cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transforms and applications handbook

Signals and Systems, Alexander D. Poularikas, University of Alabama in Huntsville Fourier Transforms, Kenneth B. Howell, University of Alabama in Huntsville Sine and Cosine Transforms, Pat Yip, McMaster University, Ontario The Hartley Transform, Kraig J. Olejniczak, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Laplace Transforms, Samuel Seely (deceased), Westbrook, Connecticut The Z-Transform, Alexander D. Poularikas, University of Alabama in Huntsville Hilbert Transforms, Stefan L. Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology Radon and Abel Transforms, Stanley Deans, University of South Florida The Hankel Transform, Robert Piessens , Katholieke Universieit Leuven, Belgium Wavelet Transform, Yunlong Sheng, Laval University, Quebec The Mellin Transform, Jacqueline Bertrand, Pierre Bertrand, Universite de Paris VII, and Jean-Philippe Ovarlez, ONERA/DES, France Mixed Time-Frequency Signal Transformations, G. Faye Boudreaux-Bartels, University of Rhode Island Fractional Fourier Transforms, Dr. Mustafa Abushagur, University of Alabama in Huntsvill, Dr. Ahmed M. Almanasrah, Photronix, Malaysia The Lapped Transforms, Ricardo L. de Queiroz, Xerox Corporation The Discrete Time and the Discrete Transforms, Alexander D. Poularikas, University of Alabama in Huntsville Discrete Time and the Discrete Transforms, Alexander D. Poularikas, University of Alabama in Huntsville Appendices, Alexander D. Poularikas, University of Alabama in Huntsville Index
Approach to common chronic disorders of adulthood

Common chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer are due to the interaction of genetic and nongenetic risk factors. Recognizing genetic factors that contribute to common chronic diseases can help identify individuals with increased risk, especially at early ages of onset. Understanding genetic susceptibilities for common chronic diseases can also help determine which diseases might develop in an individual, given a particular exposure or behavior. Family history collection and interpretation is the most practical population-based strategy for identifying individuals with a genetic susceptibility to many common chronic diseases. It represents complex interactions of genetic, environmental, cultural, and behavioral factors shared by family members. Family history characteristics that increase disease risk include early age at diagnosis, two or more close relatives affected with a disease or a related condition, a single family member with two or more related diagnoses, multifocal or bilateral disease, and occurrence of disease in the less-often affected sex. By recognizing the magnitude of risk associated with these familial characteristics, stratification into different familial risk groups (e.g., low, medium, and high) is possible, which can guide risk-specific recommendations for disease management and prevention. Clinical genetic evaluation should be considered for individuals with a high familial risk for common chronic diseases or when a Mendelian disorder is suspected. The process includes (1) genetic counseling and education, (2) risk assessment and diagnosis using personal and family medical history, physical examination, and genetic testing, and (3) risk-appropriate recommendations for management and prevention. Keywords: chronic disease; genetic risk assessment; family history; pedigree analysis; genetic testing; disease prevention
The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S

Few data are available on the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with the rare inherited deficiencies of natural anticoagulants. We studied 602 patients with previous VTE: the incidence of first recurrence in the absence of anticoagulation was retrospectively estimated in 64 patients with deficiency of antithrombin (AT, n=14), protein C (PC, n=28), or protein S (PS, n=22) and 538 with no known defect, who acted as the reference group. After adjustment for sex, age, and circumstances of the first event, AT deficiency resulted an independent risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.9); the carriers of PC or PS deficiency had a marginal increase in risk (hazard ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.9-2.2). In conclusion, patients with AT deficiency are potential candidates for long-term oral anticoagulation.
The Ambiguous Tactus: Tempo, Subdivision Benefit, And Three Listener Strategies

the present study models listeners' tactus choices relative to the metric structure of fully musical excerpts using data from a tapping experiment. Viewed from the standpoint of metric structure, tactus was ambiguous between individuals and within excerpts, providing no evidence that this behavior has a global basis in tempo or in a subdivision benefit. Tactus was more consistent within individuals, however, when viewed as following from one of three basic strategies: (1) tapping with a subdivided pulse, (2) tapping with the fastest consistent pulse in the music (a pulse with no consistent subdivision), or (3) using a mixture of these two strategies based on inconsistent rhythmic activity at the musical surface. Music training correlated positively with the first of these strategies. Since individual listeners engage with musical meter in different ways, ambiguity of tactus should be an expected feature of any audience's response to metrical music.
Children and the elderly: divergent paths for America's dependents.

