cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rituximab sensitizes resistant B-NHL cell lines to the proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052-induced apoptosis.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5429 We have reported that rituximab treatment of B-NHL cell lines sensitize the drug-resistant cells to drug-induced apoptosis. One of the mechanisms by which rituximab sensitizes the tumor cells to drug-induced apoptosis has been shown to be mediated via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and downstream the selective inhibition of the anti-apoptotic product BclXL expression. Inhibitors of this pathway mimicked rituximab in sensitizing the cells to drug-induced apoptosis (Jazirehi, et al, 2005, Cancer Research, 65(1):264-76). We hypothesized that proteasome inhibitors that inhibit NF-κB activity and downstream anti-apoptotic gene products may sensitize tumor cells to drug-induced apoptosis. The new proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 (Nereus Pharmaceuticals), which inhibits NF-κB activity, has been shown to sensitize B-NHL cells to drug (CDDP, adriamycin)-induced apoptosis. NPI-0052 has been shown to directly kill sensitive tumor cells by apoptosis. Also, NPI-0052 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells resistant to conventional and velcade therapies (Chauhan et al., Cancer Cell 2005 In Press). However, with low concentrations of NPI-0052, we were not able to demonstrate significant induction of apoptosis in the Ramos B-NHL cell line. We hypothesized that NPI-0052 may behave like a chemotherapeutic drug and rituximab may therefore sensitize the tumor cells to NPI-0052-induced apoptosis. Ramos cells were treated with rituximab (20ug/ml) (12h to 18h) and the cells were treated with various concentrations of NPI-0052 (1-10nM) for an additional 20h and the cells were examined for apoptosis using the PI method detecting DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry. Rituximab or NPI-0052 treatment alone resulted in no significant induction of apoptosis; however, the combination treatment resulted in significant apoptosis. The synergistic activity was detected with very low concentrations of NPI-0052 >= 1nM. By comparison, several thousand fold higher concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g. CDDP, adriamycin) were used for rituximab-mediated chemosensitization of Ramos cells. These results demonstrate that rituximab sensitizes the tumor cells to the proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052-mediated apoptosis. In addition, the findings suggest that rituximab (or chemosensitizing agents) used in combination with NPI-0052 may result in synergistic activity and can reverse drug and/or rituximab resistance of B-NHL. This study was supported in part by a philanthropic contribution from the JCCC/Rosenfield Fund under the direction of David Leveton.
Repeated ethanol administration modifies the temporal structure of sucrose intake patterns in mice: effects associated with behavioral sensitization.

Abstract Neuroadaptations supporting behavioral sensitization to abused drugs are suggested to underlie pathological, excessive motivation toward drugs and drug-associated stimuli. Drug-induced sensitization has also been linked to increased appetitive responses for non-drug, natural reinforcers. The present research investigated whether ethanol (EtOH)-induced neural changes, inferred from psychomotor sensitization, can modify consumption and intake dynamics for the natural reinforcer, sucrose. The effects of EtOH-induced sensitization in mice on the temporal structure of sucrose intake patterns were measured using a lickometer system. After sensitization, sucrose intake dynamics were measured for 1 hour daily for 7 days and indicated more rapid initial approach and consumption of sucrose in EtOH-sensitized groups; animals showed a shorter latency to the first intake bout and an increased number of sucrose bottle licks during the initial 15 minutes of the 1-hour sessions. This effect was associated with increased frequency and size of bouts. For the total 1-hour session, sucrose intake and bout dynamics were not different between groups, indicating a change in patterns of sucrose intake but not total consumption. When sensitization was prevented by the gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor agonist, baclofen, the increased rate of approach and consumption of sucrose were also prevented. Thus, EtOH-induced sensitization, and not the mere exposure to EtOH, was associated with changes in sucrose intake patterns. These data are consistent with current literature suggesting an enhancing effect of drug-induced sensitization on motivational processes involved in reinforcement.
Water in polymer membranes. Part II : Raman scattering from guided laser beams

Abstract Simultaneous application of integrated optics and Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the hydrogen bonding of water in thin dense symmetric membranes of cellulose acetate (CA). A modified X-ray quarter circle goniometer is used to measure refractive index, film thickness, and Raman spectra using guided laser beams and the prism coupler technique. The film remains in a fixed position during all measurements thereby ensuring identical light collection geometries for Raman scattering observed from different wave-guiding modes. To illustrate the technique, Raman scattering of a 3.5 μm film of CA398-10 in the OH stretching region is shown as a function of relative humidity (RH). These spectra show that water sorbed at less than 50% RH is weakly hydrogen-bonded but above 50% RH, sorbed water has the strongly hydrogen-bonded properties of bulk water.
"Things Fearful to Name": Bestiality in Colonial America

If a man also lie with mankind as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death .... And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death; and ye shall slay the beast. And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman and the beast; they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them (Leviticus 20: 13, 15-16).
A study of the possible relationship of progesterone to colic.

