cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ACRIDINE ORANGE VIABILITY TEST APPLIED TO BONE MARROW CELLS. I. CORRELATION WITH TRYPAN BLUE AND EOSIN DYE EXCLUSION AND TISSUE CULTURE TRANSFORMATION.

Suspensions of murine bone marrow cells were stained with acridine orange (A-O) and observed under fluorescent microscopy after treatment with various injurious agents in order to establish the staining characteristics of "live" and "dead" cells. The percentage of viable cells demonstrated by the "A-O viability test" were correlated with eosin and trypan blue dye exclusion and tissue culture transformation viability tests. In general, the A-O test demonstrated the viability of cells preserved by freezing as effectively as the other in vitro tests. In addition, the A-O test may be more sensitive in determining the viability of cells where metabolic processes have been injured by poisons or change in pH.
Genesis of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory

A personal recollection of events leading up to the construction and commissioning of NSRL, including reference to precursor facilities and the development of the NASA Space Radiation Program.
P17.38THE EFFECT OF TIMING OF RADIOTHERAPY (RT) IN PATIENTS WITH NEWLY-DIAGNOSED GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) RECEIVING TEMOZOLOMIDE (TMZ): AN ANALYSIS BASED ON THE UCSF EXPERIENCE.

BACKGROUND: The effect of timing of initiation of radiotherapy (RT) after surgery on the outcome of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains controversial. Most neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists believe that early initiation of RT may result in clinical benefits. However, certain reports suggested that delayed RT may be positively associated with survival for GBM patients. To further explore this issue, we analyzed three clinical trials for newly diagnosed GBM patients receiving temozolomide (TMZ) conducted at UCSF. METHODS: From 2004 through 2010, 207 adult patients with supratentorial GBM were enrolled into 3 clinical trials which consisted of RT plus TMZ and an experimental agent. Timing of RT was defined as the time interval between definitive surgery and commencement of RT, which was intended to be within 6 weeks per protocol eligibility. Overall survival (OS) and Progression-free survival (PFS), measured from study registration, were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Analysis by classification and regression trees was used to determine the cut-off values for timing of RT at which there was a significant difference in OS and PFS. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of RT timing (in days) on clinical outcomes, adjusting for treatment protocol, age, KPS, and extent of resection. RESULTS: The median wait time between surgery and RT was 29.5 days (range: 7-89 days). There was no significant difference in timing of RT with respect to baseline variables, except for resection extent: patients who were given RT earlier were more likely to have undergone a biopsy than more extensive surgery. Unexpectedly, a short delay in RT administration (at 30-34 days) was predictive of prolonged OS (HR = 0.58, p < 0.02) as well as prolonged PFS (HR = 0.55, p < 0.001), compared to early initiation of RT (<29 days), after adjusting for protocol and baseline prognostic variables, including extent of resection. Interestingly, a longer delay of RT initiation past 34 days was not associated with improved OS or PFS compared to early initiation (HR = 0.89, p = 0.54, HR = 0.76, p = 0.14, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there may be an optimal window in which a short delay in start of RT may be associated with prolonged OS and PFS. Caution should be exercised in interpreting these results since it is well known that secondary analyses may be influenced by unknown confounding factors.
Impact of Feeding by Alfalfa Weevil Larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Pea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Yield and Quality of First and Second Cuttings of Alfalfa

Feeding by alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), larvae and pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), significantly reduced stem length and dry weight, forage yields, and forage quality of the first harvest alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Louisiana. Greatest reductions occurred after concurrent feeding by the two insects. Insecticide application following first harvest significantly reduced impact of individual pest species on the second harvest of alfalfa. However, concurrent feeding by both insects during the first harvest period produced a residual effect that significantly reduced second harvest yield.
Application of Information Security Risk Assessment in Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation

This paper introduces the concept and content of information security risk assessment,and elaborates the operable method and procedures of security risk assessment for electric power information system as well as the technical details in practice according to the actual situation and characteristics of the enterprises in Zhejiang electric power system.
Emergency General Surgery: Defining Burden of Disease in the State of Maryland.

