cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic interaction between the trichothecene T-2 toxin and Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice

The capacity of the trichothecene T-2 toxin to alter resistance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined in the mouse. Both LPS-susceptible (C3H/HeN) and LPS-resistant (C3H/HeJ) mouse strains exhibited markedly enhanced mortality when a single oral dose of T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) was coadministered with a subacute i.p. dose of Salmonella typhimurium LPS. In the absence of LPS, T-2 toxin did not cause lethal effects when administered at this level. LD50 values for LPS decreased by 14-fold and 4.5-fold upon co-administration with T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice, respectively. Increased mortality was accompanied by an impaired splenic response to LPS in C3H/HeN mice. C3H/HeN mice pretreated with a sublethal dose of LPS 24 h prior to T-2 toxin administration also exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to T-2 toxin. Histopathological assessment revealed that the liver and spleen of mice exposed to T-2 toxin and LPS exhibited extensive cell death as compared to control mice treated with T-2 toxin or LPS only. The results suggest that bacterial LPS and trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin interact synergistically. This interaction may contribute to increased mortality that has been observed previously in animals challenged with Salmonella and T-2 toxin.
Fluid shear stress promotes proprotein convertase-dependent activation of MT1-MMP

During angiogenesis, endothelial cells (ECs1) initiate new blood vessel growth and invade into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) facilitates this process and translocates to the plasma membrane following activation to promote ECM cleavage. The N-terminal pro-domain within MT1-MMP must be processed for complete activity of the proteinase. This study investigated whether MT1-MMP activation was altered by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and wall shear stress (WSS), which combine to stimulate EC invasion in three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices. MT1-MMP was activated rapidly and completely by WSS but not S1P. Proprotein convertases (PCs) promoted MT1-MMP processing, prompting us to test whether WSS or S1P treatments increased PC activity. Like MT1-MMP, PC activity increased with WSS, while S1P had no effect. A pharmacological PC inhibitor completely blocked S1P- and WSS-induced EC invasion and MT1-MMP translocation to the plasma membrane. Further, a recombinant PC inhibitor reduced MT1-MMP activation and decreased lumen formation in invading ECs, a process known to be controlled by MT1-MMP. Thus, we conclude that PC and MT1-MMP activation are mechanosensitive events that are required for EC invasion into 3D collagen matrices.
Liquid metal expulsion during laser spot welding of 304 stainless steel

During laser spot welding of many metals and alloys, the peak temperatures on the weld pool surface are very high and often exceed the boiling points of materials. In such situations, the equilibrium pressure on the weld pool surface is higher than the atmospheric pressure and the escaping vapour exerts a large recoil force on the weld pool surface. As a consequence, the molten metal may be expelled from the weld pool surface. The liquid metal expulsion has been examined both experimentally and theoretically for the laser spot welding of 304 stainless steel. The ejected metal droplets were collected on the inner surface of an open ended quartz tube which was mounted perpendicular to the sample surface and co-axial with the laser beam. The size range of the ejected particles was determined by examining the interior surface of the tube after the experiments. The temperature distribution, free surface profile of the weld pool and the initiation time for liquid metal expulsion were computed based on a three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model. By comparing the vapour recoil force with the surface tension force at the periphery of the liquid pool, the model predicted whether liquid metal expulsion would take place under different welding conditions. Expulsion of the weld metal was also correlated with the depression of the liquid metal in the middle of the weld pool due to the recoil force of the vapourized material. Higher laser power density and longer pulse duration significantly increased liquid metal expulsion during spot welding.
The Basis of the Dependence of Visual Acuity on Illumination

It is a well-known fact that visual acuity, or the resolving power of the eye, varies with light intensity. Many speculations have been made regarding the cause of this variation. Particularly interesting is the theory recently put forward by Selig Hecht.' This theory not only attempts to provide a quantitative basis for the relation between visual acuity and illumination, but has certain implications which are of fundamental importance for sensory physiology in general. Hecht assumes that the resolving power of the retina, like that of a photographic plate, must be determined by the "grain" of its surface, in other words, by the number of light-sensitive elements per unit area. "But the number of rods and cones in the retina is fixed anatomically. Therefore, it is necessary to suppose that the number of elements in the retina can be varied functionally." He supposes that the retinal elements vary in their absolute thresholds of response, only a small number being functional at the lowest intensities, and more and more coming progressively into function as the intensity is raised. On the basis of his theory regarding the nature of the photochemical system in the rods and cones, plus certain assumptions regarding the distribution of thresholds among the elements, he arrives at a quantitative deduction of the law relating acuity anld intensity. This deduction agrees remarkably well with the empirical data of Konig on the visual acuity of the eye. Hecht suggests that the number of active receptors furnishes the basis not only for visual acuity, but for the visual discrimination of intensities. The perception of a just noticeable difference in light intensity is determined by the addition or subtraction of a single functional receptor per unit retinal area. Number of elements, and not frequency of optic nerve discharge, governs the subjective differentiation of intensities. Carrying out an analysis of the data on intensity discrimination, and a comparison with the data on visual acuity, he finds quantitative confirmation of this additional hypothesis. Houstoun2 has lately developed a theory of visual acuity and of intensity discrimination which is essentially a modified form of the theory of Hecht. In view of the far-reaching importance of Hecht's conceptions, it seemed desirable to make a careful study of the variations of visual acuity with illumination, with the purpose of obtaining, if possible, some direct experimental evidence regarding the underlying causes of these variations.
Design provisions for connections between steel beams and concrete filled tube columns

