cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied photo interpretation for airbrush cartography

Lunar and planetary exploration has required the development of new techniques of cartographic portrayal. Conventional photo-interpretive methods employing size, shape, shadow, tone, pattern, and texture are applied to computer-processed satellite television images. Comparative judgements are affected by illumination, resolution, variations in surface coloration, and transmission or processing artifacts. The portrayal of tonal densities in a relief illustration is performed using a unique airbrush technique derived from hill-shading of contour maps. The control of tone and line quality is essential because the mid-gray to dark tone densities must be finalized prior to the addition of highlights to the drawing. This is done with an electric eraser until the drawing is completed. The drawing density is controlled with a reflectance-reading densitometer to meet certain density guidelines. The versatility of planetary photo-interpretive methods for airbrushed map portrayals is demonstrated by the application of these techniques to the synthesis of nonrelief data.
Combustion Behavior of Highly Energetic Thermites: Nano versus Micron Composites

Combustion behavior of energetic composite materials was experimentally examined for the purpose of evaluating the unique properties of nano-scale compared with traditional micron-scale particulate media. Behavior of composite systems composed of aluminum (Al) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) were studied as a function of Al particle size, equivalence ratio and bulk density. Samples were prepared by mechanically mixing individual fuel and oxidizer particles and combustion experiments included measurements of ignition and flame propagation behavior. Ignition was achieved using a 50-W CO2 laser and combustion velocities were measured from photographic data. Reaction kinetics were studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicate that the incorporation of nano-Al particles (1) significantly reduces ignition temperatures and (2) produces unique reaction behavior that can be attributed to a different chemical kinetic mechanism than observed with micron-Al particles.
A Performance Comparison of Tree Data Structures for N-Body Simulation

We present a performance comparison of tree data structures for N-body simulation. The tree data structures examined are the balanced binary tree and the Barnes?Hut (BH) tree. Previous work has compared the performance of BH trees with that of nearest-neighbor trees and the fast multipole method, but the relative merits of BH and binary trees have not been compared systematically. In carrying out this work, a very general computational tool which permits controlled comparison of different tree algorithms was developed. The test problems of interest involve both long-range physics (e.g., gravity) and short-range physics (e.g., smoothed particle hydrodynamics). Our findings show that the Barnes?Hut tree outperforms the binary tree in both cases. However, we present a modified binary tree which is competitive with the Barnes?Hut tree for long-range physics and superior for short-range physics. Thus, if the local search time is a significant portion of the computational effort, a binary tree could offer performance advantages. This result is of particular interest since short-range searches are common in many areas of computational physics, as well as areas outside the scope of N-body simulation such as computational geometry. The possible reasons for this are outlined and suggestions for future algorithm evaluations are given.
Geriatric Psychiatry Patients’ Care by Primary Care Physicians

Primary care physicians were surveyed regarding their perceptions from recall of psychiatric disorders in, and their use of treatment approaches for, their geriatric patients. Affective disorders, organic mental siyndrome, and generalized anxiety disorders were the three most common problems reported, and they were felt to be among the three most common problems by 89%, 56%, and 39% of the physicians. respectively. The three most common disorders for which they sought psychiatric consultation or referral were affective disorders, “psychosis,” and organic mental syndrome, by 61%, 22%, and 18% of the respondents. The use of various psychiatric treatments and various sources of consultation and referral are analyzed and reported by age, primary care specialty, and practice setting of responding physicians.
STABILITY OF MONEY DEMAND UNDER INTEREST‐FREE VERSUS INTEREST‐BASED BANKING SYSTEM

This study examines empirically the stability of the demand for money under two different financial systems. One system pays interest on money deposited at the bank and charges interest on bank loans; the other does not pay interest on money deposited in the bank, and enters into a profit‐sharing contract with the bank borrower instead of charging interest on bank loans. The first system resembles the western financial system and the second resembles the Islamic financial system. A study by Darrat (1988) studies the behavior of demand for money in Tunisia, and concluded that interest‐free money is more stable than the interest‐bearing money. The behavior of demand for money in fifteen countries has been analyzed in this research in order to find out if the findings by Darrat (1988) are applicable to other countries that practice Islamic banking. This study finds that the velocity of money and its variance are lower for interest‐ free banking system than for interest‐bearing banking system. This result may support the hypothesis that interest‐free money is more stable than interest‐bearing money. The monetary policy implications of interest‐free banking are also analyzed.
Modified-fano and K-matrix approaches to the resonant nuclear reactions

Abstract Reformulation is made of the general Fano approach to allow a non-orthogonal basis to be taken as a starting point. The K-matrix approach is also reformulated so that expressions for the S-matrix and other related quantities are given very compactly, even when there are continuum-continuum interactions. Applying these formulae, some numerical calculations are made for isobaric analog resonances.
Targeting α7-containing nicotinic receptors on neurons to distal locations

