cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Success factors impacting Latina/o persistence in higher education leading to STEM opportunities

This study investigates how Latina/Latino youth resist, conform to, and persist in schooling, and explores their preparation for an education in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields. Using Latino Critical Race Theory as a framework, evidence of the “sticky mess” of racial inequalities (Espinoza and Harris in Calif Law Rev 10:499–559, 1997) and the concept of community cultural wealth (Yosso in Race Ethn Educ 8:69–91, 2005) will be used to understand how Latina/o students successfully persist in college. Quantitative and qualitative findings collected at two public universities in 2007–2012 show that Latina/o parents play a significant role in influencing their children’s decision to attend college; family, friend and community support and hard work have also been instrumental in college success. This is evident through parents’ encouragement to persist, expectations to do well and students serving as role models for siblings and peers. As policy makers in the educational arena emphasize STEM fields, there is a significant opportunity for Latino students to make valuable contributions.
Predictability requirements of a soft modem

Soft Modems use the main processor to execute modem functions traditionally performed by hardware on the modem card. To function correctly, soft modems require that ongoing signal processing computations be performed on the host CPU in a timely manner. Thus, signal processing is a commonly occurring background real-time application---one running on systems that were not designed to support predictable real-time execution. This paper presents a detailed study of the performance characteristics and resource requirements of a popular soft modem. Understanding these requirements should inform the efforts of those designing and building operating systems needing to support soft modems. Furthermore, we believe that the conclusions of this study also apply to other existing and upcoming soft devices, such as soft Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) cards. We conclude that (1) signal processing in an interrupt handler is not only unnecessary but also detrimental to the predictability of other computations in the system and (2) a real-time scheduler can provide predictability for the soft modem while minimizing its impact on other computations in the system.
Evaluation of the left atrial substrate in patients with lone atrial fibrillation using delayed-enhanced MRI: Implications for disease progression and response to catheter ablation

BACKGROUND Lone atrial fibrillation (AF) is thought to be a benign type or an early stage of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study sought to compare the left atrium (LA) substrate using delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) in patients with lone AF versus those with comorbidities. METHODS Forty of 333 included patients met criteria for lone AF. All patients underwent DE-MRI to quantify atrial fibrosis as a marker for structural remodeling (SRM) and underwent catheter ablation. Based on the degree of SRM, patients were staged into 4 groups: Utah I (5% LA wall enhancement), Utah II (5% to 20%), Utah III (20% to 35%), or Utah IV (35%). RESULTS Distribution in Utah I to IV was comparable in patients with lone AF and non‐lone AF. In both groups, a number of patients showed extensive SRM. Mean enhancement (14.08 8.94 vs. 16.94 11.37) was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P .0721). In the lone AF group, catheter ablation was successful in suppressing AF in all of Utah I, 81.82% of Utah II, 62.5% of Utah III, and none of Utah IV patients. Similar results were achieved in the non‐lone AF group. Outcome after ablation was significantly dependent on the SRM of the LA (P .001). CONCLUSION The degree of LA structural remodeling as detected using DE-MRI is independent of AF type and associated comorbidities. Selecting appropriate treatment candidates based on the quality and quantity of atrial fibrosis using DE-MRI would improve procedural outcome and avoid unnecessary intervention.
The Missouri Botanical Garden: Reworking Biopower as Florapower

In this analysis, the author reviews the origins and operations of a major American establishment for the botanical sciences: the Missouri Botanical Garden. In recounting how the Garden was founded...
Application of Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography to the Study of Volatile Flavor Compounds

Summary Gas-liquid partition chromatography is a relatively new technique holding great promise for the study of volatile compounds. The technique was applied to the ether extract of a starter distillate concentrate. Five fractions were isolated. One of these was identified as ethyl ether, which originated from the experimental procedure. The identities of three, ethyl alcohol, biacetyl, and acetic acid, were confirmed through the formation of derivatives. Methyl acetate was identified by establishing the retention volumes of the unknown and its hydrolysis products as being coincident with the retention volumes of methyl acetate and methyl alcohol and acetic acid, respectively. Although this technique possesses many advantages, it should be recognized that it does possess certain limitations. A few of these are that the limited sample size makes it difficult to recover appreciable amounts of any given component, the sample must be reasonably concentrated and volatile, and it must be stable under the conditions employed. The method does not offer a panacea for all of the problems encountered in the study of volatiles. It can be a powerful and relatively inexpensive tool.
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.

