cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketable quality and phytonutrient concentrations of a novel hybrid muskmelon intended for the fresh-cut industry and its parental lines: Whole-fruit comparisons at harvest and following long-term storage at 1 or 5°C

Abstract Year-round demand for fresh-cut produce, such as muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L. Reticulatus group) fruit, can include importation of whole-fruit from as far away as Chile, requiring expensive air shipments. Surface shipments would reduce these transportation expenses but would also require a longer shelf-life fruit than what is now commercially available to withstand the shipping/storage time frame of up to 5 weeks prior to fresh-cut processing. Current muskmelon cultivars have a fruit storage life of up to 2 weeks. In this 2-year study, we compared the marketable quality and phytonutrient attributes of a novel hybrid with its muskmelon parental lines (ultra-firm female × commercial muskmelon cultivar type male) up to 5 weeks at 1 or 5 °C. At harvest whole hybrid fruit were larger (33–37% heavier) than its parental lines, and had an external firmness equal to its female parent. The external and internal firmnesses of the female parent were on average 4.5-fold and 3.6-fold firmer, respectively, than those of the male parent. Compared to its male parent, the internal tissue of hybrid fruit was relatively sweeter, more intensly orange, had a higher concentration of β-carotene, had a seven-fold higher concentration of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (folic acid), had fewer internal disorders, and reduced senescence. The aforemetioned tissue firmness of hybrid fruit would make it highly suitable to withstand surface shipments of up to 5 weeks; and the aforementioned quality characteristics would make it likely preferable to consumers both taste-wise and nutritionally as a fresh-cut product.
Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States.

Determining natural background concentrations of nutrients in watersheds in the developed world has been hampered by a lack of pristine sampling sites covering a range of climatic conditions and ba...
Pharmacogenomics to improve childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia therapy

With current therapy more than 80% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) can be cured in industrialized countries. However, ALL is still amongst the leading causes of death from disease in children aged 1–15 years. Of note, antileukaemic medications can cause significant adverse drug reactions; and some patients have leukaemia cell clones that are resistant to current antileukaemic treatment. Therefore, further improvement of childhood ALL therapy is urgently needed. Pharmacogenomics aims to elucidate functionally relevant genomic determinants for drug disposition and response to improve drug therapy based on a patient’s genomic profile. Results from recent pharmacogenomic investigations including large-scale genome-wide analyses hold promise to improve ALL therapy in the near future.
Amplification of circularizable probes for the detection of target nucleic acids and proteins.

Abstract Background Circularizable oligonucleotide probe (C-probe) is a unique molecule that offers significant advantages over conventional probes. Methods Closed circular structure can be formed through ligation of the juxtaposed ends of the C-probe after hybridization with a target, and subsequently locked onto its target through the helical turns formed between the complementary sequences of the target and the C-probe (padlock probe). Under isothermal condition, C-probe can be amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) to generate multimeric single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This multimeric ssDNA can be further amplified by a ramification mechanism (RAM) through primer extension and downstream DNA displacement, resulting in an exponential amplification. Usually, an unbiased product is generated by either RCA or ramification amplification method (or RAM) due to the generic primers of C-probe and its localization onto DNA targets. Conclusions These advantages make C-probe amplification very useful for research and molecular diagnosis, especially in areas where other techniques were proved to be inadequate. The development of C-probe-based technologies offers a promising prospect for molecular diagnosis. The applications of C-probe, RCA, RAM, in situ detection, microarray, immunoassay, single nucleotide polymorphism, and whole genome amplification, etc. are discussed in this review.
Renal vein reconstruction with interposition allografts in cadaveric renal transplantation.

The short or injured renal vein in cadaveric transplantation is a surgical challenge. Over a 2-year period, we have performed ex vivo renal vein lengthening with an interposition vascular allograft in 17 recipients of cadaveric kidneys. Indications for renal vein extension allografts were a short right renal vein (N=12), procurement injury to the vein (N=4), and double renal vein (N=1). In six cases (35.3%), ex vivo renal artery reconstruction was performed in combination with the venous repair. Our preferred approach is to employ allograft material in ex vivo reconstruction under cold storage conditions. Bench surgery ranged from 10 to 30 min, and the mean in situ anastomosis time was 20 min. The mean length of renal vein prior to reconstruction was 12 mm, and the mean length of venous interposition allograft after revascularization was 27 mm. There were no episodes of vascular thrombosis or primary nonfunction. Three patients (17.6%) required postoperative hemodialysis for acute tubular necrosis, which was subsequently resolved. The mean serum creatinine at 1 month post-transplant was 1.7 mg/dl. These preliminary results suggest that ex vivo renal vein reconstruction with an interposition allograft is a safe and effective modality which should be added to the transplant surgeon's armamentarium in select cases.
Vicarious desensitization of test anxiety.

