cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curved planar reformatting and convolutional neural network-based segmentation of the small bowel for visualization and quantitative assessment of pediatric Crohn's disease from MRI

Background Contrast-enhanced MRI of the small bowel is an effective imaging sequence for the detection and characterization of disease burden in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). However, visualization and quantification of disease burden requires scrolling back and forth through 3D images to follow the anatomy of the bowel, and it can be difficult to fully appreciate the extent of disease. Purpose To develop and evaluate a method that offers better visualization and quantitative assessment of CD from MRI. Study type Retrospective. Population Twenty-three pediatric patients with CD. Field strength/sequence 1.5T MRI system and T1 -weighted postcontrast VIBE sequence. Assessment The convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of the bowel's lumen, wall, and background was compared with manual boundary delineation. We assessed the reproducibility and the capability of the extracted markers to differentiate between different levels of disease defined after a consensus review by two experienced radiologists. Statistical tests The segmentation algorithm was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and boundary distances between the CNN and manual boundary delineations. The capability of the extracted markers to differentiate between different disease levels was determined using a t-test. The reproducibility of the extracted markers was assessed using the mean relative difference (MRD), Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis. Results Our CNN exhibited DSCs of 75 ± 18%, 81 ± 8%, and 97 ± 2% for the lumen, wall, and background, respectively. The extracted markers of wall thickness at the location of min radius (P = 0.0013) and the median value of relative contrast enhancement (P = 0.0033) could differentiate active and nonactive disease segments. Other extracted markers could differentiate between segments with strictures and segments without strictures (P 3 times superior when computed on curved planar reformatting images compared with the conventional scheme. Data conclusion The results of this study show that the newly developed method is efficient for visualization and assessment of CD. Level of evidence 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1565-1576.
Disguised-Nets: Image Disguising for Privacy-preserving Outsourced Deep Learning

Deep learning model developers often use cloud GPU resources to experiment with large data and models that need expensive setups. However, this practice raises privacy concerns. Adversaries may be interested in: 1) personally identifiable information or objects encoded in the training images, and 2) the models trained with sensitive data to launch model-based attacks. Learning deep neural networks (DNN) from encrypted data is still impractical due to the large training data and the expensive learning process. A few recent studies have tried to provide efficient, practical solutions to protect data privacy in outsourced deep-learning. However, we find out that they are vulnerable under certain attacks. In this paper, we specifically identify two types of unique attacks on outsourced deep-learning: 1) the visual re-identification attack on the training data, and 2) the class membership attack on the learned models, which can break existing privacy-preserving solutions. We develop an image disguising approach to address these attacks and design a suite of methods to evaluate the levels of attack resilience for a privacy-preserving solution for outsourced deep learning. The experimental results show that our image-disguising mechanisms can provide a high level of protection against the two attacks while still generating high-quality DNN models for image classification.
The medicalization of sleeplessness: Results of U.S. office visit outcomes, 2008-2015.

Abstract Previous analysis of U.S. physician office visits (1993–2007) indicated that the medicalization of sleeplessness was on the rise and had potentially negative implications for population health. Our study asks if the medicalization of sleeplessness at the level of patient-physician interaction has persisted over time. Using the most recent years available (2008–2015) of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey we calculated nationally representative estimates for four sleeplessness-related outcomes of physician office visits: sleeplessness complaint, insomnia diagnosis, and prescription of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics (NBSH). To test for the significance of the linear trajectory, we ran a series of bivariate linear models. We tested three hypotheses grounded in the medicalization framework: if the medicalization of sleeplessness at the interactional level is continuing at a rate comparable to previous analyses, sleeplessness-related outcomes will continue to increase significantly over time (Hypothesis 1); NBSH prescriptions and insomnia diagnoses will continue to outpace sleeplessness complaints (Hypothesis 2); and insomnia diagnoses and use of sedative-hypnotics will increase or remain concentrated among age groups who lack the changing sleep patterns and commonly occurring comorbidities associated with older age (Hypothesis 3). Support for these hypotheses was mixed. Unlike previous analyses wherein all sleeplessness-related outcome trends were positive and statistically significant over time, regression analyses revealed a significant negative NBSH prescription trend 2008–2015 (slope, b = −699,628, P
Corrosion behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts and the effect of post annealing

Abstract This paper evaluates the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy parts produced by laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM). The effect of post annealing heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of AM parts is studied by comparing the heat treated samples with cold rolled commercial titanium alloy samples. The results obtained via corrosion tests show that the corrosion rate of as-fabricated AM parts is almost sixteen times worse than the commercial grade samples. The accelerated rate was due to the presence of non-equilibrium phases and can be ameliorated by a proper post heat treatment process at 800°C for 2 h. The proposed heat treatment makes the corrosion behavior of AM parts comparable to the commercial grade samples, due to the stress relief of the martensitic phase and formation of BCC phase of β Ti-6Al-4V which has a higher corrosion resistance. CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method was used to identify the equilibrium phases.
Sources of Continued Corporate Dominance

