cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of changes in forest biomass on radar backscatter from tree canopies

Abstract We validated a canopy backscatter model for loblolly pine forest stands at the Duke Forest, North Carolina, by comparing the observed and modelled SAR backscatter from the stands. Given the SAR backscatter data calibration uncertainty, the model made good predictions of C-HH, C-HV, L-HH, L-HV, L-VV, P-HH, and P-HV backscatter for most of 25 stands studied. The model overestimated C-VV backscatter for several stands, and largely overestimated P-VV backscatter for most of the stands. Using the collected SAR backscatter and ground data, and the backscatter model, we studied the influences of changes in biomass on SAR backscatter as a function of radar frequency and polarization, and evaluated the feasibility of deriving the biomass from the backscatter. This study showed that C-HH, C-HV, C-VV, L-VV, and P-VV SAR backscatter may be insensitive to the biomass change. L-HH, L-HV, P-HH, and P-HV SAR backscatter changed more than 5dB as the biomass varied. This study also showed that the L-HH and P-HH ba...
Phase-cycled simultaneous multislice balanced SSFP imaging with CAIPIRINHA for efficient banding reduction

To present a time-efficient technique for banding reduction in balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging using phase-cycled simultaneous multislice (SMS) acquisition with CAIPIRINHA (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration).The proposed technique exploits the inherent phase modulation of SMS imaging with CAIPIRINHA to acquire multiple phase-cycled images, which can be combined for efficient banding reduction within the same scan time of a single-band bSSFP scan.Bloch equation simulation, phantom and in vivo brain, abdominal and cardiac imaging experiments were performed on healthy volunteers at 3T using multi-channel head and body array coils with SMS acceleration factors of two to four. The performance of banding reduction was quantitatively evaluated based on the percent ripple of signal distribution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency in both phantom and human studies.The banding artifact was successfully removed or suppressed using phase-cycled SMS bSSFP imaging across SMS factors of two to four. The performance of banding reduction improved with higher SMS factors along with increased SNR efficiency.Phase-cycled SMS bSSFP with CAIPIRINHA is a promising technique for efficient band reduction in bSSFP without prolonged scan time. Further evaluation of this technique in clinical applications is warranted. Magn Reson Med 76:1764-1774, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Algorithms and lower bounds in finite automata size complexity

In this thesis we investigate the relative succinctness of several types of finite automata, focusing mainly on the following four basic models: one-way deterministic (1DFAs), one-way nondeterministic (1NFA s), two-way deterministic (2DFAs), and two-way nondeterministic (2NFAs). First, we establish the exact values of the trade-offs for all conversions from two-way to one-way automata. Specifically, we prove that the functions nnn-n-1 n, i=0 n-1 j=0 n-1 ni nj 2i -1j, 2nn+1 return the exact values of the trade-offs from 2DFAs to 1DFAs, from 2NFAs to 1DFAs, and from 2DFAs to 2NFAs to 1NFAs, respectively. Second, we examine the question whether the trade-offs from 1NFA s or 2NFAs to 2DFAs are polynomial or not. We prove two theorems for liveness, the complete problem for the conversion from 1NFAs to 2DFAs. We first focus on moles, a restricted class of 2NFAs that includes the polynomially large 1NFAs which solve liveness. We prove that, in contrast, 2DFA moles cannot solve liveness, irrespective of size. We then focus on sweeping 2NFA s, which can change the direction of their input head only on the end-markers. We prove that all sweeping 2NFAs solving the complement of liveness are of exponential size. A simple modification of this argument also proves that the trade-off from 2DFAs to sweeping 2NFAs is exponential. Finally, we examine conversions between two-way automata with more than one head-like devices (e.g., heads, linearly bounded counters, pebbles). We prove that, if the automata of some type A have enough resources to (i) solve problems that no automaton of some other type B can solve; and (ii) simulate any unary 2DFA that has additional access to a linearly-bounded counter, then the trade-off from automata of type A to automata of type B admits no recursive upper bound. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Effect in man of a new indandione anticoagulant.

Summary1. A new anticoagulant, Dipaxin (diphenylacetyl-1,3 -indandione), has been studied in man. This agent induces an effective hypoprothrombinemia in single doses of as little as 4 mg. It appears to be more potent on a weight basis than any other known agent. After single doses of 20 mg a marked hypoprothrombinemia was usually evident in 48 hours which persisted from 6 to 10 days. Its effects were usually reproducible and predictable. 2, The drug was successfully administered therapeutically. The recommended starting dose is about 20 mg. A schedule of dosages is given. The maintenance of adequate clinical hypoprothrombinemia was obtained with daily doses of 2 to 4 mg. Hypoprothrombinemia was readily overcome with vit. K, the natural vitamin being more effective than the synthetic. No bleeding or other toxic phenomena were encountered. 3. The advantages and disadvantages of Dipaxin as a clinically useful hypoprothrombinemic anticoagulant are briefly discussed.
Fluid Spread Model Validation for Emerging Liquid Tank Impact Predictive Methods

