cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling acute blood flow responses to a major arterial occlusion

Objective The development of earlier and less invasive treatments for peripheral arterial disease requires a more complete understanding of vascular responses following a major arterial occlusion. A mechanistic model of the vasculature of the rat hindlimb is developed to predict acute (immediate) changes in vessel diameters and smooth muscle tone following femoral arterial occlusion. Methods Vascular responses of collateral arteries and distal arterioles to changes in pressure, shear stress, and metabolism are assessed before and after occlusion. The effects of exercise are also simulated and compared with venous flow measurements from WKY rats. Results The model identifies collateral arteries as the primary contributors to flow compensation following occlusion. Increasing the number of capillaries has minimal effect on blood flow while increasing the number of collateral arteries significantly increases flow, since the primary site of resistance shifts upstream to the collateral arteries following occlusion. Despite significant collateral dilation, calf flow remains below pre-occlusion levels and the deficit becomes more severe with increased activity. Conclusions Although unable to compensate fully for an occlusion, the model demonstrates the importance of the shear response in collateral arteries and the metabolic response in the distal microcirculation in acute adaptations to a major arterial occlusion.
Integrated stepped alcohol treatment for patients with HIV and at-risk alcohol use: a randomized trial.

At-risk levels of alcohol use threaten the health of patients with HIV (PWH), yet evidence-based strategies to decrease alcohol use and improve HIV-related outcomes in this population are lacking. We examined the effectiveness of integrated stepped alcohol treatment (ISAT) on alcohol use and HIV outcomes among PWH and at-risk alcohol use. In this multi-site, randomized trial conducted between January 28, 2013 through July 14, 2017, we enrolled PWH and at-risk alcohol use [defined as alcohol consumption of ≥ 14 drinks per week or ≥ 4 drinks per occasion in men ≤ 65 years old or ≥ 7 drinks per week or ≥ 3 drinks per occasion in women or men > 65 years old]. ISAT (n = 46) involved: Step 1- Brief Negotiated Interview with telephone booster, Step 2- Motivational Enhancement Therapy, and Step 3- Addiction Physician Management. Treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 47) involved receipt of a health handout plus routine care. Analyses were conducted based on intention to treat principles. Despite a multi-pronged approach, we only recruited 37% of the target population (n = 93/254). Among ISAT participants, 50% advanced to Step 2, among whom 57% advanced to Step 3. Participants randomized to ISAT and TAU had no observed difference in drinks per week over the past 30 days at week 24 (primary outcome) [least square means (Ls mean) (95% CI) = 8.8 vs. 10.6; adjusted mean difference (AMD) (95% CI) = − 0.4 (− 3.9, 3.0)]. An insufficient number of patients were interested in participating in the trial. Efforts to enhance motivation of PWH with at-risk alcohol use to engage in alcohol-related research and build upon ISAT are needed. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01410123, First posted August 4, 2011
Jurisdictional Reasonableness Under Customary International Law: The Approach of the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law

This essay discusses the approach to jurisdictional reasonableness under customary international law in the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law. The Restatement (Fourth) rejects the Restatement (Third)’s case-by-case approach to reasonableness, but it does not reject reasonableness. The Restatement (Fourth) incorporates reasonableness at the level of customary international law by requiring a “genuine connection” between the subject of the regulation and the State seeking to regulate. The Restatement (Fourth) further incorporates reasonableness at the level of US domestic law through the presumption against extraterritoriality and the principle of reasonableness in interpretation, which limit the reach of US law beyond what customary international law requires. Finally, the essay defends the unilateral character of the Restatement (Fourth)’s approach to jurisdictional reasonableness.
A Telementoring Program and Hepatitis C Virus Care in Rural Patients

Background: Rural patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may be less likely to access HCV care than those in urban areas. A telementoring, task-shifting model has been implemented ...
Leveraging epigenomes and three-dimensional genome organization for interpreting regulatory variation

Abstract Understanding the impact of regulatory variants on complex phenotypes is a significant challenge because the genes and pathways that are targeted by such variants are typically unknown. Furthermore, a regulatory variant might influence a particular gene’s expression in a cell type or tissue-specific manner. Cell-type specific long-range regulatory interactions that occur between a distal regulatory sequence and a gene offers a powerful framework for understanding the impact of regulatory variants on complex phenotypes. However, high-resolution maps of such long-range interactions are available only for a handful of model cell lines. To address this challenge, we have developed L-HiC-Reg, a Random Forests based regression method to predict high- resolution contact counts in new cell lines, and a network-based framework to identify candidate cell line-specific gene networks targeted by a set of variants from a Genome-wide association study (GWAS). We applied our approach to predict interactions in 55 Roadmap Epigenome Consortium cell lines, which we used to interpret regulatory SNPs in the NHGRI GWAS catalogue. Using our approach, we performed an in-depth characterization of fifteen different phenotypes including Schizophrenia, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Crohn’s disease. In CAD, we found differentially wired subnetworks consisting of known as well as novel gene targets of regulatory SNPs. Taken together, our compendium of interactions and associated network-based analysis pipeline offers a powerful resource to leverage long-range regulatory interactions to examine the context-specific impact of regulatory variation in complex phenotypes.
The Diffusion of Responsibility in Capital Clemency

