cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermodynamically consistent rate-dependent model for turbulent two-phase flows

Abstract The averaged equations of motion including the Clausius-Duhem inequality for multiphase mixtures are considered and the thermodynamics of the mean motion is studied. Based on the averaged entropy inequality, constitutive equations are formulated, and the thermodynamical constraints on material parameters are obtained. The resulting expressions for phasic stresses are anisotropic, rate-dependent and exhibit normal stress effects. It is shown that the present theory contains the recently developed turbulence models for dilute two-phase flows and kinetic models for dense granular flows as special cases. Using these limiting conditions, the material coefficients of the model for a two-phase mixture are evaluated. The special case of simple shear flows of dense two-phase mixtures are studied in details. It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data for glass beads in water and air.
A large-cell renormalisation group calculation of the percolation conduction critical exponent

The authors employ a position-space renormalisation method, using square cells containing up to 365 bonds, to calculate the conduction critical exponent t for the two-dimensional random resistor network problem. Their results are consistent with t being equal to the cluster size critical exponent v.
Distinct Photopolymerization Efficacy on Dentin of Self-etch Adhesives

The effect of application mode on polymerization effectiveness of self-etch adhesives with different pHs has rarely been studied. We applied 2 self-etch adhesives-Adper Prompt L-Pop (APLP, pH ~ 0.8) and Adper Easy-Bond (AEB, pH ~ 2.5)-to dentin with or without agitation (dynamic or static application), to investigate photopolymerization efficacy on dentin, and to understand the role of chemical interaction/reaction between adhesives and dentin. Micro-Raman spectra and imaging were acquired across the dentin/adhesive (D/A) interface. The degree of conversion (DC) of each adhesive as a function of position was calculated. SEM-EDS was used to obtain the elemental distribution along the interface. Photopolymerization efficacies of the two self-etch adhesives on dentin were apparently different. APLP exhibited decreasing DCs as the distance from the D/A interface became greater for both application modes, while the DCs for the dynamic mode were much higher than those for the static mode. As for AEB, the DCs remained almost constant across the adhesive layer and showed no significant difference between two modes. Raman spectral analysis disclosed that the chemical interaction between dentin and adhesives was responsible for the observations. We also verified this by tracking the distribution of the elements Ca and P in the adhesive layers.
Moral styles: A resource for value-centered counseling.

One of the best resources that ministers and others who engage extensively in short-term personal counseling can have is a consistent method for assess ing the needs and initial expectations of persons who come to them for help. Edgar Draper suggests one such method through a set of diagnostic questions: "Why is this person coming for help?" "Why is he coming now?" "Why is he coming to me?"1 Another psychiatrist, Sandor Rado, suggests a method of assessing the motivational level of a person seeking help in terms of four rather distinct categories related to psychogenetic development. A patient may be motivated by "magical craving." ("The doctor must not only cure me, he must do everything for me, by magic") Or, at a slightly less regressed level, he may come in "parental invocation." ("What can the doc tor do for me? He should do everything for me. I want to be his favorite child.") Someone who comes for help while functioning more fully as an adult may be motivated to join the therapist in "co-operative striving." ("I am ready to co-operate with the doctor. I must learn how to help myself.") Finally, at a clearly adult level of functioning, a client may come in "realis tic self-reliance." ("What can I do for myself? How can I best use the help of the doctor?")2 Both of these models serve to direct the counselor's attention beneath the
Purification and characterization of stage-specific glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi.

Four developmentally regulated glycoproteins were purified from detergent solubilized cell membranes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Three trypomastigote specific glycoproteins each migrated as single bands under denaturing conditions with approximate Mr of 90 000, 85 000, and 55 000 and pI values of 4.3–5.0, 8.5–9.1, and 8.2, respectively. The fourth, epimastigote specific, protein had an approximate Mr of 72 000 and a pI of 4.8–5.1. The Mr of all four glycoproteins changed by 5–50% upon endoglycosidase F treatment. The Mr 72 000 antigen was the only one that reacted strongly with anti-epimastigote sera raised in rabbits. Sera from a Chagasic patient reacted strongly with the three trypomastigote specific glycoproteins and very weakly with the Mr 72 000 glycoprotein.
Chronic stress decreases liking and satisfaction of low-calorie chips