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons
Automated Class Discovery and One-Shot Interactions for Acoustic Activity Recognition

Acoustic activity recognition has emerged as a foundational element for imbuing devices with context-driven capabilities, enabling richer, more assistive, and more accommodating computational experiences. Traditional approaches rely either on custom models trained in situ, or general models pre-trained on preexisting data, with each approach having accuracy and user burden implications. We present Listen Learner, a technique for activity recognition that gradually learns events specific to a deployed environment while minimizing user burden. Specifically, we built an end-to-end system for self-supervised learning of events labelled through one-shot interaction. We describe and quantify system performance 1) on preexisting audio datasets, 2) on real-world datasets we collected, and 3) through user studies which uncovered system behaviors suitable for this new type of interaction. Our results show that our system can accurately and automatically learn acoustic events across environments (e.g., 97% precision, 87% recall), while adhering to users' preferences for non-intrusive interactive behavior.
The development of an individual differences end-of-life treatment preferences scale.

The purpose of this study was to create an individual differences measure of end-of-life treatment preferences (EOLTPs). Young adults (n = 427) and older adults (n = 333) completed a survey. Result...
Intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of central venous diseases

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been used extensively in coronary applications. Its use in venous applications has increased as endovascular therapy has increasingly become the mainstay therapy for central venous diseases. IVUS has been used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in managing venous stenotic disease, venous occlusive disease, and IVC filter placement and removal. IVUS has been proven to be effective in providing detailed measurement of the venous anatomy, which aid in determining the appropriate size and the approach for venous stent placement. In IVC filter placement, IVUS can provide detailed measurement and guide IVC filter placement in emergent and critical care settings. It also has certain utility in filter removal. At any rate, to date there are only a few studies examining its impact on patient outcomes. Prospective randomized controlled trials are warranted in the future.
The Ties that (Un)Bind: Change and Organizational Commitment in Ukraine

Recognizing the need for organizational change in a transition setting, we specify a research model entailing the effects of two important workplace variables on the relationship between dispositional resistance to change and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment is important because of its relationship with a host of considerations relevant to successful organizational change and development. We test the model with samples from four Ukrainian firms undergoing comparable substantive change, including in their human resource systems. The results indicate that the negative relationship between resistance to change and organization commitment is moderated by trust in management. Specifically, it is the lack of trust that exacerbates the negative influence of resistance to change on commitment. Also, high procedural justice strengthens the negative relationship, thereby reducing organizational commitment, an interesting divergence from the Western literature. These indigenous findings in a markedly different context from the West hold potential for theory that is richer and more comprehensive in its explanatory reach. The findings also provide useful insights for managers in Ukraine in their efforts to change organizational practices.
Broadening perspectives on regional quarry-related studies:

Any productive or technological activity takes place in a social context and is embedded in a history of native practices, perceptions, and use of multiple landscapes. This paper explores topics th...
Pedagogy and pleasure: trans and gender transgressive students in an LGBTQ-themed literature class

Schools are often hostile places for trans students, but I explore teaching and learning in a classroom that foregrounds LGBTQ people and in a school that actively strives to minimise cisnormativit...
The Future of Fundraising: Motivations for Participating in Facebook Fundraisers and Implications of Social Capital

In 2017, Facebook created a platform for philanthropic fundraising that allowed users to ask their friends to donate to a specific non-profit organization. This study aims to identify unique individual and network characteristics of those who choose to donate to these campaigns, as well as explore the potential relationships between bridging and bonding social capital and participation in a Facebook fundraiser, and identify motivations for participation. Results from an online survey of active Facebook users ( N = 167) demonstrate that those who donate to Facebook fundraisers have higher scores in social capital, altruism, self-monitoring and are motivated to donate by perceived poster genuineness, relation to the organization, and demonstrating their own goodwill to their network. Results from this project can be utilized to help inform the growth of prosocial campaigns on social networking sites.
Property rights theory and ownership of firm-specific advantages: the implications of contracting and licensing within the multinational firm