Transportation accidents frequently involve liquids dispersing in the atmosphere. An example is that of aircraft impacts, which often result in spreading fuel and a subsequent fire. Predicting the resulting environment is of interest for design, safety, and forensic applications. This environment is challenging for many reasons, one among them being the disparate time and length scales that are necessary to resolve for an accurate physical representation of the problem. A recent computational method appropriate for this class of problems has been described for modeling the impact and subsequent liquid spread. Because the environment is difficult to instrument and costly to test, the existing validation data are of limited scope and quality. A comparatively well instrumented test involving a rocket propelled cylindrical tank of water was performed, the results of which are helpful to understand the adequacy of the modeling methods. Existing data include estimates of drop sizes at several locations, final liquid surface deposition mass integrated over surface area regions, and video evidence of liquid cloud spread distances. Comparisons are drawn between the experimental observations and the predicted results of the modeling methods to provide evidence regarding the accuracy of the methods.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Factors Influencing Prognosis in Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm due to Addictive Drug Injection

Objective To investigate the factors influencing prognosis in femoral artery pseudoaneurysm due to addictive drug injection.Methods Clinical data of 66 patients with femoral artery pseudoaneurysm due to addictive drug injection were analyzed retrospectively.Among the 66 patients,58underwent femoral artery ligation,and 8underwent revascularization(2underwent revascularization with artificial graft and 6with great saphenous vein graft).The short-term efficacy was observed.In addition,all patients were followed up for 1year and the blood supply of affected limb was evaluated by oxygen saturation of distal limb,ankle brachial index and motor function.Results All patients had successful limb salvage with normal lower extremity blood flow after operation.Vascular graft infection occurred 1month after operation but no limb necrosis was found after graft removal and femoral artery ligation in 1patient.Intermittent claudication occurred 2,3,4and 6months after artery ligation but disappeared after 1year in 4patients.Muscle atrophy occurred 1year after operation in 2patients.No lower limb ischemia symptoms were found in patients who underwent revascularization.Conclusion The history of addictive drug injection,oxygen saturation of distal limb,ankle brachial index,surgery procedures,postoperative infection control and functional training are the main factors affecting prognosis in femoral artery pseudoaneurysm due to addictive drug injection.
Calcium: confirming an inverse relationship.

Epidemiologically, there is a remarkably consistent picture of the relationship between calcium depletion and the development of hypertension—apparently independent of weight, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and other risk factors. Typically, the inverse correlation between dietary calcium and blood pressure is more evident with systolic than with diastolic pressures.
Pleasure From Another’s Pain: The Influence of a Target’s Hedonic States on Attributions of Immorality and Evil

Can people's feelings about harm (i.e., their hedonic reactions) lead them to be morally condemned, even if they do not cause the harm themselves? We show that individuals who experience pleasure at serious harm that has befallen another person are judged both immoral and evil. This effect occurs for harm-causing actors, and for observers who play no role in causing the harm; actors can also be judged as immoral and evil when they experience mere indifference (Study 1). Observers are more likely to be similarly judged when they experience direct rather than indirect pleasure from harm caused to another (Study 2). The effects of pleasure are dissociable from those of malevolent desires (Study 3). Targets' experience of pleasure at the harm caused to another person leads to the social exclusion of observers (Studies 1-3) and the harsh punishment of actors, including the death penalty (Studies 1, 4a, and 4b).
Relation between active mediation, exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood, and US preschoolers’ social and emotional development

AbstractThis study explored the relationship between active mediation, exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood, and key indicators of preschoolers’ social and emotional development. One hundred and twenty-seven children aged 2–6 either watched or did not watch 10 episodes of Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood over a two-week period. Results revealed that preschoolers who watched the program exhibited higher levels of empathy, self-efficacy, and emotion recognition when their regular TV-watching experiences are frequently accompanied by active mediation. This was especially true for younger preschoolers and preschoolers from low-income families. Implications for policy-makers, parents, producers of prosocial programming, and educators are discussed.
100-Mbit/sec 4-ary frequency shift key modulation of a GaAlAs semiconductor diode laser

The use of semiconductor lasers for optical intersatellite communication links (ISLs)1 has become increasingly attractive with the advent of commercially available single-frequency devices. These lasers operate with predominantly Lorentzian line-widths of 6 MHz at 15-mW output power2 and can be frequency stabilized to better than 1 MHz.3 A practical ISL receiving low-power density signals would be capable of frequency tracking only.1,4 This limits the optimum modulation scheme to orthogonal signaling with M-ary FSK. In the work reported here, M = 4.
Risperidone for Aggressive Behavior in ADHD

