cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Instability and Breakdown: The Historical Context

The breakdown of Greek democracy in 1967 cannot be understood apart from the political context in which it occurred. This chapter provides the historical background of the overthrow of democracy, including the United States’ role in Greek politics in the years immediately preceding the coup. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, serious parliamentary crises, deep partisan cleavages, and pervasive political instability all contributed to an environment in which the overthrow of democracy by the military became possible. However, this chapter argues that, contrary to common belief, the US embassy in Athens did not see the 1967 military coup coming. Instead, American officials continued to believe until the very end that a coup was neither imminent nor certain. The US was in principle opposed to a coup and had made this clear to Greek political and military elites even as rumors swirled in Athens of a military-led “deviation” from constitutional government. When the coup finally occurred in April 1967, the embassy was caught by surprise and was faced with the challenge of crafting a response to what very quickly became an entrenched regime with no apparent inclination to relinquish power and restore democracy.
Citizenship, National Identity, and Genocide

This article contemplates the significance of citizenship and national identity in the perpetration of genocide. Beginning with the Holocaust, the author discusses a wide range of genocides, from Cambodia and Rwanda to Armenians and Native Americans, examining how governments deny citizenship and manipulate concepts of national identity to justify mass atrocities.
150th Anniversary of Veterinary Education and the Veterinary Profession in North America: Part 2, 1940–1970

ABSTRACT This article is the second in a series of four to be published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (JVME). These articles are abridged versions of six lectures that make up an elective course on the history of the veterinary profession in North America offered at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine to students in all four years of the program. The course is built in part on a series of biographies and interviews captured in a collection at http://www.vet.cornell.edu/legacy, and complemented by a growing collection of historical and public policy blogs at http://www.veterinarylegacy.blogsite.com. This article describes the development of the veterinary profession from 1940 to 1970, with particular emphasis on World War II, the Land Grant colleges established in the mid- and late 1940s, women in veterinary medicine (1910–1970), and African-Americans (ca. 1890–1945). Though the article is somewhat Cornell-centric because the lectures were presented to Cornell students at t...
The Effects of a Computer-Aided Listening Comprehension Intervention on the Generalized Communication of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability:

In this study, a computer-aided listening comprehension intervention package supported both listening comprehension and communication goals for three students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) an...
Robert A. Geake with Lorin M. Spears, From Slaves to Soldiers: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment in the American Revolution

Robert A. Geake with Lorin M. Spears, From Slaves to Soldiers: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment in the American Revolution. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2016. 184pp. ISBN 97-8159-4162-688 (hardback). £19.99.
Microbial quality of surface water and subsurface soil after wildfire.

Abstract Runoff from wildfire affected areas typically carries high concentrations of fine burned residues or eroded sediment and deposits them in surface water bodies or on subsurface soils. Although the role of wildfire residues in increasing the concentration of chemical contaminants in both environments is known, whether and to what degree wildfire residues may affect microbial contaminants is poorly understood. To examine the effect of wildfire residues on growth and die-off of Escherichia coli (E. coli) —a pathogen indicator, we mixed stormwater with E. coli and suspended particles from the pre- and post-wildfire area in batch reactors and monitored E. coli concentration. E. coli grew initially in the presence of all particles, but the relative E. coli concentration was 10 times lower in the presence of wildfire residues than in natural soil from unaffected areas. Wildfire residues also decreased the persistence of E. coli during a 15-day incubation period. These results indicate that the growth or persistence of E. coli in surface water in the presence of wildfire residues was less than that in the presence of unburned soil particles, potentially due to depletion of nutrient concentration and/or loss of viability of bacteria in the presence of wildfire residues. To examine the transport potential of wildfire residues and their ability to facilitate the transport of E. coli in the subsurface system, suspensions containing wildfire residues and/or E. coli were injected through unsaturated sand columns—a model subsurface system. Transport of wildfire residues in sand columns increased with decreases in the depth and increases in the concentration of particles, but increased transport of wildfire residues did not result in the increased transport of E. coli, suggesting wildfire residues do not facilitate the transport of E. coli. Overall, the results indicate that wildfire residues may not increase the risk of the microbial contamination of surface water or groundwater via subsurface infiltration.
Use of Specialized Pro‐Resolving Mediators to Alleviate Cold Platelet Storage Lesion