Abstract Nicotinic receptors containing the α7 gene product are widely expressed in the nervous system and have a high relative permeability to Ca 2+ . This permits them to influence a variety of Ca 2+ -dependent events in neurons. On chick ciliary ganglion neurons, the receptors are concentrated on somatic spines and contribute directly to postsynaptic signaling. Receptors containing the α7 gene product can also be found in the chick sciatic nerve being transported to distal locations. Both motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons are candidate sources of the receptors since both extend processes into the nerve and synthesize α7 protein. Immunoprecipitation assays with subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies and pharmacological comparisons fail to detect differences between sciatic nerve and ciliary ganglion α7-containing receptors. Cell-specific machinery and receptor posttranslational modifications may determine which sites the receptors populate.
Cenozoic thermal, mechanical and tectonic evolution of the Rio Grande rift

Two areas of New Mexico which exhibit complex but similar Cenozoic histories of extensional tectonism are analyzed. The first study area is the Basin and Range province and southern Rio Gande rift in southern New Mexico; the second study area is the central Rio Grande rift in central and northern New Mexico, the southern San Luis basin, the Espanola basin, and the Albuquerque basin. Two phases of extension were identified: the first phase which began in mid-Oligocene was characterized by local high-strain extension events, low-angle faulting, and the development of broad, shallow basins, all indicating an approximately NE-SW + or - 25 deg extension direction; the later phase which occurred primarily in the late Miocene, was characterized by synchronous, high-angle faulting, resulting in large vertical strains which produced the modern Rio Grande rift morphology. Extension direction was approximately E-W. Geotherms were estimated and lithospheric strength curves were calculated for these two phases of extension. A high geotherm was deduced for the early phase resulting in a shallow crustal brittle transition, and insignificant mantle strength. The lithosphere subsequently cooled, resulting in a significant zone of mantle strength beneath the Moho. It is concluded that the interrelationship among regional and local prerifting, synrifting, and postrifting events in the Rio Grande rift attests to the fact that the rifting (in the region studied) should be considered in the context of other geologic events.
Bilateral Mandibular Condylar Fractures with Associated External Auditory Canal Fractures and Otorrhagia

A rare case of bilateral mandibular condylar fractures associated with bilateral external auditory canal fractures and otorrhagia is reported. The more severe external auditory canal fracture was present on the side of high condylar fracture, and the less severe external auditory canal fracture was ipsilateral to the condylar neck fracture. A mechanism of injury is proposed to account for such findings.
Analyses and simulations of longitudinal motion in μ-recirculating linacs

Abstract We present an analysis of an acceleration scenario for a high-energy μ + μ − collider. Acceleration from GeV to TeV energies is required, accompanied by bunch compression to collider-scale bunch lengths. The baseline scenario is a cascade of recirculating linacs (RLAs), with each linac increasing the beam energy by an order of magnitude. Bunch compression can occur both in the linacs themselves and in the transports connecting linacs. Constraints on acceleration design are discussed, and possible scenarios are developed. A simulation tool for RLA acceleration is presented and simulations of acceleration are described. Wakefield effects are included. Implications for μ + μ − collider scenario development are discussed, and directions for further studies are indicated.
Input voltage control of SEPIC for maximum power point tracking

The SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) topology is an excellent choice for a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter in small solar energy systems. To achieve MPPT, the input voltage of the SEPIC, corresponding to the photovoltaic (PV) module's output voltage, must be regulated. In this paper, a model is derived with the voltage on the input capacitor as the plant output. The model is used to design a closed-loop controller to regulate the PV module voltage to match the output of an MPPT algorithm. Simulation and experimental validation are given.
Detecting Mechanochemical Degradation of Nitrocellulose by Combining Dynamic Mechanical Analysis with Mass Spectrometry

Dynamic mechanical analysis is combined with mass spectrometry to study nitrocellulose under oscillating strain At a constant temperature (150-160°C) and frequency (400-600 Hz) nitrocellulose fractures demonstrating a modulus drop and release of products with m/z: 30 and 44. At linear heating (2 °C . min -1 ) and a frequency of 10-50 Hz similar products are released in two steps, the second of which demonstrates a modulus drop and a temperature increase indicating ignition.
The Right-Radical Ideology in the Hungarian Army, 1921–23

