cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Correcting Nature's Mistakes’: Transforming the Environment and Soviet Children's Literature, 1928–1941

As it sought to reconfigure the natural environment and simultaneously create new citizens in the USSR, Joseph Stalin's dictatorship strongly emphasized the conversion of children to socialism. Representations of nature in Stalinist children's literature encompassed not only crude propaganda, but also less adversarial, more scientific expressions of human entitlement vis-&-vis the environment as well as a small but significant number of apolitical celebrations of nature. In so doing, early Soviet children's literature demonstrated the limitations of dictatorial power as well as its extent. "ELECTRICAL LIGHT AND energy are demonstrating how man is subordinating the forces of nature to himself, and this will be a mighty blow to age-old darkness and religious prejudices."' This sweeping characterization of the conquest of nature in a 1932 work of Soviet children's literature was not at all exceptional. The Bolsheviks worked from their first days in power to begin molding Russian citizens for the socialist society of the future, and no topic was too serious or delicate for the sensibilities of children and adolescents.' Mass propaganda systematically and routinely promoted applied science and technology to adults and children alike as the antidote for Russia's "backwardness," and from the outset Soviet pronouncements rejected bucolic representations of nature in favor of a planned, improved environment.3 When Joseph Stalin became Party leader in 1928 and began his consolidation of the Soviet dictatorship, the effort intensified.4 This Stalinist campaign to "correct nature's mistakes" entailed more, however,
From international to integrated marketing

International Marketing refers to the understanding of marketing practices in different countries (comparative descriptions); its structural determinants anchored to national differences (comparative explanations); and deployment of country-specific marketing strategies and operations by multidomestic firms (comparative prescriptions). Therefore, its primary focus is the description, explanation, and managerial control of marketing practices across national
Fabrication of 0.1-um T-shaped gates by phase-shifting optical lithography

We have developed a method for patterning sub-micrometer gates with T-shaped cross sections, which may be applied to manufacture high performance field effect transistors (FETs). The technique employs two exposures at the KrF excimer laser wavelength (248 nm). The first exposure uses a phase-shifting mask to pattern 0.1 micrometers isolated spaces. The resist used for the second exposure absorbs the 248 nm radiation strongly enough to produce a profile suitable for lift-off patterning.
What is new in vitamin D: 2006-2007.

Purpose of reviewThis review focuses on recent developments in a number of areas to bring the reader up to the current state of knowledge in this field.Recent findingsA number of studies have revealed new insights into the regulation of the vitamin D receptor and new targets for its action. The mech
Redirecting lentiviral vectors by insertion of integrin-tageting peptides into envelope proteins.

Background Targeting gene therapy vectors that can home in on desired cell and tissue types in vivo comprise the ultimate gene delivery system. We have previously developed targeting lentiviral vectors by pseudotyping vectors with modified Sindbis virus envelope proteins. The envelope protein contains the Fc-binding region of protein A (ZZ domain), so the virus can be conjugated with antibodies. The conjugated antibody mediates specific transduction of the cells and tissues expressing the target antigens, both in vitro and in vivo. However, more stable conjugation of targeting molecules would be optimal for use in immunocompetent animals, as well as in humans. Methods We inserted integrin-targeting peptides into two sites of the targeting envelope proteins and determined whether the peptides serve as receptor-binding regions of the envelope proteins and redirect the pseudotyped viruses. Results The integrin-targeting peptides can mediate binding to cells via the interaction with integrins on target cells and transduction. Peptides with a higher binding affinity increase titers of pseudotyped virus. We found two regions on the envelope protein that can accommodate insertion and serve as receptor-binding regions. Combining the peptides in two distinct regions increased the titers of the virus. Conclusions Successful incorporation of targeting molecules into the envelope protein will broaden the application of targeting vectors for a wide variety of experimental and clinical settings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquidity Risk and Economies of Scale in Funds of Hedge Funds

Using data from the Lipper/TASS hedge fund database over the period 1994-2011, we examine the impact of liquidity risk on the relationship between size and performance for funds of hedge funds (FOFs). We first confirm a significant positive size effect for FOFs. More importantly, once liquidity risk is accounted for, this scale effect is more pronounced among FOFs with lower liquidity risk. Specifically, for FOFs in the lowest liquidity risk quintile, the largest funds significantly outperform the smallest funds by an average eight-factor alpha of 4.7% per year; for FOFs in the highest liquidity risk quintile, however, we do not find a significant relationship between size and performance. To the extent that more illiquid FOFs exhibit higher liquidity risk, the results provide evidence in support of the 'liquidity' hypothesis that size does not erode, but instead help improve performance since FOFs do not directly manage portfolios of securities and thus are less affected by the liquidity costs associated with trading a large portfolio.
Volatiles in skin of low dose irradiated fresh chicken.

