cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Dynamic State Synthesis by Use of Mass Parameters in a System Coupler Link

One of the primary objectives of synthesis is the reduction of the number of controlling parameters facing the designer in the optimization phase of the design process while at the same time forcing the remaining parameters to generate solutions which are acceptable in some prescribed sense. In this paper, the four mass parameters m, k, u, v of any link moving in coplanar motion are used to meet specified torque (or energy) levels or specified shaking moment values for up to four positions of the system. The origin of these specifications for the synthesis procedure may be due to inertia in the rest of the system or due to a work function such as those generated by springs. The dimensions of the mechanism are considered to pre-exist or are due to an earlier motion synthesis stage of the design [5]. Springs may have been obtained by a synthesis procedure outlined in reference [6]. Finally, once the values of m, k, u, v for one link are met by means of procedures introduced here, they may then be used directly in shaking force criteria of Berkof and Lowen [2] to further balance the system or those in reference [3] for additional refinement. The total objective of this serial use of synthesis procedures is to minimize the number of independent design parameters while still retaining a set of solutions containing the global optimum in terms of some prescribed qualitative requirements. Some of these qualitative criteria were outlined in the very interesting and complete work [4] on characterization of the dynamic state of real machines by Artobolevskii and Loschchinin. The synthesis procedure is validated by a design example of a throwing mechanism. The object being thrown is specified in four finitely separated velocity states of an existing mechanism. The resulting dynamic response of the system meets these arbitrary specifications within an error of 0.05 percent.
The Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs and Lifetime Experiences of Sexual Victimization Among College Men

The non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) has been linked with many negative outcomes in previous studies. Recent literature has begun to examine the role of NMUPD among sexual victimization survivors. The present study examined the associations between NMUPD, recreational drug use, and experiences of sexual victimization among college men. Undergraduate men (n = 253) elected to take an online survey examining drug use and lifetime sexual victimization experiences. A total of 17% of the sample reported instances of being sexually victimized in their lifetime across four domains (being coerced, threatened, physically forced, or taken advantage of while incapacitated). Results indicate that, across all domains of sexual victimization, non-medical sedative use was robustly associated with sexual victimization in a multivariate model controlling for recreational drug use and demographics. No other non-medically used drug class (anxiolytics, pain medications, and stimulants) was associated with experiences of sexual victimization in the multivariate model. Results expand past literature by illustrating specific drug classes used by survivors of sexual victimization. Implications for interventions for male sexual victimization survivors are discussed.
Contemporary norms of word and phonetic frequencies

Recent sources of normative word and phonetic frequency data are discussed. An extensive bibliography of such normative data is also presented.
Mask classification for missing-feature reconstruction for robust speech recognition in unknown background noise

''Missing-feature'' techniques to improve speech recognition accuracy are based on the blind determination of which cells in a spectrogram-like display of speech are corrupted by the effects of noise or other types of disturbance (and hence are ''missing''). In this paper we present three new approaches that improve the speech recognition accuracy obtained using missing-feature techniques. It had been found in previous studies (e.g. Seltzer et al., 2004) that Bayesian approaches to missing-feature classification are effective in ameliorating the effects of various types of additive noise. While Seltzer et al. primarily used white noise for training their Bayesian classifier, we have found that this is not the best type of training signal when noise with greater spectral and/or temporal variation is encountered in the testing environment. The first innovation introduced in this paper, referred to as frequency-dependent classification, involves independent classification in each of the various frequency bands in which the incoming speech is analyzed based on parallel sets of frequency-dependent features. The second innovation, referred to as colored-noise generation using multi-band partitioning, involves the use of masking noises with artificially-introduced spectral and temporal variation in training the Bayesian classifier used to determine which spectro-temporal components of incoming speech are corrupted by noise in unknown testing environments. The third innovation consists of an adaptive method to estimate the a priori values of the mask classifier that determines whether a particular time-frequency segment of the test data should be considered to be reliable or not. It is shown that these innovations provide improved speech recognition accuracy on a small vocabulary test when missing-feature restoration is applied to incoming speech that is corrupted by additive noise of an unknown nature, especially at lower signal-to-noise ratios.
Uterosacral ligament vaginal vault suspension using delayed absorbable monofilament suture

Introduction and hypothesis We investigated the incidence of suture complications and recurrent prolapse following uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS) using delayed absorbable polyglyconate monofilament suture (Maxon™).
Second generation video imaging technique for assessing dermal exposure (VITAE system)

Development of a second-generation video imaging technique for assessing occupational skin exposure (VITAE) is described, its performance evaluated, and new procedures for exposure quantification are presented. The current VITAE system has higher resolution in regard to both its picture element array and gray scale when compared with the prototype system. System performance was evaluated during extended field deployment: variability was 3–4% during data acquisition for individual worker evaluation sessions, and 10% over a 22-day study period. Variabilities attributable to subject positioning and image outlining procedures were 2.7 and 1.2%, respectively. Visual observations of fluorescent tracer deposition on skin were used to classify specific body regions as either exposed or unexposed, and two computer-based classification criteria were tested against the visual classifications. These criteria were generally better at minimizing false negative than false positive classification; sensitivity and predict...
Crystal structures and EPR spectra of nitroguanidine chloride and nitroguanidine nitrate