Abstract The through beam connection detail has been identified as an ideal rigid connection for attaching steel beams to concrete filled tube (CFT) columns in seismic regions. This connection detail is also well suited for non-seismic applications. In this research program a combination of analytical and experimental studies was conducted to comprehend the behavior of this detail and develop the accompanying design provisions. The experimental research program is presented elsewhere. In this paper the experimental and analytical results are used to identify the force transfer mechanism within the joint. A model to estimate joint strength is presented and used to develop design guidelines for the through beam connection detail. Calculated results based on the proposed design model are compared with experimental data. Finally, a design example demonstrating the step by step procedures to design the through beam connection detail is presented. Additional research areas necessary to ensure the ductile behavior of the through beam connection in seismic areas are also identified.
A potentiometric study of the reactions of some anions with 1,2,4,6-tetraphenylpyridinium acetate. II. Organic anions

A new titrant, 1,2,4,6-tetraphenylpyridinium acetate, has been evaluated for the potentiometric precipitation titration of semimicro amounts of a series of organic anions. Emf's were monitored with a perchlorate ion-selective electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. The nitrate and fluoroborate ion-selective electrodes also responded to the various anions. The classes of compounds which can be determined are nitroform and some nitroform-yielding compounds, phenylborates, 2,4,6-trinitro compounds, some dinitrophenols and nitrophenols, some halogenated phenols and others.
Finite Aspect Ratio Effects on Vortex Shedding Behind Two Cylinders at Angles of Incidence

Wind tunnel tests were undertaken at subcritical reynolds numbers to determine the vortex shedding characteristics behind a pair of finite circular cylinders at distances from one to six diameters apart and at all angles to one another. In addition, individual finite cylinders with aspect ratios 0.67{le}L/D{le}11.33 were examined to determine the effect of aspect ratio on shedding frequency, and to measure the frequency of the tip vortex when it is present. Aspect ratio was found to be a significant factor in the difference between shedding frequencies of the two cylinders at oblique angles. It was also found that ``lock-on`` of the two frequencies occurred when longer aspect ratio cylinders were upstream of shorter ones, but not in the reverse case.
Assisted Living Policies Promoting Autonomy and Their Relationship to Resident Depressive Symptoms

Objective The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between facility policies regarding autonomy and depression among residents of residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) facilities. Method A stratified sample of RC/AL facilities in Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, and North Carolina participated in the study. Patient characteristics for individuals 65 years and older were obtained from medical record reviews and in-person interviews. Facility administrators provided data on facility characteristics. Data on 1,098 residents were used to examine the relationship between facility policies as measured by domains of the Policy and Program Information Form and resident depressive symptoms and its factors as measured by the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Generalized estimating equation regression analysis was used to examine this relationship and control for other explanatory variables and clustering. Results Among the policy variables examined, only the degree to which residents were involved in facility administration was consistently associated with depressive symptoms. Greater resident influence over facility policies and involvement in facility administration was significantly associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Resident control over their daily activities, the facility's tolerance for disruptive behavior, and the extent to which facilities had formal mechanisms for defining expected behavior were not significantly associated with levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions Although some facilities provide residents with opportunities to select activities or meal times, these policies were not associated with depressive symptoms. However, results are consistent with the hypothesis that resident involvement in facility administrative decision-making is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Future research should explore the causal nature of this relationship and might provide guidance for policy and practice.
Mechanistic insights into the multistage gas-phase fragmentation behavior of phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine-containing peptides.

