cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION OF EURYTEMORA AFFINIS (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA) IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS, WITH NOTES ON ZOOGEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT The calanoid copepod Eurytemora is reported from several new inland localities, principally in the southern Great Plains of the United States. A review of zoogeographical information suggests that the recent spread of this copepod has been facilitated by human activities. The variety of mechanisms implicated in the invasion and persistence of Eurytemora in inland waters highlights its considerable ecological flexibility. Large reservoirs with relatively saline water present an ecological profile suitable for colonization. Many such reservoirs exist in the southern Great Plains.
Organizing Constructability Knowledge for Design

Construction contractors have significant constructability expertise to contribute to the design process of projects. To utilize this expertise most effectively, the right information must be made available to the design team at the proper point in time and at the appropriate level of detail. Current methods for utilizing construction knowledge in design have made significant advances to improving projects. However, they are typically rudimentary: unstructured, not very efficient, and rely heavily on reviews. Organizing constructability information according to its use in the design process will allow project teams to take the best advantage of the construction expertise. This paper introduces a model for organizing constructability information based on timing and levels of detail. The model differs from current approaches because of this focus. How the model was developed is described. It is tested on six case study projects to assess applicability on different projects. An illustrative example is provid...
Proton Radiation-Induced Void Formation in Ni/Au-Gated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were exposed to 2-MeV protons irradiation, at room temperature, up to a fluence of $6 \times 10^{\mathrm {\mathbf {14}}}$ H+/ $\mathrm{cm}^{\mathrm {\mathbf {2}}}$ . Aside from degradation resulting from radiation-induced charge trapping, transmission electron microscopy and electrical measurements reveal a radiation-induced defect located at the edges of the Ni/Au Schottky gate in the proton-irradiated devices. At the edges of the Ni/Au gate, the Ni of the Ni/Au gate diffused up into the Au layer and migrated into the AlGaN barrier, leaving voids in the Ni layer at the gate edges after irradiation. These radiation-induced voids are caused by diffusion of Ni through vacancy exchange, known as the Kirkendall effect, resulting in reduced gate area and degrading the HEMT performance.
Perceptions of resident physicians about management of inpatient hyperglycemia in an urban hospital.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding practitioner beliefs about inpatient diabetes care is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess resident physician attitudes about inpatient hyperglycemia and determine perceived barriers to optimal glycemic control in an urban hospital setting. DESIGN: A previously developed questionnaire was modified and administered. Residents were asked about the importance of inpatient glucose control, desirable glucose ranges, and problems encountered when managing hyperglycemia. SETTING: Urban teaching hospital. RESULTS: Of 85 resident physicians, 66 completed the survey (mean age, 31 years; 47% men; 33% in first residency year). Most respondents categorized glucose control as “very important” in critically-ill and perioperative patients but only “somewhat important” in non-critically-ill patients. Most residents said they would target a therapeutic glucose range within the recommended levels. Most residents (88%) also said they felt “very comfortable” or “somewhat comfortable” using subcutaneous insulin therapy, whereas some were “not at all comfortable” with either subcutaneous (11%) or intravenous (18%) administration. In general, respondents were not very familiar with existing institutional policies and preprinted order sets. The most commonly reported barrier to management of inpatient hyperglycemia was lack of knowledge about appropriate insulin regimens and their use. Anxiety about hypoglycemia was only the third most frequent concern. CONCLUSION: Most residents acknowledged the importance of good glucose control in hospitalized patients and chose target glucose ranges consistent with existing guidelines. Lack of knowledge about insulin treatment options was the most commonly cited barrier to ideal management. Educational programs should emphasize inpatient treatment strategies for glycemic control. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E1–E8. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Peptide YY augments gross inhibition by vitamin E succinate of human pancreatic cancer cell growth.

Abstract Background. Vitamin E succinate (VES) significantly inhibits cell growth in vitro in breast, prostate, and skin cancer cell lines. Our study demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on Mia PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells at the same concentration of VES (10 pg/ml). Peptide YY (PYY) also inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro. We observed a significant additive effect on growth inhibition in Mia PaCa cells treated with both VES and PYY. Methods. Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Mia PaCa-2 cells were cultured and treated once with either 10 pg/ml of VES or 500 pmols of PYY or with both agents together. The control group received an equivalent volume of solvents. MTT assay was performed at 24, 48, and 72 h to evaluate cell viability. Results. Pancreatic cancer cell growth was reduced in all groups treated with PYY and VES. Student's t test was used to analyze the data for each treatment group. At 72 h, both PYY and vitamin E significantly inhibited cell growth compared to control. Combining the agents resulted in a dramatic additive inhibition of growth. Conclusion. PYY and vitamin E both inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro with a significant increase in effect when used in combination.
Projecting Health Cost from Research Herds

