cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYMPATHETIC NERVE STIMULATION ATTENUATES CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) IN HYPERCAPNIC NEWBORN PIGLETS

Previous work suggests that sympathetic nerve activation may influence CBF in hypoxic or asphyxiated newborn animals. The present experiments investigate the effect of respiratory acidosis on the efficacy of sympathetic nerves on CBF in 5 anesthetized (30% N2O) newborn piglets. The right sympathetic trunk was electrically stimulated for 60s (16 Hz, 15v, 3 msec) while the left side served as control and blood flow to each hemibrain was measured (microspheres) during (1) baseline (no stimulation), (2) stimulation during normocapnia (PCO2=38±2 torr), and (3) stimulation during hypercapnia (PCO2=62±4 torr). During baseline, CBF was 88±6 and 87±7 ml/min/100g in the left and right hemibrain respectively. Sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased flow to the right hemibrain by 6±1% during normocapnia. Most significant vasoconstriction was noted in the cerebrum (CBM) and choroid plexus (CP) where stimulation reduced flow by 8±2 and 60±10% respectively. During hypercapnia where CBF was increased to 294±58 ml/min/100g, sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased flow to the right hemibrain, CBM, and CP by 25±4, 34±4, and 71±8%, respectively. Blood pressure and blood gases were not affected by sympathetic stimulation. These data suggest that activation of sympathetic nerves during normocarbia has minimal effects on CBF in the newborn piglet but profoundly decreases choroid plexus flow. During hypercapnia, however, activation of sympathetic nerves may severely attenuate the vasodilatory capacity of the cerebrovasculature and thus compromise the vascular response of the newborn brain. (NIH T35-HD-07217-10A1)
Plato Meets Lawnmower Man in the Virtual Polis: The Case of PS 776

f popular movies are signposts of mass cultural fantasies, political terrors, and psychic nightmares, we Americans are in for some tough sledding as we negotiate the pathway to the next millennium. Already, we are being bombarded by cruel anticipations of ecological collapse, technophilic hopes of planetary domination and terra/terror forming, and hallucinogenic plans for disembodied consciousnesses
Survey of Stakeholders: A Tool for Assessing the Importance of Proposed Curriculum Changes.

Abstract This study examines how stakeholders (students, faculty, alumni, and the business community) perceived the importance of proposed program changes by a school of business. Greater involvement of the business community in the classroom was the highest rated initiative across all groups surveyed. Overall, very few differences occurred among stakeholder groups in their perceptions. This type of technique is increasingly important as business schools undergo continual reform.
TLR4 and MD-2 expression is regulated by immune-mediated signals in human intestinal epithelial cells.

The normal intestinal epithelium is not inflamed despite contact with a high density of commensal bacteria. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) express low levels of TLR4 and MD-2 and are lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-unresponsive. We hypothesized that immune-mediated signals regulate the expression of TLR4 and MD-2 in IEC. Expression of TLR4 and MD-2 was examined in normal colonic epithelial cells or intestinal epithelial cell lines. The effect of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on TLR4 and MD-2 expression was examined by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot. NF-κB transcriptional activation and interleukin-8 secretion were used as measures of LPS responsiveness. Native colonic epithelial cells and IEC lines express a low level of TLR4 and MD-2 mRNA. IFN-γ regulates MD-2 expression in both IEC lines, whereas IFN-γ and TNF-α regulate TLR4 mRNA expression in IEC lines. Pre-incubation with IFN-γ and/or TNF-α sensitizes IEC to LPS-dependent interleukin-8 secretion. To examine MD-2 transcriptional regulation, we cloned a 1-kb sequence proximal to the MD-2 gene translational start site. This promoter directed expression of a reporter gene in endothelial cells and IEC. IFN-γ positively regulated MD-2 promoter activity in IEC. Co-expression of a STAT inhibitor, SOCS3, blocked IFN-γ-mediated MD-2 promoter activation. T cell-derived cytokines lead to increased expression of TLR4 and MD-2 and LPS-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in IEC. IFN-γ regulates expression of the critical TLR4 co-receptor MD-2 through the Janus tyrosine kinase-STAT pathway. Th1 cytokines may initiate or perpetuate intestinal inflammation by altering toll-like receptor expression and bacterial reactivity.
Dry Cooling Towers for GT-MHR

