cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of Adipocyte mTORC1 Increases Milk Lipids in a Mouse Model of Lactation

Human milk is the recommended nutrient source for newborns. The mammary gland comprises multiple cell types including epithelial cells and adipocytes. The contributions of mammary adipocytes to breast milk composition and the intersections between mammary nutrient sensing and milk lipids are not fully understood. A major nutrient sensor in most tissues is the mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1). To assess the role of excess nutrient sensing on mammary gland structure, function, milk composition, and offspring weights, we used an Adiponectin-Cre driven Tsc1 knockout model of adipocyte mTORC1 hyperactivation. Our results show that the knockout dams have higher milk fat contributing to higher milk caloric density and heavier offspring weight during lactation. Additionally, milk of knockout dams displayed a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids, higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, and a lower milk {omega}6: {omega}3 ratio driven by increases in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mammary gland gene expression analyses identified changes in eicosanoid metabolism, adaptive immune function, and contractile gene expression. Together, these results suggest a novel role of adipocyte mTORC1 in mammary gland function and morphology, milk composition, and offspring growth.
We Are Going to Build a Wall and Institutional Legitimacy Will Pay For It

This paper will analyze President Trump’s use of the NEA and one of its accompanying statutes, the Military Construction Codification Act, to secure funding to build a border wall. More broadly, this paper aims to trace the complexities within the broader system of the NEA and its associated statutes (“the NEA+ Framework”) and to critique its redistribution of power between the political branches. Part I traces the history of the president’s national emergency powers from the early days of the Republic, through the events that led to the NEA+ Framework, to the current doctrine. Part II introduces the actual authority that President Trump has invoked to secure funding, one of the statutory grants of power accessible via the NEA. Part III examines the various challenges that await the Trump Administration working within the NEA+ Framework, including issues of justiciability, statutory construction, and constitutionality. Part IV looks not at legality of the specific actions within the NEA+ Framework, but at the statutory system itself as an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority that perverts the separation of power principles fundamental to the United States Constitution.
Discrete Maps and Iterations in Space

Even though the preferred modeling tool to describe phenomena in nature are differential equations, time-discrete maps are useful to study in order to understand the complexity that can originate from simple iterative procedures. Maps are much easier to implement numerically than differential equations and exhibit an incredible richness of complex structures.
Software System Safety

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the roots of the software safety problem, why they exist, and some approaches that can be used to mitigate them. Software is quickly becoming a major part of and a major concern in space applications. Whereas software always has played a role in the design and control of spacecraft, the functionality being assigned to software is quickly increasing; and conservative design, which minimizes the role and complexity of software components, is rapidly decreasing. The increasing number of incidents and losses related to software, despite great care in its development and testing, show the difficulty involved in spacecraft software engineering and the need for more attention and rigor. Spacecraft software can be treated from a safety perspective in the same way as the physical components, it is important to understand why software is such a special problem and needs additional attention. With the proliferation of software control of physical systems and system components, a different type of accident is taking on increasing importance. In these accidents, labeled system accidents, losses arise from dysfunctional interactions among system components in which no components have failed.
Utility of Serum Free Light Chain Measurements in Multiple Myeloma Patients Not Achieving Complete Response to Therapy

Normalization of the serum-free light-chain ratio (FLCr) with the absence of bone marrow monoclonal plasma cells following achievement of a complete response (CR) to therapy denotes a stringent CR in multiple myeloma (MM), and is associated with improved overall survival (OS). However, its value in patients achieving <CR is not clear. We hypothesized that patients achieving a normalization of FLCr with initial therapy of MM will have an improved outcome, even in the absence of a CR. We retrospectively evaluated 449 patients with newly diagnosed MM with measurable disease at baseline, who did not achieve a CR with initial therapy. One hundred and fifty-three patients (34%) had a normal FLCr, whereas 296 (66%) had an abnormal ratio. Patients with a normal FLCr had a longer progression-free survival (29 vs 16 months, P<0.001) and OS (91 vs 58 months, P<0.001). Normalization of FLCr retained its prognostic value in a multivariable model. Our results suggest an important role for sFLC measurement in disease monitoring even in patients who achieve only a partial response to therapy. Obtaining a normal FLCr confers a favorable prognosis independent from other factors, supporting the inclusion of sFLC in all levels of response criteria.
Partially carboxylated prothrombins: III. Carboxylation studies

