cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivations and uses: Evaluating virtual reference service from the users' perspective

The questions of whether chat reference service is beneficial enough to users to justify the costs of offering it, and how valuable it is to users in fulfilling their information needs, have been primary concerns for librarians providing the service, for library administrators managing the service, and for funding agencies paying for it. The present study combines a traditional evaluation of the user's satisfaction with the reference encounter, with details of the user's information use and the user's motivation for using the chat reference service. This evaluation study assesses the effectiveness of chat reference service in meeting users' information needs.
Development of a New Design Hydraulic Engine Mount

In this paper a new design of the passive hydraulic engine mount is introduced. A means for improved decoupler control is introduced that does not noticeably affect the mechanisms steady state behavior, but improves start up and transient response. In addition, the decoupler mechanism is incorporated into a smaller, lighter, yet more tunable and hence more effective hydraulic mount design. The performance of the new hydraulic mount is discussed by means of a full nonlinear model. The increased design flexibility afforded by the redesigned support structure provides means by which to tune the engine mount to various engine support configurations. In addition, the proposed mount does not rely as heavily on hysteretic damping provided through elastomeric materials, which can be difficult to control, but more so on fluid behavior inside the engine mount; therefore, the damping of the system is much more tunable than previous hydraulic engine mount designs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Modeling the mechanics of light activated shape memory polymers

Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMP’s) are a relatively new kind of smart materials and have significant technological applications ranging from biomedical devices to aerospace technology. First generation SMP’s relied on changes in temperature to fix the temporary shape and have been studied quite extensively in the past. In the last few years a new generation of SMP’s have been synthesized in which the temporary shape is fixed by exposure to light at specific wavelengths (typically in the Ultraviolet, UV, range). Exposure to light at certain wavelengths causes photosensitive molecules, which are grafted on the polymer chains comprising the material, to form covalent bonds. These bonds act as crosslinks and are responsible for the temporary shape. On exposure to light at a different wavelength these bonds cleave and the material returns to its original shape. Our research focuses on modeling the mechanics associated with such light activated shape memory polymers (LASMP’s) undergoing complex deformations. The modeling is done using a framework based on the theory of multiple natural configurations taking into consideration the different aspects of modeling this material, which include developing a model for the original virgin network and for the other networks with different stress-free states, formed due to exposure to light. In addition to this, we also model the initiation and the formation of the light activated networks and the reverse transition resulting in the dissolution of these networks. Anisotropy in the mechanical response is also incorporated into the model. The model is then used to simulate results for specific boundary value problems, such as uni-axial extension and inflation of a cylinder.
2-Diazomorphine directed antiserum: determination of morphine in brain after naloxone challenge in morphine pellet implanted mice.

Abstract 2-Diazomorphine-bovine serum albumin (2-DAM-BSA) was prepared by diazotizing p-aminobenzoyl-BSA to morphine. Rabbits immunized with 2-DAM-BSA produced antibodies directed to morphine. A 50 percent reduction in 3 H-morphine binding required 4.4 pmol of morphine, and 60, 225, and 350 pmol of normorphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and codeine, respectively. A radioimmunoassay for brain morphine is described, validated, and used to determine if naloxone alters brain morphine in morphine pelleted mice. The apparent biological half-life of morphine in brain was approximately 52 hours between 24 and 72 hours after pellet implantation, and decreased to 1.25 hours after pellet removal. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) administered 24, 48, or 72 hours after implantation and in doses of 1.0–100 mg/kg administered at 48 hours resulted in either no significant change, or, in a few experiments, increased the brain concentration of morphine. The present experiments could not detect a fraction of total brain morphine that is reduced by naloxone.
Unstable module presentations for the cohomology of real projective spaces

There is much we still do not know about projective spaces. We describe here how the mod two cohomology of each real projective space is built as an unstable module over the Steenrod algebra A, or equivalently, over K, the algebra of inherently unstable mod two “lower operations” originally introduced by Steenrod. In particular, to produce the cohomology of projective space of each dimension we consider the well-known minimal set of unstable module generators and construct a minimal set of unstable relations. Three new perspectives we blend for this purpose are: • to focus solely on the two-power Steenrod squares that generate A to understand the A-action in a process we call “shoveling ones”, • to describe every element in a canonical way from a particular unstable generator by composing operations from the algebra K, • to shift attention when studying an unstable A-module to considering and analyzing it directly as an equivalent K-module.
714-2 Diffuse Cardiac Sympathetic Dysfunction Follows Implantable Defibrillator Shocks Delivered Through Epicardial Patch Electrodes

