cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Journals for electrical engineers

The article in the March 1938 issue of Electrical Engineering by Charles F. Dalziel concerning “Journals for electrical engineers” indicates that the task of keeping fully abreast of the advances which are reported in the literature of electrical engineering is a large one. It has occurred to me that Mr. Dalziel's article could serve as a starting point for some simplification of the task.
Qualitative properties of adjoint Kronecker product boundary value problems

This paper develops adjoint Kronecker product boundary value problem in parametric forms and studies the properties of Green's matrix relative to the adjoint boundary value problem. We develop the variation of parameter formula for Kronecker product system associated with Kronecker product control and study the controllability of the Kronecker product system.
2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous estrogen metabolite, sensitizes radioresistant MCF-7/FIR breast cancer cells through multiple mechanisms.

Purpose The requirement for a well-tolerated and highly effective radiosensitizer that preferentially sensitizes tumor cells at multiple levels of radioresistance remains largely unmet. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) has polypharmacological profiles that target multiple signaling pathways involved in the development of radioresistance. In the current study, we investigated the radiosensitizing effect of 2ME on the radioresistant breast cancer MCF-7/FIR cell line and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Materials The radiosensitizing effect of 2ME was evaluated on the basis of cell death and clonogenic survival. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were assessed by flow cytometry. Radiation-induced DNA damage was evaluated on the basis of histone γ-H2AX phosphorylation and foci formation. Immunoblotting was used to assess the effects of γ radiation and/or 2ME on radioresistance pathways. Results Our data demonstrate that MCF-7/FIR cells expressed higher levels of Bcl-2 and HIF-1α and displayed a lower ROS phenotype than the parental MCF-7 cells. Treatment of parental MCF-7 cells with 2ME (0.5 μM) had minimal effect on γ radiation-induced cell proliferation and surviving fractions. On the contrary, in MCF-7/FIR cells, treatment with 2ME significantly enhanced γ radiation-induced reduction in cell proliferation and surviving fraction. This combination was effective in activating apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle at the G 2 /M phase, and increasing the level of γ radiation-induced ROS and the number of γ-H2AX foci. In addition, 2ME significantly ameliorated γ radiation-induced expression of the HIF-1α transcription factor and its downstream targets AKT/mTOR. Conclusion 2ME preferentially sensitizes radioresistant MCF-7/FIR cells to γ radiation by targeting multiple signaling pathways involved in the development of radioresistance. This polypharmacological profile qualifies 2ME as a promising radiosensitizer in the treatment of radioresistant breast cancer cells and warrants systematic preclinical and clinical studies.
COMMUTATORS OF SINGULAR INTEGRAL OPERATORS.

where x, y are points in n-dimensional Euclidean space R" and k(x) is a homogeneous function of degree -n with mean value zero on xl = 1, and let B(f) = b(x)f(x). It is well known (see ref. 1) that if k anid b are sufficiently smooth and b is bounded, then (AB BA)(0/0ax) and (0/ax) (AB BA) are bounded operators in Lp, I<p< c. The purpose of the present note is to extend and strengthen the preceding result and establish some related facts of independent interest. These are stated in Theorems 2 and 3 below.
Mitochondrial P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism by TCDD-induced hepatic CYP1A5; conversion of EETs to DHETs by mitochondrial soluble epoxide hydrolase.

Several P450 enzymes localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and thought to be involved primarily in xenobiotic metabolism, including mouse and rat CYP1A1 and mouse CYP1A2, have also been found to translocate to mitochondria. We report here that the environmental toxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces enzymatically active CYP1A4/1A5, the avian orthologs of mammalian CYP1A1/1A2, in chick embryo liver mitochondria as well as in microsomes. P450 proteins and activity levels (CYP1A4-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and CYP1A5-dependent arachidonic acid epoxygenation) in mitochondria were 23–40% of those in microsomes. DHET formation by mitochondria was twice that of microsomes and was attributable to a mitochondrial soluble epoxide hydrolase as confirmed by Western blotting with antiEPHX2, conversion by mitochondria of pure 11,12 and 14,15-EET to the corresponding DHETs and inhibition of DHET formation by the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 12(-3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA). TCDD also suppressed formation of mitochondrial and microsomal 20-HETE. The findings newly identify mitochondria as a site of P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism and as a potential target for TCDD effects. They also demonstrate that mitochondria contain soluble epoxide hydrolase and underscore a role for CYP1A in endobiotic metabolism.
Real-time Quantitative Phase Imaging

Using new advances in quantitative phase imaging and parallel computing, we demonstrate a real-time blood testing system that can provide remote diagnosis with minimal human intervention in economically challenging areas.
Determinants of adoption for organisational innovations approaching saturation

