cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of bending stiffness in magnetic tape

The elasticity of magnetic tape is an important factor in determining the shape of a tape loaded over a magnetic head Over a single apex the radius of curvature of the tape is inversely proportional to the wrap angle and to the square root of the ratio of tape tension to bending stiffness. If a constant-pressure support is assumed instead of a knife edge, the radius of curvature increases considerably. A chart is provided for use in calculating the radius of curvature under different loading conditions. Over a double apex the results are the same as for a single apex except when the distance between apexes becomes small. By increasing the radius of curvature of the head to conform to the radius of curvature of the tape, the rate of head wear can be greatly reduced.
Clinical evaluation of a biodegradable collagen membrane in guided tissue regeneration.

A bio-resorbable Type I collagen membrane was investigated as a barrier for guided tissue regeneration. Ten human subjects with at least one pair of contralateral periodontal lesions with probing pocket depths of ≥ 5mm and radiographic evidence of ≥ 40% bone loss were included. Each patient underwent contralateral surgical flap procedures. A collagen barrier was adapted to the tooth in the experimental defect and the flap replaced and sutured. The controls consisted of the same procedure without the placement of the barrier. Standardized measurements of change in probing attachment levels and fill of intrabony defects were obtained at the time of surgery and 1 year later at the time of surgical re-entry. The differences in change of probing attachment levels and amount of bone fill between individual test and control sites were compared utilizing the student's t-test for paired samples. The mean probing attachment gain in the test sites was 0.56 ± 0.57 mm, and there was a mean probing attachment loss of 0...
The cost effectiveness of occupational health interventions: preventing occupational back pain.

Background Occupational back pain exacts a toll on society with concomitant economic losses; it is imperative to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the relevant ergonomic stressors at work. This study estimates and evaluates the average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) of specific interventions for the prevention of occupationally induced back pain for the World Health Organization (WHO) defined subregions of the world. Methods Four back-pain interventions were selected from the literature: training (T), engineering controls (EC), engineering controls and training (EC&T), and a comprehensive full ergonomics program (EP) for evaluation. A simulation model for a 100-year time horizon, developed by the WHO CHOICE initiative project was used to estimate the effectiveness of the interventions in healthy year equivalents. The intervention costs were adjusted for all WHO subregions. Results In all of the subregions, training was the most cost-effective with CERs varying from $74 per healthy life years gained in the subregion comprising of Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Yemen (EMROD) to approximately $567 in the subregion covering Canada and the United States (AMROA). Training is considered to be very cost-effective and would be the first choice option where resources are scarce. However, the overall effectiveness of training is low. Although other interventions such as engineering controls and total ergonomic interventions are relatively more expensive, the addition to health outcome through these interventions is much higher. The difference in the CERs for training and other engineering controls and full ergonomic interventions is relatively small for most of the industrialized regions of the world. It is clear from the ranked CERs and incremental CERs over the different subregions that in most of the industrialized regions of the world additional resources, if they become available, should go straight to the full ergonomics program. Conclusions The model results based on CERs show that worker training is a low cost, feasible first step toward reducing back pain/injury incidence. However, all of the average CERs for the different interventions, for each of the regions, fall well within their GDP per capita estimates [World Bank, 2001]. According to the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health any intervention that costs less than three times GDP per capita for saving a healthy year equivalent should be considered worthwhile and good value for money [WHO, 2002]. Given this criterion, the engineering controls interventions as well as the full ergonomics program look very cost effective for all of the WHO subregions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:515–529, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Genetic Analysis of Deltex and Its Interaction with the Notch Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster

During Drosophila development networks of genes control the developmental pathways that specify cell fates. The Notch gene is a well characterized member of some cell fate pathways, and several other genes belonging to these same pathways have been identified because they share a neurogenic null phenotype with Notch. However, it is unlikely that the neurogenic genes represent all of the genes in these pathways. The goal of this research was to use a genetic approach to identify and characterize one of the other genes that acts with Notch to specify cell fate. Mutant alleles of genes in the same pathway should have phenotypes similar to Notch alleles and should show phenotypic interactions with Notch alleles. With this approach we identified the deltex gene as a potential cell fate gene. An extensive phenotypic characterization of loss-of-function deltex phenotypes showed abnormalities (such as thick wing veins, double bristles and extra cone cells) that suggest that deltex is involved in cell fate decision processes. Phenotypic interactions between deltex and Notch as seen in double mutants showed that Notch and deltex do not code for duplicate functions and that the two genes function together in many different developing tissues. The results of these investigations lead to the conclusion that the deltex gene functions with the Notch gene in one or more developmental pathways to specify cell fate.
Detecting Subevent Structure for Event Coreference Resolution

