cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of photoacid structure on the performance of 193-nm resists

The impact of photoacid generator (PAG) structure has been largely ignored for 193 nm single layer resists. Most published work to date has involved the use of triflic or metallic (antimonate or arsenate) photoacids. Many PAGs used in DUV (248 nm) resists are inefficient when formulated with (non-phenolic) polymers used in 193-nm resists, presumably due to the lack of electron transfer sensitization. In this paper, we document the negative consequences of triflic acid on 193- nm resist performance, including data on acid volatility and the impact of apparent diffusion. Acid generators which combine high reactivity, low photoacid volatility, and improved resolution are described.
Initial experience with FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of breast cancer

Purpose We retrospectively reviewed FDG-PET/CT images in patients with breast cancer to determine whether PET/CT improved the level of diagnostic confidence as compared with PET and to compare PET/CT and CT findings at the location of suspected malignancies.
Velocity statistics in premixed turbulent flames

Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure velocity statistics in six unconfined v-shaped premixed ethylene/air turbulent flames with incident turbulence generated by grid or perforated plate. Also obtained were high speed schlieren movies of the turbulent flames. The results discussed include two components of mean and rms velocities, probability density functions, macroscales, and Reynolds stress. In most cases, turbulent intensities increase within the flame zone. This increase is attributed to the intermittent measurement of the flow velocities in the burned and unburned states as the thin flame sheet fluctuates about the stationary measurement point. Reynolds stress also increases in the flame zone, but its sign suggests removal of turbulent kinetic energy. Therefore, conventional gradient transport modeling would break down for these flames. The sign of the Reynolds stress is in qualitative agreement with contributions due to intermittent measurement of the turbulent components in the burned and unburned states. These results show that the intermittency effect is a major influence on turbulent statistics in premixed flames and should require careful consideration in numerical models.
Identifying left ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension.

The significance of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unknown. Our purpose was to quantify LV function in PH patients by measuring LV myocardial performance index (MPI) and correlating it with invasively determined hemodynamic variables. The authors prospectively measured LV MPI via transthoracic echocardiography in 50 patients with PH (53+/-11 years; 35 women) who also underwent right heart catheterization within 1 day of echocardiography. For comparative purposes, LV MPI was also measured in 15 healthy volunteers who served as controls. LV MPI was significantly increased in the PH group compared with controls (0.62+/-0.27 vs 0.36+/-0.08; P 0.75 predicted cardiac index <2 L/min/m(2) with 89% sensitivity and 78% specificity (area under the curve, 0.89). In a multivariate model, LV MPI was independently associated with cardiac index (P<.01). Patients with PH demonstrate abnormal LV function as quantified by elevated LV MPI, which correlates significantly with pulmonary vascular resistance and cardiac index.
Studies on human immunoglobulin G Fc sub-fragments. Structural requirements for biological expression

Abstract Sub-fragments of the Fc segment of normal human immunoglobulin G have been obtained by papain and pepsin hydrolysis. A comparative study of their physicochemical characteristics and biological activities has been conducted. Except for the Gm “1” allotypic marker, the pepsin sub-fragment, with a molecular weight of half that of Fc, retained none of the biological markers normally present on Fc; the smaller papain sub-fragment F'c was completely devoid of biological properties. The fact that Fc is composed of two rather symmetrical loops which are quite similar to the fragments studied, suggests that conformational integrity is required for biological activities such as complement binding and fixation to the skin.
Design of antireflection coatings for textured silicon solar cells

Abstract In this paper the design of a thin film coating to optimize the performance of a textured silicon solar cell is described. A ray optics approach is used to determine the reflection characteristics of texture cells with a two-layer thin film coating. A generalized expression for the external quantum efficiency in terms of the given internal quantum efficiency and the coating parameters is determined. The parameters of the thin film layers, the refractive indices and the thicknesses are determined so as to maximize the integrated cell response to an air mass 2 spectrum.
Prediction on Molten Steel End Temperature during Tapping in BOF Based on LS-SVM and PSO

A new molten steel end temperature prediction model is built employing LS-SVM. To seek the optimal parameters of regularization parameter γ and kernel parameter σ in LS-SVM, an PSO algorithm is also proposed. To test the proposed predictor, the prediction model is applied on practical data from Fujian Sangang steelmaking collected in 100t BOF, and the validation is carried on the performance of the prediction. The model overcomes the blindness and the burden in time consuming of cross validation method, and at the same time, inherits the strong learning ability from small sample and the characteristics of simple calculation of LS-SVM. In the LSSVM optimized by PSO test cases, the Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) and the Root Mean Squares Error (RMSE) are the lowest, and the Pearson Relative Coefficient (PRC) is the highest. The results suggest that the LS-SVM optimized by PSO model can be extended to end-point judgment applications in achieving greater forecasting accuracy and quality.
Rape as a Tactic of War: Social and Psychological Perspectives

