cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yeast pre-meiotic DNA replication utilizes mitotic origin ARS1 independently of CDC7 function.

In budding yeast, mitotic DNA replication initiates at sequence-specific replication origins, the prototype for which is ARS1. Initiation serves as the primary control point for mitotic DNA replication, and is catalyzed by the Cdc7 protein kinase. In contrast, premeiotic DNA replication apparently does not require Cdc7, and the existence and nature of specific replication origins in the meiotic division cycle have not been previously reported. We have begun to investigate the mechanism of premeiotic DNA synthesis by determining whether or not ARS1 functions as a DNA replication origin in meiosis. We have taken advantage of the fact that transcription through ARS1 disrupts its ability to function as an origin to show that ARS1 is required for premeiotic DNA replication of a plasmid bearing this element. Further, premeiotic replication from ARS1 still occurs in a cdc7 mutant strain held at conditions non-permissive for Cdc7 protein kinase activity. These findings reveal that premeiotic DNA replication can initiate from origins also used in mitosis, and is not regulated by Cdc7. Taken together with previous findings implicating Cdc7 in meiotic DNA recombination and induced mutagenesis, these findings prompt us to postulate that the Cdc7 protein kinase regulates some step common to several DNA metabolic processes such as local disassembly of chrommatin or activation of a key component of the DNA metabolic machinery.
Profile and possible origin of an adrenocortical carcinoma.

ABSTRACT A 30-yr-old female with hirsutism, amenorrhea and 17-ketosteroid elevation of unknown etiology of 9-yr duration ultimately developed an adrenocortical carcinoma. The patient died 4 months after removal of the primary neoplasm of metastatic carcinoma. Studies over the 9-yr period prior to the obvious emergence of the carcinoma revealed ketosteroid suppression following glucocorticoid administration. At autopsy, the nontumorous adrenal gland was hyperplastic (20 g), suggesting that it might be functionally abnormal. These findings are consistent with an unusual adrenocortical carcinoma that was not autonomous; alternatively, a carcinoma could have evolved over time on a substrate of abnormal hyperplastic adrenal tissue.
Estimation of vertical wind velocity using doppler radar data with vorticity constraints

The vorticity equation and the mass continuity equation are used as constraints to aid in calculation of the vertical component of a wind field from horizontal wind components. Typically the horizontal wind components result from estimations obtained from radar data. Using a Hilbert space minimization formulation, we characterize the estimated vertical velocity as a solution of an elliptic boundary value problem whose coefficients are functions of the horizontal wind components. Differentiable dependence of the vertical component of the wind field with respect to the horizontal fields is established. Finite dimensional approximating problems are obtained. A numerical study is presented using a sample problem based on the Beltrami flow to compare accuracy of the estimated vertical wind component with the exact. Also, sensitivity to perturbations in horizontal wind components are observed.
Update on chemoprevention in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Chemoprevention with tamoxifen and oophorectomy are thought to be effective in decreasing the incidence of breast cancer in women at increased risk for the disease. There is mounting data supporting the idea that hormonal interventions that reduce estrogen exposure to breast epithelium, such as prophylactic oophorectomy and tamoxifen, are effective in breast cancer prevention in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations carriers. Several recent studies directly address the protective effect of tamoxifen and oophorectomy in BRCA mutation carriers and suggest that these endocrine manipulations decrease the risk of primary and secondary breast cancers. Ongoing studies aim to better define the effect of tamoxifen in these very high-risk women and determining whether factors, such as earlier age of use or prior prophylactic oophorectomy, impact tamoxifen's effect. Based on existing data, we recommend that women with deleterious mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 be informed of the beneficial effect of oophorectomy on breast cancer risk and that women who choose breast cancer screening instead of prophylactic mastectomy be offered tamoxifen as a prevention option.
Transepidermal elimination of actinically damaged connective tissue

Three patients with actinically damaged skin had scaling lesions clinically resembling actinic keratoses. Histologic examination of the lesions disclosed transepidermal elimination (TE) of degenerated (solar elastotic) dermal connective tissue via a transepidermal canal, a previously undescribed phenomenon.
Kinetics of successive seeding of monodisperse polystyrene latexes. I. Initiation via potassium persulfate

The polymerization kinetics of monodisperse polystyrene latexes prepared via successive seeding were studied in the region between Smith-Ewart Case 2 (n = 1/2) and Case 3 (n ≫ 1). Potassium persulfate was used as the initiator. The kinetics were measured in a piston/cylinder dilatometer designed for microgravity experiments. A recipe formulation method was developed by which a constant emulsifier (Aerosol-MA) surface coverage was maintained throughout a sequence, beginning with a 0.19 μm polystyrene seed. Monodisperse latexes up to 1 μm in size were prepared using 0.5 mM K2S2O8 with a 4% emulsifier surface coverage. The polymerizations were commenced in Interval III, the particles being swollen with twice their weight in monomer. The kinetics were characterized by the autoacceleration of the gel effect with the overall polymerization rate decreasing with increasing particle size (decreasing Np). The Case 2 to Case 3 kinetic transition was experienced in the first seeding step, however, independence of the rate on the number of particles was not evident even at high values of n (n > 10). This was attributed to a dependency of the free radical capture efficiency on the particle size (constant solids). Corroborating indirect evidence was supplied through surface charge analysis and detailed examination of the polymerization kinetics.
Riboflavin as a possible probe in studies of molecular aggregate microviscosity

