cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kinetics of Electromigration Damage in Copper Films Studied by Isothermal Resistance Change Analysis

Electromigration damage is one of the primary causes of the failure of interconnects in VLSI circuits. In this work, the response of Cu films to electromigration stress has been studied by an isothermal electrical resistance method. Accurate temperature measurement and control of Cu stripes stressed at elevated temperatures and high current densities were accomplished by use of a thin film thermistor. The activation energy and current density exponent were measured for vacuum evaporated Cu films and the values that were obtained are 0.79±0.02eV and 3.6±0.2, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of stripes that underwent electromigration damage showed many voids in the cathode region, hillocks in the anode region, and both voids and hillocks in the rest of the stripe. The activation energies of two aluminum stripes were also measured by the same method. An average value of 0.54±0.02eV was obtained.
A New Philippine Nippononysson with Remarks on the Affinities of the Genus (Hymenoptera: Nyssonidae)

The description of the following new Nippononysson is published at this time so that a name will be available for use in the notes which follow on the affinities of the genus.
The association between benzodiazepine prescription and aberrant drug-related behaviors in primary care patients receiving opioids for chronic pain.

ABSTRACTBackground: Benzodiazepine use has been associated with addiction-related risks, but little is known about its association with aberrant drug-related behaviors in patients receiving opioids for chronic pain. The authors examined the association between receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription and 2 aberrant drug-related behaviors, early opioid refills and illicit drug (cocaine) use in patients receiving opioids for noncancer chronic pain. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 847 patients with ≥1 visit to either a hospital-based primary care clinic or one of two community health centers between September 1, 2011, and August 31, 2012. All patients received ≥3 opioid prescriptions written at least 21 days apart within 6 months, and ≥1 urine drug screen during the study period. A Cox proportional hazards model estimated the hazard of a second early opioid refill, defined as an opioid prescription written 7–25 days after the previous prescription for the same drug, as a function of time-va...
Hemodynamic analysis of septic shock in thermal injury: treatment with dopamine

Eleven burn patients were studied while in septic shock and during dopamine infusion. There was only one survivor. The shock state in septic burn patients is hyperdynamic with a marked increase in cardiac index but a significant loss of systemic vascular resistance. Dopamine infusion in low doses stimulated the heart by increasing the cardiac index but caused further vasodilation and exerted little beneficial effect on blood pressure. High doses of dopamine increased the systemic vascular resistance and the blood pressure to levels which more adequately perfused the kidney. Dopamine infusion in high doses will improve the septic patient's hemodynamic status. This may permit surgical treatment of the septic process to remove the cause of the shock state.
Inhibition of T4 5’-Deiodinase in Human Placental Cells by Cyclic-AMP, Butyrate, and Calcium

Conversion of T4 to T3 (T4 5’-deiodination) by human placental cells (1–3), which occurs via the type II iodothyronine pathway (4), is inhibited by physiological concentrations of iodothyronines in the potency order T4 = rT3 > T3 (3). Type II deiodination is responsible for much of the tissue T3 content in the rat brain and anterior pituitary gland (5), and may, under some circumstances, contribute significantly to the circulating T3 pool in both rats and humans (5,6). Since type II T4 5’-deiodination could thus constitute an important step in the expression of thyroid hormone effects, we wished to obtain a more complete understanding of the regulation of this process in a human system.
Negative emotions, income, and welfare: Causal estimates from the PSID

Abstract I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.
High-Speed Analog Applications

In Chapter 3, we obtained accurate BSIMSOI SPICE models for NMOS and PMOS silicon nanowire transistors to replicate the simulated device I–V characteristics. We also calculated voltage-dependent intrinsic gate oxide capacitance, parasitic device resistors and capacitors, including the high frequency effective gate resistance in order to generate accurate extrinsic circuit models for SNTs. This chapter presents the first application of silicon nanowire technology on analog circuits. Various small and large-signal analog circuits such as a single-stage CMOS amplifier, a differential pair amplifier, and a two-stage operational amplifier were designed and simulated using the BSIMSOI SPICE models of SNTs.
Measurement and calculation of the thermal dielectric strength of corning code 7740 glass as a function of sample thickness

This paper is an extension of the work presented to the 1964 conference.1 In that paper the thermal dielectric strength of several glasses at various temperatures was measured and calculated for specimens 2 mm thick. This paper extends the techniques developed in the earlier paper to variation in sample thickness.
Using Problem-Solving Therapy to Reduce Depressive Symptom Severity Among Older Adult Methadone Clients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective:Treatment of older adults in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) with comorbid mood disorders presents many challenges. The goal of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the co...
Analysis of Nuclear RNA