Due to problems with the availability and the price of water, and the concerns relating to adverse environmental effects of wet cooling systems, the need for water conserving cooling systems has been increasing. Presently, dry cooling accounts for over 30,000 MWe of capacity in more than 30 countries. GT-MHR is specially suited for use of dry cooling due to 1) high efficiency, 2) high heat rejection temperatures and 3) large temperature difference between the turbine inlet and heat rejection temperatures. Higher efficiency means the amount of energy rejected to the cooling per MWe is less. The majority of heat is rejected in precooler and intercooler at helium temperature of more than 100 °C. This results in higher temperature difference for heat rejection. Also due to large temperature difference between the turbine inlet and heat rejection temperatures, changes in ambient temperature have a smaller effect on overall thermal efficiency. Preliminary evaluation shows that pure dry cooling is economical for GT-MHR for water cost of more than 0.8$/m3 and power cost of 3.5 c/kWh. A combination of dry and wet cooling can reduce large percentage of the water use without affecting the efficiency.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Gardasil®: Introducing the New Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine for prevention of cervical cancer based on the molecular biology of the disease. Gardasil (quadrivalent human papillomavirus [HPV] [types 6, 11, 16, and 18] recombinant vaccine, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ) combats the common types of HPV responsible for cervical cancer precursor lesions. This article provides a simple overview of the (a) epidemiology of HPV, (b) HPV vaccine, (c) dosing and administration, and (d) nursing implications about this possibly life-saving vaccine.
New strategies for the nuclear suppliers group (NSG)

Membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) has grown rapidly in the past decade. If continued, this rate of growth threatens to condemn the NSG to years of stalemate and stagnation as it includes states with significantly divergent interests. In contrast, cooperation between NSG members and nonmember states could increase substantially without threatening the workings of the NSG itself. The authors argue that keeping the NSG as an effective tool in the effort to stem the proliferation of nuclear weapons depends on the ability to differentiate between three types of states: (1) states unwilling or unable to cooperate with NSG members on nonproliferation issues, including export controls; (2) states able and willing to cooperate with NSG members on such issues; and (3) states able and willing to coordinate their nonproliferation export control policies with NSG members. The authors argue that NSG members should work with the latter two types of states, but that different strategies are required for eac...
Role theory and the practice of interprofessional education: A critical appraisal and a call to sociologists

The stated goals – and therefore manifest functions – of Interprofessional Education (IPE) are to bring students of various health professions together to cultivate mutual understanding and respect for each occupation’s role(s) and foster a culture of collaboration and teamwork to promote more effective and efficient care. Yet, there are telling gaps within IPE literature regarding the application of role theory to IPE pedagogy and research. In this work, we apply a sociological lens and the tenets of role theory to identify and analyze: (a) the apparent tensions nested within IPE aims with respect to issues of role specificity and role blurring; (b) the lack of attention paid to possible role adjustment strategies utilized by IPE students; (c) ambiguities within the IPE (and IPC) literature regarding the role(s) of the patient, including a failure to adequately acknowledge the status hierarchy of health-care delivery; and (d) how IPE may serve as a catalyst to reframe understandings of the physicians as ‘team leader’. In addressing these issues, we suggest discipline-specific qualities that sociologists bring to IPE research, and future directions and applications for sociologists interested in exploring elements of IPE.
Subcellular Structures and Function of Myocytes Impaired During Heart Failure Are Restored by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Rationale:Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for patients with chronic heart failure. However, CRT-associated structural and functional remodeling at cellular and subcellular levels is only partly understood. Objective:To investigate the effects of CRT on subcellular structures and protein distributions associated with excitation-contraction coupling of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Methods and Results:Our studies revealed remodeling of the transverse tubular system (t-system) and the spatial association of ryanodine receptor (RyR) clusters in a canine model of dyssynchronous heart failure (DHF). We did not find this remodeling in a synchronous heart failure model based on atrial tachypacing. Remodeling in DHF ranged from minor alterations in anterior left ventricular myocytes to nearly complete loss of the t-system and dissociation of RyRs from sarcolemmal structures in lateral cells. After CRT, we found a remarkable and almost complete reverse remodeling of these structure...
Demand functions and the valuation of public goods

This paper develops a method to derive measures of the demand for public goods. It takes the results of referenda and incorporates variation in non-voting into a model, which is used to calculate both the demand elasticities of the preference intensities with respect to a variety of demographic variables and the absolute magnitudes of such preference for a variety of public goods.
Picosecond Photon Echo and Coherent Raman Measurements on Molecular Solids in a High Pressure Diamond Anvil Cell

Abstract The centrosymmetric molecule, dianthracene, has four low-lying excited singlet states arising due to interactions between the four equivalent benzene chromophores in the molecule. An empirical model identifies the lowest excited state as 1B3g with the other three states at increasingly higher energies being 1B1u, 1B2u, and 1Ag. The energy gap between the low temperature emission and fluorescence excitation spectra of crystalline dianthracene as well as the shape of the origin absorption spectrum and the lack of site-selected spectra in this region for dianthracene in a low temperature polymer host provide strong support for this predicted state ordering. The temperature dependence of the quantum yield for photodissociation of the dianthracene molecule and the emission spectrum of the anthracene pairs formed by this reaction are also presented.
Buried impact craters: A topographic analysis of quasi-circular depressions, Utopia Basin, Mars

