cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomonitoring of lead-contaminated Missouri streams with an assay for erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in fish blood

The activity of the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in erythrocytes has long been used as a biomarker of lead exposure in humans and waterfowl and, more recently, in fishes. The assay was tested for ALA-D activity in fishes from streams affected by lead in combination with other metals from lead-zinc mining and related activities. Fishes (mostly catostomids) were collected from sites affected by historic and current mining activities, and from sites considered to be unaffected by mining (reference sites). A group of potentially toxic elements was measured in blood and carcass samples of individual fish, as were ALA-D activity, total protein (TP), and hemoglobin (Hb) in blood. Concentrations of mining-related metals (lead, zinc, and cadmium) were significantly greater (P<0.05) in fish blood and carcass at sites affected by historic mining activities than at reference and active mining sites. When analyzed by multiple regression, ALA-D activity, Hb, and TP accounted for 66% of blood-lead and 69% of carcass-lead variability. Differences among species were small. ALA-D activity as a biomarker adequately distinguished sites affected by bioavailable environmental lead. Zinc was the only other metal that affected ALA-D activity; it appeared to ameliorate the inactivation of ALA-D by lead.
Cross-phase modulation analysis using sinusoidally modulated signal

The response of a fiber to a sinusoidally modulated input which models an alternating hit sequence is studied to analyze the cross-phase modulation penalty in a WDM system. The derived expression shows good agreement with numerical results in conventional single-mode fiber systems over a wide range of channel spacing. JJ and in dispersion-shifted fiber systenis when 4f> 100GHz.
Broken time-reversal symmetry and superconducting states in the cuprates

Recently, Kaminski et al. have reported that time-reversal symmetry is broken in the pseudogap phase in the high-temperature superconducting material ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (Bi-2212). Here we examine the role of translationally invariant broken time-reversal states on ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconductors. In particular, we determine the change in the superconducting order parameter structure. We find that the broken time-reversal pseudogap state that is consistent with the experiment of Kaminski et al. gives rise to a mixed singlet-triplet pairing $d+ip$ phase. This $d+ip$ state is shown to give rise to a helical superconducting phase. Consequences of this $d+ip$ state on Josephson experiments are discussed.
Attachment Style Predicts Jealous Reactions to Viewing Touch Between a Romantic Partner and Close Friend: Implications for Internet Social Communication

Using vignettes and online photos, this study explored the relationship between touch intimacy, biological sex, attachment, and the experience of jealous emotions in the context of seeing one’s partner touch a close, opposite-sex friend. Results indicated that hypothetical scenarios elicited significant emotional responses and increases in touch intimacy (as depicted in digital photos) heightened these responses. Males indicated more sexual arousal when seeing their partners interacting with a friend, while females indicated more sadness, fear, and envy. In terms of attachment, preoccupied individuals expressed the most anger and fear, dismissives and secures expressed the least envy and embarrassment, dismissives expressed the least fear, and fearfuls expressed the most sexual arousal. The two forms of touch (face touch and lower back touch) elicited stronger jealous emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and embarrassment) than no touch. Lastly, in regards to lower back touch, fearfully attached males responded with the most fear, females with the most anger, sadness, fear, and envy, and fearfully attached individuals the least amount of fear. This occurred despite the fact that face touch was characterized as more intimate than lower back touch; our results suggest that this form of touch may have been perceived as sexual. We relate our findings to the context of viewing digital photos on social networking websites.
Laminar interactions during neocortical epileptogenesis

Abstract Interactions among laminar subpopulations of cat striate cortical neurons were assessed during the evolution of discrete and temporary epileptic foci, which were induced by selective microinjection of penicillin into different cortical layers. Field potentials and multiunit cellular discharges, evoked by selective visual field stimulation, were recorded simultaneously from 3 layers by multibarreled glass microelectrodes. Laminar response profiles at distinct stages of epileptogenesis were characterized for foci induced in superficial pyramidal, middle stellate, and deep pyramidal layers. Layer 4 was verified to be the most susceptible to epileptogenesis. Penicillin's action within this stellate layer appeared to be sufficient for epileptogenesis and was supportative of, if not necessary for, the development of foci originating in pyramidal cell layers. These findings could not be fully appreciated by monitoring only spontaneous interictal spike potentials. Of the two types of neuronal discharge routinely observed, early latency bursting was principally a characteristic of layer 4 stellate populations, whereas longer-latency bursts comparable to paroxysmal depolarization shifts were recorded equally well from both stellate and pyramidal layers. Epileptiform alterations in both field potential and unit responses were quickly evident in cortical laminae having known anatomic connections with the layer where the focus was induced: e.g. in layers 2–3 with layer 4 foci, in layers 5–6 with layers 2–3 foci, and in layer 4 with layers 5–6 foci. The spread of epileptogenesis was slower between laminae where pathways are purported to be less well developed, and appeared to be principally dependent upon the diffusion of penicillin.
THE TRAINING OF CHILD PSYCHIATRISTS IS QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENT POSSIBLE