Abstract Health costs by categories were summarized from 1,999 lactations of 863 cows in three dairy herds. These costs were projected to Dairy Herd Improvement data. Health categories were mammary, reproduction, locomotion, digestion, respiration, other, and total. The largest estimated total health cost of $67.63 was associated with postpartum length (days in milk and dry) greater than 420 days, an average 98 days dry, and milk production greater than 8,250kg in fourth or later terminal lactations. The smallest estimated total health cost of $22.25 per lactation was associated with production between 5,750 and 6,999kg in the nonterminal first lactation with postpartum length less than 300 days. For nonterminal first lactations of intermediate length, the estimated total health cost represented 3 to 6% of the value of milk production. First-calf heifers with milk production less than 5,750kg and postpartum length 300 to 419 days had the least mammary cost. Cows in their fourth or later lactations with postpartum length greater than 420 days and milk production less than 5,750kg had the highest reproductive cost. Mammary cost increased and reproductive cost decreased with increased days dry. Cows in terminal lactations had $11.38 more total health cost, $4.33 more mammary cost, and $6.31 more reproductive cost than cows in complete nonterminal lactations. Relatively more reproductive than mammary cost occurred in terminal lactations compared to nonterminal lactations. Mammary cost remained the largest component of total health cost. Multiparous cows had more total health, mammary, and reproductive costs than first parity cows. The repeatibility of total health cost was .12 + .03.
Scalar binding of quarks

A scalar potential which is linear in the radius is used to confine relativistic individual quark states. Calculation results are compared with those of the "bag" model.
The Collins Bible

The article provides historical context for the publishing of the 1791 edition of the King James Bible by Issac Collins.Â This work is considered to by Collins' greatest single achievement in this disinguished publishing career.
Symmetry and the stationary state behavior of enzyme membranes

Abstract An analysis of the stationary state behavior of model enzyme (or catalytic) membranes is considered. In particular, membrane functional symmetry is shown to be of critical importance in deriving a unique set of global linear phenomenological relations from their local counterparts. Indeed the appropriate transformation of the dissipation function, based on the correct identification of the “transport plane” within the membrane, leads to a global analog of the Curie Principle. By extending the argument from the near-equilibrium regime to the pseudo-first-order kinetic regime a set of practical equations can be derived. These make it possible to obtain local transport and reaction parameters from global measurements. The facilitation of transport by reaction is discussed.
Record of Late Holocene debris avalanches and lahars at Iliamna Volcano, Alaska

Abstract Iliamna Volcano is a 3053-meter high, glaciated stratovolcano in the southern Cook Inlet region of Alaska and is one of seven volcanoes in this region that have erupted multiple times during the past 10,000 yr. Prior to our studies of Iliamna Volcano, little was known about the frequency, magnitude, and character of Holocene volcanic activity. Here we present geologic evidence of the most recent eruptive activity of the volcano and provide the first outline of Late Holocene debris-avalanche and lahar formation. Iliamna has had no documented historical eruptions but our recent field investigations indicate that the volcano has erupted at least twice in the last 300 yr. Clay-rich lahar deposits dated by radiocarbon to ∼1300 and ∼90 yr BP are present in two major valleys that head on the volcano. These deposits indicate that at least two large, possibly deep-seated, flank failures of the volcanic edifice have occurred in the last 1300 yr. Noncohesive lahar deposits likely associated with explosive pyroclastic eruptions date to 2400–1300, >1500, ∼300, and Debris-avalanche deposits from recent and historical small-volume slope failures of the hydrothermally altered volcanic edifice cover most of the major glaciers on the volcano. Although these deposits consist almost entirely of hydrothermally altered rock debris and snow and ice, none of the recently generated debris avalanches evolved to lahars. A clay-rich lahar deposit that formed
Reproductive Outcomes for Dairy Heifers Treated with Combinations of Prostaglandin F2α, Norgestomet, and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

We conducted three experiments to test various protocols for synchronizing estrus, ovulation, or both before insemination of heifers. In experiment 1, 23 controls received two PGF2alpha injections; 23 heifers were treated like the controls plus a norgestomet implant for 8 d, with the second PGF2alpha injection 24 h before implant removal; and 23 heifers were treated like the previous group plus 100 microg of GnRH 54 h after the second PGF2alpha injection. Although norgestomet and GnRH altered some estrual characteristics, conception rates in experiment 1 (n = 69) and experiment 2 (278 heifers receiving the same treatments as those in experiment 1) generally were not different among treatments. Reproductive outcomes were not improved by adding norgestomet and GnRH to a standard PGF2alpha protocol. In experiment 3, control heifers received PGF2alpha and were inseminated after detected estrus or at 72 to 80 h after a second injection of PGF2alpha given 14 d after the first injection. Select Synch heifers, treated with GnRH either 6 or 7 d before PGF2alpha were inseminated after detected estrus, whereas Ovsynch heifers were treated like Select Synch heifers but also received a second GnRH injection approximately 36 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 18 h later. Estrus detection and pregnancy rates after Ovsynch were less than those of controls, whereas conception and pregnancy rates did not differ between control and Select Synch heifers. Therefore, the Select Synch protocol was equivalent to a standard PGF2alpha protocol, whereas Ovsynch was inferior to both of those protocols.
Bending of Cord Composite Cylindrical Shells

