cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MONETIZATION AND GROWTH IN COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND, 1703-1749

Abstract We examine econometrically the real effects of paper money's introduction into colonial New England over the 1703–1749 period. Departing from earlier analyses that focus primarily on the depreciation of paper money in the region, we show that expansion of the money stock promoted growth in modern sector activity and not the other way around. We also find that bills emitted for seigniorage purposes had a positive effect on the modern sector, while bills issued through loan banks did not.
Cognitive Biases in Governing: Technology Preferences in Election Administration

Cognitive biases are heuristics that shape individual preferences and decisions in a way that is at odds with means-end rationality. The effects of cognitive biases on governing are underexplored. The authors study how election administrators’ cognitive biases shape their preferences for e-voting technology using data from a national survey of local election officials. The technology acceptance model, which employs a rational, means-end perspective, suggests that the perceived benefits of e-voting machines explain their popularity. But findings indicate that cognitive biases also play a role, even after controlling for the perceived benefits and costs of the technology. The findings point to a novel cognitive bias that is of particular interest to research on e-government: officials who have a general faith in technology are attracted to more innovative alternatives. The authors also find that local election officials who prefer e-voting machines do so in part because they overvalue the technology they already possess and because they are overly confident in their own judgment.
Theories of Poverty/The Poverty of Theory

You never give me your money You only give me your funny paper And in the middle of negotiations You break down. - PAUL MCCARTNEY1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 382 II. WHY THEORY 386 A. Why Theory Is Necessary 387 B. Why Theory Is Problematic 390 III. THEORIES OF POVERTY 391 A. Liberal Theory 391 1. The Moral Duty to the Poor 395 2. The Rights of the Poor 399 3. Poverty and Utility 402 4. How Liberal Theories Add Up, and Why They Fall Short 407 B. Liberalism's Discontents 411 1. The Theocrats 411 2. The Radicals 413 3. The Skeptics 415 IV. THE POVERTY OF THEORY 419 A. Being Creates Consciousness 420 B. "All That Is Solid Melts into Air" 424 V. CONCLUSION 428 I. INTRODUCTION The world has never been richer.2 At the same time, the number of people living in poverty has increased by almost 100 million3 and the chasm between the rich and the poor has become unfathomable. In 2004, 969 million people lived on less than a dollar a day.4 As former World Bank President Robert McNamara summed up, these people experience "a condition of life so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, disease, squalid surroundings, high infant mortality and low life expectancy as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency."5 Yet there are more billionaires than ever before,6 people who have more money than some less developed countries,7 people who, as Barack Obama put it, "make more in [ten] minutes than a worker makes in [ten] months."8 As a recent United Nations University study explained, global wealth is distributed as "if one person in a group of ten takes 99% of the total pie and the other nine share the remaining 1%."9 Few argue that this is inevitable10 or unimportant,11 but there is little consensus on how to proceed. What should be done?12 Who should do it? These questions should not be left entirely to politicians,13 economists,14 and celebrities.15 Rather, theory can illuminate what has become a series of heated but murky arguments.16 It can clarify the possibilities.17 Part II of this Article explains why theory in general is both necessary and problematic in this context. Part III explains how liberal theories in particular dominate post-Cold War poverty law, as shown in three major legal instruments. It then introduces other theories of poverty, those of liberalism's "discontents,"18 conspicuously absent from post-Cold War poverty law. Part IV, explains why theory itself is impoverished in two distinct senses. First, as Marx noted 150 years ago, "being creates consciousness."19 That is, theory is the result of material, historical conditions rather than a force capable of transforming them. Second, because of the particular historical conditions that exist now, including the absence of the discontents, under international law the rich North has no legal obligation to aid the poor South. …
How Does Occupational Access for Older Workers Differ by Education

To assess the employment opportunities of older job-changers in the years prior to retirement, this study examines the how the breadth of occupations in which they find employment narrows as they age past their prime working years and how this differs by gender and educational attainment. The results indicate that workers who change jobs in their early 50s find employment in a reasonably similar set of occupations as prime-age workers, with opportunities narrowing at older ages. They also indicate that job opportunities broadened significantly for better-educated older workers since the late 1990s. While job opportunities now narrow significantly for less-educated men in their late 50s, this narrowing primarily occurs in the early 60s for women and better-educated men. In contrast to previous research, the study finds that employer policies that emphasize hiring from within are less important barriers to the hiring of older job-seekers. The study also finds that the narrowing of job opportunities is associated with a general decline in job quality as measured by median occupational earnings, a decline associated with differences in occupational skill requirements and the underlying economic environment. These results suggest that older hiring is not as limited to a select few occupations as it had been in previous decades, and that policy reforms aimed at increasing opportunities and improving labor market fluidity might best be served if they focused on less-educated men.
Two Aspects of Alien Species Management in a Seaport : Ship Classification and Ship Inspection Costs

