cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spaceborne lidar aerosol retrieval approaches based on aerosol model constraints

In the absence of auxiliary optical depth or transmittance information, or self-determination of same for specialized observing situations, aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles cannot be retrieved from lidar observations along a single direction without an assumption linking aerosol extinction and backscatter (i.e., the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio, or aerosol lidar ratio, Sa). Aerosol retrievals at 532 nm for the current GLAS and upcoming CALIPSO satellite lidar missions employ/can employ a look-up table approach to select climatologically based Sa model values for these retrievals when alternate, less uncertain methods for either defining S a or providing the needed auxiliary information are unavailable. This paper addresses a revised table look-up approach that incorporates two notable revisions for improved Sa selection which, as a consequence, enable more bounded aerosol retrievals. One is a refined, more bounded set of Sa values, both for 532 nm and 1064 nm, representative of a definitive set of aerosol types/models determined from an extensive analysis of the global aerosol solar radiometer network, AERONET, data base. The other is an accompanying set of key spectral ratio parameters (i.e., dual wavelength, 532 nm to 1064 nm, ratios of backscatter, extinction and Sa) also derived from the AERONET data which offer additional ways to bound the lidar aerosol retrievals. Thus, aerosol retrievals can be obtained subject to the constraints that the lidar data yield retrievals with spectral ratio parameters consistent with a given aerosol model (or models), to confirm the model choice and better bound the retrievals. Examples of retrievals make subject to these constraints are included as a part of the paper
Epistasis from functional dependence of fitness on underlying traits

Epistasis between mutations in two genes is thought to reflect an interdependence of their functions. While sometimes epistasis is predictable using mechanistic models, its roots seem, in general, hidden in the complex architecture of biological networks. Here, we ask how epistasis can be quantified based on the mathematical dependence of a system-level trait (e.g. fitness) on lower-level traits (e.g. molecular or cellular properties). We first focus on a model in which fitness is the difference between a benefit and a cost trait, both pleiotropically affected by mutations. We show that despite its simplicity, this model can be used to analytically predict certain properties of the ensuing distribution of epistasis, such as a global negative bias, resulting in antagonism between beneficial mutations, and synergism between deleterious ones. We next extend these ideas to derive a general expression for epistasis given an arbitrary functional dependence of fitness on other traits. This expression demonstrates how epistasis relative to fitness can emerge despite the absence of epistasis relative to lower level traits, leading to a formalization of the concept of independence between biological processes. Our results suggest that epistasis may be largely shaped by the pervasiveness of pleiotropic effects and modular organization in biological networks.
A sampling study of the size and power of tests for paired survival data

The paired-t, sign, and signed rank tests were compared for samples from a bivariate exponential distribution. Each is a valid α-level test. One test was not uniformly more powerful than the others for all sample sizes, α levels, correlations, and alternative hypotheses considered, but the signed rank test did well consistently. It was always preferable to the sign test and never was appreciably worse than the paired-t test. The relative performance of the tests depends on α as well as the sample size.
A Review of VHF Ionospheric Propagation

Although the very high frequencies (vhf,30-300 mc) are allocated for utilization almost entirely upon the premise that propagation will be tropospheric, there are very definite ionospheric effects with which one must reckon. These are: (1) regular F2 ionization, (2) sporadic E ionization, (3) scattering from regular ionization, (4) auroral ionization, (5) meteoric ionization. The first of these is predictable with reasonable accuracy and provides phenomenally good communication over great distances and with extremely low power. The second is far less predictable, but it also can provide good communication with extremely low power. The third is mainly a newly discovered phenomenon; although it offers intriguing possibilities for regular communication, it presents at the same time large problems in achieving that end. The fourth and fifth are so far only of nuisance value to the communicator. However, they are phenomena of great interest to the geophysicist, as indeed are the other phenomena as well. In this paper, the nature of vhf propagation arising from these sources of ionization is discussed. The maximum distance between path terminals for single-hop propagation is, of course, about 2,400 km for reflection from E region effects and about 4,000 km for F region effects. Multiple hops are rarely significant except from the regular F2 ionization at frequencies only slightly above 30 mc. A considerable amount of information is included on the nature of the ionization as deduced from the propagation effects. The work of individual investigators is extensively referenced.
EXAMINING GENETIC STRUCTURE IN A BOGUS YUCCA MOTH: A SEQUENTIAL APPROACH TO PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

