cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary function after whole lung irradiation in pediatric patients with solid malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Although whole lung irradiation is used to treat pulmonary metastases of pediatric solid malignancies, few studies have addressed its long-term pulmonary consequences. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective study of longitudinal changes in 171 pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and their relation with clinical features in 48 survivors of pediatric malignant solid tumors treated with whole lung irradiation. RESULTS: Although active respiratory symptoms were seen in only 9 patients (18.8%), abnormalities in forced vital capacity (FVC; 58.3%), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; 64.6%), total lung capacity (TLC; 72.9%), and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr; 70.8%) were common. At a median follow-up of 9.7 years after whole lung irradiation, FVC, FEV1, and TLC significantly declined longitudinally (P = .04, .03, and .02, respectively). Focal pulmonary boost irradiation was significantly associated with abnormal FEV1/FVC (P = .03), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% forced vital capacity (P = .005), residual volume (RV; P = .005), and RV/TLC (P = .002). Ten patients had baseline PFTs, and FVC, FEV1, TLC, and DLCOcorr worsened immediately after radiation, followed by transient improvement but subsequent decline. Thirteen of 32 (40.6%) patients aged >18 years were smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary dysfunction was prevalent after whole lung irradiation and worsened over time, although most patients were asymptomatic. Boost irradiation impaired pulmonary function, and a significant proportion of patients were smokers. Further studies are planned to assess the predictors and clinical consequences of progressive PFT abnormalities and to evaluate educational interventions. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Development of cortical orientation selectivity in the absence of visual experience with contour

Visual cortical neurons are selective for the orientation of lines, and the full development of this selectivity requires natural visual experience after eye opening. Here we examined whether this selectivity develops without seeing lines and contours. Juvenile ferrets were reared in a dark room and visually trained by being shown a movie of flickering, sparse spots. We found that despite the lack of contour visual experience, the cortical neurons of these ferrets developed strong orientation selectivity and exhibited simple-cell receptive fields. This finding suggests that overt contour visual experience is unnecessary for the maturation of orientation selectivity and is inconsistent with the computational models that crucially require the visual inputs of lines and contours for the development of orientation selectivity. We propose that a correlation-based model supplemented with a constraint on synaptic strength dynamics is able to account for our experimental result.
The crisis of public management.

The article discusses the crisis of governance in the U.S. and the lack of effective policy implementation. Americans and politicians are divided in how to solve the problems of health care, budget deficits, and climate change and the policies that are settled have not been executed effectively. Topics include why the management systems that link government, business, and civil society need repair and several reasons U.S. government systems are failing, such as chronic underfunding.
Camera perspective and trivial details interact to influence jurors' evaluations of a retracted confession

Prior research demonstrates that observers rate videotaped confessions as more voluntary if the camera focuses on the suspect rather than on the interrogator or on both individuals. The present stu...
The interactive effect of positive inequity and regulatory focus on work performance

Abstract The present study examined how the work performance of promotion-focused people and prevention-focused people was affected by two different forms of positive inequity: overpayment and having a job. After completing an initial task, participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) an Overpayment condition in which participants were told that they would receive greater payment than the other participant (who was actually a confederate) for doing the same work, (2) a Having a Job condition in which participants were assigned to have a job while the other participant (the confederate) was dismissed prematurely without compensation, and (3) a Control condition in which participants and the confederate were treated equitably. Relative to their prevention-focused counterparts, promotion-focused participants performed better in both the Overpayment and Having a Job conditions than in the Control condition. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Introduction to the developmental, evolving practice paradigm of evidence-based (informed) macro practice.

The articles in this publication focus on the art and science of using the process of evidence-based practice (EBP). An overview of a macro practice paradigm is presented that considers the integra...
False News Reports, Folk Devils, and the Role of Public Officials: Notes on the Social Construction of Law and Order in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, rescue and evacuation efforts were slowed by rumors of extreme violence in the flooded city of New Orleans, including reports of rampant murder, systematic rape, and gangs of armed thugs taking control. Moreover, public officials solidified these rumors by presenting them as fact to reporters. In this article, we examine the contribution of public officials to false news reports. Drawing on the sociology of rumor, we argue that, in part, their descriptions of extreme violence served as rationalizations for organizational and institutional paralysis. We illustrate this “interest group” interpretation with official statements and show how it can shed additional light on the role of class and racial stereotypes, the stigma experienced by Katrina evacuees, and the evolution of the New Orleans chaos narrative. Implications for rumor control and disaster management are discussed.
Effect of Feedback Control on the Bifurcation Stability of a Nonlinear Servohydraulic System: An Experimental Investigation

