cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further evaluation of feature correlation for PIV and PTV

Particle Image Velocimetry and Particle-Tracking Velocimetry have been successfully used for measuring instantaneous velocity fields. Analyzing PIV images involves matching particle images captured sequentially. Correlating interrogation images is commonly used, which determines the non-rotational rigid body motion of interrogation image elements by averaging motions of a sufficient number of particles within the interrogation element. A variety of methods are used for PTV which tracks the motions of individual particles. In PTV applications, particle seeding density is kept low to avoid ambiguity of multiple particles within the interrogation element.PIV allows for higher particle seeking. However, each interrogation element has to be large enough to include a significant number of particles. Both PIV and PTV data processing methods limit the ability of extracting fine spatial scale flow motion from particle image data. The feature-based matching method proposed recently bridges the methods of PIV and PTV. It enables us to track individual particles at higher particle seeding,thus is capable of detecting flow motion at a smaller spatial scale. The feature-based matching method has been evaluated on different data sets. It shows the fine structure of flow field by the motions of each particle and its neighborhoods. Spatially averaged velocity fields are consistent with those calculated from image correlation methods.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibitory effect of mizoribine and ribavirin on the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus

The activity of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors, mizoribine and ribavirin, against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was determined by plaque reduction and yield reduction assays. Mizoribine and ribavirin selectively inhibited replication of SARS-CoV. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mizoribine for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849, as determined by plaque reduction was 3.5 microg/ml and 16 microg/ml, respectively, and the IC50 of ribavirin for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849 was 20 microg/ml and 80 microg/ml, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration of mizoribine and ribavirin for Vero E6 cells exceeded 200 microg/ml. In a yield reduction assay, mizoribine (10 microg/ml) and ribavirin (40 microg/ml) inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and reduced the infectious SARS-CoV titers to one-tenth or less. Mizoribine inhibited replication of SARS-CoV more strongly than ribavirin. However, neither drug could completely inhibit replication of SARS-CoV even at concentrations up to 100 microg/ml.
Congenital nephroma of infancy: Induction of renal structures by organ culture

A group of renal tumors has been described in newborn infants, which differs from Wilms' tumors by the absence of recognizable renal structures, the presence of sheets of spindle-shaped cells, and the lack of metastasis. Small portions of one of these tumors were placed in organ culture adjacent to fetal mouse brain for 48 to 96 hours. Tumor tissue adjacent to the neural tissue demonstrated palisading of cells within 48 hours and formation of primitive nephron elements within 96 hours. These studies demonstrate that this tumor has a nephrogenic origin and suggest possible investigative approaches to the process of tumor formation through faulty embryonic induction.
New methods for in-situ calibration of attitude and doppler sensors for underwater vehicle navigation: Preliminary results

This paper reports two new methods for the problem of in-situ calibration of the alignment rotation matrix between Doppler sonar velocity sensors and gyrocompass attitude sensors arising in the navigation of underwater vehicles. Previously reported solutions to this alignment calibration problem require the use of navigation fixes from an absolute external navigation fixes of the underwater vehicle, thus requiring additional navigation sensors and/or beacons to be located externally and apart from the underwater vehicle. We report a alignment calibration method employing only internal vehicle navigation sensors for velocity, acceleration, and attitude. Results from simulation data comparing these new methods to previously reported methods indicate satisfactory performance of the proposed methods in the presence of simulated sensor noise.
A comparative study of the retention and lethality of the first and second generation arthropod protein markers

A greenhouse study was conducted that compared the protein mark retention time of a well-established rabbit IgG protein detection protocol with those of three newer, less expensive protein detection protocols designed to detect casein in bovine milk, egg albumin in chicken egg whites, and soy trypsin in soy milk, respectively. Adult convergent lady beetles, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were topically marked with either 2.0 ml of a 5.0 mg ml−1 rabbit IgG solution or 2.0 ml of pure bovine milk, chicken egg whites, or soy milk solutions. The variously marked cohorts of beetles were then released into cages that contained a single cotton plant. In turn, beetles were collected every other day for 26 days after marking and assayed for the presence of the protein marks by either a sandwich anti-rabbit IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an indirect anti-casein, anti-egg albumin, or anti-soy trypsin ELISA to detect bovine casein, chicken egg albumin, or soy milk trypsin, respectively. Data indicate that the durability of the protein markers on the beetles decreases in the following order: egg whites > rabbit IgG > milk > soy milk. In addition, the mortality of H. convergens after receiving each protein mark treatment was assessed. Data revealed that there were no significant differences in mean mortality of beetles between any of the protein treatments. Overall mortality during the course of the 26-day study ranged from 30% for the soy-marked beetles to 50% for the water and rabbit IgG-marked beetles.
Transformation of temperate woody crops: Progress and potentials

Abstract Tissue culture and transformation are the limiting components in the production of transgenic plants. Woody plants, which we depend on for the production of fruits, nuts, wood, paper, etc. have a tendency to be recalcitrant with respect to these processes, making production of transgenic woody plants difficult or impossible in many cases. The potential value of transgenic woody crops, however, is a driving force in continued efforts. This review discusses the current state of woody plant transformation, limitations, potentials for circumventing these limitations, and genes and classes of genes which might be usefully introduced into them.
Odorant receptor expression as a function of neuronal maturity in the adult rodent olfactory system.