The effects of risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in children with ADHD were evaluated in a placebo-controlled pilot study at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL.
The Missing Link--Network Management

One of the major problems Military Departments (MILDEPs) and other Department of Defense (DOD) entities are facing in today's environment is the rapidly changing and dynamic environment of existing near-term and future user demands on their communication systems. A key element in satisfying these demands is network management, which has lagged behind the technological advances of switching and transmission equipment sub-systems. This paper assesses the effectiveness of network management controls for various network stress conditions and surveys the applicability of current digital switches to support DOD network management objectives.
Third-Person Effect, Religiosity and Support for Censorship of Satirical Religious Cartoons

ABSTRACTThe violent attack on the staff of Charlie Hebdo and an earlier plot to kill cartoonists from the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten raise the issue of censorship of satirical religious cartoons to avoid potential retaliatory violence from those offended by the cartoons. With third-person effect (TPE) as the theoretical underpinning, this study examined the relationship among TPE, religiosity, and support for censorship of religious satirical cartoons. Data were collected in May 2015. A national sample of participants (N=374) was acquired through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The results show that individuals with a higher degree of religiosity are more likely to support censorship of satirical religious cartoons, and though TPE is not positively correlated to support for censorship, respondents’ perception of the effect of the cartoons on themselves may indicate an increased propensity for supporting censorship.
Carborane Polymers and Dendrimers

The syntheses, characterization, and properties of polymeric and dendridic materials containing carborane or metallacarborane cages as part of the polymeric chain, as pendant groups, or both, are described together with their actual and potential applications in current technology.
Chicoreus (Siratus) Caroica, New Name for Murex Calcar Kiener

There is an elegant species of Siratus found in the western Atlantic off the coast of Brazil which, although closely related to Chicoreus (Siratus) senegalensis (Gmelin), is a valid species. It is a lighter, higher spired, more spinose shell than C. sene galensis and it also attains a larger size. One specimen in the writer's collection is over 95 mm in height, whereas the largest specimen seen of C. senegalensis is 65 mm. This species was named Murex calcar by Kiener (1843) but that name is twice preoccupied, by J. de C. Sowerby (1823) and by Scacchi (1835). Because the form is found near the city of Rio de Janiero it is here renamed Chicoreus (Siratus) carioca, the name for the inhabitants of that fair city. Murex calcar was described by Kiener without an indication of locality but recently commercial collectors have taken the shell in quantity off the northeastern coast of Brazil. As no type locality has ever been selected, Ilha Grande, State of Rio de Janiero, Brazil, the locality of the specimen here figured is designated as the type locality.
Sound Change: Phonetics

Sound change has traditionally been viewed as the result of microscopic changes in the production of speech, thus it is considered gradual and unperceivable. Ohala's program of Experimental Historical Phonology contends that sound change is mainly perceptually driven and can be demonstrated in the laboratory using tools of experimental phonetics. Two phonetically motivated mechanisms underlie most sound changes: hypo-correction and hyper-correction. Hypo-corrective sound change occurs when a listener fails to correct the perturbations in the speech signal and takes the signal at face value. Hyper-corrective sound change happens when a listener overanalyzes and incorrectly attributes an intended phonetic cue as contextual. The union of scientific phonetics and historical linguistics has proved to be a fertile ground for cross-disciplinary pollination. The study of sound change has consistently provided the raw materials for phonological typologies and phonetic explanations while historical linguists, in turn, use these constructs in their hypotheses about sound change trajectories and in their reconstructions.
Projection of angular momentum via linear algebra

Projection of many-body states with good angular momentum from an initial state is usually accomplished by a three-dimensional integral. We show how projection can instead be done by solving a straightforward system of linear equations. We demonstrate the method and give sample applications to $^{48}$Cr and $^{60}$Fe in the $pf$ shell. This new projection scheme, which is competitive against the standard numerical quadrature, should also be applicable to other quantum numbers such as isospin and particle number.
The Centrality of Data: Data Lifecycle and Data Pipelines

As Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies mature, we can envision many scenarios where intelligent agents provide adaptable, dynamic information needed to make decisions in real time. Such information depends on both real-time and historical data. Knowing what data to use and how to compare past and present measurements is essential in assessing the impact of phenomena such as climate change or population migration. Equally important is understanding of the long-term value of data independent of its immediate use or rushed evaluations of its relevance. The data lifecycle is an abstract view that enables researchers and practitioners to respect data, steward it, and care for it for future generations. This chapter provides the reader with an understanding of various models of the lifecycle of data and makes the connection from the data lifecycle to the “data pipeline” as a physical manifestation of portions or all of a data lifecycle through running software.
Changing Faces: Exploring Depictions of Geeks in Various Texts

