cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Emergency Response

Federal first responder funding is estimated to be $98 billion below the minimum required level over the 5 years ending in 2010. A significant portion of that shortfall can be covered by savings attained by eliminating non-public-good services, initiating public–private partnerships for meeting peak time demand in emergency situations, and contracting-out other public services. We concentrate on such savings in the context of response to false calls to police, fire, and ambulance services. Solving the false alarm problem for police, fire, and ambulance services and eliminating some non-public-good police services could release significant service-hours and 23.7–31.4% of the required additional Homeland Security (HLS) annual spending. Reducing false alarms means 88,000 police, fire, and ambulance first responders could be shifted to HLS activities.
Response to ‘short‐run statistical process control: Q‐Chart enhancements and alternative methods’

Del Castillo and Montgomery have studied properties of the Shewhart-type Q-charts given by Quesenberry by simulating the mean, ARL, and standard deviation, SRL, of the distribution of run lengths for these charts, and some procedures they propose as possible alternatives. We show here that ARL and SRL are not useful criteria for comparing control procedures for the situations considered in those papers. Moreover, the simulation results reported are incorrect for some cases reported and suspect for all cases. We also point out a number of other errors and misleading unsupported assertions.
Laser Optogalvanic Monitoring of SiH in a Chemical Vapor Deposition Glow Discharge

A demountable hollow cathode discharge cell that is useful for studies of plasmas relevant to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was assembled and demonstrated. Direct current glow discharge decomposition of 10% silane in helium in this cell at 20 Torr produced silicon-containing cathodic thin films that were subsequently examined with the use of Raman and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. A pulsed dye laser-excited optogalvanic detection technique was used to monitor the presence of a transient molecular intermediate—silicon hydride—in this decomposition plasma. An optogalvanic spectrum of the SiH A2Δ-X2π transition near 420 nm is presented. This electronic absorption technique complements other spectroscopic methods for mechanistic studies and optimization of glow discharge CVD plasmas that are currently used for the commercial preparation of technologically important thin film materials such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon. It will be particularly useful for detection of nonluminescent plasma intermediates.
Localization in hypothalamus of increased incorporation of 3H cytidine into RNA in response to oral hypertonic saline.

Autoradiography was performed on serial sections of the hypothalamus of mice given oral hypertonic saline using incorporation of 3H cytidine into RNA as an index of cellular activity. Of the 18 areas of the hypothalamus examined, increased activity in saline treated mice was found in 3 areas,: supraoptic nucleus, medial portion of arcuate nucleus, and ependymal cells lining the third ventricle adjacent to arcuate nucleus. The increased activity of the supraoptic nucleus is consistent with its known function of increased vasopressin synthesis in response to dehydration. The significance of the findings in the arcuate nucleus remains to be determined but this area may be involved in the reception and transmission the thirst stimulus or in a stress response. This method is presented as a non—invasive technique for localizing hypothalamic response to specific physiologic stimuli. (Endocrinology 92: 1550, 1973)
Particulate guanylate cyclase of skeletal muscle: effects of Ca2+ and other divalent cations on enzyme activity.

The properties of particulate guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2) from purified rabbit skeletal muscle membrane fragments were studied. Four membrane fractions were prepared by sucrose gradient centrifugation and the fractions characterized by analysis of marker enzymes. Guanylate cyclase activity was highest in the fraction possessing enzymatic properties typical of sarcolemma, while fractions enriched with sarcoplasmic reticulum had lower activities. In the presence of suboptimal Mn2+ concentrations, Mg2+ stimulated particulate guanylate cyclase activity both before and after solubilization in 1% Triton X-100. Guanylate cyclase activity was biphasic in the presence of Ca2+. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration from 10−8 to 10−5 M decrased the specific activity. As the Ca2+ concentration was further increased to 5 · 10−4M enzyme activity again increased. After solubilization of the membranes in 1% Triton X-100, Ca2+ suppressed enzyme activity. Studies utilizing ionophore X537 A indicated that the altered effect of Ca2+ upon the solubilized membranes was independent of asymmetric distribution of Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Variation in Minnesota HRS wheats: starch granule size distribution

