cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bishops in the Medieval Empire: New Perspectives on the Church, State and Episcopal Office

Through the mid-20th century, most historical research on bishops and the episcopate in early medieval Germany and the Holy Roman Empire was carried out within a conceptual framework known as the Imperial Church System (Reichskirchensystem), a merging of the early medieval church and royal government. The Reichskirchensystem grew out of a tradition of 19th century political history which took as its primary concern the evolution of the modern constitutional state and viewed the church and its personnel – namely bishops – as mostly negative influences on those processes over time. In the post-war period, new approaches to constitutional and social history in the German academy prompted scholars to recast bishops as aristocratic elites and focus on the way they exercised lordship, or Herrschaft. More recently, studies of the episcopacy in Germany have embraced a variety of interdisciplinary methods and new approaches to medieval sources and begun to explore the ways bishops construed their power as a unique sphere of authority within the political and social worlds of the Middle Ages.
An approach to control MTI filter order selections during search

Mobile, surface-based search radars contend with a variety of clutter conditions. Clutter spectral diversity is often chief among such variations. To address a range of possible clutter conditions, radars have employed a suite of selectable moving target indicator (MTI) waveforms. Among the useful waveform options is the order of the MTI filter. Low order MTI filters can be supported by just a few coherent pulses, and have nominal clutter rejection bands. High order MTI filters require more coherent pulses, but generally reject a broader clutter band by design. Some advantage can be realized from adaptively assigning MTI order to the various beam positions of a search volume, especially when that volume is comprised of a large number of such positions. If, in doing so, the radar assigns more pulses to beams in broad-band clutter subvolumes than to the remaining benign-clutter angles, then the average number of applied pulses-effectively the average dwell length-across the entire volume can be substantially less than that employed within those adverse angles. Controlled, angle-specific MTI filter order selections that adapt to the clutter at hand offer the potential of effectively managing clutter while minimizing the time required to search the entire volume. Appropriate control requires real-time, ongoing measurements of the clutter power spectral densities across the search volume. This paper introduces a control approach that includes no special measurements (i.e., it relies only on the normal search return), is very tolerant of multiple simultaneous clutter sources, but requires some additional signal processing using a special, three-channel architecture.
A new imaging method in diffraction tomography based on the topological derivative

The development and implementation of a new method in diffraction tomography, which is based on the optimization of a topology, is discussed. The method relies on the definition of a function, called the topological derivative, that has support in the image and at every point quantifies the sensitivity (or derivative) of the scattered field to the introduction of an infinitesimal scatterer at that point. If the scatterers are rigid, the expression for the topological derivative is calculated analytically. As a result, the proposed scheme is not iterative. Furthermore, no assumptions such as the Born or Rylov approximations are made. It is shown through several numerical experiments that the image produced by this function is capable of reconstructing both the position and the shape of scatterers in the domain with excellent agreement.
Efficient Access to Non-Sequential Elements of a Search Tree

This article describes how a search tree can be extended in order to allow efficient access to predefined subsets of the stored elements. This is achieved by marking some of the elements of the search tree with marker bits. We show that our approach does not affect the asymptotic logarithmic complexity for existing operations. At the same time, it is beneficial because the modified search tree can now efficiently support requests on predefined subsets of the search elements that it previously could not. Keywords-marker bits; search trees; data structures I. IN T RO D U C T I O N
High-latitude thermospheric wind observations and simulations with SuperDARN data driven NCAR TIEGCM during the December 2006 magnetic storm

Ion convection pattern derived from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network potential pattern (SDP) data is developed for the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model. The December 2006 geomagnetic storm event was simulated with the SDP ion convection pattern and two other existing input options (Heelis and Weimer convection models). The high-latitude thermospheric wind simulated with SDP showed very good agreement with the Fabry-Perot interferometer thermospheric wind data inside the polar cap at Resolute, Canada (74.7°N, 94.8°W, magnetic latitude 84). The Heelis model overestimated the winds during the storm event, because the model does not consider the cross polar cap potential saturation at high global geomagnetic index (Kp) values. The Weimer model provides a better performance than the Heelis model in this case. However, it has a larger discrepancy compared to the SDP results. The SDP provides an alternative data-based tool for study of the ionosphere/thermosphere interactions in the polar cap.
An extension of the frank and Wolfe method of feasible directions

The Frank and Wolfe method of feasible directions is shown to be a case of the more general computational approach of inner linearization followed by restriction. An extension is proposed based on this observation. The extended procedure converges, and under certain conditions the asymptotic convergence rate is geometric. Limited computational experience comparing the two procedures is reported.
A method to classify airborne chemicals which alter the normal ventilatory response induced by CO2.

