cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomised clinical trial of multifocal contact lenses and contact lens discomfort

PURPOSE To determine how multifocal contact lenses affect contact lens discomfort. METHODS This randomised, participant-masked, crossover clinical trial fitted 84 uncomfortable soft contact lens wearers (30-40 years old) with single vision and multifocal contact lenses. Contact lens discomfort was assessed using the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8). RESULTS There was no difference between multifocal and single vision survey scores (p = 0.08). There was an interaction between lens type and age group (p = 0.05). CLDEQ-8 scores with the single vision lens were less symptomatic than multifocal scores in participants <35 years old (p = 0.01). Single vision and multifocal scores for the older age group were not different. Subjectively, those in the <35 year-old age group preferred the single vision lens for intermediate (p = 0.02), distance (p = 0.003), and overall vision (p = 0.002). In the ≥35 year-old age group, no lens was significantly preferred for vision. CONCLUSIONS Participants in the younger age group had more favourable wearing experiences with the single vision lens compared to the multifocal lens. The older age group, however, had similar wearing experiences with both lens types. While younger contact lens wearers may prefer the wearing experience with single vision lenses, some uncomfortable contact lens wearers approaching 40 years old may benefit from wearing a multifocal contact lens sooner in life than is typically practised.
UltraHigh Field MR Imaging in Epilepsy

More than one million people in the United States suffer from seizures that are not controlled with antiseizure medications. Targeted interventions such as surgery and deep brain stimulation can confer seizure reduction or even freedom in many of these patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, but success critically depends on identification of epileptogenic zones through MR imaging. Ultrahigh field imaging facilitates improved sensitivity and resolution across many imaging modalities and may facilitate better detection of epileptic markers than is achieved at lower field strengths. The increasing availability and clinical adoption of ultrahigh field scanners play an important role in characterizing drug-resistant epilepsy and planning for its treatment.
Accurate quantification and detection of Septoria glycines in soybean using quantitative PCR

Abstract Septoria brown spot, caused by Septoria glycines, is a highly prevalent foliar disease of soybean in the United States. Accurately identifying and quantifying the pathogen in soybean can provide valuable information for disease management. In this study, we describe the development and validation of a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to detect and quantify Septoria glycines accurately. Three sets of primers and assays were designed based on the polymorphic regions on the β-tubulin, the calmodulin, and the actin genes of S. glycines. Assays designed with the actin gene (Ac) were specific to S. glycines for both conventional PCR and qPCR. The assay designed with the β-tubulin (Bt) gene was specific to S. glycines only on the qPCR. The qPCR reaction efficiency of the Ac and Bt assays was 95 % and 98 %, respectively. The sensitivity of both Ac and Bt assays was 10 pg of S. glycines gDNA. The Bt assay was validated with field samples that had different necrotic areas. Symptoms of necrosis ranging from 0 to 30 % were significant and positively correlated (r = 0.87) to the S. glycines gDNA. The S. glycines gDNA was detected as early as 1-day post-inoculation in detached leaf assays. We expect that the assays reported here could be used for disease diagnosis and to better characterize the infection process of S. glycines.
Lower Hounsfield Units at the Upper Instrumented Vertebrae are Significantly Associated With Proximal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure Near the Thoracolumbar Junction.

BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density (BMD) on dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is likely a risk factor for proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF). However, prior instrumentation and degenerative changes can preclude a lumbar BMD measurement. Hounsfield units (HU) represent an alternative method to estimate BMD via targeted measurements at the intended operative levels. OBJECTIVE To determine if patients with lower HU at the upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV) and vertebral body superior to the UIV (UIV + 1) are at greater risk for PJK and PJF. METHODS A retrospective chart review identified patients at least 50 yr of age who underwent instrumented lumbar fusion with pelvic fixation, a UIV from T10 to L2, and a preoperative computed tomography (CT) encompassing the UIV. HU were measured at the UIV, UIV + 1, and the L3-L4 vertebral bodies. RESULTS A total of 150 patients (80 women and 70 men) were included with an average age of 66 yr and average follow-up of 32 mo. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 demonstrated HU at the UIV/UIV + 1 as the only independent predictor of PJK/PJF with an odds ratio of 0.94 (P-value = .031) for a change in a single HU. Patients with HU at UIV/UIV + 1 of 160 (n = 42) had a rate of PJK/PJF of 63%, 27%, and 12%, respectively (P-value < .001). CONCLUSION Patients with lower HU at the UIV and UIV + 1 were significantly associated with PJK and PJF, with an optimal cutoff of 122 HU that maximizes sensitivity and specificity.
TWO-PHASE, TWO-DIMENSIONAL, UNSTEADY COMBUSTION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; THEORETICAL-EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In a section of this paper, preliminary results are reported of detailed computations of two-dimensional, unsteady sprays penetrating and vaporizing into an inert gas in a closed volume (without combustion). In a second section, preliminary results are given of detailed computations of an unsteady, two-dimensional fuel jet mixing and reacting with an oxidizer in the presence of an inert gas in a closed volume. In a third section, a closely controlled experimental program on a single cylinder reciprocating engine is described which is designed to yield detailed measurements of the calculated quantities. /GMRL/
The Effect of the Pattern of the Environment on Spatial Knowledge Acquisition

