cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the difference between symptoms of focal cartilage defects and osteoarthritis of the knee: a matched cohort analysis.

Comparing symptoms of patients with focal cartilage defects of the knee to those with knee osteoarthritis. Prospectively maintained databases identified patients with focal cartilage defects (FCD group) who underwent osteochondral allograft transplantation and patients with osteoarthritis (OA group) undergoing arthroplasty. Patients between 18 and 55 years of age were included and matched based on age. Baseline patient demographics, symptoms, and patient-reported outcomes including the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS JR), SF-12, and VR-12 questionnaires were recorded. Patient symptoms and individual responses of the KOOS JR were compared between groups. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between pre-operative factors that significantly differed between groups and the KOOS JR questionnaire. Sixty-four patients were included: 32 patients in each group. The FCD group had a significantly lower body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.04) and greater number of workers’ compensation cases (p = 0.027) when compared to the OA group. Patients in the OA group complained more frequently of medial-sided pain (p = 0.02) and knee swelling (p = 0.003). The OA cohort also had greater pain with fully straightening the knee (p = 0.012), pain with standing upright (p = 0.016), and pain with rising from sitting (p = 0.003). Patients in the FCD group had greater KOOS JR outcome scores (51.5 ± 12.9 vs. 41.5 ± 20.5; p = 0.023). When compared to patients with focal cartilage defects, adults with knee osteoarthritis scheduled for knee arthroplasty have a more severe presentation of symptoms, particularly medial-sided pain, swelling of the knee, pain associated with straightening the knee, standing upright, and rising from sitting.
The Personality Composition of Teams and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Team Creative Confidence

We examined the possibility that teams composed primarily of individuals with personality characteristics conducive to team creativity (e.g., high extraversion, high openness to experience, low conscientiousness, high neuroticism, low agree-ableness) would show synergistic increases in creativity when they experienced high levels of “team creative confidence”, a shared understanding that the team is more creative than each team member individually. We tested these hypotheses using a sample of 145 three-student teams that worked on a set of idea generation tasks at Time 1 (T1) and a second set two weeks later at Time 2 (T2). As expected, results of cross-lagged regression analysis indicated that when team creative confidence at T1 was high, team creativity at T2 increased quadratically as the number of team members who scored high on extraversion, high on openness, or low on conscientiousness increased. However, the number of individuals composing a team who scored high on neuroticism or low on agree-ableness had no relation to team creativity under conditions of high or low team creative confidence. Implications of these results for the design of creative teams are discussed.
The Myth of the Latin American Race Monolith: Notes for Future Comparative Research on Racial Inequality in the Americas:

It has become common to compare racial inequality in the United States with a “Latin American” pattern of racial inequality in which egalitarian racial ideologies mask stark socioeconomic inequalit...
Joint Latent Class Analysis of Oral Anticoagulation Use and Risk of Stroke or Systemic Thromboembolism in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is recommended to reduce the risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism (TE) in atrial fibrillation (AF). In this study, we applied novel joint latent class mixed models to identify heterogeneous patterns of trajectories of OAC use and determined how these trajectories are associated with risks of thromboembolic outcomes. We used 2013–2016 claims data from a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Our study sample included 16,399 patients newly diagnosed with AF in 2014–2015 who were followed for 12 months after the first AF diagnosis and filled at least one OAC prescription in this time period. OAC use was defined as the number of days covered with OACs every 30-day interval after the first AF diagnosis. We used a joint latent class mixed model to simultaneously evaluate the longitudinal patterns of OAC use and time to stroke or TE, while adjusting for age, race, CHAD2S2-VASc score and HAS-BLED score. Five classes of OAC use patterns were identified: late users (17.8%); late initiators (12.5%); early discontinuers (18.6%); late discontinuers (15.4%); and continuous users (35.6%). Compared with continuous users, the risk of stroke or TE was higher for participants in the late initiators (hazard ratio [HR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49–2.01) and late discontinuers (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.45) classes. Late initiators and late discontinuers had a higher risk of stroke or TE than continuous users. Early initiation and continuous OAC use is important in preventing stroke and TE among patients diagnosed with AF.
Do factors affecting time from symptom onset to diagnosis or treatment of ovarian cancer also affect survival

