cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New meander channel 2-D CCD imager on GaAs

The design, fabrication, and operation of a two-phase meander-channel CCD imager on GaAs are described. The fabrication process is based on the use of anodic oxidation for producing thin dielectric isolations between close-packed Schottky-barrier metal electrodes and the employment of recessed gates for producing self-aligned potential barriers between the adjacent charge wells of the meander channel. Additionally, the semiinsulating property of GaAs is utilized in order to produce the high-speed photoconductive sensors. It is shown that such imagers can have unit cell sizes and pixel densities comparable to their silicon counterparts but offer the speed of performance higher by about one order of magnitude.
Five-year retrospective on stuttering theory research, and therapy: 1982-1987

Abstract From time to time it is worthwhile looking back and reviewing significant developments in theorizing about, researching, and treating stuttering. Retrospectives of this type have been published in the Journal of Fluency Disorders for the periods 1972–1977, and 1977–1982. The present article is the third in this series of reviews and encompasses the period 1982–1987.
Image-Based Localization and Content Authoring in Structure-from-Motion Point Cloud Models for Real-Time Field Reporting Applications

AbstractRecent research efforts to improve information management on construction sites have focused on devising mobile augmented reality methods to provide on-demand access to project information and facilitate field reporting. To track position and orientation of the users, prior research focused on radio frequency based location tracking methods, fiduciary markers, or parallel visual tracking and mapping techniques. These methods have potential in providing fast information access to field personnel, yet their application heavily depends on preinstalled infrastructure, may suffer from accumulated drift errors, and in the case of visual methods do not typically scale well. Furthermore, these methods do not provide content authoring capability in three dimensions, which is necessary for reciprocal application of augmented reality for field reporting and asynchronous personnel-to-personnel communications. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a scalable markerless and infrastructure-independe...
Megakaryoblastic leukemia in an infant: Establishment of a megakaryocytic tumor cell line in athymic nude mice

A 17-month-old infant with clinical and pathologic features of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and myelofibrosis developed soft tissue metastases. Tissue from an orbital metastasis was biopsied and transplanted into a nude mouse. Histologically the tumor was composed of pleomorphic cells with single convoluted nuclei or multilobed nuclei and prominent granular cytoplasm and had an alveolar histologic pattern in some areas. The ultrastructural features of the tumor cells include multilobed nuclei with prominent nucleoli and cytoplasmic granules with the characteristics of alpha-granules. The tumor has been successfully passaged over a 1-year interval and appears to be a stable megakaryoblastic tumor cell line (CHRF-288). Cells from the tumor line are reactive for factor VIII related antigen and also have GpIIb IIIa complex antigen on the plasma membrane surface. This tumor line may be a useful system for investigation of megakaryocytic functions including the production and regulation of the various factors they produce.
Analysis of ethoxylated fatty amines. Comparison of methods for the determination of molecular weight

Specific lengths of the fatty and polyoxyethylene chains of ethoxylated fatty amines are critical to their performance in specific applications, and thus the ability to characterize these surfactants accurately is crucial. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrixassisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry methods were developed to determine with accuracy the molecular weight and degree of ethoxylation of ethoxylated fatty amines. Ethoxylated fatty amines were analyzed using these methods, and comparison was made to molecular weight determinations using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), neutralization equivalent weight, and hydroxyl value methods. Molecular weight results from normalphase HPLC analyses were in very good agreement with MALDI-TOF results, typically varying less than one ethylene oxide unit. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to determine concentrations of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and fatty homologs. PEG interfered with molecular weight determinations by NMR, neutralization equivalent weight, and hydroxyl value methods. PEG caused no interference with molecular weight determinations by normal-phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF methods.
Cineangiographic spectrum of Ebstein's malformation: Its relevance to clinical presentation and outcome

Eight heart specimens were examined that had concordant connections of the cardiac segments and exhibited Ebstein's malformation. The displacement of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve from the atrioventricular junction varied from minimal and isolated involvement of the septal leaflet to involvement of the mural and anterosuperior leaflets as well. This resulted in a wide range of physiologic "atrialization" of the right ventricle. The distal insertion of the valve leaflets also exhibited a spectrum of malformation. At one end the insertion was the normal focal variety, allowing free communication between the atrialized and functional parts of the right ventricle. At the other end there was abnormal linear attachment of the anterosuperior and mural leaflets to an anomalous muscular shelf at the junction between the inlet and apical trabecular portions of the right ventricle. The anteromedial commissure between the anterosuperior and the displaced septal leaflets provided a "keyhole" communication between the two ventricular compartments. Between these extremes were cases in which hyphenations along a locus of linear attachment allowed additional communications between the ventricular compartments. In light of these anatomic observations, cineangiograms of 26 patients with Ebstein's malformation were reviewed retrospectively. It was possible to classify the patients into three groups with focal, hyphenated and linear attachment, respectively. Size, ejection and displacement indexes of the functional right ventricle measured from the angiograms suggested that the severity of the malformation increased from focal attachment through hyphenated to linear attachment. Clinical observations relative to symptoms (cyanosis at rest, reduced exercise tolerance) and outcome supported this morphologic-angiographic grading.
Risk-taking behaviors and impulsivity among veterans with and without PTSD and mild TBI.

