cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the mitotic selection procedure for cell cycle analysis. Comparison between the x ray and cycloheximide G2 markers.

Abstract Mechanical selection of mitotic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells from asynchronous monolayer cultures was used to locate the last point in the cell cycle at which X-radiation (150 or 300 rads) or cycloheximide (CHM at 5 μg/ml) acts to prevent cells from progressing into mitosis, i.e., the X-ray and CHM markers. This method which precisely compared the location of the markers indicated that the X-ray and CHM markers were different, i.e., 49 ± 4 min and 67 ± 5 min before the completion of division, respectively. This difference may be due to the time required for CHM to inhibit the synthesis of particular proteins necessary for division, although 5 μg/ml of CHM did reduce the rate of protein synthesis by 90% within about 5 min. As irradiated cells recovered from their division delay, they divided at a rate faster than the controls. This parasynchronous growth resulted because older cells were accompanied by younger cells due to the fact that division delay increased as cells were irradiated later in the cycle.
Impact of congestive heart failure treatment on peripheral microvascular tissue oxygenation.

The authors evaluated peripheral tissue oxygenation during treatment of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF) to determine whether differences exist between patients who experienced adverse outcomes (AO), defined as death or readmission within 6 months, and patients who did not (non-AO). This prospective, observational study measured differential absorption spectroscopy-derived tissue hemoglobin oxygenation (S(t) O(2) ) in CHF patients from presentation through hospital discharge to determine whether differences between the AO and non-AO groups exist. Of 52 patients, 6 died and 27 were readmitted. In the non-AO group, S(t) O(2) increased from admission to discharge by 5.2% ( P<.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.7%-8.7%). No S(t) O(2) change occurred in the AO group (2.3%; P=.42; 95% CI, -2.2%-6.8%). Tissue oxygenation increased during inpatient treatment in CHF patients without future adverse outcomes, but was unchanged for those who later died or were readmitted. Lack of improvement may be associated with higher rates of death and readmission.
On the apollonian metric of domains in

We study the apollonian metric considered for sets in ℝ n by Beardon in 1995. This metric was first introduced for plane Jordan domains by Barbilian in 1934. For a special class of plane domains Beardon showed that conformal apollonian isometries are Mobius transformations. We give here a proof of Beardon's result without conformality assumption. We show that the apollonian metric of a domain D is either conformal at every point of D, at only one point of D or at no point of D. We also present a suprising relation between convex bodies of constant width and the apollonian metric.
Learner Perceptions and Recall of Small Group Discussions within 2D and 3D Collaborative Environments

Online learning critically relies upon good communication between engaged parties inorder to convey ideas, meanings, and values. Emerging technologies in collaborative virtual environments are providing new affordances in establishing greater online presence and, in turn, greater abilities to communicate and learn. This study examines how learners perceive, follow, and recall information presented in discussions in both a 2D and a 3D collaborative environment, Elluminate (now known as Blackboard Collaborate) and Second Life respectively. This exploratory study shows that learners observing discussions in Second Life have a tendency to better organise ideas, better identify who said what, and better recall what information was said throughout the discussion, than with similar discussions in Elluminate. On average, participants in this small scale study were able to follow and recall conversations in Second Life 10-13% better than the discussions in Elluminate. While findings produced positive trends towards Second Life, additional testing is required as the scale (n=42) was small and the frequencies of statistical results in excess of .05 were limited. Still, collectively they do point towards valuable insights for online educators in how they choose to deliver content, conduct synchronous class discussions, and communicate with their students.
Dual semantic encoding of homographs and homophones embedded in context.

Dual encoding of homographs and homophones was inferred from the intrusion of their alternative meanings across trials in two experiments using a modified Brown-Peterson paradigm. In Experiment 1 subjects heard a word triad and then engaged in a 10.5-sec distractor task. Written recall was then demanded. On context trials a homophone with alternative meanings belonging to two distinct categories was embedded in a triad biasing one meaning, e.g., helpless,/wik/, fragile. On the next trial, words from the category of the other meaning were presented, e.g., year, month, decade. A significant number of intrusions of the alternative coding of the homophone, e.g., WEEK, across the category boundary were observed. Experiment 2 employed visual presentation of embedded homographs, e.g., plunged, jumped, DOVE, and oral recall but was logically similar to Experiment 1. Intrusions of the alternative codings of homographs across category boundaries, e.g., pigeon, sparrow,/d Λ v/, were again noted.
A comparison of the influence of famotidine and cimetidine on phenytoin elimination and hepatic blood flow.