So we have passed through several decades of abrupt demographic change. The child population had declined and the elderly population has spurted. Both of these developments were in the main unanticipated. Most demographers would probably expect such a rapid change in age structure to have favorable consequences for children and troubling ones for the elderly. Fewer children should mean less competition for resources in the home as well as greater availability of social services earmarked for children especially public schooling. The sharp rise in the number of elderly persons should put enormous pressure on resources directed towards the older ages such as medical care facilities nursing homes and social security funds. At least this view would be characteristic of those who see the world through a Malthusian lens and find the main social drama to be the pressure of numbers on some kind of inelastic resource. My thesis is that exactly the opposite trends have occurred in the relative well-being of our two groups of age dependents and that demographic factors have not only failed to prevent this outcome but have in many ways encouraged it. Conditions have deteriorated for children and improved dramatically for the elderly and demographic change has been intimately involved in these developments. (excerpt)
Computer "Glass Boxes" as Advance Organizers in Mathematics Instruction.

Computer ‘ glass boxes ‘ are computer programmes which are clearly written to embody a concept, procedure, or relationship. They are designed to make algorithmic structures accessible and comprehensible to the user. Advance organizers are prepared sets of concepts that are presented to the learner in advance of a body of material to be learned to ensure that concepts will be available for anchoring new ideas. This article proposes that computer glass boxes be employed as advance organizers in mathematics instruction to bring clarity and structural integration to mathematical, instructional, and cognitive structures important to the mastery of mathematical concepts. This type of structural integration can provide a workable solution to the problem of constructing curricula that take into account the learners’ cognitive structures, while meeting the needs of the discipline's structure and the constraints of sound pedagogical structures. Mathematical structures, the organization of the discipline itself, are...
Robust Pinched-Wave Design of a Size-Exclusion Simulated Moving-Bed Process for Insulin Purification

A tandem simulated moving bed (SMB) has been developed previously to purify insulin from two impurities in two sequential steps. In this study, rate-model simulations are used to investigate how variations in operating and system parameters affect the yield and purity of the SMB. The parameters include the pump outputs, step time, bed voidage, size-exclusion factor, and extra-column dead volume. The results show that a robust pump configuration can minimize the effects of pump output deviations. The yield and purity of the tandem SMB are affected the most by the fluctuations of the zone II and IV pumps. In particular, a low-selectivity system is more sensitive to the variations in the operating parameters than a high-selectivity system. If all of the parameter deviations occur simultaneously, the standing-wave design has no sufficient margin to maintain the desired yield and purity. We have developed a new design method such that the standing waves are replaced by pinched waves. Rate-model simulations sho...
Principles and Uses of Academic Detailing to Improve the Management of Psychiatric Disorders

Objective: The purpose of this article is to discuss the principles of academic detailing, or educational outreach, in primary care and review the evidence of its effectiveness in, and potential for improving, mental health care. Methods: The general educational researcl literature on improving physician performance was reviewed along with studies that were designed to test academic detailing. Four rigorous studies have tested this approach specifically on mental health care. These studies are reviewed in detail. Results: Measuring pre-intervention performance to target those with increased educational needs and identifying barriers to change are associated with substantially improved program effectiveness. To change strongly held beliefs or to overcome patient demands, person-to-person contact with credible experts who provide structured alternatives is necessary. Brief reinforcement visits increase success rates and targeting programs to physicians at greatest need improves the cost effectiveness of educational interventions. Conclusions: Academic detailing is one of the few educational interventions that has consistently demonstrated improved physician performance. Educational outreach methods to improve mental health practices in primary care are in need of much additional research. Improving the detection of mental disorders and underuse of mental health treatment may prove to be more difficult than reducing the overuse of unnecessary medications.
Elastic job bundling: an adaptive resource request strategy for large-scale parallel applications

In today's batch queue HPC cluster systems, the user submits a job requesting a fixed number of processors. The system will not start the job until all of the requested resources become available simultaneously. When cluster workload is high, large sized jobs will experience long waiting time due to this policy. In this paper, we propose a new approach that dynamically decomposes a large job into smaller ones to reduce waiting time, and lets the application expand across multiple subjobs while continuously achieving progress. This approach has three benefits: (i) application turnaround time is reduced, (ii) system fragmentation is diminished, and (iii) fairness is promoted. Our approach does not depend on job queue time prediction but exploits available backfill opportunities. Simulation results have shown that our approach can reduce application mean turnaround time by up to 48%.
Modelling urban population density in a multi-centered city.

