cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided light sheet flow visualization

A computer-aided flow visualization process has been developed to analyze video images acquired from rotating and translating light sheet visualization systems. The computer process integrates a mathematical model for image reconstruction, advanced computer graphics concepts, and digital image processing to provide a quantitative and visual analysis capability. The image reconstruction model, based on photogrammetry, uses knowledge of the camera and light sheet locations and orientations to project two-dimensional light sheet video images into three-dimensional space. A sophisticated computer visualization package, commonly used to analyze computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data sets, was chosen to interactively display the reconstructed light sheet images, along with the numerical surface geometry for the model or aircraft under study. A description is provided of the photogrammetric reconstruction technique, and the image processing and computer graphics techniques and equipment. Results of the computer aided process applied to both a wind tunnel translating light sheet experiment and an in-flight rotating light sheet experiment are presented. The capability to compare reconstructed experimental light sheet images and CFD solutions in the same graphics environment is also demonstrated.
Study of Microstructure and Texture of Nb-IF High Strength Steel after Cold Rolling and Annealing

The effects of annealing routes (batch annealing and continuous annealing) on the development of microstructure and texture in a cold-rolled Nb-IF high strength steel sheet were studied by means of optical microscopy(OM), electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD) and ODF analysis. The results show that the finer and more homogenous recrystallization grain can be observed in the CA steel. The CA process leads to an increase in the intensity of the γ-fibers, and the very sharp and uniform γ-fibers are found in this case, which is beneficial to the deep-drawability.
Aging, Alzheimer's, and APOE genotype influence the expression and neuronal distribution patterns of microtubule motor protein dynactin-P50.

Reports from neural cell cultures and experimental animal studies provide evidence of age- and disease-related changes in retrograde transport of spent or misfolded proteins destined for degradation or recycling. However, few studies address these issues in human brain from those who either age without dementia and overt neuropathology, or succumb to Alzheimer's; especially as such propensity may be influenced by APOE genotype. We studied the expression and distribution of the dynein subunit dynactin-P50, the β amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), and hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) in tissues and tissue sections of brains from non-demented, neuropathology-free patients and from Alzheimer patients, with either APOE e3,3 or APOE e4,4. We found that advanced age in patients without dementia or neuropathological change was associated with coordinated increases in dynactin-P50 and βAPP in neurons in pyramidal layers of the hippocampus. In contrast, in Alzheimer's, βAPP and dynactin were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the dynactin-P50 and βAPP that was present was located primarily in dystrophic neurites in Aβ plaques. Tissues from Alzheimer patients with APOE e3,3 had less P-tau, more βAPP, dynactin-P50, and synaptophysin than did tissues from Alzheimer patients carrying APOE e4,4. It is logical to conclude, then, that as neurons age successfully, there is coordination between retrograde delivery and maintenance and repair, as well as between retrograde delivery and degradation and/or recycling of spent proteins. The buildup of proteins slated for repair, synaptic viability, transport, and re-cycling in neuron soma and dystrophic neurites suggest a loss of this coordination in Alzheimer neurons. Inheritance of APOE e3,3 rather than APOE e4,4, is associated with neuronal resilience, suggestive of better repair capabilities, more synapses, more efficient transport, and less hyperphosphorylation of tau. We conclude that even in disease the e3 allele is neuroprotective.
An inappropriate prediction interval

This paper discusses a point of confusion in the literature of applied forecasting. There is a misconception that multiplying s, the standard deviation of one-period-ahead forecast errors, by the square root of h gives a valid standard deviation for h-period-ahead forecast errors. This standard deviation and the interval forecasts produced with it are theoretically correct only for a random walk model.
Stretching and polarizing a dielectric gel immersed in a solvent

This paper studies a gel formed by a network of cross-linked polymers and a species of mobile molecules. The gel is taken to be a dielectric, in which both the polymers and the mobile molecules are non-ionic. We formulate a theory of the gel in contact with a solvent made of the mobile molecules, and subject to electromechanical loads. A free-energy function is constructed for an ideal dielectric gel, including contributions from stretching the network, mixing the polymers and the small molecules, and polarizing the gel. We show that the free-energy function is non-convex, leading to instabilities. We also show that mechanical constraint markedly affects the behavior of the gel.
Thermomechanical finite-element analysis and dynamics characterization of three-plug oscillating heat pipes

