cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of permanently uncharged dopamine analogs with the D-2 dopaminergic receptor

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of dopamine in which the side chain nitrogen has been replaced by a permanently uncharged monomethylsulfide, monomethylselenide or sulfoxide group are capable of binding to the striatal D-2 dopamine receptor and acting as agonists at this receptor. All the permanently uncharged dopamine analogs were found to bind to the D-2 dopamine receptor as evidenced by their abilities to inhibit significantly [ 3 H]spiperone binding to striatal homogenates. However, the inhibition of [ 3 H]spiperone binding by the uncharged dopamine analogs was incomplete and was almost abolished by the addition of NaCl (125 mM) to the incubation medium or by the addition of dopamine or quinpirole at a concentration that saturates the high-affinity state of the D-2 dopamine receptor. These effects of NaCl, dopamine and quinpirole suggest that the uncharged dopamine analogs bind primarily to the high-affinity state of the D-2 dopamine receptor. Whether the uncharged monomethylsulfide and sulfoxide analogs could function as dopamine agonists at the striatal D-2 dopamine receptor was assessed by determining the abilities of these compounds to inhibit the K + -evoked release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine from striatal slices. Both the monomethylsulfide and sulfoxide analogs inhibited the K + evoked release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine, but this inhibitory effect does not appear to be due to the activation of the D-2 dopamine receptor since it was not reversed by the selective D-2 dopamine antagonist, sulpiride. Additionally, the uncharged monomethylsulfide and sulfoxide dopamine analogs were found to antagonize the ability of apomorphine to inhibit the K + evoked release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine, but this antagonistic effect does not appear to be due to the reversible blockade of the D-2 dopamine receptor since it was not reduced by increasing the concentration of apomorphine. Therefore, while the permanently uncharged analogs of dopamine appear to bind to the high-affinity state of the D-2 dopamine receptor, they are not dopamine agonists or antagonists at the striatal D-2 dopamine receptor involved in regulating the release of acetylcholine. These results suggest that a positive charge may be a requirement for the activation of the striatal D-2 dopamine receptor.
Bemerkungen zur Relativitätstheorie und zu den Quanten

Die theoretischen und experimentellen Grundlagen von Gravitations- und Quantenphysik, die Beziehung beider Theorien und die Bedeutung wesentlicher Begriffe, wie Observable, werden diskutiert. Remarks on Relativity and on Quantum Theory The theoretical and experimental foundations of gravitation and quantum physics are discussed as well as the relation of these two theories and the role of basic notions like observables.
Sodium Fluxes in the Erythrocytes of Swine, Ox, and Dog

Sodium fluxes were measured in erythrocytes from three species of mammals. Unidirectional fluxes were slowest in swine RBCs (low sodium cells), fastest in dog RBCs (high sodium cells), and between these extremes in ox cells (intermediate level of internal sodium). In addition, efflux and influx in swine cells both correlated positively with intracellular sodium concentration between 12 to 4 µeq/ml. Tracer effluxes in swine and beef cells were separated into three components: active transport, diffusion, and exchange diffusion. The last two also contributed to influx. Transport was greater in swine cells than in beef, while the leak was similar in both. Pump to leak ratios were about 21 for swine and 3 for beef, a difference that probably accounts for the higher cell sodium in the latter. Exchange diffusion was faster in beef cells than in swine resulting in a larger tracer movement in beef. The exchange mechanism was temperature-sensitive, but was not inhibited by strophanthin. The unidirectional fluxes in canine cells were inhibited by low temperature, but they were sensibly unaffected by strophanthin. When placed in magnesium Ringer's solution (inhibits exchange diffusion in beef and swine cells) dog RBCs lost more than half of their internal sodium at a rate approximating the isotope flux in plasma or normal Ringer's solution. It was, however, not possible to separate the total tracer movement into pump, leak, and exchange.
2. Características clínicas y manejo de 68 pacientes con astrocitomas de alto grado

Objetivo Analizar las caracteristicas clinicas el manejo y la sobrevida en pacientes con gliomas de alto grado y compararlas con la literatura. Pacientes y Metodo Se analizaron 68 pacientes operados entre los anos 1989–1999 en el Servicio de Neurocirugia del Hospital Carlos Van Buren. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo de las variables clinicas, imagenologicas, quirurgicas y evolutivas de los pacientes con diagnostico anatomopatologico de astrocitomas de grado 111 y IV. Resultados Cuarenta y siete pacientes tuvieron biopsia (+) para glioblastoma multiforme y 21 para astrocitoma anaplasico. Todos los pacientes fueron operados con grados de reseccion que fueron variables con 13 extirpaciones totales, 26 subtotales, 10 parciales y 18 con solo toma de biopsia. Cuarenta y nueve pacientes fueron irradiados en el postoperatorio. La sobrevida promedio fue de 7 meses. Conclusiones Los gliomas de alto grado presentan una altisima mortalidad. Los resultados de nuestra serie son comparables con los publicados en la literatura.
Chaotic rotation of Hyperion

