cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cradle-to-gate sustainable target value design: integrating life cycle assessment and construction management for buildings

Abstract Building stakeholders cannot easily quantify the environmental impacts of buildings as they accrue during construction. The goal of this work is to demonstrate a method to measure and manage the cradle-to-gate life cycle environmental impacts by linking environmental targets with modern construction management methods, to enable buildings to meet sustainable target values (STV). In this work, a construction activity-based computational framework was developed to enable stakeholders to reliably and efficiently construct cradle-to-gate life cycle models capturing environmental impacts including carbon and energy associated with material extraction, manufacture, transport to site, and construction. These models allow stakeholders to measure and manage impact accrual so as to not exceed STVs; without this framework, construction managers and other building stakeholders do not possess adequate environmental management tools to deliver projects consistently at or below STV. Specifically, the components developed are: (1) time dependent impact accrual budgets during construction and (2) impact measurement during construction. These benchmarks are used to determine whether a specific project is above or below target values, similar to methods for cost and schedule variance analysis. Two case studies were used to test this framework. This integration provides a life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling platform for management of environmental footprint during construction.
Perspectives on the ARE as it turns 25 years old

The AU-rich element (ARE) was discovered in 1986 as a conserved mRNA sequence found in the 3' untranslated region of the TNF-α transcript and other transcripts encoding cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Shortly thereafter, the ARE was shown to function as a regulator of mRNA degradation, and AREs were later shown to regulate other posttranscriptional mechanisms such as translation and mRNA localization. AREs coordinately regulate networks of chemokine, cytokine, and growth regulatory transcripts involved in cellular activation, proliferation, and inflammation. ARE-mediated regulation is carried out by a host of ARE-binding proteins, whose activity is regulated in a cell type and activation-dependent manner. The last 25 years of ARE research has offered insight into the mechanisms and regulation of ARE-mediated mRNA decay, and has provided a road map for the discovery of additional mRNA regulatory motifs. The future of ARE research will transition from a discovery phase to a phase focused on translating basic biological findings into novel therapeutic targets. Our understanding of ARE-mediated gene regulation and posttranscriptional control has implications for many fields of study including developmental biology, neuroscience, immunobiology, and cancer biology.
Effect of Bacterial Polysaccharide Production on Formation Damage

This paper reports that in-situ growth of cellular material is known to cause formation damage. Bacterial reproduction and polysaccharide production are the key factors that segregate bacterial formation damage from fines and particulate damage. Carefully controlled experiments conducted on both high- and low-permeability ceramic cores showed that bacteria can plug the pore space and damage the cores. However, further experimentation demonstrated that polysaccharide production is largely responsible for this damage. This conclusion is based on a comparison of two experimental systems: core plugging from bacterial replication and polymeric production and plugging of the porous medium caused solely by cell division with no polysaccharide production. In light of these results, the interpretation of reservoir plugging resulting from the presence of bacteria requires further scrutiny.
Criteria of Personal Identity and the Limits of Conceptual Analysis

It is easy to become battle-weary in metaphysics. In the face of seemingly unresolvable disputes and unanswerable questions, it is tempting to cast aside one’s sword, proclaiming: “there is no fact of the matter who is right!” Sometimes that is the right thing to do. As a case study, consider the search for the criterion of personal identity over time. I say there is no fact of the matter whether the correct criterion is bodily or psychological continuity.1 There exist two candidate meanings for talk of persisting persons, one corresponding to each criterion, and there is simply no fact of the matter which candidate we mean. An argument schema for this sort of “no fact of the matter” thesis will be constructed. An instance of the schema will be defended in the case of personal identity. But scrutiny of this instance will reveal limits of the schema. Questions not settled by conceptual analysis—in particular, some very dif cult questions of fundamental ontology—have answers. So do certain questions that can be settled by conceptual analysis, namely those that would be answered de nitively by ideal philosophical inquiry. Whether there is a fact of the matter is not easily ascertained merely by looking to see whether disputes seem unresolvable or questions unanswerable: sometimes the truth is out there, however hard (or even impossible) it may be to discover.
Buying a computer: a guided tour

One of the more time consuming tasks for user services personnel is the coordinating of individual computer discount purchase programs, especially in smaller schools where the program is not managed by a separate bookstore or computer store. Frequently the potential student buyer does not have a very clear idea of what they want or need in a computer system, and the same basic questions are asked again and again.In an effort to alleviate this problem, the Concordia College academic computing office is developing a computer purchase information center, consisting of a bulletin board display in the main micro lab with a document rack for price lists and handouts of general instructions. The heart of the system is a PC-PILOT program called “Buying a Computer”, which takes the user through a series of question/answer frames to determine both the primary use for their computer and individual budget considerations. Based on the user choices, a list of possible options is shown which may be printed out. After this, it is hoped the student will have a clearer idea of what their needs might be, so that when they visit the user services office to discuss a purchase the time will be spend more productively.This paper will discuss the setup of the information center, present a description of the PILOT program, and evaluate its effectiveness over several months.
Reexamining the Allegorical Hermeneutic in A. B. Yehoshua’s A Late Divorce

