cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic-to-seismic transfer function at the surface of a layered outdoor ground

The ratio of the surface soil particle velocity to the surface acoustic pressure is termed the acoustic to seismic transfer function. Measurements of this transfer function typically show several maximum and minimum in the frequency range between 50-500 Hz. The magnitude of this transfer function can be explained in light of the porous nature of the ground surface .The ground is modeled as a poro-elastic layer overlying a non-porous substrate. The boundary conditions at the air/porous soil and the porous soil/non- porous substrate interfaces are applied to setup the acoustic-to-seismic coupling problem. In the porous layer, up an downing going Biot Type I, II compressional and shear plane waves are allowed. In the non-porous elastic substrate down going compressional and shear plane waves are allowed. Using the Biot characteristics equations and these boundary conditions the steady state frequency dependent acoustic to seismic transfer function is calculated. Layer depths, Type I, and shear wave speeds are determined from a shallow seismic refraction survey. Soil density, air porosity and permeability are determined from other measurements. The calculated transfer functions are compared to that measured on several outdoor grounds.
Selectivity profiling of novel indene H1-antihistamines for the treatment of insomnia

Abstract A series of indene analogs of the H1-antihistamine (−)-R-dimethindene was evaluated for selectivity in the search for potentially improved sedative-hypnotics. Variation of the 6-substitutent in the indene core in combination with a pendant electron rich heterocycle led to the identification of several potent H1-antihistamines with desirable selectivity over CYP enzymes, the M1 muscarinic receptor and the hERG channel. These compounds were candidates for further ADME profiling and in vivo evaluation.
DNA Binding by the Male and Female Doublesex Proteins of Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila yolk protein genes are regulated by doublesex male protein (DSXM) in males and doublesex female protein (DSXF) in females. Both proteins bind to the same DNA sites from which DSXM represses and DSXF activates transcription. The proteins are identical through 397 NH2-terminal amino acids that include domains for oligomerization and DNA binding. The remaining COOH termini are sex-specific and include an essential part of a second oligomerization domain. We report here mobility shift assays that examine the DNA binding properties of purified DSXM and DSXF. Dimers of DSXM and DSXF bind to a regulatory site, dsxA, with the same affinity (Kapp = 0.2 nM), specificity (specific/nonspecific approximately 1.2 x 10(4)), and dependence on monovalent and divalent cations. The DNA association rate constants also are indistinguishable (kon = 4.6 x 10(6) M-1 s-1) as are the several terms of the dissociation reaction. Dissociation has an intrinsic rate of koff = 5.1 x 10(-4) s-1 and other rate terms that depend on the free concentration of specific DNA binding sites (2.4 x 10(4) M-1 s-1) or nonspecific binding sites (2.4 M-1 s-1). This first order dependence on unbound DNA suggests that a direct transfer between DNAs is likely to occur when DSX proteins search for specific sites in the many short open DNA regions of chromatin. Overall, dimer binding to individual DNA sites appears to be determined by the sex-nonspecific part of the two proteins. We infer that the sex-specific oligomerization domains play roles in binding cooperativity to multiple DNA sites or in other protein:protein interactions.
Trading in strategic resources: Necessary conditions, transaction cost problems, and choice of exchange structure

This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150403
Closed border irrigation evaluations

Abstract One hundred and thirty-four irrigations were evaluated, on 16 on-farm closed borders in southern New Mexico, over a 3-year period. Storage efficiencies, deep percolation efficiencies and loss ratios were the major performance parameters evaluated in the study. Soil moisture storage efficiencies ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 100% with a seasonal average of 63%. Percolation efficiencies were generally higher varying from 20% to 100% with a seasonal average of 93%. Percolation and runoff ratios were grouped together and were in the range of 4–79% with an annual average of 37%. Distribution uniformities calculated for several irrigation runs were between 79 and 99 percentage points. The significance of crop rooting depth and length of run were also studied. Total yields associated with each of the crops are presented, as well as average county yields, over the test period.
Phonon dispersion relations in semiconductor superlattices in the adiabatic bond-charge model

Abstract The phonon dispersion in semiconductor superlattices is studied in the adiabatic bond-charge model. The complex phonon dispersion relations of the constituent bulk materials are obtained via the eigenvalue method in a zeroth-order calculation, which includes only short range forces and Coulomb interactions between ions and bond charges in the same and neighboring layers. The eigenmode displacements of the superlattice are obtained by matching the eigenvectors associated with complex phonon branches at the interfaces. The effect of the remaining Coulomb interactions are then included in the first-order approximation. The results for the superlattice phonon frequencies compare favorably with the existing experimental data.
The Epidemic of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Where Do We Stand?

