cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microsphere-Based Scaffolds in Regenerative Engineering

Microspheres have long been used in drug delivery applications because of their controlled release capabilities. They have increasingly served as the fundamental building block for fabricating scaffolds for regenerative engineering because of their ability to provide a porous network, offer high-resolution control over spatial organization, and deliver growth factors/drugs and/or nanophase materials. Because they provide physicochemical gradients via spatiotemporal release of bioactive factors and nanophase ceramics, microspheres are a desirable tool for engineering complex tissues and biological interfaces. In this review we describe various methods for microsphere fabrication and sintering, and elucidate how these methods influence both micro- and macroscopic scaffold properties, with a special focus on the nature of sintering. Furthermore, we review key applications of microsphere-based scaffolds in regenerating various tissues. We hope to inspire researchers to join a growing community of investigators using microspheres as tissue engineering scaffolds so that their full potential in regenerative engineering may be realized.
Targeted radioimmunotherapy with B7-H3-specific 212Pb-mAb 376.96 in models of human ovarian cancer.

55 Objectives Novel effective strategies to manage recurrent, chemo-resistant ovarian cancer are urgently needed due to the poor patient prognosis associated with this disease. Strategies that target differentiated ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer initiating cells (CICs) are expected to display an increased therapeutic efficacy, since CICs are thought to play a major role in metastatic spread and in disease recurrence. The latter two are the major causes of ovarian cancer patients’ morbidity and mortality. The B7-H3 epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 376.96 was selected as a target due to its high expression on differentiated ovarian cancer cells and on ovarian CICs and its restricted distribution in normal tissues. B7-H3-specific mAb 376.96 was radiolabeled with 212Pb, which serves as an in vivo generator of highly cytotoxic 212Bi alpha-particles. The goal of this study was to investigate the usefulness of 212Pb-mAb 376.96 as a targeted radioimmunotherapeutic (RIT) agent in models of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Methods mAb 376.96 was reacted with the chelate TCMC and radiolabeled with 212Pb obtained from an 8 mCi 224Ra/212Pb generator (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). In vitro Scatchard assays gauged the binding characteristics of 212Pb-mAb 376.96 to ES-2 ovarian cancer cells. In vitro clonogenic survival assays were performed with B7-H3-specific 212Pb-mAb 376.96 and irrelevant isotype-matched 212Pb-mAb F3-C25 to determine the effects of targeted/non-targeted 212Pb on ES-2 adherent cells and non-adherent tumorspheres containing enriched CICs. In vivo planar gamma camera imaging and biodistribution following i.p. injection of 212Pb-mAb 376.96 and 125I-mAb F3-C25 were studied in CB17 SCID mice bearing i.p. implanted ES-2 cells. Targeted/non-targeted RIT effects on survival of athymic nude mice bearing i.p. implanted ES-2 cells were assessed following i.p. injection of 212Pb-mAb 376.96 (4.5-13.8 µCi) or 212Pb-mAb F3-C25 (9.0 µCi). Results 212Pb-mAb 376.96 was produced in high radiolabeling yields and purity (both >95%) as indicated by ITLC analysis. Scatchard plot analysis showed a Kd of 10.6 nM for 212Pb-376.96 and 118,000 B7-H3 sites/cell on ES-2 cells. ES-2 in vitro clonogenic survival was significantly inhibited with 212Pb-mAb 376.96 (IC50 = 0.88 ± 0.08 and 0.81 ± 0.35 µCi/mL for adherent and non-adherent tumorsphere cells, respectively) compared to 212Pb-mAb F3-C25 (3.03 ± 0.10 and 1.92 ± 0.56 µCi/mL for adherent and non-adherent cells, respectively) (p Conclusions 212Pb-mAb 376.96 specifically binds to B7-H3 expressing ovarian cancer cells. This RIT agent eliminates both differentiated ovarian cancer cells and ovarian CICs in vitro. Lastly, 212Pb-mAb 376.96 targets ovarian cancer tissue in vivo and significantly prolongs the survival of mice bearing an aggressive model of ovarian cancer. These results suggest that B7-H3-specific 212Pb-mAb 376.96 is a useful reagent to optimize and implement RIT of ovarian cancer. This research was supported in part by NIH R21CA173120.
Harvesting wind energy to detect weak signals using mechanical stochastic resonance

Wind is free and ubiquitous and can be harnessed in multiple ways. We demonstrate mechanical stochastic resonance in a tabletop experiment in which wind energy is harvested to amplify weak periodic signals detected via the movement of an inverted pendulum. Unlike earlier mechanical stochastic resonance experiments, where noise was added via electrically driven vibrations, our broad-spectrum noise source is a single flapping flag. The regime of the experiment is readily accessible, with wind speeds ∼20 m/s and signal frequencies ∼1 Hz. We readily obtain signal-to-noise ratios on the order of 10 dB.
Concluding Our Invited Essay Series: “Critical Engagements with the Politics of ‘Extremism’ and Schooling”

