cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measured Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow and Subsequent Growth of Turbulent Wakes

Abstract : Turbulent transition distances and growth of turbulent wakes behind 3/16-in. copper-clad aluminum spheres traveling through rarefied air at 18,000 to 20,000 fps are presented. The data are taken by two independent methods: twin schlieren systems (optical) and a UHF microwave cavity (electronic). The turbulent transition distances are measured to several thousands of sphere diameters at the lower pressures by both methods. Turbulent wake widths are also determined by both techniques and the 1/3 power growth rate is confirmed for these velocities. (Author)
Influence of a Wheat Diet on Mortality of Broiler Chickens Associated with Necrotic Enteritis

In an experiment to determine methods of incorporating soft winter wheat into broiler diets, a significant increase in mortality was observed in broilers fed wheat in crumbled diets. This increase in mortality was associated with necrotic enteritis with Clostridium perfringens indicated as the causative pathogen and complicated by a coccidiosis outbreak. When yellow corn was used in the diet, mortality was 2.9%. Use of all wheat, ground with a hammer mill, increased mortality to 28.9%. However, roller mill-ground wheat diet resulted in a mortality of 18.1%. When the grain component was approximately 50% wheat and 50% corn, mortality was 12.6% for broilers fed hammer mill-ground wheat and 3.4% for roller mill-ground wheat. Grain and feed were tested for several mycotoxins. Low levels of deoxynivalenol were found in both corn and wheat diets, but no differences between the corn and wheat-based diets were found that would explain the incidence of enteritis.
A training model for the diagnosis of autism in community pediatric practice.

Objective Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) currently represents a critical public health and clinical practice issue. Waits for diagnostic services are quite lengthy and hinder the start of early intervention services thought to be crucial for optimizing functional developmental outcomes for children and their families. In this study, we present data from a newly developed training program (Screening Tools and Referral Training-Evaluation and Diagnosis training) designed to help pediatricians diagnose young children with ASD in the context of traditional community practice settings. Methods A small, targeted group of community pediatricians participated in an intensive training, conducted specialized ASD evaluations within their own practices, and then referred a consecutive series of children to a medical center diagnostic clinic for an independent assessment of ASD. Conclusion Results of this small pilot study indicate good agreement (71%) between pediatrician judgments and independent diagnostic ASD evaluations, but a significant trend toward overidentification when a diagnostic decision is forced. We discuss the implications of this study with regard to revisiting traditional service models of diagnostic assessment for young children with ASD.
Variation in the malic enzyme 2 gene: implications for the pharmacogenomics of psychotic disorders

Michael Escamilla University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Departments of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Medical Genetics Research Center, 1214 W. Schunior St, Edinburgh, TX 78539, USA Tel.: +1 956 393 6411; Fax: +1 956 393 6402; E-mail: escamillam@ uthscsa.edu ‘As genes are discovered that are associated with [psychotic] disorders through reverse genetic methodologies ... we are beginning to finally see new targets emerge for pharmacologic treatment development.’
The prospect of inter-data-center optical networks

Mega data centers and their interconnection networks have drawn great attention in recent years because of the rapid public adoption of cloud-based services. The unprecedented amount of data that needs to be communicated between data centers imposes new requirements and challenges to inter-data-center optical networks. In this article, we discuss the traffic growth trends and capacity demands of Google?s inter-data-center network, and how they drive the network architectures and technologies to scale capacities and operational ease on existing fiber plants. We extensively review recent research findings and emerging technologies, such as digital coherent detection and the flexgrid dense wavelength-division multiplexed channel plan, and propose practical implementations, such as C+L-band transmission, packet and optical layer integration, and a software-defined networking enabled network architecture for both capacity and operational scaling. In addition, we point out a few critical areas that require more attention and research to improve efficiency and flexibility of an inter-data-center optical network: optical regeneration, data rate mismatch between Ethernet and optical transport, and real-time optical performance monitoring.
A theory of corneal endothelial polymegethism and aging

An analysis of the corneal endothelium of a 23 year old female who had never worn contact lenses but who had unilateral ptosis, showed marked endothelial pleomorphism of the cornea underneath the closed lid. Since corneal hypoxia has been shown to produce corneal endothelial polymegethism in contact lens wearers, and since hypoxic conditions exist under the closed lid, it is reasonable to assume that the polymegethous endothelial changes which occur with aging are a result of chronic corneal exposure to hypoxic conditions under the closed lid during sleep. Corneal hypoxia is apparently not the cause of declining endothelial cell density with age.
How Much Does Schooling Influence General Intelligence and Its Cognitive Components? A Reassessment of the Evidence.