The H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine has been reported to decrease the hepatic clearance of numerous drugs by inhibiting cytochrome P-450 metabolism, decreasing liver blood flow or both. In this open-label, randomized crossover study we determined whether therapeutic doses of famotidine, a newer H2-receptor antagonist, has similar effects. Ten healthy subjects received single doses of both phenytoin 100 mg orally and indocyanine green intravenously without other treatment, and then again during treatment with famotidine or cimetidine. After a drug-free period, this sequence was repeated with the alternate H2-receptor antagonist. Cimetidine decreased the plasma clearance of phenytoin by 16% +/- 14% (mean +/- s.d.), but was not found to have a significant influence on phenytoin volume of distribution or terminal elimination rate constant nor on blood clearance of indocyanine green. Famotidine was not found to alter either phenytoin or indocyanine green kinetics.
The role of information technology in building public administration theory

Information technology, that assortment of technology that enables the conversion of data into information, has had an enormous impact on the field of public administration and its theoretical foundation. This article explores five of them. It begins with a discussion of one of the primary impacts of information technology on public administration theory: the development of systems theory and its descendants including the study of complex systems, chaos, and complexity theory. The importance of information technology in decision-making is explored next. Does information technology free us from the limits of bounded rationality or are we simply overwhelmed by the volume of information available via new sources, such as the Internet and the World Wide Web? The third role examined is the use of information technology as a research tool to make previously intractable problems solvable. Computer capability has enormously advanced the theoretical underpinnings of public administration. Fourth, the significance of information technology as a change agent that calls for revision of other theoretical postulates is investigated. As information technology has diffused into public organizations, how has it called into question what we previously thought about the foundation of bureaucracy? Finally, learning by doing and the manner through which practice informs theory is considered.
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Human Brain Is Associated with Development and Neotenous Gene Expression

Summary Aerobic glycolysis (AG; i.e., nonoxidative metabolism of glucose despite the presence of abundant oxygen) accounts for 10%–12% of glucose used by the adult human brain. AG varies regionally in the resting state. Brain AG may support synaptic growth and remodeling; however, data supporting this hypothesis are sparse. Here, we report on investigations on the role of AG in the human brain. Meta-analysis of prior brain glucose and oxygen metabolism studies demonstrates that AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest. In resting adult humans, AG correlates with the persistence of gene expression typical of infancy (transcriptional neoteny). In brain regions with the highest AG, we find increased gene expression related to synapse formation and growth. In contrast, regions high in oxidative glucose metabolism express genes related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that brain AG supports developmental processes, particularly those required for synapse formation and growth.
Sodium Channels, Inherited Epilepsy, and Antiepileptic Drugs

Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials in brain neurons, mutations in sodium channels cause inherited forms of epilepsy, and sodium channel blockers-along with other classes of drugs-are used in therapy of epilepsy. A mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel is a complex containing a large, pore-forming α subunit and one or two smaller β subunits. Extensive structure-function studies have revealed many aspects of the molecular basis for sodium channel structure, and X-ray crystallography of ancestral bacterial sodium channels has given insight into their three-dimensional structure. Mutations in sodium channel α and β subunits are responsible for genetic epilepsy syndromes with a wide range of severity, including generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), Dravet syndrome, and benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures. These seizure syndromes are treated with antiepileptic drugs that offer differing degrees of success. The recent advances in understanding of disease mechanisms and sodium channel structure promise to yield improved therapeutic approaches.
Using Web 2.0 Technologies to Enhance Evidence-Based Medical Information

This article invokes research on information seeking and evaluation to address how providers of evidence-based medical information can use Web 2.0 technologies to increase access to, enliven users’ experiences with, and enrich the quality of the information available. In an ideal scenario, evidence-based medical information can take appropriate advantage of community intelligence spawned by Web 2.0 technologies, resulting in the ideal combination of scientifically sound, high-quality information that is imbued with experiential insights from a multitude of individuals. To achieve this goal, the authors argue that people will engage with information that they can access easily, and that they perceive as (a) relevant to their information-seeking goals and (b) credible. The authors suggest the utility of Web 2.0 technologies for engaging stakeholders with evidence-based medical information through these mechanisms, and the degree to which the information provided can and should be trusted. Last, the authors ...
Targeting linear duplex DNA with mixed-base peptide nucleic acid oligomers facilitated by bisPNA openers.

formed by bisPNA openers and amixed-base (mb) oligonucleotide on double-stranded (ds)DNA enable various diagnostic and biotechnologicalmanipulations with linear DNA duplexes [1–5]. So far, thePD-loop formation requires the use of two homopyrimi-dine bisPNA oligomers to open the DNA duplex for bind-ing an oligonucleotide [6]. This condition imposes certainsequence limitations on the PD-loop-forming sites. Besides,substantial overlap between the bisPNA and oligonucleo-tide sequences is an unavoidable feature of PD-loops.Indeed, only those oligonucleotides that are longer than 10nt can form suYciently stable hybridization complexeswithin the PD-loops, whereas for their eYcient formationthe peptide nucleic acid (PNA) openers cannot be separatedby more than 10bp [6].
Structural Evolution of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8

