cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online and Offline Demand and Price Elasticities: Evidence from the Air Travel Industry

The Internet has brought consumers increased access to information to make purchase decisions. One of the expected consequences is an increase in the price elasticity of demand, or the percent change in demand caused by a percent change in price, because consumers are better able to compare offerings from multiple suppliers. In this paper, we analyze the impact of the Internet on demand, by comparing the demand functions in the Internet and traditional air travel channels. We use a data set that contains information for millions of records of airline ticket sales in both online and offline channels. The results suggest that consumer demand in the Internet channel is more price elastic for both transparent and opaque online travel agencies (OTAs), in part, because of more leisure travelers self-selecting the online channel, relative to business travelers. Yet, after controlling for this channel self-selection effect, we still find differences in price elasticity across channels. We find that the opaque OTAs are more price elastic than the transparent OTAs, which suggests that product information can mitigate the price pressures that arise from Internet-enabled price comparisons. We discuss the broader implications for multichannel pricing strategy and for the transparency-based design of online selling mechanisms.
Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting Quality and Toddlers' Interactive Behaviours in Dyadic and Triadic Family Contexts

Based on a family systems perspective, this research examined the role of parental gender and family play context in parent–toddler interactions and how behaviours of family members influence each other. Sixty-seven mostly White, middle-class families consisting of a mother, father and toddler were videotaped in three separate sessions: mother–child, father–child and both parents–child at a university laboratory setting. The results indicated that there were significant main effects of both parent gender (mother versus father) and context (dyadic versus triadic) on parents' positive and negative parenting and children's engagement and negativity toward parents. Higher levels of mutual engagement between mothers and toddlers were associated with lower levels of fathers' positive parenting and children's engagement with fathers, when moving from the dyadic to the triadic play context. However, fathers' mutual engagement with toddlers was not associated with mothers' parenting quality and child interactive behaviours with mothers. There were also interaction effects of parent gender and context on parents' negative parenting and children's engagement and negativity toward parents. This study adds unique insights to the differences and similarities of parent–child dyadic and triadic interactions during toddlerhood. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relay cross metathesis reactions of vinylphosphonates

Dimethyl (β-substituted) vinylphosphonates do not readily undergo cross metathesis reactions with Grubbs catalyst and terminal alkenes. However, the corresponding mono- or diallyl vinylphosphonate esters undergo facile cross metathesis reactions. The improved reactivity is attributed to a relay step in the cross metathesis reaction mechanism.
Relation among x-ray photoelectron intensities, cross sections and kinetic energies in insulating solids☆

Abstract The fundamental relation among X-ray (MgK α ) photoelectron intensities, theoretical orbital ionization cross sections, and photoelectron kinetic energies has been investigated through precisely measured relative intensities of orbital electrons from sublimed-condensed samples of KF, NaF, CaF 2 and KG, and other ionic solids. Although the results confirm within approximately 15% the relation and establish a linear dependence of the intensities on analyzer transmission, they suggest that either a slight deviation from the relation exists or a cancellation of errors occurs. Empirically it is found that the relative intensities are proportional to the square of the ratio of kinetic energies, and with this relation, the intensities agree with the theoretical cross sections within a few per cent. This relation suggests that the dependence on the angular parameter is inconsequential and that the mean free path is proportional to the kinetic energy.
Simulation of power converter devices with nonlinear elements

This paper presents a technique for modeling and simulating power converters which contain nonlinear elements such as saturable inductors. Each nonlinear element is modeled by an ideal sampler, a variable gain, and a clamp. A state variable is added for each nonlinearity. A homogeneous state model is then formulated for the power converter. This state model is solved using a state transition matrix ap proach. A jump matrix J is utilized to account for the ideal sampler operations.
Low T-cell Receptor Diversity, High Somatic Mutation Burden, and High Neoantigen Load as Predictors of Clinical Outcome in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Abstract Background The success of cancer immunotherapies has highlighted the potent ability of local adaptive immune responses to eradicate cancer cells by targeting neoantigens generated by somatic alterations. However, how these factors interact to drive the natural history of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is not well understood. Objective To investigate the role of immune regulation in MIBC disease progression, we performed massively parallel T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), in silico neoantigen prediction from exome sequences, and expression analysis of immune-related genes. Design, setting, and participants We analyzed 38 MIBC tissues from patients who underwent definitive surgery with a minimum clinical follow-up of 2 yr. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was determined. TCR diversity was quantified using Simpson's diversity index. The main analyses involved the Mann-Whitney U test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models. Results and limitations Low TCRβ chain diversity, correlating with oligoclonal TIL expansion, was significantly correlated with longer RFS, even after adjustment for pathologic tumor stage, node status, and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio 2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.08–6.60; p =0.03). Patients with both a high number of neoantigens and low TCRβ diversity had longer RFS compared to those with fewer neoantigens and high TCR diversity (median RFS 275 vs 30 wk; p =0.03). Higher expression of immune cytolytic genes was associated with nonrecurrence among patients with low TCR diversity or fewer neoantigens. Limitations include the sample size and the inability to distinguish CD8 + and CD4 + T cells using TCR sequencing. Conclusions These findings are the first to show that detailed tumor immune-genome analysis at definitive surgery can identify molecular patterns of antitumor immune response contributing to better clinical outcomes in MIBC. Patient summary We discovered that clonal expansion of certain T cells in tumor tissue, possibly targeting cancer-specific antigens, contributes to prevention of bladder cancer recurrence.
Model Systems for Long-Scale Convection

