cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Variability in the Diurnal Intraocular Pressure Curve

Background: Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary goal of most glaucoma treatments. However, because the IOP varies during the day, single measurements performed in an ophthalmologist's office do not necessarily provide information on the peak level and fluctuation of the IOP. Methods: Home tonometry was performed to gain more information on the nature of the diurnal IOP curves and on their variability. One hundred seventy-six patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), 55 subjects with ocular hypertension (OHT), and 18 control individuals measured their IOP five times daily at home for 4 to 8 consecutive days using a self-tonometer. Results: Well-defined diurnal IOP variations were observed in all three groups with a predominance of curves with morning or mid-day maxima. Erratic IOP curves without a diurnal rhythm were present in OHT (22%) and OAG (16%) patients but not in control subjects. Differences between the curves of the two eyes of an individual were frequent in OHT (33%) and OAG (36%) patients but not in control subjects (6%). Finally, the majority of OHT (72%) and OAG (66%) patients showed a difference in their diurnal curve patterns on repeat home tonometry performed months apart. Conclusion: The authors indicate that it is difficult to rely on one eye as a control for the other. They also indicate that changes in IOP observed in the office at different visits often may be due to a shift in the type of diurnal curve rather than to a true change in the mean IOP. Monitoring of the diurnal IOP may be necessary in some cases if the clinician relies, even partially, on the level of IOP when making a decision on patient management.
On the Manifestation and Influence of Material Nonlinearity in Electroelastic Power Generators

We investigate and model observed nonlinear piezoelectric response of an electroelastic energy harvester. The model employed is a simplified version of the fully nonlinear model proposed by Stanton and Mann [1] since the mechanical oscillations of the experimental device remain in the geometrically linear regime. However, we include quadratic damping due to the appearance of even superharmonics in experimental data as well as suppressed frequency response. Nonlinear coefficients are identified via a nonlinear least squares optimization algorithm that utilizes an approximate analytic solution obtained by the method of harmonic balance. For PZT-5H, we obtained a fourth order elastic tensor component of cp 1111 = −8.2515 × 1015 N/m2 and a fourth order electroelastic tensor value of e3111 = 9.6816 × 107 m/V.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
FORMATION OF NON‐VIABLE SPORES OF DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM BY UV‐IRRADIATION AND CAFFEINE

We have characterized the spores formed from amoeboid cells of the wild type strain of Dictyostelium discoideum after UV-irradiation. Cell differentiation in the presence of caffeine after a fluence of 300 J/m2 resulted in a population of spores which was 98% non-viable. The UV-irradiation did not affect the conversion of the spores to swollen spores but did affect the conversion of swollen spores to amoeboid cells. When the germination of the spores was done without caffeine, we detected only a small effect on conversion of swollen spores to amoeboid cells and on the beginning of growth. On the other hand, in the presence of caffeine, the spores had a remarkable delay in both. It was also shown that few, if any, pyrimidine dimers exist in the DNA of the non-viable spores. Possible mechanisms of formation of non-viable spores are discussed.
Atypical tracheobronchial vascular compression

Vascular compression of the tracheobronchial tree frequently presents early in infancy with significant airway compromise. For this reason, the pediatric otolaryngologist is often consulted early in the assessment of these patients. Three unusual cases of tracheobronchial vascular compression are presented. The diagnosis and management of children with tracheobronchial vascular compression is discussed, stressing the importance of synchronous airway anomalies and associated congenital cardiac anomalies. Although surgical intervention may be corrective in most cases of vascular compression, persistent tracheomalacia may necessitate tracheotomy for a prolonged period.
Investigation of the role of linker moieties in bifunctional tacrine hybrids

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with multiple inter-connected factors playing roles in the onset and progression of the disease. One strategy currently being explored for the development of new therapeutics for AD involves linking tacrine, a known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, to another drug to create bifunctional hybrids. The role and influence on activity of the linker moiety in these hybrids remains ill-defined. In this study, three series of 6-chlorotacrine with linkers varying in terminal functional group and length were synthesized, evaluated for AChE inhibition, and compared to tacrine and 6-chlorotacrine-mefenamic acid hybrids. Out of the compounds with terminal amine, methyl, and hydroxyl moieties tested, several highly potent molecules (low nanomolar IC50 values) comprised of linkers with terminal amines were identified. These 6-chlorotacrine with linkers were significantly more potent than tacrine alone and were often more potent than similar 6-chlorotacrine-mefenamic acid hybrids.
Relative Systemic Availability of Sulfapyridine from Commercial Enteric‐Coated and Uncoated Sulfasalazine Tablets