ABSTRACT Military personnel commonly experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), both of which are associated with premature mortality. The present study examined two factors that may play a role in premature mortality—impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors—in a sample of 234 veterans screening positive for PTSD, mTBI, PTSD + mTBI, and controls. Analyses of variance demonstrated that veterans with PTSD, regardless of mTBI status, reported engaging in more frequent risky behaviors and reported a greater tendency to engage in impulsive behaviors when in a negative affective state. They also reported more premilitary delinquent behaviors and more suicide-related behaviors than controls. The present study highlights associations between impulsivity, risk-taking behaviors, and PTSD, and suggests continuity across the lifespan in terms of a predisposition to engage in impulsive and/or risky behaviors. Thorough evaluation of impulsivity and potentially risky behaviors ...
Touching Down: Labour, Globalisation and the Airline Industry

This paper explores the recent history of cabin crew in the airline industry. It argues that as companies have become more complex and interconnected during the process of globalisation in the 1990s, a dialectic has been at work that provides workers with a newfound power. Lessons are drawn from the British Airways cabin crew strike of 1997, in which workers successfully resisted attempts to remove union recognition. These involve questions of action at global and local scale, and new strategies devised by the union concerned. Lastly, the paper discusses the post-September 11, 2001 climate and suggests that cabin crew have an opportunity to reaffirm their indispensability to airline safety.
Sensor fusion using nonholonomic constraints

We find a suboptimal time-variant tracking control law which provides guidance for a car's steering system. A proportional plus derivative controller uses an observer which employs a novel sensor fusion regime. The observer fuses sensors whose reliability is inversely related to their availability by using an erroneous plant model subject to nonholonomic and kinematic constraints. The observer samples the plant model with 25% systematic error at 100 hertz. Internal sensors are sampled at 20 hertz and have 10% error. External sensors are sampled at 5 hertz and have no error. The observer performs dead reckoning during the intervals of time when the external sensors are not available. There are two internal sensors, an odometer and a steering-wheel angle meter. The odometer is used to compute a linear approximation to the speed of the plant. The steering-wheel angle meter measures the steering-wheel deflection relative to the longitudinal centerline of the plant. There are three external sensors which are used to measure the pose of the plant.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ultrasound-guided injections for de Quervain's tenosynovitis.

Background Nonsurgical management of de Quervain’s tenosynovitis often includes corticosteroid injections. If the injection does not enter the compartment, or all subcompartments, response to the injection is variable. To ensure proper location of injections we evaluated the role of ultrasound.
Requirement of Drosophila NF1 for activation of adenylyl cyclase by PACAP38-like neuropeptides

The human neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein functions as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein, but the identity of Ras- mediated pathways modulated by NF1 remains unknown. A study of Drosophila NF1 mutants revealed that NF1 is essential for the cellular response to the neuropeptide PACAP38 (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide) at the neuromuscular junction. The peptide induced a 100-fold enhancement of potassium currents by activating the Ras-Raf and adenylyl cyclase-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. This response was eliminated in NF1 mutants. NF1 appears to regulate the rutabaga-encoded adenylyl cyclase rather than the Ras-Raf pathway. Moreover, the NF1 defect was rescued by the exposure of cells to pharmacological treatment that increased concentrations of cAMP.
The Value of Weather Information in Market Equilibrium

Increased accuracy of weather forecasts does not necessarily increase commodity supply or farmer welfare. This study presents a stylized model of competitive production with rational expectations and demonstrates that improved weather information harms farmers facing an inelastic demand. Contrary to the conclusions of previous studies, the decline in farmer welfare does not require an expansion in expected supply. Better weather information may signal farmers to produce less on average under an inelastic demand. A supply decrease occurs when increases in the physical productivity of applied inputs are dominated by adverse price consequences.
Neuroimaging of Extremely Preterm Infants: Perils of Prediction

