cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of the urban matrix on space use of coyotes in the Chicago metropolitan area

Expansion of the coyote's (Canis latrans) dis- tribution in North America has included most urban areas. Concerns for human safety have resulted in the need to understand the spatial relationship between humans and coyotes in urban landscapes. We examined the space use of coyotes with varying degrees of urban development in the Chicago metropolitan area, IL, USA, between March 2000 and December 2002. We compared home-range size, land use, and habitat use of 41 radio-collared coyotes (5 coyotes residing in developed areas, 29 in less-developed areas, and 7 in a matrix of developed and less-developed areas). The partitioning of coyotes into groups based on their level of exposure to urban development allowed us to examine if differences in use of land types by coyotes was evident in our study area. Coyotes in developed areas had home ranges twice the size of animals in less-developed areas. Nonurban habitats were used by all coyotes in the study area, while urban land was avoided. Coyotes in developed areas had large home ranges and high amounts of urban land in their range, but preferred nonurban habitat. This required the coyotes to travel through a matrix of urban land, thus encountering human activity and possibly increasing the risk of conflict with humans. However, coyotes in developed areas avoided crepuscular times when human activity was highest, suggesting that coyotes in developed areas may reduce conflicts with humans by traveling through the matrix of urban land late at night when the risk of contact with humans is lowest. Coyotes in less-developed areas were less affected by human activity at night and likely posed less risk to humans.
Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis

Objective To estimate the contributions of biological aging, historical trends, and birth cohort effects on trends in pre-eclampsia in the United States.
Dyadic Intimacy and Social Control in Three Cult Movements

A common feature of certain highly controversial new religions (Unification Church, Hare Krishna, Children of God/Family of Love) is the prohibition against exclusive dyadic relations. Some related studies suggest that this prohibition helps eliminate competition for members' loyalties, thus perpetuating commitment and diminishing the likelihood of dyadic withdrawal. However, no direct evidence for dyadic defection has yet been adduced. This study explores the dyadic intimacy hypothesis using data from intensive, in-depth interviews with voluntary defectors (N=45) and current members (N=45) of the three groups mentioned above. It was found that every case involving a defector who was part of a dyad resulted in the disaffiliation of the defector's spouse or mate as well. In several instances, the spouses or mates of defectors reported no personal dissatisfaction or disillusionment with the movement but left only in order to remain with their dyadic partner. In contrast, there were no cases of permanent dyadic splits among members. Substantive data from the interviews are examined, implications of findings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.
Immersion Cooling of Digital Computers

The present work reviews the theory and practice of direct liquid cooling of microelectronic components. A morphological analysis is suggested for the classification of liquid-cooling concepts. While both immersion and microgroove cooling of chips are discussed, the emphasis is on immersion cooling. The performance of individual chips and liquid incapsulated modules, including the submerged condenser, is reviewed in detail, with data presented. Flow-through modules and falling-film techniques are also discussed. Finally, figures-of-merit for coolants are noted.
Strongly Dichroic Organic Films via Controlled Assembly of Modular Aromatic Charge-Transfer Liquid Crystals.

The formation of highly anisotropic organic thin films based on the designed self-assembly of mixed-stack liquid crystals is reported. A series of alkoxyanthracene donors is combined in a modular fashion with a naphthalenediimide acceptor to generate new charge-transfer columnar liquid crystals. Materials characterization and molecular modeling provides insight into structure–function relationships in these organic materials that lead to the striking bulk dichroic properties of certain molecular assemblies.
A Note on Sexual Harassment

This note discusses sexual harassment, its definition (including the two main definitions: quid pro quo and hostile environment), legal issues, and background. Included in the note are statistics compiled by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on incidents of sexual harassment and key Supreme Court rulings on the issue, including Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson (1986), Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (1998), and Burlington Industries v. Ellerth (1998).
The Cost of Subsistence

LABORATE investigations have been made of the adequacy of diets at various income levels, and a considerable number of "low-cost," "moderate," and "expensive" diets have been recommended to consumers. Yet, so far as I know, no one has determined the minimum cost of obtaining the amounts of calories, protein, minerals, and vitamins which these studies accept as adequate or optimum. This will be done in the present paper, not only for its own interest but because it sheds much light on the meaning of conventional "low-cost" diets. This paper is organized under five headings, devoted to 1. The quantities of the various nutrients which should be contained in an average person's diet. 2. The quantities of these nutrients which are found in certain common foods.
Exposure versus Susceptibility as Alternative Bases for New Approaches to Surveillance for Schistosoma japonicum in Low Transmission Environments

