cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate Coefficient Determinations for H + NO2→ OH + NO from High Pressure Flow Reactor Measurements

Rate coefficients for the reaction H + NO2 → OH + NO (R1) have been determined over the nominal temperature and pressure ranges of 737-882 K and 10-20 atm, respectively, from measurements in two different flow reactor facilities: one laminar and one turbulent. Considering the existing database of experimental k1 measurements, the present conditions add measurements of k1 at previously unconsidered temperatures between ∼820-880 K, as well as at pressures that exceed existing measurements by over an order of magnitude. Experimental measurements of NOx-perturbed H2 oxidation have been interpreted by a quasi-steady state NOx plateau (QSSP) method. At the QSSP conditions considered here, overall reactivity is sensitive only to the rates of R1 and H + O2 + M → HO2 + M (R2.M). Consequently, the ratio of k1 to k2.M may be extracted as a simple algebraic function of measured NO2, O2, and total gas concentrations with only minimal complication (within measurement uncertainty) due to treatment of overall gas composition M that differs slightly from pure bath gas B. Absolute values of k1 have been determined with reference to the relatively well-known, pressure-dependent rate coefficients of R2.B for B = Ar and N2. Rate coefficients for the title reaction determined from present experimental interpretation of both laminar and turbulent flow reactor results appear to be in very good agreement around a representative value of 1.05 × 10(14) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) (1.74 × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)). Further, the results of this study agree both with existing low pressure flash photolysis k1 determinations of Ko and Fontijn (J. Phys. Chem. 95 3984) near 760 K as well as a present fit to the theoretical expression of Su et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 106 8261). These results indicate that, over the temperature range considered in this study and up to at least 20 atm, net chemistry due to stabilization of the H-NO2 reaction intermediate to form isomers of HNO2 may proceed at negligible rates compared to R1.
Vertical Transfer of Uniform Silicon Nanowire Arrays via Crack Formation

Vertical transfer of silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays with uniform length onto adhesive substrates was realized by the assistance of creating a horizontal crack throughout SiNWs. The crack is formed by adding a water soaking step between consecutive Ag-assisted electroless etching processes of Si. The crack formation is related to the delamination, redistribution, and reattachment of the Ag film during the water soaking and subsequent wet etching steps. Moreover, the crack facilitates embedding SiNWs inside polymers.
Perinatal methadone addiction affects brain synaptic development of biogenic amine systems in the rat

Abstract Administration of methodone to pregnant and nursing rats or direct treatment of developing pups with methadone resulted in deficits of development of body weight, brain weight and synaptosomal uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and norepinephrine. Defective synaptic development was most apparent immediately after birth in pups whose mothers received methadone; while some recovery occurred by 3 weeks of age, there was a subsequent deficit in synaptosomal uptake post-weaning. A similar pattern also was seen in development of synaptic vesicle amine uptake. Direct treatment of neonates with methadone also caused reductions in development of synaptosomal and vesicular uptake mechanisms, but the patterns of alteration were different from those in the maternal treatment group. These studies show that the adverse effect of opiates on general brain growth are accompanied by a slowing of synaptic development of biogenic amine systems.
Alternate manpower forecasts for the coming decade: Second guessing the U.S. department of labor

Abstract This paper presents alternate detailed forecasts of U.S. occupational requirements in the coming decade obtained from simulations conducted with the Center for Advanced Computation manpower forecasting model. These alternate manpower forecasts, developed on the basis of different mixes of federal social programs and budget priorities, are compared with the long-range employment projections developed by the U.S. Department of Labor, and the differences in methodology are analyzed. The sources of potential error in the Labor Department forecasts are identified, and a potentially more accurate picture of the shape of U.S. manpower requirements in the coming decade is presented.
Foot of two-toed sloths: Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support.

Feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like appendages with only three functional digits, numbers II, III, and IV; Rays I and V are represented by metatarsals. Proximal phalanges of complete digits are little more than proximal and distal articulating surfaces. All interphalangeal joints are restricted, by interlocking surfaces, to flexion and extension. Ankle and transverse tarsal joints, however, allow extreme flexion and inversion of foot. Powerful digital flexion is augmented by several muscles from extensor compartment of leg. Intrinsic foot musculature is reduced to flexors and extensors but these, with the exception of lumbricals, are large and well developed. Choloepus uses its feet much like hooks with distal phalanges and covering claws forming the "hook" element. These hook-like appendages are seemingly best suited for supports less than 50 mm in diameter suggesting that two-toed sloths may prefer supports of this size in their natural habitat.
Of mice and men: neurogenesis, cognition and Alzheimer's disease.