For centuries, the rape of women has been used as a tactic of war to advance one group's political, economic, social, or religious position over another. Systematic mass rape devastates individual ...
Patterns of Organochlorine Contamination in Lake Trout from Wisconsin Waters of the Great Lakes

Abstract To investigate spatial and temporal patterns of organochlorine contamination in lake trout from Wisconsin waters of the Great Lakes, we examined laboratory contaminant analysis data of muscle tissue samples from Lake Michigan (n = 317) and Lake Superior (n = 53) fish. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordane, and dieldrin, reported as mg/kg wet weight in 620 mm to 640 mm mean length Lake Michigan lake trout, decreased over time. Mean total PCB concentration declined exponentially from 9.7 in 1975 to 1.9 in 1990. Total chlordane concentration declined 63 percent from 0.48 in 1983 to 0.18 in 1990, and dieldrin declined 52 percent during this same period, from 0.21 to 0.10. The bioaccumulation rate of PCBs is significantly lower for lake trout inhabiting Lake Michigan's midlake reef complex, compared to lake trout from the nearshore waters of western Lake Michigan. Organochlorine compound concentrations were greater in Lake Michigan lake trout than Lake Superior fish. Lake Superior lean lake trout and siscowet exhibited similar rates of PCB bioaccumulation despite major differences in muscle tissue lipid content between the two subspecies. The lack of a significant difference in the PCB bioaccumulation rates of lean trout and siscowet suggests that lipid content may not be an important factor influencing PCB bioaccumulation in lake trout, within the range of lipid concentrations observed. Relative concentrations of the various organochlorine contaminants found in lake trout were highly correlated, suggesting similar mass balance processes for these compounds. Evidence presented revealing spatial and temporal patterns of organochlorine contamination may be of value in reestablishing self-sustaining populations of lake trout in Lake Michigan.
Sustained off-resonance irradiation for collision-activated dissociation involving Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Collision-activated dissociation technique that emulates infrared multiphoton dissociation

A method for collision-activated dissociation (CAD) involving Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) is described. In conventional FTMS-CAD an ion is translationally excited by applying a short duration (< 500 μs) resonant electric field pulse. Subsequent inelastic collisions with a neutral target result in fragmentation. It is now shown that CAD can also be effected by application of a sustained (⩾ 500 ms) off-resonance (SORI) electric field pulse. The differences for CAD between “on-resonance” and “off-resonance” irradiation involve the maximum translational energy obtained by the ions, the time scale for excitation and the number of collisions effecting dissociation. SORI-CAD results in sequential activation of ions by multiple collisions of low (< 10 eV) kinetic energy ions with the target. As a consequence, only small increments of internal energy are transferred to the ion throughout the duration of the electric field pulse. This mode of activation is analogous to infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) by using low-power continuous wave (CW) CO2 lasers which allow the lowest energy decomposition pathway to be sampled. SORI-CAD is, likewise, a selective probe of the lowest energy decomposition pathway of ions. SORI-CAD of a number of model systems is described and potential applications of this new CAD method to chemical problems are discussed.
Stockwork tectonics in the Appalachian Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia

The northeast trending belts in the crystalline Appalachian Piedmont of South Carolina are discussed and related to a detailed study in northwestern South Carolina and to a reconnaissance study of the Piedmont along the South Carolina - Georgia border.
The Position of Women in Kpelle Society1

The Cajuns have never presented a strong case for recognition as Indians; they have been vehement in denying any connection with Negroes, but their desire was to be considered White or simply "Cajun." The society the Cajuns have created is modeled after the Upland South example the local White communities displayed. Cajuns developed no separate handicraft traditions, dress patterns, or language. As civil rights legislation struck down old barriers, the Cajuns were affected in two ways: (1) their children were forced to leave neighborhood Cajun schools and attend formerly White, now integrated schools; (2) local industry, trying to ease the shock of forced integrated hiring, began hiring Cajuns as non-Whites. The former action cost the Cajuns their main agencies of community solidarity and forced the Cajun children into schools from which they had been legally barred for some time. The latter allowed the Cajuns a degree of economic prosperity (and mobility) that had been denied them in their special status as woodsmen. New jobs opened up outside the Cajun area and young Cajuns have taken them at an increasing rate. At a slower, but growing pace, emigration has begun. The isolated community had afforded these people friendship, economic semiprosperity, and safety from accusing White eyes and legal discrimination. Civil rights legislation has provided the Cajuns with equal opportunities for prosperity and safety throughout the society. The old, isolated Cajun community can only offer traditional friendships. It is not enough to hold the Cajuns together. In the Cajun example I have briefly outlined here (and which I have presented in further detail, Stopp 1971, 1972), it is clear that dissolution is the immediate and ultimate result of destruction of the legal barriers that isolated these people. I contend that, in any isolated groups such as this, where no strong claim to a truly separate "racial" classification has been made or
Relationship between melanoma detection pattern and tumor thickness.