Thomas et al. (1984) analyzed 14 Voyager 2 images of Saturn's satellite Hyperion and interpreted them to be consistent with a coherent (nonchaotic) rotation period of 13.1 days. This interpretation was criticized by Peale and Wisdom (1984), who argued that the low sampling frequency of Voyager data does not allow chaotic or nonchaotic rotation to be distinguished. New observations obtained with a higher sampling frequency are reported here which conclusively show that the 13.1 day period found by Thomas et al. was not due to coherent rotation.
Calorimetric evidence for the occurrence of a first-order transition in the mixed state of untwinned YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Using high-resolution differential thermal analysis (DTA) we have demonstrated directly, for the first time in a thermal experiment, that the vortex lattice of untwinned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ in the mixed state (for magnetic fields H parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of the crystal) undergoes a first-order phase transition. The phase-transition line H m ( T ) in the magnetic phase diagram coincides with the vortex-lattice melting line that had been deduced previously from resistivity and magnetization measurements. The value obtained for the latent heat, L ≈ 0.5 k B T per vortex per superconducting layer for H c , is consistent with that inferred from magnetization data using the Clapeyron equation, thus proving thermodynamic consistency. The specific heat of the vortex fluid is larger than that of the vortex solid. This specific-heat difference, ΔC / T , and the latent heat L , are independent of both the speed and the direction (up or down in T or H ) of the traversal of the phase boundary H m ( T ), proving that the transition does not have the characteristics of a glass-like melting transition.
A long-step primal–dual algorithm for the symmetric programming problem

Abstract Based on the techniques of Euclidean Jordan algebras, we prove complexity estimates for a long-step primal–dual interior-point algorithm for the optimization problem of the minimization of a linear function on a feasible set obtained as the intersection of an affine subspace and a symmetric cone. This result provides a meaningful illustration of a power of the technique of Euclidean Jordan algebras applied to problems under consideration.
Total Cross Section Parameterizations for Pion Production in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions

Total cross section parameterizations for neutral and charged pion production in nucleon-nuelcon collisions are compared to an extensive set of experimental data over the projectile momentum range from threshold to 300 GeV. Both proton-proton and proton-neutron reactions are considered. Good agreement between parameterizations and experiment is found, and therefore the parameterizations will be useful for applications, such as transport codes.
CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT VALIDITY OF THE BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY FOR PATIENTS WITH PANIC DISORDER AND AGORAPHOBIA

Psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck and Steer, 1990) were investigated in a sample of 82 patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia. Before and after brief treatment, patients completed a battery of questionnaires and, for 2-week periods, kept a daily panic diary in which they recorded panic attacks, fear of panic, and average anxiety. The BAI demonstrated excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability over a 5-week interval. A partial multitrait, multimethod correlation matrix provided evidence of convergent validity with other measures of anxiety and of divergent validity vis a vis measures of depression. Factor analyses of pretest scores and residual gain scores used to address criticism that the BAI is excessively panic-centric yielded mixed results. In one analysis, the BAI was loaded with multimethod measures of panic and anxiety and, in the other, with questionnaire methods of assessing anxiety and depression. However, the BAI was clearly distinguished from measures of fear of fear, a central construct in panic disorder, and agoraphobic avoidance. Finally, the BAI proved sensitive to change with treatment, yielding effect sizes for improvement comparable to those of other anxiety measures.
Origin of two types of excitons in CdSe dots on ZnSe

Recent micro-PL and time-resolved PL data performed on CdSe dots embedded in ZnSe show compelling evidence that the PL emission results from two different kinds of states. We propose a model explaining the origin of these different states coexisting within a single dot. The main concept of the model is that, while the ground state of the heavy hole is confined to strain-induced potential pockets at the bottom of the island, the electrons and the first excited state in the valence band are distributed within the entire island. That difference in the degree of localization between the two heavy-hole band states is responsible for the different properties of PL transitions observed in our experiments.
Evaluating the ability of global positioning system receivers to measure a real-world operating mode for emissions research

This paper evaluates the ability of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to determine accurately the second-by-second operating mode of a vehicle in the real-world transportation network. GPS offers the ability to obtain second-by-second velocity directly and to obtain acceleration data indirectly from a vehicle traveling in the real-world traffic network. Although GPS has been used successfully in travel behavior and route choice surveys, the uncertainty in accuracy of velocity and acceleration data obtained from the GPS warrants further investigation to gain a better understanding of the range and spatial distribution of vehicle emissions. In this study, data from two GPS receivers and a ScanTool were collected over five repetitions of a 65-mi route. The results indicate that GPS receivers perform as well as the ScanTool when measuring velocity. Furthermore, the GPS receivers determined the 1-s operating mode of the vehicle successfully when measured against the ScanTool. These results will aid in the future development of vehicle emissions models and allow for an analysis of real-world emissions based on real-world operating mode data.
Time delays in single species growth models

