cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insomnia: Sex differences and age of onset in active duty Army soldiers.

Abstract Background The prevalence of insomnia symptoms, insomnia diagnostic status, and age of onset compared by sex is understudied within the military population. Method Data were examined from the All Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (N = 21,294; 18-61 years; 11.7% female and 87.6% male). Participants were given a self-administered version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scales to assess psychopathology and cognitive deficits, and the Brief Insomnia Questionnaire for insomnia disorder assessment. Participants identified the age they first experienced sleep problems for 1 month or longer as part of the self-administered questionnaire. Results Among this sample of Army soldiers, 22.8% met insomnia diagnostic status (22.0% of males and 28.4% of females). A binary logistic regression model revealed that insomnia diagnostic status was associated with female soldiers (OR = 1.26, P Conclusion This study highlights the importance of examining insomnia by sex in active-duty populations. Results suggest that female active duty soldiers experience insomnia at a higher rate than their male counterparts, which may be driven by reports of daytime impairment. Given this information, more specific clinical recommendations on assessing and treating insomnia could be provided, especially when considering readiness for military duty.
Determinants of usage and nonadherence to noninvasive ventilation in children and adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Study Objectives: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disorder that leads to chronic respiratory insufficiency and failure. Use of home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been linke...
Clinical trial to determine efficacy of copper oxide wire particle administration to decrease gastrointestinal nematode concentrations in adult alpacas

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism, particularly Haemonchus contortus infection, is of grave concern to producers due to its ability to dramatically decrease the productivity and profitability of livestock. With increasing resistance to commonly used antihelmintics, it is important to investigate alternative GIN therapy methods. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) administered as an oral bolus are effective at decreasing fecal egg counts and H. contortus concentrations in sheep and goats. The use of this alternative method of parasite control has not been evaluated in new world camelids. The purpose of this study was to determine if COWP administered as an oral bolus would effectively decrease fecal GIN egg counts in adult alpacas.
Effect of COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Restrictions on Parent Reported Symptom Severity and Adaptive Functioning of Youth with ASD.

This study assessed the potential short-term effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on ratings of ASD and comorbid symptoms severity and adaptive functioning of 69 youth, ages 8-16 years with ASD without intellectual disability. Parent/caregiver ratings were being collected in fall and spring over approximately two years when the restrictions were imposed four months prior to the final data collection point. Results indicated no significant changes in parent/caregiver ratings of ASD symptom severity, comorbid symptoms severity, social skills, or adaptive behaviors following the stay-at-home restrictions and little variability across the four data collection points. Although findings suggested minimal short-term effects on these symptoms and adaptive skills, ongoing monitoring is needed to assess longer-term impacts.
Interpretable Multi-Step Production Optimization Utilizing IoT Sensor Data

In an industrial manufacturing process, such as petroleum, chemical, and food processing, with the deployment of thousands of sensors in the plants, we have the chance to provide real-time onsite management for the processes. Beyond the real-time status update, utilizing vast IoT data and creating machine learning and optimization models provide us with intelligent business recommendations. Those are used by the site engineers and managers to make real-time decisions in a situation with multiple conflicting operational and business goals. Those goals include maximizing financial gain, minimizing costs, limiting the usage of certain raw materials or additives, decreasing environmental impact, and more. When formalizing these decision-making tasks, often there is no prior knowledge of compromise between the conflicting goals. That poses a challenge to generate a proper objective function. In this paper, we create a Multi-Step optimization process to address this uncertainty of selecting proper objectives and their preferences. Instead of using an explicit trade-off to create a single weighted objective function (as a traditional approach) and rely on a single attempt to find the optimal solution, we decompose this problem into multiple steps. In each step, we optimize only one objective from one KPI with an exact semantic meaning. We demonstrate the usability of the approach using a practical application from an oil sands processing facility, provide modeling results focusing on the response to business priorities, performance, and interpretability. The multi-step approach presents the convergence of the target goal with an outcome KPI with comparison for each step to illustrate the enhanced interpretability.
Nine Kinds of Monotone and Generalized Monotone Maps

Monotonicity plays an important role in complementarity problems and variational inequality problems, like convexity in mathematical programming. Recently, seven kinds of monotone and generalized monotone maps were introduced; see Karamardian et al. (1990). In case of a gradient map, different types of (generalized) monotonicity of the gradient correspond to different types of (generalized) convexity of the underlying function. This gives rise to first-order characterizations of generalized convex functions, not known so far; see Avriel et al. (1988).
Effects of vacuum and nuclear radiation on engineering materials.

