cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meaning, Discourse, Speech Act

It is obvious by now that there are differences between philosophical and modellist approaches to issues associated with language comprehension, especially that of meaning. Philosophers of language of various persuasions tend to split hairs, sometimes too abstractly; modellers tend to be practical, sometimes too reductively. Both approaches, however, have enlarged understanding of the issue, and their respective ideologies and insights increasingly show patterns of positive interference — as my discussion of Steiner suggests. A survey of other work representative of the two kinds of approaches can make a case for certain syntheses, however tensional, between them that urge a new paradigm for MLM phenomena.
Effects of Intercultural Competence and Social Contact on Speech Act Production in a Chinese Study Abroad Context.

This study investigated the effects of intercultural competence and amount of social contact in the development of pragmatic knowledge. All these variables were time-varying variables and measured twice over a 3-month study abroad. Participants were 109 American college students studying Chinese in a semester study-abroad program in Beijing. Using Kelley & Meyers's (1995) instrument, intercultural competence-defined as one's potential to succeed in intercultural adjustment-was measured by 4 factors: emotional resilience, flexibility/openness, perceptual acuity, and personal autonomy. A survey was used to assess the amount of time spent on a variety of social activities in Chinese. Pragmatic knowledge was measured with a spoken task, which assessed participants' ability to produce speech acts ( k = 24). Latent Growth Curve Modeling showed that cross-cultural adaptability and social contact, when combined, explained 26% of pragmatic gains. Cross-cultural adaptability had no significant direct effect to speech acts gains: It had indirect effects through social contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Classic techniques in new domains: an alternative recipe

In this paper, we adapt the classic technique of depicting a process as a structured workflow to suit the standard recipe. Cooking can be thought of as a small data, big user task. A single recipe encompasses only a small amount of information, but is utilized across a large user base. Our goal was to understand and measure the benefits of tailoring the presentation of a recipe to suit a specific faction of users. As such, our more technical rendering was paired with a technically proficient user base, resulting in dramatic gains in both the speed and accuracy with which the information was interpreted. These benefits serve to motivate our continued work towards automatically translating recipes into a structured data format that can be easily reconfigured into this and other representations of the information to enable a more customized experience across a large and varied user base.
The legislative recreation of RICO: Reinforcing the ``myth'' of organized crime

This paper uses historical content analysis to examine the implementation ofthe Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). It is argued thatthe historical events leading to the definition of organized crime as an alienconspiracy still affect RICO's use some 30 years after its passage. This paper applies state-centered theory to the theoretical frameworks of sociology of knowledge and innovation diffusion. This approach is used to relate the current implementation and controversy of RICO to the alien conspiracy view. Thought of in this context, legal implementation is the result of a knowledge creation and diffusion process. This paper demonstrates how one knowledge diffusionprocess (the acceptance of organized crime as a national conspiracy in 1970) leads to a new knowledge diffusion process (the use of RICO).
An investigation into the antecedents of prepurchase online search

This study investigates what influences consumers' extent of online search (i.e., the number of relevant web stores visited) before a purchase. A dataset containing website visitation and transaction activities from a panel of US consumers is used to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The results indicate a diminishing effect of competitive density on the extent of search, and the use of advanced information technologies induces more searches. Consumers also search more for experience products than for search products in contrast to the prediction in the nonelectronic market. Furthermore, online purchase experience increases, while product-specific experience reduces, prepurchase search.
UNISeC: Inspection, Separation, and Classification of Underwater Acoustic Noise Point Sources

Advancements in oceanic research have resulted in a plethora of activities such as undersea oil/gas exploration, environmental monitoring, sonar-based coastal surveillance, which have each increased the acoustic noise levels in the ocean and have raised concerns in the scientific community about the effect of human-generated sounds on marine life. Knowledge of the statistical characteristics of noise sources and their spatial distribution is paramount for understanding the impact on marine life as well as for regulating and policing such activities. Furthermore, studies have shown that assuming the underwater noise probability density function to be Gaussian, exponential, or Weibull is often not valid; therefore, statistically profiling the sources of the ambient noise is also essential to improve the performance of acoustic communication systems in the harsh underwater environment. In this paper, a novel solution based on the blind source separation method is proposed to enable separation of underwater acoustic noise point sources in the presence of channel propagation multipath. The proposed Underwater Noise Inspection, Separation, and Classification (UNISeC) system performs several pre- and postprocessing steps forming a novel gray-box model. Assuming there is no prior information on the noise sources, UNISeC estimates the number of such sources as well as characterizes and classifies them via a recursive pilot-aided probing method while minimizing the environmental acoustic contamination. A correlation-based characterization as well as power spectral density based classification approaches are investigated to verify the proposed method. Several scenarios are also presented and evaluated in detail via simulations.
Detection of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) in CNS tumors: A predominance of active viral replication in glial tumors.

