cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innate Immunity and Pulmonary Inflammation: A Balance Between Protection and Disease

Abstract The most important function of lungs is to facilitate oxygenation of blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body; however, the enormous volumes of gas required means that the vast surface area of the lungs is constantly exposed to damaging agents such as bacteria, fungi, and environmental pollutants. To combat these insults, the body has developed a system of immediate first response; the innate immune system, which recognizes general features of the intruders and activates inflammation and inflammatory cells to combat and eliminate these invaders. This system demands a precarious balance in which inflammation is readily initiated in response to insults, but is effectively suppressed when the insult is eliminated. Dysfunction of this system results in prolonged inflammation leading to chronic lung disease. This chapter will outline the components of innate immunity, activation of inflammation, resolution of inflammation, and the consequences of unresolved inflammation in the lung.
Lightweight fault tolerance for secure aggregation of homomorphic data

Homomorphic encryption constitutes a powerful cryptographic method that enables data aggregation in distributed applications over large datasets, such as electronic voting, electronic wallets, secure auctions, lotteries and secret sharing. At the same time, as attack trends move towards the lower levels of the computation stack and new threats continue to emerge, the lack of trust in contemporary computing paradigms keeps increasing. Since, homomorphic encryption helps preserve the confidentiality of sensitive information, it offers a powerful countermeasure against contemporary and future privacy threats, while allowing meaningful processing even though the data remains unreadable. Nevertheless, when homomorphic primitives are mapped to hardware circuits to improve performance, they become vulnerable to random faults and soft errors since homomorphic operations are malleable by construction and do not provide any explicit assurance towards data integrity. In this chapter, we present a fault tolerance methodology that protects homomorphic aggregation circuits through concurrent detection of random errors in homomorphic ALUs and encrypted values stored in memory. Our approach establishes the theoretical foundations to extend residue numbering to additive homomorphic operations, which enables lightweight fault detection with detection rates of more than 99.98% for ALU operations, and 100% for clustered faults and single bitflips in memory values. Using an efficient modular reduction algorithm, our method incurs a performance overhead between 3.6 and 8%, for a minimal area penalty.
Blood rheology after hemorrhage and endotoxin.

Since blood viscosity increases markedly as the shear rate is reduced (1–6), the elevation of blood viscosity may conceivably play a role in the pathogenesis of low flow states. In this paper the factors regulating blood viscosity in different flow conditions will be considered and the possible role of rheological changes in endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock in the dog will be analyzed.
The Type III Secretion System Sorting Platform

A central feature of type III protein secretion machines is their ability to engage their substrates in a hierarchical and organized fashion. The hierarchy in the secretion process is first observed during the assembly of the type III secretion injectisome when the secretion machine exclusively engages proteins required for building the needle complex substructure (early substrates). After completion of the needle complex, the secretion system loads the proteins that will form the needle tip substructure as well as the protein translocases (middle substrates), which upon contact with host cells will mediate the passage of effectors (late substrates) through the host plasma membrane. The hierarchy of the secretion process is orchestrated by a very large cytoplasmic complex known as the sorting platform, which selects and initiates the substrates into the secretion pathway.
Workplace, emotional bonds and agency: Everyday gendered experiences of work in an export processing zone in Tamil Nadu, India

This article advances labour geography’s understanding of worker agency by examining how women actively remake the workplace by forming emotional bonds and community on and off the shop floor. Base...
Reduction of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complexity reveals cellular functions and dephosphorylation motifs of the PP2A/B′δ holoenzyme

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a large enzyme family responsible for most cellular Ser/Thr dephosphorylation events. PP2A substrate specificity, localization, and regulation by second messengers rely on more than a dozen regulatory subunits (including B/R2, B′/R5, and B″/R3), which form the PP2A heterotrimeric holoenzyme by associating with a dimer comprising scaffolding (A) and catalytic (C) subunits. Because of partial redundancy and high endogenous expression of PP2A holoenzymes, traditional approaches of overexpressing, knocking down, or knocking out PP2A regulatory subunits have yielded only limited insights into their biological roles and substrates. To this end, here we sought to reduce the complexity of cellular PP2A holoenzymes. We used tetracycline-inducible expression of pairs of scaffolding and regulatory subunits with complementary charge-reversal substitutions in their interaction interfaces. For each of the three regulatory subunit families, we engineered A/B charge–swap variants that could bind to one another, but not to endogenous A and B subunits. Because endogenous Aα was targeted by a co-induced shRNA, endogenous B subunits were rapidly degraded, resulting in expression of predominantly a single PP2A heterotrimer composed of the A/B charge–swap pair and the endogenous catalytic subunit. Using B′δ/PPP2R5D, we show that PP2A complexity reduction, but not PP2A overexpression, reveals a role of this holoenzyme in suppression of extracellular signal–regulated kinase signaling and protein kinase A substrate dephosphorylation. When combined with global phosphoproteomics, the PP2A/B′δ reduction approach identified consensus dephosphorylation motifs in its substrates and suggested that residues surrounding the phosphorylation site play roles in PP2A substrate specificity.
Visual cues and capture mechanisms associated with traps for plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculiondae).

