cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Automatic Description of Knowledge Components

A key aspect of cognitive diagnostic models is the specification of the Q-matrix associating the items and some underlying student attributes. In many data-driven approaches, test items are mapped to the underlying, latent knowledge components (KC) based on observed student performance, and with little or no input from human experts. As a result, these latent skills typically focus on modeling the data accurately, but may be hard to describe and interpret. In this paper, we focus on the problem of describing these knowledge components. Using a simple probabilistic model, we extract, from the text of the test items, some keywords that are most relevant to each KC. On a small dataset from the PSLC datashop, we show that this is surprisingly effective, retrieving unknown skill labels in close to 50% of cases. We also show that our method clearly outperforms typical baselines in specificity and diversity.
Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. V. The activation and inhibition of the adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase of Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL BI973.

Abstract Adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL B1973 was found to be activated by fructose-6-P, pyruvate, deoxyribose-5-P and ribose-5-P. Fructose-6-P was the most effective activator. Fructose-6-P increased the Vmax of pyrophosphorolysis of ADP-glucose 2.5-fold, and the Vmax of synthesis of ADP-glucose from ATP and glucose-1-P, 7-fold. The apparent Km's for ATP, pyrophosphate, and ADP-glucose were decreased in the presence of fructose-6-P. Pyruvate increased the Vmax of pyrophosphorolysis 2-fold and of synthesis 6-fold. However, pyruvate only decreased the Km for pyrophosphate. The Km for glucose-1-P was not effected by either pyruvate or fructose-6-P. The enzyme was found to be inhibited by phosphate, sulfate, AMP, ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, GMP, and GDP. However, fructose-6-P completely overcame (reversed) these inhibitions. The relationship of these findings to the control of bacterial glycogen synthesis is discussed.
EFFECTS OF URACIL AND THYMIDINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO 5-FLUOROURACIL IN PEDIOCOCCUS CEREVISIAE

White, P. J. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.) and C. A. Nichol. Effects of uracil and thymidine on the development of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in Pediococcus cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 85:97–105. 1963.—Growth of Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081 in a basal semidefined medium was inhibited by 5-fluorouracil (FU) and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR). Addition of uracil slightly decreased sensitivity to FU, but did not affect inhibition by FUDR. Addition of thymidine alone increased sensitivity to FUDR 500-fold, but did not appreciably affect sensitivity to FU. This organism was able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of either drug when both uracil and thymidine were added to the medium. Substrains resistant to FU were developed in the basal medium, or in basal medium with added uracil, or with thymidine. The substrains developed in the presence of uracil or thymidine were not resistant when these compounds were omitted from the medium. Cross resistance to FUDR was shown only when thymidine was present. The ability to use thymidine as a growth factor in the absence of leucovorin was lost in the substrains developed in the presence of uracil, though not in the other substrains. Washed suspensions of organisms of all strains hydrolyzed FUDR to FU, the parent strain being most active in this respect. The cellular uptake of fluorouracil-2-C14 was less in all of the resistant substrains than in the parent strain, whether or not uracil or thymidine was present during the incubation. This uptake of FU-C14 was decreased most markedly in the substrains which became resistant to FU in the absence of uracil.
Interactive linked micromap plots and dynamically conditioned choropleth maps

This paper introduces interactive extensions to two recently developed templates for displaying geospatially-indexed estimates. The first template, linked micromap plots, links small generalized maps with statistical panels that describe regions. Research centered at the National Cancer Institute addressed the task of communicating state and county cancer statistics and tailored this template to show estimates, confidence intervals, and Healthy People 2010 target values. The research also integrated interactive options, such as variable selection, sorting, fixed header scrolling, mouse tips, enlarged dynamic map views and drill down, in a Java applet. This template has fared well in early usability tests. The second template, called conditioned choropleth maps, seeks to improve hypothesis generation about the spatial patterns shown in a classed choropleth map. Since variation of a study variable is often related to known risk factors, the template provides a way to control for the known variation. This paper describes dynamic sliders that change class boundaries for a study variable and that partition regions into a 3 x 3 layout of maps based on values of two risk factors. Highlighted regions in each map are more homogeneous with respect to both risk factors. Comparisons across maps and spatial patterns within maps provide the basis for generating hypotheses. The JAVA application shareware also includes dynamic statistical annotation and QQplots for comparing distributions
Signal processing for picosecond resolution timing measurements

The development of large-area homogeneous photo-detectors with sub-millimeter path-lengths for direct Cherenkov light and for secondary electrons opens the possibility of large time-of-flight systems for relativistic particles with resolutions in the picosecond range. Modern ASIC techniques allow fast multi-channel front-end electronics capable of sub-picosecond resolution directly integrated with the photo-detectors. However, achieving resolution in the picosecond range requires a precise knowledge of the signal generation process in order to understand the pulse waveform, the signal dynamics, and the noise induced by the detector itself, as well as the noise added by the processing electronics. Using the parameters measured for fast photo-detectors such as micro-channel plates photo-multipliers, we have simulated and compared the time resolutions for four signal processing techniques: leading edge discriminators, constant fraction discriminators, multiple-threshold discriminators and pulse waveform sampling.
Epigenetic programing of depression during gestation