(1997). Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 634-634.
Information and asset prices in complete markets exchange economies

Abstract This note analyzes the effect of public information, called news, on asset price behavior in Markovian (recursive) exchange economies with dynamically complete markets and risk-averse agents. A strong relationship between asset prices in two economies with the same fundamental structure but a different information structure is derived: asset prices in the economy with more information are a weighted average of asset prices in the corresponding economy with less information. This representation theorem implies that the unconditional mean of asset prices is independent of the information structure (news process) and that an increase in agents’ information (a decrease in agents’ forecast error of future dividends and/or discount factors) increases the volatility of asset prices (the unconditional variance of asset prices).
A cryogenic phonon detector with simultaneous measurement of phonons and ionization

Abstract One way to detect dark matter particles from the halo of our galaxy is to detect phonons generated by dark matter particle interaction in a crystal. We report on our efforts to develop a phonon detector operating at 20 mK. We present our recent results on the simultaneous measurement of phonons and ionization, which may provide an effective way to reject background in dark matter search.
The Connection between Adaptability and Reliability

A fundamental point, raised but not pursued, is that each of the evolutionary tendency equations is a single equation in four unknowns, which of course means that the actual magnitudes of the unknowns are undetermined. To make the issue more precise, recall the evolutionary tendency equation in nonhierarchical form: $$H(\hat{\omega }) - H(\hat{\omega }|{{\hat{\omega }}^{*}}) + H({{\hat{\omega }}^{*}}|\hat{\omega }) \to H({{\omega }^{*}})$$ (1)
Polymorphism and the Predictability of Evolution in Fisher?s Geometric Model

Predicting the future evolutionary state of a population is a primary goal of evolutionary biology. One can differentiate between forward and backward predictability, where forward predictability is the probability of the same adaptive outcome occurring in independent evolutionary trials, and backward predictability is the likelihood of a particular adaptive path given the knowledge of the starting and final states. Most studies of evolutionary predictability assume that alleles along an adaptive walk fix in succession with individual adaptive mutations occurring in monomorphic populations. However, in nature, adaptation generally occurs within polymorphic populations, and there are a number of mechanisms by which polymorphisms can be stably maintained by natural selection. Here we investigate the predictability of evolution in monomorphic and polymorphic situations by studying adaptive walks in diploid populations using Fisher's geometric model, which has been previously found to generate balanced polymorphisms through overdominant mutations. We show that overdominant mutations cause a decrease in forward predictability and an increase in backward predictability relative to diploid walks lacking balanced states. We also show that in the presence of balanced polymorphisms, backward predictability analysis can lead to counterintuitive outcomes such as reaching different final adapted population states depending on the order in which mutations are introduced and cases where the true adaptive trajectory appears inviable. As stable polymorphisms can be generated in both haploid and diploid natural populations through a number of mechanisms, we argue that natural populations may contain complex evolutionary histories that may not be easily inferred without historical sampling.
Percutaneous Therapy of a Post-surgical Suboccipital Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula with Fibrin Glue.

SUMMARY The successful therapy of a suboccipital cerebrospinal fluid fistula by the percutaneous introduction of fibrin glue under computed tomographic guidance is described.
Long Term Follow up Results of the Arthroscopic Treatment of the Talus Osteochondral Lesions (Tol) and the Factors that Effect Results

Objectives:The arthroscopic debritment, curettage and multidrilling /microfracture is well known and established method of treatment. However the factors that effect prognosis is still controversy at recent literature. The aim of this study is to present and evaluate the factors that effects the long term follow up results of our patients.Methods:56 patients who admitted to our clinic with chronic ankle pain and diagnosed as TOL treated with arthroscopic debritement, curettage and multidrilling /microfracture between the period of 2005-2010 were evaluated. Arthroscopy performed through the standart portals with knee arthroscopy instruments. The instruments that used for multIdrilling and microfracture were custom maded. The clinical results were evaluated in retrospective manner with face to face and telephone interview.The AOFAS questionary and satisfaction question (subjective ) were asked on patients.Results:The female / male ratio was 29/27. The mean age was 40.5 (Min. 17- Max.70), the mean follow per...
Summer Versus School-Year Alcohol Use Among Mandated College Students

Objective:Longitudinal research examining college students’ alcohol use during the summer months, especially in at-risk individuals, is limited. The current study evaluated changes in mandated college students’ alcohol use and related consequences over the summer.Method:Participants (n = 305, 67% male) who had violated campus alcohol policy and were subsequently mandated to treatment completed follow-up assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months. For the majority of students, one of these follow-up assessments occurred over the summer. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine changes in alcohol use and related consequences during the school year and summer.Results:Participants reported consuming significantly fewer drinks per occasion, reaching lower peak blood alcohol concentrations, and experiencing fewer alcohol-related consequences during the summer months. All outcomes were mediated by summer housing, indicating that summer influenced alcohol use indirectly through participants’ tendency to live at ho...
Why Does the Wronskian Work

(1988). Why Does the Wronskian Work? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 46-49.
Binaries, continuums, and intersections: Women public relations professionals’ understandings of gender:

This qualitative study of 45 women public relations professionals explores how the essentializing of gender shapes the public relations industry. The focus on the meaning-making of women practition...
Computer simulation of neuronal toxicity in the spinal cord.

