cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative thermal expansion in orthorhombic NbOPO4

Abstract Monoclinic NbOPO4 was found to undergo a readily reversible first-order phase transition at 292°C. The connectivity of the NbO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra remains the same throughout the transition, but above the transition the symmetry has increased to orthorhombic and Z has decreased by a factor of 2. Rietveld structure refinements utilized neutron diffraction data from room temperature to 400°C and X-ray diffraction data up to 700°C. One cell edge shows negative thermal expansion over the entire temperature range. The other two cell edges show negative thermal expansion only above the phase transition. The negative thermal expansion behavior is related to transverse thermal motion of oxygen.
HDX-Analyzer: a novel package for statistical analysis of protein structure dynamics

Background HDX mass spectrometry is a powerful platform to probe protein structure dynamics during ligand binding, protein folding, enzyme catalysis, and such. HDX mass spectrometry analysis derives the protein structure dynamics based on the mass increase of a protein of which the backbone protons exchanged with solvent deuterium. Coupled with enzyme digestion and MS/MS analysis, HDX mass spectrometry can be used to study the regional dynamics of protein based on the m/z value or percentage of deuterium incorporation for the digested peptides in the HDX experiments. Various software packages have been developed to analyze HDX mass spectrometry data. Despite the progresses, proper and explicit statistical treatment is still lacking in most of the current HDX mass spectrometry software. In order to address this issue, we have developed the HDXanalyzer for the statistical analysis of HDX mass spectrometry data using R, Python, and RPY2.
Lithic Modes A–I: A New Framework for Describing Global-Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant

Grahame Clark’s framework for describing stone tool assemblages in terms of five technological “modes” enjoys wide use in European, African, and Asian prehistory. With greater usage and increases in the global archaeological database for prehistory, problems and weaknesses of Clark’s framework have become apparent. This paper reviews these problems and proposes an updated framework, modes A–I, for describing variability in stone tool production strategies. The value of this new framework for prehistory is illustrated using data from the East Mediterranean Levant.
A fast infrared radiative transfer model for overlapping clouds

A fast infrared radiative transfer model (FIRTM2) appropriate for application to both single-layered and overlapping cloud situations is developed for simulating the outgoing infrared spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In FIRTM2 a pre-computed library of cloud reflectance and transmittance values is employed to account for one or two cloud layers, whereas the background atmospheric optical thickness due to gaseous absorption can be computed from a clear-sky radiative transfer model. FIRTM2 is applicable to three atmospheric conditions: 1) clear-sky, 2) single-layered ice or water cloud, and 3) two simultaneous cloud layers in a column (e.g., ice cloud overlying water cloud). Moreover, FIRTM2 outputs the derivatives (i.e., Jacobians) of the TOA brightness temperature with respect to cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out to assess the performance of FIRTM2 for two spectral regions, namely the longwave (LW) band (587.3 - 1179.5/cm) and the short-to-medium wave (SMW) band (1180.1 - 2228.9/cm). The assessment is carried out in terms of brightness temperature differences (BTD) between FIRTM2 and the well-known discrete ordinates radiative transfer model (DISORT), henceforth referred to as BTD (F-D). The BTD (F-D) values for single-layered clouds are generally less than 0.8 K. For the case of two cloud layers (specifically ice cloud over water cloud), the BTD(F-D) values are also generally less than 0.8 K except for the SMW band for the case of a very high altitude (>15 km) cloud comprised of small ice particles. Note that for clear-sky atmospheres, FIRTM2 reduces to the clear-sky radiative transfer model that is incorporated into FIRTM2, and the errors in this case are essentially those of the clear-sky radiative transfer model.
Single particle kinetic theory and nuclear physics

Abstract An important problem in nuclear physics is to describe the dissolution of nuclear structure which occurs when a large amount of energy is transferred to the nucleus in particle-nucleus collisions. The models which have been used with some success to describe this process are of a classical nature. In order to determine the validity of these models, a simple classical theory giving an equation similar to Boltzmann's equation, called single particle kinetic theory, has been developed. In deriving the single particle kinetic theory from the quantum mechanical many body formalism it is suggested that a classical approach should be valid provided that 1) a large amount of energy is transferred to the nucleus (>10 MeV) and 2) the incident particle has a kinetic energy considerably greater than it's average energy of interaction with the nuclear medium (>100 MeV). It is also suggested that the single particle kinetic theory can be useful in determining the strength of the delta component of the nucleonic wave function and the amount of nucleon bag overlap inside the nucleus for quark models.
Relationship of procollagen type III propeptide-related antigens in serum to somatic growth in healthy children and patients with growth disorders.