The increasing use of multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS3) methods for comprehensive phosphoproteome analysis studies, as well as the emerging application of in silico spectral intensity prediction algorithms in enhanced database search analysis strategies, necessitate the development of an improved understanding of the mechanisms and other factors that affect the gas-phase fragmentation reactions of phosphorylated peptide ions. To address this need, we have examined the multistage collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a set of singly and doubly charged phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine-containing peptide ions, as well as their regioselectively or uniformly deuterated derivatives, in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Consistent with previous reports, the neutral loss of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was observed as a dominant reaction pathway upon MS/MS. The magnitude of this loss was found to be highly dependent on the proton mobility of the precursor ion for both phosphoseri...
The myth‐making functions of the rhetoric of the American revolution: Francis Hopkinson as a case study

This essay suggests a critical approach to the rhetoric of the American Revolution by focusing on the notion of myth and by examining the persuasive literature of Francis Hopkinson. Because myth‐making tends to modify the world view of the revolutionaries and to construct a shared ideology, it can have a profound influence on the shaping of a national self‐consciousness and creating a national ethos. At the same time, revolutionary rhetoric attacks the myths of the old order, weakening traditional attachments and promoting a new national identity.
A theory of the molecular-mass dependence of glass transition temperatures for polydisperse homopolymers

Arbitrary distributions of finite molecular-mass homopolymers are treated as one-phase solutions of chain ends and high polymers in order to derive an entropie relation for the dependence of their glass transition temperatures on the number-average degree of polymerization. Absolute predictions of this equation from high molecular-mass and dimer properties are found to be in good agreement with dilatometric transition temperatures for polystyrene. The theoretical equation is generalized to allow for the characterization of chain ends by properties other than those of dimers. An initial approximation to the entropic expression is obtained by neglect of the difference between chain-end and high-polymer transition increments of heat capacity. Two subsequent approximations arise from a series expansion of logarithmic functions. In order of decreasing accuracy these three approximations are: a new form of the Ueberreiter-Kanig equation, a logarithmic expression, and a new form of the Fox-Flory relation.
Electrical resistance and macromolecular permeability of brain endothelial monolayer cultures.

Electrophysiological measurements were made on endothelial cells initially isolated as individual clones from bovine brain microvessels, and then grown as monolayers on a permeable support of glutaraldehyde-treated collagen gel. When transendothelial cell resistance (R) of the clones was measured, there was a range of values from a low of 157.4 +/- 4.5 omega.cm2 (n = 6) to a high of 783.2 +/- 7.0 omega.cm2 (n = 34). With the high-resistance cells, there was also a small potential difference of -0.46 +/- 0.03 mV luminal-side negative (n = 34). In comparison, endothelial cells from bovine aortas and rat epididymal fat pads cultured on the collagen gels had transendothelial R values of 13.5 +/- 0.2 (n = 62) and 0.45 +/- 0.03 (n = 10) omega.cm2, respectively. Exposure of the high-resistance brain endothelial cell monolayers to a Ca2+-free medium for 10 min decreased the R to 75% of the control values. Addition of Ca2+ back to the medium caused a return of the transendothelial R to control values within 1 h. Endothelial cells were also grown to confluency on microcarrier beads for permeability measurements to Evans blue dye-bovine serum albumin. Microcarriers with no cells (control) and microcarriers with bovine and epididymal endothelial cell monolayers showed no difference in the amount of adsorbed dye. Microcarriers with brain endothelial monolayers excluded up to 80% of the dye. This mammalian brain endothelial culture system will be a useful model for studies of the electrophysiological and permeability properties of the blood-brain barrier.
Prediction of refrigerant void fraction in horizontal tubes using probabilistic flow regime maps

Abstract A state of the art review of two-phase void fraction models in smooth horizontal tubes is provided and a probabilistic two-phase flow regime map void fraction model is developed for refrigerants under condensation, adiabatic, and evaporation conditions in smooth, horizontal tubes. Time fraction information from a generalized probabilistic two-phase flow map is used to provide a physically based weighting of void fraction models for different flow regimes. The present model and void fraction models in the literature are compared to data from multiple sources including R11, R12, R134a, R22, R410A refrigerants, 4.26–9.58 mm diameter tubes, mass fluxes from 70 to 900 kg/m 2 s, and a full quality range. The present model has a mean absolute deviation of 3.5% when compared to the collected database.
Inductions By Hormones Added Singly, Simultaneously Or Sequentially: What Cultured Hepatocytes Can Tell Us About Metabolic Regulation In The Whole Animal