Odorant receptors (ORs) are expressed in a spatially restricted manner in the mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE), and this patterning probably contributes to innervation specificity within the olfactory bulb (OB). Furthermore, glomerular targeting appears to be contingent on receptor choice. Central to the mechanism by which ORs influence axonal specificity is the timing of OR expression during the life cycle of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Data indicate that OSNs express ORs in the absence of the OB but do not address whether OR expression is an early event in OSN differentiation. Accordingly, we evaluated whether ORs are expressed in mature [olfactory marker protein (OMP+)] and/or immature [growth-associated protein of 43 kDa m.w. (GAP-43+)] OSNs by assessing the expression of the P2 OR subtype via immunostaining for β-gal and concurrent OMP or GAP-43 expression in P2-IRES-tauLacZ mice. Nearly 90% of P2+ OSNs expressed OMP, whereas approximately 10% expressed GAP-43. One month after unilateral bulb ablation, the number of P2+ OSNs decreased on the lesioned side; however, the percent of P2+/GAP-43+ OSNs dramatically increased. We also determined that onset of P2 OR expression is slightly delayed when evaluated in the context of neuronal differentiation. Additionally, we defined the expression of OR+ OSNs in the OE of rats via in situ hybridization with a panel of eight ORs followed by OMP immunostaining. All eight ORs were found in neurons situated throughout the height of the OE, including those OSNs deep to OMP staining, thus demonstrating definitively that ORs are expressed prior to the maturational state defined by OMP expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:209–222, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the viscosity of glass composites containing rigid inclusions

Abstract A previously derived equation that treats viscosity as a field or transport property has been applied to calculate the effective viscosity of glass matrix composites containing rigid inclusions. The innovative aspect of the approach is that the shape of the particles, which is modeled by spheroids having a mean axial ratio, is explicitly considered. Thus, if information on the shape of the inclusions is available, the equation becomes predictive. Experimental data on different glass matrix composites drawn from the literature were used for comparison with the calculated values. It was shown that the equation is only applicable for volume fraction of inclusions for which the particle–particle interaction is negligible or nonexistent. The possibility of extending the application range of the approach is briefly addressed.
Defects in expression of genes related to synaptic vesicle trafficking in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease.

Loss of synapses correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, molecular mechanisms underlying the synaptic dysfunction and loss are not well understood. In this study, microarray analysis of brain tissues from five AD cases revealed a reduced expression of a group of related genes, all of which are involved in synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking. By contrast, several synaptic genes with functions other than vesicle trafficking remained unchanged. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed and expanded the microarray findings. Furthermore, immunoblotting showed that the protein level of at least one of these gene products, dynamin I, correlated with its reduced transcript. Immunhistochemical analysis exhibited an altered distribution of dynamin I immunolabeling in AD neurons. Microarray analysis of transgenic mice with mutated amyloid precursor protein showed that although the transcript levels for some of the SV trafficking-related genes are also decreased, the change in dynamin did not replicate the AD pattern. The results suggest a link among SV vesicle-trafficking pathways, synaptic malfunction, and AD pathogenesis.
Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes

Vitamin D has been reported to have a variety of non-skeletal actions, including on glucose metabolism. There has been increasing evidence from animal and human studies, to suggest that vitamin D may be important in modifying risk of type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D is thought to have both direct (through activation of the vitamin D receptor) and indirect (via regulation of calcium homeostasis) effects on various mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin action, and systemic inflammation. The evidence from human studies comes primarily from cross-sectional and a few prospective observational studies showing an inverse association between vitamin D status and prevalence or incidence of type 2 diabetes. While there is paucity of trials that have specifically examined the role of vitamin D in prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes, vitamin D therapy is emerging as a feasible and cost-effective potential intervention for type 2 diabetes.
Surface characterization of butterfly wings

Surface roughness due to micro and nanostructures of butterfly wings create hydrophobic surfaces. In this study, two different experimental techniques were used to characterize the effect of structural features on hydrophobicity of wings. The static and dynamic (advancing and receding) contact angle studies, and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical profilometry characterization were conducted on wings of different butterfly/moth species. Both types of contact angles were shown to be the highest on the butterfly wings that had a combination of both scales and hair like microtrichia. The microtrichia without scales showed almost similar hydrophobicity as on a surface with scales. The role of surface roughness was evaluated by correlating the roughness factor for different scan sizes. It was identified that roughness factor fluctuates rapidly for smaller scan sizes and takes slightly decreasing stable profile for larger scan areas.
Hypersaline Bottom Water: Peard Bay, Alaska

