cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental precipitants of borderline personality disorder

Traditional theories regarding the etiology of borderline personality disorder have focused on poor attachment figures and/or traumatic experience. The present review posits an additional pathogenic course for this disorder. Specifically, the proposed mechanism involves a basic disruption of the neural hardware that supports the formation and maintenance of unconscious emotional memory, hardware essential for the formation of early attachments. It is further theorized that this early disruption has ongoing effects on both behavioral and concomitant neural development. Within this model, adolescence is described as a period of intense change that serves as the tipping point for the onset of borderline personality disorder.
Flaming among first-time group support system users

Abstract Numerous benefits, including increases in efficiency, effectiveness, and participant satisfaction, have been noted in the literature when electronic meetings are used in place of traditional, oral meetings. However, several costs, or process losses, have also been observed, including an increase in ‘flaming’ characterized by insults or even obscenities. This paper describes how flaming may be correlated with numerous task and group member characteristics. Results of a case study show that a large number of flames are unrelated to the topic and that a small minority of those writing comments are responsible for the majority of flames. No variables were found to be significant predictors, but its incidence was exclusively among males.
EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN ECOLOGICAL STUDIES USING SCUBA1

Equipment for underwater use in ecological work on soft substrates is described. It has been tested and developed for more than five years of use. It includes recording equipment, position markers, and equipment for quantitatively sampling the hypoplankton, epifauna, and infauna.
Farm‐work hazard prevention efforts by school‐based agricultural education instructors

Objective: To assess current prevention efforts, we examined agricultural work-related safety and health activities by school-based agricultural education instructors in Wisconsin. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 284 high school agricultural education instructors. Results: Instructors taught agricultural safety and health to 61.5 students during 20.4 hours during the previous year. Extension agents were used most often as resources during preparation and presentation of coursework. Only a minority of instructors (13.6%) agreed that modifying the work to eliminate hazards should be emphasized over training people to work safely around hazards. After issues of time pressures and lack of student interest, the most important problems the instructors felt they faced were the needs for materials and other resources. Conclusion: Safety education alone is unlikely to reduce injuries unless unsafe conditions are modified. Instructors need to emphasize teaching of skills in hazard recognition, identification, and control. Instructors felt they could be more effective with better materials and more time for injury and disease prevention.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the lux regulon of Vibrio fischeri and the luxABN region of Photobacterium leiognathi and the mechanism of control of bacterial bioluminescence.

We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a 7622 base pair fragment of DNA from Vibrio fischeri strain ATCC7744 that contains all the information required to confer plasmid-borne, regulated bioluminescence upon strains of Escherichia coli. The lux regulon from V. fischeri consists of two divergently transcribed operons, L (left) and R (right), and at least seven genes, luxR (L operon) and luxICDABE (R operon) and the intervening control region. The luxA and luxB genes encode respectively the α and β subunits of luciferase. The gene order luxCDABE seen in V. fischeri is the same as for V. harveyi. We have determined the sequence of the luxAB and flanking regions from Photobacterium leiognathi and have found upstream sequences homologous with luxC from the Vibrio species, but between luxB and luxE, there is an open reading frame encoding a protein of 227 amino acids (26,229 molecular weight) that is not found in this location in the Vibrio species. The amino terminal amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is nearly identical to that determined by O'Kane and Lee (University of Georgia) for the non-fluorescent flavoprotein from a closely related Photobacterium species (Dr Dennis O'Kane, personal communication). We have therefore designated this gene luxN. There is a 20-base inverted repeat ACCTGTAGGA×TCGTACAGGT, centred between bases 927 and 928 in the region between the two operons of V. fischeri. This region appears to fulfil two functions: it is critical for the LuxR protein to exert its effect and it is a consensus binding site for the E. coli LexA protein, a negative regulatory protein involved with the SOS response. There are sequences within the luxR coding region that appear to function in a cis-acting fashion to repress transcription from both the leftward and rightward promoters in the absence of the respective transcriptional activator proteins, thereby resulting in low basal levels of transcription. It now appears clear that there are multiple levels of control on the lux system allowing for a modulation of the intensity of bioluminescence of over four orders of magnitude.
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Psychological Functioning and Quality of Life in Transgender Individuals

Abstract Objectives: To review evidence from prospective cohort studies of the relationship between hormone therapy and changes in psychological functioning and quality of life in transgender individuals accessing hormone therapy over time. Data Sources: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed were searched for relevant studies from inception to November 2014. Reference lists of included studies were hand searched. Results: Three uncontrolled prospective cohort studies, enrolling 247 transgender adults (180 male-to-female [MTF], 67 female-to-male [FTM]) initiating hormone therapy for the treatment of gender identity disorder (prior diagnostic term for gender dysphoria), were identified. The studies measured exposure to hormone therapy and subsequent changes in mental health (e.g., depression, anxiety) and quality of life outcomes at follow-up. Two studies showed a significant improvement in psychological functioning at 3–6 months and 12 months compared with baseline after initiating hormone therapy. The third study...
Potential sensitivity of photosynthesis and isoprene emission to direct radiative effects of atmospheric aerosol pollution