Servo-hydraulic systems are commonly used for motion and force control. In this work, an experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of feedback control on the bifurcation stability of a nonlinear servo-hydraulic system. A low-order model of the experimental test stand is developed, validated and analyzed. It is shown that the use of appropriate feedback control structure can improve the bifurcation stability of a nonlinear servo-hydraulic system. Parametric space investigation is conducted to study the bifurcation stability behavior of the system and stability boundaries are developed to demonstrate the effect of linear feedback on the nonlinear systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Grassland Birds and Rotational-Grazing in the Northeast: Breeding Ecology, Survival and Management Opportunities

ABSTRACT We studied long-term (2002–2009) demographics of bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) and savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) breeding in rotationally grazed systems in the northeastern United States. Both nest success (6–44% bobolink; 7–48% savannah sparrow) and annual productivity (0.43–2.83 bobolink; 0.70–2.35 savannah sparrow) varied annually. Predation (48%) and trampling by cows (32%) accounted for most failed nests. Annual adult apparent survival ranged from 23% to 85% and showed substantial variation by species and sex. Although grazing resulted in substantial loss of vegetative cover, savannah sparrows responded similarly to predation and grazing-induced nest failure (time to renest, distance moved between nests) and generally remained in the same paddock to renest. Minimum paddock size to accommodate one female within this rotation was 70 m × 70 m (0.49 ha), allowing a female to stay within a paddock and move (approx. 50 m) between nesting attempts. To balance pasturing objective...
Advancing asynchronous distance education using high-speed networks

The Center for Telecommunications at Stanford University, in partnership with the Stanford Center for Professional Development, has designed and deployed an experimental system for delivery of Stanford courses in multimedia format to distance learners using the Internet as well as two experimental, asychronous transfer mode (ATM)-based, high-speed network testbeds. This configuration is designed to prototype the emerging broadband communications infrastructure in the United States and elsewhere. The courses are stored on servers and made available to distance learners on-demand. The user interface is implemented on the World Wide Web. Issues of systems integration, educational effectiveness, and economics are under study as part of the project, called ADEPT (Asynchronous Distance Education ProjecT). In this paper, ADEPT is described along with its experience to date.
Comments on Bulterman-Bos: Research Relevancy or Research for Change?

Three issues emanating from the Bulterman-Bos article (2008) form the core of this commentary. First, the issue of relevancy is addressed from the standpoint of action research and other forms of practitioner inquiry. From this perspective, the divisions between the cultures of university and school are addressed both ways: Each can potentially be transformed by research emanating from the other. Second, another view of the role of theory in research is offered, one that builds on the inherently political dimensions of educational practices, whether in universities or elsewhere. Finally, global changes in the nature of knowledge production demand that research enhance its capacity to work for social justice.
Non-suppressed determination of cations and anions using a differential conductivity detector

Systemes utilisant du materiel par HPLC. On utilise deux colonnes en serie (cations, anions), en parallele sur la colonne passive, et le detecteur
The journey to Magnet: establishing a research infrastructure.

Developing and sustaining a research infrastructure that meets Magnet ® program requirements are daunting responsibilities. Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center in Louisiana created the program director of nursing research position to coordinate the research council and ongoing projects. This article discusses the process of developing and improving a nursing research program.
Ultrafiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass: laboratory evaluation and initial clinical experience.

Abstract Ultrafiltration during crystalloid hemodilution cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was evaluated in two groups of mongrel dogs: in one group during 2 hours of CPB with the heart empty and beating and in the other during 90 minutes of cold cardioplegic arrest followed by 30 minutes of recovery. In both groups, the accumulation of extravascular lung water was less in the dogs undergoing ultrafiltration than in control animals. In 10 patients with clinical evidence of severe fluid overload, ultrafiltration was employed during CPB. The amount of fluid removed ranged from 1,700 to 6,100 ml (mean, 3,240 ± 1,481 ml [standard deviation]) and resulted in an average intraoperative fluid balance of − 901 ± 2,537 ml, a weight gain of 1.9 ± 2.5 kg, and a decrease in extravascular lung water from 1,132 ± 183 ml to 919 ± 267 ml ( p = 0.209). Ultrafiltration is a safe, effective means of removing body water and of preventing further accumulation of such water during hemodilution CPB.
A conserved threonine in the second extracellular loop of the human EP2 and EP4 receptors is required for ligand binding

