cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Transmembrane Potential Measurements During Defibrillation-Strength Shocks in Perfused Rabbit Hearts

To study the optical transmembrane potential change (delta F) induced during shocks, optical recordings were obtained in 15 isolated perfused rabbit hearts treated with the potentiometric dye di-4-ANEPPS and diacetyl monoxime. Shock electrodes were sutured on the right and left ventricles. A laser beam 30 microns in diameter was used to optically excite di-4-ANEPPS. Fluorescence from a region 150 microns in diameter was recorded during a shock. In the macroscopic study (six animals), there were nine recording spots that were 3 mm apart between the two shock electrodes. In the microscopic study, there were three recording regions that were 3 mm away from either shock electrode and midway between them, with nine recording spots that were 30 microns (three animals), 100 microns (three animals), and 300 microns (three animals) apart in each region. After 20 S1 stimuli, a 10-ms truncated exponential S2 shock of defibrillation-threshold strength was given during the plateau of the last S1 action potential. In the microscopic study, shocks were also given during diastole, with delta F recordings at the three recording regions. Shocks of both polarities were tested. delta F during the shock was expressed as a percentage of the fluorescence change during the S1 upstroke action potential amplitude (the S1 Fapa), ie, delta F/Fapa%. In the macroscopic study, the magnitudes of delta F/Fapa% from recording spots 1 to 9, numbered from the left to the right ventricular electrodes, were 77 +/- 41%, 46 +/- 32%, 32 +/- 27%, 28 +/- 20%, 37 +/- 25%, 24 +/- 20%, 33 +/- 22%, 37 +/- 25%, and 59 +/- 29%, respectively (P < .05 among the nine spots). Depolarization or hyperpolarization could occur near either shock electrode with both shock polarities, but the magnitude of hyperpolarization was 1.8 +/- 0.9 times that of depolarization at the same recording spot when the shock polarity was reversed (P < .01). In the microscopic study, the change in delta F/Fapa% varied significantly over the microscopic regions examined. The maximum values of delta F/Fapa% for hyperpolarizing shocks during diastole reached only 7 +/- 10% of those for shocks during the plateau (P < .01). During diastole, the time until a new action potential occurred after the beginning of the shock was shorter when the membrane was depolarized (1.1 +/- 0.5 ms) than when it was hyperpolarized (12.8 +/- 9.1 ms, P < .01). Conclusions are as follows: (1) A shock can induce either hyperpolarization or depolarization. (2) Hyperpolarization or depolarization during a shock can occur near either the anodal or cathodal shock electrode. (3) Variation of delta F/Fapa% exists within a microscopic region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Clinical Application of Current Research Findings Toward the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Laminitis in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: An Internist’s Perspective

Abstract Laminitis is most commonly caused by metabolic disorders or systemic inflammatory diseases. There are numerous recent publications that have reported on pathophysiology of laminitis associated with systemic inflammation. These studies include both in-vitro and in-vivo models investigating inflammatory profiles, vascular reactivity or oxidative stress at different stages of development or clinical laminitis and some studies have proposed therapeutic interventions. Although the amount of information in these studies is great and quality of the research is often outstanding, it has not always been clear how these findings might be applied to clinical practice. This article is intended to report one internist's perspective on recent research findings on the pathophysiology and prevention of laminitis in horses with systemic inflammatory diseases and how these findings might be applied to clinical practice.
Failure to Validate a Predictive Model for Refusal of Care to Emergency‐department Patients

Objective:To determine whether previously developed triage criteria for refusal of care to patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) with nonurgent problems could be validated for an independent patient population. Methods:A convenience sample of 534 adults presenting to a municipal hospital ED between July 1, 1992, and October 15, 1992, who met preestablished criteria for refusal of care were entered into a prospective, observational, cohort study. The single target outcome variable was hospitalization. In order to optimize the criteria's performance, both the triage nurse and the physician caring for the patient had to agree that all criteria for “refusal of care” were specifically met. No patient was refused care, nor was a patient's management or disposition interfered with in any way by the investigators. All patients were followed until hospital admission or release from the ED. Results:Six (1.1%) of 534 patients (95% CI 0.4–2.4) who met the criteria for refusal of care were hospitalized. This represents a greater than 50-fold difference in incidence of hospitalization when compared with that found by other investigators, who reported that only 0.02% (95% CI 0.0004–0.04) of those patients who were refused care subsequently required hospitalization (p < 10–7). Conclusion:The authors were unable to validate a previously developed predictive model for refusal of care to patients presenting to an ED. Refusal of care to selected ED patients based on current guidelines is not a viable solution to overcrowding. Alternative strategies must be sought.
Nasofrontal Duct Reconstruction With Silicone Rubber Sheeting for Inflammatory Frontal Sinus Disease: Analysis of 164 Cases

