cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple Shear Behavior of Calcareous and Quartz Sands

The monotonic and cyclic simple shear behavior of several loose skeletal calcareous sands is investigated and compared to that of common Nevada and Ottawa quartz sands in order to draw contrasts between these types of materials and to develop stiffness and modulus degradation curves for quasi-nonlinear ground response analysis. Mobilized frictional resistance and cyclic strength are generally higher for the calcareous sands, whereas shear modulus and damping are larger for quartz sand at strain levels between 0.05 and 1%. Degradation properties do not appear to be very sensitive to the initial cyclic stress ratio. Differences in behavior between the calcareous and quartz sands are presumably due to contrasts in grain geometry, hardness, gradation and the amount of intraparticle voids.
Microwave spectrum of ethylthioethyne

Abstract The microwave spectrum of ethylthioethyne, CH 3 CH 2 SCCH, has been investigated in the spectral region 12.4–32.0 GHz. Of the possible rotational isomers, only one has been identified, having the CH 3 and the CCH groups gauche to one another. The rotational constants for this rotamer have been determined to be (in MHz) A = 6345.494±0.007, B = 2960.155±0.004 and C = 2189.444±0.004. From these rotational constants a plausible structure has been derived which gives the gauche dihedral angle as 119° ±3dg (from the anti position). The total dipole moment was found from Stark effect measurements to be 1.65±0.03 D with the components μ a = 1.15±0.01 D, μ b = 1.09±0.02 D and μ c = 0.46±0.04 D. Several vibrational satellite lines were also assigned and relative intensity measurements yielded the frequencies 90±20 cm −1 and 157 ±30 cm −1 , presumably, the C-S torsion and the CSC bending vibration.
Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from mute swan (Cygnus olor) from the USA

a b s t r a c t Little is known of the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. In the present study, antibodies to T. gondii were determined in serum samples from 632 mute swans (Cygnus olor) collected from different areas of the USA. Sera were tested by T. gondii modified agglutination test; 54 (8.5%) of 632 samples were seropositive with titers of 25 in 28 sera, 50 in 22 sera, 100 in three samples, and 200 or higher in one swan. Hearts from 14 seropositive swans were bioassayed in mice and viable T. gondii (designated TgSwanUs1-3) were isolated from the hearts of three. These three T. gondii isolates were further propa- gated in cell culture, and DNA isolated from culture-derived tachyzoites was characterized using 11 PCR-RFLP markers (SAG1, 5 � - and 3
Influence of host cultivars and Bradyrhizobium strains on the growth and symbiotic performance of soybean under salt stress

This paper examines the importance of salt tolerance of host cultivars, Bradyrhizobium strains, and host-Bradyrhizobium combinations on the symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential of soybean under NaCl and KCl salt stress. Plants were grown in a soil medium, and the experiments were conducted under controlled environment growth room conditions. Bradyrhizobium growth was examined in yeast-mannitol broth andB. japonicum strains tolerant of NaCl and KCl (80 mM) stress were identified. Soybean cultivar Williams, which was sensitive to salt stress, performed poorly both in growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, irrespective of whether it was matched with a tolerant or sensitive Bradyrhizobium strain. Tolerant cultivar Manchu sustained nodulation and nitrogen fixation, irrespective of whether it was matched with a tolerant or sensitive Bradyrhizobium strain. Evidence presented here suggests a need, first to select soybean cultivars that are tolerant to salt stress, and then to match them with tolerant and effective Bradyrhizobium strains.
Thermal model and measurements of polymer laser sintering

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bulk energy transport processes in the build chamber environment before and during laser sintering (LS) to provide a basis for effective and accurate thermal control for the LS process. This leads to improved mechanical properties and geometrical tolerances for LS products and may be applied to optimize operation cycle times for the LS process. Design/methodology/approach – Computational models with two levels of complexity were built to explore the heat transfer mechanisms in the LS process. In a one-dimensional model (1D), the powder performed as a semi-infinite solid and heater flux to the powder surface was modeled with a heater control law. A two-dimensional (2D) fluid/solid finite element model of the build chamber and powder bins provided insight into the thermal processes in the build chamber. Findings – Numerical 1D simulations were verified with measurements from sensors embedded in the build chamber powder bed. Using a 2D model, computed pow...
The testing of geomagnetic reversal models: recent developments