Hypersaline bottom conditions have been observed in Peard Bay, Alaska. The water appears to be renewed on an annual basis. Although it does not seem to affect permafrost degradation rates in Peard Bay, similar pools of water along the Beaufort Sea coast could greatly increase the rates of permafrost degradation. Order of magnitude estimates suggest that the hypersaline waters do not become anoxic.
Film Cooling From Shaped Holes

Local and spatially averaged magnitudes of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, the iso-energetic Stanton number ratio, and film cooling performance parameter are measured downstream of (i) cylindrical round, simple angle (CYSA) holes, (ii) laterally diffused, simple angle (LDSA) holes, (iii) laterally diffused, compound angle (LDCA) holes, (iv) forward diffused, simple angle (FDSA) holes, and (v) forward diffused, compound angle (FDCA) holes. Data are presented for length-to-inlet metering diameter ratio of 3, blowing ratios from 0.4 to 1.8, momentum flux ratios from 0.17 to 3.5, and density ratios from 0.9 to 1.4. The LDCA and FDCA arrangements produce higher effectiveness magnitudes over much wider ranges of blowing ratio and momentum flux ratio compared to the three simple angle configurations tested
Neopisosoma Angustifrons (Benedict, 1901 ) : the Complete Larval Development Under Laboratory Conditions, With Notes On Larvae of the Related Genus Pachycheles (Decapoda Anomura, Porcellanidae ) 1)

[Larven von Neopisosoma angustifrons, einem tropischen Porcellaniden-Krebs, wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen bei Zimmertemperatur (22°-24° C) aufgezogen. Die Larvalentwicklung wird beschrieben und die Stadien werden abgebildet. Wie bei den meisten anderen Porcellanidenlarven, gibt es drei Stadien: Zoea I, Zoea II, und Megalopa-Stadium. Die Larven von Neopisosoma werden mit den Larval- und Postlarval-Stadien der eng verwandten Gattung Pachycheles verglichen. Fur die beiden Gattungen werden Larvenmerkmale von potentieller taxonomischer Bedeutung diskutiert., Larven von Neopisosoma angustifrons, einem tropischen Porcellaniden-Krebs, wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen bei Zimmertemperatur (22°-24° C) aufgezogen. Die Larvalentwicklung wird beschrieben und die Stadien werden abgebildet. Wie bei den meisten anderen Porcellanidenlarven, gibt es drei Stadien: Zoea I, Zoea II, und Megalopa-Stadium. Die Larven von Neopisosoma werden mit den Larval- und Postlarval-Stadien der eng verwandten Gattung Pachycheles verglichen. Fur die beiden Gattungen werden Larvenmerkmale von potentieller taxonomischer Bedeutung diskutiert.]
MiR-27b targets PPARγ to inhibit growth, tumor progression and the inflammatory response in neuroblastoma cells.

The peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)γ pathway is involved in cancer, but it appears to have both tumor suppressor and oncogenic functions. In neuroblastoma cells, miR-27b targets the 3′ untranslated region of PPARγ and inhibits its mRNA and protein expression. miR-27b overexpression or PPARγ inhibition blocks cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in mouse xenografts. PPARγ activates expression of the pH regulator NHE1, which is associated with tumor progression. Lastly, miR-27b through PPARγ regulates nuclear factor-κB activity and transcription of inflammatory target genes. Thus, in neuroblastoma, miR-27b functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the tumor-promoting function of PPARγ, which triggers an increased inflammatory response. In contrast, in breast cancer cells, PPARγ inhibits NHE1 expression and the inflammatory response, and it functions as a tumor suppressor. We suggest that the ability of PPARγ to promote or suppress tumor formation is linked to cell type-specific differences in regulation of NHE1 and other target genes.
Budgets and behaviors of uranium and thorium series isotopes in Santa Monica Basin sediments