The Supreme Court has described executive clemency as the failsafe of the criminal justice system. Yet, when it comes to capital clemency, it is not clear who is responsible for that failsafe. The Supreme Court has refused to regulate the clemency process because it is a matter for the states' chief executives. At the same time, some governors refuse to take responsibility for making clemency determinations on the grounds that the execution process belongs entirely to the courts or because the state's pardon board should be responsible. In short, capital clemency is plagued by a dangerous diffusion of responsibility problem that might allow questionable executions to go forward because none of the key actors believe it is their responsibility to stop them. This article offers a modest solution to remedy the diffusion of responsibility by having the judiciary impose procedural due process safeguards at the clemency stage of the criminal justice process. In imposing procedural safeguards, not only would the judiciary be taking procedural responsibility for capital clemency, but it also would force the final decision-makers - governors and pardon boards - to take responsibility for the substantive decision of granting or denying capital clemency.
Reconstrucción de extremidad inferior

Resumen La reconstruccion de la extremidad inferior es parte esencial de la cirugia plastica y se concentra en el tratamiento de heridas y defectos causados por trauma, cancer, o procesos de enfermedades cronicas. Durante los ultimos 25 anos, los avances en tecnicas de cirugia plastica tales como la transferencia libre de tejidos tecnologias mas avanzadas de cuidado de heridas han revolucionado este campo, permitiendo salvar extremidades que de otro modo habrian sido amputadas. Este documento analizara el campo de la reconstruccion de extremidades inferiores concentrandose en la evaluacion de defectos y heridas de pierna y las variadas opciones de tratamiento.
RELIGION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN OKLAHOMA CITY

This study investigates the rate of political participation among Protestant evangelicals and fundamentalists in Oklahoma City. Using data collected by the 1991 Oklahoma City Survey (N~394), two competing hypotheses are tested. One hypothesis proposes that Evangelical and Fundamentalist Protestants (EFPs) strongly favor otherworldly preparations over personal involvement in political activities. This is found not to be the case. The competing hypothesis that the New Christian Right perceives a danger in the moral decay of American society and, therefore, participates more actively in politics also is found wanting. Participation in religious activities was found to be the significant indicator of political activity.
Slowing atoms with σ - polarized light

We have modeled and experimentally investigated the ``Zeeman tuned slowing'' of rubidium using ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ polarized laser light. Previous studies have all used ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{+}$ light. We find that important details of the slowing process enable this new method to produce significantly slower and more intense atomic beams than for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{+}$ case. An additional advantage: ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ slowing exhibits much weaker dependence on laser wavelength and intensity.
Evaluating flight crew operator manual documentation

Aviation and cognitive science researchers have identified situations in which the pilot's expectations for the behavior of the avionics are not matched by the actual behavior of the avionics. Researchers have attributed these "automation surprises" to the complexity of the avionics mode logic, the absence of complete training, limitations in cockpit displays, and ad-hoc conceptual models of the avionics. Complete canonical rule-based descriptions of the behavior of the autopilot provide the basis for understanding the perceived complexity of the autopilots, the differences between the pilot's and autopilot's conceptual models, and the limitations in training materials and cockpit displays. The paper compares the behavior of the autopilot vertical speed/flight path angle (VS-FPA) mode as described in the flight crew operators manual (FCOM) and the actual behavior of the VS-FPA mode defined in the autopilot software. This example demonstrates the use of the operational procedure model (OPM) as a method for using the requirements specification for the design of the software logic as information requirements for training.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND THEIR INHIBITORS IN HUMAN GYNECOLOGICAL TUMORS.

Abstract A relationship is shown to exist between degree of malignancy and the proteolytic activity of tissues from human gynecological tumors against expopeptidase and endopeptidase substrates. The average proteolytic activity obtained from normal ovaries, adenomas, borderline or Grade I tumors were considerably lower than those obtained with Grade II or Grade III tumors or metastases; on the other hand proteolytic enzyme inhibitor concentration was lower in Grade II and Grade III tumors and metastases than in the less malignant tumors. Because of regions of overlap between the groups little diagnostic significance can be attached to those results. The majority of cases do, however, fall within a relatively narrow range and mean values differ sufficiently from one group to another to conclude that a basic difference of possible prognostic significance exists.
Repositories of and additional comments on Permian sponge specimens containing molds of Paraconularia