PurposeTo review from a historical perspective the recent epidemic of Acanthamoeba keratitis and its association with the use of contact lenses and to provide a summary of recent techniques that have allowed earlier diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThe authors reviewed available literature on Acantham
Modeling shear thickening in dilute polymer solutions: Temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependencies

The Two Coupled Maxwell Modes (TCMM) Model is applied to give quantitative descriptions of shear- thickening behavior, which can be observed under certain conditions for high molecular weight polymers dissolved in low viscosity solvents. The TCMM Model is written in terms of five parameters representing the relaxation time of each mode, the concentration of each mode, and a coupling pa- rameter between the two modes. Using all of the available experimental data for steady-shear viscosity and dichroism we found in the literature, we performed a full parameter- ization of these five quantities. Furthermore, from this pa- rameterization we can describe the functional dependencies of the relaxation times, modal concentrations, and coupling parameter as functions of temperature, concentration, and molecular weight of the polymer. These functional depen- dencies are explained in light of the underlying physics imbedded in the TCMM Model. We demonstrate that by optimizing to only the viscosity data, we were able to obtain the same relaxation times, modal concentrations, and cou- pling parameter as using both the viscosity and dichroism data. This is useful because typically the experimental di- chroism data is not available. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2997-3011, 2003
Characteristics and Correlates of Asthma in a University Clinic Population

To contribute more comprehensive information about the characteristics of asthma, this article analyzed patients served by the University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Asthma Program. Their physicians rated one fifth of these patients as having "severe" asthma with the remainder about equally divided between "moderate" and "mild." One in two first received a diagnosis of asthma ten or more years previously. Common comorbidities were hypertension, obesity, rhinitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, and arthritis. One half had visited an emergency room or been hospitalized for asthma in the past year. Inhaled bronchodilators and continuous theophylline were the most commonly prescribed medications. Side effects, especially tachycardia and insomnia, were common and almost exclusively associated with theophylline or corticosteroid therapy. Spirometric assessment showed chronic airflow obstruction in those with more severe asthma. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, intensity of medication regimen, incidence of side effects, and health care utilization increased as asthma severity increased. UAB-University of Alabama at Birmingham
Threshold of Barkhausen emission and onset of hysteresis in iron.

The threshold of Barkhausen emission and hysteresis in a polycrystalline sample of iron has been measured using a SQUID (superconducting quantum-interference device) magnetic gradiometer in a residual field of less than ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Oe. In the range ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$\ensuremath{\le}H\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ Oe, the magnetization was found to be proportional to the applied field and varied reversibly without any discernible Barkhausen emission greater than ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ emu. At higher field levels, the appearance of isolated Barkhausen jumps coincided with the onset of magnetic hysteresis. Repeated field cycles in this threshold region removed the Barkhausen signals and extended the range of reversible magnetization (equivalent to a magnetic Kaiser effect). At still higher field levels, a second threshold of nonvanishing Barkhausen emission and hysteresis appeared. Direct summation of the individual Barkhausen energy losses indicates that the total energy dissipated during the onset of hysteresis varies as (H-${H}_{t}$)+(H-${H}_{t}$${)}^{2}$, where ${H}_{t}$ is the field at which the first Barkhausen jump occurs. Measurements also were made on a single-crystal iron whisker. At higher field levels, occasional Barkhausen emission was observed, but in most instances the data showed irreversible behavior without observable Barkhausen discontinuities. The observations for both the multicrystalline and single-crystal specimen are found to be consistent with the consequences of a general phenomenology of hysteresis.
Suggestions for the measurement and derivation of fluxes and flux divergences from a satellite

The theoretical studies shown here indicate that the best bands to measure and derive the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface downward flux (SDF), and cooling rates (CRs) using linear regression are (1) the band between 800 and 1200 cm−1 for OLR, (2) the band between 500 and 660 cm−1 or 660 and 800 cm−1 for SDF, and (3) the band between 660 and 800 cm−1 for CRs. These results are obtained from scatter plots of total fluxes and cooling rates associated with the various bands. The advanced very high resolution radiometer OLR is damped compared with the Nimbus 7 Earth radiation budget (ERB) OLR, which is derived from the broadband, narrow field of view ERB instrument, owing to its use of only one narrow band (centered around the 11-μm window region) measurement.
Design charts for estimating swept areas after breakthrough in flooding heterogeneous reservoirs

A study has been made and a series of charts are provided so that one may estimate the swept areas after breakthrough in flooding or cycling heterogeneous reservoirs. It is well-known that reservoirs are not uniform and homogeneous, nor do they exist in uniform layers without cross-flow; however, the working charts and figures available to the engineer assume uniformity of the rock from an input well to an output well. A series of charts has been developed for various flooding patterns to show the swept areas after breakthrough for the case in which the rock is heterogeneous in nature, and the heterogeneity is distributed at random within the rock matrix. To use the charts one makes a plot of the permeability distribution data for the field and then refers to a figure in the paper to find a permeability distribution nearest that of the real reservoir. From this figure, one then refers to the proper pattern such as 5-spot or direct line-drive to find the expected areal sweep at breakthrough and performance afterward to depletion.
Diurnal Variation in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Selected Epithelial Tissues of Male Rats