In the literature, there is a question as to whether or not survey (map-view) knowledge can be acquired from procedural (route) knowledge. Specifically, Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth (1982) contend that in a new environment, procedural knowledge is the basis for navigation, but that survey knowledge is acquired with increased familiarity of that environment. In contrast, Lloyd (1989) suggests that there is no transition from procedural to survey knowledge. This particular study (in progress) addresses the geographical behavior of wayfinding, and more specifically, explores spatial knowledge acquisition and representation. It proposes a model for spatial knowledge based upon previous studies, the pattern of the environment (gridded vs winding or serpentine), and the source of spatial knowledge (direct navigation experience vs maps) and it attempts to discover, through experimental research, the relative accuracy of peoples’configurational knowledge by investigating the roles that arrangement of the environment and source of spatial knowledge play in the acquisition of spatial knowledge.
Efficient Internalization of IL-2 Depends on the Distal Portion of the Cytoplasmic Tail of the IL-2R Common γ-Chain and a Lymphoid Cell Environment

The common gamma-chain (gammac), a subunit of the IL-2R, is essential for high affinity ligand binding and signal transduction due to Jak3 association to gammac. Another consequence of IL-2/IL-2R interaction is rapid receptor-mediated endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex. In the present study, we establish that this rapid endocytosis of IL-2 in a T cell tumor line is dependent upon the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Deletion mutants of the cytoplasmic tail mapped this activity to 9 aa of gammac, 45-54 aa distal to the transmembrane region. In contrast, ligand-independent constitutive endocytosis of gammac occurred more slowly and was dependent upon a PEST sequence in a more membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Thus, this receptor subunit may use distinct sorting signals for its constitutive regulation and ligand-induced endocytosis. Rapid endocytosis of IL-2 was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, implicating a role for a signal transduction pathway in IL-2 internalization. However, one T cell line bearing a mutant gammac exhibited impaired endocytosis of IL-2, despite normal IL-2-induced Jak/STAT activation. Furthermore, inefficient endocytosis of IL-2 was noted after transfection of the COS7 epithelial cell line with the IL-2R, and further reconstitution of these cells with Jak/STAT proteins did not enhance this internalization. Collectively, these latter findings indicate that rapid endocytosis of IL-2 is dependent upon cellular signaling in lymphoid cell environment that is not solely a consequence of the presence of the Jak/STAT pathway.
TWO-YEAR NON-RECURRENCE RATES FOR EQUINE OCULAR AND PERIORBITAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA FOLLOWING RADIOTHERAPY

Seventeen horses with a total of 18 ocular or periorbital squamous cell carcinomas were irradiated with Strontium-90 surface therapy, or Radon-222, Iodine-125, or Iridium-192 interstitial implants. Tumors were surgically cytoreduced prior to irradiation in all but two horses. Follow-up data was obtained for 2 years in each horse. Two-year-non-recurrence rates (no grossly visible evidence of tumor) were 87.5% for 90Sr beta therapy, and 60% (70% when corrected for non-tumor-related deaths) for interstitial implant therapy. Data regarding frequency of occurrence, location of lesions, age of onset, and non-recurrence rates were similar to previous literature reports utilizing variable or shorter follow-up periods. The effects of cytoreductive surgery of the tumors was not studied.
Abstract IA5: Translating genetic discoveries to patient care

Next-generation sequencing technologies have changed the speed at which cancer genetics research can be performed and this research has fundamentally changed our understanding of pancreatic cancer. 1. Families: It has been estimated that 10% of pancreatic cancer has an inherited basis. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing studies have led to the discovery of several new familial pancreatic cancer genes including PALB2 and ATM. It is hoped that new multi-institutional collaborative efforts will dramatically increase the pace of discovery. Patients found to harbor a genetic alteration that predisposes them to pancreatic cancer will be the first to benefit from early detection efforts. 2. Cystic neoplasms: Some cystic lesions in the pancreas are harmless benign tumors, while others are precancerous. Lives can be saved if significant precursor lesions can be identified and removed, but there is a risk of over-treatment if the benign harmless cysts are removed. Whole-exome sequencing all of the four major types of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas has revealed a pattern of mutations specific for each cyst type. In the future, cyst fluid can be sampled and cyst type determined by sequencing. 3. Early detection: The genetic alterations in a cancer and in its precursor lesions offer extremely sensitive and highly specific markers for the early detection of pancreatic neoplasia. These genetic alterations can be detected in pancreatic juice collected at endoscopy and even in the plasma. 4. Invasive cancer: Genetic alterations in a cancer can be the basis for individualized therapies. 5. Metastatic cancer: The sequencing of metastatic cancer has helped define the timeline of tumor progression in the pancreas. In sum, and in short, these are exciting times in the war against pancreatic cancer. The translation of discoveries made by sequencing pancreatic tumors to patient care holds the promise for reducing mortality from this terrible disease. Citation Format: Ralph H. Hruban. Translating genetic discoveries to patient care. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA5.
Shedding Light on Preservice Teachers' Domain-Specific Self-Efficacy