This is a review of the relationship between schooling, IQ, and the cognitive processes presumed to underpin IQ. The data suggest that much of the causal pathway between IQ and schooling points in the direction of the importance of the quantity of schooling one attains (highest grade successfully completed). Schooling fosters the development of cognitive processes that underpin performance on most IQ tests. In western nations, schooling conveys this influence on IQ and cognition through practices that appear unrelated to systematic variation in quality of schools. If correct, this could have implications for the meaning one attaches to IQ in screening and prediction as well as for efforts to influence the development of IQ through changes in schooling practices
Corrosion and Electrodissolution Studies of Cobalt and Copper Thin Films with the Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Microelectrodes

Abstract The electrodissolution and corrosion of cobalt was studied in 0.1 N H2SO4 with a rotating disk electrode (RDE), microband electrodes (MBE), and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The corrosion rates obtained by voltammetry were very close to those obtained with the QCM. Copper electrodissolution in 0.1 N HCl revealed that spherical diffusion enhanced the mass-transport rate at a Cu microdisk electrode and gave electrodissolution rates comparable to a RDE at high rotation speeds. Corrosion of Cu films on a QCM in oxygenated 0.1 N HCl was constant as a function of film thickness with rates up to 0.06 nm/s.
Synthesis of new carbosilane dendrimers with hydrophilic end-groups. Polyols

The synthesis and characterization of a series of four-, eight-, 16-, and 32-arm carbosilane dendrimers are reported. The four-arm dendrimer was synthesized via the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with a primary organomagnesium compound. The other dendrimers were obtained through an efficient hydrosilylation of polyolefinic dendritic cores with functionalized alkylhydrosilanes. The latter reaction holds promise for the synthesis of larger generation carbosilanes with various hydrophilic end-groups. These compounds should find use as multifunctional anionic initiators for the synthesis of dendrimer-polymer hybrids.
The Political Economy of Low Inflation

What are the politics of inflation? This question is usually raised solely when inflation rates are high. All levels of inflation, however, high and low, are the outcome of political conflicts. But no current approach to the study of inflation--sociological, neoclassical, modern political economy--adequately captures the full range of political issues at stake, and this leads to problems for both theory and policy. This paper critiques the existing perspectives on inflation and then focuses on three theoretical issues raised by those critiques: the economic costs of inflation; the concept of monetary neutrality from economic and political perspectives; and the importance of disaggregating economic growth statistics. Finally, the paper introduces and explores a contending approach to the analysis of the political economy of inflation: a "micro-politics" perspective. This approach is the only one to address the politics of low inflation, which is of great significance for contemporary political economy. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd
Structural and dynamics studies of the D54A mutant of human T cell leukemia virus-1 capsid protein.

Abstract The human T cell leukemia virus and the human immunodeficiency virus share a highly conserved, predominantly helical two-domain mature capsid (CA) protein structure with an N-terminal β-hairpin. Despite overall structural similarity, differences exist in the backbone dynamic properties of the CA N-terminal domain. Since studies with other retroviruses suggest that the β-hairpin is critical for formation of a CA-CA interface, we investigated the functional role of the human T cell leukemia virus β-hairpin by disrupting the salt bridge between Pro1 and Asp54 that stabilizes the β-hairpin. NMR 15N relaxation data were used to characterize the backbone dynamics of the D54A mutant in the context of the N-terminal domains, compared with the wild-type counterpart. Moreover, the effect of the mutation on proteolytic processing and release of virus-like particles (VLPs) from human cells in culture was determined. Conformational and dynamic changes resulting from the mutation were detected by NMR spectroscopy. The mutation also altered the conformation of mature CA in cells and VLPs, as reflected by differential antibody recognition of the wild-type and mutated CA proteins. In contrast, the mutation did not detectably affect antibody recognition of the CA protein precursor or release of VLPs assembled by the precursor, consistent with the fact that the hairpin cannot form in the precursor molecule. The particle morphology and size were not detectably affected. The results indicate that the β-hairpin contributes to the overall structure of the mature CA protein and suggest that differences in the backbone dynamics of the β-hairpin contribute to mature CA structure, possibly introducing flexibility into interface formation during proteolytic maturation.
Current status of environmental barrier coatings for Si-Based ceramics

Silicon-based ceramics are the leading candidates for high temperature structural components in next generation gas turbine engines. One key drawback of silicon-based ceramics for such an application is volatilization of the protective silica scale in water vapor and the resulting rapid ceramic recession. Therefore, the realization of Si-based ceramics components in advanced gas turbine engines depends on the development of protection schemes from water vapor attack. Currently, plasma-sprayed external environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are the most promising approach. In the late 1980s and early 1990s a wide range of refractory oxide materials were tested as coatings on Si-based ceramics to provide protection from hot corrosion. After the discovery of silica volatilization in water vapor in the early 1990s, the focus of EBC development research has been shifted towards the protection from water vapor attack. Experience learned form the earlier coating developmental effort provided the foundation upon which more complex and advanced EBC coatings have been developed. This paper will discuss the brief history and the current status of EBC development for Si-based ceramics with the main focus on water vapor protection.
The 2011 Horizon Report: Challenges and Innovations in the Classroom: Conference Report

