cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrosorptive Detection Based on Double-Layer Capacitance for Selective Anion Monitoring in Ion Chromatography. 1. Mercury Electrodes.

Abstract A novel scheme is presented for the detection of selected anions in ion chromatography, based on changes in differential double-layer capacitance, Δ C d , for a metal electrode at a suitable electrode potential induced by specific anion adsorption. The detector in this liquid chromatography/double-layer capacitance (LC/DLC) arrangement is a hanging or dropping mercury electrode in a large-volume wall-jet configuration. The anions observed to be detected readily by this approach include chloride, bromide, iodide, azide, thiocyanate, and thiosulfate. The relationship between Δ C d and the analyte concentration can be arranged to be approximately linear at least over the range 1–100 mg l −1 . An attractive feature of the technique is its insensitivity to ionic concentration gradients in the flowing stream. Another virtue of LC/DLC is its selectivity, although it is less sensitive for the detection of complexing anions than amperometric detection based on mercury oxidation. Dual detection schemes are also devised, involving monitoring double-layer capacitance at two potentials or combined with amperometric detection.
Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis on support-coated open tubular capillary columns

Gas chromatographic methodology has been developed for quantitative analysis of samples of o-, m-, and p-ethylphenols. Samples are dissolved in a dichloromethane solution of the internal standard, anisole, and are then derivatized with N-trimethylsilylimidazole to form the silyl ethers. The samples are chromatographed with similarly prepared standards on a stainless-steel OV-17 support-coated open tubular (SCOT) column. Specificity, linearity, precision and stability of the samples are discussed, and chromatograms obtained on the SCOT column are compared to those obtained on a packed analytical column. This report describes one of the first quantitative gas chromatographic analytical methods to use a SCOT (capillary) column.
Current controversies in virtue theory

Acknowledgements Introduction What is a virtue? A pluralist theory of virtue Against radical pluralism Study questions Does virtue contribute to flourishing? How virtue contributes to flourishing Virtue and oppression Study questions How are ethical and epistemic virtues related? Virtue epistemology: Character versus competence Character virtues, epistemic agency, and reflective knowledge Study questions How are virtues acquired? From personality to character to virtue Russell on acquiring virtue Study questions Can people be virtuous? Ramsifying virtue theory Ramsify (by all means)-but do not 'dumb down' the moral virtues Study questions A brief introduction to other virtue theoretic controversies Why attribute virtues and vices to other people and ourselves? What can feminist ethics contribute to virtue theory? Should virtue theory be pursued naturalistically? References
Developmental rates of heterozygous and homozygous rainbow trout reared at three temperatures

The hatching distributions of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) with different genotypes at eight loci are compared in two experiments with the same strain. Embryos were incubated at temperatures colder (5 and 8°C) and warmer (12°C) than normally experienced by these fish (9.5°C). At hatching, embryos were separated into five hatching groups representing the chronological order of hatching. There is no significant correlation between multilocus heterozygosity and hatching time at any temperature in either experiment. Fish in the middle of the hatching distribution had the highest average heterozygosity. In both experiments, heterozygotes at the majority of loci examined tended to hatch relatively later within the hatching distribution at 12°C than at both 5 and 8°C. Fish with different genotypes atPgm2 andCk1 showed significant differences in hatching time that were consistent between experiments.Ck1 heterozygotes hatched sooner than homozygotes at 8°C but later at 12°C.Pgm2 heterozygotes hatched later than homozygotes at all temperatures and significantly later in four of five cases. At the other loci examined, however, the relative hatching distributions of fish with particular genotypes were not significantly different or repeatable between experiments.
REORIENTING WORLD BANK INVOLVEMENT WITH URBAN TRANSPORT IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

Responding to an acute funding and supply crisis in urban public transport services during the past decade, the World Bank made eight loans benefiting about 20 cities in ex-socialist countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA). The main strategy for the first five projects, now completed, was to make loans for fleet replacement and rehabilitation, conditional on restructuring publicly owned operators, increasing their fare revenue, instilling a greater discipline in subsidy payments, and attempting to bring private capital and skills into the sector. Services provided by publicly owned operators were improved and cost recovery from fares increased, but the funding gap still persists. In the last three projects, approved in the late 1990s, the focus shifted to attracting private operators under a competitive framework, creating markets in road maintenance, and accelerating traffic management. A strategic shift is now warranted, recognizing that increasing motorization and the consequent shifts in the modal split are of primary importance in ECA urban areas. A proposal is presented to extend market principles to the automobile as well, primarily through city-based road use charges. The new strategy continues to emphasize the creation of competitive markets, increased user charges, and sound funding for public transport services, subject to protection mechanisms for low-income and other vulnerable groups. Other building blocks of the strategy (e.g., investment agenda, capacity building, and knowledge-oriented activities) are derived directly from the preferred policy orientations.
PbSe/CdSe core-shell colloidal quantum dots with enhanced optical nonlinearities and dual-band infrared/visible emission

