cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of ceftriaxone plus doxycycline in the treatment of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the effectiveness of ceftriaxone plus doxycycline in the treatment of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adults hospitalized for pneumonia between January 1999 and July 2001 at an academic medical center. Outcomes were compared for patients with CAP treated with ceftriaxone plus doxycycline versus other appropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapies. Outcomes were adjusted with the use of a propensity score to account for differences in patient characteristics and illness severity between groups. RESULTS: A total of 216 patients were treated with ceftriaxone plus doxycycline and 125 received other appropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapies. After adjustment, use of ceftriaxone plus doxycycline was associated with reduced inpatient mortality (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08–0.81) and 30-day mortality (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.81), but not with length of stay or readmission rates. Analysis of a subset of the sample that excluded patients admitted from nursing homes, patients admitted to the ICU, and patients diagnosed with aspiration also showed reduced inpatient mortality with the use of ceftriaxone plus doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ceftriaxone plus doxycycline as an initial empiric therapy for patients hospitalized with CAP appears safe and effective, and its potential superiority should be evaluated prospectively. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:7–12. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Stem Cell Divisions: An Adaptation against Cancer?

Traditionally, it has been held that a central characteristic of stem cells is their ability to divide asymmetrically. Recent advances in inducible genetic labeling provided ample evidence that symmetric stem cell divisions play an important role in adult mammalian homeostasis. It is well understood that the two types of cell divisions differ in terms of the stem cells' flexibility to expand when needed. On the contrary, the implications of symmetric and asymmetric divisions for mutation accumulation are still poorly understood. In this paper we study a stochastic model of a renewing tissue, and address the optimization problem of tissue architecture in the context of mutant production. Specifically, we study the process of tumor suppressor gene inactivation which usually takes place as a consequence of two “hits”, and which is one of the most common patterns in carcinogenesis. We compare and contrast symmetric and asymmetric (and mixed) stem cell divisions, and focus on the rate at which double-hit mutants are generated. It turns out that symmetrically-dividing cells generate such mutants at a rate which is significantly lower than that of asymmetrically-dividing cells. This result holds whether single-hit (intermediate) mutants are disadvantageous, neutral, or advantageous. It is also independent on whether the carcinogenic double-hit mutants are produced only among the stem cells or also among more specialized cells. We argue that symmetric stem cell divisions in mammals could be an adaptation which helps delay the onset of cancers. We further investigate the question of the optimal fraction of stem cells in the tissue, and quantify the contribution of non-stem cells in mutant production. Our work provides a hypothesis to explain the observation that in mammalian cells, symmetric patterns of stem cell division seem to be very common.
Experimental porcine polioencephalomyelitis in germfree pigs. A silver carbonate study of neuronal degeneration and glial response.

The neuronal changes and glial response in the spinal cord were studied by silver impregnation techniques in 23 germfree pigs orally infected with a porcine polioencephalomyelitis viras. By the sixth day swelling occurred in motor neurons. During the next 24 to 96 hours this progressed to diffuse chromatolysis, vesiculation, necrosis, and neuronophagia in massive areas of the ventral horns. Massive degeneration of axons in tracts originating in the ventral horns and from dorsal root ganglia correlated well with the extensive destruction of both motor and sensory neurons.The initial responses to necrosis of ganglion cells were infiltration and proliferation of microglial cells. As active neuronal destruction ceased (about two weeks following infection) the microglial reaction began to decline and proliferative astrocytosis became the predominant feature. The paucity of surviving neurons in the ventral horns, and the density of the mesh of astrocytic processes marked the chronic regressive phase of the disease.
Strategies for Bioproduct Optimization in Plant Cell Tissue Cultures

Cell cultures that can produce multiple products of commercial interest simultaneously have the potential to overcome economic barriers to commercialization. This paper reviews several strategies (elicitation, immobilization, medium optimization, differentiation, metabolic engineering, bioreactor considerations) for enhancing valuable product synthesis in plant cell cultures, with a focus on the production of Taxol from Taxus cell cultures (our laboratory research focus). While plants are capable of synthesizing valuable products (secondary metabolites), often undifferentiated tissue cultures cannot produce significant amounts of the target compound without the use of enhancement strategies. For example, cell immobilization cannot only protect cells from shear, but also promote secondary metabolism, in part due to increased cell interactions. The cell culture medium can be easily manipulated by changing sugar composition, type, and concentration of plant growth hormones, and the levels of phosphate and nitrogen. A two-stage process that promotes growth in the first stage and production in the second stage is often employed. Elicitation of enzyme systems can be used to achieve high levels of production. Methyl jasmonate is a signal transducer that has been shown to influence numerous plant species, including Taxus. Often, the synergistic application of these enhancement strategies is necessary to achieve acceptable product yields. There are also several issues to consider when designing a reactor for secondary metabolite production: shear stress, gas phase composition, and oxygen delivery. The generic strategies used to enhance secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures can also be applied to increase hydrogen and valuable product yields in bacterial and algal systems.
Patient—Clinician Communication and STI Care