Vacuum & nuclear radiation effects on resistance of engineering materials for space vehicles & reactor accessory hardware
The Dynamic Block Relative Gain and its Role in the Design of Robust Decentralized Control

The major criticism related to the use of the Block Relative Gain (BRG) (and for that matter The Relative Gain) as a closed-loop interaction measure is the fact that it is developed under the assumption of perfect control in the complementary subsystem(s).
Evaluation Criteria for Data Dictionaries

There are no established criteria to evaluate how well data dictionaries and repositories eliminate redundancy and help retrieve meaningful data elements in response to a query. This paper proposes five criteria namely, relevance, consistency, common use among information systems, degree of automation and degree of security to evaluate data dictionaries and repositories and explains them using a detailed example. Empirical studies that apply these criteria to data dictionaries used in an organization would further refine the criteria and provide valuable results to data base administrators.
Can essential oils be used as novel drench treatments for the eggs and juveniles of the pest snail Cornu aspersum in potted plants

The horticultural trade is an important pathway for the introduction and spread of invasive gastropods because potted plants are essentially portable microhabitats, which protect snails and slugs, especially buried eggs and juveniles, from desiccation and molluscicides. The identification of a drench or dip treatment would therefore be an important development in helping to manage this pathway. We assessed the potential of using eleven essential oils and one terpene against the eggs and juveniles of the quarantine snail pest, Cornu aspersum. Clove bud oil was most efficacious and based on Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) values it was 22 times more toxic than the commercially available product Snail and Slug Away® which has cinnamon oil as its active ingredient. Importantly, at a concentration of 0.116 %, clove bud oil caused 100 % mortality of C. asperum eggs and juveniles in potted plants after 24 h and was not phytotoxic. Although more expensive than a widely used metaldehyde product (Slug-Fest All Weather Formula) clove bud oil causes rapid mortality, is pleasant smelling, is non-toxic to humans and is exempt from pesticide registration requirements and pesticide residue tolerance requirements under federal law in the United States. This exemption would decrease the time and costs associated with bringing a new molluscicide to market, which has clove bud oil as its active ingredient.
Protection against pneumococcal infection by a ribosomal preparation.

A subcellular extract prepared from nonencapsulated Diplococcus pneumoniae type 3 protected mice against a subsequent challenge with virulent D. pneumoniae types 1, 2, 3, and 7. Potency ratios ranged from 25 (type 3) to >1,175 (type 1). The immunity induced in mice by this preparation was best obtained by intraperitoneal inoculation followed by intravenous challenge. Mice immunized in this manner were protected up to 12 weeks and could withstand a challenge of several hundred LD50. The protection was destroyed by treatment of the preparation with ribonuclease and was decreased by treatment with protease. The preparation consisted of 60.5% ribonucleic acid, 29.1% protein, 6.3% deoxyribonucleic acid, and 4.0% hexose. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated that this extract had five constituents which are compatible with ribosomal material.
Genetic transformation of Streptococcus thermophilus by electroporation

A rapid and convenient electroporation procedure was developed for the genetic transformation of intact cells of Streptococcus thermophilus with various species of plasmid DNA. Transformation frequency was influenced by the capacitance and voltage selected for electric pulsing, the pH and composition of the electroporation medium and the molecular mass of the transforming DNA. Electroporation is a simple and effective technique to introduce plasmid DNA into S. thermophilus and useful in the development of recombinant DNA technology for this important industrial microorganism.
Specificity of symptoms in RDC endogenous depression

The Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) define endogenous depression by the presence of a particular subset of depressive symptoms. This typological approach to classification implicitly assumes that endogenous and non-endogenous patients differ only or primarily in this subset of symptoms, rather than simply in severity of all depressive symptoms. We tested this assumption in a sample of 80 patients with a current episode of major depressive disorder. Whereas RDC endogenous patients (n = 53) had significantly higher levels of most criterial symptoms than did non-endogenous patients (n = 27), they differed on almost no non-endogenous symptoms. These findings support the concept of a specific endogenous symptom cluster.
A coupled two-sheath simulation of RF bias at high electronegativities

In this paper, a 1D numerical, time-dynamic, fluid model (SHEATHSIM) has been developed to study the effect of RF chuck bias on high density electronegative discharges especially under conditions of sheath inversion and negative ion extraction. In each sheath, ion momentum conservation and ion continuity equations, closed by Poisson's equation, are solved for a given set of bulk densities, temperatures and mean free path lengths of each ionic species. Two such sheaths are closed by a common bulk potential and current continuity. Qualitatively, high electronegativities , low electron temperatures , high asymmetries , DC coupling of bias power and low frequencies tend to favour sheath inversion and subsequent negative ion extraction. Quiescent floating sheath simulations show the self-consistent rise of the plasma regions and the Bohm criterion. Such modelling in conjunction with source antennae electromagnetics and chemical kinetics can lead to computer aided process and reactor design with a view to reducing charge-up damage through negative ion extraction.
Cost per Billable Minute Metric for Comparing Satellite Systems

