cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abdominal aortic calcium and multi-site atherosclerosis: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Abstract Background Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is a measure of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data are limited regarding its relation to other measures of atherosclerosis. Methods Among 1812 subjects (49% female, 21% black, 14% Chinese, and 25% Hispanic) within the population-based Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we examined the cross-sectional relation of AAC with coronary artery calcium (CAC), ankle brachial index (ABI), and carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT), as well as multiple measures of subclinical CVD. Results AAC prevalence ranged from 34% in those aged 45–54 to 94% in those aged 75–84 ( p p p p p p p Conclusions AAC is associated with an increased likelihood of other vascular atherosclerosis. Its additive prognostic value to these other measures is of further interest.
Preovulatory changes in the concentration of prostaglandins in rabbit graafian follicles

Abstract In previous studies we have demonstrated that prior to hCG induced ovulation the levels of PGF and PGE in rabbit Graafian follicles increase markedly as ovulation approaches. We have now extended the study to include follicles obtained from animals at ovulation time and up to 48 hours after hCG injection. We have found that PGF reaches a maximum in ovulated follicles at the time of ovulation and then quickly decreases, whereas PGE continues to rise for several hours and then declines. The increase in both prostaglandins is limited to the follicles that actually ovulate. These data further document the proposed role for prostaglandins in the ovulatory process.
Purification and Characterization of Streptococcal Proliferative Factor

Group A streptococcal infections are often associated with scarlet fever and flares of guttate psoriasis. Previous investigation has demonstrated the presence of a factor in streptococcal culture filtrates capable of stimulating proliferation of rabbit keratinocytes in vivo and human lymphocytes in vitro . This report outlines an in vivo method for the production of streptococcal proliferation factor, its purification, and characterization of its physical properties. We cultured Group A streptococci (Type 12, Strain NY5) in synthetic media by in vivo incubation within dialysis casing surgically implanted in rabbit peritoneum. Streptococcal exoproteins were isolated by centrifugation of the bacteria and millipore filtration. Purification of streptococcal proliferative factor was accomplished by differential solubility and molecular sieve chromatography. No proteolytic or hemolytic activity was discovered in the resulting product. The relative molecular weight of this factor is 29,000 as determined by SDS gels and molecular sieve chromatography. The sedimentation coefficient determined by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation is 2.7S. Isoelectric focusing showed minimal microheterogeneity with the pI of the major band being 5.0. Thus, streptococcal proliferative factor can be produced by in vivo incubation of streptococci in synthetic media. Purification entails a rapid 2-step process. The relative molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient and isoelectric points have been established.
Cross-Cultural Assessment and Management in Primary Care

The increasing number of culturally diverse patients in primary care and the demands to provide culturally sensitive health care make it essential that physicians provide care that is responsive to a culturally diverse population. Physicians must use cross-cultural techniques in their assessment and management practices. The cross-culturally competent physician has the potential to increase his or her ability to provide effective and culturally responsive treatment to a wider spectrum of patients, resulting in more positive treatment outcomes.
Valence-bond theory of linear Hubbard and Pariser-Parr-Pople models

The ground and low-lying states of finite quantum-cell models with one state per site are obtained exactly through a real-space basis of valence-bond (VB) diagrams that explicitly conserve the total spin. Regular and alternating Hubbard and Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) chains and rings with ${N}_{e}$ electrons on $N(\ensuremath{\le}12)$ sites are extrapolated to infinite arrays. The ground-state energy and optical gap of regular $U=4|t|$ Hubbard chains agree with exact results, suggesting comparable accuracy for alternating Hubbard and PPP models, but differ from mean-field results. Molecular PPP parameters describe well the excitations of finite polyenes, odd polyene ions, linear cyanine dyes, and slightly overestimate the absorption peaks in polyacetylene ${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$. Molecular correlations contrast sharply with uncorrelated descriptions of topological solitons, which are modeled by regular polyene radicals and their ions for both wide and narrow alternation crossovers. Neutral solitons have no midgap absorption and negative spin densities, while the intensity of the in-gap excitation of charged solitons is not enhanced. The properties of correlated states in quantum-cell models with one valence state per site are discussed in the adiabatic limit for excited-state geometries and instabilities to dimerization.
Ultraviolet-B (290 – 320 nm)-Irradiation Inhibits Epidermal Growth-Factor Binding to Mammalian Cells