In the year since the editors at Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education first discussed the possibility of this series, the intersections of schooling with race, religion, citizenship, and se...
Nitrogen Oxides: Vehicle Emissions and Atmospheric Chemistry

An overview of vehicle emissions, ambient concentrations, and atmospheric chemistry of NO, NO2, and N2O is presented. We start with a discussion of air quality standards and trends in NO2 levels. We then discuss the formation of nitrogen oxides in vehicle engines, technologies used to control emissions of nitrogen oxides, and the trends in vehicle emissions.
Scaling down the “Netherlands Fallacy”: a local-level quantitative study of the effect of affluence on the carbon footprint across the United States

Abstract Much quantitative research examining the determinants of the ecological footprint has been conducted cross-nationally, where data on cross-boundary flows have been readily available. While local-level studies of the footprint do exist for specific localities, most quantitative research at this scale has examined direct environmental impacts attributed to the internal activities of the locality, for instance, carbon emissions. Our analysis builds on this previous work by exploiting a local-level carbon footprint dataset with coverage for 28,321 zip codes across the United States. Following prior research, we focus on the effect of local affluence, measured in terms of median household income. In spatial regression models, we regress the per capita carbon footprint on local affluence, controlling for a variety of other factors. Consistent with previous work, we find that affluence is positively correlated the carbon footprint and there is no evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve. In the conclusion, we review the results of the study and discuss their implications for policy, specifically in terms of cross-boundary environmental problems.
Alternatively activated macrophages attenuate influenza-induced acute lung injury in mice heterozygous for the F508del mutation in CFTR. (INC6P.314)

Infection with influenza A virus can result in acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by pulmonary edema and hypoxemia. We found that influenza-induced ALI in C57BL/6 (WT) mice was associated with increased bronchoalveolar epithelial cell Cl- secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel. Influenza-induced ALI was highly attenuated in C57BL/6-congenic mice that are heterozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation (HETs), which exhibit a 50% reduction in CFTR expression and CFTR-mediated Cl- transport. This beneficial phenotype was alveolar macrophage (AM)-dependent and was not due to differences in viral replication between mouse strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of HET AMs in the attenuation of influenza-induced ALI. We hypothesized that ALI attenuation in influenza-infected HET mice results from “alternative” activation (M2 polarization) of HET AMs in response to infection. Compared to WT AMs, Arginase 1 (Arg1) protein expression was higher while inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein was lower in HET AMs following infection. Arg1 enzymatic activity was also higher in HET AM lysates. BALF from HET mice contained higher levels of urea and lower levels of nitrate/nitrite (end-products of Arg1 and iNOS, respectively) than WT. These findings indicate that reduced CFTR expression/activity promotes an anti-inflammatory, M2 AM polarization response to influenza infection, which contributes to ALI attenuation.
PROCEDURAL OUTCOMES OF MULTIPLE CTO INTERVENTION CARRIED OUT IN THE SAME PROCEDURE: INSIGHT FROM A MULTICENTER CTO REGISTRY

The frequency and outcomes of patients undergoing chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of more than one CTO during the same procedure have received limited study. We compared the clinical features and procedural outcomes in patients who underwent treatment of a
Structural and Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Physiologic Heart Hypertrophy of Pregnancy are Reversed Postpartum

We have previously characterized pregnancy-induced physiological heart hypertrophy. Pregnancy is associated with ventricular hypertrophy and short-term systolic and diastolic dysfunction due to volume-overload. Here we investigated whether cardiac structural and hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy are reversed postpartum. Female mice (3-4month, C57BL/6) were used in non-pregnant diestrus-stage (NP), late pregnant (LP), 1-day postpartum (PP1), or 7-days PP (PP7). Echocardiography and cardiac-catheterisation were performed to monitor cardiac-hemodynamics. RT-PCR was performed to determine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) transcripts. Trichrome staining for cardiac fibrosis and CD31 immunostaining for cardiac angiogenesis were performed. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Values were mean±SE. LP was associated with heart hypertrophy (p<0.05 vs. NP) that was reversed 7-days PP (heart weight: NP=120±3, LP= 163±2, PP1= 145±2, PP7= 117±1 mg). Conversely, heart weight/body weight (hw/bw) ratio was decreased in LP (p<0.05 vs. NP) that was reversed in PP1 (hw/bw: NP=5.9±0.1, LP= 4.5±0.1, PP1= 5.6±0.1). LV ejection fraction was reduced in LP (p<0.05 vs. NP) and was also restored at PP1 (NP=74±4, LP= 57±1, PP1= 73±1%). Cardiac angiogenesis was significantly increased in LP (p<0.001 vs. NP), and was fully restored in PP7 (p<0.001 vs. LP) (Capillary density: NP=0.95±0.01, LP=1.25±0.02, PP7=0.98±0.01 capillaries/myocyte). Similarly, VEGF was upregulated in LP, and was restored in PP7 (NP=1±0.1, LP=1.4 ±0.1, PP7=0.83±0.1). There was no increase in cardiac fibrosis in pregnancy-induced heart hypertrophy. Transcript levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzyme MMP2 were downregulated in LP (p<0.05 vs. NP) and were restored at 7-days PP (NP=1±0.01, LP=0.47±0.03, PP7=0.70±0.1). In conclusion, pregnancy-induced heart hypertrophy is associated with increased cardiac angiogenesis, lack of fibrosis, decreased MMP2 and decreased diastolic function of the heart that are reversed postpartum. We speculate that physiologic heart hypertrophy of pregnancy has minimal cardiac ECM remodeling.
Abby as Ally: An Argument for Culturally Disruptive Pedagogy.