The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice teachers' efficacy beliefs across domains in a reading-specific methods course. Participants were preservice teachers in a state required reading methods course. During this course, preservice teachers were required to work with an elementary student in reading and write a case study linking theory to practice. At the beginning and end of the course, participants completed a battery of adapted, domain-specific versions of the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale. Results showed that preservice teachers reported a significant increase in their sense of efficacy within each domain. However, efficacy beliefs differed with regard to domain.
Essential Elements of Specialized Middle Level Teacher Preparation Programs.

The reason for developing specialized middle level teacher preparation programs seems clear. Young adolesce ts need teachers trained to provide them with developmentally responsive learning experiences that give them the tools and knowledge to be successful. Haying determined that young adolescents are at a unique developmental level, experts in the field of middle level education have long advocated for specialized teacher training programs (Carnegie Council, 1989; Dickinson & McEwin, 1997; Jackson & Davis, 2000; Scales & McEwin, 1996). Recent research supports that stand (Giebelhaus, 1998; Lockart & Butt, 2002). States are slowly responding to the need for specialized teacher preparation programs by adding middle level certifi cates to licensing requirements (Gaskill, 2002). As specialized middle level preparation programs evolve and grow, there is a need to ensure these programs prepare middle level teachers according to the current best practice research. This article will describe a program at Berry College, a small, private college in Georgia recog nized for its teacher preparation program continu ously accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) since 1974. Using the National Middle School Association's (2002) position statement on the pro fessional preparation of middle level teachers as a guide, we applied the essential elements described in that statement to the development of the Berry College middle grades program. Georgia was one of the first states to require middle level certification and to have a number of schools
Lebesgue constants for certain classes of nodes

Abstract For each f ϵ C(I), let Bn(f) be the best uniform polynomial approximation of degree at most n, and let en(f) = f − Bn(f) be the error function. Denote the set of extreme points of en(f) by En(f), and assume that this set has precisely n + 2 points. If E( F ) is the infinite triangular array of nodes whose nth row consists of the n + 2 points of En(f), then the corresponding Lebesgue constant of order n is designated Λ n (E( F )) . For certain rational and non-rational functions it is shown that Λ n (E( F )) = 0( log n) .
Arthroscopic-Assisted Outpatient Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendons

This study presents an average of 43-month results (range, 23 to 75 months) of 82 arthroscopically assisted, outpatient semitendinosus-gracilis anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions evaluated with the Cincinnati Knee Rating System. There were 44 acute and 38 chronic injuries. The results showed no significant effect of injury chronicity on all outcome variables except knee motion complications. Additionally, no significant difference was found between men and women in regards to outcome. At follow-up, 93% showed complete or partial graft function, 98% had a full range of knee motion, 83% had returned to sports with no problems, and 92% rated their knee condition as normal or very good. The mean overall point score (0 to 100 scale) for all patients was 92 +/- 10 points. All patients with chronic injuries showed improvement from their preoperative status, including 11 who had articular cartilage lesions. Complications were few; only five patients (6%) needed additional treatment for limitation of knee motion, and no patient had an increase in patellofemoral crepitus. We concluded that this procedure produced desirable results and that patients with long-standing functional limitations significantly improved and were able to return to an active lifestyle.
Induction of an anti-viral response and 2',5'-oligo A synthetase by interferon in several thymidine kinase-deficient cell lines.