Understanding the phylogeography of a species requires not only elucidating patterns of genetic structure among populations, but also identifying the possible evolutionary events creating that structure. The use of a single phylogeographic test or analysis, however, usually provides a picture of genetic structure without revealing the possible underlying evolutionary causes. We used current analytical techniques in a sequential approach to examine genetic structure and its underlying causes in the bogus yucca moth Prodoxus decipiens (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae). Both historical biogeography and recent human transplantations of the moth's host plants provided a priori expectations of the pattern of genetic structure and its underlying causes. We evaluated these expectations by using a progression of phylogenetic, demographic, and population genetic analyses of mtDNA sequence data from 476 individuals distributed across 25 populations that encompassed the range of P. decipiens. The combination of these analyses revealed that much of the genetic structure has evolved more recently than suggested by historical biogeography, has been influenced by changes in demography, and can be best explained by long distance dispersal and isolation by distance. We suggest that performing a suite of analyses that focus on different temporal scales may be an effective approach to investigating the patterns and causes of genetic structure within species.
De mundos vistos y no vistos: el carácter educativo del vudú haitiano

This article explores the educational aspects of Haitian voodoo, reflecting on elements such as the role of the “teacher”–apprentice relationship, the role of collective learning and the process of oral transmission of knowledge. This characterization allows us to observe the qualities of this religion and its strengths in building and maintaining the social fabric. The result is an exercise in correcting some of the mistaken assumptions going around about voodoo.
The Structure of High-Performing Project Management Organizations*

This paper explores how project management performance varies with the degree to which development projects are “integrated” with the organization(s) that manages them. Integration is measured over multiple dimensions and related to performance as rated by managers of 15 pharmaceutical firms and their 117 drug development projects. Preliminary results support the theory that “dis-integrating” the project from the traditional functional hierarchy can provide the “distance” necessary for high-performance product development.
The Influence of Hook Type, Angler Experience, and Fish Size on Injury Rates and the Duration of Capture in an Alaskan Catch-and-Release Rainbow Trout Fishery

Abstract Owing to concerns about the high incidence of past hooking injuries in Alagnak River rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, fish were captured with spin- and fly-fishing gear with barbed and barbless circle and “J” hooks to determine gear types contributing to injury. Landing and hook removal times were measured for a portion of fish captured, and the anatomical hooking location, hooking scar locations, bleeding intensity, angler experience, and fish size were recorded for all captured fish. Approximately 62% of fish captured experienced at least one new hooking injury, and 29% of fish had at least one past hooking injury. Small fish sustained higher new injury and bleeding rates, but large fish had higher past injury rates. Injury rates were higher for barbed J hooks, barbed J hooks took longer to remove, and fish caught by spin-fishing were injured more frequently than fish caught by fly-fishing. Fewer fly-fishing-caught fish were injured using circle hooks, and circle hooks tended to hook fish in ...
Infrared and Raman spectra of Cl2CNCl

Abstract Infrared spectra (250–4000 cm −1 ) have been obtained on gas, liquid, and solid phase samples of Cl 2 CNCl. The Raman spectrum of a liquid sample of Cl 2 CNCl has also been recorded and polarization data obtained. Vapor phase band contours, Raman polarization data, and characteristic group frequencies have been utilized in making the vibrational assignments for the molecule.
Relative efficiency of land surface energy balance components

[1] The partitioning of available energy into dissipative fluxes over land surfaces is dependent on the state variable of the surface energy balance (land surface temperature) and the state variable of the surface water balance (soil moisture). The direct measurement of the turbulent fluxes is achieved with in situ instruments at tower sites. These point-scale measurements are sparsely distributed. Broader scale mapping of the turbulent fluxes is mostly dependent on land surface temperature (LST) and optical/infrared vegetation that can be sensed remotely. There are several data assimilation approaches currently in use that intake sequences of daytime LST that attain different diurnal amplitudes depending on available energy and the relative efficiency of surface energy balance to infer the magnitude of surface flux components such as latent and sensible heat flux. In this study we perform stability analysis on the evolution of LST in order to provide insights into the physical bases for why LST variations can be used to diagnose surface energy balance (SEB) components. The derived relative efficiencies of SEB components in dissipating available energy at the land surface are tested using two field experiment measurements. The results show that the theoretically derived relative efficiencies of SEB components agree well with field observations. The study provides insight into how LST sequences implicitly contain the signature of partitioning of available energy among SEB components and can be used to infer their magnitudes.
Perceived Dignity of Persons with Minimal Voluntary Control over Their Own Behaviors

This study tested the 1971 contention of Skinner that dignity, or worth, must in the view of society be earned by voluntarily performing prosocial acts. Because scientific progress erodes the concept of voluntarism, in Skinner's view people oppose his scientific formulations to protect the concept of dignity. The main hypothesis of the present study was that persons accord intrinsic dignity to others which does not have to be earned through voluntary praiseworthy behaviors. As predicted, college students and adult members of the community indicated on questionnaires that they would accord dignity to newborn infants who could not have earned it and also that dignity is augmented or decreased by voluntary praiseworthy or blameworthy behaviors, respectively. This popular belief in intrinsic dignity, as part of human nature, supports a more humanistic approach toward any plan for improving the culture.
Coupled Size and Density Effects in a 2D-Rotating Cylinder