Decreased efferent sympathetic neural function has been demonstrated following g 10J DC shocks delivered through epicardial patch electrodes in dogs. To evaluate the effect of DC shocks on cardiac sympathetic innervation in humans, we performed 1–123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in 5 patients (age 46–73 years, mean 64) prior to and after receiving shocks from implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICD). Four patients had coronary artery disease (CAD) with prior myocardial infarction and one had an idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). All patients had spontaneous and inducible ventricular tachycardia. One patient was receiving amiodarone at the time of this study. One patient had had prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), and two had concurrent CABG at the time of ICD implantation. This study was performed during an ICD generator change in 2 patients and at the time of initiallCD implantation in 3 patients. Four patients (3 CAD, 1 IDCM) received epicardial patch electrodes, and one patient had a transvenous lead system. Baseline MIBG and thallium-201 scintigraphy performed g 1 week preoperatively and remote from any cardioversions or shocks revealed focal areas of reduced MIBG uptake in areas of thallium perfusion defects in all patients. Repeat MIBG scans were performed g four hours after shocks delivered during either the surgical implantation orfollow-up EPS. All patients had received at least one 24J shock (mean 2.4 shocks, range 1–4), In all patients with epicardial patch electrodes, there was minimal or no cardiac uptake of MIBG post-Shock, consistent with diffuse sympathetic dysfunction. In the patient with a transvenous lead system the post-shock MIBG scan was unchanged from baseline. This study demonstrates that following DC shocks delivered through epicardial patches there is diffuse cardiac sympathetic neural dysfunction, which may contribute to the arrhythmic “storm” that has been reported following some ICD implantations.
Imaging of extracranial occlusive vascular disease

The advantages, disadvantages, and cost-effectiveness of the imaging modalities used to diagnose extracranial occlusive vascular disease vary widely. The following article presents the characteristics and quality issues related to each imaging modality currently used to evaluate extracranial occlusive vascular disease. The purpose is to aid the surgeon in choosing or tailoring an imaging paradigm to maximize the quality of patient care in a cost-effective manner.
CO Oxidation on Pt/α-Al2O3(0001): Evidence for Structure Sensitivity

Abstract The oxidation of CO by O2 has been studied over model catalysts prepared by vapor deposition of Pt onto an α-Al2O3(0001) crystal. Reaction rates were measured for two particle sizes, 14 and 1.7 nm, in order to determine whether this reaction is structure sensitive and how the rates were affected by changes in the desorption kinetics of CO on small and large particles which had been observed previously (E. I. Altman and R. J. Gorte. J. Catal.110, 191 (1988)). For 10 Torr each of CO and O2, between 560 and 680 K, the turnover frequencies on the 14-nm particles were much higher than on the 1.7-nm particles, and the activation energy, 30 ± 3 kcal/mol, was much lower than that found on the smaller particles, 41 ± 4 kcal/mol. A simple model of the reaction demonstrates that changes in the desorption kinetics of CO with particle size can explain the observed structure sensitivity found in the reaction rates. The results indicate that adsorption studies on model catalysts can be used to understand the properties of real catalysts.
The role of diet in glycogen storage by juvenile bullfrogs prior to overwintering.

Abstract 1. 1. Juvenile bullfrogs from natural populations doubled their glycogen stores during their predormancy period, while their blood glucose and lipid stores declined. 2. 2. Glycogen stores were replenished in natural populations as food consumption decreased. 3. 3. Some liver glycogen was stored during fasting if the bullfrogs were collected in the storage phase of their energy reserve cycle, but the amount of glycogen stored was increased by feeding.
Lobar hemorrhage in the elderly. The undiminishing importance of hypertension

We sought to determine whether hypertension is less common in primary lobar hemorrhage than intracerebral hemorrhage in other locations and whether the frequency of hypertension in lobar hemorrhage diminishes with advancing age. We identified all cases of intracerebral hemorrhage in Greater Cincinnati during 1988 by review of hospital and autopsy records as well as computed tomographic and magnetic resonance scans. During 1988, 66 primary lobar hemorrhages occurred, constituting 46% of all intracerebral hemorrhages in those under 75 years of age and 34% in those age 75 and older. A history of hypertension was present in 67% of patients with lobar, 73% of those with deep, 73% of those with cerebellar, and 78% of those with pontine hemorrhages. Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 21% of patients with lobar, 27% of those with deep, and 47% of those with pontine/cerebellar hemorrhages. The frequency of hypertension in patients with lobar hemorrhage did not decrease with advancing age. The proportion of all intracerebral hemorrhages that are lobar does not increase with advancing age. Hypertension is nearly as common in primary lobar hemorrhage as in deep, cerebellar, and pontine hemorrhages, and its importance as an associated condition for lobar hemorrhage does not diminish with advancing age.
Two-Flow Capacity Region of the COPE Principle for Wireless Butterfly Networks With Broadcast Erasure Channels

