cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-dose cyclophosphamide + carboplatin and interleukin-2 (IL-2) activated autologous stem cell transplantation followed by maintenance IL-2 therapy in metastatic breast carcinoma - a phase II study.

While high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation is associated with higher complete response rates than conventional chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), its role in conferring a survival advantage is unproven. We report the results of a prospective phase II trial of 33 patients accrued between 1996 to 1998 with chemosensitive MBC, who received cyclophosphamide (Cy) 2000 mg/m2/day and carboplatin (Cb) 600 mg/m2/day for 3 consecutive days, followed by infusion of peripheral blood stem cells cultured in IL-2 for 24 h on day 0 as adoptive immunotherapy. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) was administered from day 0 to +4 and/or +7 to +11, +14 to +18, +21 to +25, then 5 days per month for 11 months to augment a graft-versus-tumor effect. The results of this study were compared to those of a historical control group treated with an identical high-dose Cb + Cy regimen with SCT but without IL-2 treatment. Only gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was more frequent in the IL-2 cohort (P = 0.0031). At a median follow-up of 18.6 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) is 9 months (2.4–40) and the median OS has not been reached yet. The Kaplan–Meier estimated 2 year PFS is 35%, compared with 17% in the control arm (P = 0.73), and the estimated 2 year OS is 78%, compared with 61% in the control arm (P = 0.22). Multivariate analysis showed that ER status was an independent predictor for OS and PFS, and less chemotherapy prior to HDCSCT predicted for a better PFS. These results show that augmenting HDC with IL-2 activated SCT is well-tolerated. Whether a therapeutic advantage is achievable in patients with MBC remains to be determined. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 19–24.
Analysis on Change of Serum Types and Drug Resistance of Shigella in Xicheng District of Beijing from 2008 to 2010

[Objective]To analyze the change of serum types and drug resistance of Shigella in Xicheng district of Beijing from 2008 to 2010.[Methods]The study was conducted according to the National protocol of shigellosis surveillance.[Results]In 2008,there were 7 strains of Shigella flexneri and 4 strains of Shigella sonnei in Xicheng district,which accounted for 63.6% and 36.4% respectively.In 2009,there were 12 strains of Shigella flexneri,19 strains of Shigella sonnei and 1 strain of Shigella boydii,which accounted for 37.5%,59.4% and 3.1% respectively.In 2010,there were 6 strains of Shigella flexneri and 36 strains of Shigella sonnei,which accounted for 14.3% and 85.7% respectively.The results of drug sensitivity test showed that Shigella was sensitive to cefepime,cefoxitin,ceftazidime,ofloxacin,levofloxacin,norfloxacin and aztreonam,and it was resistant to ampicillin,sulfanilamide and nalidixie acid.[Conclusion]From 2008 to 2010,the main serum types of Shigella in Xicheng district of Beijing are Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei,while the former decreased and the latter increased year by year.Shigella is sensitive to cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones which are suggested for the clinical treatments.
Thermal performance checkup test for combined cycle unit based on ASME PTC46

This paper expounds the performance checkup process by ASME PTC 46 testing regulation for gas-steam combined cycle unit,analyzes particularity of boundary delimitation,calculation and correction,proposes the method of performance checkup for combined cycle unit,calculates and corrects the test result and points out the matters need attention in performance checkup test for combined cycle unit.The process of the correction of test result indicates that the test boundary should be accurately delimited.Instead of simply adopting the correction curve provide by the factory,the curve worked out by calculation should be adopted to correct unit net output and net heat loss efficiency.
Secondary infection of neuroblastoma cells by poliovirus induces cytopathic effect

Objective: Poliovirus is the etiologic agent of poliomyelitis. The initial event of poliovirus infection is the attachment of the virion to poliovirus receptor (PVR), which is found only on the surfaces of primate cells. The productive infection of permissive cells with poliovirus induces dramatic morphological alterations termed cytopathic effect. Methods: Human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) infected with type I poliovirus Mahoney strain (PV1/Mahoney) displayed typical signs of CPE at 4 hours post-infection. Analysis of the kinetics of virus production from PV1/Mahoney-infected SK-N-SH cells demonstrated that the newly synthesized viruses appeared at 4 hours post-infection. Results: Treatment with specific antibodies against PV1/Mahoney or PVR within 4 hours post-infection protected most of the infected cells from development of cytopathic effect. Before addition of antibodies, re-infection of the infected cells with wild type viruses induced CPE and cell death. However, before antibody treatment re-infection of the infected cells with the inac-tivated polioviruses significantly reduced virus-induced cytopathic effect. Conclusion: Our results suggested that secondary infection of the cells was critical to the development of PV-induced cytopathic effect.
Substance Abuse Among Blacks Across the Diaspora.