During thi s century the subspecialty of Child Psychiatry was created by a few farsighted individuals in response to an intense social demand for mental he alth services for children . At first , the problem was merely to induce professionals, especially psychiatrists and pediatricians, to attend to the mental health of children. As experience and knowledge accumulated , standards for training in this specialty evolved. Initially, training standards were formally set and supervised by the American Association of Psychiatric Clinics for Children (now AAPSC) until 1959, when the Child Psychiatry Subcommittee of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. was formed and began offering official specialty certification in child psychiatry. The heated arguments about whether the events of 1959 constituted a step forw ard or backward have faded, while the pressure for child psychiatric services continues to increase. The specialty has grown beyond the issues of recruiting or of the groups setting standards for quality training in the field. Our maturation permits us self-examination and even demands that we critically assess our present in order to plan intelligently for training in the future. Readers are urged to re view The Society of
A single etiological hypothesis for breast cancer

Abstract A small retrospective survey of breast cancer of private and ward patients in the Yale-New Haven Hospital is presented. The findings differ in some respects from other studies of similar groups. In the light of these differences, and more especially of the literature, it is suggested that it is no longer realistic to seek single explanation for the etiology of breast cancer.
Prey and Nocturnal Activity of Wolf Spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in Cotton Fields in the Delta Region of Mississippi

Nocturnal observation and collection of wolf spiders in cotton in the Delta region of Mississippi indicates that Coleoptera and Diptera are important prey. Lycosa antelucana Montgomery represented 75.1% of the lycosid spiders observed and 89.6% of those with prey in cotton fields. Among prey taken were the cotton insect pests Heliothis virescens (F.) and Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Pardosa milvina (Hentz) represented 24% of the total sample and 8.5% of those spiders observed with prey. A third lycosid species, Lycosa helluo (Hentz), captured the remaining 1.8% of the prey taken but was rarely observed ( 4%) in or near dens or retreats.
Conditional Coverage Properties of Finite Population Confidence Intervals

Abstract Standardized errors (Ť — T)/v 1/2 were calculated for both ratio and regression estimators in each of 10,000 simple random samples of n = 32 from each of six populations, using four different variance estimators. Graphs show how the percentage of intervals T ± 1.96 v 1/2 that fail to contain T changes as a function of the average value of the auxiliary variable in the sample. They reveal that (a) intervals using the variance estimators from standard linear regression theory were hopelessly unreliable, (b) intervals using the conventional finite population variance estimators showed a striking excess of failures in badly balanced samples, and (c) none of the four variance estimators produced satisfactory confidence intervals in populations arising from badly skewed prediction models.
Mechanically tunable multiphoton fabricated protein hydrogels investigated using atomic force microscopy

Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of employing three dimensional (3D) protein hydrogels, fabricated using multiphoton-induced photochemistry, as chemically responsive microactuators in “lab on a chip” devices. In addition, these materials show great promise as cell capture/incubation devices, allowing single bacterial cells to reproduce into multicellular constructs with “user-defined” 3D geometries. However, to date, the mechanical properties of these materials, critical for these applications, have not been quantitatively characterized. In this work, we develop and apply a method to measure the elastic modulus of microfabricated protein hydrogels in situ under dynamic physical and chemical environments. We fabricated protein microcantilevers using a wide range of protein building blocks (albumin, lysozyme, avidin) and probed their mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The length dependence of the spring constant displayed by protein cantilevers followed the predicted cantilever model, yielding the elastic modulus of the material. By varying laser dwell time, the modulus of protein cantilevers could be tuned over 2 orders of magnitude (from 0.03 to 3 MPa for albumin), a range that encompasses modulus values for a number of biological tissues (e.g., cartilage, basement membrane). Further, the modulus was shown to vary strongly over a range of pH values (pH 2–12). Distinct profiles of pH vs. modulus for albumin, lysozyme and avidin cantilevers were observed, which correlate to structural transitions of the incorporated protein. Modification of protein cantilevers via ligand binding (biotin to avidin), increased cantilever stiffness. Finally, using the modulus of a hydrogel microchamber calculated in situ, we determined the pressure generated by a replicating bacterial colony entrapped in the microchamber to be 2.7 ± 1.3 kPa. This work demonstrates an ability to quantify mechanical properties under both chemically and biologically dynamic microenvironments and will enable the development of a robust platform to investigate cell/microenvironmental interactions with high spatial resolution, in three dimensions, using mechanically tunable biological materials.
A plastic scintillation counter for applications in radio-gas-chromatography