Primary care patients who are sexual with another person—or who have ever in the past been sexual with another person—deserve a thorough history to review sexual patterns and events and to assess present risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and illnesses. The STI history is akey part of the new patient work-up, and those initial findings help set the interval for future assessments. For celibate patients, ask at least annually, “Has anything changed since you last told me you are not sexual with anyone?” For patients with one or more sex partners, repeat the STI history anytime you ask history questions of any kind. For patients with a history of risky behavior or an STI diagnosis, assess risk taking at every encounter, look for opportunities to praise and support safer sex steps, and intervene promptly when you discover behavioral risk taking or clinical evidence of infection.
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF UNDIFFERENTIATED AND CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE–INDUCED DIFFERENTIATED NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS TO CYCLOSPORIN A: POTENTIAL ROLE OF β-AMYLOID AND UBIQUITIN IN NEUROTOXICITY

Abstract Cyclosporin A is routinely used in transplant therapy following allogeneic or xenogeneic tissue transplantation to prevent rejection. This immunosuppressive drug is also neurotoxic; however, its mechanisms of action for neurotoxicity are poorly understood. Undifferentiated and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)–induced differentiated neuroblastoma (NB) cells were used as an experimental model to study the toxicity of cyclosporin A. Results showed that cyclosporin A promoted the outgrowth of neurites and inhibited the growth of undifferentiated NB cells. When cyclosporin A was added simultaneously with RO20–1724, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, or with prostaglandin E1, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, it markedly enhanced the growth inhibitory and differentiation effects of these cAMP-stimulating agents. In addition, cyclosporin A added to cAMP-induced differentiated NB cells caused dose-dependent degeneration of these cells as evidenced by the vacuolization of cyt...
Effects of gasket on coupled plastic flow and strain-induced phase transformations under high pressure and large torsion in a rotational diamond anvil cell

Combined plasticflow and strain-induced phase transformations (PTs) under high pressure in a sample within a gasket subjected to three dimensional compression and torsion in a rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC) are studied using a finite element approach. The results are obtained for the weaker, equal-strength, and stronger high-pressure phases in comparison with low-pressure phases. It is found that, due to the strong gasket, the pressure in the sample is relatively homogenous and the geometry of the transformed zones is mostly determined by heterogeneity in plasticflow. For the equal-strength phases, the PT rate is higher than for the weaker and stronger high-pressure phases. For the weaker high-pressure phase, transformation softening induces material instability and leads to strain and PT localization. For the stronger high-pressure phase, the PT is suppressed by strain hardening during PT. The effect of the kinetic parameter k that scales the PT rate in the strain-controlled kinetic equation is also examined. In comparison with a traditional diamond anvil cell without torsion, the PT progress is much faster in RDAC under the same maximum pressure in the sample. Finally, the gasket size and strength effects are discussed. For a shorter and weaker gasket, faster plasticflow in radial and thickness directions leads to faster PT kinetics in comparison with a longer and stronger gasket. The rates of PT and plasticflows are not very sensitive to the modest change in a gasket thickness. Multiple experimental results are reproduced and interpreted. Obtained results allow one to design the desired pressure-plastic strain loading program in the experiments for searching new phases, reducing PT pressure by plastic shear, extracting kinetic properties from experiments with heterogeneous fields, and controlling homogeneity of all fields and kinetics of PTs.
THE NON-CEMENTED HUMERUS: THE OPTIMAL HYBRID SOLUTION – OPPOSES

