cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrialization and the Decline of the Aged

Abstract This paper reexamines the proposition that old people lose prestige with societal modernization. I argue that while the basic notion of a decline in the relative position of old people with industrialization is supportable the focus on industrialization or modernization is restrictive and misleading. It is the interaction between historically variable exchange rates and individual possession of valued resources that determines the ability of an age-group member to participate in satisfying and profitable social exchange. The differential allocation of valued resources across age strata establishes an age-relevent exchange rate for that particular period. The rate favors the aged in agrarian societies because of their control over land and disfavors the superannuated in industrial societies because of their exclusion from labor markets. As a result, old people in modern society incur greater costs to achieve comparable levels of reward (prestige and privilege) as their age-mates in non-modern soci...
Optimal sensor and light source positioning for machine vision

Abstract An optimization approach to automatic sensor and light source positioning for a machine vision task, where geometric measurement and/or object verification is important, is discussed. The goal of the vision task is assumed to be specified in terms of measurements related to edges. The optimal sensor and light source positions are defined in such a way that when the sensor and light source are placed in the optimal positions, we can obtain a picture which produces the minimum variance for the required measurement. Experiments show that the uncertainty in the edge point position is inversely proportional to the contrast across the edge. Using a variant of the Torrance-Sparrow model that takes into account the polarization of the light, the contrasts across edges are computed and used to estimate the variance of the required 2D measurement. An optimization procedure employing mathematical programming techniques uses this information to determine the best positions for the light source and sensor in order to perform the required measurement. A series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of our optimization approach. The optimal positions computed by the program were found to be the best ones in the real experiments. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the expected variance and the variance computed from the real pictures was 0.768.
Equivalent-Continuum Modeling of Nano-Structured Materials

A method has been developed for modeling structure-property relationships of nano-structured materials. This method serves as a link between computational chemistry and solid mechanics by substituting discrete molecular structures with an equivalent-continuum model. It has been shown that this substitution may be accomplished by equating the vibrational potential energy of a nano-structured material with the strain energy of representative truss and continuum models. As an important example with direct application to the development and characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes, the model has been applied to determine the effective continuum geometry of a graphene sheet. A representative volume element of the equivalent-continuum model has been developed with an effective thickness. This effective thickness has been shown to be similar to, but slightly smaller than, the interatomic spacing of graphite.
The Picturesque as Art of the Average: Stifter's Statistical Poetics of Observation

In his famous preface to the Many-Colored Stones (1852), Adalbert Stifter situates the work of the modern poet within a progressive history of scientific observation. Like the scientist, the kind of poet Stifter strives to be is someone who collects and assembles experiences. And just as progress in mankind's knowledge of nature is reflected in the progress of science, so the progress in mankind's knowledge of man is reflected in poetry. The modern poet is a researcher of humankind, a "Menschenforscher" (Stifter 2.2: 13), 1 and his methods of research keep pace with the historical improvement of knowledge. In man's "childhood," when his "mind's eye" was still untouched by science, men's attention was captured by the "proximate and conspicuous" (11), by great and striking exceptions: in the natural realm, thunder, lightning, volcanic eruptions (10); in the moral sphere, physical strength, courage, violent emo- tions (15). Later, with the advent of a scientific eye of the mind—"das geistige (Auge) der Wissenschaft" (11)—men became less distracted by conspicuous singularities and began to perceive the whole and the general ("das Ganze und Allgemeine," 10). By patiently collecting "grain after grain" and "obser- vation after observation" (11) of recurrent and unremarkable phenomena, man was able to open his mind's eye to the hitherto overlooked realm of the usual and the common. The result for both science and poetry is a reversal in the valuation of natural and moral phenomena. What is great are not storm winds, crashing waves, earthquakes, but "Das Wehen der Luft das Rieseln des Was- sers das Wachsen der Getreide das Wogen des Meeres das Grunen der Erde" (10); not mighty movements of the soul like wrath, the thirst for vengeance, an inflamed spirit that strives for activity, but "(e)in ganzes Leben voll Ge- rechtigkeit Einfachheit Bezwingung seiner selbst Verstandesgema ¨sheit Wirk- samkeit in seinem Kreise" (12). The "sublime" is now found in what had earlier seemed small, in the "gewohnlichen alltaglichen in Unzahl wieder- kehrenden Handlungen der Menschen" (14). The task for the poet is to show the greatness of the usual and the everyday, to make the common appear as
Dissecting aneurysm complicating Marfan's syndrome (arachnodactyly) in a mother and son.

