cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiferromagnetic order and spin dynamics in iron-based superconductors

High-transition temperature (high-$T_c$) superconductivity in the iron pnictides/chalcogenides emerges from the suppression of the static antiferromagnetic order in their parent compounds, similar to copper oxides superconductors. This raises a fundamental question concerning the role of magnetism in the superconductivity of these materials. Neutron scattering, a powerful probe to study the magnetic order and spin dynamics, plays an essential role in determining the relationship between magnetism and superconductivity in high-$T_c$ superconductors. The rapid development of modern neutron time-of-flight spectrometers allows a direct determination of the spin dynamical properties of iron-based superconductors throughout the entire Brillouin zone. In this review, we present an overview of the neutron scattering results on iron-based superconductors, focusing on the evolution of spin excitation spectra as a function of electron/hole-doping and isoelectronic substitution. We compare spin dynamical properties of iron-based superconductors with those of copper oxide and heavy fermion superconductors, and discuss the common features of spin excitations in these three families of unconventional superconductors and their relationship with superconductivity.
Regulation of the mouse alpha A-crystallin gene: isolation of a cDNA encoding a protein that binds to a cis sequence motif shared with the major histocompatibility complex class I gene and other genes.

Abstract We have shown by site-directed mutagenesis that the sequence between positions -69 and -40 of the mouse alpha A-crystallin gene is crucial for tissue-specific gene expression in a transfected mouse lens epithelial cell line transformed with the early region of simian virus 40. Gel retardation experiments with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides revealed a mouse lens nuclear protein which bound specifically to the palindromic sequence 5'-GGGAAATCCC-3' at positions -66 to -57 in the alpha A-crystallin promoter. By screening a bacteriophage lambda gt11 expression library of the transformed lens cells, we isolated a 2.5-kilobase-pair cDNA encoding a fusion protein which bound to this sequence and to the regulatory element of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene. This cDNA hybridized to a 10-kilobase-pair polyadenylated RNA present in many different tissues, including lens. It encoded a protein, tentatively called alpha A-CRYBP1, containing at least two zinc fingers. alpha A-CRYBP1 is either homologous or very similar to the human nuclear proteins MBP-1 (Baldwin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1406-1414, 1990), PRDII-BFI (Fan and Maniatis, Genes Dev. 4:29-42, 1990), and HIV-EP1 (Maekawa et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:14591-14593, 1989), which bind to regulatory elements of the MHC class I, beta interferon, and human immunodeficiency virus genes, respectively. Our results suggest that the lens-specific alpha A-crystallin, MHC class I, beta interferon and other genes have a similar cis-acting DNA regulatory motif that shares alpha A-CRYBPI, MBP-1, PRDII-BF1, HIV-EP1, or other closely related proteins as trans-acting factors.
Inclusion and Exclusion: The Politics of History, Difference, and Medical Research

T HE field of U.S. medical history has a “race problem” with black bodies. Despite rich and analytically varied scholarship, there is still much to do to theorize the link between medical and African American history. There is always the danger, however, of creating what Barbara Fields labeled “Jim Crow” history in which “Afro-Americans [are relegated] to a space of their own. . .and set apart from the study of history properly so called.” To borrow Joan C. Scott’s influential terms, like gender, race is a “useful category of analysis” that is too frequently shunted to the
A Rigorous Graphical Technique for Predicting Sub-harmonic Injection Locking in LC Oscillators

We develop methods for simply yet rigorously analyzing sub-harmonic injection locking (SHIL) in LC oscillators. Our method respects nonlinearities while offering intuition and design insights into the underlying mechanisms of different modes of locking. It can predict the presence/absence, number, stability and oscillation amplitudes of locks, as well as lock ranges. We use practical LC oscillator topologies from integrated RF and UHF applications for demonstration, validating our technique against SPICE-level simulations while being 1-2 orders of magnitude faster. To our knowledge, this is the first technique/tool for SHIL general enough to treat any kind of nonlinearity in LC oscillators.
Relationships between dynamic contact angle and dynamic surface tension properties for linear and branched ethoxylate, ethoxysulfate, and sulfate surfactants

Abstract The process of dynamic wetting of Teflon and its modification by linear and branched ethoxylates, ethoxysulfates, and sulfates has been examined via measurement of dynamic contact angles. A linear correlation between advancing dynamic contact angle and the air-liquid meso-equilibrium dynamic surface tension was observed. A value of 21 mN/m was obtained for the critical meso-equilibrium surface tension for complete dynamic wetting of Teflon. Surfactants that tend to meso-equilibrate quickly at the air-liquid interface are more effective in reducing the dynamic contact angle than those that equilibrate slowly. Branched hydrophobe surfactants exhibit better effectiveness in modifying dynamic wetting of Teflon than linear hydrophobe surfactants.
Evidence-Based Management of Stroke

