cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Momentary affective states predicting substance use events in depressed youth

The relationship between mood and substance use in depressed adolescents has been well established, but the precise mechanisms need elucidation. We sought to characterize 24-h momentary affective antecedents of alcohol and marijuana use in depressed youth. Thirty-eight participants (84% females, 15–22 years old), all clinically depressed and substance users, completed four to six daily momentary reports for two weeks using a hand-held device. The reports included participants' momentary positive and negative affect (PA and NA) and their recent consumption of alcohol and/or marijuana. Statistical models compared affect characteristics during 24-h periods preceding substance use with affect at other times. Because most participants were females, we also examined data for girls alone. Participants reported 394 total substance use events. Prior to use, participants displayed narrower ranges of PA and NA compared with times distant from use, especially for marijuana use. Girls had lower maximum PA prior to mar...
From Dual Policy to Dual Attitudes The Social Construction of Substance Use Policy

Admmistrators of workplace substance use policies often coordinate many components such as drug-testing, discipline, EAP, and employee awareness Analyses from two municipalities (ns = 1,068, 1,081) indicated that employees who most disfavor all policy components— particularly drug-testing—report higher frequencies of alcohol drunkenness In contrast, employees with the most punitive attitudes report the highest levels of exposure to co-worker use Finally, those who favor an educative approach report higher levels of alcohol use but not alcohol problems or drug use Policy administrators are likely to benefit from listening to and addressing these differences in policy attitudes
Determining the Tool Life of a Cemented Carbide Drill Using Optimized Process, Delivery System, and Drill Design Parameters in Deep Hole Drilling Using Environment Friendly Machining Method

Near dry machining or Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) methodology appears to be a valid solution to meet environmental challenges of metal removal processes. However, in order to implement environmentally friendly machining into high production manufacturing environments, it is imperative to invent a robust solution for a wide variety of machined features. In previous work by the authors, capabilities of the MQL process, calibrated for machining extremely deep holes with length to diameter (L/D) ratio of up to 15, were proven. An optimal machining solution was developed using the Box and Behnken experimental design approach, and it was demonstrated that cemented carbide drills with proper cutting geometry and MQL settings can be used for deep hole drilling of aluminum. This work, focused on developing a production ready application, proved that MQL technology is also robust enough to achieve adequate tool life for high volume manufacturing requirements. It actually exhibited that such approach may even exceed tool life requirements currently enforced for conventional processes using gun drills or G-drills. In addition, machining time was significantly reduced with this innovative technology achieving productivity approximately 7 times higher than in traditional drilling operations. Considering these achievements, MQL has been demonstrated to be the drilling technology of future that will help reducing capital investments into production machinery and minimize landfill discharges of high production manufacturing facilities.Copyright © 2010 by General Motors
Sustained viability of acute myelogenous leukemia cells in liquid suspension culture correlates with occurrence of differentiation

To examine the relationship between viability of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts in liquid suspension culture and the occurrence of myeloid maturation in culture, total and differential cell counts and viability as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion were followed over 21 days of culture. A significant positive correlation was found between viability of cells on day 21 of culture and percentage of mature cells present. These data suggest that myeloid maturation may be a mechanism by which AML cells maintain viability in an adverse environment.
School Context Protective Factors Against Peer Ethnic Discrimination Across the High School Years

Ethnically diverse high school contexts present unique social opportunities for youth to form interethnic relationships, but they may also subject students to certain social challenges such as peer ethnic discrimination. With a sample of 1,072 high school students (55% girls; 54% Latino, 20% African American, 14% Asian, 12% White) attending 84 high schools, school context factors that protect students’ exposure to peer ethnic discrimination across the high school years were investigated with a three-level hierarchical linear model. Each spring for four consecutive years (grades 9–12), self-reported peer ethnic discrimination, interracial climate at school, and perceived school ethnic composition were assessed. At the school level, objective high school ethnic composition data were collected. Peer ethnic discrimination was found to decline slightly across the high school years. Above and beyond this decline, more positive perceptions of the school interracial climate and both objective and perceived numerical ethnic majority status predicted lower levels of peer ethnic discrimination. Taken together, the results highlight the significance of both objective (e.g., ethnic composition) and subjective (e.g., interracial climate) aspects of the school ethnic context to students’ high school social experiences.
Impurity effects on domain-growth kinetics. II. Potts model

The development of order for the Q-state Potts model for 2lQ\ensuremath{\le}48 in the presence of static, random impurities is studied following a quench from high temperature (T\ensuremath{\gg}${T}_{c}$) to very low temperatures. We find that the domain growth becomes pinned for quenches to T=0 and the average pinned domain area ${A}_{f}$ varies inversely with the concentration c of impurities. This value of the proportionality factor between ${A}_{f}$ and ${c}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ can be understood in terms of a simple topological analysis for large Q.
The Rtt109-Vps75 histone acetyltransferase complex acetylates non-nucleosomal histone H3.