ABSTRACTBackground: Lower rates of substance abuse are found among Black Americans compared to Whites, but little is known about differences in substance abuse across ethnic groups within the black population. Objectives: We examined prevalence rates of substance abuse among Blacks across three geographic regions (US, Jamaica, Guyana). The study also sought to ascertain whether length of time, national context and major depressive episodes (MDE) were associated with substance abuse. Methods: We utilized three different data sources based upon probability samples collected in three different countries. The samples included 3,570 African Americans and 1,621 US Caribbean Black adults from the 2001–2003 National Survey of American Life (NSAL). An additional 1,142 Guyanese Blacks and 1,176 Jamaican Blacks living in the Caribbean region were included from the 2005 NSAL replication extension study, Family Connections Across Generations and Nations (FCGN). Mental disorders were based upon DSM-IV criteria. For the...
Use of vascular prosthesis in the anastomosis of allograft renal artery.

Abstract A case is reported in which a cadaveric renal allograft was placed successfully in a patient with a bilateral aortofemoral prosthesis for extensive vascular disease. Convalescence was uneventful and the subsequent clinical course seems to justify fully this operative approach.
Hair Removal Using Light-Based Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the most popular laser devices commonly used today, which include the alexandrite, diode, and 1064 Nd:YAG lasers. In addition, intense pulsed light (IPL) devices for hair removal are now growing in popularity, and they are also reviewed. Many different light-based systems can successfully remove unwanted hair. The majority of laser and light-based systems used today appear to be equivalent in efficacy. The decision of which system to use is likely to be based largely on practitioner experience with a particular system and also on patient population treated. Although significant advances in light-based hair removal have been made, questions as to appropriate treatment intervals remain. It is clear that a simple understanding of anagen and telogen cycles do not adequately predict what time intervals between laser sessions are optimal. Finally, home-based light-based hair removal systems are soon to be available throughout the world. These technologies have the potential to replace other temporary home-based methods for the removal of unwanted hair. It can be expected that home-based devices will deliver lesser energies than seen with the larger office-based units, making them quite safe. However, the lesser-delivered fluences will also make them less effective. How these home-based devices will affect the office-based laser hair removal market is yet to be determined.
Family behavior of urban American Indians.

Effective policy development of human service delivery to American Indians depends on an understanding of cultural characteristics and extended family networks
Uncommonly good ideas: Teaching writing in the common core era

A first glance at the slim volume ignites both curiosity and a sense of cautious, hopeful optimism. I wonder how Murphy and Smith's uncommonly good ideas compare to the best practices of a decade a...
Clinical applicability and relevance of fibroglandular tissue segmentation on routine T1 weighted breast MRI.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate clinical applicability of fibroglandular tissue (FGT) segmentation on routine T1 weighted breast MRI and compare FGT quantification with radiologist assessment. Methods FGT was segmented on 232 breasts and quantified, and was assessed qualitatively by four breast imagers. Results FGT segmentation was successful in all 232 breasts. Agreement between radiologists and quantified FGT was moderate to substantial (kappa=0.52–0.67); lower quantified FGT was associated with disagreement between radiologists and quantified FGT ( P ≤0.002). Conclusions FGT segmentation was successful using routine T1 weighted breast MRI. Radiologists were less consistent with quantified results in breasts with lower quantified FGT.
Buildings as Artifacts: Heritage, Patriotism, and the Constructed Landscape

Architectural collections or reconstructed villages are popular tourist attractions in Europe and the United States, often promoting architecture as a demonstration of national and regional heritages. At times, these sites betray the biases of their creators, perpetuated through methods of display and their public interpretation. The architecture can be used as artifact or backdrop to promote ethics, history, or industry at the hand of curators, particularly when removed from its original context and constructed in a new one. When viewed through the lens of tourism, the collections become a constructed landscape of architectural heritage, experienced by visitors through a narrow understanding of time and place, propagated by fabricated historical connections or purposeful nationalist arrangements. Often accessorizing ‘authentic’ architectural heritage with reconstructions and reproductions, these collections suggest a skewed heritage landscape to the non-specialized visitor, emphasizing tourism over truth and entertainment over education. Following 19th century examples in Scandinavia and the broader introduction of international architecture through the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, early 20th century American collections at Greenfield Village and the Manitou Cliff Dwellings underscore the intent to capitalize on architectural heritage tourism, and how a diluted history is interpreted through the eyes of the modern tourist.
What Is (and Is Not) a Learning Game