Acute care surgery services continue expanding to provide emergency general surgery (EGS) care. The aim of this study is to define the characteristics of the EGS population in Maryland. Retrospective review of the Health Services Cost Review Commission database from 2009 to 2013 was performed. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-defined EGS ICD-9 codes were used to define the EGS population. Data collected included patient demographics, admission origin [emergency department (ED) versus non-ED], length of stay (LOS), mortality, and disposition. There were 3,157,646 encounters. In all, 817,942 (26%) were EGS encounters, with 76 per cent admitted via an ED. The median age of ED patients that died was 74 years versus 61 years for those that lived (P 7 days. Of 78,065 non-ED admitted patients, the median age of those that died was 68 years versus 59 years for those that lived (P 7 days. In both ED and non-ED patients, there was a bimodal distribution of death, with most patients dying at LOS ≤ 2 or LOS > 7 days. In this study, EGS diagnoses are present in 26 per cent of inpatient encounters in Maryland. The EGS population is elderly with prolonged LOS and a bimodal distribution of death.
Abbreviated case report

Abstract Although the compound odontoma is usually associated with permanent teeth, its earlier occurrence may interfere with eruption of deciduous teeth. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment minimize the effect of this tumor on the developing occlusion.
‘A well selected body of men’: Sikh recruitment for colonial police and military

During August of 1873 Captain T.C.S. Speedy, sometime lieutenant in 10th Punjab Regiment, recruited some 200 Sikhs and Pathans in the Punjab on behalf of the Mantri of Larut, a petty chieftain in Perak (Malaya), who planned to use them to subdue the growing power of the Chinese clans in the state. The next year, with the advance of British authority into Malaya after the Pangkor Engagement, Speedy was appointed assistant resident at Larut, and his force was taken into government service as the Perak Armed Police. Subsequently reorganized as the Perak Sikhs, and then, after the creation of the Federated Malay States in 1896, as the Malay States Guides, this force remained the premiere body of armed police in Malaya until 1919, when it was disbanded. In Hong Kong as well, the late l860s and early 1870s saw the recruitment of Sikhs for the colonial police. Together with Punjabi Muslims, these Sikhs constituted the predominant element in the colony’s police until the mid-20th century. In 1922, there were 435 Indians in the Hong Kong police; and 774 by 1939.1 The same tale of recruitment and policing can be told of the Chinese Treaty Ports, of the Straits Settlements, and, with the British conquest after 1890 of East and Central Africa
A Cross-Sectional Online Survey of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adoption Among Primary Care Physicians

Background Among health care providers, prescription of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been low. Little is known specifically about primary care physicians (PCPs) with regard to PrEP awareness and adoption (i.e., prescription or referral), and factors associated with adoption.
Disability-Job Fit Stereotypes and the Evaluation of Persons with Disabilities at Work

The present paper describes a laboratory experiment in which raters evaluated the videotaped performance of ratees who did or did not have a disability. This disability was stereotypically either a poor fit with the job in question or not. The results indicated that actual appraisals were not influenced by stereotypes about fit or by disabilities, but that expectations concerning future performance and a number of other decisions and recommendations were influenced by this perceived fit. These results suggest that people do hold clear stereotypes about what types of disabilities lead to poor performance on a given job, and that these stereotypes are relied upon for certain personnel decisions, even in light of performance evidence that suggests that these stereotypes are invalid. Employees' disabilities may not influence supervisors' evaluations of their past performance when supervisors have clear objective performance information available. However, bias still exists in expectations for future performance and training recommendations. This bias can have severe long-term consequences on one's career within an organization. The scenario is worse when one's disability is stereotypically believed to be unsuitable to the job in question.
A phase II study of afatinib (BIBW 2992) in patients with advanced HER2-positive trastuzumab-refractory esophagogastric cancer.

TPS4144 Background: Trastuzumab, approved by the FDA, has been the standard of care for patients (pts) with HER2-positive esophagogastric cancer. Acquired and de novo resistance to trastuzumab is a...
Coherent pulse stacking amplification — Extending chirped pulse amplification by orders of magnitude

A new technique of time-domain pulse combining — coherent pulse stacking amplification — is enabling nonlinearity-free energy extraction at the stored energy limit from rare-earth doped fiber based ultrashort pulse amplification systems.
“You’re one of us”:: Black Americans’ use of hypodescent and its association with egalitarianism.

Research on multiracial categorization has focused on majority group social perceivers (i.e., White Americans), demonstrating that they (a) typically categorize Black-White multiracials according to a rule of hypodescent, associating them more with their lower status parent group than their higher status parent group, and (b) do so at least in part to preserve the hierarchical status quo. The current work examines whether members of an ethnic minority group, Black Americans, also associate Black-White multiracials more with their minority versus majority parent group and if so, why. The first 2 studies (1A and 1B) directly compared Black and White Americans, and found that although both Blacks and Whites categorized Black-White multiracials as more Black than White, Whites' use of hypodescent was associated with intergroup antiegalitarianism, whereas Blacks' use of hypodescent was associated with intergroup egalitarianism. Studies 2-3 reveal that egalitarian Blacks use hypodescent in part because they perceive that Black-White biracials face discrimination and consequently feel a sense of linked fate with them. This research establishes that the use of hypodescent extends to minority as well as majority perceivers but also shows that the beliefs associated with the use of hypodescent differ as a function of perceiver social status. In doing so, we broaden the social scientific understanding of hypodescent, showing how it can be an inclusionary rather than exclusionary phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Federal Role in Education and the Rise of Social Science Research: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