Fresh chickens were irradiated with up to 1200 krad at 0–5°C. Volatile compounds from the skin and subcutaneous fat of these chickens, and from unirradiated controls, were analyzed by gas chromatography. Acceptability of the odor of the chickens was also evaluated. Other samples (0 and 300 krad) were evaluated by chemical and sensory analysis after storage at 4°C. Analysis of volatiles indicated that levels of octane, l-octene, hexanal, and nonane increased regularly with radiation dose. Amount of total volatiles was greater in unstored irradiated samples than in controls, but this was reversed after storage. After 14 days, the irradiated sample still had acceptable odor, while the control ahd severely deteriorated.
Low polarization resistance of Ni–Cu–Ce oxide anode synthesized by coprecipitation with tetramethylammonium carbonate for intermediate temperature SOFC

Abstract With little deviation from the metal cation stoichiometry in a starting metal nitrate solution, Ni–Cu–Ce oxide powders for intermediate temperature SOFC anodes were synthesized by coprecipitation using tetramethylammonium carbonate and decomposition of coprecipitated metal carbonates. The synthesized oxide powder was found to have a high surface area. A 30% Ni–30% Cu–40% Ce anode fired at a low temperature of 900 °C on a Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 electrolyte provided low electrode polarization with an estimate of less than 0.1 Ω cm 2 at temperatures over 600 °C on wet 50% H 2 despite the Ni–Cu metallic phase in the anode was only 30% by volume.
Some Practical Guidelines for the Corporate Forecaster

This paper brings to light several of the implementation issues discussed by a group of forecasters at their monthly meetings. The major subsection headings indicate a potpourri of topical interest areas considered, followed by several concluding remarks.
Modular Covalent Multifunctionalization of Copolymers

Poly(norbornene)-based random copolymers possessing either azide, aldehyde, or ketone functionalities on each repeating unit were synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The orthogonal functionalization of the resulting copolymers using 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and hydrazone formations was investigated. While the azide- and aldehyde-containing copolymers were insoluble in organic solvents, the azide- and ketone-functionalized copolymers were fully soluble in common solvents such as CH2Cl2, THF, and DMF and can be quantitatively functionalized with a library of small organic and biological molecules in a stepwise fashion. The orthogonal functionalization of the ketone/azide copolymers was characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies and gel-permeation chromatography. A one-pot dual functionalization strategy is also presented that allows for the quantitative dual functionalization of copolymers. This one-pot strategy introduced herein for the preparation of multifunctional macromolecules ...
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 oncoprotein tax promotes S-phase entry but blocks mitosis

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax exerts pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular regulatory processes to bring about NF-κB activation, aberrant cell cycle progression, and cell transformation. Here we report that Tax stimulates cellular G1/S entry but blocks mitosis. Tax expression in naive cells transduced with a retroviral vector, pBabe-Tax, leads to a significant increase in the number of cells in the S phase, with an accompanying rise in the population of cells with a DNA content of 4N or more. In all cell types tested, including BHK-21, mouse NIH 3T3, and human diploid fibroblast WI-38, Tax causes an uncoupling of DNA synthesis from cell division, resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells and cells with decondensed, highly convoluted and lobulated nuclei that are reminiscent of the large lymphocytes with cleaved or cerebriform nuclei seen in HTLV-1-positive individuals. This contrasts with the Tax-transformed cell lines, PX1 (fibroblast) and MT4 (lymphocyte), which produce Tax at high levels, but without the accompanying late-stage cell cycle abnormalities. PX1 and MT4 may have been selected to harbor somatic mutations that allow a bypass of the Tax-induced block in mitosis.
Striking out: Poor style and grammar still abound in technical writing

Reading of a substantial number of recent technical publications discloses excessive violations of certain stylistic and grammatical proprieties. These violations suggest failure of editors and teachers to get their message across and of writers to approach writing with fitting concern. The most frequent and significant violations are selected and explained. Speculation on causes and suggestions for elimination of the violations accompany the explanations.
What influences raters' judgment of student writing

Abstract This article compares the results of a linguistic analysis of 30 students' compositions with the holistic ratings of nine independent judges. The compositions were the examination scripts of 17-year-old high school students drawn from the two levels of the Caribbean Examinations Council English Language examinations: General Proficiency and Basic Proficiency. The General Proficiency compositions, according to the examination syllabus, were expected to display a greater “maturity of expression” than compositions at the Basic Proficiency level. The linguistic analysis was based on four potential indicators of maturity: morphological (past tense morpheme only), syntactic, semantic, and discourse. The judges' holistic ratings, the method used to divide the compositions into two groups, “more mature” and “less mature,” were based on the judges' definition of the criterion “maturity of expression.” A comparison of the two sets of results on an implicational scale revealed that the factor that weighed most heavily with the judges was correct past tense usage.
Si‐Ca‐P xerogels and bone morphogenetic protein act synergistically on rat stromal marrow cell differentiation in vitro