This paper characterizes the full capacity region of the COPE principle for 2-flow wireless butterfly networks with broadcast packet erasure channels (PECs). The capacity results in this paper allow for random overhearing with arbitrary overhearing probabilities, arbitrary scheduling policies, network-wide channel state information (CSI) feedback after each transmission, and potential use of nonlinear network codes. An information-theoretic outer bound is derived that takes into account the delayed CSI feedback of the underlying broadcast packet erasure channels. For the achievability, this paper proposes a new class of linear network codes, named as the space-based linear network coding (SBLNC), that achieves the capacity outer bound. Further, the proposed outer and inner bounds are later generalized for the setting in which a transmission may be heard by its 2-hop neighbor(s), the so-called opportunistic routing scenario. When allowing the possibility of opportunistic routing, the proposed inner and outer bounds do not always meet. Numerical experiments, however, show that the relative gap of the two bounds is less than 0.08% in average. The proposed bounds thus tightly bracket the capacity region even when combining the COPE principle with opportunistic routing.
Mycovirus Cryphonectria Hypovirus 1 Elements Cofractionate with trans-Golgi Network Membranes of the Fungal Host Cryphonectria parasitica

The mycovirus cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) causes proliferation of vesicles in its host, Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. These vesicles have previously been shown to contain both CHV1 genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and RNA polymerase activity. To determine the cellular origins of these virus-induced membrane structures, we compared the fractionation of several cellular and viral markers. Results showed that viral dsRNA, helicase, polymerase, and protease p29 copurify with C. parasitica trans-Golgi network (TGN) markers, suggesting that the virus utilizes the fungal TGN for replication. We also show that the CHV1 protease p29 associates with vesicle membranes and is resistant to treatments that would release peripheral membrane proteins. Thus, p29 behaves as an integral membrane protein of the vesicular fraction derived from the fungal TGN. Protease p29 was also found to be fully susceptible to proteolytic digestion in the absence of detergent and, thus, is wholly or predominantly on the cytoplasmic face of the vesicles. Fractionation analysis of p29 deletion variants showed that sequences in the C terminal of p29 mediate membrane association. In particular, the C-terminal portion of the protein (Met-135-Gly-248) is sufficient for membrane association and is enough to direct p29 to the TGN vesicles in the absence of other viral elements.
Disentangling Robust Developmental Constraints From the Instructionally Mutable: Young Children's Epistemic Reasoning About a Study of Their Own Design

This study examines first graders' epistemic reasoning, in tacit “practical epistemologies” reflected in thinking about an investigation of their own design. I analyzed children's epistemic reasoning, following a design experiment scaffolding increasing regulation of scientific inquiry in a domain they studied in depth. Participants consisted of children in two first grade classes (n = 35). The study capitalizes on the final phase of the design experiment, wherein pairs assumed substantial responsibility for design and implementation of an investigation pursuing their own question. I conducted structured interviews with each pair, eliciting their thinking about their investigation. Forty-three percent of the children attributed uncertainty to their findings. Forty-nine percent transcended phenomenon-based reasoning in thinking about how to improve their study, reasoning instead in terms of relation between variables. Forty percent posited additional potentially influential variables, reflecting a tacit un...
Feasibility Study Of Charge Transfer Devices In HgCdTe/CdTe Heterostructures

Advances in epitaxial hgCdTe/CdTe material technology such as high crystalline quality and surface morphology have motivated the study of MIS devices and the current development of CCDs in these heterostructures. Results of MIS device studies in n-and p-type HgCdTe/CdTe structures are presented. Annealing in Hg atmosphere was used to obtain n 1014 cm-3 and p 5 x 1015 cm3. A native oxide passivation used in conjunction with ZnS has yielded high-integrity MIS interfaces for n-type epilayers. For p-type HgCdTe/CdTe, n+/p junction technology and ZnS passivation have been used to demonstrate enhancement-mode MISFETs. These results indicate the feasibility of MISCCDs in HgCdTe/CdTe structures, with particularly attractive features in n-channel (p-type) devices.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of Sarcopenia on Outcomes Following Intra-arterial Therapy of Hepatic Malignancies

Assessment of patient performance status is often subjective. Sarcopenia—measurement of muscle wasting—may be a more objective means to assess performance status and therefore mortality risk following intra-arterial therapy (IAT). Total psoas area (TPA) was measured on cross-sectional imaging in 216 patients undergoing IAT of hepatic malignancies between 2002 and 2012. Sarcopenia was defined as TPA in the lowest sex-specific quartile. Impact of sarcopenia was assessed relative to other clinicopathological factors. Indications for IAT included hepatocellular carcinoma (51 %), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (13 %), colorectal liver metastasis (7 %), or other metastatic disease (30 %). Median TPA among men (568 mm2/m2) was greater than women (413 mm2/m2). IAT involved conventional chemoembolization (54 %), drug-eluting beads (40 %), or yttrium-90 (6 %). Median tumor size was 5.8 cm; most patients had multiple lesions (74 %). Ninety-day mortality was 9.3 %; 3-year survival was 39 %. Factors associated with risk of death were tumor size (HR = 1.84) and Child's score (HR = 2.15) (all P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, sarcopenia remained independently associated with increased risk of death (lowest vs. highest TPA quartile, HR = 1.84; P = 0.04). Sarcopenic patients had a 3-year survival of 28 vs. 44 % for non-sarcopenic patients. Sarcopenia was an independent predictor of mortality following IAT with sarcopenic patients having a twofold increased risk of death. Sarcopenia is an objective measure of frailty that can help clinical decision-making regarding IAT for hepatic malignancies.
Capturing the user's attention: insights from the study of human vision