Gestational factors play a role in the development of several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. In utero conditions influence future mental health through epigenetic mechanisms, which alter gene expression without affecting DNA coding sequence. Environmental factors account for at least 60% of the risk for developing major depression, and earlier onset of depressive illness has been observed over the past decades. I speculate that gestational factors may play a greater role in programing depression than previously recognized. Here, I examine recent evidence for a role for gestational factors in programing mood disorders, and how epigenetic mechanisms mediate this effect.
Single-Dimensional Search Methods

This article considers the problem of minimizing a real-valued function defined on the real line (i.e., a single-dimensional problem). This function is referred to as the objective function. The approach is to use an iterative search algorithm, also called a line-search method. Single-dimensional search methods are of interest for the following reasons. First, they are special cases of search methods used in multivariable problems. Second, they are used as part of general multivariable algorithms. An iterative algorithm starts with an initial candidate solution and generate a sequence of iterates. The iterative algorithm may use only values of the objective function, or perhaps also its first derivative and even its second derivative. This article presents several algorithms: the golden section and Fibonacci methods (which use only objective function values), the bisection and secant methods (which use only derivative values), and Newton's method (which uses both first and second derivatives). Keywords: line search; one-dimensional; optimization algorithm; golden section; Fibonacci; secant; Newton; bisection; Armijo Goldstein; Wolfe
The relation of depression to in-hospital outcomes among adults hospitalized for firearm-related injury

INTRODUCTION: Firearm injuries are a major health problem contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Depression is associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes in trauma patients and those hospitalized for serious disorders. We examined the relation between preexisting depression and adverse hospital outcomes and related injury severity among adult (>16-years) firearm hospitalizations (FH). METHODS: Using nationally representative Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2005 to 2011) and survey weighted multinomial logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to determine the risk of care facility discharge and in-hospital mortality by pre-existing depression. RESULTS: Pre-existing depression was associated with a 3-fold risk of discharge to care facility (OR=2.91, 95%CI=2.57-3.30) and a 2-fold risk of in-hospital mortality (OR=2.05, 95%CI=1.69-2.47). ORs for risk of care facility discharge compared to routine discharge associated with depression among assault/legal-FH, unintentional-FH, suicide-FH and undetermined-FH was 2.73 (95%CI=2.23-3.33), 1.90 (95%CI=1.50-2.41), 1.52 (95%CI=1.26-1.83) and 2.42 (95%CI=1.60-3.67), while risk of inhospital mortality was 0.17 (95%CI=0.05-0.54), 0.60 (95%CI=0.28-1.29), 0.79 (95%CI=0.63-0.98) and 0.74 (95%CI=0.36-1.52). LIMITATIONS: Lack of information regarding re-hospitalization due to the cross-sectional data. CONCLUSION: Persons with depression who were hospitalized due to firearm-related injury were less likely to survive than those without depression, and those discharged alive were at higher risk of discharge to a facility. Depression was associated with greater risk of discharge to facility among all intents, and lower risk of in-hospital mortality among assault- and suicide-FH. These findings are important considering the increasing numbers of non-fatal firearm hospitalizations and the associated increase in healthcare expenditure. Language: en
Securing Paradise: Tourism and Militarism in Hawai'i and the Philippines

In Securing Paradise Vernadette Vicuna Gonzales takes readers on a journey to the shores of Hawai'i and the Philippines to examine how US military policy and tourism worked hand in hand to ‘secure’...
ASEAN and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Using International Law to Promote Social and Economic Development

This paper examines the potential impact within ASEAN of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Although persons with disabilities should also enjoy the rights provided in previous human rights instruments, a specialist treaty is necessary because many individuals with disabilities are still marginalized, with low rates of education and employment. States parties are thus obligated to remove physical and attitudinal barriers and to actively promote capability and inclusion of all persons with disabilities. Disability rights organizations have urged members of ASEAN to ratify the CRPD. At present, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand are states parties and the Indonesian House of Representatives voted to ratify the treaty in October 2011. Full ratification would build upon progress made during the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons, which led to the adoption of the Biwako Millennium Framework For Action Towards an Inclusive, Barrier Free and Rights-Based Society for Persons with a Disability in Asia and the Pacific. Ratification of the CRPD should strengthen governments’ efforts to implement the Biwako Millennium Framework because all states parties to the CRPD are obligated to report periodically to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This is therefore an opportune time to analyze what the treaty could mean for persons with disabilities in ASEAN.
The zebrafish thyroid hormone receptor α1 is expressed during early embryogenesis and can function in transcriptional repression