This chapter examines how learning games are defined theoretically and pedagogically. It explores the relationship between simulation and game through examples from commercial and academically produced digital tools. Concepts of virtual vs. real and media vs. method that continue to be central concerns in the field of learning technologies are also discussed.
APRIL:TACI axis is dispensable for the immune response to rabies vaccination

There is significant need to develop a single-dose rabies vaccine to replace the current multi-dose rabies vaccine regimen and eliminate the requirement for rabies immune globulin in post-exposure settings. To accomplish this goal, rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccines must rapidly activate B cells to secrete antibodies which neutralize pathogenic RABV before it enters the CNS. Increased understanding of how B cells effectively respond to RABV-based vaccines may improve efforts to simplify post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens. Several studies have successfully employed the TNF family cytokine a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) as a vaccine adjuvant. APRIL binds to the receptors TACI and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-expressed by B cells in various stages of maturation-with high affinity. We discovered that RABV-infected primary murine B cells upregulate APRIL ex vivo. Cytokines present at the time of antigen exposure affect the outcome of vaccination by influencing T and B cell activation and GC formation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the presence of APRIL at the time of RABV-based vaccine antigen exposure would support the generation of protective antibodies against RABV glycoprotein (G). In an effort to improve the response to RABV vaccination, we constructed and characterized a live recombinant RABV-based vaccine vector which expresses murine APRIL (rRABV-APRIL). Immunogenicity testing in mice demonstrated that expressing APRIL from the RABV genome does not impact the primary antibody response against RABV G compared to RABV alone. In order to evaluate the necessity of APRIL for the response to rabies vaccination, we compared the responses of APRIL-deficient and wild-type mice to immunization with rRABV. APRIL deficiency does not affect the primary antibody response to vaccination. Furthermore, APRIL expression by the vaccine did not improve the generation of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) as serum antibody levels were equivalent in response to rRABV-APRIL and the vector eight weeks after immunization. Moreover, APRIL is dispensable for the long-lived antibody-secreting PC response to rRABV vaccination as anti-RABV G IgG levels were similar in APRIL-deficient and wild-type mice six months after vaccination. Mice lacking the APRIL receptor TACI demonstrated primary anti-RABV G antibody responses similar to wild-type mice following immunization with the vaccine vector indicating that this response is independent of TACI-mediated signals. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that APRIL and associated TACI signaling is dispensable for the immune response to RABV-based vaccination.
Implementing Accountable Care Organizations: Don’t Forget the Patients

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are emerging across the healthcare marketplace and now include Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial payers covering over 24 million lives. Many structural charac...
Active frequency selective surface for strain sensing

This paper presents an active frequency selective surface based sensor for strain measurement. The sensor features two FSS designs; a passive loaded cross dipole on one side of the substrate, and an active (including PIN diodes) rectangular loop on the other side of the substrate. As such, the sensor has two reflection resonances at 1.78 and 2.38 GHz for the OFF state of the PIN diodes, and one reflection resonance at 1.8 GHz for the FWD state. Strain sensing can be accomplished by monitoring changes in the second resonance in the OFF state, and energy harvesting can take place at the first resonant (that is present for both states of the diode).
Ground-penetrating radar studies of permafrost, periglacial, and near-surface geology at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Abstract Installations built on ice, permafrost, or seasonal frozen ground require careful design to avoid melting issues. Therefore, efforts to rebuild McMurdo Station, Antarctica, to improve operational efficiency and consolidate energy resources require knowledge of near-surface geology. Both 200 and 400 MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected in McMurdo during January, October, and November of 2015 to detect the active layer, permafrost, excess ice, fill thickness, solid bedrock depth, and buried utilities or construction and waste debris. Our goal was to ultimately improve surficial geology knowledge from a geotechnical perspective. Radar penetration ranged between approximately 3 and 10 m depth for the 400 and 200 MHz antennas, respectively. Both antennas successfully detect buried utilities and near-surface stratified material to ~ 0.5–3.0 m whereas 200 MHz profiles were more useful for mapping deeper stratified and un-stratified fill over bedrock. Artificially generated excess ice which appears to have been created from runoff, water pooling and refreezing, aspect shading from buildings, and snowpack buried under fill, are prevalent. Results show that McMurdo Station has a complex myriad of ice-rich fill, scoria, fractured volcanic bedrock, permafrost, excess ice, and buried anthropogenically generated debris, each of which must be considered during future construction.
Mutant ATRX: uncovering a new therapeutic target for glioma.