Abstract Crystal structures of nitroguanidine chloride and nitroguanidine nitrate were solved by x-ray diffraction. The nitroguanidine chloride crystal is triclinic, space group P1, with unit cell parameters: a = 6·656(8)A, b = 6·719(9) A, c = 6·816(8)A, α = 66·8(2)°, β = 75·4(2)°, γ = 84·5(2)°, DC = 1·7g cm−3, Z = 2. The nitroguanidine nitrate crystal is monoclinic, space group P21/c with unit cell parameters: a = 4·587(4)A, b = 6·377(6)A, c = 21·167(15)A, β = 94·7(1)°, DC = 1·8g cm−3, Z = 4. EPR spectra were detected from crystals of both compounds which had been exposed to gamma or x-radiation. The EPR spectra are assigned to NO2 and (NH2)2CN.
Lymph node-positive head and neck cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy: can treatment response determine the extent of neck dissection?

BACKGROUND The purpose was to determine if postradiotherapy (RT) neck dissection can be limited to the neck levels of residual adenopathy on post-RT computed tomography (CT). METHODS In all, 274 patients with lymph node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with definitive RT. All patients had a contrast-enhanced CT performed 4 weeks after completing RT to evaluate tumor response. Two hundred eleven heminecks were dissected, either planned pre-RT or because of residual adenopathy on post-RT CT. CT images were reviewed to determine the presence and location of residual adenopathy. Radiographic complete response (rCR) was defined as lymph node size ≤1.5 cm and normal radiographic morphology (no filling defects or calcifications). For each neck level the CT findings were correlated with neck dissection pathology. RESULTS Correlation of CT nodal response with neck dissection pathology revealed the following negative predictive values of rCR: level I, 100%; level II, 95%; level III, 98%; level IV, 96%; and level V, 96%. A subset analysis was performed on 61 neck levels with initially positive lymph nodes that completely responded to RT that were in a hemineck with residual lymphadenopathy elsewhere in the neck. Correlation of nodal response on CT to pathology indicated a negative predictive value of an rCR of 95% for this high-risk scenario. In 71 heminecks that underwent a selective neck dissection (defined as dissection of less than levels I-V) the 5-year neck control rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS rCR on post-RT CT has a negative predictive value of ≥95% for each neck level. This suggests that limiting neck dissection based on post-RT CT is safe. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Remote Source Document Verification in Two National Clinical Trials Networks: A Pilot Study

ObjectiveBarriers to executing large-scale randomized controlled trials include costs, complexity, and regulatory requirements. We hypothesized that source document verification (SDV) via remote electronic monitoring is feasible. MethodsFive hospitals from two NIH sponsored networks provided remote electronic access to study monitors. We evaluated pre-visit remote SDV compared to traditional on-site SDV using a randomized convenience sample of all study subjects due for a monitoring visit. The number of data values verified and the time to perform remote and on-site SDV was collected. ResultsThirty-two study subjects were randomized to either remote SDV (N=16) or traditional on-site SDV (N=16). Technical capabilities, remote access policies and regulatory requirements varied widely across sites. In the adult network, only 14 of 2965 data values (0.47%) could not be located remotely. In the traditional on-site SDV arm, 3 of 2608 data values (0.12%) required coordinator help. In the pediatric network, all 198 data values in the remote SDV arm and all 183 data values in the on-site SDV arm were located. Although not statistically significant there was a consistent trend for more time consumed per data value (minutes +/- SD): Adult 0.50 +/- 0.17 min vs. 0.39 +/- 0.10 min (two-tailed t-test p=0.11); Pediatric 0.99 +/- 1.07 min vs. 0.56 +/- 0.61 min (p=0.37) and time per case report form: Adult: 4.60 +/- 1.42 min vs. 3.60 +/- 0.96 min (p=0.10); Pediatric: 11.64 +/- 7.54 min vs. 6.07 +/- 3.18 min (p=0.10) using remote SDV. ConclusionsBecause each site had different policies, requirements, and technologies, a common approach to assimilating monitors into the access management system could not be implemented. Despite substantial technology differences, more than 99% of data values were successfully monitored remotely. This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of remote monitoring and the need to develop consistent access policies for remote study monitoring.
PTX-sensitive signals in bone marrow homing of fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitor cells

