cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil phosphorus fractions after 111 years of animal manure and fertilizer applications

Accumulated soil P in agricultural soils is a major source of soluble and particulate forms of P entering water resources and degrading water quality. However, few research sites are currently available to evaluate the long-term effects of different cropping systems and fertility practices on soil inorganic and organic P accumulation. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the forms and quantity of different inorganic and organic soil P fractions in plots on Sanborn Field, which has been cultivated for 111 years; and (2) to assess the use of standard soil test P extractants for determining changes in soil P dynamics over time. A modified sequential P extraction procedure was used to separate labile and stable inorganic and organic P pools from surface soils collected on Sanborn Field in 1915, 1938, 1962, and 1999 from plots in continuous corn, continuous wheat, continuous timothy, and a corn–wheat–clover rotation amended with either manufactured fertilizers, horse or dairy manure or receiving no fertilization since 1888. Additional samples were collected from a native grass prairie site of a similar soil series to estimate soil characteristics at Sanborn Field before initial cultivation in 1888. Observed accumulation of Bray-1 P among fertilizer and manure treatments was attributed to over-application of P due to unrealistically high yield goals for each cropping system. Long-term cultivation of Sanborn Field increased soil bulk density and lowered soil pH and total organic C compared with native prairie. Fertilization either by addition of manufactured fertilizer or manure significantly increased inorganic resin-P and inorganic NaOH-extractable P. Applications of animal manure also significantly increased most organic P fractions compared with the unfertilized treatment. The native prairie had a larger proportion of total P in organic forms compared with cultivated plots, especially in organic NaOH-extractable P, but no significant decreases in either residual or total P were observed due to cultivation. This study confirms that soil P availability in cropping systems that are amended with predominantly organic P amendments may differ from conventional cropping systems relying on manufactured P fertilizers. However, no direct evidence was found to support the hypothesis that any individual inorganic or organic soil P fraction has a better relationship than conventional soil test P extractants with plant P uptake under contrasting organic and conventional fertility practices.
Syntheses of anionic derivatives of H2Os3(CO)10

Abstract A number of anionic adducts of H2Os3(CO)10 have been prepared. Potassium hydride reacts with H2Os3(CO)10 in a 1 : 1 molar ratio in THF to yield K[H3Os3(CO)10]. When a 2 : 1 molar ratio of KH to H2Os3(CO)10 is employed, one mole of H2 is given off and K2[H2Os3(CO)10] is formed. Effectively two electrons have added to H2Os3(CO)10. In the presence of an electron carrier, (C6H5)2CO, potassium reacts with H2Os3(CO)10 to give K2[H2Os3(CO)10] which is spectroscopically identical to K2[H2Os3(CO)10] obtained from the reaction of 2 KH with 1 H2Os3(CO)10. Halide ions as [(C6H5)3P]2N+ salts readily add to H2Os3(CO)10, forming [H2Os3(CO)10X]−, where X− = Cl−, Br−, and I−. Metallocarbonylates react with H2Os3(CO)10 in a analogous to the reaction of halide ions with this cluster. The following mixed metal ions habe been prepared: [H2Os3(CO)10Mn(CO)5]−, [H2Os3(CO)10Fe(CO)4]2−, [H2Os3(CO)10Mo(η5-C5H5(CO) 3]−, [H2Os3(CO)10V(η5-C5H5)(CO)3]2−, and [H2Os3(CO)10Fe(η-C5H5)(CO)2]−.
Response under arbitrary groups of point transformations of multipoint-correlation functions of local fluctuating quantities

We derive an identity which determines the infinitesimal response of the cumulant average of the product of $m$ arbitrary local fluctuating quantities (connected $m$-point functions) to changes in its arguments engendered by a member of an arbitrary continuous group of point transformations. We illustrate the use of the identity in a variety of cases, and in particular we show that there is an intimate connection between the covariance of the connected $m$-point functions under the special conformal group and under the group of dilations. By combining our identity with the assumptions of the operator algebra, we find that at the critical point the connected density $m$-point functions are covariant under both groups. We also give another derivation for an expression for the exponent $x=(\frac{1}{2})(5\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta})$, which was previously found by Green and Gunton.
Response availability and conditions of interpolated practice

This experiment tested the hypothesis that facilitation in retention following distributed practice (DP) of the last in a series of A-B, A-C lists is the result of the greater unlearning of prior-list associations. To test this notion, prior-list availability was determined by means of an unpaced free-recall test given at the end of last-list learning for the massed-practice (MP) and DP conditions. The hypothesis was not supported, since there was nearly identical recall of the prior lists by the MP and DP groups. Reasons for these negative results were discussed and alternative explanations were considered.
A note on migration and employment.

