cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secrecy rates of binary wiretapper channels using feedback schemes

In this paper, we propose a feedback scheme to achieve a strictly positive secrecy rate over an eavesdropped communication link when the eavesdropper's channel is less noisy than the legitimate receiver's channel. All channels are assumed binary and symmetric (BSC). The proposed scheme exploits the channel randomness inherent in feedback channels. We show that our feedback scheme can further increase the secrecy rate achievable by the Wyner's method when the eaves-dropper's channel is worse. Some pre-/post-processing schemes to intentionally improve and degrade the equivalent wiretapper channels, respectively, are also proposed to further enhance the overall secrecy rate.
A stochastic control approach to coding with feedback over degraded broadcast channels

In this paper we attempt to further demonstrate connections between information theory and control, in a networked setting. Specifically, we consider the communication problem of broadcasting to multiple receivers, when one receiver has a degraded observation of the other's, and causal feedback about channel outputs is provided by both receivers. The encoder has to make decisions on the next channel input based on feedback. In this paper, a posterior matching style feedback based encoding scheme is proposed for the problem setting which achieves the capacity region. First, we look at tightness conditions from the converse of the degraded broadcast channel with feedback that inspires our scheme. Second, we develop a stochastic control problem whose optimal value coincides with the tightness conditions. We next show our proposed scheme is an optimal solution to this problem. Lastly, we prove this scheme achieves any rate in the capacity region by constructing a Lyapunov function that operates on posteriors and is derived from the reward function structure.
Commonsense Realism and Triangulation

Realism about the external world enjoys little philosophical support these days. I rectify this predicament by taking a relatively pragmatist line of thought to defend commonsense realism; I support commonsense realism through an interpretation and application of Donald Davidson’s notion of triangulation, the triangle composed of two communicators coordinating and correcting their responses with a shared causal stimulus. This argument is important because it has a crucial advantage over the often used abductive argument for realism. My argument avoids unwarranted conclusions, whereas the abductive argument is “inflationary” because it reaches beyond the limits of evidence for its realist conclusion. To illustrate the problems of the abductive argument and motivate my Davidsonian approach, I take a brief look at the abductive argument for realism in Frederick Will’s work.
The effect of hydrocortisone on limb regeneration in the bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana.

Tadpoles of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana lose the ability to regenerate limbs amputated through the femur at a very early stage in development. Well-differentiated limbs which in other species can regenerate if amputated through the ankle, cannot in this species. Non-regenerating tadpole limbs either show rapid healing of the cut surface by connective tissue with no breakdown of skeletal structures, or the beginning of dedifferentiation in the cartilage. However, the cells of the rudimentary blastema that forms do not undergo proliferation; instead they become separated from the epidermis by the regrowth of the connective tissue layer which acts as a block to regeneration. This condition, termed the critical stage, is reached more often by animals that received injections of hydrocortisone than by control animals. Experimental animals furthermore, produced larger blastemata. No advanced regeneration could be obtained however.
Calculation of Surface Area of the Body

Several recent commentaries have been concerned primarily with the use of surface area of the body as a means of computing parenteral fluid dosages. Since there is, fortunately, a reasonably wide latitude of bodily homeostatic mechanisms, it becomes largely a matter of personal preference whether one utilizes surface area to estimate initial dosages or some other scheme to apply a corrective factor to weight-age relationships. There exists another more profound facet to this issue, namely the relationship, if any, of surface area of the body to such physiologic variables as cardiac output, oxygen consumption, renal functioin, etc. It seems logical to separate three areas for discussion.
Organophophazenes 28: the Nature of the Exocyclic Phosphorus–Carbon Bond in Organophosphazenes

The electronic effects operative in a series of cyclophosphazenes with organic substituents N3P3F5R (R = ethynyl, vinyl, allyl, ethyl, styrenyl) were explored using ab initio and density functional...
When Cancer Wakes up Ghosts of the Past

