cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of the evolution of novelty in cinema through crowdsourced keywords

The generation of novelty is central to any creative endeavor. Novelty generation and the relationship between novelty and individual hedonic value have long been subjects of study in social psychology. However, few studies have utilized large-scale datasets to quantitatively investigate these issues. Here we consider the domain of American cinema and explore these questions using a database of films spanning a 70 year period. We use crowdsourced keywords from the Internet Movie Database as a window into the contents of films, and prescribe novelty scores for each film based on occurrence probabilities of individual keywords and keyword-pairs. These scores provide revealing insights into the dynamics of novelty in cinema. We investigate how novelty influences the revenue generated by a film, and find a relationship that resembles the Wundt-Berlyne curve. We also study the statistics of keyword occurrence and the aggregate distribution of keywords over a 100 year period.
Do Alternative Opportunities Matter? The Role of Female Labor Markets in the Decline of Teacher Quality

Abstract This paper documents the widely perceived but little investigated notion that teachers today are less qualified than they once were. Evidence of a marked decline in the quality of young women going into teaching between 1960 and 1990 is presented, using standardized test scores, undergraduate institution selectivity, and positive assortative mating characteristics as indicators of quality. In contrast, the quality of young women becoming professionals increased. The Roy model of self-selection highlights how occupational differences in the returns to skill determine teacher quality. Estimates suggest the significance of increasing professional opportunities for women in affecting the decline in teacher quality.
Thermal interactions in oriented polymeric materials: Shrinkage, crystallization, and melting

Thermal analysis of oriented polymers involves several transitional processes which may be coupled in a complex way. The disorientation process that occurs during heating is often accompanied by dimensional shrinkage which may occur in both amorphous and crystalline oriented polymers. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements it has been determined that shrinkage is an exothermic process. In amorphous atactic polystyrene (PS), hot drawn uniaxially, the shrinkage occurs just above Tg. In triaxially oriented polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP), shrinkage and melting take place concomitantly, producing multiple melting peaks. In rolltruded (and also in biaxially oriented) poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films, shrinkage and crystallization are found to be coupled and to occur between Tg and Tm upon heating. If the enthalpy contribution due to shrinkage is ignored, it follows that crystallinities determined by DSC are incorrect. In this study, the influence of shrinkage upon transitional changes in oriented polymers is investigated in a systematic manner.
The classification of Dehn fillings on the outer torus of a 1-bridge braid exterior which produce solid tori

Let K=K(w,b,t) be a 1-bridge braid in a solid torus V, and let γ be a (p,q) curve on the torus T=∂V of the exterior MK of K. It will be shown that Dehn filling on T along γ produces a solid torus if and only if p and q satisfy one of four conditions determined by the parameters (w,b,t) of the knot K. This solves the classification problem raised by Menasco and Zhang for such Dehn fillings.
A two-stage model of research and development with endogenous second-mover advantages

This paper describes a simple two-stage model of research and development, in which the ‘winner’ of the research stage has the option of moving first in the development stage. Some unexpected results emerge: in equilibrium, the leader in the development stage invests less than each follower, and is consequently least likely to collect the patent. Moreover, the leader receives a lower expected payoff than each of the followers. Thus there are endogenous second-mover advantages. Using a game of timing (in which the identity of the Stackelberg leader is determined) to link the two stages, I find that firms face quite different incentives in the research stage. Although the leader invests less than each follower in the research stage as well, the leader enjoys higher expected revenue from the complete (two-stage) game than does each follower. The equilibrium is inefficient because there is a lag between the time at which research is completed and the time at which development is begun, and because aggregate investment is inefficiently (asymmetrically) distributed across firms.
Extinction in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present an extinction map of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), using 204,502 stars from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey point-source catalog. We first use the NICE method to determine the reddening distribution, E(H - K) and E(J - H), which we compare to the H I distribution to find a near-infrared reddening law of E(J - H)/E(H - K) = 1.20 ± 0.04. A visual extinction map (~6° × 6°) of the LMC is created using the NICER method; at 4' resolution, a mean value of AV = 0.3 mag is found. We derive the LMC CO-to-H2 conversion factor, XLMC, independent of assumptions about the virialization of giant molecular clouds, by comparing the NICER extinction map with NANTEN 12CO observations. In regions where AV > 1 mag and 12CO emission is ≥2 K km s-1, we measure XLMC = 9.3 ± 0.4 × 1020 cm-2 (K km s-1)-1. In the same regions, the LMC contains a total molecular mass of (4.5 ± 0.2) × 107 M☉.
Quantum billiards and constrained random wave correlations

We study chaotic eigenfunctions in wedge-shaped and rectangular regions using a generalization of Berry's conjecture. An expression for the two-point correlation function is derived and verified numerically.
Pseudo gaps and spin bags

