cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of topic knowledge on the allocation of processing time and cognitive effort to writing processes.

Conditions of low and high knowledge about the topic of a writing task were compared in terms of the time and cognitive effort allocated to writing processes. These processes were planning ideas, translating ideas into text, and reviewing ideas and text during document composition. Directed retrospection provided estimates of the time devoted to each process, and secondary task reaction times indexed the cognitive effort expended. Topic knowledge was manipulated by selecting subjects in Experiment 1 and by selecting topics in Experiment 2. The retrospection results indicated that both low- and high-knowledge writers intermixed planning, translating, and reviewing during all phases of composing. There was no evidence that low- and high-knowledge writers adopt different strategies for allocating processing time. About 50% of writing time was devoted to translating throughout composition. From early to later phases of composing, the percentage of time devoted to planning decreased and that devoted to reviewing increased. The secondary task results showed that the degree of cognitive effort devoted to planning, translating, and reviewing depended on the task. Also, the high-knowledge writers expended less effort overall than did the low-knowledge writers; there was no difference in allocation strategy across planning, translating, and reviewing.
Multiple track generator and readout system for wire spark chambers

Abstract A 2 MeV/c electron is bent through a wire spark chamber several times by permanent magnets. Chamber efficiency is determined by counting magnetostrictive readout pulses with an integrated circuit device.
The Efficacy and Safety of Epidural-Based Analgesia in a Case Series of Patients Undergoing Lung Transplantation

Objective Successful pain management after lung transplantation is critical to ensure adequate respiratory effort and graft expansion. The authors investigated whether thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) provided adequate pain control after lung transplantation without added morbidity. Design Retrospective review. Setting University teaching hospital. Participants One hundred twenty-three patients who presented to this institution for lung transplantation from January 2008 to June 2013. Interventions Patient demographics, postoperative pain scores, and epidural-related complications were abstracted from the institutional electronic database. The authors used the previously validated Quality of Recovery (QoR) score and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as measures of recovery. Measurements and Main Results Of the 123 patients who underwent lung transplantation in this time frame, 119 patients had thoracic epidurals placed for postoperative analgesia. The mean age was 49.4 years (range, 18–73), and 60 (50.4%) were male. The most common indications for transplant were pulmonary fibrosis (33.6%), cystic fibrosis (26.1%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20.2%). The median length of stay in the intensive care unit and duration of mechanical ventilation were 21 and 1.2 days, respectively. Eight (6.7%) patients experienced postoperative pulmonary compromise (eg, pneumonia, prolonged intubation). No serious complications were associated with TEA placement. On days 1, 3, and 7 after TEA placement, the mean QoR was 7.6, 9.4, and 9.7, and the mean VAS was 2.5, 2.1, and 2.0, respectively. Conclusions In this case series, the authors observed excellent analgesia and no serious complications associated with TEA. Therefore, an epidural-centric approach to pain control after lung transplantation should be considered in appropriate patients.
Persistence and Predictability in a Perfect Model

A realistic two-level GCM is used to examine the relationship between predictability and persistence. Predictability is measured by the average divergence of ensembles of solutions starting from perturbed initial conditions, and persistence is defined in terms of the autocorrelation function based on a single long-term model integration. The average skill of the dynamical forecasts is compared with the skill of simple persistence-based statistical forecasts. For initial errors comparable in magnitude to present-day analysis errors, the statistical forecast loses all skill after about one week, reflecting the lifetime of the lowest frequency fluctuations in the model. Large ensemble mean dynamical forecasts would be expected to remain skillful for about 3 wk. The disparity between the skill of the statistical and dynamical forecasts is greater for the higher frequency modes, which have little memory beyond 1 d, yet remain predictable for about 2 wk. The results are analyzed in terms of two characteristic time scales.
Green tea polyphenol EGCG blunts androgen receptor function in prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy is the major treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, it is a temporary remission, and the patients almost inevitably develop hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). HRPC is almost incurable, although most HRPC cells still express androgen receptor (AR) and depend on the AR for growth, making AR a prime drug target. Here, we provide evidence that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, is a direct antagonist of androgen action. In silico modeling and FRET-based competition assay showed that EGCG physically interacts with the ligand-binding domain of AR by replacing a high-affinity labeled ligand (IC(50) 0.4 μM). The functional consequence of this interaction was a decrease in AR-mediated transcriptional activation, which was due to EGCG mediated inhibition of interdomain N-C termini interaction of AR. Treatment with EGCG also repressed the transcriptional activation by a hotspot mutant AR (T877A) expressed ectopically as well as the endogenous AR mutant. As the physiological consequence of AR antagonism, EGCG repressed R1881-induced PCa cell growth. In a xenograft model, EGCG was found to inhibit AR nuclear translocation and protein expression. We also observed a significant down-regulation of androgen-regulated miRNA-21 and up-regulation of a tumor suppressor, miRNA-330, in tumors of mice treated with EGCG. Taken together, we provide evidence that EGCG functionally antagonizes androgen action at multiple levels, resulting in inhibition of PCa growth.
Two-phase minor loss in horizontal bubbly flow with elbows: 45° and 90° elbows

