cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meritocracy, Equal Opportunity, and the SAT

The third section of Nicholas Lemann's book, The Big Test, culminates with the 1997 battle in California over Proposition 209, the antiaffirmative action amendment known as the Civil Rights Initiative. This amendment, which passed, ended racial preferences in state personnel, contracting, and college admissions decisions. This portion of Lemann's book discusses the issues of meritocracy, equal opportunity, and the politics involved in accomplishing these goals. These issues are viewed through the lens of the battle for Proposition 209 and the various individuals—“guardians”—who were beneficiaries of the open meritocracy that allowed them entrance in elite Ivy League institutions.
Early termination by seasonal employees: a comparative analysis

Abstract This paper is concerned with the early termination of seasonal employees in a National Park. An investigation has been made of factors to which seasonal employees respond, both affirmatively and negatively. The result of the study will indicate the aspects of seasonal employment that cause certain staff to terminate their work prior to the agreed ‘end of contract’ date as contrasted with those seasonal staff who complete their contract term. The study was conducted during June, July and August, 1981 in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Cytoarchitecture of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR-2) immunoreactivity in astrocytes of neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions of the young adult and aged rat brain.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are polypeptides that exert diverse biological effects on many cell types and tissues during embryogenesis and adulthood. In the adult brain, FGF-2 is primarily expressed by astrocytes and select groups of neurons. It has been shown that FGF-2 is neuroprotective and can stimulate proliferation of NSCs in neurogenic regions of the adult mammalian brain. Cellular responses to FGFs are mediated through membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptors in conjunction with low affinity binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Four FGF receptors (FGFR1–4) have been cloned and characterized to date. In this study, we describe the anatomical distribution of FGFR-2 in young and aged rat brains. We demonstrate that the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum display the most robust FGFR-2 expression and observed age-related decrease in FGFR-2 levels in some but not all brain regions. In addition, we identified astrocytes as the primary source of FGFR-2 expression using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The astrocyte populations in the neurogenic areas, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus, express high levels of FGFR-2 protein, which points to its possible involvement in neurogenesis. We also explored the role of FGFR-2 in response to perforant pathway lesion and observed enhanced FGFR-2 expression by astrocytes surrounding the lesion. Thus, FGF-2 biological effects on astrocytes appear to be mediated through FGFR-2-dependent mechanisms, and this may provide an indirect route by which FGF-2 acts on neuronal populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ukraine: On the border between old and new in uncertain times.

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the demographic situation in Ukraine, including explanations for the decline to very low fertility and changes in family policy. Drawing on official statistics, survey data, and focus group interviews, the analysis shows that the country’s decline to lowest-low fertility is primarily due to the postponement of or the reduction in second births, as opposed to the postponement of first births. The chapter includes a discussion on the link between low fertility and changing marriage patterns, contraceptive prevalence, and abortion. The author then reviews the evidence for the leading explanations of fertility decline in Ukraine, including economic uncertainty, social anomie, the Second Demographic Transition, and unequal gender relations. In addition, the author proposes unexplored factors that may lead to fertility limitation, such as the increasing difficulty of combining work and childrearing, insufficient housing, changes in intergenerational support, and the deterioration of health lifestyles and marital relations.
Hypertension: classification, pathophysiology, and management during outpatient sedation and local anesthesia.

Hypertension is an important risk factor forcardiovascular accidents, coronary heart disease, car-diac hypertrophy with heart failure (hypertensiveheart disease), aortic dissection, and renal failure.Hypertension can also accelerate atherogenesis andcaninducechangesfavorableforaorticdissectionandcerebrovascular hemorrhage.
Modern civilization and human survival: A social‐scientific view†

(1972). Modern civilization and human survival: A social‐scientific view† The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 12, No. 1-2, pp. 29-66.
A dynamic programming model for long range educational planning

Abstract In this paper the authors investigate the application of dynamic programming as a tool for planning the allocation of resources among various educational activities year by year. Education is viewed as having the characteristics of a capital goods industry and as a multi-stage process. The authors describe a simplified model of higher education and its possible applications in long range planning for educational systems.
Unitarity and the optical potential

Abstract The optical potential for the elastic scattering of two nuclear fragments with the full inclusion of the Pauli principle is considered. It is shown using unitarity that the optical potential, defined in terms of the Alt, Grassberger and Sandhas off-shell extension of the transition operator, has no singularities across the elastic unitarity cut. Similar results are obtained for general rearrangement scattering.
The attraction of larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say to ribonucleic acid and nucleotides

Abstract The positive chemotaxis of larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in response to RNA or its degradation products has been demonstrated. It has further been shown that larvae are specifically attracted to certain nucleoside monophosphates. The observations are related to the known dietary requirements of mosquito larvae.
Multiple Modernities: A View from Jerusalem