Abstract Nine natural decay-series isotopes were measured in six box cores collected from a transect across the Santa Monica Basin. The 210 Pb-derived sedimentation rate decreases from ~80 mg/cm 2 -yr at the slope to ~20 mg/cm 2 -yr in the deep central basin. Sediment mixing prevails in sites underlying oxic waters, but is subdued in the anoxic deep basin below the sill depth. Uranium contents in sediments are controlled by levels of authigenic U, which are higher in the more reduced condition in the deep basin. Most of the authigenic U results from precipitation within the sediments. The 232 Th- 228 Th disequilibrium in sediments indicates that 228 Ra is lost from the sediments from a depth of ~ 10 cm upward. Modelling the distribution of excess 228 Th and 234 Th in the surficial layers of the deep basin sediments results in a mean sediment mixing coefficient of 0.2 cm 2 /yr and a sedimentation rate close to that based on 210 Pb. There is no evidence of changing sedimentation rate in the central basin during the past century. Fluxes of excess 210 Pb, 230 Th and 231 Pa to the central Santa Monica Basin sediments are much higher than what can be predicted from local supply. Advective input of open ocean waters coupled with enhanced scavenging of these reactive nuclides at the ocean margin is considered to be the primary cause.
Fermi GBM Capabilities for Multi-Messenger Time-Domain Astronomy

Owing to its wide sky coverage and broad energy range, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) is an excellent observer of the transient hard X-ray sky. GBM detects about 240 triggered Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) per year, including over 30 which also trigger the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT). The number of GRBs seen in common with Swift is smaller than expected from the overlap in sky coverage because GBM is not as sensitive as the BAT and the GBM GRB population is thus skewed to the brighter, closer bursts. This population includes about 45 short GRBs per year, giving GBM an excellent opportunity to observe the electromagnetic counterpart to any gravitational wave candidate resulting from the merger of compact binary members. The same characteristics make GBM an ideal partner for neutrino searches from nearby GRBs, and for the elusive Very-High Energy (VHE) counterparts to GRBs. With the deployment of the next-generation gravitational-wave detectors (Advanced LIGO/VIRGO) and VHE experiments (CTA and HAWC) potentially within the lifetime of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the prospects for breakthrough observations are good.
Chemoradiation for patients with large-volume laryngeal cancers†

Background Patients with T4 laryngeal cancers, including those with large-volume (cartilage or tongue-base invasion) lesions, are often excluded from organ-preservation trials due to expectations of inferior outcome in terms of survival and function. We hypothesize that such patients indeed have acceptable survival and function when treated with organ-preservation strategies. Methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of a cohort of patients with T4 laryngeal cancer was carried out. Follow-up ranged from 0.18 to 15.6 years. All T4 laryngeal cancer patients who were enrolled in the University of Chicago concomitant chemoradiotherapy protocols from 1994 to the present were reviewed. This study was composed of 80 newly diagnosed T4 laryngeal cancer patients. Efficacy of treatment was determined through evaluations of survival and function. Survival was evaluated via Kaplan–Meier methods. Swallowing function was evaluated by an oropharyngeal motility (OPM) study and swallowing scores were assigned. Higher scores reflected increasing swallowing dysfunction. Results Fifty-five of 80 patients (∼69%) had documented large-volume tumor. Two- and 5-year overall survivals were 60.0% and 48.7%, respectively. Disease-specific 2- and 5-year survivals for the group were 80.1% and 71.3%, and 79.4 and 74.3%, respectively, for the 55 patients with large volume status. Progression-free survival rates were 52.6% and 47.6%. Forty-four of 65 patients (∼68%) with OPM data had a Swallowing Performance Status Scale (SPSS) score of ≤5, indicating various degrees of swallowing abnormalities not requiring a gastrostomy tube. This is a functional-preservation rate of 67.7%. Conclusions Chemoradiation for patients with T4 laryngeal cancer appears to be an effective and reasonable option, particularly in light of the satisfactory survival and function-preservation rates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Letter to the Editor: Successful Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Refractory Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Parkinson's disease has been the subject of occassional publications. Generally it has been successfully used in treating severe depression, and rare case reports describe its benefit in psychosis unresponsive to standard antipsychotic drugs. This report describes two patient with idiopathic PD and severe anxiety who responded well to ECT. ECT should be considered for PD patients with severe behavioral problems not responsive to medications.
Mapping the Gnutella network

We studied the topology and protocols of the public Gnutella network. Its substantial user base and open architecture make it a good large-scale, if uncontrolled, testbed. We captured the network's topology, generated traffic, and dynamic behavior to determine its connectivity structure and how well (if at all) Gnutella's overlay network topology maps to the physical Internet infrastructure. Our analysis of the network allowed us to evaluate costs and benefits of the peer-to-peer (P2P) approach and to investigate possible improvements that would allow better scaling and increased reliability in Gnutella and similar networks. A mismatch between Gnutella's overlay network topology and the Internet infrastructure has critical performance implications.
Microscopic and ultrastructural studies of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) cultured in Texas.

