cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripherally inserted central venous catheters in critical care patients.

Objective To describe the clinical outcomes and cost for high-risk critical care patients with peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs). Design A prospective descriptive study. Setting A private acute care facility. Subjects Ninety-seven consecutive PICC insertions in four critical care units per physician order. Five subjects were excluded due to five abortive attempts. Data were analyzed on 92 PICC insertions. Age range was 23 to 92 years. Outcome measures Frequency of insertion complications, postinsertion complications, and cost factors were measured. Results When subjects were in critical care areas, catheters remained in place a mean of 10 days with a range of one to 50 days. After patient transfer with catheters in place to acute care areas (medical-surgical units), convalescent units, and home care, catheters were maintained a mean of 13 days with a range of 1 to 116 days. Catheter days totaled 2069. The total number of catheter days while in critical care were 878, with 1191 catheter days after transfer to other areas. Seventy-one of the original 92 PICC catheters remained in place until treatment was completed or the patient expired. Twenty-one were removed for nonelective reasons. Of these patients, only one had significant morbidity related to sepsis. This septic episode occurred in a convalescent unit. Percentage of catheter-related sepsis was 0.48% per 1000 catheter days. Because PICCs are not used to any degree in critical care patients throughout the United States, this study should increase awareness among practitioners that this approach is a safe alternative method to chest or neck insertion for central venous access in high-risk critical care patients.
Formulation of Paranoid Personality Disorder

The above extract from Herzl’s diary (Silverberg, 1972) seems well suited to serve as an introduction to a chapter on paranoid behavior. Individuals who hold beliefs of grandeur (“I founded the Jewish State”) in the face of contradictory data (the State of Israel did not exist in 1897) and who anticipate immediate ridicule for these beliefs (“I would be met by universal laughter”) but future admiration (“everyone will say it”) are viewed as paranoid. The fact that in 1948 Herzl’s prediction became reality would not have reduced the temptation by some in 1897 to label Herzl as a paranoid.1
Communication Apprehension About Death, Religious Group Affiliation, and Religiosity: Predictors of Organ and Body Donation Decisions.

Communication willingness has previously been identified as an important communication factor in influencing individuals’ decisions to become an organ donor. Missing from this conversation is the r...
Electrostatic Machine Drive Using Complex Vector Voltage Regulation with a Current Source Inverter Platform

Advancements in the torque capability of macroscale electrostatic machines prompts the development of controls and power electronics that are suitable to their radically different terminal characteristics and demonstrate performance in the context of canonical variable speed drives. Analysis of the separately excited electrostatic machine model indicates that a complex vector voltage regulator (CVVR) paired with a current sourced inverter (CSI) provides an intuitive solution to terminal voltage regulation and is a dual to magnetic drive systems utilizing voltage sourced inverters. Here, ampere-seconds (charge) is sourced by the CSI to the machine to modulate torque. Analysis of the voltage regulator for achieving high performance torque modulation is presented including transfer functions, command tracking and frequency response function plots. A kilowatt-scale medium-voltage (MV) CSI power electronic platform was developed as no off-the-shelf unit existed and the high pole count of electrostatic machines inherently requires high fundamental frequencies. A custom MV CSI unit was built by series stacking 3.6kV IGBTs with parallel snubbers (for static and dynamic balancing). The resulting drive is capable of synthesizing 5kV peak line-line with 5.5kHz PWM and may transition to six-step operation as the fundamental encroaches within an order of magnitude of the switching frequency.
Headache in Chiari Malformation

Headache is a common symptom in patients with Chiari I malformation (CMI), characterized by 5 mm or greater cerebellar tonsillar herniation below foramen magnum. Radiologists should be aware of the different types of headaches reported by CMI patients and which headache patterns are distinctive features of the diagnosis. A methodical imaging strategy is required to fully assess a CMI patient to exclude secondary causes of tonsillar herniation such as intracranial hypotension or associated conditions such as syrinx. Both anatomic and physiologic imaging can help determine if headaches are CMI associated, and assist clinicians in therapeutic decision making.
SMAP Observations of the Fourth Stokes Parameter At L-Band

Measurements are reported of the fourth Stokes parameter as observed from space by the SMAP polarimetric radiometer. The SMAP radiometer has a digital back-end that provides fully polarimetric processing, including the direct measurement of the third and fourth Stokes parameters. The data provide a first look at the fourth Stokes parameter from space at L-band. Features are reported that can be associated with RFI and the characteristics of the antenna pattern. With processing to remove such effects, features associated with the surface, such as snow/ice over Greenland and land vegetation canopy have also been observed
Das Licht und der Äther