Guinea pigs inhaling 10% CO2, 19% O2, and 71 N2 increase their tidal volume (VT) by a factor of 2 to 3 and their respiratory frequency (f) by a factor of 1.2 to 1.5 above their normal values while breathing room air. While exposing guinea pigs to 10% CO2, a variety of aerosols can be added to determine how they modify the normal ventilatory response to this agent. Aerosols of carbamylcholine, serotonin, or propanolol all decreased VT of guinea pigs when added to 10% CO2. We propose here that chemicals evoking reductions in tidal volume can be classified into two groups based on the set of concurrent respiratory responses. Those chemicals evoking “obstruction,” not only reduced VT but also decreased (f), increased resistance to airflow in conducting airways, and interrupted airflow. The prototype of this family would be carbamylcholine. The second group of chemicals evoked what is described as “reflex restriction.” These agents reduced VT but increased f and lowered resistance to airflow. Propranolol would be the prototype for this family. Serotonin, however, evoked both types of response patterns which were time dependent. At the beginning of exposure, obstruction was prevalent while at the end of a 30-min exposure, reflex restriction was prevalent.
Viral Induction of Central Nervous System Innate Immune Responses

The ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to generate innate immune responses was investigated in an in vitro model of CNS infection. Cultures containing CNS cells were infected with mouse hepatitis virus-JHM, which causes fatal encephalitis in mice. Immunostaining indicated that viral infection had a limited effect on culture characteristics, overall cell survival, or cell morphology at the early postinfection times studied. Results from Affymetrix gene array analysis, assessed on RNA isolated from virally and sham-infected cultures, were compared with parallel protein assays for cytokine, chemokine, and cell surface markers. Of the 126 transcripts found to be differentially expressed between viral and sham infections, the majority were related to immunological responses. Virally induced increases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein expression correlated with the genomic induction of acute-phase proteins. Genomic and protein analysis indicated that viral infection resulted in prominent expression of neutrophil and macrophage chemotactic proteins. In addition, mRNA expression of nonclassical class I molecules H2-T10, -T17, -M2, and -Q10, were enhanced three- to fivefold in virus-infected cells compared to sham-infected cells. Thus, upon infection, resident brain cells induced a breadth of innate immune responses that could be vital in directing the outcome of the infection and, in vivo, would provide signals which would summon the peripheral immune system to respond to the infection. Further understanding of how these innate responses participate in immune protection or immunopathology in the CNS will be critical in efforts to intervene in severe encephalitis.
Mutations in the Tn10 tet repressor that interfere with induction. Location of the tetracycline-binding domain.

Tetracycline induces transcription of the Tn10 tetracycline resistance gene (tetA) by binding to the tet represser, thereby reducing the repressor's affinity for two operator sites that overlap the tet promoters. We characterized mutations in the tet repressor (tetRs mutations) that interfere with induction of tetA expression. The mutations were isolated on multicopy Tn10 tet plasmids by selecting for resistance to the inducer 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline. Under these conditions, maximal induction of tetA expression inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli K-12. DNA sequence analysis of 25 spontaneous tetRs mutations identified amino acid changes at 13 different positions clustered near the middle of the 207 amino acid residue sequence of tet repressor. This region (residues 64 to 107) is distinct from the bihelical DNA-binding motif of tet repressor (residues 26 to 47). The capacity of tetRs repressors to bind tet operator DNA and to respond to inducer was examined in vivo in tetA-lacZ fusion strains. In three cases, the capacity of tetRs repressors to bind tetracycline was examined in vitro using cell extracts enriched in repressor. Mutations 64Y (His64→Tyr) and 82H (Asn82→His) reduce the repressor's affinity for tetracycline more than 1000-fold and more than 100-fold, respectively, suggesting that His64 and Asn82 may be part of the inducerbinding site or directly involved in maintaining its conformation. Mutation 1031 (Thr103→Ile) reduces the repressor's affinity for tetracycline less than tenfold, yet it interferes with induction to a greater extent than either 64Y or 82H, suggesting that 1031 may also reduce the repressor's capacity to undergo a conformational change required for induction. The properties of tetRs mutants suggest that the region of amino acid residues 64 to 107 is involved in inducer binding and in signalling between the inducer-binding and operator-binding domains of the repressor.
What difference can a minute make? Social skills and first impressions of youth with craniofacial differences.