Neuroimaging, primarily using cranial ultrasound (CUS), is routinely recommended in premature infants who are born at <30 weeks’ gestational age.1 Most premature infants will be imaged with an early CUS examination (generally by 7–10 days of age) to assess for intraventricular or intraparenchymal hemorrhage and for evidence of early white matter injury. The role, timing, and prognostic value of later neuroimaging studies remain unclear. Recent data suggest that white matter and cerebellar injury, which may be more easily detected on MRI scans, is an important link to later neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).2–4 This observation has led to recommendations that a routine brain MRI examination at term postmenstrual age be performed for all extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGAN) as a way to better predict the risk for NDI.5 In this issue of Pediatrics , Hintz et al6 describe the first large prospective evaluation of early (4–14 days) and near-term (35–42 weeks postmenstrual age) CUS and near-term brain MRI scans in the prediction of NDI at 18 … Address correspondence to Eric C. Eichenwald, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, MSB 3.020, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: eric.c.eichenwald{at}uth.tmc.edu
Measurement of the viscosity of resins used in SEM specimen preparation

Viscosities of seven different epoxy-type resins currently used in different laboratories to impregnate cement paste and concrete specimens for backscatter-mode Scanning electron microscopy were measured. The measured viscosities were found to range over more than two orders of magnitude. The most viscous of the resins tested (Araldite AY-103) apparently has difficulty in achieving the necessary penetration into dense concrete specimens. Many of the resins thicken spontaneously and gel relatively quickly after mixing, which limits their penetration, but satisfactory results can be obtained with care. Two of the resins (LR White and Spurr’s) are of much lower viscosity than the others and do not thicken spontaneously. This permits use of extended penetration times and deep penetration into even very dense concrete specimens.
Tunable ultraviolet laser source based on solid-state dye laser technology and CsLiB(6)O(10) harmonic generation.

Tunable UV radiation centered at 289 nm was obtained from a 532-nm Nd:YAG pumped high-brightness solid-state dye laser, frequency doubled in CsLiB6O10. Frequency doubling to 284–294 nm was demonstrated from a singly doped, rotating pyrromethene dye plastic disk with damage threshold >3J/cm2. UV energies up to 44 mJ at 10 Hz were obtained with a 15% absolute conversion efficiency from 532 nm.
A genome-wide RNA interference screen reveals an essential CREB3L2-ATF5-MCL1 survival pathway in malignant glioma with therapeutic implications

Activating transcription factor-5 (ATF5) is highly expressed in malignant glioma and has a key role in promoting cell survival. Here we perform a genome-wide RNAi screen to identify transcriptional regulators of ATF5. Our results reveal an essential survival pathway in malignant glioma, whereby activation of a RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling cascade leads to induction of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein-3-like-2 (CREB3L2), which directly activates ATF5 expression. ATF5, in turn, promotes survival by stimulating transcription of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 (MCL1), an antiapoptotic B cell leukemia-2 family member. Analysis of human malignant glioma samples indicates that ATF5 expression inversely correlates with disease prognosis. The RAF kinase inhibitor sorafenib suppresses ATF5 expression in glioma stem cells and inhibits malignant glioma growth in cell culture and mouse models. Our results demonstrate that ATF5 is essential in malignant glioma genesis and reveal that the ATF5-mediated survival pathway described here provides potential therapeutic targets for treatment of malignant glioma.
Grazing of Attached Bacteria by Heterotrophic Microflagellates

Four species of heterotrophic microflagellates were examined for their ability to graze attached and unattached bacteria. The species tested displayed pronounced differences in their ability to graze the bacteriumPseudomonas halodurans attached to chitin particles. Two species of microflagellates (Monas andCryptobia sp.) efficiently grazed unattached bacteria but showed little or no ability to graze attached or aggregated cells. In contrast,Rhynchomonas nasuta andBodo sp. showed marked preferences for attached and aggregated bacteria and a limited ability to graze unattached cells. The density of attached bacteria was reduced by an order of magnitude due to grazing byBodo andR. nasuta, even though the density of unattached bacteria was ∼5–90× the density of attached cells. The maximum densities attained by microflagellates in the cultures were related to the density of unattached bacteria forMonas andCryptobia but not forBodo andR. nasuta. Growth of the latter two species appeared to be related to the density of attached or aggregated bacteria. Based on the results of these experiments, it is concluded that the pelagic existence of microflagellates that graze attached bacteria may be strongly linked to the distribution of suspended particles and their associated bacteria. In addition, the removal of attached bacteria by microflagellates can significantly affect the density of bacteria attached to particles in the plankton. This activity may have important implications for the controversy concerning the relative importance of attached and free-living bacteria in the plankton.
Frequencies of vibration of beams by Schelkunoff iteration with the HP-65 calculator