This article re-stories the navigation of one White female student, Abby, enrolled in a 12th grade ethnic studies course titled Native American literature. Abby reveals tensions, disruptions, and s...
The luteal phase in polycystic ovary syndrome during ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin with and without leuprolide acetate

Little data exist on the effects of adjunctive therapy with leuprolide acetate (LA) in the luteal phase of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). Additionally, it is not known whether gonadal steroid concentrations in the luteal phase of induced cycles in PCOS are predictive of pregnancy. In this prospective, randomized study comparing cycles using hMG alone (n=26) with cycles using hMG with LA (n=33), no differences were noted between treatment groups in progesterone (P), estradiol (E 2 ), and P:E 2 ratios on luteal days 3, 6, and 9. When all treatment cycles were pooled, there were no differences in P, E 2 , or P:E 2 ratios, comparing conception and nonconception cycles. We conclude that adjunctive therapy with LA in PCOS patients undergoing ovulation induction with hMG does not alter the luteal phase concentrations of P, E 2 , and P:E 2 . Furthermore, no correlation was found between the serum concentrations of these luteal phase steroids and cycle fecundity.
Moment-Rotation Response of Double-Angle Bolted Connections

Moment-rotation curves for double-angle, bolted, gusset plate connections are obtained by eleven full scale tests, using single connection cantilever arrangement. The specimen consisted of two 5 × 3½ × in., A36 steel angles connected to a in. thick gusset plate with 1, 2, 3, or 4 numbers of ¾ in. diameter, A325-N type high strength bolts. Also given are predicted moment rotation curves obtained by regression analysis using a polynomial fit. The influence of connection restraint on elastic stability of double angle columns is then briefly described.
Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities.

Soft tissue sarcomas are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise in the connective tissues throughout the body. They account for approximately 1% of adult malignancies and 7% to 15% of pediatric malignancies. About 50% to 60% of sarcomas occur in the extremities, and although they are rare, they are responsible for more deaths than testicular cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, and thyroid cancer combined (1). These tumors are notorious for recurring and metastasizing—often with devastating results—despite apparently complete resection. INCIDENCE The National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Result (SEER) Program in 1996 reported 6400 new cases of soft tissue sarcoma, including 3500 in males and 2900 in females (2), for a male-to-female ratio of about 1.2:1. Deaths were reported in 1800 males and 1900 females, so although males are more likely to develop sarcoma, females are more likely to die of it. The 1996 SEER data revealed significant changes from 1990: 700 more new cases and 600 more deaths were reported (3). Devesa studied the decades from the 1970s through the 1990s, however, and observed no such increase (4). This discrepancy may be attributed to the large number of Kaposi’s sarcoma cases that were reported in the 1980s and 1990s and included in the SEER data. Data from the SEER program indicate that African Americans are clearly more predisposed to develop sarcomas than are whites (with the exception of blood vessel sarcomas, which in this scheme included Kaposi’s sarcoma) (Table 1) (5). The predilection for development of sarcomas in males was shown for all histologic subtypes except stromal sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas. The higher incidence of leiomyosarcomas in females is probably due to the occurrence of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Approximately 40% of all sarcomas occur in people older than 55 years. The incidence rate in the general population is 1.4 per 100,000 but rises to 8 per 100,000 for people older than 80 years. The distribution of histologic types varies by age. For example, rhabdomyosarcoma is mostly a tumor of the young; synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma occur in younger adults; and malignant fibrous histiocytomas occur more often in mature adults (6). In contrast to the biologic behavior of carcinomas, which varies dramatically depending on the site and therefore the cell type of origin, that of soft tissue sarcomas is similar regardless of
Molecular Approaches to the Spreading Problem of Drug Resistant Malaria

In 1891, only ten years after Jean Louis Alphonse Laveran first discovered the human malaria parasite, Paul Ehrlich observed that methylene blue specifically stained malaria parasites, and he reasoned that the dye might have potential as an antimalarial treatment. When a 21 year old man with fever, chills, a headache and parasites in his blood failed to improve after a week of observation, Erlich began daily infusions of 0.5g of methylene blue. This regimen caused the patient’s fever to clear quickly and his parasitemia to resolve by the eighth day of treatment. Similar results were obtained in a second case, the only ill effect of the treatment being blue urine.1
FORMULATION DEVLOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOATING MICROSPHERES CONTAINING CINNARIZINE