Abstract Few reports of dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta among close relatives have appeared in the literature and in only one previous report was this described in association with Marfan's syndrome. Reported are the cases of a mother and son, each with Marfan's syndrome (arachnodactyly) and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. In the mother, dissecting aneurysm occurred when she was 30 years old and pregnant with her third offspring. Death occurred at the age of 31 years after aortic insufficiency and congestive cardiac failure had developed. The son was the second offspring and died of acute dissecting aneurysm when he was 13 years old. In the son, interchordal protrusions of the leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves were considered manifestations of Marfan's syndrome. Mitral insufficiency had been identified clinically.
Deep brain stimulation amplitude alters posture shift velocity in Parkinson’s disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is now widely used to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The specific aim of this study was to identify posture control measures that may be used to improve selection of DBS parameters in the clinic and this was carried out by changing the DBS stimulation amplitude. A dynamic posture shift paradigm was used to assess posture control in 4 PD STN-DBS subjects. Each subject was tested at 4 stimulation amplitude settings. Movements of the center of pressure and the position of the pelvis were monitored and several quantitative indices were calculated. The presence of any statistically significant changes in several normalized indices due to reduced/no stimulation was tested using the one-sample t test. The peak velocity and the average movement velocity during the initial and mid phases of movement towards the target posture were substantially reduced. These results may be explained in terms of increased akinesia and bradykinesia due to altered stimulation conditions. Thus, the dynamic posture shift paradigm may be an effective tool to quantitatively characterize the effects of DBS on posture control and should be further investigated as a tool for selection of DBS parameters in the clinic.
The Courage of One's Conviction: When Do Nurse Practitioners Report Unsafe Practices?

When and why do nurses report unsafe patient practices when they see them? This paper adds to our understanding of the characteristics of health care practitioners who report errors and their environment by introducing role identity as an important concept for understanding this communication behavior. We analyzed the results of a national survey of 330 nurses to address three questions: (1) What factors are associated with nurses stating that they have observed tolerance for unsafe practices; (2) what fosters reporting of unsafe practices; and (3) what is the impact on nurses' commitment to the organization and the profession as a result of observing unsafe practices? Results suggest that the probability of reporting unsafe practices increases as the frequency of unsafe practices increases; this relationship is moderated by nurse role identity and supervisory support for reporting. The probability of reporting of unsafe practices also increases when nurses have a strong role identity and strong organizat...
Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection following spinal cord injury

A prospective study was performed to quantitate frequency and evaluate risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) in 64 catheter-free spinal cord injury (SCI) patients who were visited monthly in their homes for up to 1 year by a public health nurse who performed a physical examination and collected urine for culture and urinalysis. Patients also mailed in urine dip slides weekly. UTI was defined as > or = 100,000 CFU/mL. Of 406 UTIs evaluated, 111 (27%) were asymptomatic, whereas 295 (73%) evidenced some sign or symptom possibly referable to the urinary tract. Fever and chills occurred in 43 (11%) episodes. Incidence of UTI overall was 18.4 episodes per person-year at risk whereas the rate for those associated with fever and chills was 1.82 episodes per person-year at risk. Prevalence of UTI was 57.4%. Pyuria was significantly associated with the occurrence of fever and chills (p < 0.0001), with gram-negative bacterial species being relatively more pyogenic than gram-positive species. Demographic and behavioral factors shown to correlate with risk for UTI by rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were: black ethnicity, poor personal hygiene, and less-than-daily condom catheter changes. Racial difference was observed independently of the other two variables. Bladder drainage method, age, years since injury, income, education, sex, neurologic level, and administration of prophylactic antibiotics were not correlated with increased risk of UTI. This study provides new data regarding characteristics and frequency of UTI following SCI as well as risk factors that influence its development.
Scaling laws in plastic deformation

In crystalline materials, plastic deformation is driven by the non-local long-range interaction of dislocations. This interaction is responsible for a series of features that obey scaling laws, such as the formation of fractal cellular structures, the intermittent plastic flow with scale-free avalanches following a power law and the Hall–Petch relation in which the yield stress depends on the sample size following a power law. A phase-field model of dislocations is described. The present theory is able to reproduce the jerky character of dislocation motion as well as size dependence in small-scale plasticity.
THE INTERACTIONS OF ALPHA 2HS GLYCOPROTEIN WITH METALLOPROTEINASES.

The objective of the present analyses was to determine whether matrix metalloproteinases interact with alpha 2HS glycoprotein, the human homologue of bovine fetuin. Alpha 2HS glycoprotein was incubated with metalloproteinases at 1:1 and 1:10 molar ratios. The serum glycoprotein was completely degraded by gelatinase-A and matrilysin at the higher enzyme concentration after an overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. The data show that gelatinase-A, matrilysin and gelatinase-B do interact with alpha 2HS glycoprotein and that gelatinase-B associates most tightly with the serum glycoprotein.
Tumor induction in rats by feeding aminopyrine or oxytetracycline with nitrite

