cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhabdoid meningioma: Rapid intraoperative diagnosis on squash smears

Rhabdoid morphology in tumors refers to resemblance of the cells to rhabdomyoblasts without true skeletal muscle differentiation. The cytological features include abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei, and intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions. Besides the rhabdoid morphology, cytoarchitectural features of atypical meningioma (four or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields, high cellularity, sheeting architecture, nuclear atypia, and necrosis) are seen in most cases. A case is presented here to highlight the appearance of rhabdoid cells on intraoperative squash smears, for most accurate treatment and close follow-up, as rhabdoid morphology is related to aggressive behavior and poor outcomes.
Learning to See Biological Motion: Brain Activity Parallels Behavior

Individuals improve with practice on a variety of perceptual tasks, presumably reflecting plasticity in underlying neural mechanisms. We trained observers to discriminate biological motion from scrambled (nonbiological) motion and examined whether the resulting improvement in perceptual performance was accompanied by changes in activation within the posterior superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform ''face area,'' brain areas involved in perception of biological events. With daily practice, initially naive observers became more proficient at discriminating biological from scrambled animations embedded in an array of dynamic ''noise'' dots, with the extent of improvement varying among observers. Learning generalized to animations never seen before, indicating that observers had not simply memorized specific exemplars. In the same observers, neural activity prior to and following training was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neural activity within the posterior superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform ''face area'' reflected the participants' learning: BOLD signals were significantly larger after training in response both to animations experienced during training and to novel animations. The degree of learning was positively correlated with the amplitude changes in BOLD signals.
Computational fluid dynamics simulations and tests for improving industrial-grade gas mask canisters:

This study proposes an efficient, cost-effective analytical methodology involving computational fluid dynamics for improving the performance of industrial-grade gas mask canisters. Computational fluid dynamics and the quadratic Forchheimer equation, used for calculating high momentum loss, were applied for analyzing the flow fields of six gas mask canisters. Streakline flow visualization and compression tests were conducted to determine the design performance. The results indicated that the designed honeycomb passageway in the canister demonstrated superior aerodynamics and structural loading to the original design. The honeycomb passageway design enhanced the flow rectification and increased the passageway sizes, improving the effective flow-through area and reducing the inhalation resistance. Finally, an improved prototype was produced based on the honeycomb passageway design. Aerosol penetration and hydrogen cyanide breakthrough tests confirmed that the improved prototype achieved a P100-level filter e...
Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer

PIP: Early age at menarche, late age at menopause, and late age at first full-term pregnancy are linked to a modest increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. Some evidence suggests that the earlier the full-term pregnancy, the earlier the period of decreased susceptibility of breast tissue changes begins. Nulliparity is related to an increased risk for breast cancer diagnosed after 40 years old. Multiple full-term pregnancies decrease the risk of breast cancers diagnosed after 40 years regardless of the age at first birth. On the other hand, they may increase the risk for breast cancers diagnosed before 40 years old. Surgical removal of the ovaries protects against breast cancer. Breast feeding apparently protects against breast cancer in China, but a protective effect has not been established in the US. Other than shorter intervals between menstrual periods, which tend to increase the risk, research has not yet made clear the etiologic roles of menstrual cycle characteristics. Other unclear etiologic roles include increased intervals between births, spontaneous and induced abortion, infertility, multiple births at last pregnancy, and hypertension during pregnancy. Researchers tend to accept a mechanism to explain the epidemiologic characteristics of menstrual activity and the increased risk of breast cancer, but no mechanisms have emerged for the other likely risk factors. Greater exposure to estrogen and progesterone simultaneously are linked to early age at menarche, late age at menopause, and shorter menstrual cycle length. So far, data show that long-term combined estrogen/progestin hormone replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives increase the risk of breast cancer. Moderately increased risks linked to longterm estrogen replacement therapy and obesity in postmenopausal women indicate that estrogen alone influences breast cancer risk. Since much of the research on breast cancer risk factors are inconclusive, more research is needed, especially research examining the probability of prolonged exposure to both estrogens and progesterone concurrently.
Applied lasers

The laser has been found useful for short-distance communication or for communication across the macrodimensions of space. Two short-distance voice-communication systems are described?one requiring careful boresight alignment and the other involving a megaphone-like broad-beam laser that needs little alignment. A laser range-measuring system has been developed that can make distance checks for aircraft refueling or for measuring the altitude of spacecraft landing on the moon. The principles of ranging can also be applied to selective viewing, maintaining a separation of vehicles moving along a set path, or selectively counting certain-sized objects. The laser also can be used in a simple intrusion alarm since its narrow beam can be reflected over a very long distance with little spreading.
Effect of Particle Rebound Characteristics on Erosion of Turbomachinery Components