Background Melanoma tumor thickness remains the most important determinant of patient survival. Several large population-based studies have shown that full-body skin examinations (FBSE) improve melanoma mortality and others that FBSEs may detect melanomas at a thinner, more curable stage. Purpose To relate the detection method to lesion thickness at the time of diagnosis. Methods A retrospective chart review of all cases of biopsy-proven primary cutaneous melanomas diagnosed from 2000 to 2012 at the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Brooklyn NY was conducted. Data were collected in 2012–2013 and analyzed in 2013. Main outcome measures include lesion thickness stratified by method of detection and probabilities of detecting thin lesions per method (using cut-offs of in situ and 0.75 mm). Secondary outcomes include interaction between method and body site or lesion diameter. Results Sixty-three percent of melanomas were detected by FBSE and 59% of all melanomas were in situ. There was no statistically significant difference in thickness among the detection groups when a cut-off of in situ (Fisher's exact test, p =0.6148) or 0.75 mm was used ( p =0.8910). A majority of lesions on the back were found by FBSE (68%). Conclusions FBSE was not shown to detect melanomas at a thinner stage. Prospective studies are needed to analyze the utility and efficacy of FBSEs in clinical practice.
The Functional Form of the Emulsion Calibration Curve

The Federal Bureau of Mines has derived a mathematical expression for the emulsion calibration curve used in optical emission spectroscopy. Employing a two-step preliminary curve method, an approximation of the first derivative of the calibration curve is formed and integrated. The final equation is I = (1 + βS)−α where I is the line intensity, S is the transform that linearizes the preliminary curve, and α and β are constants.
Computational modeling and numerical methods for spatiotemporal calcium cycling in ventricular myocytes

Intracellular calcium (Ca) cycling dynamics in cardiac myocytes is regulated by a complex network of spatially distributed organelles, such as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), mitochondria, and myofibrils. In this study, we present a mathematical model of intracellular Ca cycling and numerical and computational methods for computer simulations. The model consists of a coupled Ca release unit (CRU) network, which includes a SR domain and a myoplasm domain. Each CRU contains 10 L-type Ca channels and 100 ryanodine receptor channels, with individual channels simulated stochastically using a varient of Gillespie’s method, modified here to handle time-dependent transition rates. Both the SR domain and the myoplasm domain in each CRU are modeled by 5x5x5 voxels to maintain proper Ca diffusion. Advanced numerical algorithms implemented on graphical processing units were used for fast computational simulations. For a myocyte containing 100x20x10 CRUs, a one-second heart time simulation takes about 10 minutes of machine time on a single NVIDIA Tesla C2050. Examples of simulated Ca cycling dynamics, such as Ca sparks, Ca waves, and Ca alternans, are shown.
Patterns of Tumor Recurrence and Guidelines for Followup After Nephron Sparing Surgery for Sporadic Renal Cell Carcinoma

AbstractPurpose: We delineated patterns of tumor recurrence and developed guidelines for followup after nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Before December 1994, 327 patients underwent nephron sparing surgery for sporadic localized renal cell carcinoma at our clinic. Mean postoperative followup was 55.6 months. The course and outcome for patients with postoperative recurrent renal cell carcinoma were reviewed in detail.Results: Renal cell carcinoma recurred after nephron sparing surgery in 38 patients (11.6%), including 13 (4.0%) who had local tumor recurrence with (7) or without (6) metastatic disease and 25 (7.6%) who had metastatic disease without local tumor recurrence. Recurrent renal cell carcinoma was detected by associated symptoms in 25 patients and by a followup chest x-ray or abdominal computerized tomography (CT) in 13. The respective incidences of postoperative local tumor recurrence and metastatic disease according to initial pathological tumor st...
The N-formyl peptide receptor: A model for the study of chemoattractant receptor structure and function

N-formyl peptides, such as fMet-Leu-Phe, are one of the most potent chemoattractants for phagocytic leukocytes. The interaction of N-formyl peptides with their specific cell surface receptors has been studied extensively and used as a model system for the characterization of G-protein-coupled signal transduction in phagocytes. The cloning of the N-formyl peptide receptor cDNA from several species and the identification of homologous genes have allowed detailed studies of structural and functional aspects of the receptor. Recent findings that the receptor is expressed in nonhematopoietic cells and that nonformylated peptides can activate the receptor suggest potentially novel functions and the existence of additional ligands for this receptor.
Backward probabilistic model of groundwater contamination in non-uniform and transient flow