This chapter presents a comparison of the traditional Northern analysis, nuclease protection assays, nuclear run-off assay, and the polymerase chain reaction. Two basic approaches are used to study the mechanism of transcription of specific genes. In one approach, the rate of transcription is measured in intact nuclei by the incorporation of labeled precursor nucleotides into RNA transcripts. But the other approach involves the isolation of steady-state nuclear RNA by Northern analysis or nuclease protection assay. The RNA polymerase will “run-off” the end of the template, producing transcripts of uniform length as soon as the conditions supporting transcriptional activation are met. The quantity of RNA produced is therefore an indicator of the efficiency of transcription. The degree of success of the nuclear run-off assay is entirely dependent on the speed with which nuclei can be isolated from intact cells and radiolabeled. The relative rate of transcription of several genomic sequences can be evaluated simultaneously by the nuclear run-off assay. The nuclear run-off assay facilitates the assessment of the transcription rate of individual genes by the elongation of nascent polyribonucleotides in the presence of labeled NTP precursor. In addition, steady-state nuclear RNA, as well as labeled RNA produced by nuclear run-off, is essential for understanding the processing of the primary transcript. Northern analysis of nuclear RNA yields quantitative data based on signal intensity of discrete bands, but also provides a qualitative component that cannot be discerned by Polymerase chain reaction or nuclease protection.
Spatial effects on hybrid electric vehicle adoption

Abstract This paper examines spatial effects on hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) adoption. This is in contrast to most existing analyses, which concentrate on analyzing socioeconomic factors and demographics. This paper uses a general spatial model to estimate the strength of ‘neighbor effects’ on HEV adoption—namely that each consumer’s HEV-adoption decision can be influenced by the HEV-adoption decisions of geographic neighbors. We use detailed census tract-level demographic data from the 2010 United States Census and the 2012 American Community Survey and vehicle registration data collected by the Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles. We find that HEV adoption exhibits significant spatial effects. We further conduct a time-series analysis and show that historical HEV adoption has a spatial effect on future adoption. These results suggest that HEVs may appear in more dense clusters than models that do not consider spatial effects predict.
"I Didn't Realize How Hard It Would Be!": Tensions and Transformations in Becoming a Teacher.

This study explores the experience of becoming an elementary teacher in an educational climate where standardization and accountability increasingly affect what happens in classrooms across the country by following two beginning teachers. Specifically, this longitudinal study in which two first-year teachers’ stories are analyzed and restoried explores the tensions involved in becoming a teacher. This research, which focuses on the transition from student to teacher, illuminates the multiple discourses beginning teachers must negotiate as they determine the kind of teacher they will become. Based on the findings, recommendations are provided for how teacher education programs can better prepare beginning teachers, particularly those operating in reductive classrooms and forced to implement standardized curriculum. These implications for practice include (1) encouraging preservice teachers to be thoughtfully adaptive by creating and revising clear visions, (2) consciously creating zones of contact ...
Bimodal benefits in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant users with contralateral residual acoustic hearing.

AbstractObjective: The present study aimed to measure bimodal benefits and probe their underlying mechanisms in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant (CI) subjects who had contralateral residual acoustic hearing. Design: The subjects recognised words or phonemes from the Mandarin Lexical Neighborhood Test in noise at a 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with acoustic stimulation, electric stimulation or the combined bimodal stimulation. Study sample: Thirteen Mandarin-speaking subjects wore a CI in one ear and had residual acoustic hearing in the contralateral ear. Six of the subjects (5.2–13.0 years) had pre-lingual onset of severe hearing loss, and seven of them (8.6–45.8 years) had post-lingual onset of severe hearing loss. Results: Both groups of subjects produced a significant bimodal benefit in word recognition in noise. Consonants and tones accounted for the bimodal benefit. The bimodal integration efficiency was negatively correlated with the duration of deafness in the implanted ear for vowel recogni...
Visceral adipose tissue contributes to the generation of pro-inflammatory B cell subsets in aging mice