A case study by John Katz—Geeks: How Two Lost Boys Rode the Internet out of Idaho—traces the lived experiences of Jesse Dailey and Eric Twilegar, self-taught techies in the late 1990s. Humorous portrayals in popular television series describe scientist/technology nerds in The Big Bang Theory and Scorpion, while other depictions seem to reveal a darker character—Patrick Jane, The Mentalist; Sherlock Holmes, Elementary; and Mr. Finch and John Reese, Person of Interest—turning geek to an older definition, that of a performer who takes extreme actions for effect. Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and Storey’s Cultural Theory and Popular Culture provide additional lenses for analysis.
Motion-tolerant quantitative cardiovascular MRI.

A method that separates overlapping cardiovascular dynamics arising from the beating of the heart, respiration and signal relaxation simplifies and quantifies cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.
Regenerative tissue remodeling in planarians - The mysteries of morphallaxis.

Abstract Biologists have long marveled at the ability of planarian flatworms to regenerate any parts of their bodies in just a little over a week. While great progress has been made in deciphering the mechanisms by which new tissue is formed at sites of amputation, we know relatively little about the complementary remodeling response that occurs in uninjured tissues to restore anatomical scale and proportion. This review explores the mysterious biology of this process, first described in hydra by the father of experimental zoology, Abraham Trembley, and later termed ‘morphallaxis’ by the father of experimental genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan. The perceptive work of these early pioneers, together with recent studies using modern tools, has revealed some of the key features of regenerative tissue remodeling, including repatterning of the body axes, reproportioning of organs like the brain and gut, and a major increase in the rate of cell death. Yet a mechanistic solution to this longstanding problem in the field will require further study by the next generation of planarian researchers.
Cordon Renewal Strategies for Declining Merlot Grapevines

Summary Goals: Some of the older vineyards in Washington have been exposed to recurring winter freeze events. Over the years this has resulted in gradual vine decline and reduced yields, prompting growers to consider vine renewal or replanting strategies. Unlike vineyard replanting, successful cordon renewal may result in a full crop within one to two years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of four different cordon renewal strategies to revive an aging and declining, cordon-trained and spur-pruned Merlot (Vitis vinifera) vineyard. Key Findings: None of the cordon renewal strategies tested succeeded in restoring adequate vigor in these vines. However, retaining three short canes (five to eight buds each) per cordon increased three-year average and cumulative yields compared with cordon removal, disbudding, and standard spur pruning. Higher yields were mainly due to higher numbers of clusters as a result of higher numbers of fruitful shoots. Cordon removal and retraining led to more uniform recovery than the other strategies, but no yield during the first year and intermediate yields during the next two years made this strategy economically less attractive than the short-cane approach. Complete disbudding of the cordon to encourage renewal of spur positions resulted in yields that were no better than those obtained with continued standard spur pruning. Disbudding also led to bushy growth initially, which may increase the cost of canopy management during the first year. In the first year, the low-yielding disbudding treatment resulted in somewhat higher fruit sugar accumulation. Otherwise, fruit composition was similar in all four pruning treatments, and the slight differences that were occasionally observed were within the expected range of technological maturity for high quality fruit. Impact and Significance: A three-year pruning trial conducted in a declining, cordon-trained Merlot vineyard indicated that retaining three short canes (five to eight buds each) resulted in higher crop production than other winter pruning methods. Although adaptive pruning strategies may have some potential to delay the need for replanting in vineyards that have incurred cumulative cold injury, such strategies may be effective only in conjunction with other cultural practices that enable vines to maintain or regain sufficient shoot vigor.
Maternal/Perinatal Outcome in Women with Sickle Cell Disease: A Comparison of Two Time Periods.

OBJECTIVE To compare pregnancy outcomes in women with sickle cell disease from recent deliveries with a similar group delivered earlier. METHODS During a 12-year period (2005-2016), data from pregnant women with hemoglobin SS or SC were collected from three university medical centers and compared with earlier studies (1979-2003) involving similar patients. The primary endpoints were maternal complications during pregnancy and newborn outcomes. RESULTS There were 278 patients in the control group (1979-2003) compared with 150 patients in the study group (2005-2016). Women in the study group were older (P < 0.0001) and of less parity (P =0.0001), and complications of preterm delivery, preeclampsia, and having a transfusion were similar between the two groups (P = 0.45, 0.95, and 0.49, respectively). Pain crises were more common in the study group (P = 0.02) as was cesarean section (P < 0.0001), but there was a reduction in pulmonary complications (P = 0.0002). Maternal mortality was uncommon (control group [N=4] vs study group [N=3], P = 0.40). Newborn statistics revealed a similar gestational age at delivery (37 weeks), and the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, as well as 5-minute Apgar score <7 did not differ by group (P = 0. 91, 0.85, and 0.16, respectively). Infants in the study group were heavier on average by approximately 220 g (P = 0.02), whereas the neonatal death rate was low (control group [N=1], study group [N=2] P = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS Recent pregnancy outcome statistics in women with sickle cell disease have not changed through the years. Innovative strategies to improve maternal and newborn outcomes among such patients are needed.
Afterword: On Moral Ecologies and Archival Absences