G protein coupled receptors for prostaglandins are activated when agonists are bound to a binding pocket formed in part by the seven transmembrane domains. Recent studies have determined that substitution of a conserved threonine in the second extracellular loop of the prostaglandin EP3 receptor resulted in increased affinity for ligands with a C1 methyl ester moiety. The homologous threonine in the second extracellular loop of the human prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptors was mutated to alanine. When expressed in COS1 cells, detectable radioligand binding at both of these receptors bearing the threonine to alanine substitution (EP2T185A; EP4T168A) was abolished, as well as the receptors' ability to stimulate intracellular [cAMP]. In contrast, EP2 and EP4 receptors bearing conservative threonine to serine mutations (EP2T185S; EP4T168S) displayed Kd values for [3H]prostaglandin E2 similar to wild type receptors: 8.8 +/- 0.7 nM for EP2T185S compared to 12.9 +/- 1.2 nM for EP2 wild type; 2.0 +/- 0.8 nM for EP4T168S compared to 0.9 +/- 0.3 nM for the EP4 wild type receptor. The EC50 values for cAMP stimulation were 1.3 +/- 0.6 nM for EP2 wild type; 2.7 +/- 1.3 nM for EP2T185S; 1.1 +/- 0.3 nM for EP4 wild type; and 1.4 +/- 0.33 nM for EP4T168S. These studies suggest a critical role for the hydroxyl moiety on these conserved threonine residues at position 168/185 of the second extracellular loop in prostaglandin receptor-ligand interactions.
New Method of Preparing Clay Samples for Differential Thermal Analysis

A method of preparing clay samples for differential thermal analysis which permits the analysis to be made with the test and reference samples freely exposed to the furnace atmosphere is described. The data obtained when samples were thus heated are presented, together with those obtained when an Inconel block was used to contain the clay. The sensitivity of the two methods is compared, with particular emphasis on the increased sensitivity in the low-temperature range which resulted from the use of the new method.
Vglut2 Afferents to the Medial Prefrontal and Primary Somatosensory Cortices: A Combined Retrograde Tracing In Situ Hybridization

Glutamate transmission is critical for controlling cortical activity, but the specific contribution of the different isoforms of vesicular glutamate transporters in subcortical pathways to the neocortex is largely unknown. To determine the distribution and neocortical projections of vesicular glutamate transporter2 (Vglut2)-containing neurons, we used in situ hybridization and injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the medial prefrontal and primary somatosensory cortices. The thalamus contains the majority of Vglut2 cells projecting to the neocortex (approximately 90% for the medial prefrontal cortex and 96% for the primary somatosensory cortex) followed by the hypothalamus and basal forebrain, the claustrum, and the brainstem. There are significantly more Vglut2 neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex than to the primary somatosensory cortex. The medial prefrontal cortex also receives a higher percentage of Vglut2 projection from the hypothalamus than the primary somatosensory cortex. About 50% of thalamic Vglut2 projection to the medial prefrontal cortex and as much as 80% of the thalamic projection to primary somatosensory cortex originate in various relay thalamic nuclei. The remainder arise from different midline and intralaminar nuclei traditionally thought to provide nonspecific or diffuse projection to the cortex. The extrathalamic Vglut2 corticopetal projections, together with the thalamic intralaminar-midline Vglut2 corticopetal projections, may participate in diffuse activation of the neocortex.
UNAUTHORIZED HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION

In this essay, I offer a utilitarian perspective on humanitarian intervention. There is no generally accepted precise definition of the term ‘humanitarian intervention’. I will provisionally, and roughly, define humanitarian intervention as the use of force by a state, beyond its own borders, that has as a purpose or an effect the protection of the human rights of noncitizens or the reduction of the suffering of noncitizens.
Functional Imaging in Lung Cancer

Accurate detection of the presence and extent of disease is vital in the management of non-small-cell lung cancer. While computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging tend to be the routine diagnostic modalities used in the management of lung cancer, there have been significant advances in the field of functional and molecular imaging. In this article, we review the performance of the functional imaging techniques that are currently available for the evaluation of non-small-cell lung cancer. The techniques range from evaluation of glucose metabolism in tumors with fluorodeoxyglucose, to evaluation of proliferation with fluorothymidine and evaluation of tumor hypoxia with agents such as fluoromisonidazole. Magnetic resonance imaging with an emphasis on dynamic contrast enhancement of tumors as well as detecting of malignant lymph nodes with targeted contrast agents is discussed. Emerging technologies such as lung imaging fluorescence endoscopy are considered. The role of functional imaging in planning, predicting response to, and evaluating effects of, various therapies is explored.
Thermal convection with spatially periodic boundary conditions: resonant wavelength excitation

Thermal convection in a fluid contained between two rigid walls with different mean temperatures is considered when either spatially periodic temperatures are prescribed at the walls or surface corrugations exist. The amplitudes of the spatial non-uniformities are assumed to be small, and the wavelength is set equal to the critical wavelength for the onset of Rayleigh-Benard convection. For values of the mean Rayleigh number below the classical critical value, the mean Nusselt number and the mean flow are found as functions of Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and modulation amplitude. For values of the Rayleigh number close to the classical critical value, the effects of the non-uniformities are greatly amplified, and the amplitude of convection is then governed by a cubic equation. This equation yields three supercritical states, but only the state linked to a subcritical state is found to be stable.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar Israelensis Strain HD-789.