Recent data indicate that procollagen-related peptides in serum may be indicators of short-term growthJ ,2 Collagen turnover is associated with growth; urinary hydroxyproline excretion and growth are closely correlated? Type III collagen is a major component of interstitial fibrils and is synthesized in the cell as procollagen III. After secretion, most of the N-terminal and C-terfiainal propeptides are cleaved from the procollagen molecule and liberated into serum. 4 The N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen is composed of three identical chains that consist of a globular (Col 1), a collagen-like (Col 3) and a nonhelical (Col 2) domain? Both the intact triple:stranded propeptide (Col 1-3) and the monomeric Col 1 fragment increase in serum after growth hormone administration. 6 Two radioimmunoassays for the detection of P-III-NP (an antibodybased assay that recognizes predominantly the intact propeptide, and the Fab antibody fragment assay detecting both Col 1 and Col 1-3 equally) have been developed. 7,8 Previous studies of serum P-III-NP in relatively small numbers of children indicat'ect a possible relationship of growth velocity 9'1~ but did not take into account possible influences of sex, height, weight, or body surface area. Therefore, in our study, we used both assays to compare serum P-III-NP levels in a large group of healthy children with those in children with growth disorders, and we attempted to determine the potential value of the assays for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.
Distributional properties of georeferenced random variables based on the eigenfunction spatial filter

The eigenfunction spatial filter derives from the Moran Coefficient that indexes spatial autocorrelation. Mean, variance and statistical distribution characterizations and descriptions of georeferenced random variables and their interrelationships are derived in terms of the eigenfunction spatial filter. Selected comparisons are made with spatial autoregressive model results. Implications of the eigenfunction spatial filter are outlined for simulation experiments, variance components of correlation coefficients, missing values estimation, and non-normal georeferenced random variables. Particularly unanticipated findings include: spatial filtering reveals the potential need to employ a spatial autocorrelation reduction stepwise regression variable selection criterion, the standard error of a univariate mean can be expressed in terms of a conventional regression variance inflation factor that captures spatial autocorrelation effects, spatial autocorrelation can simultaneously inflate and deflate a bivariate correlation coefficient, simulation experiments can be easily designed to involve specific map patterns associated with non-zero spatial autocorrelation, spatial filtering furnishes a convenient way to estimate missing georeferenced values, and the asymptotic variance of the Moran Coefficient is unaltered by spatial filtering.
Rheology, microstructure, and fabric in a large scale mantle shear zone, Ronda Peridotite, southern Spain

Abstract The Ronda peridotite massif of southern Spain is a slice of mantle peridotite that records in its mineral assemblages several stages of its thermal and textural evolution during exhumation to crustal levels. The uppermost zone is a garnet- and spinel-bearing mylonite that grades downward into spinel-bearing tectonites. Overall grain-size increases downward, while the proportion of dynamically recrystallized olivine grains decreases downward. Olivine recrystallized grain-size throughout these two upper zones is ∼130 μm. Olivine neoblasts are relatively free of substructure and have curved or lobate grain boundaries, suggesting recrystallization by grain boundary migration. Crystallographic orientations of stretched orthopyroxene porphyroclasts indicate a top-SW sense of shear for the marginal mylonites. Crystallographic lattice-preferred orientations (LPO) of olivine grains indicate a dominant slip system of (010)[100]. We propose that these upper two zones of the Ronda peridotite massif represent two stages in the evolution of the shear zone that exhumed the peridotite body through the spinel stability field (∼2.0–1.0 GPa) at a differential stress of ∼40 MPa. We estimate a strain rate of ∼5 × 10−13 based on the rheology of wet olivine at 1500 MPa and 860 °C. Under these conditions olivine is likely to deform by a grain-size sensitive creep mechanism, which explains the progressive localization of strain into the mylonite zone.
Productivity: Lessons from Japan

Abstract The purpose of this article is to compare Japanese productivity on an industry basis with the U.S. and European companies, and then to examine the factors and methods that underline the Japanese success to determine what, if any, lessons Western companies can draw from the Japanese approach.
Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: description of procedures

An estimated 30% to 50% of cocaine-dependent individuals meet criteria for lifetime PTSD. This comorbidity has detrimental effects on clinical presentation, and treatment course and outcome. Cocaine dependence is associated with increased rates of exposure to trauma, more severe symptoms, higher rates of treatment attrition and retraumatization, and greater vulnerability to PTSD when compared to other substance use disorders. These associations underscore the need for effective treatments that address issues particular to PTSD in a manner tolerable to cocaine-dependent individuals. This article describes a manualized psychotherapy developed specifically for individuals with PTSD and cocaine dependence. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Cocaine Dependence (CTPCD) provides coping skills training, cognitive restructuring techniques, and relapse prevention strategies to reduce cocaine use. In-vivo and imaginal exposure therapy techniques are incorporated to reduce PTSD symptom severity. Primary treatment goals include psychoeducation specific to the interrelationship between PTSD and cocaine dependence, and clinically meaningful reductions in cocaine use and PTSD symptomatology. Secondary goals include a reduction in HIV high-risk behaviors and improved functioning in associated areas, such as anger and negative affect management.
The synthesis of methyl 3-O-ethyl-α-glucopyranoside