Studies of the rise of social science research in education typically focus on the Progressive Era, from 1890 to 1930, the period in which the American Educational Research Association (AERA) was f...
Psychologists’ Application of Clinical Guidelines and Recommended Protocols and Procedures within State Insurance Regulatory Authority Insurance Frameworks: Outcomes for Injured Patients with Musculoskeletal Injuries

In 2010, the State Insurance Regulatory Authority (SIRA), which governs the regulatory functions of workers’ compensation insurance (WCI) and compulsory third‐party insurance (CTP) within NSW, impl...
TFTR Plasma Feedback Systems

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor employs feedback control systems for four plasma parameters, i.e. for plasma current, for plasma major radius, for plasma vertical position, and for plasma density. The plasma current is controlled by adjusting the rate of change of current in the Ohmic Heating (OH) coil system. Plasma current is continuously sensed by a Rogowski coil and its associated electronics; the error between it and a preprogrammed reference plasma current history is operated upon by a ''proportional-plusintegral-plus-derivative'' (PID) control algorithm and combined with various feedforward terms, to generate compensating commands to the phase-controlled thyristor rectifiers which drive current through the OH coils. The plasma position is controlled by adjusting the currents in Equilibrium Field and Horizontal Field coil systems, which respectively determine the vertical and radial external magnetic fields producing J X B forces on the plasma current. The plasma major radius position and vertical position, sensed by ''B /sub theta/ '' and ''B /sub rho/ '' magnetic flux pickup coils with their associated electronics, are controlled toward preprogrammed reference histories by allowing PID and feedforward control algorithms to generate commands to the EF and HF coil power supplies. Plasma density is controlled by adjusting the amount ofmore » gas injected into the vacuum vessel. Time-varying gains are used to combine lineaveraged plasma density measurements from a microwave interferometer plasma diagnostic system with vacuum vessel pressure measurements from ion gauges, with various other measurements, and with preprogrammed reference histories, to determine commands to piezoelectric gas injection valves.« less
Where will technology put the library of the 21st century

Les avancees technologiques laissent entrevoir l'eclatement des bibliotheques: d'un cote, institution sociale pour les besoins culturels de la population, tres proche de nos actuelles bibliotheques; de l'autre ensemble de services d'information delocalises pour des utilisateurs specialises utilisant les technologies de pointe
Physical Attestation of Cyber Processes in the Smart Grid

Cyber-physical system security must consider events in both the cyber and physical layers. This paper proves that a cyber process in the smart grid can lie about its physical behavior and remain undetected by its peers. To avoid this scenario, physical attestation is introduced as a distributed mechanism to validate the behavior of a cyber process using physical measurements. A physical attestation protocol is developed for the smart grid, and the protocol is proven to expose malicious cyber behavior. Through the use of physical attestation, the behavior of cyber processes in cyber-physical systems can be verified.
CONFIRMATION OF HYDROGEN SURFACE STATES AT THE Si-SiO2 INTERFACE

Experiments are reported on the hydrogen effect in Pd n-Si Schottky diodes. Gas ambients were 140 ppm H 2 in N 2 and pure O 2 . The thin SiO 2 was estimated at 3-5 nm. In O 2 / the I-V and C-V characteristics in reverse bias followed the expected behavior for a moderately good Schottky barrier. Forward bias data was unreliable due to an epoxy back contact. In hydrogen, the reverse I-V characteristic degraded substantially and a high density of interface states associated with.the Si-SiO 2 interface was observed. This behavior was quite reversible and suggest that H is responsible for a loss of surface states below midgap.
Introduction to notification, deposition, and court testimony: A primer for the defendant physician.

The birth of a medical malpractice case may have little to do with a negligent act or omission. The physician may have treated the patient and family for many years. More commonly, the isolated interaction with a patient is not recalled, or the name is unfamiliar. This brief discussion describes some selected problems and pitfalls that may develop in relation to the natural evolution of a lawsuit, from the filing of a complaint to the testimony at trial. The physician's initial anger, thoughts of countersuit, and an attitude of failure and frustration must be set aside. Discouragement and anxiety are to some extent inevitable but can be blunted by carefully directed and precise preparation.
Dehydration, Dienes, High Octane, and High Pressures: Contributions from Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, a Father of Catalysis

Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff contributed significantly to the birth of catalysis, first in Russia, then in Chicago at Northwestern University and UOP, and provided a strong base from which those of us practicing now continue to build. Among the discoveries in which he participated are the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes including ethanol to ethylene, the elucidation of the structure of isoprene, methods of butadiene synthesis, catalysts for hydrogenation, and the discovery and commercialization of oligomerization, paraffin alkylation, and acid-catalyzed aromatic alkylation. These discoveries and his enduring contributions in the form of the Ipatieff Prize and student education have ensured Ipatieff’s place in the chronicle of catalysis.
Value-based Practice: Integration of Cancer Rehabilitation and Palliative Care in Oncology Services.

