cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streptococcal antigenicity in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome and hydropic gallbladders.

The article by Faden (Pediatrics 63:402, 1979) confirms once again very nicely that brief intubation and parenteral antimicrobial therapy can achieve excellent results in the treatment of acute epiglottitis. Since we described our early experience,1,2 our group has now accumulated more than 100 cases (including one of my daughters), due to the high incidence ofthis disease in Montreal, particularly during the summer months. While we were gaining more experience, we have been able to reduce further the length of intubation, parenteral therapy, and hospitalization.
Stereotactic Radiotherapy: A Technique for Dose Optimization and Escalation for Intracranial Tumors

Stereotactic radiosurgery offers the ability to treat relatively small volume intracranial lesions with single fraction, high dose radiotherapy while sparing surrounding tissue due to rapid fall off of dose outside of the treatment volume. Conventional radiotherapy takes advantage of the sparing effects of dose fractionation, but includes relatively large amounts of normal brain in the treatment volume the tolerance of which is dose-limiting. For some intracranial lesions it may not be optimal to treat with large single fractions due to tumor location or size. Conventional fractionated radiotherapy may not be optimum in all cases due to the necessary inclusion of normal structures. Through the development of relocatable head frames, the precision of stereotactic techniques and the biologic advantages of fractionation may be combined in stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT).
A specific role for B cells in the generation of CD8 T cell memory by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes.

In this study, we investigated whether B cells play a role in the induction and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory after immunization with an intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. Our results show that B cells play a minimal role in the initial activation and Ag-driven expansion of CD8 T lymphocytes. However, absence of B cells results in increased death of activated CD8 T cells during the contraction phase, leading to a lower level of Ag-specific CD8 T cell memory. Once memory is established, B cells are no longer required for the long-term maintenance and rapid recall response of memory CD8 T cells. Increased contraction of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in B cell-deficient mice is not due to impaired CD4 T cell responses since priming of eptiope-specific CD4 T cell responses is normal in B cell-deficient mice following L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, no exaggerated contraction of Ag-specific CD8 T cells is evident in CD4 knockout mice. Thus, B cells play a specific role in modulating the contraction of CD8 T cell responses following immunization. Elucidation of factors that regulate the death phase may allow us to manipulate this process to increase the level of immunological memory and thus, vaccine efficacy.
Optical and acoustical measuring techniques

In recent years considerable emphasis has been placed on developing techniques to remotely measure the velocity of confined and free fluid flows (such as atmospheric, oceanic, wind tunnel, blood, pipe, and channel flows, etc.). The laser Doppler and acoustic Doppler are two techniques that will be examined in this chapter. Both techniques are based on the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect is the fact that there is a change in frequency with which energy reaches a receiver when the receiver and the energy source are in motion relative to one another. In the cases of the laser and acoustic Doppler system, energy is transmitted to a moving scatterer (tracer), which then becomes a source, and the energy is transmitted to a receiver. The Doppler systems measure the velocity of these scattering sources and, therefore, the accuracy with which the Doppler systems measure fluid velocity is dependent upon the accuracy with which the imbedded scattering source follows the true velocity of the medium. Major efforts in the development of the laser and acoustic Doppler systems have been underway since the 1960’s.(1–3) It is the intent of this chapter to skip the developmental years of these systems and present the techniques that are presently employed and the results that they are obtaining.
A dynamic reactive power reserve optimization method to enhance transient voltage stability

Dynamic reactive power reserve of power system is vital to improve transient voltage security. A novel definition of reactive power reserve considering transient voltage security in transient procession is proposed. Participation factor to evaluate reactive power reserve's contribution to transient voltage stability is computed through trajectory sensitivity method. Then an optimization model to enhance transient voltage stability is built and a solving algorithm is proposed. Based on an analysis of the transient voltage stability characteristics of East China Power Grid, the effectiveness of the proposed dynamical reactive power reserve optimization approach for improving transient voltage stability of large-scale AC-DC hybrid power systems is verified.
Characteristics Of Accounting Faculty In The U.S.

In this article, the academic and personal characteristics of Accounting faculty members at Colleges and Universities in the United States are analyzed to determine the demographics of the Accounting Professorate. Data on 12 variables were collected for the 2004-2005 academic year as a means of constructing a professional profile of the typical accounting professor teaching at todays universities. Given that there are anticipated shortages of accounting faculty, this information should be of interest to students who are considering accounting as a major, those contemplating entering the profession, and those faculty members who are engaged in educating the next generation of accounting faculty members.
The consequents of problem behavior in toddler children.

