cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition Habits And Practices of Users and Non-users of Health Education Materials

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To measure the impact of nutrition education materials on eating behavior A mail survey conducted by an independent firm was sent to a random sample of 4,000 users and 5,000 non-users of free educational materials offered to readers of the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Newsletter. The survey was designed to measure the impact of educational materials on the intake of healthful foods, look at motivators involved in making beneficial lifestyle changes, and determine how to increase usage of health education materials with non-users. The survey showed a wide gap between the types of foods the users and non-users currently eat and the frequency with which they eat them. Users reported eating healthful foods more often. For example, 45% ate fruit more than once a day, while only 28% of non-users did so. 35% of users reported eating salads and vegetables more than once a day, while only 21% of non-users did so, 54% of the users classified AICR materials as "very valuable" and 84% somewhat to strongly agreeing with the statement "AICR materials have helped me to change." The most persuasive reason to modify lifestyle for both groups was one directly connected to the individual's well-being ("own personal health problems" or "prolonging one's life").Less effective was a source that said it was the right thing to do, one's looks, or a broader risk as one's family's health history. Users of materials were clearly much heavier readers of the AICR Newsletter with 88% reporting such activity for at least three of the annual four issues. Only 55% of the non-users could say this. The most frequently given answer as to why non-users did not order AICR materials was that they had intended to order, but had not done so. The survey produced three recommendations to increase ordering of health education materials among non-users: 1) List "free new information you can order" on the front of the Newsletter with a toll-free number; 2) Flag "newly released information" ; 3) Find ways to increase non-user readership of the AICR Newsletter.
Photocrosslinking of benzophenone-labeled single cysteine troponin I mutants to other thin filament proteins.

The interaction sites of rabbit skeletal troponin I (TnI) with troponin C (TnC), troponin T (TnT), tropomyosin (Tm) and actin were mapped systematically using nine single cysteine residue TnI mutants with mutation sites at positions 6, 48, 64, 89, 104, 121, 133, 155 or 179 (TnI6, TnI48 etc.). Each mutant was labeled with the heterobifunctional photocrosslinker 4-maleimidobenzophenone (BP-Mal), and incorporated into the TnI.TnC binary complex, the TnI.TnC.TnT ternary troponin (Tn) complex, and the Tn.Tm.F-actin synthetic thin filament. Photocrosslinking reactions carried out in the presence and absence of Ca(2+) yielded the following results: (1) BP-TnI6 photocrosslinked primarily to TnC with a small degree of Ca(2+)-dependence in all the complex forms. (2) BP-TnI48, TnI64 and TnI89 photocrosslinked to TnT with no Ca(2+)-dependence. Photocrosslinking to TnC was reduced in the ternary versus the binary complex. BP-TnI89 also photocrosslinked to actin with higher yields in the absence of Ca(2+) than in its presence. (3) BP-TnI104 and TnI133 photocrosslinked to actin with much higher yields in the absence than in the presence of Ca(2+). (4) BP-TnI121 photocrosslinked to TnC with a small degree of Ca(2+)-dependence, and did not photocrosslink to actin. (5) BP-TnI155 and TnI179 photocrosslinked to TnC, TnT and actin, but all with low yields. All the labeled mutants photocrosslinked to TnC with varying degrees of Ca(2+)-dependence, and none to Tm. These results, along with those published allowed us to construct a structural and functional model of TnI in the Tn complex: in the presence of Ca(2+), residues 1-33 of TnI interact with the C-terminal domain hydrophobic cleft of TnC, approximately 48-89 with TnT, approximately 90-113 with TnC's central helix, approximately 114-125 with TnC's N-terminal domain hydrophobic cleft, and approximately 130-150 with TnC's A-helix. In the absence of Ca(2+), residues approximately 114-125 move out of TnC's N-terminal domain hydrophobic cleft and trigger the movements of residues approximately 89-113 and approximately 130-150 away from TnC and towards actin.
The Fifth Column---Two OR/MS Detective Stories: The Shrapneled Shed & The Disappearing Product

Two essays about the OR practice in industry. One is about organizational problems in a foundry on the level of interactions of production and quality control. The other essay is about an obvious imbalance of the amount of input and output in manufacturing a simple product and organizational problems that caused it.
The effects of federal energy tax credit on the solar thermal industry and government revenue

Abstract This study shows the impact of the federal energy tax credit (ETC) on the solar thermal industry and on government revenue. The analysis examines investment in solar thermal technologies by limited partnerships. The potential for investment is determined by calculating the investment internal rate of return assuming a 30-year system life. Several scenarios are considered, including state tax credits at both 25 and 0% levels and coverage ratios of 1.2 and 1.4. This analysis indicates that private investment without federal incentives during the early stages of industry development is highly unlikely. Extension of the energy tax credit beyond 1985 is one means to establish a viable solar thermal electric industry before the year 2000. However, as the industry matures, the tax credit can be reduced while federal receipts will increase.
Single-photon ionization and detection of Ga, In, and Asn species in GaAs growth