Abstract Previous studies have shown that acute stress affects food choice and the amount of consumption. However, relatively little is known about the effect of chronic stress on food perception. This study aimed to determine whether the sensory perception and impression of foods can be different under distinctive levels of chronic stress. Volunteers were asked to fill out a self-administrated questionnaire on psychological stress over the previous month (Perceived Stress Scale; PSS); the PSS score has been found to be related to psychological stress-related biomarkers such as cortisol level. Among the volunteers, those who scored below 10-point on the PSS were labeled “low stress group”, while those who scored 25-point or higher were labeled “high stress group.” Sensory perception and acceptance in response to low- and high-calorie potato chips were compared between the low and high stress groups. The intensity ratings of overall flavor, saltiness, and crispness did not significantly differ between chronic stress levels. However, hedonic ratings of the appearance and overall flavor of low-calorie chips were significantly lower in the high stress group than in the low stress group. In addition, the high stress group liked low-calorie chips significantly less than did the low stress group. Also, the high stress group was less satisfied with the low-calorie chips after eating when compared to the low stress group. However, for the high-calorie chips, there were no significant differences in the ratings of sensory intensity and liking, overall impression, and satisfaction felt after consumption, between the two chronic stress groups. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that chronic stress levels can modulate not only acceptability of low calorie-chips, but also satisfaction felt after eating.
Translation of the phosphoinositide code by PI effectors

Phosphoinositide (PI) lipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes. They are produced by mono-, bis- and trisphosphorylation of the inositol headgroup of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and are concentrated in separate pools of cytosolic membranes. PIs serve as markers of the cell compartments and form unique docking sites for protein effectors. Collectively, seven known PIs, the protein effectors that bind them and enzymes that generate or modify PIs compose a remarkably complex protein-lipid signaling network. A number of cytosolic proteins contain one or several effector modules capable of recognizing individual PIs and recruiting the host proteins to distinct intracellular compartment. The recently determined atomic-resolution structures and membrane-targeting mechanisms of a dozen PI effectors have provided insights into the molecular basis for regulation of endocytic membrane trafficking and signaling. In this review, I highlight the structural aspects of the deciphering of the 'PI code' by the most common PI-recognizing effectors and discuss the mechanistic details of their membrane anchoring.
Antidepressant tolerability in anxious and depressed youth at high risk for bipolar disorder: a prospective naturalistic treatment study

OBJECTIVE: Depressive and anxiety disorders are common in youth who are at risk for bipolar disorder (i.e., youth who have at least one parent with bipolar disorder) and antidepressants are commonly prescribed as treatment. However, there are few data regarding the safety and tolerability of antidepressants in this population. Therefore, we sought to prospectively examine the effects of these medications in children and adolescents who are diagnosed with depressive or anxiety disorders and have a parent with bipolar I disorder. METHODS: Youth aged 9-20 years, with at least one parent with bipolar I disorder [high risk (HR)], were recruited (n = 118) and assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews. Participants were prospectively evaluated using a modified version of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation to assess changes in affective and anxiety symptoms and were treated naturalistically. RESULTS: Over the course of 43-227 weeks (mean duration of follow-up: 106 ± 55 weeks), 21% (n = 25) of youth had antidepressant exposure and, of these, 57% (n = 12) had an adverse reaction (e.g., irritability, aggression, impulsivity, or hyperactivity) that led to antidepressant discontinuation. Those patients who experienced an adverse reaction were significantly younger than those who did not (p = 0.02) and discontinuation of antidepressant therapy secondary to an adverse event occurred at an average of 16.7 ± 17.4 weeks (median: 11 weeks, range: 2-57 weeks). Cox proportional hazard analyses yielded a hazard ratio of 0.725 (p = 0.03), suggesting that there is a 27% decrease in the likelihood of an antidepressant-related adverse event leading to discontinuation with each one-year increase in age. CONCLUSIONS: Antidepressant medications may be poorly tolerated in youth with a familial risk for developing mania. Controlled studies further assessing treatments for depression and anxiety in HR youth are urgently needed. Language: en
CIRCUS MOVEMENTS OF LIMULUS AND THE TROPISM THEORY

1. Under laboratory conditions Limulus from 20 to 60 mm. in diameter are positively phototropic, and execute circus movements towards the normal side, when the median and the opposite lateral eyes are removed or covered. 2. The phototropism of Limulus may be modified or obliterated by (a) fright, (b) hunger, (c) stereotropism, (d) photokinesis, and (e) unknown stimuli. 3. Quantitative measurements of the paths of animals doing circus movements demonstrate that the amount of turning varies directly with the light intensity as follows: for 8,000 candle meters the degrees turned per centimeter were 6.73; for 2,000 candle meters, 5.23; and for 900 candle meters, 4.78. In other words, the diameter of the circle varies inversely with the light intensity. 4. The rate of locomotion per minute also varies directly with the light intensity, being 178 cm. for 8,000 candle meters, 167 for 2,000, and 157 for 900. 5. These reactions are satisfactorily explained by the tropism theory.
The gender wage gap in South Korea: how much has changed in 10 years?