Abstract Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of partially carboxylated prothrombins, containing 7-, 5-, 2-, 1- and 0γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues, was studied with Sepharose-bound carboxylase isolated from the microsomal fraction of warfarin-treated bovine liver. The 14CO2 incorporation was slowest for the 7-carboxyglutamyl variant, intermediate for the 5- and fastest for the 2-, 1- and 0-carboxyglutamyl proteins, these latter three being similar to each other. The carboxylation kinetics for the protein substrate(s) were complex because of the presence of multiple sites. The apparent Km of the 7-carboxyglutamyl variant was, however, the lowest. The CO2 incorporation requiring vitamin K occurred in the specific glutamic acid residues, as the 10-carboxyglutamyl (normal) prothrombin did not undergo carboxylation.
Visual and semantic interpretability of projections of high dimensional data for classification tasks

A number of visual quality measures have been introduced in visual analytics literature in order to automatically select the best views of high dimensional data from a large number of candidate data projections. These methods generally concentrate on the interpretability of the visualization and pay little attention to the interpretability of the projection axes. In this paper, we argue that interpretability of the visualizations and the feature transformation functions are both crucial for visual exploration of high dimensional labeled data. We present a two-part user study to examine these two related but orthogonal aspects of interpretability. We first study how humans judge the quality of 2D scatterplots of various datasets with varying number of classes and provide comparisons with ten automated measures, including a number of visual quality measures and related measures from various machine learning fields. We then investigate how the user perception on interpretability of mathematical expressions relate to various automated measures of complexity that can be used to characterize data projection functions. We conclude with a discussion of how automated measures of visual and semantic interpretability of data projections can be used together for exploratory analysis in classification tasks.
Formation of ortho-tyrosine by radiation and organic solvents in chicken tissue.

Fresh chicken breast and beef incubated in water were found to contain no o-Tyr at the current levels of detection (0.1 ppm) by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selective ion monitoring. In contrast, samples incubated at 37 degrees C in the presence of ethanol, benzene, or carbon tetrachloride (used in fat extraction) contained large quantities (2.5-5.1 ppm) of o-Tyr. No o-Tyr was detected in the water-insoluble fraction of meat treated with carbon tetrachloride after triple extraction by water. However, reaction of radiation generated .OH in gamma-irradiated fresh chicken tissue with endogenous phenylalanine yields o-Tyr with a linear yield-dose response in both water-soluble and -insoluble tissue fractions. Nonradiolytically generated .OH is suggested to be formed through a mitochondrion-mediated Haber-Weiss reaction in association with water-soluble proteins since the yields of o-Tyr in beef, a tissue with a higher mitochondrial content, are four times greater than in the chicken breast tissue.
Riding the Wave: Response Rates and the Effects of Time Intervals between Successive Mail Survey Follow-up Efforts

Abstract We investigate a mail survey research issue that has received little attention in the literature: the timing of follow-up efforts. Our data indicate that there is no relationship between the number of elapsed days between waves and response rate; these findings are based on follow-up mailings sent to each of 20 different treatment groups, testing follow-up intervals ranging from three to 60 days. The implications of these findings are quite meaningful. When timeliness of mail survey responses is an important consideration, or when history and maturation biases are legitimate concerns, survey researchers should follow up sooner rather than later. A quick follow-up strategy will not jeopardize response rates.
The relationship of physician medical interview style to patient satisfaction.

The results of previous studies on the relationship between patient satisfaction and specific interviewing behaviors have been difficult to generalize because most studies have examined small samples of patients at one clinical location and have used initial or acute care visits where the patient and physician did not have an established relationship. The present collaborative study of medical interviewing provided an opportunity to collect interviews from 550 return visits to 127 different physicians at 11 sites across the country. Tape recordings were analyzed using the Roter Interaction Analysis System and post- visit satisfaction questionnaires were administered to patients. A number of significant relationships were found between communication during the visit and the various dimensions of patient satisfaction. Physician question asking about biomedical topics (both open- and closed-ended questions) was negatively related to patient satisfaction; however physician question asking about psychosocial topics was positively related. Physician counseling for psychosocial issues was also positively related to patient satisfaction. Similarly patient talk about biomedical topics was negatively related to satisfaction while patient talk regarding psychosocial topics was positively related. Furthermore patients were less satisfied when physicians dominated the interview by talking more or when the emotional tone was characterized by physician dominance. The findings suggest that patients are most satisfied by interviews that encourage them to talk about psychosocial issues in an atmosphere that is characterized by the absence of physician domination. (authors)
The influence of environmental factors and coping style on children's coping and distress☆☆☆

