cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piecewise linear and Boolean models of chemical reaction networks.

Models of biochemical networks are frequently complex and high-dimensional. Reduction methods that preserve important dynamical properties are therefore essential for their study. Interactions in biochemical networks are frequently modeled using Hill functions ( $$x^n/(J^n+x^n)$$ ). Reduced ODEs and Boolean approximations of such model networks have been studied extensively when the exponent $$n$$ is large. However, while the case of small constant $$J$$ appears in practice, it is not well understood. We provide a mathematical analysis of this limit and show that a reduction to a set of piecewise linear ODEs and Boolean networks can be mathematically justified. The piecewise linear systems have closed-form solutions that closely track those of the fully nonlinear model. The simpler, Boolean network can be used to study the qualitative behavior of the original system. We justify the reduction using geometric singular perturbation theory and compact convergence, and illustrate the results in network models of a toggle switch and an oscillator.
Fractionally Charged Excitations in Charge-Density-Wave Systems with Commensurability 3

A theoretical study of topological excitations (kinks) in a one-dimensional one-third-filled Peierls system is presented. The charges associated with the kinks are found to be fractional $Q=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{3}e,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{2}{3}e$. Calculations of the spatial widths and electronic structure of different types of kinks are carried out numerically. Possible applications to tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) are mentioned.
New Method to Prepare Polycrystalline Meta-thioboric Acid, (HBS2)3

A new method to prepare polycrystalline meta-thioboric acid (c-HBS 2 ) has been developed and reported. HBS 2 was obtained as a vapor condensate by reacting H 2 S with B 2 S 3 in the vapor phase, and the optimal conditions for this reaction are reported. The X-ray and spectroscopic characterization suggest that the structure of thioboric acid is monoclinic and made up of hexagonal rings formed by trimer units, (HBS 2 ) 3 . The present preparation route is facile, faster than other wet routes of thiolysis, and the reaction requires much lower temperatures, thus avoiding contamination by reactor materials.
Optical carrier-suppressed single sideband (O-CS-SSB) Modulation using a hyperfine blocking filter based on a virtually imaged phased-array (VIPA)

Using a hyperfine blocking filter based on a virtually imaged phased-array as the spectral disperser, we present a novel scheme of optical carrier-suppressed single sideband (SSB) modulation. Our experiments demonstrate sideband suppression of /spl sim/28 dB at only a 2.9-GHz offset for single subcarrier amplitude modulated at 622 Mb/s. Furthermore, the hyperfine blocking filter can be tuned for simultaneous optical SSB and strong carrier suppression to /spl sim/30 dB lower in optical power than the unsuppressed sideband.
Perturbation theory in covariant canonical quantization

I investigate a new idea of perturbation theory in covariant canonical quantization. I present preliminary results for a toy model of a harmonic oscillator with a quartic perturbation, and show that this method reproduces the quantized spectrum of standard quantum theory. This result indicates that when the exact solutions to classical equations are not known, covariant canonical quantization via perturbation theory could be a viable approximation scheme for finding observables, and suggests a physically interesting way of extending the scope of covariant canonical quantization in quantum gravity.
The synthesis and structure of [7](3,6)pyridazinophane

Abstract [7](3,6)Pyridazinophane has been prepared in a five-step synthesis from cis,trans -1,3-cycloundecadiene and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione. Single crystal X-ray analysis showed the pyridazine ring to be boat shaped with an average bending angle of 17.45°.
Railgun conductor heating from multiple current pulses

A numerical technique for solving current- and thermal-diffusion problems in railgun conductors has been used to study joule heating in rails that are subject to multiple current pulses. Copper rails that are 25 mm high by 12.5 mm wide with a 20-mm-square bore and a current pulse with 1-MA peak current and 1-ms pulse width at half maximum were assumed. This combination of parameters is sufficient to accelerate an 80-g projectile to 2-3 km/s with each current pulse. Three parameters were varied in the analysis: the repetition rate or current pulse frequency (3.3 to 100 Hz), the coolant heat-transfer coefficient (5 × 104and 5 × 105W/m2.K), and the coolant channel distribution in the rail. Detailed results are used to illustrate the acceptability or unacceptability of particular combinations of these parameters for operation at steady state. An uncooled rail was not acceptable for steady-state operation. Repetition rates of about 30 Hz were acceptable with the higher coolant heat-transfer coefficient and the best coolant-channel distribution; this included cooling the rail exterior surface.
Cation effects in NaPO3 glasses doped with metal nitrides and oxides

Oxynitride glasses were prepared by doping a NaPO/sub 3/ melt with either AlN, Mg/sub 3/N/sub 2/, or Ca/sub 3/N/sub 2/. NaPO/sub 3/ glasses doped with Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, MgO, or CaO, so as to contain the same weight percent of each cation as in the oxynitride glasses were also prepared. The dissolution rate in water and the thermal expansion coefficient both decreased while the dilaometric softening point, glass transition temperature, and refractive index increased with increasing nitride or oxide dopant concentration. The properties of the corresponding oxide- or nitride-doped glasses were essentially equal, which indicated that the cation was primarily responsible for the change in each property.
Terahertz photomixing in low-temperature-grown GaAs