Extensive high temperature solid particle rebound characteristics testing and analysis has been continuing at the University of Cincinnati. These measurements have been done in the high temperature erosion wind tunnel facility. The target material effect on rebounding characteristics when exposed to high temperatures has been investigated analytically. In addition, measurements have been completed for the following target materials: INCO 718, Ti 6-4, 2024 Al, Lead and Beryllium. Useful particle rebound characteristics have been derived from the measured data. The measured impulse relationship can be used to estimate the force interaction between the particle and the target material during the impact event. The particle rebound characteristics are very important parameters for calculating the particle trajectories and consequently predicting the erosion damages.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Trichomes and Field Resistance of Medicago Species to the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

We evaluated perennial Medicago species in the field to determine the effect of seed pod trichomes on resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky). Simple hairs were evaluated on M. sativa L., and glandular hairs on M. sativa L. subsp. praefalcata (Sinskaya) C.R. Gunn and M. glandulosa David. Simple hairs did not affect seed chalcid infestations. Density and length of erect glandular hairs on the seed pods were negatively correlated with seed chalcid infestations. No infested seeds were found on an M. glandulosa clone that contained long glandular hairs densely distributed on the seed pods.
Experimental Validation of an Optically Measured Geometric Mistuning Model Using a System ID Approach

This work validates a digital replica of a mistuned rotor created from a point cloud produced from a structured light topological measurement system. The measurement system accurately captures the manufacturing deviations of each airfoil and allows prediction of the mistuned dynamic response of the rotor subject to harmonic excitation. A reverse engineering process is used to first create a nominal finite element model of the point cloud and subsequently transform each airfoil geometry to the measured point cloud. Model results are compared to a traveling wave excitation vibration test that approximates engine harmonic loading using phase shifted magnetic actuators. Uncertainties are assessed in point cloud collection, reverse engineering process, and the experiment. Results show minimal variation in the model predictions and experimental measurements. Comparison between analysis and test show excellent agreement, validating the process to create digital replicas that accurately predict complex dynamic behavior of rotor mistuned response.
Dicumarol prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease in congestive heart failure.

WITHIN the past decade the medical profession has become keenly aware of the danger of thromboembolic disease. First considered to be largely a postoperative complication, this condition is now realized to be actually more prevalent among medical patients.1 Over half these patients suffer from heart disease, particularly congestive failure.2 Routine autopsies on patients in the middle to older age groups have revealed a rather staggering incidence of thrombosis. Rossle3 and Hunter et al.4 report an incidence of 27.0 and 52.7 per cent respectively of thrombophlebitis. These deep thrombi are without question responsible for the great majority of pulmonary emboli. Why . . .
Year of the Locust: A Soldier’s Diary and the Erasure of Palestine’s Ottoman Past

(2013). Year of the Locust: A Soldier-s Diary and the Erasure of Palestine-s Ottoman Past. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 93-94.
Abstract IA08: Prostate cancer tumor dormancy and the development of metastases

Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Tumor Metastasis; November 30-December 3, 2015; Austin, TX Cancer dormancy refers to the prolonged clinical disease-free time between removal of the primary tumor and recurrence, which is common in prostate cancer (PCa). PCa disseminated tumor cells (DTC) can be detected in the bone marrow of patients with no evidence of disease (NED) and advanced disease (ADV). However, the molecular and cellular nature of DTC is unknown. Single cell transcriptomic analyses comparing DTC in NED versus ADV PCa patients identified a molecular signature associated with the p38 stress activated kinase pathway and dormancy. Understanding the mechanism by which dormant tumor cells are triggered to proliferate may provide new targets for therapy. We have demonstrated that LuCaP PCa xenografts, which appear dormant in vitro, can be induced to proliferate through contact with each other and bone marrow stroma. Constitutive activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a downstream effector of integrin-β1 and TGFβ2, in non-proliferating cells promoted cell proliferation. Additionally, gene expression analyses and in vitro data support a role for TGFβ2 in suppressing proliferation. Taken together, these data point to a potential mechanism by which PCa cells are released from dormancy to form lethal metastases. The early dissemination of cells from the primary to other sites most likely involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like behavior. It has been proposed that further dissemination can occur where a metastasis can seed further metastases. TGFβ is a known driver of EMT which is associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. We assessed the natural history of tumor dissemination and EMT-related markers TGFβ, Twist, Slug, and Zeb1 in bone and visceral metastases from castration resistant PCa (CRPC) patients. Importantly, nuclear Twist, Slug, and Zeb1 were only present in a subset of epithelial cells that had an EMT-like phenotype, suggesting only a subset of cells display an EMT-like behavior in any given CRPC metastasis. These studies highlight the biological relevance of dormancy, cell-contact and EMT-like behavior in the seeding and establishment of CRPC metastases. Citation Format: Colm Morrissey. Prostate cancer tumor dormancy and the development of metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Metastasis; 2015 Nov 30-Dec 3; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
Polyacid functionalized cellulose nanofiber membranes for removal of heavy metals from impaired waters