Thymidine-3H, 125μc, was injected intravenously into each of 11 male rats. The rats were killed one hour after injection, at four-hour intervals during a 24-hour period. Epithelial specimens were separated from the underlying connective tissue and subjected to liquid scintillation. The results indicated that maximal DNA synthesis occurred at 4:30 to 8:45 AM and that minimal synthesis occurred at 3:40 to 8:30 PM.
Mediation, Signification and Exemplary Narrative in Ramon Llull’s Libre De Sancta Maria

In this essay, I explore the relationship between the exemplary narrative of Ramon Llull’s Libre De Sancta Maria and the concepts of signification and mediation articulated in Llull’s famous Art. In particular, I analyze the narrative implications of Ramon Llull’s attribution to Mary of an active role in the Incarnation: in establishing concordance between the divine and the human, Mary serves as a model for a series of dialectical exempla meant to inspire devotional dialogue among Christians. Finally, I seek to show how Mary’s mediating role in the “recreation” of the world inspires in this text a narrative exploration of the Art’s system of signification, which makes divine knowledge possible and underlies much of Llull’s openly disputational writing.
Hamiltonian group actions on symplectic Deligne-Mumford stacks and toric orbifolds

Abstract We develop differential and symplectic geometry of differentiable Deligne–Mumford stacks (orbifolds) including Hamiltonian group actions and symplectic reduction. As an application we construct new examples of symplectic toric DM stacks.
Degradation of Relaxin Family Peptides by Insulin‐Degrading Enzyme

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitously expressed metalloproteinase responsible for the intracellular degradation of insulin. IDE also interacts with other members of the insulin superfamily, including relaxin, but no studies have been reported regarding the interaction of other relaxin-like peptides with IDE. In this study, we determined that relaxin, relaxin-3, and InsL3 all competitively inhibited the degradation of insulin by IDE to different degrees, and all inhibited covalent cross-linking of insulin to IDE. Each of the peptides was degraded by IDE to various degrees (insulin > relaxin > InsL3 = relaxin-3). In summary, relaxin, InsL3, and relaxin-3 all bound to IDE, competed for the binding and degradation of insulin, and were all substrates for the proteolytic activity of IDE. Therefore, it is possible that in addition to insulin, IDE may be important for the cellular proteolysis of relaxin, InsL3, and relaxin-3.
Shock Wave Compression of `Plexiglas' in the 2.5 to 20 Kilobar Region

PRECISE data concerning the Hugoniot equation of state for polymethyl methacrylate (‘Plexiglas’, ‘Lucite’ polymers, and ‘Perspex’) are lacking at pressures below 20 kbar. Accurate dynamic data in this pressure region are helpful when the polymer is used as an attenuator material for forming shocks in the lower pressure region, and in general are necessary to understand its rheological behaviour under the high strain-rate conditions of shock compression. Solid materials customarily exhibit shock instability at pressures somewhat larger than the yield stress in uniaxial strain. This instability gives rise to an ‘elastic precursor’ wave front preceding the main shock front1. Such a structural wave might be expected in ‘Plexiglas’ since an indication of a yield zone was found in the vicinity of 2 kbar in measurements of the static linear compressibility by the method of Hughes and Maurette2, and it is of interest to know if it does occur.
Intra-operative ultrasound elasticity imaging for monitoring of hepatic tumour thermal ablation.

Abstract Background Thermal ablation is an accepted therapy for selected hepatic malignancies. However, the reliability of thermal ablation is limited by the inability to accurately monitor and confirm completeness of tumour destruction in real time. We investigated the ability of ultrasound elasticity imaging (USEI) to monitor thermal ablation. Objectives Capitalizing on the known increased stiffness that occurs with protein denaturation and dehydration during thermal therapy, we sought to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of USEI for monitoring of liver tumour ablation. Methods A model for hepatic tumours was developed and elasticity images of liver ablation were acquired in in vivo animal studies, comparing the elasticity images to gross specimens. A clinical pilot study was conducted using USEI in nine patients undergoing open radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies. The size and shape of thermal lesions on USEI were compared to B-mode ultrasound and post-ablation computed tomography (CT). Results In both in vivo animal studies and in the clinical trial, the boundary of thermal lesions was significantly more conspicuous on USEI when compared with B-mode imaging. Animal studies demonstrated good correlation between the diameter of ablated lesions on USEI and the gross specimen ( r = 0.81). Moreover, high-quality strain images were generated in real time during therapy. In patients undergoing tumour ablation, a good size correlation was observed between USEI and post-operative CT ( r = 0.80). Conclusion USEI can be a valuable tool for the accurate monitoring and real-time verification of successful thermal ablation of liver tumours.
Some comparisons of tests for equality of variances

This paper gives the results of Monte Carlo experiments performed in order to compare the performance of the jackknife test for equality of variances suggested by Miller (Ann. Math. Statist. 39, 567-587) with several other tests when the number of populations is greater than two.
Completeness of Orthonormal Wavelet Systems for Arbitrary Real Dilations

Abstract It is shown that the discrete Calderon condition characterizes completeness of orthonormal wavelet systems, for arbitrary real dilations. That is, if a>1,b>0, and the system Ψ={aj/2ψ(ajx−bk):j,k∈ Z } is orthonormal in L2( R ), then Ψ is a basis for L2( R ) if and only if ∑j∈ Z |ψ(ajξ)|2=b for almost every ξ∈ R . A new proof of the Second Oversampling Theorem is found, by similar methods.
Astrophysics: Black hole found orbiting a fast rotator.

