cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Gating Currents of L-Type Calcium Channels Specific Role of the α2δ Subunit

In studies of gating currents of rabbit cardiac Ca channels expressed as α 1C /β 2a or α 1C /β 2a /α 2 δ subunit combinations in tsA201 cells, we found that long-lasting depolarization shifted the distribution of mobile charge to very negative potentials. The phenomenon has been termed charge interconversion in native skeletal muscle (Brum, G., and E. Rios. 1987. J. Physiol. (Camb.). 387:489–517) and cardiac Ca channels (Shirokov, R., R. Levis, N. Shirokova, and E. Rios. 1992. J. Gen. Physiol. 99:863–895). Charge 1 (voltage of half-maximal transfer, V 1/2 ≃ 0 mV) gates noninactivated channels, while charge 2 (V 1/2 ≃ −90 mV) is generated in inactivated channels. In α 1C /β 2a cells, the available charge 1 decreased upon inactivating depolarization with a time constant τ ≃ 8, while the available charge 2 decreased upon recovery from inactivation (at −200 mV) with τ ≃ 0.3 s. These processes therefore are much slower than charge movement, which takes <50 ms. This separation between the time scale of measurable charge movement and that of changes in their availability, which was even wider in the presence of α 2 δ, implies that charges 1 and 2 originate from separate channel modes. Because clear modal separation characterizes slow (C-type) inactivation of Na and K channels, this observation establishes the nature of voltage-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca channels as slow or C-type. The presence of the α 2 δ subunit did not change the V 1/2 of charge 2, but sped up the reduction of charge 1 upon inactivation at 40 mV (to τ ≃ 2 s), while slowing the reduction of charge 2 upon recovery (τ ≃ 2 s). The observations were well simulated with a model that describes activation as continuous electrodiffusion (Levitt, D. 1989. Biophys. J . 55:489–498) and inactivation as discrete modal change. The effects of α 2 δ are reproduced assuming that the subunit lowers the free energy of the inactivated mode.
Mycobacterium abscessus as a cause of pacemaker infection.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterial infections of a pacemaker insertion site are very rare clinical events. Such infections are caused primarily by staphylococci and streptococci and, less frequently, Gram-negative organisms. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of pacemaker infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus which is, to our knowledge, only the second such case described in the literature. The patient responded well to removal of the pacemaker wire and treatment with six months of clarithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Mycobacteria have been very infrequently reported as causes of pacemaker infections. To our knowledge, only one case of such infection caused by M. abscessus has been described in the literature. Herein we present the second case of a patient with pacemaker infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. This case underscores the importance of considering atypical mycobacteria in pacemaker infections, particularly if the Gram stain or the standard cultures are negative. Removal of the contaminated foreign body seems to be an integral part of successful management.
Gigantism and Its Implications for the History of Life

Gigantism—very large body size—is an ecologically important trait associated with competitive superiority. Although it has been studied in particular cases, the general conditions for the evolution and maintenance of gigantism remain obscure. I compiled sizes and dates for the largest species in 3 terrestrial and 7 marine trophic and habitat categories of animals from throughout the Phanerozoic. The largest species (global giants) in all categories are of post-Paleozoic age. Gigantism at this level appeared tens to hundreds of millions of years after mass extinctions and long after the origins of clades in which it evolved. Marine gigantism correlates with high planktic or seafloor productivity, but on land the correspondence between productivity and gigantism is weak at best. All global giants are aerobically active animals, not gentle giants with low metabolic demands. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere correlates with gigantism in the Paleozoic but not thereafter, likely because of the elaboration of efficient gas-exchange systems in clades containing giants. Although temperature and habitat size are important in the evolution of very large size in some cases, the most important (and rare) enabling circumstance is a highly developed ecological infrastructure in which essential resources are abundant and effectively recycled and reused, permitting activity levels to increase and setting the stage for gigantic animals to evolve. Gigantism as a hallmark of competitive superiority appears to have lost its luster on land after the Mesozoic in favor of alternative means of achieving dominance, especially including social organization and coordinated food-gathering.
Thromboxane A2 mediates increased pulmonary microvascular permeability after intestinal reperfusion.