Abstract We compare earnings differences between women and men in South Korea to see how gender differences in wages have changed between 1988 and 1998. In 1988, South Korea passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) which guaranteed protection by gender in employment. We find that male workers in South Korea enjoy a wage premium in both 1988 and 1998 compared to like women. However, the wage premium for men is significantly less (22.6%) in 1998 than in 1988 (27.2%) all else equal.
SECOND-ORDER HYPERFINE AND ZEEMAN CORRECTIONS FOR AN (sl) CONFIGURATION

The complete Zeeman and hyperfine (dipole, quadrupole, and octupole) matrices are given for an ($\mathrm{sl}$) configuration in intermediate coupling. From these are derived the second-order corrections to the zero-field hyperfine intervals for an ($\mathrm{sp}$) configuration. In addition, we obtain the corrections appropriate to the crossing of certain of the hyperfine Zeeman levels of an ($\mathrm{sp}$) $^{3}P_{1}$ state for atoms with spin-\textonehalf{} and spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ nuclei.
Effective Empowerment in Organizations

Psychological empowerment is the perception that workers can help determine their own work roles, accomplish meaningful work, and influence important decisions. Empowerment has been studied from different perspectives, including employee perceptions, leadership behaviors, and management programs. Despite positive rhetoric, programs designed to increase empowerment seldom achieve the benefits promised. Inconclusive and seemingly contradictory outcomes stem from the fact that few companies give employees significant control and access to management information. A half century of research suggests that empowerment strategies can offer real benefits. We outline facilitating conditions for effective empowerment, including characteristics of organizations, leaders, employees, and the work itself.
In-plane integration of quantum cascade lasers with resonant intersubband nonlinearities

We propose a new design of quantum cascade lasers integrated with resonant intersubband nonlinearities, in which the laser is divided into two separately contacted and biased sections along the cavity length. One section operates as a laser active medium while another section serves as a nonlinear element. We show that such schemes turn out to be surprisingly flexible and efficient in implementing various resonant optical nonlinearities.
PROSTATE CANCER DETECTION IN CANDIDATES FOR OPEN PROSTATECTOMY

AbstractPurpose: We determine the incidence of biopsy detectable prostate cancer in men with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) elevation who are candidates for open prostatectomy, and the histology of prostatic tissue of men who underwent surgery.Materials and Methods: Sextant peripheral zone prostate biopsies were performed in 128 consecutive men with obstructive voiding symptoms who had digital rectal examination not suspicious for cancer, PSA greater than 4.0 ng./ml. and prostate volume 75 ml. or greater. Of the patients 59 also underwent transition zone biopsy. Median PSA was 9.9 ng./ml. (range 4.1 to 80.0), median prostate volume was 92 ml. (range 75 to 220), median PSA density was 0.10 ng./ml./ml. (range 0.03 to 0.80) and median percent free PSA in 43 patients was 23.6 (range 8.8 to 41.3).Results: Of the 128 patients 16 (13%) had malignant biopsy including 1 who had cancer detected with transition zone biopsy only. Gleason score of tumors ranged from 4 t...
Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Duration of Children's Exposure to Neighborhood Poverty and Affluence

Despite much scholarly attention to “neighborhood effects” on children, no study to date has measured the cumulative exposure of children to neighborhood poverty and affluence. In this article, I estimate racial and ethnic inequality in the amount of time children can expect to live in poor and nonpoor neighborhoods throughout childhood. At rates prevailing in the early- to mid-1990s, the average black child can expect to spend about 50 percent of her first 18 years in neighborhoods with poverty rates in excess of 20 percent. The corresponding figures for Latino and white children are about 40 percent and 5 percent, respectively. I find that black/white differences in childhood exposure to neighborhood poverty are largely accounted for by differences in the probability of being born into a poor neighborhood, and to a lesser degree by differences in rates of upward and downward neighborhood mobility during childhood. Finally, cross-period analyses indicate that white children's share of childhood in the most affluent neighborhood type increased steadily beginning in the late 1980s and that black children's exposure to the poorest neighborhood type increased rapidly in the mid-1980s and then declined sharply throughout the first half of the 1990s.
Public domain optical character recognition

A public domain document processing system has been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The system is a standard reference form-based handprint recognition system for evaluating optical character recognition (OCR), and it is intended to provide a baseline of performance on an open application. The system's source code, training data, performance assessment tools, and type of forms processed are all publicly available. The system recognizes the handprint entered on handwriting sample forms like the ones distributed with NIST Special Database 1. From these forms, the system reads hand-printed numeric fields, upper and lowercase alphabetic fields, and unconstrained text paragraphs comprised of words from a limited-size dictionary. The modular design of the system makes it useful for component evaluation and comparison, training and testing set validation, and multiple system voting schemes. The system contains a number of significant contributions to OCR technology, including an optimized probabilistic neural network (PNN) classifier that operates a factor of 20 times faster than traditional software implementations of the algorithm. The source code for the recognition system is written in C and is organized into 11 libraries. In all, there are approximately 19,000 lines of code supporting more than 550 subroutines. Source code is provided for form registration, form removal, field isolation, field segmentation, character normalization, feature extraction, character classification, and dictionary-based postprocessing. The recognition system has been successfully compiled and tested on a host of UNIX workstations. This paper gives an overview of the recognition system's software architecture, including descriptions of the various system components along with timing and accuracy statistics.
Effects of acute and chronic administration of fluoxetine on the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat.