The Lorenz equations [1], derived as a severe truncation of the equations governing Benard convection, also govern convection in vertical, slender fluid-filled loops [2]. Experiments [3] on such loops are in qualitative agreement with the predictions based on the Lorenz equations. The states seen are pure conduction, steady convection and temporal chaos.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Dinitrogen Tetroxide

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking behavior of titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in liquid N2O4 has been investigated from thermodynamic considerations and autoradiographic, chemical, and potential studies. Studies were concerned with the N2O4-H2O-O2 system which is believed to produce HNO3 and the N2O4-O2 system to cause stress corrosion cracking. A hydrogen embrittlement mechanism involving HNO3 in the commercial N2O4 appeared improbable. An electrochemical mechanism in which O2 plays a major role has been proposed.
Assessing methods for predicting green roof rainfall capture: A comparison between full-scale observations and four hydrologic models

To optimize the application of green roof technology, there is a need to quantify stormwater mitigation in advance of green roof construction. This study contributes toward meeting this need by assessing the utility of four hydrologic models for predicting green roof rainfall capture, including the: (1) curve number method, (2) characteristic runoff equation, (3) Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP V3.9D) model, and (4) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM V5.1). Modeling results were compared to over twenty-four months of observed runoff data, collected between June 2011 and December 2013, from two full-scale green roofs in New York City (NYC). Both the curve number method and characteristic runoff equation had the highest Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSEI) between modeled and observed cumulative runoff depth per event (NSEI = 0.97) due to parameter calibration requirements, where error was mainly due to variations in green roof antecedent moisture conditions. The HELP model was origi...
Coherent Nucleation and Growth of Marte1Nite in B2 Nial Oberved in Computer Simulations

In atomistic simulations of B2 NiAl usirn Molecular Dynamics and Embedded Atom Method Ni-Al potentials, both thermally induced and stress induced coherent martensitic nucleation and growth processes of a tetragonal L1o phase have been observed, including the formation of self-accommodating martensite variants. Nucleation is found to occur only at special heterogeneous sites that can be well characterised. Prior to nucleation, clear evidence of the buildup of large amplitude localized soft modes can be seen. A discussion of the kinetics of these processes is presented.
The Drago Doctrine in International Law and Politics

Legal principles like any others, are more clearly understood when one is acquainted with the circumstances, events, or conditions out of which they arise. This is especially true of the Drago Doctrine, the significance of which can be well understood only in the light of the conditions giving rise to it. It is generally known that the country of Venezuela experienced during the closing years of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, many revolts, civil wars, revolutions, and instances of mob violence, in which natives and foreigners alike suffered many hardships. Various Venezuelan governments repudiated the acts of previous administrations whenever it was possible and served their interests to do so. Finally in 1902, the government established by General Castro refused to settle any claims held against Venezuela or its people by England, Germany, or Italy. It not only refused to adjust the claims of these nations but became rather defiant toward their diplomatic communications and representatives.' When these powers proposed arbitration in the summer of 1902, Venezuela agreed to such a plan only on condition that a commission composed exclusively of Venezuelans be set up to settle the claims.2 This scheme, of course, was rejected by the claimant powers. The controversy finally came to a head in December, 1902, when Great Britain and Germany, diplomatically supported by Italy, established a warlike blockade of the principal ports of Venezuela.3 These measures of coercion quickly brought Venezuela to terms, and plans for the settlement of most of the claims by arbitration were arranged by the end of December, 1902.
Exploratory Data Analysis with Linked Dotplots and Histograms

Data sets are currently increasing in their number of variables as well as their number of observations. Standard exploratory tools for multivariate data analysis, like the scatterplot matrix, have problems when dealing with such data. The screen space available gives only enough resolution for a scatterplot matrix of four variables. Overplotting of tied or close observations is present in scatterplots even for medium sized data sets. As an alternative the use of linked low-dimensional views has been suggested in the literature. In this paper we look at some particular data analytic problems and investigate the usefulness of linked dotplots and histograms for these problems. We restrict ourselves mainly to two-dimensional phenomena so that we can easily check our conclusions by scatterplots.
The Sky is Not Falling, Todd Newman: The Ninth Circuit Endorses a Measured Reading of Newman's Definition of Personal Benefit for Insider Trading Liability in United States v. Salman

