruloplasmin (CP) with isolated liver cell suspensions was studied using 125I-labeled and latex minibead-derivatized CP. Fractionation of liver cell suspensions was done using metrizamide gradient centrifugation. In crude liver cell suspensions only endothelial cells, but not hepatocytes and Kupffer cells bound the minibead probe. The binding was specific and inhibited by excess native CP. These results were confirmed using 125I-CP combined with cell fractionation technique. Kinetic data, obtained from the latter system, indicated a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 × 10−7 M and the number of receptors to be 5.7 × 105 per endothelial cell. The exclusive binding of CP to liver endothelium suggests that this cell may mediate the hepatocytes uptake of CP and is, therefore, a crucial element of the tissue-blood barrier.
Taste threshold determination and side-preference in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

The taste thresholds of caged cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, citric acid, and sucrose were studied using two-choice taste-preference tests. The effects of location on the threshold were tested by putting the flavored solution in either the preferred or non-preferred locations (i.e. sides of cages) and offering water in the opposite location. Four parameters (total consumption, consumption from preferred side, consumption from non-preferred side, and proportion of test solution consumed) were measured at the end of 3-day test periods. Experiments were repeated with increasing concentration of test flavors until intake variables were significantly (p<0.05) affected. The results showed that birds distinguished (p<0.05) between purified water and 0.16 mol l(-1) sodium chloride, 0.36 mol l(-1) sucrose, or pH 5.5 citric acid. The likelihood of detecting a taste threshold was greater for sodium chloride and citric acid when these solutions were placed on the preferred side. In contrast, sucrose sensitivity was greater when this solution was offered on the non-preferred side.
Evidence that Par-4 Participates in the Pathogenesis of HIV Encephalitis

Progressive neuronal degeneration in brain regions involved in learning and memory processes is a common occurrence in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We now report that levels of Par-4, a protein recently linked to neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease, are increased in neurons in hippocampus of human patients with HIV encephalitis and in monkeys infected with a chimeric strain of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. Par-4 levels increased rapidly in cultured hippocampal neurons following exposure to the neurotoxic HIV-1 protein Tat, and treatment of the cultures with a Par-4 antisense oligonucleotide protected the neurons against Tat-induced apoptosis. Additional findings show that Par-4 participates at an early stage of Tat-induced neuronal apoptosis before caspase activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our data suggest that Par-4 may be a mediator of neuronal apoptosis in HIV encephalitis and that therapeutic approaches targeting the Par-4 apoptotic cascade may prove beneficial in preventing neuronal degeneration and associated dementia in patients infected with HIV-1.
Upregulation of CD44s in c-sis-transformed balb/c 3T3 cells by autocrine growth factor mechanisms, including PDGF

Regulation of CD44s by the c-sis oncogene product was investigated. Both CD44s protein and mRNA were comparably upregulated, consistent with some degree of transcriptional regulation; its ligand binding was also activated in confluent but not in sparse cultures of sis-transformed Balb/c 3T3 cells. CD44s was also elevated in confluent cultures of parental 3T3 cells treated with conditioned media from confluent c-sis transformants (but not from 3T3 cells); these media (but not media from ras transformants or parental 3T3 cells) contained platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-immunoreactive material. CD44s upregulation by these media could be partially blocked by anti-PDGF antibodies. These media also induced activation via tyrosine autophosphorylation and activation-dependent downregulation of PDGF beta-receptors. sis-transformed 3T3 cells contained low levels of PDGF receptor, but CD44 levels could still be increased in these cells by addition of PDGF. These results suggest that CD44s is upregulated in confluent cultures of c-sis-transformed cells by autocrine growth factors, including PDGF, secreted into the cell's microenvironment.
An integrated approach to reliability assessment, maintenance and life cycle costs in the National Grid Company

The National Grid Company (NGC) owns and operates the high voltage (400 and 275 kV) transmission system in England and Wales. Among the conditions for the successful application of technology in a modern organisation are the following: sensitivity to trends in the total business environment; commitment to change and the contribution of technology; close cross-functional integration; and, a focus on customer needs. It follows that the contribution that technology can make should be considered to be at least as important as the other more traditional areas of business management. For NGC, these considerations present a significant challenge. It is necessary to ensure that the maintenance and asset replacement strategies developed are based on a thorough understanding of the behaviour and performance of the plant involved. This paper describes some of the techniques that are being used within NGC to meet this challenge.
Icing in Induction Systems

THE history of carburettor icing dates back over 20 years. The earliest report which we have is a paper published in 1920 by S. W. Sparrow, then of the National Bureau of Standards, in which he described the phenomenon and pointed out that many unexplained aeroplane crashes almost certainly could be attributed to this cause. He described the icing action as giving the pilot' the impression that: “A demon was operating the throttles.”
Hydropower: Dimensions of social and environmental coexistence

Abstract Hydropower came into the energy matrix as a consequence of a sequence of technological innovations in the late 19th C. Rapidly expanding electricity demand turned hydropower in numerous countries into an “energy bridge”. The rise of public awareness of environmental issues of the early 1970s put hydropower into a coexistence mode. This narrowed public acceptance of hydropower as an energy source and reduced significantly its role in the energy matrix in numerous states. In the academic literature it was downgraded as a major energy source, and the sector attended the technical aspects professionally, but the decision makers treated the dam-site and reservoir area population with woeful neglect. This aspect is addressed to restore balance to hydro-project studies. News reports about select specific cases are presented as examples to address this complex issue. Hydropower continues to serve as “energy bridge” in many parts of the world, but in most countries it can only provide a fraction of the total electricity needs. Its coexistence with other electricity sources plays a major role in environmental protection. It has to be noted that irrigation projects, urban water supply systems, flood control installations and recreational dams fail to articulate comparable disfavor noted for hydropower. Hydropower projects are notable imprints upon the landscape. Agricultural land uses are by far the most extensive of all, and these are indisputably essential. Balance in analysis should guide needed initial analysis throughout. Contemporary hydropower projects and those under construction include environmentally sensitive technical improvements to minimize the project's environmental impact.
Visualization of a Ran-GTP Gradient in Interphase and Mitotic Xenopus Egg Extracts

The small guanosine triphosphatase Ran is loaded with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the chromatin-bound guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 and releases import cargoes in the nucleus during interphase. In mitosis, Ran-GTP promotes spindle assembly around chromosomes by locally discharging cargoes that regulate microtubule dynamics and organization. We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors to visualize gradients of Ran-GTP and liberated cargoes around chromosomes in mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. Both gradients were required to assemble and maintain spindle structure. During interphase, Ran-GTP was highly enriched in the nucleoplasm, and a steep concentration difference between nuclear and cytoplasmic Ran-GTP was established, providing evidence for a Ran-GTP gradient surrounding chromosomes throughout the cell cycle.