cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integer Programming Applied to Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning ∗

In intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) not only is the shape of the beam controlled, but combinations of open and closed multileaf collimators modulate the intensity as well. In this paper, we offer a mixed integer programming approach which allows optimization over beamlet fluence weights as well as beam and couch angles. Computational strategies, including a constraint and column generator, a specialized set-based branching scheme, a geometric heuristic procedure, and the use of disjunctive cuts, are described. Our algorithmic design thus far has been motivated by clinical cases. Numerical tests on real patient cases reveal that good treatment plans are returned within 30 minutes. The MIP plans consistently provide superior tumor coverage and conformity, as well as dose homogeneity within the tumor region while maintaining a low irradiation to important critical and normal tissues.
Baseline Susceptibility of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to CrylAb Toxin: 1998–2000

‘Attribute’ sweet corn containing a crylAb gene (Bt11 Event) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was registered for commercial use in 1998. A requirement of registration was to conduct baseline susceptibility studies to CrylAb toxin in fall armyworm populations collected from sweet corn growing areas in south Texas and south Florida. In addition, fall armyworm populations collected in sweet corn growing areas must be annually monitored for changes in susceptibility to the CrylAb protein. Fall armyworm larvae were collected near Belle Glade, FL, Homestead, FL, Weslaco, TX, and Corpus Christi, TX, in 1998 through 2000 and evaluated for susceptibility to CrylAb toxin. The Tifton Laboratory colony of fall armyworm that has been in culture for more than 10 yrs was used as the susceptible control. Comparison of the calculated LC50S for the various colonies did not indicate an appreciable change in susceptibility during the period 1998–2000. These data provide baseline information as to the susceptibility of th...
Chapter 2 – Data Processing and Presentation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the data processing and presentation of data in the field of oceanography. Data processing consists of using calibration information to convert instrument values to engineering units and then using specific formulae to produce the geophysical data such as calibration coefficients are used to convert voltages collected in the different channels of a conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) to temperature, pressure, and salinity. These can then be used to derive such quantities as potential temperature and steric height. Once the data are collected, further processing is required to check for errors and to remove erroneous values. Before data records can be examined for errors and further reduced for analysis, they must first be converted to meaningful physical units. The integer format generally used to save storage space and to conduct onboard instrument data processing is not amenable to simple visual examination. Binary and ASCII formats are the two most common ways to store the raw data. The realization by oceanographers of the importance of both along and cross-isopycnal processes has led to the practice of displaying water properties on specific isopycnal surfaces. Since these surfaces do not usually coincide with constant depth levels, the depth of the isopycnal (equal density) surface also is sometimes plotted.
How Protein Materials Balance Strength, Robustness And Adaptability

Proteins constitute crucial building blocks of life, forming biological materials such as hair, bone, spider silk or cells, which play an important role in providing key mechanical functions to biological systems. We present molecular dynamics simulations combined with theoretical modeling, used here to develop predictive multi-scale models of the deformation and fracture behavior of protein materials, capturing atomistic, molecular, meso- and microscopic scales. Through explicitly considering the hierarchical architecture of protein constituents, including the details of their chemical bonding, our models are capable of predicting their mechanical behavior across multiple length- and time-scales, thereby providing a rigorous structure-property relationship. We exemplify the approach in the analysis of two model protein materials, spider silk and intermediate filaments, representing beta-sheet and alpha-helix rich protein structures, respectively. Spider silk is a protein material that can reach the strength of steel, despite the predominant weak hydrogen bonding. Intermediate filaments are an important class of structural proteins responsible for the mechanical integrity of eukaryotic cells, which, if flawed, can cause serious diseases such as the rapid aging disease progeria or muscle dystrophy. For both examples, we present a multi-scale analysis that enables us to understand the structural basis of how these materials balance strength, robustness and adaptability through formation of hierarchical molecular and supermolecular features, and how structural flaws associated with genetic diseases contribute to the failure of these materials to provide biological function. We explain why the utilization of hierarchical features in protein materials is vital to their ability to combine seemingly incompatible properties such as strength and robustness, and adaptability. We discuss the implications of our work for the science of multi-scale interactions in biophysics, and how this knowledge can be utilized to develop de novo bioinspired nanomaterials via a bottom-up design.
Delamination of PB-Free Flip Chip Underfill During 2 nd Level Interconnect Reflow