In a previous publication in this journal, Finks (1955) reported the discovery of two sponge specimens containing external molds of the conulariid Paraconularia leonardensis (Finks). The sponges were collected from the Permian Leonard and Cherry Canyon Formations, west Texas (Finks, 1955,1960). As argued by Finks (1955), the conulariids contained in the sponges probably were sessile, and two conulariids in one of the sponges may have been directly attached to the sponge in life. These interpretations are corroborated by evidence documented by several other authors, most notably Sinclair (1948) and Babcock et al. (1987).
Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) and bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) from celery infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Methods for the production, isolation, and identification of xanthotoxin and bergapten from celery diseased by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Libert) de Bary were investigated. The only conditions under which this mold was capable of producing xanthotoxin and bergapten occurred when the mold was actively growing on fresh (metabolizing) celery. Neither compound was found in uninfected celery, in the mold growing on nutrient media, on nutrient media fortified with 30% filter-sterilized celery juice, or on nonmetabolizing celery. Maximal xanthotoxin production of 320 μg per g of dry rotted celery occurred at 20 C, although mycelial growth increased until 30 C. Neither xanthotoxin nor bergapten was found when the mold grew on 11 agricultural commodities other than celery.
Effect of Treatment, Ice Storage and Freezing on Residual Sulfite in Shrimp

When fresh shell-on tails of penaeid shrimp were treated with sodium bisulfite according to current good manufacturing practices, residual sulfite (SO2) on the edible portion varied from a high of 92.7 to a low of 60.9 ppm with an average of 80.2 ppm. During freezing and a short period of frozen storage, there was an average loss of 17% in residual sulfite. For shrimp held on ice storage, on the other hand, there was a rapid decrease in residual sulfite to below 10 ppm after six days of storage. The residual levels found on treated shrimp were consistent with action levels set by USFDA for shrimp treated according to good manufacturing practices.
Effect of residual excitation upon appraisals of a potential aversive outcome

Abstract It has been proposed that the magnitude of goal valence (the subjective attractiveness or unattractiveness of a potential outcome) increases directly with energy mobilized to carry out instrumental behavior. The present studies were designed to test this by examining the effect of unlabelled residual arousal upon appraisals of a potential aversive outcome. In a preliminary investigation, subjects performed a low- or high-effort stair-stepping exercise and then went to a room to rest. Measures of systolic blood pressure and self-perceived arousal taken during the rest period indicated (1) there was residual excitation after 1 and 5 min, but not after 9 min, for high-effort subjects, (2) there was residual excitation after 1 min, but not 5 and 9 min, for low-effort subjects, and (3) although high-effort subjects were still aroused after 5 min, they thought they were near baseline. In the first goal valence study, subjects performed the high-effort exercise and then, 1, 5, or 9 min later, were presented with the opportunity to avoid an aversive reading task by performing successfully a preliminary anagram task. As expected, ratings of how unpleasant the reading task would be were higher at 5 min than at 1 and 9 min. The second goal valence study included low-effort as well as high-effort conditions. Once again, unpleasantness ratings were found to be higher at 5 min than at 1 and 9 min for the high-effort subjects. For the low-effort subjects, though, unpleasantness ratings were modest and constant across time.
What comes around: the early 20th century American roots of legitimating corporate social responsibility

Understanding why explicit, managerial-centred corporate social responsibility (CSR) which first developed in the United States, has recently spread globally requires an examination of the circumstances under which it first emerged. CSR arose out of the success of large American corporations of the early 20th century in preventing unionization or significant regulation of their workplaces, a success that required firms to assume responsibility for employee welfare, not only to promote efficiency and prevent a resurgence of labour activism, but also to reassure traditionalists concerned with new white collar employment relations. Corporate executives discovered that positive publicity with regard to personnel policies helped them manage other controversies, so after World War I, some began to extend claims of being responsible employers to argue for a more comprehensive set of social responsibilities. The onset of the Depression and its aftermath reduced the significance of managerial voluntarism for almos...
A simplistic model to study the influence of film cooling on low temperature hot corrosion rate in coal gas/syngas fired gas turbines

The present paper is an attempt to establish an analytical study of low temperature hot corrosion (LTHC) in the context of high temperature turbines using coal gas or syngas with trace amount of sulfur in the fuel. LTHC in the presence of film cooling is explored using a simple analytical approach and heat and mass transfer analogy with film cooling air temperatures from 450 °C to 550 °C, hot gas stream temperature of 1425 °C and 0.5% of sulfur concentration in the fuel. For all the cooling air temperatures studied here, film cooling augments corrosion when the mainstream velocity is high. However, reduction in the mainstream velocity results in the suppression of corrosion after employing film cooling. A sharp peak in corrosion rate close to the cooling hole (<10s) is also seen. As the base super alloy is vulnerable to hot corrosion in this region, designers should consider the high corrosion rate seriously. The present model provides a simple baseline prediction methodology and sets direction for optimization needs.
Early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic dysplasia in patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer.