Gastroretentive dosage forms have potential for use as controlled- release drug delivery systems. The aim of the present study is formulation and characterization of floating microspheres using Cinnarizine as a model drug for the management of Emesis. Floating microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using Sodium Alginate, Guar gum and Eudragit S100 as release retarding polymers. The floating microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield (%), Mean particle size, drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, In vitro Buoyancy and in vitro drug release studies. Compatibility studies were performed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The prepared microspheres showed prolonged drug release of 12 h. The optimized formulation (F11) showed better drug release 99.61% for 12 hours. It was concluded that developed floating microspheres of Cinnarizine offers a suitable and practical approach for prolonged release of drug over an extended period of time and thus oral bioavailability, efficacy and patient compliance is improved.
De la política de la imaginación a la política Imaginal

El presente articulo se propone reevaluar el vinculo conceptual entre la politica y nuestra capacidad de crear imagenes. A pesar de que se ha escrito mucho en torno a la politica de la imaginacion, no hay muchos trabajos que evaluen criticamente el vinculo conceptual entre estos dos conceptos de una forma sistematica. Este escrito propone el concepto de Imaginal, entendido como aquello hecho por imagenes, para trascender el impasse actual de la oposicion, por una parte, entre teorias de la imaginacion como una facultad individual, y por otra, teoria de lo imaginario como un contexto social. A raiz de lo dicho, se fundamentara que la teoria de lo imaginal es el instrumento teorico que mas se adapta para comprender la relacion conceptual entre la politica y nuestra capacidad de producir imagenes. Por ultimo, este analisis se aplica a la politica contemporanea y demuestra su capacidad de esclarecer muchas de sus paradojas, incluida aquella de un mundo de la politica lleno de imagenes, pero privado de imaginacion.
Men’s Experiences of Miscarriage: A Passive Phenomenological Analysis of Online Data

Miscarriage is a pervasive health care concern for couples. The impacts of miscarriage on men have not received adequate attention in the literature. The aim of this research was to understand the ...
Effect of in situ thermal cycle annealing on GaN film properties grown on (001) and (111) GaAs, and sapphire substrates

The effect of in-situ thermal cycle annealing (TCA) has been investigated for GaN growth on GaAs(lOO), GaAs(111) and sapphire substrates. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and surface morphology studies were performed for this purpose. Enhanced cubic phase characteristics were observed by employing annealingfor GaN layers grown on (001) GaAs. The thickness of the layer subject to annealing is critical in determining the phase of the subsequently grown layer. Thin initial layers appear to permit maintenance of the cubic phase characteristics shown by the substrate, while hexagonal phase characteristics are manifested for thick initial layers. Higher temperature of annealing of thick pre-annealed layers results in changes from mixed cubic/hexagonal phase to pure hexagonal phase. Growth on GaAs(111) substrates showed single cubic phase characteristics and similar enhancement of crystal quality by using TCA as for layers on GaAs(OOl). Micro-cracks were found to be present after TCA on GaAs(lll) substrates. Thermal cycling also appears to be beneficial for layers grown on sapphire substrates.
Recovery of Noisy Points on Bandlimited Surfaces: Kernel Methods Re-Explained

We introduce a continuous domain framework for the recovery of points on a surface in high dimensional space, represented as the zero-level set of a bandlimited function. We show that the exponential maps of the points on the surface satisfy annihilation relations, implying that they lie in a finite dimensional subspace. The subspace properties are used to derive sampling conditions, which will guarantee the perfect recovery of the surface from finite number of points. We rely on nuclear norm minimization to exploit the low-rank structure of the maps to recover the points from noisy measurements. Since the direct estimation of the surface is computationally prohibitive in very high dimensions, we propose an iterative reweighted algorithm using the “kernel trick”. The iterative algorithm reveals deep links to Laplacian based algorithms widely used in graph signal processing; the theory and the sampling conditions can serve as a basis for discrete-continuous domain processing of signals on a graph.
Safety of delayed decannulation of venoarterial cannulas in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background The practice of “cutting-away” from venoarterial extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and leaving indwelling heparinized cannulas prior to decannulation is controversial. This study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of this strategy in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) who require ECLS. Methods A single-center retrospective review of electronic health records was performed on all patients with CDH who underwent elective ECLS decannulation between January 2014 and September 2018. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians with interquartile range. Results Seventy-three percent (19/26) of patients who underwent venoarterial ECLS for CDH were electively decannulated. After a median ECLS run of 10.7 days [6.1–19.5], patients were “cut-away” for a median of 26 h [19.8–43] prior to decannulation. One patient required re-initiation at 36 h for a pulmonary hypertensive crisis (5%). There were no major bleeding or embolic events while “cut-away”, and four (21%) patients had clots removed from the cannulas without clinical sequelae. One patient was recannulated 16 days following initial decannulation. Conclusions Our data suggests that “cutting-away” from ECLS in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is safe and allows a period of observation without significant complications. This strategy may be particularly helpful in patients at risk for recannulation, but better prognostic criteria are needed. Level of Evidence Level IV. Type of Study Treatment Study.
RNAi: Applications in Vertebrate Pest Management

Sequence-directed inhibition of protein synthesis by RNAi has potential as a means to control pest wildlife. Species specific by design, RNAi reduces impacts on nontarget species and the environment. Additional research advancing the field of RNAi-based management of vertebrate pest wildlife is timely.
Novel primary literature-based alternative to comprehensive final examination for undergraduate virology course.

