cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary Control of Linear Uncertain 1-D Parabolic PDE Using Approximate Dynamic Programming

This paper develops a near optimal boundary control method for distributed parameter systems governed by uncertain linear 1-D parabolic partial differential equations (PDE) by using approximate dynamic programming. A quadratic surface integral is proposed to express the optimal cost functional for the infinite-dimensional state space. Accordingly, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation is formulated in the infinite-dimensional domain without using any model reduction. Subsequently, a neural network identifier is developed to estimate the unknown spatially varying coefficient in PDE dynamics. Novel tuning law is proposed to guarantee the boundedness of identifier approximation error in the PDE domain. A radial basis network (RBN) is subsequently proposed to generate an approximate solution for the optimal surface kernel function online. The tuning law for near optimal RBN weights is created, such that the HJB equation error is minimized while the dynamics are identified and closed-loop system remains stable. Ultimate boundedness (UB) of the closed-loop system is verified by using the Lyapunov theory. The performance of the proposed controller is successfully confirmed by simulation on an unstable diffusion–reaction process.
Innovative High Efficiency Closed Loop Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger (GCHE)

The current paper describes an innovative high efficiency closed loop ground coupled heat exchanger (GCHE), which is already protected by a Greek patent, while protection at European level is pending. Closed loop GCHEs are used in shallow geothermal energy systems, which are a relatively widespread renewable energy sources (RES) technology. The exploitation of shallow geothermal energy is achieved through energy systems which provide heating/cooling and/or domestic hot water in several types of buildings (houses, offices, hotel complexes, schools, shopping centers, etc.) and in other applications (such as swimming pools, greenhouses, ice melting, etc.). It is noteworthy that the above mentioned energy systems are widely known as ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) or simply shallow geothermal energy systems. It should be emphasized that GCHEs are one of the main parts of a closed loop GSHP system. The installation of closed loop GCHEs is achieved, mainly, through two geometrical patterns: horizontal and vertical. The innovative high efficiency closed loop GCHE is going to be used for the exploitation of the internal thermal energy (U) of the medium (ground or aquatic environment) with which it comes into contact. In particular, this innovative high efficiency closed loop GCHEconsists of plastic piping which has been mounted to a specific metallic mechanism. Furthermore, the innovative high efficiency closed loop GCHEhas several advantages in relation to a conventional closed loop GCHE, such as: a) higher degree of exploitation of the internal thermal energy (U) of the medium, b) decrease of the manufacturing and installation costs, c) decrease of the length (m) of the borehole drilling in vertical systems and d) decrease of the required application area (m2) in horizontal systems. In conclusion it is expected that the use, production and commercialization of the innovative high efficiency closed loop GCHEsmay facilitate further diffusion of GSHPs contributing, among others, to the reduction of CO2 and other gas emissions, to environmental protection, to energy savings and to the creation of new jobs —a glimmer of hope against the economic recession of Greece.
Improving the Control of Listeria monocytogenes on No-Nitrateor-Nitrite-Added (Natural or Organic) Frankfurters with Clean Label Antimicrobials

Consumers are critical of the ingredients used in the production of processed meat products. With the increased growth in natural and organic processed meats, suppliers have begun to offer clean label solutions to improve the safety of minimally processed foods. This study investigated the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on uncured, no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added frankfurters with or without clean-label antimicrobials, during a 120 day storage period. No-nitrate-or-nitrite-added brands with no antilisterial control measures exhibited a decreased lag time and shorter generation time for initiation of growth, resulting in a greater population of L. monocytogenes when compared to the sodium nitrite, sodium lactate/diacetate controls or alternatively cured products with clean label antimicrobials. Results indicate that clean label antimicrobials may serve as an effective intervention strategy for L. monocytogenes in the production of uncured, no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added (natural or organic) RTE meat products.
Recent advances in electrohydrodynamic pumps operated by ionic winds: a review

An ionic or electric wind is a bulk air movement induced by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomena in a gas discharge. Because they are silent, low power, respond rapidly, and require no moving parts, ionic wind devices have been proposed for a wide range of applications, ranging from convection cooling and food drying to combustion management. The past several decades have seen the area grow tremendously leading to a number of new actuation strategies and devices that can be incorporated into various applications. In this review, we discuss the physics of ionic winds and recent developments of the past five years that have pushed the field forward, focusing on the development on bulk air-moving devices we term EHD pumps. We then highlight the ongoing challenges with transitioning ionic wind technologies to the market place, from issues that affect robustness to practical implementation, and point to areas where future research could have an impact on the field.
A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera

Previous phylogenetic analyses of primnoid octocorals utilizing morphological or molecular data have each recovered evolutionary relationships among genera that are largely incongruent with each other, with some exceptions. In an effort to reconcile molecular-based phylogenies with morphological characters, phylogenetic reconstructions were performed with 33 of 43 primnoid genera using four loci (mtMutS, COI, 28S and 18S), and ancestral state reconstructions were performed using 9 taxonomically relevant characters. In addition, an updated illustrated key to the current 48 genus-level (43 genera, 5 subgenera) primnoids is presented. Ancestral state reconstruction recovered the ancestral colony shape of primnoids as dichotomous planar. Convergence was detected among all 9 characters, and reversals to the character state of the common ancestor occurred in 4 characters. However, some characters were found to be informative. For example, the weak ascus scale of Metafannyella is not likely homologous to the ascus scales of Onogorgia and Fannyella, and the monophyly of two subgenera within Thouarella, which contain polyps in either whorls or an isolated arrangement, was supported. Phylogenetic analyses were generally consistent with previous studies, and resulted in the synonymy of one genus and a subgenus, the elevation of two subgenera, and the transfer of two species back to an original genus. For example, body wall ornamentation of Fanellia was re-evaluated, indicating a synonymy with Callogorgia; the utility of polyp arrangement for the subgenus Plumarella (Dicholaphis) was not supported, and is synonymized with the nominate subgenus Plumarella (Plumarella); the subgenera Plumarella (Faxiella) and Plumarella (Verticillata) are raised to generic status; and the two Plumarella species (P. diadema and P. undulata) are transferred back to Thouarella based on the homology of their marginal scales. Altogether, and similar to other octocorallian groups, these results indicate that many of the morphological characters examined among primnoids, particularly colony morphology, are labile and exhibit complex evolutionary histories. However, some morphological characters such as coordination of polyps, presence of the ascus body wall scale, number of rows of body wall scales, and number of marginal scales help identify many clades, and are suitable for robust systematic assessments among primnoids.
Twitter and Beyond: Journalistic Practice, Platforms, and the Future of Media Power

This conclusion summarizes and assesses changes in the journalistic field due to the increasing influence of Twitter and networked publics. The chapter discusses professional and citizen journalists’ use of Twitter to gather and share the news, critique it, and to hold media institutions accountable for violations of the public trust. After reviewing changes in journalistic capital, norms, and values, the chapter reflects on how the field’s structures and “elements of practice,” are being adapted for an increasingly hybrid, interactive field. It argues that a “mediatized superstructure” that alters the dynamics of media power is emerging. Finally, the chapter considers key challenges American journalism faces going forward.
Phenomenological Cognition of the A Priori: Husserl’s Method of “Seeing Essences” (Wesenserschauung)

The phenomenological cognition of the a priori at issue in the method of “seeing essences” (Wesenserschauung) has as its methodological prerequisite the initial securing of access to non-particular meaning formations and, essentially connected with this, access to an experiential domain that transcends atomistic sensations. The problematic underlying the necessity of securing such accesses is the modern empirical formulation of the epistemological problem of “abstraction.” Hume’s critique of Locke’s claim that abstract (i.e., non-particular) ideas exist in the mind separate from the particular ideas to which they both refer and from which they emerge, comprises the focus of Husserl’s meditations on the separability of formal meaning from concrete particulars as well as his meditations on the process of abstraction underlying generalization and formalization per se.
The Increase of HIV-1 Infection, Neurocognitive Impairment, and Type 2 Diabetes in The Rio Grande Valley

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection remains a persistent predicament for the State of Texas, ranking seventh among the most documented HIV cases in the United States. In this regard, the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) in South Texas is considered as one of the least investigated areas of the state with respect to HIV infection and HIV associated comorbidities. Considering the 115% increase in average HIV incidence rates per 100,000 within the RGV from 2007-2015, it is worth characterizing this population with respect to their HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), and the association of treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Moreover, the increased rate of Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in the RGV population is intertwined with that of HIV-1 infection facing challenges due to the lack of knowledge about prevention to inadequate access to healthcare. Hence, the role of T2D in the development of HAND among the people living with HIV (PLWH) in the RGV will be reviewed to establish a closer link between T2D and HAND in cART-treated patients of the RGV.
For Physical Laborers with Type 2 Diabetes, Telephonic Health Coaching is not Enough to Improve A1C.