Abstract This article demonstrates the ways in which the allegorical hermeneutic of A. B. Yehoshua’s novel A Late Divorce (1982) is inextricably linked to the intertextual reservoir of Judaic culture, particularly by way of its dependence upon the stories, themes, motifs, and characters from the Judaic textual tradition. Additionally, it shows how Yehoshua’s novel subverts those narrative patterns along the lines of emphatically Israeli concerns, simultaneously providing a totemically charged connection with the Judaic textual tradition and evidence of a radical departure from it. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of archetypal psychology, this study also provides a reexamination of the much-discussed persona of Naomi, the text’s central female character, with respect to her role as the “mediatrix of the unknown” and her use of predominantly culturally inherited points of reference to link the thematic portions of the novel.
Progress and new directions in high temperature calorimetry

Calorimetry at 600–900° C, using Calvet-type microcalorimeters, has provided data in several areas of interest to geology. The best-developed application is solution calorimetry in molten oxide solvents (lead borate, sodium molybdate) to determine the enthalpies of formation of anhydrous silicates and related minerals, the enthalpies of phase transformations and order-disorder reactions, and the enthalpies of mixing in molten salts, glasses, and solid solutions. An attractive feature of the technique is the ability to use rather small samples; ∼ 300 mg total often being sufficient for the study of a phase synthesized at high pressure. Current developments include the improvement of precision by careful control of solvent composition and water content, the development of alkali borate or borosilicate solvents for use under atmospheres of controlled oxygen fugacity, and the study of compounds containing fluorine as well as oxygen.
Chromosomal control of the tolerance of gradually and suddenly imposed salt stress in the Lophopyrum elongatum and wheat, Triticum aestivum L. genomes