A novel approach is described using primary literature manuscripts for the final examination of an upper level undergraduate course in virology. This innovative technique was applied as an alternative to a core comprehensive final examination. A recent primary literature paper in virology was assigned several weeks before the end of the semester. Students were instructed to procure the electronic version of the manuscript, and to thoroughly read, highlight and outline the manuscript in advance. The examination was administered with an open book format and students were encouraged to bring laptops to access information as needed to answer questions. This primary literature-based examination format is presented here as an alternative to a comprehensive final exam. By comparing student examination scores for both final examination formats over a period of 11 years, it was determined that student performance was strong and not statistically different when compared to conventional comprehensive final examinations. Thus, the examination format described here was a useful assessment tool that provided students with valuable exposure to the discipline specific primary literature. While this article describes an application to an undergraduate virology course, the same examination techniques could be successfully applied to examinations in undergraduate or graduate classes in any areas of biochemistry and molecular biology.
Characteristics of Animals Used in Zoo Interpretation: A Synthesis of Research:

Most research on the use of animals in zoo interpretation focuses on visitor knowledge and attitude change, with little emphasis on the characteristics of the animals used as interpretive tools. A ...
3D fuzzy graphene microelectrode array for dopamine sensing at sub-cellular spatial resolution

Abstract The development of a high sensitivity real-time sensor for multi-site detection of dopamine (DA) with high spatial and temporal resolution is of fundamental importance to study the complex spatial and temporal pattern of DA dynamics in the brain, thus improving the understanding and treatments of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In response to this need, here we present high surface area out-of-plane grown three-dimensional (3D) fuzzy graphene (3DFG) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for highly selective, sensitive, and stable DA electrochemical sensing. 3DFG microelectrodes present a remarkable sensitivity to DA (2.12 ± 0.05 nA/nM, with LOD of 364.44 ± 8.65 pM), the highest reported for nanocarbon MEAs using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV). The high surface area of 3DFG allows for miniaturization of electrode down to 2 × 2 μm2, without compromising the electrochemical performance. Moreover, 3DFG MEAs are electrochemically stable under 7.2 million scans of continuous FSCV cycling, present exceptional selectivity over the most common interferents in vitro with minimum fouling by electrochemical byproducts and can discriminate DA and serotonin (5-HT) in response to the injection of their 50:50 mixture. These results highlight the potential of 3DFG MEAs as a promising platform for FSCV based multi-site detection of DA with high sensitivity, selectivity, and spatial resolution.
The Individualization of the Little Talks Intervention: Implications for Modular Treatment Designs:

Modular treatment designs enable interventionists to adapt intervention content to individual clients, a process referred to as individualization. Little is known about individualization processes ...
PINN Simulation of the Temperature Rise Due to Ultrasound Wave Propagation

In the past few years, deep learning and its practical form of deep neural networks have been effectively used in a wide range of research areas. Researchers applied the deep learning techniques into solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) achieved significant results. A current approach known as Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN), has evolved as a remarkable method to implement deep learning with the corresponding physics laws in forms of given linear or nonlinear PDEs. Using PINNs to solve PDEs can eliminate the requirements of elements grid needed in classical computational methods, such as finite difference or finite element methods. When approximating the solution of a PDE using a machine learning algorithm, it is vital to constrain the neural network to minimize the PDE residual. In this paper, a PINN architecture is presented, which employs the transient bioheat transfer equation (tBHTE) into a neural network to predict the temperature rise. The thermal model simulates the heat conduction generated from the wave propagating from ultrasound transducers. The solution of the tBHTE using PINNs utilizes a mesh-free domain while still maintaining a certain accuracy compared to conventional numerical methods. Further study of solving tBHTE with multi-elements ultrasound transducers can be generally applied to focused ultrasound treatments in order to predict the heat generation in more complex heterogeneous domains.
Systems Specifying Information Systems for Coping with Social Complexity

The concepts and variables used to specify information systems for bibliographic searches or current awareness of literature are not sufficient for specifying data systems to help planners or managers to cope with situations involving complex tasks in business, politics, urban affairs, military matters or day-to-day personal problems. A new kind of specification for such information is needed. A useful specification should be sensitive to: (1) who will use the system; (2) whether or not it will be used in complex task-situations; (3) what generalizable and valid knowledge exists in the behavioral, social and information sciences that can be applied or transferred to the system’s design. To provide for a good fit to the user, the specification should include variables characterizing “human factors”, organizational factors that reflect a recognition of how the importance of “peopleware” has surpassed that of hardware and software. To provide for a good match with the complexity of the task-situation in which the information system is to help, a new conceptualization of complexity will be offered. To provide for the utilization of basic knowledge in the design of information systems, a multi-level analysis for how to predict change and utilization of social science knowledge will be extended and applied.
Discussion of serotonin, norepinephrine, and fever