Turnage, Richard H., John L. LaNoue, Kevin M. Kadesky, Yan Meng, and Stuart I. Myers. Thromboxane A2 mediates increased pulmonary microvascular permeability after intestinal reperfusion.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 592–598, 1997.—This study examines the hypothesis that intestinal reperfusion (IR)-induced pulmonary thromboxane A2(TxA2) release increases local microvascular permeability and induces pulmonary vasoconstriction. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 120 min of intestinal ischemia and 60 min of IR. Sham-operated animals (Sham) served as controls. After IR or Sham, the pulmonary vessels were cannulated, and the lungs were perfused in vitro with Krebs buffer. Microvascular permeability was quantitated by determining the filtration coefficient (K f), and pulmonary arterial (Ppa), venous (Ppv), and capillary (Ppc) pressures were measured to calculate vascular resistance (Rt). After baseline measurements, imidazole (TxA2 synthase inhibitor) or SQ-29,548 (TxA2-receptor antagonist) was added to the perfusate; the...
Influence of passive stretch on muscle blood flow, oxygenation and central cardiovascular responses in healthy young males

The novel findings of this study indicate that increasing muscle fascicle length via low- or moderate-intensity stretching induced central, peripheral, and autonomic cardiovascular responses in hum...
Ocean calibration approach for data from the GRACE Follow-On mission

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has been providing valuable new information on time variations in the Earth's gravity field since 2002. In addition, the GRACE Follow-On mission is scheduled to be flown soon after the end of life of the GRACE mission in order to minimize the loss of valuable data on the Earth's gravity field changes. In view of the major benefits to hydrology and oceanography, as well as to other fields, it is desirable to investigate the fundamental limits to monitoring the time variations in the Earth's gravity field during GRACE-type missions. A simplified model is presented in this paper for making estimates of the effect of differential spurious accelerations of the satellites during times when four successive revolutions cross the Pacific Ocean. The analysis approach discussed is to make use of changes in the satellite separation observed during passages across low-latitude regions of the Pacific and of other oceans to correct for spurious accelerations of the satellites. The low-latitude regions of the Pacific and of other oceans are the extended regions where the a priori uncertainties in the time variations of the geopotential heights due to mass distribution changes are known best. In addition, advantage can be taken of the repeated crossings of the South Pole and the North Pole, since the uncertainties in changes in the geopotential heights at the poles during the time required for four orbit revolutions are likely to be small.
Performance Evaluation of a Modified Cross Section Grooved Channel as Turbulence Promoter in Internal Cooling Channel of a Gas Turbine Blade

Internal cooling channel in gas turbine blades use ribs as turbulence promoter to increase local turbulence and improve heat transfer from hot wall to coolant air flowing through the internal cooling channels. The ribs protrude into the flow and result in a significant pressure drop of the coolant air. Indentations like grooves in the cooling channel wall can also be used as turbulence promoters to enhance local heat transfer and as they do not protrude into the mainstream flow, the pressure drop penalty could be much lesser than a conventional ribbed channel. A numerical study is conducted under stationary condition on a square cross section channel representing an internal cooling channel of a turbine airfoil. Some standard and modified cross sections of grooved channel are used as turbulence promoters with a goal to enhance heat transfer from the internal cooling channel wall with minimal pressure drop. The steady state solution is based on using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation and k-omega-SST turbulence model. Numerical calculations are done at four Reynolds numbers (Re=15000, 30000, 68000 and 88000) based on fluid properties at the inlet of the internal cooling channel. The grooves are placed on two opposite sides of the square cross section channel and other two walls are smooth walls without any turbulence promoters. A hemispherical cross section continuous groove which is placed perpendicular to the mainstream flow direction is taken as baseline case and a teardrop shaped groove is used to compare the performance difference between the two groove cross section. A broken shaped angled groove configuration with the teardrop cross section groove is also investigated to find the relative performance improvement with the baseline case. Performance comparison with standard 90° rib geometry is done to understand the overall effectiveness of the grooved geometries with respect to common standard in gas turbine blade internal cooling. The straight teardrop cross section groove improves the heat transfer values compared to the hemispherical cross section groove by 8–12% and the broken angled teardrop groove case improves heat transfer by 11–14% compared to the hemispherical cross section groove case. The pressure drop produced by all the groove geometries is about the same. It is seen that the broken angled groove can produce the same heat transfer enhancement compared to a 90° ribbed channel but the pressure drop is more than 3 times lesser compared to the ribbed case. Considering the heat transfer and pressure drop, an increase in thermal performance factor of 37–41% is seen for the angled grooved case compared to the 90° ribbed geometry.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Temperature and the Expression of Resistance in Wheat to the Hessian Fly

Races B, C, D, and Great Plains of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), were used to infest wheat cultivars Seneca, Monon, Knox 62, and Arthur 71, all of which have different genes for resistance. The cultivars were grown in standard green-house flats and placed in chambers at 15, 18, 21, 24, or 27+1°C. Results showed that cultivars with different specific genes for resistance grown at several temperatures react differently when infested by various races of Hessian fly. Most of the resistant cultivars showed an increase in infestation and tillering as temperatures were increased. However, tillering varied depending on the race, the cultivar, and the temperature used. High tillering could potentially be an important form of tolerance in some cultivars helping to offset some of the losses caused by the Hessian fly. We propose that a constant temperature of 27°C be considered as a screening tool to aid entomologists and plant breeders in selecting resistant wheat cultivars that are stable to Hessian fiy infestations at high temperatures.
Ceremony Design and Analysis.