Abstract The present study investigates the geometric effects of a 45° elbow on the pressure drop due to the minor loss in horizontal bubbly flow. A round glass tube with inner diameter of 50.3 mm is employed as a test section, along which a 45° elbow is installed at L/D = 353.5 from the two-phase mixture inlet. In total, 15 different flow conditions are examined. The local static pressures are measured at four axial locations at L/D = 197, 342, 363 and 419 from the two-phase mixture inlet. The effect of the elbow is clearly demonstrated in the pressure data along the axial direction. In the data analysis, the pressure data previously acquired with a 90° elbow is also utilized as well. The conventional Lockhart–Martinelli correlation with parameter C = 30 predicts the overall two-phase frictional pressure loss between the inlet and exit of the test section relatively well for both the 90° and 45° elbow experiments. However, it fails to predict the pressure loss across the elbows, because the existing model does not account for the additional loss due to the flow restrictions. In view of this, a new correlation analogous to Lockhart and Martinelli’s is developed for the two-phase frictional pressure loss across the elbows. The new correlation with the parameter C = 65 and the minor loss factors of k = 0.58 and k = 0.35 for the 90° and 45° elbows, respectively, yields the best fit to the data. The average percent differences between the predictions made by the new correlation and the data are ±2.1% and ±1.3% for 90° and 45° cases, respectively.
Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Brain Edema After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) provides protection against subsequent severe ischemic injury. A recent study found that cerebral IPC prolongs bleeding time. In this study, we examined whether IPC protects against intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain edema formation and whether IPC affects blood coagulation. There were three sets of experiments in this study. In the first set, male Sprague-Dawley rats were preconditioned with either 15 min of left middle cerebral artery occlusion, an IPC stimulus, or a sham operation. Three days later, rats received an infusion of autologous whole blood in the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate. Rats were killed 24 h later for brain water content measurement. In the second set, rats underwent 15 min of IPC or a sham operation. Three days later, rats were used for bleeding and thrombin clotting time tests. In the third set, the levels of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), transferrin (Tf), and transferrin receptor (TfR) in the brain 24 or 72 h after IPC were examined. We found that IPC reduced ICH-induced brain edema when blood was injected into the ipsilateral caudate but it did not when blood was injected into the contralateral caudate. IPC resulted in prolongation of bleeding time and thrombin clotting time. IPC also induced the activation of p44/42 MAPKs and upregulation of HO-1, Tf, and TfR levels in the ipsilateral caudate. These results suggest that IPC protects against ICH-induced brain edema formation and decreases blood coagulation. The protection of IPC against ICH is mainly due to local factors in the brain and may be related to activation of p44/42 MAPKs and upregulation of HO-1, Tf, and TfR.
Differences between the endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and its conjugate with wheat germ agglutinin by cultured fibroblasts

A covalent conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used for a morphologic study of its adsorptive endocytosis by cultured human fibroblasts. Initial binding at 4 degrees C of the conjugate was observed over the entire plasma membrane, including "coated" and smooth pits. Endocytosis of HRP and the WGA-HRP conjugate was observed in lysosomes, but only the conjugate was seen in a cisterna of the Golgi apparatus (GERL), and in adjacent coated vesicles.
HITIQA: a data driven approach to interactive analytical question answering

In this paper we describe the analytic question answering system HITIQA (High-Quality Interactive Question Answering) which has been developed over the last 2 years as an advanced research tool for information analysts. HITIQA is an interactive open-domain question answering technology designed to allow analysts to pose complex exploratory questions in natural language and obtain relevant information units to prepare their briefing reports. The system uses novel data-driven semantics to conduct a clarification dialogue with the user that explores the scope and the context of the desired answer space. The system has undergone extensive hands-on evaluations by a group of intelligence analysts representing various foreign intelligence services. This evaluation validated the overall approach in HITIQA but also exposed limitations of the current prototype.
Effects of chromatic adaptation on saturation discrimination in goldfish

Abstract Saturation discrimination for the goldfish is better at short wavelengths with short wavelength adaptation and at long wavelengths with long wavelength adaptation. These results are accounted for by a model of color vision that predicts the appearance of the diluting light for different states of adaptation. The analysis also accounts for the results from a human subject in the same procedure.
Analysis of a class of nonconforming finite elements for crystalline microstructures

An analysis is given for a class of nonconforming Lagrange-type finite elements which have been successfully utilized to approximate the solution of a variational problem modeling the deformation of martensitic crystals with microstructure. These elements were first proposed and analyzed in 1992 by Rannacher and Turek for the Stokes equation. Our analysis highlights the features of these elements which make them effective for the computation of microstructure. New results for superconvergence and numerical quadrature are also given.
Reply to: Overlooked areas need attention for sound evaluation of DNA strand inheritance patterns in Drosophila male germline stem cells

We thank the authors of the correspondence ‘Overlooked areas for attention needed for sound evaluation of DNA strand inheritance patterns in Drosophila male germline stem cells’ for raising important points related to our article ‘Drosophila male germline stem cells do not asymmetrically
A return to time, cells, systems and aging: rethinking the concept of senescence in mammalian organisms.