Abstract Many students fail in the university environment due to an inability to perform in testing situations because of anxiety associated with tests (Suinn, 1968). Systematic desensitization has been found to be effective in the treatment of test anxiety, and attempts are being made to improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of this procedure (Mann and Rosenthal, 1969; Suinn and Hall, 1970). This study evaluates the relative effectiveness of four methods of systematic desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety. Specifically, two changes were investigated which may lead to: (a) more rapid forms of treatment (massed treatment versus distributed treatment); (b) more easily administered forms of treatment (vicarious desensitization versus active desensitization).
A Qualitative Method for Detecting Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are now known to be major environmental contaminants. PCB's can induce hepatic hydroxylating enzymes (RISEBROUGH et al. 1968; STREET et al. 1969; LINCER and PEAKALL 1970). Although knowledge of the metabolism of PCB's is speculative, it is possible that hydroxylated derivatives may be produced in biological systems. In the work reported a procedure is described to separate and detect an hydroxylated PCB from a mixture of PCB isomers. Experimental Two, 2',6,6'-tetraehloro-p,p'-biphenol (PCBOH) was used as a model compound. A mixture of this compound (0.2~ug/ml) and PCB isomers (Aroclor 1254, 2.44 ~g/ml) was prepared in 50 ml of hexane. The solution was extracted successively with a 15 ml and a i0 ml portion of 2% sodium bicarbonate solution. The combined aqueous extracts were extracted with i0 ml of hexane. The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to i with hydrochloric acid and extracted with two, 50 ml portions of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate for 20 minutes, decanted and 0.2 ml of water was then added to the solution. The solution was evaporated with air to 0.5 ml in a graduated centrifuge tube. The volume was adjusted to 4 ml with a solution of 10% methanol in diethyl ether. The solution was methylated with diazomethane by the procedure of SCHLENK and GELLERMAN (1960) to convert PCBOH to 2,2',6,6'-tetrachloro-4,4'-dimethoxybiphenyl for gas chromatography. After removal of excess diazomethane the solution was diluted to I0 ml with ether and finally to 50 ml with hexane. The solution was analyzed by electron affinity gas chromatography using a Varian Aerograph Model 705 gas chromatograph equipped with a nickel-63 detector. The column was glass, 1/8" inside diameter, 4 feet long and packed with 10% DC-200 on 100/120 mesh Gas Chrom Q. The temperatures of the column, flash heater and detector were 185 ~ , 235 ~ and 300~ and nitrogen (24 ml/min.) was the carrier gas. Results and Discussion The recoveries of PCBOH when six replicated solutions of the compound (0.22ug/ml) in the presence of 2.4 ug/ml of Aroclor 1254 in hexane were carried through the procedure were 59.5, 63.7, 68.3, 83.3, 86.1 and 65.0. Phenols are notably volatile and loss of PCBOH during evaporation probably accounts for the recoveries
A model for the frequency fine structure of auroral kilometric radiation

A model for AKR frequency fine structure in which the fine structure is a natural consequence of the emission of electron cyclotron maser radiation in a nonuniform magnetic field is presented. The model is examined by using 1D electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that maser radiation is emitted as individual wave packets combine to form the drifting emission features that make up the fine structure. Rising frequency drifts are associated with wave packets emitted independently of one another. Wave packets that interact with one another produce features with falling frequency drift. The emission features produced have a large spread in both positive and negative frequency drift rates. The average positive drift rate of rapidly drifting features is found to be approximately proportional to the maser growth rate.
Enriching Vocabulary Concepts in the Classroom

This article indicates approaches which can be used to teach conceptualization in the classroom. Lesson plans for two different groups are described. Emphasis is placed on providing experience to develop vocabulary concepts.
Regulation of the synthesis of enzymes of tryptophan dissimilation in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus dissimilates tryptophan via the β-ketoadipate pathway. The first enzyme, tryptophan oxygenase (l-tryptophan: oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.13.1.12), is substrate-induced by tryptophan. The second two enzymes, formamidase (aryl-formylamine amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.9) and kynureninase (l-kynurenine hydrolase; EC 3.7.1.3), are induced by the next intermediate, kynurenine. The last enzyme specific to tryptophan dissimilation, anthranilate oxidase, is substrate induced. This inductive pattern is in marked contrast to the extensive coordinacy of enzyme synthesis characteristic of the remainder of the β-ketoadipate pathway.
Observations of Persistent Mixing and Near-Inertial Internal Waves