This essay is a reflection on Peter Berger’s “Further Thoughts on Religion and Modernity” (Society, 49:4) from the perspective of S. N. Eisenstadt’s concept of “multiple modernities” that is rooted in his experience as a Zionist scholar educated in Jerusalem and concerned with Jewish society throughout history and in the present. Eisenstadt’s concept of “civilization” reflects an appreciation that many diverse and even apparently contradictory strands may co-exist, and it rejects religion and secularism as dichotomous and mutual exclusive. Eisenstadt’s approach is thereby complementary to Berger in finding that modern societies can and do comprehend both and that pluralism and co-existence more accurately describe contemporary societies.
AMPA receptor function is altered in GLUR2-deficient mice.

The GluR2 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptor determines many of the biophysical properties of native AMPA receptors, including Ca++ permeability. Genetically engineered mice unable to edit the Q to R site of the GluR2 subunit die within 3 wk postpartum, presumably due to toxicity associated with enhanced Ca++ influx through AMPA receptors. In contrast, disruption of the gene encoding GluR2 is not necessarily lethal. The objective of this study was to explore potential mechanisms that permit survival of GluR2 (−/−) mice despite AMPA receptors that are highly Ca++ permeable. Whole-cell, patch-clamp recording of AMPA receptor responses in cortical pyramidal cells revealed that the kinetics of recovery from desensitization were significantly slower for receptors from GluR2 (−/−) mice compared to receptors from GluR2 (+/+) mice. The recovery time constants for AMPA receptors from GluR2 (−/−) and GluR2 (+/+) mice were 109.8±17 ms and 54.4±7.1 ms, respectively. The slower recovery kinetics would be expected to reduce Ca++ influx during repetitive stimulation. Because both RNA editing at the R/G site and alternative splicing of the flip and flp module affect AMPA receptor desensitization recovery rates, the possibility that these mechanisms were changed in GluR2 (−/−) mice was investigated. On a macroscopic level, neither editing nor splicing of the GluR-1, 3 or 4 subunits were changed in GluR2 (−/−) mice compared to GluR2 (+/+) mice. In summary, an increase in the time constant for recovery from desensitization may contribute to the ability of GluR2 (−/−) to survive.
Legacies of Brown versus Board: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Public education is a fully racialized endeavor, even though we hoped that a Supreme Court decision, now known as the Brown decision, over 50 years ago would put an end to racialized schooling. About 50 years ago, many knew the evils of segregation based on race and knew that it could not be either morally or legally justified. However, privilege had been constructed historically on the basis of racial oppression, and this was not going to be easily remedied by even a Supreme Court decision. The Brown decision was made and largely ignored, especially in the South where segregation had been the law of the land. It took many subsequent court battles, a civil rights movement, and years of concerted efforts to end legal racial segregation in the schools. All of this was required because there was active, and all too often violent, opposition by whites who understood that their position in society was based in a system of racial superiority. In this, they were largely correct. Bell (1995) argues that the Brown decision is often misinterpreted. It was not about a white majority finally realizing the immorality of segregation. It was not due to the success of a civil rights movement in confronting racist powers. It was not due to the slow accrual of legal decisions that eventually got the equal protection doctrine right. Bell argues that these stories are actually efforts to shore up white privilege. These stories end up showing whites as morally superior, African Americans as belligerent and self-serving, and the legal system as ultimately fair. These stories end up reinforcing the perception that desegregation happened and equality has been achieved. Thus the differences we see now between races must result from the character of the racial groups themselves. Here we see a new form of white supremacy being constructed out of the ashes of the old. The new supremacy uses the concept of equality to deny that races are treated differently in our society and in our schools. Moreover, the assertion that equality has been achieved allows an argument to be made against ongoing remedies (let alone reparations) for racial
Controlling the HMS Program through Managing Requirements

The U.S. DoD Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Handheld, Manpack, Small Form Fit (HMS) program1 delivers power efficient, low-cost radio sets for installation in 16 different host platforms ranging from high-performance Manpacks to disposable sensors. Aggressive cost targets are achieved through the use of a modular design resulting in a product line of radio modules that leverage open standards for maximum flexibility. This paper describes the requirement hierarchy developed for the HMS program, in which requirements flow from the system level to radio sets and then to core radio modules. A requirement management process is discussed where functional and allocated requirement baselines are controlled through a formal change control board to provide guidance and assurance that the final products meet Customer expectations. Metrics are measured against the baselines as indicators of work remaining and expansion of program scope.
The Prognostic Superiority of Log Odds of Positive Lymph Nodes in Stage III Colon Cancer