Abstract Value-based care model has been evolving to organize medical services around the patient and provide the full cycle of care for a medical condition. The full cycle of care model encompasses inpatient, outpatient, rehabilitation as well as supportive care such as palliative care and nutrition support. Cancer rehabilitation and palliative care have emerged as two important parts of value-based practice for oncology patients. More clinical evidence suggests that early intervention of oncology rehabilitation program and palliative care are likely to improve the patient outcome and reduce the overall medical cost for the patient and his or her family as well as for medical service providers. Although interest has been raised in Chinese oncologists, but effectiveness of incorporating these two services in clinical practices has not been adequately demonstrated. An understanding of scope of cancer rehabilitation and palliative care may help facilitate the integration of both into the oncology care continuum in efforts to improve patients' physical, psychological, cognitive, functional health and quality of life.
Ethical Issues in Consumer Informatics and Online Content

This chapter will address ethical issues in consumer informatics and online content, including quality assurance, privacy and security concerns, consent and governance, and the important role consumer information plays in shared decision-making. If privacy concerns have slowed the progress of research, new approaches such as a pool of freely available health and genomic data could accelerate innovation. This chapter will describe the range of ethical perspectives on data sharing and propose a new approach using free and open-source tools to support ethical transactions involving consumers, researchers, and health systems.
“Cold” Cognitive Control and Attentional Symptoms in Anxiety: Perceptions Versus Performance

Clinically significant anxiety is associated with an array of attentional symptoms (e.g., difficulty concentrating; unwanted thought) that are subjectively experienced as severe. However, neuropsychological findings are mixed with respect to the presence of cognitive deficits that can account for these symptoms. Contextualizing predictions from established clinical theories (e.g., Attentional Control Theory) within contemporary, neurobiologically derived models of cognitive control (Dual Mechanisms of Control Theory), the present study investigated the relationship between "cold" proactive and reactive cognitive control, task effort, and subjective attentional symptoms (difficulty concentrating; unwanted thought) in a mixed clinical sample of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and a comparison sample of healthy controls. Clinical status moderated the relationship between attentional symptoms (attentional focusing and trait worry) and proactive cognitive control response time. Clinical status also moderated the relationship between trait worry and task effort. Higher trait worry was associated with slower proactive control and lower effort in healthy participants, but faster proactive control in clinical participants. Self-reported attentional focusing showed differential validity vis-a-vis proactive control response time in clinical versus healthy participants. Post-hoc conditional effects analysis suggested more accurate self-appraisals in healthy controls, but was not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Preliminary evidence suggested that differences in task effort in anxious versus healthy adults may relate to subjective attentional symptoms in GAD and OCD.
Monitoring of attentional oscillations through Spectral Similarity Analysis predicts reading comprehension.

Abstract Deviations of attention from the task at hand are often associated with worse reading performance (Schooler, Reichle, & Halpern, 2004). Ironically, current methods for detecting these shifts of attention typically generate task interruptions and further disrupt performance. In the current study, we developed a method to (1) track shifts of attention away from the reading task by examining the similarity between 5 min of eyes-closed-resting-state EEG and 5 min reading EEG; and (2) investigate, during reading, how the ratio between attention shifts and focused reading relates to readers’ comprehension. We performed a Spectral Similarity Analysis (SSA) that examined the spectral similarity between EEG recorded during reading and at rest on a moment-by-moment basis. We then recursively applied the algorithm to the resting-state data itself to obtain an individual baseline of the stability of brain activation recorded during rest. We defined any moment in which SSA during reading was greater than the mean correlation between resting-state EEG and itself as an “attentional shift.” The results showed that the proportion of such attentional shifts recorded over the left visual region (O1) significantly predicted reading comprehension, with higher ratios (indicative of more frequent attentional shifts) relating to worse comprehension scores on the reading test. As a proof of its validity, the same measure collected during the reading comprehension test also predicted participants’ Simon effect (incongruent - congruent response times) which is a common index of selective attention. This novel method allows researchers to detect attention shifts moments during reading without interrupting natural reading process.
Water: Umi yori mo mada fukaku/After the Storm, 2016