AbstractThe use of computers to model biological systems is a relatively new research tool. For examplel it is possible to write mathematical systems to model neuronal activity involved in memory and learning and to model blood flow in any organ such as the brain. There is also an interest in designing computer-controlled machines to simulate human activities such as hand movements and vision. One of the most important uses of computer modeling is as a research tool to test hypotheses and aid in formulating new hypotheses. This enables the investigator to apply preliminary tests on several experimental strategies and select for animal experimentation the ones that are most likely to produce unambiguous and interpretable results. In the following articlel we describe a computer model of neuron toxicity in the mammalian spinal cord. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 340–348]
Substantial constructive induction using layered information compression: tractable feature formation in search

This paper addresses a problem of induction (generalization learning) which is more difficult than any comparable work in AI. The subject of the present research is a hard problem of new terms, a task of realistic constructive induction. While the approach is quite general, the system is analyzed and tested in an environment of heuristic search where noise management and incremental learning are necessary. Here constructive induction becomes feature formation from data represented in elementary form. A high-level attribute or feature such as "piece advantage" in checkers is much more abstract than an elementary descriptor or primitive such as contents of a checkerboard square. Features have often been used in evaluation functions; primitives are usually too detailed for this. To create abstract features from primitives (i.e. to restructure data descriptions), a new form of clustering is used which involves layering of knowledge and invariance of utility relationships related to data primitives and task goals. The scheme, which is both model- and data-driven, requires little background, domain-specific knowledge, but rather constructs it. The method achieves considerable generality with superior noise management and low computational complexity. Although the domains addressed are difficult, initial experimental results are encouraging.
Portable radiation-detection instruments for distinguishing nuclear from non-nuclear munitions

The emission of gamma rays and fast neutrons by nuclear materials provides a simple means for distinguishing between real nuclear munitions and other assemblies that are nonnuclear, such as nuclear-explosive-like test assemblies (NELAs) and conventional munitions. The presence or absence of significant numbers of neutrons and characteristic plutonium, gamma rays is a distinguishing attribute for plutonium munitions. The presence of energetic gamma rays from /sup 232/U daughters, if present in sufficient number, is a distinguishing attribute for highly enriched uranium munitions. Some portable instruments are being developed for verifying that munitions are or are not nuclear, and others are already commercially available. The commercial ones have been evaluated for preflight non-nuclear verification of NELAs in Air Force flight tests. >
Xunzi on Self-Cultivation

Xunzi develops an elaborate, systematic, and powerful account of moral self-cultivation, a long-standing Confucian preoccupation. In this chapter I give a rational reconstruction of this account, covering a number of aspects of his presentation. I first survey the historical and cultural context within which Xunzi developed his views, then outline the overall shape and trajectory of his account of moral development, which is correlated closely with his understanding of human nature and psychology. I then analyze his account of how the crucial practices of study, ritual, and music and dance contribute to the transformation of people from our initial pettiness to states of increasing wisdom and goodness, which Xunzi arranges into an explicit hierarchy of ethical achievement. I close with a consideration of notable strengths and weaknesses of Xunzi’s account, considered from a contemporary perspective.
Social Paleoethnobotany: New Contributions to Archaeological Theory and Practice

The field of paleoethnobotany has advanced greatly over the past century not just as a methodological specialization but also as a contributor to archaeological theory. Since its initial focus on diet, environment, and plant domestication, it has expanded to consider issues of social and political dynamics in past human societies. This volume presents some of the current trends in social paleoethnobotany. The authors address several themes including: the collection of wild resources, the domestication of crops, the spread of agriculture, the role of plant remains in questions regarding domestic life, ritual, and gender as well as the broader implications for a socially engaged paleoethnobotany. These studies point a path forward for paleoethnobotany, one that is methodologically rigorous and theoretically engaged in a constantly evolving field.
Does Checklist Implementation Improve Quantity of Data Transfer: An Observation in Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)