In this paper, single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (SPI-TOFMS) is used to monitor chemical fluxes of In, Ga, and Asn, relevant in molecular beam epitaxy of GaAs. With single photon ionization at 118 nm (10.5 eV), the photon energy is large enough to ionize the species, but not sufficient to ionize and fragment. The lack of molecular dissociation of species such as As2 and As4 greatly simplifies the interpretation of mass spectra. SPI-TOFMS provides the ability to measure densities, and hence fluxes, of multiple chemical species above a substrate noninvasively and in real time during conventional molecular beam epitaxy. The relative ionization efficiencies of Ga and the Asn species at 118 nm are determined. Additionally, this laser probing technique is used to study the isothermal and temperature programmed desorption of arsenic from Si(100). The catalytic cracking of As4 on Si is also examined and discussed. This technique promises to be a valuable in-situ optical diagnostic for III-V and II-VI molecular beam epitaxy.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evolution of Geologic Thought in Prospecting for Oil and Natural Gas

Following a brief review of the historical development of oil and gas in the United States until the drilling of the Drake well, the more important opinions that have been expressed concerning the geology of oil and natural gas are presented. These include origin, migration, accumulation, reservoir traps, and their means of recognition. The progress of geologic thinking is traced through the main stages of its development, from the first theories pertaining to oil and gas occurrence, the technical advancements that have been made, and the effect of economic demand upon the employment of geologists by industry, to the present trends in thought and techniques. Recent geologic thinking has been dominated by the recognition that reservoir traps could exist without dip reversals due to deformation, and could result from a lithologic change, giving a stratigraphic-type reservoir. Specializations in research were required which would give new and sufficient data concerning all phases of sedimentation to permit a reconstruction of depositional environment and deformational history--historical geology under the microscope. Discovery of new areas of production will require the application of existing geologic knowledge and techniques plus new geologic knowledge and techniques, and especially their increased coordination.
Managing the intermediate accounting overload: An experiment

Abstract Attempts by faculty to integrate growing bodies of accounting standards, regulatory requirements, and academic research into their courses have contributed to a general perception of overload. The problem seems most acute in intermediate accounting. This article describes an experiment designed to test the effect of one approach to alleviating the problem-the selective omission of redundant material traditionally included in the first intermediate course. The results revealed no negative effects on students' performance on other intermediate topics, with the added bonus of being able to allocate additional time to covering several of the more difficult topics, as well as several new topics for which no time had been available in previous offerings of the intermediate sequence.
Part IV: Maya women and the end of the birthing period: Postpartum massage‐and‐binding in Yucatan, Mexico

The massage-and-binding event ending the birthing period in the rural communities of the Yucatan is described in detail as is its significance for the woman and for her identity in the compound and community. By contrasting it with the equivalent North American ritual -- the 6-week medical checkup -- significant differences in the 2 cultures ideas about what it means to be a woman can be identified. Data on which the report is based come from several periods of field work in Yucatan spanning 7 years and consist of information from interviews with women and midwives participant observational data and videotaped recordings of the massage-and-binding event. The American womans concern with the birthing period as an interruption of normal sexual activity is contrasted to the Yucatan concept that the birthing period means an interruption of the womans capacity to work. The massage-and-binding practice is no more optional in the traditional Yucatan birthing system than is the 6-week medical checkup. The new mother and members of her household expect it to happen and believe that there will be trouble if this practice is missed. The midwifes 1st strokes of the massage are designed to gently lift the internal organs. The timing of the massage coincides with the end of postpartum restrictions on the mother. Massage-and-binding serves a utilitarian function while reflecting cultural ideas of what it means to be a woman. The medical checkup in the United States is also concerned with the physical status of the womans body after the birth and with the return to normal life.
Influence of carbon tetrachloride, vitamin E, and protein upon liver slice respiratory activity.

SummaryVitamin E deficiency and low protein intake, factors reported to accentuate the overt toxicity symptoms of CCl4 in rats, were investigated for their effects on CCl4-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism by rat liver slices. Rats fed for 5 weeks on purified diets containing 18 or 10% casein with or without added vitamin E were fasted 24 hr, intubated orally with 1 ml of CCl4 in olive oil per kg of body weight, and then fasted during the subsequent 24 hr. Protection against CCl4-induced lethality by adequate dietary protein and/or vitamin E was observed. However, the following CCl4 effects were unaffected by lowering dietary casein or vitamin E levels: (i) increased liver size and fat content; (ii) lowered oxygen uptake and increased production of 14CO2 from uniformly labeled glucose-14C by liver slices; and (iii) a net production of lactic acid (seen only with liver slices from CCl4-dosed rats). Thus it is concluded that in rats, the protection against CCl4 toxicity by dietary vitamin E or ...
T2* mapping and B0 orientation-dependence at 7 T reveal cyto- and myeloarchitecture organization of the human cortex

