cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal Access to Reproductive Control Technology, Women's Education, and Earnings Approaching Retirement

What do historical changes in legal access to reproductive health care technology tell us about the long-run effects of such changes? We investigate this question using data from the Health and Retirement Study and an identification strategy leveraging variation in exposure to legal changes in access across cohorts born in the same states. We find positive effects on educational attainment that align with prior work but are not statistically significant. We also find positive effects on working in a Social Security-covered job in women's 20s and 30s but no evidence of positive effects on women's earnings in their 50s.
Rethinking urban density through the Chicago experience: a socio-ecological practice approach

Today, many significant factors, including massive globalization, rapid urban population increase, intense urban regeneration, extensive agglomeration, soaring land prices, and a dire need for land preservation, among others, force cities to build upward. However, many cities lack the experience of integrating vertical density into their urban landscape. Within the socio-ecological practice framework, this perspective essay explains and illustrates recent project examples from the City of Chicago. They constitute an extraordinary leap in retrofitting aging urban infrastructure, balancing the horizontal plane with the vertical one, and harmonizing nature with the urban environment. The paper proposes an innovative “eco-density” theoretical framework to improve understanding of Chicago’s spatial structure and socio-ecological experience.
Work, life and leisure in an urban ecosystem - co-creating Munich as an Entrepreneurial Destination

Abstract Growing urban areas are facing an increased complexity of coordination and sustainable management whereby the handling of the interests of businesses, residents and tourists demands increased flexibility and openness. Such challenges are partly addressed by the concept of an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. The idea of an Entrepreneurial Destination also adds the perspective of living and leisure and serves therefore as an overarching concept that defines economic roles and activities by highlighting urban attractiveness and the interplay of the abovementioned stakeholders. The conducted case study of Munich aims to explore the interconnectedness of work, life and leisure in an urban ecosystem. To do so, 17 semi-structured interviews are processed using the GABEK® method. Results indicate that residents, entrepreneurs and tourists in Munich benefit greatly from the high attractiveness caused by the interplay and interaction of those groups. Initiatives involving new concepts like coliving, coworking and coexperience have emerged in Munich with the main strength to extended networking and communication of stakeholders. This paper contributes to open the sector- and stakeholder-specific view and to regard urban development as a multidisciplinary approach, which combines entrepreneurship, changing social life concepts, participation and sustainability of regions.
Using operative features to identify surgical complexity: a case in breast surgery practice

Increasing workload is one of the main problems that surgical practices face. This increase is not only due to the increasing demand volume but also due to increasing case complexity. This raises the question on how to measure and predict the complexity to address this issue. Predicting surgical duration is critical to parametrize surgical complexity, improve surgeon satisfaction by avoiding unexpected overtime, and improve operation room utilization. Our objective is to utilize the historical data on surgical operations to obtain complexity groups and use this groups to improve practice.Our study first leverages expert opinion on the surgical complexity to identify surgical groups. Then, we use a tree-based method on a large retrospective dataset to identify similar complexity groups by utilizing the surgical features and using surgical duration as a response variable. After obtaining the surgical groups by using two methods, we statistically compare expert-based grouping with the data-based grouping. This comparison shows that a tree-based method can provide complexity groups similar to the ones generated by an expert by using features that are available at the time of surgical listing. These results suggest that one can take advantage of available data to provide surgical duration predictions that are data-driven, evidence-based, and practically relevant.
Crowd-shipping delivery performance from bidding to delivering

Abstract Crowd-shipping is an innovative delivery model using digital platforms to match the demand for shipments with supply using excess transport capacity and drivers from the crowd. This sharing economy delivery concept has attracted growing attention to address the pressing challenges of urban goods deliveries. Little is known about the actual performance of crowd-shipping platforms due to limited data-availability and operational transparency. A particular challenge is that part of the delivery outcome is determined in the platform's digital space related to bidding and matching of supply and demand, followed by a real-world delivery operation, typically carried out by non-expert couriers. This paper provides the first comprehensive analysis of the entire crowd-shipping process from the bidding stage, through shipment acceptance, pickup, and final delivery. Using parametric hazard modeling applied to a unique U.S. national database of 16,850 crowd-shipping delivery instances, we examine which factors play a role in each phase of the delivery process. The findings illustrate that shipping requests and packages, built environment, and socioeconomic characteristics have a variable impact on each delivery stage. In particular, posting in the morning or evening hours and for business-to-consumer shipments significantly accelerates the digital phase, but has no effects on the final delivery phase. Moreover, the results reveal that performance loss occurs non-uniformly in the platform process, with a more significant loss in delivery rates related to the digital posting and bidding. A more substantial loss of delivery speed performance occurs in converting from digital to real delivery in negotiating the pickup arrangement. Crowd-shipping companies will benefit from the research to improve the management of their peer-to-peer-based mechanism.
A Pilot Study of a Chronic Pain Self-Management Program Delivered by Community Health Workers to Underserved African American Older Adults.

