cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A socio-technical perspective on web-based manuscript management and publishing: A two-year case study

This paper describes the design and implementation of Tiger, a web based manuscript management and publishing system. The system was designed to facilitate the fundamental process of selecting and publishing scholarly work: submission, reviewing, editing, and publishing of manuscripts. It can be used to manage electronic and paper journals as well as professional conferences, where peer reviewing is necessary. Tiger has been successfully used for the last two years for the processing of conference proposals for the annual meetings of the American Educational Research Association. We offer an overview of the system as well as an analysis of the usage of the system. We report our observations of this process, focusing on the interactions between the different stake‐holders: authors, reviewers, editors, developers. These different stake‐holders have different problems and see the success of Tiger in different terms. We believe such “thick descriptions” of the contingent and socially constructed nature of technological innovations are essential for our getting a better understanding the design and implementation process.
966 RELATIONSHIP OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN FIRST SIX HOURS OF LIFE TO MORTALITY IN LBW INFANTS

966 RELATIONSHIP OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN FIRST SIX HOURS OF LIFE TO MORTALITY IN LBW INFANTS
Chemical process optimization using Newton-like methods

Various interrelated issues that effect the reliability and efficiency of Newton-like methods for chemical process optimization are studied. An algorithm for solving large, sparse quadratic programming (QP) problems that is based on an active set strategy and a symmetric, indefinite factorization is presented. The QP algorithm is fast and reliable. A simple asymmetric trust region method is proposed for improving the reliability of successive QP methods. Ill-defined QP subproblems are avoided by adjusting the size of the trust region in an automatic way. Finally, it is shown that reliable initial values of the unknown variables and multipliers can be generated automatically using generic problem information, short-cut techniques and simulation tools. Many relevant numerical results and illustrations are presented.
Liver Vessel Parameter Estimation from Tactile Imaging Information

Realistic tissue models require accurate representations of the properties of in vivo tissue. This study examines the potential for tactile imaging to measure tissue properties and geometric information about subsurface anatomical features such as large blood vessels. Realistic finite element models of a hollow vessel in a homogenous parenchyma are constructed in order to establish a relationship between tissue parameters and tactile imaging data. A linear algorithm is developed to relate the tactile data to linearized tissue parameters. The estimation algorithm shows low errors in estimating the model parameters. A preliminary study on two porcine livers results in errors on the order of small sample size and parameter recording limitations of this preliminary study. Further work will reduce these sources of error and lead to in vivo testing with a minimally invasive tactile imaging scanhead.
Suitability of process-based tree growth models for addressing tree response to climate change

Empirical models of tree growth have been used for many years to predict timber yields and other properties of trees. However, such models rely on measured relationships between tree growth and historic environmental conditions. As anthropogenic actions alter the environment, especially atmospheric composition, empirical models become less reliable and process-based models become more useful. Process-based models are challenged to simulate growth of structurally and physiologically complex organisms using explicit mathematical expressions to capture growth response to environmental conditions. In this review we summarize the physiological requirements of process-based models and examine the capabilities of six published models (CARBON, ECOPHYS, PGSM, TREE-BGC, TREGRO, W91) for simulating tree response to changes in environmental conditions (elevated temperature, increased CO2 concentration, and enhanced concentrations of tropospheric ozone). These analyses indicate that current models are reliable integrators of environmental eAects on individual processes (e.g. photosynthesis), but may be less reliable where physiological acclimation occurs or when extrapolated to growth of specific tree compartments. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
mei-38 Is Required for Chromosome Segregation During Meiosis in Drosophila Females

Meiotic chromosome segregation occurs in Drosophila oocytes on an acentrosomal spindle, which raises interesting questions regarding spindle assembly and function. One is how to organize a bipolar spindle without microtubule organizing centers at the poles. Another question is how to orient the chromosomes without kinetochore capture of microtubules that grow from the poles. We have characterized the mei-38 gene in Drosophila and found it may be required for chromosome organization within the karyosome. Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes occurs in mei-38 mutants primarily at the first meiotic division in females but not in males where centrosomes are present. Most meiotic spindles in mei-38 oocytes are bipolar but poorly organized, and the chromosomes appear disorganized at metaphase. mei-38 encodes a novel protein that is conserved in the Diptera and may be a member of a multigene family. Mei-38 was previously identified (as ssp1) due to a role in mitotic spindle assembly in a Drosophila cell line. MEI-38 protein localizes to a specific population of spindle microtubules, appearing to be excluded from the overlap of interpolar microtubules in the central spindle. We suggest MEI-38 is required for the stability of parallel microtubules, including the kinetochore microtubules.
Effect of modification of cytochrome c on its reactions with superoxide and NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase.

