cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Gap Between the Foreland and Hinterland I: Geochronology and Plate Tectonic Geometry of Ordovician Magmatism and Terrane Accretion on the Laurentian Margin of New England

U-Pb dates on magmatic and detrital zircon from samples in the hinterland of the Taconic orogen place new constraints on the timing and plate tectonic geometry of terrane accretion and magmatic arc activity. The Moretown terrane, a Gondwanan-derived exotic block, extends from the Rowe Schist-Moretown Formation contact in the west to the Bronson Hill arc in the east. Arc-related plutonic and volcanic rocks formed above an east-dipping subduction zone under the western leading edge of the Moretown terrane from approximately 500 to 475 Ma, until collision with hyperextended distal fragments of Laurentia, represented by the Rowe Schist, at 475 Ma. Magmatic arc rocks formed during this interval are primarily located in the Shelburne Falls arc, although some are also located in the Bronson Hill arc to the east. Metasedimentary rocks in the Shelburne Falls arc contain detrital zircon derived from mixing of Gondwanan, Laurentian, and arc sources, suggesting that the Moretown terrane was proximal to Laurentia by 475 Ma. Explosive eruptions at 466 to 464 Ma preserved in the Barnard Volcanic Member of the Missisquoi Formation in Vermont and as ash beds in the Indian River Formation in the Taconic allochthons may record slab-breakoff of subducted lithosphere following collision of the Moretown terrane with distal Laurentian crustal fragments. Between 466 and 455 Ma a reversal in subduction polarity lead to a west-dipping subduction zone under Laurentia and the newly accreted Moretown terrane. Magmatic arc rocks in the Bronson Hill arc formed above this west-dipping subduction zone along the eastern trailing edge of the Moretown terrane at approximately 455 to 440 Ma. The western boundary of Ganderia in New England is east of the Bronson Hill arc, buried beneath Silurian and Devonian rocks deformed during the Acadian orogeny.
Reconciling Intuitions and Conventional Knowledge: The Challenge of Teaching and Learning Mathematical Modelling

In this chapter we present illustrative examples from school learners’ modelling efforts to highlight how knowledge of extra-mathematical contexts can influence students’ mathematical practices during various phases in the mathematical modelling cycle. We propose that future research may need to focus on how to constructively utilize students’ intuitions drawn from their personal and cultural backgrounds to advance their modelling cognition.
Enhancing supercomputing with software defined networking

Supercomputers have long been characterized by their closed and proprietary interconnects. Software Defined Networking (SDN) allows for the programmatic flow management of network traffic. The introduction of SDN into the High Performance Computing (HPC) world permits scientists to leverage a high speed and simplified model for access to the immense computing power of supercomputers. As increasingly larger experimental and observational sites come online, scientists have a need to not only store data, but to compute upon that data in near real-time. SDN provides an avenue for the data from these experiments to flow directly into the supercomputer, without having to be staged first at an intermediary site, thus reducing the time to computation for that data. The newly gleaned results can then be used to guide the experiments in near real-time, allowing for more accurate data. This paper expands this vision, describing some of the motivating use cases in more detail, delineating our proposed architecture and implementation, chronicling our progress to date, and outlining future plans.
Novel Lipid Signaling Mediators for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mobilization During Bone Repair

Mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSCs), which normally reside in the bone marrow, are critical to bone health and can be recruited to sites of traumatic bone injury, contributing to new bone formation. The ability to control the trafficking of MSCs provides therapeutic potential for improving traumatic bone healing and therapy for genetic bone diseases such as hypophosphatasia. In this study, we explored the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling axis as a means to control the mobilization of MSCs into blood and possibly to recruit MSCs for enhancing bone growth. Loss of S1P receptor 3 (S1PR3) leads to an increase in circulating CD45−/CD29+/CD90+/Sca1+ putative mesenchymal progenitor cells, suggesting that blocking S1PR3 may stimulate MSCs to leave the bone marrow. Antagonism of S1PR3 with the small molecule VPC01091 stimulated acute migration of CD45−/CD29+/CD90+/Sca1+ MSCs into the blood as early as 1.5 h after treatment. VPC01091 administration also increased ectopic bone formation induced by BMP-2 and significantly increased new bone formation in critically sized rat cranial defects, suggesting that mobilized MSCs may home to injuries to contribute to healing. We also explored the possibility of combining S1P manipulation of endogenous host cell occupancy with exogenous MSC transplantation for potential use in combination therapies. Importantly, reducing niche occupancy of host MSCs with VPC01091 does not impede engraftment of exogenous MSCs. Our studies suggest that MSC mobilization through S1PR3 antagonism is a promising strategy for endogenous tissue engineering and improving MSC delivery to treat bone diseases.
The effects of ownership structure on dividend policy: Evidence from seasoned equity offerings (SEOs)