In the task of event coreference resolution, recent work has shown the need to perform not only full coreference but also partial coreference of events. We show that subevents can form a particular hierarchical event structure. This paper examines a novel two-stage approach to finding and improving subevent structures. First, we introduce a multiclass logistic regression model that can detect subevent relations in addition to full coreference. Second, we propose a method to improve subevent structure based on subevent clusters detected by the model. Using a corpus in the Intelligence Community domain, we show that the method achieves over 3.2 BLANC F1 gain in detecting subevent relations against the logistic regression model.
Discussion: Operations Research Techniques in Farm Management: Survey and Appraisal

PROFESSOR Hutton has chosen an ambitious, timely task-to review recent applications (by academic farm-management workers) of certain operations research techniques to ordinary farm-management problems at the farm level. He finds the number of applications of OR techniques to operating farm problems insufficient to warrant serious discussion and chooses not to consider applications of OR techniques to farmmanagement problems at regional and national levels. His decision to emphasize technique development in his paper is based primarily on his conception of the changing character of OR literature, which is "more and more given to technique development and to solutions of problems of general interest." Having stated his purpose, Hutton specifies his basis for classifying alternative OR techniques. The techniques will be ranked by the extent to which formal analysis is substituted for intuitive judgment in the solution of management problems, or by the extent to which the farmer's decision environment is simulated. Why does he choose this classificatory scheme? Because "the manager without formal analysis is forced to use intuitive judgment in all his problem-solving activity." Hutton tells us that such a manager has a low capacity to solve problems, ignores many defined problems and obtains low-quality solutions to his problems-an unhappy situation indeed. Imagine now the same manager using formal analysis. He attacks a larger number of problems, obtains better solutions, and, in the limiting case, can extend his use of formal analyses until he obtains what he considers to be "perfect answers to all his problems"-Nirvana! Having selected his classificatory scheme, Hutton devotes the remainder of his treatment to a thorough survey of OR techniques and selected applications to farm management, as he defines the field. He concludes with (a) some humorous remarks at the expense of the president of the Operations Research Society of America, Alexander M. Mood, and (b) an admonition to all farm-management research workers to apply OR techniques vigorously to their field before it is usurped by members of the Operations Research Society. I find it difficult to add anything substantive to the sections in which Hutton surveys OR techniques and applications thereof. I wish to confine
Chapter 1 – The “First” Case

The initial description of a disease in a 51-year-old woman that would later bear his name was made by a German psychiatrist, Dr Alois Alzheimer, in 1906. The combination of rapid progression of psychiatric signs and cognitive loss led to complete loss of independence and death within 5 years. Although there were certainly similar cases that preceded it, Alzheimer identified for the first time the neuropathological characteristics of this disease that would become its hallmarks, the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. After its description, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was considered a rare presenile dementia for the next 60 years, with the more common later onset cases labeled as senile dementia and considered a distinct illness. The appreciation that AD causes most common late-life dementia greatly expanded its importance and promoted the search for its causes and prevention.
Associations between Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Suspended Solids in Natural Waters: An Evaluation of the Uptake Rate by Particles

The study of the partitioning of PCBs and similar hydrophobic organic chemicals between solid and aqueous phases, such as suspended particles and the water column, has normally been approached from an equilibrium thermodynamic point of view. The kinetics of the uptake process have received some study but this has been limited. This paper presents a rationale for the importance of HOC uptake kinetics. A simple kinetic model is developed and applied to PCB in suspended particles and surface waters. It describes, in practical terms, many of the reported behavioral characteristics of K d , the partition coefficient, observed both in the laboratory and in the field.
A Review of RDA: Strategies for Implementation by Magda El-Sherbini

Magda El-Sherbini's RDA: Strategies for Implementation is an excellent tool to prepare catalogers for the implementation of Resource Description and Access (RDA). The book is organized in nine chap...
Symptom Management of the Dying Oncology Patient

The symptoms and suffering of the dying patient can be distressful to both the patient and the patient’s caregivers. Every effort is needed to assist the patient in comfortable and dignified death. Common symptoms at the end of life include pain, nausea, dyspnea, and, at the very end, a death rattle. Pain is the most common problem and has a multitude of potential approaches. For the dying patient, management with medications is the most common and useful approach. Nausea can be approached with either a standard approach or a mechanistic approach. Dyspnea responds best to morphine or other opioids, and the death rattle, although bothersome to the observer, is not a problem for the patient and there is no good treatment. Patients with intractable pain can benefit from palliative sedation. With proper management, patients should be able to have a comfortable death.
Stereotactic Laser Ablation for Medically Intractable Epilepsy: The Next Generation of Minimally Invasive Epilepsy Surgery.

