cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thread Migration in a Replicated-Kernel OS

Chip manufacturers continue to increase the number of cores per chip while balancing requirements for low power consumption. This drives a need for simpler cores and hardware caches. Because of these trends, the scalability of existing shared memory system software is in question. Traditional operating systems (OS) for multiprocessors are based on shared memory communication between cores and are symmetric (SMP). Contention in SMP OSes over shared data structures is increasingly significant in newer generations of many-core processors. We propose the use of the replicated-kernel OS design to improve scalability over the traditional SMP OS. Our replicated-kernel design is an extension of the concept of the multikernel. While a multikernel appears to application software as a distributed network of cooperating micro kernels, we provide the appearance of a monolithic, single-system image, task-based OS in which application software is unaware of the distributed nature of the underlying OS. In this paper we tackle the problem of thread migration between kernels in a replicated-kernel OS. We focus on distributed thread group creation, context migration, and address space consistency for threads that execute on different kernels, but belong to the same distributed thread group. This concept is embodied in our prototype OS, called Popcorn Linux, which runs on multicore x86 machines and presents a Linux-like interface to application software that is indistinguishable from the SMP Linux interface. By doing this, we are able to leverage the wealth of existing Linux software for use on our platform while demonstrating the characteristics of the underlying replicated-kernel OS. We show that a replicated-kernel OS scales as well as a multikernel OS by removing the contention on shared data structures. Popcorn, Barr elfish, and SMP Linux are compared on selected benchmarks. Popcorn is shown to be competitive to SMP Linux, and up to 40% faster.
Analysis of a dual bus protocol

The counteracting priority coupled queue (CPCQ) is qualitatively similar to DQDB in that the delay curve is not uniform. The CPCQ is simpler to implement because the protocol requires only limited sensing. Nodes need not constantly monitor the channel to track the number of outstanding requests from downstream nodes. The author explored the multiplexing delay induced by the protocol when used in a wide area network (WAN). It is shown that it possesses many desirable properties. These include, robustness and lack of sensitivity to a number of system parameters. Further, it can operate effectively in the high speed fibre optic environment, and allows for assignable privileges. >
Results on the Mass and the Gravitational Field of the Moon as Determined from Dynamics of Lunar Satellites

This paper presents a review of procedures and a summary of recent results on the mass and gravitational field of the moon. Gravitational field solutions as represented by spherical harmonic expansions of the potential through various degrees and order are available, and typical solutions obtained by the different procedures are presented. The relative and absolute precisions of the solutions in fitting the data are illustrated by residual plots and other considerations. Lunar surface elevation plots, based on the gravitational coefficients (assuming homogeneity), illustrate the distribution and magnitude of mass anomalies over the lunar sphere. For a l3th-order field, the contour plots show considerable correlation with published mascon results in regions where such results are available. The recently obtained gravitational field results are applied to determination of the moments of inertia of the moon, which correspond closely to overall homogeneous density distribution in the moon, and to determination of other properties related to mass distribution.
InP based optoelectronic components for measurements, communications, and computers

Optoelectronic and electronic devices will play a key role in the emerging information age. In particular, devices based on InP materials and operating in the 1-2 /spl mu/m wavelength regime are becoming a necessity for applications in long-haul fiber-optic communications, local area networks and lightwave test and measurement instrumentation. Some of these applications require very high-performance devices and, hence, are not very sensitive to cost. On the other hand, many other applications (for example, computer interconnects), cost is the most important parameter and large-scale manufacturing techniques must be implemented. Examples for both applications are addressed.
A Census of X-Ray Gas in NGC 1068: Results from 450ks of Chandra HETG Observations

We present models for the X-ray spectrum of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. These are fitted to data obtained using the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) on the Chandra X-ray observatory. The data show line and radiative recombination continuum (RRC) emission from a broad range of ions and elements. The models explore the importance of excitation processes for these lines including photoionization followed by recombination, radiative excitation by absorption of continuum radiation and inner shell fluorescence. The models show that the relative importance of these processes depends on the conditions in the emitting gas, and that no single emitting component can fit the entire spectrum. In particular, the relative importance of radiative excitation and photoionization/recombination differs according to the element and ion stage emitting the line. This in turn implies a diversity of values for the ionization parameter of the various components of gas responsible for the emission, ranging from log(Epsilon)=1 - 3. Using this, we obtain an estimate for the total amount of gas responsible for the observed emission. The mass flux through the region included in the HETG extraction region is approximately 0.3 Solar Mass/yr assuming ordered flow at the speed characterizing the line widths. This can be compared with what is known about this object from other techniques.
Secure Network Coding with a Cost Criterion