The cost per billable minute is the metric to compare the ef ciency of different mobile satellite system architectures. The cost per billable minute to achieve a speci ed rate of return is determined from estimates of the useful system capacity and life cycle costs. To evaluate the useful system capacity, a computer simulation was developed to model the complex interaction between satellites, gateways, capacity limits, and an expected market model. The major capacity limiting factors addressed include frequency reuse, constellation design, link availability,spotbeam patterns, multiple access schemes, and satellite power. The life cycle costs were estimated for the satellites, launch vehicles, gateways, public switched telephone network hardware connections, operations, and launch insurance. The metric is evaluated for six model systems in low, medium, and geostationary Earth orbits to demonstrate the usefulness of the metric in the design process.
Cytochrome P450cam and its complexes. Mössbauer parameters of the heme iron.

Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to study the heme iron in various states of cytochrome P450cam from the camphor-hydroxylating system of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Native, camphor-free P450cam contains low-spin ferric iron, part of which (approx. 50-70%) is converted to the high-spin ferric state upon addition of camphor. The Mossbauer spectra of the camphor-free enzyme (S equals 1/2) and of the high-spin component (S equals 5/2) of the camphor complex have been successfully simulated using a model based on crystal-field theory and simple convalency considerations. The native low-spin ferric state of P450cam forms a complex with 2-phenylimidazole, with small changes in the g values and Mossbauer spectra. These changes can be accounted for consistently in the crystal-field model referred to above. The addition of putidaredoxin to the camphor-complexed, oxidized P450cam decreases the intensity of the high-spin component and changes its quadrupole splitting. The reduced form of P450cam contrins high-spin ferrous iron, both in the presence and absence of camphor. The complex of reduced P450cam with molecular oxygen is diamagnetic and has a combination of quadrupole splitting and isomer shift that is unusual for a ferrous complex, but strongly resembles that of oxyhemoglobin. These results are compatible with the bound superoxide, Fe3+-O-2, model proposed for oxyhemoglobin (Weiss, J. J. (1964) Nature 202, 83-84). Reduced P450cam and its complexes, oxyP450cam-CO, are all found to be analogous in some respects to the corresponding hemoglobin complexes.
Faculty Self-Esteem: The 4th Governance Paradigm.

As one examines governance in the community college, it becomes apparent that the traditional bureaucratic, political, and collegial paradigms are not entirely satisfactory. Recent authors have suggested a different vantage point from which to view the educational enterprise. A common denominator in all such works is the professional self‐esteem of the faculty. In this article, the author uses a nine‐level “web” to depict the mind‐set and practices which characterize this new governance model.
Evolutionary insights into DNA methylation in insects

Epigenetic information affects gene function and plays a critical role in development. DNA methylation is one of the most widespread epigenetic marks and has been linked to developmental plasticity in insects. Here, we review the patterns and functions of DNA methylation in insects. We specifically focus on how the application of an evolutionary framework has led to important insights into the role of DNA methylation. We discuss the importance of evolutionary variation in DNA methylation among insect taxa and show how comparative analyses have revealed conservation in targets of DNA methylation. We then show how the distribution of DNA methylation in insect genomes has been linked to evolutionary conserved patterns of histone modifications and variants. We conclude by discussing how the evolutionary conservation and variability of DNA methylation in insects can provide insight into the function of DNA methylation across eukaryotic systems.
Model‐based predictions of BRCA1/2 mutation status in breast carcinoma patients treated at an academic medical center

BACKGROUND Women with an existing breast carcinoma diagnosis who are found to carry a BRCA1/2 mutation have a substantial risk of developing both a contralateral breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. In a newly diagnosed breast carcinoma patient, this genetic information may influence the management of her disease. To assess the volume of patients who may need genetic services at the time of diagnosis, the authors determined the proportion of women with newly diagnosed breast carcinoma at the study institution who would be eligible for genetic testing. METHODS Fifty consecutive women with new breast carcinoma who were attending a multidisciplinary clinic were interviewed. Detailed, three-generation pedigrees were collected for each patient by a genetic counselor. Three commonly used probability models were used to calculate each woman's predicted risk of harboring a germline BRCA1/2 mutation. RESULTS Eleven of 50 patients (22% [95% confidence interval, 12–36%]) were calculated to have a ≥ 10% probability of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation by at least one mathematic model and should have been offered genetic counseling that included the discussion of genetic testing. There were considerable discrepancies between probability calculations among the three mathematic models. One of the 11 patients who was eligible for genetic testing pursued genetic counseling within 12 months of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS At a large academic medical center, a substantial proportion of unselected women attending a multidisciplinary clinic were found to have a ≥ 10% risk of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation. The actual number of patients eligible to receive BRCA1/2 genetic testing outweighs the number of patients seen for genetic counseling at the study institution. Finally, limited correlation was found between current predictive models. Cancer 2002;94:305–13. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Electrophysiological Correlates Of Argon Laser Ablation Of Myocardium