The concept of ceremony is introduced as an extension of the concept of network protocol, with human nodes alongside computer nodes and with communication links that include UI, human-to-human communication and transfers of physical objects that carry data. What is out-of-band to a protocol is in-band to a ceremony, and therefore subject to design and analysis using variants of the same mature techniques used for the design and analysis of protocols. Ceremonies include all protocols, as well as all applications with a user interface, all workflow and all provisioning scenarios. A secure ceremony is secure against both normal attacks and social engineering. However, some secure protocols imply ceremonies that cannot be made secure.
Seed Protein Percentage and Mineral Concentration Variability and Their Correlation with Other Seed Quality Traits in the U.S. Peanut Mini-Core Collection

ABSTRACT Protein percentage and mineral concentrations are important parameters for determining the seed nutrition quality. Although the U.S. peanut mini-core collection is the important genetic resources for peanut breeding programs, the variability in protein percentage and mineral concentrations for this mini-core has not been well evaluated. The lack of information may hinder its optimum utilization. The seeds from this mini-core were collected from two field seasons. Their protein percentage and mineral concentrations of 95 accessions were determined by nitrogen analysis and inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry, respectively. Significant variability in the seed protein percentage among accessions was revealed, ranging from 20.6 to 30.4%, with an average of 26.2%. Significantly higher variability in plant micronutrient mineral concentrations (more than two-fold for B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, and Zn) than in macronutrient mineral concentrations (less than two-fold for K, Mg, P, an...
Obstetric Hemorrhage Current Management and Usefulness of Protocols, Checklist, Drills

Obstetrical hemorrhage continues to be an important contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality in the USA. Although preventable, it is still the 5th leading cause of maternal death, often due to factors associated with a delay in recognition by providers and/or delay in treatment. We cannot overlook the fact that for every maternal death due to hemorrhage, there are at least 100 women who suffer severe morbidity. It is known that implementing hemorrhage-specific protocols can improve outcomes related to this condition. This review will update readers in early detection and preparation, diagnosis, and treatment of obstetric hemorrhage while highlighting the different institution-specific protocols, cognitive aids, and drills.
Queerness in the Digital Environment

What does it mean to be “queer” in this age of digital technology, where much of our communication, indeed much of our lives, focuses on interacting with screens? This is a complicated question and we cannot begin to answer it without first exploring what it means to be or use the word “queer.” There are many readings, definitions, and interpretations of “queer.” Queer can be defined as ironic and playful, a way to perform identity that is defying gender/sexuality/sex binaries in a smart, campy way. It can also mean to adamantly defy and disrupt culturally sanctioned binaries, specifically, as they relate to sex/gender/sexuality, with no hint of irony or play but more along the lines of warrior-like defiance, as Leslie Feinberg writes in Transgender Warriors (1997). Queer can be an umbrella term, a way of creating a community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersexed, and “other” people—not only a shortcut through the alphabet soup of acronyms, but as a way of uniting these groups as having similarities or kindred experiences as they defy the sex/gender/sexuality binaries. Adopting the word “queer” to name themselves, LGBT people are also linguistically reclaiming a word that historically (and still today, given context and purpose) was/is used to deride, wound, and insult. Others define “queer” as any behavior or ideology that rejects the heterosexual (or dominant) paradigm of heteronormativity. Heteronormativity is how the heterosexual culture positions itself as the primary human relationship, masculine male and feminine female. Heteronormativity is seeing straight, reading straight, and thinking straight. Relating this idea of heteronormativity to theories of race and culture, Edward Said has described the phenomenon of the dominant ideology permeating one’s conscious and unconsciousness as “the white man on my eyeball” or, as Toni Morrison has said, “the white man in my head.” According to Janet Halley, in her article “The Construction of Heterosexuality,” queer is a marker that refuses the “heterosexual bribe,” or the cultural perks awarded to those who perform a heterosexual identity.
Generation Z students: Will they change our nursing classrooms?