Mitogens, such as polypeptide growth factors and phorbol ester tumor promoters, act by binding to specific receptors and inducing a pleiotrophic response in cultured mammalian cells, which results in the induction of cellular proliferation. An early effect of such agents is the inhibition of binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ot its receptor. Ultravoilet radiation has also been shown to induce a proliferative response in vivo and in vitro and to act as a tumor promoter in animal skin. WE, therefore, examined the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVB—290–320 nm) on EGF binding to cells in culture. We found that UVB (100–300 J/m2) induced a rapid, dose-dependent inhibition of EGF binding in a mouse fibroblast cell line, which resulted from a decrease in both number and affinity of binding sites. Phosphorylation of the EGF receptor by protein kinase C (PKC) is not likely to be the mechanism for inhibition, since UVB treatment did not result in PKC activation or modulation of phorbol diester binding.
Thermodynamic restrictions on the relaxation functions of the theory of heat conduction with finite wave speeds

In this paper we establish the restrictions imposed by the Second law of Thermodynamics on the relaxation functions which arise in the theory of heat conduction with finite wave speeds. We show that (i) the initial values of the energy relaxation function and the heat flux relaxation function are non-negative, (ii) the initial slope of the heat flux relaxation function is non-positive, and (iii) the equilibrium conductivity is non-negative. These results have important implications with regard to the behavior of waves and the uniqueness of solutions.
Improved Discriminative and Evaluative Capability of a Refined Version of Skindex, a Quality-of-Life Instrument for Patients With Skin Diseases

Objective: To improve Skindex, a dermatologic quality-of-life instrument. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal questionnaire study. Setting: Dermatology clinic of a Veterans Affairs hospital and private dermatology practices. Patients: Patients waiting for dermatology appointments; 201 patients responded to the original version of Skindex and 692 additional patients to the revised version. Main Outcome Measures: Reproducibility, internal consistency reliability, and validity of the revised version of Skindex. The revised version was compared with the original in 3 ways: the amount of time patients need to complete it; discriminative capability , determined as the number of items to which patients chose the same response; and evaluative capability , determined as the number of scales that were responsive to patients' reports of clinical change. Results: With the revised 29-item version of Skindex, scale scores were reproducible after 72 hours (r=0.88-0.92) and were internally reliable (Cronbach α=0.87-0.96). The instrument demonstrated both construct and content validity: patients with psoriasis and eczema responded with higher scores than those with isolated lesions; in an exploratory principal axes factor analysis with an oblique rotation, 97% of the common variance was explained by 3 factors that correlated with the a priori scales; and most patients' responses to an open-ended question about their skin disease were addressed by items in the instrument. The average time to complete the revised instrument was 5 minutes (compared with 15 minutes for the original version). For only 3 items (10%) did 70% or more of patients choose the same response (vs 17 [28%] of items in the original version). All scales changed significantly in the expected direction in patients who reported that their skin had changed after 3 months (vs only 3 of 8 scales originally). Conclusion: The 29-item version of Skindex remains reliable and valid, but has decreased respondent burden and improved discriminative and evaluative capability. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:1433-1440
Obstacles to Clinical Research and New Drug Development in Schizophrenia

Enormous opportunities currently exist to develop and test new treatments for schizophrenia. Treatment research not only holds promise for alleviating the suffering and disability associated with this illness, but also in providing clues to etiology and ultimately prevention. At the same time as there are increasing opportunities for treatment development, there are also increasing challenges and obstacles to the conduct of needed research. A variety of different issues need to be addressed in facilitating appropriate research including treatment settings, reimbursement for costs of care, legal and ethical issues affecting patient participation, stable funding, and the development of clinical investigators. Adequate attention to these problems in strategic planning can help to ensure that emerging opportunities are neither wasted nor delayed.
Miscomprehension of public affairs programming

The ability of individuals to comprehend accurately nine televised public affairs messages was examined. A national sample of subjects was quizzed about material contained in a message immediately following exposure to one of the nine stimuli. Results indicated a high rate of miscomprehension. Miscomprehension rates for individual stimuli ranged from 26% to 50%. Results also indicated a trend for miscomprehension to be lowest in the 25 to 40‐year‐old groups and the higher education groups. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Review of Water Resources Management by David Stephenson

The author, a faculty member at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, applied his experience in teaching and consulting to produce a text that he hopes will enable an engineering or science graduate to learn the techniques for managing water and hydraulic structures without taking advanced courses in hydrology or water engineering. At first inspection, the book’s coverage seems to be fairly comprehensive. It includes 13 chapters, which are a mixture of water management applications ~assessment!, resource topics ~groundwater!, methods ~computer modeling!, and infrastructure ~hydraulic structures!. The author has a much-needed chapter on drought but did not include one on water law, a key topic that will be missed in the book. Other important management topics such as finance and data management are covered only briefly if at all. Although the book’s title includes the word ‘‘management,’’ an examination of the coverage of individual topics suggests that the author is mostly writing about technical methods, and does not include much on management tasks. For example, in the chapter on drought management, no mention is made of drought indices or drought contingency planning, two of the most important topics of managing water during drought emergencies. In a similar way, the chapter on flood management includes several interest-
Regulation of clinical microbiology and infection control—is the gain worth the pain?