Three hundred children (ages 18–27 months) were observed as they entered peer play groups consisting of 12–15 children and 2–3 caregivers. One hundred and sixty-eight of the children were boys and 142 were girls. A schedule was used that allowed the observer to code the child's behavior and the reaction of peers and caregivers to that behavior. Four different categories of child problems were selected for study: conduct problems with aggression, withdrawn undersocialized behaviors, separation anxiety, and dependent personality. Three different questions were asked concerning the persistence and consequences of problem behaviors in toddler children: Do the behaviors persist over a period of 1 year to 2 years; what kinds of reactions does a child who is engaged in the behaviors defined in these categories receive from peers and teachers; and how do the reactions received from peers and teachers of problem children compare to those of the average of their own class? The stability of problem behaviors and the reactions received by the child were related to gender of the child and sexappropriateness of the behavior.
Temporal Associations Between Substance Use and Delinquency Among Youth with a First Time Offense

Abstract Objective Substance use and delinquency among adolescents have been shown to be positively associated; however, the temporal relationship is not well understood. Examining the association between delinquency and substance use is especially relevant among adolescents with a first-time substance use related offense as they are at-risk for future problems. Method Data from 193 adolescents at time of diversion program entry and six months later was examined using cross-lagged path analysis to determine whether substance use and related consequences were associated with other types of delinquency across time. Results Results demonstrated that delinquency at program entry was related to subsequent reports of heavy drinking and alcohol consequences, but not marijuana use or its consequences. In contrast, alcohol and marijuana use at program entry were not related to future reports of delinquency. Conclusions Findings emphasize the need to build in comprehensive assessments and interventions for youth with a first time offense in order to prevent further escalation of substance use and criminal behaviors.
Design of the fast fourier transform board in the SETI follow-up detection device

Abstract To confirm ETI candidate signals detected by the SETI Targeted Search System (TSS) signal detection system, Local and Remote follow up detection devices (FUDD) are necessary. The Local FUDD is required to hook up to the same RF subsystem and antenna as the TSS to confirm the existence of the candidate signal and further classify it. The Remote FUDD that is hooked up to another RF system and antenna (usually smaller than the main antenna) is required to verify that the source of such candidate is not terrestrial. The Local FUDD has to be able to process several candidate signals reported by the TSS in each observation run, that may reside anywhere within the 10 MHz per MCSA frequency band. The Remote FUDD has to be able to receive information from the Local FUDD system as to where such candidates are within the 10 MHz band, and process these candidate signals with greater sensitivity than the TSS due to reduced sensitivity of the smaller antenna. Since multiple signal candidates could appear anywhere within the 10 MHZ band, both FUDDs have access to the entire frequency band of the TSS, however, because of increased sensitivity requirement of the smaller antenna, only a narrower frequency band processing could be achieved in a smaller and cheaper system. Such conflicting requirements with the foundation for the design of the Fast Fourier Transform Board for the FUDD. In order to satisfy the first requirement of being able to process any signal from the entire 10 MHz band of the TSS, the hardware in the FFT board had to support the 10.833 MSample/second data rate, and to perform 1024 point FFT on the entire frequency band. This in effect produced 1024 separate 10 KHz frequency bands that can be individually selected for later processing, which satisfies the second requirement of narrow frequency band for increased sensitivity.
Using Path Analysis to Explain Racialized Support for Punitive Delinquency Policies

Recent evidence suggests that typifying violent juvenile delinquency as a Black phenomenon may increase support for punitive juvenile justice policies. However, the research to date has not yet explored various theoretical explanations for this relationship. In particular, theory suggests that racialized punitiveness may be explained by (1) the adoption of dispositional attributions toward delinquency, (2) the failure to empathetically identify with delinquents, and (3) the belief that juveniles possess adult criminal intent and lack childhood naivety. The current study addresses this gap to determine the mediating associations between each of these factors and the racial stereotypes-punitiveness link. Path analysis is conducted to determine the direct and indirect associations of each of the proposed mediators. In deriving the measures for the analyses, we also make the first attempt at operationalizing empathy specifically toward offenders. The findings suggest that those who racially typify violent delinquency are more likely to attribute juvenile crime to dispositional causes, empathize less with violent juvenile offenders, and believe young violent offenders possess adult criminal intentions, which in turn, leads to increased punitiveness. The findings provide support for three theoretical predictions of racialized punitiveness. Empathy emerges as the strongest predictor of punitive attitudes and accounts for the largest proportion of the relationship between racial typification and support for punitive delinquency policies.
Testosterone increases TRH biosynthesis in epididymis but not heart of zinc-deficient rats