Currently, schistosomiasis in China provides an excellent example of many of the challenges of moving from low transmission to the elimination of transmission for infectious diseases generally. In response to the surveillance dimension of these challenges, we here explore two strategic approaches to inform priorities for the development of improved methods addressed specifically to schistosomiasis in the low transmission environment. We utilize an individually-based model and the exposure data used earlier to explore surveillance strategies, one focused on exposure assessment and the second on our estimates of variability in individual susceptibility in the practical context of the current situation in China and the theoretical context of the behavior of transmission dynamics near the zero state. Our findings suggest that individual susceptibility is the major single determinant of infection intensity in both the low and medium risk environments. We conclude that there is considerable motivation to search for a biomarker of susceptibility to infection in humans, but that there would also be value in a method for monitoring surface waters for the free-swimming forms of the parasite in endemic or formerly endemic environments as an early warning of infection risk.
Hydrodynamic voltammetry at an interdigitated electrode array in a flow channel

Abstract This paper describes the numerical simulation of convective diffusion at an interdigitated electrode array, consisting of multiple pairs of microelectrodes held at alternating applied potentials on one wall of a flow channel. The downstream microelectrode of each pair detects species generated at the upstream microelectrode. Concentration profiles in the channel, amperometric response, and signal-to-noise ratios for the detector electrodes are calculated. The simple backward implicit finite difference (BIFD) simulation approach is applicable for a wide range of channel conditions. The upper number of electrode pairs treatable is limited only by computational time. The agreement of the simulation with previous results for a single pair of electrodes under comparable conditions is very good. Substantial improvements in signal-to-noise ratio are predicted for the multi-electrode interdigitated electrode array relative to a single generator-detector pair of equal overall area. Electrode dimensions are discussed for optimum signal/noise ratio. Relative enhancement increases significantly with the number of generator-detector pairs.
A Lost Opportunity for Public Health — The FDA Advisory Committee Report on Menthol

The recent report of the FDA's Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee represents a huge victory for Lorillard, the manufacturer of the leading brand of menthol cigarettes — and a disappointing setback for the health of black Americans.
Some Effects of Experimental Trichinosis in the Dog.

SummaryNo significant changes in cell volume, total erythrocyte count and hemoglobin values were observed in trichina-infected dogs. All animals exhibited increases in eosinophiles which reached a maximum 10 to 15 days after infection. Significant increases in serum calcium, which reached a maximum (16-18 mg%) 11 to 18 days after infection, were observed in only 4 dogs. It would appear that hypercalcemia can only be elicited by a massive infection, whereas an eosinophilia will always result from ingestion of fewer organisms.
Digit replantation. Analysis of 163 replantations in an 11 year period

From July 1965 to June 1976, 163 digits in 107 patients were replanted, and 145 digits survived-an 89 per cent success rate. Critical analyses were made of the causes of failures, complications, bone union, sensory recovery, secondary reconstructive procedures, and the final outcome. The majority of the patients were satisfied with their replanted digits, and no reamputation because of uselessness or causalgic pain of the replanted part has been necessary.
Analysis of losses through moving of the MFY sample population

This discussion is an analysis of the type of losses sustained by the original Mobilization for Youth (MFY) sample population through moving in the two-year period between the MFY survey and the American Language Survey ( ALS ). The sample population of native English speakers which was selected for study consisted of 312 individuals. Eight of these died, or became incapacitated, and 109 moved, leaving the ALS target sample of 195 subjects. By analyzing the social characteristics of the group who moved, we will be able to determine in what way the ALS target sample does or does not represent the original population of native speakers present on the Lower East Side in 1961. The distribution of speakers who had moved or died, according to racial and ethnic group, may be seen in Table C.1. The only serious discrepancy here is with the Protestant group, which shows twice as high a rate of moving as the others. This is what we would expect from the rootless concern. It appears that not more than one or two of the sixteen who had moved were natives of New York City, and therefore would in any case not have appeared in the most important of the studies to follow Chapter 6. The other groups are approximately the same as far as rate of moving is concerned, with the Catholics showing a somewhat higher figure.
The Discovery of the Electron

According to the ancient doctrines of Democritus and Epicurus, atoms are tiny indivisible masses rattling about through the vacuum of space. This atomic hypothesis was preserved—in one form or another—for over 2000 years. Yet by the close of the nineteenth century it was still not universally accepted. The most convincing evidence for atomism was rather indirect, having come out of (i) the study of chemical reactions, (ii) the kinetic theory of gases and (iii) Boltzmann’s probabilistic interpretation of entropy. Even among the atomists there was considerable disagreement regarding the nature and structure of the atom itself. For example, the followers of Roger Boscovich believed atoms to be little more than point-like mathematical centers of force. Boscovich’s atoms possessed an unchangeable mass, they could move through the vacuum of space, and they were endowed with an irreducible power to attract or repel other atoms. A very different view of the atom was maintained byWilliam Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Inspired by the earlier work of Hermann von Helmholtz, Kelvin imagined atoms to be like minuscule smoke-rings traveling through an all-pervasive frictionless fluid medium—the aether. These so-called vortex ring atoms were indivisible local excitations which could emit light by vibrating like the rim of a tiny ringing bell. In this way, the vortex ring model of the atom offered the possibility of explaining the complicated emission spectra of atomic gasses.
Parametric Sensitivity Study of Particle Shape Effect Through 3D Printing