[1] Many quasi-circular depressions (QCDs) revealed in the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data set have no obvious structural representation in visible images of Mars. It has been suggested that these QCDs are surface representations of buried impact craters, and on the basis of this assumption, cumulative count versus diameter plots of QCDs in the northern lowlands have been constructed to date the buried lowland floor. If the QCDs are, in fact, buried impact craters, their surface relief should scale directly with their diameter; this relationship holds true for 115 QCDs with diameters ranging from 7 to 100 km within roughly 1500 km of the center of the Utopia Basin. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the relationship more closely approaches 1 when QCDs in zones of comparable cover thickness are evaluated. The surface relief versus diameter relationship of 55 randomly selected “pseudo-QCDs” was also determined; their poor correlation indicates that the direct relationship of surface relief to diameter of actual QCDs is due to differential compaction of a cover material over buried impact craters and is not just a random effect of QCD diameter. The slope of the trend of the QCDs' surface relief versus diameter, when divided into zones of comparable cover thickness, can be used to determine which zones have thicker or thinner cover.
Effects of exercise on physiological and psychological variables in cancer survivors.

ABSTRACTBURNHAM, T. R., and A. WILCOX. Effects of exercise on physiological and psychological variables in cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 1863–1867, 2002.PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on physiological and psych
QRS prolongation induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy correlates with deterioration in left ventricular function.

Background The benefits of cardiac resynchronization in inducing reverse ventricular remodeling in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction have been well established. Still, up to 30% of the patients fail to derive significant improvement from this therapy. A subset of "nonresponders" experience deterioration in LV function following cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Characteristics of this patient population, however, have not been studied. Objective To determine characteristics of patients who experience deterioration in LV function following CRT. Methods Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data were collected in 856 consecutive patients presenting for a new CRT device. For inclusion, all patients had an LV ejection fraction '40%, a QRS duration '120 ms, and available baseline and follow-up echocardiograms and electrocardiograms. Deterioration in LV function was defined as an absolute decrease of 5% or greater in ejection fraction from baseline. Multivariate models were constructed to identify variables significantly associated with deterioration. Results A total of 507 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 60 (11.8%) met criteria for deterioration. Patients with deterioration were more likely to be men (86.7% vs 66.9%; P = .002), have a non–left bundle branch block morphology (41.7% vs 23.7%; P = .001), and a history of atrial fibrillation (66.7% vs 51.7%; P = .03). On comparing the pre-CRT QRS duration with the first biventricular-paced QRS duration post-CRT implant, it was found that patients with LV deterioration had significant QRS widening than did those without deterioration (ms) (+3.9 ± 34.1 vs −9.0 ± 27.4, P = .007, respectively). In multivariate analysis, QRS widening indexed to the baseline QRS duration was significantly associated with LV deterioration (odds ratio 1.14 [1.06–1.23]; P = .001). Conclusion QRS widening is associated with deterioration in LV function following CRT.
Transgenic expression of Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain ATCC 53582 cellulose synthase genes in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis strain UTCC 100

We report the transfer of cellulose synthesis genes (acsABΔC) from the heterotropic alpha proteobacterium, Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain ATCC 53582 to a photosynthetic microbe (Synechococcus leopoliensis strain UTCC 100). These genes were functionally expressed in this cyanobacterium, resulting in the production of non-crystalline cellulose. Although the cellulose lacks the structural integrity of the product synthesized by G. xylinus, the non-crystalline nature of the cyanobacterial cellulose makes it an ideal potential feedstock for biofuel production.
Epithelial cells as immune effector cells: The role of CD40

Through the expression of inflammatory mediators and immune-related molecules, epithelial cells function as immune effector cells in a wide variety of tissues; the expression of the CD40 receptor on these cells contributes this role. Engagement of CD40 activates epithelial cells and results in their release of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators as well as pro-fibrotic molecules. As such, epithelial CD40 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, generation of self-tolerance, and rejection of allografts.
PERMANGANATE FIXATION OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX AND OTHER CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES OF MAMMALIAN TESTES

Observations on the fine structure of KMnO4-fixed testes of small mammals (guinea pig, rat, and mouse) reveal certain morphological differences between the spermatogenic and Sertoli cells which have not been demonstrated in the same tissue fixed with OsO4. Aggregates of minute circular profiles, much smaller than the spherical Golgi vesicles, are described in close association with the Golgi complex of developing spermatids. Groups of dense flattened vesicles, individually surrounded by a membrane of different dimensions than that which bounds most of the other cell organelles, appear dispersed within the cytoplasm of some spermatogenic cells. Flattened vesicles of greater density than those belonging to the Golgi complex are reported confined to the inner Golgi zone of developing guinea pig spermatids between the Golgi cisternae and the head cap. The profiles of endoplasmic reticulum within spermatocytes appear shorter, wider, and more tortuous than those of Sertoli cells. Minute cytoplasmic particles approximately 300 A in diameter and of high electron opacity appear randomly disposed in some Sertoli cells. Groups of irregular-shaped ovoid bodies within the developing spermatids are described as resembling portions of cytoplasm from closely adjacent spermatids. Interpretation is presented regarding the fine structure of KMnO4-fixed testes in view of what has already been reported for mammalian testes fixed in OsO4.
Limbic encephalitis and psychosis

