cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated Optical Pipeline Processor

A pipelined processor is characterized by the use of multiple processors, each programmed to perform a specific part of an overall computing task. The task is typically broken down into segments that are conveniently performed as a unit, but which must be completed before the next segment is started. Such computational units, placed sequentially so as to perform the computing task, comprise the pipeline. Data and input parameters are provided to each computing unit as needed, externally from the system memory or internally from the preceding unit. To help control the flow of data and results, the pipeline is often run synchronously, with one output from each unit occurring each i time units. Units which complete their tasks in less time must wait for the other units to finish. This favors the use of systolic pipelines, as proposed by Kungl.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Does respect for embryos entail respect for gametes

Respect for human embryos is often defended on the basis of the potentiality argument: embryos deserve respect because they already possess potentially the features that in adults are fully actualized. Opponents of this argument challenge it by claiming that if embryos should be respected because they are potentially adults, then gametes should be respected because they are potentially embryos. This article rejects this reductio ad absurdum argument by showing that there are two different types of potentiality involved so that the transitivity of potentiality does not hold up in this case. Respect for embryos does not logically entail respect for gametes.
EFFECT OF BRAIN REMOVAL IN DOGS PREVIOUSLY SUBJECTED TO PITUITARY STALK SECTION.

SummaryThe effects on adrenal cortical function of removing the hypothalamus and other neural tissue above the midbrain were determined in 11 dogs in which the pituitary stalk had been sectioned previously and a plastic plate placed over the pituitary. There was a clear-cut response to stress 2 to 10 weeks after stalk section, and 17-hydroxy-corticoid output in the unstressed state 24 hours after adrenal vein cannulation (before brain removal) was low. However, following subsequent brain removal, 17-hydroxycorti-coid output was elevated. All neurohypo-physeal tissue below the plastic plate was atrophic in these dogs. There was no marked adrenocortical atrophy. The results suggest that the stress response in severely stressed dogs is not due entirely to CRF from the hypothalamus, and may be due in part to an ACTH-stimulating humoral agent liberated from traumatized tissues.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PANOPEUS BERMUDENSIS BENEDICT AND RATHBUN, 1891 (BRACHYURA, XANTHIDAE) WITH NOTES ON ZOEAL CHARACTERS IN XANTHID CRABS

ABSTRACT Four zoeal stages and one megalopal stage are described and illustrated for the xanthid crab Panopeus bermudensis. The zoeae are immediately distinguished from all other known xanthid zoeae by a combination of characters: the absence of lateral carapace spines, an unusually placed spine on the telsonal furca, and the absence of an antennal exopod. The derivation of these allegedly apomorphic characters from more plesiomorphic xanthid zoeal stock is discussed, and possible phylogenies for the Xanthidae are examined in the context of available larval characters.
Comparison of lung diffusing capacity during rebreathing and during slow exhalation.

Abstract In five normal sitting subjects Dl CO and Qc were measured from the disappearances of a stable isotope of carbon monoxide (C 18 O) and of acetylene with respect to an inert and insoluble reference gas (Helium). Measurements were made during two respiratory maneuvers: (1) during rebreathing both at functional residual capacity (FRC) and near total lung capacity (TLC); and (2) during a slow exhalation at a constant rate from TLC to FRC. Changes in gas concentration were measured at the mouth during both maneuvers with a respiratory mass spectrometer. Mean Dl CO was significantly higher during rebreathing near TLC (34.6 ml·min −1 ·mm Hg −1 ) than near FRC (28.8 ml·min −1 ·mm Hg). Mean Dl CO measured during slow exhalation near FRC (32.7 ml·min −1 ·mm Hg) was significantly higher than Dl CO measured during rebreathing over the same volume range. Measurements of Qc were not significantly different between the rebreathing and slow exhalation maneuvers. Differences in Dl CO between the two methods at FRC were not due to differences in Qc.
Synthesis and characterization of multiple phenylethynylbenzenes via cross-coupling with activated palladium catalyst.

Abstract Several compounds containing multiple phenylethynyl substituents were prepared and polymerized to thermosets through the acetylenic units. Pyrolysis of the polymers afforded high carbon yields. The acetylenic-based compounds were synthesized from the palladium-catalysed coupling reaction of phenyl-acetylene with multiple-brominated benzenes. Inconsistencies were observed in the reaction yields with time, which were attributed to poisoning of the palladium. A procedure was developed for the activation of palladium using magnesium. The activated palladium gave consistent high yield of cross-coupled products.
Management of epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis on a tertiary care cornea service.