Abstract This paper examines the effects of ownership structure on dividend policy, specifically the role of controlling shareholders in shaping dividend policy in a sample of firms that pay dividends and issue new equity simultaneously. The results show that managers in weakly governed firms are more likely to initiate customized dividends to meet outside large shareholders' needs while simultaneously using costly external capital to finance new investment projects. This paper contributes to the existing literature on agency problems by explaining why firms engage in this suboptimal dividend policy: it allows large shareholders to extract private benefits.
Overprecision Increases Subsequent Surprise

Overconfident people should be surprised that they are so often wrong. Are they? Three studies examined the relationship between confidence and surprise in order to shed light on the psychology of overprecision in judgment. Participants reported ex-ante confidence in their beliefs, and after receiving accuracy feedback, they then reported ex-post surprise. Results show that more ex-ante confidence produces less ex-post surprise for correct answers; this relationship reverses for incorrect answers. However, this sensible pattern only holds for some measures of confidence; it fails for confidence-interval measures. The results can help explain the robust durability of overprecision in judgment.
Job enrichment of mental health personnel: A problem and response need

This paper relates a staff role change in mental health programs to the industrial sector’s literature on job enrichment. As an example, therapeutic community personnel (nurses, aides, and others) are identified as subjects of job enrichment efforts. When providing counseling and rehabilitation services, some nurses and many aides in therapeutic communities find their jobs enlarged and enriched. Industry’s literature on job enrichment could help mental health staff to understand and manage these role changes. Additional information about strategies and methods for addressing this problem is called for.
A Strategy for Effective Alert Analysis at a Cyber Security Operations Center

Alert data management entails several tasks at a Cyber Security Operations Center such as tasks related to alert analysis, those related to threat mitigation if an alert is deemed to be significant, signature update for an intrusion detection system, and so on. This chapter presents a metric for measuring the performance of the CSOC, and develop a strategy for effective alert data management that optimizes the execution of certain tasks pertaining to alert analysis. One of the important performance metrics pertaining to alert analysis include the processing of the alerts in a timely manner to maintain a certain Level of Operational Effectiveness (LOE). Maintaining LOE requires two foremost tasks among several others: (1) the dynamic optimal scheduling of CSOC analysts to respond to the uncertainty in the day-to-day demand for alert analysis, and (2) the dynamic optimal allocation of CSOC analyst resources to the sensors that are being monitored. However, the above tasks are inter-dependent because the daily allocation task per shift requires the availability of the analysts (resource) to meet the uncertainties in the demand for alert analysis at the CSOC due to varying alert generation and/or service rates, and the resource availability must be scheduled ahead of time, despite the above uncertainty, for practical implementation in the real-world. In this chapter, an optimization modeling framework is presented that schedules the analysts using historical and predicted demand patterns for alert analysis over a 14-day work-cycle, selects additional (on-call) analysts that are required in a shift, and optimally allocates all the required analysts on a day-to-day basis per each working shift. Results from simulation studies validate the optimization modeling framework, and show the effectiveness of the strategy for alert analysis in order to maintain the LOE of the CSOC at the desired level.
IMCSim: parameterized performance prediction for implicit Monte Carlo codes

Monte Carlo techniques to radiation transport play a significant role in modeling complex astrophysical phenomena. In this paper, we design an application model (IMCSim) of an Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) particle code using the Performance Prediction Toolkit (PPT), a discrete-event simulation-based modeling framework for predicting code performance on a large range of parallel platforms. We present validation results for IMCSim. We then use the fast parameter scanning that such a high-level loop-structure model of a complex code enables to predict optimal IMC parameter settings for interconnect latency hiding. We find that variations in interconnect bandwidth have a significant effect on optimal parameter values. Our results suggest potential value using IMCSim as a pre-step to substantial IMC runs to quickly identify optimal parameter values for the specific hardware platform on which IMC runs.
The Use of Patterns in the Study of the Evolution of Allopolyploids

ABSTRACT Pattern recognition is part of daily life. Many examples can be quoted. One of the distinguishing features of man is his ability to use patterns in his thinking processes. Some of these patterns are very simple, others much more complex. Some even lead to concepts outside the known physical world. One striking feature of patterns is that they can sometimes provide information about events outside current observational opportunity and in particular about events in the past. The major pattern of evolution is cladistic. Allopolyploids are the exception. In addition, many of the most important crop species are allopolyploids. The unravelling of the web of anastomosis in the evolutionary past of allopolyploids is perhaps best accomplished by the use of patterns. It is possible to use many patterns in such a study. Their value will depend on the amount of DNA of the putative parents that can be compared with the DNA of the derived polyploid. The various patterns that have been used are discussed as are the development of numerical methods of pattern description particularly suited to the study of allopolyploids.
Results of Practice-Based Professional Development for Supporting Special Educators in Learning How to Design Functional Assessment-Based Interventions.