The facultatively halophytic Lophopyrum elongatum, closely related wheat, Triticum aestivum, and their amphiploid tolerate salt stress better if they are gradually exposed to it than if they are suddenly stressed. Lophopyrum elongatum has greater tolerance of both forms of salt stress than wheat, and its genome partially confers this tolerance on their amphiploid. Chromosomal control of the tolerance of both stress regimes in the L. elongatum and wheat genomes was investigated with disomic and ditelosomic addition lines and disomic substitution lines of L. elongatum chromosomes in wheat and with wheat tetrasomics. The tolerance of the sudden salt stress is principally controlled by L. elongatum chromosomes 3E and 5E and less by 1E, 2E, 6E, and 7E and the tolerance of gradually imposed salt stress principally by chromosomes 3E, 4E, and 5E, and less by chromosome 1E and 7E. Ditelosomic analysis indicated that genes conferring the tolerance of sudden stress are on chromosome arms 1EL, 5ES, 5EL, 6EL, 7ES and 7EL and those controlling the gradual stress regime are on 1ES, 1EL, 5ES, 5EL, 6ES, 7ES, and 7EL. In wheat, chromosomes in homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 7 and chromosomes in homoeologous groups 1, 4, and 6 were shown to enhance the tolerance of suddenly and gradually imposed stress, respectively. The arms of chromosome 3E individually conferred tolerance to neither stress regime. Chromosome 2E and wheat chromosomes 2B and 2D reduce the tolerance of both stress regimes in a hyperploid state. In 2E this effect was associated with arm 2EL. A potential relationship between the tolerance of these stress regimes and the expression of the early-salt induced genes is examined.
Failure to prescribe warfarin to patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE: To determine how often warfarin was prescribed to patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation in our community in 1992 when randomized trials had demonstrated that warfarin could prevent stroke with little increase in the rate of hemorrhage, and to determine whether warfarin was prescribed less frequently to older patients—the patients at highest risk of stroke but of most concern to physicians in terms of the safety of warfarin. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Appropriateness of warfarin was classified for each patient based on the independent judgments of three physicians applying relevant evidence and guidelines. SETTING: Two teaching hospitals and five community-based practices. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation (n=189). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Warfarin was prescribed to 44 (23%) of the 189 patients. Warfarin was judged appropriate in 98 patients (52%), of whom 36 (37%) were prescribed warfarin. Warfarin was prescribed to 11 (14%) of 76 patients aged 75 years or older with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or past stroke, the group at highest risk of stroke. In a multivariable logistic regression model controlling for appropriateness of warfarin and other patient characteristics, patients aged 75 years or older were less likely than younger patients to be treated with warfarin (odds ratio 0.25; 95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin was prescribed infrequently to these patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, especially the older patients and even the patients for whom warfarin was judged appropriate. These findings indicate a substantialopportunity to prevent stroke.
Intracoronary Imaging With Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT; LightLab) is a catheter-based technology producing images from backscattered “echoes” similar to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), but using high-bandwidth light sources (infrared light). This new technology provides ultra-high resolution for endovascular visualization. In comparison to common IVUS imaging, OCT enables optimal plaque identification, detection of thin tissue structures (eg, re-endotheli- alization, dissections) and …
GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER AFTER TREATMENT OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Abstract Purpose : This study aimed to quantify the risk of gastrointestinal cancer following Hodgkin's disease treatment according to age at treatment, type of treatment, and anatomic sites. Methods and Materials : Cases were identified from the records of 2,441 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease between 1961 and 1994. Follow-up averaged 10.9 years, representing 26,590 person-years of observation. Relative risks (RR) for gastrointestinal cancer incidence and mortality were computed by comparison with expected annualized rates for a general population matched for age, sex, and race. Results : Gastrointestinal cancers developed in 25 patients. The incidence RR was 2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–3.5] and mortality RR was 3.8 (CI, 2.4–4.7). Sites associated with significantly increased risks included the stomach [RR 7.3 (CI, 3.4–13.8)], small intestine [RR 11.6 9CI, 1.9–38.3)], and pancreas [RR 3.5 (CI, 1.1.–8.5)]. Risk was significantly elevated after combined modality therapy, RR 3.9 (CI, 2.2–5.6). The risk after radiotherapy alone was 2.0 (CI, 1.0–3.4), not a statistically significant elevation. The RR for gastrointestinal cancer was greatest after treatment at young age and decreased with advancing age. It was significantly elevated within 10 years after treatment [RR 2.0 (CI, 1,1,–3.5)] and increased further after 20 years [RR 6.1 (CI, 2.5–12.7)]. Risk assessed by attained age paralleled risk according to age at treatment. Fifteen cases of gastrointestinal cancers arose within the irradiation fields. Conclusion : Patients treated for Hodgkin's disease are at modestly increased risk for secondary gastrointestinal cancer, especially after combined modality therapy and treatment at a young age. Risk was highest more than 20 years after treatment, but was significantly elevated within 10 years. Gastrointestinal sites with increased risk included the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: Women Defining Class After Divorce and Downward Mobility

This article explores the meanings of social class for American women who have experienced downward mobility after divorce. These women experienced social class as a process of negotiation, and subjective elements often predominated over objective criteria. However, serious changes in their material reality subsequently forced redefinition of class identity. While divorced women sometimes identify with other women in the same situation, this identification is often mitigated by the effects of stigma and cognitive processes of differentiation, inhibiting the development of a collective group identity. Theoretically, the study showed that social class identity needs to be seen as changing over time, at times existing in a state of conflict between subjective identification and objective economic status, rather than as a neatly resolved or static social identity.
Storm‐event flow pathways in lower coastal plain forested watersheds of the southeastern United States

The landscape of the coastal plain of the southeastern United States is rapidly changing due to urbanization and climate-change-related impacts. In addition to the forecasted population increase, this region could experience significant changes in precipitation patterns making watershed management very challenging. In order to establish baseline data, storm-event flow pathways were studied in three lower coastal plain (LCP) forested lowland watersheds of the southeastern United States between 2010 and 2011. Two of the watersheds had clay loam subsoils while the third had sandy soils throughout the profile. Stream flow and water samples from water-table wells, piezometers, lysimeters, and rain gauges were analyzed for ion concentrations; ion trends were assessed using principal components analysis; and chemical hydrograph separation was performed for nine storm events using end-member mixing analysis. End-members consisted of lower concentration rainwater; a near-stream source (riparian or streambed groundwater); and a distant or deep groundwater source. Storm-event stream water on the clayey sites was composed primarily of rainwater (45–67% by volume) and shallow groundwater (21–55%), with small inputs from deep (below the clay-rich soil horizon) groundwater (0.2–21%). At the sandy site, a greater proportion was groundwater (56–61%), with smaller inputs from rainwater (28–33%) and soil water (6–16%). Dry antecedent soil moisture (ASM) conditions and larger storms resulted in greater rainwater contribution at the clayey sites. Shallow groundwater was an important contributor even in dry ASM conditions, perhaps due to the high specific retention of the soils. The results from this study will inform researchers about stormwater routing in forested, shallow water table watersheds and provide land managers with baseline data as they plan stormwater mitigation practices.
Amorphous silicon thin-film transistors on compliant polyimide foil substrates