Modelling the geographic distribution of urban population densities has been attempted in several ways. Recently a controversy emerged in the Journal of Urban Economics regarding whether or not calibrations of these models render unbiased parameter estimates. Three sources of bias were dealt with in these discussions, namely (1) model specification error, (2) the estimation procedure employed, and (3) the definition of areal unit observation size. Additional sources of bias overlooked in this controversy include the presence of multiple centers in a city, and the existence of externalities. This paper explores these additional sources, from both a conceptual and an empirical point of view.
Harnessing Chemical Raman Enhancement for Understanding Organic Adsorbate Binding on Metal Surfaces

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a known approach for detecting trace amounts of molecular species. Whereas SERS measurements have focused on enhancing the signal for sensing trace amounts of a chemical moiety, understanding how the substrate alters molecular Raman spectra can enable optical probing of analyte binding chemistry. Here we examine binding of trans-1,2-two(4- pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) to Au surfaces and understand variations in experimental data that arise from differences in how the molecule binds to the substrate. Monitoring differences in the SERS as a function of incubation time, a period of several hours in our case, reveals that the number of BPE molecules that chemically binds with the Au substrate increases with time. In addition, we introduce a direct method of accessing relative chemical enhancement from experiments that is in quantitative agreement with theory. The ability to probe optically specific details of metal/molecule interfaces opens up possibilities for using SERS in chemical analysis.
The Quest for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay

Abstract We review the status and future of ongoing searches for neutrino-less double beta decay, a lepton-number violating nuclear decay whose existence would imply that neutrinos are their own antiparticles, i.e Majorana particles. The measurement of its decay rate is arguably the most sensitive laboratory probe of the absolute mass of neutrinos. Emphasis is given to the most promising detector technologies in the ﬁeld which aim at exploring the inverted hierarchy region of neutrino masses.
The effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury on aggressive behavior in the rat.

Abstract The sensitivity of isolation-induced aggressive behavior to prenatal treatment of 6.0 mg/kg methylmercuric chloride (MMCl) by gavage on gestation days 6–9 was assessed in a subset of animals from the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study (CBTS). CBTS behavioral measures consisted of negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination, auditory startle habituation, 1-hr activity, 23-hr activity, activity following pharmacological challenge and visual discrimination learning. Auditory startle was the only CBTS behavioral measure that discriminated among prenatal treatment groups. MMCl animals also were reliably more aggressive than vehicle controls in dyadic encounters. The results suggest that tests of aggressive behavior, which rarely have been included in teratologic assessments, be-considered in the formulation of behavioral screening paradigms. The advantages of including tests of aggression and the relationship between aggressive and startle responses are discussed.
Sap velocity and canopy transpiration in a sweetgum stand exposed to free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE)

Summary • Canopy transpiration rates, as a major component of forest hydrologic budgets, are reported for 12-yr-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) trees growing in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study in eastern Tennessee, USA. • The compensated heat-pulse technique was used to measure rates of sap velocity, and stand transpiration was estimated as a function of measured sap velocity, total stand sapwood area and the fraction of sapwood functional in water transport. • Sap velocity averaged 13% less for trees in elevated compared with ambient CO2 concentration. Stand transpiration reached 5.6 and 4.4 mm d−1 for the ambient and elevated CO2 treatments, respectively. Stratification of the data showed that significant differences in stand transpiration were observed between ambient and elevated CO2 only at mean daily radiation levels > 400 J m−2 s−1 and at vapor pressure deficits > 1.0 kPa. • These data illustrate that while elevated CO2 may reduce canopy transpiration, the apparent dependency of such an effect on prevailing weather makes detecting a CO2-induced impact on forest water use difficult.
Aromatic hydrocarbon formation in nonpremixed flames doped with diacetylene, vinylacetylene, and other hydrocarbons: evidence for pathways involving C4 species

Abstract We have studied flames doped with diacetylene and vinylacetylene to determine directly by experiment whether C4 + C2 reactions can be important sources of aromatics in combustion systems. Measurements were made of gas temperatures, major species mole fractions, C1 to C12 hydrocarbon mole fractions, and soot volume fractions in methane/air coflowing nonpremixed flames whose fuel was separately doped with diacetylene, vinylacetylene, propadiene, and acetylene. The dopant concentrations in the unreacted fuel were 5000 ppm or less, which was sufficiently low that the dopants did not affect the flame temperatures, flame size and shape, or H-atom concentrations; thus changes in aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations could be directly attributed to reactions of the dopants and their decomposition products. Diacetylene and vinylacetylene produced larger increases in aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and soot volume fraction than did propadiene or acetylene. Furthermore, the phenylacetylene to benzene mole fraction ratios were higher in the diacetylene-doped and vinylacetylene-doped flames than in the others. These observations and the profiles of individual hydrocarbons indicate that n-C4H3 addition to acetylene and to diacetylene can be important sources of aromatics in flames where a source of n-C4H3 is readily available.
Scalable sampling methodology for logic simulation: reduced-ordered Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation plays a key role in EDA as the gold standard against which heuristics are measured. It is also an important stand-alone technique for statistics-based tasks like power estimation and reliability analysis. Accurate simulation requires large sample sets and long runtimes, which can be hard to achieve with conventional MC. We propose an approach called Reduced-Ordered Monte Carlo (ROMC), which improves simulation efficiency, while still producing accurate results. ROMC takes advantage of the (partial) redundancy inherent in digital signals. It prioritizes input signals based on their observability at the outputs, and combines inputs based on a compatibility property that enables them to share samples. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate that the ROMC methodology can decrease simulation runtime by several orders of magnitude.
Weak and Strong Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Initial Value Problem