Content-focused practice-based professional development (PBPD) with active learning is one avenue to support teachers in learning new strategies, practices, and programs. This type of professional ...
Nitrate with benefits: optimizing radical production during UV water treatment

Nitrate is ubiquitous in natural and human impacted water systems. Irradiation of nitrate by UV light during water treatment can produce hydroxyl and other radicals (e.g., reactive nitrogen species) that react with and oxidize organic contaminants. The aim of this study was to investigate water quality and operational conditions that impact radical production during medium pressure UV (MPUV, 200–400 nm) and low pressure UV (LPUV, 254 nm) treatment of nitrate-containing waters. Because the behavior of nitrate has been shown to be influenced by its concentration and the presence of hydrogen peroxide and alkalinity during UV photolysis, these parameters were systematically evaluated for their effect on the generation of radicals and formation of nitrite. Bench-scale experiments used para-chlorobenzoic acid to indirectly measure radicals formed in UV/NO3− systems. Analysis using a central composite design revealed a synergistic effect between nitrate and alkalinity. Optimal conditions for radical production during LPUV were found to shift from low to high nitrate concentration as alkalinity was increased. The role of nitrite and its formation in diverse water matrices during UV exposure was assessed at high UV fluence levels (up to 4000 mJ cm−2) that are often used in remediation of contaminated waters. Radical production during MPUV/NO3− became increasingly higher than LPUV/NO3− as the ratio of nitrate to hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased. However, the efficacy of MPUV decreased as fluence was increased (>1000 mJ cm−2) due to formation of nitrite which scavenged hydroxyl radicals.
The Waning of the Federal Common Law of Foreign Relations

The nationalist position, occasionally endorsed by the Supreme Court and widely embraced by foreign relations scholars, maintains that the United States must speak with one voice when dealing with the rest of the world, and that principle justifies the federal judiciary’s stewardship of foreign relations law. The premise seems compelling, but the implication is not. This chapter argues that concentrating authority in the federal judiciary to make foreign relations law in the absence of congressional enactments (either statutes or treaties) both ignores the capacity of the States to promote encounters with foreign actors and the tendency of the federal courts toward entropy, rather than coherence. The 1987 Third Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States largely endorsed the nationalist position. Its most ambitious claim was that all international law qualifies as the law of the United States for purposes of the Supremacy Clause and the “arising under” prong of federal court subject-matter jurisdiction. In the absence of enacted federal law, it maintained, the federal courts must make rules that oust State law so as to fulfill the international legal obligations of the United States. As to other, nonobligatory bodies of law that might affect foreign relations, the Third Restatement asserted that courts must be vigilant to ensure that the States not adopt law in a way that intrudes into foreign relations. After initially inspiring courts and scholars alike to pursue the one-voice idea, the Third Restatement later faced a revisionist critique. The Supreme Court began to limit the federal common law of foreign relations as it reined in more generally the lawmaking powers of the lower federal courts. The new Fourth Restatement follows that lead. It confirms that many important legal doctrines that affect the foreign-relations interests of the United States rest on State law, unless and until the federal political branches enact something else. According to the Fourth Restatement, the existence of plenary federal power over foreign relations does not automatically translate into exclusive federal authority. This chapter argues that the Fourth Restatement not only captures the temper of the times, but that good functional arguments support its position. The growth of international commerce and connectivity since the 1980s has greatly increased pressure on the States to adopt laws that promote foreign contacts and business. Moreover, it has become apparent that a sprawling and diverse federal judiciary cannot pursue nationally uniform law except under stringent conditions that limit, rather than expand, judicial discretion to make law. The Supreme Court accordingly sees its task as inducing lawmaking by Congress and the executive. It pursues this goal by barring the lower courts from adopting stopgaps. As a result, the federal common law of foreign relations has shrunk and may disappear.
Norma Elia Cantú's Fictional Autobioethnography: Not-Quite-True Stories about Real Life on la Frontera

(2005). Norma Elia Cantu's Fictional Autobioethnography: Not-Quite-True Stories about Real Life on la Frontera. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 76-89.
Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction in the Time of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.