This study examines how multinational corporations (MNCs) organize internal ownership of their firm-specific advantages. Firm-specific advantages are the proprietary assets that provide the firm with a competitive advantage. In contrast to the assumption that firm-specific advantages are a public good within the firm, MNCs allocate economic ownership of their firm-specific advantages to affiliates and/or the parent within the firm. The MNC entities that own the firm-specific advantages internally contract or license them to other MNC entities. This study identifies four different ways in which MNCs choose to structure internal ownership of firm-specific advantages. Drawing on property rights theory, it is argued that these structures are important in creating incentives and facilitating coordination within the firm. The results suggest that MNCs with independent and easily codifiable firm-specific advantages, such as trademarks, are more likely to use ownership structures that provide market-like incentives. In contrast, MNCs with knowledge-intensive, tacit firm-specific advantages are more likely to use ownership structures that facilitate knowledge sharing and coordination within the firm.
TREATING FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF LARGE RIVERS AS STUDY UNITS FOR VARIABLES THAT VARY WITHIN LAKES; AN EVALUATION USING CHLOROPHYLL A AND INORGANIC SUSPENDED SOLIDS DATA FROM FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

Contiguous floodplain lakes (‘lakes’) have historically been used as study units for comparative studies of limnological variables that vary within lakes. The hierarchical nature of these studies implies that study variables may be correlated within lakes and that covariate associations may differ not only among lakes but also by spatial scale. We evaluated the utility of treating lakes as study units for limnological variables that vary within lakes based on the criteria of important levels of among-lake variation in study variables and the observation of covariate associations that vary among lakes. These concerns were selected, respectively, to ensure that lake signatures were distinguishable from within-lake variation and that lake-scale effects on covariate associations might provide inferences not available by ignoring those effects. Study data represented chlorophyll a (CHL) and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) data from lakes within three reaches of the Upper Mississippi River. Sampling occurred in summer from 1993 through 2005 (except 2003); numbers of lakes per reach varied from 7 to 19, and median lake area varied from 53 to 101 ha. CHL and ISS levels were modelled linearly, with lake, year and lake × year effects treated as random. For all reaches, the proportions of variation in CHL and ISS attributable to differences among lakes (including lake and lake × year effects) were substantial (range: 18%–73%). Finally, among-lake variation in CHL and ISS was strongly associated with covariates and covariate effects that varied by lakes or lake-years (including with vegetation levels and, for CHL, log(ISS)). These findings demonstrate the utility of treating floodplain lakes as study units for the study of limnological variables and the importance of addressing hierarchy within study designs when making inferences from data collected within floodplain lakes. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Changes in phospholipid turnover following growth of 3T3 mouse cells to confluency.

Abstract Phospholipid changes which appear to be related to density-dependent inhibition of cell division were identified in cultured 3T3 mouse cells. After these cells grew to confluency, the rate of incorporation of phosphate into total phospholipids remained about the same. However, the rate for phosphatidylcholine increased 2-fold, while the rates for phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decreased 7-fold and 2-fold, respectively. The phospholipid composition of nonconfluent and confluent 3T3 cells was about the same, indicating that these differences in incorporation reflected changes in turnover rates rather than rates of net synthesis. In addition, initiation of division of confluent 3T3 cells by fresh serum brought about some rapid phospholipid changes. This treatment resulted in increased incorporation of phosphate into all of the major cell phospholipids during the first 2 hours. It also brought about increased phosphate transport, but this could not account for all of the increased incorporation into phospholipids. The same changes did not take place in polyoma virus-transformed 3T3 (Py3T3) cells, and so they appear to be related to serum- and density-dependent growth control characteristic of 3T3 cells.
Demotivating Semi-compatibilism

In this paper, I explore some of the motivations behind John Martin Fischer's semi-compatibilism. Particularly, I look at three reasons Fischer gives for preferring semi-compatibilism to libertarianism. I argue that the first two of these motivations are in tension with each other: the more one is moved by the first motivation, the less one can appeal to the second, and vice versa. I then argue that Fischer's third motivation ought not move anyone to prefer Fischer's semi-compatibilist picture to any of the leading contemporary libertarian theories. Finally, I make some methodological comments about the role intuitions play in Fischer's project.
A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Workplace Health Promotion and Occupational Ergonomics Programs

Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and mental health are all associated with the physical and psychosocial conditions of work, as well as with individual health behaviors. An integrated approach to workplace health-promotion programs should include attention to the work environment, especially in light of recent findings that work organization influences so-called lifestyle or health behaviors. Macroergonomics provides a framework to improve both physical and organizational features of work and, in the process, to empower individual workers. The Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace (CPH-NEW) is a research-to-practice effort examining the effectiveness of worksite programs that combine occupational safety and health—especially /sc>ergonomics—with health promotion, emphasizing the contribution of work organization to both. Two intervention studies are underway in three different sectors: health care, corrections, and manufacturing. Each study features participatory structures to fac...
High production of butyric acid by Clostridium tyrobutyricum mutant