Abstract It has previously been shown that a strain of thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient mouse L-929 cells was unable to respond to murine β-interferon by induction of an anti-viral state and synthesis of double-stranded, RNA-dependent enzymes. Sensitivity to interferon can be restored by introducing into the cells a segment of Herpes simplex virus DNA containing the viral tk gene. It is shown here that not all Ltk(−) cell strains are resistant to interferon, suggesting that expression of a tk gene is not a prerequisite for response to interferon. Introduction of various genes into the resistant Ltk(−) strain, either alone or together with DNA containing the Herpes virus tk gene, leads to restoration of interferon sensitivity only when tk-containing DNA is inserted, showing that the activation of interferon responsiveness is not an artifact of the gene transfer, selection, and cloning procedures. The results imply that a component of the Herpes virus DNA introduced into the cells is able to activate interferon sensitivity.
Practitioner Papers: US retail executives' perspectives on the future of retailing

US retail executives' perspectives of the future of apparel retailing were explored in this study. Data were collected through personal interviews conducted at the 1996 National Retail Federation (NRF) Convention in New York City. Current and future changes in demographic, consumer behavioural and technological trends impacting apparel retailing were studied; current challenges in the apparel retailing field were discussed and future business strategies were recommended. Respondents' predictions include the emergence of a new competitive culture focused on the development of unique products and business strategies beyond price‐based retail competition. Retail executives recommend the development of niche markets and strong product development programmes. Based on study results, implications for retail practitioners and researchers are discussed with relevant hypotheses inductively generated from study findings. The research was funded, in part, by the Graduate Student Research Fund, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, Iowa State University.
Hydrogen assisted intergranular cracking in steels

Abstract McMahon suggested that interface decohesion at grain-boundary carbides and precipitates is the mechanism of hydrogen assisted intergranular cracking, HAIC, in high strength steels. In general, cleavage of grain-boundary carbides, adhesion failure or interface decohesion at grain-boundary carbides and precipitates, and crack-tip shear slip along the grain boundary could be the mechanisms of HAIC. Hydrogen reduces cleavage strength, adhesion strength and the resistance to shear slip; therefore, hydrogen assists intergranular cracking. A method of identifying such mechanisms is suggested. A generalized theory of hydrogen assisted cracking is deduced. Brittle crystals cleave on their cleavage planes. Cleavage cracking of such crystals is anisotropic. When the crack-tip stress intensity factor, K, is low, the tortuous cracking process from the anisotropy results in rapidly increasing Stage-I crack growth rate with respect to K. The mechanism of the crack growth threshold, KTH, is also discussed.
Anharmonic modulation for noise reduction in magnetic resonance force microscopy

This article presents a new modulation technique for noise reduction in magnetic resonance force microscopy. Applied fields are modulated at frequencies that are not rational fractions of the cantilever resonant frequency, thus avoiding overtones that contribute to the noise level. An on‐resonance signal is obtained because the nonlinear sample magnetization acts as a frequency mixer of the two modulation frequencies, producing a net force modulation at the cantilever resonant frequency. These techniques are experimentally demonstrated using electron spin resonance in a <15 ng sample of diphenylpicrylhydrazil.
Frustration in Infancy: Implications for Emotion Regulation, Physiological Processes, and Temperament

A study sample of 162 six-month-old children was selected from a larger sample of 346 infants on the basis of parents' report of their infants' temperament and a laboratory assessment of temperament. Infants were classified as easily frustrated and less easily frustrated and compared on a number of emotion regulation, physiology, and temperament measures. Results indicated that male and female infants were equally likely to be classified as frustrated and less easily frustrated; however, male infants were less able to regulate physiologically. Easily frustrated infants used different emotion regulation strategies and were observed to be less attentive and more active than less easily frustrated infants when observed in the laboratory. These infants were also characterized by their parents as more active, less attentive, and more distressed to novelty. Infants classified as easily frustrated were more reactive physiologically and less able to regulate physiological reactivity than their less easily frustrated counterparts. It is hypothesized that this cluster of characteristics may constitute a unique temperamental type that may have implications for other types of behavioral functioning. Limitations of the study are that observations are based on a single brief assessment of the infant, modest effect sizes were found, and the study is cross-sectional.
Understanding thermal energy and dynamic processes in subduction‐related volcanic arcs: Proposed studies in the Cascades

The importance of subduction-related volcanic arcs in the geologic record and in the record of historic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions is hard to overstate. Subduction-related terranes appear to be represented in the geologic record from the Archeozoic to modern times and account for much of the world's volcanic activity. Convergent plate margins stretching for thousands of miles around the Pacific, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean have some of the most active volcanoes and largest geothermal systems in the world. Many of the world's largest hydrothermal ore deposits are associated with calc-alkaline magmas injected into the crust as a result of the subduction process. The enormous deposits in the Andes, Indonesia, Japan, western North America, and other areas around the Pacific are examples.
Communication, conscience and the unconscious

