cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Lactose Fermentation by Enterobacteriaceae

Goodman, R. E. (University of California, Los Angeles), and M. J. Pickett. Delayed lactose fermentation by Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 92:318-327. 1966.-When 171 Citrobacter freundii strains and 14 Paracolobactrum arizonae strains examined, 51 of the C. freundii strains and 13 of the P. arizonae strains were found to be delayed or negative lactose fermenters. Of the slow fermenters, 65% yielded rapidly fermenting mutants in cultures undergoing delayed fermentation. Lactose fermentation could generally be hastened by increasing lactose concentrations. Many organisms which fermented lactose slowly grew readily on a medium containing lactose as the sole carbon source. Regardless of their ability to ferment lactose, all strains of C. freundii and P. arizonae investigated could be shown to possess beta-galactosidase. Delayed fermenters failed to take up lactose from the culture medium, whereas prompt fermenters did so readily. The beta-galactosidases of 12 strains of enteric bacteria were studied in crude cell extracts with respect to specific activity, stability, and activity at varying substrate (o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside) concentrations, at varying pH, and in the presence of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. The widely varying specific activities and the approximate similarity of the Michaelis constants (about 2 x 10(-4)m) suggested that the strains investigated produced differing amounts of beta-galactosidase. Moreover, qualitative differences in the enzymes provided evidence that these strains synthesized different molecular forms of beta-galactosidase. The results suggested that organisms which ferment lactose only after a prolonged delay do so because they possess multiple defects in their lactose-metabolizing machinery.
Observation of bistable behavior in an electrical power system

In stressed power systems nonlinear effects are of great importance for capturing infrequent phenomena. The authors investigate the bistable behavior of a power system which is due to nonlinearity of the system. The results obtained reveal the existence of two stable states (one is steady-state and the other is periodic) under the fixed parameter of interest. Depending on the perturbation, the system operating condition will be attracted to either fixed point or periodic. >
ARC synergizes with ABT-737 to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells

Previously, we reported that the nucleoside analogue/transcriptional inhibitor ARC (4-amino-6-hydrazino-7-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide) was able to induce p53-independent apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines of different origins. This occurred, at least in part, by the suppression of short-lived, prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family, Mcl-1. In contrast, we show here that treatment of human cancer cells with the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 alone led to upregulation of Mcl-1 protein expression. Combination of subapoptotic concentrations of ABT-737 and ARC induced mitochondrial injury and potent caspase-3/caspase-9-dependent apoptosis in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines. These data suggest that the ABT-737/ARC combination, which simultaneously targets Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, may be efficient against human cancer.
On Distributed k-Anonymization

When a database owner needs to disclose her data, she can k-anonymize her data to protect the involved individuals' privacy. However, if the data is distributed between two owners, then it is an open question whether the two owners can jointly k-anonymize the union of their data, such that the information suppressed in one owner's data is not revealed to the other owner. In this paper, we study this problemof distributed k-anonymization. We have two major results: First, it is impossible to design an unconditionally private protocol that implements any normal k-anonymization function, where normal k-anonymization functions are a very broad class of k-anonymization functions. Second, we give an efficent protocol that implements a normal k-anonymization function and show that it is private against polynomial-time adversaries. Our results have many potential applications and can be extended to three or more parties.
A solenoidal basis method for efficient inductance extraction

The ability to compute the parasitic inductance of the interconnect is critical to the timing verification of modern VLSI circuits. A challenging aspect of inductance extraction is the solution of large, dense, complex linear systems of equations via iterative methods. Accelerating the convergence of the iterative method through preconditioning is made difficult due to the non-availability of the system matrix. This paper presents a novel algorithm to solve these linear systems by restricting current to a discrete solenoidal subspace in which Kirchoff's law is obeyed, and solving a reduced system via an iterative method such as GMRES. A preconditioner based on the Green's function is used to achieve near-optimal convergence rates in several cases. Experiments on a number of benchmark problems illustrate the advantages of the proposed method over FastHenry.
Isolation and partial characterization of human T-cell growth factor.

Human T-cell growth factor (TCGF) has been isolated from conditioned media of the Jurkat T-leukemia cell line. Using a high-efficiency isolation procedure involving hollow fiber concentration, gel filtration and 3 steps of reverse-phase HPLC we obtained 100 to 600 pmol TCGF per liter of conditioned medium. Jurkat cell-derived TCGF (jTCGF) has a molecular weight of 15,750. The amino acid composition of jTCGF agrees well with that derived from the cDNA sequence coding for this protein (Taniguchi et al, Nature 302, 305, 1983). jTCGF is highly active in vitro in stimulating the proliferation of T-cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA (half-maximal stimulation with 3 fmol/100 μl well).
Lethality and autonomous systems: The roboticist demographic