The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a serious pest of stone and pome fruit in eastern North America, but an effective trap-based approach for monitoring this pest has not yet been developed. Therefore, the effectiveness of visual cues provided by pyramid and branch-mimicking cylinder traps and capture mechanisms of standard and enhanced pyramid traps (black pyramid traps with white borders and two collection devices), screen traps, standard and enhanced branch-mimicking cylinder traps (capture mechanism located at the base of the trap), Lindgren funnel and Vernon beetle traps were evaluated in 2003–2004. Pyramid traps captured more adults than branch-mimicking cylinder traps, and the greatest captures were in black and green pyramid traps. Enhanced pyramid traps did not capture more plum curculios than standard black pyramid traps. Capture mechanisms of standard masonite pyramid and screen traps were the most effective with significantly greater captures than other trap types.
Bracing for the Apocalypse: An Ethnographic Study of New York's ‘Prepper’ Subculture

Increasing American fear about terrorism, environmental catastrophes, pandemics, and economic crises has fueled interest in "prepping": confronting disaster by mastering survivalist skills. This trend of self-reliance is not merely evidence of the American belief in the power of the individual; rather, this pragmatic shift away from expecting government aid during a disaster reflects a weakened belief in the bond between government and its citizens during a time of crisis. This ethnographic study explores the rise of the urban preppers' subculture in New York City, shedding light on the distinctive approach of city dwellers in preparing for disaster. With attention to the role of factors such as class, race, gender and one’s expectations of government, it shows that how one imagines Doomsday affects how one prepares for it. Drawing on participant observation, the author explores preppers’ views on the central question of whether to "bug out" or "hunker down" in the event of disaster, and examines the ways in which the prepper economy increases revenue by targeting concerns over developing skills, building networks, securing equipment and arranging a safe locale. A rich qualitative study, Bracing for the Apocalypse will appeal to scholars of sociology and anthropology with interests in urban studies, ethnography and subcultures.
Terahertz MIMO Fading Analysis and Doppler Modeling in a Data Center Environment

In this paper, we present results from a Terahertz (THz) channel measurement campaign in a data center environment. We analyze propagation parameters, such as pathloss, shadowing gain, and RMS delay spread. Amplitude fading statistics in a 4 × 4 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel are also investigated. Furthermore, Doppler shift in THz bands due to the effect of cooling airflow turbulence, which causes cables (lying in the wireless propagation path) to vibrate is also measured. A two-dimensional (2-D) geometrical propagation model that includes moving scatterers (cables) is introduced. From the 2-D model, a corresponding Doppler power spectrum (DPS) is derived and validated with measured data. This work is pertinent to THz wireless systems design for a data center environment.
Superconductivity-enhanced spin pumping: Role of Andreev resonances

We describe a simple hybrid superconductor--ferromagnetic-insulator structure manifesting spin-resolved Andreev bound states in which dynamic magnetization is employed to probe spin related physics. We show that, at low bias and below ${T}_{c}$, the transfer of spin angular momentum pumped by an externally driven ferromagnetic insulator is greatly affected by the formation of spin-resolved Andreev bound states. Our results indicate that these bound states capture the essential physics of condensate-facilitated spin flow. For finite thicknesses of the superconducting layer, comparable to the coherence length, resonant Andreev bound states render highly transmitting subgap spin transport channels. We point out that the resonant enhancement of the subgap transport channels establishes a prototype Fabry-P\'erot resonator for spin pumping.
Core–Shell Gold Nanoparticle-Star Copolymer Composites with Gradient Transfer and Transport Properties: Toward Electro-Optical Sensors and Catalysis

A series of hybrid core–shell nanomaterials was prepared by solvent phase transfer methods with gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) as a core and star copolymers (h-PEI-b-PCL-Cbz) as a shell—consisting o...
Vidian Canal as a Transcranial Landmark: Anatomy, Technique, and Illustrative Cases

Objective The vidian nerve can be accessed in transcranial approaches in carefully selected patients to ensure its preservation and to serve as a landmark for sphenoid sinus entry. This report is to review a technique, evaluate it in laboratory settings, and present two illustrative cases. Design The study involves cadaveric dissection and illustrative cases. Setting The study conducted in a cadaveric dissection laboratory. Participants The object of the study is one cadaveric head and two illustrative clinical cases. Main Outcome Measures Two cases using this approach were illustrated, and a cadaver dissection was performed in a step-by-step fashion. Results: The vidian canal can be accessed by drilling the anterolateral triangle. Two illustrated cases were presented; in one, the vidian nerve was used as part of a corridor to access the sphenoid sinus for tumor delivery, and in the other, the technique was used to find and preserve the vidian nerve during transcranial resection. Conclusion Careful identification of the vidian canal in transcranial surgery is a beneficial technique in carefully selected cases which allows identification of the nerve both for its preservation in selected cases and to create the vidian–maxillary corridor for tumor resection. Knowing the anatomy and pneumatization variants is important in the surgical approach.
ABDOMINAL VASCULAR HEMORRHAGE For SOS Supplement on “Technical Considerations/Toolbox for Haemorrhage Control”