Low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs offers the combination of sub-picosecond photocarrier lifetime and high breakdown electric field (greater than 5 X 105 V/cm), and is grown in epitaxial films having excellent quality for microelectronic fabrication. A THz photoconductive mixer (photomixer) is formed on these films by patterning low- capacitance planar electrodes coupled to a coplanar antenna. The photomixer is conveniently pumped by two frequency-offset diode-laser beams focused on the exposed GaAs area between the electrodes. This paper summarizes the operational principles of the photomixer in contrast to a competing technique based on coherent three-wave photonic mixing. It then reviews different configurations of the photomixer as a laboratory tunable source for chemistry and metrology, and addresses some of the challenges in applying the photomixer as a local oscillator in portable spectroscopic and radiometric receivers.
Incompressibility of orthogonal Grassmannians of rank 2

Abstract For a nondegenerate quadratic form φ on a vector space V of dimension 2 n + 1 , let X d be the variety of d-dimensional totally isotropic subspaces of V. We give a sufficient condition for X 2 to be 2-incompressible, generalizing in a natural way the known sufficient conditions for X 1 and X n . Key ingredients in the proof include the Chernousov–Merkurjev method of motivic decomposition as well as Pragacz and Ratajskiʼs characterization of the Chow ring of ( X 2 ) E , where E is a field extension splitting φ.
Effects of dietary boron on mineral balance in sheep

Abstract Eighteen Hampshire crossbred wethers (45kg) were used in acompletely randomized experiment (20-day adjustment to basal, 11-day treatment and collection) to test the effects of supplemental boron (B) on fecal and urinary excretion, % digestion (apparent absorption), and % retention of Ca, Mg, K, and P. Supplemental B intakes of 75 (Trt 2) and 200 (Trt 3) mg/d were achieved by adding sodium borate to the corn silage-soybean meal basal ration, Trt 1 (B intake of 30 mg/d). When regressed against day, Ca digestion and retention tended to follow quadratic patterns for all treatments, decreasing until days 5 and 6 for supplemented and control groups, respectively, then increasing through the end of the trial. Significant fit to the quadratic response was observed for Ca digestion (P
Diagnostic value of surgical testicular biopsy after therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Inasmuch as several cooperative research groups currently require routine testicular biopsy in boys with acute lymphocytic leukemia before cessation of therapy, we performed bilateral open wedge biopsies in 38 boys aged 4 1/2 to 18 years, all of whom were completing 3 years of therapy, were apparently in complete remission, and had palpably normal testes. Biopsy specimens from two other patients were examined during therapy for specific clinical indications. Among the 40 patients, one biopsy revealed leukemia bilaterally; 39 patients had negative biopsy results, three of whom had overt, biopsy-proved testicular relapse 6 weeks to 17 months after normal biopsy. All four patients with testicular relapse are in complete remission six to 50 months after testicular irradiation. We conclude that random sampling during routine testicular biopsies may fail to demonstrate occult leukemia. and that the high rate of complete remissions following retrieval therapy after overt testicular relapse makes routine biopsies before cessation of therapy unnecessary.
Bounds on the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of tensor products

In this paper we show how, given a complex of graded modules and knowing some partial Castelnuovo-Mumford regularities for all the modules in the complex and for all the positive homologies, it is possible to get a bound on the regularity of the zero homology. We use this to prove that if dim Tor R 1 (M, N) ≤ 1, then reg(M⊗N) < reg(M)+reg(N), generalizing results of Chandler, Conca and Herzog, and Sidman. Finally we give a description of the regularity of a module in terms of the postulation numbers of filter regular hyperplane restrictions.
A bracket polynomial for graphs, II. Links, Euler circuits and marked graphs.

Let D be an oriented classical or virtual link diagram with directed universe ~ U. Let C denote a set of directed Euler circuits, one in each connected component of U. There is then an associated looped interlacement graph L(D, C) whose construction involves very little geometric information about the way D is drawn in the plane; consequently L(D, C) is different from other combinatorial structures associated with classical link diagrams, like the checkerboard graph, which can be difficultto extend to arbitrary virtual links. L(D, C) is determined by three things: the structure of ~ U as a 2-in, 2-out digraph, the distinction between crossings that make a positive contribution to the writhe and those that make a negative contribution, and the relationship between C and the directed circuits in ~ U arising from the link components; this relationship is indicated by marking the vertices where C does not follow the incident link component(s). We introduce a bracket polynomial for arbitrary marked graphs, defined using either a formula involving matrix nullities or a recursion involving the local complement and pivot operations; the marked-graph bracket of L(D, C) is the same as the Kauffman bracket of D. This provides a unified combinatorial description of the Jones polynomial that applies seamlessly to both classical and non-classical virtual links.
The Metabolism of Angiotensin II