Neural stem cells are maintained in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone in the adult mammalian brain throughout life. Neurogenesis is continuous, but its extent is tightly regulated by environmental factors, behavior, hormonal state, age and brain health. Increasing evidence supports a role for new neurons in cognitive function in rodents. Recent evidence delineates potential significant differences between adult neurogenesis in rodents and humans. Being context-dependent, neurogenesis in the human brain might be manifested differently than in the rodent brain. Decline in neurogenesis may play a role in cognitive deterioration, leading to the development of progressive learning and memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the different observations concerning neurogenesis in the rodent and human brain, and their functional implications for the healthy and diseased brain.
Application of in vitro extraction studies to evaluate element bioaccessibility in soils from a transect across the United States and Canada.

In vitro bioaccessibility tests (IVBA) are inexpensive, physiologically-based extraction tests designed to estimate the bioaccessibility of elements along ingestion exposure pathways. Published IVBA protocols call for the testing to be done on the Pb > Ni > As > Cr.
The Intoeing Child: Etiology, Prognosis, and Current Treatment Options

Intoeing, a common entrance complaint in infants, toddlers, and young children, is best defined as internal rotation of the long axis of the foot to the line of progression. Intoeing may be caused by primary deformities within the foot, issues with tibial torsion, and femoral antetorsion (anteversion). Problems within the foot include hallux varus, metatarsus adductus, talipes equinovarus, and pes cavus, each of which has specific treatments available. Treatment must be individualized, and the risks and complications weighed against the predictable morbidity of intoeing.
Gender Differentials in Family Size Among Ghanaian Couples

Using data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) of 1988, the present study focuses on the impact of demographic, social, economic and interpersonal factors on family size among Ghanaian couples. The results of our study indicate that age at first marriage is a significant factor in fertility levels for wives but not for husbands. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between a mother's education and fertility, although the relationship between a husband's education and family size is not significant. Nonetheless, consistent with previous research, the husband's approval of the use of family planning plays a significant role in the couple's fertility behavior. In addition to increasing educational opportunities for women, it is suggested that men should be fully integrated into family planning programs in Ghana.
Subjectivized Knowledge and Grassroots Advocacy: An Analysis of an Environmental Controversy in Northern California

In 2008, a grassroots opposition movement succeeded in stopping California’s aerial spray program for eradicating the light brown apple moth. The movement included a small core of citizen experts w...
Heterogeneous precipitation at internal and external surfaces during irradiation of Ni-12.7 at.% Si☆

Abstract Morphological developments during 400–700°C nickel-ion irradiation of Ni-12.7 at.% Si γ/γ′ alloys were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and i.r.-emittance measurements. The irradiation caused thin γ′ films to form on stacking faults and γ′ tori to coat the dislocation loops surrounding these faults. Similar films, containing columnar domains of γ′ separated by anti-phase boundaries (APBs). formed at grain boundaries. Films of γ′ containing APBs also formed on the irradiated surface. The growth of these surface films changes the i.r. emittance from that of the Ni-12.7 at.% Si solid solution toward that of γ′-Ni3Si. The initial rate of this change is related to the initial film growth rate and used to determine this growth rate as a function of irradiation temperature. The film growth rate at 10−3 displacements per atom per second (dpa s−1) was small below 400°C and above 700°C, but appreciable at intermediate temperatures. The maximum growth rate (~30 A min−1) occurred near 550°C. Film growth rate measured at 600°C was directly proportional to dose rate for dose rates from 10−4 to 10−2 dpa s−1. It is suggested that defect-solute coupling causes the film formation and growth. The temperature dependence of the film growth rate is compared with that of swelling in pure nickel and is discussed in relation to the temperature dependence of defect fluxes arriving at sinks for these defects.
Cryogenic refrigeration using a low temperature heat source

Abstract A non mechanical gas sorption refrigeration system which could be powered by a low temperature heat source was designed and analysed. The system involved no sealing, no mechanical moving parts and no active control. The system was analysed using a 1 W cooling load at 74 K as an example. It was found that the new system was competitive with a passive radiator and superior to a solid cryogen system.
BIOTERRORISM AND CRITICAL CARE

A bioterrorist attack of any kind has the potential to overwhelm a community and, indeed, in the case of smallpox, an entire nation. During such an attack the number of patients requiring hospitalization and specifically critical care is likely to be enormous. Intensivists will be at the forefront of this war and will play an important role in dealing with mass casualties in an attempt to heal the community. A high degree of suspicion and prompt recognition of an event will be required to contain it. Specific knowledge of the possible agents that can be used will be key in managing patients and in estimating the needs of a health care facility and community to deal with the future course of events. Intensivists play various roles aside from the delivery of critical care to the patient in the ICU. These roles include making triage decisions regarding the appropriate use of critical care beds (which automatically dictates how other non-ICU beds are used and managed) and serving as a team member of ethics committees (on such issues as dying, futility, and withdrawal of care). Indeed, intensivists are no strangers to disaster management and have served on the forefront of many. A biologic weapons attack, however, is likely to push this multidimensional nature of the intensivist to the maximum, because such an attack is likely to result in a more homogeneous critically ill population where the number of critical care staff and supplies to treat the victims may be limited. One hopes that such an event will not occur. Sadly, however the events of September 11, 2001, have only heightened the awareness of such a possibility.
Multilayer rippled structure of the NiAl(110) surface: A medium energy ion scattering study

