cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic transcriptome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe shown by RNA-DNA hybrid mapping

We have determined the high-resolution strand-specific transcriptome of the fission yeast S. pombe under multiple growth conditions using a novel RNA-DNA hybridization mapping (HybMap) technique. HybMap uses an antibody against an RNA-DNA hybrid to detect RNA molecules hybridized to a high-density DNA oligonucleotide tiling microarray. HybMap showed exceptional dynamic range and reproducibility, and allowed us to identify strand-specific coding, noncoding and structural RNAs, as well as previously unknown RNAs conserved in distant yeast species. Notably, we found that virtually the entire euchromatic genome (including intergenics) is transcribed, with heterochromatin dampening intergenic transcription. We identified features including large numbers of condition-specific noncoding RNAs, extensive antisense transcription, new properties of antisense transcripts and induced divergent transcription. Furthermore, our HybMap data informed the efficiency and locations of RNA splicing genome-wide. Finally, we observed strand-specific transcription islands around tRNAs at heterochromatin boundaries inside centromeres. Here, we discuss these new features in terms of organism fitness and transcriptome evolution.
Using optical fibers with different modes to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter measurements

The dual-wavelength diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow-oximeter is an emerging technique enabling simultaneous measurements of blood flow and blood oxygenation changes in deep tissues. High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is crucial when applying DCS technologies in the study of human tissues where the detected signals are usually very weak. In this study, single-mode, few-mode, and multimode fibers are compared to explore the possibility of improving the SNR of DCS flow-oximeter measurements. Experiments on liquid phantom solutions and in vivo muscle tissues show only slight improvements in flow measurements when using the few-mode fiber compared with using the single-mode fiber. However, light intensities detected by the few-mode and multimode fibers are increased, leading to significant SNR improvements in detections of phantom optical property and tissue blood oxygenation. The outcomes from this study provide useful guidance for the selection of optical fibers to improve DCS flow-oximeter measurements.
Effects of the stereo-configuration of the hydroxyl group in 4-hydroxyproline on the triple-helical structures formed by homogeneous peptides resembling collagen

Abstract To explore further the recent demonstration that hydroxyproline stabilizes the triple-helical structure of collagen, two peptides containing allohydroxyproline, (aHyp-Pro-Gly)10 and (Pro-aHyp-Gly)10, were synthesized by a modified Merrifield technique which yields products of defined molecular weight. Examination of the peptides by optical rotation and circular dichroism showed that neither of them formed triple-helical structures in aqueous solution. Since the peptides had less tendency than (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 to become helical, the results demonstrated that thetrans-4-hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline makes a specific contribution to the stability of the triple helix formed by (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10. Since the peptides also had less tendency than (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 to become helical, the results further demonstrated that thecis-4-hydroxyl group on allohydroxyproline decreases the stability of the triple helix. The observations provided direct support for previous data indicating that incorporation of proline analogues such as allohydroxyproline into pro-α chains during procollagen biosynthesis prevents the polypeptides from becoming triple helical.
Asphaltenes and Waxes Do Not Interact Synergistically and Coprecipitate in Solid Organic Deposits

Waxes and asphaltenes are the major components in organic deposits from petroleum fluids. A key unresolved issue is whether there are significant intermolecular interactions between wax and asphaltene molecules during precipitation that would lead to synergy and coprecipitation, i.e., the phase change of one class inducing the precipitation of the other class. To address this, we studied six organic deposits in great chemical and physical detail: three that we categorized as predominantly wax deposits, two that were asphaltenic deposits, and one that seemed to be an organic acid deposit. Chemical analyses included elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-temperature simulated distillation, melting range measurement, and solubility experiments, performed on both parent crude oils and their corresponding deposits. The wax deposits contain in excess of 44 wt % waxes, and the complement of the deposits was occluded oil, water, and inorganic solids. Less than 6.2% (w/w) of these deposits were asphaltenes. Waxy-deposit waxes have higher melting points, longer straight-chain methylene, higher carbon number distributions, and higher molecular weights than their parent crude waxes. Asphaltenic-deposit waxes have properties that are almost identical to their parent crude oil waxes. Asphaltenic deposits contained >27 wt % asphaltenes. The properties of asphaltenes isolated from asphaltenic deposits were compared with the properties of asphaltenes isolated from their parent crude oils. The metal content and apparent VPO molecular weight of asphaltenic-deposit asphaltenes are significantly higher than those of corresponding crude-oil asphaltenes. The solubility of asphaltenic-deposit asphaltenes is much lower than the solubility of asphaltenes from their parent crude oils. The results indicate that the asphaltenes in the wax deposits are likely a component of the occluded oil in the deposit. A key conclusion of our work is that there is no evidence for any intermolecular interaction between waxes and asphaltenes to suggest synergy in precipitation. In fact, the evidence very much points to only one of these components undergoing a phase change and precipitating in an organic deposit and the other component simply being a portion of the crude oil occluded in the deposit.
ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUPERACID DISSOLUTION OF ACTINIDE AND LANTHANIDE SUBSTRATES