This paper examines the nature of the relation between migration and employment. A preliminary investigation confirms a previous observation that the employment rate of migrants is generally lower than that of non-migrants. A further analysis, however, suggests that this does not mean that migration has no effect on employment; in fact, the two appear to be strongly related. Migration enables some unemployed and initially disadvantaged persons to improve their employment status, making it more nearly comparable, though not equal, to that of the general population.
The use of rotating disk voltammetry for the determination of homogeneous small molecule--redox protein reaction rates.

Abstract Rotating disk voltammetry was used in this work to study the rates of reaction of ferricytochrome c with two very strong reductants, methyl and benzyl viologen. The rates of reaction for these reductants were found to be 4.0 × 10 7 and 5.4 × 10 7 m −1 s −1 at 24°C for benzyl and methyl viologen, respectively. The versatility of this method was demonstrated by the ease with which the activation parameters were obtained. The Δ H ≠ and Δ S ≠ were found to be 4.0 kcal/mol and −10.6 cal/mol-K, respectively, for benzyl viologen. All the observed reaction rates were corrected for coulombic effects by the method of Wherland and Gray, and the electrostatically corrected rate constants were compared with the Marcus and Hopfield theories for electron transfer. The agreement was excellent for the tunneling theory but there were some discrepancies with the absolute Marcus theory. The relative Marcus approach worked quite well and, by taking into account the nonadiabaticity of the electron transfer, reasonable values were obtained for the absolute Marcus theory when realistic values of the self-exchange constants were used.
Field relations between the spectral composition of ground motion and hydrological effects during the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

[1] The possibility that the frequency content of ground motion in earthquakes affects hydrological responses to earthquakes has yet to be extensively tested in the field. The Mw = 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake provided an opportunity to do so, as widespread liquefaction and groundwater level changes were recorded by instrumentation in the Choshui Alluvial Fan. Analysis of the resulting data shows that ground motion parameters that measure low-frequency ground motions are more strongly correlated with coseismic groundwater level change and the occurrence of liquefaction than parameters that measure high-frequency motions. Notably, horizontal peak ground acceleration, a metric often used to enumerate the strength of ground motion in liquefaction analysis, is weakly correlated with these hydrological effects. It is unclear from this analysis whether low-frequency ground motion caused coseismic groundwater level change and liquefaction or whether the hydrological changes changed the spectral composition of the observed seismograms during the Chi-Chi earthquake.
Partial Synthesis of Harringtonine Analogs

Three analogs of harringtonine (II), an ester alkaloid which is active in the P-388 experimental leukemia system, were prepared by acylating cephalotaxine (I). They were the 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl (III), 2-carbomethoxymethyl-5-methylhexanoyl (IXc, and 2-carbomethoxymethylene-5-methylhexanoyl VIId) esters of I. A special sequence was developed for the synthesis of III. All of these harringtonine analogs, with the possible exception of III, are inactive in the P-388 system. In addition, data are presented which show that a rearranged harringtonine isomer (X) also is inactive. These results emphasize some highly specific structural requirements for antitumor activity of Cephalotaxus alkaloids.
Narrative intentions: Listening to life stories in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience progressive memory and language losses. To assess how these losses influenced the ability to share a per- sonal narrative, we listened to the narratives of six persons with AD and six persons without cognitive losses. Narratives of persons with AD were less chronologically organized, included repetitions, omitted salient events, and contained fewer detailed descriptions than the comparison group participants. In addition, most members of the AD group, and no members of the comparison group, sought assistance during the nar- rative task. Perhaps most significant, though, persons with AD were willing and able to complete the assignment—their assets and limitations as narrators of the self are described.
Pattern recognition in nucleic acid sequences. II. An efficient method for finding locally stable secondary structures

We present a method for calculating all possible single hairpin loop secondary structures in a nucleic acid sequence by the order of N2 operations where N is the total number of bases. Each structure may contain any number of bulges and internal loops. Most natural sequences are found to be indistinguishable from random sequences in the potential of forming secondary structures, which is defined by the frequency of possible secondary structures calculated by the method. There is a strong correlation between the higher G+C content and the higher structure forming potential. Interestingly, the removal of intervening sequences in mRNAs is almost always accompanied by an increase in the G+C content, which may suggest an involvement of structural stabilization in the mRNA maturation.
Application of optical and photomechanical techniques in the study of mechanical joints

A fiber-optic technique and the conventional photoelastic technique were applied to the investigation of pin-loaded specimens which simulate pin joints and bolted joints. The angle of contact between the pin and the hole was measured by these techniques and compared with finite element results. The stress distributions obtained form the otoelastic response were also compared with the finite element results. Such comparisons are needed to verify the finite element model and to assess the role of important joint variables such as friction.
Against the Green: A Multi-method Examination of the Barriers to Green Consumption