Abstract Acetylation and succinylation of cytochrome c decrease its rate of reaction with superoxide. The effect of succinylation is greater than that of acetylation. As predicted by the Bronsted-Debye-Huckel relationship, the effect of modification of cytochrome c is more pronounced at low ionic strength. Modification of cytochrome c causes a much greater decrease in its reaction with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, compared to its reaction with superoxide. This data forms the quantitative basis for the enhanced specificity of modified cytochrome c for superoxide detection previously described by other investigators. Additionally, a greatly simplified version of the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method for estimation of free amino groups is presented.
Modeling and simulation of broad-band antennas using the time-domain finite element method

This paper presents a time-domain finite element method (TDFEM) for the modeling and simulation of complex broad-band antennas. Two critical components, namely the modeling of antenna feeds and the truncation of infinite free space, are discussed in detail. An accurate waveguide port boundary condition is employed to model the commonly used coaxial feeds, which is also applicable to other waveguide feeding structures. An improvement to the simplified probe feed model is also presented. The formulation and implementation of perfectly matched layers are briefly described for the truncation of the TDFEM computational domain. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of typical broad-band antennas, which include a logarithmic spiral antenna, a Vivaldi antenna, and a Vlasov antenna.
Moving Beyond Magical Thinking Finding Leadership, Strategy, and Fiscal Sustainability in Local Government

facing local governmentleaders are both as tangible as cash ﬂow and as in-tangible as public sentiments. A major challenge todeveloping ﬁscal sustainability in local governmentis expressed by John L. Korey as: “Magical thinkingon the part of the California electorate . . .” (p. 6)andbyJeffreyChapmanas“deepbeliefofmostresi-dentsthattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch”(p. 127). A further challenge to moving forward onintractable governmental problems is best describedas a problem of depleted intellectual capital.The way to move forward is for leaders in localgovernment to develop strategy. Strategy is the op-posite of magical thinking and a belief in a freelunch. As a process of inquiry, of asking the rightquestions, leaders developing strategy also developnew solutions, new intellectual capital to addresspreviously intractable problems. Strategy developsa shared clarity on outcomes and leverages as-sets through targeted behaviors that advance thoseoutcomes.Aresearchteamthatincludedexperiencedlocalgov-ernment executives, university researchers, and theNational Civic League executive team, funded bythe Haynes Foundation, searched for the past yearto ﬁnd examples of local government leaders whodevelop strategy that leads to ﬁscal sustainability.This research developed four case studies, at differ-ent levels of local government: the City of Brea andtheCityofLongBeach,WhittierUniﬁedSchoolDis-trict, and the County of Los Angeles. The premiseof this research is that design matters, that ﬁscalsustainability does not occur by accident, and thatstrategy happens by design, not by accident. The
Raymond Carver and Postmodern Humanism

(1990). Raymond Carver and Postmodern Humanism. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 125-136.
A naturalistic study of the production of causal connectives by children

This study analysed the naturalistic productions of because and so by 96 children, vaged 3; 6–9; 6, vwhile vnarrating real, vpersonal events. Few semantic errors could be construed as evidence of confused thinking; none is a confusion vdescribed by Piaget. Of the vsemantically correct causal uses, 81 % encode psychological causality, mostly statements of other people's intentions. Other analyses revealed: (1) many of the relationships encoded are highly predictable, (2) virtually all causality occurred prior to the time of narration, (3) age trends are remarkably absent, (4) because and so are used in significantly different ways even by the youngest children, (5) only eight sentences showed a vreversal of the appropriate order of cause and effect. The discrepancy between the last finding and many other laboratory studies vwhich find many such reversals may be due to the fact that children are causally linking strictly successive events only 32 % of the time; for the rest, they are encoding events that partially or completely overlap in time.
Disseminated actinomycosis presenting as a renal tumor with metastases

Disseminated actinomycosis is uncommon in the pediatric population and rarely presents as a renal mass mimicking a renal tumor with metastases. Diagnosis may be difficult. In this case, percutaneous biopsy results only showed necrosis and fibrosis and, hence, were not helpful in diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy and open biopsy results showed that this renal tumor was an actinomycotic abscess with similar abscesses in the liver and lung masquerading as metastases. The treatment for disseminated actinomycosis is with parenteral and oral penicillin.
Adolescent sleep, school start times, and teen motor vehicle crashes.