1. I131-labeled angiotensin II has been employed to study the metabolism of this polypeptide. 2. Following the intravenous administration of angiotensin II-I131 to normotensive and untreated primary benign hypertensive subjects, a slower angiotensin II degradation rate and a larger final volume of distribution of angiotensin II-I131 was found in the hypertensive than in the normotensive patients. The slow rate of degradation of angiotensin II may be responsible for the increased quantity and concentration of this polypeptide in the body fluids. 3. Greater quantities of angiotensin II-I131 are degraded in vitro by sera from untreated primary benign hypertensive patients than from normotensive or secondary renal hypertensive patients. There is evidence for the presence of a serum factor or factors enhancing angiotensin II-I131 degradation and for the presence of a heat labile inhibitor.
Utility optimal scheduling and admission control for adaptive video streaming in small cell networks

We consider the jointly optimal design of a transmission scheduling and admission control policy for adaptive video streaming over small cell networks. We formulate the problem as a dynamic network utility maximization and observe that it naturally decomposes into two subproblems: admission control and transmission scheduling. The resulting algorithms are simple and suitable for distributed implementation. The admission control decisions involve each user choosing the quality of the video chunk asked for download, based on the network congestion in its neighborhood. This form of admission control is compatible with the current video streaming technology based on the DASH protocol over TCP connections. Through simulations, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm under realistic assumptions for a small-cell network.
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BICYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES RELATED TO NATURAL GRISEOLIC ACIDS

Abstract Synthesis of novel, bicyclic nucleosides related to natural griseolic acids is described. The synthetic approach involves nucleobase construction at the C-2′ position of 1,4:3,6-diandydro-D-mannitol. The carbohydrate precursor used in the synthesis, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol, can be prepared easily from D-glucitol. Bicyclic analogues of five naturally occurring nucleosides have been prepared. The single crystal X-ray structure of a representative example is presented and discussed.
Multi-element Abundance Measurements from Medium-resolution Spectra. IV. Alpha Element Distributions in Milky Way Satellite Galaxies

We derive the star formation histories of eight dwarf spheroidal (dSph) Milky Way satellite galaxies from their alpha element abundance patterns. Nearly 3000 stars from our previously published catalog comprise our data set. The average [α/Fe] ratios for all dSphs follow roughly the same path with increasing [Fe/H]. We do not observe the predicted knees in the [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, corresponding to the metallicity at which Type Ia supernovae begin to explode. Instead, we find that Type Ia supernova ejecta contribute to the abundances of all but the most metal-poor ([Fe/H] < −2.5) stars.We have also developed a chemical evolution model that tracks the star formation rate, Types II and Ia supernova explosions, and supernova feedback. Without metal enhancement in the supernova blowout, massive amounts of gas loss define the history of all dSphs except Fornax, the most luminous in our sample. All six of the best-fit model parameters correlate with dSph luminosity but not with velocity dispersion, half-light radius, or Galactocentric distance.
Econometric Mediation Analyses: Identifying the Sources of Treatment Effects from Experimentally Estimated Production Technologies with Unmeasured and Mismeasured Inputs

This paper presents an econometric mediation analysis. It considers identification of production functions and the sources of output effects (treatment effects) from experimental interventions when some inputs are mismeasured and others are entirely omitted. JEL Code: D24, C21, C43, C38.
The Evolution of Cooperation in Infinitely Repeated Games: Experimental Evidence

1 For example, in infinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma games with patient agents, both cooperate and defect may be played in equilibrium. Even though the theory of infinitely repeated games has been used to explain cooperation in a variety of environments, no definitive solution has been provided to the problem of equilibrium selection: when both cooperation and defection are possible equilibrium outcomes, which one should we expect to prevail? Previous experimental evidence has shown that subjects often fail to coordinate on a specific equilibrium when they play a small number of infinitely repeated games: some subjects attempt to establish cooperative agreements, while others defect. But how would behavior evolve as subjects learn from previous repeated games? Would cooperation prevail when it can be supported in equilibrium? Or will subjects learn
Synthesis and characterization of the homoleptic octahydrotriborate complex Cr(B3H8)2 and its Lewis base adducts.

Solvate-free sodium octahydrotriborate, NaB3H8, is prepared on a 20 gram scale from sodium amalgam and diborane in diethyl ether. This substance, which is chemically related to borohydride-based compounds being investigated as hydrogen storage materials, is also useful for the preparation of transition-metal complexes bearing B3H8 ligands. Treatment of CrCl3 with NaB3H8 affords a thermally unstable purple liquid thought to be a chromium(III) hydride of stoichiometry CrH(B3H8)2. This hydride converts rapidly at room temperature to the chromium(II) complex Cr(B3H8)2, which adopts a square-planar structure in which four hydrogen atoms form the coordination sphere of the chromium atom. This chromium(II) species forms six-coordinate Lewis base adducts Cr(B3H8)2L2, where L is Et2O, THF, or PMe3; the first two of these adopt trans geometries, whereas the latter is cis. Volatile Cr(B3H8)2 is the first homoleptic transition-metal complex of the octahydrotriborate anion, and it is an excellent single-source precurs...
Riemannian Geometry of the Contactomorphism Group