Abstract Ultra-high field MRI (≥ 7 T) has recently shown great sensitivity to depict patterns of tissue microarchitecture. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated a dependency between T2* and orientation of white matter fibers with respect to the main magnetic field B0. In this study we probed the potential of T2* mapping at 7 T to provide new markers of cortical architecture. We acquired multi-echo measurements at 7 T and mapped T2* over the entire cortex of eight healthy individuals using surface-based analysis. B0 dependence was tested by computing the angle θz between the normal of the surface and the direction of B0, then fitting T2*(θz) using model from the literature. Average T2* in the cortex was 32.20 +/− 1.35 ms. Patterns of lower T2* were detected in the sensorimotor, visual and auditory cortices, likely reflecting higher myelin content. Significantly lower T2* was detected in the left hemisphere of the auditory region (p
Gene expression profile in laser dissected endothelial cells from vascularised heart transplant subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract Introduction: Oligonucleotide microarray analysis can be powerful tool to determine gene expression changes after transplantation. However, the genes analyzed by this technique in transplanted organs do not provide information regarding specific cell types. Moreover, since transplanted organs are infiltrated with recipient lymphocytes, the changes in gene expression do not accurately reflect changes in either the donor organs or in the infiltrating lymphocytes. To obviate this difficulty we used the recently developed technique of laser microdissection (LMD) to obtain endothelial cells from heart allografts undergoing ischemia/ reperfusion injury (I/R). Methods: Endothelial cells were dissected from cryostat sections of coronary vessels of heart transplanted from C57 BL/6 (H-2b) donors and Balb/C (H-2d) recipients using the Leica® LS AMD laser dissector. RNA was subjected to three rounds of aRNA amplification and analyzed on an Affymetrix MG-U74A mouse Gene Chip®. Genes showing stastically significant changes from control endothelial cells dissected from normal C57 BL/6 mice were further analyzed for functional pathways effects using Simplified Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes public databases. Results: LMD yielded 550–600 endothelial cells from 20 sections of heart allografts and normal hearts. Adequate amount of RNA was obtained for microarray analysis. Ninety-eight genes were upregulated and 172 genes were downregulated (p Conclusion: A combination of laser microdissection and functionally based microarray analysis is a powerful method to analyze changes in gene expression in specific cell types after transplantation.
Is LINQ in your toolbox

LINQ is a query language integrating declarative and functional paradigms within an object-oriented language. LINQ looks a bit like SQL with from, where, and select clauses. However, the execution order of the clauses is different due to its underlying foundation of functional programming. LINQ also provides a unifying paradigm for querying relations, objects, and XML (ROX). This paper provides a brief overview of LINQ by example and discusses its importance from both a historical and a pedagogical perspective.
“A carnival of promiscuous carnal indulgence”: bureaucrats’ ambivalence in reconciling capitalist production with native American habitus

In 1921 the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (OIA) attempted to suppress ritual public performances in the Southwestern Pueblos. Several reams of documenting text were used to support this authorizing text. These documenting texts were affidavits purporting to describe “degrading tendencies” and “immoral relations” in the Puebloan habitus. The OIA used these sensationalized representations of the habitus of Native Americans’ communities to promote and justify the policy of forced acculturation in the waning days of its implementation. What is perplexing is that these supporting texts were trotted out so late, decades after the major thrusts of the forced acculturation program had first been put into play. My purpose is to analyze the place of these texts in the forced acculturation program. I suggest, following Anne McClintock (1995) that the obsessive fascination that the public performances seem to have held for those who reported on and condemned them, represent a layered and complex intertwining of ambivalence about domestic social relations and gender with confusion about culture and labor. Examining a slice of the U.S. Government’s policy of forced acculturation in a corner of the Native American world reveals a potentially implosive anxiety of reconciling the imposition of a desired mode of production with the persistence of a habitus perceived as celebrating the violation of appropriate domesticity.
Editorial and Technological Workflow Tools to Promote Website Quality