Jose Biller, Jose M. Ferro, eds 334 pages. Shrewsbury, UK: tfm Publishing Ltd, 2011. $99.00. ISBN: 978-1-903378-76-2 Evidence-based medicine is the mantra of modern-day practice, the bedrock of today's clinical care. We feel justified, and to a certain degree protected, when we build our daily patient care decisions with randomized clinical trial data as the substratum for our house of informed management. When our patient happens to stray from this foundation slightly by not meeting the criteria of the original studies, we generalize with a mild degree of reticence. When the issue ventures out into unsupported territory, we rely on the joists of our own clinical judgment and experience, our understanding of the pathophysiology, and the expert opinion and guidelines put together by our professional organizations. Perhaps we, collectively, rest uneasy as we venture out into those areas. When examining the current state of our medical architecture, we might find it at once impressive in its scope but perhaps lacking in solidity. Today's practitioner of stroke medicine is constantly presented with patients and situations that challenge one's level and depth of understanding of the literature. The diagnosis and management of acute stroke involves a series of difficult decisions that must be rapidly executed. Some rest on solid experimental and theoretical ground, others do not. Guidelines for Food and Drug Administration–approved intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator within 3 hours of stroke onset are straightforward, but many patients fall outside the recommendations. How does one calculate the risk-benefit ratio? How should these decisions be made? How should one manage blood pressure and …
Reprogramming approaches in cardiovascular regeneration

Reconstitution of cardiac muscle as well as blood vessels to provide sufficient oxygenation and nutrients to the myocardium is an important component of any therapeutic approach for cardiac repair after injury. Recent reports of reprogramming somatic cells directly to cells of another lineage raised the possibility of using cell reprogramming for cardiac regenerative therapy. Here, we provide an overview of the current reprogramming strategies to generate cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and the implications of these methods for cardiac regeneration. We also discuss the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed for the development of future therapies.
Two-dimensional convective turbulence.

We show that 2D {bold E{times}B} ionospheric turbulence of the electron density in the equatorial electrojet is isomorphic to the viscous convection of an ordinary fluid in a porous medium due to temperature gradients. Numerical simulations reveal the strong anisotropy in the turbulence, which consists of rising hot bubbles and falling cool bubbles. These bubbles break up into fingers leading to the formation of stable shear flows. After reaching a quasisteady state, the omnidirectional energy spectrum approaches a {ital k}{sup {minus}2} behavior, rather than {ital k}{sup {minus}5/3} as expected from isotropic turbulence. Physical mechanisms that lead to anisotropy are analyzed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Effects of Regulatory Subunits on the Kinetics of Protein Phosphatase 2A

Both the scaffold (A) and the regulatory (R) subunits of protein phosphatase 2A regulate enzyme activity and specificity. Heterotrimeric enzymes containing different R-subunits differ in their specific activities for substrates. Kinetic parameters for the dephosphorylation of a phosphopeptide by different oligomeric forms of PP2A were determined to begin to elucidate the molecular basis of regulatory subunit effects on phosphatase activity. Using steady state kinetics and the pH dependence of kinetic parameters, we have explored the effect of the A- and R-subunits on the kinetic and chemical mechanism of PP2A. The regulatory subunits affected a broad range of kinetic parameters. The C-subunit and AC dimer were qualitatively similar with respect to the product inhibition patterns and the pH dependence of kinetic parameters. However, a 22-fold decrease in rate and a 4.7-fold decrease in K(m) can be attributed to the presence of the A-subunit. The presence of the R2alpha (Balpha or PR55alpha) subunit caused an additional decrease in K(m) and changed the kinetic mechanism of peptide dephosphorylation. The R2alpha-subunit also caused significant changes in the pH dependence of kinetic parameters as compared to the free C subunit or AC heterodimer. The data support an important role for the regulatory subunits in determining both the affinity of PP2A heterotrimers for peptide substrates and the mechanism by which they are dephosphorylated.
Establishment and coexistence of two predators, Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae, introduced against hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock

The coexistence of two introduced predatory species, Laricobius nigrinus Fender and Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji and McClure), and a native predator, L. rubidus LeConte, on eastern hemlock was documented for the first time. Details of their coexistence and implications to management of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, are discussed.
Terpenoid and other extractives of western white pine bark

Abstract A detailed chemical analysis of the benzene extract of western white pine bark was conducted. The extract consisted of 13% phlobaphenes, 18% strong acids, 21% polar weak acids, 6.5% fatty acids, 9.5% resin acids, and 32% neutrals. The fatty acids consisted mainly of C 20:0 , C 22:0 , and C 24:0 acids. The resin acids were identified as: isopimaric, anticopalic, dehydroabietic, sandaracopimaric, abietic, 6,8,11,13-abietatetraen-18-oic and pimaric acids. The neutrals on saponification gave fatty acids, sterols, wax alcohols, nonsaponifiables, and other components. The esterified fatty acids consisted primarily of the C 16:0 , C 18:0 , C 20:0 and C 24:0 acids. The sterols included major amounts of sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, and traces of cholesterol. Over 70 individual compounds were isolated and identified from the nonsaponifiables. These included borneol, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, steroidal ketones, as well as lanostane and serratane triterpenes. The characterization of12 new natural products or natural products isolated for the first time from Pinus species is reported.
The mammary microenvironment alters the differentiation repertoire of neural stem cells