Epilepsy is a common, disabling illness that is refractory to medical treatment in approximately one third of patients, particularly among those with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. While standard open mesial temporal resection is effective, achieving seizure freedom in most patients, efforts to develop safer, minimally invasive techniques have been underway for over half a century. Stereotactic ablative techniques, in particular radiofrequency ablation, were first developed in the 1960s, with refinements in the 1990s with the advent of modern computed tomography and magnetic resonance-based imaging. In the past 5 years, the most recent techniques have used MRI-guided laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), whose development began in the 1980s, saw refinements in MRI thermal imaging through the 1990s, and was initially used primarily for the treatment of intracranial and extracranial tumors. The present review describes the original stereotactic ablation trials, followed by modern imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation series for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The development of LITT and MRI thermometry are then discussed. Finally, the two currently available MRI-guided laser interstitial thermotherapy systems are reviewed for their role in the treatment of mesial temporal lobe and other medically refractory epilepsies.
Finite element implementation of strain-hardening Drucker–Prager plasticity model with application to tunnel excavation

Abstract This paper presents a finite element implementation of a strain-hardening Drucker–Prager model and its application to tunnel excavation. The computational model was constructed based on the return mapping scheme, in which an elastic trial step was first executed, followed by plastic correction involving the Newton–Raphson method to return the predicted state of stresses to the supposed yield surface. By combining the plastic shear hardening rule and stress correction equations, the loading index for the strain-hardening Drucker–Prager model was solved. It is therefore possible to update the stresses, elastic and plastic strains, and slope of the yield locus at the end of each incremental step. As an illustrative example, an integration algorithm was incorporated into ABAQUS through the user subroutine UMAT to solve the tunnel excavation problem in strain-hardening Drucker–Prager rock formations. The obtained numerical results were found to be in excellent agreement with the available analytical solutions, thus indicating the validity and accuracy of the proposed UMAT code, as well as the finite element model.
Elementary physical education: A focus on fitness activities and smaller class sizes are associated with higher levels of physical activity

Abstract Optimizing physical activity during physical education is necessary for children to achieve daily physical activity recommendations. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among various contextual factors with accelerometer measured physical activity during elementary physical education. Data were collected during 2015–2016 from 281 students (1st–5th grade, 137 males, 144 females) from a private school located in a metropolitan area of Utah in the U.S. Students wore accelerometers for 12 consecutive weeks at an accelerometer wear frequency of 3 days per week during physical education. A multi-level general linear mixed effects model was employed to examine the relationship among various physical education contextual factors and percent of wear time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (%MVPA), accounting for clustering of observations within students and the clustering of students within classrooms. Explored contextual factors included grade level, lesson context, sex, and class size. Main effects and interactions among the factors were explored in the multi-level models. A two-way interaction of lesson context and class size on %MVPA was shown to be statistically significant. The greatest differences were found to be between fitness lessons using small class sizes compared to motor skill lessons using larger class sizes (β = 14.8%, 95% C.I. 5.7%–23.9% p
Green Supplier Evaluation by Using the Integrated Fuzzy AHP Model and Fuzzy Copras

Since being environment-friendly has become more important for manufacturers, green supplier evaluation is one of the most crucial challenges for supply chain in the industry. This study aims to evaluate and choose the best green suppliers by integrating fuzzy AHP and fuzzy Copras for seven green suppliers. Fuzzy AHP is used to determine the importance of green supplier performance criteria. Because the criteria and options that are considered in this study are associated with uncertainty, the fuzzy theory is applied as one of the key tools for modeling uncertainties. In this study, a set of criteria for evaluating the green suppliers is identified. Afterwards, fuzzy Copras is employed to evaluate and choose the best green supplier. The contribution of this study lies in the integration of Copras and analytic hierarchy process techniques for green supplier evaluation. That is fuzzy Copras reveals a solution as an optimized respond when the uncertainty is a significant factor in decision-making process, this enhances the accuracy of AHP pairwise comparison. The findings of this study are beneficial for manufacturers, suppliers, and organizations which attempt to improve the supply chain network by eliminating waste.
Chemical Aspects of Itinerant Magnetism

