cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
the wizard from Oz meets the wicked witch of the East: Freeman, Mead, and ethnographic authority

In recent years considerable attention has been paid to various anthropological writing styles, to the ways anthropologists construct their written accounts (texts), and to the bases of ethnographic authority. Derek Freeman's 1983 critique of Margaret Mead's Samoan writings provides a well-known and highly publicized case with which to explore the issues of anthropological writing and text construction. I examine the choice of words in Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth in order to reveal one way Freeman constructs his critique and to illuminate some of the rhetorical devices he uses to undermine Mead's ethnographic authority and enhance his own. The examination highlights an important issue in the debate over ethnographic authority by showing that Freeman overemphasizes experience and the extent to which “the facts” speak for themselves in ethnographic writing. [Mead-Freeman controversy, rhetoric, ethnographic authority]
Simultaneous estimation of six anti-diabetic drugs--glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone: development of a novel HPLC method for use in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and its application to human plasma assay.

This paper describes a convenient method for the separation and simultaneous determination of six anti-diabetic drugs viz., glibenclamide (GLB), gliclazide (GLC), glipizide (GLZ), pioglitazone (PGL), repaglinide (RPG) and rosiglitazone (RGL) in pharmaceutical formulations. Also, the assay has been shown applied to support quantification of the six anti-diabetic drugs in human plasma. The analytes were either injected directly onto the column after suitable dilution (pharmaceutical formulation analysis) or a simple extraction procedure, using acetonitrile, from human plasma spiked with anti-diabetic drugs and internal standard (IS). Ternary gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was employed on an Intertisl ODS 3V column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of 0.01 m formic acid (pH 3.0), acetonitrile, Milli Q water and methanol. Celecoxib was used as an IS. The six anti-diabetic drugs were monitored at a wavelength of 260 nm. The nominal retention times of RGL, PGL, GLZ, GLC, GLB, IS and RGL were 11.4, 13.3, 14.8, 17.6, 20.78, 22.1 and 25.4 min, respectively. The assay developed for formulation analysis was found to be accurate and precise. The calibration curves ranged from 0.1 to 100 µg/mL for all analytes with the exception of GLB, where the range was 0.3–100 µg/mL. The plasma assay was validated for parameters such as specificity, accuracy and extraction recovery. The proposed method is simple, selective and can be extended for routine analysis of anti-diabetics in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between weight gain during pregnancy and neural tube defects and gastroschisis in offspring.

BACKGROUND Limited information is available about the association of maternal weight gain during pregnancy and birth defects. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of maternal weight gain with neural tube defects (NTDs) and gastroschisis among offspring. METHODS We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, an ongoing multicenter, population-based, case-control study. Mothers of cases and controls were interviewed by telephone. Analyses included 255 anencephaly, 577 spina bifida, 648 gastroschisis cases, and 5587 controls with deliveries from 1999 to 2005. After subtracting birth weight, the associations of total and average weekly weight gain (kg) with each phenotype were estimated, stratified by gestational age (<37 vs. ≥37 weeks) and adjusted for relevant covariates. RESULTS Among deliveries <37 weeks gestation, mothers of infants with anencephaly and spina bifida had lower weight gains compared to control mothers; no association between weight gains and gastroschisis was observed. Among deliveries ≥37 weeks, mothers of infants with anencephaly had lower weight gains during pregnancy; a similar association was not observed for spina bifida; mothers of infants with gastroschisis were twice as likely to have weight gains in the highest quartile. Stratification by maternal age (gastroschisis) or body mass index (BMI) or race/ethnicity (all phenotypes) did not alter odds ratio estimates. CONCLUSION Altered weight gain during pregnancy may be a consequence of carrying an NTD/gastroschisis affected fetus or a marker for underlying factors common to the etiology of these birth defects. It is possible that whatever mechanisms influence weight gain may also influence the development of NTDs and gastroschisis, but in opposite directions.
MSW Students’ Motivations for Taking an International Social Work Elective Course

This article presents motivating factors for taking an international social work course for a sample of graduate students in the United States. Literature on international education, including courses and international field placements, provides a framework for the study. Qualitative themes showed that students were motivated primarily as a result of prior international experience, or the desire for such, as well as a wish to understand the phenomena of globalization. Findings point to the need for offering more courses in international social work and globalization.
A screening approach to the surveillance of patients with diabetes for the presence of vision-threatening retinopathy