Of all the multitude of challenges that historians confront when trying to make sense of a vanished past, perhaps the greatest is the imbalance in documentary evidence. The archive, as Saidiya Hartman and others have demonstrated, does not function as a neutral record keeper—indeed, that was never its intention.
Useful Chaos: Illuminating the Hidden Benefits of Black Friday to Retailers

Black Friday - the day following Thanksgiving - is one of the most lucrative shopping days of the year for retailers. Although Black Friday has clear financial consequences to firms, our inductive,...
« Nous serions facilement saisis d’épouvante si la foi ne venait nous remplir d’espérance » : la peur dans les écrits personnels de Marie-Louise Globensky (1849–1919)

Cet article retrace les mentions du sentiment de la peur dans les ecrits de la bourgeoise montrealaise Marie-Louise Globensky (1849–1919). Il observe les causes de ses inquietudes et angoisses, ses strategies de reconfort face a ces emotions souffrantes, et le sens qu’elle leur donne. Ce faisant, il cherche a eclairer la vision du monde et—autant que possible—la texture de l’experience humaine d’une bourgeoise catholique du tournant du XXe siecle. Egalement, il offre une fenetre d’observation sur les normes entourant la peur dans la bourgeoisie montrealaise et sur la maniere dont l’Eglise catholique regit l’experience de cette emotion.
Opening the door to greater phylogeographic inference in Southeast Asia: Comparative genomic study of five codistributed rainforest bird species using target capture and historical DNA

Indochina and Sundaland are biologically diverse, interconnected regions of Southeast Asia with complex geographic histories. Few studies have examined phylogeography of bird species that span the two regions because of inadequate population sampling. To determine how geographic barriers/events and disparate dispersal potential have influenced the population structure, gene flow, and demographics of species that occupy the entire area, we studied five largely codistributed rainforest bird species: Arachnothera longirostra, Irena puella, Brachypodius atriceps, Niltava grandis, and Stachyris nigriceps. We accomplished relatively thorough sampling and data collection by sequencing ultraconserved elements (UCEs) using DNA extracted from modern and older (historical) specimens. We obtained a genome-wide set of 753-4,501 variable loci and 3,919-18,472 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The formation of major within-species lineages occurred within a similar span of time (0.5-1.5 mya). Major patterns in population genetic structure are largely consistent with the dispersal potential and habitat requirements of the study species. A population break across the Isthmus of Kra was shared only by the two hill/submontane insectivores (N. grandis and S. nigriceps). Across Sundaland, there is little structure in B. atriceps, which is a eurytopic and partially frugivorous species that often utilizes forest edges. Two other eurytopic species, A. longirostra and I. puella, possess highly divergent populations in peripheral Sunda Islands (Java and/or Palawan) and India. These species probably possess intermediate dispersal abilities that allowed them to colonize new areas, and then remained largely isolated subsequently. We also observed an east-west break in Indochina that was shared by B. atriceps and S. nigriceps, species with very different habitat requirements and dispersal potential. By analyzing high-throughput DNA data, our study provides an unprecedented comparative perspective on the process of avian population divergence across Southeast Asia, a process that is determined by geography, species characteristics, and the stochastic nature of dispersal and vicariance events.
Sensitivity analysis of the 1-D SFR thermal stratification model via discrete adjoint sensitivity method

Abstract This paper presents a parameter sensitivity analysis on a thermal stratification (TS) model by using the discrete sensitivity method. The TS model was recently developed in our research group to efficiently predict the TS phenomenon in pool-type Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors. The fluid temperature gradient was considered as the figure of merit in the sensitivity analysis because it best characterizes the thermal stratification phenomenon. The sensitivities of the fluid temperature gradient with respect to four different parameters were investigated, including jet volumetric flow rate Q jet , jet temperature T jet , heat capacity of the ambient fluid C p , a m b , and static thermal conductivity of the ambient fluid k c , a m b . The sensitivity analysis was conducted through both the conventional forward sensitivity method and the advanced adjoint sensitivity method, which is more effective in cases where the number of outputs is small and the number of input parameters is large. The sensitivities obtained in this study suggested that perturbations in Q jet , C p , a m b , and k c , a m b could introduce either positive or negative changes to the temperature gradient, depending on the axial location and the elapsed time of the experiment. However, an increase in T jet always decreased the temperature gradient. Moreover, the impact of T jet on the maximum temperature gradient was several times higher than that of the other three parameters, which indicated that additional attention may need to be paid to the occurrence of thermal stratification in the sodium pool when the impinging jet has a large temperature change. This study also provides a step-by-step example for the application of the discrete adjoint sensitivity method to the time-dependent nonlinear systems.
Sobolev stability of the Positive Mass Theorem and Riemannian Penrose Inequality using inverse mean curvature flow