Nuclear receptors are a large family of ligand dependent transcription factors which participate in many diverse processes during development. In this report, we describe the cloning of the zebrafish thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) gene, the cellular counterpart of the viral oncogene v-erbA. TRα1 is expressed during oogenesis and maternally supplied to the embryo. TRα1 is expressed again after the mid blastula transition. By examining the effects of increased expression of TRα1 on expression of a reporter gene which responds to both TRα1 and retinoic acid receptors (RARs), we show that the zebrafish TRα1 can act as a repressor during early zebrafish development before thyroid hormone is present in the embryo. In addition, our data suggest that TRα1 can repress retinoic acid (RA)-signaling during early development. We propose that TRα1 functions during early development as a transcriptional repressor, similar to the constitutive repressor activity of its viral counterpart v-erbA, which regulates anterior-posterior (A/P) patterning by repressing RA-signaling.
Foliar pathogens of Populus angustifolia are consistent with a hypothesis of Beringian migration into North America.

Populus angustifolia, the narrowleaf cottonwood, is considered one of two native species of Populus section Tacamahaca restricted to western North America. Efforts to construct a definitive phylogeny of Populus spp. are complicated by ancient hybridization, but some phylogenetic analyses suggest P. angustifolia is more closely related to Asian congeners than to Populus trichocarpa, the other species of Populus section Tacamahaca in western North America. Because hosts and their obligate symbionts can display parallel phylogeographic patterns, we evaluated the possibility of a Beringian migration into North America by an Asian ancestor of P. angustifolia by determining the distributions, host preferences, and, in some cases, closest phylogenetic relatives of fungal leaf pathogens of P. angustifolia. Phyllactinia populi, a common foliar pathogen on Populus spp. in Asia but unknown on P. trichocarpa, was found on P. angustifolia in multiple sites. Mycosphaerella angustifoliorum, also unknown on P. trichocarpa, was commonly collected on P. angustifolia. Conversely, many common foliar pathogens of P. trichocarpa in western North America were not found on P. angustifolia; only Melampsora×columbiana and Drepanopeziza populi were common to both Populus species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that M. angustifoliorum was not part of the diversification of Mycosphaerella on Populus that includes all other Mycosphaerella species on Populus in North America: Mycosphaerella populicola, Mycosphaerella populorum, M. sp. 1, and M. sp. 2. The latter two undescribed species represent a newly discovered diversification of M. populorum in western North America. Overall, the leaf pathogen community of P. angustifolia is consistent with a Beringian migration into North America by the ancestor of P. angustifolia.
AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF NEURODEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING NEONATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC INJURY † 1034

AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF NEURODEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING NEONATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC INJURY † 1034
The objects of American religious studies

Disciplinary retrospectives on American religious studies have come over the last several decades to center on a single turning point, a decisive and expansive reformation of the object of scholars’ attentions. In a nutshell, somewhere between the 1970s and 1980s a vanguard among us began at last to leave off writing about white, northeastern, Protestant men and to write instead about everybody: more religions, more relations to religion, more of what counts as religion in the first place. Even as it lies at the animating heart of our disciplinary self-appraisals, however, this narrative turn from Protestantism to pluralism in American religious studies seems itself peculiarly resistant to analysis. This essay proposes that we revisit the dialectic between ‘oneness’ and ‘manyness’ in American religious history and historiography. In particular, it urges that we bring scrutiny to bear on the ways that our newer narratives of religious pluralism in America come to be spliced within a more longstanding and r...
α-Aminoisobutyric acid transport in isolated rat submandibular salivary acinar cells

Abstract Na+-dependent α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport by isolated submandibular cell aggregates (pmol min−1 mg protein−1) was greater in the presence than in the absence of insulin, Vmax (5220 compared with 2900). Km (1.78 and 1.40 mM, respectively) was unaffected by insulin. Na+-dependent methyl-aminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) transport was also greater in the presence of insulin (Vmax, 3120 compared with 2010 pmol min−1 mg protein−1; Km, 1.03 and 0.93 mM). In the presence of 10 mM MeAIB, Na+-dependent AIB transport was reduced to 76 pmol min−1 mg protein−1 in both control and insulin-treated cells. The remaining Na+-dependent uptake of AIB was inhibited by 10 mM serine. Na+-independent AIB transport was unaffected by insulin, and in the presence of 5mM 2-aminobicyclo-[2,2,1]-heptane-carboxylic acid (BCH) AIB uptake was reduced to 10% of that observed under Na+-replete conditions. In the absence of insulin, the rate of Na+-dependent AIB uptake rapidly decayed; however, following the addition of hormone the rate of transport was maintained. Thus in the rat submandibular gland AIB uptake is mediated by at least three transport systems (A, L and ASC), and maintenance of normal system A activity requires insulin.
Performance of Holstein and crossbred dairy cattle in Louisiana. III. Health and viability.