Background: Omission of patient information in perioperative communication is closely linked to adverse events. Use of checklists to standardize the handoff in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) has been shown to effectively reduce medical errors. Objective: Our study investigates the use of a checklist to improve quantity of data transfer during handoffs in the PACU. Design: A cross-sectional observational study. Setting: PACU at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC); June 13, 2016 through July 15, 2016. Patients, other participants: We observed the handoff reports between the nurses, PACU midlevel providers, anesthesia staff, and surgical staff. Intervention: A physical checklist was provided to all anesthesia staff and recommended to adhere to the list at all observed PACU handoffs. Main outcome measure: Quantity of reported handoff items during 60 pre- and 60 post-implementation of a checklist. Results: Composite value from both surgical and anesthesia reports showed an increase in the mean report of 8.7 items from pre-implementation period to 10.9 post-implementation. Given that surgical staff reported the mean of 5.9 items pre-implementation and 5.5 items post-implementation without intervention, improvements in anesthesia staff report with intervention improved the overall handoff data transfer. Conclusions: Using a physical 12-item checklist for PACU handoff increased overall data transfer.
Detection of major impact damage to composite aerospace structures by ultrasonic guided waves and statistical signal processing

Abstract The detection of major damage to composite aerospace structures, specifically damage to skins, stringers and frames, remains a challenge of NDE tests performed from the skin side. Damage to the internal structures can be caused, for example, by ground vehicle impacts which are characterized by large impact force magnitudes with relatively long time scales. An approach will be presented to detect such damage by accessing the skin side, based on an ultrasonic guided wave differential scheme. Statistical processing is applied to the measurements to normalize the test for the normal “baseline” of the test structure so as to maximize the Probability Of Detection (POD) and minimize the Probability of False Alarms (PFA). The performance of the proposed method is quantified by the computation of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves that show the compromise between POD and PFA obtainable with varying detection thresholds. In addition, the potential for utilizing air-coupled transducers for non-contact scanning will be discussed.
Virtual Reality Game Education to Learn Traffic Regulation

Abstract – Traffic accident has become number 3 of children death cause in the world according to WHO [1] . Traffic accident that involve children often caused by their own by breaking the law or regulation. Therefor education about traffic regulation and law including traffic sign and its meaning must be given to children early. Because education means process to change a person or a group attitude and behavior in order to make them mature through teaching and training [2] . One of them that can be used is digital media. One of interactive digital media is digital game, various form of digital game start from 2D, 2.5D, 3D with many point of view and new technology. VR (Virtual Reality) as new digital media where alternate reality exist to test various theory without any real consequences, according to Greenbaum “Virtual Reality is an alternate world filled with computer-generated images that respond to human movements. These simulated environments are usually visited with the aid of an expensive data suit which features stereophonic video goggles and fiber-optic data gloves” [3] . Greenbaum statement before were make VR suitable to test traffic law and regulation and educate kid to obey the traffic sign and regulation without real consequences from real world. This Journal contain the result of using virtual reality as traffic regulation education media. Education material that arranged consisting traffic sign that appear on the road and safety riding gear. Keywords – Virtual Reality, Traffic sign , Road traffic, children, education
Resistance to discontinuing breast cancer screening in older women: A qualitative study

Objective Screening mammography is associated with reduced breast cancer-specific mortality; however, among older women, evidence suggests that the potential harms of screening may outweigh the benefits. We used a qualitative approach to examine the willingness of older women from different racial/ethnic groups to discontinue breast cancer screening. Methods Women ≥70 years of age who reported having a screening mammogram in the past 3 years and/or reported that they intended to continue screening in the future were recruited for in-depth interviews. Participants who intended to continue screening were asked to describe how the following hypothetical scenarios would impact a decision to discontinue screening: health concerns or limited life expectancy, a physician's recommendation to discontinue, reluctance to undergo treatment, and recommendations from experts or governmental panels to stop screening. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were audio-recorded. Data coding and analysis followed inductive and deductive approaches. Results Regardless of the scenario, participants (n = 29) expressed a strong intention to continue screening. Based on the hypothetical physician recommendations, intentions to continue screening appeared to remain strong. They did not envision a change in their health status that would lead them to discontinue screening and were skeptical of expert/government recommendations. There were no differences observed according to age, race/ethnicity, or education. Conclusions Among older women who planned to continue screening, intentions to continue breast cancer screening appear to be highly resilient and resistant to recommendations from physicians or expert/government panels.
Elder men’s bromance in Asian lands: normative Western masculinity in Better Late than Never

Better Late than Never is a remake of a Korean reality T.V. travel show, which aired on N.B.C. in August 2016. The show’s premise features four elder celebrity men – Henry Winkler, William Shatner,...
Performance of Interleaved Block Codes With Burst Errors