Abstract In the first part of this paper we consider the reductionist versus the system (globalist) approach to the investigation of senescence in mammalian systems. This consideration leads us to reconsider the concept of cellular senescence and to formulate a possible new definition of senescence in terms of a cell's instantaneous probability of failure. We then make use of some concepts from reliability theory to derive a mortality function for a mammalian cell which, under appropriate assumptions, reduces to various current mammalian mortality theories. Finally, we discuss the ramifications of this new formalization in terms of some of the known experimental data.
Insights into the role of host genetic and T-cell factors in resistance to HIV transmission from studies of highly HIV-exposed Thais.

Studies of resistance to HIV-1 transmission are likely to be valuable for the design of vaccines and other efforts to prevent HIV. Here, we review the T-cell and genetic factors associated with resistance to HIV-1 transmission in studies of highly exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPS) women from northern Thailand. Women were enrolled in two sex-worker studies and in a discordant couple study. We performed Cr51 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ELISPOT, and proliferation assays as well as genetic studies, including HLA-class I typing. CTL and ELISPOT studies showed a skewing of T-cell responses to conserved HIV-1 proteins in HEPS, but not in HIV-1-seropositive women. T-cell responses were extremely long-lived in some HEPS women. In the two sex-worker studies, HLA-A11 was associated with resistance to HIV-1 transmission. These data provide promise for the ability of CTL to control HIV and emphasize the importance of developing HIV vaccines that stimulate strong, long-lasting T-cell responses.
Long, stable plasma generation in the ZaP Flow Z-pinch

Summary form only given. The ZaP Flow Z-pinch experiment1 at the University of Washington investigates the effect of sheared flows on MHD stability. Axially flowing Z-pinch plasmas are produced that are 100 cm long with a 1 cm radius. The plasma remains quiescent for many radial Alfven times and axial flow times. The quiescent periods are characterized by low magnetic mode activity measured at several locations along the plasma column and by stationary visible plasma emission. Profiles of the plasma's axial flow are measured with a multi-chord ion Doppler spectrometer. A sheared flow profile is observed to be coincident with the quiescent period. The flow profile is well understood and consistent with classical plasma viscosity. Plasma lifetime appears to only be limited by plasma supply and current waveform. Equilibrium is determined by the following diagnostic measurements: interferometry for density; spectroscopy for ion temperature, plasma flow, and density2; Thomson scattering for electron temperature; Zeeman splitting for internal magnetic field measurements3; and fast framing photography for global structure. A radial heat conduction analysis is performed to calculate equilibrium profiles from the experimental data by assuming Braginskii thermal conductivities and radial force balance. The profiles are corroborated by additional experimental measurements. To confirm the importance of shear flow stabilization, the effect of wall stabilization is investigated by removing large portions of the surrounding conducting wall. The configuration is also computationally modeled to demonstrate no wall effects contributing to observed stability of the Z-pinch plasma.
Simulations of the Morphology of Cylinder-Forming Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films on Nanopatterned Substrates

We report a first study on the use of chemically nanopatterned substrates to induce long-range ordering (in the plane of the film) of perpendicular cylinders confined between the substrate and an upper homogeneous surface. Two conditions are essential for obtaining the long-range ordering: a lower hexagonally patterned substrate, commensurate with perpendicular cylinders having the same dimensions and packing as in the bulk, and an upper neutral or weakly preferential surface for the longer blocks. By examining the spatial fluctuations of perpendicular cylinders, we propose that combining nanopatterned substrates with electric fields perpendicular to the film could reach the ultimate goal of producing long-range ordered perpendicular cylinders as templates for nanolithography.
A high voltage electrometer for recording and iontophoresis with fine-tipped, high resistance microelectrodes

A high voltage electrometer is described which incorporates a controlled current source, direct current monitoring, balance bridge, electrode resistance, and capacitance compensation test circuits. This device is suitable for making biophysical measurements and iontophoresing dyes or enzymes through extremely fine micropipettes with impedances an order of magnitude higher than conventional micropipettes. Such electrodes are useful for recording from the small neurons of the central nervous system in vivo.
Synthesis of N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl derivatives of barbital, phenobarbital, metharbital, and mephobarbital.