Abstract Presented here are a nonlinear thermomechanical finite-element model of U-shaped three-plug oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) and numerical methods that can accurately predict the model’s oscillation frequency and calculate the time-varying spatial distribution of temperature and the global heat transfer efficiency. The model accounts for the influences of nonlinear spring effect of vapor bubbles, mass transferring effect, fluid filling ratio, operating temperature, gravity, pressure loss due to pipe bend, and temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser. Dynamics of OHPs is characterized using a newly developed time–frequency analysis algorithm, and an Euler predictor–corrector method with convergence check is used to solve for the temperature distribution within the fluid plug. Results show that an OHP is a parametrically excited nonlinear thermomechanical system. An explicit formula for accurate prediction of the model’s oscillation frequency is derived, and it reveals that the oscillation frequency is mainly determined by the fluid plug mass, initial vapor pressure, and the vapor-plug-length/pipe-cross-sectional-area ratio. Parameters that determine the oscillation amplitude include the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser, heat transfer coefficients, fluid filling ratio, and initial temperature. Moreover, the existence of gravity directing from the evaporator to the condenser increases the oscillation frequency. These results provide better understanding of heat transfer mechanisms of OHPs and can be used to optimize designs of OHPs.
Pathological findings in eyes with the ganciclovir implant.

Objective To examine the pathologic findings of eyes treated with ganciclovir implants. Design Retrospective consecutive case series. Participants Thirty-three eyes from 19 AIDS patients with ganciclovir implants. Methods Pathologic specimens collected from 1993 through 1999 at the National Eye Institute were reviewed. Thirty-three eyes from 19 patients were identified with ganciclovir implants. The submitted eyes then were sectioned through the implant site and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and other special stains when needed. Medical records, including operative and postoperative notes, were reviewed carefully. Main Outcome Measure Light microscopic findings at and around the site of implantation. Results Scars of surgical perforation were present in all eyes. Fibrous ingrowth developed from the implant site into the vitreous in 32 of the 33 eyes. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 18 of the 33 eyes. Poor wound apposition was found in 2 of the 33 eyes, both of which had undergone multiple procedures. Foreign body giant cell reactions were observed in most of the eyes related to suture material. Thirty-two of the 37 implant sites were located within the pars plana, whereas the other 5 were either on the border of the pars plana and pars plicata (n = 4) or within the pars plicata (n = 1). Hyalinization, atrophic changes of the ciliary body in the area of implantation, or both were observed in 18 eyes. Conclusions The ganciclovir implant is well tolerated within the eye. Fibrous ingrowth is present in most eyes and seems to be a benign occurrence because of its limited extension. Microscopic vitreous hemorrhage is present in many eyes, especially those that underwent multiple procedures. Poor wound apposition occurred rarely and was found only in eyes that had undergone multiple procedures.
Mechanistic Insights into Validoxylamine A 7'-Phosphate Synthesis by VldE Using the Structure of the Entire Product Complex.

The pseudo-glycosyltransferase VldE catalyzes non-glycosidic C-N coupling between an unsaturated cyclitol and a saturated aminocyclitol with the conservation of the stereochemical configuration of the substrates to form validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate, the biosynthetic precursor of the antibiotic validamycin A. To study the molecular basis of its mechanism, the three-dimensional structures of VldE from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus was determined in apo form, in complex with GDP, in complex with GDP and validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate, and in complex with GDP and trehalose. The structure of VldE with the catalytic site in both an “open” and “closed” conformation is also described. With these structures, the preferred binding of the guanine moiety by VldE, rather than the uracil moiety as seen in OtsA could be explained. The elucidation of the VldE structure in complex with the entirety of its products provides insight into the internal return mechanism by which catalysis occurs with a net retention of the stereochemical configuration of the donated cyclitol.
2‐Methyl‐1‐propenyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate

[53282-30-7] C5H7F3O3S (MW 204.19) InChI = 1S/C5H7F3O3S/c1-4(2)3-11-12(9,10)5(6,7)8/h3H,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZBMXEMUYHOPIKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (precursor to dimethylvinylidene carbene,1 2-methyl-1-propenyl ethers,1 isopropylidenecyclopropanes,2 isopropylidenecyclopropenes,2 3-isopropylindazoles,3 and 2-methyl-1-propenyltriphenylphosphonium triflates4) Physical Data: bp 65–66 °C/70 mmHg. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Method: prepared in a single step from 2-methylpropionaldehyde, Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride, and a hindered pyridine in 1,2-dichloroethane at reflux (eq 1). Distillation gives the product in 45% yield.5 (1)
Use of near-IR to monitor the influence of external heating on dental composite photopolymerization.