Thorough screening of patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer is feasible. Clinical data combined with imaging studies can be used to identify high-risk patients who have dysplasia. The...
Rotary motion and efferent readiness

Two experiments were conducted to test the influence of a readiness to make a rotary movement on the perception of rotary motion. In both experiments, Os monocularly viewed a stimulus whose direction of rotation is ambiguous while they were set or prepared to make a crank-turning motor response in a particular direction. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the initially perceived direction of rotation was more stable, i.e., lasted longer, if it was consistent with the direction in which Os were prepared to turn the crank. The effect of a readiness for motor activity on the stability of rotary motion was similar to the previously determined effect of overt motor activity. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the perception of the initial direction of rotation was shaped by a readiness to make a directional motor response.
Cyclohexenyl and Cyclohexylidene Inhibitors of 3-Dehydroquinate Synthase: Active Site Interactions Relevant to Enzyme Mechanism and Inhibitor Design

Cyclohexenyl and cyclohexylidene inhibitors possessing strategically placed olefinic residues, in general, bind to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase more tightly than similarly substituted cyclohexyl inhibitors. All of the newly synthesized inhibitors were prepared from a common DHQ derivative. Cyclohexenyl phosphate 1 is the most potent inhibitor of DHQ synthase thus far identified with an inhibition constant (Ki = 1.2 × 10-10 M), indicating active site binding 1000-fold tighter relative to the corresponding cyclohexyl phosphate 5. Cyclohexenyl tricarboxylate 2 binds 700-fold more tightly than similarly substituted cyclohexyl tricarboxylate 6 and is the first example of a nanomolar-level inhibitor (Ki = 8.6 × 10-9 M) possessing neither a phosphate monoester nor a phosphonic acid. Cyclohexenyl homophosphonate 4 (Ki = 3.0 × 10-8 M) and cyclohexylidene homophosphonate 10 (Ki = 3.2 × 10-9 M) bind 57- and 530-fold, respectively, more tightly than the corresponding cyclohexyl homophosphonate 8. Cyclohexylidene h...
Bribery in international markets: Diagnosis, clarification and remedy

This essay ranges widely, using selected ideas from microeconomics, ethics, and elementary game theory in an effort to gain some understanding of the controversial issue of bribery in international markets. Its goal is partial charification of the issue and increased awareness of alternative remedy strategies.
On goal-oriented error estimation for elliptic problems: application to the control of pointwise errors

A method to estimate and control pointwise errors in finite element approximations of elliptic problems is presented as an application of the more general theory of goal-oriented error estimation. In the latter, the accuracy of numerical approximations is assessed in terms of measures that are of practical interest to engineers rather than the classical global energy norm. Goal-oriented error estimation requires the solution of a problem dual to the original problem and the computation of several global error estimates. The performance of the method is carefully tested in the particular case of estimation and control of pointwise errors on a one-dimensional problem.
The impact of overbooking on primary care patient no-show

Overbooking has been widely adopted to deal with primary care’s prevalent patient no-show problem. However, there has been very limited research that analyzes the impact of overbooking on the major causes/factors of patient no-show and most importantly, its implications on patient no-show. In this paper, we take a novel approach and develop a game-theoretic framework (with queueing models) to explore the impact of overbooking on patient no-show through its effect on two important factors shown to affect no-show: appointment delay (time between a patient requesting an appointment and his actual appointment time) and office delay (the amount of time a patient waits in the office to see the doctor). While overbooking reduces appointment delay (which may positively affect patient no-show rate), it increases office delay (which may negatively affect patient no-show rate). Our results show that, considering both impacts of appointment delay and office delay, patient no-show rate always increases after overbooki...
Corner Sharing Tetrahedral Network in Co3(HAT)[N(CN)2]6(OH2)2 (HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylene)

We report a trinuclear Co(II) complex containing bridging dicyanamides and a tris-chelated HAT, which possesses approximately 37% void space. The magnetic exchange pathways appear in the structure as a corner sharing tetrahedral network. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c [a = 13.655(3) A, b = 15.189(3) A, c = 22.367(4) A, beta = 114.100(2) degrees, V = 4234.5(14) A(3), Z = 4, R(F(o)) = 0.0823]. The magnetic data were fit to an S = 3/2 model for systems dominated by zero-field splitting effects with g = 2.01 and D = 38.9 cm(-1).
Age and disease severity predict choice of atypical neuroleptic: a signal detection approach to physicians’ prescribing decisions