BACKGROUND Cold-stored platelets are an attractive option for treatment of actively bleeding patients due to a reduced risk of septic complications and preserved hemostatic function compared to conventional room temperature-stored platelets. However, refrigeration causes increased platelet activation and aggregate formation. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), cell signaling mediators biosynthesized from essential fatty acids, have been shown to modulate platelet function and activation. In this study, we sought to determine if SPMs could be used to inhibit cold-stored platelet activation. METHODS Platelets were collected from healthy donors (n = 4-7) and treated with SPMs (resolvin E1 [RvE1], maresin 1 [MaR1], and resolvin D2 [RvD2]) or vehicle (VEH; 0.1% EtOH). Platelets were stored without agitation in the cold and assayed on Days 0 and 7 of storage for platelet activation levels using flow cytometry, platelet count, aggregation response using impedance aggregometry, and nucleotide content using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared to VEH, SPM treatment inhibited GPIb shedding (all compounds), significantly reduced both PS exposure and activation of GPIIb/IIIa receptor (RvD2, MaR1), and preserved aggregation response to TRAP (RvD2, MaR1) after 7 days of storage. Similar to untreated cold-stored platelets, SPM-treated samples did not preserve platelet counts or block the release of P-Selectin. Nucleotide content was unaffected by SPM treatment in cold-stored platelets. CONCLUSIONS SPM treatment, particularly Mar1 and RvD2, led to reduced platelet activation and preserved platelet function after 7 days of storage in the cold. Future work is warranted to better elucidate the mechanism of action of SPMs on cold platelet function and activation.
Novel oral anticoagulants in intracardiac thrombosis resolution: a case series.

Background Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been regarded as the therapy of choice for intracardiac thrombosis for decades based mostly on observational data. The advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has displaced VKAs as the first-line therapy for multiple thrombotic disorders but not for intracardiac thrombosis. Although limited, there is growing evidence that DOACs are effective for intracardiac thrombosis and some data suggest that thrombus resolution might be superior to that with warfarin. Case summary Here, we present a series of six patients with left atrial appendage thrombi were treated with a venous thromboembolic dose of DOACs with resolution within 2-6 months with no reported complications. Discussion This case series adds to the accumulating evidence supporting the efficacy of DOACs in the treatment of intracardiac thrombi.
Trauma Talks: Exploring Personal Narratives of Trauma-Informed Care through Podcasting

Trauma Talks: Rising from the Ashes is a podcast series developed by The Institute on Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care (ITTIC). The series aims to present a variety of personal audio narratives that...
Measurements of Thermal Boundary Conductance Across α-GeTe/c-GeTe Interfaces

Chalcogenide glasses play a pivotal role in phase change memory storage and RF devices due to a significant disparity in electrical conduction across an amorphous-crystalline phase transition. Knowledge of thermal transport properties, both within the material and across its boundaries, is critical to predict their behavior in packaging architectures and prevent failure during operation. However, there is currently little understanding of the thermal interaction between amorphous and crystalline phases for this class of materials. In this work we measure the thermal boundary conductance across amorphous (a) GeTe/crystalline (c) GeTe interfaces. We find that the thermal boundary conductance across the interface is, at worst, 3 times lower than the equivalent thermal conductance across an ~26.5 nm layer of amorphous GeTe. Future work will interrogate the possibility of templating of the amorphous layer in close proximity to the interface due to a lack of significant sensitivity to the thermal conductivity of the underlying α-GeTe thin film due to a higher measured thermal conductivity on c-GeTe than sapphire. Still, these results suggest that the thermal boundary conductance across the α-GeTe/c-GeTe interface can not be ignored when modeling heat-assisted switching in application, despite the relatively low thermal conductivity of the amorphous layer.
Development of a Decision-Making Inventory to Assess Johnson's Decision-Making Styles

Johnson's decision-making theory suggests that information can be gathered in a systematic or spontaneous manner and that this information is analyzed either externally or internally. This article ...
“Of course he just stood there; he's the law”: Two Depictions of Cause Lawyers in Post-Authoritarian Chile

“Of course he just stood there, he's the law.” – Paulina Lorca, Death and the Maiden Introduction Paulina Lorca's comment about Gerardo Escobar, her husband and a human rights lawyer in Roman Polanski's 1994 film Death and the Maiden , succinctly captures one way that cause lawyers have often been viewed within Chilean popular culture: they just stand there. This essay explores whether this cynical critique of cause lawyers has endured the decade of political upheaval, social transformation, and legal reform that followed Death and the Maiden , using the recently produced Chilean television drama Justicia Para Todos (“Justice for All”) as a vehicle for comparison. In so doing, it focuses on two dilemmas consistently encountered by the cause lawyers in these fictionalized accounts: law vs. social justice and professionalism vs. public service. This essay begins with a brief review of the legal reforms (primarily in the criminal law field) that followed the end of the Pinochet regime in Chile. It then describes the history of legal culture in Chile. The bulk of the essay analyzes Death and the Maiden and Justicia Para Todos , comparing the ways in which they depict the cause lawyers who figure prominently in the plots of each. The essay concludes with a series of observations about cultural depictions of cause lawyers in post-authoritarian Chile that relate to the overall themes of this book. Throughout, the essay refers to enduring themes of the Cause Lawyering Project that these depictions bring to mind.
Lifestyle Factors and Survival in Women with Breast Cancer