Thwarted dreams fill this Kore-eda film, set in the actual apartment complex where the director had lived while growing up. Actors Abe Hiroshi and Kiki Kirin star in this insightful, and wryly humorous, drama of contemporary urban life in Japan.
Heterogeneous uncertainty quantification using Bayesian inference for simulation-based design optimization

Abstract Heterogeneous uncertainties due to model imperfection, lack of training data, and input variations coexist in simulation-based design optimization. In this work, a Bayesian-enhanced meta-model is developed to handle heterogeneous uncertainties concurrently in reliability-based design optimization. To account for model form uncertainty, a Bayesian model inference approach is first employed to calibrate unknown parameters of simulation models. Then a hybrid GP model is constructed based on a set of simulation data and experimental observations to predict the response of the actual physical system. By using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), the resultant hybrid GP model predictions are utilized to form a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for propagating heterogeneous uncertainties in system reliability analysis. An aggregative reliability index (ARI) is then defined based on GMM to approximate the probability of failure under heterogeneous uncertainties. The proposed approach is further integrated with the RBDO framework to search for optimal system designs. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through three case studies.
The lentiviruses: maedi/visna, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and equine infectious anemia.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular structure and virus–host cell interactions of the ovine, caprine, and equine lentiviruses and current concepts of disease pathogenesis. The ultrastructure of lentiviruses is similar but not identical to the C-type retroviruses of the subfamily Oncovirinae. Observations using transmission electron microscopy indicate that maedi/visna, CAEV, and EIAV undergo similar maturation processes, characterized by budding of 120- to 140-nm double-membrane particles into cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as from the plasma membrane. The virus–host interactions underlying lentiviral disease pathogenesis are incompletely understood. Lentiviral diseases exhibit several unusual features that complicate the design of pathogenesis experiments. These include a high prevalence of inapparent infections, a protracted and variable prepatent period, involvement of several organ systems, and a chronic course with recurrent episodes of acute disease. In addition, an understanding of the virus-host interactions responsible for lesions must account for several complex phenomena. These include restriction and activation of viral gene expression, persistence and spread of virus in the presence of sustained host immune responses, augmentation of immune reactivity, and inflammatory destruction of tissue.
The characteristics of a 1 m methanol pool fire

Abstract A series of measurements was made to characterize the structure of a 1 m diameter methanol (CH3OH) pool fire steadily burning with a constant lip height in a quiescent environment. Time-averaged local measurements of gas-phase temperature were conducted using 50 μm diameter, Type S, bare wire, thermocouples with a bead that was approximately spherical with a diameter of about 150 μm. The thermocouple signals were corrected for radiative loss and thermal inertia effects. The mass burning rate was measured by monitoring the mass loss in the methanol reservoir feeding the liquid pool. The heat release rate was measured using oxygen consumption calorimetry. The heat flux was measured in the radial and vertical directions and the radiative fraction was estimated, which correspond to previous results.
The association of HIV and cocaine use to cigarette smoking in the context of depression and perceived stress.

Mental well-being can contribute to cigarette smoking and negatively impact disease progression among people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined potential associations between cocaine use (...
Taking another perspective on overconfidence in cognitive ability: A comparison of self and other metacognitive judgments

Abstract People are often overconfident in their own cognitive abilities. We investigated whether overconfidence extends to judgments from or about other people, and tested various competing theories of this relationship. Across six studies using various methods and contexts, results showed that people were more confident in others’ cognitive abilities than in their own. This pattern of results occurred in the classroom for grade predictions (Studies 1 and 2), in the laboratory for standard cognitive test predictions (Studies 3–6), when people knew others well or had just met (Study 4), when they liked the other person, but not when they did not like the person (Study 5), and when calibration could be verified and when it could not be verified (Study 6). Results are interpreted in terms of an information-motivation theory, which suggests that people turn to motivational information and thus overpredict others’ performance relative to their own when they lack information about other’s metacognitive states and when they are motivated to see others in a positive light. These findings offer another perspective on overconfidence, both literally and figuratively, by demonstrating that people appear to be more overconfident in others’ cognitive abilities than in their own.
Gendered dissent in the Arab uprising: The challenges and the gains:

The events that followed the revolution of 25 January 2011 demonstrated the tenacity and resilience of gendered dissent and its centrality to collective action and civil disobedience, thus enrichin...
Memories of Chinua Achebe at the University of Texas at Austin