To assess the effects of delayed high school start times on sleep and motor vehicle crashes, a survey of the sleep habits of the students from an entire county-wide school district was administered before and after a change in school start times. There was only 1 school district in this county, and students from the entire district participated. State-collected measures of collision statistics by age and residence of driver were used to compute crash rates per 1000 licensed drivers for teen driv- ers before and after the change in school start times in both the county in which the start times changed and in the rest of the state, where start times remained unchanged. Methods study objectives : To assess the effects of delayed high-school start times on sleep and motor vehicle crashes. Methods : The sleep habits and motor vehicle crash rates of adoles- cents from a single, large, county-wide, school district were assessed by questionnaire before and after a 1-hour delay in school start times. Results : Average hours of nightly sleep increased and catch-up sleep on weekends decreased. Average crash rates for teen drivers in the study county in the 2 years after the change in school start time dropped 16.5%, compared with the 2 years prior to the change, whereas teen crash rates for the rest of the state increased 7.8% over the same time period. conclusions : Later school start times may both increase the sleep of adolescents and decrease their risk of motor vehicle crashes. Keywords: Adolescents, sleep deprivation, crash, public policy, school
Compartment Syndrome of the Extremities

Compartment syndrome (CS) is a limb-threatening and potentially life-threatening condition. Long bone fractures and vascular injuries are the most frequent antecedent events. Burns, crush injury, bleeding in enclosed spaces, external compression of the limb, small thrombotic or embolic events, envenomation, allergy, intravenous infiltration, muscle overuse, nephritic syndrome, and intramuscular injection have all been implicated. Current knowledge unequivocally reflects that if you fail to identify and treat compartment syndrome properly, you will have a patient with tissue necrosis, permanent functional impairment, and potentially renal failure and death. CS has been found wherever a compartment is present: hand, forearm, upper arm, abdomen, buttock and the entire lower extremity. The leg (calf) is the area that is most commonly affected, followed by the forearm, and the thigh. As a well-trained surgeon who wants to do the best for each patient, you must become intimately familiar with this topic and the techniques to treat it.
Telecommunication networks present and future

The author focuses on the impact of optics on telecommunication networks worldwide. As optical fibres penetrate home and business, very high bandwidth applications become possible. Standards currently under development deal with broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN). The proposed deployment of optically-based high-speed networks gives rise to a host of research issues that must be addressed. Some of the research issues described include lightweight protocols, flow and congestion control, as well as network management. In particular, he describes recent work in Columbia on flow control for high speed metropolitan area networks and work on fault management designed to provide a theoretical underpinning to that area. >
A quantitative assay of the abnormal electroencephalogram and the effects of anti-diuretic hormone in rats.

The analysis of the abnormal EEG in rats is described using a method of pattern recognition wherein different types of abnormal waveforms along with their temporal distribution are weighted in a manner to provide a scale of abnormality ranging from a value of zero that corresponds to no abnormal EEG or behavioral activity, to nine, which represents an overt generalized epileptiform seizure. The algorithm for scoring the EEG is presented and used to evaluate some ‘normal’ EEG recordings in rats. It was found that using this algorithm one can detect and quantify abnormal conditions (e.g., those caused by the trauma induced in implantation techniques). The increase of abnormal EEG activity with sleep in rats is demonstrated and antidiuretic hormone is shown to have a quieting effect on the EEG.
An Event Model of Medical Information Representation

Objective : Develop a model for structured and encoded representation of medical information that supports human review, decision support applications, ad hoc queries, statistical analysis, and natural-language processing. Design : A medical information representation model was developed from manual and semiautomated analysis of patient data. The key assumption of the model is that medical information can be represented as a series of linked events. The event representation has two main components. The first component is a frame or template definition that specifies the attributes of the event. The second component is a structured vocabulary, the terms of which are taken as the values of the slots in the event template structure. Individual event instances are linked by specific named relationships. Results : The proposed model was used to represent a chest-radiograph report. Conclusions : The event model of medical information representation provides a mechanism for formal definition of the logical structure of medical data and allows explicit time-oriented and associative relationships between event instances.
The Impact of External Control Arrangements on Organizational Performance

There is currently high interest in the emergent reorganization of market and regulatory structure in the United States’ electric energy sector. This article focuses attention on external organizational control structures and processes that have become institutionalized in that sector. It specifically addresses the organized environments in which public, quasi-public, and privately owned distributors of electricity have operated in recent history. An approach to analysis of the impact of past policy choices on organizational performance is presented using data envelopment analysis (DEA). It is concluded that DEA provides an interesting starting point for the comparative analysis of organizational performance.
Adjunctive Immune Therapy for Fungal Infections

Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients can pose difficult problems in clinical management, because the available antifungal chemotherapy is often unable to eradicate the infection in these people. Hence, the use of immune modulating therapy to augment impaired host immune responses--and thus enhance the efficacy of antifungal drugs--is a reasonable approach to improve the prognosis of fungal infections. Advances in biotechnology have produced a variety of biological response modifiers with the potential to serve as adjunctive immune therapy for the treatment of fungal infections, including cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and cell growth factors. In recent years, immune-modulating therapies have been studied in an effort to define their potential use for the treatment of fungal infections. Much of the available information on the use of this approach is encouraging and invites further investigation--with the caveats that the information is mostly anecdotal and that immune-modulating therapy occasionally has produced adverse effects.
High-Frequency Chest Wall Compression Therapy in Neurologically Impaired Children

BACKGROUND: Children with neurological impairment often suffer from insufficient airway secretion clearance, which substantially increases their respiratory morbidity. The goal of the study was to assess the clinical feasibility of high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC) therapy in neurologically impaired children with respiratory symptoms. METHODS: This was a single-center, investigator initiated, prospective study. Twenty-two subjects were studied for 12 months before and 12 months after initiation of HFCWC therapy, and 15 subjects were followed for an additional 12 months. The threshold of adherence to HFCWC therapy was 70%. The number of pulmonary exacerbations that required hospitalization was recorded. RESULTS: Forty-five percent of the subjects required hospital admission before initiation of HFCWC therapy. This rate decreased to 36% after the first year with HFCWC, and to 13% after the second year with HFCWC. There was a statistically significant reduction of the number of hospital days at follow-up, relative to before treatment. Use of an assisted-cough device or the presence of tracheostomy did not significantly affect hospitalization days. CONCLUSIONS: Regular HFCWC therapy may reduce the number of hospitalizations in neurologically impaired children.
Real axis integration of an oscillatory infinite integral occurring in transient scattering by cylinders

Special techniques are developed to evaluate numerically the inverse Fourier transform representing the transient response of a perfectly conducting cylinder excited by a magnetic line source. Numerical results compare well with those obtained by the wavefront asymptotic approximation at early times and by the singularity expansion method at late times. With appropriate modification, these techniques can be applied to evaluate the spectral integrals occurring in the Green's functions for multilayer dielectric cylinders. >
Dynamics and flow structures in the turbulent wake of rigid and flexible cylinders subject to vortex-induced vibrations

We present simulation results of vortex-induced vibrations of an infinitely long flexible cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 1000, corresponding to a ‘young’ turbulent wake (i.e. exhibiting a small inertial subrange). The simulations are based on a new class of spectral methods suitable for unstructured and hybrid grids. To obtain different responses of the coupled flow–structure system we vary the structure's bending stiffness to model the behaviour of a vibrating inflexible (rigid) cylinder, a cable, and a beam. We have found that unlike the laminar flow previously studied, the amplitude of the cross-flow oscillation is about one diameter for the cable and the beam, close to experimental measurements, but is lower for the rigid cylinder. We have also found that for the latter case the flow response corresponds to parallel shedding, but for the beam and cable with free endpoints a mixed response consisting of oblique and parallel shedding is obtained, caused by the modulated travelling wave motion of the structure. This mixed shedding pattern which alternates periodically along the span can be directly related to periodic spatial variation of the lift force. In the case of structures with pinned endpoints a standing wave response is obtained for the cylinder; lace-like flow structures are observed similar to the ones seen in the laminar regime. Examination of the frequency spectra in the near wake shows that at Re = 1000 all cases follow a −5/3 law in the inertial range, which extends about half a decade in wavenumber. However, these spectra are different in all three cases both in low and high frequencies, with the exception of the beam and cable, for which the high-frequency portion is identical despite the differences in the displacement time history and the large-scale features of the corresponding flow.
Simulation based regression analysis for rack configuration of autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system

In this study, a simulation based regression analysis for rack configuration of an autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system (AVS/RS) is presented. We develop a mathematical function for rack configuration of an AVS/RS that reflects the relationship between the output (response) and the input variables (factors) of the system. In the regression model, the output is the average cycle time for storage and retrieval and the input variables are the number of tiers, aisles and bays that determine the size of the warehouse. The simulation model of the system is developed using ARENA 12.0, a commercial software. We use MINITAB statistical software to complete the statistical analysis and to fit a regression function. Two different approaches are used for developing the regression analysis -- stepwise regression and the best subsets. We optimize the regression function using the LINGO software. We apply this approach to a company that uses AVS/RS in France.
Immunologic and clinical studies on allergenic fungi

Abstract A dialyzable and a nondialyzable principle were obtained from alternaria grown on a synthetic medium. The antigen in the nondialyzable fraction was purifed by deproteinization, precipitation as the uranyl salt, and low-temperature centrifugal ultrafiltration. The nondialyzable fraction reacted by skin test in allergic individuals and was precipitated with rabbit antiserum. The dialyazble fraction also reacted on skin tests. It failed to precipitate with antiseurm but acted as a hapten in specifically inhibiting precipitation of the nondialyzable fraction.
Qualitative or Mixed Methods Research Inquiry Approaches: Some Loose Guidelines for Publishing in Sex Roles