Abstract Two potentially potent factors that influence children's coping and distress during invasive medical procedures are the behaviors of parents and staff in the pediatric treatment room and the children's preexisting coping style. This article critically reviews the research in both these areas; specifically, the review of the effects of the parents' and staffs' behaviors on children's coping and distress will include studies that manipulate parental presence, interviews with children asking what helps them cope, an examination of behavior—behavior relationships, and studies that train parents to help their children during stressful events. The review of children's coping style will include studies that assess coping style, as well as efforts to match treatment to coping style. The primary focus of this article is on the conceptualizations that have guided the research in these two broad areas. In addition, possible confounds, critiques of the research paradigms, and future directions are indicated.
The use of lobectomy in the management of severe closed-head trauma

A retrospective review is presented of 20 patients with traumatic brain injury who were treated during the course of their illness by lobectomies either after a herniation or other significant deterioration or to reduce elevated intracranial pressure. All the patients suffered from blunt head trauma. Patient ages ranged from 19 to 59 years (average, 34 yr). The initial Glasgow Coma Scale score ranged from 3 to 15 (average, 8.2). There were 14 frontal lobectomies, 2 temporal, 3 frontal and temporal, and 1 occipital. Surgery was performed between 0 and 8 days after injury (average, 2.8). Outcome was favorable (good or moderately disabled) in 11 patients and unfavorable (severely disabled, persistently vegetative, or dead) in 9. No patients survived in a persistently vegetative state. A higher initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was positively correlated with a more favorable outcome (P < 0.03). Younger patients also showed a significant positive relationship to outcome (P < 0.0005). Better pupillary reactivity showed a significant trend toward a more favorable outcome (P < 0.04). The type of lesions identified on computed tomographic scans had no association with outcome. A lobectomy can be a useful adjuvant in the management of severe brain injury, especially in younger patients with relatively higher initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores who subsequently deteriorate or develop elevated intracranial pressure.
Clinically Significant Non-Major Depression: Old Concepts, New Insights

Clinically significant non-major depression has been underinvestigated despite its high prevalence and public health impact. Although there is an increasing recognition of the importance of non-major forms of depression, their nosological boundaries and neurobiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. The authors discuss the literature pertaining to the current concepts, phenomenology, neurobiology, and treatment approaches to geriatric non-major clinically significant depression. They examine the similarities and differences between various subtypes of depressive disorders and compare non-major, clinically significant depression in elderly patients with non-geriatric adult populations. They draw conclusions from the published literature and propose clinical criteria for the diagnosis of clinically significant non-major depression in elderly persons.
The relation of worry to prefrontal cortex volume in older adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder

Despite the widespread prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in later life, almost nothing is known about the neural aspects of worry in adults over the age of 60. Given the ongoing rapid increase in the older adult population, the relatively poor response rates to current interventions for late life GAD, and the effects of age-related changes to the brain, additional research on worry neurobiology is needed. The study group comprised 15 older GAD patients and 15 matched controls who were compared on clinical measures and brain volumes. It was expected that prefrontal cortex (PFC) volumes [medial orbital cortex (mOFC), dorsolateral cortex (DLPFC)] would show positive relations to worry scores, and weaker relations to more general measures of anxiety and depression. Negative relations were expected between amygdala volumes and worry scores. As expected, mOFC volumes were positively related to worry scores; however, DLPFC and amygdala volumes were not. The mOFC is involved in emotional decision-making under uncertain conditions and has the ability to suppress the amygdala, both of which are hypothesized functions of worry. Results are partly consistent with GAD theory and suggest that worry may involve neural areas that are also involved in the successful control of anxiety.
Solid-rotor synchronous machine — Part II

THE ANALYSIS of solid-rotor synchronous machines presented previously1 is extended in three ways: (1) by expressing the results of the analysis in a more convenient form; (2) by presenting additional numerical results; and (3) by outlining a new analytical attack.
“With whom do I have the pleasure?”: Callers’ categories in political talk radio programs

This paper discusses the caller types in political talk radio programs in Israel and the United States. The different caller types are: anonymous, regular, returning, first-time and the unmarked standard caller. The regular callers in Israel use recognitionals to be identified by the host. The returning callers in both countries state their return at the beginning of their talk. The first-time caller also starts his interaction by stating this identity, and some of them say they are regular listeners, to mitigate their novice identity. These types are relevant throughout the interactions: the interactions with regulars and returning callers are harsher or freer than other interactions, whereas interactions with first time callers are gentler. These types resemble similar types from non-media environments, such as the barroom. The various caller membership types contribute to the construction of a community around the programs.
The decay of genetic variability in geographically structured populations. II