Objectives Telephonic health coaching has been studied extensively as an interventional approach for chronic disease management. No studies have been conducted evaluating the outcomes of a multiyear study on health coaching participation and glycated haemoglobin (A1C) changes. Chronic disease has been widespread in physical laborers, with a high onset of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to establish the efficacy of telephonic health coaching as a means to manage type 2 diabetes in adults with physical labor occupations. Methods The eligibility criteria were: 1) Adults aged 20-80 during the study entirety; 2) A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; and 3) Yearly A1C and Body Mass Index (BMI) testing via verified biometric screenings. Participants completing health coaching for at least 2 years during the study period were assigned to the experimental group and participants who only had yearly biometric screening were assigned to the control group. Results From 2014-2018, 350 participants met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at baseline was 56 years (SD 8.26), with a mean baseline A1C of 7.14% for the test group, and 5.41% for the control group. Pre-post test changes saw an increase in A1C of 0.85% in the test group, and 0.95% in the control group. BMI changes were not statistically significant. Conclusion Further study is needed to refine current telephonic health coaching programs for disease management. This study suggests that the efficacy of telephonic health coaching in its current form is not enough to improve BMI outcomes in patients with diabetes, and over the phone coaching alone is insufficient to improve patient A1C levels and sustain them for long-term.
LQG based control design of electric vehicle driveline

In this paper LQG (Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian) based control design for drive line of Electric vehicle is presented. Driveline oscillations is a phenomenon of fluctuating vehicle speed caused by torsional vibrations in the vehicle drive line which results as jerks in the vehicle motion. These oscillations result in uncomfortable vehicle ride which is contemporary research problem. The control objective is to achieve steady state driveline in lesser time for this purpose LQG based control is pursued with certain modification in vehicle dynamic model. This paper includes driveline modelling, control design and verification by simulations. Results of simulation show the considerable mitigation of oscillations and LQG based control for driveline of electric vehicle works very well.
A minimal computational model for three-dimensional cell migration.

During migration, eukaryotic cells can continuously change their three-dimensional morphology, resulting in a highly dynamic and complex process. Further complicating this process is the observatio...
Fundamentals of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for dopamine detection

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is used with carbon-fiber microelectrodes for the real-time detection of neurotransmitters on the subsecond time scale. With FSCV, the potential is ramped up from a holding potential to a switching potential and back, usually at a 400 V s−1 scan rate and a frequency of 10 Hz. The plot of current vs. applied potential, the cyclic voltammogram (CV), has a very different shape for FSCV than for traditional cyclic voltammetry collected at scan rates which are 1000-fold slower. Here, we explore the theory of FSCV, with a focus on dopamine detection. First, we examine the shape of the CVs. Background currents, which are 100-fold higher than faradaic currents, are subtracted out. Peak separation is primarily due to slow electron transfer kinetics, while the symmetrical peak shape is due to exhaustive electrolysis of all the adsorbed neurotransmitters. Second, we explain the origins of the dopamine waveform, and the factors that limit the holding potential (oxygen reduction), switching potential (water oxidation), scan rate (electrode instability), and repetition rate (adsorption). Third, we discuss data analysis, from data visualization with color plots, to the automated algorithms like principal components regression that distinguish dopamine from pH changes. Finally, newer applications are discussed, including optimization of waveforms for analyte selectivity, carbon nanomaterial electrodes that trap dopamine, and basal level measurements that facilitate neurotransmitter measurements on a longer time scale. FSCV theory is complex, but understanding it enables better development of new techniques to monitor neurotransmitters in vivo.
Examining the effects of internal social media usage on employee engagement

Abstract This study explores whether and how internal social media influences employee engagement, a top priority for those working in public relations. Specifically, it proposes and tests a conceptual model that links employee use of internal social media, perceived organizational transparency, and organizational identification, to employee engagement. Through an online survey of 1150 employees from various organizations in the United States that had adopted internal social media, results show that employees’ use of internal social media contributes to an enhanced level of perceived transparency of the organization and organizational identification, which in turn, leads to employee engagement. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Examination of using alcohol to cope, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support in persons with HIV and Hepatitis C.

Depression is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) and some likely turn to alcohol to cope with this emotional distress. Using alcohol to cope is associated with increased alcohol use, persis...
Direct Planimetry of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Area by Simultaneous Biplane Imaging: Challenging the Need for a Circular Assumption of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract in the Assessment of Aortic Stenosis

