cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptors for Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Corpus Luteum of the Rhesus Monkey during Simulated Early Pregnancy: Lack of Down-Regulation*

Stimulation of the primate corpus luteum (CL) by endogenous CG in early pregnancy or by exogenous hCG in simulated early pregnancy is transient, possibly due to a drop in the number of available gonadotropin receptors in the CL. The objective of the current study was to determine if this reduction in available CG receptors in the CL is due to down-regulation of the total receptor population or occupation of receptors by CG. CL were removed from rhesus monkeys (n = 27) during prolonged CG exposure in simulated early pregnancy. Luteal tissue was homogenized, and a particulate preparation (20,000 g) was formed. Bound gonadotropin was eluted from half of each tissue preparation with 0.05 m Na acetate-HCl in 0.1% gelatin (pH 3.3); the other half was treated with control buffer (0.05 m Tris-HCl, pH7.4). The hCG in the eluate was quantified by RIA and used to estimate the number of occupied receptors. Numbers and affinities of receptors were estimated by Scatchard analyses of specific [125I]hCG binding. Serum co...
Linearized theory for unsteady transonic flow

It is a well-known fact to anyone concerned with the prediction and prevention of flutter and other aerodynamically induced instabilities that the transonic speed range more often than nob turns out to be the most critical one. In order to achieve an efficient, dynamically stable design one therefore needs to know oscillatory transonic air forces with good accuracy. Another more basic reason for studying unsteady transonic flow is to gain improved physical understanding of transonic flow in general. For example, a problem of fundamental importance in transonic flow is to study whether particular steady flow patterns are stable to small unsteady disturbances. The present paper will be mainly concerned with methods for predicting oscillatory forces. However, other more general unsteady transonic flows will also be considered briefly.
A Generalized Momentum Framework for Looking at Baroclinic Circulations

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of potential momentum, which is a nonlocal measure of the thermal structure that has momentum units. Physically, it may be interpreted as the zonal momentum that the flow would realize through an adiabatic redistribution of mass that made the isentropic thickness uniform poleward of a reference latitude. At the surface, a poleward temperature gradient is equivalent to an easterly reservoir of potential momentum. Potential momentum gives a global picture of the thermal field that also takes into account the meridional structure. When the mean flow is redefined in terms of the total momentum (the standard zonal momentum plus this newly defined potential momentum), the mean-flow response to the eddy forcing can be formulated locally. This allows one to relate in equilibrium the eddy absorption and the restoration of the mean flow. Using the concept of potential momentum, vertical propagation can be related to thermal forcing by means of an equation analogous to the ...
Using a goal-driven approach to generate test cases for GUIs

The widespread use of GUIs for interacting with software is leading to the construction of more and more complex GUIs. With the growing complexity comes challenges in testing the correctness of a GUI and the underlying software. We present a new technique to automatically generate test cases for GUIs that exploits planning, a well developed and used technique in artificial intelligence. Given a set of operators, an initial state and a goal state, a planner produces a sequence of the operators that will change the initial state to the goal state. Our test case generation technique first analyzes a GUI and derives hierarchical planning operators from the actions in the GUI. The test designer determines the preconditions and effects of the hierarchical operators, which are then input into a planning system. With the knowledge of the GUI and the way in which the user will interact with the GUI, the test designer creates sets of initial and goal states. Given these initial and final states of the GUI, a hierarchical planner produces plans, or a set of test cases, that enable the goal state to be reached. Our technique has the additional benefit of putting verification commands into the test cases automatically. We implemented our technique by developing the GUI analyzer and extending a planner. We generated test cases for Microsoft's Word-Pad to demonstrate the viability and practicality of the approach.
Drumming from Screen to Stage: Ondekoza's Ōdaiko and the Reimaging of Japanese Taiko

In a performance of Ōdaiko, arguably the most iconic and widely performed piece in Japanese taiko drumming, a loincloth-clad man pounds furiously on a huge Japanese drum to the point of near exhaustion. Although this piece often is assumed to descend from Japan's rich heritage of folk drumming, this article argues instead that Ōdaiko was inspired by a fictional representation of festival drumming in the mid-century Japanese film The Rickshaw Man (Muhōmatsu no isshō). In addition, the revealing clothing worn in the performance derives not from Japanese custom but from the input of the French designer Pierre Cardin. Tracing the emergence of Ōdaiko in the influential taiko ensemble Ondekoza, this article sheds light on the potent mixture of folkloric instrumentation and modern sensibility that distinguishes contemporary taiko drumming.
What's Wrong with this Picture? The Hegemonic Construction of Culture in AIDS Research in the United States

Rather than serving to combat the epidemic, the use of seemingly politically neutral epidemiological categories to portray AIDS risk groups as culturally distinct may have impeded AIDS education and prevention efforts. This article critiques the construction of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) as an AIDS risk group by contrasting the portrayal of an IVDU subculture with studies that report on the diversity of behavior of people who use intravenous drugs. The tendency of epidemiologically oriented AIDS researchers to equate intravenous drug use with minority populations and to construct a category of “Hispanic” as a population at risk for AIDS is shown to be problematic. The cultural construction of HIV is analyzed as part of the hegemonic processes of the United States that exclude those seen as culturally distant from the body politic.
Gender differences in the association of insulin resistance and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein in obese adolescents.