As the need for the use of Pb-free solder in electronic packaging fields increase, many researches have been conducted to ensure the reliability of the new solder systems. Currently, Sn-based solders are generally accepted as the most promising Pb-free solders. Most of Sn-based solders (e.g. Sn/Ag, Sn/Cu, Sn/Ag/Cu) have similar melting temperatures between 220 and 240. This transition forces electronics industry to lose soldering hierarchy between the first and second level packaging. Specifically, the first level interconnect (flip chip) will be melt again during second level interconnect (BGA) reflow which allows up to 260. In the mean time, the first level interconnect, which is encapsulated by underfill material, experiences phase change from solid to liquid. Similar to most of metals, Sn-based Pb-free solders have volume expansion as much as 4.5% during the phase change. It puts hydrostatic pressure on the surrounding materials such as underfill encapsulation, chip, and substrate and ultimately delaminate the interfaces or crack the underfill material. The pressurized solder is interjected through the failure and make short circuit.
Rest-Site Activity Patterns of Eastern Spotted Skunks in Alabama

Spilogale putorius (Eastern Spotted Skunk) is a nocturnal small carnivore that uses sites within cover for resting, raising of young, and protection from predators and inclement weather. We examined activity patterns of male radio-collared Eastern Spotted Skunks in Alabama by placing game cameras at resting-site entrances during winter and spring. Monitored skunks were strictly nocturnal and were never active before sunset or after sunrise. Ambient temperature and moon illumination influenced skunk activity, with greater aboveground activity occurring at greater ambient temperatures and lower moon illumination. Lower ambient temperatures may decrease skunk activity due to greater thermoregulatory costs and less prey availability. Skunks may reduce aboveground activity during times of greater moon illumination due to increased vulnerability to predation.
DSP Implementation of a Direct Adaptive Feedforward Control Algorithm for Rejecting Repeatable Runout in Hard Disk Drives

A direct adaptive feedforward control method for tracking repeatable runout (RRO) in bit patterned media recording (BPMR) hard disk drives (HDD) is proposed. The technique estimates the system parameters and the residual RRO simultaneously and constructs a feedforward signal based on a known regressor. An improved version of the proposed algorithm to avoid matrix inversion and reduce computation complexity is given. Results for both MATLAB simulation and digital signal processor (DSP) implementation are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Epistemological and Ontological Priors: Varieties of Explicitness and Research Integrity

The original DA-RT transparency agenda aspired to be "epistemically neutral," hoping that open and explicit practices would promote "cross-border understanding" among research traditions, as Lupia and Elman wrote in their 2014 symposium in PS. This claim to neutrality provoked challenges during the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations. Some objected to DA-RT's notion of transparency as narrow and called for broader conceptions of openness or explicitness. Others rejected the very goal of DA-RT, questioning the value of seeking newly explicit standards. This line ran through our Working Group on Ontological and Epistemological Priors, to the point that we opted to write two reports. Our contribution, which is more optimistic about an inclusive version of DA-RT, should therefore be read alongside the one by Timothy Luke, Antonio Vasquez-Arroyo and Mary Hawkesworth. Our full report inventories the views of transparency or explicitness highlighted in the QTD discussions. It notes that scholars' views of transparency reflect different understandings of ethics, the history of science, sociology of knowledge, and cognitive psychology that inform the overall integrity of the research process.
Exploring gender differences among treatment-seekers who use opioids versus alcohol and other drugs.

Identifying clinical differences between opioid users (OU) and alcohol and other drug users (AOD) may help to tailor treatment to OU, particularly among the majority of OU who are not on opioid ago...
Peer pressure and substance use in emerging adulthood: a latent profile analysis

Introduction: Peers play an important role in influencing emerging adults’ substance use behaviors, however, research on peer pressure has typically not been extended beyond adolescence to include ...
The effects of intraspecific and interspecific diversity on food web stability

Although the effects of species diversity on food web stability have long been recognized, relatively little is known about the influence of intraspecific diversity. Empirical work has found that intraspecific diversity can increase community resilience and resistance, but few theoretical studies have attempted to use modeling approaches to determine how intraspecific diversity will affect food web stability. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we added intraspecific diversity to May’s classic random food web model. We found that, like species diversity, intraspecific diversity decreased stability. These effects on stability were not simply attributable to changes in interaction strengths, suggesting that intraspecific diversity can have its own independent effects on stability. Its effect depends on the relationship between inter- and intra-genotype interactions; when competition within genotypes was stronger than among them, food webs were generally more stable than when the converse was true. Overall, our model suggests that determining the direction and the magnitude of intraspecific diversity’s effects on stability in natural systems will require more empirical information about how its inclusion alters patterns of interaction strength and food web topology.
An Interdisciplinary Investigation of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and Associated Symptoms

Background/Purpose Many patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) report a combination of somatic and psychosocial symptoms, however, only a subset meet heart rate criteria associated with true autonomic dysfunction. We compared patients in the following groups: 1) POTS diagnosis, but did not meet heart rate criteria (POTS-HR-Not-Met); 2) participants who met POTS diagnostic HR criteria (POTS-HR-Met); and 3) healthy controls (HC). Methods Patients with an undifferentiated diagnosis of POTS and HCs ages 12-21 years old were invited to participate in a study of autonomic dysfunction and related symptoms. Subjects were asked to hydrate prior to arrival. Orthostatic …
Biocatalytic synthesis of peptidic natural products and related analogues.

