cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical Guide to Evaluating Myocardial Disease by Cardiac MRI

OBJECTIVE. A spectrum of pathophysiologic mechanisms can lead to the development of myocardial disorders including ischemia, genetic abnormalities, and systemic disorders. Cardiac MRI identifies different myocardial disorders, provides prognostic information, and directs therapy. In comparison with other imaging modalities, cardiac MRI has the advantage of allowing both functional assessment and tissues characterization in a single examination without the use of ionizing radiation. Newer cardiac MRI techniques including mapping can provide additional information about myocardial disease that may not be detected using conventional techniques. Emerging techniques including MR spectroscopy and finger printing will likely change the way we understand the pathophysiology mechanisms of the wide array of myocardial disorders. CONCLUSION. Imaging of myocardial disorders encompasses a large variety of conditions including both ischemic and nonischemic diseases. Cardiac MRI sequences, such as balanced steady-state free precession and late gadolinium enhancement, play a critical role in establishing diagnosis, determining prognosis, and guiding therapeutic management. Additional sequences-including perfusion imaging, T2*, real-time cine, and T2-weighted sequences-should be performed in specific clinical scenarios. There is emerging evidence for the use of mapping in imaging of myocardial disease. Multiple other new techniques are currently being studied. These novel techniques will likely change the way myocardial disorders are understood and diagnosed in the near future.
Compassionomics: The Revolutionary Scientific Evidence That Caring Makes a Difference

Compassionomics is the study of the effects of compassionate healthcare. Stephen Trzeciak, MD, MPH, and Anthony Mazzarelli, MD, JD, MBE, explore this concept in their evidence-based book. In the fo...
Corruption and Development of Atlanta Streetcar Lines in the Nineteenth Century: A Historical GIS Perspective

This chapter uses historical geographic information system (HGIS) to trace the formative years of public transportation in Atlanta. Routes chosen for the early streetcar lines were examined to ascertain their effects on the mobility networks of city residents and residential patterns. This study finds evidence that Atlanta city leaders engaged in corrupt bargains to benefit themselves with little regard for the lasting effects on the city’s transportation network and spatial development. Streetcar networks in postbellum Atlanta created demographic patterns that persist today. This chapter illustrates that HGIS can enable historians to distill new value from sources underutilized in urban history. Historians have used city directories and fire insurance maps as general reference material, but HGIS can operationalize such sources into an extensive archive of historical urban processes. This type of geospatial agency provides historians with new methods of investigation that can lead to new perspectives and understanding of the urban past.
‘Nước Việtnam là Quê Hương Của Tôi:’ historical, political and sociocultural implications of the Vietnamese-American researcher in sport for development.”

Using autoethnography I draw on my experiences conducting fieldwork in Vietnam on Sport for Development (SfD) to explore the historical, political, and sociocultural vulnerabilities of the Vietname...
Modeling Loss Given Default

We investigate the puzzle in the literature that various parametric loss given default (LGD) statistical models perform similarly by comparing their performance in a simulation framework. We find that, even using the full set of explanatory variables from the assumed data generating process, these models still show similar poor performance in terms of predictive accuracy and rank ordering when mean predictions and squared error loss functions are used. Therefore, the findings in the literature that predictive accuracy and rank ordering cluster in a very narrow range across different parametric models are robust. We argue, however, that predicted distributions as well as the models’ ability to accurately capture marginal effects are also important performance metrics for capital models and stress testing. We find that the sophisticated parametric models that are specifically designed to address the bi-modal distributions of LGD outperform the less sophisticated models by a large margin in terms of predicted distributions. Also, we find that stress testing poses a challenge to all LGD models because of limited data and relevant explanatory variable availability, and that model selection criteria based on goodness of fit may not serve the stress testing purpose well. Finally, the evidence here suggests that we do not need to use the most sophisticated parametric methods to model LGD.
African American Adolescents and Young Adults, New Media, and Sexual Health: Scoping Review.

Background: Rates of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies are disproportionately high among African American adolescents and young adults (AYA). New media platforms such as social networking sites, microblogs, online video sites, and mobile phone applications may be a promising approach in promoting safe sex and preventing sexually transmitted infections. Objective: The purpose of this scoping review was to address promising approaches in new media that may serve as valuable tools in health promotion, prevention, education, and intervention development aimed at African American AYA. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using Google Scholar, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINHAL), and PubMed online databases. Concept blocks and MeSH terminology were used to identify articles around African American youth and new media. Results: The search yielded 1169 articles, and 16 publications met the criteria. Studies from the review found themes in new media that included feasibility, changing attitudes, and improving knowledge related to sexual health behavior among youth of color. Conclusions: New media is a promising and feasible platform for improving the sexual health of African American AYA. Further research is suggested to better understand the benefits of new media as a sexual health promotion tool among this specific population.
Injected Versus Sponge-Applied Mitomycin C (MMC) During Modified Trabeculectomy in New Zealand White Rabbit Model