Low-grade vascular inflammation is believed to initiate early atherosclerotic process by inducing insulin resistance (IR), with significant gender differences in adults. We evaluated the relationship between surrogate measures of inflammation and IR in obese adolescents. The association among markers of inflammation [high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] and IR, cardiometabolic risk factors and body composition was retrospectively examined in 199 obese adolescents [(111 F/88 M), aged 15.5 ± 1.2 years]. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Males had higher body mass index SD-score (BMI-SDS), fat mass (FM), glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, hs-CRP, triglycerides: HDL-C (TG:HDL-C) ratio than females (p < 0.05), whereas females had higher c-peptide: insulin ratio than males (p < 0.05). Also, 50.8% of subjects were identified with metabolic syndrome with similar gender distribution (M: 57.9% vs. F: 45.1%, p = 0.32). Hs-CRP was correlated with HOMA-IR in the cohort, even when controlling for FM (r = 0.26; p < 0.0001). However, hs-CRP and HOMA-IR displayed a significant correlation only in females (r = 0.37; p < 0.0001) when adjusting for FM and pubertal status. Also, c-peptide: insulin ratio was inversely correlated with hs-CRP (r = −0.32; p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (r = −0.62; p < 0.0001) and partially mediated the relationship between these biomarkers only among females (β = 0.36, p < 0.001 to β = 0.18, p < 0.05; Sobel Test: p < 0.01). A positive association between hs-CRP and HOMA-IR was observed only in adolescent girls which was influenced by altered hepatic insulin clearance. This implies that obese adolescent girls may be at greatest risk of developing early atherosclerosis and diabetes.
CdS/CdTe solar cells containing directly-deposited CdS x Te 1−x alloy layers

A CdS x Te 1−x layer forms by interdiffusion of CdS and CdTe during the fabrication of thin-film CdTe photovoltaic (PV) devices. The CdS x Te 1−x layer is thought to be important because it relieves strain at the CdS/CdTe interface that would otherwise exist due to the 10% lattice mismatch between these two materials. Our previous work [1] has indicated that the electrical junction is located in this interdiffused CdS x Te 1−x region. Further understanding, however, is essential to predict the role of this CdS x Te 1−x layer in the operation of CdS/CdTe devices. In this study, CdS x Te 1−x alloy films were deposited by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and co-evaporation from CdTe and CdS sources. Both RF-magnetron-sputtered and co-evaporated CdS x Te 1−x films of lower S content (x 2 heat treatment (HT) at ∼400°C for 5 min. Films sputtered in a 1% O 2 /Ar ambient are amorphous as deposited, but show CdTe ZB, CdS WZ, and CdTe oxide phases after a CdCl 2 HT. Films sputtered in O 2 partial pressure have a much wider bandgap than expected. This may be explained by nanocrystalline size effects seen previously [2] for sputtered oxygenated CdS (CdS:O) films. Initial PV device results show that the introduction of a directly-deposited CdS x Te 1−x alloy layer into the device structure produces devices of comparable performance to those without the alloy layer when a CdCl 2 HT is performed. Further investigation is required to determine whether the CdCl 2 heat treatment step can be altered or eliminated through direct deposition of the alloy layer.
A wide-range DC/DC converter with 2 nd order digital compensation and direct battery connection in 40nm CMOS

This paper presents a digital DC-DC converter with 2nd order compensation and direct battery connect capability in 40nm CMOS. A combination of circuit and process technology is used to achieve an input range up to 5.5V with peak efficiencies of 95%. It also outlines an approach to optimize a control loop based on a sigma-delta ADC and higher order digital filter, which is demonstrated on a prototype achieving step response times under load below 38µs/V.
Problems in the Care of the Infant Diabetic Patient

The unique problems of three infants who developed diabetes mellitus at 13 months of age or younger are discussed. These problems include: the administration of small doses of insulin; the difficulty in attaining control; and the evaluation of urinary sugar content. Suggestions for care are made.
Clinical Review : Acute Renal Failure in Children: Principles of Management

Acute renal failure is a complicated disturb ance, which taxes the clinical skills of the physi cian. This paper reviews the metabolic derange ments, the principles of treatment, the conse quences, and the advances recently made in our understanding of the pathophysiology and man agement of acute renal failure.
Performance and Reliability of Ultrathin Oxynitride Gate Dielectrics Prepared using In-Situ Multiple Rapid Thermal Processing