The number of papers submitted to Sex Roles that present, analyze, and discuss qualitative data has been increasing in recent years (Frieze 2008, 2013). At the same time, mixed methods studies are becoming ever more popular within the fields of social and behavioral sciences, especially because mixed methods’ design possibilities lend themselves well to interdisciplinary investigations. In addition to studies utilizing a qualitative approach, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, a journal dedicated to multiple disciplines, also welcomes submissions that reflect upon mixed methods projects. To expand upon Editor Yoder’s (2016) recent reflections on the directions and editorial practices of this journal, my editorial focuses on our expectations for both qualitative and mixed methods submissions to Sex Roles. As part of the Sex Roles editorial team, I look forward to providing consultation to the editor about qualitative and mixed methods research inquiry approaches.
Six-Membered Ring Systems: Diazines and Benzo Derivatives

Abstract The review covers work published in the calendar year 2011. New syntheses and novel chemistry of diazines and their benzo-fused derivatives are covered.
Head and Neck Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) occurs when gastric contents pass through the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) into the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). These relatively brief episodes can have sinister implications, resulting in irritation to the delicate mucosa of the larynx, pharynx, Eustachian tubes, and nasal passages. The subsequent inflammatory changes that take place are responsible for many of the signs and symptoms that have come to define the disease process. The majority of patients with LPR lack the classic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms of heartburn, and dysphagia, therefore making the diagnosis more challenging (Koufman, Laryngoscope, 101:1–78, 1991). Instead, patients with LPR commonly present with a constellation of symptoms reflective of UADT inflammation including chronic cough, hoarseness, and postnasal drip (Fennerty, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 28:861–873, 1990; Koufman, Gastroesophageal reflux and voice disorders. In: Rubin J (ed) Diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders. Igaku-Shoin, New York, pp 161–175, 1995). Unfortunately, the relative ubiquity of these nonspecific symptoms makes the diagnosis of LPR difficult to establish based solely on clinical presentation. In turn, further workup is often necessary, requiring a combination of laryngoscopy (Fennerty, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 28:861–873, 1990; Maronian et al., Laaryngology, 110:606–612, 2001), dualprobe pH monitoring (Muderris et al., Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 135:163–167, 2009), and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MCII) testing (Kawamura et al., Am J Gastroenterol, 99:1000–1010, 2004; Hoppo et al., J Gastrointest Surg, 16:16–25, 2012). While each of these tests provides important diagnostic data, they are not without shortcomings. In fact, an accurate diagnostic tool for LPR has yet to be identified, and clearly defined diagnostic criteria have yet to be agreed upon. While the workup of LPR remains controversial, the treatment is more widely accepted and employs a combination of behavioral changes and medical management including PPIs, H2 blockers, mucosal cryoprotectants, and prokinetic agents. Response to therapy is often variable, and many patients require aggressive antiacid intervention to have complete resolution of symptoms (Vaezi, Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:595–603, 2005). Despite these aggressive approaches, there are subsets of patients deemed refractory to medical management. In these cases, surgical intervention may be needed to achieve complete or even partial resolution of symptoms (Oelschlager et al., Gastrointest Surg, 6:189–194, 2002; Brown et al., Surg Endosc, 25:3852–3858, 2011).
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Adoption Increases Fleet Gasoline Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions under United States Corporate Average Fuel Economy Policy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards.

The United States Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission standards are designed to reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions from light-duty passenger vehicles. They do so by requiring automakers to meet aggregate criteria for fleet fuel efficiency and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rates. Several incentives for manufacturers to sell alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) have been introduced in recent updates of CAFE/GHG policy for vehicles sold from 2012 through 2025 to help encourage a fleet technology transition. These incentives allow automakers that sell AFVs to meet less-stringent fleet efficiency targets, resulting in increased fleet-wide gasoline consumption and emissions. We derive a closed-form expression to quantify these effects. We find that each time an AFV is sold in place of a conventional vehicle, fleet emissions increase by 0 to 60 t of CO2 and gasoline consumption increases by 0 to 7000 gallons (26,000 L), depending on the AFV and year of sale. ...
Analysis of the Economic and Social Imjavascript:void(0);pact of Environmental Policies in Trinidad and Tobago