Purpose Mitomycin C is routinely applied during trabeculectomy surgeries to enhance bleb survival after glaucoma filtration surgery. The current approach involves placing cellulose sponges soaked in mitomycin C at a standard concentration onto bare sclera for a predetermined duration, which varies among surgeons. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sponge-applied versus intra-Tenon injection of mitomycin C during modified trabeculectomy. Methods Two groups of five New Zealand White rabbits underwent glaucoma filtration surgery with either preoperative intra-Tenon injection of mitomycin C or intraoperative application of mitomycin C using a cellulose sponge. Postoperative intraocular pressure was recorded weekly, and eyes were enucleated and sent for pathological examination and histological analysis. Results An intra-Tenon injection of mitomycin C resulted in decreased intraocular pressure measurements and bleb vascularity compared to the controls but increased levels compared to the sponge-applied group. Collagen deposition and cellularity were reduced and the goblet cell population was increased in the intra-Tenon injection group. Conclusions This study shows that an intra-Tenon injection can be an effective method for administering mitomycin C compared to the standard-of-care approach of mitomycin C being sponge applied onto bare sclera. Mitomycin C injection led to a greater reduction in intraocular pressure and inhibition of fibroblasts. The associated goblet cell population that can lead to increased mitomycin C toxicity-related morbidity was minimized with the intra-Tenon injection compared to the sponge-applied MMC treatment. Therefore, patients with ocular surface disease may benefit from an intra-Tenon injection. Translational relevance This project provides a direct, qualitative assessment in an animal model of common techniques within glaucoma filtration surgery for drug delivery to improve surgical success.
Contrasting Effects of Fasting on Liver-Adipose Axis in Alcohol-Associated and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver

Background: Fatty liver, a major health problem worldwide, is the earliest pathological change in the progression of alcohol-associated (AFL) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL). Though the causes of AFL and NAFL differ, both share similar histological and some common pathophysiological characteristics. In this study, we sought to examine mechanisms responsible for lipid dynamics in liver and adipose tissue in the setting of AFL and NAFL in response to 48 h of fasting. Methods: Male rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid control or alcohol-containing diet (AFL model), chow or high-fat pellet diet (NAFL model). After 6-8 weeks of feeding, half of the rats from each group were fasted for 48 h while the other half remained on their respective diets. Following sacrifice, blood, adipose, and the liver were collected for analysis. Results: Though rats fed AFL and NAFL diets both showed fatty liver, the physiological mechanisms involved in the development of each was different. Here, we show that increased hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis, increased uptake of adipose-derived free fatty acids, and impaired triglyceride breakdown contribute to the development of AFL. In the case of NAFL, however, increased dietary fatty acid uptake is the major contributor to hepatic steatosis. Likewise, the response to starvation in the two fatty liver disease models also varied. While there was a decrease in hepatic steatosis after fasting in ethanol-fed rats, the control, chow and high-fat diet-fed rats showed higher levels of hepatic steatosis than pair-fed counterparts. This diverse response was a result of increased adipose lipolysis in all experimental groups except fasted ethanol-fed rats. Conclusion: Even though AFL and NAFL are nearly histologically indistinguishable, the physiological mechanisms that cause hepatic fat accumulation are different as are their responses to starvation.
Abstract MP47: Maternal Trimethylamine-n-oxide Is Associated With Risk Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In A Low-income, Urban, Multi-ethnic Population

Introduction: Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite influenced by gut microbiota composition and diet (e.g. eggs and red meat). While TMAO has been associated with type 2 diabetes in adults...
Rise of stem cell therapies in aesthetics

Abstract Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types, which forms the foundation for their use in regenerative medicine and cosmetic dermatology. Adipose-derived stem cells have proven particularly attractive in aesthetics given their relative ease of collection and abundance. Stem cells have been employed for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and skin rejuvenation with promising results, while its incorporation into cosmeceuticals is still in its infancy. Despite promising preclinical data and small clinical studies, additional randomized, controlled trials and standardization of treatment are needed in order to truly understand the place of stem cells in the aesthetics arena. We review the current literature and discuss current controversies and debates.
Ethiopia Un-colonized and Unbound: Ancient to Present

In this chapter we explain the importance of Ethiopia as the only uncolonized country in Africa and its centrality as the birthplace of humanity. According to anthropological, archaeological, and historical findings, Africa is recognized as the birthplace of humanity. Over 4.2 million years ago, the oldest humans and the first civilizations were discovered in modern-day Ethiopia. Given the historical legacy of Ethiopia and its valiant role, we explain that it remains the only uncolonized African country, yet the curriculum does not address its significant contributions. In sum, this chapter examines the contributions of Ethiopia to human civilization and provides a foundation for our study.
The Performance of Beethoven’s “Diabelli Variations”: Continuity, Discontinuity, Cyclic Integration, Irony