An effective user interface is a cooperative interaction between humans and their technology. For that interaction to work, it needs to recognize the limitations and exploit the strengths of both parties. In this talk, I will concentrate on the human side of the equation. What do we know about human visual perceptual abilities that might have an impact on the design of user interfaces? The world presents us with more information than we can process. Just try to read this abstract and the next piece of prose at the same time. We cope with this problem by using attentional mechanisms to select a subset of the input for further processing. An inter-face might be designed to .capture. attention, in order to induce a human to interact with it. Once the human is using an interface, that interface should .guide. the user.s atten-tion in an intelligent manner. In recent decades, many of the rules of attentional capture and guidance have been worked out in the laboratory. I will illustrate some of the basic principles. For example: Do some colors grab attention better than others? Are faces special? When and why do people fail to .see. things that are right in front of their eyes.
Conjugate Unscented Transform rules for uniform probability density functions

This paper presents a few novel quadrature rules to evaluate expectation integrals with respect to a uniform probability density function. In 1-dimensional expectation integrals the most widely used numerical method is the Gauss-Legendre quadratures as they are exact for polynomials. As for a generic N-dimensional integral, the tensor product of 1-dimensional Gauss-Legendre quadratures results in an undesirable exponential growth of the number of points. The cubature rules proposed in this paper can be used as a direct alternative to the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules as they are also designed to exactly evaluate the integrals of polynomials but use only a small fraction of the number of points. In addition, they also have all positive weights.
Starlink corn: a risk analysis.

Modern biotechnology has dramatically increased our ability to alter the agronomic traits of plants. Among the novel traits that biotechnology has made available, an important group includes Bacillus thuringiensis-derived insect resistance. This technology has been applied to potatoes, cotton, and corn. Benefits of Bt crops, and biotechnology generally, can be realized only if risks are assessed and managed properly. The case of Starlink corn, a plant modified with a gene that encodes the Bt protein Cry9c, was a severe test of U.S. regulatory agencies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had restricted its use to animal feed due to concern about the potential for allergenicity. However, Starlink corn was later found throughout the human food supply, resulting in food recalls by the Food and Drug Administration and significant disruption of the food supply. Here we examine the regulatory history of Starlink, the assessment framework employed by the U.S. government, assumptions and information gaps, and the key elements of government efforts to manage the product. We explore the impacts on regulations, science, and society and conclude that only significant advances in our understanding of food allergies and improvements in monitoring and enforcement will avoid similar events in the future. Specifically, we need to develop a stronger fundamental basis for predicting allergic sensitization and reactions if novel proteins are to be introduced in this fashion. Mechanisms are needed to assure that worker and community aeroallergen risks are considered. Requirements are needed for the development of valid assays so that enforcement and post market surveillance activities can be conducted.
Transfer of training: Effects of successive pretraining of components in a dimension-abstracted oddity task

Abstract An experiment was conducted investigating the effects of training two components of a dimension-abstracted oddity problem, oddity responding and attention. All S s were given a series of three problems. Type of oddity training was manipulated on Problem 1, and S s learned (1) an oddity response in a problem whose format was the same as the final transfer problem, (2) an oddity response in a problem whose format was different from the final problem, or (3) no oddity response. Attention training was manipulated on Problem 2. The results indicated that S s given same format oddity training and appropriate attention training were able to integrate that information on the final problem, that the probability of transferring the oddity response learned on Problem 1 to Problem 3 depended upon the similarity of the task formats, and that the two trained components tended to combine in an interactive fashion.
Amplitude integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG): has it found its niche in neonatal intensive care unit?

Houve uma mudanca importante no cuidado intensivo neo-natal de criancas com encefalopatia hipoxico-isquemica. Antes de 2005, nao havia uma terapia voltada especifi-camente para o cerebro e os cuidados eram limitados a suporte intensivo. Este consistia na manutencao de niveis adequados dada pressao sanguinea, correcoes de distur-bios acido-base e minerais/eletrolitos, no tratamento de convulsoes e suporte de disfuncoes orgânicas, enquanto se esperava por um retorno da funcao cerebral. A demonstracao de que a hipotermia terapeutica reduziu os niveis de obito ou invalidez em neonatos ≥ 36 semanas de gestacao com hipoxia-isquemia perinatal mudou a abor-dagem utilizada em neonatos com encefalopatia imediata-mente apos nascimento. Uma caracteristica fundamental da terapia foi que a mesma precisava ser iniciada ate seis horas apos o nascimento, com base em estudos laborato-riais de primeira linha utilizando fetos de ovelhas, e os mesmos confirmaram uma janela terapeutica relativamen-te estreita de aproximadamente seis horas apos um evento hipoxico-isquemico.
Product branching in the CO+NF (a 1Δ) reaction

Abstract The product channels for the NF(a 1 Δ)+CO quenching reaction, either chemical reaction with formation of NCO+F or physical quenching with formation of NF(X 3 Σ − )+CO, have been studied in a flow reactor at 300 K. Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the NCO concentration show that the spin-conserving chemical reaction is the main pathway. The yield of NCO was calibrated from the stoichiometric F+HNCO reaction giving HF+NCO.
Boceprevir: a novel nonstructural 3 (NS3) protease inhibitor for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection.