Abstract Fluorescence polarization studies, using riboflavin as a probe, were conducted in a model fluid made up of 20:80 water–glycerin mixture. The viscosity of this medium and the fluorescence polarization of riboflavin solubilized therein were determined at temperatures varying from 10°C to 50°C ± 0.2°C. The data obtained were used to analyze and characterize the overall fluidity, microviscosity and flow activation energy of the glycerin—water medium. The fluidity and microviscosity of this medium, though temperature dependent, showed opposite tendencies. While the former showed an increase, the latter showed a decrease as the temperature is increased. The flow activation energy so obtained was 19.8 kJ mole −1 . This value is in good agreement with literature values obtained for some liposomes, vesicles and lipid bilayer aggregates of similar viscosity.
Comparing Medical and Graduate School Training: A Personal Perspective.

In this paper the author subjectively compares his experiences in medicla school, psychiatric residency training, and an AAMFT -accredited PhD program in marriage and family therapy. The goal is to stimulate thinking on the nature of training and professional identity. This is done by marking assumptions regarding training overt which usually go unrecognized and unchallenged, Differences and similarities between the two programs of training are high-lighted and discussed. It is proposed that the primary objective of professional traininjg is to learn how to apply knowledge while the primary objective of graduate training is to learn how to question knowledge.
Management of atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis in childhood: A review based on 380 cases

The medical and surgical therapy of 82 cases of atypical mycobacterial adenitis from Dallas and 298 cases from the literature was reviewed. The 92% cure rate in 149 patients with total surgical excision alone was comparable to the 95% cure rate in 156 patients when excision was followed by antituberculous drug therapy. With incision and drainage in 63 patients the cure rate was 16% whether drugs were given or not. Ten patients were initially treated with antituberculous drugs alone and only one was cured. It is concluded that total surgical excision is definitive therapy for this disease and that antituberculous drugs should be used only when surgery cannot be performed or when complete excision is not possible.
Spin Balls and Spin Barbells. Preparation and Magnetic Studies of S = 7/2 Dendritic Heptaradical and Progress Toward Very High Spin Dendrimers

Abstract 1,3-Connected polyarylmethyl dendritic heptaradical was prepared by the treatment of the heptaether precursor with lithium in THF followed by oxidation of the resultant carboheptaanion using iodine in THF at low temperature. The magnetization studies of heptaradical in frozen THF, which were carried by SQUID at T = 2 - 10 K, indicate the S = 7/2 ground state.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of antimonide avalanche photodetectors with InAs/AlSb superlattice as the n-type layer

Abstract We report use of InAs/AlSb superlattice as the n-type layer in an all molecular beam epitaxially grown, antimonide avalanche photodetector. N-type doping of the superlattice was achieved by selectively incorporating Si in the InAs layer. The superlattice was grown lattice matched to the GaSb substrate and exhibited sharp X-ray diffraction satellite peaks. By using the superlattice as part of the one-sided abrupt junction, p − n + avalanche photodiodes with Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 Sb multiplication regions were fabricated. The device dark current was found to be highly dependent on the superlattice period and the resulting band offset at the superlattice/multiplication layer interface. Near infrared photo gains of up to 30 and a dark current density of 6 A/cm 2 at a gain factor of 10 were observed for structures with an optimized, there stage InAs/AlSb superlattice.
Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Due to the value of their nests, there is great pressure on the populations of black-nest swiftlets (Collocalia maximus) and white-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphagus) in the Malaysian provinces of Sarawak and Sabah. The problems are particularly acute at Gunung Mulu National Park, in spite of a complete ban on collection there, and at Niah National Park, where every participant in a complex collection and trading system has an incentive to take more nests than permitted. More successful harvest systems function in Sabah's Gomantong and Madai Caves. Recommendations for improved management of the nest harvest include addressing corruption, ensuring that local people with traditional rights to collect nests do not lose income to illegal immigrant labor and to traders, improving research and education about the swiftlets' behavior and ecology, and moving value-added processing of the nests closer to the caves where they originate and to the people who collect them.
Morphogenetic adaptation of the looping embryonic heart to altered mechanical loads

