cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction Between Carbon Lining and Hall Bath

Sodium diffused rapidly into carbon lining during electrolysis of Hall bath. The rate increased with increasing current density. In the absence of current, sodium that is dissolved in molten aluminum diffused into carbon. Diffusion took place chiefly in the binder coke. Of the vapors that might exist over Hall bath, only alkali metals and calcium reacted with carbon to cause swelling. Carbon linings in Hall cells graphitized with age. In short-term tests bath vapors did not react with graphite.
The Molecular Origins of Species‐Specific Facial Pattern

The prevailing approach within the field of craniofacial development is focused on finding a balance between tissues (e.g., facial epithelia, neuroectoderm, and neural crest) and molecules (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, Wnts) that play a role in sculpting the face. We are rapidly learning that neither these tissues nor molecular signals are able to act in isolation; in fact, molecular cues are constantly reciprocating signals between the epithelia and the neural crest in order to pattern and mold facial structures. More recently, it has been proposed that this crosstalk is often mediated and organized by discrete organizing centers within the tissues that are able to act as a self-contained unit of developmental potential (e.g., the rhombomere and perhaps the ectomere). Whatever the molecules are and however they are interpreted by these tissues, it appears that there is a remarkably conserved mechanism for setting up the initial organization of the facial prominences between species. Regardless of species, all vertebrates appear to have the same basic bauplan. However, sometime during mid-gestation, the vertebrate face begins to exhibit species-specific variations, in large part due to differences in the rates of growth and differentiation of cells comprising the facial prominences. How do these differences arise? Are they due to late changes in molecular signaling within the facial prominences themselves? Or are these late changes a reflection of earlier, more subtle alterations in boundaries and fields that are established at the earliest stages of head formation? We do not have clear answers to these questions yet, but in this chapter we present new studies that shed light on this age-old question. This chapter aims to present the known signals, both on a molecular and cellular level, responsible for craniofacial development while bringing to light the events that may serve to create difference in facial morphology seen from species to species.
Polymorphism in decline

Object-oriented programming relies upon three techniques: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. In a number of current textbooks, however, polymorphism may be slighted compared to what is desirable. Consideration of the quality of textbook polymorphism coverage, based upon issues addressed herein, should help guide book selections when tempered by curriculum goals.
Crime, Legitimacy, Our Criminal Network, and The Wire

It perhaps comes as no surprise that, at a gathering of four criminal law professors over drinks and dinner, the subject would turn to the HBO series The Wire. The four of us - Susan Bandes, Jeff Fagan, David Alan Sklansky, and myself - were part of a larger group of about twenty or so criminal professors invited to participate in the University of Chicago’s Criminal Justice Roundtable, and after a full day of discussing each other’s scholarship, we were eager to discuss something else. So we raved about The Wire. Then we lamented the fact that, to our knowledge, there had never been a law conference devoted to The Wire, or even a symposium issue in a law journal. The series certainly raises enough criminal law and criminal procedure questions to warrant such a project. But even more importantly, The Wire does something else. I once argued that “law and order” shows can have a type of "de-shadowing" effect. There is the justice administered by the courts. And there is the justice that the courts imagine they are regulating. Law and order shows, especially the ones that give the illusion of being police procedurals, are uniquely positioned to critique this justice. Law and order shows, at their best, bring out of the shadows the justice that actually exists. No show does this better than The Wire.That night, drinks in hand, the four of us agreed to put together a panel proposal to discuss The Wire at a Law and Society Conference. The four of us became five with the addition of my colleague Alafair Burke. And Burke, as a professor and a prolific mystery writer with connections we could only dream about, in turn brought in her friend David Simon, the creator of The Wire. What followed was one of the most well-attended panels at Law and Society this past year. What followed too was a mini-symposium in the Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, and this Essay, which examines The Wire to explore issues of perceptual legitimacy and crime rates, how the Rules of Evidence often frustrate police brutality cases, and the challenge of being a criminal law and procedure professor after watching The Wire.
Assessing Information Literacy Skills Demonstrated in an Engineering Design Task

Background Practicing engineers must continuously renew their knowledge and skills in order to remain competitive in the field. Yet, recent studies have found very little improvement in engineering graduates' lifelong learning skills. Research on information literacy, a critical component of lifelong learning, in technical fields is limited. Purpose/Hypothesis This study sought to evaluate the information skills of first-year engineering students. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which students gather information from a variety of sources and from high-quality sources, use gathered information to support an argument, and document information sources. Design/Method This study used content analysis of memos written by teams of engineering students. A random sample of 40 memos, selected from a pool of 263, was coded using InfoSEAD, a structured coding protocol developed for this study. Results Overall, 82% of the sources used were Web resources, of which 12% were of high quality. From the information threads that could be traced to the original source, 68% were relevant and used appropriately. Due to documentation errors in the memos, 28% of the sources cited could not be classified, and 57% of the information threads identified could not be traced to the original source. Conclusions Student teams mostly relied on Web resources, but their documentation skills were weak. When students did successfully document information, it was generally done appropriately.
Biology Myth-Killers

