cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12) nanowires with insulating SiO2 barrier for low loss high dielectric constant nanocomposites

Abstract The discovery of a giant dielectric constant of >10 5 in calcium copper titanate (CCTO) has generated significant interest for application in electronic devices. Over the past decade, many methods have been developed to synthesize CCTO particles in an effort to capitalize upon the outstanding dielectric properties. Polymer film capacitors are one application where CCTO could greatly increase the typically low dielectric constant of the polymer. Recent work has shown that the aspect ratio of the dispersed filler can greatly affect the dielectric constant of the polymer with high aspect ratio nanowires (NWs) producing greater dielectric constant and energy density than spherical particles. While CCTO NWs hold great potential to improve the properties of nanocomposite capacitors, no method currently exists for their preparation and their integration is challenged by the barrier layer capacitance which leads to high dielectric loss. Here, a novel two-step hydrothermal reaction is developed for the large-scale synthesis of CCTO NWs and an insulating barrier layer is applied to greatly reduce the loss while preserving the high dielectric constant.
On securing untrusted clouds with cryptography

In a recent interview, Whitfield Diffie argued that "the whole point of cloud computing is economy" and while it is possible in principle for "computation to be done on encrypted data, [...] current techniques would more than undo the economy gained by the outsourcing and show little sign of becoming practical". Here we explore whether this is truly the case and quantify just how expensive it is to secure computing in untrusted, potentially curious clouds.We start by looking at the economics of computing in general and clouds in particular. Specifically, we derive the end-to-end cost of a CPU cycle in various environments and show that its cost lies between 0.5 picocents in efficient clouds and nearly 27 picocents for small enterprises (1 picocent = $1 x 10-14), values validated against current pricing.We then explore the cost of common cryptography primitives as well as the viability of their deployment for cloud security purposes. We conclude that Diffie was correct. Securing outsourced data and computation against untrusted clouds is indeed costlier than the associated savings, with outsourcing mechanisms up to several orders of magnitudes costlier than their non-outsourced locally run alternatives.
Sustained ventricular tachycardia: Evidence for protected localized reentry

The components of the reentrant circuit were evaluated in 26 patients in whom sustained ventricular tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated or terminated, or both. Observations suggesting that the proximal His-Purkinje system was not a requisite component included (1) lack of requirement for retrograde His-Purkinje delay or bundle branck reentry, or both, for initiation of the tachycardia: (2) anterograde depolarization of the His bundle during ventricular tachycardial without alteration of the QRS configuration or cycle length; and (3) the presence of random retrograde His potentials during the tachycardia. Evidence that the reentrant circuit was localized to a small area of the ventricles included (1) the ability to capture large segments of the ventricles transiently or continuously with occurrence of intermittent or continuous supraventricular capture either spontaneously or with atrial pacing without effect on the tachycardia. These findings suggest that the reentrant circuit must be small, electrocardiographically silent and relatively protected.
Dispersal and gene flow of pesticide resistance traits in phytoseiid and tetranychid mites

Dispersal and gene flow of pesticide resistance traits in phytoseiid and tetranychid mites are discussed relative to their biologies and resistance management. The focus is on deciduous fruit-tree crops whereTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten andMetaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) can effectively control spider mite pests. Oregon populations ofM. occidentalis were more dispersive thanT. pyri, as evidenced by movement to small apple trees placed inside and outside of commercial apple orchards. This difference was corroborated by the spatial distributions of organophosphate resistance in populations from sprayed orchards and nearby unsprayed habitats:T. pyri showed patchy, local patterns of resistance whileM. occidentalis showed more regional, homogeneous trends. Gene flow among populations was estimated from allozymic variation ofT. pyri. Intra- and inter-population genetic variation was high enough to prevent population differentiation. Thus, allozymic estimates of gene flow were higher than that indicated by pesticide resistance patterns.
Optimal Channel Coding for Scalable Wireless Transmission of 3D Regions of Interest in 3D Medical Images

A novel method for 3D scalable medical image coding with optimized 3D region of interest (3D-RoI) coding was recently proposed. This paper presents one major contribution that enhances this previous work, namely an optimal channel coding method for scalable wireless transmission of 3D regions of interest in 3D medical images. The method is presented in the context of telemedicine, where 3D medical images are first source-coded for storage on a central server and later channel-coded, when request for transmission of a 3D-RoI is initiated. The method is a two-tiered approach: Tier-1 is a source coding scheme, while Tier-2 is a joint source/channel coding scheme where 3D-RoI coding is jointly performed with channel coding. The robustness of the proposed method is evaluated over Rayleigh-fading channels with rate-compatible punctured turbo codes. Comparisons are made with the cases of equal error protection and unequal error protection. Evaluations results on real 3D medical images show a significant improvement in reconstruction quality of the received images, in terms of the average peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Staging and response to therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma

Earlier staging systems tended to concentrate on advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and considerable variation arose among the different systems. This was addressed in 1997 when the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) staging system was approved. This is not a perfect system as many of the distinctions it makes cannot be identified by current computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. However presurgical staging using CT and MRI can be useful in delineating the extent and volume of disease and in detecting unexpected advanced disease as well as alerting clinicians to the possibility of early stage malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients response to therapy can be measured using the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) criteria involving multiple measurements of a single diameter of tumour thickness.
Sharing the Responsibility for Service Failure with Customers: The Effects of Informed Choice and Outcome Foreseeability on Customer Loyalty and Exit

ABSTRACT Research on service management has been focused on a few strategies for retaining customer loyalty: improving service quality so that customers do not experience failure and recovering from failure, when it does occur. A third strategy is to protect against the ill effects of service failure by preemptive action. This is explored, in the research reported here, through an examination of the effects of giving customers an informed choice. Discovered is that an informed choice causes customers to share responsibility for a service failure and as a result stay more loyal and exit the service relationship less.
ULTRASEPTAN URINARY GONADOTROPIN RHYTHMS IN PERIPUBERTAL BOYS

Previously we have used time series analysis techniques to determine the ultradian pulsatile secretory rhythms of plasma gonadotropin (and testosterone) secretion in male monkeys during sexual development (JCEM 56:1214 & 1227, 1983) as well as monthly urinary gonadotropin rhythms in premenarchal girls (Science 190: 161, 1975). Here we utilized this methodology to determine whether prepubertal and pubertal boys have gonadotropin cycles greater than one day duration. Ten healthy boys (4 prepubertal and 6 pubertal), ages 10 4/12 to 15 2/12, volunteered to collect timed nocturnal and first morning urine specimens for at least 2 months (consecutive series of daily urine collections varied from 62 to 78 days). The urinary gonadotropins were precipitated with acetone after pH adjustment with acetic acid. Precipitates, containing both LH and FSH, were dissolved in buffer and measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Mean LH secretion was 1.16 ± 0.32 IU/h (range 0.47-2.01) for Tanner Stage I boys and 2.46 ± 0.20 (range 1.76-3.22) for Tanner Stage II-V males (P < 0.005, prepubertal vs. pubertal). Mean FSH concentration was 0.36 ± 0.09 (range 0.11-0.54) in Stage I boys and 0.76 ± 0.26 (range 0.13-1.84) in stage II-V males (P=NS). Time series analysis suggested the presence of a gonadotropin urinary frequency cycle of approximately 2-3 days both in prepubertal and pubertal males. Further studies are necessary to determine the significance of these rhythms.
Cleavage of fibrinogen by human platelet calcium-activated protease

Abstract In lysates of washed human platelets produced by sonication or by addition of nonionic detergent, fibrinogen (Mr 340,000) was rapidly degraded, under conditions favorable to activation of the endogenous calcium-activated protease (CAP), to a core derivative (Mr 280–290,000) composed of partially degraded Aα chains (Mr 47,000, 46,000, and 34,000) and B β chains (Mr 56,000), and apparently intact γ chains (Mr 53–54,000). Extensive degradation occurred within one minute at 4°C, ambient temperature or at 37°C, and was inhibited by leupeptin, EDTA, EGTA, or N-Ethylmaleimide, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor, hirudin, aprotonin, benzamidine, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Purified plasma fibrinogen exposed to lysates containing active protease was cleaved in an identical fashion. The cleavage pattern of Aα chains produced by this platelet protease activity is different from that produced by plasmin in vitro or that found in fibrinogen catabolites in vivo, and is unlike that produced by any cellular fibrinolytic enzyme yet described. In view of this finding, as well as the striking differential inhibitory effect of the agents cited above, we conclude that the degradation of platelet fibrinogen observed in these studies is due to direct proteolysis by platelet CAP.
Radar Observations of Asteroid 3908 Nyx

Abstract We report Doppler-only (cw) radar observations of basaltic near-Earth asteroid 3908 Nyx obtained at Arecibo and Goldstone in September and October of 1988. The circular polarization ratio of 0.75±0.03 exceeds ∼90% of those reported among radar-detected near-Earth asteroids and it implies an extremely rough near-surface at centimeter-to-decimeter spatial scales. Echo power spectra over narrow longitudinal intervals show a central dip indicative of at least one significant concavity. Inversion of cw spectra yields two statistically indistinguishable shape models that have similar shapes and dimensions but pole directions that differ by ∼100°. We adopt one as our working model and explore its implications. It has an effective diameter of 1.0±0.15 km and radar and visual geometric albedos of 0.15±0.075 and 0.16 +0.08 −0.05 . The visual albedo supports the interpretation by D. P. Cruikshank et al. (1991, Icarus 89 , 1–13) that Nyx has a thermal inertia consistent with that of bare rock. The model is irregular, modestly asymmetric, and topographically rugged.
The lost history of urban renewal