Age-related decrease in B cell function is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and increased pro-inflammatory mediators. This effect is also associated with an increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and metabolic inflammation. Adipocyte-derived chemokines are involved in the chemotaxis of immune cells which infiltrate the VAT and contribute to the inflammatory process. To identify contributors to the phenotypic and functional changes observed in aged B cells, we undertook studies of B cells in the VAT. We recently analyzed immune cells infiltrating the VAT of obese C57BL/6 mice (age 12–24 months). We found macrophages, B cells and T cells in VAT in a ratio of 1:3:5. As to B cells, we measured the major B cell subsets and found higher percentages of pro-inflammatory (age-associated B cells, ABC) and less Follicular (FO) B cells in VAT as compared to spleen. B cells isolated from VAT express higher levels of inflammatory immune activation markers (TNF-α/IL-6/IL-8), significantly higher NF-kB activation and phospho-STAT3, and secrete higher amounts of Ig antibodies specific for fat antigens as compared to splenic B cells. To evaluate the ability of adipocytes from the VAT to promote inflammation and induce pro-inflammatory B cell subsets, we co-cultured adipocytes from the VAT with splenic B cells from the same mice. Results show that co-culture for 72 hrs significantly changed the relative percentages of the B cell subsets, leading to a higher percentage of ABC, similar to what we have observed in the fat. Moreover, we found that the adipocytes produce several pro-inflammatory chemokines. These results are the first to show a direct effect of adipocytes on pro-inflammatory B cells.
Robust patrol strategies against attacks at dispersed heterogeneous locations

We study a patrol problem where several patrollers move between heterogeneous locations dispersed throughout an area of interest in order to detect potential enemy attacks. To formulate an effective patrol policy, the patrollers must take into account travel time between locations, as well as location-specific attributes, such as time required for a patrol inspection, time required by an adversary to carry out an attack, and cost incurred due to an undetected attack. The patrol team wants to determine a robust patrol strategy that minimises the expected cost when, and if, an attack happens, regardless of where an intelligent enemy chooses to attack. For the case of a single patroller, we can compute the optimal solution via linear programming. For the case of multiple patrollers, we focus on efficient heuristic strategies based on set partitions and shortest paths.
Systematic Study of Aluminum Nanoclusters and Anion Adsorbates

The interactions between aqueous aluminum (Al) nanoclusters and ions in solution influence the reactivity of nanomaterials in natural waters and are crucial to the targeted syntheses of aluminum oxides. To contribute to the fundamental understanding of how both anion and Al-nanocluster properties affect the interactions, we carry out systematic modeling studies that employ density functional theory calculations embedded in a continuum solvent model. Energetic and electronic structure analysis is applied toward delineating the interactions of a range of probe adsorbate anions with Al nanoclusters to elucidate how small molecules may react with naturally occurring nanomaterials. The study spans seven small molecules on three model Al nanoclusters. Using this ion set, we correlate the size, shape, and formal charge of the adsorbate to the trends in adsorption energies. A key finding is that the collective effects of exposed oxygen functional groups, i.e., the distribution of functional groups, dictates the electrostatic potential of the nanocluster surface, which, in turn, controls trends in anion adsorption. The computed adsorption and deprotonation trends are correlated to known synthetic routes of Al-nanocluster formation and subsequent crystallization to give insight into the potential optimization of synthetic conditions.
Chapter 9 – Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: An Emerging Epidemic among Obese Youth

Publisher Summary The global increase in pediatric obesity has contributed to an increase in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which has now been reported worldwide. Diabetes is defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)or 2-hourpost glucose challenge plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl). Recently, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% has been recommended to diagnose diabetes in adults. Estimating prevalence of diabetes in youth is difficult because many studies report center-based results and may not report comparable information. Many large population-based studies included both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM). With T2DM clearly now a pediatric disease, providers of children are charged with screening at-risk youth for not only T2DM but dyslipidemias and NAFLD in addition to multiple other comorbidities of obesity. With a clearer understanding of risk factors for T2DM in youth, pediatric providers have in important role in identifying these young people in an attempt to modulate the long-term complications of this chronic disease.
New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation

Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789−797] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149−165]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83−89]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted ...
Use of an Automated Suture Fastening Device in Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement.

Background Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (mAVR) is gaining clinical acceptance; however, it is associated with increased operative times because of the limited surgical field and access. The Cor-Knot (CK; LSI Solutions, Victor, NY) is an automated fastening device designed to facilitate suture fastening, but clinical data in mAVR are lacking. Methods From May 2014 to February 2017, 92 patients underwent mAVR at Spectrum Health in Grand Rapids, Michigan; 39 valves were secured with manually tied sutures, and 53 valves were entirely secured with the CK device. Preoperative characteristics and 30-day outcomes data were extracted from the local The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and the patients’ electronic medical records. Survival data were obtained from the Michigan State Social Security Death Index. Results No significant differences in preoperative characteristics were noted between the two groups. Aortic cross-clamp time (72 ± 12 minutes vs 82 ± 15 minutes; p = 0.001) was significantly shorter with CK. There was no difference in the rate of postoperative mortality (0% vs 0%), stroke (0% vs 1.9%), atrial fibrillation (28% vs 33%), renal failure (0% vs 3.8%), or pacemaker implantation (5.1% vs 5.7%) between patients with manually tied sutures and patients with sutures fastened with the CK. Valve function on postoperative echocardiography and 1-year patient survival rates were similar. Conclusions In mAVR, the CK device was associated with reduced aortic cross-clamp time while providing equivalent clinical outcomes. Larger studies are needed to confirm the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the CK device in minimally invasive aortic valve surgery.
A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Overuse Running Injuries: The Runners and Injury Longitudinal Study (TRAILS).