The biophysical mechanisms that drive and regulate cardiac looping are not well understood, but mechanical forces likely play a central role. Previous studies have shown that cardiac torsion, which defines left-right directionality, is caused largely by forces exerted on the heart tube by a membrane called the splanchnopleure (SPL). Here we show that, when the SPL is removed from the embryonic chick heart, torsion is initially suppressed. Several hours later, however, normal torsion is restored. This delayed torsion coincides with increased myocardial stiffness, especially on the right side of the heart. Exposure to the myosin inhibitor Y-27632 suppressed both responses, suggesting that the delayed torsion is caused by an abnormal cytoskeletal contraction. This hypothesis is supported further by computational modeling. These results suggest that the looping embryonic heart has the ability to adapt to changes in the mechanical environment, which may play a regulatory role during morphogenesis.
Analytical Methods for Pesticides

The analysis of pesticide residues presents unusual problems because of the small amounts of materials that must be measured and the large amounts of interfering substances that must be removed. Tolerances for all compounds used on edible crops are set by the Food and Drug Administration. For, compounds that possess low toxicity, tolerances are relatively high. Thus, residues of 7 ppm of DDT are permissible. However, crops containing a few hundredths of a ppm of endrin can be condemned. It is often necessary to analyze for much smaller residues than these in environmental health studies, since residues of pesticides in water at the parts per trillion (ppt) level are significant because aquatic flora and fauna are able to accumulate them against concentration gradients. In general, it is necessary to be able to analyze for pesticides at the 0.01 to 10 ppm level in foods and animal tissues and at the ppt or ppblevels and upward in environmental pollution studies.
Analytical method for 2-channel optimum FIR orthonormal filter banks

In this paper we propose an analytical method for the design of two-channel optimum FIR compaction filters which determine optimum orthonormal filter banks. The method is applicable for a fairly large class of random processes. Under some conditions, the method successfully constructs the theoretically optimum solution. Whenever this is the case, the magnitude-squared responses of the filters are unique. Examples are given for several input statistics including autoregressive and moving average processes.
An Integrative Model of Updating and Performance

Under conditions of rapid technological innovation, maintaining the technical competence of a firm's human resources becomes critical. This research developed a theoretical framework and model for updating. It was proposed that individual characteristics and contextual features would jointly affect perceptions of the job and the climate for updating. The perceptions would, in mm, mediate the relationship between the contextual features and individual responses of performance and updating. Data gathered from 483 engineers drawn from 220 subunits across seven organizations provided partial support. Context measures were significantly mediated by the perceptions. Individual characteristics, however, were directly linked to performance and updating responses. The results suggest that attempts to influence performance and updating may require modifications to the techno-structural aspects of work.
An improved sequential backward selection algorithm for large-scale observation selection problems

Some signal reconstruction problems allow for flexibility in the selection of observations and hence the signal formation equation. In such cases, we have the opportunity to determine the best combination of observations before acquiring the data. We analyze the computational complexity of various forms of sequential backward selection (SBS) to select observations. In light of this analysis, we present a computationally improved algorithm for large-scale observation selection problems.
Risk-Based Evaluation of Ground-Water Contamination by Agricultural Pesticides

The recently completed National Pesticide Survey conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified the presence of various pesticides in ground water. The detection of pesticides in the nation's ground water has raised concerns for public health which has led resource managers in federal and state agencies to recognize that risk assessment is vital for water quality protection. This paper presents a methodology for risk-based evaluation of ground-water contamination by agricultural pesticides. The methodology utilizes the Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical Concentrations (RUSTIC) model to provide simulations that yield the probable risks associated with a given pesticide. Risk is expressed in terms of the probability of predicted pesticide mass exceeding its recommended health standards. Three widely used agricultural herbicides, simazine, atrazine, and alachlor, were evaluated using long-term (1960–1986) meteorological data for Ames, Iowa. Results indicate that for a well 8 m deep located 200 m horizontally from a pesticide application area in an alluvial sand and gravel setting, the probability of exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for simazine is about 35%, whereas it is nearly zero for both atrazine and alachlor. Prudent use of simazine in very susceptible areas is recommended.
A wirelessly-powered passive RF CMOS transponder with dynamic energy storage and sensitivity enhancement

A scheme for a wirelessly-powered passive sensor is presented in which the extra received power beyond the sensitivity level is stored and later used to enhance the sensitivity of the wireless sensor. A prototype chip has been designed and fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS technology. The measurement results show that the aforementioned energy storage mechanism improves the sensitivity of the wireless sensor from −19.5dBm to −29dBm at 900MHz and from −15.4dBm to −26.5dBm at 2.4GHz.
Relationships between the ion flow speed, magnetic flux transport rate, and other plasma sheet parameters

