cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Socialization of Cognitive Development

‘The Social Context of Cognitive Development,’ by Mary Gauvain (2001), is the delightful fourth book in the Guilford Series on Social and Emotional Development, edited by Claire Kopp and Steven Asher. Gauvain does an excellent job of bringing together, into one accessible volume, diverse bodies of literature that inform us about how cognitive development proceeds in social context, how social, emotional, and cognitive development are intertwined, how social and emotional processes influence cognition, and how cognition influences social and emotional processes in children. To help put the book itself within the broader sociohistorical context of the field at this time, Bob Siegler’s effective foreward points out the challenges that sociocultural approaches such as Gauvain’s pose for information processing accounts of cognitive development. ‘Whose children are we talking about?’ is the question that Siegler (1996) proposed while pointing out that the child depicted in classic cognitive development research (e.g., one who ‘has’ a particular cognitive operation or strategy, uses it reliably and consistently, and at some point shifts discontinuously to a more mature operation) at a minimum, doesn’t appear to be anything like the real children we all know well, and at a maximum, does not exist. Similarly, Gauvain, in this book, asks ‘Where are the children we are talking about?’ ‘In what context does cognitive activity take place?’ ‘Does anyone know a child whose learning during a brief teaching interaction is NOT intimately wrapped together with that child’s feelings about the task, themselves, and the teacher; the quality of the social interaction during the teaching session; the child’s history of interactions with the other person/teacher; and with the child’s and the teachers’ goals and expectations?’ Although, we all understand at some level that children do not develop within a vacuum and even likely say these very words in our child development courses, researchers often forget this when it comes to designing and interpreting their studies. This book points out how the study of cognitive development has not paid sufficient attention to integrating the social and emotional sides to learning and cognitive activity.
Modulation of the distribution of plasma membrane tramembranous particles in contact-inhibited and transformed cells

Abstract The intrinsic organization of the plasma membrane differs in normal and transformed cells. With the technique of freeze fracture and electron microscopy contact inhibited 3T3 cells have been shown to contain aggregated plasma membrane intramembranous particles, while transformed cells demonstrate a uniform particle distribution. The distribution of intramembranous particles in transformed cells can be affected by colchicine or vinblastine which induces a dose- and time-dependent particle aggregation. These observations suggest that microtubules and other membrane-associated colchicine-sensitive proteins probably influence the distribution of intrinsic membrane proteins and intramembranous particles in nucleated mammalian cells. An aggregated particle distribution has been observed in 3T3 cells or colchicine-treated transformed cells frozen in media, phosphate-buffered saline or following brief exposure to glycerol, sucrose or dimethyl sulfoxide containing solutions, independent of whether specimens were rapidly frozen from 37 °C, room temperature or 4 °C incubations. Cells briefly stabilized in 1% formaldehyde yields similar patterns of particle distribution as cells rapidly frozen in media or in cryoprotectants. Glutaraldehyde fixation of cells, however, appears to alter the fracturing process in these cells, as visualized by an altered fracture face appearance, decreased numbers of particles, and no particle aggregates. Differences in membrane organization between normal and transformed cells have therefore been demonstrated using a series of preparative methods and colchicine and vinblastine have been shown to modulate intramembranous particle distribution in transformed 3T3 cells.
Romantic and sexual activities, parent–adolescent stress, and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls

Abstract Building on evidence that romantic experiences are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence, we examined their bidirectional association, as well as the role of sexual activity and parent–adolescent stress in their association. Data were collected from 71 early adolescent girls (M age 13.45 years; SD = 0.68) and their primary caregiver initially and one year later. Results indicated that adolescents who engaged in more romantic activities experienced increases in depressive symptoms over time. Second, greater depressive symptoms predicted romantic involvement and sexual activities, including intercourse, one year later. Third, dysphoric adolescents who were experiencing higher parent–adolescent stress were the most likely to engage in subsequent sexual intercourse. Implications for understanding how the association between depressive symptoms and romantic and sexual experiences develops and the course of this association are discussed.
Exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. III. Characteristics of Antitoxin A

Antitoxic sera were produced in rabbits, goats, and ponies with purified exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PA-103). None of these sera contained agglutinating antibody against the bacterial cells, and all antitoxins appeared in the IgG fraction. Antitoxic titers of pony sera tended to be higher than those obtained with other animals, and 1 ml of these sera neutralized as much as a 5,000 mouse LD50 dose of toxin. The antitoxic sera, when given in sufficient quantity, could prevent the lethal effects of infection caused by strains of P. aeruginosa whose somatic antigens were unrelated to those of strain PA-103, provided the serotype of the exotoxin produced by the organisms was identical. Antitoxin A did not neutralize the cell-bound protein toxins of these organisms. The findings seemed to indicate that neither the cell-bound protein toxin nor the lipopolysaccharide somatic antigen was an important factor in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa.
Pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates, amines and sulfur species in ion chromatography : the current state of research