We study the Sobolev stability of the Positive Mass Theorem and the Riemannian Penrose Inequality in the case where a region of a sequence of manifolds $$M^3_i$$ can be foliated by a smooth solution of inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) which is uniformly controlled for time $$t \in [0,T]$$ . In particular, we consider a sequence of regions of manifolds $$U_T^i\subset M_i^3$$ , foliated by a IMCF, $$\Sigma _t$$ , such that if $$\partial U_T^i = \Sigma _0^i \cup \Sigma _T^i$$ and $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i) \rightarrow 0$$ then $$U_T^i$$ converges in $$W^{1,2}$$ to a flat annulus or in the hyperbolic setting it converges to a annulus portion of hyperbolic space. If instead $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i)-m_H(\Sigma _0^i) \rightarrow 0$$ and $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i) \rightarrow m >0$$ then we show that $$U_T^i$$ converges in $$W^{1,2}$$ to a topological annulus portion of the Schwarzschild metric or in the Hyperbolic case to a topological annulus portion of the Anti-de Sitter Schwarzschild metric.
Physiological and transcriptomic response of Medicago truncatula to high and low benefit mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provide their host plants with greater access to limited mineral nutrients, but the amount they provide can be variable. Here, we evaluated the capacity of the high-benefit fungus Rhizophagus irregularis 09 and the low-benefit fungus Glomus aggregatum 165 to transfer nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant Medicago truncatula, and identified putative molecular mechanisms regulating the physiological response of the host to these fungi. R. irregularis led to an increase in plant biomass and transferred more nitrogen and phosphate to the host than G. aggregatum. This increase was linked to elevated expression of known mycorrhiza-induced phosphate (PT8), ammonium (AMT2;3), and nitrate (NPF4.12) transporters in the roots, as well as the putative ammonium transporter NIP1;5. R. irregularis also stimulated the expression of photosynthesis related genes in the shoot and the upregulation of the mycorrhiza-induced sugar transporter SWEET1.2 and the lipid biosynthesis gene RAM2 in the roots, which is indicative of increased carbon flux to this fungus. In contrast, G. aggregatum induced biotic stress defense response genes (e.g., Medtr4g120760 and Medtr8g096900) in the shoots, and several genes associated with the GO term "response to water deprivation" in the roots of M. truncatula. This could indicate that the host perceives colonization by the low-benefit fungus as pathogen attack, or that G. aggregatum is more effective than R. irregularis at priming host defense responses. Our findings reveal novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which host plants reward high- but sanction low-benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts.
Pediatric Hospitalist Co-management of Neurosurgery Patients Reduces Readmissions

Background: A pediatric neurosurgery and hospitalist co-management program cooperates as one team to care for complex pediatric neurosurgery patients in the ward setting. Surgical co-management, or shared responsibility for patients between hospitalists and surgeons, has shown potential to improve quality of care metrics including cost, length of stay, readmissions, and complication rates. Most pediatric hospitalists engage in co-management with surgeons, yet pediatric neurosurgical co-management has not been studied as an improvement strategy. Methodology: We aimed to develop and implement a novel pediatric neurosurgery and hospitalist co-management program by October 31, 2019. Our program …
Initial Development and Evaluation of the Executive Function Performance Test-Enhanced (EFPT-E) in Women With Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment.

IMPORTANCE Psychometrically sound instruments are needed to evaluate executive functioning in the population of people with cancer. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Executive Function Performance Test-Enhanced (EFPT-E) in women after being treated for breast cancer. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Women treated for breast cancer who had cognitive impairment (n = 12) and community control participants (n = 13). OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Evaluators (n = 8) independently scored a recorded administration of the EFPT-E to evaluate interrater reliability. An assessment battery, including the EFPT-E, was administered to evaluate the EFPT-E's known-groups validity and concurrent validity. RESULTS Excellent interrater reliability was observed for the EFPT-E total score and each subtask score (intraclass correlation coefficient = .90-.98). Moderate effect sizes were noted for the EFPT-E total score (Cohen's d = 0.5) and the total number of cues (d = 0.4) between the breast cancer group and the control group, with the breast cancer group demonstrating poorer performance. A limited correlation was found between the EFPT-E and the other cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results support the EFPT-E's interrater reliability and warrant continued investigation to further establish its reliability and validity. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS Assessments are needed to quantify the impact of cognitive processes within functional tasks. The EFPT-E has been developed to assess the functional impact of mild cognitive impairment; initial testing with women with cancer showed excellent agreement between raters and promising results for validity.
Streets, Sidewalks and COVID-19: Reimaging New York City’s Public Realm as a Tool for Crisis Management