An analytical method for determining the load-deformation behavior of cord composite cylindrical shells is developed by considering the mechanics of the matrix, the cords, and the shell. To illustrate the method, a circular cylindrical shell with a single ply of uniformly spaced cords parallel to the shell axis is considered. The differential equations for the displacements are derived. These equations are solved analytically in closed form for a shell with the cords on the middle surface and subjected to axisymmetric loading. The deformations are strongly dependent upon the properties of the constituents, including the extension-twist coupling of the cords, and the geometry, boundary conditions, and loading.
The United States' progress toward eliminating catheter-related bloodstream infections: incidence, mortality, and hospital length of stay from 1996 to 2008.

Background Approximately 250,000 catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) occurred in the United States in 2002. These preventable infections unnecessarily increase mortality and prolong hospitalization. This study provides national estimates of CRBSIs over 13 years (1996-2008) and identifies trends in mortality and hospital length of stay. Methods We analyzed data from the National Hospital Discharge Surveys from 1996 to 2008. Adults ≥20 years of age with an ICD-9-CM code for CRBSI (996.62 or 993.3x) were included. Population estimates were obtained from the US Census Bureau, and incidence rates were reported per 10,000 persons. Results These data represent 1.5 million discharges. CRBSIs increased from 4.3 cases/10,000 persons in 1996 to 7.0 cases/10,000 persons in 2003. Thereafter, rates declined until 2008 (5.1 cases/10,000 persons). Mortality declined from 7.6% in 1996 to 5.9% in 2008. Median hospital length of stay (8 days) remained constant throughout the study period. Conclusion CRBSIs in US adults increased from 1996 to 2003 then declined until 2008. Patient mortality also declined throughout the study period, whereas hospital length of stay remained constant.
A scanning calorimetric study of unfolding equilibria in homodimeric chicken gizzard tropomyosins

Using both circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), several laboratories find that the thermal unfolding transitions of alpha alpha and beta beta homodimeric coiled coils of rabbit tropomyosin are multistate and display an overall unfolding enthalpy of near 300 kcal (mol dimer)(-1). In contrast, an extant CD study of beta beta and gamma gamma species of chicken gizzard tropomyosin concludes that their unfolding transitions are simple two-state transitions, with much smaller overall enthalpies (98 kcal mol(-1) for beta beta and 162 kcal mol(-1) for gamma gamma). However, these smaller enthalpies have been questioned, because they imply a concentration dependence of the melting temperatures that is far larger than observed by CD. We report here DSC studies of the unfolding of both beta beta and gamma gamma chicken gizzard homodimers. The results show that these transitions are very similar to those in rabbit tropomyosins in that 1) the overall unfolding enthalpy is near 300 kcal mol(-1); 2) the overall delta C(rho) values are significantly positive; 3) the various transitions are multistate, requiring at least two and as many as four domains to fit the DSC data. DSC studies are also reported on these homodimeric species of chicken gizzard tropomyosin with a single interchain disulfide cross-link. These results are also generally similar to those for the correspondingly cross-linked rabbit tropomyosins.
Optimization of semi-insulating surface-plasmon waveguides within terahertz QCL's using computational models

The possibility of a compact source of coherent terahertz radiation is being realized through the development of quantum cascade lasers (QCL's). These lasers consist of a semiconducting heterostructure active region and an internal waveguide that make intraband lasing transitions possible. The use of terahertz QCL's in promising applications such as medical imaging, defense, and security is currently limited by low output laser power. Systematic optimization of the QCL's waveguide reduces mode losses, improves confinement, and increases output power. Waveguide optimization is especially important for lasers operating at low terahertz frequencies where semi-insulating surface-plasmon waveguide performance degrades significantly. Prediction codes have been developed that systematically optimize semi-insulating surface-plasmon waveguides. The methods and results of these optimizations will be presented for a full suite of terahertz QCL waveguides at different frequencies. The use of the optimization code to investigate graded-doping waveguide structures will also be presented.
β-Lactamase Activity in Human Pus

Pus was obtained from patients with polymicrobial intraabdominal abscesses or polymicrobial empyema. Physical and chemical characteristics of 12 specimens were examined, and bacterial isolates were enumerated. Pus supernatant of six specimens rapidly inactivated penicillin, cephalothin, and cefazolin. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin were similarly degraded by supernatant of certain pus specimens. Cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin were not appreciably inactivated by pus supernatant. Degradation of penicillin and cephalosporin congeners in pus was due to the presence of beta-lactamase, as shown by chemical interaction with nitrocefin, chromatography, and inhibition by the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. Pus supernatant containing beta-lactamase activity reduced the bactericidal activity of carbenicillin against Bacteroides fragilis in whole pus in an abscess model in vitro. Bactericidal activity of clindamycin or cefoxitin was not impaired in pus containing beta-lactamase.
Collective band structures in the odd-proton nuclei 135,137Pm.