Abstract This contribution describes the development and performance of high-productivity nanofiber membranes for removal of heavy metal ions from impaired waters. Cellulose acetate nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrospinning, strengthened by thermal-mechanical annealing and then converted to cellulose nanofiber mats. Subsequent surface modification transformed the membranes into ion-exchange membranes. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was grafted to the surfaces of individual nanofibers that had been modified with poly(glycidyl methacrylate). Permeabilities and cadmium ion-exchange capacities were measured for membranes prepared using different molecular weights of PAA that were grafted from different solvents. Membrane permeabilities were found to depend strongly on PAA molecular weight as a result of chain swelling in water; whereas, Cd ion-exchange capacities were independent of PAA molecular weight. Solvents used for PAA grafting were found to be a primary factor for achieving high Cd binding capacities, which increased with increasing solvent quality. Uptake isotherms at constant pH were well described by the Langmuir model, with maximum capacities that exceeded 160 mg/g, comparable to traditional ion-exchange media. Competitive sorption measurements using representative concentrations of sodium and calcium ions were used to illustrate the selectivity of the membranes for Cd ions and demonstrate their potential for commercial application.
Physics-based exact analytical drain current equation and optimized compact model for long channel MOS transistors

An exact analytical formula of DC drain current versus gate and drain voltages is derived for MOS transistors with constant channel-impurity-concentration based on device physics. From this exact analytical formula, a compact model for long-channel MOS transistors is derived. The compact model is optimized over wide ranges of transistor properties by least-square-fit to numerical I-V data from the exact analytical formula. The optimized compact model has only one parameter to least-square-fit experimental data. The exact analytical formula and the compact model are verified numerically by I-V values calculated from the exact Pao-Sah double-integral formula.
Regenerative medicine modalities for nondiscal spinal disorders

Abstract Regenerative medicine has demonstrated to have significant positive clinical outcomes. Its applications to multiple conditions, and potential for a healing result has caused some patients to seek out regenerative treatment options rather than considering surgical interventions once other conservative and interventional options have not been successful. In particular to the spine, much of the literature and attention has been on discogenic pain in the spine, followed by sacroiliac joint pain or syndrome. The applications of regenerative medicine in the peripheral joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles can certainly be paralleled to many of the conditions and syndromes in the spine. Limited data and research are available; however, this is the cause for further research to be conducted.
The strength of faith and trust

While there has been considerable interest in the nature of faith and trust in recent philosophical literature, relatively little has been said about what it is for faith or trust to be psychologically stronger or weaker. Drawing on recent accounts of propositional faith by Daniel Howard-Snyder and Lara Buchak, I argue that the strength of one’s faith can vary in two distinct dimensions. The first primarily involves the extent to which one’s confidence motivates one to take risks (and secondarily involves other cognitive and emotional factors). The second involves the resilience of the first dimension of strength to possible counterevidence.
Brain norepinephrine and ingestive behaviour

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the brain norepinephrine and ingestive behavior. Adrenergic stimulation of the perifornical hypothalamus, at the level of the anterior hypothalamus, had profound effects on rat ingestive behavior. Two of these effects, stimulation of feeding, and suppression of drinking, were found to be mediated by alpha receptors. A third effect, the suppression of feeding, was found to be mediated by beta receptors. Injection of norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EPI) into the perifornical hypothalamus, immediately dorsal to the anterior hypothalamus, induced eating in fully satiated rats and potentiated feeding in already hungry rats. EPI, which proved somewhat more potent than NE, was effective in eliciting this response at a dose as low as 200 pmoles. The magnitude of the response increased monotonically as the dose of EPI, or NE increased to approximately 50 nmoles. The results obtained in this study were remarkably consistent in differentiating the medial and lateral parts of the brain.
Minimally invasive hepatectomy conversions: An analysis of outcomes.