“Biology Myth-Killers” is an activity designed to identify and correct common misconceptions for high school and college introductory biology courses. Students identify common myths, which double as biology misconceptions, and use appropriate sources to share the “truth” about the myths. This learner-centered activity is a fun and engaging way to correct misconceptions and prepare students to overcome other important misconceptions.
Governor Control System for the TurboTrain

The TurboTrain is an exciting venture introduced recently to the rail industry. Due to its unique configuration and unprecedented features, its background is outlined to underscore highlights of this revolutionary innovation to transportation. This is helpful to appreciate why the electric governing control system was devised for this application and why the proportional actuator was chosen. Equal distribution of traction load among the multiturbines at both ends of the train is effected and the switching of the auxiliary electric power unit at either end is facilitated. After the primary and secondary functions of the control system are outlined, the proportional actuator is then described and analyzed, followed by a detailed description and analysis of the electric governor control system.Copyright © 1970 by ASME
Long-Term Outcome Following Three-Dimensional Conformal/Intensity-Modulated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Clinical Stage T3 Prostate Cancer

Abstract Objective To report the long-term tumor control and survival outcomes after conformal external-beam radiotherapy for patients with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. Methods Between 1988 and 2000, 296 patients with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Of these, 130 patients (44%) had stage T3a (extracapsular extension without seminal vesicle involvement [SVI]) and 166 patients (56%) had stage T3b disease (SVI). Prior to radiotherapy, 189 patients (43%) were treated with short-course androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). The median follow-up time was 8 yr. Results The 5- and 10-yr prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse-free survival (PRFS) outcomes for stage T3a tumors were 69% and 44%, respectively. The corresponding PRFS outcomes for T3b tumors were 49% and 32% ( p =0.005). Despite the presence of locally advanced disease, the 5- and 10-yr local progression-free survival (LPFS) outcomes for all patients were 87% and 83%. Among patients who received ≥8100 cGy and ADT, the 5- and 10-yr local control rates were 96% and 88%. The 5- and 10-yr distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) outcomes for stage T3a tumors were 85% and 73%. The corresponding DMFS outcomes for T3b tumors were 49% and 32% ( p =0.005). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ADT conferred a 7-fold risk reduction for local failure. Pretreatment PSA levels and the presence of SVI on clinical staging were important predictors of distant metastases. Conclusions Conformal radiotherapy for T3 prostate cancer is associated with excellent tumor control and survival outcomes. These results are at least comparable to reported outcomes from surgical series for T3 disease and substantiate the role of radiotherapy as the standard management option for locally advanced stage prostate cancer.
The effect of a simple annealing heat treatment on the mechanical properties of cold-sprayed aluminum

Cold spray, a new member of the thermal spray process family, can be used to prepare dense, thick metal coatings. It has tremendous potential as a spray-forming process. However, it is well known that significant cold work occurs during the cold spray deposition process. This cold work results in hard coatings but relatively brittle bulk deposits. This work investigates the mechanical properties of cold-sprayed aluminum and the effect of annealing on those properties. Cold spray coatings approximately 1 cm thick were prepared using three different feedstock powders: Valimet H-10: Valimet H-20: and Brodmann Flomaster. ASTM E8 tensile specimens were machined from these coatings and tested using standard tensile testing procedures. Each material was tested in two conditions: as-sprayed; and after a 300°C, 22h air anneal. The as-sprayed material showed high ultimate strength and low ductility, with <1% elongation. The annealed samples showed a reduction in ultimate strength but a dramatic increase in ductility, with up to 10% elongation. The annealed samples exhibited mechanical properties that were similar to those of wrought 1100 H14 aluminum. Microstructural examination and fractography clearly showed a change in fracture mechanism between the as-sprayed and annealed materials. These results indicate good potential for cold spray as a bulkforming process.
Activation of flavin-containing oxidases underlies light-induced production of H2O2 in mammalian cells

Violet-blue light is toxic to mammalian cells, and this toxicity has been linked with cellular production of H2O2. In this report, we show that violet-blue light, as well as UVA, stimulated H2O2 production in cultured mouse, monkey, and human cells. We found that H2O2 originated in peroxisomes and mitochondria, and it was enhanced in cells overexpressing flavin-containing oxidases. These results support the hypothesis that photoreduction of flavoproteins underlies light-induced production of H2O2 in cells. Because H2O2 and its metabolite, hydroxyl radicals, can cause cellular damage, these reactive oxygen species may contribute to pathologies associated with exposure to UVA, violet, and blue light. They may also contribute to phototoxicity often encountered during light microscopy. Because multiphoton excitation imaging with 1,047-nm wavelength prevented light-induced H2O2 production in cells, possibly by minimizing photoreduction of flavoproteins, this technique may be useful for decreasing phototoxicity during fluorescence microscopy.
A Legacy of Innovation