Objective: To determine whether raters' first impressions of youth with craniofacial differences are modifiable. Design: Observational study of the association between first impressions and social skills as related to youth aged 11 to 18 years with craniofacial differences. Setting: University research offices and clinics. Participants: Youth aged 11 to 18 years with (n = 29) and without (n = 31) craniofacial differences; adults (n = 40), dental/medical students (n = 46), and education students (n = 29), all without craniofacial differences. Participants were recruited from medical clinics and through community advertising at all three study sites. Outcome Measures: The First Impressions Rating Scale. Results: After viewing 1-minute portrayals of positive social skills by actors with craniofacial differences, raters' perceptions moved significantly in the positive direction for all 26 attributes on the First Impressions Rating Scale; whereas, after viewing negative social skills, ratings moved s...
Evaluation of a 3D point spread function (PSF) model derived from Monte Carlo simulation for a small animal PET scanner

We previously designed a component based 3-D PSF model to obtain a compact yet accurate system matrix for a dedicated human brain PET scanner. In this work, we adapted the model to a small animal PET scanner. Based on the model, we derived the system matrix for back-to-back gamma source in air, fluorine-18 and iodine-124 source in water by Monte Carlo simulation. The characteristics of the PSF model were evaluated and the performance of the newly derived system matrix was assessed by comparing its reconstructed images with the established reconstruction program provided on the animal PET scanner. The new system matrix showed strong PSF dependency on the line-of-response (LOR) incident angle and LOR depth. This confirmed the validity of the two components selected for the model. The effect of positron range on the system matrix was observed by comparing the PSFs of different isotopes. A simulated and an experimental hot-rod phantom study showed that the reconstruction with the proposed system matrix achieved better resolution recovery as compared to the algorithm provided by the manufacturer. Quantitative evaluation also showed better convergence to the expected contrast value at similar noise level. In conclusion, it has been shown that the system matrix derivation method is applicable to the animal PET system studied, suggesting that the method may be used for other PET systems and different isotope applications.
Dual nanomolar and picomolar Zn(II) binding properties of metallothionein.

Each of the seven Zn(II) ions in the Zn(3)S(9) and Zn(4)S(11) clusters of human metallothionein is in a tetrathiolate coordination environment. Yet analysis of Zn(II) association with thionein, the apoprotein, and analysis of Zn(II) dissociation from metallothionein using the fluorescent chelating agents FluoZin-3 and RhodZin-3 reveal at least three classes of sites with affinities that differ by 4 orders of magnitude. Four Zn(II) ions are bound with an apparent average log K of 11.8, and with the methods employed, their binding is indistinguishable. This binding property makes thionein a strong chelating agent. One Zn(II) ion is relatively weakly bound, with a log K of 7.7, making metallothionein a zinc donor in the absence of thionein. The binding data demonstrate that Zn(II) binds with at least four species: Zn(4)T, Zn(5)T, Zn(6)T, and Zn(7)T. Zn(5)T and Zn(6)T bind Zn(II) with a log K of approximately 10 and are the predominant species at micromolar concentrations of metallothionein in cells. Central to the function of the protein is the reactivity of its cysteine side chains in the absence and presence of Zn(II). Chelating agents, such as physiological ligands with moderate affinities for Zn(II), cause dissociation of Zn(II) ions from metallothionein at pH 7.4 (Zn(7)T Zn(7-n)T + nZn(2+)), thereby affecting the reactivity of its thiols. Thus, the rate of thiol oxidation increases in the presence of Zn(II) acceptors but decreases if more free Zn(II) becomes available. Thionein is such an acceptor. It regulates the reactivity and availability of free Zn(II) from metallothionein. At thionein/metallothionein ratios > 0.75, free Zn(II) ions are below a pZn (-log[Zn(2+)](free)) of 11.8, and at ratios < 0.75, relatively large fluctuations of free Zn(II) ions are possible (pZn between 7 and 11). These chemical characteristics match cellular requirements for Zn(II) and suggest how the molecular structures and redox chemistries of metallothionein and thionein determine Zn(II) availability for biological processes.
Non-significance of rhizosphere degradation during phytoremediation of MTBE.

Abstract Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive associated with ground water pollution at gas station sites. Previous research on poplar trees in hydroponic systems suggests that phytovolatilization is an effective mechanism for phytoremediation of MTBE (Rubin and Ramaswami, 2001), but the potential for microbial degradation of MTBE in the rhizosphere of trees had not been assessed. MTBE had largely been considered recalcitrant to microbial processes, but recent field‐work suggests rapid biodegradation may occur in certain cases. This paper investigates the potential for rhizosphere degradation of MTBE at time frames relevant for phytoremediation. Three experiments were conducted at different levels of aggregation to examine possible degradation of MTBE by rhizosphere microorganisms that had been acclimated to low levels of MTBE for 6 weeks. MTBE soil die‐away studies, conducted with both poplar trees and fescue grass, found no significant differences between MTBE concentration in veget...
Overexpression of CLC-3 in HEK293T cells yields novel currents that are pH dependent

ClC-3 is a member of the ClC family of anion channels/transporters. Recently, the closely related proteins ClC-4 and ClC-5 were shown to be Cl−/H+ antiporters (39, 44). The function of ClC-3 has be...
A dual-mode internal window management device for energy conservation