Abstract Viability and health disorders were compared for straightbred Holsteins and crosses between Holsteins, Brown Swiss, Jerseys, and Red Sindhis. In addition, effects of mating systems and effects of various parts of Red Sindhi heredity on these traits were evaluated. Losses before first calving per 100 females born alive were: Holsteins 22; Holstein-sired crosses 20: Brown Swiss-sired crosses 26; daughters of crossbred sires group I (sires had from 1/4 to 1/16 Red Sindhi heredity) 24; and group II (sires were all European breeds) 31. Losses in first-gestation from abortions and stillbirths were: Holsteins 20% and crossbreds 9%. In first lactation, incidence of foot rot and anaplasmosis was higher among Holsteins (13% and 16%) than in crossbreds (5% and 8%) whereas the incidence was less among crosses with Red Sindhi heredity (3% and 2%) than in all European breed crosses (9% and 17%). When progeny produced by crisscrossing to purebred sires were compared with progeny from random mating to crossbred sires, the former had a greater incidence of mastitis (30% versus 19%) and anaplasmosis (11% versus 2%). There were no differences between Holsteins and crossbreds in overall viability. However, there was considerable variation between breeds at the various ages.
Early Inflammatory Response of Minocycline and Tetracycline on the Rabbit Pleura

The histopathologic findings were compared from 20 mg/kg intrapleural tetracycline hydrochloride (TCN) and three doses of intrapleural minocycline hydrochloride (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) (MCN) in New Zealand white rabbits. Both TCN and MCN produced an early neutrophilic predominant pleural effusion that became mononuclear over 48 h. There was no difference in pleural fluid accumulation, number of adhesions, or histologically measured visceral and parietal pleural thickness between TCN and MCN (all p = ns). The TCN, 20 mg/kg, produced more visceral pleural plaque than MCN, 5 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Increasing MCN doses resulted in greater pleural fluid neutrophil accumulation. With higher dose MCN, greater mesothelial cell desquamation and fibroblast proliferation was evident compared to the 5 mg/kg dose. The MCN and TCN produce similar histopathologic condition in the rabbit pleura which suggests that MCN should cause a similar clinical response in humans.
EPRI Seismic Qualification Research Program

The utility industry, through the Seismic Qualification Utilities Group (SQUG), has accomplished a major stride toward the acceptance of the use of earthquake experience data as a basis for demonstrating the seismic adequacy of equipment in nuclear plants. The approach has been developed to address the seismic qualification issues raised by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Unresolved Safety Issue (USI) A-46. It appears that within limitations established by a third-party panel of experts the use of earthquake experience data is a technically acceptable generic alternative to the traditional practice of seismic qualification by piece-by-piece tests or analyses. Recognizing the great potential benefits of the experience-based generic qualification approach, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has established a research program with the main objective of providing utilities with additional data and methods to allow wider application of the experience approach to equipment in operating plants. As part of the EPRI Seismic Center, the seismic qualification program is also being used in the resolution of the Eastern U.S. seismicity issue.
Mechanism of sex difference in rat tissue iron stores.

Abstract 1. 1. The livers, kidneys, and hearts of mature male and female rats were analyzed for total iron, heme iron, and ferritin iron. The females showed a 4–5-fold larger concentration of non-heme iron and ferritin iron in the liver, and a 3-fold larger concentration in the kidney, but no sex difference in the heart. Injection with 25 mg iron as iron dextran 1 week before killing caused extensive deposition of non-heme iron and ferritin in the liver and obliterated the sex difference. In the kidney, iron deposition was less and the sex difference persisted. 2. 2. The rate of liver ferritin protein synthesis was different in the two sexes, the synthesis of ferritin protein per g liver being about 50% greater in female rats. Iron injection 5 h before death stimulated considerable synthesis of ferritin protein in both sexes and the rate of ferritin protein production per g liver became the same. 3. 3. Ferritin breakdown showed a slightly but not significantly more rapid fractional rate in the livers of females. The larger amount of ferritin in the female liver can thus be attributed to more rapid synthesis, presumably due to greater availability of iron, without a change in fractional degradation rate. There is no evidence to suggest that the livers of male and female rats have an inherently different capacity to make ferritin protein, since synthesis and accumulation of ferritin in the liver becomes the same during iron overload.
Multivariate paired comparisons: The extension of a univariate model and associated estimation and test procedures

Abstract : The study is concerned with the development of an extension of the Bradley-Terry Model for paired comparisons to situations in which responses to paired comparisons are obtained on each of several characteristics. At the outset a probability model for multivariate paired comparisons is proposed that may be represented in several distinct ways. An iterative procedure for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters introduced into the model is given and its behavior examined in some detail. It is observed that the procedure generally performed well, the key to this conclusion being the relative stability of the initial estimates of the preference parameters.
Ring Opening of Dilithio Bis(amido)cyclodiphosphazanes As a Route to 1,3-Diaza-2λ2-phosphaallyl Gallium Complexes