The number of available palaeomagnetic records displaying detailed transitional field behaviour has increased significantly over the past few years. The expanded data set of transitions now includes records of sequential reversals from the same site locality as well as multiple recordings of a particular reversal from widely separated sites. Such data are most useful with regard to the testing of geomagnetic reversal models. First, records of successive reversals may make it possible to distinguish whether transitional fields originate primarily with the configurational characteristics of the reversing geodynamo or whether a non-reversing portion of the field is responsible. Such an analysis does not yet provide conclusive evidence in support of either hypothesis. Second, multiple records from distant sites furnish the best possible data with regard to the determination of the harmonic content of particular transitional fields. In this regard, two quite independent, testable models have been applied to the several recordings of the Matuyama-Brunhes transition. Findings support the hypothesis that the intermediate field geometry during this particular polarity transition was indeed controlled by non-dipole zonal harmonic terms. Moreover, analysis of the paths of the virtual geomagnetic pole associated with the available records strongly suggests that the most extreme dominance of transitional fields by axisymmetric components occurs during the onset of the reversal, a finding that now has support on purely theoretical grounds. Finally, field behaviour associated with existing igneous-recorded palaeomagnetic excursions is not unlike that observed at the onset of field reversals. Hence, there is growing evidence in support of the hypothesis that attempts by the geodynamo to reverse are not always successful. These recordings of apparent abortive reversals may be of considerable value with regard to our understanding of transitional fields and geomagnetic reversal.
Mineral‐matrix interactions in bone and dentin

The bone, dentin, and cementum of the mature individual are comprised from a dense collagenous fiber network into which the carbonate-apatite mineral phase is deposited. It is hypothesized that a set of collagen-interactive acidic phosphoproteins are secreted by the osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and cementoblasts into the preformed collagenous matrix. These proteins then interact specifically with the collagen and nucleate apatite formation on and within the fibrils. These phosphoproteins may also regulate the morphology, rate of growth, and stability of the mineral phase crystals. The acidic matrix phosphoproteins may thus be considered as the crucial regulators of mineralization and tissue stability. In the dentin system, these regulatory proteins are synthesized, posttranslationally modified, and secreted in vesicles different from the collagen secretory vesicles. Mineralization occurs as the regulatory proteins are deposited on the preformed fibrils. This model requires testing in the bone system. In dentin, in the absence of tissue turnover, the resident phosphoproteins are degraded in situ over time, perhaps changing the properties of the tissue. Regulation of synthesis, secretory pathways and retention of integrity within the matrix are thus important areas for further investigation.
The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Stimulates JNK in MDCK Cells

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) stimulates ERK1 in rat fibroblasts, but its effect on other MAP kinases is not known. We used a model of renal distal tubule, the MDCK cell, to determine the effects of CaR stimulation on Jun kinase (JNK) activity. Stimulation of the CaR with 5 mM Ca(2+) resulted in a time-dependent increase in JNK activity. Activation of JNK occurred preferentially with stimulation on the basal surface relative to the apical surface. Basal administration of the CaR agonist gadolinium (30 microm) also stimulated JNK activity. Pertussis toxin blocked the ability of both CaR agonists to stimulate JNK, indicating that the effect was mediated through G(ialpha) class G proteins. Finally, we used confocal microscopy to determine that the CaR was located predominantly on the basal surface. These studies demonstrate for the first time that the CaR stimulates JNK activity.
Cosmological Simulations of Normal-Branch Braneworld Gravity

We introduce a cosmological model based on the normal branch of Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) braneworld gravity with a smooth dark energy component on the brane. The expansion history in this model is identical to ΛCDM, thus evading all geometric constraints on the DGP crossover scale r_c. This well-defined model can serve as a first approximation to more general braneworld models whose cosmological solutions have not been obtained yet. We study the formation of large-scale structure in this model in the linear and nonlinear regime using N-body simulations for different values of r_c. The simulations use the code presented in 25 and solve the full nonlinear equation for the brane-bending mode in conjunction with the usual gravitational dynamics. The brane-bending mode is attractive rather than repulsive in the DGP normal branch, hence the sign of the modified gravity effects is reversed compared to those presented in 25. We compare the simulation results with those of ordinary ΛCDM simulations run using the same code and initial conditions. We find that the matter power spectrum in this model shows a characteristic enhancement peaking at k ~ 0.7h/Mpc. We also find that the abundance of massive halos is significantly enhanced. Other results presented here include the density profiles of dark matter halos, and signatures of the brane-bending mode self-interactions (Vainshtein mechanism) in the simulations. Independently of the expansion history, these results can be used to place constraints on the DGP model and future generalizations through their effects on the growth of cosmological structure.
Prostanoids Inhibit Kupffer Cell Nitric Oxide Synthesis

Kupffer cells are the largest population of fixed tissue macrophages in the body and produce a number of mediators that are involved in host defense. These mediators include cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin- 1, prostaglandins, oxygen radicals, and nitric oxide. Prostaglandins are produced by adjacent endothelial cells in addition to Kupffer cells and regulate a number of cellular functions in a wide array of cells, but their role in nitric oxide synthesis is controversial. We studied the role of prostaglandins in regulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide synthesis in cultured rat Kupffer cells. Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) inhibited Kupffer cell nitric oxide synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion in both 24- and 48-hr cultures. The effect of PGE 2 persisted at low and high LPS concentrations. Prostaglandin analogues as well as other prostanoids also inhibited Kupffer cell nitric oxide synthesis. These data show that exogenous prostaglandins suppress Kupffer cell nitric oxide synthesis and may represent an important endogenous regulator of nitric oxide production. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
The life table and competing risks