Stars of spectral type 'Be' are often found with neutron stars or other evolved analogues, but a black-hole companion has never been spotted before. Optical emission from a black hole's surroundings has given it away. See Letter p.378 Binary evolution models predict the existence of black holes accreting from the equatorial envelope of rapidly spinning 'B-emission' or 'Be' stars — young, blue irregular variables that show the characteristic spectral emission lines of hydrogen. So far, however, most of the compact stellar companions found in Be X-ray binaries have been identified as neutron stars. A few contain subdwarf stars but until now none had been found to host a black hole. The picture changes with the discovery of an unprecedented He II 4,686 A optical emission line in the spectrum of an accretion disk around the companion to the Be star MWC 656. This, together with other information, points to the presence a black hole of 3.8 to 6.9 solar masses.
Respiration induced heart motion and indications of gated delivery for left-sided breast irradiation.

Purpose To investigate respiration-induced heart motion for left-sided breast irradiation using a four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) technique and to determine novel indications to assess heart motion and identify breast patients who may benefit from a gated treatment. Methods and Materials Images of 4DCT acquired during free breathing for 20 left-sided breast cancer patients, who underwent whole breast irradiation with or without regional nodal irradiation, were analyzed retrospectively. Dose distributions were reconstructed in the phases of 0%, 20%, and 50%. The intrafractional heart displacement was measured in three selected transverse CT slices using D LAD (the distance from left ascending aorta to a fixed line [connecting middle point of sternum and the body] drawn on each slice) and maximum heart depth (MHD, the distance of the forefront of the heart to the line). Linear regression analysis was used to correlate these indices with mean heart dose and heart dose volume at different breathing phases. Results Respiration-induced heart displacement resulted in observable variations in dose delivered to the heart. During a normal free-breathing cycle, heart-induced motion D LAD and MHD changed up to 9 and 11 mm respectively, resulting in up to 38% and 39% increases of mean doses and V 25.2 for the heart. MHD and D LAD were positively correlated with mean heart dose and heart dose volume. Respiratory-adapted gated treatment may better spare heart and ipsilateral-lung compared with the conventional non-gated plan in a subset of patients with large D LAD or MHD variations. Conclusion Proposed indices offer novel assessment of heart displacement based on 4DCT images. MHD and D LAD can be used independently or jointly as selection criteria for respiratory gating procedure before treatment planning. Patients with great intrafractional MHD variations or tumor(s) close to the diaphragm may particularly benefit from the gated treatment.
Visual-color reinforcement in establishment of speech by an autistic child.

Data have indicated that through the use of systematic visual-color reinforcement by means of operant conditioning, a non-verbal autistic child can be taught to verbalize. Visual consequences can be used as a reinforcer to increase the rate of verbalizations. The technique could be used as a diagnostic tool in determining what sounds are already in the child's repertoire.
Migraine Genetics: Part II

Migraine clusters in families and is considered to be a strongly heritable disorder. Hemiplegic migraine is a rare subtype of migraine with aura that may occur as a familial or a sporadic condition. Three genes have been identified studying families with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). The first FHM gene that was identified is CACNA1A. A second gene, FHM2, has been mapped to chromosome 1 q 21-23. The defect is a new mutation in the α2 subunit of the Na/K pump (ATP1A2). A third gene (FHM3) has been linked to chromosome 2q24. It is due to a missense mutation in gene SCN1A (Gln1489Lys), which encodes an α1 subunit of a neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channel. Genome-wide association studies have identified many non-coding variants associated with common diseases and traits, like migraine. These variants are concentrated in regulatory DNA marked by deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitive sites. A role has been suggested for the two-pore domain potassium channel, TWIK-related spinal cord potassium channel. TWIK-related spinal cord potassium channel is involved in migraine by screening the KCNK18 gene in subjects diagnosed with migraine.
Method to extract anharmonic force constants from first principles calculations

A method for extracting force constants (FCs) from first principles is introduced. In principle, provided that forces are accurate enough, it can extract harmonic as well as anharmonic FCs up to any neighbor shell. Symmetries of the FCs as well as those of the lattice are used to reduce the number of parameters to be calculated. The results are illustrated for the case of the Lennard-Jones potential, wherein forces are exact and FCs can be analytically calculated, and Si in the diamond structure. The latter are compared to the previously calculated harmonic FCs.
Large Macaronichnusand Their Behavioral Implications (Cretaceous Eutaw Formation, Alabama, USA)