Chronic hepatitis C infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with hepatitis C related cirrhosis being the most common indication for transplant and a major cause for the increase in hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Treatment for hepatitis C has consisted of nonspecific immunomodulatory therapies that stimulate the immune system and inhibit hepatitis C replication. Pegylated (peg-)interferon and ribavirin have been the standard of care with an overall sustained response rate of 40–50% in patients with genotype 1 infection, and 80% in genotype 2 or 3. Recently, direct-acting antiviral agents, including boceprevir, have demonstrated improved sustained response rates in patients with genotype 1 infection when given in combination with interferon and ribavirin. Boceprevir is a structurally novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 3 (NS3) protease inhibitor that has demonstrated robust antiviral activity in HCV replicons. Clinically, in phase II and III trials, boceprevir 800 mg three times daily with peginterferon and ribavirin has led to improved sustained response rates in genotype 1 infection treatment-naive patients, relapsers, partial responders, and null responders. Phase II data have demonstrated that ribavirin is essential for optimal boceprevir response. Moreover, phase II data have suggested that a 4-week peginterferon or ribavirin lead-in strategy may reduce relapse rates and provide crucial on-treatment data for treatment response with boceprevir addition. Side effects of boceprevir when added to peginterferon and ribavirin are similar to peginterferon and ribavirin, though higher rates of anemia have been noted, with an incremental increase in erythropoietin use. The addition of boceprevir represents a major advance in patients with genotype 1 infection who are treatment naive.
Testing the portfolio balance model: A multi-lateral approach

Abstract This paper estimates outside bond demand equations from the portfolio balance model of exchange rate determination for five currencies. The approach used in this paper differs from other structural studies of the portfolio balance model in two fundamental ways. First, while previous studies limit the portfolio choice to domestic assets relative to a composite foreign asset, the model analyzed in this paper decomposes the foreign asset by currency. Second, exploiting the cross-equation correlation that arises from this decomposition provides more efficient estimates of the asset market parameters.
Combustion of straight glycerol with/without methane using a fuel-flexible, low-emissions burner

Abstract In this study, we present a fuel-flexible dual-fuel combustor to simultaneously burn methane and/or straight glycerol without preheating either glycerol or air by utilizing a novel flow-blurring (FB) liquid fuel injector. Product gas temperature, NOX and CO emissions at multiple locations inside the combustor are measured to quantitatively assess the flame structure, related to liquid atomization, droplet evaporation, and fuel–air mixing in the near field. For fixed total heat release rate, the impact of fuel mix on combustion performance is investigated by varying the methane gas and glycerol flow rates. For the same fuel mix, air to liquid mass ratio effect is evaluated by varying the atomizing air flow rate. Pure glycerol flame is also investigated to demonstrate the fuel flexibility and ease of switching between gas and liquid fuels in the present system. Results show that the methane combustion can assist glycerol vaporization to results in its rapid oxidation. In spite of the differences in the flame structure, profiles of product gas temperature and emissions at the combustor exit reveal that complete and mainly lean premixed combustion with low emissions is achieved for all of the test cases indicating excellent fuel flexibility of the present combustor using the FB injector.
High-performance capillary electrophoresis of glycoproteins: the use of modifiers of electroosmotic flow for analysis of microheterogeneity.

Abstract High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is rapidly gaining acceptance as an analytical tool for the study of biological macromolecules. In the present study, the utility of HPCE for separation of glycoproteins is highlighted using a pure ovalbumin preparation. Ovalbumin, the 43-kDa glycoprotein of avian egg white, is known to be heterogeneous in nature with at least nine different carbohydrate structures having been identified on the single Asn residue. HPCE separation in an 87-cm capillary containing borate buffer and 1 m m putrescine resolves five major protein peaks in less than 30 min under nondenaturing conditions. This effect appears to be specific to glycoproteins since analysis of the nonglycosylated protein carbonic anhydrase under the same conditions showed no enhanced separation. The sodium borate buffer is proposed to play a key role in the separation by preferentially complexing with the diols of specific carbohydrate moieties on ovalbumin. Addition of putrescine enhances resolution by slowing bulk flow through the capillary and allowing electrophoretic separation of what is deduced to be closely related glycoforms of ovalbumin. Dephosphorylation of the ovalbumin with either calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase or potato acid phosphatase results in a shift of all peaks to a more rapid migration time and is consistent with a loss of negative charge. This suggests that all major ovalbumin isoforms are phosphorylated to the same degree and that heterology among ovalbumin isoforms resides solely in the carbohydrate structure. The enhanced resolution obtained with the employment of longer capillaries and modifiers of endo-osmotic flow was not restricted to ovalbumin since partial resolution of pepsin isoforms was observed under the same conditions.
Advances in prostate cancer chemotherapy : A new era begins