Abstract The design and operating characteristics of a plastic scintillation gas chromatography detector are described. Based on calibration measurements with an internal flow proportional counter, the scintillation detector exhibits 80–85% efficiency toward the positrons emitted in 18 F decay.
Goes IR and dummy variable techniques for low temperature assessment in Florida

: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) thermal infrared (IR) data were used to study regional cold nocturnal temperature fluctuations that are important in assessing citrus freeze damage. Dummy variables techniques were used to analyze the temperature difference between the east and west sides of Central Florida, which was obtained from both ground measurement minimum temperature (TGMM) and the GOES mean temperature (TGOES) on low-temperature nights. The low temperature pattern, which was closely related to the citrus freeze damage pattern in Central Florida, was identified by GOES thermal IR data but not by conventional ground measurements. The low surface temperature in the west side and east side appears to be attributable to differences in soil types, water tables, and drainage classes in both regions.
Ultrasonic curing of one-part epoxy system

Ultrasonic curing of one-part epoxy system was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. During both isothermal oven curing and ultrasonic curing of this system, an induction ...
PARENT ATTACHMENT AND EARLY ADOLESCENTS’ LIFE SATISFACTION: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF HOPE

Research using an attachment theory framework has provided evidence that parent attachment is one of the crucial determinants of psychological adjustment in adolescents, including global life satisfaction (LS). This study investigated the interrelationships among parent attachment, hope, and LS during early adolescence, including the mediation effect of hope in the relationship between parent attachment and LS. A sample of 565 middle-school students in Grades 6 through 8 participated. Results showed statistically significant relationships among all three variables, and hope partially mediated the relationship between parent attachment and LS. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Genetic contributions to avoidance-based decisions: striatal D2 receptor polymorphisms

Individuals differ in their tendencies to seek positive decision outcomes or to avoid negative ones. At the neurobiological level, our model suggests that phasic changes in dopamine support learning to reinforce good decisions via striatal D1 receptors, and to avoid maladaptive choices via striatal D2 receptors. Accordingly, in a previous study individual differences in positive and negative learning were strongly modulated by two genetic polymorphisms factors related to striatal D1 and D2 function, respectively. Nevertheless, whereas the role for dopamine in positive learning is relatively well accepted, that in learning to avoid negative outcomes is more controversial. Here we further explore D2-receptor-related genetic contributions to probabilistic avoidance in humans, in light of recent data showing that particular DRD2 polymorphisms are associated with functional modulation of receptor expression [Zhang Y, Bertolino A, Fazio L, Blasi G, Rampino A, Romano R, Lee M-LT, Xiao T, Papp A, Wang D, Sadee W (2007) Polymorphisms in human dopamine d2 receptor gene affect gene expression, splicing, and neuronal activity during working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(51):20552-20557]. We find that a promoter polymorphism rs12364283 associated with transcription and D2 receptor density was strongly and selectively predictive of avoidance-based decisions. Two further polymorphisms (rs2283265 and rs1076560) associated with relatively reduced presynaptic relative to postsynaptic D2 receptor expression were predictive of relative impairments in negative compared to positive decisions. These previously undocumented effects of DRD2 polymorphisms were largely independent of those we reported previously for the C957T polymorphism (rs6277) associated with striatal D2 density. In contrast, effects of the commonly studied Taq1A polymorphism on reinforcement-based decisions were due to indirect association with C957T. Taken together these findings suggest multiple D2-dependent genetic mechanisms contributing to avoidance. We discuss these effects in the context of neurocomputational models of reinforcement leaning in the basal ganglia.
The Impact of Counselor and Participant Gender on Willingness to Discuss Relational Topics: Development of the Relationship Disclosure Scale