Abstract Major abdominal vascular injuries are noted in 5-10% of patients undergoing laparotomy for blunt trauma. In contrast, injuries to named abdominal vessels are present in 20-25% of patients undergoing laparotomy after gunshot wounds and in 10% after stab wounds. Hence, all surgeons performing laparotomies after abdominal trauma must be familiar with techniques for exposure and management of these injuries.
Assessing Diagnostic Arthroscopy Performance in the Operating Room Using the Arthroscopic Surgery Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET)

Purpose To determine the validity and reliability of using the Arthroscopic Surgery Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET) to assess arthroscopic skill in the operating room. Methods Eight orthopaedic residents, 1 sports medicine fellow, and 3 sports medicine faculty members recorded the diagnostic portion of 3 shoulder and 3 knee procedures in the operating room. Two blinded raters used the ASSET to assess each recorded procedure video. Criterion for a passing score on a procedure was attaining a 3 or greater in all 8 domains assessed. Results In total 70 videos (36 shoulder, 34 knee) were evaluated by each rater. The attending/fellow group was assigned significantly higher mean ASSET scores compared with resident groups for both procedures ( P = .01). The attending/fellow group also had the highest passing percentage (95.8%). Raters were in agreement for total ASSET scores assigned to both diagnostic arthroscopy of the shoulder (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.84) and knee (ICC = 0.81). Agreement on individual ASSET domains was moderate (ICC = 0.61 to 0.80) for all domains except safety and difficulty of procedure. Raters concurred on the pass-fail evaluation in 62 of 70 (88.6%) of procedures evaluated. Conclusions Using the ASSET to assess surgical skills in the operating room is feasible, reliable, and valid. Clinical Relevance When combined with previously published results using the ASSET, the ASSET may provide a validated and reliable method for evaluating arthroscopic surgical skills in the surgical simulation lab and operating room.
Studies on the mechanism of human natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis: I. Modulation by dexamethasone and arachidonic acid

Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, as measured by the lysis of the human erythroleukemic cell line K562, is inhibited by the glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX). Kinetic analysis revealed that DEX inhibits an early event(s) in the lytic mechanism and that the inhibition is both transient and readily reversible if DEX is removed. The inhibition is not due to the production of a DEX-induced inhibitory protein or decreased target-cell binding. Attempts to counter the effects of DEX through the addition of inducers of NK activity were unsuccessful. Neither the calcium ionophore A23187 nor exogenous cyclic GMP was able to reverse the inhibition by DEX. The addition of arachidonic acid (AA), a pharmacologically active metabolite of phospholipase A-2 activation, was also unsuccessful in reversing the effects of DEX. In fact, AA itself inhibited NK activity in a dose-dependent fashion. This inhibition was not due to reduced target binding and was observed even in the presence of indomethacin. It is concluded that DEX blocks an early membrane-signaling event necessary to activate the lytic mechanism and that inhibition was not through some alternative mechanism. Inhibition of NK activity by arachidonic acid is not yet understood but most likely is not a result of enhanced prostaglandin synthesis. Hence, the study of DEX and AA inhibition provides a new approach to unravel some of the intricacies surrounding NK-mediated tumor target destruction.
Simultaneous optimization and uncertainty quantification

Optimization is often used to perform model calibration, the process of inferring the values of model parameters so that the results of the simulations best match observed behavior. It can both improve the predictive capability of the model and curtail the loss of information caused by using a numerical model instead of the actual system. At its heart is the comparison of experimental data and simulation results. Complicating this comparison is the fact that both data sets contain uncertainties which must be quantified in order to make reasonable comparisons. Therefore, uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques can be applied to identify, characterize, reduce, and, if possible, eliminate uncertainties. Incorporation of UQ into the calibration process can drastically improve the usefulness of computational models. Current approaches are serial approaches in that first, the calibration parameters are identified and then, a series of runs dedicated to UQ analysis is completed. Although this approach can be effective, it can be computationally expensive or produce incomplete results. Model analysis that takes advantage of intermediate optimization iterates can reduce the expense, but the sampling done by the optimization algorithms is not ideal. In this paper, we will review serial approaches and propose a joint calibration and UQ approach that combines Bayesian statistical models and derivative-free optimization in order to monitor sensitivity information throughout the calibration process.
Endocytosis of urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 complexes bound to a chimeric transmembrane urokinase receptor.