We report more than ten-fold enhancement of two-photon absorption cross sections in PbSe/CdSe core-shell colloidal quantum dots due to resonant core-mediated transitions and Auger-assisted upconversion.
Multilevel manifold learning with application to spectral clustering

In the past decade, a number of nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods using an affinity graph have been developed for manifold learning. This paper explores a multilevel framework with the goal of reducing the cost of unsupervised manifold learning and preserving the embedding quality at the same time. An application to spectral clustering is also presented. Experimental results indicate that our multilevel approach is an appealing alternative to standard techniques.
Sexual abuse by grandparents

Using a sample of 95 case records of sexual abuse substantiated through child protection investigation, this study confirmed several findings from earlier studies of sexually abusive grandparents: (a) virtually all perpetrators are male, (b) the vast majority of victims are female, (c) a disproportionately large share of abusive grandfathers appear to also be sexually abusive fathers, and (d) stepgrandchildren appear to experience greater risk. Additionally, it was noted that stepgrandparent perpetrators were more threatening and physically violent. However, contrary to some earlier studies, evidence was provided that this form of abuse is inappropriately described as "gentle." Explicit threats and overt physical assault were noted in 14 cases. Moreover, the other tactics used to gain children's compliance, such as overpowering them, suddenly grabbing their genitals, and attacking them in their sleep, appeared to seriously compromise children's autonomy and personal integrity.
Postmodern Swing Dance and Secondary Adjustment: Identity as Process

In this article, the author describes activities of strategic consumption that members of a postmodern swing dance scene utilized to construct identity. He deploys Goffman's category of “contained secondary adjustment” for describing social interactions that are moments of purposeful resistance designed to usurp (while also being lodged within) organizational and/or institutional claims and constraints for identity and self. Specifically, the article describes swing dancers' presentations of unique selves, thrift store shopping, tavern socializing, and swing dancing. Swing dancers utilized these secondary adjustments to resist the dictates of corporate-driven and mass-mediated claims and constraints for “mainstream” consumer identities. These secondary adjustments add up to an “identity distancing,” which is the individual's and/or group's purposeful distancing and separation from other identities or groups associated with popular culture. Describing the swing dancers' secondary adjustments reaffirms the symbolic interactionist stance that identity construction is a durable social interactional process.
Risk Adjustment Using Automated Ambulatory Pharmacy Data: The RxRisk Model

Objectives. Develop and estimate the RxRisk model, a risk assessment instrument that uses automated ambulatory pharmacy data to identify chronic conditions and predict future health care cost. The RxRisk model’s performance in predicting cost is compared with a demographic-only model, the Ambulatory
Covered Stent Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstruction Cardiomyopathy

To the Editor: Fifer et al1 report a case of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in which a covered stent was implanted in the left anterior descending artery to occlude the first septal branch after an unsuccessful attempt to cannulate it. Recurrence of symptoms was associated with collateralization …
Combining pharmacotherapy with cognitive behavioral therapy: Traditional and new approaches

Given the ever-increasing sources of trauma both nationally and globally, it is imperative to develop new and better treatments for anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review is a collection of presentations that seek to do just that, either by using pharmacotherapy to try to prevent or erase the formation of traumatic fear memories, or to enhance exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy using pharmacological agents that have been effective in enhanced extinction of fear in rodents.
Degradation of ion-exchange strengthened glasses due to surface stress relaxation

Abstract Ion-exchange is a popular method to strengthen alkali-containing glasses. However, the experimentally observed residual compressive stress profiles often deviate from the theoretical profiles: a subsurface compression maximum is often observed, while monotonically decreasing stress with depth is expected. It is suggested here that this discrepancy can be accounted for by considering a surface stress relaxation process that takes place at a faster rate than bulk stress relaxation in the presence of water. This suggestion is based upon experimental data indicating the presence of water impurity in the molten salt used for ion-exchange strengthening of glasses. Recent work characterizing surface stress relaxation in oxide glass fibers as a diffusion controlled process aided by molecular water diffusion was applied to better explain the development of a subsurface compressive maximum within an accelerated timeframe. By combining the new surface stress relaxation diffusion mechanism with the well-established ion-exchange mechanism, a mathematical model predicting a subsurface maximum stress is developed with a good agreement to published data.
Direct measurement of the growth mode of graphene on SiC(0001) and SiC(0001

We have determined the growth mode of graphene on SiC(0001) and $\mathrm{SiC}(000\overline{1})$ using ultrathin, isotopically labeled $\mathrm{Si}^{13}\mathrm{C}$ ``marker layers'' grown epitaxially on the $\mathrm{Si}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ surfaces. Few-layer graphene overlayers were formed via thermal decomposition at elevated temperature. For both surface terminations (Si face and C face), we find that the $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ is located mainly in the outermost graphene layers, indicating that, during decomposition, new graphene layers form underneath existing ones.
Humans “very likely” responsible for warming, Report concludes

Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) upgraded its assessment of the probability that humans are responsible for the warming of the planet in the last 50 years from ‘likely’ to ‘very likely,’ in a report on the state of the science released 2 February. The language change indicates that the likelihood that humans are responsible for the warming increased from 66% in the last assessment, which was released in 2001, to 90%. Human influences on climate can now be seen in warming of the oceans and land, temperature extremes, and changes in wind patterns, according to the report.
Solution phase conformation studies of the prekallikrein binding domain of high molecular weight kininogen.