Acetylation of lysine 56 of histone H3 (H3-Lys-56) occurs in S phase and disappears during G2/M phase of the cell cycle. However, it is not clear how this modification is regulated during the progression of the cell cycle. We and others have shown that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Rtt109 is the primary HAT responsible for acetylating H3-Lys-56 in budding yeast. Here we show that Rtt109 forms a complex with Vps75 and that both recombinant Rtt109-Vps75 complexes and native complexes purified from yeast cells acetylate H3 present in H3/H4/H2A/H2B core histones but not other histones. In addition, both recombinant and native Rtt109-Vps75 HAT complexes exhibited no detectable activity toward nucleosomal H3, suggesting that H3-Lys-56 acetylation is at least in part regulated by the inability of Rtt109-Vps75 complexes to acetylate nucleosomal H3 during G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further, Rtt109 bound mutant H3/H4 tetramers composed of histones lacking their N-terminal tail domains less efficiently than wild-type H3/H4 tetramers, and Rtt109-Vps75 complexes displayed reduced HAT activity toward these mutant H3/H4 tetramers. Thus, the N termini of H3/H4 tetramers are required for efficient acetylation of H3 by the Rtt109-Vps75 complex. Taken together, these studies provide insights into how H3-Lys-56 acetylation is regulated during the cell cycle.
Collecting and Handling Milk Samples

Accurate quality and compositional test results depend on representative samples and proper analysis. Proper sampling and handling are essential to prevent contamination and to maintain temperatures between 33 and 40 F. Representative samples must be delivered to the laboratory in good condition to insure the reliability of quality and compositional tests.
Interaction of the indoor air pollutant acetone with Degussa P25 TiO2 studied by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Preventing a build-up of indoor pollutant concentrations has emerged as a major goal in environmental chemistry. Here, we have applied chemical ionization mass spectrometry to study the interaction of acetone, a common indoor air pollutant, with Degussa P25 TiO2, an inexpensive catalyst that is widely used for the degradation of volatile organic compounds into CO2 and water. To better understand the adsorption of acetone onto Degussa P25, the necessary first step for its degradation, the experiments were carried out at room temperature in the absence of UV light. This allowed for the deconvolution of the nonreactive and reactive thermal binding processes on Degussa P25 at acetone partial pressures (10-7−10-4 Torr) commonly found in indoor environments. On average, 30% of the adsorbed acetone is bound irreversibly, resulting in a surface coverage of irreversibly bound acetone of ∼1 × 1012 molecules/cm2 at 3−4 × 10-5 Torr. Equilibrium and dynamic experiments yield a sticking coefficient of ∼1 × 10-4 that is...
New fan worm genera and species (Polychaeta, Sabellidae, Fabriciinae) from the western Pacific, and cladistic relationships among genera

Five new species are described from among the genera Fabriciola Friedrich, 1939 (one species from Okinawa), Novafabricia Fitzhugh, 1990 (two species from Australia and Papua New Guinea, respectively), and two new monotypic genera, Brifacia gen. n. (Australia), and Pseudoaugeneriella gen. n. (Okinawa). All species are known only from the intertidal. Fabriciola rubra sp. n. is a member of the species complex with red peristomial and pygidial eyes, inferior thoracic flagellate setae, and abdominal pin-head setae. Novafabricia labrus sp. n., and N. exiguus sp. n., are distinguished from other species based on the distribution of inferior thoracic pseudospatulate setae. Brifacia metastellaris sp. n., resembles Fabricia stellaris (Muller, 1774) with regard to anterior peristomial ring collar construction and distribution of pseudospatulate setae, but differs in having abdominal uncini with relatively short manubria. Pseudoaugeneriella unirama sp. n., most closely resembles species of Augeneriella Banse, 1956 in general form, but has unbranched vascularized ventral filamentous appendages. Revised keys to fabriciin genera and selected species are provided. Cladistic relationships of these new genera and species to other Fabriciinae are examined and the status of some characters are reviewed. Whereas previous analyses have supported a monophyletic Augeneriella on the basis of branched, vascularized ventral filamentous appendages, present results show Augeneriella paraphyletic relative to Fabricia Blainville, 1828, Novafabricia, Fabricinuda Fitzhugh, 1990 Parafabricia Fitzhugh, 1992 and Brifacia. Similarly, some topologies show Novafabricia, which has only been defined by the presence of poorly developed dorsal lips, to be paraphyletic relative to Fabricia, Fabricinuda, Parafabricia, and Brifacia. The cladistic analyses do, however, support recognition of Brifacia and Pseudoaugeneriella. With the addition of Brifacia, the presence of unbranched, vascularized appendages is plesiomorphic for the Fabriciinae, which has not been previously hypothesized.
Panic symptoms at the interface of body and mind

Panic disorder is a common illness with significant impact on function and, at times, disabling consequences. Advances over recent years have yielded potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, including neurotransmitter systems and neural substrates. This article provides an overview of various models and hypotheses regarding the etiology of panic disorder. Because its symptoms overlap with the symptoms of various medical disorders, this discussion reviews the comorbidity of panic disorder with medical conditions, especially cardiac and respiratory disorders.
A survey of intra- and interspecific variation for pupation height in Drosophila.