Abstract Knowledge regarding the barriers to green consumption is of increasing importance as retail organizations place greater emphasis on the environment in evaluating performance in adherence with the triple-bottom line approach. The objective of this research is to investigate individual barriers that affect consumers’ evaluations of the green products found in retail outlets. The research presented utilizes a critical incident qualitative study and two quantitative studies to examine the factors associated with non-green purchase behaviors. In addition, findings from an experiment suggest that altering the number and form of informational product cues may overcome purchase barriers. These factors are discussed, as are the implications of the research for stakeholders of retail organizations.
Mouse DTEF-1 (ETFR-1, TEF-5) Is a Transcriptional Activator in α1-Adrenergic Agonist-stimulated Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract α1-Adrenergic signaling in cardiac myocytes activates the skeletal muscle α-actin gene through an MCAT cis-element, the binding site of the transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) family of transcription factors. TEF-1 accounts for more than 85% of the MCAT binding activity in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Other TEF-1 family members account for the rest. Although TEF-1 itself has little effect on the α1-adrenergic activation of skeletal muscle α-actin, the related factor RTEF-1 augments the response and is a target of α1-adrenergic signaling. Here, we examined another TEF-1 family member expressed in cardiac muscle, DTEF-1, and observed that it also augmented the α1-adrenergic response of skeletal muscle α-actin. A DTEF-1 peptide-specific antibody revealed that endogenous DTEF-1 accounts for up to 5% of the MCAT binding activity in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. A TEF-1/DTEF-1 chimera suggests that α1-adrenergic signaling modulates DTEF-1 function. Orthophosphate labeling and immunoprecipitation of an epitope-tagged DTEF-1 showed that DTEF-1 is phosphorylated in vivo. α1-Adrenergic stimulation increased while phosphatase treatment lowered the MCAT binding by DTEF-1 and the endogenous non-TEF-1 MCAT-binding factor. In contrast, α1-adrenergic stimulation did not alter, and phosphatase treatment increased, MCAT binding of TEF-1 and RTEF-1. Taken together, these results suggest that DTEF-1 is a target for α1-adrenergic activation of the skeletal muscle α-actin gene in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.
An ultra low power, compact UWB receiver with automatic threshold recovery in 65 nm CMOS

A compact UWB receiver operating at 4.85 GHz is presented in a 65 nm CMOS technology. This aggressively duty cycled, non-coherent OOK receiver occupies an active area of only 0.4 mm2, thanks to the use of few inductors and RF G m -C filters. It achieves a sensitivity of −88 dBm at a data rate of 1 Mbps (for a BER of 10−3) while consuming energy at a gradient of 450 pJ/bit from a 1.35 V supply. The receiver incorporates a single bit comparator based demodulator, with automatic threshold recovery for digitization.
Regulation off constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity by the human heart

Abstract We and others have provided indirect evidence for the presence of a constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) in the mammalian heart. We now provide more direct evidence for the regulation of a myocardial cNOS in the hearts of patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). cNOS enzyme activity was demonstrable in both cytosolic (8.3 ± 0.02 pmol/min/mg) and membrane (11.1 ± 0.4 pmol/min/mg) preparations derived from human atrial pectinate muscles obtained at the rime of CPB (n = 6). Plasma nitrite (NO 2 − ) + plasma nitrate (NO 3 − ) levels from the beating hearts of patients before bypass were reduced from 146 ± 33 to 5.1 ± 50 pmol/min/g after cardiac arrest during CPB (n = 23; p t test). Thus, the human myocardium constitutively produces nitric oxide that is regulated by the contractile state of the heart.
TIME DEPENDENT CHANNEL FLOW OF A MICROPOLAR FLUID

General solutions are given for channel flow of a micropolar fluid when the boundary conditions are time dependent. Detailed calculations are given for two cases suggestive of how the theory may be applied to the problem of turbulent transition and to the problem of polymeric additives in turbulent flow.
A calcium-dependent potassium current is increased by a single-gene mutation in Paramecium.

The membrane currents of wild typeParamecium tetraurelia and the behavioral mutantteaA were analyzed under voltage clamp. TheteaA mutant was shown to have a greatly increased outward current which was blocked completely by the combined use of internally delivered Cs+ and external TEA+. This, along with previous work (Satow, Y., Kung, C., 1976,J. Exp. Biol.65:51–63) identified this as a K+ current. It was further found to be a calcium-activated K+ current since this increased outward K+ current cannot be elicited when the internal calcium is buffered with injected EGTA. The mutationpwB, which blocks the inward calcium current, also blocks this increased outward K+ current inteaA. This shows that this mutant current is activated by calcium through the normal depolarization-sensitive calcium channel. While tail current decay kinetic analysis showed that the apparent inactivation rates for this calcium-dependent K+ current are the same for mutant and wild type, theteaA current activates extremely rapidly. It is fully activated within 2 msec. This early activation of such a large outward current causes a characteristic reduction in the amplitude of the action potential of theteaA mutant. TheteaA mutation had no effect on any of the other electrophysiological parameters examined. The phenotype of theteaA mutant is therefore a general decrease in responsiveness to depolarizing stimuli because of a rapidly activating calcium-dependent K+ current which prematurely repolarizes the action potential.
Studies Utilizing the Portable Electromagnetic Ballistocardiograph V. The Importance of the Light Exercise Test in Clinical Ballistocardiography