Um Raum und Zeit messen zu konnen, benotigen wir ein genaues Verstandnis der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Wir beschreiben die jahrhundertelangen Anstrengungen zu ihrer Bestimmung. Die erforderlichen Messungen bezogen sich auf die Lichtausbreitung auf der Erde und zwischen den Sternen. Maxwell erkannte, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Lichts die der elektromagnetischen Wellen ist. In einer Nebenbetrachtung beschreiben wir den Begriff des Lichtathers und seine Entwicklung.
Litany 6-9 by Salgado Maranhão

Salgado Maranhao, winner of all of Brazil's major poetry awards, has toured the United States five times, presenting his work at over one hundred colleges and universities. In addition to fourteen books of poetry, he has written song lyrics and made recordings with some of Brazil’s leading jazz and pop musicians. He has published three collections of his work in English: Blood of the Sun (Milkweed Editions, 2012), Tiger Fur (White Pine Press, 2015), and Palavora (Dialogos Books, 2019). On Nov. 13, 2017, Salgado received an honoris causa doctorate for his cultural achievements from the Federal University of Piaui in Teresina, Brazil.
Pediatric Otoplasty: Does Surgical Specialty Training Affect Safety and Rates of Adverse Perioperative Events?

Background Otoplasty remains an overlapping clinical domain of plastic surgery and otolaryngology. The purpose of this study is to objectively analyze the safety of otoplasty and determine if there are any risk factors, such as surgical training, associated with increased patient morbidity. Methods Retrospective cohort study was conducted of otoplasty procedures performed in North America by plastic surgeons and otolaryngologists between 2012 and 2017 using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric dataset. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between comorbidities, congenital malformations, and postoperative complications. Results There were 777 otoplasty procedures performed during the study period. Median age at time of surgery was 8.3 years (95% CI 7.9-8.7 years). Plastic surgeons performed 75.8% (n = 589) procedures and otolaryngologists performed 23.4% (n = 182). No significant (P = 0.952) difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications between surgical specialties was appreciated despite the fact that operative time was significantly longer in procedures performed by otolaryngologists (121 minutes versus 94 minutes, P 0.324) or congenital malformations (P all > 0.382) contributing to postoperative complications. Reoperation (0.8%, n = 6 of 777) and readmission (0.4%, n = 3 of 777) were uncommon; nevertheless, these adverse events were significantly associated with multiple inherent patient risk factors on multivariate regression. Conclusions Otoplasty is a relatively safe surgical procedure with similarly low complication and readmission rates when performed by plastic surgeons and otolaryngologists. Surgical site infection remains the most prevalent complication after otoplasty. Readmission and reoperation after otoplasty were significantly correlated to prematurity, structural pulmonary abnormality, alimentary tract disease, and seizure disorder.
Mortality Risk Factors in Preterm Infants Treated With High-Frequency Jet Ventilation

BACKGROUND: High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) has been used in conjunction with conventional ventilation for premature infants with respiratory failure. We sought to identify parameters that were associated with mortality in subjects who underwent HFJV. METHODS: Subjects were enrolled if birthweight was ≤ 2,000 g and they were ≤ 34 weeks gestational age. Subjects were excluded if they received HFJV at the time of admission because we aimed to study subjects who failed conventional ventilation. Subject demographics, ventilator parameters, and laboratory data were extracted and analyzed. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences in continuous variables, and the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables between the groups. To assess variables that were predictive of mortality, we used both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Independent predictors of mortality were identified and used to create a multivariate risk score. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the multivariate risk score. RESULTS: A total of 53 premature subjects (n = 37 male) were studied, of whom 39 (74%) survived to discharge or transfer back to referring hospital. In the univariate model, female sex, older gestational age, higher birthweight, HFJV peak inspiratory pressure at 1 h, and oxygen saturation index at 4 h were associated with mortality. In the final multivariate logistic regression model, female sex (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 1.2–19.8, P = .044), closed ductus arteriosus (odds ratio 7.7, 95% CI 1.3–39.5, P = .016), and oxygen saturation index > 5.5 (odds ratio 6.0, 95% CI 1.5–28.3, P = .02) were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We identified that oxygen saturation index > 5.5 after 4 h of HFJV, female sex, and closed ductus arteriosus were independent predictors of mortality.
Phylogenetic double placement of mixed samples.