The gradual recovery of activity of serotonergic neurons following an initial inhibition has been hypothesized to play an important role in the delayed onset of efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This study explored the clinical relevance of this hypothesis by examining the effects of different doses and routes of administration of fluoxetine on the recovery of activity of serotonergic neurons over the course of a 21-day exposure. Single-unit, extracellular recordings of serotonergic neurons were made in the dorsal raphe nucleus of anesthetized male rats. Acute i.v., s.c. and i.p. administration of fluoxetine inhibited the activity of serotonergic neurons. With chronic administration of fluoxetine, at clinically relevant doses, the activity of serotonergic neurons gradually recovered to baseline levels over the course of 14-21 days. The dose of fluoxetine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg per day) did not make a significant difference in the time course of the recovery of activity of serotonergic neurons. A significant, non-parallel shift in the dose-response curve of serotonergic neurons to the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT occurred over the 21 days of treatment with fluoxetine, indicating a desensitization of the 5-HT1A receptor during this period. The recovery of firing did not correlate with either plasma or cerebrospinal fluid levels of fluoxetine or norfluoxetine. These results indicate that, similar to the effects of dose on the speed of onset of the clinical effects of SSRIs, increasing the dose of fluoxetine does not hasten the recovery of firing of serotonergic neurons during chronic administration. These results support the hypothesis that desensitization of the 5-HT1A receptor and consequent recovery of firing of 5-HT cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a role in the delayed therapeutic onset of fluoxetine.
Is there a "July effect" in surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

Background: Prior studies in various medical and surgical specialties have suggested that the changeover of medical trainees in the United States at the end of the academic year, or so-called “July effect,” negatively impacts the quality of patient care, including increasing morbidity and decreasing efficiency. We analyzed whether the outcomes of surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis involving physicians-in-training as first assistants were affected by the time of year the surgery was performed. Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective study with use of a prospectively collected database to examine outcomes following instrumented posterior spinal fusion in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The minimum duration of follow-up was two years. The outcomes of procedures performed by twelve surgeons whose first assistants were all surgeons-in-training were analyzed on the basis of the month of year that the surgery was performed. Variables assessed included blood loss, operative time, length of hospitalization, radiographic outcomes, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS-22) scores, and complications. Results: Five hundred and seventy-five surgical procedures for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were performed, most in June (14%) and July (13%) (p ≤ 0.001). Preoperative radiographic characteristics were similar across all months as were postoperative radiographic outcomes. Preoperative and two-year SRS-22 scores were also similar across all months, with the exception of scores in the preoperative pain domain, which showed worse pain for patients who underwent surgery in February. No significant differences in blood loss, operative time, or length of hospital stay were observed when these variables were analyzed on the basis of the month in which the surgery was performed. The rate of patients experiencing any complication (23.5% overall) was not associated with the month of surgery, nor were the rates for the specific subcategories of neurologic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, instrumentation, or surgical site-related complications. With the exception of three gastrointestinal complications that were observed in July, the odds of a patient having a complication from surgery in July/August were unchanged from other months. Conclusions: Overall, the data did not provide evidence to support a July effect. Our results suggest that surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis during July and August yields safety and outcomes equal to that of other months. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Hospital-Based Infant Safety Seat Program for Low-Income Families: Assessment of Population Needs and Provider Practices

Evaluation of a hospital-based car safety seat education and loan program for low-income families included hospital interviews with new mothers (N = 94), a survey of pediatricians (N = 28), and a task analysis of the program coordinator's time. Mothers who entered the hospital with safety seats were more likely than those without safety seats to (1) be White or Mexican-American than Black; (2) not be dependent on public transportation; (3) have an older child who always rides in a car seat; and (4) wear seat belts themselves. Mothers with seats did not differ from mothers without seats in knowledge or beliefs about the importance of, or intent to use, car seats. Of mothers without seats, 86.3% were aware of the hospital's car seat rental program, but only 12 of 51 rented a seat from the program. 61% of pediatricians surveyed believed that mothers' lack knowledge and skills to acquire and use car seats regularly, but only 31% always included education about the importance of using car seats and only 21% always referred mothers without seats to the rental program. Car seat loan programs addressing low-income populations should place greater emphasis on education of medical providers to provide education and referrals, encourage organizational policy that requires a safe first ride home and address issues of social support and perceived norms and ease of acquisition.
Prediagnostic symptoms of ovarian carcinoma: A case-control study

Objective Women with ovarian carcinoma experience poor survival because symptoms are vague and diagnosis is unlikely at an early stage. The objective of this study was to identify a set of symptoms that might assist gynecologists and other clinicians in the diagnosis of localized ovarian carcinoma when treatment is most effective.
Renormalization group calculation of correlation functions of general Ising hamiltonians

Abstract Renormalization group concepts are useful in obtaining spin correlation functions for general Ising hamiltonians. A finite lattice approximation for correlations between spins too far apart to be in the same finite lattice illustrats this.
Serotonin antagonist increases longevity in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy.