Hybrid fixation of total joint arthroplasty has been an accepted form of surgical approach in multiple joints. Principles of implant fixation should focus on durability providing secure long-term function. To date there is no conclusive evidence that pressed fit humeral stem fixation has an advantage over well-secured cemented humeral fixation. In fact, need for revision arthroplasty due to inadequate implant fixation has almost universally revolved around failure of cement fixation and loosening of the glenoid component. A case will be made based on 30 years of experience of one surgeon performing total shoulder arthroplasty using secure modern cement fixation techniques of humeral components. More recently, over the last 10 years, extremely high rate of durable secure glenoid implant fixation has been achieved using tantalum porous anchorage with polyethylene glenoid components. This has resulted in no cases of loosening of glenoid fixation and only 1 case of glenoid component fracture with greater than 95% survivorship over a 10 year period. A combination of well cemented humeral stem and trabecular metal anchorage of the glenoid has provided durable lasting function in primary total shoulder arthroplasty.
Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using oligonucleotide primers to detect mecA and 16S ribosomal RNA gene was developed to aid in identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Validation included 99 isolates of staphylococcus grouped into one of five categories: methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococcus (MSCNS), methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (MRCNS), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), high beta-lactamase producing S aureus (HiBSA), and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). mecA was detected in MRSA (21/21), and in MRCNS (20/20), but not in MSSA (0/20). mecA was occasionally detected in HiBSA (1/19) and MSCNS (3/19). This multiplex PCR assay was also used to test 30 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci with discrepancies between results of in vitro tests for susceptibility to oxacillin and was found to be valuable when a more definitive determination of intrinsic methicillin-resistance was desired.
Prudent Changes Now for a Bright Future

The Imaging and Geospatial Information Society is in a state of transition with a new membership structure, new governance model, and new approach to the business of ASPRS including conferences, publications, and member services. With these measures fully implemented we anticipate a bright, resilient and sustainable future. We are acting responsibly and managing a new reality of lower total membership in a prudent manner with a keen eye on appropriate budget levels and member program execution. The glass is over half full and rising.
A long-term metabolic study to assess the nutritional value of and immunological tolerance to two soy-protein concentrates in adult humans

Seventeen healthy young adult men participated in a long-term metabolic study (11 wk) to evaluate the tolerance to and protein nutritional value of two commercially produced soy-protein concentrates. Danpro-S (nine subjects) and Danprotex-H 40 (eight subjects) (Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S, Aarhus, Denmark). Each test protein (0.8 g.kg-1.d-1) served as the sole source of dietary nitrogen. Subjects remained healthy, no problems of clinical or metabolic significance appeared, body weight remained constant, and body composition indices (lean body mass by H2(18)O dilution and creatinine excretion) and basal metabolic rate did not change. N balances fluctuated around body N equilibrium. Immunological studies confirmed the absence of any allergic responses in these subjects. It is concluded that these protein concentrates can be consumed as the sole source of dietary protein for protein nutritional maintenance and with excellent tolerance.
Experimental Verification of Ultra-High-Performance, Advanced-Propulsion Heat Exchangers

Hi gh-performance compact heat exchangers are a critical technology for many advanced air-breathing propulsion systems, including liquid air cycle engines (LACE). In order to make these systems practical, large performance gains over current state -of-practice ground-based heat exchangers must be realized to reduce heat exchanger mass. Theoretical investigations have predicted these gains to be achievable through advanced geometry and operation at very high Reynolds numbers. This paper presents the initial results of experimental studies at the University of Illinois, designed to verify these predicted gains. The experimental apparatus used to test heat transfer performance is based on the naphthalene sublimation mass transfer technique. Experimental results are presented for Reynolds numbers as high as 100,000 – more than ten times higher than any published study to date. Comparison of the results to previous predictions for high-Re heat exchanger performance shows order-of-magnitude increases in the heat transfer coefficient, suggesting that ultra-high performance compact heat exchangers are achievable for propulsion applications.
A Hydrologic Functional Assessment Model for Depressional Wetlands

This paper describes development of a hydrologic functional assessment model for depressional wetlands. Model output is a normalized metric that ranges from 0 to 1 and indicates the level of alteration to the wetland hydrologic regime relative to the unaltered condition. The metric selected to characterize the hydrologic regime is the number of days (0-365) with standing surface water. The model includes four variables, each corresponding to an alteration type common in the study area. One variable reflects alterations to wetland morphology that increase or decrease storage capacity. Two variables reflect alterations to the wetland watershed that result in increased surface runoff. The remaining variable reflects changes in evapotranspiration losses resulting from a timber harves t. Model variable sensitivity and interaction are examined by simulating 47 years of hydrology for a depressional wetland site. Simulation results are used to develop simple relationships between model variables and the normalized metric.
Electron microscopic and proteomic comparison of terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve in patients with and without migraine headaches.