Particle morphology is an important index property at the grain scale that governs the macroscopic behavior of granular soils. There have been major research efforts to realistically model the particle shapes to enhance the predictive capabilities in discrete element simulation. However, significant computational cost is generally required due to the geometric complexity of particle shapes. Therefore, considerably simplified particle shapes have been adopted in the simulations, without really understanding the degree of simulation fidelity that is achieved. The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of fidelity in the modeled particle morphology on the simulation fidelity in estimating soil behavior. This paper introduces a systematic approach that develops a shape spectrum of different geometric complexities for morphometric sensitivity study and uses 3D printed synthetic particles to physically simulate the soil behavior while bypassing the use of discrete element simulation due to high computational costs. The initial results on the synthetic particles’ influence on soil behavior will be highlighted and discussed.
Local properties of magnetic reconnection in nonlinear resistive- and extended-magnetohydrodynamic toroidal simulations of the sawtooth crash

We diagnose local properties of magnetic reconnection during a sawtooth crash employing the three-dimensional toroidal, extended-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code M3D-C1. To do so, we sample simulation data in the plane in which reconnection occurs, the plane perpendicular to the helical mode at the q = 1 surface, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers and q is the safety factor. We study the nonlinear evolution of a particular test equilibrium in a non-reduced field representation using both resistive-MHD and extended-MHD models. We find growth rates for the extended-MHD reconnection process exhibit a nonlinear acceleration and greatly exceed that of the resistive-MHD model, as is expected from previous experimental, theoretical, and computational work. We compare the properties of reconnection in the two simulations, revealing the reconnecting current sheets are locally different in the two models and we present the first observation of the quadrupole out-of-plane Hall magnetic field that appears during extended-MHD reconnection in a 3D toroidal simulation (but not in resistive-MHD). We also explore the dependence on toroidal angle of the properties of reconnection as viewed in the plane perpendicular to the helical magnetic field, finding qualitative and quantitative effects due to changes in the symmetry of the reconnection process. This study is potentially important for a wide range of magnetically confined fusion applications, from confirming simulations with extended-MHD effects are sufficiently resolved to describe reconnection, to quantifying local reconnection rates for purposes of understanding and predicting transport, not only at the q = 1 rational surface for sawteeth, but also at higher order rational surfaces that play a role in disruptions and edge-confinement degradation.
Fate and transport of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its degradation products in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

High-explosive compounds including hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) were used extensively in weapons research and testing at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Liquid effluents containing RDX were released to an outfall pond that flowed to Canon de Valle at LANL's Technical Area 16 (TA-16), resulting in the contamination of the alluvial, intermediate and regional groundwater bodies. Monitoring of groundwater within Canon de Valle has shown persistent RDX in the intermediate perched zone located between 225 and 311 m below ground surface. Monitoring data also show detectable levels of RDX putative anaerobic degradation products. Batch and column experiments were conducted to determine the extent of adsorption-desorption and transport of RDX and its degradation products (MNX, DNX, and TNX) in major rock types that are within the RDX plume. All experiments were performed in the dark using water obtained from a well located at the center of the plume, which is fairly oxic and has a neutral pH of 7.5. Retardation factors and partitioning coefficient (Kd) values for RDX were calculated from batch experiments. Additionally, retardation factors and Kd values for RDX and its degradation products were calibrated from column experiments using a one-dimensional transport model with equilibrium sorption (linear isotherm). Results from the column and batch experiments showed little to no sorption of RDX to the aquifer materials tested, with retardation factors ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 and Kd values varying from 0 to 0.70 L/kg. Results also showed no measurable differences between the transport properties of RDX and its degradation products.
Rapid pathogen-specific phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing using digital LAMP quantification in clinical samples

Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is urgently needed for informing treatment decisions and preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. To date, no phenotypic AST exists that can be performed within a single patient visit (30 min) directly from clinical samples. We show that AST results can be obtained by using digital nucleic acid quantification to measure the phenotypic response of Escherichia coli present within clinical urine samples exposed to an antibiotic for 15 min. We performed this rapid AST using our ultrafast (~7 min) digital real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP) assay [area under the curve (AUC), 0.96] and compared the results to a commercial (~2 hours) digital polymerase chain reaction assay (AUC, 0.98). The rapid dLAMP assay can be used with SlipChip microfluidic devices to determine the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli directly from clinical urine samples in less than 30 min. With further development for additional pathogens, antibiotics, and sample types, rapid digital AST (dAST) could enable rapid clinical decision-making, improve management of infectious diseases, and facilitate antimicrobial stewardship.
Lymphotoxin in inflammation and lymphoid organ development: Variations on a theme