Abstract Two sets of diagrams which have previously been used for depicting psychological theory in the realm of psychopathology ( Mowrer 1964, pp. 184–185; 1965b, pp. 244 and 248) are found to have implications and ‘power’ not previously noted. The first of these resolves an ambiguity which arises from the fact that Freud held that the psychoneurotic individual has an unusually ‘large’ and powerful superego (conscience), which Freud defined as the ‘internalized voice of the community’, yet one of the distinguishing features of neurotic and functionally psychotic persons is their tendency to withdraw from social contact and interaction. If the neurotic were indeed superego-dominated, he ought to be particularly well integrated and comfortable socially. As a result of re-examination of the second of these two sets of diagrams, it becomes apparent that psychoneurotic symptoms are not all of the same order: some (type 1), it seems, are produced by a conscience which, very far from being overly severe, has been disregarded and ‘repressed’; and some symptoms (type 2) are defensive in nature and serve, temporarily and destructively, to relieve the discomfort caused by type-1 symptoms. The task of therapy is to persuade the neurotic (‘sociotic’-cf. Van Den Berg 1964–is a better term) individual to give up his type-2 symptoms or defenses and to direct his attention and efforts instead toward modification of the behavior which causes conscience to produce type-1 symptoms. These propositions are considered in relation to the concept of repression and the unconscious, and to the general problem of communication and communication failure.
A Metropolis-Type Optimization Algorithm on the Infinite Tree

Let S(v) be a function defined on the vertices v of the infinite binary tree. One algorithm to seek large positive values of S is the Metropolis-type Markov chain (Xn) defined by
Fire may mediate effects of landscape connectivity on plant community richness in prairie remnants

Following the predictions of island biogeography and metapopulation theory, efforts to understand and maintain plant communities have focused on spatial attributes such as patch size and connectivity. However, despite a large body of literature, the effects of these spatial attributes remain uncertain, and accumulating evidence suggests that they may interact with local patch characteristics. Here, we assess the role of spatial attributes (patch size and connectivity at two time periods) and of patch quality (indicated by number of years since last fire, as this is a fire-dependent system) in determining plant species richness at 63 remnant prairie sites in Wisconsin, USA. Our results demonstrate significant main effects of patch size, with larger patches being richer than small patches, and of fire, with recent-fire sites being richer than fire-excluded sites. We also report a novel interaction between number of years since fire and patch connectivity. Historical (1950) connectivity was negatively related to species richness at recent-fire sites, but positively related to species richness at fire-excluded sites, while current (2000) connectivity and species richness were positively correlated at recent-fire sites, but unrelated at fire-excluded sites. Our findings indicate that measures of patch quality such as time since last fire can alter the association between spatial attributes such as patch size or connectivity and species richness.
Characterization of the pyrolytic oils

Capillary gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis procedures have been developed for the pyrolytic oils. The major components identified were ethanol; 1-butanol; isobutanol; acetaldehyde; furfural; furfuryl alcohol; 5-methylfurfural, 2-octanol, phenol, guaiacol; m- and p-methoxyphenol; o-, m-, p-cresols, veratrole; isobutyric acid; butyric acid; naphthalene; estragole; anethole; eugenol; 2-methoxy-4ethylphenol; 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol; isoeugenol; dimethylphenols; hydroquinone; 4hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene; and 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol. Included among the chemical processes occuring over a period of time in the pyrolytic oils are the formation of acetals through the reaction of aldehydes and alcohols. Under the low pH conditions of the pyrolytic oils, isoeugenol and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene polymerize readily. Other components which might polymerize under the conditions include eugenol, anethole, and estragole. A fresh sample of pyrolytic oil was hydrogenated in an attempt to stabilize the oil against polymerization. Hydrogenation of the oil resulted principally in the conversion of isoeugenol and eugenol to 3-methoxy-4-propylphenol and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene to 2-methoxy-4-ethylphenol.
Versuche zur Auffindung eines Alkalielementes von höherem Atomgewicht als Cäsium

Die Alkalien von 3500 g Pollucit wurden der Fraktionierung unterworfen: A Durch Fallung der Chloride mit Chlorwasserstoff; B durch Losung der Perchlorate; C durch Kristallisation der Sulfate; D durch Auflosung der Alaune.
Complications of loco-regional therapy in the liver—spectrum of imaging findings by CT and MRI

The aim of this study was to discuss the appearance of common complications from loco-regional therapy of primary and secondary malignant liver neoplasms on cross-sectional imaging. Knowledge of common complications is important for the safe performance of loco-regional therapy (LRT) and for the interpretation of post-LRT follow-up imaging. With careful patient selection, LRT represents an effective and safe treatment of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies; however, complications related to LRT methods infrequently lead to additional morbidity.
Fullerene Evolution in Flame-Generated Soot

Direct observation of the chemical evolution of flame-generated soot was demonstrated for the first time using real-time aerosol mass spectrometry. The data presented unambiguously show the transformation of particle phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into carbonaceous soot containing fullerenes. The mechanism of fullerene formation in the particle phase that is revealed is not consistent with conventional gas-phase formation mechanisms. This mechanism suggests the possibility of a controlled condensed phase synthesis of fullerenes.
High Power Klystrons