Background Evaluation of aortic stenosis (AS) requires calculation of aortic valve area (AVA), which relies on the assumption of a circular-shaped left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). However, the LVOT is often elliptical, and the circular assumption underestimates the true LVOT area (LVOTA). Biplane imaging using transthoracic echocardiography allows direct planimetry of LVOTA. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of obtaining LVOTA using this technique and its impact on the discordance between AVA and gradient criteria in AS grading. Methods We prospectively studied 134 patients (median age, 80 years; interquartile range, 73–87 years; 39% women) with AS, including 82 (61%) with severe AS and 52 (39%) with mild or moderate AS. LVOTA was traced using direct planimetry (LVOTAbiplane) and compared with LVOTA calculated using the circular assumption (LVOTAcirc). In a subset of patients who underwent cardiac computed tomography, direct planimetry of LVOTA was used as a reference standard. Results LVOTAbiplane was significantly larger than LVOTAcirc (4.20 cm2 [interquartile range, 3.66–4.90 cm2] vs 3.73 cm2 [interquartile range, 3.14–4.15 cm2], P Conclusions Direct planimetry using biplane imaging avoids the inherent underestimation of LVOTA using the circular assumption. LVOTA obtained by biplane planimetry can lead to better concordance between AVA and mean gradient and classification of AS severity.
Pilot testing an identity-based relevance-writing intervention to support developmental community college students’ persistence

We pilot tested an identity-based relevance-writing intervention designed to support developmental community college students’ (N = 54) educational commitment, value, and persistence. The intervent...
Our emerging understanding of the roles of long non-coding RNAs in normal liver function, disease, and malignancy

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important biological mediators that regulate numerous cellular processes. New experimental evidence suggests that lncRNAs play essential roles in liver development, normal liver physiology, fibrosis, and malignancy, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, we summarise our current understanding of the function of lncRNAs in the liver in both health and disease, as well as discuss approaches that could be used to target these non-coding transcripts for therapeutic purposes.
Posterior interhemispheric approach for surgical removal of a choroid plexus papilloma in the ventricular atrium.

A 12 year-old boy with headaches for 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain found a small lesion in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle. We show a posterior interhemispheric approach to the ventricular atrium through a corticotomy in the pre-cuneus and the posterior cingulate gyrus. This approach has the advantage of avoiding lesion to the optic radiation. A complete resection of the lesion was performed without complications. Anatomopathological result showed choroid plexus papilloma. This benign tumor corresponds to less than 1% of brain tumors and typically presents with signs of intracranial hypertension with hydrocephalus.
Damage development in neutron-irradiated concrete in a test reactor: Hygro-thermal and mechanical simulations

Abstract This paper reports the development of a 3D mesoscale hygro-thermal-mechanical simulation approach to predict damage in concrete irradiated in a test reactor. This framework, developed in MOOSE, considers the effects of elevated temperature, moisture content, and high neutron fluence (energy threshold, E > 0.1 MeV) on the mortar and aggregates separately. The first-stage simulation implements hygro-thermal analysis to determine the temperature and RH inside the specimen as a function of imposed radiation energy. These are used as inputs to the second stage, which considers radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE) of aggregates, and creep, shrinkage, and stress-strain response of mortar to predict the expansion, stresses, and damage in specimens made using different coarse aggregates and subjected to different irradiation times. The irradiation time-dependent damage in the mortar is expressed using an isotropic damage parameter. This multi-physics model serves as a predictive tool for damage quantification in concrete due to neutron irradiation.
Noise Measurements on DC-SQUIDs with Varied Design

We have fabricated and tested two types of SQUIDs. The first, a low inductance stripline device, was characterized using a commercial dc SQUID as a following amplifier. The second type was well coupled to a 0.16µH input coil and was characterized and flux-locked using an ultralow noise room temperature preamplifier. We present device characterization and noise data for both types of devices.
Challenges of Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Poor Tissue Distribution in Lysosomal Diseases Using Pompe Disease as a Model

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has revolutionized treatment for patients with LSDs, currently available for Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), MPS II, MPS IV, MPS VI, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, and Pompe disease. The therapeutic enzyme replacement effectively lowers substrate accumulation and has dramatically improved lifespan, increased overall quality of life, and diminished the extent of organ involvement in these conditions. Despite this progress, therapeutic deficiencies are evidenced in the different LSDs due to various factors: minimal or no enzyme delivery to all necessary target sites; delayed diagnosis resulting in irreversible substrate buildup and clinical consequences prior to starting ERT; inability of the therapeutic enzyme to reach certain sanctuary sites, nor pass blood–brain barrier; and immune responses abrogating treatment effectiveness. Present efforts towards bridging the gap between currently available therapies and a cure for LSDs are best viewed through the lens of our collective experience with Pompe disease. While ERT dramatically improved the prognosis in both infantile and later onset forms of Pompe disease, several limitations exist: the inefficiency of ERT distribution and uptake in the target muscular system, the inability of ERT to cross the blood-brain barrier, the presence of pathological preconditions or the degree of muscular and lysosomal damage, the presence of defective cellular machinery or autophagy, and the development of anti-rhGAA IgG antibodies against ERT. Dosage is also an issue as cases of clinical plateau and decline have been documented on standard doses followed by subsequent improvements with higher doses. The shortcomings and adverse effects of current therapies emphasize the need for therapeutic enhancements in addition to or in place of ERT such as immunomodulation, adjunctive therapies, reduction of defective autophagy, small molecule chaperone therapy, second generation (biobetter) ERT, and gene therapy to supplant current methods.
Towards a dynamic process for business model innovation: A review of the state-of-the-art

