cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear respiratory factor 2 senses changing cellular energy demands and its silencing down-regulates cytochrome oxidase and other target gene mRNAs

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, is a bigenomic enzyme with 13 subunits. The mechanism coordinating the transcription of these subunits is poorly understood. We investigated the role of nuclear respiratory factor-2 (NRF-2) in intragenomic regulation of nuclear COX genes. Vector-mediated short-hairpin RNA interference against NRF-2alpha reduced all 10 COX nuclear subunit mRNAs and mRNAs of other genes involved in mitochondrial function/biogenesis. NRF-2 binding site was necessary for the rat COX 4i1 promoter to down-regulate in response to decreased energy demands in primary neurons. Over-expression of NRF-2 protein prevented the down-regulation of transcriptional activity by TTX. Finally, NRF-2 binding sites in isolation were sufficient for modulating COX subunit 4i1 and 6A1 promoters' activity in response to decreased energy demand. These results indicate that NRF-2 is a vital part of a molecular mechanism that senses upstream energy signals and modulates COX transcriptional levels in mammalian cells.
On backward-time behavior of the solutions to the 2-D space periodic Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract In 1995, Constantin, Foias, Kukavica, and Majda had shown that the 2-D space periodic Navier–Stokes equations have a rich set of the solutions that exist for all times t ∈ R and grow exponentially in Sobolev H 1 norm when t → − ∞ . In the present note we show that these solutions grow exponentially (when t → − ∞ ) in any Sobolev H m norm ( m ⩾ 2 ) provided the driving force is bounded in H m − 1 norm.
Workspace Determination of General 6-d.o.f. Cable Manipulators

This paper addresses workspace determination of general 6-d.o.f. cable-driven parallel manipulators with more than seven cables. The workspace under study is called force-closure workspace, which is defined as the set of end-effector poses satisfying the force-closure condition. Having force-closure in a specific end-effector pose means that any external wrench applied to the end-effector can be balanced through a set of non-negative cable forces under any motion condition of the end-effector. In other words, the inverse dynamics problem of the manipulator always has a feasible solution at any pose in the force-closure workspace. The workspace can be determined by the Jacobian matrix and, thus, it is consistent with the usual definition of workspace in the robotics literature. A systematic method of determining whether or not a given end-effector pose is in the workspace is proposed. Based on this method, the shape, boundary, dimensions and volume of the workspace of a 6-d.o.f., eight-cable manipulator ar...
Alumina gel injections into the temporal lobe of rhesus monkeys cause complex partial seizures and morphological changes found in human temporal lobe epilepsy

The goal of the present study was to determine whether alumina gel injections into temporal lobe structures cause complex partial seizures (CPS) and pathological changes observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Rhesus monkeys with alumina gel injections in the amygdala, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, or Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus all initially displayed focal pathological electroencephalographic (EEG) slowing limited to the site of injection. After clinical seizures developed, they also displayed widespread pathological EEG slowing over both hemispheres, interictal and ictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities limited to the mesial-inferior temporal lobe on the side of injection, and different degrees of spread to other ipsilateral and contralateral structures. Noninjected control and nonepileptic monkeys with injections into the middle and inferior temporal gyri displayed no hippocampal neuronal loss or mossy fiber sprouting. When alumina gel was injected into the amygdala, CPS began within 3-6 weeks and degeneration of neurons and gliosis occurred in the perirhinal cortex or the hippocampus, with consequent sprouting of mossy fibers in the dentate gyrus. Dispersion of the granule cell layer was also observed. Other monkeys with alumina gel in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices developed CPS within 2-3 weeks after the injections and displayed mossy fiber sprouting only after 4 weeks after the injections. Alumina gel in Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus also induced CPS, but mossy fiber sprouting was limited to sites immediately adjacent to the injection, probably because none survived more than 4 weeks after the injections. This nonhuman primate model of CPS displayed similar anatomical, behavioral, and EEG features as observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy and provides opportunities to analyze the chronological sequence of epileptogenesis and to test potential therapies.
Bundling Information Goods of Decreasing Value

Consumers' average value for information goods, websites, weather forecasts, music, and news declines with the number consumed. This paper provides simple guidelines to optimal bundling marketing strategies in this case. If consumers' values do not decrease too quickly, we show that bundling is approximately optimal. If consumers' values to subsequent goods decrease quickly, we show by example that one should expect bundling to be suboptimal.
Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks

Waves in the frequency range 0.5 - 4 Hz were studied in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock using data from the fluxgate magnetic field experiment on IMP-6. Analysis of 150 examples of these waves during a three month interval indicates that amplitudes are generally less than 1 or 2 gammas and propagation directions generally make angles of between 20 and 40 degrees with the field direction. The waves as measured in the spacecraft frame of reference are either left or right hand polarized with respect to the average field direction. It is concluded that the observed waves are right handed waves in the plasma frame of reference with wavelengths of approximately 100 km propagating upstream in the whistler mode. Doppler shifting reduces the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame and reverses the observed polarization for those waves propagating more directly upstream. Similar waves are seen ahead of most interplanetary shocks.
Monastral bipolar spindles: implications for dynamic centrosome organization

Implicit to all models for mitotic spindle assembly is the view that centrosomes are essentially permanent structures. Yet, immunofluorescence revealed that spindles in larval brains of urchin mutants in Drosophila were frequently monastral but bipolar; the astral pole contained a centrosome while the opposing anastral pole showed neither gamma tubulin nor a radial array of astral microtubules. Thus, mutations in the urchin gene seem to uncouple centrosome organization and spindle bipolarity in mitotic cells. Hypomorphic mutants showed a high frequency of monastral bipolar spindles but low frequencies of polyploidy, suggesting that monastral bipolar spindles might be functional. To test this hypothesis, we performed pedigree analysis of centrosome distribution and spindle structure in the four mitotic divisions of gonial cells. Prophase gonial cells showed two centrosomes, suggesting cells entered mitosis with the normal number of centrosomes and that centrosomes separated during prophase. Despite a high frequency of monastral bipolar spindles, the end products of the four mitotic divisions were equivalent in size and chromatin content. These results indicate that monastral bipolar spindles are functional and that the daughter cell derived from the anastral pole can assemble a functional bipolar spindle in the subsequent cell cycle. Cell proliferation despite high frequencies of monastral bipolar spindles can be explained if centrosome structure in mitotic cells is dynamic, allowing transient and benign disorganization of pericentriolar components. Since urchin proved to be allelic to KLP61F which encodes a kinesin related motor protein (Heck et al. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 123, 665-671), our results suggest that motors influence the dynamic organization of centrosomes.
Introduction: Centering on the Edge

As the international academic enterprise settles into the first decade of the twenty-first century, the future of our work is in flux. Academic specializations established a century ago no longer adequately reflect the growing points of human thought, and the opening of higher education to wider populations of students has challenged the relevance of traditional disciplines for future lives and careers. In this context, teachers and scholars have been rethinking the academic enterprise and the functions it serves for their students; new centers are being organized around what was once thought to mark the edge of knowledge-making. At Bryn Mawr College in the USA, where many of the contributors of this special issue teach, the Center for Science in Society has been an important locus for such restructuring.
INSULIN-LOWERING THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES FOR POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

This article summarizes the relationship between insulin and androgen excess, with a focus on what is known regarding two related issues in polycystic ovary syndrome: (1) defects in insulin secretion in PCOS and their role in the development of glucose intolerance in this population; and (2) pharmacologic interventions designed to attenuate hyperinsulinemia and its sequelae in PCOS.
Newton: Performance improvement through comparative analysis

In this paper, we describe a methodology for analysis and improvement of computer systems through comparative evaluation, and Newton, a prototype implementation of this methodology. Newton aids its users in identifying and understanding the keys to performance of existing computer systems by finding characteristics which differentiate the performance of any given pair of systems. Newton collects information about a computer, builds a model which allocates the running time of program segments (e.g. loops and basic blocks) to various hardware and software components of the system, highlights differences between multiple systems by comparing the measured data and model, and predicts what performance improvement will result if a discovered bottleneck is alleviated from the system. >
On the Partial Ordering of the Discrete Memoryless Channels Arising in Cooperative Sensor Networks

We focus on the open problem of the partial ordering of the Discrete Memoryless Channel (DMC) in the context of cooperative sensor networks. In the case of binary DMCs we identify the regions where the binary DMC capacity is a Schur convex (concave) function under the trace channel matrix constraint. Our approach is based upon majorization theory in connection with partial ordering. We are able to give an answer for partial ordering of general symmetric DMCs in connection with binary DMCs. Our results generalize, and extend, the previous work on partial ordering of DMCs and hold promise for efficient sensor network design.
The Dependence of Storm Longevity on the Pattern of Deep Convection Initiation in a Low-Shear Environment