With increasing longevity and more effective cancer therapies, the population of cancer survivors is increasing. For example, it is estimated that there are over 2 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. Among cancer survivors and their families, there is substantial interest in whether there is anything that they can do beyond conventional therapy to improve their prognosis. Chief among these is interest in diet and use of complementary and alternative therapies. Despite this interest, there is surprisingly little that is known about the effects of these factors on cancer survival. This is in part because of the usual approach to research on diet and breast cancer in human populations. Studies that have had food and nutrition as a main interest have focused almost exclusively on cancer etiology and prevention; there are literally hundreds of such studies. Meanwhile, studies of populations after a breast cancer diagnosis have rarely considered lifestyle factors. Such studies have focused largely on therapeutics, such as effects of different chemotherapy regimens, or prognostic factors, such as the effects of stage of disease, hormone receptor status, or gene expression signatures on prognosis. To the extent that lifestyle factors have been a focus of cancer prognosis studies, they have often been aimed at the question of whether they impact quality of life, and not on whether they influence cancer survival or recurrence. There have been a handful of studies that have had lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity as a principal focus. In addition to 2 randomized trials, the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) and the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study, there are at least 5 ongoing prospective cohort studies in breast cancer survivors that have diet as a main focus. Although these studies differ in various aspects, they are all aimed at examining whether differences in diet may result in differences in recurrence and mortality rates. One such study, the Pathways Study, is a prospective cohort study that began recruitment of study participants in early 2006. This study is unique in that it is enrolling women as soon after breast cancer diagnosis as is practical, whereas other studies have generally enrolled women after completion of adjuvant therapy or later. This and other studies promise to provide some of the first objective information regarding diet and breast cancer prognosis and serve as models for studies of diet and prognosis of other cancers.
Substrate-based inhibitors of the (S)-adenosyl-L-methionine:delta24(25)- to delta24(28)-sterol methyl transferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A series of 31 side-chain-modified analogs of cholesterol, zymosterol, lanosterol, and cycloartenol and the steroidal alkaloids solasodine and solanidine were studied as inhibitors of ( S )-adenosyl- l -methionine:Δ 24(25) sterol methyl transferase (SMT) enzyme activity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two classes of sterol methylation inhibitors were tested: substrate analogs, including mechanism-based inhibitors, and transition state analogs. Several novel sterol methylation inhibitors that contained an aza, aziridine, or ammonium group in the sterol side chain were prepared and tested for the first time. The degree and kinetic pattern of methylation inhibition were found to be influenced by the position and nature of the variant functional group introduced into the side chain. The most potent inhibitors of SMT enzyme activity were transition state analog inhibitors ( K i values of 5 to 10 n m ) that mimicked the structure and conformation of the natural substrate presumed to form in the ternary complex generated in the transition state. Steroidal alkaloids were potent competitive inhibitors with K i values ranging from 2 to 30 μ m , which is about the K m app of zymosterol, ca. 27 μ m . An isosteric analog of the natural substrate, zymosterol, in which the 26/27-gem-dimethyl groups were joined to form a cyclopropylidene function is shown to be a potent irreversible mechanism-based inactivator of SMT enzyme activity that exhibits competitive-type inhibition, K i 48 μ m with a K inact of 1.52 min −1 . Mechanistic implications of these results provide new insights into the topology of the ternary complex involving sterol–AdoMet–enzyme.
Volatile anesthetic actions on the GABAA receptors: contrasting effects of α1(S270) and β2(N265) point mutations

Previous studies have suggested that two specific amino acid residues in transmembrane segments 2 and 3 of the GABA(A) receptor alpha 2 subunit, Ser270 and Ala291, are critical for the enhancement of GABA(A) receptor function by inhaled anesthetics. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of amino acid substitutions in alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2s GABA(A) receptors at alpha 1(S270) and at the homologous beta 2(N265) on receptor gating and anesthetic potentiation of GABA-induced responses. The wild-type and mutant receptors were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells and GABA-induced currents were recorded using whole-cell voltage clamp. Potentiation of responses to a submaximal concentration of GABA by the anesthetics halothane and isoflurane was also examined. Some of the point mutations caused shifts in the GABA dose-response curve, indicating that the mutations changed the apparent affinity of the receptor for GABA. In receptors mutated at alpha 1(S270), the GABA EC(50) is inversely correlated with the volume of the residue of 270. On the contrary, there was no clear relationship between the physical properties of the amino acid residue at 265 in the beta 2 subunit and either the GABA EC(50) or anesthetic modulation, although mutations at N265 altered both parameters in a quantitative manner. These data are consistent with the results of previous work using other subunit combinations, in confirming that alpha 1(S270) may be involved in channel gating, and also may be important in anesthetic binding; the role of beta 2(N265) is less clear.
Informed multi-process prefetching and caching