A series of 15 noncolic infants ranging in age from 6 days to 3 months was studied to determine pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) excretion in urine. All these infants showed appreciable PDG spots by sensitive chromatographic techniques. In contrast, eight "colic" infants were studied, and it was found that these infants excreted none or only trace amounts of PDG in their urines. Seven other "colic" infants also showed no urinary PDG spots before hormone administration but demonstrated remission of symptoms and chromatographic spots after treatment. It is suggested that one cause of colic may involve progesterone deficiency and that in such instances the symptoms may be alleviated by the administration of a short course of oral progestational hormone.
Heliosheath magnetic field and plasma observed by Voyager 2 during 2011

We discuss magnetic field and plasma observations from Voyager 2 (V2) during 2011, when V2 was beginning to see the effects of increasing solar activity following the solar minimum in 2009. The magnetic field strength (B) profile showed large amplitude fluctuations that can be resolved into a linear increase of B with time and a sinusoidal variation of the period of 86.2 ± 0.8 days. Voyager 2 was in a unipolar region in which the magnetic polarity was directed away from the Sun along the Parker spiral 96% of the time, indicating that V2 was poleward of the heliospheric current sheet throughout most of 2011. The distribution of B was lognormal, but a Gaussian distribution was observed when the linear variation of B was subtracted from the data. The distribution of daily increments of B was a q-Gaussian distribution with q = 1.1 ± 0.1, which is less intermittent than normally observed in the heliosheath. However, the distribution of hourly increments of B was a q-Gaussian distribution with q = 1.5 ± 0.03. The density, temperature, and velocity increased linearly from the beginning of 2011 to approximately day 254. The magnetic and thermal pressure tended to increase throughout the year, but the magnetic pressure dominated most of the time. The counting rate of >70 MeV/nucleon particles increased rapidly during the first 250 days, but it leveled out during the rest of the year when B was stronger. The empirical CR-B relationship describes this behavior.
Strategies and Public Propositions in Games of Institutional Change: Theory and Comparative Historical Cases

This paper argues that game-theoretic approach is incomplete for institutional studies, because comparative institutions as well as institutional changes involve a possibility of multiple equilibria. In order to solve the common knowledge problem, this paper proposes to unify game theoretic thought with an analysis of public representations/propositions to summarize salient features of the recursive/emergent states of play. From this perspective the paper tries to reconcile differences in three accounts of institutions: endogenous outcome, exogenous rules and constitutive rules accounts. Then, the unified approach is applied to comparative and historical cases of the Tokugawa Japan and the Qing China. Specifically it sheds new light into the coalitional nature of Tokugawa Baku-Han regime nesting the fundamental Samurai-village pact as well as the tendency toward decentralization of political violence and fiscal competence to the provincial level toward the end of the Qing China. From these new historical interpretations, endogenous strategic forces and associated public propositions leading to institutional changes through the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution are identified and compared.
Effect of X-ray treatments on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica and inherent microbiota on whole mangoes.

UNLABELLED The aims of this investigation were to; (i) study the effect of X-ray treatments in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Shigella flexneri on whole mangoes, and (ii) study the effect of X-ray treatments on microflora counts (mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic counts and yeast and mould counts) of whole mangoes during storage at ambient temperature (22°C) for 30 days. A mixture of three strains of each test organism was spot inoculated (100 μl; approx. 8-9 log CFU ml(-1) ), separately, onto the surface (5 cm(2) ) of whole mangoes, air-dried (30 min), and then treated with different doses of X-ray (0, 0·1, 0·5, 1·0, and 1·5 kGy). Approximately 2·9, 1·8, 2·1 and 5·2 log CFU cm(-2) reduction of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Sh. flexneri and Salm. enterica were achieved by treatment with 0·5 kGy X-ray respectively. Furthermore, the populations of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Sh. flexneri and Salm. enterica were reduced to less than the detectable limit (2·0 log CFU cm(-2) ) by treatment with 1·5 kGy X-ray. Treatment with 1·5 kGy X-ray significantly reduced the initial inherent microflora on skin of whole mangoes and inherent levels were significantly (P < 0·05) lower than the control sample throughout storage at 22°C for 30 days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Fresh produce was associated with 770 outbreaks between 1990 and 2005, resulting in 35 060 cases of illness that costs the US $39 billion annually. The food industry is looking for new preservation methods. This investigation indicated that X-ray treatment was very effective against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enterica and inherent microflora on whole mangoes which could offer an applicable approach to control pathogens and spoilage bacteria for the mango industry.
Prevalence and risk factors for colonic perforation during colonoscopy in hospitalized end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis

Colonic perforation is a rare complication during colonoscopy. A recent single center study reported a high incidence of colonic perforation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis (HD) who underwent colonoscopy. We sought to determine nationwide, population-based prevalence in rates of colonic perforation during colonoscopy among ESRD inpatients on HD in the US, and to assess risk factors for colonic perforation in this patient population. We obtained patient data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and used the International Classification of Diseases, the 9th revision, clinical modification codes, to identify ESRD patients on HD who had undergone colonoscopy in 2006. The control group consisted of inpatients who had colonoscopy without ESRD. Colonic perforations occurred in 51/17,000 ESRD hospitalizations on HD (0.3%) and 3,951/564,428 controls without ESRD (0.7%). The risk of colonic perforation among the study group was not significantly higher than the control group even after adjusting for patient demographics like age, gender and comorbid conditions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] −0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30–0.97). Older age (OR −1.007; 95% CI, 1.002–1.011) and female gender (OR −1.18; 95% CI, 1.03–1.36) were identified as independent risk factors for the risk of perforation in this population group. There appeared no increased risk of colonic perforation during colonoscopy among inpatients who received HD in our study. Increasing age and female patients appeared to be associated with procedure-related colonic perforation.
Modeling bundled concentric MWCNTs-based embedded power inductor

Switching power conversion circuits require power inductors with large inductance and high quality factor (Q). The power inductor is usually large and occupies significant percentage of the power converter area. The integration of the power inductor in smaller size while marinating high performance is a challenge. This paper proposes and studies power inductors that utilize Multi-Walled concentric bundled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) for on chip integration. A circuit model is presented for the power inductor. Expressions to compute each element in this model are described. The simulation results using Sonnet Lite® and ADS® software are presented to compare different configurations of bundles of concentric MWCNTs for a single-layer spiral power inductor. Simulation results confirmed the stability and good performance of the inductor.
Caffeine induced uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism: A calibrated-BOLD fMRI study

Although functional MRI (fMRI) based on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes is a sensitive tool for mapping brain activation, quantitative studies of the physiological effects of pharmacological agents using fMRI alone are difficult to interpret due to the complexities inherent in the BOLD response. Hypercapnia-calibrated BOLD methodology is potentially a more powerful physiological probe of brain function, providing measures of the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)). In this study, we implemented a quantitative R(2)* approach for assessing the BOLD response to improve the stability of repeated measurements, in combination with the calibrated BOLD method, to examine the CBF and CMRO(2) responses to caffeine ingestion. Ten regular caffeine consumers were imaged before and after a 200-mg caffeine dose. A dual-echo arterial spin labeling technique was used to measure CBF and BOLD responses to visual stimulation, caffeine consumption and mild hypercapnia. For a region of interest defined by CBF activation to the visual stimulus, the results were: hypercapnia increased CBF (+46.6%, +/-11.3, mean and standard error), visual stimulation increased both CBF (+47.9%, +/-2.9) and CMRO(2) (+20.7%, +/-1.4), and caffeine decreased CBF (-34.5%, +/-2.6) with a non-significant change in CMRO(2) (+5.2%, +/-6.4). The coupling between CBF and CMRO(2) was significantly different in response to visual stimulation compared to caffeine consumption. A calibrated BOLD methodology using R(2) * is a promising approach for evaluating CBF and CMRO(2) changes in response to pharmacological interventions.
COENZYME SPECIFICITY OF D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE FOR THE ADENYLATE MOIETY OF FAD.

Abstract Analogues of FAD have been synthesized from pyridinium FMN and 4-morpholine N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarboxamidinium nucleoside 5′-phosphoromorpholidates in pyridane. The similar spectral and chromatographic properties of the analogues are described. The specific reactivity of the adenylate portion of FAD has been delineated by the following observations on the behavior of adenosyl-replaced analogues of FAD and of AMP with D -amino acid oxidase ( D -amino acid:O 2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.3): 1. 1. Substitution of deoxyribofuranosyl for the ribofuranosyl portion of FAD results in a large decrease in coenzymatic activity. FdeAD has a K m of 4.5·10 −6 M and in 10-fold larger amounts is only 52% as active as FAD with a K m of 4.5·10 −7 M. 2. 2. All other replacements of the adenosyl moiety of FAD by common purine and pyrimidine ribo- and deoxyribofuranosyl portions yield analogues which are active only very weakly either as coenzymes or competitive inhibitors of FAD. 3. 3. A further reflection of the propensity for binding of the adenylate portion of FAD is seen in the decreased ability of nucleoside 5′-monophosphates other than AMP to inhibit attachment of FAD as coenzyme. Overall, the results indicate that D -amino acid oxidase exhibits a consederable degree of coenzyme specificity with regard to the 6-aminopurine ribofuranosyl or AMP portion of FAD.
Integrated Operator-Plant Process Modeling and Decision Support for Allocation of Function:

Human operator simulation models can play an important information role in the allocation of functions in person-machine systems. A prototype simulation model system developed at ORNL is described in which a human operator model (INTEROPS) and a nuclear power plant (NPP) process model are dynamically integrated. INTEROPS is a cognitive/ performance simulation model which is itself a dynamic integration of a SAINT task network model and a knowledge-based subsystem which reasons with uncertainty. Potential contributions of INTEROPS to NPP advanced control design are evaluated.
Theory of Polymers in Poor Solvent: Phase Equilibrium and Nucleation Behavior

We study the phase equilibrium and nucleation behavior of polymers in poor solvent by accounting for the large, localized fluctuations in the form of single-chain globules and multichain clusters. The density profile and free energy of the single-chain globule and multichain clusters are obtained by self-consistent-field theory. This information is then used in the dilute solution thermodynamics to investigate the equilibrium cluster size distribution, solubility limit, and nucleation in the supersaturated state. Our results show that the solubility of the polymer in the dilute side of the solution is enhanced by several orders of magnitude relative to the prediction of the Flory–Huggins (F–H) theory, which scales with the chain length to the 2/3 power rather than a linear power as predicted from the F–H theory. Our results also suggest a higher critical value of χ, consistent with computer simulation and experiment results. In the supersaturated state, we work out an effective spinodal where the nucleation barrier to phase separation via growth of the clusters becomes comparable to the thermal energy k_(B)T. For a given supersaturation, we find that the nucleation barrier is quadratic in the chain length, suggesting a much slower precipitation rate for longer polymer chains.
Evidence of strain-mode-related cortical adaptation in the diaphysis of the horse radius

Abstract The relative importance that certain strain features, including mode (e.g., tension vs. compression) and magnitude, have in affecting adaptive bone remodeling seen in normal skeletally mature bones remains controversial. The equine radius is used as a model because in vivo strain data show that the mid-to-proximal diaphysis receives a consistent history of predominantly cranial-caudal bending loads, in contrast to the distal diaphysis which receives relatively more torsional loading superimposed on cranial-caudal bending. Medial and lateral cortices serve as control regions because they correspond to a neutral axis of bending. Equine radii were sectioned transversely at 65% (proximal), 50%, and 35% (distal) of length and cortical bone from the cranial (“tension”), caudal (“compression”), medial, and lateral regions was examined to determine if one, of many, structural and material features could be distinguished as being consistently related to the distribution of the prevailing strain modes. Mineral content (percent ash) differences, though statistically significant (p 0.3). Because the caudal cortex of the 35% section is significantly less remodeled (lower OPD and FASB) than the opposite cranial cortex, the oblique-to-transverse collagen seen in the caudal cortex of this section cannot be attributed to prior remodeling activity. These data show that the greatest amount of remodeled bone does not consistently occur in the caudal cortex, where strain magnitudes are invariably greatest. However, collagen fiber orientation is markedly different between the opposite cortices in a pattern that consistently coincides with the cranial-caudal distribution of bending strains. These data support the hypothesis that the primary bone and/or bone within secondary osteons of the cranial and caudal cortices is organized with some recognition of prevailing strain mode.
Realizing the transformative impact of computing and data in a networked world

The computer and information science and engineering disciplines are at the center of an ongoing societal transformation. The explosive growth of scientific and social data, wireless connectivity at broadband speeds for a countless number of mobile endpoints, and seamless access to resources in the 'cloud' are transforming the way we work, learn, play, and communicate. Furthermore, the proliferation of mobile devices and new applications is leading to increasing complexity and growth of network traffic. I will talk about how digitalization, virtualization, and mobility are reshaping our economy, society, and daily lives. I will also talk about these trends catalyze new opportunities for foundational research. I will further explore how advances in computing and communication serve as key drivers of economic competitiveness and how they will be crucial to achieving national priorities.
Factor substitution in nursing homes

This paper studies factor substitution in one important sector: the nursing home industry. Specifically, we measure the extent to which nursing homes substitute materials for labor when labor becomes relatively more expensive. From a policy perspective, factor substitution in this market is important because materials-intensive methods of care are associated with greater risks of morbidity and mortality among nursing home residents. Studying longitudinal data from 1991 to 2000 on nearly every nursing home in the United States, we use the method of instrumental variables (IV) to address measurement error in nursing home wages. The results from the IV models yield evidence of factor substitution: higher nursing home wages are associated with greater use of psychoactive drugs and lower quality.
Generation and reactions of carbanions in the presence of a neighboring η3-allyl-Mo(CO)2Cp moiety; A novel rearrangement suggesting participation of Mo in carbanion stabilization.