A review is given of so-called pulsed amperometric detection at Au and Pt electrodes. Of greatest interest is the application of pulsed amperometric detection for polar aliphatic compounds not easily detected by conventional photometric or fluorometric techniques. The anodic detection mechanisms are electrocatalytic in nature under the control of potential-dependent surface states. Oxidations of carbohydrates at Au electrodes in alkaline media occur in a potential region where a submonolayer of adsorbed hydroxyl radicals (·OHads) is formed and speculation is offered on the role of this species in the anodic mechanisms. Very little anodic signal is obtained at Au electrodes for low-molecular-mass n-alcohols; however, a large response is obtained from oxidation of the alcohol moiety of n-alkanolamines. This is attributed to the beneficial effect of adsorption via the amine moiety with the result that the residence time of the molecules at the electrode surface is increased to give a high probability for ultimate oxidation. Amines and sulfur compounds with non-bonded electrons on the N and S atom, respectively, are adsorbed at Au electrodes and are oxidatively desorbed concomitantly with formation of inert surface oxide (AuO). The simultaneous formation of surface oxide produces a large background signal in pulsed amperometric detection. Hence, a modification of the pulsed waveform is described whose application is called integrated pulsed amperometric detection. Applications are shown for pulsed amperometric detection and integrated pulsed amperometric detection in ion chromatography to illustrate strengths of these combined technologies.
Misting effects on ascorbic acid retention in broccoli during cabinet display.

Total ascorbic acid (TAA) was determined in misted and nonmisted broccoli during display cabinet storage (18 + 2°C) for 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr. TAA was calculated on dry weight basis to account for moisture differences. Moisture was significantly greater in misted versus nonmisted samples (p = .OOOS). Misting significantly promoted the retention of TAA compared with nonmisted samples over 72 hr (p = .0019). The rate of ascorbic acid degradation in misted and nonmisted samples followed first order kinetics.
Simple Methods for Production of Nanoscale Metal Oxide Films from Household Sources.

Household items coated with various metals or titanium compounds can be heated to produce colorful films with nanoscale thicknesses.
"I didn't like his books": Julian Hawthorne on Whitman

Traces how Julian Hawthorne “completely reversed his opinion” about Whitman “over the course of half a century,” from praise to condemnation.
Prison Administration in Modern Nigeria

The Nigerian prison system, as it is known today, was introduced by the British during the time when Nigeria was her colony (1861–1960). The British left a two-tier system (Native and Federal) of prisons which became unified into one prison system in 1968. The Nigerian prison system is headed by a Director who is assisted by Assistant Directors, Chief Superintendents, Superintendents and Assistant Superintendents of prisons. These are all senior officers. The junior level is comprised of wardens of various grades. Both junior and senior officers wear uniforms. Classification of prisons and prisoners is rather loose and sometimes arbitrary—leading to occasional mixing of first offenders and career criminals. The aim of imprisonment is not specifically spelled out in any statutes or decrees. The problems of prison administration in Modern Nigeria include high staff turnover rate, inadequate classification of inmates, etc. To alleviate such problems it will be necessary to review and improve the general work...
Retrograde activation of STAT3 by leukemia inhibitory factor in sympathetic neurons

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines and signals through the glycoprotein 130 and LIF receptor beta subunits. Binding of cytokines to these subunits activates multiple signaling cascades, including the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway. We used compartmentalized cultures of sympathetic neurons and immunocytochemical analyses of STAT3 to examine the mechanisms involved in retrograde signaling of LIF from distal neurites (DN) to cell bodies. Addition of LIF to the DN of these neurons triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3. Inhibition of Jak activity in the cell bodies prevented LIF-induced retrograde activation of STAT3, while block of Jak activity in the DN had no effect on the appearance of activated STAT3 in the nucleus. These results show that the transport of activated Jak is not the main mechanism mediating retrograde signaling. Although there is an increase in phosphorylated STAT3 in the neurites after distal stimulation, the transport of activated STAT3 is not necessary for retrograde signaling. Our results are consistent with a signaling endosome model for retrograde signaling, in which the LIF/glycoprotein 130/LIF receptor/Jak complex is internalized and transported to activate STAT3 in the cell body.
User activity – product function association based design rules for universal products

Universal design is a concept intended to promote the development of products and environments equally usable by all the users, benefits of which are well established. Earlier efforts to provide guidelines for universal design have not adequately supported industry requisites. This paper focuses on creating early stage applicable design guidelines for universal design which is based on modeling framework that builds on and extends general function based product design methods and formal human activity classification as developed by World Health Organization. This paper explores the applicability of data mining techniques, particularly, association rule learning, for developing guidelines for universal design. The results show promise in the application of data mining techniques to efficiently extract rules for improving universal design.
INCREASED CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY OF DONOR CELLS IN FANCONI'S ANEMIA AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