Network cost and network security are two of many network parameters that are important to network users. While these two parameters have been separately considered in coded networks (networks that employ network coding), a joint investigation of them both has not been done yet to our knowledge, thus providing the motivation for this work. In this paper, we consider the situation where a set of messages is to be multi-casted across the network, and a known subset of these messages is of interest to a wiretapping adversary. The problem that we attempt to solve is to find a network coding scheme that has both a low network cost and a low probability of the wiretapper being able to retrieve all the messages of interest. We make use of random linear codes in anticipation for decentralized implementation of the scheme, and focus on the problem of finding the multicast subgraph. As an exact algorithmic solution is difficult, we propose two heuristic solutions, and compare their performances to traditional routing through a simulation study. Our results suggest that network coding can be more effective than routing for this low cost and secure data multicast problem, especially when the links are not easily tapped.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids dilate human coronary arterioles via BKCa channels: implications for soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to form dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) and are putative endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs...
Perceived task complexity and reaction time on a single trial and a series of trials.

The time required to begin movement toward a panel of lights and switches of two different complexity levels was investigated in both a between-subjects and within-subjects design. In the between-subjects design, the mean RT on the subjects’ first trial was longer to the more complex task, supporting the memory-drum theory of Henry and Rogers (1960). In the within-subjects design, a significant complexity x order x blocks interaction showed that the subjects receiving the less complex task first responded differently than subjects receiving the more complex task first. Implications for experimental design in investigations of task complexity are discussed.
Marital status integration, psychological well-being, and suicide acceptability as predictors of marital status differentials in suicide rates

Abstract Age–gender–marital status-specific 1979 and 1992–1994 US White suicide rates test the hypotheses that marital status differences in these suicide rates are caused by (1) marital status differences in marital status integration, (2) marital status differences in psychological well-being, and/or (3) marital status differences in suicide acceptability. A proxy for years spent in a marital status was included in the analysis of all age groups. The dependent variable is the standardized suicide difference coefficient. In multiple regression analysis, psychological well-being and suicide acceptability were consistently related to the dependent variable for persons aged 20–54, 55 and over, and 20 and over, while marital status integration was related to the dependent variable only for persons 20–54 and 20 and over.
Human GFRA1 : Cloning, mapping, genomic structure, and evaluation as a candidate gene for Hirschsprung disease susceptibility

Abstract Congenital aganglionic megacolon, commonly known as Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), is the most frequent cause of congenital bowel obstruction. Germline mutations in theRETreceptor tyrosine kinase have been shown to cause HSCR. Knockout mice forRETand for its ligand, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), exhibit both complete intestinal aganglionosis and renal defects. Recently, GDNF and GFRA1 (GDNF family receptor, also known as GDNFR-α), its GPI-linked coreceptor, were demonstrated to be components of a functional ligand for RET. Moreover,GDNFhas been implicated in rare cases of HSCR. We have mappedGFRA1to human chromosome 10q25, isolated human and mouse genomic clones, determined the gene's intron–exon boundaries, isolated a highly polymorphic microsatellite marker adjacent to exon 7, and scanned forGFRA1mutations in a large panel of HSCR patients. No evidence of linkage was detected in HSCR kindreds, and no sequence variants were found to be in significant excess in patients. These data suggest thatGFRA1's role in enteric neurogenesis in humans remains to be elucidated and that RET signaling in the gut may take place via alternate pathways, such as the recently described GDNF-related molecule neurturin and its GFRA1-like coreceptor, GFRA2.
The synthesis of an ATP-γ-Peptidyl ester as a potential probe of c-AMP-dependent protein kinases

Abstract The synthesis of a γ-dipeptidyl ester of ATP has been effected by coupling a phosphopeptide (e.g. N-acetylalanyl-O-(phosphoryl)serine methyl ester) to ADP in the presence of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole. Compounds of this type, containing longer peptides, are proposed as potential multisubstrate adduct inhibitors of c-AMP-dependent protein kinases.
Chemical Genetic Screening Approaches to Neurobiology

Chemical genetics is an emerging technology for revealing the signaling networks that regulate biological phenotypes using exogenous reagents such as small organic molecules. To study neurobiology using chemical genetics, high-throughput cell and organismal assays can be created to identify compounds and proteins that regulate diverse neuronal phenotypes, such as cell viability, gene expression level, protein association, protein aggregation, glutamate uptake, membrane polarization, mitochondrial function, neurite outgrowth, and growth cone composition. This powerful set of tools will enable the molecular dissection of complex processes that occur within the nervous system.
Standards and recommendations for quantitative assessment of lung structure in research.