Prostate cancer continues to be the most common lethal malignancy diagnosed in American men and the second leading cause of male cancer mortality. Over 60 years ago, Huggins and Hodges discovered androgen deprivation as a first-line therapy for metastatic prostate cancer, which leads to remissions typically lasting 2 to 3 years, but in most men prostate cancer ultimately progresses to an androgen-independent state resulting in death due to widespread metastases. Multiple mechanisms of androgen independence have now been documented, including amplification of the androgen receptor as well as signal transduction pathways that bypass the androgen receptor completely. In 2004, two landmark studies demonstrated a survival advantage in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients utilizing docetaxel chemotherapy, setting a new standard of care for this disease. In addition, treatments with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid and systemic radioisotopes have also been shown to have palliative benefits in this population. Building on these advances, several new traditional chemotherapeutic agents as well as new targeted therapies are under development.
PRESENCE OF THE SRY GENE IN TESTICULAR CELLS OF AN XX KALE WITH NEGATIVE SRY IN BLOOD CELLS

Testis differentiation is under the control of a testis-determining factor borne by the Y chromosome. SRY, a gene cloned from the sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome, has been equated with the testis-determining factor. Between 80 and 90% of sex-reversed XX male individuals have an anomalous Y in X chromosome translocation during meiosis. It has been postulated that XX male SRY negative individuals might experience testicular differentiation in the absence of the SRY gene. However, there is scarce information on the presence of SRY in testicular tissue of XX males with absence of the SRY gene in leucocytes from peripheral blood. We studied a 16-year-old 46 XX male who had hypospadias, bilateral gynecomastia, and 8cc bilateral testes with multiple testicular cysts. A testicular biopsy showed atrophic seminiferous tubules, germinal aplasia and relative Leydig cell hyperplasia. The SRY gene was studied by PCR and Southern blot analysis in DNA extracted from blood leucocytes using a SRY fragment as a probe, and only by PCR in DNA extracted from testicular tissue embedded in paraffin. The SRY gene could not be demonstrated in peripheral leucocytes neither by repetitive PCR nor by Southern blot analysis in the presence of adequate controls. However, SRY was present after PCR amplification of testicular tissue. We conclude that the SRY gene should be studied in testicular tissue for etiologic diagnosis in XX males who are SRY negative in peripheral leucocyte studies. This finding suggests that the SRY positive cell line in the gonad was responsible for testicular differentiation in this subject.
Seismic risk of base isolated non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings considering uncertainties and mainshock–aftershock sequences

Abstract Base isolation is a promising approach to retrofit seismically vulnerable buildings, but the supporting body of research on seismic risk mitigation through base isolation, particularly considering the associated uncertainties and mainshock–aftershock sequences, is deficient. Therefore, in this study seismic risk analysis was performed for an old non-ductile RC frame building before and after retrofit with base isolation. Various sources of uncertainty such as structural uncertainties, ground motions uncertainties and modeling uncertainties are discussed and propagated in the analysis procedure. A sensitivity study was also conducted to determine which structural parameters have the most significant impact on both the seismic demands of the un-retrofitted and base isolated building. A suite of recorded mainshock and aftershock ground motions was utilized to investigate the influence of considering aftershocks on the performance of these types of buildings. The study revealed that base isolation can greatly reduce the seismic risk for higher damage levels, as one would expect. More importantly, the results also indicated that neglecting aftershocks can cause considerable underestimation of the seismic risk.
An initial value method for dual integral equations

Abstract An initial value method is derived for a set of dual integral equations encountered in solving mixed boundary value problems in mathematical physics with a circular line of separation of boundary conditions. It is shown that the solution itself, not just a transform of the solution, of the dual integral equations satisfies a Fredholm integral equation. The initial value problem is derived from this Fredholm equation.
Evaluating a Social Work Engagement Approach to Involving Inner-City Children and Their Families in Mental Health Care:

This article will focus on increasing the ability of social workers to provide mental health services to urban, low-income children and their caretakers. A conceptual model for understanding the pr...
Formation of solar prominences by photospheric shearing motions