Bone marrow transplantation appears to be an effective method of treatment of cases of Fanconi's anemia (FA) in the aplastic phase. A 20 year old Hispanic female with FA was successfully treated by bone marrow transplantation from her sister as donor. There was a polymorphism involving chromosome 20 between the donor and the recipient. Following the successful engraftment, karyotypes prepared from the blood of the recipient (presumably donor cells) had the karyotype of the donor. The chromosome breakage rate of the recipient before radiation and marrow transplant was 10.9 breaks per 100 mitotic cells using mitomycin C technique. The breakage rate of the donor before transplant was 2.0. Following the transplantation procedure, lymphocytes from the recipient (presumably donor cells) had a breakage rate of 9.8. These clinical and experimental findings suggest that a plasma or other marrow micro-environmental factor in FA may be responsible for the increased chromosomal fragility previously observed in this disease.
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica presenting as hypopigmentation

Seven black or dark skinned patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) are described, who presented with widespread hypopigmentation. The evidence on which a diagnosis of PLC was made is presented and the differential diagnosis discussed. The hypopigmentation was noted in some patients to be especially marked on the proximal parts of the limbs and axillary folds. A diagnosis of PLC should be considered in all dark skinned patients with a widespread hypopigmented rash.
Lead in vegetation, forest floor, and soils of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract The scarcity of lead toxicity data for forest plant species and the increasing concern over the possible role of metals in the decline of forests in western Europe and thet Eastern United States necessitate that lead and other metals be closely monitored in these important forest ecosystems. Samples of vegetation, forest floor material, and soil were collected at five spruce-fir sites and two hardwood sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Mean forest floor lead concentrations were lower than average values reported in an earlier EPA study of lead levels in the GSMNP, and lower than recently published values for similar sites in the northeastern United States and western Europe. As expected, lead concentrations increased (1) with increasing age of coniferous foliage, (2) with increasing site elevation for foliage and forest floor material, and (3) with increasing degree of decomposition of forest floor material.
Changes in population evacuation potential for tsunami hazards in Seward, Alaska, since the 1964 Good Friday earthquake

Pedestrian evacuation modeling for tsunami hazards typically focuses on current land-cover conditions and population distributions. To examine how post-disaster redevelopment may influence the evacuation potential of at-risk populations to future threats, we modeled pedestrian travel times to safety in Seward, Alaska, based on conditions before the 1964 Good Friday earthquake and tsunami disaster and on modern conditions. Anisotropic, path distance modeling is conducted to estimate travel times to safety during the 1964 event and in modern Seward, and results are merged with various population data, including the location and number of residents, employees, public venues, and dependent care facilities. Results suggest that modeled travel time estimates conform well to the fatality patterns of the 1964 event and that evacuation travel times have increased in modern Seward due to the relocation and expansion of port and harbor facilities after the disaster. The majority of individuals threatened by tsunamis today in Seward are employee, customer, and tourist populations, rather than residents in their homes. Modern evacuation travel times to safety for the majority of the region are less than wave arrival times for future tectonic tsunamis but greater than arrival times for landslide-related tsunamis. Evacuation travel times will likely be higher in the winter time, when the presence of snow may constrain evacuations to roads.
The simultaneous chain: a new approach to serial learning

Recent advances have allowed the application of behaviorism's rigor to the control of complex cognitive tasks in animals. This article examines recent research on serially organized behavior in animals. ‘Chaining theory', the traditional approach to the study of such behavior, reduces intelligent action to sequences of discrete stimulus-response units in which each overt response is evoked by a particular stimulus. However, such theories are too weak to explain many forms of serially organized cognition, both in humans and animals. By training non-human primates to produce arbitrary sequences that cannot be learned as chains of particular motor responses, the simultaneous chaining paradigm has overcome limitations of chaining theory in experiments on serial expertise, the use of numerical rules, knowledge of ordinal position, and distance and magnitude effects.
‘Women’s will to fail’ in a disjunctive reaction time competitive task

Horner’s ‘women’s will to fail’ hypothesis was tested with a disjunctive reaction time task, using students from a church-related college divided into three equal groups: tested alone (F), competing against a male confederate (F-M), and competing against a female confederate (F-F). Group F reacted significantly slower than F-F (p < .01) and F-M (p < .05), and Group F-M reacted significantly slower than F-F (p <.05). The hypothesis that women in a competitive task with a male do not perform as well as when competing with another female was supported.
Postoperative Dissecting Ventricular Septal Hematoma: Recognition and Treatment

Dissecting ventricular septal hematoma (DVSH) rarely occurs after repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) but can lead to serious complications such as septal rupture, myocardial rupture, cardiogenic shock, heart block, outflow obstruction, cardiac tamponade, abscess transformation, and death. This paper describes the diagnosis and management of acute, severe, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by the development of a DVSH after VSD repair.
The Discovery Channel Telescope: a wide-field telescope in Northern Arizona