Objective: We used a novel application of a signal detection technique, receiver operator characteristics (ROC), to describe factors entering a physician’s decision to switch a patient from a typical high potency neuroleptic to a particular atypical, olanzapine (OLA) or risperidone (RIS). Methods: ROC analyses were performed on pharmacy records of 476 VA patients who had been treated on a high potency neuroleptic then changed to either OLA or RIS. Results: Overall 68% patients switched to OLA and 32% to RIS. The best predictor of neuroleptic choice was age at switch, with 78% of patients aged less than 55 years receiving OLA and 51% of those aged greater than or equal to 55 years receiving OLA (χ2=38.2, P<0.001). Further analysis of the former group indicated that adding the predictor of one or more inpatient days to age increased the likelihood of an OLA switch from 78% to 85% (χ2=7.3, P<0.01) while further analysis of the latter group indicated that adding the predictor of less than 10 inpatients days to age decreased the likelihood of an OLA switch from 51% to 45% (χ2=7.0, P<0.01). Conclusions: ROC analyses have the advantage over other analyses, such as regression techniques, insofar as their “cut-points” are readily interpretable, their sequential use forms an intuitive “decision tree” and allows the potential identification of clinically relevant “subgroups”. The software used in this analysis is in the public domain (http://mirecc.stanford.edu).
Complications of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy

Complications found in 47 individuals who underwent radical retroperitoneal node dissection were retrospectively analyzed. Our results indicate no mortality and an over-all complication rate of 29.7 per cent. An increased number of complications was noted in those patients who underwent elective appendectomy and in those node dissection above the renal vessels.
Mohr syndrome or oral-facial-digital II: report of two cases

Dental manifestations observed in two children with Mohr syndrome are discussed in detail. Mohr syndrome is one of two genetic entities composing the oral-facial-digital syndromes, and is the rarer of the two. Only two families with this syndrome have been previously reported, and this is the first paper to report in depth on the dental manifestations.
TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE? USING REALISM TO ENHANCE APPLICANT ATTRACTION

Research that has examined the effects of realism on pre-hire outcomes has suggested that it does not harm recruitment. We present evidence that realistic information may, under certain circumstances, increase organizational attractiveness. Participants (N = 225) evaluated one of two recruitment messages, positive only or realistic, and reported their perceptions of organizational attractiveness, source credibility, and perceptions of the challenge inherent in the job. Consistent with our hypothesis, the realistic recruitment message led to higher organizational attractiveness than the positive only message. Contrary to expectations, however, this effect appears to be mediated through perceptions of challenge in the job, rather than perceptions of source credibility.
Role of the p38 and MEK-½/p42/44 MAP Kinase Pathways in the Differential Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Expression by Ultraviolet and Ionizing Radiation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a potent activator of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression in a HeLa cell clone having stably integrated copies of an HIVcat (cat gene under control of the HIV promoter) reporter construct, whereas ionizing radiation is ineffective. UV-activated HIV gene expression is completely blocked by the specific p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 and by expression of a kinase-inactive p38 mutant that interferes with normal p38 function, suggesting that this stress-activated protein kinase plays an important role in UV-mediated transcriptional activation of HIV. In support of these findings, we show here that Western blot analysis demonstrated rapid and significant activation of p38 MAP kinase by UV. On the other hand, γ-radiation activated p38 MAP kinase very poorly in HeLa cells at both low and high doses at times (5–30 min) when UV radiation was effective. UV radiation also activated HIV gene expression (≤9-fold) in 1G5 Jurkat T-cells stably transfected with a luciferase reporter gene under control of the HIV promoter. In these cells, γ-radiation stimulated HIV gene expression but to a lesser extent (≤3-fold) and with different kinetics than after UV radiation, and this response was obliterated by the incubation of cells with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase (MEK)-½ inhibitor PD98059. This result suggests that in these cells signaling in response to γ-radiation is transduced through the MEK-½/p42/44 MAP kinase pathway to increase HIV gene expression. All combined, these results suggest that activation of p38 MAP kinase is necessary for efficient HIV gene expression triggered by DNA damaging agents, and, in a cell type-specific manner, activation of the MEK-½/p42/44 MAP kinase pathway is important for triggering a response to γ-radiation. Thus, it appears as if UV signaling leading to HIV gene expression requires the p38 MAP kinase pathway whereas activation by γ-radiation requires the MEK-½/p42/44 MAP kinase pathway.
Terahertz Science and Applications Based on Electro-optic Polymer Films

We review our work using electro-optic polymer films to generate and detect terahertz (THz) radiation. We demonstrate a THz system with a gap-free, wideband response > 12 THz. An OPA based system is also described.
The Effect of Chemical Treatments on Red-Rim Melania Melanoides tuberculata, an Exotic Aquatic Snail that Serves as a Vector of Trematodes to Fish and Other Species in the USA

Abstract The red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculata, a subtropical and tropical snail, is a nonindigenous species that has become established and is spreading in the United States. Of concern is the potential of the red-rim melania to displace native snail populations and to transmit trematodes that cause serious problems. One of these, a fish gill trematode, Centrocestus formosanus, has negatively affected U.S. commercial and wild fish stocks, including some endangered species. The snail has an operculum that can protect it from desiccation and can remain viable for days on dry fisheries equipment. Thus, contaminated fisheries equipment is suspected as one of the ways the snail is being moved from place to place. A study was conducted to find chemical treatments that would kill 100% of the red-rim melania. Thirteen different chemicals and chemical combinations were evaluated at different concentrations and for various exposure periods. Roccal-D-Plus, Hydrothol 191, niclosamide, and Virkon showed promise ...
Vaccines based on abnormal self-antigens as tumor-associated antigens: immune regulation.