The ballistocardiograph records the vigor of cardiac ejection and the speed of diastolic filling. It provides a practical means of studying the physiologic response of the heart in its adjustment to the stress of exercise. The application of the light ballistocardiographic exercise test to subjects without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of heart disease, to hypertensive subjects, to patients with coronary artery disease and to those suspected of having myocarditis has provided information of clinical importance which cannot be obtained from any other means of physical diagnosis or from the ballistocardiogram at rest.
Evidence for Kosterlitz-Thouless behavior in the disordered and frustrated two-dimensionalXY-model

We present Monte-Carlo results providing strong evidence for a non-universal Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the disordered and frustrated two-dimensionalXY-model for various magnetic fields, giving rise to frustration.
Socioeconomic Status and Parent–Child Relationships Predict Metacognitive Questions to Preschoolers

The importance of metacognitive language exposure to early educational achievement is widely recognized in the development literature. However, few studies have explored parents' metacognitive language, while accounting for family SES and stress within the parent-child relationship. This is a preliminary descriptive study to explore metacognitive language to preschoolers during a collaborative task, and explored family SES (parent education and occupation) and stress within the parent-child relationship as predictors. Using partial correlations controlling for child age and language ability, parent education, occupation, and stress associated with parent-child dysfunctional interaction were found to significantly correlate with parents' metacognitive questions. A hierarchical regression (controlling for child age and language ability) indicated that only parent education levels uniquely predicted questions overall.
Rotational state-selective photofragmentation of ND3 at 193.3 nm

ABSTRACT Highly resolved IJKM> state-selected beams ofND were produced and the experimentallydetermined hexapole focusing curves are in good agreement with simulated curves calculated withthe ND temperature as the only adjustable parameter. ND3 molecules in the I 1 1 1> state werephotodissociated at 193.3 nm and the angular and kinetic energy distributions of the resulting D-atoms were measured by Velocity-Aligned Doppler Spectroscopy. 1. INTRODUCTION Recent interest in the photofragmentation of ammonia has been intense.112 This has beenfueled in part through attempts to understand cometary environments which are known to containsubstantial quantities of trapped ammonia and by the fact that ammonia is a simple tetra-atomic and istherefore a good model system on which to test current molecular photofragmentation theories.1315 Direct spectroscopic detection of the ammonia molecule in a comet has, however, proven to be difficult. Fortunately, the molecule is readily photodissociated by solar radiation. This mechanismis therefore thought to represent an alternative method for the indirect detection of ammonia primarily
Collagen crosslinks: Direct evidence of a reducible stable form of the Schiff base Δ6dehydro-5,5′-dihydroxylysinonorleucine as 5-keto-5′-hydroxylysinonorleucine in bone collagen

Summary Direct evidence is presented for the existence of 5-keto-5′ hydroxylysinonorleucine and 5-keto-lysinonorleucine in bone collagen. The latter two are the keto-imino forms of the Schiff bases Δ6-dehydro-5,5′-dihydroxylysinonorleucine and Δ6-dehydro-5-hydroxylysinonorleucine respectively. The keto-imino forms of the crosslinks were reduced in acid solution with the selective reducing agent NaB3H3CN to dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysinonorleucine.
Near-Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (NIR SERS) on Colloidal Silver and Gold

Near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering (NIR SERS) was detected with high sensitivity for two model compounds, crystal violet and the DNA base adenine, adsorbed on silver and gold colloidal particles in aqueous solutions. The NIR SERS spectra were measured with a fiber-optic probe with the use of a Ti:sapphire laser at 850 nm as the excitation source and a charge-coupled device (CCD) as the detection system. In a step to achieve the optimal electromagnetic SERS-enhancement conditions, silver and gold sols were modified to shift their extinction spectra more to the NIR region. Surface enhancement factors for both crystal violet and adenine were estimated to be on the order of 106 and 108 for gold and silver, respectively. A larger enhancement factor was observed for adenine with NIR excitation than with visible excitation. The benefits of NIR SERS and its potential applications are discussed.
Damage Detection Using Magnetic Impedance Approach with Circuitry Integration: Sensor Optimization

Impedance-based damage detection using the magnetic transducer, which is referred to as the magnetic impedance approach, is recently under investigation. In an earlier work we have demonstrated that integrating a synthetic, tunable negative resistance and a tunable capacitor with the magnetic transducer can amplify both the admittance measurement magnitude and the damaged-induced admittance anomaly, and thus have much higher signal-to-noise ratio and higher detection sensitivity than the conventional approach. In this research, we investigate further enhancing the magnetic impedance approach with circuitry integration by systematically studying how the design parameters of the transducer affect the magneto-mechanical coupling. It is demonstrated the magneto-mechanical coupling parameter, which is developed excluding the circuitry parameters and structural properties, is capable of quantifying the dynamic coupling effect under various transducer design parameters, leading to the guidelines for the optimal design and configuration of the new sensing scheme. Extensive numerical and experimental studies are carried out to analyze the parametric influences.
A Low-Voltage Temperature-Stable Micromechanical Piezoelectric Oscillator