Objectives: Little is known about whether factors affecting time from symptom onset to diagnosis or treatment of ovarian cancer also affect overall survival (OS) or cancer-specific survival (CSS). In this study, we aim to identify variables associated with improved time to diagnosis, treatment, and survival of ovarian cancer. Methods: A population-based study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database was conducted on patients ≥66 years old from 1992-2015 with a diagnosis of stage II-IV primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Regression models evaluated time from first coded symptom in a claim to diagnosis and treatment, OS, and CSS by age, race, comorbidity score, marital status, region, poverty level, year of diagnosis, urban/rural location, number of physician visit types in the 30 days prior to diagnosis, and emergency room presentation. Results: We identified 18693 women for analysis. Faster time to diagnosis was associated with BlackBlack race (p=.001) and both faster time to diagnosis and treatment were associated with unmarried status (diagnosis p 4 physician visit types (p 4 physician visit types (p=.002) and both higher 5-year OS and CSS were associated with diagnosis after 1992-1999 (p Conclusions: In our SEER-based database study, variables associated with faster time to diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer often correlated with worse OS and CSS. We hypothesize that the discordance between time from diagnosis to treatment and survival seen based on clinical and demographic variables may be due to unmeasured social determinants of health or deviations from guideline-concordant care. Future research to understand this discordance is warranted.
First Saturation Correction in High Energy Proton-Nucleus Collisions: I. Time evolution of classical Yang-Mills fields beyond leading order

In high energy proton-nucleus collisions, the single- and double-inclusive soft gluon productions at the leading order have been calculated and phenomenologically studied in various approaches for many years. These studies do not take into account the saturation and multiple rescatterings in the field of the proton. The first saturation correction to these leading order results (the terms that are enhanced by the combination $\alpha_s^2 \mu^2$, where $\mu^2$ is the proton's color charge squared per unit transverse area) has not been completely derived despite recent attempts using a diagrammatic approach. This paper is the first in a series of papers towards analytically completing the first saturation correction to physical observables in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. Our approach is to analytically solve the classical Yang-Mills equations in the dilute-dense regime using the Color Glass Condensate effective theory and compute physical observables constructed from classical gluon fields. In the current paper, the Yang-Mills equations are solved perturbatively in the field of the dilute object (the proton). Next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order analytic solutions are explicitly constructed. A systematic way to obtain all higher order analytic solutions is outlined
Strengthening MTSS for Behavior (MTSS-B) to Promote Racial Equity

Despite widespread implementation of multitiered systems of support for behavior (MTSS-B), evidence of racial discipline disproportionality persists. We argue MTSS-B must prioritize racial equity a...
Measurement of Kinesthetic Sensitivity by Joint Angle Reproduction and Threshold for Lifted Weights

Abstract Thirty college women were given 24 trials on a joint position reproduction task for the right arm and 24 trials on a joint position reproduction task for the right leg. Split half reliability, interindividual variability, and intra-individual variability were computed for each task. The reliability for the arm positioning was .860 and for the leg positioning .892. For both tasks, the intra-individual variability was greater than the interindividual variability. The relationship between the two tasks was negligible. The difference limen for lifted weights was determined for the right hand and the right foot. The first day the subjects were given two descending and two ascending series of comparison weights on each task. Two weeks later they were retested. The test-retest reliabilities were low (.225 for the right hand and .440 for the right foot).
Mean airway pressure: physiologic determinants and clinical importance--Part 2: Clinical implications.

PurposesTo discuss the theoretical relationship of mean alveolar pressure to its most easily measured analog, mean airway pressure, and to describe the key determinants, measurement considerations, and clinical implications of this index.Data SourcesRelevant articles from the medical and physiologic
Becoming the Gothic Archive: From Digital Collection to Digital Humanities

The Gothic Archive is the flagship digital humanities project for the Marquette University library. The project was birthed from a simple digital collection, and through the partnership of faculty and librarians, was transformed into something more. The core tenets of digital collection creation were adhered to in order to create a solid foundation upon which to build the Archive. The expertise of both groups and communication were key in the evolution of the collection, and in discovering and highlighting the relationships between the objects. This case study reviews the steps Marquette took in creating the collection and taking it to the level of digital humanities project.
The independent value of a direct stenting strategy on early and late clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention

Objectives This study aimed to compare percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with direct stenting (DS) to balloon predilatation (PD) for patients undergoing elective PCI to determine whether there is an independent value for DS with regard to clinical outcomes. Background The safety of PCI with DS has been established, but the independent advantages of this technique are not entirely clear. Methods Patients undergoing elective PCI from January 2000 to December 2010 were included. The postprocedural and late clinical outcomes of 444 patients who underwent PCI with DS were compared with a propensity-matched population of 444 subjects treated with PD. Results The two groups were well matched to 27 baseline clinical, procedural, and angiographic characteristics, thus allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the independent value of the stenting technique. Intravascular ultrasound was used in more than 60% of interventions in both groups. PCI performed with PD were longer (DS 45 ± 19.28 vs. PD 56 ± 23.72 minutes, P = 0.001), used more contrast (DS 154 ± 65.88 vs. PD 186 ± 92.84 cc, P = 0.001), and more frequently used balloon postdilation (DS 0% vs. PD 27.3%, P = 0.001). The incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction (PPMI) was similar between DS- and PD patients (5.3% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.91). Likewise, the 1-year rates of major adverse cardiac events (8.4% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.25), target lesion revascularization (3.9% vs. 2.5%, P = 0.24), and definite stent thrombosis (0.2% vs. 0.9%, P = 0.37) were similar among DS and PD patients, respectively. Conclusion During elective PCI, DS decreases overall procedure time and resource utilization, but fails to reveal an independent clinical advantage as there is no demonstrable benefit in regard to the incidence of PPMI, restenosis, or overall clinical outcomes up to 1-year of follow-up. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Citizens and Captives: Depictions of the “Conquered” in the Roman Empire