Abstract Repeated profiles of microstructure and shear alongside a drogued buoy show a 10 m thick mixing zone at the same depth as a near-inertial feature. Because the profile was diffusively stable and free of thermohaline intrusions, internal wave breakdown is the only mechanism capable of producing mixing. Both the near-inertial feature and the mixing patch were observed for over three days and then faded out. It is not possible to determine whether they disappeared because the near-inertial feature was dissipated by the mixing or because the drogue drifted away; both are plausible. Kinematical models of mixing use a standard internal wave spectrum to predict the frequency of occurrence and persistence of shear instabilities. Observed distributions of ϵ and χ patches thinner than 2 m are similar to the model predictions, although the dissipation rates are low. Most are just at or below the transition dissipation rate ϵtr. Laboratory experiments have established that if ϵ<ϵtr the turbulence is too weak ...
Copyrights and conversations: Intellectual property in the classroom

Abstract Traditionally, academic uses of portions of the work of others have fallen under the protection of the doctrine of fair use. However, as we move courses online, many standards we relied on in the classroom have suddenly become litigious. How we approach teaching students conventions of citation and fair use, therefore, must change. By approaching conventions of citation and prohibitions against plagiarism in the classroom from the perspective of copyright issues, students can come to have a greater understanding of the nature of scholarship. In this article, therefore, I make some recommendations for teaching students about the issues involved, and I suggest ways that we, as authors, teachers, and researchers, may want to think about intellectual property in the digital age.
Vocal behaviour during aggressive encounters between Siberian hamsters, Phodopus sungorus

Vocalizations constitute an important channel of communication for many vertebrates. Classes of vocalizations may be closely associated with particular contexts or behaviours, and variation within classes may convey information on individual identity, sex or motivational state. Rodent vocal communication has largely been studied within a reproductive context, but rodents also utter vocalizations during aggressive encounters with same-sex conspecifics. In this work we investigated same-sex vocal behaviour of Siberian hamsters, a mammalian model species for studying aggression. Males and females produced two main classes of vocalizations: high-frequency (>20 kHz), narrowband vocalizations (ultrasonic vocalizations; USVs) and lower-frequency, broadband vocalizations (broadband calls; BBCs). USVs and BBCs were further classified into subtypes based on spectrotemporal characteristics. With these classifications, we made the predictions that hamsters would utter distinct subcategories of calls, that there would be sex differences in call usage, and that BBCs would be more closely associated with aggressive behaviours than USVs. While there were no sex differences in the total number of USVs or BBCs produced by a pair, the use of vocalization subcategories varied by sex, with females uttering more variable USVs and more ‘rattle’ BBCs than males. In conjunction with these differences in vocal behaviour, the sexes also differed in aggression. Across both sexes, variation in aggressive behaviour correlated with variation in the number of ‘squeak’ BBCs and ‘rattle’ BBCs, whereas USVs were not related to aggression. Thus, BBCs constitute a distinct vocalization type with an important role in aggressive communication for hamsters.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, embryonal tumors, and other small cell and poorly differentiated malignant neoplasms of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Abstract Many different types of small cell, embryonal, and poorly differentiated neoplasms originate within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Because appropriate treatment is based on a correct diagnosis, the surgical pathologist must be familiar both with basic characteristics of each of the numerous entities as well as the spectrum of morphologic features that each may display. The nosology and nomenclature of these tumors have a rich and varied history. One basic distinction is between primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system (cPNETs) and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the peripheral nervous system (pPNETs), which are clinicopathologically and genetically distinct. Among the cPNETs are medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, cerebral neuroblastoma, ependymoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, primary rhabdomyosarcoma, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, whereas the pPNETs comprise the more differentiated end of a spectrum of neoplasms that include skeletal and extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma.
Heat- and acid-tolerance of a grass commonly found in geothermal areas within Yellowstone National Park

Surveys of geothermally-heated environments in Yellowstone National Park have revealed an exceptionally heat-resistant grass Dichanthelium lanuginosum. Individuals of this species were able to withstand rhizosphere temperatures ranging from 40 to 57°C. Long-term (July and August, 1996) rhizosphere temperature measurements at three sites confirmed that geothermal heat maintained high soil temperatures during the night. Plants grown in the lab from field-collected seed display significantly higher shoot fresh weight when grown at soil temperatures of 35–41°C vs. 23–27°C. Though there is no difference in root fresh weight of plants grown at these two temperature regimes, the roots from the warmer soils are significantly shorter and more highly branched compared with plants grown in the cooler soils. This species also displays acid tolerance both in the field, with rhizosphere pH<3, measured at several sites, and when grown in the lab. In response to increased temperature, individual D. lanuginosum plants, either grown in the lab or collected in the field, expressed a low molecular weight protein that cross-reacted with heat shock protein antibodies.
Factors affecting nitroxide reduction in ascorbate solution and tissue homogenates