Lowell Observatory has initiated the development of a four meter class optical telescope with significant capabilities for solar system and broad spectrum astronomical research. Key to the Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) is the ability to rapidly switch between 2 degree FOV imaging via a prime focus camera to 30 arc min FOV instrumentation at Ritchey-Chretien (RC) focus. The telescope is to be constructed at approximately 7700 feet altitude, Southeast of Flagstaff, Arizona at a site which has exhibited 0.6 arc sec best quartile seeing. The telescope will feature active optics and alignment capability and the Prime Focus Instrument will feature a Mosaic Focal Plane array of 40 2k x 4k CCDs. The RC instrument payload will be approximately 5000 lbs, allowing either large instruments or suites of co-mounted instruments. This telescope is being developed in partnership with Discovery Communications, Inc. (DCI), who will utilize the DCT and the association with Lowell Observatory to develop educational programming about astronomy and technology. The telescope will be a substantial enhancement to the current capabilities of Lowell Observatory.
Effect of presynchronization with human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin-releasing hormone 7 days before resynchronization of ovulation on fertility in lactating dairy cows

Our objectives were to (1) compare the effect on pregnancies per artificial insemination (P/AI) of presynchronization of the estrous cycle with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 7d before resynchronization of ovulation (Resynch) initiated 25 d after timed artificial insemination (TAI) and compare the presynchronization treatment with the Double-Ovsynch (DO) protocol, and (2) evaluate whether hCG for presynchronization could be replaced with GnRH. In experiment 1, lactating Holstein cows were blocked by parity and were randomly assigned to receive (1) Resynch-25 (D25), the Resynch protocol (GnRH-7 d-PGF(2 α)-56 h-GnRH-16 h-TAI) initiated 25 d after TAI (n=418); (2) HGPG, presynchronization with hCG (2,000 IU of Chorulon) 7d before D25 (n=450); and (3) DO (Pre-Resynch, GnRH-7 d-PGF(2 α)-72 h-GnRH; Breeding-Resynch, GnRH-7 d-PGF(2 α)-56 h-GnRH-16 h-TAI) initiated 22d after TAI (n=405). At 29 d after TAI, cows in the HGPG (37.3%) and DO (35.8%) groups had more P/AI than did cows in the D25 group (28.0%), and cows in the HGPG and DO groups continued to have more P/AI than did cows in the D25 group at 53 d after TAI. Presynchronization with hCG induced ovulation in 76% of the cows, which increased the percentage of HGPG cows with a corpus luteum at the initiation of Resynch compared with cows in the D25 group. In experiment 2, the D25 (n=368) and HGPG (n=338) treatments described in experiment 1 were compared in addition to a third treatment (GGPG; n=351), in which the hCG injection 18 d after TAI was replaced with a GnRH injection (200 µg of gonadorelin). At 32 d after TAI, cows in the HGPG group had more P/AI than did cows in the D25 group (33.7 vs. 25.5%), whereas cows in the GGPG group had intermediate P/AI (31.6%). At 53 d after TAI, P/AI tended to be greater for cows in the HGPG group than for those in the D25 group, whereas P/AI for cows in the GGPG group did not differ from that for cows in the D25 group. Treatment with hCG and GnRH 18d after TAI induced ovulation in 58.8 and 48.2% of cows, respectively, but did not increase the percentage of cows with a corpus luteum at the initiation of Resynch. More cows in the HGPG and GGPG groups had their estrous cycles synchronized after the resynchronization protocols compared with cows in the D25 group. We conclude that presynchronization with hCG increased fertility by increasing synchronization to the Resynch protocol, whereas presynchronization with GnRH improved synchronization to the Resynch protocol but did not improve fertility when compared with no presynchronization or presynchronization with hCG.
Transition to hot quark matter in relativistic heavy-ion collision

Abstract The nuclear matter-quark matter phase transition density is calculated as a function of temperature. The result suggests a transition to quark matter in heavy-ion collision at laboratory kinetic energies of a few GeV per nucleon. The transition may be inferred by observing a limiting temperature for the hadrons produced by the collision.
Virtual bronchoscopic assessment of major airway obstructions

We demonstrate the added utility of virtual-bronchoscopic techniques for assessing major airway obstructions. Shaded- surface displays of the major airways are combined with tube- geometry analysis of the airway lumen to assist in the study of 57 subjects. In tandem with this study we also propose a method for automatically finding the centerlines (central axes) of the major airways. The method runs quickly on a typical anisotropically sampled 16-bit high-resolution CT image and has potential for providing useful guidance information for virtual bronchoscopy.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fracture toughness and yield strength of annealed NiFe base metallic glasses