Abstract Objective To provide scientifically based screening rules for the primary care setting designed to identify, through evaluation of a prescribed and limited portion of the posterior fundus, those patients with diabetes who have retinopathy severe enough to need referral to eye care specialists. Design Retrospective analysis of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) photographic data base. Participants The fundus photographic grading data from 3711 patients with diabetes enrolled in the ETDRS. Methods Multivariate regression techniques were used to identify retinopathy lesions in photographic fields 1, 2, 3, or a combination thereof that predict proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or clinically significant macular edema (CSME) within the seven standard fields. These were used to construct a family of screening rules with optimal combined sensitivity and specificity on which to base referrals to eye care specialists. Main outcome measures Presence of moderate to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), PDR, or CSME in graded fundus photographs. Results Hemorrhages and microaneurysms (h/ma) temporal to the macula (photographic field 3), as severe as or more severe than ETDRS standard photograph 1 (h/ma 3 ≥ 3), identified 87% to 89% of eyes with PDR and 92% to 93% of eyes with moderately severe to severe NPDR, which are at high risk for developing PDR. Extrapolating the results using retinopathy prevalence data from epidemiologic studies for the general older onset diabetic population, the calculated sensitivity for detecting PDR on a single examination is 87%, the specificity 80%; for moderate NPDR or worse, the sensitivity is 81%, specificity 93%. Applying the presence of h/ma 3 ≥ 3 as a screening rule to the older onset population, 26.5% of patients would be referred and 73.5% would not be referred. Any hard exudate within one disc diameter of the macular center detects CSME with sensitivity 94%, specificity 54%. Hard exudate of moderate or worse severity anywhere in the macular region (field 2) predicts CSME with sensitivity 89%, specificity 58%. Conclusions Screening protocols based on assessing retinopathy lesion severity in the posterior fundus have the potential to identify most diabetic patients with vision-threatening retinopathy. If the protocols can be implemented effectively in a primary care setting, patients requiring referral for specialty care could be reliably identified, and the total number of patients needing specialty referral could be substantially reduced from current guidelines.
Biological treatment of low-salinity shrimp aquaculture wastewater using sequencing batch reactor

Abstract In order to improve the water quality in shrimp aquaculture operated under low-salinity conditions, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was tested for treatment of the wastewater. This water from the backwash of a single-bead filter from the Waddell Mariculture Center, South Carolina, contained high concentrations of carbon and nitrogen and was successfully treated using the SBR. By operating the reactor sequentially in aerobic, anoxic and aerobic modes, nitrification and denitrification were achieved, as well as removal of carbon. Specifically, the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 1201 mg l −1 was reduced to 32 mg l −1 within 8 days of reactor operation. Ammonia in the sludge was nitrified within 3 days. The denitrification of nitrate was achieved by the anoxic process and total removal of nitrate was observed.
Second Derivative Test for Intersection Bodies

In 1956, Busemann and Petty asked whether symmetric convex bodies in Rnwith larger central hyperplane sections also have greater volume. This question was answered in the negative forn⩾5 in a series of papers giving individual counterexamples. In 1988, Lutwak introduced the concept of an intersection body and proved that every smooth nonintersection body in Rnprovides a counterexample to the Busemann–Petty problem. In this article, we use the connection between intersection bodies and positive definite distributions, established by the author in an earlier paper, to give a necessary condition for intersection bodies in terms of the second derivative of the norm. This result allows us to produce a variety of counterexamples to the Busemann–Petty problem in Rn,n⩾5. For example, the unit ball of theq-sum of any finite dimensional normed spacesXandYwithq>2, dim(X)⩾1, dim(Y)⩾4 is not an intersection body, as well as the unit balls of the Orlicz spaces lnM,n⩾5, withM′(0)=M″(0)=0.
Opacity of highly ionized air

Abstract The opacity and thermodynamic properties of air at temperatures above 10 eV and densities below normal have been calculated in accordance with the prescriptions given in Methods of Opacity Calculations by H. Mayer , AECD -1870 ( LA -647). Corresponding to given densities and temperatures, self-consistent distributions of electrons in bound states and their eigenenergies are determined. With this information we compute the thermodynamic properties of air and the frequency-dependent absorption coefficients. The Rosseland opacity—a weighted average of the absorption coefficient—is calculated showing the effects of argon and the ionic lines.
The future of otolaryngology training threatened: The negative impact of residency training reforms

Resident training regulations developed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 2003 have limited resident work hours and autonomy. Proposed to improve patient safety and resident education, these regulations have not had their intended effects. They have acted to dilute otolaryngology residents' experiences, thereby weakening their training. The ACGME is currently considering tightening these regulations. By advocating for residency guidelines that are more conducive to the needs of otolaryngology education, otolaryngologists can guarantee continued superlative training for future residents.
Video mate preferences of female three-spined sticklebacks from populations with divergent male coloration