The electrical characteristics of ultrathin oxynitride gate dielectrics prepared by in-situ multiple rapid thermal processing in reactive ambients (O2 and NH3) have been studied. Specifically, the conduction mechanism, charge trapping properties, time-dependent breakdown, and interface hardness in oxynitride films have been characterized as a function of both RTO and RTN processing parameters. In addition, N-channel MOSFET’s have been fabricated using oxynitrides as gate dielectrics and their hot carrier immunity has been examined and compared with devices with pure thermal oxides. Devices with superior electrical characteristics and reliability have been produced by optimizing RTO/RTN parameters.
Arizona Permittee and Land Management Agency Employee Attitudes Toward Rangeland Monitoring by Permittees

Ongoing conflicts over the management of western rangelands can be attributed in part to the lack of reliable information about current ecological conditions and their causes due, in turn, to insufficient monitoring. To meet the monitoring shortfall, land management agencies increasingly are enlisting permittees to monitor their grazing allotments. We surveyed grazing permittees in 5 Arizona counties and land management agency employees throughout Arizona to compare their attitudes toward permittee monitoring on public rangelands, the role of government in rangeland management, rangeland conditions in Arizona, and the credibility of information sources about rangelands. Permittees and agency employees differed in most of the attitudes measured by our survey. However, both populations agreed that permittees should participate in monitoring their allotments, and many respondents agreed with making permittee monitoring mandatory. Many respondents in both groups also agreed that collaboration can be beneficial. Joint monitoring, which can be considered a type of “joint fact-finding,” may help improve agency–permittee relationships and bridge the gap in attitudes and underlying values. Permittee-monitoring programs deserve careful evaluation to determine their impacts on social relationships, management decisions, and ecological conditions.
Student Development in Naval Architecture, Marine and Ocean Engineering Education at UNO*

1. Most engineering graduates do technical work (engineering work) for only a few years after graduation, or not at all, and this appears to have had little impact on the curriculum'. 2. While engineers as leaders are needed for US competitiveness, there is the perception that upon graduation they do not aspire nor attain major leadership positions. This could be remedied by business, government and academic partnerships.
From knowledge represented in frame-based languages to declarative representation and reasoning via ASP

In this paper we encode some of the reasoning methods used in frame based knowledge representation languages in answer set programming (ASP). In particular, we show how "cloning" and "unification" in frame based systems can be encoded in ASP. We then show how some of the types of queries with respect to a biological knowledge base can be encoded using our methodology. We also provide insight on how the reasoning can be done more efficiently when dealing with a huge knowledge base.
Golden Gate Restaurant Association: Employer Mandates and ERISA Preemption in the Ninth Circuit

This Article focuses on two significant questions in the aftermath of the Ninth Circuit's decision in Golden Gate Restaurant Association, which stayed a District Court ruling that had held the San Francisco Health Care Security Ordinance preempted by federal law. The core of that ordinance is the requirement that covered employers in San Francisco make minimum outlays for their own programs for their employees' health care or instead make contributions in the required amounts to the city to finance either San Francisco's Health Access Program (HAP) or municipally-run health reimbursement accounts. I conclude that under the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions construing ERISA Section 514(a), ERISA preempts the San Francisco Health Care Security Ordinance. An important, but so far unrecognized, consideration is that employers' payments to the City of San Francisco under the ordinance constitute ERISA-governed health plans because employers, by those payments, either purchase for their employees lower premiums for coverage in the city's Health Access Program or fund municipally-run health reimbursement accounts for those employees. By its ordinance, San Francisco is not just regulating employers' ERISA-governed health plans; it is administering such plans. San Francisco's regulation of employers' ERISA-governed health plans is deep, intruding substantively and procedurally into each such plan via the ordinance's minimum expenditure and administrative requirements. Moreover, San Francisco's regulation of such plans is broad. Virtually all employer outlays for medical care constitute employee benefit plans under ERISA, whether such outlays are self-administered by the employer, are administered for the employer by a third party such as an insurer, or are administered by the city through its Health Access Program or its municipally-run reimbursement accounts. The San Francisco ordinance regulates the entire spectrum of these ERISA-governed plans. In addition, San Francisco's regulation of employers' ERISA health plans is direct, targeting such plans and impacting upon them directly by means of the ordinance's expenditure mandates and recordkeeping obligations.
Shoreline change mapping and management along the U.S. east coast

There have been remarkable advancements in the science and technology of shoreline change mapping; the earlier problems of obtaining accurate erosion rates have been overcome in recent decades. Historical shoreline mapping and trend analysis can provide the requisite data for projection of future shoreline positions for implementation of FEMA's coastal erosion management program, Identification of erosion hazard zones (E-zones) will represent a significant advancement toward fulfilling the intent of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
Socio-Politics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology

Archaeologists, as explorers and discoverers, have maintained the myth of objective research far longer than have researchers in other social science disciplines. Focused on action, the “cowboys of science” (Alaskan bumper sticker 1981) have dabbled little in self-reflective criticism. Now at 50, however, the discipline is becoming aware that our notions of the past, our epistemologies, our research emphases, the methods we employ in our research, and the interpretations we bring to and distill from our investigations, are far from value-neutral.
Effects of spin transition on diffusion of Fe 2+ in ferropericlase in Earth's lower mantle

Knowledge of Fe composition in lower-mantle minerals (primarily perovskite and ferropericlase) is essential to a complete understanding of the Earth’s interior. Fe cation diffusion potentially controls many aspects of the distribution of Fe in the Earth’s lower mantle, including mixing of chemical heterogeneities, element partitioning, and the extent of core-mantle communications. Fe in ferropericlase has been shown to undergo a spin transition starting at about 40 GPa and exists in a mixture of high-spin and low-spin states over a wide range of pressures. Present experimental data on Fe transport in ferropericlase is limited to pressures below 35 GPa and provides little information on the pressure dependence of the activation volume and none on the impact of the spin transition on diffusion. Therefore, known experimental data on Fe diffusion cannot be reliably extrapolated to predict diffusion throughout the lower mantle. Here, first-principles and statistical modeling are combined to predict diffusion of Fe in ferropericlase over the entire lower mantle, including the effects of the Fe spin transition. A thorough statistical thermodynamic treatment is given to fully incorporate the coexistence of high- and low-spin Fe in the model of overall Fe diffusion in the lower mantle. Pure low-spin Fe diffuses approximately 10 4 times slower than high-spin Fe in ferropericlase but Fe diffusion of the mixed-spin state is only about 10 times slower than that of high-spin Fe. The predicted Fe diffusivities demonstrate that ferropericlase is unlikely to be rate limiting in transporting Fe in deep earth since much slower Fe diffusion in perovskite is predicted.
Patterns of Reproduction in Southern versus Northern Populations of Leptothorax Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Populations of 2 Leptothorax ant species were sampled near the edge of their ranges. The southern population of L. curvispinosus Mayr showed no significant demographic shifts from northern populations, but the southern population of L. longispinosus Roger was almost exclusively monogynous, in contrast to northern counterparts. In both species, we found clear evidence of queen—worker conflict over allocation to males and also over allocation to growth versus reproduction in the southern populations. Geographic variation between populations can prove very useful for investigating evolutionary dynamics in social insects.
Partisan Power Play: The Origins of Local Election Timing as an American Political Institution

Eighty percent of American cities today hold their general elections on different days than state and national elections. It is an established fact that voter turnout in these off-cycle local elections is far lower than turnout in local elections held concurrently with state and national elections. In this paper, I demonstrate that the timing of city elections has been an important determinant of voter turnout since before the Civil War. By examining three large American cities over the course of the nineteenth century, I find that American political parties regularly manipulated the timing of city elections to secure an edge over their rivals. I show that the decisions to change the election dates of these cities were contentious, partisan, and motivated by an expectation of subsequent electoral gain. The Progressive municipal reformers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries continued in this tradition when they separated city elections from state and national elections, and the local election schedule they implemented has largely persisted until today.
Urethro-Ejaculatory Reflux During Cystourethrography in 25 Children

AbstractCystourethrography in 25 children 0 to 13 years old demonstrated reflux of contrast material from the urethra or bladder into 1 or both ejaculatory ducts. The main findings observed in these patients are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Developmental biology of heme oxygenase.

Heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, is found in several tissues and is inducible by heme, hormones, starvation, stress, toxins, and xenobiotics. Heme oxygenase induction is the result of increased protein and mRNA synthesis. In the developing fetus and neonate, hepatic heme oxygenase activity and mRNA are elevated above that of the adult, and potentially regulated by tissue specific and temporal transcriptional factors. Several metalloporphyrins, particularly the zinc and tin complexes, have therapeutic potential in the treatment of neonatal jaundice.
Besov Spaces, Symbolic Calculus, and Boundedness of Bilinear Pseudodifferential Operators

Mapping properties of bilinear pseudodifferential operators with symbols of limited smoothness in terms of Besov norms are proved in the context of Lebesgue spaces. Techniques used include the development of a symbolic calculus for certain classes of symbols considered.
Believing in Perceiving: Known Illusions and the Classical Dual‐Component Theory