This article provides a brief account of itinerant magnetism, including the theoretical background, chemical bonding aspects, examples of specific itinerant magnets, and applications of such systems. Keywords: magnetism; chemical bonding; solid state chemistry; itinerant electrons; band structure; permanent magnets; magnetocaloric materials
Behavior of Organic Contaminants in Soil

Contamination of groundwater by organic chemicals such as pesticides, industrial solvents and petroleum products has emerged as one of the major environmental problems in the 1980’s. In the United States, public recognition of this problem has led to regional and national legislation restricting the use and disposal of many compounds, a practice which is likely to expand in the future as groundwater monitoring programs gather more information. Attention has also focused recently on atmospheric emissions of volatile compounds which are added to the soil, or released as incineration byproducts.
Hierarchical Clustering of Microarray Data

Sometimes a microarray experiment is aimed at identifying different groups of genes. Genes within a group show similar expression patterns across samples, while different groups of genes show different expression patterns. There are sufficient evidences showing that genes with similar expression patterns across samples tend to share similar functions (Eisen et al. 1998). Therefore, clustering genes into different groups may provide a clue to uncover gene functions. Biologists are more interested in identifying gene functions by clustering genes into different groups based on differential expression patterns across samples. Medical professionals, on the other hand, may be more interested in clustering specimens (tissue samples) into different clusters based on differential expression patterns across genes for the purpose of disease diagnosis.
Effects of Exoskeleton Training Intervention on Net Loading Force in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The goal of this study was to understand the rehabilitative effects of longitudinal overground exoskeleton training $( >100$ hours) on gait mechanics, especially foot loading, for gains in walking speed in an individual with chronic motorincomplete SCI. Biomechanical measures included: normalized plantar loading forces, walking speed and bilateral weight transfer ratio during walking in the EksoGT $^{\mathrm{ TM}}$ exoskeleton. Longitudinal training with a robotic exoskeleton yielded improvements in clinical outcomes (AIS classification, ISNCSCI motor scores and 10MWT) and provided functional gains in terms of biomechanical outcomes (plantar forces, weight transfer point) to increase overall walking speed.
The enigmatic role of Mfd in replication-transcription conflicts in bacteria.

Abstract Conflicts between replication and transcription can have life-threatening consequences. RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the major impediment to replication progression, and its efficient removal from DNA should mitigate the consequences of collisions with replication. Cells have various proteins that can resolve conflicts by removing stalled (or actively translocating) RNAP from DNA. It would therefore seem logical that RNAP-associated factors, such as the bacterial DNA translocase Mfd, would minimize the effects of conflicts. Despite seemingly conclusive statements in most textbooks, the role of Mfd in conflicts remains an enigma. In this review, we will discuss the different physical states of RNAP during transcription, and how each distinct state can influence conflict severity and potentially trigger the involvement of Mfd. We propose models to explain the contradictory conclusions from published studies on the potential role of Mfd in resolving conflicts.
Tribal Cannabis: Balancing Tribal Sovereignty and Cooperative Enforcement

The cannabis industry remains a difficult space to navigate for Native Americans both because of the continued federal ban on cannabis and the extra layer of laws and regulations on tribal land, as well as the potential for continued stigma arising from their involvement in an industry that was until recently considered illegal at all levels of government. Because of the complex jurisdictional circumstances which arise within tribal land, tribes are left with pioneering strategies on implementing a successful cannabis business alone – whether that be growing, wholesaling, selling on tribal land, or all three. At the same time, Native American tribes have many competitive advantages – they have water rights and access to power, they own land, and they have a historical and cultural tie to cannabis and natural healing. This article discusses several short term and long term steps that Native American tribes should undertake once a state in which a tribe is located legalizes medical marijuana in order to ready themselves to take advantage of an economic opportunity in the form of a cannabis industry should it arise including gaining community support and amending tribal codes, establishing a compact and setting up protections from outside investors, and seek long term legislative fixes such as opt-out provisions in the CSA.
Translates of Functions on the Heisenberg Group and the HRT Conjecture

We prove that the HRT (Heil, Ramanathan, and Topiwala) Conjecture is equivalent to the conjecture that co-central translates of square-integrable functions on the Heisenberg group are linearly independent.
Putting the network to work: Learning networks in rapid response situations.