We present a low-power 82 MHz reference oscillator that utilizes a temperature-stable thin- film piezoelectric-on-silicon resonator as the frequency-selective element. Low impedance micromachined resonators are designed and fabricated using an arraying technique. As a result, the transimpedance amplifier in the oscillator loop is reduced to a single active component (one transistor) and 3 resistors, which is very power-efficient (2.2 mW at 1.1 V supply). By employing the buried oxide layer of the SOI substrate as a part of the structural stack of the composite resonator, a very small (- 2 ppm/degC) temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) is obtained for the oscillator.
Programmable Conductance Switches for FPAAs

Floating gate transistors make excellent switches for large-scale field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs). In addition to simple "on" and "off" connections, they can be used as computational elements within synthesized circuits. However, the programmable range of these computational elements as well as the quality of an "on" switch can be limited by the particular switch topology and programming methods. To extend the useful range of floating gate switches, programming method improvements and indirectly programmed topologies are explored and demonstrated
Dynamics of packed-bed reactors loaded with oxide catalysts

The lattice of an oxide catalyst used for oxidation reactions can act as a reservoir for oxygen, storing and releasing it for reactions at the catalyst surface under appropriate conditions. The implication of this oxygen storage property on the dynamic response characteristics of oxide catalysts has been investigated through an experimental study of 2-butene oxidation over vanadium oxide as a model reaction. Isothermal reaction rate measurements in a differential reactor and nonisothermal studies in a single pellet reactor have been carried out. Following a step increase in the feed butene concentration, isothermal reaction rate overshoot and pellet temperature overshoot were observed. These observations could be modelled in a qualitatively correct way by a very simple model accounting for the dynamic participation of lattice oxygen in the catalytic reactions. It is demonstrated through model simulations that the ignition characteristics of a catalyst pellet are significantly affected by the participation of the lattice oxygen, when steady state multiplicity is present. The initiation of dynamic runaway of a wall-cooled packed reactor, upon start-up, owing to the participation of lattice, is illustrated through simulations.
General state-to-state transitions in atoms for either Yukawa or Coulomb potentials via Fourier transforms

In a previous paper we used our integro-differential extension of Gaussian transforms to find the closed analytic form for hydrogenic bound-state transitions with arbitrarily high quantum numbers d...
Time delay estimation and adaptive frame length iterations for noise robust pitch extraction

We describe a new pitch tracking method based on a time delay estimation technique and we incorporate an adaptive frame length iteration stage. Given two frames of voiced speech and the time delay between them, we run a linear regression on the unwrapped phase of the quotient of the spectrum of both frames. A weighted linear regression allows us to avoid the effect of phases corrupted by spectral leakage and noise. Iterations adapting the frame length allow us to have better time resolution, less spectral leakage and more noise robustness, avoiding inaccuracies that could come from pitch doubling and jitter.
Ionic and Water Relations Responses of Two Populations of a Non-Halophyte to Salinity

Bowman, W. D. 1988. Ionic and water relations responses of two populations of a non-halophyte to salinity.—J. exp. Bot. 39: 97-105. Salinity-induced changes in the ionic and water relations in plants from two naturally-occurring populations of the C4 non-halophyte Andropogon glomeratus were measured to detect differences in the capacity to adjust osmotic potentials and in ion content potentially responsible for the osmotic adjustment. Pressure-volume curves and leaf ion content were measured in plants from two populations, salt marsh and inland, after long-term exposure to three salinity levels. Osmotic adjustment and decreases in the bulk tissue elasticity occurred to a similar extent in both populations with increasing salinity. CI" concentrations increased with increasing salinity in both populations, whereas leaf Na+ concentrations increased only in the inland population, but were higher at all salinities in the marsh population. K+ concentrations changed little with increasing salinity. Proline concentrations increased only at the highest salinity level, and did not differ significantly between populations. These results suggest a role for Na+ uptake and regulation in osmotic adjustment in the marsh population, contrasting with studies of salt tolerance in other non halophytic grasses.
The Catalyst software engineering environment

The Catalyst software engineering environment provides a workstation-based approach which gives language-independent support for software requirements analysis and software preliminary design activities; it then narrows its scope to the support of Ada and C specific implementation work for the rest of the life cycle. Catalyst provides a set of loosely integrated tools which assist project members in their work as opposed to just using point solutions. Users of Catalyst have received benefits in the areas of automated requirements engineering, requirements management, software development process, and project management as a result of using version one of Catalyst. The authors focus on some of the challenges in Catalyst's development, its capabilities, and benefits of its use. >
Sox2 maintains self renewal of tumor-initiating cells in osteosarcomas