A fundamental issue in stem cell biology is whether adult somatic stem cells are capable of accessing alternate tissue sites and continue functioning as stem cells in the new microenvironment. To address this issue relative to neurogenic stem cells in the mouse mammary gland microenvironment, we mixed wild-type mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with bona fide neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from WAP-Cre/Rosa26R mice and inoculated them into cleared fat pads of immunocompromised females. Hosts were bred 6–8 weeks later and examined postinvolution. This allowed for mammary tissue growth, transient activation of the WAP-Cre gene, recombination, and constitutive expression of LacZ. The NSCs and their progeny contributed to mammary epithelial growth during ductal morphogenesis, and the Rosa26-LacZ reporter gene was activated by WAP-Cre expression during pregnancy. Some NSC-derived LacZ+ cells expressed mammary-specific functions, including milk protein synthesis, whereas others adopted myoepithelial cell fates. Thus, NSCs and their progeny enter mammary epithelium–specific niches and adopt the function of similarly endowed mammary cells. This result supports the conclusion that tissue-specific signals emanating from the stroma and from the differentiated somatic cells of the mouse mammary gland can redirect the NSCs to produce cellular progeny committed to MEC fates.
Formation of methylmercury in a terrestrial environment

WOOD et al.1 demonstrated that the mercury from inorganic chemicals can be methylated by aquatic organisms and also, enzymatically, by extracts of methanogenic bacteria. Since the organic forms of mercury are reported to be more biologically available, these methylation processes in aquatic or sedimentary environments, together with the tendency of methylated mercury to accumulate in biota, are a major reason for bioconcentration of mercury in fish and other organisms found in lakes, streams and bodies of seawater that are contaminated with mercury. As methanogenic bacteria also occur in terrestrial environments, we have investigated possible organo-mercury compound formation in soils contaminated with an inorganic mercury compound.
Phase transitions in de Sitter space

Abstract An effective potential in de Sitter space is calculated for a model of two interacting scalar fields in one-loop approximation and in a self-consistent approximation which takes into account an infinite set of diagrams. Various approaches to renormalization in de Sitter space are discussed. The results are applied to analyze the phase transition in the Hawking-Moss version of the inflationary universe scenario. Requiring that inflation is sufficiently large, we derive constraints on the parameters of the model.
Surface mesh segmentation and smooth surface extraction through region growing

Laser range-scanners are used in fields as diverse as product design, reverse engineering, and rapid prototyping to quickly acquire geometric surface data of parts and models. This data is often in the form of a dense, noisy surface mesh that must be simplified into piecewise-smooth surfaces. The method presented here facilitates this time-consuming task by automatically segmenting a dense mesh into regions closely approximated by single surfaces. The algorithm first estimates the noise and curvature of each vertex. Then it filters the curvatures and partitions the mesh into regions with fundamentally different shape characteristics. These regions are then contracted to create seed regions for region growing. For each seed region, the algorithm iterates between region growing and surface fitting to maximize the number of connected vertices approximated by a single underlying surface. The algorithm finishes by filling segment holes caused by outlier noise. We demonstrate the algorithm effectiveness on real data sets.
HLA antigens in children with meningoccocal meningitis

HLA antigens were studied in 37 children with meningococcal meningitis. B27 antigen was found in 10(27%) of the patients. The incidence is significantly higher in the patients as compared with the incidence in normal controls (x2 14.76 , p < 0.001). Relative risk is 5.39. No statistically significant difference was observed in any other antigen. It is of interest that B27 has been related with other common infections such as those caused by salmonella and shigella, which occasionally have uncommon clinical expressions i.e. arthritis. It is believed that a strong association of the disease with a certain phenotype might prove valuable for clinicians even though evidence for genetic linkage is still lacking.
Estrogen and serum calcium levels in the bobwhite quail.

Abstract IT HAS been known for a long time that estrogens play an important role in calcium metabolism in the bird. Due to the enormous amount of calcium excreted during the period of egg shell formation it is likely that the hen requires a special mechanism to control calcium balance at that time. Riddle and Reinhart (1926) showed that the blood calcium rises in the pigeon prior to egg shell formation and is maintained until shell formation is completed. Similarly a hypercalcemia has been shown in the laying hen (Parhon, 1926; Hughes, Titus and Smits, 1927). Treatment with estrogens causes a marked rise in the blood calcium of the pigeon (Riddle and Dotti, 1936; Pfeiffer and Gardner, 1938), the chicken (Altman and Hutt, 1938; Zondek and Marx, 1939; Landauer et al., 1939) the duck (Landauer et al., 1941) and the sparrow (Pfeiffer et al., 1940). Similar results are obtained in the . . .
Gall Stones Detected on Lumbar Bone Densitometry Examination

Abstract A dual-energy X-ray bone densitometry study, in a 73-yr-old woman, detected gall stones in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. These showed a rim of higher density. The density of the region was 0.550 g/cm 2 , or 70% of the value found in the L1 vertebra.
Partial irradiation of the parotid gland.