The army’s contribution to the success of the Hungarian counter-revolution of 1919–20 has been well documented. The formation of a new National Army (Nemzeti Hadsereg) in the southern Hungarian town of Szeged in June 1919, its subsequent march across western Hungary and into Budapest, its initial responsibility for the restoration of law and order and the ensuing ‘white terror’ carried out by some of its soldiers have all received considerable attention. From 1921 onwards, the new regime consolidated its position, the ‘white terror’ subsided; the civilian authorities reasserted their authority; and the army was, in the words of Andrew Janos, driven ‘off the streets and out of politics’. In assessing the army’s response to this reduction in its political influence, differences of opinion have emerged among historians. For Marxist historians, the army was always merely a tool of ‘class interests’. As Istvan Pataki puts it, the regime had ‘brutally and efficiently’ consolidated its position; ‘it dressed itself in a more constitutional form’ and the army’s political role was ended. Any tensions between the army and the civilian administration were an unimportant consequence of this ‘changing of the guard’. The official history of Hungary published in 1976 presented an almost identical argument, claiming that the only difference between the pre-1921 and the post-1921 army was a change of ‘methods’: the ‘extremist bureaucratic-military layer [. . .] was merely driven into the background’. Lorand Dombrady presents a more complex assessment. He argues that foreign policy prerogatives (the requirements of the Trianon peace treaty, the desire to break out of diplomatic isolation and the need for a foreign loan) led the government to drastically curtail the army’s political influence. The army’s leaders, however, far from passively accepting this, ‘felt that they had been sidelined’; were dissatisfied because ‘they could not take part, in a manner fitting to their capacity in the running of the country’; had ‘differences of outlook
The frequency of monetary compensation for salesmen

Abstract Sales managers have recognized that money is the primary means for motivating salespeople. Although much has been written about compensation plans, the focus of these efforts has been on objectives, type of plan, and size of reward. Little emphasis, however, has been directed to the frequency with which salespeople actually receive compensation. Research from nonmanagerial disciplines suggests the use of different schedules of compensation may positively affect sales-force motivation. The article outlines alternative compensation schedules and discusses the potential implications on sales-force productivity.
Holovideo: Real-time 3D range video encoding and decoding on GPU

Abstract We present a 3D video-encoding technique called Holovideo that is capable of encoding high-resolution 3D videos into standard 2D videos, and then decoding the 2D videos back into 3D rapidly without significant loss of quality. Due to the nature of the algorithm, 2D video compression such as JPEG encoding with QuickTime Run Length Encoding (QTRLE) can be applied with little quality loss, resulting in an effective way to store 3D video at very small file sizes. We found that under a compression ratio of 134:1, Holovideo to OBJ file format, the 3D geometry quality drops at a negligible level. Several sets of 3D videos were captured using a structured light scanner, compressed using the Holovideo codec, and then uncompressed and displayed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the codec. With the use of OpenGL Shaders (GLSL), the 3D video codec can encode and decode in realtime. We demonstrated that for a video size of 512×512, the decoding speed is 28 frames per second (FPS) with a laptop computer using an embedded NVIDIA GeForce 9400 m graphics processing unit (GPU). Encoding can be done with this same setup at 18 FPS, making this technology suitable for applications such as interactive 3D video games and 3D video conferencing.
On the interaction of 1-alkyl pyridinium couples.

Les solutions de 1-n-propyle-1, 4-dihydronicotinamide (A) et de 1-n-propyle nicotinamide chloride (B) ont la faculte de presenter des interactions. Cette faculte est demontree par la formation d'un complexe colore, reversible suivant dilution et echange obligatoire direct d'hydrogene, sans reduction nette d'oxygene. Le facteur de dissociation du complexe et l'effet de trempage sur la stabilite du complexe sont discutes ici.
Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers with high wall plug efficiency

We demonstrate optimization of continuous wave (cw) operation of 4.6 μm quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). A 19.7 μm by 5 mm, double channel processed device exhibits 33% cw WPE at 80 K. Room temperature cw WPE as high as 12.5% is obtained from a 10.6 μm by 4.8 mm device, epilayer-down bonded on a diamond submount. With the semi-insulating regrowth in a buried ridge geometry, 15% WPE is obtained with 2.8 W total output power in cw mode at room temperature. This accomplishment is achieved by systematically decreasing the parasitic voltage drop, reducing the waveguide loss and improving the thermal management.
Radical production in the radiolysis of liquid pyridine.