LB-136 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) infection has been associated with CNS diseases of encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and chronic epilepsy. HHV6 gene sequences have been detected by PCR in a variety of adult CNS tumors at frequencies non suggestive of a causative role for HHV6 in tumorigenesis. Since prior studies examined only the prevalence of viral DNA, indicative of latent infection, the presence of active viral replication as determined by protein expression has never been reported in adult CNS tumors. To address this issue, we screened a series of CNS tumor tissue microarrays containing a variety of CNS tumor subtypes with known clinical information for the presence of HHV6 nucleic acid and protein. One hundred six of 224 (47%) CNS tumors were positive for HHV6 by in situ hybridization using probes specific for Major Capsid Protein without differences in frequency between glial and non glial tumor subtypes. (P=0.069). Nested PCR using HHV6 Major Capsid Protein primers was performed on a subset of ISH positive and negative paraffin embedded tumors as validation. Fourteen of 29 (48%) of tumors were HHV6 positive by nested PCR. HHV6 sequence subtype analysis revealed HHV6 Variant A in 6 of 14 samples. Using two HHV6A/B-specific monoclonal antibodies gp116/54/64 and gp41, active viral replication was observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 84 of 282 (35%) and 66 of 277 (24%) of tumors respectively. Interestingly, glial tumors showed a three-fold higher IHC positivity compared to non glial tumors for both HHV6 gp116/54/64 (P=0.0001) and HHV6gp41 (P=0.007) antibodies. No correlation was observed between patient age or sex and HHV6 positivity by either ISH (P=0.0003) or IHC (P=0.002). Kaplan Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in survival between IHC positivity using either HHV6gp116/54/64 (P=0.4492) or HHV6gp41 (P= 0.4906) antibody. We conclude that active HHV6 is present in adult CNS tumors at a higher frequency in tumors of glial origin. While the presence of HHV6 was not associated with a significant difference in overall survival in our series, we hypothesize that the glial-tropic features of HHV6 may play an important modifying role in tumor biology that warrants further investigation.
A tool instead of a chore: Measuring student learning gains in order to improve instruction

ABSTRACTAssessment is often treated as an unwelcome and time-consuming university or departmental requirement. This project proposes that assessment is actually an opportunity that communication faculty should embrace. Beginning with the end in mind, this study used stated course learning outcomes to construct a pre-/posttest instrument, administering those assessments in order to find out whether students were really learning what they were supposed to be learning. This article explains how the assessment instruments were constructed and administered, demonstrates clear and significant learning gains across three semesters, and identifies learning outcomes in need of instructional improvement. It also finds that by separating assessment from grading, pretests can identify concepts that need not be retaught, and posttests can reveal that an instructor’s perception of a successful instructional day does not necessarily match the reality of student learning for that day.
Citizenship and Inequality: The Case of Jerusalem

Two models of citizenship predominate in Western political thought: the model of ancient warrior and the model of modern producer. Both are traditionally male activities and tend to produce inequal...
INTRAOPERATIVE SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIAL (SSEP) MONITORING OF SPINAL CORD FUNCTION

Publisher Summary Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) represent the response of the nervous system to the electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. The use of SSEP monitoring during laminectomies can alert the surgeon to failing spinal cord function. The capability to monitor spinal cord function can not only prevent irreversible damage but may also permit more aggressive surgical intervention without fear of harming the patient. This chapter presents the results that confirm the findings of others that SSEP recording is an effective monitor of spinal cord function. In patients, the amplitude never showed a change greater than 30% except for an occasional isolated recording. The latencies of well defined peaks never varied more than 10%. In one case of deliberate transaction, the response to right as well as left tibial nerve stimulation was abolished upon gross assult to the left side of the cord demonstrating the sensitivity of this monitoring technique. Usable SSEPs were obtained even in patients whose preoperative deficit significantly altered the EP. The results indicate that tibial or possibly sural nerve stimulation provides the best stimulation sites in the lower extremities. There is little neurophysiologic basis for these findings as the sural is a sensory nerve whereas the tibial and peroneal are mixed motor/sensory nerves and all are branches of the sciatic nerve.
Effects of orally administered sunitinib malate (SU11248) on embryo-fetal development in the rat and rabbit