Business models are not only necessary for entrepreneurs starting a company but also for established companies wishing to sustain a competitive advantage. Knowing when or how to change a model is difficult and implementation is risky. Business model innovation takes art and skill and implementation requires an iterative process. Despite the often experimental nature of creating a successful business model, there are few dynamic methods for business model generation. The most frequently referenced method - The Business Model Canvas (BMC) - maps business models into a framework but is static and leaves entrepreneurs and managers to struggle with ad-hoc trial and error experimentation. This paper lays the groundwork for improved approaches to business model innovation by outlining directions for future process and tool developments.
Purification and properties of nascent f2 phage ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Nascent f2 phage RNA can be isolated from infected Escherich a coli attached to replicating structures. The isolated replicating structures contain both single- and double-stranded RNA. We have digested away the double-stranded portions with E. coli ribonuclease III and have studied the properties of the purified nascent single strands. They resemble incomplete viral RNA by the criterion of annealing as well as by enzymatic and chromatographic tests. End group analysis of the isolated nascent phage RNA shows it to contain the same 5' end group present in intact RNA isolated from phage particles. Since this end group is the guanosine tetraphosphate, viral strands are synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction. The average size of a nascent strand was determined by measuring the ratio of 5'-terminal phosphate to internal phosphate, and comparing this ratio to that obtained from intact phage RNA. The nascent strands average 0.25 of a full length strand, shorter than the size expected were RNA synthesized at a constant rate. This finding may reflect one way in which the phage controls the availability of its cistrons for translation in the infected cell.
Anesthesia and myotonic dystrophy type 2: a case series

Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a genetically distinct disorder that shares some phenotypical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). However, anesthetic management of patients with DM2 has not been described. The purpose of this study is to report the anesthetic management of a series of patients with DM2 and to describe their response to anesthesia. We performed a computerized search of the Mayo Clinic medical records database looking for patients with DM2 who underwent general anesthesia. The medical records were reviewed for anesthetic technique, medications used, and postoperative complications. We identified 19 patients with DM2 who underwent 39 general anesthetics, 17 monitored anesthetic care cases, and two regional anesthetics. The patients exhibited normal responses to succinylcholine, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers, neostigmine, induction agents, and volatile anesthetics. Serious postoperative complications related to DM2 did not occur. In our series, patients with DM2 tolerated commonly used anesthetics without obvious complications, and they exhibited normal responses to muscle relaxants. These observations suggest that these medications may be used safely in patients with DM2.
Smart packet processor design for the cognitive packet network router

As the Internet expands significantly in numbers of users, servers, IP addresses, and routers, the IP based network architecture must evolve and change. Recently, cognitive packet networks (CPN) was proposed as an alternative packet network architecture, where there is no routing table, instead, reinforcement learning (random neural networks) is used to route smart packets. CPN routes packets based on QoS, using measurements that are constantly collected by packets and deposited in mailboxes at routers. Previously, CPN has been implemented in a software test-bed. In this paper, we present design approaches for a CPN network processor chip. Particularly, we discuss implementation details for one of the modules in the chip: the smart packet processor, which includes a neural network hardware design.
Concerning the names of two phaeophycean algae: Colpomenia durvillei (Bory) M.E. Ramírez and Utriculidium durvillei Skottsberg

Abstract When Skottsberg (1907) described the new genus Utriculidium, he cited ‘Asperococcus durvillaei Bory ?’ as the apparent basionym. The fact that a query was included allows us to treat Utriculidium durvillei Skottsberg as a new name, based on Skottsberg's material from the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and not based on Bory's material from Chile. The latter material constitutes the type of Colpomenia durvillei (Bory) M.E. Ramirez.
Fatty Acids and Polar Lipids of Extremely Thermophilic Filamentous Bacterial Masses from Two Yellowstone Hot Springs

The fatty acid composition of filamentous bacterial masses from two very hot Yellowstone Park springs is not unusual despite the extreme environment. Both populations have a series of C14 to C20 straight-chain acids with a maximum at C18, and a series of saturated iso acids with a maximum at C17 in one case and C19 in the other. The fatty acid pattern of this anomalous group of organisms is like that of bacteria but not of blue-green algae. Both populations have similar polar lipids and identical carotenoids. It is speculated that these organisms may be adapted to their high-temperature environment by means of stable lipoprotein membrane systems.
Some Speculation About Mirror Neurons and Copyright