The purpose of this paper will be to focus on characteristics of Generation Z students and to provide suggestions for how to create a meaningful learning environment for them. Students who are age 21 or younger, who were born in 1995 or after, are the new Generation Z students. As with any other generational cohort, Generation Z students have their own unique characteristics that influence their approach to education and work. This article presents information about the characteristics of Generation Z students, their views about education and work, information faculty need to understand about this group of students, and implications for nursing educators who are working with Generation Z students.
Near-Field Deformation of the Imperial Valley, Southern California, from GPS and InSAR Measurements

Geodetic measurements in the Imperial Valley, southern California, show high strain rates and evidence of fault creep. In May of 1999 and 2000, we surveyed 46 GPS stations in a dense grid (half-mile spacing) along the Imperial Fault using rapid-static mode (15–20 minute occupations). Results indicate the Iimperial Fault is creeping at a rate of 9 mm/yr. The velocity field is asymmetrical across the fault and indicates a dipping fault plane to the northeast. Combining our results with far-field velocities from the Southern California Earthquake Center, we fit the data to a simple elastic dislocation model with 45 mm/yr of rightlateral slip below 10 km and creep from 200–800 m on a dipping plane (85°) to the northeast.
Systems-Based Training in Graduate Medical Education for Service Learning in the State Legislature in the United States: Pilot Study.

Background: There is a dearth of advocacy training in graduate medical education in the United States. To address this void, the Legislative Education and Advocacy Development (LEAD) course was developed as an interprofessional experience, partnering a cohort of pediatrics residents, fourth-year medical students, and public health students to be trained in evidence-informed health policy making. Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the usefulness and acceptability of a service-based legislative advocacy course. Methods: We conducted a pilot study using a single-arm pre-post study design with 10 participants in the LEAD course. The course’s didactic portion taught learners how to define policy problems, research the background of the situation, brainstorm solutions, determine evaluation criteria, develop communication strategies, and formulate policy recommendations for state legislators. Learners worked in teams to create and present policy briefs addressing issues submitted by participating Illinois State legislators. We compared knowledge and attitudes of learners from pre- and postcourse surveys. We obtained qualitative feedback from legislators and pediatric residency directors. Results: Self-reported understanding of the health care system increased (mean score from 4 to 3.3, P=.01), with answers scored from 1=highly agree to 5=completely disagree. Mean knowledge-based scores improved (6.8/15 to 12.0/15 correct). Pediatric residency program directors and state legislators provided positive feedback about the LEAD course. Conclusions: Promising results were demonstrated for the LEAD approach to incorporate advocacy training into graduate medical education. [JMIR Med Educ 2017;3(2):e18]
Programming for the Humanities: A Whirlwind Tour of Assignments (Abstract Only)

CS instructors are sometimes tasked with modifying CS1 courses to teach introductory programming for the Digital Humanities. Training computer science students in DH programming methods may also have some additional benefits, such as bringing more women into computing, and helping in the recruitment and retention of CS students overall. DH projects may also provide Service-Learning opportunities that will give students experiential learning opportunities not provided in industry. The presenters have developed six assignments in Python that are oriented towards DH topics while still providing CS students solid experiences in core programming concepts. This workshop introduces the participants to five of the assignments and gives them immersive abbreviated experiences in each. The topics include Computing Change over Time (calculating burials in a historic cemetery), Visualization of Change over Time (visualizing the burials in the historic cemetery), Textual Analysis (finding word frequencies and "stop words" in public domain texts), Stylometrics (comparing measured features of graphic images), and Social Network Analysis (analyzing extended relationships in historic social circles). A balance of direct coding experience and discussion of gotchas and best practices in classroom management will give workshop participants confidence in offering and managing these assignments in their own classrooms. Participants should bring a laptop/keying-friendly mobile device that has a Python 3.x IDE already installed, and some familiarity with the Python language.
Surgery for Myocardial Ischemia and Complications of Myocardial Infarction

The era of open-heart surgery by extracorporeal circulation began during the 1950’s1–4. As techniques of bypass became simplified and as non-blood prime techniques were introduced, the method came into widespread use. Not until the late 1970’s, however, when coronary bypass surgery was introduced, did expansion in open-heart surgery extend to hospitals which previously had not been identified as centers for treatment of heart disease. In the year 1980, 171,667 open-heart operations were performed in 636 hospitals throughout the United States, and fully two-thirds were for treatment of coronary arterial disease and its complications5.
Attachment Disorganization in Childhood

Attachment disorganization is a particularly severe form of attachment insecurity often associated with dysfunctional parent–child relationships. Attachment disorganization has highly variable pres...
An Ecological Theory of Organizational Structuring

This chapter applies a human ecological approach to the analysis of structural change in organizations. Some organizational theories have focused on the covariation of organizational structure and technology (Perrow 1970; Woodward 1965). Others have dealt with the relationships between structure and environ- ment, either presenting the environment as a contingent or unpredictable supplier of resources (Lawrence and Lorsch 1967; Thompson 1967; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978) or presenting organizational structure as a culturally grounded, symbolic expression (Zucker 1983; Meyer and Rowan 1977; DiMaggio and Powell 1983).
The Financial Crisis of 2008 and Its Aftermath