Abstract. A global Earth system model is applied to quantify the impacts of direct anthropogenic aerosol effective radiative forcing on gross primary productivity (GPP) and isoprene emission. The impacts of different pollution aerosol sources (anthropogenic, biomass burning, and non-biomass burning) are investigated by performing sensitivity experiments. The model framework includes all known light and meteorological responses of photosynthesis, but uses fixed canopy structures and phenology. On a global scale, our results show that global land carbon fluxes (GPP and isoprene emission) are not sensitive to pollution aerosols, even under a global decline in surface solar radiation (direct + diffuse) by ∼ 9 %. At a regional scale, GPP and isoprene emission show a robust but opposite sensitivity to pollution aerosols in regions where forested canopies dominate. In eastern North America and Eurasia, anthropogenic pollution aerosols (mainly from non-biomass burning sources) enhance GPP by +5–8 % on an annual average. In the northwestern Amazon Basin and central Africa, biomass burning aerosols increase GPP by +2–5 % on an annual average, with a peak in the northwestern Amazon Basin during the dry-fire season (+5–8 %). The prevailing mechanism varies across regions: light scattering dominates in eastern North America, while a reduction in direct radiation dominates in Europe and China. Aerosol-induced GPP productivity increases in the Amazon and central Africa include an additional positive feedback from reduced canopy temperatures in response to increases in canopy conductance. In Eurasia and northeastern China, anthropogenic pollution aerosols drive a decrease in isoprene emission of −2 to −12 % on an annual average. Future research needs to incorporate the indirect effects of aerosols and possible feedbacks from dynamic carbon allocation and phenology.
Rheological Characterization and CFD Simulation of Soy White Flakes Based Dough in a Single Screw Extruder

Understanding the rheological properties such as shear profile, viscosity of a dough inside the extruder is very important for product development, process control, final product quality and scaling up operations. This study aims to characterize the rheological properties of high-protein dough and perform isothermal flow simulation in a complex geometry for generalized Newtonian fluids. The flow of soy white flakes based dough in a single screw extruder was simulated by using computational fluid dynamics. Process conditions considered were screw speeds (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 rpm), barrel temperature (100, 120 and 140C) and soy white flakes contents (30, 40 and 50% db). A mesh superposition technique was used to reduce the geometrical complexity. Simulation results were validated quantitatively by experimental data. The results showed good agreement between experimental and computational results. Moreover, the flow profile in the extruder was analyzed by using the influence of screw speed and level of soy white flakes content. Qualitative behavior of local shear rate and viscosity along the screw are analyzed and comparisons of different process conditions are presented. The results of these simulations can be used to optimize processing conditions and also to improve the product quality of extrudates. Practical Applications The flow of material within the extruder is complicated due to its helical screw configuration and the different zones of solids-conveying, melting and melts conveying. Shear profile and viscosity of dough within the extruder directly influences the product quality. In the present study, rheological characterization of dough inside the extruder was done by using online capillary die rheometer. The flow of dough during extrusion processing was simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The results of the simulation can be used to optimize the extrusion process influenced by complex flows of relatively high concentration of soy white flakes based dough in an extruder and also to improve the product quality.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease in Xiqing District of Tianjin in 2010

[Objective] To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Xiqing District of Tianjin in 2010,explore the epidemic law,and provide the evidence for development of effective prevention and control measures.[Methods] The HFMD cases whose address were in Xiqing District reported from the National disease reporting information system in 2010 were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological study.[Results] In 2010,a total of 1904 HFMD cases were reported in Xiqing district from the National disease reporting information system,and the reported incidence was 360.22/lakh.There was remarkable seasonality,and the peak season was May to July.The incidence of children under 5 years old was significantly higher than that of other age groups(χ2=19 605.3,P0.01) and total population in this district(χ2=9 931.08,P0.01).The incidence in meals was significantly higher than that in females(χ2=44.75,P0.01).The incidence in rural-urban continuum was higher than that in other streets/towns.A total of 45 laboratory confirmed cases were reported,and 22(48.9%) cases were positive for CoxA16.[Conclusion] The HFMD incidence is high in Xiqing district in 2010.It is necessary to improve the management,education and prevention in rural-urban continuum,floating population cluster and kindergartens(especially kindergartens without business license),unceasingly implement the pathogenic surveillance,and pay attention to severe cases and death cases.The key population is children under 5 years old.
WE-H-202-01: Memorial Introduction