The 2020 COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruption to economic and social systems. New York City, as the United States’ largest city and among the nation’s most densely populated, was an ...
Information for the Common Good in Mass Torts

In recent years, judges have privileged confidentiality over transparency in discovery, especially in large scale multidistrict litigation such as the Opiate litigation. By uncovering the assumptions underlying our current regime, this Article sheds light on the process that got us here as a first step towards re-envisioning the rules governing information in litigation. We investigate an untold history of discovery’s publicity to show that many of our assumptions about what is public and what is private is historically contingent, even accidental. So too are our assumptions about the best way to arrive at truth. Accordingly, we suggest that courts ought to prioritize litigation’s information-production role over competing litigant-autonomy values in lawsuits like the Opiate litigation that have a significant bearing on public health and safety. To aid courts in doing so, we propose a nuanced approach to confidentiality that takes into consideration the interests of different actors and stakeholders with different legal claims, recognizing that doing so will undermine the system’s commitment to trans-substantivity in practice.
The Revivifying Word: Literature, Philosophy, and the Theory of Life in Europe's Romantic Age

'What is not life that really is?' asked Coleridge, struggling, like many poets, philosophers, and scientists of Europe's Romantic age, to formulate a theory of life that explained the mysterious relation between dead material bodies and living, animate beings. Romantic intellectuals found a key to this mystery surprisingly close at hand: the process by which dead matter could come to life must be something like the process of reading. "The Revivifying Word" examines the reanimating acts of reading that became a central focus of attention for Romantic writers. German theorists, building on the Apostle Paul's assertion that the dead letter can be revivified by the living spirit, proposed a permeable, legible boundary between the living and the dead.This inaugurated a revolution in European aesthetics, implanting the germ of an extraordinarily productive narrative idea that enriched Romantic literature for decades. Poets and novelists created a large cast of characters who crossed the boundary between death and life with the help of some form of reading: figures like Keats' Glaucus, Kleist's Elizabeth Kohlhaas, Shelley's Frankenstein (and the monster he creates), Maturin's Melmoth, Poe's Madeline Usher, and Gautier's Spirite. Clayton Koelb demonstrates that such fictions offer a nuanced consideration of the most urgent question facing any theory of life: how do material bodies come to acquire, to lose, and then perhaps to regain the immaterial intellectual/spiritual quality that defines animate beings? Clayton Koelb is Guy B. Johnson Professor of German, English, and Comparative Literature and Chair of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Models with Orderings

Publisher Summary An ordered model means a relational structure for a countable language. This chapter focuses on models with orderings. It presents various theorems and their proofs related to a specific model. It also presents some consequences and extensions of the main theorem. The chapter introduces a notion concerning partition of a large set and some lemmas about large sets are proved. The work discussed in this chapter was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant GP-5913.
Systematic synthesis procedures for high-dimensional chaotic systems

In practical applications of self-synchronizing chaotic systems, it is undesirable to be restricted to the well-known low-dimensional systems; we need the ability to choose from a wide variety of high-dimensional chaotic systems. This paper discusses systematic synthesis procedures for achieving this capability. The significance of this work lies in the fact that the ability to synthesize high-dimensional chaotic systems further enhances their applicability for communications, signal processing, and modeling of physical processes.
Use of Horseradish Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody for Light and Electron Microscope Localization of Reovirus Antigen

Horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody was used for light and electron microscopic localization of reovirus antigen in tissue culture. Reaction product in infected cells was easily detected in the cytoplasm, and the procedure was as sensitive as the fluorescent-antibody technique. At the electron microscopic level, infected and enzyme-labeled antibody-treated cells showed accumulations of reaction product at the sites of viral replication and around the viral particles. Reaction product was not detected in unstained infected cells, in stained uninfected cells, or in cells infected with an unrelated virus.
A Semi-Parametric Quantile Function Estimator for Use in Bootstrap Estimation Procedures

In this note we develop a new quantile function estimator called the tail extrapolation quantile function estimator. The estimator behaves asymptotically exactly the same as the standard linear interpolation estimator. For finite samples there is small correction towards estimating the extreme quantiles. We illustrate that by employing this new estimator we can greatly improve the coverage probabilities of the standard bootstrap percentile confidence intervals. The method does not reqiure complicated calculations and hence it should appeal to the statistical practitioner.
Illusion of Transition: Russia's Muscovite Future

