cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Mobile cloud computing

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the 2nd edition of MCC, the Mobile Cloud Computing Workshop associated with SIGCOMM. We are happy to have this event in Hong Kong, China, a city with an exceptional tradition in international culture, business and scholarship. The MCC workshop will feature as keynote speaker John C.S. Lui, an internationally renowned scholar in systems, networks, theory/mathematics. John will deliver the keynote on mobile cloud computing focusing on the recent development of cloud services and security for smartphones. The workshop has a single track program comprising three sessions that offer selected papers in a broad range of mobile cloud computing topics -- from mobile cloud architectures to mobile social networks, mobile cloud based sensing, security, and multimedia applications. The main theme that emerges from these diverse contributions, and the main message to our attendees, is the coming together of extremely different technologies to form the common support of pervasive mobile cloud computing.
Abandon Ship? An Analysis of Strategic Voting among Liberal Democrat Voters in the 2015 UK Election

Strategic voting occurs when voters make vote choices using their ex ante expectations about the results of an election in addition to their sincere candidate preferences. While there is ample theoretical reason to believe strategic voting should occur under certain electoral conditions and institutional arrangements, the evidence for it in the literature has been mixed. I theorise that the polarisation of the two main British political parties and the highly publicised predictions of defeat for Britain’s primary national third party, the Liberal Democrats, make the 2015 UK election an ideal case for studying strategic voting. I adapt established methods of identifying strategic voting to this election and find evidence that Liberal Democrat voters in the UK voted strategically for Labour and Conservative candidates to maximise their odds of affecting the electoral outcome in their constituency.
Acoustic enhancement of sleep slow oscillations in mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE Slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep is reduced in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and is related to sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Acoustic stimulation of slow oscillations has proven effective in enhancing SWA and memory in younger and older adults. In this study we aimed to determine whether acoustic stimulation during sleep boosts SWA and improves memory performance in people with aMCI. METHODS Nine adults with aMCI (72 ± 8.7 years) completed one night of acoustic stimulation (stim) and one night of sham stimulation (sham) in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Acoustic stimuli were delivered phase-locked to the upstate of the endogenous sleep slow-waves. Participants completed a declarative recall task with 44 word-pairs before and after sleep. RESULTS During intervals of acoustic stimulation, SWA increased by >10% over sham intervals (P < 0.01), but memory recall increased in only five of the nine patients. The increase in SWA with stimulation was associated with improved morning word recall (r = 0.78, P = 0.012). INTERPRETATION Acoustic stimulation delivered during slow-wave sleep over one night was effective for enhancing SWA in individuals with aMCI. Given established relationships between SWA and memory, a larger or more prolonged enhancement may be needed to consistently improve memory in aMCI.
ICU Interventions in Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated Using Liberalized IV-tPA Criteria.

Abstract Background and Objective: Current standard practice guidelines recommend ICU admission for ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA). More recently, the trend in stroke care is to broaden eligibility for IV thrombolysis. Two examples are a more liberal inclusion criteria known as SMART criteria (sIV-tPA), and the transfer of patients to comprehensive stroke centers (CSC). The present study characterizes ICU interventions in these patients. Understanding which stroke patients that require ICU-level care may allow for placement of patients in the appropriate level of care at hospital admission. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive transfer and nontransfer sIV-tPA-treated patients admitted to the ICU at a CSC. We evaluated the frequency, timing, and nature of ICU interventions. Results: Three hundred and thirty one patients were treated with sIV-tPA and 42% required ICU interventions during ICU admission. Of patients requiring ICU interventions, 98% had an ICU intervention performed in triage, prior to admission. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score only had a moderate association to requirement of ICU interventions. Neither transferring patients to a CSC nor the number of standard IV-tPA contraindications increased ICU interventions. Conclusions: Liberalized IV-tPA administration did not increase ICU interventions. Nearly all patients that required ICU interventions declared this need in triage, prior to ICU admission. This timing of ICU intervention use during triage is highly sensitive for whether a patient will require ongoing ICU-level care during hospital admission. Identifying ICU intervention use in triage may allow for more effective placement of post–IV-tPA patients in the appropriate inpatient care setting, leading to better utilization of scarce ICU resources.
Hydrodynamic Quantum Analogs.