The superacid system HF/SbF5 is extraordinarily effective for total dissolution of actinide and lanthanide ceramic oxides, fluorides, and metals. Optical or gamma spectroscopy can be used directly on the solutions. Evaporation of the HF/SbF5 solvent under vacuum leaves a residue which is easily dissolved by ordinary mineral acids. The resulting aqueous solutions are readily amenable to conventional analytical methods.
Leukemia cutis in association with Grover's disease

Grover's disease (GD), or transient acantholytic dermatosis, is a persistent recurrent dermatosis that usually occurs in men older than 50 years. Rare cases of GD and hematologic malignancy in the same cutaneous biopsy specimen have been reported. We report a case of GD in association with leukemia cutis. A 72-year-old man with a history of myelodysplastic syndrome presented with numerous pruritic papules on the torso, which were clinically diagnosed as GD. A skin biopsy revealed foci of suprabasal acantholysis and dyskeratosis consistent with GD and dense aggregates of mononuclear atypical cells in the superficial dermis consistent with leukemia cutis. Direct immunofluorescence was negative. This case illustrates the need to consider a diagnostic skin biopsy in any patient who presents with classic clinical findings of GD if there is any indication that the patient may be at higher risk for a hematologic malignancy.
Preoperative Dobutamine Stress Echocardiographic Findings and Subsequent Short-Term Adverse Cardiac Events After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Cardiovascular (CV) complications are the leading cause of non-graft-related death in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patients. Pretransplant cardiac evaluation using dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is commonly utilized for risk stratification of OLT candidates. To determine if clinical and echocardiographic variables identify patients with increased CV risk, we performed a retrospective chart review of all 284 patients that underwent OLT at our institution between June 1999 and August 2005. Of these patients, 157 had a DSE prior to their OLT. Serious adverse CV events occurring during surgery and up to 4 months post-transplantation were defined as cardiac-related death, myocardial infarction (MI), new heart failure, or asystole or unstable ventricular arrhythmia requiring acute treatment. Sixteen of 157 patients (10%) had an adverse CV event with 2 deaths. These included ventricular tachycardia (n = 8), asystole (n = 2), MI (n = 5), and new heart failure (n = 1). Nine of the 16 CV events occurred at the time of surgery (including both deaths), 5 occurred postoperatively, and 3 occurred after hospital discharge. Variables that correlated with increased CV events were inability during DSE to achieve >82% of the maximum predicted heart rate (22% versus 6%, P = 0.01), a peak rate pressure product during DSE of 24 at the time of OLT. A multivariate model calculated from the DSE maximum achieved heart rate (MAHR) and MELD score (result = 3.78 + 0.07 MELD - 0.05 MAHR) identified a 47% risk for a value > 0 versus a 6% risk for a value < 0 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the maximum heart rate achieved during DSE together with the MELD score may be a predictor of adverse CV events up to 4 months post-OLT. A large prospective study is needed to more decisively support this conclusion.
New insights on the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis provided by studies in FXR knockout mice

The nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), may play a pivotal role in liver fibrosis. We tested the impact of genetic FXR ablation in four different mouse models. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in wild-type and FXR knock-out mice (FXR((-/-))) by CCl(4) intoxication, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine feeding, common bile duct ligation, or Schistosoma mansoni (S.m.)-infection. In addition, we determined nuclear receptor expression levels (FXR, pregnane X receptor (PXR), vitamin D receptor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), small heterodimer partner (SHP)) in mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal myofibroblasts (MFBs), and human HSCs. Cell type-specific FXR protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in five mouse models and prototypic human fibrotic liver diseases. Expression of nuclear receptors was much lower in mouse and human HSCs/MFBs compared with total liver expression with the exception of vitamin D receptor. FXR protein was undetectable in mouse and human HSCs and MFBs. FXR loss had no effect in CCl(4)-intoxicated and S.m.-infected mice, but significantly decreased liver fibrosis of the biliary type (common bile duct ligation, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine). These data suggest that FXR loss significantly reduces fibrosis of the biliary type, but has no impact on non-cholestatic liver fibrosis. Since there is no FXR expression in HSCs and MFBs in liver fibrosis, our data indicate that these cells may not represent direct therapeutic targets for FXR ligands.
Sex determination in hydra: Control by a subpopulation of interstitial cells in Hydra oligactis males☆