The absorption of sulfapyridine after a single 2.0-Gm oral dose of sulfasalazine, the drug of choice in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, as commercial uncoated and enteric-coated and uncoated tablets was evaluated in four healthy male adults. The peak plasma concentration of sulfapyridine after the enteric-coated tablets occurred at 20 hours on the average (compared to 14 hours for the uncoated tablets) and was only 50% of that attained from the uncoated tablets (P less than 0.05). The low relative extent of systemic availability of sulfapyridine from the enteric-coated tablets (65.5 +/- 6.3 per cent, mean +/- S.E.) compared to uncoated tablets may be due to absorption rate-dependent presystemic metabolism, since the relative extent of sulfapyridine absorption was 92.7 +/- 6.2 per cent compared to uncoated tablets. These findings suggest that enteric-coated and uncoated tablets of sulfasalazine are not bioequivalent. It remains to be determined whether the clinical efficacy of sulfasalazine from enteric-coated tablets is affected.
Stochastic simulation of aerosol deposition in model filters

Aerosol deposition in model filters composed of layers of parallel fibers with the orientation of the fiber of each layer kept arbitrary was simulated stochastically. Particle positions at the inlet of the filter were assumed to be randomly distributed over the inlet plane with the trajectory assumed to be rectilinear because of the particles' high inertia. In the simulation, the track of each particle through the filter was monitored and the possible bounce-off from collision surfaces was allowed for. Deposition behavior and the structure of deposits were studied with various aerosol flow conditions and filter characteristics.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis of the middle ear in a patient with thalassemia.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells outside trabecular bone, is not an uncommon phenomenon. It occurs as a result of an increased demand on the hematopoietic system from anemia combined with an ineffective response by the bone marrow. It has been associated with both congenital and acquired anemias, as well as bone marrow infiltrating diseases such as myelofibrosis, leukemia, and osteitis fibrosa cystica.‘J There are only two other reported cases of extramedullary hematopoiesis occurring in the middle ear. Both cases were young black patients with sickle cell disease.lOz’l This is the first reported case of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the middle ear occurring in a patient with thalassemia.
ALCAEUS OF MESSENE, PHILIP V AND THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES: A RE-EXAMINATION OF ANTH. PAL. 6.171

Among the poems of the Greek Anthology is one ( Anth. Pal. 6.171) which purports to be the dedicatory inscription of the Colossus of Rhodes built to celebrate the Rhodians' successful resistance to the siege of their island by Demetrius Poliorcetes in the years 305–304 b.c . It has long been assumed by scholars that this epigram represents the authentic dedicatory inscription carved on the base of the Colossus, which was completed in the 280s and stood for some sixty years before being destroyed by an earthquake that rocked the island of Rhodes in the 220s. There are, however, strong reasons to doubt the epigram's authenticity, some of which come from considerations of the poem itself and others which come from a comparison with a closely related epigram ( Anth. Pal. 9.518) composed by Alcaeus of Messene to celebrate Philip V's military successes during his Aegean campaign of 203–200. Verbal and thematic parallels between the two epigrams make a connection certain. It is the aim of the present study to re-examine the Rhodian epigram and its relation to Anth. Pal. 9.518 in order to propose a new date for the former in the context of Rhodes' defeat of Philip V and the advent of Rome in the affairs of the states ringing the Aegean.
Symmetry and phaselocking in chains of weakly coupled oscillators

Weakly coupled chains of oscillators with nearest-neighbor interactions are analyzed for phaselocked solutions. It is shown that the symmetry properties of the coupling affect the qualitative form of the phaselocked solutions and the scaling behavior of the system as the number of oscillators grows without bound. It is also shown that qualitative behavior of these solutions depends on whether the coupling is “diffusive” or “I synaptic”. terms defined in the paper. The methods include the demonstration that the equations for phaselocked solutions can be approximated by a singularly perturbed two-point (continuum) boundary value problem that is easier to analyze; the issue of convergence of the phaselocked solutions to solutions of the continuum equation is closely related to questions involving numerical entropy in computation schemes for a conservation law. An application to the neurophysiology of motor behavior is discussed briefly.
A Survey of Optical Flow Techniques for Robotics Navigation Applications

Optical flow has been widely used by insects and birds to support navigation functions. Such information has appealing capabilities for application to ground and aerial robots, especially for navigation and collision avoidance in urban or indoor areas. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of existing optical flow techniques for robotics navigation applications. Detailed comparisons are made among different optical-flow-aided navigation solutions with emphasis on the sensor hardware as well as optical flow motion models. A summary of current research status and future research directions are further discussed.
The Power of the Word May Reside in the Power of Affect