The condensation of per(trimethyl)silylbarbital and -phenobarbital with 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose in the presence of stannic chloride in dichloroethane gave moderate yields of the beta-coupled barbiturate N-D-glucopyranosyl derivatives. Reaction of metharbital and mephobarbital under the same conditions was unsuccessful. The homologous N-methylglucosides were prepared by reaction of the barbital and phenobarbital N-glucosyl derivatives with diazomethane. The diastereomers of the phenobarbital and mephobarbital derivatives were resolved by use of C-18 reverse-phase h.p.l.c. 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and thermospray 1.c.-m.s. proved to be the most useful methods for characterizing the barbiturate glucosides.
FDTD Models of Electromagnetic Scattering by the Human Body

We present simulations using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique on a highly detailed model of the human body. The emphasis is on radar scattering phenomenology, with results presented as Radar Cross Section (RCS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images.
Effects of static non-hydrostatic stress on the R lines of ruby single crystals

The R-line fluorescence spectroscopy of ruby (Cr:Al2O3) single crystals has been investigated under controlled deviatoric stresses at high confining pressures in a diamond anvil cell. Full stress tensors of the ruby samples were determined based on free-slip boundary condition and cylindrical symmetry. The shift of the R2 line is insensitive to deviatoric stress and represents local mean stress (pressure). When ruby is loaded along the c-axis, the R1-R2 splitting changes linearly with deviatoric stress at a rate of −0.241±0.012 A/GPa and does not depend on the confining pressure. The splitting increases non-linearly for ruby loaded along the a-axis. The dependencies of the splittings on deviatoric stress are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations constrained by shock-wave data. The widths of the fluorescence lines increase with growing inhomogeneity in pressure, but are not affected by the deviatoric stresses.
Evolving methods for single nucleotide polymorphism detection: Factor V Leiden mutation detection.

Background: The many techniques used to diagnose the Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, the most common hereditary hypercoagulation disorder in Eurasians, and the most frequently requested genetic test reflect the evolving strategies in protein and DNA diagnosis. Methods: Here, molecular methods to diagnose the FVL mutation are discussed. Results: Protein-based detection assays include the conventional functional activated protein C resistance coagulation test and the recently reported antibody-mediated sensor detection; and DNA-based assays include approaches that use electrophoretic fractionation e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphism, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and single-stranded conformational PCR analysis, DNA hybridization (e.g., microarrays), DNA polymerase-based assays, e.g., extension reactions, fluorescence polarization template-directed dye-terminator incorporation, PCR assays (e.g., amplification-refractory mutation system, melting curve analysis using real-time quantitative PCR, and helicase-dependent amplification), DNA sequencing (e.g., direct sequencing, pyrosequencing), cleavase-based Invader assay and ligase-based assays (e.g., oligonucleotide ligation assay and ligase-mediated rolling circle amplification). Conclusion: The method chosen by a laboratory to diagnose FVL not only depends on the available technical expertise and equipment, but also the type, variety, and extent of other genetic disorders being diagnosed. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:259–288, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations on Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia, 80°N

Fluctuations in glacier extent provide the first comprehensive record of Holocene paleoclimate for Franz Josef Land. Glacier fluctuations were constrained using 45 14C ages from 16 glacier margins. Many glaciers were behind present margins before 9.4 kyr, possibly as early as 10.3 kyr, and probably remained so until at least 4.4 kyr (where kyr=14C yr B.P./1000). Subsequently, glaciers expanded, probably reaching present margins before 3.2 kyr, but certainly by 2 kyr. A prominent Neoglacial advance occurred ca. 1 kyr, and was followed by ‘Little Ice Age’ advances, including one in the middle 1600s A.D. Glaciers were larger than present at the turn of the century, followed by widespread retreat soon after. The Holocene glacier record closely mimics that of Svalbard, 500 to 1000 km to the west, suggesting similar glacier mass balance changes over a broad region of the Eurasian Arctia. Independent paleoclimate evidence from Svalbard indicates higher-than-present summer air temperatures during the early to middle Holocene, when glaciers were behind present margins, followed by generally cooler summer conditions and intermittent glacier advances and retreats. Holocene glacier variations were probably more influenced by summer temperature than winter precipitation.
Route shepherd: stability hints for the control plane

The Route Shepherd tool demonstrates applications of choosing between routing protocol configurations on the basis of rigorously-supported theory. Splitting the configuration space into equivalence classes allows the identification of which parameter combinations lead to protocol stability, and which do not. This ahead-of-time analysis generates a predicate, in the form of a combination of linear integer inequalities, which can be used in several complementary ways by downstream applications. Examples presented include warning operators about errors in advance, recovery from protocol oscillation, plotting a series of safe parameter changes, and understanding the dynamics of the routing system.
Temporal variability of urinary levels of nonpersistent insecticides in adult men