Sprague-Dawley rats were given combinations of aminopyrine or oxytetracycline and sodium nitrite in drinking water. Of 30 animals receiving 0.1% (1,000 ppm) of aminopyrine and sodium nitrite for 30 weeks, 29 died with hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver. The same tumor caused death in 26 of 30 animals that received 0.025% (250 ppm) of both aminopyrine and sodium nitrite for 50 weeks. No animals in a control group of the same size that received 0.1% aminopyrine for 30 weeks developed this tumor, although one-half of them were still alive 2 years after the experiment was begun. After feeding a comparable dose (0.1%) of oxytetracycline and sodium nitrite for 60 weeks, liver tumors were present in 4 of 30 rats (3 hepatocellular tumors and 1 cholangioma). Since aminopyrine has been widely used for medicinal purposes in the human population, it is possible that many people have been exposed to a potent carcinogen (dimethylnitrosamine) by its formation in vivo. It is not certain whether the result of feeding oxytetracycline and sodium nitrite indicates significant carcinogenicity of this combination.
Is there a natural suicide rate

In order to explore whether societies have a natural (nonzero) suicide rate, regression equations were derived predicting the suicide rate over the regions of 11 nations and over time in 13 nations from the divorce and unemployment rates. All of the regression equations had positive constant terms, indicating a nonzero, positive natural suicide when socio-economic conditions were set to minimize the suicide rate.
Critical effects of downstream boundary conditions on vortex breakdown

The unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes (NS) equations are used to study the critical effects of the downstream boundary conditions on the supersonic vortex breakdown. The present study is applied to two supersonic vortex breakdown cases. In the first case, quasi-axisymmetric supersonic swirling flow is considered in a configured circular duct, and in the second case, quasi-axisymmetric supersonic swirling jet, that is issued from a nozzle into a supersonic jet of lower Mach number, is considered. For the configured duct flow, four different types of downstream boundary conditions are used, and for the swirling jet flow from the nozzle, two types of downstream boundary conditions are used. The solutions are time accurate which are obtained using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme.
The induction of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in vivo by administration of lipopolysacharide

Abstract Experiments were designed to determine whether B-cell activation of control mouse strains with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce the same anti-erythrocyte antibody responses observed to occur spontaneously in the NZB strain. When BALB c and DBA 2 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg of LPS, antibodies to X, HB, and HOL antigens could be detected 2 weeks later at levels comparable to those found spontaneously in NZB mice. Injection of C3H HeJ mice, nonresponders to LPS, resulted in no detectable anti-erythrocyte antibody responses. When NZB mice were treated with LPS in this way, serum levels of anti-RBC antibodies increased. A measure of the percentage hemolysis induced by sera from these animals in the presence of an exogenous complement source revealed a higher incidence and hemolytic titer in LPS-injected BALB c and DBA 2 strains than in PBS-injected mice. In addition, injection of LPS induced the appearance of erythrocyte-bound IgM and IgG in BALB c , DBA 2 , and NZB mice. These data suggest that LPS-induced B-cell activation results in the appearance of anti-erythrocyte antibodies.
Stability in general control systems.

Axiomatic approach to control system theory as generalization of dynamic systems, noting weak and strong stability and Liapunov function
Eagle syndrome presenting with external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm

Eagle syndrome refers to a clinical syndrome caused by the abnormal elongation of the styloid process with calcification/ossification of the stylohyoid ligament. We present the first reported case of Eagle syndrome resulting in an external carotid artery (ECA) pseudoaneurysm. A patient presented to emergency room with an expanding, painful right-neck mass. CT angiography with three-dimensional volume rendering showed a bilobed 4.0-cm right ECA pseudoaneurysm and bilateral ossification of the stylohyoid ligaments with a sharpened edge of the right styloid process at the level of the carotid artery. Aneurysmectomy was performed, and a common carotid to internal carotid bypass with reversed saphenous vein restored arterial continuity. Local resection of the styloid process with a rotational sternocleidomastoid flap was performed. The pathology report was consistent with a diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm. A six-month clinical follow-up confirmed the complete resolution of symptoms with no neurological deficits.
A geopolitical perspective on Argentina's Malvinas/Falkland claims

Argentina has long used the concept of Las Malvinas irredenta in textbooks, maps, and development plans to assert its claim to the islands. This paper examines Argentina's claims by exploring how Argentine geographers, territorial strategists, and others have defended or supported the concept of Las Malvinas irredenta.
Importance of kidney function and duration of exposure on aluminum accumulation in mature rats

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the impact of reduced renal function and duration of aluminum exposure on aluminum accumulation in tissues. Rats received a unilateral nephrectomy or sham operation at 9 months of age and were fed either 0.4 or 37.6 μmole Al/g diet for 6 or 9 months. The modest accumulation of aluminum in tissues was greater in tibia and liver after 9 versus 6 months of aluminum exposure and among rats with one rather than two kidneys. About 35% of variation in tibia aluminum concentrations could be predicted on the basis of creatinine clearance and about 19% of the variation in liver aluminum concentrations could be explained on the basis of aluminum load and urinary creatinine excretion. These data support the hypothesis that modest reductions in kidney function can result in somewhat elevated bone and liver aluminum retention. But renal function, per se, is not the primary determinant of tissue aluminum concentrations in mature rats.
Prices, Farm Outputs, and Income Projections under Alternative Assumed Demand and Supply Conditions