Recent efforts to reduce xerostomia associated with irradiation (RT) of head and neck cancer include the use of conformal and intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) to partly spare the major salivary glands, notably the parotid glands, from a high radiation dose while treating adequately all the targets at risk of disease. Knowledge of the dose-volume-response relationships in the salivary glands would determine treatment planning goals and facilitate optimization of the RT plans. Recent prospective studies of salivary flows following inhomogeneous irradiation of the parotid glands have utilized dose-volume histograms (DVHs) and various models to assess these relationships. These studies found that the mean dose to the gland is correlated with the reduction of the salivary output. This is consistent with a pure parallel architecture of the functional subunits (FSUs) of the salivary glands. The range of the mean doses, which have been found in these studies to cause significant salivary flow reduction is 26 to 39 Gy.
Electron microscopy of ribosomal RNA mounted by adsorption in the absence of protein.

A method is described for visualizing ribosomal RNA in the electron microscope by an adsorption technique. The visual configuration of the molecules is sensitive to the composition of the medium from which they are adsorbed, and is reproducible under a given set of conditions. Regular structural features occur in the larger rRNA species similar to those observed with protein monolayer techniques. The dimensions of adsorbed molecules, however, are more consistent with current models of ribosomal RNA as it exists in solution.
Molecular systematics of Alethe, Sheppardia and some other African robins (Muscicapoidea)

Phylogenetic relationships between species of akalats (Sheppardia) and alethes (Alethe) were derived from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, and phylogeographic pattern was also investigated in three widespread species (two Alethe and one Sheppardia) endemic to the African lowland rainforest biome. Co-distributed species of Alethe and Sheppardia showed similar spatial relationships between the Guineo-Congolian biome and the Western Rift mountains, and preliminary area relationships are shown for species of Sheppardia and Alethe distributed in the Cameroon highlands, the woodland areas north and south of the lowland forest block, and east African montane and lowland forest. Within widespread species, phylogeographic pattern was generally similar, with long branches between Upper and Lower Guinea populations, and between eastern and western Congolian populations. At the interspecific level, the nuclear intron used gave more resolution than the mitochondrial data, which gave poor resolution at basal no...
Religious Coping, Psychological Distress and Disability Among Patients with End-Stage Pulmonary Disease

A growing body of literature suggests that individuals who face life-threatening situations turn to religion to help them cope. Religion has been cited as the most frequently used resource to cope with stressful events (K. I. Pargament, 1997). The present study was the first to investigate the religious coping methods of patients with lung disease who are awaiting transplant and to identify which coping methods are associated with distress and disability. The study was an exploratory, cross-sectional analysis of 90 patients with end-stage pulmonary disease who were being evaluated for transplant. Results indicated that religiosity was highly prevalent. Patients employed a combination of religious coping efforts, but mostly used coping methods considered “positive.” Patients with late-onset pulmonary diseases used religious coping strategies more frequently than patients with cystic fibrosis. Hierarchical regression analyses identified a subset of religious coping strategies that predicted 27%, 14%, and 34% of the unique variance in depression, overall disability, and psychosocial disability, respectively.
Talking Sex, Talking Gender—A Roundtable

This is an edited transcript of a roundtable held in the Spring of 2012, at the invitation of the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis, where 4 of the most important psychoanalytic thinkers in the fields of gender and sexuality, Adrienne Harris, Virginia Goldner, Muriel Dimen, and Ken Corbett, came together to discuss the state of the field. Each of the participants prepared 1 question for each of the others. The discussion explored some of the historical areas these scholars researched as well as more current ones: the development of gender as a theoretical focus and its manifestations in social discourse now; sexual development, variance, and expression; the relations between gender and sexuality studies and the thrust of the women’s and queer liberation movements; the significance of different theoretical frameworks in understanding gender and sexuality, from traditional psychoanalytic notions to chaos theory; clinical considerations; and sexual boundary violations. This roundtable provide...
Rap2A Is Upregulated in Invasive Cells Dissected from Follicular Thyroid Cancer