A large‐scale random sample is used to empirically examine the relationships between adoption of computer‐aided design (CAD) and five organisational characteristics that are likely to affect the probability of a firm adopting an information technology. The organisational characteristics tested are bureaucratic control, internal communication, external communication, organisational innovation, and the firm’s size. Results indicate that bureaucratic control, internal communication, and external communication do affect the likelihood of a firm adopting CAD but organisational innovation and organisational size do not. These results suggest there are differences and similarities between the organisational influences associated with classic adoption models developed with emerging technologies and the organisational influences associated with CAD adoption and possibly other mature information technologies.
A multimedia HyperCard stack for the computerized investigation of chromesthetic associations

Most researchers investigating the perceptual similarities between visual and auditory stimuli have used different presentation methods for the two stimulus modalities. In contrast, a HyperCard stack has been developed which provides an integrated, fully computerized method for examining the chromesthetic associations of auditory stimuli (both pure tones and musical excerpts) and visual stim­ uli (48 colored rectangles). Advantages of the stack include control over the presentation of stimuli, control for order effects, a user-friendly interface, limited opportunities for demand characteristics or procedural errors, and simplified data compilation. The multimedia capabilities of HyperCard make it an excellent platform for cross-modal research. Researchers investigating the perceptual similarities between visual and auditory stimuli have focused on two areas: assessment of the possible equivalence of vision and audition for understanding graphs and numeric dis­ tributions, and measurement of chromesthetic responses to pure tones and musical passages. In most of these studies, different presentation methods have been used for the two stimulus modalities. In the area of graphs and distributions, Flowers and Hauer (1992, 1993, 1995) performed several studies to compare the perceptual structure of visual and auditory representations ofstatistical distributions and time series functions. The stimuli in these studies were data points depicted by graphs printed on cards or by changes in fre­ quency of computer-generated tones. In a related study, Turnage, Bonebright, Buhman, and Flowers (1996) used overhead transparencies to present the visual versions of waveforms, whereas the tones representing the wave­ forms were presented by a computer. In examinations of chromesthetic associations, re­ searchers have also tended to use separate presentation formats. Subjects in Marks's (1974) experiment listened to pure tones generated by an oscillator and made a se­ lection from a set of cards that varied in brightness from black to white. Block (1983) presented subjects with tones played on a pipe organ and asked them to select a corresponding hue from a color wheel. Polzella and his colleagues played recordings of classical pieces and sim­ ply asked subjects which primary hue was most vividly evoked by the music without presenting any visual stim
Population genetics of the mangrove salt marsh snake, Nerodia clarkii compressicauda, in a linear, fragmented habitat

The mangrove salt marsh snake (Nerodia clarkii compressicauda) occupies a unique and disappearing habitat in much of coastal southern Florida. Given extensive habitat fragmentation and high predation pressure in open spaces, it seems likely that populations of N. c. compressicauda consist of isolated groups of related individuals. To assess the degree of population subdivision in this species we genotyped a total of 125 individuals from seven locations along the Florida coast at four microsatellite loci. Overall heterozygosity was moderate (57.7%) and somewhat lower than that seen in other snake species. Population subdivision was particularly pronounced with 19 of 21 sample pair-wise ΦST values significantly different from zero and ranging from 0.064 to 0.343 (P ≤ 0.05). About 11 of 39 alleles were private alleles that also tended to be in high frequency in the populations where they occurred (average frequency ~27%). The correlation of genetic and geographic distances was highly significant and positive (r 2 = 0.8733 and P < 0.001) with ΦST increasing by ~0.01 for every 10 km of separation. Overall, salt marsh snake populations appear to be fractured into isolated neighborhoods on the order of 50–80 km. In spite of its apparent local abundance, we believe that N. c. compressicauda is in need of conservation protection. The combination of extremely low dispersal, narrow habitat requirements, and most importantly, extensive habitat alteration resulting from coastal real estate development may mean that N. c. compressicauda is highly susceptible to population extirpation and potentially extinction.
To coin a phrase

A few cool days in London in the summer of 1929 are supposed to have given Alexander Fleming the chance to notice penicillin; the former Department of Health and Social Security named its headquarters after him. It stands beside the roundabout named Elephant & Castle after …
Increments in plasma homovanillic acid concentrations after neuroleptic discontinuation are associated with worsening of schizophrenic symptoms.