Fracture toughness KC, fracture strength σf, crack propagation rate dc/dn, electrical resistivity R, microstructure, and enthalpy of anneal ΔH of a commercial NiFe base metallic glass (Metglas 2826) were studied as a function of annealing temperature. For T ≳ 130 °C, KC declined faster than the fracture strength (KC (250 °C) = 43% KC(RT); σf (250 °C) = 85% σf(RT)). R decreased by ∼0.4% for anneals ≳150 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed irreversible exothermic activity above 130 °C (ΔH between 130° and 370 °C ≈ 4 cal/g) and significant differences between edge and center sections of the ribbon. Electron microscopy of specimens annealed prior to thinning showed no signs of crystallization even when subsequently heated in situ (EM hotstage) to ∼350 °C. However, electron microscopy of specimens thinned prior to anneal showed formation of small crystallites (d 150 °C; i.e., well below the glass transition temperature (300 °C). In either case the bulk crystallized at ∼400 °C in somewhat larger (<200 A) units. The enthalpy of crystallization of 17.2 cal/g could be accounted for by a model which considers the annealing of 1014 dislocations with core energies Gb2/4π. Crack propagation rates of unannealed specimens were not uniquely related to ΔK. Slopes between ∼0 and 4 were observed in ln dc/dnversus ln ΔK plots, depending on crack length and load.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix to be causative in a nonstationary Markov chain

Abstract Given a sequence of transition matrices for a nonstationary Markov chain, a matrix whose product on the right of a transition matrix yields the next transition matrix is called a causative matrix. A causative matrix is strongly causative if successive products continue to yield stochastic matrices. This paper presents necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix to be causative and strongly causative with respect to an invertible transition matrix, by considering the causative matrix as a linear transformation on the rows of the transition matrix.
Anomalous Capillary Wetting Dynamics of Blood Suspensions

When blood suspension penetrates a capillary radius by wetting, the advancing meniscus decelerates rapidly when the blood cell volume fraction is above a certain critical concentration. Below the critical concentration, blood suspension behaves like a homogeneous liquid and the wetted length increases as the 0.5 power of time. We attribute the former deceleration dynamics to a unique packing mechanism behind the meniscus that is driven by radial migration of the deformable blood cells. Unlike rigid particle suspensions, a concentrated slug develops behind the meniscus of blood suspension and its concentration increases linearly with respect to the meniscus position downstream due to this packing mechanism. As the suspension viscosity blow up with a −2 power with respect to blood concentration φ at maximum packing, viscous dissipation at the slug quickly controls the meniscus speed if the slug length is comparable to the total wetted length, thus significantly delaying the meniscus penetration dynamics. The critical concentration is measured empirically and shown to be a linear function of the capillary radius R with a simple scaling theory. For 40% whole blood, penetration rate is too slow, in the order of μm /s at 2cm from the entrance, to be widely used in sample loading for miniature diagnostic kits with diameter less than 26 micron.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Existence of Large Solutions to Sublinear Elliptic Systems

Abstract We prove that the elliptic system Δ u = p ( | x | ) v α , Δ v = q ( | x | ) u β on R n ( n ⩾ 3 ) where 0 α ⩽ 1 , 0 β ⩽ 1 , and p and q are nonnegative continuous functions has a nonnegative entire radial solution satisfying lim | x | → ∞ u ( x ) = lim | x | → ∞ v ( x ) = ∞ if and only if the functions p and q satisfy ∫ 0 ∞ t p ( t ) ( t 2 − n ∫ 0 t s n − 3 Q ( s ) d s ) α d t = ∞ , ∫ 0 ∞ t q ( t ) ( t 2 − n ∫ 0 t s n − 3 P ( s ) d s ) β d t = ∞ with P ( r ) = ∫ 0 r τ p ( τ ) d τ and Q ( r ) = ∫ 0 r τ q ( τ ) d τ . This extends previous existence results for both the single equation and systems.
The Stiffness of a Biomembrane Force Probe Vesicle

The biomembrane force probe is an experimental apparatus that has been developed to measure the response of a single molecular bond to applied force. A key element in the probe is a small vesicle that is held and manipulated by means of a pipette tip. The interest in this element is due to the fact that it is positioned in series with the bond being interrogated. As a result, the interpretation of data hinges on a knowledge of the mechanical properties, principally the load versus deflection behavior, of the vesicle. Under the assumptions that the vesicle has fixed membrane surface area and fixed internal volume, its load—deflection behavior is considered here. The analysis is exact but the final result does not appear in closed form1 consequently, it must be evaluated by numerical means. For a given geometry, the initial stiffness is found to scale with the pipette pressure and pipette channel radius.
Rapid skeletal turnover and hypercalcemia associated with markedly elevated interleukin-6 levels in a young black man