The stability of sexual phenotype was examined in a single clone of Hydra oligactis males maintained at two culture temperatures, 18 and 22 degrees C. At these temperatures animals of this species do not reproduce sexually, but reproduce asexually by budding, and males and females are morphologically indistinguishable. When the temperature is lowered to 10 degrees C gametogenesis is induced and sexual phenotype can be assayed. Males cultured for several years at 18 degrees C expressed a stable sexual phenotype when induced to undergo gametogenesis; males remained male. Those cultured at 22 degrees C for 1 year, however, expressed a low frequency of sex reversal from male to female; males ceased sperm differentiation and began producing eggs. Male sex reversal in cultures maintained at the higher temperature was correlated with the loss of a specific subpopulation of interstitial cells, those that bind the monoclonal antibody, AC2, which labels cells specific to the spermatogenic pathway in H. oligactis males. When interstitial cells restricted to this pathway were reintroduced into sex-reversed males (phenotypic females), the male phenotype was reestablished and animals reverted to sperm production. To further investigate the role of AC2+ cells in the masculinization of females, normal males (containing AC2+ cells) and sex-reversed males (lacking AC2+ cells) were grafted to females. In grafts between normal males and females, egg production ceased and sperm differentiation ensued, whereas those between sex-reversed males and females continued to produce eggs. Thus, the presence of AC2+ interstitial cells is strictly correlated with male sexual phenotypes and it is only in their absence that the female phenotype is expressed.
Global research and development positioning among US-based pharmaceutical companies

The author explores the predominant strategic characteristics of fourteen multinational corporations eleven of which are among the twenty largest pharmaceutical firms world-wide. She shows that, while no dominant pattern emerges with respect to strategic choices, firms with a US focus appear less likely to be involved with diversification than their global dispersion counterparts, which are more likely to use a cost minimization strategy aimed at generic and OTC product development. The extent of global dispersion for R&D has not yet shown any difference in the traditional financial performance measures of liquidity, asset management, debt management and profitably, as determined by t-test statistics. However, using the performance measure of total return to shareholders, US focus firms outperformed global dispersion firms in 1988, but not in average returns for 1984-8. The US pharmaceutical industry is still US focused in its R&D activities, although much more globally dispersed in other value activities of its business. >
Transporting CBT for Childhood Anxiety Disorders into Inner-City School-Based Mental Health Clinics

Abstract The systematic expansion of evidence-based cognitive behavioral (CBT) protocols into the schools provides an opportunity for training front-line service providers in the early identification of anxious children and in the delivery of evidence-based treatments to children who might otherwise go without such treatment [Weist, M. D., & Evans, S. W. (2005). Expanded school mental health: Challenges and opportunities in an emerging field. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 3, 3­6]. In this article, we discuss the progress of our ongoing study aimed at transporting manualized CBT for anxious youth into inner-city school-based clinics. In this context, we outline the rationale for the study and specific adaptations and obstacles encountered to date.
The application of the finite-difference time-domain method to EMC analysis

The paper provides a tutorial of the FDTD method and its application to the full-wave analysis of practical EMC problems. The FDTD method is a versatile technique and a powerful tool that can allow for the efficient and accurate simulation of electromagnetic interaction and radiation for EMC analysis. The paper begins with an introduction to the FDTD method based on the traditional Yee-algorithm. For the analysis of radiating structures, various absorbing boundary conditions, including the novel perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition, and their relative performances are described. Techniques of computing radiated fields from the time-dependent fields are also be discussed. Included in this discussion are the limitations of modeling complex structures using regular lattice grids, as well as the benefits of advanced FDTD algorithms that utilize irregular and unstructured grids. Acceleration techniques and the efficient implementation of the FDTD method on high performance computers are also of concern. Finally, a number of practical EMC problems analyzed using the FDTD method are presented.
Formation and spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water in the Red Sea

Hydrographic data, chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) measurements collected in March 2010 and September–October 2011 in the Red Sea, as well as an idealized numerical experiment are used to study the formation and spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW) in the Red Sea. Analysis of inert tracers, potential vorticity distributions, and model results confirm that RSOW is formed through mixed-layer deepening caused by sea surface buoyancy loss in winter in the northern Red Sea and reveal more details on RSOW spreading rates, pathways, and vertical structure. The southward spreading of RSOW after its formation is identified as a layer with minimum potential vorticity and maximum CFC-12 and SF6. Ventilation ages of seawater within the RSOW layer, calculated from the partial pressure of SF6 (pSF6), range from 2 years in the northern Red Sea to 15 years at 17°N. The distribution of the tracer ages is in agreement with the model circulation field which shows a rapid transport of RSOW from its formation region to the southern Red Sea where there are longer circulation pathways and hence longer residence time due to basin wide eddies. The mean residence time of RSOW within the Red Sea estimated from the pSF6 age is 4.7 years. This time scale is very close to the mean transit time (4.8 years) for particles from the RSOW formation region to reach the exit at the Strait of Bab el Mandeb in the numerical experiment.
M-ary Poisson Detection and Optical Communications