High molecular weight kininogen is a cofactor of the surface-dependent phase of the blood-clotting cascade. Unique sequence-binding sites are exposed on the surface of this glycoprotein which complex prekallikrein or factor XI with high affinity and specificity (Tait and Fujikawa, 1987). A sequence comprising 31-residues (residues 565–595 of the mature kininogen molecule) retains full binding activity for prekallikrein but the sequence 569–595 (27 residues) shows only 25% of this binding affinity (Vogelet al., 1990). Thus, the key structural features required for protein recognition reside in the 31-residue sequence but these features are likely compromised (or absent) in the 27-residue sequence. To determine the conformation of the prekallikrein-binding domain, peptides comprising the 31- and 27-residue sequences were prepared by solid-phase methods and their structures determined by circular dichroism, fluorescence polarization, and 2D-NMR techniques. Fluorescence emission spectra, polarization, and anisotropy measurements of the single Trp residue present in both peptides show that the 31-residue peptide contains an ordered microenvironment at its amino terminus, which is not present in the 27-residue peptide. This structural ordering is characterized by movement of the Trp residue into a more polar environment. Further, the 31-residue peptide possesses a higher limit anisotropy, longer rotational relaxation time, and shows a higher polarization value even at elevated temperatures. Circular dichroic spectra of both peptides in the far UV region are essentially identical and indicate that both peptides contain predominantly β-turn elements, but also contain some α-helix, β-sheet, and random coil character. The structural elements of both peptides are unchanged in urea solution, but the negative ellipticity absorption band in the near UV region assignable to Trp is eliminated in acid solution upon protonation of the neighboring -Asp-Asp-Asp- triplet. In the two peptides, the spin system of each amino acid has been assigned through 2D-1H scalar coupling correlated experiments; pure absorption NOESY experiments were used to determine through-space connectivities. The results are entirely consistent with the previous experiments in that both peptides contain predominantly β-turn elements and the amino terminus of the 31-residue peptide is highly ordered in comparison with the 27-mer; in fact, this region is likely to be helical in nature. In addition to the turn and sheet elements, the 31-mer shows long-range connectivities which are not present in the 27-mer. Hence, the 31-mer likely folds in solution forming a unique domain. By inference, the N-terminal segment of the 31-residue peptide contributes in large part to its fourfold increase in affinity for prekallikrein.
Methodology for relativistic Hartree calculations

Abstract An efficient method for performing relativistic Hartree calculations for finite systems is described. The method combines a derivative expansion of the high-energy contributions to the induced vacuum polarization density with a numerical evaluation of the low-energy contributions, allowing calculations to be performed with a minimum of numerical work. The method is applied to theories of fermions coupled to scalar mesons in 1 + 1 dimensions as an illustration.
A filing system for medical research.

Abstract In a medical research environment, the integrity of a computer data file system is of the utmost importance. Data collected in a specific experiment may be irreproducible and may have to be collected over long periods before trends are analysable. Further, the research personnel are often inexperienced in computer techniques and do not wish to be concerned with the intricacies of operating systems and the hardware when storing or retrieving information. This paper describes the design objectives and implementation techniques of a system for filing data and programs as developed by the ACME Facility ( A dvanced Computer for ME dical Research) at the Stanford University Medical Center. ACME is a real-time, time-shared system in which the user enters programs through a typewriter terminal or retrieves them from his file for immediate execution. Data may be collected in a real-time mode from laboratory instruments, analysed and selected or summarised, and filed in permanent storage under the control of the researcher's program. The filing routines were written with several criteria in mind: ease of use, reliability, speed of operation, flexibility, and maintainability. The techniques used to achieve a balance of each of these criteria are described. The ACME file system has been operational for two and a half years. The experience gained is presented by discussing several applications to specific projects and by summarising statistically the types and efficiency of usage of the available storage space. Some concluding remarks are made regarding hardware and software developments which should ease the application of computer filing systems to medical research.
Automated data acquisition and analysis of neural evoked potentials

Abstract A software system to collect, analyze and store trains of neural evoked potentials is presented. Real-time waveform capture permits sampling of a variable-duration data window of 6 to 399.6 ms with a sample delay accurately adjustable up to 1 001 ms (20 μs resolution). The digitized representation of each waveform is stored for individual analysis. Off-line processing determines 17 parameters of each waveform, including an arrow-selected amplitude and time. Individual processing of waveforms preserves all degrees of freedom for statistical analysis across waveforms. Ensemble averages may optionally be formed from the individual waveforms with processing performed on the averaged responses. The software provides MENU-selectable support functions including stimulus-to-artifact timing, storage and retrieval of data and calculated parameters, digital display of waveforms, data calibration and gain modification, table referenced data editing, file management, simple statistics, hardcopy output, and optional database interfacing with output formatted for compatibility with a statistics package (SAS).
Tolerability of modified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine FSME-IMMUN "NEW" in children: results of post-marketing surveillance.