This paper reviews the existence, uniqueness and regularity of weak and strong solutions of the Navier-Stokes system. For this purpose we emphasize semigroup theory and the theory of the Stokes operator. We use dimensional analysis to clarify the meaning of the results for the solutions.
Incorporation of physiological trend and interaction effects in neonatal severity of illness scores: an experiment using a variant of the Richardson score

Objective To evaluate whether physiological trends and interaction terms could enhance predictive ability in a variant of the Richardson Score.
Structural requirements for repellency: norsesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoid derivatives of nootkatone against the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that the family of grapefruit flavors called nootkatones have significant repellant and toxic effects to Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki). RESULTS: Nineteen synthetic nootkatone derivatives, along with three commercially available nootkatone derivatives, were tested for repellent activity against C. formosanus by a choice assay in a petri dish with a two-step triage procedure. Based on the repellency threshold value, the relationships between structure and activity are discussed. CONCLUSION: Four derivatives of nootkatone have very high repellency and toxicity to C. formosanus, 9 times the potency of the primary compound nootkatone. Four other compounds have between 2 and 3 times the repellency of nootkatones, and three compounds are equal in their repellency to nootkatone.
Chemotaxis by Octopus maya Voss et Solis in a Y-maze

Abstract Chemotaxis by Octopus maya Voss et Solis ( n = 20) to chemicals introduced at a distance (teloreception) was measured in a Y-maze. The trials ( n = 195) were conducted in a 40-1 Y-maze system with chemicals entering only one arm of the Y-maze. Octopuses were placed into the base compartment near the convergence of the Y-maze arms and allowed to acclimate to the Y-maze (10 min). A chemical was added to one of the Y-maze arms and octopus movements were recorded (10 min) on videotape. The videotape provided information on the arm first penetrated, the sequence of the penetrations, the number of penetrations into each arm, the duration of time spent in each arm and the base and the mean time spent in each arm per penetration. Eight chemicals (ATP, AMP, alanine, betaine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline and taurine), two crude extracts (crab and shrimp) and the control (no chemical) were introduced at random to only one arm of the Y-maze and each octopus was tested for all chemicals and the control. The final concentration of the chemicals was 10 −4 M except ATP at 10 −5 M and AMP at 10 −5 M, while the crude extracts were prepared by homogenizing crab or shrimp tissue to a final concentration of 5 × 10 −5 g · 1 −1 . Control and chemically exposed octopuses were very active while in the Y-maze, penetrating each arm multiple times. Chemotaxis was demonstrated for octopuses exposed to proline, ATP and crab extract since these octopuses most often penetrated the arm receiving chemical first. Increases in the total amount of activity (number of penetrations into arms and total time spent in arms) were correlated to exposure to proline, alanine, ATP and crab extract; these chemicals functioned as excitants. Betaine and taurine were correlated with lower activity; these chemicals functioned as arrestants. Differences in the number of penetrations per arm and the total duration spent in each arm were affected by both the chemical used and individual octopuses. The sequence of penetrations was not affected by different chemicals. As a result, chemotaxis by octopuses was associated most strongly with first exposure to a chemical, causing initial movement by the octopus into the arm receiving the attractant; octopuses probably habituated to the presence of the chemicals thereafter.
An analysis of the mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane to Escherichia coli: influence of DNA repair activities and metabolic pathways.

The mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) to Escherichia coli was reduced by the UV light-induced excision repair system but unaffected by the loss of a major apurinic/apyrimidinic site repair function. At high doses, 70–90% of the EDB-induced mutations were independent of SOS-mutagenic processing and approximately 50% were independent of glutathione conjugation. The SOS-independent mutations induced by EDB were unaffected by the enzymes that repair alkylation-induced DNA lesions. EDB-induced base substitutions were dominated by GC to AT and AT to GC transitions. These results suggest that EDB-induced premutagenic lesions have some, but not all, of the characteristics of simple alkyl lesions.
Stable isotope constraints on the origin and depth of penetration of hydrothermal fluids associated with Hercynian regional metamorphism and crustal anatexis in the Pyrenees