This paper presents an investigation of the problem of maximum likelihood detection of one of M Poisson processes in a background of additive Poisson noise. When the observables correspond to counts of emitted photoelectrons, the problem models a discrete version of a coherent M -ary optical communication system using photon counters in the presence of background radiation. Consideration is given to an average distance and a detection probability criterion. The advantages of an M -ary pulsed intensity set (Poisson intensities wholly concentrated in a single counting interval) are demonstrated. The performance of such intensity sets is exhibited in terms of error probabilities, pulse widths, signal-tonoise ratio, and channel capacity. Behavior as a function of number M of intensities is also discussed. By appropriate conversion these results may be used for determining power requirements in an optical pulse position modulation system.
Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7

Biofilms of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were developed on stainless steel chips in trypticase soy broth (TSB), 1/5 dilution of TSB, 0.1% Bacto peptone (BP) and a minimal salts medium (MSM) supplemented with 0.04% of one of the following carbon sources: glucose, glycerol, lactose, mannose, succinic acid, sodium pyruvate or lactic acid. It was found that biofilms developed faster and a higher number of adherent cells (ca. 10(6) CFU/cm2) were recovered when the organisms were grown in the low nutrient media. Regardless of the carbon source, biofilms developed in MSM consisted of shorter bacterial cells and thicker extracellular matrix (ECM), with glucose as the best substrate for stable biofilm formation. Fewer bacteria in initial attachment, non-hydrophobicity of bacterial cells, lack of ECM formation and easy detachment of the biofilm bacteria may contribute to poor biofilm formation in TSB. ECM is probably important for the stability of biofilms; however, at 10 degrees C and under anaerobic conditions, ECM seems to be unnecessary.
Adaptive quickest change detection with unknown parameter

Quickest detection of an abrupt distribution change with an unknown time varying parameter is considered. A novel adaptive approach is proposed to tackle this problem, which is shown to outperform the celebrated Parallel CUSUM Test. Performance is evaluated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.
The Power of Countertransference in Groups for the Severely Mentally Ill

Research on countertransference within groups run on psychoanalytical-psychotherapy principles with chronically psychotic inpatients showed a consistency of countertransference feelings in different facilitators at different phases of the groups. The phases resembled those encountered in bereavement. The strength of the countertransference in facilitators of groups may hinder the sharing of the experience and may result in unwanted effects on the staff, including physical illness. This paper emphasizes the importance of dealing adequately with countertransference in staff treating severely psychotic patients.
Using upper-air conditions to estimate South Cascade Glacier (Washington, U.S.A.) summer balance

Asimplemodelusesonce-dailymeteorologicalvaluesintheU.S.National Centers for Environmental Predictionand U.S. National Center forAtmospheric Research (NCEP^NCAR)re-analysis databaseto estimate summerbalanceof South Cascade Glacier, Washington, U.S.A., each year over1959^99.The rms error,0.30mw.e. ( r 2 ˆ0.71), is com- parable to measurement error.The model relates summer balance linearly to temperature T > 0‡ C at 2000m and to snow flux at1650m, the altitudes in recent years of the equilib- rium line and terminus.The snow flux is the product of the humidity and westerly wind component at 850hPa when temperature T <+2‡ C at 1650m. Temperatures are inter- polated linearly betweenthe 850 and 700hPa levels. Boththe positive 2000mtemperature andthe snow flux are summedfrom 26 Aprilto 4 October.Whenthe summerestimatesare combinedwiththosefromawinterbalancemodelusingthesamedatabase,thermserrorin estimating netbalance is 0.40m ( r 2 ˆ0.81).The indicated sensitivities of balance to warm- ing of 1‡ C are ^0.51m for summerand ^0.24m for winter. Onthe assumptionthatthetotal ^0.75m‡C ^1 sensitivityexists atall altitudes, awarmingof only 0.7‡ C wouldbe sufficientto overcome the1986^98 averagenetbalance +0.5matthe top of theglacier.
The Transcription Factor TFEB Links mTORC1 Signaling to Transcriptional Control of Lysosome Homeostasis

Lysosomes are the major cellular site for clearance of defective organelles and digestion of internalized material. Demand on lysosomal capacity can vary greatly, and lysosomal function must be adjusted to maintain cellular homeostasis. Here, we identified an interaction between the lysosome-localized mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the transcription factor TFEB (transcription factor EB), which promotes lysosome biogenesis. When lysosomal activity was adequate, mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of TFEB on Ser(211) triggered the binding of 14-3-3 proteins to TFEB, resulting in retention of the transcription factor in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of lysosomal function reduced the mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of TFEB, resulting in diminished interactions between TFEB and 14-3-3 proteins and the translocation of TFEB into the nucleus, where it could stimulate genes involved in lysosomal biogenesis. These results identify TFEB as a target of mTOR and suggest a mechanism for matching the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding proteins of autophagosomes and lysosomes to cellular need. The closely related transcription factors MITF (microphthalmia transcription factor) and TFE3 (transcription factor E3) also localized to lysosomes and accumulated in the nucleus when lysosome function was inhibited, thus broadening the range of physiological contexts under which this regulatory mechanism may prove important.
Data dependency graphs for Ada programs