This article examines constructions of Roman citizenship in Roman state art, arguing that beginning in the late republic a broader concept of citizenship was prevalent—one rooted largely in shared culture and defined in opposition to a “barbarian” other. From this reading of state art, two arguments emerge: First, the emphasis on enculturation created an ever-moving line between Roman and barbarian. Second, the subject position created subjected both the Roman viewer and non-Roman subject. The article then turns to a reading of Greek orator Aristides’s Regarding Rome to show that the concept of citizenship stressed in state art is clearly present, though not necessarily well received.
DETERMINATION OF STEAM-VOLATILE ORGANIC ACIDS IN FERMENTATION MEDIA BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Five gas chromatographic liquid phases (25% Carbowax 20 M plus 4% H3PO4, 17.5% dioctyl sebacate plus 7.5% sebacic acid, 17.5% dioctyl sebacate plus 7.5% docosanoic acid, 5% Tween 80, and 20% LAC-296 [poly (diethylene glycol adipate)] plus 2% H3PO4) were studied with respect to their utility in the separation and quantitation of steam-volatile organic acids commonly produced in fermentation. Optimal operating conditions and column stability for routine analysis were established. An Aerograph Hy-Fi gas chromatograph was used for all work, except the studies with Tween 80 in which an Aerograph A-90-C was employed. Chromatographic traces are presented of volatile fatty acid analyses with each of the liquid phases. Complete separation of all isomers of the fatty acids from C2 to C5 was accomplished by the Carbowax 20 M plus H3PO4, dioctyl sebacate plus sebacic acid, and dioctyl sebacate plus docosanoic acid columns. The latter two liquid phases were extremely unstable and proved to be unsatisfactory for analysis of aqueous samples. A column of Carbowax 20 M + H3PO4 separated steam-volatile organic acids completely. The volatile fatty acid isomers were separated by 5% Tween 80 somewhat less completely, and the peak shapes were not as sharp and symmetrical as that desired for good quantitative work. LAC-296 (20%) plus 2% H3PO4 proved to be the most satisfactory of the liquid phases for routine analysis of deproteinated in vitro rumen fermentation media. The column has been used for routine analysis of rumen fermentation fluid and in vitro rumen incubation fluid. All the organic acids from C2 to C5, except isobutyric, could be quantitated with this column. Stability of the column with the aqueous solutions was extremely good. The standard deviation of the analysis of each volatile acid component in a fermentation fluid was less than 0.5 molar per cent. The short-chain organic acids (C2 to C5) were shown to be extremely stable in aqueous solution for as long as 6 months after preparation for gas chromatographic analysis by protein precipitation with metaphosphoric acid-H2SO4 and refrigeration at 4 C in stoppered tubes.
Cobalt ultrathin film catalyzed ethanol chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

We report a simple and efficient chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that can grow oriented and long single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using a cobalt ultrathin film (∼1 nm) as the catalyst and ethanol as carbon feedstock. In the process, millimeter- to centimeter-long, oriented and high-quality SWNTs can grow horizontally on various flat substrate surfaces, traverse slits as large as hundreds of micrometers wide, or grow over vertical barriers as high as 20 μm. Such observations demonstrate that the carbon nanotubes are suspended in the gas flow during the growth. The trace amount of self-contained water (0.2−5 wt %) in ethanol may act as a mild oxidizer to clean the nanotubes and to elongate the lifetime of the catalysts, but no yield improvement was observed at the CVD temperature of 850 °C. We found that tilting the substrates supporting the Co ultrathin film catalysts can grow more, longer carbon nanotubes. A mechanism is discussed for the growth of long SWNTs.
Developmental changes in the larval fat body during metamorphosis in Galleria mellonella