The internet, a world-wide copy machine, caused some rethinking of copyright law. Cognitive science increasingly suggests that humans are smaller scale, more adaptable, copy machines. Copyright law may again change. V.S. Ramachandran’s "The Tell-Tale Brain" discusses how mirror neurons may enable imitation, detection of others’ intention, and empathy. Ramachandran suggests that mirror neuron circuits could provide the neural substrate for cultural transmission, language, and even consciousness.This essay speculates on the implications for copyright law. It’s not news that people copy. But if cognition and culture depend on the bottom-up imitation by mirror neurons, perhaps some of the central tenets of copyright bear reexamining. Copyright’s central doctrine, the idea/expression dichotomy, could prove illusory if abstraction is dependent on embodied cognition - meaning that abstract ideas cannot be so easily separated from their expression as copyright law assumes. If cultural transmission is so directly tied to literal copying, fair use would have to give more respect to what it now terms merely "reproductive" uses. There would be reason to reexamine the Supreme Court’s statement in Eldred v. Ashcroft that mere copiers had little expressive interest. There could be more weight for such recent proposals to take into account the value of user innovation or to give protection to personal uses. On the flip side, in extending protection, copyright might give greater respect to the creative aspect of mere copiers.It remains to be seen whether mirror neurons underlie imitation, and whether that builds into language and cultural transmission. But copyright law may awaken from its dogmatic slumbers and take more seriously the question of how our minds work.
Inter-kingdom DNA transfer decoded

Completion of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens genome sequence opens new opportunities to engineer increased transformation efficiency and broader host range.
Ultrasound evaluation of the coxofemoral joints of the canine neonate

The effectiveness of ultrasound in depicting the normal anatomy of the coxofemoral joint in puppies was evaluated. Ultrasound images were obtained from twenty Springer Spaniel puppies ranging from one day to twelve weeks of age. The anatomy of the hip joint could be identified up to eight weeks of age. By twelve weeks of age the degree of ossification prevented complete hip joint evaluation. Three different views were utilized. The longitudinal and dorsolateral views were the most useful. Motion of the femoral head within the acetabulum could be observed. Measurements of the acetabulum, femoral head and joint space could be obtained however these measurements were inconsistent. The technique appears to be useful for depicting the anatomy of the neonatal coxofemoral joint however, additional studies utilizing both normal and dysplastic puppies are recommended to determine if this examination will be useful in discriminating between normal and dysplastic puppies.
Approaches to the study of gender in marriage and family therapy curricula.

This study compares two accredited marriage and family therapy programs: One includes a separate course on gender, and the other integrates gender throughout the curriculum. Students from the two programs rated their own and their peers' experience of how gender education effects therapy, program culture, and personal life. Results indicate that students from the integrated program view their peers as incorporating gender ideas in therapy to a significantly greater extent (t = 2.83, p < .05) than do students in the gender course program. However, students from the program that has a gender course leaned more toward agreement with feminist concepts than did students from the integrated program. Overall, students appear to be learning about gender and integrating these concepts into their work as therapists. Discussion is included on how to choose a gender curriculum.
PREFERENTIAL GALACTOSE UTILIZATION IN A MUTANT STRAIN OF E. COLI.

Abstract A mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12 grows well on galactose, lactose, or arabinose, but exhibits poor growth on glucose and a number of other common carbon sources. Defective growth on glucose is partially overcome by prior growth on galactose. Resting cells and growing cultures utilize galactose in preference to glucose when both sugars are present in the medium, although the enzymes for glucose utilization are present in normal amounts. However, the repressive effect of glucose on inducible enzyme formation is lacking. The mutant is characterized by a marked lack of crypticity toward β-galactosides, and lactose is rapidly taken up and hydrolyzed by resting cells. Uptake of galactosides is not inhibited by glucose, contrary to what is observed in the wild type. The defect appears to be in the transport mechanism for glucose. This defect results in a lack of control by glucose of galactose or galactoside uptake.
Rapid effect of biologically relevant stimulation on tectal neurons: changes in dendritic spine morphology after nine minutes are retained for twenty-four hours.