Late Carboniferous (Hercynian) tectonism in the Pyrenees generated extremely steep thermal gradients at 8–14 km depth in the continental crust, producing andalusite- and sillimanite-grade metamorphism and partial melting of Lower Paleozoic metasediments under water-rich conditions. At the same time, amphibolite- and granulitefacies “basal gneisses” were equilibrated under dryer conditions at pressures of 4 to 7 kbar (14–25 km depth), beneath these higher-level rocks. We present 95 new oxygen isotopic analyses of samples from the Agly, St. Barthelemy, Castillon and Trois Seigneurs Massifs, highlighting contrasting 18O/16O systematics at different structural levels in the Hercynian crust, here termed Zones 1, 2, and 3. The unmetamorphosed, fossiliferous, Paleozoic shales and carbonates of Zone 1 have typical sedimentary δ18O values, mostly in the range +14 to +16 for the pelitic rocks and +20 to +25 for the carbonates. The metamorphosed equivalents of these rocks in Zone 2 all have strikingly uniform and much lower δ18O values; the metapelites mostly have δ18O=+10 to +12, and interlayered metacarbonates from the Trois Seigneurs Massif have δ18O of about +12 to +14. Typically, the Zone 3 “basal gneisses” are isotopically heterogeneous with variable δ18O values ranging from +6 in mafic lithologies to +22 in carbonate-rich lithologies. Steep gradients in δ18O (as much as 10 per mil over a few cm) are preserved at the margins of some metacarbonate layers. These data indicate that the Zone 3 gneisses were infiltrated by much smaller volumes of metamorphic pore fluids than were the overlying Zone 2 rocks, and that circulation of surface-derived H2O (either seawater or formation waters, as evidenced by high δD values) was mainly confined to the Paleozoic supracrustal sedimentary pile. This is compatible with an overall reduction of interconnected porosity with increasing depth, but perhaps even more important, the extensive partial melting at the base of Zone 2 may have produced a ductile, impermeable barrier to downward fluid penetration.
The results of fresh-frozen patellar tendon allografts for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency of the knee

This prospective study was done to evaluate the clinical outcome of fresh-frozen patellar bone-tendon-bone al lograft tissue used as a substitute for chronic insuffi ciency of the anterior cruciate ligament. Forty-one pa tients were followed at a mean of 27 months after surgery. The mean time from injury to reconstruction was 34 months. The same operative procedure and postoperative rehabilitation was performed on each patient. The evaluation method consisted of subjective, objective, and instrumented laxity testing. Thirty-seven patients (90%) thought their knee was normal or im proved after surgery and had no further episodes of giving way.The combined modified Hughston Knee Score re vealed 30 patients (73%) with an excellent or good result and 9 patients (22%) with a fair or poor result. The mean postoperative Lysholm Knee Score was 91 (range, 56 to 100). Thirty-two had a negative pivot shift (78%). The postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer re vealed 37 patients had an injured-to-uninjured differ ence of 5...
Prospects for new antibiotics: a molecule-centered perspective

There is a continuous need for iterative cycles of antibiotic discovery and development to deal with the selection of resistant pathogens that emerge as therapeutic application of an antibiotic becomes widespread. A short golden age of antibiotic discovery from nature followed by a subsequent golden half century of medicinal chemistry optimization of existing molecular scaffolds emphasizes the need for new antibiotic molecular frameworks. We bring a molecule-centered perspective to the questions of where will new scaffolds come from, when will chemogenetic approaches yield useful new antibiotics and what existing bacterial targets merit contemporary re-examination.
Addressing the Graduation Gap

Crossing the Finish Line Completing College at America's Public Universities by William G. Bowen, Matthew M. Chingos, and Michael S. McPherson Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2009. 413 pp. $27.95, £19.95. ISBN 9780691137483. The authors consider why more than 40% of the students who enter US four-year colleges fail to graduate and what can be done to reduce that number.
A multicriteria multitransform neural network classifier

In this paper, we propose a novel one- and multi-dimensional signal classification neural network system that employs a set of criteria extracted from the signal representation in different transform domains, denoted the multicriteria multitransform neural network classifier. The signal projection, in each appropriately selected transform domain, reveals unique signal characteristics. The criteria in the different domains are properly formulated and their parameters adapted to obtain classification with desirable implementation properties such as speed and accuracy. Results for image classification confirm the improved classification performance relative to existing techniques. In addition to the improved computational efficiency and accuracy, preliminary results indicate that the proposed technique lends itself to higher classification accuracy in the presence of additive noise.
Seeking Recognition: Patriotism, Power and Politics in Sikh American Discourse in the Immediate Aftermath of 9/11

After the events of 9/11, Sikh Americans were victims of specific hate crimes and more generalized discrimination and distrust. This essay draws on participant observation and interviews conducted in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 with the Sikh community of the greater Washington, DC, area to examine the range of their responses to the pressures confronted by the community. It examines both the creativity and the anxiety surrounding the intersubjective efforts of Sikh communities to redefine together diasporic Sikh identity in the eyes of a hostile non-Sikh public; this was achieved through the actions undertaken by a joint committee of the leadership of gurdwaras and advocacy groups. Vigils, charity work ( sewa ), public meetings, and advertisements in support of the 9/11 victims and their families were significant not only insofar as they professed American patriotism but also because the backstage planning for them made clear the depth of diversity and difference within the Sikh-American communities of the region. Joint action was achieved even as, in certain pockets of the Sikh-American community of Washington, DC, Khalistani American activists conflated their patriotism for America with their patriotism for Khalistan by creating a discourse in which their two "homelands" were seen as simultaneously under attack by outside terrorists (Al Qaeda and the Indian state, respectively).
Residency Training Programs in Veterinary Clinical Pathology: A Comparison of Experiences at Two Institutions