Of all the images of the financial crisis of 2008, one keeps coming back again and again. Wile E. Coyote, the intrepid pursuer of the Road Runner, is chasing his prey across the desert mesas of the US southwest. As they near a cliff the Road Runner changes course at the last moment—too late for the Coyote. His momentum carries him over the edge of the cliff, and there he stops, suspended above a chasm thousands of feet deep. For an endless moment he just hangs in space, looking perplexed, trying to figure out where he is and what will happen next. Finally he looks down and sees the canyon floor far below. Only now does he begin to fall, and in the final image he is plunging, his arms and legs spread out wide as the bottom of the canyons gets closer and closer....
Detection of counterfeited ICs via on-chip sensor and post-fabrication authentication policy

Abstract Counterfeiting of integrated circuits (ICs) has become an increasingly vital concern for the security of commercial and mission-critical systems. Moreover, they pose an immense economic, security, and safety threat. We propose a comprehensive detection and prevention framework consisting of a multi-functional on-chip aging sensor, and post-fabrication authentication methodology. This framework targets several classes of counterfeit ICs, such as recycled, remarked, out-of-spec, cloned, and over-produced ICs. First, the new sensor consists of both antifuse memory and aging sensors. To reduce reference-circuit related area-overhead, the initial electronic properties of sensor circuits are stored in a global database, accessed by unique chip via challenge-response pairs. Second, this work consists of a two aging-sensor approach, based on IC wear-out effects, using a recently proposed electromigration (EM) aging sensor and a ring oscillator aging sensor. This method can be effective for chip usage estimation of both short and long time periods. Hence, it can serve as a more accurate timer for the chip to meter the long term usage, which can allow for timed services of some functionality of a chip, in addition to detection of the recycled/remark ICs. Third, on top of the new sensor, we propose a new post-fabrication authentication methodology to detect and prevent non-defective counterfeit ICs. All fabricated ICs will be registered in a global database and activated with a unique chip ID, which is written into the antifuse memory. Simulation results show that the combined aging sensors have a high degree of accuracy when compared to traditional on-chip sensors.
Plays of the Two Major Ministries: “Let Them See We Are Happy!”

This chapter investigates the oppositional history plays of the two ministries of John Major. As Major’s Government was a transitional one between Thatcher’s and Tony Blair’s, so too were the history plays of this period transitional and therefore did not offer the full-throated defiance of their predecessors. Pennino examines two plays by Tom Stoppard— Arcadia and Indian Ink —and argues that though they were not products of the heritage culture they were not politically revolutionary either. He further discusses the contemporary resonance of Alan Bennett’s The Madness of George III . The chapter also includes Julian Mitchell’s Falling Over England and Stephen Jeffreys’s The Libertine .
Existence of Multiple Solutions to a Discrete Fourth Order Periodic Boundary Value Problem via Variational Method

By using variational methods and critical point theory, we obtain criteria for the existence of at least three solutions for a generalized fourth order nonlinear difference equation together with periodic boundary conditions. Various special cases of the above problem are discussed. An example is included to illustrate the results.
Kindergartens for civilisation: the intellectual origins of the St Louis public kindergarten

This article reexamines the intellectual history of the first public kindergartens, established in St Louis, Missouri, by William Torrey Harris and Elizabeth Blow in 1873. This piece argues that historians have overlooked a critical influence on the establishment of the first public kindergartens; namely, Harris and Blow’s conviction that children’s intellectual, psychological, and moral development recapitulated historical stages of human cultural and sociological evolution. This belief in cultural recapitulation deeply informed how they viewed the kindergarten curriculum and the role of public education—including the public kindergarten—in a liberal democratic society. Consequently, the first public kindergartens stand as a patent example, not of romantic reform, but of a late nineteenth-century state-centered liberalism grounded in Harris and Blow’s ethnocentric views of cultural and child development, as well as their Hegelian institutional idealism. Finally, this article illustrates how Harris and Blow transposed widely circulating theories of biological and cultural evolution, a belief in Western cultural superiority, and their vision of a civilised social order onto the biology and psychology of the child. As such, this paper illustrates how the metaphors and categories used to describe the stages of child development have made ethical claims with far-reaching implications
When are Whistleblowers Effective? The Dual Influence of Dissent in the Judicial Hierarchy

Whistleblowing can generate greater compliance in a hierarchical organization in two ways. First, the potential for whistleblowing may cause ex ante compliance by an agent who would defy a superior in the absence of a whistleblower. Second, whistleblowing may lead to ex post review of an agent's action by a principal. We leverage the institutional features of the federal judiciary to study both the ex ante and ex post effects of whistleblowing. Using an original dataset of death penalty decisions on the Courts of Appeals, we find that the threat of dissent by a potential whistleblower on a three-judge panel increases the likelihood of compliance. We then show that whistleblowing dissents are more likely to lead to en banc review on the Courts of Appeals. These results have important implications for the study of compliance and in the federal judicial hierarchy and for assessing the uniformity of the law.
Aqueous two-polymer phase extraction of single-wall carbon nanotubes using surfactants