Abstract Khan, Rene s., Farooq Amin, Peter Powchik, Peter Knott, Marvin Goldstein, Seth Apter, Ben Kerman, Stacey Jaff and Michael Davidson: Increments in Plasma Homovanillic Acid Concentrations after Neuroleptic Discontinuation are Associated with Worsening of Schizophrenic Symptoms. Prog. NeuroPsychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1990, 14 : 879–884. 1. 1. Thirty-two male schizophrenic patients participated in this study. 2. 2. Plasma concentrations of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (pHVA) were assessed once on neuroleptic medication and twice a week for a maximum of six weeks after its discontinuation. 3. 3. Psychiatric symptomatology was assessed once on neuroleptic medication and once a week for a maximum of six weeks after its discontinuation, using the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). 4. 4. pHVA and total BPRS score increased significantly after discontinuation of neuroleptic as compared to baseline. 5. 5. The magnitude of pHVA and BPRS increments after discontinuation of neuroleptic correlated significantly. 6. 6. Results of this study suggest that worsening of schizophrenic symptoms after discontinuation of neuroleptic treatment is associated with increased pHVA concentrations.
Threshold voltage-assisted reduction of molecules in hybrid silicon/molecular memory devices

New observations showing V/sub T/-assisted reduction of redox-active molecules in hybrid silicon/molecular memory devices are reported in this paper. These devices were fabricated by incorporating functionalized ferrocene molecules on varying thickness of SiO/sub 2/ on p-Si substrates. The reduction (erase) process was found to occur at two voltages - (i) at the reduction voltage of the molecules, and (ii) at the threshold voltage (V/sub T/) of the capacitor. The former depends on the electron-tunneling rate from Si to the molecules through SiO/sub 2/, while the latter is due to the formation of an inversion layer. Increased retention times were observed for devices with thick SiO/sub 2/ due to limited reduction via step (i). This behavior can be utilized to tune the write, erase and retention properties of these hybrid memory devices.
Costly attentions: Governing the media multitasker

While divided media attention predates our era, ‘multitasking’ arose only recently as a named behaviour within cultural consciousness. The growth in media multitasking – especially among adolescents and white-collar workers – runs parallel to intensified efforts by scientists, popular critics, and self-help gurus to dictate techniques of efficient media use. Drawing from Michel Foucault's writings on governmentality and lectures on neoliberalism, this paper investigates these attempts to govern multitasking habits as central to work and play in late capitalist society. Specifically, I examine how multitasking acts as self-work under neoliberalism, as more individuals draw from market logic to rationalize themselves as social beings. My goal is to alert scholars within media and cultural studies – who habitually theorize media attention as undivided – to the emergence and importance of ‘multitasking’ in understanding contemporary mediated subjectivity.
Independent component analysis approach to image sharpening in the presence of atmospheric turbulence

An independent component analysis (ICA) approach to image sharpening is presented for incoherent imaging through weak atmospheric turbulence. Taking account of the turbulence model a novel data representation scheme is used for the ICA algorithm wherein each selected image frame is treated as a sensor. The proposed concept enables one diffraction limited object image and several images that correspond to atmospheric turbulence patterns to be extracted as separate physical sources. By using an image sharpening metric based on the Laplacian operator, it is shown that the ICA algorithm when applied to experimental data with known ground truth gives better results than obtained by the frame averaging method.
A Simulation Study of a New Green BitTorrent

The use of P2P technologies, such as BitTorrent, to distribute legal content to consumers is actively being explored as a means of reducing both file download times and the energy consumption of data centers. This approach pushes the energy use out of the data centers and into the homes of content consumers (who are also then content distributors). The current BitTorrent protocol requires that clients must be fully powered- on to be participating members in a swarm. In this paper, we show that simple changes to the BitTorrent protocol, including long-lived knowledge of sleeping peers and a new wake-up semantic, can enable clients to sleep when not actively downloading or uploading yet still be responsive swarm members. Using ns-2 we simulate a green BitTorrent swarm. We show that significant energy savings are achievable with only a small performance penalty in increased file download time.
HURRICANE DAMAGE INFLUENCES FOLIAR POLYPHENOLICS AND SUBSEQUENT HERBIVORY ON SURVIVING TREES

Hurricane damage results in tree mortality and variation in both light and nutrient availability for the individuals that remain. In turn, resource availability influences the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. We report effects of Hurricane Opal on the phenolic chemistry and levels of defoliation on surviving trees at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in North Carolina. We measured foliar astringency, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins in the foliage of red maple and red oak saplings in hurricane- damaged and undamaged sites. We estimated inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus availability in the soil, and the accumulated leaf area removed by insect herbivores. The foliar astrin- gency of both red maple and red oak was higher in sites damaged by the hurricane. Later in the growing season, condensed tannin levels were significantly higher in the foliage of red oak in damaged sites. There were no consistent differences in ammonium, nitrate, or phosphate availability between damaged and undamaged sites. Despite higher foliar as- tringency of trees in sites damaged by Hurricane Opal, levels of defoliation by insect herbivores were higher in damaged than in control sites on both tree species. Apparent increases in putative defensive compounds following hurricane damage did not protect trees from herbivory.
Comparison of the efficacy and cost effectiveness of pre-emptive therapy as directed by CMV antigenemia and prophylaxis with ganciclovir in lung transplant recipients.