[1] Eight years of Geotail particle and magnetic field measurements were separated into 12 data sets on the basis of the ion flow speed. The same measurements were separated into 12 other data sets using a magnetic flux transport sorting parameter. Magnetic field lines in the three-dimensional models created using these two sorting methods were dipolar when the flow or transport was fast and stretched into a taillike configuration when the flow or transport was slow. The magnitude of Bx measured in the outer central plasma sheet decreased weakly and Bz at the neutral sheet increased strongly as the magnetic flux transport rate increased. These observations showed that fast flow flux tubes typically were located near but earthward of the primary region in which localized region 1 sense currents were diverted to the ionosphere. The plasma density was low and the temperature was high when the flow was fast. The particle pressure depended only weakly on flow speed. The average entropy was higher at z = 0 during fast flow events than it was anywhere in the region that could be studied when flows were slow or moderate. The average entropy also decreased as ∣z∣ increased. These observations suggest that the plasma was irreversibly heated by the process that produced the fast flows. Ions and electrons were found, on average, to be remarkably isotropic at the neutral sheet. Scattering through 90° each minute during slow and moderate flow conditions and as rapidly as every 10 s during the fastest flows was needed to maintain this average degree of isotropy. The temperature anisotropy increased away from the neutral sheet, reaching 1.1–1.3 at some point along most field lines. This variation along field lines was attributed primarily to a parallel electric field needed to maintain charge neutrality. The average ion to electron temperature ratio was as low as 5 and as high as 10 in certain regions and under specific flow conditions. These observations showed that electrons and ions were heated or cooled at different rates depending on their locations and bulk flow speeds.
Application of Protein-to-Fiber Ratios to Predict Colobine Abundance on Different Spatial Scales

The biomass of arboreal folivorous primates in Africa and Asia is related to an index of mature leaf quality: the ratio of protein-to-fiber concentration. Investigations have considered variation in folivore biomass and forest composition among sites separated by hundreds or thousands of km. However, large variation in folivore abundance has been documented over much smaller spatial scales. We quantify the degree to which the average protein-to-fiber ratio of mature leaves of the 20 most abundant tree species predicts the biomass of western red colobus ( Piliocolobus trephosceles) and black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) over very small spatial scales. Four sites within Kibale National Park, Uganda, varied markedly in forest structure. Colobine biomass varied among sites from 191 to 2675 kg/km 2 and was related to the average protein-to-fiber ratio of mature leaves of the 20 most abundant tree species at each site. We examined the generality of the relationship between protein-tofiber ratios and colobine abundance by adding our biomass and leaf chemistry values to previously published values to produce 9 comparable sites. At these locations, colobine biomass varied from 84 to 2675 kg/km 2 (mean biomass among sitesD 910 kg/km 2 ), and mean protein/fiber ratios varied from 0.167 to 0.577. Colobine biomass was related to the protein-to-fiber ratios of mature leaves ( R 2 D 0.616, PD 0.012).
Task structure and postcompletion error in the execution of a routine procedure

OBJECTIVE: To replicate a successful laboratory slip-class error paradigm and, more importantly, to further understand the underlying causes of errors made in that paradigm. BACKGROUND: Routine procedural errors are facts of everyday life but have received limited controlled empirical study, despite the sometimes severe consequences associated with such errors. This research concerns one such error, postcompletion error (M. D. Byrne&S. Bovair, 1997), which is a lapse that occurs after the main goal of a task has been satisfied. METHOD: In the two experiments conducted, participants were trained to criterion on a routine procedural task and were then brought back to the lab for a later session or sessions in which performance on task execution was measured. In the second experiment, a variety of motivational manipulations, retraining, and task redesign were compared. RESULTS: Experiment 1 demonstrated a substantial reduction of error rate generated by a simple design change (alteration of when feedback about goal completion occurred). Furthermore, the reduction in error rate came with no penalty in terms of overall speed of performance. Experiment 2 showed that this more appropriate design is superior to motivationally oriented interventions, retraining, and even midtask redesign. As in Experiment 1, Experiment 2 revealed no speed-accuracy tradeoff. CONCLUSION: These experiments provide evidence that controlled laboratory studies of slip-class errors can be meaningful and highlight the centrality of cognitive factors (particularly goal structure) in such errors. APPLICATION: Potential applications include design of interfaces and their related procedures as well as error-mitigation techniques. Language: en
Biotic resistance to plant invasions? Native herbivores prefer non‐native plants

In contrast to expectations of the enemy release hypothesis, but consistent with the notion of biotic resistance, we found that native generalist crayfishes preferred exotic over native freshwater plants by a 3 : 1 ratio when plants were paired by taxonomic relatedness. Native crayfishes also preferred exotic over native plants when tested across 57 native and 15 exotic plants found growing sympatrically at 11 sites throughout the southeastern USA. Exotic grass carp that share little evolutionary history with most of these plants exhibited no preference for native vs. exotic species. Analyses of three terrestrial data sets showed similar patterns, with native herbivores generally preferring exotic plants, while exotic herbivores rarely exhibited a preference. Thus, exotic plants may escape their coevolved herbivores only to be preferentially consumed by the native generalist herbivores in their new ranges, suggesting that native herbivores may provide biotic resistance to plant invasions.
Frequency of Cleft Uvula and Submucous Cleft Palate in Patients with Down's Syndrome