430Background: Surgical approach has been described as a factor influencing morbidity in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) converted to open has previously been included in an open hepatectomy cohort of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) dataset for analysis. This study sought to compare MIS conversion to open hepatectomy cases and analyze factors leading to conversion. Methods: The NSQIP data set was queried for patients undergoing hepatectomy for liver disease between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014. Cases were divided into three cohorts: completely MIS (laparoscopic or robotic), open, or planned MIS converted to open approach according to the dataset definitions. Demographic, clinical-pathologic, and perioperative variables were described and short-term postoperative outcomes were compared between groups. Results: A total of 2,884 patients were identified. Open approach was performed most commonly (80.96%, n = 2,335), followed by minimally in...
Lost to Care and Back Again: Patient and Navigator Perspectives on HIV Care Re-engagement

Engagement in HIV care is critical to achieve viral suppression and ultimately improve health outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH). However, maintaining their engagement in care is often a challenging goal. Utilizing patient navigators, trained in an adapted ARTAS intervention, to help re-engage out-of-care PLWH has proven to be a valuable resource. This qualitative study describes the encounters between PLWH (n = 11) and their care re-engagement navigators (n = 9). Participants were interviewed in-person; interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the strengths model of case management. PLWH shared how working with navigators increased their motivation to return to HIV care and assisted them to overcome barriers that were a hindrance to care engagement. Navigators described a strengths-based approach to working with their clients, thus helping facilitate PLWH care re-engagement goals and successes. Results from this study may inform the development of effective HIV navigation programs to re-engage out-of-care PLWH, often the hardest-to-engage.
Public Health Concerns and Unconventional Oil and Gas Development

Abstract Increases in unconventional oil and gas development (UD) near urban centers and communities has brought with it public health risks from the operations and stressors put on the surrounding environment. Direct health impacts from exposures to chemicals in the air or water may put workers and residents living near UD activities at risk for certain diseases. There are also indirect health impacts that may result from stressors such as noise pollution, truck traffic, odors, and boomtown effects. All of these factors need to be taken into consideration when assessing the public health implications of UD activities. Researchers are calling for more comprehensive studies to better understand risks associated with UD. Unfortunately, very limited resources have been allocated toward this field of research, therefore making it difficult to understand human health exposures and the possible magnitude of the long-term health burdens associated with UD. Engaging the industry with public health professionals and community leaders can help to improve monitoring of environmental health concerns, generate open dialogues to reduce anxiety, and guide best practices and policies to protect public health.
Punishing the Innocent: How the Classification of Male-to-Female Transgender Individuals in Immigration Detention Constitutes Illegal Punishment under the Fifth Amendment

Christina Madrazo, a male-to-female pre-operative transgender immigrant, was detained in Krome Detention Center in Miami, Florida awaiting an appeal of her asylum claim. She fled Mexico after she was violently attacked for being transgender. Madrazo was placed in solitary confinement at Krome because officials were unsure whether to house her with men or women. Solitary confinement was isolating and made her extremely vulnerable to attacks by prison guards. One of the guards, in charge of bringing her meals and watching over her safety, raped her on two separate occasions. The first time, the guard attacked Madrazo in her cell and tried to force her to perform oral sex on him. When she refused, he sodomized her until he heard another person approaching. Madrazo reported the rape, but the officer was still allowed to serve her food the next day. Later that night, he raped her a second time. Unfortunately, this tragic story is not uncommon; transgender detainees, particularly male-to-female
The evolution of human ancestors

Fossil remains provide an incomplete, but objective glimpse into the evolution of our ancestors, which clearly indicate that Homo evolved from African hominids, but not from modern apes. For example, the most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and hominids would have lived between 6 and 7 million years ago. However, human evolution is much more complex than previously suspected, because many hominid groups in fact evolved, but many also perished in the fierce competition for survival. This competition was won by Homo sapiens, perhaps as a consequence of his greater intelligence. Homo erectus, an ancestor of modern humans, left Africa about 1.8 million years ago. It was a bipedal hominid that walked upright and had a much smaller brain than our more recent ancestors. Early humans left a magnificent legacy of tombs that show their veneration of the dead. Because of their rudimentary knowledge, they relied mainly on supernatural (magical and spiritual) beliefs for explaining natural phenomena and for coping with their fears, diseases, and natural disasters. Thus, their supernatural and spiritual beliefs were partially incorporated into their religious beliefs and practices.
Never symptom-free.

Although a patient who is an excessive activist can be difficult to treat, physicians should not let a patient's unfounded sense of doom allow unnecessary tests and medications. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Short chain fatty acids differentially modulate cellular phenotype and c-myc protein levels in primary human nonmalignant and malignant colonocytes.