Abstract Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the effect of modest external heating on the photopolymerization kinetics and conversion of commercial dental composite restorative materials. Methods: A transmission-mode, real-time near-infrared spectroscopic technique was used to monitor the photopolymerization process in the composite materials at various temperatures between 23 and 70 °C. Several light curing units, differing in spectral output and power densities were compared at the different cure temperatures. Several significantly different commercial composites were compared for their response. Results: Regardless of the curing light or composite material used, photopolymerization at a moderate curing temperature of 54.5 °C resulted in significantly higher immediate and final conversion values compared with room temperature photocuring. Contrary to the room temperature cured materials, at the elevated cure temperature the extent of post-cure was minor and different curing lights produced very uniform conversion values within a given material. The time required to reach a given level of conversion, established as full conversion with the room temperature cure, was reduced typically by 80–90% using the elevated curing conditions. Complementary kinetic studies confirmed the effect of cure temperature on increasing the polymerization rate in dental composites as significant. Significance: Increasing the temperature of composite resin within potentially biologically compatible limits can significantly influences resin polymerization. These increased rates and conversion could lead to improved properties of composite restorative materials.
New soluble teflon for coating onto plastics

Teflon PTFE, FEP, and low melting HFP/TFE copolymers can be made to have excellent adhesion to substrates if residual stresses from large changes in temperature can be eliminated. PTFE and FEP can be adhered using a high boiling saturated perfluorinated oligomer to plasticize the fluoropolymer at the interface. Low melting HFP/TFE copolymers can be deposited as very thin films from solution in common perfluorinated solvents. Highly durable coatings can be prepared owing to the intimate degree of contact obtained between the substrate and the fluoropolymer chains. The use of low boiling solvents allow coatings on temperature sensitive substrates, such as plastics, rubber, and paper. Possible commercial applications range from mold release coatings, clear protective coatings on photographs, paintings, and documents and optical coatings on plastic and glass.
Long-range signaling by phosphoprotein waves arising from bistability in protein kinase cascades

A hallmark of protein kinase/phosphatase cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, is the spatial separation of their components within cells. The top-level kinase, MAP3K, is phosphorylated at the cell membrane, and cytoplasmic kinases at sequential downstream levels (MAP2K and MAPK) spread the signal to distant targets. Given measured protein diffusivity and phosphatase activities, signal propagation by diffusion would result in a steep decline of MAP2K activity and low bisphosphorylated MAPK (ppMAPK) levels near the nucleus, especially in large cells, such as oocytes. Here, we show that bistability in a two-site MAPK (de)phosphorylation cycle generates a novel type of phosphoprotein wave that propagates from the surface deep into the cell interior. Positive feedback from ppMAPK to cytoplasmic MAP2K enhances the propagation span of the ppMAPK wave, making it possible to convey phosphorylation signals over exceedingly long distances. The finding of phosphorylation waves traveling with constant amplitude and high velocity may solve a long-standing enigma of survival signaling in developing neurons.
A framework for supporting data integration using the materialized and virtual approaches

This paper presents a framework for data integration currently under development in the Squirrel project. The framework is based on a special class of mediators, called Squirrel integration mediators. These mediators can support the traditional virtual and materialized approaches, and also hybrids of them.In the Squirrel mediators, a relation in the integrated view can be supported as (a) fully materialized, (b) fully virtual, or (c) partially materialized (i.e., with some attributes materialized and other attributes virtual). In general, (partially) materialized relations of the integrated view are maintained by incremental updates from the source databases. Squirrel mediators provide two approaches for doing this: (1) materialize all needed auxiliary data, so that data sources do not have to be queried when processing the incremental updates; or (2) leave some or all of the auxiliary data virtual, and query selected source databases when processing incremental updates.The paper presents formal notions of consistency and "freshness" for integrated views defined over multiple autonomous source databases. It is shown that Squirrel mediators satisfy these properties.
Cardiac conduction in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease.

Cardiac conduction was investigated at the time of pacemaker insertion in 15 patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. Techniques included recording of His bundle potentials, atrial pacing at various heart rates, and atropine administration. Atrioventricular (AV) conduction was impaired in eight patients who manifested one or more of the following: P-R prolongation, P-H prolongation, and development of second degree AV block with atrial pacing at heart rates below 130 beats/min. Five patients had intraventricular conduction defects diagnosed electrocardiographically; none of these had H-Q prolongation. One of these five, with left bundle-branch block, subsequently developed complete heart block and had a calcific lesion involving the His bundle. Depression of cardiac automaticity was noted in four patients, with asystolic periods greater than 2 sec after sudden cessation of atrial pacing at rates of 100-160 beats/min. Responses to 1 mg of intravenous atropine were varied, but no patient developed sinus rates greater than 90 beats/min, suggesting the presence of primary sinus node dysfunction. In conclusion, abnormalities of conduction and automaticity in specialized tissue in addition to the sinus node are common in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. These abnormalities should be recognized when present, so that the ideal site for permanent pacing may be chosen.
On the inclusion of importances in OWA aggregations