In the USA, decreasing money for health has led medical professionals and the public to wonder whether cost containment is hurting patient care. In response to this, several regulatory bodies have instituted extensive review procedures under the label of 'quality assurance'. Anxiety in healthcare workers about the risk of HIV infection and chemical exposures has led to a profusion of rational and less-rational proposals, guidelines, and standards for employee protection. Concern about the validity of laboratory diagnostic tests has triggered laws, codes and rubrics about procedures and proficiency testing. A major premise of government now seems to be that 'an unregulated industry is an unsafe industry'. As a result, US hospitals find themselves reviewed, surveyed, examined, regulated and codified to a degree never before experienced. This quantity of review has been accompanied by problems of review quality, in the form of conflicting, vague and wasteful standards and regulations. What is at issue is finding the most efficient ways to address these problems. We must campaign for close cooperation between regulatory groups, clear distinction between sociopolitical and scientific justification for regulation, and cost-benefit analysis of the regulations and their impact. Laboratory and hospital infection control personnel are important to this effort because the epidemiological skills required for these tasks are the same abilities used to make clinical microbiology and hospital infection control effective and efficient. Similar problems and solutions may exist in other countries as well. The issue is particularly pertinent to the discussion of standards for hospital infection control in the European countries now preparing for economic unification.
Clinical Anthropology: An Application of Anthropological Concepts within Clinical Settings

Clinical Anthropology: An Application of Anthropological Concepts within Clinical Settings. John A. Rush. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996. xvi. 293 pp.
Benefits and costs of food safety regulation

Abstract This paper begins with a review of the concepts and methods that can be used to quantify the benefits and costs of food safety regulations. On the cost side, where research is only beginning to emerge, this paper also provides an analytical framework for measurement of the costs of statutory regulations in the form of design and performance standards. This paper also discusses the use and limitations of currently available benefit and cost information for quantitative regulatory impact assessment, using the assessment of the mandatory HACCP and pathogen reduction regulations in the United States as an example. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on quantifying benefits and costs of food safety regulations.
Requirements for minicomputer operating systems for human experimentation and an implementation on a 4K PDP-8 computer

A programming system is described which considerably simplifies preparation and running of experiments on PDP-8 computers.
Revaluating the evolution of the Toc and Tic protein translocons

The origin of the plastid from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont necessitated the establishment of specialized molecular machines (translocons) to facilitate the import of nuclear-encoded proteins into the organelle. To improve our understanding of the evolution of the translocons at the outer and inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts (Toc and Tic, respectively), we critically reassess the prevalent notion that their subunits have a function exclusive to protein import. We propose that many translocon components are multifunctional, conserving ancestral pre-endosymbiotic properties that predate their recruitment into the primitive translocon (putatively composed of subunits Toc34, Toc75 and Tic110 and associated chaperones). Multifunctionality seems to be a hallmark of the Tic complex, in which protein import is integrated with a broad array of plastid processes.
A psychophysiological exploration of sexual arousal patterns in females and males.

Fifty-nine female and 39 male undergraduates completed 3 sessions of a psychophysiological study on sexual arousal. Subjects were assigned to one of six experimental groups. Subjects within each group were exposed to a series of four audio-tapes, and were asked to fantasize before and after the tape series. Tapes varied in their erotic and romantic content, and two sex role dimensions were also varied across tapes. Dependent measures included scaled subjective reports, genital pulse amplitude and blood volume responses, heart rate, and finger pulse amplitude. Erotic contents were significantly more sexually arousing than nonerotic contents for both sexes. Romantic content did not significantly enhance the facilitation of sexual arousal. Nontraditional sex roles were significantly more arousing for females, with a similar nonsignificant trend for males. There were significant correlations between genital pulse amplitude and subjective reports of arousal; however, for females the genital blood volume measure showed less reliable agreement with subjective report. Genital pulse amplitude was the most reliable and precise indicator of arousal and accounted for the most variance across conditions. No significant changes occurred on the heart rate and finger pulse amplitude measures. Although subjects were able to become aroused by fantasy alone, listening to erotic tapes did not facilitate their ability to be sexually aroused during fantasy.
Upflow vertical tube evaporation of sea water with interface enhancement; Process development by pilot plant testing