Abstract The ultimate rate of approach to equilibrium in the infinite stepping-stone model is calculated. The analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection, and every mutant is assumed to be new to the population. Let f(t, x) be the probability that two homologous genes separated by the vector x in generation t are the same allele. It is supposed that f( 0, x ) = O(x −2−η ), η > 0, as x ≡ ¦ x ¦ → ∞ . In the absence of mutation, f(t, x) tends to unity at the rate t −1 2 in one dimension and (ln t)−1 in two dimensions. Thus, the loss of genetic variability in two dimensions is so slow that evolutionary forces not considered in this model would supervene long before a two-dimensional natural population became completely homogeneous. If the mutation rate, u, is not zero f(t, x) asymptotically approaches equilibrium at the rate (1 − u) 2t t −3 2 in one dimension and (1 − u)2tt−1(lnt)−2 in two dimensions. Integral formulas are presented for the spatial dependence of the deviation of f(t, x) from its stationary value as t → ∞, and for large separations this dependence is shown to be (const + x) in one dimension and (const + ln x) in two dimensions. All the results are the same for the Malecot model of a continuously distributed population provided the number of individuals per colony is replaced by the population density. The relatively slow algebraic and logarithmic rates of convergence for the infinite habitat contrast sharply with the exponential one for a finite habitat.
Thermodynamics of RNA unfolding: Stabilization of a ribosomal RNA tertiary structure by thiostrepton and ammonium ion

RNAs with interesting secondary and tertiary structures tend to melt in several broad and overlapping transitions over a wide temperature range, and it has been consequently difficult to resolve the thermodynamics of individual unfolding steps. In the case that a ligand selectively binds a single folded state of the RNA, it is possible to obtain reliable thermodynamic parameters for both RNA unfolding and RNA-ligand binding simply from the hyperchromicity of RNA denaturation. The analysis procedure involves fitting a three-dimensional surface to absorbance data collected as a function of both temperature and ligand concentration. Analysis of the unfolding of a fragment of the large subunit ribosomal RNA (Escherichia coli sequence 1051 to 1109) is presented; both an antibiotic (thiostrepton) and ammonium ion specifically stabilize a tertiary structure within this RNA. A consistent set of thermodynamic parameters (delta H and tm) for the first two sequentially linked unfolding transitions is obtained from the experiments, and the binding constants obtained for the two ligands are consistent with other independent measurements. The approach is applicable to a variety of RNAs that specifically bind proteins, antibiotics, ions or other ligands.
T-bet concomitantly controls migration, survival, and effector functions during the development of Vα14i NKT cells

Vα14i natural killer T (NKT)–cell function has been implicated in a number of disease conditions. The molecular events that drive Vα14i NKT-cell development remain elusive. We recently showed that T-bet is required for the terminal maturation of these cells. Here we identify some of the genetic targets of T-bet during Vα14i NKT-cell lineage development. Microarray gene-expression analyses on developing Vα14i NKT cells were performed and provide a molecular framework to study these maturation events. In vitro ectopic expression of T-bet in immature Vα14i NKT cells, which do not yet express T-bet, was sufficient to promote Vα14i NKT-cell maturation, driving the expression of multiple genes, including those that participate in migration, survival, and effector functions. By regulating the expression of T-helper 1 (Th1)–associated cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and molecules involved in cytolysis, T-bet defines the unique lineage attributes of mature Vα14i NKT cells and acts to link these attributes to a developmental process.
Collagen cross-linking: distribution of hydroxypyridinium cross-links among invertebrate phyla and tissues

Abstract 1. 1. Using a specific HPLC assay, a wide variety of marine invertebrate connective tissues was screened for the 3-hydroxypyridinium amino acids that are prominent intermolecular cross-linking residues in the collagens of many vertebrate connective tissues. 2. 2. One or both of the two structural forms that exist, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), was found in organisms from the following phyla: Coelenterata, Annelida, Echinodermata, Mollusca and Arthropoda. 3. 3. Neither amino acid was found in tissues from representative species of Porifera and Chordata. 4. 4. Of special note was an unusually high ratio of LP to HP in Limulus polyphemus gill cartilage.
Effects of hippocampal manipulations on the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response: simulations by an attentional-associative model