This essay explores the performance challenges of Beethoven’s “Diabelli Variations”; it is paired with the author’s own studio recording of the work coordinated with the musical score. The commentary seeks to address issues of compositional genesis, motivic development, musical character, and formal shaping, while keeping aesthetic matters in view. Beethoven’s transformations of Anton Diabelli’s waltz — which the composer described in a letter as a “SchusterFleck” (“cobbler’s patch”) — indulge in persiflage, irony, and parody, qualities that invite critical scrutiny. Beethoven was sometimes compared during his lifetime to Jean Paul, whose concept of humor as “the inverted sublime” and notion of a tensional duality of the Great and the Small applies well to Beethoven’s most paradoxical composition. How can we best shape this cycle as a whole in performance, while doing justice to its vivid contrasts and rich allusiveness? Numerous performance recommendations emerge from the integrated consideration of historical documents, musical analysis, and aesthetic reflection. Since the subject concerned here is animate rather than inanimate, it is not well grasped from just an objectivist, factual perspective. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die interpretatorischen Herausforderungen von Beethovens ›Diabelli-Variationen‹; er ist eng bezogen auf die mit der Partitur synchronisierte Studioaufnahme des Werkes durch den Verfasser. Der Kommentar behandelt Fragen der kompositorischen Entstehungsgeschichte, der motivischen Entwicklung, des musikalischen Charakters und der formalen Gestaltung des Zyklus, wobei asthetische Gesichtspunkte ebenso im Blick behalten werden. Beethovens Veranderungen des Walzers von Anton Diabelli – den der Komponist in einem Brief als ›SchusterFleck‹ bezeichnete – schwelgen in Persiflage, Ironie und Parodie, Qualitaten die einer kritischen Untersuchung bedurfen. Zu Lebzeiten wurde Beethoven manchmal mit Jean Paul verglichen, dessen Konzepte des Humors als ›umgekehrtes Erhabenes‹ und eines spannungsvollen Dualismus zwischen dem Grosen und dem Kleinen sich gut auf Beethovens paradoxeste Komposition anwenden lassen. Wie kann der Zyklus als ganzer in der Interpretation bestmoglich gestaltet werden unter Berucksichtigung der lebendigen Kontraste und seines Anspielungsreichtums? Zahlreiche Empfehlungen zur Interpretation ergeben sich aus einer integrierten Betrachtung historischer Quellen, musikalischer Analyse und asthetischer Reflexion. Insofern der betrachtete Gegenstand eher belebt als unbelebt ist, lasst er sich nicht aus einer blos objektivistischen, sachlichen Perspektive erfassen.
Sensitivity of an Embedded Fiber Optic Ultrasound Sensor

Fiber optic sensors have emerged as important sensing devices for the detection of a broad range of physical parameters. In many applications they offer a number of advantages over traditional sensing elements, including small size, light weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the ability to operate at elevated temperatures [1]. Fiber optic sensors when configured for the detection of ultrasound have potential for use in nondestructive evaluation applications. However, a drawback associated with fiber optic ultrasound sensors is their lower sensitivity when compared to traditional piezoelectric transducers. In this work, the sensitivity of an embedded fiber optic Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor has been investigated.
A physiological correlate of electroacoustic pitch matching in cochlear implant users with residual hearing

One challenge facing postlingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) users is the frequency mismatch between the incoming acoustic signal and the characteristic frequency of the electrically stimulated neurons. Current CI will require extensive effort in fine tuning to help users to adapt to this mismatch. A recent work [1] attempts to address this issue using a closed-loop CI system with evoked potentials as feedback. However, the stimulus artifact produced by CI and the limitation of subcortical responses in assessing speech perception are yet to resolve. In this paper we present our proposed cortical auditory evoked potential (AEP) evolved from a study [2] that addresses this mismatch. We describe the background then the experiments involved in the development of the AEP with recordings from 3 normal hearing (NH) listeners and 2 CI users. We also discuss how the AEP could be used in a closed-loop CI system.
An IEC-based support system for font design

This paper describes our first trial to build a prototype of support system for font design utilizing the technique of Interactive Evolutionary Computation. The target domain is Japanese Katakana constructed from very simple stroke elements. Some parameters for drawing elements are encoded on the genome of each candidate individual. Starting from the initial population of sixteen individuals with random genes, the user can breed his/her favourite fonts through the graphical user interface based on a framework of Simulated Breeding. Each candidate is shown in the sub-window with a sample word arbitrarily set up by the user. We certified that it effectively works to produce a type of expressive glyphs.
Identification of muscle afferents subserving sensation of deep pain in humans