A combined experimental and theoretical approach has been used to probe the radiolytic decomposition of liquid pyridine. The major single condensed phase product in the γ-radiolysis of pyridine is dipyridyl with a yield of 1.25 molecules/100 eV total energy absorbed. Scavenging studies suggest that most, if not all, dipyridyl has a radical precursor, but only about 10% of that is due to the pyridyl radical. The remainder of the dipyridyl may be due to reaction of the parent radical cation with pyridine. Iodine scavenging and quantum chemical calculations both show that the ortho-pyridyl radical (2-pyridyl) is far more stable than the other two isomers.
Medial approach in elbow arthroscopy

The author undertook a cadaveric dissection study to confirm the hypothesis that starting with the anterior medial portal in elbow arthroscopy is safer than starting with the anterior radial portal. In six cadaveric elbows, the capsule was distended with saline. Both anterior medial and anterior radial approaches were made with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. Four and one-half millimeter arthroscopic sheaths were inserted and obturators were then left in place while the saline was drained; expanding polyurethane foam was used to distend the capsule. We allowed the polyurethane foam to harden and then dissected all elbows, with special attention given to exposure of the radial and medial nerve and the brachial artery. The hardened foam allowed for continued capsular distension during these dissections and recreated normal distances from instrument portals to neurovascular bundles. The minimum distance from the path of the arthroscopic sheath to the large neurovascular structures was then measured. The distance from the medial portal to the nearest neurovascular structure (median nerve, brachial artery) averaged 23 mm. The distance from the radial portal to the nearest neurovascular structure (radial nerve) averaged 3 mm. The ulnar nerve averaged a 25 mm clearance from the medial portal. Even when the medial portal was made by an incorrect method, the minimum clearance to the median nerve averaged 11 mm. The most frequently recommended current standard technique for elbow arthroscopy involves beginning with an anterior radial portal. However, the findings in this study suggest that an anterior medial portal is a superior starting point.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesis, molecular structure, and 1H NMR analysis of bis(tetraphenylcyclopentadienyl)rutherium(II)

Abstract Reaction of [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 with K(η5-C5HPh4) in refluxing diglyme yields (η5-C5Ph4)2Ru in ca 50% yield. The complex was not susceptible to oxidation or reduction. (C5HPH4)2Ru crystallizes in the triclinic P 1 space group with a = 8.549(4), b = 10.793(4), c = 12.842(5) A, α = 65.98(3), β = 73.10(3), γ = 83.49(3)° and Z = 1. The least-squares data refined to R(F) = 3.53% and R(wF = 3.82% for the 3952 independent observed reflections with Fo ≥ 5σ(Fo). The metal-centroid distance is 1.832(2) A and all other bond lengths and angles are similar to other octaphenylmetallocenes. 1H NMR analysis employing 2D J-resolved, COSY and low temperature techniques allowed assignment of all protons in the molecule. The motional processes of the phenyl groups are discussed.
Kin discrimination within honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies: an analysis of the evidence

Compelling evolutionary arguments lead to the prediction that honey bee workers should discriminate between supersisters and half-sisters within colonies. We review the theoretical support for discrimination during swarming, queen rearing, feeding, and grooming. A survey of the data that tests whether such discrimination takes place shows that, despite substantial effort in a number of laboratories, there is no conclusive evidence for intracolony discrimination in any of the postulated contexts. The strongest suggestive data is in the critical context of queen rearing, but flaws in experimental design or analysis make the best available tests inconclusive. We present new data that shows that cues exist on which discriminations can be made among adult workers in nestmate recognition interactions and in feeding interactions, but our data does not differentiate between subfamily recognition and recognition associated with color phenotypes. We conclude that while selection may favor discrimination between supersisters and half-sisters, as a practical matter such discriminations play no role, or only a minor role, in the biology of the honey bee.
Light scattering characterization of tetramethyl polycarbonate blends with polystyrene and with styrene-pentabromobenzyl acrylate copolymers

Abstract Time resolved light scattering is used to study the phase separation of tetramethyl polycarbonate (TMPC) blends with polystyrene (PS) and with styrene–pentabromobenzyl acrylate copolymers (S–PBBA). Addition of PBBA to the copolymer reduces the lower critical solution temperature with TMPC and slows the rate of phase separation. Both thermodynamic and structural contributions to phase separation are considered. TMPC/PS diffusion coefficients estimated using the linearized Cahn–Hilliard theory are compared with light scattering measurements reported previously and with calculated mutual diffusion coefficients extrapolated from tracer diffusion measurements. The effect of the jump depth into the two phase region on the late stage coarsening process is shown to correlate with the duration of the early stage process of spinodal decomposition.
Analysis of acetaminophen metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and amperometric detection

Acetaminophen and several of its metabolites are separated isocratically on a reversed-phase (C18) column using a mobile phase of 7% methanol and 0.75% glacial acetic acid in 0.1 M KH2PO4. Metabolites that can be separated include the sulfate, glucuronide, cysteine, and mercapturic acid conjugates of acetaminophen, as well as 3-hydroxyacetaminophen, 3-methoxyacetaminophen, and 3-methylthioacetaminophen. Although all of the metabolites can be detected by UV spectrophotometry, the sensitivity limits of detection are improved significantly for acetaminophen and all of the metabolites except the sulfate and glucuronide, by amperometric detection (electrochemical) of the same sample as it elutes from the UV detector. Minimal detectable limits (signal-to-noise ratio greater than or equal to 2) for acetaminophen and its metabolites, other than the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were in the order of 1--2 ng injected on column using UV detection at 248 nm, and 0.1--0.5 ng using electrochemical detection at + 0.60 V with reference to an Ag/AgCl standard electrode.
A powerful hybrid approach to select top single-nucleotide polymorphisms for genome-wide association study