Weakly bioturbated, unconsolidated tidal-inlet sands of the Cretaceous Eutaw Formation (Alabama, USA) contain isolated, unusually large Macaronichnusof which geometries and textures could be readil...
ON THE CYCLICALITY OF CREDIT

This study documents the cyclical properties of business credit in the United States and in the Euro area and constructs a theoretical model that can successfully replicate the observed characteristics. I find that real business loans lag output; i.e., business credit is more strongly correlated with past output than with current output. Furthermore, real business loans correlate negatively with future output and investment and positively with past output and investment. I show that a fairly standard model of business and credit fluctuations with agency costs can neither generate the lagging behavior of business credit nor induce the observed cross-correlation patterns of output, investment, and business loans. I introduce a costly financial intermediation mechanism into an otherwise standard macroeconomic framework and show that the evolution of intermediary balance sheets and the interaction of intermediation and agency costs can induce the observed regularities.
An automated radiopharmaceutical dispenser

An automated radiopharmaceutical dispenser, that offers several advantages over manual procedures, has been developed. It employs a personal computer interfaced to a precision syringe drive module, a dose calibrator, and a printer. The operating program provides menu-selection operation and documentation of procedures and individual doses delivered. All materials in contact with the radiopharmaceutical are sterile and disposable. A novel transport safe is employed to further reduce radiation exposure.
Mechanism mediating nitric oxide-induced inhibition in human jejunal longitudinal smooth muscle.

Abstract Background. Enteric neurotransmission is a complex process involving multiple neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO). Our aim was to evaluate the role and mechanism(s) of action of NO in normal human jejunal longitudinal smooth muscle. Methods. Transmural strips of normal human jejunum obtained from subjects undergoing gastric bypass were studied in organ chambers. Effects of exogenous NO (7 × 10 −6 mol/L to 7 × 10 −5 mol/L) and electrical field stimulation (nonspecific release of endogenous neurotransmitters) on spontaneous contractile activity and on precontracted muscle strips (substance P, 10 −5 mol/L) were evaluated in the presence and absence of the competitive NO synthase inhibitor N G -amino-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10 −3 mol/L) and the specific soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazaolo-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 −5 mol/L and 10 −4 mol/L). Results. Exogenous NO dose-dependently inhibited spontaneous contractility and relaxed precontracted smooth muscle strips. The effects of NO were markedly attenuated or completely inhibited in the presence of ODQ. Electric field stimulation under nonadrenergic, noncholinergic conditions also inhibited spontaneous contractility and relaxed precontracted smooth muscle strips; both of these effects were attenuated, but not completely inhibited, in the presence of both ODQ and L-NNA. Conclusions. NO is an endogenous inhibitory neurotransmitter in human jejunal longitudinal smooth muscle, acting at least in part via a mechanism mediated by guanylyl cyclase. Other (non-nitrergic) nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitters are likely active in this portion of the human gut. (Surgery 2001;130:489-96.)
Repetitive behaviors in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic patients.

Repetitive dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., polydipsia, bulimia, hoarding, mannerisms) are frequently observed in chronically institutionalized schizophrenics, cause significant morbidity and are readily reproduced in animal models. The goal of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of these behaviors. Thirty-two chronic schizophrenics on an extended treatment unit were rated on the Elgin Behavioral Rating Scale, which includes eight repetitive behaviors and eight positive and negative symptoms. Forty-seven percent of the patients exhibited at least one severe, or 2 moderate, repetitive behaviors, while 63% exhibited at least one severe or 2 moderate positive or negative symptoms. The mean total score (+/- SD) on the eight repetitive behaviors (10.3 +/- 6.1) was about 2/3 that for the eight positive and negative symptoms (15.3 +/- 8.9, t = 4.1, p = .0001). Interrater reliability for the repetitive behaviors was similar to that for the positive and negative symptoms. Repetitive behaviors were positively related to male gender, white race and total length of hospitalization. Repetitive dysfunctional behaviors are frequently observed and can be reliably rated in chronically institutionalized schizophrenics.
Potential Reductions in Emissions and Petroleum Use in Transportation: Perspectives from the Transportation Energy Futures Project

The use of energy-efficient technologies and renewable energy sources in transportation could reduce petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions, but these approaches may face challenges in consumer adoption, infrastructure requirements, and resource constraints. The Transportation Energy Futures project of the U.S. Department of Energy reviewed opportunities for significant reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions. On the basis of that review, a diverse set of strategies is explored: reduced energy intensity of transportation modes, lower use intensity of motorized transport, and reduced carbon or petroleum intensity through the use of electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy as well as the use of biofuels. Energy efficiency and demand-side approaches could stop the growth in total transportation energy. In the light-duty vehicle sector, growth in energy use already is projected to flatten; the deployment of technologies for energy efficiency could limit growth in the non-light-duty ...
Amnesia during cold water immersion: a case report

This report describes a case of amnesia during a cold-water experiment. The volunteer was exposed three times in 1 day (120 min duration each time) to 20°C water. During the third immersion, from min 95 to min 115, the subject experienced transient global amnesia for 20 min. The rectal temperature during this time was 35.6°C. This single case demonstrates that memory loss in a young individual apparently can occur after cold-water exposure and at core temperatures above 35°C.
D2-2: How Did Pharmacists Help Patients Achieve Blood Pressure Control in a Randomized Trial of Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring Plus Pharmacist Management?