Myocardial ablation is a newly developing technique in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Laser ablation in animal models has been associated with fewer procedural arrhythmias and more focal areas of myocardial injury. The effect of Argon laser ablation on canine epicardial preparations was studied. Single cell, microelectrode techniques were used to record action potential characteristics before and after argon laser ablation. Additionally, infrared micro-thermography was recorded during ablation to establish the superficial thermal characteristics of Argon laser ablation. Focal areas of action potential abnormality were found only at a distance of less than 5 mm from the laser crater edge. Action potential abnormalities occured only in areas where the superficial temperatures exceeded 60 degrees C. The focal nature of the injury as shown by action potential recordings may explain the less frequent association with arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction.
An assessment of hospital care for the alcoholic patient.

Current medical practice, vis-a-vis chemical dependency, was assessed in a university hospital setting. Findings indicate that the majority of physicians and nurses at this facility (1) did not take adequate alcohol and drug use histories, (2) did not identify chemical dependency as a medical problem even when they knew dependency was present, and (3) did not involve themselves in treatment or treatment recommendations even when the problem was identified.
Impact of Ezetimibe on Atherosclerosis: Is the Jury Still Out?

Ezetimibe is a new lipid-lowering agent that inhibits intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. It substantially lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when used alone or in combination with statins. However, its effect on cardiovascular mortality remains unknown. We reviewed peer-reviewed published literature on the effect of ezetimibe on different phases of atherosclerosis. MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and other Web of Knowledge databases were searched for relevant abstracts and articles published in the English language that compared ezetimibe and statins as modulators of atherosclerosis. On the basis of the available evidence, ezetimibe appears to reduce inflammation when used in combination with statins, but its effect on endothelial function is mixed and less clear. The effect of ezetimibe on coronary disease progression or prevention of cardiovascular events is currently unknown. Use of ezetimibe as a second- or third-line agent to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol treatment goals seems appropriate on the basis of the available evidence.
New spicular skeletons in Turbellaria, and the occurrence of spicules in marine meiofauna1

SUMMARY With Florianella, Bertiliella and Acanthiella, three new genera of Turbellaria are described, one from deep mud bottoms off Norway, and two from sandy bottoms off the south-eastern United States. Whereas the new family Bertiliellidae (within Turbellaria-Eukalyptorhynchia) is established for the two former genera, the latter is of uncertain systematic position, combining features of Archoophora and Prolecithophora-Combinata. All three genera are characterized by a spicular skeleton located in the basement membrane. In the Bertiliellidae the spicules are calcareous (aragonite). A survey of other spiculiferous Turbellaria and meiofauna in general suggests that spicular skeletons, instead of being a special adaptation to the interstitial environment, play a role in body support and tissue economy, and are, in some cases (Turbellaria and Mollusca), possibly relics indicating phylogenetic relationship.
An evaluation of freezing as a preservation technique for analyzing dissolved organic C, N and P in surface water samples

ABSTRACT Techniques for preserving surface water samples are recently in demand because of the increased interest in quantifying dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters and the frequent collection of samples in remote locations. Freezing is a common technique employed by many researchers for preserving surface water samples; however, there has been little evaluation of the effects of freezing on DOM concentrations. Ten streams were sampled in southeast Alaska with a range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (1.5 to 39 mg C L− 1) to evaluate the influence of freezing (flash and standard freeze) and filter pore size (0.2 and 0.7 μm nominal pore size) on dissolved organic C, N and P concentrations. We report a significant decrease in DOC (p 5 mg C L− 1) and/or samples with high SUVA values (> 3.5–4 L mg-C− 1 m− 1) should be analyzed immediately and not frozen.
Evidence for age and evolution of Corner Seamounts and Great Meteor Seamount Chain from multibeam bathymetry

The morphology of the Corner and Cruiser seamounts is discussed and the apparent age of seamount geomorphic features that are thought to have formed at sea level is derived. High-resolution, multibeam bathymetry of the seamounts shows geomorphic features such as guyots and terraces. The pattern of volcanism is consistent with the sequential formation of the New England, Corner, and Great Meteor chain seamounts above the New England hotspot. However, Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic absolute motion of the African plate over the hotspot differs significantly from predictions of the existing models. The derived age pattern of volcanism indicates formation of the Corner seamounts at ca. 80 Ma to 76 Ma.
Agronomics and Economics of Different Weed Management Systems in Corn and Soybean