A compositional method of constructing data dependency graphs for Ada programs is presented. These graphs are useful in a program development environment for analyzing data dependencies and tracking information flow within a program. Graphs for primitive program statements are combined together to form graphs for larger program units. Composition rules are described for iteration, recursion, exception handling, and tasking, as well as for simpler Ada constructs. The correctness of the construction and the practicality of the technique are discussed. >
Counseling Family Members of Addicts/Alcoholics: The Stages of Change Model

ABSTRACT This article adapts the stages of change model, a model in which specific interventions of harm reduction are directed toward the client's readiness for treatment, as a guiding framework for counseling family members of alcoholics/addicts. Interventions at each stage of the family's readiness for change, from precontemplation to action, are described.
Thinking at the global scale

The noosphere concept was originally proposed as a sphere of mind or thought that has emerged from the biosphere over the course of human evolution. Two versions of the noosphere concept were developed in the 20th century and they differed with respect to whether the noosphere was to be considered separate from the biosphere or a new form of the biosphere. Both versions shared an assumption that collective human thought based on a scientific epistemology would achieve a benevolent relationship with the biosphere. Research in global ecology continues to reveal the growing influence of humanity on the biota and on the global biogeochemical cycles, but recent history has not confirmed humanity's ability to self-regulate. Nevertheless, the noosphere concept remains useful because it acknowledges the uniquely subjective aspect of human brain functioning and the propensity for humans to share ideas and work collaboratively. Both of these features will be needed to develop a structured coupling of humanity and the biosphere that preserves the biophysical processes sustaining the ecosphere.
Liver-type fatty acid binding protein interacts with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) regulates liver type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene expression. Conversely as shown herein, L-FABP structurally and functionally also interacts with HNF4α. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Cy3-HNF4α (donor) and Cy5-L-FABP (acceptor) as well as FRET microscopy detected L-FABP in close proximity (~80 A) to HNF4α, binding with high affinity Kd ~250-300 nM. Circular dichroism (CD) determined that the HNF4α/L-FABP interaction altered protein secondary structure. Finally, L-FABP potentiated transactivation of HNF4α in COS7 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that L-FABP provides a signaling path to HNF4α activation in the nucleus.
IPA for fluid queue with delayed flow control

This paper develops a general framework for infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) for fluid queues, and applies it to a queue with flow control. Unlike previous works, we consider signal delays in the feedback channel. The performance measure of interest is the loss volume, and the variable parameters are the buffer size and the feedback gain. The IPA derivatives are characterized, and simulation results are presented.
Near-Nest Behavior of a Solitary Mud-Daubing Wasp, Sceliphron caementarium (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Mud dauber wasps (Sceliphronspp.)construct nests by sequential flights to gather mud and return it to their aerial nests. Individual S. caementariumdiffer in the mean time spent in four states of construction: approach, daubing, inspection, and departure. Placing a novel object near nests or replacing a white object by a black one resulted in an increase in individuals' approach times but no change in departure times. Removal of objects or replacing a black object by a white one had no effect. A change in the color of objects near nests elicited increased approach times but did not affect departure. S. caementariumappears to memorize three-dimensional objects in the nearnest environment, and changes in the nearnest environment are learned during the approach flight to the nest. The frequency of significant responses to all manipulations decreased with successive visits by the wasps, suggesting habituation to nearnest changes.
Selected Lesions of Dioxin in Laboratory Rodents

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) has been the subject of intensive investigations in laboratory animals during the last 2 decades. Toxicity studies have been conducted in several species of rodents and include several carcinogenicity studies as well as numerous mechanistic studies initiated to elucidate dioxin's mode of action, as both a carcinogen and a toxicant. Hepatotoxicity is a primary effect of dioxin. There has been an increase in hepatocellular tumors reported in both rats and mice exposed to dioxin. In addition to neoplastic changes, dioxin causes a spectrum of toxic changes in the liver. Additional neoplastic changes include subcutaneous fibrosarcomas and thyroid follicular cell tumors in both rats and mice and histiocytic sarcomas in mice. Dioxin causes devlopmental effects in the palate and kidney of mice. Changes in the female reproductive tract include ovarian atrophy, sertoliform hyperplasia, and Sertoli cell tumors. Dosing in utero results in gross malformations of the externa...
Phase‐coexistence in partially degenerate nuclear matter

The phase properties of hot, dense bulk nuclear matter with variable proton to neutron ratios are discussed. Such matter has the behaviour typical of a binary mixture and exhibits a line of critical points, a line of equal concentrations and a line of maximum temperatures.
High Temperature Superconductivity