Summary Peptidic natural products (PNPs) represent a rich source of lead compounds for the discovery and development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the chemical synthesis of PNPs with diverse modifications for drug research is often faced with significant challenges, including the unavailability of constituent nonproteinogenic amino acids, inefficient cyclization protocols, and poor compatibility with other functional groups. Advances in the understanding of PNP biosynthesis and biocatalysis provide a promising, sustainable alternative for the synthesis of these compounds and their analogues. Here we discuss current progress in using native and engineered biosynthetic enzymes for the production of both ribosomally and nonribosomally synthesized peptides. In addition, we highlight new in vitro and in vivo approaches for the generation and screening of PNP libraries.
Delayed debridement of open tibia fractures beyond 24 and 48 h does not appear to increase infection and reoperation risk

Surgical debridement is critical to the treatment of open tibia fractures, although the effects of delayed debridement have not been well-established. Other factors such as Gustilo-Anderson type, prompt initiation of antibiotics, and time to definitive closure may be more predictive of infection than time to surgery. We sought to determine the effect of a prolonged delay to surgical debridement with respect to infection and reoperation rates for open tibia fractures. All open diaphyseal tibia fractures with > 12-week follow-up were evaluated. Patient demographics, Gustilo-Anderson type, and rates of deep infection and all-cause reoperation were recorded. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on time to surgery: early ( 48 h). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between time to surgery, fracture type, infection, and reoperation. In total, 96 open tibia fractures with average follow-up of 59.3 weeks and infection rate of 13.5% were included. Infection rates for the early, delayed, and late groups were 13.3%, 17.2%, and 9.1%, respectively (p = 0.70). Reoperation rates for the early, delayed, and late groups were 29.8%, 31.0%, and 22.7%, respectively (p = 0.80). The groups did not vary in proportion of Gustilo-Anderson fracture types; infection rates between Gustilo-Anderson types were similar (p = 0.57). Type IIIA-C fractures required more reoperations than other fracture types (p = 0.01). Delayed surgical debridement of open tibia fractures did not result in greater rates of infection or reoperation. Gustilo-Anderson classification was more predictive of reoperation, with Type IIIA-C injuries having a significantly higher reoperation rate.
Der Umwelt-Datenkatalog Niedersachsen

Umwelt-Informationssysteme gestalten sich auf Landesebene als Informationsverbund aus einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher, in sich selbstandiger Teilsysteme, deren Aufbau und Weiterentwicklung zeitlich versetzt und raumlich verteilt erfolgen. Eine Koordination war bislang kaum moglich, Unvertraglichkeiten von Anwendungen und Daten somit zwangslaufig.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalogenide Nanorods, Nanotubes, Segmented Nanorods, and Coaxial Nanorods

Electrodeposition is a key technique to create nanostructures of metals and inorganic semiconductors. Unlike the electrodeposition of metals, the fabrication of nanostructures of binary semiconductors with desired crystallinity and stoichiometry is not straightforward. Herein, we describe the optimization of conditions for the electrodeposition of stoichiometry and crystalline cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and CdSe/CdTe nanostructures. We first identified the optimal conditions for the electrodeposition of CdSe and CdTe with 1:1 stoichiometry by varying the concentrations of Cd and SeO2 (or TeO2) and optimizing the electrodeposition potential. We then optimized the pH of the electrolysis solution for increasing the crystallinity of the deposited structures. We then tested the efficacy of our electrodeposition conditions on substrates such as gold, nickel, and indium tin oxide. We used the optimized conditions to electrodeposit semiconductors within anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)membranes to create oriented CdSe and CdTe nanorods, CdSe/CdTe segmented nanorods, and CdSe/CdTe coaxial nanorods. These optimized electrodeposition conditions add a valuable tool in the synthetic toolbox for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanostructures for solar cell applications.
Conditioned backward probability modeling to identify sources of groundwater contaminants subject to sorption and decay

[1] If contamination is observed in an aquifer, a backward probability model can be used to obtain information about the former position of the observed contamination. A backward location probability density function (PDF) describes the possible former positions of the observed contaminant particle at a specified time in the past. If the source release time is known or can be estimated, the backward location PDF can be used to identify possible source locations. For sorbing solutes, the location PDF depends on the phase (aqueous or sorbed) of the observed contamination and on the phase of the contamination at the source. These PDFs are related to adjoint states of aqueous and sorbed phase concentrations. The adjoint states, however, do not take into account the measured concentrations. Neupauer and Lin (2006) presented an approach for conditioning backward location PDFs on measured concentrations of non-reactive solutes. In this paper, we present a related conditioning method to identify the location of an instantaneous point source of a solute that exhibits first-order decay and linear equilibrium or non-equilibrium sorption. We derive the conditioning equations and present an illustrative example to demonstrate important features of the technique. Finally, we illustrate the use of the conditioned location PDF to identify possible sources of contamination by using data from a trichloroethylene plume at the Massachusetts Military Reservation.
Engineering Design Graphics: Into the 21st Century.