1. Intraneural microstimulation (INMS) and microneurography were used in combination to stimulate and record from muscle nociceptor primary afferent fibers of the common peroneal nerve of healthy v...
THE EFFECTS OF ANAPHYLAXIS, AND OF HISTAMINE, UPON THE CORONARY ARTERIES IN THE ISOLATED HEART

Anaphylaxis in the isolated, perfused hearts of cats has been shown to be accompanied by a considerable, though transient, increase in coronary flow. This result is contrasted with that observed in the hearts of guinea pigs and rabbits in which the coronary arteries are constricted during anaphylaxis. Attention is directed to the fact that, in the hearts of these three species, the effects of anaphylaxis and of histamine are qualitatively parallel. The characteristic anaphylactic response in the isolated hearts of guinea pigs has been evoked: (a) in the organs removed from immune animals, (b) by each of two antigens (horse serum and egg albumen) under conditions of double sensitization, and (c) upon exposure of the hearts of passively sensitized animals to the type-specific polysaccharide of the pneumococcus. It is evident that, among the effects of anaphylaxis upon smooth muscle in various organs, there must be considered that upon the coronary arteries.
Spatially non-local model of inelastic deformations: applications for rock failure problem

ABSTRACT A spatially non‐local model for inelastic deformation of solids is proposed and studied. The non‐locality of deformation is taken into account by the additional parameter of state beyond the classical parameters such as stress and strain tensors. This additional parameter is the curvature tensor expressed in terms of the metric strain tensor, and it is called the failure parameter. In the case of small deformation, it is equivalent to the Saint‐Venant incompatibility tensor. Thermodynamic properties of the model are studied, and governing differential equations for spatially non‐local model are formulated, which are composed by the elasticity equations and parabolic equation for the failure parameter. The model can be applied to the study of the rock failure problem, and as an example, the one‐dimensional problem for the deformation of half‐plane loaded by the normal surface stress is studied. Stationary and non‐stationary formulations of the problem are considered, and qualitative agreement with available experimental data is observed.
Identification of pain, intensity and P300 components in the pain evoked potential.

Abstract This study examined the relationships among 3 components of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) to painful stimuli. Painful stimuli were produced using intracutaneous electrical stimulation of a fingertip and two levels of non-painful stimuli were produced by superficial electrical stimulation of a neighboring fingertip. SEPs were recorded from Cz-A1 and Pz-A1, and difference waves were computed for 3 components: (1) a pain component (the difference between SEPs to painful vs. strong but non-painful stimuli); (2) an intensity component that is not related to pain (the difference between SEPs to strong non-painful vs. mild non-painful stimuli); and (3) a P300 component (the difference between SEPs to the same stimuli under Target instructions vs. Standard instructions). The positive peaks in the 3 types of difference waves differed in both latency and topography, although with latency and topography overlap. The intensity component had an earlier positive peak than the pain component, and the pain component had an earlier positive peak than the P300 component. The pain and intensity components were larger at Cz than Pz, whereas the P300 component was larger at Pz than Cz. Under certain conditions, the pain evoked SEP consists of a weighted combination of the 3 components, complicating interpretation of the positive peaks in the recorded wave forms.
Status and Participation in Six-Person Groups: A Test of Skvoretz's Comparative Status Model

A mathematical model of participation in n-person groups, derived from expectation states theory by Skvoretz (a), was tested in six-person task-oriented groups with systematically varying sex compositions. The groups of undergraduate subjects performed a task modeled after that used by Fisek. Videotapes were made of group interactions and later coded for participation, interruptions, and conversational overlaps. The Skvoretz model fits the participation data poorly (as measured by a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test), primarily because there was much more variation in participation within statuses (male and female) than predicted by the model. A revised model which represents the groups' status structure as differentiated along a primary status dimension, sex, and then differentiated along secondary status dimensions within members of the same sex is suggested for a better fit to the participation data.
Use of complementary medicines and therapies among obstetric patients

Objectives: To assess how frequently complementary medicines and therapies (CMT) are used in pregnancy, the types used, and the reasons for use. Methods: From August 1999 to June 2000, 463 postpartum patients were surveyed by questionnaire about their use of CMT, including natural therapies (teas, herbs, oils, and foods used for medicinal purposes), alternative techniques (biofeedback, meditation, yoga, t’ai chi, mental healing, imagery, Reiki, therapeutic touch and polar, dance, reflex, art, and aroma therapies), chiropractic, acupuncture/pressure, and vitamin supplements (other than prenatal vitamins, iron, and calcium). Results: The median age was 28 (range 15–39). Of respondents, 57% were college graduates; 68% were born in the United States; 58% were white, 19% Asian, 10% Hispanic, and 9% black; and 145 (31.3%) used one or more form of CMT. Of those who used CMT, 112 (24.2%) used natural therapies, 27 (5.8%) alternative techniques, 24 (5.2%) a chiropractor, 13 (2.8%) acupuncture/pressure, and 13 (2.8%) vitamin supplements. The most frequent reasons for CMT use included lower GI problems (73 , 25.1%), anxiety (36, 12.6%), nausea/vomiting (34, 12.6%), and urinary tract problems (20, 7.0%). Before pregnancy only 19 (4.6%) reported use of CMT, and 12 of these discontinued use when they became pregnant. Fourteen patients (3.0%) used potentially harmful products based on published evidence. Only 13% of patients informed their physicians of CMT use. Conclusions: 1) Almost one third of pregnant women use CMT during pregnancy. 2) Physicians rarely are aware of these practices. 3) Some patients use potentially harmful CMT during pregnancy.
Pseudorabies virus latency : restricted transcription