This paper reports the methods and results of an on-line survey addressing the issues surrounding lethality and autonomous systems that was conducted as part of a research project for the U.S. Army Research Office. The robotics researcher demographic, one of several targeted in this survey that includes policymakers, the military, and the general public, provides the data for this report. The design and administration of this survey and an analysis and discussion of the survey results are provided.
Basis for tetrodotoxin and lidocaine effects on action potentials in dog ventricular myocytes

We studied the effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine on transmembrane action potentials and ionic currents in dog isolated ventricular myocytes. TTX (0.1-1 x 10(-5) M) and lidocaine (0.5-2 x 10(-5) M) decreased action potential duration, but only TTX decreased the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax). Both TTX (1-2 x 10(-5) M) and lidocaine (2-5 x 10(-5) M) blocked a slowly inactivating toward current in the plateau voltage range. The voltage- and time-dependent characteristics of this current are virtually identical to those described in Purkinje fibers for the slowly inactivating inward Na+ current. In addition, TTX abolished the outward shift in net current at plateau potentials caused by lidocaine alone. Lidocaine had no detectable effect on the slow inward Ca2+ current and the inward K+ current rectifier, Ia. Our results indicate that 1) there is a slowly inactivating inward Na+ current in ventricular cells similar in time, voltage, and TTX sensitivity to that described in Purkinje fibers; 2) both TTX and lidocaine shorten ventricular action potentials by reducing this slowly inactivating Na+ current; 3) lidocaine has no additional actions on other ionic currents that contribute to its ability to abbreviate ventricular action potentials; and 4) although both agents shorten the action potential by the same mechanism, only TTX reduces Vmax. This last point suggests that TTX produces tonic block of Na+ current, whereas lidocaine may produce state-dependent Na+ channel block, namely, blockade of Na+ current only after Na+ channels have already been opened (inactivated-state block).
Modelling and Testing: Implementation of Numerical Models and Their Application in Practice

The complexity of many geomechanical systems necessitates the use of modern numerical methods such as the finite element, boundary element and finite difference procedures. With the almost unlimited power of the current and future computers, these methods can provide extremely powerful tools for analysis and design of engineering systems with complex factors that was not possible or very difficult with the use of the conventional methods, often based on closed-form analytical solutions.
Extrauterine pregnancy complicating tuberculous salpingitis.

Abstract Two patients with chronic tuberculous salpingitis who developed tubal pregnancies were presented. In one, tuberculous peritonitis followed the operative procedure, but she is now asymptomatic following treatment with dihydrostreptomycin. The second patient was started on treatment with dihydrostreptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid immediately after operation, and at the present time is asymptomatic and has no evidence of infection.
Stability of Glutamate-Aspartate Cardioplegia Additive Solution in Polyolefin IV Bags

ObjectiveGlutamate-aspartate cardioplegia additive solution (GACAS) is used to enhance myocardial preservation and left ventricular function during some cardiac surgeries. This study was designed to evaluate the stability of compounded GACAS stored in sterile polyolefin intravenous (IV) bags. The goal is to extend the default USP beyond-use date (BUD) and reduce unnecessary inventory waste.MethodsGACAS was compounded and packaged in sterile polyolefin 250 mL IV bags. The concentration was 232 mM for each amino acid. The samples were stored under refrigeration (2°C-8°C) and analyzed at 0, 1, and 2 months. At each time point, the samples were evaluated by pH measurement and visual inspection for color, clarity, and particulates. The samples were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for potency and degradation products. Due to the lack of ultraviolet (UV) chromophores of glutamate and aspartate, the samples were derivatized by ortho-phthalaldehyde prior to HPLC analysis.ResultsThe t...
Packing Optimization of Free-Form Objects in Engineering Design

Packing for engineering design involves the development and use of methods to determine the arrangement of a set of subsystems or components within some enclosure to achieve a set of objectives without violating spatial or performance constraints. Packing problems, also known as layout optimization problems are challenging because they are highly multimodal, are characterized by models that lack closed-form representations, and require expensive computational procedures. The time needed to resolve intersection calculations increases exponentially with the number of objects to be packed while the space available for the placement of these components becomes less and less available.
Extended Topic Model for Word Dependency

Topic Model such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) makes assumption that topic assignment of different words are conditionally independent. In this paper, we propose a new model Extended Global Topic Random Field (EGTRF) to model non-linear dependencies between words. Specifically, we parse sentences into dependency trees and represent them as a graph, and assume the topic assignment of a word is influenced by its adjacent words and distance-2 words. Word similarity information learned from large corpus is incorporated to enhance word topic assignment. Parameters are estimated efficiently by variational inference and experimental results on two datasets show EGTRF achieves lower perplexity and higher log predictive probability.
Superoxide dismutases: studies of structure and mechanism.