The many aspects of alien species management normally all involve decision making over time and under uncertainty. Therefore, in this note, we focus on an arbitrary seaport in a country called Home and we conduct a dynamic and stochastic analysis of two questions that have received insufficient attention in the extant literature on alien species management. First, we provide a particular way of classifying ships that enter the Home seaport from K possible countries in the time interval [0, t]. Second, we characterize the total cost of inspecting the ships that arrive in the Home seaport during the same time interval [0, t].JEL Classification: F180, Q200, Q560
Political Capital in the 21st Century: Presidential Grassroots Lobbying Organizations in the Obama Administration

This article advances the study of presidential leadership by analyzing the circumstances under which Organizing for America/Organizing for Action (OFA) mobilized core supporters of President Barac...
The Term Structures of Coentropy in International Financial Markets

We propose a new entropy-based correlation measure (coentropy) to evaluate the performance of international asset pricing models. Coentropy captures the codependence of two random variables beyond ...
Three views on the ethics of tax evasion

In 1944, Martin Crowe, a Catholic priest, wrote a doctoral dissertation tided The Moral Obligation of Paying Just Taxes. His dissertation summarized and analyzed 500 years of theological and philosophical debate on this topic, much of which took place in Latin. Since Crowe's dissertation, not much has been written on the topic of tax evasion from an ethical perspective, with a few exceptions. In 1998 and 1999, a few articles were published on the ethics of tax evasion in the Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy. An edited book on this topic was published in 1998. The present paper summarizes, updates and expands on Crowe's work and the other more recent work that has been published on this topic. Three basic views on the ethics of tax evasion have emerged over the centuries. This article presents and critiques those three views and raises some questions about points that have not yet been explored in the literature.
Subsidizing rent-seeking: Antidumping protection and the Byrd Amendment

Abstract This paper argues that a recent U.S. law, which distributes the tariff revenue resulting from successful antidumping petitions to firms that supported the petitions, increases the amount of antidumping protection requested by U.S. firms in two ways. First, by increasing the total benefits accruing to industries filing successful petitions, the law subsidizes rent-seeking. Second, by awarding these subsidies only to those firms that actively support the petition, it mitigates the free rider problem traditionally associated with collective actions. Empirical results provide strong evidence that industries have filed more antidumping petitions under the new law. Moreover, the average proportion of firms in the industry filing these petitions increased under the law, suggesting that the law at least partially alleviates free riding incentives.
Wall Street as Yossarian: The Other Effects of the Rajaratnam Insider Trading Conviction

The storied literary diversion may highlight the good fortune of those evading government prosecution of financial crimes in 2011, a year that fulfilled the promise that observers of hedge fund discipline would similarly see things twice. To wit, in May 2011, a Manhattan jury convicted billionaire hedge fund entrepreneur Raj Rajaratnam of fourteen counts of conspiracy and securities fraud. 3 Chief among these convictions was the crime of insider trading. 4 The case punctuated two years of criminal actions based upon insider trading allegations by the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, who had called
The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era

Abstract A combination of voluntary enlistment, armed forces eligibility criteria, and the failure of draftees to avoid conscription jointly determined the racial composition of the Vietnam era armed forces. Administrative data show that men with draft lottery numbers that put them at high risk of conscription are overrepresented among men who voluntarily enlisted in the military but that the effect of the lottery on enlistment is stronger for Whites than for non-Whites. Minimum chi-squared estimates of enlistment models for the 1971 draft lottery suggest that non-Whites were more likely than Whites to prefer enlistment to a civilian career. This finding appears to explain racial differences in the effect of the lottery on enlistment. Contrary to the findings of a recent congressional study, the Vietnam era estimates presented here suggest that conscription of a relatively small number of Whites and non-Whites in a manner proportional to their prevalence in the population might substantially reduce non-Wh...
Bias Reduction in Dynamic Panel Data Models by Common Recursive Mean Adjustment

The within-group estimator (same as the least squares dummy variable estimator) of the dominant root in dynamic panel regression is known to be biased downwards. This article studies recursive mean adjustment (RMA) as a strategy to reduce this bias for AR(p) processes that may exhibit cross-sectional dependence. Asymptotic properties for N,T→∞ jointly are developed. When ( log 2T)(N/T)→ζ, where ζ is a non-zero constant, the estimator exhibits nearly negligible inconsistency. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the RMA estimator performs well in terms of reducing bias, variance and mean square error both when error terms are cross-sectionally independent and when they are not. RMA dominates comparable estimators when T is small and/or when the underlying process is persistent.
Taking Tort Law Seriously in the Alien Tort Statute