Abstract Three programs are given for computing frequencies of free vibrations of uniform beams with the HP-65 programmable, pocket calculator: Bernoulli beams with all 10 combinations of homogeneous end-conditions, two-span Bernoulli beams on hinged supports and Timoshenko beams with 9 of the 10 combinations of homogeneous end-conditions. The programs illustrate the capacity and versatility of the calculator and various strengths and weaknesses of Schelkunoff's iterative method for solving trigonometric equations.
Deception, dominance and implicit parallelism in genetic search

This paper presents several theorems concerning the nature of deception, its relationship to hyperplane dominance, and the central role that deception plays in function optimization using genetic algorithms. The theoretical results relate to four general themes. First, the concept of a “deceptive attractor” is introduced; it is shown that a deceptive attractor must be the complement of the global solution for a problem to be fully deceptive. It is also shown that the deceptive attractor must either be a local optimum in Hamming space, or adjacent to a local optimum in Hamming space if the problem is fully deceptive. Second, it can be shown that the global solution to nondeceptive problems can be inferred (theoretically and often in practice) by determining the “winners” of the order-1 hyperplanes. The third theme relates the concept of deception and dominance. If a dominance relationship exists between two hyperplanes then deception is impossible between those two partitions of hyperspace; analogously, deception between two hyperplanes precludes a dominance relationship. The fourth theme relates to deception and implicit parallelism. It can be shown that if a genetic algorithm reliably allocates exponentially more trials to the observed best, then implicit parallelism (and the 2-arm bandit analogy) breaks down when deception is present.
Design and rigorous analysis of high-efficiency array generators

One-dimensional array generators with seven to fifteen spots are designed by the method of virtual sources in combination with simulated-annealing optimization. Continuous surface-relief grating array generators and their discretized versions are analyzed with rigorous diffraction theory, and the results are compared with those obtained from Fourier-optics theory. The array-generator designs have high diffraction efficiency and good uniformity.
Perceived Self-Competency Among the Recently Bereaved

In this study, the authors identified personal resources, features of the marital relationship, and death circumstances that affected perceived self-competency among recently bereaved older adults. Data came from 328 widowed persons who participated in the “Living After Loss” project. Results suggested that those who had more personal resources—namely, income and good health—were the most competent in daily life tasks. Surprisingly, neither death forewarning nor marital quality improved competency after widowhood. Higher competency was associated with more positive mental health outcomes, suggesting that grief is complicated by the need to enhance and/or restore daily life activities as well as the need to deal with the sadness associated with the loss.
What Is Capacity Building? Lessons from a National Demonstration Program of HIV Education for Social Service Providers

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of capacity building and describe an HIV/AIDS education program for social service providers that implemented capacity building in nine ethnic/racial minority communities in the U.S. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation data from the Targeted Provider Education Demonstration (TPED) will be presented to illustrate a capacity building approach. Training-of-trainers (TOT) was a central mechanism for transferring expertise to local communities, and program effectiveness was demonstrated by having 60% of all training programs in the last project year delivered by TOT trainees. Lessons learned about capacity building became a major outcome of the TPED evaluation. It was essential to provide technical assistance and address organizational development issues in participating community-based agencies. These agencies were utilized as a mechanism of rooting the interventions in the local communities in a sustainable way. Reinforcement of inter-organizat...
Striatal, pallidal, and pars reticulata evoked inhibition of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is mediated by GABAA receptors in vivo

Abstract Dopaminergic neurons express both GABAA and GABAB receptors and GABAergic inputs play a significant role in the afferent modulation of these neurons. Electrical stimulation of GABAergic pathways originating in neostriatum, globus pallidus or substantia nigra pars reticulata produces inhibition of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Despite a number of prior studies, the identity of the GABAergic receptor subtype(s) mediating the inhibition evoked by electrical stimulation of neostriatum, globus pallidus, or the axon collaterals of the projection neurons from substantia nigra pars reticulata in vivo remain uncertain. Single-unit extracellular recordings were obtained from substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in urethane anesthetized rats. The effects of local pressure application of the selective GABAA antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and the GABAB antagonists, saclofen and CGP-55845A, on the inhibition of dopaminergic neurons elicited by single-pulse electrical stimulation of striatum, globus pallidus, and the thalamic axon terminals of the substantia nigra pars reticulata projection neurons were recorded in vivo. Striatal, pallidal, and thalamic induced inhibition of dopaminergic neurons was always attenuated or completely abolished by local application of the GABAA antagonists. In contrast, the GABAB antagonists, saclofen or CGP-55845A, did not block or attenuate the stimulus-induced inhibition and at times even increased the magnitude and/or duration of the evoked inhibition. Train stimulation of globus pallidus and striatum also produced an inhibition of firing in dopaminergic neurons of longer duration. However this inhibition was largely insensitive to either GABAA or GABAB antagonists although the GABAA antagonists consistently blocked the early portion of the inhibitory period indicating the presence of a GABAA component. These data demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta are inhibited by electrical stimulation of striatum, globus pallidus, and the projection neurons of substantia nigra pars reticulata in vivo. This inhibition appears to be mediated via the GABAA receptor subtype, and all three GABAergic afferents studied appear to possess inhibitory presynaptic GABAB autoreceptors that are active under physiological conditions in vivo.
Ethical reputation and value received: customer perceptions