Genome-wide association (GWA) study has recently become a powerful approach for detecting genetic variants for common diseases without prior knowledge of the variant's location or function. Generally, in GWA studies, the most significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with top-ranked p values are selected in stage one, with follow-up in stage two. The value of selecting SNPs based on statistically significant p values is obvious. However, when minor allele frequencies (MAFs) are relatively low, less-significant p values can still correspond to higher odds ratios (ORs), which might be more useful for prediction of disease status. Therefore, if SNPs are selected using an approach based only on significant p values, some important genetic variants might be missed. We proposed a hybrid approach for selecting candidate SNPs from the discovery stage of GWA study, based on both p values and ORs, and conducted a simulation study to demonstrate the performance of our approach. The simulation results showed that our hybrid ranking approach was more powerful than the existing ranked p value approach for identifying relatively less-common SNPs. Meanwhile, the type I error probabilities of the hybrid approach is well-controlled at the end of the second stage of the two-stage GWA study. In GWA studies, SNPs should be considered for inclusion based not only on ranked p values but also on ranked ORs.
Experimental Determination of Relative Marginal Utilities

I. Introduction, 464. — II. Test of alternative principles in taxation, 467. — III. The social value of government expenditure, 474. — Appendix, 476.
On the role of acetyl cyanide in the cyanide-induced acetylation of amino acids by enzymes of Clostridium kluyveri.

Abstract Evidence has been obtained indicating that acetyl cyanide is an intermediary in the HCN-dependent acetylation of amino acids by acetyl phosphate that is catalyzed by cell-free extracts of Clostridium kluyveri. Acetyl cyanide formation from acetyl phosphate requires coenzyme A (CoA) and at least two enzymes present in C. kluyveri. One enzyme, phosphotransacetylase, catalyzes the formation of acetyl CoA from acetyl phosphate and CoA: the other enzyme catalyzes a reaction between acetyl CoA and HCN to form acetyl cyanide. In the absence of a suitable acetyl acceptor, the acetyl cyanide undergoes almost instantaneous, non-enzymic hydrolysis, but in the presence of aliphatic amines it reacts preferentially and non-enzymically to produce the N-acetyl derivatives. At relatively high concentrations of reactants, thiolesters undergo non-enzymic cleavage by HCN to form acetyl cyanide. The characteristics of the enzymic and non-enzymic cyanolytic reactions have been studied.
A randomized, double blind, dose-response comparison of balsalazide (6.75 g), balsalazide (2.25 g), and mesalamine (2.4 g) in the treatment of active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis

A randomized, double blind, dose-response comparison of balsalazide (6.75 g), balsalazide (2.25 g), and mesalamine (2.4 g) in the treatment of active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
Steady-state currents in sharp stochastic ratchets.

We develop and analyze a model for particle transport in a stochastic ratchet with a periodic piecewise linear potential, with diffusion coefficient D, where the force is discontinuous in position and fluctuating in time via additive telegraph noise with correlation time $\ensuremath{\tau}.$ We find asymptotic formulas for the steady-state particle current J for large and small D and $\ensuremath{\tau}.$ For example, for small $\ensuremath{\tau},$ the sharp corners in the potential lead to $J=O({\ensuremath{\tau}}^{2}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(D\ensuremath{\tau}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}])+O({\ensuremath{\tau}}^{5/2}),$ in contrast to $O({\ensuremath{\tau}}^{3})$ when the potential is smooth. We show that diffusion can increase or decrease J, and derive an approximate equation for the value of D that maximizes J.
Transient asymptotic stability of power systems as established with Lyapunov functions

The use of Lyapunov functions in Lyapunov's Direct Method for analyzing power system transient asymptotic stability is studied. A previous study by other investigators claimed to establish the asymptotic stability of a multimachine system with damping included. In the present paper it is demonstrated that the Lyapunov function used in the earlier study is not sufficient for this purpose. In addition the weakness of Lyapunov-type functions obtained from energy considerations in the study of asymptotic stability is discussed. Then, a method is presented which explains how to construct a satisfactory Lyapunov function for study of asymptotic stability for electric power systems. This method uses linear algebra to convert n second order differential equations to a set of 2n first order equations so that a certain vector product may be used as the Lyapunov function. This Lyapunov function is used to obtain a region of asymptotic stability for such a system. Practical uses of these results in generating system design and expansion are discussed. Finally, a numerical example illustrating the technique is presented.
Penfield's Prediction: A Mechanism for Deep Brain Stimulation.