Deformable image registration has now been commercially available for several years, with solid performance in a number of sites and for several applications including contour and dose mapping. However, more complex applications have arisen, such as assessing response to radiation therapy over time, registering images pre- and post-surgery, and auto-segmentation from atlases. These applications require innovative registration algorithms to achieve accurate alignment. The goal of this session is to highlight emerging registration technology and these new applications. The state of the art in image registration will be presented from an engineering perspective. Translational clinical applications will also be discussed to tie these new registration approaches together with imaging and radiation therapy applications in specific diseases such as cervical and lung cancers. Learning Objectives: 1.To understand developing techniques and algorithms in deformable image registration that are likely to translate into clinical tools in the near future. 2.To understand emerging imaging and radiation therapy clinical applications that require such new registration algorithms. Research supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers P01CA059827, R01CA166119, and R01CA166703. Disclosures: Phillips Medical systems (Hugo), Roger Koch (Christensen) support, Varian Medical Systems (Brock), licensing agreements from Raysearch (Brock) and Varian (Hugo).; K. Brock, Licensing Agreement - RaySearch Laboratories. Research Funding - Varian Medical Systems; G. Hugo, Research grant from National Institutes of Health, award number R01CA166119.; G. Christensen, Research support from NIH grants CA166119 and CA166703 and a gift from Roger Koch. There are no conflicts of interest.
Automatically inferring implicit properties in similes

Author(s): Qadir, A; Riloff, E; Walker, MA | Abstract: A simile is a figure of speech comparing two fundamentally different things. Sometimes, a simile will explain the basis of a comparison by explicitly mentioning a shared property. For example, "my room is as cold as Antarctica" gives "cold" as the property shared by the room and Antarctica. But most similes do not give an explicit property (e.g., "my room feels like Antarctica") leaving the reader to infer that the room is cold. We tackle the problem of automatically inferring implicit properties evoked by similes. Our approach involves three steps: (1) generating candidate properties from different sources, (2) evaluating properties based on the influence of multiple simile components, and (3) aggregated ranking of the properties. We also present an analysis showing that the difficulty of inferring an implicit property for a simile correlates with its interpretive diversity.
Reciprocity with Two-sided Altruism in Intergenerational Transfers: Evidence from Indonesian Family Life Survey Data

The main purpose of this chapter is to examine the motive for investment by parents in the human capital of children. The difference between patterns of intergenerational transfers and investment in the human capital of children in developed countries on the one hand, and those of most of the developing countries on the other, is that while in all countries, parents invest substantial resources in the human capital of children, in less-developed countries we observe substantial resource transfers from children to parents but such transfers are much less observed in developed countries. These patterns of transfer are sometimes used to postulate the hypothesis that in less-developed countries, parental investment in their children is more like lending to children, since children cannot borrow from the private capital market to finance their education, whereas in developed countries, parental investment in their children is mainly due to parental altruism towards their children.
The Pulse Nightclub Shooting: Connecting Militarism, Neoliberalism, and Multiculturalism to Understand Violence

The shooting that left 49 people dead and 53 people injured at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida shined an international spotlight on the violent oppression of LGBTQ+ people. The significant loss of human life, the complex intersections of identity, and the horrific details of the crime brought numerous issues affecting the lives of LGBTQ+ people into public discourse. This essay contextualizes the narratives surrounding Pulse with a political economic analysis of the massacre, its antecedents, and its aftermaths. Advancing an anthropological perspective, I position the Pulse massacre at the nexus of militarism, neoliberalism, and multiculturalism and offer a critical lens for understanding the policies, practices, and processes imbricated in shooting. Broadly, this involves addressing issues of U.S. capitalist imperialism in the Middle East, neocolonialism in Puerto Rico, and diversity/inclusion in gay space.
A Heuristic Exposition of Wiener's Mathematical Theory of Prediction and Filtering

This chapter contains sections titled: 1 The Auto-correlation Function, 2 The Integral Equation, 3 The Modified Integral Equation, 4 The Factorization Problem, 5 The Functions ψ1, ψ2, and α, 6 The Prediction Operator
Resurrecting KIR2DP1: A Key Intermediate in the Evolution of Human Inhibitory NK Cell Receptors That Recognize HLA-C.