Motivation Consider a simple computational problem. The inputs are (i) the set of mixed reads generated from a sample that combines two organisms and (ii) separate sets of reads for several reference genomes of known origins. The goal is to find the two organisms that constitute the mixed sample. When constituents are absent from the reference set, we seek to phylogenetically position them with respect to the underlying tree of the reference species. This simple yet fundamental problem (which we call phylogenetic double-placement) has enjoyed surprisingly little attention in the literature. As genome skimming (low-pass sequencing of genomes at low coverage, precluding assembly) becomes more prevalent, this problem finds wide-ranging applications in areas as varied as biodiversity research, food production and provenance, and evolutionary reconstruction. Results We introduce a model that relates distances between a mixed sample and reference species to the distances between constituents and reference species. Our model is based on Jaccard indices computed between each sample represented as k-mer sets. The model, built on several assumptions and approximations, allows us to formalize the phylogenetic double-placement problem as a non-convex optimization problem that decomposes mixture distances and performs phylogenetic placement simultaneously. Using a variety of techniques, we are able to solve this optimization problem numerically. We test the resulting method, called MIxed Sample Analysis tool (MISA), on a varied set of simulated and biological datasets. Despite all the assumptions used, the method performs remarkably well in practice. Availability and implementation The software and data are available at https://github.com/balabanmetin/misa and https://github.com/balabanmetin/misa-data. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Trends in studies of edge influence on vegetation at human created and natural forest edges across time and space

Forest edges, or boundaries between adjacent ecosystems, play important ecological roles. Both anthropogenic and natural forest edges affect vegetation while contributing to landscape heterogeneity...
Ideal body position for epinephrine autoinjector administration

Background: Epinephrine is the first-line therapy for patients with anaphylaxis, and intramuscular (IM) delivery is shown to be superior to subcutaneous (SC) delivery. There currently is no consensus on the ideal body position for epinephrine autoinjector (EAI) administration. Objective: We designed this study to investigate whether SC tissue depth (SCTD) is affected by body position (e.g., standing, sitting, supine), which can potentially impact delivery of EAI into the IM space. Methods: Volunteer adults (ages ≥ 18 years) from a military medical treatment facility in the United States were recruited to participate in this study. SCTD of the vastus lateralis was measured via ultrasound at standing, sitting, and supine body positions. Subjects' age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to compare average SCTD between body positions, sex, and BMI. Results: An analysis of variance of 51 participants (33 men and 18 women) did not reveal statistically significant difference in SCTD among standing, sitting, and supine body positions. It did show a significantly greater SCTD in women than in men (2.72 ± 1.36 cm versus 1.10 ± 0.38 cm; p < 0.001). There was no significant association observed between BMI and SCTD in this study. Conclusion: Body position did not seem to significantly change the distance between skin and thigh muscle in adults. This would suggest that there might not be an ideal body position for EAI administration. Therefore, in case of anaphylaxis, prompt administration of epinephrine is recommended at any position.
Personalized physiologic flow waveforms improve wave reflection estimates compared to triangular flow waveforms in adults

We demonstrate that triangular flow waveforms overestimate wave reflection indices, particularly at higher central pulse pressures independent of age or carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. In cont...
Injury-Free In Vivo Delivery and Engraftment into the Cornea Endothelium Using Extracellular Matrix Shrink-Wrapped Cells

Cell injection has emerged as a widespread approach for therapeutic delivery of healthy cells into diseased and damaged tissues to achieve regeneration. However, cell retention, viability and integration at the injection site has generally been poor, driving the need for improved approaches. Additionally, it is unknown how efficiently single cells can integrate and repair tissue level function. Here we have developed a technique to address these issues by engineering islands of interconnected cells on ECM nanoscaffolds that can be non-destructively released from the surface via thermal dissolution of the underlying thermo-responsive polymer. Upon dissolution of the polymer, the ECM nanoscaffold shrink-wraps around the small island of cells, creating a small patch of cells that maintain their cell-cell junctions and cytoskeletal structure throughout collection, centrifugation and injection that we have termed Monolayers. These Monolayers were made with corneal endothelial cells, as a model system, as single cell injections of corneal endothelial cells have been used with some success clinically to treat corneal blindness. In vitro our Monolayers exhibited increased integration compared to single cells into low density corneal endothelial monolayers and in vivo into the high-density healthy rabbit corneal endothelium. These results indicate that this technique could be used to increase the integration of healthy cells into existing tissues to treat not only corneal blindness, but also other conditions such as cystic fibrosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, etc. One Sentence SummarySmall monolayers of interconnected endothelial cells are shrinkwrapped in a thin layer of ECM and exhibit enhanced adhesion and integration in vivo compared to single cell suspensions.
Nexus Analysis as an Approach to Navigate Change

Spring 2020 ushered a new set of educational challenges for English language program administrators (ELPAs) ranging from the COVID-19 pandemic to social and racial injustices experienced by staff, faculty, and learners. Recognizing the lack of materials to support ELPA professional development, this article introduces the theoretical and methodological approach of Nexus Analysis as a possible approach for administrators when navigating complex educational ecosystems. Along with a review of literature that describes the role of ELPAs and their associated duties, this article positions the actions of language program administration, which range from policy creation to ordering supplies, as mediated by outside factors on the societal, community, and individual scale. Following this, the Nexus Analysis methodological approach of engagement, navigation, and change is reviewed and generalized to educational settings. To conclude, past research studies that have used Nexus Analysis are reviewed with the aim to connect with familiar ELPA management scenarios and practical considerations unique to our current time in history. Keywords: English language program management, English language program administrators, Nexus Analysis
Lessons learned from first-principles calculations of transition metal oxides.