ABSTRACT Bacillus thuringiensis is an important microbial insecticide for controlling agricultural pests. We report the finished genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis strain HD-789, which contains genes encoding 7 parasporal crystals consisting of Cry4Aa3, Cry4Ba5 (2 genes), Cry10Aa3, Cry11Aa3, Cry60Ba3, and Cry60Aa3, plus 3 Cyt toxin genes and 1 hemagglutinin gene.
Voice-driven testing and instruction

A review is given of the uses of programs written in languages that enable machines to respond to unrestricted, conversational natural language input, and their special requirements are addressed. The operation and applications of one particular system, the Computer Assisted Socratic Instruction Program, or CASIP, are described. CASIP is a dedicated authoring language written in C, comprising over 7000 lines of code. It is generally used as an interpreter that uses external data files of words, phrases, responses, and run-time instructions. >
Application of remote sensing methods to hydrology and water resources

Abstract A brief review of research in remote sensing of water resources indicates that there are many positive results, and some techniques have been applied operationally. Currently, remote sensing data are being used operationally in precipitation estimates, soil moisture measurements for irrigation scheduling, snow water equivalent and snow cover extent assessments, seasonal and short term snowmelt runoff forecasts, and surface water inventories. In the next decade other operational applications are likely using remote measurements of land cover, sediment loads, erosion, groundwater, and areal inputs to hydrological models. Many research challenges remain, and significant progress is expected in areas like albedo measurements, energy budgets, and evapotranspiration estimation. The research in remote sensing and water resources also has much relevance for related studies of climate change and global habitability.
Revision Rates and Speech Outcomes Following Pharyngeal Flap Surgery for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

ImportanceVelopharyngeal insufficiency in children with cleft palate (and other causes) contributes to difficulty with communication and quality of life. The pharyngeal flap is a workhorse to addre...
The New Religious Politics: Where, When, and Why Do “Fundamentalisms” Appear?

The reasons for the recent and simultaneous appearance, or rise in influence, in much of the world of “fundamentalist” or doctrinally and socially conservative religiopolitical mass movements have been analyzed for individual groups but rarely in a way that compares all the main religions and the regions in which they are strong. Most comparative volumes on fundamentalism are collections, with most authors discussing one area. Exceptions are Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993) and Bruce B. Lawrence, Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1989). Useful collections include the five volumes of the Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, edited by Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby and published by the University of Chicago Press (Chicago, 1991–95; full reference in note 3); Richard T. Antoun and Mary Elaine Hegland, eds. Religious Resurgence: Contemporary Cases in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987); Lionel Caplan, ed., Studies in Religious Fundamentalism (Albany, SUNY Press, 1987); John Stratton Hawley, ed., Fundamentalism and Gender (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); and Contention, 4:2, 3, and 5:3 (1995, 1996), sections on comparative fundamentalism. Rarer still have been analyses of why such movements have expanded in most areas only since the 1970s, what causes exist in areas where these movements are strong and why they differ from those regions where they are weak or nonexistent, and what, aside from religion, produces different types of movements. Here we will try to see if there are common factors in time and in space that help explain these movements and will look for causes of their similarities and differences. Explanations presented here will stress differences between religious nationalism (or communalism) directed primarily against other religious communities and conservative religious politics directed primarily against internal enemies. Differences between types and levels of preexisting religious beliefs will be examined to suggest why some areas have such movements and others do not. World-wide factors that help to account for the recent rise of religious politics will also be explored.
Nanoimmunoliposome Delivery of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Markedly Enhances Targeting and Uptake in Human Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

To circumvent the problem of reduction of the supermagnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles after chemical modification to conjugate targeting molecules, we have adapted a tumor-targeting nanoimmunoliposome platform technology (scL) to encapsulate and deliver SPIO (scL-SPIO) in vitro and in vivo without chemical modification. Scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, and Prussian blue staining were used to analyze the scL-SPIO and assess intracellular uptake and distribution of SPIO in vitro. In vivo targeting and tumor-specific uptake of scL-SPIO was examined using fluorescent-labeled SPIO. We demonstrated that SPIO encapsulation in the scL complex results in an approximately 11-fold increase in SPIO uptake in human cancer cells in vitro, with distribution to cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, the scL nanocomplex specifically and efficiently delivered SPIO into tumor cells after systemic administration, demonstrating the potential of this approach to enhance local tumor concentration and the utility of SPIO for clinical applications.
An analytical model for air pollutant transport and deposition from a point source