Abstract A new, highly purified, inactivated tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine FSME-IMMUN “NEW” has been developed by Baxter using a production virus seed derived from chick embryo cells instead of mouse brain. In clinical trials, the vaccine was shown to be highly immunogenic and well tolerated in adults and children. Following licensure in 2001, the tolerability of half the adult dose of FSME-IMMUN “NEW” (1.2 μg antigen/0.25 ml) was investigated in a post-marketing surveillance in 1899 children aged 6 months to 12 years. Rectal body temperature was measured daily for 3 days after the first vaccination. An overall fever rate of 20.3% (95% CI=18.5; 22%) was observed, which was mostly mild in nature (>38.0 to ≤39.0 °C) with only 0.3% (95% CI=0.1; 0.6%) severe cases reported. The highest fever rates were reported in February and March (when febrile illnesses are common) and in the 1–3 years age group (63% of the total surveillance population). These results demonstrated that, in routine medical practice, FSME-IMMUN “NEW” vaccine at a dose of 1.2 μg antigen/0.25 ml is safe for the first vaccination in children.
Full measure of a set of singular continuous measures

On the space of structurally similar measures, we construct a nontrivial measure m such that the subclass of all purely singular continuous measures is a set of full m-measure.
Mapping the triphosphatase active site of baculovirus mRNA capping enzyme LEF4 and evidence for a two‐metal mechanism

The 464-amino acid baculovirus LEF4 protein is a bifunctional mRNA capping enzyme with triphosphatase and guanylyltransferase activities. The N-terminal half of LEF4 constitutes an autonomous triphosphatase catalytic domain. The LEF4 triphosphatase belongs to a family of metal-dependent phosphohydrolases, which includes the RNA triphosphatases of fungi, protozoa, Chlorella virus and poxviruses. The family is defined by two glutamate-containing motifs (A and C), which form a metal-binding site. Most of the family members resemble the fungal and Chlorella virus enzymes, which have a complex active site located within the hydrophilic interior of a topologically closed eight stranded beta barrel (the so-called 'triphosphate tunnel'). Here we probed whether baculovirus LEF4 is a member of the tunnel subfamily, via mutational mapping of amino acids required for triphosphatase activity. We identified four new essential side chains in LEF4 via alanine scanning and illuminated structure-activity relationships by conservative substitutions. Our results, together with previous mutational data, highlight five acidic and four basic amino acids that are likely to comprise the LEF4 triphosphatase active site (Glu9, Glu11, Arg51, Arg53, Glu97, Lys126, Arg179, Glu181 and Glu183). These nine essential residues are conserved in LEF4 orthologs from all strains of baculoviruses. We discerned no pattern of clustering of the catalytic residues of the baculovirus triphosphatase that would suggest structural similarity to the tunnel proteins (exclusive of motifs A and C). However, there is similarity to the active site of vaccinia RNA triphosphatase. We infer that the baculovirus and poxvirus triphosphatases are a distinct lineage within the metal-dependent RNA triphosphatase family. Synergistic activation of the LEF4 triphosphatase by manganese and magnesium suggests a two-metal mechanism of gamma phosphate hydrolysis.
Predictors for daily interruption of sedation therapy by nurses: A prospective, multicenter study☆

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to identify the nurse and patient-related factors predicting daily interruption of sedation (DIS) performance by nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods Nurses, caring for a mechanically ventilated patient receiving 24 hours or more of a continuously infused sedative, were interviewed at the bedside to determine their willingness to perform DIS on this patient and to determine the influence of 20 nurse- and 47 patient-related factors on DIS completion. Results The 57 (44%) of 130 of nurses willing to perform DIS had performed DIS at least once in the past (P io 2) greater than 50% (P = .03), or positive end-expiratory pressure greater than 5 mm Hg (P = .006) and in patients either deeply sedated (SAS ≤ 2) (P = .05) or agitated (SAS ≥ 5) in the past 24 hours (P = .003). Prior DIS experience (odds ratio [OR], 2.54; P = .004), hours of sedation-related continuing education (OR, 1.13; P = .02), and a target of deep sedation (OR, 0.49; P = .02) were independent nurse-related factors for DIS performance. Nurse's willingness to conduct DIS ranged from 45% to 80% based on the interaction between patient sex, current F io 2, and agitation in past 24 hours. Conclusions Educational strategies and institutional protocols focused on improving use of DIS need to consider the various nurse- and patient-related factors that affect DIS performance by nurses in the ICU.
China’s Modern Day Great Wall: The 40” West to East Gas Pipeline Project