Two institutions with different residency training formats in clinical pathology are compared with respect to application procedures, learning and teaching opportunities, learning resources, research training, publication requirements, and assessment methods of the program and trainees. The University of Florida and Purdue University programs are both based on an emphasis in morphologic recognition and interpretation of disease processes as well as training in basic science and applied research principles. The progress of trainees through each program is carefully monitored to meet individual needs as well as to meet the training requirements to allow candidates to sit for the certifying examination in clinical pathology. Periodic mock board exams are a critical tool to assess trainee progress and learning. The differences in format focus on coursework and publication requirements as well as on program assessment tools. While one program provides training in the form of 75% clinical diagnostic service, the other uses a mixture of 50% coursework and 50% clinical diagnostic training. Despite the contrast between a pure residency training program and one combining residency training with an MS degree, both institutions provide a solid program structure, ample learning resources, and adequate faculty mentorship to produce a high pass rate of board-certified specialists, the major focus for both programs. Numbers of post-training employment positions for both institutions are similar for those selecting faculty positions at veterinary schools. During the period studied, however, the combined residency and MS graduate program at Purdue University produced more graduates employed in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, while the residency program at the University of Florida produced more graduates employed by diagnostic laboratories.
Heaviside's 'posthumous papers'

An independent search through the Heaviside Collection of the Institution of Electrical Engineers for the material discussed in Heaviside's ‘posthumous papers’ is reported.
Direct histological comparison of periodontal wound healing in the beagle dog with and without citric acid conditioning

Direct hislological comparison was made of periodontal healing in the beagle dog with and without citric acid conditioning. The acid was applied into one of two small standardized cavities which were prepared on the root surface through a semilunar mucosal incision and a surgically-created fenestration in the facial alveolar bone. Comparisons were made by general study of serial sections as well as histometric assessments, with particular attention to the formation of cementum. Acid treated cavities exhibited increased cementogenesis as compared to controls. The extent of cementum, its thickness and its area in the sections were, on the average, nearly three times that of the controls. New cementum and connective tissue in the acid treated cavities exhibited minimal artifactual separation from the dentin, whereas in the controls, separation was widespread, signifying that a weaker physical attachment had developed. Differences in the extent of bone formation were not significant. The study confirms a positive effect of citric acid conditioning on cementogenesis and reattachmenl, demonstrating effectiveness with application limited strictly to the root surface.
Urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in management of neuroblastoma.

Measurements of urinary total catecholamines expressed as dopamine (TC) and their metabolites, total metadrenalines (TM) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid (HMMA) were made on 24-h urine collections from 56 previously untreated children with neuroblastoma. All results were expressed as a ratio to the creatinine excretion and were compared with “smoothed” age-related reference ranges derived from results in 704 children with other illnesses. Urinary catecholamines/metabolites excretion was elevated in 55 of the 56 patients, the exception being a baby with opsomyoclonus. TC was raised in 47, HMMA in 41, and TM in 37. Eleven patients had elevations of one parameter (TC in 10, HMMA in 1), 15 had 2 elevated levels, and 29 had elevations of all three. The TM level was the least contributory, as in no patient was it the only parameter elevated. Serial measurements were performed in 40 children, and the results correlated closely with the clinical progress of the disease and in some children permitted early de...
Field Strnegth changes during isoelectric focusing

Conductivity gaps in electrofocusing gels were measured as a function of the duration of isoelectric focusing, using a device for the determination of segmental voltage along the gel length (Jackiw, B. A., et al., Electrophoresis 1980, 1, 102–106 Transient and permanent conductance gaps were found on electrofocusing with both commercial and home-made carrier ampholytes of a variety of pH-ranges and chemical compositions. All pH gradients investigated exhibited conductance gaps. The dynamics of conductance gap formation and the relative magnitude of voltage maxima were compared in electrofocusing gels made with the various types of carrier ampholytes, With ampholyte-ampholyte mixtures, and with ampholyte-amino acid mixtures.
On indicator dilution and perfusion heterogeneity: A stochastic model