Introduction The rapid response to COVID-19 has necessitated infrastructural development and reorientation in order to safely meet patient care needs. Methods A qualitative case study was constructed within a larger ethnographic field study. Document collection and fieldnotes and recordings from nonparticipant observation of network activities were compiled and chronologically ordered to chart the network's response to changes in epilepsy care resulting from COVID-19 and the rapid transition to telemedicine. Results The network's response to COVID-19 was characterized by a predisposition to action, the role of sharing as both a group practice and shared value, and the identification of improvement science as the primary contribution of the group within the larger epilepsy community's response to COVID-19. The findings are interpreted as an example of how group culture can shape action via a transparent and mundane shared infrastructure. Conclusions The case of one multi-stakeholder epilepsy Learning Network provides an example of the use of infrastructure that is shaped by the group's culture. These findings contribute to the development of a social theory of infrastructure within Learning Health Systems.
Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health

All public health professionals should have some level of knowledge of the basic principles of Toxicology. Whether dealing with issues as diverse as a workers' compensation claim for a job-related exposure and injury or the removal of toxic wastes from an urban community, public health professionals must be able to communicate with each other, the public, and our political leaders concerning how chemicals can, and the conditions under which they may, realistically produce harm. Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health provides students with an understanding of the nature and scope of the discipline, so that they may be prepared to participate in a meaningful way in the often highly visible problem-solving and decision-making processes required of public health professionals. In four sections, it offers an introduction to the field, as well as the basics of toxicology principles, systemic toxicity, and toxicology practice. The text is immediately readable for the student with little technical background. The Second Edition is a thorough update that has been expaneded with a new chapter on endocrine toxicology. Instructor Resources: Instructor Manual, PowerPoint, TestBank
Abortion and Telemedicine: Beyond COVID-19 and the Shadow Docket

This Article examines the Supreme Court’s recent shadow docket opinion in FDA v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)—not just its present effects, but its bigger-picture implications for the future of abortion jurisprudence. In FDA v. ACOG, the Court, without full briefing or argument, stayed a Maryland court’s injunction against the FDA. In doing so, it allowed the FDA to continue enforcing its “in-person requirement,” forcing women to travel to pick up abortion medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parts I and II of this paper review the Court’s abortion jurisprudence and the opinion in FDA v. ACOG. Part II also suggests that FDA v. ACOG is inconsistent with the Court’s contemporaneous “shadow docket” opinions—summary opinions that enjoined states’ restrictions on church gatherings during the pandemic. Part III then explores the impact that FDA v. ACOG could have on abortion jurisprudence in a post-pandemic world. We first speculate about a post-pandemic United States where the Court continues to recognize abortion as a constitutionally-protected right. We argue that, while “in-person requirements” impede women seeking abortions, they also, ironically, make it harder for states to pass laws restricting access to abortion under contemporary case law. We then contemplate a parallel post-pandemic universe in which the Court overturns Roe v. Wade and stops recognizing the right to abortion. If the Court decides that abortion is not a fundamental right, as pro-choice liberals fear, it will be the in-person mifepristone requirements, or lack thereof, that determine the severity of that decision for many women in the United States. In a world without Roe, in-person requirements would maximally restrict women’s access to abortion.
Cell Adhesion Molecules are Upregulated and May Drive Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis.

Purpose Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is predominantly characterized by eosinophil- and T helper 2 cell (Th2)-biased inflammation. Integrins and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are superfamilies of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that facilitate the recruitment and trafficking of immune cells and have been implicated in coordinating eosinophil and Th2 cell adhesion and signaling in asthma. The roles of CAMs in CRSwNP, however, remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the systemic and local expression of CAMs and identify which CAMs are potentially involved in CRSwNP pathology. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted using peripheral blood and anterior ethmoid tissues of patients with CRSwNP (n=32) and controls (n=15). Multiplex gene analysis and Pearson correlations were performed to identify associations between systemically and locally expressed CAMs. Based on the gene expression results, immunohistochemical evaluation and quantification of cells expressing integrins ITGAM, ITGAX, and ITGB2, as well as ICAM-3 in sinonasal tissues were conducted to compare local protein expression patterns. Results Integrin and ICAM genes were significantly elevated in the blood (p Conclusion The systemic and local expression of ITGAM, ITGB2, and ICAM-3 is significantly upregulated in CRSwNP, suggesting that integrin complex ITGAM/ITGB2 and ICAM-3 serve a potential role in inflammation-mediated signaling in CRSwNP.
Effect of a standardized patient encounter on first year medical student confidence and satisfaction with telemedicine.