Purpose To review the management of epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on the Wills Eye Institute Cornea Service from 1996 through 2007. Methods Data of all patients referred to the Wills Eye Cornea Service after having undergone LASIK were reviewed. Charts of all patients with the diagnosis of epithelial ingrowth were analyzed. Data included patient demographics, previous ocular history, visual acuity, size and location of the ingrowth, and management. Additional data on eyes that underwent removal of the ingrowth at Wills were obtained. Results Three hundred five patients (153 female and 152 male, mean age: 44.7 years) were referred for eye problems after LASIK during the study period. Epithelial ingrowth was confirmed in 46 patients (15%) (19 female and 27 male, mean age: 47.4 years) involving 55 eyes (27 right and 28 left). Patients with epithelial ingrowth were seen at a mean of 26 months after LASIK (range: 0.5-108 months). Twenty-four eyes had undergone previous enhancements, 2 twice. Fourteen eyes had undergone previous removal of epithelial ingrowth, 8 more than once (range: 2-8). In 35 eyes, simple observation was recommended. In 7 eyes, epithelial removal was recommended to the referring physician. Thirteen eyes underwent flap lift and epithelial removal at Wills Eye; 9 included flap suturing. One eye required repeat treatment with flap suturing and fibrin glue, after which no recurrence was found. In the other 12 eyes, there was no recurrence in 9, small recurrences in 2, and a large recurrence in 1 eye (mean follow-up: 16 months). Conclusions Epithelial ingrowth after LASIK is not rare in our referral practice. Mild ingrowth can be observed, whereas significant ingrowth can respond well to removal with a low chance of significant recurrence.
Ex vivo extended left hepatectomy with caval preservation, temporary portacaval shunt, and reconstruction of the right hepatic vein outflow using a reversed portal vein bifurcation graft

Liver resections that require ex vivo techniques occur rarely, but when done are generally performed on veno-veno bypass to maintain venous return and decompress the portal circulation during the anhepatic phase of the procedure. We describe an ex vivo extended left hepatectomy that was performed with preservation of the inferior vena cava and the use of a temporary portacaval shunt to eliminate the need for veno-venous bypass. Ex vivo resection allowed reconstruction of right hepatic vein branches, using the patient's reversed portal vein bifurcation as a graft to provide venous outflow.
Time-resolved nanoscale imaging of biomolecules in living cells and tissues : prospects for small animal imaging

A major need in non-invasive optical imaging of small animal models is an ability not only to visualize the solid tumors in vivo but to reproducibly quantify the tumor burden and its propensity to metastasize to other organs of the body. It is crucial to non-invasively detect the subtle molecular changes that can make a cell 'abnormal' and cancerous in its very early stage. Currently available methods for non-invasive optical imaging of solid tumors in small animals employ intensity-based detection that are severely affected by spectral artifacts and ubiquitous autofluorescence background. Thus these approaches serve merely as visualization tools and are unable to precisely quantify the size and shape of the tumors in vivo. There is a growing need to establish a reliable, reproducible and non-invasive optical imaging methodology that can provide quantitative information on solid tumors in vivo. This manuscript addresses this vital issue and proposes to employ fluorescence lifetime (rather than intensity) as a contrast parameter to discriminate tumor tissue expressing green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from surrounding autofluorescence background. In this manuscript, we present accurate lifetime measurements in intact living cells and ex vivo tissues and propose that this methodology is a potentially vital approach for whole small animal imaging.
Binge eating in children and adolescents

Objective To establish what is known about binge eating in children and adolescents and to identify unresolved questions. Method We reviewed relevant studies to highlight and synthesize salient research findings. Discussion Available research has suggested that loss of control over eating may be more important than consumption of an objectively large amount of food in the assessment of binge eating in children. In addition, dieting may not be associated consistently with binge eating in children. Behavioral correlates of binges may include eating in the absence of hunger, eating in response to strong emotions or external cues, and eating in secret. On the basis of available research, provisional research criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) in children are suggested to stimulate further study of pediatric samples. We emphasize the need for prospective studies on the relationships among aberrant eating, weight and mood, and the inclusion of boys and girls of different ethnicities. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: S47–S57, 2003.
Ultrastructure of Papaver somniferum cells cultured in vitro and treated with fungal homogenate eliciting alkaloid production

Cells of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) which had been grownin vitro, treated with autoclavedBotrytis homogenate for 24 hours, and which had responded with browning and drastic sanguinarine accumulation, did not show lysis but presented an ultra-structure as known for parenchyma cells. The only change observed was the occurrence of electron-dense droplets in vacuoles dotting the tonoplast, stacking of the ER, and dilation of cisternae. At places where the cisternae were dilated the membranes were free of ribosomes. Sanguinarine accumulation appears not to require structural cell differentiation.
Effect of process variables on the density and durability of the pellets made from high moisture corn stover