Presenter: Dr. Deborah Lee, Professor and Coordinator of Library Instructional Services and Associate Director of the Center for Teaching & Learning, Mississippi State University Deborah Lee's pres...
Production and Characterization of High-Titer Stocks of Rev-Defective HIV-1

High-titer stocks of rev-defective HIV-1 virions have been produced and characterized. To produce these stocks, CEM cells transduced with a murine retroviral vector that expresses Rev were used to support the growth of an HIV-1 genome containing four inactivating mutations in the rev gene. The resulting viral stocks were of high-titer when used to infect CEM cells that expressed Rev, but had no measurable titer when used to infect parental CEM cells; replication-competent virus was not detected. As expected, these rev-defective viruses established early gene expression in parental CEM cells as demonstrated by the accumulation of viral mRNAs and Nef protein. The expression of late genes was impaired as demonstrated by the inability of these viruses to direct the accumulation of singly spliced mRNA or p24 antigen. These defective viruses did not interfere with replication of the wild-type virus, although they were produced at low levels during coinfection experiments. This experimental system may be useful for the study of early events during the HIV-1 life cycle. In addition, this system represents a simple method of gene transfer into CD4-positive cells using replication-defective but transcriptionally active HIV-1.
Osteoarthritis pain mechanisms: Basic studies in animal models

Summary Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex and painful disease of the whole joint. At present there are no satisfying agents for treating OA. To promote OA research and improved treatment, this review summarizes current preclinical evidence on the development of OA. Methods Preclinical OA research was searched and key findings are summarized and commented. Results Mechanisms of OA-associated pain have been studied in rodent knee OA models produced by intra-knee injection of the chondrocyte glycolytic inhibitor mono-iodoacetate (MIA), surgery, or spontaneous development in some species. These models are clinically relevant in terms of histological damage and functional changes, and are used to study mechanisms underlying mechanical, thermal, ambulatory, body weight supporting-evoked, and ongoing OA pain. Recent peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal biochemical and electrophysiological studies in these models suggest that peripheral pro-inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides sensitize knee nociceptors. Spinal cytokines and neuropeptides promote OA pain, and peripheral and spinal cannabinoids inhibit OA pain respectively through cannabinoid-1 (CB1) and CB1/CB2 receptors. TRPV1 and metalloproteinases contribute and supraspinal descending facilitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)/5-HT 3 receptors may also contribute to OA pain. Conditioned place preference tests demonstrate that OA pain induces aversive behaviors, suggesting the involvement of brain. During OA, brain functional connectivity is enhanced, but at present it is unclear how this change is related to OA pain. Conclusion Animal studies demonstrate that peripheral and central sensitization contributes to OA pain, involving inflammatory cytokines, neuropeptides, and a variety of chemical mediators. Interestingly, brainstem descending facilitation of 5-HT/5-HT3 receptors plays a role OA pain.
Home Visitation for Pregnant Women and Parents of Young Children

• Many of the most pervasive, intractable, and costly problems faced by high-risk women and young children in our society today are a consequence of adverse maternal health-related behaviors (such as cigarette smoking, drinking, and drug use during pregnancy), dysfunctional infant care giving, and stressful environmental conditions that interfere with individual and family functioning. These problems include low birth weight, child abuse and neglect, childhood injuries, unintended and closely spaced pregnancy, and reduced economic self-sufficiency on the part of parents. Evidence is accumulating that these problems can be reduced with comprehensive programs of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses. While we are witnessing a renaissance of interest in home visitation as a means of addressing these problems, the recommendations of various health and human service advisory groups about the structure of proposed home-visitation initiatives are uncoordinated and frequently inconsistent with the empirical evidence. Home visitation is a promising strategy, but only when the program meets certain standards. The more successful programs contain the following: (1) a focus on families at greater need for the service, (2) the use of nurses who begin during pregnancy and follow the family at least through the second year of the child's life, (3) the promotion of positive health-related behaviors and qualities of infant care giving, and (4) provisions to reduce family stress by improving the social and physical environments in which families live. (AJDC. 1992;146:704-708)
Neoplastic disease in bivalve mollusks from Oregon estuaries with emphasis on research on proliferative disorders in Yaquina Bay oysters.