The sensitivity of storm longevity to the pattern of deep convection initiation (e.g., multiple, quasi-linearly arranged initial deep convective cells versus an isolated deep convective cell) is examined using idealized cloud-resolving simulations conducted with a low-shear initial environment. When multiple deep convective cells are initialized in close proximity to one another using either a line of thermals or a shallow airmass boundary, long-lived storms are produced. However, when isolated deep convection is initiated, the resultant storm steadily decays following initiation. These results illustrate that a quasi-linear mechanism, such as a preexisting airmass boundary, that initiates multiple deep convective cells in close proximity can lead to longer-lived storms than a mechanism that initiates isolated deep convection. The essential difference between the experiments conducted is that an isolated initial storm produces a shallower cold pool than when a quasi-linear initiation is used. It is argued that the deep cold pools promote deep forced ascent, systematic convective cell redevelopment, and thus long-lived storms, even in environments with small values of vertical shear. The difference in cold pool depth between the simulations is attributed to differences in the horizontal flux of cold air to the gust front. With a single initial storm, the few convective cells that subsequently form provide only a limited source of cold air, leading to a cold pool that is shallow and incapable of fostering continued updraft redevelopment.
Bulls and bears: the stock market and clinical pathology research

Aims: To analyse the level of funded research in clinical pathology in a recent bear and bull market to act as a predictor for future funding during the current global financial crisis. Methods: The level of funding for research published in three clinical pathology journals in 2005 and 2008 to coincide with the bear market of March 2000 to October 2002 and with the subsequent bull market to October 2007 was determined using a Medline query. Other parameters examined were the type of article, affiliation of the first author and the pathology subspecialty. Results: Approximately 30% of publications were funded and did not differ between the 2 years studied. Original research papers were more likely to be funded than case reports or reviews. Research from university departments of pathology was more likely to be funded than from hospital pathology departments but there were more publications from hospital pathology departments. The proportion of research in the different subspecialties that was funded did not differ significantly between each other and between 2005 and 2008. Conclusions: Based on data from the previous bear market, which was the longest and deepest of the post 1950 era, and the subsequent bull market, which led to the all-time high in the Dow Jones Industrial Index, funding for clinical pathology research does not seem to be affected by bull or bear markets.
Biliary Tract Cancers: Understudied and Poorly Understood

Biliary tract cancers are a heterogeneous group of cancers that arise in either the intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts or the gallbladder. Local therapy with surgical resection and perhaps radiation therapy is used for localized disease. There is no known effective adjuvant therapy, although various combinations have been used clinically without definitive data showing a benefit. The most standard chemotherapy for metastatic disease is gemcitabine plus cisplatin based on a single positive randomized trial. Genetic mutations that may lead to better, targeted therapy choices are being identified, albeit with variable frequency. Early studies of targeted agents have been negative, but these were in unselected patients where it was unknown whether the target was activated in any individual patient. Careful selection of patients enrolling onto trials of targeted agents will make the subsets of biliary tract cancers even smaller but is likely necessary to improve outcomes from these deadly diseases.
Correction of copy number variation data using principal component analysis

Copy number variation (CNV) detection using SNP array data is challenging due to the low signal-to-noise ratio. In this study, we propose a principal component analysis (PCA) based correction to eliminate variance in CNV data induced by potential confounding factors. Simulations show a substantial improvement in CNV detection accuracy after correction. We also observe a significant improvement in data quality in real SNP array data after correction.
Left lateralizing transcranial direct current stimulation improves reading efficiency.

Background Poor reading efficiency is the most persistent problem for adults with developmental dyslexia. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between left posterior temporal cortex (pTC) function and reading ability, regardless of dyslexia status. Objective/Hypothesis In this study, we tested whether enhancing left lateralization of pTC using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves reading efficiency in adults without dyslexia. Method Twenty-five right-handed adults with no history of learning disorder participated. Real and sham "Left lateralizing" tDCS were applied to the pTC in separate sessions. Standardized word and nonword reading tests were given immediately after stimulation. Results Modeling of the induced electrical field confirmed that tDCS was likely to increase left pTC excitability and reduce right pTC excitability as intended. Relative to sham, real tDCS induced improvements in word reading efficiency in below average readers. Conclusions Enhancing left lateralization of the pTC using tDCS improves word reading efficiency in below-average readers. This demonstrates that left lateralization of the pTC plays a role in reading ability, and provides stimulation parameters that could be used for a trial of tDCS in adults with developmental dyslexia. Such short-term gains could amplify the effect of appropriate reading interventions when performed in conjunction with them.
Mechanisms for concentrating Rho1 during cytokinesis

The small GTP-binding protein, Rho1/RhoA plays a central role in cytokinetic actomyosin ring (CAR) assembly and cytokinesis. Concentration of Rho proteins at the division site is a general feature of cytokinesis, yet the mechanisms for recruiting Rho to the division site for cytokinesis remain poorly understood. We find that budding yeast utilizes two mechanisms to concentrate Rho1 at the division site. During anaphase, the primary mechanism for recruiting Rho1 is binding to its guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEF-dependent recruitment requires that Rho1 has the ability to pass through its GDP or unliganded state prior to being GTP-loaded. We were able to test this model by generating viable yeast lacking all identifiable Rho1 GEFs. Later, during septation and abscission, a second GEF-independent mechanism contributes to Rho1 bud neck targeting. This GEF-independent mechanism requires the Rho1 polybasic sequence that binds to acidic phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). This latter mechanism is functionally important because Rho1 activation or increased cellular levels of PIP2 promote cytokinesis in the absence of a contractile ring. These findings comprehensively define the targeting mechanisms of Rho1 essential for cytokinesis in yeast, and are likely to be relevant to cytokinesis in other organisms.
Experimental characterization of the temperature dependence of the piezoresistive coefficients of silicon