Pupation heights of various natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. pseudoobscura were observed in the laboratory under conditions of continuous darkness or continuous light. Generally higher mean pupation heights were observed under conditions of darkness. D. melanogaster tended to pupate higher than the D. pseudoobscura populations, and D. pseudoobscura tended to pupate higher than D. simulans. The order of these species differences was similar whether pupation was measured in light or in darkness. Results of selection for pupation height in D. melanogaster suggest the presence of genetic variation for this character. The possibility that a relationship exists between adult and larval behaviors was explored by measuring the pupation heights of larvae from strains selected for geotactie behavior as adults, and also by measuring geotaxis of adults from strains selected for pupation height.
Present and future safety challenges of computer control

Computer-based control systems have gradually assumed control of the national energy consumption. Computers have gone from control of a few percent of the nation's total prime-mover (engine) horsepower to an overwhelming majority through application to vehicle engines, which are 95% of total national prime-mover horsepower. If an accident is defined as an undesired release of energy causing injury or loss, then unintended computer-control operations or malfunction could affect the national safety picture. As computer-controlled systems move from military/space applications to mass consumer products, these systems are subject to abuse and operating conditions that tax any program design. Such systems will enter the national product-liability situation, where computer-system designs will be judged not only on their ability to operate as intended, but on their ability to compensate safely for foreseeable misuse. Present and future problems of computer control are discussed in this context. >
The Identifiability of the Proportional Hazard Model

This paper presents new identifiability conditions for the Cox proportional hazard model for duration data when unobserved person specific variables are present. We compare our conditions with those presented by Elbers and Ridder. We also present identifiability conditions for a rich class of parametric hazard models without regressor variables.
Advances in optoelectronic technologies for ROADM subsystems

Summary form only given. Until recently, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) systems did not exist, their components were unselected, and their market was unclear. Today every major system vendor has a ROADM offering, and a large number of component vendors have announced ROADM products based on a variety of technologies, some more mature than others. We review the different optoelectronic component technologies that have been developed for use in ROADM subsystems, and describe their principles of operation, designs, features, advantages, and challenges.
Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction using through-time radial GRAPPA.

The determination of left ventricular ejection fraction using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) requires a steady cardiac rhythm for electrocardiogram (ECG) gating and multiple breathholds to minimize respiratory motion artifacts, which often leads to scan times of several minutes. The need for gating and breathholding can be eliminated by employing real-time CMR methods such as through-time radial GRAPPA. The aim of this study is to compare left ventricular cardiac functional parameters obtained using current gold-standard breathhold ECG-gated functional scans with non-gated free-breathing real-time imaging using radial GRAPPA, and to determine whether scan time or the occurrence of artifacts are reduced when using this real-time approach. 63 patients were scanned on a 1.5T CMR scanner using both the standard cardiac functional examination with gating and breathholding and the real-time method. Total scan durations were noted. Through-time radial GRAPPA was employed to reconstruct images from the highly accelerated real-time data. The blood volume in the left ventricle was assessed to determine the end systolic volume (ESV), end diastolic volume (EDV), and ejection fraction (EF) for both methods, and images were rated for the presence of artifacts and quality of specific image features by two cardiac readers. Linear regression analysis, Bland-Altman plots and two-sided t-tests were performed to compare the quantitative parameters. A two-sample t-test was performed to compare the scan durations, and a two-sample test of proportion was used to analyze the presence of artifacts. For the reviewers´ ratings the Wilcoxon test for the equality of the scores´ distributions was employed. The differences in EF, EDV, and ESV between the gold-standard and real-time methods were not statistically significant (p-values of 0.77, 0.82, and 0.97, respectively). Additionally, the scan time was significantly shorter for the real-time data collection (p<0.001) and fewer artifacts were reported in the real-time images (p<0.01). In the qualitative image analysis, reviewers marginally preferred the standard images although some features including cardiac motion were equivalently rated. Real-time functional CMR with through-time radial GRAPPA performed without ECG-gating under free-breathing can be considered as an alternative to gold-standard breathhold cine imaging for the evaluation of ejection fraction in patients.
The lateral chest radiograph in the detection of pericardial effusion: a reevaluation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of 10 previously published plain film signs for diagnosing pericardial effusion and to determine whether the posteroanterior (PA) or lateral chest radiograph was the better view for detecting pericardial effusion. A retrospective study of 100 consecutive adult patients with pericardial effusions confirmed by echocardiography and/or computed tomography was undertaken. Five signs were found to be useful in detecting pericardial effusion on plain films, and the lateral chest radiograph was found to be better than the PA view in detecting pericardial effusion. The water-bottle configuration, widening of the carinal angle, and the differential-density sign were helpful in diagnosing pericardial effusion on the PA view. However, these signs were only seen in moderate-to-large effusions. The displaced epicardial fat pad sign and the posteroinferior bulge sign on the lateral view improved the detection of moderate-to-large pericardial effusions, and were also present in many of the cases with small pericardial effusions. Recognition of specific signs of pericardial effusion on the lateral chest radiograph may significantly improve the plain film detection of pericardial effusion.
Posttreatment with Eicosatetraynoic Acid Decreases Lung Edema in Guinea Pigs Exposed to Phosgene: The Role of Leukotrienes