Several examples suggest a relationship between in vitro migratory capacity and bone marrow (BM) homing. Pertussis toxin (PTX) is a potent inhibitor of serpentine receptor–associated inhibitory trimeric guanidine nucleotide binding (Gi) protein signals. As such, it blocks hematopoietic progenitor cell migration in vitro, but contrary to expectation, no effects on BM homing were observed in previous studies. We therefore re-examined the effect of PTX on homing of murine BM and fetal liver (FL). We found that BM homing of PTX-incubated progenitor cells (colony-forming cells in culture [CFU-Cs]) from BM or FL in irradiated and nonirradiated recipients was reduced by more than 75%, with a concomitant increase in circulating CFU-Cs in peripheral blood. Additional studies confirmed the functional significance of this reduction in homing: PTX-treated cells did not provide radioprotection, and their short-term engraftment in BM and spleen was drastically reduced. Furthermore, several approaches show that cell-intrinsic rather than host-derived mechanisms are responsible for the PTX-induced homing defect. In summary, we show that Gi protein signals are required for BM homing and, as such, provide a new example of the association between BM homing and in vitro migration. Moreover, our data suggest that the behavior of hematopoietic progenitors in obeying Gi signaling does not diverge from that of mature leukocytes.
Proliferative changes in the colon.

In diseases of the colon in man, and in mice after the administration of dimethylhydrazine, epithelial cells develop an abnormal ability to proliferate. They fail to repress incorporation of thymidine into DNA during migration. They also develop additional properties enabling them to be retained in the mucosa in increasing numbers. Nucleotide precursor enzyme activity becomes abnormal, enhancing the cells' ability to synthesize DNA and to proliferate. These defects can be screened in susceptible populations, and utilization of the information for detection and therapy are topics of importance at the present time.
Radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas

Context: Optimal management of pituitary adenomas involves consideration of the roles of medical therapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The different forms of radiation therapy and their results are reviewed here. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search through the U.S. National Library of Medicine was used to identify and review clinical experiences of radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas. Emphasis was placed on studies within the last 5–10 yr, with 5 or more years of follow-up data, and of reasonable quality of data. Older studies with larger numbers or particular significance are also highlighted. Evidence Synthesis: Success of radiation therapy in controlling tumor growth is high, 90–100% in most series, regardless of radiation technique and adenoma subtype. Success in achieving hormonal normalization in secretory tumors is more variable because of differences in patient population, radiation technique, and doses employed and variation of the definition of success. Complete bi...
Hydration and dehydration behavior of aspartame hemihydrate

Previous studies have shown that aspartame in the solid state can exist as a hemihydrate which occurs in two different polymorphic forms (I and II). The present work shows that equilibration of either hemihydrate at 25 degrees C with water vapor at relative humidities > or = 58% or with liquid water produces a 2.5-hydrate. Upon subjecting each of these crystalline hydrates to increasing temperature, the same crystalline anhydrate is formed which thermally cyclizes at a higher temperature to form the known compound 3-(carboxymethyl)-6-benzyl-2,5-dioxopiperazine. The activation energy of the cyclization reaction appears to depend on the degree of crystallinity of the anhydrate that is formed at a lower temperature. On increasing the temperature of the 2.5-hydrate, a hemihydrate intervenes before the anhydrate is formed. This intervening hemihydrate is similar to the commercial form (II) of aspartame hemihydrate but exhibits greater amorphous character. The techniques employed were Karl Fischer titrimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy.
Factorial Structure of the Study Process Questionnaire

The current study assessed the factorial structure of the Study Process Questionnaire with 532 American university students. The questionnaire, developed in Australia by J. B. Biggs, measures three approaches to learning and studying identified as Surface, Deep, and Achieving. Each approach is comprised of a motive and a strategy subscale. Factor analysis for the American sample supported Biggs' three primary approaches to learning (accounting for almost 70% of the distributed variance). The motive and strategy subcomponents, however, were not as clearly differentiated. Implications for further research with the questionnaire are discussed.
Basic research on pulsed power for narrowband high-power microwave sources

Relativistic, intense beam-driven High Power Microwave (HPM) sources emerged as consequence of the development of pulsed power. In this context, pulsed power refers to components of a system following the prime power source, and before the load, which is typically an electron beam diode. Progress in fielding HPM sources on mobile platforms requires developing more compact pulsed power drivers. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research is sponsoring, using resources allocated by DDR&E, a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program to study basic phenomena and processes that can lead to the design of more compact pulsed power systems. The University of New Mexico is leading a consortium, uniting researchers at Old Dominion University and the University of Nevada-Reno, to study basic phenomena relating to breakdown in solid and liquid dielectrics, high dielectric constant ceramics for use in compact, folded Blumlein transmission lines, gas switches, thermal management in compact pulsed power systems, among other topics. This paper describes the research activities on this program that are being performed in the initial year.
Disruption of N-linked glycosylation promotes proteasomal degradation of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA3