The USDA has a goal of implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices on 75% of crop area by 2000. Growers require more economic information before adopting IPM practices. A field study was initiated in New York to evaluate weed control, yields, and net returns of chemical (broadcast herbicides), chemical-mechanical (handed herbicides and cultivations and mechanical (rotary hoe and cultivations) weed management under moldboard plow and chisel tillage in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Chemical and chemical-mechanical weed management had similar corn net returns under moldboard plow ($370 and $355 ha -1 , respectively) and chisel tillage ($282 and $287 ha -1 ). Mechanical weed management had less net returns in moldboard plow ($302 ha -1 ) and chisel tillage ($121 ha -1 ) because of 15% lesser corn densities and greater weed densities, especially in chisel tillage. In soybean, mechanical weed management in moldboard plow tillage had similar weed density (1.5 weeds m 2 ) lower yield (2.71 Mg ha 1 ), but similar net return ($107.50 ha 1 ) compared with chemical (1.3 weeds m 2 . 2.92 Mg ha 1 , and $85.60 ha 1 , respectively) and chemical-mechanical weed management (1.0 weeds m 2 , 2.78 Mg ha 1 and $99.35 ha 1 , respectively). In chisel tillage, mechanical weed management had greater weed density (7.4 weeds m 2 ), lower yield (2.2 Mg ha 1 ), and lower net return (-$7.80 ha 1 ) compared with chemical (1.9 weeds m 2 , 2.8 Mg ha 1 , and $56.80 ha 1 , respectively) and chemical-mechanical weed management (1.9 weeds m 2 , 2.4 Mg ha 1 , and $27.30 ha 1 ). Corn and soybean growers apparently can adopt chemical-mechanical weed management and maintain net returns. Soybean growers who use moldboard plow tillage can also adopt mechanical weed management and maintain net returns.
Optimal retrofit design for improving process flexibility in linear systems

Abstract In this paper the problem of optimally redesigning an existing process to increase its flexibility is addressed. Assuming a linear model for the process, a general strategy is proposed which determines first the optimal parametric changes and then identifies the optimal structural modifications. Basic analytical properties of flexibility are presented with which very efficient reduced LP and MILP formulations can be developed that include explicit constraints for flexibility. Also, trade-off curves relating flexibility to retrofit cost can easily be generated to provide information on the cost of flexibility. Examples are presented to illustrate the proposed procedures.
A note on the use of glass fiber filters in the thermal analysis of carbon containing aerosols

Abstract New measurements show that glass fiber filters contain chemical compounds which catalyze the oxidation of deposited soot particles. These filters are sometimes used in the collection of ambient aerosol and in subsequent thermal analysis to distinguish between the organic and elemental carbon components of the aerosol. The catalytic effect causes the elemental carbon to oxidize at temperatures significantly lower than would be expected in the absence of the catalyst. This may confound efforts to distinguish between carbon and organic compounds. The effect has been studied quantitatively. To reduce error, the analysis should be carried out in certain ranges of temperature, oxygen partial pressure and carbon loading. A similar problem may arise for quartz filters (which do not contain a catalyst) if the aerosol itself contains metallic compounds which catalyze the oxidation of carbon.
Effects of anionic and nonionic polymers on fusion and binding of Sendai virus to human erythrocyte ghosts

Effects of various polymers (dextran sulfate, dextran and polyethylene glycol) on binding and fusion of Sendai virus to target cells were studied by use of fluorescence spectroscopy. Direct binding of dextran sulfate but not dextran to Sendai virus was detected. Anionic and nonionic polymers showed definite effects on segmental motions of the viral envelope proteins. Sendai virus binding to human erythrocyte ghost membranes (HEG) was reduced by dextran sulfate and dextran while the fusion temperature dependence remained unaltered at approximately 20 degrees C. Nonionic polymer, polyethylene glycol, caused an increase in extent of fusion of Sendai virus with HEG. Segmental motion of viral envelope proteins, determined in terms of anisotropy of fluorescent probes attached to viral surface proteins, exhibited a temperature dependent transition at 20 degrees C by a sharp change from restricted to less restricted motion. In the presence of each of the polymers, this transition was no longer apparent. Since fusion did occur in the presence of all polymers, the temperature dependent characteristic of Sendai virus target cell fusion can be said not to depend on viral surface protein segmental motion. A reasonable and coherent explanation was given for the apparent disparity between the effects of inhibiting and enhancing polymers on fusion and motion of viral proteins.
Symbolic time series analysis of ultrasonic data for early detection of fatigue damage

This paper presents a novel analytical tool for early detection of fatigue damage in polycrystalline alloys that are commonly used in mechanical structures. Time series data of ultrasonic sensors have been used for anomaly detection in the statistical behaviour of structural materials, where the analysis is based on the principles of symbolic dynamics and automata theory. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated relative to existing pattern recognition tools, such as neural networks and principal component analysis, for detection of small changes in the statistical characteristics of the observed data sequences. This concept is experimentally validated on a special-purpose test apparatus for 7075-T6 aluminium alloy specimens, where the anomalies accrue from small fatigue crack growth.
Craze microstructure from small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)