Background:The purpose of this study was to compare the ultrastructural appearance and protein expression of the zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve in patients with and without migraine headaches.Methods:After confirmation of migraine headache diagnosis on 15 patients, a 5-mm segment
Scalable kernel polynomial method for calculating transition rates

We present an efficient method for calculating the prefactors of harmonic transition state theory rates. We reformulate the prefactors in terms of the density of states (DOS) of the Hessian matrices at the basin minimum and the saddle point. The DOS is then approximated using the kernel polynomial method as an expansion in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. The cost of the calculation scales linearly with the number of atoms, in contrast with the cubic scaling of the direct method. This approach hence greatly facilitates the investigations of kinetic processes in very large systems. We demonstrate the method by calculating the prefactors of the transition rates for two processes in bulk silver: vacancy hopping and Frenkel pair formation.
Evaluation on the implementation effect of Expanded Program on Immunization in Wushan County of Gansu Province

Objective To estimate the achievements of expanded program on immunization (EPI) implemented in Wushan County,Gansu,and to determine the evaluation indicators that were suitable for low-income areas in China.Methods 8 districts were randomly selected from all 15 districts in Wushan.3 villages were selected from each district.Children who were born before and after EPI implemented were investigated and the information of vaccination and their parents' awareness were collected.The analysis of immunization coverage rate was enrolled in this study.Results Although there was no difference in the rate of vaccination card and certificate before and after EPI among the total of 720 children,the matching rate of vaccination card and certificate was increased from 30.0% in 2007 to 44.6% in 2009 and 57.4% in 2010.The differences of proportions receiving Bacillus Calmett-Guerin vaccine (BCG),fully three doses of Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB),Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine (OPV),Diphtheria,Tetanus and Pertussis Combined Vaccine (DTP) and Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine (MV) were not significant before and after EPI.However,the HepB timely coverage of the first dose after birth increased from 70.8% before EPI to 96.0% after EPI.The new vaccination coverage of Hepatitis A Vaccine (HepA) was up to 92.1%.And the coverage of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE) also increased from 90.0% in 2007 to 97.9% in 2010.Adequate knowledge and practices regarding the vaccination were higher in parents than that in other types of guardians for children and better knowledge were mainly from districts health clinics.Conclusion The implementation of EPI showed that there was improvement in the immunization coverage in Wushan County.The matching rate of vaccination card and certificate,HepB timely coverage of the first dose and the coverage rates of new vaccine should be used for evaluation of the EPI in low-income county in China.
Design consideration of MHz active clamp flyback converter with GaN devices for low power adapter application

With ever increasing demands of smaller size, lighter weight for all forms of consumer electronics, efficient power conversion with higher operating frequency has always being pursued rigorously. This paper demonstrates high frequency, high efficiency and high power density design of active clamp flyback converter for adapter application. Both the primary and secondary switches are gallium nitride (GaN) devices which can significantly reduce the device related conduction and switching loss. The design procedures, including the selection of active clamping capacitor, optimization of flyback transformer, and EMI filter design, are presented in detail. A 65W (19.5V/3.3A) prototype of active clamp flyback front end converter is developed to verify the feasibility of the system design. The prototype efficiency is 1∼2% higher than the state of art product and the power density (exclude case) is more than 40W/in3.
Use of a powered shaver to remove multiple oral cavity papillomas.

We report a previously undescribed method of removing multiple oral papillomas, which we performed on 5 men with human immunodeficiency virus (H1V) infection. Patients were brought to the operating room and placed under general anesthesia. In addition, 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected under and around the lesions. We then removed the lesions with a Tricut laryngeal blade attached to a handheld powered shaver. Postoperatively, patients were sent home on clindamycin, a pain medication, and Peridex. At the 1-week follow-up, patients reported only minimal pain, and their wounds were well healed. We observed no adverse events associated with the shaving procedure. Our method expedites the process of removing multiple oral cavity papillomas while reducing the morbidity generally associated with other procedures.
Complications Following Distraction-Based Growth-Friendly Surgery in Early-Onset Scoliosis

Distraction-based, growth-friendly techniques including dual growing rods or VEPTR are the most common surgical modalities used to treat early-onset spinal deformity. Complications during the course of treatment may profoundly affect the outcome of EOS treatment at maturity. Infection, loss of anchor fixation, scarring, and spontaneous intervertebral fusion each can prematurely halt treatment, lessen spinal growth, and create or worsen deformity. Common treatment goals for EOS at maturity include achieving the maximum possible pulmonary function, spine length, and residual spine mobility. Meeting these goals is already made difficult by the underlying spinal deformity and pathologic diagnosis. Complications decrease the likelihood that the EOS patient will reach maturity with an adequate thorax and spine for adult functioning. In this chapter common complications are discussed in detail with the intent that awareness and familiarity with distraction-based complications will best equip the surgeon to avoid problems or effectively deal with complications as they occur. Early recognition and skillful management of complications is critical to allow continued growth-friendly treatment.
Reduction of hysteresis in MoS 2 transistors using pulsed voltage measurements