Granulomatous hepatopancreatitis of unknown etiology has been considered an important disease of Texas shrimp mariculture since 1985. Samples of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were collected during 1986, 1987, and 1990 from three farms and an experimental mariculture facility with histories of production loss and increased mortality rates. Histologic and ultrastructural examination of shrimp from the four sites demonstrated two morphologically distinct, Gram-negative, double-enveloped, intracytoplasmic bac- teria in necrotic hepatopancreatic epithelium. The more numerous small, pleomorphic rod as well as the helical organism are both taxonomically unclassifiable. The helical organism lacked ultrastructural characteristics of previously described helical or spiral bacteria. The relationship between the two organisms is unknown, but the pleomorphic rod is thought to play a major role in the disease. The role of a bacterial agent(s) in subsequent disease episodes is suggested by the observation that the use of oxytetracycline-medicated feed resulted in increased production and survival. Hepatopancreatic tubular epithelial necrosis and shrimp mortality correlated directly with the extent of infection by the small pleomorphic rod. Individual discrete bacteria were identified microscopically by Steiner and Steiner's method. Three major developmental stages of the disease were char- acterized based on the extent and number of hepatopancreatic tubular epithelial cells containing bacteria, the degree of tubular interstitial inflammation, and the extent and chronicity of tubular necrosis. Additional studies are needed to clarify the roles of the different bacteria identified and the potential role of environmental factors on the disease process.
Graphical stability robustness tests for linear time-invariant systems: generalizations of Kharitonov's stability theorem

The authors derive two graphical tests for the U-Hurwitz stability of convex polyhedra of polynomials. The first is a Nyquist-type test, which has been extended to arbitrary connected sets of polynomials. The second is a root-locus-type test, previously known as the edge theorem. A finite test based on the root-locus-type result is developed. All results are extended to distributed-parameter systems. For the polyhedral case, although the root-locus-type test has a finite implementation, it is concluded that the Nyquist-type test will in general be more useful. The analysis is motivated by an elementary proof of Kharitonov's stability theorem. >
The Revival of Bills of Particulars Under the Federal Rules

T H E Federal Rules of Civil Procedure originally made grudging provision for bills of particulars. In I948 even that grudging provision was eliminated. I will make three inquiries: (i) whether recent decisions are not reviving bills of particulars, in form full-blown, although under another name; (2) whether such revival, if it is taking place, is warranted by the rules; and (3) whether it is a good or bad thing.
The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on bone turnover

Low-carbohydrate diets have become popular as weight loss techniques. These diets are high in protein, saturated fats, and omega-6 fatty acids. They also lead to a ketogenic state. These factors could lead to increased bone turnover. This study was designed to see whether a low-carbohydrate diet would lead to increased bone turnover in humans. Thirty patients (15 study subjects and 15 controls) were recruited for this 3-month study. The 15 patients on the diet were instructed to consume less than 20 g of carbohydrates per day for the 1st month and then less than 40 g per day for months 2 and 3. Control subjects had no restrictions on their diet. The primary end point was urinary N-telopeptide (UNTx) at 3 months. Secondary end points included UNTx at 1 month, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) at 1 month, bone turnover ratio (BSAP/UNTx) at 1 month, and weight loss. The mean UNTx in the study subjects increased by 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) ±22.8] compared with an increase of 1.9 (95% CI ±17.6) in the controls at 3 months (p=0.86). The mean UNTx decreased by 2.2 (95% CI ±27.2) and 3.1 (95% CI ±17.6) at 1 month in the dieters and controls, respectively (p=0.36). The mean BSAP decreased by 0.53 (95% CI ±2.96) in the dieters and increased by 0.34 (95% CI ±2.92) in the controls at 1 month (p=0.27). The bone turnover ratio increased by 0.08 (95% CI ±0.81) in the dieters and by 0.05 (95% CI ± 0.27) in the controls at 1 month (p=0.78). The dieters lost 6.39 kg versus 1.05 kg for the controls at 3 months (p=0.0008). Although the patients on the low-carbohydrate diet did lose significantly more weight than the controls did, the diet did not increase bone turnover markers compared with controls at any time point. Further, there was no significant change in the bone turnover ratio compared with controls.
Dynamic behavior of trickle-bed reactors

Abstract An analysis is given for the transient behavior of a trickle-bed reactor in which gas and liquid streams flow downwards through a bed of catalyst particles. Equations are given for the zero and first moments of the response, in either the gas or liquid effluent, to a pulse input of concentration in either the liquid or gas feed. First-order, reversible adsorption, and adsorption plus first-order irreversible reaction are considered. Procedures are discussed and illustrated for evaluating equilibrium, mass transfer, and reaction rate constants from the moment equations. Also, the dependency of the moments on the rate and equilibrium constants are summarized for various reactor arrangements and chemical processes. This information is useful in designing experiments to give data suitable for evaluating such constants.
Differential expression of glycoproteins containing α-d-galactosyl groups on normal human breast epithelial cells and MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells

Abstract Cell surface glycoproteins were isolated from the lysates of 125 I-labeled normal human mammary epithelial cells (NHMEC) and from the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7, of blood-group O phenotype, by affinity chromatography on Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin-Sepharose. Specific elution of glycoproteins from the column with methyl α- d -galactoside suggests the presence of α- d -galactosyl groups on these moieties. SDS-PAGE analysis of isolated glycoproteins revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences between glycoproteins from normal and malignant cells. Three major glycoproteins of M r 180 kDa, 85 kDa and the 44 kDa were obtained from MCF-7 cells. The 180-kDa glycoprotein was absent in NHMEC and the 44-kDa glycoprotein was very weakly expressed in these cells. The only glycoprotein which was found in almost equal amount in the lysate from both normal and malignant cells was the 85-kDa glycoprotein. These results indicate differences between normal human mammary epithelial cells and one kind of malignant human mammary epithelial cells, in the expression of glycoproteins containing α- d -galactosyl groups, irrespective of blood-group phenotype; they also demonstrate that α- d -galactosyl group are expressed in a very restrictive manner on the surface of this tumor cell line.
Improving Sequential Single-Item Auctions

We study how to improve sequential single-item auctions that assign targets to robots for exploration tasks such as environmental clean-up, space-exploration, and search and rescue missions. We exploit the insight that the resulting travel distances are small if the bidding and winner-determination rules are designed to result in hillclimbing, namely to assign an additional target to a robot in each round of the sequential single-item auction so that the team cost increases the least. We study the impact of increasing the lookahead of hillclimbing and using roll-outs to improve the evaluation of partial target assignments. We describe the bidding and winner-determination rules of the resulting sequential single-item auctions and evaluate them experimentally, with surprising results: Larger lookaheads do not improve sequential single-item auctions reliably while only a small number of roll-outs in early rounds already improve them substantially.
Sonographic Evaluation of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires an early diagnosis for optimal survival rates. If a diagnosis and treatment are too late, the malignancy has the probability of spreading to extranodal regions. A diag...
Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA

Road development is a primary mechanism of fragmentation in the northern Great Lakes Region, removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access for humans. We examined road density, landscape structure, and edge habitat created by roads for eight land cover types at two ecological extents within a 78,752 km 2 landscape. Road density ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 km/km 2 within land type associations. Between 5 and 60% of a land cover type was affected by roads, depending on the assumed depth-of-edge influence (DEI). Roads increased number of patches and patch density, and decreased mean patch size and largest patch index. Changes in patch size coefficient of variation and measures of patch shape complexity depended on ecological level (i.e. scale) and land cover class. Limited additional change in landscape metrics occurred as road DEI was increased from 20 to 300 m. Land cover type occurred in buffers at the same percentages as in the landscape as a whole. At finer extents, areas with greatest road densities did not always parallel those with greatest changes in landscape structure. Interactions of scale and variation in the distribution of roads across the region emphasize the importance of examining landscape metrics and road impacts within specific cover types and at appropriate, or multiple, scales. Although this region is densely forested, the fragmentation effects of roads are pervasive, significantly altering landscape structure within multiple forest cover classes and at differing ecological extents. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
SEER: charting a roadmap for software engineering education

This past decade has seen a number of innovative, pioneering projects related to the development of software engineering both as a profession and as an academic discipline. However, most of these projects either are complete or projected for completion by 2004, and it is unclear as to what the software engineering education community should be doing next to build on this work. This half-day workshop will bring together stakeholders in software engineering education (both academic and industry) to discuss this topic and to outline a Software Engineering Education Roadmap (SEER) which could potentially provide needed direction for this community over the next several years. A website and email list for SEER was created in order to start the discussion before the workshop, will be used both to disseminate the roadmap formulated by the participants and continue the dialog after it.
Oxygen saturation determination in frozen blood

Abstract A spectroscopic method for O 2 saturation determination in frozen blood has been developed. In the 500–575 nm range, frozen oxygenated and deoxygenated blood had essentially the same spectral absorption character as liquid blood, although apparent absorbance was much higher than liquid blood. The standard two-wavelength method for spectroscopic determination of O 2 saturation of blood was inadequate to correct for the nonspecific light loss through the ice crystals. A method for O 2 saturation determination using three wavelength (506, 523, and 560 nm) measurements is reported here. Compared with blood O 2 saturation determined by the Van Slyke technique, this three-wavelength method demonstrated an accuracy of 2–5% within 95% confidence limits. It also compared favorably with a previously reported four-wavelength geometric computational technique. The rate of freezing did not influence the absorption spectra nor the percentage saturation determination. Samples could be stored at −25° up to 49 days with no change in O 2 saturation. Our calculations reveal that the upper limit of blood O 2 saturation increase in a closed system due to freezing is 2.3%. The upper limits of variation in blood O 2 saturation due to freezing blood with various hemoglobin concentrations or at various initial pH was calculated to be about 1% or less. This method may be adapted for microspectrophotometric determination of regional arteriovenous blood O 2 saturation difference in quick frozen tissue.
Harmonic Vibro-Acoustography