Objective African American older adults living in disadvantaged communities are disproportionately burdened by disabling pain. To address their needs, we tested the feasibility and potential effects of a cognitive-behavioral chronic pain self-management program delivered by community health workers. Design A single-group, pre-post evaluation of the STEPS-2 (Seniors using Technology to Engage in Pain Self-management) intervention, in which participants learned pain-management skills through web-based videos. They were also given wearable activity trackers to facilitate incremental increases in walking. In weekly telephone calls, community health workers helped participants apply skills and set goals. Subjects/setting Thirty-one adults in Detroit, Michigan (97% African American, 97% female, mean 68.7 years), with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods Participants completed telephone surveys at baseline and eight weeks. We measured changes in PROMIS pain interference and pain intensity, as well as Patient Global Impression of Change in pain and functioning. Feasibility indicators included participant engagement and satisfaction, and fidelity to session protocols by community health workers. Results Participants on average completed 6.6/7 sessions, and 100% agreed or strongly agreed that they improved their understanding of pain management. Average community health worker fidelity score was 1.79 (0 to 2 scale). Pain interference decreased from baseline to post-program (T-score 61.6 to 57.3, P=.000), as did pain intensity (0 to 10 scale, 6.3 to 5.1, P=.004). Approximately 90% of participants reported that pain and function were at least "a little better" since baseline. Conclusions An intervention combining mobile health tools with support from community health workers holds promise for improving pain outcomes among underserved older adults.
Proposal for the Standardization of Otolaryngology Residency Interview Offer Dates.

The process of receiving and scheduling residency interviews for otolaryngology–head and neck surgery positions is chaotic, inducing unnecessary anxiety for applicants and introducing inefficiencie...
An Interval Arithmetic for Robust Error Estimation.

Interval arithmetic is a simple way to compute a mathematical expression to an arbitrary accuracy, widely used for verifying floating-point computations. Yet this simplicity belies challenges. Some inputs violate preconditions or cause domain errors. Others cause the algorithm to enter an infinite loop and fail to compute a ground truth. Plus, finding valid inputs is itself a challenge when invalid and unsamplable points make up the vast majority of the input space. These issues can make interval arithmetic brittle and temperamental. This paper introduces three extensions to interval arithmetic to address these challenges. Error intervals express rich notions of input validity and indicate whether all or some points in an interval violate implicit or explicit preconditions. Movability flags detect futile recomputations and prevent timeouts by indicating whether a higher-precision recomputation will yield a more accurate result. Andinput search restricts sampling to valid, samplable points, so they are easier to find. We compare these extensions to the state-of-the-art technical computing software Mathematica, and demonstrate that our extensions are able to resolve 60.3% more challenging inputs, return 10.2x fewer completely indeterminate results, and avoid 64 cases of fatal error.
Out of the Depths of Modernity: Fragments of a Response to Charles Taylor’s “A Catholic Modernity?” in a Jewish Idiom

Abstract For two main reasons, I am not much tempted to articulate a “Jewish modernity” analogous to “a Catholic modernity” as presented by Charles Taylor. First, modernity is “lost”. In the last decades, dreams of a bright secular future of modernity (“later is better”) have collapsed. This affects also the possible role one envisages for non-scientific allegiances and worldviews. It renders this engagement with Taylor seem almost nostalgic or retrospective. Second, I have reservations about many of the concepts Taylor is using. Some of them, like theology and transcendence, are specific to a tradition in ways that must be specified. Others, like religion, the secular and modernity, likewise demand more definite settings. Taylor’s generous Catholicism, extending to the (pre-Christian) past, is a post-Catholicism as it attempts, like various post-Judaisms, to find a new place for Catholicism in a modernity characterized by skepticism and naturalism. Finally, Taylor’s critique of “rights talk” is contrasted to a Jewish notion of mutual obligation.
Time-ordering in Heisenberg's equation of motion as related to spontaneous radiation.

Despite many years of research into Raman phenomena, the problem of how to include both spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering into a unified set of partial differential equations persists. The issue is solved by formulating the quantum dynamics in the Heisenberg picture with a rigorous accounting for both time- and normal-ordering of the operators. It is shown how this can be done in a simple, straightforward way. Firstly, the technique is applied to a two-level Raman system, and comparison of analytical and numerical results verifies the approach. A connection to a fully time-dependent Langevin operator method is made for the spontaneous initiation of stimulated Raman scattering. Secondly, the technique is demonstrated for the much-studied two-level atom both in vacuum and in a lossy dielectric medium. It is shown to be fully consistent with accepted theories: using the rotating wave approximation, the Einstein A coefficient for the rate of spontaneous emission from a two-level atom can be derived in a manner parallel to the Weisskopf–Wigner approximation. The Lamb frequency shift is also calculated. It is shown throughout that field operators corresponding to spontaneous radiative terms do not commute with atomic/molecular operators. The approach may prove useful in many areas, including modeling the propagation of next-generation high-energy, high-intensity ultrafast laser pulses as well as spontaneous radiative processes in lossy media.
Accepting Promotions, Demotions, and Transfers