Abstract Flight from a threatening stimulus was used as a natural analog of tetanizing electrical stimulation to determine whether brief, intense stimulation can alter dendritic spine morphology. Juvenile jewel fish were pretreated in a dark, sound-proofed room for 48 h, at which time unstimulated controls were sacrificed by hypothermic anesthesia. Remaining fish were forced to flee for 9 min and then either sacrificed immediately (9-min stimulated group) or returned to the dark for 24 h (24 h recovery group). Morphometric quantification of dendritic spines on the basal 120 μm of the apical dendrites of tectal pyriform interneurons revealed substantial changes in 3 measures of spine shape : spine head width, overall spine length, and spine stem length. Compared with unstimulated controls, 9 min of stimulation changed the relative frequencies of spine head width, overall spine length and spine stem length. Morphological effects were evident after 24 h, and changes in relative spine length and spine stem length frequencies were more pronounced in the upper strata of neurons 24 h after stimulation. Thus brief, biologically relevant stimulation can cause both immediate and persistent changes in spine morphology; this plasticity is discussed in the context of related anatomical studies.
Evaluating a Computational Model of Emotion

Spurred by a range of potential applications, there has been a growing body of research in computational models of human emotion. To advance the development of these models, it is critical that we evaluate them against the phenomena they purport to model. In this paper, we present one method to evaluate an emotion model that compares the behavior of the model against human behavior using a standard clinical instrument for assessing human emotion and coping. We use this method to evaluate the Emotion and Adaptation (EMA) model of emotion Gratch and Marsella. The evaluation highlights strengths of the approach and identifies where the model needs further development.
Of Metaphors and Spaces Within: The Language of Curriculum and Pedagogy in the Hyperspace

In this article the author takes as a point of departure certain discursive practices employed by physicists credited with popularizing the field of quantum mechanics in order to posit the relationship between space, learning, and the perception of pedagogical realities as trans-local phenomena. More specifically, through this article the author attempts to understand how the physicist's language describing the universe and its uncertainties within a hypothetical “hyperspace” may contribute to what we commonly understand and frame as curriculum and pedagogy. The author concludes by addressing the linguistic challenges present when we attempt to frame curriculum and pedagogy as a form of transgression into both the domains of the social and the physical sciences. This move unequivocally translates into establishing an epistemological framework advancing possibilities in educational research resultant from the work that is done at the edge of one's knowledge.
A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder

Neuroimaging studies using angry or contemptuous human facial photographic stimuli have suggested amygdala hyper-responsivity in social anxiety disorder (SAD). We sought to determine if an angry "schematic face" (simple line drawing) would evoke exaggerated amygdalar responses in SAD patients compared with healthy control (HC) subjects. Angry, happy, and neutral schematic faces were overtly presented to matched cohorts of 11 SAD and 11 HC subjects for passive viewing, whereas brain functional magnetic resonance imaging signal was measured at 1.5 Tesla. Voxel-wise analyses were performed using a random effects model in SPM99. Compared with HC subjects, SAD patients exhibited exaggerated responses in the right amygdala for the Angry versus Neutral contrast. The findings of exaggerated amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in SAD converge with results from earlier neuroimaging studies and illustrate the potential utility of schematic faces for probing amygdala function in psychiatric disorders. One prospective advantage of schematic faces is that they may minimize confounds related to gender, age, or race effects. However, extending earlier findings in healthy subjects, schematic faces appear more effective for probing amygdala responses to arousal-based (Angry versus Neutral) as opposed to valence-based (Angry versus Happy) contrasts.
Conformal Invariance and the Yang-lee Edge Singularity in Two-dimensions

It is shown that very general features of the critical theory of the Yang-Lee edge singularity in two dimensions completely determine the way in which the theory realizes conformal invariance. This leads to the value $\ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{6}$ for the edge exponent, and makes possible the calculation of the correlation functions.
A computer-based test item-bank for cognitive assessment of medical students during a clinical medicine clerkship.

Summary The development and utilization of multiple-choice test items and the utilization of computer technology have significantly altered evaluation practices in medical schools. This paper describes the development and implementation of a computer-based multiple-choice test item-bank for use in a junior medicine clerkship. The computer program, ITEMBANK, is an interactive system that stores and edits test items and constructs and prints an original copy of each test. Tests can be produced almost immediately by the clerical staff and the total developmental costs have been minimal. The program has reduced the amount of teaching time required to develop tests, and has enhanced the learning of essential information by medical students and residents. Teaching staff and student response has been enthusiastic and positive. Statistically significant Pearson correlation coefficients have been obtained between student performance on these tests and clinical evaluation and NBME Part II scores. The program has made a valuable contribution to the improvement of evaluation procedures in the Internal Medicine clerkship.
An analysis of optimum core configuration for magnetic amplifiers using a simplified approach

WHEN the engineer designs a device or a component he is always interested in achieving an optimum of one characteristic with respect to another. He might, e.g., wish to build a cylindrical capacitor. His optimization problem might be to find proportions of the cylinder which will yield the greatest capacitance for a given weight or cost of materials, all other design considerations being held fixed.
Observations on the sex characters of the timber-boring sphaeromids (Isopoda) of the Indian waters