Abstract The small-angle x-ray scattering from air crazes in polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) as well as from methanol crazes in PS has been measured by using both pinhole-collimated and slit-collimated cameras. Under the normal conditions (x-ray beam in the plane of the craze, craze held under load), the SAXS pattern from all crazed samples consists of a cross through the origin, one very intense streak normal to the craze plane and a second, less intense, streak parallel to the craze plane (perpendicular to the craze fibrils). Tilting experiments reveal that the former streak, which we term the anomalous streak since it is not expected to arise from the known fibril geometry, is a rod in reciprocal space; the rocking curve has a half-width of about 1°. Filling polystyrene crazes with methanol produces a 40 fold decrease in intensity I at a scattering angle 20 of 3 mrad and an increase in slope of the I vs. 2Θ curve at small angles. Since the maximum decrease for any true craze diffraction is give...
Calvin and Saumur: The Case of Claude Pajon (1626–1685)

Given that Calvin served as an important source and authority for Amyraut during the controversies on universal grace which broke out ca. 1634, one might expect the same to be true for the polemics on (im)mediate grace surrounding the teachings of another (later) Saumur universalist, Claude Pajon. As this article demonstrates, however, the manuscript works written by, to, and about Pajon reveal that he did not shelter behind Calvin’s name—even if he believed that the latter had shared his view. The extant sources instead show that John Cameron and Paul Testard, two earlier promoters of la grâce universelle, were Pajon’s main sources of inspiration and served as his authorities. The article closes with a twofold conclusion, namely, that the marginal place of Calvin in the Pajon controversies may well be attributed to the greater acceptance la grâce universelle had gained by that time; and secondly, that one does well to recognize the existence of different currents within la grâce universelle of seventeenth-century French Protestantism.
General circulation model intercomparisons for understanding climate

Understanding the cause of differences among general circulation model pro jections of carbon dioxideinduced climatic change is a necessary step toward improving the models. An intercomparison of 17 atmospheric general circulation models for which sea surface temperature perturbations were used as a surrogate climate change showed that there was a roughly threefold variation in global climate sensitivity. Most of this variation Is attributable to to differences in the models'' depictions of cloudclimate feedback a result that emphasizes the need for improvements In the treatment of clouds in these models if they are ulti mately to be used as climatic predictors.
Elijah Levita: a Jewish Hebraist

Elijah Levita’s (c. 1469–1558) study of Hebrew was part of the longtime Jewish occupation with the language of Scripture. Yet much of Levita’s scholarship was at odds with prior Jewish approaches to Biblical language and the transmission of the Biblical text. In his many works, Levita provides a critical account of the development of Hebrew, Aramaic, and the masoretic scribal traditions. This article examines the relationship between Levita’s critical approach to the Bible and the Christian context within which he worked. With the rise of Christian Hebraism, an increasingly sophisticated and sustained discourse on Hebrew developed outside of Jewish circles. This created an alternative setting within which Levita could produce scholarship that challenged prior Jewish notions of language and the Bible. The viability of Levita’s scholarship was no longer contingent on Jewish reception alone, allowing him to express critical ideas without fear of internal censure and without assuming the hermeneutical posture typical of pre-modern Jewish scholarly expression.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a self-calibrating fiber optic probe

Calibration of the diffuse reflectance spectrum for instrument response and time-dependent fluctuation as well as interdevice variations is complicated, time consuming, and potentially inaccurate. We describe a novel fiber optic probe with a real-time self-calibration capability that can be used for tissue optical spectroscopy. The probe was tested in a number of liquid phantoms over a relevant range of tissue optical properties. Absorption and scattering coefficients are extracted with an average absolute error and standard deviation of 6.9%±7.2% and 3.5%±1.5%, respectively.
Gangliosides of chemically and virally transformed rat embryo cells.

Abstract The gangliosides of control rat embryo cells, 3-methylcholanthrene, Rauscher leukemia virus, and combined 3-methylcholanthrene-Rauscher leukemia virus transformants were examined using [ 14 C] glucosamine as a tracer. All four cell lines exhibited a complex pattern of gangliosides. While N -acetylgalactosaminyl-( IV -acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide was the major ganglioside in the control cell line, N -acetylneuraminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide was the major ganglioside in the three transformants. The 3-methylcholanthrene transformant possessed a ganglioside pattern different from that of the Rauscher leukemia virus transformant. Hydrolysis of the gangliosides indicated that galactosamine, N -acetyl- and N -glycolylneuraminic acid were the labeled components in all cell lines.
Frequency and Time Domain Characterization of High-Speed Digital Circuit Interconnects in a Multilayer Printed Circuit Board

The digital interconnects are characterized in frequency domain by measuring the scattering matrices using network analyser. These scattering matrices are used to find frequency dependent resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance of the coupled transmission lines. In time domain, the lossy transmission line parameters are used to simulate the transient response to analyse the skin-effect and dielectric loss effect on the signal propagation and cross-talk.
Aurora kinase-a deficiency during skin development impairs cell division and stratification