KIR2DP1 is an inactive member of the human lineage III KIR family, which includes all HLA-C-specific receptor genes. The lethal, and only, defect in KIR2DP1 is a nucleotide deletion in codon 88. Fixed in modern humans, the deletion is also in archaic human genomes. KIR2DP1 is polymorphic, with dimorphism at specificity-determining position 44. By repairing the deletion, we resurrected 11 alleles of KIR2DP1F , the functional antecedent of KIR2DP1 We demonstrate how K44-KIR2DP1F with lysine 44 recognized C1+HLA-C, whereas T44-KIR2DP1F recognized C2+HLA-C. Dimorphisms at 12 other KIR2DP1F residues modulate receptor avidity or signaling. KIR2DP1 and KIR2DL1 are neighbors in the centromeric KIR region and are in tight linkage disequilibrium. Like KIR2DL1, KIR2DP1 contributed to CenA and CenB KIR haplotype differences. Encoded on CenA, C1-specific K44-KIR2DP1F were stronger receptors than the attenuated C2-specific T44-KIR2DP1F encoded on CenB The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had diverse lineage III KIR that passed on to chimpanzees but not to humans. Early humans inherited activating KIR2DS4 and an inhibitory lineage III KIR, likely encoding a C1-specific receptor. The latter spawned the modern family of HLA-C receptors. KIR2DP1F has properties consistent with KIR2DP1F having been the founder gene. The first KIR2DP1F alleles encoded K44-C1 receptors; subsequently KIR2DP1F alleles encoding T44-C2 receptors evolved. The emergence of dedicated KIR2DL2/3 and KIR2DL1 genes encoding C1 and C2 receptors, respectively, could have led to obsolescence of KIR2DP1F Alternatively, pathogen subversion caused its demise. Preservation of KIR2DP1F functional polymorphism was a side effect of fixation of the deletion in KIR2DP1F by micro gene conversion.
Rice Production in Asia: Key to Global Food Security

Rice is the staple food for over half of the global population. About 90% of the global rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Hence, rice production in Asia is the key for global food security. The growth in rice production with stability has been a matter of concern to achieve food security, especially in developing countries. In this backdrop, the present paper attempts to study the area and production growth rates of major rice growing countries of Asia. Also, the export growth rates were estimated and the contribution of major rice growing countries of Asia to Global food security was quantified for the period between 1994 and 2013. The trends from the year 1964 for area and production were analyzed. For exports, the trends have been analysed from the year 1984. The results revealed that there was a rapid increase in production of rice during 2004–2013 mainly because of increase in area and also because of increased investment in agriculture. The growth rate of exports has declined and stood at 4.01% during 2004–2012. This is mainly because of 2008 rice crisis that has provided impetus to expanded rice production in several rice importing countries. The study suggests that, for expansion of international trade, the governments will need to adopt measures that reduce supply chain loss, improve supply response time, reduce the market costs and post harvest loss.
Energy Storage Frequency Response Control Considering Battery Aging of Electric Vehicle

Numerous EVs have been integrated in power grid, which will not only can be used as controllable load, but also can be used as a distributed storage unit to provide auxiliary service. Frequency response control strategy of EV distributed storage is proposed considering aging of battery, which have been rarely discussed by researchers. This strategy can satisfy the individual demand of users' individual demand and SOC constraints, avoid exceeding the state of charge limit or damaging the battery caused by the large charge-discharge current. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate the electric vehicle for frequency regulation as mobile energy storage unit. The simulation results showed that control strategy of distributed storage greatly suppressed system frequency deviation, mitigating ageing of EV power battery.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Knowledge Discovery and Model-Based Decision Support

Abstract The COMAX expert system contains rules derived from explicit knowledge of the growth and development process of the cotton plant It has been used for a number of years with the GOSSYM cotton model to provide a decision support tool for agricultural use. Among other things, it is capable of producing advice about irrigation of the cotton crop in order to maximize profitable yield. An alternative approach is proposed, in which an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is used to evolve an irrigation schedule. The EA contains no explicit representation of botanical knowledge; instead, it utilizes a fitness function which evaluates the effectiveness of each evolved schedule by running the GOSSYM model. The results produced by the model predict the yield and profitability of this irrigation schedule, which is used to determine the relative goodness of the corresponding chromosome. A comparison with the irrigation schedules produced by the COMAX expert system indicates that the EA approach is able to produce better schedules, which increases the profitability of the cotton crop. This suggests that evolutionary-based techniques may find other applications within the field of model-based decision support.
Central not peripheral vestibular processing impairs gait coordination

Gait coordination is generated by neuronal inter-connections between central pattern generators in the spinal cord governed by cortical areas. Malfunction of central vestibular processing areas generates vestibular symptoms in the absence of an identifiable peripheral vestibular system lesion. Walking in the dark enforces a coordinated afference primarily from the vestibular and somatosensory systems. We hypothesized that patients with aberrant central vestibular processing would demonstrate unique gait characteristics, and have impaired gait coordination compared with those patients with abnormal peripheral vestibular function and healthy controls. One-hundred and eighteen subjects were recruited. Peripheral vestibular function was determined based on laboratory and clinical examinations. Patients with abnormal central vestibular processing had normal peripheral vestibular function. Subjects were instructed to walk at a comfortable pace during three visual conditions; eyes open, eyes open and closed intermittently, and eyes closed. Both patient groups showed a similar spatiotemporal gait pattern, significantly different from the pattern of the healthy controls. However, only the central vestibular patient group had an abnormal coordination of gait as measured by the phase coordination index (PCI). There were no significant interactions between the groups and walking conditions. Peripheral vestibular deficits impair gait though our data suggest that it is the central processing of such peripheral vestibular information that has a greater influence. This impairment may be related to a neural un-coupling between the brain and central pattern generator of the spinal cord based on the abnormal PCI, which seems to be a good indicator of the integrity of this linkage.
The social mediation of political rumors: Examining the dynamics in social media and belief in political rumors:

Using survey data of social media users in South Korea, this study investigates the dynamics of political rumors in online social networks. Findings of this study reveal the significant connection ...
Against Our Better Judgment: Practical Wisdom in an Age of Smart(er) Machines

Many argue that artificial intelligence (AI) poses an existential threat to humanity. The development of “unfriendly” AI is a genuine peril that requires careful consideration. But it might not be the greatest danger. By relieving us of opportunities to exercise judgment, friendly AI may prove more pernicious. Preserving the capacity for good judgment in the face of sophisticated and helpful forms of AI is a wicked problem not easily addressed. Examining the human propensity to frame reality through narratives—a central feature of the development and exercise of practical judgment—helps us to understand and address the threat posed by friendly AI.
Orkin v. Taylor

In Orkin v. Taylor, heirs of Jewish collector Margerete Mauthner claimed that the Nazis had taken a van Gogh painting from her before she fled Germany in 1939, and sued to recover it from film star Elizabeth Taylor, whose father had purchased it in London in 1963. This chapter examines the adjudication of the case, which raised a series of questions of state and federal law concerning the application of the statute of limitations.
Multifocal adenocarcinoma: perspectives, assumptions and elephants

In the 10/22/17 issue of Thorax , Ruoyan Li and colleagues published an interesting analysis of 2 patients with multifocal adenocarcinoma (1). Both patients were non-smokers who presented with multiple (n=7 and 8) ground glass nodules (GGNs) which were mostly resected and confirmed to be within the adenocarcinoma spectrum, ranging from premalignant lesions [atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)] to minimally invasive lesions [adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA)] and invasive adenocarcinoma (2 lesions in patient 2 were not resected). There was no lymph node involvement or lympho-vascular invasion in either case.
MRI of pectoralis major tears: association between ancillary findings and tear severity.

To evaluate the significance of biceps tendon (BT) displacement and peri-bicipital hematoma on MRI in subjects with pectoralis major (PM) tears. We hypothesized that these features might be associated with tear severity at surgery. We retrospectively identified MRI cases with PM injury and reviewed clinical, imaging, and surgical records. MR images were reviewed independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists to determine anterior displacement of BT (BT-disp, in mm) and the presence of triangular-shaped peri-bicipital hematoma. Data were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group and correlated with surgical reports grouped by tear severity. We identified 46 subjects with PM injury (43 men, 3 women; mean age 34 ± 9 years), 26 of whom underwent surgical reconstruction, and 20 matched controls (P > 0.2). BT-disp was significantly higher in PM injury vs controls (P = 0.003), and in tendon vs myotendinous (MT) junction PM tears (P 4.5 mm had 86% sensitivity and 75% specificity to detect the most severe tears on surgical reports, whereas the presence of peri-bicipital hematoma was the strongest predictor among both parameters. Anterior BT displacement and peri-bicipital hematoma are helpful indicators of full-thickness complete tears at the humeral insertion.
CT utilization abruptly increases at age 18 among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the hospital.

Objectives Patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) are frequently exposed to computed tomography (CT). Each CT exposes patients to radiation that cumulatively could increase the risk of malignancy, particularly in younger patients. We aim to study the effect of age on CT use in IBD patients seen in the Emergency Department (ED) or the hospital. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients identified in Truven Health Marketscan databases between 2009–2013. The main outcome was use of CT during an ED or inpatient visit. Effect of age on CT use was characterized using logistic regression accounting for important covariables. Results There were 66,731 patients with IBD with 144,147 ED or inpatient visits in this cohort with a diagnosis code of IBD. At first visit, 5.8% percent were below age 18. CT was utilized in 26.6% of visits. In multivariable analysis, adjusting for medications, recent surgery, and gender, patients 18–35 were more likely to undergo CT (OR 2.35, 95%CI: 2.20–2.52) compared to those <18. Examining patients only between 16 and 19, the odds of an 18 or 19-year-old undergoing CT is significantly higher than a 16 or 17-year-old (OR 1.96, 95%CI: 1.71–2.24). Conclusions Patients with IBD undergo CT more than a quarter of the time in the ED or inpatient setting. Pediatric providers limit radiation exposure among those <18 while adult providers are not as cautious with radiation exposure for the young adult population. Increased awareness of the risks of cumulative radiation exposure in the young adult population is needed.
Hypoxia differentially regulates the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases. Role of Ca2+/CaM in the activation of MAPK and p38 gamma.