This study evaluated whether diversity in male ornamental traits between populations is associated with a corresponding diversity in female preferences, or whether males can evolve divergent ornamentation even when female preferences remain relatively consistent. Video editing techniques were used to manipulate the coloration of recorded images of male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and these images were presented to female sticklebacks from populations with black or red male nuptial coloration. Overall, females responded preferentially to images of males with black or red coloration over images with the dull coloration of females and some males; although preferences differed between populations, these differences were not statistically significant. Thus divergence in male ornaments was probably not caused by a corresponding divergence in female preferences. The results do not, however, allow clear discrimination between the various hypotheses for the evolution of female mating preferences.
Respirometric evaluation of side-stream treatment of reject water as a source of nitrifying bacteria for main-stream activated sludge bioreactors

A laboratory-scale bioreactor study was conducted to characterize differences in nitrification function in main-stream reactors due to bioaugmentation from side-stream reactors treating reject water. The objective was to evaluate how configuration of a suspended growth side-stream bioreactor impacts nitrification function in the main-stream bioreactor. A bioaugmentation effect was not observed in main-stream reactors operated at warm temperatures. Complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate was observed in the bioaugmented and control main-stream reactors although nitrite accumulation was observed in each case. Furthermore, respirometry did not reveal superior kinetics in bioaugmented reactors operated at warm temperatures. At cold temperatures bioaugmentation may have stabilized ammonia oxidation in main-stream reactor B2 bioaugmented from a PFR side-stream. Complete ammonia oxidation was observed for most of cold period of operation in the main-stream bioreactor B2. Furthermore, respirometry revealed a higher rate of ammonia oxidation and more stable nitrite oxidation compared with the control bioreactor.
Leibniz's Formula, Cauchy Majorants, and Linear Differential Equations

(1998). Leibniz's Formula, Cauchy Majorants, and Linear Differential Equations. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 360-368.
Overexpressed neuroglobin raises threshold for nitric oxide-induced impairment of mitochondrial respiratory activities and stress signaling in primary cortical neurons

Surges of nitric oxide compromise mitochondrial respiration primarily by competitive inhibition of oxygen binding to cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) and are particularly injurious in neurons, which rely on oxidative phosphorylation for all their energy needs. Here, we show that transgenic overexpression of the neuronal globin protein, neuroglobin, helps diminish protein nitration, preserve mitochondrial function and sustain ATP content of primary cortical neurons challenged by extended nitric oxide exposure. Specifically, in transgenic neurons, elevated neuroglobin curtailed nitric oxide-induced alterations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, including baseline oxygen consumption, consumption coupled with ATP synthesis, proton leak and spare respiratory capacity. Concomitantly, activation of genes involved in sensing and responding to oxidative/nitrosative stress, including the early-immediate c-Fos gene and the phase II antioxidant enzyme, heme oxygenase-1, was diminished in neuroglobin-overexpressing compared to wild-type neurons. Taken together, these differences reflect a lesser insult produced by similar concentrations of nitric oxide in neuroglobin-overexpressing compared to wild-type neurons, suggesting that abundant neuroglobin buffers nitric oxide and raises the threshold of nitric oxide-mediated injury in neurons.
Improved vascular tissue fusion using new light-activated surgical adhesive on a canine model

Newly developed light-activated surgical adhesives have been investigated as a substitute to traditional protein solders for vas- cular tissue fusion without the need for sutures. Canine femoral arter- ies (n514), femoral veins (n514), and carotid arteries (n510) were exposed, and a 0.3-0.6 cm longitudinal incision was made in the vessel walls. The surgical adhesive, composed of a poly(L-lactic-co- glycolic acid) scaffold doped with the traditional protein solder mix of bovine serum albumin and indocyanine green dye, was used to close the incisions in conjunction with an 805 nm diode laser. Blood flow was restored to the vessels immediately after the procedure and the incision sites were checked for patency. The new adhesives were flex- ible enough to be wrapped around the vessels while their solid nature avoided the problems associated with ''runaway'' of the less viscous liquid protein solders widely used by researchers. Assessment param- eters included measurement of the ex vivo intraluminal bursting pres- sure 1-2 h after surgery, as well as histology. The acute intraluminal bursting pressures were significantly higher in the laser-solder group (>300 mmHg) compared to the suture control group (<150 mmHg) where four evenly spaced sutures were used to repair the vessel (n 54). Histological analysis showed negligible evidence of collateral thermal damage to the underlying tissue in the laser-solder repair group. These initial results indicated that laser-assisted vascular repair using the new adhesives is safe, easy to perform, and contrary to conventional suturing, provides an immediate leak-free closure. In addition, the flexible and moldable nature of the new adhesives should allow them to be tailored to a wide range of tissue geometries, thus greatly improving the clinical applicability of laser-assisted tissue repair. © 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Psychologic characteristics associated with acute stressor-induced leukocyte subset redistribution