In this work we concentrate on the issue of the inclusion of importances in the OWA aggregation process. We first look at the ways in which importances have been included in some notable examples of OWA operators. We see that in these cases the importance is used to transform the scores into some effective score. Using this knowledge we build, using a fuzzy systems model, a general transform operator for the inclusion of importances. A second approach for the inclusion of importances is also discussed this approach requires the existence of a linguistic quantifier to generate the OWA weights modified by the importances.
Buddhists in Modern Southeast Asia

This article contrasts the study of Southeast Asian Buddhist social and political movements and institutions (ecclesiastical, colonial, royal, or governmental) with the study of individuals who are recreating Buddhism outside of the various national Sangha organizations and political structures. The power of the state to control nuns, monks, and even lay expression is often over emphasized in modern scholarship. Until recently, the agency and creativity of individual Buddhists is often overlooked. Therefore, in brief summary for students, I want to focus on subjects that have often been neglected in the study of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. I am interested in the ways individual Buddhists make meaning, display this ever-changing understanding to others, and continually and mutually re-make society and its explanations. Instead of looking at the epistemic characteristics of macro-level culture or religion or the ‘trait geographies’ of a people, I am concerned with the ‘practical reasoning and reflexive accounts that people use on a daily basis and that make social life an ongoing practical accomplishment’ [J. McDaniel, Gathering Leaves and Lifting Words: Monastic Education in Laos and Thailand, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2008, p. 250; I. F. Silber, European Journal of Social Theory6 (2003) 429]. I will be trying to temper any macro-sociological speculative analysis with the explanations and actions of individual agents while always emphasizing that agents are in situated in highly specific relationships.
SEX RATIOS AND RAPE RATES: A POWERCONTROL THEORY*

Guttentag and Secord (1983) hypothesize that sex ratios (the number of men per 100 women) affect the roles of both men and women. They suggest that although high sex ratios decrease men 3 dyadic power, when sex ratios are high men use their structural power to control women. Their theory can be combined with the routine activities approach of Cohen and Felson (1979) or with a version of the power-threat/power-competition hypothesis of Blalock (1967) to develop a power-control theory dealing with the relationship between sex ratios and rape rates: i.e., when sex ratios are high, rape rates should be relatively low. Analyses of data from the United States for the years 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987 support this hypothesis.
Circumnutation and gravitropism cause root waving in Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana roots grow in a wavy pattern on inclined agar plates. This waving behaviour has been interpreted as representing a gravitropism-dependent thigmotropic response. We argue instead that this root waving represents primarily a flattened spiral growth pattern resulting from circumnutation and gravitropism
Design Factors and Performance Characteristics of a 500 VA Static Inverter

Abstract Design and performance characteristics of all silicon static inverters are presented. One unit delivers in excess of 25 VA/lb and will operate with heat sink temperatures up to 100°C. Output voltage regulation, better than 0·5 per cent, is obtainable by means of a strong feedback loop which includes a highly temperature compensated reference amplifier. Special switching power amplifiers produce reasonable efficiency and low distortion. Appropriately packaged the u nite is well suited for missile operation.
Protection of Archival Record From Pollutants the Diffusion of SO2 Through Archival Boxboard

The diffusion constants of sulfur dioxide in boxboards, commonly used to store archival documents, have been measured. For the most common boxes used by National Archives and Record Administration a diffusion constant of about 0.001 cm2 / sec was determined independent of gas concentration. These results are discussed in terms of a model of the microenvironment provided by these boxboards as used in archival storage.
Untangling the web of functional and physical interactions in yeast

An analysis of an integrated network of over 150,000 functional and physical interactions in yeast suggests that the network can be hierarchically decomposed into themes and thematic maps. This decomposition can be used to explore the organizational principles of integrated biological networks within cells.
Locational Adjustments to Pollution Regulations: The South Coast Air Quality Management District and the Furniture Industry:

Since the 1960s, environmental regulations have played an increasingly large role in regulating the activities of private businesses that generate pollution. There has been little research, however, on the effects of environmental regulations on the location decisions of firms and industries. This article attempts to bridge this gap by examining the impact of air pollution regulations implemented by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in 1988 on the wood household furniture industry in southern California. The regulations created a great deal of uncertainty within the industry. Some firms relocated to Mexico to avoid compliance. Other firms remained in the region and attempted to adjust through product and process innovations. Over time, and with the help of institutions, the industry adjusted through a process of “learning by doing.” A challenge for community economic development practitioners is to build institutions that foster the learning process by which firms adjust to environmental reg...
Endogenous Mechanisms of Inhibition of Platelet Function