Superoxide dismutases are enzymes of defense which serve to protect respiring cells against a product of their own respiration. This is achieved by a catalytic scavenging of the superoxide radical which, surprisingly, is a rather commonplace intermediate of the reduction of oxygen. The reaction catalyzed is: $$O_2^-+O_2^-+2{H^+ }H{}_2+O_2$$ Enhancing the rate of this particular reaction may appear to “be a peculiar undertaking for an enzyme, since this reaction is reasonably rapid, even in the absence of catalysis and since several transition metal cations serve as effective catalysts. Nevertheless superoxide dismutases are indispensable because they operate with ultimate efficiency and are present in abundance, whereas free transition metal cations are less effective and are not plentiful inside cells. It is a fact that all of the superoxide dismutase activity, which can be measured in crude extracts of such diverse materials as erythrocytes, mammalian liver or Escherichia coli, can be accounted for in terms of the superoxide dismutases which they contain. There is thus no significant superoxide dismutase activity in these extracts save that due to these enzymes.
STOCHASTIC GROWTH MODELS: RECENT RESULTS AND OPEN PROBLEMS

In this paper we will describe some recent work in interacting particle systems and state some open problems. We will discuss three models: Richardson’s model, an epidemic model and the contact process.
Paul Davidson, the Post Keynesians, and the Inductive Fallacy of Conditional A Priorism (Long Runism) - Why the Ergodic-Non Ergodic Distinction is Meaningless and Erroneous for ALL Decision Makers

Paul Davidson and his Post Keynesian-Institutionalist supporters have erred egregiously in basing their Ergodic-Non Ergodic theory of uncertainty and risk on the inductive fallacy of Conditional A priorism (Long Runism). The claim, made by Paul Davidson and his Post Keynesian-Institutionalist supporters for over 30 years, that decision makers are able to identify the ergodicity or non ergodicity of long run stochastic sequences or series of events or outcomes in the short run, based on Davidson’s claim that decision makers are able to know or learn of the convergence properties of such series or sequences, which can only be known "in the long run" (infinity), by examining sub series or sub sequences, is patently false and not accepted by any scholar in any other academic field except Post Keynesianism. Davidson bases his claims to knowledge on both metaphysical speculations and/or a priori claims to knowledge that are stronger than any claim ever made by any neoclassical economist.
The Importance of Economic Theory in Marketing Courses

SOME teachers of marketing apparently believe that economic theory has little or no place in marketing courses; and further, that economic theorists are still in their ivory towers (far removed from the realities of the market place) devising supply and demand curves which bear slight relation to modern dynamic business conditions. Therefore, the contribution of economic theory to the study of marketing is held to be negligible. With this viewpoint regarding the contribution of economic theory to the study of marketing, I am in categorical disagreement.1
Factors Impacting the Mechanism of the Mono-N-Protected Amino Acid Ligand-Assisted and Directing-Group-Mediated C–H Activation Catalyzed by Pd(II) Complex

We computationally studied the roles of the (a) protecting group (PG), (b) side chain (R), and (c) length of amino acid backbone of the mono-N-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligand as well as (d) the nature of the substrate (DG-SUB) and directing group (DG) on the following elementary steps of the “N–H bond cleavage and subsequent C–H bond activation” mechanism for [MPAA]–Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H activation: (i) formation of the prereaction complex, [MPAA]–Pd(II)–[DG-SUB], with a weakly coordinated monoanionic amino acid ligand; (ii) N–H bond cleavage and formation of the catalytically active intermediate, [MPAA′]–Pd(II)–[DG-SUB], with a bidentately coordinated dianionic amino acid ligand, and (iii) C–H bond activation in [MPAA′]–Pd(II)–[DG-SUB] occurring via the concerted metalation/deprotonation pathways A (outer-sphere) and B (inner-sphere). For the prereaction complex, we find that weak coordination of the MPAA ligand to Pd(II) is affected by (a) the strong electron-withdrawing ability of the PG, (b) longer ...
Abstract P3-12-12: HER2 Evaluation in Relation to Breast Cancer Treatment Decisions in a Managed Care Plan