Of 389 patients with Down's syndrome, 18 exhibited bifid uvula (4.63%) and 3 exhibited submucous cleft palate (0.77%). The hypothesis that cleft uvula and submucous cleft palate are micromanifestations of the more severe isolated cleft palate seems to be correct.
Preparation of Amides of Carboxylic Acid Herbicides for Gas Chromatographic Analysis

Abstract Amides of 14 carboxylic acid herbicides were prepared by reacting the free acid with the amine in toluene for 1 hr at 80[ddot]C in the presence of PCl3 or P2I4. The acids include phenoxyacetic acids, arylacetic acids, and benzoic acids. Aniline, o-toluidine, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline, piperidine, and tetrahydroquinoline were the amine components. Excess of reagents and by-products of the reaction were removed by partitioning into aqueous acid and base. Retention times relative to 2,4-D anilide on 1% OV-22 and FSOT RSL-150 columns are listed for the anilides and should be useful for confirmation purposes. The anilides of 2,4-D, silvex and 2,4,5-T were obtained in better than 90% yield.
Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem

Abstract After an absence of approximately 70 years, gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) were re-introduced into Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s. We studied the potential influence of wolf/ungulate interactions upon willow ( Salix spp.) growth in the valleys of the Gallatin and Lamar Rivers, as well as Slough and Soda Butte Creeks, in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. When we compared willow heights from photographs taken prior to 1998 (willows r = −0.81, p n = 42). Results of regressions for valley-bottom sites indicated that view distance, impediment distance, and the number of bison ( Bison bison ) flops were inversely related to willow height ( p ≤ 0.02). Increased willow heights were not significantly ( p = 0.18) related to patterns of moisture availability. Willow height increases documented in this study appear to have been at least partially due to behaviorally mediated trophic cascades involving wolves and ungulates, via a mechanism of predation risk. While willow release (i.e., increased height growth) within the study area is in a very early stage, results suggest potentially important indirect effects of a top carnivore in a terrestrial food chain that may aid in the restoration of riparian species and the preservation of biodiversity.
TRAF molecules in cell signaling and in human diseases

The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of intracellular proteins were originally identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the cytoplasmic regions of receptors of the TNF-R superfamily. The past decade has witnessed rapid expansion of receptor families identified to employ TRAFs for signaling. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), T cell receptor, IL-1 receptor family, IL-17 receptors, IFN receptors and TGFβ receptors. In addition to their role as adaptor proteins, most TRAFs also act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to activate downstream signaling events. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways typically lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κBs (NF-κBs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), or interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs). Compelling evidence obtained from germ-line and cell-specific TRAF-deficient mice demonstrates that each TRAF plays indispensable and non-redundant physiological roles, regulating innate and adaptive immunity, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, stress response, and bone metabolism. Notably, mounting evidence implicates TRAFs in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancers and autoimmune diseases, which has sparked new appreciation and interest in TRAF research. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of TRAFs, with an emphasis on recent findings concerning TRAF molecules in signaling and in human diseases.
In Vitro Reconstitution of Microtubule Plus End-directed, GTPγS-sensitive Motility ofGolgi Membranes

Purified Golgi membranes were mixed with cytosol and microtubules (MTs) and observed by video enhanced light microscopy. Initially, the membranes appeared as vesicles that moved along MTs. As time ...
Distinct and separable roles for EZH2 in neurogenic astroglia

The epigenetic mechanisms that enable specialized astrocytes to retain neurogenic competence throughout adult life are still poorly understood. Here we show that astrocytes that serve as neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) express the histone methyltransferase EZH2. This Polycomb repressive factor is required for neurogenesis independent of its role in SVZ NSC proliferation, as Ink4a/Arf-deficiency in Ezh2-deleted SVZ NSCs rescues cell proliferation, but neurogenesis remains defective. Olig2 is a direct target of EZH2, and repression of this bHLH transcription factor is critical for neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, Ezh2 prevents the inappropriate activation of genes associated with non-SVZ neuronal subtypes. In the human brain, SVZ cells including local astroglia also express EZH2, correlating with postnatal neurogenesis. Thus, EZH2 is an epigenetic regulator that distinguishes neurogenic SVZ astrocytes, orchestrating distinct and separable aspects of adult stem cell biology, which has important implications for regenerative medicine and oncogenesis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02439.001
Structure calculations for40Ca with the supersoft-core potential

The ground-state properties of40Ca are studied by using the Hartree-Fock approximation and an effective interaction calculated by means of the supersoft-core potential. Shell model spaces of various sizes are used. The effective interaction matrix elements used in the Hartree-Fock procedure, the ground-state binding energy and the r.m.s. radius obtained with the supersoft-core potential are compared with the results obtained with realistic hard-core potentials.
SPATIAL AWARENESS BY THE LIZARD ANOLIS CRISTATELLUS: WHY SHOULD A NON-RANGING SPECIES DEMONSTRATE HOMING BEHAVIOR?