Graphical plans for construction of machinery and architecture have evolved over the last 6,000 years beginning from hieroglyphics to drawings on printable media, from the “Golden Age” of engineering graphics to the innovation of computer graphics and prototyping. The evolution of engineering design graphics as a profession has also evolved. Years before we entered the 21st century, higher education began to address the changes that technology brought to the curriculum. Now that we have entered the 21st century, we must move forward with technological innovations and creative thinking, but be cautious that we do not lose the art of freehand sketching. This paper traces the journey of engineering design graphics and the impact it has had in the academe and on the profession and the way designers work. It addresses the future of the field and the inevitable changes that emerging technologies will bring.
Environmental Health Risk

Risk is defined as the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions. Risk can be assessed with regards to safety, human health, ecology, public welfare, and goodwill. Environmental risk assessment involves both risk assessment and management of natural and technological hazards by estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological, or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system. Environmental health assessment focuses on the aspects of public health and is concerned with the factors (contaminants and hazards), circumstances (exposure scenarios), and conditions in the environment. Health risk assessment process utilizes a series of assumptions, preferably in a conservative range, about the chemical hazards, exposure scenarios, and the toxicological factors in order to characterize the risks with a minimum level of uncertainty. The environmental health risk assessment provides guidelines for assessing human health risks from environmental hazards. Keywords: risk assessment; toxicity; hazards; exposure; dose-response assessment; human health
Clearance of inert molecules, Na, and Cl ions across the primate placenta.

Abstract Transplacental clearances of antipyrine, tritiated water, urea, Na, and Cl ions were studied in the rhesus monkey. In order of decreasing placental permeability determined in vivo, these experiments showed the following order: tritiated water and antipyrine, urea, chloride, and sodium ions. Clearances of tritiated water and antipyrine were equal. The placental clearances of tritiated water and antipyrine were significantly different when determined across the chorion laeve in vitro. These observations suggest that the transplacental diffusion of these molecules is flow limited. The diffusion rates of urea, Na, and Cl ions were limited primarily by the permeability of the placental membrane. The placenta of the rhesus monkey is more permeable to Na and Cl ions than the sheep placenta. Permeability to urea per kilogram of fetal body weight is of the same order of magnitude in both species.
ON BEING A PROFESSOR: THE CHALLENGES OF TODAY AND TOMORROW

This is an essay on facing rapid changes in academia drawn from thirty years of experience as a professor and administrator.
Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross‐Cultural Perspectives

Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Robbie E. Davis-Floyd and Carolyn F. Sargent. eds., with. foreword by Rayna Rapp. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 510 pp.
PNI Biomarkers and Health Outcomes in College Women

Sleep disturbance has been found to trigger a stress response with a subsequent activation of the psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) pathway associated with adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the association among selected PNI biomarkers, sleep disturbances, and adverse health outcomes (depressive symptoms, physical symptoms). A stratified, quota sample (14 poor sleepers and 15 good sleepers) was drawn from a pool of healthy college women from a larger scale of study. The participants reported their sleep, stress, depressive, and physical symptoms. Wrist actigraphy was used to collect objective sleep data, and the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay was used to assess PNI biomarkers. Poor sleep quality, higher stress perception, elevated serum serotonin, and lower serum interleukin-10 explained 75.3% of the variances for the depressive symptoms. Poor sleep quality along with delayed peak activity rhythms accounted 31.4% of the physical symptoms. High serotonin and tumor necrosis factor-α were the significant predictors for poor sleep efficiency, and serotonin was the single significant predictor for poor daytime functioning. Stress and sleep disturbances negatively impact the health of college women and should be as part of regular check-ups on campus. PNI effects on health outcomes should be further explored. Educational materials in the areas of sleep hygiene, health impacts from sleep disturbances, and strategies to maintain synchronized circadian rhythms should be mandatorily included in the college curriculum.
Incorrigible Norms: Foundationalist Theories of Normative Authority

Soulevant la question de l'autorite normative du discours raisonnable, l'A. etablit une analogie entre le projet epistemologique de justification de la croyance et le projet normatif de justification des modes de comportement. L'A. evalue les differents criteres de la norme du point de vue du fondationnalisme normatif.
The mysteries of mass.