Hypoxic/ischemic trauma is a primary factor in the pathology of various vascular, pulmonary, and cerebral disease states. Yet, the signaling mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to changes in oxygen levels are not clearly established. The effects of hypoxia on the stress-and mitogen-activated protein kinase (SAPK and MAPK) signaling pathways were studied in PC12 cells. Exposure to moderate hypoxia (5%O2) was found to progressively stimulate phosphorylation and activation of p38γ in particular, and also p38α. two isoforms of the p38 family of stress-activated protein kinases. In contrast, hypoxia had no effect on enzyme activity of p38β, p38β2, p38δ or on JNK, another stress-activated protein kinase. Prolonged hypoxia also induced phosphorylation and activation of p42/p44 MAPK, although this activation was modest when compared to NGF and UV-induced activation. We further showed that activation of p38γ and MAPK during hypoxia requires calcium, as treatment with Ca2+-free media or the calmodulin antagonist, W13, blocked the activation of p38γ and MAPK, respectively. These studies demonstrate that an extremely typical physiological stress (hypoxia) causes selective activation of specific elements of the SAPKs and MAPKs, and identifies Ca+2/CaM as a critical upstream activator.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ZONING LAWS

Zoning involves the division of land into districts or zones having different regulations. These regulations impose legal constraints under which the land market must operate and rights and entitlements can be exchanged. The efficiency losses of large-lot zoning are (1) an increase in the number of communities required to provide a given number of public goods choices, (2) inappropriate lot sizes for some communities, and (3) inefficient scale of local government operation. Two of these distortions are absent under population ceilings and all are absent under construction permits. Exclusionary zoning has existed for many years; in recent years, inclusionary zoning (or housing) has also made an appearance. Under this program, developers seeking a building permit are required to provide housing priced for the low- and/or moderate-income households as an integral feature of new construction. Inclusionary zoning is implemented through a zoning ordinance. Certain types of inclusionary housing can also be implemented through the housing element of a city's general plan.
Behavior with Employees, Equals, Superiors, and Traveling on Business

Always be friendly and courteous with everyone, no matter what their position is, and never gossip. Memories are long and what you say today may haunt you tomorrow.
Conformational changes required for reovirus cell entry are sensitive to pH

During cell entry, reovirus particles disassemble to generate ISVPs. ISVPs undergo conformational changes to form ISVP(*) and this conversion is required for membrane penetration. In tissues where ISVP formation occurs within endosomes, ISVP-to-ISVP(*) conversion occurs at low pH. In contrast, in tissues where ISVP formation occurs extracellularly, ISVP-to-ISVP(*) transition occurs at neutral pH. Whether these two distinct pH environments influence the efficiency of cell entry is not known. In this study, we used Ouabain to lower the endosomal pH and determined its effect on reovirus infection. We found that Ouabain treatment blocks reovirus infection. In cells treated with Ouabain, virus attachment, internalization, and ISVP formation were unaffected but the efficiency of ISVP(*)s formation was diminished. Low pH also diminished the efficiency of ISVP-to-ISVP(*) conversion in vitro. Thus, the pH of the compartment where ISVP-to-ISVP(*) conversion takes place may dictate the efficiency of reovirus infection.
Structural features of ISG borosilicate nuclear waste glasses revealed from high-energy X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Vitrification is a widely accepted method to immobilize nuclear waste. Detailed structural information is critical to understand the physical and chemical behaviors, including the long-term chemical durability of these glasses that are to be stored in geological storage sites. High-energy X-ray diffraction studies are used to obtain accurate structural information of the International Simple Glass (ISG), a six-component borosilicate model nuclear waste glass with a composition (mol%) of 60.2SiO2-16.0B2O3-12.6Na2O-3.8Al2O3-5.7CaO-1.7ZrO2. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with recently developed effective potentials are utilized to generate structural models of the ISG glasses to provide interpretation of the high-energy X-ray structural data and additional short and medium range structural details. The atomic structure model generated from MD simulations shows an excellent agreement with high-energy X-ray diffraction, measured for the first time for ISG, with an Rx value of 5.5%. Systematic investigations of the medium-range structural features of ISG are performed, built upon recent study of the short-range structure. In particular, the glass former cation oxygen polyhedral analysis show that [SiO4]-[SiO4] and [BO4]-[SiO4] connections are the most abundant while [ZrO6] octohedra having higher probability to connect to another [SiO4], [BO4] and [BO3]. Moreover, we have studied the ISG surface structure using MD simulations. Noticeable differences in terms of both chemical compositions and structural features between the bulk and surface are observed. There exist increased small-sized rings, under coordinated Si species, high 3-coordinated boron content (86.5%) on the surface. Very importantly, sodium ions are found to be enriched on the glass surface, consistent with recent experimental results. Both bulk and surface structural information are discussed in terms of the dissolution and corrosion mechanisms of ISG and related nuclear waste glasses.
The Relative Impact of Market, Internal, and Overall Job Values on Pay Competitiveness