Cloned pseudorabies virus (PRV) sequences representing over 80% of the viral genome were radiolabeled and individually hybridized to nucleic acid in the trigeminal ganglia of acutely and latently infected swine. In acutely infected animals, all cloned probes hybridized to PRV RNA and DNA. In contrast, during latency transcription was found to be limited to a selected region, corresponding to the IE gene, analogous to that of two other alpha-herpesviruses. Viral DNA was not detected in latently infected neurons by in situ hybridization.
Image Induction and Social Influence: Explication and Initial Tests

Image induction posits that social influencers can manipulate a target's self-image to gain increased compliance. By preceding a request with a question that creates a salient self-image in a target, targets are more likely to behave consistently with that image by complying with the request. Three studies provide empirical tests of image induction. Results indicate that the addition of an image-inducing pretreatment question is associated with increased rates of compliance when compared to a control group. These findings held across two types of image induction manipulations (helpfulness, willingness to try new things), two types of behaviors (agreeing to complete a survey, agreeing to receive a free soft drink sample), and both face-to-face and written requests.
Genetic polymorphisms and mechanisms of neurotoxicity: overview.

Genetic polymorphisms may affect the susceptibility of individuals or populations to toxic agents that cause developmental defects or disease. This commentary outlines basic concepts of genetic polymorphisms and their relevance to environmentally-induced diseases. First, we provide a basic overview of genetic polymorphisms, with emphasis on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Next, we summarize the approach of the NIEHS-sponsored Environmental Genome Project, which focuses on SNPs as an efficacious approach to understand gene–environmental interactions. Genes that have possible relevance to neurotoxicity are presented in a table with annotations regarding their known interactions with neurotoxicants. Research on three of these genes, d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), human serum paraoxonase (PON1), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is briefly reviewed. We also comment on the high number of genes and gene products in the nervous system that increase the complexity of the search for environmentally relevant genes in neurotoxicity. Finally, we list several prospects for further research.
Plasma membrane fragility in dystrophic neurites in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease: an index of oxidative stress

This study presents evidence for plasma membrane abnormalities of the dystrophic neurites in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease. We found that the plasma membranes of dystrophic neurites are more labile to fixation than those membranes of other cells of the senile plaque or of normal neurites distant from senile plaques. Further, we found vesicles in the extracellular space adjacent to dystrophic neurites and similar to those within them, suggesting that the increased lability seen in our preparations may, in vivo, be associated with release of neuritic contents. Plasma membrane alterations may be critical to deposition of amyloid-β in senile plaques from the abundant β-protein precursor of dystrophic neurites. The consequences of altered membrane integrity, such as calcium influx, lipid peroxidation and free radical damage, could also be responsible for many of the pathological correlates of the disease.
Cascin microspheres: preparation and evaluation as a carrier for controlled drug delivery

A method for the preparation of smooth, spherical, glutaraldehyde-crosslinked microspheres of the amphiphilic protein, caScin, is reported. CaScin microspheres (CAS/MS) were found to be even more hydrophilic than comparable microspheres made from bovine serum albumin by the method developed in this laboratory several years ago and were readily dispersed in water without aggregation. Enzymatic degradation studies with the enzyme protease suggested that the CASJMS with lower crosslink density degraded faster than those with higher crosslink density. Methotrexate (MTX) was incorporated into the CASJMS during microsphere synthesis to the extent of 15 wt% loading, and in vitro release was examined in phosphate buffer at 37°C. Drug release of 35% was observed in 24 h, suggesting that most of the incorporated drug was strongly associated with the CASJMS. Similar release was observed for MTX loaded albumin spheres prepared in the same manner. Based on these studies, caScin appears to be a highly promising, low-cost, bioacceptable protein for the synthesis of drug conjugates and microsphere carrier systems for targeted drug delivery.
Pervaporation of grape juice aroma