Acetylenic acids such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), have been shown to be effective in preventing pulmonary edema formation (PEF). In phosgene-exposed guinea pigs, we examined the effects of ETYA on PEF, measured as real time lung weight gain (lwg). Pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), airway pressure (Paw), perfusate leukotrienes (LT) C4/D4/E4/B4, and lung tissue lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were measured using the isolated, buffer-perfused lung model. Guinea pigs were challenged to 175 mg/m3 (44 ppm) phosgene for 10 minutes giving a concentration x time product of 1750 mg.min/m3 (437 ppm.min). Five minutes after removal from the exposure chamber, guinea pigs were treated, i.p., with 200 microL of 100 microM ETYA. 200 microL of 50 microM ETYA was added to the perfusate every 40 minutes, beginning at 60 minutes after start of exposure (t = 0). There were four groups in this study: air-treated, phosgene-exposed, ETYA-posttreated + phosgene, and ETYA-posttreated + air ETYA-posttreated + phosgene guinea pigs had significantly lower Ppa (P = .006), Paw (P = .009), and lwg (P = .016) compared with phosgene-exposed animals. Phosgene exposure reduced LTB4 compared with air-treated controls (P = .09). ETYA-posttreatment + phosgene had significantly increased perfusate LTB4 (P = .0006) compared with phosgene exposure only group. Total perfusate, LTC4 + LTD4 + LTE4, was not different between phosgene-exposed, air-treated or ETYA-posttreatment + phosgene over time. Posttreatment with ETYA significantly lowered TBARS formation, 206 +/- 13 versus 285 +/- 23 nmol/mg protein (P = .016), compared with phosgene-exposed lungs. Paradoxically, ETYA posttreatment decreased PEF and lipid peroxidation, but increased sulfidopeptide LT release from the lung during perfusion. We conclude that LTC4/D4/E4, and B4, may play different roles than previously thought for PEF in the isolated perfused lung model.
Expanding the potential for disk-directed I/O

As parallel computers are increasingly used to run scientific applications with large data sets, and as processor speeds continue to increase, it becomes more important to provide fast, effective parallel file systems for data storage and for temporary files. In an earlier work we demonstrated that a technique we call disk-directed I/O has the potential to provide consistent high performance for large, collective, structured I/O requests. In this paper we expand on this potential by demonstrating the ability of a disk-directed I/O system to read irregular subsets of data from a file, and to filter and distribute incoming data according to data-dependent functions.
Psychometric performance and responsiveness of the functional outcomes of sleep questionnaire and sleep apnea quality of life index in a randomized trial: The HomePAP study

Study objectives Measures of health-related quality of life (HRQL) specific for sleep disorders have had limited psychometric evaluation in the context of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We investigated the psychometric properties of the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) and Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Instrument (SAQLI). We evaluated the FOSQ and SAQLI construct and criterion validity, determined a minimally important difference, and assessed for associations of responsiveness to baseline subject characteristics and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence in a RCT population. Design Secondary analysis of data collected in a multisite RCT of home versus laboratory-based diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (HomePAP trial). Participants Individuals enrolled in the HomePAP trial (n = 335). Interventions N/A. Measurement and results The FOSQ and SAQLI subscores demonstrated high reliability and criterion validity, correlating with Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Survey domains. Correlations were weaker with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Both the FOSQ and SAQLI scores improved after 3 mo with CPAP therapy. Averaging 4 h or more of CPAP use was associated with an increase in the FOSQ beyond the minimally important difference. Baseline depressive symptoms and sleepiness predicted FOSQ and SAQLI responsiveness; demographic, objective obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and sleep habits were not predictive in linear regression. Conclusions The FOSQ and SAQLI are responsive to CPAP intervention, with the FOSQ being more sensitive to differences in CPAP adherence than the SAQLI. These instruments provide unique information about health outcomes beyond that provided by changes in physiological measures of OSA severity (apnea-hypopnea index). Clinical trial information Portable Monitoring for Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Apnea (HomePAP) URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00642486. NIH clinical trials registry number: NCT00642486.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase interact to affect cognitive, affective, and social behaviors in mice