Studies were conducted on oysters (Ostrea lurida) in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to determine seasonal effects on proliferative disorders, correlation between onset of the condition and age of oysters, and the exact nature of the proliferative disorders. Imported oysters were planted at various locations; the mortality was monitored and monthly histological examinations were made. Results indicated that the disorders did not occur in significant numbers of oysters. There were occasional, small, late-summer oyster mortalities associated with increased water temperature and blooms of Vibrio bacteria. There was no definitive evidence to indicate whether the proliferative disorder caused mortality of the affected oysters. (HLW)
On linear noetherian groups

Abstract According to L. Auslander and R. Swan any group containing a polycyclic subgroup of finite index can be faithfully represented by integral matrices. A constructive proof is given and it is shown that conversely every noetherian group of matrices of finite degree over any field contains a polycyclic subgroup of finite index.
Evaluation and Management of Oral Lesions in the Emergency Department

This article reviews the emergency diagnosis and treatment of oral lesions. It presents a framework for developing a differential diagnosis based on the color of the lesions, describes emergency department interventions, and identifies pitfalls for the emergency physician.
Hidden Consumer Loans: An Analysis of Implicit Interest Rates on Bounced Checks

Payday lending attracts attention for its high interest rates, but bounce protection loans are much more expensive. Bounce protection is a program where consumers overdraft—write checks in excess of the checking account balance—and the bank pays the check allowing the account balance to be negative. For this service/loan, banks charge the standard non-sufficient funds (NSF) fee. When the amount borrowed is low and the time outstanding is short, the effective interest rate paid on this loan can be quite high. Using a unique data set we were able to quantify how high the interest rate is. We found that the median implicit interest paid by consumers is over 4,000%.
Non-invasive detection of transplanted pancreatic islets

Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent, IDDM) results in immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, which leads to a deficiency in insulin secretion and as a result, to hyperglycaemia. Keeping blood glucose levels under tight control represents the most effective way either to prevent the onset or to reduce the progression of the chronic complications of IDDM. At present, pancreatic islet transplantation is emerging as the most promising clinical modality, which can stop diabetes progression without increasing the incidence of hypoglycaemic events. Although early results of clinical trials using the Edmonton Protocol and its variations are very encouraging, it is still unclear how long the islets will survive and how often the transplantation procedure will be successful. In order to monitor transplantation efficiency and graft survival, reliable non-invasive imaging methods are critically needed. If such methods are introduced clinically, essential information regarding the location, function and viability of transplanted islets can be obtained repeatedly and non-invasively. This review will focus on the latest advancements in the field of in vivo imaging of islet transplantation and describe various islet labelling and imaging techniques. In addition, we will critically look into limitations and obstacles currently present on the way to successful clinical implementation of this approach.
Photosystem Trap Energies and Spectrally-Dependent Energy-Storage Efficiencies in the Chl d-Utilizing Cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris Marina

Acaryochloris marina is the only species known to utilize chlorophyll (Chl) d as a principal photopigment. The peak absorption wavelength of Chl d is redshifted approx. 40 nm in vivo relative to Chl a, enabling this cyanobacterium to perform oxygenic phototrophy in niche environments enhanced in far-red light. We present measurements of the in vivo energy-storage (E-S) efficiency of photosynthesis in A. marina, obtained using pulsed photoacoustics (PA) over a 90-nm range of excitation wavelengths in the red and far-red. Together with modeling results, these measurements provide the first direct observation of the trap energies of PSI and PSII, and also the photosystem-specific contributions to the total E-S efficiency. We find the maximum observed efficiency in A. marina (40+/-1% at 735 nm) is higher than in the Chl a cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis (35+/-1% at 690 nm). The efficiency at peak absorption wavelength is also higher in A. marina (36+/-1% at 710 nm vs. 31+/-1% at 670 nm). In both species, the trap efficiencies are approx. 40% (PSI) and approx. 30% (PSII). The PSI trap in A. marina is found to lie at 740+/-5 nm, in agreement with the value inferred from spectroscopic methods. The best fit of the model to the PA data identifies the PSII trap at 723+/-3 nm, supporting the view that the primary electron-donor is Chl d, probably at the accessory (ChlD1) site. A decrease in efficiency beyond the trap wavelength, consistent with uphill energy transfer, is clearly observed and fit by the model. These results demonstrate that the E-S efficiency in A. marina is not thermodynamically limited, suggesting that oxygenic photosynthesis is viable in even redder light environments.
Effects of systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on posterior left atrial wall motion

Abstract In previous echocardiographic studies of left atrial (LA) wall motion, investigators emphasized the importance of the motion of the posterior aortic root,1,2 which abuts on the most mobile portion of the left atrium and responds to volume changes within it. Although the posterior LA wall is considered less mobile, it can be examined directly. Patton et al3 observed that the mobility of the posterior inferior segment moved in a different direction from left ventricular (LV) wall motion and was considered feasible to avoid the inherent disadvantage of using an adjacent structure such as the posterior aortic root to assess cyclic LA wall changes. Therefore, we studied the effect of LV hypertrophy on LA wall motion during the passive phase of emptying in early diastole and during atrial systole.
Post-assembly Functionalization of Organoplatinum(II) Metallacycles via Copper-free Click Chemistry