The authors reviewed their experience in reconstructing the nasofrontal duct with thin silicone rubber sheeting in patients who had chronic inflammatory frontal sinus disease. The 164 patients were divided into four groups. The patients in group 1 had the traditional modified Lynch procedure, while those in group 2 had certain technical variations of the modified Lynch operation. The patients in the other two groups had major technical variations: those in group 3 had a primary osteoplastic flap approach and those in group 4 had revisions of failed osteoplastic flap with fat obliteration operations. Surgical indications included mucopyocele (87 patients), chronic frontal sinusitis (71 patients), osteomyelitis (2 patients), acute sinusitis (2 patients), and subacute sinusitis (2 patients). Follow-up averaged 47 months. At their last clinic visit, 157 patients (96%) were asymptomatic. Forty-six revision procedures were performed in 30 patients (18% of initial cases). There were no major complications. Nasofrontal duct reconstruction using thin silicone rubber sheeting is technically straightforward, safe, and effective.
Modulatory Effect of Fenofibrate on Endothelial Production of Neutrophil Chemokines IL-8 and ENA-78

Purpose The PPAR-alpha agonists (fibrates) are commonly used in the treatment of dyslipidemia. It has been hypothesized that the cardio-protective effects of fibrates are partially due to immunomodulatory effects. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the effect of fibrates on neutrophilic chemokines such as epithelial neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78) and interleukin (IL)-8. We investigated the influence of fenofibrate on IL-1β-stimulated production of ENA-78 and IL-8 from human endothelial cells (HUVECs).
Advanced Approaches To Focal Plane Integration

Both visible and infrared focal plane assemblies have common architectural driving parameters which guide their design approaches. The key drivers for advanced focal plane assemblies (FPA) are: the detector type and performance required; the number of detector chips; the packaging density; and the geometry. The impact of these drivers is seen to determine the engineering compromises necessary to establish FPA design approach. Several new designs are discussed which show a range of applications from single detector assemblies to monolithic detector chips with on-chip signal processing. The main objective of many advanced designs is to integrate the focal plane components in order to reduce power and re-duce the number of interconnections. The next stage of integration may come with VLSI device developments.
Comparison of Responses to Electrical Stimulation and Whisker Deflection Using Two Different Voltage-sensitive Dyes in Mouse Barrel Cortex in Vivo

We examined the spatial structure of noise in optical recordings made with two commonly used voltage-sensitive dyes (RH795 and RH1691) in mouse barrel cortex in vivo, and determined that the signal-to-noise ratio of the two dyes was comparable when averaging over barrel-sized areas, or at single pixels distant from large blood vessels. We examined the spatiotemporal development of whisker- and electrically-evoked optical responses by quantifying the area of activated cortical surface as a function of time. Whisker and electrical stimuli activated cortical areas between 0.2–2.0 mm2 depending on intensity. More importantly, both types of activation recruited cortical area at similar rates and showed a linear relationship between the maximal activated area and the peak rate of increase of the activated area. We propose a general rule of supragranular cortical activation in which the initial spreading speed of the response determines the total activated area, independent of the type of activation. Finally, despite comparable single-response kinetics, we observed greater paired-pulse depression of whisker-evoked responses relative to electrically-evoked responses.
Performance of Electro-Thermally Driven ${\rm VO}_{2}$ -Based MEMS Actuators

The integration of VO2 thin films in a MEMS actuator device is presented. The structural phase transition of VO2 was induced electro-thermally by resistive heaters monolithically integrated in the MEMS actuator. The drastic mechanical displacements generated by the large stress induced during the VO2 thin film phase transition have been characterized for static and time-dependent current pulses to the resistive heater, for air and vacuum environments. A comprehensive and simplified finite element model is developed and validated with experimental data. It was found that the cut-off frequency of the 300 μm-long VO2-based MEMS actuator operated in vacuum (f3dB=29 Hz) was mostly limited by conductive heat loss through the anchor, whereas convection losses were more dominant in air (f3dB=541 Hz). The cut-off frequency is found to be strongly dependent on the dimensions of the cantilever when operated in air but far less dependent when operated in vacuum. Total deflections of 68.7 and 28.5 μm were observed for 300 and 200 μm-long MEMS cantilevers, respectively. Full actuation in air required ~ 16 times more power than in vacuum.
Parallel Simulations of Dynamic Fracture Using Extrinsic Cohesive Elements

In this paper, we present a novel parallel implementation of extrinsic initially rigid cohesive elements in an explicit finite element solver designed for the simulation of dynamic fracture events. The implementation is based on activating instead of inserting the cohesive elements and uses ParFUM, a parallel framework specifically developed for simulations involving unstructured meshes. Aspects of the parallel implementation are described, along with an analysis of its performance on 1 to 512 processors. Important cache effects and communication costs are included in this analysis. The implementation is validated by simulating the trapping of a crack along an inclined material interface.
Twenty-five years of change in working with partner abusers—Part II: Observations from the trenches about changes in understanding of abusers and abuser treatment

The past 2.5 decades have seen explosive growth in research and practice in the area of intimate partner violence (IPV), especially of perpetrators. In the present paper, the author reflects on his observations of key developments in the field and examines research that has increased our understanding of batterers, who they are, and how we might best work with them to end IPV. Issues and controversies that surround batterer treatment and research with batterers are also examined. The author calls for continued development of an empirical base to guide theory development and practice standards, as well as increased dissemination and translation of research into formats that are useful to clinicians.
Tumor radiation therapy creates therapeutic vaccine responses to the colorectal cancer antigen GUCY2C.