This chapter is a personal narrative that gives insight into who Chinua Achebe was: a friend, a scholar, and a pioneer of African literature. Quotations are taken from remarks he made while speaking at the University of Texas at Austin. I first met Chinua Achebe fifty-seven years ago when I was teaching English and History at a boys’ boarding school in Western Kenya. I did not meet him in person. He was then not really a person but only a name on a book that I had managed to borrow by post from the library of Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, which had an enlightened and very generous lending policy available to anyone in East Africa who had some connection, however slight, with the university. I had participated in a six-week orientation program there before going out to my school, so I was eligible for this kind of academic philanthropy, and I took full advantage of it, borrowing at least two books a month from 1961 to 1963. Fortunately, I had picked up a copy of Janheinz Jahn’s Muntu, which had been published just before I left the United States, so I could use his chapter on literature as a shopping guide to the African holdings at Makerere.
An Expanded Ethical Decision-making Model to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas in Assessment

Abstract The current study expanded a newly developed ethical decision-making model for assessment using interview data collected from seven instructors from elementary school to higher education on their experiences of dealing with ethical dilemmas in assessment. The expanded model has the following new merits: One additional critical incident involving an ethical dilemma and two more types of conflict elements emerged. In addition to specific guidelines, more general guidelines to resolve ethical dilemmas were included. Most importantly, the impacts of decision-making on instruction, student learning, and future assessment inform teachers that appropriate assessment decisions should work with other teaching practices. Teachers can use this model to improve assessment practices in professional development sessions or assessment courses.
Respiratory coupling between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats anesthetized with urethane in theta and non-theta states

Abstract Respiratory modulation of forebrain activity, long considered hard to reliably separate from breathing artifacts, has been firmly established in recent years using a variety of advanced techniques. Respiratory related oscillation (RRO) is derived from rhythmic nasal airflow in the olfactory bulb (OB) and is conveyed to higher order brain networks, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC), where it may potentially contribute to communication between these structures by synchronizing their activities at the respiratory rate. RRO was shown to change with sleep-wake states, it is strongest in quiet waking, somewhat less in active waking, characterized with theta activity in the HC, and absent in sleep. The goal of this study was to test RRO synchronization between PFC and HC under urethane anesthesia where theta and non-theta states spontaneously alternate. We found that in theta states, PFC-HC coherences significantly correlated with OB-HC but not with OB-PFC, even though RRO was stronger in PFC than in HC. In non-theta states, PFC-HC synchrony correlated with coherences connecting OB to either PFC or HC. Thus, similar to freely behaving rats, PFC-HC synchrony at RRO was primarily dependent on the response of HC to the common rhythmic drive, but only in theta state. The findings help outlining the value and the limits of applications in which urethane-anesthetized rats can be used for modeling the neural mechanisms of RRO in behaving animals.
Feedforward Control for Single Particle Tracking Synthetic Motion.

Abstract Single particle tracking (SPT) is a method to study the transport of biomolecules with nanometer resolution. Unfortunately, recent reports show that systematic errors in position localization and uncertainty in model parameter estimates limits the utility of these techniques in studying biological processes. There is a need for an experimental method with a known ground-truth that tests the total SPT system (sample, microscope, algorithm) on both localization and estimation of model parameters. Synthetic motion is a known ground-truth method that moves a particle along a trajectory. This trajectory is a realization of a Markovian stochastic process that represents models of biomolecular transport. Here we describe a platform for creating synthetic motion using common equipment and well-known, simple methods that can be easily adopted by the biophysics community. In this paper we describe the synthetic motion system and calibration to achieve nanometer accuracy and precision. Steady state input-output characteristics are analyzed with both line scans and grid scans. The resulting relationship is described by an affine transformation, which is inverted and used as a prefilter. Model inverse feed forward control is used to increase the system bandwidth. The system model was identified from frequency response function measurements using an integrated stepped-sine with coherent demodulation built into the FPGA controller. Zero magnitude error tracking controller method was used to invert non-minimum phase zeros to achieve a stable discrete time feed forward filter.
Infectious Diseases and Conventional Discrimination

This study examines the formation of conventional discrimination against patients with infections. In the model, one expert, Doctor, receives a signal and recommends to either "exclude'' or "accommodate'' patients, and the individuals decide to "evade'' or "accept'' patients in a coordination game with two strict Nash equilibria. An equilibrium concept E-BRD is defined utilizing best response dynamics. The combination of Doctor's recommendation and the dynamic process gives rise to the unique selection of Pareto dominant equilibrium in expectation; however, discrimination arises ex post given Doctor's recommendation of "exclude.''
Preschoolers’ relevance inferences in linguistic and non-linguistic contexts

Understanding symbols requires going beyond what they literally are, and figuring out what they're intended to communicate. For example, a drawing of a bird (or the word bird) could refer to a particular bird, a species, etc… The interpreter must decide between these intended meanings. We ask how children go beyond the literal meanings of communicative acts (i.e., compute pragmatic inferences), and whether these inferences are domain-general. We tested 443 US 2- to 6-year-olds' inferences about the referential interpretation of ambiguous symbols. We manipulated the domain (e.g., word or a drawing) and task (interpret vs. create the communicative act). Children robustly identified the referents of ambiguous symbols and chose from among alternatives during linguistic and non-linguistic communication tasks. There were no effects of age or domain on performance. These data provide some of the earliest evidence of children's computations of pragmatic inferences, and provide exciting evidence that pragmatic inferences may extend beyond the domain of language.
A cross-sectional examination of reported changes to weight, eating, and activity behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among United States adults with food addiction.