Much of the mechanical strain in semiconductor devices can be relieved when they are made on compliant substrates. We demonstrate this strain relief with amorphous silicon thin-film transistors made on 25-/spl mu/m thick polyimide foil, which can be bent to radii of curvature R down to 0.5 mm without substantial change in electrical characteristics.
Robust sensor fusion for teleoperations

The sensor fusion effects architecture for telesystems (teleSFX) is presented. The goal of teleSFX is to reduce the amount of human supervisory control involved in execution, freeing the operator to handle multiple remote robots without sacrificing robustness. The concepts of state-based sensor fusion and intelligent assistance form the foundations for robust sensor fusion at the remote. State-based fusion provides autonomous execution and monitors for sensing anomalies or failures. Intelligent assistance is used to minimize the operator's involvement in the exception-handling process through generation and testing of hypotheses about the cause of the fusion failure and an interactive problem solving interface. Three experiments using data collected from five sensors mounted on a mobile robot are conducted. They demonstrate the detection of sensing failures and the exception-handling activities for a remote robot. >
Accelerated stress testing methodology to risk assess silicon-package thermomechanical failure modes resulting from moisture exposure under use condition

IC components are exposed to moisture and thermal cycles during chip-package-board assembly and in their end use conditions. Moisture exposure influences the mechanical integrity of silicon backend dielectrics, assembly/packaging materials and packages. Reliability performance under accelerated stresses that simulate use conditions are often a critical factor in choice of materials, processing options and design rules. A complete assessment of the cumulative environmental exposure from chip-package assembly, shipment/storage, board system assembly, through end-customer use is required to guarantee product performance and reliability. This paper will detail these end user environments and use failure mode/mechanism specific acceleration models to develop accurate accelerated life testing plans and requirements. These requirements will then be compared to JEDEC standards based requirements and a need for re-calibration of these standards to more appropriate temperatures and stress durations will be highlighted.
Search engine coverage of the OAI-PMH corpus

Having indexed much of the "surface" Web, search engines are now using various approaches to index the "deep" Web. At the same time, institutional repositories and digital libraries are adopting the open archives initiative protocol for metadata harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their holdings. The authors harvested nearly 10 million records from OAI-PMH repositories. From these records, they extracted 3.3 million unique resource URLs and then conducted searches on samples from this collection to determine how much of the OAI-PMH corpus the three major search engines have indexed.
Discriminating between west-side sources of nutrients and organic carbon contributing to algal growth and oxygen demand in the San Joaquin River

LBNL-51166 Discriminating Between West-Side Sources of Nutrients and Organic Carbon Contributing to Algal Growth and Oxygen Demand in the San Joaquin River William T. Stringfellow and Nigel W.T. Quinn Center for Environmental Biotechnology Hydroecological Engineering and Decision Support Group Earth Sciences Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 July 2002 This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.
Analysis of trace impurities in hydrogen: Enrichment of impurities using a H2 selective permeation membrane ☆

Abstract A laboratory-scale gas sampling and impurity enrichment device (GSIED) using a Pd/Cu-coated Pd–Ag alloy hydrogen selective permeation membrane has been designed, fabricated, and tested to show that such a device provides an effective method to enrich trace impurity species in hydrogen by factors of 10–100 or greater. The enrichment process will allow analysis of these impurities in hydrogen using simpler and less expensive analytical instruments that can be deployed in the fields. A series of experiments was conducted with the device using a hydrogen analyte gas containing N2, CH4, and CO2 at ∼0.1% each, CO at ∼100 ppm, and H2S at ∼2 ppm. Chemical analyses of the impurity-enriched sample showed that for the non-sulfur species, the measured enrichment factors were 14.5–14.9, which closely matched the calculated enrichment factors of 14.8–14.9. The elemental material balances indicated a good accounting of the non-sulfur impurity species. For the sulfur species, some initial sulfur loss was observed, presumably due to interaction with the surfaces and/or analytical deficiencies. The impurity enrichment factors for such sampling devices are functions of the sampler size, and the sample vessel pressures before and after enrichment. Depending on the volume of the enriched sample needed for analysis, the device can be designed to enrich the impurities in hydrogen by more than a factor of two orders of magnitude for practical and economical field applications.
Adaptive watermarking in the DCT domain