Abstract Unidirectional extraction of a substrate S in the capillaries following the arterial injection of a bolus containing S and a reference tracer R is assumed to follow first-order kinetics. If C R and C S denote normalized venous effluent concentrations of R and S , respectively, let L ( t )=ln[ C R ( t )⧸ C S ( t )]. We derive a formula which expresses the experimental L(t) data in terms of the mean μ( t ) and variance of the transit times of those capillaries which are contributing indicators at each sample time t . We examine the information thus contained in the L data about capillary and noncapillary transit times under several kinematic assumptions. We show that if the capillary and noncapillary transit times are stochastically independent with frequency functions h c (t) and h av (t) , respectively, then the shapes of the graphs of L(t) and μ( t ) depend on the variances and skewnesses of h c (t) and h av (t) . Specifically, let r 2 be the ratio of the variance of h c ( t ) to the variance of h av ( t ), and let r 3 be the ratio of skewnesses in the same order. Then the graph of μ( t ) is concave downward if r 2 ⧸ r 3 > 1, concave upward if r 2 ⧸ r 3 r 2 ⧸ r 3 = 1. If the fraction of S extracted is not too large, L(t) has nearly the same shape as μ( t ), and therefore, L(t) contains information about h c ( t ) and h av ( t ).
Cyclic seesaw optimization and identification

In the seesaw (or cyclic or alternating) method for optimization and identification, the full parameter vector is divided into two or more subvectors and the process proceeds by sequentially optimizing each of the subvectors while holding the remaining parameters at their most recent values. One advantage of the scheme is the preservation of large investments in software while allowing for an extension of capability to include new parameters for estimation. A specific case involves cross-sectional data represented in state-space form, where there is interest in estimating the mean vector and covariance matrix of the initial state vector as well as parameters associated with the dynamics of the underlying differential equations. This paper shows that under reasonable conditions the cyclic scheme leads to parameter estimates that converge to the optimal joint value for the full vector of unknown parameters. Convergence conditions here differ from others in the literature. Further, relative to standard search methods on the full vector, numerical results here suggest a more general property of faster convergence as a consequence of the more “aggressive” (larger) gain coefficient (step size) possible in the seesaw algorithm.
The history of clinical oxygen monitoring

Abstract Oxygen is monitored by using its effect on blood hemoglobin color, its concentration in gas, its pressure in blood or tissue and using infrared light through the scalp and skull. The effect of oxygenation on hemoglobin color was discovered in 1860, used in a human hand in 1875, in a human ear in 1935, and made practical by Glen Millikan in 1942. Multiwavelength accurate ear oximetry was introduced by Shaw in 1964. Pulse oximetry was discovered by Takuo Aoyagi in 1972. Gas monitoring using oxygen's paramagnetism was invented by Linus Pauling in 1945. Continuous gas mass spectrometry became available about 1950. Polarography monitoring dissolved oxygen using an electrochemical cell to consume oxygen diffusing in proportion to pO2 (dissolved oxygen pressure) through a semi-permeable membrane to a noble metal cathode was discovered by Leland Clark in 1954. Transcutaneous Clark electrodes were shown to approximate arterial pO2 when mounted on skin heated to 43 °C by Dietrick Lubbers and associates in 1972. They are used in premature infants to control inspired oxygen to prevent eye damage. Lubbers also introduced optical glass fibers coated with substances in which fluorescence is quenched in response to liquid oxygen pressure for use in pump-oxygenators and indwelling arterial catheters.
Levels of 88Sr from the decay of 88Rb

Abstract The decay of 17.8 min 88 Rb to levels of 88 Sr has been examined with the use of Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) γ-ray detectors and a γ-γ coincidence spectrometer. Observation of the decay of the β-ray activity gave a half-life of 17.78 ± 0.11 min. Some 14 γ-rays were observed and placed in a decay scheme. On the basis of the proposed decay scheme and of a direct comparison of total β-ray activity with the intensity of the 1836 keV γ-ray, it was determined that 76.2 ± 4.0 % of the β-disintegrations proceed to the ground state. The remainder populate 88 Sr levels at 1836, 2734, 3220, 3488, 3635, 4414, 4513, 4745, 4845 and 4854 keV. The properties of the levels are discussed in the framework of the quasi-particle and spherical vibrational models.
The relationship between the macro- and microclimate

Abstract A search of the literature has yielded a very small number of papers dealing with quantitative relationships between the macro- and microclimate. Such relationships would be of great value in view of the difficulty in obtaining microclimatological measurements and of their limited application. It is suggested that useful relationships are possible.
Structure-Based Phylogenies of the Serine β-Lactamases

The serine β-lactamases present a special problem for phylogenetics because they have diverged so much that they fall into three classes that share no detectable sequence homology among themselves. Here we offer a solution to the problem in the form of two phylogenies that are based on a protein structure alignment. In the first, structural alignments were used as a guide for aligning amino acid sequences and in the second, the average root mean square distances between the alpha carbons of the proteins were used to create a pairwise distance matrix from which a neighbor-joining phylogeny was created. From those phylogenies, we show that the Class A and Class D β-lactamases are sister taxa and that the divergence of the Class C β-lactamases predated the divergence of the Class A and Class D β-lactamases.
Removal of water vapor and VOCs from nitrogen in a hydrophilic hollow fiber gel membrane permeator