Background Literature showed that lymph node ratio (LNR) and total number of lymph nodes (TNODS) are independent prognostic factors in node-positive colon cancer. Our study assesses the prognostic superiority of the log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in the same patient population.
Extensions of the Wiener Number

Particularly for structure−property correlations there are many chemical graph-theoretic indices, one of which is Wiener's “path number”. Because Wiener's original work focused on acyclic structure...
Surgical Correction of Mitral Regurgitation in the Elderly Outcomes and Recent Improvements

Background— In the elderly, mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequent, but surgery risks are considered high. Benefits and indications of MR surgery are uncertain in the elderly. Methods and Results— Baseline characteristics, outcome, and trends for surgical results improvement were analyzed in elderly patients (≥75 years of age; n=284) operated on for MR in 1980 to 1995 compared with younger patients (65 to 74 years of age, n=504; and <65 years of age, n=556). Preoperatively, class III to IV symptoms, atrial fibrillation, coronary disease, creatinine, and comorbidity index were more severe in elderly patients (all P<0.002). In the long term after surgery, observed survival stratified by age (≥75, 65 to 74, <65 years) was lower in elderly than in younger patients (at 5 years, 57±3%, 73±2%, and 85±2%, respectively; P<0.001), but ratios of observed to expected survival were similar (83%, 85%, and 88%, respectively). In multivariate analysis adjusted to expected survival, elderly patients showed no difference in...
Two-Nucleon Problem When the Potential Is Nonlocal but Separable. I

The two-nucleon problem is considered in terms of an interaction of the form $(\mathrm{p}|V|{\mathrm{p}}^{\ensuremath{'}})=\ensuremath{-}(\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{M})g(\mathrm{p})g({\mathrm{p}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, with $g(\mathrm{p})=C(p)+(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\surd}8}){3{p}^{\ensuremath{-}2}({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{p}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{p})({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{n}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{p})\ensuremath{-}({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{p}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{n}}T(p)$, where the second term gives rise to a mixture of $D$ state with the $S$ state determined by the first term. After deriving general results valid for any form of $g(\mathrm{p})$, we discuss in detail the special case of $C(p)={({p}^{2}+{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $T(p)=\ensuremath{-}t{p}^{2}{({\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}+{p}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and compared it with observed data. The photodisintegration of the deuteron is also discussed and it is found that the $D$-wave part of the deuteron plays an important role at high photon energies leading to a larger cross section than given by other calculations to date.
Spin-labeling studies of the conformation of the Ca(2+)-regulatory protein calmodulin in solution and bound to the membrane skeleton in erythrocyte ghosts: implications to transmembrane signaling.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of the Ca(2+)-regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) have been performed. The conformation of CaM in solution changes upon binding of Ca2+ allowing the protein to bind to target proteins existing in the red blood cell membrane. In this study a maleimide spin label, covalently attached to the single cysteine residue of CaM located in the first Ca(2+)-binding domain, was used to monitor allosteric conformational changes induced by interaction of CaM with Ca2+ and subsequently with the red blood cell membrane. The results show, relative to apo-CaM, a significant increase in the apparent rotational correlation time, tau, of the spin label when Ca2+ was present in solution (P less than 0.001). When apo-CaM exposed to red blood cell membrane ghosts in the absence of Ca2+, no significant difference in spin label motion was seen relative to solution, consistent with the idea that Ca2+ is required for CaM to bind to skeletal proteins. When Ca2+ was added to CaM which was then exposed to ghosts, a highly significant increase in tau (decrease in motion) (P less than 0.000001) relative to apo-CaM exposed to ghosts was found. This latter increase in tau is significantly greater than that produced by the addition of Ca2+ to CaM in solution (P less than 0.001). The major interaction sites of CaM were found by photoaffinity labeling and autoradiography on SDS-PAGE to be on the principal skeletal protein, spectrin. EPR was also used to investigate the biophysical correlates of transmembrane signaling. Spin-labeled CaM was bound to the membrane skeleton in the presence of Ca2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TRANSIT-BASED HOUSING IN CALIFORNIA: EVIDENCE ON RIDERSHIP IMPACTS

Clustering of housing development around rail stations holds promise not only for increasing transit ridership, but also yielding important environmental and social benefits. This paper examines evidence on the degree to which existing housing complexes near rail stations in California have encouraged transit usage. For Bay Area cities served by BART, residents living near rail stations were around five times as likely to commute by rail transit as the average resident-worker in the same city. The strongest predictors of whether station-area residents commuted by rail was whether their destination was near a rail station and whether they could park for free at their destination. Neighbourhood density and proximity of housing to stations were also related to rail travel. The paper concludes that if transit-based housing is to reap significant mobility and environmental benefits, it must be accompanied by transit-based employment growth and programmes that pass on true costs to motorists and parkers.
The Doctor's Dilemma