Abstract Recent developments in sea water desalination in the United States indicate a trend favoring the vertical tube evaporation (VTE) process over multistage flash evaporation (MSF), primarily because of the relatively higher overall heat transfer coefficients obtainable with VTE. The Interface Enhancement method provides an approximate doubling of the heat transfer performance obtainable under the best available process conditions relevant to large plant multieffect VTE, by the addition of a selected surface active agent to the sea water feed. A versatile upflow VTE pilot plant of 5,000 gpd capacity is described and typical test data with and without the additive for heat transfer enhancement are reported. It is apparent from these data that an approximate 25 percent capital cost saving is obtainable by substituting upflow VTE with Interface Enhancement for the downflow VTE process.
Planning Indoor Air Risk Communication Programs: Lessons For Alerting People Versus Reassuring Them

Regulatory authority typically is ill-defined or simply nonexistent for reducing the risks from indoor air in non-industrial buildings. This has forced risk managers to rely increasingly on information programs either to substitute for or enhance the effectiveness of traditional regulatory activities. These in formation programs – i.e., risk communication programs – tend to be designed for polar problems. One is to alert people to a “new” risk. The other is to reassure people about risk for which concerns are high even though scientific estimates show small risk. So far there is no generally accepted model that yields consistently good predictions of how specific risk communication activities affect people's perceptions and actions for either of these polar problems. The rapidly growing literature relies on case studies to examine alternative models and describes what seems to work. There have been relatively few tests of alternative risk communication materials and strategies. This paper extracts the literature's lessons for planning indoor air information programs, with attention to how the communication needs differ when alerting versus reassuring.
Career and Educational Planning in the Middle Level School.

Middle school students must develop increasingly complex career develop ment behaviors. Without solid career planning programs at the middle level, many students will make poor educa tional and car...
Rheological behavior of oil well drilling fluids

Abstract In this paper the rheological behavior of oil well drilling fluids is considered. Muds are regarded as non-linear liquids. The author introduces a new classification of non-linear fluids, because other concepts in this field are not suitable for the considerations connected with drilling mud rheology. The above classification is based on the constitutive equations of the considered materials. For the description of stress and deformation state in drilling muds the shear stress tensor and the first Rivlin-Ericksen tensor have been accepted respectively. The author discusses the Stokesian idea of fluidity. Linear, pseudoplastic and dilatant drilling fluids are then considered as satisfying the above idea. A number of empirical τ − e relations proposed by various scientists for the description of the rheological behavior of the above liquids is next presented. Some of them are graphically shown as flow curves. In Section 7 the author considers the rheological propeties of visco-plastic drilling fluids. The constitutive equation of the above materials and its particular cases (e.g. constitutive equation of Bingham plastic) are next discussed. Then the author deals with the rheological behavior of those drilling muds which are materials with memory. The state of stress in such media at a given time t is determined by all their kinematical history up to t. The author discusses the general constitutive equation of liquids with memory in their general tensor-functional form. Restrictions of the physical sense of the above eqution, connected with memory fading, are also presented. Then the author considers special classes of materials the constitutive equations of which are obtained by the approximations of the functionals included in constitutive equations of liquids with memory. In Section 10 thixotropic and rheopectic drilling muds are treated. Terms ‘thixotropy’ and ‘rheopexy’ are here understood according to the definition accepted by the Joint Committee of Rheology. In the next section the author gives a brief description of the rheological behavior of elastic drilling fluids. The constitutive equations of elastic liquids are also presented. The relation between liquids the rheological properties of which are time-in-dependent and liquids with memory is considered in Section 12.
Urinary Cortisol and Catecholamine Excretion after Burn Injury in Children

Introduction: A severe burn causes increased levels of urine cortisol and catecholamines. However, little is known about the magnitude of this increase or how and when the levels return to normal. The purpose of this study was to determine in a large clinical prospective trial the acute and long-term pattern of urine cortisol and catecholamine expression in severely burned children. Methods: Pediatric patients with burns greater than 40% total body surface area (TBSA), admitted to our unit over a 6-yr period, were included into the study. Clinical data including length of stay, number of operations, and duration and number of infections were determined. Patients had regular 24-h urine collections during their acute admission and reconstructive periods. Urine collections were analyzed for cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Each urine cortisol was compared with age-adjusted reference ranges. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals and ANOVA analysis were used where appropriate. Results: Two hundred...
Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature

During 24 months in an uncontrolled, retrospective study of 268 patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD), 202 were treated with 18 different antimicrobial agents. Criteria for antibiotic effectiveness were established. One or two antibiotics were taken separately for at least 3 to 5 days by 202 patients with CSD. Outcome was determined by follow-up examinations and telephone. Effectiveness of antibiotic therapy was based upon 3 or more days of therapy and clinical improvement of the patient with absence of and/or a decrease in malaise, fatigue, fever, headache, anorexia, lymphadenopathy and, in 90 patients, a declining or normal sedimentation rate. Of 18 different antimicrobials prescribed, 14 commonly used antibiotics were judged to be of little or no value in treatment of CSD. Four antimicrobials were efficacious. Efficacy of the three oral drugs in decreasing order was: rifampin 87%, ciprofloxacin 84%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 58%. Gentamicin sulfate intramuscular was 73% effective. Antibiotic therapy can be considered for patients with severe cat scratch disease. Conservative, symptomatic treatment is recommended for the majority of patients with mild or moderate CSD.
Hierarchy of response to handicaps.