Abstract Objective To report a case of limbic encephalitis (LE) presenting with psychosis. Method Case report. Results A woman with LE initially presented with acute psychotic symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hyperintensity in bilateral temporal lobes. Paraneoplastic and autoimmune antibodies were negative, but symptoms resolved after starting methylprednisolone. Conclusion A greater awareness for and knowledge of LE among all disciplines could help early recognition and management of LE and avoid permanent behavioral deficits.
Berry size and vine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: Anthocyanins and tannins

Soluble solids, seed tannin, skin tannin, and skin anthocyanin were measured in fruit from Cabernet Sauvignon vines that had experienced either High, Control or Low water status during ripening. Berries from each treatment were segregated into 6 size categories at harvest in order to test independently for relationships due to size compared with those due to water deficits. Berry content of all solutes increased approximately in proportion to the increase in berry size. Deviations from proportionality caused °Brix and anthocyanin concentration (mg per unit berry fresh mass) to decrease, and the concentration of skin tannin to remain unchanged or decrease slightly with increasing berry size. The concentration of seed tannin did not decrease and appeared to increase with berry size in multiple-seeded berries. In comparison with skin tannin or anthocyanin content, seed tannin content varied more with berry size and less with vine water status. In addition to decreasing berry size, water deficits increased the amount of skin tannin and anthocyanin per berry and the concentrations of skin tannin and anthocyanins, but did not significantly affect the content or concentration of seed tannin. The results show that there are effects of vine water status on fruit composition that arise independently of the resultant differences in fruit size. The effect of vine water status on the concentration of skin tannin and anthocyanin was greater than the effect of fruit size on those same variables. However, the increases in skin tannin and anthocyanin that accompanied water deficits appear to result more from differential growth sensitivity of inner mesocarp and exocarp than direct effects on phenolic biosynthesis.
Observation of conserved solution-phase secondary structure in gas-phase tryptic peptides

Results from ion mobility studies of tryptic peptides suggest that, in some cases, the gas-phase structures can be related to the solution-phase structure of the parent protein. The interpretation of ion mobility measurements is supported by results from molecular modeling and H/D exchange experiments on the same peptides. This study clearly illustrates the utility of IM-MS for screening complex mixtures for peptides having intrinsically stable secondary/tertiary structures, and/or posttranslational modification.
On the Use of the SPRT in Determining the Properties of Some CUSUM Procedures

Abstract Let Y 1, Y 1,…, Y ν−1 be iid random variables with a distribution function (df) F(y, θ0) = F 0(y), and let Y ν, Y ν+1,… be iid random variables with a df F(y, θ1) = F 1(y), where ν (ν ≥ 1) is an unknown time index of a change in distribution caused by the change in parametric value. For a suitable function ψ let X j = ψ(Y j ) (j ≥ 1) denote some convenient data reduction or it is defined by certain optimality consideration such as the SPRT. Let W 0 = 0, W n = max(0, W n−1 + X n ), S 0 = 0, , n ≥ 1. For detecting a change in distribution, Page [Page, E.S. Continuous inspection schemes. Biometrika 1954, 41, 100–115] defined his famous CUSUM (cumulative sum) procedure by N = inf{n ≥ 1 : W n ≥ h}, h > 0, and noted that N is equivalent to a series of SPRT of the form M = inf{n ≥ 1 : S n ≤ 0orS n ≥ h} until there is exit at the upper boundary h. Moreover, from the inherent renewal property he noted that EN = EM/P(S M ≥ h), which is quite useful in approximating and/or evaluating EN. However, a de...
Ligand exchange for anionic solutes

Abstract Although the concept was introduced about thirty years ago, the applications of ligand exchange using synthetic functionalized polymers as metal hosts are mostly confined to only non-ionized ligands, such as ammonia, ethylenediamine and other ammonia derivatives. Selective sorption of anionic ligands through this approach is not possible because the commonly used ion-exchangers upon metal loading do not have any residual anion-exchange capacity. In our work, we have identified a specialty chelating exchanger which, when loaded with Cu(II) ions, exhibited extremely high affinity towards anionic ligands, namely, oxalates, selenites and arsenates over sulfate and chloride. Once exhausted, they can be regenerated with alkaline brine or sodium carbonate. No significant bleeding of Cu(II) was observed during lengthy column runs. The new chelating polymer as metal host has two nitrogen donor atoms which help to provide: first, relatively high affinity toward Cu(II) ions by partially satisfying its coordination requirements; and second, high anion-exchange capacity upon copper loading. Thus, both electrostatic and Lewis acid-base interactions are operative for selective sorption of anionic ligands. It is recognized that this modified ligand-exchange process can be used for selective removal of trace concentrations of other industrially important anionic ligands, for example, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate), cyanide, sulfide and phthalate from the background of high concentrations of competing sulfate and chloride ions.
Surviving hell and high water (electronic equipment design)