The walking droplet system discovered by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort presents an example of a vibrating particle self-propelling through a resonant interaction with its own wave field. It provides a means of visualizing a particle as an excitation of a field, a common notion in quantum field theory. Moreover, it represents the first macroscopic realization of a form of dynamics proposed for quantum particles by Louis de Broglie in the 1920s. The fact that this hydrodynamic pilot-wave system exhibits many features typically associated with the microscopic, quantum realm raises a number of intriguing questions. At a minimum, it extends the range of classical systems to include quantum-like statistics in a number of settings. A more optimistic stance is that it suggests the manner in which quantum mechanics might be completed through a theoretical description of particle trajectories. We here review the experimental studies of the walker system, and the hierarchy of theoretical models developed to rationalize its behavior. Particular attention is given to enumerating the dynamical mechanisms responsible for the emergence of robust, structured statistical behavior. Another focus is demonstrating how the temporal nonlocality of the droplet dynamics, as results from the persistence of its pilot wave field, may give rise to behavior that appears to be spatially nonlocal. Finally, we describe recent explorations of a generalized theoretical framework that provides a mathematical bridge between the hydrodynamic pilot-wave system and various realist models of quantum dynamics.
The Fundamental Solution and Strichartz Estimates for the Schrödinger Equation on Flat Euclidean Cones

We study the Schrodinger equation on a flat euclidean cone \({\mathbb{R}_+ \times \mathbb{S}^1_\rho}\) of cross-sectional radius ρ > 0, developing asymptotics for the fundamental solution both in the regime near the cone point and at radial infinity. These asymptotic expansions remain uniform while approaching the intersection of the “geometric front,” the part of the solution coming from formal application of the method of images, and the “diffractive front” emerging from the cone tip. As an application, we prove Strichartz estimates for the Schrodinger propagator on this class of cones.
Rethinking teacher agency: cybernetics, action research, and the process-oriented rationality

Teacher agency is often depicted in terms of autonomy, empowerment, and participation. This article examines how those democratic visions of teacher agency are (re)constructed during the post-World...
The relationships between marijuana use and exercise among young and middle-aged adults.

Abstract As decriminalization, increased access, and decreased perception of risk spurs the popularity of medical and recreational marijuana, more information is needed on possible links between marijuana use and social determinants of health. The goal of this study was to assess the relationships between marijuana use and exercise. Data sources included the two most recent waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Wave IV, 2008–2009; N = 14,784 and Wave V, 2016–2018; N = 12,043). The exercise variables included any form of exercise/sport during the past 7 days and the number of days participating in each of 7 types of exercise/sport. Marijuana-use variables comprised any current use and frequency of use during the past 30 days. Both fixed-effects and random-effects models were estimated with numerous control variables, along with binary and count measures of exercise. Results show that, particularly for fixed-effects models, marijuana use is not significantly related to exercise, counter to conventional wisdom that marijuana users are less likely to be active. Indeed, the only significant estimates suggest a positive relationship, even among heavier users during the past 30 days. These findings are at odds with much of the existing literature, which generally shows a negative relationship between marijuana use and exercise. As additional states legalize the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana, perhaps its impact on exercise, one of the leading social determinants of health, is not necessarily a primary concern.
Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) are a globally distributed clade of modern birds and, due to their ecological and morphological disparity, a frequent subject of comparative studies. While molecular phylogenies have been instrumental to resolving the suprafamilial backbone of the charadriiform tree, several higher-level relationships, including the monophyly of plovers (Charadriidae) and the phylogenetic positions of several monotypic families, have remained unclear. The timescale of shorebird evolution also remains uncertain as a result of extensive disagreements among the published divergence dating studies, stemming largely from different choices of fossil calibrations. Here, we present the most comprehensive non-supertree phylogeny of shorebirds to date, based on a total-evidence dataset comprising 336 ingroup taxa (89\% of all extant species), 24 loci (15 mitochondrial and 9 nuclear), and 69 morphological characters. Using this phylogeny, we clarify the charadriiform evolutionary timeline by conducting a node-dating analysis based on a subset of 8 loci tested to be clock-like and 16 carefully selected, updated, and vetted fossil calibrations. Our concatenated, species-tree, and total-evidence analyses consistently support plover monophyly and are generally congruent with the topologies of previous studies, suggesting that the higher-level relationships among shorebirds are largely settled. However, several localized conflicts highlight areas of persistent uncertainty within the gulls (Laridae), true auks (Alcinae), and sandpipers (Scolopacidae). At shallower levels, our phylogenies reveal instances of genus-level nonmonophyly that suggest changes to currently accepted taxonomies. Our node-dating analyses consistently support a mid-Paleocene origin for the Charadriiformes and an early diversification for most major subclades. However, age estimates for more recent divergences vary between different relaxed clock models, and we demonstrate that this variation can affect phylogeny-based macroevolutionary studies. Our findings demonstrate the impact of fossil calibration choice on the resulting divergence time estimates, and the sensitivity of diversification rate analyses to the modeling assumptions made in time tree inference.
Progesterone receptor antagonists reverse stem cell expansion and the paracrine effectors of progesterone action in the mouse mammary gland.