The effects of various hippocampal manipulations on the classically conditioned nictitating membrane (NM) response were simulated by a real-time attentional-associative model. The model incorporates: (a) a mechanism capable of establishing associations between conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US) and between two CSs, (b) a mechanism that combines CS-CS and CS-US associations and builds ‘computational cognitive maps’, (c) an attentional rule that ‘tunes in’ relevant CSs and ‘tunes out’ irrelevant CSs, (d) performance rules that convert learning variables into topography of the rabbit NM response, and (e) rules that convert learning variables into neuronal firing. The present study explored three hypotheses regarding hippocampal function: (a) hippocampal lesions (HL) impair the ‘tuning out’ of irrelevant stimuli, (b) hippocampal stimulation (HS) and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) facilitate the ‘tuning in’ of relevant stimuli, and (c) hippocampal unit activity is proportional to the instantaneous value of associative variables that participate in the ‘tuning’ mechanisms. Computer simulations for the HL case were carried out for conditioning under different interstimulus intervals (ISI) with different types of US, discrimination reversal, and sensory preconditioning. Computer simulations for the HS and LTP case were carried out for acquisition of delay conditioning and of classical discrimination. In addition, simulations of hippocampal unit activity during acquisition and extinction are presented. Under the ‘tuning out’ hypothesis for the HL case, the model proved capable of simulating a large portion of the experimental data, showing discrepancies with relevant literature only when describing HL effects on trace conditioning with shock US under short and long ISIs, trace conditioning with air puff US under long ISIs, discrimination reversal and sensory preconditioning. Under the ‘tuning in’ hypothesis regarding the HS and LTP case, the model proved capable of simulating acquisition of delay conditioning but not acquisition of classical discrimination. Under the assumption that neuronal activity is proportional to the instantaneous value of associative variables, the model is able to simulate hippocampal unit activity.
Children's relationships with nonparental adults: Sex-specific connections to early school success

This report asks, Do the social networks of six-year-old girls and boys differ? It then extends previously reported findings by asking, Do different groups of nonparental adults affect the early school success of boys vs girls? Data were collected from the mothers of 162 six-year-olds, using a standard procedure. The networks of boys and girls in one-parent and two-parent households are contrasted throughout the presentation of results. The composition of networks was quite similar for boys and girls, except that each group had more same-sex than opposite-sex peers. In analyses predicting early school success, the number of adult male relatives who took the child on outings away from home was positively related to the child's report card score. This effect, however, was restricted to the subgroup of one-parent (mother-only) boys. This had been predicted, based on knowledge that single-parent boys are the most at-risk subgroup in the sample, the effect of social network resources are known to be accentuated by environmental press, and male adults represent the most salient models for young boys.
Creating customer service worth advertising at Browning Arms

John M. Browning was the greatest gun maker the world has ever known. The company he created has been recognized for a century as the industry leader in innovation and quality. A host of changes in external factors like social values and politics have brought the Browning company and the firearms industry to a major crossroad. If the industry survives, service quality will likely be the core‐competency that drives future sales and market share. The study examines a Browning task force committee whose charge was to define and implement the “best there is” in customer service. Major barriers to service quality are identified. Principles for improving service quality and customer retention are discussed in detail.
A simplified method of ureteral stent removal using waterless rigid urethroscopy.

Removal of an indwelling ureteral stent can be problematic secondary to discomfort of outpatient cystoscopy, especially if the stent has migrated proximally up the ureter. Also, while the use of stent tethers can diminish this problem, there can be problems if the string is left protruding beyond the meatus and secured to the penis, with penile erection or activity resulting in dislodgement of the stent beyond the urinary sphincter.’ Pain and incontinence often result. While flexible instrumentation has facilitated this process, these endoscopes may not always be available due to cost, malfunction or concurrent use. An additional problem is the exposure of health care personnel to urine and to the irrigation fluid that is used during cystourethroscopy. Special procedures are required to protect the patient and health care personnel from contamination, and the use of a special procedure room with adequate drainage on the table and floor. To avoid these problems, we have devised a simple technique that allows for easy removal of a ureteral stent in the male patient. This technique reduces the use of patient charge items, since air is used to distend the urethra rather than a sterile salt solution, and results in decreased costs for the procedure, as well as decreased risk of contamination to the patient and physician. TECHNIQUE The stent used should have a retrieval string (tether) attached distally but if not the string can be tied on using a suture passed through a distal drainage hole. After the stent 1s placed up the ureter in the standard fashion, the cystoscope is removed, leaving the string dangling out of the penile meatus. The position of the lower curl may be adjusted under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance to ensure that the stent is not being dislodged. Mild tension is placed on the string while the penis is telescoped backwards, allowing for the tethering string that lies within the penile urethra to be exposed. Excess string is then cut, thus, leaving no string Protruding from the external meatus. Subsequently, for stent removal or exchange, the string can be grasped with the patient under local anesthetic via rigid urethroscopy. The Technique for ureteral stent removal via waterless, rigid string is usually encountered within the distal or bulbar urethra, thus, avoiding the discomfort that is associated with Passing the cystoscope through the urinary sphincter into the urethroscopy.
Rapid determination of δ-aminolevulinate synthase activity by a specific fluorometric coupled enzyme assay