Contrary to common understanding, the US government's policy of “urban renewal” was conceived as an alternative policy to slum clearance. Bitterly opposed to public housing, conservative housing‐industry trade associations sought a way to reform the urban redevelopment formula of clearance and public housing established in the Housing Act of 1949. In the early 1950s, the industry groups seized on citizens' neighborhood fix‐up efforts, particularly the Baltimore Plan, to conduct a national campaign to popularize code enforcement, rehabilitation, and private low‐cost housing development as methods to restore and stabilize city neighborhoods. At conferences organized by House and Home magazine and in the President's Advisory Committee on Government Housing Policies and Programs, the housing industry associations fashioned policies, now named “urban renewal,” which were codified in the Housing Act of 1954. But private industry's venture in urban policymaking failed in implementation. Home builders proved relu...
Alcohol trait and transcriptional genomic analysis of C57BL/6 substrains

C57BL/6 inbred mice have been widely used as research models; however, widespread demand has led to the creation of several B6 substrains with markedly different phenotypes. In this study, we report that two substrains of C57BL/6 mice, C57BL/6J (B6J) and C57BL/6NCrl (B6C), separated over 50 years ago at two different breeding facilities differ significantly in alcohol consumption and alcohol preference. The genomes of these two substrains are estimated to differ by only 1-2% of all gene loci, providing a unique opportunity to extract particular expression signatures between these substrains that are associated with quantifiable behavioral differences. Expression profiling of the cortex and striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and the ventral brain region from alcohol-naive B6C and B6J mice showed intervals on three chromosomes that are enriched in clusters of coregulated transcripts significantly divergent between the substrains. Additional analysis identified two genomic regions containing putative copy number differences between the substrains. One such region on chromosome 14 contained an estimated 3n copy number in the B6J genome compared with B6C. Within this interval, a gene of unknown function, D14Ertd449e, was found to be both associated with alcohol preference and vary in copy number across several inbred strain lineages. H2afz, Psen1, Wdfy1 and Clu were also identified as candidate genes that may be involved in influencing alcohol consumption.
Differing "creativities" in the wit and the clown.

Two different types of creativity measures—Wallach and Kogan's measure of ideational/associational creativity, and Singer's adaptive regression scale—as well as sociometric rating scales and SAT sc...
Deaf children's expression of communicative intentions

This study investigated the expression of communicative intentions by 3-year-old hearing-impaired children who were learning a system for manually coded English. Children were videotaped in their homes, interacting with their mothers. Children's communicative expressions were identified and coded according to a system modified from those developed to describe hearing children's pragmatic functioning. Between 4.5 and 5.5 communicative expressions were produced per minute. A large proportion of the expressions consisted of social or imperative intentions while a much smaller proportion were used for heuristic or informational purposes. Implications for the deaf children's future language use and development are discussed. The data presented provide some guidelines for pragmatic expectations for young deaf children and may help clinicians to identify deaf children who have developmental problems in addition to their hearing loss.
Epithelial Xbp1 Is Required for Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation during Mammary Gland Development

Xbp1, a key mediator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated by IRE1α-mediated splicing, which results in a frameshift to encode a protein with transcriptional activity. However, the direct function of Xbp1 in epithelial cells during mammary gland development is unknown. Here we report that the loss of Xbp1 in the mammary epithelium through targeted deletion leads to poor branching morphogenesis, impaired terminal end bud formation, and spontaneous stromal fibrosis during the adult virgin period. Additionally, epithelial Xbp1 deletion induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the epithelium and dramatically inhibits epithelial proliferation and differentiation during lactation. The synthesis of milk and its major components, α/β-casein and whey acidic protein (WAP), is significantly reduced due to decreased prolactin receptor (Prlr) and ErbB4 expression in Xbp1-deficient mammary epithelium. Reduction of Prlr and ErbB4 expression and their diminished availability at the cell surface lead to reduced phosphorylated Stat5, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation during lactation. As a result, lactating mammary glands in these mice produce less milk protein, leading to poor pup growth and postnatal death. These findings suggest that the loss of Xbp1 induces a terminal UPR which blocks proliferation and differentiation during mammary gland development.
SU-FF-T-42: Monte Carlo Study of Delivered Dose as a Function of Applicator Material in HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: Intracavitary HDR brachytherapy is used to treat gynecological tumors. Our system was first delivered with acrylic cylindrical applicators but these were sensitive to heat sterilization and were replaced with Delrin. We note the density of these materials increases from 1.19 g/cm3 to 1.43 g/cm3. We investigate the effect of the higher density applicators on the delivered dose distribution using Monte Carlo calculations. Method and Materials: Doses were calculated with the EGSnrc system, using DOSRZNRC. The cylinders, tandem tubes, transfer guide tubes, and the source wire were modeled as concentric open cylinders. For full backscatter, the phantom was modeled as water outside the cylinder to a minimum distance of 22 cm from the outer surface of the applicator. Primary and secondary emitted photons were followed down to a cutoff energy of 1 keV, and Compton scattered electrons were followed down to 10 keV. Total accumulated dose was scored at the surface of each cylinder and at 5 mm and 10 mm from the surface. All clinically available cylinders from 2 cm to 4 cm diameter and for both materials were modeled. Twelve and a half billion histories were run for each study. Results: Dose to the points of interest varied from 0.5% to 1.5% between the two materials with the dose at the points of interest being higher for acrylic cylinders than for Delrin. The differences are a function of cylinder size with the largest difference seen in the 4 cm diameter cylinders. Conclusion: The change in material from acrylic to Delrin results in systematically decreased dose to the patient. This decrease in dose is a function of cylinder size but is not large enough to be clinically significant. We recommend using the Delrin cylinders as they are more easily sterilized between uses.
Genetic algorithms for automated texture classification