Radial segregation of particulate mixtures in rotating cylinders has been the subject of much interest in recent years. We present a systematic study varying both density and size of a single (or a few) tracer disks in a two-dimensional cylinder half-filled with identical balls, and find a complex interaction between size and density effects. Our tracer size ratios ranged from 1 to 16 and our density ratios ranged from 0.02 to 9.6 times that of the balls. We slowly rotated the cylinder, measuring the radial and angular positions of the tracers each cycle, and found several unexpected results. First, size alone did not cause a tracer to be found primarily at the cylinder perimeter (as is observed in equal mixtures) indicating the role of collective effects in the segregation of general mixtures. Second, we found that due to differences in the width of the radial position distribution for large tracers, size and density cannot be made to completely compensate in segregation effects. Third, the boundary in density-size parameter space demarcating the transition from segregation towards the center and segregation towards the perimeter shows a surprising non-monotonic behavior. Finally, the angle of cylinder rotation required to cause a tracer to cycle once depends only on its radial position not on its size or density, consistent with the notion that segregation is driven solely by the tracer’s depth within the avalanche.
How Much Statin Intervention Is Enough

Numerous large clinical trials have now demonstrated that lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with statins is highly beneficial ([1][1]). The intervention results in a significantly lower risk of both fatal and nonfatal coronary and cerebrovascular events in middle-aged men of European
Imparting Brønsted acidity into a zeolitic imidazole framework

In this work, we demonstrate the impartment of Bronsted acidity into a zeolitic imidazole framework, ZIF-90, via post-synthetically oxidizing the aldehyde group into carboxylate group to afford ZIF-90-COOH. The preservation crystallinity and porosity after post-synthetic oxidation was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction studies and N2 gas adsorption analysis respectively. The successful conversion of the aldehyde group into carboxylate group was verified by FT-IR studies, which resulted in remarkable enhancement of methylene blue uptake in the resultant ZIF-90-COOH due to the strong electrostatic interactions between cationic methylene blue and the anionic carboxylate group.
Land Values and Parks in Urban Fringe Areas

Y intent here is to comment on three or four things which I find of lMv some concern to the problems of the urban fringe. The first is to note something of the nature of the urban land market, particularly a basic role of market forces in determining land uses or lack of use. Following this is a related comment on the claim of agricultural production on resources in such areas, and a suggestion that there may be some social values associated with land uses which are important, but which are imperfectly reflected in the market. The last point concerns values for some such nonmarket uses of land, which may be useful in the allocation mechanisms in urban areas. There is considerable unhappiness with the present ragged nature of urban development. While documentation is poor, there are to be sure a number of well-recognized problems and costs associated with such expansion. The usual list includes wasted land, high cost and insufficient public services, high transportation costs, uneconomic rates of obsolescence, and others-created or aggravated by what has come to be the usual rapid and sprawling nature of urban growth. This uneven, discontinuous, hit-or-miss character of the growth is often cited as the chief deficiency of the urban structure. This is not to suggest that scatter is all bad; it may offer some offsetting advantages in certain cases.1 However, it seems that the problems related to this type of development are formidable, both in terms of social costs of uneconomic growth and in difficulty of dealing effectively with it. An examination of some aspects of land values as they relate or contribute to this pattern of urban growth is of some interest of itself, but further it is germane to other problems of land use in fringe areas. Given the process of urban growth, the scattered pattern of development or sprawl is just about what can be expected to evolve. Indeed, economists should be surprised if development did not proceed in this manner. And we might, therefore, become more aware of the effects of economic forces in the design of programs and policies dealing with the problems and the opportunities in the spread of urban areas. We have a number of devices such as zoning, public investments and loans, taxation, the power of eminent domain, and the public purchase of easements which have surely had an impact on the shape of expansion.
Aminopeptidase-A. II. Genomic cloning and characterization of the rat promoter.

Aminopeptidase-A (APA) has a widespread tissue distribution consistent with a role in the metabolism of circulating or locally produced ANG II or CCK-8. APA is also highly expressed in pre-B lympho...
Regulation of glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate in young Kyoto hypertensive rats.