The discovery of superconductivity at 93 °K in early 1987 represents one of the most exciting developments in modern physics. I shall first describe some events in the long search for superconductors with a high transition temperature (Tc) before 1986 that are important to later progress in high temperature superconductivity (HTS). I recall crucial steps taken surrounding 1986 — the critical year of HTS when George Bednorz and Alex Muller made their seminal observation of superconductivity at 35 °K in a nonconventional oxide, that preceded the exciting discovery in 1987. I also recount some episodes from 1987 — the exciting year of HTS when the 93 °K superconductors were discovered and studied. Finally, several major compound systems that were responsible for the solid advancement of Tc and better understanding of HTS in the period of 1988–1994 are summarized. At present, I know of neither experimental nor theoretical reasons for not being able to achieve superconductivity at temperature higher than the present record of 134 °K and 164 °K at ambient and high pressures, respectively.
Correlates contributing to involvement in violent behaviors among young adults.

The study examines the extent to which gender, personality attributes, household, community, and environmental factors are associated with violent behaviors in young adulthood. The authors present findings from a sample of 765 21-year-old individuals participating in a drug and delinquency prevention study. Personality attributes, opportunities, and social acceptability of antisocial behaviors were identified as accounting for gender differences and having more influence on violent behavior than environmental correlates. Implications for preventive intervention are discussed. Language: en
Mechanisms of Lumen Formation: Morphologic Observations on Experimental Subretinal Neovascularization

Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the sequence of events that lead to the formation of new vascular lumens after laser photocoagulation of the retina and choroid of primates. Three days after photocoagulation, not only the endothelial cells in pre-existing vessels but also those in re-endothelialized vessels showed budding and lumen formation. The lumen of vessels was formed by the budding of adjacent endothelial cells that were coupled by transient intercellular junctions.
The Phase of Scattering Profiles & X-Ray/Neutron Reflectivity

The phase problem that troubles x-ray diffraction is also a problem for x-ray and neutron reflectivity; however, there are a range of small angles just beyond the critical angle for which the reflectivity contains information on the phase of the surface scattering amplitude. In principle this phase information can be used to determine the asymmetry of the normal gradient of the scattering amplitude density. We discuss here practical conditions under which this symmetry can, or cannot, be extracted from reflectivity data.
Physical Changes in Eggs Produced by Hens Receiving Sterculia foetida Oil Supplements

Abstract PREVIOUS investigators have shown that the presence of Sterculia foetida oil or sterculic acid in the diet of laying hens caused the appearance of pasty or putty yolks and pink discoloration of the whites in stored eggs (Masson et al. 1957; Shenstone and Vickery, 1959; Doberenz et al., 1960). This investigation was designed to determine the physical changes which occurred in eggs produced by hens fed S. foetida oil. Yolk index, Haugh units, and pH of yolks and whites were used as criteria for comparisons of physical changes and were not intended to describe egg quality. EXPERIMENTAL Forty-eight S. C. White Leghorn hens having averages of 2, 3, and 4 day clutches were selected and distributed at random into four lots of 12 hens each. The hens were housed in individual laying cages, and were fed a practical type laying diet and water ad libitum (Table 1). S. foetida …
Correlation Between Nanoindentation Modulus and Mineral Density in Fracture Callus Tissues

The stiffness and strength of a healing bone fracture depend on the geometry of the fracture callus as well as the mechanical properties of the callus tissues. In the clinical setting, the mechanical stability of a healing fracture is often estimated qualitatively based on the radioopacity of the callus tissue. However, a quantitative association between tissue mineralization and mechanical properties has yet to be established for these tissues. Quantifying callus tissue material properties and mineral content may therefore enable improved non-invasive assessments of bone healing. In addition, elucidating relationships between callus tissue composition and function will provide a means of understanding the mechanism by which the injured bone recovers its mechanical integrity.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Research submission categories.

The Journal of the Medical Library Association's (JMLA's) research submission categories have four subsections. Articles are positioned in subsections according to the strength of their research evidence. The strength of research evidence depends on the quality, quantity, and type of studies conducted. Levels of research evidence are a continuum. This is as true for library-related research as it is for clinical science, social science, and other disciplines. It is important to remind both makers of research results and users of research results of this fact. Systematic reviews of high-quality experimental studies provide the strongest evidence (both positive and negative) for research users in their library practice decisions. Next to them, controlled trials and cohort studies can provide strong evidence. Descriptive surveys and qualitative studies can provide important initial information. They can provide insights, stimulate discussion, and serve as a basis for generating outcome studies. The weakest evidence comes from expert opinions and commentaries. More than fifteen years ago, Jonathan Eldredge, AHIP, outlined levels for evidence-based librarianship (EBL) research and offered standards to be integrated into the health sciences librarian culture [1]. Evidence levels of EBL research ranged from high to low are: systematic reviews, randomized control trials, controlled-comparison studies, cohort studies, decision analysis, and qualitative research that includes focus groups, ethnographic observations, and historical analysis. To support the EBL process and make it clearer both for those who conduct research and for those who read research, the JMLA research submission categories now comprise the following four research category labels. These are essentially the same as the previous JMLA categories, except they are aligned more closely with the concept of levels of evidence. Please note that these levels apply to the strength of the evidence, not the quality of the research. People often confuse strength of evidence with quality of research. Very high-quality research can occur at each level.
Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair

Ventral and Incisional hernias are a common problem encountered by general surgeons. While there are open and laparoscopic approaches for the repair of these hernias, this chapter will focus on the laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias.
Physiological Processes, Nutrient Availability, and the Concept of Relative Growth Rate in Marine Phytoplankton Ecology

After more than thirty years of intensive research in phytoplankton ecology, our knowledge of how to measure accurately growth rates of photosynthetic organisms in nature is still very limited (1–3). Difficulties in extrapolating results from in situ bottle tests involving standard rate-measuring incubation methods (such as the 14C-labelling technique) are becoming increasingly evident (3–6); hence, we now are faced with conflicting opinions regarding the magnitude of phytoplankton growth rates in the marine environment (5,7–10).
Differentiating Mathematics Instruction for Secondary-Level English Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom

This study investigated the nature of dyadic interaction between secondary English language learners (ELLs) engaged in mathematics peer tutoring sessions. An analysis of 15 ELL expert/novice student-tutoring dyads and three mathematics teacher/ELL novice dyads revealed the importance of questions and wait time in developing novice tutee ownership of mathematical problem-solving activities. Under current U.S. policy, mathematics teachers are encouraged to adapt to reform-oriented teaching practices that emphasize discourse and communication, as noted in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards published in 1989, and to prepare ELLs to participate in high-stakes large-scale assessments. Often used as gatekeepers to high school graduation, secondary school math teachers are not only under pressure to adapt their teaching strategies to reflect reform-oriented methods, but also under an immense time constraint to prepare all students for graduation. The results of this study are supported by Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development and can offer secondary mathematics teachers of ELLs practical strategies that reflect reform-oriented teaching practices and support active participation, vocabulary development, and independent ownership of mathematics problem-solving activities.
Associations of depression status and hopelessness with blood pressure: a 24-year follow-up study

Hypertension is estimated to cause 12.8% of all deaths worldwide. Both literature and well-supported cognitive models indicate that hopelessness predicts depressive symptoms. This study aimed to test whether high levels of hopelessness are associated with increased blood pressure, as well as whether depression acts as a mediator between hopelessness and blood pressure. Data from the original 24-year longitudinal Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) were analyzed via linear regression (N = 917; 60.3% female; 62.9% European American; mean age = 42.96 years, SD = 16.94). Hopelessness was found to have a significant direct relationship with systolic blood pressure (SBP, p .05); while depression had no significant direct relationship with SBP or with DBP. Overall, findings indicated that hopelessness has a significant relationship with SBP. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Design and implementation of a shearing apparatus for the experimental study of shear displacement in rocks.

Fluid flow in the subsurface is not well understood in the context of “impermeable” geologic media. This is especially true of formations that have undergone significant stress fluctuations due to injection or withdrawal of fluids that alters the localized pressure regime. When the pressure regime is altered, these formations, which are often already fractured, move via shear to reduce the imbalance in the stress state. While this process is known to happen, the evolution of these fractures and their effects on fluid transport are still relatively unknown. Numerous simulation and several experimental studies have been performed that characterize the relationship between shearing and permeability in fractures; while many of these studies utilize measurements of fluid flow or the starting and ending geometries of the fracture to characterize shear, they do not characterize the intermediate stages during shear. We present an experimental apparatus based on slight modifications to a commonly available Hassler core holder that allows for shearing of rocks, while measuring the hydraulic and mechanical changes to geomaterials during intermediate steps. The core holder modification employs the use of semi-circular end caps and structural supports for the confining membrane that allow for free movement of the sheared material while preventing membrane collapse. By integrating this modified core holder with a computed tomography scanner, we show a new methodology for understanding the interdependent behavior between fracture structure and flow properties during intermediate steps in shearing. We include a case study of this device function which is shown here through shearing of a fractured shale core and simultaneous observation of the mechanical changes and evolution of the hydraulic properties during shearing.
18 F-FDOPA PET and MRI characteristics correlate with degree of malignancy and predict survival in treatment-naïve gliomas: a cross-sectional study