We report the structural evolution of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a function of time at room temperature. We have identified the different stages of ZIF-8 formation (nucleation, crystallization, growth, and stationary periods) and elucidated its kinetics of transformation. We hypothesize that the observed semicrystalline-to-crystalline transformation may take place via solution- and solid-mediated mechanisms, as suggested by the observed phase transformation evolution and Avrami's kinetics, respectively. A fundamental understanding of ZIF-8 structural evolution as demonstrated in this study should facilitate the preparation of functional metal-organic framework phases with controlled crystal size and extent of crystallinity.
Vector specificity in Olpidium

Abstract Zoospores of the lettuce strain of Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. transmitted tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) to seedling roots of both cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.), whereas zoospores of the mustard strain of this fungus transmitted TNV to neither cabbage nor mung bean. The lettuce of cabbage, whereas the mustard strain of Olpidium multiplied poorly in roots of mung bean and abundantly in roots of cabbage. Thus, fungus-host plant relations did not determine vector ability. No predisposition to TNV infection occurred when mung bean seedlings were first exposed to zoospores of the lettuce strain of Olpidium and then, after 10 minutes' washing, exposed to TNV plus zoospores of the mustard strain of Olpidium. TNV infection was not prevented when mung bean seedlings were first exposed to zoospores of the mustard strain of Olpidium and then, after 10 minutes' washing, exposed to TNV plus zoospores of the lettuce strain of Olpidium. When zoospores of the lettuce strain of Olpidium were exposed to TNV and then washed by 3 times pelleting and resuspending in phosphate buffer, some of the zoospores retained motility and ability to transmit TNV. When zoospores of the lettuce strain of Olpidium were exposed to TNV, washed by 3 times pelleting and resuspending in buffer, and disrupted, virus was found by two assay methods to be present in the suspension. Less than one-seventh as much virus was detected by assay when zoospores of the mustard strain of Olpidium were similarly treated.
Podocyte vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf164) overexpression causes severe nodular glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis The pathogenic role of excessive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in diabetic nephropathy has not been defined. We sought to test whether increased podocyte VEGF-A signalling determines the severity of diabetic glomerulopathy.
Concrete and Abstract Thought: An Alternative Formulation

Summary Traditionally concrete thought has been conceptualized as being more primitive than abstract thought, to precede abstract thought developmentally, and to recur in severe psychopathology when the ability to think abstractly is disturbed. In Searles' alternative formulation abstract and concrete thought develop together out of an undifferentiated state, and in psychopathology both become disordered: the person who cannot think accurately in abstract terms is also unable to perceive objects in their whole and stable entirety rather than as shadowy or evanescent. The prediction derived from this formulation, that persons who ascribe physical properties to abstract ideas in Rorschach responses (e.g., “the red is their thoughts”) would also give Rorschach responses in which objects were seen devoid of appropriate physical properties, was supported.
Effects of restricted nursing on physiological and behavioral reactions of Brahman calves to subsequent restraint and weaning

The influence of restricted nursing on physiological and behavioral reactions to later restraint and weaning was examined in Brahman (Bos indicus) calves. The calves were blocked for sex and randomly assigned at birth to one of two treatments: restricted nurse (RN), or ad libitum nurse (ALN). The RN calves were separated from their dams at 21 days of age and allowed to nurse once daily (2-h duration) for 19±3 days. The ALN calves remained with their dams from birth until weaning. The ALN calves were brought in and worked through handling facilities for the same amount of time each day as the RN calves. At 192±4 days of age each calf was restrained while blood samples (5) were taken and heart rate monitored via telemetry. Two weeks later, the calves were weaned and blood samples and behavioral observations were taken. Mean plasma cortisol concentration (MC) increased over time for both treatments (P<0.004) in response to restraint, but was greater for RN than for ALN calves after 15 min of restraint (P<0.03). In response to restraint, RN calves had overall greater heart rates than did ALN calves (P<0.02). In response to weaning, ALN calves tended to travel more (P<0.07), and included more calves who ate (P<0.05), and vocalized (P<0.05). The effects of the restricted nursing regimen, which inherently includes handling, appears to alter the calf's later response to restraint and weaning. However, due to the lack of a uniform response further research is required to determine the meaning of and causal factors for this alteration.
Exploring the glass ceiling : An exploration of gender differences in management-development experiences

Students preparing for the diverse workplace of the future need to understand the glass-ceiling phenomenon and its ramifications for both individuals and organizations. This article suggests that an effective way to explain this concept is by examining gender differences in management development. The rationale for this perspective is provided. A review of the literature that indicates that gender differences in developmental activities create and perpetuate the glass-ceiling effect is also provided. Suggestions are included for ways to teach students about the glass ceiling.
Complex classical and quantum scattering dynamics and the quantum Hall effect.