In this paper we demonstrate that a genetic algorithm can be used to produce collections of pixel locations termed foot patterns useful for distinguishing between different types of binary texture images. The genetic algorithm minimizes the entropy of empirical samples taken with a particular foot pattern on a training image. The resulting low entropy foot patterns for several texture types are then used to classify test images. In order to classify a given image, foot patterns for several texture types are applied to the image to obtain entropy scores. The lowest entropy foot patterns are then used in a vote with the majority among the ten lowest scoring being taken as the classification. On the original test set of sixty images, twelve each from five image types, the resulting classification was 98.3% accurate (one image was not classified). When a sixth texture type, picked specifically to confound the classification technique, was added to texture types in the original test the technique misclassified several images of the two similar types. This latter experiment helps explain much of the how and why of the texture classification technique. We discuss potential methods for overcoming limitations of the texture classification technique.
Remediation methods for white phosphorus contamination in a coastal salt marsh

With the closure of many military bases worldwide and a closer scrutiny of practices on remaining bases, the environmental impact of the military is now an important consideration in the operation of bases. Many previously-unknown environmental problems related to chemicals are surfacing. White phosphorus, a chemical commonly used as an obscurant, is a chemical previously thought to be innocuous after use. In 1990, however, it was linked to the deaths of thousands of waterfowl at the Eagle River Flats impact area on Ft Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and shortly after, a series of remedial investigations was initiated. This paper describes three of the remedial methods currently under investigation, namely enhanced in-situ remediation, pond draining through ditching or pumping, and dredging. These three approaches are best applied in different environments, but they can be used together or in conjunction with other strategies. Their impacts on the environment will vary as well.Experience with these remediation strategies has proven very useful in determining the direction that the clean-up effort at Eagle River Flats (ERF) should take. Dredging, an effective means of removing contaminated sediments for off-site remediation, has been shown to be too slow and expensive at the ERF because unexploded ordnance is present. Enhanced natural remediation is effective under favourable climatological conditions in areas that experience intermittent flooding, but desaturation of the sediments is critical to its effectiveness. Pond draining by blasting a ditch effectively removes waterfowl feeding habitat, but attenuation of the contaminant is inhibited because the ditch increases flooding frequency, and the habitat alteration is permanent. Pond pumping, where feasible, has shown great potential for the desaturating of wide areas of ERF, enabling the natural attenuation mechanism to progress. Further investigation will be necessary to confirm these initial conclusions and determine the overall effectiveness of all three methodologies. Methods developed over the course of this work may be applied to other remediation projects where in-situ volatilization can occur and limited disturbance of wetlands is critical.
Initial Operation of the Holifield Facility

The Holifield Facility has been completed and operation for experiments is well under way. Experience to date with operation of the 25 MV Pelletron has shown it to be a sturdy and smoothly operating accelerator. The inability to operate reliably at terminal voltages of 20 MV and above has been a disappointment but we have begun modifications aimed at the problem believed to be the source of this limitation. We are confident that with continued efforts of ORNL and NEC the machine will be brought to full potential. Experience with booster operation of ORIC has been particularly successful and has provided a new range of ion-energy combinations for use in experiments. The long term stability of this operational mode illustrates the power and flexibility of a tandem accelerator as an injector for a cyclotron booster.
Effects of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, pentachlorophenol, methylprednisolone, and Freund's adjuvant on 2‐hydroxyethylnitrosourea carcinogenesis in MRC‐Wistar rats