Widespread application of contemporary-use insecticides results in low-level exposure for a majority of the population through a variety of pathways. Urinary insecticide biomarkers account for all exposure pathways, but failure to account for temporal within-subject variability of urinary levels can lead to exposure misclassification. To examine temporal variability in urinary markers of contemporary-use insecticides, nine repeated urine samples were collected over 3 months from 10 men participating in an ongoing study of male reproductive health. These 90 samples were analyzed for urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY)) and carbaryl (1-naphthol (1N)). Volume- based (unadjusted), as well as creatinine (CRE)- and specific gravity (SG)-adjusted concentrations were measured. TCPY had low reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.15 and 0.21, while 1N was moderately reliable with an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.55 and 0.61. When the 10 men were divided into tertiles based on 3-month geometric mean TCPY and 1N levels, a single urine sample performed adequately in classifying a subject into the highest or lowest exposure tertiles. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 0.44 to 0.84 for TCPY and from 0.56 to 0.89 for 1N. Some differences in the results between unadjusted metabolite concentrations and concentrations adjusted for CRE and SG were observed. Questionnaires were used to assess diet in the 24 h preceding the collection of each urine sample. In mixed-effects models, TCPY was significantly associated with season as well as with consuming grapes and cheese, while 1N levels were associated with consuming strawberries. In conclusion, although a single sample adequately predicted longer-term average exposure, a second sample collected at least 1 month following the first sample would reduce exposure measurement error.
Quantum imaging versus its classical simulation

Differences between two-photon imaging and its classical simulation are discussed. Quantum entanglement allows simultaneous momentum-momentum and position-position correlations. A quantum image may have spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. Classical simulations can never achieve that.
The superthreaded processor architecture

The common single-threaded execution model limits processors to exploiting only the relatively small amount of instruction-level parallelism that is available in application programs. The superthreaded processor, on the other hand, is a concurrent multithreaded architecture (CMA) that can exploit the multiple granularities of parallelism that are available in general-purpose application programs. Unlike other CMAs that rely primarily on hardware for run-time dependence detection and speculation, the superthreaded processor combines compiler-directed thread-level speculation of control and data dependences with run-time data dependence verification hardware. This hybrid of a superscalar processor and a multiprocessor-on-a-chip can utilize many of the existing compiler techniques used in traditional parallelizing compilers developed for multiprocessors. Additional unique compiler techniques, such as the conversion of data speculation into control speculation, are also introduced to generate the superthreaded code and to enhance the parallelism between threads. A detailed execution-driven simulator is used to evaluate the performance potential of this new architecture. It is found that a superthreaded processor can achieve good performance on complex application programs through this close coupling of compile-time and run-time information.
Incidence and predictors of early recurrent ischemia after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

Two hundred forty consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction treated within 48 hours by successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were analyzed to determine the incidence and predictors of recurrent ischemic events during hospitalization. Thirty-nine patients had recurrent ischemia: 20 patients had chest pain or electrocardiographic changes requiring repeat PTCA or bypass surgery, or resulting in a second creatine kinase elevation suggestive of myocardial infarction; 12 had total occlusion of the dilated artery on follow-up angiography; and 7 had exercise-induced ischemia and greater than or equal to 70% diameter stenosis that required PTCA or bypass surgery before hospital discharge. In-hospital mortality was 15% in the recurrent ischemia group, compared to 1% in the group without recurrent myocardial ischemia (p less than 0.001). Angiographic follow-up before hospital discharge was obtained in 198 patients, including 38 of the 39 patients with ischemic events. Thus, the true incidence of recurrent ischemic events was between 39 of 199 and 39 of 240, or 16 and 20%. In multivariate analyses, recurrent ischemia was predicted by translesional gradient greater than 25 mm Hg (p = 0.001), dissection (p = 0.01) and post-PTCA Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 2 flow pattern (p = 0.016). However, even in the absence of these risk factors recurrent ischemic events occurred in 13% of patients. Post-PTCA percent diameter stenosis (whether assessed by objective or visual assessment), degree of the early systemic fibrinolytic state, post-PTCA residual minimal diameter and concomitant use of thrombolytic agents were not predictive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Devices that tell on you: privacy trends in consumer ubiquitous computing

We analyze three new consumer electronic gadgets in order to gauge the privacy and security trends in mass-market UbiComp devices. Our study of the Slingbox Pro uncovers a new information leakage vector for encrypted streaming multimedia. By exploiting properties of variable bitrate encoding schemes, we show that a passive adversary can determine with high probability the movie that a user is watching via her Slingbox, even when the Slingbox uses encryption. We experimentally evaluated our method against a database of over 100 hours of network traces for 26 distinct movies. Despite an opportunity to provide significantly more location privacy than existing devices, like RFIDs, we find that an attacker can trivially exploit the Nike+iPod Sport Kit's design to track users; we demonstrate this with a GoogleMaps-based distributed surveillance system. We also uncover security issues with the way Microsoft Zunes manage their social relationships. We show how these products' designers could have significantly raised the bar against some of our attacks. We also use some of our attacks to motivate fundamental security and privacy challenges for future UbiComp devices.
Miscellaneous Notes in Coniferae