Purpose – This research seeks to explore the role played by ethical reputation in amplifying the positive impact of value received by the customer on satisfaction with the supplier and ultimately loyalty.Design/methodology/approach – Survey responses derived from 299 customers, concerning two large financial institutions within Chile, are used to test relationships among ethical perceptions, customer value, satisfaction, and loyalty. Hypotheses are tested with a structural equation model.Findings – Results show that ethical perceptions about the organization amplify the impact of customer value on customer satisfaction and eventually loyalty.Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the existing literature by showing that ethical perceptions from customers can help financial institutions achieve higher levels of satisfaction and loyalty. Study findings rely on customer survey responses collected in one country and one industry. Generalizability of findings is yet to be tested.Practical...
Lysosomal Dysfunction Produces Distinct Alterations in Synaptic α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazolepropionic Acid and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Currents in Hippocampus

The early processes that lead to synaptic dysfunction during aging are not clearly understood. Dysregulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may cause age-related cognitive decline. Using hippocampal slice cultures exhibiting lysosomal dysfunction, an early marker of brain aging that is linked to protein accumulation, we identified alterations to AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. The miniature and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents that were examined after 3, 6, and 9 days of lysosomal disruption showed progressive changes in amplitude, frequency, and rise and decay kinetics. To investigate whether modifications in specific channel properties of single synaptic receptors contributed to changes in the amplitude and time course of synaptic currents, we examined the single channel properties of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. The channel open probability and the mean open times showed decreases in both receptor populations, whereas the closed times were increased without any change in the channel conductance. The Western blot analysis revealed a progressive decline in synaptic markers including glutamate receptor subunits. These results indicate that lysosomal dysfunction leads to progressive functional perturbation of AMPA and NMDA receptors in this slice model of protein accumulation, suggesting that age-related cognitive decline could result from altered glutamate receptor function before reductions in synaptic density.
Transient Response of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell to Variations in Operating Parameters

Due to rapid change in loads during automotive applications, study of dynamic behavior of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is of paramount importance for their successful deployment in mobile applications. Toward understanding the effects of changes in operating parameters on the transient behavior, this paper presents numerical simulations for a single channel PEM fuel cell undergoing cyclic changes in operating parameters. The objective is to elucidate the complex interaction between power response and complex species (water, hydrogen and oxygen) transport dynamics for applied cyclic changes. This study focuses on studying the transient response of fuel cell for specified changes in operating parameters — voltage, pressure and stoichiometry at the cathode and the anode. Numerical studies are carried out on single-channel PEMFC’s to illustrate the response of power as the operating parameters are subjected to specified changes. The operating parameters are further optimized using a one dimensional physics based model with an objective to match the power requirements of a drive cycle over a defined period of time.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An endurance test of a 900 series 30-cm engineering model ion thruster

The 10,000 hour endurance test of the first engineering model 30-cm thruster (S/N 701) identified discharge chamber erosion as a life limiting problem. Modifications to minimize this problem have been implemented in the 900 series thrusters. This paper describes a test conducted to evaluate the success of these modifications. The post-test analysis results of thruster 701 are summarized and the erosion reducing modifications described. Test results for thruster 901 up to 4165 hours, when the test was interrupted by a shorted wire, are described. The conclusions of a post-test examination of thruster 901 are included. Also being evaluated was a thermal vacuum breadboard SCR series inverter power processor which is described.
A microfluorimetric study of membrane dynamics during development of dystrophic muscle in vitro

Abstract Membrane dynamics of intact cultured dystrophic muscle cells are studied during in vitro differentiation. A microscopic fluorescence relaxation approach with the capability to study small portions of a single cell is employed. Studies of the average rotational mobility of the fluorescent probe 1-anilinonapthalene-8-sulfonate by this technique reveal significant differences in the behavior of dystrophic and control muscle.
Time-resolved optical nuclear polarization by rapid field switching

Abstract A novel time-resolved ONP technique is presented using pulsed UV excitation and rapid magnetic field switching. The potential of the new technique for studying excited triplet state dynamics on the microsecond time scale is demonstrated on a fluorene/acridine crystal. The technique also yields a significant enhancement of the ONP effect compared to constant-field experiments.
Validity of three measures of antisociality in predicting HIV risk behaviors in methadone-maintenance patients