BACKGROUND The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone (EP) are implicated in breast cancer causation. A specific consequence of progesterone exposure is the expansion of the mammary stem cell (MSC) and luminal progenitor (LP) compartments. We hypothesized that this effect, and its molecular facilitators, could be abrogated by progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists administered in a mouse model. METHODS Ovariectomized FVB mice were randomized to 14 days of treatment: sham, EP, EP + telapristone (EP + TPA), EP + mifepristone (EP + MFP). Mice were then sacrificed, mammary glands harvested, and mammary epithelial cell lineages separated by flow cytometry using cell surface markers. RNA from each lineage was sequenced and differential gene expression was analyzed using DESeq. Quantitative PCR was performed to confirm the candidate genes discovered in RNA seq. ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis was performed to compare relative expression. Alternative splicing events were examined using the rMATs multivariate analysis tool. RESULTS Significant increases in the MSC and luminal mature (LM) cell fractions were observed following EP treatment compared to control (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas the LP fraction was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). These hormone-induced effects were reversed upon exposure to TPA and MFP (p < 0.01 for both). Gene Ontology analysis of RNA-sequencing data showed EP-induced enrichment of several pathways, with the largest effect on Wnt signaling in MSC, significantly repressed by PR inhibitors. In LP cells, significant induction of Wnt4 and Rankl, and Wnt pathway intermediates Lrp2 and Axin2 (confirmed by qRTPCR) were reversed by TPA and MFP (p < 0.0001). Downstream signaling intermediates of these pathways (Lrp5, Mmp7) showed similar effects. Expression of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Cdh1, Cdh3) and the induction of EMT regulators (Zeb1, Zeb2, Gli3, Snai1, and Ptch2) were significantly responsive to progesterone. EP treatment was associated with large-scale alternative splicing events, with an enrichment of motifs associated with Srsf, Esrp, and Rbfox families. Exon skipping was observed in Cdh1, Enah, and Brd4. CONCLUSIONS PR inhibition reverses known tumorigenic pathways in the mammary gland and suppresses a previously unknown effect of progesterone on RNA splicing events. In total, our results strengthen the case for reconsideration of PR inhibitors for breast cancer prevention.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 HETEROZYGOTES. II. DISTRIBUTION IN A DENSITY GRADIENT.

Two strains of bacteriophage T4 differing at three genetically linked sites were crossed and the resulting progeny centrifuged to equilibrium in a cesium chloride density-gradient. Two observations showed that heterozygosity is correlated with higher than average phage density: first, mottled-plaque frequency is higher in the dense region of the gradient; second, heterozygotes selected from the dense region of the gradient have longer biparental segments than heterozygotes from less dense regions. The hypothesis is thus supported that heterozygosity is strongly correlated with excess DNA.
Towards robust fabrication of non-periodic nanoscale systems via directed self assembly

Abstract Robust directed self assembly of non-periodic nanoscale structures is a key tool that would enable various technological breakthroughs. The dynamics of directed self assembly face challenges as a result of the rugged potential energy surface of nanoscale systems. The development of a dynamic model involving a master equation to simulate directed self assembly is presented. The model describes the probability of each possible configuration of a fixed number of nanoparticles as function of time during self assembly. Two case studies demonstrate the ability of the model to represent kinetic traps. In future work, the approach presented will be used for dynamic optimization of self assembly in order to identify optimal routes towards desired nanoscale structures.
A History of Modern Libya

In the wake of the civil war and Qadhafi's demise, the time is ripe for a new edition of Dirk Vandewalle's classic history of Libya. The book, which was originally published in 2006, traces the country's history back to the 1900s, through the Italian occupation in the early twentieth century, the Sanusi monarchy and, thereafter, to the revolution of 1969 and the accession of Qadhafi. The following chapters analyse the economics and politics of Qadhafi's revolution, offering insights into the man and his ideology as reflected in his Green Book. The new edition covers the intervening years, since 2005, when, courted by the West, Qadhafi came in from the cold. At home, though, his people were disillusioned, and economic liberalization came too late to forestall revolution. In an epilogue, the author reflects upon Qadhafi's premiership and the legacy he leaves behind.
Issue Ownership and Representation: A Theory of Legislative Responsiveness to Constituency Opinion

Scholars of politics have long endeavored to identify the conditions under which elected officials respond to citizens’ preferences by enacting the public’s preferred policies. But most of this work has failed to consider how such responsiveness might vary from one political issue to another. In this article, I show that the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States each enjoy long-term trust in their ability to handle specific issues that cannot be explained away by Americans’ policy preferences. Incorporating this “issue ownership” in a simple model of electoral competition generates the prediction that representatives can exploit this trust advantage to be less responsive to citizen opinion on issues their party “owns.” This prediction is confirmed with issue-by-issue analyses of roll-call voting in the U.S. Congress, which show that representatives from the issue-owning party are less than half as responsive to constituency opinion as those from the other party.
Chapter 1 Ancient trepanation