This review details the current state of the art in aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) based separations of surfactant dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes by their chemical species, i.e., (n,m) structure, semiconducting or metallic nature, and enantiomeric handedness. Discussions of the factors affecting each separation, including workflow effects, variations of different surfactant and nanotube materials, and the underlying physical mechanism are presented. Lastly an outlook on the applications of ATPE at bench scale and implementation to larger scales is discussed, along with identification of research directions that could further support ATPE development.
Endotracheal Tube Fires: A Flame Spread Phenomenon

Three flame types can result when an ignition source is applied to a tube of a combustible material through which an oxidizer flows. If the oxygen concentration inside the tube is greater than the tube material's limitingoxygen index (LOI), an opposed flow flame can spread along the inner surface of the tube (primary intraluminal flame). This flame, which requires a forced flow, consumes the supplied oxygen (fully or in part) and produces combustible, toxic gases which emerge from the free end (and ignition hole where applicable). These gases can then react with the oxygen in the ambient environment and thereby support the second flame type (secondary jet diffusion flame). If the LOI is exceeded outside the tube, an extraluminal flame (the third flame type) can occur, and be supported by natural convection.
Epidemiology and etiology of leukemia and lymphoma

Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. Temporal trends in incidence are dynamic and multifactorial; for instance, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma increased around the turn of the century, in part because of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. Most leukemias and lymphomas are sporadic and the specific etiology remains elusive. Still, research shows that these malignancies often develop in the context of genetic abnormalities, immunosuppression, and exposure to risk factors like ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, and oncogenic viruses. The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin's lymphoma. At a time when specific prevention efforts targeting these malignancies are nonexistent, there is a great need to ensure equitable access to diagnostic services and treatments worldwide.
From bombs to boons: changing views of risk and regulation in the pre-crisis OTC derivatives market

At the core of the 2008 financial crisis was a massive, un-publicly regulated market of complex financial products, which transmitted losses in the US residential mortgage market throughout the global financial system. How did the market for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives grow so large and so risky with so little public supervision and regulation? At the heart of the matter, I contend, are changes in how both derivatives and risk have been understood as objects of governance. This article focuses on the decade preceding the passage of the 2000 Commodity Futures Modernization Act to demonstrate how competing and ultimately shifting understandings of both derivatives and financial risk put in place the conditions of possibility for the definitive deregulation of this market. Through a detailed interpretive analysis of regulatory documents, I show that changes in OTC derivatives regulation have been driven by changes in how regulators interpret derivatives themselves in a context of changing beliefs about risk and its management. Although regulators were acutely aware of OTC derivatives’ contribution to systemic risk as early as the early 1990s, they ultimately concluded that derivatives’ ability to serve as tools of risk management and generators of financial profits was consistent with their goal of promoting deep and liquid financial markets and thus took a decisively hands-off approach to regulation. The article concludes with a discussion of what shifts in interpretation and regulation of derivatives can tell us about the limits and potential for lasting post-crisis changes in financial governance.
Morality and the Incompatibility and Incommensurability of Values

This chapter considers the sources of moral complexity and conflict, and offers the author’s first account of value pluralism. Like other versions of value pluralism, mine includes a discussion of the nature and variety of human values and valuation, and also a series of claims about the relationship between or among values. This chapter argues that values are plural, that there are nonmoral values as well as moral ones, that these values often conflict, and that they are often incommensurable.
Factors associated with health-related cannabis use intentions among a community sample of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA 2016 to 2018.

Abstract Objective Cannabis motivations have been studied extensively among patients of medicinal cannabis dispensaries, but less is known about motivations in community samples of opioid-using people who inject drugs. Our objective is to describe cannabis use motivations associated with self-treatment of physical pain, emotional issues, and as an opioid substitute. Methods Data come from 6-month follow-up interviews with people who inject drugs who participated in a study on the efficacy of an injection initiation prevention intervention in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California from 2016−18. The analytic sample consists of 387 people who inject drugs who reported past-month cannabis use. We developed multivariable logistic regression models by reported cannabis use motivations: physical pain relief, emotional problems, and opioid substitute. Results The most common cannabis use motivations reported by people who inject drugs was to “get high,” relieve physical pain and emotional problems, and reduce opioid use. In separate multivariate models, using cannabis for physical pain relief was associated with higher odds of using cannabis as a substitute for opioids; cannabis for emotional problems was associated with being diagnosed with depression; and cannabis as a substitute for opioids was associated with non-prescribed, non-injection methadone use. Conclusion People who inject drugs reported using cannabis for health-related motivations. This motivation aligns with health needs and suggests the acceptability of cannabis use for health reasons in this population. Studies to determine the medical effectiveness of cannabis products for these common health and mental health needs among people who inject drugs are needed.
Cardiovascular Issues Among Homeless People: An Issue that Needs Attention.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death with social factors increasingly recognized as determinants of cardiovascular prognosis. Homelessness, transient or chronic, may be ...
Multiresonant Feedback Control of a Three-Degree-of-Freedom Wave Energy Converter