Both nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nNOS and NADPH oxidase (NOX), respectively, in the brain have been implicated in an array of behaviors ranging from learning and memory to social interactions. Although recent work has elucidated how these separate redox pathways regulate neural function and behavior, the interaction of these two pathways in the regulation of neural function and behavior remains unspecified. Toward this end, the p47phox subunit of NOX, and nNOS were deleted to generate double knockout mice that were used to characterize the behavioral outcomes of concurrent impairment of the NO and ROS pathways in the brain. Mice were tested in a battery of behavioral tasks to evaluate learning and memory, as well as social, affective, and cognitive behaviors. p47phox deletion did not affect depressive-like behavior, whereas nNOS deletion abolished it. Both p47phox and nNOS deletion singly reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased general locomotor activity, impaired spatial learning and memory, and impaired preference for social novelty. Deletion of both genes concurrently had synergistic effects to elevate locomotor activity, impair spatial learning and memory, and disrupt prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Although preference for social novelty was impaired in single knockouts, double knockout mice displayed elevated levels of preference for social novelty above that of wild type littermates. These data demonstrate that, depending upon modality, deletion of p47phox and nNOS genes have dissimilar, similar, or additive effects. The current findings provide evidence that the NOX and nNOS redox signaling cascades interact in the brain to affect both cognitive function and social behavior.
The Aquarius Scatterometer: An Active System for Measuring Surface Roughness for Sea-Surface Brightness Temperature Correction

The Aquarius scatterometer is a total-power L-band radar system for estimating ocean surface roughness. Its measurements will enable the removal of wind effects from the Aquarius radiometer ocean-surface brightness temperature measurements being used to retrieve ocean salinity. The Aquarius scatterometer is a relatively simple, low-spatial resolution power-detecting radar, without ranging capability. But to meet its science requirement, it must be very stable, with repeatability on the order of 0.1 dB over several days, and calibrated accuracy to this level over several months. Data from this instrument over land as well as ocean areas will be available for a variety of geophysical applications.
Analysis of presynaptic Ca2+ influx and transmitter release kinetics during facilitation at the inhibitor of the crayfish neuromuscular junction.

The inhibitory synapse of the crayfish neuromuscular junction was used to examine mechanisms underlying the F2 component of synaptic facilitation. Because previous studies have shown accelerated transmitter release during facilitation, we examined whether an activity-dependent plasticity in I Ca could underlie this acceleration. We established that fluorescent transients generated by Magnesium Green can resolve small differences in presynaptic Ca 2+ influx that correlate with changes in IPSC waveform. However, there was no change in Ca 2+ transients associated with the accelerated release. Analyzing the initial rise of IPSC and the duration of the presynaptic spike yielded a depolarization–release coupling plot that captures the impact of spike waveform on the initial rate of release. We conclude that accelerated release during F2 facilitation cannot be attributed to plasticity of I Ca or modulation of spike waveform. Kinetic analysis showed a reduction in synaptic delay during facilitation only when broad action potentials were used. In unfacilitated release, synaptic delay increased as spike duration lengthened. We propose that small single Ca 2+ channel currents during the plateau phase of broad action potentials raise local Ca 2+ concentration only enough to fill a high-affinity site. Occupation of this site in itself, or events downstream, would convert a vesicle from control to facilitated state. If the conversion were a slow process, it could explain the changes in synaptic delay reported here. This hypothesis can also account for a number of observations related to Ca 2+ cooperativity and synaptic facilitation.
Fatal posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation due to occult trauma

Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations (PSCJDs) are extremely rare, emergent injuries. We present an unprecedented case of a 16-year-old boy without any initial history or signs of trauma who died of a brachiocephalic vein laceration secondary to an occult PSCJD. The pathophysiology, treatment, and diagnosis of PSCJD are discussed.
INERTIA OF ANY POLYHEDRON

Abstract Simple formulae are given for the surface area, volume, center of mass, moments of inertia, and principal axes of any homogeneous polyhedron. These can easily be combined with algorithms for the gravitational field of such polyhedra. A FORTRAN version of our code (available from the author) is used to compare digital models of Phobos at different resolutions. The results indicate that a surface resolution of about 10° is adequate to characterize the inertial properties of a small satellite or asteroid within a few percent, comparable to the systematic uncertainty for Phobos. This accuracy scales as the square of the resolution.
Reflexively mindblind: Using theory of mind to interpret behavior requires effortful attention