The NiAl(110) surface structure has been studied with medium energy ion scattering in a channeling and blocking (MEIS/CB) experiment. A high sensitivity to the first layer ripple (10% ripple with the Al on top) is reported and a multilayer model is proposed. The first layer Ni atoms are contracted relative to the second layer Ni atoms by 7%, and the second layer Ni atoms are expanded relative to the third layer Ni atoms by 1%. The first layer Al atoms are expanded relative to the second layer Al atoms by 5%, and the second layer Al atoms are contracted relative to the third layer Al atoms by 1%. The model assumes bulk-like positions of the third layer for both Ni and Al atoms. The present results are in excellent agreement with a recent single layer LEED intensity analysis.
Non-viral siRNA delivery vectors: dendritic molecular transporter and molecular transporter nanovectors for target gene silencing

Viable non-viral delivery vectors have been utilized for the intracellular delivery of siRNA duplexes to result in complete target gene silencing. Biologically active siRNA duplexes were attached to a dendritic molecular transporter (MT) or a molecular transporter-polymeric nanoparticle conjugate (MT-NP) via a thiol exchange reaction utilizing a dithiol pyridyl linker. The MT and the MT-NP delivery systems resulted in significant reduction of the target protein (lamin A/C) investigated for a range of conjugate concentrations. Both non-viral systems have proven effective for the delivery of siRNA into the cytosol of live cells and specifically the development of the MT-NP delivery system provides opportunities for targeted delivery of siRNA into selected cell types.
Polymorphic forms of expressed bovine interferon-tau genes: relative transcript abundance during early placental development, promoter sequences of genes and biological activity of protein products.

Multiple interferon (IFN)-τ genes exist in cattle, but it has remained unclear how many are expressed, the extent of their variation, and whether different genes exhibit similar patterns of expression and code for proteins with similar biological activities. A total of 118 complementary DNA (cDNA) were bi-directionally sequenced from reverse-transcribed bovine (bo) conceptus RNA over the period from blastocyst formation until day 25 of pregnancy. Fourteen different cDNAs, encoding eight different IFN-τ, were confirmed unique. All showed high sequence conservation (>98% nucleotide identity; >96% amino acid identity). The cDNA fell into three, recently evolved, phylogenetic groups (τ1, 2, and 3). Mean concentrations of IFN-τ messenger RNA were greater at day 17 and day 19 than at day 14 and day 25, with different genes showing comparable expression patterns, although there appeared to be a major bias in expression of two genes (for boIFN-τ1c and τ3a) in blastocysts. Genes representing members of the three b...
Management Attitudes Toward Employrnent Tests

Summary This is the second in a series of studies on attitudes of industrial personnel toward employment tests. A total of 116 executives in a variety of industries returned a questionnaire similar to that used to poll workers in a previous study. Intercorrelations were computed among variables of importance. In general, management believes employment tests to be valuable aids in selection and placement. Furthermore, executives also indicate a much more favorable opinion of how employees react to tests than was previously supposed. The authors conclude that employer reluctance to adopt scientific selection procedures probably should not be attributed to poor managerial opinions of tests and false beliefs about worker reactions toward tests.
The Stability of the Lagrange Triangular Point and a Theorem of Arnold

Deprit and Deprit-Bartholome [5] computed the normal form for the Hamiltonian of the planar restricted three body problem at the Lagrange equilateral triangle equilibrium point up to terms of order 4. This normalization was carried out for all mass ratios p smaller than Routh’s critical mass ratio p1 = i( 1 - J&/9) except for two values p2 and Pi. At p2 and ,u~ the ratio of the linearized frequencies is 1: 2 and 1 : 3, respectively, and so low order resonance terms appear. This normalization was carried out in order to apply the KAM theory to prove the stability of this equilibrium point. From the coefficients of the normal form they computed a quantity D, (defined below) which when non-zero establishes the stability of the equilibrium point. They found that D, # 0 for 0 -CP < p,, ,u # p2, p,and p(,. The value ,u, does not correspond to resonance but is simply a point where the quantity D4 changes sign. In this paper we shall establish the full stability of the Lagrange equilibrium point in the planar restricted three body problem even in the case when ,U = P,. We do this by computing by machine the normal form up to terms of order 6 and then applying a theorem of Arnold [3] which establishes the stability of the equilibrium even in degenerate cases. Russman [lo] announced a theorem which implies that the equilibrium is isoenergetic stable when p = p,. By “isoenergetic stable” he means that the system is stabie only on the energy surface defined by the energy at the equilibrium itself. Unfortunately there is not even an indication of the proof. Arnold announced his theorem in a Doklady note with only a sketch of a proof. The sketch indicates that his proof requires completely redoing all
Volatile substances derived from the cuticle wax of cranberry