Gallium trichloride reacted with [(tBuNP)2(tBuNLi·THF)2] or [(tBuNP)2(PhNLi·THF)2] to form {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]GaCl}, 1, and {[(tBuNP)2(PhN)2]GaCl·THF}, 3, respectively. Treatment of either gallium complex with [(tBuNP)2(tBuNLi·THF)2] produced {[(tBuNP)2(RN)2]Ga(tBuNPNtBu)}, R = tBu (2), R = Ph (4), respectively. The complexes 1 and 2 were X-ray structurally characterized, and 2 was shown to contain a 1,3-diaza-2λ2-phosphaallyl ligand. Compound 1 has Cs symmetry and crystallizes with two molecules in a monoclinic unit cell, space group P21/m (No. 11), having dimensions (213 K) a = 9.5478(6) A, b = 11.9540(7) A, c = 97.808(1) A, β = 97.808(1)°. The crystal data (213 K) for 2 are orthorhombic, space group Pnma (No. 62), a = 19.0514(2) A, b = 17.5082(1) A, c = 9.6695(1) A, and Z = 4.
Elucidating the Folding Pathways of Calcium-Binding Proteins

During translation, ribosomes synthesize proteins according to the messenger RNA template. The polypeptide chain, specified by the template, acquires its three dimensional structure either co- or post-translationally in a process termed “folding”. Understanding folding mechanisms is important since protein structure is critical for biological function, and misfolded proteins are correlated with cell stress and disease. Here, we map the folding pathways of two distantly related proteins: Calmodulin, a eukaryotic, calcium-dependent signaling protein, and Calerythrin, a prokaryotic, calcium-buffering protein. These proteins have a highly conserved sequence and structure dictated by their similar calcium-binding function. Both proteins have two domains, and each domain is composed of two “EF-hand” motifs. To probe the folding of these proteins, we utilize a focused laser beam to form an optical trap and exert mechanical force on the molecule, while measuring the molecule's response to force via its change in extension. These single-molecule experiments reveal the folding dynamics at a level of detail not possible by traditional ensemble methods, since we can directly observe folding intermediates and off-pathway states. We find that domain proximity, in this case determined by the length of a bridging helix, impacts folding and unfolding cooperativity even though the proteins share folding motifs. Studying these folding mechanisms allows us to obtain a better understanding of how domains communicate with each other and how tertiary contacts affect protein stability, while prompting further studies to examine their structure-function relationship.
Synthesis of phakellistatin 11: a micronesia (Chuuk) marine sponge cyclooctapeptide.

The cyclic octapeptide phakellistatin 11 (1), a constituent of The Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk) marine sponge Phakellia sp., was synthesized using solid-phase techniques. An initial solution-phase synthesis proved to be inadequate owing to spontaneous deprotection of the Fmoc group at the heptapeptide stage. Using the PAL resin attachment and proceeding from Fmoc-Glu-α-allyl ester, linear elongation of the octapeptide was performed until the final unit Pro was added. The allyl ester was removed using Pd0[P(C6H5)3]4. Cleavage of the final Fmoc group and cyclization with PyAOP provided phakellistatin 11 (1) in 17% overall yield. The synthetic specimen of phakellistatin 11 (1) was found to be chemically but not biologically (cancer cell lines) identical to the natural product. The result suggested a conformational difference or more likely the presence of a trace amount of a highly active antineoplastic agent that binds noncovalently to the natural cyclic octapeptide 1.
Lighting torches in the DNA repair field: development of key concepts

In 1974, Philip Hanawalt organized what proved to be the first in a continuing series of meetings that bring together the DNA Repair and Mutagenesis community. In conjunction with this meeting, he also edited a book that defined the state of the field at that point in time and included his personal assessment of numerous critical issues. This review traces some of the critical concepts concerning DNA repair and biological responses to DNA damage that have developed since that time, highlighting ways in which Phil Hanawalt has provided leadership in the field at many different levels.
A hypothetical explanation of congenital nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus (CN) is a conjugate, rhythmic, eye movement disorder characterized by a wide variety of waveforms ranging from jerk to pendular types. No detailed mechanisms have been proposed to explain the generation of the CN wave-form This paper proposes a hypothetical mechanism for CN, and shows with computer simulations that a model based on this hypothesis can account for a variety of disparate waveforms. The basis of this model is a gaze-holding network, or neural integrator, that has both position and velocity feedback loops. The signals carried in these loops could arise from either afference or efference. In normal subjects, the position feedback would be positive and the velocity feedback would be negative. Both would help to increase the time constant of an imperfect neural integrator in the brain stem. We propose that in patients with CN the sign of the velocity pathway is reversed, making the neural integrator unstable. This instability could manifest as many different CN waveforms, depending on the direction and velocity of post-saccadic ocular drift and actions of nonlinearities within the position and velocity feedback loops. Thus a single underlying abnormality may be responsible for a variety of CN waveforms.
A Peer-Delivered Social Interaction Intervention for High School Students with Autism.