Given an odd-dimensional compact manifold and a contact form, we consider the group of contact transformations of the manifold (contactomorphisms) and the subgroup of those transformations that precisely preserve the contact form (quantomorphisms). If the manifold also has a Riemannian metric, we can consider the \(L^2\) inner product of vector fields on it, which by restriction gives an inner product on the tangent space at the identity of each of the groups that we consider. We then obtain right-invariant metrics on both the contactomorphism and quantomorphism groups. We show that the contactomorphism group has geodesics at least for short time and that the quantomorphism group is a totally geodesic subgroup of it. Furthermore we show that the geodesics in this smaller group exist globally. Our methodology is to use the right invariance to derive an “Euler–Arnold” equation from the geodesic equation and to show using ODE methods that it has solutions which depend smoothly on the initial conditions. For global existence we then derive a “quasi-Lipschitz” estimate on the stream function, which leads to a Beale–Kato–Majda criterion which is automatically satisfied for quantomorphisms. Special cases of these Euler–Arnold equations are the Camassa–Holm equation (when the manifold is one-dimensional) and the quasi-geostrophic equation in geophysics.
Overdoses in Patients on Opioids: Risks Associated with Mental Health Conditions and Their Treatment.

For more than 20 years, opioid therapy has expanded beyond cancer pain treatment to widespread use for various chronic pain conditions. While opioids have improved the quality of life for many patients disabled by chronic pain, their long-term use remains controversial for several reasons. First, the long-term efficacy of opioids is unclear. Opioids provide clinically significant relief for only a minority of patients1—many patients continue to experience severe, disabling pain despite opioid treatment. Second, opioids are associated with several problematic side effects that many patients report as intolerable. In addition, opioids may lead to adverse physiologic effects (e.g., hyperalgesia and hypogonadism) not necessarily reversed by stopping opioid therapy. Third, opioids have potential for misuse, which may occur more frequently than previously thought. Although physical dependence is an expected result of chronic opioid use, some patients develop an opioid use disorder. Fourth and most concerning, is that with the wider use of opioids, there has been a parallel increase in opioid-related overdose deaths. Between 1999 and 2009, the rate of prescription opioid overdose deaths in the U.S. rose fourfold,2 reflecting an epidemic of prescription opioid overdoses.
Orascom Telecom versus France Telecom: a case study on Egyptian Takeover Law

The Egyptian government has recently regulated takeovers due to their importance. The regulation, which adopts the European approach in takeovers, took place through secondary statutes. The new regulations, however, are flawed and inefficient. The Egyptian takeover regulations generally discourage takeovers by empowering incumbent controllers and provide weak protections for minority shareholders. The facts of the Mobinil case, the most recent takeover case in Egypt, support these findings. This study shows, however, that adopting certain amendments can enhance the Egyptian takeover regulations.
Oxygen Absorption in Cooling Flows.

The inhomogeneous cooling flow scenario predicts the existence of large quantities of gas in massive elliptical galaxies, groups, and clusters that have cooled and dropped out of the flow. Using spatially resolved, deprojected X-ray spectra from the ROSAT PSPC, we have detected strong absorption over energies ~0.4-0.8 keV intrinsic to the central ~1' of the galaxy NGC 1399, the group NGC 5044, and the cluster A1795. These systems have among the largest nearby cooling flows in their respective classes and low Galactic columns. Since no excess absorption is indicated for energies below ~0.4 keV, the most reasonable model for the absorber is warm, collisionally ionized gas with T = 105-106 K in which ionized states of oxygen provide most of the absorption. Attributing the absorption only to ionized gas reconciles the large columns of cold H and He inferred from Einstein and ASCA with the lack of such columns inferred from ROSAT and also is consistent with the negligible atomic and molecular H inferred from H I and CO observations of cooling flows. The prediction of warm ionized gas as the product of mass dropout in these and other cooling flows can be verified by Chandra and X-Ray Multimirror Mission.
A chemoenzymatic access to optically active 1,2-epoxides

Abstract Lipase-catalyzed transacylation in organic media was employed to produce optically active α-hydroxy tosylate which could be readily converted to the corresponding 1,2-epoxides with high optical purity.
The microstructure of quiet and masked thresholds

Abstract Factors leading to the microstructure of the audiogram (a constant pattern of threshold maxima and minima as a function of frequency) are shown to influence masked thresholds, changing the shape of masking functions when both constant and variable tonal maskers are used. Simultaneous masking with broadband noise gradually reduces the difference between threshold maxima and minima until no further differences can be seen when masked thresholds are above 40–50 dB SPL. Nonsimultaneous masking with broadband noise reveals a changed microstructure when thresholds are elevated above 30–40 dB SPL. Thus in both simultaneous and nonsimultaneous masking the rate of threshold growth with increasing masker level is different for tones from threshold minima than for tones from threshold maxima. These psychophysical measures are related to measures of evoked cochlear emissions and the results are discussed in terms of the implications for understanding the cochlear mechanisms responsible for the microstructure and for the interpretation of psychophysical measures with low level stimuli.
Thermal stability and mechanical behavior of ultra-fine bcc Ta and V coatings