Abstract The design of a simple energy conserving window management system is described, and its heat transfer characteristics are calculated. The device serves as a quasi-active solar collector during winter daytime, provides added insulation comparable with that of vented storm windows during winter nighttime, and rejects solar heat during summer cooling periods. The problem of avoiding the intensity of direct sun through windows while obtaining essentially all the associated heat is effectively solved with a window system of this type. The results of the numerical modeling show that the dual shade: will be approximately 90% as energy efficient as an unshaded window while intercepting direct sunlight; will save about 40% on energy losses through a single pane window during winter nighttime; will reduce solar heat gain by about 70% during peak-power summer air conditioning periods.
The Racialised Somatic Norm and the Senior Civil Service

One of the central ways in which institutional racism is perpetuated is through the designation of the somatic norm. However, although the classed and gendered nature of the somatic norm underlying somataphobic representations of the universal `individual' have been both theoretically and substantially explored, the racial character of this embodied being has received scant attention. This paper introduces race to the wider debates on the embodied nature of the political `individual', before analysing the specific ways in which an institution that is deemed to be at the absolute apex of disembodied, neutral professionalism - the British senior civil service - is naturalised as the domain for white men. The somatic norm underlying the representation of the impartial senior civil service is brought to the fore in this paper by discussing the location of black senior civil servants, whose presence helps us to highlight the synchronic relationship between racialised bodies and elite spaces in the body politic. These `Space Invaders' disturb the racialised nature of these spaces whilst at the same time adhering to the assimilative pressure of the somatic norm. An engagement with the interview accounts of black senior civil servants allows us to grasp some idea of what it is like for them to coexist in a place that is built on a `racial contract' which has demarcated spaces in accordance with racialised corporealities. As matter out of place these `different' bodies generate disorientation, undergo the burden of invisibility and abide by the racialised and classed informal rules of behaviour, particularly those of the legitimate language. All of which problematises the notion of `difference' in organisations as entailing much more than the mere existence of `different' bodies, on the basis of race or gender.
The strong equivalence of ET0L grammars

Abstract We define a version of structural equivalence of ET0L grammars , called strong equivalence , that takes into account their matrix structure, and prove its decidability.
New insights into the renin-angiotensin system and hypertensive renal disease

The role of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension and end organ damage has long been recognized. Recent advances in genetic models and newly available pharmacologic tools have allowed dissection of the mechanisms of actions of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive kidney disease. The newly cloned AT2 receptor is now recognized to oppose many of the AT1 receptor’s actions. The renin-angiotensin system is now recognized to be linked to induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), possibly via the AT4 receptor, thus promoting both thrombosis and fibrosis. Interactions of the reninangiotensin system with aldosterone and bradykinin may have impact on both blood pressure and tissue injury. The effects of angiotensin 1 converting enzyme inhibitors versus those of the newly available AT1 receptor antagonists on blood pressure and organ damage are undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. Finally, polymorphisms of genes relevant to the renin-angiotensin system appear to affect response to treatment, although this effect varies in different populations.
Influence of Thermal Effects on Hole Quality in Dry Drilling, Part 1: A Thermal Model of Workpiece Temperatures

A finite element thermal model is devised to capture the transient temperatures in the workpiece in drilling. Experimental observations along with an inverse heat conduction procedure is utilized in identifying the strength of the heat fluxes from the three distinct regions of the drill (drill body, cutting lips and chisel edge) at various process conditions in both wet and dry conditions with coated and uncoated drills. The identified heat fluxes along with a calibration scheme are used in predicting the transient temperatures in the workpiece in both dry and wet conditions. The model demonstrates the ability to predict the temperatures within 20 percent of the measured temperature rise.
A multiscale analysis of LULC and NDVI variation in Nang Rong district, northeast Thailand