It is much easier to accept promotions with all the associated perquisites, ­congratulations, and feeling of success than simply standing still, watching ­colleagues getting ahead, or even worse being demoted.
Self-Portrait in the Oval Office

With his left hand, Jeff Mock Taps the ash of his cigar, and with his right, He wields power like a chain saw, Like a tuna fish, a monkey wrench, A pine cone. Power, he says, Is good. Power is good, he says. He puffs and props his feet and thinks He likes it here. He likes the carpet And desk. He likes the big windows. He likes the cigars. He likes the press Piling in whenever an itch itches him. Most of all, he likes the sheer, Shimmery aura of opportunity. It glimmers, It flickers and gleams, it radiates, anything May happen. Jeff Mock may become A real humanitarian. It's a chance, perhaps. No?. Yeah, it is: why, It's a chance to do some real good For the people, clothe the hungry, feed The naked, end wars, or start one For fun and profit, a chance to make The history books?hmmmmm, a chance, Perhaps someday, for world domination. Yeah, it does sound nice: World domination, and a good cigar too. The question isn't why but why not. Indeed, the answer is why not too. Somewhere nearby there's a button, He's heard about it, it could be done? On your knees, North Korea, China, Former Soviet Union, and hell, Spain France England Germany,
Performance assessment of baseband algorithms for direct conversion tactical software defined receivers: I/Q imbalance correction, image rejection, DC removal, and channelization

This paper addresses issues relating to software-defined receivers. Namely radio frequency (RF) to baseband architectures and the signal processing algorithms involved. Several direct conversion receiver architectures are introduced and analyzed for their performance. Issues relating to the quadrature imbalances and DC offset impairments are analyzed and detailed. To estimate and compensate for these impairments, several DSP algorithms are proposed and simulated for use with these receivers.
The gene transfer agent of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata,: Purification and characterization of its nucleic acid

Photosynthetic bacteria of the species Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are capable of exchanging genetic information via a recently discovered gene transfer agent (GTA). The 70S particle mediating the genetic exchange was purified and its nucleic acid was analyzed. Cell-free filtrates containing GTA were prepared by filtration of stationary cultures of R. capsulata on an Amicon thin-channel filtration apparatus. Purification of this filtrate was achieved by successive membrane filtration, diafiltration, agarose-gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and sucrose gradient sedimentation, resulting in an overall purification of 4000-fold with a yield of 2–4%. [3H]thymidine-labeled nucleic acid isolated from this material was identified as deoxyribonucleic acid on the basis of its resistance to alkaline hydrolysis and its buoyant density of 1.718 g/ml in CsCl. The double-stranded nature of the deoxyribonucleic was demonstrated by its resistance to degradation by the single-strand-specific S1-nuclease and the density shift in CsCl of +0.016 g/ml upon denaturation. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 3.6 × 106 from sucrose gradient sedimentation in the presence of markers, and the linear, unnicked nature of the molecule was evident from sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient.
Diffserv-aware multicasting

Advances in the areas of QoS and IP multicasting have necessitated the need of integration of these two important features of Internet. Differentiated services (DiffServ) has been proposed as a scalable Solution for supporting QoS in the Internet. Coexistence of multicasting and DiffServ is promising since the DiffServ model can provide a scalable framework and may reduce the computational complexity to locate a QoS-satisfied multicast tree. In this paper, we have first identify the problems of provisioning multicasting in DiffServ domains. Next, we have proposed an efficient DiffServ-Aware Multicasting (DAM) scheme which has three novel features: weighted traffic conditioning (WTC), receiver-initiated marking (RIM) scheme, and Heterogeneous DSCP Headers encapsulation (HDE). The proposed technique solves many problems with the integration of DiffServ and multicasting while accommodating heterogeneous QoS requirements. The framework is scalable, flexible, and feasible. Moreover, existing QoS techniques can be incorporated into this framework. Performance evaluation through analysis and simulations demonstrate conformance of the QoS requirements and the potential benefits of DAM.
Characteristics of Solar Concentrators as Applied to Space Power Systems

Solar collectors as part of spacecraft power supply system with various electrical conversion methods
α-Manganese Phases containing Technetium-99

THE existence of α-manganese phases in the zirconium–technetium, niobium–technetium and molybdenum–technetium systems was recently reported by V. B. Compton et al.1. During the course of our investigation of alloy phases involving technetium-99 with transition metals, α-manganese phases were found in the binary systems scandium–technetium, titanium–technetium, hafnium–technetium and tantalum–technetium. Pertinent information is given in Table 1. The alloys were made by arc-melting transition metals of high purity with technetium-99. X-ray data were obtained from specimens in the as-cast condition with a powder camera of 114.6 mm. diameter using filtered copper radiation.
Unexpected Consequences of Connections