This paper, which was prepared for a conference on "Corporate Liability for Grave Breaches of International Law" held at Brooklyn Law School, looks at the problem of identifying the source of claims for civil redress under the Alien Tort Statute ("ATS"). In the recent South African ATS case, the Second Circuit noted that the plaintiffs' ability to hold the defendant corporations liable for aiding and abetting depended in on the source of the definition of aiding and abetting. A definition based on the domestic law of torts (e.g. the Restatement) would have provided a more plaintiff-friendly rule than a definition based on international human rights law (e.g. the Rome Statute). In this article I note that, although the Second Circuit was wrong in its particulars (it turns out that the definition of aiding and abetting in the Restatement is virtually identical to the definition accepted as a matter of practice in international law), the question posed by the Second Circuit is an important one to answer, since there will be circumstances when the source of the tort law in the ATS will matter a great deal. I argue against what I call the "two step" approach: the view that, once jurisdiction is established under the ATS, the defendant may be held liable for any tort that is causally related to the international law violation that created the jurisdiction. I will argue, instead, that there must be substantive alignment between the grant of jurisdiction and the interest violated which gives a right to redress to the plaintiff. I conclude by arguing that federal courts must take into account transnational tort principles when identifying the "tort" in the ATS, and that may sometimes produce rights to redress that are not identical to analogous tort claims under the Restatement.
Trust among Strangers

The paper presents a simulation of the dynamics of impersonal trust. It shows how a “trust and reciprocate” norm can emerge and stabilize in populations of conditional cooperators. The norm, or behavioral regularity, is not to be identified with a single strategy. It is instead supported by several conditional strategies that vary in the frequency and intensity of sanctions.
Generalized coarse matching

Abstract This paper analyzes the problem of matching two heterogeneous populations, such as men and women. If the payoff from a match exhibits complementarities, it is well known that, absent any friction, positive assortative matching is optimal. Coarse matching refers to a situation in which the populations are sorted into a finite number of classes and then randomly matched within these classes. We derive upper bounds on the fraction of the total efficiency loss of n-class coarse matching, which is proportional to 1 / n 2 . Our result substantially enlarges the scope of matching problems in which the performance of coarse matching can be assessed.
Surviving a Standards War: Lessons Learned from the Life and Death of DIVX

In April 1997, a consortium of hardware manufacturers and movie studios launched the DVD format. By that fall, electronics retailing giant Circuit City announced its intentions to launch a partially incompatible format known as DIVX. This Paper assesses Circuit City’s strategy to establish the dominant standard for digital video technology. We identify several key principles that any firm must consider when deciding how to compete in a market with evolving standards. We argue that virtually all of these factors weighed in against Circuit City, so that its effort was destined to fail.
HIPAA Turns 10: Analyzing the Past, Present and Future Impact

This essay, written in a journalistic style, examines HIPAA over the past decade. The essay discusses the creation of HIPAA, the evolution of HHS enforcement, the impact of the HITECH Act, and the overall influence and effect of HIPAA on healthcare providers and organizations using medical data. Professor Solove combines analysis with interviews of key regulators and practitioners.
Design of Investment Promotion Policies

Over the last 20 years, developing countries have experienced the massive shift of financing and the operation of infrastructure from the public to the private sector. The paper analyzes how the government agency should structure the investment promotion policy. I develop a sequential contracting model between the government, investors and infrastructure providers and derive several properties of the optimal policy. The policy leaves investors uncertain about the project type and prescribes different levels of government support, in the form of tax or price distortions. However, the optimal policy does not change the expectations of investors about distribution of project returns. I characterize how the optimal policy depends on the revenue generation preferences of the government and the profitability of infrastructure projects in the country.
Birth Registration: An Essential First Step Toward Ensuring the Rights of All Children

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ AmericanUniversity Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Human Rights Brief by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contactfbrown@wcl.american.edu.
Federalism and Family Status