1. Single nephron pressures, flows and resistances were studied in 17–18 week old genetically hypertensive and normotensive Kyoto rats resembling one another in renal weight, total filtration rate, morphology and number of glomeruli in the kidney. 2. Glomerular capillary pressures were similar in the two groups; however, the hypertensive rats had lower pressures at the end of the efferent arteriole than did the normotensive animals. Nephron filtration rates were similar in both groups. At the same time, the hypertensive rats had higher nephron filtration fractions, and their glomerular blood flow was lower than that of the normotensive rats. These changes in the hypertensive animals were due to their higher afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances. Despite their high blood pressure, the glomerular ultrafiltration forces in hypertensive rats were almost identical with those in normotensive rats. 3. We conclude that the regulation of glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate in young Kyoto hypertensive rats is due to a balance of afferent—efferent arteriolar tonus. The normal glomerular capillary pressures and low efferent arteriolar pressures of these animals are most likely the functional basis for the lack of structural changes at these sites. These results suggest that the Kyoto animal9s renal response to hypertension resembles that of most essential hypertensive patients, both in function and morphology.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, and electrochemical studies of bis-ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes bridged by dipyrromethenes

Abstract By combining substituted aromatic aldehydes and isoquinopyrrole in a reaction flask and heating the reactants in the absence of solvent two new dipyrromethenes have been prepared. The resulting dipyrromethenes show intense absorption bands in the visible region of the spectrum. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl groups were coordinated to the peripheral nitrogens of the dipyrromethenes to give bimetallic ruthenium(II) complexes in good yield. The ruthenium complexes display interesting spectral properties in the visible region of the spectrum with overlapping intra-ligand (ILCT) and metal-to-ligand (MLCT) charge transfer transitions. Bulk oxidation of the ruthenium(II) centers show a decrease in the MLCT and a shift to lower energy of the ILCT. These complexes may have potential solar cell or theranostic applications.
When Should Private Label Brands Endorse Ethical Attributes

Abstract This article examines to what extent and under what circumstances product-related ethical attributes (i.e., attributes that reflect concern about social and environmental issues) influence evaluations of retailers’ private label brands (PLBs). Two experiments show that ethical attributes enhance PLB evaluations in the presence of extrinsic cues signaling high quality (i.e., high price). In the context of extrinsic cues signaling low quality (i.e., low price), PLBs do not benefit from offering an ethical attribute. This effect is mediated by consumers’ product quality perceptions. A third experiment replicates the positive effect of ethical attribute presence on PLB evaluations in the context of high retailer reputation, and shows a moderating effect of consumers’ resource synergy beliefs. These findings suggest that PLBs benefit from offering ethical attributes in the context of higher-priced PLBs or higher retailer reputation.
Can Two-Dimensional Boron Superconduct?

Two-dimensional boron is expected to exhibit various structural polymorphs, all being metallic. Additionally, its small atomic mass suggests strong electron–phonon coupling, which in turn can enable superconducting behavior. Here we perform first-principles analysis of electronic structure, phonon spectra, and electron–phonon coupling of selected 2D boron polymorphs and show that the most stable structures predicted to feasibly form on a metal substrate should also exhibit intrinsic phonon-mediated superconductivity, with estimated critical temperature in the range of Tc ≈ 10–20 K.
New Product Adoption in Industrial Markets: A Framework for Analysis:

For marketing managers in firms whose customers are other firms, and for researchers interested in industrial buying behavior, it would be helpful to understand the process by which firms decide to...
Divided Government and Delay in the Legislative Process: Evidence From Important Bills, 1949-2010

Despite a robust history of studies examining legislative outputs, little is known about how divided government affects the policymaking process. This article examines these dynamics by analyzing t...
Tetrahelical monomolecular architecture of DNA: a new building block for nanotechnology.

DNA nanotechnology typically relies on Watson–Crick base pairing as both a recognition and structural element. This limits structural versatility and introduces errors during self-assembly of DNA. Guanine (G) quartet motifs show promise as an alternative to DNA duplexes, but the synthesis of long, precisely defined molecules is a significant challenge. Here we demonstrate a continuous tetrahelical DNA architecture capable of programmed self-assembly. We report that the homopolymer consisting of (G3T)3G3 monomeric units has the capability to fold into a monomolecular DNA tetrahelix with unprecedented speed and stability. For instance, in the presence of 1 mM K+ ions the dimer, (G3T)2, folds readily and melts above 100 °C. These findings have the potential to revolutionize DNA nanotechnology by introducing fast and error-free self-assembly of long and extraordinarily stable molecules.
Dermatologic therapy: December, 1979, through November, 1980

In this paper I have reviewed the literature on dermatologic therapy from December, 1979, through November, 1980. This information was presented to a forum at the 39th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology in New York in December, 1980. Readers should review the original article in toto before attempting any new, experimental or controversial therapy summarized.
Versatile in vivo regulation of tumor phenotypes by dCas9-mediated transcriptional perturbation