Abstract Abnormal expression of “self” antigens on tumors compared with normal cells provides opportunities and challenges for development of cancer vaccines. We review recent work in pre-clinical transgenic mouse models and in clinical trials that has elucidated multiple regulatory mechanisms that interfere with the induction of effective immunity. We discuss these as being either part of the normal function of the immune system or being driven by the tumor microenvironment. Collectively this work shows that it is possible to design vaccines based on tumor-associated antigens and elicit effective immunity against abnormal expression of these antigens on tumors without causing autoimmunity.
Selective binding and solvent denaturation.

A primitive model for solvent denaturation is that the denaturant binds independently to sites exposed by the unfolding of the protein. For reagents like urea and guanidinium salts, this binding must be very weak since denaturation occurs only at very high concentrations. Standard formulas for very weak binding lead to thermodynamic inconsistencies. In this paper, binding by denaturants is treated as selective solvation. This introduces a factor of K 1 into the binding isotherm and binding free energy, where K is the equilibrium constant for selective interaction with the sites. This leads to a thermodynamically consistent description of the binding and the denaturation since, when K = 1, there is no selective interaction and no effect on denaturation, even in concentrated solutions where site occupancy is inevitable.
Water level indication

Abstract The possibility of measuring the water level in a PWR by studying the natural frequency of its pendular oscillation is discussed. The effect is complicated both by the complex internals and by the generation of surface waves when the vessel is partially full. For small losses of inventory the effects are measurable, but not large. The principal advantages are that the method measures the mass of water directly, and, above all, that it is noninvasive. The method is described, and the general formulae and numerical examples are given for a greatly oversimplified model. Only testing on real vessels can determine whether the technique is truly useful.
Gibberellin-like Activity of Neutral and Acidic Substances in the Potato Tuber

NATIVE gibberellin-like substances have been found in peelings of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers1–3, using Phinney's dwarf maize bioassay4. These substances were shown in one report1 to be more active on dwarf maize-5 than on dwarf-1. In another report, extracts stimulated elongation of dwarfs −1, −3, and −5 equally3. This communication presents evidence for the occurrence in potato tubers of new neutral and acidic substances exhibiting gibberellin-like activity.
Vadose-zone recharge and weathering in an Eocene sand deposit, East Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Weathering of terrigenous sand in the vadose zone of the Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation in Freestone County, Texas, appears to be controlled by vadose-water flow rate and kinetics of dissolution and precipitation of silicate minerals. Feldspar grains more commonly appear corroded by surface-reaction-controlled dissolution than argillized in situ. Kaolinite and smectite, which most likely precipitated from silica-rich vadose water, coat remaining framework grains. Where those grains are later dissolved, delicate clay molds remain. The relative abundances of feldspar and clay minerals are inversely related and vary with depth, reflecting the cumulative effect of feldspar weathering. Concentrations of dissolved and adsorbed cations generally are near massaction equilibrium. Recharge occurs from March to May (spring) and from October to November (autumn) when there is a net excess of water in the vadose zone. Dissolved ionic concentrations fluctuate seasonally with vadose-water residence time, suggesting that mass flux is close to mineral dissolution rate.
A critical reappraisal of treatment response criteria in systemic mastocytosis and a proposal for revisions

Mast cell disease (MCD) is a hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm that is associated with infiltration of one or more organs with cytologically abnormal mast cells (MC). MCD is frequently but not always associated with a KIT mutation and, in some cases, is associated with clonal expansion of non-MC lineage cells. In adults, there is almost always MC infiltration of the bone marrow, which is a cardinal feature of systemic mastocytosis (SM). While, as members of the wider community of physician scientists, we recognize the contribution of the current consensus treatment response criteria for SM, as individuals with more than average clinical experience in SM, we would like to point out their limitations and engage in a constructive discussion that will hopefully lead to a consideration for revisions. We present here an alternative proposal for treatment response assessments we believe is more objective, reproducible, and importantly, SM-subtype specific, given the recent progress in our understanding of the natural history of this disease. We believe this proposal is timely given the prospects for new clinical trials in SM, and the related regulatory aspects of new drug approval that are currently not adequately addressed. The intent of this exercise is not to undermine the complexity of the disease or previous work by other investigators, but to come up with ideas for response criteria that are more practical and consider meaningful patient outcome.
Solution studies of the interactions between the histone core proteins and DNA using fluorescence spectroscope

