cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscosity studies of some long-chain thiol esters

Viscosity studies of thiolaurates, thiomyristates, thiopalmitates and thiostearates of the normal C6, C7, C14, C16, C18; C6, C8, C10, C11, C13, C14, C15, C16, C18; C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16, C17, C18 and C4, C9, C10, C11, C12, C14, C16 and C18, respectively, were made. In addition,n-propyl andn-heptyl thioacetates as well asn-heptyl thiohexanoate were studied. Viscosities of thiol esters increase with increasing chain length. These increases are not linear. For each compound, the viscosity decreases with increasing temp. Activation energies for viscous flow were calculated. The activation energies increase as the chains increase. These increases are not linear.
CORRECTION TO THE DEBYE-HUCKEL THEORY

The correction to the equation of state of a classical electron gas is calculated by the method of Abe. The results are compared with those recently obtained by a different method by Bowers and Salpeter.
Differentiation of Sodium Chloride Tolerant Cell Lines of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Jet Star

Summary Selection of NaCl tolerant/resistant tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Jet Star cell lines was effectively accomplished by using a protocol in which the callus tissues were subjected to increasing NaCl concentrations at the rate of 20 mM per passage. The concentrations of NaCl beyond 80 mM affected the fresh weights more than the dry weights of callus tissues. Inclusion of ascorbic acid in the basal medium (10 mg · l −1 ) was essential for continued growth of callus over several subcultures. Media supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid, kinetin and benzyladenine induced shoot and root differentiation in tomato cell lines capable of growing in medium containing 80 mM NaCl.
Recent advances in reactive low-voltage ion-plating deposition

Because of the improvement of several thin film properties and the relative ease of transference into a production environment, reactive low voltage ion plating (RLVIP) has found its way into industry at several optics and thin film manufacturers. In this review of recent accomplishments achieved with this process at our laboratory as well as at other institutions we will first recall the underlying principles of operation and some of the improved properties typical of thin films made by RLVIP. Then follow examples of applications exploiting these significant improvements, including coatings for surface smoothing, antireflection coatings for the 2 - 5 pm wavelengths range, non-shifting edge filters and thin film polarizers, narrow band reflectors (laser protection filters), and laser mirrors. The paper concludes with a brief account of the advantages - and disadvantages - of this process compared with conventional electron beam evaporation and deposition processes employing a directed ion beam.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in porcine serum cortisol and progesterone concentrations are not mediated solely by prostaglandin F2 alpha.

The increase in steroid hormone blood levels in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) appears to be an important mechanism by which mammalian species regulate inflammation. This study examined changes in serum concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) in diestrous pigs following the intravenous injection of LPS and determined whether indomethacin would attenuate these changes. Serum cortisol and progesterone concentrations increased (P 0.05); however, LPS enhanced (P<0.05) cortisol and progesterone concentrations, although the increases were delayed. Serum concentrations of cortisol acutely increased (P<0.05) immediately following both infusions of indomethacin. In summary, cortisol and progesterone concentrations increased irrespective of serum PGFM concentrations, thereby indicating that prostaglandin F2α was not the sole mediator of LPS-induced changes in cortisol and progesterone concentrations.
The challenge of relating IS research to practice

"The academic IS community is following slowly." "The work is not relevant, reachable, or readable." "If they've never personally done it, how can they possibly advise someone?" "If I want to know what works or what's being tried, I'll pick up the phone and get a hold of my counterpart in other companies...With few exceptions, the academic IS community doesn't have a clue." These, and a substantial number of other highly critical comments, made by chief information officers in major corporations, were captured during the course of structured interviews conducted with information technology professionals participating in a research program currently in process 1 Senn, 1997. They are representative of many similar expressions concerning university-based information systems research. Moreover, they appear to be consistent with assessments and impressions sensed by many persons conducting information systems research from an academic home base. Judging from the apparent frequency and consistency of these judgments, it is evident that a sizeable portion of the practitioner community does not value the research conducted by information systems IS scholars. This paper explores the challenge of relating IS research to practice. It suggests alternatives for researchers to consider if they seek an impact on practice and an ongoing communication link with practitioners.
Pharmacokinetics of phenylacetate administered as a 30-min infusion in children with refractory cancer