recently, a task force of experts in lung morphology have published an excellent document on recommended methods for quantitative studies of lung structure ([1][1]). This report represents input from many experienced and talented scientists who, for many years, have done research on lung structure
3-D Boundary element method for cracks in a plate

New fundamental solutions which automatically satisfy boundary conditions at the interfaces of an elastic plate perfectly bonded to two elastic halfspaces are implemented in a 3-D boundary element method (BEM) for crack problems. The BEM features a new integration scheme for highly singular kernels. The capability is achieved through a part analytic and part numerical integration procedure, such that the analytic part of the integration is similar for all slip/opening variations, ‘Part-through’ elliptic cracks in an elastic plate with traction-free surfaces are analysed and the stress intensity factor (SIF) values along the crack front are found to compare favourably with widely accepted numerically obtained SIF results by Raju and Newman.1
Cocaine use trajectories of club drug-using young adults recruited using time-space sampling.

Cocaine is the most widely used club drug. Yet, little is known about how patterns of cocaine use vary over time among young adults of diverse gender and sexual identities. This study used latent class growth analysis to identify trajectories of cocaine use over a year and explored individual and substance use factors associated with these trajectories. A sample of 400 young adults (mean age = 23.9 years) with recent club drug use were recruited from New York City bars and nightclubs using time-space sampling. Participants completed quantitative measures at baseline, 4-, 8- and 12-months follow-up. A 4-class model fit the data best. Patterns were: Consistent use (48%), Inconsistent use (14%), Decreasing Likelihood of use (28%), and Consistent non-use (11%). Those most likely to be in the Consistent use class had the highest frequency of baseline club drug dependence (χ2 (3, 397) = 15.1, p < .01), cocaine dependence (χ2 (3, 397) = 18.9, p < .01), recent alcohol use (χ2 (3, 397) = 12.48, p < .01), and drug sensation-seeking (χ2 (3, 397) = 9.03, p < .01). Those most likely to be in the Consistent Non-use class had the highest frequency of baseline marijuana use (χ2 (3, 397) = 2.71, p < .05). Contrary to hypotheses, there were no differences in most-likely trajectory class by gender/sexual-orientation, age, ethnicity, education, employment status, or income. Findings highlight the diversity of cocaine use patterns over time among young adults, and the personal and substance use characteristics that are associated with each.
Using Solid-State Joining in Gas Turbine Engines

The ability to fabricate materials and components needed to improve gas-turbine engine performance depends on an ability to achieve reliable joints. Solid-state joining provides this ability. Diffusion bonding of compressor blades, friction welding of engine rotors, and solid-state bonding of turbine shafts by coextrusion of dissimilar metals are discussed as examples of applications of solid-state bonding. Parts made by these techniques have successfully completed engine tests.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Do suicides cluster

Three series of suicides were examined for evidence of clustering: suicides on the Hong Kong subway (1979-1989), suicides from the Golden Gate Bridge (1999-2009), and suicides in the Wayne County Jail (1967-1992). The inter-suicide intervals were examined for their fit to a random Poisson distribution and found not to differ significantly, indicating that there was no evidence for clustering.
A Hybrid WENO Scheme for Simulation of Shock Wave-Boundary Layer Interaction

The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a robust and accurate numerical method for simulation of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers. A hybrid numerical method, coupling a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for shock capturing and a centered fourth-order finite difference scheme for computing turbulence away from the shock, is considered. It is applied, in this paper, to a benchmark problem in which shockshock and shock-vortex interactions are present. It is shown that this method captures the shocks robustly and computes the flow away from the shocks accurately. Then, a spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.5 is considered. The issue of turbulent inflow generation, using rescaling/recycling method, is addressed.
Radioactive seed localization for nonpalpable breast lesions: review of 1,000 consecutive procedures at a single institution.

Introduction Radioactive seed localization (RSL) is an alternative to wire localization for nonpalpable breast lesions, with reported lower rates of positive surgical margins.
Stability and heritability of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of glomalean endomycorrhizal fungi

The obligately symbiotic nature of glomalean endomycorrhizal fungi poses unique problems for studying the systematics of the group. Because of the interdependence of these fungal symbionts and plants, the stability of potential taxonomic characters must be evaluated prior to their use in comparative studies. In this study, the efficacy of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as taxonomic tool was assessed by comparing profiles of up to four successive ‘generations’ of pot cultures of eight isolates representing all families in Glomales. Since pot-cultured material of ancestral generations was stored at 4 °C, stability of FAME profiles with prolonged storage also was tested. The stability of FAME profiles of fungi subjected to different symbiotic conditions was tested by growing five glomalean isolates on three host plant species ( Asparagus officinalis, Sorghum bicolor and Trifolium pratense ). Unweighted numerical analysis revealed that FAME profiles of all isolates tested were similar among the various pot culture generations and after storage up to 22 months. The profiles of fungal isolates grown on the different plant species also were similar, suggesting that host physiology was not a significant factor in causing modifications to composition or abundance of fatty acids. The stability and heritability of FAME profiles are now justified for use in comparative studies at the species level and above for taxonomic, and possibly systematic, investigations.
Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy

Physiological and molecular processes initiated during implantation for pregnancy success are complex but highly organized. This review primarily highlights adverse ripple effects arising from defects during the peri-implantation period that perpetuate throughout pregnancy. These defects are reflected in aberrations in embryo spacing, decidualization, placentation and intrauterine embryonic growth, manifesting in preeclampsia, miscarriages and/or preterm birth. Understanding molecular signaling networks that coordinate strategies for successful implantation and decidualization may lead to approaches to improve the outcome of natural pregnancy and pregnancy conceived from in vitro fertilization.
Low-Energy Charged-Particle Fusion Reactions

We have initiated a program at Los Alamos to measure cross sections for the charged-particle reactions D(t,n)4He, T(t,2n)4He, D(d,n)3He, and D(d,p)T that are fundamental to the understanding of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Interest in these processes is primarily in the region below 100-keV bombarding energy, and accordingly the design range for the measurements is 10-120 keV. Our desired accuracy is 5% or less, compared with present systematic uncertainties of up to 50%. The experiment features a negative ion source and highly stable injector for the low-energy beam, measurement of beam intensity with a precision calorimeter, a windowless cryogenic target, calibration of the target density with a high-energy Van-de-Graaff beam, and a time-of-flight laser spectrometer to determine the absolute energy. Preliminary data have been obtained on the d + d reactions while preparations are underway for introducing tritium into the system.
The Gender Gap in Depressive Symptoms Among Japanese Elders: Evaluating Social Support and Health as Mediating Factors

Depression has been described as the world’s most prevalent illness and a leading cause of disability across age groups. The global literature on aging and depression reports greater prevalence of depressive symptoms among women than men. This research applies data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging to the gender gap in depressive symptoms reported by Japanese elders. This study takes the position that cultural norms centered on obligations to care determine both the prevalence of social support and its application by family members. Since gender is the lens through which social and cultural expectations are filtered, the experiences of men and women are distinguished from one another. This study hypothesized that coresidency and filial obligations should protect elders from depression. At the same time, combative relationships within households were posited to aggravate depressive symptoms among mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. Weak social support networks, as captured through not being married, living alone and lack of community contact were also hypothesized to exacerbate isolation and heighten depressive symptoms. The analyses found that receipt of support both protected elders as well as worsened depressive symptoms. While women reported greater frequency of depressive symptoms overall, results indicated that men experienced a larger effect of decreased mobility and transitions to poor physical health on depressive symptoms than women.
Oscillatory transport behavior in compositionally modulated PbTe-Bi films

The in-plane electrical transport parameters of compositionally modulated PbTe-Bi films were investigated at T = 1.8 K for a series of samples with a constant thickness of the PbTe layer (45 A) and varying thicknesses of the Bi layer (8–95 A) in a modulation wavelength. It was found that the resistivity, magnetoresistance and Hall coefficient oscillated with the thickness of the Bi layer with an increment of 32 A. The results are believed to be a manifestation of the quantum size effect in this system.
Preventing the sexual transmission of HIV: Current status and future directions

(1996). Preventing the sexual transmission of HIV: Current status and future directions. Psychology & Health: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 75-94.
Effects of D-baclofen and L-baclofen on the trigeminal nucleus.

Abstract d -Baclofen reduced the response to l -baclofen in the feline trigeminal nucleus, the spinal cord of the rat and in patients with trigeminal neuralgia, but not in slices of hippocampus or neocortex. The iontophoretic application of 10–20 nA l -baclofen depressed excitatory transmission in the trigeminal nucleus oralis, similar to the effect of 0.1–0.4mg/kg l -baclofen, given intravenously. The concomitant iontophoresis of 10–20 nA d -baclofen reduced the effect of iontophoretically applied l -baclofen. However, larger doses of d -baclofen (30–60 nA) did not, while still larger doses (200–400 nA) by themselves depressed response of the neuron, similar to the action of small doses of l -baclofen. The iontophoresis of 30–40 nA l -baclofen had a stronger effect than that previously obtained with systemic administration and d -baclofen was not able to block it. These observations suggest that d -baclofen is a partial agonist at the GABAB receptor. Failure to observe a blocking effect of d -baclofen in slices of hippocampus or neocortex could be due to the larger doses used or to a difference in receptor types. The observations emphasise the need to test drugs at therapeutic concentrations in an appropriate model, in order to predict reliably their therapeutic actions.
Integrating GIS and Microscopic Traffic Simulation to Analyze Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure Construction