Abstract Backward location and travel time probabilities, which provide information about the former location of contamination in an aquifer, can be used to identify unknown contamination sources. Backward location probability describes the possible upgradient positions of contamination at a known time in the past, and backward travel time probability describes the time required for contamination to travel from a known upgradient location to an observation point. These probabilities are related to adjoint states of resident concentration, and their governing equation is the adjoint of a forward contaminant transport model. Using adjoint theory to obtain the appropriate governing equation, we extend the backward probability model for conservative solutes to more general non-uniform and transient flow fields. In particular, we address three important extensions, spatially-varying porosity, transient flow and temporally-varying porosity, and internal distributed sources and sinks of solute and water. For the first time we learn that forward and backward location and travel time probabilities are not necessarily equivalent to adjoint states, but are related to them. The extensions are illustrated using a vertically-integrated groundwater model, creating transient flow by a step change in pumping and using areal recharge as an internal distributed source. Both the movement and spread of probabilities are affected. With internal sources of water, there are two interpretations of backward probability, depending on whether or not the source of water is also a source of solute. The results demonstrate how the backward probability model can be applied to other, perhaps more important, non-uniform and transient flow conditions, with time- and space-varying water storage, such as time-varying pumping or unsaturated (or saturated–unsaturated) flow and transport with spatially- and temporally-varying moisture content.
An Ethics Expertise for Clinical Ethics Consultation

The legitimacy of clinical ethics consultation is often implied to rest on the legitimacy of moral expertise. In turn, moral expertise seems subject to many serious critiques, the success of which implies that clinical ethics consultation is illegitimate. I explore a number of these critiques, and forward "ethics expertise," as distinct from "moral expertise," as a way of avoiding these critiques. I argue that "ethics expertise" succeeds in avoiding most of the critiques, captures what clinical ethics consultants might justifiably do, and expresses a subject matter which can be taught and assessed.
Translating the concept of suppressor/regulatory T cells to clinical applications

The in vivo expansion of suppressor/regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a desirable event in autoimmunity and transplantation. Here we summarize the general rules involved in antigen recognition by T cells and describe Tregs and their requirements, discussing different levels of immune intervention.
Real-Time Observation of Molecular Transport across Biological Membranes with Non-Linear Optical Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy

Molecular transport in biological systems occurs predominantly at the cellular membrane. Real-time observation of transport therefore demands a surface sensitive technique, capable of discriminating against an otherwise dominating bulk background signal. Towards this end, we have employed time-resolved second-harmonic scattering (SHS) to characterize the adsorption, as well as the transport efficiency and kinetics, of cationic dyes through living bacterial cells. SHS stems from a second-order non-linear optical response. In the presence of strong electric fields, coherent signal is produced whenever SHS-active molecules adsorb to surfaces or interfaces. For systems containing dual-surfaces, in close proximity, adsorption of SHS-active molecules to both sides results in coherent signal cancellation. Transport through membranes, as monitored by SHS, is characterized by a signal rise and decay directly proportional to the rates of adsorption and transport, respectively. The figure below depicts the dramatically different transport dynamics of malachite-green and crystal-violet in E.coli(mc4100). Both dyes rapidly transport through the outer membrane whereas only MG, well-known to stain even the outer coating of endospores, is observed to penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane. SHS results will be discussed and compared to complementary bright-field microscopy experiments.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Electron-impact coherence parameters for excitation of the 1P states in helium.

First-order many-body theory (FOMBT) has been used to calculate differential cross sections (DCS's) and electron-impact coherence parameters (EICP's) associated with excitation of the n/sup 1/P (n = 2,3) electronic states of helium for incident-electron energies in the range 22 eV less than or equal toEless than or equal to500 eV. The DCS's predicted by FOMBT agree reasonably well with the available experimental data and in the 50 eV less than or equal toEless than or equal to500 eV energy range, as well as, or better than, those predicted by any other theory. The EICP's predicted by R-matrix methods are found to agree better with the available experimental data in the threshold region (Eless than or equal to30 eV) than those predicted by FOMBT. However, in the intermediate-energy region, 50 eV less than or equal toEless than or equal to500 eV, FOMBT provides EICP results that are in semiquantitative agreement with the available data. Partial-wave decompositions of the parameter at various incident-electron energies show that the structure observed in this parameter is caused by interference among the free-electron partial waves and that the small-angle characteristics of this parameter are determined principally by low-l partial waves, i.e., by incident electrons with small-impactmore » parameters. Additional experimental measurements and results from more elaborate calculations at intermediate and large scattering angles and for intermediate and high incident-electron energies are needed to resolve a number of issues associated with the interpretation of the EICP's.« less
On Aubry-Maher sets