This study examined relationships between psychologic characteristics and enumerative immune responses to an acute laboratory stressor. Lymphocyte subsets were measured in 104 subjects at rest and following a 6-minute laboratory naturalistic speaking stressor. Multiple linear regression was utilized to assess relationships between immune reactivity (change scores) and anger expression, hostility, anxiety, depression, and stress. The task resulted in significant increases over baseline in WBC (p < 0.001), T-suppressor/cytotoxic CD8 cells (p = 0.010) natural killer CD56 cells (p < 0.0001), and CD57 (p < 0.0001) cells, and significant decreases in T-cells (p = 0.012), T-helper cells (p = 0.003), B-cells (p < 0.001), and the T-helper/suppressor ratio (p < 0.001). In general, the regression suggested that moderate associations exist between certain psychologic attributes and acute subset redistribution. For example, the increase in natural killer cell subsets was significantly negatively associated with anger expression, hostility, and depression. Suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) cell reactivity was associated with baseline as well as with the task-induced changes in anxiety. B-cell (CD19) responses were related to the subject's age, expression of anger, and depression scores. As with the cardiovascular reactivity literature, these findings suggest that a relationship exists between certain psychologic characteristics such as anger and anxiety and immune reactivity to acute stress.
Glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx in third-order neurons of salamander retina is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton.

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) link to the cortical cytoskeleton via specialized scaffold proteins and thereby to appropriate signal transduction pathways in the cell. We studied the role of filamentous actin in the regulation of Ca influx through glutamate receptor-activated channels in third-order neurons of salamander retina. Staining by Alexa-Fluor 488-phalloidin, to visualize polymerized actin, we show localization of filamentous actin in neurites, and the membrane surrounding the cell soma. With Ca2+ imaging we found that in dissociated neurons, depolymerization of filamentous actin by latrunculin A, or cytochalasin D significantly reduced glutamate-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation to 53±7% of control value. Jasplakinolide, a stabilizer of filamentous actin, by itself slightly increased the glutamate-induced Ca2+ signal and completely attenuated the inhibitory effect when applied in combination with actin depolymerizing agents. These results indicate that in salamander retinal neurons the actin cytoskeleton regulates Ca2+ influx through ionotropic glutamate receptor-activated channels, suggesting regulatory roles for filamentous actin in a number of Ca2+-dependent physiological and pathological processes.
The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish

Tissue trauma or invasion by pathogens or parasites induce changes in the quantities of several macromolecules in animal body fluids. These changes comprise one aspect of the acute phase response (APR), which in toto involves metabolic changes in several organ systems. One clear indication of the response is the increase in synthesis and secretion by the liver of several plasma proteins, with simultaneous decreases in others. These acute phase proteins (APP) function in a variety of defense-related activities such as limiting the dispersal of infectious agents, repair of tissue damage, inactivation of proteases, killing of microbes and other potential pathogens, and restoration of the healthy state. Some APP are directly harmful to microbes, while others modify targets thus marking them for cell responses. Some work alone while others contribute to cascades. Proteins that are APP in mammals, and that have been identified in both teleosts and elasmobranchs include C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and several components of the Complement system. Others reported in teleosts include transferrin and thrombin. Of these, only CRP has been reported to increase in acute phase plasma. In trout, a precerebellin-like protein is an APP with unknown functions. A cDNA library enriched in fragments of transcripts that were more abundant in livers from fish undergoing an APR recently yielded sequences resembling 12 additional known APP, and as many others either not known to be APP, or not similar to others yet in public databases. It appears that, as in mammals, hepatocytes are the prime source of APP in fish, and that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce transcription of their genes.
Social Functions of Children's Speech.

Children's choice of responses to both school and play situations showed that different types of messages were seen as appropriate according to the age and sex of the child.
The ST6 autonomous sciencecraft experiment

The autonomous sciencecraft experiment (ASE), part of the new millennium space technology 6 project, is flying onboard the Earth Orbiter 1 (EO-1) mission. The ASE software enables EO-1 to autonomously detect and respond to science events such as: volcanic activity, flooding, and water freeze/thaw. ASE uses classification algorithms to analyze imagery onboard to detect change and science events. Detection of these events is then used to trigger follow-up imagery. Onboard mission planning software then develops a response plan that accounts for target visibility and operations constraints. This plan is then executed using a task execution system that can deal with run-time anomalies. In this paper, we describe the autonomy flight software and how it enables a new paradigm of autonomous science and mission operations. We also describe our approach to testing and validation the ASE software, how we prepared the ASE software for space flight, and the current experiment status and future plans.
A neural-network based autonomous navigation system using mobile robots