AbstractInfrastructure rehabilitation is critical to assuring the proper functioning of a nation’s transportation infrastructure. While the goal of rehabilitation is typically to restore or improve the performance of the transportation system, the construction activity itself disrupts traffic and worsens the already-congested transportation network with unsafe work zones. Traffic simulation models are becoming widely used in evaluating such disruption in a controlled environment without physical implementation. Though rapid increase in computer processing power has made microscopic simulation feasible, developing valid models is still a tedious and time-consuming task that is prone to errors. This paper presents a study to automate development of microscopic traffic simulation models in a large-scale network by integrating the geographic information system (GIS) and microscopic traffic simulation. This study adopted an integration approach and developed a framework to combine GIS macro- and microscopic mo...
Reversible LSD1 Inhibition Interferes with Global EWS/ETS Transcriptional Activity and Impedes Ewing Sarcoma Tumor Growth

Purpose: Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone tumor that absolutely relies on the transcriptional activity of the EWS/ETS family of fusion oncoproteins. While the most common fusion, EWS/FLI, utilizes lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) to repress critical tumor suppressors, small-molecule blockade of LSD1 has not yet been thoroughly explored as a therapeutic approach for Ewing sarcoma. We therefore evaluated the translational potential of potent and specific LSD1 inhibition with HCI2509 on the transcriptional program of both EWS/FLI and EWS/ERG as well as the downstream oncogenic phenotypes driven by EWS/ETS fusions in both in vitro and in vivo models of Ewing sarcoma. Experimental Design: RNA-seq was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of EWS/FLI, EWS/ERG, and treatment with HCI2509 in both EWS/FLI- and EWS/ERG-containing cell lines. We then evaluated morphologic phenotypes of treated cells with immunofluorescence. The induction of apoptosis was evaluated using caspase-3/7 activation and TUNEL staining. Colony forming assays were used to test oncogenic transformation and xenograft studies with patient-derived cell lines were used to evaluate the effects of HCI2509 on tumorigenesis. Results: HCI2509 caused a dramatic reversal of both the up- and downregulated transcriptional profiles of EWS/FLI and EWS/ERG accompanied by the induction of apoptosis and disruption of morphologic and oncogenic phenotypes modulated by EWS/FLI. Importantly, HCI2509 displayed single-agent efficacy in multiple xenograft models. Conclusions: These data support epigenetic modulation with HCI2509 as a therapeutic strategy for Ewing sarcoma, and highlight a critical dual role for LSD1 in the oncogenic transcriptional activity of EWS/ETS proteins. Clin Cancer Res; 20(17); 4584–97. ©2014 AACR .
Risk of psychosis exacerbation by tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features.

Abstract Background We conducted a systematic review of the published trials in unipolar Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features (MDDP) to examine the risk of psychosis exacerbation by antidepressants. Methods We searched Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsychINFO, and EMBASE for English language, controlled, open or retrospective acute antidepressant and/or antipsychotic treatment studies of unipolar MDDP. Studies without a clear delineation of treatment course or between bipolar disorder and unipolar MDDP were excluded. We evaluated studies for the number of subjects with psychosis exacerbation, and contacted the corresponding author for ambiguous cases. Studies in which we were unable to determine rates of psychosis exacerbation were excluded. Psychosis exacerbation was determined on a categorical basis, and analyzed with Fisher's exact test, a modified Wald confidence interval and odds ratio. Results 20 studies meeting criteria provided sufficient adverse event reporting for inclusion. 15 of 177 subjects (8.5%) on antidepressant monotherapy had a psychosis exacerbation, 8 of whom were on tricyclics. 2 of 129 subjects on either antipsychotic or combination treatment had a psychosis exacerbation. Tricyclic monotherapy was significantly more likely to be temporally associated with psychosis exacerbation (p = 0.007). Limitations Limitations include the small number of placebo-controlled trials, and numerous studies in which the relevant information was missing. Additionally, most trials were designed as treatment outcome studies, and not to determine the rate of psychosis exacerbation. Conclusions Although rare, the present study indicates that tricyclic monotherapy may be temporally associated with an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in patients with unipolar MDDP, potentially worsening prognosis.
Morphological Deformities in Brown Bullheads Administered Dietary β-Naphthoflavone