Abstract Background: CMV disease remains a major complication of lung transplantation and attempts to prevent it have met with marginal success. In a previous study we documented that universal prophylaxis did not prevent CMV disease but merely delayed it, and was very costly. Methods We compared the efficacy and cost of pre-emptive therapy with ganciclovir, guided by CMV antigenemia, to that of historic controls that received universal prophylaxis with ganciclovir. CMV antigenemia assay was done routinely and pre-emptive therapy was initiated if greater than 25 CMV positive cells per 100,000 polymorphonuclear cells were found. Results Nineteen patients were enrolled; 6 of whom received 12 courses of pre-emptive therapy. The incidence of CMV disease was 26% compared to 38% for the historical controls ( p = 0.51). None of the patients that received pre-emptive therapy developed CMV disease following that therapy. Antigenemia failed to predict disease in 5 patients that developed it, and thus it is unknown if pre-emptive therapy could have prevented it. There was no mortality in either the study patients or historic controls directly related to CMV. The net savings with pre-emptive therapy was $2569 per patient. Conclusion We conclude that pre-emptive therapy with ganciclovir is as safe and effective as universal prophylaxis in preventing CMV disease in lung transplant recipients, and is less expensive. The appropriate surveillance technique and timing remain to be determine to optimize the efficacy of pre-emptive therapy.
Cluster Validity for the Fuzzy c-Means Clustering Algorithrm

The uniform data function is a function which assigns to the output of the fuzzy c-means (Fc-M) or fuzzy isodata algorithm a number which measures the quality or validity of the clustering produced by the algorithm. For the preselected number of cluster c, the Fc-M algorithm produces c vectors in the space in which the data lie, called cluster centers, which represent points about which the data are concentrated. It also produces for each data point c-membership values, numbers between zero and one which measure the similarity of the data points to each of the cluster centers. It is these membership values which indicate how the point is classified. They also indicate how well the point has been classified, in that values close to one indicate that the point is close to a particular center, but uniformly low memberships indicate that the point has not been classified clearly. The uniform data functional (UDF) combines the memberships in such a way as to indicate how well the data have been classified and is computed as follows. For each data point compute the ratio of its smallest membership to its largest and then compute the probability that one could obtain a smaller ratio (indicating better classification) from a clustering of a standard data set in which there is no cluster structure. These probabilities are then averaged over the data set to obtain the values of the UDF.
A new mechanism for increasing tear strength and cut-growth resistance of elastomers

A new mechanism is presented for increasing the tear strength of noncrystallizing elastomers over a broad temperature range. It is shown that the incorporation, into elastomers, of a plastic filler with the proper yield strength can substantially increase tear strength by decreasing the excess stress that develops at the tip of a sharp cut in an elastomer strip under tension. To be effective at low aspect (length/diameter) ratio, the yield strength of the plastic must be of the same order of magnitude as the tensile strength of the elastomer to which it is added. The analysis is strictly valid only for very small deformations, where crack-tip blunting can be ignored, and for an applied stress sufficiently low that the plasticyielding zone is very small relative to the crack length. It provides a useful model, at least, for the development of a new mechanism for increasing the tear strength of fluoroelastomers at sufficiently high temperatures, which is of significant practical importance. Examples of the use of a new fluoroplastic micropowder to provide over a fourfold increase in tear strength of several fluoroelastomers at high temperatures are given. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WD40 Repeats Arrange Histone Tails for Spreading of Silencing

Direct binding of WD40 repeat of Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) in the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) to the histone H3 tail regulates the H3K27 methyltrasnferase activity of PRC2. The binding activity is required for the methylation of H3K27 over long distance of a Drosophila chromosome from the UBX (Hox gene) promoter to the PBX upstream enhancer region, implying EED initiates propagation of this repressive mark.
Photodetection of Low-Level Radiation through the Turbulent Atmosphere*

Photoelectron-counting distributions are obtained for stochastic light that is caused to scintillate by passage through a random medium. The result is applied specifically to transmission of amplitude-stabilized radiation, with and without independent additive background, and of chaotic radiation, through the turbulent atmosphere. The counting distribution is found to broaden markedly and its peak occurs at decreasing count numbers for increasing turbulence. The cases studied here are of particular interest for low-level direct optical communications and radar using single-mode lasers, multimode lasers, thermal sources, and scattering targets. The results are obtained by extending the usual formulation of photoelectron counting; a product of two random variables, the source intensity and the effect of the turbulent medium, rather than the usual single stochastic irradiance, is considered. Plots of the counting distributions for various degrees of turbulence and for several signal-to-noise ratios are presented. A possible explanation is given for the observed decrease of the log-amplitude variance to values below the saturation value in long path length and high turbulence experiments.
A revision of Myriocladus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)