Abstract The concept of the life table originated in longevity studies of man, where it was always presented as a subject peculiar to public health, demography, and actuarial science. As a result, its development has not received sufficient attention in the field of statistics. Actually, the problems of mortality studies are similar to those of reliability theory and life testing, and they may be described in terms familiar to the statistically oriented mind. From a statistical point of view, human life is a random experiment and its outcome, survival or death, ss subject to chance. The life table systematically records the outcomes of many such experiments for a large number of individuals over a period of time. Thus, the quantities in the table are random variables subject to established statistical analysis. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the life table from a statistical viewpoint.
Separation of chromosomes ofPhytophthora species using CHEF gel electrophoresis

Abstract A broadly applicable technique for separation of chromosomes of Phytophthora species is desirable as a genetic tool for estimating genome size, determining chromosome number, and localizing specific genes on chromosomes. Chromosomal DNAs from seven different Phytophthora species were electrophoresed using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. Ramped switching intervals of 3 to 45 min at 50 V for 7 days (14°C) allowed resolution of 13 bands for Phytophthora megasperma isolate 63, in agreement with the chromosome number reported from cytological studies. At 45 V, at least six chromosomes were resolved for P. cactorum , four to five for P. boehmeriae , seven to nine for P. megasperma isolate 77, and three to four for P. capsici . Some separation but poor resolution was observed for chromosomes of P. palmivora and P. parasitica . Chromosomes of P. infestans failed to separate, migrating as a single high molecular weight band. Substantial variation in band intensity was observed within isolates of all species. Specific hybridization to chromosomes on CHEF gels was obtained with the seven species using a ribosomal DNA probe from Pythium paroecandrum .
Tunable impedance: A semi-passive approach to practical motion control of insect-inspired MAVs

Research on insect-inspired flapping-wing micro-aerial vehicles (FWMAV) has grown steadily in the past decade, aiming to address unique challenges in morphological construction, force production, and control strategy. In particular, effective methods for motion control still remain an open problem. This paper analyzes the mechanical impedance properties of the joint and their role in rotation of the wing and force production. The results suggest that in addition to previously observed relationship between set point and drag [1], the average lift force is also related to the stiffness of the joint. Furthermore, as long as changes in impedance properties are small, net lift and drag production are almost independent. These relationships are the basis of ‘tunable impedance’ technique, a new approach to force/motion control in FWMAVs. A simple controller designed based on this method is used to simulate various flight maneuvers. The simulated MAV demonstrates exceptional performance, even in presence of measurement noise. This technique requires a fixed stroke profile for both wings, thus allowing to use a single stroke actuator - in a real MAV - with a bandwidth as low as the frequency of flapping. Impedance actuators also prove to have low bandwidth requirements.
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and 13C‐199Hg coupling constants for symmetrical dialkylmercurials

The carbon-13 chemical shifts and coupling constants (J[13C199Hg]) have been determined for a series of eleven symmetrically substituted organomercurials. Empirical substituent parameters can be calculated which correlate observed and predicted chemical shifts for dialkylmercurials.
Advances in second-generation ultralow-power CMOS active pixel sensor imagers for remote sensing, star tracking, optical comm, and low-cost solar array/antenna boom deployment metrology

JPL has implemented advances in CMOS APS visible sensors well suited for the development of ultra-low power, miniature, highly integrated image sensor systems. Applications for these low cost, modular, high performance 'camera-on-a-chip' sensors include: remote earth and planetary visible science cameras, wireless payload deployment monitors for large mirrors, solar panels, booms and antennas, and FPAs for star trackers, sun sensors and high bandwidth multi-window optical communication beacon tracker. This paper reports on the newest generation of CMOS APS dubbed the Versatile Integrated Digital Imager or VIDI APS 'camera-on-a-chip.' VIDI is an integrated, digital 'chip-camera' with a 512 X 512 format, 12-um pixels, utilizing a single 3.3 V supply, with analog or 10-bit digital output, fabricated on a standard 0.5 um CMOS process. The chip size is 10 mm X 15.5 mm. Features include a simple, all digital 'five-wire' interface, on-chip timing, control, four five-bit DACs for bias generation, and 512 column parallel ADCs, VIDI offers programmable exposure, resolution, data efficient 'smart' area-of-interest windowed high speed readout, no blooming, while continuing to operate with approximately 20 mW of power in the on-state and approximately 40 uW in the 'sleep' state and has a maximum data rate of 20 Mbits/sec.
Data Quality Metadata and Decision Making