Abstract Two syntheses of methyl 3-O-ethyl-α- d -glucopyranoside (6) are described. A comparison of the n.m.r. spectra of a series of substituted methyl α- d -glucopyranosides in methyl sulfoxide-d6 allows the assignment of chemical shifts and coupling constants to the hydroxyl protons in substituted methyl α- d -glucopyranosides.
Pain tolerance, pain sensitivity, and accessibility of aggression-related schemata in parents at-risk for child physical abuse

Abstract This study examined whether parents with varying degrees of child physical abuse (CPA) risk differed in pain tolerance, pain sensitivity, and accessibility of aggression-related schemata. Participants included 91 (51 low CPA risk and 40 high CPA risk) general population parents. Participants were randomly assigned to complete either an easy or a difficult anagram task. Pain tolerance and pain sensitivity were assessed using a cold pressor task. Accessibility of aggression-related schemata was assessed at the outset of the data collection session and at the end of the session using a word completion task. Parents’ self-reported negative affect was assessed three times over the course of the study: baseline, after the anagram task, and after the cold pressor task. As expected, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents reported higher levels of negative affect at each time point. Moreover, after completing the difficult anagram task, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents exhibited higher pain sensitivity during the cold pressor task. Following completion of the cold pressor task, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents exhibited greater accessibility of aggression-related schemata. Collectively, these findings indicate that under certain conditions, high-risk parents experience a confluence of aggression-related risk factors (i.e., negative affect, pain sensitivity, and aggression-related information processes) that may predispose them to aggressive behavior.
Role of the General Pediatrician in Pediatric Cardiology

The Sub-board of Pediatric Cardiology was established in 1961, and up to the present it has certified slightly more than 500 individuals in this country and abroad. The cardiology section of the American Academy of Pediatrics has 318 members; most, but not all, are certified by the Sub-board. In 1979, 3.4 million live births occurred in the United States. Taking the generally accepted figure for live-born infants having congenital heart disease as 8/1,000, it is reasonable to assume that about 27,000 babies were born with congenital heart disease in 1979. According to our own figures from the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, more than one third of these, at least 10,000 newborns, represent disease with serious, even critical, manifestations within the first year of life. It seems quite obvious from these few numbers, that certified pediatric cardiologists, concentrated mostly in university centers and metropolitan areas, cannot hope to deliver adequate continued care to these large numbers of critically ill infants arriving every year, nor to the high percentage (more than 90%) of survivors of the total 8/1,000. In my view, the logical person to give daily care to these patients is the general pediatrician acting under the intelligent guidance of a pediatric cardiologist.
SMART: statistically multiplexed adaptive routing technique for ad hoc networks

This paper develops a common solution to the problems of discovery, maintenance, and use of multiple routes in ad hoc networks. The performance criterion is the average time taken by a packet to reach its destination through multiple hops. A source node considers each of its neighbors (reachable by direct wireless transmission) as a next-hop for every possible destination. The effect of delay at a next-hop and beyond, until the packet reaches its destination, is approximately modeled as an equivalent M/M/1 queuing system. Available neighbors at every node provide multiple routes. Multiple routes are statistically multiplexed to distribute the load as well as to deal with changes in data rates and network configuration. The potential of each next-hop neighbor of a node in providing a viable route is estimated on-line and the proportions of traffic routed through these multiple neighbors are also updated adaptively.We study this approach and conduct extensive experiments over a network with two extreme cases of simulated traffic patterns, the Poisson, and the self-similar types. Even when the network topology is static, our algorithm responds to bursts in the traffic pattern and reduces buffer losses through the use of alternative, less congested routes. We also present simulation experiments and results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in the presence of mobility, using self-similar traffic. Mobility is simulated by means of the random waypoint model in which nodes move with varying speeds. Results show that our simple unified approach handles the problems of mobility as well as network congestion very well.
Comparison of human and mouse sperm chromatin structure by flow cytometry.