Abstract The cyano-substituted η 3 -allyl-Mo(CO) 2 Cp complex 3 is readily deprotonated using a variety of bases (NaH, BuLi, LDA) and the so-formed carbanion undergoes a novel rearrangement leading to complexes such as 4, 5 and 7 after treatment with electrophiles.
Inequalities for linear combinations of gamma random variables

We study the behavior of the tail probabilities of weighted averages of certain independently and identically distributed random variables as the weights are varied. We show that the upper and lower tails are smallest when all the weights are equal. Our results apply to exponential, chi-squared, gamma, and Weibull random variables. Nous etudions le comportement des ailes de la distribution d'une moyenne ponderee de certaines variables aleatoires independantes et equidistribuees lorsqu'on fait varier les poids. Bous montrons que les ailes droite et gauche atteignent le degre de rabattement le plus pronoce quand les poids sont tour egaux. Nos resultats s'appliquent aux cas de varaibles aleatoires de loi exponentielle, khi-deux, gamma et Weibull.
A Measurement of the Velocity Field of a Cumulus Cloud

Abstract A 3-hr flight of a constant-volume balloon which is entrained into a cumulus congestus cloud and lifted to an altitude of nearly 3 km provides an opportunity to determine the trajectory and vertical velocity of the balloon and, in turn, relate these to the circulation of the cloud. Simultaneous supplementary observations by radar, cameras, satellite, and other ground based instruments provide the meteorological context for the event. Computations show that the vertical velocities of the cloud may approach 10 m sec−1, and sustained upward velocities of 3–5 m sec−1 are maintained for considerable periods of time and height. Comparison with a “jet” model shows remarkable agreement, while the “bubble” model would require unreasonably large values of the radius to generate the observed vertical velocities.
Toward a typology of stranger-host relationships

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of the stranger as it has been used in sociology, anthropology, and intercultural relations. Based upon this literature and two recent critiques, a typology of stranger-host relationships is developed. The implications of the typology for integrating research in the sociology of tourism, intercultural adjustment, and acculturation/assimilation are discussed.
Prinzmetal's variant angina

Although the prevalence of variant angina pectoris is unknown, it appears to be substantially less common than typical, exertional angina and unstable angina at rest. The patient with variant angina typically complains of a pressure-like, squeezing retrosternal chest discomfort of several minutes duration. The diagnosis is secured by the occurrence of transient ST-segment elevation in association with chest pain, both of which resolve spontaneously or with nitroglycerin. After the diagnosis is made, the patient usually becomes symptom-free on calcium-channel blockers with or without long-acting nitrates. Although the long-term survival of these patients is excellent, an occasional individual with variant angina sustains a complication, most often myocardial infarction, a life-threatening arrhythmia, or sudden cardiac death.
Two particle correlations in inclusive reactions

Two-particle inclusive distributions and correlation functions are computed from a model which emphasizes single production of resonance-like hadrons (novas) which cascade decay through pion emission. Strong positive correlations are predicted at small values of the center-of-mass rapidity of the final pions. The magnitude and energy dependence of $〈{n}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}〉$ and $〈{n}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}({n}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{-}1)〉$ are reproduced correctly. Good agreement is obtained with experimental $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dy}}$, $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{y}_{1}d{y}_{2}}$, and $C({y}_{1}, {y}_{2})$ from data on ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ at 18.5 GeV/c.
Why are internal medicine residents at university medical centers not pursuing fellowship training in gastroenterology? A survey analysis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The decrease in available GI fellowship positions appears to be associated with a disproportionate decrease in the quality of applicants. Thus, the aims of this study were: 1) to determine the current interest in advanced training of nonprimary care internal medicine residents at university medical centers, and 2) to identify the reasons why fellowship-bound residents are not pursuing GI. METHODS: Postage prepaid survey cards were distributed directly to the campus mailboxes of 1862 internal medicine residents at 61 university medical centers at the beginning of their second postgraduate year of training. E-mail questionnaires were then sent to 144 residents planning fellowship training and careers in academia other than in GI/hepatology. RESULTS: A total of 592 residents (32% response) returned completed survey cards. Overall, 392 (66%) indicated that they will pursue fellowship training and ∼60% wanted to remain in academia. However, CONCLUSIONS: The majority of residents at university training programs plan advanced training and want to pursue careers in academia, but not in GI/hepatology. Efforts to attract highly qualified residents to GI must emphasize the improved job market, especially as it exists in academia; must advertise research opportunities; and must de-emphasize the procedural nature of this subspecialty.
An Analytical and Experimental Study of Mixed-Mode Ductile Fracture under Nonproportional Loading

The paper presents an investigation of mixed-mode ductile fracture for biaxial tension plates containing a central crack of varying inclination angles under non proportional loading. The critical fracture loads at crack initiation as well as crack initia tion angles are obtained for each of the three prescribed nonproportional loading paths. The experimental measurements are then compared to those predicted by finite element analysis based on an anisotropic damage mechanics model which has been developed ear lier by Chow and his co-workers and employed to characterize successfully, various damage-affected fracture problems including mixed-mode crack initiation and propagation under proportional loading [1-5].
Extracellular arabinogalactan from suspension-cultured red kidney bean root cells