Informed prefetching and caching based on application disclosure of future I/O accesses (hints) can dramatically reduce the execution time of I/O-intensive applications. A recent study showed that, in the context of a single hinting application, prefetching and caching algorithms should adapt to the dynamic load on the disks to obtain the best performance. In this paper, we show how to incorporate adaptivity to disk load into the TIP2 system, which uses cost-benefit analysis to allocate global resources among multiple processes. We compare the resulting system, which we call TIPTOE (TIP with Temporal Overload Estimators) to Cao et al's LRU-SP allocation scheme, also modified to include adaptive prefetching. Using disk-accurate trace-driven simulation we show that, averaged over eleven experiments involving pairs of hinting applications, and with data striped over one to ten disks, TIPTOE delivers 7% lower execution time than LRU-SP. Where the computation and I/O demands of each experiment are closely matched, in a two-disk array, TIPTOE delivers 18% lower execution time.
Temperature Preference of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker

DURING the field season of 1956, I was able to collect a number of living Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker, some of which I have maintained in the laboratory. The insects are held in individual plastic boxes almost filled with rotten wood and kept in a refrigerator at 4.5° C. After six months, six nymphs remain active and apparently in good condition. They are fed every two or three weeks on Drosophila larvae, and water is added to keep the rotten wood very moist.
Layered tektites: a multiple impact origin for the Australasian tektites

Abstract High-precision neutron-activation studies of Southeast Asian tektites confirm their close compositional relationship to well-mixed continental sediments. In confirmation of earlier studies, concentrations of the volatile metals Zn, Ga, As and Sb are 2–4 times lower in splash-form tektites than in layered (or Muong-Nong-type) tektites. The Th/U ratio is higher in splash-form than in layered tektites; this implies loss of about 30% of the initially present U from the splash-form tektites. Volatile contents of layered tektites are similar to those in continental sediments indicating minor to negligible loss during their formation. A remarkably coherent relationship between Cr and Co and an associated Ni Co correlation indicate the variable presence of a minor ultramafic component having an atypically low Cr/Co ratio. There is compelling evidence indicating that the layered tektites formed as sheets or pools of melt. Because there are severe difficulties with the impact transport of melt > 600 km, their distribution across a field > 1140 km in length is inconsistent with their formation in a single crater; maintenance of the melt in a liquid state required that it remained in the fireball until it neared the ground. Thus layered tektites should be deposited within a few crater radii of their parent craters, and many craters are required to account for their distribution across a field > 1140 km long. Confirmation of this model can be obtained by discovering the predicted km-size craters or by demonstrating that extensive and widely separated regions yield only layered tektites, and were thus covered with continuous melt sheets ejected from independent craters.
Raman longitudinal acoustic mode studies of poly(ethylene oxide) and α,ω‐methoxylated poly(ethylene oxide) fractions during isothermal crystallization from the melt

Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM ) spectra have been obtained during isothermal crystallization from the melt at various temperatures of a poly( ethylene oxide) ( PEO ) fraction of molecular weight about 3000 and an α,ω-methoxylated fraction (MPEO) derived from it. For both fractions, we find that noninteger fold ( NIF ) chains are formed in the initial stages of crystallization. With time, and more rapidly at higher crystallization temperatures, the NIF chains transform into integer-fold (IF) structures. The final morphologies of the two fractions are similar, consisting of IF mixed-crystal lamellae composed mainly of extended ( E ) chains with embedded once-folded (F2) chains. This solid-state transformation from the NIF state may proceed through the F2 state. The effect of hydrogen bonds in the case of PEO is not to change the transformation process but to slow it when compared to MPEO. Comparison with small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) data indicates that in both cases the NIF chains are tilted to the lamellar surface and that the tilt from perpendicular eventually disappears as IF chains form at the later stages of crystallization.
Activity of Antheridiogen from the Fern Anemia phyllitidis in Three Flowering Plant Bioassays

Pure samples of the antheridiogen of Anemia phyllitidis (AAn) were tested for their ability to affect the growth of dwarf corn (d5) and lettuce seedlings, and to influence α-amylase production by barley half-seeds. Stimulation of dwarf corn growth and barley amylase production was, on a molar basis, from 1/2 to 1/250 that given by GA3. In lettuce, AAn had a synergistic effect with low levels of GA3; alone, AAn was inhibitory or ineffective. Therefore, in addition to having a close chemical resemblance to gibberellin, AAn induces similar, but not identical physiological responses in flowering plants as well as ferns.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON DRY BEANS. Effects of Cooking on the Cellular Structure of Cotyledons in Rehydrated Large Lima Beans

The scanning electron microscope was used to make a photographic comparison between the cellular characteristics of raw, partially cooked, and completely cooked, water-soaked as well as quick-cooking beans. The cooking process involved gelatinization of starch granules contained within integral cell units and concurrent dispersion of intercellular components of the middle lamella which facilitated separation of intact cells without rupture of cell walls. Mechanical stresses due to starch gelatinization, protein denaturation, swelling and heat convection may have promoted cell separation. Except for differences in the rates at which these processes progressed there were no conspicuous differences between the structural characteristics of the water-soaked beans and the quick-cooking beans.
Long-term follow-up of T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in refractory multiple myeloma: importance of allogeneic T cells.