Introduction:This paper examines sustainable environmental issues in Trinidad and Tobago. It explores how environmental changes have been one of the most complex challenges facing Trinidad and Tobago. The paper has two objectives. The first objective is to investigate the economic and social impact of environmental issues and policies in Trinidad and Tobago. The second objective is to evaluate the nature of sustainable environmental policies in Trinidad and TobagoMethods:The paper uses interviews, survey questionnaire and used secondary data to present an argument that Trinidad and Tobago will bear the brunt of the effect of environmental changes, even as it strive to overcome poverty and advance economic growth.Results:The findings show that the public sector, private sector and NGOs played a significant role in creating the environmental problems in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, current environmental policies are not effectively implemented. Most citizens and private sector organizations are not aware of some the nation’s environmental policy requirements after several years of their enactment. Conclusion:The paper concludes with a discussion of the survey results, limitations, and directions for future sustainable environmental research in the country. The future challenging goal for Trinidad and Tobago is the search for environmental pollution solutions and comprehensive new environmental policies. In addition, the government will have to employ a more aggressive public campaign to create awareness of the nation’s environmental policies. Sustainable transformation in the future would require the industrial sector, governments, NGOs, and the citizens to act now, act differently, and act together.
Experimental and theoretical study of the oblique impact of a tennis ball with a racket

The normal and the oblique impact of a tennis ball with a racket has been studied. An accurate setup has been built in order to provide consistent initial conditions for the impacts. Experiments have been done for a wide range of impact angles and initial velocities. The motion of the ball before, during and after the impact has been recorded using a high-speed camera with 10,000 frames per second. The impact has been divided into two phases, compression and restitution. An expression for the contact force has been provided. The coefficient of restitution and effective coefficient of friction have been analyzed experimentally. For low impact velocities, the coefficient of restitution is constant at different impact angles. The effective coefficient of friction changes as a function of the impact angle. The contact force expression has been determined for the compression and the restitution phases using the experimental data from normal impact experiments. The simulation and experimental results are compar...
Hormone replacement improves hemodynamic profile and left ventricular geometry in hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women.

Background Postmenopausal estrogen replacement, with or without progestins, has been related to lower cardiovascular risks. Objective We investigated whether the actions of estrogen on vascular resistance contribute to this cardioprotective effect. Design and methods In a 6-month double-blind study, pre- and post-treatment blood pressure, cardiac index, total vascular resistance index and plasma catecholamine responses during baseline and mental stressors were compared in 69 women (including 19 with mild hypertension but no history of heart disease). Women were randomized to receive either conjugated estrogens alone, estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone, or placebo. Results Both groups on active hormone replacement showed similar decreases in vascular resistance and modest blood pressure reductions, which differed from the unchanged responses of those on placebo (P < 0.05) after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Hypertensive women showed greater reductions in vascular resistance than normotensives (P < 0.05) and their blood pressure reductions tended to be larger. Women receiving hormone replacement showed increased stroke volume and cardiac index at 6 months, particularly among hypertensives and those receiving medroxyprogesterone (P< 0.05). Hormone replacement was also related to decreases in plasma norepinephrine. Finally, in 33 women receiving hormone replacement, significant 5 and 3% decreases in echocardiographic measures of left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness were evident at 6 months (P< 0.05), while 20 placebo-treated women showed no reliable echocardiographic improvements (P = NS). Conclusions These findings suggest that estrogen-mediated reductions in hemodynamic load on the heart may contribute to the reduced risk of cardiovascular events in relatively healthy postmenopausal women who use hormone replacement.
Swallowing in sleep and wakefulness in adult cats

Clinical evidence indicates that swallowing, a vital function, may be impaired in sleep. To address this issue, we elicited swallows in awake and sleeping adult cats by injecting water through a nasopharyngeal tube. Our results indicate that swallowing occurs not only in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but also in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In NREM sleep, the injections often caused arousal followed by swallowing, but, in the majority of cases, swallowing occurred in NREM sleep before arousal. These swallows in NREM sleep were entirely comparable to swallows in wakefulness. In contrast, the injections in REM sleep were less likely to cause arousal, and the swallows occurred as hypotonic events. Furthermore, apneas were sometimes elicited by the injections in REM sleep, and there was repetitive swallowing upon arousal. These results suggest that the hypotonic swallows of REM sleep were ineffective.
Surface Interactions of C2 and C3 Polyols with γ-Al2O3 and the Role of Coadsorbed Water