A link was proposed between human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (245T) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). To test this view and the hypothesis that immune suppression or stimulation could affect B-cell lymphoma (BCL) induction, we administered chronically to MRC-Wistar (MRC-W) rats of both sexes 98% pure 245T (600 mg/kg diet), 86% pure PCP (500 mg/kg diet), methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg ip weekly), and Freund's adjuvant (0.5 ml im every 3-6 wk) for 40 wk, together with 75 mg 2-hydroxyethylnitrosourea (HENU)/l drinking water, a system known to induce B-cell lymphoma. The 245T was shown to contain only 1-4 micrograms/kg each of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), but the PCP contained 25 micrograms TCDD and 670 micrograms TCDF/kg. HENU given alone induced B-cell lymphoma and osteosarcoma as before, with higher incidences of both tumors in males than in females. The B-cell lymphoma diagnosis was confirmed by immunologic typing of cell-surface markers and by probes for gene rearrangements. Coadministration with HENU of three of the four test agents did not affect tumor incidence, but PCP acted synergistically with HENU to induce acute myelocytic leukemia. PCP given alone or with HENU induced a 40-67% incidence of liver cell adenomas in the female rats. These effects were probably not due to TCDD in the PCP. HENU induced acute myelocytic leukemia and lung tumors in Wistar rats and n-butylnitrosourea induced acute myelocytic leukemia in MRC-Wistar rats, indicating that B-cell lymphoma induction was specific to the HENU-MRC-Wistar rat model.
Augmentative and alternative communication technology learning part 1: Augmentative and alternative communication intervention specialists

This study focused on the learning styles and preferences of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention specialists. The specific purposes of this project were to examine AAC interventionists' (a) self-efficacy for AAC intervention, (b) goal achievement orientation, (c) computer technology interest levels, and (d) learning mode preferences regarding AAC. The results revealed that AAC intervention specialists viewed themselves as highly selfconfident (self-efficacious) with regard to their ability to learn new AAC technology and teach it to others. They demonstrated a highly consistent achievement orientation profile with emphasis on mastery of content and skill and on performance to achieve goals. Their interest in computer technology was relatively low, and they preferred individual and small-group learning opportunities compared with direct instruction in new technology.
Letting the CAT out of the bag: comparing computer adaptive tests and an 11-item short form of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN A post hoc simulation of a computer adaptive administration of the items of a modified version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of adaptive administration of back pain-related disability items compared with a fixed 11-item short form. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Short form versions of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire have been developed. An alternative to paper-and-pencil short forms is to administer items adaptively so that items are presented based on a person's responses to previous items. Theoretically, this allows precise estimation of back pain disability with administration of only a few items. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were gathered from 2 previously conducted studies of persons with back pain. An item response theory model was used to calibrate scores based on all items, items of a paper-and-pencil short form, and several computer adaptive tests (CATs). RESULTS Correlations between each CAT condition and scores based on a 23-item version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire ranged from 0.93 to 0.98. Compared with an 11-item short form, an 11-item CAT produced scores that were significantly more highly correlated with scores based on the 23-item scale. CATs with even fewer items also produced scores that were highly correlated with scores based on all items. For example, scores from a 5-item CAT had a correlation of 0.93 with full scale scores. Seven- and 9-item CATs correlated at 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. A CAT with a standard-error-based stopping rule produced scores that correlated at 0.95 with full scale scores. CONCLUSION A CAT-based back pain-related disability measure may be a valuable tool for use in clinical and research contexts. Use of CAT for other common measures in back pain research, such as other functional scales or measures of psychological distress, may offer similar advantages.
Gas Turbine Electric Start System (GT-ESS) Ship Integration

The U.S. Navy has incorporated a realm of new technologies into ship warfare in the last few years. This availability has led to advances in ship machinery systems that have enabled the Navy to improve and sustain its mission capabilities. Since 2003, the Navy has worked with manufacturers to develop, test and evaluate a gas turbine electric starter system (GT-ESS) capable of meeting all starting requirements of the General Electric LM2500 marine gas turbine. This engine is used on U.S. Navy Surface Combatants for vessel propulsion. The GT-ESS has also been used to start a newly acquired naval engine from Rolls Royce, the MT30. The GT-ESS has endured extensive test and evaluation at the Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division in Philadelphia, PA. Throughout this time the system has been redesigned as well to comply with more restrictive shipboard requirements. This effort had a direct impact on the packaging of the system. Additional effort has been directed to machinery integration. Full integration of the GT-ESS onto the LM2500 engine entails sharing a common lubrication and cooling loop. This is a challenge for the engine since its lubrication is critical for its service life. It poses a challenge for the GT-ESS since its design must guarantee that the lubrication system will remain free of contamination. The GT-ESS also poses integration challenges for a ship installation. The ideal location of the GT-ESS in the ship is adjacent to the propulsion engine within the machinery room space. Switchboards that provide power to the system are located several decks above the machinery space. Additionally, dedicated power supplies are required to handle the power requirements of the GT-ESS. Thus this power demand calls for an assessment of the power loads onboard ship. This new technology also has an impact on other ship systems. The GT-ESS driver is water cooled and designed to feed from the chill water system of the ship. Its electric motor lubrication has ties with another naval technology (digital fuel control). In turn these two are tied to the lube oil system and conditioning assembly (LOSCA) of the engine. Thus issues of oil pressure, temperature, backpressure, suction, and starvation are addressed and assessed. This paper explores the impact of ship machinery design for ship installation and its impact on other machinery systems as well as ship’s power. It targets proper hardware packaging as a means to achieve a well balanced design for ship application.
Moderators of the Relationship Between Group Helping Norms and Individual Helping