Data quality metadata (QM) is the set of quality measurements associated with the data. Literature has demonstrated that the provision of QM can improve decision performance. In this paper, we examine how information systems, specifically, decision support systems can be designed to help users make better use of QM, using a two-stage approach. In stage-1, we develop a theoretical model and validate it using experimental settings to understand how QM affects decision performance, particularly, the cognitive overload QM creates. In stage-2, based on data visualization literature, we posit that the cognitive load may be reduced by visualization. We develop a visual interface for visualizing data and associated QM. We investigate whether the visual interface will permit a superior integration of QM when compared with a textual interface, even for complex tasks with less-experience users. The results of our experiment largely supported our theory and hypotheses.
EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECT ON SHAREHOLDER WEALTH OF CORPORATE SPINOFFS: THE CREATION OF ROYALTY TRUSTS

Corporate spinoffs and divestitures cause positive revaluation of the firm by the market. This paper examines a particular kind of spinoff, one of mineral interests into a royalty trust. Royalty trusts are associated with abnormal returns that come from positive market revalution and from special tax incentives inherent to trusts.
Lithium insertion into Li2Ti3O7

Abstract Li 2 Ti 3 O 7 with the ramsdellite-type structure undergoes lithium insertion reactions with n-BuLi. Li 2+x Ti 3 O 7 phases form with x = 0.5 and 1.0 at room temperature and at 50°C, respectively. The ESR spectrum of Li 3 Ti 3 O 7 confirms the partial reduction of Ti 4+ ions to Ti 3+ . The electrical conductivity of the fully lithiated phase is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the host compound, suggesting charge hopping in the mixed valent lithiated compound.
A molecular model of the enantioselective liquid chromatographic separation of (R,S)-ifosfamide and its N-dechloroethylated metabolites on a teicoplanin aglycon chiral stationary phase.

The enantioselective separations of the chiral oxazaphosphorines (R,S)-ifosfamide (IF), (R,S)-2-N-dechloroethyl-IF (2-DCE-IF) and (R,S)-3-N-dechloroethyl-IF (3-DCE-IF) were achieved on teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phase using isopropanol:methanol (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase. Computational models of the teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycon (TAG) chiral selectors were constructed and used in docking experiments to examine the chiral recognition mechanism associated with the observed resolutions. Initial data showed no significant differences between the simulated selector–selectand complexes using teicoplanin and TAG, and the full study was conducted using TAG. The data from the study indicate that hydrophobic interactions arise between the chlorine atom present in the cholorethyl moieties of the oxazaphosphorine molecules and hydrophobic pockets within the TAG basket and that these interactions anchored and positioned the selectands within the selector–selectand complexes. The complexes were stabilized through the formation of a network of hydrogen bond and cation–π interactions, in which the latter involved the phosphorous atom of the phosphoramide moiety and aromatic components of the TAG aglycon basket. The chirality of the oxazaphosphorine molecule determined the number and strength of the stabilizing interactions which resulted in significant differences in the relative mean binding energies between the complexes formed by the (R) and (S) enantiomers of the selectands. These differences were consistent with the observed chromatographic enantioselectivity and suggest a multi-step chrial recognition mechanism involving the tethering of the selectand to the selector followed by conformational adjustments and stabilization of the selectand–selector complex.
The multi-reference Hilbert space coupled-cluster study of the Li2 molecule. Application in a complete model space

Abstract The ground and three low-lying excited states of the Li 2 molecule are studied by our new multi-reference fully quadratic Hilbert space coupled-cluster method, using a complete model space of four reference functions. DZ and DZP results are reported and compared with full-Cl. The deviations are usually within the range of a few tenths of microhenry. Questions of convergence, including the modification of the one-electron potential and its critical influence on the computational performance of the present method are discussed.
Advanced tools for enhancing control room collaborations

Abstract The US National Fusion Collaboratory (NFC) project has been exploring a variety of computer and network technologies to develop a persistent, efficient, reliable and convenient collaborative environment for magnetic fusion research. One goal is to enhance remote and collocated team collaboration by integrating collaboration software tools into control room operations as well as with data analysis tools. To achieve this goal, the NFC recently introduced two new collaboration technologies into the DIII-D tokamak control room. The first technology is a high-resolution, large format Shared Display Wall (SDW). By creating a shared public display space and providing real time visual information about the multiple aspects of complex experiment activity, the large SDW plays an important role in increasing the rate of information dissemination and promoting interaction among team members. The second technology being implemented is the “tokamak control room aware” Instant Messaging (IM) service. In addition to providing text-chat capabilities for research scientists, it enables them to automatically receive information about experiment operations and data analysis processes to remotely monitor the status of ongoing tokamak experiment. As a result, the IM service has become a unified portal interface for team collaboration and remote participation.
High density lipoprotein can modulate the inhibitory effect of oxLDL on prostacyclin generation by rat aorta in vitro