The current investigation examined people's willingness to disclose personal information about their intimate relationships to counselors. This was accomplished by asking 431 students to indicate how willing they would be to discuss 25 relationship topics, as measured by the newly developed Relationship Disclosure Scale (RDS), with female and male counselors. The results indicated that people's willingness to disclose their intimate relationships to counselors depended on their own gender, the gender of the counselor, and the particular relationship topics assessed by the RDS. In addition, several personality variables associated with relational-esteem and relational-consciousness were found to be associated with women's willingness to engage in relationship disclosure with male and female counselors. These findings underscore the impact of gender and personality on counseling disclosure tendencies. The discussion focuses on gender and the use of the RDS in research and counseling settings.
Ceftizoxime-induced hemolysis secondary to combined drug adsorption and immune-complex mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Immune hemolytic anemia has been associated with the administration of various antibiotics, including cephalosporins. Presented here is a patient who developed severe acute hemolysis while receiving ceftizoxime (Ceftizox, Fujisawa USA), a third-generation cephalosporin. This is the fourth reported case of hemolysis in association with ceftizoxime. In the previous cases, ceftizoxime was shown to induce hemolysis by the immune-complex mechanism. However, in one of those reports, the concentration of drug used to treat the target RBCs in vitro may not have been optimal. CASE REPORT: The patient's antemortem blood samples were analyzed retrospectively for drug-dependent antibodies by the drug-adsorption and immune-complex methods. Antibody class and titer were evaluated. RESULTS: The patient's sample agglutinated RBCs coated with ceftizoxime as well as uncoated RBCs in the presence of ceftizoxime. The antibodies to ceftizoxime were IgM and IgG. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on both the immune-complex and drug-adsorption mechanisms of ceftizoxime-induced hemolysis. The differential diagnosis of a falling Hct in a patient receiving antibiotics should include drug-related hemolysis; once this diagnosis is considered, management includes the appropriate serologic workup, immediate cessation of the implicated drugs, and possible transfusion support.
Learning presence: Towards a theory of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and the development of a communities of inquiry in online and blended learning environments

In this paper we examine the Community of Inquiry framework (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000) suggesting that the model may be enhanced through a fuller articulation of the roles of online learners. We present the results of a study of 3165 students in online and hybrid courses from 42 two- and four-year institutions in which we examine the relationship between learner self-efficacy measures and their ratings of the quality of their learning in virtual environments. We conclude that a positive relationship exists between elements of the CoI framework and between elements of a nascent theoretical construct that we label ''learning presence''. We suggest that learning presence represents elements such as self-efficacy as well as other cognitive, behavioral, and motivational constructs supportive of online learner self-regulation. We suggest that this focused analysis on the active roles of online learners may contribute to a more thorough account of knowledge construction in technology-mediated environments expanding the descriptive and explanatory power of the Community of Inquiry framework. Learning presence: Towards a Theory of Self-efficacy, Self-regulation, and the Development of a Communities of Inquiry in Online and Blended Learning Environments.
The Political Stalinization of China: The Establishment of One-Party Constitutionalism, 1948-1954

This article offers a fresh perspective on the establishment of a one-party constitutional structure in China from 1948 to 1954, using documents and first-hand accounts published in China over the past two decades. These documents suggest that the Stalinization of China cannot be understood outside the larger context of the political Stalinization of the rest of the Communist world. Stalin played a critical role in determining the pace of political reform in China, and he actively encouraged Mao to allow non-Communists to take part in the Chinese electoral process and in the writing of the Chinese constitution. Although Mao would have preferred to establish a Soviet-style one-party system right away, he readily yielded to Stalin's advice. Mao chose to obey Stalin's dictates for political reform so that he could gain greater independence in domestic economic policies.
Reimbursement of Private School Tuition to Parents Since Burlington

In 1985 the U.S. Supreme Court settled what had been an extremely controversial issue: Are parents who unilaterally enroll their handicapped child in a private school entitled to reimbursement of those expenses if the private school is later determined to be the appropriate placement under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act? Although the Court answered that question in the affirmative, litigation over reimbursement for privately obtained services has not ended. Several new issues not contemplated or answered by the high court's decision have since emerged. This article describes those issues and outlines how the lower courts have dealt with them.
Early histories of school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

In a prospective study of developmental outcomes in relation to early-life otitis media, behavioral, cognitive, and language measures were administered to a large, diverse sample of children at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9–11 years of age (N = 741). At 9–11 years of age, 9% of the children were categorized as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on parent report. Compared to the non-ADHD group, the ADHD group had higher (i.e., less favorable) scores on parent and teacher versions of the Child Behavior Checklist at all ages. Children in the ADHD group also had lower scores on cognitive and receptive language measures in preschool. The findings support the concept that ADHD is a cognitive as well as a behavioral disorder.
An extended domain-based model of software reliability

A definition of software reliability is proposed in which reliability is treated as a generalization of the probability of correctness of the software in question. A tolerance function is introduced as a method of characterizing an acceptable level of correctness. This in turn is used, together with the probability function defining the operational input distribution, as a parameter of the definition of reliability. It is shown that the definition can be used to provide many natural models of reliability by varying the tolerance function and that it may be reasonably approximated using well-chosen test sets. It is also shown that there is an inherent limitation to the measurement of reliability using finite test sets. >
An Analytical Derivation of the Density of States, Effective Mass, and Carrier Density for Achiral Carbon Nanotubes