Because of their paramagnetic properties, nitroxides are potentially useful as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are reduced in vivo to their corresponding hydroxylamines which are nonparamagnetic and have no contrast enhancing property. Nitroxides with high resistance to reduction would be advantageous as pharmaceutical contrast enhancing agents. We show that in the presence of ascorbic acid and in tissue homogenates, the reduction is faster for piperidine than for pyrrolidine nitroxides and for positively-charged than for negatively-charged derivatives. The data also suggest that nitroxide reduction in tissue homogenates is mainly due to sulfhydryl groups on proteins and that endogenous ascorbic acid plays a relatively minor role.
Subject-pool record keeping: A database application

This paper describes a record-keeping system we developed for our subject pool, utilizing ORACLE database software on a VAX computer. This system consists of three data tables and four processes: set up, updating, report generation, and editing. This article describes the rationale and function of each of these four processes in detail. All input and output is in ASCII format. The combination of ASCII files and the ORACLE database system produces a subject-pool recordkeeping system that is adaptable, expandable, and exportable.
Epithelioid fibrous papule – a new variant

Fibrous papules (FPs) are common benign lesions occurring most frequently on the nose. Multiple variants have been described, including classic, hypercellular, clear cell, pigmented, pleomorphic, inflammatory and granular FPs. We describe a group of FPs with characteristics that do not easily fit into any of the above categories, with diffuse sheets of distinctive epithelioid cells, causing potential diagnostic confusion. Immunoperoxidase stains show that the cells of this 'epithelioid fibrous papule' are reactive for procollagen, and are negative for NKI/C3, unlike previously described clear cell variants.
Sex differences in renal nitric oxide synthase, NAD(P)H oxidase, and blood pressure in obese Zucker rats.

Abstract Background: By increasing renal oxidative stress, obesity may alter the protective effect of female sex on blood pressure (BP). Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether female rats had altered expression and activity of renal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H] oxidase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), enzymes important in superoxide and nitric oxide generation, respectively, and whether this relationship was altered in obesity. Methods: Male and female, lean and obese Zucker rats were fed progressively higher levels of NaCl over 54 days while BP was measured by radiotelemetry. Kidneys were harvested after euthanization. Results: A total of 32 (n = 8/body type/sex) Zucker rats were examined. On a high-salt diet (4% NaC1), male and obese rats had significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure relative to female and lean rats (mm Hg: lean male = 108, lean female = 99, obese male = 129, and obese female = 123) and reduced renal cortical NOS activity (determined by 2-way analysis of variance; P P P Conclusions: High-NaCl diet increased BP modestly in obese females, but not at all in lean females, suggesting some loss of protection with obesity in female rats. Reduced cortical NOS activity (both in male and obese rats) and/or increased NADPH oxidase activity (obese rats) may have contributed to increased salt sensitivity of BP.
Precise determination of the dipole matrix element and radiative lifetime of the K 39 4p state by photoassociative spectroscopy

Rovibrational levels (v=0--30) of the ${0}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ``pure long-range'' state of $^{39}\mathrm{K}_{2}$ are observed by photoassociative spectroscopy of ultracold potassium atoms prepared in a high-density magneto-optical trap. The measured molecular binding energies are used to precisely determine the long-range dipole-dipole potential constant ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}$ of the K(4s)+K(4p) asymptote and the radiative lifetime of the 4p state. We determine ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}$=-5.456(9) zJ ${\mathrm{nm}}^{3}$ (-8.445(14) a.u.), \ensuremath{\tau}(4${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{3\mathrm{/}2}$)=26.34(5) ns, and \ensuremath{\tau}(4${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{1\mathrm{/}2}$)=26.69(5) ns. Our result is a significant improvement in precision over previous lifetime measurements and agrees well with the recent fast-beam experiment [U. Volz and H. Schmoranzer, Phys. Scr. T65, 48 (1996)].
Experiments in micro‐history: Attributions about the recent vs. the remote subjective past

Demonstrated in two studies ( N = 64, N = 79) that information about a hypothetical stimulus person that appears to be 3 hold is judged more positively than information that appears to be 45 min old (p < .03, p < .007 respectively). In both instances, the information was received 1½ hago, but by unobtrusively manipulating the speeds of a clock by a factor of two, subjects were led to believe that they received the information either 45 min or 3 hago. The implications of thefindings for theories of attribution and social judgment are pointed out.
Nonperturbative volume reduction of large- N QCD with adjoint fermions