The myth of family law’s inherent localism is sticky. In the past, it was common to hear sweeping claims about the exclusively local nature of all family matters. In response to persuasive critiques, a narrower iteration of family law localism emerged. The new, refined version acknowledges the existence of some federal family law but contends that certain “core” family law matters—specifically, family status determinations—are inherently local. I call this family status localism. Proponents of family status localism rely on history, asserting that the federal government has always deferred to state family status determinations. Family status localism made its most recent appearance (although surely not its last) in the litigation challenging section 3 of The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). This Article accomplishes two mains goals. The first goal is doctrinal. This Article undermines the resilient myth of family law localism by uncovering a long history of federal family status determinations. Although the federal government often defers to state family status determinations, this Article shows that there are many circumstances in which the federal government instead relies on its own family status definitions. The second goal of this Article is normative. Having shown that Congress does not categorically lack power over family status determinations, this Article begins a long-overdue conversation about whether the federal government should make such determinations. Here, the Article brings family law into the rich, ongoing federalism debate—a debate that, until now, has largely ignored family law matters. In so doing, this Article seeks to break down the deeply rooted perception that family law is a doctrine unto itself, unaffected by developments in other areas, and unworthy of serious consideration by others.
The Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations (Nordreg) and the Law of the Sea

This article explores the nature of Canada’s laws and regulations governing the Northern Canada Vessel Services Zone Regulations (nordreg) within the context of the international law of the sea. It provides context for the response to nordreg by the United States, and forecasts the impact of nordreg on future shipping regulations in the Arctic Ocean more generally. As Arctic nations develop shipping regulations, Canadian statutes—and their intersection with the international law of the sea and the rules adopted by the International Maritime Organization—are instructive for ensuring safety and security in the unique marine polar environment.
Short Selling and Tax Disclosure: Evidence from Regulation SHO

We use a regulatory shock to examine the extent to which the prospect of short selling affects tax disclosure. From May 2005 to August 2007, the SEC initiated a pilot program under Regulation SHO, which temporarily exempted one-third of the firms in the Russell 3000 index from short sale price tests, reducing the cost of short selling of pilot firms. We predict and find that before the pilot program, the disclosure attributes of the income tax footnotes of pilot firms are similar to non-pilot firms. During the pilot program, the readability of the income tax footnotes increases for pilot firms, and the choice of words describing tax activities changed for tax sensitive pilot firms. In further tests, we observe a stronger effect among pilot firms led by senior executives whose stock and option portfolio is more sensitive to changes in stock price. After the pilot program ends, the differences between pilot and non-pilot firms disappear. Overall, the results suggest that the prospect of short selling affects tax disclosure.
First-mover advantage, time to finance, and cash holdings

Abstract We examine the strategic role of cash in a two-stage competition model featuring a first-mover advantage in product markets and time delays in outside financing. Due to the joint effect of the first-mover advantage, time to finance, market profitability, participation cost, and the arrival rate of investment opportunities, large cash holdings can arise in equilibrium in both concentrated and diffuse industries, leading to a rich relation between industry concentration and cash holdings. The model also reveals novel interactions of these drivers of cash holdings that are consistent with empirical evidence. Furthermore, despite that cash is held to enable fast responses to investment opportunities, the correlation between cash holdings and realized investment is low. Our model provides an explanation for the large variation in cash holdings across industries and over time, and the strong correlation between cash holdings and R&D.
Enforcing the ABA Guidelines in Capital State Post-Conviction Proceedings After Martinez and Pinholster

This piece, published in Part 1 of Hofstra Law Review’s symposium marking the tenth anniversary of the ABA’s Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, considers the converging pressures now impelling the states to provide the effective assistance of counsel in state capital post-conviction proceedings. On the one hand, Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. 1309 (2012) - a case that will likely be expanded to a number of additional procedural and substantive contexts - warns the states that if they fail to provide such counsel, their capital convictions will be subject to searching federal review. On the other hand, Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S.Ct. 1388 (2011), offers the states the promise that if they do provide such counsel their capital convictions will be very deferentially treated on federal review. Thus, the forces of federalism may cause the states to adopt a beneficial reform that the Supreme Court has been unwilling to mandate under the Constitution.
The reaction of European credit default swap spreads to the U.S. credit rating downgrade

Abstract Using data consisting of Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads, this study examines CDS spreads for nearly all European countries surrounding the August 5th, 2011 sovereign credit rating downgrade of the United States. While U.S. CDS spreads remained at relatively normal levels, we find a surge in European CDS spreads during the ten-day period surrounding the U.S. downgrade. At their highest level during this ten-day period, CDS spreads were nearly 25% higher than normal indicating that the CDS market perceived that the U.S. downgrade dramatically affected the likelihood of default in European countries. We show that European countries with the smallest GDP per capita and countries that had not recently been downgraded had the largest increase in CDS spreads. Our multivariate tests also show that countries that use the EURO also had the largest increases in CDS spreads.
Are IVF risk-sharing programs ethical?