Library websites are an increasingly visible representation of the library as an institution, which makes website quality an important way to communicate competence and trustworthiness to users. A website editorial workflow is one way to enforce a process and ensure quality. In a workflow, users receive roles, like author or editor, and content travels through various stages in which grammar, spelling, tone, and format are checked. One library used a workflow system to involve librarians in the creation of content. This system, implemented in Drupal, an opensource content management system, solved problems of coordination, quality, and comprehensiveness that existed on the library’s earlier, static website.
Review-of-systems questionnaire as a predictive tool for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Patients with refractory epilepsy undergo video-electroencephalography for seizure characterization, among whom approximately 10-30% will be discharged with the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Clinical PNES predictors have been described but in general are not sensitive or specific. We evaluated whether multiple complaints in a routine review-of-system (ROS) questionnaire could serve as a sensitive and specific marker of PNESs. We performed a retrospective analysis of a standardized ROS questionnaire completed by patients with definite PNESs and epileptic seizures (ESs) diagnosed in our adult epilepsy monitoring unit. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to determine whether groups with PNES and ES differed with respect to the percentage of complaints in the ROS questionnaire. Tenfold cross-validation was used to evaluate the predictive error of a logistic regression classifier for PNES status based on the percentage of positive complaints in the ROS questionnaire. A total of 44 patients were included for analysis. Patients with PNESs had a significantly higher number of complaints in the ROS questionnaire compared to patients with epilepsy. A threshold of 17% positive complaints achieved a 78% specificity and 85% sensitivity for discriminating between PNESs and ESs. We conclude that the routine ROS questionnaire may be a sensitive and specific predictive tool for discriminating between PNESs and ESs.
Activation of C2H6 and C3H8 by Gas-Phase Mo+: Potential Energy Surfaces and Reaction Mechanisms

A theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanisms for C−H and C−C bond activation processes in the reaction of Mo+ (6S) with ethane and propane is carried out. Results obtained at the B3LYP/HW/6-311++G(3df,3p) level of theory are compared with guided ion beam mass spectrometry studies provided in the preceding paper. A complete exploration of the potential energy surfaces is conducted for ethane, whereas some limitations are imposed on calculations for the more complicated propane system. In all cases, intermediates and transition states along the reaction paths of interest are characterized. It is found that both the C−H and C−C bond activation processes are limited by the initial activation step, with a transition state having an energy in reasonable agreement with experimental observations. The rate-limiting TS is located on the quartet surface for C−H activation and on the sextet surface for C−C activation. This difference can be traced to the directionality of the sp3-hybridized orbital on methy...
SU-E-J-124: Assessment of Intrafraction and Interfraction Motion in Cranial SRT Using Tomotherapy.

Purpose:Stereotactic radiotherapy delivers large doses of radiation to small volumes with steep dose gradients, and therefore requires accurate positioning and near complete immobilization throughout the delivery of treatment. This work assesses intra and interfraction patient motion for two immobilization devices for patients treated on Tomotherapy. Methods: The study set consisted of 60 patients undergoing treatment for brain metastases over 5 fractions on MVCT imaged‐guided Tomotherapy. Patients were immobilized using either the frameless Aktina PinPoint system or thermoplastic mask with bite block. To assess intrafraction motion, a scan was performed at the end of 2 treatment fractions. All MVCT Tomotherapy images were registered to the original kVCT in Amira 5.2 using a quasi‐ newton, normalized mutual information affine transformation. To assess the precision and accuracy of MVCT image acquisition, reconstruction and offline Amira registration to kVCT, a phantom study was conducted. Results: The phantom study demonstrated that the total error (noise floor) of the measurements and imaging/registration workflow was 0.11 ± 0.09 mm. The Aktina frameless immobilization device yielded an average displacement of 2.58 ± 2.29 mm for intrafraction patient motion and 2.54 ± 1.37 mm for interfraction patient setup differences, while mask immobilization yielded average intrafraction patient motion of 1.29 ± 1.18 mm and interfraction patient setup differences of 2.13 ± 1.49 mm. Finally, 95% of all intrafraction motion using mask immobilization fell within our clinically used 2 mm margin, as compared to 75% of Aktina immobilization over the same margin. A margin of 3.5 mm is necessary for Aktina immobilized patients to include 95% of intrafraction motion within the margin. Conclusions: Our data indicates that mask immobilization performed better at preventing intrafraction motion and reducing interfraction patient setup differences.
Effect of Solvent Quality on the Rheological and Rheooptical Properties of Flexible Polymer Solutions

The dynamics of dilute solutions of flexible polymer molecules with intramolecular excluded volume interactions are modeled using nonequilibrium Brownian dynamics (NEBD) and configuration-biased Mo...
Enzymes of orithine metabolism in adult developing rat intestine

Abstract The levels of 11 enzymes, most of them involved in the metabolism of orithine, were measured in whole upper intestine, or in duodenum, small intestine and colon of adult rats. The developmental formations in small intestine of arginase, orithine aminotransferase, and orithine transcarbamylase were compared with those in liver. Changes with age (late gestation to adult) of the intestinal activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, proline oxidase and glutamyl transpeptidase are also described. The results suggests that the proximal part of the intestine is well endowed with enzymes involved in the conversion of ornithine to proline as well as to citrulline. Fetal intestine is rich in proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. The peak levels of ornithine aminotraferase found in intestine in the first 3 postnatal weeks were higher than seen in any other rat tissue. Some of the properties of arginase, ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in small intestine were compared with those in liver. Isozymes of arginase in small intestine differed from those in liver; the kinetic properties of ornithine aminotransferase were similar in the two tissues. In intestine of 14-day-old rats, the orithine aminotransferase reaction was reversible, forming ornithine from pyrroline-5-carboxylate. The intestinal pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was cold-labile as was the hepatic enzyme in rat.
Gifted delinquents: What do we know about them?