Purpose: Phenylacetate (PAA), a deaminated metabolite of phenylalanine, suppresses tumor growth and induces differentiation in preclinical tumor models. We performed a pharmacokinetic study, as part of a phase I trial, of PAA in children with refractory cancer. Methods: PAA was administered as a 30-min i.v. infu- sion at a dose of 1.8 or 2.5 g/m 2 . Serial plasma samples were collected for up to 24 h after the end of the infusion in 27 children. The concentrations of PAA and its inac- tive metabolite, phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), were measured using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection. Results: PAA and PAG concentrations were best de- scribed by a two-compartment model (one compartment for each compound) with capacity-limited conversion of PAA to PAG. The half-life of PAA was 55±18 min at the 1.8 g/m 2 dose and 77±22 min at the 2.5 g/m 2 dose. The half-life of PAG was 112±53 min at the 1.8 g/m 2 dose and 135±75 min at the 2.5 g/m 2 dose. The clear- ance of PAA was 66±33 ml/min per m 2 at the 1.8 g/m 2 dose and 60±24 ml/min per m 2 at the 2.5 g/m 2 dose. The Michaelis-Menten constants describing the conversion of PAA to PAG in the model (Vm and Km) were (means± SD) 18.4±13.8 mg/m 2 per min and 152±155 lg/ml, respectively. The volumes of distribution for PAA and PAG (Vd-PAA and Vd-PAG) were 7.9±3.4 l/m 2 and 34.4±16.1 l/m 2 , respectively. The first-order elimination rate constant for PAG (ke-PAG) was 0.0091± 0.0039 min )1 . Conclusions: The capacity-limited con- version of PAA to PAG has important implications for the dosing of PAA, and the pharmacokinetic model described here may be useful for individualizing the infusion rate of the drug in future clinical trials.
Embodying the garrison state? Everyday geographies of militarization in American society

Abstract This study evaluates the garrison state hypothesis ( Lasswell, 1941 , Lasswell, 1962 ), which posited that the United States and other democratic states were becoming militarized societies, dominated by military culture, values, and goals. Building on the work of various scholars who have more recently identified the militarization of U.S. policies and other actions emanating from the formal state apparatus, we have explored the everyday geographies of the nation-state, with particular emphasis upon the experiences and activities of people in local settings. Considering the contingency of how everyday geographies of the state are constituted, two towns (Hopkinsville, Kentucky and Clarksville, Tennessee) neighboring Fort Campbell, Kentucky are analyzed using interviews, participant observations, and documentary evidence to examine manifestations of militarism and ongoing processes of militarization. Despite their common adjacency to Fort Campbell, the agency of actors in Hopkinsville and Clarksville has at times resulted in different bases for resistance to, and acceptance of, militarizing processes. We conclude that the construction of a ‘friendly’ or democratic ‘garrison state’ does not emerge in a simple, top-down manner, but rather is possible only with the people and practices who constitute the everyday geographies of the state, though this process is negotiated differently in different settings due to the complex central–local relations occurring within them.
Melting behavior of ultra-high modulus and molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers

Superheating and double-melting endotherms are the characteristic melting behaviors of gel-spun ultra-high modulus and molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers in differential thermal analysis (DTA). A mostly orthorhombic structure with very little amorphous content is indicated by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) data. The melting temperatures are elevated and believed to result from superheating and incomplete chain relaxation in the highly oriented and crystalline structure. The melting behavior of the fibers is shown to be strongly affected by changes in polymorphic transformations and in intercrystalline disordered domains. Compression in the direction perpendicular to fiber axis causes significant increases in the 110 and 200 dimensions of the orthorhombic structure. Such lateral compression increases monoclinic forms and perhaps amorphous content, and decreases the degree of transformation to hexagonal phase. Superheating, which is related to the intercrystalline stress, can be reduced by the presence of interacting solvents such as trichlorbenzene. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sesiid Pheromone Increases Squash Vine Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Infestation

Results presented here are the 1st report of synthetic lepidopteran female sex pheromone treatments increasing the infestation of a crop. Small squash, Cucurbita pepo (L.), plots treated with 5 mg of a pheromone blend of99:1 E,Z,-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate and Z,Z,-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate were significantly more infested by squash vine borer, Melittia cucurbitae (Harris), than control plots. In electroantennogram tests, antennae of both mated and virgin females responded significantly to squash vine borer pheromone blend and components. Infestations of squash vine borer are a result of female immigration from feral populations, so release of pheromones for mating disruption or monitoring in squash fields may not stop establishment of squash vine borer populations and may in fact attract females.
Invariant imbedding and radiation dosimetry: VIII. reflection function from a double layer— finite order functions

Abstract In computing the total reflection function for two media of given scattering properties adjoined together, the usual techniques require a knowledge of reflection and transmission functions of both the media. An alternate method developed here depends only on solving a Riccati equation with suitable initial conditions. By following this procedure, we are able to calculate the reflection function of a given finite order, for a particle that has suffered a specified number of scatterings in the two portions of the total medium. Such calculations may be useful in radiation dosimetry problems where the body to be irradiated is placed on reflecting materials.
Investigation of the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate shunt in Escherichia coli BL21 and JM109 using 13C‐NMR/MS

Acetate accumulation is a common problem observed in aerobic high cell density Escherichia coli cultures. A previous report has hypothesized that the glyoxylate shunt is active in a low acetate producer, E. coli BL21, and inactive in a high acetate producer, JM109. To further investigate this hypothesis, we now develop a model for the incorporation of (13)C from uniformly labeled glucose into key TCA cycle intermediates. The (13)C isotopomer distributions of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA are first determined using NMR and MS techniques. These distributions are next validated by predicting the NMR spectrum of glutamate. Under steady state isotopic conditions, and with knowledge of the full isotopomer distributions of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the flux ratios through the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate shunt are obtained with respect to the flux through the PPC anaplerotic shunt. We conclude that in BL21, the glyoxylate shunt is active at 22% of the flux through the TCA cycle, and is inactive in JM109. Further, in BL21, the flux through the TCA cycle equals the flux through the PPC shunt, while in JM109 the TCA cycle flux is only third of the flux through the PPC shunt.
Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate.

A recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing FMDV capsid, P1-2A, and viral 3C protease coding regions was constructed. Two viral clones were isolated, Ad5-P12X3CWT, containing the wild-type (WT) 3C protease that processes capsid polyprotein precursor into mature capsid proteins, and Ad5-P12X3CMUT, containing a point mutation in the protease coding region that inhibits processing. In 293 cells infected with either virus, synthesis of the FMDV capsid polyprotein precursor occurred, but processing of the polyprotein into structural proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 occurred only in 3CWT virus-infected cells. Immunoprecipitation with monospecific and monoclonal antibodies indicates possible higher order structure formation in Ad5-P12X3CWT virus-infected cells. The viruses were used to elicit immune responses in mice inoculated intramuscularly (im). Only virus containing the 3CWT elicited a neutralizing antibody response. After boosting, this neutralizing antibody response increased. Swine inoculated im with Ad5-P12X3CWT virus developed a neutralizing antibody response and were either completely or partially protected from contact challenge with an animal directly inoculated with virulent FMDV. This adenovirus vector may be an efficient system for the delivery of FMDV cDNA into animals, leading to a high level of neutralizing antibody production and protection from FMDV challenge.
Paramagnetic capture mode magnetophoretic microseparator for high efficiency blood cell separations

This paper presents the characterization of continuous single-stage and three-stage cascade paramagnetic capture (PMC) mode magnetophoretic microseparators for high efficiency separation of red and white blood cells from diluted whole blood based on their native magnetic properties. The separation mechanism for both PMC microseparators is based on a high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) method. This approach enables separation of blood cells without the use of additives such as magnetic beads. Experimental results for the single-stage PMC microseparator show that 91.1% of red blood cells were continuously separated from the sample at a volumetric flow rate of 5 µl h−1. In addition, the three-stage cascade PMC microseparator continuously separated 93.5% of red blood cells and 97.4% of white blood cells from whole blood at a volumetric flow rate of 5 µl h−1.
SOME POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF VILLAGES DIFFERENTIATED BY SIZE, LOCATION, AND GROWTH

groups of villages simultaneously dichotomized by size, location relative to larger cities, and population change. The percent of people having a selected characteristic in each village group of the resulting eight-fold classification was taken as the dependent variable, and difference scores indicating main effects and first order interactions were obtained for each characteristic. The universe is the 375 incorporated places under 2500 in 1950 outside the SMSAs of Wisconsin. Size of place was found to be important for the sex ratio, education and income levels, and labor force and occupational variables. Characteristics associated with nearness to a large city included income, male labor force participation, occupation, and industry. Growth was important for age and sex differences, education, income, and some labor force, occupation, and industry variables. An interaction between location and growth was found for several occupation and industry characteristics. The consistency between some of the results and previous research on larger places supports the contention that villages, although classified as rural, share many characteristics of urban centers. The industry and occupation differences by location, and the interaction between location and growth, strongly suggest that location is tied closely to function here. Places near cities over 25,000, especially those that are growing, may serve as residences for commuting blue-collar workers, or perhaps as small manufacturing centers, while most places more remote from cities continue to function as small service centers for a rural hinterland.
Investigations of leucocyte kinetics in normal and leukaemic individuals by means of scintillation counting.

Investigations of Leucocyte Kinetics in Normal and Leukaemic Individuals by Means of Scintillation Counting
850 THE USE OF ORAL 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL (250HD3) IN PREMATURE NEONATES

Oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (250HD3) was used in this study to assess its effectiveness in preventing early neonatal hypocalcemia. Thirty-one premature neonates were studied prospectively from birth. Twenty-two prematures constituted a control group; 9 prematures were treated orally with 250HD3 (2 μg/kg/day) for 5 days beginning within the first 12 hours of life. 11 of the 22 prematures in the control group (50%) became hypocalcemic with serum ionized calcium level (Ca++) less than 3.0 mg/dl and total calcium level (CaT) less than 7.0 mg/dl on day 2 of life. Only 1 of the 9 prematures treated with 250HD3 became hypocalcemic. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D as well as Ca++ and CaT levels increased during the first 5 days of life in treated neonates and were significantly greater than levels in control neonates. No untoward effects of this treatment were observed. These data indicate that vitamin D metabolism plays an important role in perinatal calcium homeostasis and that oral 250HD3 is effective in preventing early neonatal hypocalcemia.
Evaluation of feedback parameters for weld process control