An atmospheric transport and deposition model is presented for pollutants emitted from an elevated point source over flat terrain. The model is obtained from the analytic solution of the atmospheric diffusion equation with the coefficients of eddy diffusion taken to be functions of downwind distance and the average wind velocity taken to be constant. Ground deposition of the pollutants is accounted for by (1) including a gravitational settling term in the atmospheric diffusion equation and by (2) applying an absorptive boundary condition at the ground surface. In order to facilitate application of the model, the results for the general situation that includes settling and deposition (and where the distribution is no longer Gaussian) are expressed in terms of the Grassian plume parameters, and specifically the crosswind and vertical standard deviation functions U,,(X) and g=,(x)_ Graphs of the pollutant air concentration and ground deposition flux are presented for a number of deposition conditions.
Whose account matters? A challenge to feminist psychologists

Most critiques and commentaries concerning the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) focus on the expanding scope of the system, on particular categories of disorder, or on unwarranted claims about the biological bases of symptoms embedded in DSM descriptions. In contrast, this essay focuses on phenomenology, the subjective experiences of those supposedly being categorized by this whole framework. In addition to allowing us to see extreme states and unusual perceptions, thoughts, actions, and feelings with fresh eyes - from the perspective of the distressed person's own categories and explanations - a phenom- enological approach forces us to confront important ethical and political issues often ignored in discussions of diagnosis and treatment. Feminist psychologists in particular need to think more deeply about these issues, to avoid taking untenable moral positions and violating core assumptions about the right to define one's own experience.
Soil Coverage Reduces Photodegradation and Promotes the Development of Soil-Microbial Films on Dryland Leaf Litter

Litter decomposition is a central focus of ecosystem science because of its importance to biogeochemical pools and cycling, but predicting dryland decomposition dynamics is problematic. Some studies indicate photodegradation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be a significant driver of dryland decomposition, whereas others suggest soil–litter mixing controls decomposition. To test the influence of soil coverage on UV photodegradation of litter, we conducted a controlled environment experiment with shrub (Prosopis velutina) leaf litter experiencing two UV levels and three levels of coverage with dry sterile soil. Under these conditions, decomposition over 224 days was enhanced by UV, but increasing soil coverage strongly and linearly diminished these effects. In a complementary study, we placed P. glandulosa leaf litter in different habitats in the field and quantified litter surface coverage by soil films. After 180 days, nearly half of the surface area of litter placed under shrub canopies was covered by a tightly adhering film composed of soil particles and fungal hyphae; coverage was less in grassy zones between shrubs. We propose a conceptual model for the shifting importance of photodegradation and microbial decomposition over time, and conclude that (1) soil deposition can ameliorate the direct effects of UV photodegradation in drylands and (2) predictions of C losses based solely on UV effects will overestimate the importance of this process in the C cycle. An improved understanding of how development of the soil–litter matrix mediates the shift from abiotic (photodegradation) to biotic (microbial) drivers is necessary to predict how ongoing changes in land cover and climate will influence biogeochemistry in globally extensive drylands.
Decomposition of edge operators

Common 2-D kernels are decomposed into basic elements to minimize their complexity and to demonstrate how they are related. Decomposition of the popular SOBEL filter kernels shows that they can be replaced by functionally identical simpler kernels. This result is significant because it proves that the SOBEL filter can be implemented with faster software or hardware than is currently possible. >
Space, Time, and Language

Physical science in the Twentieth Century has raised two questions of the most profound importance regarding the scientific role of the concepts of space and time. First: Do we, in a physical theory, have to deal with space and time in the terms in which they have almost universally been dealt with or at least implicitly thought of? and second: Is it necessary, in a physical theory, to employ the concepts of space and time at all?
Our Twenty-First Century Constitution

Accommodating our Eighteenth Century Constitution to the government that Congress has shaped in the intervening two and a quarter centuries, Professor Strauss argues, requires accepting the difference between the President’s role as “Commander in Chief” of the Nation’s military, and his right to seek written opinions from those Congress has empowered to administer domestic laws under his oversight. Thus, the question for today is not whether the PCAOB offends Eighteenth Century ideas about government structure, but the question asked by Professors Bruff, Lawson, and Pildes - whether the relationships between PCAOB and SEC, SEC and President meet the constitutional necessity for effective presidential oversight of the execution of federal law or not. The Constitution does not require more than this and, Professors Calabresi and Yoo to the contrary notwithstanding, the Court should and surely will avoid a result imperiling the wide range of governmental agencies Congress has created, the President has overseen, and the courts have treated as legitimate wielders of government authority over the many years since the Constitution was written.
A novel laser-induced fluorescence scheme for Ar-I in a plasma