How to arrest corrosion and clean off contaminants after equipment is exposed to fire or flooding is described. Designing electronic equipment that sustains minimum flooding or fire damage is addressed. >
Imaging characteristics of x-ray capillary optics in digital mammography

Computed radiography(CR) has shown promise in digital mammographic screening due to its good low spatial frequency MTF and its relatively wide exposure latitude. The CRimage format has not gained acceptance clinically because of reduced high spatial frequency resolution as compared to film‐screen images. X‐ray capillary optics, aligned between the breast and CR phosphor imaging plate, will capture primary x‐ray photons almost exclusively. Due to the very small angle of acceptance, scatteredphotons angled more than about 1.6×10−3 radians from primary trajectory will not be accepted at the capillary optic entrance. The virtual elimination of detected scatter means almost 100% of the possible primary contrast should be visible in the image. In addition, the image can be magnified without focal spot blurring. Effective resolution of CRimages can be increased by a factor equal to that magnification. Clinical implementation of future capillary optics are expected to be either in the form of a large, stationary, post‐patient optic that accepts primary from the entire breast or a fan‐shaped optic that is scanned across the breast. Measurements of a test capillary optic showed a reduction of scatter fraction to 0.018. Images of a lucite contrast detail phantom revealed a corresponding increase in imagecontrast when compared to anti‐scatter grid and no grid methods. Spectral transmission measurements using a high‐purity germanium detector showed good primary transmission (45%–50%) in the mammographic energy range. The MTF measurements of both stationary and scanned capillary optics showed improvement at the 5% MTF level to 8.4 mm−1 for scanned optics and 9.2 mm−1 for stationary optics representing a 68% and 84% respective increase over the CRMTF without magnification or capillary optics.
An unusual ophthalmic finding in Lane-Hamilton syndrome

Lane-Hamilton syndrome is a rare condition that is characterized by idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease. We report the case of an 18-month-old girl with Lane-Hamilton syndrome who had unilateral pigmentary retinopathy.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case report.

Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (pHUS) is an atypical form of HUS associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. Although less common than diarrhea-associated HUS, incidence appears to be increasing. We report a case of a child with pHUS who underwent a course of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and had complete recovery. This report adds to the existing literature supporting TPE in cases of pHUS. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Study of Students’ Perceptions of Course Management Systems in Hospitality Programs: A Case of Blackboard System in the United States

The present study aims to investigate the importance of informational elements used in course management systems (CMS) and to identify tailored applications of CMS in hospitality education programs. As a type of CMS, Blackboard was selected for this study because of its popularity in the United States. In addition, importance-performance analysis was used to identify respondents’ perceptual mapping in terms of informational elements in CMS. The findings show significant gaps between importance and performance measures for the informational elements of CMS. With regard to the importance-performance analysis, the primary results reveal that respondents perceived test-related elements (e.g., assignment scores, exam/test scores, quiz scores, extra points) as high in performance and importance. This study helps hospitality educators better understand students’ perceptions of the system’s functionality so that they can provide more tailored e-class content for the efficiency of the system.
Using the Hazus-MH flood model to evaluate community relocation as a flood mitigation response to terminal lake flooding: The case of Minnewaukan, North Dakota, USA

Abstract Devils Lake, a terminal lake in eastern North Dakota, has risen nearly 9.0 m since 1993, resulting in over $1 Billion in direct federal payments for disaster mitigation. More than 500 homes and 700 total structures have either been relocated or destroyed by the rising lake. The City of Minnewaukan, once nearly 13.0 km from the lake shoreline, is now facing the possibility of partial or complete relocation. We use the Hazus-MH MR4 Flood Model to examine potential flood damages in Minnewaukan associated with potential future lake levels ranging from 442.57 to 445.01 m at fixed water surface elevation (WSE) increments. We use three data sets to conduct a level 2 analysis in which user-supplied data allows for a site-specific analysis of flood damages. These include: 1) structure elevation surveyed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, b) the 2010 Real Property Assessment Book for the City of Minnewaukan, and c) more than 200 individual property cards. Flood depth grids were provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the form of bare-earth digital elevation models derived from LiDAR point clouds. Results include a series of graduated circle flood maps showing the location and assessed value of inundated buildings, and flood damage profiles showing the cumulative number of buildings inundated and their assessed value over a range of WSE increments. We show that the functionality of Hazus-MH can be extended to examine lakeshore flood hazards, and that it provides an important geovisualization tool in evaluating relocation as a flood mitigation alternative.
TWO QUEUES IN PARALLEL

The method of differential-difference equations is used to investigate the case in which each arrival to a system of two queues joins the shorter queue, or, if they are of equal length, one particular queue. In case each person must remain in the queue which he originally joins, relations are obtained between the asymptotic state probabilities. If queuers are permitted to change queues whenever it seems advantageous to do so, the formulation is simplified, and explicit expressions are obtained. Language: en
Clofibrate retardation of naturally-occurring arteriosclerosis in repeatedly-bred male and female rats