A general model is considered for the growth of a single species population which describes the per unit growth rate as a general functional of past population sizes. Solutions near equilibrium are studied as functions of e = 1/b, the reciprocal of the inherent per unit growth rate b of the population in the absense of any density constraints. Roughly speaking, it is shown that for large e the equilibrium is asymptotically stable and that for e small the solutions show divergent oscillations around the equilibrium. In the latter case a first order approximation is obtained by means of singular perturbation methods. The results are illustrated by means of a numerically integrated delay-logistic model.
Use of Marine Toxicity Identification and Evaluation Methods in Determining Causes of Toxicity to Fish in a Marine Aquarium Facility

Abstract We obtained a water sample containing broken pieces of a tropical coral reef decor that was suspected of causing fish toxicity in a major aquarium. A toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) was performed using three species: a mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia; inland silverside Menidia beryllina; and an amphipod, Ampelisca abdita. Initial tests indicated that only the shrimp was sensitive to the unknown toxicant. The first phase of the TIE indicated that the toxicity to the shrimp could be eliminated by either the addition of EDTA or manipulation of the cation exchange column. Elevated concentrations of Cd were detected by inductively coupled plasma analysis, and metal toxicity was confirmed when the cation exchange column treatment successfully isolated the toxic metal. Analysis of affected fish tissue indicated Cd levels ranging from less than 0.3 ng/g in the muscle to 200 μg/g in the liver. This study demonstrates a unique application of TIE methods to diagnose toxicity problems in aquari...
Large eddy simulations of the flow field and temperature separation in the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube

Abstract A computational fluid dynamic model is used to predict the flow fields and the associated temperature separation within a Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube. The large eddy simulation (LES) technique was employed for predicting the flow and temperature fields in the vortex tube. A vortex tube with a circumferential inlet stream and an axial (cold) outlet stream and a circumferential (hot) outlet stream was considered. The temporal evolutions of the axial, radial and azimuthal components of the velocity along with the temperature, pressure and density fields within the vortex tube are simulated. Performance curves (temperature separation versus cold outlet mass fraction) were obtained for a specific vortex tube with a given inlet mass flow rate. Simulations were carried out for varying amounts of cold outlet mass flow rates. Predictions from the present large eddy simulations compare favorably with available experimental measurements.
Path dependency and contingent causation in policy adoption and land use plans: The case of Southeastern Peru

Abstract This study evaluates the importance of landholder adoption of land use incentives tied to public policies for subsequent land use plans in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon. We draw on established theoretical frameworks that highlight public policies as distant determinants and landholder characteristics as proximate determinants of land use. We focus on whether landholders who had previously adopted specific land use incentives have different land use plans. This approach affords testing for path dependencies in land use trajectories from past policy adoption that results in specific land uses, later making expansion of those land uses more likely, as opposed to contingent causation, where past policy adoption does not influence later land use plans. We present results of multivariate statistical analyses based on farm surveys with data on adoption of past policies and future land use plans. Findings confirm instances of path dependency as well as cases of contingent causation among different types of land uses.
The anisotropy of slow crack growth in polyethylene pipes

Slow crack growth was measured in the perpendicular and parallel directions relative to the extrusion direction of the pipe. For five pipes from different manufacturers, the anisotropy factor, the lifetime to fracture in the perpendicular direction divided by lifetime in the parallel direction, varied from 1.2 to 4.7 for complete fracture and 1.4 to 4.0 for crack initiation. The degree of molecular orientation was determined by measuring the shrinkage that occured when a pipe specimen was heated near its melting point. The amount of shrinkage correlated with the anisotropy factor for slow crack growth. The shape change after shrinkage was related to the flow pattern of the resin during extrusion and the cooling rate after extrusion.
Science on the Texas Petawatt Laser and Technology Development Toward an Exawatt Laser

I will review recent experiments on the 150 fs, 180 J Texas Petawatt laser including cluster fusion, wakefield acceleration and proton-heated, warm dense matter experiments. I will also discuss recent technology work toward an exawatt laser.
Developing strategies to enhance loading efficiency of erythrosensors