An analytical electron density of states (DOS) for zigzag and armchair single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are derived in this paper. The derivation originates from the tight-binding energy dispersion relation for CNTs and reveals the essential physics such as periodic van-Hove singularities and its dependence on chirality. The DOS derivation is exact and contains no additional approximations or assumptions, except those inherent in the nearest neighbor tight-binding model. In addition, we derive analytical expressions for the group velocity, effective mass, and nondegenerate equilibrium carrier density.
Electron beam neutralization in ICP RIE with auxiliary cold cathode e-beam

Summary form only given. A cold cathode electron beam (e-beam) source has been developed to operate in the plasma environment of reactive ion beam etching (RIE). The e-beam was generated by the secondary electron emitted from an aluminum-oxide coldcathode in a RF plasma sheath. It employs a separate RF biased, electrically insulating cathode with high secondary electron emission. This electron source produced electron flux up to I mA/cm/sup 2/ with electron energy up to 1 keV. The electron beam can be independently controlled to irradiate the etch workpiece. The measured electron beam energy spectra agreed with a simple model comparing the RF waveform applied to the cathode. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system, desired for oxide etching, was set its 13.56 MHz RF power up to 500 W with CF/sub 4/:H/sub 2/ of 6 mTorr. Experimental study of oxide films on silicon substrate with 0.45 /spl mu/m feature size of patterns had shown the neutralization effect of e-beam, to eliminate the undesired micro-trench feature, which was caused by nonuniform charge buildup. That effect was predicted by G. Hwang and K. Giapias in previous theoretical studies for sub-micron IC-device oxide-etching process. A two-dimensional charged particle flux simulation, based on Arnold & Sawin's work, verified the reduction of micro-trench by irradiating the feature bottom with an energetic electron beam to neutralize the positive charge buildup on oxide island. This cold cathode e-beam source is compatible with several varieties of RIE plasma environment with high reliability, and works in concert with the 13.56 MHz RF system. It is one candidate for the neutralization source in plasma etch processing systems that suffer from undesired charge build-up.
Comparison of midazolam (MDZ) and simvastatin (SV) as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A probes during baseline (BAS), inhibition (INHIB), and induction (INDUC)

MDZ is a validated CYP3A biomarker but disadvantages make it a suboptimal probe. The FDA has suggested the use of SV as a CYP3A biomarker to assess drug interactions (DIs). SV is a P-glycoprotein (PGP) substrate and its metabolism is mainly via CYP3A with CYP2C8 having a minor role. The aim of this study was to compare SV with MDZ before and after INHIB and INDUC of CYP3A enzyme activity in a fixed sequential, open label, 3-way crossover study. 19 adults (9M/10F, mean age 38.2±8.7 yr) randomly received single doses of oral MDZ 0.075mg/kg and SV 40mg, 1 to 3d apart, during 3 phases [BAS, INHIB with ketoconazole 400mg x 10d, & INDUC with rifampin 600mg x 9d]. The washout period between phases was 1 & 2 wk after BAS & INHIB, respectively. Area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) for MDZ & SV was calculated by a noncompartmental model using WinNonlin®. Log transformed AUCs were evaluated by Pearson correlation (r). Mean increases in AUC from BAS to INHIB were 883%±304% (MDZ) & 1335%±747% (SV). Mean decreases from BAS to INDUC were 87%±4% (MDZ) & 89%±11% (SV). Correlation of AUCs for MDZ vs SV at BAS was r=0.56 (p=0.01); during INHIB, r=0.43 (p=0.07); during INDUC, r=0.36 (p=0.15). SV metabolism may not be influenced only by altered CYP3A activity but by altered CYP2C8 and/or PGP activity during INHIB and INDUC. SV is not a useful biomarker compared to the validated probe MDZ for studying CYP3A DIs due to its lack of CYP3A specificity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P96–P96; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.365
The Functional Diversity of Epidermal Keratins Revealed by the Partial Rescue of the Keratin 14 Null Phenotype by Keratin 16

The type I epidermal keratins K14 and K16 are remarkably similar at the primary sequence level. While a structural function has been clearly defined for K14, we have proposed that a function of K16 may be to play a role in the process of keratinocyte activation that occurs after acute injury to stratified epithelia. To compare directly the functions of the two keratins we have targeted the expression of the human K16 cDNA to the progenitor basal layer of the epidermis of K14 null mice. Mice null for K14 blister extensively and die ∼2 d after birth (Lloyd, C., Q.C. Yu, J. Cheng, K. Turksen, L. Degenstein, E. Hutton, and E. Fuchs. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129:1329–1344). The skin of mice expressing K16 in the absence of K14 developed normally without evidence of blistering. However, as the mice aged they featured extensive alopecia, chronic epidermal ulcers in areas of frequent physical contact, and alterations in other stratified epithelia. Mice expressing a control K16-C14 cDNA also rescue the blistering phenotype of the K14 null mice with only a small percentage exhibiting minor alopecia. While K16 is capable of rescuing the blistering, phenotypic complementation in the resulting skin is incomplete due to the multiple age dependent anomalies. Despite their high sequence similarity, K16 and K14 are not functionally equivalent in the epidermis and other stratified epithelia and it is primarily the carboxy-terminal ∼105 amino acids of K16 that define these differences.
Towards a Requirements-Driven Workbench for Supporting Software Certification and Accreditation