Abstract It is shown that antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in a two-dimensional metal, such as heavily doped cuprate superconductors, lead to a pseudo gap in the electronic spectrum. The self-energy of spin bags and their pairing interaction in the paramagnetic metal are calculated. These results are consistent with the corresponding results in the weakly doped ordered antiferromagnet.
Probing top quark couplings at lepton and photon colliders

The ability of high energy lepton and photon colliders to probe the gauge couplings of the top-quark is summarized.
Tidally Triggered Star Formation in Close Pairs of Galaxies: Major and Minor Interactions

We study star formation in a sample of 345 galaxies in 167 pairs and compact groups drawn from the original CfA2 Redshift Survey and from a follow-up search for companions. We construct our sample with attention to including pairs with luminosity contrast ≥ 2. These 57 galaxies with ≥ 2 provide a set of nearby representative cases of minor interactions, a central feature of the hierarchical galaxy formation model. Here we report the redshifts and positions of the 345 galaxies in our sample and of 136 galaxies in apparent pairs that are superpositions. In the pairs sample as a whole, there are strong correlations between the equivalent width of the Hα emission line and the projected spatial and line-of-sight velocity separation of the pair. For pairs of small luminosity contrast, < 2, the member galaxies show a correlation between the equivalent width of Hα and the projected spatial separation of the pair. However, for pairs with large luminosity contrast, ≥ 2, we detect no correlation between the equivalent width of Hα and the projected spatial separation. The relative luminosity of the companion galaxy is more important in a gravitational tidal interaction than the intrinsic luminosity of the galaxy. Central star formation across the entire pairs sample depends strongly on the luminosity ratio, , a reasonable proxy for the mass ratio of the pair; pairs composed of similarly luminous galaxies produce the strongest bursts of star formation. Pairs with ≥ 2 rarely have EW(Hα) 70 A.
Increased caries-incidence by oral inoculation of cariogenic bacteria in rats after dietary fluoride.

Abstract Previous studies with the rat model have suggested that the cariostatic action of dietary fluoride during tooth development and eruption must be accounted for by a mechanism other than enamel-solubility reduction. One possible mechanism was an alteration in the bacterial flora of rats that would be transmitted from dams to the pups. To test this hypothesis, albino-rat dams with litters were divided at birth into three groups. All three groups received a caries-promoting diet. Two groups also received dietary supplements of 50 ppm of fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF). On day 21, the pups were weaned and all groups placed on the diet without the NaF supplement. In the first study, one of the 21-day-old NaF-supplemented groups was inoculated by smears of faecal material from the control animals that did not receive the NaF supplement. The second NaF group was not inoculated. In a second study, cariogenic Strep. mutans 6715 was used as the inoculum in place of the faecal smear. In both studies, the inoculation of a NaF group raised the level of mean caries scores to about 70 per cent of the control group, while the mean scores on the non-inoculated NaF group were about 50 per cent of the control group. These results indicate that alteration of the transmissible flora may be an important factor in the cariostatic action of dietary fluoride in experimental animals.
N-Methylputrescine Oxidation during Cocaine Biosynthesis: Study of Prochiral Methylene Hydrogen Discrimination Using the Remote Isotope Method†

[structure: see text] The stereoselectivity of N-methylputrescine (3) oxidation to pyrrolinium ion 4 in Erythroxylum coca during cocaine (1) biosynthesis was studied. The remote isotope method was used to advantage. Each enantiomer of 4-monodeuterated N-methylputrescine served as a precursor for plant feeding. To facilitate mass-spectrometric analysis of products, a 2H3 13C-methyl group was also incorporated into the 4-deuterio-N-methylputrescines. Oxidative deamination of N-methylputrescine was found to be stereoselective; the pro-S hydrogen atom is removed with 6-10:1 selectivity.
Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Electronic Components

: The carbon nanotube junctions have recently emerged as excellent candidates for use as the building blocks in the formation of nanoscale molecular electronic networks. While the simple joint of two dissimilar tubes can be generated by the introduction of a pair of heptagon-pentagon defects in an otherwise perfect hexagonal graphene sheet, more complex joints require other mechanisms. In this work we explore structural characteristics of complex 3-g38 point junctions of carbon nanotubes using a generalized tight-binding molecular-dynamics scheme. The study of pi-electron local densities of states (LDOS) of these junctions reveal many interesting features, most prominent among them being the defect-induced states in the gap.
The Integrated Enstrophy Budget of the Winter Stratosphere Diagnosed from LIMS Data