This paper presents an autonomous navigation system based on neural networks using mobile robots. While this kind of navigation system has many applications, there are two main challenges: the learning capability of the robot, as well as a complex and dynamic navigation environment. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a navigation system with learning capability to adapt to an unknown environment. In particular, the neural network model is specifically designed for our autonomous robot navigation system, and a series of training samples are developed to train the neural network for the robot. In addition, we incorporated sonar sensors with the neural network to solve the problem of autonomous robot navigation. This approach is validated with the simulation and experimental results. It was shown that the robot with the well-trained neural network can navigate out of a specifically designed maze successfully.
Cebrospinal fluid study of cannabinoid users and normal control subjects

CSF from cannbinoid users was examined and then compared to CSF parameters in age- and sex-matched normal control subjects
Activation of Somatostatin-Receptor Subtype-2/-5 Suppresses the Mass, Frequency, and Irregularity of Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Peptide-2-Stimulated GH Secretion in Men

Somatostatin antagonizes the stimulatory actions of GHRH and GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs). However, precisely how the inhibitory susceptibilities of the two secretagogues differ is not clear. One interpretative difficulty is that native somatostatin activates six different receptor subtypes. The present study adopts the complementary strategy of enforcing feedback inhibition via the preferential somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and 5 (SSTR-2/-5) agonist, octreotide. We postulated that putative SSTR-2/-5 agonism would unmask secretagogue-selective interactions in the control of GH secretory burst mass, frequency, and/or regularity. To this end, 10 healthy men each underwent eight randomly ordered, separate-day, fasting morning infusion sessions. Interventions comprised sc administration of octreotide (1 μg/kg), followed by bolus iv injection of saline, GHRH (1 μg/kg), GHRP-2 (1 μg/kg), or both peptides. Compared with placebo, the SSTR-2/-5 agonist reduced fasting GH concentrations from 0.27 ± 0.07 to 0.12 ...
A digital signal processing module for gamma-ray tracking detectors

We have designed and constructed an 8-channel digital signal processing board for the GRETINA spectrometer. The digitizer samples each of 8 inputs at 100 MHz with 12-bit resolution. Employing a large on-board FPGA, the board derives an energy, leading-edge time, and constant-fraction time from the input signal providing the functionality of a conventional analog electronics system. Readout and control of the digitizer is done over a VME bus. The digitizer's performance met all requirements for processing signals from the GRETINA spectrometer.
The role of networks in science communication and engagement with non‐expert publics

In this ongoing study, I examine associations among scientists by analyzing scholarly publication data and Internet hyperlink relationships using a social network analysis framework. Unlike other studies of collaboration, this study does not start with an extant network of scientists who share a research focus, but rather groups who are networked for purposes of public and political engagement. I have chosen as my nodes two presumed “networks” of scientists: the group of 16 scientists who authored a January 27th', 2012 op-ed in The Wall Street Journal which suggested concerns about climate change were being exaggerated, and the group of 38 scientists who authored a response piece (supporting climate change science) on February 1st. I have chosen climate science because of its scientific complexity that is of necessity interdisciplinary, and its scrutiny by non-expert publics. Building on the theoretical foundations of social epistemology, I examine how notions of the role of shared practices in engendering trust and knowledge-sharing among expert groups can be applied when the lines between expert and non-expert are contested in high-visibility public arenas. In exploring some of those questions, this study aims to discover if a social network methodology combining co-authorship data and hyperlink data can reveal patterns of association and engagement with traditional (e.g., scholarly publications) vs. non-traditional (e.g., web sites or blog articles) methods of communication and legitimation. This study is intended as part of a larger research trajectory examining the role of social associations in influencing credibility and information trust decisions in areas where expert and non-experts must meet and negotiate shared meanings. These findings could suggest future directions for collaborative data sharing practices as well as support theoretical work in understanding how trust and credibility are granted in networked information environments.
Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Craniofacial Skeleton: An Update

Benign fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial skeleton (BFOL) are a variant group of intraosseous disease processes that share similar microscopic features characterized by hypercellular fibroblastic stroma containing various combinations of bone or cementum-like tissue and other calcified structures [1–6]. Whereas some are diagnosable histologically, most require a combined assessment of clinical, microscopic and radiologic features. Some BFOL of the craniofacial complex are unique to that location whereas others are encountered in bones from other regions. Reactive, neoplastic, developmental and dysplastic pathologic processes are included under the rubric of BFOL and treatment varies from disease to disease. This review will discuss the clinical, microscopic and radiologic aspects of the more important types of BFOL of the craniofacial complex with updated information on underlying genetic and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of disease. Four main groups of BFOLs will be addressed.
Studies of Effects of Light on Growth Pattern and of Gibberellin Sensitivity in Relation to Age, Growth Rate, and Illumination in Intact Wheat Coleoptiles.