The objective of this study was to improve the production of butyric acid by process optimization using the metabolically engineered mutant of Clostridium tyrobutyricum (PAK-Em). First, the free-cell fermentation at pH 6.0 produced butyric acid with concentration of 38.44 g/L and yield of 0.42 g/g. Second, the immobilizedcell fermentations using fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) were run at pHs of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 to optimize fermentation process and improve the butyric acid production. It was found that the highest titer of butyric acid, 63.02 g/L, was achieved at pH 6.5. Finally, the metabolic flux balance analysis was performed to investigate the carbon rebalance in C. tyrobutyricum. The results show both gene manipulation and fermentation pH change redistribute carbon between biomass, acetic acid and butyric acid. This study demonstrated that high butyric acid production could be obtained by integrating metabolic engineering and fermentation process optimization. Open image in new window
Substrate recognition by the Nla proteinase of two potyviruses involves multiple domains : characterization using genetically engineered hybrid proteinase molecules

Abstract The proteolytic activity associated with the small nuclear inclusion protein (Nla proteinase) of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a potyvirus, catalyzes several cleavages at sites within the polyprotein derived from the TEV RNA genome. The homologous proteinase of tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV), a closely related potyvirus, cleaves at similar, yet distinct, recognition sites. We examined these proteinases, in a cell-free cleavage system, in an attempt to define the biochemical basis of substrate specificity. Each proteinase was specific for its own cleavage site sequence in cell-free trans processing reactions, and no processing of the heterologous cleavage site was evident. Domains of the proteinase which were important in determining this substrate specificity were identified by generating hybrid proteinase genes containing both TEV and TVMV Nla proteinase coding sequences. Using site-directed mutagenesis and standard recombinant DNA techniques, plasmids were constructed which contained coding sequences for hybrid TEV-TVMV proteinases. These plasmids were expressed and tested in a cell-free environment for their ability to cleave both TEV and TVMV substrates. The data suggest that the carboxy-terminal 150 amino acids of the Nla protein contain the necessary information to specifically recognize a particular cleavage site sequence, and that specificity determinants are contained in at least three interactive subdomains within this region.
Modification of airway histamine-receptor function with methylprednisolone succinate☆

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether glucocorticosteroids alter airway histamine-receptor function. We measured pulmonary resistance in six conscious sheep before and after inhalation challenge with 100 breaths of 5% histamine solution, without and with intravenous pretreatment with the specific H 1 - and H 2 -receptor antagonists. Inhalation of histamine (combined H 1 and H 2 stimulation) increased mean pulmonary resistance (R L ) to 290% of baseline (p 2 antagonist, metiamide (selective H 1 stimulation), enhanced the effect of histamine, with a mean R L increase to 760% of baseline (p 1 antagonist, chlorpheniramine (selective H 2 stimulation), decreased R L to 40% of chlorpheniramine value (p L increase to only 186% of baseline. After methylprednisolone, selective H 1 -receptor stimulation with histamine elicited a blunted H 1 -receptor response; mean R L increased to only 248% of baseline. Both changes were significantly lower than that with histamine alone (p L , which made it difficult to evaluate H 2 -receptor function (R L decreased to 67% of postchlorpheniramine value). However, in the presence of increased airway tone with carbachol, selective H 2 stimulation with histamine decreased R L to 26% of postcarbachol value (p 2 receptors. Methylprednisolone had no effect on carbachol-induced increase in R L . In conscious sheep, methylprednisolone blunts airway responsiveness to histamine by suppressing H 1 receptors without significantly altering H 2 receptors or cholinergic-receptor function.
As a Fish Swims in the Sea: Relationships Between Factors Contributing to Support for Terrorist or Insurgent Groups

This article reviews and synthesizes social science knowledge on the connections between popular support and terrorist/insurgent sustainment. After distinguishing between “sympathetic of” and “supporting,” the author identifies support requirements of terrorists and insurgents, the range of sources of support, and motives for support. A scheme of relationships between factors contributing to strength of support is essayed. As a caveat to population-centered approaches to counterterrorism and counterinsurgency, the article concludes that support is not “one size fits all,” and that certain factors, when present, are more amenable to policy influence than others. These conclusions suggest that it is imperative that practitioners of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency be mindful of the specifics of their case when seeking to undermine support.
Regional Coal-Mining Employment in the United States from 1985 to 2000

Mining employment projections for 15 coal-producing regions in the US indicate that substantial regional reallocation of employment will occur over the time frame considered. The East and Midwest are expected to be net losers of employment, while a major portion of the Appalachian coal region and the West will show considerable growth. Further analysis to separate the percentage of change in employment into the components of change show major dislocations in the coal-mining industry. Historically, mining employment response to such dislocation has been sluggish. If major migration of mining employment does not take place, there will be significant unemployment in the East and Midwest. 2 figures, 5 tables.
Linkage relationships among eleven biochemical loci in Peromyscus.