Members of the LT/TNF family have long been implicated in inflammation through experimental studies of autoimmune diseases and transgenic mice (reviewed in [1]). In the case of autoimmune inflammation, the lesion is initiated by antigen-specific T cells which recruit additional T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The consequences of inflammation include tissue damage and in many autoimmune diseases the inflammation becomes chronic, eventually developing into “tertiary lymphoid organs”, with the infiltrates taking on the appearance of new lymphoid organs, a phenomenon we have termed: lymphoid neogenesis [2]. It is possible that these newly formed local lymphoid organs contribute to clinical relapses and epitope spreading which occurs in the course of many autoimmune diseases. In these situations the individual reacts not only to the immunizing auto-antigen, but also over time to additional determinants within that antigen and to unrelated molecules that also comprise the target organ [3]. We suggest that this phenomenon occurs within the local target organ in the course of an inflammatory reaction within the newly organized lymphoid tissue and that cytokines contribute to this phenomenon via mechanisms similar to those they employ in lymphoid organ development.
Data-driven joint topology and line parameter estimation for renewable integration

The increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) calls for new planning and operational tools in the distribution grids to ensure stability and sustainability. The current system planning and operation usually depend on the knowledge of the system model, in particular, the topology and line parameters. However, such system information may be missing or inaccurate in distribution grids, leading to difficulties in calculating DER's locational benefits and planning DER's growth. While the data-driven joint estimation of the topology and the line parameters under noiseless scenario can be achieved by solving a linear system of equations, the problem under noisy scenario is hard. This is because noises appear in both the input measurements (e.g., voltage magnitude and phase angle) and output measurements (e.g., active and reactive power). To solve this problem with accurate modeling, we propose the error-in-variables (EIV) model in a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) problem. While directly solving the problem is NP-hard, we adapt the problem into a generalized low-rank approximation problem via variable transformation and noise decorrelation. Interestingly, the new problem has a closed form solution while being non-convex. We demonstrate the superior performance in accuracy for our method on IEEE test cases with actual feeder data from South California Edison. Notably, our parameter estimation is highly accurate even without topology information.
Resilience in Caregivers of Partners With Young Onset Dementia: A Concept Analysis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Over 200,000 Americans diagnosed with young onset dementia (YOD), dementia diagnosed prior to age 65, are cared for by family members. This can be costly to caregivers' physic...
Long-term outcomes analysis of low-dose-rate brachytherapy in clinically T3 high-risk prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The available data demonstrating that superiority of LDR brachytherapy (LDR-BT) boost in high-risk prostate cancer patients under represents patients with extracapsular extension (T3a) and/or seminal vesicle invasion (T3b) have been limited. We report long-term clinical outcomes data for patients with cT3a/b disease receiving LDR-BT. Methods and Materials Ninety-nine men (median age: 69.4 years) with cT3a/bN0M0 high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma received definitive LDR-BT or LDR-BT boost after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) at a single institution between 1998 and 2007. About 86% of patients received androgen deprivation therapy. Freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF), prostate cancer–specific survival (PCSS), and overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method with the Phoenix definition used as definition of failure. Cox regression analysis was used to compare outcomes between clinical stage, initial PSA, Gleason Score, and percent core positive rate. Results With a median followup of 7 years, 7-year rate of FFBF, PCSS, and OS for the entire cohort was 65.2% (±5.6%), 90.1% (±3.6%), and 77.9% (±4.7%), respectively. LDR-BT boost patients achieved a 7-year FFBF rate of 73.5 (±6.5%). No significant difference in outcomes was present between T3a or T3b disease, Gleason score, iPSA stratification and percent core positive rates. Conclusions LDR-BT, primarily as a boost in conjunction with ADT and EBRT, is not only feasible, but also highly effective in men with cT3a and cT3b high-risk prostate cancer resulting in excellent biochemical control and survival outcomes. LDR-BT boost implantation of patients should be strongly considered for cT3 patients given the merits of trimodality care.
Laboratory investigation of mechanisms for phase mixing in olivine + ferropericlase aggregates.