Abstract Landuse/landcover (LULC) dynamics in northeast Thailand are driven by a host of scale dependent relationships that are observed at the pixel to landscape levels, but may be influenced by decisions made at the household and/or community levels. To understand complex systems, it is important to examine the interplay between scale, pattern, and process so that landscape form and landscape function may be inter-related. Statistical relationships between plant biomass levels and selected social, biophysical, and geographical variables are assessed at nine different cell resolutions beginning at 30 m and extending to 1050 m. The basic intent is to examine the scale dependence of population and environment relationships in a northeast Thailand study site, a region that has experienced pronounced LULC change associated with deforestation and agricultural extensification and intensification to support lowland rice and upland cash crops. More subtle landscape changes are also occurring, those related to intra-annual crop phenologies and monsoonal rainfall patterns. For each variable and at successively coarser resolutions, cell values are calculated by hierarchical aggregation of the original 30 m grid. The beta-values of each variable are assessed and the R 2 -values of each multiple regression model are tracked over the nine spatial resolutions. Canonical correlation is used to link a group of environmental variables to a group of social variables across the same 9-scale steps to assess the scale dependence of their relationships. Pattern metrics and LULC proportions are also computed to ascertain the composition and spatial organization of the landscape for the same nine cell resolutions. Finally, multiple regression models are computed for two separate image dates within a single water year to explore intra-annual variation in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the level of explanation achieved through selected population and environment variables. In this scenario, spatial scale is held constant at 30 m, but distance decay coefficients, used to construct a population potential variable, are altered and model results tracked to assess NDVI sensitivities to population distribution parameters as well as wet and dry conditions and their seasonal differences on derived R 2 -values and beta-coefficients. LULC patterns in northeast Thailand are the products of scale dependent relationships that extend across thematic domains representing social, biophysical, and geographical factors. Results indicate the importance of population factors at finer scales and biophysical factors at coarser scales for explaining variation in plant biomass levels.
Primary glioma: diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Seventeen patients with surgically documented primary glial-origin brain tumors were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution computed tomography. The exclusion of CT ringen-hancing lesions directed the focus of this study toward lower grade tumors that were more difficult to diagnose. The computed tomography abnormalities were often subtle and included areas of low attenuation, mass effect, and focal enhancement. Spin-echo sequences with both heavy T1 and T2 weighting were utilized. Prolonged T1 and T2 values were observed in all tumors. The T2-weighted spin-echo 10001120 sequence was the most sensitive in tumor detection and was positive in all cases. Magnetic resonance imaging was superior to computed tomography in tumor detection, tumor localization, assessment of tumor extent, and determination of associated changes, ie, brain stem encroachment. All the magnetic resonance sequences used showed an increase in severity of imaging changes with increasing tumor grade. The T2-weighted sequence showed progressive margin irregularity, whereas the T1-weighted (inversion recovery) sequence showed increasing severity of internal tissue changes. The superior resolution of these changes by magnetic resonance imaging may have implications for better assessment of tumor grade in the future than is currently possible with computed tomography.
Assessment of consumer research for a valuation of a quality-of-life policy

This paper evaluates the allocation, coordination, priority assignments and new directions in the research efforts towards a consumer policy. The formulation of a consumer policy is an essential component of a quality-of-life policy. It is shown how interdisciplinary efforts could foster this endeavor. The consumer welfare should be central to the political economy system. Thus a detailed analysis of the primary elements that interrelate to produce possible levels of welfare are examined. In depth consideration of the following five points consitute the bulk of the paper: (i) consumer choice and freedom, (ii) controls available to consumers over their environment, (iii) the demographic characteristics of consumer populations over the life-cycle, (iv) the interaction between the individual and the group emerging from the hierarchies of influence at the individual, group and society levels, (v) structure of the markets, degree of concentration and business practices related to sales. As a result of this analysis it can be concluded that several policy measure can redress the balance of power between consumers, business and government, however there is an urgent need for action by the consumers themselves. The initiative for effective social action in consumerism rests in the last resort with the consumers themselves. They can and do form coalitions which can be effective in influencing the course of events.
Perturbative QCD, a universal QCD scale, long-range spin-orbit potential, and the properties of heavy quarkonia.

A modified version of Richardson's potential is used to calculate the energies, fine-structure splittings, leptonic widths, and dipole transition rates of charmonium and the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ system. The effects of the perturbative color-magnetic (spin-dependent) potentials are included to the full radiative one-loop level. The question of the consistency of the data with a universal QCD scale and its expression in the central and spin-dependent potentials is addressed.
The Emission Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide

The emission spectrum of carbon dioxide has been studied by the electron beam excitation method used by Smyth and Arnott. The whole range of the spectrum from 6500 to 1400 has been examined and only the bands reported by Fox, Duffendack and Barker in the region from 2700 to 5000 have been observed. A particular effort was made to get in emission the extreme ultraviolet bands reported by Leifson in absorption but it was unsuccessful. The "second negative bands of carbon" are shown to be probably identical with parts of the Fox, Duffendack and Barker system. This system of some two hundred bands is partially analyzed into fifteen progressions of band heads given by the formula $\ensuremath{\nu}=26,271\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}+1136.85v\ensuremath{-}1.85{v}^{2}$ where ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}$ takes on a particular value for each progression and $v=0,1\ensuremath{\cdots}10$. About one hundred bands fit into this arrangement. This empirical analysis is shown to be consistent with a scheme of energy levels involving two normal modes of vibration (${{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) in the upper electronic state and two (${{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$) in the lower electronic state. The $2{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ state is split into two separated by 166 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; this and the values of the frequencies are consistent with Dennison's and Barker and Martin's analysis of the infrared spectrum but since the spectrum here analyzed presumably does not involve the normal state the frequencies are numerically different.
D-optimal weighing designs and optimal chemical balance weighing designs for estimating the total weight