Human and mouse sperm nuclei obtained by sonication or mechanical agitation of freshly isolated sperm in the presence of anionic detergent were purified through a sucrose gradient and stained with acridine orange (AO); their fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry. The green fluorescence, characteristic of AO binding to DNA by intercalation, was twice lower per unit of DNA for human sperm nuclei than for human peripheral blood lymphocytes. After extraction of basic proteins with 0.08 N HCl, AO binding to DNA increased 3.2-fold for lymphocytes and only 1.3-fold for sperm indicating that, in contrast to somatic cells, the proteins restricting AO binding to DNA are essentially non-extractable from sperm at that low pH. Treatment of human and mouse nuclei with dithiothreitol (DTT), a sulfhydryl reducing agent, and trypsin, removed constraints responsible for the restriction of AO binding. Specifically, as a result of DTT treatment alone there was up to a 20–30% increase of AO binding; upon subsequent addition of trypsin there was a further rapid rise in AO binding up to a final level of approximately 5 times the original AO binding to isolated sperm nuclei. Electron microscopy of DTT-treated human sperm nuclei showed that the reducing agent caused chromatin decondensation to a level whereby 20–30 A diameter fibers interconnecting chromatin bodies about 30–75 nm in diameter were revealed. Trypsin digestion in the presence of DTT converted the chromatin bodies into a network of fibrous structures about 150 A in diameter. Both electron microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated an extremely large intercellular variation among human sperm nuclei in response to DTT and trypsin treatment indicating heterogeneity of chromatin structure. In contrast, AO staining of mouse sperm nuclei increased homogeneously in response to DTT and trypsin treatment.
Fish population dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland

Abstract Small fishes in seasonally flooded environments such as the Everglades are capable of spreading into newly flooded areas and building up substantial biomass. Passive drift cannot account for the rapidity of observed population expansions. To test the ‘reaction–diffusion’ mechanism for spread of the fish, we estimated their diffusion coefficient and applied a reaction–diffusion model. This mechanism was also too weak to account for the spatial dynamics. Two other hypotheses were tested through modeling. The first—the ‘refuge mechanism’—hypothesizes that small remnant populations of small fishes survive the dry season in small permanent bodies of water (refugia), sites where the water level is otherwise below the surface. The second mechanism, which we call the ‘dynamic ideal free distribution mechanism’ is that consumption by the fish creates a prey density gradient and that fish taxis along this gradient can lead to rapid population expansion in space. We examined the two alternatives and concluded that although refugia may play an important role in recolonization by the fish population during reflooding, only the second, taxis in the direction of the flooding front, seems capable of matching empirical observations. This study has important implications for management of wetlands, as fish biomass is an essential support of higher trophic levels.
A preliminary investigation of some anodes for use in fluidized-bed electrodeposition of metals

The development of fluidized-bed electrowinning for copper and other metals appears to be impeded by the high electrical energy consumption associated with the anodes used in such electrowinning. This paper describes preliminary work aimed at seeking anodes which consume less energy and are suitable for scale-up. Using laboratory-scale cells in which copper was electrowon from strong (25 g dm−3 Cu), acidified (100 g dm−3 H2SO4) sulphate solutions on to fluidized cathodes, the following anodes were tested: fluidized-bed anodes of catalyst-coated titanium particles, packed-bed anodes of lead shot and graphite, single and double layers of catalyst-coated titanium mesh, and cloth-covered anodes placed directly in the fluidized cathode. In addition, the possibility of using alternative anode reactions, namely oxidation of sulphur dioxide, ferrous ions or cuprous ions, as well as fluidized-bed electrowinning from a cuprous-ion catholyte, were examined. Except for the fluidized anode and the lead packed-bed anode, all the above systems yielded energy savings. The investigation was not sufficiently detailed to define which of the above was best, although, at 2.0 kW h kg−1 Cu, electrowinning from cuprous solutions with cuprous oxidation on a graphite packed-bed anode offered an energy consumption better than that of the conventional electrowinning plants.
Physiological mechanism of digital vasoconstriction training

Recent work in our laboratory has shown that vasodilation produced during temperature biofeedback training is mediated through a nonneural, beta-adrenergic mechanism. Here we sought to determine if the effects of feedback training for vasoconstriction are produced through a neural or nonneural pathway and whether other measures of physiological activity are correlated with these changes. Nine normal subjects received temperature feedback vasoconstriction training in which feedback was delivered only during periods of successful performance. In a subsequent session, the nerves to one finger were blocked with a local anesthetic while finger blood flow was recorded from this and other fingers. Vasoconstriction occurred during feedback in the intact fingers but not in the nerve-blocked finger and was accompanied by increased skin conductance and heart rate. These data demonstrate that temperature feedback vasoconstriction training is mediated through an efferent, sympathetic nervous pathway. In contrast, temperature feedback vasodilation training is mediated through a nonneural, beta-adrenergic mechanism.
The RING domain and first zinc finger of TRAF6 coordinate signaling by interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide, and RANKL