Abstract The Northern Hemisphere, quasi-geostrophic, integrated enstrophy budget for the 1978/79 winter has been analyzed from 10-0.1 mb using LIMS data. The stratospheric integrated enstrophy builds up during early winter as a result of the diabatic forcing of the polar vortex. Starting in January, an irregular and generally irreversible transfer of enstrophy from the zonal mean reservoir to planetary waves begins to reduce the total. This transfer of enstrophy to the waves produces significant imbalances in the integrated enstrophy budget at 10 mb. The imbalances appear to result from the transfer of enstrophy to smaller scales not resolved by the LIMS instrument. We believe that these imbalances are signature of Rossby wave breaking, as the imbalance episodes correspond well to the appearance of Ertel Vorticity filaments recently shown by McIntyre and Palmer. In the mesosphere the total enstrophy shows little seasonal trend. Our analysis indicates that the mesophere may be region of continuous wave bre...
Volcanic gases: hydrogen burning at kilauea volcano, hawaii

Spectroscopic evidence for hydrogen burning in air was obtained at Kilauea Volcano. The abundance of hydrogen required to support combustion is consistent with that predicted for gases in equilibrium with typical Hawaiian tholeiitic basalt.
The Impact of Legalized Abortion on High School Graduation through Selection and Composition.

Abstract This analysis examines whether the legalization of abortion changed high school graduation rates among the children selected into birth. Unless women in all socio-economic circum-stances sought abortions to the same extent, increased use of abortion must have changed the distribution of child development inputs. I find that higher abortion ratios are associated with higher graduation rates for black males, but not other demographic groups. In a pooled analysis, I find that abortion has a significant negative impact on graduation rates. The effect disappears when I control for ethnicity. The cohorts born between 1965 and 1979 contained falling shares of whites, who have relatively high graduation rates. Regression results indicate abortion ratios are linked with the fertility differences between ethnicities, which suggests this is a channel of influence. Overall, the relationship between abortion exposure and educational attainment is small. A standard deviation change in abortion might move the national graduation rate by less than three-tenths of a percentage point.
Color transformations for the 2MASS second incremental data release

Transformation equations are presented to convert colors and magnitudes measured in the AAO, ARNICA, CIT, DENIS, ESO, LCO (Persson standards), MSSSO, SAAO, and UKIRT photometric systems to the photometric system inherent in the 2MASS Second Incremental Data Release. The transformations have been derived by comparing 2MASS photometry with published magnitudes and colors for stars observed in these systems. Transformation equations have also been derived indirectly for the Bessell & Brett and Koornneef homogenized photometric systems.
An Extinction Map and Color-Magnitude Diagram for the Globular Cluster NGC 3201

Differential EV-I variations of up to ~0.2 mag on a scale of arcminutes across NGC 3201 are presented in the form of an extinction map. This map, created by calculating average EV-I values for stars in small subregions of the field with respect to a fiducial region, greatly improves the appearance of the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster. We describe how we implemented this technique in detail with our data for NGC 3201. A comparison between our map and that of the same region extracted from the COBE DIRBE reddening maps published by Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis in 1998 (hereafter SFD) displays larger scale similarities between the two maps, as well as smaller scale features that show up in our map but not in the SFD map. Several methods of determining an EV-I zero point to add to our differential extinction map are presented. Isochrone fitting proved to be the most successful one, but it produces an average EV-I for the cluster that is smaller by ~1.5 σ than previously published values. Finally, our results seem to support the statement by Arce & Goodman that the SFD maps overestimate the reddening in regions of high extinction.
Supersymmetric and Kaluza-Klein particles multiple scattering in the Earth

Neutrino telescopes with cubic kilometer volumes have the potential to discover new particles. Among them are next to lightest supersymmetric (NLSPs) and next to lightest Kaluza-Klein (NLKPs) particles. Two NLSPs or NLKPs will transverse the detector simultaneously producing parallel charged tracks. The track separation inside the detector can be a few hundred meters. As these particles might propagate a few thousand kilometers before reaching the detector, multiple scattering could enhance the pair separation at the detector. We find that the multiple scattering will alter the separation distribution enough to increase the number of NLKP pairs separated by more than 100 meters (a reasonable experimental cut) by up to 46% depending on the NLKP mass. Vertical upcoming NLSPs will have their separation increased by 24% due to multiple scattering.
Three-Dimensional Tube Geometry Control for Rotary Draw Tube Bending, Part 1: Bend Angle and Overall Tube Geometry Control

Traditional trial-and-error springback compensation methods have the problems of high scrap rate, low efficiency, high cost of fixtures and operator experience dependency. The method presented in this paper uses on-line measured springback data from the same batch to predict and compensate for springback. Because there are no springback data for the first bend, bend-rebend control is used to make the first bend to eliminate trial tubes. In addition to springback, relaxation and radial growth are also estimated and compensated for to make a bend more accurate. A process control method is developed to optimize the overall control strategy such that the overall tube error is minimized without increasing the required hardware accuracy. The optimal process control strategy has significantly higher accuracy than the traditional trial-and-error method. The details of statistical analysis of tube tolerance and adaptive bend correction algorithm are presented in Part 2 of the paper.
Potent in vitro anticancer activities of ring-expanded ("fat") nucleosides containing the imidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine ring system.