Context Although the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated the use of telemedicine platforms across the country, medical students may lack confidence in their ability to conduct satisfactory patient encounters and practice clinical medicine through telemedicine. Objectives To evaluate the role of a standardized patient encounter on first year medical student confidence and satisfaction in using telemedicine. Methods One hundred and sixty two first year medical students recruited from Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Carolinas campus were surveyed on their confidence and satisfaction with using telemedicine platforms before and after conducting a patient encounter. Participant confidence and satisfaction were assessed with a five point Likert scale: "not confident," "a little confident," "somewhat confident," "confident," and "extremely confident." Results Of 162 students, 103 (63.6%) completed the preencounter survey and 74 (45.7%) completed the postencounter survey. Before the standardized patient encounter, 37 participants (35.9%) reported that they were "a little confident" and 20 participants (19.4%) reported that they were "not confident" in their ability to conduct a patient interview using a telemedicine platform. Following the encounter, 24 students (32.4%) reported feeling "somewhat confident", and 32 (43.2%) reported feeling "confident" in their ability. Conclusions Medical students' confidence and satisfaction with telemedicine improved after a standardized patient telemedicine experience in this study. This experience allowed students to practice the unique skills required for telemedicine. Medical schools might consider adding a telemedicine curriculum and standardized patient experiences in the undergraduate medical setting.
Clinical and Imaging Features Associated with the Utilization of Comfort Measures Only in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Objectives: Up to 10% of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients can die in the first 30 days. Older age and a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score are associated with trans...
The Musical Object Development Environment: MODE (Ten years of music software in Smalltalk)

Abstract The author has developed a family of software tool kits for composers with the Smalltalk-80 programming sys-tem over the last decade. The current MODE Version 2 system supports structured composition, flexible graphicalediting of high- and low-level musical objects, real-time MIDI I/O, software sound synthesis and processing, andother tasks. This poster will introduce the MODE and SmOKe, its representation language, and survey the variousend-user applications it includes. The discussion will evaluate the system’s performance and requirements.Keywords: Software, music languages, sound synthesis, composition tools, object-oriented programming 1 What is MODE? The MODE Version 2 is a large hierarchy of object-oriented software components for music; it supportsstructured algorithmic composition, sampled sound re-cording and signal processing, real-time music perfor-mance using MIDI or sampled sounds, and graphicaluser interfaces. The MODE has 5 main component ormodules: (1) a language for the representation of musicalparameters, sounds, events and event lists; (2) objects forthe description of “middle-level” musical structures; (3)real-time MIDI, sound I/O, and DSP scheduling classes;(4) a user interface framework with components for mu-sical applications; and (5) several built-in end-user tools.There are facilities in the MODE for algorithmic compo-sition, ranging from hierarchically-described event gen-erators, to real-time MIDI performance mappers, tocompositional expert-systems in several flavors.The best overviews of the MODE with usage exam-ples are the articles Computer Music Journal and Le-onardo Music Journal articles (Pope 1992a) and (Pope1992b). The underlying representation language(SmOKe) is described in (Pope 1992c), and two of thehigher-level algorithmic composition packages are doc-umented in (Pope 1989) and (Pope 1991).The MODE is written in the ParcPlace Systems, Inc.Visualworks\Smalltalk-80 programming system andruns on the Sun SPARCstation, SGI Indigo, Apple Mac-intosh, Windows-compatible, and other platforms (be-cause Smalltalk-80 itself is portable); its full source codeand documentation are available by Internet ftp from thedirectory
Surgical treatment of acquired and congenital arteriovenous fistulae

More than 230 years have passed since William Hunter’s classic description of chronic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of the extremity. Although Hunterian quadrilateral ligation has been replaced by contemporary vascular reconstruction, the principles and justification for operation remain the same.
It Belongs in a Museum: Appropriate Donor Incentives for Fractional Gifts of Art

Paul Cezanne’s Boy with a Red Vest, Rene Magritte’s Kiss, and Henri Matisse’s Plum Blossom share one unexpected characteristic: each became accessible to the museum-going public through fractional giving.2 These important works as well as entire collections have been donated through this method. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) in New York, for example, owes its Annenberg Collection to a fractional giving plan.3 That impressive collection comprises fifty-three Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works, including renowned artists Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Edouard Vuillard, and Paul Cezanne.4 Thanks to fractional giving, these works are now on public display.5 Fractional giving allows a collector to donate an artwork to a museum incrementally by gradually increasing the portion of each
An Interactive Digital Knowledge Management System to Improve Public Health Practitioners' Access to Public Health Resource

Background. Public health practitioners rely heavily on a diverse body of knowledge in varied formats covering numerous domains and specialties. There is a multitude of critical public health information resources produced at local, state, national, and international levels--for example, vaccination guidelines, industrial effluent data, laws and regulations, legislative issues updates, etc. Public health practitioners need simple, rapid access to this information; however, relatively little of this critical information is published through standard channels. In contrast to clinical medicine, there has been much less organized effort to provide public health practitioners and policymakers with access to the kinds of information they need for their work.
Iterated approximate value functions