TRAF6, a crucial adaptor molecule in innate and adaptive immunity, contains three distinct functional domains. The C-terminal TRAF domain facilitates oligomerization and sequence-specific interaction with receptors or other adaptor proteins. In conjunction with the dimeric E2 enzyme Ubc13-Uev1A, the N-terminal RING domain of TRAF6 functions as an E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase that facilitates its own site-specific ubiquitination through the generation of a Lys-63-linked poly-Ub chain. This modification does not cause its proteasomal degradation but rather serves as a scaffold to activate both the IKK and stress kinase pathways. Connecting the N-and C-terminal regions, the four internal zinc finger (ZF) motifs have yet to be functionally defined. In this study, we examined the role of the ZF domains in interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide, and RANKL signaling by reconstitution of TRAF6-deficient cells with point mutations or deletions of these ZF motifs. Although ZF domains 2-4 are dispensable for activating IKK, p38, and JNK by interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide, the first ZF domain together with an intact RING domain of TRAF6 is essential for activating these pathways. Furthermore, TRAF6 autoubiquitination and its interaction with Ubc13 are dependent on ZF1 and an intact RING domain. Additionally, expression of TRAF6 lacking ZF2-4 in TRAF6-deficient monocytes rescues RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation and LPS-stimulated interleukin-6 production. These data provide evidence for the critical role of the Ub ligase activity of TRAF6, which is coordinated via the RING domain and ZF1 to supply the necessary elements in signaling by cytokines dependent upon TRAF6.
Technical efficiency of US dairy farms and federal government programs

In this article, Technical Efficiency (TE) of dairy farms is estimated and analysed with two methodologies: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Using DEA, the TE scores for different states are determined. Further, logistic regression is applied to TE scores to explain how known technical and policy variables affect a farm's probability of being efficient. The second methodology employs SFA to estimate and analyse TE scores. Two federal milk policies are considered in this research: marketing policy and milk income loss policy. Federal milk marketing program has shown a significant and negative impact on TE with both methods. Payments under the milk income loss program have shown a positive significant impact in SFA analysis. Both methodologies produced similar outcomes on regional impacts and on the significance of several considered variables. Categorical representation of some variables in graphs provided some additional insights of their effects on TE.
Ultrahydrophobic and Ultralyophobic Surfaces: Some Comments and Examples

The preparation of ultrahydrophobic and ultralyophobic surfaces using several techniques is described. Plasma polymerization of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate on poly(ethylene terephthalate) yields surfaces with water contact angles of θA/θR = 174°/173°. Argon plasma etching of polypropylene in the presence of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) renders surfaces with water contact angles as high as θA/θR = 172°/169°. Surfaces of compressed pellets of submicrometer, variable-diameter spherical particles of PTFE oligomers exhibit water contact angles of θA/θR = 177°/177°, methylene iodide contact angles of θA/θR = 140°/138°, and hexadecane contact angles of θA/θR = 140°/125°. We emphasize that contact angle hysteresis is more important in characterizing lyophobicity than is the maximum achievable contact angle. These surfaces are rough at the micrometer and submicrometer scales, and water drops roll easily on all of them. We make an intuitive argument that the topology of the roughness is important and contr...
Regional differences in prejudice

Schaefer R. T. (1974) Regional differences in prejudice, Reg. Studies 9, 1–14. Generally little attention has been given to the impact that regional differences might have in levels of racial prejudice toward Commonwealth immigrants. This paper examines the data of the 1966–1967 Survey of Race Relations which permit such geographical comparisons. In the analysis of five boroughs or towns, prejudice was highest where the concentration of immigrants and the white residents personal experience with them is the greatest. Nationally differences were not so clearly tied to presence or absence of immigrants. The South-West or West Country and the North-West had the highest levels of prejudice with the South-East exhibiting the least. London, which occupied a middle position, had the same level of prejudice as Scotland and somewhat higher than Wales. Explanations are offered for these observed differences. Racial prejudice is found not to vary randomly throughout Great Britain, but is greater in certain areas tha...
Superior efficacy of dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine compared with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine in colon cancer.