Abstract The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is linked to plasma membranes through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. It has been posited that the GPI anchor facilitates clearance of uPAR-bound complexes between two chain urokinase (tcuPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) by the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor (alpha 2MR) which permits re-expression of unoccupied uPA receptors on the cell surface. To test this hypothesis we compared internalization and degradation of 125I-labeled tcuPA-PAI-1 by COS cells expressing either transfected wild-type, GPI-linked uPAR (uPAR/GPI), or a chimeric receptor composed of the extracellular domains of uPAR linked to the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of the alpha chain (p55 subunit) of the interleukin-2 receptor (uPAR/IL-2R alpha). The kinetics of binding, internalization and degradation of tcuPA-PAI-1 by COS cells expressing each form of uPAR were virtually identical. However, internalization of complexes by uPAR/IL-2R alpha was more susceptible to inhibition by recombinant soluble 39-kDa alpha 2MR-associated protein (RAP) which competes for binding of tcuPA-PAI-1 complexes to alpha 2MR (p < 0.001), and the internalization was accompanied by a greater reduction in the number of surface uPAR/IL-2R alpha, than uPAR/GPI (p < 0.05). These studies indicate that the rate of internalization of tcuPA-PAI-1 is governed primarily by the extracellular domains of uPAR, whereas the GPI anchor may facilitate internalization of complexes and re-expression of uPAR when binding sites on alpha 2MR are limiting.
Adaptive Strategies Applied to Automatic Startup and Control of an Exothermic Batch Reactor

This paper describes adaptive strategies applied to the automatic startup and control of a simulated batch reactor where exothermic reactions take place. The startup switching time is determined online from predictions of the future reactor temperature based on the prediction error model. Then long-range predictive control strategies are designed by incorporating the prediction error model for regulation after the desired reactor temperature is reached during startup. Simulation results are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed adaptive approach for the rapid startup and control of exothermic batch reactors.
Force Generation and Shortening in Skeletal Muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 Experimental Preparations 2 States of the Fiber 3 Properties of Activated Fibers 3.1 Force-Velocity Relation 3.2 Viscoelastic Theory 3.3 Fenn Effect 3.4 Quick Releases 3.5 Discovery of Sliding Filaments and Cross Bridges 3.6 Force-Length Relation 3.7 Kinetic Properties of Cross Bridges 3.8 Cross-Bridge Model of A. F. Huxley 3.9 High-Time-Resolution Mechanical Measurements 3.10 Force Steps 3.11 Length Steps 4 Muscle Biochemistry 4.1 Other Experiments: Some Puzzling Results 4.2 Recent Biochemical Studies 4.3 Hill Formalism 4.4 Application of Hill Formalism 5 Current Frontiers 6 Conclusion
The Role of Landscape Processes within the Climate System

Land-surface processes form a dynamic boundary interface within the earth system (Fig. 1). The multiscale impacts of land-surface processes in modifying regional weather and climate is noted from both the analysis of observations, as well as systematic experiments involving nonlinear, coupled modeling systems.
On the Efetov-Larkin model of a strongly interacting one-dimensional system

Efetov and Larkin have introduced a model Hamiltonian for a strongly interacting one-dimensional system, exactly soluble for a particular value of a coupling constant, and have demonstrated that the asymptotic behavior is the same as that of a long-wave boson Hamiltonian. Here we show that in the relevant energy range, their Hamiltonian can be transformed into such a long-wave Hamiltonian, over a range of values of the coupling.
Facilitating Students’ Historical Scrutiny of Credibility within Slave Narratives

History education researchers encourage teachers to intentionally integrate content, methods, and assessment in discipline-specific and age-appropriate ways. State and national initiatives prescribe such integration across curricula and within all areas of the social studies from early elementary through high school. The stipulation, however, does not provide a map for interested yet overwhelmed educators. This is especially true for elementary and middle level teachers as the majority of historical thinking research and methodological guides targets older students. To address this concern, we propose teachers fuse the content, methods, and assessment with specific historical thinking skills, or heuristics. We model our theoretical approach with concrete examples. We target middle level educators in an effort to facilitate historical thinking for this oft-neglected age group.
Unisys white paper: the benefits of a product stewardship program

Issues relating to the environmental attributes of electronics products are becoming more commonplace in today's marketplace. Many of the request for proposals (RFP) that we are responding to include requirements to describe the system or programs we have in place to manufacture, package, transport, collect and dispose of our products. This paper outlines an in depth look at the current marketplace demands, the possible impacts of them, and a discussion of why and how Unisys is responding to these new circumstances.
Prostate diffusion imaging with distortion correction.