This study describes a novel bioactive xerogel glass as a carrier for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and the value of this carrier in terms of stimulating osteogenic activity of rat stromal marrow cells in vitro. These cells were seeded onto the surface of xerogel glass disks with BMP either incorporated in the glass, adsorbed to the surface of the glass, or added to the culture media and then compared to cells on glass with no added BMP or to cells on tissue culture plastic (TCP) with and without BMP. Cells were cultured for 6 and 10 days and examined for total DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin and total protein production. Stromal cell differentiation, as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin synthesis was most increased when the BMP was incorporated or adsorbed onto the xerogel glass. Cells on xerogel glass without BMP were more differentiated than cells grown on plastic with BMP, thereby demonstrating the additive effect of a bioactive substrate and BMP on osteoblastic cell differentiation. These data indicate that xerogel glass effects differentiation of cells with osteogenic potential and that it can serve as a delivery vehicle for BMP.
Model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) exception for portopulmonary hypertension

Patients with liver disease are predisposed to pulmo-naryarterialchangesindistinguishablefromthoseseenin idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension. The ef-fects of this abnormal liver-lung association, portopul-monary hypertension (POPH), on liver transplant wait-list mortality and patient outcome are not wellunderstood, causing much debate over the appropriateallocation algorithms and the need for additional modelfor end-stage liver disease (MELD) score points.
‘Authentic’ problem-based learning, instrumental rationality, and narrative

Summary: Howard Barrows recommends that ‘authentic’ problem-base learning (PBL) use a format in which students query a case module with regards to 202 history items, 121 physical examination items, and an array of laboratory and imaging items. We examine a case that Barrows presented to students at the University of Hawai’i in order to illustrate the problems that we see with this heuristic method. This method portrays the clinical encounter as an interrogation and examination that reveals the diagnosis within some standard nosology. We identify ‘instrumental rationality’, the mode of thinking in which the goal is to find the most efficient means to achieve the ends, as the philosophy underlying this view of medical practice. We suggest instead that physicians need to be skillful at listening to patient narratives, that the case that Barrows presented appears rather different from this perspective. If physicians view moral engagement with patients to be the core task of medicine, it will help transform medicine from a task-oriented endeavor to one driven by ethics, morality, and justice.
Thermal conductivity of granular rice starches

Abstract Thermal conductivities of four types of granular rice starches, regular, low protein, waxy and low protein waxy, were measured at bulk densities of 600 and 800 kg/m3, temperatures of 20, 50 and 80 °C, and moisture contents of 4, 20 and 40% (wet basis), using a line‐source thermal probe system equipped with a computerized data acquisition system. A completely randomized experimental design with factorial treatment structure resulted in a total of 72 treatments, each with 3 replications. The thermal conductivity was significantly different among various rice starches. Low protein and waxy rice starches had higher thermal conductivities than regular and low protein waxy rice starches. Thermal conductivity increased significantly with increases in bulk density, temperature and moisture content. Prediction models were developed to calculate thermal conductivity values for practical applications.
Crop yield—nitrate‐n and total n and k concentration relationships: Corn and fescuegrass

Abstract Six greenhouse pot experiments were conducted in which yield and nutrient uptake responses of corn (Zea mays L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb) to N, P, K, lime, or temperature variables were measured. This paper describes yield—NO3‐N and total N concentration trends in these experiments. Crop concentrations of total N and NO3‐N during early growth increased consistently with amount of applied N. These concentrations usually decreased (by dilution and assimilation) with time of growth and yield response to other growth‐limiting nutrients and other factors. Concentrations of K also increased in corn with amount of applied K, and high K was associated with higher concentrations of NO3‐N during early growth in some experiments. This was usually true only for early crop growth periods during which rates of nutrient uptake exceeded growth rate. High K concentrations may have retarded growth and NO3‐N reduction and assimilation.
Inter-regional market coordination: challenges and solutions

Summary form only given. The paper focus on the possibility of iterative procedures between areas in order to determine a dispatch as close to that of joint dispatch as possible, at least in the day ahead market. Such a procedure should be fast so that convergence can be achieved in no more than two iterations of the bid and re-bid procedure, and should not involve a total of more than two hours. We dwell on coupling the optimal dispatch procedure of areas via the locational marginal price for energy delivery at the nodes in the boundary between two areas. The mathematical complexity of such an optimal power flow solution was outlined. However, such re-dispatch decisions may alter the financial positions of generating entities in each area considerably from what it would have been, had the areas dispatched autonomously. Consequently, the question is that of distributing the resulting economic benefits "fairly" among the market participants by appropriate settlement rules and procedures. There are no simple solutions to such procedures. However, certain possible methods was proposed for consideration.
A Possible Endogonaceous Fungus from the Triassic of Antarctica