Abstract The culture of liver parenchymal cells from adult rats offers many investigative opportunities not previously available. It is now possible to study hepatocytes in the absence of organismic signals, or in the presence of a defined spectrum of such signals added singly, simultaneously or sequentially. While one cannot expect such cells to perform every liver cell function at once (4), it is possible to study and characterize many biochemical activities which are known to occur in the whole animal (such as the inductions of ODC and TAT activities, and the stimulation of increases in the level of cAMP), and other biochemical activities (such as the “permissive” effect of glucocorticoids on AIB transport which could only be inferred from whole animal data (6, 41) in retrospect). Homeostatic regulation in the whole animal is orchestrated by sequential biochemical reactions many of which are, in turn, modulated by sequential hormone actions. For example, it is well known that corticosterone levels oscillate in the rat (13). Furthermore, it can be inferred from the considerable literature (8, 11, 34, 35) on glucocorticoid “permissive” effects, including the present report, that the oscillation of corticosterone is intimately involved with maintaining a relatively constant level of blood glucose by potentiating the effect of various non-steroid hormones such as glucagon. However, the data discussed in this paper demonstrate that the “permissive” effects of natural steroids (i.e., hydrocortisone and corticosterone) on the glucagon induction of amino acid transport are relatively short-lived in the absence of steroid. Thus, the maximum effect of glucagon in vivo might be expected to occur at or shortly following an episodic corticosterone peak (42), whereas the minimum glucagon effect would occur when corticosteroid levels are low. In fact, this may be the case in the report by Baril and Potter (41) where the oscillation of amino acid transport in vivo was abolished by adrenalectomy. Additionally, we have obtained evidence that the “permissive” effect on AIB transport plateaus much more rapidly in cells pre-treated with dexamethasone and then with glucagon (sequential) than in cells simultaneously exposed to dexamethasone and glucagon. Thus, the nature of the oscillation of glucocorticoid in vivo may regulate not only the potential level of glucagon induced activity but also the time required to reach the maximally-induced level. The question of how hormones interact, as well as how they act, is of fundamental importance to the understanding of animal physiology. The simplicity with which adult rat liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture can be employed to study the effects of exposure to single, simultaneous and sequential hormonal additions ranks these cells as the principal model for such investigations.
Methylrhenium trioxide as a catalyst for oxidations with molecular oxygen and for oxygen transfer

Abstract Methylrhenium trioxide (MTO) was found to be a good catalyst for the oxidation of tertiary phosphines by molecular oxygen at room temperature. Evidence is given that an intermediate Re(V) compound — CH3ReO2, or the adduct CH3ReO2·OPPh3 — is involved. The deoxygenation of epoxides, sulfoxides, N-oxides, triphenylarsine oxide and triphenylstibine oxide at room temperature was also catalyzed by MTO, with triphenylphosphine as the oxygen acceptor. A plausible reaction mechanism involves phosphine attack at a compound formed between MTO and the epoxide or other oxygen-donor compound.
Simplified method for determining chemical stability of drug substances in pharmaceutical suspensions

A simplified method for determining the chemical stability of drug substances in pharmaceutical suspensions is described. The applicable theory is discussed, and a suitable example from the literature is presented. The value of the method is confirmed experimentally using aspirin.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Closed Spherical Shells

We investigate the axisymmetric dynamics of forced closed spherical shells. The nonlinear equations of motion are formulated using a variational approach and surface analysis. First, we revisit the linear eigenvalue problem. Then, using the method of multiple scales, we assess the possibility of the activation of two-to-one internal resonances between the different types of modes. Lastly, we examine the shell’s nonlinear responses to an axisymmetric primary-resonance excitation and analyze their bifurcations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Increased flood frequency and magnitude decreases density of a stream-breeding salamander in urbanized watersheds

As urbanization increases across the globe, more ecologists have taken note of its consequences to stream systems. Sufficient data have been collected to document repeated patterns in urbanized streams for many abiotic parameters, aquatic insects, and fish. For example, we now know that urbanized streams experience more frequent and intense spates as a result of increased runoff form impervious surfaces in the urban watershed. The spates eventually lead to a more incised and wider stream bed. Such abiotic shifts consistently result in decreased aquatic invertebrate and fish diversity. More recently, stream-breeding salamanders have been observed to decrease in density in urban areas. We monitored the density of southern two-lined salamanders for the duration of two cohorts in 12 streams in western Georgia, USA. We then used path analysis to determine the relationships between land-use change, abiotic shifts in the stream environment, and larval salamander density. We found that southern two-lined salamanders in the streams we monitored exhibited no change in reproductive output between urban and reference habitats. However, repeated sampling throughout the larval period revealed a large decline in density of larvae in urban areas prior to metamorphosis, while a similar decline was not seen in reference habitats. We evaluated several hypotheses that might explain the observed decline in urban areas, and a model in which increased impervious surface causes an increase in spate frequency and magnitude, which then leads to decreased larval density had the most support. This is the first attempt to compare multiple plausible hypotheses as to why salamander density and diversity decreases in urban habitats. By describing larval density at the beginning and end of the larval period, and by identifying a likely mechanism for the observed decline in density, species-specific and stream restoration efforts can be enhanced.
Solid Dispersions of Testosterone with Reduced Presystemic Inactivation