Linked The New Science of Networks. Albert-Laszlo Barabasi. Perseus, Cambridge, MA, 2002. 288 pp. $26, C$39.50. ISBN 0-7382-0667-9 Nexus Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks. Mark Buchanan. Norton, New York, 2002. 235 pp. $25.95, C$37.99. ISBN 0-393-04153-0 Small World Uncovering Nature9s Hidden Networks. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 2002. 235 pp. £18.99. ISBN 0-297-60742-1 These two popular accounts discus im-plications of the structure of networks for our understanding of science, business, and everyday life.
Analysis of the Applicability of the Hot-Wire Technique for Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Diathermanous Materials

The hot-wire technique, used to measure the thermal conductivity of many electrically and thermally insulating materials and the effective thermal conductivity of some diathermanous materials, is described. An analysis of the heat transfer in diathermanous materials is presented which indicates that the method will not give a correct value of the effective thermal conductivity when radiation conduction is of importance. Until an exact solution to this heat-transfer problem is found, an ASTM standard for hot-wire type measurements on diathermanous materials is not recommended.
Real-time intrusion detection in power system operations

Increasing power system security is crucial to the future of the electric power grid. In this paper, we define a new class of cyberattacks to power systems-malicious modification of network data stored in an accessible database. Grounded in multivariate statistical process control, our approach to intrusion detection ensures data integrity in power system operations. We develop an algorithm that monitors power flow results and detects anomalies in the input values that could have been modified by cyberattacks. Our algorithm uses principal component analysis to separate power flow variability into regular and irregular subspaces. Analysis of the information in the irregular subspace determines whether the power system data has been compromised. We verify the efficacy of the algorithm using both the IEEE 24-bus and 118-bus reliability test systems. The results show that the developed algorithm is a promising enhancement to data security procedures in a control center.
An improved In-based ohmic contact to n-GaSb

Abstract A Pd/In/Pd/Pt/Au ohmic contact to n-GaSb is presented with a specific contact resistance of 2.4 × 10 −6 Ω cm 2 . The annealing temperature range over which the specific contact resistance drops to a minimum, while maintaining a suitable surface morphology, is at least twice that of previously reported ohmic contacts to n-GaSb. Materials characterization using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy confirms that Ga x In 1− x Sb forms at the metal/semiconductor interface, and its formation is believed to be responsible for ohmic behavior.
Proximalización del flujo arterial aferente: ¿nuevo tratamiento de elección en pacientes con síndrome de robo asociado a la fístula de diálisis?

El sindrome de robo asociado a dialisis (SRAD) es una complicacion potencialmente devastadora. Recientemente se ha descrito la proximalizacion del flujo arterial aferente (PFA) como nueva tecnica quirurgica con buenos efectos en casos de SRAD. Dado que aun no existe mucha familiarizacion con esta tecnica, nuestro objetivo con este estudio prospectivo fue establecer su indicacion para un grupo especial de pacientes que desarrollaron un SRAD avanzado (necrosis de los dedos) tras crear un abordaje para hemodialisis (AH) autologo. Veintitres pacientes (18 AH braquiales, 5 en la muneca) con SRAD avanzado fueron sometidos a PFA. Para el injerto se utilizo material protesico de politetrafluoroetileno heparinizado (13 pacientes) o no heparinizado (10 pacientes). La funcion vascular se evaluo pre y postoperatoriamente mediante eco-Doppler. El exito de la intervencion se determino mediante la restitucion de la circulacion en la extremidad y la preservacion del AH. En 15 casos (65%) los sintomas de SRAD desaparecieron por completo y en 6 pacientes (26%) se logro la cicatrizacion adecuada de la herida con mejoria de los sintomas. Estos persistieron en 2 pacientes (9%) que presentaban una perdida tisular > 1 cm en las yemas de los dedos. En conjunto se produjo un aumento significativo en la velocidad del flujo de la arteria radial (de 35,65 ± 7,69 a 55,21 ± 8,51 cm/s, p 1 cm de diametro) (n = 2). En tales casos deben considerarse otras opciones terapeuticas.
Verb deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization

This study examined the nature of verb deficits in 14 individuals with probable Alzheimer’s Disease (PrAD) and nine with agrammatic aphasia. Production was tested, controlling both semantic and syntactic features of verbs, using noun and verb naming, sentence completion, and narrative tasks. Noun and verb comprehension and a grammaticality judgment task also were administered. Results showed that while both PrAD and agrammatic subjects showed impaired verb naming, the syntactic features of verbs (i.e., argument structure) influenced agrammatic, but not Alzheimer’s disease patients’ verb production ability. That is, agrammatic patients showed progressively greater difficulty with verbs associated with more arguments, as has been shown in previous studies (e.g., Kim & Thompson, 2000; Thompson, 2003; Thompson, Lange, Schneider, & Shapiro, 1997), and suggest a syntactic basis for verb production deficits in agrammatism. Conversely, the semantic complexity of verbs affected PrAD, but not agrammatic, patients’ performance, suggesting “bottom-up” breakdown in their verb lexicon, paralleling that of nouns, resulting from the degradation or loss of semantic features of verbs.
Constraints on Trade in the MENA Region