A flat die pellet mill was used to understand the effect of high levels of feedstock moisture content in the range of 28–38% (w.b.), with die rotational speeds of 40–60 Hz, and preheating temperatures of 30–110 °C on the pelleting characteristics of 4.8 mm screen size ground corn stover using an 8 mm pellet die. The physical properties of the pelletised biomass studied are: (a) pellet moisture content, (b) unit, bulk and tapped density, and (c) durability. Pelletisation experiments were conducted based on central composite design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that feedstock moisture content influenced all of the physical properties at P 0.88. The other pellet quality attributes such as unit, bulk, tapped density, were maximised at feedstock moisture content of 30–33% (w.b.), die speeds of >50 Hz and preheating temperature of >90 °C. In case of durability a medium moisture content of 33–34% (w.b.) and preheating temperatures of >70 °C and higher die speeds >50 Hz resulted in high durable pellets. It can be concluded from the present study that feedstock moisture content, followed by preheating, and die rotational speed are the interacting process variables influencing pellet moisture content, unit, bulk and tapped density and durability.
High-temperature dislocation-precipitate interactions in Al alloys: An in situ transmission electron microscopy deformation study

The fundamental processes controlling the high-temperature interaction of dislocations with precipitates in Al-alloys were investigated in real time by deforming specimens in situ in the transmission electron microscope at elevated temperature. The observations support a bypass mechanism involving the interaction of lattice dislocations with the precipitate–matrix interface dislocations, where the rate-limiting step in the interaction is the release of the dislocation from the particle. These observations are discussed in relation to high-temperature deformation processes and models.
Buckling of orthotropic beam-plates with multiple central delaminations

Abstract A closed form solution is developed for predicting the critical load of a composite beamplate with multiple delaminations. The characteristic equation is derived by using non-linear beam theory, performing proper linearization and by imposing the appropriate kinematical continuity and equilibrium conditions. The effects of the dimensions and locations of the delaminations on the critical load are investigated and the results are compared with previously published data.
The relationship between microscopic margins of resection and the risk of local recurrence in patients with breast cancer treated with breast‐conserving surgery and radiation therapy

Background. The relationships among the involvement of tumor at the final margins of resection, the presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC), and the risk of local recurrence are important considerations in patients treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer but have not been defined adequately. Methods. Between 1982 and 1985, 885 patients were treated for clinical Stage I or II invasive breast cancer. The study population was limited to 181 patients with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma who received a radiation dose to the surgical site of 60 Gy or greater, whose final microscopic margins of resection were evaluable, and who had at least 5 years of follow-up. A positive margin was defined as tumor present at the inked margin of resection, a close margin as tumor within 1 mm of the inked margin, and a negative margin as no tumor within 1 mm of the inked margin. A focally positive margin was defined as tumor at the margin in three or fewer low-power fields. In 157 patients (87%), the tumor was evaluable for the presence or absence of an EIC. The median follow-up was 86 months. Results. In 12 of 181 patients (7%), a recurrence developed at or near the primary site (true recurrence/marginal miss [TR/MM]) within 5 years. The 5-year rate of TR/MM (with 95% confidence intervals) among patients with negative, close, focally positive, and more than focally positive margins was 0% (0-4%), 4% (0-20%), 6% (1-17%) and 21% (10-37%), respectively. Patients with positive margins also were more likely to have a distant failure within 5 years (14%, 8%, 25%, and 32% in the four groups, respectively). However, patients with positive margins more often had positive axillary lymph nodes than patients with negative or close margins (59% vs. 38%, P < 0.02). The 5-year rate of TR/MM was 20% for patients with an EIC-positive tumor and 7% for patients with an EIC-negative tumor. However, among the 127 patients with an EIC-negative tumor, the 5-year rate of TR/MM was less than 10% in all margin groups. Among the 30 patients with an EIC-positive tumor, the 5-year rate of TR/MM was 0% when margins were negative or close but 50% when margins were more than focally positive. Conclusions. These results provide support for the use of breast-conserving surgery and breast irradiation in all patients with uninvolved margins, whether the tumor is EIC-positive or EIC-negative. This study suggests that breast-conserving therapy (including a radiation boost to the primary site) also may be a reasonable option for some patients with an EIC-negative tumor and margin involvement.
Does Keloid Pathogenesis Hold the Key to Understanding Black/White Differences in Hypertension Severity?