Cranial trepanations began to be performed more than 5000 years ago in Europe and as early as the 5th century BC in the New World. It was only in the mid-19th century, however, that men of medicine began to realize that the openings in some of the unearthed ancient skulls were made by individuals skilled in surgery, and that the practice was routinely performed on the living. Some of the first reports on these unusual skulls and their significance came from pioneer neurologists and neurosurgeons, including Paul Broca and Victor Horsley. However, from the start, Broca and Horsley did not agree on why the operations were performed, and the logic behind these early cranial surgeries has continued to generate debate. In Peru, where more trepanned crania have been found than anywhere else, numerous skulls have been associated with head injuries from battles, a finding of special significance for neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neurohistorians.
Modification of vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in pregnant women by intravenously infused 5α-dihydroprogesterone

Abstract In gravid women who are destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), normal pregnancy-associated refractoriness to the pressor effects of administered angiotensin II (A-II) is lost several weeks before the onset of hypertension. From a study of the determinants of A-II pressor responsiveness in normal gravid women, it appears likely that the loss of resistance to A-II is principally unrelated to plasma renin activity or to plasma A-II levels. However, it recently has been shown that the vascular refractoriness to A-II in normal women can be reduced significantly by the administration of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin or aspirin. In seven women who had developed PIH and who had lost their refractoriness to A-II, the infusion of 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione (5α-DHP) was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. Moreover, in five nomotensive gravid women beyond 28 weeks' gestation in whom the refractoriness to A-II was reduced by the administration of indomethacin, the intravenous infusion of 5α-DHP was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. These observations are consistent with the view that a progesterone metabolite(s) may be important in the maintenance of normal blood pressure during human pregnancy.
Deletion of GαZ Protein Protects against Diet-induced Glucose Intolerance via Expansion of β-Cell Mass

Insufficient plasma insulin levels caused by deficits in both pancreatic β-cell function and mass contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. This loss of insulin-producing capacity is termed β-cell decompensation. Our work is focused on defining the role(s) of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) signaling pathways in regulating β-cell decompensation. We have previously demonstrated that the α-subunit of the heterotrimeric Gz protein, Gαz, impairs insulin secretion by suppressing production of cAMP. Pancreatic islets from Gαz-null mice also exhibit constitutively increased cAMP production and augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, suggesting that Gαz is a tonic inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of ATP to cAMP. In the present study, we show that mice genetically deficient for Gαz are protected from developing glucose intolerance when fed a high fat (45 kcal%) diet. In these mice, a robust increase in β-cell proliferation is correlated with significantly increased β-cell mass. Further, an endogenous Gαz signaling pathway, through circulating prostaglandin E activating the EP3 isoform of the E prostanoid receptor, appears to be up-regulated in insulin-resistant, glucose-intolerant mice. These results, along with those of our previous work, link signaling through Gαz to both major aspects of β-cell decompensation: insufficient β-cell function and mass.
Biomedical accelerator mass spectrometry

Ultrasensitive SIMS with accelerator based spectrometers has recently begun to be applied to biomedical problems. Certain very long-lived radioisotopes of very low natural abundances can be used to trace metabolism at environmental dose levels (⩾ z mol in mg samples). 14C in particular can be employed to label a myriad of compounds. Competing technologies typically require super environmental doses that can perturb the system under investigation, followed by uncertain extrapolation to the low dose regime. 41Ca and 26Al are also used as elemental tracers. Given the sensitivity of the accelerator method, care must be taken to avoid contamination of the mass spectrometer and the apparatus employed in prior sample handling including chemical separation. This infant field comprises the efforts of a dozen accelerator laboratories. The Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry has been particularly active. In addition to collaborating with groups further afield, we are researching the kinematics and binding of genotoxins in-house, and we support innovative uses of our capability in the disciplines of chemistry, pharmacology, nutrition and physiology within the University of California. The field can be expected to grow further given the numerous potential applications and the efforts of several groups and companies to integrate more the accelerator technology into biomedical research programs; the development of miniaturized accelerator systems and ion sources capable of interfacing to conventional HPLC and GMC, etc. apparatus for complementary chemical analysis is anticipated for biomedical laboratories.
Rapid responses of ribosomal RNA synthesis to nutrient shifts