On July 6, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in United States v. Salman, declined to adopt the novel definition of the personal-benefit element for insider trading, as articulated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in United States v. Newman in December 2014. In so doing, the court’s decision presented the first significant resistance to the longevity of the Newman court’s apparent holding that the personal-benefit element requires proof of a pecuniary exchange in all instances. This Comment argues that the court in Salman correctly declined to extend the Newman personal-benefit definition beyond its facts, that the two cases are reconcilable, and together illustrate the difference between “friends” and family for the purposes of establishing tipper-tippee, insider-trading liability.
Demographic, Mental Health, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Cigarette Smoking Status Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: The P18 Cohort Study.

Abstract Purpose: Young sexual minority men smoke at higher rates relative to heterosexual peers. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of smoking in a sample of young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) who might differ from more general and age-diverse samples of sexual minority individuals and, thus, inform tailored approaches to addressing tobacco use within this population. Methods: Data on smoking status were examined in relation to demographics, mental health, substance use behavior, and psychosocial factors. Using multinomial logistic regression, factors were identified that differentiate current and former smokers from never smokers. Results: In bivariate analysis, smoking status was related to demographic, mental health, substance use, and psychosocial factors. Most significantly, smoking status was associated with school enrollment status, current alcohol and marijuana use, and symptoms of depression. Multivariate modeling revealed that, compared to being a ne...
Design table of rectangle plate fixed at four sides under local loads

By energy variation method,the paper presents the design table of equivalent load for four-sides-fixed rectangle plates under local loads.Moments and displacements at the middle of span for four-sides-fixed rectangle plates under local loads as well as uniform distributed loads are obtained by numerical method.Equivalent load can be calculated and tabulated by different equivalent principles under the options by practical engineers.The accuracy provided in the paper has been compared with the results of literature.The design table can be a reference of practical application.
Sensor Selection and Precoding Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor selection has recently received a growing interest in the literature, motivated by the worldwide deployment of wireless sensor networks and by the increase in the number of available applications. In our framework, sensors take remote measurements of a quantity of interest and communicate their observations through a noisy, multiantenna wireless communication link. In this context, we propose a scheme for optimally selecting κ out of K sensor nodes on the basis of the amount of information they convey to a common receiver/actuator. Moreover, a suitable linear precoder is employed and optimized at each transmitter with the aim of maximizing the mutual information between the observed variable and the signal received by the actuator. The sensor selection problem is known to be combinatorial, and several computable relaxations are available in the literature. In this paper, the optimality conditions are formally expressed in an information-theoretic context, and both semi-definite-programming relaxations and greedy schemes, leading to computable techniques for large values of κ and K, are presented. Moreover, specific results for the cases of high and low signal-to-noise ratio on the wireless channel are derived. Numerical simulations show that knowledge of the channel state at the transmitter may lead to an increase of the achievable mutual information and determine a different choice of sensors, thus pointing out that our approach significantly improves upon selection schemes that neglect the characteristics of the communication layer.
Urinary Dysfunction in Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Preliminary Urodynamic Survey

AbstractTropical spastic paraparesis is an infection caused by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). We present the urodynamic findings in 4 female and 1 male patient with tropical spastic paraparesis. All patients underwent synchronous video-pressure-flow urodynamics, while 3 also underwent electromyographic examination. Of the 5 patients 4 presented with detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia and 1 had detrusor hyperreflexia with a coordinated sphincter contraction. The preliminary results of this series suggest that patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and voiding symptoms should undergo urodynamic examination so that diagnosis and appropriate therapy may be instituted.
Compartmentation in the blood-brain barrier: a correction.

In 1981 we (1) presented evidence that the blood-brain barrier consisted of (at least) two compartments . Subsequently, Pardridge (2) took issue with our data and with our interpretation. In response, we have thoroughly reexamined our findings as well as related work in the literature (2-5). From this we have confirmed that the blood-brain barrier does consist of (at least) two compartments . We have also discovered that one of the equations in our article was in error and, consequently, that some of our comments were erroneous and require correction. In our method (6, 7), the transport rate is mathematically defined by the slope of the straight line relating the molar accumulation of the tracer amino acid, in the brain, to the time elapsed since its injection. We found the blood-brain transport rate of tyrosine (Tyr) to be constant from about 2-15 min. After injection of the enzyme inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO), however , the slope of the " t ranspor t l ine" was seen to decrease by 30-40% along with a marked increase in the value of the intercept at zero time. In our paper (I) we sought to explain how the intercept of the " t ranspor t l ine" could be anything other than zero at zero time since our method measures a randomly chosen segment of a constant, ongoing process. Focusing on the data from the MSO treated animals, we concluded that there were (at least) two linear processes: one, feeding a relatively small tissue comparment whose specific activity came to equilibrium with that of the plasma earlier than 2 rain and, because of the equilibrium, appeared to drop out. The second process was assumed to feed a larger tissue compartment that did not come to equilibrium with the plasma over the
Advancing the Progress of Mentoring for Diversity in AIDS Research: Warming the Mentoring Climate.