Myriocladus is a woody bamboo genus of 13 species endemic to the summits and slopes of tepuis in southern Venezuela and adjacent Brazil and Guyana. This revision presents a key to the species, taxonomy (nine species are newly placed in synonymy), descriptions, and distribution maps for all species.
Sufficiency conditions for constrained extrema

Sufficiency conditions for equality constrained extrema are formulated in terms of a transformed set of coordinates by means of a generalized inverse of the constraint Jacobian matrix. This procedure produces a computationally simple and efficient method for testing sufficiency of a previously established stationary point. Computation of Lagrange multipliers is also facilitated by the method.
A Design Methodology for a Low-Power, Temperature-Aware SoC Developed for Medical Image Processors

Power and thermal considerations are becoming limiting factors for SoC designs as technology scales down. In this paper, a design methodology targeting a low-power and temperature-aware system is proposed. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques are included. In order to demonstrate its effectiveness, we present an ongoing SoC design project of an ultrasound medical image processor incorporating a computationally intensive image enhancement algorithm. In particular, we show how DVS and DTM are adopted. A novel adaptive body-bias circuit that mitigates thermal sensitivity of circuits is also introduced.
Identifying and misidentifying the brown recluse spider.

The brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, is often implicated as a cause of necrotic skin lesions.[1-3] Diagnoses are most commonly made by clinical appearance and infrequently is a spider seen, captured or identified at the time of the bite.[1, 2, 4-6] The brown recluse lives in a circumscribed area of the U.S. (the south central Midwest) with a few less common recluse species living in the more sparsely-populated southwest U.S.[7] In these areas, where spider populations may be dense, recluse spiders may be a cause of significant morbidity. However, outside the natural range of these recluse species, the conviction that they are the etiological agents behind necrotic lesions of unknown origin is widespread, and most often erroneous. In some states such as California, unsubstantiated reports concerning recluse spider bites have taken on the status of "urban legend" leading to overdiagnosis and, therefore, inappropriate treatment. Language: en
Revisiting the Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Diabetes: Data From a Large Population-Based Study

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of diabetes in a large population-level dataset.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based survey (n = 403,137) conducted in the United States.ResultsThe majority of the respondents were middle-aged and overweight. Approximately half of the sample reported little or no physical activity. Estimates from a logistic regression model for a weighted sample of white, black, and Hispanic adults revealed that having hypertension or elevated cholesterol was a strong predictor of diabetes even when controlling for age, gender, race, education, income, body mass index, smoking status, and physical activity.ConclusionsThe results confirmed the importance of diabetes educators counseling patients with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia about their increased risk for developing diabetes.
Improvement of gait patterns in step-trained, complete spinal cord-transected rats treated with a peripheral nerve graft and acidic fibroblast growth factor

Abstract The effects of peripheral nerve grafts (PNG) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (αFGF) combined with step training on the locomotor performance of complete spinal cord-transected (ST, T8) adult rats were studied. Rats were assigned randomly to five groups (N = 10 per group): sham control (laminectomy only), ST only, ST–step-trained, repaired (ST with PNG and αFGF treatment), or repaired–step-trained. Step-trained rats were stepped bipedally on a treadmill 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 months. Bipolar intramuscular EMG electrodes were implanted in the soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of ST–step-trained (n = 3) and repaired–step-trained (n = 2) rats. Gait analysis was conducted at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Stepping analysis was completed on the best continuous 10-s period of stepping performed in a 2-min trial. Significantly better stepping (number of steps, stance duration, swing duration, maximum step length, and maximum step height) was observed in the repaired and repaired–step-trained than in the ST and ST–step-trained rats. Mean EMG amplitudes in both the soleus and TA were significantly higher and the patterns of activation of flexors and extensors more reciprocal in the repaired–step-trained than ST–step-trained rats. 5-HT fibers were present in the lumbar area of repaired but not ST rats. Thus, PNG plus αFGF treatment resulted in a clear improvement in locomotor performance with or without step training. Furthermore, the number of 5-HT fibers observed below the lesion was related directly to stepping performance. These observations indicate that the improved stepping performance in Repaired rats may be due to newly formed supraspinal control via regeneration.
Weakly-Supervised Learning with Cost-Augmented Contrastive Estimation