George Bernard Shaw Penguin, £7.99, pp 192 ISBN 0140450270 George Bernard Shaw, in The Doctor's Dilemma (1911), both undermines and reinforces a rounded view of the good doctor. The play introduces one character, Sir Ralph Bloomfield Bonington—“cheering, reassuring, healing by the mere incompatibility of disease or anxiety with his welcome presence. Even broken bones, it is said, have been known to unite at the sound of his voice.” Sir Ralph (known as BB) is kindly but sadly deficient in medical knowledge. The play's physician protagonist, Sir Colenso Ridgeon, is able to murder the husband of the woman he …
Assessing the fidelity of surface currents from a coastal ocean model and HF radar using drifting buoys in the Middle Atlantic Bight

The rapid expansion of urbanization along the world’s coastal areas requires a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the coastal ocean. Over the past several decades, numerical ocean circulation models have tried to provide such insight, based on our developing understanding of physical ocean processes. The systematic establishment of coastal ocean observation systems adopting cutting-edge technology, such as high frequency (HF) radar, satellite sensing, and gliders, has put such ocean model predictions to the test, by providing comprehensive observational datasets for the validation of numerical model forecasts. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS) is a comprehensive system for understanding coastal ocean processes on the continental shelf waters of New York and New Jersey. To increase confidence in the system’s ocean circulation predictions in that area, a detailed validation exercise was carried out using HF radar and Lagrangian drifter-derived surface currents from three drifters obtained between March and October 2010. During that period, the root mean square (RMS) differences of both the east–west and north–south currents between NYHOPS and HF radar were approximately 15 cm s−1. Harmonic analysis of NYHOPS and HF radar surface currents shows similar tidal ellipse parameters for the dominant M2 tide, with a mean difference of 2.4 cm s−1 in the semi-major axis and 1.4 cm s−1 in the semi-minor axis and 3° in orientation and 10° in phase. Surface currents derived independently from drifters along their trajectories showed that NYHOPS and HF radar yielded similarly accurate results. RMS errors when compared to currents derived along the trajectory of the three drifters were approximately 10 cm s−1. Overall, the analysis suggests that NYHOPS and HF radar had similar skill in estimating the currents over the continental shelf waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight during this time period. An ensemble-based set of particle tracking simulations using one drifter which was tracked for 11 days showed that the ensemble mean separation generally increases with time in a linear fashion. The separation distance is not dominated by high frequency or short spatial scale wavelengths suggesting that both the NYHOPS and HF radar currents are representing tidal and inertial time scales correctly and resolving some of the smaller scale eddies. The growing ensemble mean separation distance is dominated by errors in the mean flow causing the drifters to slowly diverge from their observed positions. The separation distance for both HF radar and NYHOPS stays below 30 km after 5 days, and the two technologies have similar tracking skill at the 95 % level. For comparison, the ensemble mean distance of a drifter from its initial release location (persistence assumption) is estimated to be greater than 70 km in 5 days.
Differential Estimation of CKD Using Creatinine- Versus Cystatin C–Based Estimating Equations by Category of Body Mass Index

Backgound Adiposity is associated with cystatin C. Cystatin C–based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations may result in overestimation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence at greater body mass index (BMI) levels. Study Design Cross-sectional. Setting & Participants 6,709 US adult Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Factor BMI. Outcome Absolute percentage of difference in prevalence of stage 3 or 4 CKD between creatinine- and cystatin C–based estimating equations by level of BMI. Measurements Normal weight, overweight, and obesity were defined as BMI of 18.5 to less than 25.0, 25 to less than 30.0, and 30 kg/m 2 or greater, respectively. Stage 3 or 4 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], 15 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) was defined using the 4-variable creatinine-based Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation (eGFR MDRD ); cystatin C level, age, sex, and race equation (eGFR CysC,age,sex,race ); cystatin C–only equation (eGFR CysC ); cystatin C level of 1.12 mg/L or greater (increased cystatin C); and an equation incorporating serum creatinine level, cystatin C level, age, sex, and race (eGFR Cr,CysC,age,sex,race ). Results Differences in stage 3 or 4 CKD prevalence estimates between eGFR CysC,age,sex,race , eGFR CysC , and increased cystatin C, separately, and eGFR MDRD were greater at higher BMI levels. Specifically, compared with estimates derived using eGFR MDRD for normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants, estimated prevalences of stage 3 or 4 CKD were 2.1%, 3.0%, and 6.5% greater when estimated by using eGFR CysC,age,sex,race ( P trend=0.005); 0.1%, 0.6%, and 2.2% greater for eGFR CysC ( P trend=0.03); 2.9%, 5.2%, and 9.5% greater for increased cystatin C ( P trend Cr,CysC,age,sex,race , respectively ( P trend=0.7). Limitations No gold-standard measure of GFR was available. Conclusions BMI may influence the estimated prevalence of stage 3 or 4 CKD when cystatin C–based equations are used.
Vagal-Sparing Esophagectomy: Is It a Useful Addition?