Abstract The functional properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch, which are responsible for the unique characteristics of many foods, can be in part explained by variations in starch granule sizes. This study characterizes the variation in starch morphology in Minnesota Hard Red Spring wheats and examines the interdependence of the granule size distribution on selected mixing and pasting properties. Starch granule sizes were measured using an automated microscopic imaging instrument in both wheat-meal and flour, and these data were correlated with their respective mixing and pasting properties. Quantitative image analysis showed significant differences (Tukey HSD, P 10 μm in diameter) among five varieties commonly grown in Minnesota. The proportion of large starch granules also correlated significantly with the pasting properties of wheat-meal and flour, whereas the proportion of starch granules below 10 μm in diameter correlated significantly to the wheat-meal and flour mixing properties.
Abstract 898: Glucose metabolism Gene Polymorphisms and Clinical Outcome in Pancreatic Cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background Altered glucose-metabolism is the most common metabolic hallmark of malignancies. The ‘Warburg effect’ (aerobic glycolysis, a persistently high rate of glucose conversion into lactate even under normoxic condition), is a distinctive metabolic characteristic of malignancies that distinguishes them from normal cells. Glucose-metabolism plays a crucial role in determining the cell fate (survival or death), has become a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. We explored weather glucose-metabolism gene variations correlate with clinical outcome in pancreatic cancer. Methods We retrospectively genotyped 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 5 glucose-metabolism genes (Hexokinase 2,HK2; glucokinase, GCK; glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase, GFPT1; glucose phosphate isomerase, GPI; O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase, OGT) in 154 patients with localized disease enrolled in clinical trials of preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation and validated the findings in 552 patients with different stages of pancreatic adenocarcinoma recruited in a case-control study conducted at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from February 1999 to May 2007, with follow-up to August 2009. Association between genotypes and overall survival (OS) or tumor characteristics was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression or logistic regression models with adjustment of clinical predictors. Findings GCK IVS1+9652C>T and HK2 N692N homozygous variants were significantly associated with reduced OS in the training set of 154 patients (P C, HK2 N692N and R844K in patients with localized disease, and GCK IVS1+9652C>T in patients with advanced disease were significant independent predictors for OS (Ps ≤ 0.001). Haplotype CGG of GPI and GCTATGG of HK2 were associated with better OS, respectively, with a P value of 0.004 and 0.007. HK2 N692N CC, R844K GG genotype correlated with poorer tumor response to therapy, advanced tumor stage and lower rate of tumor resectability. Interpretation We demonstrated that glucose-metabolism gene polymorphisms correlated with clinical outcome in pancreatic cancer. If confirmed, the genotype marker may be useful in identifying patients for glucose-metabolism-targeted therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 898.
Mechanical properties, defects and electronic behavior of carbon nanotubes

Abstract Using state-of-the-art classical and quantum simulations, we have studied the mechanical and electronic response of carbon nanotubes to external deformations, such as strain and bending. In strained nanotubes the spontaneous formation of double pentagon–heptagon defect pairs is observed. Tubes containing these defects are energetically preferred to uniformly stretched tubes at strains greater than 5%. These defects act as nucleation centers for the formation of dislocations in the originally ideal graphitic network and constitute the onset of further deformations of the carbon nanotube. In particular, plastic or brittle behaviors can occur depending upon the external conditions and tube symmetry. We have also investigated the effects that the presence of addimers has on strained carbon nanotubes. The main result is the formation of a new class of defects that wrap themselves about the circumference of the nanotube. These defects are shown to modify the geometrical structure and to induce the formation of nanotube-based quantum dots. Finally, we computed transport properties for various ideal and mechanically deformed carbon nanotubes. High defect densities are shown to greatly affect transport in individual nanotubes, while small diameter bent armchair nanotubes mantam thier basic electrical properties even in presence of large deformations with no defects involved.
Gas transport in poly(vinylidene fluoride): Effects of uniaxial drawing and processing temperature

This paper reports on the gas sorption and transport properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) and on the effects uniaxial drawing and processing temperature have on these properties. Sorption and transport were first examined for “as-received” commercial Kynar PVF2 film at 35°C. This film was 54% crystalline by weight. Solubility, diffusion, and permeability coefficients were measured for He, H2, Ar, O2, N2, CH4, and CO2. The solubility coefficient and the diffusion coefficient D were correlated with the Lennard–Jones potential and mean molecular diameter of the gas, respectively. Uniaxial drawing of PVF2 films was performed up to a draw ratio of 3.7 and over the temperature range 75–140°C. Transport properties were correlated with the extent of draw and drawing temperature. The permeability P and D were found to significantly decline with uniaxial drawing; the magnitude of this effect was dependent on both the drawing temperature and the molecular size of the penetrant considered. Roduetions in P and D became progressively more pronounced with increasing molecular diameter and with decreasing drawing temperature (down to a limit of about 75°C), which reflects an increase in effectiveness of drawing at low temperatures. PVF2 films annealed above 75°C showed an increase in P and D as opposed to the effect of drawing. The solubility of various gases in PVF2 was not found to be sensitive to processing treatments such as drawing and annealing, in agreement with the relatively small changes observed in free volume. PVF2 films subjected to various treatments were characterized by DSC, density, birefringence, and dynamic mechanical measurements. Gas transport measurements appear to provide a more sensitive and hence more viable measure of the effectiveness of drawing than these other techniques. Drawing PVF2 in the melt state was found to increase P and D, in contrast with the effects observed for solid-state drawing. The results have been interpreted in terms of existing theories on morphology and microstructure in semicrystalline polymers.
Policy promise: community policing and domestic violence victim satisfaction