This paper will review the evolution of high power klystrons and their applications in supplying rf energy for linear accelerators. Other types of possible rf sources were considered for SLAC, and the reasons for the selection of klystrons will be given. A brief review of klystron types in use for various accelerators will also be given, but the emphasis will be on the work done by Stanford and its subcontractors in developing klystrons capable of achieving peak powers in excess of 20 MW and average powers of 20 kW for use with the two-mile Stanford linear accelerator.
Electron microscopy of human fibroblasts in tissue culture during logarithmic and confluent stages of growth.

Abstract The structure of human fibroblasts in the logarithmic and in the stationary phase of growth was examined by electron microscopy. The most striking changes in the fibroblasts as they passed into confluency were the dilatation of the endoplasmic cisternae, the loss of the polyribosome configuration, and the increase in the number of microfilaments. More subtle changes were the increase in the amount of condensation of the nuclear chromatin, and an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles.
On Control of Large Space Structure

Control and observation spillover effect minimization is one of the major concerns in the control of large space structures (LSS) where a well designed controller is expected to simultaneously provide enough control force and minimize the spillover effect. In this paper, we show that the spillover effect can be minimized by selecting actuator and sensor locations and choosing feedback and observer gain structures throtugh a systematic process. The proposed procedure is named as the target approximation method (TAM) since it imitates an idealized system as a desired target. The advantage of the TAM procedure over the H?, and classical methods is illustrated through a simple flexible beam example.
Formation of excited states by ion impact on surfaces

Abstract Impact of energetic ions on surfaces gives rise to a variety of excited states in the sputtered particles, in the reflected projectiles and sometimes of molecular species bound to the surface. Where the outer shell of the system is excited the state will normally decay with emission of optical photons that may be detected with conventional spectroscopy. Where there are vacancies in the inner shells the species may be detected by subsequent emission of Auger electrons or x-rays. The review provides a comprehensive catalogue of the available data and attempts to correlate the various observations. Optical emissions from sputtered and recoil particles are strongly influenced by radiationless de-excitation processes and this is incorporated into models that describe both line shape and line intensity. There is, however, no well developed description of how the excited states are formed. Thermal excitation models that describe excitation in terms of a Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium plasma are shown to be poorly founded. Alternative models ascribing excitation to bi-particle collision events have not yet been quantitatively tested. Inner shell excitation certainly appears to be governed by electron promotion events in the transient quasi-molecule formed by a projectile and target atom. We review briefly the possible applications of ion induced optical emission to the analysis of surface composition.
Tablet Granulations Composed of Spherical-Shaped Particles

A novel pelletizing process, spheronization, was used to prepare spherical particles for use in tablet compression. Dibasic calcium phosphate, acetaminophen, magnesium hydroxide, and sulfadiazine granulations were prepared and compressed into acceptable tablets. Tests showed that the spheronizing process resulted in an improved granulation flow rate and narrow particle-size distribution as compared to a conventionally processed wet granulation. Granulation reproducibility and change of size distribution with processing time were also studied. Tablets were compressed from all granulations, and hardness and disintegration times were determined.
The Practical Application of Promoting Positive Body Image on a College Campus: Insights From Freshmen Women

Background Body image disturbances and disordered eating behaviors are prevalent across college campuses and can lead to psychological and physical health consequences. Purpose The purpose of this study was to gain formative research on the promotion of positive body image on a university campus with the goal of developing educational programs. Method From an initial recruitment survey (n = 235), 30 female university freshmen participants were selected for semistructured interviews to discuss the influence of body image on the freshman college experience. Results Participants recommended continuing typical campus positive body image promotion activities, such as counseling services, support groups, exercise facilities, healthy eating options, and knowledge-based programs, as well as introducing more innovative approaches (e.g., building friendships, displaying more diverse bodies on campus posters). The most pervasive themes included self-acceptance ideas and a feeling of learned helplessness about findin...
Social and Emotional Development I