Introduction: ATRX is a chromatin remodeling protein whose main function is the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. ATRX mutations are widely distributed in glioma, and correlate with alternati...
Second Messenger c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Signal transduction in living cells refers to the conversion of various chemical or physical “input” stimuli into signals that ultimately lead to one or more “outputs” in the form of biological responses. A signal transduction pathway consists of a cascade of interactions between signals and receptors transmitted to effector proteins that undergo various post-translational and allosteric modifications to affect gene expression, protein activity or protein turnover. During their transmission the signals can be amplified by the activities of intermediate effectors or they can be integrated with cellular signals originating from different stimuli. Ultimately some basic cellular function is affected, often at the transcriptional level. The nomenclature established for eukaryotic signal transduction, refers to primary messengers as input signals, while second messengers transmit information intracellularly following the interaction of the input signal with a particular receptor.
Erb, Wilhelm Heinrich

German neurologist Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921), the son of a forester, became the leading German neurologist of his day. Nikolaus Friedreich stimulated his interest in neurology. After Friedreich's death in 1883, Erb was appointed to Friedreich's chair in Heidelberg, a position Erb held until the end of his career. Erb was highly respected as a neurologist, both in Germany and abroad, and developed a large international practice. His nearly 300 publications were based on careful and detailed clinical studies. Following the pioneering work by Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne in Paris, Erb became an enthusiastic proponent of electrodiagnosis. He differentiated disorders of the upper motor neurons, the lower motor neurons, and muscle, and in particular he distinguished spinal muscular atrophy from progressive muscular dystrophy. In 1875, Erb and Carl Westphal independently described the knee jerk, which Erb correctly deduced was a reflex response, whereas Westphal incorrectly concluded that it resulted from local mechanical excitation of the quadriceps muscle. Erb was among the first to provide evidence of an association between tabes dorsalis and a history of syphilis, an idea he supported with statistical studies over considerable opposition. Perhaps most important in terms of Erb's legacy were his diligent, forceful, and effective efforts to establish neurology as an independent clinical specialty, separate from that of psychiatry; for this reason, he is commonly considered to be the founder of neurology.
Multi-zone reaction-based modeling of combustion for multiple-injection diesel engines:

As the requirements for performance and restrictions on emissions become stringent, diesel engines are equipped with advanced air, fuel, exhaust gas recirculation techniques, and associated control...
The gut microbiome in food allergy.

Abstract Objective To review observational human, murine, and interventional trial studies that have examined the gut microbiome in food allergy, and to provide perspective on future investigations in this field. Data Sources A review of the published literature was performed with PubMed, and clinical studies catalogued at ClinicalTrials.gov were also reviewed. Study Selections The most recent relevant studies, seminal works, and topical clinical trials were selected. Results Gut dysbiosis likely precedes the development of food allergy, and the timing of such dysbiosis is critical. Gut microbiota associated with individual food allergies may be distinct. Murine models support the importance of gut microbiota in shaping immune maturation and tolerance. Gut microbiota may affect food allergy susceptibility by modulating type 2 immunity, influencing immune development and tolerance, regulating basophil populations, and promoting intestinal barrier function. Ongoing and future interventional trials of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transfer will help translate our understanding of the gut microbiome in food allergy to clinical practice. Future work in this area will include deepening of current research foci, as well as expansion of efforts to include the virome, mycobiome, and interactions between the microbiome, host, and environment. Robust and consistent study designs, multidimensional profiling, and systems biology approaches will enable this future work. Conclusion By advancing research on the microbiome in food allergy, we can further our understanding of food allergy and derive new approaches for its prevention and therapy.
Genetic analysis of acetan biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum: DNA sequence analysis of the aceM gene encoding an UDP-glucose dehydrogenase

Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of a 1592 bp region of Acetobacter xylinum genomic DNA involved in acetan biosynthesis revealed the presence of an open-reading frame (aceM) encoding a protein of 449 amino acids with a molecular weight of 48.5 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of aceM displayed high homology to the protein sequences of genes encoding UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) activities from other organisms. AceM is likely to encode the UGDH involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid required for acetanbiosynthesis.
Optimization of the snowflake divertor for power and particle exhaust on NSTX–U

Abstract In this paper, simple analytical modeling and numerical simulations performed with the multi-fluid edge transport code UEDGE are used to identify optimal snowflake divertor (SFD) configurations for heat flux mitigation and sufficient cryopumping performance on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX–U). A model is presented that describes the partitioning of sheath-limited SOL power and particle exhaust in the SFD as a result of diffusive transport to multiple activated strike points. The model is validated against UEDGE predictions and used to analyze a database of 70 SFD-minus equilibria. The optimal location for the entrance to a divertor cryopumping system on NSTX–U is computed for enabling sufficient pumping performance with acceptable power loading in a variety of SFD-minus configurations. UEDGE simulations of one promising equilibrium from the database indicate that a significant redistribution of power to the divertor legs occurs as a result of neutral particle removal near one of the SFD-minus strike points in the outboard scrape-off layer. It is concluded that pump placement at the optimal location is advantageous as the large number of compatible equilibria reduces the precision required of real-time SFD configuration control systems and enables acceptable divertor solutions even if UEDGE-predicted power redistribution slightly reduces the achievable pumping performance.
Functional Form of Markovian Attribute-Level Best-Worst Discrete Choice Modeling