This study compared the relative attitudes toward various types of exceptionality among three groups of elementary and intermediate-grade children (ns = 36, 41, and 79) and one group of adults (n = 1030). It also investigated the stability of these rankings over 13 years and in different parts of the United States. The hierarchies of preferences for these two groups of southwestern children were highly correlated, as were those preferences for these children and adults in the east. A comparison of the ranks obtained in 1987 with those reported in 1974–75 showed a stable hierarchy over time and geographical locations.
The bandwagon effect.

Although surgery has a glorious past that includes numerous seminal contributions to the medical sciences, at times progress has been and continues to be impeded by the bandwagon effect. Although many factors contribute to this phenomenon, the major obstacle that is sometimes in the pathway to truth is ourselves. The rigor of our clinical investigation has been less than it should be and our educational templates have overemphasized memorization of facts and creating clones of ourselves rather than fostering independent critical thinking by our students.
Is the four-color conjecture almost false?

Abstract This paper examines the limits of zeroes of the sequence of chromatic polynomials corresponding to the sequence of maps consisting of an inner and outer square seperated by n 4-rings. This serves as an interesting application of the Beraha, Kahane, Weiss theorem [2, 3] and has the striking result that λ = 4 is a limit of zeroes of this family.
Relationship of Initial and Final Scores on a Qualitative Analysis of Movement Test

Sutnmary.-The present study examined the relationship of initial quahtative analysis of movement scores, disembedhg scores, and mental rotation scores on terminal qudtative analysis of movement scores. The subjects were 19 female and 17 male undergraduate majors in physical education, 14 from Oklahoma State University and 22 from Southern Utah University, wirh a mean age of 23.0k4.5 yr.. The test and instrucuond unit on qualitative analysis of movement were developed by Morrison and Harrison in 1985. The Group Embedded Figures Test was used to discern disembedding scores and the Mental Rotations Test scores on mental rotation. The means and standard deviations for the pretest and posttest measures on the movement analysis test were 72.08f 7.06 and 78.30 k4.21. Analysis indicated instruction improved scores on the qualitative analysis test. Also, initial movement test scores and those on disembedding were significant predictors of scores on the posttest qualitative analysis of movement but not of mental rotation test scores. It has been postulated that information processing plays a large role in quahtative analysis of movement and the development of this slull (Knudson & Morrison, 1997, p. 50). This assumption stems from the belief that the senses and the perceptual processes of the human observer can take the place of mechanical instrumentation commonly used to analyze movements quantitatively in biomechanics. Three studies have examined perceptual components of qualitative movement analysis (Gangstead, Cashel, & Beveridge, 1987; Morrison & Reeve, 1989, 1992). The results of these studes indicate that at least one perceptual component (dlsembedding) is used in the qalitative analysis of movement. Gangstead, et al. (1987) used The Portable Rod and Frame Test (Oltman, 1968), while Morrison and Reeve (1989, 1992) used the Group Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, Oltrnan, Rash, & Karp, 1971) to examine this aspect of perception. Abhty to disembed is an irnportant part of the qualitative movement analysis because examination of parts of a movement (arm or leg movements) can lead to decisions about the quality of the total movement. Mental rotations may help an analyst rotate a movement mentally to a different vantage point to add information that might be useful in analysis. Qualitative analysis of movement has been defined as "the systematic
Adaptive, robotic, and mobile sensor systems for structural assessment

Structural sensing systems that employ adaptive strategies have the potential to achieve superior performance over nonadaptive counterparts. Adaptation is a means that many systems use to improve performance to compensate for varying and uncertain circumstances. Structural sensing systems can use several different adaptive sensing techniques including adaptive signal processing, adaptive data acquisition protocols, rapidly deployable sensors and mobile sensors. Adaptive signal processing is where the processing that is applied to a given set of data is modified according to the information content in the data or external circumstances. Adaptive data acquisition can be implemented through modifying the acquisition parameters and through the modification of sensor location and spatial sensitivity. The adaptive deployment of sensors requires mobile sensors and mechanisms, such as robots, to move the sensors into more advantageous positions. While the enabling technologies of adaptive sensing systems are readily emerging, optimal and effective adaptive strategies remain largely unexplored. This paper will also discuss some of the issues related to developing effective adaptation strategies for sensing systems and present example applications of adaptive signal processing and mobile robotic sensing applications.
Hydraulic Geometry and Stream Channel Behavior: a Uncertain Link