Abstract The rapid and specific determination of picomole quantities of δ-aminolevulinate has been accomplished by its specific enzymatic conversion to uroporphyrinogen I and fluorometric detection of the oxidized uroporphyrin I. The coupled enzyme assay was linear with time and protein concentration and required less than 3 h for 25 individual determinations. Under the standard assay conditions, 1 to 100 pmol of uroporphyrin I was reliably quantitated; these values corresponded to a range of ALA synthase activities from 0.15 to 15 nmol/h/ml of enzyme. The sensitivity of this method was comparable to the more time-consuming radiochemical determinations of ALA synthase. In addition, this method was at least 10 times more sensitive than the colorimetric assays for ALA synthase activity. The rapidity, specificity, and sensitivity of this new method make it useful for monitoring the purification of ALA synthase and for reliable determinations of low levels of ALA synthase activity in crude tissue or cultured cell homogenates.
Experimental Benchmark of Electron Trajectory Reconstruction Algorithm for Advanced Compton Imaging

Electron-tracking-based Compton imaging of gamma rays reduces the background level of the backprojected Compton image through the additional measurement of the initial momentum vector of the Compton electron. This reduction in image background has the potential for the detection of weaker sources in a complex background radiation field. Electron-tracking-based Compton imaging was demonstrated recently in solid-state detectors through the use of scientific Si charge-coupled devices (CCDs) with excellent position and energy resolution characteristics. In addition, the sensitivity of the electron track reconstruction algorithm has been evaluated extensively on the modeled detector response to Monte-Carlo electron tracks. We have now benchmarked the modeled algorithm sensitivity with our experimentally observed algorithm sensitivity, by measuring CCD electron tracks from a collimated 662 keV gamma-ray source in coincidence with a position-sensitive HPGe detector. For all coincident events the electron momentum vector deduced by the reconstruction algorithm is compared to the electron momentum vector calculated from the measured positions. This measured distribution of angular error of the algorithm agrees well with the angular error distribution calculated from our electron transport and detector models.
The Last Almohads: Universal Sovereignty between North Africa and the Crown of Aragon

Abstract Grounded in Romance, Latin, and Arabic archival sources, this article traces the journey of the last Almohad princes, the sons of the caliph Abū Dabbūs, from North Africa into the realms of the Crown of Aragon and back to North Africa again. It aims not only to repair two halves of a curious and little known history but also argues that the disciplinary boundaries that have divided the study of Iberia and North Africa have had enduring consequences on the interpretation of the relationship between these regions. From the Crown of Aragon’s alliance with Abū Zayd, the last Almohad governor of Valencia, to its attempt to restore the sons of Abū Dabbūs to the throne in North Africa, this essay argues that the Aragonese kings asserted their aspirations to imperial authority not against but rather over and through the legacy of Almohads. An appendix includes a new edition of an extraordinary bilingual charter from the Archives of the Crown of Aragon (ACA) in Barcelona.
Juveniles within Adult Correctional Settings: Legal Pathways and Developmental Considerations

An increasing number of juvenile offenders are being processed through adult correctional systems in the United States. Changing conceptions of juvenile offenders and expansions to the criteria for juvenile transfer laws have created a number of new challenges for correctional systems, policy makers and researchers. In this article, we detail the legal mechanisms that bring adolescents into the adult system. Basic profiles of juveniles in adult settings are constructed and the unique challenges posed by this population of offenders are discussed. Issues related to the safety and management of juveniles within the adult system are evaluated within a developmental framework. Finally, we examine research and policy implications that emerge when a significant number of juveniles are required to spend their formative years of adolescence in an environment designed for adults.
A Mixed Methods Analysis of the Effects of an Integrative Geobiological Study of Petrified Wood in Introductory College Geology Classrooms.

Mixed methods research conducted across three semesters in introductory college geology classes (n = 187, 190, 138) attempted to ascertain whether integrated study of petrified wood could serve as a portal to improved student geobiological understanding of fossilization, geologic time, and evolution. The Petrified Wood Survey™ was administered as a preinstructional and postinstructional assessment in control and experimental classes; the experimental class received integrated petrified wood instruction. Paired t tests of differences in students' pre- and postinstructional scores for control and experimental groups revealed significance (α = 0.05, effect size = 0.79, confidence interval 0.56–1.01). The students with integrative study showed greater knowledge gains about petrified wood's abundance, properties, nature, location, and geologic time. However, understanding of fossilization geochemistry remained problematic for both groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1011–1035, 2007
Alterations in brain catecholamines during pregnancy