(1) Context: Despite its widespread use, the precise mechanism of action of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy remains unknown. The modern urgency to publish more and new data can obscure previously learned lessons by the giants who have preceded us and whose shoulders we now stand upon. Wilder Penfield extensively studied the effects of artificial electrical brain stimulation and his comments on the subject are still very relevant today. In particular, he noted two very different (and seemingly opposite) effects of stimulation within the human brain. In some structures, artificial electrical stimulation has an effect which mimics ablation, while, in other structures, it produces a stimulatory effect on that tissue. (2) Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this paper is fourfold. First, it proposes that some neural circuits are widely synchronized with other neural circuits, while some neural circuits are unsynchronized and operate independently. Second, it proposes that artificial high frequency electrical stimulation of a synchronized neural circuit results in an ablative effect, but artificial high frequency electrical stimulation of an unsynchronized neural circuit results in a stimulatory effect. Third, it suggests a part of the mechanism by which large scale physiologic synchronization of widely distributed independently processed information streams may occur. This may be the neural mechanism underlying Penfield’s “centrencephalic system” which he emphasized so many years ago. Fourth, it outlines the specific anatomic distribution of this physiologic synchronization, which Penfield has already clearly delineated as the distribution of his centrencephalic system. (3) Evidence: This paper draws on a brief overview of previous theory regarding the mechanism of action of DBS and on historical, as well as widely known modern clinical data regarding the observed effects of stimulation delivered to various targets within the brain. Basic science in
The solubility of tantalum and tungsten in liquid rare-earth metals

Abstract The solubilities of tantalum in eight liquid rare-earth metals (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Yb) and of tungsten in all the liquid rare-earth metals (except Pm) have been measured from 1325° to 2150°C. These data show that tungsten is a much better crucible material for the rare-earth metals than tantalum, since tungsten is less soluble than tantalum in the liquid rare-earth metals by a factor ranging from 2 for Sc and the heavy lanthanides to 10 or greater for the light lanthanides. The solubilities of both tantalum and tungsten at a given temperature vary inversely with the atom sizes of the rare-earth solvents. Furthermore, it was found that the solubility change for a given size increment is much larger if the size factor is less than a critical value (about 17.5% for the Ta alloys and 20% for the W alloys), than if the size factor were larger than the critical value. The heats of solutions were calculated from the liquidus data and were found to support the size correlation proposed by Strauss, White and Brown for liquid alloys.
Fluid-structure interaction in compliant insect wings.

Insect wings deform significantly during flight. As a result, wings act as aeroelastic structures wherein both the driving motion of the structure and the aerodynamic loading of the surrounding fluid potentially interact to modify wing shape. We explore two key issues associated with the design of compliant wings: over a range of driving frequencies and phases of pitch-heave actuation, how does wing stiffness influence (1) the lift and thrust generated and (2) the relative importance of fluid loading on the shape of the wing? In order to examine a wide range of parameters relevant to insect flight, we develop a computationally efficient, two-dimensional model that couples point vortex methods for fluid force computations with structural finite element methods to model the fluid?structure interaction of a wing in air. We vary the actuation frequency, phase of actuation, and flexural stiffness over a range that encompasses values measured for a number of insect taxa (10?90?Hz; 0-? rad; 10?7?10?5?N?m2). We show that the coefficients of lift and thrust are maximized at the first and second structural resonant frequencies of the system. We also show that even in regions of structural resonance, fluid loading never contributes more than 20% to the development of flight forces.
Predictors of depression among older adults with dementia

Dementia and depression are common disorders among elderly populations. Their frequent co-morbidity and similar presentations create a complex clinical scenario for the health care professional. Th...
Militant and liberal Islam: The unwanted twin children of modernization – an Indonesian experience

This paper examines Islamic militancy and liberalism as particular phenomena resulting from a complex interplay between Islam and modernity within the context of Indonesia. The development of both groups is highly conditioned and shaped by modernization. The difference in backgrounds leads further to different directions in understanding and practicing Islam among both groups. Nevertheless, the present day contest between the liberals and the militants over the ‘right’ place of Islam in Indonesia has deep roots in the past and reflects Muslims’ theological, historical, socio-political and intellectual struggle before modernity. Accelerated by the huge modernization project, the emergence of militancy and liberalism articulates the dynamics of Indonesian Muslims’ negotiation with Islam, the modern world, and their social reality. This paper examines the dialectical interaction between the two different groups of Muslims, in response particularly to the relationship between Islam and modernity.
The role and contributions of energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging in magnetospheric substorm research

Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging has contributed substantially to substorm research. This technique has allowed significant advances in areas such as observation and quantification of injected particle drift as a function of energy, observation of dynamics in the tail that are directly related to the effects of imposed (growth phase) and induced (expansion phase) electric fields on the plasma, the prompt extraction of oxygen from the ionosphere during substorms, the relationship between storms and substorms, and the timing of substorm ENA signatures. We present discussion of the advantages and shortcomings of the ENA technique for studying space plasmas. Although the technique is in its infancy, it is yielding results that enrich our understanding of the substorm process and its effects.
The Role of the High-Affinity IgE Receptor, FcεRI, in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases

Primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases including eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, eosinophilic enteritis, and eosinophilic colitis. The unifying hallmark and diagnostic marker of EGIDs is an eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrate of the GI mucosa, in the absence of known causes for eosinophilia. The etiology of EGIDs is not yet fully understood. The pathogenesis however seems to involve a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, exposure to food- and environmental allergens and IgE-mediated activation of the immune system. Accumulating evidence relates EGIDs to the group of T-helper (Th) 2 mediated immune disorders, like IgE-mediated allergy. In this article we discuss a possible role of IgE-mediated immune-activation via the high affinity receptor for IgE, FcepsilonRI, in the pathogenesis of primary EGIDs. Beyond its defined role in type I allergic reactions, we here hypothesize that activation of tetrameric FcepsilonRI on mast cells and basophils as well as trimeric FcepsilonRI on human eosinophils and antigen presenting cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa is critically involved in the pathology of EGIDs. We also discuss how IgE-independent triggering of FcepsilonRI could be a mechanisms responsible for activation of the immune system in patients with EGID.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 229*

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 229 is evaluated. The results from various decay experiments and reaction studies are compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and parity assignments are given.
Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Innovative and Common Products

With a constantly increasing population and coupled demand for manufactured goods, sustainability considerations are becoming more important in product design. Society is tasked with ensuring our continued existence, while maintaining the quality of life of future generations. Innovation has been touted as a means to sustainability, and innovations in materials, manufacturing, and product design can lead to a reduction of global environmental impacts and help to realize the goals of a sustainable society. This research aims to identify whether products that have been identified as “innovative” by popular media sources have lower environmental impacts than “common” products of the same functionality. Six innovative products were compared to eight corresponding common products using life cycle assessment techniques to determine which are predicted to have lower environmental impacts. From this analysis, it was determined that four of the six innovative products may have higher environmental impacts than their common competitors. These research findings reveal a possible inverse relationship between environmental impacts and innovation for a few classes of common consumer goods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Optimal anemia management reduces cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and costs in chronic kidney disease

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease, occurring in over 90% of patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. The pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic kidney disease is multifactorial, but the predominant and most consistent cause is the failure of adequate production of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys. Anemia is seen early in the course of chronic kidney disease, the decline in hemoglobin concentration starting at levels of creatinine clearance of around 70 mL/min among men and 50 mL/min among women1. The fundamental impact of anemia on organ function is reduced oxygen delivery to tissues. Fatigue and effort intolerance are the cardinal symptoms, but other consequences such as impaired cognitive function and concentration, sleep disorders, altered hemostasis, depressed immune function, and impaired cardiac function are not uncommon.
Proton Bombardment of the Lithium Isotopes

Thin targets of ordinary lithium have been bombarded by protons over the energy range 0.4 Mev to 3.6 Mev. Observations of the magnetically analyzed reaction and scattered particles were made at 164\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the incident beam. Differential cross-section curves were obtained for protons scattered elastically and inelastically from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, elastically from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, and for the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ particles from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ reaction. The ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ data show an excited state in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ at about 7.2 Mev and also a lower and very broad state. Possible correspondence to levels in the mirror nucleus ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ is discussed. The protons scattered inelastically from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ do not show any resonances above ${E}_{p}=1.5$ Mev. The ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ elastic scattering cross section has maxima at proton energies of 1.05 Mev, 1.88 Mev, and 2.06 Mev.
Migration, Remittances, and the Distribution of Income: Evidence from the Pacific

This article discusses why it is not surprising that empirical studies of the effect of remittances on the distribution of income sometimes find that remittances increase inequality and sometimes f...
Generation of microcellular polymeric foams using supercritical carbon dioxide. II: Cell growth and skin formation

We have generated microcellular polymeric foam structures using a pressure induced phase separation in concentrated mixtures of supercritical CO2 and poly(methyl methacrylate). The process typically generates a microcellular core structure encased by a nonporous skin, the thickness of which decreases with increasing saturation pressure. This trend can be described by a model for skin formation that is based on the diffusion rate of gas out of the sample. Significant density reductions on the order of 30 to 70% can be achieved by changing the pressure and temperature conditions in the foaming process. There are several ways in which the saturation pressure affects the average cell size, with the net effect that cell size decreases sharply with increasing pressure above 2000 psi, leveling out at higher pressures. Cell size increases with increasing temperature from 40°C to 70°C. A model for cell growth, based on a cell model of Aremanesh and Advani, modified to include the effect of CO2 on model parameters, reproduces these trends.
Tertiary Structure Stability of the Hairpin Ribozyme in Its Natural and Minimal Forms: Different Energetic Contributions from a Ribose Zipper Motif†