There is no doubt that in 2016, after many years of attempts to diversify the U.S. biomedical workforce, we are not yet there. Currently, the nation’s biomedical workforce of researchers, physicians, and public health professionals does not mirror our nation’s demographic diversity. A workforce lacking in diversity is especially troubling for disease areas such as HIV/AIDS that disproportionately affect underserved populations. For example, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the greatest number of new HIV infections among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) occurred in young black/African American MSM 13–24 years old. By race, blacks/African Americans face the most severe burden of HIV.
Thermodynamics and the segmented compound parabolic concentrator

Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) reflector profiles are complex and can be difficult to manufacture using traditional methods. Computer numeric control machines, however, can approximate complex profiles by bending a series of small flat segments. We investigate the relationship between the number of segments and the optical transmission of a CPC approximated by equal length segments whose start and end points lie along the CPC profile. We also investigate a separate method for generating CPC-like profiles by adjusting the angle of each segment to satisfy the edge-ray principle. Three variations of this method are examined where the edge-ray condition is taken from the start, mid, and end points of each segment. A flux efficiency (FE) to compare concentrators, which combines the concentration ratio and optical efficiency, is introduced and directly relates to the maximum achievable flux on the absorber. We demonstrate that the FE defined is another way to look at the compromises one makes for a geometric concentrator designed under real-world constraints.
Computational Characterization of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridine at Androgen Receptor: Mechanistic support for its role in Prostate Cancer

amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5b)pyridine (PhIP) is a dietary mutagenic carcinogen that has been shown not only to induce the formation of DNA adducts, but is capable of inducing tumors in the colon, mammary, and prostate glands. The normal development and maturation of the prostate gland, as well as early progression of prostate cancer, is dependent on androgens acting on the androgen receptor (AR). The actual mechanism by which PhIP interacts with our biological system and its potential interaction at the AR has yet to be fully defined. Here, we describe our work in evaluating the molecular events associated with PhIP-mediated disruption of AR function in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. We demonstrate, by molecular docking simulation, that PhIP and its metabolite can bind to the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The binding competes with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the native AR binding cavity of the receptor. In vitro assays show that PhIP increase AR protein expression in LNCaP cells and al- ters its responsiveness through PSA protein and mRNA expression. We propose that the mechanism for the tissue- specific carcinogenicity seen in the rat prostate tumors and the presumptive human prostate cancer associated with the consumption of well-done meat may be mediated by this receptor activation. Our results indicate that PhIP may play an important role in modifications of AR function.
Death and liver transplantation within 2 years of onset of drug-induced liver injury.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of death and indication for liver transplantation (fatality). The role of DILI in these fatalities ispoorly characterized particularly when fatalities occur > 26 weeks after DILI onset. We analyzed patients in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network prospective study having a fatal outcome within 2 years of onset. Each case was reviewed by 8 Network investigators and categorized as DILI having a primary, contributory or no role in the fatality. We subcategorized primary role cases as acute, chronic, acute-on-chronic or acute cholestatic liver failure. For contributory and no role cases, we assigned a primary cause of death. Among 1089 patients, 107 (9.8%) fatalities occurred within 2 years. DILI had a primary role in 68 (64%), a contributory role in 15 (14%) and no role in 22 (21%); 2 had insufficient data. Among primary role cases, 74% had acute, 13% chronic, 7% acute-on-chronic and 6% acute cholestatic failure. For the 15 contributory role cases, common causes of death included sepsis, malignancy and severe cutaneous reactions with multi-organ failure. For the 22 no role cases, malignancies accounted for most fatalities. Higher bilirubin, coagulopathy, leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia were independently associated with DILI fatalities. nR Hy’s Law had a higher positive predictive value for overall fatality (14% vs. 10%) and stronger independent association with DILI fatalities within 26 weeks compared to the original version of Hy’s Law (HR: 6.2, CI 3.4 – 11.1 vs. 2.2, CI 1.3–3.7). DILI leads directly or indirectly to fatality in 7.6% of cases; 40% of these have non-acute liver failure courses. nR Hy’s Law better identifies risk for death compared to the original Hy’s Law.
Cross-Disciplinary Medical Advances with Neuroengineering: Challenges Spur Development of Unique Rehabilitative and Therapeutic Interventions