According to a classic but nowadays discarded philosophical theory, perceptual experience is a complex of nonconceptual sensory states and full-blown propositional beliefs (Reid 1764/1997, 1785/2000). This classical dual-component theory (Smith 2002) of experience is often taken to be obsolete. In particular, there seem to be cases in which perceptual experience and belief conflict: cases of known illusions, wherein subjects have beliefs contrary to the contents of their experiences. Modern dual-component theories reject the belief requirement and instead hold that perceptual experience is a complex of nonconceptual sensory states and some other sort of conceptual state. The most popular modern dual-component theory appeals to sui generis propositional attitudes called “perceptual seemings” (e.g., Tucker 2010, Brogaard 2014, Reiland 2014). This paper argues that the classical dual-component theory has the resources to explain known illusions without giving up the claim that the conceptual components of experience are beliefs. The classical dual-component view, though often viewed as outdated and implausible, should be regarded as a serious contender in contemporary debates about the nature of perceptual experience. BELIEVING IN PERCEIVING “Perception commands our belief upon its own authority, and disdains to rest its authority upon any reasoning whatsoever.”
Delayed discard mortality of the giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, in the Gulf of Alaska cod pot fishery

Abstract There is a lack of information available on octopuses in Alaskan waters and because of this lack of data, catch limits are set based on historical incidental catch rates or survey biomass estimates that are likely to be overly conservative. This issue is further exacerbated by the fact that catch accounting for octopuses assumes 100% mortality for all octopuses caught whether retained or discarded. We examined the delayed mortality of the giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini , captured in Pacific cod, Gadus microcephalus , pot fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska. Octopuses captured as bycatch during commercial fishing operations were held on the vessel and brought back to the laboratory to assess delayed mortality over a period of 21 days. The relationship between survivorship and injury presence, sex, maturity, weight, season of capture, air temperature, water depth, and pot soak time were examined using generalized linear models. In addition, the relationship between injury presence and the same parameters were examined. Survivorship ranged from 77.8% to 93.6% during each of three fishing seasons and was significantly related to injury presence. Injury presence ranged from 10.0% to 63.2% during each season and was related to season with an increase in injuries during the fall. These data indicate the conservative assumption of 100% bycatch mortality for octopus is not appropriate for some fisheries, in particular those utilizing pot gear.
Carburization effects on the corrosion of Cr, Fe, Ni, W, and Mo in fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactor (FHR) coolant

Abstract Corrosion of structural alloys in fluoride salt cooled high temperature reactors (FHRs) is affected by the presence of carbon. The stability of the carbides of alloying elements augments their corrosion, however the same property can be useful if these stable carbides are used to protect materials. Exposure tests of pure elements Cr, Fe, Ni, W, and Mo in graphite crucibles at 700 °C were conducted in molten FLiNaK salt for 100 h. Carbide particles were detected on the surfaces of Cr, Mo, and W samples after exposure. The ranking of these elements, from least to greatest corrosion resistance by mass loss per unit area was Cr
Parametrically Homogenized Constitutive Models (PHCMs) for Multi-scale Predictions of Fatigue Crack Nucleation in Titanium Alloys

This paper develops a bottom-up and top-down multi-scale modeling framework for predicting fatigue crack nucleation in structures of titanium alloys, e.g., Ti-7Al. A parametrically homogenized constitutive model (PHCM) and a parametrically homogenized crack nucleation model (PHCNM) are developed from computational homogenization of crystal plasticity finite element simulation results performed on microstructural statistically equivalent RVEs. Bayesian inference and machine-learning methods are employed to derive microstructure-dependent functional forms of PHCM and PHCNM coefficients. The PHCM is augmented with uncertainty quantification to account for model reduction errors and microstructural uncertainty. Macroscopic finite element models for Ti-7Al test specimens are created by matching correlation functions of microtexture in electron back-scatter diffraction scans. Nucleation hot-spots are identified by PHCNM in macroscopic simulations of stress-controlled dwell loading, then top–down microscopic simulations are performed to probe into the crack nucleation process. The computed distributions of nucleation lives and locations follow experimentally observed characteristics of the dwell effect in Ti alloys.
Cyber-Attack Recovery Strategy for Smart Grid Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

The integration of cyber-physical system increases the vulnerabilities of critical power infrastructures. Once the malicious attackers take the substation control authorities, they can trip all the transmission lines to block the power transfer. As a consequence, asynchrony will emerge between the separated regions which had been interconnected by these transmission lines. In order to recover from the attack, a straightforward way is to reclose these transmission lines once we detect the attack. However, this may cause severe impacts on the power system, such as current inrush and power swing. Therefore, it is critical to properly choose the reclosing time to mitigate these impacts. In this paper, we propose a recovery strategy to reclose the tripped transmission lines at the optimal reclosing time. In particular, a deep reinforcement learning (RL) framework is adopted to endow the strategy with the adaptability of uncertain cyber-attack scenarios and the ability of real-time decision-making. In this framework, an environment is established to simulate the power system dynamics during the attack-recovery process and generate the training data. With these data, the deep RL based strategy can be trained to determine the optimal reclosing time. Numerical results show that the proposed strategy can minimize the cyber-attack impacts under different scenarios.
Cardiometabolic disease costs associated with suboptimal diet in the United States: A cost analysis based on a microsimulation model.