Enzymes responsible for the posttranslational processing of precursor proteins to form α-amidated peptide hormones require the availability of several cofactors, including zinc, copper, and ascorbic acid. For this reason, we studied the effects of 6 weeks of a zinc-deficient diet (ZD1; 1 μg zinc per g diet), pair-feeding (PF), and marginal zinc deficiency (ZD6; 6 μg zinc per g diet) compared to a control diet (36 μg/g zinc) on the conversion of prepro-TRH to TRH in epididymides, testes, prostate, pancreas, and heart of young adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the epididymis, severe zinc deficiency (ZD1 diet) reduced TRH and TRH-like peptides to undetectable levels. In ZD6 animals, TRH was selectively inhibited 80%, while pair-feeding increased all of these peptide levels compared to controls. A similar effect of zinc deficiency on the TRH precursor peptides was observed. A quantitative loss of TRH from the testes of ZD1 was also observed. Zinc deficiency results in a substantial reduction in body weight and testosterone production in male rats. Exogenous testosterone (T) supplementation of ZD1 rats resulted in a selective increase in the TRH concentration of the epididymis but not of the heart. The change in steady-state levels of TRH precursor peptides in the hearts of the ZD1 + T rats was consistent with a reduction in the activity of the zinc-dependent carboxypeptidase H enzyme. We conclude that severe zinc deficiency inhibits TRH biosynthesis in reproductive tissues of the male rat due to the combined effects of hypogonadism and inhibition of the zinc-dependent carboxypeptidase H.
Preventive maintenance and replacement optimization on CNC machine using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms

In this paper, a multiobjective optimization model is formulated to determine the optimal preventive maintenance plans for a repairable multicomponent manufacturing system with increasing rate of occurrence of failure. The operational planning horizon is segmented into discrete and equally sized periods, and in each period, three possible maintenance actions (repair, replacement, or do nothing) have been considered for each component. The developed multiobjective nonlinear mixed-integer programming model is then utilized to find the Pareto-optimal preventive maintenance schedules for a computer numerical control (CNC) machine. In order to obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions, five multiobjective evolutionary algorithms are considered, and computational performance of the algorithms is evaluated using different metrics. It is found that three of these algorithms outperform the others in obtaining more and high-quality nondominated preventive maintenance and replacement schedules along with maintaining high level of diversity among generated solutions. Such a modeling approach and the comparison of algorithms would be useful for maintenance planners tasked with the problem of developing optimal maintenance plans for multicomponent manufacturing machines.
Medical device error

This article discusses principal concepts for the analysis, classification, and reporting of problems involving medical device technology. We define a medical device in regulatory terminology and define and discuss concepts and terminology used to distinguish the causes and sources of medical device problems. Database classification systems for medical device failure tracking are presented, as are sources of information on medical device failures. The importance of near-accident reporting is discussed to alert users that reported medical device errors are typically limited to those that have caused an injury or death. This can represent only a fraction of the true number of device problems. This article concludes with a summary of the most frequently reported medical device failures by technology type, clinical application, and clinical setting.
Conditioning preparation for the nictitating membrane of the pigeon

A procedure is described for restraining the pigeon while recording movement of the nictitating membrane. The preparation provides a means of studying classical conditioning that combines the rich sensory capacities of the pigeon with the control achieved in nictitating membrane conditioning of the rabbit.
Binding of the Ah receptor to receptor binding factors in chromatin

Abstract Dioxin induces biological responses through interaction with a specific intracellular receptor, the Ah receptor, and the subsequent interaction of the Ah receptor with chromatin. We report the binding of the Ah receptor, partially purified from rabbit liver, to receptor binding factors in chromatin. Rabbit liver chromatin proteins (CP) were isolated by adsorption of chromatin to hydroxylapatite followed by sequential extraction with 1–8 M GdnHCl. To assay for receptor binding a portion of each CP fraction was reconstituted to rabbit double-stranded DNA using a reverse gradient dialysis of 7.5 to 0 M GdnHCl. These reconstituted nucleoacidic proteins were then examined for binding to [ 3 H]-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin ([ 3 H]TCDD)-receptor complexes by the streptomycin filter assay. Prior to the binding assay, [ 3 H]TCDD-receptor complexes were partially purified by step elution from DEAE-cellulose columns. CP fractions 2, 5, and 7 were found to bind to the Ah receptor with high affinity. Scatchard analysis yielded K d values in the nanomolar range. Competition with 2-fold excess unlabeled TCDD-receptor complexes was demonstrated, and binding was reduced markedly when the receptor was prepared in the presence of 10 mM molybdate. Such chromatin receptor binding factors (RBFs) may participate in the interaction of receptor with specific DNA sequences resulting in modulation of specific gene expression.
A small volume chamber for electrical recording from submerged brain slices and a pulse-free medium supply system using a peristalic pump.