We generalize contrastive estimation in two ways that permit adding more knowledge to unsupervised learning. The first allows the modeler to specify not only the set of corrupted inputs for each observation, but also how bad each one is. The second allows specifying structural preferences on the latent variable used to explain the observations. They require setting additional hyperparameters, which can be problematic in unsupervised learning, so we investigate new methods for unsupervised model selection and system combination. We instantiate these ideas for part-of-speech induction without tag dictionaries, improving over contrastive estimation as well as strong benchmarks from the PASCAL 2012 shared task.
3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Is a Possible Pharmacological Target in the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer usually responds to androgen deprivation therapy, although the response in metastatic disease is almost always transient and tumors eventually progress as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC continues to be driven by testosterone or dihydrotestosterone from intratumoral metabolism of 19-carbon adrenal steroids from circulation, and/or de novo intratumoral steroidogenesis. Both mechanisms require 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD) metabolism of Delta(5)-steroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Delta(5)-androstenediol (A5diol), to testosterone. In contrast, reports that DHEA and A5diol directly activate the androgen receptor (AR) suggest that 3betaHSD metabolism is not required and that 3betaHSD inhibitors would be ineffective in the treatment of CRPC. We hypothesized that activation of AR in prostate cancer by DHEA and A5diol requires their conversion via 3betaHSD to androstenedione and testosterone, respectively. Here, we show that DHEA and A5diol induce AR chromatin occupancy and AR-regulated genes. Furthermore, we show that Delta(5)-androgens undergo 3beta-dehydrogenation in prostate cancer and that induction of AR nuclear translocation, AR chromatin occupancy, transcription of PSA, TMPRSS2, and FKBP5, as well as cell proliferation by DHEA and A5diol, are all blocked by inhibitors of 3betaHSD. These findings demonstrate that DHEA and A5diol must be metabolized by 3betaHSD to activate AR in these models of CRPC. Furthermore, this work suggests that 3betaHSD may be exploited as a pharmacologic target in the treatment of CRPC.
The Culturally Diverse Nursing Student: A Review of the Literature

Purpose:The purpose of this article is to discuss the facilitators and barriers to the retention and graduation of the culturally diverse nursing student using the social ecological model (SEM).Design:Literature review.Method:A review of the literature was conducted and the SEM was used to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to the success of culturally diverse nursing students.Findings:The SEM is an appropriate means to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to the retention and success of the culturally diverse nursing student. Researchers link health disparities in marginalized populations with diversity of the health care workforce. Consequently, the SEM provides a multidimensional view of the problem of focus, while providing a guide for the development for sustainable solutions to address the issues. Additional research is necessary using a social determinant of health model such as the SEM to facilitate dialogue and change in current retention strategies.
One-Dimensional Systems

The general system of differential equations x’ = X (t, x) reduces considerably in complexity for n = 1, i.e., x ∈ ℝ. Then X is a (time-dependent) vector field on the line ℝ and the geometry of this space is as simple as possible. In this chapter we take advantage of this simplicity to look at additional techniques that are available in one dimension.
COPING WITH REJECTION OF AN ARTICLE

Useful articles have been written to aid behavioral scientists in publishing manuscripts (e.g., Maher, 1974; Roskies, 1975; Smith, Smith, Scheffers, & Steinman, 1971). A search of the literamre yielded no suggestions, however, for techniques to soothe authors whose works have been firmly and definitively rejected. Articles may be sent from one journal to another in hope of final acceptance, but, eventually, may generate such negative comments from editors and referees that all hope for publication is lost. Comments pathognomonic for rejection may be similar to rhe following: "In summarg, then, the research in this article was poorly conceived, sloppily executed, and atrociously written up. Further, as the topic is really too trivial to be of any general scientific interest, it deserves no place in an archival journal. Such articles as this lead me to question seriously the standards that certain universities employ in awarding the doctorate." Definitive rejection of an article can sadden an author. As Melton (1962) noted, after the research is finished and the final report is written and submitted it "is nothing short of mental cruelty to have an editor . . . recommend that it serve as a lesson in how to do a better job next time" (p. 557). The resultant mourniog reaction may be shortened, forrunately, through appropriate social interventions. For example, key traditional phrases which serve such ego-supportive roles in the football world include "It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game;" "We're building character this year;" and "Wait till next season!" Snowball sampling of a handful of behavioral researchers resulted in the compilation of the following 10 phrases of comfort The phrases may be either offered socially or the rejected client may be instructed to autovocalize them. 1. It was a learning experience. 2. The Association editors are just too conservative to recognize a truly original theoretical paper. 3. I can always read it at a state convention. 4. Maybe I can publish my own journal. 5. At least I submitted an article, which is more than most of my colleagues at the sandwich shop have done. 6. I always wanted to be a clinician rather than a researcher anyway. 7. Oh well, maybe I can work the results into my lectures before the next midterm. 8. Even Freud and Watson got rejected. 9. Nothing can detract from the joy of discovery-nothing, nothing, nothing! 10. Wait till next season!
Neue Dieselmotoren für Volkswagen-Nutzfahrzeuganwendungen