Researchers have recently devoted increasing attention to employee helping behavior at the work group level of analysis. Despite this surge in interest, possible moderators of the relationship betw...
Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability.

LATASH, M.L., J.P. SCHOLZ, and G. SCHONER. Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., Vol. 30, No. 1, pp 26–31, 2002. We describe an uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, which suggests a particular solution for the notorious problem of motor redunda
Smartphone Biosensors for Health, Environment, and Food Safety

This talk will summarize recent developments in the utilization of an integrated smartphone camera as a high resolution spectrophotometer capable of performing ELISA assays, label-free photonic crystal biosensor assays, thin film chromatography, and fluorescence spectroscopy
Climate Extremes and Society

In October 2005, as the United States still was reeling from Hurricane Katrina in August and as the alphabet was too short to contain all of that year's named Atlantic tropical storms (Hurricane Wilma was forming near Jamaica), a timely workshop in Bermuda focused on climate extremes and society (see Eos, 87(3), 25, 17 January 2006). This edited volume, which corresponds roughly to the presentations given at that workshop, offers a fascinating look at the critically important intersection of acute climate stress and human vulnerabilities. A changing climate affects humans and other living things not through the variable that most robustly demonstrates the role of rising greenhouse gases—globally averaged temperature—but through local changes, especially changes in extremes. The first part of this book, “Defining and modeling the nature of weather and climate extremes,” focuses on natural science. The second part, “Impacts of weather and climate extremes,” focuses on societal impacts and responses, emphasizing an insurance industry perspective because a primary sponsor of the workshop was the Risk Prediction Initiative, whose aim is to “support scientific research on topics of interest to its sponsors” (p. 320).
Reprint to: Infrastructure provision and macroeconomic performance

Abstract This paper studies the differences between private and government provision of infrastructure. Capital utilization decisions and their differential role in determining market prices for capital goods under the two regimes of infrastructure provision serve as a critical transmission mechanism for fiscal policy. A subsidy to private providers of infrastructure is preferable to direct government provision irrespective of how the subsidy or expenditure is financed. The case for private provision is much stronger in economies characterized by high levels of congestion. The choice between private and government provision also has a crucial effect on the design of optimal fiscal policy.
Conformational Properties of Nickel(II) Octaethylporphyrin in Solution. 1. Resonance Excitation Profiles and Temperature Dependence of Structure-Sensitive Raman Lines

We have measured polarized resonance Raman spectra of nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin in CS2 and CH2Cl2 solution at different excitation wavelengths (430−580 nm) and temperatures (190−310 K). The analysis of the spectra revealed that the structure-sensitive Raman lines ν19 and ν10 can be decomposed consistently into two sublines for all excitation wavelengths and temperatures. In the resonance region of the QO and QV bands, the 0−1 and 0−0 resonances in the excitation profiles of the low-frequency (LF) sublines of ν19 and ν10 are red-shifted by (150 (30) cm-1 with respect to the sublines that are at higher frequencies (HF). In accordance with experimental and theoretical results, this indicates that the LF sublines of ν19 and ν10 result from a nonplanar conformer, whereas the HF sublines correspond to an almost planar conformer. The existence of this known conformational equilibrium in solution is further corroborated by the van't Hoff behavior of the intensity ratios ILF/IHF of the sublines of ν19 and ν10....
Small solution of linear Diophantine equations

Abstract Let Ax = B be a system of m × n linear equations with integer coefficients. Assume the rows of A are linearly independent and denote by X (respectively Y ) the maximum of the absolute values of the m × m minors of the matrix A (the augmented matrix ( A , B )). If the system has a solution in nonnegative integers, it is proved that the system has a solution X = ( x i ) in nonnegative integers wity x i ⩽ X for n - m variables and x i ⩽ ( m - m + 1) Y for m variables. This improves previous results of the authors and others.
Oxygen isotope and cation composition of DSDP pore waters and the alteration of Layer II basalts