Risk-sharing programs for in vitro fertilization can be ethical if they are not offered to patients for whom they are not appropriate, if fees are not set in a way that promotes the practice's interests at the expense of the patient's, and if physicians do not change their practice methods inappropriately to attempt to avoid giving refunds.
The Environment and Development: Which Way Now?

In recent times, there has been considerable interest in issues at the interface of the environment and development. In this paper, I review four prominent recent books about the environment and development. In particular, I analyze the contributions of these four books with regard to (i) the existence of complex links between the environment and development, (ii) the relationship between poverty and the state of the environment, and (iii) the importance of understanding and taking proper account of the role of local people in the design and implementation of development projects.
The Inquest and the Virtues of Soft Adjudication

An inquest is a quasi-judicial proceeding resulting in a verdict as to the cause and manner of a suspicious or unusual death. Inquests are an important feature of most common-law legal systems, but have been ignored by American legal scholars for decades. In fact, inquests continue to be held in some American localities. Inquests are intriguing partly because they are inquisitorial proceedings in stereotypically adversarial common law systems. Their determinations do not directly affect anyone’s legal rights or duties, but may be highly consequential. This Article uncovers the American inquest, and explores the case for revamping and reviving the institution. Precisely because their verdicts do not carry coercive consequences, the Article contends, inquests can aim more squarely than other legal proceedings at establishing the truth about a contested event. Accordingly, they have significant advantages in the furtherance of important societal goals, including accountability for wrongful deaths, the collection and dissemination of information about risky activities, and helping the deceased’s family come to terms with a traumatic death. The Article focuses on one particular area where suitably designed inquests could be particularly effective: deaths at the hands of police and prison officers. More broadly, the inquest is an example of legal institutions providing non-binding-yet-formal-pronouncements about past events, a phenomenon I call “soft adjudication.”
Are CFOs’ Trades More Informative Than CEOs’ Trades?

We investigate whether trades made by chief financial officers (CFOs) reveal more information about future stock returns than those by chief executive officers (CEOs). We find that CFOs earn statistically and economically higher abnormal returns following their purchases of company shares than CEOs. During 1992–2002, CFOs earned an average 12-month excess return that is 5% higher than that by CEOs. The superior performance by CFOs occurs notwithstanding controls for risk factors and persists even after their trades are publicly disclosed. Further analysis shows that CFO purchases are associated with more positive future earnings surprises than CEO purchases, suggesting that CFOs incorporate better information about future earnings.
Collective action, political parties and pro-development public policy

Broad consensus exists that the ability of political actors to make credible commitments is key to development. An important and little-explored determinant of the credibility of political commitments is the existence of organizations that facilitate citizen collective action to sanction political actors who renege. This paper focuses on one essential organization, the political party. Three measures of political parties are used to assess cross-country differences in the degree to which politicians facilitate the ability of citizens to act in their collective interest. Each of these measures is associated with superior development outcomes, above and beyond the effects of competitive elections. These results have implications for understanding the extraordinary economic success of some East Asian countries and notable lags among others: East Asian non-democracies exhibit more institutionalized ruling parties than other non-democracies, while East Asian democracies exhibit equally or less institutionalized parties. The evidence suggests that greater research and policy emphasis be placed on the organizational characteristics of countries that allow citizens to hold leaders accountable.
Misunderstanding Civil Forfeiture: Addressing Misconceptions About Civil Forfeiture with a Focus on the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act

The constitutionality and fairness of civil forfeiture, as codified by the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act, was investigated. Popular criticisms were given due contemplation and common misperceptions were addressed. In the context of the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act, civil forfeiture was found to be a fair and lawful means of achieving a legitimate and increasingly relevant goal.
Designing Organizations for Exploration and Exploitation

All organizations face the core challenge of deciding on investments in two very different types of activities: exploration and exploitation. Exploration activities are future-oriented, such as developing new capabilities, experimenting with new technologies, and pursuing new customers and markets. Exploitation activities, in contrast, focus on the refinement of existing competencies, processes, and products. Because an organization’s design should reflect its goals, it is difficult to accommodate exploration and exploitation activities within a single organization. This article discusses four major approaches used to tackle this problem, and notes the strengths and limitations of each approach.
The Trouble With Shadow Government