Interspecific F1 hybrids of Peromyscus maniculatus (deermice) and P. polionotus (oldfield mice) were backcrossed to P. maniculatus. Backcross progeny were electrophoretically typed for 11 variant protein markers: albumin, transferrin, leucine aminopeptidase, amylase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, dipeptidase, tripeptidase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase. Genetic variation for each protein was attributed to a single autosomal locus. The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), salivary amylase (Amy), and albumin (Alb) loci appeared to be linked in the sequence of Adh—11.5 cM—Amy—33.3 cM—Alb. The tripeptidase locus, Pep-2, also may be loosely linked to Alb in this group. Variants at all other loci assorted independently. These and other known linkage relationships in Peromyscus correspond closely to those of the house mouse, Mus musculus. The available evidence in Peromyscus further supports the concept of linkage conservation by natural selection.
Marketing the 'Sex Check': evaluating recruitment strategies for a telephone-based HIV prevention project for gay and bisexual men.

Designing effective marketing and recruitment strategies for HIV prevention research requires attention to cultural relevance, logistical barriers, and perceived psychosocial barriers to accessing services. McGuire's communication/persuasion matrix (1985) guided our evaluation, with particular attention to success of each marketing "channel" (i.e., strategy) vis-a-vis the number of all callers, eligible callers, and enrolled callers, as well as reaching so-called "hard-to-serve" individuals. Nearly all channels offered success in reaching specific subgroups. Latinos responded favorably to posters, bisexuals responded favorably to paid media in an alternative (non-gay) publication, and precontemplators responded to referrals by family and friends. Although multiple recruitment strategies were used, three were crucial to the success of the project: (a) recruiters' presence in gay venues, (b) referrals by family and friends (snowball technique), and (c) paid advertisements in alternative (non-gay) local newspapers. Resource allocation and costs are also presented for each channel.
The interaction between low- and high-frequency waves in a waveguide free-electron laser amplifier

Abstract We examine the essential physics of the interaction between the downshifted and upshifted radiation fields during a single pass of a waveguide free-electron laser. It is found that after a sufficient period of interaction has elapsed, generally one frequency will predominate over the other. In the case where the lower frequency begins with an infinitesimal amplitude, the outcome may be predicted with a high degree of confidence through a semiempirical formula, given the initial phase velocities and frequency ratio, as well as the initial amplitude and dimensionless current density for the higher frequency. We also discuss an effect in which energy may be exchanged back and forth between the two branches.
Augmentation and Transcendence [T&S Interview]

As an inventor, the website kurzweilai.net notes that Kurzweil was the principal inventor of the first CCD flatbed scanner, the first omni-font optical character recognition, the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, the first text-to-speech synthesizer, the first music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and the first commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition. Mr. Kurzweil was appointed Director of Engineering at Google, Inc., in December 2012. We interviewed Mr. Kurzweil via email in summer 2012.
Procedure-specific infection control for preventing intraoperative blood exposures

Abstract Contemporary intraoperative infection control must address the risks of infection transmission to both patients and their providers. The patient must be protected from intraoperative wound contamination and exposure to blood-borne pathogens during procedures. Providers must be protected from injuries and mucocutaneous exposure to the patient's blood. Procedure-specific infection control precautions, or similar strategies that address this bidirectional potential for infection transmission, may prove successful in accomplishing improved safety for all.
Fluid and field algorithms for time-implicit plasma simulation

Abstract Fluid transport algorithms and implicit electric field computations for particle—fluid hybrid plasma simulation are investigated in the one-dimensional case. Emphasis is placed on acceptable behavior at vacuum interfaces and stable, accurate implicit electric field solutions. A scheme using the FCT method of Boris and Book with all quantities cell centered gives good results for expansion into vacuum, but the resulting banded-matrix field solver admits an unphysical even—odd spatial mode. By defining velocity and electric field at cell boundaries, a diagonal field solver results which eliminates this mode. Advecting momentum defined at cell boundaries gave poor results at vacuum boundaries; acceptable behavior was recovered with momentum advected at cell centers. The field solver uses the exact numerical continuity equation and iterates, so that convergence ensures satisfaction of the Poisson equation. Convergence of the field solver is affected by the choice of advection algorithm. For time steps large compared to the inverse plasma frequency, Δt ⪢ ω p −1 , the proper ambipolar limit is recovered.
Recruiting Drug Using Men Who Have Sex with Men in Behavioral Intervention Trials: A Comparison of Internet and Field-Based Strategies