Although there have been many studies on effects of light on over-all elongation of various plant organs, relatively little is known concerning effects of light on the pattern of elongation within a given organ, i.e., the relative contributions of various portions of the organ to the total elongation. In this study, intact wheat coleoptiles were marked with India ink to permit an investigation of effects of various light treatments on the pattern, as well as the total extent, of elongation. These intact coleoptiles are also used to test the suggestion that actions of photomorphogenic radiation on elongation are closely related to gibberellin effects (4, 17, 25, 27, 30), and the generalization that gibberellin is more effective on young, rapidly growing tissues than on older, more slowly growing tissues (4, 12, 13, 22, 23, 27,33).
Superconformal constructions on two-dimensional simplicial complexes

The superconformal master equation contains a large set of solvable fermionic constructions which live on an infinite class of 2-dimensional simplicial complexes. All the constructions have rational central charge, and irrational conformal weights are expected in the generic construction.
The Optokinetic Uncover Test: A New Insight Into Infantile Esotropia

Importance We devised the optokinetic uncover test to examine the role of peripheral retinal motion input in generating horizontal optokinetic responses in patients with infantile strabismus. Objective To ascertain whether subcortical visual input contributes to the asymmetrical monocular optokinetic responses that characterize infantile esotropia. Design and Setting Observational study in an academic research setting. Participants Ten patients with infantile esotropia. Intervention Optokinetic uncover test. Main Outcome Measures Optokinetic testing was performed in 7 patients with isolated infantile esotropia (5 untreated and 2 previously treated) and in 3 patients with infantile esotropia syndrome associated with mild neurological disease. Results All patients showed poor temporally directed optokinetic responses that instantaneously improved when the occluded esodeviated eye was uncovered, exposing it to nasally directed optokinetic motion. This improvement in optokinetic responses did not necessitate a fixation shift to the contralateral eye. Conclusions and Relevance Nasally directed optokinetic input to the esodeviated eye can supplement temporal monocular optokinetic responses in the fixating eye under binocular conditions. This nonfoveal optokinetic contribution suggests that monocular nasotemporal optokinetic asymmetry is partly attributable to subcortical visuovestibular responses mediated by nonfoveal retina.
Free Riding and Protection for Sale

Olson hypothesized that a latent group's ability to organize and contribute toward providing a public good might be jeopardized by free riding. The politics of trade protection feature the collective action problem, since protection benefits all firms in the industry including those who contributed nothing to attaining it. This paper examines the extent of free riding in lobbying over tariffs in the context of the [Grossman and Helpman (1994)][1] protection-for-sale model in which industry lobbies seek to bend government policy in their favor. Previous investigations of the model have produced the puzzling result that governments are largely welfare-maximizing and care little about campaign contributions, in contrast to numerous examples of welfare-reducing policies that have in fact been bought cheaply by special interests. We think the result arises because the model assumes away free riding by firms which hinders industry's ability to organize politically. We introduce free riding into the Grossman–Helpman model, allowing industries to be partially organized. Using a new data set on US trade barriers, we test the model using estimation methods new to this literature. The estimates support the model's predictions and reveal that the extent of free riding by manufacturing firms can help resolve the puzzling result. [1]: #ref-20
Likelihood ratio tests for central mixtures

Abstract The log likelihood ratio is expanded for testing a simple null hypothesis against a sequence of alternative hypotheses in which the observations are sampled from a mixture of distributions located near the null hypothesis. The test criteria depends on the mixing distribution only through its variance and is approximately normally distributed under both hypotheses.
System-Level Feasibility Assessment of Microwave Power Beaming for Small Satellites

Although wireless power transmission to fulfill Earth's energy needs has been a widely popularized application of microwave power beaming, one space application that remains relatively unexplored is power beaming between satellites. This paper provides a system-level analysis of the feasibility and limitations of microwave power beaming within a small-satellite cluster. This analysis consists of four parts using parametric models of spacecraft power as a function of 11 key design variables. In the first part, the existence of feasible designs is verified with a Monte Carlo design trade-space sweep. Next, a feasible baseline (reference) design is defined, and then sensitivity to individual variables is assessed. Finally, the design space is visualized with respect to six influential variables. Despite several optimistic assumptions, it is demonstrated that the small-satellite power-beaming design space is severely constrained. Feasible designs involve high transmission frequencies (greater than 33 GHz), large antenna diameters (greater than 0.93 m), and stringent proximity operations between satellites (within 740 m). Furthermore, full dependence of one small spacecraft on power provided by another is shown to be effectively infeasible. These results do suggest, however, that microwave power beaming may deserve consideration as an auxiliary or short-term emergency power mode for future small-satellite clusters.
QT dynamics early after exercise as a predictor of mortality