An adaptive watermarking technique is introduced in this work. A regional perceptual classifier is employed to assign a noise sensitivity index to each region. The watermark is inserted in the original image according to this index by using block DCT. The detection of the watermark is designed to achieve a desired false alarm probability.
Design-for-Testability for Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Testing is essential for digital microfluidic biochips that are used for safety-critical applications such as point-of-care health assessment, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. However, the effectiveness of recently proposed test techniques for biochips is limited by the fact that current design methods do not consider testability. We introduce the concept of design-for-testability (DFT) for microfluidic biochips and propose a DFT method that incorporates a test plan into the fluidic operations of a target bioassay protocol. By using the testability-aware bioassay protocol as an input to the biochip design tool, the proposed DFT method ensures a high level of testability, defined as the percentage of the electrodes or functional units on the synthesized chip that can be effectively tested. We evaluate the DFT method using a representative multiplexed bioassay and the polymerase chain reaction
Plotinus on Transmigration: a Reconsideration

The aim of this paper is to reconsider Plotinus’ account of transmigration in the light of his dual-aspect theory of the soul. It is argued that transmigration is discussed in the Enneads only in relation to the lower perceptible part of the soul. The higher intelligible part of the soul remains undescended and uninvolved in any kind of transmigration. Plotinus’ treatment of transmigration also aims at emphasizing the soul’s higher life of virtue. The noble soul concentrates on its higher intelligible part in constant contemplation of the Forms without being affected by its lower perceptible part and therefore transmigration.
A new space-time computer simulation method for human migration

Migration is a universal but poorly understood human behavior, and new analytic tools for studying migration are badly needed. In this article, I describe a new computer simulation method for migrating human populations, which moves simulated human actors" on a lattice of points according to simple probability rules. The method includes models of birth, death, crowding, and competition, as well as of migration. Simulations are developed for a number of specific problems, including migration into empty continents, the effect of competition and migration on the spatial distribution of populations, the effect of biased migration on urban population structure, and the distribution of city sizes determined by migration. Direct comparison of simulations with measured population distributions demonstrates the plausibility of the models. The simulations suggest that seemingly complex problems of human space-time population dynamics may be resolved into simple behavioral rules and that migration phenomena can be subjected to scientific analysis. [Key words: migration, computer simulation, random walk, urban structures]
When Groups Are Not Created Equal: Effects of Group Status on the Formation of Intergroup Attitudes in Children

This study was designed to examine whether the presence of implicit links between social groups and high versus low status attributes affects the formation of intergroup attitudes. Elementary school children aged 7 to 12 years (N = 91) were given measures of classification skill and self-esteem, and assigned to one of three types of summer school classrooms in which teachers made (1) functional use of novel ("blue" and "yellow") social groups that were depicted via posters as varying in status, (2) no explicit use of novel social groups that were, nonetheless, depicted as varying in status, or (3) functional use of novel social groups in the absence of information about status. After 6 weeks, children completed measures of intergroup attitudes. Results indicated that children's intergroup attitudes were affected by the status manipulation when teachers made functional use of the novel groups. Children who were members of high-status (but not low-status) groups developed ingroup biased attitudes.
Pesticide-Induced Immunotoxicity: Are Humans at Risk?

One of the first immunotoxicology studies determined that exposure of ducks to DDT reduced their resistance to a virus infection. The immunotoxic potential of insecticides and herbicides has subsequently been studied extensively in laboratory animals, driven by the global distribution and use of these chemicals. (Ten of the twelve persistent organic pollutants, identified by the United Nations Environmental Program as posing the greatest threat to humans and wildlife, are pesticides; all have been reported to alter immune function under laboratory conditions.) Nevertheless, our knowledge of the human health risks associated with pesticide use and exposure is far from complete. This paper provides a brief overview of the potential effects of chemicals on the immune system, and host factors that mitigate or exacerbate immunotoxic effects. Examples of rodent studies that exemplify categories of pesticide-induced immune system effects are then provided as an introduction to a discussion of pesticide immunotox...
An integrative toy model of cell flattening, spreading, and ruffling.