Security certification activities for software systems rely heavily on requirements mandated by regulatory documents and their compliance evidences to support accreditation decisions. Therefore, the design of a workbench to support these activities should be grounded in a thorough understanding of the characteristics of certification requirements and their relationships with certification activities. To this end, we utilize our findings from the case study of a certification process of The United States Department of Defense (DoD) to identify the design objectives of a requirements-driven workbench for supporting certification analysts. The primary contributions of this paper are: identifying key areas of automation and tool support for requirements-driven certification activities; an ontology-driven dynamic and flexible workbench architecture to address process variability; and a prototype implementation.
Virtual memory primitives for user programs

Memory Management Units (MMUs) are traditionally used by operating systems to implement disk-paged virtual memory. Some operating systems allow user programs to specify the protection level (inaccessible, readonly, read-write) of pages, and allow user programs to handle protection violations, but these mechanisms are not always robust, e cient, or well-matched to the needs of applications. We survey several user-level algorithms that make use of page-protection techniques, and analyze their common characteristics, in an attempt to answer the question, \What virtual-memory primitives should the operating system provide to user processes, and how well do today's operating systems provide them?"
THE SKIN RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI : I. DESCRIPTION OF A SECONDARY REACTION OCCURRING LOCALLY AFTER INTRADERMAL INOCULATION.

1. Rabbits inoculated intradermally with certain strains of green streptococci have well marked lesions which, after reaching a maximum size in 24 to 48 hours and then beginning to retrogress, show in over 50 per cent of the animals a secondary increase in size and other signs of inflammation about 8 or 9 days after inoculation. 2. This secondary reaction may follow the inoculation of a variety of strains of green-producing streptococci from various sources, of indifferent streptococci, and occasionally of pneumococci. 3. The inoculation of hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, or Bacillus coli has not been followed by this secondary reaction. 4. The secondary reaction is not due to increased activity of the injected bacteria since the lesions are usually sterile at the time it occurs and since the secondary reaction occurs after inoculation of killed organisms as well as after that of living ones. 5. A second inoculation of green streptococci into a rabbit within 9 weeks of a first injection is followed by a primary but not by a secondary reaction. This inhibition of the secondary reaction is not specific; for the phenomenon of secondary reaction can be completely inhibited by previous inoculations of the rabbit with any living streptococcus and usually with pneumococci. Killed organisms are less effectual. 6. Preliminary injection with staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, and Bacillus coli has not prevented the appearance of a secondary reaction in response to subsequent injections of green streptococci. 7. The agent responsible for the secondary reaction has not as yet been determined; its nature is discussed. The phenomenon is possibly a form of allergic reaction.
Spatial-Resolution Limits of Laser Patterning: Submicrometer Projection Microchemistry

The predictions of a simple two-dimensional model for the sensitivity to process contrast of direct-write and projection laser microchemistry are reviewed. Microchemical reactions excited by UV image projection are demonstrated using a 30X reduction reflecting system and excimer laser illumination. Well-resolved images with submicrometer features are obtained by: (1) reaction of an Al/O cermet, (2) projection doping of Si in BCl3,(3) projection etching of Pyrex glass in H2, and (4) reactive patterning of an organic bilayer. Linewidths of 0.5–0.2 µm have been demonstrated for projection imaging in these systems.
An Atypical Presentation of Vaginal Agenesis.

Abstract Background Vaginal agenesis is rare and generally presents with primary amenorrhea and cyclic abdominal pain. We describe a case in which the diagnosis was delayed due to lack of initial pelvic examination and atypical findings on imaging. Case A 13-year-old girl with a known renal anomaly presented to the emergency department with primary amenorrhea and cyclic abdominal pain. She declined a pelvic examination and had normal laboratory testing and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging results. At 16 months later, she presented again and was diagnosed with vaginal agenesis and a large endometrioma. Summary and Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of the physical examination in the evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Further, it demonstrates that hematometra may not be present on imaging. Here, an endometrioma was the only abnormality noted on magnetic resonance imaging after 18 months of retrograde menstruation.
Second-Order Neighborhood Analysis of Mapped Point Patterns

A technique based on second-order methods, called second-order neighborhood analysis, is used to quantify clustering at various spatial scales. The theoretical model represents the degree of clustering in a Poisson process from the perspective of each individual point. The method is applied to point location data for a sample of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees, and shows that heterogeneity within the forest is clearly a function of the scale of analysis.
Interaction of a redox-sensitive DNA-binding factor with the 5'-flanking region of the micF gene in Escherichia coli.