1561 Introduction: Angiogenesis plays a critical role in many physiological processes, including embryo-fetal development. Accordingly, most of the targeted antiangiogenic agents used in oncology are not recommended for use during pregnancy based on existing nonclinical safety data. Sunitinib is an oral, multitargeted RTK inhibitor of VEGFRs, PDGFRs and other RTKs with direct antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. We report the results of three nonclinical studies investigating the effects of orally administered sunitinib on embryo-fetal development in female rats and rabbits. Methods: Sunitinib was administered orally, once daily, to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits for 12 and 14 consecutive days, respectively, during the major period of organogenesis. Sunitinib was administered as a solution in vehicle at doses ranging from 0 (control) to 0.3-30 mg/kg/day in rats, and to 0.5-20 mg/kg/day in rabbits. Body weights, food consumption and clinical observations were recorded throughout gestation. Animals were humanely euthanized and a cesarean section was performed on gestation days 20 or 21 (rats) and 29 (rabbits). Each uterus was weighed intact and a gross necropsy was performed on each female. The numbers of live and dead fetuses, early and late resorptions, corpora lutea and total implantations were recorded. Fetuses were examined grossly (externally), weighed, and euthanized. Rat fetuses were sexed and, in the case of the embryo-fetal development study, were processed for visceral and skeletal examination. Results: Mortality was observed in rats at the highest dose of sunitinib, 30 mg/kg/day. In rats, sunitinib ≥5 mg/kg/day resulted in decreased gravid uterine weights, number of viable fetuses, and fetal body weight, as well as an increased number of resorptions (post-implantation loss), and complete litter loss (in all litters at ≥15 mg/kg/day). Fetal malformations were observed at doses >3 mg/kg/day and consisted primarily of an increased incidence of skeletal malformations, although acephalostomia also occurred in 2 fetuses in the 5 mg/kg/day group. Mortality was observed in rabbits at the highest dose of sunitinib, 20 mg/kg/day, and treatment in this group was terminated early due to overt toxicity and escalating weight loss. At 5 mg/kg/day, reductions in gravid uterine weights and number of live fetuses were due to increases in the number of resorptions (post-implantation loss), and complete litter loss (4 of 6 females). Cleft lip and/or cleft palate were observed at doses ≥1 mg/kg/day. No other treatment-related fetal malformations or variations were observed. Conclusions: As expected for a VEGF signaling inhibitor, sunitinib was associated with embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in female rats and rabbits. These developmental effects were observed at or below the estimated human systemic exposure to sunitinib at 50 mg/day.
Research on the Specificity of Feedback Training: Implications for the Use of Biofeedback in the Treatment of Anxiety and Fear

The purpose of this paper is to describe a series of experiments from our laboratory on visceral learning, and to present the implications of this work for the use of biofeedback in the treatment of anxiety. In this research we tested the hypothesis that feedback of information from a visceral organ would facilitate instructions to reduce that organ’s activity level. The specific goal of our procedures was the slowing of heart rate. This response was chosen for evaluation because of the ease and reliability of heart rate measurement, and also, because increments in heart rate are associated with emotional arousal, whereas a slow pulse characterizes the relaxed state. Underlying our experiments was an assumption that the learned control of cardiac rate is a skills learning task. Thus, our strategy has been to examine such variables as instructions, information input, display characteristics, and incentives, to determine if these parameters would modify heart rate response acquisition in a manner similar to their effect on motor skills learning.
How Have Robotics Impacted Healthcare

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. Robots are virtual or mechanical objects that are used in facilitating the occurrence of multiple everyday activities. They have been heavily depended upon in U.S. industry, since 1961, and in health care after the mid 1980s. The virtual and mechanical robots have assisted people in a variety of tasks within and outside the laboratory and operating rooms. Some examples of robot intervention include medication administration, assisting children with autism, telemedicine, and transferring / lifting patients. Although robots have made many activities easier to handle, there have been various consequences associated with utilizing such technology which has impacted ethical policy and pharmacist staffing. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol12/iss1/4 How Have Robotics Impacted Health Care?
Experimental Investigation of Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Using Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

Jet impingement cooling of a hypersonic airfoil leading edge is experimentally investigated using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCS) to measure surface temperature. The experiment uses computer data acquisition with digital imaging of the TLCs to determine heat transfer coefficients during a transient experiment. The data reduction relies on analysis of a coupled transient conduction - convection heat transfer problem that characterizes the experiment. The recovery temperature of the jet is accounted for by running two experiments with different heating rates, thereby generating a second equation that is used to solve for the recovery temperature. The resulting solution requires a complicated numerical iteration that is handled by a computer. Because the computational data reduction method is complex, special attention is paid to error assessment. The error analysis considers random and systematic errors generated by the instrumentation along with errors generated by the approximate nature of the numerical methods. Results of the error analysis show that the experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients are accurate to within 15%. The error analysis also shows that the recovery temperature data may be in error by more than 50%. The results show that the recovery temperature data is only reliable when the recovery temperature of the jet is greater than 5 C, i.e. the jet velocity is in excess of 100 m/s. Parameters that were investigated include nozzle width, distance from the nozzle exit to the airfoil surface, and jet velocity. Heat transfer data is presented in graphical and tabular forms. An engineering analysis of hypersonic airfoil leading edge cooling is performed using the results from these experiments. Several suggestions for the improvement of the experimental technique are discussed.
Osteocytes as multifunctional cells