We use nonperturbative lattice techniques to study the volume-reduced ``Eguchi-Kawai'' version of four-dimensional large-$N$ QCD with a single adjoint Dirac fermion. We explore the phase diagram of this single-site theory in the space of quark mass and gauge coupling using Wilson fermions for a number of colors in the range $8\ensuremath{\le}N\ensuremath{\le}15$. Our evidence suggests that these values of $N$ are large enough to determine the nature of the phase diagram for $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. We identify the region in the parameter space where the $({Z}_{N}{)}^{4}$ center symmetry is intact. According to previous theoretical work using the orbifolding paradigm, and assuming that translation invariance is not spontaneously broken in the infinite-volume theory, in this region volume reduction holds: the single-site and infinite-volume theories become equivalent when $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. We find strong evidence that this region includes both light and heavy quarks (with masses that are at the cutoff scale), and our results are consistent with this region extending toward the continuum limit. We also compare the action density and the eigenvalue density of the overlap Dirac operator in the fundamental representation with those obtained in large-$N$ pure-gauge theory.
Stability of the ATF2 Transcription Factor Is Regulated by Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

Trans-activation of the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) in response to cellular stress requires the N-terminal phosphorylation of ATF2 by stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK). In this study, we investigated the role of ATF2 phosphorylation in the maintenance of ATF2 stability. Activation of SAPK by forced expression of ΔMEKK1 increased overall ATF2 ubiquitination, presumably because of the enhanced dimerization of ATF2. Treatment of ΔMEKK1-expressing cells with okadaic acid led to the increase in N-terminal phosphorylation, protection from ubiquitination, and accumulation of exogenously expressed ATF2, indicating the role of protein phosphatases in balancing the effects of stress kinases. Analysis of ubiquitination and degradation of the constitutively dimerized ATF2 mutant (ATF2Δ150–248) showed that activation of JNK or p38 kinase renders ATF2 resistant to ubiquitination and degradation. This effect is mediated by JNK/p38-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 at Thr-69 and Thr-71, because the phosphorylation-deficient mutant (ATF2Δ150–248-T69A,T71A) was not protected from ubiquitination and degradation by the activation of SAPK. Treatment of cells with okadaic acid elevated the tumor necrosis factor α-induced ATF2 level and the extent of its specific N-terminal phosphorylation. Cycloheximide, which activates SAPK, while inhibiting protein synthesis, stabilized endogenous ATF2. However, treatment of cells with the high dose of SB203580, which inhibits JNK and p38 kinase, resulted in efficient degradation of ATF2 in cells exposed to cycloheximide. This degradation was abrogated by co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our findings suggest that N-terminal phosphorylation of ATF2 dimers protect ATF2 from ubiquitination and degradation. We propose the hypothesis that the balance between SAPK and protein phosphatases affects the duration and magnitude of ATF2 transcriptional output because of the effect on substrate recognition for ubiquitination and degradation.
Pyogenic liver abscess

Pyogenic liver abscess has been recognized since ancient times and it continues to be associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This paper is a summary of the clinical manifestations of pyogenic hepatic abscess.
White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. I. Normal intensity range

The Wiener-Lee-Schetzen method for the identification of a nonlinear system through white gaussian noise stimulation was applied to the transient light growth response of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces. In order to cover a moderate dynamic range of light intensity I, the imput variable was defined to be log I. The experiments were performed in the normal range of light intensity, centered about I0 = 10(-6) W/cm2. The kernels of the Wierner functionals were computed up to second order. Within the range of a few decades the system is reasonably linear with log I. The main nonlinear feature of the second-order kernel corresponds to the property of rectification. Power spectral analysis reveals that the slow dynamics of the system are of at least fifth order. The system can be represented approximately by a linear transfer function, including a first-order high-pass (adaptation) filter with a 4 min time constant and an underdamped fourth-order low-pass filter. Accordingly a linear electronic circuit was constructed to simulate the small scale response characteristics. In terms of the adaptation model of Delbruck and Reichardt (1956, in Cellular Mechanisms in Differentiation and Growth, Princeton University Press), kernels were deduced for the dynamic dependence of the growth velocity (output) on the "subjective intensity", a presumed internal variable. Finally the linear electronic simulator above was generalized to accommodate the large scale nonlinearity of the adaptation model and to serve as a tool for deeper test of the model.
Association of ideal cardiovascular health and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.