The formation of the normal polarity solar prominences in a magnetic arcade by photospheric shearing motions was studied using a two-and-a-half-dimensional MHD code, which includes the gravity, radiative cooling, simplified coronal heating, and thermal conduction along the field lines. It was found that a footpoint shear induces an expansion of the magnetic arcade and cooling of the plasma in it; simultaneously, the denser material from the lower part of the arcade is pulled up by the expanding field lines. Thus, a local enhancement of radiative cooling is effected, leading to the onset of thermal instability and the condensation of coronal plasma. The condensed material grows vertically to form a sheetlike structure leading eventually to the formation of prominence.
Pain Management Knowledge and Attitudes of Baccalaureate Nursing Students and Faculty

Pain affects approximately 76 million adults in the US. Though pain management has been targeted as a top priority, it continues to be inadequately addressed. Nursing faculty are in a unique position to significantly address the problem through facilitating the acquisition and utilization of knowledge by student nurses. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of and attitudes toward pain in baccalaureate nursing students and faculty to establish a foundation for a systematic and comprehensive integration of pain content in the curricula. The descriptive design included a sample of 162 junior and senior students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing program in Texas and 16 nursing faculty. The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) was used to measure knowledge and attitudes toward pain. A direct correlation was found between the level of education and the percentage correct score. Differences found in knowledge and attitudes among the three levels of students and faculty were significant (df = 3.173; F = 14.07, p < .001). Senior students nearing graduation scored only 68% (SD = 6.8) with faculty scoring only slightly better with a mean of 71% (SD = 13). Significant differences also were found in assessment of pain through case scenarios of a patient who was smiling and talking as compared to a patient who was lying quietly and grimacing (X2 = 37.13, p < .05 (df = 24). Reevaluation of the way pain assessment and treatment are taught is indicated. Further studies are needed to assess changes in knowledge and attitudes toward pain as curricular revisions are made.
Molecular parameters of semisynthetic derivatives of gangliosides and sphingosine in monolayers at the air-water interface

Abstract The molecular parameters (molecular area, surface potential, collapse pressure, dipole moment contributions) of semisynthetic derivatives of ganglioside GM1 and of sphingosine were studied in lipid monolayers at the air-NaCl (145 mM, pH 5.6) interface at 22 ± 0.3°C. The chemical modifications included alterations of the fatty acyl chain moiety linked to the 2-amino position of the sphingosine (Sph) base. The compounds studied were PKS-1 ( N -acetyl Sph), PKS-2 ( N -chloroacetyl Sph), PKS-3 ( N -dichloroacetyl Sph), PKS-4 ( N -trichloroacetyl Sph), Lyso-GM1 (ganglioside GM1 lacking the N -linked fatty acyl chain and the N -acetyl group on the sialic acid), Liga-4 ( N -acetyl, lyso[NeuAc]GM1) and Liga-20 ( N -dichloroacetyl, lyso[NeuAc]GM1). Relatively small modifications of the chemical structure of sphingolipids introduce dramatic consequences on their surface molecular properties. The absence of the long chain fatty acyl moiety and of the N -acetyl group on the neuraminic acid in Lyso-GM1 leads to a more condensed behavior and to an increase of the collapse pressure compared with GM1. The acetylation or chloroacetylation at the 2-amino position in Liga-4 and Liga-20 induce an expansion of the surface pressure-area isotherm and a decrease of the collapse pressure. The limiting molecular areas of GM1 derivatives, taken at the collapse pressure point, are consistent with the oligosaccharide chain being oriented approximately perpendicularly to the interface. Sphingosine shows a liquid expanded isotherm. The acetylation and successive chlorination of the acetyl residue at the 2-amino position of Sph cause a progressive increase in the limiting molecular area. The variation of the resultant dipole moment under compression, calculated from the surface potential values, suggests the reorientation of selective groups within these molecules that depend on the degree of intermolecular packing. Thermodynamic-geometric correlations on the basis of the molecular parameters of these derivatives suggest that small alterations of the substituent group at the 2-amino position of Sph could have large and amplified consequences on the type, curvature and stability of the possible self-aggregated structure that these lipids may form in aqueous medium.
Roles of the espin actin-bundling proteins in the morphogenesis and stabilization of hair cell stereocilia revealed in CBA/CaJ congenic jerker mice.

Hearing and vestibular function depend on mechanosensory staircase collections of hair cell stereocilia, which are produced from microvillus-like precursors as their parallel actin bundle scaffolds increase in diameter and elongate or shorten. Hair cell stereocilia contain multiple classes of actin-bundling protein, but little is known about what each class contributes. To investigate the roles of the espin class of actin-bundling protein, we used a genetic approach that benefited from a judicious selection of mouse background strain and an examination of the effects of heterozygosity. A congenic jerker mouse line was prepared by repeated backcrossing into the inbred CBA/CaJ strain, which is known for excellent hearing and minimal age-related hearing loss. We compared stereocilia in wild-type CBA/CaJ mice, jerker homozygotes that lack espin proteins owing to a frameshift mutation in the espin gene, and jerker heterozygotes that contain reduced espin levels. The lack of espins radically impaired stereociliary morphogenesis, resulting in stereocilia that were abnormally thin and short, with reduced differential elongation to form a staircase. Mean stereociliary diameter did not increase beyond ∼0.10–0.14 µm, making stereocilia ∼30%–60% thinner than wild type and suggesting that they contained ∼50%–85% fewer actin filaments. These characteristics indicate a requirement for espins in the appositional growth and differential elongation of the stereociliary parallel actin bundle and fit the known biological activities of espins in vitro and in transfected cells. The stereocilia of jerker heterozygotes showed a transient proximal-distal tapering suggestive of haploinsufficiency and a slowing of morphogenesis that revealed previously unrecognized assembly steps and intermediates. The lack of espins also led to a region-dependent degeneration of stereocilia involving shortening and collapse. We conclude that the espin actin-bundling proteins are required for the assembly and stabilization of the stereociliary parallel actin bundle.
Iterative Procedures For Signal Reconstruction From Fourier Transform Phase