From New Caledonia, the new species Eutassa latifolia de Laub. (Araucariaceae) is distinguished from E. rulei (F. Muell.) de Laub. by the hooked apices of the leaf blades. Its conservation status is assessed as Least Concern (LC) by IUCN criteria. The species Lagarostrobos colensoi (Hook.) Quinn (Podocarpaceae) transfers as Lepidothamnus colensoi (Hook.) de Laub.; the species Nothotsuga longibracteata (W. C. Cheng) Hu (Pinaceae) transfers as Keteleeria longibracteata (W. C. Cheng) de Laub.
A Swedish Road to Socialism: Ernst Wigforss and the Ideological Foundations of Swedish Social Democracy*

The reputation of Ernst Wigforss (1881–1977), the foremost ideologist of Swedish Social Democracy, has suffered from the lack of a coherent treatment of his work in English. This article briefly surveys Wigforss' historical contributions to Swedish Social Democracy. Then it examines the structure of Wigforss' thought, analyzing first the conceptions of equality, liberty, democracy, security, economic efficiency, and solidarity that serve for Wigforss as the aims of Social Democracy. Then it considers the reformist measures Wigforss espoused to achieve these aims–social welfare policy, progressive taxation, economic planning, industrial democracy, and socialization of industry. It concludes with an assessment of Wigforss' importance as a Social Democratic theorist and suggests the relevance of his ideas to American politics and social science.
Activation of the stress protein response prevents the development of pulmonary edema by inhibiting VEGF cell signaling in a model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Lung endothelial damage is a characteristic morphological feature of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, although the molecular steps involved in the loss of endothelial integrity are still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) cell signaling would be responsible for the increase in lung vascular permeability seen early after the onset of I/R in rats. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the I/R-induced pulmonary edema would be significantly attenuated in rats by the activation of the stress protein response. Pretreatment with Ad Flk-1, an adenovirus encoding for the soluble VEGF receptor type II, prevented I/R-mediated increase in lung vascular permeability in rats. Furthermore, the I/R-induced lung injury was significantly decreased by prior activation of the stress protein response with geldanamycin or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. In vitro studies demonstrated that VEGF caused an increase in protein permeability across primary cultures ...
Color Assessment of Experimentally Pigmented Rainbow Trout

The development of color in the muscle of pen-reared rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, resulted from the absorption and deposition of astaxanthin introduced into the diet. The degree of coloration compared to that of control fish, fed diets naturally low in pigment, was easily evaluated visually. The major change in reflectance characteristics on increased pigmentation involved increase in light absorption at shorter wavelengths (astaxanthin absorption maximum ca. 490–500 nm) manifested by decreased CIE Z and increase in excitation purity Pe. Indeed, either Z or Pe alone ranked samples in close agreement with visual scores. No other single colorimetric quantity in any of the Jour systems studied shared this property. To relate colorimetric measurements in Hunter L a b, CIELUV, and CIELAB to visual scores, one had to resort to multiple-regression analysis. This increased the complexity of the analysis without offering any advantage. Pigment concentration alone cannot be used as a criterion of perceived coloration. Both reflectance measurements and visual appearance were profoundly affected by differences in properties of the light-scattering cellular matrix at constant pigment concentration.
Hypertension and the Treating Physician. Understanding and Reducing Therapeutic Inertia

The tide of hypertension is rising across the globe, including the United States.1 Among the 65 million Americans with hypertension, inadequately treated patients contribute substantially to the overall magnitude of the problem. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 68% of the total remains above the therapeutic guideline for blood pressure (BP) goals. Those not at goal divide into 3 groups: those unaware of their high BP (&31%), those who are aware but are not being treated (&11%), and those who are being treated but remain above the goal of 140/90 mm Hg (&27% of all hypertensive persons, or 47% of those treated with medication).2 In this innovative article using data from a diverse set of medical practices in the Southeastern part of the United States, Dr Okonofua and colleagues provide some insights into this latter group’s inadequate treatment. The focus of their research is therapeutic inertia (TI), defined as “the provider’s failure to increase therapy when the treatment goals are unmet.”3 Although their sample was not based on a regional or national probability sample, their findings from the Southeast may have wide applicability, given that the level of BP control in their study was 45% at the end of the 2003 study period, not too different than the national rate of control of 53% among persons treated for hypertension reported for 1999 to 2000. The principal manifestation of TI (or clinical inertia, a more common term) documented in this study is failure to increase the dose of antihypertensive medications or add an additional medication in clinical encounters where the BP is above goal level. For patients whose providers showed a high level of TI, the number of medications actually declined during the 1-year study period from an average of …
Draft Genome Sequence for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO579, a Mucoid Derivative of PAO381