To investigate the role of grain boundary pinning and the mechanisms by which phase mixing occurs during deformation of polymineralic rocks, we conducted high-strain torsion experiments on samples consisting of olivine plus 30 vol% ferropericlase. Experiments were performed in a gas-medium deformation apparatus at 1524 K and 300 MPa. Samples were deformed to outer radius shear strains of up to γ ( R ) = 14.1. The value of the stress exponent and the small grain sizes of our samples indicate that our two-phase material deformed by dislocation-accommodated grain boundary sliding. In samples deformed to 1 γ γ ≈ 14, a well-distributed mixture of small ferropericlase grains among the olivine grains developed. Microstructures exhibit similarities to both mechanical and chemical models proposed to describe the processes leading to phase mixing. Our results provide evidence for grain size reduction during phase mixing that results in a grain size significantly smaller than the value predicted by the single-phase recrystallization piezometer for olivine. Thus, phase mixing provides a mechanism for the persistent weakening of rocks that is important for developing and maintaining shear zones necessary for plate tectonics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics9.
New insight into the reactivity of Mn(III) in bisulfite/permanganate for organic compounds oxidation: The catalytic role of bisulfite and oxygen.

Abstract A recently discovered bisulfite(HSO3−)/permanganate(MnO4−) system was reported to produce highly reactive free Mn(III) that can oxidize organic compounds in milliseconds. However, this characteristic reactivity was not found in all other known reaction systems that can also produce free Mn(III). Why can Mn(III) in NaHSO3/KMnO4 be so active? Here, we found NaHSO3 and O2 acted as catalysts for the reaction between Mn(III) and organic compounds. Without O2, 0% of organic compounds were oxidized in NaHSO3/KMnO4, indicating the absence of O2 inactivated Mn(III) reactivity. When the reaction between NaHSO3 and KMnO4 was monitored in air, Mn(III) catalyzed rapid oxidation of NaHSO3 by O2. Then, the Mn(III) that could oxidize organic compounds was found to be the ones involved in the catalytic reaction between NaHSO3 and O2, thus the link between O2 and Mn(III) reactivity was established. Finally, NaHSO3/O2 can be viewed as catalysts for the reaction between Mn(III) and organic compounds because 1) when Mn(III) was involved in oxidizing organic compounds, it stopped being the catalyst for the reaction between NaHSO3 and O2 so that they were consumed to a much smaller extent; and 2) without NaHSO3 and O2, Mn(III) lost its oxidation ability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on “catalytic role exchange” where Mn(III) is the catalyst for NaHSO3/O2 reaction while NaHSO3/O2 are the catalysts for Mn(III)/organic compounds reaction. Understanding the critical role of oxygen in NaHSO3/KMnO4 will enable us to apply this technology more efficiently toward contaminant removal.
Heritage language education in the United States: A national survey of college-level Chinese language programs

This study reports the results of a national survey of Chinese as a heritage language (CHL) education in U.S. colleges and universities. Conducted during a period of 13 months, the project included an initial survey that elicited general information such as program structure, course offerings, and materials. Of the 619 institutions to which the survey was sent, 246 responses were received, of which 51 institutions were identified as offering CHL courses. A follow‐up survey of heritage‐track instructors at the 51 institutions investigated their views on existing teaching materials, challenges, successful experiences, and needs for professional development. In addition to providing a general picture of college‐level CHL education across the United States, this article also identifies urgent issues that need to be addressed for CHL education and discusses the implications for teaching CHL learners in particular and heritage language learners in general.
Spaces of capital/spaces of resistance: Mexico and the global political economy

Chris Hesketh’s Spaces of Capital/Spaces of Resistance: Mexico and the Global Political Economy offers a multi-scalar and historically grounded analysis of the evolving dialectic between capital an...
Predator/Prey Decisions and the Ecology of Fear

Animal behaviors are governed by the intrinsic need to survive and reproduce. Even when sophisticated predators and prey are involved, these tenets of behavioral ecology hold. Similar to humans, fear can be a strong motivator for change in animals. The terrestrial ecology literature is replete with examples of fear-mediated behavioral effects on species and community networks. In contrast, the marine mammal literature is sparse in its recognition and consideration of nonconsumptive effects or risk effects arising from powerful and lethal predators, such as killer whales and large sharks. This chapter encapsulates the ecology of fear concept by providing representative examples from the marine mammal literature with consideration of prey and predator perspectives. Additionally, research data gaps and new avenues for scientific examination are highlighted within documented examples. Lastly, conservation practitioners and marine mammal scientists are encouraged to adapt theoretical concepts and methods from predation risk studies to better understand the effects of nonbiological stressors on marine mammal species.
Positive Psychiatry in Midlife

Due to the high probability of life events between the ages of 45 and 55, several studies demonstrate a higher likelihood of decrease mood and worse life satisfaction in this period. Studies have also demonstrated factors associated with resilience to such crisis, namely, finding growth and purpose, learning to manage uncertainty, cultivating spirituality, developing emotional objectivity, having a lower adversity level, applying humor, and adopting a changing philosophy. Some of these factors are in one’s control and a few are not, in particular the adversity level. Given these findings, there are measures one can take at the individual level to decrease the impact of this at times life period, and other measures at the societal level for which a more collective approach will be required. Bringing these factors from Positive Psychology into a coherent psychotherapy model will help inform of Positive Psychiatry in the future.
A “Tex” sized life: the tribulations and trials of George Rickard

George “Tex” Rickard was an innovative and accomplished promoter who helped to shape and define professional sport and the urban arena as a sports center. His nickname “Tex” was short for Texas whe...
Capture stress and post-release mortality of blacktip sharks in recreational charter fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico.