For a three-degree-of-freedom wave energy converter (heave, pitch, and surge), the equations of motion could be coupled depending on the buoy shape. This paper presents a multiresonant feedback control, in a general framework, for this type of a wave energy converter that is modeled by linear time invariant dynamic systems. The proposed control strategy finds the optimal control in the sense that it computes the control based on the complex conjugate criteria. This control strategy is relatively easy to implement since it is a feedback control in the time domain that requires only measurements of the buoy motion. Numerical tests are presented for two different buoy shapes: a sphere and a cylinder. Regular, Bretschnieder, and Ochi–Hubble waves are tested. Simulation results show that the proposed controller harvests energy in the pitch-surge-heave modes that is about three times the energy that can be harvested using a heave-only device. This multiresonant control can also be used to shift the energy harvesting between the coupled modes, which can be exploited to eliminate one of the actuators while maintaining about the same level of energy harvesting.
The Centrality of Relational Autonomy and Compassion Fatigue in the COVID-19 Era.

As given, the case presents at least two questions for the ethics consultant to explore: (1) to what extent should Declan’s parent, Karesha, be involved in his health care decisions, and (2) why is...
Maternal gut microbiota reflecting poor diet quality is associated with spontaneous preterm birth in a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND A processed diet, high in fat and low in fiber, is associated with differences in the gut microbiota and adverse health outcomes in humans; however, little is known about the diet-microbiota relation and its impact on pregnancy. Spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB), a pregnancy outcome with serious short- and long-term consequences, occurs more frequently in black and in obese women in the United States. OBJECTIVES In a prospective, case-control sample matched for race and obesity (cases = 16, controls = 32), we compared the fecal gut microbiota, fecal and plasma metabolites, and diet in the late second trimester. We hypothesized that a Western diet would be associated with reduced microbiota richness and a metabolic signature predicting incidence of SPTB. METHODS The fecal microbiota was characterized by 16S-tagged sequencing and untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze both plasma and fecal metabolites. Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used for the comparison of microbiota genera, α-diversity, fecal and plasma metabolites, and dietary variables between term and SPTB. β-Diversity was analyzed using permutational multivariate ANOVA, and metabolite associations were assessed by module analysis. RESULTS A decrease in α-diversity was strongly associated with the development of SPTB, especially in the taxonomic class of Betaproteobacteria. Of 824 fecal metabolites, 22 metabolites (mostly lipids) differed between cases and controls (P < 0.01), with greater DHA (22:6n-3) and EPA (20:5n-3) in cases [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.2]. The most significant fecal metabolite module (FDR-adjusted P = 0.008) was dominated by DHA and EPA. Dietary saturated fat (primarily palmitate) intake was greater in cases (31.38 ± 7.37 compared with 26.08 ± 8.62 g, P = 0.045) and was positively correlated with fecal DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Reduced α-diversity of the gut microbiota and higher excretion of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in stool may provide a novel biomarker signature predicting SPTB in women with a low-fiber, high-fat diet. Further investigation of these markers in a larger sample is needed for validation.
Late Presentation Of Asymptomatic Anomalous Origin Of The Left Coronary Artery From The Pulmonary Artery

Introduction Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly that typically manifests during infancy with heart failure secondary to myocardial ischemia. Late presentation of ALCAPA is rare but may occur if well-developed collateral circulation exists. We present the unusual occurrence of this in an older child with no signs of cardiac ischemia. Case Description An 11-year-old male was referred for cardiac consultation secondary to a murmur heard on sports physical evaluation. The patient was asymptomatic with no significant medical history or medication use. Physical exam was significant for a 3/6 holosystolic murmur to the left upper sternal border. EKG was normal. Transthoracic echocardiogram was …
Mapping Search Queries to Metadata Fields in a GeoBlacklight Repository

The relation between user search behaviors and metadata is one that can illuminate ways in which the retrieval of resources may be facilitated or enhanced. The purpose of this article was to determ...
Femtojoule, Femtosecond, All-Optical Switching in Integrated Lithium Niobate Photonics