Background:The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, noting flaws in previous running injury research, called for more rigorous prospective designs and comprehensive analyses to define...
Introduction to the CATIE special section.

sequelae (1). Further, the authors reported no evidence of superiority of the other second-generation agents over perphenazine—results received with great dismay and even anguish. A New York Times editorial (13) chided policy makers for “wasting billions of dollars on heavily marketed drugs that have never proved themselves in head-to-head competition against cheaper competitors.” Advocacy groups despaired that this CATIE finding would buttress attempts to limit access to second-generation antipsychotics in Medicaid formularies, where a large portion of the costs for these agents are borne. Indeed, as states struggle with rising Medicaid expenditures topping all other state expenditures, a major driver of the rising costs are psychotropic medications. Soon after publication of the initial
One more time, from the top

The formation of crust at mid-ocean ridges is generally thought to involve the ascent and melting of mantle rocks, which erupt as basalt magmas and create crust. But evidence from an ophiolite — a ridge fragment preserved on land — points to the existence of a different process. It involves incursion of sea water into the top of the mantle, and repetitive melting of rocks to create andesite magma.
Introducing Pastology in Philosophy of Law

Scholars of legal theory must stop using the phrase “original meaning” when suggesting how we should read undefined legal text. Instead, the term “pastology” or “pastological exegesis” should be used. We have an obligation not to mislead our audience. Whenever legal text is undefined and an advocate puts forth a candidate for more specific meaning based upon a marshaling of the past (floor speeches, letters, old dictionaries, etc.), this is an exegetical behavior known in philosophy of law as pastology.
Umbilical Cord Length

The umbilical cord carries the blood, nutrients, oxygen and fluids necessary for intrauterine life and so it is not surprising that umbilical cord abnormalities are associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Perinatal complications have been reported with both excessively long and excessively short umbilical cords.
Effect of Patient Care Coordination on Hospital Encounters and Related Costs

Given high costs of hospital encounters, providers have increasingly turned to patient-centered health care programs to improve cost-effectiveness and population health for patients with high needs. Yet, evidence is mixed about program effectiveness. This pre-post comparative analysis assessed whether the number of hospital encounters and related costs decreased for patients who received care coordination services funded through Texas's 1115(a) Medicaid waiver incentive-based payment model, under which providers created new programs to improve care quality, population health, and cost-effectiveness. This study compared hospital records for patients who were frequent emergency department users at 4 urban safety net hospitals in Texas and state data for hospital encounters for the calendar years 2013 through 2015. The study included 9061 patients who frequently used emergency departments: 4117 patients who received waiver-funded care coordination services at 2 hospitals and 4944 patients who received usual care at 2 comparison hospitals. Regression models compared changes in patients' hospital use and length of stay for the 2 groups. Patients receiving waiver-funded care coordination had a 19% lower probability of hospitalization after receiving care coordination relative to patients who received usual care, for a mean savings of approximately $1500 per year per patient. Receiving care coordination was not associated with a change in length of stay. Care coordination developed by hospitals to meet the needs of their most vulnerable patients can reduce their use of hospital resources through better preventive care. These findings bolster the business case for care coordination, which may help ensure service continuation.
Bacterial communities protect the alga Microchloropsis salina from grazing by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Abstract Open algal ponds are likely to succumb to unpredictable, devastating crashes by one or several deleterious species. Developing methodology to mitigate or prevent pond crashes will increase algal biomass production, drive down costs for algae farmers, and reduce the risk involved with algae cultivation, making it more favorable for investment by entrepreneurs and biotechnology companies. Here, we show that specific algal-bacterial co-cultures grown with the green alga Microchloropsis salina prevented grazing by the marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. We obtained seven algal-bacterial co-cultures from crashed rotifer cultures, maintained them in co-culture with Microchloropsis salina, and used a microalgal survival assay to determine that algae present in each co-culture were protected from rotifer grazing and culture crash. After months of routinely diluting and maintaining these seven algal-bacterial co-cultures, we repeated the assay and found the opposite result: none of the seven bacterial communities protected the microalgae from rotifer grazing. We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on the protective and nonprotective co-culture samples and identified substantial differences in the makeup of the bacterial communities. Protective bacterial communities consisted primarily of Alphaproteobacteria (Rhodobacteraceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (Marinobacter, Pseudomonas, Methylophaga) while nonprotective bacterial communities were less diverse and missing many putatively crucial members. We compared the seven protective communities with the seven nonprotective communities and we correlated specific bacterial amplicon sequence variants with algal protection. With these data, our future work will aim to define and develop an engineered-microbiome that can stabilize industrial Microchloropsis salina cultures by protecting against grazer-induced pond crashes.
Predictors of Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: A Modern 16-Year Multi-Institutional Study from the United States Sarcoma Collaboration (USSC).