Aurora kinase-A (Aurora-A) promotes timely entry into mitosis, centrosome maturation, and formation of bipolar spindles. To address the role of Aurora-A in skin development and homeostasis, we interbred a floxed Aurora-A (Aurora-Afl) mouse with the Cre-deleter strain, K14.Cre. Aurora-Afl/fl;Krt14.Cre (Aurora-A−/−) mice died shortly after birth. These mice had translucent skin, and histological evaluation showed that the dorsal skin was very thin and fragile with frank erosions. Although the expression of the basal layer marker keratin 14 and the differentiation marker keratin 1 was evident in Aurora-A−/− epidermis, there was a marked reduction in the number of suprabasal layers and basal keratinocytes. Dye exclusion assays also showed defects in barrier function. Unlike wild-type cells, Aurora-A−/− basal progenitors were delayed in forming two layers at embryonic day (E)13.5 when embryonic skin begins to stratify. Increased numbers of mitotic cells, apoptotic bodies, and polyploid keratinocytes were evident in Aurora-A−/− epidermis, indicating that a deficiency in Aurora-A promotes aberrant mitosis, mitotic slippage, and cell death. Finally, Aurora-A−/− keratinocytes displayed centrosomal abnormalities that included centrosomes located at nonapical sites in basal cells. Thus, the deletion of Aurora-A in the developing epidermis alters centrosome function of basal keratinocytes and markedly impairs their ability to divide and stratify.
Dysadherin expression promotes the motility and survival of human breast cancer cells by AKT activation

High dysadherin expression has been recognized as a biological predictor of metastasis and poor prognosis for many different cancer types; however, the molecular mechanisms of how dysadherin affects cancer progression are still poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether AKT signaling could link dysadherin expression with downstream events that promote the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of breast cancer tissues showed that dysadherin expression was highly associated with elevated expression of phospho-AKT. The introduction of dysadherin cDNA into BT-474, MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cell lines enhanced their levels of AKT phosphorylation, while knockdown of dysadherin in MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T breast cancer cell lines suppressed AKT phosphorylation. Treatment with the AKT inhibitor triciribine suppressed dysadherin-mediated pro-metastatic effects, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell motility and drug resistance. These findings suggest that dysadherin might contribute to breast cancer progression through AKT activation. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1280–1289)
Hydrodynamic resistance and diffusion coefficients of a freely hinged rod

The seven-dimensional hydrodynamic resistance and diffusion tensors are evaluated for a rod which is freely hinged at its center and immersed in a viscous fluid. The hydrodynamic resistance tensor is first determined at the hinge, then transformed to other points and inverted to obtain the diffusion tensor. Hydrodynamic interactions between rod halves are neglected, which is asymptotically correct for long rods. In the long-rod limit, the diffusion coefficient characterizing translations over macroscopic distances is decreased by 3–6% from that for a rigid straight rod of same total length, while the average end-over-end rotational diffusion coefficient for each rod half is increased 4.67 times.
Defining and measuring harmony control.

Abstract This study proposes a new control construct, harmony control (HC), inspired by a reanalysis of Rothbaum, Weisz, and Snyder's (1982) primary and secondary control constructs. Traditional primary control, and its supporting construct secondary control, affirm the Western cultural emphasis on an agentic self that separates positively from others. Harmony control reflects an interdependent self-concept. In HC, people are flexible and adjusting, and they recognize the agency that resides in spiritual and social forces. Guided by culturally informed views of the interdependent self and previously defined categories of secondary control, the present research develops an individual difference measure of HC framed independently of traditional primary and secondary control. Results from over 2300 community and student participants show that the scale meets traditional psychometric standards for reliability and predictive validity. As predicted, HC correlates with interdependence and collectivism and is orthogonal to two measures of traditional primary control. HC is uncorrelated with self-esteem, suggesting that harmony control may not engage self-efficacy because the social context is more in focus than the self. Women and Hispanics, two groups for whom role requirements and cultural background emphasize interdependence and harmony, score higher than men and Anglos, respectively. In a laboratory study, people higher in HC were more likely to transfer decision power to another person or to chance.
Data-oblivious graph algorithms for secure computation and outsourcing

This work treats the problem of designing data-oblivious algorithms for classical and widely used graph problems. A data-oblivious algorithm is defined as having the same sequence of operations regardless of the input data and data-independent memory accesses. Such algorithms are suitable for secure processing in outsourced and similar environments, which serves as the main motivation for this work. We provide data-oblivious algorithms for breadth-first search, single-source single-destination shortest path, minimum spanning tree, and maximum flow, the asymptotic complexities of which are optimal, or close to optimal, for dense graphs.
Variable ultraviolet emission in SY Muscae