Summary The product of the micF gene is an endogenous anti-sense RNA which down-regulates the expression of a major outer membrane protein, OmpF, in E. coli. We report here that two DNA-binding factors compete for the same site in the promoter region of the micF gene: RSBF, a high-affinity redox-sensitive DNA-binding factor that responds to an active oxygen species other than hydrogen peroxide or superoxide anions; and HRBF a heat-resistant DNA-binding factor. Both RSBF and HRBF bind to the same DNA sequence, 5′-TTAAAATCAATAACTTATTCTTAA3-′, located upstream of the transcription start site of the micF gene. We present evidence that RSBF could be the controlling factor of a novel regulon involved in the response to oxidative stress in E. coli.
Phenotype recognition. Clinicians' contributions to molecular genetics.

Abstract Medullary cystic disease, Alport's syndrome, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are inherited renal disorders whose genetic bases are better understood because of careful clinical observation. I explore the relationships among some clinical aspects of each of these conditions, the rapidly advancing field of molecular genetics, and the ethical issues that need to be addressed before gene identification becomes too widely applied as a diagnostic tool.
New Wide Area Virtual Environment (WAVE) Medical Education

ABSTRACT Objective: Accomplish the first large-scale combat casualty training using multiple-modality hybrid simulation in the Uniformed Services University's one-of-a-kind three-dimensional Wide Area Virtual Environment (WAVE). Methods: 91 first-year medical students (MS1) completed a WAVE training session as part of their Combat Medical Skills course. In teams of 6 students, they treated two combat casualties with blast wounds (one a SimMan 3G, and another a standardized patient) during15-minute scenarios in the WAVE. The WAVE is a unique medical simulation environment comprising an 8,000-square-foot virtual space composed of two pods surrounded by circumferential 9×12-foot movie screens and a high-fidelity directional sound system. Students completed WAVE quality assurance surveys to describe their impressions. Results: 91 MS1s were trained in a 4.5-hour period (including pre- and post-briefs) without technical difficulties during this inaugural training experience. Student survey data indicated a stro...
Inferring custom architectures from OpenCL

OpenCL has emerged as the de facto cross-platform standard in the GPU-based HPC computing domain. However, in FPGA-based HPC systems, OpenCL-to-FPGA compilers often yield suboptimal results due to the rigid architecture, limited shared-memory, and non-existent inter-work-item communication pathways implied by the OpenCL model. In this work, a methodology of inferring application-specific OpenCL “work-item” interfaces based on kernel code analysis is explored. A proof-of-concept prototype is implemented using an OpenCL source-to-source translator, which allows automated generation of the FPGA-based hardware accelerators directly from the OpenCL sources. The type and implementation of the inferred interface is tailored to match the data access patterns within the kernel. The inferred interface outperforms limitations of the OpenCL rigid architecture and communication model. The presented approach achieves a ∲30x speedup over the generic memory-based approach for a 16 work-items application. A set of OpenCL coding patterns targeting FPGA-based HPC systems is also introduced. This technique is demonstrated on a popular bioinformatics algorithm, yet is applicable to any such algorithm with non-standard inter-cell communications.
The effect of involvement on ad judgement in a computermediated environment

This study investigates the relationship between involvement, presence and communication (advertising and word-of-mouth) judgement in a computer-mediated communications environment. A popular computer game was modified to incorporate persuasive communication within game play. Results indicate that involvement affects communication judgement and that the degree of experienced presence within the environment mediates this relationship.
When Reform is Not Enough: Assuring More than Merely 'Adequate' Representation in Class Actions

Adequacy of representation is the benchmark of due process in class action litigation. Representational inadequacy provides the basis for a successful collateral attack against a previous class judgment, thus disrupting the finality of the judgment and reopening litigation. Representational inadequacy can also result in unfair class settlements of the variety that have been highly publicized and widely condemned. Despite its essential nature, however, adequacy of representation is not well defined and the case law is inconsistent. Moreover, proposed federal legislation and recent amendments to the class action Federal Rule address only superficial reforms, rather than tackling the real underlying issue of adequacy. In this Article, Professor Bassett analyzes the tripartite nature of adequacy of representation and argues that more than mere adequacy is needed from the class representative, from class counsel, and from court oversight. Professor Bassett argues that more attention is needed to the same interest - same injury prerequisite for class representatives; that the standard for court oversight is one of rigorous analysis; and that the evaluation of class counsel's adequacy of representation is, ultimately, an ethical determination in the sense of the kinds of considerations underlying the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. In particular, viewing the adequacy of class counsel as an ethical determination provides greater assurance that the adequacy prerequisite is satisfied, and thereby decreases the opportunities for subsequent collateral attack and for settlements tainted by lawyer self-interest.
Percutaneous left ventricular assist device in high risk percutaneous coronary intervention.