Abstract Repeated national surveys have shown that in the United States hypertension is more common and more severe in the black than in the white population. This discussion presents the hypothesis that the racial difference in hypertension severity is because of differences in growth factors (cytokines) affecting vascular smooth muscle cell growth. This hypothesis is derived from studies of keloids, which occur almost exclusively in blacks. Keloid fibroblasts in culture have growth characteristics that differ substantially from those of normal skin. Furthermore, there is evidence that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with keloids produce different amounts of cytokines than do similar preparations from the blood of individuals without keloids. A growing body of evidence indicates that growth factors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, in experimental forms of hypertension, and in various renal diseases; it may be that they function in clinical hypertension as well.
Rapid encoding of an internal model for imitative learning

As in human infant speech development, vocal imitation in songbirds involves sensory acquisition and memorization of adult-produced vocal signals, followed by a protracted phase of vocal motor practice. The internal model of adult tutor song in the juvenile male brain, termed ‘the template’, is central to the vocal imitation process. However, even the most fundamental aspects of the template, such as when, where and how it is encoded in the brain, remain poorly understood. A major impediment to progress is that current studies of songbird vocal learning use protracted tutoring over days, weeks or months, complicating dissection of the template encoding process. Here, we take the key step of tightly constraining the timing of template acquisition. We show that, in the zebra finch, template encoding can be time locked to, on average, a 2 h period of juvenile life and based on just 75 s of cumulative tutor song exposure. Crucially, we find that vocal changes occurring on the day of training correlate with eventual imitative success. This paradigm will lead to insights on how the template is instantiated in the songbird brain, with general implications for deciphering how internal models are formed to guide learning of complex social behaviours.
Rate-Sensitivity of Mode I and Mode II Fracture of Concrete

For rational and accurate analysis of concrete structures subjected to impact or impulsive loads the knowledge of crack propagation under such dynamic loads is essential. Cracks frequently propagate under mixed-mode (opening and sliding: mode I and mode II) conditions. The rate of loading effects on the mechanical properties have been attributed to the rate sensitivity of crack propagation. The strain-rate effects may be different in mode I and mode II fracture of concrete. Single edge notched beams were subjected to varying rates of loading, to establish the mode I Stress Intensity Factor, K I vs. Crack Velocity, V, relationship for mortar and concrete. Impact tests were conducted using a Modified Instrumented Charpy Impact Test System. The rate of crack growth was obtained using brittle ‘Krak Gages'. Mode I test results lead to the following conclusions. (1) Slow (prepeak) crack growth for concrete is larger than that of mortar, at a given strain rate. (2) Pre-peak crack growth decreases with increase in strain-rate. This could be the reason for decrease in pre-peak non-linearity at higher strain rates. Hence LEFM approach may be valid at high rates of loading. (3) log K I - log V relationship is non-linear especially at the higher rates of loading.
Branch history guided instruction prefetching

Instruction cache misses stall the fetch stage of the processor pipeline and hence affect instruction supply to the processor. Instruction prefetching has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce instruction cache (I-cache) misses. However, a prefetch is effective only if accurate and initiated sufficiently early to cover the miss penalty. This paper presents a new hardware-based instruction prefetching mechanism, Branch History Guided Prefetching (BHGP), to improve the timeliness of instruction prefetches. BHGP correlates the execution of a branch instruction with I-cache misses and uses branch instructions to trigger prefetches of instructions that occur (N-1) branches later in the program execution, for a given N>1. Evaluations on commercial applications, windows-NT applications, and some CPU2000 applications show an average reduction of 66% in miss rate over all applications. BHGP improved the IPC bp 12 to 14% for the CPU2000 applications studied; on average 80% of the BHGP prefetches arrived in cache before their next use, even on a 4-wide issue machine with a 15 cycle L2 access penalty.
Challenges in model-based clustering

Model-based clustering is an increasingly popular area of cluster analysis that relies on probabilistic description of data by means of finite mixture models. Mixture distributions prove to be a powerful technique for modeling heterogeneity in data. In model-based clustering, each data group is seen as a sample from one or several mixture components. Despite attractive interpretation, model-based clustering poses many challenges. This paper discusses some of the most important problems a researcher might encounter while applying the model-based cluster analysis. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:135–148. doi: 10.1002/wics.1248
A Review of: “Discovering Knowledge in Data: An Introduction to Data Mining”

This book is the first volume of a three-volume series on data mining, which introduces the reader to this rapidly growing field. Data mining, which has gained noticeable popularity in the past dec...
Investigating the linkage between total quality management and environmentally responsible manufacturing

This paper explicitly examines the relationship that exists between total quality management (TQM) and environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) systems. It has been presumed in numerous past studies that such a relationship does exist. It has been argued that those firms that have successfully implemented a TQM system are better positioned to successfully implement an ERM system. This relationship, however, has not yet been statistically and empirically evaluated. In this study, the authors evaluate this relationship using a large-scale survey of plant managers as the data source and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling as the statistical tools. The study develops a series of measures for various aspects of both TQM and ERM. The results show that there is indeed a strong relationship between TQM and ERM. In many ways, ERM is conditioned by the presence of TQM. Furthermore, ERM systems have a parallel structure when compared to TQM systems.
Expression of Chemokine Receptors on Intrahepatic and Peripheral Lymphocytes in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: Its Relationship to Liver Inflammation