PetroChina’s West to East Natural Gas Pipeline Project (WEPP) has been under construction since October of 2001. Upon completion, construction will be completed on the following major facilities: 3,800 km of 1,016 mm mainline; 294 km of 813 mm, 508 mm, and 406 mm lateral lines; Dual fiber optic conduits with the mainline pipeline; 1,100 km of access roads; 23 metering stations; 18 pigging stations; 10 compressor stations; 16 mountain tunnels; 16 aerial crossings; 41 mainline and 18 lateral line HDDs; 1 crossing of the Yangtze River (a 4.4 m concrete lined tunnel); 3 crossings of the Yellow River (pipe jacking, tunnel and aerial methods); gas control center and SCADA system. This paper covers topics including construction management; engineering, procurement, and construction; major construction challenges; and, business in China.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Anoxia regulates gene expression in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract We took advantage of the Drosophila melanogaster's extraordinary resistance to anoxia to study the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We analyzed mRNA expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) (HSP26 and HSP70), ubiquitins (UB) (UB3 and UB4), cytochrome oxidase I (COXI) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) using slot blot analysis. The expression of HSP genes, especially HSP70, was remarkably up-regulated (up to a thousand-fold) while those of UB4 and COXI were down-regulated (10–60%) in response to the anoxic stress. The expression of UB3 gene was up-regulated by 1.5× and the expression of SOD gene was not significantly affected. In response to heat shock stress, the expression of HSP genes increased by up to several thousand-fold, the expression of UB genes increased modestly (23–91%) but the expression of SOD and COXI genes was reduced by 25%. Furthermore, the expression patterns of HSP genes under anoxia and heat shock were clearly different. The expression of HSP genes peaked by 15 min into anoxia and then declined but stayed above baseline. In contrast, their expression increased as a function of time during heat exposure. From these results, we conclude that: (1) different forms of stress regulates gene expression in different ways; (2) anoxia differentially regulates gene expression; and (3) the up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of UB4 by anoxia are consistent with the idea that Drosophila melanogaster resist anoxia, at least in part, by protecting proteins against degradation. “ 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Accurate spectroscopy in the X-ray region

Abstract There is currently not only keen interest in accurate spectroscopy of one- and two-electron ions but also the by now well-founded hope that these spectra can be produced under conditions where Doppler and spectator electron problems are under adequate control. These developments will require that we confront problems of wavelength normalization at a more refined level than has been necessary in the past. This report briefly outlines the present-day situation in the case of using normal X-ray lines as references and the steps which might be taken to transcend limitations inherent in this approach.
Ideologues, ideographs, and “the best men”: From carter to Reagan

This essay argues that Republican malfeasance during the Watergate episodes provided Jimmy Carter with an excellent opportunity to structure for himself a presidential image of “good moral character,” “intelligence” and “competency"—an ideographic cluster mirroring the nineteenth century's definition of “best men.” However, it is further argued that Carter's handling of this opportunity resulted in these ideographs being used against him during the 1980 Reagan‐Carter campaign.
Bioavailability of tryptophan in selected foods by rat growth assay

Tryptophan bioavailabilities were estimated in 16 protein sources using 10 day rat growth assays with casein as the reference protein. Growth responses of rats fed test food diets were compared to growth responses of rats fed basal diets with graded levels of tryptophan ranging from 50 to 100 mg of tryptophan/100 g diet. Estimates of tryptophan availabilities were 85–100% for all products except whole wheat cereal (73%) and pinto beans (59%). Results of a previous study on lysine availability indicated that poor response to pinto beans was due either to poor digestibility or to the presence of some unidentified growth inhibitor.
A Bayesian Analysis of the Linear Calibration Problem

As part of a Bayesian analysis of the linear calibration problem, a posterior distribution is derived that is mathematically identical to the structural distribution obtained by Kalotay (1971) but different from the Bayesian distribution obtained by Hoadley (1970). Useful approximations are given. Although this posterior distribution has infinite variance, no practical problems arise in using it. The controversy concerning infinite variances and the use of inverse regression is discussed.
Electro-Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Ictal Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges (PLEDs) during Continuous EEG (cEEG) Monitoring: A Retrospective Analysis of 10 Cases (S58.002)