To report the potential value of pre-operative 18F-FDOPA PET and anatomic MRI in diagnosis and prognosis of glioma patients. Forty-five patients with a pathological diagnosis of glioma with pre-operative 18F-FDOPA PET and anatomic MRI were retrospectively examined. The volume of contrast enhancement and T2 hyperintensity on MRI images along with the ratio of maximum 18F-FDOPA SUV in tumor to normal tissue (T/N SUVmax) were measured and used to predict tumor grade, molecular status, and overall survival (OS). A significant correlation was observed between WHO grade and: the volume of contrast enhancement (r = 0.67), volume of T2 hyperintensity (r = 0.42), and 18F-FDOPA uptake (r = 0.60) (P < 0.01 for each correlation). The volume of contrast enhancement and 18F-FDOPA T/N SUVmax were significantly higher in glioblastoma (WHO IV) compared with lower grade gliomas (WHO I–III), as well as for high-grade gliomas (WHO III–IV) compared with low-grade gliomas (WHO I–II). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analyses confirmed the volume of contrast enhancement and 18F-FDOPA T/N SUVmax could each differentiate patient groups. No significant differences in 18F-FDOPA uptake were observed by IDH or MGMT status. Multivariable Cox regression suggested age (HR 1.16, P = 0.0001) and continuous measures of 18F-FDOPA PET T/N SUVmax (HR 4.43, P = 0.016) were significant prognostic factors for OS in WHO I–IV gliomas. Current findings suggest a potential role for the use of pre-operative 18F-FDOPA PET in suspected glioma. Increased 18F-FDOPA uptake may not only predict higher glioma grade, but also worse OS.
Challenges for Social and Behavioral Research and Its Modeling

This paper summarizes priority challenges for social and behavioral modeling based on a recent study building on a base of prior studies. Our focus is less on describing and hand- wringing about the current state than on identifying what is necessary for moving on. Some of the obstacles reflect inherent challenges: social systems are complex adaptive systems; they often pose "wicked problems;" and even the structure of social systems shows emergent behavior. Other obstacles reflect disciplinary norms and practices, mindsets, and numerous very difficult scientific and methodological challenges. We discuss challenges in six groups: (1) tightening links among theory, modeling, and both empirical and computational experimentation; (2) seeking more general and coherent theories while retaining alternative perspectives and narratives, and while effectively confronting multidimensional uncertainty from the outset; (3) assuring that explanatory models represent science faithfully, to include addressing aspects and determinants of behavior that have often been omitted or treated with hard-wired representations; (4) challenging experimenters to find new theory-informed (but not theory-imposing) ways to obtain and analyze relevant data in this modern era of ubiquitous data; (5) challenging theorists and technologists to provide related methods and tools; and (6) nurturing the rest of the ecology needed for overall effectiveness. We suggest identifying several national challenge problems and, for each, having a distributed and virtual social and behavioral laboratory to stimulate synthetic interdisciplinary work. These should feature mixed methods (not just classic simulation) and competition, but also frameworks, modularity, and problem-focused composition---again with competition and evolution--- rather than an imagery of standing "correct" federations. Experience shows that breakthroughs often occur as the result of solving concrete problems and then recognizing more general patterns.
Broadband virtual private network signalling

In the corporate voice networks, the virtual private network (VPN) configuration is particularly useful where a shared network infrastructure can be more cost effective and flexible than dedicated leased lines. Current standards for VPN use the international narrowband private signalling system QSIG. Private network signalling standards for broadband networks are also developing rapidly and one can expect that the new emerging signalling systems such as ECMA‘s BQSIG and ATM Forum‘s PNNI will play a leading role in the broadband VPN in the future.
Aging of Rodent Vasopressin Systems

Vasopressin (VP), a classic peptide in neuroendocrinology, has several well-documented actions. Among these, the best characterized are related to the kidney and vasculature (Heller, 1974), the anterior pituitary (Rivier and Vale, 1985), and the liver (Hems and Whitton, 1980; Rofe and Williamson, 1983). Recent data suggest, however, that VP may have a considerably more diversified functional significance, which may be particularly relevant to aging. For instance, age-related alterations in VP function may compromise the adaptive responses to several pathological conditions affecting the elderly, including orthostatic hypotension (Robertson and Rowe, 1980), diabetes mellitus (Walsh et al., 1979; Zerbe et al., 1979), alcohol intolerance (Ritzmann and Tabakoff, 1984), arthritis (Millan et al., 1985), and altered immune function (Clements and Funder, 1986; Whitfield et al., 1970). Perturbations of the action of VP on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion (Plotsky et al., 1985), as well as on preganglionic (Backman and Henry, 1984) and postganglionic (Bone et al., 1984; Peters and Kreulen, 1985) sympathetic neuron activity, also may contribute to the altered stress responses that occur during aging (e.g., Benzi et al., 1984; Chiueh et al., 1980; McCarty, 1984; Sapolsky and Donnelly, 1985). Finally, alterations in nutritional intake during senescence (e.g., Morrison, 1983) may be related, in part, to altered VP function. For instance, VP has been related to stress-induced feeding and carbohydrate appetite (Aravich and Sladek, 1986) and to the physiological response to malnutrition (Gold et al., 1983; Hansen et al., 1985).