Here we describe a novel infrared laser-induced fluorescence scheme for the 1s2 state of Ar-I using an 841.052 nm (vacuum) Sacher tunable diode laser oscillator and compare it to an established 667.913 nm (vacuum) 1s4-pumping Ar-I LIF scheme using a master oscillator power amplifier laser [A. M. Keesee et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 4091 (2004)]. The novel scheme exhibits a significantly greater signal-to-noise ratio for a given injected laser power than the established scheme. We argue that this is caused by less intense spontaneous Ar-I radiation near the LIF emission wavelength for the 1s2 scheme as compared to the 1s4 scheme. In addition we present an updated iodine cell spectrum around the 1s4 LIF scheme pump wavelength.
"Half-Wracked Prejudice Leaped Forth:" Sanism, Pretextuality, and Why and How Mental Disability Law Developed as it Did

Mental disability law jurisprudence is often incoherent Much of its incoherence can be explained by two concepts that dominate this area of the law: sanism (the irrational prejudices that cause, and are reflected in, prevailing social attitudes toward mentally disabled persons, and those so perceived) and pretextuality (the courts' acceptance -- either implicit or explicit -- of testimonial dishonesty and their decisions to engage in dishonest decisionmaking in mental disability law cases). Mental disability law is frequently premised on stereotypes and on prejudice, on typification and fear. These distortions reflect sanism; cases that sanction the use of such stereotypes and prejudice reflect pretextuality. In this article, I demonstrate how these constructs help explain much of what is irrational about such areas of mental disability law as, inter alia, civil commitment, the meaning of "dangerousness," competency to consent to treatment, judicial interpretations of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the relationship between mental disability and the death penalty, and deceptions in expert testimony.
Effects of Defoliation by Hydria prunivorata on the Growth of Black Cherry

Heavy defoliation of black cherry by Hydria prunivorata significantly reduced growth at breast height the following year. Growth in the crown of defoliated cherries approximated predefoliation levels. Red maple in defoliated stands increased significantly in growth at breast height during the years cherry growth was reduced. Black cherry trees with above average growth prior to defoliation showed the greatest absolute reduction in growth following defoliation. Red maples with average, slightly above, or slightly below average growth showed the greatest growth increases following cherry defoliation. Total growth reduction in the defoliated black cherries under observation was greater than the total increases in growth of an equal number of red maples. The value of black cherry wood lost due to reduced growth was greater than the cost of an areial insecticide application during each year of the defoliation.
Effect of errors in linear scaling relations and Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relations on activity and selectivity maps

Abstract We introduce for the first time uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of error in linear scaling relations (LSRs) and Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) relations on activity and selectivity maps of microkinetic models, which have recently been used for in silico prediction of new materials. The method is applied to ethanol hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Selectivity trends are driven by adsorbate thermochemistry rather than kinetics. Uncertainty quantification calculations show that the most likely location of the maximum conversion can be estimated to be within about 10 kcal/mol in the C and O binding energies. Broad selectivity trends are even more robust. Model rates show uncertainties of 2–3 orders of magnitude about the median. Uncertainty in the activity predictions is dominated by that of the LSRs. Our calculations demonstrate that there is a common initial mechanism of ethanol HDO and decomposition, and the stability of decomposition products is crucial to determining the selectivity.
Polyethylene Glycol Deposition Techniques for Antifouling Surfaces: Using Antistiction to Conserve Bioparticles for Recovery and Analysis

For bioparticle analysis within microfluidic devices, there is a risk of analytes adhering to surfaces, thereby compromising particle manipulation and recovery. To address this we have implemented polyethylene glycol (PEG)-type coatings by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and plasma-polymerizing deposition techniques. Silane chemistry is used to deposit SAM films directly onto silicon dioxide surfaces, and in a special case for which a composite of metallic arrays and SiON within our MEMS device must be coated, an ultrathin layer of sputtered Si is added before the SAM protocol. We have also deposited PEG-like tetraglyme by plasma-polymerization onto substrates using an onsite-built reactor to provide antistiction treatment to all surfaces, including those that do not have chemical compatibility for the SAM technique. Three tests demonstrate the effectiveness of our surface treatments: static exposure to microbial suspensions, bioparticle transport across MEMS traveling-wave (TW) arrays, and bioparticle recovery from a circulating flow device. Our static microbial assays show significant reduction in B. thuringiensis adhesion to both the SAM and plasma-polymerized coatings and reduction in B. globigii adhesion to the plasma-polymerized coating. Our TW arrays, when coated with either the SAM or plasma-polymerized PEG film, are effective at reducing adhesion to polystyrene beads as well as both Bacillus species. Lastly, our bioparticle recovery, as gauged by spectrophotometry, improves by as much as one order of magnitude when we coat flow chambers with our plasma-polymerized film.
Combining Total Internal Reflection Sum Frequency Spectroscopy Spectral Imaging and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Understanding surface and interfacial lateral organization in material and biological systems is critical in nearly every field of science. The continued development of tools and techniques viable for elucidation of interfacial and surface information is therefore necessary to address new questions and further current investigations. Sum frequency spectroscopy (SFS) is a label-free, nonlinear optical technique with inherent surface specificity that can yield critical organizational information on interfacial species. Unfortunately, SFS provides no spatial information on a surface; small scale heterogeneities that may exist are averaged over the large areas typically probed. Over the past decade, this has begun to be addressed with the advent of SFS microscopy. Here we detail the construction and function of a total internal reflection (TIR) SFS spectral and confocal fluorescence imaging microscope directly amenable to surface investigations. This instrument combines, for the first time, sample scanning TI...
Restoration experience in retouching pigments on the wall-paintings at Potala Palace