The development of molecular biomarkers (BMs) of follicular thyroid carcinoma is aimed at advancing diagnosis of follicular neoplasm, as histological examination of those tumors does not lend itself to definitive diagnosis of carcinoma. We assessed the relative levels of expression of 6 genes: CCND2, PCSK2, PLAB, RAP2A, TSHR, and IGF-1R in archived thyroid tissue. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant change in 3 genes: PSCK2 (a 22.4-fold decrease, P = 2.81E − 2), PLAB (an 8.3-fold increase, P = 9.81E − 12), and RAP2A (a 6.3-fold increase, P = 9.13E − 10) in carcinoma compared with adenoma. Expression of PCSK2 was equally low, PLAB was equally high, whereas RAP2A expression was significantly higher (25.9-fold, P = 0.039) in microdissected carcinoma cells that have invaded through the thyroid capsule and entered blood vessels than in thyroid tumor cells growing under the capsule. Thus, RAP2A appeared as a unique and worthy of further evaluation candidate BM associated with invasion of thyroid follicular cells.
Tech for Patient Engagement: Make it Personal!:

The quest for a reformed health care system in which patients are engaged and are active participants is clearly a marathon, not a sprint. In this article, we go beyond channel management, which we addressed previously, and focus on the content of communication exchanges that you will have with patients.
The Environmental Goffman: Toward an Environmental Sociology of Everyday Life

While environmental sociology has imported many macro theorists from the larger discipline, it has almost completely ignored Goffman. The primary project of this article is to fill that gap by proposing and initiating a Goffmanesque environmental sociology of everyday life, primarily through Goffman's 1974 work, Frame Analysis. In doing so we address two issues central to environmentally relevant everyday experience: (1) the commonplace appreciation of “Nature,” such as that experienced at parks, on hikes, and being outdoors generally, and (2) the commonsensical notions of “nature” and “naturalness” as used in everyday conduct. In the first task, we make a contribution both to Goffman's frame analytic theory and to environmental sociological theory with our notion of an out-in-nature frame. In the second task, we undertake to identify and formalize for environmental sociology instances implicit in Frame Analysis of how notions of nature mask social interests.
Partial miscibility behavior of the ternary mixture carbon dioxide + n-tetradecane + methanol

The liquid−liquid−vapor (llg) partial miscibility behavior of the mixture carbon dioxide + n-tetradecane + methanol was experimentally studied by use of a visual cell (stoichiometric) technique. Phase compositions and molar volumes of the two liquid phases in equilibrium are reported as functions of temperature and pressure within the llg region. The addition of the cosolvent methanol extends the three-phase llg region in pressure−temperature space from the binary carbon dioxide + n-tetradecane llg locus downward in pressure, toward the vapor pressure curve of the cosolvent methanol. The three-phase region is bounded from above by an upper critical end point (l−l=g) locus, which extends from the binary llg locus to a lower critical end point (l=l−g) locus, which bounds the region at lower pressures. The cosolvent methanol significantly enhances the amount of the solute tetradecane present in the second (carbon-dioxide-rich) liquid phase.
ABSORPTION, EXCRETION, AND METABOLISM OF A NEW ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, NALIDIXIC ACID.

Abstract Studies of the absorption, excretion, and metabolism of a new antibacterial agent, nalidixic acid, have been made. The compound is rapidly absorbed when given in capsule or tablet form, as the free acid; it is excreted in the urine by man, partly in the free (extractable, biologically available) form, but a much larger fraction as a monoglucuronide, and a considerable fraction is converted to the 7-hydroxymethyl metabolite. A lesser amount of the latter is also excreted in a conjugated form, and a rather minor excretion product is the 3,7-dicarboxylic acid. The conversion of nalidixic acid to conjugated and hydroxylated forms appears to begin almost immediately upon absorption. Of single or repeated oral doses, about 80% of nalidixic acid is recoverable from the urine as definitely characterized products; fecal excretion is of minor importance, although the drug does appear in the bile of monkey and dog. Supplementation of nalidixic acid medication with bicarbonate greatly increases the amount of naphthyridine excreted in the urine in a biologically available form (i.e., the unconjugated forms of nalidixic acid and its hydroxymethyl metabolite). The excretion of the hydroxymethyl metabolite when administered as such follows much the same general pattern as that of the parent compound. However, the former compound has less tendency to conjugation and bicarbonate supplementation further decreases the extent of conjugation to the point where nearly half of the orally ingested metabolite may appear in the urine in a biologically available form. When studied in dogs and monkeys following long-term administration at high dose levels, nalidixic acid is found to have little tendency to accumulate in any tissue; practically all tissues have lower concentrations than those existing concomitantly in the plasma. The highest tissue concentrations relative to plasma, in both species, are in kidney, and the lowest are in brain and fat.
Abstract A103: The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-methyl ester targets tumor-associated macrophages to delay carcinogenesis in the PyMT model of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States. The incidence rates of breast cancer are no longer significantly declining, and approximately 40,000 women die from the disease each year. Hence, novel drugs are needed for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Synthetic triterpenoids are a promising new class of compounds with chemopreventive activity in a variety of preclinical cancer models. We tested the methyl ester derivative of the synthetic triterpenoid, 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me), in a relevant model of ER-negative breast cancer. In this mouse model, the polyoma-middle T (PyMT) oncoprotein drives carcinogenesis in the mammary gland. The developing tumors recapitulate key features of the human disease including significant infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Depletion of TAMs has been previously shown to delay tumor progression. PyMT mice were fed CDDO-Me (50 mg/kg diet), starting at 4 weeks of age. CDDO-Me significantly increased the age of mice at onset of first tumor by an average of 4.3 weeks (P Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A103.
A register transfer module FFT processor for speech analysis