: The at-a-station hydraulic geometry of stream channels can serve as a predictor of alluvial stream channel behavior. This geometry is the empirical relations describing changes in water surface width, mean depth, and mean velocity with changing discharge. The exponent values are correlated with channel morphology and behavior such as scour and fill, flow resistance, bank resistance, and competence. Channel behavior and morphology are apparently related, but some causes for effects are uncertain. Several studies, using empirical and theoretical bases, are reviewed here to illustrate the relation between hydraulic geometry and channel behavior, but the relations are not always consistent. Hydraulic geometry variables are easy to measure and readily available, but they do not always reflect what may be more important ones such as turbulence, the velocity distribution profile, and distribution and cohesion of sediment particles. This paper illustrates some of these problems, provides some solutions, and addresses need for more work to better predict stream channel behavior from hydraulic geometry
Using phylogeny and ultrastructure to study cystidia of two Psathyrella species: reciprocal illumination

Ultrastructure of the cystidia of Psathyrella aff. nolitangere (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis and Psathyrella rhodospora Weaver & Smith (Agaricales) was examined primarily using freeze substitution, with the goal of evaluating whether these cells could provide phylogenetically informative characters with which to study morphological evolution. Within the Agaricales, the diversity of cystidial form coupled with the limited number of studies makes accurate character coding for use in phylogenetic analyses problematic. This study revealed many common cystidial characteristics between the two closely related species examined, including well-formed apical crystals, abundant free ribosomes, and scattered smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the first time to examine calcium oxalate crystals in cystidia, and demonstrated the formation of a pre-crystalline matrix at the apex of each cell that possibly disrupts the wall as the crystals form. The shared subcellular traits suggest t...
Spin-Extended Wave Function for Atomic Sodium

The spin-extended Hartree-Fock (SEHF) function, obtained by projecting the appropriate spin component of a UHF determinant with subsequent optimization, is calculated for $\mathrm{Na}(^{2}S)$ with four different basis sets. Energy reductions relative to RHF values are small. Spin density at the nucleus is 12% off experimental value and rather insensitive to changes in basis set. It is tentatively concluded that SEHF spin density values are much more reliable for atoms with open $s$ shells than for those having open $p$ shells.
The dynamics of elliptically shaped regions of uniform vorticity in time-periodic, linear external velocity fields

In this paper we extend results of Kida (J. Phys. Soc. Japan 50 (1981) 3517) and Neu (Phys. Fluids 27 (1984) 2397) on the dynamics of elliptically shaped regions of uniform vorticity in external linear velocity fields. The work of Kida and Neu was concerned with time-independent external linear velocity fields and we consider the case in which the linear external linear velocity fields may be periodic. We derive a Hamiltonian formulation for such problems in such a way that a study of the problem can be reduced to the study of a two-dimensional, area preserving Poincare map. In this way techniques from dynamical systems theory such as KAM theory and the subharmonic and homoclinic Melnikov methods can be used. With these techniques we show the existence of a variety of new solutions to the two-dimensional Euler equations on an unbounded domain; these include vortex motions that are temporally quasiperiodic, in subharmonic resonance with the linear external velocity field, and chaotic in the sense of Smale horseshoes. We give physical interpretations of these motions in terms of exchanges of energy between different components of the total excess kinetic energy of the flow field.
Clinical resolution of severely symptomatic pseudotumor cerebri after gastric bypass in an adolescent

Abstract Pseudotumor cerebri is a disease characterized by increased intracranial pressure, often manifested by headaches, and occasionally leading to severe visual impairment or even blindness. Most cases in adolescents, as in adults, are associated with obesity. We report a 16-year-old morbidly obese adolescent girl (body mass index 42.3 kg/m 2 ) with severely symptomatic pseudotumor cerebri who had progressive visual field deficits and elevated intracranial pressure (opening pressure on lumbar puncture of 50 cm H 2 O) despite intensive medical management and placement of both ventriculoperitoneal and lumboperitoneal shunts. Six months after she underwent gastric bypass surgery, she had lost 43% of her excess body weight and had had near complete regression of her visual field deficits, along with normalization of her intracranial pressures. This case demonstrates the dramatic reversal of symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri with surgically induced weight loss. Gastric bypass should be considered as a treatment option for adolescents with severe and progressive pseudotumor cerebri.
Government Regulation and Exploitive Capacity: The Case of the New England Groundfishery