Abstract Purpose Diffusion imaging in the prostate is susceptible to distortion from B0 inhomogeneity. Distortion correction in prostate imaging is not routinely performed, resulting in diffusion images without accurate localization of tumors. We performed and evaluated distortion correction for diffusion imaging in the prostate. Materials and methods 28 patients underwent pre-operative MRI (T2, Gadolinium perfusion, diffusion at b = 800 s/mm 2 ). The restriction spectrum protocol parameters included b-values of 0, 800, 1500, and 4000 s/mm 2 in 30 directions for each nonzero b-value. To correct for distortion, forward and reverse trajectories were collected at b = 0 s/mm 2 . Distortion maps were generated to reflect the offset of the collected data versus the corrected data. Whole-mount histology was available for correlation. Results Across the 27 patients evaluated (excluding one patient due to data collection error), the average root mean square distortion distance of the prostate was 3.1 mm (standard deviation, 2.2 mm; and maximum distortion, 12 mm). Conclusion Improved localization of prostate cancer by MRI will allow better surgical planning, targeted biopsies and image-guided treatment therapies. Distortion distances of up to 12 mm due to standard diffusion imaging may grossly misdirect treatment decisions. Distortion correction for diffusion imaging in the prostate improves tumor localization.
A New Model of Frequency Delay in Power Systems

Observations of slow frequency signals in power systems have been explained by continuum wave equations that approximate the system's electromechanical dynamics. These continuum models predict that the signal speed is a function of the rotational inertia of the generators and impedances of the transmission lines. Here, we show that frequency signals with speeds modulated by these factors are predicted by the swing and Kirchhoff equations, without resorting to a continuum model. Our analysis also shows that the precision of the sensors used to measure frequency has a significant impact on the apparent speed of the frequency signal.
Uptake and metabolism of intraventricularly administered piperidine and its effects on sleep and wakefulness in the rat

Abstract Piperidine, a pharmacologically active amine found in mammalian brain, was infused into the cerebral ventricles of freely moving rats. Doses of 1.0 μg or greater induced EEG activation and complete suppression of desynchronized sleep in the initial 20 min period following the start of the infusion. In the next 2 h interval, when considerable amounts of exogenous piperidine were still measurable in the brain, the proportion of waking and slow wave sleep was comparable to that in baseline control records although the proportion of desynchronized sleep remained lowered. Dimethylamine, an aliphatic amine with only weak pharmacological activity, had little effect on EEG or EMG when infused intraventricularly at a dose of 10 μg. Efflux of infused [3Hpiperidine from the brain in the first 4 h was exponential with a half-life of 30 min. The distribution of administered piperidine in the brain after giving high and low doses (5.0 μg or 0.1 μg) was similar to that of the uptake of dimethylamine. Highest concentrations were found in the hypothalamus, thalamus and mesencephalon and lowest concentrations in the cerebral cortex. Differences in the rate of efflux of radioactivity from various brain regions were minor. The rate of piperidine catabolism was exceedingly slow; at 2 h after the infusion, [3Hpiperidine still represented 98% of the tritium (excluding3H2O) in the urine and 81% of that in the brain. The absence of storage, saturable high affinity uptake and rapid metabolism suggests that there is no mechanism for the rapid inactivation of piperidine in the brain, an important feature of putative neurotransmitters. In addition, the EEG results do not confirm a previously rported potent behavioral sedative effect of intraventricularly administered piperidine.
Optical method of penetration sensing for pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding

The ability to monitor and control the depth of a laser weld in real-time is critical in many laser welding applications. Consequently, the authors have investigated the use of an optical method to sense weld depth. Welds were generated on kovar samples, using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The sensing method uses digital high-speed photography to measure the velocity of the plume of vaporized metal atoms ejected from the metal surface. An energy balance equation is then used to relate the plume velocity to the size of the weld. Numerical solution of the energy balance equation yielded values for weld depth that were within 8% of the actual measured values.
A geometric solution to the largest-free-sphere problem in zeolite frameworks

Abstract We have applied Delaunay triangulation to models of the known zeolite frameworks. We show that this well-established technique from computational geometry provides for each framework; (i) the location and shape of the open pores and channels, (ii) the diameter of the largest possible included sphere, and indirectly (iii) the diameter of the largest-free-sphere that can diffuse through the framework by at least one lattice translation. Since Delaunay triangulation naturally locates the empty spaces within a set of points, it provides a powerful computer-automated tool for determining the physical characteristics of pores and channels of zeolite frameworks. Such tools will further enhance the usefulness of large databases of hypothetical framework materials. Here, we tabulate results for the 165 zeolite frameworks that are presently listed in the Atlas of Zeolite Frameworks. Of the known zeolites, refined as pure silicates, the largest included sphere occurs in the TSC framework, with a diameter of 16.39 A. The largest-free-sphere has a diameter of 11.33 A, for diffusion along the [0 0 1] direction in the VFI framework.
Properties of lactose synthetase from mouse mammary gland: Role of a proposed third component

Abstract 1. 1. The properties of lactose synthetase from mouse mammary tissue were investigated and found to resemble those of the cow and rat. 2. 2. Lactose synthetase is composed of two subunits, A and B; both are required for lactose-synthetase activity. Gel filtration of partially purified homogenates of mouse mammary tissue on Sephadex G-100 reveals the molecular weight of B to be about 15 000. The A protein elutes as three peaks: one at the void volume, a second with proteins having a molecular weight of 100 000–130 000, and a third at 29 000. 3. 3. Crude homogenates of lactose synthetase have different properties than partially purified preparations. When crude preparations of lactose synthetase are diluted the resulting activity is proportional to the extent of dilution; however, the dilution of purified preparations results in an exponential decrease in activity. Also, restoration of lactose-synthetase activity by recombination of A and B subunits follows different kinetics with the two types of preparations. 4. 4. A third component, Z , has been proposed which in crude preparations has the properties of preventing rapid dissociation of the AB complex. During purification Z is lost and the A and B subunits then obey the laws of mass action and chemical equilibrium.
Estimation of near-surface elastic parameters using multicomponent seismic data