Abstract Systematic decreases with depth of 1–3‰ in the pore water 18 O/ 16 O and increases with depth of up to four times the seawater concentration in pore water Ca 2+ observed in DSDP cores are attributed principally to the alteration of basalt in Layer II of the ocean floor and secondarily to alteration of volcanic ash in the sediments. At sites 70 and 71 of the Equatorial Pacific alteration of basalt near the Clipperton Fracture Zone seems to be the dominant factor. At site 149 in the Caribbean the alteration of volcanics in the sediments is probably an important factor. Ca 2+ is being added to the ocean while 18 O and probably also K + and Mg 2+ are being removed as a result of these processes.
Perception of Lexical Stress in Alaryngeal Speech

This project was a perceptual investigation of lexical stress in alaryngeal speech. The ability of alaryngeal speakers to signal lexical stress in American English was assessed by obtaining high-qu...
Leucine aminopeptidase and β-glucuronidase activity in cancerous and noncancerous effusions

LAP and β-glucuronidase activities were assayed in the serous effusions of 103 patients. The activity of each enzyme was almost always lower in the effusion than in the corresponding serum. In pleural fluid, neither LAP nor β-glucuronidase levels were of value in distinguishing patients with cancer from patients with nonmalignant disease. The meanβ-glucuronidase activity of ascitic fluid was about twice as high in patients with cancer as in patients with cirrhosis or congestive heart failure, but diagnostically useful information could not be obtained from this assay. In contrast, the determination of LAP in ascitic fluid was helpful in distinguishing cancerous from noncancerous ascites. The mean LAP activity of ascitic fluid was 3 times as high in patients with cancer as in those with non-malignant disease. An LAP activity exceeding 95 U. was encountered in 63 per cent of patients with cancerous ascites but in none of those with noncancerous ascites.
Potential and Reaction Mechanism of Li−Mg−Al−N−H System for Reversible Hydrogen Storage

Complex metal hydrides are attracting much attention as a class of candidate materials for hydrogen storage. Lithium-based complex hydrides, including lithium aluminum hydrides (LiAlH_4 and Li_3AlH_6), are among the most promising materials, owing to their high hydrogen contents. In the present work, we investigated the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions of a combined system of Li_3AlH_6 and Mg(NH_2)_2, which has a theoretical hydrogen capacity of 6.5 wt %. Thermogravimetric analysis of hydrogenated 2/3Al−Li_2Mg(NH)2 (doped with 4 wt % TiCl_3) indicated that a large amount of hydrogen (∼6.2 wt %) can be stored under 300 °C and 172 bar of hydrogen pressure. The FT-IR and NMR results showed that the reaction between Li_3AlH_6 and Mg(NH_2)_2 is reversible. Further, a short-cycle experiment has demonstrated that the new combined material system of alanates and amides can maintain its hydrogen storage capacity upon cycling of the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions.
Regulation of Protein Mobility via Thermal Membrane Undulations

The in-plane diffusivelike motion of membrane bound proteins on the surface of cells is considered. We suggest, on the basis of theoretical arguments and simulation, that thermally excited undulations of the lipid bilayer may serve as a mechanism for proteins to hop between adjacent regions on the cell surface separated by barriers composed of internal cellular structure (e.g., the cytoskeleton). We specifically investigate the mobility of band 3 dimer on the surface of red blood cells where the spectrin cytoskeletal meshwork defines a series of “corrals” on the cell surface known to hinder protein motion. Previous models of this system have postulated that the cytoskeleton must deform to allow passage of membrane bound proteins out of these corral regions and have ignored fluctuations of the bilayer. Our model provides a complementary mechanism and we posit that the mobility of real proteins in real cells is likely the result of several mechanisms acting in parallel.
The Impacts of Large-Scale Energy Development: Indigenous People and the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline

In 1997, construction began on the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline to link the gas fields of southeastern Bolivia with the Brazilian cities of Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre. One indigenous organization, the Capitania de Alto y Bajo Isoso, led alliances with other regional actors to negotiate a redesign of the impact mitigation and compensation program. The resulting program won international recognition for setting standards for best practices. The experience provides lessons for improving approaches to impact mitigation, the complexities of establishing governance arrangements that permit meaningful involvement of local people, and the opportunities and limitations on addressing the negative impacts of development driven by extractive industries. Because both the pipeline project and the response of the indigenous organization occurred in the context of neoliberal economic policies, the case also offers insights into the complexities of local responses to neoliberal reform.
Charge-dependent effects in nucleon-nucleon1S0 scattering lengths by the Dashen-Frautschi method

We use the dispersion relation of Dashen and Frautschi in conjunction with the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes of Scotti and Wong, and the nucleon electromagnetic form factors to calculate the charge dependence of the nucleon-nucleon1S0 scattering lengths due to single-photon exchange and to the charge dependence of the pion mass and coupling constants. The contribution of the one-photon exchange is considerably enhanced over what one would expect from a potential calculation using hard cores.
Synthesis of the Antifungal Macrolide Antibiotic (+)-Roxaticin