Physicists are hunting for an elusive particle that would reveal the presence of a new kind of field that permeates all of reality. Finding that Higgs field will give us a more complete understanding about how the universe works
Studies on wheat plants using C14 compounds. VII. Utilization of pyruvate-2-C14.

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14 remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the...
Comparison of mechanical cryocoolers versus stored cryogens for balloon-borne observations

Abstract This study examines the relative mass required in the use of stored cryogens and mechanical cryocoolers, for cooling of detectors and optics in stratospheric-balloon—borne observatories. Lofted mass per unit heat removed from a cryogenic instrument is calculated, as a function of temperature, for three cooling approaches: (a) the use of stored cryogens; (b) use of an acoustic-Stirling (“pulse tube”) mechanical cryocooler powered by electric storage batteries; and (c) the same cryocooler with solar-electric energy collection partially or fully replacing storage batteries. For the latter case, the mission duration at which the systems masses are equal is also found. Principal conclusions are (1) stored cryogens can provide cooling for lower mass than storage-battery—operated cryocoolers over most of the temperature range considered, but the difference is not large; (2) solar-conversion systems can be the lower-mass option at higher temperature, but the mission duration for equal mass increases rapidly below ∼30 K.
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Wealth Distribution, and Asset Markets with Risk of Default †

∞∑ s t β t u ( c i ( s t )) π i ( s t | s 0 ), subject to a sequence of budget constraints: c i ( s t ) + ∑ t+1 Q ( s t+1 ) a i ( s t+1 ) = y i ( s t ) + a i ( s t ).
Partially overlapping limited anterior and posterior instrumentation for adult thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis: a description of novel spinal instrumentation, "the hybrid technique".

Progressive and/or painful adult spinal deformity in the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine is sometimes treated surgically by long posterior fusions from the thoracic spine down to the pelvis, especially where there is a major thoracic curve component. Recent advances in anterior spinal instrumentation and spinal surgery technique have demonstrated the improved corrective ability offered by anterior stabilization systems, and the added benefit of limiting the number of vertebral fusion levels required for control of the deformity. The “hybrid technique” is a novel use of anterior instrumentation that applies limited anterior instrumentation down to the low lumbar spine (rods and screws), and partially overlapping short-segment posterior instrumentation to the sacrum (pedicle screws and rods). These constructs avoid posterior thoracic instrumentation and fusions, and avoid extension of posterior instrumentation to the pelvis. In the first 10 patients treated using this technique, thoracolumbar and lumbar major curve correction has averaged 71 and 82% in the immediate postoperative period (n = 7), respectively, and 59 and 68% at 2-year follow-up, respectively. The technique is an appealing and attractive alternative for treatment of thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis in the adult population, and avoids the requirement for applying spinal fixation to the thoracic spine and the pelvis.
Long-range potentials for two-species alkali-metal atoms

We address a growing interest in trapping and cooling of mixed-species alkali-metal atoms. Long-range coefficients that arise in the multipole expansion of molecular potentials for unlike alkali-metal dimers are calculated. The coefficients for the heteronuclear alkali-metal dimers corresponding to different molecular symmetries that separate to $\mathrm{nS}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}S,nS\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}P,nS\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}D,$ and $\mathrm{nP}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}P$ atomic levels are computed with high precision. We consider cases where in the infinite separation limit, one atom is in the ground state and the other is in one of the lowest S, P, and D excited states and both atoms are in their lowest excited P states. We find the long-range potentials for $\mathrm{Rb}(5S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}(6S),\mathrm{Rb}(6S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}(6S),\mathrm{K}(4S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}(5P){ }^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Sigma},\mathrm{K}(4P)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}(6P){ }^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Sigma},$ and $\mathrm{Rb}(5S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}(3D){ }^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ molecules to be the most attractive. The $\mathrm{K}(4S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}(5P)$ dimer represents the best candidate molecule for ultracold photoassociative spectroscopy. We also find the $\mathrm{K}(4P)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}(6P)$ and $\mathrm{Rb}(5S)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{K}(4P)$ dimers to form, respectively, the most attractive and the most repulsive long-range potentials. The present calculation is in good agreement with experimentally determined value for the ${1/R}^{6}$ van der Waals coefficient for the interaction between $\mathrm{Cs}(6S)$ and $\mathrm{Li}(2P)$ atoms.
Comparative significance of pretectal and ventral lateral geniculate systems in functional recoveries after injuries to the posterior cortex

Rats with ablations of the pretectal region or ventral lateral geniculate bodies rapidly relearn a black-white discrimination. However, if combined with visual cortical ablations, pretectal ablations, but not LGNv ablations, markedly potentiate impairments of retention of the task. The results are discussed in relation to the putative role of sprouting in recoveries of functions.
Air-blast avoidance learning sets in protein-malnourished monkeys.