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an account of the pharmacological experiments to study the relation between brain monoamine levels and fever in the rabbit, which states that the balance in the release of monoamines from the cells of the anterior hypothalamus is the mechanism whereby temperature is maintained and controlled. The chapter also presents a relationship between the degree of hyperthermia caused by leukocytic pyrogen and the selective depletion of 5-HT by p -chlorophenylalanine or NE by α -methyl- p -tyrosine. An interesting finding is the potentiation of a leukocytic pyrogen fever in the rabbit following the injection of the precursor's 5-HTP and dopa. The results of microinjections into the anterior hypothalamus of a conscious monkey are presented. In rhesus monkey, a change in temperature depends critically on the dose of 5-HT injected into the third cerebral ventricle or anterior hypothalamus. The brain transfusion studies have revealed a number of facts, including the first direct evidence of a functionally specific release of transmitter substance from the central nervous system of a conscious animal.
Controller assigned airborne separation (CAAS) result of strategic pairwise study

A study of the controller-assigned airborne separation (CAAS) strategic crossing application has been completed by the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD). The strategic CAAS procedure permits delegation of separation authority from the air traffic controller to the aircrew in specific situations, while assisted by ground-based automation for conflict detection and resolution, as well as data communication for clearance delivery. Nine former air traffic controllers worked various simulated air traffic scenarios both with and without strategic CAAS. Controller performance measures and subjective responses were collected and analyzed. Overall, results indicate that the concept of CAAS is promising. Controllers reported that it could be a useful procedure for reducing workload and therefore contribute to a more productive work environment. They also indicated that it is a reasonable step in the evolution of more sophisticated tools and procedures. Further research is proposed in four areas: (1) additional controller applications for CAAS, (2) pilot evaluations, (3) integrated pilot-controller experiments, and (4) analysis of benefits and costs.
φ-meson photoproduction off the protons by using linearly polarized photons in the mid- to higher-t regimes at threshold energies

Observables from vector meson photoproduction by linearly-polarized photons can be expressed in term of bilinear combinations of helicity amplitudes parameterized by the Spin Density Matrix Elements (SDMEs). These SDMEs give straightforward relations for understanding the nature of the parity exchange at threshold energies, as well as for extracting signatures of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka violation. This paper will show preliminary measurements of SDMEs for p → p in the photon energy range of 1.7 to 1.9 GeV (momentum transfer squared t range of −1.2 to −0.25 GeV2) and 1.9 to 2.1 GeV (t range of −1.4 to −0.25 GeV2) from the g8b experimental data collected in the summer of 2005 in the Hall B of Jefferson Lab.
Enumeration of Escherichia coli in Frozen Samples After Recovery from Injury

More than 90% of the surviving cells of Escherichia coli NCSM were injured after freezing in water at -78 C. Injury was determined by the ability of cells to form colonies on Trypticase soy agar with yeast extract but not on violet red-bile agar and deoxycholate-lactose agar. Exposure of the injured cells to Brilliant Green-bile broth and lauryl sulfate broth prevented subsequent colony formation on Trypticase soy agar with yeast extract. The freeze-injury could be repaired rapidly in a medium such as Trypticase soy broth with yeast extract (TSYB). The repaired cells formed colonies on violet red-bile agar and deoxycholate-lactose agar and were not inhibited by Brilliant Green-bile broth and lauryl sulfate broth. At least 90% of the cells repaired in TSYB within 30 min at 20 to 45 C and began multiplication within 2 h at 25 C. When the cells were frozen in different foods, 60 to 90% of the survivors were injured. Repair of the injured cells occurred in foods during 1 h at 25 C, but generally repair was greater and more reproducible when the foods were incubated in TSYB. The study indicated that the repair of freeze-injured coliform bacteria should be accomplished before such cells are exposed to selective media for their enumeration.
Peter Dickinson, editor, Samuel Barber Remembered: A Centenary Tribute

Samuel Barber (1910–1981) is one of the United States' most popular composers. His Adagio for Strings (1936) has become our national song of mourning while his Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (1947) set ...
Herbivore enamel carbon isotopic composition and the environmental context of Ardipithecus at Gona, Ethiopia

Ardipithecus fossils found in late Miocene and early Pliocene deposits in the Afar region of Ethiopia, along with Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad and Orrorin tugenensis from Kenya, are among the earliest known human ancestors and are considered to be the predecessors to the subsequent australopithecines (Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis). Current paleoenvironmental reconstructions suggest a wooded habitat for both Ardipithecus kadabba and Ardipithecus ramidus but more open and varied environments for other hominids living in Africa during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. To further evaluate the environmental context of Ardipithecus, we present stable carbon isotope data of 182 fossil herbivore teeth from Ardipithecus-bearing fossil deposits in the Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project area, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. The sampled teeth include representatives of all major fossil herbivore taxa and the majority of the mammalian biomass that lived in the same time and place as the hominids. When compared to extant herbivores from East Africa, the spectra of isotopic results from herbivores found in late Miocene Ar. kadabba and early Pliocene Ar. ramidus sites at Gona are most similar to isotopic values from extant herbivores living in bushland and grassland regions and dissimilar to those from herbivores living in closed-canopy forests, montane forests, and high-elevation grasslands. The tooth enamel isotopic data from fossil herbivores make it clear that Ardipithecus at Gona lived among a guild of animals whose diet was dominated by C_4 grass, and where there is no record of closed-canopy vegetation.
Value of a small control group for estimating intervention effectiveness: results from simulations of immunization effectiveness studies