Walker, C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae; spore wall characteristics in species descriptions. Mycotaxon 18: 443-455. , and F. E. Sanders. 1986. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae. III. The separation of the genus Gigaspora Gerd. & Trappe into two genera, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. Mycotaxon 27: 169-182. Woodhouse, W. W., E. D. Seneca, and A. W. Cooper. 1968. Use of sea oats for dune stabilization in the southeast. Shore Beach 36: 15-21. , igaspora and Scutellospora. Mycotaxon 27:
Probing local electrochemical activity within yttria-stabilized-zirconia via in situ high-temperature atomic force microscopy

Considerable interest in understanding interfacial phenomena occurring across nanostructured solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) membrane electrode assemblies has increased demand for in situ characterization techniques with higher resolution. We briefly outline recent advancements in atomic force microscopy (AFM) instrumentation and subsystems in realizing real time imaging at high temperatures and ambient pressures, and the use of these in situ, multi-stimuli probes in collecting local information related to physical and fundamental processes. Here we demonstrate direct probing of local surface potential gradients related to the ionic conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) within symmetric SOFCs under intermediate operating temperatures (500–600 °C) via variable temperature scanning surface potential microscopy (VT-SSPM). The conductivity values obtained at different temperatures are then used to estimate the activation energy. These locally collected conductivity and activation energy values are subsequently compared to macroscopic electrochemical impedance results and bulk literature values, thus supporting the validity of the approach.
But I am a good mom : The social construction of motherhood through health-care conversations

Examining the impact of health information seeking among informal, interpersonal networks, this article focuses specifically on the extent to which these conversations serve to identify role boundaries, specifically that of motherhood. Drawing on Goffman's work on region and regional behaviors, this ethnographic analysis of women in a moms and tots play group reveals boundaries between the public and private presentation of self. The regions of front stage, backstage, and “back”-backstage are used here to discuss how talk regarding health issues, and particularly inappropriate or taboo talk, defines and exemplifies the role of the “good” mother. The implications for the accessibility of information are discussed in light of the cultural contradictions women face in fulfilling this role.
Recent $^{31}$ P n.m.r. Studies of Myocardium [Abstract Only and Discussion]

Earlier work from this laboratory has concerned the possible use of phosphorus n.m.r. as a method to monitor, in a non-invasive manner, the biochemical state of the perfused heart as a function of its mechanical performance. We showed that a simulated coronary infarction could be detected by 31P n.m.r. (Hollis et al 1978 a and that hypothermia and KC1 arrest could preserve the pH and the ATP levels at more nearly normal values than in a non-arrested heart during long periods (40 min) of ischaemia (Hollis et al . 1978 b ).More recently it was shown that multiple doses of KC1, given at intervals, were more effective in this respect than was a single dose (Flaherty et al . 1979). These studies essentially followed the kinetics of transitions of the heart between two or more distinct physiological states (i.e. normoxic and ischaemic, with or without KC1 arrest) by observation of the 31P n.m.r. spectra at various time intervals over periods of up to 1 h. As described in detail and demonstrated in Dr Truman Brown’s contribution to these discussions, the rates of chemical exchange reactions occurring in a steady state can be measured by the techniques of saturation transfer in various biological systems, including perfused hearts.
The Effect of IT and Co-location on Knowledge Dissemination

Due to the increasing globalization of businesses, new ideas for innovation need to be disseminated rapidly both within and across different departments and divisions. Frequently, ideas and information are dispersed over globally distributed organizations or team members. As a result, the exchange of knowledge has become not only very important for innovation but also highly complex. To facilitate this knowledge exchange, electronically mediated interactions are growing rapidly, replacing traditional face-to-face communications. However, literature provides contradicting results regarding the effectiveness of computer-mediated communication (CMC) versus face-to-face communication. This study attempts to reconcile differences in the literature on the benefits of CMC technologies and co-location. Focusing on knowledge dissemination in technology development processes in high-technology firms, the study investigates the relative impact of CMC technologies and co-location of research and development (R&D) staff, as well as the mutual interaction between them. The present article hypothesizes that CMC technologies and co-location of R&D staff have a positive impact on knowledge dissemination. Further, it is hypothesized that it is more favorable to co-locate R&D staff than to invest in CMC technologies and that the effects of co-location and CMC interact negatively. These hypotheses are tested using empirical data collected from 277 high-technology firms in the United States, and the results are generalized by conducting the same test on data from 125 high-technology firms in the Netherlands. Tests are conducted in a real-world setting, differing from previous comparative studies that mainly used laboratory experiments. Empirical results support the main effects of CMC technologies and co-location of R&D staff on knowledge dissemination. Other empirical results contradict conventional wisdom. Investing in CMC technologies is found to be favorable over co-locating R&D staff for knowledge dissemination. Moreover, the two communication channels strengthen each other. The discussion section presents the contours of a firm-level theory on communication infrastructures and knowledge dissemination, focusing on the scope and the heterogeneity of knowledge dissemination, which may explain these initially surprising results. From the arguments it follows that the choice for investment in co-location or CMC technologies depends on the scope of knowledge dissemination that has to be facilitated. Furthermore, the conclusion is made that effective knowledge dissemination requires a balanced investment in co-location and information technologies to be able to deal with the heterogeneous but interdependent types of knowledge dissemination.
Knowledge Resources and Book Reviews