The Russian economy, according to statistics that should be taken with buckets of salt [Economist, 2003] , has been in a sharp ascent since the infamous financial crisis of 1998. Although official data indicate that Russia's post-Soviet depression is still nearly as deep as the nadir of America's Great Depression, economic activity has partially rebounded, sparking a heated and sometimes acrimonious debate about past failures and future prospects. Critics of the Washington consensus have tended to focus their attention on missed policy opportunities1 and path dependence, arguing not only that Russia's hyper depression was needlessly severe, but that its future is blighted by the institutionalization of the super-rich "oligarchs."2 Until recently, defenders of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank position counter-argued that the painful medicine of yesterday was the elixir of tomorrow's prosperity because the property rights created have made oligarchy a flash in the pan. The IMF reversed field in the spring of 2004, though, questioning oligarchic efficiency [World Bank, 2004] and raising the possibility that Russia's transition may have been "pirated" [Goldman, 2003; Havrylyshyn, 2004]. A discordant note sounded by Andrei Shleifer and Daniel Treisman [2004] claiming that Russia has already become a "normal country" challenges the IMF's new orthodoxy,3 but cannot withstand serious scrutiny [Rosefielde, 2005a; Shlapentokh, 2004; Yuriev, 2004]. Consequently, the main question that needs to be explored is whether Russia can become a normal country, understood as democratic free enterprise, or EU social democracy, in the foreseeable future.
Impact of employing different security levels on QoS parameters in virtual private networks

The Virtual Private Networks (VPN) employs IPSec/IKE protocols for secure data transfer over any public network. The Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) suite of protocols, which operate at network layer (layer 3), provides security services through the use of tunnels between security gateways or individual hosts. IPSec based VPNs have a number of security and management related parameters, which can be configured according to user/network demands. We configure these parameters into various security levels and store them in security policy database (spd's) of IKE and IPSec. We identify a few Quality of Service (QoS) parameters like throughput, latency, and session delay and measure the impact of the security levels on these QoS parameters. The results are then used to develop an adaptive model which allows the IPSec based VPNs to switch between various security levels based upon the performance of the QoS parameters. We also show the performance improvement achieved by using the proposed adaptive model.
Virtualization Security Assessment

ABSTRACT Enterprises have been increasingly adopting server virtualization technologies in recent years. Security risk identification and related controls have also been receiving increased discussion lately. i Also, guidance is available on virtualization security configurations from independent groups, such as benchmarks from the Center for Internet Security ii and the virtualization vendors. iii This writing will revisit the risks and controls, which will be a basis for discussion of assessment techniques. As security assessors, auditors and compliance validators see more of the physical environment disappearing and being replaced by the virtual foundation, gathering the necessary metrics from virtual environment will be a key part of assurance activities. iGartner research paper G00144828 (requires a subscription) ii http://www.cisecurity.org/benchmarks.html iii http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vi3_security_hardening_wp.pdf This discussion will be limited to the VMware ESX virtualization product but some pri...
Measurement of the Neutron Radius of 208Pb Through Parity Violation in Electron Scattering

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A(PV) in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 208Pb. A(PV) is sensitive to the radius of the neutron distribution (R(n)). The result A(PV)=0.656±0.060(stat)±0.014(syst) ppm corresponds to a difference between the radii of the neutron and proton distributions R(n)-R(p)=0.33(-0.18)(+0.16) fm and provides the first electroweak observation of the neutron skin which is expected in a heavy, neutron-rich nucleus.
MVMA-2D AIR BAG/STEERING ASSEMBLY SIMULATION MODEL

This paper describes further development of the MVMA-2D model including program modifications of the air bag and the energy absorbing steering assembly submodels. The integrated model has been successfully utilized in simulating dynamic responses, in frontal impact situations, of a dummy restrained by a driver air bag restraint system mounted on a collapsible steering column. Validations of the model were made by comparing simulation results with experimental test data. Applications of the model to air bag restraint system performance evaluations and parametric studies for aiding restraint system designs are demonstrated. Guidelines and limitations of the model are also discussed.
An Evaluation of the University of Pennsylvania’s Practice Doctorate (DSW) Program

This article reports on an evaluation of the University of Pennsylvania’s doctorate in social work (DSW), the first of the newly emerging practice doctorates. The study sample was current students and program alumni. Data were from program records and from an online survey of DSW alumni with an 81.6% response rate. Overall, the program is achieving its explicit and implicit goals. Current students and alumni are being hired part-time and full-time to teach in BSW and MSW programs. Moreover, graduates have found that the degree enhanced their recognition and respect by colleagues and professionals from other disciplines and resulted in greater confidence from clients.