This commentary on Dan Shanahan's, A New View of Language, Emotion and the Brain, basically agrees with an emotion-based view of the evolutionary and developmental basis of language acquisition. It provides a supplementary neuroscience perspective that is more deeply affective and epigenetic in the sense that all claims about neocortically-based language modules need to be tempered by the existing genetic evidence as well as the robust neuroscience evidence that the cortex resembles random-access-memory space, a tabula rasa upon which epigenetic and learning processes create functional networks. The transition from non-linguistic creatures to linguistic ones may have required the conjunction of social-affective brain mechanisms, morphological changes in the articulatory apparatus, an abundance of cross-modal cortical processing ability, and the initial urge to communicate in coordinate prosodic gestural and vocal ways, which may have been more poetic and musical than current propositional language. There may be no language instinct that is independent of these evolutionary pre-adaptations.
A Novel Lab-on-Tip Device for pico-Newton Lateral Force Measurement

we report the successful prototype development of a novel Lab-on-Tip device that provides a capability complementary to atomic force microscopy, namely, measurement of lateral forces with pico-Newton resolution. This Lab-on-Tip device is constructed by fabricating a vertical pole on a lateral cantilever beam. Micro/nanofluidic components can be incorporated on the tip to perform various biological analyses. The Lab-on-Tip device also offers a new level of functionality and will be a useful tool for various studies such as nanotribology, biomechanics and so on.
Nonlinear system identification and fault detection using hierarchical clustering analysis and local linear models

This paper discusses the use of unsupervised learning and localized modeling to identify nonlinear dynamical systems from empirical data. A finite-order nonlinear autoregressive (AR) model is constructed to capture the system dynamics. The embedded input space for the nonlinear AR model is partitioned into overlapped regions that are fine enough so that localized modeling techniques, such as local linear modeling, can approximate system dynamics well in each region. Subsequently, unsupervised learning, such as hierarchical clustering analysis, is used for partitioning the embedded input space to achieve the tradeoff between the model complexity and the approximation error. The performance of the proposed nonlinear system identification is evaluated on two numerical examples: (i) time series prediction; (ii) identification of SISO system. Intelligent fault detection scheme is designed based on the identified linear models. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can capture the nonlinear system dynamics well and correctly detect the faults.
Investigations of polyelectrolyte adsorption at the solid/liquid interface by sum frequency spectroscopy: evidence for long-range macromolecular alignment at highly charged quartz/water interfaces.

IR-visible sum frequency spectroscopy (SFS) was employed to investigate the molecular level details of the adsorption of the positively charged polyelectrolyte, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA), at the quartz/water interface. Below pH 9.0, signal from the interfacial water structure was visible, but none from the adsorbed polymer could be detected. This indicated that the PDDA was not well enough aligned at the interface under these conditions to elicit a sum frequency response. At more basic pH values (≥9.6), however, adsorbed PDDA molecules became well-ordered as indicated by the presence of CH stretch peaks from methylene and methyl groups. The intensities of the CH stretch modes were independent of the adsorbed amount of PDDA at pH 12.3 but decreased as the pH of the bulk solution was lowered. The conditions for polymer alignment fell outside the parameters where layer-by-layer growth of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes was possible because the net charge on the surface under high pH con...
Oscillations of electron flux in photodetachment of H- in an electric field.

Outgoing electron waves produced in the photodetachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ are propagated to large distances in a homogeneous electric field, and the electron flux is then computed. It is shown that the interference of waves propagating along two distinctive paths from the region of the bound state of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ to the same point induces oscillations in the electron flux distribution. Simple analytic expressions are presented for the flux distribution.
Performance parameters of fire detection systems

This report is a formal, functional analysis of fire detection systems' requirements. The performance parameters of fire detection systems are given as conditional probabilities. These parameters are identified by the objective analysis of the functions of a fire detection system. It is demonstrated that using the false alarm rate to specify the malfunctioning of a thresh-old-detection system is inadequate. The principal function of fire detection systems is identified as the notification of antifire agents of the probability of an unwanted fire. The evaluation of the information provided by a detector system is central to its worth.
Responses of neurons in dorsal striatum during amphetamine-induced focused stereotypy