A two-equation aggregate demand and supply simulation model with Koyck-type geometrically distributed lags is used to examine the impacts of alternative demand and supply shifts on aggregate farm output, prices, and income. Impacts of inflation on important farm sector indicators are also examined. Projected solutions to 1985 indicate that strong demand shifts are needed to maintain a favorable level of prices and farm incomes. Results further suggest that the U.S. farm sector is particularly sensitive to unexpected changes or shifts in demand, and supply and prolonged inflation in the general economy.
Nuclear protein synthesis at permissive and non-permissive temperatures in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line with a temperature-sensitive defect in cytoplasmic non-mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Abstract A Chinese hamster ovary cell line with a temperature-sensitive defect in cytoplasmic non-mitochondrial protein synthesis was used to examine protein synthesis thought to be intrinsic to nuclei. Nuclear fractions did not contain whole cells, endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, as judged by light and electron microscopy and contaminating microorganisms and PPLO were absent. When cytoplasmic protein synthesis was almost totally suppressed at 40 °C, in some experiments in the presence of cycloheximide, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins continued to be labelled with radioactive leucine for 15–30 min. Nuclear incorporation at 40 °C was suppressed by puromycin and partially inhibited by 225 μg of chloramphenicol per ml. Most of the nuclear proteins labelled at 40 °C, which included a majority of recovered radioactive proteins, were soluble in 1 N NaOH, and can be classified as acidic nuclear proteins. The majority of radioactive leucine was incorporated internally into nuclear proteins, as judged by lack of reactivity with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Preliminary studies with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that some of the radioactive proteins present in the nuclear extract differed from those of the cytosol and mitochondrial fractions. Provided whole cells, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum neither contaminated the nuclear pellet nor transferred proteins to that site before or during nuclear isolation, that microorganisms, including PPLO and possibly even viruses capable of causing artefactual incorporation are absent, and that nuclei contain a leucyl tRNA synthetase able to function at 40 °C, the tsHl CHO cell line should provide a valuable experimental system with which to examine the properties of protein synthesis intrinsic to cell nuclei and to elucidate its functions.
Microphysics of Maritime Tropical Convective Updrafts at Temperatures from −20° to −60°

Abstract Anvils produced by vigorous tropical convection contribute significantly to the earth’s radiation balance, and their radiative properties depend largely on the concentrations and sizes of the ice particles that form them. These microphysical properties are determined to an important extent by the fate of supercooled droplets, with diameters from 3 to about 20 microns, lofted in the updrafts. The present study addresses the question of whether most or all of these droplets are captured by ice particles or if they remain uncollected until arriving at the −38°C level where they freeze by homogeneous nucleation, producing high concentrations of very small ice particles that can persist and dominate the albedo. Aircraft data of ice particle and water droplet size distributions from seven field campaigns at latitudes from 25°N to 11°S are combined with a numerical model in order to examine the conditions under which significant numbers of supercooled water droplets can be lofted to the homogeneous nucl...
Extraction of the third molar and patient satisfaction

Patient satisfaction is an important outcome measure of health care. This study was designed to evaluate patient satisfaction with extraction of the third molar in relation to certain criteria involving structure, process, and outcome. A 16-item patient-satisfaction questionnaire was developed and mailed to 262 patients who had third molars extracted in a university-based clinical department during an 18-month period. The returned questionnaires were subjected to a factor analysis by means of the varimax method; the analysis yielded three "clusters" that we labeled "general satisfaction," "interpersonal satisfaction," and "satisfaction with cost." Two-tailed Student's t tests were used to relate the clinical data to each area of satisfaction. There were a total of six statistically significant interactions in the data matrix at the 0.05 level. Three of these pertained to general satisfaction and three to interpersonal satisfaction. The methods used in this study can be used to relate components of patient satisfaction to elements of dental care.
Heteropriapulus nom. nov . (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) for Heterotylus Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004, a junior homonym of Heterotylus Kirsch in Reitter, 1913 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Heterotylus Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004 is a junior homonym of Heterotylus Kirsch in Reitter, 1913. It is replaced by Heteropriapulus nom. nov. and its type- and only species, Heterotylus heterotylus Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004, is transferred as Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004) n. comb.
Formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination of surface water.