Cancer diagnosis may be considered as a psychosomatic crisis and the disease can be perceived as a part of himself that inexplicably turns into a destructive and mortal non-self. Then the deep psychosomatic crisis linked to cancer is able to produce a process of regression and disorganization of previous defensive structures. Often, memories of particularly traumatic events can be reactivated by successive traumatic experiences at sensory level. WE present the case of a 10 years-old boy, hospitalized at the Department of Hematology suffering from leukemia, who presented an epileptic episode we suspected of psychogenic nature (by conversion). The story revealed a sexual abuse when he was six years old. The analysis of test showed a pre-genital functioning registry, the need for cohesion and inner stability in a boy that, in contrast, feels a lived experience of inner inconsistency and lability. A possible outcome due to poor development of the psychological Self, with consequent separation conflict, is that the body can be used to hold and act mental states, assuming the function of metarepresentation of feelings, ideas and wishes. A good communication is essential to create a therapeutic alliance with the patient. However, it is insufficient and confusing if not based on a deep understanding of the fantasies and emotions with the burden of biological experience with unconscious meanings related to early experiences. Without considering these aspects, communicative distortions may jeopardize the therapeutic alliance, interfering with the process of coping. Working through regression in the areas of the unconscious meanings, allows the patient to understand the significance of his illness instead of exorcising it. This helps the patient to re-establish communication between the mind paralyzed by somatic events and the sick body that needs treatment.
Philips Lighting Company: The Earth Light®

This case describes the introduction and marketing of an extended-life fluorescent bulb to replace incandescent bulbs. With the new bulb selling at retail for $15 to $20, successful marketing of the new bulb will require a major change in buying habits of both consumers and the trade.
Efficient Power/Performance Analysis of Embedded and General Purpose Software Applications

This chapter presents a novel approach for an efficient, yet accurate estimation technique for power consumption and performance of embedded and general-purpose applications. Our approach is adaptive in nature and is based on detecting sections of code characterized by high temporal locality (also called hotspots) in the execution profile of the benchmark being executed on a target processor. The technique itself is architecture and input independent and can be used for both embedded, as well as for general-purpose processors. We have implemented a hybrid simulation engine, which can significantly shorten the simulation time by using on-the-fly profiling for critical sections of the code and by reusing this information during power/performance estimation for the rest of the code. By using this strategy, we were able to achieve up to 20x better accuracy compared to a flat, non-adaptive sampling scheme and a simulation speed-up of up to 11.84x with a maximum error of 1.03% for performance and 1.92% for total energy on a wide variety of media and general-purpose applications.
Theca-cell tumors; with a report of 12 new cases and observations on the possible etiologic role of ovarian stromal hyperplasia.

Abstract 1. Clinical and pathologic data on twelve additional cases of theca-cell tumor of the ovary are presented. 2. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was present in one, atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium, premalignant in character in another, and carcinoma in situ of the cervix in a third. 3. Unusual clinical findings included a case of pregnancy with death at parturition due to rupture and hemorrhage from the tumor pedicle; a case in which the symptomatology simulated pregnancy; a case of endometriosis in a woman eleven years postmenopausal; and an instance of associated aleucemic lymphatic leucemia. 4. Examination of the nonneoplastic ovarian tissue revealed a significant degree of ovarian stromal hyperplasia in all eight patients in the fourth decade and beyond, in whom tissue was available for study. 5. The high incidence of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and other evidences of stromal activity, in the nonneoplastic ovarian tissue suggests that the theca-cell tumor may develop against a background of diffuse ovarian stromal stimulation. 6. The age incidence of theca-cell tumors parallels that of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and ovarian fibromas. 7. Urinary gonadotrophin was elevated in one postmenopausal patient with clinical evidence of estrogenic activity of the theca-cell tumor.
GaAs polarization converter

The polarization state of an optical signal is important for optical communication systems, but standard single mode fibers do not maintain the input polarization state.
Abstract 1982: Analyzing TCGA data: A novel, systems-oriented method for diagnosing batch effects and adjusting for them

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project aims at multi-faceted molecular characterization of up to 25 different types of clinical cancers over the next 5 years. Included are profiles of single-nucleotide mutations, indels, loss of heterozygosity, DNA copy number, DNA methylation, mRNA expression, and microRNA expression. For each type of measurement, an absolutely critical initial question is whether the batches of tumors obtained from different sources and/or processed at different times show batch effects that might confound our ability to draw valid conclusions about the biology or about clinical outcomes. As PIs and members of a newly designated TCGA Genome Data Analysis Center B, we have developed and applied a novel, systems-oriented approach to the problem of batch differences. The method is based on a scalar quantity that we call the “correlation of correlations” (CR). CR reflects the difference between batches, not in terms of characteristics of the individual genes but in a more systems-oriented way based on the pattern of relationships among the various genes in the data set. If two batches of samples are identical, CR = 1; if they are randomly related to each other in their properties, CR = 0. To assess the statistical robustness (i.e., p-value) of any apparent difference between two batches, we apply a permutation test, keeping the batch sizes constant. That analysis is complemented by principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. In addition to diagnosing batch effects, we have tested five different algorithms (empirical Bayes with parametric and non-parametric prior, median polish, batch-wise median polish, ANOVA, and ANOVA with variance shrinkage) to correct in part for any batch effects that do exist. We first applied the new approach to TCGA Affymetrix U133A mRNA expression data on 237 high-grade serous ovarian cancers. One batch (designated # 9) out of 6 stood out as different from the others, particularly from batch #14 (permutation test two-tail p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1982.
Measurements of 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide in serum and urine and the correlation with skin 5 alpha-reductase activity