Abstract The apparent rates of RNA synthesis and developmental changes in the abundant class of mRNA populations were studied in the fat body of normal, juvenile hormone- and/or 20-hydroxyecdysone-treated last-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. The apparent rates of total and poly (A) RNA syntheses in the feeding larvae remained more or less unchanged during this period of rapid growth. From an electrophoretic analysis of the in vitro translation products of the mRNAs from diverse developmental stages, the mRNAs could be divided into three major categories. The first category to which a majority of the abundant class of mRNAs belong remained at nearly the same relative abundance all through the stadium. The second category of mRNAs was more abundant in early last-instar larvae than in older larvae and was undetectable just before the metamorphic moult, e.g. those coding for 47.5, 40 and 21 kdalton polypeptides. The third category of mRNAs was not detectable in day-1 last-instar larval fat body but appeared later in the stadium, e.g. mRNAs coding for 80 and 23 kdalton polypeptides. On induction of a supernumerary larval moult by juvenile hormone the second category of mRNAs, which would normally disappear prior to a metamorphic moult, persisted. Application of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which initiates precocious moult, induced production of poly (A) RNA that codes for a 50.5 kdalton polypeptide, and also caused precocious disappearance of some mRNAs, e.g. those coding for 47.5 and 40 kdalton polypeptides. However, the presence of juvenile hormone at the time of application of the ecdysteroid inhibited only production of the mRNA coding for the 50.5 kdalton polypeptide.
Introduction of a [4Fe‐4S (S‐cys)4]+1,+2 iron‐sulfur center into a four‐α helix protein using design parameters from the domain of the Fx cluster in the Photosystem I reaction center

We describe the insertion of an iron-sulfur center into a designed four alpha-helix model protein. The model protein was re-engineered by introducing four cysteine ligands required for the coordination of the mulinucleate cluster into positions in the main-chain directly analogous to the domain predicted to ligand the interpeptide [4Fe-4S (S-cys)4] cluster, Fx, from PsaA and PsaB of the Photosystem I reaction center. This was achieved by inserting the sequence, CDGPGRGGTC, which is conserved in PsaA and PsaB, into interhelical loops 1 and 3 of the four alpha-helix model. The holoprotein was characterized spectroscopically after insertion of the iron-sulfur center in vitro. EPR spectra confirmed the cluster is a [4Fe-4S] type, indicating that the cysteine thiolate ligands were positioned as designed. The midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur center in the model holoprotein was determined via redox titration and shown to be -422 mV (pH 8.3, n = 1). The results support proposals advanced for the structure of the domain of the [4Fe-4S] Fx cluster in Photosystem I based upon sequence predictions and molecular modeling. We suggest that the lower potential of the Fx cluster is most likely due to factors in the protein environment of Fx rather than the identity of the residues proximal to the coordinating ligands.
Vasopressin and oxytocin are depleted from rat hypothalamic nuclei after oral hypertonic saline

Vasopressin and oxytocin were measured by radioimmunoassay in rat posterior pituitary and microdissected hypothalamic areas after 3 and 10 days of oral 2 percent sodium chloride in place of drinking water. There was a significant decrease in concentration of both hormones in posterior pituitary and in specific areas of the hypothalamus. Supraoptic, paraventricular, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei and the retrochiasmatic area had decreased concentration of one or both hormones following hypertonic saline, while hormone concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and median eminence was unaffected.
Adaptations of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea

This is a summary of studies that bear on the problems of the adaptation of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea. The results suggest that the spectral absorption of these retinal pigments is shifted toward the blue in order to match the dim, blue-green downwelling light and/or the bioluminescence of organisms that are critical to the life of the species. Through such a spectral match, greater visual sensitivity is achieved for life in the special photic condition of their habitat. This adaptation has been found for chimaerid fishes, for elasmobranchs, for teleosts, for mammals, and for certain crustaceans and cephalopods. The most convincing evidence for such an adaptive match has been found in teleosts that have red-emitting photophores. In these fishes a photopigment with absorbance shifted toward the red has been found by extraction and microspectrophotometry. A few exceptions to this idea of an adaptive match have appeared in the literature, the cone pigments, especially, being examples of such offset pigments. The malacosteid fishes have been shown to have a red-shifted retinal pigment with 11-cis-3-dehydroretinal as the chromophore and some invertebrates have also adopted this molecule to adjust the spectral absorption to the photic environment or to the bioluminescence. These studies are beginning to reveal that visual biochemistry is basically the same in vertebrates and invertebrates and that the visual pigment protein arose early in phylogeny and has been retained, with appropraite modifications, to the present.
Coupling propagule output to supply at the edge and interior of a giant kelp forest