Collective bands based on a low-K \ensuremath{\pi}${h}_{11/2}$ orbital have been populated to high spins in the odd-proton nuclei $^{135}$,137Pm following the reactions $^{116}\mathrm{Sn}$${(}^{24}$Mg,p4n${)}^{135}$Pm and $^{114}\mathrm{Cd}$${(}^{27}$Al,4n${)}^{137}$Pm, respectively. Both nuclei exhibit a band crossing in the \ensuremath{\pi}${h}_{11/2}$ band at a frequency of \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}0.42 MeV. In $^{135}\mathrm{Pm}$, an upbend is observed, while a weaker interaction backbend is observed in $^{137}\mathrm{Pm}$. Cranked-shell model calculations, including triaxiality, imply that this crossing is due to the alignment of the second and third valence ${h}_{11/2}$ protons. The systematics of this alignment in the Pm isotopes will be discussed. In addition, positive parity three-quasiproton states were observed in both nuclei. These structures also contain a pair of aligned ${h}_{11/2}$ protons, in this case the first and second valence protons which align at a much lower frequency of \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}0.28 MeV.
Pourbaix Diagrams for Mixed Metal Oxides — Chemistry of Copper in BWR Water

Abstract Thermodynamic information for copper compounds and aqueous species, including estimated values at elevated temperatures, is analyzed. Potential-pH diagrams (Pourbaix diagrams) for the CuH2O, FeH2O, and FeCuH2O systems are presented, and the solubilities of copper and iron oxides (including mixed copper-iron oxide) are evaluated. These results are used to interpret the observed precipitation of oxides on boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel and to estimate the effect of hydrogen water chemistry on their behavior.
Ultrafast terahertz probes of interacting dark excitons in chirality-specific semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy accesses the dark excitonic ground state in resonantly excited (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes via internal, direct dipole-allowed transitions between the lowest-lying dark-bright pair state of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$. An analytical model reproduces the response that enables the quantitative analysis of transient densities of dark excitons and $e\text{\ensuremath{-}}h$ plasma, oscillator strength, transition energy renormalization, and dynamics. Nonequilibrium, yet stable, quasi-one-dimensional quantum states with dark excitonic correlations rapidly emerge even with increasing off-resonance photoexcitation and experience a unique crossover to complex phase-space filling of both dark and bright pair states, different from dense two- and three-dimensional excitons influenced by the thermalization, cooling, and ionization to free carriers.
Randomized load balancing in scalable storage systems

Presently, IP-networked real-time streaming media storage has become increasingly common as an integral part of many applications. In recent years, a considerable amount of research has focused on the scalability issues in storage systems. Random placement of data blocks has been proven to be an effective approach to balance heterogeneous workload in a multi-disk environments. However, the main disadvantage of this technique is that statistical variations can still result in short term load imbalances in disk utilization, which in turn, cause large variances in latencies. In this paper, we propose a packet level randomization (PLR) technique to solve this challenge. We quantify the exact performance trade-off between our PLR approach and the traditional block level randomization (BLR) technique through analytical analysis. Our preliminary results show that the PLR technique outperforms the BLR approach and achieves much better load balancing in multi-disk storage systems.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A computerized displacement data analysis in laser speckle photography

A simple automated system for direct calculation of in-plane displacements from specklegrams was developed. Fringe analysis using the FFT method proved to be effective for measuring fringe spacing smaller than 0.39 in. This corresponds to an actual displacement of the beam of 0.0007 in. However, the sensitivity with which a displacement can be measured can be varied over a wide range by changing the distance z and the magnifications M and M′ for the system.
Fibronectin induces colon cancer MMP-2 activation through a Src- and NfκB-dependent mechanism

Background. MMP-2 is a matrix metalloproteinase implicated in colon cancer invasion. MMP-2 is secreted in latent form (72 kDa) then cleaved into the active form (69 kDa) by membrane-bound type MMP (MT1-MMP). The signals regulating MMP-2 activation are poorly understood. Fibronectin is a major extracellular matrix component of cancer-associated stroma. Because integrin-mediated interactions with fibronectin are implicated to modulate cancer cell invasion, here we tested the hypothesis that fibronectin regulates MMP-2 activation through a Src- and NFκB-dependent signal. Methods. We tested three human colon cancer cell lines, SW480, HCT116, and HT29. Cells were seeded onto noncoated and fibronectin- or laminin-coated plates. MMP-2 activation was assessed by zymography and Western blotting. MT1-MMP expression, Src activation, and NFκB activation were assayed using Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and EMSA, respectively. We treated cells with anti-integrin blocking antibody, PP2, or PDTC to inhibit cell attachment to fibronectin, Src, or NFκB, respectively. Results. Minimal NFκB activation was detected under baseline conditions in each of the three cell lines. Fibronectin, but not laminin, induced MT1-MMP, Src phosphorylation, and NFκB activation at 6 h in all three cell lines, with concomitant induction of active form of MMP-2. Anti-α4β1, but not α5β1 integrin blocking antibody (2.5 μg/ml) suppressed MT-MMP1 expression (by 84, 80, and 82% for SW480, HCT116, and HT29 respectively, P < 0.05). PP2 (20 μM), and PDTC (100 μM) suppressed Src activation (by 93, 91, and 88% for each cell line, P < 0.05) and NFκB activation (by 95, 92, and 88% for each cell line, P < 0.05), respectively, and they each abolished fibronectin-induced MT1-MMP expression as well as MMP-2 activation. Conclusion. These findings suggested that fibronectin induces MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP through a α4β1 integrin, -Src-, and NFκB-dependent signal in colon cancer cells. This signaling pathway may represent a therapeutic target for strategies designed to inhibit colon cancer progression.
Behavioral outcome of posterior parietal cortex injury in the monkey