The lipid transport protein, ABCA3, expressed in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, is critical for surfactant homeostasis. The first luminal loop of ABCA3 contains three putative N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 53, 124, and 140. A common cotranslational modification, N-linked glycosylation, is critical for the proper expression of glycoproteins by enhancing folding, trafficking, and stability through augmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding cycle. To understand its role in ABCA3 biosynthesis, we utilized EGFP-tagged fusion constructs with either wild-type or mutant ABCA3 cDNAs that contained glutamine for asparagine substitutions at the putative glycosylation motifs. In A549 cells, inhibition of glycosylation by tunicamycin increased the electrophoretic mobility (Mr) and reduced the expression level of wild-type ABCA3 in a dose-dependent manner. Fluorescence imaging of transiently transfected A549 or primary human AT2 cells showed that although single motif mutants exhibited a vesicular distribution pattern similar to wild-type ABCA3, mutation of N124 and N140 residues resulted in a shift toward an ER-predominant distribution. By immunoblotting, the N53 mutation exhibited no effect on either the Mr or ABCA3 expression level. In contrast, substitutions at N124 or N140, as well a N124/N140 double mutation, resulted in increased electrophoretic mobility indicative of a glycosylation deficiency accompanied by reduced overall expression levels. Diminished steady-state levels of glycan-deficient ABCA3 isoforms were rescued by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. These results suggest that cotranslational N-linked glycosylation at N124 and N140 is critical for ABCA3 stability, and its disruption results in protein destabilization and proteasomal degradation.
The degrees of the cyclotomic extension fields

Abstract In connection with a question about matrix periods, it proved necessary to discuss the degrees of primitive roots of unity over arbitrary fields. This can be reduced to a question about subfields of cyclotomic extensions of the prime fields, and in positive characteristics it is easy to answer. In characteristic zero, there is a nontrivial problem: if we fix relatively prime r and s , what relations are there among the degrees a , b , c of K (ζ rs ), K (ζ r ), and K (ζ s ) over K ? In addition to the obvious divisibility conditions, there is exactly one nontrivial one: bc/a must divide g , the size of the largest group that is isomorphic to a subgroup of both ( Z / r Z ) x and ( Z / s Z ) x .
Heritability of nociception. III. Genetic relationships among commonly used assays of nociception and hypersensitivity.

Abstract We and others have previously demonstrated that nociception in the mouse is heritable. A genetic correlation analysis of 12 common measures of nociception among a common set of inbred strains revealed three major clusters (or ‘types’) of nociception in this species. In the present study, we re-evaluated the major types of nociception and their interrelatedness using ten additional assays of nociception and hypersensitivity, including: three thermal assays (tail withdrawal from 47.5°C water or −15°C ethanol; tail flick from radiant heat), two chemical assays of spontaneous nociception (bee venom test; capsaicin test) and their subsequent thermal hypersensitivity states (including contralateral hypersensitivity in the bee venom test), a mechanical nociceptive assay (tail-clip test), and a mechanical hypersensitivity assay (intrathecal dynorphin). Confirming our earlier findings, the results demonstrate distinct thermal and chemical nociceptive types. It is now clear that mechanical hypersensitivity and thermal hypersensitivity are genetically dissociable phenomena. Furthermore, we now see at least two distinct types of thermal hypersensitivity: afferent-dependent, featuring a preceding significant period of spontaneous nociceptive behavior associated with afferent neural activity, and non-afferent-dependent. In conclusion, our latest analysis suggests that there are at least five fundamental types of nociception and hypersensitivity: (1) baseline thermal nociception; (2) spontaneous responses to noxious chemical stimuli; (3) thermal hypersensitivity; (4) mechanical hypersensitivity; and (5) afferent input-dependent hypersensitivity.
DO SILICONE TESTICULAR IMPLANTS INCREASE THE RISK OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IN CHILDREN?(1) DO BOYS WITH SILICONE IMPLANTS DEVELOP ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES WITH GREATER FREQUENCY THAN AGE/SEX MATCHED HEA

We have previously reported the occurrence of severe SLE with nephritis in two children, a 15 year old boy in 1992, 12 years after a silicone testicular prosthesis was implanted in the scrotum for cosmetic reasons (unilateral cryptochordism) and a 10 year old girl in 1981, two years after a silicone scleral sponge was implanted in her eye (retinal detachment) (Lancet, 1994.343:354-5). 2/50 children who have had renal biopsies for lupus nephritis at our hospital between 1977-1993 have had silicone implants prior to their developing SLE.
The relationship of relative gene dose to the complex phenotype of the daughterless locus in Drosophila

The daughterless (da) gene provides an essential maternally supplied component for Drosophila sex determination and dosage compensation. In this connection, it is required as a positive regulator of a female-specific master regulatory gene, Sex-lethal (Sxl). In addition, zygotic da gene function is required for male and female viability. Thus, the phenotype da is complex; it includes both maternal and zygotic aspects, as well as both sex-specific and nonsex-specific aspects. Assessment of wild-type da function has relied on the characterization of only a single leaky mutant da allele. In order to better understand the nature of this allele and the relationships between the various aspects of its complex phenotype, tandem duplications of both the mutant and wild-type da alleles were isolated and used in a dose study of this gene's function. Three conclusions were reached: (1) by the most stringent genetic criteria, the mutant da allele is a simple hypomorph, an allele with reduced but non-zero levels of wild-type functions; (2) since increased dose of da+ had no effect on viability or progeny sex ratio, this gene seems not to be a dose-sensitive element of the X/A ratio sex determination signal; and (3) expression of the maternal da+ allele does make a contribution to the nonsex-specific developmental processes that require zygotic da+ function; however, that contribution is clearly minor. In contrast, the zygotic genotype with respect to da appears to have no effect on the expression of Sxl+ in the zygote, the sex-specific process that requires maternal da+ function.
Tweaking the tools of "quality" measurement.