Bone is often thought of as being a passive, inactive tissue like a skeleton hanging in the anatomy lab. Often, bone tissue is envisioned statically in terms of two dimensions similar to a ‘shapshot’ of a histology slide. However, quite to the contrary, bone undergoes considerable turnover as compared to other organs in the body. Modeling during growth is dramatic and even in adult bone, 2–5% turnover per year occurs in the long bone and 30% in alveolar bone. Any experimental approach can bias or have an effect on human interpretations of biological processes and events. Scientists should always be constantly asking how our perceptions are being modified by our experimental approaches. Bone biologists can easily visualize in vitro and in vivo the dynamic nature of osteoclasts with their resorption lacunae and rapid removal of bone, which occurs relatively rapidly in days. Osteoblasts are less dynamic, with new bone formation occurring in weeks. Many individuals still view the osteocyte as being a passive, inactive cell that merely acts as a ‘place holder’ in bone. Again, this perspective has most likely been perpetuated by histological approaches to the study of bone. Decades ago there were pioneers in the bone field who proposed that the osteocyte is not a passive cell, but a cell with the potential to have several functions. Credit is given to several of these pioneers below, while contrasting with most recent advances due to the availability of state of the art technology.
An equine fetal monster

Double monsters are structurally related to monozygotic twins and the reported frequency of these abnormalities in the equine species is low. Symmetrical, double development in both the cephalic region and caudal trunk was demonstrated along with a common undeveloped cervical mass. Anomalies found in the separate genito-urinary systems added another variant to this case.
Your precious engineers will be increasingly disabled by a shortage of optics technicians. What can be done

The global optics, photonics, and imaging industry is growing, but a worldwide shortage of optics technicians exists. Engineers are being called upon to do the work of optics technicians. This paper describes how Monroe Community College, the United States’ only community college awarding associate degrees in precision optics, is educating diverse optics and photonics technicians.
Multiple parameter space bandgap control of reconfigurable atmospheric plasma photonic crystal

A plane wave expansion method is used to simulate the bandgaps for a square lattice plasma photonic crystal over a parameter space of five independent variables, characteristic of a reconfigurable atmospheric discharge (plasma frequency: 0.056–5.6 × 1012 rad/s, collision frequency: 1–6 × 1012 rad/s, plasma column radius: 0.2–0.4 mm, lattice constant: 1–2 mm, and background dielectric: 1–10). The trends of the first and second bandgaps allow for five-dimensional 4th order polynomial equations to be fitted to the data, defining the boundaries of the first and second bandgaps with 8% and 2% error, respectively. Performance metrics (operational frequency range and frequency sensitivity) of the plasma photonic crystal are defined and evaluated for each controlling variable. The results show that, within the variable space investigated here, the column radius and background dielectric are the most effective controlling variables for the bandgap bandwidth and center frequency, respectively. The maximum frequency range provided by the variable ranges investigated here is 25–400 GHz and 0–250 GHz for the TE1 and TE0 bandgaps, respectively.
Solidarity and Workplace Engagement: a Management Perspective on Cultivating Community

Solidarity corresponds to virtuous social behavior, including personal freedom and responsibility, civic friendship, benevolence, reciprocity, and cooperation. These attributes are fundamentally good for individual persons and communities of work. Solidarity is therefore vitally important to the practice of humanistic management. This paper aims to provide management insights into the cultivation of solidarity. The paper begins by developing a theoretical framework to understand solidarity in business context, with attention to philosophical and theological connotations. An empirical research model is presented in the form of a survey instrument to test for indications of solidarity in the workplace, and this measure is used to test several hypotheses regarding the positive associations of solidarity with validated measures of workplace engagement. Research results show that it is possible to identify and analyze workplace behaviors associated with solidarity. Data analysis confirms the validity of the model and demonstrates the positive associations of the hypotheses, based on empirical study of 40 workplaces and 399 employees. Moreover, the condition of whether the workplace was a public or private organization was found to affect the main relationship between solidarity and workplace engagement. The paper concludes with suggestions for practicable, tangible workplace behaviors based on the model, offering guidance in the pursuit of humanistic management.
Effects of dairy cow breed and dietary forage on greenhouse gas emissions from manure during storage and after field application