For diabetics, continuous glucose monitoring and the resulting tighter control of glucose levels ameliorate serious complications from hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Diabetics measure their blood glucose levels multiple times a day by finger pricks, or use implantable monitoring devices. Still, glucose and other analytes in the blood fluctuate throughout the day and the current monitoring methods are invasive, immunogenic, and/or present biodegradation problems. Using carrier erythrocytes loaded with a fluorescent sensor, we seek to develop a biodegradable, efficient, and potentially cost effective method to continuously sense blood analytes. We aim to reintroduce sensor-loaded erythrocytes to the bloodstream and conserve the erythrocytes lifetime of 120 days in the circulatory system. Here, we compare the efficiency of two loading techniques: hypotonic dilution and electroporation. Hypotonic dilution employs hypotonic buffer to create transient pores in the erythrocyte membrane, allowing dye entrance and a hypertonic buffer to restore tonicity. Electroporation relies on controlled electrical pulses that results in reversible pores formation to allow cargo entrance, follow by incubation at 37°C to reseal. As part of the cellular characterization of loaded erythrocytes, we focus on cell size, shape, and hemoglobin content. Cell recovery, loading efficiency and cargo release measurements render optimal loading conditions. The detected fluorescent signal from sensor-loaded erythrocytes can be translated into a direct measurement of analyte levels in the blood stream. The development of a suitable protocol to engineer carrier erythrocytes has profound and lasting implications in the erythrosensor’s lifespan and sensing capabilities.
Recent developments in constrained optimization

Constrained optimization problems occur in many applications of science, engineering, social science and medicine, and hence it is useful for practitioners in these areas to be informed about numerical methods for solving such problems. However, improvements in optimization typically do not spread quickly to the non-specialist literature. This paper contains a brief summary of two recent developments in the solution of nonlinearly constrained problems: direct use of the Lagrangian function, and linearization of nonlinear constraints. In order to highlight the new approaches, we also discuss techniques used in older methods. To illustrate the capabilities of modern optimization methods, a brief description is given of the development of methods to solve large nonlinearly constrained problems that arise in the electrical power industry. The general nonlinear programming problem may be stated in the following form:
Optical Properties and Band Structure of Wurtzite-Type Crystals and Rutile

The fundamental reflectivity of several optically anisotropic materials (hexagonal ZnS, CdS, CdSe, and rutile) has been measured at room temperature with linearly polarized light of wavelength longer than 1100 \AA{}. Measurements were performed with the electric vector parallel and perpendicular to the $c$ axis of the crystal. From these reflection measurements, extended with unpolarized light to the region between 1100 and 550 \AA{}, the optical constants have been determined by means of the Kramers-Kronig technique. The structure in the optical data of the wurtzite materials is interpreted in terms of the electronic band structure as due to direct allowed interband transitions. The interpretation is based on the existing knowledge about the related zincblende and diamond-type materials and the fact that the band structure of wurtzite along the $c$ axis can be derived from that along the [111] axis of zincblende by applying a small hexagonal crystal field as a perturbation. The optical data on rutile reflect the ionic character of the material.
Instrumentation for simultaneous magnetic resonance and optical tomographic imaging of the rodent brain

We present an instrument for simultaneous imaging of the rodent brain with frequency-domain optical tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The instrument uses a custom-built fiber optic probe that allows for measurements in backreflectance geometry. The probe consists of 13 source and 26 detector fibers and is small enough to fit inside of a microMRI RF coil with an inner diameter of 38mm. Illumination by the source fibers is time demultiplexed by an optical fiber switch. A gain-modulated image intensifier CCD camera focuses onto the endpoints of large-core gradedindex detector fibers and collects the frequency-domain data. Imaging can be performed with source-modulation frequencies up to 1 GHz. The instrument is capable of acquiring multi-frequency optical tomography data at 2 wavelengths, and the data can be used to generate 3D maps of hemoglobin concentrations. At the same time magnetic resonance images can be acquired with in-plane resolution smaller than 100 micron. To illustrate the performance of the instrument we show results of small animal studies that involve inhalation of 100% carbogen and chemically induced seizures.
Geometry of the perceptual space

The concept of space and geometry varies across the subjects. Following Poincare, we consider the construction of the perceptual space as a continuum equipped with a notion of magnitude. The study of the relationships of objects in the perceptual space gives rise to what we may call perceptual geometry. Computational modeling of objects and investigation of their deeper perceptual geometrical properties (beyond qualitative arguments) require a mathematical representation of the perceptual space. Within the realm of such a mathematical/computational representation, visual perception can be studied as in the well-understood logic-based geometry. This, however, does not mean that one could reduce all problems of visual perception to their geometric counterparts. Rather, visual perception as reported by a human observer, has a subjective factor that could be analytically quantified only through statistical reasoning and in the course of repetitive experiments. Thus, the desire to experimentally verify the statements in perceptual geometry leads to an additional probabilistic structure imposed on the perceptual space, whose amplitudes are measured through intervention by human observers. We propose a model for the perceptual space and the case of perception of textured surfaces as a starting point for object recognition. To rigorously present these ideas and propose computational simulations for testing the theory, we present the model of the perceptual geometry of surfaces through an amplification of theory of Riemannian foliation in differential topology, augmented by statistical learning theory. When we refer to the perceptual geometry of a human observer, the theory takes into account the Bayesian formulation of the prior state of the knowledge of the observer and Hebbian learning. We use a Parallel Distributed Connectionist paradigm for computational modeling and experimental verification of our theory.
A Simple Method To Separate Red Wine Nonpolymeric and Polymeric Phenols by Solid-Phase Extraction