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that establishes a chronic lung infection in individuals afflicted with cystic fibrosis. Here, we announce the draft genome of P. aeruginosa strain PAO579, an alginate-overproducing derivative of strain PAO381.
A comparison of the survival and migratory behavior of hatchery-reared and naturally reared steelhead smolts in the Alsea River and estuary, Oregon, using acoustic telemetry

Abstract We tracked three groups of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters to determine whether the degree of hatchery domestication or the juvenile rearing environment (hatchery raceway versus natural stream) influenced migration timing and survival in the Alsea River and estuary, Oregon. Two groups consisted of age-1 smolts reared in concrete raceways. One hatchery-reared group (traditional brood group) was derived from the traditional Alsea River broodstock initially developed in the 1950s. The second hatchery-reared group (new brood group) was derived from naturally reared Alsea River adult steelhead that were captured and spawned at the hatchery beginning in the winter of 2000–2001. The third group (naturally reared group) consisted of age-2 naturally reared smolts captured in a downstream migrant trap located in a tributary stream near the hatchery. We placed transmitters in 74 traditional brood smolts, 76 new brood smolts, and 72 naturally reared smolts. Thirty-on...
Absence of a relationship between malnutrition and trachoma in preschool children.

Purpose: To determine if there is an association between malnutrition and clinical trachoma among children in a trachoma endemic region of Tanzania.Methods: 189 children age one to five were examined by a trained eye nurse for the presence of active trachoma, using the WHO simplified grading scheme. One examiner also measured the arm circumference of the mid-aspect of the upper left arm on the same children. Trachoma was defined as the presence of follicular trachoma (TF) and/or severe trachoma (TI). Malnutrition was defined two ways: a mid-arm circumference of less than 12.5 cm, and a value one standard deviation below the age-specific mean.Results: Overall, 57% of children had trachoma, and 9% had severe trachoma. The percentage of children with arm circumference below 12.5 cm varied with age from 96% in the one-year-olds to 35% in the six-year-olds. Using either method of classifying malnutrition, there was no association with trachoma, nor with severe trachoma.Conclusion: Trachoma and malnutrition are...
A THEORY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM TRAFFIC FLOW

This paper presents a new continuum traffic flow theory. The derivation of this new theory is based on both empirical evidence of traffic flow behavior and basic assumptions on drivers' reaction to stimuli. Central to the development of this theory is the existence of an equilibrium speed-concentration relationship and an introduction of a disturbance propagation speed. The new theory includes a well established continuum theory (the LWR theory) as a special case and removes certain deficiencies of this theory. Unlike existing higher order continuum models, the new theory does not exhibit the undesirable behavior of 'wrong-way travel' because in this theory traffic disturbances are always propagated against the traffic stream.
Abstract 478: Is Ang II-mediated mTOR/S6K1 Activation in Proximal Tubule Cells mTORC2-dependent?

Introduction: Activation of the mTOR nutrient sensing pathway in early diabetes has been implicated in glomerulomegaly, hyperfiltration and hypertrophy of the nephrons. Recent studies show that excess/deletion of mTOR/raptor (mTORC1) in the podocytes results in diabetic changes. Interestingly, mTOR exists in another complex called mTORC2 (mTOR/rictor), which has been shown to phosphorylate Akt at S473 and is proposed to regulate cell motility and actin cytoskeleton. Recently, growth factors such as angiotensin II (Ang II) have been identified as activators of mTORC1 in cardiomyocytes, intestinal epithelial cells and embryonic cell. However, the precise mechanism of mTORC1 activation in the proximal tubule cells (PTC) is largely unknown. We hypothesized that Ang II activation of mTORC1 is dependent on mTORC2 activation. Methods: Mice were subjected to Ang II (200ng/kg/min) via osmotic minipump and whole kidney lysates analyzed for mTORC1 activation. In parallel, acute Ang II (10 -7 M, 10min) treatment of opossum PTCs stably expressing rat AT1 B R was carried out on 24 hour starved cultures preceded by 1 hour pretreatment with various inhibitors. Results: Ang II activated mTORC1/S6 kinase in kidney lysates (1.5-fold) and cultured PTCs (3-5 fold) as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of T389-S6K1, S240/244-RPS6 and T36/45-4EBP1. Ang II also activated mTORC2 (2-fold) as evidenced by p-S473-Akt. Upstream, Ang II caused phosphorylation of EGF receptor and inhibition of EGFR activation resulted in 30% inhibition of Akt activation and partial inhibition of mTOR/S6 kinase. Inhibition of PKC also resulted in partial inhibition of mTOR/S6 activation but the magnitude (50%) was higher than inhibition of EGFR signaling. Rapamycin (10nM) inhibited mTORC1 activation and not mTORC2 but PP242 (ATP site inhibitor, 8nM) completely abolished both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation. Conclusion: Ang II activation of mTOR/S6K follows a distinct pattern in PTC when compared to other cell types. Ang II induced activation of mTOR/S6 kinase is mediated by both PKC and EGFR activation. mTORC2 appears to play a central role in regulating Ang II induced activation of mTOR/S6 kinase.
Bioreactors for the Large-Scale Culture of Plant Cells

if we can culture plant cells which produce many medicinal substances in large-scale cultivation, such as bacteria, yeast and mold, we can efficiently obtain many useful complex compounds from simple substances without restricting the natural conditions that affect agricultural production.
The Electric Deregulation Fiasco: Looking to Regulatory Federalism to Promote a Balance Between Markets and the Provision of Public Goods