Abstract On-farm greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cows, manure, and fields (to produce feed) comprise more than 72% of the United States milk carbon footprint. Recent studies examined the impact of dietary strategies on enteric methane emissions, however, tradeoffs between enteric methane and manure related GHG emissions have not been determined. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the carry-over effects of dairy cow breed and diet on manure composition and manure GHG emissions during storage and after field application. The GHG emissions were measured using static chamber method for 50 days (d) during storage and 50-d after field application (30-d in the fall and 20-d in the following spring) of manure collected from four Holstein and four Jersey cows fed either alfalfa silage or corn silage based diets containing low forage neutral detergent fiber (FNDF) or high FNDF. None of the interactions among treatment factors were significant (P > 0.10). Manure composition was affected by both FNDF level and FNDF source but not cow breed. For example, manure pH was lower for low FNDF-fed than high FNDF-fed cows and concentrations of organic matter, total carbon, and neutral detergent fiber were greater in manure of corn silage-fed than alfalfa silage-fed cows. Except for starch (which was in low concentration), all the measured manure characteristics changed during the storage period. Treatments did not affect either hourly CO2, methane and nitrous oxide emissions, nor cumulative emissions (over 50-d of storage or over 50-d after land application), except for a tendency (P
GROUND SQUIRREL – A COOL MODEL FOR A BRIGHT VISION

The great evolutionary biologist, Theodosius Dobzhansky, once said, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Vision, no doubt, is a poster child for the work of evolution. If it has not already been said, I would humbly add that "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the context of metabolism." Marrying these two thoughts together, when one chooses an animal model for vision research, the ground squirrel jumps out immediately for its unique cone dominant retina, which has evolved for its diurnal lifestyle, and for hibernation-an adaptation to unique metabolic challenges encountered during its winter sojourn.
Vulnerable Child Syndrome and Newborn Screening Carrier Results for Cystic Fibrosis or Sickle Cell

Objectives To measure parental perceptions of child vulnerability, as a precursor to developing a population-scale mechanism to mitigate harm after newborn screening. Study design Participants were parents of infants aged 2-5 months. Parental perceptions of child vulnerability were assessed with an adapted version of the Vulnerable Baby Scale. The scale was included in the script for a larger study of telephone follow-up for 2 newborn blood screening samples (carrier status for cystic fibrosis or sickle cell hemoglobinopathy). A comparison sample was added using a paper survey with well-baby visits to an urban/suburban clinic. Results Sample sizes consisted of 288 parents in the cystic fibrosis group, 426 in the sickle cell hemoglobinopathy group, and 79 in the clinic comparison group. Parental perceptions of child vulnerability were higher in the sickle cell group than cystic fibrosis group (P Conclusions Increased parental perceptions of child vulnerability seem to be a bona fide complication of incidental newborn blood screening findings, and healthcare professionals should be alert to the possibility. From a public health perspective, we recommend routine follow-up after incidental findings to mitigate psychosocial harm.
Whole Brain Optical Access in Adult Vertebrates: Two- and Three-Photon Imaging in a Miniature Fish, Danionella Priapus

We use two- and three-photon microscopy to demonstrate in vivo, whole-brain neuroimaging in adult Danionella priapus, a miniature vertebrate species closely related to zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Design of Fast and Scalable Clustering Algorithm on Spark

Clustering is a popular unsupervised data mining technique. It has been applied in various data mining and big data applications. Efficient clustering algorithms and implementation techniques are keys to cope with the scalability and performance requirements of big data analysis. This paper introduces the design and implementation of a density-based clustering algorithm that can deal with big data efficiently and effectively. We present a parallel Shared Nearest Neighbor (SNN) clustering algorithm using the k-dimensional tree (k-d tree) to reduce search time to improve efficiency. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a distributed environment using the Spark framework. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated through a case study involving four data sets, Bristol Crime Stats, 911 call, Complex9, and TLC Trip datasets.
An examination of concussion education, management, and safety practices of girls’ high school soccer coaches

The concussion rate in girls’ soccer is among the highest in high school athletics. As such, coaches have a professional and ethical responsibility to reduce and properly manage concussions. The pr...
Changes in Urologic Operative Practice at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large, National Cohort