Serum and urinary measurements of 3α,17β-androstanediol glucuronide (3α-diol G) reflect peripheral androgen action and have been useful clinically. This study was designed to compare these levels in hirsute women, normal premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and in men and to correlate each measurement with skin 5α-reductase activity (5α-RA), an excellent correlate of androgenicity. Although serum 3α-diol G values were similar in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, values were higher in hirsute women and in men. This pattern was similar for urinary 3α-diol G but with greater overlap in values between hirsute and nonhirsute women and men. Serum 3α-diol G showed a highly significant correlation with levels of genital 5α-RA ( r = 0.839, P r = 0.03). These data suggest that while both serum and urinary 3α-diol G may be useful clinically, serum 3α-diol G appears to correlate better with androgenicity and 5α-RA. It is suggested further that the sources of serum and urinary 3α-diol G may be somewhat different.
Overt and covert reactions of selected athletes to normative situations as indicated by an electronic psychometer.

Abstract College football players were subjectively classified into Group A (judged highly sportsmanlike) and Group B (judged highly unsportsmanlike). Individuals in both groups were administered a problem-solving test eliciting normative decisions. While subjects responded overtly to test situations, an electronic psychometer simultaneously recorded covert reactions. Possible self-contamination was assessed by utilization of the Edwards Social Desirability Test. Findings indicated no differences in overt and covert responses between groups. No significant difference between groups was found on test of social desirability. Covert responses of both groups indicated an unsportsmanlike value structure. However, within Groups A and B a significantly stronger reaction was demonstrated (covertly) to selected responses as opposed to responses indicative of social acceptance. In relation to situations indicating differences between groups, Group A elicited a greater number of ideal answers than did Group B; howev...
Temperature Increase in Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels Effect of Ram Speed Using a Servodrive Press

In forming of AHSS the temperature increase at die/sheet interface affects the performance of lubricants and die wear. This study demonstrates that Finite Element (FE) analysis, using commercially available software, can be used to estimate temperature increase in single as well as in multiple stroke operations. To obtain a reliable numerical process design, the knowledge of the thermomechanical properties of the sheet as well as the tools is essential. Using U-channel drawing the FE model has been validated by comparing predictions with experimental results. The effect of ram speed and stroking rate (stroke per minutes) upon temperature increase in real production-like operation have been investigated. Deep drawing of CP800 and DP590 blanks in a servo drive press, using an industrial scale die, has been studied. Thinning distribution and temperatures in the drawn part have been investigated in single and multiple forming operations. It is found that temperatures may reach several hundreds degrees and affect the coefficient of friction (COF). The values of COF under production-like conditions were compared to that obtained from laboratory experiments. This study illustrates that in forming AHSS, a) the temperature increase at the die/ sheet interface is relatively high and should be considered in process design stage b) the lubricant performance is significantly affected by the ram speed and sheet/die interface temperature during deformation.
Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Imaging Functional Activity

MR EFFECTS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION In Chapter 3 the basic physiological changes accompanying brain activation were described. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases dramatically, and the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption increases by a smaller amount. As a result, the oxygen content of the capillary and venous blood is increased. In addition, the blood volume and blood velocity increase. With this picture of brain activation in mind, what are the possible observable effects these physiological changes might have on the magnetic resonance signal that could form the basis for measuring activation with magnetic resonance imaging? The first potential effect is due to increased velocity of the blood. By applying bipolar gradient pulses, the intrinsic flow sensitivity of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal can be exploited. Individual capillaries cannot be resolved, so the flow effect is more analogous to diffusion imaging than to MR angiography. An early conceptual model for functional imaging is to imagine that a capillary bed consists of randomly oriented cylinders. Then the uniform motion of the blood, but in random directions, is similar to the random walk of freely diffusing water molecules (LeBihan et al., 1988). The effect on the MR signal of this IntraVoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) is qualitatively similar to the effect of diffusion: when a bipolar gradient is applied, the signal is reduced because the spins move during the interval between the two lobes of the gradient pulse so that refocusing is incomplete. Quantitatively, the IVIM effect is much larger than diffusion because the spins are carried farther by capillary flow than by diffusional motions. If the bipolar gradient pulse is sufficiently strong so that the signal from moving blood is completely destroyed, rather than just attenuated, the blood volume can be measured by subtracting the signals measured with and without diffusion weighting.
Engineering Soluble Human Paraoxonase 2 for Quorum Quenching