Targeted transcriptional regulation is a powerful tool to study genetic mediators of cellular behavior. Here, we show that catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) targeted to genomic regions upstream or downstream of the transcription start site allows for specific and sustainable gene-expression level alterations in tumor cells in vitro and in syngeneic immune-competent mouse models. We used this approach for a high-coverage pooled gene-activation screen in vivo and discovered previously unidentified modulators of tumor growth and therapeutic response. Moreover, by using dCas9 linked to an activation domain, we can either enhance or suppress target gene expression simply by changing the genetic location of dCas9 binding relative to the transcription start site. We demonstrate that these directed changes in gene-transcription levels occur with minimal off-target effects. Our findings highlight the use of dCas9-mediated transcriptional regulation as a versatile tool to reproducibly interrogate tumor phenotypes in vivo.
Additive-pulse mode-locked operation of a chiomium-doped forsterite laser

Additive-pulse mode-locking (APM), a well established technique for generating ultrashort light pulses, has been applied to numerous solid-state laser systems in the near infrared spectral region (see Ref, 1 and the references therein), in this paper, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, APM operation of the chromium-doped forsterite laser.
Eine konstruktivistische Perspektive auf Hybridität, Zugehörigkeit und Positionalität

Im vorangegangenen Kapitel wurde gezeigt, dass es erstens wichtig ist, nicht nur von einer konstruktivistischen Perspektive zu sprechen, sondern herauszuarbeiten, was genau damit gemeint ist. Zweitens wurde darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass die Komplexitat der Situation junger hinduistischer und muslimischer Jugendlicher berucksichtigt werden muss. Dies kann mit Hilfe eines Ansatzes geschehen, der verschiedene Differenzfaktoren wie Geschlecht, Ethnizitat, soziale Herkunft, Religion und Generation aus einer akteurzentrierten Perspektive berucksichtigt. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Uberlegungen setzt sich das vorliegende Kapitel zum Ziel, in Anlehnung an Berger und Luckmann (2007 [1969]) eine konstruktivistische Perspektive und im Ruckgriff auf verschiedene Konzepte wie Hybriditat, Zugehorigkeit und Positionalitat das eigene theoretische Verstandnis zu prazisieren.
Communication-Avoiding Parallel Sparse-Dense Matrix-Matrix Multiplication

Multiplication of a sparse matrix with a dense matrix is a building block of an increasing number of applications in many areas such as machine learning and graph algorithms. However, most previous work on parallel matrix multiplication considered only both dense or both sparse matrix operands. This paper analyzes the communication lower bounds and compares the communication costs of various classic parallel algorithms in the context of sparse-dense matrix-matrix multiplication. We also present new communication-avoiding algorithms based on a 1D decomposition, called 1.5D, which -- while suboptimal in dense-dense and sparse-sparse cases -- outperform the 2D and 3D variants both theoretically and in practice for sparse-dense multiplication. Our analysis separates one-time costs from per iteration costs in an iterative machine learning context. Experiments demonstrate speedups up to 100x over a baseline 3D SUMMA implementation and show parallel scaling over 10 thousand cores.
Abstract 5067: Casein kinase 2 alpha phosphorylation of cortactin governs actin cytoskeletal regulation of invadopodia function

Malregulation of signal transduction events controlling cortical actin cytoskeleton dynamics is responsible for to enhancing tumor cell motility and invasion. The actin‐binding protein cortactin facilitates branched actin network formation through activation of the actin related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex. Increased cortactin expression due to gene amplification is observed in many cancers, corresponding with increased tumor progression and poor patient outcome. In many cancer types, elevated Arp2/3 complex activation is responsible for driving increased migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by governing invadopodia formation and activity. While cortactin‐mediated activation of Arp2/3 complex has been well established, the objective of this study is to identify upstream signaling pathways responsible for modulating the interaction between cortactin and Arp2/3 complex in invasive carcinoma cells. We have determined that casein kinase (CK) 2α is responsible for disrupting the ability of cortactin to bind and/or activate Arp2/3 complex. CK2α directly phosphorylates cortactin at a conserved threonine 24 (T24) adjacent to the canonical Arp2/3 binding motif in the cortactin amino‐terminal acidic (NTA) domain. CK2α phosphorylation of cortactin T24 impairs the ability of cortactin to activate Arp2/3 actin nucleation as determined by spectrofluorometric analysis. Decreased invadopodia formation and ECM degradation activity is observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells with shRNA‐mediated CK2α knockdown, expression of a CK2α phosphorylation‐null cortactin mutant (T24A), and with treatment of the Phase I CK2α inhibitor CX‐4945 (Silmitasertib). Collectively, these data suggest that CK2α‐mediated cortactin phosphorylation at T24 is a critical event in regulating the interaction with Arp2/3 complex, identifying a key anti-invasive mechanism impacted by targeted anti-CK2α therapeutics. Citation Format: Steven M. Markwell, Amanda Gatesman Ammer, Erik T. Interval, Dorothy A. Schafer, River A. Hames, Scott A. Weed. Casein kinase 2 alpha phosphorylation of cortactin governs actin cytoskeletal regulation of invadopodia function. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5067.
Why Markdown as a Pricing Modality? The Role of Threat of Entry