Background. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) comprise approximately 15% of all soft-tissue sarcomas and frequently associated with significant morbidity and as little as 30% 5-year survival. Here, we provide a large, contemporary, and multi-institutional experience to determine which tumor, patient, and treatment characteristics are associated with long-term outcomes in RPS. Methods. 571 patients with primary RPS were identified from the United States Sarcoma Collaboration (USSC). RPS patients who underwent resection from January 2000 to April 2016 were included with patient, tumor, and treatment-specific variables investigated as independent predictors of survival. Survival analyses for disease-free and overall survival were conducted using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards model methods. Results. The study cohort was 55% female, with a median age of 58.9 years (IQR: 48.6–70.0). The most common tumor histiotypes were liposarcoma (34%) and leiomyosarcoma (28%). Median follow-up was 30.6 months (IQR: 11.2–60.4). Median disease-free survival was 35.3 months (95% CI: 27.6–43.0), with multivariate predictors of poorer disease-free survival including higher grade tumors, nodal-positive disease, and multivisceral resection. Median overall survival was 81.6 months (95% CI: 66.3–96.8). Multivariate predictors of shorter overall survival included higher grade tumors, nodal-positive and multifocal disease, systemic chemotherapy, and grossly positive margins (R2) following resection. Conclusions. The strongest predictors of disease-free and overall survival are tumor-specific characteristics, while surgical factors are less impactful. Nonsurgical therapies are not associated with improved outcomes despite persistent interest and utilization. Complete macroscopic resection (R0/R1) remains a persistent potentially modifiable risk factor associated with improved overall survival in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas.
Monarch butterfly host plant (milkweed Asclepias spp.) abundance varies by habitat type across 98 prairies

The decline in migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) over the past 20 years has been attributed to several drivers, including loss of their host plants (milkweeds Asclepias spp.). This has sparked widespread interest in milkweed ecology and restoration. We developed a model on environmental and habitat‐type variables to predict milkweed abundance by sampling 93 prairie plantings (47 conservation plantings and 46 roadsides) and 5 unplowed prairie remnants throughout the state of Iowa, United States. Milkweeds were censused in 10–25 random locations within each site, and data on plant diversity, age of planting, soil characteristics, and management were tested as predictors of abundance. Milkweed densities of all species combined were highest in remnant prairies (8,705 stems/ha), intermediate in roadside plantings (1,274 stems/ha), and lowest in conservation plantings (212 stems/ha). Most milkweeds were common milkweeds Asclepias syriaca, which were more abundant in roadside than conservation plantings. Remnants contained the most milkweed species. Total milkweed and common milkweed abundance were both predicted by higher soil pH, a more linear site shape, and lower soil bulk density across restorations. Our results indicate that common milkweed is maintained by disturbance, and establishes readily in rural roadside habitat. Remnants are important as reservoirs for multiple milkweed species and should be protected.
Collective, coherent, and ultrastrong coupling of 2D electrons with terahertz cavity photons

We have achieved collective ultrastrong light-matter coupling with long coherence times in an ultrahigh-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a high-Q terahertz photonic-crystal cavity in a quantizing magnetic field.
Using Informed Design in Informal Computer Science Programs to Increase Youths’ Interest, Self-efficacy, and Perceptions of Parental Support

Our work is situated in research on Computer Science (CS) learning in informal learning environments and literature on the factors that influence girls to enter CS. In this article, we outline design choices around the creation of a summer programming camp for middle school youth. In addition, we describe a near-peer mentoring model we used that was influenced by Bandura's self-efficacy theory. The purpose of this article, apart from promoting transparency of program design, was to evaluate the effectiveness of our camp design in terms of increasing youths’ interest, self-efficacy beliefs, and perceptions of parental support. We found significant gains for all three of these concepts. Additionally, we make connections between our design choices (e.g., videos, peer support, mentor support) and the affective gains by thematically analyzing interview data concerning the outcomes found in our camps.
Huck and the nadir: Black writers reading Mark Twain in the Gilded Age

Was Huck Black? The provocative question that serves as the title of Shelley Fisher Fishkin’s seminal study (1993) remains at the center of debates regarding Twain’s legacy. Did Twain appreciate Bl...
The role of computer-based clinical decision support systems to deliver protective mechanical ventilation.