A vagal sparing esophagectomy should be considered for patients with end-stage benign disease and Barrett's high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma. No lymphadenectomy is performed with this procedure, so it is not applicable to cancers invasive into the submucosa. Advantages of a vagal-sparing procedure over a standard esophagectomy with gastric pull-up include its simplicity to perform, ability to be done as a laparoscopic procedure, lack of requirement for single-lung ventilation or mediastinal dissection, avoidance of the need for a pyloroplasty, and preservation of the vagus nerves. Given these advantages, a vagal-sparing esophagectomy should be the preferred method of esophageal resection in appropriate patients.
New 3-axis optical pickup actuator for high-density rewritable system

We present a new 3-axis optical pickup actuator to compensate for the tilt variation of an optical disc in high density rewritable system.
Application of Novel CO2 Laser-Suction Device

Background Development of the flexible CO2 fiber has presented new opportunities for the use of precision laser cutting in cranial procedures. The efficacy of the CO2 scalpel is further enhanced by combining it with a fluid removal suction capability. Objectives We report our experience with a novel CO2 laser-suction device. Methods The novel laser-suction device was designed in conjunction with OmniGuide Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA). We performed a case review of its use in firm tumors that were resistant to resection by bipolar, suction, and ultrasonic aspirator. Results The laser-suction device was applied in three tumors where resection with ultrasonic aspiration failed. Tumor resection using the laser-suction device was successful in all three cases. There were no complications related to the laser-suction device. There were no instances of intraoperative device malfunction. Discussion The CO2 laser combined with suction is a useful instrument for resection of firm tumors that prove to be resistant to ultrasonic aspiration. We also find it to be useful in settings where precise tissue incisions are desired with minimal manipulation. In our experience, the surgical efficiency of the CO2 laser is improved by the laser-suction device. This device allows the surgeon to utilize a suction device and laser in a single hand and enables concurrent use of bipolar electrocautery without repeated instrument changes.
Review: Pre-diabetes: clinical relevance and therapeutic approach

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is epidemic in most developed and many developing countries. The associated morbidity, mortality and high costs of care, make type 2 diabetes an important global public health challenge and target for prevention. Patients at high risk for type 2 diabetes can be diagnosed by fasting glucose levels or responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Such patients are also at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since obesity and physical inactivity are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes, lifestyle interventions, emphasising modest weight loss and increases in physical activity, should be recommended for most patients with pre-diabetes. Such interventions are safe and effective and also reduce risk factors for CVD. Several oral antidiabetic agents have been shown to be effective at delaying onset of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduced incident diabetes by ~60%, whilst metformin, acarbose and orlistat are only about half as effective as the TZDs. ...
Solution conformation of biomolecules from infrared vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy

The observation of Circular Dichroism (CD) in vibrational transitions in the infrared spectral region offers new possibilities to determine molecular solution conformation. The application of this technique, known as vibrational CD or VCD, to peptides and nucleic acids is described.
Equilibria of the Rescorla--Wagner model

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been a leading theory of animal causal induction for nearly 30 years, and human causal induction for the past 15 years. Recent theories (especially Psychol. Rev. 104 (1997) 367) have provided alternative explanations of how people draw causal conclusions from covariational data. However, theoretical attempts to compare the Rescorla-Wagner model with more recent models have been hampered by the fact that the Rescorla-Wagner model is an algorthimic theory, while the model recent theories are all computational. This paper provides a detailed derivation of the long-run behaviour of the Rescorla-Wagner model under a wide range of parameters and experimental setups, so that the model can be compared with computational theories. It also shows that the model agrees with competing theories on a wider range of cases than had previously been thought. The paper concludes by showing how recently suggested modification of the Rescorla-Wagner model impact the long-run behavior of the model.
Coronae formation on Venus via extension and lithospheric instability

Over 500 quasi-circular volcano-tectonic features called coronae occur on Venus. They are believed to form via small-scale mantle upwellings, lithospheric instability, or a combination thereof. Coronae and rifts commonly occur together, including many coronae that lie outside of the fracture zone. However, the genetic link between the two has remained unclear. This paper proposes a mechanism for the formation of off-rift coronae due to the rifting process. We model the interaction of a rising mantle plume associated with a rift with a hypothetical preexisting layer of dense material in the lithosphere. We show that a rift and its associated off-rift coronae could be genetically linked by the process of development of secondary ringlike dripping instabilities initiating at the plume margins. We calculate the resulting surface topographies, melt volumes, and Bouguer gravity anomalies and compare them to observations.
Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels prevents neuronal cell death after ischemia in neonatal rats.

Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mKATP) has been shown to protect against cell death following ischemia/reperfusion in the heart but not in brain. We examined whether mKATP activation with diazoxide (DIZ) prevents neuronal cell death following hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in 7-day-old rat pups. Rat pups were subjected to HI (left carotid ligation; 8% O2; 2.5 h), following administration of vehicle, 1.9 mg/kg DIZ, 3.8 mg/kg DIZ or DIZ plus 10 mg/kg 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (mKATP antagonist). Total infarct volume was reduced from 99.8±2.7% in vehicle animals to 80.6±4.2% in 3.8 mg/kg DIZ treated animals (n=85, P<0.05). Western blotting showed KATP subunits concentrated in mitochondria. Fluorescent studies indicated DIZ directly depolarized the mitochondria. In conclusion, selective opening of mKATP prior to HI results in neuroprotection in immature rats.
A new synthesis of functionally, substituted hydroquinones

Abstract Functionally substituted organoboranes readily react with p-benzoquinone yielding the corresponding functionally substituted hydroquinones in essentially quantitative yields.
Proper Motion of the Blue Star in the Field of Pulsar CP 1919

AFTER the discovery of the first pulsating radio source CP 1919 (ref. 1), Liller2 obtained a preliminary proper motion based on two Harvard patrol plates, epoch 1938 and 1940. Six more pulsars were later discovered, but two of them could not be optically identified, at least not to a plate limit of twenty-third magnitude3.
How social and cultural contexts shape the development of coping: Youth in the inner city as an example

Because the patterns of coping shown by children and youth depend on the particular types and levels of stress they face, it is difficult to understand or study coping, or to promote it in interventions, unless coping is conceptualized as embedded within the overall ecology of stressful conditions, including the demands and resources that influence the use, utility, and impact of coping.
Growth response and fatty acid composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei fed different sources of dietary lipid

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei . Seven semi-purified diets (35% protein and 3400 kcal of metabolizable energy kg −1 ) containing defatted, freeze-dried shrimp meal, 1.0% soybean lecithin and 0.5% cholesterol were supplemented with 6.5% of either stearic acid, coconut, safflower, corn, soybean, linseed or menhaden fish oils. Each diet was fed to shrimp (1.00 ± 0.03 g average weight) in four replicate aquaria four times daily for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed conversion and survival were best for shrimp fed the diet containing menhaden fish oil. Shrimp fed the linseed oil diet had the second highest weight gain, followed by shrimp on soybean oil, corn oil, stearic acid, coconut oil and safflower oil diets, respectively. Feed conversion values were a reflection of weight gain. Results of this study show that both n -6 and n -3 fatty acids are dietary essential for juvenile Penaeus vannamei , although n -3 fatty acids promoted faster growth than n -6. However, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (20:5 n -3 and 22:6 n -3) had better growth-promoting effect than 18:3 n -3, due probably to the limited ability of shrimp to bioconvert fatty acids to polyenoic forms of longer chain length. The fatty acid composition of the shrimp generally reflected that of the dietary lipids, especially for the diets containing unsaturated fatty acids. Shrimp fed stearic acid and coconut oil diets low in polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulated high levels of 16:1 n -7 and 18:1 n -9.
Supporting LGBTQ Students in Physical Education: Changing the Movement Landscape.

Scholars have sought to identify the complexity and multidimensionality of the phenomenon of sexual identity formation since the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973 (Bayer, 1981). This article addresses the manner in which the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer [LGBTQ] students can be addressed against the backdrop of Kleinman's phenomenological objectives of physical education. I argue for expanding the movement landscape in physical education to include alternatives to sport that lead to self-realization and acceptance of self. I promote the spirit of the content of significant movement including heightened awareness, sensitivity and acceptance, and realization of self as opposed to the spirit of sport. In this sense, LGBTQ students can come to know self as subject through meaningful movement experiences rather than power and performance sports. I also argue that the physical educators examine teaching practices that promote hegem...
Data-valued partitioning and virtual messages (extended abstract)

Network Partition failures in traditional Distributed Databases cause severe problems for transaction processing. The only way to overcome the problems of “blocking” behavior for transaction processing in the event of such failures is, effectively, to execute them at single sites. A new approach to data representation and distribution is proposed and it is shown to be suitable for failure-prone environments. We propose techniques for transaction processing, concurrency control and recovery for the new representation. Several properties that arise as a result of these methods, such as non-blocking behavior, independent recovery and high availability, suggest that the techniques could be profitably implemented in a distributed environment.
Adapting Educational Measurement to the Demands of Test-Based Accountability