Background: In 18-20% of breast cancer tumors, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene is abnormally amplified with increased expression of the associated protein. HER2 amplification is associated with rapid tumor proliferation, shorter disease-free survival, and poorer overall survival. Because women with HER2 amplification are more likely to benefit from treatment with the drug trastuzumab, testing for HER2 is recommended to guide therapy. However, little is known about HER2 testing practices and associated treatment in real-world settings. This study examined uptake, use, and appropriateness of HER2 testing, and the relationship between HER2 test results and treatment decisions in a large integrated health system. Methods: We identified 3,634 patients with primary breast cancer diagnosed from 1998-2007 who were members of the Kaiser Permanente Northwest health plan. We collected data on patient and tumor characteristics, HER2 testing status, test results, and trastuzumab treatment from tumor registry and pharmacy datasets. We defined women as evaluated for HER2 if they received HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH). We manually abstracted medical charts for a subset of patients to verify findings and investigate anomalies. We compared testing and treatment results to professional guidelines. Results: From 1998-2000, the percentage of patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent HER2 evaluation increased from 12% to 94%; from 2000-2007, 94% (2304/2461) received HER2 testing over all years combined. In most cases, an equivocal or positive IHC test was followed by FISH. Only 2.4% of women with ductal carcinoma in situ (13/538), for whom HER2 testing is not recommended, were tested, and the proportion remained consistently low over the entire study period. Trastuzumab use increased five-fold after 2004, when guidelines expanded to include recommending adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer in addition to metastatic treatment. Ninety-five percent of women receiving trastuzumab had a positive HER2 result, while the remainder had equivocal HER2 results or received treatment outside thedelivery system. After 2004, 55% of women with invasive breast cancer and overexpression of HER2 received trastuzumab treatment; this ranged from 44% of women with localized breast cancer to 80% of women with distant metastatic disease. We estimate that, after correcting for errors in the datasets, professional guidelines were followed for over 97% of patients diagnosed since 2000. Conclusions: Kaiser Permanente Northwest is systematically performing HER2 evaluation on patients with invasive breast cancer, and the information is used to make appropriate treatment decisions. This information should be gathered in other health care settings for comparison. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-12.
OPTICAL FEEDBACK EFFECTS ON SUPERLUMINESCENT DIODES

The effects of optical feedback on broadband sources such as the Superluminescent Diode, SLD, have not been previously reported. With rapid development of the fiber optic gyroscope where these devices are used as sources these effects may tend to limit the performance of such systems.
Specificity of macrophage receptors.

SummaryMouse peritoneal macrophages possess receptors specific for IgG. These receptors differentiate between self and foreign IgG but not between IgG from different heterologous species.
Measurement of Biphoton Wavefunctions using Fast Amplitude Modulators

We demonstrate a proof-of-principle experimental realization of a novel technique that uses fast amplitude modulators to measure biphoton waveforms whose temporal lengths are shorter than the resolution time of present single photon counting modules.
Comprehensive Advantages of Underwater Tunnel Crossing Rivers or Gulfs

Where urban traffic infrastructures crossing rivers or gulfs are to be built,it is common to make decisions between the bridge alternative and the underwater tunnel alternative.The article makes analysis and comparison on the bridge alternative and the underwater tunnel alternative in terms of construction cost,durability,security,ecological and environmental impacts and social efficiency,which concludes that the underwater tunnel alternative has more comprehensive advantages than the bridge alternative.The underwater tunnel alternative has the following advantages: the waterway transportation will not be affected during the operation of the tunnel;the traffics through the tunnel will not be affected by bad weathers and all-weather transportation can be guaranteed;less land occupation and less existing infrastructure dismantling;the original natural scene of the water area can be reserved;the municipal pipelines crossing the rivers or gulfs can be installed effectively;higher capacity against natural disasters and wars.
Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Modes on Yield of Liaoyou 5218

To build up a high efficient nitrogen management mode for large-spike hybrid japonica,the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer management modes on the yield of Liaoyou 5218 was studied by field experiment.The results showed that the yield of Liaoyou 5218 in treatment of tillering fertilizer was applied at June 4 and June 17 was higher under two nitrogen fertilizer management modes.Among them,the highest yield of Liaoyou 5218 reached 10 430.2 kg/hm2 when the ratio of basal,tillering and panicle nitrogen fertilizer was 3∶ 5∶ 2.
Flow cytometric analysis of canine colonic mucosal lymphocytes from endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens.

OBJECTIVE: To validate use of canine colonic biopsy specimens obtained via endoscopy as a source of mucosal lymphocytes (ML) for flow cytometric analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION: Mucosal biopsy specimens from 10 adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Mucosal lymphocyte subsets obtained from excised colon were compared with ML subsets obtained from biopsy specimens obtained by use of an endoscopic forceps (6 dogs). Endoscopic colonic biopsy specimens from 4 other dogs were used to define whether obtained ML were predominantly of intraepithelial or lamina propria origin. Mucosal lymphocytes were isolated and labeled, using commercially available monoclonal antibodies directed against canine cell surface antigens. Lymphocyte subsets (cytotoxic or helper T cells; B cells) were determined by use of flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: A large number of viable ML was obtained after dissociation of the colonic epithelium from excised colon (45.5 + 21.5 X 10(6)) and endoscopic (7.2+/-3.4 X 10(6)) biopsy specimens. Lymphocyte subsets obtained with both methods were identical for each dog and consisted predominantly of intraepithelial lymphocytes, with some lymphocytes from the lamina propria. Collagenase digestion of excised colon also yielded a large number of viable lymphocytes from the lamina propria (56.7+/-20.4 X 10(6)), but collagenase digestion of endoscopic biopsy specimens was less rewarding. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A representative sample of viable intraepithelial ML is obtainable from endoscopic biopsy specimens. Flow cytometric analysis, a minimally invasive technique, can be used to study ML of client-owned animals.
Applying mathematical models to predict resident physician performance and alertness on traditional and novel work schedules