Many pathogenic bacteria utilize quorum sensing (QS) systems to regulate the expression of their virulence genes and promote the formation of biofilm, which renders pathogens with extreme resistance to conventional antibiotic treatments. As a novel approach for attenuating antibiotic resistance and in turn fighting chronic infections, enzymatic inactivation of QS signaling molecules, such as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), holds great promises. Instead of using bacterial lactonases that can evoke immune response when administered, we focus on the human paraoxonase 2 (huPON2). However, insolubility when heterologously overexpressed hinders its application as anti-infection therapeutics. In this study, huPON2 was engineered for soluble expression with minimal introduction of foreign sequences. On the basis of structure modeling, degenerate linkers were exploited for the removal of hydrophobic helices of huPON2 without disrupting its folding structure and thus retaining its enzymatic function. High solubl...
The Transboundary Nature of Seabird Ecology

The term ‘seabird’ is generally applied to avian species that forage in the marine environment over open water. Seabirds typically nest in colonies and are long-lived species with low annual reproductive rates. Seabird breeding sites typically occur on islands or along coasts and as such are often at the boundaries of ecological or political zones. During the breeding season, seabirds cross a very distinct terrestrial/marine ecological boundary on a regular basis to forage. Even relatively ‘local’ species cross multiple jurisdictions within a day (e.g., state lands and waters, and federal waters) while pelagic species may transit through international waters on a daily, weekly, or monthly time-frame. Seabird life-histories expose individuals and populations to environmental conditions affecting both terrestrial and marine habitats. The wide-ranging and transboundary nature of seabird ecology also exposes these species to various environmental and anthropogenic forces such as contamination, commercial fisheries and climate forcing that also are transboundary in nature. Therefore, wherever conservation of seabirds or the management of their populations is the goal, consideration must be given to ecosystem dynamics on land and at sea. Because the jurisdiction of agencies does not cross the land-sea boundary in the same manner as the seabirds they are managing, these efforts are facilitated by multi-agency communication and collaboration. By their very nature and by the nature of the systems that they must function within, seabirds embody the complexity of wildlife ecology and conservation in the twenty-first century.
Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy, Combined

Combined psychopharmacology and psychotherapy is a common treatment form in modern psychiatric practice. Numerous research studies confirm that the combination of psychopharmacology and psychotherapy treatments are more effective than each alone. Such clinical care is often provided in collaborative treatment arrangements wherein a psychiatrist or other physician provides the medication and manages the medical issues while a non-physician therapist provides the psychotherapy. There are positive and negatives aspects of providing collaborative treatment and various associated ethical and legal dilemmas. Some of the positive aspects include better utilization of the special talents of both therapist and psychiatrist; cost-effective utilization of resources; and enhanced opportunity for patients to select therapists with similar ethnic and/or gender background. Negative aspects include splitting of clinicians; potential problems in prescribing decisions due to inadequate knowledge of the content of psychotherapy; and clouded legal and clinical responsibilities. It is important that the clinicians and patients involved in such treatment understand and define their own roles and responsibilities; treatment objectives; and optimal ways of communicating patient care issues.
A 6–40 GHz antenna system for CubeSat radiometer

A high-gain 6–40 GHz circularly polarized antenna system has been designed for a CubeSat Radiometer Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Technology Validation mission, which is to demonstrate wideband (6–40GHz) RFI mitigating backend technologies vital for future space-borne microwave radiometers. In stowed configuration, the antenna system needs to fit within a small volume of 10cm (L) by 8cm (W) by 5cm (H). The deployed length of the antenna is 25cm. The total antenna payload including deployment mechanism needs to be less than 0.2kg. The desired gain is 14 dBic gain at 6 GHz and linearly increased to 22 dBic at 40 GHz in order to minimize the coverage footprint on earth. The proposed antenna system include three continuous-taper helical antennas due to its simple feeding, circular polarization (CP), and wide bandwidth. They also have desirable light weight and flexible structures. The three helical elements operate at 6–11 GHz, 11–22 GHz and 21–40 GHz, respectively. The diameter of each helical antenna is specially profiled as a function of height to achieve the desired linear gain vs. frequency property. Since the three antenna elements are co-located within a small cavity, their positions were carefully investigated to minimize mutual coupling and coupling to cavity. This paper presents the antenna design specifications, simulated performances, and preliminary measurement data.
Flow through a converging-diverging tube and its implications in occlusive vascular disease — II: Theoretical and experimental results and their implications