The total synthesis of the antifungal macrolide antibiotic roxaticin has been accomplished. The synthesis relies principally on aldol and directed reduction steps to construct the extended 1,3-polyol array present in the natural product. Three principal nonpolyene containing fragments were assembled and then coupled using Julia olefination and methyl ketone aldol addition reactions. A series of functionalization reactions incorporated the sensitive polyene and provided the protected roxaticin seco-acid, which was lactonized in good yield. Acidic deprotection completed this convergent synthesis of roxaticin.
The power and size of mean reversion tests

The power of mean reversion tests has long been a tacit issue of the market efficiency literature. Early tests of market efficiency, as summarized in Fama Ž . 1970 , found no economically significant evidence of serial correlation in stock Ž . returns. However, Summers 1986 later suggested that this was because these tests lacked power: Summers suggested a model of AfadsB in which stock prices take long swings away from their fundamental values, and showed that even if a fads component such as this accounted for a large fraction of the variance of returns, the fads behavior might be difficult to detect by looking at short horizon autocorrelations of returns as these early tests had done. The intuition behind Summers’ reasoning was that if stock prices took large jumps away from their AfundamentalB or full-information values, and then only reverted back towards the fundamental price over a period of years, the autocorrelations of monthly or daily returns would capture only a small fraction of this mean reversion. Several attempts were made to develop tests that would have greater power Ž . against AfadsB hypotheses such as Summers’. Fama and French 1988a used a long horizon regression of multi-year returns on past multi-year returns, and Ž . Poterba and Summers 1988 used a variance ratio test to look for fads-type behavior in stock-index returns. In addition, variance ratio test are used by Ž . Ž . Cochrane 1988 and Lo and MacKinlay 1988 to investigate the time series properties of production and short horizon returns.
Contemporary assessment and management of neuropathic pain

Preclinical studies have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain at the anatomic, cellular, and molecular levels. These lines of investigation have enabled more logical uses of older therapies for neuropathic pain and have contributed to our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of newer remedies. The identification of receptor systems and the development of genetically modified animal models for the study of neuropathic pain have greatly increased our understanding of effective clinical treatments. This review focuses on the central and peripheral nervous system changes believed to be important in the initiation and perpetuation of neuropathic pain. Currently used medications, as well as medications that are on the horizon, are highlighted.
Clausewitz and genocide: Bosnia, Rwanda and strategic failure

This article argues that the international community must recognise the true nature of contemporary genocide as a complex global security threat, and then craft an anti‐genocide strategy that reaffirms the prohibition against genocide and accepts the imperative to use decisive force to suppress ongoing genocide, punish its perpetrators, and credibly deter its reoccurrence. Such improvements are more possible than some may think, and this article will conclude with practical, concrete proposals to achieve such improvement.
Neurinoma of the Trigeminal Root and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia: Their Commonality

Two cases of very small trigeminal neurinomas arising proximal to Meckel's cave are presented. We believe that the overlap of the symptoms and signs of these tumors with those of atypical trigeminal neuralgia strengthens the concept of the latter entity also being due to compression of the trigemina
Protection of Melanized Cryptococcus neoformans from Lethal Dose Gamma Irradiation Involves Changes in Melanin's Chemical Structure and Paramagnetism

Certain fungi thrive in highly radioactive environments including the defunct Chernobyl nuclear reactor. Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), which uses L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to produce melanin, was used here to investigate how gamma radiation under aqueous aerobic conditions affects the properties of melanin, with the aim of gaining insight into its radioprotective role. Exposure of melanized fungal cell in aqueous suspensions to doses of γ-radiation capable of killing 50 to 80% of the cells did not lead to a detectable loss of melanin integrity according to EPR spectra of melanin radicals. Moreover, upon UV-visible (Xe-lamp) illumination of melanized cells, the increase in radical population was unchanged after γ-irradiation. Gamma-irradiation of frozen cell suspensions and storage of samples for several days at 77 K however, produced melanin modification noted by a reduced radical population and reduced photoresponse. More direct evidence for structural modification of melanin came from the detection of soluble products with absorbance maxima near 260 nm in supernatants collected after γ-irradiation of cells and cell-free melanin. These products, which include thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive aldehydes, were also generated by Fenton reagent treatment of cells and cell-free melanin. In an assay of melanin integrity based on the metal (Bi+3) binding capacity of cells, no detectable loss in binding was detected after γ-irradiation. Our results show that melanin in C. neoformans cells is susceptible to some damage by hydroxyl radical formed in lethal radioactive aqueous environments and serves a protective role in melanized fungi that involves sacrificial breakdown.
Gravity flow circular TLC (GFC/TLC): Concept and considerations

Dans cette technique l'ecoulement de la phase mobile est du a la gravite, les forces de capillarite intervenant peu. La separation preparative d'extraits de creosote est facile. Les applications analytiques, et la programmation du solvant sont envisagees