Objective: To analyze population-level changes in operative practice since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to contextualize observations made by individual practices and optimize future responses. Materials and Methods: This US retrospective analysis used the Premier Perspectives Database. We investigated changes in operative volume through March 2020. Baseline operative volume for urologic surgery was calculated using data from the preceding 12 months and compared on a total and by procedure basis. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify hospital-level predictors of change in response to the pandemic. Results: At baseline, we captured 23,788 urologic procedural encounters per month as compared with 19,071 during March 2020- a 19.9% decrease. Urologic oncology-related cases were relatively preserved as compared to others (average change in March 2020: +1.1% versus -32.2%). Northeastern (beta = -5.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -10.2 to -1.18, p = 0.013) and Midwestern hospitals (beta = -4.17, 95% CI: -7.89 to -0.45, p = 0.027;both with South as reference region), and those with an increasing percentage of patients insured by Medicaid (beta= -0.17 per percentage point, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.01, p = 0.04) experienced a significantly larger decrease in volume. Conclusions: There was a 20% decline in urologic operative volume in March 2020, compared with baseline, that preferentially affected hospitals serving Medicaid patients, and those in Northeast and Midwest. In the face of varying mandates on elective surgery, widespread declines in operative volume may also represent hesitancy on behalf of patients to interface with healthcare during the pandemic.
Closing the gap in representation of racial and ethnic minorities in pain medicine: A 2018-2019 status report.

Abstract Racial health disparities persist despite increased public awareness of systemic racism. Due to the inherent subjectivity of pain perception, assessment and management, physician-patient bias in pain medicine remains widespread. It is broadly accepted that increasing racial diversity in the field of medicine is a critical step towards addressing persistent inequities in patient care. To assess the current racial demographics of the pain medicine pipeline, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of medical school matriculants and graduates, residents, and pain fellows in 2018. Our results show that the 2018 anesthesiology residency ERAS applicant pool consisted of 46.2% non-Hispanic White, 7.0% non-Hispanic Black and 5.8% Hispanic students. The population of 2018 anesthesiology residents included 63% non-Hispanic White, 6.8% non-Hispanic Black and 5.4% Hispanic persons. Of the total eligible resident pool for pain fellowships (n = 30,415) drawn from core specialties, 44% were non-Hispanic White, 4.9% non-Hispanic Black and 5.1% Hispanic. Similar proportions were observed for pain medicine and regional anesthesia fellows. We briefly discuss the implications of the shortage of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic representation in pain medicine as it relates to the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest approaches to improving these disparities.
Creation, dissemination and mitigation: toward a disinformation behavior framework and model

PurposeThis paper seeks to disambiguate the phenomenon by clarifying terms, highlighting current efforts, including the importance of critical thought and awareness, and a test for genuine serendipity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors review the literature, primarily from a library and information science perspective, and arrive at a theoretical framework and model.FindingsThe authors find various initiatives to fight fake news. Building upon Karlova and Fisher's (2013) model as well as research on critical thinking and serendipity, the primary contribution of the paper is a disinformation behavior framework and model. The model includes both the problem of disinformation from a creator and user perspective, as well as the solutions to fight it.Research limitations/implicationsThe framework will guide practitioners and researchers in library and information science and beyond, as well as other stakeholders in both understanding the phenomenon, and leading the fight against it.Originality/valueThe spreading of false information has become an alarming phenomenon in the last few years, leading to the popularity of terms such as misinformation, disinformation, infodemic and fake news. While information professionals have been called upon to lead the fight against fake news, in the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, current efforts have been isolated and inadequate. Most models of information behavior deal with information, and not misinformation or disinformation per se.
Comprehension exposures to words in sentence contexts impact spoken word production

Comprehension or production of isolated words and production of words embedded in sentence contexts facilitated later production in previous research. The present study examined the extent to which contextualized comprehension exposures would impact later production. Two repetition priming experiments were conducted with Spanish–English bilingual participants. In Experiment 1 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented visually, and in Experiment 2 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented auditorily. After reading/listening or translating isolated words or words embedded in sentences at encoding, pictures corresponding to each target word were named aloud. Repetition priming relative to new items was measured in RT and accuracy. Relative to isolated encoding, sentence encoding reduced RT priming but not accuracy priming. In reading/listening encoding conditions, both isolated and embedded words elicited accuracy priming in picture naming, but only isolated words elicited RT priming. In translation encoding conditions, repetition priming effects in RT (but not accuracy) were stronger for lower-frequency words and with lower proficiency in the picture-naming response language. RT priming was strongest when the translation response at encoding was produced in the same language as final picture naming. In contrast, accuracy priming was strongest when the translation stimulus at encoding was comprehended in the same language as final picture naming. Thus, comprehension at encoding increased the rate of successful retrieval, whereas production at encoding speeded later production. Practice of comprehension may serve to gradually move less well-learned words from receptive to productive vocabulary.
Recurrent Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome Following Repeat Brain Tumor Resection Involving Supplementary Motor Cortex.