Transistors based on atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials like MoS 2 have attractive properties for applications in low-power electronics. However, in practice their electrical measurements often exhibit hysteresis [1,2], masking their intrinsic behavior. Here, we use pulsed measurements to decrease hysteresis, examine charge trapping, and extract device parameters (like mobility) that represent the “true” behavior of 2D devices. Hysteresis is minimized even with modest ≤ 1 ms pulses, and the extracted mobility converges to a unique value, unlike the less reliable conventional methods which rely either on forward or reverse DC sweeps.
Crushing the Bones of the Other: Disability, Ethnicity, and Homosexuality in Rashid Al-Daif’s Sikirida’s Cat and Alexandra Chreiteh’s Ali and His Russian Mother

ABSTRACTThis article offers a textual analysis of Rashid Al-Daif’s Sikirida’s Cat and Alexandra Chreiteh’s Ali and His Russian Mother, focusing on the novels’ exploration of disability, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity. I contend that both novels reveal the violence of exclusionary cultural discourses and practices that render the nation’s “Others” in a constant state of vulnerability by virtue of their stigmatized gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and/or corporeal difference. The novels give voice to emergent subjectivities that—while still marginalized—are no longer subdued by dominant discourses of disavowal and exclusion. Furthermore, no longer are the struggles of non-normative characters foreshadowed by the text’s preoccupation with war and security (or the lack thereof). By vividly portraying the lived realities of minoritized characters who struggle against hegemonic notions of gender, sexuality, ability, and citizenship, al-Daif and Chreiteh’s texts reveal and interrogate multiple discourses of oppre...
Genetic Analyses in Zebrafish Reveal That Angiopoietin-Like Proteins 1 and 2 Are Required for HSC Development during Embryogenesis

Recent studies have shown that members of the angiopoietin-like protein ( angptl ) family can help stimulate ex vivo expansion of mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The requirement of angptl for HSC development has yet to be determined. Here, the effects of morpholino (MO) knockdown of angptl1 , angptl2 or the combination of both, were assessed during zebrafish development. Single MO knockdown of either angptl1 or angptl2 resulted in a decrease in c-myb positive HSCs in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, the site of definitive hematopoiesis at 36 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Embryos injected with combined angptl1 and angptl2 MOs (double morphants) had an even more severe phenotype, in which both c-myb and runx1 positive HSCs were almost completely absent. In an effort to discern the onset of the phenotype, early HSC markers were evaluated. The double morphants had decreased expression of scl and lmo2 at 8–10 somite stages (ss) in the bilateral stripes of the lateral mesoderm region from which hematopoietic and vascular progenitors are thought to arise. To determine if angptl are sufficient to expand HSCs, angptl1 and angptl2 mRNA were injected into one-cell stage embryos and HSC markers were evaluated. Angptl1 and angptl2 mRNA significantly increased c-myb and runx1 positive HSCs in the AGM. Interestingly, addition of thrombopoietin, a potent stem cell growth factor, with angptl1 and angptl2 further increased HSCs in the AGM, implying a synergistic effect of these growth factors during HSC development. Angptl regulation of HSC development may occur by stimulating the production of the hemogenic endothelium. MO knockdown of either angptl1 or angptl2 alone did not alter vascular development significantly, while MO knockdown of both angptl1 and angptl2 resulted in a disruption of intersegmental blood vessel sprouting at 28 hpf. The arterial and venous specification in these double morphants was also disrupted at 28 hpf, with decreased expression of the arterial marker ephrinB2 but increased ectopic expression of the venous marker, flt4 . These results strongly suggest an early downstream effect of angptl signaling on hemogenic endothelium. Furthermore, since Vegf signaling is indispensable for proper endothelial specification and definitive HSC formation, we found that in the double morphants, somite expression of vegf 165 mRNA was decreased early in development. Although angptl1 mRNA expression was undetectable at this stage, angptl2 mRNA expression was localized in the yolk sac extension and posterior spinal cord, appearing in close proximity to the vegf positive somites. This suggests that in these locations, angptl may stimulate Vegf production in the embryo to participate in the induction of hemogenic endothelium and subsequently lead to HSC formation. Taken together, our data demonstrates that the angptl are required for HSC development by coordinating the production of a functional hemogenic endothelium that can lead to the formation of HSCs.
A Dedicated Spanish Language Line Increases Enrollment of Hispanics Into Prehospital Clinical Research.