The Essay uses three recent books - two by a historians and one by an economist - to address the electric power deregulation fiasco in the U.S. It argues that public law has an important role to play in deregulated markets. At least in part, the essay argues, public law is to blame for the failure of deregulation in California. At the same time, the Essay suggests, without clarification of jurisdictional responsibility and incentives in public law, adoption of effective competitive market reforms to the electric power industries will not succeed in the future.
The metaphysics of mortals: death, immortality, and personal time

Personal time, as opposed to external time, has a certain role to play in the correct account of death and immortality. But saying exactly what that role is, and what role remains for external time, is not straightforward. I formulate and defend accounts of death and immortality that specify these roles precisely.
Coacervate microspheres as carriers of recombinant adenoviruses.

The therapeutic utility of recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) is limited in part by difficulties in directing the viruses to specific sites and by the requirement for bolus administration, both of which limit the efficiency of target tissue infection. As a first step toward overcoming these limitations, rAds were encapsulated in coacervate microspheres comprised of gelatin and alginate followed by stabilization with calcium ions. Ultrastructural evaluation showed that the microspheres formed in this manner were 0.8–10 μM in diameter, with viruses evenly distributed. The microspheres achieved a sustained release of adenovirus with a nominal loss of bioactivity. The pattern of release and the total amount of virus released was modified by changes in microsphere formulation. Administration of the adenovirus-containing microspheres to human tumor nodules engrafted in mice showed that the viral transgene was transferred to the tumor cells. It is concluded that coacervate microspheres can be used to encapsulate bioactive rAd and release it in a time-dependent manner.
Modeling and dynamics simulation analysis for heat sealing mechanism of packaging machine

Contour curve of cam was designed according to the cam follower motion laws on heat sealing mechanism of the DXDF60C automatic packaging machine andapplication of MATLAB.The packaging machine heat sealing mechanism modeling,assembly and motion analysis were contained based on Creo Parametric.Movement of heat sealing plate and force of cam were obtained.The purpose was to provide reference for further optimize design on the heat sealing mechanism of packaging machine.
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Populations

Amniotic fluid can be considered not only a precious source of information about the developing embryo/fetus, but also a reservoir of potentially invaluable cells for regenerative medicine. Amniotic fluid-derived cells fulfill two criteria to be considered clinically appealing: (1) they can be routinely collected as a side product of amniocenteses with no ethical issues, and (2) they can be easily expanded in vitro in preparation for autologous transplantation in the newborn period. Amniocytes have variable morphology and expression of markers from all three germ layers, making it difficult to determine their ontology. Gestational age, health status of the fetus, compartment of origin, and isolation methods are variables that contribute to the heterogeneity of this population. In the last decade several efforts has been done in order to identify and characterize subpopulations of progenitor/stem-like cells. Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (AF-MSCs) are related to their bone marrow counterpart, however they replicate at a higher rate and are more easily accessible in the fetus. Due to their polyclonal nature, variability in terms of pluripotency markers expression and differentiation potential has been reported. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells (AFSCs), on the other hand, are a clonal population of rare cells with broader multipotency. Increased standardization in cell isolation, culture, and preservation as well as more detailed characterization continue to evolve and are prerequisites towards eventual clinical application of AF-MSCs and AFSCs in patients.
Neo-Nazi Groups, Skinheads, and Violence

As noted in Chapter 3, right-extremist parties have not played any significant role in national politics and only a minor role in Lander politics since German unification in 1990. While leaders of right-wing parties have held seats in Land parliaments and city and town councils, their contributions to political discourse have been minimal. However, on the immigration question, they have reinforced or reflected an anti-foreigner bias among a significant segment of the population. We must now assess the role played by the neo-Nazi groups and the skinheads to complement the study of the three major right-wing parties. In the 1990s, the government’s ban of many neo-Nazi groups that had openly operated in western and eastern Germany, as well as the jailing of neo-Nazis and skinheads, must be evaluated. As will be noted, the ban did not mean an end to the formation of new groups. These groups, partly forming the social base of the parties and partly separate from the parties, were again involved in violence against their traditional disadvantaged enemies — the dark-skinned foreigners, leftists, gays, homeless, and Gypsies. The new groups were small and more loosely organized than their predecessors, partly in response to the infiltration of government undercover agents. But in both instances they received significant support from conservative citizens. The causes for this support must be assessed to see why right-wing forces feel confident of eventual victory.