Background/AimsThe Hyperlink trial tested a 12-month intervention combining home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring with pharmacist case management in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. The intervention resulted in improved BP control compared to usual care at both 6 and 12 months (57% vs. 30%, P = 0.001). The mean number of medication classes increased compared to usual care (0.63 vs. 0.22, P 80%) in only about half of patients, but at subsequent phone visits in >90% of patients. The mean home BP recorded by the pharmacists for patients at the first phone visit was 136/80, and fell steadily to a mean of 126/74 at 3 months, and thereafter declined more slowly to 123/73 at 5 months, with little change thereafter.ConclusionsImproved adherence and appropriate adjustments to the antihypertensive treatment regimen based on home BP telemonitoring resulted in rapid lowering of BP over a 3-month period. Our results imply that intensive intervention may only be needed for about 3 months in many patients with uncontrolled hypertension.
Axial Temperature Behavior of a Heat Exchanger Tube for Microwave Thermal Rockets

A = channel cross sectional area cp T = specific heat at constant pressure D = channel diameter H T = convective heat transfer coefficient k T = fluid thermal conductivity l = channel length _ m = mass flow rate Nu = Nusselt number P = inner channel perimeter Pr = Prandtl number q00 convection = convective heat flux q00 radiation = radiation heat flux qtube = heat rate Re = Reynolds number Tm = mean fluid temperature Tw = wall temperature T1 = ambient temperature um = mean fluid velocity " = emissivity T = viscosity = density = Stephan–Boltzmann constant
Effects of vagal afferent nerve stimulation on noxious heat-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat lumbar spinal cord.

Electrophysiological and behavioral studies have described modulation of nociception by vagal afferent fibers. The objectives of this study were to (1) use Fos-like immunoreactivity as a marker for neuronal activity to examine populations of neurons in the spinal cord that are activated by a noxious heat stimulus, (2) determine whether heat-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity can be modulated by vagal afferent stimulation, and (3) determine whether vagallymediated effects on heat-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity can be blocked by intrathecally administered serotoninergic receptor and α-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Neurons demonstratiring Fos-like immunoreactivity were located in the ipsilateral superficial and deep dorsal horn laminae extending from the caudal L3 through the rostral L6 region of the spinal cord. Stimulation of the right cervical vagus nerve attenuated significantly (42%) heat-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity in the superficial laminae. The reduction in Fos-like immunoreactivity by vagal stimulation was abolished by intrathecal administration of methysergide, a nonselective serotoninergic receptor antagonist, but not by phentolamine, a nonselective α-adrenoceptdr antagonist. These results suggest that vagal afferent modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission is mediated, at least in part, by serotonin receptors. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Response elimination in rats with schedules of omission training, including yoked and response-independent reinforcement comparisons

Abstract After rats were trained to lever press, response elimination began with factorial combinations of fixed vs variable and adjusting vs constant omission training schedules. A time interval scheduling reinforcement remained the same in a constant schedule, and its length was increased as response rate declined in the adjusting schedule. A variable time (VT) response-independent reinforcement schedule followed response elimination to test the durability of response cessation. Experiment I included groups whose reinforcement was yoked to that received by the omission schedule groups. Rate of response elimination was faster with an adjusting than a constant schedule, and slightly faster with a variable than a fixed schedule. There were no significant differences in rate of response elimination between omission schedule and yoked groups. Shorter delay of reinforcement tended to increase rate of response elimination. In the subsequent VT durability test all groups displayed near-zero response rates. In Experiment II adjusting fixed and variable omission schedules, including yoked groups, were compared with fixed time (FT) and VT reinforcement schedules. Response elimination was slower in the FT and VT groups, and they responded more in a subsequent VT durability test. It was concluded that differential reinforcement of other behavior fails to account for these omission training effects, and suggestions were made for an analysis based on the correlation between response and reinforcement rate.
Cladistic Tests of Hypotheses Concerning Evolution of Xerophytes and Mesophytes Within Tillandsia Subg Phytarrhiza (Bromeliaceae)