Abstract A small volume chamber for recording from submerged brain slices is described. In the chamber, the slice is covered on all sides by a thin layer of moving medium. The chamber is simple and easy to construct. The small volume of the chamber allows fast exchange of the medium solution surounding the slice and reduces the complications induced by long time exposure of slices to certain drugs (eg. desensitization). Along with this small volume chamber, a medium supply system is also described, which is composed of a peristaltic pump and a pulse dampener. This pulse-free medium supply system allows cells to be held for up to 8 h with solution changes as frequently as every 10–20 min.
EXTRACELLULAR COLLAGEN MODULATES THE REGULATION OF CHONDROCYTES BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA 1

This article describes the modulation, by extracellular collagen, of DNA and proteoglycan synthesis in articular chondrocytes stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta 1. Type-I and type-II collagen, heat-denatured type-II collagen, and bovine serum albumin were each incorporated into alginate in increasing concentrations. Bovine articular chondrocytes were isolated and were resuspended in the alginate, yielding alginate beads with final extracellular protein concentrations of 0-1.5% (wt/vol) for the collagens and 0-2.5% (wt/vol) for bovine serum albumin. Cultures of beads were maintained for 7 days in basal Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium or in medium supplemented with 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor-beta 1. Subsequently, the synthesis of DNA and proteoglycan was measured by radiolabel-incorporation methods with [35S]sulfate and [3H]thymidine, and the values were normalized to the DNA content. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulated the synthesis of both DNA and proteoglycan in a bimodal fashion. The presence of extracellular type-II collagen increased the rate of DNA and proteoglycan synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion in cultures stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta 1, whereas heat-inactivated type-II collagen abrogated the effects observed with type-II collagen for synthesis of both DNA and proteoglycan. In contrast, the presence of extracellular type-I collagen caused a dose-dependent inhibition of synthesis of both DNA and proteoglycan in cultures stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta 1. Extracellular bovine serum albumin brought about a limited increase in synthesis rates, presumably by blocking nonspecific cytokine binding. These results suggest that type-II collagen has a specific role in chondrocyte regulation and serves to mediate the response of chondrocytes to transforming growth factor-beta 1.
Experimental Evaluation of Frequency Regulation From Commercial Building HVAC Systems

Automated demand response can be a valuable resource for ancillary services in the power grid. This paper illustrates this value with the first experimental demonstration of frequency regulation from commercial building heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The experiments were conducted in Pugh Hall, a 40000 sq. ft. commercial building located at the University of Florida. Detailed are the steps required to make this possible, including control architecture, system identification, and control design. Experiments demonstrate: that satisfactory frequency regulation service can be provided by the HVAC system without noticeable effect on the indoor climate, and the ancillary service provided by this system passes the qualification criteria for participating in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) interconnection's frequency regulation market.
Insect pheromones and precursors in female African elephant urine

Using automated solid-phase dynamic extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, our search for urinary chemical signals from ovulatory female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) has revealed the bark beetle aggregation pheromones frontalin, exo-brevicomin, and endo-brevicomin, as well as their precursors and the aphid alarm pheromones (E,E)-alpha-farnesene and (E)-beta-farnesene. Enantiomeric ratios for brevicomins have been determined. Prior discovery of common insect/elephant pheromones in Asian elephants, namely, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and frontalin, suggests that the present findings may yield valuable insights into chemical communication among African elephants.
The velocity distribution of interstellar gas observed in strong UV absorption lines

Observations of three strong interstellar UV absorption lines of N I (1199 A), N II (1083 A), and Si III (1206 A) in 47 stars of widely varying distance and a variety of spectral types are analyzed to obtain a velocity distribution function for the interstellar gas. A technique based on the maximum and minimum velocities observed along a line of sight is adopted because of heavy line blending, and results are discussed for both power-law and exponential distribution functions. The expected distribution of radiative-phase supernova remnants (SNRs) in the interstellar medium is calculated as a function of SNR birthrate and of the interstellar density in which they evolve. The results are combined with observed distance estimates, and it is shown that an interstellar density in excess of 0.1 per cu cm would be required to keep the SNRs sufficiently confined so that their cross sections are consistent with the observed number of components. The alternative possibility is considered that SNRs do not enter the radiative phase before escaping from the Galaxy or colliding with neighboring remnants.
Creating Aperture Masks in Phase Space

The Wigner distribution is used to model the PSF of an aperture mask at different defocus planes. Algorithmic methods of determining an optimal mask pattern for a desired set of impulse responses are investigated.
Acute and chronic nicotine effects on measures of activity in rats: a multivariate analysis