Background Intrahepatic lymphocytes are believed to be directly involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Little is known about the trafficking of lymphocytes into the liver and their role in chronic hepatitis C infection. Methods The expression of 4 chemokine receptors and an activation marker on multiple lymphocyte subsets in paired liver biopsy and peripheral blood specimens from 23 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were analyzed by a 6-color flow-cytometric assay. Results CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6 were expressed on intrahepatic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, NK cells, and B cells at significantly higher frequencies than on peripheral lymphocyte subsets. The expression of these receptors and the activation marker CD38 tended to increase with the severity of liver inflammation. This increase was significant for several intrahepatic lymphocytes subsets. Correlations in expression differed among pairs of these extralymphoid homing receptors on the intrahepatic T cells. Conclusions The homing program for intrahepatic lymphocytes involves multiple extralymphoid chemokine receptors that are regulated by >1 pathway. The expression of homing receptors on intrahepatic lymphocytes is associated with the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C disease. These preliminary results indicate that confirmational studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
An investigation into the role of intentions as mediators of the attitude-behavior relationship

Abstract Do intentions mediate all of the effects of attitudes on behavior? This study shows that discovery of the role of intentions depends on the statistical power of test procedures, the reliability of measures of intentions, and the nature of the processes intervening between intentions and behavior.
Changes in Middle School Students Motivation Toward Physical Education Over One School Year

This study investigated the relationships and mean-level changes of middle school students’ motivation (expectancy-related beliefs, task values, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancy) toward physical education over time, and how gender affected students’ motivation. Participants (N = 206) completed questionnaires over a 1-year period: once in the sixth and seventh grades and again in the seventh and eighth grades. Results yielded that self-efficacy and task values were positive predictors of students’ intention across cohorts. The mean levels of self-efficacy decreased over time for students in Cohort 1 (across sixth and seventh grades). However, results revealed a consistent decline in the mean levels of other motivational variables for both cohorts. No gender differences emerged for the variables. The findings are discussed in regard to the implications for educational practice, and future research areas are presented.
Imagery Induction Processes Differentially Impact Imagination Inflation

Imagining a fictitious childhood event can lead to a false belief in that event’s occurrence, an effect called imagination inflation. However, the nature of imagery induction can vary considerably and such differences have not been systematically addressed in the literature. In the current study, participants provided confidence ratings for a series of events before and after imagery exercises. We manipulated imagery instructions (guided vs. prompted, a between-subjects factor) as well as event valence (positive vs. negative, a within-subjects factor). Results revealed inflation effects only under guided imagery instructions with negative events being the most susceptible to inflation. Interestingly, a portion of our sample (24%) experienced decreases in confidence following imagery or imagination deflation. Content analyses of imagery reports provided a more thorough understanding of inflation and deflation effects within a source monitoring framework.
Humor on television: A content analysis

That humor is a basic appeal in television programming is known—and here is some strong support ‘for that fact, suggesting there are many different types of humor on various ‘ kinds of programs (and commercials)—and that while humor is present in most programs, the time devoted to actual humor (or attempts at same) is often quite limited. The author, a member of the communication arts faculty at the University of Wisconsin in Madison thanks all of the students who gave their time to this study, especially to Pat Venus who helped with the scheduling, and Mike Streibel for doing all of the computer programming, both data acquisition and data analysis.
Recent Developments in the 'Stem Cell Century': Implications for Embryo Research, Egg Donor Compensation, and Stem Cell Patents

Last fall, I published the book Stem Cell Century: Law and Policy for a Breakthrough Technology, which analyzes a range of complicated legal issues that arise from stem cell technology: from the regulation of embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning, to whether intellectual property rights in stem cells should be granted and, if so, who should profit, to whether we should permit tissues needed for important biomedical research to be bought and sold, to how the FDA and the tort system should regulate stem cell-based treatments likely to be developed in the future. In this field, neither science nor law stand still for long. This article discusses and analyzes three important developments that have taken place in the six months since Stem Cell Century's publication: the development by research of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that behave like embryonic stem cells but are not created by destroying embryos; the creation of cloned blastocysts by a California biotech company; and three decisions by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office upholding the validity of patents on embryonic stem cell lines in a reexamination procceding. These developments have important implications for three policy disputes concerning stem cell research: the appropriateness of embryo research, whether compensation of egg donors should be permitted, and whether human embryonic stem cell lines ought to be patentable.
Complete Genome Sequence of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 Contaminating a High-Passage RK-13 Cell Line

A high-passage rabbit kidney RK-13 cell line (HP-RK-13[KY], originally derived from the ATCC CCL-37 cell line) used in certain laboratories worldwide is contaminated with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV). On complete genome sequence analysis, the virus strain was found to belong to BVDV group 1b.
Innovative Firms and the Endogenous Choice of Stock Liquidity