Abstract Thirteen volatile substances have been identified in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, var. Howes) cuticle wax by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry including α-terpineol, benzoic acid and benzyl benzoate. The presence of benzoic acid and other benzenoid and terpenoid compounds in cuticle wax suggests these substances might function in a defensive mechanism.
A Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor Based Adaptive Optics System for Multiphoton Microscopy

The imaging depth of two-photon microscopy is limited by aberration resulted from inhomogeneous refractive-index distribution in a specimen. With adaptive optics, the resolution and signal level can be preserved at greater depth.
An evaluation technique for a protocol in development

Existing local area network protocol evaluation techniques are found to be inefficient in the evaluation of a protocol in development. A protocol evaluation process is formulated to help quickly assess if the Xpress Transfer Protocol (XTP) meets the real-time data communications requirements of the US Navy. The evaluation technique combines a detailed analysis of the XTP specification with attempts to implement selected parts of the protocol. Special attention is given to those aspects of the protocol that affect real-time tactical data communications. It is found that the protocol evaluation process is appropriate for evaluating XTP and that a number of areas of the originally proposed protocol are not sufficiently specified or fail to meet the military needs of the Navy. Timely feedback to the protocol developers enables them to implement changes that solve the problems found. >
“Now the Pieces are in Place…”: Learning through Personal Storytelling in the Adult Classroom

This article examines the potential of personal storytelling as a pedagogical method. When incorporated into the educational experience, autobiographical stories serve as a primary and fruitful link between lived experience and curricular content, a connection integral to adult learning. These stories enable learners to identify congruencies and incongruencies between their meaning systems and the concepts being learned. They also give adult learners increased insight into their own learning and development. In this article we discuss the “truth” of these stories, examine some important issues related to their use in the adult classroom, and then give a detailed example of one particular method, that of concept-focused autobiographical writing.
A new method for the synthesis of dioxolenones via the carboxylation of ketone enolates with anisyl cyanoformate

Abstract The generality of the intramolecular dioxolenone photocycloaddition we have described depends on the availability of the requisite functionalized dioxolenones. We report herein a general approach to the preparation of dioxolenones, via carboxylation of ketone enolates with anisyl cyanoformate and condensation of the resulting ketoesters with acetone.
Current state of ventricular assist devices

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support is an accepted treatment of patients with end-stage heart failure. The increased applicability and excellent results with LVADs have revolutionized the treatment options available for such patients. Success with LVADs as bridge-to-transplant therapy has led to their successful use as an alternate to a transplant (ie, as destination therapy [DT]). The use of these devices as DT represents a relatively newer but growing indication. Until recently, most patients who have undergone LVAD implantation have been supported by pulsatile devices. Newer continuous-flow (CF) pumps have resulted in superior outcomes, including significantly reduced complication rates with improved durability over first-generation pulsatile design pumps. However, as with all new technology, the newer LVADs have introduced management challenges that were either unimportant or absent with pulsatile LVADs. This article reviews the current state of left ventricular devices, focusing on the CF pumps that currently dominate the field, including clinical outcomes, the physiologic and pathologic effects that are associated with CF pumps, and their unique management issues and complications.
Ray-Code: An Aberration Coefficient Oriented Lens Design And Optimization Program.

RAY-CODE includes two methods of optimization: Glatzel's adaptive correction and Spencer's damped least squares with Lagrange multipliers. In Glatzel's method hard targets may be applied to selected coefficients of polynomial expansions of the aberration functions as well as to a number of opto-mechanical constraints. In Spencer's method a merit function is formed with weighted sample values of the aberration function. In addition, the same coefficients and constraints may be either assigned soft targets and weights and included into the merit function, or assigned hard targets and treated with Lagrange undetermined multipliers. Sample values of the aberration function may be obtained by interpolation with the polynomial expansion or by straightforward tracing of sets of user-defined rays. The program can be used for designing and optimizing conventional, multiple-configuration, anamorphic, afocal and other systems, and to evaluate them with all the standard methods.
Differential regulation of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs): a specific regulatory element in HIV-2 responds to stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor.