Abstract Dried regenerated cellulose hollow fiber membranes have been studied for selective removal of moisture from a nitrogen stream. The permeance of water vapor through such a membrane was found to increase exponentially with the relative humidity of the gas stream. Using this permeance expression in a permeator model developed here, an analytical expression has been obtained to estimate the moisture removal capability of the hollow fiber permeator. The experimentally observed permeator performance data are described well by this analytical expression. The selectivity of water vapor over nitrogen as well as individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g. toluene and methanol, have also been studied in this permeator. The membrane selectivity for H2O over N2 increased from 20 to 250 as the relative humidity was increased from a very low to a very high level. The membrane was also quite selective for H2O over toluene, much less so for H2O over methanol. For extraction of moisture from a humid atmosphere in space and other applications without drying the atmosphere totally, the regenerated cellulose membrane appears to act as a smart membrane whose moisture permeability is drastically reduced at low relative humidities.
Body Dissatisfaction and Sexual Victimization among College Women

109 white, never-married undergraduate women between the ages of 17 and 24 years completed both a Body Dissatisfaction scale and a sexual coercion scale. Analysis showed no over-all correlation between body-dissatisfaction scores and sexual victimization scores. Since the correlations were as anticipated, the lack of significance may reflect the small group sizes. Women with higher and those with lower body-dissatisfaction scores were not different in mean sexual victimization scores, suggesting that women's body dissatisfaction may not be associated with risk for sexual victimization. There was a significantly higher mean body-dissatisfaction score for women who reported that they had experienced sexual victimization in dating relationships than for women who reported having had no such experience. Perhaps experiencing sexual victimization has a negative effect on how women view their bodies. This study suggests a complex link between sexual victimization and body dissatisfaction in women.
Molecular dynamics effects on protein electrostatics.

Electrostatic calculations have been carried out on a number of structural conformers of tuna cytochrome c Conformers were generated using molecular dynamics simulations with a range of solvent simulating, macroscopic dielectric formalisms, and one solvent model that explicitly included solvent water molecules. Structures generated using the lowest dielectric models were relatively tight, with-side chains collapsed on the surface, while those from the higher dielectric modelshad more internal and external fluidity, with surface side chains exploring a fuller range of conformational space. The average structure generated with the explicitly solvated model corresponded most closely with the crystal structure. Individual pK values, overall titration curves, and electrostatic potential surfaces were calculated for average structures and along each simulation. Differences between structural conformers within each simulation give rise to substantial changes in calculated local electrostatic interactions, resulting in pK value fluctuations for individual sites in the protein that very by 0.3–2.0 pK units from the calculated time average. These variations are due to the thermal side chain reorientations that produce fluctuations in charge site separations. Properties like overall titration curves and pH dependent stability are not as sensitive to side chain fluctuations within a simulation, but there are substantial effects between simulation due to markeddifferences in average side chain behavior. These findings underscore the importance of proper dielectric formalism in molecular dynamics simulations when used to generate alternate solution structures from a crystal structure, and suggest that conformers significantly removed from the averagestructure have altered electrostatic properties that may prove important inepisodic protein properties such as catalysis.
Concurrent quantification of tremor and depression of locomotor activity induced in rats by harmaline and physostigmine.

Rationale: Both harmaline and physostigmine are known to produce whole-body tremors in rodents, yet there is little quantitative information on the differential frequency characteristics of these tremors or on other possible motor effects of these drugs. In addition, the degree to which tolerance develops to their tremorogenic effects is uncertain. Objectives: The purpose of this work was to use a new kind of instrument (the force-plate actometer) to describe quantitatively the frequency characteristics of tremor induced by the two drugs and simultaneously to measure locomotor activity effects. Another aim was to detect any tolerance effects on the tremor or locomotor measurements. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats in four separate groups received harmaline (0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg/kg) while another four groups received physostigmine (0, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/kg). Dosing continued for 4 consecutive days. Each day, every rat's whole-body tremor and locomotor activity were recorded for 30 min. Fourier analysis of the force-plate recordings was used to quantify tremor and characterize its frequency components. Results: Harmaline induced a dose-related tremor that peaked in the 10 Hz region of the spectrum, while the dose related-tremor of physostigmine was demonstrably of a broader-band frequency composition. While harmaline tremor exhibited pronounced tolerance, physostigmine tremor remained substantial across the 4 days of dosing. Both drugs suppressed locomotor activity, and there was no tolerance on this measure for either drug. Conclusions: In regard to tremor, harmaline and physostigmine induced quantitatively different kinds of tremor, and these differences probably reflect the drugs' different sites of action in the brain (harmaline: inferior olive; physostigmine: basal ganglia). For harmaline, tolerance to the tremorogenic effect was concurrent with a lack of tolerance to locomotor suppression, and this finding suggested the presence of a strong motor effect of harmaline that continued to be expressed despite the absence of tremor.