Dissolution rates of solid dispersions of testosterone in various lipids or polyethylene glycol 6000 with and without surfactants were determined. In a limited study, selected dispersions were evaluated for oral absorption efficiency in a 32-year-old male. Significant reductions in urinary testosterone metabolites to testosterone ratios were observed with a 1:4 weight ratio of testosterone–polyethylene glycol 6000 and a 1:4:0.25 weight ratio of testosterone–cholesteryl stearate–sorbitan monolaurate.
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Regulates the Stability of Its Own mRNA by a Mechanism That Requires Depurination but Can Be Separated from Depurination of the α-Sarcin/Ricin Loop of rRNA

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a single chain ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from pokeweed plants (Phytolacca americana), removes specific adenine and guanine residues from the highly conserved, α-sarcin/ricin loop in the large rRNA, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. We recently demonstrated that PAP could also inhibit translation of mRNAs and viral RNAs that are capped by binding to the cap structure and depurinating the RNAs downstream of the cap. Cell growth is inhibited when PAP cDNA is expressed in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter. Here, we show that overexpression of wild type PAP in yeast leads to a decrease in PAP mRNA abundance. The decrease in mRNA levels is not observed with an active site mutant, indicating that it is due to theN-glycosidase activity of the protein. PAP expression had no effect on steady state levels of mRNA from four different endogenous yeast genes examined, indicating specificity. We demonstrate that PAP can depurinate the rRNA in trans in a translation-independent manner. When rRNA is depurinated and translation is inhibited, the steady state levels of PAP mRNA increase dramatically relative to the U3 snoRNA. Using a PAP variant which depurinates rRNA, inhibits translation but does not destabilize its mRNA, we demonstrate that PAP mRNA is destabilized after its levels are up-regulated by a mechanism that occurs independently of rRNA depurination and translation. We quantify the extent of rRNA depurination in vivo using a novel primer extension assay and show that the temporal pattern of rRNA depurination is similar to the pattern of PAP mRNA destabilization, suggesting that they may occur by a common mechanism. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that a single chain RIP targets not only the large rRNA but also its own mRNA. These findings have implications for understanding the biological function of RIPs.
Expression profiles of the mouse lung identify a molecular signature of time-to-birth.

A greater understanding of the regulatory processes contributing to lung development could help ameliorate morbidity and mortality in premature infants and identify individuals at risk for congenital and/or chronic lung diseases. Genomics technologies have provided rich gene expression datasets for the developing lung that enable systems biology approaches for identifying large-scale molecular signatures within this complex phenomenon. Here, we applied unsupervised principal component analysis on two developing lung datasets and identified common dominant transcriptomic signatures. Of particular interest, we identify an overlying biological program we term “time-to-birth,” which describes the distance in age from the day of birth. We identify groups of genes contributing to the time-to-birth molecular signature. Statistically overrepresented are genes involved in oxygen and gas transport activity, as expected for a transition to air breathing, as well as host defense function. In addition, we identify gen...
Self-Knowledge: Discovery, Resolution, and Undoing

This paper is concerned with ways in which some of the special features of selfknowledge relate to somewhat less familiar problems in the moral psychology of the first-person. The discussion is framed, in part, by an examination of Wittgenstein’s remarks on Moore’s Paradox, and I want to draw from these remarks some lessons about self-knowledge (and some other self-relations) as well as use them to throw some light on what might seem to be a fairly distant area of philosophy, namely, Sartre’s view of the person as of a divided nature, divided between what he calls the self-as-facticity and the self-as-transcendence. I hope it will become clear that there is not just perversity on my part in bringing together Wittgenstein and the last great Cartesian. One specific connection that will occupy me here is their shared hostility to the idea of theoretical certainty as our model for the authority of ordinary self-knowledge, and their relating of such a theoretical model to specific forms of self-alienation. This, in turn, is related to another concern they share, a concern with the difficulties, philosophical and otherwise, in conceiving of oneself as but one person in the world among others. They share the sense, I believe, that while I recognize that I am a finite empirical being like anyone else, I must also recognize that the inescapable peculiarities of the first-person point of view oblige me to think of myself as both something more and something less than another empirical human being. The aim of this paper, however, is not to draw parallels between these two philosophers, but to develop the outlines of an argument concerning self-knowledge, one which relocates some of its special features nearer to moral psychology than epistemology. But I find I need to draw on both writers to do so.
Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization.