Purpose Radiation therapy (RT) is thought to produce clinical responses in cancer patients, not only through direct toxicity to cancer cells and supporting tumor stroma cells, but also through activation of immunologic effectors. More recently, RT has potentiated the local and systemic effects of cancer immunotherapy (IT). However, combination regimens that maximize immunologic and clinical efficacy remain undefined. Methods and Materials We evaluated the impact of local RT on adenoviral-mediated vaccination against the colorectal cancer antigen GUCY2C (Ad5-GUCY2C) in a murine subcutaneous tumor model using mouse CT26 colon cancer cells (CT26-GUCY2C). Immune responses were assessed by ELISpot, and clinical responses were assessed by tumor size and incidence. Results The specific sequence of tumor-directed RT preceding Ad5-GUCY2C IT transformed inactive therapeutic Ad5-GUCY2C vaccination into a curative vaccine. GUCY2C-specific T cell responses were amplified ( P P P Conclusions Optimal sequencing of RT and IT amplifies antigen-specific local and systemic immune responses, revealing novel acute and long-term therapeutic antitumor protection. These observations underscore the importance of modality sequence optimization before the initiation of clinical trials of RT and IT to maximize immune and antitumor responses.
Phenomenological Quantum-Electrodynamics

The quantization of the pure radiation field in a uniformly moving refractive medium is carried through both in the Hamiltonian and in the symmetrical four-dimensional form. The total energy and momentum are diagonalized. For a medium velocity larger than $\frac{c}{n}$ there occur photons with negative energy.
A Quick Accurate Method to Measure the Dielectric Constant of Microwave Integrated-Circuit Substrates (Short Papers)

A technique is described that makes possible the accurate measurement of the dielectric constant of microwave integrated-circuit substrates. The substrate is metallized on all sides, hence forming a tiny resonant cavity, and the resonant frequencies are determined either from transmission or reflection. The dielectric constant is then calculated to an accuracy of better than 1 percent.
Advanced millimeter-wave concurrent 44/60GHz phased array for communications and sensing

Wireless communications and sensing have become an indispensable part of our daily lives from communications, public service and safety, consumer, industry, sports, gaming and entertainment, asset and inventory management, banking to government and military operations. As communications and sensing are poised to address challenging problems to make our lives even better under environments that can potentially disrupt them, like highly populated urban areas, crowded surroundings, or moving platforms, considerable difficulties emerge that greatly complicate communications and sensing. Significantly improved communication and sensing technologies become absolutely essential to address these challenges. Phased arrays allow RF beams carrying the communication or sensing information to be rapidly steered or intercepted from different angles across areas with particular amplitude profiles electronically, enabling swift single- or multi-point communications or sensing over large areas or across many targets while...
CORTICOSTEROIDS AND TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY: THE SPECIFICITY OF THE GLUT AMI C-PYRU VIC TRANSAMINASE RESPONSE1

Marked increases (2 to 5-fold) in glutamic-pyruvic transaminasc activity were observed in the livers of rats given cortisol, cortisone or several other corticosteroids subcutaneously for 4 consecutive days. Two biologically inert analogues of cortisol, 11-epicortisol and 9α-methoxycortisol acetate, were essentially inactive in this respect. Treatment with cortisol increased the activity of this transaminase markedly in thymus, liver and pancreas, to a lesser extent in kidney, and to no significant degree in spleen, muscle, heart, diaphragm, adrenal, testis and lung. The administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone doubled the activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase in liver. Hypophysectomy increased the endogenous level of the transaminase in liver. Injection of cortisol elicited an increase in the activity of this transaminase in the liver of adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized rats which was similar to that observed in intact animals. Growth hormone, testosterone and insulin did not significantly ...
Student-Student Interaction: The Neglected Variable In Education

Like all social systems, the school (and the classroom) is made up of a network of interpersonal relationships structured to facilitate the achievement of educational goals (Johnson, 1970, 1979). Broadly, the educational goals consist of transferring knowledge and skills; socializing children and adolescents into the perspectives, values, and attitudes they need to function effectively within our society; and facilitating the cognitive, social, and physical development of each individual student. While there are a variety of relationships within the school structured to achieve these goals, the primary educational relationships are between teachers and students and among students themselves. Educational psychology has traditionally focused on teacher-student interaction. It has been assumed by some that students' learning, socialization, and development are primarily dependent on their interaction with teachers; that peer relationships have little impact on the student and, therefore, could be ignored; and that the infrequent and minor peer influences that do exist in. the classroom are an unhealthy and bothersome influence, discouraging academic achievement and encouraging off-task, disruptive behavior in the classroom. The adult centrism in our
Lithium use in nonmanic depressive conditions