The U.S. Fisheries Conservation and Management Act was designed to control the exploitation of commercial marine species. However, during the first two years after this act went into effect in New England in 1977, the overall economic and regulatory environment sent fishermen a mixed set of signals. Some factors, including aspects of regulation, stimulated expansion of the groundfishing fleet; others had the opposite effect. Two surveys indicated fishermen were very unhappy with the regulations and believed federal regulation would drive them out of business and lead to the demise of the industry. However, a study of the fleet uncovered the fact that fishermen were purchasing bigger, more versatile boats equipped with more sophisticated electronic gear. In addition, the number of groundfishing boats increased dramatically. Regulations were only one of a number of factors influencing the decisions of fishermen. The age of the fleet, increased catches and prices for fish, the increase in competition due to ...
Degradation of cyfluthrin EC and WP residues on painted steel: Effects of commercial sealants on residual persistence☆

Abstract Steel panels painted with white polyurethane or green latex were left unsealed or sealed with either Thompson's Water Seal or Olympic WaterGuard before treatment with cyfluthrin emulsifiable concentrate (EC) or cyfluthrin wettable powder (WP). Bioassays were conducted weekly for 10 weeks with Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) or Tribolium confusum (DuVal). Except for a few instances, neither species survived weekly bioassays of 24 h exposure on sealed or unsealed panels painted with white polyurethane and treated with cyfluthrin EC or WP. In contrast, from weeks 5–10 T. castaneum and T. confusum survival after 24 h exposure on sealed and unsealed panels painted with green latex was 40–100% and 10–83%, respectively, on panels treated with cyfluthrin EC. T. castaneum survival on unsealed panels and those sealed with Olympic WaterGuard and treated with cyfluthrin WP increased to 96 and 97% by week 6, while survival on panels sealed with Thompson's Water Seal was only 23%. T. confusum survival on unsealed panels and panels sealed with Olympic WaterGuard and treated with cyfluthrin WP was 87 and 90% by week 6, but survival on panels treated with Thompson's Water Seal was 0 until week 8.
Identification and characterization of an eight-cysteine repeat of the latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein-1 that mediates bonding to the latent transforming growth factor-β1

Most cultured cell types secrete small latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a disulfide-bonded complex with a member of the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) family. Using the baculovirus expression system, we have mapped the domain of LTBP-1 mediating covalent association with small latent TGF-beta1. Coexpression in Sf9 cells of small latent TGF-beta1 with deletion mutants of LTBP-1 showed that the third eight-cysteine repeat of LTBP-1 is necessary and sufficient for covalent interaction with small latent TGF-beta1. Analysis by mass spectrometry of this eight-cysteine repeat, produced as a recombinant peptide in Sf9 cells, confirmed that it was N-glycosylated, as expected from the primary sequence. No other post-translational modifications of this domain were detected. Alkylation of the recombinant peptide with vinyl pyridine failed to reveal any free cysteines, indicating that, in the absence of small latent TGF-beta, the eight cysteines of this domain are engaged in intramolecular bonds. These data demonstrate that the third LTBP-1 eight-cysteine repeat recognizes and associates covalently with small latent TGF-beta1 through a mechanism that does not require any specific post-translational modification of this domain. They also suggest that this domain adopts different conformations depending on whether it is free or bound to small latent TGF-beta.
The Multidimensionality of Environmental Problems: The GMO Controversy and the Limits of Scientific Materialism

This paper argues for a broader understanding of complexity; an understanding that speaks to the multidimensionality of environmental problems. As argued, environmental problems rest upon ontological, epistemological, and moral claims; they rest, in other words, upon statements about what is, knowledge, and what ought to be, respectively. To develop and illustrate this argument, the GMO (genetically modified organism) controversy is broken down according to these three dimensions. Dissecting environmental problems in this manner reveals why we cannot look solely toward the natural sciences for resolution: because these problems beg questions that cannot be answered with references to materiality alone.
Hydraulic Parameters Controlling Bedform Migration on an Intertidal Sand Body

Bedform migration on an intertidal sand body in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, is controlled by time-velocity asymmetry of tidal currents and by water depth. Dune migration occurs during ebb tide, whereas sand wave migration occurs during flood tide. Bedform migration is limited to short periods ranging from 40 min to 1.5 hrs, which coincide with maximum velocity phases of time-velocity profiles. Normal bottom-current velocities are achieved rapidly after sand body submergence and high water stage. Initiation of bedform migration occurs during both a subsequent decrease in bottom-current velocity and a later sharp increase to maximum bottom-current velocities. Dune migration takes place in water depths greater than those required for sand wave migration. This contrasts with water depth relations predicted from empirical formulae relating bedform wave length and wave height to depth of fluid flow. Representation of intertidal bedform migration variables on a depth-velocity-particle-size diagram shows excellent agreement with similar data obtained from experimental studies.
Lower Limb EMG Activity During Selected Stepping Exercises