Abstract In Part I of this communication, equations are developed to approximately describe the flow characteristics of an incompressible fluid through an axisymmetric converging-diverging tube. In Part II, an experimental program to study some of these flow characteristics is described, the theoretical and experimental results are compared, and some speculations are made on their implications in occlusive vascular disease. A plastic converging-diverging tube was constructed to determine the separation and reattachment points and the pressure drop across the entire stenosis. Water and blood were used in the experiments. Data were obtained for these fluids for Reynolds numbers up to approximately 1000. The experimental results obtained for the water and blood did not differ greatly, but in general only fair agreement was found between the experimental and theoretical results.
A pilot study: Validity and reliability of the CSEP-PATH PASB-Q and a new leisure time physical activity questionnaire to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviours.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 2 newly developed physical activity questionnaires: the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) Physical Activity and Sedentary Beh...
Novel Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Techniques for the Studies of Structure and Dynamics of Photo‐excited Triplet State of Organic Molecules: A Professional Journey

We present a few novel pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance techniques developed in our laboratory for the studies of structure and dynamics of the photo-excited triplet state of organic molecules. We discuss many aspects of these new techniques and the significances of these measurements: (1) enhancing NMR signal intensity by dynamic nuclear polarization - integrated solid effect, (2) performing magnetic resonance in zero-field and low-field by pulsed microwave, (3) mapping molecular motion of organic crystals by pulsed zero-field and low-field experiments, (4) probing spin dynamics at level anti-crossing by fast field switching, (5) measuring hyperfine interaction by electron spin echo envelop modulation and spin-echo electron nuclear double resonance and (6) detecting spin dynamics, nuclear quantum oscillation, entanglements and new avenues for quantum computer. We have employed the highly electron spin polarized pentacene triplet state as the model system in all of our pulsed EPR experiments. We performed most of our experiments at room temperature. The goals of our studies are aiming to improve spin detectability, to probe molecular dynamics, to determine electronic structures, to measure molecular interaction and motion, and to examine quantum coherence and oscillation which may yield new avenues in the applications of pulsed EPR techniques to quantum computer.
Stiffness-Tuned Matrices for Tumor Cell Studies

The stiffness of a cell’s microenvironment influences its behavior. Testing the effect of stiffness, or elasticity, on tumor cell behavior requires a matrix that provides the integrin binding sites that are found in stroma. Collagen I is a major component of stroma and allows integrin binding, but when it is reconstituted after extraction and solubilization, it is difficult to work with and too soft to model tumor tissue. Although the stiffness of collagen I matrices can be adjusted by changing collagen concentration, doing so also affects the number of integrin binding sites available to cells, confounding experimental variables. The goal of this work was to tune collagen I matrices over a range of elasticities (1–6 kPa) relevant for modeling normal and tumorous breast tissue, without altering the density of cell-matrix ligands. This was accomplished by functionalizing collagen I with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and using lithium acylphosphinate (LAP) as a photoinitiator of GMA cross-linking. Cross-links were photoactivated by irradiating the GMA-functionalized collagen at 365 nm for 2 min or less (4.4 mW/cm2). Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) survived and migrated on these matrices. Collagen I-GMA gels can be used to ascertain how varying extracellular matrix elasticity affects breast cancer cell behavior.
Cost benefit analysis for wind power penetration

Wind power has become a candidate to replace some or part of the conventional generation to meet the continually increasing electricity demand. Yet, the stochastic nature of the wind speed and the rapid changes of wind turbine output increases the complexity of planning and operation of power systems. In this paper, a cost benefit analysis is developed for measuring the benefits of integrating wind farms with the grid. The analysis considers both the dynamic operations and the reliability of the system. The dynamic operation of the system is considered to be the economic cost and the environmental impact. Both categories are converted to one, using market prices for emission levels. The system reliability is assumed to be a disjoint objective and is evaluated separately, and then the economic impact for the reliability is evaluated using the expected damage cost (EDC). The system analysis for the dynamic operation is performed over the yearly load profile on the IEEE RTS-79 system, with an hourly output of wind. The results for the system reliability and the environmental-economic dispatch are presented, and the performance for different wind penetration at different buses is analyzed and discussed.
Interpretation and Use of the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener: A Latent Transition Approach:

Detecting mental illness in school students may prevent poor school outcomes. Clinicians often use universal behavioral screeners to identify students at risk for mental illness. This study examined the applicability of Kane’s interpretation and use argument (IUA) to the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener–Teacher Rating Scale (SAEBRS-TRS). Using an imputed sample of N = 1,357 students, latent transition analysis was employed to understand the IUA framework on this sample and the stability of the latent classes of student risk over time. Results provide initial support for the interpretation and use of the SAEBRS-TRS, and suggest that student risk statuses remain relatively stable across time. Future directions and implications for practice are discussed.
Karyotype Correlates With Peripheral Blood Morphology and Immunophenotype in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is recognized as a distinct entity. However, morphologic and immunophenotypic heterogeneity exist. Twenty-six patients with CLL were studied to investigate whether an association exists among peripheral blood karyotype, morphology and immunophenotype. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in 14 patients (53%), using conventional karyotyping techniques in addition to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosome 12. By FAB guidelines, 7 of the 8 patients (88%) with trisomy 12 had mixed cell morphology compared to only 3 of 18 (17%) without trisomy 12 (P = .004). One patient (12%) with trisomy 12 had lymphocyte morphology typical for CLL. Six of the eight (75%) with trisomy 12 had atypical immunophenotype including one or more of the following: strong CD20 expression, strong surface light chain expression, or absence of CD23 expression. Only 2 of the 18 patients (11%) without trisomy 12 had atypical immunophenotype (P = .005). None of the three patients with clonal structural abnormalities of chromosome 13q14 had mixed cell morphology or atypical immunophenotype. One of the 12 patients (8%) without clonal cytogenetic abnormalities had mixed cell morphology and one had atypical immunophenotype. This study suggests that a correlation exists among karyotype, morphology, and immunophenotype in CLL, and that CLL subgroups can be identified based on laboratory parameters. Although normal karyotypes or clonal structural abnormalities of 13q14 are associated with morphology and immunophenotype considered typical for CLL, trisomy 12 is associated with mixed cell morphology and atypical immunophenotype. These findings may have implications for evaluating variation in both disease course and response to emerging therapies.
An Analysis of the Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefits for Life Option

In this paper, we present an analysis of the "Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefits'' (GWB) for life option, a recent and popular product that many insurance companies are offering as a retirement planning solution. Under the GWB for life plan, the investor is promised increasing withdrawals during retirement for her lifetime, while still being invested in the markets. GWB for life thus transfers financial and longevity related risks from an individual investor to the insurance company underwriting the guarantee. We first analyze a continuous time version of this product in a Black Scholes economy with simplifying assumptions on population mortality and obtain an analytical solution for the product value. This analysis reveals the high sensitivity the product bears to several risk factors. We then price the GWB in a realistic setting using different asset pricing models, including those that allow the interest rates and the volatility of returns to be stochastic. Our analysis reveals that 1) GWB has insufficient price discrimination and is susceptible to adverse selection and 2) valuations can vary substantially depending on which class of models is used. We believe the ambiguity in value and the presence of significant risks, which can be challenging to hedge, should create concerns to the insurance companies offering the GWB, their investors and clients as well as the regulators.
Culture of rabbit meibomian gland using collagen gel.

Rabbit whole meibomian glands were isolated by microsurgical dissection and enzymatic digestion. Both ductal and acinar elements could be separated by subsequent microsurgical manipulation. Epithelial outgrowth could be derived from either the whole gland or the ductal/acinar elements using collagen gel in the serum-containing, growth factor-enriched medium. Two types of outgrowths were observed: a discontinuous spindle-shaped epithelial cell monolayer in which oil-red-O (ORO)-stained meibum containing single cells and cell aggregates were evenly distributed, and a continuous cuboidal epithelial monolayer in which oil-red-O-stained cells formed a gradient with single cells and cell aggregates preferentially distributed in the periphery of the outgrowth. Thus, meibum production and meibomian gland differentiation can be maintained in collagen gel culture and ductal elements may contain progenitor cells for acinar differentiation. This culture system will allow future exploration of the regulatory mechanism of meibomian gland differentiation at the cellular level. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:214-223,1991 The meibomian glands are modified sebaceous glands located within the tarsus of the eyelid. Each gland consists of a main excretory duct that connects with numerous ductules that end as acini. Each acinus is outlined by the basal epithelium that proliferates and differentiates into meibocytes. 1 ' 2 Through holocrine secretion, meibocytes produce meibum lipids that are secreted onto the lid margin. Meibum, possibly together with lipid secreted by the glands of Zeis, constitutes the superficial layer of the precorneal tear film. 3 - 4 Sufficient quantity and quality of this lipid layer stabilizes the tear film by lowering the surface tension at the air-aqueous interface. 4 Meibomian gland dysfunction is commonly associated with several clinical disorders, including blepharitis, 5 ' 6 rosacea, 6 seborrhea 6 and hordeolum/chalazion. 7 Patients with these disorders have symptoms of ocular irritation due to an unstable tear film. Specific and effective therapy for meibomian gland dysfunc
Use of the Quality of Life Inventory in Problem Assessment and Treatment Planning for Cognitive Therapy of Depression