To examine the effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) on prostacyclin (PGI2) generation by rat aorta in vitro and whether high density lipoprotein (HDL) has any protective effect against the inhibition of PGI2 generation induced by oxLDL is the objective of this study. Preincubation of aortas with oxLDL resulted in significant inhibition of PGI2 generation compared to preincubation with normal low density lipoprotein (nLDL) or buffer only. The inhibitory effect of oxLDL resided in its lipid moiety while the lipid fraction of nLDL showed no effect. Aortas preincubated with 10 microg/ml of lyso phosphatidycholine (lyso PC) also showed 30% inhibition of PGI2 generation, indicating that lyso PC was among the lipid components of oxLDL which inhibited PGI2 generation. Preincubation of aortas with a mixture of HDL and oxLDL at a ratio of 10:1 showed a significant recovery of PGI2 generation compared to aortas preincubated with only oxLDL, indicating a protective role for HDL. When HDL was incubated with oxLDL the transfer of lyso PC from oxLDL to HDL suggested that HDL trapped lyso PC from oxLDL thus preventing it from acting on the aorta. However, when a mixture of HDL and oxLDL at a ratio of 3:1 was preincubated with aortas, no protective effect of HDL was observed. Preincubation of aortas with a mixture of HDL plus oxLDL at a ratio of 8:1, which was incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C, produced significantly less PGI2 than aortas preincubated only with oxLDL, indicating that HDL under these conditions was not protective but even enhanced the inhibitory effect of oxLDL. Similarly, aortas preincubated with HDL plus whole oxLDL (at a ratio of 10:1); containing all the small molecular weight oxidation products and characterized by high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides; produced significantly less PGI2 than aortas preincubated with whole oxLDL. These results were evaluated in light of possible modification of HDL by oxLDL and its lipid oxidation products such as aldehydes and lipid peroxides. The modified HDL can add more lipid peroxides and increase the effectiveness of lipid peroxides originally present in oxLDL.
Environmental fate of explosives

Waste disposal practices associated with military production of weapons, especially before and during World War II, have resulted in significant contamination of soils and ground water with high explosives such as TNT, RDX and HMX. Development of remediation and risk management strategies for these contaminated sites as well as development of approaches for sustainable use of active training and weapons testing sites require an understanding of how the energetic compounds interact with the environment. Factors affecting leaching and transport, microbial degradation, phytotoxicity and plant uptake, and invertebrate and vertebrate toxicity are determinants of ultimate environmental fate and hazard potential. In this article, we will summarize our current understanding of these interactions, identify significant data deficiencies, and briefly discuss the drivers of future research in this area.
Stator-Rotor Interactions in a Transonic Compressor—Part 2: Description of a Loss-Producing Mechanism

A previously unidentified loss producing mechanism resulting from the interaction of a transonic rotor blade row with an upstream stator blade row is described. This additional loss occurs only when the two blade rows are spaced closer together axially. Time-accurate simulations of the flow and high-response static pressure measurements acquired on the stator blade surface reveal important aspects of the fluid dynamics of the production of this additional loss. At close spacing the rotor bow shock is chopped by the stator trailing edge. The chopped bow shock becomes a pressure wave on the upper surface of the stator that is nearly normal to the flow and that propagates upstream. In the reference frame relative to this pressure wave, the flow is supersonic and thus a moving shock wave that produces an entropy rise and loss is experienced. The effect of this outcome of blade-row interaction is to lower the efficiency, pressure ratio, and mass flow rate observed as blade-row axial spacing is reduced from far to close. The magnitude of loss production is affected by the strength of the bow shock and how much it turns as it interacts with the trailing edge of the stator. At far spacing the rotor bow shock degenerates into a bow wave before it interacts with the stator trailing edge and no significant pressure wave forms on the stator upper surface. For this condition, no additional loss is produced.
Who Are Physician–scientists’ Role Models? Gender Makes a Difference

Purpose To determine for educational purposes whether differences exist in the role models physician-scientists-in-training or in their early years of career development envision when they self-assess their abilities to perform clinical research. Method A 35-item clinical research self-efficacy questionnaire was administered to 251 health care professionals who attended programs at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2002-2004. Three questions were included to determine the sex, role, and qualities of the expert that are envisioned by participants. Frequency distributions were computed for each response and variables were compared by gender using chi-square analysis and Fisher exact test. Results Ninety-five physicians-in-training and junior faculty physicians responded to the questionnaire. Seventy-one percent of female and 95% of male respondents reported their envisioned experts to be male. The most frequently reported role of the envisioned expert was that of a mentor who was a faculty member in the respondent's own department (72% women, 60% men). The three most frequently reported qualities of the envisioned expert were "multiple publications," "scientific knowledge," and "supportiveness." However, women more frequently reported "communication skills" and "problem-solving abilities" than did men. This difference was statistically significant and largely due to the frequency of qualities selected by women whose envisioned expert was female. Conclusions The results of this study emphasized the importance of a role model's gender in the career development of physician-scientists.
In search of a happy medium: How the structure of interorganizational networks influence community economic development strategies