The effect of a magnetic field on potential scattering is investigated microscopically. Analytic, exact renormalization-group, and numerical solutions show that the classical scattering dynamics of a charged particle is extremely complex. In one case, the dynamics is described by a discontinuous one-dimensional Hamiltonian map. Preliminary results indicate complex quantum dynamics as well. Consequences include an explanation of the observed breakdown of the quantum Hall effect at large currents and possible $\frac{1}{f}$ noise.
A Technique for Handling Stored Semen of Honey Bees

A new method of handling and storing the semen of lioney bees, Apis mellifera L., permits collection, storage, and insemination without the need to transfer semen from the insemination syringe to the storage tube and back again. A modified capillary tube serves as both an insemination tip and a storage container. When the semen has been collected into this tube, the tube is detached from the specially designed syringe, both ends are sealed with petrolatum, and the tube is ready for storage. When semen is needed, the tube is replaced onto the syringe, the smaller petrolatum plug is forced out of the pointed end, and insemination proceeds.
Pricing incentives under price-cap regulation

Abstract In many price-cap regulation plans, such as those of AT&T and British Telecom, a weighted average of the prices for multiple services (baskets) must not exceed a specified level. This analysis demonstrates that the weighting scheme most commonly employed is subject to intertemporal manipulation. This investigation provides specific demand conditions under which weight manipulation can arise, shows the manipulation to reduce social welfare, and proposes a simple alternative weighting scheme that is less prone to manipulation. The alternative weighting scheme can help in designing more effective price-cap plans, especially if new plans have longer terms than current ones.
A new method for determining the epicenter of a near earthquake

An original mathematical method was devised for locating the epicenter of the Illinois earthquake of November 23, 1939. The azimuth of this earthquake from St. Louis was found from the horizontal components of the ground-displacement according to the method of Galitzin. The quantity (t′/t″) where t′ is the arrival time of at Florissant minus the arrival-time of at St. Louis, and t″ is the arrival-time of at Cape Girardeau minus the arrival-time of at Florissant, was known. Since the -curve is a straight line for near earthquakes, (t′/t″) = (Δ′/Δ″) where Δ′ is the corresponding difference in epicentral distance between Florissant and St. Louis and Δ″ is the difference in epicentral distance between Cape Girardeau and Florissant. The point on the azimuth-line from St. Louis for which (t′/t″) = (Δ′/Δ″) was found to be 38° 02′ 15.″74 north, 90 ° 04′ 3″.64 west in geocentric coordinates, a location which agreed well with the macroseismlc data.
A New Computational Capability for Ramjet Projectiles

Abstract : A state-of-the-art computer code has been applied to calculate internal and external flows for a ramjet projectile under turbulent, supersonic conditions. A multizone computational approach was used, and its advantages are demonstrated. Two turbulence modeling approaches were tried: 1) The Baldwin- Lomax model applied throughout the flow field; 2) the Baldwin-Lomax model applied outside the backflow regions and a dedicated algebraic k-epsilon backflow model applied within these regions. Comparisons with experimental data shows a significant improvement in the code's predictional capability when the latter approach is used.
The treatment of intractable rheumatoid arthritis with lymphoid irradiation

Abstract Subdisphragmatic lymphoid radiation was used as an alternative to cytotoxic drug therapy to treat six patients with progressive erosive rheumatoid arthritis. All were previously unresponsive to conventional therapy. Radiation (4,000 rad) was given to subdispbragmatic lymphoid tissues in fractionated doses of 150–250 rod each. Three of the six patients demonstrated long-lasting clinical improvement with a decrease in synovitis and morning stiffness and an increase in joint function. All six patients showed a profound depression in the peripheral blood lymphocyte count which persisted for at least six months. The irradiation was well tolerated; there have been no serious complications due to radiotherapy with follow-up ranging from 13 to 36 months. The substantial efficacy in some patients and the lack of severe toxicity in all suggests that radiotherapy deserves further study as an alternative to cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Technical Note-Financial Market Approaches to Facility Location under Uncertainty

This paper examines financial market approaches for facility location models incorporating uncertainty and risk aversion. As an example, it compares a model based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model with one using a mean-variance objective function. There are dramatically different computational implications; the financial market approach yields simpler procedures and is able to handle more complex problems. However, as discussed in the concluding observations, there are situations where the financial market perspective is less appropriate; consequently, the mean-variance model still has a role in analyzing facility location decisions.
Epilogue: It Was All a Dream (Wasn't It?)