Recently, a set of conditions has been developed under which a sequence is uniquely specified by the phase or samples of the phase of its Fourier transform. These conditions are distinctly different from the minimum or maximum phase requirement and are applicable to both one-dimensional and multi-dimensional sequences. Under the specified conditions, several numerical algorithms have been developed to reconstruct a sequence from its phase. In this paper, we review the recent theoretical results pertaining to the phase-only reconstruction problem, and we discuss in detail two iterative numerical algorithms for performing the reconstrucction.
Economic Principles and Economic Analysis

THE THIRD EDITION of Professor Brown's book' is essentially the same as the first edition. Since that edition was reviewed in this Journal2 with emphasis on economic ideas presented, the present review will consider the usefulness of the book as an elementary college text. The book is well written, as those familiar with the author would e:xpect it to be. The explanations are thorough, carefully worded, and cover the fundamentals of the discipline. I particularly like his description of the way free enterprise promotes the public welfare, while monopolistic practices detract from it. The discussion of the importance of the quantity of money in determining the price level or the volume of production is pertinent to the current "demand pull" and "cost push" controversy. The material is well organized and the instructor will not find the errors that are present in some hastily written contemporary texts. Compared with competing texts, which frequently run to eight or nine hundred pages, this five-hundred page volume may seem short. Despite its size, however, the book contains sufficient reading material for a year's course, since descriptive material of an institutional nature has been kept to a minimum and all statistical data and problems have been relegated to the appendix. Use of the appendix in this fashion has left the text unmarred by tables or diagrams-in striking contrast to most modern economics texts. For instructors who wish to make additional reading assignments, there is the supplementary volume of approximately two hundred pages. Professor Brown concentrates on the "traditional" fields in economics:
The range and kind of order in random tetrahedral structures

Abstract A hypothetical model for amorphous silicon was obtained by simple deletion of the 2-connected points in a random network construction of vitreous silica. The distribution of atom pair separations has five distinguishable peaks, the first two of which are essentially Gaussian. Detailed asymmetry of the third peak is largely associated with the variable geometry of 6-membered rings. Topological analysis of neighbors, in terms of the number of bonds traversed in a connected path, yields the shape of individual components which are overlapped in the pair distribution curve. Mathematical manipulation of the atom coordinates can be made in physically reasonable ways without breaking connections or significantly changing the structural details in peaks at the larger distances. Coordination or packing numbers for the average atom have been obtained from topological analysis. These are in remarkable agreement with the numbers obtained by the same analysis of the diamond lattice.
Trace fear conditioning is reduced in the aging rat

Auditory trace fear conditioning is a hippocampus-dependent learning task that requires animals to associate an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and a fear-producing shock-unconditioned stimulus (US) that are separated by an empty 20-s trace interval. Previous studies have shown that aging impairs learning performance on hippocampus-dependent tasks. This study measured heart rate (HR) and freezing fear responses to determine if aging impairs hippocampus-dependent auditory trace fear conditioning in freely moving rats. Aging and Young rats received one long-trace fear conditioning session (10 trials). Each trial consisted of a tone-CS (5 s) and a shock-US separated by an empty 20-s trace interval. The next day rats received CS-alone retention trials. Young rats showed significantly larger HR and freezing responses on the initial CS-alone retention trials compared to the Aging rats. A control group of aging rats received fear conditioning trials with a short 1-s trace interval separating the CS and US. The Aging Short-Trace Group showed HR and freezing responses on the initial CS alone retention trials that were similar to the Young Long-Trace Group, but greater than the Aging Long-Trace Group. A second aging control group received unpaired CSs and USs, and showed no HR or freezing responses on CS-alone retention trials. These data show that HR and freezing are effective measures for detecting aging-related deficits in trace fear conditioning.
Targeting of mRNAs to Their Sites of Unconventional Splicing in the Unfolded Protein Response

In this issue of Molecular Cell (Yanagitani et al., 2009) and recently published in Nature (Aragon et al., 2009) are reports on the importance of mRNA localization for unconventional splicing in the unfolded protein response, but the two papers suggests very different mechanisms in mammals and yeast.