Police policy regarding domestic violence has been severely altered over the last decade. The social control approach of pro‐arrest policies has coincided with a service approach promoted by community policing philosophy. But community policing practice has largely ignored the role of victim satisfaction. The evaluation of domestic violence victims must be considered in determining police accountability, because of both the likelihood that victims will seek police service more than once, and because they are intimately knowledgeable about the effect of police practice on offender behavior. Presents an exploratory study of victim satisfaction as an illustration of the situations, expectations and behaviors which shape the victim’s experience with the police. Finds that police helping behaviors were the best predictors of satisfaction, but helping behaviors were differentially distributed by victim characteristics. Suggests that police can actively improve community satisfaction in domestic violence cases by fully implementing policy and training directives which require them to provide information and concrete assistance equitably.
Regional differences in the expression of myosin light chains and tropomyosin subunits during development of chicken breast muscle

Abstract Types of myosin light chains and tropomyosins present in various regions and at different developmental stages of embryonic and posthatched chicken breast muscle (pectoralis major) have been characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In the embryonic muscle all areas appear to accumulate both slow and fast forms of mysoin light chains in addition to α and β forms of tropomyosin. During development regional differences in myosin and tropomyosin expression become apparent. Slow myosin subunits become gradually restricted to areas of the anterior region of the muscle and finally become localized to a small red strip found on its anterior deep surface. This red region is characterized by the presence of slow and fast myosin light chains, α-fast, α-slow, and β-tropomyosin. In all other areas of the muscle examined only fast myosin light chains, β-tropomyosin and the α-fast form of tropomyosin, are found. In addition, β-tropomyosin also gradually becomes lost in the posterior regions of the developing breast muscle. In the adult, the red strip area represents less than 1% of the total pectoralis major mass and of the myosin extracted from this area approximately 15% was present as an isozyme that comigrated on nondenaturing gels with myosin from a slow muscle (anterior latissimus dorsi). The red region accumulates therefore fast as well as slow muscle myosin. Thus while the adult chicken pectoralis major is over 99% fast white muscle, the embryonic muscle displays a significant and changing capacity to accumulate both fast and slow muscle peptides.
Kinetics of lymphoid cells in tumor-bearing mice☆

Abstract The distribution patterns of 51 Cr-labeled lymphoid cells from normal C3H and tumor-bearing 6C3HED mice were studied by the method of Bainbridge and Gowland (1). An increased localization of normal recirculating lymphocytes was observed in draining lymph nodes of tumor bearing animals which reached a maximum of 8.4% by the 8th–10th day following transplantation. The proportion of recirculating cells from draining nodes of tumor-bearing animals decreased with the progression of the tumor although their actual numbers increased. This decrease is thought to be related to the invasion of draining nodes by tumor cells.
What Can Institutional Research do to Help Colleges Meet the Workforce Needs of States and Nations

Institutions of higher education are looked to by society as the training grounds and gatekeepers for college-trained workers. However, despite a long history of being viewed by many as unresponsive to labor force needs, the academy has not found ways of effectively meeting these demands, nor articulating why it is that they have difficulty doing so. This paper discusses how institutional researchers can help explain to campus administrators and others the role that institutions play in training individuals for the workplace, and why they cannot always quickly respond to and solve shortages of college-trained workers. The first section outlines what economic theory and research has to say regarding labor markets, how labor market shortages arise, and how students make decisions about which major to pursue. The last section describes problems institutional researchers face when using their skills with data to identify solutions to this problem. Using data from the state of New Hampshire, it will be shown that the data available to institutional decisionmakers can be out of date, inaccurate, and not particularly useful for designing policies that would enable an institution to respond to the labor needs of the economy.
Kinetics of the base-catalyzed permanganate oxidation of benzaldehyde

The kinetics of the base-catalyzed permanganate oxidation of benzaldehyde have been reexamined. The rate is proportional to the first power of the aldehyde and permanganate concentrations, and there are terms that are zero order, first order, and second order in hydroxide ion. The reaction has an isotope effect, and the effect of substituents gives ρ = +1.58. The possible mechanisms for the reaction are discussed in the context of ab initio calculations at the B3P86/6-311+G** and MP2/6-31G* theoretical levels, and both one- and two-electron processes are possible. Benzaldehyde hydrate dianion is calculated to have a remarkably small C−H bond dissociation energy.
Chromosome aberrations of human small cell lung cancer induced by a new 111In-bleomycin complex.