BACKGROUND: The processes of cell spreading and crawling are frequently associated with mysterious waves and ruffling cycles of the leading edge. OBJECTIVE: To develop a physical model that can account for these phenomena based on a few simple and plausible rules governing adhesion, contractility, polymerization of cytoskeleton, and membrane tension. METHODS: Extension of a continuum mechanical model of phagocytosis [J Cell Sci. (2006);119(Pt 9):1903–13] adding a simple coupling between membrane curvature and cytoskeletal polymerization. RESULTS: We show that our generalized model has just the right nonlinearity needed for triggering of stochastic/chaotic cycles of ruffling similar to those that are observed in real cells. CONCLUSIONS: The cycles are caused by a branching instability at the leading edge that leads to bifurcations of protrusion into forward moving lamellipodium and upward and rearward folding ruffles. The amplitude of the instability is modulated by the surface tension, with higher tension stabilizing against ruffling (but inhibiting protrusion) and lower tension promoting ruffling and protrusion.
Portal Cirrhosis: An Analysis of 444 Cases With Notes on Modern Methods of Treatment

Summary The records of 444 cases of uncomplicated portal cirrhosis have been analyzed, with special attention to distribution, etiologic factors, symptoms, signs, causes of death, laboratory data and survivorship. Confirmation of the diagnosis was available in 146 (32.9 per cent) of the cases. The present paper represents the third such survey since 1930 of cases of portal cirrhosis encountered in the Mayo Clinic. Hemorrhage was the most frequent direct cause of death and hepatic coma was second in frequency. Survival calculations for the group as a whole revealed that of the traced patients, of whom there were 374 (84.2 per cent), more than half (57.5 per cent) survived for one year after date of diagnosis and fewer than half (48.9 per cent) lived as long as two years. Nineteen per cent lived seven years or longer. The 212 ascitic patients presented the least satisfactory survival figures. Only 37.1 per cent lived one year or more and fewer than one-fifth lived as long as five years after date of diagnosis. Small groups of adequately and inadequately treated ascitic patients were selected for comparison of survivorship. No significant differences in longevity were noted. It is reiterated that early diagnosis and enthusiastic treatment under close surveillance are essential if maximal benefit is to result from therapy for portal cirrhosis.
Gender Dynamics of the Grenada Survey of Living Conditions (SLC) 1998

The impetus towards accumulating and analyzing data disaggregated by sex has acquired a steady momentum as governments become more apprised of gender related issues. Indeed, there are several reasons as to why gender issues must be incorporated with the design of safety nets. According to the World Bank’s website, some of these reasons are as follows: • Men and women may be vulnerable to or exposed to different types of risks. •There is evidence that women are often more disadvantaged than men and therefore should benefit more from assistance programs. •Programs that take into account the gender dimension of transfer programs may be desirable because of added benefits to other members in the household. •Finally, this approach might help to increase the impact of safety nets programs on poverty and human development outcomes.It is, however, important to note that an examination of vulnerability and potential gender-based incentives and disincentives of such programs should be undergone before taking major decisions to implement them. Nonetheless, there exists several ways in which to combine gender considerations with safety nets. These include: •Designing specific projects for women, like microfinance programs and promotion of day care centers. •Enhancing the direct or indirect (e.g. distributing resources in kind) targeting of existing programs towards women. Evidence indicate that putting more resources under women’s control has a positive impact on in household and child welfare, since women invest more in children, particularly for nutrition and health. For this reason all of the Latin American conditional cash transfer programs pay benefits in the name of the mother in the household, even though targeting is done on overall family welfare levels. •Ensuring that projects accommodate the needs of participating women for example by ensuring that transactions for eligibility and receipt of benefit in food or cash transfer programs takes place at convenient hours and in culturally acceptable conditions. It has been shown that provision of creches can enhance women's participation in public works programs.Collectively, it is of utmost important to realize that safety nets alone cannot adequately improve the life of poor women and that other policies are also important for reducing their vulnerability. These can include laws and regulations that protect women and their assets in case of divorce and abandonment.
The Place of Sociology in Professional Education

degree of perfection shall be reached in the Ideational society and its inhabitants. The most that can be said against Toynbee's Civitas Dei at this point is that it is as sufficiently ambiguous as the Christian ideal has habitually been. In fact, neither of the men, with all their surveying of the Promised Land, gives an adequate decription of its nature. However, Toynbee, as has been seen, has more to say about the principle by which it is realizable than has Sorokin. Moreover, the procedure according to Sorokin by which the Ideational society appears on the earthly scene (a kind of reflux) is at variant with the Christian expectation of the Kingdom. For the latter, it is the handiwork of God Himself, assisted by the prayerful labor of redeemed persons in this world but always introduced from the outside at God's good time. And, as an additional variant, once established it shall remain forever, presumably, either in a re-created earth or gathered up into the clouds of perfection. Whereas Sorokin's cycle theory sees a turn-over from the best societies, a relapse into the Idealistic, and ultimately Sensate, cultures. (One wonders if the exact scheme-of Crisis-CatharsisCharisma-Resurrection-applies at every transitional period.) Toynbee is in line with the Christian anticipation in seeing the movement of history's trial-and-error process in the direction of a perfect merger of the heavenly and earthly societies. For the Christian, what God perfects can never be undone. While Toynbee, utilizing and reinterpreting from the point of view of a world-scale historian, more nearly approximates the manner in which traditional Christianity views the Kingdom of God, Sorokin's emphasis falls in agreement at only two incidental points: his insistence on the validity of intuitional or religious truth, and his conception of the establishment of Ideational culture by means of a radical conversion within the heart of man. Beyond that, Sorokin's position seems to imply a free and irresponsible use of an otherwise meaningful concept.
“It’s Not Like You Need to Live 10 or 20 Years” Challenges to Patient-Centered Care in Gynecologic Oncologist–Patient Interactions