Dopamine (DA) influences a number of cognitive and motor functions that are mediated by the primate cerebral cortex, and the DA membrane transporter (DAT) is known to be a critical regulator of DA neurotransmission in subcortical structures in rodents. To gain insight into the possible functional role of cortical DAT, we compared the regional, laminar, and ultrastructural distribution of DAT immunoreactivity to that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in DA synthesis, in the cerebral cortex of macaque monkeys. DAT-immunoreactive (DAT-IR) axons were present throughout the cortical mantle, with substantial differences in density and laminar distribution across cytoarchitectonic areas. In particular, high densities of DAT-IR axons were present in certain regions (e.g., posterior parietal cortex, dentate gyrus) not previously thought to receive a substantial DA input. The laminar distribution of DAT-IR axons ranged from a restricted localization of labeled axons to layer 1 in lightly innervated regions to the presence of axons in all six cortical layers, with a particularly dense plexus in deep layer 3, in highly innervated regions. These regional and laminar patterns paralleled those of TH-IR axons, but several differences in fiber morphology and ultrastructural localization of DAT were observed. For example, in contrast to TH, DAT immunoreactivity in the cortex was localized predominantly to small-diameter profiles, whereas, in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, DAT and TH immunoreactivities were present in both large-diameter and small-diameter profiles, which may represent varicose and intervaricose axon segments, respectively. Overall, the distribution of DAT-IR axons confirms and extends the results of previous reports, using other markers of DA axons, that the DA innervation of the primate cerebral cortex is global but specialized on both a regional basis and a laminar basis. In particular, these observations reveal an anatomical substrate for a direct and potent influence of DA over neuronal activity in posterior parietal cortex and in certain regions of the temporal lobe. However, due to its predominant distribution to small-diameter profiles, immunoreactivity for DAT may not be an appropriate ultrastructural marker for larger DA varicosities in the primate cortex. Moreover, this distribution of DAT suggests that cortical DA fibers may permit greater neurotransmitter diffusion than subcortical DA axons.
Internal flow dynamics in a valveless airbreathing pulse detonation engine

The internal flow dynamics in a valveless airbreathing pulse detonation engine operating on ethylene fuel is studied numerically. The system involves no mechanical valves in the air flowpath, and the isolation between the inlet and combustor is achieved through gas-dynamic means. The valve operation timing for the fuel injection and initiator is determined based on the local flow conditions. The analysis accommodates the full conservation equations in axisymmetric coordinates and takes into account simplified finite-rate chemistry and variable properties for an ethylene/air/oxygen system. The detailed flow evolution and detonation dynamics during the limit-cycle operation is explored systematically. The calculated pressure history and propulsive performance agree well with experimental data. A sensitivity study of operation timing is also conducted to further elucidate the system dynamics and to provide guidelines for engine design optimization.
Ideals of Kac-Moody algebras and realisations of W∞

Abstract We have recently constructed two new higher-spin extensions of the Virasoro algebra, denoted W 1+∞ and W ∞ , with generators of all conformal spins s ⩾1 and s ⩾2 respectively, which admit central terms for all spins. In this paper, we show how these algebras may, respectively, be realised as enveloping algebras of the U(1) Kac-Moody algebra and the Virasoro algebra, factored by certain ideals. The algebra W 1+∞ may be viewed as the algebra of all smooth differential operators on the circle.
Pharmacologically induced changes in arousal: effects on behavioral and electrophysiologic measures of alertness and attention

The relationships between the diffuse subcortical neurotransmitter systems and behavioral and physiologic measures of alertness and attention are not well understood. This study was designed to further understand these relationships. In this double-blind experiment, 23 subjects ingested methylphenidate, diphenhydramine or placebo on 3 different days and performed behavioral and cognitive tasks including covert orienting of spatial attention and visual search tasks. Subjective and physiologic measures of alertness included EEG frequency analysis, EEG event-related desynchronization, and amount of sleep and sleep onset time in the unstimulated eyes closed state. Performance on the cognitive tasks improved with MP and worsened with DPHA, but there were no specific attentional effects. The best measures of alertness were based on self-rated scales and on EEG recorded in the unstimulated eyes closed state. These observations suggest that methylphenidate and diphenhydramine primarily affected overall state and that healthy humans were able to partially compensate for the pharmacologically induced alertness changes during cognitive task performance.
Ventricular septal defect with silent discrete subaortic stenosis