Most opiate users are injection drug users (IDUs). A significant percentage of IDUs have antisocial personality disorder (APD). APD has been found by some researchers to be an additional risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in IDUs. The present study evaluated the association of sociodemographic characteristics, substance abuse history, and several measures of antisociality including the DSM-III-R diagnosis made by the Personality Disorder Examination, the California Psychological Inventory-Socialization Scale, and Hare's Revised Psychopathy Checklist, to behaviors associated with HIV risk in 289 opiate-dependent methadone-maintained subjects. The presence of drug- and sex-related risky behaviors measured by the Risk Assessment Battery was predicted more consistently by measures of personality traits associated with antisociality than by a diagnosis of APD.
A new classification of the amino acid side chains based on doublet acceptor energy levels.

We describe a new classification of the amino acid side chains based on the potential energy level at which each will accept an extra (doublet) electron. The doublet acceptor energy level, and the doublet acceptor orbital were calculated using semiempirical INDO/2-UHF molecular orbital theory. The results of these calculations show that the side chains fall into four groups. We have termed these groups repulsive, insulating, semiconducting, and attractive in accordance with where each lies on the relative energy scale. We use this classification to examine the role of residues between the donor and acceptor in modulating the rate and mechanism of electron transfer in proteins. With the calculated acceptor levels, we construct a potential barrier for those residues between the donor and acceptor. It is the area beneath this barrier that determines the decay of electronic coupling between donor and acceptor, and thus the transfer rate. We have used this schematic approach to characterize the four electron transfer pathways in myoglobin recently studied by Mayo et al. (Mayo, S.L., W.R. Ellis, R.J. Crutchley, and H.B. Gray. 1986. Science [Wash. DC]. 233:948–952).
Structural insights into the role of mutations in amyloidogenesis.

Mechanisms of amyloidogenesis are not well understood, including potential structural contributions of mutations in the process. Our previous research indicated that the dimer interface of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain protein AL-09 is twisted 90° relative to the protein from its germline sequence, κI O18/O8. Here we report a systematic restoration of AL-09 to its germline sequence by mutating the non-conservative somatic mutations located in the light chain dimer interface. Among these mutants, we find a correlation between increased thermodynamic stability and an increase in the lag time for fibril formation. The restorative mutant AL-09 H87Y completes the trifecta and restores the dimer interface observed in κI O18/O8, emphasizing the potential importance of the structural integrity of these proteins to protect against amyloidogenicity. We also find that adding amyloidogenic mutations into the germline protein illustrates mutational cooperativity in promoting amyloidogenesis.
Hierarchical multi-granular switching in flexible grid WDM networks

We propose a hierarchical multi-granular switch architecture in FWDM networks, and investigate the routing, spectrum allocation, and waveband assignment problem. Hierarchical switching can improve cost and energy efficiencies while marginally sacrificing spectral efficiency.
Molecular pathways in renal cell carcinoma--rationale for targeted treatment

The VHL tumor-suppressor gene is mutated or silenced in most clear cell renal carcinomas (RCCs). pVHL loss results in the stabilization of the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and enhanced transactivation of HIF target genes. Downregulation of HIF is both necessary and sufficient for pVHL to suppress the growth of human renal carcinoma cells in preclinical models. HIF itself has been difficult to inhibit with drug-like molecules although a number of agents that indirectly inhibit HIF, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, have been identified. Moreover, a number of drugs have been developed that target HIF-responsive gene products, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), implicated in tumorigenesis. Many of these targeted therapies have demonstrated significant activity in kidney cancer clinical trials and represent substantive advances in the treatment of this disease. How these agents should be combined with one another and with conventional agents is the subject of current trials.
"These Illegals": Personhood, Profit, and the Political Economy of Punishment in Federal-Local Immigration Enforcement Partnerships

Contemporary popular discourse linking immigration and immigrants to crime has proved extremely difficult to dislodge, despite clear evidence that immigrant labor provides broad and direct economic benefits to a significant proportion of the US population. The criminalizing discourse directed at immigrants may in part be functional, by leading to restrictionist immigration policies and practices and subjecting immigrants to intensified economic exploitation.
Dynamic measurement and mathematical modeling of the temperature history on hot dog surfaces during vacuum–steam–vacuum processes