Neuroengineering brings tools and techniques from the engineering fields into neuroscience to create new approaches for investigating the central nervous system (CNS). This fusion of disciplines is advancing our knowledge of how the CNS works and how we can enhance our natural cognitive and emotional function and restore neurological functions that are compromised by disease or injury.
Shifter: Containers for HPC

Bringing HEP computing to HPC can be difficult. Software stacks are often very complicated with numerous dependencies that are difficult to get installed on an HPC system. To address this issue, NERSC has created Shifter, a framework that delivers Docker-like functionality to HPC. It works by extracting images from native formats and converting them to a common format that is optimally tuned for the HPC environment. We have used Shifter to deliver the CVMFS software stack for ALICE, ATLAS, and STAR on the supercomputers at NERSC. As well as enabling the distribution multi-TB sized CVMFS stacks to HPC, this approach also offers performance advantages. Software startup times are significantly reduced and load times scale with minimal variation to 1000s of nodes. We profile several successful examples of scientists using Shifter to make scientific analysis easily customizable and scalable. We will describe the Shifter framework and several efforts in HEP and NP to use Shifter to deliver their software on the Cori HPC system.
Impact of incomplete ventricular coverage on diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion imaging

In the context of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), there is ongoing debate on the merits of using technically complex acquisition methods to achieve whole-heart spatial coverage, rather than conventional 3-slice acquisition. An adequately powered comparative study is difficult to achieve given the requirement for two separate stress CMR studies in each patient. The aim of this work is to draw relevant conclusions from SPECT MPI by comparing whole-heart versus simulated 3-slice coverage in a large existing dataset. SPECT data from 651 patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent invasive angiography were analyzed. A computational approach was designed to model 3-slice MPI by retrospective subsampling of whole- heart data. For both whole-heart and 3-slice approaches, the diagnostic performance and the stress total perfusion deficit (TPD) score-a measure of ischemia extent/severity-were quantified and compared. Diagnostic accuracy for the 3-slice and whole-heart approaches were similar (area under the curve: 0.843 vs. 0.855, respectively; P = 0.07). The majority (54%) of cases missed by 3-slice imaging had primarily apical ischemia. Whole-heart and 3-slice TPD scores were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001) but 3-slice TPD showed a small yet significant bias compared to whole-heart TPD (- 1.19%; P < 0.0001) and the 95% limits of agreement were relatively wide (- 6.65% to 4.27%). Incomplete ventricular coverage typically acquired in 3-slice CMR MPI does not significantly affect the diagnostic accuracy. However, 3-slice MPI may fail to detect severe apical ischemia and underestimate the extent/severity of perfusion defects. Our results suggest that caution is required when comparing the ischemic burden between 3-slice and whole-heart datasets, and corroborate the need to establish prognostic thresholds specific to each approach.
Bacterial Adhesion Is Affected by the Thickness and Stiffness of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels

Despite lacking visual, auditory, and olfactory perception, bacteria sense and attach to surfaces. Many factors, including the chemistry, topography, and mechanical properties of a surface, are known to alter bacterial attachment, and in this study, using a library of nine protein-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels immobilized on glass slides, we demonstrate that the thickness or amount of polymer concentration also matters. Hydrated atomic force microscopy and rheological measurements corroborated that thin (15 μm), medium (40 μm), and thick (150 μm) PEG hydrogels possessed Young’s moduli in three distinct regimes, soft (20 kPa), intermediate (300 kPa), and stiff (1000 kPa). The attachment of two diverse bacteria, flagellated Gram-negative Escherichia coli and nonmotile Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was assessed after a 24 h incubation on the nine PEG hydrogels. On the thickest PEG hydrogels (150 μm), E. coli and S. aureus attachment increased with increasing hydrogel stiffness. Howeve...
Spherical Caps in Cell Polarization

Abstract Intracellular symmetry breaking plays a key role in wide range of biological processes, both in single cells and in multicellular organisms. An important class of symmetry-breaking mechanisms relies on the cytoplasm/membrane redistribution of proteins that can autocatalytically promote their own recruitment to the plasma membrane. We present an analytical construction and a comprehensive parametric analysis of stable localized patterns in a reaction-diffusion model of such a mechanism in a spherical cell. The constructed patterns take the form of high-concentration patches localized into spherical caps, similar to the patterns observed in the studies of symmetry breaking in single cells and early embryos.
Sufficient conditions for a globally exact penalty function without convexity

In this paper, we consider the nonlinear programming problem P to minimize f(x) subject to g i (x)<=0 for i=1, …, m and x∈X. If X is compact and the number of global optimal solutions is finite, under a suitable constraint qualification, we show that a globally exact penalty function exists. Particularly, we establish a one to one correspondence between global optimal solutions to the original problem and global minimizers of the penalty problem for a sufficiently large, but finite, penalty parameter. A lower bound on the penalty parameter is provided in terms of the Kuhn-Tucker Lagrangian multipliers and lower bounds on the functions involved.
Konstitutionelle Diktatur und Militärregierung