Background and Purpose— Novel methods are needed to reduce the disparity of Hispanic enrollment in stroke clinical trials. Prehospital enrollment using a dedicated Spanish language line may help overcome this bias. Methods— Subjects or legally authorized representatives provided information on race and ethnicity for all cases enrolled in the FAST-MAG clinical trial (Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium), a prehospital phase 3 randomized study of intravenous magnesium for neuroprotection. One of 2 in-ambulance cell phones (in English or Spanish) was used to obtain informed content in the field. We describe the yield and characteristics of subjects enrolled via Spanish line. Results— There were 1700 subjects enrolled from 2005 to 2012, of which 402 (24%) identified as Hispanic ethnicity. Study racial makeup was 1325 (78%) white, 219 (13%) black, and 139 (8%) Asian. The dedicated Spanish line was used for 195 (12%) enrollments. Spanish-line enrollments were younger (65 versus 70 years old; P <0.001), more likely to identify as Hispanic (98% versus 14%; P <0.001), and more likely to present with intracerebral hemorrhage (36% versus 21%; P <0.001). Conclusions— The use of a dedicated Spanish language enrollment line allowed for greater enrollment of Hispanics, a population with significantly different baseline characteristics. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT00059332][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00059332&atom=%2Fstrokeaha%2F48%2F5%2F1389.atom
Voxel-space radar signal processing for side attack explosive ballistic detection

Explosive hazards in current and former conflict zones are a serious threat to both civilians and soldiers alike. Significant effort has been dedicated to identifying sensors, algorithms and fusion strategies to detect such threats. However, a challenging aspect of the field is that we are not necessarily at war with the threats (objects). Instead, we are at conflict with people who are constantly evolving their strategies of attack along with their preferred threat. One such method of threat delivery is side attack explosive ballistics (SAEB). In this article, we explore different 3D voxel-space radar signal processing methods for SAEB detection on a U.S. Army provided vehicle-mounted platform. In particular, we explore the fusion of a matched filter (MF) and size contrast filter (SCF). Clustering is applied to the fused result and heuristics are used to reduce the systems false alarm rate. Performance is assessed in the context of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves on data from a U.S. Army test site containing multiple target and clutter types, levels of concealment and times of day.
Accounting for Household Production: Toward an Improved Measure of Macroeconomic Well-Being

What we measure tells us what we value. GDP is expressed in money, so only things exchanged for a price are counted in this crucial indicator of economic well-being. Housework, raising children, and other unpaid work contribute to the long-term viability of human life. But they have no price. This chapter summarizes the decade-long effort that led to the adoption of the American Time-Use Survey (ATUS) as a step toward correcting this omission in national accounts. The road involved steadfast work by insiders and outsiders: bureaucrats, scholars, governmental organizations, and politicians and activists. Their work enables more comprehensive measures of how people provision, representing a real moment of institutional change that lessens the invidious distinction between paid work in the labor market and unpaid work in the home.
Characterization of Thyroid Disorders in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy

Thyroid disorders have emerged as one of the most common immune-related adverse events associated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy or combination anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. This study characterizes and compares the evolution of monotherapy and combination therapy-related thyroid disorders. We analyzed the dynamic evolution of thyroid disorders in 45 patients who developed thyroid disorders following treatment with either anti-PD-1 monotherapy or anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy. The patients presented with thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism as the initial presentation of their thyroid disorder. Thyrotoxicosis as the initial presentation occurred in the majority of patients (93% and 56% of the patients receiving combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively). The onset pattern of the thyroid disorder was significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.01). Subsequently, 76% and 90% of the patients with thyrotoxicosis evolved to develop hypothyroidism in the combination and monotherapy groups, respectively. In the combination therapy and monotherapy groups, the median times to onset of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism after first treatment were 21 and 63 days, and 31 and 68 days, respectively. The median time for transition from thyrotoxicosis to hypothyroidism was 42 days in both groups. Our study demonstrates that most thyroid disorders induced by either anti-PD-1 or combination anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy are thyroiditis. The time to onset of thyrotoxicosis after treatment initiation and evolution of thyrotoxicosis to hypothyroidism was short, emphasizing the importance of close monitoring of thyroid function in these patients. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(12); 1133-40. ©2017 AACR.
Steady-state analysis of the impact of temperature variations on a distribution transformer

In this paper, the impact of global climate change, especially on distribution transformers, is addressed. A background on the effect of ambient temperature and operating temperature on distribution transformers is described. A case study using real data, corresponding to Chicago, Illinois, is implemented to investigate the effect of increasing ambient temperature on the lifetime of the transformer. Further, a view of our future path in this research is presented.
How to Negotiate

Negotiations are ubiquitous in most professional roles, including the roles filled by academic physicians. Becoming more intentional and skilled in negotiation is invaluable. This chapter will focus on principles of effective negotiation and then will briefly discuss considerations for negotiating when power between negotiators is not equal, before concluding with advice on how to improve negotiation skills over time.
The Cdc28 inhibitor p40SIC1