Understanding the stress responses of sharks to recreational catch and release fishing has important management and conservation implications. The blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus is a popular recreational species targeted throughout the western, central and eastern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) yet it is unclear what levels of physiological stress result from catch-release fishing practices with hook and line gear and if the stress levels result in post-release mortality. This study correlates physiological response to stress through blood chemistry analysis and examines post-release behaviour of adult blacktip sharks caught to determine post-release mortality rates. Release behaviour was determined by pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags that record temperature, depth and light level data. To quantify physiological stress levels, blood samples were collected from 52 blacktip sharks and a suite of metabolic and osmotic markers were measured. Thirty-six of those blacktip sharks were also outfitted with a PSAT tag yielding time-at-large from 3 to 180 days. Of the 36 tags, 22 (61%) provided sufficient data to confirm post-release fate and 11 (31%) were recovered providing high-resolution data. Tag data suggests a post-release morality rate of 22.7% (95% confidence interval 7.8-45.4%), with mortality occurring within minutes (immediate mortality) to over 12 h post-release (delayed mortality). Compared to survivors, immediate mortalities exhibited significantly higher lactate (median 2.8 mmol/Lsurvivor vs 5.9 mmol/Limmediate mortality) and significantly lower hematocrit (median 24.4% survivor vs 14% immediate mortality) levels, but no difference was detected between survivors and delayed mortalities. Higher mortality in the western (30%) compared to the central (20%) Gulf may be due to shark handling. All PSATs from mortalities (N = 5) were recovered, and archived data revealed evidence of tag ingestion by predators. Results suggest reduced fight time, decreased handling time and limited air exposure provide blacktip sharks the best survival chances after release by recreational anglers.
Encapsulation of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ luminophore in a unique hydrogen-bonded host framework

The ubiquitous luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+ can be sequestered as a guest in an unusual guanidinium organosulfonate host framework architecture that guides the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ into 1D zigzag chains that suggest unique through-space energy transfer characteristics.
Definitions, regulations, and new frontiers for dietary fiber and whole grains

The aim of this article is to review the definitions and regulations for dietary fiber and whole grains worldwide and to discuss barriers to meeting recommended intake levels. Plant foods, such as whole grains, that are rich in dietary fiber are universally recommended in dietary guidance. Foods rich in dietary fiber are recommended for all, but dietary recommendations for whole grains and dietary fiber depend on definitions and regulations. Official recommendations for dietary fiber in the United States and Canada are denoted by dietary reference intakes (DRIs), which are developed by the Institute of Medicine. An adequate intake (AI) for dietary fiber was based on prospective cohort studies of dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease risk that found 14 grams of dietary fiber per 1000 kilocalories protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This value was used to set AIs for dietary fiber across the life cycle based on recommended calorie intakes. Actual intakes of dietary fiber are generally about half of the recommended levels. Recommendations for whole grain intake are equally challenging, as definitions for whole grain foods are needed to set recommendations. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that half of all grain servings be whole grains, but usual intakes are generally less than 1 serving per day, rather than the recommended 3 servings per day. Scientific support for whole grain recommendations is based on the same prospective cohort studies and links to CVD protection used to inform dietary fiber guidance. Thus, dietary fiber is a recommended nutrient and whole grains are a recommended dietary pattern in dietary guidance in North America and around the world. Challenges for attaining recommended intakes of dietary fiber and whole grains include low-carbohydrate diets, low-gluten diets, and public health recommendations to avoid processed foods.
Video-Mosaicked Handheld Dual-Axis Confocal Microscopy of Gliomas: An ex vivo Feasibility Study in Humans.

Background Intraoperative confocal microscopy can enable high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of intact tissues as a non-invasive real-time alternative to gold-standard histology. However, all current means of intraoperative confocal microscopy are hindered by a limited field of view (FOV), presenting a challenge for evaluating gliomas, which are highly heterogeneous. Objective This study explored the use of image mosaicking with handheld dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy of fresh human glioma specimens. Methods In this preliminary technical feasibility study, fresh human glioma specimens from 6 patients were labeled with a fast-acting topical stain (acridine orange) and imaged using a newly developed DAC microscope prototype. Results In comparison to individual image frames with small fields of view, mosaicked images from a DAC microscope correlate better with gold-standard H&E-stained histology images, including the ability to visualize gradual transitions from areas of dense cellularity to sparse cellularity within the tumor. Conclusion LS-DAC microscopy provides high-resolution, high-contrast images of glioma tissues that agree with corresponding H&E histology. Compared with individual image frames, mosaicked images provide more accurate representations of the overall cytoarchitecture of heterogeneous glioma tissues. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the ability of high-resolution mosaicked microscopy to improve the extent of glioma resection and patient outcomes.
Reply to comment on, hydroxyl radical scavenging by solid mineral surfaces in oxidative treatment systems: Rate constants and implications. water research 169, 9. 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115240.