Abstract Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, and dichloroiodomethane have been found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition to these five compounds, the other possible trihalomethanes (chlorodiiodomethane, bromochloroiodo-methane, dibromoiodomethane, bromodiiodomethane, and iodoform) can also be formed by chlorination of surface water containing bromides and iodides. Mass spectra for each of these ten compounds were obtained.
Differential development of insulin-like growth factor-I binding in the hypothalamus of hamster and rat

Abstract We investigated the binding of [125]insulin-like growth factor-I ([125I]IGF-I) within the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and median eminence (ME) by quantitative autoradiography and compared the development of binding to the same regions in the rat. Binding in the hamster SCN was to a single class of sites (estimated Kd = 6 × 10−10 M). Binding in the ME was approx. 1.5-fold that of the SCN. Full displacement of binding from the SCN and ME of adults and neonates was achieved by 10−8 M IGF-I, 10−8 M IGF-II or 10−6 M insulin. Binding within the hamster SCN was evident by E15, peaked between P5 and P7 and decreased to adult levels by P20 while binding in the rat SCN peaked perinatally and declined to adult levels by P6. Binding in the hamster ME was evident at P4, peaked by P12 and decreased to adult levels by P20 while binding in rat ME was present by P2, peaked by P7 and declined to adult levels by P9. These results demonstrate a different developmental time course for [125I]IGF-I binding between the SCN and ME of hamster and rat. The peak binding in the SCN of each species correlates with previously reported time courses for onset of retinohypothalamic innervation of the SCN. Further study of IGFs in these regions may help elucidate the developmental role of brain IGFs.
Parataxis and parentheticals

I have proposed that the complementizerthat has a pragmatic property of demonstrativity, analogous to that ascribed by demonstrative analyses of the semantics of the complementizer but not impinging on the syntactic analysis of sentential embedding. My account explains a number of phenomena, including the illocutionary peculiarities of parentheticals, the pragmatics ofthat-omission, and consequently the distributional statistics ofthat-omission and related grammatical features of embeddings reported in the literature. By this means these phenomena are theoretically unified under a single hypothesis. Furthermore, this demonstrativity is a matter of degree. There is a spectrum of distinct pragmatic manifestations of this demonstrativity, ranging from the purely paratactic-like interpretation that ascribes no illocutionary relation between the speaker and the complement, and is highly incompatible withthat-omission, to the purely parenthetical interpretation where illocutionary force attaches to the complement and is highly conducive tothat-omission. A more general moral appears when the minimally revisionist syntactic consequences of my proposal are compared to the radical syntactic consequences of Thompson and Mulac's. Even if we hold that the syntactic structure of a natural language cannot be grasped outside of its general communicative contexts, we need not connect syntax and pragmatics so immediately as Thompson and Mulac seem to think. By resisting the idea that the syntax of parentheticals isipso facto different from the syntax of compositional embeddings, we allow some “slack” between syntax and pragmatics, thereby enabling us to analyze such subtle syntax-pragmatics interactions as negative-raised parentheticals. The methodological moral is to avoid too facile a connection between syntactic and pragmatic analyses.
Evolution of dynamical systems with time-varying gravity

VARIOUS attempts have been made to place limits on the timevariability of gravity through observations of astrophysical objects. We demonstrate that contrary to previous studies1,2, no useful limits can be obtained from observations of N-body systems such as galaxies and star-clusters.
Development and Survival of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), A Predator of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was evaluated as prey for the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), in the laboratory using development and survival rates of the immature predator stages as criteria. There were no differences in predator development or survival due to CPB host plant. Compared to three other larval insect hosts, the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.); Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant; and the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fabr.), the CPB was found to be a suboptimal host. Computer simulation showed a large developmental advantage of the CPB over this predator under field conditions in an average Rhode Island spring.
The solubility of carbon in palladium and platinum

Saturation solubility of carbon in solid Pd and Pt obtained by equilibrating excess graphite at various high temperatures
Does the promotion of community social capital reduce obesity risk

Abstract We explore whether higher levels of community social capital reduce the likelihood of being obese in the U.S. adult population. We also examine whether this relationship may differ by levels of schooling. Data come from the 2001 to 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and are augmented with a validated measure of community social capital, the Petris Social Capital Index. We find that greater community social capital reduces adult obesity risk, and has a larger effect on persons with more schooling. Social capital affects obesity through the promotion of weight-control efforts.
LSD, 5-HT (serotonin), and the evolution of a behavioral assay

Research in our laboratory, supported by NIDA and facilitated by Roger Brown, has indicated that serotonergic neuronal systems are involved in the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD. However, the only compounds that fully antagonize the LSD cue act at both serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) receptors. In addition, substitution for LSD in standard drug vs. no-drug (DND) discriminations does not necessarily predict either similar mechanisms of action or hallucinogenic potency because 'false positives' occur when animals are given drugs such as lisuride (LHM), quipazine, or, possibly, yohimbine. These effects can be greatly reduced by using drug vs. drug (D-D), drug vs. drug vs. no drug (D-ND), or drug vs. ' other' drug (saline, cocaine, pentobarbital) training procedures. Additional studies, in which drugs were administered directly into the cerebral ventricles or specific brain areas, suggest that structures containing terminal fields of serotonergic neurons might be involved in the stimulus effects of LSD.
Energy policy: The rebound effect is overplayed.