Abstract Let f be a two-dimensional area preserving twist map. For each irrational rotation number in a certain (nontrivial) interval, there is an f-invariant minimal set which preserves order with respect to that rotation number. For large nonlinearity these sets are, typically, Cantor sets and they are referred to as Aubry-Mather sets. We prove that under some assumptions these sets are ordered vertically according to ascending rotation number (“monotonicity”). Furthermore, if f satisfies certain conditions, the right hand points of the gaps in an irrational Cantor set lie on a single orbit (“single gap”) and diffusion through these Aubry-Mather sets can be understood as a limit of resonance overlaps (“convergence of turnstiles”). These conditions essentially establish the existence of a hyperbolic structure and limit the number of homoclinic minimizing orbits. Some other results along similar lines are given, such as the continuity at irrational rotation numbers of the Lyapunov exponent on Aubry-Mather sets.
DELPHI: Data E-platform for personalized population health

Recent studies recognize that health is influenced broadly by a multitude of factors of different types, including medical, genetic, environmental, social and behavioral factors. Developing successful health interventions therefore requires taking into account all these factors as well as the interactions between them. However, intervention designers have traditionally had access only to a very limited subset of health data (typically medical record data). Other health data, such as environmental or physical activity data, although already collected and stored, have been very difficult to access, since they are maintained by different providers and isolated in their own proprietary silos. This prevents physicians and intervention designers from acquiring a true overview of all factors influencing a condition and acting towards its prevention or cure. To solve this problem, we propose DELPHI: a platform allowing the integration of disparate health data into a single Whole Health Information Model (WHIM), providing a 360-degree view of an individual's health. DELPHI supports the integration of data and thus enables the design of applications and services that utilize the WHIM to offer the next generation of health services. In this paper, we describe DELPHI's architecture, outline the technical challenges encountered and describe an asthma management use case that will be enabled by DELPHI.
Effortful control and adaptive functioning of homeless children: Variable-focused and person-focused analyses

Abstract Homeless children show significant developmental delays across major domains of adaptation, yet research on protective processes that may contribute to resilient adaptation in this highly disadvantaged group of children is extremely rare. This study examined the role of effortful control for adaption in 58 homeless children, ages 5–6, during their transition to school. Effortful control skills were assessed using children's performance on four standard laboratory tasks. Adaptive functioning was assessed by teacher report of academic competence, peer competence, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Variable-focused and person-focused results indicate that effortful control may be an important marker of school readiness and resilience. Controlling for child IQ, parenting quality, and socio-demographic risks, effortful control emerged as the most significant predictor of all four salient developmental domains of adaptation as well as of resilient status of homeless children. Implications of these findings are discussed for future research and design of interventions.
Nonempirical generalized gradient approximation free-energy functional for orbital-free simulations

We report a purely nonempirical generalized gradient approximation for the noninteracting free energy functional of orbital-free density functional theory obtained via a novel constraint-based parametrization scheme. We use that functional to provide forces for finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulations in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime and demonstrate good-to-excellent agreement with reference Kohn-Sham calculations under WDM conditions at a minuscule fraction of the computational cost of corresponding orbital-based simulations.
T-Box Time in England

Abstract T-box genes encode DNA binding transcription factors known to regulate a wide variety of developmental processes during embryogenesis and are present in the genomes of all multicellular animals. Indeed, alongside other more familiar families of developmental regulators such as Hox, Sox, and Pax, T-box genes constitute one of the fundamental components of the universal metazoan "toolkit" of developmental genes. A recent meeting in Nottingham, England celebrated the first decade of T-box gene research and demonstrated just how much has been learned in the relatively short time since their discovery.
Neuroendocrine effects of L-tryptophan and dexamethasone.

An infusion of l-tryptophan was administered twice to five healthy male volunteers, once after pretreatment with dexamethasone 1 mg the previous evening and once after no dexamethasone. Cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone levels were measured, and the responses to l-tryptophan were compared with those seen after an infusion of l-threonine. l-tryptophan did not produce cortisol secretion after dexamethasone, but prolactin and growth hormone responses were noticed. The results demonstrate a stimulatory effect of l-tryptophan on prolactin and growth hormone secretion, and the former is facilitated by pretreatment with dexamethasone.
Distribution of left ventricular ejection fraction in angina patients with severe coronary artery disease not amenable to revascularization.