Nicotine has been reported to increase or decrease measures of activity in rats, including locomotor activity and rearing. Nicotine dose and repeated exposure to nicotine are known to be important factors in determining the effects on locomotor behavior. Less information has been gathered on rearing and other measures of activity. Rats were tested repeatedly, once per day, in Digiscan automated activity analyzers that reported 19 measures of activity. Each rat was given the same drug and dose each day, either saline or 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine. The 19 measures were combined or modified to produce 14 measures that were examined using factor analysis to help select the most independent measures. Four measures were selected to describe the effects of dose and to compare day 1 results with day 5 results. Total distance moved was increased in a dose-related fashion and was greater on day 5 than on day 1. Rearing was increased at low doses and decreased at high doses on both days. Stereotypy was increased approximately the same amount by all three doses, and was greater on day 5 than on day 1. Center time was increased by the highest dose on both days. These results once again point out the influences of repeated testing and repeated nicotine exposure on behavior. They may also help to clarify why some studies have reported that both ambulation and rearing are increased after nicotine whereas others find opposite effects.
High-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of scrotal pathology. II: Tumors

Ultrasonography is a readily accessible imaging modality. It is relatively inexpensive, is noninvasive, and requires no ionizing radiation or previous preparation. For these reasons, ultrasound is the examination of choice in the study of the scrotum and its contents. We present a review of the pathology of the scrotum and its contents. For that, we cite multiple sources of the current medical literature and illustrate them with cases performed at the University of California Davis Medical Center During the last 2.5 years. This article deals with testicular and extratesticular tumors. Within testicular tumors, we describe primary tumors, such as those of germ cell and stromal origin, and secondary tumors of the lymphoproliferative and nonlymphoproliferative (metastatic) types. The most common extratesticular tumors are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on U.S. Dairy Markets under Alternative Policy Options

The annual market impacts of bovine Somatotropin on the U.S. dairy sector are simulated under four dairy policy scenarios for 1988–2000. The scenarios include freezing the support price at its predicted 1990 level ($10.60) for 1990–2000, adjusting the support price annually to keep annual government purchases of dairy products between 2.5 and 5 billion pounds, using annual cow removals to maintain support program purchases under 5 billion pounds, and using a combination of support price changes and annual cow removals. Annual equilibrium values for supply, demand and prices are generated for the farm sector and fluid and manufactured dairy product retail markets. Estimates of government purchases of dairy products and government costs for each year are reported. The results suggest that a combination of support price changes and cow removals is the most attractive policy in terms of government costs and producer profits.
z 3 Corrections to Energy Loss and Range

Higher-order corrections to the stopping power proportional to ${z}^{3}$ are evaluated. Both close and distant collisions are considered. The energy-loss formula can be written $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}={z}^{2}I+{z}^{3}({J}_{c}+{J}_{d})$, where $I$ is the customary lowest-order energy loss and ${J}_{c}$ and ${J}_{d}$ are the close- and distant-collision parts of the ${z}^{3}$ term, respectively. The close-collision contribution ${J}_{c}$ is a relativistic effect, first estimated in unpublished work by Fermi. It has the simple form ${J}_{c}=\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{C}}{2\ensuremath{\beta}}$, where $C$ is the standard constant multiplying ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ times the Bethe-Bloch logarithm in $I$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the fine-structure constant. At high energies ${J}_{c}$ gives a constant-${z}^{3}$ contribution to the energy loss and causes a range difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ roughly proportional to the range $R$ for stopping particles of the same mass and energy, but opposite charge. For $2l\frac{P}{\mathrm{Mc}}l20$, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R}$ changes by less than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6% and depends only slightly on the stopping material, varying from 1.9 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for carbon to 2.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for lead for $z=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. The distant-collision effect is important only at low velocities. The calculation of this contribution is patterned after a recent work of Ashley, Ritchie, and Brandt, but differs from it in detail. Using a statistical model for the atom it is found that at low velocities the relative ${z}^{3}$ contribution can be written $\frac{{J}_{d}}{I}=\frac{F(V)}{{(Z)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the stopping medium and $F(V)$ is a universal function of the reduced velocity variable $V=\frac{137\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\beta}}{{(Z)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ In the region where $\frac{{J}_{d}}{I}$ is appreciable $(1lVl10)$, $F(V)$ varies as ${V}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ with $n\ensuremath{\simeq}2.0\ensuremath{-}2.5$. These results on the ${\mathcal{z}}^{3}$ effect at low velocities are in good agreement with available data on comparison of the energy loss of helium ions and protons of the same velocities. Range differences are calculated for carbon, copper, lead, and emulsion absorbers, including the effects of both close and distant collisions. The results are in rough agreement with data on slow-stopping pions and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ hyperons in emulsions and in good agreement with very recent measurements of fast positive and negative muons. The upper limit of the range of validity of the results is examined in some detail. It is found that the approximations begin to fail for dynamic reasons above $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}20$ for muons, and presumably also for other heavy particles.
The dynamic relationships between the three events that release individual Na+ ions from the Na+/K+-ATPase