Cognitive therapy procedures involve the self-monitoring of thoughts and assumptions, logical analysis in which dysfunctional thoughts are disputed through logical argument, and hypothesis testing in which negative assumptions are challenged through real-world experiments aimed at testing their veracity (Jarrett & Nelson, 1987). Problem solving may constitute a little-recognized fourth component of cognitive therapy, one that is repeatedly mentioned in both the treatment manual (called “the manual”) (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) and more recent works (DeRubeis & Beck, 1988). According to Beck et al. (1979), “external,” “situational,” or “practical” problems or “precipitants” related to depression usually involve perceived losses at home, work, or school such as divorce or a business failure. The resolution of even simple and circumscribed problems—through consultation with either the therapist or an appropriate “medical, legal, financial, or vocational” expert—can in itself alleviate depressive symptoms (Beck et al., 1979). For example, the manual describes the case of a beleaguered homemaker whose “symptoms quickly disappeared” (p. 204) once she secured help with household chores.
Overall Summary and New Directions for Research

Numerous facets of aging as it relates to reproduction and to the climacteric were considered and discussed. It is evident that with the exception of reproduction, full bodily function can be maintained over time. This is especially true if proper attention is given to the management of the menopause.
Climate Change Views, Energy Policy Preferences, and Intended Actions Across Welfare State Regimes: Evidence from the European Social Survey

More than three decades of social science research demonstrates environmental issues as important social problems commanding international attention. Although an emerging body of scholarship examin...
Hairy cell leukemia: Differences in phagocytic capacity of cells in vitro

Hairy cells from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia were evaluated with both light and transmission electron microscopy for their capacity to phagocytose zymosan, latex, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. In two patients, there was no phagocytosis of any of these substances; cells from three patients phagocytosed only latex; two, all except pseudomonas ; and one, all 4 substances. Hairy cells became relatively smooth while in culture with staphylococcus, but no surface changes were noted during incubation with the other substances. Of the eight patients studied, one died of pseudomonas pneumonia and sepsis; pseudomonas was the only substance which her hairy cells did not phagocytose. The one patient whose hairy cells phagocytosed all 4 test substances developed a disseminated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection; culture of his hairy cells with this atypical mycobacterium showed no phagocytosis. Hairy cells have different phagocytic capabilities from patient to patient, and the evaluation of these capabilities in vitro might provide early identification of potential infectious complications.
Generational Differences: A Comparison of Weight-Related Cognitions and Behaviors of Generation X and Millennial Mothers of Preschool Children

A 'generation' is an identifiable group sharing birth years and significant life events at critical developmental ages. There is a paucity of literature examining how parental cognitions and lifestyle behaviors differ by generation and whether generational differences are substantial enough to warrant consideration during the development of health interventions. This study compared generational differences in weight-related cognitions and lifestyle behaviors of mothers of young children who were categorized as Generation X (born 1965-1981, n = 158) and Generation Y (aka Millennials; born 1982-1999, n = 162). Survey results indicated that Generation X had significantly higher family affluence; thus, this was controlled in subsequent analyses. Analysis of covariance indicated that Millennials had more positive expectations about the benefits of engaging in healthy eating and physical activity than comparators, but not significantly so. Millennial mothers placed significantly higher value on physical activity for themselves than Generation X mothers, but both generations were neutral on the value of personal physical activity. No generational differences were noted in self-efficacy of mothers for promoting childhood obesity-prevention practices to children and self-efficacy for personally engaging in weight-protective behaviors. Millennial mothers had significantly more family meals/week, however generations did not differ on the value placed on family meals, where family meals were eaten, or whether media devices were used at mealtime. Few differences were noted between the generations for most child feeding behaviors, except that Millennials reported placing significantly less pressure on children to eat. Mothers' modeling of weight-related behaviors as a means for children's observational learning about healthy eating, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors did not differ by generational group. The eating behaviors of mothers differed little between generations. Millennial mothers allowed significantly more media devices in children's bedrooms and personally engaged in more screen time daily than comparators. Overall, the two generational groups were more similar than different in weight-related cognitions as well as for personal and parenting lifestyle behaviors. The results suggest that tailoring interventions for individuals at a similar life-stage (e.g., mothers of young children) by generation may not be warranted.
Longitudinal Trends and Risk Factors for Obesity Among Immigrants in Massachusetts