The terrorist attacks of September 11 and the subsequent War Against Terrorism have raised in many minds the possibility of a massive, perhaps nuclear, terrorist attack laying waste to all of Washington, D.C., killing the President and Vice President and destroying Congress and the federal government. President Bush's "shadow government," composed of members from each federal executive agency working from an undisclosed secure location, ready to step-in in the wake of an attack, reflects this newfound concern with continuity in the federal government. This Article considers the constitutional and structural problems raised by the terrorist attack scenario and the plans for government continuity. First, President Bush's plan (details of which have not been shared with the public) does not obviously provide for the safety of a proper statutory successor to the President, one person who will assume and exercise the "executive power" under the Constitution. Second, the plan does not appear to provide for continuity of Congress, but instead assumes that the executive branch alone provides sufficient continuity in the federal government without a functioning legislative branch. Third, there has been no discussion of the more important aspect of government continuity, the repopulation of the federal government and the replacement of those high officials in both political branches killed in any attack so as to bring the government up to full working speed. Most importantly, repopulation demands action not by the federal government, but by the several States, which are responsible for choosing, or controlling the process of choosing, new members of Congress and new Electors to choose a new President. This Article then suggests how succession, continuity, and, most importantly, repopulation of the federal government should function, through several proposed constitutional amendments and statutory changes that will enable the governmental structure to handle the new contingency and survive in a structurally and constitutionally sound and consistent form.
Sex-selective abortion bans are not associated with changes in sex ratios at birth among Asian populations in Illinois and Pennsylvania

Legal prohibitions on sex-selective abortions are proliferating in the United States. Eight state legislatures have banned abortions sought on the basis of the sex of the fetus, 21 states have considered such laws since 2009, and a similar bill is pending in U.S. Congress. These laws have been introduced and enacted without any empirical data about their impact or effectiveness. Prior studies of U.S. Census data found sex ratios among foreign-born Chinese, Korean and Indian immigrants were skewed in favor of boys, but only in families where there were already one or two girls. Using the variation in the timing of bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania as natural experiments, we compare the pre-ban and post-ban sex ratios of certain Asian newborn children in these states over 12-year periods. We then compare these ratios with the sex ratios of Asian newborn children in neighboring states during the same period. We find that the bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania are not associated with any changes in sex ratios at birth among Asians. In Illinois and its neighboring states, the sex ratio at birth of Asian children was not male-biased during our study period. On the other hand, the sex ratio at birth among Asians in Pennsylvania and its neighboring states was skewed slightly in favor of boys, but the enactment of the ban did not normalize the sex ratio. This strongly suggests that sex-selective abortion bans have had no impact on the practice of sex selection, to the extent that it occurs, in these states. This finding is highly relevant to legislative and policy debates in the U.S. Congress and state legislatures where sex-selective abortion laws are being considered.
Post-9/11 Veterans: Welcoming Them Home as Colleagues and Clients

Patricia E. Roberts*I. Introduction 772II. Our Post-9/1 1 Veterans 774A. Post-9/11 GI Bill 777B. The Post-9/11 Student Veteran 781III. Cultural Competence 787IV. Military and Veteran Culture 790V. Meeting the Needs of Our Student Veterans 793A. Create a Culture of Trust and Connectedness Across the Campus Community to Promote Well-being and Success for Veterans 795B. Ensure Consistent and Sustained Support from Campus Leadership 798C. Implement an Early Alert System to Ensure All Veterans Receive Academic, Career, and Financial Advice Before Challenges Become Overwhelming.........7991. Advising 7992. Counseling 801D. Coordinate and Centralize Campus Efforts for All Veterans, Together with the Creation of a Designated Space for Them (Even if Limited in Size) 8041. Veterans Center 8042. Coordinated Services 806E. Collaborate with Local Communities and Organizations, Including Government Agencies, to Align and Coordinate Various Services for Veterans 807F. Utilize a Uniform Set of Data Tools to Collect and Track Information on Veterans, Including Demographics, Retention, and Degree Completion........810G. Provide Comprehensive Professional Development for Faculty and Staff on Issues and Challenges Unique to Veterans 810H. Develop Systems That Ensure Sustainability of Effective Practices for Veterans 813VI. Veterans as Clients 814A. Legal Needs of Veterans 8141. Disability Claims Are Increasingly Complex 8162. Education Challenges 8193. Employment Obstacles 8194. Health Benefits 821B. Meeting the Needs of Veteran Clients 8221. Volunteer Services in Lawyer's Area of Practice 8232. VA Medical Center Legal Clinics 8243. Veteran Treatment Courts 8244. Disability Compensation Benefits 8255. Law Schools Serving Veterans 827VII. Working with Veterans as Colleagues and Clients 830VIII. Conclusion 834I. IntroductionThe almost 2.7 million veterans who have deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, and other combat zones are returning to our communities and to our classrooms.1 These veterans face multiple challenges in reintegrating with their families and communities, from the impact of disabilities and moral injuries sustained during war and the demands of their rehabilitation, to finding appropriate training opportunities and employment, to addressing their unmet legal needs. They are returning to a grateful nation, but one hardly impacted on a day-to-day basis by the sacrifices being made by the approximately 1% of our population who serve.2 It is incumbent on us as a society to assist veterans in their return to civilian life, to embrace them in our communities, to seek to understand and appreciate their sacrifices, and to aid them in their continued struggles. They are our heroes, and they deserve nothing less.With the increased number of veterans taking advantage of the Post-9/11 GI Bill and the expansion of the Yellow Ribbon Program, educators will see more veterans in their classrooms. …
GALOIS FIELD QUANTUM MECHANICS