We describe the use of a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction in the post-self-assembly functionalization of organoplatinum(II) metallacycles. The coordination-driven self-assembly of a 120° cyclooctyne-tethered dipyridyl donor with 60° and 120° di-Pt(II) acceptors forms molecular rhomboids and hexagons bearing cyclooctynes. These species undergo post-self-assembly [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition with a variety of azides to give functionalized ensembles under mild conditions.
High Temperature Creep Behavior of Single Crystal Gammpraime and Gamm Laloys

The creep behavior of single crystals of γ′ and γ alloys were investigated and compared to the response of two phase superalloys tested previously. High temperature deformation in the γ alloys was characteristic of a climb controlled mechanism, whereas the γ′ based materials exhibited glide controlled creep behavior. The superalloys were much more creep resistant than their constituent phases, which indicates the importance of the γ-γ′ interface as a barrier for dislocation motion during creep.
Globalization and the computing curriculum

One of the guiding principles of Computing Curriculum 2001 was to ensure that the computing curriculum was international in scope. This article provides a model for achieving this objective by identifying globalization issues that are relevant to computer science. The underlying premise of the model is that technology has enabled globalization while globalization drives technology. The article also proposes three implementation models for integrating the material into the curriculum.
Social relations in semi-free-ranging sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) and the question of female dominance.

Female social dominance over males is thought to characterize most of the prosimian primates of Madagascar. It has been reported in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli in the wild but intersexual relations were not fully characterized. In this paper we examine female-male spatial and agonistic relations in semi-free-ranging P. v. coquereli in order to evaluate intersexual social dominance and related behavioral asymmetries. Two hundred hours of focal sampling were conducted on two pairs of P. v. coquereli at the Duke University Primate Center, Durham, NC. Behavioral categories including approach, departure, follow, pass, replace, and aggression were scored and recorded. Our results show strong asymmetry of aggressive encounters, suggesting female dominance over males. No submissive signals were observed. The analysis of spatial relations showed that males were more active than females in maintaining proximity and, on average, male spatial movements could be predicted by female location and activities more often than vice versa. These results indicate a spatially central role for the female of each pair. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Charlotte: metacomputing on the Web

Abstract Parallel computing on local area networks is generally based on mechanisms that specifically target the properties of the local area network environment. However, these mechanisms do not effectively extend to wide area networks due to issues such as heterogeneity, security, and administrative boundaries. We present a system which enables application programmers to write parallel programs in Java and allows Java-capable browsers to execute parallel tasks. It comprises a virtual machine model which isolates the program from the execution environment, and a runtime system realizing this virtual machine on the Web. Load balancing and fault masking are transparently provided by the runtime system.
Molecular systematics of the butterfly tribe Preponini (Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)

The nymphalid butterfly tribe Preponini includes some of the Neotropical region's most spectacular and familiar butterflies, but the taxonomy of the group nevertheless remains unstable. Several recent studies of Nymphalidae phylogeny have suggested that both the tribe itself and several genera might not be monophyletic, but to date taxon sampling has not been sufficiently comprehensive to allow informed revision of the group's systematics. We therefore conducted the first complete species-level phylogenetic study of the tribe to establish a firm higher classification. We used DNA sequence data from three genes, the two mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII), and the nuclear gene elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), to reconstruct the phylogeny of the tribe using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI). We included 48 individuals representing the 22 recognised Preponini species, and an additional 25 out-group taxa to explore taxonomic limits at different levels. Firstly, we found that Anaeomorpha splendida Rothschild never grouped with remaining Preponini, so that maintaining monophyly of the tribe requires the taxon to be excluded, and we thus reinstate the tribe Anaeomorphini stat.rev. Secondly, we investigated generic limits, in particular the relationship of Noreppa Rydon to Archaeoprepona Fruhstorfer, and that of Agrias Doubleday to Prepona Boisduval. The molecular results coupled with previous morphological studies suggest that Noreppasyn.n should be synonymised with Archaeoprepona, and that Agriassyn.n should be synonymised with Prepona. We found Prepona pheridamas (Cramer) to be sister to all other Prepona, and markedly divergent from them in both morphology and DNA sequences, suggesting the possibility that it should be placed in a separate genus. We also found a number of cases of significant DNA sequence divergence and paraphyly or polyphyly within putative species that require further taxonomic attention, including Prepona claudina (Godart) stat.n. and Prepona narcissus (Staudinger) stat.n.,Prepona pylene Hewitson and Prepona deiphile (Godart). Future research should focus on a broader population sampling of widespread, polymorphic Preponini species to thoroughly revise the current species-level taxonomy, thus creating a solid foundation for studies in ecology and conservation.
Depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol: a comparative study.