Abstract Gifted and talented youths—defined as youths who show achievement or potential ability in regard to general intelligence, a specific academic area, creative or productive thinking, leadership, visual or performing arts, or psychomotor activities—constitute one of the nation's most vital resources. Some portion of these youths come in contact with the juvenile court. This article reviews the research on gifted delinquents with particular attention to four longitudinal studies, three British and one American. The research is examined in order to ascertain whether it lends support to the thesis that bright youths are more vulnerable to delinquency because they are more sensitive to an unfavorable environment, or to the thesis that they are protected against delinquency because of their greater ability to understand and cope with environmental conditions. The findings indicate that bright youths are less likely to appear in delinquent populations than others and more likely to come from disrupted and unstable homes. To some extent they support the thesis that bright children are protected from delinquency by their intelligence except in extreme family circumstances. School performance for most bright delinquents is far below capacity, although there is evidence that some youths become disruptive outside of school before their school performance deteriorates.
Preference for mirror image stimulation in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Ten goldfish, given a continuous choice between orienting toward a mirror or another conspecific behind Plexiglas, exhibited a distinct preference for mirror-image stimulation. Moreover, the ratio of time spent in association with the mirror plus a target fish to time in the neutral zone showed a tendency to increase as a function of the amount of social deprivation imposed prior to testing. The results were discussed in terms of implications for theories that attribute the appetitive properties of mirror confrontation to the fact that it elicits an aggressive display.
Draft genome of the scabies mite

The disease scabies, caused by the ectoparasitic mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, causes significant morbidity in humans and other mammals worldwide. However, there is limited data available regarding the molecular basis of host specificity and host-parasite interactions. Therefore, we sought to produce a draft genome for S. scabiei and use this to identify molecular markers that will be useful for phylogenetic population studies and to identify candidate protein-coding genes that are critical to the unique biology of the parasite. S. scabiei var. canis DNA was isolated from living mites and sequenced to ultra-deep coverage using paired-end technology. Sequence reads were assembled into gapped contigs using de Bruijn graph based algorithms. The assembled genome was examined for repetitive elements and gene annotation was performed using ab initio, and homology-based methods. The draft genome assembly was about 56.2 Mb and included a mitochondrial genome contig. The predicted proteome contained 10,644 proteins, ~67 % of which appear to have clear orthologs in other species. The genome also contained more than 140,000 simple sequence repeat loci that may be useful for population-level studies. The mitochondrial genome contained 13 protein coding loci and 20 transfer RNAs. Hundreds of candidate salivary gland protein genes were identified by comparing the scabies mite predicted proteome with sialoproteins and transcripts identified in ticks and other hematophagous arthropods. These include serpins, ferritins, reprolysins, apyrases and new members of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene family. Numerous other genes coding for salivary proteins, metabolic enzymes, structural proteins, proteins that are potentially immune modulating, and vaccine candidates were identified. The genes encoding cysteine and serine protease paralogs as well as mu-type glutathione S-transferases are represented by gene clusters. S. scabiei possessed homologs for most of the 33 dust mite allergens. The draft genome is useful for advancing our understanding of the host-parasite interaction, the biology of the mite and its phylogenetic relationship to other Acari. The identification of antigen-producing genes, candidate immune modulating proteins and pathways, and genes responsible for acaricide resistance offers opportunities for developing new methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing this disease.
Choosing Drug Use Measures for Treatment Outcome Studies. II. Timing Baseline and Follow-up Measurement

The use of different approaches to measurement in drug abuse treatment outcome studies has resulted in a lack of comparability across studies. This paper reviews different approaches to timing of baseline and follow-up periods and to dealing with time periods during which follow-up subjects are not “at risk” for drug use. Length and timing of baseline and follow-up periods are considered as well as periods of time within which specific drug use outcomes are measured. It is suggested that research focus on describing the natural course of drug use both prior to and following treatment, in order to determine the most appropriate length and timing of follow-up periods. It is recommended that investigators report drug use data from both “at risk” and “not at risk” periods, and that they choose methods of controlling for time “at risk” which do not eliminate important drug use data from analyses.
Electrical resistivity measurement through metal casing