Limited social interaction typically occurs between high school students with autism and their general education peers unless programming is introduced to promote interaction. However, few publishe...
Frequency dependent electron collisional widths for opacity calculations

Abstract It is shown that theoretical Rosseland mean opacities are sensitive to spectral line shape models. Due to computational constraints, however, opacity codes typically use Voigt or Lorentz profiles. Both of these profiles have an incorrect far wing behavior that can significantly overestimate the photon absorption. A new line profile is proposed, based on second-order line broadening theory, which is both more physical and relatively fast to compute.
The Price of Change: The Behavioral Economics of Drug Dependence

This paper applies behavioral economic concepts to address two behaviors frequently exhibited by the drug dependent: (a) spending a considerable amount of time, effort, and money to obtain and use drugs (often to the exclusion of other potential reinforcers), and (b) "loss of control" or the inability to follow through on plans to cut down or stop drug use. The first of these behaviors is examined in the context of two economic principles: (a) drug use covaries with drug availability and (b) drug use is affected by the availability of alternative nondrug activities or events. A review of drug abuse research (including basic, epidemiology, life history, and treatment research) demonstrates the relevance of these two principles to the phenomenon of drug dependence. The second of these behaviors ("loss of control") is conceptualized as resulting from the discounting of delayed rewards. Research demonstrating the discounting of delayed rewards in drug-abusing populations is reviewed. Behavioral-economic principles suggest drug-abuse treatment efforts should (a) use methods that decrease drug availability, (b) increase the availability of nondrug activities or events that may substitute for drug use, and (c) use treatment methods that will increase the extent to which delayed events control behavior in substance abusers.
Analysis of Patterns of Response of Anxious and Non-Anxious Subjects to a Flickering Light

Considerable evidence has accumulated to indicate that some relationship exists berween anxiety level and various indices of behavior in a flicker-fusion task. Krugman's early ( 4 ) finding of an inverse relationship between anxiety level and flicker-fusion threshold was later confirmed by Goldstone ( 2 ) who also found that anxious Ss were more variable in their performance. These findings have been conhmed more recently by Kubzansky ( 5 ) and by Jones ( 3 ) . The measures differentiating the highly anxious from the less anxious groups have been the traditional ones of psychophysics, namely, threshold and variability around the threshold. Since variability around the threshold has differentiated between groups, these studies with anxious Ss (2 ,3 ,5) have concerned themselves particularly with noting and reporting group variability. However, the measure of variability used in these studies fails to provide detailed descriptions of those behaviors of S which it supposedly reflects. It was felt that auxiliary measures would perhaps provide a further assessment of the psychological factors which produce the difference in variability in response around the threshold in different anxiety groups. It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper: ( a ) to attempt to identify, logically, the possible ways in which variability in patterns of response in the above nored studies involving a flicker-fusion task could be produced; and ( b ) to see whether measurements of these ways of producing variability would dllferentiate between high and low anxiety groups which are known to differ in their degree of variability in this task. An analysis of the differences berween high and low anxiety groups on these new measures might reveal more clearly the manner in which highly anxious Ss respond co make their performances characteristically different from those of the low anxiety group.
Isotope effects on antiproton and muon capture by hydrogen and deuterium atoms and molecules

Cross sections for capture of the antiproton ({bar p}) and negative muon ({mu}{sup {minus}}) by the H{sub 2} and D{sub 2} molecules are calculated using fermion molecular dynamics (FMD). All the cross sections are significantly larger than those for capture by the corresponding atom, also evaluated by the FMD method. The largest molecular cross sections are obtained when the negative projectile mass best matches the nuclear mass in the molecular target, thus for {bar p}+H{sub 2}. The vibrational degree of freedom is shown to be most important in distinguishing the four reactions, but the effects of rotations, two-center electronic charge distribution, and nonadiabaticity are also significant. The predicted {ital initial} capture fractions (i.e., not taking subsequent transfer into account) in a H{sub 2}+D{sub 2} mixture are P{sub capt}{sup (p)}/P{sub capt}{sup (d)}=qc{sub p}/c{sub d}, where q=1.585 for {bar p} and q=1.186 for {mu}{sup {minus}} independent of c{sub p} and c{sub d}. The energy-dependent quantum-number distributions of the exotic atoms formed, the angular distributions of antiprotonic atoms, and the initial kinetic energies of muonic atoms are also presented. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Argonne National Laboratory 6–7 GeV synchrotron X-ray source