Abstract Ultra-refined microstructures of both tantalum (Ta) and vanadium (V) are produced using electron-beam evaporation and magnetron sputtering deposition. The thermal stability of the micron-to-submicron grain size foils is examined to quantify the kinetics and activation energy of diffusion, as well as identify the temperature transition in dominant mechanism from grain boundary to lattice diffusion. The activation energies for boundary diffusion in Ta and V determined from grain growth are 0.3 and 0.2 eV atom − 1 , respectively, versus lattice diffusion values of 4.3 and 3.2 eV atom − 1 , respectively. The mechanical behavior, as characterized by strength and hardness, is found to inversely scale with square-root grain size according to the Hall–Petch relationship. The strength of Ta and V increases two-fold from 400 MPa, as the grain size decreases from 2 to 0.75 μm.
A cortical sparse distributed coding model linking mini- and macrocolumn-scale functionality.

No generic function for the minicolumn—i.e., one that would apply equally well to all cortical areas and species—has yet been proposed. I propose that the minicolumn does have a generic functionality, which only becomes clear when seen in the context of the function of the higher-level, subsuming unit, the macrocolumn. I propose that: a) a macrocolumn’s function is to store sparse distributed representations of its inputs and to be a recognizer of those inputs; and b) the generic function of the minicolumn is to enforce macrocolumnar code sparseness. The minicolumn, defined here as a physically localized pool of ~20 L2/3 pyramidals, does this by acting as a winner-take-all (WTA) competitive module, implying that macrocolumnar codes consist of ~70 active L2/3 cells, assuming ~70 minicolumns per macrocolumn. I describe an algorithm for activating these codes during both learning and retrievals, which causes more similar inputs to map to more highly intersecting codes, a property which yields ultra-fast (immediate, first-shot) storage and retrieval. The algorithm achieves this by adding an amount of randomness (noise) into the code selection process, which is inversely proportional to an input’s familiarity. I propose a possible mapping of the algorithm onto cortical circuitry, and adduce evidence for a neuromodulatory implementation of this familiarity-contingent noise mechanism. The model is distinguished from other recent columnar cortical circuit models in proposing a generic minicolumnar function in which a group of cells within the minicolumn, the L2/3 pyramidals, compete (WTA) to be part of the macrocolumnar code.
Microwave-assisted benzyl-transfer reactions of commercially available 2-benzyloxy-1-methylpyridinium triflate

Benzylation of alcohols and other substrates under thermal conditions translates smoothly from conventional heating into MW-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS). Reactions times are decreased from hours to minutes while good to excellent yields are maintained. MW heating should be considered for benzylation of high-value substrates using the title reagent.
Design and fabrication of a magnetic, thin film, integrated circuit memory

Techniques have recently been developed for using uncased integrated circuits in electronic systems. The use of uncased integrated circuits in computers will lead to the development of more reliable, more economical, and physically smaller computers than can be fabricated from discrete components or packaged integrated circuits. Before these advantages can be realized, practical techniques must be developed in the following areas:1. Memory design2. Logic design3. Chip testing4. Chip bonding5. Chip passivation
Interaction of heated filaments with a blunt cylinder in supersonic flow

A computational study is performed to examine the influence of pulsed energy deposition on a cylinder in supersonic flow. A code is written to solve the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The energy deposition is modeled as a high temperature, low density filament introduced at the inflow boundary, and the frequency of energy deposition pulses is varied. It is shown that the energy deposition reduces both the average drag and the average heat transfer to the front face of the cylinder. The effectiveness of drag reduction is shown to be inversely proportional to the energy deposition pulsation period. The efficiency of drag reduction is shown to be approximately 100. The average heat transfer to the face is reduced from the steady state, with a maximum reduction of 30%.
Brief Toxicology Observation: What Kind of Burger Did This Patient Eat?

Ninety minutes after eating a mahi-mahi sandwich at a “gourmet” hamburger restaurant, a 52-year-old man developed a diffuse erythematous non-pruritic urticarial rash, without wheal, over his trunk, face, and proximal arms and legs with scattered areas of sparing over his abdomen and back (Fig. 1). This was accompanied by one episode of watery stool but no nausea or vomiting. The rash faded after 25mg of oral diphenhydramine but returned 45 min later to its original intensity. A second oral 25 mg dose of diphenhydramine resulted in complete resolution without further recurrence. Scombroid fish poisoning occurs primarily due to the improper storage and handling of certain fish. Enteric bacteria in the fish decarboxylate histidine into histamine, ingestion of which is responsible for the symptoms. The syndrome of rash, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and headache responds well to antihistamine treatment and typically resolves within 6–8 h. Some patients may exhibit light-headedness or syncope due to systemic vasodilatation. The rash is commonly described as
Effect of corticotropin on cellularity and mitosis in the rat bone marrow, spleen and thymus.