The literature suggests that the patient-perspective approach (i.e., eliciting and responding to patients’ perspectives, including beliefs, preferences, values, and attitudes) to patient-centered care (PCC) is not a reliable predictor of positive outcomes; however, little is known about why the patient-perspective approach does not necessarily lead to positive outcomes. By using discourse analysis to examine 44 segments of oncologist–patient interactions, we found that providers’ use of patient-perspective contextualization can affect the quality of care through (a) constructing the meanings of patient conditions, (b) controlling interpreting frames for patient conditions, and (c) manipulating patient preferences through strategic information sharing. We concluded that providers’ use of patient-perspective contextualization is an insufficient indicator of PCC because these discursive strategies can be used to control and manipulate patient preferences and perspectives. At times, providers’ patient-perspec...
Restricted replication of herpes simplex virus in neural cells.

SummaryThe relationship between the replication of HSV-1 in C6 cells and an interferon-mediated state of viral refractoriness was studied. The cycles of HSV-1 replication in RS and C6 cells reflected the restrictive nature of the HSV-1 C6 interaction and indicated that the restrictive event(s) occurred intracellularly. However, interferon activity could not be demonstrated in the composite of medium mixed with the total intracellular contents from HSV-1 infected C6 cells from 0 through 72 hpi. The lack of a viral refractory state was also reflected in only a slight inhibition at 10 hpi of the replication of poliovirus RNA which was used to superinfect HSV-1 infected C6 cells. Furthermore, the exogenous addition of 5 units/ml of interferon supplied either before or after HSV-1 adsorption as well as 50 units/ml added after virus adsorption failed to affect the production HSV-1 in C6 cells. These observations suggest that interferon is not mediating the restrictive replication of HSV-1 in C6 cells.T. L. Z. i...
The Dark(ish) Side of Digitization: Information Equity and the Digital Divide

ABSTRACTThe digitization of collections is often lauded not only for its preservation benefits but also for its social ones, as it can facilitate increased access to information. However, it is crucial to consider such developments within the context of differential access to and use of digital information and resources, an issue broadly known as the “digital divide.” More specifically, it is important to consider the possibility that such technological developments might exacerbate existing inequities. This article reviews the development of the concept of the digital divide, and considers its implications for library and information studies, institutions, and beyond.
Effect of somatotropin on nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol metabolism in growing pigs.

Eight crossbred barrows (71 kg initial BW) were allocated to two treatments involving daily i.m. injections of either excipient (control) or recombinantly derived porcine somatotropin (120 micrograms/kg of BW). On d 8 of treatment, beginning 15 h after injection, glycerol and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics were determined using a primed, continuous infusion of [2-3H]glycerol and [9,10(n)-3H]oleic acid. Kinetics were examined under both basal conditions and during a hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and glycerol and their respective entry rates were highly correlated. Insulin had no effect on plasma glycerol or glycerol entry rate, probably due to the very low rates that were observed in both the control and somatotropin-treated pigs. However, both plasma NEFA and oleic acid entry rate were reduced during hyperinsulinemia. Although indices of fat mobilization tended to be higher in pigs treated with somatotropin, the magnitude of the increases were small and would be sufficient to account for only a minor fraction of the decreased lipid accretion observed in somatotropin-treated pigs.
Heparin Versus Bivalirudin in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A SCAI-Based National Survey From US Interventional Cardiologists.