Propagule dispersal is fundamental in regulating the strength of demographic and genetic interactions between individuals both within and among populations. I studied spatiotemporal variability in propagule (zoospore) supply of a continuously reproducing seaweed, giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, to examine: (1) the extent to which local zoospore production is coupled to (correlated with) temporal variability in zoospore supply; and (2) spatial variability in the strength of such coupling. Macrocystis pyrifera planktonic zoospores were quantified from seawater samples pumped on numerous dates in 1999 from just above the substratum at various sites in the Point Loma kelp forest, southern California, USA. Zoospore collections were made at a site in the forest interior approximately three times per month from late February through mid-November. Sample collection overlapped with complete demographic surveys of the local population (100 m2) to determine local reproductive output. Temporal variability in zoospore supply was strongly correlated with relative changes in the density and size structure of local reproductive adult sporophytes; 76% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output. This tight coupling between zoospore supply and local reproduction appeared to be driven by low-displacement, oscillating currents in the forest interior due to the cumulative drag of adult sporophytes, which kept zoospores close to their release site. High coupling between zoospore supply and local reproduction was validated at two additional interior sites separated by 1 km; 78% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output at these sites. Due to lower sporophyte densities, however, the forest edges experienced rapid, unidirectional currents that appeared to transport zoospores far from their release site, effectively decoupling zoospore supply from local reproduction; only 38% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output at these sites. The results suggest that the size of and location within kelp populations is an important determinant of the importance of local reproduction to zoospore supply due to the effects of flow modification by kelp canopies on zoospore dispersal. Corresponding Editor: J. E. Duffy.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study

Abstract A pilot field study was performed in Columbus, OH, during the winter of 1986/1987. The objectives were to determine the feasibility of the use of a newly developed quiet sampler in indoor air sampling for particles and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) and to measure the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), PAH derivatives, and nicotine in air in selected residences. Eight homes were chosen for sampling on the basis of these characteristics: electric/gas heating system, electric/gas cooking appliances, and the absence/presence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The indoor sampler was equipped with a quartz-fiber filter to collect particles followed by XAD-4 resin to trap SVOC. A PS-1 sampler with a similar sampling module was used outdoors. The indoor air was sampled in the kitchen and living room areas over two consecutive 8-h periods. The outdoor air was sampled concurrently with the indoor samples over a 16-h period. Fifteen PAH, five nitro-PAH, five oxygenated PAH, and three nitrogen heterocyclic compounds were determined in these samples. The most abundant PAH found indoors was naphthalene. The indoor concentrations of PAH derivatives were lower than those of their parent compounds. Average concentrations of all but three target compounds (naphthalene dicarboxylic acid anhydride, pyrene dicarboxylic acid anhydride, and 2-nitrofluoranthene) were higher indoors than outdoors. Environmental tobacco smoke was the most significant influence on indoor pollutant levels. Homes with gas heating systems had higher indoor pollutant levels than homes with electric heating systems. However, the true effects of heating and cooking systems were not characterized as accurately as the effects of ETS because of the small sample sizes and the lack of statistical significance for most pollutant differences in the absence of ETS. The concentrations of PAH marker compounds (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) correlated well with the concentrations of other target compounds. Quinoline and isoquinoline can be used to indicate indoor levels of ETS.
Spark discharge assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is combined with a spark discharge to operate in a laser triggered spark discharge mode. This spark discharge laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (SD-LIBS) is evaluated for Al and Cu targets in air under atmospheric pressure. Significant enhancement in the measured line intensities and the signal-to-background ratios, which depend on the spark discharge voltage and the laser fluence, is observed in spark discharge laser induced breakdown spectroscopy when compared to laser induced breakdown spectroscopy alone for similar laser conditions. The measured line intensities increase with the applied voltage for both targets, and the ratio of the measured line intensity using spark discharge laser induced breakdown spectroscopy to that using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is found to increase as the laser fluence is decreased. For Al II 358.56, such intensity enhancement ratio increases from ∼50 to ∼400 as the laser fluence is decreased from 48 to 4 J/cm 2 at an applied voltage of 3.5 kV. Thus, spark discharge laser induced breakdown spectroscopy allows for using laser pulses with relatively low energy to ablate the studied material, causing less ablation, and hence less damage to its surface. Moreover, applying spark discharge laser induced breakdown spectroscopy gives up to 6-fold enhancement in the S / B ratio, compared to those obtained with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the investigated spectral emission lines.
On the Value of the Panentheistic Analogy: A Response to Willem Drees

The author expresses appreciation to Professor Drees for his careful and mostly accurate reading of God and Contemporary Science. The exchange provides the opportunity to step back from the specifics of the debate and clarify what it is that gives rise to the increasing talk of panentheism within religion-science discussions today. What is the central challenge that the natural sciences raise for theistic belief? How far does panentheism go toward answering this challenge, and what work still needs to be done? Locating the book in this way clarifies questions of where the burden of proof lies, especially with regard to the relation of physical, mental, and spiritual qualities.
Contributions of morphology beyond phonology to literacy outcomes of upper elementary and middle-school students.