The hairpin catalytic motif in tobacco ringspot virus satellite RNA consists of two helix-loop-helix elements on two adjacent arms of a four-way helical junction. The bases essential for catalytic activity are located in the loops that are brought into proximity by a conformational change as a prerequisite for catalysis. The two loops interact via a ribose zipper motif involving the 2'-hydroxyls of A10, G11, A24, and C25 [Rupert, P. B., and Ferre d'Amare, A. R. (2001) Nature 401, 780-786]. To quantify the energetic importance of the ribose zipper hydrogen bonds, we have incorporated deoxy modifications at these four positions and determined the resulting destabilization of the docked conformer by means of time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. In a minimal form of the ribozyme, in which the loops are placed on the arms of a two-way helical junction, all modifications lead to a significant loss in tertiary structure stability and altered Mg2+ binding. Surprisingly, no significant destabilization was seen with the natural four-way junction ribozyme, suggesting that hydrogen bonding interactions involving the 2'-hydroxyls do not contribute to the stability of the docked conformer. These results suggest that the energetic contributions of ribose zipper hydrogen bonds are highly context dependent and differ significantly for the minimal and natural forms of the ribozyme.
Tai Chi Adapted: Assisted Living, Long-Term Care, and Nursing Homes

This article is written to help bridge classic Chinese health care systems with the current complementary/alternative medical point of view. Readers of this article will gain insight to the fundame...
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Inhibits Nitrate Assimilation in Wheat and Arabidopsis

The concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere may double by the end of the 21st century. The response of higher plants to a carbon dioxide doubling often includes a decline in their nitrogen status, but the reasons for this decline have been uncertain. We used five independent methods with wheat and Arabidopsis to show that atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment inhibited the assimilation of nitrate into organic nitrogen compounds. This inhibition may be largely responsible for carbon dioxide acclimation, the decrease in photosynthesis and growth of plants conducting C(3) carbon fixation after long exposures (days to years) to carbon dioxide enrichment. These results suggest that the relative availability of soil ammonium and nitrate to most plants will become increasingly important in determining their productivity as well as their quality as food.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Recent Exposure to Violence Scale

The purpose of the current study is to advance the psychometric properties of the child-administered 22-item Recent Exposure to Violence Scale (REVS) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) across three large and ethnically diverse samples of children ranging in age from middle childhood through adolescence. Results of the CFA suggest that a seven-factor solution best represents the REVS. This seven-factor solution supports the idea that victimization and witnessing are conceptually distinct. In addition, the results suggest that violence exposure is context-specific (school, home, neighborhood) and thus highlights the importance of conceptually distinguishing exposure by context. Results of multigroup CFA further suggest that this seven-factor solution is valid and reliable across different student groups of age, gender, and ethnicity.
Saving-investment correlations and capital mobility: The experience of developing countries

Abstract This paper estimates saving and investment correlations for 58 developing countries in order to assess the degree of capital mobility in the Feldstein-Horioka sense for these countries. Using a new estimation technique, fully modified ordinary least squares, that simultaneously corrects for serial correlation, endogeneity, and sample bias (asymptotically), the study finds that many developing countries are financially integrated in the long run. Moreover, the estimation results do show that saving-investment correlations for middle-income countries tend to be lower than those for low-income countries.
Passivation of Cu via refractory metal nitridation in an ammonia ambient

Cu-(27at.% Ti) and Cu-(26at.% Cr) alloys codeposited on silicon dioxide substrates were isochronally annealed for 30 min at 400–700 °C in a flowing NH3 ambient. In the Cu-Ti alloy, Ti segregates to the free surface to form a TiNx(O) layer and also to the alloy-SiO2 interface to form a Ti5Si3TiOw bilayer structure. Therefore the resulting structure is an almost completely dealloyed Cu layer located between a surface oxygen-rich Ti nitride and Ti-silicide/Ti-oxide bilayer interfacial structure. In the Cu-Cr alloy system, Cr seems to migrate only to the free surface to form a CrNx passivation layer. A 45 nm Al film was deposited after nitridation, whereupon a second anneal was performed to evaluate these nitride layers as diffusion barriers. The Cr-nitride diffusion barrier is stable up to 600 °C compared with Ti nitride that fails at 500 °C. The Cu-Cr nitrided samples also showed an overall lower sheet resistance.