Methods using dc electrical arrays to measure formation resistivity through casing have relied on approximate forms for the current and potential distributions to derive a simple relationship between the formation resistivity and the transverse resistance calculated from measurements of the potential and its second derivative inside the casing. We have derived a numerical solution for the potentials and their derivatives to examine the accuracy of the approximate forms for casing of finite-length, annular zones of varying radius, and for vertical discontinuities such as layers or abrupt changes in annular zone radius. For typical conductivity contrasts between the casing and formation, the approximate relationships may be off by as much as 60 percent for long casing and may show variations of 20 to 30 percent as the electrode array moves along the casing. In principle an iterative scheme could be devised to correct the readings if high accuracy was required. The numerical results show that to first order the current flow from the casing is radial, and that all the analytic expressions based on this assumption for evaluating layer resolution and the effects of annular layers are valid. An interesting byproduct of this study has been the discovery that the distortion of the potentials in a nearby well by an annular disk (e.g., an injected steam zone) surrounding the current injection well is greater if the injection well is cased. Crosswell resistivity surveys appear feasible if one of the wells is cased.
Disciplinary history, adult disciplinary attitudes, and risk for abusive parenting.

In an attempt to identify factors that could contribute to intergenerational physical abuse, the specific childhood disciplinary experiences of adolescents and young adults were assessed, and these childhood experiences were related to the subjects' assessment as to whether specific disciplinary tactics were abusive or appropriate in child rearing. Consistent with previous research, few maltreated persons viewed their own experiences as abusive. Moreover, personal experience with a disciplinary event was associated with a decreased tendency to view that particular form of discipline as inappropriate. Finally, a history of severe physical punishment, failure to acknowledge an abusive history when it had occurred, and adult attitudes regarding physical discipline were associated with selecting more punitive disciplinary strategies when individuals were faced with child misbehavior in an analog parenting task. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulation of North Atlantic Decadal/Multidecadal Winter SST Anomalies Driven by Basin-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

The North Atlantic winter sea surface temperature anomaly (Tsa) response to anomalous surface atmospheric circulation anomalies that vary over decadal and short-term inter-decadal periods is simulated for 1950 through 1992. Anomalous ocean variability is driven by adding monthly COADS-derived anomalous fields of vector wind stress and wind speed to the climatological annual cycle forcing. A simple model is derived relating winter Tsa to the integrated atmospheric forcing present earlier in time that is responsible for its existence. The basinscale structure of forced winter Tsa patterns depends on the structure of the atmospheric forcing along with regional differences in the dominant mixed layer processes that generate Tsa. For example, when the atmospheric subtropical high and subpolar low pressure systems are simultaneously strong, enhanced flow around, and baroclinic adjustments within, the subtropical gyre results in anomalously warm water in the Gulf Stream region off the U.S. East Coast. At the same time, however, the open ocean generally cools because the westerlies and trades are anomalously strong. By analyzing Tsa variability not driven by the atmosphere, an anomalously cold decade is identified characterized by rapid onset and termination that both occur within one year. The onset during 1968 coincides with the appearance of the great salinity anomaly, while the termination during 1977 coincides with an abrupt Northern Hemisphere climate shift that is particularly evident in the Pacific.
The Analytical Sciences Digital Library (ASDL)

The Analytical Sciences Digital Library (ASDL) is a collection of electronic resources for teachers, students, and practitioners interested in chemical measurements and instrumentation. The ASDL collection is freely accessible at www.asdlib.org. This project has been funded by the National Science Foundation’s National Science Digital Library (NSDL) program. The NSDL (http://nsdl.org/) is an online library for education and research in science technology, engineering and mathematics. All NSDL content, including that in the ASDL, is freely available on the Internet. The ASDL was launched in 2002 following discussions at regional and national meetings about ways to implement the recommendations embodied in a report from a National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded workshop on “Curricular developments in the analytical sciences” [1]. The analytical sciences include analytical chemistry, and other disciplines in which measurement plays a central role, for example, chemical engineering, public health, forensics, and environmental science. The ASDL provides an annotated collection of electronic resources and serves as a resource for curricular development in the analytical sciences. Materials cataloged in the ASDL are selected for their educational value through a peer-review process.
Editorial: Save Research---Abandon the Case Method of Teaching

The case method of teaching and the corresponding Socratic Method predate the discovery of the scientific method for advancing knowledge and problem solving. The case method applies known principles e.g., laws to specific situations while the scientific method focuses on discovering principles. Although the case method might be effective at teaching leadership and persuasion skills, it can lack the spirit of inquiry and the worship of the truth associated with the scientific method. Moreover, unlike legal cases, business cases lack precedent i.e., stare decisis, the foundation of written law, and rigorous adjudication. More importantly, the traditional case method of teaching often ignores important research findings. Consequently, it helps destroy the link between academic research and classroom learning. Students lose the benefit of important research findings while leaving the classroom with false confidence about what they know. Researchers lose an incentive to do research relevant to their students. Eventually, there is less research worth teaching, and fewer students value the knowledge learned through painstaking research. Although we might covet the skill of persuasion, time might gradually elevate previously less persuasive managers who have better skills with analysis and collecting relevant information. Great teaching requires great content, in addition to active learning.
Rectilinear Steiner Trees with Minimum Elmore Delay