Background Exercise and QT dynamics during ambulatory monitoring impact mortality in a variety of populations. Heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is a known strong predictor of mortality. Objective This study assessed the independent prognostic significance of the QT response to changing heart rate (QT dynamics) during recovery from exercise. Methods The cohort included patients referred for treadmill exercise stress testing over a 5-year period. Patients had to have at least 4 electrocardiographic tracings within 5 minutes of peak exercise. One had to be recorded 60 seconds into recovery to calculate the HRR. Linear regression of the QT–RR relation during recovery was used to predict the QT interval at cycle lengths of 500 and 600 ms (QT-500 and QT-600). Only studies with an R 2 ≥ 0.9 (72%) were retained. Optimal binary cut points were chosen. All-cause mortality was determined from either the Social Security Death Index or hospital records. Results A total of 2,994 patients met inclusion criteria; 228 (7.6%) died during an average follow-up of 7.6 ± 1.9 years. Abnormal QT-500 (>316 ms) was the strongest univariate QT dynamics predictor in a Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio=2.13, P P = .014). Conclusion An abnormal predicted QT interval at 500 ms (120 beats/min) during recovery from exercise independently predicts all-cause mortality. Because QT dynamics in recovery incorporate information on both repolarization and autonomic responsiveness, its role in risk prediction for sudden cardiac death should be further explored.
Fitting the FHWA Traffic Noise Model Noise Emissions for Use in STAMINA 2.0

The recently released FHWA traffic noise model (TNM) and prediction program provides many improvements over the existing STAMINA program. However, the quick adoption of TNM could be hindered by its...
The fuel cell in space: Yesterday, today and tomorrow

The past, present, and future of space fuel cell power systems is reviewed, starting with the first practical fuel cell by F.T. Bacon which led to the 1.5 kW Apollo alkaline fuel cell. However, the first fuel cell to be used for space power was the Gemini 1.0 kW Acid IEM fuel cell. The successor to the Apollo fuel cell is today's 12 kW Orbiter alkaline fuel cell whose technology is considerably different and considerably better than that of its ancestor, the Bacon cell. And in terms of specific weight there has been a steady improvement from the past to the present, from the close to 200 lb/kW of Apollo to the 20 lb/kW of the orbiter. For NASA future Lunar and Martian surface power requirements the regenerative fuel cell (RFC) energy storage system is enabling technology, with the alkaline and the PEM the leading RFC candidate systems. The U.S. Air Force continues to support fuel cell high power density technology development for its future short duration applications.
Oxidation of ethylene catalyzed by silver supported on zirconium phosphate: Particle size and support effect

Abstract The catalytic activity of metallic silver supported on zirconium phosphate has been examined in the reaction of ethylene oxidation in terms of the average silver particle size, the surface area of the support, and the cations present in the support. The activity was found to decrease when the surface area of the support was increased. A maximum activity and selectivity was obtained with silver particles about 480 A in average diameter supported on highly crystalline zirconium phosphate. Cations present in the ion-exchange sites of the support have a strong effect on the catalytic properties. Among the cations used, Na + gives the highest total conversion, K + gives the best selectivity for ethylene oxide formation, while Cs + was found to suppress the reaction completely.
Eye toxicity of cancer chemotherapy: a review of the literature.

Eye toxicity from cancer chemotherapy is uncommon, but important because of the debility caused by loss of vision. The literature describing eye toxicity is reviewed for commonly used antineoplastic agents.
Review: various devices for delivery of aerosol treatment can be equally efficacious.

Dolovich MB, Ahrens RC, Hess DR, et al . Device selection and outcomes of aerosol therapy: evidence-based guidelines. American College of Chest Physicians/American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology. Chest 2005;127:335–71. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q What are the relative efficacies and harms associated with various devices for delivery of aerosol treatment? ### ![Graphic][5] Data sources: Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, and Cochrane Library . ### ![Graphic][6] Study selection and assessment: English language randomised controlled trials in which the same drug was administered using different devices. Studies comparing devices of the same type or comparing oral or parenteral treatment with aerosol treatment were excluded. ### ![Graphic][7] Outcomes: included forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and symptoms/physical findings. 59 trials met the selection criteria, most of which tested β2 agonists. Types of devices studied included nebulisers (intermittent and continuous), metered dose inhalers (MDIs) with or without spacers or holding chambers, and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). The results of the meta-analyses are summarised in … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChest%26rft.stitle%253DChest%26rft.issn%253D0012-3692%26rft.aulast%253DDolovich%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D127%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D335%26rft.epage%253D371%26rft.atitle%253DDevice%2BSelection%2Band%2BOutcomes%2Bof%2BAerosol%2BTherapy%253A%2BEvidence-Based%2BGuidelines%253A%2BAmerican%2BCollege%2Bof%2BChest%2BPhysicians%252FAmerican%2BCollege%2Bof%2BAsthma%252C%2BAllergy%252C%2Band%2BImmunology%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1378%252Fchest.127.1.335%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15654001%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1378/chest.127.1.335&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15654001&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F8%2F4%2F106.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000226365200052&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Effects Of Grain Boundaries On Channel Conduction In Thin Film Polysilicon On Silicon-Dioxide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (SOI MOSFETs)