This paper provides D-optimal spring balance designs for estimating individual weights when the number of objects to be weighed in each weighing, B, is fixed. D-optimal chemical balance designs for estimating total weight under both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous error variances are found when the number of objects weighed in each weighing is ≥ B, a fixed number. We indicate the restriction used in Chacko & Dey(1978) and Kageyama(1988), i.e. that chemical designs X be restricted to designs in which exactly “a” objects are replaced on the left pan and exactly “b” on the right pan in each of the weighings for a, b > 0, is unnecessary.
Distributed-Feedback Double-Heterostructure GaAs Injection Laser with Fundamental Grating

The pulse operation of two DEF GaAs junction lasers employing the fundamental grating order at 77$sup 0$K for double-heterostructures formed by both liquid and vapor phase epitaxy is described. (TFD)
Distinctly Different Glass Transition Behaviors of Trehalose Mixed with Na2HPO4 or NaH2PO4: Evidence for its Molecular Origin

Purpose The present study is aimed at understanding how the interactions between sugar molecules and phosphate ions affect the glass transition temperature of their mixtures, and the implications for pharmaceutical formulations.
Use of Biomimetic Diversity-Oriented Synthesis to Discover Galanthamine-Like Molecules with Biological Properties beyond Those of the Natural Product

diversity-oriented synthesis to construct a library based on a natural product, galanthamine (2, Figure 1), with the goal of discovering molecules that exhibit biological effects beyond those previously associated with the natural product. Although 2 is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, 8 our aim was not to improve this activity. Galanthamine was selected because it offered a range of functionality for diversity-generating reactions, it presented a rigid polycyclic core that might lower the potential entropy penalty associated with protein binding, and it allowed for the use of powerful biomimetic reactions in the synthesis. 9 In this communication, we report a biomimetic solid-phase synthesis of 2527 molecules based on the alkaloid natural product galanthamine and the identification of a molecule from the library that perturbs the secretory pathway in mammalian cells 10 sa process unrelated to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of 2.
Escherichia coli dnaG gene product is required for a normal rate of phage T4 DNA synthesis

Abstract An Escherichia coli dna G temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutant, which produces a defective RNA primase, does not permit normal bacteriophage T4 growth and a normal rate of DNA synthesis. By contrast an E. coli dnaC ts mutant, a revertant of the dnaG ts mutant, and wild type allow a normal rate of phage T4 DNA synthesis. Evidence is presented that the phage gene 61 RNA primase and the host dna G primase act independently of each other. We speculate that the host dna G primase may be utilized for initiation of phage T4 DNA synthesis at replicative origins.
Effectiveness of Three Endodontic Irrigants at Various Tubular Depths in Human Dentin

Bacteria from infected root canals can invade dentinal tubules, thus dentin disinfection is an important aspect of endodontic therapy. This study compares three endodontic irrigants for efficiency in killing bacteria established within human dentinal tubules. Root canals in extracted teeth were prepared and sterilized. Broth cultures of Enterococcus faecalis were allowed to grow within the canals to penetrate dentinal tubules. The infected canals were exposed individually to each of the irrigants for 1 min. Irrigants were 0.525% sodium hypochlorite, Tubulicid (0.2% EDTA), and 0.12% chlorhexidine (Peridex). Sterile water was the control. Viable bacteria were analyzed by drilling incrementally into dentin from the cementum toward the canal. Smaller diameter drills were used for each depth. Shavings were cultured at three depths, for each of three root levels: coronal, midroot, and apical. Although considerable variation occurred between roots, sodium hypochlorite seemed to be superior. Tubulicid and Peridex were better than water. More bacteria remained viable at greater distances from the pulp. These observations apparently apply to all levels in the canal.
Selectivity for Conspecific Song in the Zebra Finch Auditory Forebrain

The selectivity of neurons in the zebra finch auditory forebrain for natural sounds was investigated systematically. The principal auditory forebrain area in songbirds consists of the tonotopically organized field L complex, which, by its location in the auditory processing stream, can be compared with the auditory cortex of mammals. We also recorded from a secondary auditory area, cHV. Field L and cHV are auditory processing stages that are presynaptic to the specialized song system nuclei where auditory neurons show an extremely selective response for the bird's own song, but weak response to almost any other sounds, including conspecific songs. In our study, we found that neurons in field L and cHV had stronger responses to conspecific song than to synthetic sounds that were designed to match the lower order acoustical properties of song, such as their overall power spectra and AM spectra. Such preferential responses to natural sounds cannot be explained by linear frequency tuning or simple nonlinear intensity tuning and requires linear or nonlinear spectro-temporal neuronal transfer functions tuned to the acoustical properties of song. The selectivity for conspecific songs in field L and cHV might reflect an intermediate auditory processing stage for vocalizations that then contributes to the generation of the very specific selectivity for the bird's own song seen in the postsynaptic song system.
Controlled trial of immediate endoluminal closure of colon perforations in a porcine model by use of a novel clip device (with videos)