Subaortic stenosis is rarely mentioned as a lesion that may be associated with a ventricular septal defect. We have encountered 4 patients with discrete subaortic stenosis adjacent to a ventricular septal defect, all of whom posed significant problems in diagnosis. In all 4 patients the subaortic stenosis was silent clinically and in 3 cases the obstruction was also not detected at the initial cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. In the latter 3 cases, after surgical closure of the ventricular septal defect, there was a loud systolic murmur initially thought to be due to a small residual ventricular septal defect. In time, the clinical findings became more typical of isolated subaortic stenosis. In each of these cases the obstruction was verified at cardiac catheterization with peak systolic pressure gradients of 145, 45, and 70 mmHg. During reoperation, a discrete subaortic shelf was found opposite the patch used to close the ventricular septal defect. In the 4th case, the subaortic stenosis was unsuspected by clinical evaluation but was diagnosed by echocardiography as well as at cardiac catheterization, and both the ventricular septal defect and subaortic stenosis were corrected at the initial operation. A discrete subaortic shelf situated adjacent to a ventricular septal defect may be "silent," producing minimal, if any, pressure gradient and may pose diagnostic difficulties. Failure to recognize such a shelf and to remove it at the time of surgical closure of the ventricular septal defect, may result in the creation of a severe subaortic obstruction.
Pol IV-Dependent siRNA Production is Reduced in Brassica rapa

Plants produce a diverse array of small RNA molecules capable of gene regulation, including Pol IV-dependent short interfering (p4-si)RNAs that trigger transcriptional gene silencing. Small RNA transcriptomes are available for many plant species, but mutations affecting the synthesis of Pol IV-dependent siRNAs are characterized only in Arabidopsis and maize, leading to assumptions regarding nature of p4-siRNAs in all other species. We have identified a mutation in the largest subunit of Pol IV, NRPD1, that impacts Pol IV activity in Brassica rapa, an agriculturally important relative of the reference plant Arabidopsis. Using this mutation we characterized the Pol IV-dependent and Pol IV-independent small RNA populations in B. rapa. In addition, our analysis demonstrates reduced production of p4-siRNAs in B. rapa relative to Arabidopsis. B. rapa genomic regions are less likely to generate p4-siRNAs than Arabidopsis but more likely to generate Pol IV-independent siRNAs, including 24 nt RNAs mapping to transposable elements. These observations underscore the diversity of small RNAs produced by plants and highlight the importance of genetic studies during small RNA analysis.
Observer and Incentive Effects on Word Association Responding

A mere presence drive model of social presence effects and a self-presentation one were compared using a word association task in which Observation and Incentive were varied as between-subjects factors. Also, the word list contained two within-subjects factors-type of word, including censorable as well as neutral words, and commonality of the stimulus. Speed, commonness, and objectionable quality of responses, and self-reports of affect were dependent measures. Incentive, but not Observation, significantly increased speed, while Observation, but not Incentive, resulted in a significantly lower number of objectionable responses. Differences on these and other measures are contrary to an explanation framed in mere presence drive terms, but are consonant with a self-presentation model, especially in a revised, information-processing version.
Minimizing Dose Uncertainty for Spot Scanning Proton Therapy of Moving Tumors by Optimization of the Spot Delivery Sequence

Purpose/Objective(s): Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) has been shown to be able to reduce dose to normal tissue compared to intensity modulated photon radio-therapy (IMRT), and has been implemented for selected lung cancer patients. However, respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty remain one of the major concerns for the radiation therapy of lung cancer, and the utility of IMPT for lung patients was limited because of the proton dose uncertainty induced by motion. Strategies such as repainting and tumor tracking have been proposed and studied but repainting could result in unacceptable long delivery time and tracking is not yet clinically available. We propose a novel delivery strategy for spot scanning proton beam therapy. Materials/Methods: The effective number of delivery (END) for each spot position in a treatment plan was calculated based on the parameters of the delivery system, including time required for each spot, spot size and energy. The dose uncertainty was then calculated with an analytical formula. The spot delivery sequence was optimized to maximize END and minimize the dose uncertainty. 2D Measurements with a detector array on a 1D moving platform were performed to validate the calculated results. Results: 143 2D measurements on a moving platform were performed for different delivery sequences of a single layer uniform pattern. The measured dose uncertainty is a strong function of the delivery sequence, the worst delivery sequence results in dose error up to 70% while the optimized delivery sequence results in dose error of <5%. END vs. measured dose uncertainty follows the analytical formula. Conclusions: With optimized delivery sequence, it is feasible to minimize the dose uncertainty due to motion in spot scanning proton therapy. Author Disclosure: H. Li: E. Research Grant; Varian Medical Systems. X. Zhang: None. Y. Li: None. X. Zhu: None.
Enhanced RLME protocol for Layered Video Multicast in Diffserv Networks