Abstract This review of the clinical literature related to lithium reveals a number of diverse conditions that have been reported to respond favorably to lithium. Most studies are uncontrolled, anecdotal reports. These conditions are characterized by aggressiveness and an episodic course. It is suggested that these parameters are the common denominator of the various lithium responsive conditions. These observations are discussed and hypothesis for further research presented.
Temperature and humidity effects on emissions of volatile organic compounds from ponderosa pine lumber

Abstract The total hydrocarbon carbon, or volatile organic compound (VOC), emissions released from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were measured as a function of temperature and humidity in the dryer. Flame ionization was used to measure the hydrocarbon concentration of the gas vented from the kiln. The methodology was similar to that of U.S. EPA Method 25A. (U.S. EPA. Method 25A. In 40 Code of Federal Regulations Pt. 60, App. A.; Washington, D.C.) Emissions increased by 34% as the drying temperature increased within the range of 68°C–85°C. An 11°C change in wet-bulb depression did not significantly affect total carbon emissions. Average emissions for a drying cycle, expressed as carbon equivalents, totaled 1.4 g/kg of oven-dry (bone-dry) wood when the lumber was dried from green to 12% moisture content.
Structural Analysis and Testing of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Window System

This report discusses the structural analysis and testing that was required to certify the Space Shuttle orbiter window design. The three-pane window system was analyzed and tested for aerodynamic pressure and thermal load on the external surface and for cabin pressure on the internal surface. The analysis and testing were completed for 100 mission cycles. The orbiter window design has met all its design requirements and criteria and has been certified.
On the question of ascending fibers in the pyramidal tract: with observations on spinotrigeminal and spinopontine fibers

Abstract In a re-evaluation of the question of an ascending fiber system in the pyramidal tract, by means of a degeneration technique using conservative criteria and normal control material, the presence of such ascending fibers could not be confirmed nor could spinotrigeminal fibers be demonstrated. A minute contingent of spinopontine fibers, which do not reach that location via the pyramidal tract, is described; it is suggested that they may ascend with the ventral spinocerebellar tract.
Interaction of gold and penicillamine

In order to evaluate penicillamine as an agent for treatment of toxicity to gold, a laboratory and clinical experimental study has been carried out. In vitro studies show that the compound has great affinity for ionic gold (K1·K2 = 24.8). In vivo, the drug competes successfully with rat tissue for simultaneously administered gold and prevents deposition of gold in tissues, especially the kidney. Finally, in acute experiments, penicillamine has been found to enhance human urinary excretion of gold. Pro evalutar penicillamina como agente in le tractamento de toxicitate ab auro, un studio experimental de laboratorio e clinica esseva effectuate. Studios in vitro monstra que le composito possede un grande affinitate pro auro ionic (K1·K2 = 24,8). In vivo, le pharmaco compete a bon successo con tissus de ratto pro simultaneemente administrate auro e preveni le deposition de auro in tissus, specialmente renal. Finalmente, in acute experimentos, il esseva trovate que penicillamina promove in humanos le excretion urinari de auro.
A MICROEMULSION COSURFACTANT WITH EXCELLENT WATER SOLUBILIZATION AT HIGH OIL CONTENT

ABSTRACT Medium chain length alkyl amines were found to be more effective cosurfactants for microemulsion formation than are medium chain length alcohols at high hydrocarbon levels with sodium doecyl sulfate as the surfactant. Both aromatic and short chain aliphatic hydrocarbons were studied. By contrast, the amines were found virtually Ineffective with quaternary anmoniutn salts whereas the alcohols showed good performance. This suggests the possibility that complementarity of function between surfactant and cosurfactant may be a desirable feature of a microemulsion system at high hydrocarbon levels.
The Department of Energy/American Chemical Society Summer School in Nuclear and Radiochemistry at San José State University

In this paper, the use of a combined X-ray and neutron source for security inspections based on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) fusion is discussed. Current inspection systems typically use X-ray techniques, but thermal neutron analysis (TNA) and fast neutron analysis (FNA), allow expanded detection of certain types of explosives. The integrated unit proposed here uses three separate IEC sources producing 14 and 2.45 MeV neutrons plus soft X-rays. This combination allows multiple detection methods with the composite signal analysis being done by a fuzzy logic system, significantly reducing false signals.
Optimal performance analysis of manufacturing systems subject to tool availability

Abstract This paper deals with the approximate performance analysis and optimal allocation of spare tools at work stations in manufacturing systems that are subject to the availability of tools to process jobs.
Planner-coach pairs in cooperative learning [engineering education]