MICHAEL LEWIS, Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt. (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0393244663, ISBN-10: 039344660, 288 pages, $27.95).
Modeling whispering gallery modes in quantum dot embedded polystyrene microspheres

Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) have been demonstrated in polystyrene microspheres embedded with quantum dots (QDs) in the periphery to serve as local light sources for the remote excitation of low Q-factor microsphere sensors. These sensors were shown to display varied WGM spectra and refractometric sensitivity exceeding that predicted for a homogeneous microsphere. To explain these differences from the basic Mie scattering theory, the QDs have been modeled as a thin high index outer layer. This model has been shown to provide a good fit of the observed WGM spectra, with calculated values for the QD layer refractive index and penetration depth falling within our observed estimates. The possible enhancement in sensitivity for these microspheres has also been determined.
Urban Dust Particulate Matter Alters PAH-Induced Carcinogenesis by Inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) are well-studied environmental carcinogens, however, their potency within a complex mixture is uncertain. We investigated the influence of urban dust particulate matter (UDPM) on the bioactivation and tumor initiation of B[a]P and DB[a,l]P in an initiation-promotion tumorigenesis model. SENCAR mice were treated topically with UDPM or in combination with B[a]P or DB[a,l]P, followed by weekly application of the promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate. UDPM exhibited weak tumor-initiating activity but significantly delayed the onset of B[a]P-induced tumor initiation by two-fold. When cotreated with UDPM, DB[a,l]P-treated animals displayed no significant difference in tumor-initiating activity, compared with DB[a,l]P alone. Tumor initiation correlated with PAH-DNA adducts, as detected by 33 P-postlabeling and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 and 1B1 proteins was also detected following UDPM treatment or cotreatment with B[a]P or DB[a,l]P, indicating PAH bioactivation. Further genotoxicity analyses by the comet assay revealed that cotreatment of UDPM plus B[a]P or DB[a,l]P resulted in increased DNA strand breaks, compared with PAH treatment alone. The metabolizing activities of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, as measured by the 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) assay, revealed that UDPM noncompetitively inhibited CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 EROD activity in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these data suggest that components within complex mixtures can alter PAH-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting CYP bioactivation and influence other genotoxic effects, such as oxidative DNA damage. These data further suggest that in addition to the levels of potent PAH, the effects of other mixture components must be considered when predicting human cancer risk.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Risk of Future Venous Thromboembolism

Background Lower activated partial thromboplastin times are associated with higher levels of some coagulation factors and may represent a procoagulant tendency.
Sex differences in age‐related remodeling of the femur and tibia

Changes with age in cross-sectional geometry of the lower limb bones were investigated in a large sample of cadaveric skeletal material from U.S. white adults. Section properties (areas and second moments of area) were determined at 11 locations by sectioning and direct measurement of 103 femora and 99 tibiae. All properties were standardized for body size differences by dividing by powers of bone length, and age trends were determined through linear regression analysis. Results indicate that while both men and women undergo endosteal resorption of bone and medullary expansion with aging, only men exhibit concurrent subperiosteal bone apposition and expansion. As a consequence, men show little change in cortical area and some increase in second moments of area with age, while women show decreases in both cortical area and second moments of area. Thus, only men appear to remodel bone in a way that would tend to compensate for loss of bone material strength with aging. In a previous study of a preindustrial sample with high activity levels, both men and women exhibited bone subperiosteal expansion and increase in second moments of area with aging. Together with observed differences in fracture incidence among living populations, these findings suggest that relatively low activity levels may not stimulate optimal bone remodeling throughout life and thus may contribute to higher risk of fracture in old age.
Risk Attitudes Toward Small and Large Bets in the Presence of Background Risk