The phase of highly focused, repetitive behavior (stereotypy) induced by amphetamine in rats emerges after an initial period of locomotor activation. To assess the neuronal correlates of this behavioral transition, single-unit activity was recorded from the dorsal striatum of awake, unrestrained rats. Units were first characterized in terms of their responsiveness to spontaneous movement. Various types of motor-related neurons were identified. Some increased activity above resting baseline during specific movements such as forward locomotion or turning of the head, while others were excited during periods of general behavioral activation. Neurons that showed no consistent change in firing rate during overt movement were classified separately. Administration of 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine caused a steady increase in the overall neuronal response through both the locomotor and stereotypy phases. An analysis of specific neuronal types, however, revealed distinct, phase-related shifts in firing rate. Locomotor-related neurons discharged rapidly during the early phase of the amphetamine response and then declined toward baseline as focused stereotypy emerged. Cells found to be excited primarily during head movements showed relatively small changes shortly after drug administration but increased markedly in conjunction with intense head-movement activity associated with focused stereotypy. Other neurons, which increased activity nonselectively to a wide range of movements, showed progressive increases in firing rate during both behavioral phases elicited by the drug. Subsequent administration of 1.0 mg/kg haloperidol typically reversed the neuronal changes and blocked amphetamine-induced focused stereotypy. Nonmotor-related cells responded inconsistently to amphetamine, showing an inhibition, excitation, or no change in rate. Previous assessments of neuron-behavior relationships have shown that changes in motor-related neuronal activity are not secondary to amphetamine-induced behavioral changes, though this finding may not apply in all cases. At doses capable of eliciting focused stereotypy, therefore, amphetamine appears to trigger a complex pattern of striatal activity that governs the behavioral response. This conclusion supports steadily increasing evidence that the role of striatal neurons in amphetamine-induced focused stereotypy is shaped by multiple synaptic mechanisms.
Immunocytochemical localization of the sex steroid-binding protein of plasma in tissues of the adult monkey Macaca nemestrina

Abstract The sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) present in the serum of the monkey Macaca nemestrina is shown to exist in cells of tissue involved in reproduction. The localization was demonstrated by immunofluorescence with monospecific antibodies raised against homogeneous human SBP. These antibodies were previously shown to crossreact with monkey SBP. The protein appears to be located in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells lining the prostate alveoli, the ducti of the epididymis, and the seminiferous tubula of the testes of the monkey. The protein is also present in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells of the liver, where SBP is believed to be synthesized, and in cells of the adrenal cortex, where steroids are known to be synthesized. Controls appear dark and illustrate specificity of the immunofluorescence, ruling out both tissue autofluorescence and other nonspecific interactions. In all cases, the relative intensity of fluorescence appears minimal in the nuclei of cells. Experiments performed with cultured MCF-7 cells indicate that SBP can across the plasma membrane and enter into the cytoplasm but not into the nucleus. Additional studies indicate that the monospecific antibodies do not crossreact with the monkey prostate androgen receptor, as shown by ultracentrifugation in sucrose densty gradients. The physiological significance of these observations is not known; however, the existence of this protein in cells of target tissues for sex steroids introduces a new dimension in our thinking about the role of this protein in androgen action.
Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by doppler color flow imaging: Angiographic and hemodynamic correlations

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that measurements of jet area by Doppler color flow imaging can predict the angiographic severity and hemodynamic consequences of mitral regurgitation. Doppler color flow imaging was performed in 47 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography. The jet area was measured as the largest clearly definable flow disturbance in the parasternal and apical views, and expressed as the maximal jet area, the mean of the largest jet area (average jet area) in two views or as the ratio of these measures to left atrial area. Correlation of all Doppler color flow measurements with angiographic grades of mitral regurgitation were comparable, maximal jet area being closest at r = 0.76. A maximal jet area greater than 8 cm2 predicted severe mitral regurgitation with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 94%, whereas a maximal jet area less than 4 cm2 predicted mild mitral regurgitation with a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 75%, respectively. All patients with an average jet area greater than 8 cm2 manifested severe mitral regurgitation. However, jet area measurements showed limited correlation with regurgitant volume and fraction (r = 0.55 and 0.62, respectively) for maximal jet area, and were not predictive of hemodynamic abnormalities, including those of pulmonary wedge pressure, stroke volume or ventricular volumes. Thus, in patients with mitral regurgitation, maximal jet area from Doppler color flow imaging provides a simple measurement that predicts angiographic grade, but manifests a weak correlation with regurgitant volume and does not predict hemodynamic dysfunction.
Modular intersection graphs

A graphG = (V, E) is a modular intersection graph on a finite setU if there is a family of subsetsS = {S x?x ? V} ofU and positive integerst < m such thatxy is an edge ofG if and only if |S x ? Sy| (modm) ?t. Modular representations of various classes of graphs and studied as well as some related parameters.
Engineers like to write — On a computer!