Routes to economic development attract considerable attention among social scientists, policy makers, and community activists. Increasingly, social scientists examine various attributes of communities, their members, and their natural surroundings that facilitate and inhibit economic development. However, few empirical analyses exist that analyze the impact of a community's network structure on different forms of economic development such as on industrial recruitment and self-development. Using data collected from six communities in Washington State, the impact of a community's interorganizational network structure on industrial recruitment and self-development is examined. Results suggest that different types of network structures are better suited for different economic development strategies. A certain level of cohesiveness among community organizations and institutions are favorable for implementing self-development projects. However for industrial recruitment, networks that are bridging facilitate more types of economic development. While bonding and bridging network structures appear to be at odds with one another, it is possible for communities to increase both forms of economic development by maintaining a certain level of cohesiveness among subcomponents and increasing the number of organizations that serve as cut-points connecting non-redundant sources of information. These findings illustrate the need for communities and local activists to consider a community's network structure when deciding on an economic development strategy.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC QUANTIFICATION OF TRICUSPID REGURGITATION ORIFICE AREA: COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-DERIVED PARAMETERS

The correlation of direct measurement of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) anatomic regurgitant orifice area (AROA) using three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography with conventional two-dimensional (2D) measurements of TR is unclear. Thirty-eight patients without atrial
Mother-Adolescent Relationship Quality and Autonomy as Predictors of Psychosocial Adjustment Among African American Adolescents

This study investigated the role of mother-adolescent relationship quality and autonomy in the psychosocial outcomes in a sample of African American adolescents drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The results indicated that positive mother-adolescent relationship quality and greater autonomy were associated with higher self-esteem, fewer depressive symptoms, and less delinquent behavior. Moreover, adolescents who were older, female, or from households with less income reported more depressive symptoms. In addition, adolescents who were younger or female reported fewer delinquent behaviors. Being male was associated with higher self-esteem. Adolescents’ age, family income, and mother-adolescent relationship quality did not moderate relations between autonomy and the outcome variables.
Multinuclear n.m.r. studies of group I cations in furcellaran gels.

Multinuclear n.m.r. experiments were carried out in order to study the possible selective interaction between group I cations and furcellaran. It has been shown that the intensity of the 39K, 87Rb and 133Cs spectra show a change in the vicinity of the sol-gel transition. However, the intensity of the 23Na spectrum showed no singularity at the sol-gel transition. These studies suggest that the selective interactions of the group I cations upon gelation of furcellaran resemble those observed for the structurally related kappa-carrageenan.
Toward Resolution of Ambiguity for the Unfolded State

The unfolded states in proteins and nucleic acids remain weakly understood despite their importance in folding processes; misfolding diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's); natively unfolded proteins (as many as 30% of eukaryotic proteins, according to Fink); and the study of ribozymes. Research has been hindered by the inability to quantify the residual (native) structure present in an unfolded protein or nucleic acid. Here, a scaling model is proposed to quantify the molar degree of folding and the unfolded state. The model takes a global view of protein structure and can be applied to a number of analytic methods and to simulations. Three examples are given of application to small-angle scattering from pressure-induced unfolding of SNase, from acid-unfolded cytochrome c, and from folding of Azoarcus ribozyme. These examples quantitatively show three characteristic unfolded states for proteins, the statistical nature of a protein folding pathway, and the relationship between extent of folding and chain size during folding for charge-driven folding in RNA.
A comparison of ground‐based Doppler lidar and airborne in situ wind observations above complex terrain

Airborne wind observations collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) WP-3D aircraft are compared with the winds retrieved by the NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory's ground-based scanning Doppler lidar within the Wipp Valley during the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Comparisons are performed along individual flight tracks and over an aggregated dataset consisting of all pairs of WP-3D and lidar observations that were approximately coincident in time and space. The impact of several different quality-control thresholds on the root mean square (r.m.s.) difference between the two observations is explored. The overall quality-controlled r.m.s. difference between radial wind speeds measured by each platform was 3.0 m s−1, with larger r.m.s. errors in the region up valley from the lidar than in the region down valley. A bias was also evident, in which the wind speeds from the WP-3D exceeded those from the lidar; this bias was small down valley (0.4 m s−1) and much larger up valley (2.4 m s−1). Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Attachment and Emotion in Autobiographical Memory Development

The relation of attachment status to autobiographical memory was assessed in 3.5- to 4.5-year-olds. Of specific interest was the relation between attachment status and the emotional content of parent-child memory conversations. Forty-six mother-child dyads discussed four events designed to elicit positive and negative emotional themes. Both attachment status and gender moderated the emotional content of this memory talk. Mother-daughter dyads with insecurely attached girls engaged in relatively more negative memory talk than mother-daughter dyads with securely attached girls. However, the dyads of secure girls elaborated more often on both positive and negative emotional themes than did the dyads of insecure girls who primarily elaborated on positive themes. The relations between attachment status and emotion talk for mother-son dyads were inconsistent. Findings were discussed in terms of the role of attachment in the social construction of autobiographical memories.
Empire of Sleep: the beach