Stress sensing test chips are used to investigate die stresses arising from assembly and packaging operations. The chips incorporate resistor or transistor sensing elements that are able to measure stresses via the observation of the changes in their resistivity/mobility. The piezoresistive behavior of such sensors is characterized by three piezoresistive (pi) coefficients, which are electro-mechanical material constants. In most prior investigations, calibration of the piezoresistive coefficients has been performed at room temperature. The limited data at other temperatures, and even the data at room temperature, exhibit wide discrepancies in magnitude as well as sign. Thus the literature data limits the accuracy of test chip stress measurements made at other temperatures. We are interested in stress measurements over a very broad range of temperatures, 77K - 450K or more, and this work focuses on an extensive experimental study of the temperature dependence of the piezoresistive coefficients of silicon. Calibration has been performed using four-point-bending of chip-on-beam specimens. A special four-point bending apparatus has been constructed and integrated into an environmental chamber capable of conditioning to temperatures from -185 to 300 C. Finite element analysis has been used to calculate the stress states applied to the calibration samples. Our first test results show that the piezoresistive coefficients for p- and n-type silicon decrease monotonically with increasing temperature over the temperature range -150 to 100 C. This work is currently being extended to higher temperature and performing temperature dependent hydrostatic pressure tests
The Phenomenological Movement and Research in the Human Sciences

Phenomenology, as a modern movement in philosophy, has focused discussion upon human subjectivity in new and critically important ways. Because human participants can relate intentionally to objects of the world consciousness manifests relationships to things and others that are other than cause-effect relationships. Consequently, the concepts and practices of the natural sciences are not the best model for the human sciences to follow. Husserl in his philosophy introduced a method for a more adequate approach to the achievements of consciousness and when properly modified the phenomenological method can serve as the basis for the human sciences, including nursing. The use of such a method can make the qualitative analysis of phenomena rigorous and scientific.
A Factory Health Monitor: System identification, process monitoring, and control

An important quality of manufacturing process implementation is ensuring that all controllers operate exactly as they are intended when applied to a system. Unfortunately, because the many subsystems in a factory are often developed independently, this is not always the case and logical errors and incorrect software-hardware interactions can exist and develop which can cause non-optimal or incorrect operation and lower plant efficiency. The factory health monitor (FHM) is a factory floor information analysis system that was created to improve industrial processes by reducing the time required to identify errors in operation. This research associated with FHM development addresses the issues and implementation of a non-intrusive monitoring scheme, a method of system identification appropriate to a manufacturing process, and suggests methods and future research in error avoidance. The system identification method is described in detail with a focus on the communication of relevant information to the operator and system. The FHM was applied to test setups and an industrial testbed, where accurate system models were created. The benefits of using the FHM are illustrated through the identification and avoidance of a particular hardware based error present in the industrial testbed.
Scaffolding instruction using an online quizzing tool: a case study in evolving design and effective collaboration

Many universities and colleges are beginning to use integrated course management systems to support learning with online tools. Unfortunately, increasing the ease with which these tools can be used does not necessarily translate to effective and efficient use. This paper describes a case study of the design and application of an online quizzing tool that was used within a course management system to develop self-guided, scaffolded instruction that takes students from practice quizzes on problem solving at the sub-set skill level through complex problem solving in homework assignments to "real" online quizzes that support learning in engineering mechanics. Upon reflection, the authors noted that there was a 'growing' process involved for both students and instructors. Students who participated in the guided, scaffolded instruction appeared to perform better than students in previous semesters. Return on the investment of effort in the design and development of this project will be realized in repeat offerings of the course, and in transfer to other core courses
a General Survey of Factors Influencing Development at Sea Level.