We construct a discrete quantum mechanics (QM) using a vector space over the Galois field GF(q). We find that the correlations in our model do not violate the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) version of Bell's inequality, despite the fact that the predictions of this discrete QM cannot be reproduced with any hidden variable theory.
Racial capitalism, climate justice, and climate displacement

This article expands our understanding of climate justice by demonstrating how racial subordination, environmental degradation, and the fossil fuel-based capitalist world economy are interrelated. It uses these insights to critique the emerging legal and policy responses to climate change-induced displacement and to examine alternative approaches emerging from climate-vulnerable states and peoples. The article argues that racialized communities all over the world have borne the brunt of carbon capitalism from cradle (extraction of fossil fuels) to grave (climate change) and that a race-conscious analysis of climate change and climate displacement can reveal the commonalities among seemingly distinct forms of oppression in order to forge the alliances necessary to achieve just and emancipatory outcomes. Este articulo amplia nuestra comprension de la justicia climatica al demostrar como la subordinacion racial, la degradacion medioambiental y la economia mundial capitalista basada en los combustibles fosiles estan relacionados entre si. Se parte de estos enfoques para criticar las respuestas emergentes de tipo juridico y politico al desplazamiento provocado por el cambio climatico y para analizar abordajes alternativos provenientes de estados y pueblos vulnerables por el clima. El articulo argumenta que las sociedades racializadas de todo el mundo son las mayores damnificadas por el capitalismo basado en el carbon, desde la cuna (extraccion de combustibles fosiles) hasta la tumba (cambio climatico) y que un analisis del cambio climatico y del desplazamiento subsiguiente que tenga en cuenta la raza revela las caracteristicas comunes de formas aparentemente distintas de opresion, de cara a forjar las alianzas necesarias para conseguir resultados justos y emancipatorios. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1137
Integrating Linguistics, Social Structure, and Geography to Model Genetic Diversity within India

India represents an intricate tapestry of population substructure shaped by geography, language, culture, and social stratification. Although geography closely correlates with genetic structure in other parts of the world, the strict endogamy imposed by the Indian caste system and the large number of spoken languages add further levels of complexity to understand Indian population structure. To date, no study has attempted to model and evaluate how these factors have interacted to shape the patterns of genetic diversity within India. We merged all publicly available data from the Indian subcontinent into a data set of 891 individuals from 90 well-defined groups. Bringing together geography, genetics, and demographic factors, we developed Correlation Optimization of Genetics and Geodemographics to build a model that explains the observed population genetic substructure. We show that shared language along with social structure have been the most powerful forces in creating paths of gene flow in the subcontinent. Furthermore, we discover the ethnic groups that best capture the diverse genetic substructure using a ridge leverage score statistic. Integrating data from India with a data set of additional 1,323 individuals from 50 Eurasian populations, we find that Indo-European and Dravidian speakers of India show shared genetic drift with Europeans, whereas the Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal groups have maximum shared genetic drift with East Asians.
Duty to the Unborn: A Response to Smolensky

This article responds to Professor Kirsten Smolensky's article in Hastings Law Journal titled Creating Children with Disabilities: Parental Tort Liability for Preimplantation Genetic Interventions by arguing in favor of creating a duty for individuals to act as reasonably prudent parents with respect to their preimplantation reproductive decisions. In addition, the article advocates use of a balancing test to determine the reasonableness of parents' choices when compared to the risks associated with using genetic testing and assisted reproductive technologies. The article concludes with an argument for national regulation as the primary social response to challenges associated with assisted reproductive technology rather than tort liability.
Does institutional ownership predict mutual fund performance? An examination of undiscovered holdings within 13(f) reports

We show that institutional ownership in mutual funds predicts mutual fund performance. Our measure of institutional ownership is directly from institutions’ 13(f) filings and it provides a broader picture of institutional investment in mutual funds than existing studies. We find that funds held by institutions perform better than funds not held by institutions for at least three years. Such outperformance is not subsumed by fund styles, common fund characteristics, and existing performance predictors documented in the literature. Moreover, we find that the outperformance of institution-held funds coincides with institutions’ stock picking skills and their buy trades.
Sentencing discretion and burdens of proof