Abstract The comments (Kopinke, 2020) do not accurately represent the experimental conditions, parameter values, and conceptual model used in our study ( Rusevova and Huling, 2020 ), leading to a misinterpretation of the results. The kinetic analysis used to determine the surface scavenging rate constant (k S) involved competition kinetics between the probe and the mineral surfaces ( Rusevova and Huling, 2020 ); similar competition kinetic methods have been used regarding other widely reported rate constants ( Buxton et al., 1988 ; Dorfman and Adams, 1973 ). Assuming mass transport limitations prevented ·OH reaction at mineral surfaces, as proposed in the comments, estimates of k S would be very small, or 0. However, the addition of solid phase media was found to effectively and consistently compete with the probe. The propensity of data, supporting data, and high degree of quality assurance and quality control measures provide multiple lines of evidence indicating a high level of certainty that ·OH scavenging occurred by solid surfaces.
Extensor Retinaculum Reconstruction of the Distal Radioulnar Joint in Adolescents

BackgroundThis study characterizes the outcomes and complications of surgical reconstruction of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability using the extensor retinaculum (Herbert sling). Our hypoth...
Zero leverage and the value in waiting to have debt

Abstract This paper documents that the real option to have debt motivates some firms to remain debt-free, even when standard trade-off theory predicts that these firms should have leverage. The real option has a first-order effect similar to the effect of bankruptcy costs in addressing the zero-leverage puzzle: the observation that many firms seemingly forgo sizable debt benefits by remaining debt-free. The debt-free firms’ value includes the option whose value is derived from future debt benefits and hedging bankruptcy costs. This paper proposes an optimal timing model for having debt and finds support for the model’s predictions through calibrations and simulations.
Impact of Foliar Application of Moringa Leaf Extract on Yield and Quality Attributes of Chilli (Capsicum Annuum L.) CV. Mipc-01

A pot experiment was carried out at the Crop Farm, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, from January to May 2019 to evaluate the impact of Moringaoleifera leaf extract (MLE) on yield and quality attributes of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) var. MIPC-01. MLE is considered as a natural plant growth enhancer. Because it contains appreciable amounts of plant growth regulators such as cytokinin in the form of zeatin, antioxidants, proteins, β- carotene, vitamin C and phenols, and had a remarkable effect on yield in many plants such as onions, bell pepper, soybean, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon and maize. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with seven replicates and seven treatments. The treatments were (T0) control (Distilled water), T1, T3 and T5 - 10, 20 and 30% MLE application was in once a week whereas T2, T4 and T6 - 10, 20 and 30% MLE application was once in two weeks interval. Young moringa leaves and the tender parts were shade dried for four days and made into powder. Then the powdered material was used for the preparation of MLE. Stock solution (100% MLE) was prepared and refrigerated and then, the different concentrations were prepared by adding distilled water on volume basis. Foliar application of MLE was commenced at 2 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and continued until pod formation. For once in a week and once in two weeks, the plants were sprayed with MLE eight and four times respectively. At each time, the plant was sprayed with 25 ml of MLE. The results suggest that foliar application of MLE at 10% in one week interval had significant (p<0.05) effects on the number of pods/ plant, number of seeds/pod, length of the pod, total yield/plant, leaf chlorophyll content, total soluble solid content over the control. Therefore, it was concluded that MLE is helpful in improving yield and quality attributes of chili and MLE at 10% at one week interval is recommended for improving the yield and quality of chili. Application of MLE is the cheapest, environmental friendly and low-cost technology for enhancing yield in chili.
Performance of smart glazed overhang systems for US residential buildings

Abstract In this paper, the application of smart glazing systems as shading devices is evaluated for US residential buildings. Specifically, static and dynamic overhangs are considered using smart glazing that can change their tint state to reduce the heating and cooling thermal loads for prototypical housing units in high-rise apartment buildings. The tint settings as well as the overhang tilt angles are specified on hourly, daily, and monthly basis depending on the window orientation and the time of the year to minimize the annual energy demand for the housing units. The performance of smart glazed overhang systems is compared to both static and dynamic shading devices made-up of conventional opaque materials. In addition, the impacts of various design and climatic conditions are considered to assess the energy performance of the smart glazed overhangs. The results of the analysis indicate that the annual energy consumption for existing housing units with conventional windows located in Boulder, CO, can be reduced by over 7% for static smart glazed overhangs and by over 22% for dynamic smart glazed overhangs. These savings are even higher with larger windows and wider differentials between optical properties between clear and dark states. The smart glazed overhangs allow the use of low-cost smart glazing as a retrofit measure for existing buildings. Moreover, the smart glazed overhangs allow the specification of large windows for new constructions with limited energy penalties.
The silence of the clams: Forestry registered pesticides as multiple stressors on soft-shell clams.