The formation of surface species from two- and three-carbon polyols on γ-Al2O3 in the presence and absence of coadsorbed water is investigated. Aqueous-phase adsorption isotherms indicate that competitive adsorption between water and polyol inhibits the uptake of the polyol molecules on γ-Al2O3 and that the polyol with the most hydroxyl groups, glycerol, experienced the greatest uptake. Deuterium solid echo pulse NMR measurements support the fact that glycerol strongly interacts with γ-Al2O3 in the presence of physisorbed water and that ethylene glycol interacts with γ-Al2O3 only after the physisorbed water has been removed. In situ high-vacuum FT-IR analysis combined with DFT simulations demonstrate that glycerol readily forms a multidentate alkoxy species through its primary hydroxyl groups with coordinatively unsaturated Al atoms of γ-Al2O3 in the presence of physisorbed water. This surface species exhibits a bridging alkoxy bond from one of its primary hydroxyl groups and a strong interaction with the...
Higher versus Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressures in Patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The members of the Writing Committee background Most patients requiring mechanical ventilation for acute lung injury and the acute res- piratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receive positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 to 12 cm of water. Higher PEEP levels may improve oxygenation and reduce ven- tilator-induced lung injury but may also cause circulatory depression and lung injury from overdistention. We conducted this trial to compare the effects of higher and lower PEEP levels on clinical outcomes in these patients. methods We randomly assigned 549 patients with acute lung injury and ARDS to receive me- chanical ventilation with either lower or higher PEEP levels, which were set according to different tables of predetermined combinations of PEEP and fraction of inspired oxygen. results Mean (±SD) PEEP values on days 1 through 4 were 8.3±3.2 cm of water in the lower- PEEP group and 13.2±3.5 cm of water in the higher-PEEP group (P<0.001). The rates of death before hospital discharge were 24.9 percent and 27.5 percent, respectively (P=0.48; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between groups, -10.0 to 4.7 percent). From day 1 to day 28, breathing was unassisted for a mean of 14.5±10.4 days in the lower-PEEP group and 13.8±10.6 days in the higher-PEEP group (P = 0.50). conclusions These results suggest that in patients with acute lung injury and ARDS who receive me- chanical ventilation with a tidal-volume goal of 6 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and an end-inspiratory plateau-pressure limit of 30 cm of water, clinical out- comes are similar whether lower or higher PEEP levels are used.
Human photoreceptor topography - 25 years and looking ahead

A comprehensive map of photoreceptors in human retinas enabled visualization and quantification of vision’s initial sampling array, informing today’s in vivo imaging techniques with sub-cellular resolution and mechanistic approaches to retinal pathology.
Abstract IA38: NCI MATCH: A national precision medicine trial – Conception, development, and adjustment

Precision medicine trials aim to provide evidence that targeting particular molecular abnormalities with specific treatment will result in better efficacy than current methods. While we know certain instances where the tumor type influences response to these agents, there are other instances where responses can be seen in various malignancies if they have the same molecular abnormality. Currently we do not know much about why some tumors or even most tumors will respond to a treatment, given the same mutation, and some do not. NCI MATCH is a national signal-finding trial for patients with solid tumors or lymphomas that have progressed after standard treatment. Patients register to a screening trial, have a biopsy of their tumor, and the tumor is analyzed by a targeted next generation sequencing panel and appropriate other molecular assays, and if an actionable mutation (one that can be addressed in MATCH) is found, the patient is evaluated for treatment with the appropriately matched drug(s). The goal is to seek a signal that targeting a molecular abnormality across tumors can be successful. The trial is open in hundreds of academic and community oncology sites through the National Clinical Trials Network of the NCI. The trial uses rules by which to assign a treatment, and depends on previous evidence that a given molecular abnormality is involved in cancer maintenance, and/or could result in a response to a given treatment. As most molecular abnormalities will occur in 10% or less of patients, the trial requires a large screening population and a large number of treatments within it. The trial is meant to change to accommodate new knowledge, and to expand as necessary to follow signals. We have an opportunity to study additional problems within NCI MATCH as well, such as molecular features of responders vs. non-responders, evaluation of genomic knowledge of patients, potential inheritable abnormalities that are also seen in the tumor, as well as study recruitment and retention issues within the trial. The talk will discuss the rules created for the trial, the initial early challenges, and some new areas of exploration going forward. Citation Format: Barbara A. Conley. NCI MATCH: A national precision medicine trial – Conception, development, and adjustment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA38.
Converse Thinking in Environmental Art Design

Converse thinking is a particularly effective way of thinking in the process of environmental art design,and it has become an important topic of concern for research design practitioners and design educators.The paper proceeds with the analysis from the understanding of converse thinking,and intends to break the traditional way of thinking,to further expand the design of environmental art design methods and manifestations.
Study on oxidation stability of refined soybean oil for vegetable insulating oil