BackgroundAs the number of angina patients with severe coronary artery disease not amenable to revascularization increases, new therapies will be developed. How patients with depressed compared to normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) will respond to new therapies may differ.HypothesisWe
Dendrimer-based synthesis of Pt catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion

Abstract Well-defined platinum-based catalysts were prepared using fourth-generation hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as templates. Nanoparticles with an average of 40 Pt atoms and an average diameter of 1.5 nm were produced this way, and dispersed on a homemade sol–gel silica support. Different treatments were tested for the activation of the resulting catalyst, including heating in vacuum or in oxygen or hydrogen atmospheres. A combination of electron microscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and catalytic kinetic measurements were used to investigate the effect of those treatments on the decomposition and elimination of the material associated with the dendrimer and on the activity and selectivity of the resulting catalysts. Neither heating in vacuum nor burning with oxygen was deemed acceptable, because much graphitic material is deposited with the former treatment and metal oxidation is induced by the latter. Hydrogen pretreatments, on the other hand, lead to fairly active catalysts with high selectivity for the conversion of trans olefins to their cis counterparts.
Deriving analytical structure of a type-2 fuzzy PD/PI controller

In the past several years, research results on type- 2 fuzzy control have started to emerge in the literature. None of them, however, are concerned with mathematical input-output relationship of a type-2 fuzzy controller. Establishing such relationship is important as it will deepen our understanding of type- 2 fuzzy controller structures, how they function, and their advantages and drawbacks as compared to type-1 fuzzy controllers and conventional controllers (e.g., the PID controller). The availability of such structure will also lay a foundation for more rigorous theoretical analysis and design of type-2 fuzzy control systems. In this paper, we derive the mathematical input-output relation of a type-2 fuzzy PD (or PI) controller that has one of the simplest possible configurations - only two interval type-2 fuzzy sets for each input variables, four fuzzy rules with Zadeh AND operator, and four interval type-2 output fuzzy sets. We relate the resulting structure to conventional control theory and show that it actually is a PD (or PI) controller with the proportional and derivative (or integral) gains changing as the input variable values vary.
Instability of spikes in the presence of conservation laws

We show that spikes are unstable in a class of scalar reaction–diffusion equations coupled to a general conservation law. Our class includes the Keller–Segel model for chemotaxis, phase-field models and models for chemical reactions in closed chemical reactors.
Differences in the Housing Quality of White, Black, and Hispanic U.S. Elderly Households

Research has consistently linked minority status with the higher rates of housing problems found among elderly households. Given the projected increase in the relative size of Black and Hispanic elderly population groups, their housing needs are of particular interest to policymakers. Drawing on data from the American Housing Survey, this article assesses how the physical housing conditions of elderly (age 60+) White, Black, and Hispanic homeowners and renters differ and whether these differences persist after controlling for other relevant influences of housing quality. Black elderly households and to a lesser extent Hispanic elderly households were living in worse quality housing than White elderly households. Elderly Hispanic households were also living in overall better housing than elderly Black households. The findings argue for the targeting of elderly Black homeowners and renters and Hispanic owners as housing-deprived groups.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SUB-SCALE CBIO ION OPTICS SYSTEMS

An experimental study of a sub-scale carbon-based ion optics (CBIO) design proposed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is described. Perveance and crossover beamlet current limits, above and below which accelerator grid direct impingement currents rise, are documented over wide throttling ranges. Test data reported for assemblies with 1, 7, 19, and 37 aperture pairs suggest that gridlets containing only a small fraction of the total number of apertures in a full-sized optics system can be used to investigate the behavior of larger systems. A study of the effects of grid spacing on beamlet current-limit data that was performed using different types of mica spacers is also presented. Comparisons to numerical simulations suggest that the mica spacer that contained organic binder material changed dimensions slightly during testing. The second type of iso-mica, which is intended for high temperature service, was much more stable and better suited to the hotter test conditions that occur during operation at high specific impulse. In addition, results are presented that examine the onset of the electron backstreaming condition that can develop at the end of life (EOL) in some mission scenarios. Backstreaming voltage limits were measured for grid spacings that simulate their transient behavior and for accel holes with progressively larger accel diameters that simulate the effects of accel barrel erosion over life.
The expressive power of first-order topological languages