In multicomponent seismic reflection surveys, surface and near‐surface effects can severely deteriorate the quality of reflection data. Such effects are more pronounced on shear‐wave than on compressional‐wave profiles. Amplitude anomalies, statics, and strong coherent source‐generated noise (i.e., surface waves) are often associated with inhomogeneous, poorly compacted near‐surface sediments of the weathering layer. The magnitude of such effects increases when sources and receivers are deployed at or near the surface in proximity to such inhomogeneities. Near‐surface effects can be investigated with respect to their depth of occurrence by burying seismic sources and/or receivers at various depths below the inhomogeneous weathering layer. In this context, an experiment was conducted to collect multicomponent seismic field data on a borehole‐controlled test site in east Texas. Data were recorded on three‐component surface and buried receivers using a full‐vector wavefield surface source. Although the geolo...
Multiple valve operation for advanced valvular heart disease: Results and risk factors in 513 patients

To assess the results and incremental risk factors affecting outcome after multiple-valve operation in the early blood cardioplegia era of cardiac surgery, follow-up data (mean ± SD 3.1 ± 2 years) were obtained on 97% of 513 patients (mean age ± SD 58.8 ± 10.5 years) who underwent a multiple-valve procedure between June 1976 and August 1985. Preoperatively 41% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III and 54% in class IV. Three groups accounted for 98.6% of the patients: 57.7% had an aortic and mitral valve procedure, 29% had a mitral and tricuspid valve procedure and 11.9% had a triple-valve procedure. The overall hospital mortality rate was 12.5% and overall 5-year survival rate was 67.1%. Hazard function analysis for all deaths revealed systolic pulmonary artery pressure (p < 0.0001), age (p = 0.005), triple valve procedure (p < 0.005), concomitant coronary bypass operation (p < 0.005) and prior cardiac surgery (p < 0.002) as the significant incremental risk factors predicting decreased survival in the early hazard phase; diabetes (p < 0.005) predicted decreased survival in the late hazard phase. Postoperatively the condition of 80% of the patients improved to functional class I or II; only 0.6% remained in functional class IV. The 5-year rate of freedom from late combined valve-related morbidity was 81.7% and that of freedom fron late combined valve-related morbidity and mortality was 71.7%. These results demonstrate excellent clinical improvement and late survival after multiple valve operation in patients with advanced valvular heart disease, justifying aggressive surgical therapy in these patients. Pulmonary artery hypertension is identified as the most significant, preventable risk factor affecting survival, suggesting that earlier operation should be recommended whenever possible.
The Market-Driven Software Ecosystem

The success of a software product depends not only on the quality of the functions it provides but also on the success of its interdependent hardware, software, and other players within its ecosystem. The software ecosystem studied thus far has largely ignored the importance of the market, which is the ecosystem's energy source. The market affects all players in the ecosystem, determining whether the software product can succeed. The author analyzes this market-driven software ecosystem in both the open source and mobile computing communities.
Decreased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice injected with killed corynebacterium parvum: association with suppression of cell-mediated immunity.

To investigate the therapeutic potential of killed Corynebacterium parvum, its effects on the course of Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice was studied. Mortality in mice given C. parvum after L. monocytogenes infection was greater than in mice given C. parvum before infection or infected with only L. monocytogenes. C. parvum alone resulted in no mortality. Spleens from infected mice given C. parvum had increased numbers of L. monocytogenes. Peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with only L. monocytogenes were activated by four days after infection, whereas those from mice given L. monocytogenes plus C. parvum were not. By seven days macrophages from both were activated. Delayed hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation in response to L. monocytogenes antigen were strikingly suppressed in infected mice given C. parvum. The increased susceptibility of L. monocytogenes-infected mice given C. parvum may have been due to delayed macrophage activation resulting from suppression of thymus-derived lymphocyte responses. Immunomodulators such as killed Corynebacterium parvum may prove to be useful in the therapy of certain infections and neoplasms. Extensive investigations have been carried out in experimental animals and in humans on the antitumor effect of C. parvum, but relatively few reports have been published concerning the effect of this agent on resistance to infection [1]. Killed C. parvum when administered before infection has been shown to protect experimental animals against lethal challenges of certain micro
Management of burn injuries in the horse