A Gilbert–Elliott channel for symbol errors is considered to analyze the performance of interleaved error correction codes with a fixed block size in the presence of burst errors. The proposed channel model for symbol errors is based on a simplified Gilbert channel for bit errors, which enables direct comparisons of the performance of block codes with different symbol sizes. The autocorrelation function between two erroneous symbols within an interleaved codeword is computed. An exact expression for the codeword-error probability is derived from the symbol-based channel model. A tight lower bound on the codeword-error probability and error floors, which are observed when the average raw bit-error rate is low, are analyzed using the bit-based channel model.
Mobilities of polydisperse hard spheres near a no-slip wall

Abstract We have derived an analytical formulation for far-field hydrodynamic interactions among unequal size hard spheres near a no-slip wall and have implemented the formulation in a Stokesian dynamics model to simulate a suspension of polydisperse particles in a semi-bounded domain. The formulation is based on the multipole expansion of the boundary integral of Stokes flow, and the mobility tensors are deduced from Faxen’s law together with Green’s function for Stokes flow near a no-slip wall. Lubrication approximation is incorporated to account for the close-distance interactions between any two particles and also between the particles and the wall. The implementation is validated against previous formulations for equal size particles and against a boundary-element code for unequal size particles. The code can be used to simulate the Stokesian or Brownian interaction of unequal particles in presence of a no-slip wall. In the current study, we applied the Stokesian dynamics model to investigate the trajectories of two unequal hard spheres and their redistribution during sedimentation parallel to a wall. We further used it to demonstrate the cases of many-particle sedimentation toward or parallel to a wall.
Acute and chronic changes in the control of breathing in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Infants born very prematurely (<28 wk gestation) have immature lungs and often require supplemental oxygen. However, long-term hyperoxia exposure can arrest lung development, leading to bronchopulm...
12 The Social Self

In this chapter, we explore how others affect individual selves and how individual selves affect others. It is difficult to think about the self without referring to others. People often describe themselves in terms of their relationships or as members of various groups. Even personality traits are conceptualized in comparison to other people (one is extraverted compared to others). Self-esteem reflects the degree to which one feels accepted by others, and people go to great lengths to maintain high self-esteem and social acceptance. Thus, selves do not develop in isolation. In addition, the self is inherently interpersonal because relating to others is part of what the self is for. The self is constructed as a way of connecting the individual organism to other members of its species. If no one likes you, the odds are that you will start asking “What's wrong with me?” and will make changes to the self when you reach some answers. Much of the human experience—the emotions one feels, the goals one strives for, and one's sources of meaning and fulfillment—is intricately linked to the self and its relation to others. Keywords: self; interpersonal relationships; identity; self-esteem
Valproate Interaction With Carbapenems: Review and Recommendations

Introduction: Valproic acid is a commonly used antiepileptic drug. Combining valproate derivatives with carbapenem antibiotics is associated with a potential drug interaction that decreases serum concentration of valproate and may expose the patient to uncontrolled seizure risk from valproate subtherapeutic concentration. Raising awareness of this drug interaction among health care providers including emergency department physicians, neurologists, and pharmacists is highly needed. The aim of this article was to review the current literature about the potential drug interaction resulting from combining valproate derivatives with carbapenem antibiotics and to establish therapeutic recommendations regarding their use together. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted using Medline (through PubMed), Ovid, Embase, Cochrane library using the following keywords: valproate, valproic acid, carbapenem, ertapenem, doripenem, meropenem, imipenem, and valproate drug interaction. In addition, a manual search through major journals for articles referenced in PubMed was performed. Related publications from January 1998 till November 2018 were included in the initial search. Relevant publications were reviewed, and data regarding patients, type of carbapenem used, valproic acid dosing and level, interaction severity, and clinical outcome were summarized. Results and Discussion: Few clinical trials and multiple case reports have shown that carbapenem antibiotics including meropenem, ertapenem, imipenem, and doripenem can decrease the serum concentration of valproate derivatives leading to a subtherapeutic serum concentration and seizures in some patients. Valproic acid serum concentration may be significantly decreased with addition of a carbapenem antibiotic but generally return toward normal shortly after discontinuation of the carbapenem antibiotic. Conclusions: Generally, the concurrent use of carbapenem antibiotics with valproate derivatives should be avoided due to the potential of drug-drug interaction that results in subtherapeutic valproate serum concentration. Other antimicrobial agents should be considered as alternatives to carbapenems but if a concurrent carbapenem is necessary, using an additional antiepileptic agent is recommended. Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproate serum concentrations is warranted when a carbapenem-valproic acid combination therapy is unavoidable.
The Black Press