I performed a displacement experiment with free-ranging adults of Anolis cristatellus, a tropical lizard species whose year-around space-use requirements are limited to small arboreal territories. Because A. cristatellus is a relatively sedentary species, selection for a generalized spatial orientation would seem unlikely. However, more than two-thirds of 25 lizards returned to home territories within an average of 3 d when relocated 11–62 m (equivalent to 2–26 territory diameters) to presumably unfamiliar release localities. Within the conditions of the study, there was no significant effect on returning success by displacement distance, sex, or body size. The returning performance of A. cristatellus supported two inferences. First, considering the costs and risks of traveling through unfamiliar habitat, returning to a specific location from a distant release point indicated the relative importance of a familiar home range to survival and reproduction by both sexes. Second, returning performance indicate...
Counterinsurgency: Vietnam, counterinsurgency, and the American way of war

If Galula and the Algerian War have enjoyed an improbable early twenty-first-century resurrection, it is because this tragic episode serves as the preamble for the true unfinished business that inspires the counterinsurgency revivalists: the US defeat in Vietnam. Galula’s “we won on my front” arguments underpin COIN-dinista assertions that victory is sabotaged by silent anti-COIN conspiracies struck among unimaginative conventional soldiers wedded to their big war bureaucratic interests, cowardly politicians, and a general public whose stamina for the sacrifices required for national greatness has gone soft under the influence of democratic institutions that corrode popular will. The American military is allergic to COIN, or so conventional wisdom dictates. This theme, established in the immediate post-Vietnam era as a mechanism to assign US commander in Vietnam from 1964–1968 William Westmoreland and his coterie of conventionally minded officers blame for defeat in Southeast Asia, was taken up by organizational learning specialists in the 1990s. Led by Richard Duncan Downie, organizational learners argue that US security assistance continues to repeat the mistakes of Vietnam, in that it aims to bequeath a conventional military structure and a big war fighting style to third nation militaries that they cannot possibly afford, and that is entirely unsuited to their mission set. No surprise, then, that in Iraq a conventionally minded US military had to be bailed out by a new generation of small wars officers who revived COIN doctrine in 2006 and “surged” just in the nick of time the following year to save the US military from defeat.
"The 'impossible' child," the difficult child, and other assorted delinquents: etiology, characteristics and incidence.

The evidence is very strong and persuasive that if serious juvenile delinquents are identified as having reached Level 4, a differential treatment program can be identified for them which will increase their chances of avoiding further law violation behaviour. Looking at both I-level growth and further delinquent behaviour, less is known about how to bring about change in the Power-oriented youths than in other I-level groups. This group is perhaps the most deserving of the label "Impossible Child." Continuing attempts to treat the Power-oriented offender in experimental programs is extremely important because this group includes the most serious offenders (the most felony-type crimes and the most assaultive crimes). More research is also needed on the treatment of the Passive Conformist group. We need to know more about the reasons for the short-term success and the long-term failure. Although this subtype does not commit as serious crimes as the other I3 subtypes, there is some evidence that there is a persistence to the offence behaviour which continues into adulthood, producing highly recidivistic individuals. Language: en
Measuring Overbreadth: Using Empirical Evidence to Determine the Constitutionality of Campaign Finance Laws Targeting Sham Issue Advocacy

This Article concerns a very narrow question in the broad debate over campaign finance regulation: are laws regulating media advertising (1) appearing within a short period before an election, (2) featuring a candidate's name or likeness, and (3) reaching a certain dollar spending threshold constitutionally overbroad? Although the question is narrow, the stakes are very large: such a "bright-line test" to regulate campaign advertisements appears to be the only way to close a very large "issue advocacy" loophole that has developed in our campaign finance laws. Congress and state legislatures are currently considering legislation using a bright-line test, and no doubt such legislation will be subject to constitutional challenge. The Article explains that whether bright-line tests are constitutionally overbroad depends in part on the frequency with which such tests capture speech that is not really intended to influence the outcome of an election. Using empirical evidence from a dataset of 1998 and 2000 political advertisements, this Article examines the extent of overbreadth created by bright line tests. I conclude from the empirical analysis that there is a strong case to be made that bright line tests are constitutional, but such a conclusion rests not only on empirical evidence but also on a balancing of the costs and benefits of particular campaign finance regulations. The article sheds light not only on the constitutionality of campaign finance regulation, but also on the meaning of the constitutional doctrine of "substantial overbreadth".Part I of this Article provides background explaining the problem that the proposed laws seek to address. Part II sets out the standards for judging the overbreadth of laws involving First Amendment rights of speech and association. Part III applies those standards to the empirical evidence and concludes that a strong case may be made for the constitutionality of bright-line tests.
Laying hen movement in a commercial aviary: Enclosure to floor and back again.