Abstract Contaminants are ubiquitous in the environment, often reaching aquatic systems. Combinations of forestry use pesticides have been detected in both water and aquatic organism tissue samples in coastal systems. Yet, most toxicological studies focus on the effects of these pesticides individually, at high doses, and over acute time periods, which, while key for establishing toxicity and safe limits, are rarely environmentally realistic. We examined chronic (90 days) exposure by the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, to environmentally relevant concentrations of four pesticides registered for use in forestry (atrazine, 5 μg/L; hexazinone, 0.3 μg/L; indaziflam, 5 μg/L; and bifenthrin, 1.5 μg/g organic carbon (OC)). Pesticides were tested individually and in combination, except bifenthrin, which was tested only in combination with the other three. We measured shell growth and condition index every 30 days, as well as feeding rates, mortality, and chemical concentrations in tissue from a subset of clams at the end of the experiment to measure contaminant uptake. Indaziflam caused a high mortality rate (max. 36%), followed by atrazine (max. 27%), both individually as well as in combination with other pesticides. Additionally, indaziflam concentrations in tissue (61.70–152.56 ng/g) were higher than those of atrazine (26.48–48.56 ng/g), despite equal dosing concentrations, indicating higher tissue accumulation. Furthermore, clams exposed to indaziflam and hexazinone experienced reduced condition index and clearance rates individually and in combination with other compounds; however, the two combined did not result in significant mortality. These two compounds, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, affected a non-target organism and, in the case of the herbicide indaziflam, accumulated in clam tissue and appeared more toxic than other tested pesticides. These findings underscore the need for more comprehensive studies combining multiple compounds at relevant concentrations to understand their impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
Relationship of a hiatal hernia to the function of the body of the esophagus and the gastroesophageal junction

One hundred two patients referred to our Esophageal Function Laboratory without endoscopic evidence of esophagitis were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence of a hiatal hernia on endoscopic examination. Fifty-three patients had a hiatal hernia and 49 did not. Both groups and 30 normal volunteer subjects had esophageal manometry and 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring. The incompetency of the cardia in patients with a hiatal hernia was dependent upon loss of components responsible for the antireflux mechanism, mainly a decrease in distal esophageal sphincter pressure and a decrease in the length of the sphincter exposed to the positive-pressure environment of the abdomen. These deficiencies were not related to the presence of a hiatal hernia and were similar to those of patients with an incompetent cardia without a hiatal hernia. Patients with a hiatal hernia and an incompetent cardia had significantly more esophageal exposure to refluxed acid than without a hiatal hernia. On the basis of the number of reflux episodes that lasted 5 minutes or longer and radioisotope transit studies, this increased acid exposure was due to both a loss of competency of the cardia and poor esophageal clearance secondary to the presence of a hiatal hernia. Reduction of the hernia and anchoring the distal esophagus into the abdomen not only may improve the antireflux mechanism, but corrects the clearance abnormality as well. The presence of a hiatal hernia has a detrimental effect on the clearance function of the body of the esophagus and may aggravate the effects of gastroesophageal reflux due to an incompetent cardia.
Building a Community Information System for Supporting Disabled Bus Riders and Local Businesses

This paper discusses the implementation of one type of information system for the New York City bus transit service, as a case study to provide value-added transportation services for people with impaired mobility. Information technology is a key tool for finding flexible transportation services, especially for disabled people. Useful information supplies psychological reassurance to these vulnerable people to make them feel more safe and secure. Residents in metropolitan areas increasingly rely on the convenience of public transportation, and they are becoming used to exchanging information relevant to their regional community in on-line settings. The improvement to transit accessibility needs the exact same type of the cooperation between transportation companies, local business, and residents. The widespread use of mobile wheelchairs has a socioeconomic impact. The significance of this research for the longer-term goals lies in its implications for adaptation of this kind of intelligent model into future welfare or assistive activities.
Using information visualization to give rapid insight into information-intensive problems

Because most interesting tasks are too difficult to be dealt with purely mentally, information visualization can aid in the completion of useful tasks, thus increasing user efficiency, by providing a way for the computer to act as a co-participant in such tasks. It accomplishes this by allowing mental operations to rapidly access large amounts of data outside the mind.