Objective: To investigate EEG features, clinical semiologies, and neuroimaging findings in patients with ictal PLEDs. Background PLEDs are classically viewed as acute interictal phenomena associated with seizures. Less frequently, however, PLEDs may represent the sole EEG correlate during clinical seizure activity. Limited case reports describing such ictal PLEDs cannot comment on their frequency or common characteristics. We present here the first systematic case series on ictal PLEDs. Design/Methods: We identified all records containing PLEDs and ictal PLEDs from our cEEG archives, which included all adult ward and ICU patients undergoing prolonged EEG monitoring for non-elective indications between 2007 and 2011. PLEDs were considered ictal when they were reported as being clearly time-locked to clinical symptoms. Source EEGs were reviewed for confirmation. Results: A total of 1452 patients underwent cEEG monitoring. PLEDs were reported in 90 patients, with ictal PLEDs observed in 10 (11.1% of those with PLEDs; 0.7% overall). Eight patients with ictal PLEDs were male and two were female. Nine had motor epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) and one experienced repetitive, stereotyped sensory symptoms. In all 10 patients, PLEDs were maximal over either central, parietal, or frontal regions contralateral to the side of clinical symptoms. Eight patients had identifiable lesions involving sensorimotor cortex ipsilateral to the PLEDs. These underlying lesions were neoplastic (5), anoxic (1), post-traumatic (1), or vascular (1) in etiology. Conclusions: Ictal PLEDs were overall uncommon but occurred in 11% of patients with PLEDs on cEEG. The vast majority of patients in whom PLEDs were considered ictal experienced motor EPC. Most had lesions involving sensorimotor cortex and all had PLEDs maximal over the central, parietal, or frontal regions contralateral to their clinical symptoms. These findings raise important questions about the substrate for ictal PLEDs as well as the significance of isolated PLEDs occurring over non-eloquent cortex or without an obvious time-locked clinical correlate. Disclosure: Dr. Sen-Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schuele has received personal compensation for activities with UCB pharma and GlaxoSmithKline as a speaker. Dr. Macken has received personal compensation for activities with Cyberonics and Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. as a speaker. Dr. Macken has received research support from UCB Pharma. Dr. Gerard has nothing to disclose.
Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes

We have demonstrated the existence of two distinct subtypes of the angiotensin II receptor in the rat adrenal gland using radioligand binding and tissue section autoradiography. The identification of the subtypes was made possible by the discovery of two structurally dissimilar, nonpeptide compounds, DuP 753 and EXP655, that show reciprocal selectivity for the two subtypes. In the rat adrenal cortex, DuP 753 inhibited 80% of the total AII binding with an IC50 value on the sensitive sites of 2 x 10(-8) M, while EXP655 displaced only 20%. In the rat adrenal medulla, EXP655 gave 90% inhibition of AII binding with an IC50 value of 3.0 x 10(-8) M, while DuP 753 was essentially inactive. The combination of the two compounds completely inhibited AII binding in both tissues.
The Characterization and Comparison of Human Cortical Bone and Teeth Structural Changes by Low Field NMR

It is known that NMR proton spin-spin (T2) or spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time measurements and analytical processing techniques have been used to determine microstructural characteristics of various types of fluid filled porous materials with characteristic pore sizes ranging from sub-micron to sub-millimeter. Currently this method has been developed and applied to quantify the porosity, pore size distribution and microdamage in human cortical bone [1–3]. The observed proton NMR relaxation signals are a convolution of the relaxation of fluid in the pores throughout the observed system with the longer relaxation time corresponding to larger pore sizes. Thus, regions within the bone matrix in which fluid may accumulate can effectively be treated as a “pore” and will be manifest as a change in the relaxation signal. Deconvolution of the relaxation signal can provide quantitative information about the relaxation distributions of fluid inside bone, i.e., the distribution of water within bone tissue. Since teeth are comprised of fluid-filled porous materials, and dentin is like bone, we also applied this rapid, non-destructive and non-invasive technique to detect and quantify age-related teeth structural changes particularly for both dentin and pulp based on broadline pulsed NMR.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Documents librarianship IICurrent and future direction of automation activities for U.S. government depository collections

Abstract This article reviews the current status of government documents automation and identifies major problems associated with documents automation. These serve as background for a proposed research agenda concerned with the development and implementation of a broad-based documents control system. The proposed agenda, if implemented, would result in the design of full-function, automated documents systems, suitable for depository library collections.
Linkage studies of psychiatric disorders

Linkage analysis has been successful in identifying the genetic basis of numerous Mendelian diseases. These successes were due in part to the rapid developments in molecular biology, which have yielded a plethora of informative genetic markers. Although there is strong evidence that the manifestation of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders is controlled by genes, no evidence for linkage has been established. For psychiatric disorders, the most important limiting factor is likely to be the lack of single loci with very large effects that occur with any relevant frequency. The difficulties of linkage studies in psychiatric disorders are discussed with reference to non-psychiatric genetic diseases for which linkage to genetic markers has been successful. Recommendations for collecting information to clarify the patterns of transmission of the psychiatric disorders are described.
Class, Identity, and Teacher Education