Abstract Pervaporation of a model flavor compound of concord grapes (methyl anthranilate) was evaluated with several membranes. Flux and selectivity decreased linearly with increase in downstream pressure, and increased with temperature. With a polydimethoxylsiloxane-polycarbonate membrane, increasing the feed concentration from 20 to 200 ppm did not affect the flux (55 g m−2 h−1), but decreased the selectivity from 10 to 4. The presence of ethanol in the feed solution lowered separation factors and increased total flux. A polyether block amide membrane generally gave higher flux and better selectivity. Experiments with commercial grape essence confirmed the excellent potential of pervaporation for the production of highly enriched flavors.
Evidence supporting technology-based interventions for people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease

Innovative uses of technology offer many exciting possibilities for better care and improved quality of life for people with Alzheimer's disease and their families. This article provides empirical evidence through a systematic review of 10 studies involving technological advances. Although the studies reported have a small number of participants, the early results are positive. We believe the use of technology has the potential to save health care costs, ease caregiver stress, and help people with dementia live better, safer, and more fulfilling lives.
Regional Heterogeneity and Diversity in Cytokine and Chemokine Production by Astroglia: Differential Responses to HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and Morphine Revealed by Multiplex Analysis

HIV-infected individuals who abuse opiates show a faster progression to AIDS and higher incidence of encephalitis. The HIV-1 proteins Tat and gp120 have been shown to cause neurodegenerative change...
Dose distributions through the supraclavicular-axillary region of patients undergoing breast cancer treatment

The supraclavicular-axillary region is often irradiated if multiple lymph nodes are found to be positive in the staging of breast cancer. The doses delivered to supraclavicular-axillary region are typically computed using IRREG program. As such, the dose distributions through these regions are rarely examined. The intent of this study is to examine dose distributions through the supraclavicular-axillary region. The results of this study indicate that the anterior region of the axilla receives about 20% more dose than the supraclavicular region or the mid-axillary point. This excess dose results from the posterior axillary field used to supplement the dose from the supraclavicular-axillary field.
Gender and the architectonics of metaphor: Ruskin's pathetic fallacy in the Ethics of the dust

(1993). Gender and the architectonics of metaphor: Ruskin's pathetic fallacy in the Ethics of the dust. Prose Studies: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 41-61.
Precise positioning of carbon nanotubes by ac dielectrophoresis using floating posts

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been precisely aligned and positioned in device architectures using ac dielectrophoresis by patterning floating metal posts or strips within the electrode gaps. These structures perturb the electric field, causing local enhancements in the field intensity, as seen in simulation, that guide the nanotubes along a predictable path in given directions, in zigzag patterns, or as single or a sequence of tubes along a series of posts. This method enables the assembly of SWNTs in complex multi-electrode geometries, when specifying the electrode voltages is not sufficient to direct the desired assembly. The device characteristics of the dielectrophoretically-aligned SWNTs are discussed.
Comparison of long-term enhancement and short-term exploratory modulation of perforant path synaptic transmission

Abstract Long-term enhancement (LTE/LTP) is an artificially induced form of synaptic change that may underlie memory storage in the hippocampus; however, there is as yet no evidence that this process occurs naturally as a result of normal neural activity. In the dentate gyrus, synaptic change does occur in conjunction with an animal's recent history of exploratory behavior. This change, which persists for a short time (ca. 30 min) following cessation of exploration, has been called short-term exploratory modulation (STEM). This experiment examined the relationship between LTE and STEM by comparing the magnitude of STEM before and after induction of LTE in rats with chronically implanted stimulating electrodes in the perforant path and recording electrodes in the fascia dentata. The absolute magnitude of STEM was the same before and after LTE saturation, suggesting that the processes are independently of each other. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative analyses of the types of changes seen in the evoked-potential waveforms reveal different types of alteration. LTE includes an increase in EPSP slope, whereas STEM reflects an increase in EPSP onset. These data suggest that it is unlikely that STEM and LTE reflect the same synaptic process, and are at least partly consistent with recent reports suggesting that STEM may be mediated by activity-dependent changes in brain temperature.
A CYTOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL STUDY OF POLYCHYTRIUM AGGREGATUM. I. CYTOLOGY