As a practical imperative, organizations must be able to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees to remain going concerns. Those that adopt a market-based strategy that focuses on paying market-competitive wages may effectively attract and retain employees and, depending upon their compensation planning process, encourage employees’ belief in the distributive justice of their organizations’ pay decisions. Alternatively, organizations that adopt an internal equity strategy that focuses on pay decisions that reflect the internal value of employees’ jobs to their organization may effectively retain employees and, depending upon the process used to determine internal job values, encourage employees’ belief in the equity or procedural justice of that process. Compared to these strategies, organizations that rely on measures of overall job value are focusing on neither the market values, nor their internal values of jobs, alone. Instead, they are focusing on the jobs’ overall values, or their amended market values given the influence of the jobs’ internal values to the organization. As such, overall job value impacts, at once, the organizations’ need to attract, retain and motivate employees. This article evaluates the relative impact of market, internal, and overall job value on the competitiveness of 88 employees’ pay in 41 jobs in a nonprofit organization in the US health care sector. The organization’s pay decisions were made prior to this study and without benefit of a formal salary management plan. Hence, this study represents a retrospective analysis of the relative impact of jobs’ market, internal, and overall value on pay competitiveness.
Technical Assessment of an Automated Treatment Planning on Dose Escalation of Pancreas Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Background:Stereotactic body radiotherapy has been suggested to provide high rates of local control for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. However, the close proximity of highly radiosensitive nor...
Interactions Between Physical Template and Self-organization Shape Plant Dynamics in a Stream Ecosystem

Both internal feedbacks and preexisting heterogeneity of a physical template can produce biological patchiness in ecosystems. The relative importance of the two drivers might change over time, in response to changes in the external environment. This is especially relevant for ecosystems experiencing high environmental variability. We investigated the interaction between these two drivers—internal feedbacks and template heterogeneity (represented by variation in water permanence in this study)—using 9-year data on macrophyte (wetland) patch distribution collected from Sycamore Creek, a desert stream in Arizona, USA. Sycamore Creek is highly variable both in space and in time due to its flashy hydrograph. We used a lattice simulation model that considered both the spatial heterogeneity of the geomorphic template and the influence of local positive feedbacks on plant growth. We showed that the relative strengths of local feedbacks and the template effect varied with the hydrological condition in a given year. Overall, the effect of template heterogeneity increased in wetter and more frequently flooded years and the effect of internal positive feedback decreased. Averaging over the 9-year study period, the effect of local feedbacks on wetland distribution and abundance in Sycamore Creek was about twice that of template heterogeneity. In the driest years, it reached up to ~ 12 times. Our study suggested that compared to catastrophic floods, severe droughts—the type of hydrological change projected to become more frequent for the region under a changing climate—have a stronger legacy effect on the biotic community in subsequent years.
Racial and ethnic differences in self-reported telehealth use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a secondary analysis of a US survey of internet users from late March

Objective Widespread technological changes, like the rapid uptake of telehealth in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic, risk creating or widening racial/ethnic disparities. We conducted a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of internet users to evaluate whether there were racial/ethnic disparities in self-reported telehealth use early in the pandemic. Materials and methods The Pew Research Center fielded the survey March 19-24, 2020. Telehealth use because of the pandemic was measured by asking whether respondents (N = 10 624) "used the internet or e-mail to connect with doctors or other medical professionals as a result of the coronavirus outbreak." We conducted survey-weighted logistic regressions, adjusting for respondents' socioeconomic characteristics and perceived threat of the pandemic to their own health (eg, no threat, minor, major). Results Approximately 17% of respondents reported using telehealth because of the pandemic, with significantly higher unadjusted odds among Blacks, Latinos, and those identified with other race compared to White respondents. The multivariable logistic regressions and sensitivity analyses show Black respondents were more likely than Whites to report using telehealth because of the pandemic, particularly when perceiving the pandemic as a minor threat to their own health. Discussion Black respondents are most likely to report using telehealth because of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly when they perceive the pandemic as a minor health threat. Conclusion The systemic racism creating health and health care disparities has likely raised the need for telehealth among Black patients during the pandemic. Findings suggest opportunities to leverage a broadly defined set of telehealth tools to reduce health care disparities postpandemic.
Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of ‘gender positive’ solar development