Markdown as a pricing modality is ubiquitous in retail. In contrast, everyday-low-price (EDLP) is relatively rarer in practice, even though it offers several advantages (such as simplicity). Using a stylized model, we explore whether and why either of these pricing modalities can be an effective defense against a firm that enters the market with the alternative pricing modality to sell an identical product. Various studies have shown that consumers are strategic and heterogeneous in their reservation price. Similarly, consumers are also shown to be regret-prone and the anticipation of regret affects their purchase decisions. They may experience availability regret when unable to purchase a product due to a stockout, and high-price regret when missing an opportunity to buy the product at a lower price. When faced by a stockout at the markdown retailer, consumers may choose to spill over to the competitor. In such a market environment, we find that the possible entry of a competitor deters retailers from using EDLP, but not markdowns. We also identify a new reason (besides incentivizing consumers to buy during the non-discount period) for the markdown retailer to ration stock. In particular, our analysis show that rationing stocks at the markdown retailer is critical to maintain a sustainable equilibrium (as a defense against a possible entry of an EDLP retailer). We also show that consumer regret plays a key role in both retailers' decisions. For example, availability regret experienced by markdown consumers affects even the EDLP retailer's optimal pricing decision, while high-price regret experienced by EDLP consumers affects the markdown retailer's decisions. We show that high-price regret may intensify the rationing effect whereas availability regret may dampen it. Finally, we show that a failure to anticipate consumer regret results in up to 19% potential profit loss for the EDLP retailer whereas it results in up to 11% profit loss for the markdown retailer.
Find It Fast: Extracting Expert Information From Social Networks, Big Data, Tweets, and More by Robert I. Berkman

Column description. Books reviewed in the Professional Reading column will fit one or more of the following topics: reference and research services, user education, information literacy, personnel management in public services, relevant technology topics, access services, online searching techniques, and marketing/outreach, including services to distance learners. Interested reviewers can contact Todd Bruns.
Drug Metabolism, Drug Interactions, and Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Living Donor Liver Transplant Patients

Living donor liver transplant (LDLT) fills a critically needed gap in the number of livers available for transplant. However, little is known about the functional recovery of the liver in the donor and in the recipient after surgery. Given that both donor and recipients are treated with several drugs, it is important to characterize the time course of recovery of hepatic synthetic, metabolic, and excretory function in these patients. In the absence of data from LDLT, information on the effect of liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of medications can be used as guidance for drug dosing in LDLT patients.
The Country Wife: Love, Marriage and Sovereignty

No Carolean comedy has garnered such a range of critical opinion, some of which borders on moral indignation, for its prurient content as Wycherley’s acknowledged masterpiece, The Country Wife. Premiering at Drury Lane in January 1675, just one year prior to Etherege’s The Man of Mode and during the height of Carolean drama’s heavy proliferation of ‘sex comedies’ in the 1670s, Wycherley’s mordant play, which features not only a salacious libertine hero, aptly named Horner, who has deliberately spread the false rumour that he has suffered irreversible impotence after a botched operation for the pox so that he can seduce the willing wives of gullible and unwitting husbands, but also a host of equally libidinous and compliant women whose raw appetites for physical passion far exceed the boundaries of acceptable female propriety, has been labelled everything from ‘the most bestial play in all literature’,1 an Ibsenite portrait of contemporary society, an expose of male homosocial bonding, an attack on Hobbesian self-interest, a romping and innocuous comedy, an indictment against the age’s moral turpitude, a dramatised exegesis of masculinity, to anything else that falls in between the polarities of harmless farce and biting satire.2
Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias).

Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemia) results from underlying disorders that lead to alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Secondary dyslipoproteinemias may mimic primary forms of hyperlipidemia and can have similar consequences. They may result in increased predisposition to premature atherosclerosis or, when associated with marked hypertriglyceridemia, may lead to the development of pancreatitis and other features of the chylomicronemia syndrome. Diabetes mellitus and use of drugs such as diuretics, beta blockers, and estrogens are commonly encountered causes of secondary dyslipoproteinemia. Other conditions leading to acquired hyperlipidemia include hypothyroidism, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, alcohol usage, and some rare endocrine and metabolic disorders. When secondary and familiar forms of hypertriglyceridemia coexist, triglyceride removal mechanisms may be saturated and marked hypertriglyceridemia with fasting chylomicronemia might ensue. Treatment of the underlying condition, when possible, or discontinuation of the offending drugs usually leads to an improvement in the hyperlipidemia. Specific lipid-lowering therapy may be required in certain circumstances.
Network design in scarce data environment using moment-based distributionally robust optimization