Prior studies have demonstrated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on weight management and lifestyle behaviors, though identification of who may be at greatest risk for negative consequences has not been fully explored. Addictive-like eating behavior, or food addiction, has been associated with an array of problematic eating behaviors, which may suggest heightened susceptibility to poorer outcomes. In this online, cross-sectional study, adults (ages 18-78; M = 42.36, SD = 13.08) living in the United States (n = 288) completed questionnaires assessing food addiction and reported changes to their weight, eating, and physical activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with food addiction gained an average of 12.42 lb (5.63 kg) since March 2020, compared to an average weight gain of 2.14 lb (0.97 kg) for those without food addiction (p < .001). Linear regression analyses controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) showed that food addiction was independently associated with higher weight gain (B = 9.28, t = 4.97, p < .001), greater intake of ultra-processed foods before and during COVID-19 (B = 1.08, t = 5.71, p < .001; B = 1.18, t = 6.42, p < .001, respectively), greater attribution of their overall current eating behaviors to COVID-19 circumstances (B = 23.19, t = 4.62, p < .001), and higher distress about their overall current eating behaviors (B = -22.12, t = -2.50, p = .01). Interaction effects demonstrated that individuals with food addiction who are older may be at particularly high risk for weight gain and distress. The present research suggests that food addiction is a uniquely meaningful phenotype, beyond the effects of BMI, to identify risk for the negative consequences of COVID-19. Individuals with food addiction, particularly those who are older, may benefit from support with weight management and addictive-like eating as the COVID-19 pandemic persists and resolves.
Right ventricular dysfunction in acute heart failure from emergency department to discharge: Predictors and clinical implications.

Abstract Background Among acute heart failure (AHF) inpatients, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) predicts clinical outcomes independent of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Prior studies have not accounted for congestion severity, show conflicting findings on echocardiography (echo) timing, and excluded emergency department (ED) patients. We describe for the first time the epidemiology, predictors, and outcomes of RVD in AHF starting with earliest ED treatment. Methods Point-of-care echo and 10-point lung ultrasound (LUS) were obtained in 84 prospectively enrolled AHF patients at two EDs, ≤1 h after first intravenous diuresis, vasodilator, and/or positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Echo and LUS were repeated at 24, 72, and 168 h, unless discharged sooner (n = 197 exams). RVD was defined as Results 46% (n = 39) of patients at ED arrival showed RVD by TAPSE (median 18 mm, interquartile range 13–23). 18 variables with p ≤ 0.1 unadjusted difference with/without RVD, and 12 a priori predictors of RVD were included in the multivariable LMM model of TAPSE through time (R2 = 0.76). Missed antihypertensive medication (within 7 days), ED PPV, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease history, LVEF, LUS congestion severity, and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were the strongest multivariable predictors of RVD, respectively, and the only to reach statistical significance (p Conclusion In this observational study, RVD was common in AHF, and predicted by congestion on LUS, LVEF, RVSP, and comorbidities from ED arrival through discharge. 30-day death or AHF-rehospitalization was associated with RVD at ED arrival and ΔLUS severity, but not LVEF.
Nucleotide modulates odor response through activation of purinergic receptor in olfactory sensory neuron.

Extracellular nucleotides are important neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and paracrine factors in the neural sensory system [16]. Most of purines and pyrimidines act on the associated purinergic cell-surface receptors to mediate sensory transduction and modulation. Previously, we reported a subgroup of heptaldehyde (H)/2-hepatanone (Ho)-responsive olfactory sensory neurons (H/Ho-OSNs) in the ventral endoturbinates [31]. Through the calcium image recording, we characterized that ATP elicited [Ca2+]i increase in the presence of extracellular calcium, while depletion of intracellular calcium stores blocked UTP-evoked [Ca2+]i increase. Pharmacological studies indicated that P2X3 was expressed in the H/Ho-OSNs, modulating both heptaldehyde (H) and 2-hepatanone (Ho)-induced responses. These data indicated that activation of purinergic receptor negatively modulated odor response, providing the evidence to support the possible protective effect of purinergic receptor in OSNs.
A Comparison of Aspiration Level Interactive Method (AIM) and Conjoint Analysis in Multiple Criteria Decision Making