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are an important class of materials with diverse applications, ranging from memristors to photoelectrochemical cells. First-principles calculations are critical for understanding these complex materials at an atomic level and establishing relationships between atomic and electronic structures, particularly for probing quantities difficult or inaccessible to experiment. Here, we discuss computational strategies used to understand TMOs by focusing on two examples, a photoanode material, BiVO4, and an oxide for low-power electronics, La1−xSrxCoO3. We highlight key aspects required for the modeling of TMOs, namely, the descriptions of how oxygen vacancies, extrinsic doping, the magnetic state, and polaron formation impact their electronic and atomic structures and, consequently, many of the observed properties.
Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Chapter 4: Disclosure)

Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This chapter of the casebook covers disclosure doctrines, including enablement, written description, and (briefly) best mode.
An Interventionist and Psychometrician Considers Assessing Changes in Spiritual Formation

There are two parts to this present article. First, I consider the applied problem of assessing changes in a congregation—how often to assess, why assess, what changes are looked for, what interven...
Polymer gel phase transition in condensation-decondensation of secretory products

The molecular mechanisms of product storage and release in secretion remain unknown. Mucins stored in secretory granules form a highly condensed polymer network. An important condition for mucin condensation is the shielding of their polyionic charges, which depends on the presence of large amounts of Ca2+ inside the secretory granule. Experiments conducted on rabbit respiratory goblet cells, and in isolated giant mucin granules of the slug Ariolimax columbianus, indicate that upon exocytosis the mucin network undergoes dramatic swelling, expanding its volume as much as 250 to 1000 fold, respectively. Swelling of the granular matrix is governed by Donnan equilibrium, and follows a typical first-order kinetics. Depending upon the composition of the medium, the exocytosed mucin network can be recondensed. The observed volume changes are reversible and exhibit the characteristic discontinuity, as well as the temperature and pH dependence found in polymer gel phase transitions.
Analysis and Design of High-Power Rectifiers

In this paper all aspects of the design and analysis of high-power rectifiers are pre­sented. In the first section, the results of a study are given which identify the limit­ing physical mechanisms affecting forward drop in power rectifiers. In the second sec­tion, the effect of packaging variations on surge and steady-state device ratings is investigated. In the third section, the effect that gold, platinum, and electron irradia­tion have on the switching speed, forward drop and “snappiness” of power rectifiers is analyzed using a method to directly measure the free-carrier concentration while the device is switching. Device analysis, wherever presented, is made using an exact numerical model in one dimension which allows for temperature- and time-dependent cal­culations on devices imbedded in inductive switching circuits.
Surface markers on leukemia and lymphoma cells: recent advances

Recent advances in immunology have led to important insights into leukocyte differentiation and the cellular origin of leukemia. It is now possible to precisely define stages of human lymphocyte and granulocyte differentiation utilizing highly specific monoclonal antibodies that define cell surface antigens in conjunction with more traditional markers such as surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin on B lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte (E) receptors on T lymphocytes, and cytochemical staining of myeloid cells. Five major subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are now recognized, including unclassified or null ALL, common ALL (cALL), pre-B-ALL, B-ALL, and T-ALL. Within the T-ALL subgroup, there is considerable heterogeneity based on the presence or absence of the E-receptor and various T-cell surface membrane antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies. Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Sέzary syndrome also can be classified by their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AMD cells are generally classified by morphological and cytochemical features. Recently, monoclonal antibodies reactive with granulocytic and monocytic subtypes of AML have been developed. In addition to their utility in leukemia classification, monoclonal antibodies that identify leukemia associated antigens have also been used therapeutically. Monoclonal antibodies have been infused intravenously into patients with leukemia and lymphoma. They have also been used in vitro with complement to lyse residual leukemia cells from remission bone marrows removed from leukemia patients. These treated bone marrows were later reinfused into the same patients to “rescue” them following high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Purification and characterization of the oxygen-sensitive acetohydroxy acid synthase from the archaebacterium Methanococcus aeolicus.