We argue that firms endogenously choose stock liquidity: trading-off the benefits of greater liquidity against the costs of information disclosure. Innovative firms, in particular, seek greater liquidity to benefit from lower costs of external equity financing, increased effectiveness of incentive contracts, and enhanced market feedback. Our results show that, on average, benefits outweigh costs for innovative firms as they exhibit greater liquidity. An exogenous legislative change (TRIPS) that strengthened intellectual property rights, presumably lowering information disclosure costs for innovative firms, increases earnings guidance and liquidity. Further, the value benefits of an exogenous increase in liquidity are greater for innovative firms.
5 EMBRYONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSE CAFFEINE DECREASES MASS IN MICE, WHILE EXPOSURE TO 17-BETA ESTRADIOL DECREASES MASS SEX SPECIFICALLY.

Purpose Because caffeine and endocrine-disrupting compounds are present in the human diet, the goal of this study was to assess the embryonic effects of low doses of caffeine and 17-beta estradiol (E2) via oral exposure in the mother. As endpoints of effects, we examined whether or not embryonic exposure to caffeine and E2 produced hypospadias, an endocrine-linked abnormality of the male genitalia, and we also assessed fetal mass. Exposure to androgens during development is thought to result in larger male offspring. Caffeine exposure is known to result in smaller offspring, and it served as a real-time control for mass effects with E2. Materials and Methods Timed-pregnant CD1 mice were treated with caffeine in a water vehicle or E2 in a sesame oil vehicle via oral gavage. Mice received caffeine in doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg or vehicle only or E2 in doses of 10 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, or 200 μg/kg, or vehicle only on embryonic days 12 through 17. On embryonic day 19 the embryos were collected and weighed. Genital tubercles of the treated embryos were microdissected and sectioned for histological analysis. Treated and control embryonic urethral casts were also examined for developmental differences. Liquid plastic in the ratio of 1 mL:1 drop:1 drop Base Solution:Catalyst:Promotor was injected into the embryonic bladder to form a urethral cast. The liquid plastic was allowed to set at room temperature for 1 hour before the tissue was fixed in formalin overnight. The tissue was digested in 20% KOH in order to visualize the cast. Results Caffeine-treated mice demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in mass in both male and female fetuses. In contrast, E2-treated mice demonstrated a sex-specific reduction in mass. E2 dose was inversely correlated with mass overall. Male fetuses from the two highest E2 dosage groups were significantly smaller than their control male counterparts, and males from the highest E2 dosage group were significantly smaller than control females. E2 control males were significantly larger than all females, and there was no difference in mass among control and treated females. Serial histological sections and urethral cast data demonstrated no difference in development of the genital tubercle between caffeine-treated mice and controls or E2-treated mice and controls. Conclusions Our results indicate a dose-dependent reduction in mass with administration of caffeine. We found a sex-specific fetal effect from low-dose orally administered E2, which appears to exert androgen-inhibiting effects on mass in males.
The Fate of the Generic: Marx with Badiou

Alain Badiou opens one of his most recent books, The Rebirth of History: Times of Riots and Uprisings, with an affirmation that to many of his long-time readers may have come as a surprise: ‘Here, without concerning myself with opponents and rivals, I would like to say that I too am a Marxist — naively, completely and so naturally that there is no need to reiterate it.’ (Badiou, 2012b, p. 8) To readers of his older works this affirmation indeed may seem surprising insofar as Badiou devotes many pages in these works to a sustained reflection upon the undeniable crisis of Marxism. Such a reflection not only takes the form of a critique of Stalinism, marked by Badiou’s notorious fidelity to Maoism, it also goes much further to declare a certain end of the referentiality of Marxist discourse in general. For example, in Theory of the Subject, which corresponds to Badiou’s seminar between January 1975 and June 1979 and which, when it is finally published in 1982, constitutes a belated summa of his peculiar version of French Maoism, he writes: ‘Yes, let us admit it without detours: Marxism is in crisis; Marxism is atomized. Past the impulse and creative scission of the 1960s, after the national liberation struggles and the cultural revolution, what we inherit in times of crisis and the imminent threat of war is a fragmentary and narrow assemblage of thought and action, caught in a labyrinth of ruins and survivals.’
Macrothrombocytopenia With Döhle Body-Like Granulocyte Inclusions: A Case Report of May-Hegglin Anomaly in a 33-Year-Old White Woman With an Update on the Molecular Findings of MYH9-Related Disease.