Tumors are thought to be sustained by a reservoir of self-renewing cells, termed tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells. Osteosarcomas are high-grade sarcomas derived from osteoblast progenitor cells and are the most common pediatric bone malignancy. In this report we show that the stem cell transcription factor Sox2 is highly expressed in human and murine osteosarcoma (mOS) cell lines as well as in the tumor samples. Osteosarcoma cells have increased ability to grow in suspension as osteospheres, that are greatly enriched in expression of Sox2 and the stem cell marker, Sca-1. Depletion of Sox2 by short-hairpin RNAs in independent mOS-derived cells drastically reduces their transformed properties in vitro and their ability to form tumors. Sox2-depleted osteosarcoma cells can no longer form osteospheres and differentiate into mature osteoblasts. Concomitantly, they exhibit decreased Sca-1 expression and upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, despite other mutations, these cells maintain a requirement for Sox2 for tumorigenicity. Our data indicate that Sox2 is required for osteosarcoma cell self renewal, and that Sox2 antagonizes the pro-differentiation Wnt pathway that can in turn reduce Sox2 expression. These studies define Sox2 as a survival factor and a novel biomarker of self renewal in osteosarcomas, and support a tumor suppressive role for the Wnt pathway in tumors of mesenchymal origin. Our findings could provide the basis for novel therapeutic strategies based on inhibiting Sox2 or enhancing Wnt signaling for the treatment of osteosarcomas.
Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides on Eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are important insect pests of crops. Stink bug feeding reduces yields, lowers crop quality, induces delayed maturity, and wounds tissues allowing for pathogen entry. Historically, effective adult and nymph control of stink bugs has been with insecticides. However, little insecticide efficacy against stink bug eggs is known. The objective of this study was to determine how foliar insecticides currently recommend for southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), control in soybean impact pre-emergence nymphal mortality using an egg dip bioassay. Eight formulate insecticides were tested. Differences in nymphal stink bug pre-emergence mortality were recorded. The lowest instances of stink bug emergence (and highest mortality) were observed in egg masses treated with bifenthrin (78.7%) followed by beta-cyfluthrin + acephate (42.5%) and acephate (40.9%). The highest emergence (and lowest mortality) occurred in egg masses treated with spinosad (10.4%). Results indicate that insecticides used to control stink bug nymphs and adults can impact nymphal pre-emergence mortality and control southern green stink bugs before emergence.
Six comparisons of firm-level and product-level data

We compare readily available product-level export data with hard-to-obtain firm-level export data along six dimensions such as value and the number of destination countries. We find the product data qualitatively match the firm-level data, but not quantitatively, particularly on dynamics. This is due to the categorization of products. However, product data can be used to establish a lower estimate on statistics compared with firm-level data that may be useful in monopolistic competition models of international trade.
Cerebellar calcification on computerized tomography

Cerebellar calcification on CT scan was observed in five patients over a two-year period. It was located bilaterally and symmetrically in the dentate nucleus in all 5 patients and inthe cerebellar vermis in one. Calcifications of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex were associated in two cases each. Skull radiography did not reveal the cerebellar calcifications, and serum calcium levels were normal in all patients. None had symptoms or signs of cerebellar dysfunction, and they had a variety of different clinical diagnoses. Cerebellar calcification may be a form of benign intracerebral calcification.
A Tale of Two Forums: One Professor's Path to Improve Learning through a Common Online Teaching Tool.

As institutional and market pressures move more faculty into the online teaching space, renewed discussions are occurring about how to best teach online, and what features of online courses are bes...
Uncertainty, fuzzy logic, and signal processing

In this paper we focus on model-based statistical signal processing and how some problems that are associated with it can be solved using fuzzy logic. We explain how uncertainty (which is prevalent in statistical signal processing applications) can be handled within the framework of fuzzy logic. Type-1 singleton and non-singleton fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are reviewed. Type-2 FLSs, which are relatively new, and are very appropriate for signal processing problems, because they can handle linguistic and numerical uncertainties, are overviewed in some detail. The output of a type-2 FLS is a type-2 fuzzy set. Using a new operation called type-reduction, the type-2 set can be reduced to a type-1 set } the type-reduced set } which plays the role of a con"dence interval for linguistic uncertainties. No such result can be obtained for a type-1 FLS. We demonstrate, by means of examples, that a type-2 FLS can outperform a type-1 FLS for one-step prediction of a Mackey}Glass chaotic time series whose measurements are corrupted by additive noise, and equalization of a nonlinear time-varying channel. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel setzen wir den Schwerpunkt auf modellbasierte statistische Signalverarbeitung und zeigen MoK glichkeiten zur LoK sung von Problemen dieses Umfeldes mit Hilfe der Fuzzy Logik auf. Wir erlaK utern, wie Entscheidungsunsicherheit (die in saK mtlichen Anwendunger der statistischen Signalverarbeitung vorherrscht) im Rahmen der Fuzzy Logik behandelt werden kann. ZunaK chst werden Typ-1 Singleton und Nicht-Singleton Fuzzy Logik Systeme (FLS) besprochen. Typ-2 FLS, die relativ neu sind, werden etwas detaillierter behandelt. Sie eignen sich sehr zur LoK sung von Signalverarbeitungsproblemen, da sie linguistische und numerische Unsicherheit handhaben koK nnen. Die Ausgabe eines Typ-2 FLS stellt die Typ-2 Fuzzy-Menge dar. Mit Hilfe einer neuen, als Typ-Reduktion bezeichneten Operation, kann die Typ-2 Menge auf eine Typ-1 Menge } die Typ-reduzierte Menge } uK berfuK hrt werden. Sie entspricht einem Kon"denzintervall fuK r linguistische Unsicherheit. Kein derartiges Resultat kann fuK r eine Typ-1 FLS abgeleitet werden. Anhand von Beispielen zeigen wir, da{ eine Typ-2 FLS eiher Typ-1 FLS zum einen als Einschritt-PraK diktion uK berlegen sein kann, wenn, sie auf eine chaotische Mackey}Glass Zeitreihe angwandt wird, deren Me{werte durch additives Rauschen gestoK rt sind oder wenn sie zum anderen bei der Entzerrung eines nichtlinearen zeitvarianten Kanals angewandt wird. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Re2 sume2
Solid-phase extraction GC detect methamidophos in water