Simple polyphenols and tannins differ in the way that they contribute to the organoleptic profile of wine and their effects on human health. Very few straightforward techniques to separate red wine nonpolymeric phenols from the polymeric fraction are available in the literature. In general, they are complex, time-consuming, and generate large amounts of waste. In this procedure, the separation of these compounds was achieved using C18 cartridges, three solvents with different elution strengths, and pH adjustments of the experimental matrices. Two full factorial 2(3) experimental designs were performed to find the optimal critical variables and their values, allowing for the maximization of tannin recovery and separation efficiency (SE). Nonpolymeric phenols such as phenolic acids, monomers, and oligomers of flavonol and flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were removed from the column by means of an aqueous solvent followed by ethyl acetate. The polymeric fraction was then eluted with a combination of methanol/acetone/water. The best results were attained with 1 mL of wine sample, a 10% methanol/water solution (first eluant), ethyl acetate (second eluant), and 66% acetone/water as the polymeric phenols-eluting solution (third eluant), obtaining a SE of ca. 90%. Trials with this method on fruit juices also showed high separation efficiency. Hence, this solid-phase extraction method has been shown to be a simple and efficient alternative for the separation of nonpolymeric phenolic fractions and the polymeric ones, and this method could have important applications to sample purification prior to biological testing due to the nonspecific binding of polymeric phenolics to nearly all enzymes and receptor sites.
Psychosocially enhanced treatment for cocaine-dependent mothers Evidence of efficacy

Eighty-four cocaine-dependent mothers were randomly assigned either to a case management-oriented outpatient treatment program (CM), or to a psychosocially enhanced treatment program (PET). Both programs included onsite child care and both offered daily group therapy sessions. Subjects randomized to the PET condition were offered a variety of additional onsite services designed to meet their special psychosocial needs including parenting skills class, access to a psychiatrist, individual therapy sessions, and GED class. Patients in the CM program could gain access to these services only through referrals to community resources. Program retention was significantly better for patients in the PET condition. In addition, while the mean number of days of cocaine use decreased from baseline in both groups, the PET group had significantly fewer days of cocaine use at 12-month follow-up than the CM group. These results show that providing psychosocial enhancement services onsite can improve treatment outcome for cocaine-dependent mothers.
Therapeutic Membrane Plasmapheresis

Guest Editor's Introduction: This paper was presented as a keynote address at the first congress of the Japanese Society for Therapeutic Plasmapheresis on June 20, 1981 in Tokyo. It was printed in Therapeutic Plasmapheresis I edited by Dr. T. Oda and published by FK Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, in 1981. This paper appears on Pages 3–14 of the congress proceedings. With permission, in 2000, it is reprinted in Therapeutic Apheresis as a millennium project of the International Society for Apheresis. This paper covers the historical development of membranes for therapeutic apheresis between 1959 and 1983.
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia During Winter Sports

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is hyponatremia that occurs <or= 24 hours after prolonged physical activity. It is a potentially serious complication of marathons, triathlons, and ultradistance events, and can occur in hot and cold environments. Clear evidence indicates that EAH is a dilutional hyponatremia caused by excessive fluid consumption and the inappropriate release of arginine vasopressin. Cerebral and pulmonary edema can cause serious signs and symptoms, including altered mental status, respiratory distress, seizures, coma, and death. Rapid diagnosis and urgent treatment with hypertonic saline is necessary to prevent severe complications or death. Prevention is based on educating athletes to avoid excessive drinking before, during, and after exercise.
Molectronics: a circuit design perspective

Recently, several mechanisms have been proposed as a basis for designing molecular electronic logic switching elements. Many two terminal molecular devices functioning as diodes have been synthesized with responses similar to silicon devices such as rectifying and resonant tunneling diodes. In this paper, the feasibility of integrating these molecular diodes into current circuit architectures is explored. A series of logic gates and a memory element are simulated based on the voltage-controlled current flow method using the Tour-Reed molecular diode exhibiting negative differential resistance (NDR). HSPICE simulation results are used to illustrate the performance of these devices and to quantify additional component and interconnect requirements. Finally, future system design approaches using molecular components are discussed.
A finiteness theorem for isoparametric hypersurfaces

In this note we prove that for eachn there are only finitely many diffeomorphism classes of compact isoparametric hypersurfaces ofS n+1 with four distinct principal curvatures.
Operation of a gyrotron at the fundamental and second harmonic