We consider a distributionally robust network design (DR-NDP) model and construct an ambiguity set using marginal moments of random demand.The goal is to minimize the worst-case total cost over all possible distributions.We reformulate DR-NDP as a mixed-integer linear program solved by a cutting-plane algorithm.We compare the results of DR-NDP with the ones of stochastic programming and robust optimization approaches.DR-NDP provides more conservative results than the former and less conservative results than the latter. We consider a network design problem (NDP) under random demand with unknown distribution for which only a small number of observations are known. We design arc capacities in the first stage and optimize single-commodity network flows after realizing the demand in the second stage. The objective is to minimize the total cost of allocating arc capacities, flowing commodities, and penalty for unmet demand. We formulate a distributionally robust NDP (DR-NDP) by constructing an ambiguity set of the unknown demand distribution based on marginal moment information, to minimize the worst-case total cost over all possible distributions. Approximating polynomials with piecewise-linear functions, we reformulate DR-NDP as a mixed-integer linear program optimized via a cutting-plane algorithm. We test diverse network instances to compare DR-NDP with a stochastic programming approach, a deterministic benchmark model, and a robust NDP formulation. Our results demonstrate adequate robustness of optimal DR-NDP solutions and how they perform under varying demand, modeling parameter, network, and cost settings. The results highlight potential niche uses of DR-NDP in data-scarce contexts.
Oncoplastic reduction mammaplasty, an effective and safe method of breast conservation.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery (BCS) can enhance both cosmetic and oncologic breast cancer outcomes. This study evaluates the outcomes and complications associated with oncoplastic reduction mammaplasty performed by surgical breast oncologists. METHODS A single institution retrospective chart review of patients undergoing oncoplastic reduction mammaplasty by a surgical breast oncologist for the treatment of breast cancer. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were identified. The average patient age was 59.6 years (range 37–77 years). Average lesion span was 31.4 mm (range 3–166 mm). Six (8.5%) patients required additional surgery to obtain adequate margins. One (1.4%) patient developed recurrent disease during the follow-up interval. No major surgical complications were observed. CONCLUSION Oncoplastic reduction mammaplasty is associated with low rates of re-excision and complications and can be safely and effectively performed by appropriately trained surgical breast oncologists.
Trends in the management of secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in children.

Abstract Objective To define current practices in management of secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) in children by pediatric and general otolaryngologists. Introduction Bleeding after tonsillectomy is common. Our goal was to describe management methods across the U.S. Methods Questions regarding perioperative management and treatment in response to three hypothetical cases featuring secondary post-tonsillectomy bleeding were posed via REDCap survey. Comparisons were made for pediatric otolaryngology fellowship training, regions of residency training and current practice, practice type, and number of years in practice. Results A total of 400 surveys were distributed with 104 responses. Fellowship-trained respondents were more likely to have been in practice for less than ten years (41.5% versus 17.8%) and to practice in an academic setting (67.3% versus 13.6%). They were less likely to prescribe antibiotics after tonsillectomy and more likely to prescribe acetaminophen (98.3% versus 80.4%), ibuprofen (79.3% versus 56.5%), and narcotics (74.1% versus 50.0%) compared to general otolaryngologists. When faced with a post-tonsillectomy patient with visible clot but no active bleeding, pediatric otolaryngologists were less likely to remove the clot (31.6% versus 54.3%) and more likely to proceed to the OR (75.9% versus 56.5%) and admit the patient (87.9% versus 68.9%). Few regional differences were encountered; however, factors influencing the decision to pursue operative intervention varied by region. Conclusion Pediatric otolaryngologists are more likely to follow American Academy of Otolaryngology guidelines for tonsillectomy perioperative management. They also manage patients with secondary PTH differently than general otolaryngologists. Management trends are similar by region but salient factors considered in the decision-making process vary.
A cyber-physical system framework towards smart city and urban computing to aid people with disabilities

Cities are central to our human culture in the 21st century. Currently, more than half of the world's population lives in cities. Cities throughout the world and their linked infrastructure are rapidly growing. Large urban centers such as New York City, with outdated/over stressed infrastructures, are facing challenging problems when providing essential civil services to their ever growing populations. Such problems are magnified for people with disabilities. Upgrading and building new infrastructure alone is not always an optimal solution. The cyber-physical concept is to bridge the physical space we live in with the cyber space infused with the information collected from an Internet of Things (IoT) embedded in the physical infrastructure. Let us consider people with vision loss or other special needs; they may have difficulties in comprehending or perceiving signals directly in physical space, but they can make these connections in cyber space. These cyber connections and real-time information exchanges will enable and enhance their interactions in the physical space.
Between Cynicism and Sentimentality: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Political Ethic of Chastened Liberalism