Background: Breast reconstruction has a well-documented positive impact on the psychosocial well-being of women recovering from breast cancer. Rates of breast cancer diagnoses are rising, and more women are seeking mastectomy as treatment and as prophylaxis. Methods: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction often begins at the time of mastectomy in coordination with the oncologic breast surgeons. Immediate breast reconstruction increases complication rate (11% vs 4%) and unplanned reoperation rate (7% vs 4%), requiring more personnel and resources used during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of patient care. Discussion: In the setting of global pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), breast reconstruction demands a unique and nuanced approach, as most forms of breast reconstruction can occur successfully in a delayed fashion. While this may prolong the overall time until completion of reconstruction, other factors come into play in the setting of a communicable (potentially deadly) illness. Factors that must be considered include allocation of essential resources and protection of patients and families from disease transmission. Conclusions: Plastic surgeons performing breast reconstruction must take these factors into account when counseling their patients, colleagues, and institutions and be proactive in determining which procedures are time-critical and which should be postponed until the disaster situation has relieved.
Premature Ventricular Contractions: Lessons Learned

A 53 year old male saw us in March 2017. Prior to that, he was treated at another facility from December 2016 when he had presented with palpitations and dizziness. He had a heart rate of 205 beats per minute and a blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg. An EKG from that time was reported to show a wide complex tachycardia with a right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern and a right inferior axis. The tachycardia resolved spontaneously but he continued to have frequent PVCs of the same morphology. Echocardiogram showed a mildly depressed ejection fraction of 45%. A left heart catheterization showed normal coronaries and a cardiac MRI showed absence of any late gadolinium enhancement. He was sent home on Amiodarone after implantation of a subcutaneous ICD. The patient went back to the hospital with eight shocks and unsuccessful conversion of ventricular tachycardia. He underwent an endocardial catheter ablation on 2/20/2017 and then had no inducible ventricular tachycardia but continued to have frequent PVCs. The case is followed, and further management strategies are detailed.
Unnecessary wait hours: a novel ED system-level metric

Background Emergency department (ED) operations leaders are under increasing pressure to make care delivery more efficient. Publicly reported ED efficiency metrics are traditionally patient centred and do not show situational or facility-based improvement opportunities. We propose the consideration of a novel metric, the ‘Number of Unnecessary Waits (NUW)’ and the corresponding ‘Unnecessary Wait Hours (UWH)’, to measure space efficiency, and we describe how we used NUW to evaluate operational changes in our ED. Methods UWH summarises the relationship between the number of available rooms and the number of patients waiting by returning a value equal to the number of unnecessary patient waits. We used this metric to evaluate reassigning a clinical technician assistant (CTA) to the new role of flow CTA. Results We retrospectively analysed 3.5 months of data from before and after creation of the flow CTA. NUW metric analysis suggested that the flow CTA decreased the amount of unnecessary wait hours, while higher patient volumes had the opposite effect. Conclusions Situational system-level metrics may provide a new dimension to evaluating ED operational efficiencies. Studies focussed on system-level metrics to evaluate an ED practice are needed to understand the role these metrics play in evaluation of a department’s operations.
Resilience and Robustness of Spiking Neural Networks for Neuromorphic Systems

Though robustness and resilience are commonly quoted as features of neuromorphic computing systems, the expected performance of neuromorphic systems in the face of hardware failures is not clear. In this work, we study the effect of failures on the performance of four different training algo-rithms for spiking neural networks on neuromorphic systems: two back-propagation-based training approaches (Whetstone and SLAYER), a liquid state machine or reservoir computing approach, and an evolutionary optimization-based approach (EONS). We show that these four different approaches have very different resilience characteristics with respect to simulated hardware failures. We then analyze an approach for training more resilient spiking neural networks using the evolutionary optimization approach. We show how this approach produces more resilient networks and discuss how it can be extended to other spiking neural network training approaches as well.
Modeling and Increasing the High-Frequency Impedance of Single-Layer Mn-Zn Ferrite Toroidal Inductors With Electromagnetic Analysis

This article first investigates the equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC) and equivalent parallel resistance (EPR) due to the electromagnetic field inside the Mn-Zn ferrite toroidal cores of the inductors with a single-layer winding based on electromagnetic theory. From the investigation, the effects of core's cross-sectional shape and number of winding turns on the EPC and EPR are explored. A stacked core structure was studied to increase the inductor's high-frequency (HF) impedance for electromagnetic interference suppression. The article further investigated the EPC due to the electric field energy in the space between winding turns, and between the winding turns and the core. The effect of the number of winding turns on total EPC was also explored. The technique to achieve high HF impedance was proposed with an optimal number of winding turns. Both simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the developed theory and techniques.
Medication Adherence Aligns With Age and a Behavioral Checklist but Not Symptoms or Quality of Life for Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Objective To measure adherence rates to swallowed topical steroids in children with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), describe factors related to adherence, and determine the association between adherence, symptoms, perceived disease severity, and quality of life in children with EoE. Study design Subjects in this cross-sectional study of 117 children between 5 and 18 years old with EoE completed the Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptoms Score V2.0 (PEESS), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Eosinophilic Esophagitis Module (PedsQL EoE), a Medication-Taking Checklist (MTC), and a demographics questionnaire. Adherence rate was calculated based on reported number of missed doses/prescribed doses in the last week. Parent-reported measures were used for children aged 5-12 years and self-report was used for children aged 13-18 years. Results Adolescents had lower adherence rates than younger children (76.2 ± 24.5% vs 88.6 ± 16.7%, P = .002). Adherence rates were not associated with disease history, PEESS, or PedsQL EoE scores but instead correlated with MTC scores (Pearson r of 0.65, P Conclusions Unrelated to their clinical history, demographic factors, symptoms, and quality of life, adolescents with EoE have lower medication adherence rates. The MTC may serve as a clinical tool to discuss adherence and provide targeted educational counseling regarding adherence interventions.
Development and Pilot Testing of a Food Literacy Curriculum for High School-Aged Adolescents