Abstract Sutcliffe's theory of development is reviewed and extended, with particular reference to cyclonic development at sea level. It is shown that cyclogenesis results from an unbalance, in the layer below the level of non-divergence, of the vorticity advection and the Laplacian of certain thermal quantities. It is suggested that cyclogenesis results not from the release of an infinitesimal perturbation by a dynamically unstable state, but rather from the release of some kind of instability by finite perturbations which can be identified with the wave-shaped motion patterns in the middle and upper troposphere.
HOME RANGE AND MOVEMENTS OF LONG-TAILED WEASELS IN A LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTED BY AGRICULTURE

Quantitative assessments of home-range dynamics and movements of long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata) are lacking, in spite of the importance of these data to understanding how habitat fragmentation influences behavior, ecology, and interspecific interactions. During autumn to late winter 1998‐2000, we monitored 11 long-tailed weasels (7 male, 4 female) via radiotelemetry to examine home-range dynamics and movement rates in an Indiana landscape fragmented by agriculture. Mean (6 SE) 95% adaptive kernel contour area for adult females and adult males was 51.8 6 8.1 ha and 180.3 6 60.3 ha, respectively, and differed significantly. Hourly rate of movement for male long-tailed weasels (130.5 6 12.7 m) was greater than that of females (79.2 6 13.5 m). Weasels demonstrated greater hourly rates of movement during the fallow season (138.2 6 12.8 m) compared with the preharvest season (63.0 6 11.2 m). Mean hourly rates of movement were lower in corridors, forest patches, and grassland patches compared to crop fields. Mean hourly rate of movement was positively related with home-range size (P , 0.001) with the greatest rates of movement in the largest home ranges. Mean hourly rate of movement varied inversely with prey biomass (P ¼ 0.07). Our results are consistent with the notion that long-tailed weasels may be sensitive to agriculturally induced fragmentation of habitat and the importance of maintaining landscape connectivity for species conservation.
Kinetics of the C2H3 + H2 ⇄ H + C2H4 and CH3 + H2 ⇄ H + CH4 Reactions

The kinetics of the reactions C2H3 + H2 → H + C2H4 (1) and CH3 + H2 → H + CH4 (2) have been studied in the temperature ranges 499−947 K (reaction 1) and 646−1104 K (reaction 2) and He densities (6−18) × 1016 atoms cm-3 by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry. Rate constants were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature. Ethylene was detected as a primary product of reaction 1. Within the above temperature ranges the experimental rate constants can be represented by Arrhenius expressions k1 = (3.42 ± 0.35) × 10-12 exp(−(4179 ± 67 K)/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k2 = (1.45 ± 0.18) × 10-11 exp(−(6810 ± 102 K)/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Experimental values of k2 are in agreement with the available literature data. The potential energy surface and properties of the transition state for reactions (1, −1) were studied by ab initio methods. Experimental and ab initio results of the current study were analyzed and used to create a transition state model of the reaction. The resul...
Learned Partial Automation for Shared Control in Tele-Robotic Manipulation

When used in challenging applications like surgery or underwater maintenance, the use of tele-operated robots involves manipulations that are complex to perform on the master controllers due to restricted access and limited perception. In this paper, we investigate an assistance approach for tele-robotic manipulation, in which the robot automates several degrees of freedom (DOF) of the tools, such as their orientation. This automation requires the understanding of the intent of the operator, so as to not impede the natural manipulation of the remaining DOF. Our system is therefore based on the observation that in the aforementioned applications, the manipulation tasks have often a structure that can be learned from the daily usage of the robot. We propose an approach that uses the typical motion performed by the operator during a given task, learned from demonstration, to automate the rotation of the manipulator in new instances of this task. The operator keeps control of the robot by manipulating the tool translation and can recover full control if needed. The learned motion model is based on Gaussian Mixture Regressions and combined with a 3D reconstruction of the environment to address variations in the task. We demonstrate our assistance approach using a da Vinci robot on a task consisting of moving a ring along a wire possessing a complex 3D shape.
A cadaver yeast and related species.

A species of Hansenula was recorded as an abundant and highly persistent growth inside human cadavers used for teaching medical students (6). In his report, Peterson drew attention to the tolerance the yeast had for the embalming fluid and for the phenol solution used in storage. From among the many microbicides tried, only zephiran chloride gave some measure of control. For 2 years the infestation waxed and waned, and did not terminate until the medical school moved into completely new quarters with different cadavers, new storage vats, and uncontaminated preservatives. The yeast was sent to me for identification.
A SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ESTIMATES OF STERILIZATION RATES BY JOVIAN RADIATION

Planetary protection requires probes to planets or small bodies capable of sustaining life to develop a plan for sterilization to prevent contamination by Earth organisms. The intensity of the Jovian radiation belts may provide a useful means for sterilization of space probes to the Jovian system. The Langley Research Center has well-developed capability in radiation shield models for shield evaluation and implications for biological effects. Models for the Jovian environment, transport models for shield evaluation, and biological radiation survival models are combined into a software package for examination of exposures in the Jovian radiation belts. The model systems used in the present study include microbes with high sensitivity (e. g. mouse embryo cells C3HT101/2) and radiation resistant types (e. g. M. Radiodurans). The tool can be developed for routine evaluation of spacecraft geometry and mission scenarios using the Langley collaborative engineering website at http://sirest.larc.nasa.gov.
Eggs of the Greater Wax Moth as a Host for Trichogramma