Tillandsia L. Subg. Phytarrhiza (Visiani) Baker (Bromeliaceae) is a distinctive group of about 35 epiphytic species. These exhibit a range of habits from xeric to mesic. The evolutionary relationships of the contrasting adaptations need to be established here as well as in the subfamily as a whole. Relations between the subgenus and other tillandsioids are problematical and phylogenetic reconstruction of its member-species would be facilitated by identification of Phytarrhiza's relative (sister taxon) sharing the same most recent common ancestor with Phytarrhiza. This paper examines the two most likely sister taxa, Subg. Pseudo-Catopsis Baker and Subg. Diaphoranthema (Beer) Baker. Diaphoranthema is rejected as sister taxon. The accepted evolutionary tree, rooted by Pseudo-Catopsis, indicates that most habital evolutionary changes in Phytarrhiza have been between mesic and semi-mesic forms and from mesic to xeric forms. Methods developed for testing specific evolutionary hypotheses are broadly applicable.
On the dialogic aspects of mass communication

A major problem for “cultural studies” approaches to mass communication lies in defining relations between mediated texts and social practice. Neither formalist analysis nor “effects studies” adequately account for the link. Grand theories formulated by Marx, Freud, and others also fail here. Hegemony theory offers more adequate explanations, but exhibits weaknesses. In theories of language and text formulated by V. N. Volosinov and M. M. Bakhtin, we find some partial solutions. They focus on communication processes, the struggle for meaning in mediated texts. Applied to mass communication these notions offer new directions for textual analysis and audience research, and, more importantly, for studying relations between those areas of concern.
Review: multiple-session trauma-focused CBT within 3 months of event reduces symptoms in acute stress disorder and PTSD.

Are multiple-session psychological interventions within 3 months of a traumatic event effective for preventing and treating stress symptoms? Included studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated ⩾1 psychological intervention (>1 session) within 3 months of a traumatic event in adults. Outcomes were rates and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 10 electronic databases (all to Jul 2007); websites; and reference lists were searched for RCTs. 2 journals were hand searched, and key researchers were contacted. 25 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Interventions for preventing PTSD after exposure to traumatic event . Pooled analysis (6 RCTs) showed that brief psychosocial interventions within 1 month of trauma did not …
The sensory-limbic model of pain memory: Connections from thalamus to the limbic system mediate the learned component of the affective dimension of pain

Stimulation in the human somatosensory thalamus, posteroinferior to the human principal sensory nucleus (ventralis caudalis), has been reported to reproduce previously experienced pain associated with a strong affective dimension. In these reports, pains with a strong affective dimension were reproduced by stimulation within and posteroinferior to the core (posteroinferior region) of the ventralis caudalis only in patients with previous experience of such pain. Similar vivid experiential responses have been reported with stimulation over the parasylvian cortex. Thus, the connection from the posteroinferior region to the secondary somatosensory cortex and insular cortex may explain the reproduction, by thalamic stimulation, of pain with a strong affective dimension. The secondary somatosensory and insular cortex are involved in nociceptive pathways that have similar characteristics to cortical areas known to be involved in visual memory through corticolimbic connections. Therefore, stimulation-evoked pain with a strong affective dimension may be explained by a model in which limbic structures are altered by previous experience of pain with a strong affective dimension and triggered, through thalamic corticolimbic connections, to reproduce that pain. This sensorylimbic model could form the framework for testable hypotheses regarding the anatomic and physiologic substrates of learning processes involved in the affective dimension of pain.
Secondary Structural Preferences of 2,2-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine-4-carboxylic Acid Oligomers: β-Peptide Foldamers that Cannot Form Internal Hydrogen Bonds

We examine a new class of beta-peptides, 2,2-disubstituted pyrrolidine-4-carboxylic acid oligomers, and show that they manifest discrete conformational preferences despite the impossibility of internal hydrogen bonding. Numerous beta-peptide families have been described that display specific secondary structural preferences, but all of the conformations characterized in detail so far have contained internal hydrogen bonds. Internal hydrogen bonding is observed within the most common secondary structures of conventional peptides as well. Identifying foldamers in which shape control is independent of hydrogen bonding is significant in two ways. At a fundamental level, foldamers in this small but growing class are interesting because their shapes are controlled by distinctive networks of noncovalent forces. At a practical level, non-hydrogen bonded foldamers may be useful in biomedical applications because the low intrinsic polarity of their backbones may promote bioavailability.
On the critical interfacial friction of a two-roll CWR process

Abstract Analytical and numerical methods are introduced for characterizing the nature of interfacial slip in a two-roll CWR operation. The analytical method determines the critical friction coefficient in a two-roll CWR operation based on a transverse section of the tool. After being validated by comparison to experiments performed with a CWR prototype machine, a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was parameterized to study the influence of CWR process parameters on the global slip at more than 30 different operating conditions. Based on the analytical and numerical results, the influences of process parameters in the cross wedge rolling are ascertained and discussed.
Quantum measure theory