In this paper we introduce a control policy which we refer to as the iterated approximate value function policy. The generation of this policy requires two stages, the first one carried out off-line, and the second stage carried out on-line. In the first stage we simultaneously compute a trajectory of moments of the state and action and a sequence of approximate value functions optimized to that trajectory. The next stage is to perform control using the generated sequence of approximate value functions. This yields a time-varying policy, even in the case where the optimal policy is time-invariant. We restrict our attention to the case with linear dynamics and quadratically representable stage cost function. In this case the pre-computation stage requires the solution of a semidefinite program (SDP). Finding the control action at each time-period requires solving a small convex optimization problem which can be carried out quickly. We conclude with some examples.
Discretized Spatio-Temporal Scan Window.

The focus of this paper is the discovery of anomalous spatio-temporal windows. We propose a Discretized SpatioTemporal Scan Window approach to address the question of how we can treat Space and Time together without compromising on the properties of each and their impact on each other. In doing so we discover anomalous SpatioTemporal windows, identify at what point in time the window changes, identify the spatial patterns of change over time and identify a spatial extent in time which is completely deviant with respect to the rest of the anomalous spatiotemporal windows. None of the current approaches address all these issues in combination. Subsequently we perform experiments on several real world datasets to validate our approach while comparing with the established approach of discovering a cylindrical spatio-temporal Scan window.
Predicting and Verifying Organics Removal by PAC< in an Ultrafiltration System

A powdered activated carbon-ultrafiltration system was examined as an alternative to conventional treatment for removal of bacteria, turbidity, and organic compounds
Systolic arrays for LU decomposition

The author presents a number of systolic arrays for decomposing a matrix into its lower and upper triangular factor (LU-decomposition). These architectures have been formally derived using techniques for synthesizing systolic arrays from affine recurrence equations, and the entire design process can be automated. The initial specification is a high-level one similar to a nested loop program, and a technique called explicit pipelining is used to automatically localize the data dependencies. The architectures presented have interesting features such as control signals, and specialized behavior of certain processors (such as boundary processors). These characteristics, as well as processor initialization signals, can be derived automatically. >
Real-time water quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate nutrient and bacteria concentrations in Kansas streams

An innovative approach currently is underway in Kansas to estimate and monitor constituent concentrations in streams. Continuous in-stream water-quality monitors are installed at selected U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging stations to provide real-time measurement of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and total chlorophyll. In addition, periodic water samples are collected manually and analyzed for nutrients, bacteria, and other constituents of concern. Regression equations then are developed from measurements made by the water-quality monitors and analytical results of manually collected samples. These regression equations are used to estimate nutrient, bacteria, and other constituent concentrations. Concentrations then are available to calculate loads and yields to further assess water quality in watersheds. The continuous and real-time nature of the data may be important when considering recreational use of a water body; developing and monitoring total maximum daily loads; adjusting water-treatment strategies; and determining high constituent concentrations in time to prevent adverse effects on fish or other aquatic life.
The role of heavy ion reactions in astrophysics

Because of the enormous range of temperatures in the "Wide variety of objects that constitute our Universe, it might be supposed that heavy ion reactions between any pair of nuclei might play an important role in astrophysics. no matter how large Z is. However. because high temperatures are generally accompanied by black-body radiation, the high energy tail of the photon spectrum may already photo-produce protons, neutrons, and alpha-particles copiously at temperatures that are still too low for most heavy ion reactions to have significant reaction rates. The protons, neutrons, and alpha-particles produced also react readily with nuclei at these temperatures.
Experiments in Financial Democracy: Bond Markets and Creditor Rights in Brazil, 1850–1945

Corporate bond markets in Brazil grew to historical levels at the same time stock markets peaked. This chapter shows that the development of corporate bond markets was, to a large extent, linked to the protections for creditors in national bankruptcy laws. This chapter discusses the importance of the bond market and explains the evolution of the protections for creditors both on paper and by the courts between 1850 and 1945. Beyond sheer size relative to GDP, the scale of development of Brazil's bond markets before 1920 is impressive in two respects. First, corporations in all sectors of the economy issued bonds to obtain funds. In fact, bond markets were among the most important sources of new funds for corporations (issuing companies secured approximately 30% of their capital through this channel). Second, the scale of Brazil's bond markets relative to the size of Brazil's economy suggests that a strong formal institutional system was in place to enforce bondholder rights (e.g., in the event of bankruptcy). But although size should attest to the existence of an institutional framework for protecting creditors, the strength of creditor protections was called into question by research such as Gail Triner's influential study of Brazilian banking. Arguing that the “insufficient protection for the recovery of debt was a serious problem throughout the First Republic [1889–1930],” Triner maintained that the main problem for banks trying to recover unpaid debts was that “the laws and Commercial Code simply did not address issues involving financial property,” making it difficult for them to take possession of debtors' bank accounts and other financial assets.
Intervening in the Media's Influence on Stereotypes of Race and Ethnicity: The Role of Media Literacy Education