Short chain fatty acids may protect colonic mucosa against neoplastic transformation by modulating colonocyte phenotype, DNA synthesis, and c-myc levels. To test this hypothesis, nonmalignant and malignant human colonocytes were isolated from surgical specimens and treated with 10 mM acetate, propionate, or butyrate. Markers of cellular phenotype, DNA synthesis, and c-myc protein levels were assayed by alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activities, [3H]thymidine labeling, and western blotting, respectively. Butyrate, in particular, exerted discordant effects on alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05), and c-myc levels (P < 0.05, N ≥ 6) in nonmalignant and malignant human colonocytes. DPDD was unaffected by any of the short chain fatty acids tested. [3H]Thymidine labeling was differentially stimulated by short chain fatty acids in both cell types and greater DNA synthesis rates were observed in malignant colonocytes (P < 0.005, N = 16). These data suggest that in vitro, butyrate, in particular, may differentially modulate phenotype, DNA synthesis, and c-myc in nonmalignant and malignant human colonocytes.
Automated classification of osteomeatal complex inflammation on computed tomography using convolutional neural networks.

BACKGROUND Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are advanced artificial intelligence algorithms well suited to image classification tasks with variable features. These have been used to great effect in various real-world applications including handwriting recognition, face detection, image search, and fraud prevention. We sought to retrain a robust CNN with coronal computed tomography (CT) images to classify osteomeatal complex (OMC) occlusion and assess the performance of this technology with rhinologic data. METHODS The Google Inception-V3 CNN trained with 1.28 million images was used as the base model. Preoperative coronal sections through the OMC were obtained from 239 patients enrolled in 2 prospective chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) outcomes studies, labeled according to OMC status, and mirrored to obtain a set of 956 images. Using this data, the classification layer of Inception-V3 was retrained in Python using a transfer learning method to adapt the CNN to the task of interpreting sinonasal CT images. RESULTS The retrained neural network achieved 85% classification accuracy for OMC occlusion, with a 95% confidence interval for algorithm accuracy of 78% to 92%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis on the test set confirmed good classification ability of the CNN with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.87, significantly different than both random guessing and a dominant classifier that predicts the most common class (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Current state-of-the-art CNNs may be able to learn clinically relevant information from 2-dimensional sinonasal CT images with minimal supervision. Future work will extend this approach to 3-dimensional images in order to further refine this technology for possible clinical applications.
Hemodialysis in Adolescents

Hemodialysis is the most common initial treatment for end-stage renal disease in adolescents. The goal of this chapter is to review important aspects of hemodialysis as a treatment for end-stage renal disease in adolescents. Specifically, considerations regarding vascular access, the hemodialysis prescription, potential complications, and patient outcomes are reviewed.
Capital Budgeting and Escalation of Commitment

This study uses experimental methods to explore whether the use of capital budgeting techniques affects escalation of commitment, or the tendency of decision makers to continue to commit resources to a project after receiving negative feedback. Findings indicate that the application of capital budgeting techniques can reduce, but does not eliminate, escalation of commitment. This result demonstrates the pervasiveness of the escalation of commitment phenomenon as well as an avenue for its reduction.
Brief Yoga Intervention for Dental and Dental Hygiene Students: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study.

The present study investigated whether a brief yoga intervention would be feasible and acceptable for dental students. Based on empirical evidence about state mindfulness (SM), change in self-repor...
Integrated radionuclide transport model for a high-level waste repository in water-saturated geologic formations

Presented are results of a mathematical analysis on radionuclide transport in parallel planar fractures in water-saturated geologic formations integrated with the source term model, where precipitation of hardly soluble species at the waste-form alteration location and subsequent radionuclide transport in the engineered barriers are considered. Radioactive decay chains of an arbitrary length are considered. A computer code has been developed based on the analytical solutions. With a transport distance of 100 m through the natural barrier, a four-orders-of-magnitude reduction in the total hazard is observed. Thus, the importance of the region in the vicinity of the engineered barriers in the context of the safety assessment can be pointed out. Because the region is disturbed by repository construction, further analysis must be performed by taking into account differing geochemical, hydrological, and mechanical properties from those in the undisturbed host rock. Because the major contributors in the host rock are the decay daughters of minor actinides, recovery of minor actinides reduces the total hazard evaluated at the exit of the geosphere. However, the radiological hazard would be reduced much more effectively by the 100-m-thick geologic formation around the repository than by even a 99% recovery of the actinides.
Initial validation of the Multiple-Choice procedure for measuring video game playing

The inclusion of pathological gaming behavior in the most recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Classification of Diseases highlights the need for increased...
Analyzing types of atypical coronary artery anatomy in 73 cases of arterial switch operation