The ring-expanded (“fat”) nucleoside, 4,8-diamino-6-imino-6H-1-β-D-ribo- furanosylimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine (1) and its 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-benzoyl derivative (2) exhibited potent broad spectrum anticancer activities in vitro against a wide variety of human tumor cell lines. The tribenzoyl derivative 2 was found to be considerably more active than the parent nucleoside 1. Further studies using human prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU-145 suggest that the treatment of exponentially growing culture cells with 1 and 2 leads to marked loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.
Multidisciplinary optimization of a transport aircraft wing using particle swarm optimization

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the application of particle swarm optimization to a realistic multidisciplinary optimization test problem. The paper's new contributions to multidisciplinary optimization are the application of a new algorithm for dealing with the unique challenges associated with multidisciplinary optimization problems, and recommendations for the utilization of the algorithm in future multidisciplinary optimization applications. The selected example is a bi-level optimization problem that demonstrates severe numerical noise and has a combination of continuous and discrete design variables. The use of traditional gradient-based optimization algorithms is thus not practical. The numerical results presented indicate that the particle swarm optimization algorithm is able to reliably find the optimum design for the problem presented. The algorithm is capable of dealing with the unique challenges posed by multidisciplinary optimization, as well as the numerical noise and discrete variables present in the current example problem.
Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer

Abstract We investigate whether, and to what extent, the physical phenomenon of long-lifetime resonant electromagnetic states with localized slowly-evanescent field patterns can be used to transfer energy efficiently over non-negligible distances, even in the presence of extraneous environmental objects. Via detailed theoretical and numerical analyses of typical real-world model-situations and realistic material parameters, we establish that such a non-radiative scheme can lead to “strong coupling” between two medium-range distant such states and thus could indeed be practical for efficient medium-range wireless energy transfer.
Engineering a p+ip superconductor: Comparison of topological insulator and Rashba spin-orbit-coupled materials

We compare topological insulator materials and Rashba-coupled surfaces as candidates for engineering $p+\mathit{ip}$ superconductivity. Specifically, in each type of material we examine (1) the limitations to inducing superconductivity by proximity to an ordinary $s$-wave superconductor, and (2) the robustness of the resulting superconductivity against disorder. We find that topological insulators have strong advantages in both regards: There are no fundamental barriers to inducing superconductivity, and the induced superconductivity is immune to disorder. In contrast, for Rashba-coupled quantum wires or surface states, the achievable gap from induced superconductivity is limited unless the Rashba coupling is large. Furthermore, for small Rashba coupling the induced superconductivity is strongly susceptible to disorder. These features pose serious difficulties for realizing $p+\mathit{ip}$ superconductors in semiconductor materials due to their weak spin-orbit coupling and suggest the need to seek alternatives. Some candidate materials are discussed.
Radio-X-ray correlation and the "quiescent state'' of black hole sources

Recently a correlation between the radio and X-ray luminosities, LR / L 0:7 X , was found in black hole sources including black hole candidates in our Galaxy and active galactic nuclei. We show that the correlation can be understood in the context of an accretion-jet model developed for explaining the spectral and timing properties of XTE J1118+480. More importantly, we show that when the X-ray luminosity is below a critical value, P(10 � 5 to 10 � 6 )LEdd, if the jet persists, the correlation should turn and become steeper,LR / L 1:23 X , and the X-radiation of the system should be dominated by the emission from the jet, rather than by the accretion flow. Possible observational evidence for our predictions is presented, and future observations to further test our predictions are proposed. Subject heading gs: accretion,accretiondisks — blackholephysics — galaxies:active — ISM:jetsandoutflows — X-rays: stars
Overcoming language barriers with foreign-language speaking patients: a survey to investigate intra-hospital variation in attitudes and practices