Eggs of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), were evaluated as hosts for mass-rearing Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, T. evanescens Westwood, and T. minutum auctt., not Riley 1871. Numbers of female T. pretiosum and T. evanescens produced from eggs of the 2 hosts did not differ significantly, but S. cerealella produced twice as many T. minutum as did G. mellonella . Female wasps reared from eggs of the greater wax moth traveled 5.6–6.4 cm/min faster and lived 6.1–11.1 h longer than those from eggs of the Angoumois grain moth.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON GERMICIDAL EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIBACTERIAL LOTION

Objective To study the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of an antibacterial lotion with soluble staphylococcal enzyme.Methods Carrier quantitative germicidal test and animal test were used to observe experimentally the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of the antibacterial lotion.Results The stock solution contained lysostaphin 0.9996 U/ml,lysozyme 42 958 U/ml.The stock solution of the antibacterial lotion with a 10 min contact time could kill 100% of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.When Candida albicans was exposed to this lotion,the killing rate was 98.98%.After the antibacterial lotion sealed storage at 37℃ for 3 months,its efficacy of killing Staphylococcus aureus did not decrease significantly.Its stock solution was not irritating to aminal vaginalmucosa,the integral value were 0.Conclusion The antibacterial lotion has good germicidal efficacy with non-irritating and stable.
Design of the UHVDC Corona Cage in China

For the purpose of testing and analysing the corona characteristics of UHVDC bundle conductors, UHVDC corona cage would be built in China. Corona cage is one of the indispensable equipments for conductor corona performance researches. Tests of conductor co- rona characteristics in corona cages can overcome the shortages of those with test lines.The dimensions of several corona cages constructed overseas were introduced in this paper. Based on foreign experiences and the requirement of State Grid Corporation of China, the UHVDC corona cage was designed as double-cage, double-layer, three-sections, and catenary shape with the size of 70 m×22 m×13 m. The corona loss measurement system, radio interference measuring system, and the audible noise measuring system are also detailed, including the measurement theory, connection with the cage, the parameters and the designing basis. The UHVDC corona cage has been put into service. It now undergoes a large amount of audible noise and radio frequency interference tests.
The noncommutative schemes of generalized Weyl algebras

Abstract The first Weyl algebra over k , A 1 = k 〈 x , y 〉 / ( x y − y x − 1 ) admits a natural Z -grading by letting deg ⁡ x = 1 and deg ⁡ y = − 1 . Smith showed that gr ­ A 1 is equivalent to the category of quasicoherent sheaves on a certain quotient stack. Using autoequivalences of gr ­ A 1 , Smith constructed a commutative ring C, graded by finite subsets of the integers. He then showed gr ­ A 1 ≡ gr ­ ( C , Z fin ) . In this paper, we prove analogues of Smith's results by using autoequivalences of a graded module category to construct rings with equivalent graded module categories. For certain generalized Weyl algebras, we use autoequivalences defined in a companion paper so that these constructions yield commutative rings.
The Political Ideologies of Law Clerks and their Judges

In order to study the political ideologies of judicial law clerks in the United States, we construct a novel dataset that combines information on the identity of clerks with a measure of political ideology based on political donations. We then use this data to empirically investigate several important questions about the ideologies of clerks. First, we examine whether clerks tend to share the liberal ideology of other lawyers or the more conservative ideology associated with federal judges and find that clerks tend to be disproportionately liberal. Second, we investigate how the ideologies of clerks compares to the ideologies of lawyers and find that liberal lawyers are more likely to have clerked than conservatives. Third, we assess whether the ideologies of clerks differs based on the level of clerkship and find that the liberal skew becomes less pronounced as the prestige of the clerkship increases. Fourth, we analyze the relationship between ideology and the hiring of clerks and find that the ideology of judges is strongly correlated with the ideology of their clerks.
Relationship of the Number and Distribution of Work Hours to Health and Quality-of-Life (QOL) Outcomes

Major demographic trends are affecting the work schedules of U.S. employees with likely consequences for health and quality-of-life outcomes. These trends include long work hours, at least for some groups of employees, and an increasing proportion of employees in the U.S. and other countries who are working nonstandard work schedules. This chapter contains a review of the empirical literature linking the number of hours worked and the distribution of those hours at the individual and couple level to a variety of outcomes, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. In addition, because the majority of U.S. workers live in dyads (Jacobs & Gerson (2004). The time divide: Work, family and gender inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), major attention is given to the impact of work hours on the employee's spouse as well as on the employee. It is also noted that the relationship between work hours and outcomes might be different among employed single women with children. Data are presented from two new studies conducted by my research team to fill some of the critical knowledge gaps. Finally, I suggest some directions for future research.
Diversity and Equity