Objective Analyzing types of atypical coronary arterial anatomy in 73 patients with arterial switch operation, from the point view of clinical application to its classification and delineation. Methods Between January 2001 and December 2008, 38 patients with complete transposition of great arteries and ventricular septal defect (TGA/VSD) and 35 patients with complete transposition of great arteries and intact ventricular septum ( TGA/IVS) were repaired by arterial switch operation. Based on operation findings of coronary arterial anatomy, we used Leiden criteria for classification, and referred Planchs Marie-Lannelongue Hospital image model to draw pictures. Results There were 17 atypical coronary arterial anatomy in total cases, with a ratio of 23%. Ten cases were in TCA/VSD group and 7 in TCA/IVS group. According to the classification standard 9 groups and 12 sorts of delineations were divided. However, if based on Leiden's classification standard, 7 cases could not be precisely classify or delineate. Conclusion Patients with transposition of great artery have a high incidence of atypical coronary artery. Leiden's classifying method could not precisely classifed or delineated them. For clinical convenience, we advocate Leiden s classification method and combine with, complementary delineation. Key words: Transposition of great vessels; Coronary artery; Anatomy
Leverage Large-Scale Biological Networks to Decipher the Genetic Basis of Human Diseases Using Machine Learning

A fundamental question in precision medicine is to quantitatively decode the genetic basis of complex human diseases, which will enable the development of predictive models of disease risks based on personal genome sequences. To account for the complex systems within different cellular contexts, large-scale regulatory networks are critical components to be integrated into the analysis. Based on the fast accumulation of multiomics and disease genetics data, advanced machine learning algorithms and efficient computational tools are becoming the driving force in predicting phenotypes from genotypes, identifying potential causal genetic variants, and revealing disease mechanisms. Here, we review the state-of-the-art methods for this topic and describe a computational pipeline that assembles a series of algorithms together to achieve improved disease genetics prediction through the delineation of regulatory circuitry step by step.
Screening for suicidality and its relation to undiagnosed psychiatric comorbidities in children and youth with epilepsy.

Abstract Introduction Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric comorbidities in children and youth with epilepsy (CYE) and known to contribute to suicidality among them. However, not much is known about suicidality in CYE without established psychiatric comorbidities. Our research aimed to fill this knowledge gap and correlate this latent suicidality with screening tests for depression and anxiety. Method After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, CYE who attended the epilepsy clinic or underwent testing in the pediatric epilepsy monitoring unit at the Cleveland Clinic and lacked established psychiatric diagnosis were enrolled. They filled out self-reported, validated scales for screening of depression, anxiety, and suicidality (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children [CES-DC], Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders [SCARED], and Ask Suicide-Screening Questions [ASQ], respectively). Univariate descriptive statistics along with χ2 test of association and independent Student's t-test were performed for statistical analysis. Results A total of 119 (54.6% females) CYE were included in the study. Close to a third (30.2%) of CYE were positive for anxiety on SCARED, and 41.2% were positive for depression based on CSE-DC scoring. A total of 13 (10.9%) CYE indicated suicidality by answering at least one positive response on ASQ. The SCARED had a low positive correlation with the ASQ (r = 0.32) but a moderate positive correlation with the CES-DC (r = 0.64). Conclusion We found that a small but significant 11% of CYE without any established psychiatric diagnosis expressed suicidality on a self-reported questionnaire. This highlights the importance of using psychiatry screening tests in all CYE. Future research using a larger, diversified cohort is needed to confirm our findings.
REPAINT: Knowledge Transfer in Deep Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning

Accelerating the learning processes for complex tasks by leveraging previously learned tasks has been one of the most challenging problems in reinforcement learning, especially when the similarity between source and target tasks is low or unknown. In this work, we propose a REPresentation-And-INstance Transfer algorithm (REPAINT) for deep actor-critic reinforcement learning paradigm. In representation transfer, we adopt a kickstarted training method using a pre-trained teacher policy by introducing an auxiliary cross-entropy loss. In instance transfer, we develop a sampling approach, i.e., advantage-based experience replay, on transitions collected following the teacher policy, where only the samples with high advantage estimates are retained for policy update. We consider both learning an unseen target task by transferring from previously learned teacher tasks and learning a partially unseen task composed of multiple sub-tasks by transferring from a pre-learned teacher sub-task. In several benchmark experiments, REPAINT significantly reduces the total training time and improves the asymptotic performance compared to training with no prior knowledge and other baselines.
Use of Bacteriophage Amended with CRISPR-Cas Systems to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial foodborne pathogen and the causative agent of the disease listeriosis, which though uncommon can result in severe symptoms such as meningitis, septicemia, stillbirths, and abortions and has a high case fatality rate. This pathogen can infect humans and other animals, resulting in massive health and economic impacts in the United States and globally. Listeriosis is treated with antimicrobials, typically a combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside, and L. monocytogenes has remained largely susceptible to the drugs of choice. However, there are several reports of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species. Given the dire health outcomes associated with listeriosis, the prospect of antimicrobial-resistant L. monocytogenes is highly problematic for human and animal health. Developing effective tools for the control and elimination of L. monocytogenes, including strains with antimicrobial resistance, is of the utmost importance to prevent further dissemination of AMR in this pathogen. One tool that has shown great promise in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens is the use of bacteriophages (phages), which are natural bacterial predators and horizontal gene transfer agents. Although native phages can be effective at killing antibiotic-resistant pathogens, limited host ranges and evolved resistance to phages can compromise their use in the efforts to mitigate the global AMR challenge. However, recent advances can allow the use of CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) to selectively target pathogens and their AMR determinants. Employment of CRISPR-Cas systems for phage amendment can overcome previous limitations in using phages as biocontrol and allow for the effective control of L. monocytogenes and its AMR determinants.
Eligibility criteria and clinical trials: An FDA perspective