THE ‘‘VOLUME/QUALITY’’ CONTROVERSY smolders on. Are there surgical procedures whose complexity, resource demands, or other factors require their concentration in certain high-volume hospitals? Does restricting some operations to a few ‘‘centers of excellence’’ lead to better outcomes? Today’s centralized data collection by government and other agencies generates plenty of numbers, but how should we interpret them? 1 This report by Stukenborg and colleagues is one in a series from this group comparing different scoring systems retrospectively applied to administrative data. This time, the target procedures were resective surgery for lung cancer, and the sole outcome variable is mortality. In their sample of more than 14,000 patients, there were 519 deaths scattered among 330 hospitals in a 3-year period, an average well below 1 death per hospital per year. The distribution of hospital deaths for this 3.6% of the patients, adjusted for risk, is proposed as a measure of ‘‘quality of care’’ for the hospitals, which is then correlated with their lung cancer operative volume. The authors’ extensive statistical analysis compares 3 models of measuring risk-adjusted, in-hospital mortality for lung cancer operations. They show that adjusting estimates of risk using only comorbidities found at admission (and not adding other comorbidities developed or detected later to the prediction model) reduces the apparent differences sometimes found between low-volume and high-volume hospitals. Using the authors’ favored analytic technique, the direction of the difference inches toward including the possibility that ‘‘volume matters little,’’ although this is never explicitly said by the authors. But, by any method of analysis considered here, hospital volume is a minor contributor to variation in mortality. Apart from the small size of any volume-mortality effect, there’s another problem with using studies such as this to guide policy: Administrative data are a poor basis for measuring clinical outcomes. 2 It is said that ‘‘The King’s census is only as good as the village watchman’s count.’’ The primary data analyzed here were gathered by coders
On the average configuraton of the geomagnetic tail

Over 3000 hours of IMP-6 magnetic field data obtained between 20 and 33 R sub E in the geomagnetic tail have been used in a statistical study of the tail configuration. A distribution of 2.5 minute averages of B sub Z as a function of position across the tail reveals that more flux crosses the equatorial plane near the dawn and dusk flanks than near midnight. The tail field projected in the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane deviates from the X axis due to flaring and solar wind aberration by an angle alpha = -0.9 y sub SM - 1.7 where Y sub SM is in earth radii and alpha is in degrees. After removing these effects the Y component of the tail field is found to depend on interplanetary sector structure. During an away sector the B sub Y component of the tail field is on average 0.5 gamma greater than that during a toward sector, a result that is true in both tail lobes and is independent of location across the tail.
Flight performance of UV filters on the ALEXIS satellite

The ALEXIS (Array of Low-Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors) mission, serving as the first dedicated all-sky monitor in the extreme UV, has been collecting data since its launch in 1993. ALEXIS operates in a 70{degree} inclination orbit at an altitude of 800 km. The ALEXIS science mission is to observe the cosmic UV background and to study variability of EUV sources. The ALEXIS experiment is composed of six telescopes. Although the telescopes were only designed for a one-year technology verification mission, they are still functioning with much the same effectiveness as at the beginning of the mission. The telescopes comprise: (1) layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) spherical mirrors, (2) thin foil filters, and (3) microchannel plate (MCP) detectors, all enshrouded within the telescope body. The LSM mirrors select the bandpass for each telescope, while rejecting some of the HeII 304{angstrom} geocoronal radiation. The filters, constructed either from aluminum/carbon or Lexan/titanium/boron, serve to strongly reject the geocoronal radiation, as well as longer wavelength emission from bright OB stars. Each telescope detector consists of two plates, the outermost of which is curved to accurately match the spherical focal surface of the mirror. By reviewing the ground and flight histories, this paper analyzes the flight performance of the filters, including the effects of long term exposure and the formation of pinholes.
Cerebral dominance and stuttering