The Na+/K+-ATPase pump exports three Na+ ions for the exchange of two K+ ions, and three transient current components have been associated with Na+ binding and release. Now, these three components are found to be tightly correlated confirming that the binding and release of Na+ ions is sequential.
Identification and mapping QTL for high-temperature adult-plant resistance to stripe rust in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar 'Stephens'

High-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance from the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar ‘Stephens’ has protected wheat crops from stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici for 30 years. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for HTAP resistance in Stephens through genetic linkage analysis and identify DNA markers linked to the QTL for use in marker-assisted breeding. Mapping populations consisted of 101 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) through single-seed descent from ‘Stephens’ (resistant) × ‘Michigan Amber’ (susceptible). F5, F6 and F7 RILs were evaluated for stripe rust resistance at Pullman, WA in 1996, 1997 and 1998, respectively, whereas F8 RILs were evaluated at Mt Vernon, WA, USA in 2005. The 101 F8 RILs were evaluated with 250 resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP), 245 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 1 sequence tagged site (STS) markers for genetic linkage map construction. Two QTL, which explained 48–61% of the total phenotypic variation of the HTAP resistance in Stephens, were identified. QYrst.wgp-6BS.1 was within a 3.9-cM region flanked by Xbarc101 and Xbarc136. QYrst.wgp-6BS.2 was mapped in a 17.5-cM region flanked by Xgwm132 and Xgdm113. Both two QTL were physically mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6B, but in different bins. Validation and polymorphism tests of the flanking markers in 43 wheat genotypes indicated that the molecular markers associated with these QTL should be useful in marker-assisted breeding programs to efficiently incorporate HTAP resistance into new wheat cultivars.
Hydrogen fluoride overtone laser: experimental methods of characterization

The uncertainty in both the fluorine atom concentration and the gain length has inhibited the development of accurate and device independent models of HF overtone lasers. Furthermore, previous methods of measuring the small signal gain were cumbersome and could not easily generate spatial maps of the gain in the cavity. Experimental techniques have been developed to directly measure the concentration of fluorine atoms, the gain length and the small signal gain in a hydrogen fluoride 5 cm slit nozzle laser. A gas phase titration technique was utilized to measure the fluorine atom concentration using HCl as the titrant. The gain length was measured using a pitot probe to locate the interface of the primary flow with the high Mach number shroud flows. A tunable diode laser was utilized to perform small signal gain measurements on HF overtone (ν=2→0) transitions.
Emanating power of barium stearate for 3·9-second actinon (219Rn)

Abstract The emanating power of barium stearate powder for actinon is >99 per cent for thin layers in air at atmospheric pressure and for ≅ 10 mg/cm 2 layers at reduced pressures (⩽7·5 mm Hg). The emanating power decreases with increasing pressure and with increasing thickness at atmospheric pressure. The method of preparation of the highly emanating barium stearate and two methods of measurement of the emanating power are described. Some preliminary results on gas sweeping of actinon and thoron from aqueous solution are also given.
Cardiopulmonary bypass support for percutaneous coronary interventions: what the anesthesiologist needs to know.

o 5 EVERE CORONARY ARTERY disease in the setting of severely depressed left ventricular function (LV) is associted with a poor prognosis and historically has meant surgical herapy.1 Patients with multivessel coronary artery disease are ore likely to have associated comorbidities including diabees, prior myocardial infarctions, and reduced LV function, hereby adding significant risk to both surgical and catheterased procedures.2 With improved techniques and experience, reatment of complex coronary artery disease with catheterased interventions in the setting of depressed LV function is ow possible.1,3-6 Anesthesiologists are increasingly being sked to assist in the care of these very high-risk patients while n the unfamiliar setting of the cardiac catheterization laboraory (CCL).7 Certain high-risk patients with severely depressed ventricular unction may be unable to tolerate hemodynamic compromise ssociated with temporary occlusion of their coronary arteries uring percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Unfortunately, or many of these same patients, surgical intervention may likeise be too high risk because of multiple comorbid conditions or nfeasible coronary anatomy.8 The combination of percutaneous ardiopulmonary bypass support (CPBS) for PCI has been sugested in hopes of treating this extremely high-risk group of atients.1,4-6 There are few publications helping to address the anesthesia mplications of this complex patient population undergoing PBS.4 The authors present several cases involving the use of PBS during PCI in hopes of offering the anesthesia provider a etter understanding of this procedure, the potential complications ssociated with it, and insight into the important role they may lay in the care of these very high-risk patients while in the ometimes unfamiliar setting of the CCL. All cases were perormed in a single institution between the years 1997 and 2004.
The Interaction of Domain‐Specific Knowledge and Domain‐General Discovery Strategies: A Study with Sinking Objects