If an individual with expected utility and a reasonable level of wealth rejects a small actuarially favorable gamble, it implies a very high degree of risk aversion. It also predicts (counterfactually) the rejection of more sizable and very attractive bets. If additional background uncertainty affects wealth, this result also applies to non-expected utilities. The authors describe a set of reasonable conditions under which an individual may reject the small bet but accept the large bet, even in the presence of background uncertainty. The two critical assumptions that the authors use are rank-dependent utility and a discrete distribution for background risk. Plausible calibrations can reconcile large/small bet risk attitudes and the empirical evidence on limited stock market participation in the presence of labor income risk. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Airborne Multispectral Sensing and Applications

The airborne multichannel scanners at present in use in the University of Michigan's flying program will be described. This equipment provided eighteen parallel outputs from eighteen detectors each operating at fixed optical bandwidths distributed over the .35 to 13.5 micron region. The pattern recognition concepts used to create compositional maps on the basis of the information carried in the parallel channels will be described as will the electronic equipment used to implement these concepts. Examples of the parallel stripmaps obtained will be shown as will examples of compositional maps generated with the equipment described. The extension and applicability of these techniques to future airborne and orbital remote sensing programs will be discussed.
INTERNET PRIVACY: AT HOME AND AT WORK

This paper is a summary of the tutorial on Internet privacy. The objective of the tutorial is to inform users of the Internet how and why their use of the Internet can be monitored. The focus of the tutorial will be Internet privacy at home and in the work place. The tutorial has three major sections: Technical Background, At Home and At Work. The At Home section is concerned with personal privacy infringement. This section will detail who would be interested in personal privacy infringement, how they would accomplish it, and for what purpose. This portion presents topics such as cookies and their uses and log files. In addition the At Home section discusses techniques to avoid privacy infringement (e.g. anonymizers, cookie cutter). The At Work section is concerned with employee surveillance. The topics discussed include who would be interested in this surveillance, how this surveillance would be done and for what purpose. The At Work section also discusses the concept of Acceptable Use Policies (AUP). Questions address: What purpose do AUP serve? How do AUP support or detract from employee surveillance? Both sections require a bit of technical expertise to understand how Internet activity can be monitored. The Technical Background section reviews the client/server paradigm of web computing, the important details of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and presents an overview of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). These concepts are necessary to understand how Internet activity con be monitored.
Lymphoid tissue inducer–like cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22

The interleukin (IL) 17 family of cytokines has emerged to be critical for host defense as well as the pathogenesis of autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, and serves to link adaptive and innate responses. Recent studies have identified a new subset of T cells that selectively produce IL-17 (Th17 cells; Bettelli, E., T. Korn, and V.K. Kuchroo. 2007. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 19:652-657; Kolls, J.K., and A. Linden. 2004. Immunity. 21:467-476), but the regulation of IL-17 production by innate immune cells is less well understood. We report that in vitro stimulation with IL-23 induced IL-17 production by recombination activating gene (Rag) 2(-/-) splenocytes but not Rag2(-/-) common gamma chain(-/-) splenocytes. We found that a major source of IL-17 was CD4(+)CD3(-)NK1.1(-)CD11b(-)Gr1(-)CD11c(-)B220(-) cells, a phenotype that corresponds to lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells (LTi-like cells), which constitutively expressed the IL-23 receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and CCR6. In vivo challenge with the yeast cell wall product zymosan rapidly induced IL-17 production in these cells. Genetic deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 reduced but did not abrogate IL-17 production in LTi-like cells. Thus, it appears that splenic LTi-like cells are a rapid source of IL-17 and IL-22, which might contribute to dynamic organization of secondary lymphoid organ structure or host defense.
DIVERGENT SELECTION ON FLOWERING TIME CONTRIBUTES TO LOCAL ADAPTATION IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS POPULATIONS

The timing of when to initiate reproduction is an important transition in any organism's life cycle. There is much variation in flowering time among populations, but we do not know to what degree this variation contributes to local adaptation. Here we use a reciprocal transplant experiment to examine the presence of divergent natural selection for flowering time and local adaptation between two distinct populations of Mimulus guttatus. We plant both parents and hybrids (to tease apart differences in suites of associated parental traits) between these two populations into each of the two native environments and measure floral, vegetative, life-history, and fitness characters to assess which traits are under selection at each site. Analysis of fitness components indicates that each of these plant populations is locally adapted. We obtain striking evidence for divergent natural selection on date of first flower production at these two sites. Early flowering is favored at the montane site, which is inhabited by annual plants and characterized by dry soils in midsummer, whereas intermediate (though later) flowering dates are selectively favored at the temperate coastal site, which is inhabited by perennial plants and is almost continually moist. Divergent selection on flowering time contributes to local adaptation between these two populations of M. guttatus, suggesting that genetic differentiation in the timing of reproduction may also serve as a partial reproductive isolating barrier to gene flow among populations.
Feedback stabilization of underactuated nonlinear pendulum cart system using matching conditions

The feedback stabilization problem of an underactuated nonlinear system is considered in this paper. The example system considered here is an inverted pendulum-cart system. The PDEs describing the matching conditions are obtained and solved by the characteristic equation method. A class of control laws which can stabilize the system are established from the modified Lagrangian. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the method.
Studies on the dynamics of the reaction between Rh antibody and antigen.