Use of available interpreter services by hospital clincial staff is often suboptimal, despite evidence that trained interpreters contribute to quality of care and patient safety. Examination of intra-hospital variations in attitudes and practices regarding interpreter use can contribute to identifying factors that facilitate good practice. The purpose of this study was to describe attitudes, practices and preferences regarding communication with limited French proficiency (LFP) patients, examine how these vary across professions and departments within the hospital, and identify factors associated with good practices. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to random samples of 700 doctors, 700 nurses and 93 social workers at the Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland. Seventy percent of respondents encounter LFP patients at least once a month, but this varied by department. 66% of respondents said they preferred working with ad hoc interpreters (patient's family and bilingual staff), mainly because these were easier to access. During the 6 months preceding the study, ad hoc interpreters were used at least once by 71% of respondents, and professional interpreters were used at least once by 51%. Overall, only nine percent of respondents had received any training in how and why to work with a trained interpreter. Only 23.2% of respondents said the clinical service in which they currently worked encouraged them to use professional interpreters. Respondents working in services where use of professional interpreters was encouraged were more likely to be of the opinion that the hospital should systematically provide a professional interpreter to LFP patients (40.3%) as compared with those working in a department that discouraged use of professional interpreters (15.5%) and they used professional interpreters more often during the previous 6 months. Attitudes and practices regarding communication with LFP patients vary across professions and hospital departments. In order to foster an institution-wide culture conducive to ensuring adequate communication with LFP patients will require both the development of a hospital-wide policy and service-level activities aimed at reinforcing this policy and putting it into practice.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aerobic Dialkoxylation of 2-Propenyl Phenols: A Pronounced Effect of Copper Additives on Enantioselectivity

A direct O2-coupled Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective dialkoxylation of 2-propenylphenols has been developed by utilizing chiral quinoline oxazoline ligands. A detrimental effect of added copper salts on enantioselectivity was observed which is attributed to the displacement of the chiral ligand off of Pd(II).
Passive Cooling Measurements for a Concentrating Photovoltaic Array

Solar cells in a concentrating photovoltaic array absorb heat that must be removed. One method is to use a finned aluminum heat exchanger whose modeling requires estimating the coefficient of heat transfer from fins to surroundings; transfer depends on such parameters as wind speed and direction, and exchanger design. A transient analytical model has been constructed and applied to experimental data. 2 refs.
Gamma-ray bursts detected from BATSE DISCLA data

We have searched for gamma-ray bursts (GRB) in the BATSE DISCLA data covering the period TJD 8365-10528. We employ an algorithm that uses the background both before and after the onset of the burst, and that requires an excess of at least $5 \sigma$ over background in the energy range 50-300 keV. For the initial set of 7536 triggers, we find strong concentrations at given geographic locations of the satellite. After excluding these geographic areas, we are left with 4485 triggers. We exclude triggers close in position to solar flares, CygX-1, and Nova Persei 1992, when active as well as soft bursts close to the sun. We accept 1018 triggers that occur within 230 s of a GRB listed in the BATSE catalog, and upon visual inspection classify 881 triggers as magnetospheric events and 404 as GRBs. The final sample of 1422 GRBs represents effectively 2.0 years of isotropic exposure, for an annual rate of 710 GRBs per year.
On singlet s-wave electron-hydrogen scattering.

Discussion of various zeroth-order approximations to s-wave scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms below the first excitation threshold. The formalism previously developed by the author (1967, 1968) is applied to Feshbach operators to derive integro-differential equations, with the optical-potential set equal to zero, for the singlet and triplet cases. Phase shifts of s-wave scattering are computed in the zeroth-order approximation of the Feshbach operator method and in the static-exchange approximation. It is found that the convergence of numerical computations is faster in the former approximation than in the latter.
Experimental study of nonequilibrium expanding flows

An experimental study of nonequilibrium expanding flows has been carried out by measuring the static pressure at several axial locations in a 30° included angle conical nozzle attached to the reflected end of a combustion driven shock tube. In the axial survey, measurements were made at locations corresponding to geometric area ratios of from 36 to 576. Reservoir stagnation conditions were: 1000 psia, 1350°K; 450 psia, 4000°K; and 250 psia, 7000°K. The test gases used in this study were dry room air, extra-dry analyzed air, and a high-purity mixture of 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. The data reduction procedures that have been employed in this study are discussed. The methods for treating effects due to boundary-layer growth both on the nozzle walls and on the static-pressure probe, static-pressure probe size, flow gradients in the nozzle, etc., are outlined. It has been found that corrections for these effects are necessary to interpret properly static-pressure data. The apparent disagreement between previous experimental investigations and theoretical analyses is traceable in a large measure to these corrections. The measurements are compared with results obtained using a one-dimensional analysis that incorporates a gas kinetic model based on the best available chemical data. It is shown that the experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
Thermal drag of the antiphase domain boundary motion

Abstract The antiphase domain boundary is a region in materials where ordering of atoms changes from one structural variant to another. The influence of the internal energy excess on the dynamics of such a boundary is considered in the framework of the Onsager theory of linear response. The internal energy transport entails a temperature hump in the transition region and causes a drag effect. An evolution equation that takes into account the finite thermal conductivity is derived. An experimental setup to reveal the thermal drag is suggested.
Color scene recognition using relational distance measurement