A 24-year-old black man presented with diffuse musculoskeletal pain and shotty lymphadenopathy. Laboratory studies revealed hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, very high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, diffuse but intense uptake of radionuclide on a bone scan, urinary N-telopeptide excretion 30 times the upper limit of normal, and serum interleukin-6 100 times the upper limit of normal. An extensive workup for etiologies of the disorder was negative. A bone biopsy revealed intense osteoclastic resorption coupled with rapid bone formation and/or remodeling. This case appears to represent a new entity. Treatment with bisphosphonates produced symptomatic and biochemical improvement.
A survey of methods for placing shunt capacitor banks in power network with harmonic distortion

The optimal shunt capacitor bank placement problem determines the optimal number, location, sizing, control type and setting of capacitor banks in order to maximize the benefits against the cost, energy loss, and voltage distortion. Many factors need to be taken into consideration, which makes the problem complex. This paper reviews and compares three major category of existing methods: analytical methods, optimization methods, and computational intelligent methods. Based on this survey, some recommended future work are proposed.
THE CHRONOLOGY OF MONKS MOUND

Monks Mound is the largest single Native American construction in North America. The mound sits at the center of the Cahokia site, and interpretations of its construction and use are fundamental for understanding how Mississippian peoples created mounds and landscapes. In the past, researchers speculated that Monks Mound was both one of the oldest and longest-lived monuments at Cahokia. Using a Bayesian computer model that incorporates both archaeological information and radiocarbon dates, I argue the mound is younger and was built more rapidly than previously thought. The mound likely was built in two very rapid efforts spanning fewer than twenty years. This analysis shows Cahokian society could mobilize vast quantities of labor for short periods, which may have inhibited institutionalized, transgenerational sociopolitical hierarchies.
Hybrid Optical–Wireless Access Networks

Next-generation access networks are expected to provide mobility, large data bandwidth, high quality of service (QoS), and ubiquitous coverage. Hybrid optical-wireless access networks will support these complementary features through high-capacity fiber subnetworks and flexible wireless subnetworks. As wireless access technologies progress, increased demand for access bandwidth and QoS will require a rapid evolution of fiber subnetworks and a tighter integration of the two technologies. This paper presents both radio-over-fiber transport technologies and novel architectures and technologies for hybrid optical-wireless networking. Basic optical systems for radio signals' transport use intensity modulation and direct detection. Advanced transport systems may utilize amplified links, coherent links, subcarrier transport, and digitized transport. They can be used to support powerful access solutions. On the networking side, diverse alternatives for hybrid access architectures are presented. Two wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based architectures, MARIN and GROWNet, are analyzed in detail. Both architectures dynamically support next-generation wireless access network traffic employing reconfigurable WDM technologies. MARIN is more technologically conservative and so is more suitable for near-future implementation. GROWNet is more technologically aggressive and is substantially more flexible and more powerful. Using hybrid network simulations, we demonstrate these architectures' capabilities to dynamically balance wireless traffic and to coordinate wireless transmission. We also review other research efforts in this field including ACCORDANCE, FiWi, FUTON, and WOBAN. Remaining challenges and research topics are also discussed to motivate further investigations into optical-wireless access networks.
Loss-of-Function Mutations in Growth Differentiation Factor-1 (GDF1) Are Associated with Congenital Heart Defects in Humans

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most common birth defects in humans (incidence 8–10 per 1,000 live births). Although their etiology is often poorly understood, most are considered to arise from multifactorial influences, including environmental and genetic components, as well as from less common syndromic forms. We hypothesized that disturbances in left-right patterning could contribute to the pathogenesis of selected cardiac defects by interfering with the extrinsic cues leading to the proper looping and vessel remodeling of the normally asymmetrically developed heart and vessels. Here, we show that heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the human GDF1 gene contribute to cardiac defects ranging from tetralogy of Fallot to transposition of the great arteries and that decreased TGF-β signaling provides a framework for understanding their pathogenesis. These findings implicate perturbations of the TGF-β signaling pathway in the causation of a major subclass of human CHDs.
Patterns of protein synthesis following heat shock in pupae of Drosophila melanogaster

Pupae of Drosophila melanogaster were heat-shocked under conditions required to induce phenocopies in more than 90% of the flies that subsequently emerge. The effects of these treatments on protein synthesis in two tissues (thoracic epithelium and brain) were followed for several hours after the heat treatments. Results from pulse-labeling and protein separations on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels showed a virtually complete cessation of protein synthesis immediately after the shock, followed by a noncoordinate resumption of the starting pattern. Similar experiments following double heat shocks demonstrated a more rapid resumption of synthesis of heat shock proteins after two successive heat treatments than after a single one.
A multiply nested, movable mesh, fully compressible, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model – TCM4: Model description and development of asymmetries without explicit asymmetric forcing