Background The American Heart Association (AHA) established recommendations based on 7 ideal health behaviors and factors with the goal of improving cardiovascular health (CVH) and reducing both morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease by 20% by 2020. Few studies have investigated their association with subclinical coronary heart disease. We sought to examine whether the 7 AHA CVH metrics were associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. Methods In a cross-sectional design, we studied 1,731 predominantly white men and women from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study without prevalent coronary heart disease. Diet was assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was measured by cardiac computed tomography. We defined prevalent CAC using an Agatston score of 100+ and fitted generalized estimating equations to calculate prevalence odds ratios of CAC. Results Mean age was 56.8 years, and 41% were male. The median number of ideal CVH metrics was 3, and no participant met all 7. There was a strong inverse relationship between number of ideal CVH metrics and prevalent CAC. Odds ratios (95% CI) for CAC of 100+ were 1.0 (reference), 0.37 (0.29-0.45), 0.35 (0.26-0.44), and 0.27 (0.20-0.36) among subjects with 0 to 1, 2, 3, and 4+ ideal CVH metrics, respectively ( P = .0001), adjusting for sex, age, field center, alcohol, income, education, and energy consumption. Conclusions These data demonstrate a strong and graded inverse relationship between AHA ideal CVH metrics and prevalent CAC in adult men and women.
Distinguishing “or” from “and” and the case for historical identification

The adequacy of a probabilistic interpretation must be judged according to the nature of the event, or thing, being inferred. For example, conditional (frequency) probability is not admissible in the inference of phylogeny, because basic statements of common ancestry do not fulfill the requirements of the relations specified by the probability calculus. The probabilities of the situation peculiar to the time and place of origin of species are unique. Moreover, according to evolutionary theory, an event of species diversification is necessarily unique, because species are parts of a replicator continuum—species arise from ancestral species. Also, these probabilities cannot be ascertained, because the relevant situation cannot be repeated—it is unique. Finally, the applicability of conditional (frequency) probability is denied, because events of common ancestry have already occurred—there is nothing to predict. However, hypotheses of species relationships can be identified objectively according to the degree to which they have survived simultaneous testing with critical evidence, not with generally confirming evidence. The most parsimonious hypothesis of species relationships represents the least disconfirmed, best supported, proposition among the alternatives being compared. That hypothesis does not, however, deserve any special epistemological status beyond serving as the focus of the next round of testing.
A double-blind study of the effects of bacterial vaccine on infective asthma

Abstract The effectiveness of bacterial vaccine in the treatment of infective asthma was studied in 22 pairs of patients followed over an eighteen-month period, matched as closely as possible with respect to age, sex, race, duration and severity of asthma, vital capacity, maximal expiratory flow rate (MEFR), and x-ray evidence of hyperplastic sinusitis. According to a strict double-blind technique, one group was given stock bacterial vaccine hyposensitization and the other a saline placebo. They were evaluated as to subjective manifestations (according to a semiquantitative scale), emergency room visits for asthma, vital capacity, MEFR, numbers of asthma pills, steroid tablets, and inhaler prescriptions. In every parameter followed, the vaccine-treated patients did better. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant with regard to the inhaler prescriptions. Patients with hyperplastic sinusitis did not fare better than the others, but the group may have been too small. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the amount of antibiotics taken.
Enhancement of Electrical Stability of Acutely Ischemic Myocardium by Edrophonium

Recently we demonstrated that vagal stimulation increases ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and decreases the incidence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during acute coronary occlusion. Assuming this protective effect of the vagus to be mediated through acetylcholine release, we hypothesized that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, a potential clinical intervention, would also enhance electrical stability of acutely ischemic myocardium. A balloon cuff was placed around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and left ventricular and atrial electrodes were implanted in 10 dogs. Five to seven days later VFT was determined (VFT was defined as the minimum current required to produce ventricular fibrillation). During nonischemic conditions VFT was 42 ± 8 ma; when edrophonium was infused (1-2 mg/kg/min), VFT increased to 77 ± 11 ma (P < 0.005). During ischemia induced by LAD occlusion VFT fell to 19 ± 4 ma. Edrophonium increased VFT during ischemia to 52 ± 13 ma (P < 0.005), a level not...
Cross reactions of a panosyl-azoprotein conjugate with antipneumococcal horse sera.

Abstract Panosyl-BSA, a synthetic sugar-azoprotein conjugate consisting of the trisaccharide panose (glucosyl α-(1,6)-glucosyl-α(1,4) glucose) coupled to bovine serum albumin by an azphenyl linkage, cross precipitates antibody from types II and XX antipneumococcal horse sera. Hapten inhibition indicates that these cross reactions of synthetic antigen are mediated by the α-isomaltosyl moiety of the introduced panosyl haptenic grouping. While interaction of conjugate with horse anti-XX involves a fraction of antibody directed against an α-isomaltosyl end group, interaction with horse anti-II involves a fraction of antibody directed against the α-isomaltosyl end group. Purified fractions of antibody, cross reactive with panosly-BSA were specifically from antipneumococcal horse sera and their behavior with homologous antigen examined and compared with unfractionated serum.
Detecting differences in arthropod aggregation by comparing the proportion of occupied sample units