The author outlines the planner-coach formal cooperative learning strategy which is one of many pair problem-solving models. Instead of helping one person solve a problem, the emphasis is on helping one member create a plan. The plan may be an outline for a paper or project, schedule for studying, or any other plan that is required to be done well. Clarification of the organisational roles is essential to success. The coach must remember that it is not their lesson; the coach's role is to clarify, encourage, question, etc. The planner makes all the decisions about the topic, text, etc. Both members record the plan to ensure careful listening and checking for understanding. They then switch roles and the coach gets a turn preparing a plan. After each group has completed the task, they are then asked to process their work together, perhaps by listing what they did well and what they could do even better next time.
ORGANIZATIONAL ADAPTATION: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL ECOLOGY FOR STRATEGIC CHOICE[1]

This article identifies a correspondence between the organizational ecology and strategic choice perspectives on organizational strategy in their classifications of strategic types. Using this correspondence as the point of departure, implications of organizational ecology for strategic choice are examined with respect to how environmental pressures constrain strategic choice, why some strategic orientations are more successful than others in different environmental conditions, and how and why the mix of strategic types in an industry changes over time.
Effect of adhesive layer properties on interfacial fracture in thin-film high-density interconnects

Delamination of intrinsically stressed films is commonly encountered in microelectronic systems. Thin films deposited through physical vapor deposition processes typically accrue intrinsic stresses through the micro structural variations caused by deposition or through thermally induced stresses imposed during cool-down from deposition temperatures. These intrinsic stresses can have a peak magnitude upwards of I GPa. To help prevent delamination, Ti or Cr "adhesive" layers, with microscale or nanoscale thickness, are used to increase the adhesion between the thin film and substrate. This study applies the Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the resistance to delamination of an innovative, stress-engineered, thin film interconnect. Adhesive layer parameters such as thickness, deposition-induced intrinsic stress, and material properties are examined. Fracture criteria (energy release rate and mode mixity) are used to quantify the effect of varying adhesive layer properties on interfacial fracture. The finite element study results are compared to a previously developed plate theory model, which does not account for the large deflection present in highly stressed film delamination. To determine whether a delamination will propagate, it is imperative that the interfacial fracture toughness be experimentally measured for the interface under study. Experimental measurement of interfacial fracture toughness and the associated mode mixity is currently a challenge for thin film interfaces. In addition to the numerical simulation, this paper discusses modifications to the decohesion test that yields a method that can tightly bound the interfacial fracture toughness using a single test wafer. Further it is a method that uses common IC fabrication techniques, can achieve low mode mixities easily and efficiently, and can be used with titanium interfaces. Results for Ti/Alumina interfacial fracture toughness are discussed and applied to the numerical study.
Audience Costs Are Toys

Eminent diplomatic historian Marc Trachtenberg provides a generous interpretation of what evidence would indicate the presence of audience costs, and he surveys the landscape for where it is most l...
Decreased expression of P2X7 in endometrial epithelial pre-cancerous and cancer cells

Objectives. To understand the potential role of P2X7 as biomarker of endometrial cancer, and the molecular mechanisms by which cancerous epithelial cells maintain low expression of P2X7. Methods. Feasibility clinical experimental study. Normal (28), simple or complex hyperplasia (7), complex hyperplasia with atypia (6) and cancer endometrial discarded tissues (40) were obtained from a total of 81 women, ages 25–75. Endpoint for P2X7 protein was average pixel signal density of tissue immunoreactivity with anti-P2X7 antibody. Endpoint for P2X7 mRNA was one-step quantitative Real-Time PCR. Experiments in-vitro included normal (hEVEC) and cancerous cervical epithelial cells (HeLa) transfected with reporter plasmid containing luciferase-3′ untranslated region (3′UTR)-P2X7 cDNA, using as endpoint steady-state luciferase mRNA levels. Results. Levels of P2X7 protein and mRNA were significantly lower in vivo, in tissues of complex hyperplasia with atypia or endometrial adenocarcinoma, than in tissues of normal endometrium, simple hyperplasia or complex hyperplasia tissues (sensitivity and specificity of 89– 100%, p<0.0001–0.01). Steady-state levels of luciferase mRNA increased over a 6 h incubation period in hEVEC cells transfected with the 3′ UTR-P2X7-luciferase vector, but decreased in HeLa cells transfected with the reporter plasmid. Conclusions. Tissue levels of P2X7 protein and mRNA can differentiate effectively and accurately between normal and benign hyperplastic endometrial tissues from pre-cancerous and cancer tissues. Cancerous epithelial cells degrade P2X7 mRNA by activation of instability domains located at the 3′UTR of the P2X7.
Effects of social facilitation for locating feeding sites by cattle in an eight-arm radial maze