A formalism is developed for determining the possibility of operation of a gyrotron at both the fundamental, w = wc in a TEmpq mode and at the second harmonic, w' = 2wc, in a TEm'p'q' mode. This formalism is then applied to two physical problems. First, the conditions are derived for conversion of a gyrotron from operation at w = wc to operation at w' = 2wc. Such a conversion is shown to be most practical when the mode at w = wc is a higher order mode (m or p large) and/or the beam position is at a higher radial maximum. Several specific examples are considered. Second, the conditions are derived for oscillation of a parasitic mode at w = wc in a gyrotron designed for operation at w' = 2wc. Again, this problem is more severe for higher order modes and beams at larder radii. For a whispering gallery mode TEm'11 oscillating at w' = 2wc, if m' is odd, there is a resonant para-sitic whispering gallery mode TEmll at w = wc, with m = 0.5 (m' - 1). This would be expected to spoil the 2wc operation of all TEmy 11 modes, with m' odd.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two pathways for ATP release from host cells in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection

We previously reported that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection triggered a large release of ATP from the host cell that was correlated with and dependent on EPEC-induced killing of ...
The molecular basis of TCR germline bias for MHC is surprisingly simple.

The elusive etiology of germline bias of the T cell receptor (TCR) for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been clarified by recent 'proof-of-concept' structural results demonstrating the conservation of specific TCR-MHC interfacial contacts in complexes bearing common variable segments and MHC allotypes. We suggest that each TCR variable-region gene product engages each type of MHC through a 'menu' of structurally coded recognition motifs that have arisen through coevolution. The requirement for MHC-restricted T cell recognition during thymic selection and peripheral surveillance has necessitated the existence of such a coded recognition system. Given these findings, a reconsideration of the TCR–peptide-MHC structural database shows that not only have the answers been there all along but also they were predictable by the first principles of physical chemistry.
Constitutive activation of STAT5A and STAT5B regulates IgM secretion in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

Activation of the Janus kinase family/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of both solid and hematologic malignancies. We have detected constitutive activation of STAT5 in malignant B cells derived from patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Although short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of the STAT5A and STAT5B isoforms did not affect cellular proliferation, loss of STAT5 significantly decreased immunoglobulin M (IgM) secretion. A similar dose-dependent inhibition of IgM secretion was observed when WM cell lines were treated with a small molecule inhibitor of STAT5. These data suggest that STAT5 is involved in regulating IgM production in WM and that inhibition of STAT5 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for lowering IgM levels in WM patients.
Eradication of PVS from potato clones through excision of meristems from in vitro, heat-treated shoot tips

In vitro shoot tips from PVS-infected potato breeding clones and cultivars were exposed to a constant temperature of 34 C and 8,100 lux light. Meristems were excised from heat-treated shoot tips after 3 to 7 weeks of heat therapy. Serological tests were performed on shoot tips derived from meristems excised from heat-treated shoot tips. Additional serological tests, combined with bioassays, applied to six-week-old pot-grown cuttings derived from these shoot tips, did not detect PVS in 19 out of 21 clones given heat therapy. A 90% rate of eradication was achieved.
Involvement of Fas receptor and not tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor in ultraviolet-induced activation of acid sphingomyelinase.

Fas receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) mediate the activation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide. Ceramide acts as a second messenger in mediating cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces Fas receptor and TNFR1 aggregation. However, the roles of Fas receptor and TNFR1 in mediating UV-induced ASMase activation have not been explored. In this report, we demonstrate that Fas receptor, not TNFR1, mediated UV-induced activation of ASMase. Our data indicate that ASMase activity was not induced with UV irradiation but by TNFalpha in MCF-7 cells that expressed low levels of Fas receptor. In contrast, ASMase was activated by UV irradiation or TNFalpha treatment in Fas stably transfected MCF-7 cells. Immunofluorescence staining of TNFR1 on MCF-7 cells showed that TNFR1 was aggregated after treatment with UV irradiation or TNFalpha. However, UV-induced aggregation of TNFR1 did not lead to induction of ASMase activity. These results suggest that Fas receptor aggregation is solely responsible for UV-induced activation of ASMase. Further, with the use of BJAB and dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) stably transfected BJAB cells, we demonstrated that dominant-negative FADD partly inhibited UV-induced ASMase activation. Our results suggest that FADD is involved in UV-induced and Fas-mediated signaling pathways for activation of ASMase. Mol. Carcinog. 30:47-55, 2001.
Clinical outcome of laparoscopic antireflux surgery for patients with irritable bowel syndrome