In 2011 the U.S. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education began limiting first year resident physicians (interns) to shifts of ≤16 consecutive hours. Controversy persists regarding the effectiveness of this policy for reducing errors and accidents while promoting education and patient care. Using a mathematical model of the effects of circadian rhythms and length of time awake on objective performance and subjective alertness, we quantitatively compared predictions for traditional intern schedules to those that limit work to ≤ 16 consecutive hours. We simulated two traditional schedules and three novel schedules using the mathematical model. The traditional schedules had extended duration work shifts (≥24 h) with overnight work shifts every second shift (including every third night, Q3) or every third shift (including every fourth night, Q4) night; the novel schedules had two different cross-cover (XC) night team schedules (XC-V1 and XC-V2) and a Rapid Cycle Rotation (RCR) schedule. Predicted objective performance and subjective alertness for each work shift were computed for each individual’s schedule within a team and then combined for the team as a whole. Our primary outcome was the amount of time within a work shift during which a team’s model-predicted objective performance and subjective alertness were lower than that expected after 16 or 24 h of continuous wake in an otherwise rested individual. The model predicted fewer hours with poor performance and alertness, especially during night-time work hours, for all three novel schedules than for either the traditional Q3 or Q4 schedules. Three proposed schedules that eliminate extended shifts may improve performance and alertness compared with traditional Q3 or Q4 schedules. Predicted times of worse performance and alertness were at night, which is also a time when supervision of trainees is lower. Mathematical modeling provides a quantitative comparison approach with potential to aid residency programs in schedule analysis and redesign.
Analytical model of nonlinear twist dependency for Kevlar yarn based on local filament strain

Kevlar KM2 600 denier yarn is often twisted to improve yarn load at failure. It is noted in ASTM-D-7269 that twisting KM2 past five twists per inch can cause a lower load at failure. Understanding the physics that govern the load decrease at higher twist ratios can lead to improved yarn designs, possibly stronger than the peak values currently seen at three turns per inch. Increasing yarn strength would enable enhanced usage of Kevlar yarn, improving chord and fabric structures. This paper describes the testing and finite element analysis methods used to probe yarn tenacity as a function of twist per inch. The performed tests indicate that strength decreases as the yarn is twisted past three twists per inch and are in agreement with previously conducted trials. The finite element model results were compared to test data performed in this study and ones reported in literature. Employing the validated simulation data, yarn damage and failure pictorials were produced. The frames showing the yarn at varying displacements illustrate the yarn failure propagation at varying twist-per-turn values. It is suggested that yarn softening as a function of twist per turn is attributed to higher strains of the outer filaments, at large amounts of twist, than of the core filaments. Previous work has shown a dependency of local filament strength to its yarn radius. The focus of this paper is to derive a comprehensive filament model, using finite element analysis, that incorporates the yarn strain gradient and is experimentally verified.
Preterm delivery in triplet pregnancies.

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the rate of spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) versus indicated preterm birth (IPTB) in triplet pregnancies and determine factors associated with these outcomes.Materials and methods: This is a review of triplet pregnancies delivering at our institution from 2003 to 2015. Patients delivering prior to 24 weeks gestational age (GA) were excluded. SPTB included cases of preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes <37 weeks. IPTB was defined as deliveries <37 weeks for maternal or fetal complications.Results: Of 80 triplet pregnancies, 18 (22.5%) were not complicated by SPTB or IPTB and reached their scheduled delivery date. In the remaining 62 pregnancies, IPTB occurred in 31 patients and SPTB in 31 patients. Parity was the only significant factor associated with reaching a scheduled delivery, with 56.3% of parous women reaching a scheduled delivery versus 14.1% of nulliparous women (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in materna...
Critical design considerations for GaN-based microwave power varactors

In this paper, we demonstrate the critical design considerations for GaN-based microwave power varactors for the purpose of achieving high breakdown voltage, high Q-factor and high linearity. The extraction of these parameters from a real GaN-based power varactor diode is also presented. High values of these parameters are obtained, which is critical for the applications in the wireless base-station communications.
Cerebellum and Oculomotor Deficits

The cerebellum is a key structure within a widely distributed neural network that controls movements including those of the eyes. Both the immediate, on-line control of movement and more long-term adaptive functions are within the purview of the cerebellum. Ocular motor abnormalities are prominent in patients with cerebellar disorders and aid clinical anatomical localization. Assigning specific functions to structures within the cerebellum, however, is more problematic. For example, each of the ocular motor subsystems – saccades, pursuit, vestibular, and vergence – has multiple representations in different parts of the cerebellum, and a functional distinction is not always possible. Furthermore, the cerebellum is so richly interconnected with other parts of the brain that understanding its function depends on considering the entire motor control circuit within which it resides. There are three major structural units in the cerebellum associated with control of eye movements: (1) the flocculus and paraflocculus (tonsil), (2) nodulus and uvula, and (3) the dorsal vermis (lobules VI–VII) and underlying fastigial nuclei. Here we review the main ocular motor deficits associated with cerebellar lesions and infer function accordingly.
Ebola virus persistence as a new focus in clinical research