This article tries to set forth his position on the law of restoration on wall-painting by sharing his experiences of repairing mural in Potala Palace. Taking the site of Yellow House as an example,this article summarizing up the fllowing quesions in restoration of the old murals,such as to be master in grasp the basic feature of the object waiting to be repaired,adopt correct method in work,applying pigment,and handle the problem of coating of the wall-paintings,and goes further on his considerations towards the formative arts in work restoration and maintain its pigment as original condition.
Correlations between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L.

SUMMARYSignificant correlations between 25 quantitative characters of worker honey bees used for the morphometric identification of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera), seven measures of colony defence and 12 for alarm pheromone production were calculated from data on colonies in Louisiana, USA, and Monagas, Venezuela, two years after the arrival of Africanized honey bees in the eastern portion of Venezuela. The bees in the Venezuela group were identified as European (70%), European with evidence of introgression of Africanized genes (5%), Africanized with evidence of introgression of European genes (7%) and Africanized (18%), indicative of a population undergoing hybridization. For the Venezuelan population alone, the correlations between defensive behaviour and morphometric identification as Africanized were not significant. Therefore, defensive behaviour alone is not an adequate indicator for identification or certification programmes in areas undergoing Africanization.
Komplexität des Computers

Mit wachsender Miniaturisierung besteht ein Computer aus vielen Millionen Schaltelementen, die in hochstintegrierten Schaltkreisen verbunden sind. In diesem Sinn ist der Computer ein komplexes System, das automatische Datenverarbeitung mit wachsender Geschwindigkeit realisiert und darin das Gehirn weit ubertrifft. Im Unterschied zum Gehirn setzt allerdings der Computer eine zentrale Steuerung voraus, die in einem Computerprogramm vorher Schritt fur Schritt festgelegt werden mus. Je nach Rechenzeit, Speicheraufwand u.a. kann ein Computerprogramm unterschiedlich komplex sein. Wir unterscheiden Komplexitats- bzw. Berechenbarkeitsgrade, mit denen ein Problem durch ein optimales Computerprogramm entschieden werden kann. Sind aber alle Probleme im Sinne von Leibniz berechenbar oder gibt es auch prinzipiell nicht berechenbares Denken? Lassen sich Berechenbarkeitsund Entscheidungsprozesse durch Quantencomputer uber die Geschwindigkeitsgrenzen herkommlicher Computertechnologien steigern?
Air Pollution and Energy Policies: The Role of Environmental Damage Estimation

This paper investigates the effectiveness of the instruments adopted to tackle air pollution in developing countries. The argument presented is that, even more than in developed economies, the less developed countries have to allocate the resources in this area with extreme care and parsimony. In order to implement effective programs, first the potential benefits of a reduction in emissions have to be estimated, and compared to the costs of alternative actions; second, govern ments have to move away from a “command control” approach to the problem, to one where market based instruments can influence economic agents behaviour towards the revised targets. The methods by which air pollution control policies have been determined in OECD countries and the feasibility of external cost estimates in air pollution strategies are discussed. Accordingly, the transferability of these estimates to account for environmental damages in developing dountries is examined. The paper claims that rules for modifying the willingness to pay to account for differences between countries at different levels of development can be set and the potential role of monetary estimates is explored.
Exchange of Drainage Catheter

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for exchange of drainage catheter procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Computing Fluid-Structure Interaction by the Partitioned Approach with Direct Forcing