Much like the black church, the black press has been instrumental both as an organizing and as a consciousness-raising tool in the black community. It is important, however, to emphasize at the outset that although African-American newspapers were not created for the sole purpose of advancing the Pan-African ideal, they helped inform the public and shape ideas about Pan-Africanism in ways that their creators might not have perhaps intended. Indeed, their primary raison d’etre was as information sources and organizing devices within the African-American community. However, what started as an information venue for African-Americans would turn into a formidable tool at the hands of Pan-Africanists, initially in the U.S., and subsequently across the Diaspora. In this sense, what Swedish Sociologist, Gunnar Myrdal, (An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row, 1944, 924) dubbed the “greatest single power in the Negro race” would gain its meaning beyond the author’s original intent.
Recovering Data Permutation from Noisy Observations: The Linear Regime

This paper considers a noisy data structure recovery problem. The goal is to investigate the following question: Given a noisy data observation, according to which permutation was the original data sorted? The focus is on scenarios where data is generated according to an isotropic Gaussian distribution, and the perturbation consists of adding Gaussian noise with an arbitrary covariance matrix. This problem is posed within a hypothesis testing framework. The objective is to study the linear regime in which the optimal decoder has a polynomial complexity in the data size, and it declares the permutation by simply computing a linear function of the noisy observation. The main result of the paper is a complete characterization of the linear regime in terms of the noise covariance matrix. Specifically, it is shown that this matrix must have a very flat spectrum with at most three distinct eigenvalues to induce the linear regime. Several practically relevant implications of this result are discussed, and the error probability incurred by the decision criterion in the linear regime is also characterized. A core technical component consists of using linear algebraic and geometric tools, such as Steiner symmetrization.
Instrumented immobilizing boot paradigm quantifies reduced Achilles tendon loading during gait.

Abstract Achilles tendon ruptures are common injuries that lead to functional deficits in two-thirds of patients. Progressively loading the healing tendon has been associated with superior outcomes, but the loading profiles that patients experience throughout rehabilitation have not yet been established. In this study, we developed and calibrated an instrumented immobilizing boot paradigm that is aimed at longitudinally quantifying patient loading biomechanics to develop personalized rehabilitation protocols. We used a 3-part instrumented insole to quantify the ankle loads generated by the Achilles tendon and secured a load cell inline with the posterior strut of the immobilizing boot to quantify boot loading. We then collected gait data from five healthy young adults to demonstrate the validity of this instrumented immobilizing boot paradigm to assess Achilles tendon loading during ambulation. We developed a simple calibration procedure to improve the measurement fidelity of the instrumented insole needed to quantify Achilles tendon loading while ambulating with an immobilizing boot. By assessing Achilles tendon loading with the ankle constrained to 0 degrees and 30 degrees plantar flexion, we confirmed that walking with the foot supported in plantar flexion decreased Achilles tendon loading by 60% (P
The future of carbon dioxide removal must be transdisciplinary

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) represents a suite of pathways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and mitigate climate change. The importance of CDR has expanded in recent years as emission ...
Reproductive Rights and Women's Access to Capital

This paper examines whether the gender gap in entrepreneurship can be attributed to frictions in credit markets to women of childbearing age. Access to reproductive care affects women's trade-off between family and career. Better access to reproductive care reduces women's risk of unintended pregnancy and increases female-led businesses' survival. The reduced risk enables women to raise more capital and open more firms. I utilize the introduction of policies limiting access to reproductive care and show that they lead to limited utilization of credit, widen the gender gap in entrepreneurship, and diminish potential economic growth.
Local Measure of Quantum Effects in Quantum Dynamics.

The Madelung-de Broglie-Bohm formulation of the Schrodinger equation casts the time-evolution of a wave function as dynamics of an ensemble of quantum, or Bohmian, trajectories, interacting via the nonlocal quantum potential. This trajectory perspective gives insight into the quantumness (or classicality) of a given system due to clear partitioning of the energy into classical and quantum components. Here, we propose a system-independent measure of the quantumness of dynamics, based on the energy time-change, referred to as "quantum power". This measure is local in the coordinate space. Based on applications to model chemical systems, we argue that during the transition from the quantum to classical regime, defined as compression of quantization, the quantum features in dynamics do not "disappear" but are pushed forward in time. This feature may be used to gauge the validity of the semiclassical and other approximate dynamics approaches in applications to anharmonic systems.
Gravitational waves from the remnants of the first stars in nuclear star clusters