We provide a new theoretical framework for constructing Steiner routing trees with minimum Elmore delay. Earlier work [3, 13] has established Elmore delay as a high fidelity estimate of "physical", i.e., SPICE-computed, signal delay. Previously, however, it was not known how to construct an Elmore delay-optimal Steiner tree. Our main theoretical result is a generalization of Hanan's theorem [11] which limited the number of possible locations of Steiner nodes in an optimal delay rectilinear Steiner tree. Another theoretical result establishes a new decomposition theorem for constructing optimal-delay Steiner trees. We develop a branch-and-bound method, called BB-SORT-C, which exactly minimizes any linear combination of Elmore sink delays; BB-SORT-C is practical for routing small nets and for delimiting the space of achievable routing solutions with respect to Elmore delay.
Short- and long-term responses of total soil organic carbon to harvesting in a northern hardwood forest

The long-term response of total soil organic carbon pools (‘total SOC’, i.e. soil and dead wood) to different harvesting scenarios in even-aged northern hardwood forest stands was evaluated using two soil carbon models, CENTURY and YASSO, that were calibrated with forest plot empirical data in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Overall, 13 different harvesting scenarios that included four levels of aboveground biomass removal (20%, 40%, 60% and 90%) and four different rotation lengths (60 year, 90 year, 120 year, and No Rotation (NR)) were simulated for a 360 year period. Simulations indicate that following an initial post-harvest increase, total SOC decreases for several decades until carbon inputs into the soil pool from the re-growth are greater than losses due to decomposition. At this point total SOC begins to gradually increase until the next harvest. One consequence of this recovery pattern is that between harvests, the size of the SOC pool in a stand may change from −7 to 18% of the pre-harvest pool, depending on the soil pool considered. Over 360 years, the average annual decrease in total SOC depends on the amount of biomass removed, the rotation length, and the soil pool considered. After 360 years a stand undergoing the 90yr-40% scenario will have 15% less total SOC than a non-harvested stand. Long-term declines in total SOC greater than 10% were observed in the 60yr-60%, 60yr-90%, and 90yr-90% scenarios. Long-term declines less than 5% were observed in scenarios with 120 year rotations that remove 60% or less of the aboveground biomass. The long-term decreases simulated here for common management scenarios in this region would require intensive sampling procedures to be detectable.
Birth season glucocorticoids are related to the presence of infants in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)

The responses of plural breeding mammals to environmental stressors are little understood in free-ranging populations, but recent studies of singular breeders suggest that ecological factors and social milieu influence the variable physiological stress responses observed among individuals. Our previous studies examining faecal glucocorticoid (fGC)‐behaviour interactions in plural breeding male sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi ) show that fGC elevations coincide with specific dispersal events, particularly the eviction of subordinates by resident alpha males. This study examined the utility of fGC assays for assessing the stress responses of male sifaka to demographic changes in the population during the birth season. Analyses were based on 889 faecal samples collected over five birth seasons from 124 adult males residing in 55 different groups at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar. Results show that fGC levels in males are unrelated to age, residence, group stability or rank, but are significantly and positively correlated with the presence of infants, annual elevations in weekly mean fGC concentrations in males paralleling increasing numbers of infants born annually in the population. These data are the first to show that in seasonal plural breeding species such as sifaka, elevated fGC in males reflects specific events related to reproduction rather than states or social context during the birth season.
Ontogenetic shift in response to prey-derived chemical cues in prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis

Snakes often have specialized diets that undergo a shift from one prey type to another depending on the life stage of the snake. Crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) takes different prey at different life stages, and neonates typically prey on ectotherms, while adults feed almost entirely on small endotherms. We hypothesized that elevated rates of tongue flicking to chemical stimuli should correlate with particular prey consumed, and that this response shifts from one prey type to another as in- dividuals age. To examine if an ontogenetic shift in response to chemical cues occurred, we recorded the rate of tongue flicking for 25 neonate, 20 subadult, and 20 adult (average SVL = 280.9, 552, 789.5 mm, respectively) wild-caught C. v. viridis to chemi- cal stimuli presented on a cotton-tipped applicator; water-soluble cues from two ectotherms (prairie lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, and house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus), two endotherms (deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus and lab mouse, Mus musculus), and water controls were used. Neonates tongue flicked significantly more to chemical cues of their common prey, S. undulatus, than to all other chemical cues; however, the response to this lizard's chemical cues decreased in adult rattlesnakes. Subadults tongue flicked with a higher rate of tongue flicking to both S. undulatus and P. maniculatus than to all other treatments, and adults tongue flicked significantly more to P. maniculatus than to all other chemical cues. In addition, all three sub-classes demonstrated a greater response for natural prey chemical cues over chemical stimuli of prey not encountered in the wild (M. musculus and H. frenatus). This shift in chemosensory response correlated with the previously described ontogenetic shifts in C. v. viridis diet. Be- cause many vipers show a similar ontogenetic shift in diet and venom composition, we suggest that this shift in prey cue dis- crimination is likely a general phenomenon among viperid snakes (Current Zoology 58 (4): 549-555, 2012). Keywords Gape-limited predator, Prey choice, Trophic adaptation, Vomeronasal chemoreception
Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration: Evidence for Sequential, Contact-Dependent Signaling Events and Enhanced Paracellular Permeability Independent of Transjunctional Migration

Active migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) through the intestinal crypt epithelium is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease and correlates with patient symptoms. Previous in vitro studies have shown that PMN transepithelial migration results in increased epithelial permeability. In this study, we modeled PMN transepithelial migration across T84 monolayers and demonstrated that enhanced paracellular permeability to small solutes occurred in the absence of transepithelial migration but required both PMN contact with the epithelial cell basolateral membrane and a transepithelial chemotactic gradient. Early events that occurred before PMN entering the paracellular space included increased permeability to small solutes (<500 Da), enhanced phosphorylation of regulatory myosin L chain, and other as yet undefined proteins at the level of the tight junction. No redistribution or loss of tight junction proteins was detected in these monolayers. Late events, occurring during actual PMN transepithelial migration, included redistribution of epithelial serine-phosphorylated proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in cells adjacent to migrating PMN. Changes in phosphorylation of multiple proteins were observed in whole cell lysates prepared from PMN-stimulated epithelial cells. We propose that regulation of PMN transepithelial migration is mediated, in part, by sequential signaling events between migrating PMN and the epithelium.
Adsorption films, humidity, stick-slip and resistance of sliding contacts

The effect of humidity on gold-plated contacts has been studied in the hoop apparatus using a solid slider and fiber bundles. The specimens slide smoothly (for significantly positive d mu /dv), execute harmonic oscillations (for dv/dt near zero), or stick-slip (for significantly negative d/dv). High humidity and low speed favor stick-slip, while low humidity and high-speed favor smooth sliding. The tendency for stick-slip is greater for a solid slider than for fiber bundles. The electrical resistance is indicative of an approximately 0.5-nm-thick adsorption film at the contact spots, independent of coefficient of friction, sliding mode, or ambient atmosphere including vacuum. Minute traces of contaminants can inhibit the humidity effect. The observations are explained using a model of adsorbed films in which all but one monomolecular layer on each side are squeezed out from between load-bearing areas, and that the excess molecules flow about the contact spots during sliding. Electrical noise is due to minor variations of film thickness at the load-bearing areas. It is larger for a solid slider than for fiber bundles, and larger for stick-slip than other sliding modes. >
Demography and Democracy: Exploring the Linkage Between Age and Voter Turnout in Italy with Geospatial Analysis

Electoral outcomes in both established and new democracies alike generate a flurry of interest and analysis. However, the reasons to vote or not are varied. Herein lays a large part of the problem in trying to provide a single explanation for declining turnout for an entire country. In different places within a country different mixes of reasons may be at work. This geographic analysis of voter turnout focuses upon contemporary Italian democracy. Italy is a compelling case in which to examine the relationship between demography and democracy for several reasons. First, Italy is renowned for its historically high voter turnout rates. In the eighteen national elections since 1948, well over 80 % of voters turned out in each and every political contest. Second, as alluded to previously, Italy has one of the highest proportions of citizens aged 65 and over in the world. Coupled with one of the world’s lowest birthrates, it is projected that Italy will experience a significant population decline in the decades to come. Third, Italy is often considered to be divided into two distinct geographic regions: a prosperous, civic-minded and European-oriented north versus an underdeveloped, peripheral, stagnant and corrupt south. Sub-divisions of this twofold division are also very common, as we discuss later. Fourth, the economic crisis of 2008 ushered in a remarkable period of social, political and economic turmoil across the Eurozone, and resulted in several austerity measures, some of which have been particularly acute for Italy and many Italians. Finally, the 2013 general election marked low-points in terms of voter turnout, and more generally, public attitudes towards Italian politics and politicians. Recognizing how such factors influence political participation differently in different places across Italy will shed light on the age-turnout nexus, and highlight the value of incorporating spatial concepts and theories into demographic-based accounts of politics.