The effects of ACTH and exposure to cold on the concentration of adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol were studied in several species. Exposure to severe cold produced significant depression of adrenal ascorbic acid in opossums and dogs, but failed to do so in frogs, toads, chickens, mice, hamsters, rabbits, and cats. ACTH failed to produce such a depletion in frogs, toads, chickens, rabbits, cats, or dogs; significant depressions were observed in opossums, mice and hamsters. Adrenal cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged in most species tested, however, increases were observed in rabbits, following cold exposure, and in frogs, following ACTH treatment.
Chondrogenically Tuned Expansion Enhances the Cartilaginous Matrix-Forming Capabilities of Primary, Adult, Leporine Chondrocytes

When expanded through passage, chondrocytes are known to lose their ability to produce high-quality cartilaginous matrix. This study attempts to improve the properties of constructs formed with expanded chondrocytes through alterations in the expansion protocol and the ratio of primary to expanded chondrocytes used to form cartilage constructs. A chondrogenically-tuned expansion protocol provided similar monolayer growth rates as those obtained using serum containing medium and enhanced cartilaginous properties of resultant constructs. Various ratios of primary to chondrogenically-expanded chondrocytes were then self-assembled to form neocartilage. Biochemical analysis showed that constructs formed with only expanded cells had twice the GAG per wet weight and collagen II/collagen I ratio compared to constructs formed with primary chondrocytes. Biomechanically, compressive properties of constructs formed with only passaged cells matched the instantaneous modulus and exceeded the relaxation modulus of constructs formed with only primary cells. These counterintuitive results show that by applying proper expansion and three-dimensional culture techniques the cartilage forming potential of adult chondrocytes expanded through passaging can be enhanced over that of primary cells.
Correlation Function of Fields in One-Dimensional Bose-Gas

Correlation function of fields is presented as a Fredholm minor, at finite coupling constant in one-dimensional Bose gas.
Cortical magnification plus cortical plasticity equals vision

Most approaches to visual prostheses have focused on the retina, and for good reasons. The earlier that one introduces signals into the visual system, the more one can take advantage of its prodigious computational abilities. For methods that make use of microelectrodes to introduce electrical signals, however, the limited density and volume occupying nature of the electrodes place severe limits on the image resolution that can be provided to the brain. In this regard, non-retinal areas in general, and the primary visual cortex in particular, possess one large advantage: "magnification factor" (MF)-a value that represents the distance across a sheet of neurons that represents a given angle of the visual field. In the foveal representation of primate primary visual cortex, the MF is enormous-on the order of 15-20 mm/deg in monkeys and humans, whereas on the retina, the MF is limited by the optical design of the eye to around 0.3m m/deg. This means that, for an electrode array of a given density, a much higher-resolution image can be introduced into V1 than onto the retina (or any other visual structure). In addition to this tremendous advantage in resolution, visual cortex is plastic at many different levels ranging from a very local ability to learn to better detect electrical stimulation to higher levels of learning that permit human observers to adapt to radical changes to their visual inputs. We argue that the combination of the large magnification factor and the impressive ability of the cerebral cortex to learn to recognize arbitrary patterns, might outweigh the disadvantages of bypassing earlier processing stages and makes V1 a viable option for the restoration of vision.
The Spatial Practices of Privilege