Sic1 inhibits the activity of Cdc28·Clb5 complexes in late G1, creating a delay between cell cycle commitment and S phase initiation. The ultimate purpose of this delay is unknown but loss of Sicl activity negatively affects genomic stability and cellular viability. Sicl levels are controlled by periodic changes in transcription rates and protein stability. The latter control is mediated through the Cdc34 ubiquitin transferase and, possibly, Cdc28·Cln activity. Possible roles of Sicl in the G1/S and the M/G1 transitions are discussed.
Continuous remote ischemic conditioning attenuates cognitive and motor deficits from moderate traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUNDWhile studies show that single-dose remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) improves outcomes, the effect of continuous (daily) RIC is unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of continuous RIC on cognitive and motor function following traumatic brain injury (TBI).METHODSWe subjected 24
The challenges of interdisciplinarity

The long-term evolution of knowledge has undoubtedly been one of humankind's most distinctive achievements. Enshrined as it is in great libraries, museums, and universities around the world, such knowledge has traditionally resulted from the pursuit of human curiosities. These pursuits have long been focused and re¢ned, especially when questions eventually yielded answers as a consequence of rigorous methods of inquiry. Science and its foundational methods have evolved primarily through specialization, where the pay ois in e¤ciency have been impressive indeed. Many realize that disciplinary specialization has costs, too, not the least of these being more fragmented knowledge and knowledge which informs realistic problems only with great di¤culty (Stern, 1986). The matter is especially evident, and increasingly urgent some believe, with respect to a variety of environmental problems.
Design and Optimization of ESD P-Direction Diode in Bulk FinFET Technology

We present an ESD P-direction STI diode fabricated in an advanced bulk FinFET technology. The impact on process and design parameters are evaluated in detail. With design optimization, the ESD P-direction STI diode achieves 46% and 16% performance improvement for It2/C and It2/Area relative to the C-direction design.
Undergraduate Research and the Academic Librarian: Case Studies and Best Practices

Co-editors Hensley and Davis-Kahl have curated twenty-five case studies that document the creativity, variety, and most importantly, the positive impact of collaborations among academic librarians,...
Technology and Manufacturing of High-Density Magnetic-Bubble Memories

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the bubble memories with particular emphasis on the manufacturing technology required to fabricate these very large-scale memories. Memory devices are the only commercial use of bubble technology. Such devices are organized as shift registers. The rotating drive field shifts the bubble from one location to the next equivalent location in one cycle; the number of equivalent locations on a chip equals the number of bits in the memory. There are several possible architectural arrangements by which bits are placed in the memory and read out of it; however, they all require certain bubble operations. There are two types of bubble generators in use. A nucleating generator uses a current pulse through a haipin conductor loop placed under a permalloy feature to nucleate a bubble. A replicating generator also uses a current pulse that cuts a seed bubble in two and transfers one part to the right track. The seed bubble remains under a large permalloy patch and is initially nucleated as for the nucleating generator. Permalloy bubble device structures are usually referred to as “permalloy-first” or “conductor-first,” depending on the sequence in which the permalloy and conductor layers are deposited on the bubble film.
Museum librarianship a cross-discipline and cross-institution model of librarianship. The Historic New Orleans Collection and the case for successful museum librarians on duty.

Museum librarianship has existed as long as there have been museums but the research and description of this unique model of librarianship are lacking. This research seeks to address these deficiencies, and bring more light to this cross-discipline and cross-institutional form of librarianship. Museum libraries unites the structural designations of “library” and “museum” within one collection of materials in various formats. This paper will discuss and showcase both similarities and differences between a museum library and museum librarians, and other “traditional” libraries and “traditional” librarians. Several key questions defining museum libraries will be discussed, including: Why place a library in the museum itself? What role does the museum librarian play? Librarian, curator, or docent? Where can one learn to be a museum librarian? Is this occupancy for every librarian? What are the challenges of the museum library and museum librarian? Are there any significant advantages or disadvantages to being a librarian in a museum? This paper aims to explore potential answers to these and other questions in addition to describing museum librarianship via published literature, author’s professional experience, and careful examination of operation of The Historic New Orleans Collection (THNOC) library. The THNOC serves as a good example of a museum library by its mission, and procedures. The librarians of The Collection (THNOC), similar to other museum librarians, are much more than book organizers, shifters, and “shushers” (Jesella, 2007); they are vital members of the institution. The work of the librarians at the THNOC and their commitment to the museum’s mission, their agility in serving internal and external users, and their knowledge and professionalism can be seen as an example of holistic librarianship, and it is to them that I would like to dedicate this paper.
LeafScope: A Portable High-Resolution Multispectral Imager for In Vivo Imaging Soybean Leaf