Abstract Multiple myeloma may be cured by myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT), but this occurs at the expense of high transplant-related mortality. In an endeavor to reduce procedure-related toxicity, this study retrospectively evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of T cell depletion by counterflow centrifugal elutriation before alloBMT. Fifty-one patients with stage II (6) or III (45) multiple myeloma received alloBMTs using T cell depletion by elutriation. Fifty-three percent (27 of 51) of patients had primary refractory disease at the time of transplantation, 10% (5 of 51) had relapsed disease, and 4% (2 of 51) had refractory relapsed disease. The median age was 49 (range, 32 to 62) years, and the median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 9 (range, 4 to 58) months. Patients had received a median of 1 (range, 1 to 3) regimen and 4 (range, 2 to 16) cycles of chemotherapy. In this population, transplant-related mortality rate was 24% (12 of 51) with 2 patients dying of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Thirty-one of 39 evaluable patients have experienced relapse, and the probability of progression-free survival 5 years after alloBMT alone is 16%. Sixteen patients were given donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) at the time of relapse (n = 11) or for persistent disease 1 year after transplantation (n = 5). Acute or chronic GVHD was seen in 63% (10 of 16) of patients given DLI. Responses were seen in 8 of 16 patients (6 complete response [CR], 2 partial response [PR]) with 6 of 8 responding patients having GVHD. Five recipients of DLI remain in a continuous CR, ranging from 3 to 64 months in duration. Thus, like chronic myelogenous leukemia, allogeneic T cells appear to have potent antimyeloma activity that is critical for achieving a cure. DLI-induced remissions of multiple myeloma can be durable, even in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Unlike chronic myelogenous leukemia, the antimyeloma effect of allogeneic T cells rarely occurs in the absence of clinically significant GVHD.
Experimenter effects in monitoring performance

Two groups of 34 college students monitored a visual display for 1 h. For the experimental group, E was the instructor for an introductory laboratory course in which Ss were enrolled. For the control group, E was unknown. The experimental group detected significantly more signals and tended toward a fewer number of false alarms. These findings are discussed in terms of perceived social distance between E and S within the context of a superior-subordinate role model.
An adaptive mesh algorithm for evolving surfaces: simulation of drop breakup and coalescence

Abstract An algorithm is presented for the adaptive restructuring of meshes on evolving surfaces. The resolution of the relevant local length scale is maintained everywhere with prescribed accuracy through the minimization of an appropriate mesh energy function by a sequence of local restructuring operations. The resulting discretization depends on the instantaneous configuration of the surface but is insensitive to the deformation history. Application of the adaptive discretization algorithm is illustrated with three-dimensional boundary-integral simulations of deformable drops in Stokes flow. The results show that the algorithm can accurately resolve detailed features of deformed fluid interfaces, including slender filaments associated with drop breakup and dimpled regions associated with drop coalescence. Our algorithm should be useful in a variety of fields, including computational fluid dynamics, image processing, geographical information systems, and biomedical engineering problems.
Intestinal caveolin-1 is important for dietary fatty acid absorption.

Abstract How dietary fatty acids are absorbed into the enterocyte and transported to the ER is not established. We tested the possibility that caveolin-1 containing lipid rafts and endocytic vesicles were involved. Apical brush border membranes took up 15% of albumin bound 3H-oleate whereas brush border membranes from caveolin-1 KO mice took up only 1%. In brush border membranes, the 3H-oleate was in the detergent resistant fraction of an OptiPrep gradient. On OptiPrep gradients of intestinal cytosol, we also found the 3H-oleate in the detergent resistant fraction, separate from OptiPrep gradients spiked with 3H-oleate or 3H-triacylglycerol. Caveolin-1 immuno-depletion of cytosol removed 91% of absorbed 3H-oleate whereas immuno-depletion using IgG, or anti-caveolin-2 or -3 or anti-clathrin antibodies removed 20%. Electron microscopy showed the presence of caveolin-1 containing vesicles in WT mouse cytosol that were 4 fold increased by feeding intestinal sacs 1 mM oleate. No vesicles were seen in caveolin-1 KO mouse cytosol. Caveolin-1 KO mice gained less weight on a 23% fat diet and had increased fat in their stool compared to WT mice. We conclude that dietary fatty acids are absorbed by caveolae in enterocyte brush border membranes, are endocytosed, and transported in cytosol in caveolin-1 containing endocytic vesicles.
Opinion paper. The scientific premises of information science

Throughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been plagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the field. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related to: “What is information science?” Or “Is information science a science?” In this paper I hope to take these questions head on. I must begin by saying that I do take information science seriously as a science. I see it as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and man's interaction with it. That we lack so much in this quest for understanding is the greatest challenge of the science. I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the scientific study of information. The currently prevalent world view is the scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to the present. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive to be the premises underlying most of our. current efforts to understand the phenomenon of information. The criticism will by necessity be speculative. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove my assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed.
RAB-6.2 and the retromer regulate glutamate receptor recycling through a retrograde pathway

Regulated membrane trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) is a key mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity, yet the pathways used by AMPARs are not well understood. In this paper, we show that the AMPAR subunit GLR-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans utilizes the retrograde transport pathway to regulate AMPAR synaptic abundance. Mutants for rab-6.2, the retromer genes vps-35 and snx-1, and rme-8 failed to recycle GLR-1 receptors, resulting in GLR-1 turnover and behavioral defects indicative of diminished GLR-1 function. In contrast, expression of constitutively active RAB-6.2 drove the retrograde transport of GLR-1 from dendrites back to cell body Golgi. We also find that activated RAB-6.2 bound to and colocalized with the PDZ/phosphotyrosine binding domain protein LIN-10. RAB-6.2 recruited LIN-10. Moreover, the regulation of GLR-1 transport by RAB-6.2 required LIN-10 activity. Our results demonstrate a novel role for RAB-6.2, its effector LIN-10, and the retromer complex in maintaining synaptic strength by recycling AMPARs along the retrograde transport pathway.
Babesiosis in splenectomized adults: Review of 22 reported cases

Abstract Since 1957, there have been 22 reported cases of human babesiosis in Splenectomized persons, representing about one third of all clinical human babesiosis. Splenectomy had been performed one month to 36 years (mean 8.7 years, median 6.0 years) earlier for a variety of reasons. Four of the seven European cases were from Babesia divergens whereas 12 of the 15 United States cases were from B. microti. Most of the 22 patients had moderate to severe clinical disease including hemolytic anemia, yet all but six recovered. Three patients had transfusion-acquired babesiosis. Treatments employed included the use of chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, pentamidine, clindamycin, dialysis, and exchange transfusion. Splenectomized and/or otherwise immunocompromised hosts should be advised to avoid visiting endemic areas for babesiosis such as Nantucket Island or Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts and Shelter Island and other parts of Long Island, New York. Babesiosis must be considered as one of the not uncommon organisms responsible for the postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome and one for which there is no current prophylaxis.
The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion

Abstract The projections of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) neurons to either the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate-putamen (CP) were studied in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using both retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and measurements of dopamine concentration. After unilateral CP injections of nuclear yellow or granular blue in intact 6- or 30-day-old rats, approximately 1% of the retrogradely labeled cells were located in the contralateral SN-VTA. In 6- or 30-day-old rats which had been injected with 6-hydroxydopamine in the left lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at 1 day of age, the extent of cell labeling of both the uncrossed projection in the right hemisphere and the crossed projection originating in the left SN-VTA was normal. However, the number of labeled cells of the uncrossed pathway of the left side and the crossed pathway originating in the right SN-VTA were markedly decreased by the lesion, indicating that the crossed nigrostriatal cells decussate before they reach the LHA. The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced decreases in SN-VTA labeling of both the crossed and uncrossed pathway closely matched the degree of dopamine depletion in the lesioned CP at 6 days of age and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells with fluorescent dyes provided a quantitative measure of the dopaminergic innervation of the neostriatum in both the uncrossed and crossed pathways. The crossed mesostriatal cells are probably dopaminergic because: (1) they were as susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine as the uncrossed dopamine cells; (2) they were located almost exclusively within the SN, pars compacta and VTA; and (3) their morphology resembled that of ipsilaterally projecting dopamine cells labeled with the same dye. Preliminary histofluorescence results also revealed that the crossed SN-VTA cells contained catecholamine.
Giant Larvacean Houses: Rapid Carbon Transport to the Deep Sea Floor

An unresolved issue in ocean science is the discrepancy between the food requirements of the animals living on the deep sea floor and their food supply, as measured by sediment traps. A 10-year time-series study of the water column off Monterey Bay, California, revealed that the discarded mucus feeding structures of giant larvaceans carry a substantial portion of the upper ocean's productivity to the deep seabed. These abundant, rapidly sinking, carbon-rich vectors are not detected by conventional sampling methods and thus have not been included in calculations of vertical nutrient flux or in oceanic carbon budgets.
Neck dissection with simultaneous carotid endarterectomy