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop an instrumentation system to measure the surface temperature of hot dogs during VSV processes. Results indicated that the pressure in the treatment chamber responded immediately and accurately to the events of VSV. The surface temperature history, however, followed an exponential trend after saturated steam was flushed into the treatment chamber. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the surface temperature history during steam pasteurization processes. According to the model, a 5-log reduction in L. innocua inoculated onto the surface of hot dogs could be achieved using 110 °C steam for 0.1 s, provided that the surface was perfectly smooth and bacteria were all distributed on the surface. However, bacteria still survived the VSV treatment even when higher temperatures were used. The incomplete destruction of bacteria on hot dog surfaces using current VSV processes may be due to the fact that the pores are filled with water and heat must penetrate into a certain depth under the surface of hot dogs in order to eliminate L. monocytogenes . This study suggested using a single long steam treatment cycle, instead of multiple short VSV cycles, for a complete destruction of bacteria hidden beneath the surface of ready-to-eat solid foods.
Factors Affecting the Radioimmunoassay of Digoxin

We ascertained which factors critically affect the radioimmunoassay of digoxin. These include: products of hemolysis in blood plasma, excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma of jaundiced patients, the age of the tritiated digoxin, the presence of gamma-emitting radioisotopes in the plasma from diagnostic tests, the binding tendency of plasma proteins for digoxin, chemiluminescence associated with the serum (or plasma) of uremic patients, and excessive delay between sample collection and assay of unfrozen samples.
Cross-sectional changes in patterns of allostatic load among persons with varying disabilities, NHANES: 2001–2010

Abstract Background Allostatic Load (AL) is a measure of physiological stress that correlates with morbidity and mortality. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate patterns of AL among persons with each of eight categories of disability versus persons with no disabilities over the 10-year Healthy People 2010 examination period. Methods The study examined measures of AL from the 2001–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The independent variable was Disability Status (hearing, vision, memory, physical–mental–emotional, walking up 10 steps, bending or kneeling, lifting or carrying, assistive devices, no disability). Eight laboratory and one social AL dependent variables included blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), HDL cholesterol, number of friends, and neutrophil percentages. Weighted statistical analyses included one-way ANCOVA with age as the covariate and chi-square tests. Results Among respondents, 2.3% had hearing disabilities; 14.0% vision disabilities, 4.6% memory disabilities; 1.5% physical, mental, emotional disabilities; 1.3%, 5.9%, and 3.5% various mobility disabilities; and 5.3% used assistive devices. Persons with disabilities had significantly higher BMI, lower HDL cholesterol, higher C-reactive protein, and higher neutrophil levels than persons without disabilities. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased during the decade, but BMI increased. A range of 36.2–61.0% of persons with non-hearing disabilities exceeded BMI obesity thresholds during 2009, and 13.8–29.9% had fewer than three friends during 2009. Conclusions These findings support previous research linking risks for secondary conditions/morbidity and allostatic load while demonstrating associations between disabilities and AL, especially for persons with mobility disabilities.
Scene-based scalable video summarization

A scalable video summarization and navigation system is proposed in this work. Particularly, given the desired number of keyframes for a video sequence, we first distribute it among underlying video scenes and sinks based on their respective importance ranks. Then, we select the most important shot of each sink as its R-shot and further assign each sink's designated number of keyframes to its R-shot. Finally, a time-constrained keyframe extraction scheme is developed to locate all keyframes. Consequently, we can achieve a scalable video summary from the initial keyframe set by exploiting such a video structure-based ranking scheme. In addition, a content navigation tool is also developed which could help users freely access or locate specific video scenes or shots. Sophisticated user studies have shown that this summarization and navigation system can not only help users quickly browse video content, but also assist them in searching for particular video segments.
Response to the Commentary “Advancing Medical Education Training in Adolescent Health”

To the Editor. In May 2008, a commentary by Fox et al was published in Pediatrics 1 and a report by Fox et al was published online by Incenter Strategies.2 The commentary focused on residency training in adolescent medicine, and the report focused on fellowship training in adolescent medicine. The authors stated in the commentary that “the time has come to consider the need for major reforms in adolescent medicine training.” In the report they called for “a reconsideration of the fundamental goals and needs of adolescent medicine training as well as targeted action to reinvigorate the field.” We appreciate the surveys and analyses done for the commentary and report by Incenter Strategies and agree that generalists need more and better training in adolescent health. However, we disagree with several of the conclusions and recommendations discussed in the 2 publications. Although we recognize that only the commentary was published by Pediatrics , the coincident online appearance and electronic distribution …
Semi-Coherent Detection for Differential Space-Time Codes

Differential space-time coded (DSTC) modulation is a viable scheme for MIMO communication systems that do not utilize channel information at the receiver either because of rapid channel variation and/or limited training data. The drawback of DSTC is the 3 dB performance loss because of incoherent detection. In order to alleviate this performance loss, we develop a semi-coherent receiver structure in which partial channel information is acquired and utilized to generalize the traditional non-coherent receiver. This partial channel information takes the form of a subspace where the channel parameter vector must reside in. It is blindly extracted from the receive data without additional pilot assistance.
Two procedures for training differential responses in alcohol and nondrug conditions.