Background Although endoluminal closure of a small perforation of the colon is technically feasible, the outcome of such a closure is unclear. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the feasibility and the outcome of endoluminal closure of a small perforation of the colon with a novel clip device, the InScope MultiClip Applier (IMCA), and to assess the number of clips required for successful closure. Design Prospective controlled study. Setting University hospital. Animals 17 pigs. Interventions A 2-cm full-thickness colon perforation was randomized to 3 groups: control, no closure (n = 4), 2-clip closure (n = 7), and 4-clip closure (n = 6). Main Outcome Measurements (1) Technical feasibility of closure, (2) closure time, (3) clinical monitoring for 2 weeks, (4) necropsy (day 14), and (5) healing by a dye leak test and histologic examination. Results Endoscopic closure of the colon perforation was technically successful in 12 of 13 animals. A wide gaping hole prevented satisfactory closure in 1 animal. The median time for closure with 2 and 4 clips was 2 and 3 minutes, respectively. Clip closure of perforation prevented clinical sepsis ( P = .008) and diminished the risk for fibrinous peritonitis ( P = .02 for a single test of hypothesis; however, correction for the multiple testing of data removes this significance) and adhesion formation ( P = .008) compared with controls, without any leakage. The outcomes of 2- and 4-clip closure were similar. Conclusions Endoluminal closure of a 2-cm colon perforation with clips is successful in preventing peritonitis and adhesions and it can be accomplished quickly with this novel device. Clip closure at 1-cm intervals is sufficient for successful closure of a 2-cm colon perforation.
Blood pressure monitoring technique impacts hypertension treatment.

BACKGROUND In 2005 the American Heart Association (AHA) released updated recommendations for blood pressure (BP) monitoring in order to ensure accurate BP measurements.
Transistor plug-in units for digital computing systems

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper is divided into two sections. Section I describes the results of approximately six million transistor hours of operation on various types of transistors from four different manufacturers. The data was taken on two different transistor systems containing digital type circuitry and on a set of transistor flip-flop circuits operated under semi-controlled conditions. The types of transistor failures that have occurred will be listed and the general aging trend will be discussed. This section will be accompanied with slides showing some of the circuitry. Based on the above life data along with the experience gained in operating transistor systems, Section II will cite certain conclusions leading to the design of reliable switching-type circuits. In particular a design procedure is demonstrated in the form of a clamped-level multivibrator. This section will show how initial discrepancies in transistor parameters are taken into account along with long term drifts in 'B' and 'Ico.' Aside from the fundamental design practices involved, the multivibrator circuit is chosen because it is relatively difficult to obtain the functional equivalent of a vacuum tube multivibrator due to transistor idiosyncrasies. These idiosyncrasies include low input impedance and hence slow circuit response because of the large coupling capacitors necessary for even small delays. The paper will be concluded with comments regarding clamped vs. unclamped logic and large system operation.
Organ culture of craniofacial primordia.

Abstract Organ culture systems have proven extremely useful techniques in studies that investigate the process of normal and abnormal development. The explant of tissues into an organ culture system is one of the few techniques that maintains three-dimensional cellular interactions under conditions that simultaneously permit controlled experimental manipulation in vitro . In this article we outline a procedure for growing “faces” in culture. In this system, the facial primordia prepared from embryonic mice or chicks can be maintained in culture for up to 7–8 days. During this time, the facial primordia continue to grow, differentiate, fuse and develop into organized structures that closely resemble those observed in situ . The procedure is relatively simple, requiring only a stable substratum, culture medium, sufficient oxygenation and incubation of the organ system at 37°C. The advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are presented, along with detailed methods to help troubleshoot some of the common pitfalls of organ culture systems.
The Effect of Scaffold Macroporosity on Angiogenesis and Cell Survival in Tissue-Engineered Smooth Muscle

Angiogenesis and survival of cells within thick scaffolds is a major concern in tissue engineering. The purpose of this study is to increase the survival of intestinal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in implanted tissue-engineered constructs. We incorporated 250-μm pores in multi-layered, electrospun scaffolds with a macroporosity ranging from 15% to 25% to facilitate angiogenesis. The survival of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing SMCs was evaluated after 2 weeks of implantation. Whereas host cellular infiltration was similar in scaffolds with different macroporosities, blood vessel development increased with increasing macroporosity. Scaffolds with 25% macropores had the most GFP-expressing SMCs, which correlated with the highest degree of angiogenesis over 1 mm away from the outermost layer. The 25% macroporous group exceeded a critical threshold of macropore connectivity, accelerating angiogenesis and improving implanted cell survival in a tissue-engineered smooth muscle construct.
Contribution of STAT SH2 groups to specific interferon signaling by the Jak-STAT pathway