SummarySurvival time was increased over 90% in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy treated orally with a serotonin antagonist, methysergide bimaleate. There was a concurrent increase in body weight in treated animals. Short term treatment for 3 weeks with the drug caused a significant enlargement of the ovaries of dystrophic mice, but had no effect on body weight or other endocrine organ weights of normal mice.
Theory for electric charging in turbulent pipe flow

Basec on somewhat simplified profiles of turbulent eddy diffusivity and mean vcLacity in turbulent flow, an expression is derived for the convection current in a pipe where electrification occurs at the wall. The expression is in explicit analytic form, and applies for all turbulent Reynolds numbers and all fluid conductivities, from conditions where the Debye length is small compared with the diffusion sublayer (typical aqueous solutions) to conditions where the Debye length is large compared with the sublayer (typical liquid hydrocarbons).
Effect of CPAP Treatment on EKG Parameters in Patients with Significant Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a well established risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The effect of OSA on EKG has not been well studied. The aim of our study is to investigate the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on EKG in patients with significant OSA. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study using the sleep lab database in our academic center. 700 patients with OSA were randomly selected, of which 243 patients had moderate or severe OSA and prescribed CPAP, 337 patients had mild OSA, and 120 had normal study. Using T test we compared different EKG parameters in patients with moderate or severe OSA before and 6 to 12 months after the initiation of the CPAP treatment. From the 243 patients, 148 have documentation of CPAP compliance. The rest of the patients with no or questionable compliance were excluded. Results: Mean PR interval has dropped significantly in the study group from (123.34624.95) before CPAP treatment to (85.46640.99) after being complaint with the CPAP treatment for 6 to 12 months (p5 0.01). Similar trend was noticed in the QRS and QTc durations, but without being statistically significant. When comparing other EKG parameters, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: CPAP treatment was associated with significant reduction is the PR interval duration in patients with moderate to severe OSA compliant with the treatment. The rest of the parameters were not statistically significant. A larger sample size is needed to confirm other relations observed in the study population. 067
Prognostic and etiologic factors in hypoglycemia

The outcome and the developmental status of the survivors among 71 children who in their earlier years had laboratory evidence of hypoglycemia have been analyzed. For the purposes of this study, the children were assigned to three main groups: (1) neonatal symptomatic hypoglycemia (subdivided into infants of both diabetic and nondiabetic mothers); (2) postneonatal symptomatic hypoglycemia; (3) postneonatal asymptomatic hypoglycemia. The observations and interpretations are summarized.
Moisture content measurements of moss (Sphagnum spp.) using commercial sensors

Sphagnum (spp.) is widely distributed in permafrost regions around the arctic and subarctic. The moisture content of the moss layer affects the thermal insulative capacity and preservation of permafrost. It also controls the growth and collapse history of palsas and other peat mounds, and is relevant, in general terms, to permafrost thaw (thermokarst). In this study, we test and calibrate seven different soil moisture sensors for measuring the moisture content of Sphagnum moss under laboratory conditions. The soil volume to which each probe is sensitive is one of the important parameters influencing moisture measurement, particularly in a heterogeneous medium such as moss. Each sensor has a unique response to changing moisture content levels, solution salinity, moss bulk density and to the orientation (structure) of the Sphagnum relative to the sensor. All of the probes examined here require unique polynomial calibration equations to obtain moisture content from probe output. We provide polynomial equations for dead and live Sphagnum moss (R2>0.99). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New evidence for global tectonic zones on Venus

Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft images show clear evidence of major crustal disruptions on Venus which have been interpreted to indicate crustal divergence. Complementary to the divergent zones are mountain belts that border the continent-like high terrains. The requisite transcurrent motions appear to be manifested as diffuse shear zones. The rift zones form an interconnected transpolar system which ties in with previously recognized equatorial disruption zones, suggesting a global tectonic network. Several independent lines of evidence suggest that the tectonism may be geologically young.
Ristocetin-induced aggregation of gel filtered platelets a study of von Willebrand's disease and the effect of aspirin