The US men’s Olympic basketball team of 1992 reserves an exalted spot in the annals of American sports history. Michael Jordan headlined the team that cast Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in supporting roles; there were no benchwarmers, though, on this all-star squad, which annihilated each opponent and laid claim to the gold medal as if it had been reserved for the unique enjoyment of these superstars. ‘We will perhaps see another great team’, coach Chuck Daly conceded, ‘but it won’t be a team like this. It took 15 years for this team to come together with the mystique, the quality of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird and now Michael Jordan. The young players who will be around the next time are not built up to that level’. In his view, this team was ‘majestic’. Daly insisted his squad would need to be prepare seriously for international competition, but hardly imagined his side could lose. Opposing teams, instead of obstructing the path to victory, contributed to the spectacle of each win, seemingly as much intoxicated by the on-court wizardry of this team as the many fans who helped make Barcelona’s Olympic outing a US media delight. [1] The most devastating win came against Angola. In perhaps the most memorable moment of that game, Charles Barkley dealt an elbow to the chest of his African adversary [2] to emphasize who ran things underneath the rim, although the score left no room for doubt: Angola lost by 68 points. Decked out, characteristically, in the stars and stripes, Jordan and company were America’s team and defended the nation’s honour, successfully, in Europe that summer. [3] Easily handling Croatia in the championship game, the US made quick work of this Eastern European basketball powerhouse. Basketball, besides baseball – it now seemed – was America’s game. ‘America’s sport – the one Dr. Naismith invented with the first peach basket nailed to a tree’ would serve as ‘the US team’s private domain during the two-week run’ that constituted the Olympic basketball tournament, in the eyes of one observer. [4] And though other nations might now be familiar with the game, it was suggested they could still use a few lessons from the
Rational risk/benefit decisions in the use of flame retardants: an analytical approach

Difficult trade-offs must be made in setting regulatory policy on the use of flame retardant chemicals. A rational policy is one that seeks a moderate middle ground, trading off toxic hazards against fire hazards to yield the minimum aggregated losses and costs to society.
Gene selection in hemoglobin and in antibody-synthesizing cells.

Close linkage of mutually exclusive genes occurs in the non-α chain hemoglobin genes and in the immunoglobulin genes of man and other mammals. The expression of one gene in the cluster precludes the expression of any other linked gene. A simple, testable theory of gene selection called "looping-out excision"which was designed only to explain this mutual exclusivity in the hemoglobin system is described. The theory is closely concordant with a wide range of previously unexplained findings concerning hematopoiesis— including the developmental changes of hemoglobins, the increases in immature or fetal forms of hemoglobin that accompany anemia, and with the distribution of adult and fetal hemoglobins among erythrocytes during normal embryogenesis and in various pathological conditions. One corollary of this theory is that erythroid tissue in the normal adult bone marrow is constantly recapitulating the developmental stages of its embryogenesis. Another corollary is that the selection from among the linked globin genes occurs independently on the two chromosomes of the diploid organism. Both of these corollaries are supported by the available data. The same theory of gene selection is also remarkably consistent with known data for immunoglobulin synthesis; it could explain not only the mutually exclusive activation of linked variable genes but also the splicing which occurs between genetically linked variable and constant region genes for the immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. The agreement between these two different tissues is considered to be strong evidence that the proposed mechanism is correct at least in broad outline. Evidence from the genetics of maize and of drosophila also supports this theory of somatic tissue variegation. On the basis of these comparisons, I suggest that looping-out excision probably occurs also in other tissues and may be one means of gene selection and activation in differentiating cells.
Students as Agents of Classroom Change: The Power of Cultivating Positive Expectations

As a long-term advocate for, and practitioner of, both Paulo Freire's theory of “liberatory education” and bell hooks's “engaged pedagogy,” the author subscribes to their principles of encouraging freedom of thought through active dialogue and the dialogic in an attempt to empower students by making the classroom a space that opens up to radical possibilities. Although these tenets are ideal in theory, they are not necessarily idealized in practice. The article is about a teachable moment that might have gone unnoticed and sour, when high school students came ill prepared for class one day, had it not been for two young men in the class. This article details the critical incident, illuminates the teacher's reaction and action, and discusses how students responded and then became agents of classroom change. This case study details how the incident transformed the students personally and collectively and details the teacher's growth, expanding humility, and transformation as an educator.
Hazardous materials events: evaluation of transport to health care facility and evacuation decisions.

Abstract The study objective was to analyze hazardous materials event and victim factors associated with transportation of victims to a health care facility, and evacuation or shelter-in-place of nearby populations. A retrospective review was conducted on hazardous materials events in Washington State from 1993 to 1997. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for transportation, evacuation, and shelter-in-place. Over five years, 2,654 victims from 457 events were reported, with 1,859 (70%) transported to a health care facility. Evacuation occurred in 279 (61%) events and shelter-in-place in 14 (3%) events. After excluding 14 deaths, regression analysis indicated that victims with trauma (OR 5.87, 95% CI 1.41-24.5), thermal burns (6.90, 1.15-41.3), dizziness/other CNS symptoms (1.59, 1.00-2.54), and headache (1.54, 1.01-2.35) were most likely to be transported. Chemical releases inside buildings (2.09, 1.06-4.10, compared with transportation events), and involving 3-5 victims (2.86, 1.54-5.31, compared to 1 victim) or ≥6 victims (8.74, 4.01-19.0), were most likely to involve evacuation or shelter-in-place. Events involving sulfuric acid (0.15, 0.05-0.49) and sodium hydroxide (0.19, 0.04-0.94) were least likely to involve evacuation or shelter-in-place. Prehospital decisions to transport victims to a health care facility and evacuate or shelter-in-place nearby populations are associated with event and victim factors. Further research is needed to determine if these factors also predict need for medical care or removal from exposure, and to develop evidence-based prehospital care protocols for hazardous materials exposure victims. (Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:99-105. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Conditionalization, Reflection, and Self-Knowledge