On-line speech analysis systems are the subject of much intensive research. Spectral analysis of the speech pattern is an integral part of all such systems. To facilitate this spectral analysis and the associated preprocessing required, a special purpose fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor to be described is being designed and constructed. One unique feature of this processor which facilitates both its design and implementation while providing an easily alterable machine is its construction from standard logic modules which will be referred to throughout as register transfer modules or RTM's. This design approach results in a machine whose operation is easily understood due to this modular construction.
Highway stormwater runoff in karst areas — preliminary results of baseline monitoring and design of a treatment system for a sinkhole in Knoxville, Tennessee

Abstract Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination in karst areas where highway stormwater runoff may flow directly into karst aquifers with little or no natural attenuation and transport highway-derived contaminants rapidly from sinkholes to locations in the aquifer. The primary goal of this investigation is the development and evaluation of practical remedial measures for treating highway runoff draining into sinkholes. Field testing sites are located in Knoxville, TN, and Frederick, MD. This paper presents a summary of preliminary results of baseline monitoring in Knoxville. Quantitative dye tracing and hydrograph analyses have demonstrated that water draining into the I-40/I-640 sinkhole passes through a phreatic conduit and resurges at Holston Spring ca 128 m (420 ft) from the sinkhole. Stormwater quantity has been monitored continuously for more than 1.5 years, and runoff quality has been monitored during a storm event. For most of the contaminants analyzed, peak contaminant loading at Holston Spring lagged behind the peak at the sinkhole by approximately 1 hour. The movement of stormwater from other sinkholes in the drainage basin to Holston Spring is regulated by partial blockage of the conduit-dominated flow system. Urban development of the karst terrane in eastern Knoxville may be responsible for this observed phenomenon. A pilot-scale stormwater runoff treatment system has been designed using peat, sand, and rock to remove contaminants by sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption.
Marriage encounter casualties: A preliminary investigation

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the relationship between participation in Marriage Encounter, the largest marriage enrichment program in the world, and subsequent marital or family distress. Analyzing 13 case reports from seven marital therapists, the authors suggest that Marriage Encounter weekends can cause marital or family deterioration for some couples through increased marital conflict, avoidance of constructive problem solving, or marital enmeshment at the expense of children. It appears that the most harmful aspect of the Marriage Encounter experience is its induction of intense couple-centered communication, leading to emotional overload in some couples. The authors offer several recommendations intended to lower the risks associated with participation in Marriage Encounter.
Formation of metallic copper nanoparticles at the soil-root interface.

Copper is an essential element in the cellular electron-transport chain, but as a free ion it can catalyze production of damaging radicals. Thus, all life forms attempt to prevent copper toxicity. Plants diminish excess copper in two structural regions: rare hyperaccumulators bind cationic copper to organic ligands in subaerial tissues, whereas widespread metal-tolerant plants segregate copper dominantly in roots by mechanisms thought to be analogous. Here we show using synchrotron microanalyses that common wetlands plants Phragmites australis and Iris pseudoacorus can transform copper into metallic nanoparticles in and near roots with evidence of assistance by endomycorrhizal fungi when grown in contaminated soil in the natural environment. Biomolecular responses to oxidative stress, similar to reactions used to abiotically synthesize Cu0 nanostructures of controlled size and shape, likely cause the transformation. This newly identified mode of copper biomineralization by plant roots under copper stress ...
Permanent Pacing in the Absence of Heart Block An Approach to the Management of Intractable Arrhythmias

Permanent pacemakers are useful in the management of certain patients with arrhythmias in the absence of heart block. Five patients are presented, four of whom obtained a satisfactory response to pacing. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by means of a magnetic tape system is useful in diagnosis as well as in the evaluation of the effects of therapy.
Effects of Radial Distortion on Performance of a Fan

κ turbulence model. A choked nozzle with adjustable throttle area was used for the outlet boundary to allow natural flow development and to control mass flow rate along a speed line. The results demonstrated that including the nozzle helped to compute solutions closer to stall margin. The solutions became unsteady and stable approaching the stall margin. For the clean inlet, the unsteadiness originated near the tip due to tip vortex oscillations and was larger at lower rotational speeds. Low momentum zone developed near the pressure side of the blade close to the leading edge due to tip vortex and oblique shock interaction. Imposing the radial distortion reduced operational range. At higher speeds led to development of separated flow near the hub at the exit of the passage.
Mortality follow‐up of the 1942 epidemic of hepatitis B in the U.S. Army