Feedback control of the weld process is a step at improving weld quality while reducing lengthy inspection processes. The key to successful control of the weld process is to choose a parameter (or parameters) that can be monitored and provide the information necessary to correctly adjust the weld input parameters. The sensor used for this study detected penetration by monitoring the infrared radiation on the back side of the girth weld.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spontaneous cytotoxicity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: clues to the mechanism

Human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) demonstrate target cell-restricted spontaneous cytotoxic (SC) activity that is due to CD2+CD3+CD8+CD16-CD56- effector cells; they kill epithelial cell (EC) tumours (such as DLD-1 colon cancer cells), but not natural killer (NK)-sensitive K-562 cells. The present study shows that the measured levels of SC activities by IEL correlated with those of autologous lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), but not with those of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Also, the susceptibilities of DLD-1 cell clones to lysis by IEL and PBL effector cells did not correlate, suggesting different mechanisms of lysis. Antibody blocking experiments showed that the main surface molecules involved in lysis depended on the effector cell type: alpha E beta 7 (HML-1) on IEL and CD16 on PBL. No antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was demonstrated by IEL, even after stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Few IEL expressed Fc receptors for IgG. This study describes further differences between the SC activities of IEL and PBL.
The preparation and some properties of protein subunits obtained from wild cucumber mosaic virus.

Wild cucumber mosaic virus and two virus-like particles can be degraded markedly at high pH, e.g., pH 10 or at a low pH, e.g., pH 2.5. Virus protein subunits can be isolated from the degradation products by means of precipitation at pH 5.5. Ultracentrifuge analysis of the protein preparation thus obtained showed evidence of polydispersity under most of the solution conditions tested. These experiments indicated that the polydispersity was due to reactive groups which form hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds. The sedimentation rate of the principal component was approx. 2.0 S. Amino acid analysis was carried out on the protein from which the minimal molecular weight was calculated to be approx. 21500.
Management entrenchment: The case of manager-specific investments

Abstract We describe how managers can entrench themselves by making manager-specific investments that make it costly for shareholders to replace them. By making manager-specific investments, managers can reduce the probability of being replaced extract higher wages and larger perquisites from shareholders, and obtain more latitude in determining corporate strategy. Our model of entrenchment has empirical implications that are consistent with the evidence on managerial behavior.
On the /spl theta/-coverage and connectivity of large random networks

Wireless planar networks have been used to model wireless networks in a tradition that dates back to 1961 to the work of E. N. Gilbert. Indeed, the study of connected components in wireless networks was the motivation for his pioneering work that spawned the modern field of continuum percolation theory. Given that node locations in wireless networks are not known, random planar modeling can be used to provide preliminary assessments of important quantities such as range, number of neighbors, power consumption, and connectivity, and issues such as spatial reuse and capacity. In this paper, the problem of connectivity based on nearest neighbors is addressed. The exact threshold function for /spl theta/-coverage is found for wireless networks modeled as n points uniformly distributed in a unit square, with every node connecting to its /spl phi//sub n/ nearest neighbors. A network is called /spl theta/-covered if every node, except those near the boundary, can find one of its /spl phi//sub n/ nearest neighbors in any sector of angle /spl theta/. For all /spl theta//spl isin/(0,2/spl pi/), if /spl phi//sub n/=(1+/spl delta/)log/sub 2/spl pi//2/spl pi/-/spl theta//n, it is shown that the probability of /spl theta/-coverage goes to one as n goes to infinity, for any /spl delta/>0; on the other hand, if /spl phi//sub n/=(1-/spl delta/)log/sub 2/spl pi//2/spl pi/-/spl theta//n, the probability of /spl theta/-coverage goes to zero. This sharp characterization of /spl theta/-coverage is used to show, via further geometric arguments, that the network will be connected with probability approaching one if /spl phi//sub n/=(1+/spl delta/)log/sub 2/n. Connections between these results and the performance analysis of wireless networks, especially for routing and topology control algorithms, are discussed.
Hybrid Weakness in Phaseolus vulgaris L. II. Disruption of Root-Shoot Integration.