A new 111Indium labeled bleomycin complex (111In-BLMC) was prepared and found to be effective for tumor imaging and therapy both in mouse glioma and human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Chromosome aberrations were studied in human SCLC cells to explore its mechanisms of killing cancer cells. SCLC cells (N417) were exposed to 111In-BLMC, BLM, or 111InCl3 (for control) for 1 hour, treated with colcemid, and chromosomal changes were analyzed. A dramatic increase in chromatic gaps, breaks, chromosome breaks, double minutes, rings, triradii, quadriradii, and chromosome stickiness were observed in the cells treated by 111In-BLMC compared to BLM or 111InCl3. These results indicated that 111In-BLMC has therapeutic potential for combination chemo-radiotherapy of cancer (e.g., by Auger electrons and local energy deposition). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract The present understanding of the ion extraction process in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is reviewed critically. Topics include ion production in the ICP, origins of polyatomic ions, causes of and remedies for the secondary discharge, properties of the supersonic jet and of the beam leaving the skimmer, space charge effects, and matrix interferences. Areas of recent interest are also described from the perspective of the ion extraction process. These recent topics include “cool” plasmas, the three-aperture interface, ion extraction from helium plasmas, and ion sampling considerations unique to magnetic sector, time-of-flight, and ion trap mass spectrometers.
Contingency table testing for categorical data: SAS implementation

Nonparametric and distribution-free tests of categorical data provide an evaluation of statistical significance between groups of subjects differing in their assignment to a set of categories. This paper describes an implementation in the SAS programming language of three tests to evaluate categorical data. One of these tests, the Contingency Table Test for Ordered Categories evaluates data assessed on at least an ordinal scale where the categories are in ascending or descending rank order. The remaining two tests, Fisher’s Fourfold-Table Test for Variables with Two Categories and Fisher’s Contingency Table Test for Variables with More than Two Categories, evaluate data assessed on either a nominal or an ordinal scale. The program described completes analysis of a 2°C categorical contingency table as would be obtained from the application of a multiple-level rating scale to the behavior of a treatment and a control group.
Examination of lymphokines induced in mice following immunization with recombinant simian virus 40 large tumor antigen

Baculovirus-derived recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (T-Ag) was used to immunize BALB/c mice to examine the lymphokines produced following immunization. Specifically, we examined production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5 and interferon γ (IFNγ) from immune lymphocytes cultured with decreasing concentrations of recombinant SV40 T-Ag. We identified elevated levels of IFNγ and IL-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a murine CTLL-2 proliferation biossay respectively. We were unable to detect either IL-4 or IL-5. These data indicate the previously reported tumor immunity induced by recombinant SV40 T-Ag immunization most likely reflects a TH1-like immune response based on thein vitro production of both IFNγ and IL-2 by immune lymphocytes.
Probing the precision of the mitotic clock with a live-cell fluorescent biosensor.

Precise timing of mitosis is essential for high-fidelity cell duplication. However, temporal measurements of the mitotic clock have been challenging. Here we present a fluorescent mitosis biosensor that monitors the time between nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and re-formation using parallel total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. By tracking tens to hundreds of mitotic events per experiment, we found that the mitotic clock of unsynchronized rat basophilic leukemia cells has a marked precision with 80% of cells completing mitosis in 32 ± 6 min. This assay further allowed us to observe delays in mitotic timing at Taxol concentrations 100 times lower than previous minimal effective doses, explaining why Taxol is clinically active at low concentrations. Inactivation of the spindle checkpoint by targeting the regulator Mad2 with RNAi consistently shortened mitosis, providing direct evidence that the internal mitotic timing mechanism is much faster in cells that lack the checkpoint.
Electron Spin Resonance Imaging and ATR−FTIR Study of Poly(acrylonitrile−butadiene−styrene) Containing a Hindered Amine Stabilizer and Thermally Treated at 353 K

We present an electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) study of spatial effects in the thermal degradation at 353 K of poly(acrylonitrile−butadiene−styrene) (ABS) containing 1 or 2% (w/w) Tinuvin 770...
Some aspects of plasma polymerization investigated by pulsed R.F. discharge