BACKGROUND The use of antithrombotic therapy (ATT) (bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin) is a class I recommendation for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This survey was conducted to better understand current United States (US) practices in terms of preferences regarding the selection of ATT in STEMI-PPCI, particularly in light of recent clinical trials. METHODS An electronic survey consisting of 9 focused questions was forwarded to 2676 US interventional cardiologists who were members of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI). RESULTS Among 390 responders (14.5%), bivalirudin with bail-out glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) was the predominant strategy for 53% of operators, whereas 32% preferred heparin with bail-out GPI and 15% preferred heparin with more routine GPI. The duration of bivalirudin infusion varied widely among operators, and significant variability existed in the bolus dose of heparin that was preferred by operators. About 49% of respondents stated that the choice of ATT was not affected by the bleeding risk of the patient, although access site did appear to affect the choice of ATT for some operators. Notably, 43% of operators reported to have changed their practice regarding ATT in light of recent trial results. CONCLUSION There is marked variability in self-reported ATT use in STEMI-PPCI among US interventional cardiologists. Given the patient-related variability in bleeding risk and mixed clinical trial results between the two predominant ATT agents, bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin, more data are needed in order to further inform and potentially unify clinical practice in STEMI-PPCI.
The Role of RUNX3 in Colorectal Tumor Progression

Objectives: RUNX3 (runt-related-transcription-factor3) is a putative tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other cancers. Recent evidence also suggests that RUNX3 localization to the cytoplasm may play an oncogenic role. We investigated the role of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of RUNX3 in CRC tumor progression from adenoma to carcinoma. Methods: We compared expression of RUNX3 in CRC and tubulovillous adenomas (TVAs) in …
COLONIZATION AND CONTROL OF DECAY BY TRICHODERMA IN DOUGLAS-FIR AND SOUTHERN PINE EXPOSED ABOVE GROUND

Using biological controls to protect wood against fungal attack is an attractive alternative to chemical biocides because of their environmental effects. Much research on biological control of wood-attacking fungi has involved Trichoderma spp. and, to a lesser extent, Scvtalidium spp. (Freitag et al., 1991). Laboratory studies of antagonism between Trichoderma, Scvtalidium. and wood decay fungi have been promising, but field studies have met with mixed results.
Organizational Learning Support Preferences of Millennials.

Since more than $140 Billion is invested annually on employee learning and development in the U.S (Harward, 2014) it is important that training leads to improved job performance. Millennials, who comprise the latest employee generation, are age 18–37 (Tyler, 2007) and share the same performance requirements and expectations of the generations that precede them in the workforce. The organizational learning supports to help millennials enhance their learning in the workplace remain largely undefined. This study explores how to support millennials in meeting their workplace learning goals. To achieve this generationally exclusive goal, qualitative research was performed amongst college-educated millennials in a for-profit, high-technology, U.S. corporation. Research data and analysis revealed specific learning support preferences for this generation. Most significantly a new role was identified, that of a learning guide who supports millennials’ learning and demonstrates sincere interest in their success. The results suggest that millennials will respond favorably when identified learning support preferences are present by increasing effort in training activities and committing to established learning goals.
Non-negative spectrum of a digraph

Digraphs are considered by means of eigenvalues of the matrix A A T , and similarly A T A , where A is the adjacency matrix of a digraph. The common spectrum of these matrices is called non-negative spectrum or N -spectrum of a digraph. Several properties of the N -spectrum are proved. The notion of cospectrality is generalized, and some examples of cospectral (multi)(di)graphs are constructed.
Glial Plasminogen Activators in Developing and Regenerating Neural Tissue

In the following chapter I would like to introduce the postulate that a population of neural cells -- the glia -- serve as construction/remodelling agents in morphogenetic processes during development and regeneration of the nervous system. The capacity of these glial cells to perform their plasticity function effectively is dependent on their potential to generate extracellular proteolytic activities, namely, to produce plasminogen activator (PA) of the urokinase type (u-PA). Previously published and new data are being presented in support of this hypothesis.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Nigelladine A via Late-Stage C-H Oxidation Enabled by an Engineered P450 Enzyme.

An enantioselective total synthesis of the norditerpenoid alkaloid nigelladine A is described. Strategically, the synthesis relies on a late-stage C–H oxidation of an advanced intermediate. While traditional chemical methods failed to deliver the desired outcome, an engineered cytochrome P450 enzyme was employed to effect a chemo- and regioselective allylic C–H oxidation in the presence of four oxidizable positions. The enzyme variant was readily identified from a focused library of three enzymes, allowing for completion of the synthesis without the need for extensive screening.
Monetary Policy with Declining Deficits: Theory and an Application to Recent Argentine Monetary Policy

The authors study the nature of the optimal monetary policy in a regime of fiscal dominance when the monetary authority—which can print money or issue interest-earning debt—is required to finance an exogenous sequence of transfers to the Treasury. They show that the degree of commitment on the part of the monetary authority has a significant impact on the details of the optimal policy. They apply this model to the recent experience of Argentina and find that the inflation rate experienced by Argentina during the first year of the monetary program is close to the predictions of a weakly time-consistent solution. Moreover, consistent with both versions of their model—full commitment and weak time consistency—the Central Bank of Argentina has increased the ratio of interest-earning debt relative to the monetary base.