Objective:To establish a solid-phase extraction(SPE) gas chromatography flame photometric detection methods.Methods: The samples were concentrated after solid phase extraction,and methamidophos in the water was detected by GC.Results: The average detection limits was 0.05 μg/L,the average relative standard deviation was 1.6%,n=8,the recovery reached 99.1%.Conclusion: With the traditional gas chromatography,this method has low detection limits and higher recovery rate,the determination of methamidophos in the water has a good prospect.
A Review of Ambulatory Health Data Collection Methods for Employee Experience Sampling Research

Experience sampling research can offer unique insight into state conditions of employee health. Over the past several years, there has been a surge of popularity for such designs in work and organisational psychology, especially with regard to employee health measurement. Experience sampling health measurement can be executed using a variety of different methods including various objective health metrics such as cardiovascular activity measurement, cortisol response tracking, and actigraphy. Furthermore, recent innovations with personal fitness tracking devices open up many possibilities for researchers to continuously monitor activity and health patterns over many days. Technological advances in self-reporting methods, especially in combination with innovations in objective health measurement, can offer modern researchers richer sets of data. We summarise and describe these methods, offering insight into their advantages and disadvantages for contemporary health researchers interested in experience sampling designs.
Effect of Intravenous Acetylcholine on Serum Gastrin Levels in Dogs

SummaryThe effect of intravenous acetylcholine upon serum gastrin in normal dogs, dogs with gastric fistulas and dogs with total gastrectomy has been studied. No alteration in serum gastrin was seen in normal dogs or dogs with total gastrectomy. In dogs with gastric fistulas significant increases in serum gastrin were seen with supratoxic doses of acetylcholine. Acid secretion from gastric fistulas occurred before the onset of toxic signs and before the increases in serum gastrin. It is concluded that: (a) intravenous acetylcholine can stimulate gastric secretion without increasing serum gastrin, (b) supratoxic doses of intravenous acetylcholine stimulate release of gastrin but only if gastric acid is removed, and (c) gastrin which is released came from the gastric antrum.
Quantitative determination of blood volume, oxygenation, and edema in port wine stain lesions

Clinical results suggest that quantiative mapping of vascular physiology and structures determined with Modulated imaging technique may be useful guide for effective treatments of Port-wine stains.
Toward More Efficient Global Warming Policy Solutions: The Necessity for Multi-Criteria Selection of Energy Sources

Despite humans' acknowledgement of the main drivers of global warming, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are still increasing dramatically worldwide. GHG emissions in the U.S. have increased by 17% during the 1990-2009 period and are expected to increase even more with the economic growth after the current recession. Although current dominant policy for combating global warming relies on substitution of fossil energy sources with the renewable ones, we argue that such a general policy may be inefficient. In fact, such a policy is only a short-fix solution to the problem and may be associated with unintended consequences or secondary effects on other sectors and valuable natural resources. This paper highlights the necessity of multi-criteria decision analysis to select energy sources which are not only efficient in terms of GHG emissions reduction, but also will have minimal adverse effects on other sectors and resources. By simultaneous consideration of performances of energy sources under different sustainability criteria, it is discussed why some renewable energy sources may be even less promising than some nonrenewable energy sources in reducing GHG emissions without affecting other resources and violating the sustainability rationales. The three considered sustainability criteria in this study include carbon footprint, water footprint, and cost, reflecting the environmental efficiency, water use efficiency, and economic efficiency, respectively. The performances of a range of non-renewable and renewable energy sources are considered under the three sustainability criteria to rank the energy sources based on different social choice rules with respect to the uncertainty involved in estimating the performances.
Haemophilus vaginalis Vaginitis. A Newly Defined Specific Infection previously classified "Nonspecific" Vaginitis.