Using structural equation modeling the authors evaluated the contribution of morphological awareness, phonological memory, and phonological decoding to reading comprehension, reading vocabulary, spelling, and accuracy and rate of decoding morphologically complex words for 182 4th- and 5th-grade students, 218 6th- and 7th-grade students, and 207 8th- and 9th-grade students in a suburban school district. Morphological awareness made a significant unique contribution to reading comprehension, reading vocabulary, and spelling for all 3 groups, to all measures of decoding rate for the 8th/9th-grade students, and to some measures of decoding accuracy for the 4th/5th-grade and 8th/9th-grade students. Morphological awareness also made a significant contribution to reading comprehension above and beyond that of reading vocabulary for all 3 groups.
Is there a role for educators in health care

On November10, 1993, the annual meeting of the Society of University Otolaryngologists (SUO) was held in Washington, DC. The purpose of that meeting was to discuss issues relevant to academic otolaryngology, health care reform, and the training of otolaryngology subspecialists. The proposals by Congress (S.1315,H.R.2804 by Rockefeller, Durenberger, Waxman, and Cardin, and S.1215 by Kasselbaum and Simpson) and the Clinton Administration to alter the health care delivery system in the United States are likely to profoundly alter American medicine. These proposals include specific mandates for postgraduate medical education (GME) that should be of concern to both academic and private practice otolaryngologists. Although the proposals change nearly daily, they share a common theme. The most important of the various GME proposals is the Administration mandate that, by 2002, at least 55% of all residents should be enrolled in generalist training programs. Generalists are defined as practitioners of family medicine,
Application of vapor phase decomposition/total reflection X-ray fluorescence in the silicon semiconductor manufacturing environment

Abstract Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), in combination with vapor phase decomposition (VPD), provides an efficient method for analyzing trace metal contaminants on silicon wafer surfaces. The progress made in applying these techniques to the analysis of silicon wafers in a wafer fabrication cleanroom environment is reported. Methods of standardization are presented, including the preparation and characterization of VPD standards. While the VPD wafer preparation process increases the sensitivity of the TXRF measurement by at least one order of magnitude, inherent uncertainties associated with the VPD technique itself are apparent. Correlation studies between VPD/TXRF and VPD/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are presented.
Supply, demand and ICT-based services: A local level perspective

While much of the economic development literature urges greater emphasis on demand-based strategies, policies designed to create economic development advantage by leveraging telecommunications investment continue to be supply side oriented. The rationale underlying telecommunications investment efforts is that if the technology is low cost, both financially and from a cognitive usability standpoint, then it will be used. This paper examines the use of supply side strategies by one small community, LaGrange Georgia. LaGrange sought to enhance its competitiveness in the knowledge economy through the deployment of an Internet television like service designed to be free and easy to use called LITV. Based on a survey of 494 households and selected case studies, the study found that a major group of households that took up the service already had an Internet computer at home. They adopted LITV primarily because it was free rather than because it was an upward path toward economic transformation, as was the case for a segment of African-American female-headed households that adopted LITV. In spite of the fact that LITV was free and nominally easy to use, many citizens did not adopt LITV. Nonadopters and those who initially adopted but then dropped the service spanned the socioeconomic spectrum-rich and poor, well educated and dropouts, with Internet computers at home and beyond. This finding suggests that reducing the cost of technology alone is not enough to raise demand. More attention must be paid to tailoring policies to stimulate demand through targeted applications and broader supporting policies.
A return to a dedicated machine for computer-assisted instruction.

Abstract Advances in computer technology have made it technically and economically feasable to produce a self-contained interactive computer terminal. A programming system called PILOT 73 will utilize the built-in minicomputer and carry out computer-assisted instructional programs with students. Comparisons are made between this dedicated system and the more traditional time-sharing multi-terminal computer system normally used for computerized instruction.
Least squares models for power systems

The identification of dynamic models which relate power and frequency deviations on a tie line is investigated. The identification problem is posed and three identification algorithms are presented which produce least squares models with different structural properties. Equivalent realizations are identified and used as dynamic equivalents and recursively in an iterative frequency prediction algorithm. Predictive models are also identified and used as frequency predictors in a direct prediction algorithm. The identification of dynamic equivalents and frequency predictors is shown to be practical and provide information about the structure of interconnected power systems.
Syngas fermentation to biofuels: Effects of hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogenase efficiency

Abstract Producing biofuels from gasified biomass (synthesis gas) via microbial fermentation is currently being pursued as one alternative in biofuels development. In synthesis gas fermentation, reducing equivalents from H 2 oxidation via hydrogenase is important towards directing more carbon towards product formation. In this work, kinetic studies of H 2 utilization via the Clostridium P11 hydrogenase enzyme were performed to determine the most appropriate model to predict hydrogenase activity as a function of H 2 partial pressure. An important aspect of this work included the proper analysis of electron acceptors used in the kinetic studies. The K H 2 model parameter governing the effect of H 2 partial pressure on activity was ∼30 kPa (absolute), independent of the type and concentration of electron acceptor. The K H 2 value indicates that H 2 partial pressures typically associated with syngas fermentation will result in compromised efficiency of the hydrogenase activity.
Characterization of a large HPGe coaxial detector