PROLONGED administration of corticotropin or cortisone to rats decreases the bone marrow cellularity (Baker and Ingle, 1948; Thiersch et al., 1952). The reduction in lymphatic tissue mass produced by adrenocortical steroids has been attributed to lymphocytolysis and mitosis inhibition (Dougherty, 1953). The present report is concerned with a comparative study of the effects of corticotropin on the cellularity and mitosis in the rat bone marrow, spleen and thymus as determined by chemical methods. Since desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is relatively constant per somatic nucleus, the DNA phosphorus content of the tissue furnishes a quantitative estimate of its cellularity. The DNA synthesis as measured by the rate of incorporation of radiophosphorus into the DNAP, is a sensitive index of mitosis. Injections of corticotropin for 20 days resulted in a decrease in cellularity and mitosis in the three organs studied, the effects being greatest on the thymus and least on the bone marrow.
Palladium-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of potassium styryltrifluoroborates and benzoyl chlorides—a one step method for chalcone synthesis

Abstract A direct cross-coupling reaction of benzoyl chlorides and potassium styryltrifluoroborates to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aromatic ketones in the presence of PdCl 2 (d t bpf) catalyst under microwave heating is developed.
Nuclear Level Densities and Reaction Mechanisms from Inelastic Neutron Scattering

The continuous spectrum of fast neutrons scattered inelastically by each of twenty elements has been observed at an incident energy of 7.0 Mev. The elements range in mass number from 26 to 209. The eutron spectra were observed in the range of 0.5 to 4.0 ev. Similar observations were made for many of the same elements at one or more lower values of incident energy ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 Mev. Angular distributions of the continuous spectra of 5.0 Mev neutrons scattered inelastically by niobium and indium were also measured. The results of the investigation are as follows- (1) Compound-nucleus formation is the predominant reaction mechanism, but direct interaction plays a significant role. (2) The inferred variations of nuclear level density indicate that the nuclear entropy varies with the excitation energy either linearly, as the square root, or in some intermediate fashion, and there is some evidence that the character of this result depends on the shell structure of the nucleus in question. (3) The inferred values of Fermi-gas single-particle level density increase with mass number in the regions between closed shells and go through marked minima near and at closed shells. (4) There is evidence that the effect ofmore » pairing is significant at the excitation energies studied. (auth)« less
Finite-temperature magnetism in bcc Fe under compression

We investigate the contributions of finite-temperature magnetic fluctuations to the thermodynamic properties of bcc Fe as functions of pressure. First, we apply a tight-binding total-energy model parameterized to first-principles linearized augmented plane-wave computations to examine various ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, and noncollinear spin spiral states at zero temperature. The tight-binding data are fit to a generalized Heisenberg Hamiltonian to describe the magnetic energy functional based on local moments. We then use Monte Carlo simulations to compute the magnetic susceptibility, the Curie temperature, heat capacity, and magnetic free energy. Including the finite-temperature magnetism improves the agreement with experiment for the calculated thermal expansion coefficients.
A new medium for the diazotization of 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole and 2-aminobenzothiazole

Abstract To identify a useful alternative to H 3 PO 4 as a medium for diazotizing heteroaromatic amines a number of organic acids having a similar ionization constant (K 1 ) were examined. It was found that dichloroacetic acid is an effective solvent for both the diazotization of the title compounds and the synthesis of important commercial disperse dyes based on these amines. Dyes such as C.I. Disperse Red 177 and Disperse Violet 52 were readily obtained in 85–90% yield and very pure form.
Interference cancellation using radial basis function networks

Abstract In this paper we investigate radial basis function networks (RBFNs) for application in adaptive interference cancellation. We study the problem from the perspective of optimal signal estimation. Optimum interference cancellation usually requires nonlinear processing of signals. RBFNs, owing to their nonlinear function approximation capability, can be expected to be able to implement or approximate the operation of optimum interference cancellation with appropriate network configuration and training. We examine a number of different RBFN structures as well as training algorithms. In particular, we show that in some special cases the optimum interference canceler can be exactly implemented by a class of normalized RBFNs that we have recently proposed. Through a number of simulation examples, we demonstrate that the various neural networks based on radial basis functions can be very useful for interference cancellation problems in which traditional linear cancelers may fail badly. We also discuss issues related to network performance and learning algorithms, and some practical considerations.
Universally-Convergent Squared-Operator Iteration Methods for Solitary Waves in General Nonlinear Wave Equations

Three new iteration methods, namely the squared-operator method, the modified squared-operator method, and the power-conserving squared-operator method, for solitary waves in general scalar and vector nonlinear wave equations are proposed. These methods are based on iterating new differential equations whose linearization operators are squares of those for the original equations, together with acceleration techniques. The first two methods keep the propagation constants fixed, while the third method keeps the powers (or other arbitrary functionals) of the solution fixed. It is proved that all these methods are guaranteed to converge to any solitary wave (either ground state or not) as long as the initial condition is sufficiently close to the corresponding exact solution, and the time step in the iteration schemes is below a certain threshold value. Furthermore, these schemes are fast-converging, highly accurate, and easy to implement. If the solitary wave exists only at isolated propagation constant values, the corresponding squared-operator methods are developed as well. These methods are applied to various solitary wave problems of physical interest, such as higher-gap vortex solitons in the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations with periodic potentials, and isolated solitons in Ginzburg–Landau equations, and some new types of solitary wave solutions are obtained. It is also demonstrated that the modified squared-operator method delivers the best performance among the methods proposed in this article.
Structure and Feedback in 30 Doradus. I. Observations