Background Poor diet is a leading risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in the United States, but its economic costs are unknown. We sought to estimate the cost associated with suboptimal diet in the US. Methods and findings A validated microsimulation model (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends [CVD PREDICT]) was used to estimate annual cardiovascular disease (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke) and type 2 diabetes costs associated with suboptimal intake of 10 food groups (fruits, vegetables, nuts/seeds, whole grains, unprocessed red meats, processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, polyunsaturated fats, seafood omega-3 fats, sodium). A representative US population sample of individuals aged 35–85 years was created using weighted sampling from National Health And Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009–2012 cycles. Estimates were stratified by cost type (acute, chronic, drug), sex, age, race, education, BMI, and health insurance. Annual diet-related CMD costs were $301/person (95% CI $287–$316). This translates to $50.4 billion in CMD costs (18.2% of total) for the whole population, of which 84.3% are attributed to acute care ($42.6 billion). The largest annual per capita costs are attributed to low consumption of nuts/seeds ($81; 95% CI $74–$86) and seafood omega-3 fats ($76; 95% CI $70–$83), and the lowest are attributed to high consumption of red meat ($3; 95% CI $2.8–$3.5) and polyunsaturated fats ($20; 95% CI $19–$22). Individual costs are highest for men ($380), those aged ≥65 years ($408), blacks ($320), the less educated ($392), and those with Medicare ($481) or dual-eligible ($536) insurance coverage. A limitation of our study is that dietary intake data were assessed from 24-hour dietary recall, which may not fully capture a diet over a person's life span and is subject to measurement errors. Conclusions Suboptimal diet of 10 dietary factors accounts for 18.2% of all ischemic heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes costs in the US, highlighting that timely implementation of diet policies could address these health and economic burdens.
Not too big, not too small: raids at moderately sized hosts lead to optimal outcomes for a slave-making ant

Understanding the trajectory of host-parasite co-evolution requires knowledge of how hosts and parasites impact one another’s fitness, especially among the avian and insect social parasites. Host choice is an important first step in this process, but the principles guiding host choice are unresolved, especially for specialist parasites choosing among individual hosts with multiple traits. To determine how parasites weigh various host traits relative to others, we need to identify their costs and benefits. Here I use the slave-making ant, Temnothorax americanus, to investigate the payoffs from different host trait combinations. I measured the costs and benefits of raids at hosts that varied in their value (# brood), defensive power (# workers), or their ratios. Additionally, I investigated whether slave-maker fighting power influences which host trait combinations were optimal. Slave-makers performed best when hosts contained more brood but fewer workers. However, the ability to maximize this ratio is constrained by the correlation of brood and worker numbers in natural nests, making the optimal host moderately sized. Measures of costs reinforce this conclusion, since slave-maker mortality increased with the number of host workers. Additionally, I found that larger slave-maker colonies have higher payoffs at larger hosts, suggesting their optimal host trait profile differs from smaller colonies. This study shows that social parasites exercising force ought to balance a trade-off between host value and defensibility, rather than maximizing only value. Furthermore, the results highlight that host demography could play a larger role in insect social parasite arms races than previously appreciated. A key to understanding the outcome of co-evolutionary arms races in social parasites is identifying the traits that contribute to the success of parasites and hosts. Host choice determines which traits experience selection, but the relative costs and benefits associated with different host traits, and how parasites ought to weigh them, remains unclear. I measure parasite success in relation to host and parasite demographic traits to distinguish the relative impacts of each using a slave-making ant. Maximizing host brood-to-worker ratio leads to higher payoffs, while the most populous hosts are impenetrable. These findings provide evidence that social parasites attacking by force seek a balance between a host’s value and defensibility, even if it means forgoing hosts with higher potential value. This in turn highlights colony demography and life history as important host traits under selection in co-evolutionary arms races in social insect parasites.
The Transition from Pre Octonion to Octonion Gravity

The author asks if octonion quantum gravity is relevant near the Planck scale. Furthermore, the question is raised if gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, of the universe when an increase in degrees of freedom have in setting the initial phase, so that the result can be observed by a gravitational detector. The well appreciated quantum gravity problem that the notion of a quantum state, representing the structure of spacetime at some instant, and the notion of the evolution of the state, does not get traction, since there are no real “instants”, is avoided by having the initial octonion geometry embedded in a larger, non linear “pilot model” (semi classical) embedding structure. The Penrose suggestion of re cycled space time avoiding a ‘big crunch’ is picked as the embedding structure, so as to avoid the ‘instants’ of time issue. In addition the favored idea is to avoid the well known string theory trap known as the dimensionality problem of an equation of motion (consistency condition) which is the reason why string theory dimensionality is either (10 or 26) depending upon if super symmetry is imposed. Getting octonion gravity as embedded in a larger, Pilot theory embedding structure may restore Quantum Gravity to its rightful place in early cosmology without the lunacy of then afterwards ‘Schrodinger equation ‘ states of the universe, forevermore afterwards.. Setting the initial phase, in a GW detector due to appropriate measurement procedures may allow the opportunity to find experimental clues as to this embedding structure in which octonion gravity may emerge in the Planckian regime.of evolutionary cosmology.
Elementary Students’ Understanding of CS Terms