Abstract People commonly interpret others’ behavior in terms of the actors’ underlying beliefs, knowledge, or other mental states, thereby using their “theory of mind.” Two experiments suggest that using one’s theory of mind is a relatively effortful process. In both experiments, people reflexively used their own knowledge and beliefs to follow a speaker’s instruction, but only effortfully used their theory of mind to take into account a speaker’s intention to interpret those instructions. In Experiment 1, people with lower working memory capacity were less effective than people with larger working memory capacity in applying their theory of mind to interpret behavior. In Experiment 2, an attention-demanding secondary task reduced people’s ability to apply their theory of mind. People appear to be reflexively mindblind, interpreting behavior in terms of the actor’s mental states only to the extent that they have the cognitive resources to do so.
Executive Functioning in High‐functioning Children with Autism

Executive functioning was investigated in 34 children (24 boys and 10 girls) with developmental language disorder (DLD) and 21 children (18 boys and 3 girls) with high-functioning autistic disorder (HAD) matched on Full Scale IQ, Nonverbal IQ, age (mean age 9 year, 1 month), and SES. The DLD group had a Verbal IQ that was 10 points higher than the HAD group. These children were given the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Mazes subtest from the WISC-R, the Underlining test, and the Rapid Automatized Naming test. In addition, these children were given the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Functioning and the Wing Diagnostic Symptom Checklist in order to assess severity of autistic symptomatology. Results indicated that the only significant difference between the two groups on the cognitive tasks was perseverative errors on the WCST; there was no significant difference on total number of categories achieved or total number of errors on the WCST or on the other executive function measures. There was also significant overlap in the scores between the two groups and the difference in perseverative errors was no longer significant when Verbal IQ was partialled out. Executive functioning was strongly related to all IQ variables in the DLD group and particularly related to Verbal IQ in the HAD group. Although there was a relationship in the HAD group between executive functioning and adaptive functioning, as well as between executive functioning and autistic symptomatology, these relationships were generally no longer significant in the HAD group after the variance due to Verbal IQ was accounted for. The results are interpreted to indicate that although impaired executive functioning is a commonly associated feature of autism, it is not universal in autism and is unlikely to cause autistic behaviors or deficits in adaptive function.
Energy-efficient jamming attack in IEEE 802.11 MAC

In wireless local area networks that use the Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, a collision may occur when two or more devices transmit simultaneously. When a collision results in failed reception of a packet, the stations involved increase their backoff window, which decreases the probability of transmission and hence that of further potential collision. A jammer trying to disrupt the communications can take advantage of this backoff mechanism to reduce the throughput of the system significantly with little energy expense. In this paper, the effect of jamming on the backoff mechanism of the IEEE 802.11 DCF is analyzed. Analytical expressions for throughput and jammer's power expenditure are derived as a function of probability of jamming. These results are experimentally verified with the help of a jammer built using commercially available IEEE 802.11 devices. It is found that under the standard DCF, the jammer's power expenditure decreases after the jamming probability increases beyond a threshold. This non-intuitive behavior constitutes a severe vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11 MAC to jamming attacks.
Mass spectrometry of p‐toluenesulfonamides: Useful amine identification derivatives

The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of p-toluenesulfonamides have been determined and have been found useful for identification of naturally occurring amines.
“I Heard it through the Grapevine”: Doctoral Student Socialization in Chemistry and History

Twenty doctoral students in the disciplines of chemistry and history were interviewed to better understand the socialization processes that influence their success and how these processes differ by year in the degree program and disciplinary culture. Five major themes emerged describing these socialization processes and how they facilitate or impede degree success, including Ambiguity, describing the programmatic guidelines and expectations that surrounded much of the students’ experience; Balance, pointing to the students’ need to balance graduate school responsibilities along with external relationships and demands; Independence, describing the students’ desire to find equilibrium as they transitioned to the role of independent scholar; Development, highlighting the significant cognitive, personal, and professional development that occurs in these students’ graduate experience; and Support, describing the faculty, peer, and financial support needed for the students’ success in their degree programs. Suggestions for policy, practice, and further research are discussed.
Time-dependent kinetic complexities in cholinesterase-catalyzed reactions.