Abstract Brown bullheads Ameiurus nebulosus were exposed for 28 d to chemically contaminated sediments from tributaries of the Great Lakes. The fish were subsequently transferred to sediment-free water and fed a diet containing 500 mg (β-naphthoflavone/kg for 90 d in an effort to promote neoplasms. Following the β-naphthoflavone treatment, the fish were given untreated feed for an additional 150 d. The fish had no abnormalities after exposure to sediment for 28 d and no neoplasms after 268 d. However, fish fed β-naphthoflavone exhibited profound and unexpected external lesions and greatly reduced body weight. These morphological deformities resembled abnormalities found in brown bullheads from chemically contaminated sites in the natural environment, where in some instances the fish have unusually high frequencies of neoplasms. Our results suggest that morphological deformities observed in fishes from chemically contaminated sites could result from long-term exposure to compounds with mechanisms of action...
Modelling of dislocation-induced martensitic transformation in anisotropic crystals

The structural transformation caused by dislocation-induced heterogeneous nucleation in the fcc → bcc martensitic transformation in elastically anisotropic crystals is investigated by using the phase field microelasticity model. The three-dimensional microstructure of the dislocation-induced martensitic embryos is obtained. It is found that the embryos are not single-domain particles as is usually assumed but rather a complex self-organized assemblage of stress-accommodating twin-related microdomains. Sessile metastable martensitic embryos around the dislocation loops form in the prototype Fe–Ni alloy system above the temperatures of the martensitic transformation. A possibility that the presence of these pre-existing embryos could be responsible, at least, for a part of the elastic modulus softening with the temperature decrease observed in many martensitic systems is discussed. The effects of elastic anisotropy, the “chemical” energy barrier and structural anisotropy of the Landau free energy on the for...
Historical Perspectives on Parathyroid Surgery

The field of parathyroid surgery is rich in history. It begins with an obscure publication by a Swedish medical student noting a distinct anatomic entity in the neck adjacent to the thyroid gland; these tiny glands would come to be known as the parathyroid glands. This was followed by the subsequent discovery of their role in calcium metabolism, once the devastating effects of hyperparathyroidism on the bones and kidneys were recognized. The first neck explorations with identification and removal of parathyroid adenomas took place in the early twentieth century. Following the initial parathyroid operations in the United States and Europe, the mid-twentieth century was dominated by extensive investigation into calcium metabolism and the effects of parathyroid hormone and by refinement of techniques in parathyroid surgery. In more recent years, the introduction of sophisticated localization studies and minimally invasive parathyroid operations continues to inspire progress in this unique and fascinating field. In this review, the sequence of events starting with the anatomic recognition of the parathyroid glands and ending with the most recent developments and advances in parathyroid surgery are described.
Aquaporin-1 and transendothelial water transport: Possible role in early atherosclerosis?

Macromolecular transport across the vessel wall, apparently the earliest pre-atherosclerotic event, is known to occur due to advection by transmural pressure driven water transport, characterized by the hydraulic conductivity (Lp). Our group's discovery of the presence of aquaporin-1 (AQP) in aortic endothelial cells suggests a new possibility of water transport across the endothelial cell (EC), alongside the generally accepted paracellular route. In this paper, we propose a new theory to explain the experimentally observed pressure-dependent Lp lowering effect of AQP-blocking in whole rat aortas ex vivo. Our results suggest that AQP contributes about 30% to the phenomenological endothelial Lp at low transmural pressures. Controlling the Lp, via AQP expression, might serve as a future therapeutic target to inhibit early pre-atherosclerotic events.
Long-time tails of the velocity autocorrelation functions for the triangular periodic Lorentz gas

We present numrical results on the velocity autocorrelation function (VACF)C(t)= for the periodic Lorentz gas on a two-dimensional triangular lattice as a function of the radiusR of the hard disk scatterers on the lattice. Our results for the unbounded horizon case\((0< R< \sqrt 3 /4)\) confirm 1/t decay of the VACF for long times (out to 100 times the mean free time between collisions) and provide strong support for the conjecture by Friedman and Martin that the 1/t decay is due to long free paths along which a moving particle does not scatter up to timet. Even after new sets of long free paths become available forR<1/4, we continue to find good agreement between numerical results and an analytically estimated 1/t decay. For the bounded horizon case\((\sqrt 3 /4 \leqslant R \leqslant 0.5)\), our numerical VACFs decay exponentially, although it is difficult to discriminate among pure exponential decay, exponential decay with prefactor, and stretched exponential decay.
GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF BORON ISOTOPES

Abstract There has not been a general agreement concerning the isotopic abundance ratio B 11 B 10 of boron in natural minerals. The B 11 B 10 ratios of rocks and sea water which are typical of terrestrial samples are around 4.05 ± 0.05. The B 11 B 10 ratios in meteorites are lower than the terrestrial value.
Parametric reduced order modeling for interconnect analysis