In this chapter, we present the attribute-level best-worst modeling. Structural properties are reviewed and extensions to the functional form under linear and nonlinear process are described. The time dependence is introduced via Markov decision process (MDP) along with transition probabilities of choice evolutions, under maximum utility function. Simulated and aggregated data are used to validate the functional form and the MDP scopes.
Life lessons from Vladimir Petrovich Zinchenko

The professional life of Vladimir Petrovich Zinchenko (1931–2014) is presented from an American perspective. Three themes are highlighted: a) an enduring quest to find some degree of freedom in hum...
Electronic Glycemic Management System and Endocrinology Service Improve Value in Cardiac Surgery.

BackgroundPostoperative glycemic control improves cardiac surgery outcomes but insulin protocols are limited by complexity and inflexibility. We sought to evaluate the effect of implementing an ele...
DEVELOPING GEOSPATIAL SCIENTISTS – USING STUDENTS AS PARTNERS IN DRONE RESEARCH

Abstract. The U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook predicts geospatial careers to increase much faster than average (15%) from 2018 to 2028 with no additional on-the-job training expected. Geospatial professionals can assist in promoting these career opportunities by mentoring high school students through real-world and transferable-skill building activities. The aim is to enhance students’ awareness and stimulate their interest towards STEM education and careers, especially in geospatial data analytics. This area of study incorporates a variety of modern-day tools for analyzing and mapping the Earth. The technology used offers a radically different way in which geospatial scientist produce and use the geospatial information required to manage a large variety of communities and industries.
Ictal and interictal brain activation in episodic migraine: Neural basis for extent of allodynia

In some patients, migraine attacks are associated with symptoms of allodynia which can be localized (cephalic) or generalized (extracephalic). Using functional neuroimaging and cutaneous thermal stimulation, we aimed to investigate the differences in brain activation of patients with episodic migraine (n = 19) based on their allodynic status defined by changes between ictal and interictal pain tolerance threshold for each subject at the time of imaging. In this prospective imaging study, differences were found in brain activity between the ictal and interictal visits in the brainstem/pons, thalamus, insula, cerebellum and cingulate cortex. Significant differences were also observed in the pattern of activation along the trigeminal pathway to noxious heat stimuli in no allodynia vs. generalized allodynia in the thalamus and the trigeminal nucleus but there were no activation differences in the trigeminal ganglion. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings provide direct evidence for the view that in migraine patients who are allodynic during the ictal phase of their attacks, the spinal trigeminal nucleus and posterior thalamus become hyper-responsive (sensitized)-to the extent that they mediate cephalic and extracephalic allodynia, respectively. In addition, descending analgesic systems seem as "switched off" in generalized allodynia.
A 49-Year-Old Man With Postcoital Hemoptysis.

Case Presentation A 49-year-old man was seen in the pulmonary clinic for evaluation of postcoital hemoptysis. His medical history was significant for nonischemic cardiomyopathy and hypertension. He had red-yellow sputum with streaks of blood associated with dyspnea and wheezing for 5 years. He noted his symptoms occurred only with sexual intercourse while horizontal, but not while upright. He did not have any symptoms with other exertional activities, including heavy weight lifting. He did not have other symptoms. He had a remote history of less than 10 pack years of smoking. He had no personal or family history of pulmonary disease. He worked as a construction worker in the past, and currently as a driver. He had been incarcerated in the past but denied direct contact with TB. He was born in the United States, had always lived in the Northeastern region, and denied international travel. He had no constitutional symptoms or symptoms concerning for malignancy or autoimmune disease, including joint or skin complaints. His medications included aspirin, atorvastatin, carvedilol, furosemide, lisinopril, and spironolactone, and he endorsed adherence. He denied herbal or over-the-counter drugs use and denied illicit drug use.
Harnessing Technology for Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Diary Study Protocol

Project Title:Psychosocial Reactions to a Global Pandemic: A Diary Study During COVID-19.Design:The study uses a mixed methods design that includes both a cross-sectional quantitative survey and qu...
Biophysical and policy factors predict simplified crop rotations in the US Midwest