Abstract The characterization of a HPGe coaxial detector with a relative efficiency of 35% is reported. Energy resolution measurements at 1.33 and 6.609 MeV were made along with measurements of the timing properties. The results were 1.77 keV fwhm at 1.33 MeV; 3.8 keV at 6.609 MeV and 4.3 ns timing resolution at 1.17 MeV.
Assessing the similarity of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes among fecal Escherichia coli isolates from two aggregated occupational cohorts of humans versus swine using cluster analysis and multivariate statistics.

Abstract Statistical methods employed to analyze antimicrobial resistance (AR) phenotypic data have largely focused on multiple individual antimicrobial resistance outcomes without considering the pharmacologic and biological dependence among these data. In our 3-year longitudinal study, the relationship between AR phenotype of E. coli isolates from integrated multi-site group cohorts of humans and swine and the following risk factors: host-species (human versus swine) and human vocation (swine-workers versus non-workers) was assessed; first, by using cluster analysis techniques and then multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Human sewage wastewater draining from occupation-specific housing and swine fecal E. coli isolates (n = 3,113 and 3,428, respectively) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 agents on the 2003 NARMS panel using the Sensititre™ system (Trek Diagnostics, Cleveland, OH). The MIC values for each isolate were interpreted according to standardized breakpoints into resistant or susceptible. The phenotypic data (n = 6,541) were cluster-analyzed using Ward's minimum variance with Jaccard's distance measure. The multivariate relationships of E. coli cluster membership with the risk factors in the study were assessed using a multivariate GEE model in a SAS® macro to adjust for the multiple cluster dependencies as well as adjusting for response dependencies within each unit location. The cluster solution that best described our entire dataset and where the multivariate GEE model converged was 14. In general, the adjusted odds-ratios of the multiple clusters (i.e., 14 clusters) for human isolates were significantly (P
Against Contextualism: Belief, Evidence, & the Bank Cases

Contextualism (the view that ‘knowledge’ and its variants are context-sensitive) has been supported in large part through appeal to intuitions about Keith DeRose’s Bank Cases. Recently, however, the contextualist construal of these cases has come under fire from Kent Bach and Jennifer Nagel who question whether the Bank Case subject’s confidence can remain constant in both low- and high-stakes cases. Having explained the Bank Cases and this challenge to them, I argue that DeRose has given a reasonable reply to this initial challenge. However, I proceed to argue that the current stalemate can be broken. Seeking to extend the Bach–Nagel critique, I offer a novel interpretation of the Bank Cases according to which the subject’s evidence changes between low- and high-stakes cases. If I am correct, then, given the amount of support the Bank Cases have been thought to lend contextualism, the case for contextualism is seriously weakened.
The Arco Floral : Ethnobotany of Tillandsia and Dasylirion spp. in a Mexican Religious Adornment

celebrate Catholic feast days in a tradition dating to Huastec and Totanac harvest rituals (Espejo et al. 1994). Similar ritual usage of Tillandsia and Dasylirion spp. has been documented in other parts of Mexico, particularly during Christmas festivities (Berlin et al. 1974; Beutelspacher 1989; Rees 1976; Bogler 1994). In a recent report, authors describe the use of 2,438 inflorescences of Tillandsia multicaulis Steudel, 109 of T punctulata Schltdl. and Cham., and 12 of T. imperialis E. Morren ex Roezl in three floral arches adorning the main church in Coatepec, Veracruz (FloresPalacios and Valencia-Diaz 2007). However, little further information exists on the tradition in the
RESPONSE: STATISTICAL MODELS OF EDUCATIONAL STRATIFICATION—HAUSER AND ANDREW'S MODELS FOR SCHOOL TRANSITIONS

Hauser and Andrew marry two good ideas that emerged within quanti tative social science during the 1970s-namely, the multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) model for multivariate responses and the logistic response model for transitions between stages of educational attainment. The MIMIC model, now part of standard textbooks for structural equation models with latent variables (e. g., Bollen 1989), is a natural, rigorous, and efficient way to represent the effects of exogenous variables on multiple endogenous variables (Hauser and Goldberger 1971). It is also a tool for testing whether a set of variables "behave as a scale" in their relationship to other variables in a multivariate model and thus for avoiding ad hoc, unsubstantiated index construction (e. g., Hauser 1973). As Hauser and Andrew note, the logistic response model for school transitions is a widely used tool for the analysis of educational stratification, allowing investigators of family background effects on ed ucational attainment to recognize that schooling is a sequence of events in time rather than a single status, and that the sources of inequality of educational opportunity and outcome may be different at different stages of schooling. It is gratifying to see that these ideas have contin ued to inspire application, discussion, and improvement approximately 30 years after they were introduced. In this comment, I place my
Food versus intracranial self-stimulation: failure of limited-access self-depriving rats to self-deprive in a continuous access paradigm.