Engineers who use word-processing equipment for writing were interviewed. When asked why they were willing to do their own typing in order to use a word processor, they responded with a variety of statements that reveal a positive change in their attitude toward writing. Because a word processor is a powerful tool, engineers find they are not alone at their keyboards; they have access to programs that help them shape and revise their writing effectively.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THINGS A REANALYSIS OF CHUANG TZUS BUTTERFLY DREAM

Summary. Chuang Chou's Butterfly Dream is perhaps the most well-known and widely studied passage in the Chuang Tzu. It is also one of the most slippery with regard to its meaning. In this paper, I have proposed that the meaning of this passage can be clarified when the passage is recognized as an embodiment of Chuang Tzu's main thane and the double-bind method of instruction which is found throughout the second chapter of the Chuang Tzu. Understood as such, the passage stands as the quintessential example of this theme and teaching style, pressing the reader to transcend the limits of dualistic thinking and awaken in the fullest sense of the word. When viewed from this vantage point, the perplexing nature of the passage dissolves and its beauty and profundity shine through as never before.
Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in women with a history of nongynecologic malignancy

Objective To describe the safety and efficacy of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a history of nongynecologic malignancy presenting with an adnexal mass. Methods A retrospective review of the records of all patients with a history of nongynecologic malignancy who underwent laparoscopy for adnexal masses at our institution in 1992–1994. Results Thirty-four patients were identified. The mean age was 57.3 years (range 32–85). Twenty-five had breast cancer, three had malignant melanoma, and two had lymphoma; the remaining four had lung, colon, stomach, and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Thirty of the 34 cases (88%) were managed laparoscopically; unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed in 22, laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy in three, ovarian cystectomy in three, and pelvic washings in two. In these cases, the adnexal disease was benign in 24 and metastatic cancer in six. In all the metastatic cases, preoperative ultrasound or computed tomography scan revealed complex and/or solid adnexal masses. Six complications occurred in the 34 cases; two of 25 patients who had D&C had uterine perforation, two patients had subcutaneous hematomas at laparoscopic puncture sites, one had a bowel obstruction, and one developed pneumonia after laparotomy. Conclusion Laparoscopy proved to be safe and effective in the initial surgical evaluation of patients with a history of a nongynecologic malignancy presenting with an adnexal mass. Most patients can be spared the added morbidity and convalescence associated with laparotomy. This laparoscopic approach should be considered the initial method of surgical evaluation in this population.
Contrast features of CpG islands in the promoter and other regions in the dog genome

The recent release of the domestic dog genome provides us with an ideal opportunity to investigate dog-specific genomic features. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of CpG islands (CGIs), which are often considered gene markers, in the dog genome. Relative to the human and mouse genomes, the dog genome has a remarkably large number of CGIs and high CGI density, which is contributed by its noncoding sequences. Surprisingly, the dog genome has fewer CGIs associated with the promoter regions of genes than the human or the mouse. Further examination of functional features of dog-human-mouse homologous genes suggests that the dog might have undergone a faster erosion rate of promoter-associated CGIs than the human or mouse. Some genetic or genomic factors such as local recombination rate and karyotype may be related to the unique dog CGI features.
Prevention of glioma induction in rats by simultaneous intracerebral inoculation of avian sarcoma virus plus bacillus calmette-guerin cell-wall preparation☆

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell-wall preparation was injected along with avian sarcoma virus in the brains of newborn Fischer 344 rats, and subsequent glioma induction was compared with rats injected with avian sarcoma virus alone. The percentage of glioma induction and survival were found to be directly related to avian sarcoma virus concentration (10(0), 10(-1), 10(-2), and 10(-3)). A significant reduction in glioma induction occurred when BCG cell-wall preparation was injected with 10(-2) ASV concentration. Above that concentration of ASV, the tumor induction was not significantly affected by bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell-wall preparation; below that concentration, the tumor induction was too low with avian sarcoma virus alone to evaluate an effect.
One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis

Poliovirus was first isolated nearly 100 years ago in a landmark experiment that established the viral etiology of poliomyelitis. This discovery stimulated investigation of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in many laboratories. Nearly 50 years later, when two effective poliovirus vaccines were developed, the impetus to study poliovirus pathogenesis waned. The identification of the cell receptor for poliovirus, CD155, and its use in the development of transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus revived interest in understanding how the virus causes disease. Experiments in CD155 transgenic mice have provided new information on the initial sites of virus replication in the host, how the virus spreads to the central nervous system through the blood and by axonal transport, the determinants of viral tropism, and the basis for the attenuation phenotype of the Sabin vaccine strains. Despite these advances, our understanding of poliovirus pathogenesis is still incomplete. The dilemma is not how to answer the remaining questions, but whether there will be sufficient time to do so before global eradication of poliomyelitis leads to cessation of research on the disease.
What Do Computational Linguists Need to Know about Linguistics

In this position paper, we argue that although the data-driven, empirical paradigm for computational linguistics seems to be the best way forward at the moment, a thorough grounding in descriptive linguistics is still needed to do competent work in the field. Examples are given of how knowledge of linguistic phenomena leads to understanding the limitations of particular statistical models and to better feature selection for such models.
The influence of vibration on Poiseuille flow of a non-Newtonian fluid, I.