Using data sets of phytophagous and predaceous mites, we introduce a method for estimating standard error bands for the proportion of habitat occupied by a species as a function of mean density, by transforming error bands from the variance-mean power law. Error bands produced by this method were more conservative than bands produced by bootstrapping and repeated subsampling methods applied to the same data. Though conservative, the binomial model showed potential to be an easily interpreted, powerful method for detecting differences in the proportion of habitat occupied among data sets (interpreted as differences in species aggregation) on one spatial scale. This was demonstrated in three specific cases: between years for the predaceous mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus pumila Miller), for the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), whether or not it was preyed upon by the predaceous mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on hops (Humulus lupulus L.), and among individual life stages of the predaceous mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple.
Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotube electronics

This article presents the synthesis of a Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) and its electrical characterization. The formation of Y-junction branches is found to be dependent on the catalyst composition, which can be correlated to the Gibbs free energy of metal carbide formation. Radial breathing mode peaks in Raman spectra show that the sample has both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, and their portion is varied with type of catalyst and growth temperature. The localized gating effect exhibited by the Y-SWNT suggests the resemblance of its electrical characteristics with ambipolar field effect transistor. The temperature dependence of the I–V characteristics reveals that the conduction mechanism in the Y-SWNT is governed by thermionic emission at temperatures above 100 K and by tunneling at T < 100 K.
Number-of-Features Effects During Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements

Researchers have demonstrated that words with high numbers of features (NOF) are recognized more quickly than words with low NOF. One difficulty in testing theories of word recognition with paradigms that present words in isolation, however, is that these paradigms can produce task demands not present in naturalistic reading situations. Extending previous research on this topic, we embedded high and low NOF words in neutral sentences that participants read as their eye movements were monitored. We investigated how NOF and four other variables known to affect word recognition (frequency, age of acquisition, familiarity, and length) influenced word reading time. This is the first experiment to demonstrate NOF effects on eye fixations during reading.
An apparent new isotope effect in a molecular decomposition and implications for nature

Abstract The isotopic fractionation resulting from thermal ozone decomposition has been measured. The product O2 from gas phase thermal decomposition is equally enriched in 17O and 18O with respect to precursor O3. The effect is not due to O+O2+M reaction, which is the source of another reported mass-independent isotope effect. Previous experiments have shown that visible light O3 decomposition produces isotopically light O2, thus, it appears that the source of the anomalous isotopic fractionation observed in thermal decomposition is the collisional decomposition process. This may then represent a new type of isotope effect not accounted for by theory. The possible consequence for observation in nature is discussed.
Multiple spontaneous coronary artery dissections in a middle aged woman: support for an underlying eosinophilic arteritis predisposing to intimal disruption.

A 43-year-old female received tissue plasminogen activator for an acute antero-apical myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated three focal dissections involving the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. She expired unexpectantly after undergoing emergency coronary artery bypass grafting for therapy of an extension of her infarct. To our knowledge, this is the fourth report of multiple spontaneous coronary artery dissections and the second in which tissue plasminogen activator was administered. The histiologic findings and their implications are reviewed. © 1993 Wlley-Liss, Inc
Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. IV. Exon shuffling did not determine the domain compositions of EF-hand proteins

In the previous three reports in this series we demonstrated that the EF-hand family of proteins evolved by a complex pattern of gene duplication, transposition, and splicing. The dendrograms based on exon sequences are nearly identical to those based on protein sequences for troponin C, the essential light chain myosin, the regulatory light chain, and calpain. This validates both the computational methods and the dendrograms for these subfamilies. The proposal of congruence for calmodulin, troponin C, essential light chain, and regulatory light chain was confirmed. There are, however, significant differences in the calmodulin dendrograms computed from DNA and from protein sequences. In this study we find that introns are distributed throughout the EF-hand domain and the interdomain regions. Further, dendrograms based on intron type and distribution bear little resemblance to those based on protein or on DNA sequences. We conclude that introns are inserted, and probably deleted, with relatively high frequency. Further, in the EF-hand family exons do not correspond to structural domains and exon shuffling played little if any role in the evolution of this widely distributed homolog family. Calmodulin has had a turbulent evolution. Its dendrograms based on protein sequence, exon sequence, 3'-tail sequence, intron sequences, and intron positions all show significant differences.
Public Choice Theory: A New Approach to Institutional Economics

The primary preoccupation of public choice theory has been with nonmarket decision making and thus with public choice, not market choice. Economists recognize that market institutions have serious limitations and that an array of goods and services will be supplied through instrumentalities of government in one form or another. Unfortunately, institutions of government are also subject to institutional weaknesses and failures. Reliance upon governmental authority to correct for problems of market weakness need not lead to an improvement in welfare. References to market institutions, to governmental institutions, and to problems of institutional weakness and failure suggest a preoccupation in public choice theory that is akin to the work of institutional economists. The kinship in interest is, however, accompanied by substantial disparity in method. Contemporary public choice theorists are more likely to be grounded in the microeconomic theory associated with the Chicago School than are the traditional institutional economists.
What makes a design difficult to route