We first present some basic properties of a quantum measure space. Compatibility of sets with respect to a quantum measure is studied and the center of a quantum measure space is characterized. We characterize quantum measures in terms of signed product measures. A generalization called a super-quantum measure space is introduced. Of a more speculative nature, we show that quantum measures may be useful for computing and predicting elementary particle masses.
The Race for Drones

Abstract In just the last ten years, a growing number of states have sought to join the race to develop and sell ever-more sophisticated drones on the global market. While today the market remains stratified between makers and takers of drones, the gradual emergence of a drones arms race will have some important and potentially dangerous consequences for the international system. The emergence of a race for drones will reshape long-simmering conflicts and rivalries around the world in three ways. First, the proliferation of drones will reset the rules and norms governing surveillance and reconnaissance. Second, drones will become increasingly useful to governments in testing the strategic commitments and the nerves of their rivals. Third, the worldwide proliferation of drones will multiply the risks of conflict spirals stemming from accidents or hijacked drones. Given these risks, Washington’ should take a leading role in slowing the global race for drones and in developing strict legal and normative mechanisms to govern drone usage and sales in the future.
Hernlund receives 2010 Jason Morgan Early Career Award: Response

[1] John W. Hernlund received the 2010 Jason Morgan Early Career Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is “for significant early-career contributions to tectonophysics.”
A highly parallel algorithm for approximating all zeros of a polynomial with only real zeros

An algorithm is described based on Newton's method which simultaneously approximates all zeros of a polynomial with only real zeros. The algorithm, which is conceptually suitable for parallel computation, determines its own starting values so that convergence to the zeros is guaranteed. Multiple zeros and their multiplicity are readily determined. At no point in the method is polynomial deflation used.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions to a fractional difference equation with nonlocal conditions

In this paper, we consider a discrete fractional boundary value problem of the form -@D^@ny(t)=f(t+@n-1,y(t+@n-1)), y(@n-2)=g(y), y(@n+b)=0, where f:[@n-1,...,@n+b-1]"N"""@n"""-"""2xR->R is continuous, g:C([@n-2,@n+b]"N"""@n"""-"""2,R) is a given functional, and 1<@n@?2. We give a representation for the solution to this problem. Finally, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solution to this problem by using a variety of tools from nonlinear functional analysis including the contraction mapping theorem, the Brouwer theorem, and the Krasnosel'skii theorem.
Emergencies in the air: Problems, management, and prevention

Medical emergencies may arise on board commercial airlines. Although infrequent, such events annually affect a substantial number of air travelers. Physicians should be aware of the options available to them should they find themselves in an emergency situation on an aircraft. This article examines the incidence of in-flight emergencies, surveys the onboard medical kit, and explores various in-flight medical problems and treatments. It concludes with a discussion of various methods of prevention.
Rate control for multisequence video streaming

Streaming media over heterogeneous lossy networks and time-varying communication channels is an active area of research. Several video coders that operate under the varying constraints of such environments have been proposed recently. Scalability has become a very desirable feature in these video coders. In this paper, we make use of a leaky-bucket rate allocation method (DBRC) that provides constant quality video under buffer constraints, and extend it in two advantageous directions. First, we present a rate control mechanism for 3D wavelet video coding using DBRC. Second, we enhance the DBRC so that it can be utilized when multiple sequences are multiplexed over a single communications channel. The goal is to allocate the capacity of the channel between sequences to achieve constant quality across all sequences.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in two adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Two cases of pulmonary vascular anomaly in unrelated adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) are described. In the first case, a 9-year-old intact male alpaca presented at Oregon State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with bilateral epistaxis and died the subsequent day following severe hemorrhage from the mouth and nostrils. At necropsy, a tortuous vascular lesion was identified in the right cranial lung lobe, associated with hemorrhage into airways. In the second case, a 2-year-old female alpaca presented with postpartum anorexia, opisthotonus, and recumbency. In this second case, a similar vascular lesion was identified in the right cranial lung lobe but without associated hemorrhage. Histopathological examination of the lesion in both cases revealed numerous dilated, irregular blood vessels with marked variation in wall thickness within vessels, surrounded by foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Diagnoses of locally extensive pulmonary vascular anomalies (arteriovenous malformations) were made.
Merging catalog entries from various countries into an online union catalog

Introduction This paper will examine the possibility of constructing an online international union catalog from machine readable entries originating in different countries. Benefits of such a union catalog would be extensive, since it would greatly increase availability of library resources internationally and reduce rates of rise of processing costs in participating libraries. The discussion of catalog entries will be limited to descriptive cataloging and will include only title and author elements, only catalog entries originating in different language regions, and only catalog entries in machine readable form.
ARE THE CPI AND WPI APPROPRIATE MEASURES TO USE FOR TESTING THE PPP HYPOTHESIS

This paper evaluates the commonly used CPI and WPI proxies for the real exchange rate by comparing them to new measures constructed from a different data series of traded and nontraded goods prices. The tests provide mixed evidence in favor of using the general price indexes to construct measures of the real exchange rate.