Abstract Eleven hundred eighty-one patients have been screened clinically for infections of the vagina and 370 were subjected to 1,033 detailed clinical observations and bacteriological studies. One hundred thirty-eight cases with primary diagnoses of bacterial vaginitis were detected, of which 127 (92.0 per cent) were attributed to a single etiological agent. This bacterium, heretofore unclassified, has been described and assigned the name Haemophilus vaginalis . Proof of pathogenicity of the organism has been presented. The clinical manifestations of the newly defined vaginitis have been described and criteria for clinical, microscopic, and bacteriological diagnoses given. Special attention has been directed to the diagnostic character of certain epithelial cells designated "clue cells". The results of treatment by several methods are discussed and the necessity of simultaneous treatment of husbands stressed.
A modified topological descriptor for forward looking sonar images

The use of robots for underwater exploration has increased around the world in the last years. The automation of the underwater monitoring, inspection, and maintenance tasks often requires a mapping and localization system. One of the key issues of such system is to be able to recognize previously visited places through the sensory information. This paper proposes a modified method for description and recognition of acoustic images. The method builds a graph of the Gaussian probability density function that represents both the shape and the topological relation among the images. It was originally proposed by the first author and his co-authors in 2015. The modifications proposed herein include a new segmentation step for automatic estimation of parameters and a new graph comparison approach that does not need to make use of the orientation of the segmented regions of the images. The new approach was evaluated in a real experiment in a harbor area. It proved to be less dependent on the input parameters than the previous approach.
Classification of ride-sharing partners based on multiple constraints

This paper describes the formulation of algorithms for measuring the closeness of a match between pairs of potential partners in an online ride-sharing or carpooling system. These algorithms compare realistic routes used by the participants, as well as their schedules. The paper goes on to integrate these measures together with other filtering constraints based on user preferences such as type of carpooling partner, creating a single overall measure that can be used to rank potential matches to a given user of the system.
Longitudinal model identification of a small fixed-wing UAV using motion capture data

Time-domain aircraft system identification is applied to flight test data obtained using a motion capture system. Longitudinal aerodynamic force and moment time histories are obtained using the estimation-before-modeling approach, in which forces and moments are modeled as Gauss-Markov processes and estimated concurrently with the aircraft state histories using an extended Kalman filter. Quasi-steady aero-dynamic models are then developed to capture the variation in the longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients observed during tests. Three model formulations are investigated: a simple stability and control derivative model, a model utilizing spline functions of the independent variables to capture variation over a large envelope, and a global polynomial model. Despite the large flight envelope and large amplitude pitching motions observed, all three quasi-steady model formulations are able to capture the aerodynamic behavior reasonably well. Comparison of the models via simulation of the aircraft dynamics indicates that the global polynomial model is superior to the other models in capturing the aerodynamic behavior of the system.
The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology

The human brain is the most highly organized system yet identified, and natural selection is the only physical process capable of pushing the designs of species uphill against entropy.Consequently, all functional mechanisms present in our species' neural architecture were constructed by selection acting on our ancestors.The design features of our psychological mechanisms are therefore linked directly as cause and effect to the specific structure of ancestral adaptive problems, allowing models of the adaptive problems identified by biologists and anthropologists to serve as maps that accelerate the discovery of previously unknown psychological mechanisms.The brain's function is specifically computational: to regulate behavior, development, and the body in ways that would have produced responses likely to have promoted genetic propagation under ancestral conditions.Evolutionary psychologists and allies are working toward two goals: The first is the progressive mapping of the program architectures (circuit logics) of the neurocomputational adaptations designed to solve ancestral adaptive problems. The second is the reformulation and theoretical unification of the social sciences made possible by an accurate, natural-science-based model of human nature.Here we sketch the discipline's theoretical foundations together with illustrative empirical discoveries (in reasoning, emotion and motivational programs, and parametric coordinative adaptations). Keywords: adaptation; design; adaptive problem; natural selection; evolutionary psychology
Categories for Generating Middle-Level Propositions Concerning Law’s Underbearer Role

As the twentieth century ended, people everywhere demanded changes in the state and the legal order (Evans et al., 1985). Blaming the failure to attain development on bureaucrats’ unwarranted interventions, some called for liberating private entrepreneurship. Others asserted that behind the market’s seemingly impartial facade, entrepreneurs’ powerful ‘invisible’ hands accumulated wealth and privilege. At best, however, these grand theories only pointed at gross behaviors that comprised the state’s counterproductive role. None proposed detailed measures to restructure the political economic institutions that perpetuated poverty and powerlessness. Law-makers needed middle-level propositions, warranted by evidence, to explain particular role occupants’ behaviors. Only then could they design specific laws and regulations to alter them. For that purpose, all three sets of grand theory remained at too high a level of generalization (Tabb, 1990).