VLSI circuit models are subject to parameter variations due to temperature, geometry, process, and operating conditions. Parameter model order reduction is motivated by such practical problems. The purpose is to obtain a parametric reduced order model so that repeated reduction can be avoided. In this paper we propose two techniques: a nominal projection technique and an interpolation technique. The nominal projection technique is effective for small parameter perturbation by using a robust projection. The interpolation technique takes the advantage of simple matrix structure resulting from the PVL algorithm. A new moment matching concept in the discrete-time domain is also introduced, which is intended for a better performance in waveform matching and stability. Interconnect examples are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Paul Petzoldt's sliding middleman snow technique

The Sliding Middleman snow technique enables fast progress across snowfields. With little rope handling, it is more efficient than other belaying techniques on snow and safer than roped teams relying just on ice axe arrests to stop a fall. Interestingly its use is uncommon. Perhaps this is because it is difficult to document the details of how to actually do it. This article endeavors to detail exactly how to accomplish the technique and is explained with photographs to clarify how it works. The authors have used this technique successfully over the years in spring mountaineering conditions. They believe that it is a useful technique especially with a group of around 12 students new to snow climbing.
Activation of helper T cells by immune complexes.

Abstract Spleen cells from mice primed with dinitrophenylated human γ-globulin (DNP-HGG) did not mount a secondary anti-DNP response in diffusion chamber cultures upon stimulation with dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). The same cells, however, responded to stimulation with DNP-KLH complexed with anti-KLH antibody of rabbit or mouse origin. There is an optimal antigen:antibody ratio at which the immune complexes (IC) must be formed for maximal activity. T cells are required for the immunogenic activity of IC, since T-cell-depleted cultures did not respond. It was found that IC made with carrier and anticarrier antibody stimulated the development of carrier-specific helper T cells in cultures of spleen cells, thymocytes, and nylon wool nonadherent spleen cells from nonimmune mice. In contrast, free carrier did not elicit helper T cells. IC made with carrier and the F(ab′) 2 fragment of anticarrier antibody were immunogenic, but those made with carrier and the Fab′ fragment of anticarrier antibody were not, suggesting that helper T-cell activation is triggered by crosslinking of antigen-specific surface receptors.
Custom S/390 G5 and G6 microprocessors

Compared with the G4 microprocessor, the S/390® G5 microprocessor contains many architectural and performance enhancements. The G6 microprocessor represents a technology performance improvement over G5, with system support for additional processors. The G5 processor uses IBM CMOS 6X technology and has a clock frequency of 500 MHz in its fastest models. The G6 uses CMOS 7S technology with a clock frequency up to 637 MHz. The processors include a new IEEE binary floating-point architecture and additional reliability-availability-serviceability (RAS) improvements. The processor has significant performance improvements, including a larger level-1 (L1) cache, enhancements to the instruction fetch buffers, a branch target buffer (BTB), enhancements for a number of instructions, a new quiesce mechanism for instructions that modify translation lookaside buffer (TLB) entries, and a new level-2 (L2) cache and memory subsystem.
TWO FACTORS AFFECTING THE CIRCULATING RED CELL MASS.

Summary Ten normal and ten splenectomized dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg./kg. pentobarbital sodium and their hematocrit ratios followed serially. It was found that the pentobarbital caused an average drop in hematocrit of 18.6 per cent with the maximum effect 53 minutes after administration of the anesthetic. Splenectomized dogs showed a 6 per cent decrease in hematocrit. The hematocrit as a function of pH was investigated in 19 normal dogs and in 10 in vitro experiments. The pH was decreased by lactic acid or increased by sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. A decrease in pH caused an increase in hematocrit both in vivo and in vitro. The amount of hematocrit change caused by the pH and pentobarbital is sufficient to necessitate rigid control of these factors during experiments involving blood volume measurements.
Where they Walk: What Aging Black Women’s Geographies Tell of Race, Gender, Space, and Social Transformation in Brazil

This article proposes aging black women’s geographies as a critical forum to rethink human-spatial relationships in Brazil. It ethnographically explores aging black women’s life narratives recounted while walking through their neighborhood in the city of Belo Horizonte. Their accounts of their lives in the neighborhood speak to racial, gender, and class positioning in Brazil and how these positions manifest in spatial configurations. However, their stories also reimagine the relationship between individuals, communities, and space offer counter-narratives to traditional concepts of geographic hierarchy, domination, and separation, suggested in ideas such as the ‘favela’. The analysis shows how aging black women’s geographies model possibilities for re-envisioning liberatory practices and environments.
544: Dual Signaling of MyD88 and Trif Are Critical for DC Maturation and Priming of Alloimmunity in Response to LPS Activation