Manero and Mena (1) have published experiments in which a non-Newtonian fluid flows through a tube of circular cross-section under a uniform time-independent pressure head, the tube being simultaneously vibrated sinusoidally in the longitudinal direction. They found that the effect of the vibration is to produce an increase in the mean rate of discharge of fluid through the tube. This increase in the rate of discharge depends on the frequency and amplitude of the vibration and may be many times that which exists in the absence of a superposed vibration.
Electrorefining of uranium and plutonium - A literature review

Abstract This report is a comprehensive review of the literature on uranium and plutonium electrorefining in molten salts. It covers work published from 1943 to November 1991. Electrodeposition and electrodissolution at solid and liquid metal electrodes are discussed as well as mass transfer in liquid metal and molten salt phases.
Atomic Force Microscopy with Patterned Cantilevers and Tip Arrays: Force Measurements with Chemical Arrays

Interactions between molecules and at interfaces are vital to many scientific and technological fields. Techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to measure forces and force gradients associated with interactions between individual molecules as well as interactions between interfaces. A recent alteration of the AFM configuration combined a tipless cantilever with an array of substrate supported tips. Herein, we present a further extension of AFM force measurement capabilities, by chemically patterning both the cantilever and the tip array. In a proof-of-concept experiment a gold-coated cantilever and tip array were patterning with alkylthiolate monolayers, and the interfacial forces were measured for the various combinations. This patterning allows many different interactions to be rapidly measured in situ, under identical conditions, thereby improving reliability and opening the door to combinatorial applications. Future developments are discussed including the means to measure hund...
Application of wavelet transforms in terahertz spectroscopy of rough surface targets

Previously, it has been shown that scattering of terahertz waves by surface roughness of a target can alter the terahertz absorption spectrum and thus obscure the detection of some chemicals in both transmission and reflection geometries. In this paper it is demonstrated that by employing Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) coefficients, wavelet-based methods can be used to retrieve spectroscopic information from a broadband terahertz signal reflected from a rough surface target. It is concluded that while the commonly used direct frequency domain deconvolution method fails to accurately characterize and detect the resonance in the dielectric constant of rough surface lactose pellets, wavelet techniques were able to successfully identify such features.
Absorption Spectrum of Benzotrifluoride Vapor in the Near Ultraviolet

The absorption spectrum of benzotrifluoride vapor at 2750–2400A was photographed in a medium Hilger quartz spectrograph. The band system can be interpreted in terms of an electronic transition A1−B1. The 0,0 band appears strongly at 37819 cm−1. Several progressions of totally symmetric vibrations occur involving particularly frequencies of 750, 926, and 961 cm−1. Other frequencies of 316, 538, 596, and 1031 cm−1 occur singly excited and in combination with the mentioned symmetric vibrations. Bands corresponding to the excitation of ground state frequencies up to 1336 cm−1 have been observed at higher pressures and found to coincide with Raman frequencies. The relation of the observed frequencies to modes of vibration is discussed. Spectral position and oscillator strength of the total electronic band is discussed in comparison to benzene, fluorobenzene and toluene.
The neurophysiology of dyspnea

Objective – To review the human and veterinary literature regarding the neurophysiology of dyspnea and to provide evidence for the beneficial effects of several novel therapies aimed at the alleviation of dyspneic sensations. Data Sources – Data sources included scientific reviews, case reports, original research publications, and recent research conference proceedings. Human Data Synthesis – The use of blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging technology has revealed that the brain regions activated by air hunger in humans are also those activated by fear, pain, and thirst perception. In human subjects, it has been found that agents known to enhance the firing of pulmonary slowly adapting receptors (SARs) can alleviate the sensation of dyspnea without altering central respiratory drive. Several small studies have also shown that nebulized opioids can reduce the sensation of dyspnea apparently via activation of peripheral opioid receptors in the lung. Veterinary Data Synthesis – There are several animal models relevant to both small and large animal clinical patient populations. Treatment of rats with a nebulized SAR sensitizing agent (furosemide) enhances SAR firing in response to lung inflation. Behavioral escape responses to airway occlusion are reduced in lightly anesthetized cats when treated with nebulized furosemide. Opioid agonists have been shown to inhibit the release of acetylcholine and other mediators from the airways of dogs and guinea pigs. Studies using a goat model with bilateral destruction of the pre-Botzinger Complex do not support current paradigms of air hunger origination. Conclusions – Veterinary patients may benefit from an approach to dyspnea that incorporates an understanding of the origins of the unpleasant sensations associated with the condition. Several novel therapies have shown promise in alleviating dyspneic sensations without altering respiratory drive. Further study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in veterinary patients.
Prevention and reversal of tolerance to barbiturates by intraventricular injection of hemicholinium-3.