During pregnancy mice are more susceptible to flurothyl-induced seizures than are non-pregnant controls. The potential role of brain catecholamines in mediating this behavior was examined in the present study. The concentration and turnover of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured in hippocampus, striatum, midbrain and cortex in control, pregnant and delivery-day mice. There were no significant changes from control in DA levels during pregnancy and parturition. The turnover of DA was not altered during pregnancy, except for a small increase in turnover rate in the hippocampus. The concentration of NE decreased during pregnancy, and rose at parturition. This effect was most striking in the hippocampus. The turnover of NE was markedly depressed during pregnancy, with the hippocampus again being most affected. These data imply a role for NE, but not DA in the mediation of increased seizure susceptibility during pregnancy.
Oxygen Consumption of the Completely Isolated Dog Heart In Fibrillation

Evidence is presented, that in the completely isolated nonworking dog heart oxygen consumption is higher during a period of electrically induced fibrillation than during a period of rhythmical contraction and that this increase is not due to the electric stimulus per se.
Desegregation Experiences of Minority Students Adolescent Coping Strategies in Five Connecticut High Schools

Few studies have explored the adolescent subculture of minority students in desegregated schools. While it is well known that desegregated schools are not integrated environments, the question whether some schools foster more positive desegregation experiences than others remains largely unanswered. This study of minority students participating in a voluntary busing program, Project Concern, examines whether bused minority adolescents are assimilated into their White high schools. Data were collected using nonparticipant observation at five schools and through structured interviews with 69 Project Concern students. Thefindingsfirst identify a number of coping strategies used by minority students and then show that desegregation has different effectsfor students at each schooL Students bused to some communities reported more positive desegregation experiences than did students bused to others. This finding contradicts one prevailing assumption of desegregation, that busing to White schools necessarily fost...
Oscillating Stereocontrol: A Strategy for the Synthesis of Thermoplastic Elastomeric Polypropylene

A strategy has been developed for the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomeric polypropylene based on the catalytic activity of the unbridged metallocene bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride [(2-PhInd)2ZrCl2]. This catalyst was designed to isomerize between achiral and chiral coordination geometries during the polymerization reaction to produce atactic-isotactic stereoblock polymers. The metallocene precursor (2-PhInd)2ZrCl2 in the presence of methylaluminoxane polymerizes propylene to yield rubbery polypropylene. The isotacticity of the polymer, described by the isotactic pentad content, increases with increasing propylene pressure and decreasing polymerization temperature to produce polypropylenes with an isotactic pentad content ranging from 6.3 to 28.1 percent.
INDIVIDUALIZATION: A HEURISTIC APPROACH

(1977). INDIVIDUALIZATION: A HEURISTIC APPROACH. The Review of Education: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 270-275.
Microscopic Characteristics of Cooked Muscles Subjected to Stretch‐Tension during Rigor

SUMMARY– Frozen sections, representing the entire cross-sectional area at the site of shear force determination, were prepared from cooked muscle samples previously subjected to two degrees of stretch-tension during rigor. Histological observations revealed very few consistent relationships between structure at the shearing site and shear force values. Sections prepared from control samples exhibited significantly greater total amounts of perimysial connective tissue than sections prepared from stretched samples. Stretched sections tended to show greater amounts of perimysial tissue denaturation as indicated by the degree of tissue granulation. These results suggest that a portion of the increased tenderness previously reported for stretched muscle samples may be accounted for by a mechanical thinning of connective tissues due to stretching which results in a decrease in force required for shearing.
Differential expression of cytokines in the brain and serum during endotoxin tolerance

Using short- and long-course lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment regimens to induce endotoxin tolerance in rats, we compared TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 expression in the brain and serum following a LPS challenge. Serum corticosterone was also examined to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We found that, during endotoxin tolerance, LPS-induced cytokine expression still occurred in the brain even when cytokines in the periphery were no longer induced, and that this differential cytokine expression may be mediated by corticosterone, a stress hormone and an anti-inflammatory agent.
Grip pressure measurements during activities of daily life

Research has expanded human-machine communication methods past direct programming and standard hand- held joystick control. Individual force sensors have been used as a simple means of providing environmental information to a robot and research has shown that more advanced sensitive skins can be viable input devices. These touch sensitive surfaces allow for additional modes of interaction between machines in open, undefined environments. These interactions include object detection for navigation and safety but can also be used for recognition of users command gestures by their machine partner. Key to successful implementation of these gestures is the understanding of varied strategies used for communication and interaction and the development of performance limits. Data of dominant hand grip forces was collected using a Tekscan Grip VersaTek Pressure Measurement System during opening of a door. Analysis of data from 10 male and female subjects is presented. The results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of these data show variability in hand configurations between users. Average data over the cohort is reported. These data will be used in future work to provide human metrology constraints and limits for use in simulation and design of new, physical human-robot interaction systems.
Unrecognized fatalities related to colchicine in hospitalized patients