Abstract An arabinogalactan ([α] d 22 —50°) containing l -arabinose and d -galactose in a molar ratio of 1:2·7 was isolated from the culture medium of suspension-cultured red kidney bean root cells ( Phaseolus vulgaris ). The polysaccharide was homogeneous by moving boundary electrophoresis and by sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight was estimated to be ca . 25 000. Methylation and hydrolysis of the polysaccharide yielded the following O -methyl ethers which were analysed by gas chromatography: 2,3,5-tri- O -methyl- l -arabinose (7 mol); 2,3-di- O -methyl- l -arabinose (0·5 mol); 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -methyl- d -galactose (1 mol); 2,4,6-tri- O -methyl- d -galactose (2·5 mol) and 2,3,4,-tri- O -methyl- d -galactose (5·5 mol) and 2,4-di- O -methyl- d -galactose (8 mol). A possible structure for the polysaccharide is proposed that is similar, in general, to those for arabinogalactans of coniferous woods.
Enhanced Fluorescence Intermittency in Mn-Doped Single ZnSe Quantum Dots

We report detailed experimental studies of enhanced fluorescence intermittency in Mn-doped single ZnSe quantum dots. The measured intermittency statistics and its dependences on the excitation inte...
Iliac vessel injuries: difficult injuries and difficult management problems

Introduction Injury to the iliac vessels poses a serious and frustrating treatment dilemma for all trauma surgeons. Generally, patients present in profound shock secondary to severe hemorrhage from either iliac arterial, venous, or combined injuries. Despite improvements in our emergency medical services (EMS), rapid transport, standard training of trauma surgeons, and improved technology, the morbidity and mortality from iliac vessel injuries remain high, ranging from 25 to 40 %.
The Science and Technology of Al-Ga Alloys as a Material for Energy Storage, Transport and Splitting Water

Currently, there is much public discussion about the realization of a hydrogen economy as a viable alternative for future large-scale energy sources. Hydrogen as an energy source has several compelling features. For example, its gravimetric energy density is three times that of oil, its combustion and fuel cell product is usually water and, hence, does not leave a carbon footprint, and its abundance, as water is plentiful.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Three-dimensional monocular pose measurement using computational neural networks

Experimental measurement of position and attitude (pose) of a rigid target using machine vision is of particular importance to autonomous robotic manipulation. Traditionally, the monocular four-point pose problem has been used which encompasses three distinct subproblems: inverse perspective; calibration of internal camera parameters; and knowledge of the pose of the camera (external camera parameters). To this end, a new unified concept for monocular pose measurement using computational neural networks has been developed which obviates the need to estimate camera parameters and which provides rapid solution of inverse perspective with compensation for nonhomogeneous lens distortion. Input neurons are (x, y) image coordinates for target landmarks. Output neurons are (X, Y, Z, roll, pitch, yaw) target position and attitude relative to an external reference frame. Modified back-propagation has been used to train the neural network using both synthetic and experimental training sets for comparison to current four-point pose methods. Recommendations are provided for number of neural layers, number of neurons per layer, and richness versus breadth of pose training sets.
Student peer feedback on design

Providing feedback on design projects to other students (peer feedback) helps students develop a better understanding of design and helps students practice providing feedback, which is an engineering professional skill. In this study, we analyzed first-year engineering students' feedback on sample student design work in order to understand the characteristics of the feedback students provide and highlight the differences, if any, between students with and without prior design experience. A coding scheme for feedback on design was developed and used in this study. Feedback on Milestone 1, which focused on problem scoping, was analyzed for this work-in-progress paper. Overall, students' feedback focused on the weaknesses of the design work and provided specific directions for change. Students with previous design experience provided more comments than students with no experience. These comments were mostly focused on weaknesses and were related to communication aspects of design.
Recovery and detection of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus in hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) by RT-PCR methods

A method for recovery of enteric viruses from hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) has been developed and evaluated. Seeded 50-g samples of clam tissue homogenates were processed by adsorption elution precipitation, two fluorocarbon extractions and PEG precipitation. Clam concentrates were assayed by infectivity and by RT-PCR after guanidinium isothiocyanate (GIT) extraction and/or an indirect immunomagnetic capture (IC) of the virus using paramagnetic beads. GIT extraction removed PCR inhibitors and allowed a reliable RT-PCR detection of viral RNA. The detection sensitivity of GIT extraction-RT-PCR was < 1 PFU of poliovirus 1, < 10 PFU of HAV and 1-11 PCRU of Norwalk virus. IC was very effective for additional concentration and purification of enteric viruses from clam concentrates removing most RT-PCR inhibitors. The sensitivity of this method was comparable to the GIT extraction and the sample volume tolerance for PCR was increased about 10-fold. Both methods gave similar efficiency for virus detection in samples seeded with low virus levels. The procedure developed in this study is effective for enteric viruses detection in hardshell clams by RT-PCR.
The effects of neurotransmitter antagonists and glucose on luteinizing hormone secretion in growth-restricted wethers