It's no secret that American higher education is facing a daunting set of challenges. While public opinion surveys show that the public thinks a collegiate education is more important than ever, st...
Partitioning of inorganic orthophosphate in soil‐water systems∗

The fate of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems is of concern because it has been identified as a major contributor to eutrophication of surface water supplies. In order to ascertain the impact of inorganic phosphate on water quality, the chemical speciation, concentration, bio‐availability, and distribution in the soil‐water system are prerequisites. Environmental regulations and land disposal of organic wastes also require quantifying the partitioning of inorganic phosphate between solid and solution phases in soil‐water systems. In order to develop a partition coefficient or a partition function, several aspects of the solution chemistry of inorganic phosphate were reviewed. Several sorption mechanisms and mathematical models have been used to describe equilibrium sorption and the time‐dependent phosphate removal from solution. The most frequently applied equilibrium model was the Langmuir equation in the single‐surface form. Because of the amount of Langmuir data available, Langmuir parameters were c...
The Integration of Tribal Traditional Lifeways into Epa's Decision Making

On November 6, 2000, the President of the United States of America issued Executive Order 13175 requiring consultation and coordination with Indian Tribal governments in the "development of Federal policies that have tribal implications, to strengthen the United States government-to-government relationships with Indian tribes, and to reduce the imposition of unfunded mandates upon Indian tribes." Within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) consultation has taken many forms. One way of fostering a strong working relationship between tribes and EPA has been through EPA-Tribal Councils.
Preparedness for caring of cancer survivors: A multi-institutional study of medical students and oncology fellows

Background. Despite recent advances in cancer survivorship knowledge and care, most medical schools lack a comprehensive survivorship curriculum, potentially leaving students ill-prepared for caring of survivors. Methods. A total of 211 students and 22 oncology fellows in 3 institutions completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge and experience in survivorship care. Results. Medical students and oncology fellows lack knowledge in key survivorship issues. Students were exposed to cancer survivors frequently in medical school but only half received instruction or practiced critical components of survivorship care. Conclusions. Improvement of both undergraduate and postgraduate training in survivorship care is urgently warranted.
ATOMIC RESOLUTION STUDIES OF SOLUTE-ATOM SEGREGATION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES : EXPERIMENTS AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS

The study of the relationships between grain boundary (GB) structure and chemical composition, in bcc and fcc metallic binary alloys, is accomplished via three different techniques: (a) transmission electron rnicroscopy (TEM) ; (b) atom-probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) ; and (c) Monte Carlo computer simulations. TEM is used to determine the five macroscopic degrees of freedom of a GB; APFIM is employed to measure the chemical composition of the interface; and Monte Carlo calculations are utilized to simulate solute-atom segregation at GB's that are studied experimentally in fcc binary metallic alloys. Detailed results are presented for W(Re) and Pt(Ni) alloys.
Spatial and temporal use of floodplain habitats by lentic and lotic species of aquatic turtles

We investigated the use of aquatic and terrestrial floodplain habitats by lentic and lotic turtles inhabiting the Missouri River, a contemporary, regulated large river. Specifically, we tested whether habitats were used differentially by turtle species, sexes, and life stages over biologically determined spatial and temporal scales. We monitored female and male false map turtles (Graptemys pseudogeographica) and slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) for 14 months, using radiotelemetry. In addition, over a 3-year period we trapped G. pseudogeographica (n=591) and T. scripta (n=129) to supplement data on habitat use. Movements based on radiotelemetry and recaptures were summarized for each individual. Both species of turtles displayed dynamic annual activity patterns and used diverse habitats including those typically considered terrestrial. Although G. pseudogeographica and T. scripta spent a substantial portion of the year in the Missouri River (primarily in the cool months), newly created scour habitats also appeared to attract turtles during the cool season. However, in the warm months, habitat use became much more diverse, with turtles occupying all identified habitats including flooded agriculture and forest. Relative to their proportions, slough and scour habitats appeared to be highly favored while forests older than 4 years and agricultural habitats were proportionally less favored. We found few differences between species. However, males of both species were consistently more sedentary, used half as many habitats, and moved half as far from the river as did females, especially during May through July. Juveniles of both species were captured on average farther from the river than were adults, perhaps reflecting the close proximity of both nesting areas and shallow, productive habitats free of aquatic predators. We estimate a riparian zone of 449 m that encompasses 95% of the population movements away from the river and discuss the quality of habitats important to reproduction and survival of lentic and lotic floodplain turtles. These spatial and temporal movement patterns, in light of their potential adaptive costs and benefits to G. pseudogeographica and T. scripta, are critical to understanding the ecology of long-lived vertebrates that depend on contemporary large rivers.
Enhancing thermal conductivity of glass fiber/polymer composites through carbon nanotubes incorporation