The polymerization of organic compounds in glow discharge (plasma polymerization) was investigated by using pulsed R.F. discharge (100 μsec on, 900 μsec off). The effects of pulsed discharge on polymer deposition rate, pressure change in plasma, ESR signals of free spins in both plasma polymer and substrate, and the contact angle of water on the plasma polymer surface were investigated for various organic compounds. The results are correlated to the mechanisms of polymer formation in plasma (plasma polymerization) which has been postulated as repeating processes of stepwise (propagation) reactions. The effect of the pulse is different from one group of organic compounds to another depending on whether or not they contain an olefinic double bond and/or a triple bond. The main difference seems to be the addition polymerization which can occur exclusively during the off-period of pulsed discharge. Ultraviolet emission from pulsed discharge is much less than from continuous discharge. Consequently, the fragmentation of the monomer and the free-radical formation in the substrate are less with the pulsed discharge. Properties of polymers from some organic compounds formed in continuous and in pulsed discharge were found to be significantly different, and the differences were postulated from the changes of polymerization mechanisms in the pulsed discharge.
Multiple Dimensions of Procedural Justice: Longitudinal Effects on Selection System Fairness and Test‐Taking Self‐Efficacy

To demonstrate the multidimensionality of test fairness, we examined the reactions of 246 police applicants to two consecutive selection tests (written and video-based) in terms of eight dimensions of fairness. As hypothesized, each test was seen as more fair in terms of certain dimensions. Furthermore, test fairness measured immediately after each test predicted perceptions of overall selection system fairness measured after candidates received their test results and after controlling for applicants’ selection outcomes (i.e., whether they were eligible for further consideration in the selection process). Job-relatedness/content for the video-based test interacted with test score to affect test-taking self-efficacy. Our discussion focuses on the multidimensionality of test fairness, the contribution of these dimensions to overall selection system fairness, and the consideration of these dimensions in selection system design.
Demonstration of multi-analyte patterning using piezoelectric inkjet printing of multiple layers

Patterning substrates with biological reagents is a critical component of biosensor development. Many applications require multi-analyte patterning capabilities, with a need to deposit several species reproducibly with a high degree of precision. We demonstrate a piezoelectric inkjet printing system that is capable of creating sub-millimeter (down to 150 μm) patterns of aqueous and nonaqueous reagents with precise placement for biosensor applications. The size, shape, and density of the patterns may be modified by simple adjustments of the patterning parameters. Using this system, two methods of multi-analyte protein patterning for use in biosensor assays are demonstrated. The first method involves the deposition of multiple proteins directly onto a gold substrate. Specific binding of an antibody to the deposited antigen is demonstrated, although nonspecific adsorption of the antibody may limit the utility of this simple method in quantitative biosensor applications. A second, more sophisticated multi-analyte patterning method involves two sequential patterning steps, consisting of an initial deposition onto gold of a mixed thiol layer to provide oriented binding capabilities in a nonfouling background and a second deposition of multiple biotinylated proteins. Highly specific antibody binding to this patterned multi-analyte surface was demonstrated, with minimal nonspecific adsorption to the surrounding regions. Thus, this method produces high-quality, localized, and customizable sub-millimeter patterns in a nonfouling background for multi-analyte bioassay development.
Abstract 4051: A mouse model of head and neck cancer with infrared-based molecular imaging

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction Head and neck cancer (HNC) is notoriously difficult to treat and the five-year survival rate has improved very little over the past thirty years. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) mouse models are invaluable tools for furthering mechanistic HNC research. Molecular imaging (MI) is a promising new modality that may improve current HNC mouse models. Visible florescent proteins (VFPs) have been widely used with animal models for tumor detection using MI. However, the low emission wavelength of VFP results in its overlapping with the auto-fluorescence of many tissues and causes insufficient penetration into deeper tissues, preventing the application of VFP to track local and metastatic tumor progressions. The recent development of infrared-fluorescent protein (IFP) with Biliverdin as a chromophore has greatly advanced in vivo molecular imaging of deep tissues in animals. Hypothesis The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a novel orthotopic mouse model of HNC with regional spreading and distant metastasis tumors that closely mimics human HNC and can be accurately detected by a noninvasive IFP-based molecular imaging (MI) system. Methods A stable human HNC cell line expressing IFP was established. This stable cell line was used for generating a mouse model with HNC. The tumor formation and tumor progression with this model were accurately monitored by a MI system. Results The IFP signal was clearly detected in our mouse model of HNC. Scanned imaging demonstrated a progression pattern of tumor growth in this model. The tumor can be detected earlier with molecular imaging than by conventional external caliper measurement. Unlike surgical measurement, the tumor can be quantified without disturbing the tumor environment. More important, our data suggest that local-regional metastasis tumors can be detected with this model. Conclusion This novel animal model represents an orthotopic human HNC model. The IFP signals penetrate tissues well and can be detected in the deep tissues with this model. Thus, our model has the potential to be used for monitoring tumor spreading and metastasis of advanced stage HNC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4051. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4051
Apparent thermal contraction of single-walled carbon nanotubes