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe acute human disease with high lethality. Viremia is typical during the acute disease phase. However, EBOV RNA can remain detectable in immune-privileged tissues for prolonged periods of time after clearance from the blood, suggesting EBOV may persist during convalescence and thereafter. Eliminating persistent EBOV is important to ensure full recovery of survivors and decrease the risk of outbreak re-ignition caused by EBOV spread from apparently healthy survivors to naive contacts. Here, we review prior evidence of EBOV persistence and explore the tools needed for the development of model systems to understand persistence.
Marketing and sales in the U.S. young adult fiction market

ABSTRACTCreative writers are often told there is little relationship between the marketing of books and their sales. However, this relationship is one that can be demonstrated quantitatively. Using deal reports from Publisher’s Marketplace, estimations for the relative size of marketing for a sample of 308 Young Adult books sold in the U.S. market were compared against sales. Results showed a strong linear relationship between marketing and sales. Furthermore, sales spikes, or books that sell much better than average, do not occur until a minimum threshold of marketing is met: the vast majority of books have zero chance at becoming bestsellers. Marketing may not guarantee success, but it certainly makes it more likely. Without it, books, no matter their quality, do not sell at high levels.
Science planning and commanding for Jupiter

NASA's Juno spacecraft launched in 2011 and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016. Eleven onboard science instruments are studying our solar system's largest planet for 30 months while passing through the strongest radiation field that any spacecraft has seen to date. The science planning and commanding process for Juno is complex. Juno is a three axis spin-stabilized spacecraft with large solar arrays that are always kept pointed toward the sun. The Jupiter Energetic particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) team supports three nearly identical versions of the instrument mounted on the spacecraft to maximize coverage of the sky. JEDI principally detects energetic electrons and ions, with some species separation, over a wide energy range. The instruments were built at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory where the Payload Operations Center is also located. A combination of institutionally provided tools along with science instrument team tools must work in harmony to create the products necessary to support the planning and commanding process. This paper will describe the process that the JEDI scientists and engineers go through to allocate resources, coordinate planning, and build, test and execute the spacecraft and instrument commands to achieve the mission.
Dissolved organic carbon loading from the field to watershed scale in tile-drained landscapes.

Abstract Subsurface tile drains influence watershed fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides, but few studies have examined the role of subsurface tile drains and drainage water management practices on watershed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export. The objective of this study was therefore to quantify the contribution of subsurface tile drains to watershed DOC export and to evaluate the effect of drainage water management of DOC concentrations and loads in tile-drained fields. Discharge and DOC concentration were measured at the outlet of an agricultural headwater watershed (3.9 km2) in Ohio, USA and all of the subsurface tile drains (6 total) within the watershed over an 8-year period. Results showed that DOC concentration in both subsurface tile drains and stream water were highly variable (0.1–44.4 mg L−1), with mean DOC concentrations ranging from 5.7 to 8.2 mg L−1. Intra-annual variability in subsurface tile drain and watershed hydrology yielded seasonal differences in DOC loading. Over the study period, 81.7% and 92.4% of watershed and subsurface tile drain DOC loading, respectively, occurred during 20% of the time, typically during winter and spring high flow events. Mean annual DOC loading from the drainage network was 19.6 kg ha−1, while mean annual DOC loading at the watershed outlet was 43.9 kg ha−1. On average, subsurface tile drainage comprised 33% of monthly watershed DOC export (
Growth of HgSe and Hg 1− x Cd x Se thin films by molecular beam epitaxy

Thin epitaxial films of HgSe and Hg1−xCdxSe (x≤0.34) were successfully grown for the first time by molecular beam epitaxy. Film growth parameters are discussed, and results of structural, electrical, and optical studies are reported.
Estimating Azimuth Offset With Double-Difference Interferometric Phase: The Effect of Azimuth FM Rate Error in Focusing

Estimating azimuth offset with double-difference interferometric (DDI) phase, which is called multiple-aperture interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) or spectral diversity, is increasingly used in recent years to measure azimuth deformation or to accurately coregister a pair of InSAR images. We analyze the effect of frequency modulation (FM) rate error in focusing on the DDI phase with an emphasis on the azimuth direction. We first comprehensively analyze the errors in various focusing results caused by the FM rate error. We then derive the DDI phase error considering different acquisition modes including stripmap, ScanSAR, and TOPS modes. For stripmap mode, typical DDI phase error is a range ramp, while for burst modes including ScanSAR and TOPS modes it is an azimuth ramp within a burst. The correction methods for the DDI phase error are suggested for different acquisition modes.
Short- versus Long-term Stenting in Children with Subglottic Stenosis Undergoing Laryngotracheal Reconstruction.