THE WORK on the morphology and classification of Polychrytrium aggregatum previously described (Ajello, 1942) has been extended by cytological studies. These clarify various points bearing on relationships to similar forms and on classification. Maintaining P. aggregatum in culture was formerly a critical obstacle. However, adequate material at various stages of development became available when it was found to grow on chitinous substrata as developed by Karling (1945). This paper describes cytological studies with special reference to phylogeny and taxonomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The strain of P. aggregatum used throughout this study was originally isolated from a Brazilian mud sample collected by Karling in 1943. Unifungal cultures were established by introducing several heavily infected pieces of chitin into a culture dish containing autoclaved soil and charcoal water. Fragments of purified chitin were placed at the bottom of the dish from time to time to maintain growth and to obtain material for cytological study at various stages of development. Generally, after 18 hours, germination stages of the zoospores were available. Within 24-48 hours, sporangial development had progressed far enough to provide abundant material for the study of mitosis, and by 72 hours, the bait was overgrown with mature thalli which could either be fixed or used for obtaining zoospores. The material was fixed in a variety of fluids: Navashin's, Allen and Wilson's modification of Bouin's fluid, chrom-acetic acid, and Flemming's medium and weak solutions. The best results were obtained with Navashin's and Allen and Wilson's fluids after 24hour fixation. Zirkle's, Benda's and Champy-KuIl's fixatives were used for study of mitochondria and these preparations were stained either with Haidenhain's iron-haematoxylin or by Benda's and Champy-Kull's methods. Janus Green B was prepared and used as a vital, mitochondrial dye according to the following method: A drop of 0.1 per cent Janus green B dissolved in 95 per cent ethyl alcohol was placed on a clean cover slip rimmed with vaseline and allowed to dry. Test material suspended in water was then placed upon the cover slip, inverted, and sealed onto a clean glass slide. The preparation was then ready for microscopic examination. For nuclear details, Newton's gentian violet stain proved
Enhancing and Maintaining Water Service Quality for Metropolises: A Case Study of the City and County of San Francisco, California, USA

The City and County of San Francisco supplies treated and raw water directly or indirectly to approximately 2.4 million consumers within five California counties and at various other locations along the transmission route from its principal water source in the Sierra Nevada. From a small-scale private entity formed to meet local neighbourhood needs in 1851, the San Francisco water system has grown to become a critical element underlying the continued sustainability of a multi-billion dollar commercial, industrial and tourist economy. Administered by the City and County-owned San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC), on an average day this public water system directly supplies some 325 megalitres to city retail customers and indirectly supplies some 640 megalitres to wholesale customers. Almost all of the water is taken from surface water watersheds, most of which are owned and managed by the SFPUC. The SFPUC also provides wastewater treatment services to the majority of its retail customers, alth...
Aliphatic Nitrile Adsorption on Al2O3 and ZrO2 As Studied by Total Internal Reflection Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy

Total internal reflection sum-frequency spectroscopy has been used as an in situ vibrational spectroscopic probe of the interface between neat liquid aliphatic nitriles (acetonitrile, butyronitrile) and flat oxide surfaces (ZrO2, Al2O3). Such oxide surfaces serve as models for high surface area supports used for supported metal catalysts that are effective for nitrile hydrogenation reactions. Two types of surface nitrile species were observed to form on the oxide surfaces when exposed to neat nitriles. A weakly bound species coordinates to the surface through the nitrogen of the CN group and exhibits a νCN stretching frequency very similar to that of the bulk liquid nitriles. The lower νCN frequencies of this species on Al2O3 as compared to ZrO2 suggest a stronger interaction with the former surface. It is proposed that this stronger interaction arises from increased hydrogen bonding that is caused by a larger amount of native OH on the Al2O3. A second type of species exhibits a further downshifted νCN st...
A simple method for rapid purification of avian sarcoma virus supercoiled DNA by selective precipitation of infected cell chromatin.

Abstract A simple and effective method to partially purify virus-specific DNA from avian sarcoma virus-infected QT6 cells has been developed. This method consists of lysing infected cell nuclei in water followed by precipitation of the resulting chromatin with sodium chloride. More than 98% of the host cell DNA could be removed by this method without diminishing viral DNA yields. This method is equally applicable to SV40 DNA purification.
Abstract IA6: Cell cycle progression genes differentiate indolent from aggressive prostate cancer