High-risk candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may include patients with severe multi-vessel coronary artery disease, unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis, or last patent conduit with a stenosis, especially in patients with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction of ≤35% (1-4). In addition, the condition and co-morbidities of the patient should be taken into consideration. Traditionally, revascularization in these patients could be better accomplished with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery; however, sometimes these patients are high-risk surgical candidates, have advanced age and/or have poor distal targets for bypass surgery (5). PCI in these patients is a viable option, however, episodic interruption of blood flow to the target coronary artery in these high-risk patients during contrast dye injections, balloon inflation and stent implantation may result in a decrease in LV performance raising procedural morbidity and/or mortality (3,4,6). Currently, it is thought that hemodynamic support devices like the Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, Massachusetts) percutaneous left ventricular assist device (PLVAD) or intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) may provide support during high-risk PCI (2,3,7-9).
Explaining Interfaith Dialogue in the Muslim World

In the last two decades, several Muslim states and civil society groups have embraced interfaith dialogue as a means of engagement with non-Muslims, especially with Christians. Why do these actors initiate interfaith dialogue? Why do they follow different interfaith dialogue strategies? This article argues that Islamic actors initiate interfaith dialogue to signal their moderate stance to powerful others who are concerned with Islamic radicalization and violence. These Islamic interfaith actors follow different strategies because of their interfaith theology (ideas about the legitimacy of religious others) and the nature of state-religion interaction (secular versus religious states) in their home countries. To support its argument, this article examines three Muslim interfaith initiatives: the Gulen Movement in Turkey and beyond (Sunni-Sufi, a civil society-led project), Jordan's A Common Word initiative (Sunni, a semi-governmental project), and Saudi Arabia's interfaith efforts (Sunni-Wahhabi, a state-led project).
Lipoprotein alterations from a triphasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene: A 12-month trial

To evaluate the lipid and lipoprotein changes induced by a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene, 25 healthy women from the Baltimore metropolitan area were enrolled in an open-label, noncomparative study. Serum lipids were measured prior to starting the OCs and again during the 3rd, 6th and 12th treatment cycles. Mean lipid concentrations in each treatment cycle were compared to baseline levels using the t test for paired samples. Small but statistically significant (P < or = .05) increases in the mean concentrations of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, total high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B were noted. Although the increases were statistically significant, the mean lipid concentrations were still within the normal range. The mean HDL2 and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were unchanged, as was the mean total cholesterol/HDL ratio. Healthy women taking a triphasic OC containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene have minimal changes in lipids and should not be at increased risk of atherosclerosis due to OC-induced lipid alterations.
The Elephant in the Room: Anticipatory Force and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

This paper will analyze the underlying notion of anticipatory force in NATO’s strategic doctrine and what this emergent theme could mean for the future of the Alliance. This topic will be approached by examining changes in the transatlantic political climate since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the status of anticipatory self-defence under international law. The role that threat perception and other practical considerations will play in determining NATO’s future use of anticipatory force will then be explored. It will be concluded that despite the emergence of new security threats and subsequent developments in political and legal understandings of anticipatory force, this remains a pervasive yet obscure theme in NATO’s evolving strategic doctrine.
Focus on “β-Adrenergic potentiation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in brown fat cells”

brown fat adipocytes are distinguished by a unique capacity to uncouple mitochondrial respiration and dissipate energy as heat, a process termed thermogenesis or nonshivering heat production. Thermogenesis plays a key role in small mammals during recovery from hibernation and in the maintenance of
Physiologic Concentrations of Cortisol Suppress Cell-Mediated Immune Events in the Domestic Pig

AbstractMild restraint of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) caused activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, atrophy of the thymus gland, and a significant reduction in cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Physiologic concentrations of cortisol suppressed, in vitro, phytohemagglutinin- and concanavalin A-induced proliferation of porcine thymocytes, splenocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, even though cortisol was only mildly cytolytic. These results extend the concept of an endocrine influence on regulation of cell-mediated immune events to species other than humans and rodents.