In this paper we estimate gravity models to see whether trade volumes of countries in the MENA region are significantly lower than what would be expected given their economic, cultural and geographical characteristics. Our empirical results show that the variables used in standard gravity models cannot explain a significant part of MENA's trade performance, particularly on exports. We then go on to 'augment' the standard gravity model with relevant variables from the World Bank's Business Enterprise surveys. Our results further show that these variables, and in particular transport constraints and inefficiencies in customs clearance processes, are important in explaining the MENA region's underperformance in trade.
Activated N‐ras gene induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells

Activated mouse N-ras gene transfected into PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells suppressed proliferation and promoted neuronal differentiation. Normal mouse N-ras in a LTR-containing vector caused differentiation with a reduced efficiency, but normal N-ras in a vector lacking LTR sequences failed to alter the PC12 phenotype. Cultures of NGF-resistant PC12 variant subline U7 also showed outgrowth of neurites and cessation of cell division following transfection with the mutated ras gene. The present findings suggest that ras genes can, in certain cells, play a role in promoting differentiation and suppressing proliferation, in contrast to their established oncogenic neoplasia-promoting activity in other cells.
Cautions in interpreting WRAT standard scores as criterion measures of achievement in young children

The present article calls into question the use of the WRAT as a criterion measure for determining ability/achievement discrepancies in young school-aged children. It is demonstrated that the use of regression equations to predict the expected achievement levels of five- and six-year-old children on the WRAT still does not rectify the difficulties in identifying underachievement for children in the lower primary grades. Implications for the early identification of specific learning disabilities are discussed.
Broadband Tunable and Double Dipole Surface Plasmon Resonance by TiO2 Core/Ag Shell Nanoparticles

A design of a TiO2 core and Ag shell spherical nanoparticle is theoretically presented. The nanoparticles display double dipole plasmonic resonance peaks: one located at the ultraviolet range, the other is widely tunable from the visible to the near infrared region. The tunability can be easily controlled by varying the sizes of the core and the shell. The near field patterns of the double plasmonic resonance peaks are analyzed, and the dipole resonance modes for those two peaks are confirmed for the suitable core–shell sizes.
On Playing With Emotion

(2003). On Playing With Emotion. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 26-36.
Demographic disparities of children presenting with symptomatic Meckel’s diverticulum in children’s hospitals

Most of the literature about Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) consists of single institutional longitudinal case series. We queried the pediatric hospital information system (PHIS) database to obtain information about the epidemiology of MD from a large number of children at geographically diverse locations. After IRB approval, the PHIS database was queried over a 9-year period for de-identified patients with both ICD-9 diagnoses of MD and a procedure code for Meckel’s diverticulectomy. Data from five hospitals were excluded due to incomplete information. 4,338,396 were children admitted during the study interval; 945 had a symptomatic MD. The incidence decreased with age: 56.4 % were under 5 years old, 26.8 % were between the ages of 6–12 years, and 16.8 % were older than 12 years. 74 % were male, which was significantly higher than the PHIS population (53.8 % male, P < 0.0001). Caucasians are over-represented in the symptomatic MD group (63.4 %) compared to the rest of the PHIS population (48.1 %, P < 0.0001). According to the PHIS data, there appears to be significant gender and race influence on symptomatic MD. Males present more commonly, as do non-Hispanic White patients, while it is less common among non-Hispanic Black patients.
Fetal neural tissue and stem cell grafts may induce regenerative plasticity in damaged mammalian brain

Abstract In this review, we explore the possibility that, in many neurotransplantation paradigms, fetal organotypic explants and neural stem cells may – in addition to cell replacement and gene therapy – exert a therapeutic influence upon damaged host central nervous system tissue by an under-appreciated third mechanism – their inherent capacity to promote a regenerative response in the host. We postulate that this action is actually a fortunate byproduct of fundamental aspects of stem cell behavior in developing neural tissue.
Carry-over grain stocks as an emergency fuel

In a typical year, the US has carry-over stocks of grain with a total energy content of 0.5 to 1.0 quad (10/sup 15/ Btu). These stocks could serve as an emergency supply of solid fuel which could provide a partial substitute for coal in coal power plants. This report discusses the technical feasibility of burning grain-coal mixtures, the availability and price of carry-over stocks, and the amount of coal for which the grain could substitute.
Visual dysfunction after long-term continuous light exposure.