A study was conducted in an eight-arm radial maze to determine if cattle with various foraging experiences could facilitate location of feeding sites by other cattle. Heifers assigned as “followers” (n=24) were initially trained to expect straw at the end of each arm. Initial training of heifers assigned as “leaders” (n=12) differed based on the three following treatments:(1) no-experience, (2) barley in the same two arms, and (3) barley in two arms but locations changed daily. During training, leaders with barley in fixed locations foraged more efficiently by traveling to fewer (P<0.05) arm ends to find barley than leaders in the variable treatment. After training, two followers were placed in the maze with a leader, and barley was available in two arms. Leaders facilitated the location of barley by followers. In 61% of the occasions that followers first found barley, leaders were at the feeding site. Eighty-one percent of followers later located barley without leaders in the maze. Followers with experienced leaders did not find barley consistently more often than heifers with inexperienced leaders. Cattle can apparently learn feeding site locations from other animals, but additional research is needed to evaluate the behavioral mechanisms that influence social facilitation during foraging.
Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption of O+ from zirconia

We present a study of the photon- and electron-simulated desorption (PSD and ESD) of cations from yttriastabilized cubic ZrO 2 (100) and undoped amorphous ZrO 2 surfaces. For both types of zirconia, O+ is the primary ionic desorption product. A weak threshold for ESD of O+ from yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (YSZ ) is observed at ~26‐27 eV with a rapid rise above ~30 eV. The PSD threshold from YSZ is ~31±1 eV. This is essentially the same as the O+ ESD and PSD thresholds (~30±1 eV ) from undoped amorphous ZrO 2 surfaces. The PSD O+ kinetic energy distributions extend from 0 to ~7 eV with a peak at ~2 eV and are similar from both surfaces. A comparison of the ion threshold data with photoelectron spectra indicates that desorption of O+ is primarily initiated by excitation of the Zr(4p) core level. All of the evidence is consistent with a desorption mechanism, in which the O+ ions are produced and ejected from the surface via a multi-electron Auger decay process. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Soil moisture evaluation using multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in semiarid rangeland

Abstract There have been several efforts to utilize satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements to determine surface soil moisture (to 5 cm) conditions of rangeland regions. The results have been mixed since the relation between the SAR signal and surface soil moisture is confounded by variations in topographic features, surface roughness and vegetation density. We designed an experiment to investigate the sensitivity of C-band SAR backscatter (σ0) to surface soil moisture (θs) in a semiarid rangeland and to test a data-fusion approach based on both optical (Landsat TM) and radar (ERS-2 SAR) measurements to improve regional estimates of surface soil moisture content. The data-fusion approach [Sano, E.E. 1997. Sensitivity analysis of C- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar data to soil moisture content in a semiarid regions. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona, AZ] utilized the difference between dry- and wet-season SAR σ0 to normalize roughness effects, and utilized surface reflectance in optical wavelengths to account for differences in vegetation density. We focused the study on three flat, uniformly vegetated sites of known surface roughness, monitored variations in surface soil moisture, vegetation density and SAR signal over time, and obtained eight optical/SAR image pairs throughout the dry and wet seasons. For these sparsely vegetated sites during this dry year (1997), we found that the SAR signal was not significantly attenuated by sparse green vegetation cover ( green leaf area index ) and dense standing brown vegetation cover (brown leaf area index up to 1.5). Consequently, the optical data was not required for this application, and the approach could be implemented by simply taking the difference between the dry- and wet-season SAR σ0 (σ0−σdry0). For a data set of eight dates at three study sites, we confirmed that the relation between ERS-2 C-band SAR σ0 and θs was weak (r2=0.27); yet for the same data set, that the relation between σ0−σdry0 and θs was strong and significant (r2=0.93). This study also raised two concerns: (1) the overall sensitivity of SAR σ0 to θs was relatively low, and (2) the approach required a high level of accuracy in the estimate of green leaf area level that may not be obtainable with standard optical remote sensing algorithms. In any case, the positive results from this study should encourage the use of a multi-temporal SAR and optical/SAR fusion for monitoring semiarid range conditions, and improving management of scarce resources.
Tensile Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline FCC Metals

Bulk nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-15wt%Fe alloy were fabricated via electrodeposition techniques. The nominal grain size of nickel samples was varied from 15 to 200 nm by employing different deposition parameters. The grain size was further reduced to 9 nm by alloying nickel with iron. The tensile properties were evaluated at room temperature using dog-bone shaped samples. The results of this study confirm that strength and strain hardening rate increase with decreasing grain size. The fracture behavior was found to depend on the grain size, presence of large and small defects, and the stress state. The tensile elongation and reduction in area varied significantly among the samples and did not correlate with the fracture behavior. Three categories of behavior were identified. In Type I the samples showed completely ductile fracture but very low tensile elongation. In Type II the samples showed a relatively brittle behavior but impressive tensile elongation. In Type III the samples showed ductile behavior wit...
Hydrogen Peroxide Acts as a Second Messenger for the Induction of Defense Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate

The systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato leaves in response to wounding was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridine. The expression of several defense genes in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides, and methyl jasmonate also was inhibited by DPI. These genes, including those of four proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase, are expressed within 4 to 12 hr after wounding. However, DPI did not inhibit the wound-inducible expression of genes encoding prosystemin, lipoxygenase, and allene oxide synthase, which are associated with the octadecanoid signaling pathway and are expressed 0.5 to 2 hr after wounding. Accordingly, treatment of plants with the H2O2-generating enzyme glucose oxidase plus glucose resulted in the induction of only the later-expressed defensive genes and not the early-expressed signaling-related genes. H2O2 was cytochemically detected in the cell walls of vascular parenchyma cells and spongy mesophyll cells within 4 hr after wounding of wild-type tomato leaves, but not earlier. The cumulative results suggest that active oxygen species are generated near cell walls of vascular bundle cells by oligogalacturonide fragments produced by wound-inducible polygalacturonase and that the resulting H2O2 acts as a second messenger for the activation of defense genes in mesophyll cells. These data provide a rationale for the sequential, coordinated, and functional roles of systemin, jasmonic acid, oligogalacturonides, and H2O2 signals for systemic signaling in tomato plants in response to wounding.
The ethics of nontreatment of patients with cancers of the head and neck.

• There are three levels at which nontreatment decisions for patients with cancers of the head and neck might be made: not doing further diagnostic procedures when the data gained would not make a significant difference to treatment decisions; not continuing aggressive therapy when its benefits are outweighed by the ensuing burdens and harms; and, at the policy level, not providing costly aggressive therapy at all because of the number of patients with unmet, more basic needs. These three levels of nontreatment decisions are discussed in light of ethical theory, briefly introduced. Arguments are made in favor of nontreatment decisions at the two clinical levels mentioned above, but against a policy decision to ration treatment for patients with cancers of the head and neck. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:769-773)
FAUNAL SUCCESSION OF NORIAN (LATE TRIASSIC) LEVEL-BOTTOM BENTHOS IN THE LOMBARDIAN BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TIMING, RATE, AND NATURE OF THE EARLY MESOZOIC MARINE REVOLUTION

The recently expanded Norian stage now encompasses nearly half of the entire Triassic period, making it the longest single stage of the Phanerozoic. Very little is known about the paleoecological dynamics of shallow marine level-bottom benthos within the stage, however. Successive bulk samples from the Lombardian Alps, Italy, reveal gradual changes in dominant taxa throughout the Norian, and paleoecological transitions consistent with the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) hypothesis. At the expense of stationary epifauna, mobile infauna diversified and became dominant by the end of the Norian. In addition to increases in stationary semi-infauna, abundant mobile epifauna were perhaps early alternatives to increasing both mobility and infaunality during the middle Norian. The particular suite of trends observed suggests that an adaptive response to epifaunal and demersal predators was operating in this system, and is coincident with the known taxonomic radiations of shell-crushing predators from this interval (lobsters, fish). Thus, the MMR was gradually intensifying as early as 25 myr before the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.
The Generation of Neuronal Heterogeneity in a Rat Sensory Ganglion

Adult sensory neurons differ chemically, morphologically, and functionally, but the factors that generate their diversity remain unclear. For example, neuropeptides are generally found in small neurons, whereas abundant neurofilament is common in large neurons. Neurons containing the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P were quantified using immunohistochemistry in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at times before and after sensory neurons contact central and peripheral targets in vivo . No neurons in the newly formed DRG expressed neuropeptide or neuropeptide mRNA, but neuropeptides were detectable about the time that axons connect with peripheral targets. To determine the requirement for target in neuropeptide regulation, embryonic DRG neurons were isolated at times before central and peripheral connections had formed, placed in culture, and immunocytochemically assayed for CGRP and substance P. Cultured neurons expressed neuropeptides with a time course and in proportions similar to those in vivo . Thus, some neurons in the embryonic DRG seem to be intrinsically specified to later express CGRP and substance P. The percentage of CGRP-immunoreactive neurons was not changed by cell density, non-neuronal cells, neurotrophins in addition to nerve growth factor (NGF), or antibody inactivation of neurotrophin-3 in the presence of NGF. To test the role of extrinsic cues on CGRP expression, DRG neurons were co-cultured with potential target tissues. Co-culture with a rat epidermal or smooth muscle cell line increased the proportion of CGRP-containing neurons, whereas primary skeletal muscle and 3T3 cells had no effects. Thus, multiple appropriate sensory neuron phenotypes arise in a regulated fashion in cultured neurons isolated before target connections have formed, and some candidate target tissues can modulate that intrinsic expression pattern.
Cross-Plane Thermoelectric Properties in Si/Ge Superlattices

In this paper, a set of methods is developed to measure the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity in the cross-plane direction of thin films. The method employs microfabricated heaters, voltage and temperature sensors, and phase-lock amplifiers to determine the temperature and Seebeck voltage oscillation in the cross-plane direction of the samples, from which the thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of thin films are determined simultaneously. The cross-plane electrical conductivity is also measured by a modified transmission line model. These methods are applied to Si/Ge superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
Consequences and costs of closing a publicly funded methadone maintenance clinic