A newly developed, multiply nested, movable mesh, fully compressible, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model – TCM4 is documented and used to investigate how the asymmetric structure develops in an initially axisymmetric tropical cyclone without any explicit asymmetric forcing. For this purpose, the model is configured on an f-plane and initialized with an axisymmetric cyclonic vortex in a quiescent environment with a constant sea surface temperature of 29 °C. To isolate the effect of moist processes, a dry experiment with model physics turned off and a full physics experiment with full model physics included are performed.
Detection of Parasitized Rice Weevils in Wheat Kernels with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy1☆

Individual kernels of wheat containing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), parasitized by Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) could be separated from uninfested kernels and kernels that contained unparasitized weevils by using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Wheat kernels from cultures of the parasitoid were X-rayed and sorted into uninfested kernels, kernels infested with weevil larvae or pupae, kernels containing parasitoid larvae feeding on host weevils, and kernels containing parasitoid pupae and remains of the host. Kernels were automatically positioned and scanned (400‐1700 nm) with the NIR system. Kernels containing parasitoid pupae were completely differentiated from kernels containing weevil pupae as well as all other kernels in this automated system. With the appropriate integration of NIR spectroscopy and seed-sorting instrumentation, kernels containing parasitoid pupae could be automatically collected from cultures of A. calandrae during the mass rearing of this beneficial insect.
Predation–Reproduction Conflict Resolution in the Hermit Crab, Clibanarius vittatus

Activities associated with courtship are often in conflict with avoiding elevated predation risk. In polygamous species with temporally restricted mating seasons, males should be less responsive to interruption of courtship by detection of elevated predation risk compared to females. We tested this prediction with the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus. Courting males continued to execute pre-copulatory behavior patterns when exposed to predator odors. However, in the presence of predator odors, fewer pairs were established. Exposing previously paired males and females to predator cues showed that males were unaffected in their motivation to form pairs, whereas females were no longer attractive to males following exposure to predator cues.
Herbal Remedies: Drug-Herb Interactions

Controlled clinical studies are needed to clarify and determine the clinical importance of drug-herb interactions. However, it is unlikely that this information will be forthcoming except as anecdotal reports. Patients taking drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (cyclosporine, digoxin, hypoglycemic agents, lithium, phenytoin, procainamide, theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, and warfarin) should be discouraged from using herbal products. All drugs with a narrow therapeutic index may either have increased adverse effects or be less effective when used in conjunction with herbal products. More research is required to define the interactions. When adverse reactions are experienced with drug therapy, patients must always be queried as to their intake of herbal products: what they are taking in pills and tincture form, what they are drinking as teas, and what they are eating from their garden.
Techniques for efficiently implementing totally self-checking checkers in MOS te

Abstract This paper presents some new techniques for reducing the transistor count oof MOS implementations of totally self-checking (TSC) checkers. The techniques are (1) transfer of fanouts, (2) removal of inverters and (3) use of multi-level realizations of functions. These techniques also increase the speed of the circuit and may reduce the number of required tests. Their effectiveness has been demonstrated by applying them to m -out-of- n and Berger code checkers. Impressive reductions of up to 90% in the transistor count in some cases have been obtained for the MOS implementation of these checkers. This directly translates into saving of chip area.
Evolutionary Guidance and the Engineering of Enzymes

Evolutionary guidance is discussed as a strategy for simplifying the problems associated with the use of recombinant DNA techniques to study structure-function relationships in proteins. Evidence is given that suggests that natural selection “fine tunes” the behavior of proteins. Also progress on the synthesis, cloning, and expression of a gene for pancreatic ribonuclease, designed to permit rapid modification, is reported.
Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal arsC gene sequences suggests an ancient, common origin for arsenate reductase

The ars gene system provides arsenic resistance for a variety of microorganisms and can be chromosomal or plasmid-borne. The arsC gene, which codes for an arsenate reductase is essential for arsenate resistance and transforms arsenate into arsenite, which is extruded from the cell. A survey of GenBank shows that arsC appears to be phylogenetically widespread both in organisms with known arsenic resistance and those organisms that have been sequenced as part of whole genome projects. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned arsC sequences shows broad similarities to the established 16S rRNA phylogeny, with separation of bacterial, archaeal, and subsequently eukaryotic arsC genes. However, inconsistencies between arsC and 16S rRNA are apparent for some taxa. Cyanobacteria and some of the γ-Proteobacteria appear to possess arsC genes that are similar to those of Low GC Gram-positive Bacteria, and other isolated taxa possess arsC genes that would not be expected based on known evolutionary relationships. There is no clear separation of plasmid-borne and chromosomal arsC genes, although a number of the Enterobacteriales (γ-Proteobacteria) possess similar plasmid-encoded arsC sequences. The overall phylogeny of the arsenate reductases suggests a single, early origin of the arsC gene and subsequent sequence divergence to give the distinct arsC classes that exist today. Discrepancies between 16S rRNA and arsC phylogenies support the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of arsenate reductases, with a number of instances of HGT early in bacterial arsC evolution. Plasmid-borne arsC genes are not monophyletic suggesting multiple cases of chromosomal-plasmid exchange and subsequent HGT. Overall, arsC phylogeny is complex and is likely the result of a number of evolutionary mechanisms.
Honesty testing for personnel selection: a review and critique