The timber-boring isopods (family Sphaeromidae) namely Sphaeroma terebrans, S. annandalei, S.a. travancorensis and S. triste occurring in Indian waters were studied for primary and secondary sex characters. A concise comparative account of the primary and secondary sex characters such as penial sacs, “appendix masculina” and oostegites has been given. The sexual dimorphism exhibited by the seventh pair of peraeopods of S. terebrans is explained fully. The sexual disparity in the body length of two species of Sphaeroma has also been described.
A data-mining approach to associating MISR smoke plume heights with MODIS fire measurements

Satellites provide unique perspectives on aerosol global and regional spatial and temporal distributions, and offer compelling evidence that visibility and air quality are affected by particulate matter transported over long distances. The heights at which emissions are injected into the atmosphere are major factors governing downwind dispersal. In order to better understand the environmental factors determining injection heights of smoke plumes from wildfires, we have developed a prototype system for automatically searching through several years of MISR and MODIS data to locate fires and the associated smoke plumes and to retrieve injection heights and other relevant measurements from them. We are refining this system and assembling a statistical database, aimed at understanding how injection height relates to the fire severity and local weather conditions. In this paper we focus on our working proof-of-concept system that demonstrates how machine-learning and data mining methods aid in processing of massive volumes of satellite data. Automated algorithms for distinguishing smoke from clouds and other aerosols, identifying plumes, and extracting height data are described. Preliminary results are presented from application to MISR and MODIS data collected over North America during the summer of 2004.
Aging, genomic entropy and carcinogenesis: implications derived from longitudinal age-specific colon cancer mortality rate dynamics

Many types of cancer are intrinsically linked to the process of aging. Aging, from the perspective of the second law of thermodynamics, can be viewed as associated with the inevitable and natural increase in informational entropy of the genome. The molecular biologic basis of increasing genetic informational entropy is the inherent and variable instability of different regions of genome. Colon cancer cells have been shown to have characteristic acquired genetic abnormalities, most commonly, deletions in presumed tumor suppressor genes. Age-specific colon cancer mortality rates in the US from 1958 to 1988 were subjected to longitudinal Gompertzian analysis, a method that may identify and distinguish among genetic, environmental and competitive influences upon mortality. The Strehler-Mildvan modification of the Gompertz relationship between aging and mortality can be used to determine a relative measure of the rate of increase in informational entropy (a reflection of genetic instability) for those genetic factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
The Behavior Description Referral Form: A Tool for the School Psychologist in the Elementary School.

Abstract This article deals with the description and use of a referral form for the behaviorally-oriented school psychologist in the elementary school. The advantages of using performance related descriptions of school problems are dealt with as well as the sequence of training necessary to use this type of form.
Primate and Dung Beetle Communities in Secondary Growth Rain Forests: Implications for Conservation of Seed Dispersal Systems

Conservation efforts are often aimed at one or a few species. However, habitat sustainability relies on ecological interactions among species, such as seed dispersal. Thus, a community-scale conservation strategy may be more valuable in some settings. We describe communities of primary (primates) and secondary (dung beetles) seed dispersers from 5 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. We estimate community biomass of these taxa and, using multivariate ordination, examine the potential for natural reforestation at each site, given the communities of seed dispersers present. Since disturbed habitat is increasingly common and increasingly the focus of conservation efforts, we also examine differences among seed disperser communities between primary forest and secondary growth at each site. Analyses of faunal biomass in different localities and habitats indicate that secondary growth receives nearly as much use by primates as primary forest; given the dominant groups of dung beetles in secondary growth, disturbed habitat should show a pattern of seed burial that is clumped and deep. Areas with high biomass of Alouatta spp. and the large nocturnal dung beetle species may have the greatest potential for natural reforestation of secondary growth particularly for large seeded species. The data suggest that knowledge of the biomass of primary and secondary dispersing fauna facilitates predictions for the likelihood of disturbed habitat to regenerate and comparisons of sites in broader geographical areas e.g., Neotropical vs. Paleotropical forests.
Full-length cDNA of human cathepsin F predicts the presence of a cystatin domain at the N-terminus of the cysteine protease zymogen.

A novel human cDNA encoding a cysteine protease of the papain family named cathepsin F is reported. The mature part of the predicted protease precursor displays between 26% and 42% identity to other human cysteine proteases while the proregion is unique by means of length and sequence. The very long proregion of the cathepsin F precursor (251 amino acid residues) can be divided into three regions: a C-terminal domain similar to the pro-segment of cathepsin L-like enzymes, a 50 residue flexible linker peptide, and an N-terminal domain predicted to adopt a cystatin-like fold. Cathepsin F would therefore be the first cysteine protease zymogen containing a cystatin-like domain.