Abstract Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was studied using the platelet rich plasma (PRP) and gel filtered platelets (GFP) of normal people and patients with von Willebrand's disease. Gel filtration removed over 99.5% of the plasma proteins from the platelets. Ristocetin aggregation was not uniformly present in the PRP of 7 normals. In some cases, the absence of ristocetin aggregation could be traced to aspirin ingestion. The addition of aspirin to the PRP of normal people abolished ristocetin-induced aggregation. Following gel filtration, ristocetin-induced aggregation was present for all normal subjects' platelets, even if aspirin was added to the GFP. The PRP and GFP of 3 patients with von Willebrand's disease did not aggregate in the presence of ristocetin. The addition of normal plasma to von Willebrand's GFP corrected the response; however, the addition of normal plasma to the PRP of patients with von Willebrand's disease did not correct the abnormal ristocetin response. High molecular weight fractions obtained by gel filtration of factor VIII concentrates also corrected the ristocetin response of the von Willebrand GFP. Two peaks of factor VIII activity eluted during gel filtration of factor VIII concentrates; however, only the high molecular weight (void volume) fractions corrected the abnormal ristocetin response. There was little correlation between the amount of factor VIII procoagulant activity in a fraction and its ability to correct the abnormal ristocetin response of von Willebrand's GFP. These studies suggest that the ristocetin-induced aggregation is mediated through a high molecular weight plasma component which co-chromatographs with the normal platelet during gel filtration. In von Willebrand's disease this plasma component is altered such that it inhibits the correction of the ristocetin-induced aggregation by either plasma or plasma fractions. The plasma component appears to be physically modified in some way such that it can be removed by gel filtration, since the von Willebrand GFP is corrected by plasma and plasma fractions.
Childhood leukaemia and surgery.

In a 9-year period 285 children were treated for leukaemia at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. The experience of operating on 72 patients is described and the favourable outcome of elective surgery emphasized. The importance of leukaemic involvement of abdominal organs and the difficulty of diagnosis of abdominal crises is discussed.
Normalized adaptive decision directed equalization

It has been observed that with appropriate stepsize normalization, the convergence speed of the constant modulus (CM) algorithm can be dramatically improved. It is shown that if a different normalization strategy is used, one that takes into account the finite alphabet structure of the signals, a standard normalized version of the decision directed equalizer (DDE) is achieved. A simulation example is included to demonstrate the faster convergence of the normalized DDE compared with its constant stepsize implementation and the normalized CM.
235U–231Pa age dating of uranium materials for nuclear forensic investigations

Age dating of nuclear material can provide insight into source and suspected use in nuclear forensic investigations. We report here a method for the determination of the date of most recent chemical purification for uranium materials using the 235U-231Pa chronometer. Protactinium is separated from uranium and neptunium matrices using anion exchange resin, followed by sorption of Pa to an SiO2 medium. The concentration of 231Pa is measured by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using 233Pa spikes prepared from an aliquot of 237Np and calibrated in-house using the rock standard Table Mountain Latite and the uranium isotopic standard U100. Combined uncertainties of age dates using this method are 1.5 to 3.5 %, an improvement over alpha spectrometry measurement methods. Model ages of five uranium standard reference materials are presented; all standards have concordant 235U-231Pa and 234U-230Th model ages.
A threshold pressure switch utilizing plastic deformation of silicon

The authors report on the design, fabrication, and testing of a threshold pressure switch with mechanical hysteresis. The expansion of trapped gas in a sealed cavity formed by wafer bonding is used to plastically deform a thin silicon membrane bonded over the cavity, creating a spherically shaped cap. This deformed cap exhibits mechanical hysteresis in its deflection versus pressure characteristics at the point of buckling. It is this buckling phenomenon which is used to produce the hysteresis in the pressure switch. The authors describe the fabrication and testing of devices as well as a model to predict the onset of plastic deformation in these structures. They have tested the threshold pressure switch and found that it exhibits approximately 2 psi of hysteresis. Possible applications for this threshold pressure switch are tire pressure monitoring, tactile sensor arrays, keyboards, and scales. >
Real-normalized Whitham hierarchies and the WDVV equations

In this paper we present a construction of a new class of explicit solutions to the WDVV (or associativity) equations. Our construction is based on a relationship between the WDVV equations and Whitham (or modulation) equations. Whitham equations appear in the perturbation theory of exact algebro-geometric solutions of soliton equations and are defined on the moduli space of algebraic curves with some extra algebro-geometric data. It was first observed by Krichever that for curves of genus zero the �-function of a “universal” Whitham hierarchy gives a solution to the WDVV equations. This construction was later extended by Dubrovin and Krichever to algebraic curves of higher genus. Such extension depends on the choice of a normalization for the corresponding Whitham differentials. Traditionally only complex normalization (or the normalization w.r.t. a-cycles) was considered. In this paper we generalize the above construction to the real-normalized case.
Optical Properties of Picosecond Laser Irradiated Graphite