Vibro-acoustography is an imaging method that uses the radiation force of two interfering ultrasound beams of slightly different frequency to probe an object. An image is made using the acoustic emission resulted from the object vibration at the difference frequency. In this paper, the feasibility of imaging objects at twice the difference frequency (harmonic acoustic emission) is studied. Several possible origins of harmonic acoustic emission are explored. As an example, it is shown that microbubbles close to resonance can produce significant harmonic acoustic emission due to its high nonlinearity. Experiments demonstrate that, compared to the fundamental acoustic emission, harmonic acoustic emission greatly improves the contrast between microbubbles and other objects in vibro-acoustography (an improvement of 17-23 dB in these experiments). Applications of this technique include imaging the nonlinearity of the object and selective detection of microbubbles for perfusion imaging. The impact of microbubble destruction during the imaging process also is discussed.
Adrenocortical cancer: steroid biosynthesis and metabolism evaluated by urinary metabolites.

ABSTRACT. In order to survey characteristic metabolic abnormalities in adrenal cancer, we have measured important urinary metabolites of intermediates and end-products of steroid biosynthesis. The adrenal cancer in 9 of 10 cases could not efficiently 11β- hydroxylate Substance S, as shown by the elevated excretion of tetrahydro Substance S both absolute and relative to cortisol metabolites. In 2 patients, the tumor seemed to have a complete block of Ilβ-hydroxylation of Substance S. Hydroxylation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was relatively inefficient in 6 of 10 cases, as judged by the excretion of pregnanetriol relative to corticoid excretion. Pregnanediol excretion was high in the 4 subjects studied. The neoplasm of one patient was probably lacking in the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The ll-oxy-17-ketosteroids were excreted in amounts greater than could be predicted from the excretion of cortisol metabolites. The most quantitatively important in this group was 11β-hydroxyandrosterone. Urinary dehydroe...
Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship: Analyzing A Start-Up

Successful entrepreneurial companies are those that realize the benefit technology can provide before the competition does. Additionally, there are intangible benefits for companies that utilize technology before their competitors. While the competition is attempting to catch up, companies can build off of their current technology and continue to out-distance themselves from the competition. Although there are many positive and negative forces associated with entrepreneurial start-ups today, there exists a multitude of opportunities for entrepreneurialism to grow. A start-up company’s staff located in Pittsburgh was interviewed for their insights and several strategies were examined in this paper.
Transgender friendship profiles: patterns across gender identity and LGBT affiliation

The present study explores the close friendship patterns of transgender individuals by considering the role of gender identity (trans men, trans women, non-binary) and LGBT affiliation (affiliated, non-affiliated) on friends’ identities. Participants were 495 transgender individuals who completed a questionnaire reporting their identities as well as the identities of their close friends. Friendship patterns were explored based on the number of friends who identified as transgender/cisgender, sexual minority/heterosexual, and LGBT affiliated/non-affiliated. Overall, participants reported more cisgender (vs. transgender) friends and more sexual minority (vs. heterosexual friends), suggesting that the majority of their friendships are experienced in a cross-gender identity context. However, important friendship patterns were distinguished across LGBT affiliation and gender identity of the participant. Trans participants who were LGBT affiliated (vs. non-affiliated) reported more transgender friends, more sexual minority friends, and more LGBT affiliated friends. With regard to gender identity, trans men reported more sexual minority and more LGBT affiliated friends when compared to trans women. In addition, trans women reported more non-affiliated friends than both trans men and non-binary individuals. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings regarding the distinct experiences of trans individuals across gender identity and the common assumptions behind research that frames transgender experience within the larger LGBT community.
Comparison of Comorbidity Scores in Predicting Surgical Outcomes.

Introduction The optimal methodology for assessing comorbidity to predict various surgical outcomes such as mortality, readmissions, complications, and failure to rescue (FTR) using claims data has not been established. Objective Compare diagnosis-based and prescription-based comorbidity scores for predicting surgical outcomes. Methods We used 100% Texas Medicare data (2006-2011) and included patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, pulmonary lobectomy, endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, colectomy, and hip replacement (N=39,616). The ability of diagnosis-based [Charlson comorbidity score, Elixhauser comorbidity score, Combined Comorbidity Score, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services-Hierarchical Condition Categories (CMS-HCC)] versus prescription-based Chronic disease score in predicting 30-day mortality, 1-year mortality, 30-day readmission, complications, and FTR were compared using c-statistics (c) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results The overall 30-day mortality was 5.8%, 1-year mortality was 17.7%, 30-day readmission was 14.1%, complication rate was 39.7%, and FTR was 14.5%. CMS-HCC performed the best in predicting surgical outcomes (30-d mortality, c=0.797, IDI=4.59%; 1-y mortality, c=0.798, IDI=9.60%; 30-d readmission, c=0.630, IDI=1.27%; complications, c=0.766, IDI=9.37%; FTR, c=0.811, IDI=5.24%) followed by Elixhauser comorbidity index/disease categories (30-d mortality, c=0.750, IDI=2.37%; 1-y mortality, c=0.755, IDI=5.82%; 30-d readmission, c=0.629, IDI=1.43%; complications, c=0.730, IDI=3.99%; FTR, c=0.749, IDI=2.17%). Addition of prescription-based scores to diagnosis-based scores did not improve performance. Conclusions The CMS-HCC had superior performance in predicting surgical outcomes. Prescription-based scores, alone or in addition to diagnosis-based scores, were not better than any diagnosis-based scoring system.
Load-Deformation Behavior of Shells of Revolution