Immediately after birth, the behavior of human neonates is affected increasingly by the behavior of other people. There is even evidence that the behavior of fetuses is affected by the stimuli arising from others, particularly the mother (DeCasper & Spence, 1986). From birth onward, infants and those around them, primarily the parents, engage in increasingly complex social interactions in which the behavior of parents affects the behavior of infants and vice versa, and the behaviors of both are changed as a result. The characteristics of the behavior of one person that affect the behavior of another person are called social stimuli; and the behavior that both produces these stimuli and is affected by them is called social behavior. As with other stimuli, social stimuli can have different functions depending upon the history of an individual. For example, the social behavior of others can produce eliciting stimuli (either USs or CSs), motivational stimuli (i.e., establishing operations or EOs), discriminative stimuli (SDs), or reinforcing or punishing stimuli. As with the other forms of behavior we have discussed so far (i.e., memory, motor, perceptual, cognitive, and language), behavior we refer to as social shows a progressive complexity in terms of its interactions with the social environment. “Social environment” is the term used to describe all of the social stimuli that affect the behavior of an individual at a given time.
PREFERENTIAL ADSORPTION OF A KINKED DNA TO A NEUTRAL CURVED SURFACE : COMPARISONS TO AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NONSPECIFIC DNA : PROTEIN INTERACTIONS

We have examined the adsorption of different DNA sequences to mercaptoethanol-capped CdS quantum dots, ∼40 A diameter, as a minimalist model for nonspecific protein−DNA interactions, and compared these results to what we have previously found for Cd2+-surface-rich dots of the same size (Mahtab, R.; Rogers, J. P.; Murphy, C. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9099). We find that neutralization of the surface leads to no detectable binding, based on our luminescence assay, for “straight” and A-tract oligonucleotides, while a crystallographically “kinked” sequence does still bind, but by a factor of 4 less than that observed for a divalent metal ion-rich surface. The binding constants for both surfaces are within the range of nonspecific protein−DNA interactions. The kinetics of binding are also monitored and are compared to nonspecific protein−DNA interactions for large DNA fragments. Issues of biopolymer static bending vs flexibility are also addressed with fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments.
Software reuse at Motorola

High initial costs and a slow return on investment can make software reuse a tough sell. The author chronicles the ups and downs of implementing software reuse in a corporation that, despite its bottom-up, grass-roots culture, enlisted top management's intervention to proceed. Based on experience, she recommends that any group trying to implement reuse should first get support from top management and provide reuse training for engineers; second, provide incentives to support the program until reuse becomes part of the culture; and third, provide tools to help engineers. >
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES

The authors examine the magnitude of the economic and social costs of cancer for society with particular reference to the United States. Data are presented on deaths from neoplasms in 1975 by age sex and cancer site and color (ANNOTATION)
Visna DNA synthesis and the tempo of infection in vitro.

Visna virus is the prototype of the subfamily of nontransforming retroviruses that cause slow infections in vivo, and lytic infections in vitro. In this paper we present the first quantitative single cell analysis of the synthesis of viral nucleic acids, using improved methods of in situ hybridization; we identify early visna virus DNA synthesis as the rate-limiting step in transcription, virus production, and cell death in vitro; and we show that by manipulating the extent of early DNA synthesis we can slow the tempo of infection in vitro from 3 days to 3 weeks.
Gamma Irradiation and Enriched CO2 Atmosphere Storage Effects on the Light‐induced Greening of Potatoes

SUMMARY – Michigan-grown Kennebec and Sebago potato tubers were exposed to gamma irradiation in the dose range of 0 to 400 Krad and subsequently stored in atmospheres containing 0.03% to 15% CO2. Upon illumination with 3,000 lux for periods up to 20 days while maintaining the atmosphere, all tubers developed some greening. The tubers exposed to 200 and 400 Krad were inhibited from greening to the highest degree but suffered general quality loss. The levels of 10 to 20 Krad, which are suitable for the sprout inhibition of potatoes, did not cause significant inhibition of greening under any of the conditions of this experiment. Storage in enriched CO2 atmospheres inhibited the greening to the extent of 50% at 15% CO2, only upon prolonged illumination (12 days), while irradiation (40 Krad) was only effective after a short period (4 days) of illumination. Irradiation in the O–40 Krad range did not increase the inhibition caused by CO2. The inhibition of potato greening by irradiation was effective through a period of 5 weeks storage in the dark prior to illumination.
Getting along long distance: Understanding conflict in a multinational team through network analysis

Abstract Multinational companies (MNCs) create international teams to pool global talent and meet organizational goals. But the many differences among team members are fertile ground for conflict. While traditional conflict management techniques gather all team members together to resolve or minimize conflicts, geographic dispersion greatly increases the time, money, and disruption to daily workflow activities necessary to bring multinational teams together. We use a social network perspective to identify and prioritize conflicts to increase team effectiveness, allowing management to focus on the most critical conflicts first. Further, we show that the most critical conflict might not be between headquarters and country subsidiaries, but between two country subsidiaries.
Inspiratory aerodynamic valving in goose lungs depends on gas density and velocity.