A 33-year-old white woman arrived at the hospital to undergo a hysterectomy due to uterine fibroids. Blood smear review identified macrothrombocytopenia and Dohle body-like cytoplasmic leukocyte inclusions. Genetic testing identified a mutation in exon 39 of the myosin heavy chain gene (MHY9; OMIM 160775), which confirmed the diagnosis of May-Hegglin anomaly. May-Hegglin anomaly is one of a spectrum of MYH9 disorders that also includes Sebastian, Epstein, and Fechtner syndromes. Herein, we describe the clinical and laboratory presentation of a patient with May-Hegglin anomaly and provide an update on the molecular findings and a discussion of the genotypic-phenotypic correlations in this potentially underdiagnosed disorder.
A new way to beat the heat

As the days become shorter and the temperature drops, our warm clothes emerge once more. This is one of many adaptations that we use to maintain core body temperature within a narrow range. The neural pathways coordinating the responses to temperature changes and the biological details of these pathways remain to be delineated. Now, Tan et al. have identified cells and circuits in mice that respond to heat and regulate body temperature. Previous publications suggested the involvement of the preoptic hypothalamic area (POA) in body temperature control. In their initial studies, Tan and coauthors enriched RNA from POA neurons switched on by heat and identified two neuropeptides that label the activated populations: pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Using in vivo imaging in mice, the researchers showed that PACAP and BDNF neurons are rapidly activated as the temperature increases, and the effect is mediated by heat-activated receptors in the skin. Next, the authors mimicked the effects of a higher temperature by switching on these neurons in the POA using optogenetics. Activating PACAP neurons rapidly decreased core body temperature through increased peripheral vasodilation and suppression of brown fat thermogenesis. However, these neurons also modified behavior: Nest-building and warm-seeking were greatly reduced when PACAP neurons were switched on, and mice found colder environments more rewarding.Last, the researchers showed that the PACAP neurons were connected to multiple CNS regions, including areas implicated in reward and those regulating the sympathetic nervous system. Activating the PACAP-expressing nerve terminals in one of these regions, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, was sufficient to reduce brown fat activation but did not alter vasodilation or behavior. These studies suggest that in mice, a specific neural population in a small hypothalamic region controls many different responses to increasing temperature, from thermogenesis and vasodilation to behaviors such as nest-building. If these cells and circuits play a similar role in humans, it would be important to know how they are modulated in conditions, such as infection and thyroid disease, where body temperature is altered. In addition, it may eventually be possible to target such pathways to increase energy expenditure through thermogenesis and thus provide an additional approach to treating obesity. C. L. Tan et al. , Warm-sensitive neurons that control body temperature. Cell 167 , 47–59 (2016). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/article/S0092-8674(16)31079-0/abstract
Molecular determination of kleptoplast origins from the sea slug Plakobranchus ocellatus (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) reveals cryptic bryopsidalean (Chlorophyta) diversity in the Hawaiian Islands.

The sacoglossan sea slug species complex Plakobranchus ocellatus is a common algivore throughout the tropical Pacific, including the Hawaiian Islands. Plakobranchus ocellatus is kleptoplastic-it sequesters and retains algal chloroplasts-a characteristic that can be exploited to molecularly characterize diminutive bryopsidalean algae that are typically difficult to locate, collect, and identify. Previous DNA barcode analyses of both P. ocellatus and its kleptoplasts have been conducted primarily in the western Pacific and have only minimally sampled the most eastern populations in the Hawaiian Islands. Using two chloroplast markers, rbcL and tufA, kleptoplast samples from an Oahu population of P. ocellatus were amplified and cloned to identify their algal sources. Plakobranchus ocellatus sequester chloroplasts from up to 11 bryopsidalean algal species, all but one being diminutive in thallus size. Notably, eight of the detected algal species were new records to the Hawaiian Islands. A sequestration preference study demonstrated that the O'ahu population of P. ocellatus preferentially sequesters chloroplasts from diminutive, epilithic taxa. Using coxI barcoding of P. ocellatus, we showed the O'ahu population to be part of a clade that includes sequences from the neighboring island Maui, Australia, and the Philippines. The use of P. ocellatus as a novel sampling tool allows the exploration of the green algal community diversity and composition at a fine scale.
Identification of a direct Aquaporin-0 binding site in the lens-specific cytoskeletal protein filensin.

An interaction between the C-terminus of aquaporin-0 (AQP0) and lens beaded filament protein filensin has been reported previously; however, the region of filensin that is involved in the interaction has not been determined. This study is designed to identify the region of filensin that interacts with AQP0. Chemical crosslinking coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify the site of interaction. The protein complex was crosslinked with zero-length crosslinker: 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide Hydrochloride (EDC). The crosslinked membrane fraction was digested by trypsin and crosslinked peptides were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A crosslinked peptide between bovine filensin 450-465 (VKGPKEPEPPADLYTK) and bovine AQP0 239-259 (GSRPSESNGQPEVTGEPVELK) was detected. AQP0/filensin crosslinking was not detected in superficial young fiber cells, but increased with fiber cell age in the lens cortex. AQP0/filensin crosslinking and filensin truncation were observed in the same regions of the lens. This crosslinked peptide can be detected in 75 kDa gel band confirming that AQP0/filensin crosslinking can occur between AQP0 and the filensin C-terminal fragment. These results suggest that the AQP0 C-terminus directly interacts with the region of filensin that is adjacent to the major truncation site and the polybasic cluster of residues in the filensin C-terminal tail. This interaction occurs in a specific region of the lens and could only occur between AQP0 and filensin C-terminal fragment in vivo. This interaction supports the dual roles of filensin in the lens; roles that could be important during lens development.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurologic Disorders in AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