We study Population III (Pop III) binary remnant mergers in nuclear star clusters (NSCs) with a semi-analytical approach for early structure formation based on halo merger trees, in which star formation and stellar feedback are modelled self-consistently. Within this framework, we keep track of the dynamics of Pop III binary (compact object) remnants in their host galaxies during cosmic structure formation, and construct the population of Pop III binary remnants that fall into NSCs by dynamical friction of field stars. The subsequent evolution within NSCs is then derived from three-body encounters and gravitational-wave (GW) emission. We find that on average 7.5% of Pop III binary remnants will fall into the centres ($ 0$ in NSCs, including those with very large initial separations (up to 1~pc). The merger rate density (MRD) peaks at $z\sim 5-7$ with $\sim 0.4-10\ \rm yr^{-1}\ \rm Gpc^{-3}$, comparable to the MRDs found in the binary stellar evolution channel. Low-mass ($\lesssim 10^{6}\ \rm M_{\odot}$) NSCs formed at high redshifts ($z\gtrsim 4.5$) host most ($\gtrsim 90$%) of our mergers, which mainly consist of black holes (BHs) with masses $\sim 40-85\ \rm M_{\odot}$, similar to the most massive BHs found in LIGO events. Particularly, our model can produce events like GW190521 involving BHs in the standard mass gap for pulsational pair-instability supernovae with a MRD $\sim 0.01-0.09\ \rm yr^{-1}\ Gpc^{-3}$ at $z\sim 1$, consistent with that inferred by LIGO (within the 90% confidence interval). We predict a promising detection rate $\sim 170-2700\ \rm yr^{-1}$ for planned 3rd-generation GW detectors such as the Einstein Telescope that can reach $z\sim 10$.
Design and testing of a free floating dual flap wave energy converter

Abstract With a wide variety of wave energy device archetypes currently under consideration, it is a major challenge to ensure that research findings and methods are broadly applicable. In particular, the design and testing of wave energy control systems, a process which includes experimental design, empirical modeling, control design, and performance evaluation, is of interest. This goal motivated the redesign and testing of a floating dual flap wave energy converter. As summarized in this paper, the steps taken in the design, testing, and analysis of the device mirrored those previously demonstrated on a three-degree of freedom point absorber device. The method proposed does not require locking WEC degrees of freedom to develop an excitation model, and presents a more attainable system identification procedure for at-sea deployments. The results show that the methods employed work well for this dual flap device, lending additional support for the broad applicability of the design and testing methods applied here. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that these models are particularly useful for deducing areas of device design or controller implementation that can be reasonably improved to increase device power capture.
Freestanding nanomaterials for subcellular neuronal interfaces

Abstract Current technological advances in neural probing and modulation have enabled an extraordinary glimpse into the intricacies of the nervous system. Particularly, nanomaterials are proving to be an incredibly versatile platform for neurological applications due to their biocompatibility, tunability, and highly specific targeting and sensing, and long-term chemical stability. Among the most desirable nanomaterials for neuroengineering, freestanding nanomaterials are minimally invasive and remotely controlled. This review outlines the most recent developments of freestanding nanomaterials that operate on the neuronal interface. First, the different nanomaterials and their mechanisms for modulating neurons are explored to provide a basis for how freestanding nanomaterials operate. Then, the three main applications of subcellular neuronal engineering — modulating neuronal behavior, exploring fundamental neuronal mechanism, and recording neuronal signal — are highlighted with specific examples of current advancements. Finally, we conclude with our perspective on future nanomaterial designs and applications.
A MODAL SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING DYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR A STRUCTURE FOR MASS AND STIFFNESS CHANGES

The purpose of this paper is to outline the procedure for using the modes of the original system to determine the dynamic characteristics of the changed system. The method also results in computational savings for boundary condition changes and for large systems that are nearly-symmetric except for a few mass and stiffness changes. To illustrate the method several changes are made to a ladder frame. The results from an analysis using the reconstructed mass and stiffness matrices and the modal synthesis are compared to show the accuracy and freedom requirements.
Time-resolved measurements of self-heating in SOI and strained-Si MOSFETs using off-state leakage current luminescence

A new non-invasive optical technique is used to measure time-resolved temperature of advanced CMOS FETs. The technique uses time-resolved photon emission microscopy to measure the temperature-dependent luminescence of off-state leakage current. The method measures the temperature of the device channel, independent of surrounding materials or interconnects. The technique has been used to measure, for the first time, self-heating dynamics in SOI and strained-Si nFETs.
Growth of "well-born" American infants fed human and cow's milk.