Die drei vorangegangenen Kapitel haben die drei wichtigsten Gebiete betrachtet, in denen der moderne Konstitutionalismus starken Spannungen ausgesetzt ist oder versagt hat und einer Neuordnung bedarf. Die gefahrlichste Situation aber erzeugt der Krieg, und zwar sowohl kriegerische Verwicklungen mit fremden Machten als auch der Burgerkrieg. Die moderne technische Kriegfuhrung ist allumfassend und verlangt die Mitwirkung jedes Einzelnen. Sie verursacht auch unter der Zivilbevolkerung massenhafte Verluste, weil deren Produktionspotential, Einsatzbereitschaft und Durchhaltekraft zum Ziel der Feindeinwirkung gemacht werden. Mit Recht hat man diese Art der Kriegfuhrung als „total“ bezeichnet. Es zeugt von der erstaunlichen Kraft und Elastizitat des britischen und amerikanischen Konstitutionalismus, das das Verfassungssystem dieser Lander auch mitten im Krieg weiter funktioniert hat, und das in USA. sogar eine Prasidentschaftswahl (von weniger wichtigen Wahlen ganz zu schweigen) durchgefuhrt werden konnte, ohne die Kriegfuhrung zu beeintrachtigen. Nur wenige hatten eine solche Spannkraft vorauszusagen gewagt.
Clues to Tumors: New Concepts of Symptoms, Signs, Syndromes, Paraneoplastic Syndromes, and Predisposition to Ovarian Cancer

ABSTRACT There are no early symptoms and/or no unique symptoms of ovarian tumors except possibly those which are hormonally active or sudden, new symptoms. There is a possible new paraneoplastic syndrome for early diagnosis of the common “dyspepsia.” Physical examination for ovarian epithelial cancer is unreliable, especially early. Transvaginal ultrasound and serum tumor markers (CA125) are helpful but not completely reliable. It is often unappreciated that the recognition of a syndrome may alert the physician to the increased chance of a tumor. For those with high risk, prophylactic surgery is an option after childbearing. An even more important potentially overlooked diagnostic opportunity is the recognition of a paraneoplastic syndrome which may appear early in (or even infrequently before) tumor formation. Although considered to be rare, it maybe more common than expected and subclinical cases possibly might be detected by serum tests. Although hereditary genetic ovarian cancer is associated with autosomal dominant, highly penetrant gene mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as well as with certain paraneoplastic syndromes, there may be a larger number of hereditary ovarian cancer cases associated with combinations of less penetrant recessive gene mutations, which are difficult to identify by pedigree.
True-and-error models violate independence and yet they are testable

Birnbaum (2011) criticized tests of transitivity that are based entirely on binary choice proportions. When assumptions of independence and stationarity (iid) of choice responses are violated, choice proportions could lead to wrong conclusions. Birnbaum (2012a) proposed two statistics (correlation and variance of preference reversals) to test iid, using random permutations to simulate p-values. Cha, Choi, Guo, Regenwetter, and Zwilling (2013) defended methods based on marginal proportions but conceded that such methods wrongly diagnose hypothetical examples of Birnbaum (2012a). However, they also claimed that “true and error” models also satisfy independence and also fail in such cases unless they become untestable. This article presents correct true-and-error models; it shows how these models violate iid, how they might correctly identify cases that would be misdiagnosed by marginal proportions, and how they can be tested and rejected. This note also refutes other arguments of Cha et al. (2013), including contentions that other tests failed to violate iid “with flying colors”, that violations of iid “do not replicate”, that type I errors are not appropriately estimated by the permutation method, and that independence assumptions are not critical to interpretation of marginal choice proportions.
I-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma photographic and angiographic abnormalities: the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS Report No. 30.

Objectives (1) To summarize the protocol used for grading features of postradiation abnormalities from fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms of patients enrolled in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS); (2) to document the prevalence of features of interest in the posterior pole of these eyes during 8 years of follow-up; and (3) to investigate baseline patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics associated with posterior pole features. Design Observational case series within a randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Participants We evaluated 650 patients who were assigned to and received iodine-125 brachytherapy in the COMS for medium-sized tumors. Methods Color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms were taken at baseline and 2, 5, and 8 years; 30 features were graded according to a standard protocol. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence at selected time intervals of fundus photographic features associated with retinopathy and optic neuropathy. Results The percentage of patients with ≥1 feature of interest was 49.2% at baseline, 84.4% at 2 years, 91.2% at 5 years, and 90.7% at 8 years. The most frequent findings across all follow-up examinations were macular microaneurysms (75.6% of examinations), macular angiographic leakage (75.1%), and optic disc hyperfluorescence (62.8%). The median number of features present increased significantly with each follow-up to a maximum of 7 features at 8 years. The prevalence of neovascularization of the disc at 5 years was 5.2%. The prevalence of optic neuropathy at 5 years was 27.4%. Prognostic factors for more prevalent and severe posterior pole abnormalities were diabetes, tumor location close to both optic nerve and foveal avascular zone, and greater dose of radiation to the foveola and optic nerve head. Conclusions The amount and severity of retinopathy and optic neuropathy after iodine-125 brachytherapy increased through 8 years of follow-up. Assessment of photographs and angiograms taken in accord with a standard protocol provided reliable estimates of rates of development of features of retinopathy and optic neuropathy in eyes treated using the COMS brachytherapy protocol. Our findings support earlier reports that tumor factors in addition to radiation treatment may contribute to posterior pole abnormalities. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Clear cell tumors of the skin