Abstract In 1984–1985 the Argonne National Laboratory undertook a design study of a 6–7 GeV synchrotron radiation source. The effort led to a construction proposal which was reviewed early this year and recommended for funding by the US Department of Energy. This paper gives a general description of this Argonne synchrotron X-ray source.
Autoregulation by Iodine of Thyroid Protein Synthesis: Influence of Iodine on Amino Acid Transport in Cultured Thyroid Cells*

Studies were conducted to determine whether the inhibitory effect of iodine on thyroid protein synthesis could be explained by a reduction in intracellular amino acid transport. The nonmetabolizable amino acid [14C]cycloleucine was used as a probe for the L system of neutral amino acid transport in dog thyroid cells during the initial 24 h of primary culture. Uptake of cycloleucine was linear for up to 30 min. At all time points, cycloleucine transport was reduced in cells preincubated for 3 h in Nal (10−4 m). Inhibition (in a typical experiment) by Nal of cycloleucine transport (10 min) was 19%, 42%, and 69% at 10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 m iodide, respectively. Methimazole (3 IDM) together with iodide abolished the inhibitory effect of iodide on cycloleucine transport, implying the necessity of iodide organification. Methimazole itself did not significantly alter cycloleucine transport. T3, T4, MIT, and DIT similarly did not inhibit cycloleucine transport. Nal did not inhibit cycloleucine transport in cells la...
Hedonic Hot Spots in the Brain

Hedonic "liking" for sensory pleasures is an important aspect of reward, and excessive 'liking' of particular rewards might contribute to excessive consumption and to disorders such as obesity. The present review aims to summarize recent advances in the identification of brain substrates for food 'liking' with a focus on opioid hot spots in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. Drug microinjection studies have shown that opioids in both areas amplify the 'liking' of sweet taste rewards. Modern neuroscience tools such as Fos plume mapping have further identified hedonic hot spots within the accumbens and pallidum, where opioids are especially tuned to magnify 'liking' of food rewards. Hedonic hot spots in different brain structures may interact with each other within the larger functional circuitry that interconnects them. Better understanding of how brain hedonic hot spots increase the positive affective impact of natural sensory pleasures will help characterize the neural mechanisms potentially involved in 'liking' for many rewards.
Optimum conditions for pressureless infiltration of SiCp preforms by aluminum alloys

Abstract The optimum parameters for processing aluminum silicon carbide metal matrix composites via pressureless infiltration of porous SiC p preforms are described. These optimum parameters were obtained by using a carefully designed experiment in which the effect of critical processing parameters on pressureless infiltration was investigated quantitatively. The parameters examined included: SiC particle size, infiltration time, preform height, % SiC in the preform, and Si coating on the SiC particles. The contribution of each of these parameters and their interactions to variation in density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture of the composites were determined and used to project the optimum processing parameters. Al/SiC p composites were produced using the conditions that were projected to produce optimum modulus of elasticity and their modulus of elasticity was measured. The results show excellent agreement between the projected and measured values.
Pathophysiologic Observations in Prehospital Ventricular Fibrillation and Sudden Cardiac Death

In order to better understand the problem of prehospital sudden cardiac death (SCD) two groups of individuals were studied. One group was monitored by rescue squads during attempted rescue. These subjects were defibrillated from prehospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) and hospitalized if they survived or autopsied if they could not be resuscitated. The second group were SCDs which were witnessed and described by observers. Detailed past histories of both groups were collected, and either clinical or autopsy diagnoses were obtained. On the day of death or VF, one quarter reported new symptoms (primarily chest pain and dyspnea) preceding collapse by more than 30 minutes, one quarter reported symptoms lasting from 1 to 30 minutes, and one half collapsed instantaneously or within 1 minute of acute symptoms. A history of old myocardial infarction (MI) was present in 41% and of angina pectoris in 54%, and 27% reported new or changing symptoms within four weeks. In defibrillated survivors, "would-be SCDs," ele...
Candles in the Snow: Ritual and Memory for Siblings of Infants Who Died in the Intensive Care Nursery

Objective To assess the developmental impact of surviving a sibling who dies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study design Fourteen (13 adults, 1 adolescent) siblings of infants who died in Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center's NICU between 1980 and 1990 were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and prominent themes were coded. Results Six siblings rated family communication as veiled or a family secret; 7 reported unresolved parental mourning. Eleven siblings were rated high on anxiety themes, including concerns over future pregnancy or anxiety about their mother's health. Photos and family rituals were helpful to siblings in grieving and remembering the infant. Conclusions Although death in the NICU often has a brief course, consequences for survivor siblings can be life-long. Siblings born both before and after the death of an infant may be at risk and in need of psychological support. Family rituals and photos are important vehicles of communication, grieving, and memory for siblings and parents alike. Clinicians should allow siblings to be active participants in the infant's brief life and death.
History of the Study of Atmospheric Ozone