Abstract The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) types 1 and 2 have similar genetic organization but differ significantly in nucleic acid sequence. Although infection by either agent leads to symptoms of immunodeficiency, recent studies suggest potential differences in the time course and severity of these diseases. In this report, the transcriptional regulation and induction of these retroviruses were analyzed. We report that the regulation of HIV-2 differs from that of HIV-1: a distinct T-cell activation pathway, triggering of the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor complex, stimulates HIV-2 but not HIV-1 gene expression. The response to T-cell receptor stimulation in HIV-2 is mediated partly by an upstream regulatory element, termed CD3R, which is recognized by a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, NF-CD3R. Jurkat T leukemia cell lines containing HIV-2 provirus also showed increased viral replication after stimulation of the T-cell receptor complex, in contrast to HIV-1. These findings suggest that transcriptional regulation and induction of HIV-2 differ from HIV-1 and raise the possibility that different cofactors contribute to the activation of HIV-1- and HIV-2-associated AIDS.
Sildenafil Citrate Therapy in 22 Dogs with Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease condition characterized by abnormally increased pulmonary artery pressures and often is associated with a poor prognosis. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that causes pulmonary arterial vasodilation and reduction in pulmonary artery pressures. Hypothesis: Treatment with sildenafil will improve echocardiographic determinants of PH in dogs, while also improving quality of life and survival. Animals: Twenty-two dogs with clinical and echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Methods: A retrospective study evaluating the effects of sildenafil on physical examination, ECG and radiographic findings, blood pressure and echocardiographic findings of PH, clinical score, and outcome was completed. PH was defined as a peak tricuspid regurgitation flow velocity ?2.8 m/s or a peak pulmonic insufficiency flow velocity ?2.2 m/s. Results: Sixteen of 22 dogs with PH were elderly females of small body size. Their clinical score was significantly improved (P= .0003) with sildenafil treatment, but physical examination findings remained unchanged. Heart rate, respiratory rate, vertebral heart size, ECG heart rate, and systolic blood pressure did not change significantly with sildenafil treatment (P > .05). Peak tricuspid regurgitation flow velocities did not change significantly with the treatment of sildenafil, but selected systolic time intervals were significantly improved. Survival times for all dogs ranged from 8 to >734 days. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Sildenafil did not significantly lower the degree of measurable PH in dogs. Clinical improvement and increased quality of life was seen with sildenafil treatment, despite lack of significant change in other variables.
Encapsulation of anticancer drug by hydrogen-bonded multilayers of tannic acid

Tannic acid (TA)-based multilayer assemblies have attracted increasing interest for biomedical applications. Here we explore properties of TA–poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (TA–PVPON) hydrogen-bonded multilayers for drug encapsulation and long-term storage. We demonstrate that the small molecular weight anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), can be successfully loaded into (TA–PVPON) capsules with high encapsulation efficiency. We have also found that the encapsulated DOX can be efficiently stored inside the capsules for the pH range from pH = 7.4 to pH = 5. We show that the chemical and functional stability of TA at neutral and basic pH values is achieved through complexation with PVPON. The UV-vis spectrophotometry and in situ ellipsometry analyses of the hydrogen bonding interactions between TA and PVPON at different pH values reveal pH-dependent behavior of TA–PVPON capsules for the pH range from pH = 7.4 to pH = 5. Increasing deposition pH value from pH = 5 to pH = 7.4 leads to a 2-fold decrease in capsule thickness. However, this trend is reversed when salt concentration of the deposition solutions is increased from 0.01 M to 0.1 M NaCl. We have also demonstrated that the permeability of (TA–PVPON) capsules prepared using low salt deposition conditions and pH = 7.4 can be increased 2-fold by exposure of the capsules to 0.1 M NaCl salt solutions at the same pH. Our work opens new perspectives for design of novel polymer carriers for controlled drug delivery in cancer therapy.
Personality correlates of sense of direction and geographical orientation.

Personality measures were related to several dimensions of geographical orientation ability. Participants completed a questionnaire about their sense of direction and pointed to unseen locations on or near the Berkeley campus of the University of California. In addition, participants completed the Mental Rotations Test and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The CPI scales assessing interpersonal dimensions related both to pointing performance and to worrying about becoming lost but not to self-reports of sense of direction. In multiple regression analyses, personality scores on Capacity for Status, Sociability, and Self-Acceptance were found to account for a significant additional portion of the variance in pointing error even after various possible mediating variables (e.g., exploration, familiarity, spatial visualization) were taken into account. It is suggested that plans of action and attitudes toward the environment engage individuals differentially in building accurate real world representations.
The Future of Strategic Planning in the Public Sector: Linking Strategic Management and Performance