The thermomechanical behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is governed by the competition between quasistatic thermal expansion and dynamic thermal vibration, while the vibration effect is more prominent and induces apparent contraction in both radial and axial directions. We perform extensive molecular-dynamics simulations to explore the mechanisms of thermal expansion and apparent contraction of SWCNTs. The contributions of various vibration modes to apparent thermal contraction are analyzed explicitly at different temperatures. Parallel continuum analyses are also used to validate the vibration characteristics.
Discovery of Morphological Subgroups That Correlate With Severity of Symptoms in Interstitial Cystitis: A Proposed Biopsy Classification System

Purpose: We identified morphologically distinct subgroups in interstitial cystitis using cluster analysis and investigated the associations between cluster membership and urinary symptoms.Materials and Methods: Of 637 patients enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Study 203 (32%) provided bladder biopsies at baseline screening, representing the focus of this analysis. A cluster analysis algorithm implemented in SAS® PROC CLUSTER using standardized distances to measure the dissimilarity of each pair of patients with respect to select histopathological features was used to construct subgroups of these patients. Multivariate regression models for baseline nighttime and 24-hour voiding frequency, urinary urgency and pain were developed, incorporating indicator variables for cluster membership as predictors. Longitudinal urinary symptom profiles during 3 years of followup were also compared among the morphology clusters.Results: Three morphology clusters were identified, corresponding to unique patho...
VSP interval velocities from traveltime inversion

A principal use of the vertical seismic profile (VSP) is to determine the variation of seismic velocity with depth. Presented here is a discussion of the errors involved with the time picks of a VSP survey and several methods currently used to calculate a velocity section from these time picks. Another technique is proposed, based on the least-squares inversion of the traveltimes, to arrive at a better estimate and statistical description of the velocity section. This technique uses the Levenberg-Marquardt damped least-squares formulation and ray tracing through a horizontally-layered medium to iteratively refine the velocity section. The accuracy and robustness of the procedure are investigated by inverting noisy traveltime curves and comparing these results to the original model velocity section. Agreement is found to be good. One interesting feature of the inverse procedure is that, for certain geometries, it can resolve a few velocity layers, even though there are no measurements made inside those layers. Three actual VSP surveys are analyzed and compared to their corresponding sonic logs. In two of the surveys, it appears that there is some velocity dispersion. Velocity changes associated with gas saturation are evident on one of the surveys.
Optimal capacitor placement and sizes for power loss reduction using combined power loss index-loss sensitivity factor and genetic algorithm

In this paper, we present a proposed methodology to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes for power-loss reduction in a radial distribution system. The objective is to minimize energy loss by considering capacitor cost. Here, both the power loss index (PLI)-based approach and the loss sensitivity coefficient-based approach are comparatively studied to determine the optimal capacitor location. The index-based approach combined with a genetic algorithm is used to determine the capacitor sizes. We also discuss about how customer loads and costs change after reactive power compensation. The proposed method were tested on the IEEE 13-bus and 34-bus test systems, and the results are comparatively analyzed and discussed.
Clustering Technique for Evaluating and Validating Neural Network Performance

Data used for training and testing a neural network (NN) are often collected from limited sample projects. They may constitute clusters instead of being evenly distributed over the entire space. This paper first studies the effect of clustered data on the performance of an NN model by fitting a cowboy hat surface, followed by an introduction to the fuzzy clustering technique. An NN model is then evaluated cluster by cluster over a representative space. New predictions are validated based on their locations in the space and the model performance in corresponding regions. The analysis improves the confidence of a user on an NN model.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MANGANESE PRECIPITATING BACTERIA

Studies of biological communities of the past (and their associated activities) are usually dependent upon preservation of fossil material. With bacteria this rarely occurs because of the absence of sufficient fossilizable cellular material. However, some bacteria deposit metabolic products that can, conditions allowing, be preserved indefinitely. In particular, manganese and iron depositing bacteria have the capacity to form preservable microfossils. In order to better understand these micro-fossils of the past, we have examined present day morphologies of manganese oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria are highly pleomorphic, depending on the growth medium, the age of the culture, and the extent of manganese oxidation. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that manganese may be deposited either intra- or extra-cellularly. The prognosis of the use of morphological information for the interpretation of ancient and modern manganese deposits is discussed.
Enhancements in the dual tree discrete wavelet transform algorithm for video processing