Platelets play an important role in coagulation, in maintenance of hemostasis, and in the pathophysiology of thrombotic diseases. In response to blood vessel injury, platelets accumulate at the site, recruit other platelets, promote clotting, and form a hemostatic plug to prevent hemorrhage. By contrast, several inhibitory mechanisms modulate platelet function and act in a synergistic manner to prevent pathologic thrombus formation. This review focuses on the principal endogenous inhibitors of platelet function and the central role of the normal endothelium in these inhibitory processes. The main endothelium-derived platelet inhibitors include nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and Ecto-ADPase/CD39/NTPDase. Each of these factors is discussed in turn, and the specific mechanisms by which they inhibit platelet function are reviewed.
Phosphorylation of Protein Tyrosine Residues in Fresh and Cryopreserved Stallion Spermatozoa under Capacitating Conditions

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on sperm proteins is one important intracellular mechanism regulating sperm function that may be a meaningful indicator of capacitation. There is substantial evidence that cryopreservation promotes the capacitation of sperm and this cryocapacitation is frequently cited as one factor associated with the reduced longevity of cryopreserved sperm in the female reproductive tract. This study was designed to determine whether stallion sperm express different levels of tyrosine phosphorylation after in vitro capacitation and whether thawed sperm display similar phosphorylation characteristics in comparison with freshly ejaculated sperm. Experiments were performed to facilitate comparisons of tyrosine phosphorylation, motility, and viability of sperm prior to and following in vitro capacitation in fresh and frozen-thawed sperm. We hypothesized that equine spermatozoa undergo tyrosine phosphorylation during capacitation and that this phosphorylation is modified when sperm have been cryopreserved. We also hypothesized that tyrosine phosphorylation could be enhanced by the use of the activators dibutyryl cAMP (db cAMP) and caffeine, as well as methyl b-cyclodextrin—which causes cholesterol efflux from the spermatozoa—and inhibited by the protein kinase A (PK-A) inhibitor H-89. Our results indicate that equine sperm capacitation is mediated by a signaling pathway that involves cAMP-dependent PK-A and tyrosine kinases and that cryopreserved sperm may be more sensitive to inducers of capacitation, which could explain their limited life span when compared with fresh sperm.
Threats to xylem hydraulic function of trees under ‘new climate normal’ conditions

Climate models predict increases in frequency and intensity of extreme environmental conditions, such as changes to minimum and maximum temperatures, duration of drought periods, intensity of rainfall/snowfall events and wind strength. These local extremes, rather than average climatic conditions, are closely linked to woody plant survival, as trees cope with such events over long lifespans. While the xylem provides trees with structural strength and is considered the most robust part of a tree's structure, it is also the most physiologically vulnerable as tree survival depends on its ability to sustain water supply to the tree crown under variable environmental conditions. Many structural, functional and biological tree properties evolved to protect xylem from loss of transport function because of embolism or to restore xylem transport capacity following embolism formation. How ‘the new climate normal’ conditions will affect these evolved strategies is yet to be seen. Our understanding of xylem physiology and current conceptual models describing embolism formation and plant recovery from water stress, however, can provide insight into near-future challenges that woody plants will face. In addition, knowledge of species-specific properties of xylem function may help guide mitigation of climate change impacts on woody plants in natural and agricultural tree communities.
Responsive microtubule dynamics promote cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi

Summary The American trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi , can invade non-phagocytic cell types by a G-protein- mediated, calcium-dependent mechanism, in which the cell's natural puncture repair mechanism is usurped in order to recruit lysosomes to the parasite/ host cell junction or 'parasite synapse.' The fusion of lysosomes necessary for construction of the nascent parasitophorous vacuole is achieved by directed traf- ficking along microtubules. We demonstrate altered host cell microtubule dynamics during the initial stages of the entry process involving de novo micro- tubule polymerization from the cytoplasmic face of the parasite synapse which appears to serve as a secondary microtubule organizing centre. The net result of these dynamic changes to the host cell's microtubule cytoskeleton is the development of the necessary infrastructure for transport of lysosomes to the parasite synapse.
Where does nanotechnology belong in the map of science

By analysing publication and citation data, it is possible to explore the relationships between nanoscience and nanotechnology and the rest of science and technology.
Spinel-type lithium cobalt oxide as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions

The development of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction is critical for rechargeable metal-air battery applications. Here, the authors synthesize and evaluate a delithiated spinel-type lithium cobalt oxide that exhibits promising performance for both processes.
Metabolic Influences on the Action of Estrogens: Therapeutic Implications