Background: Patients with metastatic neck disease from upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas have an extensive history of tobacco and alcohol abuse. These patients are predisposed to develop atherosclerotic vascular disease. Objective: An increased incidence and severity of carotid stenosis in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancers is known,Management of patients with severe carotid stenosis who require surgical treatment of their neck disease has not been described. The authors describe our experience with simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and neck dissection. Study Design: Prospective data collection. Methods: From 1991 to 1997 at West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia, and State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, three patients with severe carotid stenosis required surgery for metastatic neck disease. Preoperative evaluation revealed a bilateral carotid stenosis greater than 90% in all patients. All patients underwent modified radical neck dissections and simultaneous carotid endarterectomies with saphenous vein grafting. Two patients, one undergoing partial pharyngectomy and laryngectomy and the other a laryngectomy and neck dissection, had coverage of the carotid artery with the myogenous component of a pectoral major graft. One patient had only a neck dissection. Results: Two patients healed with no local morbidity, no neck recurrence, and a patent carotid artery by Doppler. No strokes were encountered. One patient died of a myocardial infarction. Conclusion : Severe carotid stenosis that requires revascularization may have endarterectomy performed simultaneously with treatment of head and neck primary with no increase in morbidity.
Senescence, decline, and the quest for a good death: Contemporary dilemmas and historical antecedents

Abstract Discussion of the problem of death in America is now widespread and focuses on the cultural ideal of death with dignity in tension with the pain, suffering, and lack of autonomy thought to be brought about by hospital technologies that prolong dying. Despite the public discourse on age, ethical care, and rationing, age itself is not invoked in the cultural conversation about the problem of dying. This article draws attention to age to explore, first, why contemporary practices underlying the idea of death with dignity are so hard to achieve and, second, how historical conceptualizations of normal and pathological aging have contributed to the contemporary problem. Two case examples drawn from an ethnographic study of how death occurs in the hospital are used to illustrate the confounding of old age and disease and the difficulty of disentangling pathology from normal decline in late life. The history of confused knowledge about the relationship among aging, disease, and decline, together with medicine's technological imperative, produce a muddled framework in which goals of medicine at the end of life cannot be clearly conceptualized or articulated.
Rotational spectral variations of asteroid (8) Flora: Implications for the nature of the S-type asteroids and for the parent bodies of the ordinary chondrites

The surface material and the surface material heterogeneities of the asteroid Flora are characterized using the best available data sets and the most sophisticated interpretive calibrations. Five spectrally derived mineralogic and patrologic properties of the surface assemblage of Flora which are relevant to whether this body is a differentiated or undifferentiated object are considered: bulk mineralogy, mafic mineral assemblage, metallic phase, pyroxene composition and structural type, and mineralogic variation. All of these properties indicate that Flora is a differentiated body. Flora is probably the residual core of an intensely heated, thermally evolved, and magnetically differentiated planetesimal which was subsequently disrupted. The present surface sample layers formed at or near the core-mantle boundary in the parent body.
Feasibility, reliability, and advantage of utilizing low contrast dose digital subtraction ventriculography in a conventional catheterization laboratory.

Abstract Ventriculography was performed with conventional biplane fluoroscopic equipment; a 1:4 dilution of contrast medium in a standard injectate volume was delivered by a power injector. The biplane images were acquired with two video tape recorders and enhanced by means of a portable digital image processor. By a simple modification and calibration of our standard light pen-computer system, volumes could be calculated and global and segmental wall motion analysis performed. Fifteen patients underwent conventional and low-dose left ventriculography. Good correlation was found in end-diastolic volume (EDV), in end-systolic volume (ESV), and in ejection fraction (EF) ( r = 0.90, r = 0.93, and r = 0.92, respectively). The quality of the images enabled a frame-by-frame analysis of a cardiac cycle to be performed ( r = 0.99 when compared in one patient) and regional wall motion abnormalities identified (21 out of 23 abnormal segments). Although conventional ventriculography caused a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (17 ± 8 vs 23 ± 11, p p > 0.5), low-dose ventriculography had no effect on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (18 ± 7 vs 21 ± 10, p > 0.05) and produced a rise in systolic blood pressure (144 ± 20 pressure (18 ± 7 vs 21 ± 10, p > 0.05) and produced a rise in systolic blood pressure (144 ± 20 vs 149 ± 22, p
Beyond gender: proximity to interpersonal trauma in examining differences in believing child abuse disclosures.

Survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) often delay disclosing or do not disclose the abuse for fear of not being believed. Studies document that women believe CSA disclosures more often than do men. Little research has examined theoretical underpinnings for gender differences in believing. However, 1 theory suggests that women may be more empathetic to disclosures because interpersonal trauma (IPT) is proximal to their lives. The present study aimed to extend understanding of how proximity to IPT may shape views of others’ experiences of IPT. This study examined whether proximity to IPT (i.e., knowing a close other who had experienced IPT) rather than personal experience would better account for the robust gender differences typically found in believing disclosures. College students (N = 279) completed self-report measures about their personal trauma history and responded to questions regarding knowledge of close others’ trauma histories. Participants read a vignette of an adult female disclosing CSA and r...
Catecholamine dependent accessory pathway automaticity

Automaticity from extra nodal accessory pathways appears to be rare. We report the case of a man with the WPW syndrome who presented for repeat electrophysiological study and catheter ablation. After successful ablation of a para-Hisian accessory pathway, an isoproterenol challenge produced an accelerated wide complex rhythm that was dissociated from sinus rhythm and matched the previous pattern of maximal preexcitation. This automatic rhythm was transient and dependent on catecholamine administration. One month after successful ablation, an exercise treadmill test (ETT) did not demonstrate any pre-excitation or ectopy.
NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO SEA‐SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES CALVING GROUNDS

Standardized aerial surveys were used to document the winter (December-March) distribution of North Atlantic right whales in their calving area off the coasts of Georgia and northeastern Florida (1991-1998). Survey data were collected within four survey zones in and adjacent to federally designated critical habitat. These data, including whale-sighting locations and sampling effort, were used to describe right whale distribution in relation to sea-surface temperature (SST) from satellite-derived images. Locations where whales were sighted (n = 609) had an overall mean SST of 14.3°C ± 2.1° (range 8°-22°C). Data from two survey zones having sufficient data (including the "early warning system" (EWS) zone and the Florida nearshore) were pooled by season and stratified by month to investigate changes in monthly ambient SST and fine-scale distribution patterns of right whales in relation to SST within spatially explicit search areas. Using Monte Carlo techniques, SSTs and latitudes (means and standard deviations) of locations where whales were sighted were compared to a sampling distribution of each variable derived from daily-search areas. Overall, results support a nonrandom distribution of right whales in relation to SST: during resident months (January and February), whales exhibited low variability in observed SST and a suggested southward shift in whale distribution toward warmer SSTs in the EWS zone; while in the relatively warmer and southernmost survey zone (Florida nearshore), right whales were concentrated in the northern, cooler portion. Our results support that warm Gulf Stream waters, generally found south and east of delineated critical habitat, represent a thermal limit for right whales and play an important role in their distribution within the calving grounds. These results affirm the inclusion of SST in a multivariate predictive model for right whale distribution in their southeastern habitat.
The Extracellular Domain of Notch2 Increases Its Cell-Surface Abundance and Ligand Responsiveness during Kidney Development

Notch2, but not Notch1, plays indispensable roles in kidney organogenesis, and Notch2 haploinsufficiency is associated with Alagille syndrome. We proposed that proximal nephron fates are regulated by a threshold that requires nearly all available free Notch intracellular domains (NICDs) but could not identify the mechanism that explains why Notch2 (N2) is more important than Notch1 (N1). By generating mice that swap their ICDs, we establish that the overall protein concentration, expression domain, or ICD amino acid composition does not account for the differential requirement of these receptors. Instead, we find that the N2 extracellular domain (NECD) increases Notch protein localization to the cell surface during kidney development and is cleaved more efficiently upon ligand binding. This context-specific asymmetry in NICD release efficiency is further enhanced by Fringe. Our results indicate that an elevated N1 surface level could compensate for the loss of N2 signal in specific cell contexts.
The Use of an Antecedent-Based Intervention to Decrease Stereotypic Behavior in a General Education Classroom: A Case Study

The incidence of children identified as having autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is increasing (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, 2003). Many of these children are enrolled in general education settings, posing an ever-groWing challenge for the teachers in those settings. There is a critical need to develop interventions for students With ASD that can be used in general education classrooms. The current case study addressed this issue by implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of an antecedent-based intervention on the stereotypic behavior of a student With ASD Who Was fully included in a kindergarten classroom. FolloWing a functional analysis indicating that the stereotypic behavior Was maintained by automatic reinforcement, an antecedent intervention Was designed that included the use of visual cues to indicate activity times When it Was acceptable and When it Was not acceptable for the student to engage in stereotypic behavior. Effectiveness of the intervention Was...
Healing of the mylohyoid musculature after vestibuloplasty involving the lingual side of the mandible (“lowering of the floor of the mouth”)

Abstract A comparison of the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle of the mandible of a dog subjected to buccal vestibuloplasty with that of an untreated control animal revealed that the mylohyoid muscle of the control dog was firmly attached to the mylohyoid ridge on the lingual surface, whereas the cut mylohyoid muscle was found to be firmly attached to the lower border of the mandible in the position selected preoperatively. Microscopic examination revealed normal muscle fibers and normal attachment in the new position, with no evidence of inflammation. Apparently, the operation does “lower the floor of the mouth” without impairing the physiology of the mylohyoid muscle.