Nach der erfolgreichen Einfuhrung des 2,0-l-4V-TDI-Motors mit Common-Rail-Technik in zahlreichen Pkw-Anwendungen wird dessen Einsatzgebiet auch in den Bereich der Nutz- und Freizeit fahrzeuge erweitert. In der Transporter-Baureihe T5 kann mit diesem Basisaggregat das bisherige Vier- und Funfzylinderangebot vollstandig abgelost werden. Fur die Spitzenmotorisierungen kommt dabei eine vollig neu entwickelte, zweistufig geregelte Auf ladung zum Einsatz. Neben einer signifikanten Verbrauchs reduzierung bei gleichzeitiger Erfullung der strengen EU-5-Emissionsgrenzwerte wurde auf einen zugkraftorientierten Dreh moment verlauf besonderer Wert gelegt.
Abdominal obesity in the United States: prevalence and attributable risk of hypertension.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and its impact on the risks of hypertension in the US adult population. Design and methods: Data from the third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988–1994, were utilised. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women. Hypertension was defined as mean diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or current treatment with prescribed hypertension medication. Prevalences of abdominal obesity were estimated in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Americans. Gender-specific logistic regression analysis using empirical waist cut-off points was used to determine the risks of hypertension. The impact of abdominal adiposity on risk of hypertension was estimated from population-attributable risk adjusting for age, current smoking and alcohol intake. Results: The prevalences of abdominal obesity were 27.1%, 20.2% and 21.4% in White, Black and Hispanic men, respectively. The corresponding values in women were 43.2%, 56.0% and 55.4%. Abdominal obesity was found to be associated with a two to three-fold increased risk of hypertension in this population. In men, the attributable risk percent ranged from 20.9% in Hispanics to 27.3% in Whites and in women ranged from 36.5% in Whites to 56.5% in Hispanics. We estimated that 24 million adult men and 40 million adult women of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black and White ethnicity were suffering from abdominal obesity. Conclusions: In this population, hypertension appears to be associated with abdominal obesity. The estimates of population attributable risks suggest that the risk of hypertension could be potentially reduced if waist size were reduced to <102 cm in men and <88 cm in women.
Validation of on-wafer vector network analyzer systems

The case study described in this paper applies a known vector network analyzer comparison technique to an on-wafer measurement environment. The purpose is to investigate and expand upon this technique's applicability for use in validating an on-wafer VNA system of unknown accuracy by comparing it to an on-wafer VNA system of trusted accuracy. The technique involves taking calibrated S-Parameter measurements with each system over a set of validation devices and calculating the measurement differences between the two systems. These differences are then compared to the estimated repeatability uncertainty bounds of the two VNAs in order to validate or invalidate the unknown system's capabilities. Results and limitations of this procedure are discussed.
The relationship between alliance ruptures and hope for change through counseling: A mixed methods study

The negative impact of alliance ruptures on clients’ experiences within the therapeutic process is well documented. One such negative influence may include clients’ hope for counseling as a helpful process. This study used a mixed methods design to explore how alliance ruptures are related to hope for change through counseling. Quantitative data (N = 105) indicated that those who experienced ruptures reported lower levels of the components of hope for change through counseling, (a) pathways and agency, and (b) goal identification. More frequent ruptures and rupture repairs were significantly related to participants’ (n = 35) pathways and agency. Phenomenological analysis of qualitative participants’ (N = 5) experiences elicited 218 meaning units grouped into four themes: disengagement and mistrust in therapy, deepened distress, questioning one’s hope for and belief in therapy, and resilience for therapy. Qualitative and quantitative data indicate that alliance ruptures are related to lower degrees of hope...
Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters associated with pelvic area in Simmental cattle.

Field records (715) of pelvic measurements and growth characteristics were obtained from three herds of Simmental cattle in different areas of the country. Heritabilities for pelvic area, actual pelvic measures (horizontal and vertical measures), ratios of actual pelvic measures, birth weight, adjusted 205-d weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain, adjusted 365-d weight, weight/d of age and relative growth from weaning to 1 yr of age were computed. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among the various traits were estimated. The heritability of pelvic area was .53 +/- .14, indicating that it is a characteristic that should respond favourably to selection. Positive genetic correlations were found between pelvic area and the various growth characteristics, including birth weight (.73 +/- .25).
Technology – Considerations for the NICU of the Future

Abstract Modern neonatal intensive care arose from, and will forever depend upon, technology. There are increasing pressures to leverage new technologies to make care safer, more efficient and cost-effective. Changes in the delivery room will bring better monitoring and data display for the resuscitation team. Sensing and monitoring advances will be used in the NICU, measuring a wider range of physiologic parameters. Better integration of technologies with the EMR will be the basis for decision support and predictive analytics. Communication will be improved between the EMR, NICU staff and parents of newborns. Advances in conventional, CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging of neonates will aid in our diagnostic efforts. Ventilators are getting smarter, with wider ranges of support options and monitoring, in parallel with improvements in non-invasive respiratory support. New technologies can be used to evaluate and support neurodevelopment and to optimize nutrition. Laboratory testing can be done more rapidly, with smaller sample size and reduced costs, bringing more testing to the bedside. All these new technologies should optimize the NICU physical environment, improving the experience for patients, their families and hospital staff.
Should Only Patients Who Are Medically Optimized Receive a Liver Transplant