Abstract A light-dark discrimination task was used to determine the effects of 400-lux, 120-day continuous light exposure upon visual function in the albino rat. Such exposure resulted in a complete loss of retinal receptor cells. Four of the animals exposed to continuous light were able to perform the task at a criterion level of 80% correct responses over 200 trials though the criterion was attained after significantly more training trials than that required by normal controls. The remaining four animals exposed to continuous light were unable to reach criterion after 3000 trials and, for them, no difference in performance was observed after bilateral enucleation. From these findings it was verified that albino rats without classically defined photoreceptors, though suffering visual deficit, could still detect brightness differences. Further, the prediction was born out that low-level continuous light of sufficient duration would blind the albino rat.
Peptides that fine-tune the serotonin system

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) contains serotonin (5-HT) neurons that innervate the cortex and limbic system and through these projections is thought to regulate cognition and behavior. Clinical and pharmacological findings implicate dysfunctions in the DR-5-HT system in affective disorders, including anxiety, depression and suicide. Although the DR is often considered in light of its 5-HT neurons, recent studies underscore the complexity of this nucleus and its heterogeneous nature. Of particular interest, are peptides that are either present within neurons in the DR, innervate DR-5-HT neurons or act upon local circuitry within the DR to indirectly impact on this 5-HT system. These peptides are positioned to fine-tune the activity of selective groups of serotonergic neurons within the DR and thereby 5-HT release in different terminal fields. This review will focus on substance P and corticotropin-releasing factor as two peptides that act independently and interdependently to influence DR-5-HT function. The role of non-serotonergic components of the DR in translating the effect of each of these peptides is discussed. This synthesis refines our views on the regulation of the DR-5-HT system and importantly, gives insight into mechanisms of endogenous control of DR function, the dysregulation of which may contribute to pathophysiology.
ROOT SYSTEMS, SPATIAL PATTERNS, AND COMPETITION FOR SOIL MOISTURE BETWEEN TWO DESERT SUBSHRUBS'

Haplopappus cooperi and Chrysothamnus teretifolius are important elements on alluvial fans in the Owens Valley of California. Selective removal field experiments, followed for 7 months, revealed that Haplopappus predawn water potentials were significantly less negative after removal of neighboring plants of either species, whereas Chrysothamnus predawn water potentials were unchanged, compared to controls. Haplopappus also showed a more dramatic response in water potential following supplemental watering at the end of the dry season. Excavations showed that the root systems of the two species were different: the majority of Haplopappus root biomass was within the upper 20 cm of soil, but for Chrysothamnus it was below 40 cm depth. Spatial pattern was not always a reliable predictor of biotic interaction in this desert community: Chrysothamnus individuals were aggregated, Haplopappus individuals were distributed at random, and plants of the two species were randomly associated.
Planting Flexibility and Land Allocation

Break-even price relationships between competing crops ate derived to illustrate how planting flexibility alternatives affect planting choices. The primary factor differentiating among flexibility alternatives is whether deficiency payments are linked to planting choices. If they are, target prices, program yields, and, in some cases, acreage reduction programs affect net returns comparisons and crop competition. Deficiency payments may be separated from the planting decision on some land either by removing deficiency payments for the acreage involved or by continuing them regardless of the crop planted. Planting choices then would be based on expected net returns from the marketplace.
Boxy isophotes, discs and dust lanes in elliptical galaxies

CCD images of 42 elliptical and S0 galaxies are examined for low-contrast structures or subtle distortions of the isophotes from perfect ellipses. 75 percent of the galaxies have isophotes completely describable as concentric ellipses to within the photometry errors. 'Boxy' isophotes, stellar discs, and dust lanes are detected in the remaining 25 percent of the sample. The boxy elliptical galaxies appear dynamically indistinguishable from normal ellipticals and are therefore different from boxy bulges, which rotate rapidly. Most of the galaxies with faint discs, however, appear dynamically similar to S0 galaxies. Nearly edge-on dust lanes are found in four galaxies, which suggests that dust lanes may commonly occur in elliptical galaxies.
Effect of phosphite phosphorus on alfalfa growth

Abstract Phosphite (PO‐3‐P) was compared to phosphate (PO4 ‐3‐P) at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg ? kg‐1) in a P‐deficient soil in a greenhouse pot study with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa growth (g dry matter pot‐1) and ? accumulation (g ? pot‐1) were measured by clipping each pot 3 times on 30‐day intervals. Although there was a significant (P<.05) growth response to ? during the first 30‐day growth period, it was significantly less from PO3 ‐3 than from PO4 ‐3‐P at the 10, 20, and 40 mg kg‐1 rate. The growth response to ? continued through the next 60 days with only the 40 mg kg‐1 PO3 ‐3‐P being significantly lower than PO4 ‐3‐P. During the first and second growth periods, there were no significant effects of PO3 ‐3‐P on total ? uptake, as compared to PO4 ‐3‐P, except at 40 mg kg‐1. Tissue concentrations of PO3 ‐3‐P at 40 mg kg‐1 dropped successively from 150, to 50, to 10 ppm during the first, second, and third growth periods. This suggests that 40 mg kg‐1 of soil‐applied PO3 ‐3‐P had largely oxid...
Monitoring home IV antibiotic therapy