Background. Colchicine is commonly used for the treatment of gout and occasionally for other inflammatory diseases. It has a narrow therapeutic index and the potential for severe or fatal toxicity. Objectives. We sought to determine (1) the frequency of colchicine toxicity among hospitalized patients taking colchicine who died during an admission, (2) the likelihood that colchicine contributed to death, (3) whether patients were taking interacting medications that could have contributed to toxicity, and (4) whether colchicine dosing among these patients adhered to established guidelines. Methods. We conducted an IRB-approved, retrospective chart review at an urban, tertiary care, 1228-bed, university hospital. Subjects included hospitalized patients who received colchicine and died in hospital between 1 January 2000 and 28 February 2007. We reviewed charts for signs and symptoms of colchicine toxicity. An expert panel reviewed each case and classified the likelihood of colchicine toxicity, the likelihood ...
Infrared spectroscopic demonstration of a conformational change in bacteriorhodopsin involved in proton pumping.

Abstract Infrared spectral changes in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were followed during the slow decay of the M intermediate in the temperature region 240-260 K. The decay of the M form is characterized by the disappearance of the ethylenic bands and the bands indicating the reprotonation of the Schiff base. The route of Schiff-base reprotonation completely changes between 240 K and 260 K. At 240 K reprotonation occurs from Asp-85, the group to which the proton was released during M formation, and there is no pumping. At 260 K Schiff-base reprotonation takes place through Asp-96 from the cytoplasmic side, in the normal sequence assumed for proton pumping. The dramatic change in the route of Schiff-base reprotonation is coupled to a protein conformational change characterized by the change of the ratio of the two amide I bands at 1658 cm-1 and 1669 cm-1. This conformational change is interpreted as the conformational switch crucial for proton pumping: a protein relaxation following M formation results in a local rearrangement of the group, in the vicinity of the Schiff base. The rearrangement changes the accessibility of the Schiff base and provides that its deprotonation and reprotonation occur on different sides. The conformational change has characteristics typical for relaxations in proteins. In addition, it is shown that at 260 K an equilibrium exists between the M and N forms.
Early Childhood Discipline: A Review of the Literature.

In this literature review concerning early childhood discipline we particularly highlight American children's discipline with respect to historical perspectives, generational theories, gender issues, parental styles, methods of discipline, and corporal punishment. We also address corporal punishment's history, the debate among experts, beliefs and practices among parents, the controversy in public schools, religious influences, and a conflation of the issues.
Isostatic processes in media of variable viscosity II. Spherical geometry

Abstract This paper is a continuation of the preceding paper, Part I. Here, the Earth is assumed to be a self-gravitating viscous sphere or a spherical shell. The gravity acceleration is assumed constant throughout the domain of interest. The viscosity is a function of the radial coordinate. Starting with the hydrodynamic equations of motion, the components of velocity of the flow in the material of the Earth are derived as Eqs. (25) and (26). By properly matching the boundary conditions, the results can also be applied to a multilayered model.
Study of inlet materials for sampling atmospheric nitric acid

The adsorption of nitric acid (HNO3) from a flowing gas stream is studied for a variety of wall materials to determine their suitability for use in atmospheric sampling instruments. Parts per billion level mixtures of HNO3 in synthetic air flow through tubes of different materials such that >80% of the molecules interact with the walls. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a fast time response and high sensitivity detects HNO3 that is not adsorbed on the tube walls. Less than 5% of available HNO3 is adsorbed on Teflon fluoropolymer tubing after 1 min of HNO3 exposure, whereas >70% is lost on walls made of stainless steel, glass, fused silica, aluminum, nylon, silica-steel, and silane-coated glass. Glass tubes exposed to HNO3 on the order of hours passivate with HNO3 adsorption dropping to zero. The adsorption of HNO3 on PFA Teflon tubing (PFA) is nearly temperature-independent from 10 to 80 °C, but below −10 °C nearly all HNO3 that interacts with PFA is reversibly adsorbed. In ambient and syntheti...
An architecture for enhanced three step search generalized for hierarchical motion estimation algorithms

Advances in the area of motion estimation in have showed that the motion vector distribution is center-biased within a search window. New algorithms such as the enhanced three step search method, aiming towards H.261 applications, were developed with this very fact in mind, and proven to be outperform the traditional TSS and the like. The architecture proposed to implement the enhanced three step search method is very simple and efficient without adding any direct or hidden costs. An additional advantage with this architecture is its ability to implement other existing hierarchical motion estimation algorithms efficiently. This is shown by taking the implementation of the regular three step search method as an example.