Empire of Sleep is an interactive virtual environment installation viewed in stereoscopic 3D on a large rear projection screen. Participants interact using a hand-held camera to take photographs of the scene, triggering the virtual camera to move to new points of interest. A group of surreal-looking figures, clothed in early 20th century bathing suits, are scattered about on several isolated sand bars somewhere on an open and calm body of water. They first appear as if there for recreation, but there is a pensive mood, as if some unusual event is taking place unknown to the viewer.
A microcomputer-based scheduling assist system

Abstract MICOSAS (pronounced “my c o sas”, from Mixed Integer Continuous Scheduling Assist System), schedules the production of nearly one thousand parts on twenty-eight machines to result in the minimum total number of mahcine shifts assigned. The microcomputer software system consists of three custom-designed modules and a commercially available mathematical programming package. It enables the user to obtain an initial feasible schedule for a typical scheduling scenario in less than an hour. The user can then perturb the parameters defining the mathematical model in seeking better schedules with about the same turnaround time.
Hydrodynamics and correlation functions in ordered systems: Nematic liquid crystals☆

Abstract A rigorous hydrodynamic theory is presented which is formulated and derived, from the start, in terms of measurable correlation functions. The theory is explained on the example of nematic liquid crystals; it applies easily also to other ordered systems like glasses, isotropic ferro- and antiferromagnets, superfluids, and, of course, normal fluids. The formal developments are based upon the projector technique of Zwanzig and Mori. Dynamical information is inserted in terms of the conservation laws (of mass, momentum, and energy), and static information about the order of the phase is contained in certain susceptibilities which diverge as k → 0. For nematics, we obtain the usual seven hydrodynamic modes, whose dispersion relations involve eight dissipative and essentially two reactive coefficients. Our method produces, in one unified procedure, also the hydrodynamic correlation functions, and Kubo relations for the transport coefficients. Several surprising results emerge, concerning, e.g., cross correlations with hydrodynamically undetermined strength or the fact that the reactive parameter λ is not determined by a sum rule. Application to super-fluids is sketched briefly, and we have a short note on incompressible nematics.
Chronic stretching and running economy.

Research demonstrates an inverse relationship between the range of motion of selected joint movements (flexibility) and running economy. Since stretching exercises have been shown to increase joint range of motion, stretching exercises may be contraindicated for endurance running performance. Hence, this study investigated the influence of a 10-week program of stretching exercises on the oxygen costs of a 10 min sub-maximal (approx. 70% peak VO2) treadmill run. Thirty-two (16 female, 16 male) physically active, treadmill accommodated, college students participated in the study. All participants maintained their current activity level, with half the participants (8 female, 8 male) adding a 40 min, 3 days per week session of thigh and calf muscle stretching exercises. After 10 weeks, the stretching group (STR) exhibited a significant (P 0.05) change (0.0±0.4 cm). However, neither the STR nor the CON exhibited a significant (P>0.05) change in the O2 cost for the submaximal run. It is concluded, therefore, that a chronic stretching program does not necessarily negatively influence running economy.
A Gal4-ς54 Hybrid Protein That Functions as a Potent Activator of RNA Polymerase II Transcription in Yeast

The bacterial final sigma(54) protein associates with core RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme complex that renders cognate promoters enhancer-dependent. Although unusual in bacteria, enhancer-dependent transcription is the paradigm in eukaryotes. Here we report that a fragment of Escherichia coli final sigma(54) encompassing amino acid residues 29-177 functions as a potent transcriptional activator in yeast when fused to a Gal4 DNA binding domain. Activation by Gal4-final sigma(54) is TATA-dependent and requires the SAGA coactivator complex, suggesting that Gal4-final sigma(54) functions by a normal mechanism of transcriptional activation. Surprisingly, deletion of the AHC1 gene, which encodes a polypeptide unique to the ADA coactivator complex, stimulates Gal4-final sigma(54)-mediated activation and enhances the toxicity of Gal4-final sigma(54). Accordingly, the SAGA and ADA complexes, both of which include Gcn5 as their histone acetyltransferase subunit, exert opposite effects on transcriptional activation by Gal4-final sigma(54). Gal4-final sigma(54) activation and toxicity are also dependent upon specific final sigma(54) residues that are required for activator-responsive promoter melting by final sigma(54) in bacteria, implying that activation is a consequence of final sigma(54)-specific features rather than a structurally fortuitous polypeptide fragment. As such, Gal4-final sigma(54) represents a novel tool with the potential to provide insight into the mechanism by which natural activators function in eukaryotic cells.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of TpC*MI complexes where M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Zn and TpC*=tris[3-(2-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl)pyrazolyl]hydroborate.