Abstract Repeatedly-bred, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats which develop hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis spontaneously were killed at sequential time intervals, i.e., when the females had completed 1, 2, 3 and 4 pregnancies. The control breeders received no treatment; the experimental animals were given 113 mg of clofibrate/100 g of b.w., subcutaneously, daily, 5 times per week. Clofibrate-treated breeders manifested reduction in blood pressure and in the incidence and severity of arterial disease characteristic of repeatedly-bred rats. The aortic lesions of the clofibratetreated breeders showed attenuation of the usual severe ground substance alterations, the degenerative changes in connective tissue elements, e.g., fibrosis and elastosis, and absence of calcification and cartilaginous metaplasia. Clofibratetreated breeders did not show any unusual elevation in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, or significant reduction of their hyperlipidemia. They manifested a definite reduction in adrenocortical and medullary histopathology and their circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal compared to non-treated breeders. It is suggested that the protective effect of clofibrate was mediated through its ability to block normal adrenal steroidogenic pathways rather than through its antilipemic action.
A radioenzymatic assay for plasma adenosine.

Abstract A method for analysis of plasma adenosine which combines the principles of radioisotope dilution and enzymatic catalysis is presented. Plasma from venous heparinized blood containing the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2′-deoxycoformycin is mixed with a small amount of [3H]adenosine and extracted with perchloric acid. Using highly purified enzyme and [γ-32P]GTP as the phosphate donor, the neutralized extract then serves as substrate for adenosine kinase, and the AMP product is purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Adenosine concentrations in plasma are linearly proportional to 32 P 3 H ratios in the enzymatically synthesized AMP and are calculated from a standard curve. The advantages of the method are: ease of sample preparation; sensitivity of 20 n m in as little as 0.3 ml plasma; 20 samples per day can be analyzed by a single operator. Care must be used when obtaining plasma since cellular contamination will affect results. Using this assay, human plasma adenosine levels are 0.121 ± 0.054 μ m for males and 0.101 ± 0.067 μ m for females.
The effects of estrogen on indices of skeletal muscle tissue damage after eccentric exercise in postmenopausal women.

This study examined if estrogen (E) usage (in the form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)) has a protective effect on skeletal muscle damage in postmenopausal women. Nine postmenopausal women (age 55.2 ± 9.9 [mean ± SD]) performed two exercise sessions at 70% of their maximal heart rate on HRT (E-HI) and without HRT (E-LO; following a 28–45 day HRT washout). All subjects followed a condition order of E-HI and then E-LO with at least 42 days between exercise sessions. Serum creatine kinase (CK), perceived delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and maximal quadriceps isometric force (MIF) were determined before exercise and 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. E-HI and E-LO conditions produced a rise in CK (p < 0.001) after exercise, but CK after E-HI was greater than in E-LO (p < 0.001) at 24 and 48 h. DOMS was significantly elevated at 24, 48, and 72 h after each exercise session (p < 0.05). The greatest peak DOMS score occurred during the E-HI condition. MIF was similarly reduced after each exercise session (p < 0.05). These results suggest that elevated E does not offer a protective effect to skeletal muscle; however, design limitations (i.e., condition order) confound the present data. Interestingly, an association between peak CK during the E-LO condition and the number of washout days (r = +0.707, p < 0.05) between conditions existed. This suggests that a longer washout period may be necessary to elucidate the actual effects of E on skeletal muscle. These findings suggest that more work on this topic, correcting for the present design limitations, is warranted.
Axisymmetric surface-tension-driven flow

Abstract In studies of electrolytic gas evolution at an ideally smooth surface, a non-uniform double-layer potential on a mercury pool in contact with aqueous sulfuric acid, corresponding to a non-uniform electrolytic current distribution at the interface, established a varying surface-tension distribution that drove flow of both solution and mercury phases. Interfacial flow velocities were measured by photographing the nucleating bubbles as they were transported to the periphery of the pool. Compared were theoretical and experimentally determined velocity profiles of this axisymmetric surface-tension-driven flow.
Strategies for improving education on night-float rotations: a review.

Introduction Night float rotations (NF) have been developed as a means of achieving duty hour compliance among residency programs. These were initially pioneered in the late 1980s as a response to fatigue among residents. The NF experience had its genesis in work hour reform and providing hospital service moreso than education. However, as NF has become ubiquitous, it is not clear that we have adequately revisited the educational component of this experience. We systematically reviewed the literature on educational aspects of a night float experience. Methods PubMed searches were conducted for the terms "night float" and "night, curriculum, residency." This yielded 320 articles. Concerning educational aspects of the NF reduced the total to 134 articles. Editorials and those concerning procedural volumes or handoffs were also excluded. Most articles used surveys as methodology, so formal statistical analysis was not possible. Results In total, 42 independent articles were found that directly related to the educational value of NF rotations, spanning all of the medical disciplines. Each study was searched for interventions or strategies that may affect the educational value of the NF experience. These may be grouped broadly into 3 discrete categories: (1) attention to the sleep-wake cycle, (2) addition of personal to augment the experience and (3) incorporation of formal educational elements to night rotations. A summary of these strategies is presented in Table 3. Conclusions NF is a practical solution to the challenge of work hour restrictions in residency, and is likely to persist in the future. Some educational issues arise due to the altered physiology of a reversed sleep-wake cycle, which may be best resolved through structural limitations of the night rotations. Other deficiencies are based on lack of interactions, for which there are strategies to improving the NF educational experience.
Oxidation of α-meso-Formylmesoheme by Heme Oxygenase ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF THE REACTION REGIOSPECIFICITY