The present experiment was designed to minimize known motivational differences among malnourished and non-malnourished organisms, and incorporated a task found useful in the identification of differences in learning capacity. Rhesus monkeys, maintained on either a 3.5% casein (low protein) diet or a 25% casein (high protein diet control) diet by weight were trained to a stringent criterion under an object-quality avoidance discrimination learning set procedure with pressurized air as the negative reinforcer. Across several dependent measures of learning, the performance of both groups was consistently similar, and indicated that the low protein animals were capable of learning individual discrimination problems within a few trials. The failure to observe any apparent differences between experimental and control subjects on such factors as adaptation to the testing procedure, responsiveness to the aversive stimulus, and the frequency of stimulus perseveration errors, suggests that minimizing the motivational and emotional differences between normal and malnourished monkeys was responsible for the lack of differences in learning behavior.
Androgen-primed chemotherapy-experimental confirmation of efficacy.

Abstract A current hypothesis suggests that androgen administration prior to chemotherapy (androgen priming) may potentiate tumor cytotoxicity in prostate cancer. The Dunning R3327G rat prostatic tumor model was used to test this concept experimentally. Control groups without priming included (1) intact untreated, (2) castrate alone and (3) castrate + chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 30 mg/kg/day for 2 days with repeat cycle in 25 days—CTX). Two experimental groups received androgens, one before and one after chemotherapy. Treatment effect was monitored by quantitating tumor volume and animal survival. Control groups receiving castration and chemotherapy had a retardation of tumor growth and a prolongation of survival when compared to untreated animals. Androgen priming before but not after chemotherapy enhanced the degree of tumor suppression. With the androgen-priming protocol, all androgen-primed tumors had regressed, 3 6 tumors had disappeared and 3 were only palpable. At the same time point, tumors in all the other groups were actively growing and had volumes greater than the initial values ( P P
Overview of Out-of-Home Placements and Placement Decision-Making in Child Welfare

Child welfare literature emphasizes heavily on the bi-directional relationship between out-of-home placements and outcomes. To provide a new perspective on this critical topic, this literature over...
Further studies of tuberculin hemagglutination in tuberculous infection, benign and virulent.

Summary Additional data on the tuberculin hemagglutination test in various types of tuberculous infection have been presented. The reproducibility of the test has been examined by running duplicates at different times. BCG vaccination in the neo-natal period evokes a agglutinin response only after a relatively long period of time, whether or not the child has additional exposure to tuberculosis. Infants having such exposure develop higher titers, without having clinical evidence of any superinfection. Re vaccination with BCG evokes an anamnestic type of antibody response. The anamnestic response is not activated sufficiently or promptly enough by tuberculin testing to affect hemagglutinin studies within 2 weeks after the first tuberculin test. – 163
Burnside rings which are gorenstein

(1977). Burnside rings which are gorenstein. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
A method for determining the aversive threshold in the rat using repeated measures: Tests with morphine sulfate

The procedure described here provides an objective automated technique for the psychophysical assessment of the aversive threshold and allows the animal Ss to serve as their own controls. Sensitivity to drug effects, as well as comparisons between drugs, using the same animals are possible also. Using a rectangular tilt cage, the aversive threshold to grid shock was defined as that intensity avoided 75% of the time. Each shock intensity (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 microA) was presented for 5 min on one side of the cage and then switched to the other side for 5 min, thereby forcing the animal to sample each shock intensity. Aversive thresholds were determined daily for each rat. The analgesic effects of morphine sulfate were compared to saline. Animals were tested for 3 days at each morphine dose level (2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg). Each 3-day morphine series alternated with 3 days of testing under saline. Significant differences were detected between saline and morphine at 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg.
Mission operations systems for planetary exploration

The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) to present an overview of the processes comprising planetary mission operations as conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and (2) to present a project-specific and historical context within which this evolving process functions. In order to accomplish these objectives, the generic uplink and downlink functions are described along with their specialization to current flight projects. Also, new multimission capabilities are outlined, including prototyping of advanced-capability software for subsequent incorporation into more automated future operations. Finally, a specific historical ground is provided by listing some major operations software plus a genealogy of planetary missions beginning with Mariner 2 in 1962.
Privacy-Aware Role-Based Access Control

A privacy-aware role-based access control model extends RBAC to express highly complex privacy-related policies, including consideration of such features as conditions and obligations. Because it's based on the RBAC model, the full-fledged P-RBAC solution is easy to deploy in systems already adopting RBAC, thus allowing seamless integration of access control and privacy policies.
Nonuniform State for a Degenerate Coulomb Gas in a Strong Magnetic Field