Abstract India is undergoing a rapid transition to renewable energy; the Gujarat Solar Park typifies this transition. In addition to mitigating climate change, the Gujarat Solar Park boasts female empowerment through social development schemes. This manuscript is inspired by the following research question: To what extent are ‘gender positive’ processes and projects associated with solar development in India realized on the ground? Utilizing mixed methods fieldwork and drawing on literature from feminist political ecology, this paper demonstrates how the modalities of solar park development represent an antinomy of a nature-society relation. New configurations of labor under the political economy of solar have produced a gendered surplus population of landless peasants who are not absorbed into wage-labor employment in the solar park. Further, associated social development schemes actually disempower women, despite mandates of ‘gender positive’ outcomes by UN-based climate treaties to which this project is beholden. The opportunity to participate in one such scheme for female empowerment was reserved for only women of middle-to-high class status and those of dominant castes, thereby reproducing class and caste-based social power asymmetries. Female (dis)empowerment eclipses ‘gender positive’ guarantees of the solar park. This study highlights some unintended consequences of sustainable energy transitions in the Global South at the local scale. Designing development interventions related to climate change mitigation that boast ‘gender positive’ outcomes must be careful not to exacerbate gender disparities and economic exclusion in rural areas.
Attitude Moderates the Relation between Frequency of Media Multitasking in the Classroom and Delay Discounting

The present study examined whether the attitude toward texting in the classroom moderates the relation between delay discounting and frequency of texting in the classroom. College students completed a survey to assess their attitude and frequency of texting in the classroom. Based on this information, students were stratified into four groups: Appropriate-Frequent, Appropriate-Infrequent, Inappropriate-Frequent, and Inappropriate-Infrequent. The groups were then compared on the degree of delay discounting of hypothetical monetary reinforcers. In the delay-discounting task, participants made repeated choices between $1,000 available after a delay and an equal or lesser amount of money available immediately. The results showed that the attitude toward texting in the classroom moderates the relation between the degree of delay discounting and the frequency of texting in the classroom. Among students who perceive texting in the classroom as inappropriate, those who frequently text in the classroom showed greater rates of delay discounting than those who infrequently text in the classroom, whereas there was no difference in students who perceive texting in the classroom as appropriate. Impulsive characteristics of texting in the classroom from a behavioral economic perspective are discussed.
Association Between APOE Alleles and Change of Neuropsychological Tests in the Long Life Family Study.

Background The Long Life Family Study (LLFS) is a family based, prospective study of healthy aging and familial longevity. The study includes two assessments of cognitive function that were administered approximately 8 years apart. Objective To test whether APOE genotype is associated with change of cognitive function in older adults. Methods We used Bayesian hierarchical models to test the association between APOE alleles and change of cognitive function. Six longitudinally collected neuropsychological test scores were modelled as a function of age at enrollment, follow-up time, gender, education, field center, birth cohort indicator (≤1935, or >1935), and the number of copies of ɛ2 or ɛ4 alleles. Results Out of 4,587 eligible participants, 2,064 were male (45.0%), and age at enrollment ranged from 25 to 110 years, with mean of 70.85 years (SD: 15.75). We detected a significant cross-sectional effect of the APOEɛ4 allele on Logical Memory. Participants carrying at least one copy of the ɛ4 allele had lower scores in both immediate (-0.31 points, 95% CI: -0.57, -0.05) and delayed (-0.37 points, 95% CI: -0.64, -0.10) recall comparing to non-ɛ4 allele carriers. We did not detect any significant longitudinal effect of the ɛ4 allele. There was no cross-sectional or longitudinal effect of the ɛ2 allele. Conclusion The APOEɛ4 allele was identified as a risk factor for poorer episodic memory in older adults, while the APOEɛ2 allele was not significantly associated with any of the cognitive test scores.
A panel of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Bourbon virus, Heartland virus, West Nile virus, and Trypanosoma cruzi in major disease-transmitting vectors.

Vector-borne pathogens, such as Bourbon virus (BRBV), Heartland virus (HRTV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Trypanosoma cruzi (TCZ) are a great threat to public health and animal health. We developed ...
The Role of Perceived and Objective Social Connectedness on Risk for Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior in Late-Life and Their Moderating Effect on Cognitive Deficits

Objective Impaired cognition increases suicide risk while social connectedness protects against suicide risk in late life. We examined the independent and interactive effects of social connectedness and cognition on suicide risk in late life. Methods Participants included 570 individuals aged 50+ from a late-life suicide study. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List and Social Network Index were used to assess perceived and objective social connectedness, respectively, while the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale and Executive Interview were used to assess cognition. Results Suicide attempters and ideators reported lower perceived social connectedness and exhibited worse executive function than non-suicidal depressed and healthy comparison participants, while only attempters had worse objective social connectedness relative to the other groups. Executive dysfunction was linked to low objective social connectedness in attempters but higher objective social connectedness in healthy comparisons. Conclusion Interventions targeting suicide risk may consider bolstering social connectedness, particularly in those with low cognitive health.