Although online and field-based samples of men who have sex with men (MSM) have been compared on a variety of markers, differences in drug use have not been well examined. In addition, generalization from studies comparing recruitment methods is often limited by a focus on either HIV seropositive or seronegative MSM. We compared two New York City-based samples of MSM recruited simultaneously between July 2009 and January 2010-one sample recruited in the field (n = 2,402) and one sample recruited via the Internet (n = 694). All recruitment efforts targeted men without restriction on age or self-reported HIV status. Our results show marked differences in drug and alcohol use between online and field-based samples of MSM. Specifically, men surveyed online were significantly more likely to have tried a variety of drugs, including methamphetamine, cocaine, and ecstasy. Men recruited online were also more likely to report older age, HIV positive serostatus, and "never" using condoms. Internet-based recruitment was found to be more cost-effective in terms of recruitment yield than was field-based recruitment.
A circuit to permit an electronic drinkometer to operate during footshock

A circuit to permit an electronic drinkometer to operate during footshock is described. The circuit employs a diode matrix that allows all grid bars to be connected at one point to form one electrode of the drinkometer; it is isolated at another point so as not to shortcircuit the impressed footshock.
City Spending, Suburban Demands, and Fiscal Exploitation: A Replication and Extension

Suburban exploitation of the central city was once a hotly contested issue, but the exodus of people and jobs from the city and the involvement of the federal government in urban service provision have moved it from the forefront of scholarly attention. Those same developments, however, argue for more rather than less attention to exploitation, and the purpose of this paper is to offer some of that. Using data collected for 188 relatively comparable American SMSAs for 1960, 1970, and 1980, the paper begins with a replication of an earlier study by Kasarda of suburban demands for city service spending. It then extends that research to 1980 and expands it to assess suburban participation in city retail sales generation as well. The results indicate a substantive narrowing over time of suburban demands for city services, but a sizeable and growing gap nonetheless between expenditures demanded and retail revenues provided. The paper then turns to an analysis that attempts to test empirically the relative merits of ecological and politicoeconomic explanations for these changes. The results of that test are more supportive of the former than the latter; hence, the paper concludes with an interpretation of them that links to underlying ecological processes the changing social psychological perspective on the city and its role in social life held by surrounding suburban dwellers. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, urban exploitation was an issue of widespread concern. Critics-generally urban officials and planners-charged that the suburbs were "exploiting" central cities; in their view, suburbanites who worked in, visited or recreated im the city made demands on the municipal budget for services and facilities the costs of which they avoided by virtue of their suburban residence. Influenced by the public debate, scholars responded with empirical studies which by and large confirmed the validity of the charge. Since then, the exploitation issue has faded into the background of both public debate and scholarly attention. In part, this is due to effective *Address correspondence to the author, Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102. ? 1985 The University of North Carolina Press
High Tidal Volume Ventilation Activates Smad2 and Upregulates Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Newborn Rat Lung

High tidal volume (V(T)) ventilation plays a key role in ventilator induced lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, little is known about the effect of high V(T) on expression of growth factors that are critical to lung development. In a previous study, we demonstrated that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) inhibits branching morphogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of high V(T) on CTGF expression in newborn rat lungs. Newborn rats were ventilated with normal V(T) (10 mL/kg) or high V(T) (25 mL/kg) for 6 h. Nonventilated animals served as controls. We found that high V(T) upregulated CTGF expression. To identify the potential signaling pathways mediating high V(T) induction of CTGF, newborn rats were ventilated with high V(T) for 1 or 3 h. Temporal expression of TGF-betas, p-Smad2, Smad7, and CTGF was analyzed. High V(T) ventilation did not change gene expression of TGF-betas and Smad7 but induced rapid and sustained expression of p-Smad2 that precedes increased CTGF expression. CTGF and p-Smad2 were localized in bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar walls and septa. These data suggest that high V(t) ventilation activates the Smad2 pathway, which may be responsible for downstream induction of CTGF expression in newborn rat lungs.
Pressure dependence of intramolecular mode frequencies in solid N2, O2, and CO2

A microscopic description of the pressure dependence of intramolecular vibrational modes in simple molecular crystals has been formulated using a classical perturbation theory. Quantitative agreement with experiment is demonstrated and it is shown that frequency changes at phase transitions are large enough to be observed optically.
First Steps toward a Genetic Chemistry