Abstract Dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor vaccine is a promising therapy for malignancies. Recent studies showed greater potency with DC/tumor fusion vaccines against acute myeloid leukemia and melanoma compared with lysate-pulsed DC vaccines. We compared these two vaccine strategies against murine colon cancer and investigated whether DC/tumor fusion cells continue to produce tumor antigens following fusion as a possible explanation for their increased potency. Using a mouse colon cancer model, CT26, we first showed that the DC/CT26 fusion vaccine is more effective in preventing tumor implantation than CT26 lysate-pulsed DC vaccine. Next, CT26 made to constitutively produce bioactive TGF-β, a surrogate of tumor-derived products, was fused to DCs and found to produce bioactive TGF-β 72 h after fusion. Our results suggest the DC/tumor fusion vaccine is more potent against colon cancer than the lysate-pulsed DC vaccine. These fusion cells have the distinct advantage of prolonged interaction with tumor antigens in vivo.
On the 100% Rule of Sensivity Analzsis in Linear Programming

The 100% Rule was introduced by Bradley, Hax and Magnanti [1] in Sensitivity Analysis of linear programming theory. It is concerned with the qualitative behavior of an optimal solution as it changes according to the right hand side vector. We extend this 100% Rule to the most generalized form, to deal with changes in all the parameters of any given linear program, including the coefficients of the matrix, the objective function as well as the right hand side vector.
Simplicial isosurfacing in arbitrary dimension and codimension

The level set method has been successfully used for moving interface problems. The final step of the method is to construct and visualize the isosurface of a discrete function φ : {0,... ,N}n → Rm. There have existed many practical isosurfacing algorithms when n = 3, m = 1 or n = 2, m = 1. Recently we have begun to see the development of isosurfacing algorithms for higher dimensions and codimensions. This paper introduces a unified theory and an efficient isosurfacing algorithm that works in arbitrary number of dimensions and codimensions. The isosurface Γ of a discrete function φ is defined as the isosurface of its simplicial interpolant φ:[0, N]n → Rm. With this simplicial definition, Γ is geometrically a piecewise intersection of a simplex and m hyperplanes. Γ is constructed as the union of simplices. The construction costs O(Nn) with a uniform grid and O(Nn-m log(N)) with a dyadic grid in numerical space and time. When n = m + 1 or m + 2, Γ is projected down into R3 and can be visualized. For surface visualizations, a simple formula is presented calculating the normal vector field of the projection of Γ into R3, which gives light shadings.
Leukotropic herpesviruses in multiple sclerosis.

Detection frequency of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) DNA in multiple sclerosis (MS) patient and controls was investigated. DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) was isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction techniques. EBV DNA was detected in all patients and controls. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 7% of MS patient and in 14% of controls. Result are compared with other investigations of HHV-6 DNA in PBL, serum, CSF and brain of patient with MS. Result of the present study and other investigations do not show an association between HHV-6 in PBL and MS.
RASL‐seq for Massively Parallel and Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression

Large-scale, quantitative analysis of gene expression can be accomplished by microarray or RNA-seq analysis. While these methods are applicable to genome-wide analysis, it is often desirable to quantify expression of a more limited set of genes in hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of biological samples. For example, some studies may require monitoring a sizable panel of key genes under many different experimental conditions, during development, or following treatment with a large library of small molecules, for which current genome-wide methods are either inefficient or cost-prohibitive. This unit presents a method that permits quantitative profiling of several hundred selected genes in a large number of samples by coupling RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation with Next-Gen sequencing (RASL-seq). The method even allows direct analysis of RNA levels in cell lysates and is also adaptable to full automation, making it ideal for large-scale analysis of multiple biological pathways or regulatory gene networks in the context of systematic genetic or chemical genetic perturbations.
Activity and Habitat-Use Patterns of Breeding Caribbean Flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico

A total of 405 and 12 hr was spent observing adult and immature Caribbean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber), respectively, in Yucatan, Mexico, from April through August 1987. Feeding (28.7-46.4%), preening (14.8-29.7%), and resting (8.8-l 9.3%) were the major activities of adults during each month. Incubation, nest building, and other activities associated with reproduction were highest during the nesting period of May and June. Immatures spent most of their time feeding (57.2-68.5%) and < 1% of their time in activities associated with breeding. Adult activity varied somewhat among habitat types, with feeding being an important activity in man-made ponds associated with commercial salt operations. Conservation measures at this time should seek to maintain the integrity of the salinity regime within the estuary.
Diagnostics and data analysis for the ETA-II linear induction accelerator

The ETA-II linear induction accelerator has pulse power and beam diagnostic sensors distributed throughout the system. The accelerator consists of an injector, 20 accelerator cells arranged in two ten-cell blocks, and a transport section leading to an energy analyzer. In total there are approximately 120 beam diagnostic channels and 32 pulse power signals which are recorded on six Tektronix 7912AD oscilloscopes. The analysis, display, and interpretation of these data were done using systems for scientific visualization and a simple user interface. Results from several measurements are presented, showing how the diagnostics and system are utilized. >
Succeeding In School: The Online Reflections of Native American and Other Minority Students

This phenomenological study of students' online responses to the Succeeding in School program offers rare insight into how Native American and other minority students perceived and experienced their school environment. Students' strategies regarding behavior and attitude changes they would use to improve their success and counseling implications are discussed.
The osmotic pressure of highly concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions: Effect of solution conditions