This article provides the reader with a comprehensive discussion of the provision of home IV antibiotic therapy, focusing on appropriate diseases for treatment, patient selection, selection of specific antibiotics, and monitoring techniques.
Relationships Between Selected Social and Physical Factors

Abstract Interrelationships between personal distance (degree of personell acceptance), motor fitness, and athletic aptitude were studied using 83 boys in the 10-12 year age range. The relationship of athletic aptitude to leadership was studied in the same group. Another group of 75 boys of junior high school age was used to study the interrelationships between social adjustment, motor fitness, and athletic aptitude. In still another group of 45 freshmen university football squad members, the relation of personal distance scores to football ability, as judged on a man-to-man rating basis on nine items, was studied. All relationships were found to be positive, moderate, and significant at the 1 percent level of confidence.
Azithromycin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

ObjectiveTo report a case of hepatotoxicity in a patient receiving azithromycin.Case SummaryA 38-year-old female was admitted for an acute exacerbation of her liver disease. The patient received a ...
Human NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase Type I (hNQO1) Activation of Quinone Propionic Acid Trigger Groups

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (NQO1) is a target enzyme for triggered delivery of drugs at inflamed tissue and tumor sites, particularly those that challenge traditional therapies. Prodrugs, macromolecules, and molecular assemblies possessing trigger groups that can be cleaved by environmental stimuli are vehicles with the potential to yield active drug only at prescribed sites. Furthermore, quinone propionic acids (QPAs) covalently attached to prodrugs or liposome surfaces can be removed by application of a reductive trigger stimulus, such as that from NQO1; their rates of reductive activation should be tunable via QPA structure. We explored in detail the recombinant human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (rhNQO1)-catalyzed NADH reduction of a family of substituted QPAs and obtained high precision kinetic parameters. It is found that small changes in QPA structure—in particular, single atom and function group substitutions on the quinone ring at R1—lead to significant impacts on the Michaeli...
Lorentz Transformation for Quark Processes; A Comment on M. Koshiba's Paper

A recent argument against the validity of the Lorentz transformation in high energy hadronic collisions based on existing experimental data is examined by reanalysis of the same data in more compatible form. There is found to be no evidence of contradiction with special relativity.
Bifurcation and Stability of Periodic Motions in a Periodically Forced Oscillator With Multiple Discontinuities

The local stability and existence of periodic motions in a periodically forced oscillator with multiple discontinuities are investigated. The complexity of periodic motions and chaos in such a discontinuous system is often caused by the passability, sliding, and grazing of flows to discontinuous boundaries. Therefore, the corresponding analytical conditions for such singular phenomena to discontinuous boundary are presented from the local singularity theory of discontinuous systems. To develop the mapping structures of periodic motions, basic mappings are introduced, and the sliding motion on the discontinuous boundary is described by a sliding mapping. A generalized mapping structure is presented for all possible periodic motions, and the local stability and bifurcations of periodic motions are discussed. From mapping structures, the switching points of periodic motions on the boundaries are predicted analytically. Two periodic motions are presented for illustrations of the passability, sliding, and grazing of periodic motions on the boundary.
Fictitious play in 2×2 games: A geometric proof of convergence

This paper provides a new proof of Miyasawa's (1961) result showing the convergence of fictitious play in 2×2 games. The novelty of the approach used here is that it rests entirely on the geometric properties of the best-response correspondence. The geometric approach greatly shortens the exposition, and it suggests some possible extensions to more difficult convergence conjectures.
The impact of communication structure on new product development outcomes

New product development teams face important challenges to their performance due to the novelty of the work and the need to rapidly develop shared knowledge and goals. However, little is known about the relationship between the structural properties of communication and performance in these teams. This study examined the effect of communication structure, specifically hierarchical and small-world structures on the delivery performance and quality outcomes of a large-scale new product development project. Our longitudinal analyses revealed that structuring communication patterns in a hierarchical manner significantly improves delivery performance. However, hierarchical communication has a detrimental effect on quality while small-world communication structures improved the quality outcomes of development teams. We discuss the implications of these results for collaborative tools that support communication tradeoffs
Tightening the Connections between Cadherins and Fibronectin Matrix

Fibronectin extracellular matrix is assembled and remodeled throughout embryogenesis and plays key roles in early vertebrate development. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Dzamba et al. reveal, through their studies of Xenopus embryos, a novel mechanism for regulating fibronectin matrix assembly through Wnt signaling and cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion.
Disulfide bonds within the C2 domain of RAGE play key roles in its dimerization and biogenesis.