We have been examining the importance of the root system on shoot growth and development using a developmentally disabled hybrid of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Parental cultivars (P. Vulgaris cv. Redkloud of Mesoamerican origin, and P. vulgaris cv. Batt of Andean origin) grow normally, but crosses produce F1 hybrids exhibiting hybrid weakness associated with reduced root and shoot growth. In this study, applications of benzylaminopurine (BAP) to roots of F1 hybrids increased the number of root tips and leaves. Reciprocal grafting was used to study the effects of the root system on shoots. Grafting of roots of the Mesoamerican cultivar onto shoots of F1 hybrids increased the cytokinin concentrations in leaves of F1 hybrids and removed the characteristics associated with hybrid weakness. To determine whether factors in the xylem sap enhanced leaf growth, leaf discs were incubated on sap collected from Mesoamerican and Andean cultivars. Sap from Mesoamerican plants enhanced the growth of leaf discs excised from F1 hybrids more than sap collected from Andean cultivars. Estimates of the transport of zeatin riboside (ZR)–type cytokinins from roots of F1 hybrids indicated that transport out of hybrid roots was reduced compared with those transported out of Mesoamerican or Andean roots. Results suggest that ZR-type cytokinins are involved in hormonal integration between roots and shoots of P. vulgaris and that one of the barriers to hybridization between Andean and Mesoamerican landraces is related to hormone transport.
Functional and Causal Explanations in Group Communication Research

This article examines functional and causal explanations in small group communication theory and argues that Gouran and Hirokawa's (1983) functional approach should take a causal view. The essay builds on Pavitt's (1994) critique of functional theories, but challenges his selection of a model from the philosophy of science. Gouran and Hirokawa's approach is concerned with the requisite conditions for good group decisions, not the etiology of functional statements. This article also discusses the differences between functional and causal accounts, arguing that whereas a functional account provides an accessible description, a causal account provides guidelines for action. Each account corresponds best to different phases of theory building.
A Cultural Model of Learning Chinese “Heart and Mind for Wanting to Learn”

This study examined the Chinese model of learning from an emic perspective. Instead of Western research concepts of learning, the Chinese folk term hao-xue-xin, in English “heart and mind for wanting to learn,” was used. Prototypical methods were employed to collect written descriptions of Chinese ideal learners from college students. Cluster analyses of these data showed that Chinese learners view learning as a process of moral striving called self-perfection. The Chinese model stresses seeking knowledge and cultivating a passion for lifelong learning, fostering diligence, enduring hardship, persistence, concentration, “studying hard” regardless of obstacles, and feeling “shame-guilt” for lack of desire to learn. Theoretical as well as empirical implications for further cross-cultural research are discussed.
Antennal neuropile in the brain of the crayfish: Morphology of neurons

The cellular composition of the antennal neuropile of the crayfish is described. As a context for this work the distribution of neuronal cell bodies throughout the supraoesophageal ganglion (brain) is also described. The neuronal cell bodies in the brain are concentrated in 19 distinct clusters. Three paired clusters are located on the dorsal side of the brain, four paired and one midline cluster bend around the brain laterally and frontally respectively. Fewer than ten somata lie outside of these clusters. The antennal neuropile is composed of primary afferent terminals, efferents, and projecting and local interneurons. The structures of individual neurons of all four types were determined by filling them with Lucifer yellow, and an overview of the neuropile structure was obtained with cobalt backfills of selected nerves. The antennal afferents are concentrated in four main tracts that run medially in the outer layer of the antennal neuropile. Up to 11 orthogonal side branches occur at equal distances (25-35 microns) along the main branches and penetrate the neuropile. The efferents contribute very thin dendrites to the antennal neuropile. The majority of the neuronal mass of the antennal lobe consists of projecting and local interneurons. The branching pattern of the interneurons within the antennal neuropile also shows an orthogonal arrangement of main branches and higher-order branches. Thus the antennal neuropile displays a strong geometrical regularity: Main processes of all four types of neurons run in bundles the length of the long axis of the neuropile (lateral to medial inside the brain) giving rise to orthogonal side branches at regular intervals. This branching pattern leads to a striped appearance of the antennal lobe.
Double Objects Again

In this article, we explore the interaction of the verb again with double object constructions and the corresponding NP+PP constructions. The restitutive reading that again gives rise to in combination with these predicates supports an analysis of double object constructions according to which they contain a small clause with a head predicate HAVE, and an analysis of the corresponding NP+PP constructions that is not transformationally related and varies according to the verb contained in the structures
The Merits and Challenges of Using Business Press and Trade Journal Reports in Academic Research on Media Industries

This article argues that media researchers should pay closer attention to the benefits and potential pitfalls of using business press and industry trade journal reports to inform academic research. To date, the use of these secondary sources in scholarly research concerning media industries has received little interest, as demonstrated in a preliminary examination of how academic literature and research methods textbooks treat the business press and trade journal reports. The authors call for a dialogue on this significant oversight, and offer suggestions for how researchers might begin addressing it as media across the globe grow in scope and influence during the 21st century.
PROLYTIC ION EXCHANGES PRODUCED IN HUMAN RED CELLS BY METHANOL, ETHANOL, GUAIACOL, AND RESORCINOL