Traditionally, the goal of physical synthesis has been to produce a physical realization of the input netlist that meets its timing constraints with minimum area. However, design routability has emerged from a secondary objective to perhaps the primary objective, in no small part due to the myriad of rules and constraints that emerge with each successive technology. This work overviews the complexities with modeling congestion during physical synthesis and discusses how optimizations may be able to provide some relief.
Perspectives to produce positively or negatively charged polyhydroxyalkanoic acids

An overview is provided on the possibilities of producing positively and negatively charged poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates), PHAs. A large variety of bacterial polyesters with functionalized terminal side chains can be produced in microbial fermentation processes by a direct polymerization of respective carbon sources, that is, carbon sources that carry functional groups in their ω-position. However, charged PHAs are not accessible by a direct approach and must be synthesized via polymer-analogous reactions of functionalized bacterial polyesters. PHA polyanions are produced by converting the terminal functional groups into carboxylate groups, while PHA polycations are produced by introducing terminal amino groups. PHAs with terminal vinyl groups emerged as most suitable PHA precursors, as they can be produced in relatively high yields and the double bonds are sufficiently reactive. The oxidation of vinyl groups yields PHA polyanions. The conversion of terminal vinyl groups into epoxides with a subsequent ring-opening reaction with an amine yields PHA polycations. Other functionalized PHA that potentially lend themselves to polymer-analogous reactions are reviewed.
Unstable angina pectoris of new onset: A prospective clinical and arteriographic study of 75 patients

Seventy-five patients with unstable angina pectoris of new onset (defined as of less than 90 days' duration) were prospectively evaluated in terms of clinical and arteriographic findings. In all patients the angina was considered unstable in terms of ease of provocation of anginal attacks and frequency of occurrence of attacks. Sixty patients had significant obstruction of at least one coronary artery, whereas 15 had insignificant disease (less than 70 percent arterial narrowing) or normal coronary arteries. Thirty-one patients (52 percent) had single vessel coronary disease, 11 (18 percent) had double vessel disease and 9 (15 percent) had triple vessel disease; the remaining 9 (15 percent) had left main coronary artery disease, either alone or in association with other vessel involvement. Of the 31 patients with single vessel disease, 24 (77 percent) had stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. The patients with single vessel disease did not differ from the patients with multivessel involvement with respect to risk factors or clinical presentation. It is concluded that patients with unstable angina of new onset have an unusually large incidence of single vessel coronary artery disease predominantly involving the left anterior descending coronary artery. Thus, these patients constitute a unique subset of patients with angina pectoris.
Adolescent Latinas’ Adaptive Functioning and Sense of Well-Being:

As a result of poverty, discrimination, and immigration and acculturation stress, adolescent Latinas in the United States often struggle with low self-esteem, depression, suicide attempts, and school dropout. Drawing from two studies conducted by the authors, this article discusses factors that are related to the adaptive functioning and sense of well-being of adolescent Latinas, the roles played by mother-daughter mutuality, and the supports offered by after-school programs
Spectral properties of turtle cones

Microelectrodes were used to record from red and green cones of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. The purpose of this study was to determine the action spectra of the red and green cone photopigments, and to look closely for direct interactions between the two cone classes. An isolated retina preparation was employed so that cones could be stimulated from the outer segment side, thereby avoiding the oil droplets that reside in the inner segments of many cones and normally filter incident light. In agreement with some previous electrophysiological studies, we found little evidence for significant direct connections between red and green cones. Exceptions to this rule are noted and discussed. Measurements indicate that this result does not appear to be due to a general loss of cone connectivity in the isolated retina preparation. Action spectra of the cone photopigments differed markedly from action spectra reported for cones in the eyecup preparation. In contrast to cones in the eyecup, cones in the isolated retina showed higher short-wavelength sensitivity and had action spectra that were adequately described by photopigment nomograms. A model of cone optical properties suggests that in the eyecup up to about 40% of the light that reaches a cone outer segment may do so without first passing through an oil droplet.
Library services to support remote students

Libraries have a long history of providing a variety of services to remote users. At Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (SIUC), this has prompted the development of partnerships between instructional support librarians and reference librarians that enabled the creation of a number of new and innovative services. While there has been considerable discussion about how libraries should meet the needs of remote students, little has been said about the library's role in supporting instructors. Instructional Support Services at SIUC, for many years affiliated with the library, has been the primary resource for instructors wishing to enhance their instructional methods in courses. This article will discuss the changing roles of both reference and instructional support librarians to meet the needs of remote users and the faculty who instruct them.