This longitudinal study was performed to determine the growth in length and weight through the first 6 months of infancy for normal well-born healthy well-cared-for American infants between 1955 and 1962; secondarily a comparison of human milk fed vs. cows milk plus various formulas fed infant development was made; third these groups of infants were compared with the 1945 Iowas growth norms. A total of 599 infants were enrolled. Infants were divided into 9 groups by feeding method and sex. 293 infants were breast fed and 306 were artificially fed. Over 1 year 57 of the breast-fed boys and 32 of the breast-fed girls were observed and variation in feeding patterns as recorded to evaluate the effects on growth. In general growth of length of normal infants was consistent and predictable. The aggregate growth curves of the total 599 infants were similar to the Iowa Growth norms of 1945 (graphs depicted). The differences that were found included: 1) girls in this study compared with Iowa norms were slightly taller; and 2) boys in this study after the second month of growth had somewhat less weight gain than the 1945 Iowa norms. More worldwide effort to collect accurrate weight and length (length is emphasized) measurements to develop standards for various ethnic groups in various geographic areas is needed.
Factors influencing length at birth and height at five years.

The net effects of various factors on length at birth and height at 5 years were determined in 3707 single-born children born at the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center Oakland California during the 1959-1967 period. The children were followed in the Child Health and Development Studies. Data on parents income age and education; fathers occupation; the number of previous children born to the mother her age at menarche and her smoking habits during pregnancy were obtained at a special prenatal interview. 1st-born children were significantly short at birth but taller than average at 5 years. Children born to women with early menarche and children of older parents were average in birth length but taller than average at 5 years. Length and weight at birth showed significant correlations with height at age 5. The child who was small at birth was most likely to catch up with his or her peers at age 5 if short gestation caused small birth size. The differences in birth length associated with mothers smoking were highly significant. These differences persisted practically undiminished. At age 5 the children of smoking mothers were still significantly shorter than the children of nonsmoking mothers. The socioeconomic factors of income education and occupation appeared to be of little importance as growth determinants.
Sensitivity analysis and invariant imbedding

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sensitivity analysis and invariant imbedding. The chapter presents a new method for viewing the questions of sensitivity occurring in problem of modern control. This method hinges heavily on the theory of invariant imbedding and appears quite promising from the point of view of proper exploitation of the potentialities of modern day computers. The chapter also presents a unified approach to the problem of sensitivity. It discusses invariant imbedding and multipoint boundary value problems. Invariant imbedding techniques also yield great insight in problems that involve nonlinear differential equations with multiple point boundary values specified. The invariant imbedding method can be used to determine information regarding the missing initial conditions. These missing initial conditions play a major role in the sensitivity analysis of certain classes of adaptive control systems.
HCO+ in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp

Maps of comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) in the millimeter-wave emission of the ion HCO+ revealed a local minimum near the nucleus position, with a maximum about 100,000 km in the antisolar direction. These observed features of the HCO+ emission require a low abundance of HCO+ due to enhanced destruction in the inner coma of the comet, within a region of low electron temperature (Te). To set constraints on the formation of HCO+ in the coma, as well as the location and magnitude of the transition to higher Te, the data are compared with the results of ion-molecule chemistry models.
Measuring OS support for real-time CORBA ORBs

The paper compares and evaluates the suitability of real time operating systems, VxWorks and LynxOS, and general purpose operating systems with real time extensions, Windows NT, Solaris, and Linux, for real time ORB middleware. While holding the hardware and ORB constant, we vary these operating systems and measure platform-specific variations in context switching overhead and priority inversions. Our findings illustrate that general purpose operating systems like Windows NT, Solaris, and Linux are not yet suited to meet the demands of applications with stringent QoS requirements. Although Linux provides good raw performance, its high jitter makes it unsuitable for real time applications. Both LynxOS and VxWorks do enable predictable and efficient ORB performance, however, thereby making them suitable as OS platforms for real time CORBA applications. In general, our results underscore the need for a measure-driven methodology to pinpoint sources of overhead and priority inversion in real time ORB endsystems.
Seeding Osteoblasts onto Osteocytes: An In Vitro 3D Study

Understanding the mechanisms by which bone cells communicate is vital in exploring diseases characterized by bone degeneration, namely, osteoporosis. Cell seeding has been used in two dimensional (2D) cell cultures to study how bone cells interact with one another, specifically, to prove the existence of gap junctions between osteocytes and osteoblasts. However, the natural three dimensional (3D) state of bone tissue requires examining it in 3D. Accordingly, the cell seeding procedure was tested on trabecular bone core explants to ascertain whether it is useful in 3D studies as well. When the dye concentrations taken from past 2D experiments were used, Day 1 showed many osteoblasts, but by Day 2 the cells were not visible. The dye concentrations were then doubled to determine if the osteoblasts were still seeded onto the bone cores and viable but not visible, or if they had actually died. With these dye concentrations, the stained osteoblasts were still visible on the second day after seeding, indicating that the cells were seeded and living. According to these results, it is evident that with minor modifications of the 2D procedure, it is possible to seed osteoblasts onto osteocytes in 3D, making this a credible test for the presence of gap junctions in 3D bone tissue.