Purpose of review Mechanical ventilation of adults and children with acute respiratory failure necessitates balancing lung and diaphragm protective ventilation. Computerized decision support (CDS) offers advantages in circumstances where complex decisions need to be made to weigh potentially competing risks, depending on the physiologic state of the patient. Recent findings Significant variability in how ventilator protocols are applied still exists and clinical data show that there continues to be wide variability in ventilator management. We have developed a CDS, which we are currently testing in a Phase II randomized controlled trial. The CDS is called Real-time Effort Driven ventilator management (REDvent). We will describe the rationale and methods for development of CDS for lung and diaphragm protective ventilation, using the REDvent CDS as an exemplar. Summary Goals for achieving compliance and physiologic objectives can be met when CDS instructions are simple and explicit, provide the clinician with the underlying rule set, permit acceptable reasons for declining and allow for iterative adjustments.
In Storage, Yet on Display: An Empirical Investigation of Robots' Value as Social Signals

This paper suggests that humans value robotic systems as signals – costly, visible commitments that can secure access to preferred resources. This contrasts with HRI research, design, engineering and deployment, which have focused on robots’ instrumental value – namely how designing and interacting with them may produce more or less productivity. Drawing on a multiyear ethnography of a “failed” robotic telepresence deployment in a teaching hospital, this paper shows that robots’ signaling value can significantly outweigh – and even contravene – any practical utility that they may provide through use. This analysis further suggests that – unlike nontechnological organizational signals – robots’ signaling value is highly contingent on the observability of their use. Considering robots’ signaling value in complex social systems such as organizations promises improved robotic systems development and deployment techniques and improved prediction regarding human-robot interaction. CCS CONCEPTS • HRI theory, concepts and models • Ethnographic studies • Empirical studies in HRI Acm Reference Format: Matthew I. Beane. 2020. In Storage, Yet on Display: An Empirical Investigation of Robots’ Value as Social Signals. In Proceedings of 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374775
Design and optimization of a series of 4-(3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amines: Dual inhibitors of TYK2 and JAK1

Herein, we disclose a new series of TYK2/ JAK1 inhibitors based upon a 3.1.0 azabicyclic substituted pyrimidine scaffold. We illustrate the use of structure-based drug design for the initial design and subsequent optimization of this series of compounds. One advanced example 19 met program objectives for potency, selectivity and ADME, and demonstrated oral activity in the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model.
Spontaneous Pothole Cardioversion of a Wide Complex Tachycardia.

Abstract External mechanical forces, if properly timed and of sufficient energy, have rarely been reported to convert tachyarrhythmias to sinus rhythm. We report a case of a patient with a wide-complex tachycardia that spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm after an ambulance ran over a pothole during emergency transport to the hospital. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)
Data-Triggered Approach for Real-Time Machine Learning in IoT Systems

We propose a method with the objective of maximizing the energy efficiency of devices equipped with light-weight ML classifiers without compromising the real-time classification accuracy. This specifically helps those devices that collect streaming data via sensors and analyze the data to offer real-time classification services. We propose and implement a hardware-friendly preprocessing mechanism that takes into account the accuracy of the ML classifier along with a proposed similarity metric between incoming data frames. The preprocessing mechanism combines the event-driven and time-driven strategies for scheduling the ML classifiers in a way that reduces the frequency of execution of the energy-hungry ML module. The event-driven strategy triggers the ML module only upon significant changes (dissimilarity) in the streaming data frames. Using the proposed preprocessing mechanism, we achieved up to 80% reduction in the number of function calls for the ML classifier while only losing less than 2% of classification accuracy.
Chasing Legislation: How to Track Bills for Free

The process of legislative tracking can be daunting, and many of the digital tracking tools can be costly. This article addresses these issues through a personal narrative about creating a survey of drone legislation. From the perspective of a librarian conducting research for a faculty member, this article offers a discussion of how to to organize a tracking project, and it presents specific, online tools that can be employed.
Surgical Management of the Lymphatic System with Regard to Supraglottic Resections of the Larynx