When the washed red cells of heparinized human blood are exposed at 4°C. to methanol, ethanol, guaiacol, or resorcinol in hypolytic concentrations in isotonic NaCl, the prolytic loss of K at the end of 20 hours varies from about 25 per cent of the initial K content of the cells in the case of 3.1 M methanol to about 55 per cent of the initial K in the case of 0.04 M resorcinol. As in the case of the prolytic losses observed with other lysins, the K loss is rapid at first and then slows down so that what appears to be a new steady state is reached logarithmically. The K lost from the cells during the period of the prolytic loss is replaced by an approximately equivalent amount of Na, derived from the isotonic NaCl in which the cells are suspended. The Na which enters can be replaced by K by washing the cells in isotonic KCl, and this K can again be replaced by Na by washing the cells in isotonic NaCl. The remainder of the cell K., i.e. the K which was not lost during the period of the prolytic loss, is retained in the cell unaffected by these washing procedures. The capacity of red cells for undergoing disk-sphere transformations is scarcely affected by their having been exposed to hypolytic concentrations of methanol, ethanol, guaiacol, or resorcinol in isotonic NaCl, and their resistance to osmotic hemolysis and to lysis by saponin and digitonin is altered only in minor respects even when as much as 50 per cent of the cell K has been exchanged for Na. Some restriction to the movement of K between the cell and its environment is apparently modified irreversibly when the cell is exposed to hypolytic concentrations of lysins, and the modification is such that only a fraction of the cell K is affected, the fraction being a function of the lysin concentration, the duration of its action, and other factors. A modification of some part of the cell structure and of the properties dependent on its integrity is probably involved: K may be lost more readily from some cells than from others, from some parts of the cell more readily than from other parts, or the explanation may lie in changes in the extent to which Hb binds ions or in modifications of metabolic processes.
Ethics in Social Networking: A Framework for Evaluating Online Information Disclosure

Participation and membership in social networking sites has exploded in the past several years. Services such as Myspace, Facebook, and LinkedIn have evolved from niche communities to active societies. In addition to an increase in usage rates among certain demographic groups, there has also been an increase in the amount and type of information participants freely reveal. In this paper, we integrate decision making research from marketing, theology and privacy literature to explain information disclosure in online communities. In particular, we use Potter's Box to propose a framework for evaluating the ethical implications of online information disclosure. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Functional Analysis of the Murine Sarcoma Virus RNA Packaging Sequence

We investigated the features of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus leader sequence necessary for RNA packaging function by using a deletion analysis approach. We found that sequences that extend beyond those characterized genetically in previous reports are important for optimal packaging efficiency. A fragment covering a minimum of four potential stem-loop structures is required for the shortest packaging element compatible with gene transfer. Our results reveal the extent to which each of the segments of the packaging sequence contribute to packaging efficiency.
Characterization of irritable pouch syndrome (IPS): clinical presentation and quality of life (QOL)

Characterization of irritable pouch syndrome (IPS): clinical presentation and quality of life (QOL)
Markov Analysis in Human Resource Administration: Applications and Limitations

Markov Analysis (MA) may be used to examine the movement of personnel into, within, and out of the organization. After briefly reviewing and illustrating MA, specific applications to human resource administration are suggested. Potential limitations of MA applications may place rather stringent constraints on their appropriateness and usefulness in human resource administration.
Numerical Analysis of Geosynthetic-Reinforced and Pile-Supported Earth Platforms over Soft Soil

Geotechnical engineers face several challenges when designing structures over soft soils. These include potential bearing failure, intolerable settlement, large lateral pressures and movement, and global or local instability. Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile- supported earth platforms provide an economic and effective solution for embankments, retaining walls, and storage tanks, etc. con- structed on soft soils; especially when rapid construction and/or strict deformation of the structure are required. The inclusion of geosynthetic~s! in the fill enhances the efficiency of load transfer, minimizes yielding of the soil above the pile head, and potentially reduces total and differential settlements. A numerical study has been conducted to investigate pile-soil-geosynthetic ~s! interactions by considering three major influence factors: the height of the fill, the tensile stiffness of geosynthetic, and the elastic modulus of pile material. While current methods have not fully addressed important effects of the geosynthetic stiffness and pile modulus on the soil arching ratio, numerical results suggested that the stress concentration ratio and the maximum tension in geosynthetic increase with the height of the embankment fill, the tensile stiffness of geosynthetic, and the elastic modulus of the pile material. The distribution of tension force in the geosynthetic reinforcement indicated that the maximum tension occurs near the edge of the pile.
Protection and Liberalisation in Australia and Abroad

This article reviews changes in Australian protection policy between 1967 and 1995, particularly the political economy aspects. The story is quite complex, and until 1974 was unusual by international standards, with a sophisticated Australian tariff debate and the remarkable transparency role of the Industry Assistance Commission (IAC), and its predecessor, the Tariff Board. The role of Alf Rattigan, Chairman of the Tariff Board and later the IAC, is stressed. Liberalisation since 1988 has been drastic, so that most tariffs will be brought down to 5 per cent by the year 2000. All quotas were ended by 1993. This can be contrasted with very high protection levels in 1967 and quite high levels even in 1987. Substantial unilateral trade liberalisation normally requires exchange rate depreciation, and the floating of the Australian dollar made the tariff reductions possible. The motives for Australian trade liberalisation in the 1980s are compared with those for similar liberalisations in many developing countries.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETS ON THE LIVER DAMAGE CAUSED BY EXCESS CYSTINE