In this paper, we propose a new partitioned approach to compute fluid-structure interaction (FSI) by extending the original direct-forcing technique and integrating it with the immersed boundary method. The fluid and structural equations are calculated separately via their respective disciplinary algorithms, with the fluid motion solved by the immersed boundary method on a uniform Cartesian mesh and the structural motion solved by a finite element method, and their solution data only communicate at the fluid-structure interface. This computational framework is capable of handling FSI problems with sophisticated structures described by detailed constitutive laws. The proposed methods are thoroughly tested through numerical simulations involving viscous fluid flow interacting with rigid, elastic solid, and elastic thin-walled structures.
Rejuvenation of vacuum tower bottoms through bio-derived materials for use in paving flexible roadways

Abstract Asphalt, made from the heavy fractions of crude petroleum, is a co-product of the oil refining process. In recent years, the lighter fractions of crude petroleum have increased in value. The lighter fractions of crude petroleum are used for making gasoline and their value increases as the price of gasoline increases. Vacuum distillation is used in oil refining to increase the relative volatility of the crude petroleum creating an efficient method for recovering light fractions. The vacuum tower distillation bottoms (VTB) are a very stiff form of asphalt and have limited use alone for paving. The main objective of this study was the assessment of two linseed oil derived materials for use as rejuvenators of VTB through binder performance, and a cost-benefits analysis. A total of eighteen groups including the control VTB with performance grade (PG) 76-10 were used in the evaluation of the linseed oil derived materials. Using the binder performance results, statistical modeling was done to optimize formulations to achieve a PG 70-22 and a PG 64-22. The measured viscosity results were used in a cost-benefits analysis of the control VTB and rejuvenated VTB at PG 70-22 and PG 64-22, reductions in energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 , NO X , SO X , and CO) were seen.
Contribution of CT bone window to 18F flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the assessment of osseous metastases

1759 Objectives: To assess the diagnostic value of CT bone window in the detection of osseous metastases using the hybrid PET/CT scanner. Methods: 114 18F-FDG PET images were evaluated visually by two experienced observers (consensus readings); only data on the primary tumor, age and gender of the patients were available to the observers. PET images were initially reviewed alone, and then in conjunction with CT and fused PET/CT using MIRADA software. Readers were asked to report on number and location of regions with abnormal tracer accumulation in osseous structures and assign each lesion either: 1) Definite bone metastases when the FDG activity is higher than the liver activity. 2) Probable bone metastases if the activity is equal to the liver activity. 3) Equivocal when the activity is less than the liver and higher than the contralateral osseous structure. In spine lesions, comparable normal spine segments were chosen instead of contralateral normal tissue. All PET/ CT scans were acquired 50 minutes following the intravenous administration of approximately 10 mCi of 18F FDG. CT from the base of the skull to the mid thighs was performed on a 16-slice Reveal XVI PET CT. Immediately after and without altering the position of the patient a PET scan of the identical region was acquired. Results: FDG-PET revealed 152 lesions in 18 patients (10 male, 8 female; mean age 63; 6 Non small cell lung cancer, 4 breast cancer, 3 thyroid cancer, 5 miscellaneous). 130/152 lesions were definite for bone metastases in whom the majority 83/130 lesions (64%) showed mixed sclerotic/lytic and pure lytic pattern on the corresponding CT images. 18/152 lesions were probable for bone metastases in whom 14/18 (78%) showed either lytic or mixed pattern on CT. On the other hand, 4/152 lesions were equivocal by FDG-PET, in whom 3/4 (75%) showed either lytic or mixed pattern on CT. Fused FDG/PET images helped to better localize 17/152 lesions (11%) to soft tissues rather than osseous structures. Additionally, 19/152 lesions in 4 patients were localized to bone marrow cavity which was consequently confirmed by bone marrow biopsy in two patients. Conclusions: CT bone window dose not only increase the diagnostic certainty of bone metastases in cancer patients but it also helps in better localizing the lesions, in particular bone marrow lesions which might have a prognostic significance.
Management of a Ventral Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak With a Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Blood Patch in a Child With Persistent Postdural Puncture Headache: A Case Report.

Objective Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is an uncommon sequel of lumbar puncture in children. When conservative treatment with bed rest, hydration, and caffeine are ineffective, epidural blood patches are recommended and are generally effective. The purpose of this report was to highlight that when lumbar epidural blood patches fail to eliminate PDPH, diagnostic evaluation should be performed and alternative treatment sought. Case Report An unusual case is described of an 11-year-old boy with PDPH, which was successfully managed with a ventral (anterior) epidural blood patch and epidural saline infusion after headache and other symptoms failed to resolve after conservative treatment and conventionally performed blood patches. Conclusions Ineffectiveness of conservative measures and epidural blood patches performed posteriorly to resolve PDPH should lead the physician both to question the diagnosis of PDPH by pursuing radiographic confirmation of a cerebral spinal fluid leak and, furthermore, identification of its location to best direct further therapy.