Diversity's Promise for Higher Education: Making It Work, by Daryl G. Smith. Second Edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. 376 pages. $32. 95 Paperback, $32.95 E-book.Engagin...
Adjustment for Non-Cash Items in Earnings-Based Covenants

This paper examines how non-cash items are adjusted for in the measurement of earnings-based covenants in loan contracts. I first provide descriptive evidence on the forms and frequencies of these adjustments: 15% of covenants subtract “non-cash income,” 36% adds back “other non-cash expenses” (“non-cash expenses” other than depreciation and amortization expenses), and 89% adds back depreciation and amortization expenses. Next, I show evidence that the cross-sectional variations of these adjustments are consistent with concerns about the reliability of these items being a reason for their exclusion: Firms with higher agency costs of debt and lower reputational capital are more likely to exclude these items. Finally, I show that working capital accruals increase the usefulness of earnings in measuring credit risk and that operating cash flows are significantly less associated with credit risk than net income. This finding suggests that the usual inclusion of working capital accruals in the covenant measurement is consistent with contracting parties choosing a performance measure that is more useful in measuring credit risk.
Factors Associated With Medical School Entrants' Interest in Military Financial Assistance in Exchange for a Service Obligation: The Michigan State University College of Human Medicine Cohort

ABSTRACT Introduction: The U.S. military offers comprehensive scholarships to medical students to help offset costs in exchange for either reserve or active duty service commitments. Our goal was to describe to what degree newly admitted students to Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine were aware of and interested in these opportunities. Materials and Methods: We surveyed 176 newly admitted students at the beginning and immediately following a presentation on military medicine opportunities. We collected anonymous paper surveys from program attendees and entered the data into Stata v13.1. The project was submitted for institutional review board review and deemed to not involve human subjects. Tests of association were performed using Chi-square test of independence and Fisher's exact test where needed. Results: Our cohort was 49% female, 51% male, and over 90% were less than 30 years of age. Only 14% reported having family involved in the military. Our results indicated that over 90% of s...
The high-pressure phase of lawsonite: A single crystal study of a key mantle hydrous phase

Lawsonite CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O is an important water carrier in subducting oceanic crusts and the primary hydrous phase in basalt at depths greater than ~80 km. We have conducted high-pressure synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments on natural lawsonite at room temperature up to ~10.0 GPa to study its high-pressure polymorphism. We find that lawsonite remains orthorhombic with Cmcm symmetry up to ~9.3 GPa and shows nearly isotropic compression. Above ~9.3 GPa, lawsonite becomes monoclinic with P21/m symmetry. Across the phase transition, the Ca polyhedron becomes markedly distorted, and the average positions of the H2O molecules and hydroxyls change. The changes observed in the H-atom positions under compression are different than the low-temperature changes in this material. We resolve for the first time the H-bonding configuration of the high-pressure monoclinic phase of lawsonite. A bond valence approach is deployed to determine that the phase transition from orthorhombic to monoclinic is primarily driven by the Si2O7 groups, and in particular their bridging oxygen atoms (O1). The changes in the structure strongly indicate that entropy increases across the symmetry-lowering transition and hence that the slope of the phase transition is negative. Monoclinic lawsonite is thus stable under the pressure and temperature conditions that exist in the Earth and is likely to be a major water carrier in colder, deep subducted slabs. Monoclinic lawsonite also likely has enhanced electrical conductivity along its c axis due to its dynamically disordered hydrogen atoms.
A concise characterization of strong knapsack facets

Abstract For the integer knapsack problem, the 1 ∕ k -facets with k dividing 6 or 8 were shown to be very strong and efficiently separated (Chopra et al., 2015; Shim et al., 2017). We give a concise characterization of the 1 ∕ k -facets for each k dividing 6, 8 in terms of a concise description of the coefficients. This allows these inequalities to be separated efficiently. We develop a reduced linear programming formulation to speed up identification of the facets hit during the shooting experiment, and confirm the strength of the 1 ∕ k -facets with k dividing 6 or 8 in higher dimensional problems.
Identification of Generalized Memory Polynomials Using Two-Tone Signals