We consider the expressive power of the first-order structure 〈Ω, C〉 where Ω is either of two of different domains of extended regions in Euclidean space, and C(x,y) is the topological relation “Region x is in contact with region y.” We prove two main theorems: • Let P[Q] be the domain of bounded, non-empty, rational polyhedra in twoor threedimensional Euclidean space. A relation Γ over P[Q] is definable in the structure 〈P[Q], C〉 if and only if Γ is arithmetic and invariant under rational PL-homeomorphisms of the space to itself. We also extend this result to a number of other domains, including the domain of all polyhedra and the domain of semi-algebraic regions. • Let R be the space of bounded, non-empty, closed regular regions. in n-dimensional Euclidean space. Any analytical relation over lower-dimensional (i.e. empty interior) compact point sets that is invariant under homeomorphism is implicitly definable in the structure 〈R, C〉.
Inexpensive FM-CW Radar for Boundary-Layer Precipitation Studies

A vertically pointing C-band (5.8-GHz) frequency-modulated (FM) continuous-wave Doppler radar was developed for less than U.S. $6000, which can estimate the Doppler velocity power spectra from 20 to 300 m above the ground with a 5-m resolution. Three key design elements kept the costs low. First, the data acquisition system (DAS) commanded a direct digital synthesizer to start the FM sweep and then collected all voltage samples. This architecture insured phase coherence between the transmit FM sweep and the sampled voltages, which is critical for the Doppler processing that detects target phase changes over several successive FM sweeps. Second, a 5-m range resolution was achieved by increasing the FM bandwidth to over 36 MHz and decreasing the DAS sample rate to 500 kHz, enabling the use of an inexpensive DAS. Third, the Doppler processing at each range was achieved using two fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), i.e., a range FFT converted FM sweep voltages into in-phase and quadrature voltages I and Q at each range, and a Doppler FFT converted I and Q voltages from consecutive sweeps into the Doppler velocity power spectra. Observations show precipitation variability at 1-s and 5-m resolutions in the lowest 300 m of the atmosphere.
Grain‐Boundary Migration in LiF: II, Microstructural Characteristics

Discontinuous recrystallization experiments were used to examine relationships between grain morphology, displacement uniformity, and mobility characteristics in LiF. Irregular migration behavior is attributed to alternate solute breakaway and reattachment occurring erratically around a grain. The results suggest (1) growth occurs such that morphology is continually or periodically smoothed, and (2) a relatively wide transition temperature range exists within which most boundaries migrate at both high- and low-V extremes. Mechanisms based on substantial variations in Fmax and in the subboundary segregant account for the local breakaway and attachment. Variation in the interaction energy resulting from misorientation differences is suggested as an important source of variability.
Carbon nanotubes for stem cell control

In the past decade, two major advancements have transformed the world of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine—stem cells and carbon nano-dimensional materials. In the past, stem cell therapy seemed like it may present a cure for all medical ailments, but problems arose (i.e., immune system clearance, control of differentiation in the body, etc.) that have hindered progress. But, with the synergy of carbon nano-dimensional materials, researchers have been able to overcome these tissue engineering and regenerative medicine obstacles and have begun developing treatments for strokes, bone failure, cardiovascular disease, and many other conditions. Here, we briefly review research involving carbon nanotubes which are relevant to the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field with a special emphasis on carbon nanotube applications for stem cell delivery, drug delivery applications, and their use as improved medical devices.
Variability of laboratory procedures and results in geoarchaeology

Many laboratory techniques are available to geoarchaeologists to determine physical or chemical attributes of sediment or soil samples, and several techniques are often available for analysis of a single attribute. This is illustrated by analyzing duplicate sediment and soil samples from the British Camp Site (Washington) and Lubbock Lake Site (Texas) using two methods for organic carbon content, two methods for organic matter content, and three methods for calcium carbonate content, and several pretreatment procedures for particle-size analysis. These comparisons illustrate that different methods of analysis for the same property of duplicate samples can yield different results. Therefore, when making comparisons with data from other sites or other investigators, the types of laboratory methods used in geoarchaeological analyses are important considerations. Choice of a particular technique will depend on a variety of factors, often conflicting, including the archaeological and geoarchaeological questions being asked, the physical and chemical nature of the samples, and the accuracy, efficiency, and cost of the method.
Packet switch using reconfigurable optical central crossbars

This paper will discuss a packet switch demonstrator, which is being implemented on separate programmable logic devices forming electronic "islands" interconnected by a reconfigurable central stage crossbar with the capability of emulating optical link delay. The current design will have 8 inputs and 8 outputs and each sector will be a 4/spl times/4 sub-switch implemented on a single field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with shared buffer memory. Communication among modules within the demonstrator is performed through a custom high speed 10Mbps interface.
Uncertainty in Mapping Malaria Epidemiology: Implications for Control