Over 70% of the 62 million ha of cropland in the Midwestern United States is grown in corn-based rotations. These crop rotations are caught in a century-long simplification trend despite robust evidence demonstrating yield and soil benefits from diversified rotations. Our ability to explore and explain this trend will come in part from observing the biophysical and policy influences on farmers' crop choices at one key level of management: the field. Yet field-level crop rotation patterns remain largely unstudied at regional scales and will be essential for understanding how national agricultural policy manifests locally and interacts with biophysical phenomena to erode—or bolster—soil and environmental health, agricultural resilience, and farmers' livelihoods. We developed a novel indicator of crop rotational complexity and applied it to 1.5 million fields across the US Midwest. We used bootstrapped linear mixed models to regress field-level rotational complexity against biophysical (land capability, precipitation) and policy-driven (distance to the nearest biofuel plant and grain elevator) factors. After accounting for spatial autocorrelation, there were statistically clear negative relationships between rotational complexity and biophysical factors (land capability and precipitation during the growing season), indicating decreased rotation in prime growing areas. A positive relationship between rotational complexity and distance to the nearest biofuel plant suggests policy-based, as well as biophysical, constraints on regional rotations. This novel rotational complexity index is a promising tool for future fine-scale rotational analysis and demonstrates that the United States' most fertile soils are the most prone to degradation, with recent policy choices further exacerbating this trend.
Exosomes in Epilepsy of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Carriers of Pro-Inflammatory MicroRNAs

Exosomes are a class of small, secreted extracellular vesicles (EV) that have recently gained considerable attention for their role in normal cellular function, disease processes and potential as biomarkers. Exosomes serve as intercellular messengers and carry molecular cargo that can alter gene expression and the phenotype of recipient cells. Here, we investigated alterations of microRNA cargo in exosomes secreted by epileptogenic tissue in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a multi-system genetic disorder that includes brain lesions known as tubers. Approximately 90% of TSC patients suffer from seizures that originate from tubers, and ~60% are resistant to antiseizure drugs. It is unknown why some tubers cause seizures while others do not, and the molecular basis of drug-resistant epilepsy is not well understood. It is believed that neuroinflammation is involved, and characterization of this mechanism may be key to disrupting the "vicious cycle" between seizures, neuroinflammation, and increased seizure susceptibility. We isolated exosomes from epileptogenic and non-epileptogenic TSC tubers, and we identified differences in their microRNA cargo using small RNA-seq. We identified 12 microRNAs (including miR-142-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-21-5p) that are significantly increased in epileptogenic tubers and contain nucleic acid motifs that activate toll-like receptors (TLR7/8), initiating a neuroinflammatory cascade. Exosomes from epileptogenic tissue caused induction of key pathways in cultured cells, including innate immune signaling (TLR), inflammatory response and key signaling nodes SQSTM1 (p62) and CDKN1A (p21). Genes induced in vitro were also significantly upregulated in epileptogenic tissue. These results provide new evidence on the role of exosomes and non-coding RNA cargo in the neuroinflammatory cascade of epilepsy and may help advance the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy.
Systematic review of participant characteristics in theory-based bahavior change interventions for physical activity in multiple sclerosis: are we missing those with the greatest potential for lifelong benefits?

PURPOSE This study examined participant characteristics, particularly disease duration, in theory-based physical activity behavior change trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) and summarized theoretical frameworks and changes in physical activity outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus were searched to identify potential trials. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts, and two reviewers then independently screened full-text articles based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. RESULTS Among 33 trials reviewed, only one trial reported a mean disease duration of less than five years (i.e., 4.5 years) for the sample. The remaining trials included samples with a mean disease duration of 6.7 years or longer. The most common theories used were Social Cognitive Theory, Trans-theoretical Model, and Motivational Interviewing. The effects on physical activity were heterogeneous; device-measured outcomes increased in 41.4% of studies, self-reported outcomes improved in 72.4%. Adherence (≥80%) was reported in 34.5% of studies. CONCLUSIONS There is little focus on persons with MS in the early disease course in physical activity behavior change interventions. Future research should include comprehensive theoretical approaches for more homogeneous effects across outcome measures when targeting those in the early stage and all MS populations.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONTheory-based physical activity behavior change interventions have not included persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the early disease course (<5 years since diagnosis).Disease duration has not been a criterion used to include or exclude participants in the reviewed theory-based behavior change interventions for physical activity in people with MS.The theory-based behavior change interventions in this review positively affected short-term physical activity levels in people with MS.
Modeling spatiotemporally varying protein–protein interactions in CyLaKS, the Cytoskeleton Lattice-based Kinetic Simulator