The anti-D antibody of two human sera was found to be transferred in part from sensitized group A Rh (D)-positive cells to normal group B Rh (D)-positive cells when the cell suspensions were mixed and incubated in a saline medium. The amount of anti-D antibody transferred from sensitized to normal cells in a given period of time was found to be directly related to the concentration of antibody to which the group A donor cells were originally exposed. It is concluded that the amount of antibody transferred to recipient cells under standard conditions is related to the concentration of antibody on the surface of the donor cells.
Towards Authenticated Objects

In many application domains, objects are transferred, shared, and used across organizational and trust boundaries, which poses serious security concerns. Given the ubiquitous use of objects, it is important to assure at program run-time that the objects received and used have not been modified by any unauthorized program or entity, and are from the authorized programs. In this paper, we propose an authenticated model of objects that facilitates verification of authenticity of objects at program run-time and its possible Java-based implementations.
Myelomeningoceles and Incidence of Shunting

The distribution of postnatally repaired myelomengocele (MMC) lesions, characterized by neurologic and radiologic assessment, and the incidence of shunting were determined and correlated by a retrospective chart review of 297 patients followed at the spina bifida clinic at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Neonatal septicemia in calves: 25 cases (1985-1990)

Historical, physical, and clinicopathologic findings in 25 septicemic calves were examined to further characterize the clinical features of naturally induced bovine neonatal septicemia. Owners often reported single organ disease, but physical examination revealed multiple organ disease in more than half the calves. A third of the calves were admitted as representative of a herd problem. Laboratory findings were variable, but commonly included changes in the differential WBC count and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Low serum immunoglobulin concentrations were found in approximately half the calves. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism, but gram-positive infections were found in 10%, and polymicrobial infections in 28%, of the calves. Previous antimicrobial administration did not appear to affect culture yield. At necropsy, lesions were seen in multiple organs in most calves. The respiratory and gastrointestinal systems were most commonly affected. Few of the calves had umbilical infections. The survival rate was poor (< 12%).
The Construction of Librarian Team in Rural Area

The librarian in the country is the nearest one to the farmer. It plays an important role in the development of agriculture economy and improvement of the whole quality of the farmer. The aim of the library in the country can only be reached by librarians.
Study on Process and Competence Development Model of Organizational Knowledge Creation

Reference to SECI model, the organizational knowledge creation process and the relationship between it and knowledge creation competence are analyzed. The paper trace out the competence development model of organizational knowledge creation which is consist of organizational knowledge creation strategy, opening knowledge management system, individual competence development cycle and organizational sustained system.
Genetically modified foods: A critical review of their promise and problems

Abstract The term “genetic modified organisms (GMO)” has become a controversial topic as its benefits for both food producers and consumers are companied by potential biomedical risks and environmental side effects. Increasing concerns from the public about GMO, particularly in the form of genetic modified (GM) foods, are aimed at the short- and long-lasting health problems that may result from this advanced biotechnology. Complex studies are being carried out around the world independently to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of GM foods. In this paper, we attempt to summarize up-to-date knowledge about the benefits and potential problems of GM food. We also introduce some recent technological developments in GM foods and their impact in the field.
Evolution of Protein Wrapping and Implications for the Drug Designer

Proteins with common ancestry (homologs) typically share a common fold. This structural similarity introduces major problems for rational drug design since a major goal in the field is the control of specificity. Yet, as shown in this chapter, while the topology of the native structure is extremely similar across homologs, their wrapping patterns and expression regulation tend to be different, offering a novel opportunity to funnel the impact of a drug on clinically relevant targets. The evolutionary root of these dissimilarities across homologous proteins is carefully dissected in this chapter both across species and within the human species. Furthermore, as hinted in this and demonstrated in subsequent chapters, the wrapping variations across homologs have profound consequences for drug design as we aim at engineering target-specific and species-specific therapeutic agents and build insightful animal models for disease or malignancy.
Intrapersonal Information Processing