In this paper, we present a method for the recognition of color images of outdoor scenes using the relational graph description and distance measurement. Color scenes of interest are modeled by considering 3-D to 2-D constraints, regions' color properties, and regions' adjacency relations. The scene models are stored in a database system in region adjacency graph format. Each node of the graph represents an object or surface in the scene and includes object's or surfaces color as its unary property. Edges of the graph correspond to the binary adjacency relations between the objects or surfaces in accordance with the 3-D to 2-D mapping constraints. For the recognition of a color image of unknown origin, the uniformly colored object areas in the image are extracted using color clustering and linear discriminant. The textured surfaces are then segmented by the Julesz conjecture. The extracted object regions are refined in the spatial plane to eliminate the fine grain segmentation results. The extracted regions are used as the nodes of the image region adjacency graph. The nodes are assigned the region's color information as their unary properties. If two object regions share a common boundary, they are considered adjacent and their respective nodes are connected by an edge. A relational homomorphism (i.e., mapping function) from the image graph to the scene graph is determined considering the unary properties and binary relations in their respective graph representations. The relational-distance measure is used for matching the relational graphs of the input scenes and the respective images. The scene graph with the minimum structural error is selected as the best match for the image being processed.
On the Helmholtz Potential Metric: The Isotherm Length-Work Theorem

In this paper we introduce the Isotherm Length-Work theorem using the Helmholtz potential metric and the virial expansion of pressure in inverse power of molar volume. The theorem tells us what length of a thermodynamical system described by equation of state through virial expansion along isotherms actually is with such a metric. We also give explicit solutions for thermodynamic length along isotherms in the case of first, second and third order expansion
Dispersion relations for form factors

The dispersion relations for form factors are studied in perturbation theory. In particular, the relations are proved for a realistic nucleon in the form usually assumed in literature. It is demonstrated, however, that in more general cases the mass spectrum in the dispersion relations depends on the masses of the contributing particles in a peculiar way, which is different from the simple relation hitherto believed. Such a situation arises, for example, in the case of some hyperon models and bound systems such as the deuteron. A formula concerning the final state interaction to be used in conjunction with the dispersion relations is also derived from the invariance of the theory under space-time reversal.
Dense Structure from a Dense Optical Flow Sequence

This paper presents a structure-from-motion system which deliversdensestructure information from a sequence of dense optical flows. Most traditional feature-based approaches cannot be extended to compute dense structure due to impractical computational complexity. We demonstrate that by decomposing uncertainty information into independent and correlated parts and employing an eigen-based uncertainty representation, we can decrease these complexities fromO(N2) toO(N) for every frame, whereNis the number of pixels in the images. We also show that our new representation of structural information makes it easy to merge over a long image sequence even when no specific feature is tracked over multiple frames.
Time-resolved Compton scattering for a model fermion-boson system

We study the scattering of a boson with a fermion with full spatial and temporal resolution based on the one-dimensional Yukawa Hamiltonian. In quantum field theory this interaction is described by the annihilation and creation of bosons with intermediate virtual particle states. We show that this process can be modeled in the center-of-mass frame by a scattering potential, permitting us to interpret the absorption and re-emission processes in quantum mechanical terms of a characteristic force. This Compton force between the fermion and boson is repulsive for large distances and attractive for shorter spacings. We also examine the periodic dynamics of a fermion and a boson that are spatially confined to a ring cavity in which they counterpropagate, enabling us to study interactions independent of the transients that characterize the (one-time) scattering event of two wave packets.
A computer program for relativistic multiple Coulomb and nuclear excitation

Abstract A computer program is presented by which one may calculate the multiple electric dipole, electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole Coulomb excitation with relativistic heavy ions. The program applies to an arbitrary nucleus, specified by the spins and energies of the levels and by all El, E2 and M1 matrix elements. Nuclear excitation is calculated optionally for monopole, dipole and quadrupole excitations and needs inputs of optical potentials. For given bombarding conditions, the differential cross sections and statistical tensors (useful to calculate γ -ray angular distribution functions) are computed.
THE SLOAN BRIGHT ARCS SURVEY: FOUR STRONGLY LENSED GALAXIES WITH REDSHIFT > 2

We report the discovery of four very bright, strongly lensed galaxies found via systematic searches for arcs in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 and 6. These were followed up with spectroscopy and imaging data from the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory and found to have redshift z > 2.0. With isophotal magnitudes r = 19.2-20.4 and 3'' diameter magnitudes r = 20.0-20.6, these systems are some of the brightest and highest surface brightness lensed galaxies known in this redshift range. In addition to the magnitudes and redshifts, we present estimates of the Einstein radii, which range from 50 to 127, and use those to derive the enclosed masses of the lensing galaxies.
Terahertz metrology and instrumentation