Clear cell tumors of the skin represent a heterogeneous group of lesions of diverse histogenesis that share as their common denominator the presence of cells containing abundant clear cytoplasm. The phenomenon of cytoplasmic clearing may be observed focally or represent the dominant feature in a variety of tumors originating from the epidermis or in tumors within the dermis showing well-defined features of eccrine, sebaceous, and follicular lines of differentiation. In addition to the aforementioned conditions, melanocytic lesions derived from the epidermis characterized by a prominent or predominant clear cell component as well as metastases to the skin from clear cell tumors of internal organs may enter the differential diagnosis and will also be discussed. Because of the superficial resemblance imparted by this distinctive cytologic feature, these lesions may occasionally pose difficulties for diagnosis. A review of the various entities that comprise this group of lesions is presented, with emphasis on their distinguishing histopathologic features and differential diagnosis.
Inpatient disposition in overcrowded hospitals: is it safe and effective to use reverse triage and readmission screening tools for appropriate discharge? An observational prospective study of an Italian II level hospital.

Background Reverse triage (RT) identifies patients eligible for discharge and have been proposed to cope with daily surge. Nevertheless, early discharge could increase the rate of readmission. Our aim is to test the effectiveness and safety of RT alone and with readmission screening tools (Identification Senior At Risk [ISAR], HOSPITAL, and Groeningen Frailty Index [GFI] scores) to predict appropriate discharge. Material and methods We prospectively assessed every 4 days (t0 ) inpatients of medical divisions (High Dependency Unit (HDU), Internal Medicine (IM), and Geriatrics (Ger)) of an Italian Hospital. RT score was calculated for each patient and an RT ≤3 identified those eligible for safe discharge. ISAR, HOSPITAL, and GFI were then applied. We assessed reinstituting of interventions and transferring to an increased level of care unit at 4 days as an ethical proxy of consequential medical events following hypothetical discharge. Date of effective discharge, death, and readmission were measured at 4, 7, 15, and 30 days after the first evaluation. Results Twenty-five (9.6%) out of 260 patients in our sample had an RT ≤3. Twenty-four (96%) of them compared with 205 (87%) of the RT >3 group (P = NS) were discharged. Patients with RT ≤3 were discharged significantly earlier (3.5 vs 8 days after t0 [P = 0.0002]). In the RT ≤3 group, all but one patient were alive and healthy at 7, 15, and 30 days. The HOSPITAL score seemed to have the best concordance with RT (84%), in comparison with the ISAR (52%) and the GFI (48%) scores. RT showed a low sensitivity (22%) and high specificity (95%), which was even higher when using RT associated with readmission screening tools. Conclusions Reverse triage proved to be a safe and conservative tool, with high specificity alone and with readmission screening tools. RT correctly identifies patients that will be discharged earlier.
Sleep loss and impaired vigilant attention

Abstract Sleep is a biologic imperative and necessary to sustain cognitive performance throughout the wake period. Vigilant attention is affected early and profoundly by acute and chronic sleep loss as well as by circadian misalignment. The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) has become the de-facto gold standard for measuring sleep-related impairments of vigilant attention, likely also due to its favorable properties relative to other more complex cognitive tests, i.e., no aptitude or learning effects. This chapter discusses in detail requirements for accurately measuring response times with the PVT, time-on-task effects related to PVT duration, and the importance of choosing a sensitive PVT outcome variable.
Front Matter and Introduction to: Intellectual Property and Competition