Carbon nanotubes were effectively incorporated into low-viscosity polyester/vinyl ester resins and then used for infusion of glass fiber textiles by high-pressure injection, resulting in carbon nanotubes/glass fiber/polymer multiscale composites. The nanotubes distribution in the composites was examined by measuring the local density of as-produced composites. The uniformity of local density and scanning electron microscope characterization verified the homogeneous morphology of as-produced composites. Both theoretical calculation and experimental characterization indicated thermal conductivity was significantly improved. Incorporation of 3 wt% carbon nanotubes has resulted in 1.5-folds enhancement of thermal conductivity. These results will further increase industrial application of the fiber composites.
Hearing Loss in End-Stage Renal Disease—Effect of Dialysis

Hearing sensitivity was determined in 23 patients with end-stage renal disease shortly before and 1–5 years after the institution of maintenance hemodialysis. Normal or only slightly abnormal hearing sensitivity was found in 9 of our 23 patients while the remaining 14 patients had marked hearing abnormalities at the onset of dialysis treatment. Neither group showed any significant change in their audiographic findings during the study period. It thus appears that chronic hemodialysis may have no effect on hearing abnormalities associated with end-stage renal disease.
On the numerical approximation of finite speed diffusion problems

Lagrangian formulations for the Cauchy problems for the generalized-heat and porous-media equations are introduced and equivalence and existence results discussed. Efficient interface tracking finite difference and finite element discretizations of the Lagrangian formulation are discussed. Mixed Euler-Lagrange formulations for mixed problems and the one phase Stefan problem are presented. Numerical experiments are discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging of soft tissue masses: An evaluation of fifty-three histologically proven tumors

Fifty-three histologically confirmed soft tissue masses in 48 patients were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MR) and computerized tomography (CT). Twenty-three of these were malignant, twenty-three benign and seven of intermediate malignancy (all aggressive fibromatosis). The two procedures were compared for sensitivity and delineation of masses, their relationship to important neurovascular structures, their potential for histological diagnoses, their relative roles in influencing the surgical approach and the preferred modality in the follow-up for detection of tumor recurrence. Both modalities have their relative strengths and weaknesses. However, the superior contrast resolution of magnetic resonance imaging, its demonstration of lesions not clearly identified by CT, its pluridirectional capabilities and its ability to demonstrate large soft tissue tumors in a single coronal or sagittal plane makes it the preferred initial modality for evaluation of the soft tissue tumor of uncertain etiology and also in the follow-up of these patients. Despite MR's superiority in anatomically staging soft tissue tumors it, like CT, is of limited value in characterizing soft tissue sarcomas.
Isolation of human chromosome 13-specific DNA sequences cloned from flow sorted chromosomes and potentially linked to the retinoblastoma locus

A recombinant DNA library has been constructed using flow sorted chromosome #13 DNA and the phage vector, Charon 21A. Roughly 90% of the phage inserts in the library hybridize to human repetitive DNA. Phage containing human nonrepetitive inserts have been screened for chromosome #13 specificity by Southern blot analysis using the genomic DNA of human-rodent cell hybrids containing different regions of the human #13 autosome. Of 18 phage inserts characterized, 13 have been assigned to the 13q12----q22 subregion, three appear to be localized in the 13pter----q12 region, and two are not #13-specific. By Southern blot analysis of the DNA of a retinoblastoma patient exhibiting a deletion of band 13q14 and of karyotypically normal individuals, two phage inserts have been putatively assigned to band 13q14, the currently accepted locus for a genetic determinant for retinoblastoma. These two DNA probes show quantitative differences in hybridization band intensity in the genomic DNA of the 13q--patient relative to that of the normals. In situ hybridization data support these conclusions. A recombinant phage library that shows an approximate 90% enrichment for human chromosome #13-specific DNA fragments should prove useful not only in studies related to retinoblastoma, but also in the molecular analysis of the structure and function of chromosome #13.
Expert Systems in the Fighter of the 1990s