Reactions involving MI2 where M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or Zn and M′TpC* where M′ = Na or Tl and TpC* = tris[3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl)pyrazolyl]hydroborate in tetrahydrofuran are described leading to the isolation and characterization of the complexes TpC*MgI, I, TpC*CaI, II, TpC*SrI, III, TpC*SrI(THF), IV, TpC*BaI, V, TpC*BaI(pz*H), VI, where pz*H = 3-(2-methoxyl-1,1-dimethyl)pyrazole, TpC*BaI·½toluene, VII and TpC*ZnI, VIII. The compounds I, II, IV, VI, VII and VIII have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds I and II are isostructural and are salt-like containing κ6-TpM+ cations and I− anions. In all other structures, the iodide is bound to the metal and TpC* is κ6 bonded to the group 2 M(2+) ions. Reactions involving TpC*CaI, II, and sodium or lithium alkoxides or amides failed to yield the amide or alkoxide calcium TpC* derivative, though related reactions involving TpC*ZnI, VIII, and KOSiMe3 proceeded quantitatively to yield κ3TpC*ZnOSiMe3, IX, which was also structurally characterized and shown to have the κ3-TpC* bound ligand.
Peer Stress in Preadolescence: Linking Physiological and Coping Responses With Social Competence

This study examined associations between real-time physiological and coping responses in the context of salient peer stress experiences in preadolescence, as well as independent and interactive associations linking physiological and coping responses with social competence. Physiological responses included respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSAR) and skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) during laboratory-based peer-evaluative stress experiences. Engaged and disengaged coping strategies were assessed with real-time responses to peer-evaluative stress (assessed immediately following peer-evaluative stress experiences in the laboratory) and with questionnaire-based responses to peer victimization. Analyses consistently revealed associations between lower RSAR (lower vagal withdrawal) and lower teacher-reported social competence among preadolescents with disengaged (and low engaged) coping responses to peer-evaluative stress in the laboratory, as well as disengaged coping responses to peer victimization.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STABLE SPIRAL WAVES WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES IN CARDIAC TISSUE

Using simulations of inhomogeneous cardiac tissue, we investigated interactions between multiple stable spiral waves of different frequencies. We found that spiral waves with slower frequencies (longer periods) are swept away by the fastest spiral wave. For a system in which two spiral waves with different frequencies are initiated, the rate at which the slower spiral wave is terminated is proportional to the inverse of the frequency difference. This suggests that the conjectured state of multiple stable spiral waves with distinct frequencies cannot exist in cardiac tissue with homogeneous conduction properties.
The reaction of 3-diazonium-1,2,4-triazole with tryptophan at acid pH: a scintillation method for tryptophan determination in proteins.

Unlike conventional aryl diazonium reagents which are usually reactive at alkaline pH, 3-diazonium-1,2,4-triazole (3-DT) has been found to react with a variety of proteins at acid pH. Using indole, phenol, and imidazole as models of aromatic amino acid side chains, the rate of 3-DT coupling to the indole nucleus has been shown to increase exponentially from m −1 min−1 at pH 6 to > 2400 m −1 min−1 at pH 2.5. Coupling rates with phenol and imidazole show the conventional alkaline reactivity, with no evidence of reaction at acid pH. In parallel experiments using trypsin, 3-DT was found to cause loss in enzymatic activity at acidic as well as alkaline pH. Furthermore, amino acid analysis has demonstrated that the acidic reaction with trypsin resulted in the modification only of tryptophan. Based on the acidic specificity of 3-DT seen in these studies, a scintillation method for determining the tryptophan content of proteins has been developed. Using 3-diazonium-1,2,4-[5-14C]triazole, accurate tryptophan contents for trypsin, chymotrypsin, lysozyme, pepsin, insulin, and fibrinogen have been measured.
Estimating labour supply disequilibrium with fixed-effects random-coefficients regression

Long-term contracting, adjustment costs, or efficiency wages can make a worker supply fewer (more) hours than desired at the current economic opportunity set. A regression model with cross-correlated random coefficients is used to obtain new theoretically based measures of the direction and relative intensity of labour supply disequilibrium. Among prime-aged male hourly paid workers in the United States during 1978–82, evidence of widespread underemployment is found. Among primeaged male salaried workers, some overemployment appears. Regressions incorporating person-specific fixed effects are consistent with a life-cycle labour supply model for salaried workers and suggest a need for fresh ways to include short-run labour demand forces in micro labour supply models of hourly paid workers.
Insect Inhibitory Lactone Glucosides of Physalis peruviana

Abstract The ergostanoid lactones, perulactone 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and isoperulactone 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from leaves of Physalis peruviana. Compound 1 reduces the growth of Helicoverpa zea larvae to 50% of control size at a dietary concentration of 150 mg kg−1
Small-signal wave effects in the double-base diode

Frequency and transient response equations for the current-transfer ratios of the double-base diode are calculated from theory and checked experimentally. To obtain these results, the device is operated as a small signal amplifier in the negative-resistance region and the frequency response characteristics thus obtained are used to predict the device behavior. The effects of carrier recombination and electric field upon the response characteristics are evaluated and experimental results are presented.