Adolescent obesity and poor diet quality are increasingly prevalent and could be mitigated with attainment of food literacy. However, as these programs for adolescents are lacking, the purpose of this project was to develop a food literacy curriculum for high school-aged adolescents. The curriculum was designed in accordance with food literacy attributes and components utilizing Backward Design, Social Cognitive Theory, and Constructivism. After expert committee review, pilot testing was completed in two low-income communities by a trained facilitator and observer. Detailed observations were collected during pilot testing to assess achievement of learning objectives. Modifications were made to lesson procedures as required. The resulting curriculum, Teens CAN: Comprehensive Food Literacy in Cooking, Agriculture, and Nutrition, contains 12 modules of experiential lessons and application activities within three topics. Agriculture lessons concentrate on the food supply chain and food environments; nutrition lessons include food groups while focusing on nutrients of concern for underconsumption; and cooking lessons include food safety, budgeting, and preparation. Teens CAN provides a comprehensive and necessary approach to advancing food literacy in adolescents. Future directions include assessing dietary implications after participating in Teens CAN lessons and employment of an innovative two-tiered cross-age teaching model.
Perception on research methods course’s online environment and self-regulated learning during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic brought an education crisis that forced schools to abruptly shift to online distance learning. Regardless of the challenges in this migration, the teaching–learning process sh...
4 Sisters Construction Co.: Instant Insights for Estimating Economic Profit

This short, fictional case chronicles the story of Susan Hughes, the CFO for 4 Sisters Construction Co. (4SCC), who introduces the economic profit (EP) construct to her fellow executives (and sisters) as a viable means for signaling to owners the value the company created for them that year. As such, she has also created a one-step reference table that converts their more familiar earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) financial measure to an EP measure. The case explains the use of the reference table, and poses several scenarios for students to use it, explain it, and anticipate the effects of rising or falling income tax rates. Excerpt UVA-C-2437 Apr. 27, 2020 4 Sisters Construction Co.: Instant Insights for Estimating Economic Profit Susan Hughes gave her cousin Sara Hughes a hug goodbye. Of all the cousins, they were the closest due to being the same age, having attended the same university, loving the mountains, and having a knack for financial analysis. Sara was the CFO at Sports Equipment, Inc. (SEI), and Susan had just become CFO of the growing 4 Sisters Construction Company (4SCC), a commercial developer/builder located in the United States' booming south. During the past few days, while at a family reunion, Susan had posed a seemingly endless array of questions to Sara about being an effective CFO. What were the information technology must have's, the problematic reporting requirements, the unanticipated surprises, the thorny communications issues, and the helpful aids? Sara had been eager to answer as best as she could, knowing there was no need for Susan to have to "reinvent the wheel" on some things, and knowing that other things just simply had to be experienced. . . .
Aperture synthesis in radar astronomy and some applications to lunar and planetary studies

Radar astronomy aperture synthesis technique for applying fading radar return signals to lunar and planetary mapping problems
Genetically altered levels of inorganic polyphosphate in Escherichia coli.

The ppk gene encoding polyphosphate kinase (PPK), the enzyme in Escherichia coli that makes long chains of polyphosphate (polyP) reversibly from ATP, was disrupted by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene. Expression of the exopolyphosphatase gene (ppx) immediately downstream of ppk in the operon was likewise disrupted. Cells were also transformed with a high-copy-number plasmid bearing ppk. Genetically altered polyP levels were estimated in cell extracts by the PPK conversion of ADP to ATP. PolyP levels (microgram/10(11) cells) near 2.0 were reduced in the ppk(-)-ppx- mutants to 0.16 and increased more than 100-fold (e.g. 220) in cells transformed with multiple copies of ppk. Mutant cells, lacking the long polyP chains, showed a growth lag following dilution of a stationary-phase culture. PolyP-deficient cells exhibit a striking phenotype in their failure to survive in stationary phase and loss of resistance to heat (55 degrees C) and to oxidants (42 mM H2O2). High polyP levels are also associated with reduced survival.
A hybrid Sn-diffusion theory computational scheme for efficient neutronic calculations of externally moderated gas core reactors