This article provides a review of the research record on the potential for media literacy education to intervene in the media's influence on racial and ethnic stereotypes, and explores the theoretical concepts that underlie these efforts. It situates media literacy theory and practice within particular emphases in the field and synthesizes qualitative and quantitative studies. Quantitative research on the effect of media literacy training and mediated counterstereotypes on reducing racial/ethnic prejudice is described. In addition, we report qualitative data from an ongoing study of early adolescents who took part in a media literacy curriculum on stereotypes. The research record reveals that although the topic is severely understudied, media literacy education holds great promise for its ability to shape media-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and encourage an active and critical stance toward media.
IL-4 Selectively Inhibits IL-2-Triggered Stat5 Activation, But Not Proliferation, in Human T Cells

IL-2 activates several distinct signaling pathways that are important for T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into both Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. IL-4, the major cytokine that promotes differentiation of Th2 cells, has been shown to block signaling of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12. As IL-2 synergizes with IL-12 in promoting Th1 differentiation, the effects of IL-4 on IL-2 signal transduction were investigated. IL-4 suppressed activation of DNA binding and tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor Stat5 by IL-2, and suppressed the expression of the IL-2-inducible genes CD25, CIS, the PGE2 receptor, and cytokine responsive (CR) genes CR1 and CR8. Activation of Stat5 by cytokines that share a common gamma receptor subunit, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, was suppressed by preculture in IL-4. Activation of the Jak1 and Jak3 kinases that are proximal to Stat5 in the IL-2-Jak-STAT signaling pathway was suppressed, and this correlated with inhibition of IL-2Rbeta subunit expression. In contrast to suppression of Stat5, proliferative responses to IL-2 were augmented in IL-4-cultured cells, and activation of proliferative pathways leading to activation of mitogen activated protein kinases, induction of expression of Myc, Fos, Pim-1, and cyclin D3, and decreased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 were intact. These results identify molecular mechanisms underlying interactions between IL-4 and IL-2 in T cells and demonstrate that one mechanism of regulation of IL-2 activity is selective and differential modulation of signaling pathways.
Classification of printed characters using multi-layer feedforward neural networks

Multilayer feedforward neural networks for bit-map classification of 95 printed characters are evaluated. The error backpropagation algorithm performance has been investigated for different learning parameters and architectures. Learning profiles are compared, and the most suitable learning conditions are outlined. The best classification results have been obtained with a two hidden layer network using about 70 hidden units per layer. Learning of this architecture has been quick and reliable; this size of layers presumably provides excellent redundancy. It has also been found that this size could be reduced to approximately 25 without major deterioration of classification. Training of networks with too many or too few hidden units has resulted in slow learning with a somewhat large number of decision errors. >
Ultrasound characteristics of the thyroid in children and adolescents with goiter: a single center experience.

Introduction: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a common cause of goiter in children, and sonographic changes have been reported in more than one-third at presentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasound (US) characteristics of the thyroid and the prevalence of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents presenting with goiter in the presence or absence of AIT. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the US characteristics of 154 children and adolescents aged <18 years of age with goiter from July 2008 to December 2010. US characteristics were analyzed according to each patient's age, sex, thyrotropin (TSH) levels, and thyroid peroxidase antibody titer (TPOAb). Heterogeneity and nodule prevalence were compared between antibody-positive and -negative goiter. Results: Heterogeneity was more common in TPOAb-positive (59/71, 83%) compared to TPOAb-negative goiter (24/46, 52%; p<0.001), but there was no correlation between the presence of heterogeneity and TPOAb titer within the antibo...
Fun with M300 Function Keys

We have lots of fun with the user‐defined function keys on our M300 Workstation. To illustrate principles that you might apply in Interlibrary Loan or in another OCLC subsystem, we'd like to share some of our uses. That single row of buttons rivals in its way the Constant Data record and, yes, even the ILL Micro Enhancer software (ILL ME) as a powerful and versatile processing tool.