This paper shows that the coefficients of a generalized memory polynomial model of a nonlinear device can be estimated by examining the output when the input is a series of two-tone signals. There are several benefits to using two-tone signals rather than noise-like waveforms for system identification, including the relative ease of generating two-tone signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio and high dynamic range. The two-tone approach described here results in a block upper triangular linear system of equations that can be solved for the unknown coefficients. The block upper triangular structure provides a sufficient condition for the matrix to be nonsingular: if each diagonal submatrix has full column rank, so does the matrix. In addition to showing that certain sets of two-tone signals satisfy this sufficient condition, methods for controlling the condition number are also given. Simulations verify the two-tone estimation method and illustrate the effects of noise and matrix conditioning. Some useful results regarding certain Khatri–Rao products can be found in the proofs.
Forest restoration as a strategy to mitigate climate impacts on wildfire, vegetation, and water in semiarid forests

Climate change and wildfire are interacting to drive vegetation change and potentially reduce water quantity and quality in the southwestern United States, Forest restoration is a management approach that could mitigate some of these negative outcomes. However, little information exists on how restoration combined with climate change might influence hydrology across large forest landscapes that incorporate multiple vegetation types and complex fire regimes. We combined spatially explicit vegetation and fire modeling with statistical water and sediment yield models for a large forested landscape (335,000 ha) on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona, USA. Our objective was to assess the impacts of climate change and forest restoration on the future fire regime, forest vegetation, and watershed outputs. Our model results predict that the combination of climate change and high-severity fire will drive forest turnover, biomass declines, and compositional change in future forests. Restoration treatments may reduce the area burned in high-severity fires and reduce conversions from forested to non-forested conditions. Even though mid-elevation forests are the targets of restoration, the treatments are expected to delay the decline of high-elevation spruce-fir, aspen, and mixed conifer forests by reducing the occurrence of high-severity fires that may spread across ecoregions. We estimate that climate-induced vegetation changes will result in annual runoff declines of up to 10%, while restoration reduced or reversed this decline. The hydrologic model suggests that mid-elevation forests, which are the targets of restoration treatments, provide around 80% of runoff in this system and the conservation of mid- to high-elevation forests types provides the greatest benefit in terms of water conservation. We also predict that restoration treatments will conserve water quality by reducing patches of high-severity fire that are associated with high sediment yield. Restoration treatments are a management strategy that may reduce undesirable outcomes for multiple ecosystem services.
Diabetic bladder dysfunction.

Objective To review studies on diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), a common and bothersome complication of diabetes mellitus. Data sources We performed a search of the English literature through PubMed. The key words used were "diabetes" and "bladder dysfunction" or "cystopathy". Our own data and perspective are included in the discussion. Study selection Studies containing data relevant to DBD were selected. Because of the limited length of this article, we also referenced reviews that contain comprehensive amalgamations of relevant literature. Results The classic symptoms of DBD are decreased bladder sensation, increased bladder capacity, and impaired bladder emptying with resultant elevated post-void residual urine. However, recent clinical and experimental evidence indicate a strong presence of storage problems such as urge incontinence in diabetes. Recent studies of DBD in animal models of type 1 diabetes have revealed temporal effects of diabetes, causing an early phase of compensatory bladder function and a later phase of decompensated bladder function. The pathophysiology of DBD is multifactorial, including disturbances of the detrusor, urothelium, autonomic nerves, and urethra. Polyuria and hyperglycemia play important but distinctive roles in induction of bladder dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Polyuria causes significant bladder hypertrophy in the early stage of diabetes, whereas oxidative stress in the bladder caused by chronic hyperglycemia may play an important role in the late stage failure of bladder function. Conclusions DBD includes time-dependent and mixed manifestations. The pathological alterations include muscle, nerve, and urothelium. Polyuria and hyperglycemia independently contribute to the pathogenesis of DBD. Treatments for DBD are limited. Future clinical studies on DBD in type 1 and type 2 diabetes should be investigated separately. Animal studies of DBD in type 2 diabetes are needed, from the natural history to mechanisms. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of DBD will provide multiple potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Higher Order Turbulence Model Predictions for Complex 2D and 3D Flowfields

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the increasing computer performance and improved numerical methods that not only allow the numerical computation of more complex flow fields, but also enable the use of higher order turbulence models in Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes computations. It presents the implementation of a Rejmolds-stress model (RSM) in a Navier–Stokes code. The RSM used in this study is the multiscale (MS) model. In this model, the Reynolds-stresses are partitioned into two sets of scales. The main part of this model, the pressure-strainterm, is identical to the Launder–Reece and Rodi model. The implementation of a RSM's into a Navier–Stoke code is not a trivial matter and can lead to severe stability problems. The discretization and the linearization of the equations are of crucial importance to the success of the computations. The chapter reviews the results for four increasingly complex flow fields.
Quantum Computing as a Particular Case of Computing With Tensors

One of the main potential applications of uncertainty in computations is quantum computing. In this paper, we show that the success of quantum computing can be explained by the fact that quantum states are, in effect, tensors.