Recent work on scientific reasoning has largely focused on either domain-specific content knowledge or domain-general reasoning knowledge. This study investigated the interaction between the 2 types of knowledge in a real-world domain in which strict control of variables was not possible. We used a context, sinking objects, in which 10-, 12-, and, 14-year-old children's strong a priori beliefs could be revealed by participant-designed experiments. The results showed that most children initially believed weight alone determined an object's sinking rate. Older, but not younger, participants typically viewed experimentation as a means of exploring the effects of attributes other than weight. However, experimentation did help all children to understand the effects of object shape and material on sinking rates. The results suggest a number of questions for further research, including how children come to understand experimentation as a matter of evaluation rather than demonstration, and the role of unexpected experimental results in driving conceptual understanding.
Evaluation of mouse sperm acrosomal status and viability by flow cytometry

A procedure was developed to evaluate mouse sperm acrosomal status and viability simultaneously utilizing flow cytometry. Four fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated lectins, peanut agglutinin (PNA), concanavalin agglutinin (ConA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), and soybean agglutinin (SBA), were investigated, with PNA providing the greatest sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing acrosome-present and acrosome-absent mouse spermatozoa. To expose lectin binding sites, digitonin (20 microM at room temperature for 10 min) was used to permeabilize sperm plasma membranes. Sperm cell viability was determined by Hoechst 33258-(H258) exclusion. To prevent permeabilized cells from staining with H258, salmon sperm DNA (SS-DNA) was applied to bind excess dye in the solutions after supravital staining. Calcium ionophore (A23187; 5 or 20 microM) was used to induce acrosome reactions. The results of flow cytometric analyses were compared with epifluorescence microscopic observation and were highly correlated (r = 0.999; P < 0.001). The method developed provides an objective and efficient procedure to estimate simultaneously both acrosomal status and viability of mouse spermatozoa.
A Boundary Element Solution for Sound Transmission Through Thin Panels

Abstract In this paper, the multi-domain boundary element method is used to model sound transmission through thin structures. A typical application problem involves two acoustic domains separated by a thin elastic panel. The Helmholtz integral equation is applied to each acoustic domain. The equations for the two acoustic domains are then coupled by two interface conditions. The first interface condition is the continuity of normal velocity. The second interface condition requires that the normal velocity be equal to the product of a structural admittance matrix and the acoustic pressure jump across the thin panel. The admittance matrix can usually be obtained from the finite element model of the thin panel. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate this method. Comparison is also made between the current (coupled) approach and an uncoupled approach.
Persistent Alterations in Hormonal Sensitivities of Mammary Glands from Parous Mice

Mammary gland explants from virgin mice required supraphysiological concentrations of insulin, cortisol, and PRL for the induction of casein synthesis and lactose synthetase activity; dose-response curves for any one hormone were identical for each parameter of differentiation. Tissue from midpregnant mice was 5–7 times more sensitive to hormonal induction, responding to near-physiological concentrations of insulin, cortisol, and PRL; again, both casein synthesis and lactose synthetase activity required the same amounts of any individual hormone. Induction of lactose synthetase activity in glands from nonlactating nonpregnant parous mice required as little hormone as tissue from pregnant animals; however, induction of casein synthesis required a higher concentration of hormones,as was observed with glands from virgins, leading to a discrepancy between the optimal hormonal concentrations required for these two markers of differentiation in parous mice. Similar data were found in the time courses. Induction...
Lactoferrin knockout mice demonstrates greater susceptibility to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease.

Background: Among the innate defense mechanisms in the oral cavity, lactoferrin (LF) is a vital antimicrobial that can modify the host response against periodontopathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the main periodontopathogen of localized aggressive periodontitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LF during A. actinomycetemcomitans–induced periodontitis.Methods: Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and bone loss markers between wild-type (WT) and LF knockout mice (LFKO−/−) were evaluated by real time-PCR. Serum IgG and LF levels were quantified by ELISA. Alveolar bone loss among the groups was estimated by measuring the distance from cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) at 20 molar sites.Results: Oral infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans increased LF levels in periodontal tissue (P = 0.01) and saliva (P = 0.0004) of wild-type infected (WTI) mice compared to wild-type control mice. Pro-inflammatory cy...
An electrophoretic method for the identification of poly-γ-glutamyl chain lengths in folates and related compounds