Chronic undernutrition results in reduced secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Two experiments were conducted in wethers whose LH secretion was suppressed by growth restriction caused by feeding a maintenance ration. The first study examined neurotransmitters that may be actively inhibiting LH secretion during growth restriction. The effects of various neurotransmitter antagonists were investigated: pimozide (PIM, dopamine), cyproheptadine (CYP, serotonin), pyrilamine (PYR, H1), cimetidine (CMT, H2) and propranolol (PRO, β-adrenergic) in wethers specifically fed to maintain a body weight of 28 kg (GR, n = 7) and in full fed control wethers (n = 5). Blood samples were taken at 15 min intervals for 4 h before and after drug administration. Serum LH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Only PIM increased (P < 0.01) serum LH pulse frequency in the GR wethers (pre 0.5 ± 0.2 pulses per 4 h vs. post 2.6 ± 0.9 pulses per 4 h). None of the drugs tested had an effect on the control wethers. Experiment 2 examined the effect of glucose administration (50, 100, or 150 mg i.v.) on LH secretion in GR wethers. Only the 150 mg dose significantly (P < 0.05) increased LH pulse frequency compared to the pre-injection period (1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.4 pulses per 4 h). After refeeding, LH pulse frequency and serum glucose concentrations increased. Proglumide, a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, did not block this increase (2.1 ± 0.4 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 pulses per 4 h). These data suggest that dopamine inhibits LH secretion in GR wethers and that increasing serum glucose concentrations increased LH secretion.
Evaluation of acid neutralizing capacity data for solutions containing natural organic acids

When the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of an aqueous solution is measured by an acidimetric titration, the measured parameter (ANC{sub t}) is generally assumed to correspond to the ANC of the sample (ANC{sub i}). This paper demonstrates that ANC{sub t} actually corresponds to ANC{sub i} - ANC{sub e}, where ANC{sub e} is the ANC of the sample at the titration endpoint. This relationship applies whether the endpoint occurs at a fixed pH or is determined by a Gran plot. When the sample contains organic acids, ANC{sub e} is generally non-zero and its neglect can introduce serious errors into the interpretation of ANC titration data. This paper presents computer simulations of ANC titrations in systems containing both carbonate and organic alkalinity, using a realistic thermodynamic model of the acidities of natural organic acids. The necessity of considering ANC{sub e} is demonstrated both computationally and by analysis of published results in which discrepancies between Gran ANC values and anion deficits could not previously be explained.
Optical properties and plasma oscillations of a self-supporting metallic film covered by oxide layers

Abstract The effects of the spatial dispersion of an electronic plasma inside a thin metallic film on the reflectance, transmittance and absorptance of a self-supporting metallic film covered by oxide layers are calculated. These formulas are needed, e.g., for the experimental studies of the fine structure of the plasma resonance absorption in a thin metallic film.
Induction and prevention of chilling injury to radicle tips of imbibing cottonseed.

Cottonseed exposed to a temperature of 5° during hydration are killed, or the subsequent germination performance of surviving seed is seriously inhibited. Exposure to chilling for periods as short as 30 minutes reduces germination speed and induces root abnormalities, while chilling for 12 hours may kill all seed. Sensitivity to chilling persists during the initial 2 to 4 hours of hydration. Seeds imbibed 4 hours at 31°, then dried, retain immunity to chilling. An irreversible event that is blocked or disrupted by chilling apparently occurs during early seed hydration.
Neutron emission from the 9Be(d, n)10B thick-target reaction for 7 MeV deuterons☆

Abstract Double-differential measurements of neutron emission from a thick beryllium target bombarded with 7 MeV deuterons are made for neutrons ≳ 0.8 MeV over the angular range 0–155°. The angular dependence of the neutron yield is found to be quite anisotropic. The importance of this anisotropy in integral neutron-induced reaction cross-section investigations is illustrated.
MHC class I deficiency: susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cells and impaired NK activity

The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in natural killer (NK) cell target recognition is controversial. Normal T cell blasts from MHC class I-deficient mutant mice were found to serve as target cells for NK cells in vitro, which suggests that MHC class I molecules are directly involved in NK cell recognition. Spleen cells from the mutant mice were deficient in their ability to lyse MHC class I-deficient target cells or NK-susceptible tumor targets, and mutant mice could not reject allogeneic bone marrow. Thus, class I molecules may participate in the positive selection or tolerance induction of NK cells.
Regionalized care for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: it's closer than you think.