We have employed pump-and-probe techniques coupled to ellipsometry to measure the transient complex index of refraction at 1.064 μm of higly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) interacting with 20 ps, .532 μm laser pulses. When the laser pump fluence exceeds the threshold value for melting, measurements indicate a substantial decrease of both real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction, thus confirming that molten graphite becomes less metallic. Measurements provide also direct evidence of the insensitivity of our picosecond results to evaporation from the irradiated surface.
Intra-uterine and juxtanatal repair of syndactyly in foetal mice

39 foetal mice with genetic syndactyly were identified in utero at 17 days of gestation, and the right hindfoot extruded through the uterus. The syndactylous digits were separated by simple incisions. In one group (n = 25) digit separation was maintained during wound healing by the interdigital application of a silver microclip. Digit separation was also assessed in a second group of newborn mice less than 24 hours old (juxtanatal population, n = 24). Two foetuses (5%) and six newborns (25%) developed digital necrosis following microclip application. In the remaining microclipped animals (23 intrauterine and 10 juxtanatal), microclip application maintained digit separation, allowing wound healing to occur with epithelialization of the separated digits. No inflammation or scar formation occurred. In the third group (n = 22) without microclip application, the digital skin reapproximated and webbing recurred during wound healing. These studies demonstrate the need to maintain digit separation during wound healing following intra-uterine or juxtanatal syndactyly repair.
FREE-RUNNING CIRCADIAN PLASMA CORTISOL RHYTHM IN A BLIND HUMAN SUBJECT

SUMMARY The plasma cortisol rhythm in man has been presumed to be an endogenous circadian rhythm, synchronized by some external stimulus to an exact 24-h period. Sleep/wake and ‘social activity’ cycles have been considered as candidates for this synchronizer. Previous studies have suggested that the dark/light phase shifts associated with the sleep/wake cycle may be the external synchronizer, rather than the sleep/wake cycle itself. A totally blind, but otherwise normal subject was studied for a period of 50 days. Her hourly sleep/wake status and hourly integrated mean plasma cortisol concentrations were determined, and the data were subjected to non-parametric mathematical analysis. The subject was found to have a free-running rhythm in plasma cortisol with a period of approximately 24.5 h. Her sleep/wake rhythm, determined by similar analysis, had a period of exactly 24 h. In addition to the dominant 24.5-h cortisol rhythm, there appeared to be a minor 24-h cortisol rhythm with a peak that coincided approximately with the time of awakening. It was not possible to determine whether this sleep/wake-related peak represented a minor component of the circadian rhythm, synchronized by some stimulus associated with sleep/wake activity, or merely an acute response to awakening itself. Nevertheless, the two rhythms exhibited ‘beating’ behaviour, resulting in maximal peak cortisol concentrations when they were in synchrony and minimal peak concentrations when they were not. It is concluded that environment dark/light phase shifts are the dominant synchronizer of the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in man, as they are for a variety of circadian rhythms in other living things.
Inverse scattering transform on a finite interval

A procedure with an effective S-matrix is developed to apply the inverse scattering transform method to a finite interval. Second harmonic generation and stimulated Raman scattering are treated as two examples to demonstrate the applicability of this method.
Simulation of reciprocating gas compressors with automatic reed valves

The simulation of high-speed reciprocating refrigeration compressors was motivated by the needs of design engi neers. In this paper a mathematical model describing the dynamic behavior of a reciprocating compressor is pre sented. The model is semianalytic in that two types of empirical factors are required to relate phenomena not yet analytically predictable. One type is obtained from steady- state tests and the other by trial and error based on com parison with experimental results. Both analog and digital computers were considered as means of simulating the model. Due to nonlinearities in the model, the digital com puter, using Fortran IV, was selected. To evaluate the sim ulation, a one-quarter horsepower 3600-rpm stock com pressor was modified and used as a laboratory vehicle. A typical correlation between the computer simulation and experimental results is given. In general, good correlation was achieved.
Conceptual model of energy allocation in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from age-0 to age-1 in the southeastern Bering Sea

Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) support the largest commercial fishery in the United States and are an ecologically important component of the southeastern Bering Sea (SEBS) pelagic ecosystem. Alternating climate states influence the survival of walleye pollock through bottom-up control of zooplankton communities and possible top-down control of predator abundance. Quantifying the seasonal progression and spatial trends in energy content of walleye pollock provides critical information for predicting overwinter survival and recruitment to age-1 because age-0 walleye pollock rely on energy reserves to survive their first winter. Age-0 and age-1 walleye pollock were collected in the SEBS from May to September 2008-2010. Energetic status was determined through quantification of energy density (kJ/g) and proximate composition (i.e., % lipid, % moisture) with variation in energy density primarily driven by variability in % lipid. Energy densities remained relatively low during the larval phase in spring, consistent with energy allocation to somatic growth and development. Lipid acquisition rates increased rapidly after transformation to the juvenile form (25-40 mm standard length), with energy allocation to lipid storage leading to higher energy densities in late summer. This transition in energy allocation strategies is a physiological manifestation of survival constraints associated with distinct ontogenetic stages; a strategy favoring growth to escape size-dependent predation appears limited to larval development while juvenile fish allocate proportionally more mass to lipid storage in late summer. We propose that the time after the end of larval development and before the onset of winter represents a short critical period for energy storage in age-0 walleye pollock, and that overwinter survival depends on accumulating sufficient stores the previous growing season and consequently may be an important determinant of recruitment success.
Absolute molecular optical Kerr effect spectroscopy of dilute organic solutions and neat organic liquids