The intersection of the intellectual property and competition laws presents uniquely complicated legal issues. This book, part of the series "Critical Concepts in Intellectual Property Law," brings together 14 of the most important works written about the intersection.The entries, from leading judges, government officials, academics, and economists, explore the history of intellectual property (Hovenkamp), the "new economy" (Pitofsky, Posner), and frameworks to resolve the tension between the laws (Baxter, Bowman, Carrier, Kaplow). They also address refusals to license (Hovenkamp/Janis/Lemley), patent pools (Merges, Shapiro), standard setting organizations (Lemley), innovation markets (Carrier, Gilbert/Sunshine, Rai), and pharmaceutical patent settlements (Hemphill).Included authors: William F. Baxter, Ward S. Bowman, Jr., Michael A. Carrier, C. Scott Hemphill, Herbert Hovenkamp, Mark D. Janis, Louis Kaplow, Mark A. Lemley, Robert P. Merges, Robert Pitofsky, Richard A. Posner, Arti K. Rai, Carl Shapiro
Phaseless reconstruction from space–time samples

Abstract Phaseless reconstruction from space–time samples is a nonlinear problem of recovering a function x in a Hilbert space H from the modulus of linear measurements { | 〈 x , ϕ i 〉 | , …, | 〈 A L i x , ϕ i 〉 | : i ∈ I } , where { ϕ i ; i ∈ I } ⊂ H is a set of functionals on H , and A is a bounded operator on H that acts as an evolution operator. In this paper, we provide various sufficient or necessary conditions for solving this problem, which has connections to X-ray crystallography, the scattering transform, and deep learning.
Anesthetic Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in a Patient With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex, also known as Bourneville disease, is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurocutaneous disorder with variable presentation and multisystem involvement. It is characterized by the development of benign tumors in multiple organs and tissues in the body, with the majority of patients having neurological involvement. We report a 19-year-old adolescent, with tuberous sclerosis and advanced systemic involvement of the disease, presenting for surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The etiology and presentation of TS are discussed and its multisystem organ involvement is reviewed with emphasis on the anesthetic implications of the disease. J Med Cases. 2019;10(7):198-202 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3326
6 – Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations

Because of their importance in the study of systems of linear equations, we now review matrices and the operations associated with them.
Medical and psychosocial outcomes of youth with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: An observational study

Abstract Background Few studies have examined both medical and psychosocial outcomes of youth with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). The current observational study aimed to fill this gap by examining changes in seizure frequency, school absences, emergency department (ED) visits, psychological functioning, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in youth attending a clinic for brief treatment of PNES. Methods Nineteen youth with PNES and their families presented to an integrated clinic and received psychoeducation and recommendations by medical and mental health professionals. Patients returned to the clinic, on average six months later, for follow-up. Parent proxy-report and self-report measures of psychological functioning and HRQoL were collected at each visit, and medical data were extracted from patient charts. Results Forty-six percent of youth in the study experienced a reduction in seizure frequency, and 58% reported improvements in school attendance. Emergency department visits decreased by over 50%, and significant improvements in parent proxy-report of depression and HRQoL were observed. Conclusions Results provide valuable information regarding the clinical profiles of youth with PNES and demonstrate the possibility for improved medical and psychosocial prognoses in response to psychoeducation and treatment guidance. Information obtained in this study may aid in the design of future clinical trials and research, assisting in the development of appropriate interventions.
Neutron-induced fission cross section of U 237

An 18.1-\ensuremath{\mu}g sample of $^{237}\mathrm{U}$ (half-life 6.70 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 day) was prepared and exposed to a neutron beam from the underground nuclear explosion Pommard. The neutron-induced fission cross section was measured from 43 to 1000 eV and from 0.1 to 2 MeV. A resonance analysis was attempted from 43 to 220 eV; resonance areas are reported. Both ${0}^{+}$ and ${1}^{+}$ seem to be present, with average spacing 3.5 eV. The cross section at 1 MeV is 1.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 b; from 300-1000 eV, the cross section is 30% of that for $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION $^{237}\mathrm{U}(n,f)$, $E=43\ensuremath{-}1000$ eV, $E=0.1\ensuremath{-}2$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. Nuclear explosion.]
Unveiling the dimensionality effect of conductive fillers in thick battery electrodes for high-energy storage systems

The applications of lithium-ion batteries are limited, as they cannot fulfill the requirements for high power output and reversible energy storage. The main challenges are centered around developing electrode architectures to produce both high energy and power. As one of the key components, conductive fillers play a vital role in battery electrodes, contributing to the electrical conductivity and shaping electrode structures, which significantly determine the rate capability. In this study, the dimensionality effect of conductive fillers on electrochemical performance is elucidated in thick electrodes for scalable energy storage. In particular, three types of conductive fillers: single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, and Super P, are studied using commercial LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 as the model material. The role of these conductive fillers on electrode morphology, electrical percolation, and electrochemical properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes is comparatively investigated. Notably, electrodes with single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit superior rate performance owing to both high electrical conductivity and tight wrapping architecture, which was further revealed by various advanced structural and electrochemical characterization. This work demonstrates the dimensionality effect of conductive fillers on both electrochemistry and electrode architecture and highlights the advantages of 1D conductive filler in thick electrodes, which brings new insights in future high energy/power systems.