Intrapersonal communication is discussed on sender-receiver matrix arising from a common stimulus. Variable factors in this mode of communication are: modes of perception, channels for transmission, the stimulus, intentional control and environmental configuration. The channels are classified in terms. of input-output characteristics possession of constant or Markovian memory, capacity of transmission, awareness; measures of span of attention. Interpersonal information processing follows in general the traditional steps of stimulus, interpretation, and response. (S-I-R). The (S-I-R) rests on a lower order-(S-R) process called TOTE (Test-Operate and Test-Exit). Human information processing proceeds through the steps of perception, description, analysis, prediction, testing, and application. The essential components and processes of the first order model of reality has been identified. Motivation, motor skills, components, attitude and drive reduction, goal seeking, and information acquisition aspects are discussed. The systems approach to intrapersonal information environment and the interactive and transactional nature of information processing are discussed.
Abstract 087: Impact of High Intensity Statin on Biologic and Clinical Markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MBS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in both men and women. This risk is higher in women. The role of statins in the treatment of MBS remains uncertain. Objectives: To evaluate the ability of high dose atorvastatin to modify components of MBS Methods: Age matched women with MBS (n =88, mean age 52.4 ± 9.2 years), recruited from the Women’s Heart Clinic at the University of Rochester and who met the study inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either 80 mg of atorvastatin or matching placebo (44 in each arm) in a double blinded fashion. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using Students t-test using SAS 9.3 (Cary, NC). Results: At 6 weeks after randomization, there was significant reduction in the mean LDL, triglycerides, CRP, and Apo-B (p Conclusion: High dose atorvastatin has an early and significant impact on biomarkers in women with MBS and is not associated with a rise in FBG. The use of statins for primary prevention in this group of patients should be further explored Table: Lipogenic, Inflammatory Markers at 6 weeks Post Randomization.
Shedding New Light on Art Museum Additions: Front Stage and Back Stage Experiences

Vast sums of money spent to design, construct, and maintain museum additions demand great accountability of museum leaders and design professionals towards visitors and employees. Museum visitors today come not only to view works of art, but also to experience museum architecture itself, resulting in most major cities competing to build new museum additions or new museum buildings to become world class tourist destinations. Shedding New Light on Art Museum Additions presents post-occupancy evaluations of four high-profile museums and their additions in the United States and helps museum stakeholders understand their successes, shortcomings, and how their designs affect both visitors and employees who use them every day. The book helps decision-makers assess the short-term and long-term impacts of future proposals for new museum additions and illuminates the critical importance of investing in employee work environments, and giving serious consideration to lighting, wayfinding, accessibility, and the effects of museum fatigue that arise from the lack of public amenities. Museum leaders, curators, architects, designers, consultants, patrons of the arts and museum visitors will find this book to be a useful resource when planning and evaluating new building additions.
Techno-economic feasibility analysis of blue and purple corn processing for anthocyanin extraction and ethanol production using modified dry grind process.

Abstract This study performs the techno-economic analysis of simultaneous ethanol production and anthocyanins extraction from colored corn in a dry grind facility. Comprehensive models for the conventional process using dent corn and modified process for colored corn including pericarp separation and anthocyanin recovery were developed in the SuperPro designer. Ethanol production for plants processing 1113.11 MT/day of corn, were estimated 42, 37 and 35.2 million gallon/yr for yellow, blue and purple corn, respectively. Capital investments ranged between $87.9 and $100 million, with a minimum investment for the conventional plant. Irrespective of higher capital investments and gross operating costs, ethanol production cost during purple corn processing was 42% less than that of yellow corn ($0.75 vs. $1.3/gal ethanol) because of high revenue from anthocyanin extract. Annual anthocyanins extract production from blue corn was only 26.5 MT compared to 879 MT for purple corn, and the process was not economically viable. The internal rate of return for the plant processing purple corn was 21.2%, compared to only 8.7% for a conventional plant using yellow dent corn. The use of purple corn in dry grind facilities can significantly improve the process economics and provide anthocyanin extract for use in the food industry.
On the Yttrium Tantalate – Zirconia phase diagram

Abstract The phase diagram for the YTaO4-ZrO2 quasi-binary has been determined up to 1600 °C. There are three distinct compositional regimes: an extensive YTaO4 solid solution, an extensive ZrO2 solid solution and a two-phase intermediate region. The addition of ZrO2 to YTaO4 decreases the M–T transition temperature almost linearly from 1426 °C to approximately 450 °C at the solubility limit (∼28 mol% ZrO2), and then remains constant until the ZrO2 solid solution phase boundary is reached. Within the intermediate region, there exists an extensive two-phase tetragonal (T + t) phase field above the M–T transformation temperature. The transformation exhibits no hysteresis on heating and cooling but nonetheless there is a distribution with temperature in the mass fraction of the monoclinic and tetragonal phases so no unique transformation temperature can be identified. No other high temperature phases were observed but it is suggested that a higher temperature solid solution phase is likely above 1700 °C, based on the similarity in crystallographic relationship between the two tetragonal solid solution structures.