Computer-Aided Power Systems Analysis

Central Operation and Control of Power Systems General Control Center of a Power System Digital Computer Configuration Automatic Generation Control for a Power System Area Control Error CPS1 CPS2, 10 Min Average Disturbance Conditions Operation without Central Computers or AGC Parallel Operation of Generators Network Power Flows Oversimplified Power Flow (dc Power Flow) Area Lumped Dynamic Model Problems References Elements of Transmission Networks Phasor Notation Symmetrical Component Transformation Floating Voltage Base Per-Unit Systems Overhead Transmission Line Representation Inductance of Long Parallel Conductors Balanced Three-Phase Lines Unbalanced Lines Capacitance of Transmission Lines General Method to Determine Aerial Transmission Line Parameters Transformer Representation Wye-Delta and Phase-Shift Transformers Multiple-Winding Transformers Synchronous Machine Representation Steady-State Synchronous Machine Equivalent Short-Circuit Characteristics Transient-Time-Frame Synchronous Machine Equivalent Subtransient-Time-Frame Synchronous Machine Equivalent Problems References Bus Reference Frame Linear Network Injections and Loads Bus Impedance Matrix for Elements without Mutual Coupling Adding a Tree Branch to Bus p Adding a Tree Branch to the Reference Adding a Cotree Link between Buses p and q Adding a Cotree Link from Bus p to Reference The Bus Admittance Matrix Bus Impedance Matrix for Elements with Mutual Coupling Inversion of the YBUS Matrix for Large Systems Tinney's Optimally Ordered Triangular Factorization [3] Tinney's Schemes for Near-Optimal Ordering Several Iterative Methods for Linear Matrices Gaussian Iteration Gauss-Seidel Iteration Problems References Network Fault and Contingency Calculations Fault Calculations Using ZBUS Approximations Common to Short-Circuit Studies Fault Calculations Using the YBUS Table of Factors Contingency Analysis for Power Systems Contingency Analysis for Power Systems Contingencies Using ZBUS in a Superposition Method ZBUS Line Contingency Method Using the YBUS Table of Factors for Contingencies Double Contingencies Using YBUS Table of Factors (Balanced Case) Problems References Power Flow on Transmission Networks Slack Bus ZBUS Formulation for Load-Flow Equations Gauss or Gauss-Seidel Iteration Using YBUS Newton-Raphson Iterative Scheme Using YBUS Approximations to the Jacobian in the Newton-Raphson Method Adjustment of Network Operating Conditions Operational Power Flow Programs Problems References Generator Base Power Setting Economic Dispatch of Generation without Transmission Line Losses Economic Dispatch of Generation with Line Losses On-line Execution of the Economic Dispatch Day-Ahead Economic Dispatch with a Variable Number of Units On-line Power Transmission Line Losses for Economic Dispatch Utilizing the Load-Flow Jacobian for Economic Dispatch Economic Exchange of Power between Areas Economy A Program Problems References State Estimation from On-line Measurements The Line Power Flow State Estimator State Estimation and Noisy Measurements Monitoring the Power System Determination of Variance S2 to Normalize Measurements Problems References Appendix A: Conductor Resistance and Rating Equations Index