Background Supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome occurs after surgery involving the SMA and is characterized by contralateral hemiparesis with or without speech impairment (dependent on involvement of the dominant SMA), which is transient and characteristically resolves over the course of weeks to months. Recurrent SMA syndrome after repeat craniotomy has not been previously described. Objective To describe the presentation and clinical course of patients who developed recurrent SMA syndrome after redo resection of tumors involving the SMA. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 15 patients who underwent repeated resection of low-grade glioma from the superior and middle frontal gyrus. Of these patients, we identified 6 cases of recurrent SMA syndrome. Results Six patients had a documented SMA syndrome occurring after initial and subsequent resection of tumor in proximity to the SMA. Intraoperative localization of eloquent motor and language cortex was achieved in each patient by using a combination of somatosensory evoked potentials and electrocortical stimulation mapping. Location of tumor and extent of resection was examined with magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion This series demonstrates that recurrent SMA syndrome occurs in patients undergoing repeat resection of tumors involving the SMA. The presence of recurrent SMA syndrome provides support for reorganization of SMA function to adjacent ipsilateral cortex after resection. Patients with recurrent neoplasms of the SMA should be counseled on the possibility of recurrent SMA syndrome.
System approximation in the 2-norm

We present below a summary of some open problems in systems and control related to system approximation. For more details we refer to [3].
A domain-theoretic model for a higher-order process calculus

In this paper we study a higher-order process calculus, a restriction of one due to Boudol, and develop an abstract, model for it. By abstract we mean that the model is constructed domain-theoretically and reflects a certain conceptual viewpoint about observability. It is not constructed from the syntax of the calculus or from computation sequences. We describe a new powerdomain construction that can be given additional algebraic structure that allows one to model concurrent composition, in the same sense that Plotkin''s powerdomain can have a continuous binary operation defined on it to model choice. We show that the model constructed this way is adequate with respect to the operational semantics. The model that we develop and our analysis of it is closely related to the work of Abramsky and Ong on the lazy lambda calculus.
The Male Sexual Revolution: Independence from Testosterone

Much of our knowledge concerning the physiology of male sexual behavior has been based on classic work on animal models in which gonadal steroids are intimately tied to the expression of male copul...
Reading Legal History as Political Theology

Since its publication, legal scholars have rightly seen William Stuntz's The Collapse of American Criminal Justice as a watershed work in the study of criminal law.1 The reasons for that judgment a...
The Semantic Web needs more cognition

One of the key deficiencies of the Semantic Web is its lack of cognitive plausibility. We argue that by accounting for people's reasoning mechanisms and cognitive representations, the usefulness of information coming from the Semantic Web will be enhanced. More specifically, the utilization and integration of conceptual spaces is proposed as a knowledge representation that affords two important human cognitive mechanisms, i.e., semantic similarity and concept combination. Formal conceptual space algebra serves as the basis for the Conceptual Space Markup Language (CSML), which facilitates the engineering of ontologies using a geometric framework. We demonstrate the usefulness of the approach through a concrete example and suggest directions for future work, especially the need for combining geometric representations and reasoning mechanisms with existing Semantic Web structures.
Energy Metabolism in the Erythrocytes of Premature Infants Compared to Full Term Newborn Infants and Adults

1. The following aspects of energy metabolism have been compared in the erythrocytes of premature infants, full term newborn infants, and adults: levels of activity of the enzymes involved in the generation and utilization of ATP, and measurements of the content of ATP and of ADP. 2. The levels of activity of hexokinase, phosphoglyceric acid kinase and pyruvate kinase are significantly increased in the erythrocytes of premature and full term newborn infants compared to adults. 3. The level of activity of phosphofructokinase is significantly decreased in the erythrocytes of premature and full term newborn infants compared to adults. 4. In the erythrocytes of premature infants the content of ATP is significantly increased compared to both full term newborns and adults. The content of ADP is not increased. The percentage content of ADP is significantly below the values found in full term newborn infants and adults. 5. In the erythrocytes of full term newborn infants the content of both ATP and ADP is significantly greater than in adults. The ratio of ADP to the total amount of ATP plus ADP does not differ from the adult value.
Spontaneous Virus Production by Clonal Lines of Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cells and Effects of Superinfection by Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Mutant Simian Virus 40 Strains