In the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) to be deployed in the 1990s, the role of expert systems will enhance mission success. This paper discusses the utilization of two expert systems for handling multisensor data fusion and situation assessment. In multisensor data fusion, each sensor operates over a different region of the surveillance volume asynchronously and provides different measurements. In some instances, more than one sensor may yield the same measurement but with a different measurement accuracy. In this regard, the paper describes, in layman's terms, a system block diagram for processing the autonomous sensor track files and the possible need for a ``smart'' fusion processor. This expert system is shown to manage the sensor outputs in both the temporal and spatial domains to maximize target identification confidence as well as kinematic state vector accuracy. The paper delineates the features needed by the fusion expert in order to assign a quality factor to each composite track file entry. A second expert system uses the output from fusion and other mission-related data to formulate the best picture of the surveillance volume at hand. This second expert system will show how historical data and real-time sensor data are merged for purposes of display parameters to the pilot, weapon cueing, countermeasures response management, and feedback to the fusion expert processor for individual sensor communication and data collection direction. The paper concludes with a tabular summary of the subprocesses of which these two expert systems may consist.
Defining a role for non-satellite stem cells in the regulation of muscle repair following exercise.

Skeletal muscle repair is essential for effective remodeling, tissue maintenance, and initiation of beneficial adaptations post-eccentric exercise. A series of well characterized events, such as recruitment of immune cells and activation of satellite cells, constitute the basis for muscle regeneration. However, details regarding the fine-tuned regulation of this process in response to different types of injury are open for investigation. Muscle-resident non-myogenic, non-satellite stem cells expressing conventional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, have the potential to significantly contribute to regeneration given the role for bone marrow-derived MSCs in whole body tissue repair in response to injury and disease. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight a regulatory role for non-satellite stem cells in the process of skeletal muscle healing post-eccentric exercise. The non-myogenic, non-satellite stem cell fraction will be defined, its role in tissue repair will be briefly reviewed, and recent studies demonstrating a contribution to eccentric exercise-induced regeneration will be presented.
Lhermitte's sign among nasopharyngeal cancer patients after radiotherapy

Background. Lhermitte's sign (LS) is a side effect of radiotherapy (RT) on the spinal cord and typically occurs shortly after the procedure has been conducted. When treating patients with cancer of the head and neck region with irradiation, it remains difficult to avoid exposing the cervical spinal cord to unintended radiation. In this study, we focused on nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) alone and looked for various parameters that might influence the occurrence of LS associated with this disease after RT. Methods. From 1979 through 1990, 1171 patients with NPC completed RT either with or without chemotherapy at the Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH), Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; the RT regimens for these treated patients were very similar. The nasopharyngeal tumor was treated to 75 Gy by photon teletherapy and after-loading brachytherapy. The neck lymphatics were irradiated with photon irradiation to 46.8 Gy and then boosted with electron beams to 10 to 30 Gy, in accordance with the patient's nodal status, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Every patient was followed monthly for the first 3 months after therapy and subsequently every 2 to 3 months for the next 2 years and, finally, every 6 months thereafter. At follow-up, a neurologic checkup of each patient was performed to determine whether any injury to the spinal cord or brain stem had arisen. Results. LS was observed for 121 patients (10.3%). The median development time for such signs was 3.0 months after the completion of RT (range, 0.2–72 months), and the appearance of such a sign lasted 1 to 82 weeks (median, 17 weeks). No statistically significant differences between the sexes were noted in the development of such a sign (p = .5263),or among various T classifications (p = .0757) and N classifications (p = .4412). The incidence of LS was significantly lower for those patients who had also received chemotherapy than it was for those who had not (p = .003), and it was also lower for patients older than 60 years than for those younger than 60 years (p = .0061). Of the subjects who did not undergo neck-lymphatic boosting or who had undergone only unilateral neck-lymphatic boosting, 7.2% had LS develop, whereas 11.5% of patients who had been boosted bilaterally had LS develop (p = .0285). Conclusions. The incidence of LS associated with NPC and after RT was higher in patients who underwent bilateral neck-lymphatic boosting by electron beams than for those who underwent unilateral boosting or who did not undergo boosting. A correlation between increased incidence of LS and RT dose on the cervical spinal cord was noted when the cord dose exceeded 48.9 Gy. Therefore, wherever possible, a CT simulator and a three-dimensional treatment-planning system should necessarily be used to verify the dose distribution of electron-beam RT to diminish the chance of radiation overdose on the cervical cord. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: 187–194, 2005
Growth of kidney epithelial cells in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium.