The existence of a thermodynamic state with a broken translational symmetry in a system of interacting electrons is shown to be possible. The Coulomb interactions between electrons are taken into account in the framework of the self-consistent-field method. A relation is obtained that gives the phase boundary for the occurrence of such a state. For electrons in a metal subjected to the temperature and magnetic field attainable in practice, the equation determining the phase boundary reduces to the corresponding equation for a system of noninteracting electrons and thus can be easily solved. The lowest-order shift in the thermodynamic free energy when the system is in a broken-symmetry state is also considered.
Pregnancy in Heart Disease

SUMMARY There is little problem in the treatment of the patient who is pregnant and who suffers from heart disease. The physician should treat the heart disease as though the patient were not pregnant, and he should treat the pregnancy as though the patient did not have heart disease. In either condition the indications for treatment should be directed only to either the pregnancy or the heart disease. There is no heart disease which requires obstetrical interference. There is never an indication to interrupt a pregnancy or sterilize the patient because of heart disease.
Blue form of bacteriorhodopsin and its order-disorder transition during dehydration

Freshly-prepared blue membranes from Halobacterium halobium, previously reported to be disordered, are shown to have a distinct crystal lattice structure, slightly different from the native form. The lattice of the blue form is disrupted irreversibly when dehydrated. The disorder process was observed using time-resolved small-angle X-ray diffraction and analyzed by radial autocorrelation functions. The diffraction peaks of the in-plane lattice first sharpen and increase due to improved membrane orientation, then the trimer lattice becomes disordered and the unit cell dimension decreases by 1.8 A. In contrast, dehydration of purple membranes does not disorder the lattice, and the unit cell dimension shrinks by only 1.0 A. Comparisons of radial autocorrelation functions for the blue membrane during drying show drastic loss of inter-trimer, long-range correlation while the intra-trimer, short-range correlations remain more or less unchanged. This suggests that the deionized protein trimers can maintain their overall structure during the dehydration, even though the lattice dimension decreases appreciably and the two-dimensional crystallinity is disrupted.
Working With Teenage Mothers: The Prevention Pathway

ABSTRACT Working with adolescents today means contending with issues including teenage pregnancy, community violence, family violence, poverty, single-parent and blended families on a daily basis. Millions of children live in poverty; over a million teenage births occur annually; teenagers killing teenagers is too common an event. These stark facts leave professionals wondering what can be done to help children and adolescents overcome the odds against them. Professionals must use a variety of resources in their work with young people and families including coursework, community internships and practica, classroom role-playing, and student journal-keeping as facilitators of growth in understanding how families function, how parents can nourish mental health in infants and young children, and how adolescents can enhance their own couple relationships through increasing insights and skills relevant to communicating and caring.
Pericardium as a thoracic aortic patch: Glutaraldehyde-fixed and fresh autologous pericardium

The repair of complex coarctation of the aorta often requires an aortic patch. Prosthetic patches lack growth potential and are associated with an increased incidence of aneurysm formation opposite the patch. We compared buffered glutaraldehyde-fixed patches, used in six animals (group 1), and untreated autologous pericardial aortic patches, used in five animals (group 2). Weanling pigs underwent pericardial patch replacement of a 1 X 2-cm diamond-shaped segment of the lateral wall of the descending thoracic aorta at the level of the aortic isthmus. Six months following patch aortoplasty, the animals were killed and the in situ patch dimensions were measured and compared to the measurements obtained at implantation. The increases in length, recorded as mean percentage change +/- SEM, were 34.7 +/- 3.7% for group 1 and 102.8 +/- 20.3% for group 2 animals; the increases in width were 91.4 +/- 31.7% for group 1 and 192.4 +/- 31.4% for group 2. The percentage changes for both length and width were significantly different between groups (P less than 0.05). Pull strength testing of standard-size patch samples demonstrated no significant difference in tensile breaking load between groups: group 1 = 959 +/- 277 g, group 2 = 795 +/- 86 g. Thoracic aortography revealed no evidence of stenosis or aneurysmal dilation in either group. Autologous pericardium is resilient, strong, and readily available and has expansile potential that makes it an ideal aortic patch material. We conclude that glutaraldehyde fixation does not provide additional strength and limits graft expansile potential when compared to untreated pericardium.
A Reexamination of the Genesis of African Waves.