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the salient aspects of cerebral dominance vis-a-vis stuttering. It is not my intention to profess knowing why people stutter or to claim any particular truthfinding mechanism. I present data pertaining to cerebral laterality in stutterers and conclude with how an altered state of cerebral laterality may contribute further understanding to some existing models of stuttering. The two hemispheres of the human brain are connected through interhemispheric pathways. They also receive information from, and send information to, the brainstem. Most of the programming and processing of language is done in the hemispheres. Almost all right-handed individuals have the majority of their language in their left hemisphere. A lesion in the left hemisphere of 99% of right-handed individuals results in aphasia; disease in the right hemisphere does not (with few exceptions). Individuals who are not right-handed probably have language in both hemispheres, the major component being in the left (reviewed in Benson and Geschwind, 1977; Goodglass and Quadfasel, 1964). It is not known how language comes to reside primarily in one hemisphere. Although morphology does not necessarily impute function, there are anatomical differences between the two hemispheres, especially in areas subserving language function (reviewed in Geschwind, Galaburda, and LeMay, 1979). Language is usually fairly well lateralized by the age of 8 yr (reviewed in Satz et al., 1975). It seems that the process of lateralization is still active at the time that a child is learning how to speak. At an early age, in fact through most of
Synthesis and characterization of single crystalline Gd5(SixGe1−x)4 by the Bridgman method

Abstract Single crystals of Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1− x ) 4 have been prepared by the Bridgman method using tungsten crucibles. The tungsten crucible was found to be chemically inert with respect to Gd, Si, Ge but did have limited solubility in liquid Gd 5 Si 2 Ge 2 , resulting in the precipitation of pure tungsten throughout the bulk crystal. Overall, the bulk crystal solidified in the monoclinic phase and a slight increase in Si content and decrease in Ge content at the growth proceeded was found. This increase in Si:Ge ratio resulted in a slight increase in lattice parameter of the monoclinic phase and an increase in the magnetostructural transformation temperature of Δ T = 10 K. AC susceptibility measurements indicated a small fraction of orthorhombic phase was present throughout the ingot which accounts for the decrease in MCE values along the length of the ingot.
Calculating daily root length density profiles by applying elastic theory to agricultural soils

Abstract Proper growth and function of plant roots are critical for crop production. The study of root systems to elucidate their link to production is expensive and labor intensive. The use of computer simulations, both to summarize existing knowledge of root system growth and to guide research promises to speed our understanding of the complex interdependence of the crop root and shoot systems. Of the many factors restricting root penetration into the profile, soil strength is perhaps the most difficult to describe and measure. We propose to compute with general elastic theory a soil‐imposed resistance to root penetration using an elastic modulus for the soil. The application of the theory to agricultural soils is discussed and the specific application to root expansion in a soil cylinder is developed. Computations of root length density profiles and root depth over time in both uniform and layered profiles with known elastic modulis are provided as examples of predicted root growth based on this theory.
The Family, the Workplace, and Work Technology: An Integrated Model of Class Identification among Women Office Workers

This study argues that job and workplace characteristics, in addition to individual and household characteristics, are important predictors of class identity among women office workers. This expands on earlier research findings on the importance of women's own socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics as predictors of class identity. The author also addresses whether class identity is related to (a) “proletarianized” working conditions, (b) office automation, and (c) organizational context. The results show that both intrinsic job rewards and work autonomy are associated with a more middle-class identity. Although greater use of video display terminals is linked with a more working-class identity, office workers in small office settings become more middle class in their identity the longer the office has been automated. This suggests that organizational context may mediate the relationship between automation and class identity.
The acyl and alk-1-enyl groups of the major phosphoglycerides from ox brain myelin and mouse brain microsomal, mitochondrial and myelin fractions.

The major phosphoglycerides from ox brain myelin and mouse brain microsomal, mitochondrial and myelin fractions were separated by preparative thin layer chromatography. Alk-1-enyl groups from the alk-1-enyl acyl glycerophosphorylethanolamines were reacted with 1,3-propanediol to form the 1,3-dioxolane derivatives. Acyl groups were converted to the methyl ester derivatives and the acyl groups from alk-1-enyl acyl glycerophosphorylethanolamines and diacyl glycerophosphorylethanolamines were also determined separately. The acyl and alk-1-enyl group compositions of the phosphoglycerides from microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were quite similar. The ethanolamine and serine phosphoglycerides contained large amounts of 18∶0, 18∶1, 20∶4 and 22∶6 acyl groups. The choline phosphoglycerides had small amounts of polyunsaturated acyl groups and large amounts of 16∶0, 18∶1 and 18∶0 acyl groups. The mitochondrial cardiolipins contained unusual amounts of several acyl groups including 18∶1, 52%; 18∶2, 6%; and 16.1, 4%. A large portion of the mouse brain 18∶2 is in that fraction. The myelin phosphoglycerides were deficient in saturated and 22∶6 groups and markedly enriched in 18∶1 and 20∶1 groups when compared with the corresponding microsomal or mitochondrial phosphoglycerides.
Improving outcomes with POCT for HbA1c and blood ketone testing.