The oxidation of heme to biliverdin IXα by heme oxygenase involves regiospecific α-meso-hydroxylation followed by extrusion of the α-meso-carbon as CO. In an earlier study, enzymatic oxidation of the fourmeso-methylmesoheme isomers suggested that the reaction regiospecificity is sensitive to the electronic properties of themeso-methyl group (Torpey, J. W., and Ortiz de Montellano, P. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26067–26073), although we could not exclude the possibility that the altered reaction regiochemistry was due to perturbation of the porphyrin structure by the meso-substituent. To examine this possibility, we have synthesized the fourmeso-formylmesoporphyrin isomers and have examined their oxidation by heme oxygenase. The meso-formyl andmeso-methyl substituents differ in that the former is electron withdrawing and the latter is electron donating. In contrast to α-meso-methylmesoheme, which is exclusively oxidized at the methyl-substituted position, α-meso-formylmesoheme is exclusively oxidized at a non-formyl-substitutedmeso-carbon. The finding that the methyl and formyl groups channel the reaction regiospecificity in opposite directions establishes that the regiochemistry of the heme oxygenase reaction is primarily under electronic rather than steric control. It also confirms that the oxidation involves electrophilic addition of the oxygen to the porphyrin ring.
Light regulation of protein synthesis factor EF-G in pea chloroplasts

The activity of pea chloroplast elongation factor G (EF-G), a nuclear-coded protein required for the elongation cycle of chloroplast protein synthesis, is regulated in response to light. In pea seedlings germinated and grown under continuous white or red light, EF-G specific activity reaches a maximum between days 10 to 15, and then decreases. EF-G activity is almost undetectable in extracts from dark-grown seedlings. When 13-day dark-grown pea seedlings are transferred to light, EF-G specific activity reaches a higher value after 2 to 3 days than observed in seedlings grown under continuous light. The small and large subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase continue to accumulate after EF-G specific activity has reached maximum levels. Cytoplasmically synthesized components of the chloroplast protein synthetic apparatus, such as EF-G, may help coordinate cytoplasmic and nuclear events with chloroplast gene expression during light-induced chloroplast differentiation.
THE GLANDS OF MONTGOMERY

Summary.— The ducts of the glands of Montgomery, usually in conjunction with sebaceous follicles, produce tubercles at the surface of the areola. The ducts and their glands are similar in every respect to those that open at the tip of the nipple, except that the former are not surrounded by nerve end-organs. We therefore suggest that Montgomery glands are integral parts of the mammary system. In all of the numerous areolae observed, we found only a single, minute hair follicle, and no apocrine sweat glands. Those “glands” previously described as apocrine, whether in the nipple or the areola, are actually the tortuous lactiferous sinuses.
T-2 toxin impairment of murine response to Salmonella typhimurium : a histopathologic assessment

T-2 toxin and other trichothecene mycotoxins experimentally impair normal immune function and may predispose humans and animals to infectious disease. In this study, the histopathologic effects of Salmonella typhimurium challenge concurrently with sublethal T-2 toxin exposure were examined in the Salmonella-resistant C3H/HeN mouse. Oral administration of T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) every other day for 10 d had little effect on the tissues examined when compared to control animals. Mice challenged with S. typhimurium and then treated with T-2 toxin every other day for 10 d had markedly larger and more bacterial-related lesions in the spleens, kidneys, and livers than animals challenged with S. typhimurium alone. Differences in bone marrow, Peyer's patches and ileal tissues were less discernable between S. typhimurium and S. typhimurium plus T-2 toxin treated groups. These results were consistent with previous findings that T-2 toxin compromised murine resistance to S. typhimurium infection and ultimately caused death in animals challenged with a sublethal dose of the organism.
Circulating levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and IGF-binding proteins in the small for gestational age fetal rat