1. The effect of 9 different diets on the liver lesions resulting from excess dietary cystine has been studied in 130 rats. 2. The incidence and severity of each of the following liver lesions were varied by changes in the composition of diets containing 5 or 10 per cent cystine: (a) Hemorrhage was least severe with low fat diets. (b) Necrosis was most severe with synthetic diets. (c) Cirrhosis was delayed by a diet high in lard, 20 per cent, and cod liver oil, 5 per cent, but not by a diet high in butter, 25 per cent. (d) Fatty infiltration was found consistently only with low protein, high fat diets. In other words, the pathogenesis of the liver lesion due to excess dietary cystine can be modified by diet. 3. In the presence of cystine as 5 per cent of a low protein, high fat diet, 1 per cent choline inhibited fatty infiltration but did not protect the liver against damage by cystine. 4. In these experiments there was no apparent correlation between fatty infiltration of the liver and the incidence or degree of cirrhosis.
Freezing Stress Influences Emergence of Germinated Perennial Grass Seeds

In sagebrush rangelands perennial bunchgrasses are typically seeded in fall and a high proportion of planted seeds germinate prior to winter onset but fail to emerge in spring. Our objectives were to evaluate freezing tolerance of germinated but nonemergent bluebunch wheatgrass seeds under laboratory conditions. We used data from a 2-yr pilot study to determine overwinter freezing temperature and duration for soils in southeastern Oregon. We then conducted two experiments to assess freezing tolerance. In experiment 1, bluebunch wheatgrass seeds were planted in control pots and compared to seeds planted at early, mid, or late postgermination stages. Pots from each treatment were placed in a grow room maintained at 12 h 40 min light/11 h 20 min dark photoperiod, with a constant temperature of 228C for 30 d either immediately or following a 30-d freeze. In experiment 2, germinated bluebunch wheatgrass seeds were planted in pots that were left nonfrozen or were frozen for a
Growing and evolving soft robots

Completely soft and flexible robots offer to revolutionize fields ranging from search and rescue to endoscopic surgery. One of the outstanding challenges in this burgeoning field is the chicken-and-egg problem of body-brain design: Development of locomotion requires the preexistence of a locomotion-capable body, and development of a location-capable body requires the preexistence of a locomotive gait. This problem is compounded by the high degree of coupling between the material properties of a soft body such as stiffness or damping coefficients and the effectiveness of a gait. This article synthesizes four years of research into soft robotics, in particular describing three approaches to the co-discovery of soft robot morphology and control. In the first, muscle placement and firing patterns are coevolved for a fixed body shape with fixed material properties. In the second, the material properties of a simulated soft body coevolve alongside locomotive gaits, with body shape and muscle placement fixed. In the third, a developmental encoding is used to scalably grow elaborate soft body shapes from a small seed structure. Considerations of the simulation time and the challenges of physically implementing soft robots in the real world are discussed.
Dynamic temperature rise of shielded MR sensors during simulated electrostatic discharge pulses of variable pulse width

The temperature rise from Electrostatic discharge (ESD) of shielded AMR sensors used for magnetic tape storage devices is studied using square wave voltage pulses with widths from 35 ns to 2 ms. A phenomenological model has been developed to describe the dynamic stripe temperature versus pulse width and power for the time range studied as well as for a wide range in sensor geometries. The temperature required to melt the stripes was determined to be 1437 plusmn 69degC. The activation energy required to achieve a 2% increase in stripe resistance for pulses between 100 ns and 1 ms was determined to be 2.8 eV and is associated with interdiffusion of the stripe metals.
Consistent recovery of stimuli encoded with a neural ensemble

We consider the problem of reconstructing finite energy stimuli from a finite number of contiguous spikes. The reconstructed signal satisfies a consistency condition: when passed through the same neuron, it triggers the same spike train as the original stimulus. The recovered stimulus has to also minimize a quadratic smoothness criterion. We show that under these conditions, the problem of recovery has a unique solution and provide an explicit reconstruction algorithm for stimuli encoded with a population of integrate-and-fire neurons. We demonstrate that the quality of reconstruction improves as the size of the population increases. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency of our recovery method for an encoding circuit based on threshold spiking that arises in neuromorphic engineering.
The Mean-Square Slope of Ocean Surface Waves and Its Effects on Radar Backscatter