While it has become ubiquitous in the public sector over the past 25 years, strategic planning will need to play a more critical role in 2020 than it does at present if public managers are to anticipate and manage change adroitly and effectively address new issues that are likely to emerge with increasing rapidity. This article argues that making strategy more meaningful in the future will require transitioning from strategic planning to the broader process of strategic management, which involves managing an agency’s overall strategic agenda on an ongoing rather than an episodic basis, as well as ensuring that strategies are implemented effectively. Complementing this move to more holistic strategic management, we need to shift the emphasis of the performance movement from a principal concern with measurement to the more encompassing process of performance management over the coming decade in order to focus more proactively on achieving strategic goals and objectives. Finally, agencies will need to link their strategic management and ongoing performance management processes more closely in a reciprocating relationship in which strategizing is aimed largely at defining and strengthening overall performance while performance monitoring helps to inform strategy along the way. Guest editors’ note: In 1942, the University of Chicago Press published a book edited by Leonard D. White titled The Future of Government in the United States. Each chapter in the book presents predictions concerning the future of U.S. public administration. In this article, Theodore H. Poister examines John Vieg’s predictions on the future of government planning published in that book, comments on whether Vieg’s predictions were correct not, and then looks to the future to examine public administration in 2020.
Thermal scene projectors using microemitters

A number of techniques are under development for creating dynamic IR scenes for testing IR imaging systems. Comparison of these techniques may be misleading if appropriate performance parameters are not used. One straightforward method is the thermal emission from microemitters fabricated in an array. The small mass leads to good response times if crosstalk between elements and to any substrate can be limited. Silicon micromachining can create good performance in arrays of this type because of the excellent thermal isolation of the elements
The identification of nonlinear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods

The Wiener functional expansion method for the analysis of nonlinear systems is applied to identify and analyze both nonlinear and linear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods. As the sampling filter (monochromator) of any spectroscopic apparatus may be defined by a Weber-Hermite polynomial, an analysis of the refracted or scattered light by orthogonal polynomials is easily achieved. Time averaging obtains the Weber-Hermite coefficients which permit the characterization of the molecular system with respect to the polarization of the incident and scattered light. In the case of two series of measurements made with incident and emerging light polarized in different directions: the identification of the JonesM matrices for the molecular system irradiated is possible. In the case of three series of measurements made, for example, with incident and emerging light (a) circularly polarized corotating, (b) circularly polarized contrarotating, and (c) plane polarized perpendicular: the identification of the molecular system's McClain invariants related to the vibrational symmetry group for Raman inelastic light scattering is possible. The analysis presents a unified picture of elastic and inelastic light scattering and one-photon and two-photon processes. The apparatus described would detect those instances in molecular systems for which Beer's law does not apply.
Soft Surface Phonons and Surface Reconstruction

We propose a new mechanism which can lead to reconstruction in the surface region of a large class of materials. The mechanism is based on the fact that the dynamic effective charges present on the atoms near the surface can be different from those on the atoms in the bulk. The long-range interaction of these charges can cause the surface phonon to be lowered in frequency. We present numerical calculations of the normal-mode frequencies of a simple-cubic monatomic slab [(001) faces] of 15 layers when surface-induced dynamic effective charges are present near one of the surfaces. For reasonable values of the short-range atomic force constants, and for values of the dynamic effective charge on the surface layer of the order of 0.5e, the surface is unstable and recontruction occurs. Various patterns of reconstruction can be obtained depending upon the values of the short-range force constants.
Values of the Optical Constants for Beryllium, Magnesium, and Zinc

Reflectivities of evaporated metal films have been observed under varying conditions, allowing the computation of conductivities and dielectric constants by a previously described method. A reflectometer employing both a photo-cell and a thermopile permitted measurements in the visible and near infra-red regions. Curves are included showing the values of the constants for beryllium, magnesium, zinc, and copper. Comparisons are made with other published results.
External field induced chaos in an infinite square well potential

Abstract We study the motion of a particle in an infinite square well potential in the presence of a monochromatic external field. The equations of motion of this system have a particularly simple structure compared to other driven nonlinear systems, and yet the system exhibits a transition to chaotic behavior. The critical amplitudes of the external field where ‘breakdown’ of KAM invariants occurs and large scale chaos sets in are computed by numerical experiment. They are found to be in good agreement with predictions based on a renormalization group scheme.
Co-ordination of some trifluoro-β-diketones

Abstract Protonation constants and stepwise formation constants with copper (II), nickel (II), zinc (II) and cobalt (II) were determined for 1-(2-furyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione, and 1-phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione.
A role for goal-oriented autonomous agents in modeling people-environment interactions in forest recreation