A boundary value problem for the rates of stress, velocities, and rates of surface tractions that takes geometry changes into account is formulated for the study of quasi-static deformations of shells of revolution. Attention is directed to the use of rate equations in investigating buckling problems and to an integral relation in investigating the effect of geometry changes on load-deformation behavior. As illustrations of the theory, two simply-supported circular plates problems are considered. One is concerned with the classical buckling of a compressed plate and the other with determining the effect of geometry changes on the post-yield behavior of a plate composed of a rigid, perfectly plastic material obeying the Tresca yield condition.
The Effect of Medium Changes on the Growth and Metabolism of the Human Diploid Cell, W1-38

It has been established that although an inhibitory interaction occurs when a culture of human diploid cells become crowded together (contact inhibition of growth), multiple-layered cell sheets are obtained by using a continuous medium perfusion culture. A similar effect is obtained when the culture medium is changed at frequent intervals, and this paper reports the effects of a medium change on cell growth and metabolism. A direct relationship was found between cell yield and the number of medium changes given to a culture. This was an unexpected result because normally when a culture is prolonged by additional feeding the cell yield shows a diminishing return. The amino acid and glucose uptakes and growth yields (the ratio of the amount of cell dry weight produced to substrate used) were determined and they also showed that a unit amount of growth occurred per medium change, and that cessation of growth was accompanied by cessation of nutrient uptake and metabolism. Medium changes had a profound affect on cellular metabolism, especially on DNA and protein synthesis. As a culture approached confluency, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were sequentially inhibited. After a medium change there was a sequential stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in the same order as they were inhibited. The inhibitory mechanism that is affected by cell crowding is obviously reversed by a medium change. The results presented in this paper suggest that contact inhibition of growth primarily affects DNA synthesis and that if the cell is able to take up a sufficient supply of nutrients in a crowded culture then this inhibition can be overcome.
Convexification of power flow problem over arbitrary networks

Consider an arbitrary power network with PV and PQ buses, where active powers and voltage magnitudes are known at PV buses, and active and reactive powers are known at PQ buses. The classical power flow (PF) problem aims to find the unknown complex voltages at all buses. This problem is usually solved approximately through linearization or in an asymptotic sense using Newton's method, given that the solution belongs to a good regime containing voltage vectors with small angles. The question arises as to whether the PF problem can be cast as the solution of a convex optimization problem over that regime. The objective of this paper is to show that the answer to the above question is affirmative. More precisely, we propose a class of convex optimization problems with the property that they all solve the PF problem as long as angles are small. Each convex problem proposed in this work is in the form of a semidefinite program (SDP). Associated with each SDP, we explicitly characterize the set of complex voltages that can be recovered via that convex problem. Since there are infinitely many SDP problems, each capable of recovering a potentially different set of voltages, designing a good SDP problem is cast as a convex problem.
Inhibition of lysozyme by heparin.

SummaryThe inhibition of lysozyme by heparin is shown by the usual criteria of the Michaelis-Menton formulation to be competitive in type.
Cdx2 Efficiently Induces Trophoblast Stem-Like Cells in Naïve, but Not Primed, Pluripotent Stem Cells

Diverse pluripotent stem cell lines have been derived from the mouse, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). While all are pluripotent, these cell lines differ in terms of developmental origins, morphology, gene expression, and signaling, indicating that multiple pluripotent states exist. Whether and how the pluripotent state influences the cell line's developmental potential or the competence to respond to differentiation cues could help optimize directed differentiation protocols. To determine whether pluripotent stem cell lines differ in developmental potential, we compared the capacity of mouse ESCs, iPSCs, ECCs, and EpiSCs to form trophoblast. ESCs do not readily differentiate into trophoblast, but overexpression of the trophoblast-expressed transcription factor, CDX2, leads to efficient differentiation to trophoblast and to formation of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) in the presence of fibrobla...