A physical model that describes the effects of grain boundaries on the linear-region, strong-inversion channel conductance of SOI (polysilicon on silicon-dioxide) MOSFETs is developed and is supported by measurements of laser-recrystallized devices. The model predicts an effective turn-on characteristic that occurs beyond the strong-inversion threshold, and henceforth defines the "carrier mobility threshold voltage" and the effective (transconductance) carrier mobility in the channel, which typically is higher than the actual (intragrain) mobility. These parameters, which are defined by the properties of the grain boundaries, can easily be misinterpreted experimentally as the threshold voltage and the actual carrier mobility. The actual threshold voltage is defined by the charge coupling between the front and back gates of the thin-film transistor. This coupling is discussed and a closed-form expression for the threshold voltage, which depends on the back-gate bias and on the properties of the back Si-Si02 interface, is given.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Models and Tests in Functional Morphology: The Significance of Description and Integration

SYNOPSIS: Functional-anatomical work on complex structural systems is handicapped by several difficulties: (1) Lack of established guidelines on how to select the structures that are relevant for the intended study, (2) lack of methods to check the accuracy of the description of a system's morphology, and (3) the need to integrate a large mass of results obtained through a variety of approaches taken from different disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, physics, biochemistry, ecology and evolutionary biology. Suggestions to alleviate some of the problems include (1) to use information on the physiological and physical properties of the tissues in a system and on biomechanical principles governing the interactions among these tissues to help in the selection and checking process necessary during the morphological description, (2) to construct a structural model of the system by condensing the morphological description, (3) to construct a functional model on the basisof the structural model by using physiological, physical and biomechanical principles that govern the functioning and interactions of the tissues and elements of the system, and (4) to test the functional model through independent observations, experiments or natural experiments ( i.e. , individual variations).
Gas Bubbles In Distribution Transformers

Gas bubbles are known to have a deleterious effect on the dielectric strength of transformer oil. The possibility that such bubbles may develop in oil-filled distribution transformers and may cause excessive failure rates is thus of concern to both manufacturer and user. The paper presents new information relative to failure mechanisms in transformers. It describes some of the operating conditions which may lead to gas bubble formation and it gives limited data showing the effect of bubbles on insulation breakdown strength.
An improved method for using a microsatellite in the rice waxy gene to determine amylose class

ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeders must evaluate progeny across multiple years and locations in part due to environmental effects on amylose content, the primary constituent that influences rice end-use quality. A microsatellite correlated with the various classes of apparent amylose content in rice has been used to decrease the development time for the U.S. cultivars Cadet and Jacinto by several years. The objective of this project was to develop a relatively inexpensive method for assaying this microsatellite that is suitable for screening large numbers of progeny and to evaluate this method by analyzing a diverse set of breeding lines and cultivars. Rapid multiple-kernel (brown and milled), single kernel, and leaf tissue alkali DNA extraction procedures were developed. Enhanced resolution of allele classes and separation speed was achieved by electrophoresing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products encompassing the waxy microsatellite in a polyacrylamide and Spreadex gel matrix usi...
What is new at ophthalmic epidemiology.

Readers of this issue will notice that Ophthalmic Epidemiology has a new Editorial Board, and I am honored to be the new Editor-in-Chief. All current and past Board members—indeed everyone in our p...
Triazenes of phenylbutyric, hydrocinnamic, phenoxyacetic, and benzoylglutamic acid derivatives

p-Dialkyltriazeno derivatives of the ethyl esters and acid hydrazides of phenylbutyric, hydrocinnamic, phenoxyacetic, and benzoylglutamic acids were synthesized. The triazenophenylbutyric acid derivatives are structurally related to chlorambucil, and the hydrocinnamic and phenoxyacetic acid derivatives are related to other antineoplastic aromatic nitrogen mustards. All of the triazeno groups contained unsubstituted alkyl groups (except for a hydroxyethyl group in a derivative of benzoylglutamic acid). In initial tests of these compounds versusmouse lymphatic leukemia L-1210, ethyl p-(3-butyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)hydrocinnamate (VIb) was the most effective compound in increasing the survival time of treated animals. Certain other hydrocinnamic and phenylbutyric acid derivatives caused small increases in survival time.