Abstract Ozone is a substance that touches on our modem society in many ways. Ozone is used in industrial processes and as a disinfectant. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is present in photochemical smog. Ozone in the stratosphere screens the surface of the earth from biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation. All of these uses emerge from our basic understanding of ozone that began with the recognition by Schoˇnbein in 1840 that ozone was a unique substance produced in a variety of processes.
Clonal origin of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Abstract Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a malignant tumor originating in the dermis. Although it is known to be locally aggressive, it only rarely metastasizes and will recur unless completely excised. The exact cell res ponsible for the development of a DFSP has been a matter of controversy for several decades; however, most histochemical and electron microscopic studies support a fibroblastic origin, with the tumor cells staining uniformly for vimentin and containing active endoplasmic reticulum synthesizing collagen. Cytogenetic analysis of some of these tumors has demonstrated at least two specific chromosomal abnormalities in DFSP and suggested that this tumor may be polyclonal in origin. To further address the clonal origin of this locally invasive, mesenchymal tumor, we analyzed DNA from two female patients by restriction fragment length polymorphisms and methylation analysis. Our data strongly support the concept that DFSP is monoclonal in origin and that this tumor mass reflects the clonal expansion of a single cell.
The impact of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing on the partners of firefighters

This study explored the impact of the 1995 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, bombing on the spouses and significant others of a volunteer sample of Oklahoma City firefighters who participated in the bombing rescue effort. Twenty-seven partners of Oklahoma City firefighters participated in this study, conducted 42 to 44 months after the bombing. These partners were assessed using a structured diagnostic interview and a companion interview to examine exposure, rates of psychiatric disorders and symptoms, functioning, health, and relationships. Coping and perception of the firefighter partner's response were also examined. Some of the women were exposed directly; most knew someone who had been involved in the disaster, and all reported exposure through the media. The rate of psychiatric disorders in the women following the disaster was 22%, essentially unchanged from before the incident. One developed bomb-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most were satisfied with their work performance; 15% reported that their health had worsened since the bombing, and more than one third reported permanent changes in relationships as a result of the bombing. Most coped by turning to friends or relatives, with less than 10% seeking professional help. Many described symptoms in their firefighter mate; all reported that their mate had been affected by the experience, and one half said their mate had fully recovered. The mates of these firefighters fared relatively well in terms of psychiatric disorders, symptoms, and ability to function. The prevalence of bomb-related post-traumatic stress disorder was considerably lower in this sample than in samples of individuals more directly exposed to the bombing, although some reported changes in relationships and health. The results suggest the need for further study of the impact of interpersonal exposure in those who provide support for rescue-and-recovery workers in major terrorist incidents.
The Origin of Ova in the Adult Opossum

This study attempted to determine whether ova are formed from the epithelial covering of the ovary during sexual maturity, and if so to determine how they are formed and to see if there is any relation between the formation and the breeding season.
Relationships between several novel control schemes proposed for a class of non-linear stochastic systems

Several different novel controllers are proposed to stabilize a class of discrete-time non-linear stochaslic systems where the non-linearity involves the state and input of the system as well as a white-noise sequence vector. It is shown that the conditions of stabilizability by these controllers are closely related.
Core-shell Particles for the Dispersion of Small Polar Drugs and Biomolecules in Hydrofluoroalkane Propellants

Purpose Demonstrate the applicability of a novel particle-based technology for the development of suspensions of small polar drugs and biomolecules in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants for pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs).
Selective information processing and schematic content related to eating behavior

An adaptation of the Stroop color-naming task was used to investigate selective information processing related to eating behavior in 90 undergraduate women. This study differed from previous studies by (a) treating eating behavior as a continuous variable and (b) looking at five separate categories of words including color, neutral, food, body shape, and other emotionally salient words. We did not find a strong pattern of relation between the Stroop task and eating and body image measures. Results suggest that in a nonclinical population, direct methods of accessing cognitions related to eating may be more fruitful than indirect measures.
A closer look at Danto's account of art and perception

En reponse a un precedent commentaire de J. Danto, l'A. presente les differences essentielles qui separent leurs positions respectives concernant l'ontologie de l'art et la question de l'indiscernabilite de la perception.
Association of a common genetic factor, PTGER3, with outcome of periodontal therapy and preterm birth.

Background: Clinical evidence suggests an association between preterm birth and periodontal disease. This study explores whether specific genetic polymorphisms are associated with success of periodontal therapy in pregnant women with periodontal disease and, further, whether any of these same polymorphisms are also associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB).Methods: One hundred sixty high-risk pregnant women (6 to 20 weeks of gestation) with periodontal disease (≥3 sites with attachment loss ≥4 mm) were studied. All women received scaling and root planing plus oral hygiene instruction. Periodontal examinations were performed before treatment and 20 weeks later. Participants were classified according to two study outcomes: 1) success or failure of periodontal treatment; and 2) presence or absence of sPTB. Maternal DNA samples from mucosal swabs were characterized using a 1536-SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) custom polymerase chain reaction chip. A probabilistic model of each dichotomous outcome,...