Point-of-care testing (POCT) has various names, including point of service testing, near-patient testing, bedside testing, and home monitoring. POCT refers primarily to testing that is performed close to the patient. POCT can occur in outpatient or inpatient settings and can be performed by the patient or the health care provider. POCT is a burgeoning market that comprises 25% of all in vitro laboratory testing; it is growing at an annual rate of 12%. Blood glucose monitoring is the most widely adopted form of POCT; however, use of other diabetes-specific POCT measurements is growing. This presentation discusses the benefits of A1c and blood ketone POCT in diabetes care. A1c Clinical Utility A1c is the traditional “gold standard” for assessing glycemic control, guiding diabetes therapy, and identifying patients' risk of complications. It has been shown that provider awareness of A1c facilitates improvement in metabolic outcomes. Use of A1c POCT offers additional utility; immediate A1c values help verify the accuracy of the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) results that patients present in the clinic. This is particularly important when patients do not bring their log books or meters into the clinic. The availability of immediate A1c testing allows clinicians to expedite results to patients and readily change treatments as needed to improve glycemic control. It is important to note that validation studies have shown A1c POCT to be equivalent to laboratory reference measurements.1,2
Oxidative dissimilation in pantothenate-deficient Acetobacter suboxydans cells.

Summary1. Resting cells of A. suboxydans, grown with deficient levels of pantothenic acid, were investigated for their ability to oxidize a series of substrates. These cells showed retarded ability to oxidize dihydroxyacetone, sorbose, and gluconic acid, and somewhat poorer ability to convert sorbitol to sorbose. 2. Addition of coenzyme A to the deficient cells significantly improved their ability to oxidize dihydr oxy ace tone, thus suggesting that the further dissimilation of this substrate is coenzyme A-linked. 3. The oxidation of alcohol, of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone, and of glucose to gluconic acid proceeded with equal velocity in deficient and normal cells, indicating non-involvement of coenzyme A in these reactions.
Thermal diffusion of vacancies in aluminum

Abstract Thermal diffusion has been studied in aluminum by evaluating dimensional changes for specimens placed in a temperature gradient. High purity single and polycrystalline specimens of 1 cm length were subjected to a 100°C/cm gradient with the hot end at 570–590°C, for periods of time as large as 440 hr. Single crystal specimens have been reproducibly shown to expand with a measured heat of transport of 1 1.0 kcal/mole; polycrystallino specimens run under identical conditions show a contraction which corresponds to a heat of transport of −2.0 kcal/mole and agrees with previous work done on aluminum. Electron transmission micrography and density measurements made on a micro-analytical balance failed to indicate a density change during the anneal. Data linearity with time agrees with the pheno-rnenological description of the process. The results imply vacancy equilibrium in the polycrystalline but not in the single crystal samples and are consistent with the kinetic theory for the process.
Interlocus variance of FST provides evidence for directional selection over an olfactory receptor gene in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations

Abstract Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) utilize olfactory cues to recognize and home to natal streams during spawning migrations. Chemically distinct river systems may promote directional selection for appropriately tuned olfactory receptor repertoires among Coho populations. Here, we use FST outlier methods to test for a signal of selection over olfactory receptor gene-linked markers, characterized in Coho populations from four geographically proximate, but ecologically distinct rivers. We report evidence for directional selection over one such marker, OkiOR3001, and document substantially higher levels of genetic structure among Coho populations from Oregon coastal lakes than previously observed with putatively neutral microsatellites.
Cosmetic procedures performed in the United States: a 16-year analysis

Background Cosmetic procedures, particularly those that are minimally invasive, are in demand. The physician specialties performing these procedures are not well-characterized. Objective To examine changes in the frequency of cosmetic dermatologic procedures performed in the United States from 1995 to 2010 and the physician specialties performing them. Methods The volume of cosmetic procedures performed by physician specialties and the types of cosmetic procedures performed were determined from data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) from 1995 to 2010. Results Cosmetic procedures constituted 8.7% of all skin procedures and have increased since 1995 (p < .001). Botulinum toxin injections were the most frequently performed cosmetic procedure and increased at the greatest rate over time. Plastic surgeons performed the largest proportion of cosmetic procedures (36.1%), followed by dermatologists (33.7%), but other specialties have been performing an increasing proportion of cosmetic procedures. This study was limited to the provision of outpatient procedures, and the nationally representative data of the NAMCS is subject to sample bias. Conclusions Plastic surgeons and other physicians performed the majority of outpatient cosmetic procedures. Dermatologists performed one-third of ambulatory cosmetic procedures from 1995 to 2010. This broadening spectrum of physicians and nonphysicians providing cosmetic procedures may have important implications for patient safety.
On mutual connections between PCAC and current algebra

Arguments are presented which suggest that PCAC is generally applicable only in theories where the once-integrated commutator of axial currents is a conserved vector current.
The translocation of nuclear molecules during inflammation and cell death.