The hypothesis that adult infection with the hepatitis B virus in the United States leads to a carrier state with a high risk of primary liver cancer was tested in two ways: (a) a cohort mortality study of U.S. Army veterans given yellow fever vaccine contaminated with hepatitis B virus in 1942 and controls and (b) a case-control study comparing veterans with hepatocellular carcinoma in Veterans Affairs hospitals with matched controls with respect to receipt of contaminated vaccine in 1942. Three groups totaling 69,988 men were the subjects of the cohort study: group 1 comprised men hospitalized with hepatitis in 1942, group 2 comprised men subclinically infected in 1942 and group 3 comprised controls who entered service after the contaminated vaccine was discontinued. Hepatocellular carcinoma cases (n = 24) and control subjects (n = 63) derived from Veterans Affairs hospital discharge files were the subjects of the case-control study. Group comparisons of death rates from liver cancer were refined by expert review of records to select hepatocellular carcinoma from among all causes of death so diagnosed in the cohort study. Slightly excess mortality was found for hepatocellular carcinoma in group 2 (subclinical hepatitis B) but not for group 1 (overt hepatitis B) compared with group 3 (controls) (p = 0.08). Mortality from nonalcoholic chronic liver disease was less in group 2 than in group 3. In the case-control study, the relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma conferred by receipt of contaminated vaccine was estimated as 3.3 (p = 0.06). We conclude from the cohort study that immunocompetent adult males rarely become carriers after hepatitis B virus infection, probably far less often than the frequently assumed rate of 5% to 10%. The small excess liver cancer mortality seen in the cohort study and the results of the case-control study are consistent, nevertheless, with the now well-established etiological role of hepatitis B virus infection in liver cancer.
A naturally induced hole center in the mineral hypersthene

In natural hypersthene a paramagnetic center in triclinic site symmetry was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance with the following spin. Hamiltonian parameters:gxx=2.0104,gyy=2.0256,gzz=2.0090. This center is most likely formed as a hole on an oxygen of the SiO4 unit. No hyperfine splitting was detected at room temperature. The EPR signal disappears after heating the crystal at 773 K for 1 h although the colour does not bleach.
Structure of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 2.15 A resolution.

Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase catalyzes the aromatic ring cleavage of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate by incorporating both atoms of molecular oxygen to yield beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate. The structure of this metalloenzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (now reclassified as P. putida) has been refined to an R-factor of 0.172 to 2.15 A resolution. The structure is a highly symmetric (alpha beta Fe3+)12 aggregate with a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) difference of 0.18 A among symmetry-related atoms. The tertiary structure of the two polypeptides (alpha and beta) are highly homologous (r.m.s. difference of 1.05 A over 127 C alpha atoms), suggesting that the ancestral enzyme was originally a homodimer with two active sites. Indeed, a non-functional, vestigial active site retains many of the properties of the functional active site but does not bind iron. The coordination geometry of the non-heme iron catalytic cofactor can best be described as trigonal bipyramidal with Tyr447 (147 beta) and His462 (162 beta) serving as axial ligands, and Tyr408 (108 beta), His460 (160 beta) and Wat837 serving as equitorial ligands. The active site environment has a number of basic residues that may promote binding of the acidic substrate. Within the putative active site cavity which is located between alpha and beta chains, five approximately coplanar solvent molecules suggest a position for the planar substrate Trp449 (149 beta), Ile491 (191 beta), defined by Gly14 (14 alpha) and Pro15 (15 alpha). In this position the guanidino group of Arg457 (157 beta) would be buried by the substrate, suggesting a functional role in catalysis.
Diseases and natural kinds

David Thomasma called for the development of a medical ethics based squarely on the philosophy of medicine. He recognized, however, that widespread anti-essentialism presented a significant barrier to such an approach. The aim of this article is to introduce a theory that challenges these anti-essentialist objections. The notion of natural kinds presents a modest form of essentialism that can serve as the basis for a foundationalist philosophy of medicine. The notion of a natural kind is neither static nor reductionistic. Disease can be understood as making necessary reference to living natural kinds without invoking the claim that diseases themselves are natural kinds. The idea that natural kinds have a natural disposition to flourish as the kinds of things that they are provides a telos to which to tether the notion of disease - an objective telos that is broader than mere survival and narrower than subjective choice. It is argued that while nosology is descriptive and may have therapeutic implications, disease classification is fundamentally explanatory. Sickness and illness, while referring to the same state of affairs, can be distinguished from disease phenomenologically. Scientific and diagnostic fallibility in making judgments about diseases do not diminish the objectivity of this notion of disease. Diseases are things, not kinds. Injury is a concept parallel to disease that also makes necessary reference to living natural kinds. These ideas provide a new possibility for the development of a philosophy of medicine with implications for medical ethics.
The information superhighway goes international: Implications for industrial sales transactions

Abstract How can international industrial marketers more effectively use the potential power of the Internet? This manuscript suggests a model of the changes posited to occur in the international sales process when companies take full advantage of the Internet. Numerous positive and negative implications are discussed for the future Internet-based international industrial sales transaction. Recommendations on how organizations can more effectively utilize this new information communications tool are made.
Focal mesangiolysis and the pathogenesis of the Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule

Kidneys from 74 consecutively autopsied primarily non-insulin-dependent diabetes cases and 59 age-, sex-, and ethnic group-matched controls were examined qualitatively and semiquantitatively to determine whether focal mesangiolyses (FMs), Kimmelstiel-Wilson (KW) nodules, and glomerular capillary microaneurysms (GCMs) were related lesions, to determine their extent and pathogenic sequence, and to look for associations with structural and functional factors. Light microscopic examination of serial sections, immunohistochemical stains, image analysis, and electron microscopy were used. Focal mesangiolyses, KW nodules, and GCMs occurred in 31 of the 74 diabetes cases (27 had FMs, 29 had KW nodules, and nine had GCMs) and were positively correlated with each other semiquantitatively (r = .71, .70, and .68, respectively). Numerous FMs were found, involving 62% and 78% of the glomeruli in the two most severely affected cases. Most FMs were located at the periphery of KW nodules, but de novo FMs were documented in six cases. Glomerular capillary microaneurysms were deemed occasional complications of FMs because they were much less common, and 25 of the 27 GCMs identified were contiguous with FMs. Focal mesangiolyses and GCMs were deemed transient lesions, being absent in end-stage kidneys. Both FMs and KW nodules consisted of a spectrum of lesions. For the sake of clarity they were arbitrarily divided into two types: edematous and proliferative FMs and simple and complicated KW nodules. Their characteristics suggested the following pathogenic sequence: edematous FM-->proliferative FM-->focal nodular mesangial expansion-->simple KW nodule-->recurrent FM-->complicated KW nodule. Complicated nodules were associated with marked alterations in the lobular capillary. The number of mesangial cells was increased in FMs and they were thought to be responsible for increased matrix production. Focal mesangiolyses and KW nodules were positively associated with diabetes, proteinuria, and hyalinization of afferent and efferent arterioles, but were weakly or not associated with hypertension, arcuate and interlobular artery stenosis, hydroenphrosis, acute pyelonephritis, renal arterial atheromatous emboli, glomerular platelet-fibrin thromboemboli, and congestive heart failure.
Layered defense of deceptively based ICBMs

The basing of ICBMs is a fundamental problem of defense analysis. Deceptive basing and antiballistic missile defense are two of the methods available to attempt to insure that there are ICBMs surviving after undergoing an attack. This article treats tradeoffs among missiles, silos or shelters, exoatmospheric interceptors, and endoatmospheric interceptors. Most of the analysis deals with 200 missiles, the number of MX missiles which were recommended to be moved among the 4600 shelters of the Multiple Protective Shelter (MPS) deployment, though some variants in the number of missiles (from 115 to 400) are also treated here. The basic reference point of the analysis is the provision of 1000 ICBM warheads delivered in a second strike. The combination of exoatmospheric interceptors and endoatmospheric interceptors is referred to as “layered defense.” Warheads are destroyed by interceptors after the warheads separate from the missile which carries them. Exoatmospheric interceptors are assumed to achieve a non-nuclear kill, while endoatmospheric interceptors are assumed to achieve either a non-nuclear or nuclear kill, depending on the technology available to both sides. Exoatmospheric interceptors may be capable of protecting value targets against the warheads of a second strike. To the extent that this can be achieved, they facilitate a first strike with relative impunity and hence are destabilizing. This article explores various layered defense topics.
Tangible versus intangible copy in industrial print advertising

Abstract Using a national sample of management information systems (MIS) managers and computer distributors, the effects of tangible versus intangible ad copy were experimentally tested. The intangible ad was perceived as being associated with a number of important ad qualities such as sponsor reliability, experience, and service. The tangible ad was seen as presenting a clear and adequate message. The intangible ad was found to have a slight advantage over the tangible ad regarding encouraging reader inquiries. The intangible ad was perceived somewhat more positively by the resellers, while the tangible ad was viewed somewhat more positively by the MIS managers.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR BASED VOLTAGE FED INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR INVERTER DESIGN

ABSTRACT A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based voltage-fed Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) inverter that drives a three-phase induction motor is presented. The selected DSP, a TMS320C14 chip by Texas Instruments, controls the PWM operation of the inverter. A host IBM PC is connected to the DSP through an RS-232 serial interface for data communications to and from the DSP. IGBTs are used in the inverter because of their characteristically low conduction losses, small switching delays and simplified gate drive circuit. A harmonic elimination scheme is adopted as the PWM strategy to eliminate four low-order harmonics in the inverter output. The inverter performance is tested using a 1 HP, three-phase induction motor. The output waveforms are recorded and the harmonic spectra are developed using a FLUKE 41 power harmonics analyzer and the results show decidedly suppressed low-order harmonics. The design also highlights the simplicity and cost effectiveness of the DSP based modulator and IGBT based i...