This paper proposes two enhancements to the Noise Shaping (NS) algorithm with the intent of reducing the processing time required to shape the coefficients in the dual tree discrete wavelet transform (DDWT). First, Subband Significant Coefficient Determination (SSCD) will identify the most important coefficients while eliminating the others. A second algorithm, Energy Distribution Noise Shaping (EDNS) more efficiently processes the wavelet coefficients of the transform based on individual subband energy distributions.
Impact of Depression on Disease-Specific Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis:

BackgroundDepression is associated with increased symptom burden in the setting of chronic medical conditions. Studies investigating the influence of depression on the symptoms of chronic rhinosinu...
Effects of perinatal androstenedione on sexual behavior differentiation in male rats.

Male rats injected with androstenedione (AD) during pre- and/or neonatal development showed normal patterns of sexual behavior in adulthood. Although both prenatal AD and postnatal AD significantly decreased testes weight, AD did not inhibit normal development of peripheral accessory sex organs. Prenatal AD enhanced prostate and seminal vesicles weight. The data challenge previous suggestions that exposure during fetal life to high levels of androgen, in general, and AD, in particular, inhibits the course of normal sexual differentiation in the male rat.
Retention of trypsin and chymotrypsin proteolytic activity in sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions.

Abstract The catalytic activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin is sufficiently resistant to denaturation by solutions containing 1% SDS to result in serious alterations in SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic profiles. This resistance to denaturation is apparently enhanced by the presence of macromolecular substrate. Heating at 100°C in 1% SDS for 5 min completely abolishes proteolytic activity.
Teaching the Social Studies: Multiple Approaches for Multiple Perspectives

This article reports a second phase of research on individuals making a career change into teaching. Our research over the past four years has shown us a variety of perspectives among such individuals, those of: Scholar Psychologist; Friendly Scholar; Inculcator; Facilitator of Thinking and Lifelong Learning; Friendly Pedagogue; Empowerer; and Nurturer, The authors present portraits of seven social studies teachers who each reflect one of these perspectives. Given the multiplicity of perspectives among these teachers, and given the stability of such perspectives over time (Bennett and Spalding, 1991), we contend that perhaps multiple approaches to teaching social studies are needed to fit the multiple perspectives teachers bring to the field.
The O'Kalem Collection on DVD: Implications for Future Research

137 would become Kalem’s greatest commercial success. It was also the last big project that the pair did for Kalem. By the summer of 1913 Olcott and Gauntier were back in Ireland. Blazing the Trail gives a succinct account of what transpired in the meantime. They had broken with Kalem for good and were now the Gene Gauntier Players; Gauntier’s name, as the documentary tells us, was far more likely to attract financial backers than was that of the more contentious Olcott. Yet the films on the first DVD in the collection—For Ireland’s Sake and Come Back to Erin—demonstrate that a certain predictability had crept into their work. By the next year the pair had stopped working together. Olcott made a final trip to Ireland, filming Bold Emmett, Ireland’s Martyr (with Robert Emmet’s name unintentionally misspelled). Olcott had wished to build a production studio in Beaufort, but World War I intervened. Gauntier was soon out of films, and Olcott never achieved the level of acclaim he enjoyed when the pair worked together. The films made by Olcott and Gautier are important in their own right, and simply collecting them allows viewers to discover their significant contribution to the ways films are currently made in Ireland and the ways we currently understand Irish-themed films. The documentary in the collection adds valuable contextual information and the commentaries by important critics invite us to elaborate on the conclusions already reached. For anyone interested in the contemporary cinema in Ireland, The O’Kalem Collection is one of the best places to begin the study.
Delayed traumatic vertebral body compression fracture; part II: pathologic features.

T HE DELAYED appearance of the clinical manifestations of traumatic compression of vertebral bodies, or Kiimmell disease, has not been reviewed in the English language literature since 1951.’ Much information bearing on the pathophysiology of this disputed and now rarely diagnosed ailment has been published since then. Recently having seen three patients to whom this diagnosis may apply, we have formulated a concept of the pathogenesis of Kiimmell disease and present up to date osteologic and biomechanical data in explanation and support of this hypothesis.
84-year-old man with night sweats, weight loss, and diarrhea.