Examination of externally moderated gas core reactor (GCR) neutronic calculations indicates that, in general, neutron diffusion theory is invalid and a higher order approximation to the transport equation needs to be employed. The S[sub n] approximation yields accurate results but can require relatively long CPU computation times. A one-dimensional hybrid S[sub n]-diffusion theory model is developed that employs the S[sub n] approximation in the gas core region and for the first several mean free paths into the reflector region until the angular flux converges to its characteristic distribution in the reflector; diffusion theory is then used in the remaining portion of the reflector. A critical aspect of the hybrid scheme is to ensure proper interfacing between the S[sub n] transport theory and diffusion theory approximations at the mathematical interface where the S[sub n]-to-diffusion theory transition occurs. It is found that the point of transition from S[sub n] theory to diffusion theory can be located closer to the core-reflector interface as the gas density in the core is reduced. Calculations performed on spherical GCR configurations for fuel gas densities ranging from 10[sup 18] to 10[sup 20] atom/cm[sup 3] and with both uniform and nonuniform fuel gas density distributions in the coremore » show that the hybrid model gives accurate k[sub eff] values and flux distributions as compared with results from the standard S[sub n] approximation.« less
Archeomagnetic Results from United States, 10,000 B.C. to Present, and with Some Data from Mesoamerica

Detailed knowledge about the Earth’s magnetic field for the past few thousands of years can be obtained from archeomagnetic studies of materials collected from archeological sites. High quality geomagnetic data for various lengths of time have been recorded at magnetic observatories located in many parts of the world. This source of data, however, is mostly limited in record length to some fifty to three hundred years. Exceptionally long records from this source are available for Europe going back to approximately 1600 A.D. (Malin and Bullard 1981). Since around 200 B.C. the Chinese have observed the interaction of lodestone with the magnetic field and were probably the first to use a “magnetic compass” for determining direction. It will be most interesting if early geomagnetic information can be obtained from some ancient Chinese records.
From Mechanism and Kinetics to Precise ATRP Synthesis

Controlled/living radical polymerizations (CRP) give access to polymers with precisely controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, well-defined architecture and composition. CRP can be applied to a wide range of monomers and are tolerant to impurities and functional groups. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most widely used CRP techniques. The mechanistic and kinetic studies of ATRP are of fundamental importance since they give access to polymers with various functionalities, compositions, and topologies.
Governance, Technology and the Search for Modernity in Kenya

An Information and Communications Technology policy that produces broad access quickly is better than one that does not. Accordingly, success in ICT policymaking can be measured by three empirical measures: speed of passage, scope of implementation, and distribution, as well as one normative measure, process. Process represents an important normative dimension of ICT policymaking. Process measures the extent to which the ICT policymaking involves the citizenry, as represented by individuals, civil society groups, local private sector groups, and ideally, urban and rural residents. Kenya is a case of slow speed of passage, low scope of implementation, low distribution, but high process. The political history of Kenya‘s ICT policymaking explains why this county, with such capable people and relatively open ICT policymaking, has struggled to keep up with its poorer neighbors.
Norepinephrine induced cardiac hypertrophy in dogs.

Abstract The daily administration of norepinephrine in oil to dogs, 0.8 to 1.0 mg/kg, over periods of 63 to 82 days results in significant increases in heart weight. Comparable treatment with epinephrine in oil does not produce any significant changes in heart weight. Heart tissue from dogs given norepinephrine in oil for 3 days incorporates significantly greater amounts of 14C from 14C-amino acids into protein than does control tissue. Histologically, myocardial sections from dogs treated for 3 days with norepinephrine in oil show a striking increase in the number of interstitial cells and well defined fatty changes when compared with tissue from control dogs. Myocardial sections from dogs treated with norepinephrine in oil for 63 to 82 days did not reveal either increased interstitial hypercellularity or marked evidence of fatty change.
Formation of schottky barriers on GaAs(110): from adsorbate-induced Gap states to interface metallicity

The formation of Ga-, Mn- and Ca-GaAs(110) interfaces is studied with soft x-ray and ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy. Band bending at the semiconductor surface is analyzed in terms of a two-step model of the pinning of the Fermi level. At low coverage, adsorbate induced donor states produce rapid band bending on p-GaAs. A well defined trend in the energy level of the adsorbate-induced donor state vs ionization energy of the adatom emerges from these and previous data on In-, A1-, Ag-, Au-, Pd-, and Sn-GaAs(110) interfaces. At high coverage, the pinning of the Fermi level is associated with appearance of metallic character at the interface.
Factors affecting forage stand establishment