Oxidation stability of three kinds of refined vegetable insulating oils and the effect of three kinds of antioxidants were measured by conductivity method,GB/T 12580—1990,SH/T 0206—92 and copper-catalyzed conductivity method.The results showed that conductivity method is the most suitable test method.Oxidation stability of three kinds of refined vegetable insulating oils from high to low is Cooper FR3 vegetable oil,soybean oil and rapeseed oil.Antioxidant TBHQ shows the most excellent antioxidant effect,BHT follows,and PG is the weakest.Contrast conductivity method and copper-catalyzed conductivity method,the effect of EDTA on copper is analyzed.The appropriate amount of three kinds of antioxidants added in soybean oil was measured by conductivity method.The appropriate amount of TBHQ is 0.5%,BHT is 0.5%～0.7%,and PG is 0.6%～0.7%.
"The Happiness of 'Slight Superiority'": Kierkegaard and Nietzsche on Resentment

My aim in this essay is to pair Kierkegaard with the German-born philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). I am particularly concerned to juxtapose their complementary investigations into the etiology and operation of resentment, which both thinkers identified as exerting a powerfully retardant force within the bourgeois societies of late modern European culture. Indeed, both were concerned to demonstrate the extent to which the corrosive power of resentment had transformed the religious injunction to “love thy neighbor” into a culturally sponsored program to “beggar thy neighbor.” The result of this pairing, or so I hope to demonstrate, is a productive division of philosophical labor: From Nietzsche, on the one hand, Kierkegaard’s readers may gain a clear sense of how a community founded on ressentiment may accommodate “healthy” expressions of comparative advantage and relative superiority. Even when exaggerated and amplified, however, these expressions pose no threat to the conservative, contractionary structure of the ethical life of the community in question. In particular, as we shall see, Nietzsche’s account of ressentiment may explain that, and why, the seemingly daring meditation conducted by Johannes de silentio in Fear and Trembling yields such a muddled and unsatisfying conclusion.
Traveling waves in a nonlocal, piecewise linear reaction–diffusion population model

We consider an analytically tractable switching model that is a simplification of a nonlocal, nonlinear reaction–diffusion model of population growth where we take the source term to be piecewise linear. The form of this source term allows us to consider both the monostable and bistable versions of the problem. By transforming to a traveling frame and choosing specific kernel functions, we are able to reduce the problem to a system of algebraic equations. We construct solutions and examine the propagation speed and monotonicity of the resulting waves.
Gallium nitride grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures

Abstract Growth of gallium nitride at low temperatures broadens the opportunity for its integration into optoelectronic devices that contain thermally sensitive substrates or active layers. As temperature is a very critical growth parameter, changes in crystallinity, defect density, optical, and structural properties are expected as temperatures fall below those typical of molecular beam epitaxy growth. In this contribution, energetic neutral atomic-beam lithography and epitaxy, a molecular beam epitaxy method that utilizes energetic neutral atomic nitrogen as the active nitrogen species, is used to grow gallium nitride directly on nitridized sapphire at temperatures between 800 and 200 °C. Photospectroscopy, photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry are applied to determine changes in optical, morphological and structural properties induced by the unconventional low-temperature growth process. As anticipated, we observe that defect density, disorder, and light absorptance increase as growth temperature decreases. Interestingly, X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence reveal the presence of the cubic phase of gallium nitride in films grown at low temperatures under a nitrogen-rich regime, which differs from growth conditions reported by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy. These discrepancies are presented in a critical review of several studies reporting the stabilization of the cubic phase over the energetically-favored hexagonal phase, with emphasis on relation to growth temperature, Ga/N flux ratio and surface kinetics during growth.
DISCUSSION OF: Economic Analysis of Proposed PCAOB Standards: Finding a Path Forward

SYNOPSIS For organizing my discussant response, I use the “input-process-output-outcomes” framework, where the PCAOB is part of the standard-setting infrastructure (input), the processes are its standard-setting activities, the standards eventually developed and approved by the SEC (the output), and assessing the outcome(s) refers to evaluating how well the PCAOB is achieving its mission and vision. From this perspective, Nolder and Palmrose's (2018) critique of the PCAOB's standard-setting pace as being “glacial” can only be regarded an “operational criticism.” In fact, viewed in light of the recently released Monitoring Group's (2017) Consultation paper, the PCAOB actually appears to be ahead of the IAASB as a much more independent and active standard-setter. Expanding the PCAOB's “economic analysis” to incorporate behavioral disciplines could certainly make the rationale more grounded and stronger, but will likely further slow down the pace of standard-setting—a result that goes against the authors' pr...
DNA Separations in Oxide-Passivated Thin-Walled Plastic Microchannels With UV Polymerized Acrylamides

The formation of cross-linked sieve matrices such as acrylamide gel in plastic based capillary electrophoresis devices is difficult because of the high permeability of oxygen through thin plastic capillary walls. In this paper we fabricated parylene thin wall channels which have been coated with an A12O3 layer as an oxygen barrier. Initial results indicate much improved gel quality and DNA separation results than otherwise obtainable without the barrier coating.