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of phenobarbital, 800 mug, or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of hexobarbital, 100 mg/kg, into rats resulted in a loss of righting reflex lasting 15.4 +/- 0.2 min and 20.7 +/- 0.7 min, respectively. A 40-60% reduction in this response was obtained following administration of phenobarbital either i.c.v. (800 mug 4 times daily) or i.p. (80 mg/kg/day) for 4 days. Although these treatments also increased hepatic mixed function oxidase activity, this enzyme induction was shown to be unrelated to the development of tolerance to loss of righting reflex. I.c.v. injection of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) in doses which reduce brain acetylcholine levels (4-20 mug) profoundly affected tolerance to the central depressant effect of the barbiturates. Thus, depending upon the time of administration, HC-3 either retarded or prevented development of this tolerance. Moreover, if tolerance was allowed to progress normally, administration of HC-3 on day 4 or 5 returned the duration of the loss of righting reflex toward normal values. HC-3 did not influence either the duration of this response in non-tolerant rats or the induction of the hepatic mixed function oxidase activity. These results suggest that brain ACh plays an important role in the development and maintenance of tolerance to the central depressant effects of barbiturates.
Influence of Frequency Shifts on Electron Transfer Processes

The quantum theory of electron transfer processes is extended to treat frequency changes between initial and final electronic states. In contrast to earlier extensions that include the effects of frequency changes, the final results emerge in a compact, physically transparent Marcus type form with two new added terms that depend on the frequency changes. The results exhibit an interesting situation where frequency changes can balance against the traditional reorganization energy.
Phylogenetic Distinctiveness of a Threatened Aquatic Turtle (Ster nother us depressus)

The musk turtle ( Sternotherus minor ) is common throughout the southeastern United States. In 1955 a morphologically atypical form confined to the Black Warrior River System in Alabama was discov- ered and accorded full species status as S. depressus , the "flattened musk turtle." Questions remain about the taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the flattened musk turtle because (1) the geographic distribu- tion of S. depressus is nested within the range of S. minor ; (2) the flattened shell might be a recently evolved anti-predator adaptation; and (3) reports exist of intergrades between S. depressus and S. minor . We gener- ated and employed sequence data from mitochondrial DNA to address the phylogenetic distinctiveness and phylogeographic position of S. depressus relative to all other musk and mud turtles (Kinosternidae) in North America. The flattened musk turtle forms a well-supported monophyletic group separate from S. minor . Ge- netic divergence observed between S. depressus and geographic populations of S. minor is no less than that distinguishing many kinosternid congeners from one another. These molecular genetic findings bolster ratio- nale for the taxonomic recognition of S. depressus and, hence, for special efforts to protect this federally threatened species.
Thermodynamic Consistent Formulations of Viscoplastic Deformations in FCC Metals

A general consistent thermodynamic framework for small strain thermoviscoplastic deformations of face-centered cubic (FCC) metals is presented in this study. An appropriate and consistent Helmholtz free energy definition is incorporated, after considering the strain rate effect imbedded through the hardening definition, in deriving the proposed three-dimensional kinematical model. Microstructural physically based thermal and athermal yield function definitions (von Mises type) are utilized in this work for dynamic and static deformations of FCC metals. A length scale parameter introduced implicitly through the viscosity parameter is related to the waiting time of dislocations at an obstacle. The role of material dependence in setting the character of the governing equations is illustrated in the context of a simple uniaxial tensile problem in order to check the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed framework and its finite-element implementation. Results obtained for OFHC copper at low and high strain rates and temperatures show, generally, good comparisons with experimental results.
Community Construction in the Virtual: Reconceptualizing Joint Action

Analyzing the activity of a group of students involved in an online university course with a simulation environment, this article considers and problematizes the idea of online community and its relations to learning. The analysis builds upon Dewey's conception of organic community and related perspectives. In valuing ‘joint action,’ such perspectives bury the relational nature of community construction under more concrete and stable notions of common mediating artifacts, geographic locations and membership among diverse communities. When the held-in-common is destabilized in the virtual, relations of student learning to community construction must be significantly reconceptualized. Moreover, for participants the meanings of ‘online’ and ‘offline’ activities and communities are interwoven within the process of interpretation, and should be understood as developing through this tension. Students and instructors alike face significant challenges in forging new online democratic learning environments.
The Effect of Bracing Availability on Force-Exertion Capability in One-Hand Isometric Pulling Tasks