Self-deprivation describes a phenomenon wherein some rats will continue to choose intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) over food and/or water reward to the point of death. Valenstein (1973) Brain Control , New York: Wiley) has contended that self-deprivation is an artifact of the “limited-access” paradigm used in previous self-deprivation studies. In this paradigm, food and/or water is available each day for a limited period only, during which time ICSS is also available. Indeed, self-deprivation has not occurred in several studies in which animals were given continuous access (24 hr/day) to food, water, and ICSS. However, the present study undertook the first rigorous test of Valenstein's thesis by first screening rats for self-deprivation in the limited-access paradigm before placing them in continuous competition. This procedure proves necessary since not all self-stimulating rats in fact self-deprive. The results of the present study clearly support Valenstein's thesis: none of the limited access self-depriving rats self-deprived during continuous competition. Further, when placed back on limited access following the continuous access period, these previously self-depriving animals no longer self-deprived.
Comparative Studies of Enzymes Related to Serine Metabolism in Higher Plants

The following enzymes related to serine metabolism in higher plants have been investigated: 1) d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, 2) phosphohydroxypyruvate:l-glutamate transaminase, 3) d-glycerate dehydrogenase, and 4) hydroxypyruvate:l-alanine transaminase. Comparative studies on the distribution of the 2 dehydrogenases in seeds and leaves from various plants revealed that d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is widely distributed in seeds in contrast to d-glycerate dehydrogenase, which is either absent or present at low levels, and that the reverse pattern is observed in green leaves. The levels of activity of the 4 enzymes listed above were followed in different tissues of the developing pea ( Pisum sativum , var. Alaska). In the leaf, from the tenth to seventeenth day of germination, the specific activity of d-glycerate dehydrogenase increased markedly and was much higher than d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase which remained relatively constant during this time period. Etiolation resulted in a decrease in d-glycerate dehydrogenase and an increase in d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activities. In apical meristem, on the other hand, the level of d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exceeded that of d-glycerate dehydrogenase at all time periods studied. Low and decreasing levels of both dehydrogenases were found in epicotyl and cotyledon. The specific activities of the 2 transaminases remained relatively constant during development in both leaf and apical meristem. In general, however, the levels of phosphohydroxypyruvate:l-glutamate transaminase were comparable to those of d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in a given tissue as were those for hydroxypyruvate: l-alanine transaminase and d-glycerate dehydrogenase.
Validation of a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument for acoustic neuroma: the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality-of-Life Scale.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To design and validate the first disease-specific quality-of-life instrument for acoustic neuroma, the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality-of-Life (PANQOL) scale. Study Design: Prospective instrument validation. Methods: One hundred forty-three patients with acoustic neuromas completed the 80-question preliminary instrument and the general Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). A chart review documented patient information. Statistical analysis was performed for item reduction and evaluation of validity criteria. Results: Analysis of item-total and item-item score correlations eliminated 38 items from the preliminary instrument. Exploratory principal component factor analysis eliminated 16 additional items and identified a natural grouping of remaining items into seven domains, forming the final 26-item PAN-QOL scale. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency measures for the instrument were high. PAN-QOL domain scores correlated significantly with related SF-36 domain scores and correlated significantly with related visual analogue scale questions given with the preliminary instrument. PANQOL face domain scores showed significant differences across the House-Brackmann grading system scores and correlated inversely with tumor size. No domain in either the PANQOL or SF-36 had a strong correlation with pure-tone average or speech discrimination scores. The PANQOL scale discriminated acoustic neuroma cases from controls better than the SF-36. Conclusions: We have developed the first validated disease-specific quality of life instrument for patients with acoustic neuromas. Given the lack of a validated equivalent, this tool has the potential to become a critical outcome measure for studies evaluating treatment of patients with acoustic neuromas.
Selecting alabama waterway industrial sites for public development

Abstract Described is a numerical screening procedure to be used as an aid in determining which sites fronting on Alabama waterways should receive priority in the allocation of public development funds. The presented modeling procedure is an adaptation of a method for the evaluation of waterfront industrial site potential developed by the Regional Economic Development Center (REDC) at Memphis State University. Reasons for the revisions of the REDC effort are explained. In addition, model use procedures are introduced.