Madin Darby canine kidney cells can grow in synthetic medium supplemented with 5 factors – insulin, transferrin, prostaglandin E1, hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine – as a serum substitute. These 5 factors permit growth for one month in the absence of serum, and a growth rate equivalent to that observed in serum-supplemented medium. Dibutyryl cAMP substitutes for prostaglandin E1 in the medium, suggesting that increased growth of Maden Darby canine kidney cells results from increased intracellular cAMP. Potential applications of the serum-free medium are discussed. The medium permits the selective growth of primary epithelial cell cultures in the absence of fibroblast over-growth, and a defined analysis of the mechanisms by which hormones regulate hemicyst formation.
Rationale and Overview of the Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) Trial

Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors and has also been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in osteoporosis prevention trials. The Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) study was designed to test the hypothesis that, compared to placebo, raloxifene at 60 mg/day (1) lowers the risk of the combined end point of coronary death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalized acute coronary syndromes other than MI and (2) reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer (coprimary end point) in women at high risk for major coronary events based on established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or multiple risk factors. RUTH is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial of 10,101 women aged 55 years or older from 26 countries and is expected to be completed in approximately 5 years.
Resolving wild embeddings of codimension-one manifolds in manifolds of dimensions greater than 3

Abstract For n ⩾4, every embedding of an ( n −1)-manifold in an n -manifold has a δ-resolution for each δ >0. Consequently, for n ⩾4, every embedding of an ( n -1)-manifold in an n -manifold can be approximated by tame embeddings.
Transport theory for light propagation in tissues

We review the theory of the transport equation governing light propagation in tissues. We discuss the computation of the Green's function and its applications.
The photoluminescence properties of the copper(I) clusters Cu4I4A4 (A = aromatic amine) in solution

Abstract Solutions of the copper(I) tetranuclear clusters Cu 4 I 4 A 4 (A = pyridine or substituted pyridine) in room temperature toluene display two luminescence bands in the visible region of the spectrum. The higher energy emission has been assigned as a transition from a metal-to-pyridine charge transfer state on the basis of pyridine substituent effects, while the much more intense lower energy emission has been assigned as a cluster-centered transition owing to its presence even when A is a saturated amine. The two emission display relatively long, but different, lifetime and appear to originate from states which are essentially uncoupled. Calculations using effective relativistic core potential methods suggest that the cluster-centered emission is from an excited state which can be visualized as the result of electronic promotion from a HOMO which is largely iodide in character to a LUMO which is largely copper (4s and 4p) in character.
Calibration of the operating parameters for an HB5 stem instrument

Abstract The interference fringes, or electron Ronchigrams, appearing in the shadow images of thin periodic objects may be used for calibration of the operating parameters of a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrument. The determination of the spherical aberration constant is more simple and direct than by other means used in electron or light optics. The calibrated value for the spherical aberration may then be used in the determination of other primary aberrations.
Myostatin – The Holy Grail for Muscle, Bone, and Fat?

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, was first described in 1997. Since then, myostatin has gained growing attention because of the discovery that myostatin inhibition leads to muscle mass accrual. Myostatin not only plays a key role in muscle homeostasis, but also affects fat and bone. This review will focus on the impact of myostatin and its inhibition on muscle mass/function, adipose tissue and bone density/geometry in humans. Although existing data are sparse, myostatin inhibition leads to increased lean mass and 1 study found a decrease in fat mass and increase in bone formation. In addition, myostatin levels are increased in sarcopenia, cachexia and bed rest whereas they are increased after resistance training, suggesting physiological regulatory of myostatin. Increased myostatin levels have also been found in obesity and levels decrease after weight loss from caloric restriction. Knowledge on the relationship of myostatin with bone is largely based on animal data where elevated myostatin levels lead to decreased BMD and myostatin inhibition improved BMD. In summary, myostatin appears to be a key factor in the integrated physiology of muscle, fat, and bone. It is unclear whether myostatin directly affects fat and bone, or indirectly via muscle. Whether via direct or indirect effects, myostatin inhibition appears to increase muscle and bone mass and decrease fat tissue—a combination that truly appears to be a holy grail. However, at this time, human data for both efficacy and safety are extremely limited. Moreover, whether increased muscle mass also leads to improved function remains to be determined. Ultimately potential beneficial effects of myostatin inhibition will need to be determined based on hard outcomes such as falls and fractures.
The Social Efficiency of Fixed Wages

This paper analyzes a model in which fixed wages and layoffs may be the most efficient way to organize employment contracts. When wages fluctuate to reallocate labor among firms, workers must make costly decisions and may undertake excessive search. In contrast, if all firms reallocate labor with layoffs and new hires at fixed wages, only those workers laid off will have decisions to make. The lower decision costs of the fixed wage contract may more than compensate for the resource cost of the unemployment it causes. A novel feature of the model is the result that the socially optimal contract, when chosen by all firms, may not be the privately optimal contract.
Decoder-Friendly H.264/AVC Deblocking Filter Design

The complexity model of the H.264 deblocking filter (DBF) is studied in this work. The DBF process consists of three main modules: 1) boundary strength computation, 2) edge detection, and 3) low-pass filtering. Complexities of all three are considered in the proposed model. DBF-based decoding complexity control is also investigated. It is shown experimentally that the proposed complexity model can provide fair estimation results. Besides, the H.264 encoder equipped with the complexity model and the DBF-based decoding complexity control algorithms can generate bit streams to save a significant amount of decoding complexity while offering quality similar to those generated by a typical H.264 encoder.
Educators for Earth: A Guide for Early Childhood Instruction.