The overwhelming enthusiasm for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as the preferred reperfusion strategy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is fueled by evidence from randomized trials suggesting that PCI is superior to fibrinolytic therapy alone in reducing the rates of death, reinfarction, intracranial bleeding, reocclusion of the infarct artery, and recurrent ischemia even if performed when transport to a hospital with PCI capability is required.1,2 In the United States, this enthusiasm is tempered by the reality that approximately one third of patients do not receive any reperfusion therapy despite its availability and the absence of any contraindication, and that only a minority (18%) of patients with STEMI receive primary PCI.3 Furthermore, of those patients treated with primary PCI, fewer than 40% undergo reperfusion of the infarct artery within 90 minutes after arrival to the initial hospital,4 a goal advocated by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.5 Of the nearly 5000 acute-care hospitals in this country, &2200 have catheterization laboratories. Among those, only 1200 are capable of performing PCI, which makes it challenging for several states to provide primary PCI to selected patients in a timely fashion.6 In fact, several regions are beginning to organize and monitor both transfer and triage protocols for patients with STEMI.7,8 Article p 1189 In the hope of increasing the availability of timely primary PCI to a greater number of patients, a debate has ensued over the concept of regionalized care for patients with STEMI.9,10 Proponents of regionalization cite the reduction in mortality and subsequent events when primary PCI is performed at experienced centers in an expeditious fashion1; the reported relationship between procedural volume and outcomes in the setting of STEMI, such that patients treated at higher-volume hospitals by higher-volume operators experience …
The Association of Intimate Partner Violence, Recreational Drug Use with HIV Seroprevalence among MSM

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been significantly associated with HIV among heterosexual individuals. Yet a similar relationship has not been so clearly described among men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IPV with HIV seroprevalence among MSM. Participants consisted of 7,844 MSM clients who visited the Whitman Walker Clinic in Washington DC from 2000 through 2007, the majority of whom were Caucasian with a median age of 30. The univariate analysis showed that self-reported IPV was significantly associated with HIV (OR: 1.67, CI: 1.14–2.45) among the sampled MSM clients. However, when adjusting for sexually transmitted infection (STI) status and self-reported risk behaviors including recreational drug use, condom use, number of male sex partners, and having sex with a positive HIV partner, the association of IPV with HIV was not statistically significant. Results indicated that the strong independent association of recreational drug use with HIV seroprevalence decreased the association of IPV with HIV significantly (with recreational drug use, OR: 1.36, CI: 0.93–2.00 vs. without recreational drug use, OR: 1.51, CI: 1.03–2.22).
Preschoolers Enrolled and Mothers at Work? The Effects of Universal Prekindergarten

Three states recently introduced universal prekindergarten programs offering free preschool to all age‐eligible children; policy makers in many other states are promoting similar programs. Using restricted‐access data from the Census, together with birthday‐based eligibility cutoffs, I employ a regression discontinuity framework to estimate the effects of universal pre‐K availability on overall preschool enrollment and maternal labor supply. Universal pre‐K availability increases statewide preschool enrollment by about 14% but has little effect on the labor supply of most women.
Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder: A review

Ultrasonography is a helpful, non-invasive, and relatively inexpensive adjuvant to oral cholecystography for evaluating the gallbladder and its diseases. This method can be highly accurate in detecting gallstones and is specially useful when there is non-visualisation in radiographic contrast studies. Various ultrasound patterns of gallstones are described. All these patterns should demonstrate a sonic shadow in association with an intraluminal defect. Sonography is particularly useful in demonstrating cholelithiasis and organ dilatation in suspected acute cholecystitis. In addition to gallbladder disease, this technique simultaneously offers pertinent anatomical information about the porta hepatis. This information would otherwise require additional diagnostic investigation. Because, in many instances, sonography is non-specific, or blind to certain gallbladder non-calculous filling defects, and because of present lack of uniform standard quality control methods for performing this procedure, it should be considered only as a complementary, imaging procedure to oral cholecystography.
EAE cerebrospinal fluid augments in vitro phagocytosis and metabolism of CNS myelin by macrophages.

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that CNS myelin is phagocytized and metabolized by cultured rat macrophages to a much larger extent when myelin is pretreated with serum containing antibodies to myelin constituents than when it is left untreated or pretreated with non-specific serum. In this study the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from rabbits with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in promoting myelin phagocytosis was examined. Fourteen rabbits were immunized with purified myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant, seven of which developed clinical EAE symptoms. Serum and CSF were collected from EAE and control rabbits, and the CSF was centrifuged to remove cells. Sera and CSF from these rabbits and from Freund's adjuvant-immunized controls and untreated controls were measured for IgG content by radial diffusion assay, their myelin antibody characteristics were analyzed by immunoblots, and the ability of these serum and CSF samples to promote myelin phagocytosis when used for myelin opsonization was examined. The ability of a CSF sample to enhance radioactive myelin uptake and phagocytosis by cultured macrophages as measured by the appearance of radioactive cholesterol ester was linearly proportional to its total IgG titer, and correlated approximately both with clinical symptoms of the animal and the presence of antibody against the myelin constituents myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and galactocerebroside. The cholesterol esterification activities of EAE sera correlated to a lesser extent with IgG levels and clinical symptoms. These results suggest a possible role for CSF-localized anti-myelin antibody in demyelination in the CNS by macrophages in EAE, and they encourage further study of the role of CSF antibody in cell-mediated demyelination in multiple sclerosis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.