The equilibrium interactions between histone H2A-H2B and H3/H4 subunits with 200 base pair chicken erythrocyte DNA have been studied by monitoring the fluorescence polarization of a long-lived fluorescence probe covalently bound to the histone subunits. These studies have brought to light the formation of highly asymmetric complexes exhibiting very high histone/DNA stoichiometries as well as very high apparent affinities. The stoichiometries observed for these non-nucleosome complexes depended both upon the concentration of the histones and the concentration of the DNA 200mer. The observed stoichiometries varied approximately between 4 and 16 histone octamers/DNA 200mer and the affinities were in the nanomolar range. These results are discussed in terms of their in vitro as well as their possible in vivo significance.
Release of 12 Adipokines by Adipose Tissue, Nonfat Cells, and Fat Cells From Obese Women

The relative release in vitro of endothelin-1, zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (ZAG), lipocalin-2, CD14, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted protein), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP-4), visfatin/PBEF/Nampt, glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPX-3), intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and amyloid A was examined using explants of human adipose tissue as well as the nonfat cell fractions and adipocytes from obese women. Over a 48-h incubation the majority of the release of LPL was by fat cells whereas that of lipocalin-2, RANTES, and ICAM-1 was by the nonfat cells present in human adipose tissue. In contrast appreciable amounts of OPG, amyloid A, ZAG, FABP-4, GPX-3, CD14, and visfatin/PBEF/Nampt were released by both fat cells and nonfat cells. There was an excellent correlation (r = 0.75) between the ratios of adipokine release by fat cells to nonfat cells over 48 h and the ratio of their mRNAs in fat cells to nonfat cells at the start of the incubation. The total release of ZAG, OPG, RANTES, and amyloid A by incubated adipose tissue explants from women with a fat mass of 65 kg was not different from that by women with a fat mass of 29 kg. In contrast that of ICAM-1, FABP-4, GPX-3, visfatin/PBEF/Nampt, CD14, lipocalin-2, LP, and endothelin-1 was significantly greater in tissue from women with a total fat mass of 65 kg.
Asymmetries in physiological state as a possible cause of resident advantage in contests

As is common in defense of resources in many animals, contests on host fruit between female Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) are generally resolved in favour of the resident individual. Here we offer an interpretation of resident advantage in this species which is derived from a dynamical state-variable perspective on behaviour. We first demonstrated the occurrence of residence advantage. In field-cage assays of freely-foraging and freely-interacting females within a tree bearing host coffee berries, the occurrence of two females on a berry almost always resulted in contests. Approximately half of the contests among females on berries resulted in clear winners; resident females won an overwhelming majority of such contests. Contests tended to occur while the resident fly was currently engaged in egg-laying, either boring into the berry with their ovipositor or marking the berry after laying eggs. Non-residents, by contrast, were uniformly engaged in searching behaviour. We next tested the hypothesis that degree of resident advantage is a function of the degree to which a resident is engaged in egg-laying behaviour just prior to the contest. In experimental manipulations of resident status, which female won depended strongly on what residents were doing at the time contests were initiated. If residents were resting and grooming, non-residents (who were uniformly searching) usually won. If residents were laying eggs or marking the fruit after laying eggs, residents usually won. Only when both residents and non-residents were engaged in searching behaviour did the outcome of a contest not depend on resident status. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that contest outcome is related to the dynamical state of the contestants in terms of their relative age. We staged contests between host-deprived females that differed in age by two weeks, manipulating age independently of resident status. Older females won virtually all contests with younger ones regardless of resident status. In a field-cage assay of freely-foraging flies, older females also engaged in significantly more egg-laying activity. Taken together, these results indicate that older females value a fruit more highly than do younger ones, invest more in defense of that resource and therefore win more contests.
Discriminant analysis using certain normed exponential densities with emphasis on remote sensing application

Abstract The Bayes discriminant analysis based upon the normality assumption for population models does not lead to an exact evaluation of probabilities of correct classification and of misclassification unless it is restricted to a simplest possible situation. In order to overcome this and other computational difficulties that one faces in a complex situation such as the remote sensing, certain alternative densities are posed as models for the observations. It is shown that for a Bayes discriminant analysis these densities lead to piecewise linear discriminant functions even when the covariance matrices are unequal (a property not enjoyed in the normal case) and provide a theoretical solution for evaluating probabilities of correct classification and of misclassification. Also, some computational advantages are achieved.
Characteristics of a newly isolated methane oxidizing bacterium, Methylomonas flagellata nov. sp

A well growing methane oxidizing bacterium was isolated in pure culture from a natural source through studying production of single cell protein. This bacterium was identified as a new species Methylomonas flagellata. It was shown to be a gram-negative rod, 1.0 to 1.2 by 2.0 to 3.0 μ, and motile by means of polar flagella. Formation of a type of “immature cysts” was observed.This bacterium showed relatively high growth rate of μ=0.17 hr−1 for a pure methane oxidizing bacterium.
Reactivity of product gases generated in idealized enclosure fire environments