A layered video multicast framework for differentiated service (DS) networks, which provides various levels of QoS guarantee for heterogeneous users with improved performance in network congestion adaptation, is examined in this research. The proposed system consists of three key components: extended active queue management, hierarchical priority marking, and receiver-driven layered multicast with ECN (RLME). Particularly, we introduce RLME protocol that effectively utilizes advanced features of active queues such as random early drop (RED) and early congestion notification (ECN) in DS networks. The RLME protocol quantitatively estimates the network congestion level via ECN and packet loss to improve adaptation capability to network congestion, and utilizes the priority service from DS networks to minimize the packet loss effect on reconstructed video quality. The simulation shows that the proposed system successfully achieves stable and controllable video QoS guarantee for heterogeneous video clients over DS networks.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling the Effect of Material Behavior and Mild Thermal Treatments on Collapse Resistance of UOE Pipes

Oil exploration and production of offshore sources is continuously shifting towards increasing depths and more severe environmental conditions. Ultra deep waters are an objective in, e.g., the pre-salt layer off the Brazilian coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Under these conditions, resistance to collapse of pipelines is a main concern. Increasing the collapse pressure pc is thus a primary objective, which would lead to a reduction of material and installation costs.To increase pc, it is fundamental to understand which variables affect it, and how to control these variables. For instance, it is well known that ovality, residual stresses, and material constitutive behavior have a direct effect on pc. Current efforts for improving pc of large diameter UOE pipes include an increase in flow stress by the application of a thermal cycle, similar to those typical of coating processes. These thermal treatments recover at least part of the early yielding due to the Bauschinger effect that develops during the collapse test, after the expansion stage.Predictive modeling of pc, based on an appropriate set of input variables, allows for an adequate design of deep- and ultra-deep water projects. In the present work, an assessment by finite element analysis of the requirements on material characterization tests for a reliable prediction of pc has been performed. The most appropriate testing direction is the transverse compression. Moreover, since for large diameter pipes the plastic strain levels attained at collapse are often below 0.2%, the sample should allow for an accurate determination of compression behavior in this very low deformation range. This is particularly relevant for cold-formed pipes, as with the UOE process. Based on these guidelines, a testing sample geometry and compression data processing methodology has been designed.The methodology has been applied to a series of UOE processed pipes that had been thermally treated. On one hand, compression samples were extracted and used for the FE calculation of pc. On the other hand, collapse tests were performed on the same pipes. Both the absolute values of pc, and the enhancement of pc due to thermal cycling, were accurately predicted.In addition, both the flow stress after thermal cycling, and the measured pc values, clearly show that the fabrication factor αfab used in the standard DNV OS-F101 should be set to αfab≥1 for an adequate rating of the pipes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Performance comparison of high energy capacitor technologies part 2: Metalized electrodes

Summary form only given. High energy (>5kJ) capacitors based on a number of different dielectric and electrode technologies are available for use in pulse power systems. Metalized electrode technologies allow higher energy densities to be achieved (up to 3 J/cc) at lower voltages, higher capacitances, and longer discharge timescales. Self-healing is a key feature of metalized film capacitors, allowing polymer film or paper dielectrics either to be used close to their intrinsic breakdown strengths, or providing greatly enhanced reliability and lifetime. Both metallic and insulating plastic cases can be combined with different dielectric/electrode winding types to provide optimized capacitors. While oil-filled capacitors still provide enhanced performance in high voltage applications, dry type capacitors are becoming popular. This work will compare the capabilities of different capacitor technologies for a wide range of operating conditions and provide guidance in selection of high energy capacitors for future applications.
Key Management Scheme for Routing in Clustered Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

Adding security using pairwise key establishment in heterogeneous sensor networks is a very challenging task, since sensor networks are usually resource crunched and generally deployed in hostile environments. This paper puts forward an effective and efficient security scheme for launching anonymity in clustered heterogeneous sensor networks. The clustered heterogeneous sensor network has two types of nodes: high end nodes that work as cluster heads and low end nodes. The clusters are formed initially by using Voronoi diagrams and then some node adjustment is done in the clusters using Tabu search. The secure scheme uses a unique technique to conceal its true identity (ID). Once the sensor nodes are deployed, the nodes setup their neighbor table and share their secret key with the neighbors while ensuring that their true identity (ID) is not disclosed and the communication is secured. The empirical performance evaluations support the given approach's efficiency and effectiveness.