Objective. We examine volunteering to support the relief effort after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. We address two issues: (1) how widespread was volunteering and what forms did it take, and (2) does Wilson and Musick’s (1997a) “integrated theory of volunteer work” help to explain variation in volunteering in this disaster situation? Methods. We use data from the 1996 Oklahoma City Survey (OKC Survey). The 1996 OKC Survey is based on a random sample of the adult population of Oklahoma City and was administered 10 months after the bombing. Results. Nearly 75 percent of the sample respondents volunteered to support the relief effort in at least one way; giving money and donating nonprofessional goods or services were the two most prevalent volunteer activities. Socioeconomic status, knowing someone killed or injured in the bombing, belonging to voluntary organizations before the bombing, and being affiliated with a religious denomination were predictors of volunteering, depending on the type of volunteer activity considered. Conclusions. The magnitude of volunteering after the Murrah Building bombing was in line with volunteer efforts after other disasters. The integrated theory of volunteer work is a useful framework for studying volunteering after disasters.
A functional determinant in human luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin: differential effect of mutations about beta-GLN-54.

There is evidence that the conserved glutamine at residue 54 in theβ -subunit of human LH and and CG (hCG) is important for biological activity. Mutation to Arg in LH has been reported to impair receptor binding, leading to a documented case of hypogonadism, whereas in hCG the mutation has been shown to result in defective subunit association. Functional distinctions between LH and hCG have been described, but the significance of peptide-chain differences between the two has not been investigated systematically. We therefore compared the role of Gln-54 and its neighboring residues in both hormones, through replacement by amino acids with contrasting properties using site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant subunits were coexpressed with α-subunit in mammalian (Chinese hamster ovary) cells and the secreted hormones assayed for heterodimer formation, receptor binding, and steroidogenesis in murine Leydig cell tumor (MA-10) cells. Basic (Arg, Lys) substitution for Gln-54 in either hormone markedly impaired subu...
Efficient Method for Predicting Rotor/Stator Interaction

Many modern turbomachinery blade failures are attributed to high vibratory stresses arising from the interactions between stationary and rotating blade rows. A number of finite difference methods have been developed to predict the interaction within a coupled rotor-stator pair. However, these methods cannot currently be used efficiently in a design and development stage. An alternative approach by using a frequency-domain potential paneling method was developed to predict the forced responses due to rotor-stator interaction: In this approach, the rotor and stator are decoupled and their forced responses are solved separately. The forced response on the downstream blade row is simulated by a single blade row with an unsteady nonuniform inflow. Lakshminar ay ana's wake model was employed as the unsteady forcing function. The unsteady loading on the upstream blade row due to the downstream blade row is assumed to be purely potential. A pseudounsteady approach is used to avoid wake cutting. The nonlinear perturbation is assumed to be much smaller than the mean loading, and only deterministic unsteadiness is considered. The United Technologies Research Center large-scale turbine, which has been used extensively to study rotor/stator aerodynamic and thermodynamic interactions, is revisited here to demonstrate the present capability. The comparison between the predicted results and measurement is very encouraging. The computational time is much smaller than other similar finite difference calculations.
Risk Decomposition for Fund Managers

This paper describes a methodology extension for decomposing non-linear portfolio risk by fund manager which we refer to as "Manager Component Value-at-Risk." The approach is well suited to funds holding any asset class or instrument type including derivatives. This decomposition approach is additive and fully captures the correlations between instrument returns and thus is well suited for decomposing risk by manager. We provide an example from a representative CTA portfolio that demonstrates superiority of the decomposition approach over other common practices for risk decomposition. The core methodology is implemented in R and made available to readers.
SENSORY AND MOTOR INTERACTION IN THE LOCOMOTOR REFLEXES OF CRABS

1. Proprioceptive reflexes involved in control of the mero-carpopodite ( MC ) joint in walking legs of Cancer magister are mediated by four groups of sensory cells: ( a ) two cell groups (myochordotonal organs), located proximally in the leg segment, which are associated with a receptor muscle and come under efferent control, and ( b ) two cell groups ( MC organs) located distally which signal joint position and movement but are independent of efferent control. 2. Resistance reflexes, which oppose passive movements of the joint, are evoked by both types of proprioceptive organs. Reflexes evoked by the MC organs are maximally effective at the extremes of joint position. 3. Reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic muscle groups appears to occur entirely at synapses within the central nervous system. 4. Efferent control of the receptor muscle comes under the influence of both the myochordotonal and MC organs. The reflexes evoked by the MC organs on the receptor muscles are similar to those which impinge on the main flexor. The myochordotonal organ excites the receptor muscle on joint movements away from the rest position. Interaction of input from the two types of sense organs provides the system with a dynamically determined reference point for the basic postural position. This may be altered by efferent control of the receptor muscle. 5. Reflexes evoked by both types of proprioceptive organ spread to the other walking legs, but are more labile than reflexes to the same leg.