Interaction of cytoskeletal filaments, motor proteins, and crosslinking proteins drives important cellular processes such as cell division and cell movement. Cytoskeletal networks also exhibit nonequilibrium self-assembly in reconstituted systems. An emerging problem in cytoskeletal modeling and simulation is spatiotemporal alteration of the dynamics of filaments, motors, and associated proteins. This can occur due to motor crowding, obstacles along the filament, motor interactions and direction switching, and changes, defects, or heterogeneity in the filament binding lattice. How such spatiotemporally varying cytoskeletal filaments and motor interactions affect their collective properties is not fully understood. We developed the Cytoskeleton Lattice-based Kinetic Simulator (CyLaKS) to investigate such problems. The simulation model builds on previous work by incorporating motor mechanochemistry into a simulation with many interacting motors and/or associated proteins on a discretized lattice. CyLaKS also includes detailed balance in binding kinetics, movement, and lattice heterogeneity. The simulation framework is flexible and extensible for future modeling work and is available on GitHub for others to freely use or build upon. Here we illustrate the use of CyLaKS to study long-range motor interactions, microtubule lattice heterogeneity, motion of a heterodimeric motor, and how changing crosslinker number affects filament separation.
Augmenting Instructional Practice in GIFT Using the Engine for Management of Adaptive Pedagogy (EMAP)

Authoring adaptation in the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) is dependent on the functions made available in the pedagogical module. The Engine for Management of Adaptive Pedagogy (eMAP) has been constructed as an instructional management framework that guides pedagogical authoring and implementation within GIFT. The eMAP is structured around David Merrill’s Component Display Theory (CDT) and is designed to support adaptive instruction based on the tenets of knowledge and skill acquisition. The framework is designed to assist with two facets of lesson creation. First, it is designed to serve as a guiding template for Subject Matter Experts when constructing intelligent and adaptive course materials that adhere to sound instructional design principles. And second, it serves as a framework to support instructional strategy focused research to examine pedagogical practices and the influence of individual differences on learning outcomes. In this chapter we will describe the fundamental components that make up the eMAP, followed by the authoring workflow associated with its implementation as described above. This includes an overview of the dependencies associated with the eMAP, which runs on relevant data stored in the learner model informing content selection and metadata used to describe course materials and pedagogical practices.
Ethical Standards for Buyers and Sellers of Real Estate

Much of what has been written and discussed about ethics in business has been in general terms and not specifically helpful to the buyers and sellers of real estate who daily must choose between ethical and unethical behavior in the marketplace. While it is not the buyer or seller’s responsibility in any marketplace to protect the capital and wealth of other buyers and sellers, principles can be applied that can provide some general guidelines as to what behavior is unethical.
High Temperature Crystals: Limitations on the Phonon Description

An anomalously large increase in specific heat is observed in many solids that melt at temperatures, Tm, much greater than their Debye temperature, Open image in new window . These high values have been attributed to vacancies and anharmonicity1, therefore it is important to know the full anharmonic contribution to the specific heat. We have carried out such a calculation by the Monte Carlo method for a model of rubidium (Tm ∿ 6 Open image in new window )2 and obtain higher values than those given by lowest order perturbation theory. In this paper we summarize our results and discuss the implications for real solids.
Testing two versions of lattice gauge theory: Creutz ratios inU(1)3

In our simplicial version of lattice gauge theory, we approximate Euclidean path integrals by tiling space-time with simplexes and by linearly interpolating the fields throughout each simplex from their values at the vertices. We compare this method with Wilson's lattice gauge theory forU(1) in three dimensions. As a standard of comparison, we compute the exact values of Creutz ratios of Wilson loops in the continuum theory. Monte Carlo computations using the simplicial method give Creutz ratios within a few percent of the exact values for reasonably sized loop atβ=1, 2, and 10. Similar computations using Wilson's method give ratios that typically differ from the exact values by factors of 2 or more for 1⩽β⩽3.5 and that have the wrongβ dependence. The better accuracy of the simplicial method is due to its use of the action and domain of integration of the exact theory, unaltered apart from the granularity of the simplicial lattice. We also present data on the action density and the mass gap.
DNA Replication: Mammalian