Abstract The non-reversing gas flow pattern in the avian lung has been attributed to ‘aerodynamic valves’. A fundamental property of all aerodynamic valves is their dependence on inertial forces in the gas stream: sufficient reduction of inertial forces will cause aerodynamic valves to fail. If valving in the avian lung is aerodynamic, it should fail when gas stream momentum is reduced. We tested the dependence of the inspiratory valves in the goose lung on gas density and gas flow velocity. A bolus of tracer gas was placed in the tracheal cannula during an end-expiratory pause. Tracer gas appearance in a cranial air sac during the following inspiration and pause was used to deduce failure of the ‘inspiratory valve’ in cyclically ventilated geese. Little or no tracer entered the sac under control conditions, which approximated resting breathing, indicating highly effective valving. Lower flow rate or lower gas density caused increased tracer appearance, indicating valve failure. These results demonstrate the importance of gas inertial forces to normal valve function, and are direct evidence for the aerodynamic nature of the avian inspiratory valve.
Factors influencing infiltration‐rates into some california soils

In recent years considerable interest has been manifested in the study of factors influencing infiltration-rates of water into soils particularly by foresters and soil conservationists. The irrigationist is interested in this problem also, not alone from the point of view of the rate at which water enters an irrigated soil, but also in the matter of recharge of water-supplies by natural means or by water-spreading operations. The data herein reported were collected in studies of infiltration-rates in an orange grave at Riverside, California, in potato fields near Wasco, California, and in plot-trials and laboratory studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. (We wish to express our appreciation to N. D. Hudson, Assistant Farm Advisor, Kern County, California, who was responsible for calling our attention to the problem of poor water-penetration in potato fields, and whose cooperation in all phases of the studies at Wasco made it possible to conduct the investigations; to Kurt Keeker who provided the land and water, and assisted in the field-studies; and to W. E. Picker for assistance in the studies at .the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.)
DAD1- and DAD2-like agonist effects on motor activity of C57 mice: differences compared to rats.

Studies on rats indicate that DAD1- and DAD2-like agonists produce a biphasic action on motor activity, with low doses reducing activity below control levels, and higher doses initially reducing, then elevating, activity for a prolonged period. Although some of the reported effects of DAD1- and DAD2-like receptor agonists on motor activity of mice are consistent with their effects on rats, the possibility of species differences is also apparent. In the current study the effects of DAD1- and DAD2-like agonists on motor activity of C57BL/6 (C57) mice were determined to establish species consistencies and differences with respect to their effects on rats. The partial DAD1-like agonist SKF 38393 reduced the activity of C57 mice at low doses and elevated activity above control levels at higher doses, if the mice were thoroughly habituated to the test chamber. The full DAD1 agonist SKF 82958 also increased the activity of C57 mice, and along with the SKF 38393 results indicates a response to DAD1 receptor stimulation similar to that reported for rats. In contrast to the species similarity in response to DAD1 stimulation, the DAD2-like agonist quinpirole produced only a dose-responsive monotonic reduction in the activity of C57 mice, whether the animals were nonhabituated or well-habituated to the testing environment, male or female, young or mid-aged, injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.), and with either low or high doses. This apparent species difference in response to quinpirole might reflect distinguishable functional properties of the DA subreceptor systems.
Control of aperture closure during reach-to-grasp movements in parkinson’s disease

This study examined whether the pattern of coordination between arm-reaching toward an object (hand transport) and the initiation of aperture closure for grasping is different between PD patients and healthy individuals, and whether that pattern is affected by the necessity to quickly adjust the reach-to-grasp movement in response to an unexpected shift of target location. Subjects reached for and grasped a vertical dowel, the location of which was indicated by illuminating one of the three dowels placed on a horizontal plane. In control conditions, target location was fixed during the trial. In perturbation conditions, target location was shifted instantaneously by switching the illumination to a different dowel during the reach. The hand distance from the target at which the subject initiated aperture closure (aperture closure distance) was similar for both the control and perturbation conditions within each group of subjects. However, that distance was significantly closer to the target in the PD group than in the control group. The timing of aperture closure initiation varied considerably across the trials in both groups of subjects. In contrast, aperture closure distance was relatively invariant, suggesting that aperture closure initiation was determined by spatial parameters of arm kinematics rather than temporal parameters. The linear regression analysis of aperture closure distance showed that the distance was highly predictable based on the following three parameters: the amplitude of maximum grip aperture, hand velocity, and hand acceleration. This result implies that a control law, the arguments of which include the above parameters, governs the initiation of aperture closure. Further analysis revealed that the control law was very similar between the subject groups under each condition as well as between the control and perturbation conditions for each group. Consequently, the shorter aperture closure distance observed in PD patients apparently is a result of the hypometria of their grip aperture and bradykinesia of hand transport movement, rather than a consequence of a deficit in transport-grasp coordination. It is also concluded that the perturbation of target location does not disrupt the transport-grasp coordination in either healthy individuals or PD patients.