Abstract Acetohydroxy acid synthase (EC 4.1.3.18) of the archaebacterium Methanococcus aeolicus was purified 1,150-fold to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 125,000, and it contained only one type of subunit (M(r) = 58,000). The amino-terminal sequence had 46 to 57% similarity to those of the large subunits of the eubacterial anabolic enzymes and 37 to 43% similarity to those of the yeast and plant enzymes. The methanococcal enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.6. The pI, estimated by chromatofocusing, was 5.6. Activity required Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, thiamine pyrophosphate, and a flavin. Flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and riboflavin plus 10 mM phosphate all supported activity. However, activity was strongly inhibited by these flavins at 0.3 mM. The Michaelis constants for pyruvate, MgCl2, MnCl2, thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and flavin mononucleotide were 6.8 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.16 mM, 1.6 microM, 0.4 microM, and 1.3 microM, respectively. In cell extracts, the enzyme was sensitive to O2 (half-life = 2.7 min with 5% O2 in the headspace), but the purified enzyme was less sensitive to O2 (half-life = 78.0 min with 20% O2). Reconstitution of the enzyme with flavin adenine dinucleotide increased the sensitivity to O2. Moreover, in the assay the homogeneous enzyme was rapidly inactivated by O2, and the concentration required for 50% inhibition (I50) was obtained with an atmosphere of 0.11% O2. The methanococcal enzyme has similarities to the eubacterial and eucaryotic enzymes, consistent with the ancient origin of the archaebacterial enzyme.
Autism Families with a High Incidence of Alcoholism

To determine the significance of neuropsychiatric disorders in autism families, we analyzed 167 pedigrees ascertained through an autistic child; 39% had alcoholism in patterns consistent with transmission of a genetic trait. Children from high alcoholism families were more likely to have the onset of their autistic behavior occur with a loss of language (52.5% vs. 35.8%, p = 0.04). This occurred primarily in families where the mother was alcoholic (80% vs. 40%, p = 0.05), suggesting an association between maternal alcoholism and regressive onset autism. Children from high alcoholism families were less likely to be macrocephalic (14.7% vs. 40.6%, p = 0.0006). Children from high alcohol and low alcohol families did not differ in dysmorphology status, IQ, sex ratio or sib recurrence risk.
Modeling of power electronics for simulation based analysis of power systems

Given the increased penetration of power electronic converters in power systems it is necessary to study their impact in the system operation. In order to achieve that goal the power converters must be appropriately modeled in simulation or analytical studies. This paper reviews the modeling requirements and characteristics of power electronic converter models for system studies. Several models of the equipment used in a ship power system are described. The use of these models in simulation based system studies is discussed in the paper. Stability analysis is used as example for that discussion. The models are grouped into categories based on their degree of detail and use. Moreover, the validity and computational requirements of those models are also discussed.
Design, Construction and Performance of a Post Type Cryogenic Support

A support member for superconducting magnets and other cryogenic devices has been designed, fabricated and structurally and thermally evaluated. The member is a cylindrical post constructed with fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) tubing and having metallic heat intercepts and end connections. All FRP to metal connections are made by mechanical shrink fitting and do not employ adhesives or fasteners. The post can operate in tension, compression and flexure or in combinations of these loads. The details of the design and construction are enumerated. Structural performance has been measured in tension and compression at 80 and 300 K and in flexure at 300 K. Creep effects on the shrink fit joint reliability are being evaluated. Thermal performance has been measured for a post with ends at 4.5 and 300 K and with heat intercepts at 10 and 80 K. The measured performance has been compared with the analytical predictions. Full scale, working, prototype posts have been successfully utilized in several model cryostats for the Superconducting Super Collider dipole magnet development program.
Cohomology of Sporadic Simple Groups

In this chapter we will describe progress towards understanding the cohomology of the sporadic simple groups. Briefly we recall that from the classification of finite simple groups, [Gor], it was shown that there exist 26 simple groups not belonging to infinite families (i. e. not of alternating or Lie type) and we study ten of these groups here: four of the five Mathieu groups; the Janko groups J 1, J 2, J 3; the O’Nan group O’N; the McLaughlin group McL; and finally the Lyons group Ly.
Climate Change and the Course of Global History: Stasis and Growth in the Epoch of Agrarian Empires

Getting Ahead, Running in Place, Falling Behind Around 3000 BC, driven by the abrupt final crisis of the Mid-Holocene transition, the state organization of society suddenly began to emerge in particular locations in the Old World, first in Mesopotamia and Egypt, then the Indus Valley, and the Yellow River Valley of China. Now, in the early twenty-first century, we look back over 5,000 years of “history,” defined as such by the bureaucratic organization of the state and the writing systems that support it. Even within those 5,000 years, however, our modern condition emerged only yesterday, grounded in an industrial transition to fossil fuel that began only 300 years ago, on a world economy of center and periphery that emerged only 500 years ago with the rise and spread of early modern European empires. These 500 years encompass the early modern and modern transformations that will be the subject of Part IV of this book. Part III examines the forty-four centuries that intervened between the rise of the state and the opening of the crises that would lead eventually to global modernity. More precisely, I close my account of premodernity around AD 1350, after New World societies had been severely impacted by medieval droughts and as Old World societies were feeling the first manifestations of the Little Ice Age and facing the devastation of the grievous mortality of the Black Death. What then of the ancient and medieval worlds that occupied the global stage between “prehistory” and “modernity”? The rise of modernity, with its global reach, massive population and economic growth, and energy revolutions can make these worlds look paltry by comparison, a long, flat-line epoch of stagnant agrarian economies governed by unchanging autocratic states. From this perspective, ancient and medieval societies simply were bound in a “Malthusian trap” of the limits of the organic economy. Economic growth was limited to either additive territorial expansion of growing populations to new territories – increasingly by imperial violence – or by an equally additive intensification of commerce, labor, and organic technologies, so-called Smithian growth.
Central Limit Theorems