Abstract In the US, judges typically retain sentencing discretion in criminal cases, but in some states this discretion is given to juries. One criticism of jury sentencing is that jurors will be tempted to issue “compromise verdicts,” where they return a guilty verdict but a light sentence when they are uncertain about the facts of a case. A simple expected utility model shows that any fact finder with sentencing discretion should engage in behavior that is observationally equivalent to a compromise verdict. Intuitively, the fact finder chooses a more lenient sentence than the punishment that fits the crime because he wants to mitigate the potential cost of a wrongful conviction; in turn, a lower cost of a wrongful conviction leads him to reduce his standard of proof. Although critics of jury sentencing intuit the risk of compromise, a bench trial poses the same risk for a judge. Alternatively, the jury trial format (jury verdict, judge sentence) can lessen the risk of compromise if juries are denied punishment information.
On the axioms of topological electromagnetism

The axioms of topological electromagnetism that were given by Hehl, Obukhov, and Rubilar are refined by the use of geometrical and topological notions that are found on orientable manifolds. The central problem of defining the spacetime electromagnetic constitutive law in terms of the geometrical and topological structure of the spacetime manifold is elaborated upon in the linear and nonlinear cases. The manner by which the spacetime metric might follow from the electromagnetic constitutive law is examined in the linear case. The possibility that the intersection form of the spacetime manifold might play a role in defining a topological basis for a nonlinear electromagnetic constitutive law is explored. The manner by which electromagnetic wave motion relates to the geometric structure is also discussed.
Circumstances, Domestic Audiences, and Reputational Incentives in International Crisis Bargaining:

We present a new theory of interstate crisis bargaining. A country’s resolve is a function of intrinsic qualities of the government and external circumstances, both of which are unknown by the domestic electorate and the foreign country. When domestic political debate reveals that circumstances favor the use of force, the government can extract better terms than if circumstances are revealed to be unfavorable. The revelation of circumstances, however, exacerbates reputational incentives. Because governments can no longer hide behind unknown circumstances, voters can better discern the government’s type from its actions, strengthening the incentives to appear resolved. The model bridges the gap between audience costs and its critiques, showing how domestic audiences punish leaders for inappropriate policies rather than empty threats. At the same time, it highlights how the prospects for peace are worse if uncertainty about the circumstances is removed, suggesting that greater transparency does not always p...
Mercy and legal justice

Internal and External Questions. The most profound questions in ethics, social philosophy, and the philosophy of law are foundational; i.e., they are questions that call the entire framework of our ordinary evaluations into doubt in order to determine to what degree, if at all, that framework can be rationally defended. Such questions, called “external” by Rudolf Carnap, are currently dominating my own philosophical reflections and are forcing me to rethink a variety of positions I have in the past defended.
Making the Competition for Health Care Dollars a Fair Fight: The Role of Antitrust Law in Improving Efficiency in the U.S. Health Care Market

In an effort to slow the ever-increasing costs of health care in the United States, the U.S. health policy community has highlighted price transparency as one strategy to give consumers more control over their health care choices. But to empower consumers requires more than just making price information available. In certain markets throughout the country, dominant firms have built up significant market power, which gives them the leverage to effectively neuter any increase in consumer power that would be gained from price transparency. Thus, before a price transparency initiative can be successful, something must be done to break down the market power that stands in the way of consumer choice. This article argues that antitrust law may provide the enforcement tool, or at least the theoretical approach, to facilitate a real effort toward price transparency. It describes several theories under which an antitrust lawsuit could be alleged, ranging from challenges against most-favorednation clauses imposed by insurers to unlawful tying arrangements leveraged by dominant hospital networks, and it analyzes the legal and policy implications of these claims. In concluding, this article highlights the best options to address the problems of hidden prices and market inefficiencies in the health care system, arguing that even if antitrust law is not the solution, its rationale and policy justifications should nonetheless support policy efforts to work toward making the price of health care fair, visible, and efficient. * Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Integration of Research on Genetics and Ethics, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University. J.D., University of California, Hastings College of the Law, 2013; B.A., Economics, Stanford University, 2009. Thank you to Jaime King and Morgan Muir for all their work on our price transparency project, without which this article would not have been possible. I would also like to thank David Faigman, Thomas Greaney, and Ann Marie Marciarille for their comments on earlier formulations of the ideas in this article, as well as everyone at the UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium for helping to make this research possible. DEPAUL JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE LAW [VOL. 16.2:107