The language and concepts used by curriculum designers are not always interpreted by children as designers intended. This can be problematic when researchers use self-reported survey instruments in concert with curricula, which often rely on the implicit belief that students’ understanding aligns with their own. We report on our refinement of a validated survey to measure upper elementary students’ attitudes and perspectives about computer science (CS), using an iterative, design-based research approach informed by educational and psychological cognitive interview processes. We interviewed six groups of students over three iterations of the instrument on their understanding of CS concepts and attitudes toward coding. Our findings indicated that students could not explain the terms computer programs nor computer science as expected. Furthermore, they struggled to understand how coding may support their learning in other domains. These results may guide the development of appropriate CS-related survey instruments and curricular materials for K–6 students.
Abstract A40: Hippo signaling in cancer development

The Hippo pathway is known to control cell growth and stimulates cell apoptosis, two key events that are frequently dysregulated in tumorigenesis. Long-term YAP activation results in cell transformation and tumor development, suggesting the power of the Hippo pathway in control of cancer initiation and progression. Genetic mouse models fully support an oncogenic role for YAP and a tumor-suppressive function for the Hippo pathway components. Given the enormous implications of the Hippo pathway in cancer, great efforts have been made in dissecting the genetic mutations of the Hippo pathway components in cancer development and searching for effective approaches to target YAP for therapeutic intervention. Actually, elevated YAP expression and nuclear enrichment have been observed in many types of cancers including liver, breast, lung, ovary, colon, brain, and others. Interestingly, our recent study demonstrated that Hippo signaling deficiency enables the development of an active YAP addiction in cancer cells, which provides an opportunity to develop new targeted strategies for the cancers with deficient Hippo signaling. Citation Format: Han Han, Gayoung Seo, Rebecca Vargas, Wenqi Wang. Hippo signaling in cancer development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr A40.
Water-Based Synthesis of a Stable Iron-Based Metal–Organic Framework for Capturing Toxic Gases

The capture of toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3) can mitigate widespread air pollution. An emerging class of adsorbents known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer high ...
Child Neurology Applicants Place Increasing Emphasis on Quality of Life Factors.

Abstract Background Medical education, residency training, and the structure of child neurology residency training programs are evolving. We sought to evaluate how training program selection priorities of child neurology residency applicants have changed over time. Methods An electronic survey was sent to child neurology residents and practicing child neurologists via the Professors of Child Neurology distribution list in the summer of 2018. It was requested that the survey be disseminated to current trainees and alumni of the programs. The survey consisted of seven questions assessing basic demographics and a list of factors applicants consider when choosing a residency. Results There were 284 responses with a higher representation of individuals matriculating into residency in the last decade. More recent medical school graduates had a lower probability of considering curriculum as an important factor for residency selection (odds ratio [OR], 0.746; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.568 to 0.98; P = 0.035) and higher priority placed on interaction with current residents over the course of the interview day (OR, 2.207; 95% CI, 1.486 to 3.278; P Conclusions Over time, child neurology residency applicants are putting more emphasis on quality of life factors over curriculum. To accommodate these changes, child neurology residency programs should prioritize interactions with residents during the interview process and resident wellness initiatives throughout residency training.
Industrial Quantitative Infrared Analysis

Recently Mr. A. Davis of Hooker Chemical Corporation discussed the principles behind quantitative analysis using infrared absorption [1] The key points he stressed were: 1. Cell thickness and its determination 2. Concentration and units 3. Absorbance and its measurement 4. Calibration techniques 5. Differential analyses and relative intensities 6. Standard addition technique 7. Simultaneous analysis for multicomponent systems
Optical Associative Memory

A neural computer is characterized by three properties: it consists of a large number of simple processing units (the “neurons”), each processing element is connected to many others, typically several hundred or several thousand, and the network is programmed to respond appropriately to inputs by adjusting the weights of the connections between neurons during a learning phase. Interest in this type of computer has arisen largely because the above characteristics are also part of the models that attempt to describe the operation of biological nervous systems. It is hoped that by building a computer that shares some of the characteristics of the biological systems, we will be able to address problems such as image understanding which animals do exceedingly well but current machines do not.
Prospecting Infectious Disease Prevention through Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in a Dominican Batey