Central limit theorems have played a paramount role in probability theory starting—in the case of independent random variables—with the DeMoivreLaplace version and culminating with that of Lindeberg-Feller. The term “central” refers to the pervasive, although nonunique, role of the normal distribution as a limit of d.f.s of normalized sums of (classically independent) random variables. Central limit theorems also govern various classes of dependent random variables and the cases of martingales and interchangeable random variables will be considered.
Representation and fusion of Conditionally Refined opinions using evidence trees

Belief calculus provides an attractive framework to mathematically model subjective opinions of human observers. This work focuses on the situation when opinions provided by observers are on frames which are hierarchically related. The goal is to develop a scheme for facilitating the representation and fusion of such complex opinions in a computationally tractable way. A framework based on tree structure is proposed where, unlike in existing works in the literature, every node in itself is a frame of varied refinement and not a subset of a fixed frame. Algorithms for belief mass propagation down the tree are developed. The proposed representation is shown to be applicable to various soft-soft and hard-soft fusion situations. Using the advantages of the organization of the tree, all belief combination calculations are performed using small frames and later combined together by a simple concatenation operation making the proposed scheme a computationally attractive framework.
Thin film composites of Au and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta//

We are using a novel bilayer deposition process to grow composite films of Au with YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta//. The composites have well-separated regions of Au and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta//, and we see no evidence for structural or chemical degradation of the grains and grain boundaries. For composite films on MgO substrates, the transport properties indicate the presence of weakened superconductivity in the films. Composites on SrTiO/sub 3/ and LaAlO/sub 3/ do not show this as strongly. The MgO composites behave like arrays of Josephson junctions and show promise as materials for flux flow devices. >
Transgender Microaggressions: Complexity of the Heterogeneity of Transgender Identities

The purpose of this article is to provide a critical review of current literature regarding microaggressions against transgender persons. The authors discuss existing microaggression taxonomies for transgender populations and identify gaps in this literature. The heterogeneity of transgender identities are addressed along with microaggression experiences. The authors propose new themes that may be considered for further conceptualization, along with implications for research and practice.
The Radiant University: Space, Urban Redevelopment, and the Public Good

In 2003, Columbia University announced its plan to expand its Morningside Heights into a 17-acre area of West Harlem known as Manhattanville. The University's expansion plan called for the acquisition and demolition of all but three buildings in the project's footprint and the construction of a state of the art campus over a roughly 30-year period. This article examines the discourses, debates and politics surrounding the project and, in particular, the University's demand for exclusive control of the site and ultimate pursuit of eminent domain. To that end, university officials claimed that the expansion would bolster the city's knowledge based economy and, as a consequence, serve the “public good”—a requirement for the exercise of eminent domain. By contrast, critics of the project argued for a mixed-use redevelopment plan that would include affordable housing and other community-defined amenities.
Antisterility activity of d-alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone in the vitamin E-deficient male hamster and rat.

Antisterility activity of d-alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone (ATHQ) in the vitamin E-deficient male hamster and rat was investigated. Male hamsters were reared from weaning on vitamin E-deficient diets 1 high and 1 low in added fats for 90-100 days prior to surgical ablation of 1 testis. The testes were much reduced in weight and showed advanced degenerative changes. The same diet plus oral supplements of 10 mg of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or 25 mg of ATHQ/day for 20-30 days resulted in marked increases in testis weight and remarkable repair of the germinal epithelium. In rats similarly treated 10 mg of ATHQ/day protected aganist testicular degeneration but was ineffective in repair of testis injury. Both hamsters and rats revealed evidence of ATHQ or some biologically active product storage with effectiveness lasting several months. It is concluded that ATHQ has antisterility activity in the vitamin E-deficient male hamster and rat approximating 1/5 that of d-alpha-tocopherol.
Glia as primary drivers of neuropathology in TDP-43 proteinopathies