Van Fraassen famously endorses the Principle of Reflection as a constraint on rational credence, and argues that Reflection is entailed by the more traditional principle of Conditionalization. He draws two morals from this alleged entailment. First, that Reflection can be regarded as an alternative to Conditionalization – a more lenient standard of rationality. And second, that commitment to Conditionalization can be turned into support for Reflection. Van Fraassen also argues that Reflection implies Conditionalization, thus offering a new justification for Conditionalization. I argue that neither principle entails the other, and thus neither can be used to motivate the other in the way van Fraassen says. There are ways to connect Conditionalization to Reflection, but these connections depend on poor assumptions about our introspective access, and are not tight enough to draw the sorts of conclusions van Fraassen wants. Upon close examination, the two principles seem to be getting at two quite independent epistemic norms.
Market concentration and persuasive advertising: a theoretical approach

This paper examines the structural relation between persuasive advertising intensity and market concentration. The interaction of advertising costs with the consumer’s willingness to pay shapes the way markets respond to changes in sunk cost structures. This adjustment may involve firm entry and exit or modifications in advertising levels. It is shown that a non-monotonic association between advertising intensity and concentration may emerge even in the absence of collusion, requiring as a necessary condition that the ratio of operational profits and advertising cost elasticities with respect to a measure of perceived quality be decreasing. This result is robust to changes in both exogenous and endogenous sunk cost parameters. A simple tool is also proposed to empirically assess the behavior of the elasticities ratio. Finally, the model describes how intertemporal general equilibrium mechanisms may skew or even reverse the advertising-concentration relation through scale effects.
Facile, efficient conjugation of a trifunctional lanthanide chelate to a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand.

Receptor-mediated imaging and therapy of diseased tissue is rapidly gaining favor in the medical community. The synthesis and facile aqueous/organic coupling of a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligand to a cyclen-based fluorophore is described herein. The contrast agent QM-CTMC-PK11195, when chelated with lanthanides, produces bright luminescence and good MRI contrast and can potentially serve as an imaging and demarcation agent for certain types of cancers.
A Double-Pass Pfund Spectrograph for Solar Research

The double-passing of the McMath–Hulbert spectrometer on Mount Wilson has been achieved by the addition of four mirrors and an intermediate slit. It is shown theoretically that in a double-pass instrument (1) for a given luminosity the resolving power should be at least 1.6 times that in the single-pass, and (2) for a given resolving power the luminosity should be at least twice that in the single-pass. For the highest resolving powers, where diffraction losses penalize the single-pass, the gain factors should be as high as 3.7 and 7.9, respectively. The effect of the presence of Rowland ghosts in the single-pass may be as large as 5%. The residual scattered light in the double-pass is estimated to vary from 0.2 to 0.4% of the continuum intensity. The directly observed central intensities of the Na D1 and D2 lines in the solar spectrum are 5.4 and 4.6%, respectively. The influence of “ghosts of ghosts” in double-pass spectra is evaluated. The instrument is well suited for direct observation of solar line profiles. If Doppler shapes are assumed for the instrumental and the solar line profiles, the observed half-widths and central intensities are, respectively, not more than 4% and 0.4% larger than their true values.
Czech national consciousness in the Baroque era

(1993). Czech national consciousness in the Baroque era. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 4-6, pp. 935-941.
Pigment Melanin Scavenges Nitric Oxide In Vitro: Possible Relevance to Keloid Formation

Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the formation of keloids, preferentially formed in dark-skinned persons, and we suspected that pigment melanin itself may play a direct role by adsorbing NO. We tested the ability of cuttlefish sepia melanin to scavenge (adsorb) NO, generated in situ by 2-(N.N Diethylamino) diazeneolate-2-oxide (DEA/NO), through a dialysis membrane. NO was measured as NO2_ and NO3_ by the Griess method and as N2O3 by trapping experiments with the fluorogenic substrate 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2). Initial NO2_ and NO3_ concentrations were significantly lower in the test dialyzates than in controls. Scavenging of NO was rapid enough to compete with DAF adduct formation. Both analytical methods gave comparable results. Adsorbed NO and/or its oxidized products may undergo interactions with melanin, adsorbed O2, and/or dermal material that may lead to keloid formation.
The Phosphorylation Status of the Serine-Rich Region of the Human Cytomegalovirus 86-Kilodalton Major Immediate-Early Protein IE2/IEP86 Affects Temporal Viral Gene Expression