Extensive thermal injuries in horses can be difficult to manage. The large surface of the burn dramatically increases the potential for loss of fluids,electrolytes, and calories. Burns are classified by the depth of injury: first-degree burns involve only the most superficial layers of the epidermis;second-degree burns involve the entire epidermis and can be superficial or deep; third-degree burns are characterized by loss of the epidermal and dermal components; and fourth-degree burns involve all the skin and underlying muscle, bone, and ligaments. Burns cause local and systemic effects. Routine use of systemic antibiotics is not recommended in burn patients. Topical medications should be water based, be easily applied and removed, not interfere with wound healing, and be readily excreted or metabolized. Weight loss of 10% to 15% during the course of illness is indicative of inadequate nutritional intake. Gradually increasing the grain,adding fat in the form of vegetable oil, and offering free-choice alfalfa hay increase caloric intake.
Practical regression test selection with dynamic file dependencies

Regression testing is important but can be time-intensive. One approach to speed it up is regression test selection (RTS), which runs only a subset of tests. RTS was proposed over three decades ago but has not been widely adopted in practice. Meanwhile, testing frameworks, such as JUnit, are widely adopted and well integrated with many popular build systems. Hence, integrating RTS in a testing framework already used by many projects would increase the likelihood that RTS is adopted. We propose a new, lightweight RTS technique, called Ekstazi, that can integrate well with testing frameworks. Ekstazi tracks dynamic dependencies of tests on files, and unlike most prior RTS techniques, Ekstazi requires no integration with version-control systems. We implemented Ekstazi for Java and JUnit, and evaluated it on 615 revisions of 32 open-source projects (totaling almost 5M LOC) with shorter- and longer-running test suites. The results show that Ekstazi reduced the end-to-end testing time 32% on average, and 54% for longer-running test suites, compared to executing all tests. Ekstazi also has lower end-to-end time than the existing techniques, despite the fact that it selects more tests. Ekstazi has been adopted by several popular open source projects, including Apache Camel, Apache Commons Math, and Apache CXF.
Factors influencing survival following postinfarction ventricular septal defects.

Abstract Postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) carries a grave prognosis. Surgical closure appears to improve survival. Eighteen patients with postinfarction VSD are reviewed. Nine died before operation could be performed and 9 underwent closure of the VSD; 4 patients are late survivors. Factors which appear to influence survival are: (1) time of surgical intervention after appearance of VSD, (2) presence or absence of cardiogenic shock, (3) location of the infarct, and (4) operative approach to the VSD. Based on these factors, a method of management for postinfarction VSD is outlined.
Soviet anti-fascism: Theory and practice, 1921-45

Though communism and fascism are commonly seen as bitter rivals, the relationship between the two has received little attention. This article deals briefly with their common characteristics and then surveys the history of the Soviet Union's policy toward fascism. It treats theory, in terms of the changing Soviet interpretations and definitions of fascism, and practice, through the history of Soviet and Comintern policy toward fascist movements, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Differences between the years of the Third Period, the Popular Front and the Nazi-Soviet Pact are treated in detail, concluding with the strangely ambivalent Soviet policy during the Second World War.
U3 snoRNA may recycle through different compartments of the nucleolus

A model is proposed in which U3 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) is recruited from an inactive, stored form in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus to an active form that is associated with the initial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor. The initial steps of rRNA processing occur in the DFC, and then it is proposed that the U3 snoRNA moves with intermediates in rRNA processing from the DFC to the granular component (GC) of the nucleolus. The nucleolar protein fibrillarin is located primarily in the DFC, and it is suggested that the complex of fibrillarin and U3 snoRNA dissociates when U3 snoRNA transits to the GC. Finally, when U3 snoRNA is released from the processed rRNA, the tether holding the rRNA in the nucleolus is broken and rRNA can then be exported from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm. U3 snoRNA is hypothesized to recycle back from the GC to the DFC where it is stored until future association with another initial rRNA precursor. Data supporting this model are summarized. U3 snoRNA is also stored in the coiled body of interphase cells and in the nucleolar remnants and prenucleolar bodies of mitotic cells, and there may be some similarity in the binding sites for stored U3 snoRNA in the DFC and in these structures.
Serum bicarbonate may replace the arterial base deficit in the trauma intensive care unit

Abstract Objective Arterial base deficit (BD) is a commonly used marker of injury severity and endpoint of resuscitation but requires an arterial puncture and blood gas analysis. Serum bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) is routinely obtained as part of the chemistry panel on most admissions. We hypothesized that serum HCO 3 strongly correlates with arterial BD and provides equivalent predictive information. Methods All trauma ICU admissions from 1996 to 2004 with simultaneously obtained serum chemistry panels and arterial blood gases were identified. Correlation between BD and HCO 3 was analyzed by using linear regression, and predictive abilities for acidoses and mortality were compared using the area under the respective receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Separate analyses were done for the entire dataset and the subset of ICU admission laboratory values. Results We identified 3,102 patients with 50,311 matched pairs of laboratory data. Serum HCO 3 showed a significant linear correlation with BD for all laboratory sets ( r = 0.85, P r = 0.80, P 3 reliably predicted the presence of significant metabolic acidoses (BD >5), with an AUC of 0.96 ( P P 3 was 17.7 versus 19.8 ( P 3 identified nonsurvivors as accurately as BD (AUCs of 0.66 and 0.68) and more accurately than either pH (AUC = 0.53) or anion gap (AUC = 0.6). Conclusion Serum HCO 3 measurement shows a strong linear correlation and similar predictive ability compared with the arterial BD. Serum HCO 3 may be safely and accurately substituted for arterial BD measurement in critically injured patients.
Self-assembled monolayers on polymer surfaces