Recent studies from our laboratory have characterized the response properties of trigeminal nociceptive neurons located in the posterior parietal cortex of awake monkeys, particularly in the rostral portion of the inferior parietal lobule and parietal operculum within the lateral sulcus. The stimulus intensity-response functions of some nociceptive neurons were significantly correlated to the stimulus intensity-escape frequency functions. The present study provides evidence that trauma to the posterior parietal cortex alters pain sensibility to the contralateral face. Although thermal pain tolerance was dramatically altered, the discriminative aspect of thermosensitivity may have remained intact. Our results complement the recent findings of clinical studies concerned with pain and damage to the posterior parietal cortex and of experimental studies concerned with painful stimulation and changes in regional cerebral blood flow. The role of the posterior parietal cortex in nociception and pain is discussed in relation to the first somatosensory area and to unilateral spatial neglect (inattention).
Bedload layer thickness and disturbance depth in gravel bed streams

A field investigation in ten gravel bed stream reaches determined that substrate disturbance depth associated with a moving bedload layer was a small multiple of the bed surface D90. Disturbance depth during plane bed transport of coarse, heterogeneous mixtures appeared similar in magnitude to particle exchange depth and moving layer thickness. Maximum disturbance depth was distributed approximately uniformly over the most active areas of the streambed when local scour and fill were negligible. The distribution upper bound was the smaller of approximately 1.5 times the competent grain size or twice the surface D90, and was invariant with flow strength once the largest grains present were mobilized. Disturbance depth did not scale with grain sizes smaller than D50 when larger grains were mobilized. Thicker traction carpets were not predicted to occur because much larger shear stresses then observed naturally were needed to mobilize two or more layers of the bed simultaneously. Bedload transport rate in coa...
A Study on Services Motivating Computing Professional Association Membership

The purpose of this study is to investigate computing professionals' perspectives on services offered by a professional association. A conceptual framework was developed based on a review of relevant literatures to explore the motivations of professionals to join and maintain professional association membership. A survey instrument was developed based on the conceptual framework, and was subsequently deployed within the Association of Information Technology Professionals AITP. The analyses N = 220 include descriptive analyses, exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency reliability analyses. The results suggest that members' needs and motivations are multidimensional, involving ten distinct and internally consistent underlying constructs. This paper contributes by providing a reliable measurement system for computing professional association leadership to make informed decisions and provides substantive recommendations for offering targeted services. The findings suggest that important aspects of computing professional membership are networking with local professionals, professional development programs, and promoting their concerns.
Effect of technique on intraocular pressure after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery: An evidence-based review.

Abstract Topic To analyze the literature pertaining to the techniques used in combined cataract and glaucoma surgery, including the technique of cataract extraction, the timing of the surgery (staged procedure versus combined procedure), the anatomic location of the operation, and the use of antifibrosis agents. Clinical relevance Cataract and glaucoma are both common conditions and are often present in the same patient. There is no agreement concerning the optimal surgical management of these disorders when they coexist. Methods/literature reviewed Electronic searches of English language articles published since 1964 were conducted in Pub MED and CENTRAL, the Cochrane Collaboration's database. These were augmented by a hand search of six ophthalmology journals and the reference lists of a sample of studies included in the literature review. Evidence grades (A, strong; B, moderate; C, weak; I, insufficient) were assigned to the evidence that involved a direct comparison of alternative techniques. Results The preponderance of evidence from the literature suggests a small (2–4 mmHg) benefit from the use of mitomycin-C (MMC), but not 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in combined cataract and glaucoma surgery (evidence grade B). Two-site surgery provides slightly lower (1–3 mmHg) intraocular pressure (IOP) than one-site surgery (evidence grade C), and IOP is lowered more (1–3 mmHg) by phacoemulsification than by nuclear expression in combined procedures (evidence grade C). There is insufficient evidence to conclude either that staged or combined procedures give better results or that alternative glaucoma procedures are superior to trabeculectomy in combined procedures. Conclusions In the literature on surgical techniques and adjuvants used in the management of coexisting cataract and glaucoma, the strongest evidence of efficacy exists for using MMC, separating the incisions for cataract and glaucoma surgery, and removing the nucleus by phacoemulsification.
Effects of oral terbutaline in children with bronchial asthma

Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of single oral doses of terbutaline were evaluated in children with chronic bronchial asthma. Fifteen children, 6 to 13 yr of age and weighing 22.3 to 51.8 kg, were treated with 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 mg of terbutaline using a double-blind crossover vs placebo design. Before treatment and at intervals up to 420 min following treatment, measurements were made of lung volumes, vital capacity, FEV 1, maximum expiratory flow volume curves, airway resistance (R aw ), and specific airway conductance (G aw /V L ). Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and electrocardiograms were also obtained. The most consistent and sensitive indicators of pulmonary function were G aw /V L and FEV 1 , both of which showed significant improvement after all doses, The peak improvement of these parameters was proportional to the dose of terbutaline. Cardiovascular effects of terbutaline consisted of small increases in systolic blood pressure or transient EKG changes and were clinically unimportant. Other side effects such as headache, tremor, dizziness, and nausea, although proportional to the dose of terbutaline, were mild and transient. The dose of 2.5 mg terbutaline produced the most improvement in pulmonary function in relation to the number of side effects.
Markerless motion tracking of lung tumors using dual-energy fluoroscopy.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of dual-energy (DE) vs single-energy (SE) fluoroscopic imaging of lung tumors using a markerless template-based tracking algorithm. Methods: Ten representative patient breathing patterns were programmed into a Quasar™ motion phantom. The phantom was modified by affixing pork ribs to the surface, and a cedar insert with a small spherical volume was used to simulate lung and tumor, respectively. Sequential 60 kVp (6 mA) and 120 kVp (1.5 mA) fluoroscopic sequences were acquired. Frame-by-frame weighted logarithmic subtraction was performed resulting in a DE fluoroscopic sequence. A template-based algorithm was then used to track tumor motion throughout the DE and SE fluoroscopy sequences. Tracking coordinates were evaluated against ground-truth tumor locations. Fluoroscopic images were also acquired for two lung cancer patients, neither of which had implanted fiducials. Results: For phantom imaging, a total of 1925 frames were analyzed. The algorithm successfully tracked the target on 99.9% (1923/1925) of DE frames vs 90.7% (1745/1925) SE images (p 5 mm displacements from the ground truth vs 0% for DE fluoroscopy. Conclusions: This work indicates the potential for markerless tumor tracking utilizing DE fluoroscopy. With DE imaging, the algorithm showed improved detectability vs SE fluoroscopy and was able to accurately track the tumor in nearly all cases.
The Dead Sea Scrolls And Violence: Sectarian Formation And Eschatological Imagination

This article analyzes two interconnected narratives of violence in the Dead Sea Scrolls by drawing upon some recent treatments of religious violence employing social-scientific approaches—in particular, the "scarce resources" theory—and more general sociological approaches to sectarianism. The first narrative of violence revolves around the origins of the community's violent worldview as embodied in its debates with its opponents. Early sectarian literature represents sectarian debates and polemics in terms of an exclusive understanding of the meaning of Scripture, the application of ritual and cultic law, and the identity of God's elect. These aspects become focal points of ideological debate as the community attempted to convince the "outsiders" of the correctness of the sectarian way. By tracing the development of these debates in sectarian literature, however, I reveal how they are transformed from innocuous elements of disagreement into focal points for the emergence of violence as a central preoccupation of the Qumran community. The "scarce resources" theory explains why these specific points of disagreement become infused with violence. The second narrative of violence involves the continued appearance of these debates within the community's eschatological literature as a rhetorical device to legitimize its violent expectations. Unlike related groups in Second Temple Judaism (e.g., the Zealots), for the Qumran community, violence outside of the framework of the eschatological battle is not legitimized and presumably did not exist. By delaying all punishment until the eschaton, the community simultaneously defused its own violent worldview. The simultaneous infusion and defusion of violence is explained in the context of the sectarian structure of the community.
The Faber polynomials for m -fold symmetric domains

Abstract The Faber polynomials for a region of the complex plane are of interest as a basis for polynomial approximations to analytic functions. In this paper we study the Faber polynomials associated with m -fold symmetric domains. Explicit formulae of Faber polynomials both for symmetric and nonsymmetric lemniscates are derived. In addition, we use a new determinant representation which relates the zeros of Faber polynomials to the eigenvalues of a certain matrix to compute the zeros of Faber polynomials for lemniscates.
Web 3.0: The Dawn of Semantic Search

Emerging Web 3.0 applications use semantic technologies to augment the underlying Web system's functionalities.
Two‐dimensional NMR studies on the additivity rules for carbon‐13 chemical shifts in tetra‐n‐alkylammonium halides