The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected lower limb muscles during forward- and backward-facing stair-stepping exercises using a hydraulic step ergometer and during step aerobics using a standard 8 in. high step. Surface electrodes recorded EMG data from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles on the right lower limbs of 13 healthy subjects under each of the four exercise conditions. Normalized mean EMG amplitude data were used to test for activity-dependent differences. Results indicated that (a) the VL and VMO were significantly (p < .05) more active during step ergometry than during step aerobics, (b) the BF was significantly (p < .05) more active during step aerobics than during step ergometry, and (c) when forward- versus backward-facing positions were compared, there were no statistically significant differences in mean EMG activity for either of the activities. These findings provide information ...
The pulse-probe method of conductivity measurement

Summary. An alternative to the steady heating of a cylindrical probe, in the ‘needle-probe’ method of conductivity measurement, is the observation of the thermal decay from a short, calibrated, heat pulse. The theoretical solution is the time-differential of that for the former method, and requires only the measurement of point temperatures rather than the determination of a gradient. A careful analysis of the theoretical decay function shows that it should be possible to make accurate conductivity measurements in as little as three probe ‘time constants’ if external information is available on the heat capacity of the medium. A self-contained method, using two temperature determinations from a record about six time-constants long, can be used where such information is not available. The theory was tested by measurements on the ocean-floor, and the data correspond to the theory when a correction was applied for some internal probe conduction problems.
Priming for T-Cell-mediated Rejection of Established Tumors by Cutaneous DNA Immunization'

DNA immunization has been shown to elicit both antibody and CTL responses against antigens expressed by infectious organisms. Because CTL responses have been implicated in rejection of cancer, we investigated whether DNA immunization by particle bombardment using a gene gun could induce CTL responses that were capable of rejecting tumors in mice. DNA immunization by particle bombardment using genes encoding beta-galactosidase and ovalbumin primed mice to generate CTLs in two genetic backgrounds (DBA/2 and C57BL/6 strains, respectively). DNA immunization was more potent in inducing CTLs than immunization with an optimized regimen of ovalbumin peptide plus immune adjuvant. Immunity induced by DNA immunization protected mice against s.c. challenge with tumors expressing the beta-galactosidase antigen. Tumors were rejected even when DNA immunization was started 3 or 7 days after tumor challenge as tumors were becoming established. Tumor rejection required CD8(+) T cells, confirming a role for CTLs in vivo. These studies show that DNA immunization by particle bombardment can efficiently induce CTL responses that are capable of rejecting even established tumors.
Conducting Research Online: Challenges Facing Researchers in Family and Consumer Sciences

A substantial number of consumers now have access to e-mail and the Internet. The growth in e-mail and Internet usage makes electronic surveying an appealing means for conducting research. Researchers and practitioners in the field of family and consumer sciences are increasingly using online surveys to collect data from a variety of target populations. The purpose of this article is to provide a guide to those interested in conducting surveys online and to highlight some of the potentials and pitfalls they can expect.
Ability Comparison and Its Effects on Affiliation Preferences

The present paper reports the results of two experiments which examined how subjects choose partners for work interactions. In both experiments subjects were given feedback ("very good, " "good, " "average," "poor") about their previous level of performance and about the performance of others who could be chosen as partners for an evaluated or nonevaluated work interaction. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that there was an overall tendency for subjects to choose "very good" or "good" partners scoring in the upper quartiles. Further, "very good" and "good" subjects tended to select similar ability partners whether the interaction was expected to be evaluated or not. "Average"subjects tended to pick "good" partners for the evaluated interaction and "very good" partners for the nonevaluated interaction. "Poor" subjects showed the opposite trend. In Experiment 2 subjects received performance feedback and indicated their partner choicesfor evaluated or nonevaluated interactions consisting of either two o...
Specifying and reasoning with underspecified knowledge bases using answer set programming

A large and complex knowledge base that models some aspect of the real world can rarely be fully specified. Two examples of such underspecification are that (i) some of the cardinality constraints are omitted; (ii) some properties of all individual instances of a class are specialized across a class hierarchy, but specific references to which particular values are specialized are omitted. Such knowledge bases are of great practical interest as they are the basis of an empirically tested knowledge acquisition system that has been used to construct a knowledge base from a significant portion of a biology textbook. In this paper, we formalize an underspecified knowledge base using answer set programming, and give a set of rules called UMAP that support inheritance reasoning in such a knowledge base.
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing: V. Problems with Phonemes

The rules of previous columns make phonemic analysis, the reduction of a spoken language to an unambiguous writing system, almost automatic. The emphasis here is on “almost.” This column explores s...