Abstract Significance: Inflammation is a complex biological process that represents the body's response to infection and/or injury. Endogenous molecules that induce inflammation are called death- or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Among cellular constituents with DAMP activity, nuclear molecules can stimulate pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Current research is elucidating the translocation of nuclear molecules during cell death and identifying novel anti-inflammatory approaches to block their DAMP activity. Recent Advances: High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), a non-histone nuclear protein, can translocate from cells during immune cell activation and cell death. Depending on redox state, HMGB1 can interact with TLR4 although it can bind to molecules such as cytokines to trigger other receptors. DNA and histones, which are bound together in the nucleus, also have important immunological activity. For DNA, DAMP activity may vary depending upon the bin...
A radiographic study of the point of endodontic egress.

Abstract An in vitro radiographic study of anterior teeth was made to determine the accuracy of endodontic radiography. The discrepancies of radiographic interpretation of point placement were shown to occur only when the foramen falls on or very closely parallel to the central x-ray beam. In spite of the high percentage (63 per cent) of apical foramina that exited other than at the apex, only 11 per cent appeared short on the radiograph.
Characterization of the pore transport properties and tissue alteration of excised human skin during iontophoresis

Pores through which charged carriers move during iontophoresis were demonstrated by the use of the cathodic (–) iontophoretic transport of fluorescein from the epidermis to the dermis. Both dermatomed (0.8-mm) human cadaver skin and full‐thickness female human breast skin were investigated. The density of pores, as visualized by fluorescein transport, was ~2–5 cm−2. A set of microelectrodes rastered across the visualized pore gave a maximal response when directly above the pore, demonstrating that the pore was a locus of charge transport. Fluorescein was also sometimes observed at the diffusion cell–tissue interface. This indicates that edge damage had occurred as the result of clamping the tissue in a diffusion cell. Studies were conducted to determine if tissue damage occurred during iontophoretic transport. The electrical resistance across excised skin was measured at 0.2 Hz and found to decrease initially by approximately an order of magnitude after the application of an iontophoretic current of 0.16 mA/cm2 for 1 h. The electrical resistance then increased, reaching a plateau value which was lower than the original tissue resistance before application of an iontophoretic current. Controls were carried out to demonstrate that the observed electrical resistance changes were not just due to tissue hydration effects. These results imply that the passage of current through excised human skin at clinically acceptable current densities can lead to tissue damage which is not fully reversible.
Defects in Free Fatty Acid Oxidation and Glucose Oxidation Coexist in the Failing Heart

Purpose Abnormalities of energy substrate utilization exist in the failing heart and contribute to disease progression. These abnormalities are attributed by some to decreased glucose utilization and by others to reduced free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation. In the normal heart, recruitment of the glucose transport proteins GLUT-1 and -4 is a mechanism by which the heart increases glucose transport for metabolism while up- or down-expression of muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase (mCPT-1) provides directionally concordant regulation of FFA oxidation. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that defects of both GLUT-1 and -4 and mCPT-1 coexist in the failing LV myocardium. Methods and Materials Studies were performed in LV tissue homogenate obtained from 6 normal (NL) donor human hearts, 6 explanted failing human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 6 failing human hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and from 6 NL and 7 coronary microembolization-induced heart failure (HF) dogs. Protein levels of the glucose transporters, GLUT-1 and -4 where measured in human and dog hearts and mCPT-1 in dog hearts using specific antibodies and Western blotting and bands quantified in densitometric units (du). Results Compared to NL, protein levels of GLUT-1 and -4 were significantly decreased in DCM, ICM and HF dogs and mCPT-1 was significantly decreased in HF dogs (Table). Conclusions Abnormalities of key regulators of FFA oxidation and glucose oxidation coexist in the failing heart regardless of HF etiology and favor energy deprivation. Coexistence of these abnormalities in the failing heart can act to limit the benefits that may be derived from therapies that target. Protein Expression in LV MyocardiumNL-Human DonorDCMICMGLUT-1 (du)15.7 ± 0.910.6 ± 0.3 * 0.41 ± 0.02 * GLUT-4 (du)31.7 ± 1.719.5 ± 1.8 * 16.6 ± 1.4 * NL-DogHF-DogGLUT-1 (du)20.1 ± 3.04.7 ± 0.5 † GLUT-4 (du)24.5 ± 3.116.2 ± 0.8 † mCPT-1 (du)1.40 ± 0.070.53 ± 0.06 † *=p
The Synthesis and Application of Polymer-Supported Hypervalent Iodine Reagent in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory

A project for an organic chemistry laboratory course for chemistry and biochemistry majors has been developed in which a polymer-supported hypervalent iodine reagent, IBX, was prepared in five linear steps and then used to oxidize 1° and 2° alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Once used, the reduced polymer-supported product was recovered and regenerated, and analysis showed it to have a similar oxidative ability as the original polymer-supported IBX. In this experimental sequence, students applied a variety of important laboratory techniques, including TLC, flash chromatography, 1H NMR, FTIR, and GC−MS, and they ran reactions under an inert atmosphere. Moreover, students were exposed to a multistep synthesis, solid-state chemistry, and polymer-based chemistry.