Objectives Suprastomal stents are routinely used in laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) to stabilize grafts and provide framework to sites of repair. However, the duration of stenting varies according to patient history and physician preference. We examined outcomes of short- versus long-term stenting in children with subglottic stenosis (SGS) undergoing LTR. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary care pediatric hospital. Subjects and Methods Thirty-six children 21 days; n = 22). Results No significant difference between groups was seen for sex, age, race, or previous repair. Children in the short-term group were stented for 10.9 ± 4.9 days, compared with 44.0 ± 10.6 for those long-term ( P < .0001). A similar number of children with short- versus long-term stents had grade 3/4 stenosis preoperatively (71.4% vs 77.2%). Although time to decannulation was not significantly different, 72.7% of children with long-term stents were decannulated, as opposed to 35.7% with short-term stents ( P = .03). After adjusting for grade at surgery and age, children with long-term stents had 4.3 greater odds (95% CI, 1.0-18.3) of decannulation than children with short-term stents. Conclusions Children with long-term stenting were more likely to be successfully decannulated. Although long-term stenting improved outcomes for children with SGS, additional research is needed to better define ideal candidates for short- versus long-term stenting.
Post-infectious Acute Transverse Myelitis

Acute transverse myelitis (TM) is a disease of the spinal cord defined by (1) sensory, motor, or autonomic dysfunction attributable to the spinal cord; (2) bilateral signs or symptoms; (3) clearly defined sensory level; (4) no evidence of compressive cord lesion; (5) inflammation defined by CSF pleocytosis, CSF elevated IgG index, and/or gadolinium enhancement on MRI; and (6) progression to symptom nadir between 4 h and 21 days. In up to 50% of cases of idiopathic cases, an ongoing or preceding systemic infection is documented, but its causal role in the pathophysiology of this disease is unclear. Post-infectious acute TM is thought to be an autoimmune process triggered at least in part by post-infectious inflammation. Urgent neuroimaging followed by comprehensive evaluation with lumbar puncture and autoimmune serology is required to confirm an inflammatory etiology and to rule out mimics such as infection, infarction, vascular malformation, tumor, or disease-related TM (from a systemic autoimmune disorder or an acquired demyelinating disease). After evidence for an inflammatory etiology is gathered, treatment should be initiated first with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids. Should initial presentation be severe or should patients not significantly improve with corticosteroids, plasma exchange, IVIg, or pulse cyclophosphamide may be considered. Other important aspects of treatment include symptomatic management, physical therapy, and patient/family psychosocial support. Prognosis for children with post-infectious acute TM is quite variable. While the majority of children do have full or good recovery, many are left with residual neurologic deficits including persistent ambulatory difficulties, sensory disturbances, and/or abnormal bladder function.
Assertiveness Training in Christian Perspective

The most common procedure for relating Christian faith to the cognitive-behavioral technique of assertiveness training has been to attempt to determine whether or not assertiveness is a Christian virtue. Such a procedure flows from a view of integration which implicitly separates the goal of therapeutic change (a product of values) from the process by which change is produced and the manner in which research on the construct is conducted (a product of science). While these distinctions can be useful ones, it is argued that Christian faith impacts not just the goal of treatment, but the methods of treatment and the conduct of research as well. Alternative taxonomies for response classification and theological/philosophical variables influencing choice of treatment modalities and the conduct of research are discussed and possible alternatives presented. The overall goal is to use assertiveness training as an example to suggest ways in which non-Christian belief has, and Christian belief might, influence and...
“Sometimes It’s Easier to Type Things Than to Say Them”: Technology in BDSM Sexual Partner Communication

The present study sought to investigate how individuals in BDSM or kinky relationships leveraged communication technologies to maintain their sexual relationships. From an analysis of 321 open-ended survey responses from 162 participants, results indicated that technology was disinhibiting, particularly in negotiation, fantasy exchange, and channel selection, multimodality within checking in, planning, foreplay, and preferring face-to-face sexual communication and activity, relational maintenance, particularly within 24/7 hierarchical relationships and LDRs, as well as changes in sexual communication mediums with relational progress. These patterns emphasized that technology use, common in increasingly multimodal sexual relationships, provided a means for reductions in the perception of threat typically experienced in sexual communication by increased disinhibition. As one participant said, “Sometimes it’s easier to type things than to say them”. Findings are discussed in light of extensions to the online disinhibition effect in sexual minority relationships and sexual communication in increasingly multimodal relationships. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Health Behaviors of Mandated and Voluntary Students in a Motivational Intervention Program

College students engage in many unhealthy behaviors, one of these, heavy alcohol use, is a major global public health problem.
Educational Professionals’ Decision Making for Professional Growth using a Case of Twitter Adoption