The Spatial Practices of Privilege focuses on the children9s cottage that stands on the grounds of the Breakers, in Newport, Rhode Island. Designed by Peabody and Stearns in 1886, the cottage was the first of several changes Cornelius Vanderbilt made to the property after he purchased it in 1885. While the main house (designed by Richard Morris Hunt after the first Breakers burned in 1892) has long been interpreted as the architectural reflection of the Vanderbilts9 class status, the cottage has been ignored. Bringing together the methodologies of cultural landscape studies, performance theory, and the history of childhood, Abigail A. Van Slyck argues that the estate played an active role in establishing, maintaining, and enhancing the family9s class status, and that children—and their spatial management—were integral to the process. In its form and content, the cottage evoked middle-class domesticity, but did so in the service of an upper-class identity that sought to distinguish itself from the middle class. Ostensibly a site of play, it was also a place of work, both for the Vanderbilts9 servants as well as for the Vanderbilt offspring. Modeled on an almshouse and devoted to the homely skills of cooking and sewing, the building made claims to humbleness that were refuted by its size, expense, and its spatial arrangements that supported the Vanderbilt children and their parents in the performance of their privileged status.
Ontogeny of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The postnatal development of leucine 5 -enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the hippocampal formation of the rat has been analyzed using immunocytochemical techniques. From the day of birth to postnatal day three, no intrinsic hippocampal elements exhibit immunoreactivity although labeled axons are found within the fimbria, within the alveus, and in the vicinity of the angular bundle. On postnatal day 4, a few immunoreactive hippocampal neurons can be seen in stratum radiatum of the region CA3 and by postnatal day 8, within the hilus, strata pyramidale and oriens of regio superior, and the subiculum. There is a dramatic increase in the incidence of immunoreactive perikarya between postnatal days 8 and 10 in all fields as well as the appearance of labeled neurons in CA1 stratum pyramidale and stratum granulosum of the dentate gyrus. Two days after the first appearance of immunoreactive perikarya, intensely immunoreactive neurons, labeled much more extensively than is ever seen in the adult, are encountered in each subfield of the hippocampus. The spatio-temporal order in both the emergence of perikaryal immunoreactivity and the transient appearance of intensely immunoreactive neurons follows that of neurogenesis, with immunoreactivity developing 12–14 days after the peak period of last cell division for a given hippocampal region. The incidence of immunoreactive perikarya in the dentate gyrus was quantified in rat pups ranging from postnatal days 8 to 19. The appearance of labeled neurons followed the spatio-temporal gradients that have been described for neurogenesis in this region as well. Immunoreactive perikarya emerged in the suprapyramidal stratum granulosum prior to their emergence in the infrapyramidal zone and in the temporal pole of the dentate earlier than in the mid-dorsoventral dentate. The lateral perforant path and mossy fiber axons, seen to exhibit enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the adult hippocampal formation, differ in their relative maturity at the age immunoreactivity first appears. Immunoreactivity appears as early as postnatal day 4 in the lateral perforant path, an age at which these axons are just growing into their target field while it is not found within the mossy fibers until after postnatal day 10, an age at which mossy fiber bouton elaboration is well advanced and physiologically competent mossy fiber synapses with the regio inferior pyramidal cells have been established. The latter observation indicates that enkephalin is not necessary for synaptic transmission at the mossy fiber synapse.
Effects of imposed defocus of opposite sign on temporal gene expression patterns of BMP4 and BMP7 in chick RPE.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of imposed optical defocus on the expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and 7 (BMP4, BMP7) in chick retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as indicators of roles in postnatal eye growth regulation. BMP4 and BMP7 gene and protein expression patterns were characterized for retina, RPE and choroid tissues of young normal White-Leghorn chickens. The effects of short-term (2 and 48 h) exposure to monocular +10 and −10 diopter (D) lenses on RPE gene expression of BMP4 and BMP7 were also examined. Tissues from both treated and fellow eyes as well as from eyes of age-matched untreated birds were included in the latter experiment. Of ocular tissues comprising the posterior wall of the chick eye, RPE showed the highest expression of BMP4 and BMP7 mRNA, compared to retina and choroid. Western blots and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of BMP4 and BMP7 protein in all layers – retina, RPE, choroid and sclera. With imposed defocus, both BMP4 and BMP7 showed bidirectional changes in expression in RPE, however, with different temporal patterns. With +10 D lenses, BMP4 gene expression was up-regulated after both 2 and 48 h of treatment, while BMP7 expression was up-regulated only after 48 h of lens wear. With −10 D lenses, both BMP4 and BMP7 showed down-regulation of gene expression for both 2 and 48 h treatment durations. With the −10 D lens treatment applied for 48 h, gene expression for both BMP4 and BMP7 was also down-regulated in contralateral fellows of treated eyes compared to eyes of untreated chicks. The rapid changes in gene expression in chick RPE observed for both BMP4 and BMP7, up or down according to the sign of imposed optical defocus, resemble similar trends reported for BMP2. Further studies are needed to confirm the roles of BMPs as ocular growth modulators, as suggested by these data. The data also suggest a role for the RPE as a conduit for relaying growth modulatory retinal signals.
Quantitative Relations of Physical Habitat Features to Channel Slope and Discharge in Unaltered Mountain Streams

ABSTRACT Two habitat gradients—channel slope and stream size—are important determinants of physical habitat features among streams in the central Rocky Mountains. Among 48 stream reaches in 15 streams in southeastern Wyoming, 35 habitat features were assessed for their relation to channel slope and stream size. Simple-regression analysis identified 21 habitat features significantly related to channel slope and 12 related to stream size. Multiple-regression analysis demonstrated that both channel slope and stream size significantly accounted for variation in 15 habitat features. Among the 35 habitat variables, 32 were significantly related to channel slope or stream size.
ANF: a fast and scalable tool for data mining in massive graphs

Graphs are an increasingly important data source, with such important graphs as the Internet and the Web. Other familiar graphs include CAD circuits, phone records, gene sequences, city streets, social networks and academic citations. Any kind of relationship, such as actors appearing in movies, can be represented as a graph. This work presents a data mining tool, called ANF, that can quickly answer a number of interesting questions on graph-represented data, such as the following. How robust is the Internet to failures? What are the most influential database papers? Are there gender differences in movie appearance patterns? At its core, ANF is based on a fast and memory-efficient approach for approximating the complete "neighbourhood function" for a graph. For the Internet graph (268K nodes), ANF's highly-accurate approximation is more than 700 times faster than the exact computation. This reduces the running time from nearly a day to a matter of a minute or two, allowing users to perform ad hoc drill-down tasks and to repeatedly answer questions about changing data sources. To enable this drill-down, ANF employs new techniques for approximating neighbourhood-type functions for graphs with distinguished nodes and/or edges. When compared to the best existing approximation, ANF's approach is both faster and more accurate, given the same resources. Additionally, unlike previous approaches, ANF scales gracefully to handle disk resident graphs. Finally, we present some of our results from mining large graphs using ANF.
The effect of outpatient visit volume on inpatient teaching services.