Increased demand by the public for diverse and quality recreation opportunities has placed considerable pressure on the natural resource and its management. This problem is compounded by a general lack of understanding of interactions between people and forest recreation environments that result in wide variations in perceptions, expectations, and patterns of choice and use. Emerging technologies, such as distributed artificial intelligence, provide a mechanism to integrate advances in recreation research with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based environment. Distributed artificial intelligence provides the foundation for a modeling system to simulate the interactions between recreators and their environment. Despite the work done by many researchers in the development of object-oriented modeling and simulation languages, GIS, nonhuman agent design and simulations, no single system has been constructed to handle the complexity of goal-oriented autonomous human agents seeking recreational opportunities in natural environments. This paper describes a theoretical framework and a model for simulating hiker behavior in a natural environment using intelligent agents, discrete event simulation (DEVS) and GIS data. The results of hiker interactions are summarized to provide feedback on the implications for alternative recreation management planning.
A numerical study of the temperature dynamics at McNary Dam

Abstract High summer water temperatures have caused increased juvenile fish stress in fish passage facilities at McNary Dam. The need to better understand the main mechanisms that generate high temperatures and result in subsequent harmful stress to downstream migrating fish motivates this study. Most numerical studies of temperature dynamics in reservoirs are based on one- or two-dimensional models. McNary Dam forebay is characterized by complex three-dimensional flow patterns and unsteady heat exchange between the atmosphere and water. An unsteady three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model is used in this paper to predict the hydrodynamics and thermal dynamics in the forebay and turbine intakes of McNary Dam. This model is based on the Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes equations, using a Boussinesq approach, with a standard k–ɛ model to solve the flow field. The thermal model takes into account the short and long wave radiation and heat convection at the free surface, which is function of air temperature and wind velocity. The predicted temperature is compared against a 24 h field data set for a warm day in 2004. Simulated and measured temperature profiles in the forebay and within the gatewells show reasonable agreement. An additional simulation studies the inclusion of a thermal curtain upstream of the turbine intakes. Numerical results indicate that the thermal curtain reduces gatewell temperatures potentially increasing survival for migratory salmonids at the dam.
Typical clinical findings should prompt investigation for juvenile Huntington disease.

An 11-year-old boy presented for neurological evaluation with a 5-year history of global developmental regression, abnormal involuntary movements, and worsening behavioral problems. He was adopted at 14 months of age and there was limited prenatal or family history. In early childhood, he had appropriate gross motor, fine motor, and language development, but “shakiness” was noted by his adoptive parents. In first grade, he was able to ride a bicycle, participate in gym class, dress himself, use utensils, write in cursive, and read at grade level. Since that time, a slow regression of fine motor, gross motor, and language skills was noted. His handwriting became illegible and he was having difficulty dressing himself. He walked on the edges of his feet and was no longer able to ride a bicycle or run without difficulty. His speech became unintelligible to strangers at the age of 9 years and he had significant difficulty with impulse control and memory. There was no known history of seizures. He had multiple involuntary movements of his arms and hands, such as hand-curling or arm-swinging, and had received the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. He was under treatment with risperidone, citalopram, and clonidine for his involuntary movements without significant benefit. His physical examination revealed mild generalized hypertonia and difficulty with tandem gait. Choreiform movements of the extremities were noted. No myoclonus was seen. His speech was dysarthric with poor intelligibility and he spoke in oneto two-word phrases. He tended to walk on the outside of the feet with the toes turned inward. There was mild difficulty with tandem gait but he was able to walk on his toes and heels without difficulty. Neuropsychological testing revealed a full-scale IQ (FIQ) in the low-average range (FIQ 1⁄4 80), where it had been normal (FIQ 1⁄4 97) 5 years prior. Regression was noted on testing in verbal skills, speed of information processing, and math skills. EEG demonstrated diffuse slowing of the background
Synthesis of Biphenyl Proteomimetics as Estrogen Receptor-α Coactivator Binding Inhibitors

A novel series of biphenyl proteomimetic compounds were designed as estrogen receptor-α (ERα) coactivator binding inhibitors. Synthesis was accomplished through a convergent approach, employing Suzuki coupling chemistry to ligate the individual modular units. Initial biological results support the ability of these compounds to compete for the ERα coactivator binding groove.
Effects of smoked marijuana on social interaction in small groups

Twelve adult male research volunteers, in four groups of three subjects each, resided continuously in a residential laboratory for up to 18 days. Subject's behaviors, including social interaction, were continuously recorded. During the first part of the day (1000-1600), subjects remained in their private rooms doing work activities, and during the remainder of the day (1600-2345), they had the option to socialize with the other subjects. Four cigarettes containing active marijuana (1.84%, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9 (THC)), w/w) or placebo were smoked daily: one each prior to the work and social access period, and two during the social access period. When the results were averaged across all groups and individuals, active marijuana significantly increased total daily social interaction time. However, drug effects were a function of the baseline amount of social interaction. The results of these experiments also showed that the pattern of increases in social interaction following smoked active marijuana varied within different groups of individuals.
Interactive shadow generation in complex environments