Abstract The problem of genesis of easterly African waves is reexamined as a linear eigenvalue instability problem of a supposedly realistic basic zonal shear flow with and without a cumulus heating. Evidence will be presented to show how the growth rate, the propagation speed, and the overall composite structure of the observed tropical easterly waves can he well reproduced in the model in conjunction with a CISK representation of the latent heating. The degree of resemblance between the structure of the model unstable wave and the observed African waves is found to be significantly dependent upon the secondary features of the basic shear flow. This finding is based on a detailed comparison of the results using different structures for the basic flow including the one used by Mass. Much of the kinetic energy of the unstable wave is generated via the barotropic instability process associated with the horizontal shear of the Sahara jet centered at the 650 mb level. But the vertical shear of the zonal flow ...
Extreme ultraviolet flashes of solar flares observed via sudden frequency deviations: Experimental results

Properties of solar-flare EUV flashes are described as inferred from ionospheric events called sudden frequency deviation (SFD). SFD's are sensitive to bursts of radiation in the 1-1030 A wavelength range. He II 303.8 A, O V 629.7 A, H L-gamma 972.5 A and C III 977.0 A have essentially the same impulsive time dependence as the 1-1030 A flash responsible for SFD's. Soft X-rays (2-20 A) and certain EUV lines have a much slower time dependence than the 1-1030 A flash. Most SFD's have some fine structure, but marked quasi-periodicity in EUV flashes is quite rare. EUV flashes are closely associated with hard X-ray bursts, white-light emission, microwave radio bursts and small bright impulsive kernels in the H-alpha flare. The intensity of EUV flashes depends on the central meridian distance of the H-alpha flare location; the intensity decreases at the limb.
Elasticity of natural types of polycrystalline ice

Abstract Elastic deformation characteristics of a number of natural ice types have been determined using five single crystal compliances. The analysis provides a basis on which measured values of the elastic moduli of various types of ice can be compared. It also provides simple two-term equations for the temperature dependence of Young's modulus and rigidity modulus for common ice types and loading directions and, for granular ice, a simple relation for the temperature dependence of Poisson's ratio.
Milk Handling Under Primitive Conditions1: Milk Handling Under Primitive Conditions

The topic of my paper, Handl ing Milk Under Pr imit ive Conditions, is not in the usual sense an academic one. However, the first steps to be taken in improving the da i ry indust ry under unfavorable climatic and primit ive conditions are similarly not academic. Nevertheless, nat ional and internat ional agencies usually assign experienced dai ry specialists or dai ry scientists as advisers to countries asking for assistance. From the viewpoint of these experts, the most important task appears to be the improvement of local conditions and of the quali ty of the products made. Wi th this, however, he finds himself in the midst of almost uncountable problems, handicaps, and difficulties. Among these technically unsophist icated people (otherwise described as a technically young country) we will find most customs and foods at all levels of act ivi ty strange by our usual standards. Unti l we gain direct contact with the many levels of the local inhabitants , i t would be unwise to use our common yards t ick of evaluation in expressions of excellent to the lower descriptions of poor. Not everything different from our methods of approach is wrong. Wi th this in mind, we must understand that indigenous people reluctant ly accept recommendations from foreigners. On the other hand, we also must realize tha t the for tunate ly informed technicians have difficulty to comprehend correctly in a short period their local problems, those which must be considered when pract ical underthe-field-conditions recommendations are to be worked out. i t is for this reason that I want to outline how certain problems are solved locally under a mult i tude of very different conditions. F i rs t , I will say a few words about those situations a dai ry specialist is most l ikely to encounter in an emerging country; the main par t of my paper will depict how milk handling and
Basic and Clinical Studies of Pharmacologic Effects on Recoveryfrom Brain Injury

Investigations in laboratory animals indicate that certain drugs that influence specific neurotransmitters can have profound effects on the recovery process. Even small doses of some drugs given after brain injury facilitate recovery while others are harmful. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that the same drugs that enhance recovery in laboratory animals (e.g., amphetamine) may have similar effects in humans after stroke. In addition, some of the drugs that impair recovery of function after focal brain injury in laboratory animals (e.g. haloperidol, benzodiazepines, clonidine, prazosin, phenytoin) are commonly given to stroke patients for coincident medical problems and may interfere with functional recovery in humans. Until the impact of pharmacologic agents on the recovering brain is better understood, the available data suggest that care should be exercised in the selection of drugs used in the treatment of the recovering stroke patient. Pharmacologic enhancement of recovery after focal brain injury may be possible in humans.
Adolescent Emotional Distress: The Role of Family Obligations and School Connectedness

The current study draws upon ecodevelopmental theory to identify protective and risk factors that may influence emotional distress during adolescence. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the relationship among family obligations, school connectedness and emotional distress of 4,198 (51% female) middle and high school students who were primarily (59%) European American. The overall model explained 21.1% of the variance in student emotional distress. A significant interaction effect was found indicating that school connectedness moderated the relationship between family obligations and emotional distress. Specifically, for students with low to moderate levels of family obligations, a stronger sense of school connectedness was associated with lower emotional distress. The buffering effect of school connectedness was weakened as the level of family obligations increased and completely disappeared for students who experienced high levels of family obligations. The creation of a program that takes a holistic approach, in order to curtail the levels of highly emotionally distressed adolescents, must continue to address the ever changing demands that adolescents encounter and prepare youth to deal with functioning within multiple contexts and do so while maintaining emotional well-being.