This paper explores the possibilities of working with White, working-class teacher education students to explore the “complex social trajectory” (Reay in Women’s Stud Int Forum 20(2):225–233, 1997a, p. 19) of class border crossing as they progress through college. Through analysis of a course that I have developed, Education and the American Dream, I explore political and pedagogical issues in teaching the thousands of teacher education students who are the first in their families to attend college about social class. Arguing that faculty in teacher education too often disregard the significance of deep class differences between themselves and many of their students, I propose that teacher education include coursework in which upwardly-mobile students (a) draw upon their distinctive perspectives as class border-crossers to elucidate their “complex social positioning as a complicated amalgam of current privilege interlaced with historic disadvantage” (Reay in Women’s Stud Int Forum 20(2):225–233, 1997a, p. 25) and (b) complicate what Adair and Dahlberg (Pedagogy 1:173–175, 2001, p. 174) have termed a cultural “impulse to frame class mobility as a narrative of moral progress”. Such coursework, I suggest, has implications for the development of teacher leaders in stratified schools. The paper draws upon the literatures on social class and educational attainment, on the construction of classed identities in spite of silence about class in public and academic discourse, and on pedagogies for teaching across class differences.
Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality

Lakes and reservoirs provide water for human needs and habitat for aquatic birds. Managers of such waters may ask whether nutrients added by waterfowl degrade water quality. For lakes and reservoirs where primary productivity is limited by phosphorus (P), we developed a procedure that integrates annual P loads from waterfowl and other external sources, applies a nutrient load-response model, and determines whether waterfowl that used the lake or reservoir degraded water quality. Annual P loading by waterfowl can be derived from a figure in this report, using the days per year that each kind spent on any lake or reservoir. In our example, over 6500 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and 4200 ducks (mostly mallards, Anas platyrhynchos) added 4462 kg of carbon (C), 280 kg of nitrogen (N), and 88 kg of P y-1 to Wintergreen Lake in southwestern Michigan, mostly during their migration. These amounts were 69% of all C, 27% of all N, and 70% of all P that entered the lake from external sources. Loads from all external sources totaled 840 mg P m-2 y-1. Application of a nutrient load-response model to this concentration, the hydraulic load (0.25 m y-1), and the water residence time (9.7 y) of Wintergreen Lake yielded an average annual concentration of total P in the lake of 818 mg m-3 that classified the lake as hypertrophic. This trophic classification agreed with independent measures of primary productivity,chlorophyll-a, total P, total N, and Secchi disk transparency made in Wintergreen Lake. Our procedure showed that waterfowl caused low water quality in Wintergreen Lake.
Bayesian methodology for combining the results from different experiments when the specifications for pooling are uncertain: II

Abstract Malec and Sedransk (Biometrika 79 (1992) 593) develop a Bayesian procedure for estimation of the mean corresponding to one specified experiment among a set of seemingly similar experiments. To provide a method that is invariant to a change in the scale of measuring the variable of interest, they employ an empirical Bayes argument at a key step. In this note we provide a fully Bayesian justification for the results in Malec and Sedransk. We also note that the problem addressed here occurs in other situations.
Case report: Small bowel histiocytosis-X

A case of histiocytosis-X with gastrointestinal involvement is described in a 4-month-old child presenting with bloody diarrhoea and obstructive symptoms. Diagnosis was made following laparotomy. The child subsequently developed classical multisystem manifestations of the disease.
A magnetohydrodynamic theory of coronal loop transients

A magnetohydrodynamic theory is presented for coronal loop transients. It is shown that the heliocentrifugal motion of a transient loop, as exhibited by the translational displacement of the axis of the loop, is driven by the magnetohydrodynamic buoyancy force exerted by the ambient medium. Self-induced hydromagnetic force, which includes the magnetic force produced by the internally driven current and the thermal force produced by the pressure imbalance between the internal and external gas pressures, causes the peripheral expansion of the loop, as exhibited by the lateral broadening and longitudinal stretching. This contention is substantiated by an analysis based on a model structure for a coronal loop.
PATTERNS OF INTEREST IN THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYPERACTIVITY

A count was made of articles published from 1968 through 1981 which dealt with hyperactivity and its pharmacological management. Although interest in hyperactivity, as reflected in the number of publications, continues to rise, interest in the syndrome's pharmacological management has decreased. It is suggested that this alteration in research interests may reflect a recent change in the standard descriptive terminology for this diagnosis.
Impressions of computer and human agents after interaction: Computer identity weakens power but not goodness impressions

Although computer agents routinely replace people as companies' representatives, few researchers consider the impressions customers develop about these computers and humans in the same organizational positions. I ask: how do customers develop impressions of the goodness and power for computers agents compared to human agents? I propose a theoretical model by which the agent@?s computer identity weakens social processes that lead to goodness and power impressions. This model explains conflicting prior research and proposes specific hypotheses for the current study. I test the hypotheses with a laboratory experiment where participants believe they are buying products online from a representative of a real organization. I manipulate product quality to alter goodness impressions, the organization@?s constraint of the representative to alter power impressions, and human versus computer identity to test the hypothesized weakening interaction effects. The weakening hypothesis for goodness is not supported, while the weakening hypothesis for power is fully supported. Future work should test the goodness and power weakening hypotheses under different conditions and with different manipulations to determine under what conditions the former operates and to provide additional support for the latter.
Assessment of Experiential Learning in business administration