A major challenge in systems biology is to integrate our mechanistic understanding of gene regulation to predict quantitatively how cells will respond to environmental changes. Living cells respond rapidly to the availability of nutrients in part by altering production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a limiting component in the biosynthesis of ribosomes. Studies of rRNA transcription by the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli have identified regulatory roles for guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), the initiating nucleotide, and the protein DksA. To what extent findings from in vitro studies can be used to quantitatively predict in vivo responses to changing nutrient environments is unknown. We developed a mechanistic mathematical model for rRNA transcriptional responses to such changes. Our model accounts for binding of RNAP to its rRNA promoter to form a closed complex, isomerization from a closed complex to an open complex, reversible incorporation of the initiating NTP (iNTP), transcript elongation, and clearance of the promoter. Further, the model incorporates interactions between ppGpp and DksA with transcription intermediates, and it includes an empirical correction to account for salt effects. The model biophysical parameters were determined using 33 single- and multi-round transcription experiments spanning 487 in vitro measurements. By incorporating in vivo measurements of ppGpp and ATP, the model correctly predicted rRNA production rates for cellular responses to nutrient upshifts, downshifts, and outgrowth into fresh medium. Inclusion of DksA was essential in all three cases. Our work provides a foundation for using data-driven computational models to predict the kinetics of in vivo transcriptional responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 97: 1230–1245. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Techniques for Tagging and Tracking Deepwater Rockfishes

Abstract Using scuba in August and September 1997 and 1998, we surgically implanted acoustic transmitters (Vemco V16 series) in 6 greenspotted rockfish Sebastes chlorostictus and 16 bocaccio S. paucispinis on the flank of Soquel Canyon in Monterey Bay, California. In 1997 we used longline gear to capture and tag greenspotted rockfish, and in 1998 we worked with a commercial fisherman who used modified trolling gear to help us capture and tag bocaccio. Each year, fish were captured at depths of 100–200 m and reeled up to a depth of approximately 20 m. This depth was chosen to reduce temperature and pressure stress caused by bringing fish to the surface. A team of scuba divers descended to the 20-m depth and anesthetized and surgically implanted acoustic transmitters in both species of rockfish. Tagged fish were released on the bottom at the location of catch. Several weeks after tagging, we used the Delta submersible to place an array of recording receivers on the seafloor, which enabled tracking of horizo...
Resources, stress, and immunity: an ecological perspective on human psychoneuroimmunology.

Ecological immunology provides a broad theoretical perspective on phenotypic plasticity in immunity, that is, changes related to the value of immunity across different situations, including stressful situations. Costs of a maximally efficient immune response may at times outweigh benefits, and some aspects of immunity may be adaptively suppressed. This review provides a basic overview of the tenets of ecological immunology and the energetic costs of immunity and relates them to the literature on stress and immunity. Sickness behavior preserves energy for use by the immune system, acute stress mobilizes “first-line” immune defenders while suppressing more costly responses, and chronic stress may suppress costly responses in order to conserve energy to counteract the resource loss associated with stress. Unexpected relationships between stress “buffers” and immune functions demonstrate phenotypic plasticity related to resource pursuit or preservation. In conclusion, ecological models may aid in understanding the relationship between stress and immunity.
ESR Spectrum and Structure of HCN - in KCl at 4°K

A previous electron-spin resonance (ESR) study of HC${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KCl at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K yielded an isotropic spectrum indicating rapid tumbling of the radical. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K this tumbling is frozen out and ESR spectra recorded at this temperature are anisotropic, permitting a complete determination of the magnetic parameters of HC${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The experimental results show that the planar radicals lie in {110} crystal planes with the CN bonds parallel to $〈110〉$ crystal axes. The components of the electronic $g$-factor tensor, the proton hyperfine-splitting (hfs) tensor, and nitrogen hfs tensor are as follows: ${g}_{1}=2.0023$, ${g}_{2}=2.0005$, and ${g}_{3}=2.0035$; ${{A}_{1}}^{(\mathrm{H})}=136.5$, ${{A}_{2}}^{(\mathrm{H})}=141.3$, and ${{A}_{3}}^{(\mathrm{H})}=131.3$ Oe; and ${{A}_{1}}^{(\mathrm{N})}=20.9$ and ${{A}_{2}}^{(\mathrm{N})}={{A}_{3}}^{(\mathrm{N})}=0.0$ Oe. Axis 1 lies in the molecular plane and is perpendicular to the CN bond, axis 2 is parallel to the CN bond, and axis 3 is perpendicular to the molecular plane. The carbon-13 hfs tensor has the components: ${{A}_{{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}^{(\mathrm{C})}=90.0$, ${{A}_{{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}^{(\mathrm{C})}=65.6$, and ${{A}_{3}}^{(\mathrm{C})}=68.6$ Oe, where axes 1\ensuremath{'} and 2\ensuremath{'} lie in the molecular plane and make angles of 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with axes 1 and 2, respectively. From these results we deduce an approximate value of 131\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the HCN bond angle and the following values for the unpaired electron density on the hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms: ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{H}}=0.27$, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{C}}=0.32$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{N}}=0.41$.
Assimilation, Choice, or Constraint? Testing Theories of Gender Differences in the Careers of Lawyers