The 13C chemical shifts of symmetric tetra-n-alkylammonium cations with n = 1–18 were identified unambiguously using two-dimensional homonuclear (1H) chemical shift correlation (COSY) and heteronuclear (1H, 13C) chemical shift correlation spectroscopy (XHCORR). The 13C chemical shifts in small tetra-n-alkylammonium cations with less than five carbons in a chain are found to decrease from C-1 (bonded to the nitrogen) (52-60 ppm) to the methyl chain end (7-14 ppm). For the cations with longer chains the values of chemical shifts are not in sequence with the carbon positions in an alkyl chain. The chemical shifts of C-2 (22.5 ppm) are close to that of the methylene carbon next to the methyl group. The C-3 carbon resonates at 26.4 ppm and is more shielded than the third carbon from the chain end (31.4 ppm). The chemical shifts of the remaining carbons are very similar to those of carbons in a corresponding linear alkane. The differences of the chemical shifts in alkylammonium salts from the corresponding n-alkanes are largest for C-1, C-2 and C-3, and this can be ascribed to the effects of the positive charge on C-1, and the restricted segmental motion for the innermost region of the cations. Empirical additivity rules for the chemical shifts of C-1, C-2, and C-3 are derived from the experimental results on 26 symmetric tetra-n-alkylammonium salts, and are tested for some asymmetrical systems with unequal chain lengths in the cation.
Vitamin E supplementation during acute hypovitaminosis A of the calf.

Abstract To study whether tocopherol supplementation would alleviate pathological lesions occurring in vitamin A deficiency, d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate was added to a group of six or withheld from a group of seven vitamin A deficient calves for 4 weeks. Plasma vitamin A, hematocrit, plasma and whole blood potassium, serum total protein and protein distribution, serum glutamic-oxalacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities, and cerebrospinal fluid pressures were not significantly affected by vitamin E supplementation. Plasma tocopherol concentrations were markedly increased, and red blood cell hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide was decreased. Sodium and potassium content of the heart averaged essentially the same for both groups. Incidences of squamous metaplasia of the parotid gland and duct, papilledema, necrosis of the optic nerve, and pituitary cysts were not significantly different.
Playing the Field: Federalism and the Politics of Venue Shopping in the United States and Canada

Research on interest group strategies in federal systems is converging with the venue shopping and multilevel lobbying literature in the European Union. Drawing on both literatures, the article compares the lobbying strategies of U.S. and Canadian interest groups during the economic crisis of 2008–2009. The impact of political institutional and political partisan factors on venue choice is analyzed in a comparative crucial case study of Michigan and Ontario. Statistical analysis of original survey data from ninety-eight business, trade, and professional associations indicates that neither interest group financial resources nor the severity of the crisis predict lobbying frequencies or targets. Two factors strongly influence where interest groups lobby: the relative importance of the government levels and the partisan control of government.
Effect of Porous and Nonporous Carbonaceous Substrates on Polystyrene Thermal Degradation during Fast CO2 Laser Heating

To investigate the effect of porosity on elution of volatiles from a devolatilizing coal particle under pulverized coal combustion (PCC) type heating rate conditions, polystyrene was doped into porous model char (Spherocarb) particles and also coated on the surface of nonporous model char (Glassy Carbon) particles. Particles of approximately 80 μm (± 10 μm) diameter were then individually handpicked. These 80 μm diameter particles were heated to a temperature in the range of 1200−2000 K in 32 ms by means of two converging CO2 laser beams. The eluted products were analyzed by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The evolved product information was used to construct yield curves. These yield curves were compared to a simple first-order rate law prediction. It was observed that while the styrene yield profile was predicted satisfactorily in the case of nonporous Glassy Carbon, styrene evolution rates were approximately four times slower than predicted in the case of porous Spherocarb. Also,...
Axons need glial peroxisomes.

Several devastating genetic diseases illustrate that peroxisomes are essential to the development and functioning of the central nervous system. New work using a mouse model now shows that peroxisome integrity in oligodendrocytes is essential for axonal maintenance.
How Might We Put Gender Politics into Science

Feminist proposals for reforming scientific method often ask that political evaluations be introduced into the context of justification. How might this work in practice? Fausto‐Sterling’s alternative conceptualization of biological sex is analyzed and criticized. We then use this case study to comment on recent work on the role of social values in science by Longino and Kitcher.
An active subharmonic retrodirective array using dual polarized microstrip antennas

Summary form only given. Retrodirective antennas have the unique characteristic that, when they are illuminated by a signal, the array transmits the return signal towards the source direction without any prior information on its location. We discuss a novel architecture for an active retrodirective array using subharmonic mixers. The mixers use FETs as the primary mixing elements. The retrodirective array uses a new design for dual polarized microstrip antennas fed by conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. We use the heterodyne mixing principle to achieve retrodirectivity. Phase conjugation with heterodyne mixing uses an LO signal at twice the RF frequency. In this scheme, the lower sideband product has the same frequency as the RF, but with a conjugated phase. Subharmonic mixing is employed to ease the LO drive frequency requirement which makes it cost effective at higher frequencies. A coplanar waveguide fed slot ring hybrid is built to realize the balanced mixer; which provides a good LO-IF isolation. Theoretical simulations have been used to optimize the retrodirective array and the antenna. The dual polarized, conductor-backed antenna has impedance bandwidth of 15%, and isolation between the two ports is found to be more than 25 dB.
Custodianship of Genetic Information: Clinical Challenges and Professional Responsibility