ABSTRACT:The author has developed a “Fostering a Love of Nature Index” to provide “best practice” guidelines for planning, implementing, and evaluating environmental education programs for young children. Research used in developing this index was drawn from both the early-childhood education literature and the environmental education literature. Examples and suggestions are offered for each hem on the 12-item index.
Water Management Adaptations to Prevent Loss of Spring-Run Chinook Salmon in California under Climate Change

AbstractSpring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are particularly vulnerable to climate change because adults over-summer in freshwater streams before spawning in autumn. We examined streamflow and water temperature regimes that could lead to long-term reductions in spring-run Chinook salmon (SRCS) in a California stream and evaluated management adaptations to ameliorate these impacts. Bias-corrected and spatially downscaled climate data from six general circulation models and two emission scenarios for the period 2010–2099 were used as input to two linked models: a water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model to simulate weekly mean streamflow and water temperature in Butte Creek, California that were used as input to SALMOD, a spatially explicit and size/stage structured model of salmon population dynamics in freshwater systems. For all climate scenarios and model combinations, WEAP yielded lower summer base flows and higher water temperatures relative to historical conditions, while SALMOD yi...
Estrogen-like Activity in Vegetable Oils and Mill By-products

By the immature female mouse bioassay technique, an increased uterine weight was observed when certain vegetable oils were fed or injected. Byproducts from the milling of cereals were also capable of eliciting a uterine response.
Further Resolution of Two Parallel Bands of Ammonia and the Interaction between Vibration and Rotation

The fundamental low frequency parallel band at $10\ensuremath{\mu}$ and its upper stage band at $16\ensuremath{\mu}$ have been re-examined under high dispersion. It is found that most of the fine structure lines hitherto reported as single are resolved into multiplets. The positions of the lines may be accounted for accurately by assuming that the energy levels have the form, $\frac{{W}^{s,a}}{\mathrm{hc}}=\frac{W_{V}^{}{}_{}{}^{s,a}}{\mathrm{hc}}+A_{V}^{}{}_{}{}^{s,a}({J}^{2}+J\ensuremath{-}{K}^{2})+C_{V}^{}{}_{}{}^{s,a}{K}^{2}+F(\mathrm{JK}).$ The superscripts $s$ or $a$ indicate whether the level in question is the lower or the upper of the two levels produced by the double minimum potential. $F(\mathrm{JK})$ is the small centrifugal distortion term calculated by Slawsky and Dennison. The constants $A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}$, $A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}$, $A_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}$, $A_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}$, $A_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}$, $C_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}\ensuremath{-}C_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}$ and $C_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}\ensuremath{-}C_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}$ are determined from the experimental data. The following vibrational energies are also found, $W_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}=932.24\mathrm{hc}$, $W_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}=968.08\mathrm{hc}$ and $W_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{s}=1597.4\mathrm{hc}$.
Rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase is a potential source of superoxide in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria.

The rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase isolated from mitochondria of the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei has the ability to produce superoxide anions (Biochemistry 41 (2002) 3065). Superoxide production by the purified enzyme was 60% inhibited by diphenyl iodonium (DPI), stimulated significantly by ubiquinone analogues, and unaffected by metal ions. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intact cells was not affected by addition of rotenone with proline and malate as substrates; however, addition of rotenone inhibited 41% ROS production with succinate as substrate. These results suggest that complex I is not involved in production of ROS and that succinate-linked reversed electron transport occurs in trypanosome mitochondria. Superoxide formation in mitochondria with NADH as substrate was stimulated by antimycin A but was unaffected by myxothiazol plus stigmatellin, indicating that bc(1) complex is not a source of superoxide. DPI and fumarate inhibited by 68 and 36%, respectively, the rate of superoxide production with NADH as substrate. Addition of both fumarate and DPI blocked 70% superoxide production in mitochondria, a total inhibition similar to that observed with DPI addition alone. These results suggest that the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase in addition to NADH fumarate reductase is a potential source of superoxide production in procyclic trypanosome mitochondria.
Refolding of [6-19F]tryptophan-labeled Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase in the presence of ligand: a stopped-flow NMR spectroscopy study.

Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase contains five tryptophan residues that are spatially distributed throughout the protein and located in different secondary structural elements. When these tryptophans are replaced with [6-19F]tryptophan, distinct native and unfolded resonances can be resolved in the 1-D 19F NMR spectra. Using site-directed mutagenesis, these resonances have been assigned to individual tryptophans [Hoeltzli, S. D., and Frieden, C. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 5502−5509], allowing both the native and unfolded environments of each tryptophan to be monitored during the refolding process. We have previously used these assignments and stopped-flow NMR to investigate the behavior of specific regions of the protein during refolding of apo dihydrofolate reductase from urea in real time. These studies now have been extended to investigate the real time behavior of specific regions of the protein during refolding of dihydrofolate reductase in the presence of either NADP+ or dihydrofolate. As obser...
Plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis. A comparative study of daily versus alternately daily schedule.

Objectives - The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different protocols of plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). Materials and methods - We treated 30 MG patients with plasmapheresis on either a daily or alternately daily schedule for 5 consecutive sessions. Acetylcholine receptor antibody (AchRAb), serum proteins including albumin, globulin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM, and MG score were measured before and after the course of plasmapheresis in each group of patients. Results - The mean percent reductions of serum proteins including IgA (81.5% vs 69.7%), IgM (95.6% vs 87.1%), and globulin (63.2% vs 50.1%) were significantly higher in the daily group. There were no significant differences in AchRAb and IgG levels after treatment between these 2 groups. However, the reduction of MG score was greater in the daily group. All the patients tolerated plasmapheresis well except for 2.7% of them who experienced hypotension. Conclusion - Our results suggest that daily plasmapheresis may be more effective in the treatment of patients with advanced MG.
Comment on "Modified nonlocal heat-transport formula for steep temperature gradients"

The low value of the flux-limiter proposed in a recent article by Mirza and Murtaza [Phys. Rev. A 41, 4460 (1990)] is misleading. In order to justify their conclusions the authors made inappropriate comparisons with the results from certain experimental papers.
ERK Plays a Regulatory Role in Induction of LTP by Theta Frequency Stimulation and Its Modulation by β-Adrenergic Receptors

Abstract MAP kinase (ERK) translates cell surface signals into alterations in transcription. We have found that ERK also regulates hippocampal neuronal excitability during 5 Hz stimulation and thereby regulates forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) that do not require macromolecular synthesis. Moreover, ERK-mediated changes in excitability are selectively required for some forms of LTP but not others. ERK is required for the early phase of LTP elicited by brief 5 Hz stimulation, as well as for LTP elicited by more prolonged 5 Hz stimulation when paired with β1-adrenergic receptor activation. By contrast, ERK plays no role in LTP elicited by a single 1 s 100 Hz train. Consistent with these results, we find that ERK is activated by β-adrenergic receptors in CA1 pyramidal cell somas and dendrites.
Comparative removal of pyrimidine dimers from human epidermal keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro.

We have compared the kinetics for repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of keratinocytes in human skin and in cell culture. A small area of the buttocks of volunteers was exposed to UVB-irradiation and biopsies were taken at various time intervals. Epidermal keratinocytes in culture from the same subjects were exposed to UVC with doses chosen to elicit comparable yields of dimers n cellular DNA. The initial density of pyrimidine dimers and the kinetics of their removal were assessed utilizing the dimer-specific T4 endonuclease V and sedimentation of the unlabeled DNA through alkaline sucrose gradients. The position of DNA in the gradients was determined using a monoclonal antibody against random sequences of single-stranded DNA in a sensitive immunoassay. The initial dimer frequency was 3.9 – 6.7 per 108 daltons DNA. About 40% of the dimers were removed within 1 h, 70% in 6 h, and 90% in 24 h for both in vivo and in vitro samples. The early rapid removal phase may represent preferential repair of actively transcribed genes. Our findings reaffirm the usefulness and applicability of cell culture systems to model in vivo repair phenomena. The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect single-stranded DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients may be of value in a variety of studies involving human tissues in which it is not possible to use radioactive labeling of the DNA for the analysis.
Effect of bacterial exopolymer on lead (II) adsorption by γAl2O3 in seawater

Abstract The influence of exocellular polymeric organic materials on adsorption of Pb(II) by gamma aluminium oxide (γAl2O3) was evaluated for Pb concentrations ranging from 10−7 M to 10−5 M and surface concentrations from 1 m2 l−1 to 100 m2 l−1. Exopolymer produced by two strains of the marine film forming bacterium Pseudomonas atlantica was employed in these studies at concentrations ranging from 1 mg l−1 to approximately 90 mg l−1. No observable influence of exopolymer on Pb(II) adsorption was seen under the experimental conditions considered with the exception of reduced Pb adsorption at pH > 7 for the highest polymer concentration and lowest specific surface area of γAl2O3. The lead binding characteristics of γAl2O3 and exopolymer were independently measured and modelled with multiple binding site models. Calculations using the model parameters confirm that the Pb binding strength of bacterial exopolymer is insufficient to perturb Pb(II) adsorption even at P. atlantica polymer concentrations substantially higher than those which are anticipated in marine environments.