Two simple efficient procedures, automatically programmed in standard operant test chambers, are described for training rats to a high degree of response differentiation solely on the basis of the perceptual or sensory alterations caused by a drug. Rapid learning of differential approach and avoidance responses occurred with a Conflict procedure whereby hungry rats received food reward in one condition (1.2 g./kg. ethyl alcohol for seven animals, saline for seven animals) and shock in the other condition, after every fifth lever press. With a Choice procedure, a separate group of hungry rats learned to press preponderantly the food-rewarded lever during the initial, unreinforced portion of sessions in which they received food reward on an intermittent schedule for presses on one lever in the alcohol condition (left-hand lever for four animals, right-hand lever for four animals) and for presses on the other lever in the saline condition.
P3FSM: Portable Predictive Pattern Matching Finite State Machine

Signature-based network intrusion detection requires fast and reconfigurable pattern matching for deep packet inspection. In our previous work we address this problem with a hardware based pattern matching engine that utilizes a novel state encoding scheme to allow memory efficient use of Deterministic Finite Automata. In this work we expand on these concepts to create a completely software based system, P3FSM, which combines the properties of hardware based systems with the portability and programmability of software. Specifically we introduce two methods, Character Aware and SDFA, for encoding predictive state codes which can forecast the next states of our FSM. The result is software based pattern matching which is fast, reconfigurable, memory-efficient and portable.
Response of seasonal pond plant communities to upland forest harvest in northern Minnesota forests, USA

Abstract Small seasonally flooded forest ponds have received increased attention due to a growing recognition of their abundance in many landscapes, their importance as habitat for a variety of organisms, and the contributions they make to species and ecosystem diversity. There also is concern over potential negative effects of forest management in adjacent uplands on seasonal pond ecology. Several studies have examined invertebrate and songbird responses to upland harvest around seasonal ponds. Less attention has been given to examining how seasonal pond plant communities respond to adjacent forest harvesting. We studied the response of seasonal pond plant communities to adjacent upland timber harvests, assessing whether buffers around ponds (15.25 m uncut and partially cut) mitigated changes in species abundance and community composition, relative to changes in ponds that were clearcut to the pond margin. We addressed our objective using an operational-scale experiment in northern Minnesota, which included pre-harvest sampling, replicated treatments, and uncut controls. After treatment, changes in tree basal area and canopy openness in the pond basins reflected reductions in upland basal areas. Specifically, control ponds had significantly higher basal area and lower openness than ponds cut to their margins, while ponds with uncut buffers and partially cut buffers were intermediate. Changes in plant communities were evident in the ground layer and shrub/large regeneration layer. After treatment and over time, the control stands did not change significantly in ground layer structure or shrub/large regeneration layer composition. The three upland harvest treatments displayed increasingly greater deviation from their starting conditions and from the control along a gradient of increasing treatment intensity, from the buffer treatment to the partially cut buffer to the clearcut. The response in the ground layer was largely associated with increased sedge and grass cover, while the response in the shrub/large regeneration layer was associated with increases of Salix sp., Alnus incana, and Populus tremuloides. Our results indicate that adjacent upland timber harvest can lead to altered plant communities within seasonal ponds, at least temporarily. Moreover, uncut forest buffers (∼15.25 m) surrounding seasonal ponds can mitigate plant community changes to some degree. If seasonal ponds are an important resource on the management landscape and a high percentage of upland forest is in a recently cut condition at any given time, than use of harvest buffers around seasonal ponds may be an appropriate approach for mitigating short term alteration of pond plant communities.
First Report of Occurrence of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Stored Apples in Washington State

Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest fruit rot disease of apples (Malus domestica) worldwide. Pyrimethanil was registered in late 2004 in the United States for postharvest use on apples. Since then, pyrimethanil has been increasingly used in Washington State as a postharvest drench treatment for control of blue mold and other postharvest diseases in apples. Baseline sensitivity to pyrimethanil in P. expansum populations from apples in Washington State has been established and all isolates in the baseline population were sensitive to pyrimethanil (1). To monitor resistance to pyrimethanil in P. expansum populations, blue mold-like decayed apple fruit were sampled from May to August 2009 from the fruit that had been drenched with pyrimethanil prior to storage from fruit packinghouses. Isolation of Penicillium species from decayed fruit was attempted. Isolates of Penicillium species were identified to species according to the descriptions by Pitt (2). In total, 186 P. expansum isol...