We present a new algorithm for interactive generation of hard-edged, umbral shadows in complex environments with a moving light source. Our algorithm uses a hybrid approach that combines the image quality of object-precision methods with the efficiencies of image-precision techniques. We present an algorithm for computing a compact potentially visible set (PVS) using levels-of-detail (LODs) and visibility culling. We use the PVSs computed from both the eye and the light in a novel cross-culling algorithm that identifies a reduced set of potential shadow-casters and shadow-receivers. Finally, we use a combination of shadow-polygons and shadow maps to generate shadows. We also present techniques for LOD-selection to minimize possible artifacts arising from the use of LODs. Our algorithm can generate sharp shadow edges and reduces the aliasing in pure shadow map approaches. We have implemented the algorithm on a three-PC system with NVIDIA GeForce 4 cards. We achieve 7--25 frames per second in three complex environments composed of millions of triangles.
Tripping a Switch: PDZRhoGEF rgRGS-Bound Gα13

Ras superfamily guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, such as G-proteins and small GTPases, are a paradigm for two-state molecular switches in cell signaling. Recent experimental and theoretical studies question this simple model. Now Chen et al. (2008) provide evidence that the rgRGS domain of PDZRhoGEF has evolved to "trip" the nucleotide-dependent switch of the subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein, Gα13, so that it can also bind to its GDP state.
Thermodynamics of coal-derived fluids: 2. Vapour-liquid equilibria of coal liquid fractions

Abstract A thermodynamic model for prediction of vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) in coal-derived fluids has been developed. The model uses group contribution methods for property evaluations and a continuous thermodynamics approach for VLE computations. A coal fluid is defined by multiple molecular weight distributions, and each distribution is represented by an average molecule with fixed relative proportions of different functional groups. Besides the hydrocarbon group, phenolic, pyridinic and thiophenic groups are used to represent O, N and S heteroatoms. From the results it is concluded that for low-boiling coal liquid fractions the phenolic compounds need to be treated separately, as opposed to the use of a single average molecule to define the coal liquid. Comparison with published data shows that the model is successful in predicting boiling ranges for low-boiling fractions. Failure of the model at higher temperatures is attributed to the binary interaction parameters in the UNIFAC model which are regressed from low-temperature binary VLE data.
Halogen bond-assisted electron transfer reactions of aliphatic bromosubstituted electrophiles

Isolation of pre-reactive complexes and analysis of kinetics of redox reactions of tetrabromomethane and tribromonitromethane demonstrated that halogen bonding results in significant lowering of the activation barriers for electron transfer, and that the rate constants of such (inner-sphere) processes can be evaluated from spectral, structural, and thermodynamic characteristics of the halogen-bonded associates.
Improvement of in-plane alignment of YBa2Cu3O7−x films on polycrystalline alumina substrates using biaxially aligned CeO2/YSZ buffer layers

Abstract Biaxially aligned superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x thin films have been fabricated on ceramic alumina substrates. Yttria-stabilized zirconia buffer layers were first deposited on alumina using ion-beam assisted pulsed laser deposition. CeO 2 and YBCO films were subsequently deposited on the YSZ layer using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). All three layers were (001) oriented and biaxially textured. The YBCO films have T c values of 89 K and J c of 1×10 5 A/cm 2 at 77 K.
A longitudinal study of occupational stressors and depressive symptoms in first-year female teachers

Abstract Three cross-sectional studies (Finlay-Jones, 1986; Hammen & deMayo, 1982; Schonfeld, 1990) at best suggest that veteran teachers are at some risk for experiencing above-average levels of psychological distress. The paper advances three reasons for the view that longitudinal studies with newly appointed teachers provide a better means with which to examine the link between working conditions and psychological distress: (1) the comparative weakness of cross-sectional studies in distinguishing among causal hypotheses; (2) the relative absence in veteran teacher samples of individuals who quit in response to adverse school conditions; (3) the need to control preemployment symptoms. A longitudinal study involving 255 newly appointed female teachers showed that job conditions were related to postemployment depressive symptoms independently of preemployment symptoms and other risk factors. Regression and LISREL analyses revealed that the effects of working conditions on symptoms are relatively immediate. Moreover, other analyses suggested that there may be positive mental health effects, in relation to preemployment levels, associated with teaching in “benign” school environments. Suggestions for future progress in teacher-stress research include the use of neutral self-reports (Kasl, 1987; Schonfeld, 1990) to assess school conditions and a greater reliance on standardized instruments to measure independent and dependent variables.