Accountability has become a primary function of large-scale testing in the United States. The pressure on educators to raise scores is vastly greater than it was several decades ago. Research has shown that high-stakes testing can generate behavioral responses that inflate scores, often severely. I argue that because of these responses, using tests for accountability necessitates major changes in the practices of educational measurement. The needed changes span the entire testing endeavor. This article addresses implications for design, linking, and validation. It offers suggestions about possible new approaches and calls for research evaluating them.
Toxic Effects of Lithocholate on the Liver and Biliary Tree

Lithocholic acid is the major bacterial metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is absorbed from the lower intestine and conjugated with taurine or glycine. In man, it is extensively sulphated, but the sulphated lithocholates secreted in bile are not extensively reabsorbed; this results in a small pool of circulating lithocholates with a rapid turnover. The metabolism of lithocholate in healthy man has been carefully studied in Hofmann’s laboratory (A.E. Cowen et al, Gastro. 69:59, 67 & 77, 1975).
Abstract P5-17-01: Development and validation of the Penn arthralgia aging scale among breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors

Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been shown to decrease the recurrence rate and increase the overall survival rate of hormone receptor positive breast cancer among post-menopausal women. Unfortunately, arthralgia is a frequently experienced side effect of AIs, leading some women to discontinue AIs prematurely. Qualitative investigations suggest that joint pain may cause women on AIs to feel they are aging faster than they should be. Since general perceptions of aging have been shown to predict important health outcomes, such as adherence and mortality, aging perceptions related to joint pain are worth further exploration. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a measure that captures perceptions of aging related to joint pain. A psychometrically validated tool will advance our ability to quantify and further understand the importance of this construct. Method: We developed the eight-item Penn Arthralgia-Aging Scale (PAAS) from interviews with 67 patients on AIs. The scale was pilot-tested, and changes to items were made based on patient feedback, as well as feedback from oncologists, nurses, and physical therapists. To validate the scale, participants suffering from joint pain were selected from a larger study examining the genetic determinants of symptom distress and disease outcomes among women on AIs. Five hundred and fifty-six breast cancer survivors completed the PAAS, as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the pain interference and pain intensity subscales of the Brief Pain Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis using oblique rotation was conducted to examine the factor structure of the scale. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the PAAS with joint-pain severity. To determine whether the scale provides important information beyond existing measures, we used hierarchical regressions to calculate whether it predicted incremental variance in anxiety, depression, and pain interference outcomes. Results: The resulting scale had a one-factor structure (eigenvalue = 6.21), high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94), and strong convergent validity (Spearman r = .55, p Citation Format: Moriah J Brier, Dianne L Chambless, Laura Lee, Angela DeMichele, Jun J Mao. Development and validation of the Penn arthralgia aging scale among breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-01.
Morphologic features of 115 lymphomas of the orbit and ocular adnexa categorized according to the World Health Organization classification: are marginal zone lymphomas in the orbit mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas?

Abstract Context.—Marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) are the most common lymphomas encountered in the orbit and ocular adnexa. The accurate categorization of these lymphomas is critical to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment. Objective.—To identify features of orbital MZLs that distinguish them from other lymphomas and reactive lymphoid infiltrates and support the categorization of orbital MZL as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)–type MZLs. Design.—Biopsies from 149 patients with lymphoid lesions of ocular adnexa were examined. Additional immunohistochemical stains and fluorescence in situ hybridization study for the MALT1 locus were performed in selected cases, and patient charts were reviewed. Results.—A total of 115 lymphomas and 34 reactive infiltrates were identified, of which B-cell lymphomas constituted 92% and MZLs constituted 54% of all lymphomas. Certain clinical features (young age, race, bilaterality) favored a reactive infiltrate, but none were diagnostic. Histologic features, such as in...
The device of ultrasound driving bird

Birds play an important role in keeping the ecological balance of the human environment. In recent years, the number of birds rises up so quickly because of various protecting measures and regulations and the improvement of suitable survival environment for breeding birds. However, a member of birds do harm seriously to agriculture, aviation and power. How not to hurt the birds under the premise of controlling agricultural production, aviation, electric power industries has been attention in the production and scientific research departments. In this paper, the device of ultrasound drive bird was designed based on hearing characteristics. Appearance of this device declares of a new approach for driving the bird, and the ultrasound has gone influence on birds but not human being. The results of experiments proved that the birds will have loss of appetite, anorexia, convulsions and other symptoms in the circumstance of the powerful ultrasound, and it is not harmful to electronic equipment, apparatus and human being. The bird can not adapt to the frequency of random noise. Its advantages are large energy, spreading along a straight line, low power consumption and all day working.
STAT1 in peripheral tissue differentially regulates homing of antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells

Th1 and Th2 effector CD4+ T cells orchestrate distinct counterregulatory biological responses. To deliver effective tissue Th1- and Th2-type responses, Th1 and Th2 cell recruitment into tissue must be differentially regulated. We show that tissue-derived STAT1 controls the trafficking of adoptively transferred, Ag-specific, wild-type Th1 cells into the lung. Trafficking of Th1 and Th2 cells is differentially regulated as STAT6, which regulates Th2 cell trafficking, had no effect on the trafficking of Th1 cells and STAT1 deficiency did not alter Th2 cell trafficking. We demonstrate that STAT1 control of Th1 cell trafficking is not mediated through T-bet. STAT1 controls the recruitment of Th1 cells through the induction of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL16, whose expression levels in the lung were markedly decreased in STAT1-/- mice. CXCL10 replacement partially restored Th1 cell trafficking in STAT1-deficient mice in vivo, and deficiency in CXCR3, the receptor for CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, impaired the trafficking of adoptively transferred Th1 cells in wild-type mice. Our work identifies that STAT1 in peripheral tissue regulates the homing of Ag-specific Th1 cells through the induction of a distinct subset of chemokines and establishes that Th1 and Th2 cell trafficking is differentially controlled in vivo by STAT1 and STAT6, respectively.
Cancer and communication problems: a personal experience.

Cancer leads to crucial and significant interpersonal difficulties for the patient, his physician, family, and friends because of communication problems. From personal experience as a cancer patient the author, a mental health professional, outlines the problems which she feels are created by the special nature of cancer and suggests guidelines for the patient, his family, and the physician which could alleviate them.
Rarity in Neotropical Forest Mammals and Its Ecological Correlates

Local density and size of distributional range have been used to characterize rarity, but conclusions are weakened by their possible lack of independence. The use- fulness and validity of using these two variables were tested with data on distribution, local density, body size, and feed- ing habits for a set of 100 Neotropical forest mammals In a bivariate plot of distributional range against local density, species clustered according to their trophic or taxo- nomic groups. This indicates that diet and pbylogenetic his- toy have an influence on rarity. A negative cowelation was found between distribution and abundance. Howevq this cotrelation was weaker within trophic or taxonomic groups, and vanished when body size was held constant. These re- sults show that both distribution and abundance are valid and independent estimators of rarity when comparing spe- cies with similar sizes and ecological traits. Regression anal- ysis showed that larger animals tend to have lower densities and wider distributional ranges. Rarity is clearly associated with body size. A dichotomous classifcation of rarity based on area of distribution and local density is suitable forNeotropica1 for- est mammals. Species in each of four categories created by such a scheme require different consmation and manage- rnentpolicies that are determined by the ecological charac-
Young Children's Interactions With Sound-Producing Objects

The purpose of this study was to observe, analyze, and document the range of young children’s interactions with sound-producing objects in order to better understand the nature of such interactions...
Person-Environment Fit Theory: Some History, Recent Developments, and Future Directions

In honor of John R. P. French, Jr., recipient of the 1992 Kurt Lewin Award, this article traces French's contribution to the development of person-environment (PE)fit theory. The text examines recent extensions of PE fit theory. Extensions include the introduction of response surfaces to examine the homogeneity of effects of PE fit on indicators of mental health across all levels of P or of E and research examining the antecedents of PE fit. The Lewinian tradition of applying theory to the study of social issues is followed to suggest areas for future research.
Isomorphic decomposition of complete graphs into linear forests

The well-known theorem of Kirkman states that every complete graph K2n of order 2n is 1-factorable or, equivalently, is nK2-decomposable. This result is generalized to any linear forest of size n without isolated vertices.
Replication-dependent histone gene expression is related to Cajal body (CB) association but does not require sustained CB contact

Interactions between Cajal bodies (CBs) and replication-dependent histone loci occur more frequently than for other mRNA-encoding genes, but such interactions are not seen with all alleles at a given time. Because CBs contain factors required for transcriptional regulation and 3' end processing of nonpolyadenylated replication-dependent histone transcripts, we investigated whether interaction with CBs is related to metabolism of these transcripts, known to vary during the cell cycle. Our experiments revealed that a locus containing a cell cycle-independent, replacement histone gene that produces polyadenylated transcripts does not preferentially associate with CBs. Furthermore, modest but significant changes in association levels of CBs with replication-dependent histone loci mimic their cell cycle modulations in transcription and 3' end processing rates. By simultaneously visualizing replication-dependent histone genes and their nuclear transcripts for the first time, we surprisingly find that the vast majority of loci producing detectable RNA foci do not contact CBs. These studies suggest some link between CB association and unusual features of replication-dependent histone gene expression. However, sustained CB contact is not a requirement for their expression, consistent with our observations of U7 snRNP distributions. The modest correlation to gene expression instead may reflect transient gene signaling or the nucleation of small CBs at gene loci.