A long-standing mystery has been understanding why neurons die in devastating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Abnormal intracellular protein aggregates are a hallmark feature of many neurodegenerative conditions. Based on this fundamental observation, numerous studies have attempted to shed light on the causality dilemma between protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. For many years, a neuron-centric mentality has dominated this field of research, generating hypotheses that ectopic protein aggregates within neurons act as toxic nidi, culminating in the cell-autonomous degeneration of susceptible neurons. However, this strict attention to neuronal pathology is beginning to broaden. New disease models are revealing novel mechanisms of neurodegeneration in which the glial environment, where a predisposed neuron resides, serves an equally contributory role in disease progression (1). Now, recent work published in PNAS, shows that glial cells unexpectedly can play a much more fundamental—even primary—role in driving neurodegenerative disease (2).
K/Mo Catalysts Supported over Sol–Gel Silica–Titania Mixed Oxides in the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

Abstract The use of silica–titania mixed-oxide-supported molybdenum catalysts has been studied with regard to their activity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. The effect of alkali doping on the catalyst surface characteristics and, in turn, on the catalytic performance has been examined. The catalysts used in this study have been synthesized by a “one-pot” sol–gel/coprecipitation technique.The main focus of the work has been characterization of the surface molybdena species, physical–chemical properties of the Si:Ti support, surface acidity, reducibility, adsorption/desorption behavior, and surface intermediates present during the reaction. Catalysts were characterized by BET surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, propane temperature-programmed desorption, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. By varying the K/Mo molar ratio a maximum in selectivity and yield of propylene was obtained. The maximum yield of propylene obtained in dilute feed experiments was ∼30%. Experiments with more concentrated feed mixtures were also performed to achieve a higher percentage of propylene (6–7%) in the product stream.
Development and validation of a simple antigen–antibody model

A theoretical model for investigating physical phenomena underlying immune complex formation was developed, based on the statistical mechanical theory of associating fluids that identifies each molecule as a hard sphere with a nested point charge and vector dipole. The interaction between binding molecules (epitope–paratope binding) is represented as a cone truncated by two concentric spheres in which the potential energy is a modified square well with respect to particle separation and a square well with respect to mutual molecular orientation. Equilibrium binding results predicted by the model show good agreement with results obtained experimentally for a model system containing a single antigen and a single monoclonal antibody [bovine serum albumin (BSA) – anti-BSA antibody]. Moreover, values obtained for the system isothermal compressibility and the second virial coefficient by both the model and light scattering experiments also show good agreement with one another.
Developmental aspects of androgen-dependent mRNA from rat ventral prostate using cloned cDNA.

The androgen-dependence of two mRNAs from rat ventral prostate coding for a 20 000 and an 11 000 dalton translation product has been investigated using complementary DNA cloned in the bacterial plasmid PBR322. One of the cloned insert DNAs from a recombinant plasmid, C-27, arrests the in vitro translation of C2 (Peeters et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7017-7023). The other cloned insert DNA arrests the translation of a glycoprotein 20 000 daltons in size, with unknown function. The quantities of mRNA coding for the 20 000 and 11 000 dalton translation product were determined by hybridization of 32P-labeled inserts to filter-bound total RNA or poly(A+)-mRNA. Castration caused a decline in both mRNAs of 250-fold over 8 days. Stimulation with androgen of 5-week castrates restored the mRNA levels to 17% of intact for the 20 000 dalton translation product and 31% of intact for the 11 000 dalton translation product. The quantity of the two mRNAs found in the lateral poly(A+)-mRNA was about 1/10 that of the ventral level and the mRNAs were not detectable in the dorsal prostate, seminal vesicle or human prostate poly(A+)-mRNA populations. RNA from the ventral prostates of animals 10-21 days old contained mature levels of complementary sequences, suggesting a form of developmental posttranscriptional regulation for synthesis of the polypeptides which are not synthesized in mature quantities at this stage of development (Heyns et al. (1978) Endocrinology 103, 1090-1095; Kistler et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 78, 737-741).
Affinity chromatography of glutathione reductase: bound by immobilized GSSG, eluted by NADPH.

Glutathione reductase bound to an affinity matrix of immobilized GSSG was eluted by its coenzyme NADPH rather than by its substrate GSSG or by NADH. NADP+ could also elute the enzyme, but a high concentration was needed to release enzyme activity in a sharp peak. This chromatographic system exhibits an unusual form of biospecificity in which the enzyme is bound to an immobilized substrate but released by its soluble cofactor.
Surface-State Lifetimes and Current Flow in Liquid Helium

The lifetime of electrons trapped at the free surface of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been determined from the temperature dependence of the current flow in the liquid. These lifetimes are in substantial agreement with the values determined directly for the liquid-gas interface in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. New results are presented for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$-$^{3}\mathrm{He}$ interface which give lifetimes as long as ${10}^{5}$ sec.
Adolescent Expectancy-Value Motivation and Learning: A Disconnected Case in Physical Education.