The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is higher among subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aimed to assess the effect of IBS on the postoperative outcome of antireflux surgery. For this study, 102 patients who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication were screened preoperatively for IBS with the Rome II criteria. There were 32 patients in the IBS group and 70 patients in the non-IBS group. Most of the patients (97%) (31 of 32 IBS and 68 of 70 non-IBS patients) had both pre- and postoperative IBS evaluation. A visual analog GERD-specific scoring scale was used to evaluate GERD symptoms prospectively. In both groups, GERD symptom scores were statistically improved postoperatively. Of the 31 IBS patients 25 (80.6%) showed a reduction in their symptoms below the Rome II criteria for IBS diagnosis postoperatively. Irritable bowel syndrome does not have a negative effect on the outcome of laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surgical correction of GERD may improve the severity of irritable bowel symptoms.
The Absorption of Infrared Radiation by Small Particles

The absorption of infrared radiation by small particles of quartz, calcite and ammonium chloride has been studied. For this purpose a special radiometer was constructed, with its vanes coated with the material to be studied. Evidence is brought forth to show that the crystals, when sufficiently finely divided, do not reflect well in their regions of metallic reflection. This offers a simple method of studying the absorption spectra in these regions. In addition, a new type of selective filter employing a radiometer seems possible, with preliminary experiments in accord with expectations.
Novel concepts in electronic polymers: Polyaniline and its derivatives

Polyanilines have been known for over one hundred years. Recent studies of this chemically flexible polymer have demonstrated unusual chemical, electrical, and optical phenomena, both in insulating forms and conducting forms. The polyanilines differ substantially from earlier studied polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polydiacetylene, and other polymers in that their electronic structure is based on the overlap of alternating nitrogen atoms and C6 rings. Two classes of the emeraldine form of polyaniline are distinguished by preparation route and crystal structure. For both classes, the Pauli susceptibility indicative of metallic state is correlated with the formation of a three-dimensionally crystalline region. Charge conduction studies of oriented films and fibers demonstrate that three-dimensional order between chains is critical for high conductivities. Within the crystalline regions the conduction electrons are substantially delocalized in three-dimensions while the dc transport is dominated by quasi-one-dimensional variable range hopping in the disordered regions. This delocalized charge leads to high absorbance (loss) at microwave frequencies, important for a broad range of applications. The ability to derivatize polyaniline at ring and nitrogen positions allows one to test concepts for the control of conductivity as well as improved processing. The monomethyl derivative, poly(orthotoluidine), has nearly identical electronic structure and crystal structure, yet its conductivity is three orders of magnitude lower than that of emeraldine hydrochloride. This is attributed to increased interchain separation and decreased interchain correlation causing 1-D localization. Similar 1-D localization is observed in the self-doped sulfonated polyaniline system. Extensive photoinduced optical studies of the insulating base forms of polyaniline show the importance of ring rotation in stabilizing photoexcited positive polarons. Long-lived photoinduced absorptions are observed which are suggested to be a possible basis for erasable optical information storage technology.
Propagation of dynamic nuclear polarization across the xenon cluster boundaries: Elucidation of the spin-diffusion bottleneck

Abstract Earlier Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) experiments with frozen xenon/1-propanol/trityl mixtures have demonstrated spontaneous formation of pure xenon clusters above 120 K, enabling spectrally-resolved real-time measurements of 129Xe nuclear magnetization in the clusters and in the surrounding radical-rich matrix. A spin-diffusion bottleneck was postulated to explain the peculiar time evolution of 129Xe signals in the clusters as well as the apparent discontinuity of 129Xe polarization across the cluster boundaries. A self-contained ab initio model of nuclear spin diffusion in heterogeneous systems is developed here, incorporating the intrinsic T1 relaxation towards the temperature-dependent equilibrium polarization and the spin-diffusion coefficients based on the measured NMR line widths and the known atomic densities in each compartment. This simple model provides the physical basis for the observed spin-diffusion bottleneck and is in a good quantitative agreement with the earlier measurements. A simultaneous fit of the model to the time-dependent NMR data at two different DNP frequencies provides excellent estimates of the cluster size, the intrinsic sample temperature, and 129Xe T1 constants. The model was also applied to the NMR data acquired during relaxation towards the thermal equilibrium after the microwaves were turned off, to estimate T1 relaxation time constants inside and outside the clusters. Fitting the model to the data during and after DNP provides consistent estimates of the cluster size.
Genetic recombination between λ prophage and irradiated λ dg phage

Abstract Galactose negative cells of Escherichia coli made lysogenic for multiple mutants of phage λ have been exposed to λ dg irradiated at various doses up to about 8 phage lethal hits. The pattern of rescue of phage markers among the heterogenotic transductants indicates that recombination occurs according to the genetic map of the prophage rather than that of the vegetative phage. The proportion of transductants that are heterogenotic rather than stable depends on the extent of the dg region, especially at high doses of UV. Heterogenote formation is lower and more highly UV sensitive with λ dg mutants that have few or no known genes at the left end of the lineom. From this we conclude that the free λ dg particle probably has physical ends corresponding to the ends of the vegetative map, and that the ends become joined prior to lysogenization and marker rescue.
Space Surveillance: United States, Russia, and China