The predictive validity of the two methods, Aspiration-level interactive method (AIM) and conjoint analysis, used for solving decision problems involving discrete alternatives are compared. An empirical analysis based on subjects’ preferences for a multiattribute product (buying a house) and a service (selecting an MBA program for study) indicated that consumer preferences derived from AIM may be more valid than the preferences derived from the full-profile conjoint analysis method.
Nutritional factors and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma survival in an ethnically diverse population: The Multiethnic Cohort Study (136.1)

With an increasing number of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) survivors, the possible effect of modifiable health behaviors on prognosis has emerged as a topic of interest. For example, obesity appears...
Infusion of Cytotoxic T Cells for the Prevention and Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus–Induced Lymphoma in Allogeneic Transplant Recipients

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes potentially lethal immunoblastic lymphoma in up to 25% of children receiving bone marrow transplants from unrelated or HLA-mismatched donors. Because this complication appears to stem from a deficiency of EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, we assessed the safety and efficacy of donor-derived polyclonal (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) T-cell lines as immunoprophylaxis and treatment for EBV-related lymphoma. Thirty-nine patients considered to be at high risk for EBV-induced lymphoma each received 2 to 4 intravenous infusions of donor-derived EBV-specific T lymphocytes, after they had received T-cell-depleted bone marrow from HLA-matched unrelated donors (n = 33) or mismatched family members (n = 6). The immunologic effects of this therapy were monitored during and after the infusions. Infused cells were identified by detection of the neo marker gene. EBV-specific T cells bearing the neo marker were identified in all but 1 of the patients. Serial analysis of DNA detected the marker gene for as long as 18 weeks in unmanipulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and for as long as 38 months in regenerated lines of EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells. Six patients (15.5%) had greatly increased amounts of EBV-DNA on study entry (>2, 000 genome copies/10(6) mononuclear cells), indicating uncontrolled EBV replication, a complication that has had a high correlation with subsequent development of overt lymphoma. All of these patients showed 2 to 4 log decreases in viral DNA levels within 2 to 3 weeks after infusion and none developed lymphoma, confirming the antiviral activity of the donor-derived cells. There were no toxic effects that could be attributed to prophylactic T-cell therapy. Two additional patients who did not receive prophylaxis and developed overt immunoblastic lymphoma responded fully to T-cell infusion. Polyclonal donor-derived T-cell lines specific for EBV proteins can thus be used safely to prevent EBV-related immunoblastic lymphoma after allogeneic marrow transplantation and may also be effective in the treatment of established disease.
Reinforcer magnitude attenuates: apomorphine's effects on operant pecking.

When given to pigeons, the direct-acting dopamine agonist apomorphine elicits pecking. The response has been likened to foraging pecking because it bears remarkable similarity to foraging behavior, and it is enhanced by food deprivation. On the other hand, other data suggest the response is not related to foraging behavior and may even interfere with food ingestion. Although elicited pecking interferes with food capture, it may selectively alter procurement phases of feeding, which can be isolated in operant preparations. To explore the relation between operant and elicited pecking, we provided pigeons the opportunity to earn different reinforcer magnitudes during experimental sessions. During signaled components, each of 4 pigeons could earn 2-, 4-, or 8-s access to grain for a single peck made at the end of a 5-min interval. In general, responding increased as a function of reinforcer magnitude. Apomorphine increased pecking for 2 pigeons and decreased pecking for the other 2. In both cases, apomorphine was more potent under the component providing the smallest reinforcer magnitude. Analysis of the pattern of pecking across the interval indicated that behavior lost its temporal organization as dose increased. Because apomorphine-induced pecking varied inversely with reinforcer magnitude, we conclude that elicited pecks are not functionally related to food procurement. The data are consistent with the literature on behavioral resistance to change and suggest that the effects of apomorphine may be modulated by prevailing stimulus–reinforcer relationships.
Religious Organization and Political Party Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa

When and why do religious actors engage with political parties? In what varied ways do they pursue their agendas vis-a-vis partisan politics, and to what effect? Building from literature about the interaction of ethnicity and political party strategy and competition, this paper assesses the demand and supply side of religious actors’ contributions to political party organization and strategies for competition in new democracies across Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper demonstrates that religious organizations engage with political parties in ways that are not specific to a particular religious denomination’s ideology or internal hierarchy, but rather that religious groups react in similar ways in each national political context, as they respond to a given political opportunity structure. The paper links to the literature on collective action to understand when and why religious communities use their resources (communication networks, material resources, and beliefs) in pursuit of political goals. Methodologically the paper draws from the author’s newly constructed dataset of African newspapers reporting on religious activities and presents interview and survey data comparing religious interaction with political parties in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.