In activities of daily living and industrial tasks people encounter obstructions in their environment that kinematically limit the postures that they can achieve. These obstructions can also provide an opportunity for additional support such as bracing with the hand, thigh or other body part. The reaction forces acting at hand or body coupling, which are in addition to those acting at the feet and task hand, may support some percentage of body weight, allow modification to postural behavior strategies, or provide the ability to generate oppositional forces relative to the task force. The effects of kinematic constraints and associated bracing opportunities on isometric hand force were quantified in a motion-capture study of 25 men and women with a range of body size. The objective of this work was to quantify the effect of bracing availability on force-exertion capability. Analyses of one-hand maximal pulling tasks demonstrated that the additional force reaction surfaces enable participants to exert more force at the task hand, by 31% on average, but these values were greatly affected by the location and utility of the constraint and the specified force direction.
The sensitivity and specificity of direct immunofluorescence testing in disorders of mucous membranes

Background: Direct immunofluorescence testing is frequently used to diagnose inflammatory mucosal disorders, but its accuracy relative to histologic and clinical diagnosis has not been reported. Objective: Our purpose was to compare diagnoses made on the basis of direct immunofluorescence, histologic features, and clinical impression and define optimal immunofluorescence criteria. Methods: Direct immunofluorescence findings and diagnostic impressions for 500 unselected mucosal biopsy specimens were recorded, as were the histologic diagnosis, initial clinical impression, and final diagnosis made on the basis of all studies and follow-up. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each parameter by diagnosis and site. Results: Direct immunofluorescence testing was superior for diagnosing pemphigus and pemphigoid and was slightly inferior to histologic evaluation for diagnosing lichen planus. Optimal criteria were IgG and C3 intercellular substance staining for pemphigus, linear C3 basement membrane zone deposits for pemphigoid, and shaggy fibrinogen basement membrane zone staining plus IgM cytoids for lichen planus. Direct immunofluorescence testing was diagnostic for several extraoral mucosal biopsy specimens. Conclusion: Direct immunofluorescence is a valuable diagnostic tool for diseases of the oral mucosa and other mucosal sites.
Highly sensitive detection of blood by surface enhanced Raman scattering

Raman spectroscopy for forensic body fluid analysis has received some attention due to the nondestructive nature and potential application for identification at the crime scene; however, its usage has been limited by low detection sensitivity. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was evaluated for blood identification for forensic applications. Specifically, a SERS-active substrate was fabricated, composed of nickel nanotips coated with Ag nanoparticles. Compared with a conventional substrate, the SERS substrate enhanced Raman scattering by more than two orders of magnitude and allowed blood to be identified to a dilution of 1:100,000. Blood was also successfully detected by swabbing the SERS substrate directly on mock evidence. Most importantly, Raman spectra obtained by swabbing the SERS substrate on blood stains were free of luminescence even when blood was deposited on luminescent fabrics. The nondestructive character, simplicity of sample preparation, and high sensitivity make SERS a prime candidate for field and laboratory-based blood identification.
Why don't patients and physicians talk about end-of-life care? Barriers to communication for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and their primary care clinicians.

Background Patients with chronic and terminal disease frequently do not talk to their physicians about end-of-life care. Interventions to improve this communication have generally been unsuccessful, suggesting that important barriers to this communication must exist. Objectives To determine the barriers to and facilitators of patient-clinician communication about end-of-life care and to identify barriers and facilitators that are more common among those patients who are least likely to discuss end-of-life care: minorities and injection drug users. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 57 patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and their primary care clinicians who were recruited from university and private clinics. Barriers to and facilitators of end-of-life communication were identified from a prior qualitative study and assessed for frequency and importance and for an association with the occurrence and quality of end-of-life communication. Results Clinicians identified more barriers than patients. Barriers identified by patients and clinicians fell into 3 categories of potential interventions: education about end-of-life care, counseling to help address end-of-life concerns, and health care system changes to facilitate patient-clinician communication. Although none of the patient-identified barriers was associated with the occurrence of communication, 2 clinician-identified barriers were associated with less communication: "the patient has not been very sick yet" and "the patient isn't ready to talk about end-of-life care." Nonwhite patients were more likely to identify the following 2 barriers than white patients: "I feel that if I talk about death, it could bring death closer" and "I don't like to talk about the care I want if I get very sick." Conclusions The diversity of barriers and facilitators relevant to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and their clinicians suggests that interventions to improve communication about end-of-life care must be focused on individual needs and must involve counseling interventions and health system changes in addition to education. Clinician barriers are more common and more strongly associated with the occurrence of end-of-life communication than patient barriers, suggesting that clinicians are an important target group for improving this communication.
Radiological study of liquid holdup and flow distribution in packed gas‐absorption columns

A radiological method has been developed to study the local flow characteristics in two-phase contacting equipment. The method presented permits the evaluation of both the vertical and horizontal components of the liquid holdup and flow distribution and can also be used to study the performance of a wide variety of two-phase contacting apparatus. An external source of radiation is used, and hence neither phase is contaminated by the radioactive material. The application of this method is illustrated in the specific case of air-water contact in a countercurrent packed column.