A study at Syracuse University funded by the Cooperative Assessment of Experiential Learning resulted in the development of a model for the assessment of experiential learning and the awarding of appropriate academic credit in a given educational environment. Academic courses were restructured to incorporate clearly stated performance (outcome) objectives grouped in logical modules. Self-assessment instruments, based on these objectives, were developed to provide the basis for establishing the criteria for awarding academic credit based upon the results of the self-assessment. Students possessing measurable knowledge at a level above the predetermined criteria may be awarded partial or full credit for the courses completed. Faculty were utilized to validate the self-assessment of students and specify the credit to be recorded.
Effect of product mix and technology on responsibility accounting, account proliferation and product unbundling in the Texas utility industry

This study investigates how heterogeneity of product mix and production technology affects the use of responsibility accounting practices, the “unbundling” of products for cost management purposes, and the practice of increasing the number of expense accounts to create homogeneous cost pools. To test these relation‐ships, data were gathered from 31 Texas electric utilities. Analyses find that the more heterogeneous the products offered and the more diverse the production technologies employed, the greater the degree of product unbundling (subdividing products for the purposes of collecting and reporting costs), the more cost centers, and the greater the number of expense accounts.
Using poetry and written exercises to teach empathy

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how exercises associated with poetry and bibliotherapy can be useful in assisting faculties of the helping professions teach empathy to their students. A brief exploration of the concept of empathy is discussed. Next, exercises useful in teaching empathy are presented. Finally, a case study of the work of social work students is presented to illuminate uses of exercises for teaching this important concept and skill.
Electrocatalytic water oxidation with a copper(II) polypeptide complex

A self-assembly-formed triglycylglycine macrocyclic ligand (TGG(4-)) complex of Cu(II), [(TGG(4-))Cu(II)-OH(2)](2-), efficiently catalyzes water oxidation in a phosphate buffer at pH 11 at room temperature by a well-defined mechanism. In the mechanism, initial oxidation to Cu(III) is followed by further oxidation to a formal "Cu(IV)" with formation of a peroxide intermediate, which undergoes further oxidation to release oxygen and close the catalytic cycle. The catalyst exhibits high stability and activity toward water oxidation under these conditions with a high turnover frequency of 33 s(-1).
Mortality and survival of young male mice given single massive doses of Trichinella spiralis larvae

Abstract Three hundred thirty-three 5-week-old male Swiss albino mice divided into 11 equal groups in four experiments were inoculated with single graded doses of Trichinella spiralis larvae. Doses ranged from 400 to 51,200 larvae per mouse. Within the limits of these experiments, (1) the number of deaths among mice infected with increasing numbers of larvae increased until a mortality of one hundred per cent (100%) was reached. (2) Mean and median survival times varied inversely with the size of the inoculum. (3) There was no assurance that mean survival times for groups of homogeneous mice inoculated with equal dosages in different experiments would be comparable or precisely predictable.
Degree theory on oriented infinite dimensional varieties and the Morse number of minimal surfaces spanning a curve in ℝn

The algebraic number of disc minimal surfaces spanning a wire in ℝ3 is defined and shown to be equal to one.
Three Approaches to Cultural Psychology: A Critique

This article identifies the strengths and weaknesses of three predominant schools of cultural psychology. These schools are activity theory, the symbolic approach, and an individual approach. Activity theory explains psychology as grounded in practical cultural activities. The symbolic approach explains psychology as formed by collective symbols and concepts. The individual approach emphasizes individual construction of psychological functions from collective symbols and artifacts. By identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, this article seeks to illuminate the elements which can subsequently be integrated into a coherent framework for cultural psychology.
Selective stacking in the reflection‐angle and azimuth domain

I analytically demonstrate the artifacts in angle-domain commonimage gathers caused by sparsely sampled wavefields, from a perspective of shot-profile migration. The local-offset gather is linearly related to the angle gather in locally constant-velocity media when wavefields are sufficiently well sampled, but not when wavefields are poorly sampled. Hence, linear slant-stack or radial-trace transform in local-offset gathers will produce angle gathers with artifacts, which may hinder further interpretation or analysis and reduce the quality of the final stacking image in the angle and azimuth domain. Instead of simply stacking along reflection angle and azimuth axes, I present a method to compute the stacking weights as functions of angle and azimuth and make the stacking process selective. My method is tested on the synthetic wide-azimuth version of the SEG/EAGE salt data set, where a cleaner image with higher signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.
Reply to "Comment on 'Coherent trapping in continuum-continuum transitions' "

We emphasize our finding of both trapping and antitrapping in solutions to a coupled-continuum model without any discrete states.