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the mole fractions of major product gases trapped in a hood located above a fire can be correlated in terms of the global equivalence ratio. Temperatures in the hood experiments have generally been low. Full-kinetic calculations are employed to characterize the reactivity and reaction behavior for the product gases observed in a hood experiment burning natural gas as fuel. A range of temperatures (700-1300 K) typical of enclosure fires is considered. Mixing is assumed to be infinitely fast (perfectly-stirred reactor) or infinitely slow (plug-flow reactor). Both isothermal and adiabatic cases are treated. Calculations are reported for a range of residence times (0–20 s) and global equivalence ratios (0.5–2.83). The dominant variable for reaction behavior is found to be temperature. Effects due to mixing and heat transfer assumptions are less important. The results indicate that the hood product gases are reactive for temperatures greater than 800 K. For rich mixtures, reaction generates primarily carbon monoxide as opposed to carbon dioxide. At higher temperatures the formation of hydrogen is favored over water while water is favored in the 800–1000 K range. In the lower temperature range HO 2 is the dominant free radical. Uncertainties in rates for reactions involving this specie introduce considerable uncertainty into the calculated behaviors. At higher temperatures (1100-1300 K) the important free radicals are H atom and OH. Reactions involving these radicals are better characterized than those involving HO 2 . The findings suggest that the results of the hood experiments cannot be used directly for the modeling of species production in enclosure fires.
Comparison of a multiple-slit correlation spectrometer with laser absorption in air-pollutant detection

Abstract The use of tunable-diode lasers in air-pollution diagnostics at selected centers of absorbing lines should produce an increase of 104 in sensitivity, without loss in selectivity, as compared with correlation spectroscopy.
Current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic F / Al interfaces ( F = Py , Co, Fe, and Co 91 Fe 9 ) and structural studies of Co/Al and Py/Al

We determined current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetotransport parameters: interface specific resistance $(2A{R}^{\ensuremath{\ast}})$ and scattering asymmetry $(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ for $F/\text{Al}$ ($F$: $\text{Py}={\text{Ni}}_{84}{\text{Fe}}_{16}$, Co, Fe, and ${\text{Co}}_{91}{\text{Fe}}_{9}$) interfaces. The derived values of $2A{R}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}\ensuremath{\sim}8.4\char21{}11.6\text{ }\text{f}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }{\text{m}}^{2}$ are exceptionally large but those of $\ensuremath{\gamma}l0.18$ are small. Modest changes in sample resistances with aging and annealing indicated some changes in interfacial structure. We studied those changes in Co/Al and Py/Al multilayers, using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. These techniques showed little, if any, differences in interfacial structure and width between unannealed and annealed multilayers and no evidence of intermetallic phase formation. The structural differences that cause the transport differences, thus, appear to be subtle.
Accurate dipole moments from Hartree-Fock calculations by means of class IV charges

Charge Model 2 (CM2) is parameterized for Hartree–Fock calculations with the correlation-consistent polarized valence double zeta (cc-pVDZ) basis set. The resulting charge model has an RMS error of 0.18 D over a training set of 198 polar molecules. The charge model is additionally applied to 8 nucleic acid bases and methyl azide to test its performance for nitrogen-containing compounds not found in the training set. The results demonstrate that this new CM2 model based on ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations is robust in predicting the charge distributions of such molecules. Comparison of CM2 results for the nitrogen-containing test set with those from a previous charge model, charge model 1 (CM1) based on AM1 (Austin model 1) and PM3 (parameterized model 3) wave functions, indicate that the CM2 charges are more accurate than those from the previous model.
Space-time duality and temporal imaging

The equations describing the diffraction of beams in space and the dispersion of pulses in dielectrics can be made to appear virtually identical. This suggests that a temporal equivalent to a space lens in combination with dispersion should yield a system for imaging waveforms in the time domain. This paper describes the principles of such an imaging system and suggests some applications for time scale transformation.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Local Polynomial Regression Models for Average Traffic Speed Estimation and Forecasting in Linear Constraint Databases

Constraint databases have the specific advantage of being able to represent infinite temporal relations by linear equations, linear inequalities, polynomial equations, and so on. This advantage can store a continuous time-line that naturally connects with other traffic attributes, such as traffic speed. In most cases, vehicle speed varies over time, that is, the speed is often nonlinear. However, the infinite representations allowed in current constraint database systems are only linear. Our article presents a new approach to estimate and forecast continuous average speed using linear constraint database systems. Our new approach to represent and query the nonlinear average traffic speed is based on a combination of local polynomial regression and piecewise-linear approximation algorithm. Experiments using the MLPQ constraint database system and queries show that our method has a high accuracy in predicting the average traffic speed. The actual accuracy is controllable by a parameter. We compared the local linear regression model with the local cubic model by using a field experiment. It was found that the local cubic model follows more closely the raw data than the linear model follows.