Abstract Many producers in the laying hen industry, including in North America, are phasing out conventional cages in response to consumer demands and sometimes subsequent legislation. Alternative housing systems such as aviaries are being implemented in an attempt to improve hen welfare. Aviaries provide additional space and resources to groups of hens, including a litter area on the floor. However, little is known about hen movement between tiered enclosures and floor litter areas in aviary systems. Diurnal rhythms and social attraction may result in peak times of movement that could lead to overcrowding of areas, or alternatively hen preferences may lead to some areas not being fully utilized. We monitored hen movement between tiered enclosures and litter areas, including movement on and off the outer perch, across the day at peak, mid and end of lay in a commercial aviary. Hens moved onto and off of the open litter area across the day, transitioning between tiered enclosures, outer perches, open litter areas, and litter areas under tiered enclosures. At certain times of day, there were periods of greater hen movement down to the open litter area and between litter areas. For example, more hens were typically observed exiting enclosures, jumping from perches to open litter, and traveling between open litter and litter under tiered enclosures in the morning (all P ≤ 0.001). In all but one instance, more hens were observed on open litter areas in the afternoon than at other times of day (all P ≤ 0.029). However, hen re-entry to tiered enclosures showed less circadian patterning. Hen movement was observed between areas of interest at all sampled time periods, indicating hens use all areas of the system. Further research should examine whether all individual hens do move between areas equally, including within levels of the tiered enclosure, or if crowding occurs on the outer perches or in the litter during times of peak movement.
Ocular ultrastructural studies of two cases of the Hurler syndrome (systemic mucopolysaccharidosis I-H) *

The ocular histopathology of Hurler syndrome (systemic mucopolysaccharidosis, type I-H), with emphasis on ultrastructural findings is reported in two cases. Numerous fine fibrillogranular inclusions were observed in: conjunctival fibrocytes; corneal epithelium, keratocytes and endothelium; uveal melanocytes and fibrocytes; ciliary epithelium; smooth muscle cells of ciliary body; pericytes; lens epithelium; retinal pigment epithelium; ganglion cells; and sclerocytes. Some multimembranous inclusions were noted in Schwann cells, keratocytes, trabecular endothelium, uveal fibrocytes and melanocytes, retinal ganglion cells, sclerocytes, optic nerve astrocytes, and vascular pericytes. Extracellular fibrillogranular material was present in the corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane, and scleral stroma. The extensive involvement of the ocular tissues of these two cases emphasizes Hurler syndrome as the most severe form of the systemic mucopolysaccharidoses.
Az Összefonódások Egyoldalú Hatásainak Megítélése a Fúziókontrollban Az Európai Unió Versenyjogában (Assessment of Unilateral Effects of Concentrations in EU Competition Law)

The dissertation is a result of a PhD research on the unilateral effects of concentrations in EU merger control.
951 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PATHOLOGIC GLEASON SCORE AFTER NEOADJUVANT HORMONAL THERAPY FOR PREDICTING SYSTEMIC PROGRESSION FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

2007, we identified all men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer who received chemotherapy commonly used to treat prostate cancer and androgen suppression therapy (AST) (n 109,794). After eliminating those diagnosed at autopsy, from Louisiana (2005 year), inadequate information about AST or 6 months of AST, prior or subsequent diagnosis of a second primary and with unknown or missing variables, we identified a cohort of 23,618 men. We compared cancer specific survival and overall survival among men who had previously undergone radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy/brachytherapy and neither of these types of therapy for primary tumor. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess survival. RESULTS: A majority of the patients were 70 years and Caucasian. They had medium or high grade tumors and were diagnosed at stage T1-2. 5% had undergone RP and 93% had received prior radiation while 1.7% received no therapy for primary tumor. About 88% of the patients had a Charlson score of 0-1. Cancer specific survival was significantly worse among men who had neither surgery nor radiation for primary tumor when compared to those who had prior radical prostatectomy (HR 5.313 p 0.0001). There was no difference in cancer specific survival among those who underwent surgery or radiation for their primary tumor. Overall survival was worse among those who received radiation (HR 1.4 p 0.0001) or neither surgery nor radiation (HR 4.06 p 0.0001) compared to those who had surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Prior therapy to the primary prostate cancer in the form of radical prostatectomy or radiation appears to confer a survival advantage in patients who subsequently go on to develop metastatic disease and receive androgen suppressive therapy and chemotherapy. If further validated, this suggests that radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy could be considered even among men found to have incidental regional metastatic disease at the time of surgery or on imaging.
National-European Theology The Polish Catholic Hierarchy’s Narrative of a Christian Europe

An influential contingent of Catholic clergy in Poland reacted to Poland’s entry into the European Union by developing a narrative positing the Catholic foundation and ownership of Europe and all i...
Properties of a-SiGe and Application to Stacked Solar Cell