Several metabolic barriers in the route leading from intake or endogenous secretion of estrogens to their final site of action influence their biologic potency. Among them, four are clearly defined: (1) intraluminal and mucosal intestinal metabolism, (2) overall clearance from blood, (3) transcapillary exchange, and (4) target tissue metabolism. Of these four steps, the first two have been extensively studied, whereas the third remains largely unevaluated. The importance of target tissue metabolism of estrogens is discussed here in some detail. INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ESTROGENS Orally administered estrogens are subjected to metabolism by the intestinal flora and in the intestinal wall before entering the portal circulation or the lymphatic system. Conversions of estradiol to estrone and estrone glucuronide in a jejunal loop of a patient were shown by Diczfalusy et al.1 Substitutions in the estradiol molecule, such as introduction of an ethinyl group in the l7α position and further etherification of the phenolic hydroxyl group, limit metabolism. They also increase lipophilicity and uptake by the lymphatic vessels,2 thus reducing the "first passage" of the ingested estrogen through the liver. Longcope and Williams3 concluded that orally administered ethinyl estradiol and mestranol are completely absorbed, since similar blood levels of radioactive compounds are obtained by oral administration or intravenous injection of the estrogens. The absorption of estradiol is also almost complete, as evaluated from the isotope ratios of urinary metabolites following the simultaneous administration of carbon 14-labeled estradiol orally and tritiated estradiol intravenously.4 However, due to intestinal metabolism, the ratio of estradiol to estrone in circulation resulting from oral administration of estradiol is lower than the ratio resulting from intravenous injection of the hormone.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF CUCUMBER AS INFLUENCED BY POULTRY MANURE IN ASABA AREA OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons in the Teaching and Research Farm of Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria to evaluate the growth and yield responses of cucumber to five different rates of poultry manure. The study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Rates of poultry manure in tons per hectare were 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20, while the parameters investigated were vine length, number of leaves per plant, fruit diameter (cm), fruit length (cm), and fruit weight of ‘Marketmore’ variety of cucumber. The results of the study showed that parameters assessed were significantly influenced by the application of poultry manure. At 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting, plants that received highest rate of poultry manure (20 tha-1) showed greatest performances. Based on the findings of the study, it was recom-mended that farmers in the study area can apply 20 tha-1 of poultry manure to increase growth and yield of cu-cumber.
Toward a Formal Model of Steiner’s Dual Stage Theory of Manufacturing and Retailing

This paper provides the formal mathematical model of Robert Steiner’s Dual Stage Theory described and simulated in my paper “Why economists are wrong to neglect retailing and how Steiner’s theory provides an explanation of important regularities” published in The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. XLIX, No. 4, Winter, 2004 now available on SSRN at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1972383, with the permission of Bill Curran, editor of the Antitrust Bulletin. Even in this simple case we need to consider at least two manufacturers, many retailers and many consumers. Manufacturers and retailers choose prices to maximize profits. Both have fixed costs and both manufacturers and retailers take rivals prices as given, i.e., they behave as Cournot-Nash oligopolists using Bertrand pricing. Each retailer is assumed to carry two products, a leading national brand [LB] and a competing store brand [SB]. Free entry into retailing is assumed to eliminate any excess profits and determines the number of retail outlets. So retailing is assumed to be monopolistically competitive. Consumers are assumed to know LB prices across stores, but not SB prices. An important, and somewhat unusual, assumption is that a consumer’s choice between any two stores to shop at is based only the ratio of the LB prices at those stores. This assumption produces a particularly simple market share equation, wherein an individual retailer’s share of consumers is proportional to the ratio of its LB price raised to a power µ divided by the sum of all such terms for all the retailers in the market. The assumption implies that the exponent µ is the same for all retailers. This exponent can be interpreted as a measure of “visibility” of an LB and the higher it is the more elastic the demand curve facing an individual retailer. Consumers buy either one unit of the LB or the SB, but not both. Through brand advertising, manufacturers can increase the visibility of their brand, and so increase the elasticity of demand as seen by individual retailers. The model produces both “inverse associations” described by Steiner, and thus demonstrates that his Dual Stage theory is consistent with profit-maximizing behavior by retailers and manufacturers.
Induced-hypercholesterolemia as a probable cause of alterations in pulse pressure in wistar kyoto rats

Background : The involvement of hypercholesterolemia in cardiovascular disorders has been widely researched but the impact on the specific cardiovascular (CV) indices following remodeling and cardiac malfunction remain to be fully elucidated. The aim this research is intended to further the understanding of cardiovascular function under hypercholesterolemic condition in mammals and serve as a guide to pharmaceutical formulation and medical interventions. Methods : The telemetry technique was used to investigate the cardiovascular dysfunctions in induced hypercholesterolemia in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Methods for this investigation include: inducing hypercholesterolemic condition in Wistar Kyoto rats through diet; measuring the blood cholesterol levels of the experimental animals; measuring cardiovascular indices in conscious rats to establish vascular dysfunction and/or cardiac malfunction. Results : Our study showed that pulse pressure decreases in experimental WKY rats with increasing cholesterol content in the diet. It also shows that diet related pulse pressure decrease occurs in both low and high animal activities. The pulse pressure was reduced at both low and high animal activities in the 2% cholesterol diet (N=6) when compared to control (N=4) and 1% cholesterol diet (N=7). All results presented were statistically significant at a P value < 0.05. Our study has shown that pulse pressure (PP) declined significantly in the 2% cholesterol loaded diet, but not in the 1% diet. We also observed that in overall, the 1% diet group maintained close to normal cardiovascular indices compared to the control and 2%. Conclusion : Our results show that a high cholesterol diet may have negatively impacted the cardiac function more than the vascular function. Keywords : hypercholesterolemia, remodeling, vascular, pharmaceutical, dysfunctions, cardiovascular, telemetry, WKY rats
Some Applications of a Morphism