Diarrheal illness is a major contributor to the mortality of children under the age of five worldwide, as well as a significant burden on adult health and productivity in developing countries. Improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices and infrastructure are important for decreasing the burden of infectious diseases, including diarrheal illness. The purpose of this study was to measure WASH knowledge and practices in a particularly vulnerable batey—a rural settlement of Haitian migrant workers along the Dominican-Haitian border—and to determine whether a WASH-based participatory health and hygiene education (PHHE) program would be beneficial to the community. A cross-sectional household survey of 88 homes out of an estimated 200 in Batey Altagracia was conducted to measure perceptions, knowledge and practice of WASH principles. Composite knowledge scores were calculated and analyzed for associations with demographics, social factors and WASH practices. Overall, participants demonstrated low knowledge of WASH principles. In particular, respondents lacked knowledge regarding parasitic worm prevention, skin disease prevention, protected water sources and how to make a homemade oral rehydration solution. Though water treatment and handling practices in the community were generally good, insufficient hygiene and sanitation may contribute to an increased risk of infectious disease transmission in an already economically and socially disadvantaged community. From our findings, we concluded that a PHHE program would be beneficial to improving WASH practices in the community and disrupting the cycle of poverty and disease.
Ethical imperative of psychological safety in healthcare: In response to the Manifesto for healthcare simulation practice

Psychological safety is valued in other high-risk industries as an essential element to ensure safety. Yet, in healthcare, psychological safety is not mandatorily measured, quantified, or reported as an independent measure of safety. All members of the healthcare team’s voice and safety are important. Calls for personal, physical or patient safety should never be disregarded or met with retaliation.
Urban Recovery and Reconstruction Strategies for the Old City of Mosul After ISIL/Da’esh Occupation

The paper deals with the strategic approach to urban recovery and reconstruction for the Old City of Mosul after the damage deliberately inflicted by ISIL/Da’esh to its cultural heritage in 2014, and subsequently the loss and damage aggravated by the liberation of West Mosul in 2017. The damage to cultural heritage intentionally perpetrated by ISIL/Da’esh during the three years of occupation of vast swaths of territory in north-western Iraq, e.g., the twelfth-century Al-Nuri Mosque and its Al-Hadba Minaret, and the multilayered spiritual site of Nabi Younis within the ancient city of Niniveh, is unprecedented in modern times. Several months of armed conflict for the retake of the city left behind a wasted urban landscape, punctuated by destroyed monuments, demolished houses, damaged buildings, massive amounts of rubble, and unprecedented level of contamination from unexploded ordnances. Circa 40 percent of the historic urban fabric has been severely affected, with significant loss of integrity within the historic core, especially along the Tigris River. The paper aims at illustrating the methodology for the restoration and critical reconstruction of the Historic Urban Landscape of Mosul.
Microarrays and DNA-Chips in the Analysis of Genetic Aberrations

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a precise technique to determine copy numbers of a particular sequence in individual cells with a resolution better than 30 Kb, but requires a priori knowledge of the target sequence to be analyzed. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the other hand allows a global analysis of the whole genome, but at significant loss in resolution (on the order of 10–15 Mb). DNA chip technology (so called genosensor-based or matrix-based CGH) combines the high resolution of FISH with the inherent multiplex capability of CGH, and adds simplicity to the analysis. This technology represents the latest addition to chip based genetic analyses.
Bilingual and Monolingual Students' Perceptions of the CSD Major: A Qualitative Study

There is a growing demand for bilingual services in speech-language pathology and audiology. To meet this growing demand, and given their critical role in the recruitment of more bilingual professi...
An Ontology-Based Binary-Categorization Approach for Recognizing Multiple-Record Web Documents Using a Probabilistic Retrieval Model

The Web contains a tremendous amount of information. It is challenging to determine which Web documents are relevant to a user query, and even more challenging to rank them according to their degrees of relevance. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic retrieval model using logistic regression for recognizing multiple-record Web documents against an application ontology, a simple conceptual modeling approach. We notice that many Web documents contain a sequence of chunks of textual information, each of which constitutes a “record.” This type of documents is referred to as multiple-record documents. In our categorization approach, a document is represented by a set of term frequencies of index terms, a density heuristic value, and a grouping heuristic value. We first apply the logistic regression analysis on relevant probabilities using the (i) index terms, (ii) density value, and (iii) grouping value of each training document. Hereafter, the relevant probability of each test document is interpolated from the fitting curves. Contrary to other probabilistic retrieval models, our model makes only a weak independent assumption and is capable of handling any important dependent relationships among index terms. In addition, we use logistic regression, instead of linear regression analysis, because the relevance probabilities of training documents are discrete. Using a test set of car-ads and another one for obituary Web documents, our probabilistic model achieves the averaged recall ratio of 100%, precision ratio of 83.3%, and accuracy ratio of 92.5%.