Deposition technique of a-SiGe:H and its application to a stacked solar sell were investigated. Properties of a-SiGe:H were improved by a glow discharge method with a negatively biased substrate, and a mercury sensitized photo CVD under lower pressure. An a-SiGe:H single junction solar cell was improved by slight boron doping to an i layer and insertion of a buffer layer into a p/i interface. A conversion efficiency of more than 10 % was obtained by a triple stacked solar cell on a alass substrate.
Access to the National Archives

The condition of the National Archives concerns all political scientists.* Many political scientists use Archival records for research on American government or on international relations. The National Archives currently holds 800,000 cubic feet of federal records in its main building, and stores another 500,000 cubic feet of records in other buildings in the Washington, D.C. area. These records constitute a rich resource for understanding political history, developing hypotheses and testing theories.
Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus in Food

[Objective]To investigate the antibiotic resistance level of staphylococcus aureus isolated from food,so as to find out the issue in the usage of antibiotics. [Methods]The isolation and identification methods of staphylococcus aureus were carried out according to GB/T4789.10-2003.The antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus aureus was detected by K-B method. [Results]Of 33 staphylococcus aureus stains isolated from food,28 were resistant to penicillium and ampicillin,the resistance rate was as high as 84.8%. 21 stains were resistant to carbenicillin,the rate was 63.6%.5 stains were detected resistant to methicillin,which took up to 15.2%. The stains also were resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics,aminoglycoside,microcline antibiotic and tetracyclines in different levels,all strains were sensitive to vancomycin. [Conclusion]The antibiotic resistance level of staphylococcus aureus isolated from the food in this district is relatively high,the antibiotics added in the feeds used in agriculture,animal husbandry and aquaculture should be regulated,not only the environment should be protected from the pollution of antibiotics,but also the microorganisms,so as to insure the safety of foods.
Nitrergic nerves and electrogastric dysrhythmia in rats

AIM: To investigate the relation of nitrerigic nerves and electrogastric dysrhythmia. METHODS: 28 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group; model group of electrogastric dysrhythmias and drug group. In the rats of control group and model group, electrogastrogram was recorded and nitriergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of rat antrum were observed. In the drug group, electrogastrogram was recorded after the rats were injected intrapertoneally different dosage SNP or N(omega) nitro arginine methyledter (L NAME). RESULTS: In the rats of model group, the abnormal rhythm index (ARI) was 21.8% and the coefficient of variation of slow wave frequency (CV) was 25.7%, which were higher than that of the control group (ARI was 9.5% and CV was 17.2%, P 0.01). The content of nitrergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of model rat antrum increased compared with that of control group (21.8% vs 13.8%, P 0.01). When normal rats were injected SNP or higher dosage L NAME, electrogastric dysrhythmia increased and the abnormal rhythm index (ARI) and the coefficient of variation of slow wave frequency (CV) were significantly increased. CONCLUSION: The increase or decrease of nitric oxide can lead to electrogastric dysrhythmias.
Neutron reflectometry investigations of interfacial structures of Ti/TiN layers deposited by magnetron sputtering

Abstract Nanolayered metal-ceramic composite systems provide the possibility to produce new materials with exceptional strength, toughness, and radiation resistance not exhibited by their individual constituents. The unusual behaviors are frequently attributed to the high density of internal interfaces. Most layered structures studied to date contain sharp interfaces and the synthesis of more diffuse interfacial structures, where the interface is graded out of the interface plane, has not been deeply explored. Here we show how neutron reflectometry was used to study the structure of magnetron sputter deposited titanium and titanium nitride (Ti/TiN) layers as a function of deposition parameters: temperature, rate of N2 flow or pressure, electrical bias applied to the sample, and orientation of the ion source relative to the sample. These different deposition and post-processing strategies resulted in profound changes in the structure of the interfacial region between the two components in Ti/TiNx bilayers. The results show that temperature and low step-wise N2 flow rates, but not electrical bias, can form graded interfaces in a controlled manner.
Periodic Assessment of Walking Devices in Senior Living Communities

Currently, the proportion of the United States population age 65 or older is nearly 40 million [1]. Of these older adults, approximately 14 to 18% of them use an assistive ambulatory device (AAD) on a daily basis [2]. In senior living communities, canes (Figure 1 left) and rolling walkers or rollators (Figure 1 right) are the most common walking devices used by the older residents in order to improve mobility, prevent falls, and maintain functional independence [2].
BECTS with Intractable Seizures and Cognitive Decline

Two children, aged 2 and 4 years, with a characteristic onset of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS), developed intractable seizures and cognitive decline, as reported from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH.
Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an under-recognized neurologic sensorimotor disorder, affecting approximately 2% of male and female adolescents. It is characterized by an urge to move the legs, usually associated with leg discomfort. The symptoms occur at rest, are relieved by movement, and are most severe in the evening and at night. RLS varies in severity, with some adolescents experiencing mild, infrequent symptoms and others having severe, daily symptoms.