Cholinesterases (ChEs) display a hysteretic behavior with certain substrates and inhibitors. Kinetic cooperativity in hysteresis of ChE-catalyzed reactions is characterized by a lag or burst phase in the approach to steady state. With some substrates damped oscillations are shown to superimpose on hysteretic lags. These time dependent peculiarities are observed for both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase from different sources. Hysteresis in ChE-catalyzed reactions can be interpreted in terms of slow transitions between two enzyme conformers E and E′. Substrate can bind to E and/or E′, both Michaelian complexes ES and E’s can be catalytically competent, or only one of them can make products. The formal reaction pathway depends on both the chemical structure of the substrate and the type of enzyme. In particular, damped oscillations develop when substrate exists in different, slowly interconvertible, conformational, and/or micellar forms, of which only the minor form is capable of binding and reacting with the enzyme. Biphasic pseudo-first-order progressive inhibition of ChEs by certain carbamates and organophosphates also fits with a slow equilibrium between two reactive enzyme forms. Hysteresis can be modulated by medium parameters (pH, chaotropic and kosmotropic salts, organic solvents, temperature, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure). These studies showed that water structure plays a role in hysteretic behavior of ChEs. Attempts to provide a molecular mechanism for ChE hysteresis from mutagenesis studies or crystallographic studies failed so far. In fact, several lines of evidence suggest that hysteresis is controlled by the conformation of His438, a key residue in the catalytic triad of cholinesterases. Induction time may depend on the probability of His438 to adopt the operative conformation in the catalytic triad. The functional significance of ChE hysteresis is puzzling. However, the accepted view that proteins are in equilibrium between preexisting functional and non-functional conformers, and that binding of a ligand to the functional form shifts equilibrium towards the functional conformation, suggests that slow equilibrium between two conformational states of these enzymes may have a regulatory function in damping out the response to certain ligands and irreversible inhibitors. This is particularly true for immobilized (membrane bound) enzymes where the local substrate and/or inhibitor concentrations depend on influx in crowded organellar systems, e.g. cholinergic synaptic clefts. Therefore, physiological or toxicological relevance of the hysteretic behavior and damped oscillations in ChE-catalyzed reactions and inhibition cannot be ruled out.
A neural controller for the tracking control of flexible arms

A neural controller is proposed for the tracking control of flexible arms. A significant property of this proposed controller is that neither the model information nor the state of the flexible arm is required. The desired feedforward for the tracking performance is learned online based on the output of interest, and the feedback compensation of measurable output is used to ensure the Lagrange stability of the closed loop system. The analysis results of the stability show that the closed loop system is Lagrange stable, and that the tracking error of the output of interest converges to zero. A single-link flexible arm is simulated, and the simulation results are satisfied. >
The Father, the Son, and Obama

During the early 1990s, George H.W. Bush was being inundated with criticism since many individuals believed he had failed to devise an effective plan for bringing the United States out of a serious economic downturn. In the years following his time in the White House, some analysts continued to dwell on Bush’s response to this recession, but there were others who elected to examine his performance in the international arena. Most of the evaluators of his foreign policy were of the opinion that he exercised great caution when he was dealing with developments on the world stage. While George W. Bush was running for president in 2000, it appeared as if he would be guided by this example that had been set by his father since he frequently scrutinized risky endeavors such as nation-building missions. However, once he won that election, a lot of comparisons could not be drawn between him and his father because he proceeded to introduce a rather ambitious agenda on the foreign front. From 2009 to the present, Barack Obama, the sitting U.S. president, has not attempted to accomplish lofty objectives as his predecessor did for eight years. Instead, he has opted to emulate the more circumspect approach of Bush’s father. Inside the following article, this bond between Barack Obama and George H. W. Bush will be looked at in a thorough fashion.
A satellite-derived climatology of polar-low evolution in the North Pacific

A climatology of polar-low evolution for seven low-sun seasons (November to March) in the North Pacific is presented. The data were collected by the subjective interpretation of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) infra-red imagery, using a cloud vortex classification scheme designed especially for use with medium to high resolution imagery. For the study period, about two-thirds of all polar lows that formed over the North Pacific evolved to a higher stage. Approximately one-half of those (one-third of the total) passed through all stages of development from cyclogenesis to decay. The more common form of cyclogenetic polar low in the North Pacific, the comma cloud, continued to develop two-thirds of the time, while the less common spiraliform only evolved to a higher stage of development in two-fifths of the cases. Those polar lows that formed in certain key areas were likely to evolve to a higher stage, while other specific locations discouraged continued development. No readily discernible difference between gross size and cloud characteristics of evolving and non-evolving polar lows was present in the satellite data, suggesting that additional data are needed to forecast correctly which will develop into mature cyclones.
Application of DGPS/INS to automobile navigation with latency compensation

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) techniques are frequently used to correct for ranging errors common to two receivers, one of which is at a known position. One such source of error is selective availability (SA). A time delay (latency) is inherent between the generation of pseudo-range corrections and their application by the user, and can result in large residual errors. The data latency of the DGPS correction is a fundamental limitation on DGPS performance accuracies. These corrections can be predicted for relatively short periods of time. In this paper, an innovative methodology is developed which predicts the corrections and compensates the GPS data in real time. It also takes care of any transients in the DGPS data and/or GPS data in real time. This methodology has been applied to automobile navigation and tested in a DGPS/INS system. For these experiments, we used a 12-channel Ashtech XII GPS receiver. The INS system included a 3-axis Hitachi HGA-D fiber-optic gyro, a 3-axis 177 2g accelerometer by NeuwGhent Technology, Inc., and a Vector 2x electronic compass by Precision Navigation.
PARAMETRIZATION OF NEWTON'S ITERATION FOR COMPUTATIONS WITH STRUCTURED MATRICES AND APPLICATIONS