The development of a genetic chemistry -- a chemistry of the genetic substance -- will undoubtedly be a long and exacting and inspiring task. As genetics is a central theme in the science of biology, so we may expect genetic chemistry to become, in time, an integrating core for cellular biochemistry.
Proton NMR study of chemically modified horse heart ferricytochrome c confirms the presence of histidine and lysine-ligated conformers in 30% acetonitrile solution

Comparison of the 1H NMR spectra for guanidinated ferricyt c and chloro(terpyridine)platinum(II)-modified ferricyt c in 30% acetonitrile (ACN) solution with that for ferricyt c in 30% ACN is reported. The absence of the heme methyl proton resonances characteristic of the IV*-form (Lys-ligated) in the NMR spectrum of guanidinated ferricyt c in 30% ACN solution confirms that a lysine-ligated form of ferricyt c is produced in 30% ACN solution. The absence of the 8-methyl heme proton resonance of the V*-form in the NMR spectrum of chloro(terpyridine)platinum(II)-modified ferricyt c in 30% ACN solution demonstrates that a bis-His-ligated form of ferricyt c is produced in 30% ACN, not a hydroxide ligated form, as previously proposed. The revised assignment for the V* form of ferricyt c in mixed media explains differences between the exchange network we previously reported for ferricyt c in 30% ACN [Protein Sci. 10 (2001) 2291] as versus that reported by Dopner et al. at high pH [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 11246]. Lys- and His-ligated forms are known to be produced in the presence of denaturants in protein folding studies of ferricyt c. Consequently, the exchange network between these non-native forms of ferricyt c in 30% ACN may have biological relevance for ferricyt c folding.
A truncated Poisson regression model with applications to occurrence of adenomatous polyps

Adenomatous polyps are considered as the dominant precursor lesion of colorectal cancer. A phase III colorectal cancer prevention trial, conducted by the Arizona Cancer Center, concerns the ability of wheat bran fibre supplement to reduce the recurrence of adenomatous polyps. All participants in the study are to have had colorectal polyps detected and removed during a baseline (qualifying) colonoscopy within three months prior to enrolment. In this paper, our interest focuses on occurrence of adenomatous polyps at the baseline colonoscopy. We use a truncated Poisson model to fit these types of data. We develop a regression model to assess the effects of explanatory factors on the positive counting variable. We fit truncated Poisson parameters by a log-linear regression model and estimate regression parameters by the maximum likelihood procedure. Finally, we apply it to the baseline colonoscopy data from the Wheat Bran Fiber study.
Distributed decision propagation in mobile agent networks

This paper develops a language-measure-theoretic distributed algorithm for decision propagation in a mobile agent network topology. The agent interaction policy proposed here enables the control of the tradeoff between Propagation Radius and Localization Gradient. Analytical results regarding statistical moment convergence are presented and validated with simulation experiments.
The Trouble with Sex Differences

Sex differences in the brain are real and clinically important but often grossly distorted in popular discourse. Considering the public's deep fascination with sex difference research and its impact on issues from mental health to education and workplace equity, neuroscientists should pay greater heed to its misappropriation and to studying how gender enculturation shapes neural function.
Synthesis and Circulating Forms of The Somatomedins

Our data support the hypothesis that the somatomedins have multiple origins and may have paracrine and autocrine as well as humoral modes of action. The balance between the local actions and hormoral actions of somatomedin in any physiologic circumstance remains to be determined by future experiments. We have also found evidence that the initial products of IGF secretion synthesis include a carboxyterminal E region extension as predicted by the messenger RNA structure. In normal circumstances, the E region appears to be rapidly and efficiently cleaved. However, in certain metabolic conditions IGF-I prohormone is found in the circulation. Our initial characterization of the circulating IGF-I prohormone suggests that the prohormone form of IGF is unable to bind to either the type IGF receptor or to the binding proteins. In addition, we have demonstrated that normal plasma contains an active and specific peptidase for the E region, which is associated with molecules of the 150, 000 molecular weight range in plasma. A small binding protein for somatomedin has been isolated from a number of human sources and partial sequence data has been reported. There is at least some immunological and structural homology between the binding protein associated with the 150, 000 micro-weight complex and the small somatomedin binding protein. Biological regulation of somatomedin synthesis and action can occur at multiple sites, including messenger RNA synthesis, prohormone synthesis and processing, and incorporation into mature somatomedin complexes in plasma. The biological control of these processes, and their relationship to the biological actions of the somatomedins, will be a source of fruitful future study.
Proving the efficacy of library instruction evaluation

Abstract This article demonstrates the usefulness of evaluation surveys m improving a one-hour library instruction session Results from the surveys for an English composition class were used to modify the instruction session A comparison of the results from the student evaluation surveys from the original library instruction session and the modified one showed significant improvement in several areas It is concluded that evaluation surveys do have an integral role to play in improving library instruction
Femoral diaphysis fractures in cattle: 26 cases (1994-2005).