Increasing energy efficiency brings emissions savings. Claims that it backfires are a distraction, say Kenneth Gillingham and colleagues.
The Role of UB Faculty Council During the Strike: Reflections of a Former Striker Crossing a Picket Line

This essay examines the role of the University of Bridgeport's Faculty Council in relation to the faculty union. The Faculty Council is a governing body composed of elected faculty representatives from different schools and departments within the university. Faculty Council leaders facilitated the certification of AAUP as the faculty's bargaining agent in 1973 and, under the author's leadership, the faculty petitioned the National Labor Relations Board to decertify the union in 1991. The author participated on the picket line during the 1975, 1978 and 1987 faculty strikes, but crossed the picket line during the 1990 strike.
14 EXERCISE PERFORMANCE OF ADOLESCENTS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

Eight adolescent patients, 7 boys(15-19 yrs.) and a 13 y. old girl with essential hypertension of 1-5 years duration(mean 3 y.) were studied. Blood pressure(BP) ranged 150-170/95-110 at rest and none received any medication. Simple progressive exercise on a bicycle ergometer with increments of 25 Watt(W) every minute were performed until limited by fatigue. Expired air was measured with a pneumotach and integrated to minute ventilation. Fractional concentration of mixed expired gas was analyzed with a rapid responding O2 analyzer. Oxygen consumption was calculated from the minute ventilation(STPD) and mixed exhaled O2. Seven patients reached ≥95% of predicted maximal heart rate. Maximal systolic BP ranged 165-240mm Hg.(mean 199). Diastolic BP increased in 1, did not change in 5, and decreased in 2. Maximal working capacity(Wmax) ranged 150-200 W. Maximal oxygen uptake (MVO2) was 2060 ml/min in the girl and 2535-3464 ml/min(mean 3072) for the boys(mean MVO2 41.6 ml/kg/min). Anerobic threshold (AT) occurred at 100-175 W(mean 134) which was 50-88% of Wmax (mean at 81%). None of the patients had chest pain or ECG abnormalities. These preliminary data suggest that, in the majority, BP does not rise to very high levels, strenuous exercise can be permitted but Wmax is at the low normal range in spite of normal AT.
Iatrogenic pneumocephalus after laparoscopic renal biopsy.

A 31-year-old black woman was referred to our department for biopsy for chronic renal insufficiency. The patient had a medical history significant for right middle cerebral artery stroke secondary to antiphospholipid antibody and severe nephrotic syndromes, and required chronic anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. As previous attempts at renal biopsy under computerized tomography (CT) guidance were nondiagnostic, laparoscopic renal biopsy was recommended. Warfarin was discontinued 5 days before the procedure and the patient was admitted to the hospital preoperatively for intravenous heparin anticoagulation. Heparin therapy was discontinued at midnight on the day of surgery. The procedure was performed with the patient under general anesthesia, and placed in the left lateral decubitous position and flexed at the waist. A retroperitoneal approach through the right flank was used. A 10 mm. trocar was placed off the tip of the right 12th rib, and 2, 5 mm. trocars were positioned inferiorly and slightly posterior to this in a subcostal orientation. The right kidney was readily identified with limited dissection. Several substantial renal biopsy specimens were obtained with a laparoscopic cup biopsy forcep under direct vision. In the recovery room the patient complained of severe headache and right lower extremity numbness with paralysis. Head CT demonstrated pneumocephalus (see figure). There was no evidence of an acute intracranial hemorrhage. The patient did not demonstrate any acute mental status changes. Anticoagulation was resumed 24 hours postoperatively and symptoms were treated medically. Repeat head CT 4 days later revealed near resolution of the pneumocephalus. Right lower extremity paralysis gradually improved with aggressive physical therapy and was thought to be secondary to a right lumbosacral plexopathy sustained during positioning at the time of the procedure. Biopsy specimens identified stage 1 to 2 membranous nephropathy associated with mild mesangial proliferation, mild renal atrophy and tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Physical Parameters of Fiber Affecting Passage from the Rumen