We have completed a new optical imaging and spectrophotometric survey of a 140 × 80 pc2 region of 30 Doradus centered on R136, covering key optical diagnostic emission lines including Hα, Hβ, Hγ, [O III] λλ4363, 4959, 5007, [N II] λλ6548, 6584, [S II] λλ6717, 6731 [S III] λ6312, and in some locations [S III] λ9069. We present maps of fluxes and intensity ratios for these lines, and catalogs of isolated ionizing stars, elephant-trunk pillars, and edge-on ionization fronts. The final science-quality spectroscopic data products are available to the public. Our analysis of the new data finds that, while stellar winds and supernovae undoubtedly produce shocks and are responsible for shaping the nebula, there are no global spectral signatures to indicate that shocks are currently an important source of ionization. We conclude that the considerable region covered by our survey is well described by photoionization from the central cluster where the ionizing continuum is dominated by the most massive O stars. We show that if 30 Dor were viewed at a cosmological distance, its integrated light would be dominated by its extensive regions of lower surface brightness rather than by the bright, eye-catching arcs.
Invariant Forms of Conservation Equations and Some Examples of Their Exact Solutions

A scale-invariant model of statistical mechanics is described leading to invariant Boltzmann equation and the corresponding invariant Enskog equation of change. A modified form of Cauchy stress tensor for fluid is presented such that in the limit of vanishing intermolecular spacing all tangential forces vanish in accordance with perceptions of Cauchy and Poisson. The invariant forms of mass, thermal energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum conservation equations derived from invariant Enskog equation of change are described. Also, some exact solution of the conservation equations for the problems of normal shock, flow over a flat plate, and flow within a spherical droplet located at the stagnation point of opposed cylindrically-symmetric gaseous jets are presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
High-Resolution Tip/Tilt Near-Infrared Imaging of Warm Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

We present high spatial resolution (FWHM≈03-05) H (1.6 μm) and K' (2.1 μm) images of a complete sample (12) of ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) chosen to have "warm" mid-infrared colors (f25/f60 > 0.2) known to be characteristic of active galaxies. The extended underlying galaxy is detected in each system at H and K', as are tidal features and many of the star-forming knots seen at optical wavelengths. While some of these knots have considerable near-infrared excesses, we show that they are likely to have bolometric luminosities more similar to those of the extended starbursts with similar optical morphology seen in less far-infrared-luminous interacting systems. We find that each ULIG has increasing contributions at long wavelengths by a very compact source, which we identify as an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We show that the optical/near-infrared colors of these putative nuclei are much more extreme than in the most active starburst IRAS galaxies, yet are identical to those in "far-infrared-loud" quasars, which are in turn similar to optical quasars combined with large quantities of hot (≈800 K) dust. Half of the ULIGs have nuclei with dereddened near-infrared luminosities comparable to those of QSOs, while the other half have dereddened luminosities more similar to Seyfert galaxies, although this may be an effect of patchy extinction and scattering.
Time-dependent flow from an AdS Schwarzschild black hole

I discuss two examples of time-dependent flow which can be described in terms of an AdS Schwarzschild black hole via holography. The first example involves Bjorken hydrodynamics which should be applicable to the formation of the quark gluon plasma in heavy ion collisions. The second example is the cosmological evolution of our Universe.
Association of autoimmunity with IgG2 and IgG4 subclass deficiency in a growth hormone-deficient child

An association between humoral immune deficiency and childhood autoimmune disease has been previously established. We describe a 7-year-old male with severe autoimmune disease, recurrent infections, a marked deficiency of IgG2 and IgG4, and an inability to respond to polysaccharide antigens. This child was also found to have isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Laboratory results included a positive anti-smooth muscle antibody, a positive Raji-cell assay for immune complexes, and normal levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA. IgG subclasses revealed an IgG1 of 1225 (normal for age, 280-1120 mg/dl), IgG2 of less than 10 (30-630 mg/dl), IgG3 of 36 (40-250 mg/dl), and IgG4 of less than 4 (11-620 mg/dl). No increase in antibody titer was noted to either Pneumovax or unconjugated Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. Numbers of circulating B cells (CD19) were markedly diminished (less than 0.5%). Liver biopsies have shown chronic active hepatitis. Somatomedin C was 0.28 U/ml (normal for age, 0.5-2.06 U/ml). Challenge with either L-dopa or clonidine produced a peak GH response of 2.3 ng/ml (normals = greater than 7 ng/ml). Children with autoimmune disorders should be evaluated for IgG subclass deficiencies and ability to make antibody in response to antigen challenge regardless of the serum immunoglobulin levels. Growth failure in immune-deficient children should not be assumed to be due to chronic illness or recurrent infections. Other etiologies for growth failure should be sought.
A risk-based rationale for two-way capital flows: Why do capital flights and inward foreign direct investments co-exist?