A 42-year-old with alcohol-induced end-stage liver disease has been listed by United Network Organ Sharing (UNOS) for a liver transplant. His end-stage liver disease resulting in severe cirrhosis is a threat to his life while he is on the waiting list. In short, he is likely to die waiting. His Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is 35.
Cholinergic Signals from the CNS Regulate G-CSF-Mediated HSC Mobilization from Bone Marrow via a Glucocorticoid Signaling Relay

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are mobilized from niches in the bone marrow (BM) to the blood circulation by the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) through complex mechanisms. Among these, signals from the sympathetic nervous system regulate HSC egress via its niche, but how the brain communicates with the BM remains largely unknown. Here we show that muscarinic receptor type-1 (Chrm1) signaling in the hypothalamus promotes G-CSF-elicited HSC mobilization via hormonal priming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Blockade of Chrm1 in the CNS, but not the periphery, reduces HSC mobilization. Mobilization is impaired in Chrm1-∕- mice and rescued by parabiosis with wild-type mice, suggesting a relay by a blood-borne factor. We have identified the glucocorticoid (GC) hormones as critical for optimal mobilization. Physiological levels of corticosterone promote HSC migration via the GC receptor Nr3c1-dependent signaling and upregulation of actin-organizing molecules. These results uncover long-range regulation of HSC migration emerging from the brain.
Netrins & Semaphorins: Novel regulators of the immune response

Abstract Netrins and semaphorins, members of the neuronal guidance cue family, exhibit a rich biology with significant roles that extend beyond chemotactic guidance of the axons to build the neuronal patterns of the body. Screening of adult tissues and specific cellular subsets have illuminated that these proteins are also abundantly expressed under both steady state and pathological scenarios. This observation suggests that, in addition to their role in the development of the axonal tree, these proteins possess additional novel functions in adult physiopathology. Notably, a series of striking evidence has emerged in the literature describing their roles as potent regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity, providing extra dimension to our knowledge of neuronal guidance cues. In this review, we summarize the key complex roles of netrins and semaphorins outside the central nervous system (CNS) with focus on their immunomodulatory functions that impact pathophysiological conditions.
Creating critical objectives and assessments using a critical communication pedagogical framework

ABSTRACTCourses: Instructional Communication, Graduate Teaching Assistant Training ProgramsObjectives: Students will (1) understand critical communication pedagogy (CCP); (2) evaluate traditional and critical objectives and assessment procedures; and (3) create critical objectives and assessment procedures.
The Behavioral Effects of Forensics Participation

(1974). The Behavioral Effects of Forensics Participation. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 140-146.
Office-based sialendoscopy

Key Points 1. Diagnostic office-based sialendoscopy is an option for cooperative adult patients with obstructive salivary symptoms of unknown etiology. 2. General anesthesia may be necessary for uncooperative patients, difficult anatomy, extensive disease, and/or need for invasive therapeutic intervention.
Radial head and neck fracture

Radial head fracture could present as an isolated injury or be part of a combined fracture injury involving the other structures of the elbow joint. The combination of radial head fracture, medial collateral ligament injury and coronoid process fracture comprised the so called ‘terrible triad’ of the elbow. Usually operative intervention aiming at restoration of movement and joint stability is indicated if the fracture comprises more than 33% of the articular surface, is angulated more than 30°, or is displaced more than 3 mm. In this chapter the issues surrounding the surgical management of radial head fracture are discussed.
Point-of-care lung ultrasonography for pneumonia in children: does size really matter?

Lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pneumonia has been around since as early as 1970,1 although it is only in recent years with the growing interest in point-of-care ultrasound that more studies have been published with regard to its use in children. Even though pneumonia is one of the most common and potentially serious illnesses that affects children throughout the world, studies of pneumonia are often difficult to interpret in context with each other because of the variability in definitions used, as well as the lack of an easy gold standard. Many organisations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and British Thoracic Society, define pneumonia solely based on clinical findings, which can largely over-represent true cases of pneumonia (eg, children with bronchiolitis or viral-induced wheezing will often meet the case definition of pneumonia). Attempts to refine the definition of pneumonia by adding radiographic criteria (eg, parenchymal infiltrates on chest radiography) to the clinical criteria are also problematic given the variable test characteristics of chest radiography for pneumonia,2 variabilities in interpretation even among radiologists,3 problems with ionising radiation exposure and cost, and given that many clinical guidelines do not require the use of chest radiography for the management of suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Further complicating this issue is the fact that the causative pathogen of …