An 84-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic stroke, and gastroesophageal reflux disease presented to the outpatient gastroenterology clinic with a 3-month history of night sweats, generalized weakness, nausea, vomiting, nonbloody postprandial diarrhea, and an 18-kg weight loss. He also reported a recent rash and daily morning stiffness in his fingers and knees lasting up to about 30 minutes. He denied alcohol or intravenous drug abuse. Previously, he had been taking several medications, but all had been recently discontinued because of the persistent diarrhea. On examination, the patient had normal vital signs. He appeared cachectic, with a distended abdomen with flank dullness but no pain on palpation. The joints of his fingers and knees were tender to palpation, and soft tissue swelling was evident. No other abnormalities were found on examination of the head, ears, eyes, nose and throat, skin, and lymphatic, cardiac, respiratory, and thyroid systems. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis obtained 1 month previously at another institution revealed abdominal and pelvic ascites and mildly prominent aortocaval and periportal lymph nodes. A positron emission tomographic/CT scan also obtained at another facility did not suggest malignancy.
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of creatine, creatinine and some of their analogs

Creatine (N-methyl-N-amidinoglycine), creatinine (1-methyl-2-aminoimidazolin-4-one) and a series of 38 of their close structural analogs have been examined using natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy at 25.16 MHz. Both proton-coupled and proton noise-decoupled spectra were recorded. Unequivocal assignments of the carbon resonances could be made in the vast majority of cases. Both 13C NMR chemical shifts and 1J(CH) values can be used to characterize and to differentiate readily between analogs of creatine and analogs of creatinine. For example, the 1J(CH) coupling constants for the α-carbons of the acyclic creatine analogs were all in the 140–142 Hz range, whereas the corresponding coupling constants for the related, cyclized creatinine analogs were all in the 150–152 Hz range.
Shape prediction and stability analysis of Mode-I planar cracks

This paper presents a numerical technique for simulating stable growth of Mode-I cracks in two and three dimensions, using energy release rate and its derivatives. The crack growth model used in the numerical simulation is based on the concept of maximizing potential energy of the system released as cracks evolve. Therefore, a series of quadratic programming (QP) problems with linear constraints and bounds are solved to simulate stable growth of Mode-I planar cracks. The derivative of energy release rate provides a stability condition for crack growth in structures and can be regarded as a discretized influence function that represents the strength of the interaction among crack extensions at different crack tips in 2-D and different locations along a crack front in 3-D. The energy release rate and its derivative are accurately calculated by the analytical virtual crack extension method [Engng. Fract. Mech. 59 (1998) 521; 68 (2001) 925] in a single analysis. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. Examples include a central crack subjected to wedge forces in a 2-D finite plate, a system of interacting thermally induced parallel cracks in a two-dimensional semi-infinite plane and a 3-D penny-shaped crack embedded in a large cylinder, pressurized in a central circular region.
Interactive effects of nitrogen and dissolved inorganic carbon on photosynthesis, growth, and ammonium uptake of the macroalgae Cladophora vagabunda and Gracilaria tikvahiae

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is rarely considered limiting for macroalgae, but some research suggests that under conditions of N sufficiency, photosynthetic capacity is enhanced with DIC enrichment. During spring (April–May) and summer (July–August) 1993, we investigated the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and DIC on photosynthetic capacity, growth, and nutrient uptake rates of the macroalgae, Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek and Gracilaria tikvahiae (McLachlan), dominant species in a temperate eutrophic estuary (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA). Water-column CO2 concentrations showed significant diurnal fluctuations, ranging from a morning CO2 peak (21 μM) to an afternoon low (13 μM) during summer, probably associated with metabolic activities in a thick algal mat. Results from instantaneous photosynthesis measurements and microcosm experiments indicate that DIC limits photosynthetic capacity and growth rates of C. vagabunda during summer, perhaps related to tissue N sufficiency and low water-column CO2 concentrations. For example, this species showed enhanced growth (F=8.69, P<0.02) under DIC but not N enrichment. G. tikvahiae showed marginal DIC enhancement of maximum photosynthetic rate, while growth was significantly stimulated by addition of N. Reduced thallus N of this species during the summer further identifies N as the primary factor limiting growth. In addition, G. tikvahiae has the ability to use DIC in its several forms, while C. vagabunda primarily uses dissolved CO2. DIC enrichment resulted in a depression of NH4+ uptake rates for both species, particularly during summer at saturating (60 μM) ammonium levels, suggesting competition between NH4+ uptake and DIC acquisition under conditions of N sufficiency. Dominance of C. vagabunda and G. tikvahiae in areas undergoing eutrophication has been attributed to their successful procurement and storage of N as well as to high growth rates. The present study revealed that under conditions of N sufficiency during summer, DIC may control rates of production of these opportunistic macroalgae.