With the launch of Sputnik, the United States and Russia began the process of tracking artificial satellites. This led to developments for observations, orbit determination, and catalog maintenance. The two countries followed somewhat different approaches to the same problem based on the available hardware and theoretical developments. As more sophisticated hardware and theories have been developed, progress has been made. However, new problems have developed because of debris, collision possibilities, and reentering objects. In addition, the range of spacecraft has increased to include geosynchronous orbits. In more recent times the European Space Agency (ESA) and China have become involved in various aspects of Space Surveillance. In 1994, the first meeting between United States and Russian experts in the field of space surveillance was held. Since then, seven more US Russia Space Surveillance Workshops have been held, with the addition of participants from ESA. Terry Alfriend has been the US Technical Chairman for many of these workshops. In 2009 a US China Space Surveillance Technical Interchange was held in Shanghai, China, and Terry was the US Technical Chairman.
Kinetics of Cl-dependent K fluxes in hyposmotically swollen low K sheep erythrocytes.

A B S T R ACT A detailed kinetic study of K:CI cotransport in hyposmotically swollen low K sheep red blood cells was carried out to characterize the nature of the outwardly poised carrier. The kinetic parameters were determined from the rate of K effiux and influx under zero-K-tram conditions in red cells with cellular K altered by the nystatin method and with different extracellular K or Rb concentrations. Although apparent affinities for efflux and influx were quite similar, the maximal velocity for K efflux was approximately two times greater than for influx. Furthermore, at thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., when the ion product of K and C1 within the cell was equal to that outside) a temperature-dependent net K effiux was observed, approaching zero only when the external product reached approximately two times the internal product. The binding order of the ions to the transporter was asymmetric, being ordered outside (CI binding first, followed by K) and random inside. K efflux but not influx was trans-inhibited by KCI. Tram inhibition of K efflux was used to verify the order of binding outside: trans inhibition by external C1 occurred in the absence of external K, but not vice versa. Thus K:CI cotransport is kinetically asymmetric in hyposmotically swollen low K sheep red cells.
Neural learning of driving environment prediction for vehicle power management

Vehicle power management has been an active research area in the past decade, and has intensified recently by the emergence of hybrid electric vehicle technologies. Research has shown that driving style and environment have strong influence over fuel consumption and emissions. In order to incorporate this type of knowledge into vehicle power management, an intelligent system has to be developed to predict the current traffic conditions. This paper presents our research in neural learning for predicting the driving environment such as road types and traffic congestions. We developed a prediction model, an effective set of features to characterize different types of roadways, and a neural network trained for online prediction of roadway types and traffic congestion levels. This prediction model was then used in conjunction with a power management strategy in a conventional (non-hybrid) vehicle. The benefits of having the predicted drive cycle available are demonstrated through simulation.
Hydrogen therapy may reduce the risks related to radiation-induced oxidative stress in space flight.

summary Cosmic radiation is known to induce DNA and lipid damage associated with increased oxidative stress and remains a major concern in space travel. Hydrogen, recently discovered as a novel therapeutic medical gas in a variety of biomedical fields, has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It is expected that space mission activities will increase in coming years both in numbers and duration. It is therefore important to estimate and prevent the risks encountered by astronauts due to oxidative stress prior to developing clinical symptoms of disease. We hypothesize that hydrogen administration to the astronauts by either inhalation or drinking hydrogen-rich water may potentially yield a novel and feasible preventative/therapeutic strategy to prevent radiation-induced adverse events.
Multivariable Second Order Sliding Mode Control of Mechanical Systems

The paper proposes an approach to second order sliding mode control for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear uncertain systems. With respect to standard sliding mode control, the second order sliding mode techniques for single-input single-output (SISO) systems show the same properties of robustness and precision, feature a higher order accuracy and can be exploited to eliminate the chattering effect. The extension of these results to the MIMO nonlinear systems is a challenging matter. In the present paper, the validity is extended to a quite large class of nonlinear processes affected by uncertainties of general nature; the control design is simple; the conditions of existence on the controllers are weak. The proposed procedure, which represents a general approach to the second order sliding mode control of MIMO systems, is applied to the control of mechanical systems.
Flexible Doppler weather radar implementation

A general purpose Doppler weather radar is described. It offers a number of advantages for both forecasting and weather science applications. The system, initially developed for wind shear detection, offers high stability, high sensitivity, and many processing features and options. It can serve to enhance forecasting capabilities and provides a platform for extending weather radar research techniques. The C-band, 0.5 degrees beamwidth design, offers a platform for fine-grain investigation of weather phenomena, including weak, clear-air events. >