Introduction Little is known about the longitudinal trends and factors associated with obesity and overweight among U.S. immigrants and ethnic minorities. Methods At a large safety net health system in Massachusetts, 7,973 adults were followed retrospectively for 42.0 months on average from 2011 to 2016. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). Data were collected and analyzed in 2018–2019. Results Obesity prevalence and trends were highest among Mexican/Central American men (32.6% in 2011 to 42.5% in 2016, p=0.03) and Haitian/black Caribbean women (37.5% to 51.5%, p Conclusions Longitudinal obesity and overweight trends increased among all immigrants and ethnic minorities, primarily within the first 3 years, but significant variations existed. Mexican/Central American men and Haitian/black Caribbean women were disproportionately affected, approaching or exceeding U.S. rates. Targeted early prevention and treatment strategies are needed to reduce health disparities in obesity and unhealthy weight gain among immigrants.
Bidirectional Backpropagation

We extend backpropagation (BP) learning from ordinary unidirectional training to bidirectional training of deep multilayer neural networks. This gives a form of backward chaining or inverse inference from an observed network output to a candidate input that produced the output. The trained network learns a bidirectional mapping and can apply to some inverse problems. A bidirectional multilayer neural network can exactly represent some invertible functions. We prove that a fixed three-layer network can always exactly represent any finite permutation function and its inverse. The forward pass computes the permutation function value. The backward pass computes the inverse permutation with the same weights and hidden neurons. A joint forward–backward error function allows BP learning in both directions without overwriting learning in either direction. The learning applies to classification and regression. The algorithms do not require that the underlying sampled function has an inverse. A trained regression network tends to map an output back to the centroid of its preimage set.
The Impact of Aid Dynamics on State Effectiveness and Legitimacy

Efforts to build state capacity in developing countries are often predicated on the assumption that external partners can help states improve their effectiveness and earn legitimacy by providing aid for public service provision. In a theory-building exercise, this paper advances a typology of aid dynamics in order to afford a granular picture of how development assistance for public service provision interacts with internal governance processes in recipient countries. Developing a conjunctural conceptualization of aid dynamics, we articulate how the impact of foreign aid depends not just on how much money is involved but also on whether donors or recipient governments are more influential in designing and implementing aid programs. We illustrate the descriptive utility of this typology by applying it to our empirical research on aid in the health and education sectors in Cambodia, Laos, and Uganda. We also probe causal expectations emerging from the typology, anticipating that aid for public service delivery has distinct and separate effects on state effectiveness and legitimacy depending on the precise aid conjuncture through which it is conceived and delivered. We conclude with suggestions for further research on the impact of foreign aid on state–society relations through the lens of public service delivery.
Individuals with depression express more distorted thinking on social media.

Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, but is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Cognitive behavioural therapy holds that individuals with depression exhibit distorted modes of thinking, that is, cognitive distortions, that can negatively affect their emotions and motivation. Here, we show that the language of individuals with a self-reported diagnosis of depression on social media is characterized by higher levels of distorted thinking compared with a random sample. This effect is specific to the distorted nature of the expression and cannot be explained by the presence of specific topics, sentiment or first-person pronouns. This study identifies online language patterns that are indicative of depression-related distorted thinking. We caution that any future applications of this research should carefully consider ethical and data privacy issues. Cognitive distortions have a central role in the development of depression. Here, the authors examine the tweets of thousands of individuals who report a diagnosis of depression, revealing significantly higher levels of distortions compared with a control group of Twitter users.
Persistent chest pain in the vomiting patient secondary to an incidental spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

A 23-year-old woman with a history of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) presented with multiple episodes of non-bilious, non-bloody vomiting. She reported a 3-year history of daily marijuana use. Unlike her prior presentations characterised by nausea and vomiting, the patient endorsed ongoing
An Optimal Approach for Maximizing the Sum Rate

This paper considers a different approach from the conventional way of maximizing sum rate where the bandwidth is always assumed to be shared evenly among users in a power-constrained single-input single-output (SISO) channel or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel. Bandwidth is not used as a constraint for sum rate maximization. In these systems, it can be deduced that the sum rate can be increased beyond the value in the conventional method by maximizing the sum rate subject to both power and bandwidth constraints.