Using data on lawyers in Chicago, we test competing hypotheses derived from three broad theoretical models ofgender differences in professional careers: assimilation, choice, and constraint. Men and women begin their careers in different practice contexts and the differences grow over time. The magnitude of these persistent differences argues against an assimilationist view. Some of the divergence in career paths appears attributable to individual choices and preferences, but these do notfully accountfor the observed gender differences. Human-capital endowments are significant predictors of career positions but also fail to explain the observed gender differences. Women's overrepresentation in less prestigious and less remunerative settings and their underrepresentation in law-firm partnerships suggest that constraints continue to affect women's professional career opportunities.
Commercial science, scientists' values, and university biotechnology research agendas

Abstract Policies designed to promote the commercialization of university science have provoked concern that basic and publicly accessible research may be neglected. Commercialization policies have altered traditional institutional incentives and constraints, which raises new questions regarding the influence of scientists’ values on university research agendas. Our research builds on previous quantitative studies measuring changes in research outcomes and qualitative studies probing differentiation among scientists’ value orientations. We developed a nation-wide survey of 912 plant and animal biotechnology scientists at 60 research universities. Our analysis reveals that scientists’ value orientations on what we classify as “market” and “expert” science affect the amount of industry funding they receive, the proprietary nature of their discoveries, and the percentage of basic science research conducted in their laboratories. We also find that the percentage of industry funding is significantly associated with more applied research. Our findings provide insights for science and society theory and suggest that strong incentives for public-science research along with adequate public-research funds to preserve the university's vital role in conducting basic and non-proprietary research are needed to complement private-sector research investments at universities.
Enzymatic conversion of testosterone to androstenedione by human serum.

Durchin-vitro-Experimente konnte gezeigt werden, dass im menschlichen Serum ein Enzymsystem vorhanden ist, das Testosteron abzubauen vermag. Als Endprodukte wurden Androstendion sowie weitere bisher noch nicht identifizierte Steroide nachgewiesen.
Characterization of Bovine Serum Lipoproteins

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to separate and determine lipid content of bovine serum lipoproteins. The first experiment established virtual absence of very low-density lipoproteins (1.005
Caspases: recent advances in small molecule inhibitors

Caspases are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that play critical roles in both cytokine maturation and apoptosis. Since this family of enzymes was discovered, there has been increasing interest in their pharmacological modulation, which may provide useful therapies for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, or in conditions where inappropriate apoptosis contributes to disease pathologies such as neurodegenerative disorders and ischaemia-related cell death. Thus, there is currently considerable activity in the search for caspase inhibitors. This review describes and summarises selected patent activity in this field from January 1998 to April 2001, with particular emphasis placed on those patents which disclose novel small molecule inhibitors of this important class of enzymes.
Political Aspects of Financial Accounting Standard Setting in the USA

Discussion about the actual nature of political action is unusual in the literature about the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Examines the treatment of politics in the US standard setting context and this analysis results in the conclusion that despite widespread recognition that standard setting is political, what this means is greatly underappreciated. Moving knowledge about financial accounting policy towards a more adequate realization of its political nature is furthered by a discussion of the roles of power, ideology and rhetoric.
Miniband formation in asymmetric double-quantum-well superlattice structures

We report on a type of semiconductor quantum structure that combines the sharp optical properties of multiple quantum wells and the transport properties of superlattices. By using coupled asymmetric double quantum wells built with a narrow well having a single bound electron state resonant with an excited state of a rider well, miniband formation is achieved through the hybridized extended states resulting from these overlapping wave functions, but the ground states of the wide wells remain localized as in the case of multiple quantum wells
Design of Compact and Full-Size Simplified Boiling Water Reactors With Fully Passive Safety Systems

Scientific designs of two next-generation simplified boiling water reactors (SBWRs) namely, a compact modular 200 MWe SBWR and a full-size 1200-MWe SBWR have been developed. The design involved identification of principal design criteria dictated by the safe operation of the reactor, identification of coolant requirements, and the design of the engineered safety and emergency cooling systems based on passive systems. A detailed scaling analysis was performed. The results of the scaling study were used in the performance of the integral tests and data analysis. The scaling analysis identified key thermalhydraulics parameters that govern flow phenomena in SBWRs. The analysis was based on the three-level scaling approach.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Non-rigid motion analysis: isometric motion