The results of continued IUE monitoring of the symbiotic variable SY Muscae, following an earlier report of a radical enhancement in UV emission from the star, are reported. Over the course of one year, the prominent emission lines of N V, O V, C IV, and He II appear to be gradually decreasing in absolute intensity. This appears to coincide with a steady decline in electron density in the emission line forming region. The data are consistent with a sudden ejection event in which material expelled from the surface of a hot subdwarf has exposed the underlying UV continuum of the star. A number of strong emission lines that are photoexcited by the intense radiation field of the secondary also exhibit broad pedestal emission that suggests turbulent velocities of about 150-300 km/s in an expanding shell or possibly in an accretion disk.
L-theory and dihedral homology II

Abstract Let k be a commutative ring with identity, and let A be a k -algebra with involution. I construct Stiefel-Whitney character maps SW p ∗ from hermitian L -theory to reduced positive dihedral homology +1 HD ∗+ p ( A ). If 1 2 ϵ k , then this extends the Chern character ch′ q n defined in my paper “ L -theory and dihedral homology”: SW p ∗ =0 if p is odd, and SW P ∗ =ch′ q ∗ if p =2 q I also construct Chern characters from L -theory with mod 2 coefficients L ∗ ( A , Z /2) to reduced negative dihedral homology –1 HD ∗+2 p ( A ); these vanish when 1 2 ϵ k .
A Reflection Model for Eclipsing Binary Stars

A highly accurate reflection model has been developed which emphasizes efficiency of computer calculation. It is assumed that the heating of the irradiated star must depend upon the following properties of the irradiating star: (1) effective temperature; (2) apparent area as seen from a point on the surface of the irradiated star; (3) limb darkening; and (4) zenith distance of the apparent centre as seen from a point on the surface of the irradiated star. The algorithm eliminates the need to integrate over the irradiating star while providing a highly accurate representation of the integrated bolometric flux, even for gravitationally distorted stars.
Averaging: An empirical validity criterion for magnitude estimation

Ss judged grayness of neutral value Munsell chips under two response conditions: magnitude estimation and graphic rating. In addition, they judged average grayness of pairs of chips under the same two response modes. The averaging data were evaluated in terms of a simple model for subjective averaging. The graphic rating data fitted the model, but the magnitude estimates showed consistent discrepancy. It was concluded that the Ss were averaging, but that magnitude estimation distorted their judgments.
Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Placement of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes and Anchoring During Simulated Movement: Part Two, Upper Extremity

Background and Objectives: Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) may provide analgesia for neuropathic pain syndromes in that nerve distribution. PNS electrode placement using ultrasound (US) guidance for upper extremity pain syndromes has not been reported. Existing anchoring technology may allow permanent implantation without significant migration. Methods: Three cadaver midhumeral fresh frozen upper extremity specimens were studied. US scanning was performed, targeting electrode placement at the radial, ulnar, and median nerves. Leads were anchored in the superficial fascia. The targeted nerves were exposed by careful dissection. Visual inspection for gross nerve damage, and electrode proximity to the nerve was performed. After confirmation of adequate lead placement, 2 extremities were sutured and placed in a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine for 21 hours to simulate activity. Each electrode was assessed for migration. Results: Acceptable locations for US-guided electrode placement were: radial nerve approximately 10-14 cm superior to the lateral epicondyle; median nerve approximately 6 cm below the antecubital fossa; and ulnar nerve approximately 9 to 13 cm above the medial epicondyle. One electrode was placed at each site without difficulty. After careful exposure, visual inspection showed no gross nerve damage. Each electrode had at least 2 electrical contacts within 2 mm of the nerve sheath. At CPM termination, only the median nerve electrode on 1 cadaver extremity had migrated significantly. Conclusions: This new minimally invasive approach to lead placement requires further study to determine implantation criteria, optimal locations, anchoring techniques, and electrode design to define best clinical practice.
Embryonic acetylcholine receptors guarantee spontaneous contractions in rat developing muscle.

Many proteins are expressed in distinct embryonic and adult forms1,2. However, in most cases we do not know why the embryonic form of proteins is required. This question can be readily addressed for the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) because developmentally specified modifications of this ligand-gated ion channel can be directly related to changes in membrane currents. In developing rat soleus muscle, spontaneous transmitter release causes miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.cs) to flow into the muscle cell. We show here that these m.e.p.cs in neonatal soleus trigger spontaneous contractions. By injecting m.e.p.cs into young fibres, we showed that only embryonic m.e.p.cs can trigger such contractions; adult m.e.p.cs do not last long enough. Developing muscle fibres must be active for synapse and muscle differentiation. Our experiments indicate that the embryonic form of the AChR is essential for spontaneous contractile activity and may therefore be required for normal neuromuscular development.