This paper gives an overview of measurement techniques used in the THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum, from about 100GHz to several THz. A discussion of power measurements, vector network analysis and antenna measurements as well as the limitations of these measurements at THz frequencies is given.
Can External Monitoring Affect Corporate Financial Reporting and Disclosure? Evidence from Earnings and Expectations Management

SYNOPSIS: This study examines whether financial analysts and institutional investors play a disciplinary role in monitoring corporate financial reporting and disclosure. Using a sample of firms that meet or marginally beat analysts' forecasts, likely through upward earnings management and downward expectations management, this study shows that managers' use of the two tactics is associated with monitoring measures, including analyst following, analyst experience and independence, institutional ownership, and institutional investors' experience and investment style. Managers under more effective monitoring by analysts and institutional investors are more likely to manage expectations downward than to manage earnings upward. Overall, the findings are consistent with financial analysts and institutional investors playing a monitoring role in constraining distortions in reported earnings and inducing timely disclosure of bad news. Data Availability: All data are from public sources.
Big-bang nucleosynthesis

Abstract A brief review of standard big bang nucleosynthesis theory and the related observations of the light element isotopes is presented. Implications of BBN on chemical evolution and constraints on particle properties will also be discussed.
Time-like extra dimension and cosmological constant in brane models

Abstract We discuss the general models with one time-like extra dimension and parallel 3-branes on the space–time M 4 × M 1 . We also construct the general brane models or networks with n space-like and m time-like extra dimensions and with constant bulk cosmological constant on the space–time M 4 ×( M 1 ) n + m , and point out that there exist two kinds of models with zero bulk cosmological constant: for static solutions, we have to introduce time-like and space-like extra dimensions, and for non-static solutions, we can obtain the models with only space-like extra dimension(s). In addition, we give two simplest models explicitly, and comment on the 4-dimensional effective cosmological constant.
5-Methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone, a synthetic equivalent for 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienone: Application to the Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene

Abstract 5-Methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone was synthesized and found to be a useful synthetic equivalent for 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylcyclopentadienone in the preparation of 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylfulvene.
The Problems of Transition to Single Sideband Techniques in Aeronautical Communications

Neither airborne self-contained nor ground-based air-navigation systems can by themselves completely meet the requirements of present day aircraft for both accuracy and continuity or positional and steering data. It is shown how dead-reckoning, providing continuity and reliability through the use of air-derived acceleration or velocity data, combined with intermittent ?fixing? by employment of accurate position data obtained through the use of ground and stellar referenced sources, can increase operational capability without ?pressing the state of the art? in any of the components of a system. Methods of inserting position fixes and of instrumenting the associated wind-computation and wind-memory functions are described and system errors are analyzed.
A Circuitous Route to Noncoding RNA

Most genetic information is expressed as, and transacted by, proteins. Yet, less than 2% of the human genome actually codes for proteins, prompting a search for functions for the other 98% of the genome, once considered to be mostly “junk DNA.” Transcription is pervasive, however, and high-throughput sequencing has identified tens of thousands of distinct RNAs generated from the non—protein—coding portion of the genome ( 1 ). These so-called noncoding RNAs vary in length, but like protein-coding RNAs, appear to be linear molecules with 5′ and 3′ termini, reflecting the defined start and end points of RNA polymerase on the DNA template. But do all RNAs have to be linear?
Relation of the Verbal Transformation and the Phonemic Restoration Effects.

Abstract This study examined the relationship between illusory changes of repeated words (“verbal transformations” or VTs) and illusory presence of phonemes replaced by noise (“phonemic restorations” or PhRs). Separate groups of 20 subjects were each presented with one of four taped variations of the repeated stimulus word “magistrate”: stimulus intact (MAGISTRATE); speech sound “s” removed and replaced with a silent gap (MAGI TRATE); speech sound “s” removed and replaced with a louder extraneous sound (MAGI∗TRATE); syllable “gis” removed and replaced with a louder extraneous sound (MA∗∗∗TRATE). The stimuli MAGI∗TRATE and MA∗∗∗TRATE evoked PhRs, and with these stimuli, the phonetic changes corresponding to VTs were concentrated at the perceptually restored portions of the word. It is suggested that both PhRs and VTs are related directly to perceptual processes employed normally for the correction of errors and resolution of ambiguities in speech. Other effects of PhRs upon VTs are described and implications of these findings for mechanisms underlying speech perception are discussed.
Structure and osmotic pressure of ionic microgel dispersions.