Abstract Small amounts of infectious simian virus 40 (SV40) were recovered from parental cultures of SV40-transformed human embryonic lung (WI38 Va13A) cells, from 12 primary clones, from 17 secondary clones, and from 18 tertiary clones. The cloning experiments demonstrated that the capacity for spontaneous virus production is a hereditary property of WI38 Va13A cells. Infectious virus was not recovered from every clone at every passage. Repeated trials at different passage levels were necessary to detect virus production. Approximately one in 105 to 106 of the cells of the clonal lines initiated plaque formation when plated on the CV-1 line of African green monkey kidney cells. No increase in infectious center formation was observed after the clonal lines were treated with bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, or mitomycin C or after heterokaryon formation of treated cells with CV-1 cells. The clonal lines of WI38 Va13A cells were susceptible to superinfection by SV40 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). To determine whether only those cells which spontaneously produced virus supported the replication of superinfecting SV40 DNA, cultures were infected with DNA from a plaque morphology mutant and a temperature-sensitive mutant of SV40. After infection by SV40 DNA, approximately 100 to 4,400 times more transformed cells formed infectious centers than were spontaneously producing virus. To determine whether the resident SV40 genome or the superinfecting SV40 genome was replicating, infectious centers produced by SV40 DNA-infected WI38 Va13A cells on CV-1 monolayers were picked and the progeny virus was analyzed. Only the superinfecting SV40 was recovered from the infectious centers, indicating that in the majority of superinfected cells the resident SV40 was not induced to replicate.
Juggling personal life and professionalism: Ethical implications for rural school psychologists

Rural communities often contain unique features that separate them from more urban communities. Although a body of research is devoted to ethical considerations for psychologists working in rural communities as a whole, much less current research is focused on working in rural schools. This paper specifically highlights ethical considerations regarding competence, multiple relationships, and confidentiality. Given that access to services within the community may be limited, school psychologists may encounter cases that are outside of their area of competence. Furthermore, due to the interconnectedness present in many rural communities, psychologists frequently have multiple relationships with those whom they have professional contact. Confidentiality may be compromised when families and school personnel also have multiple relationships. These factors must be considered by psychologists working in rural schools, and steps must be taken at the outset of practice to ensure ethical compliance. More specific means of obtaining this compliance are discussed in this paper.
Trends in blood transfusion among hospitalized children with sickle cell disease.

Background Blood transfusions represent a major therapeutic option in acute management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Few data exist documenting trends in transfusion among children with SCD, particularly during hospitalization. Procedure This was an analysis of cross-sectional data of hospital discharges within the Kid's Inpatient Database (years 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009). Hospitalizations for children (0–18 years) with a primary or secondary SCD-related diagnosis were examined. The primary outcome was blood transfusion. Trends in transfusion were assessed using weighted multivariate logistic regression in a merged dataset with year as the primary independent variable. Co-variables consisted of child and hospital characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted for 2009 data to assess child and hospital-level factors associated with transfusion. Results From 1997 to 2009, the percentage of SCD-related hospitalizations with transfusion increased from 14.2% to 28.8% (P < 0.0001). Among all SCD-related hospitalizations, the odds of transfusion increased over 20% for each successive study interval. Hospitalizations with vaso-occlusive pain crisis (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.27–1.43) or acute chest syndrome/pneumonia (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13–1.35) as the primary diagnoses had the highest odds of transfusion for each consecutive study interval. Older age and male gender were associated with higher odds of transfusion. Conclusions Blood transfusion is increasing over time among hospitalized children with SCD. Further study is warranted to identify indications contributing to the rise in transfusions and if transfusions in the inpatient setting have been used appropriately. Future studies should also assess the impact of rising trends on morbidity, mortality, and other health-related outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1753–1758. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Celebrating Odin Teatret and Holstebro: A 50th Anniversary Celebration

Odin Teatret, one of Europe’s oldest and most successful independent theatre groups, marked its 50th anniversary in the summer of 2014 with a celebration that included 500 invited guests and the company’s host community of Holstebro, Denmark.
Glucose and Intermediary Metabolism of the Lungs

The sections in this article are: 1 Major Pathways of Glucose Metabolism 1.1 Glycolysis 1.2 Cellular Respiration 2 Physiological Significance of Lung Carbohydrate Metabolism 3 Methods of Study of Lung Carbohydrate Metabolism 3.1 Isotopic Tracer Techniques 3.2 Compartmentation 3.3 Isolated Lung Mitochondria 4 Glucose Transport by Lung Tissue 5 Glucose Consumption by Lung Tissue 6 Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis 7 Regulation of Pulmonary Carbohydrate Metabolism 7.1 Hypoxia 7.2 Nutrition 7.3 Insulin and Diabetes 8 Major Products of Lung Glucose Metabolism 8.1 Lactate 8.2 Lactate Production In Vivo 8.3 Lactate Metabolism by Perfused Lung 8.4 Generation of Reducing Equivalents 8.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 9 Lung Energy Production 9.1 Substrates 9.2 Oxygen as Substrate 9.3 Nucleotide Pools 10 Pathophysiology and Toxicology 10.1 Oxidants and Carbohydrate Metabolism 10.2 Glucose Consumption During Pulmonary Edema