Malaria is a location-specific, dynamic infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and is influenced by environmental, vector, parasite, and host factors. The principal purposes of malarial epidemiology are 1) to describe the malarial distribution in space and time along with the physical, biologic, and social etiologic factors and 2) to guide control objectives for either modeling impact or measuring progress of control tactics. Mapping malaria and many of its causative factors has been achieved on many different levels from global distribution to biologic quantitative trait localization in humans, parasites, and mosquitoes. Despite these important achievements, a large degree of uncertainty still exists on the annual burden of malarial cases. Accurate, sensitive detection and treatment of asymptomatic reservoirs important to infectious transmission are additional components necessary for future control measures. Presently spurred by the leadership and funding of Bill and Melinda Gates, the malarial community is developing and implementing plans for elimination of malaria. The challenge for malariologists is to digitally integrate and map epidemiologic factors and intervention measures in space and time to target effective, sustainable control alongside research efforts.
Spare part management in a testing workshop

Spare part management is essential to many organizations, since excess inventory leads to high holding costs and stock outs can greatly impact operations performance, but it is a major problem in the testing work shop in Robert Bosch China Diesel (RBCD) Wuxi. The workshop is used to test the functionality of the injectors, such as those statistics for pressure, electro conductivity, etc. After implementing the automated tower storage in the work shop, the workshop supervisor applied monthly order policy to purchase spare parts, which means at the end of each month, he/she will check the consumption of last month's spare parts and make orders according to that data. However, in order to control the inventory of spare parts and achieve minimum total inventory cost of those parts, the (Q, r) model was suggested to make the monthly order, realizing the goal of maximizing the net profit of injectors.
Abstract 5247: Human melanoma cells resist oxidative stress due to overactive MEK/ERK and AKT/mTOR pathways and overproduction of melanin.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Melanoma is considered as one of the most aggressive and less treatable cancers. While various models of mechanisms have been proposed, the transformation from tranquil melanocytes to invasive melanoma cells remains an enigma. Alteration of cellular redox status has been suggested to be associated with cellular transformation. We compared primary human melanocytes and melanoma cells and their responses to oxidative stress. Both cells were treated with H2O2 at doses between 5 and 250μM. Microscopic data showed that melanoma cells are more resistant to H2O2 treatment. Western blot and confocal microscopic data showed that in melanoma cells, H2O2 does not induce CRT translocation which is considered as a mechanism through which melanocytes surrender to oxidative stress and induces immunogenic cell death. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that melanoma cells express EGFR, responsive to EGF treatment and have constitutive activation of AKT and mTOR, which are all related to better survival. In contrast, in the primary human melanocytes, EGFR expression is almost undetectable. And confocal microscopic data confirm this observation. Treatments of cells with MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 and PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 attenuates S6 phosphorylation. We also observed that in melanoma cells, but not in melanocytes, low dose (5 to 250μM) of H2O2 induces melanin production that is recognized to protect from further oxidative stress. Collectively, our data suggest that active MEK/ERK and AKT/mTOR pathways and up-regulation of melanin production contribute to the resistance of melanoma cells to oxidative stress and attribute to the aggressiveness of melanoma. Our data provides insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the transformation from melanocytes to melanoma and support the notion from the most recently published proteomic studies that EGFR remains one of the most important targets for better clinical management of melanoma. Citation Format: David Calianese, Garrett Cammarata, Gabriella Brum, Kevin Szulak, Charles Best, Katelyn Higgins, Yinsheng Wan. Human melanoma cells resist oxidative stress due to overactive MEK/ERK and AKT/mTOR pathways and overproduction of melanin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5247. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5247 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Examiner's Sex and Children's Rorschach Productivity

Studies with adults have established that sex of examiner and patient can interact to modify the number of Rorschach responses produced. This investigation tested whether sex pairing could also affect children's Rorschach productivity. Research supports the idea that a child's identification with a same-sex adult is heightened between the ages of 6 and 12 yr. It was hypothesized that children in this age range would produce the most responses when tested by an adult of the same sex. Protocols obtained from 83 children supported the hypothesis. The findings demonstrate that interpersonal factors can influence the testing of children.
Characteristics and Control Countermeasures of a Mumps Outbreak in Middle School Students

[Objective]To understand the causes and epidemiological characteristics of mumps outbreak,provide the scientific basis for making prevention and control measures. [Methods]With field epidemiology and clinical investigation,the epidemic intensity and outbreak factors were confirmed. [Results]The outbreak occurred at the end of spring and the beginning of summer,and lasted for 72 days.63 cases were reported with the attack rate of 6.31%.There were one big peak and two small peaks.The cases were found in 17 classes.All cases had no definite immunization record of mumps. [Conclusion]The major reasons of this mumps outbreak included lack of immune,poor isolation measures and low coverage of emergency immunization.It is highly recommended to make prevention and control strategies,and carry out the relevant preventive actions in the future.