Abstract We apply a new parametrized version of Newton's iteration in order to compute (over any field F of constants) the solution, or at least-squares solution, to linear system B x = v with an n × n Toeplitz or Toeplitz-like matrix B , as well as the determinant of B and the coefficients of its characteristic polynomial, det( λI − B ), dramatically improving the processor efficiency of the known fast parallel algorithms. Our algorithms, together with some previously known and some recent results of [1–5], as well as with our new techniques for computing polynomial god's and lcm's, imply respective improvement of the known estimates for parallel arithmetic complexity of several fundamental computations with polynomials, and with both structured and general matrices.
Growth Management and the City

The way urban growth has been "managed," it is no surprise that America's cities are dying.1 During the last three decades, American urban growth policy was directed to suburban growth. Government encouraged exodus from the metropolis through: deep subsidies for highways, utilities, and open space; housing finance, particularly in the form of tax deductions for mortgage interest and real property taxes; and subsidized Veteran's Administration loans and Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance.2 Leaving the city in search of suburban values, the affluent were followed by industry in search of greener locations, retail establishments that favor malls, and restaurants and entertainment outlets looking for secure locations. Thus, the economic base from which taxes are generated to fund public services was transferred to the suburbs.
Lp A-I and niacin: new views of an antiatherogenic duo.

Increasing evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and basic mechanistic studies supports the importance of HDL in preventing or even reversing atherosclerosis. The well-known structural and compositional diversity of HDL subfractions seems to be an important, if still somewhat unclear, factor in the atheroprotective potential of a given HDL particle. Perhaps as important as the parameter of particle size is that of apolipoprotein content of HDL. HDL particles which lack apo A-II (Lp A-I) appear to associate with reduced atherosclerosis risk1 and are reported to be better cholesterol acceptors in some2,3 although not all studies4 as compared with HDL with apo A-II (Lp A-I/A-II). See page 1783 Niacin generally is considered the most effective agent for raising HDL levels, typically increasing HDL-C by 30%.5 The mechanism of this effect has been shown, by in vivo human turnover studies, to be a decrease in its fractional catabolic rate6,7 Interestingly, despite the clinical importance of both niacin and Lp A-I levels, the impact of the former on the latter has been little studied. One earlier intensive study of a small number of subjects showed that niacin selectively raised Lp A-I levels while Lp A-I/A-II declined somewhat,8 but this question appears not to have been further tested in almost two decades since. Gemfibrozil also is effective in raising HDL levels, although generally less than half as much as niacin.9 The major HDL-raising mechanism of gemfibrozil appears to be an increase in production of apo A-I, as demonstrated by Saku et al10 in vivo and by Jin et al11 in vitro. Surprisingly, the effect of gemfibrozil on levels of Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II has not been reported, to our knowledge. Sakai and coworkers12 have now addressed some of the gaps in our understanding of the …
Individual protomers of a G protein-coupled receptor dimer integrate distinct functional modules.

Recent advances in proteomic technology reveal G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organized as large, macromolecular protein complexes in cell membranes, adding a new layer of intricacy to GPCR signaling. We previously reported the α1D-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1D)—a key regulator of cardiovascular, urinary and CNS function—binds the syntrophin family of PDZ domain proteins (SNTA, SNTB1, and SNTB2) through a C-terminal PDZ ligand interaction, ensuring receptor plasma membrane localization and G-protein coupling. To assess the uniqueness of this novel GPCR complex, 23 human GPCRs containing Type I PDZ ligands were subjected to TAP/MS proteomic analysis. Syntrophins did not interact with any other GPCRs. Unexpectedly, a second PDZ domain protein, scribble (SCRIB), was detected in ADRA1D complexes. Biochemical, proteomic, and dynamic mass redistribution analyses indicate syntrophins and SCRIB compete for the PDZ ligand, simultaneously exist within an ADRA1D multimer, and impart divergent pharmacological properties to the complex. Our results reveal an unprecedented modular dimeric architecture for the ADRA1D in the cell membrane, providing unexpected opportunities for fine-tuning receptor function through novel protein interactions in vivo, and for intervening in signal transduction with small molecules that can stabilize or disrupt unique GPCR:PDZ protein interfaces.
Pavement Design for Commercial Jet Aircraft

Requirements given in form of design charts for both rigid and flexible concrete pavements; design curves cover range of loadings for Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8 and Convair 880 commercial aircraft; strengthening of existing rigid pavements by overlays; runway and taxiway dimensional requirements for jet aircraft are not covered.