Aim: To improve evidence for public health practice, the conduct of effectiveness studies by practitioners is needed and may be stimulated if knowledge that smaller than usual samples may provide the same reliability of intervention effect size as larger samples. Materials & methods: We examined reliability of intervention effect using computerized simulations of 2000 hypothetical immunization effectiveness studies from an actual study population and by small (30 and 60) and larger (100 and 200) control groups compared with an intervention group of 200 participants. Results & conclusion: Across simulated studies, the mean intervention effect (14%) and effect sizes were equivalent regardless of control group size and equal to the actual study effect. These results are relevant for similarly designed and executed studies and indicate that studies with smaller control groups can generate valid and accurate evidence for effective public health practice in communities.
Nonemergency Involuntary Antipsychotic Medication in Prison: Effects on Prison Inpatient Days and Disciplinary Charges

We hypothesized that treating mentally ill inmates involuntarily with antipsychotic medication would reduce the number of prison inpatient days and the number of inmates who receive disciplinary charges. The subjects were 133 mentally ill inmates who were placed on the New Jersey Department of Corrections (NJ DOC) nonemergency involuntary medication protocol and received antipsychotic medication for at least one year. No difference was noted in an inmate's mean number of prison inpatient days in the year before versus the year during involuntary medication. Fewer inmates received serious disciplinary charges during the year of involuntary medication relative to the year before, when they were not medicated. In addition, there were decreases in mean instances and mean total number of charges during involuntary medication versus before. Neither an increased number of inpatient days nor depot medication accounted for the inmates who incurred no charges while receiving involuntary medication.
Applications of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Structures to Electrical Machinery

A variety of promising permanent magnet structures based upon the magic cylinder and magic mangle concepts are investigated with regard to their suitability for application to electrical generators and motors. Such structures feature high magnetic flux densities in large volumes relative to their masses and bulks as well as minimal stray fields and net magnetic moments. Magic mangles also afford small moments of inertia of their rotating elements thereby resulting in improved rotational responsiveness. One computer calculation showed that a small conventional electric generator can be replaced by a magic mangle with 70% more flux amplitude but with only one half the mass and bulk.
Safety assessment of breast cancer detection via ultrawideband microwave radar operating in pulsed-radiation mode

We conduct an finite-difference time-domain computational electromagnetic analysis of the safety of ultrawideband microwave breast cancer detection techniques. Pulses are transmitted into anatomically realistic MRI-derived numerical breast phantoms with different levels of tissue heterogeneity as well as foreign entities such as implants and surgical clips, and the specific absorption is computed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 221–225, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22089
GLOBAL SOLUTIONS TO THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR COMPRESSIBLE HEAT-CONDUCTING FLOW WITH SYMMETRY AND FREE BOUNDARY

Global solutions of the multidimensional Navier-Stokes equations for compressible heat-conducting flow are constructed, with spherically symmetric initial data of large oscillation between a static...
Lateralizing value of unilateral motor and somatosensory manifestations in frontal lobe seizures.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the lateralizing value of unilateral somatosensory aura, unilateral tonic posturing, head version, non-forced head turning, ictal cloni, dystonic posturing, and postictal nose wiping in seizures originating in the frontal lobe. Methods: We included patients who had consecutively undergone presurgical evaluation with ictal video-EEG monitoring at our institution, had had resective epilepsy surgery involving the frontal lobe, and had remained seizure-free >1 year after operation. Twenty-seven patients aged 1–42 years (mean 18) met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen patients had right-sided, 12 patients had left-sided epileptogenic regions. Seizures recorded during EEG-video monitoring were re-evaluated by two investigators in order to identify lateralization signs in frontal lobe seizures. One of the investigators was blind to patients’ clinical data. Results: We analyzed 153 seizures of 27 patients. The most common unilateral phenomenon was the unilateral tonic posturing occurring in 48% of all the patients and in 25% of all seizures. Somatosensory aura and head version appeared exclusively contralateral whereas clonus occurred in 92% and unilateral tonic posturing in 89% of seizures contralateral to the epileptogenic region. Ictal non-forced head turning and postictal nose wiping showed no lateralizing significance. Dystonic posturing did not occur. Conclusions: Somatosensory aura, head version, ictal cloni, and tonic posturing are reliable lateralizing signs in frontal seizures. These signs may help in identifying the epileptogenic region during presurgical evaluation of patients suffering from frontal lobe epilepsy.
Ion-exchange of amminated palladium and platinum in synthetic sodium zeolites