A 34-year-old patient was diagnosed with breast cancer during her second trimester of pregnancy. Her mother had died of ovarian cancer, diagnosed at age 49 years, after surviving breast cancer diagnosed at age 31 years. The patient was originally seen by genetic specialists during treatment, but opted to defer testing for possible mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 until a later date. Hospitalized 1 year later with rapidly progressing metastases, the patient then requested genetic testing for the future benefit of her two children, then 8 months and 5 years old. Testing revealed a deleterious mutation in the BRCA1 gene, which greatly increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer in women, and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. The patient died before receiving results.
Adiposity, inflammation, genetic variants and risk of post-menopausal breast cancer findings from a prospective-specimen-collection, retrospective- blinded-evaluation (PRoBE) design approach

Chronic internal inflammation secondary to adiposity is a risk factor for sporadic breast cancer and Post-Menopausal Breast Cancer (PMBC) is largely defined as such. Adiposity is one of the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and is a risk factor for PMBC. We examined SNPs of eight genes implicated in adiposity, inflammation and cell proliferation in a Prospective-specimen-collection, Retrospective-Blinded-Evaluation (PRoBE) design approach. A total of 180 cases and 732 age-matched controls were identified from the MyCode prospective biobank database and then linked to the Clinical Decision Information System, an enterprise-wide data warehouse, to retrieve clinico-demographic data. Samples were analyzed in a core laboratory where the personnel were masked to their status. Results from multivariate logistic regression yielded one SNP (rs2922126) in the GHSR as protective against PMBC among homozygotes for the minor allele (A/A) (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.18-.89, P-value = .02); homozygosity for the minor allele (C/C) of the SNP (rs889312) of the gene MAP3K1 was associated with the risk of PMBC (OR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.25-4.63 P-value = .008). Advanced age was protective against PMBC (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-0.99, P-value = .02). Family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.14-4.43. P = .02), HRT (OR = 3.35; 95% CI 2.15-5.21, P < .001), and MetS (OR = 14.83, 95% CI 5.63-39.08, P < .001) and interaction between HRT and MetS (OR = 39.38, 95% CI 15.71-98.70, P < .001) were associated with the risk of PMBC. We did not detected significant interactions between SNPs or between the SNPs and the clinico-demographic risk factors. Our study further confirms that MetS increases the risk of PMBC and argues in favor of reducing exposure to HRT. Our findings are another confirmation that low penetrance genes involved in the inflammatory pathway, i.e. MAP3KI gene, may have a plausible causative role in PMBC. Given the fact that genetic constitutionality of individuals cannot be changed, efforts should be focused on life style modification.
Experimental changes resembling the pathology of drusen in Bruch's membrane in the rabbit.

Drusen-like changes In Bruch's membrane following subretlnal Injection of vitreous In the rabbit were studied by electron microscopy. A sequence of changes Is seen that closely panel lets those observed during drusen formation In primates. The Initial event Is the budding of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells Into Bruch's membrane; the buds, which contain cytoplasm and plasma membrane, are connected to the cytoplasm of the parent RPE cell. Most buds are surrounded by basement membrane, but some penetrate RPE basement membrane Into Bruch's membrane. Later, RPE buds completely separate from the parent RPE cell and show degeneration and disintegration. Finally, drusen-like material, Including vesicular, granular, tubular and linear structures. Is dispersed from the bud remnant Into Bruch's membrane. The study described herein thus supports the hypothesis that drusen are the result of budding from the RPE.
An empirical study of the CRAY Y-MP processor using the PERFECT club benchmarks

Characterization of machines, by studying pro~am usage of their architectural and organizational features, IS art essential ~art of the desi~n recess. ln this aper we re ort Y EL an empimcal study of a smg e processor of t e CRAY Y- P, using as benchmarks long-running scientific applications from the PERFECT Club benchmark set. Since the compiler plays a major mle in determining machine utilization and program execution speed, we compile our benchmarks usin the state-of-the-art Cray Research production FORTRA” compiler. We investigate instruction set usage, operation execution counts, sizes of basic blocks in the prorams, and instruction issue rate. We observe, among other 3“ mgs, that the vectorized fraction of the dynamic rogram % operation count ranges from 4% to %% for our bent marks, Instructions that move values between the scalar registers and corresponding backup registers form a si nificant fraction of the dynamic instruction count. Basic %locks which are more than a hundred instructions in size are significant in number; both small and large basic blocks are important from the point of view of pro ram performance. The E