Paper and pencil predictors of employee theft are described and studies of validity, reliability, and adverse impact of these tests are examined. Validity studies for 10 tests were grouped into 5 categories: comparisons with polygraph examination results, correlations with admissions of past theft, predictive studies using future job behaviors as criteria, comparisons of shrinkage rates before and after the introduction of a testing program, and comparisons of test scores of groups known to be dishonest with groups representing the general population. While positive correlations were consistently found, a variety of methodological differences between studies were identified which make the direct comparison of test validities suspect. High reliabilities are consistently reported, and test score comparisons by race and sex generally report no differences. Ethical issues in honesty test usage are considered and future research needs are identified.
Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocyte γδ-T Cell-Derived Keratinocyte Growth Factor Modulates Epithelial Growth in the Mouse

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) promotes intestinal epithelial growth. To understand the relevance of intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL)-derived KGF expression on epithelial growth, we used a mouse model of villus atrophy by the administration of total parenteral nutrition, and a model of villus hypertrophy by the creation of a short bowel syndrome. KGF expression was confined to -CR IELs. IEL-derived KGF expression was highest in the crypts, somewhat less in the lower portion of villi, and markedly lower in the upper portion of villi. Total parenteral nutrition administration was associated with a down-regulation of IEL-derived KGF expression, and short bowel syndrome was associated with an up-regulation of IEL-derived KGF expression. In the absence of -CR IEL, using / mice, intestinal epithelial cell proliferation decreased in control, and in both mucosal atrophy (22% decline) and mucosal hypertrophy (14%) models. These results show that KGF from IELs is an important factor for maintenance of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and villus growth. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 4151‐ 4158. I ntestinal epithelial cell (EC) 3 growth is extremely rapid with new growth within 3– 4 days. A number of growth factors support the intestinal epithelium including epidermal growth factor (1), insulin-like growth factor-1 (2), glucagon-like growth factor-2 (3), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) (4). KGF is a known mitogenic growth factor, and has been shown to stimulate proliferation of a variety of EC lines (5). KGF is strongly expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and embryonic organs. Because KGF receptors have been detected in high numbers in the gastrointestinal tract, it is believed that KGF has a critical role in intestinal epithelial growth and maintenance (6, 7). KGF administration can have a number of beneficial effects. Administration of exogenous KGF can prevent mucositis during the administration of chemotherapy and radiation to the intestine (8), and ameliorates mucosal injury in an experimental model of colitis in rats (9). A recent study from Byrne et al. (10) found that administration of recombinant human KGF (rHuKGF) can improve survival, body weight loss, diarrhea, hematochezia, and histopathology in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model. More recently, Fernandez-Estivariz et al. (11) found that KGF administration can enhance trefoil factor 2 expression in the proximal small bowel, as well as result in an increase in goblet cell
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

This article provides an overview of giant cell tumor, including the typical clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings, as well as some unusual features, such as multifocality and metastases. The article addresses recent advances in the molecular biology of giant cell tumor, particularly receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)-ligand signaling, in addition to novel anti-RANK-ligand therapy, the use of which seems promising for unresectable and metastatic tumors.
Enhancement of adsorption inside of single-walled nanotubes: opening the entry ports

Opening the ends of the single-walled carbon nanotube by thermal activation increases both the kinetic rate and the saturation capacity of the nanotubes for Xe adsorption at 95 K. Infrared studies show the existence of carboxylic acid and quinone groups on the nanotube surface prior to heating above 623 K. These groups decompose during heat treatment of nanotube sample from 623 to 1073 K producing CO, CO2, CH4 and H2. The removal of a large number of these groups opens the entry ports for adsorption on the inner surface of the nanotube and leads to dramatically enhanced Xe adsorption.
A bandwidth allocation technique for high speed networks

Fair allocation of bandwidth and buffer for traffic control in a high-speed packet network with diverse sources is a critical problem and may involve call admission, flow control, and routing procedures. A resource allocation strategy for call admission and connection at the traffic burst level for high-speed packet networks is presented. The proposed strategy uses a lookup table for allocating the required bandwidth for an arrival call, and measures the actual cell use over the trunk groups to decide subsequent call admission or denial. It results in efficient use of the bandwidth, assuring the desired service quality for connection-oriented services and results in proactive control of network congestion. A model to evaluate an upper bound for the probability of cell loss and to determine the required bandwidth for a desired cell loss rate is developed. >