Abstract Background: In cancers with variable natural history, prognostic biomarkers are needed for selecting patients for therapeutic intervention. This is particularly true for prostate cancer, where many screen-detected cases are indolent and predicting adverse outcomes is difficult. Therefore, we developed an expression signature composed of genes involved in cell cycle progression (CCP) and tested its utility in prostate cancer. Methods: We developed a 46-gene prognostic RNA signature that is based on measuring the expression of CCP genes. The expression score (CCP score) is derived as the normalized mean expression all CCP genes in the signature. Results: The prognostic utility of the CCP score has been tested in both multiple clinical settings and patient populations. First, it was tested in a post-prostatectomy cohort from the U.S. where the CCP score predicted biochemical recurrence in univariate (χ2 = 34.0, 1df, p = 5·6 × 10-9) and multivariate analysis (χ2 = 21.65, 1df, p = 3.3 × 10-6). CCP score and PSA were the dominant variables in the best predictive model and were much more significant than any other clinical measure. Second, it was tested in a conservatively managed TURP cohort from the UK where the CCP score was the dominant variable for predicting death from prostate cancer in both univariate (χ2 = 92.7, 1df, p = 6.1 × 10-22) and multivariate analyses (χ2 = 42.2, p = 8.2 × 10-11). Third, it was tested in a conservatively managed needle biopsy cohort from the UK where the CCP score was a better univariate predictor of prostate cancer death than any other variable (χ2 = 37·6, 1df, p = 8.6 × 10-10). The best multivariate model from this study included Gleason and PSA, but CCP dominated (HR for one unit increase = 1.65, 95% CI (1.31, 2.09) χ2 = 17.7, P = 3 × 10-5) with Gleason score (χ2 = 12.1, P = 5 × 10-4) and baseline PSA (χ2 = 5.7, P = 0.017) providing significant, but smaller additional contributions. Conclusions: A CCP expression signature is prognostic in prostate cancer patients at diagnosis and after prostatectomy. It consistently provides information beyond clinical and pathological variables to help differentiate aggressive from indolent disease. Studies aimed at expanding the clinical utility of this signature are warranted and ongoing. Citation Format: Steven Stone, On behalf of the Transatlantic Prostate Group, Jack Cuzick, Dan Berney, Julia Reid, Gabrielle Fisher, Jerry Lanchbury, Alexander Gutin, Greg Swanson. Cell cycle progression genes differentiate indolent from aggressive prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA6.
Quantitative cellular automaton model for biofilms

A fully quantitative cellular automaton (CA) biofilm model was developed. The model describes substrate and biomass as discrete particles existing and interacting in a specified physical domain. Substrate particles move by random walks, simulating molecular diffusion. Microbial particles grow attached to a surface or to other microbial particles, consume substrate particles, and duplicate if a sufficient amount of substrate is consumed. The dynamics of the system are simulated using stochastic processes that represent the occurrence of specific events, such as substrate diffusion, substrate utilization, biofilm growth, and biofilm decay and detachment. The ability of the CA model to predict substrate gradients and fluxes was evaluated by comparing model simulations to predictions from a traditional differential equations model. One and 2D CA models were evaluated. In general, CA model predictions of steady-state flux, biofilm thickness, and substrate gradients inside the biofilm fitted well with the differential equations model results; the 2D model had a better agreement at high substrate concentrations. Fully quantitative CA biofilm models offer an alternative approach to simulate biofilm activity and development. Specific advantages of CA modeling include the ability to simulate growth of heterogeneous biofilms with irregular boundary conditions, and the possibility of developing computationally efficient parallel processing algorithms for the quantitative simulation of biofilms in two and three dimensions.
Effects of transformer models on the voltage variation of an unbalanced distribution system in the presence of harmonic distortion

Abstract Distribution transformer models at high frequency become a subject of great concern in harmonic propagation studies in distribution and transmission systems owing to their impact on harmonic distortion. A laboratory based transformer model was recently investigated using a computer controlled harmonic generator. This paper presents the effects of this transformer model on the voltage variation as functions of the frequency of an unbalanced distribution system in the presence of harmonic distortion. The results are compared with the other available transformer models. A 44 kV distribution system is used as a test case and the voltage variation at each bus in the system is obtained using the developed computer program and the McGraw-Edison harmonic analysis program (V-HARM).
Stemming the tide of rejection.

Transplant recipients require chronic administration of drugs that suppress their immune system to prevent rejection of foreign tissues. The finding in rats that grafting embryonic stem-like cells to a transplant recipient can induce tolerance to transplants has important clinical implications. ( pages 171–178 )
THE NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE GOVERNANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

This research investigate the contradictory role of the National Collogiate Athletic Athletic Association (NCAA) as the linkng-pin organization within the economic and educational network of interc...
A decision-making analysis of persuasive argumentation and the choice-shift effect

A subjective expected utility (SEU) decision-making analysis was performed on the content of arguments generated by subjects privately or during group discussion in response to choice-dilemmas shown to shift toward risk and caution. It was demonstrated that arguments generated in private as well as those emitted in discussion were concerned with evaluating outcomes given in the choice-dilemma, that is, with assessing utilities. Relatively few focused on the probability of achieving these outcomes or on utilities for risk and caution per se. Furthermore, the distributions of private and discussion arguments over content categories were very similar. This suggests discussion does not elicit new arguments (e.g., about the value of risk or caution per se) which have not already been considered privately before discussion. This finding is contrary to value theory and consistent with the persuasive-arguments formulation. Additional analyses disclosed both sets of arguments were directed toward changing utilities so as to make (a) risk (low probabilities) highly attractive on items shifting toward risk, and (b) caution (high probabilities) highly attractive on items shifting toward caution. Moreover, the import of the arguments, their direction of influence, was correlated with the actual shifts in choice at the group level. Thus, our results provide strong support for an SEU interpretation of argumentation effects. Implications concerning the “risky shift” as an instance of attitude change produced by informational influence (argumentation) were discussed.