An electrophoretic method for the identification and separation of folyl polyglutamates of different chain lengths and of the corresponding p-aminobenzoyl polyglutamate compounds has been developed. These compounds have been separated using electrophoresis in a 40% polyacrylamide gel using a higher voltage and other modifications of the standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedures used to separate larger polypeptides. Good separation has been obtained on folates containing up to 12 glutamyl residues. Further, this method has been used to investigate the nature of the products formed by the gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidases from hog kidney and bovine liver.
Bell's Theorem Does Not Eliminate Fully Causal Hidden Variables

Bell's theorem applies only to a hybrid universe in which hidden variables determine only part of the outcomes of experiments. When applied to a fully causal hidden variable theory, in which detector settings as well as their interaction with particles during observation are determined by the variables, Bell's analysis must be modified. The result is that a fully causal hidden variable model can be produced for which a properly chosen spread of hidden variables gives precisely the same prediction as standard quantum theory.
Continuing Risk of Thromboemboli Among Patients With Normal Pulmonary Angiograms

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency of future pulmonary embolism (PE) among patients in whom PE was suspected and excluded by pulmonary angiography. Methods Data are from the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED). The present investigation includes 380 patients in whom PE was excluded by pulmonary angiography and who received no anticoagulant therapy while in the hospital or after discharge. Patients were followed 1 year after their normal pulmonary angiograms. Results Pulmonary embolism occurred within 1 year in 6 of 380 (1.6%) (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3 to 2.9%) patients with suspected PE and normal pulmonary angiograms. Four of six (67%) PE were nonfatal. Three of six (50%) PE occurred in the first 8 days and four of six (67%) PE occurred within the first month. Among patients who subsequently showed PE, a history of thrombophlebitis or an objective test suggestive of deep venous thrombosis was present in five of six (83%). Symptoms, signs, and radiographic abnormalities were similar among patients who showed PE on follow-up and those who did not, although the pulmonary artery mean pressure was higher among those with subsequent PE (34±25 mm Hg vs 22±10 mm Hg) (p Conclusion: The frequency of PE on follow-up among patients with normal pulmonary angiograms is small. There is, however, a real and measureable rate of clinically important PE over the subsequent 12 months that is higher than reported in the general population of hospitalized patients. Patients with suspected PE, therefore, even if their angiogram is normal, might benefit from definitive studies of the lower extremities to exclude deep venous thrombosis. The cost benefit ratio of this, however, has not been evaluated.
Analysis of new aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) isolates suggests evolution of two ALPV species.

Aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV; family Dicistroviridae) was first isolated from the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. ALPV-like virus sequences have been reported from many insects and insect predators. We identified a new isolate of ALPV (ALPV-AP) from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and a new isolate (ALPV-DvV) from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. ALPV-AP has an ssRNA genome of 9940 nt. Based on phylogenetic analysis, ALPV-AP was closely related to ALPV-AM, an ALPV isolate from honeybees, Apis mellifera, in Spain and Brookings, SD, USA. The distinct evolutionary branches suggested the existence of two lineages of the ALPV virus. One consisted of ALPV-AP and ALPV-AM, whilst all other isolates of ALPV grouped into the other lineage. The similarity of ALPV-AP and ALPV-AM was up to 88 % at the RNA level, compared with 78–79 % between ALPV-AP and other ALPV isolates. The sequence identity of proteins between ALPV-AP and ALPV-AM was 98–99 % for both ORF1 and ORF2, whilst only 85–87 % for ORF1 and 91–92 % for ORF2 between ALPV-AP and other ALPV isolates. Sequencing of RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) products and cDNA clones of the virus genome revealed sequence variation in the 5′ UTRs and in ORF1, indicating that ALPV may be under strong selection pressure, which could have important biological implications for ALPV host range and infectivity. Our results indicated that ALPV-like viruses infect insects in the order Coleoptera, in addition to the orders Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, and we propose that ALPV isolates be classified as two separate viral species.
Protonation enthalpies of metal oxides from high temperature electrophoresis

Surface protonation reactions play an important role in the behavior of mineral and colloidal systems, specifically in hydrothermal aqueous environments. However, studies addressing the reactions at the solid/liquid interface at temperatures above 100 C are scarce. In this study, newly and previously obtained high temperature electrophoresis data (up to 260 C) - zeta potentials and isoelectric points - for metal oxides, including SiO{sub 2}, SnO{sub 2}, ZrO{sub 2}, TiO{sub 2}, and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, were used in thermodynamic analysis to derive the standard enthalpies of their surface protonation. Two different approaches were used for calculating the protonation enthalpy: one is based on thermodynamic description of the 1-pKa model for surface protonation, and another one - on a combination of crystal chemistry and solvation theories which link the relative permittivity of the solid phase and the ratio of the Pauling bond strength and bond length to standard protonation enthalpy. From this analysis, two expressions relating the protonation enthalpy to the relative permittivity of the solid phase were obtained.