Presbyterian, New York, NY; Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY; Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA; Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Using the Semantically Interoperable Biospecimen Repository Application, caTissue: End User Deployment Lessons Learned

The goal of the National Cancer Institute’s cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid initiative, or caBIG®, is the ability to share data and resources among cancer researchers. One means to achieving this goal is the development of semantically interoperable informatics tools based on common data models and controlled vocabularies. A tool for managing biospecimen repositories, caTissue, enables investigators to query for available tissues that are relevant to the needs of their research. For this functionality, the caTissue application data model must include annotation describing various specimen characteristics, and have this information accessible for query by the researcher end user. Having deployed caTissue over two years at Thomas Jefferson University, we report the lessons learned from our investigators’ use of this complex, semantically interoperable software application. Overall we have found that object model complexity and semantic completeness pose obstacles to end user accessibility that require effective strategies to overcome.
Bison Heights: A Late Holocene Bison Kill Site on Idaho's Snake River Plain:

Recent excavations at a narrow draw in close proximity to Tomcat Cave, one of Idaho's cold storage caves, exposed a concentration of charred mammal bones and a rock lined hearth in association with an elaborate series of rock alignments. Much of the long bone falls within the bovid size range (bison) and appears to be the byproduct of stone boiling or bone soup making. Radiocarbon dates from the hearth, and the presence of Intermountain ware ceramics, Rose Spring and Desert Side-notched points indicate use of the site during the very late Holocene. Analogous artifacts recovered from the mouth of Tomcat Cave indicate that hunting activities at Bison Heights and use of the cave likely coincided. The rock features at the site and those documented elsewhere within the region indicate that narrow topographic features were used as procurement locales for big game. However, limited amount of bone recovered near these features indicates that only a small number of animals were acquired during single hunting events.
Devanagari OCR using a recognition driven segmentation framework and stochastic language models

This paper describes a novel recognition driven segmentation methodology for Devanagari Optical Character Recognition. Prior approaches have used sequential rules to segment characters followed by template matching for classification. Our method uses a graph representation to segment characters. This method allows us to segment horizontally or vertically overlapping characters as well as those connected along non-linear boundaries into finer primitive components. The components are then processed by a classifier and the classifier score is used to determine if the components need to be further segmented. Multiple hypotheses are obtained for each composite character by considering all possible combinations of the classifier results for the primitive components. Word recognition is performed by designing a stochastic finite state automaton (SFSA) that takes into account both classifier scores as well as character frequencies. A novel feature of our approach is that we use sub-character primitive components in the classification stage in order to reduce the number of classes whereas we use an n-gram language model based on the linguistic character units for word recognition.
Hybrid Multiagent Swarm Optimization: Algorithms, evaluation, and application

In this paper, a novel, hybrid-combined swarm optimization algorithm which consists of both particle swarm optimization (PSO) and multiagent coordination optimization (MCO) is proposed. Such a new algorithm is named after Hybrid Multiagent Swarm Optimization (HMSO). The standard PSO algorithm, in which the position of each particle approaches the global optimal solution with certain velocity, is effectively solving non-consensus-type optimization problems, that is, the components of the optimal solution vector are not identical. While the MCO algorithm, in which the agents can share their information to achieve consensus with a fast convergence speed, is effectively solving consensus-type optimization problems. The main difference between the MCO and PSO algorithms lies in the local optimization solutions. Hence, the HMSO algorithm combines both advantages from the PSO and MCO algorithms to solve either consensus- or non-consensus-type optimization problems more efficiently. In particular, the HMSO algorithm achieves the optimal value which is close to the better one between two optimal solutions obtained by the PSO and MCO algorithms for solving consensus-type and non-consensus-type optimization problems, respectively. This point has been shown by the comparison of these three algorithms with eleven standard test functions. Finally, an application example is solved numerically by using these three algorithms, in which HMSO shows the best result among the three algorithms.
A New Catalytic Method for Producing Preceramic Polysilazanes

A transition metal (e.g., Ru3 (CO)12, Pt/C) catalyzed process for Si-N bond formation is discussed that provides a new route to mono-, oligo-, and polysilazanes. The catalysts function by activating Si-H bonds in the pres-ence of ammonia. Polymeric silazanes can also be produced from oligomers in the presence of ammonia at low temperatures. This method allows us to control or modify the composition of the polysilazane during or after the polymeriza-tion. A variety of polysilazanes were prepared and converted to Si3 N4 with ceramic yields ranging from 55%-85%. By varying the monomers and reaction conditions, we can control the nitrogen and carbon content in the preceramic polymers, which enables us to obtain ceramic products that are primarily Si3N4and simultaneously minimizes the coproduction of SiC and C.