The 86-kDa major immediate-early protein (IE2/IEP86) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) contains a serine-rich region (amino acids 258 to 275) with several consensus casein kinase II (CKII) sites. We performed extensive mutational analysis of this region, changing serines to alternating alanines and glycines. Mutation of the serines between amino acids 266 and 275 eliminated in vitro phosphorylation by CKII. In vitro CKII phosphorylation of the serines between amino acids 266 and 269 or between amino acids 271 and 275 inhibited the ability of IE2/IEP86 to bind to TATA-binding protein. Correspondingly, nonphosphorylatable mutants in these regions showed increased activation of specific HCMV gene promoters in transfection studies. Viruses containing mutations of the serines throughout the entire region (amino acids 258 to 275) or the second half (amino acids 266 to 275) of the region showed delayed expression of all viral proteins tested and, correspondingly, delayed growth compared to wild-type HCMV. Mutation of the serines in the first half of the serine-rich region (amino acids 258 to 264) or between amino acids 266 and 269 propagated very slowly and has not been further studied. In contrast, mutation of the serines between amino acids 271 and 275 resulted in accelerated virus growth and accelerated temporal expression of viral proteins. These results suggest that the serine-rich region is structurally complex, possibly affecting multiple functions of IE2/IEP86. The data show that the phosphorylation state of the serine-rich region, particularly between amino acids 271 and 275, modulates the temporal expression of viral genes.
Incubation Provides Relief from Artificial Fixation in Problem Solving

An incubation effect occurs when taking a break from a problem helps solvers arrive at the correct solution more often than working on it continuously. The forgetting-fixation account, a popular explanation of how incubation works, posits that a break from a problem allows the solver to forget the incorrect path to the solution and finally access the correct path. This study tested the forgetting-fixation account using a trial-by-trial method on a sample of 152 native English speakers who were asked to solve 12 remote associate tests (RATs). During the first attempt, participants in the fixation condition were presented with misleading clues, and those in the no-fixation condition were not. At the completion of the first attempt for each RAT, half of the fixation and half of the no-fixation participants read an article for 2 min before attempting to solve the RAT for the second time, but the other halves worked on each RAT continuously. As predicted by the forgetting-fixation account, only in the fixation...
Genetic discontinuity of big fish in a small sea

There was a time not so long ago when geneticists might have branded the highly migratory Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) the quintessential panmictic population (1) of the marine world. Because bluefin tuna are designed for mobility and capable of generating millions of offspring per spawning pair (2), migration and gene flow throughout their entire range seemed likely. This would homogenize regional subgroups and cause them to behave, in a statistical sense, like one very large, randomly mating population. In other words, bluefin appeared to fit the null hypothesis that population geneticists make a living trying to reject. Hence, genetic discontinuities should have been hard to find, especially within a small inland sea. In a study in PNAS, Riccioni et al. (3) examine microsatellite loci from contemporary and historical samples of T. thynnus and find remarkable evidence (i) that the Mediterranean contains genetically subdivided populations, (ii) that this structure has persisted for nearly 100 years, and (iii) that gene diversity has remained surprisingly intact despite decades of overexploitation and dramatic decline in numbers. These results confirm previous work (4, 5) hinting that T. thynnus in the Mediterranean is composed of multiple breeding stocks and raises concern that these newly recognized gene pools are at risk from overfishing.
Variant calling comparison CASAVA1.8 and GATK

This work aims at addressing the question of whether the new CASAVA1.8, which boasts improvements such as local realignments of reads, is at par with the well accepted pipeline of BWA mapping, duplicate removal, local realignment, re-calibration and variant calling using GATK. We therefore compare the two methods on chromosome 21 of a Yoruba trio and compare the results to the genotype identified by the 1000 genomes project.We find that the mapping performance is the same for CASAVA1.8 and the academic pipeline, resulting in a mean coverage of about 22. CASAVA1.8 and GATK both call about 70.000 SNPs per individual of which 80% overlap between CASAVA1.8, GATK and the 1000 genomes project. This stands in contrast to the indel calling performance where CASAVA1.8 calls about 12,000 indels while GATK calls 16,000. Furthermore, CASAVA1.8 has a higher Mendelian error rate and frequently more than one alternative allele per locus indicating a non-optimal alignment.We conclude that CASAVA1.8 has come a long way and can be considered a mature SNP calling approach. However, CASAVA1.8 does not deliver the same quality in the indel calling set compared to the newly incorporated Dindel-algorithm of GATK. It hence remains the best practice to use CASAVA1.8 for producing fastq files and switch at this stage to the academic tools for mapping, alignment improvement and variant calling.
The Effect of Water on the Distribution of Uranyl 8-Quinolinol Chelate between Nitromethane and 1-Decanol