Abstract In this paper we consider the shape-from-motion problem for objects in 3-space that undergo isometric motions. Assuming we know the shape of an object before an isometric motion, we show that we can use before and after monocular images to obtain arbitrarily good approximations to both shape and motion parameters. We show that the necessary computations can all be made in closed form, and we present results obtained by implementing our method for real images.
Halogen fluorosulfate reactions with fluorocarbons

Abstract The scope of the reaction of simple fluorocarbon halides with chlorine fluorosulfate and mixtures of chlorine and bromine fluorosulfate to produce R f OSO 2 F compounds has been investigated. It is shown that in many cases even primary chlorine in -CF 2 Cl groups can be replaced by -OSO 2 F, Primary bromine or iodine in -CF 2 X are more readily replaced. The mechanism of this replacement reaction has been established by the isolation of the metastable iodine III intermediate R f I(OSO 2 F) 2 . Neither secondary chlorine nor bromine in -CFX- groups is affected. With the secondary iodide, i-C 3 F 7 I, the salt [(i-C 3 F 7 ) 2 I] + [I(OSO 2 F) 4 ] − is formed. Furthermore, it has been found that ClOSO 2 F is capable of converting fluorocarbon acids or their derivatives into fluorocarbon halides. A combination of these two ClOSO 2 F reactions with the known conversion of R f CF 2 OSO 2 F to the corresponding fluorocarbon acid offers a novel, high yield chain shortening reaction for the otherwise unreactive fluorocarbon halides according to:
Neighborhood Context and the Transition to Sexual Activity among Young Black Women

Previous studies report that neighborhood characteristics influence pregnancy and childbearing risk among African-American adolescent women. These studies, however, leave unidentified the effects of many neighborhood properties on the proximate determinants of nonmarital fertility. In this study I examine the effects of neighborhood characteristics on the risk of nonmarital first intercourse and on contraceptive use among black female adolescents. The results suggest that neighborhood socioeconomic status, female employment and marital dissolution rates, and peers’ departure from mainstream lifecourse trajectories influence young black women’s sexual and contraceptive behavior. The effects of female employment and socioeconomic status are greater for teens in urban neighborhoods than for teens living elsewhere.
Advanced Solder Masks

Conventional screen printed two pack solder resists have served the industry well for many years, and will continue in their present form into the foreseeable future. However, with the introduction of newer printed circuit board technologies, such as PTH boards with 4 thou tracks and gaps, and less, hot air solder levelling and the use of SMD and VLSIs require a solder mask to be applied with definitions and specifications not easily achieved. Exciting developments in resin technology have opened new horizons in UV setting and photo‐imaging which allow the advantages of screen printing to be retained with considerable improvements in efficiency and definition. Photo‐imaging also opens up new ways of coating solder mask onto printed circuit boards and these will also be discussed with their implications on future trends. The introduction of these new solder masks and novel applications will be for specific areas in the market and these will be identified and coupled with predictions for market growth into the 1990s.
Enhancing Early Literacy Skills for Preschool Children Bringing a Professional Development Model to Scale

A quasi-experimental, statewide intervention targeting preschool teachers' enhancement of children's language and early literacy was evaluated. Across 2 years and 20 Head Start sites, 750 teachers participated (500 target, 250 control), with 370 classrooms randomly selected to conduct pre- and posttest assessments (10 randomly selected children per class). The inability to randomize children to classrooms was addressed by examining children's performance for teachers who were control teachers in Year 1 and target teachers in Year 2. We also compared teachers with 2 years of training with teachers with 1 year of training and with control teachers. Greater gains were found for children in target classrooms than for those in control classrooms for all skills, but particularly for language skills, in Year 2, and this varied by program site. The presence of a research-based early literacy curriculum, higher levels of teacher education, and full-day versus half-day programs were significant moderators of intervention effectiveness. The challenges of implementing a statewide initiative across programs that varied in their readiness to implement a cognitively rich experience for preschool children are discussed.
Diabetes prolongs the inflammatory response to a bacterial stimulus through cytokine dysregulation

Diabetes has been identified as an important risk factor for infection. But relatively little is known about how diabetes alters the inflammatory response to bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate how diabetes affects host–bacteria interactions by focusing on the inflammatory response in a connective tissue setting. Diabetic (db/db) and control (db/+) mice were inoculated with Porphyromonas gingivalis , a pathogen associated with bite wounds and periodontal disease. The response was measured histologically or by the expression of inflammatory cytokines. By quantitative histologic analysis, there was little difference between the diabetic and control mice on day 1. On day 3, however, the inflammatory infiltrate had subsided in the control group, whereas it had not in the diabetic group (p
The role of science in supporting marine protected area network planning and design in California