We introduce and demonstrate an integrated nonlinear splitter in quasi-phase matched lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide featuring femtojoule all-optical switching with instantaneous response and 8.5 dB extinction, opening opportunities for on-chip ultrafast energy-efficient all-optical information processing.
Defining Understanding: Perspectives from Biology Instructors & Biology Education Researchers

Promoting student understanding of biological concepts is a key part of biology education, and the ability to “understand” a concept forms one of the six categories of the oft-used Bloom's Taxonomy. Despite this, there remains no consensus as to what it means to understand a concept. While several formal definitions have been offered, we investigated how biology instructors and biology education researchers define the term and how they perceived the skill sets needed for a student to understand a concept in the context of assessments. We found that there was no agreement on the definition of understanding, and that responses differed in the cognitive level required to reach “understanding” of a concept. We discuss these findings in the context of Bloom's Taxonomy and variation theory and provide directions for future inquiries. We conclude by discussing implications for biology instructors and the importance of explicitly conveying expectations to better align student and instructor expectations.
Quantifying the effects of intraluminal thrombi and their poroelastic properties on abdominal aortic aneurysms

We introduce a poroelastic model for intraluminal thrombus (ILT) that captures both the flow within ILT and its deformation. The model for ILT is coupled with blood flow and arterial wall deformation and used to study the biomechanics in image-based abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) models. Three different patient-specific geometries were considered in this study. Using finite element analysis, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the role of ILT on the risk of AAA rupture as assessed by Peak Wall Stress (PWS). Our results indicate that the presence of ILT may reduce wall stress in AAA. However, our results indicate that ILT permeability has little effect on AAA PWS, and that similar values of PWS are obtained with both porous and nonporous ILT models.
Improving suicide risk prediction via targeted data fusion: proof of concept using medical claims data.

OBJECTIVE Reducing suicidal behavior among patients in the healthcare system requires accurate and explainable predictive models of suicide risk across diverse healthcare settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We proposed a general targeted fusion learning framework that can be used to build a tailored risk prediction model for any specific healthcare setting, drawing on information fusion from a separate more comprehensive dataset with indirect sample linkage through patient similarities. As a proof of concept, we predicted suicide-related hospitalizations for pediatric patients in a limited statewide Hospital Inpatient Discharge Dataset (HIDD) fused with a more comprehensive medical All-Payer Claims Database (APCD) from Connecticut. RESULTS We built a suicide risk prediction model for the source data (APCD) and calculated patient risk scores. Patient similarity scores between patients in the source and target (HIDD) datasets using their demographic characteristics and diagnosis codes were assessed. A fused risk score was generated for each patient in the target dataset using our proposed targeted fusion framework. With this model, the averaged sensitivities at 90% and 95% specificity improved by 67% and 171%, and the positive predictive values for the combined fusion model improved 64% and 135% compared to the conventional model. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We proposed a general targeted fusion learning framework that can be used to build a tailored predictive model for any specific healthcare setting. Results from this study suggest we can improve the performance of predictive models in specific target settings without complete integration of the raw records from external data sources.
Folding and oxidation of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor produced in Escherichia coli. Characterization of the disulfide-reduced intermediates and cysteine----serine analogs.

The folding and oxidation of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor solubilized from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies was investigated. During the folding process, two intermediates, I1 and I2, were detected by kinetic studies using high performance liquid chromatography. I1 exists transiently and disappears quickly with the concomitant formation of I2. In contrast, I2 requires a longer time to fold into the final oxidized form, N. CuSO4 catalysis increases the folding rate of I2 from I1, while CuSO4 and elevated temperature (37 degrees C) have a dramatic effect on the folding rate of N from I2. These observations suggest the following sequential oxidative folding pathway. [sequence: see text] Peptide map analysis of the iodoacetate-labeled intermediates revealed that I1 represents the fully reduced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor containing 5 free cysteines; I2 is the partially oxidized species containing a single Cys36-Cys42 disulfide bond; and N, the final folded form, has two disulfide bonds. The physicochemical properties and biological activities of I1, I2, N, and several Cys—-Ser analogs made by site-directed mutagenesis were further investigated. In guanidine hydrochloride-induced denaturation studies, the disulfide-reduced intermediates and the analogs missing either of the disulfide bonds are conformationally less stable than those of the wild type molecule or the analog with the free Cys at position 17 changed to Ser. Recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor lacking either disulfide bond or both has overall secondary and tertiary structures different from those of the wild type molecule and exhibits lower biological activity. These studies show that disulfide bond formation is crucial for maintaining the molecule in a properly folded and biologically active form.
Auto-regulatory interactions between NFI occupancy and ETV1 direct the timing of gene expression in late maturing neurons (539.10)

Developmental timing mechanisms play an essential role in nervous system development, and their disruption during synapse maturation is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. To examine how th...