The behavior of monoclonal antibodies at high concentrations is important in downstream processing, drug formulation, and drug delivery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the osmotic pressure of a highly purified monoclonal antibody at concentrations up to 250 g/L over a range of pH and ionic strength, and in the presence of specific excipients, using membrane osmometry. Independent measurements of the second virial coefficient were obtained using self-interaction chromatography, and the net protein charge was evaluated using electrophoretic light scattering. The osmotic pressure at pH 5 and low ionic strength was >50 kPa for antibody concentrations above 200 g/L. The second virial coefficients determined from the oncotic pressure (after subtracting the Donnan contribution) were in good qualitative agreement with those determined by self-interaction chromatography. The second virial coefficient decreased with increasing ionic strength and increasing pH due to the reduction in intermolecular electrostatic repulsion. The third virial coefficient was negative under all conditions, suggesting that multi-body interactions in this system are attractive. The virial coefficients were essentially unaffected by addition of sucrose or proline. These results have important implications for the analysis of protein-protein interactions in downstream processing at high protein concentrations.
Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: Effects on Breakdown, Dissolution, and Net Ecosystem Calcification

The persistence of carbonate structures on coral reefs is essential in providing habitats for a large number of species and maintaining the extraordinary biodiversity associated with these ecosystems. As a consequence of ocean acidification (OA), the ability of marine calcifiers to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and their rate of CaCO3 production could decrease while rates of bioerosion and CaCO3 dissolution could increase, resulting in a transition from a condition of net accretion to one of net erosion. This would have negative consequences for the role and function of coral reefs and the eco-services they provide to dependent human communities. In this article, we review estimates of bioerosion, CaCO3 dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and how these processes will change in response to OA. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the observed relationships between NEC and seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Finally, we propose that standardized NEC rates combined with observed chang...
The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City

Eric Avila. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. xi and 228 pp., photos, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-8166-8073-3).The Folklore of the Freeway tr...
Indentation-induced microhardness changes in glasses: Possible fictive temperature increase caused by plastic deformation

The microhardness around a large indentation was measured for different types of glasses. In soda-lime silicate glass, a typical normal glass, the region in the immediate vicinity of the indentation was found to exhibit a lower hardness than the region far removed from the indentation. In silica glass, a typical anomalous glass, the region in the immediate vicinity of a large indentation was found to exhibit a higher hardness than the region far removed from the indentation. Asahi less brittle glass, an intermediate glass between normal and anomalous glasses, was found to exhibit little change in hardness in the vicinity of the large indentation. These findings can be explained by a deformation-induced fictive temperature increase leading to a lower hardness for soda-lime silicate glass and a higher hardness for silica glass.
A geometric representation of distributed compliance for the assembly of flexible parts

A methodology for accounting for distributed workpiece compliance which simplifies the task-planning process is presented. The authors examine hybrid position/force control and its limitations, and they extend it to account for the natural compliance of parts. They introduce the concept of buffer zones as a geometric representation of the effects of part compliance. Using buffer zones and simple geometric reasoning they plan assembly tasks involving compliant parts with bounded geometric uncertainties. A systematic method is presented for using workpiece compliance by which it is possible to determine when the part compliance is sufficient and only simple position control is required, and when force sensing is needed. The traditional formulation of configuration space is extended to include the regions where part deformation occurs. The task of assembling a flexible two-dimensional box is planned with the use of buffer zones. >
Cardiac arrhythmia and injury induced in rats by burst and pulsed mode ultrasound with a gas body contrast agent.

Objective. Premature complexes (PCs) in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal have been reported for myocardial contrast echocardiography and also for burst mode (physical therapy) ultrasound with gas body contrast agents at lower peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes (PRPAs). For contrast echocardiography, irreversibly injured cardiomyocytes have been associated with the arrhythmia. The objective was to determine whether cardiomyocyte injury is associated with the PCs induced by the burst mode at lower PRPAs. Methods. Anesthetized rats were exposed to focused 1.5-MHz ultrasound in a water bath. Evans blue dye was injected intraperitoneally to stain injured cardiomyocytes, and a perflutren lipid microsphere ultrasound contrast agent was infused intravenously. The continuous burst mode simulated physical therapy ultrasound. Intermittent 2-millisecond bursts, or envelopes of pulses simulating diagnostic ultrasound, were triggered 1:4 at end systole. Premature complexes were observed on ECG recordings, and stained cardiomyocytes were counted in frozen sections. Results. The continuous burst mode produced variable PCs and stained cells above a 0.3-MPa PRPA. The triggered bursts above 0.3 MPa and pulse envelopes above 1.2 MPa produced statistically significant (P < .01) PCs and stained cardiomyocytes. Conclusions. Irreversible cardiomyocyte injury was associated with the development of PCs for the burst mode and occurred at substantially lower PRPAs than for pulsed ultrasound. Key words: arrhythmia; contrast agent adverse effects; gas body activation; myocardial contrast echocardiography; ultrasonic cavitation biology.
Behavioral thermoregulation and associated mortality trade-offs in migrating adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): variability among sympatric populations