We investigate structural and thermodynamic properties of aqueous dispersions of ionic microgels—soft colloidal gel particles that exhibit unusual phase behavior. Starting from a coarse-grained model of microgel macroions as charged spheres that are permeable to microions, we perform simulations and theoretical calculations using two complementary implementations of Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory. Within a one-component model, based on a linear-screening approximation for effective electrostatic pair interactions, we perform molecular dynamics simulations to compute macroion-macroion radial distribution functions, static structure factors, and macroion contributions to the osmotic pressure. For the same model, using a variational approximation for the free energy, we compute both macroion and microion contributions to the osmotic pressure. Within a spherical cell model, which neglects macroion correlations, we solve the nonlinear PB equation to compute microion distributions and osmotic pressures. By comparing the one-component and cell model implementations of PB theory, we demonstrate that the linear-screening approximation is valid for moderately charged microgels. By further comparing cell model predictions with simulation data for osmotic pressure, we chart the cell model’s limits in predicting osmotic pressures of salty dispersions.
On Structural Descriptions of Lower Ideals of Series Parallel Posets

In this paper we give an algorithm to determine, for any given suborder closed class of series parallel posets, a structure theorem for the class. We refer to these structure theorems as structural descriptions. This work builds on work of Robertson, Seymour, Thomas, and especially Nigussie on trees. Stated differently, this paper gives an analogue of Nigussie’s Tree Algorithm for series parallel posets.
Organocatalytic Direct Michael Reaction of Ketones and Aldehydes with β-Nitrostyrene in Brine

We have developed a direct, asymmetric Michael reaction that can be performed in brine or seawater without addition of organic solvents. A bifunctional catalyst with long hydrophobic alkyl chains efficiently catalyzed Michael reactions and afforded the desired products in excellent yield with high enantiomeric excess, even when only an equal molar ratio of the donor to acceptor was used.
Charged particle multiplicities in A+A and p+p collisions in the constituent quarks framework

Charged particle multiplicities in A+A and p(p)+p collisions as a function of pseudorapidity, centrality and energy are studied in both the nucleon and the constituent quark frameworks. In the present work, the calculation using the nuclear overlap model takes into account the fact that for the peripheral A+A and p+p collisions the number of nucleon and constituent quark participants cannot be smaller than two. A striking agreement is seen between the particle density in A+A and p(p)+p collisions, both at mid-rapidity and in the fragmentation regions, when normalized to the number of participating constituent quarks. The observations presented in this paper imply that the number of constituent quark pairs participating in the collision controls the particle production.
Fluctuation effects in ultrathin films

Abstract We discuss finite temperature fluctuations of the magnetization M in ultrathin magnetic films where spins interact with short-range exchange ( J ), anisotropy ( K ) and long-range dipolar ( g ) couplings. Phase boundaries for a triangular lattice are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations as a function of J , g and K . For nonzero g , the magnetization can rotate from the z to the in-plane direction. The transition temperature as a function of the effective anisotropy field K − g /0.1208 is essentially unchanged as g becomes zero. This suggests a new physical picture in which, as the temperature is increased, the change in the direction of M for g ≠ 0 is closely connected with the Ising transition for g = 0 when the M z disappears. Mean field calculations suggest three transitions where only M z is finite at low temperature. As the temperature is increased, (1) M x becomes nonzero, (2) M z becomes zero and eventually (3) M x becomes zero.
Logistic principal component analysis for rare variants in gene-environment interaction analysis

The characteristics of low minor allele frequency (MAF) and weak individual effects make genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for rare variant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) more difficult when using conventional statistical methods. By aggregating the rare variant effects belonging to the same gene, collapsing is the most common way to enhance the detection of rare variant effects for association analyses with a given trait. In this paper, we propose a novel framework of MAF-based logistic principal component analysis (MLPCA) to derive aggregated statistics by explicitly modeling the correlation between rare variant SNP data, which is categorical. The derived aggregated statistics by MLPCA can then be tested as a surrogate variable in regression models to detect the gene-environment interaction from rare variants. In addition, MLPCA searches for the optimal linear combination from the best subset of rare variants according to MAF that has the maximum association with the given trait. We compared the power of our MLPCA-based methods with four existing collapsing methods in gene-environment interaction association analysis using both our simulation data set and Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17) data. Our experimental results have demonstrated that MLPCA on two forms of genotype data representations achieves higher statistical power than those existing methods and can be further improved by introducing the appropriate sparsity penalty. The performance improvement by our MLPCA-based methods result from the derived aggregated statistics by explicitly modeling categorical SNP data and searching for the maximum associated subset of SNPs for collapsing, which helps better capture the combined effect from individual rare variants and the interaction with environmental factors.