Marine protected areas (MPAs) can be an effective tool for marine conservation, especially if conservation goals are clearly identified and MPAs are designed in accordance with ecological principles to meet those goals. In California (USA), the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative led four regional public planning processes to design a statewide network of MPAs. The MLPA planning processes were carefully structured to provide a clearly-defined and important role for science and scientists. Over 50 scientists contributed directly to this MPA planning effort as members of a Science Advisory Team or in other capacities. Stakeholders were charged with developing alternative MPA proposals in each region, while scientists served as advisors and evaluated MPA proposals against science-based guidelines. Four key conditions supported the successful integration of science into the MPA network planning effort. First, the MLPA legislation provided a strong legal mandate for the use of the best readily available science and policy-makers strongly supported scientific input and the use of science-based MPA design guidelines. Second, the structure of the public planning process clearly identified the role of scientists and enabled a transparent and participatory process that promoted the use of science. Third, simple science-based MPA design guidelines provided benchmarks for assessing the likely effectiveness of alternative MPA proposals at achieving MLPA goals. Finally, scientists were engaged extensively and were responsive to the evolving informational needs of each regional MPA planning process. The redesigned statewide network of MPAs generally reflects the successful integration of science and science-based MPA design guidelines into a public policy process.
Vanadium oxide nanowire – Graphene binder free nanocomposite paper electrodes for supercapacitors: A facile green approach

Abstract Vanadium oxide has attracted interest for energy storage applications due to its high theoretical capacitance and stable layered structure. The low electronic conductivity, of V2O5 necessitates combining with conducting materials, typically carbon. However combining with conductive carbon materials may require binders, which compromise the active surface. In this study, V2O5 nanowire (VNWs)–graphene composite flexible paper electrodes were prepared without using binders. Graphene introduces conductivity and electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) to the composite. Graphene sheets were prepared using an alkaline deoxygenation process (hGO), which is a green alternative to traditional hydrazine reduction. Coin cell type supercapacitors were assembled using the hGO–VNW paper electrodes as the anode and spectracarb fiber cloth as the cathode in a two-electrode cell configuration. Electrochemical studies for different compositions of VNWs on hGO are reported. The composite electrode hGO–VNW120, showed balanced EDL and pseudocapacitance as well as an energy density of 38.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 455 W kg−1. The maximum power density of 3.0 kW kg−1 was delivered at a constant current discharge rate of 5.5 A g−1. The device prepared using hGO–VNW120 anode showed a specific capacitance of 80 F g−1.
Adsorption Studies of Aureomycin Hydrochloride on Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

Aluminum hydroxide gel is quite frequently administered with aureomycin hydro-chloride to counteract the nausea and vomiting in patients who cannot otherwise tolerate the antibiotic orally. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that nearly all of the activity of the antibiotic is removed through adsorption onto the aluminum hydroxide. Solutions of aureomycin hydrochloride of 1 mg. per ml. concentrations are stable for at least eight weeks if kept refrigerated. Colorimetric determinations of aureomycin hydrochloride can be performed with a Fisher Electro-photometer.
Have worms lost their luster

Childhood infections with some helminths have been reported to reduce the risk of acquiring some immune-mediated diseases like sensitization to allergens, asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Denmark keeps a medical registry that collects data on disease prevalence and medication use throughout the country. Mebendazole frequently is used to treat pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infection. In this population-based analysis of a cohort of 924,749 children, prescriptions for Mebendazole were used as a surrogate marker for pinworm infection. Children who received this medication were compared to children who did not, for the frequency of asthma, type I diabetes, juvenile arthritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. It was found that Mebendazole use, and by inference pinworm infection, did not appear to reduce the risk for acquiring any of these immune-mediated diseases.
Thermal explosion theory for shear localizing energetic solids

The behaviour of energetic solids subjected to simple shear loading is modelled to predict ignition. The model is transient, one dimensional and includes effects of thermal diffusion, plastic work and exothermic reaction with one-step irreversible Arrhenius kinetics. A common power-law constitutive model for shear stress which accounts for strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening is used. For the energetic solid composite LX-14 subjected to an average strain rate of , the model predicts reactive shear localization after an induction time of approximately t=5 ms, in which regions of high strain rate ( ) are confined to thin spatial zones. An approximate thermal explosion theory which enforces spatially homogeneous stress, temperature and reaction progress as well as accounting for the early-time dominance of plastic work over exothermic reaction allows the development of simple analytic expressions for the temporal evolution of all variables. The simple expressions give predictions whi...
A modified stapedectomy crimper.

A modified instrument for crimping the stapes prosthesis is described. This instrument allows direct visualization of the prosthesis during the crimping maneuver lessening the possibility of damage to the incus or to the wire prosthesis.