This chapter provides an overview of the range of neurological problems that may develop in association with AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The first section is devoted primarily to those occurring in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), excluding the AIDS dementia complex. The second section is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of neurological problems associated with other sexually transmitted diseases.
The effect of religion on women's labor force participation rates in Indonesia

ABSTRACTModest increases in women's labor force participation rates could boost world GDP by at least six trillion dollars; full equality for women could increase world GDP by $28 trillion. One factor limiting women's labor force participation may be religion. We test the effect of religion on women's labor force participation rates in Indonesia. Using data from Indonesia's 2010 Census, we run a logit model for married rural women, married urban women, single rural women, and single urban women. We find that holding other factors equal, married Hindu women in urban areas are as much as 31 percentage points more likely to work than married Muslim urban women, while married Confucian women in rural areas are as much as 31 percentage points less likely to work than married Muslim rural women. These and other results are robust across different specifications and are both economically and statistically significant.
Regulation and Dysregulation of Glutamate Transporters

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. During synaptic activity, glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to glutamate receptors on the pre- and postsynaptic membrane as well as on neighboring astrocytes in order to start a number of intracellular signaling cascades. To allow for an efficient signaling to occur, glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft have to be maintained at very low levels. This process is regulated by glutamate transporters, which remove excess extracellular glutamate via a sodium-potassium coupled uptake mechanism. When extracellular glutamate levels rise to about normal, glutamate overactivates glutamate receptors, triggering a multitude of intracellular events in the postsynaptic neuron, which ultimately results in neuronal cell death. This phenomenon is known as excitotoxicity and is the underlying mechanisms of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. A dysfunction of the glutamate transporter is thought to contribute to cell death during excitotoxicity. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the regulation of glutamate transporter function. Transporter activity can be regulated in different ways, including through gene expression, transporter protein targeting and trafficking and through posttranslational modifications of the transporter protein. The identification of these mechanisms has helped to understand the role of glutamate transporters during pathology and will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies with the transporter as a desirable target.
Effect of Control-Display Gain and Mapping and Use of Armrests on Accuracy in Temporally Limited Touchless Gestural Steering Tasks

Touchless gestural controls are becoming an important natural input technique for interaction with emerging virtual environments but design parameters that improve task performance while at the sam...
Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of differentiated thyroid carcinoma [1]. The majority of these lesions are small [2]; those whose diameters measure £1 cm have been designated by the World Health Organization as papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid (PMCT) [3]. In the older literature, they were frequently referred to as occult thyroid cancers since most were first discovered at autopsy; others, now usually designated as incidentalomas, were identified in operative specimens submitted for nonmalignant diseases of the thyroid [4]. One conclusion drawn from these discoveries is that PMCT seldom constitutes a clinically significant problem [5] and, therefore, may not require a therapeutic response. One group [6] has even proposed that solitary PMCT be renamed as “papillary microtumor” to reflect its benignity and to eliminate the emotionally charged diagnosis of cancer [6]. Today, many PMCTs are no longer occult or incidental, but are discovered in life and prior to head and neck surgery [7]. This change results from the expanded use of high resolution neck imaging [8] and from the expanding application of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of eventing thyroid nodules [9]. Despite the fact that not all PMCTs are without complications [10], the prognosis of PMCT remains excellent, and the disease is seldom fatal. Because of this, there is no consensus concerning the management of PMCT. Controversy persists regarding the extent of appropriate intervention or whether any intervention is necessary at all beyond follow-up. A review of the literature suggests, however, that reasonable guidelines can be developed to aid in decisionmaking. In this chapter, we will use the term incidental to refer to a PMCT found at autopsy or in an operative specimen removed for other than known thyroid malignancy. Non-incidental will refer to lesions diagnosed by palpation or by another technique such as ultrasound (US) prior to any therapeutic intervention. Occult PMCTs will refer to those that are unsuspected by history or physical examination but are known to exist because of some distant manifestation, usually a metastasis.
Abstract 16128: Keep Your Heart Healthy: A Community-based Collaboration Shows Progress Toward Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Underserved Chicago Communities

Introduction: AHA’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) is an easy guide toward achieving ideal cardiovascular health. However, few large-scale projects have assessed whether the AHA LS7 can have a significant i...