This study reports adolescent expectancy-value motivation, and its relation to fitness knowledge and psychomotor skill learning in physical education. Students (N = 854) from 12 middle schools provided data on expectancy-value motivation, fitness knowledge and psychomotor skill learning. Results from dependent t-test and MANOVA indicated that 8th grade students rated task values significantly lower than 6th grade while their expectancy beliefs did not significantly differ. Students gained sizable fitness knowledge (d = 0.58, p < 0.05) and badminton skill (d = 1.40, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analyses revealed that expectancy-value motivation did not significantly predict learning in fitness knowledge or psychomotor skills. These findings suggest that expectancy-value motivation might predict engagement and performance, but not necessarily learning achievement in physical education.
A statistical learning approach to the modeling of aircraft taxi time

Modeling aircraft taxi operations is an important element in understanding current airport performance and where opportunities may lie for improvements. A statistical learning approach to modeling aircraft taxi time is presented in this paper. This approach allows efficient identification of relatively simple and easily interpretable models of aircraft taxi time, which are shown to yield remarkably accurate predictions when tested on actual data.
Hypertension Decreases Small Arteriole Responses to Acetylcholine in Skeletal Muscle

Television microscopy was used to quantitate in vivo the responses of skeletal muscle small arterioles to acetylcholine. Five groups of rats were used: normotensive and one (1K1C)- and two (2K1C)- kidney one clip renovascular hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SDR), as well as WKY normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Third-order arterioles dilated to acetylcholine with an EC50 of 3 × 10−7 M in SDR and 10−6 M in WKY animals. In contrast, the concentration-response curve to acetylcholine was shifted to the right (less reactive) by 100 fold in the 1K1C- and by 1000 fold in the 2K1C-hypertensives. The dose-responsive curve to acetylcholine was shifted 10-fold to the right in the SHR's compared to the WKY's. Because acetylcholine acts through endothelium-dependent mechanisms and because maximal vasodilation could be induced by an endothelium-independent vasodilator, Na-nitroprusside, in all but the 2K1C-group, we conclude that different forms of hypertension interfere to a variable degree wit...
Adventures with Carbons 11, 12, 13 and 14

I provide here a glimpse of my involvement with different isotopes of carbon. In my 65 years of synthetic work with C-12, I had experience working with C-11 (one year, 1942–1943), C-13 (one year, 1999) and C-14 (67 years, 1943–2009). I have also included a postscript dealing with my 1951 communication on the 5-carbon intermediate in photosynthesis.
Confluent durable endothelialization of endarterectomized baboon aorta by early attachment of cultured endothelial cells

Since surgical endarterectomy produces a highly thrombogenic vascular flow surface, we evaluated in baboons the capacity of acutely attached, unspread, cultured, homologous aortic endothelial cells to form durable, confluent endothelial cell monolayers and to interrupt acute thrombus formation during exposure to arterial blood flow conditions. When cultured baboon aortic endothelial cells were incubated with segments of freshly endarterectomized baboon aorta for 20 minutes in vitro, 3.8 x 10(5) endothelial cells/cm2 became attached. The endarterectomized surface treated with endothelial cells showed the presence of rounded, unspread endothelial cells with intervening bare areas of vascular media. Platelet deposition onto the endothelial cell--treated surface during exposure to blood under high flow conditions for 1 hour in vivo was markedly reduced by the attached but unspread endothelial cells. Moreover, these attached endothelial cells underwent spreading on the endarterectomized surface in the presence of high shear blood flow to form a confluent endothelial monolayer at the end of 1 hour. Thus acutely attached cultured endothelial cells form a durable thromboresistant monolayer on surgically denuded vascular surfaces during exposure to arterial blood flow.
Tenth degree number fields with quintic fields having one real place

In this paper, we enumerate all number fields of degree 10 of discriminant smaller than 10 11 in absolute value containing a quintic field having one real place. For each one of the 21509 (resp. 18167) found fields of signature (0,5) (resp. (2,4)) the field discriminant, the quintic field discriminant, a polynomial defining the relative quadratic extension, the corresponding relative diseriminant, the corresponding polynomial over Q, and the Galois group of the Galois closure are given. In a supplementary section, we give the first coincidence of discriminant of 19 (resp 20) nonisomorphic fields of signature (0,5) (resp. (2,4)).
Normalization of dendritic spine numbers in rat hippocampus after termination of phenylacetate injections (PKU model)

Abstract Increased numbers of apical dendritic spines are present on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in rats injected with phenylacetate from 2 to 21 days of life if animals are sacrificed at 20–30 days. However, if sacrificed at 60–90 days, spine counts are not significantly different from saline injected controls. These results suggest that this increased spine density at 3–4 weeks represents retardation of normal maturational spine loss rather than an actual hyperplasia, and is reversible upon termination of the phenylacetate injections. Implications for human pathologic series of phenylketonuria are discussed.