Background The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on the cell surface transmits inflammatory signals. A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, RAGE possesses the V, C1, and C2 ectodomains that collectively constitute the receptor's extracellular structure. However, the molecular mechanism of RAGE biogenesis remains unclear, impeding efforts to control RAGE signaling through cellular regulation. Methodology and Result We used co-immunoprecipitation and crossing-linking to study RAGE oligomerization and found that RAGE forms dimer-based oligomers. Via non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mutagenesis, we found that cysteines 259 and 301 within the C2 domain form intermolecular disulfide bonds. Using a modified tripartite split GFP complementation strategy and confocal microscopy, we also found that RAGE dimerization occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and that RAGE mutant molecules without the double disulfide bridges are unstable, and are subjected to the ER-associated degradation. Conclusion Disulfide bond-mediated RAGE dimerization in the ER is the critical step of RAGE biogenesis. Without formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds in the C2 region, RAGE fails to reach cell surface. Significance This is the first report of RAGE intermolecular disulfide bond.
Analysis of supercavitating and surface-piercing propeller flows via BEM

A low-order potential based 3-D boundary element method (BEM) is presented for the analysis of unsteady sheet cavitation on supercavitating and surface-piercing propellers. The method has been developed in the past for the prediction of unsteady sheet cavitation for conventional propellers. To allow for the treatment of supercavitating propellers, the method is extended to model the separated flow behind trailing edge with non-zero thickness. For surface-piercing propellers, the negative image method is used, which applies the linearized free surface boundary condition with the infinite Froude number assumption. The method is shown to converge quickly with grid size and time step size. The predicted cavity planforms and propeller loadings also compare well with experimental observations and measurements.
Simple empirical model of the oceanic point spread function

The point spread function (PSF) is an important property for predicting beam propagation and imaging system performance. Measurements of the PSF in three different locations (Pacific Ocean, Tongue of the Ocean, and Sargasso Sea) are presented. These measurements are used to validate extensive laboratory measurements [S. Q. Duntley, "Underwater Lighting by Submerged Lasers and Incandescent Sources," SIO Ref. 71-1, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U. California, San Diego (1971)]. In all three locations a simple exponential expression describes the angular variation of the PSF in the 4-100-mrad range. The exponent in this relationship has a simple location specific dependence on attenuation length and the ratio of the absorption to beam attenuation coefficient. These relationships can be used to predict the PSF for an arbitrary path length.
Conservation tillage systems and their adoption in the United States

Abstract Conservation benefits of conservation tillage had been developed long before the production disadvantages were removed. Even though, in some cases, there are still production disadvantages and lower yields, compared to conventional tillage, conservation tillage is attractive to farmers primarily because of the potential for reduced production costs; conservation benefits are of secondary interest in most cases even though they accrue from the use of conservation tillage. This farmer interest in cost reduction will most certainly guide research inputs. Surveys of farmers have shown that more emphasis must be placed on all of the technology needed for a production system. In order to avoid financially-disastrous consequences, associated risk assessments are even required during the adoption period, i.e., the period when conservation tillage is replacing the conventional tillage. When a conservation-tillage-planting system is defined rigorously, based on the requirement that at least 30% of the surface should be covered with crop residue, the adoption averages about 25% of the cropland in the United States. Nine tillage management regions (TMR) in the United States were delineated based on climate, adapted crops and cropping systems. Adoption of conservation-tillage-planting systems ranged widely from 22 to 45% of the cropland in a TMR. Full-width systems such as mulch till, in which the whole field is tilled, were used much more than partial-width systems such as no-till, ridge till and strip till in which only strips are tilled. Adoption of these forms of conservation tillage are sensitive to the dominant-cropping systems in a TMR. Variations in adoption were often well related to the problems and benefits discussed by research on tillage-planting systems in the TMR.
On spatially uniform behavior in reaction-diffusion systems

We present a condition which guarantees spatial uniformity for the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of a reaction-diffusion PDE with Neumann boundary conditions. This condition makes use of the Jacobian matrix of the reaction terms and the second Neumann eigenvalue of the Laplacian operator on the given spatial domain, and replaces the global Lipschitz assumptions commonly used in the literature with a less restrictive Lyapunov inequality. We then present numerical procedures for the verification of this Lyapunov inequality and illustrate them on models of several biochemical reaction networks.
Type inference with subtypes

We give an algorithm for type inference in a language with functions, records, and variant records. A similar language was studied by Cardelli who gave a type checking algorithm. This language is interesting because it captures aspects of object-oriented programming using subtype polymorphism. We give a type system for deriving types of expressions in the language and prove the type inference algorithm is sound, i.e., it returns a type derivable from the proof system. We also prove that the type the algorithm finds is a “principal” type, i.e., one which characterizes all others. The approach taken here is due to Milner for universal polymorphism. The result is a synthesis of subtype polymorphism and universal polymorphism.
Magnetic anomalies in the Weddell Sea and vicinity, Antarctica

Abstract Linear magnetic anomalies trend northeast-southwest on the deep floor of the Weddell Sea; their relationships to anomalies in the South Atlantic are unknown. High intensity anomalies occur immediately outside the inner island chain of the Scotia Arc and the Palmer Peninsula.