We used radiotelemetry to assess thermoregulatory behaviors for 14 populations (n = 3985) of adult summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as they passed through the Columbia River migration corridor. Steelhead use of small cool-water tributaries (''thermal refugia'') rapidly increased when the Columbia River reached a temperature threshold of about 19 8C. When main stem temperatures were warmest (i.e., >21 8C), more than 70% of the tagged fish used refugia sites and these fish had median refugia residence times of 3-4 weeks. Thermoregulatory responses were similar across populations, but there were large among-population differences in the incidence and duration of refugia use likely linked to population-specific migration timing patterns. In survival analyses using 1285 known-origin steelhead, fish that used thermal refugia were significantly less likely to survive to natal basins, were harvested at relatively high rates in refugia tributaries, and had greater unknown mortality in the main stem. These results highlight the trade-off between the pre- sumed physiological benefits of thermal refugia use and a likely increase in harvest and other mortality risks that arise when preferred thermal habitats are severely constricted. Resume´ : La radiotelemetrie nous a servi aevaluer le comportement thermoregulateur de 14 populations (n = 3 985) de truites arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss) adultes d'etelors de leur passage atravers le corridor de migration du fleuve Columbia. L'utilisation par les truites arc-en-ciel anadromes de petits tributaires d'eau froide (« refuges thermiques ») augmente rapidement quand la temperature du Columbia atteint un seuil d'environ 19 8C. Lorsque les tem- peratures du cours principal sont maximales (c'est-a `-dire >21 8C), plus de 70 % des poissons marques utilisent les sites de refuge et la dureem ediane du sejour de ces poissons dans les refuges est de 3-4 semaines. Les reactions de thermoregula- tion sont les memes dans les diverses populations, mais il y a d'importantes differences entre les populations en ce qui concerne la frequence et la duree de l'utilisation des refuges, vraisemblablement liees aux patrons temporels de migration specifiques a chaque population. Des analyses de survie impliquant 1 285 truites arc-en-ciel anadromes d'origine connue montrent que les poissons qui utilisent les refuges thermiques sont significativement moins susceptibles de survivre jusqu'a ` leur retour a leur bassin versant de naissance, qu'ils sont recoltesades taux relativement eleves dans les tributaires refuges et qu'ils ont une mortalitede cause inconnue plus forte dans le cours principal. Ces resultats mettent en evidence le com- promis entre les benefices physiologiques presumes de l'utilisation des refuges thermiques et une vraisemblable augmenta- tion de la recolte et des autres risques de mortalitequi apparaissent lorsque les habitats thermiques preferes sont grandement reduits.
Retrieval of water vapor from AMSU-A and AMSU-B measurements

The NOAA-15 weather satellite carries the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units-A and -B (AMSU-A, AMSU-B) which measure thermal emission from an atmospheric oxygen band, two water lines, and several window frequencies. Relative-humidity profiles are retrieved from these measurements by an iterated algorithm which minimizes the a posteriori variance of retrieved parameters, given a priori second-order statistics of the parameters and the measured brightness temperatures. Relative humidity is converted into absolute humidity with use of the retrieved temperature profile. Two important issues in the retrieval problem are modeling of the surface and clouds. An a priori surface emissivity is computed on the basis of a preliminary classification algorithm, and the surface brightness spectrum is subsequently adjusted simultaneously with the moisture profile retrieval. Cloud liquid water is constrained by a condensation model that uses an extended definition of relative humidity as a parameter.
Steerable Linear Dipole Antenna Using Ferrite Phase Shifters

We have fabricated a linear dipole array antenna containing four elements fed by ferrite phase shifters. The steering properties of the array have been thus measured. At f=10 GHz, the radiation beam was steered 23/spl deg/ when the bias field was changed from 2775 to 2874 Oe.
Dynamic power estimation and prediction in composite fading-shadowing channels

We present methods for dynamic estimation and prediction of local mean (shadow) powers from instantaneous signal powers in composite fading-shadowing wireless communication scenarios. We adopt a Nakagami-m fading model for the instantaneous signal powers and a first-order autoregressive - AR(1) - model for the shadow process in decibels. Sequential Bayesian analysis is applied to estimate the shadow powers assuming that the Nakagami-m and AR(1) model parameters are known. We also develop a method for jointly estimating both the shadow powers and unknown model parameters. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.