Portable devices for measuring plant physiological features with their isolated measuring chamber are playing an increasingly important role in plant phenotyping. However, currently available commercial devices of this type, such as soil plant analysis development (SPAD) meter and spectrometer, are dot meters that only measure a small region of the leaf, which does not perfectly represent the highly varied leaf surface. This study developed a portable and high-resolution multispectral imager (named LeafScope) to in-vivo image a whole leaf of dicotyledon plants while blocking the ambient light. The hardware system is comprised of a monochrome camera, an imaging chamber, a lightbox with different bands of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) array, and a microcontroller. During measuring, the device presses the leaf to lay it flat in the imaging chamber and acquires multiple images while alternating the LED bands within seconds in a certain order. The results of an experiment with soybean plants clearly showed the effect of nitrogen and water treatments as well as the genotype differences by the color and morphological features from image processing. We conclude that the low cost and easy to use LeafScope can provide promising imaging quality for dicotyledon plants, so it has great potential to be used in plant phenotyping.
Chapter 89 – Endopterygota

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Endopterygota, which is a division of the class Insecta in the phylum Arthropoda. The orders of insects in this division have wing rudiments that develop internally, and external wings are not evident until pupal metamorphosis occurs. There are three superorders in this division: the Neuropteroidea (which includes the orders Coleoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, and Strepsiptera), the Mecopteroidea (Diptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, and Trichoptera), and the Hymenopteroidea (Hymenoptera).
Ex vivo use of cell-permeable succinate prodrug attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in blood cells obtained from carbon monoxide-poisoned individuals

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new pharmacological strategy using a first-generation succinate prodrug, NV118, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and healthy controls. We obtained human blood cells from subjects with CO poisoning and healthy control subjects. Intact PBMCs from subjects in the CO and Control group were analyzed with high-resolution respirometry measured in pmol O2 per second per 10-6 PBMCs. In addition to obtaining baseline respiration, NV118 (100 μM) was injected, and the same parameters of respiration were obtained for comparison in PBMCs. We measured mitochondrial dynamics with microscopy with the same conditions. We enrolled 37 patients (17 in the CO group and 20 in the Control group for comparison) in the study. PMBCs obtained from subjects in the CO group had overall significantly lower respiration compared with the Control group (P < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in respiration with NV118, specifically with an increase in maximum respiration and respiration from complex II and complex IV (P < 0.0001). The mitochondria in PBMCs demonstrated an overall increase in net movement compared with the Control group. Our results of this study suggest that the therapeutic compound, NV118, increases respiration at complex II and IV as well as restoration of mitochondrial movement in PBMCs obtained from subjects with CO poisoning. Mitochondrial-directed therapy offers a potential future strategy with further exploration in vivo.
Hackathons for Workforce Development: A Case Study

In this case study, we consider the implications and observations of SLO Hacks 2020, a 36-hour hackathon with 358 attendees held on February 28 – March 1, 2020 at the California Cybersecurity Institute. Eight corporate sponsors were involved. Although students may attend hackathons with the intention of releasing a publication, launching a startup, or experimenting with the newest technology, we evaluate the activity with particular interest in workforce development. In a survey of 39 participating teams, we find the overwhelming majority interested in employment (mostly in the form of internships) with sponsoring companies. Most sponsors likewise stated that hiring was a major goal for their engagement with the hackathon. We also share discussions we held with the winning team and their future plans for their project.
OSSE Observations of the Soft Gamma Ray Continuum from the Galactic Plane at Longitude 95 Degrees

We present the results of OSSE observations of the soft gamma ray continuum emission from the Galactic plane at longitude 95 degrees. Emission is detected between 50 and 600 keV where the spectrum is fit well by a power law with photon index -2.6+-0.3 and flux (4.0+-0.5) 10^{-2} photons/s/cm^2/rad/MeV at 100 keV. This spectral shape in this range is similar to that found for the continuum emission from the inner Galaxy but the amplitude is lower by a factor of four. This emission is either due to unresolved and previously unknown point sources or it is of diffuse origin, or a combination of the two. Simultaneous observations with OSSE and smaller field of view instruments operating in the soft gamma ray energy band, such as XTE or SAX, would help resolve this issue. If it is primarily diffuse emission due to nonthermal electron bremsstrahlung, as is the >1 MeV Galactic ridge continuum, then the power in low energy cosmic ray electrons exceeds that of the nuclear component of the cosmic rays by an order of magnitude. This would have profound implications for the origin of cosmic rays and the energetics of the interstellar medium. Alternatively, if the emission is diffuse and thermal, then there must be a component of the interstellar medium at temperatures near 10^9 K.