Neck metastases account for most surgical and radiation failures in patients with supraglottic carcinoma. Therefore, management of the cervical nodes often determines the eventual outcome of the disease. My associates and I (Coates et al. 1976; DeSanto et al. 1977) advocate neck dissection for virtually all patients except those with small epiglottic (Tla) tumors; for these patients, a wait-and-watch policy is followed. The low morbidity and mortality (1.6%) after the operation and the long-term outcome of the patients at the Mayo Clinic justify this approach. Furthermore, neck dissection facilitates the execution of the supraglottic operation and gives the surgeon surgical staging information. The close cooperation and assistance of a surgical pathologist skilled and efficient in fresh-frozen section diagnosis of nodal cancer are required. In our practice, the neck dissection is carried out on one side of the neck in a noncontiguous operation. The nodes are sectioned and studied by the pathologist while the primary tumor is being excised.
Development of Trauma and Critical Care

The contemporary historian, Meade,1 states “It is hardly surprising that surgery of a number of parts of the human body had its origin in the treatment of wounds, for in many respects man’s environment is a hostile one, threatening him on all sides with insults to the body that is ill-adapted to resist force.” Aside from the mute testimony of the remains of our forebears, however, the first actual account of the treatment of wounds is to be found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. According to Breasted, it was written about 1700 BC, but composed of texts dating back as far as 3000 BC The fascinating Smith Papyrus, which is now translated and in print,2 includes the records of 48 cases with discussions of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (Figure 20.1).
Gypsies, tramps and rage: Coping with difficult patrons

Summary This paper proposes that encounters with problem patrons and reader rage will continue to increase. In order for the library and its staff to survive they must adhere to some basic ideas including acknowledging that a problem exists, creating a code of conduct, hiring and training staff for the task, and providing them ways to deal with the problems and the stress.
Teen Boys and the Phenomenon of Sexting

This quotation from a discussion with girls in South Carolina presents the basic confusion young people expressed when they tried to define sexting. The passage illustrates the variety of associations that clustered together as participants began to think about the topic, ranging from news coverage to technology and connections to sexuality.
Iron(IV) or iron(V)? Heterolytic or free radical? Oxidation pathways of a TAML activator in acetonitrile at −40 °C

The oxidation of TAML complex (1) by various oxidants is explored in MeCN with 0.2% water at −40 °C, where the iron(V)oxo complex is stable enough for reliable spectral identification. The iron(V)oxo state is achieved using NaClO even faster than in the case of previously explored m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. In contrast, H2O2 and organic peroxides (benzoyl peroxide, tert-butylperoxide, and tert-butylhydroperoxide) all convert 1 into the corresponding diiron(IV)-μ-oxo dimer (2) under the same conditions. The latter does not form when (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] is employed and the FeIV product obtained does not seem to contain an oxo moiety. In contrast to all other oxidants, the conversion of 1 by tBuOOH into 2 is characterized by non-conventional kinetics, and therefore this reaction was explored in some detail. The evidence is presented that this light-, O2-, TEMPO-, and base-dependent reaction is a free radical process under the conditions used.
Comparison of specificities of serum antibody responses of horses to clinical infections caused by Streptococcus equi or zooepidemicus.

Abstract Problem addressed Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Sz) and its clonal derivative Streptococcus equi (Se) share greater than 96% DNA identity and elicit immune responses to many shared proteins. Identification of proteins uniquely targeted by the immune response to each infection would have diagnostic value. Objective The aim of the study was to compare serum antibody responses of horses infected by Se or Sz. Methods and approach Antibody levels were measured to panels of recombinant proteins of Sz and Se in sera of horses and ponies before and after experimental and naturally occurring invasive infections by these organisms. Antibody responses to an Se extract vaccine were also measured. Sera diluted 1:200 were assayed in triplicate using optimum concentrations of 9 and 14 immunoreactive proteins of Se and Sz, respectively. Bound IgG was detected using HRP-Protein G conjugate. Results Antibodies specific for SeM-N2, IdeE2, Se42.0 and Se75.3 (SEQ2190) were elicited by Se but not by Sz infection. Commercial Se extract vaccine did not elicit responses to IdeE2 or Se75.3. Sz infections resulted in significant ( p Conclusions The data indicate antibodies to IdeE2, Se75.3 and SeM-N2 may be used to distinguish infection by Se from that caused by the closely related Sz. Se infection, but not vaccination with Se extract elicits antibody to IdeE2 and Se75.3.
Concerns of patients actively contemplating total knee replacement: Differences by race and gender