Our objective was to review the factors that affect fiber passage from the rumen. Rumen residence time and passage from the rumen are important in control of intake, digestibility, protein metabolism, and protein escape. Physical factors associated with particle size and particle specific gravity affect passage from the rumen. Although particles of 5 cm may pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice, most particles leaving the rumen are smaller than 1 mm. Polypropylene ribbon cut into 7-cm lengths, introduced into the rumen, markedly reduced intake and were ruminated to fine particle size before being passed. Materials with specific gravity less than 1.0 are ruminated extensively and are passed slowly. As specific gravity of plastic particles increase, rumination of particles is decreased and passage is increased. Particles with specific gravities between 1.17 and 1.42 pass most rapidly. Increasing specific gravities further results in a decline in passage and a further lowering of rumination of particles. Natural hay and fresh forages are hydrated in the rumen, which causes functional specific gravity to increase. Some factors that affect rate of change of functional specific gravity of forages have been investigated. Small particle size, autoclaved rumen fluid, buffer solutions, and specific salts increased the rate of change of functional specific gravity of particles. Understanding of these factors may enable us to make better decisions in managing ruminant productions systems.
Sarin Transport across excised human skin I: Permeability and Adsorption Characteristics

The transport rates and permeability coefficients for the transport of sarin in solution across both hydrous and anhydrous excised human skin were determined quantitatively. An activation energy was determined from study of the temperature influence on the transport of sarin in solution across anhydrous callus membranes. The transport of pure sarin and of sarin as a water-soluble and water-insoluble gel was studied also. The adsorption characteristics of sarin on powdered keratin were studied to determine their role in permeation. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium measurements were made, which allowed calculation of the heat of adsorption, the heat of activation for adsorption, and the heat of activation for desorption. The results show that interaction between the membrane and penetrant plays a significant role in sarin transport across human skin.
Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii (Rickettsiaceae) with Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia risticii , the causal agent of Potomac horse fever, was attempted with adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans , (L.) using two feeding schedules. In schedule A, a set of 140 flies was allowed to feed once on an experimentally infected donor pony and once 24 h later on a recipient pony. A different set of flies was used each day for a 12-d period. In schedule B, 240 flies were allowed to feed once daily for 12 consecutive d on the donor pony followed by five consecutive daily feedings on the recipient pony. E. risticii was isolated from the blood of the experimentally infected pony during the entire fly-feeding schedule. The recipient pony did not develop clinical signs of Potomac horse fever and remained seronegative to E. risticii up to 60 d after the last stable fly feeding. Mice injected intraperitoneally with emulsions of schedule A and B stable flies were seronegative for E. risticii 30 d after inoculation, and ehrlichial organisms were not demonstrated in impression smears from the digestive tracts of the flies. The stable fly did not transmit E. risticii under these experimental conditions.
Effect of the axion halo on bound electrons

Effects of the hypothetical galactic axion halo on electrons are described in nonrelativistic terms. The principal effect is a spin-dependent force (${m}_{a}$${\mathrm{}}^{2}$/2F)a\ensuremath{\sigma}, where a is the axion field, ${m}_{a}$ the axion mass, and ${F}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ the interaction strength. A magnetic-field-dependent force and a velocity-dependent spin precession also occur. The current thus generated in a ferromagnet depends on ordinary considerations of atomic binding, band structure, effective mass, and electron scattering. It is negligible in ferrites. A substantial current is predicted in pure d-electron metallic ferromagnets at helium temperature. Implications for halo probes are touched upon.
A Note on Caterpillar-Embeddings with No Two Parallel Edges

Let G be a set of n points in general position (i.e., no three points are on a line) in the plane, and let C be a caterpillar on n vertices. We show that one can always find a rectilinear embedding of C in the plane such that the vertices of C are the points of G and no two edges of C go to parallel segments. This proves a conjecture of Robert E. Jamison.
A description of teacher and child language in two preschool programs

Abstract This descriptive study focuses on language used by teachers and children in two preschool programs during small group instruction and related learning activities. Instruction in the Ausubelian program (AP) was based on Ausubel's subsumption theory of learning, and that in the Piagetian program (PP) was based on Piaget's theory of development. During one school year, 44 small group sessions were videotaped, 22 in each program. Videotapes were coded for speaker, listener, category of utterances, and reference to process or content, to general or specific information, and to correctly performed operations. Compared to teachers in the AP, teachers in the PP used questions more frequently than statements, and both groups of teachers more frequently used closed rather than open-ended questions. Both AP teachers and children referred to process rather than content more frequently than was the case for their counterparts in the PP. Children in the AP more frequently verbalized correctly performed mental operations than did children in the PP. Teachers in the PP employed consistent verbal strategies across tasks, whereas AP teachers varied their use of language by task. A comparison was made of the results of this study to those from a concurrently running study of children's improved understanding of logical concepts (process) following instruction. The fact that children in the AP performed significantly better than PP children on such tasks appears to be related to the more frequent use of language associated with process by both teachers and children in the AP.
Perceived Self-Efficacy in Performing Lifesaving Skills: An Assessment of the American Red Cross's Responding to Emergencies Course