This paper is a report of an examination of educational professionals’ perspectives on their decision processes to use a Twitter personal learning network (PLN). When investigating each of the participants’ decision-making processes to accept or reject the use of a Twitter PLN, the externally supported individualized learning experience was integral to the educational professionals’ active decision to adopt the new tool. The five major findings revealed external stimulus and support is (1) vital to address pre-existing attitudes and beliefs, (2) to target the acquisition of technical and implementation knowledge, and (3) to encourage continued exposure, interaction, and exploration. The final two findings focus on the (4) interaction with a social learning community supports decision making and informal learning, and (5) personal experimentation and exploration of a Twitter PLN allows educational professionals to build their professional network, quickly access high quality information, and read educational material. Educational professionals’ informal learning activities were also revealed while using their PLN. Educational professionals reported sharing information and resources with colleagues as having the most significant impact on professional practice. In addition to interviews, the nature of the Twitter platform provided valuable evidence of informal learning activities. These activities reflected in the educational professionals’ tweets included: reading educational subject matter, reflection and collaboration. Also, a new category: Resource Collection was created to reflect the second most popular activity on educational professionals’ Twitter PLN.
A Computation Based Approach for Modeling the Efficacy of Neurostimulation Therapies on Neural Functioning

Neurostimulation demonstrates success as a medical treatment for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Despite promising clinical results, the cellular-level processes by which they achieve these favorable outcomes are not completely understood. Specifically, the neuronal mechanisms by which neurostimulation impacts ion channel gating and transmembrane ionic flux are unknown. To help elucidate these mechanisms, we have developed a novel mathematical model that integrates the Poisson-Nernst-Planck system of PDEs and Hodgkin-Huxley based ODEs to model the effects of this neurotherapy on transmembrane voltage, ion channel gating, and ionic mobility. Using a biologically-inspired domain, in silico simulations are used to assess the impact of TES and DBS on neuronal electrodynamics. Results show that an instantaneous polarization of the membrane’s resting potential occurs in a location specific manner, where the type and degree of polarization depends on the position on the membrane. This polarization in turn leads ion channel gating and transmembrane ionic flux to change in a site specific fashion. In addition, results show differences in polarization, membrane voltage, and transmembrane ion mobility resulting from highly distinct forms of neurostimulation, namely tran-scranial electrical stimulation and deep brain stimulation.
A computational DFT study of methane CH and ammine NH activations by group 9 N-pyrrolyl complexes

Abstract A density functional theory with solvation model density analysis of methane C H and ammine N H activations with Group 9 N-pyrrolyl phosphine complexes (Co, Rh, Ir) is presented. Analysis of the reaction, [{(pyr)3P}M(NH2)]q+, (where M signify Co, Rh, Ir; pyr = N–pyrrolyl and q = +1 and + for d8 and d6 Group 9) showed that Ir system occurs with a lower free energy barrier. The computed complexes all have reasonable C H activation barriers, ΔG‡ ∼ 18–32 kcal/mol, which tracks with the electron density on the metal center of the transition state complexes. Ammine N H activation barriers are discreetly low, which emphasize the square planar, [{(pyr)3P}M(Py)(NH3)(OCH3)], complexes are uniquely ready to aid the reaction cycle within a single step. Thus, such ligands are worthy of experimental study due to their ability of strong π-backbonding, which may meet the strong metal-to-ligand coordination demands of an acidic environment of methanol production.
Achieving Peace: An Integration

Beginning with a discussion of ideological framing in peace and conflict studies and international relations, this chapter presents alternative frameworks for examining discourse in international ethics, compares results from its implementation in eight regions on peace-related items on the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey (PAIRTAPS), and discusses their possible normative implications. The introductory section considers historical and contemporary obstacles to peace and prescriptive and critical reactions. We sketch the contours of a practical pacifism through which social psychological peace research can give both international law and global public opinion their due. Applying agentic and grounded theory approaches influenced by Johan Galtung’s conception of positive peace and sociocognitive psychologist Albert Bandura’s theory of moral engagement, we demonstrate how surveying international attitudes toward peace is one way of making the descriptive medium the prescriptive message.
Indian Retailers: Media Used and Medium Perceived as the Best for Promotion

Following the independence in 1947 and the subsequent inception of five-year plans several socioeconimic changes have taken place in India. Increasing per capita income, westernization, and various other factors have created demand both for indigenous and imported products and/or services. Promotional strategies play an important role in communicating with the potential market segments. This study was, therefore, designed to determine whether or not Indian retailers advertise, if advertised, media used, and medium perceived as the best. Analysis of the responses obtained from a stratified random sample of 513 retailers located in various parts of Bangalore City revealed that some retailers advertised their products and/or services, the majority used movies and newspapers for advertising and perceived word-of-mouth as the best source of communication. This indicates that Indian retailers consider promotional strategies as an important element in the marketing mix.