(1969). Some Applications of a Morphism. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 1131-1132.
The Influence of PKA Direction on Displacement Cascade Evolution

An extensive database of atomic displacement cascades in iron has been developed using molecular dynamic simulations. More than 300 cascades have been completed at 100K at energies between 100 eV and 100 keV, with fewer simulations at 600 and 900K. A systematic evaluation of the database has revealed an unexpected influence of PKA direction in low energy simulations. For primary knockon (PKA) directions that lie in the close-packed {110} planes, the cascade tends to be constrained to develop in only two dimensions. This planar “channeling” leads to much higher point defect survival than when a random high-index PKA direction is used to initiate the cascade. For example, the average number of stable Frenkel pair produced in 300 eV cascades is about 2.1 for cascades initiated with a [135] PKA, and 3.2 for [114] cascades. Some influence of this PKA direction effect was observed for energies up to 2 keV. The interstitial clustering behavior also appears to be affected in cascades with high defect survival.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation for adult acute leukemia.

The majority of adult patients with acute leukemia eventually die of their disease, owing to either resistance to or complications of therapy. It is hoped that this situation will improve as chemotherapy is intensified during the initial phases of therapy and as supportive care continues to improve. Maximal dose intensification can be achieved using marrow ablative chemotherapy or radiotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recent reports from centers around the world have shown that this form of therapy is truly effective; increasing proportions of patients with acute leukemia are cured of their disease.
Tetralogy of Fallot: Transventricular Repair, Including Pulmonary Atresia Without MAPCAs

Timing and indications of surgical techniques in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) remains controversial nowadays. The ideal timing for surgical repair of asymptomatic patients seems to be between 3 and 6–9 months. Severe persistent hypoxemia in neonates constitute an absolute indication to a surgical intervention, managed either by an aorto-pulmonary shunt or by a neonatal complete repair. The surgical techniques described in this chapter focus on all the techniques described to repair a TOF through the right ventricle, with a specific interest in the valve-sparing transventricular repair technique which can include pulmonary valve thinning, commissurotomy, intraoperative balloon dilation, or a patch augmentation of the pulmonary valve. The right ventricle-pulmonary artery connection using a transannular patch in patients with TOF with pulmonary atresia is also described. In contemporary practice, repair of TOF has become a safe procedure with excellent outcomes.
Multifunctional composites with intrinsic pressure actuation and prestress for morphing structures

Abstract Pressure-actuated elements can be embedded in morphing panels to achieve continuous control of shape and stiffness. This paper presents a multifunctional laminated composite that exhibits a curved geometry due to intrinsic mechanical prestress and a change in curvature when fluid (liquid or gas) contained in one of its laminae is pressurized. The composite is composed of a mechanically-prestressed layer, a fluidic layer, and a constraining layer. The composite can be driven to any desired shape up to a flat limiting shape through modulation of pressure in its fluidic layer. An analytical model is developed to characterize the quasi-static response of such a composite to the applied fluid pressure for various laminate stacking sequences. A parametric study is also conducted to study the effects of the dimensions of the fluid channel and its spatial location. Composite beams are fabricated in the laminate configuration that requires the least actuation effort for a given change in curvature. Pneumatic pressure is applied to the composite in an open-loop setup and its response is measured using a motion capture system. The simulated response of the composite is in agreement with the measured response.
Abstract 294: Post-Discharge Phone Calls: Efficient Opportunity to Assess and Improve Patient Adherence to Care Plan

Background: Transitioning from hospital to home is a common failure point in care delivery and patient adherence to a plan of care. Our post-discharge phone calls helped identify gaps (especially r...
Replication Study: Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs

In 2015, as part of the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, we published a Registered Report (Kandela et al., 2015) that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper "Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs" (Sugahara et al., 2010). Here we report the results of those experiments. We found that coadministration with iRGD peptide did not have an impact on permeability of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) in a xenograft model of prostate cancer, whereas the original study reported that it increased the penetrance of this cancer drug (Figure 2B; Sugahara et al., 2010). Further, in mice bearing orthotopic 22Rv1 human prostate tumors, we did not find a statistically significant difference in tumor weight for mice treated with DOX and iRGD compared to DOX alone, whereas the original study reported a decrease in tumor weight when DOX was coadministered with iRGD (Figure 2C; Sugahara et al., 2010). In addition, we did not find a statistically significant difference in TUNEL staining in tumor tissue between mice treated with DOX and iRGD compared to DOX alone, while the original study reported an increase in TUNEL positive staining with iRGD coadministration (Figure 2D; Sugahara et al., 2010). Similar to the original study (Supplemental Figure 9A; Sugahara et al., 2010), we did not observe an impact on mouse body weight with DOX and iRGD treatment. Finally, we report meta-analyses for each result.
Dynamic outcome prediction in a socio-demographically diverse population-based cohort of extremely preterm neonates

Dynamic outcome prediction in a socio-demographically diverse population-based cohort of extremely preterm neonates
Surgery for Cerebellar Hemorrhage: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database Analysis of Patient Outcomes and Factors Associated with 30-Day Mortality and Prolonged Ventilation.

Objective Primary cerebellar hemorrhage accounts for 10% of all intracranial hemorrhages. Given the confined space of the posterior fossa, cerebellar hemorrhage management sometimes necessitates suboccipital decompression and hematoma evacuation. In this study, we examine outcomes after surgery for primary cerebellar hemorrhage and identify risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of the 2005–2014 American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was performed, with Current Procedural Terminology Code 61315 (suboccipital craniectomy or craniotomy for evacuation of cerebellar hemorrhage) queried between 2005 and 2014. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, and 30-day outcomes were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of mortality and adverse events. Results A total of 158 craniotomies were studied, with a 30-day mortality rate of 26.6%. The most common adverse events included ventilator dependence after 48 hours (48.7%) and pneumonia (24.1%). Almost one quarter (24.7%) of patients required additional operations, with 8.5% of patients undergoing repeat craniotomy. Death was associated with premorbid dependent functional status (P = 0.005), American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P = 0.010), and history of congestive heart failure (P = 0.031). Prolonged ventilation was associated with premorbid functional status (P = 0.043) and ventilator dependence (P = 0.007) before surgery. Conclusions Cerebellar hemorrhage is associated with significant risk of mortality and ventilator dependence. In patients who require surgery, 30-day mortality risk remains high (26.6%), with functional status and American Society of Anesthesiologists class predictive of death.
The Witness Experience: Testimony at the ICTY and Its Impact

This book provides the most comprehensive and scientific assessment to date of what it means to appear before war crimes tribunals. This ground-breaking analysis, conducted with the cooperation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Victims and Witnesses Section, examines the positive and negative impact that testifying has on those who bear witness to the horrors of war by shedding new light on the process. While most witnesses have positive feelings and believe they contributed to international justice, there is a small but critical segment of witnesses whose security, health, and well-being are adversely affected after testifying. The witness experience is examined holistically, including witness' perceptions of their physical and psychological well-being. Because identity (gender and ethnicity) and war trauma were central to the ICTY's mandate and the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, the research explores in-depth how they have impacted the most critical stakeholders of any transitional justice mechanism: the witnesses.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE SPOTLIGHTING PAPERS FROM THE AERA SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP ON ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING

The American Educational Research Association (AERA) is the premier association of educational research professionals. AERA supports 12 divisions and 150 Special Interest Groups (SIGs). One of the latter is the Special Interest Group on Online Teaching and Learning (SIG-OTL). SIG-OTL is a multi- disciplinary community of scholars focused on the creation, use, and evaluation of online learning environments. This special issue spotlights 11 papers taken from those presented at the 2017 annual meeting.
Contribution of parasympathetic muscarinic augmentation of insulin secretion to olanzapine-induced hyperinsulinemia

Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with the development of obesity and diabetes. In particular, olanzapine can induce peripheral insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease. To determine if this compensatory increase in insulin is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic stimulation, we randomized 15 healthy subjects 2:1 to receive double-blind olanzapine or placebo for 9 days under diet- and activity-controlled inpatient conditions. Before and after 7 days of study drug administration, subjects underwent frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests with either saline or atropine infused on subsequent days to assess insulin secretion and hepatic insulin extraction in the absence or presence of muscarinic blockade. We found that olanzapine led to an increase in the acute insulin response to glucose, which was not seen with placebo, and was attenuated in the olanzapine group by atropine. Deconvolution of C-peptide data confirmed an increase in insulin secretion with olanzapine, which was blocked by atropine, with a modest reduction in hepatic insulin extraction with olanzapine. These results support the contribution of muscarinic augmentation of insulin secretion to olanzapine-induced hyperinsulinemia, and provide a mechanism for the compensatory hyperinsulinemia that normally serves to prevent deterioration of glucose tolerance under conditions of metabolic challenge.