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication is an evolutionarily semi-conserved process that involves a mechanism to unwind the parent DNA strand, the synthesis of identical daughter strands, and steps to terminate the sequence. Owing to the massive amount of genetic information needed to be copied error-free, the replication of DNA within the mammalian chromosome is highly complex, requiring the simultaneous firing of multiple origins and processing of DNA at defined sites within the cells. This action requires the strict regulation and precise timing of numerous proteins, enzymes and substrates. These components critical to DNA replication will associate within these compartments in the cell to form replication factories during processing. Although many of the basic functions of DNA synthesis are well-defined, there is still much yet to be understood regarding the machinery involved in the initiation, synthesis and termination of mammalian DNA replication. Key Concepts: Mammalian DNA replication occurs at specific regions within the cell. Proteins necessary for DNA replication come together to form ‘replication factories’ within the nucleus. The manner and timing of mammalian DNA replication is largely determined in G1 of the cell cycle. The selection and timing of each replication site is controlled by a combination of primary sequences, kinase activation, transcription, and local chromatin environment. The proteins thus far identified at the mammalian cell DNA replication fork include the MCM helicase complex, DNA pol α-primase, PCNA, RFC, DNA pol δ, FEN1, RPA, DNA ligase I, topoisomerase I and II and RNAse H. Termination of mammalian DNA replication is thought to be dependent on physical barriers within the replication factories, as opposed to actual termination sequences within the DNA structure. In the event of replication fork stalling, repair pathways must be activated to halt cell cycle progression and repair the damage. Keywords: DNA replication; mammalian cells; replication factories; initiation; replication fork; termination; replication fork stalling
Obstetric hazards of gestational diabetes.

Abstract 1. 1. A prospective study of 188 gestational diabetics and 323 randomly selected patients with normal glucose tolerance is described. 2. 2. Their obstetric data indicate that the gestational diabetics have significantly higher viable fetal losses, as well as a general increase in the number of complications associated with pregnancy. The absence of an increase in neonatal deaths and congenital anomalies is discussed. 3. 3. The considerably lower losses among gestational diabetics, as compared with the results cited in the literature, are emphasized. It is not denied, however, that this diagnosis is important in the selection of “high wastage” groups of patients who should be identified for prenatal care.
A taxonomic survey of the shallow-water (<150 m) black corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of the Hawaiian Islands

The shallow-water (<150 m) antipatharian fauna of the Hawaiian Archipelago is described and illustrated based on a systematic examination of skeletal spine morphology, polyp morphology, colony branching pattern and in situ photographs. A total of 172 black coral specimens were examined, including all available type material of species previously reported from shallow waters off Hawaiʻi. The examined specimens were assigned to three families (Antipathidae, Aphanipathidae and Myriopathidae), six genera (Antipathes, Cirrhipathes, Stichopathes, Aphanipathes, Acanthopathes and Myriopathes), and eight species: Antipathes griggi Opresko, 2009, Antipathes grandis Verrill, 1928, Cirrhipathes cf. anguina (Dana, 1846), Stichopathes echinulata Brook, 1889, Stichopathes? sp., Aphanipathes verticillata mauiensis Opresko et al., 2012, Acanthopathes undulata (Van Pesch 1914) and Myriopathes cf. ulex (Ellis and Solander 1786). The biogeographical distribution of Hawaiian shallow-water black corals is presented and discussed.
Contrasting Distribution and Impacts of Two Freshwater Exotic Suspension Feeders, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea

Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea are among the most aggressive freshwater invaders world wide, and often dominate water bodies they invade. They occur in similar habitats, however, their tolerance and preference for certain characteristics of freshwaters differ in important ways, and they can have different impacts on the environments they invade. We identify similarities and contrast differences between these species, and highlight important questions yet to be addressed, including: the ability to link short-term laboratory findings to large scale and long-term effects of invasion, the consequences of invasion by both species together rather than considering each in isolation, and identification of local versus system-wide effects when these non-native ecosystem engineers invade.
Altered Cytokine Production and Impaired Antimycobacterial Immunity in Protein-Malnourished Guinea Pigs

Protein malnutrition leads to multiple detrimental alterations of host immune responses to mycobacterial infection. In this study, we demonstrated that splenocytes from low-protein (LP) guinea pigs vaccinated 6 weeks previously with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra failed to control the accumulation of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv in cocultured autologous peritoneal macrophages, despite the fact that they were able to control the accumulation of virulent tubercle bacilli in cocultured syngeneic peritoneal macrophages from normally nourished guinea pigs as successfully as did those from high-protein (HP) counterparts. Vaccine-induced growth control of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv in these cocultures appeared to be mediated by CD4 lymphocytes but not CD8 cells. Tuberculin (purified protein derivative [PPD])-induced lymphoproliferation was markedly impaired in vaccinated LP guinea pigs, and the depletion of CD4 lymphocytes significantly decreased lymphocyte proliferation whereas CD8 cell depletion did not. Protein malnutrition also impaired the abilities of cells from vaccinated LP guinea pigs to produce cytokines, including interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), in response to PPD, despite the demonstration of higher serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β after an intravenous injection of PPD into LP guinea pigs. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from protein-malnourished guinea pigs produced a higher level of TGF-β 4 days after infection in vitro with M. tuberculosis H37Rv than did those from protein adequate controls. These results suggest that dietary protein malnutrition impairs vaccine-induced resistance to M. tuberculosis, in part, by altering the cytokine profile to favor macrophage deactivation.