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the American Red Cross (ARC) Responding to Emergencies course on college students' perceived ability and willingness to perform lifesaving skills in emergency situations. A total of 214 male and female undergraduate college students who were enrolled in 12 classes of the ARC Responding to Emergencies course at a midwestern university completed pretest and posttest surveys. Surveys were completed prior to instruction and on completion of the course and skills training (approximately 8 weeks later). Results show that the course was highly effective in improving students' perceived self-efficacy of performing lifesaving skills. Pretest-posttest differences were significant for all items on the self-efficacy subscales except the outcome values for rescue breathing and control for severe bleeding. The course was also effective in reducing the impact of barriers on students' willingness to perform lifesaving skills. Bandura's self-efficacy model wa...
Abstract BS02-2: Alterations in tumor metabolism to support breast tumor growth and progression

Breast cancer cells must adapt metabolism to support anabolic processes and allow the accumulation of biomass to allow proliferation. However, tumor cells also experience periods of stress, and metabolic plasticity to shift metabolism to maximize efficiency and survive nutrient limitation is also needed for cancer progression. The M2 pyruvate kinase isoform (PKM2) is expressed in cancers and plays a role in regulating metabolism. To determine whether PKM2 is required for the development and growth of primary breast tumors, we generated mice harboring a conditional allele for PKM2. PKM2 deletion selectively abolishes PKM2 protein production while continued production of PKM1, the other major pyruvate kinase isoform. We crossed PKM2 conditional mice to a model of human breast cancer driven by loss of the Brca1 tumor suppressor gene. Contrary to prior expectation, mammary tumor formation and progression was accelerated despite PKM2 deletion. PKM2-null tumors displayed heterogeneous compensatory PKM1 expression, and expression of PKM1 was observed only in non-proliferating tumor cells. In contrast, proliferating cells in the tumor had no detectable pyruvate kinase expression. This suggests that PKM2 protein is not necessary for tumor cell proliferation and implies that the inactive state of PKM2 is associated with the proliferating cell population within tumors, while cells with active pyruvate kinase are involved in aspects of tumor progression that do not involve proliferation. Consistent with these findings, variable expression of PKM2 was observed across a panel of human breast tumors, and recurrent mutations resulting in disruption of one PKM2 allele are found in multiple human cancers. Together, these data support a model where regulation of PKM2 activity allows the enzyme to support the differential metabolic requirements of both proliferating and non-proliferating tumor cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr BS02-2.
Remote sensing of tornadic storms from geosynchronous satellite infrared digital data

Two cases of GOES digital infrared data were analyzed during the three-hour period immediately prior to the tornado touchdown times. Clouds associated with tornadoes were compared to those without tornadoes using a combination of satellite infrared and rawinsonde data. On the basis of this limited data sample, it appears as if the altitude to which the overshooting cloud top penetrated above the tropopause is the factor which determines whether or not a tornado is formed. In these cases, the overshooting cloud top collapsed about 15 to 30 min before the tornado touchdown.
Metabolism Changes During Aging in the Hippocampus and Striatum of Glud1 (Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1) Transgenic Mice

The decline in neuronal function during aging may result from increases in extracellular glutamate (Glu), Glu-induced neurotoxicity, and altered mitochondrial metabolism. To study metabolic responses to persistently high levels of Glu at synapses during aging, we used transgenic (Tg) mice that over-express the enzyme Glu dehydrogenase (GDH) in brain neurons and release excess Glu in synapses. Mitochondrial GDH is important in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism and in anaplerotic reactions. We monitored changes in nineteen neurochemicals in the hippocampus and striatum of adult, middle aged, and aged Tg and wild type (wt) mice, in vivo, using proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Significant differences between adult Tg and wt were higher Glu, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and NAA + NAA–Glu (NAAG) levels, and lower lactate in the Tg hippocampus and striatum than those of wt. During aging, consistent changes in Tg and wt hippocampus and striatum included increases in myo-inositol and NAAG. The levels of glutamine (Gln), a key neurochemical in the Gln-Glu cycle between neurons and astroglia, increased during aging in both the striatum and hippocampus of Tg mice, but only in the striatum of the wt mice. Age-related increases of Glu were observed only in the striatum of the Tg mice.
Protein-bound retinol or a retinol metabolite found in rat and human urine

Summary Rats injected with retinol-15- 3 H were found, by fractionation of their urines on Sephadex G-50 or G-100, to excrete principally 2 labeled proteins: one of mol. weight > 100,000 (peak A), another of mol. weight 4600 (peak B). Both peaks showed U.V. light absorption at 330 nm. CdCl 2 poisoning of the rats resulted in a great increase in excretion of these proteins, vitamin A deficiency in a great decrease. Peak B had strong fluorescence (emission maximum at 426 nm). Attached radioactivity could not be extracted by heptane, chloroform-methanol, ether, butanol, even following pre-treatment with trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ethanol or 2M NaCl. Radioactivity from peak B was excluded by Sephadex G-15, even after TCA, ethanol or NaCl pre-treatment. A similar peak was detected in human urine. It is concluded that retinol or a retinol metabolite is excreted bound to a protein of mol. weight 4600.