Abstract The ion-exchange characteristics of amminated Pt(II) and Pd(II) ions in the synthetic zeolites Na-X, Na-Y and sodium mordenite were measured. Equilibrium studies were conducted at 25°C and at a total solution normality of 0.1 g equiv. dm−3. Highly selective isotherms, exhibiting partial exchange, were observed in all cases. For both the [Pt(NH3)4]2+ and the [Pd(NH3)4]2+ ions, the selectivity sequence was observed to be MOR>Y> X. The results are compared with other recent work on ion-exchange in zeolites involving amminated transition or noble metal ions.
Clostridium difficile in the Long-Term Care Facility: Prevention and Management.

Residents of long-term care facilities are at high risk for Clostridium difficile infection due to frequent antibiotic exposure in a population already rendered vulnerable to infection due to advanced age, multiple comorbid conditions and communal living conditions. Moreover, asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic C. difficile and recurrent infections are prevalent in this population. Here, we discuss epidemiology and management of C. difficile infection among residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Also, recognizing that both the population and culture differ significantly from those in hospitals, we also address prevention strategies specific to LTCFs.
Calculation of the cross sections for the photoionization of H2 and D2 into different vibrational states of the ion

Abstract The dependence of the electronic transition moment on the internuclear distance is explicitly taken into account in the calculation of the photoionization cross section. Thus, the partial ionization cross sections for producing different vibrational states of the residual ion are obtained without invoking the Franck-Condon factor approximation. The exact electrostatic potential of H 2 + , as well as the two-center Coulomb field, is used in the evaluation of the continuum wave function. The result can explain fairly well the ratios of the partial cross sections measured at 584 A. The effect of the polarization of H 2 + due to the departing photoelectron is also studied and found to be small as far as the relative cross section is concerned. The total photoionization cross sections of H 2 and D 2 are compared with previous results obtained by other authors.
HIV Testing Without Consent in Critically Ill Patients

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING 3 NEWLY ADMITTED PAtients. The first patient has marked hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation and is found to have nonspecific, bilateral, alveolar infiltrates on chest radiography. The second patient has had a severe change in mental status and on brain imaging has an enhancing lesion exerting a mass effect. The third patient has high fevers, ventilator-dependent respiratory failure, and diffuse nodular infiltrates on chest radiography, with negative blood, urine, and sputum cultures after 48 hours. In each of these cases, the next steps in physicians’ diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms could be usefully informed by knowledge of the patients’ immunocompetency. Knowing that these patients had recently used immunosuppressive therapies, or were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), would substantially increase the probabilities of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in the first patient, toxoplasmosis in the second patient, and disseminated fungal or mycobacterial infections in the third patient. Indeed, knowledge of immunocompromise would result in disease probabilities that surpass many clinicians’ treatment thresholds, leading them to treat these conditions empirically, rather than await the results of bronchoscopy in the first patient, brain biopsy in the second, or lung biopsy in the third. Because of the complication risks and financial costs of these procedures, some clinicians may even forgo them entirely unless or until evidence arose that the patients were not responding to empirical therapy. Thus, knowledge of immunosuppression would lead to earlier application of potentially life-saving therapies, and might reduce the costs and complications associated with potentially unnecessary procedures. Speaking with family members or other health care professionals should reveal the use of immunosuppressive drugs; but for many patients, a history of HIV testing may be absent or unavailable. Because laws and standards of practice currently prevent HIV testing without specific consent, emergency HIV testing, which can be completed in 10 to 30 minutes, cannot proceed among patients who are mentally incompetent (ie, those lacking the capacity to make informed decisions). Forced to treat these patients without knowledge of HIV status, many physicians might order tests for presumed surrogate markers of HIV-induced immunocompromise. However, among the potential surrogate markers, absolute lymphocyte counts provide little knowledge of immune function or HIV status, and CD4 lymphocyte counts are unreliable in critically ill patients. Although the ratio of CD4:CD8 lymphocytes may be preserved in critical illness, testing for this ratio in lieu of formal HIV testing represents a deceitful attempt to get around current restrictions.
Catalytic activity of Pd/Cu random alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction

Trends in oxygen reduction activity of Pd/Cu bimetallic random alloy nanoparticles are determined with calculations of oxygen binding for a range of compositions. A reduction in the average oxygen binding is found as Cu is added to Pd, indicating an increase in catalytic activity up to a peak at 1:1 Pd/Cu ratio. Calculations show that Cu reduces the Pd–O binding energy and Pd increases the Cu–O binding energy. These changes are understood in terms of charge transfer from Pd to Cu, lowering the d-band center of Pd and raising that of Cu. The peak in activity occurs because these two effects not equivalent. A greater overlap between the d-states of Pd and the adsorbed oxygen makes the reduction in binding at Pd more significant than the increase in binding at Cu. We present a simple model of the average binding energy that can generally predict activity trends in random alloys.