Objective To examine differences by race/ethnicity and gender in patients' concerns regarding total knee replacement (TKR). Methods Focus groups of patients actively considering TKR were conducted. Discussion included patients' questions and concerns regarding TKR. The software ATLAS.ti was used to tabulate themes by race/ethnicity and gender. Concerns raised by focus group participants were compared with thematic content from patient joint replacement information materials. This comparison used patient literature from 3 high-volume academic TKR centers, the Arthritis Foundation, and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Results All groups shared similar concerns. However, some issues were more prevalent among certain gender and racial groups. For instance, concerns regarding anesthesia were more important to white Americans and concerns regarding recovery were more important to women. Some of these concerns were not addressed in the available patient literature. Conclusions Different gender and racial subgroups focus on different concerns when considering TKR. These differences may contribute to gender and race/ethnicity disparity seen in TKR use.
Early idiopathic hemochromatosis with absent stainable bone marrow iron stores

Abstract Early idiopathic hemochromatosis was diagnosed in a 52-year-old woman during the course of a hospitalization for another disorder. Quantitative studies revealed massive hepatic parenchymal siderosis and absent stainable marrow iron. Additionally, intestinal absorption and hepatic sequestration of radiolabeled iron were elevated. These studies in a patient with very early hemochromatosis, before organ damage, complement observations previously made in patients with advanced disease and provide further support for the concept that this disorder may result from impaired reticuloendothelial handling of iron.
Behavioral evidence for a role of chemoreception during reproduction in lake trout

Chemoreception is hypothesized to influence spawning site selection, mate search, and synchronization of gamete release in chars (Salvelinus spp.), but behavioral evidence is generally lacking. Her...
Offer of a weight management program to overweight and obese weight-concerned smokers improves tobacco dependence treatment outcomes.

Weight concern is a common and significant barrier to abstinence for many smokers. This quasi-experimental pilot study used multivariate logistic regression to examine the effects of offering a weight management treatment program on tobacco dependence treatment outcomes. Age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, nicotine dependence level, body mass index, and concern about weight gain were entered as factors/covariates to account for differences between groups. Offering a weight management program increased attendance at the first scheduled contact (88.1% vs. 71.6%; OR = 2.93; p = .029) and increased 6-month abstinence (21.4% vs. 10.1%; OR = 2.42; p = .052). With factors and covariates included in the multivariate models to account for group differences, those offered weight management were five times more likely to attend their first session (OR = 5.10; 95% CI 1.53–16.98; p = .008) and three times more likely to be abstinent 6 months after tobacco treatment (OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.09–8.17; p = .033). Proactively informing weight-concerned, overweight/obese smokers about the availability of a weight management program as an incentive for completing treatment for tobacco dependence may improve tobacco treatment outcomes. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–8)
A raster approach to population estimation using high-altitude aerial and space photographs

Abstract In an effort to automate the time-consuming procedure of the dwelling unit count method of population estimation using aerial photographs, a raster approach was adopted to extract residential building density data on a grid cell by grid cell basis from high-altitude aerial and space photographs. The maximum possible occurrence of dwelling units in each grid cell was determined with reference to the dwelling unit sizes and existing housing data from the census. The actual percentage of occurrence of residential buildings in each grid cell was then estimated from the photographs and translated into a population estimate. This approach was applied to the Providence area, Rhode Island, using both black-and-white National High Altitude Photography (NHAP) at 1:80,000 scale and Large Format Camera (LFC) photography enlarged to 1: 50,000 scale. It was found that the number of dwelling units so obtained from NHAP had to be corrected with the application of a double logarithmic model and that tone was the sole element used in dwelling unit estimation in the case of LFC photography. At census tract level, population estimates exhibited mean relative errors between +2.50 and +6.94% in NHAP and between −8.24 and −13.64% in LFC photography, depending on whether regional or overall household size values respectively were employed in computing the population size from the number of dwelling units. The raster approach permitted the application of a microcomputer-based GIS package to model and update the population estimation from high altitude aerial and space photographs.
A CMOS integrated thermal sensor based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

This paper presents a fully functional thermal sensor based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) integrated with CMOS interface circuitry utilizing die-level post-CMOS processing. The SWNTs are incorporated on the CMOS circuitry by utilizing a low temperature Dielectrophoretic (DEP) assembly process, which includes a pretreatment of an electroless zincation to prepare the top metal layer of the CMOS chip for assembly. The entire sensor system is next encapsulated with a parylene-C layer for improving the contacts between the SWNTs and the electrodes. The SWNTs were assembled as the gain element of an integrated inverting amplifier circuit. I-V measurements indicate that the temperature coefficient of resistance for the SWNT-based thermal sensor is -0.40% over a temperature range from 25degC to 105degC. The indirect measurement of the TC from the AC gain of the amplifier displayed a temperature coefficient of -0.33% over the same temperature range. This is the first successful demonstration of a fully functional SWNT-based thermal sensor on CMOS and the entire concept can be easily extended to other nanostructures for numerous other applications.