Abstract An equation of the form y = ABecxn describes the effect of associated water on the distribution ratio of this nonaqueous extraction. It was also determined that there are 9.6 ± 1.5 molecules of water associated per molecule of the chelate when extracted from water into nitromethane or 1-decanol.
Use of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA

One of the key factors affecting the integrity of forest ecosystems in portions of the eastern United States is heavy browsing by overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman). Deer impacts to upland forests of the Allegheny Plateau in northwestern PA, USA, have been especially intense: high levels of deer browsing over the past 60 years have strongly influenced forest pattern and process. Riparian forests of the region are rich in herbaceous plant species, but virtually nothing is known about how deer browsing may influence the structure and function of these systems. Moreover, reliable techniques for assessing and monitoring deer impacts on riparian forests are lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether the common riparian herbaceous plant turtlehead, Chelone glabra L., is a useful indicator species with which to assess and monitor the intensity of deer browsing in the herbaceous layer of Allegheny Plateau riparian forests. The percentage of C. glabra stems browsed by deer was significantly correlated with intensity of browsing on the herbaceous community during one sample period, but stem height, an attribute used widely in other studies of browse indicator species, was poorly correlated with intensity of browsing. Three other herbaceous plant species, Aster divaricatus L., A. prenanthoides Muhl. and Impatiens capensis Meerb., were preferentially browsed by deer and show promise for use as indicators of browsing intensity in riparian forests. Variability in deer browsing intensity on C. glabra across sites and sample periods suggests that use of an assemblage of herbaceous browse indicator species is preferable to sole reliance on C. glabra for assessing and monitoring browsing impact.
Spatial and temporal variation in plant hydraulic traits and their relevance for climate change impacts on vegetation

Plant hydraulics mediate terrestrial woody plant productivity, influencing global water, carbon, and biogeochemical cycles, as well as ecosystem vulnerability to drought and climate change. While inter-specific differences in hydraulic traits are widely documented, intra-specific hydraulic variability is less well known and is important for predicting climate change impacts. Here, I present a conceptual framework for this intra-specific hydraulic trait variability, reviewing the mechanisms that drive variability and the consequences for vegetation response to climate change. I performed a meta-analysis on published studies (n = 33) of intra-specific variation in a prominent hydraulic trait - water potential at which 50% stem conductivity is lost (P50) - and compared this variation to inter-specific variability within genera and plant functional types used by a dynamic global vegetation model. I found that intra-specific variability is of ecologically relevant magnitudes, equivalent to c. 33% of the inter-specific variability within a genus, and is larger in angiosperms than gymnosperms, although the limited number of studies highlights that more research is greatly needed. Furthermore, plant functional types were poorly situated to capture key differences in hydraulic traits across species, indicating a need to approach prediction of drought impacts from a trait-based, rather than functional type-based perspective.
Evaluating the potential of fluorinated tyrosines as spectroscopic probes of local protein environments: a UV resonance Raman study.

Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) studies designed to test the utility of fluorinated tyrosines as spectroscopic probes of the local environment are presented. Specifically, resonance Raman spectra of 2-fluoro-l-tyrosine and 3-fluoro-l-tyrosine (3-Yf) obtained with 229 nm excitation are reported. In contrast to the modest environmental dependence of the tyrosine resonance Raman spectrum, the spectrum of 3-Yf is found to be extremely dependent on the hydrogen bonding strength of the surrounding environment. Preliminary ab initio studies suggest that this behavior is due to normal modes having dominant contributions from the C-OH and C-F internal coordinates. Hydrogen bonding to the solvent perturbs the internal coordinate energetics and/or couplings, thereby altering the character of the normal modes and the corresponding transition frequencies and/or intensities. In addition to the solvent studies, 3-Yf is site specifically incorporated into the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) 100−107 peptide which binds to...
Choice as an Interdisciplinary Area

Choice as act and as field, 106. — The culture-centric predicament, 107. — Lack of communication between economist and psychologist, 108. — Part of the anthropologist, 109. — Beginnings of integration, 110. — The motive to integration, 112.
The behavioural wedge

When nations fail to agree, can individual citizens make a difference? The third of our post-Copenhagen features is by Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Dietz, Gerald T. Gardner, Paul C. Stern, and Michael P. Vandenbergh. They look at the effects that voluntary actions by individuals can have, and at the policies that can best encourage such actions.
Unified analysis of tracing and tracking error

Tracing and tracking errors in phonograph reproduction are shown to have a common basis of analysis, the skew transformation, and the distortion arising from these errors to be due solely to phase perturbation. The phase-perturbation model is used to show the principles by which compensating schemes must be governed. Formulas are given for the distortion arising from the joint application of tracing and tracking error, and the recording-velocity restrictions so implied are plotted. In the Appendix, a means for obtaining exact closed-form Fourier analyses is explained and results quoted.