The mean-square slope (MSS) of the sea surface for upwind and crosswind is derived, based on Phillips’ equilibrium spectrum and the model herein on gravity‐capillary wave spectrum. The MSS integrated from the above two spectra over high-frequency dissipation length (1 mm) fits the optical observations very well. The radar backscatter cross section (RBCS), calculated from specular reflection theory using the Ku-band filtered MSS, is in keeping with the empirically based Ku-band models by Brown for the GEOS-3 13.9-GHz altimeter, and by Witter and Chelton for the Geosat 13.5-GHz altimeter. Also, the RBCS, calculated using the C-band filtered MSS, is in keeping with theERS-1/-2 scatterometer empirically based algorithms CMOD3 and CMOD4. The physics included in this model on gravity‐capillary wave spectrum is also illustrated. The short-wave dissipation due to wave‐drift interactions has the effect of suppressing the spectral density at high wind condition, which further influences the directional spreading rate. This effect can be denoted by c 2 /o rc 2/ dependence 22 Uc 10 p of short-wave spectrum. It is suggested that the kp/k dependence observed in the range of gravity waves should not be extended to the region of short waves. The parasitic capillary wave dissipation due to molecular viscosity can be balanced by the energy supply from the underlying waves, hence it is removed from the model. The eddy viscosity is due to turbulence at the wind-drift layer, which suppresses the spectrum of high-frequency waves with wavelengths on the order of millimeters.
SOME NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS IN THE BENZOMORPHAN SERIES

The behavioral, respiratory and cardiovascular effects of four analgesic antagonists derived from the benzomorphan nucleus have been described. In addition, the ability of these agents to reverse the respiratory, cardiovascular and behavioral depression produced by morphine and meperidine has been reported.
Structure of the Neisserial outer membrane protein Opa60: loop flexibility essential to receptor recognition and bacterial engulfment.

The structure and dynamics of Opa proteins, which we report herein, are responsible for the receptor-mediated engulfment of Neisseria gonorrheae or Neisseria meningitidis by human cells and can offer deep understanding into the molecular recognition of pathogen–host receptor interactions. Such interactions are vital to understanding bacterial pathogenesis as well as the mechanism of foreign body entry to a human cell, which may provide insights for the development of targeted pharmaceutical delivery systems. The size and dynamics of the extracellular loops of Opa60 required a hybrid refinement approach wherein membrane and distance restraints were used to generate an initial NMR structural ensemble, which was then further refined using molecular dynamics in a DMPC bilayer. The resulting ensemble revealed that the extracellular loops, which bind host receptors, occupy compact conformations, interact with each other weakly, and are dynamic on the nanosecond time scale. We predict that this conformational sa...
Dance of Light and Loss

On a bright and sunny Sunday afternoon in the Ogikubo district of western Tokyo, in the dark basement of Saburo Teshigawara's dance studio and performance space known as Karas Apparatus, an audience gathered to see the dancer's newest solo performance, Fool. The uncurtained stage in the small theatre was empty and unlit, the stage itself far larger, perhaps three times larger than that tight space reserved for those attending the event. What lights there were faintly illuminated only the slightly raised rows of cushions upon which the forty of us in the audience took our seats, waiting for the performance to begin.
A dual-band HF and UHF antenna system for implanted neural recording and stimulation devices

We present a dual-band high-frequency (HF) and ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) (13.56 and 902-928 MHz) antenna system for implanted neural recording and/or stimulation devices. This system consists of implant-side and external antennas. These antennas are intended for dual-band systems, where power is supplied to the implant via inductive coupling in the HF band, while data are transferred via UHF near-field coupling. The antenna system consists of an implant-side antenna of 25 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness, as well as an external antenna of 85 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness. We present both timeand frequency-domain simulation results for antenna performance and specific absorption rate in a layered tissue model, as well as experimental confirmation of antenna performance in a saline tissue proxy. With an implant depth of 11 mm and an air gap of 5 mm, the power link has a 17% measured power transfer efficiency in the HF band, inclusive of matching component losses, and the UHF communication link has 38-dB insertion loss over the 902-928-MHz band.
The Relation of Ribosomal RNA to the Genome

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation of ribosomal RNA to the genome. The Watson–Crick model implies that each strand of the duplex serves as a template for the formation of a complementary copy in the replication of DNA. This suggested a genetic transcription mechanism involving the synthesis of complementary RNA copies of the DNA. Proof that the translatable RNA message fraction was complementary to homologous RNA was obtained with the DNA viruses by the use of DNA–RNA hybridization. Two alternatives could be entertained for the origin of ribosomal RNA. One would assume generation by a DNA-dependent reaction, and the other would invoke a synthetic mechanism independent of DNA.
*From Liouville—von Neumann to Boltzmann: The Semiclassical Limit

Starting from the Liouville–von Neumann equation of motion for the density matrix of a system of electrons and phonons, we derive a Master Equation valid over short length-scales by treating the phonons as first-order perturbations. In so doing, we show how elusive is the Ansatz required to introduce irreversibility. We then show how the Boltzmann transport equation is obtained over much longer length-scales by “patching” short sections together and incoherently. We discuss all of the assumptions required to reach this result and consider also interactions with ionized impurities and the case of interacting electrons.