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important regulators of somatic growth in childhood and circulate in association with specific binding proteins (IGFBPs). Insulin is important for the regulation of IGFs and IGFBPs in postnatal life and is required for normal growth in utero. We asked whether alterations in the availability of IGFs and/or their BPs may contribute to impaired fetal growth 24 h after bilateral uterine artery ligation when circulating levels of insulin are low and fetuses are small for gestational age (SGA). Bilateral uterine arterial ligation or sham surgery was performed on maternal rats on day 19 of gestation (term = 21.5 days). One day after ligation, fetuses were SGA compared to shams (2.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.1 g/fetus, respectively; P < 0.001), and liver weight was reduced (242 +/- 9 vs. 300 +/- 6 mg/liver; P < 0.001). Serum levels of both insulin and IGF-I were reduced approximately 50% in SGA litters compared to those in shams (P < 0.001) and correlated with each other (P < 0.02). IGF-I levels also correlated with fetal body and liver weights (P < 0.005 for each) even after controlling for the effects of insulin. Insulin levels correlated with body and liver weights (P < 0.02 and P < 0.03, respectively), but these relationships were not significant after controlling for the effects of IGF-I. Serum levels of IGF-II were not significantly reduced in SGA and did not correlate with fetal weight or insulin or IGF-I levels. [125I]IGF-I binding assay demonstrated that the availability of IGFBPs was increased in SGA serum, and Western ligand blotting indicated that circulating levels of 32K IGFBPs were increased in SGA fetuses compared to shams. Densitometric analysis indicated that levels of 32K IGFBPs were 4-fold greater in SGA litters (P < 0.001 vs. shams), and the level of 32K IGFBPs correlated with fetal body and liver weights (P < 0.05 for each) and with levels of both insulin and IGF-I (P < 0.001 for each), but not with levels of IGF-II. Immunoblotting with newly developed antiserum against rat IGFBP-1 confirmed that levels of immunoreactive 32K IGFBP-1 are increased in SGA serum, and immunoprecipitation studies confirmed that IGFBP-1 accounted for the rise in 32K IGFBPs in SGA serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Bio-oxidation of linoleic acid via methylmalonyl-CoA.

Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are oxidized more rapidly than are saturated fatty acids of similar chain length in intact animals and isolated mitochondria. Gamma-oxidation of the 3-dodecenoic acid intermediate in beta-oxidation of oleate would yield propionate which is metabolized via methylmalonate.14C-labeled fatty acids were administered to intact rats, muscle homogenates and lysed mitochondria. Methylmalonate, succinate and CO2 were isolated and14C determined. Incorporation of U-14C-linoleate into methylmalonate in vitro was 20 times greater than from U-14C-palmitate. Rats fed 20% corn oil grew more slowly on B12 deficient than B12 sufficient diets. Biotin and vitamin B12 deficiencies were found to decrease the in vivo metabolism of linoleate. These data suggest that one pathway of linoleate oxidation has methylmalonate as an intermediate.
The nature of the surface site for isocyanate produced in the reaction of ammonia and carbon monoxide over supported catalysts

Abstract The reaction of CO and NH 3 was performed over M/X (M=Rh, Ru, Pd; X=Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 ) films. Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the formation of surface intermediates. Isocyanate (NCO) was detected for all of the metals when the support was Al 2 O 3 or SiO 2 , but not for TiO 2 . The NCO resided on the Al 2 O 3 support for all M/Al 2 O 3 catalysts, but on the metal when the support was SiO 2 . It was concluded that the formation and location of the NCO was dependent upon the extent of NH 4 + formation on the various supports.
Pelvic ultrasound immediately following MDCT in female patients with abdominal/pelvic pain: is it always necessary?

To determine the added value of reimaging the female pelvis with ultrasound (US) immediately following multidetector CT (MDCT) in the emergent setting. CT and US exams of 70 patients who underwent MDCT for evaluation of abdominal/pelvic pain followed by pelvic ultrasound within 48 h were retrospectively reviewed by three readers. Initially, only the CT images were reviewed followed by evaluation of CT images in conjunction with US images. Diagnostic confidence was recorded for each reading and an exact Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to compare the two. Changes in diagnosis based on combined CT and US readings versus CT readings alone were identified. Confidence intervals (95%) were derived for the percentage of times US reimaging can be expected to lead to a change in diagnosis relative to the diagnosis based on CT interpretation alone. Ultrasound changed the diagnosis for the ovaries/adnexa 8.1% of the time (three reader average); the majority being cases of a suspected CT abnormality found to be normal on US. Ultrasound changed the diagnosis for the uterus 11.9% of the time (three reader average); the majority related to the endometrial canal. The 95% confidence intervals for the ovaries/adnexa and uterus were 5–12.5% and 8–17%, respectively. Ten cases of a normal CT were followed by a normal US with 100% agreement across all three readers. Experienced readers correctly diagnosed ruptured ovarian cysts and tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) based on CT alone with 100% agreement. US reimaging after MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis is not helpful: (1) following a normal CT of the pelvic organs or (2) when CT findings are diagnostic and/or characteristic of certain entities such as ruptured cysts and TOA. Reimaging with ultrasound is warranted for (1) less-experienced readers to improve diagnostic confidence or when CT findings are not definitive, (2) further evaluation of suspected endometrial abnormalities. A distinction should be made between the need for immediate vs. follow-up imaging with US after CT.