In response to specific ligands, various STAT proteins (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are phosphorylated on tyrosine by Jak protein kinases and translocated to the nucleus to direct gene transcription. Selection of a STAT at the interferon gamma receptor as well as specific STAT dimer formation depended on the presence of particular SH2 groups (phosphotyrosine-binding domains), whereas the amino acid sequence surrounding the phosphorylated tyrosine on the STAT could vary. Thus, SH2 groups in STAT proteins may play crucial roles in specificity at the receptor kinase complex and in subsequent dimerization, whereas the kinases are relatively nonspecific.
RNA metabolism in the macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus during the cell cycle

Abstract The rate of RNA synthesis in the macronucleus of Euplotes increases two- to four-fold immediately prior to the onset of DNA synthesis and declines rapidly to the early G1 rate shortly after the initiation of DNA synthesis. During the S phase the rate of RNA synthesis continues to decrease slowly. It is clear that the amount of DNA has little if any influence on the rate of RNA synthesis. Increase in macronuclear RNA occurs predominantly if not exclusively during the G1 period and the first part of the S phase. In Euplotes labeled for one cell cycle and subsequently grown on non-radioactive food the content of radioactive RNA drops by 40% during the first cell cycle, reflecting the breakdown of rapid turnover RNA and/or the exit of RNA from the macronucleus. During the subsequent three cell cycles the amount of radioactive nuclear RNA decreases very slowly. The experiments suggest the presence in the macronucleus of a large amount of relatively stable, non-migrating RNA. This interpretation is supported by observations on starving cells in which the radioactive RNA content of the macronucleus declines very slowly over many days. Autoradiographic observations indicated that the rate of loss of RNA from the macronucleus of growing cells is not detectably influenced by the DNA replication bands that pass through the nucleus during the S phase. During amitosis of the macronucleus the amount of labeled nuclear RNA decreases significantly. The sum total of labeled RNA per predivision macronucleus or per average pair of daughter nuclei is significantly greater than the amount in the average dividing nucleus. The data apparently reflect the transient displacement of some RNA to the cytoplasm during amitosis of the macronucleus.
STANDARDIZING CLINICAL STUDY DESIGNS FOR ACCELERATING DRUG DEVELOPMENT

The goal of drug development must be to eliminate from further development those compounds that are not worthy of further investment and to eliminate them as soon as possible. Issues in dealing with early clinical trials in man and questions regarding their necessity are presented. The argument is made that early Phase I and Phase II trials, or at least the reasons for running them, must be standardized rigidly across all drugs in a portfolio and that early Phase II trials must be made definitive in the patient population of interest. An example of such a scheme is given. A list of intangible benefits of a standardized process is also offered.
Floods in Texas

Floods in Texas, with their ever-increasing list of damages and loss of life, have within recent years become one of the major problems confronting the State. During the eight years since 1929 losses due to floods in Texas have conservatively been estimated by the United States Weather Bureau at more than $50,000,000. While the damages from floods are undoubtedly increasing, the runoff-records do not indicate that floods are necessarily increasing either in magnitude or frequency. The greater damages are due primarily to man's encroachment upon the natural flood-ways. In fact, if historical evidence is to be considered, a number of well-established high-water marks of earlier floods indicate higher stages at many points than have been reached since runoff-records began.
Language integrated query: unified querying across data sources and programming languages

.NET Language Integrated Query (LINQ) is based on the philosophy that querying should be native to your object-oriented programming language. LINQ allows you to write queries in a uniform way in your programming language itself, taking full advantage of strong typing and tool support. Any data source provider can plug into the LINQ framework, allowing it to be queried from within any .NET programming language in a strongly typed, uniform way. This demo focuses on querying in C#. We show the strongly typed querying experience across in-memory collections, relational databases and XML documents.
Agents for Cultural Reproduction and Structural Change: The Ironic Role of Women in Immigrant Religious Institutions

Changes in the roles of women in 13 immigrant religious institutions in Houston, Texas, are analyzed usinggender theories related to the reproduction ofgender and to structural changes that enhance opportunities.for women. In immigrant congregations, women uniformly play central roles in reproducing traditional ethnic culture as they "do gender." Their access to lay honorific and authority positions, however, is increasing in nearly all 13 cases as a result of (1) considerable expansion in the number of lay roles and (2) enhanced resources on the part of women, flowingfrom employment and education, which spur them to seek changes in their status and roles within their congregations. The extent of women's access toformal congregational roles is significantly an inverse function of the strength of men's desires tofill them, which, in turn, reflects the extent to which men have suffered social status loss in the migration process. Immigrant religious institutions play central roles simultaneously in helping new immigrants to adapt to U.S. society and in re-creating and reproducing traditional ethnic culture. They provide one of the most important physical and social spaces, if not the most important, in which both the changes required by the new social milieu and the continuities desired by immigrant members can be achieved (see Ebaugh & Chafetz n.d.). In this article, we concentrate on the fundamentally