Abstract Introduction Randomized clinical trials are regarded as the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of interventions. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has made efforts to promote inclusive eligibility criteria. The objective of this study is to identify common trends in eligibility criteria and identify patterns of exclusion criteria among different diseases. Methods The authors evaluated the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 38 pivotal clinical trials representing 38 novel drugs approved between 2014 and 2017. Additionally, the authors reviewed the demographic characteristics of participants enrolled across 38 trials. Results Eighty two percent of trials in our study excluded participants based on hepatic related criteria and 79% trials excluded participants based on renal related criteria and specific infectious diseases. For trials in conditions that affected both men and women, there were no exclusions based on gender and race. More than 90% of trials excluded pregnant, lactating women and women not on adequate contraception. Of the 36,644 patients enrolled in trials for which both men and women were eligible, 62% were men. Conclusions The most frequent exclusion criteria were pregnancy, lactation/breastfeeding, renal and hepatic abnormalities, and specific infectious diseases. The preponderance of men in our study likely indicates that factors other than exclusion criteria affect enrollment. The lower representation of women may have been influenced by two large cardiovascular trials that included 75% men. Our study marks an important step in the ongoing efforts of the Agency to increase inclusivity in clinical trials by understanding common clinical trial eligibility criteria patterns.
Living with Banks: Trends and Lessons from the First Five Years

The landmark Virgin Islands Supreme Court case of Banks v. International Rental & Leasing Corp. was decided on December 15, 2011. The Banks decision was significant for the way it changed how courts applying Virgin Islands law approached matters of first impression. Prior to Banks, the ALI Restatements of the Law had a special status in the Virgin Islands, as a matter of statute, beyond the persuasive authority they supply in other US jurisdictions. Banks made it clear that the statute providing this special status to the Restatements had been implicitly repealed by the establishment of the Virgin Islands Supreme Court in 2007 and prescribed a new approach to matters of first impression, commonly known as a Banks analysis. Now that more than 120 cases have cited the Banks decision, a substantial body of Banks case law exists. Drawing on this body of case law, this article attempts to identify some trends and best practices in Banks analyses.
Transport Across the Invertebrate Intestine

Multicellular organisms have complex gastrointestinal tracts which have a variety of physiological roles that contribute to the maintenance of a stable internal homeostatic environment as well as participating in the regulation of normal growth and development. Elemental nutritional components, resulting from mechanical and chemical degradation of ingested food, are transported (absorbed) across the wall of the intestine and, by way of the circulatory system, become available for the metabolic processes of tissues and organs. Besides serving as an entry portal for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, the gastrointestinal system also controls the intake and loss of water, minerals, vitamins, and essential trace elements (Gerencser 1982). Additionally, some animals have portions of their gastrointestinal tracts (insect Malpighian tubules) that are concerned with the active secretion of toxic substances, such as pesticides from the blood. Therefore, the detailed characterization of separate gastrointestinal transport processes and the elucidation of factors affecting their optimal operation are of major concern because of the fundamental importance of the metazoan intestine to the general biology of each animal group (Gerencser 1983a).
On neural networks for symbolic processing

Existing approaches to integrating neural and symbolic processing are divided into the following four categories: developing specialized, structured, localist networks for symbolic processing; performing symbolic processing in distributed neural networks (in a holistic way); combining separate symbolic and neural network modules; and using neural networks as basic elements in symbolic architectures (the embedded approach). Research issues that need to be addressed in order to advance this field as well as to better understand the nature of intelligence and cognition are outlined. >
Detecting twinning by merohedry