Abstract This paper develops a positive theory of two-way capital flows—the outward flight of productive capital, and inward foreign direct investment that acquires ownership of local production units. The model exploits insights from decision-making under uncertainty, and traces out how entrepreneurial incentive to engage in risky production impacts equilibrium returns on capital. Contrary to expectation, productive assets tend to flow from capital-poor to capital-rich economies, while foreign direct investment follows the reversed pattern. By examining the nature of optimal interventions, the paper also demonstrates the inherent conflict of interests between host and source countries engaged in capital market liberalization.
Nonlinear elasto-plastic model for dense granular flow

Abstract This work proposes a model for granular deformation that predicts the stress and velocity profiles in well-developed dense granular flows. Recent models for granular elasticity [Jiang, Y., Liu, M., 2003. Granular elasticity without the Coulomb condition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 144301] and rate-sensitive fluid-like flow [Jop, P., Forterre, Y., Pouliquen, O., 2006. A constitutive law for dense granular flows. Nature 441, 727] are reformulated and combined into one universal elasto-plastic law, capable of predicting flowing regions and stagnant zones simultaneously in any arbitrary 3D flow geometry. The unification is performed by justifying and implementing a Kroner–Lee decomposition, with care taken to ensure certain continuum physical principles are necessarily upheld. The model is then numerically implemented in multiple geometries and results are compared to experiments and discrete simulations.
Theoretical gain in strained-layer quantum wells

In this paper, we discuss issues related to maximizing the performance of gain in both compressive and tensile strained quantum wells. Effects of well width, barrier height, modulation doping, and heavy-to-light hole separation are theoretically examined.
Preparation of Ni powder by mechanochemical process

Abstract A solid state displacement reaction between NiCl2 and Mg, induced by mechanical milling, has been employed for the production of fine nickel powder. The reaction ignites after a definite incubation period, leading to a sharp temperature rise of the vial. The observed overall temperature rise during milling is due to two effects (i) mechanical working, and (ii) chemical reaction. Ignition has been shown to occur as a result of a critical combination of chemical mixing, lattice strain and milling induced temperature rise. This is related to the incubation time observed after a room temperature hold. The reaction product (Ni+MgCl2) has been leached with dilute HCl to obtain nickel powder which is in the size range of 10–500 nm.
Warping and Precession of Accretion Disks around Magnetic Stars: Nonlinear Evolution

The inner region of the accretion disk around a magnetized star (T Tauri star, white dwarf, or neutron star) is subjected to magnetic torques that induce warping and precession of the disk. These torques arise from the interaction between the stellar field and the induced electric currents in the disk. We carry out numerical simulations of the nonlinear evolution of warped, viscous accretion disks driven by the magnetic torques. We show that the disk can develop into a highly warped steady state in which the disk attains a fixed (warped) shape and precesses rigidly. The warp is most pronounced at the disk inner radius (near the magnetosphere boundary). As the system parameters (such as accretion rate) change, the disk can switch between a completely flat state (warping-stable) and a highly warped state. The precession of warped disks may be responsible for a variety of quasi-periodic oscillations or radiation flux variabilities observed in many different systems, including young stellar objects and X-ray binaries.
FOLDING EQUILATERAL PLANE GRAPHS

We consider two types of folding applied to equilateral plane graph linkages. First, under continuous folding motions, we show how to reconfigure any linear equilateral tree (lying on a line) into a canonical configuration. By contrast, it is known that such reconfiguration is not always possible for linear (nonequilateral) trees and for (nonlinear) equilateral trees. Second, under instantaneous folding motions, we show that an equilateral plane graph has a noncrossing linear folded state if and only if it is bipartite. Furthermore, we show that the equilateral constraint is necessary for this result, by proving that it is strongly NP-complete to decide whether a (nonequilateral) plane graph has a linear folded state. Equivalently, we show strong NP-completeness of deciding whether an abstract metric polyhedral complex with one central vertex has a noncrossing flat folded state. By contrast, the analogous problem for a polyhedral manifold with one central vertex (single-vertex origami) is only weakly NP-complete.
A connection between good rate-distortion codes and backward DMCs

Let Xn ϵ Xn be a sequence drawn from a discrete memoryless source, and let Yn ϵ yn be the corresponding reconstruction sequence that is output by a good rate-distortion code. This paper establishes a property of the joint distribution of (Xn, Yn). It is shown that for D > 0, the input-output statistics of a R(D)-achieving rate-distortion code converge (in normalized relative entropy) to the output-input statistics of a discrete memoryless channel (dmc). The dmc is “backward” in that it is a channel from the reconstruction space yn to source space Xn. It is also shown that the property does not necessarily hold when normalized relative entropy is replaced by variational distance.