Abstract The method of forming self-assembled monolayers on polymer surfaces is reviewed. It is shown that the alkylsiloxane monolayers formed on polymer surfaces are structurally similar to the analogous monolayers formed on silicon wafers. These monolayers can be post-derivatized in order to introduce a number of hydrophobic, reactive and polar functionalities, some of which may be useful model systems for studying biological interactions at surfaces.
Novel temperature gradient incubator to study the effects of temperature on motile aquatic organisms

Water temperature influences planktonic communities via biological (e.g., metabolic) and abiotic means. Investigating direct temperature effects in nature is confounded by multiple factors that may covary with temperature at various depths, especially during periods of seasonal stratification. Dissolved oxygen, nutrient availability, water density, and irradiance all change with depth in thermally stratified systems. We have designed a temperature gradient incubator that creates a range of temperature within a continuous 1.65-m transparent column. This novel instrument allows investigation of how motile plankton are distributed across a controlled range of temperatures, which, in the configuration presented here, is a change of 8°C within the vertical column. The temperature gradient incubator allows elimination of confounding variables to test what portion of vertical migration within the water column is due strictly to changes in temperature. With simple reconfiguration of the light sources, interaction of temperature and irradiance effects on plankton can also be evaluated.
Chiral-at-metal tetrahydrosalen complexes of resolved titanium(IV) sec -butoxides: Ligand wrapping and multiple asymmetric catalytic induction

The reaction of the racemic and resolved tetrahydrosalen derivative L H 2 ( L H 2 = N,N ’-bis(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzyl)- trans -1,2-diaminocyclohexane) with the resolved titanium(IV) sec -butoxides Ti(O R -2 Bu) 4 or Ti(O S -2 Bu) 4 yielded a series of four compounds, L Ti(O 2 Bu) 2 ( 1 – 4 ), which have been characterized by IR, elemental analysis, 1 H and 13 C NMR and X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography revealed the co-crystallization of two pseudo- C 2 -symmetric products from racemic L H 2 , whereas a perfect chiral induction of the ligand to the metal occurred when resolved ( R,R )- L H 2 was used, resulting in a Δ fac–fac wrapping mode of the tetradentate ligand about the titanium center. Ab initio electronic structure calculations (DFT) are in agreement that the lowest energy isomer is that which is experimentally observed. Catalysis screenings show that Ti(O S -2 Bu) 4 , in conjunction with ( R,R )- L H 2 , forms a matched pair that catalyzes the addition of dimethyl zinc to benzaldehyde with higher enantioselectivity than that observed for resolved ( R,R )- L H 2 with Ti(O R -2 Bu) 4 or achiral Ti(O i Pr) 4 . Increasing the temperature of the system results in slightly increased enantiomeric excess.
Involvement of MAPK Activation in Bacterial Endotoxin-Inducible Tissue Factor Upregulation in Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells

Abstract Background. Monocytic tissue factor (mTF) hypercoagulation leading to thrombotic complications is commonly observed following sepsis. Objective. We herein study the intracellular mechanism of mTF upregulation in human model monocytic THP-1 cells in response to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS; Escherichia coli O111:B04), determining if mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is involved in the signaling. Methods. We assessed mTF upregulation by its cell surface expression, protein synthesis, and functional activity based on flow cytometry, Western blotting analysis, and a single-stage clotting assay, respectively. Results. A 3-h challenge with LPS (100 ng/ml) drastically induced mTF functional activity, accompanied by elevated surface mTF expression and synthesis. The suppression by genistein (G) of LPS-inducible mTF upregulation implied the involvement of protein tyrosine kinase activation in mTF upregulation. LPS activated MAPK, which was significantly depressed by G, SB 203580 (SB), and PD 98058 (PD). Interestingly, inclusion of SB and PD also markedly diminished LPS-inducible mTF upregulation. The parallelism between MAPK and mTF activities revealed the involvement of MAPK activation in such mTF upregulation. Based on the ability of SB and PD to respectively block LPS-inducible tyrosine phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Erk1/2, it was evident that tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPKs is required for mediating LPS-inducible mTF synthesis and upregulation. Contrasting with the established prevention of mTF upregulation by these inhibitors, failure to offset the already LPS-induced mTF activity seemed to be consistent with the view that LPS readily activated MAPK responsible for mTF synthesis. Conclusion. Our data suggest that the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38 and Erk1/2) leading to their activation could be a prerequisite for LPS induction of mTF synthesis contributing to the upregulation of mTF-initiated extrinsic coagulation.