The chapter defines various kinds of twinning and focuses on the detection and analysis of twinning by hemihedry. The perfect overlap of lattices causes distinct intensities to be added together, thereby affecting the intensity distribution as well as the apparent symmetry properties of the crystal, to a degree determined by the twin fraction. Equations are presented for identifying the presence of twinning and estimating the twin fraction from an analysis of diffraction intensities. Complicating factors, including anisotropy, pseudo-centring and local noncrystallographic symmetry, are discussed. Keywords: twinning; twinning by hemihedry; twin fraction; merohedral twinning
MPLS DiffServ‐TE

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The business drivers Application scenarios The DiffServ‐TE solution Extending the DiffServ‐TE solution with multiclass LSPs Conclusion References Further reading Study questions
iPhone apps: tutorial presentation

Apple's iPhone and App Store have both been huge successes. The App Store currently has over one hundred thousand apps and over two billion apps have been downloaded in just over _fteen months1. The power of the iPhone libraries and development tools has helped fuel this rapid growth. In this tutorial, we show how simple it is to leverage these libraries and tools to quickly build powerful iPhone apps. We will assume that audience members have the basic programming skills found in the typical two-semester introduction to programming sequence.
Is conservative therapy ever justified in Stage I (IA) cancer of the ovary

Abstract One hundred and forty-four patients with unilateral ovarian carcinoma were treated by bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy in this report and 46 by preserving the opposite apparently normal ovary and frequently the uterus. Five-year survival was slightly higher in the radically treated group but the difference was not statistically significant. When considered by histologic type and degree of malignancy, a slightly higher 5 year survival rate, again not statistically significant, was obtained with radical treatment in all types except mucinous carcinomas. The risk of a microscopic focus of cancer in the opposite apparently normal ovary was estimated to be 12 per cent. Six conservatively treated patients, mostly those with mucinous carcinomas, had at least 10 subsequent successful pregnancies.
Advanced Cancer and End-of-Life Preferences: Curative Intent Surgery Versus Noncurative Intent Treatment

Abstract Background: People with cancer face complex medical decisions, including whether to receive life-sustaining treatments at the end of life. It is not unusual for clinicians to make assumptions about patients' wishes based on whether they had previously chosen to pursue curative treatment. Objective: We hypothesized that cancer patients who initially underwent curative intent surgery (CIS) would prefer more aggressive end-of-life treatments compared to patients whose treatment was noncurative intent (non-CIT). Methods: This study was a retrospective review of data from a large, randomized controlled trial examining the use of an online decision aid for advance care planning, “Making Your Wishes Known” (MYWK), with patients who had advanced cancer. We reviewed patients' medical records to determine which patients underwent CIS versus non-CIT. In the parent trial, conducted at an academic medical center (2007–2012), 200 patients were enrolled with stage IV malignancy or other poor prognosis cancer. P...
Genetic variants, endothelial function, and risk of preeclampsia among American Indians.

Objective. To determine the prevalence in an American Indian population of genetic variants with putative effects on endothelial function and determine whether they are associated with preeclampsia. Methods. Five genetic polymorphisms potentially related to endothelial function in the NOS3, GNB3, and DDAH1 genes were genotyped from a total of 101 cases, 198 controls, and an additional 110 population-based controls among an American Indian population. Results. The minor allele frequencies for NOS3 (rs1799983, rs3918227), GNB3 (rs5442), and DDAH1 (rs10158674, rs233115) among those with and without PE in this population were 25, 10, 5, 11, and 30%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, the maximum risk associated with any of these SNPs was 2.22 (0.734–6.73, 95% CI, p = 0.156) in a multivariate analysis of the A allele of the rs233115 SNP incorporated in a recessive model. Conclusion. Although endothelial dysfunction likely plays a role in the pathophysiology of PE, this study was unable to fi...
Trainers, Performance Technologists, and Environmentalists.

Performance technology is expanding its horizons. We have witnessed an increasingly wider–angle concern which has moved from a focus on task components to jobs, and from those to organizational concerns–a movement from the microscopic to the big picture. In making this transition, there are important lessons to be learned from environmentalists: they encourage us to think globally and act locally. By expanding from a concern with microlevel performance improvement to a focus where the primary clients and beneficiaries include concerns for performance improvement on all levels–individual, organizational, and client/ societal–we too can think globally, act locally, and also improve our contributions at all levels. This article presents expanding horizons, building upon current models and understandings to develop both strategic thinking and practical tools for both doing our jobs right as well as defining the right job to be done in the first place. The world has shifted, and it is up to us to be increasingly responsive and responsible.