Objective This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the outcome for cattle with diaphyseal fractures of the femur, but not including capital physeal injuries. Methods Sources of information were medical records of cattle having a definitive diagnosis of diaphyseal femoral fractures and telephone survey of owners. Results Medical records for 26 cattle with femoral fracture were found; of the 20 aged less than 2 months, 15 were treated surgically, 4 conservatively (stall rest) and 1 was euthanased without treatment. The surgical treatment varied according to the configuration of the fracture and the surgeon's experience. Surgery for mid-diaphyseal fractures had a significantly better surgical outcome then distal diaphyseal fractures (P < 0.05), as there were significantly fewer postoperative complications. Of the 15 calves treated surgically, 10 were discharged from hospital and 5 were retained in the herd without noticeable lameness. Of the 4 calves treated conservatively, 3 were alive at follow-up, but 2 were still lame. Of the 6 older cattle, 3 were euthanased without treatment and 3 were treated conservatively, 2 of which were alive at follow-up but 1 was still lame. Conclusion Conservative treatment of femur fracture in cattle is possible but associated with complications during the convalescence. Continued research is needed to optimise distal diaphyseal fracture stabilisation in young cattle.
Occurrence of atypical acute bilateral multifocal choroidal neovascularization in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II

We report an unusual case of acute recurrent bilateral multifocal choroidal neovascularization that was associated with histologically proven membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II and did not resolve with laser photocoagulation. Early development of subretinal neovascular membranes with widespread retinal pigment epithelial changes in this condition may heraid poor prognosis despite laser ablation of the neovascular tuft.
Measuring change and continuity in parity distributions.

Procedures are developed to allocate the change in mean fertility to the change in specific parities or groups of parities. One procedure uses the proportion at each parity and another uses parity progression ratios. Both are based on the delta method for approximating change in a function of several variables. Drawing on an analogy to survival in a life table, the relational logit model is applied to parity progression. This method allows several parity distributions to be synthesized and to have differences summarized with two parameters. The three procedures are applied to successive cohorts of white U.S. women who completed their childbearing between 1920 and 1980.
Targeting farms to improve water quality

Voluntary programs to improve the quality of surface and subsurface water affected by agriculture should target the farms that have an economic incentive to adopt management systems with water quality benefits. We propose a method that can identify such opportunities within a region by linking a field scale simulation model, a multiobjective decision model, and a pair of farm-scale constrained optimization models. The simulation model estimates the effect of alternative management systems on the quantities of pollutants leaving individual fields and on economic returns. The multiobjective decision model uses site specific economic and technical information to score and rank the alternative management systems. An optimization model is solved to select the set of management systems which are most economically advantageous to the farmer. A second, similar optimization model is solved to select the set of management systems of interest to society considering offsite water quality issues. Farms which have economic incentives to adopt management systems with water quality benefits can be identified and targeted by extension agents or policy makers.
Influence of auditory and audiovisual stimuli on the right-left prevalence effect

When auditory stimuli are used in two-dimensional spatial compatibility tasks, where the stimulus and response configurations vary along the horizontal and vertical dimensions simultaneously, a right–left prevalence effect occurs in which horizontal compatibility dominates over vertical compatibility. The right–left prevalence effects obtained with auditory stimuli are typically larger than that obtained with visual stimuli even though less attention should be demanded from the horizontal dimension in auditory processing. In the present study, we examined whether auditory or visual dominance occurs when the two-dimensional stimuli are audiovisual, as well as whether there will be cross-modal facilitation of response selection for the horizontal and vertical dimensions. We also examined whether there is an additional benefit of adding a pitch dimension to the auditory stimulus to facilitate vertical coding through use of the spatial-musical association of response codes (SMARC) effect, where pitch is coded in terms of height in space. In Experiment 1, we found a larger right–left prevalence effect for unimodal auditory than visual stimuli. Neutral, non-pitch coded, audiovisual stimuli did not result in cross-modal facilitation, but did show evidence of visual dominance. The right–left prevalence effect was eliminated in the presence of SMARC audiovisual stimuli, but the effect influenced horizontal rather than vertical coding. Experiment 2 showed that the influence of the pitch dimension was not in terms of influencing response selection on a trial-to-trial basis, but in terms of altering the salience of the task environment. Taken together, these findings indicate that in the absence of salient vertical cues, auditory and audiovisual stimuli tend to be coded along the horizontal dimension and vision tends to dominate audition in this two-dimensional spatial stimulus–response task.