The theologian Reinhold Niebuhr has also enjoyed a recent renaissance, being invoked admiringly by commentators across the political spectrum. Niebuhr was a major critic of Progressivism from a “realist” perspective, who emphasized the ineradicable power of selfishness and factitiousness in politics, which, he insisted, would always center on conflict over interests rather than the pursuit of a common good. At the same time, Niebuhr was a psychologist and moralist who was concerned with the roots of political evil – and with the political dangers not only of idealism, but immorality. Here I offer a reading of Niebuhr's writings, from the immediate aftermath of World War I through the early Cold War, as seeking to provide an account of politics and of human psychology that critiqued, corrected, and avoided the optimism and scientism that he saw as endemic to American progressivism, as well as the mixture of cynicism and dogmatism that he saw at work in contemporary radicalisms.
Vector Decoupling Control Design Based on Genetic Algorithm for a Residential Microgrid System for Future City Houses at Islanding Operation

in this paper, a hybrid residential microgrid system was considered for future city houses. It is composed of both AC and DC networks tied together through an interlinking bidirectional AC/DC converter (IC). The DC network contains the DC loads and the distributed energy sources (DES) such as Photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage. The AC network includes the AC loads and a synchronous AC generator as the only AC source in islanding operation in this system. The islanding operation at this level of the grid, prone the network to be more vulnerable to stability issues. Therefore, it is essential to obtain the best control parameters for the IC controller, which ensure sufficient power exchange and stable operation between the DC/AC networks. Consequently, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been used to tune the vector decoupling control parameters of the IC controller to find the best parameters combination to improve the hybrid grid performance. The proposed scheme maintains the system stability during various condition such as variable or pulsed demand and uncertain renewable power sharing. The tuned vector decoupling controlled sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique has been used to not only allow the IC to maintain stable voltage and frequency but also tracks the active and reactive power set points.
Assessing solar and wind complementarity in Texas

As wind and solar power installations proliferate, power grids will face new challenges in ensuring consistent coverage from variable renewable resources. One option to reduce variability is to integrate the output from wind and solar facilities with dissimilar temporal profiles of output. This study measured the complementarity of wind and solar resources sited in various regions of Texas. This study modeled solar and wind power output using the System Advisory Model with solar data from the National Solar Radiation Database and wind data from the Wind Integration National Dataset Toolkit. Half-hourly power production was assessed based on resource location, plant size, hourly load, inter-annual variability, and solar array design for all sites. We found that solar and wind resources exhibit complementary peaks in production on an annual and daily level and that West and South Texas wind resources also exhibit complementarity. Pairings of West Texas wind with solar power or South Texas wind sites yield the highest firm capacity. Solar farms are better suited for providing power during summertime hours of peak demand, whereas wind farms are better for winter. Taken together, our results suggest that Texas renewable power production can be made more reliable by combining resources of different types and locations.
Bringing polar topics into the classroom: Teacher knowledge, practices, and needs

Results from a national needs assessment survey advertised through science teacher networks with the title “Polar Education—Teacher Input Needed” showed that the majority (90%) of teachers that res...
Demystifying the asymmetry-amplifying, autocatalytic behaviour of the Soai reaction through structural, mechanistic and computational studies

The Soai reaction has profoundly impacted chemists' perspective of autocatalysis, chiral symmetry breaking, absolute asymmetric synthesis and its role in the origin of biological homochirality. Here we describe the unprecedented observation of asymmetry-amplifying autocatalysis in the alkylation of 5-(trimethylsilylethynyl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde using diisopropylzinc. Kinetic studies with a surrogate substrate and spectroscopic analysis of a series of zinc alkoxides that incorporate specific structural mutations reveal a 'pyridine-assisted cube escape'. The new tetrameric cluster functions as a catalyst that activates the substrate through a two-point binding mode and poises a coordinated diisopropylzinc moiety for alkyl group transfer. Transition-state models leading to both the homochiral and heterochiral products were validated by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, experimental and computational analysis of the heterochiral complex provides a definitive explanation for the nonlinear behaviour of this system. Our deconstruction of the Soai system reveals the structural logic for autocatalyst evolution, function and substrate compatibility-a central mechanistic aspect of this iconic transformation.
Superconductors with Impurities

In this Chapter, we will continue our field-theoretical description of superconductors, taking into consideration ordinary and magnetic impurities. The inclusion of ordinary impurities will simplify dynamic description of superconductivity in many ways. First of all, the isotropic Fermi-liquid model of metals will become valid. Second, superconductors will become “Londonized”, i.e., their dynamics will become local. The inclusion of magnetic impurities will deliver a surprising result: gapless superconductivity, which will shine additional light into the essence of Bose-condensate of Cooper pairs. For this type of superconductor, it will become possible to derive the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations. This is the simplest case of validity for these equations, which we exclusively used in Part I.