Ambulatory clinics at public teaching institutions often have less potential for generating revenues than the inpatient services. In times of fiscal constraint, they are, therefore, vulnerable targets for cutbacks in services. A financial crisis in the Bexar County Hospital District led to administrative changes which caused a 20 percent decline in outpatient visits for the entire year. This resulted in a 10 percent fall in the inpatient census and adverse effects on teaching programs and on hospital finances. A regression of inpatient activity with outpatient activity showed a highly significant correlation (r = .57, p less than .01). The decline in the inpatient census contributed to a renewed institutional commitment to ambulatory services. In addition to their direct role in patient care and training, the outpatient clinics thus appear to be essential to the success of inpatient teaching programs. These data emphasize the importance of "vertical integration" (that is, ownership of facilities providing several levels of care) of services to the survival of academic health centers.
Touching Photographs By Margaret Olin

10.1080/15551393.2013.820594-F0001 Margaret Olin Touching Photographs 273 pages Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 2012 $35.00 Touching Photographs is an apt title for Olin's book because the...
Extension of the cleft lip phenotype: The subepithelial cleft

We present a previously undescribed occult malformation of the upper lip manifest by discontinuity of the orbicularis oris muscle. The relationship of this defect to our current concept of abnormal maxillary process development is discussed along with a proposal to extend the cleft lip phenotype. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxygen radical generation by microsomes: role of iron and implications for alcohol metabolism and toxicity.

Experiments were carried out to evaluate whether the molecular mechanism for ethanol oxidation by microsomes, a minor pathway of alcohol metabolism, involved generation of hydroxyl radical (.OH). Microsomes oxidized chemical .OH scavengers (KMB, DMSO, t-butyl alcohol, benzoate) by a reaction sensitive to catalase, but not SOD. Iron was required for microsomal .OH generation in view of the potent inhibition by desferrioxamine; however, the chelated form of iron was important. Microsomal .OH production was effectively stimulated by ferric EDTA or ferric DTPA, but poorly increased with ferric ATP, ferric citrate, or ferric ammonium sulfate. By contrast, the latter ferric complexes effectively increased microsomal chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation, whereas ferric EDTA and ferric DTPA were inhibitory. Under conditions that minimize .OH production (absence of EDTA, iron) ethanol was oxidized by a cytochrome P-450-dependent process independent of reactive oxygen intermediates. Under conditions that promote microsomal .OH production, the oxidation of ethanol by .OH becomes more significant in contributing to the overall oxidation of ethanol by microsomes. Experiments with inhibitors and reconstituted systems containing P-450 and NADPH-P-450 reductase indicated that the reductase is the critical enzyme locus for interacting with iron and catalyzing production of reactive oxygen species. Microsomes isolated from rats chronically fed ethanol catalyzed oxidation of .OH scavengers, light emission, and inactivation of added metabolic enzymes at elevated rates, and displayed an increase in ethanol oxidation by a .OH-dependent and a P-450-dependent pathway. It is possible that enhanced generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by microsomes may contribute to the hepatotoxic effects of ethanol.
HIV and the neuropsychology of everyday life

Early in the history of the HIV epidemic, investigators noted that carriers of HIV who were asymptomatic had poorer cognitive performance than matched HIV− controls. These HIV+ patients in early cohorts, mostly men who had sex with men, were medically asymptomatic but still showed performance deficits in verbal memory, executive function, and language. An early report concluded, “The constellation of subjective and objective neuropsychological and neurologic findings suggests the possibility of a definable syndrome associated with HIV infection in asymptomatic individuals.”1
Formation of giant buds in the cheilostome bryozoan Schizoporella serialis (Heller, 1867) during its interactions with the bryozoan Celleporaria aperta (Hinks, 1882)

Abstract The formation of giant buds in the cheilostome bryozoan Schizoporella serialis (Heller, 1867) during its interactions with another cheilostome Celleporaria aperta (Hinks, 1882) was studied over eight separate encounters. While the length increased 2–3 times that of the normal terminal buds (p = 0.0001, one-way ANOVA) the width did not increase (p = 0.82, one-way ANOVA). A positive correlation was observed between length of the giant bud and colony area of C. aperta (r = 0.96, p = 0.0006, n = 7). However, length and width of giant buds were not significantly related to the size and growth rate of S. serialis colonies which produced them. These data suggest that contact between S. serialis and C. aperta resulted in the production of giant buds in S. serialis.