We report the results of pump–probe optical Kerr effect (OKE) experiments performed on neat solutions of carbon tetrachloride, nitrobenzene, methyl methacrylate monomer, binary solutions of the squaraine dye indole squarylium, and the phthalocyanine dye silicon phthalocyanine-monomethacrylate, respectively, in carbon tetrachloride, and solid solutions of indole squarylium and phthalocyanine-monomethacrylate in poly(methyl methacrylate). Dispersion measurements of the dye solutions were performed in the visible one-photon resonant region of the dyes defined by their linear-absorption spectra. The dyes’ third-order molecular susceptibility response γxxxx(-ω2;ω1,-ω1, ω2) in this spectral region is markedly different, with R{γISQ}>0 and R{γSiPc}<0. Analysis of the dyes’ OKE response requires the inclusion of high-lying two-photon states and suggests that a purely electronic mechanism dominates their OKE response. The results are used to calculate the dyes’ off-resonant third-order molecular susceptibilities, which are well within the limits predicted by the Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule [ M. G. Kuzyk , Opt. Lett.25, 1183–1185 (2000)].
Conclusions from the British FLES Experiment.

This article questions the validity of many of the conclusions of the ten-year experiment with teaching French in the primary schools in England and Wales contained in the report, Primary French in the Balance. The answers to the original questions posed by the Schools Council in 1964 are frequently based on fairly restricted opinion which either conflicts with other opinion or with the actual data in the report. Certain parallels are drawn between this report and the ‘Pennsylvania Project’ of several years ago in such areas as the correlations between pupils' fluency and the teacher's language proficiency.
Where Are Global Leaders Educated

The increasing global influence of international organizations creates some curiosity about the educational backgrounds of top officials in leading international organizations. This article explores which universities are regarded or preferred as world-class universities by recruiters in the leading international organizations. Data were obtained from the Year Book of International Organizations (2005–2006) and Who's Who in International Organizations (2006), which include 15,354 leading organizations ranging from United Nations agencies to virtually every type of international organization. As such, the educational backgrounds of 2,563 high-ranking officials were identified—encompassing secretaries—general, directors-general, deputy and assistant directors-general, and department heads. Included in this sample were top officials holding one or more of the higher education degrees (i.e., bachelor's, master's, and doctoral).
Strength and microstructure of laser fusion-welded Ti-SS dissimilar material pair

The ability to efficiently create robust and reliable dissimilar metal joints has the potential to enable new func- tionalities and reduce the manufacturing costs of medical devices. The need for dissimilar material welds in the med- ical device industry is driven by the unique properties exhibited by biocompatible materials such as stainless steel and titanium, as well as shape memory materials such as NiTi. Many material pairs, however, suffer from significant intermetallic phase formation during welding which greatly reduces their strength. This study investigates the micro- structures and strength of the laser fusion-welded titanium- stainless steel dissimilar material pair as a simplified model of the NiTi-stainless steel pair. Compositional and structural analysis of the weld pool is performed and fracture morphol- ogies are analyzed in different regions of the weld joint. The role of weld pool geometry, heat flow, and quench rate on the resultant phases, microstructures, and strength of the welds is discussed.
Effects of Direct and Indirect Exposure of Insecticides to Garden Symphylan (Symphyla: Scutigerellidae) in Laboratory Bioassays

ABSTRACT The garden symphylan, Scutigerella immaculata Newport, is a serious soil pest whose root feeding affects yield and survival of several high valued crops in the California's central coast. Because organophosphate insecticides, widely used for S. immaculata control, are rigorously regulated and little is known about the efficacy of alternate insecticides, laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine insecticide efficacy through repellency and lethality. To determine indirect repellency (noncontact) of insecticides, choice assays were conducted where five S. immaculata were introduced into the arena to choose between insecticide-treated and untreated wells whereas, in direct repellency (contact) assays, three insecticide-treated 1-cm-diameter discs were pasted into the arena and the number of visits, time spent per visitation, and number of long-duration (>10 s) stays of five S. immaculata were quantified. To determine efficacy through direct mortality, number of S. immaculata died after 72 h we...