Significant advances have been made in our knowledge of forage seed physiology, technology, and stand establishment practices; however, stand establishment continues to be one of the most common production problems affecting forage crops in the USA. There is a need for research on stand establishment of forage crops under abiotic and biotic stress. Although the forage seed industry produces and markets seed of high quality, new methods of assessing seed vigor are needed and their use should be expanded in the industry to enable matching seed lot performance to specific environmental conditions where performance can be maximized. Seed treatment and seed coating are used in the forage seed industry, and studies have shown they are of benefit in some environments. There is an increase in no-tillage seeding of forage crops, but improvements in the no-tillage planting equipment are needed to make them better suited to small seeds. Other recent developments in seeding techniques include broadcasting seed with dry granular and fluid fertilizers, which improves the efficiency of the seeding operation.
The Quiet-Time Equatorial Electrojet and Counter-Electrojet

Using ground magnetometer data from several stations near the dip equator, the magnetically quiet-time characteristics of the daytime normal electrojet and the morning and afternoon counter-electrojets are established and illustrated. In particular, the solar cycle, seasonal, longitudinal and day-to-day variations of counter-electrojets as well as their dependence on lunar phase are studied. In order to investigate the influence of solar tidal winds in the production of counter-electrojets, the equatorial electric fields generated by such winds through the dynamo mechanism are calculated, using a numerical dynamo simulation model developed earlier at UCLA. From these calculations it is found that westward electric fields responsible for the afternoon counter-electrojets can be produced in the local summer solstice (when these events are most common) by a combination of the solar semidiurnal (2, 2) tide and the diurnal (1, -2) tide. An example from January 1964 is discussed to illustrate that afternoon counter-electrojet events occurring at all longitudes on the same day are likely to be associated with abnormalities in the global Sq or SR current system. It is suggested that the lunar semi-diurnal tide is a more important causative agent for the morning rather than the afternoon counter-electrojets.
Behavioral influences of bureaucratic organizations and the Schumpeterian controversy

Abstract The behavioral influences of large bureaucratic organizations that were noted by Schumpeter would seem to weigh heavily against the plausibility of the Schumpeterian hypothesis that large corporations are more powerful engines of technological innovations than small competitive firms. But those influences also offer clues about how cultural differences between the United States and Japan resulted in large Japanese corporations in the later post-WWII era conforming closely to the Schumpeterian hypothesis.
Bile Duct Injuries in the Era of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies

Bile duct injuries incurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomies remain a major complication in an otherwise safe surgery. These injuries are potentially avoidable with proper techniques and correct interpretation of the anatomy. The scope of the injury can range from a simple cystic duct leak to the injury of the left and right hepatic duct confluence. The key to successful outcomes from these injuries is to know when a referral to a specialized tertiary center is necessary. Evaluation and treatment of bile duct injuries is complex and often requires the expertise of an advanced endoscopist, interventional radiologist, and hepatobiliary surgeons. Before any planned intervention or operative repair, detailed evaluation of the biliary system and its associated vasculature is required. Better outcomes are achieved when patients are referred to centers specialized in biliary injury evaluation, treatment, and performing pretreatment planning early.
Is management by objectives obsolete

Management by Objectives has been part of corporate dogma for many decades. But as its touted strengths rapidly become liabilities in the new global century, more empowering and flexible approaches sprout up as promising new models for performance management. The author examines the dampening effect Management by Objectives can have on creativity, teamwork, and the ability to respond to changes in the business. He also presents two cases of organizations that broke out of the mold: W.L. Gore and Associates' innovative approach to self-managing teams and Bridgeport Paper Company's even bolder experiment, in which employees developed and implemented a team-based organizational structure and team-directed processes for decision making, hiring and promotion, training, performance management (without MBO), rewards, and cross-team communication and integration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow, O2 tension, and calculated cerebral metabolic rate of O2 during functional activation using oxygen phosphorescence quenching.

Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) using laser–Doppler and microvascular O2 oxygen tension using oxygen-dependent phosphorescence quenching in the rat somatosensory cortex were obtained during el...
Vaccine delivery to the oral cavity using coated microneedles induces systemic and mucosal immunity.

Purpose The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using coated microneedles to deliver vaccines into the oral cavity to induce systemic and mucosal immune responses.
The Use of Cultured Epithelial Autografts in the Wound Care of Severely Burned Patients

Commercially prepared cultured epithelial autografts permit closure of deep burn wounds when insufficient uninjured skin is available for split-thickness grafting. This technique was used in seven patients with a mean total body surface area (TBSA) burn of 66% and full-thickness burn of 52%. All patients survived with a mean initial take of 69% and final take of 80% for the cultured epithelial autografts. Patients with a TBSA burn greater than 80% required at least a second application of the grafts. We feel our approach to wound preparation and postoperative wound care has contributed to our success with this technique.
Statistical metrology: understanding spatial variation in semiconductor manufacturing

Variation is playing an increasingly important role in microelectronics manufacturing; variation not only impacts yield but also limits performance and reliability. Statistical metrology is an emerging body of methods for the systematic characterization and study of variation in semiconductor manufacturing. This paper considers the key elements of statistical metrology and reviews current progress in these areas, including (1) measurement methods and data gathering, (2) variation modeling and data analysis, and (3) study of the impact of variation. Potential applications of the methodology are widespread, with significant existing work in equipment characterization, layout optimization, and circuit impact analysis. Statistical metrology is an exciting new area of research that will play a critical role in future design and manufacture practice.
Evaluation of a non-breath-hold MR cholangiography technique.

PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively a non-breath-hold magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiographic technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine non-breath-hold, heavily T2-weighted, turbo spin-echo MR cholangiograms were obtained in 28 patients and compared with 28 direct cholangiographic studies in 24 patients. RESULTS: MR cholangiography showed the intrahepatic ducts (IHDs) within the peripheral third of the liver and within the four hepatic segments in 100% of cases with dilated ducts. IHDs were seen in the peripheral third in 82% of cases with nondilated ducts and within the four hepatic segments in 91%. The extrahepatic duct (EHD), dilated and nondilated, was visualized in 90% of cases. Filling defects were identified in the EHD in 71% of cases and in the gallbladder in 100%. All obstructions were identified and their site and character accurately shown in most cases. The presence of IHD dilatation was accurately shown, and estimates of EHD and main pancreatic duct caliber correlated closely with those o...
Surface Structure and Electron Density Dependence of Scattered Ne + Ion Fractions from Cd- and S-Terminated CdS { 0001 } Surfaces

Experimental measurements of the magnitudes and azimuthal anisotropies of 4 keV ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ scattered ion fractions from both the Cd- and S-terminated surfaces of $\mathrm{CdS}{0001}$ exhibit high sensitivity to both surface structure and electron density. Using a density functional approach, a clear correlation has been demonstrated between these ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ ion fractions and the lateral variation of the electrostatic potential along the outgoing trajectories of the scattered Ne atoms. The observed anisotropy in the ion fractions is a result of the variations in surface to atom electron transfer rates due to tunneling barriers introduced by the electrostatic potentials.
Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate into the hypoglossal nucleus following unilateral axotomy of the hypoglossal nerve in adult rat, with and without regeneration.

Abstract Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate into the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat following transection, with and without regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve, was studied using quantitative autoradiography. The left hypoglossal nerve of 3-month-old, male Fischer-344 rats was transected using either: (1) an R-operation, which allowed nerve regeneration; or (2) a D-operation, in which regeneration was prevented. One to 84 days after axotomy, [14C]palmitate was injected intravenously and its rates of incorporation into stable structures of the left and right hypoglossal nuclei were measured at 4 h after injection. Following the R-operation, incorporation into the left hypoglossal nucleus was increased during and following axonal regeneration (up to 23% compared to control side), whereas incorporation was decreased 6–7% in the absence of regeneration, using the D-operation. The time courses of incorporation in both cases corresponded to histological changes, especially cell membrane changes following axotomy and suggest that [14C]palmitate incorporation reflects regenerative and degenerative neuronal changes associated with changes in lipid synthesis.
Au+, Ag+ and Cu+ attachment to polybutadiene in laser desorption at 1064 nm

Cu+, Ag+ and Au+ gas-phase ions have been found, in laser desorption time-of flight experiments, to attach efficiently to polybutadiene, a polymer containing no polar groups. The desorption and cation attachment were accomplished using the fundamental frequency of Nd:YAG laser, at a wavelength of 1064 nm, and supporting the samples on probe tips made of the appropriate metal. laser powers were in the range of 1.0–2.0 × 108 W/cm2. Time delays between the application of the laser pulse and the sampling of the resultant ion population were in the range 30–80 μs. The Au+ attachment is contrary to the reported findings from a laser desorption charge-exchange spectrum obtained from a gold surface by Kahr and Wilkins. The differences in the spectra are discussed in terms of the differences in the two experimental methods. Attachment by these ions could be useful in the laser desorption analysis of other polymer molecules, particularly those containing no polar groups.
Impaired vasoreactivity in end-stage heart failure patients on intravenous inotropic support.

Abstract Background Vasoreactivity is known to be impaired in heart failure patients; however, it has not been determined whether standard medical therapy for end-stage heart failure patients (ES-HF) ameliorates this impairment. Therefore, we sought to investigate flow-mediated dilation (FMD) responses in ES-HF with normal or near normal cardiac indices from continuous inotropic support. Methods and Results Vascular ultrasound was used to assess FMD responses to isometric exercise and cuff occlusion in 15 ES-HF patients and 5 control subjects (C). ES-HF patients had significant hyperemic response to maximal exercise ( P P P P P P Conclusion Peripheral vasoreactivity in response to either maximal exercise, submaximal exercise, or hyperemic stimuli is impaired in ES-HF patients with normal resting cardiac outputs.