cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Bovine Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Isoform with Homology to Human SCD5

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme responsible for the production of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant fats, and for the synthesis of palmitoleoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. To date, only one SCD isoform has been described in ruminant species, although multiple isoforms have been found in many other mammalian species. In this paper, we describe for the first time a second SCD isoform in cattle, which appears to be an ortholog of human SCD5 rather than a homolog of bovine SCD1 or any of the described murine SCD isoforms. As described in other SCD proteins, the predicted amino acid sequence of bovine SCD5 includes four transmembrane domains and three conserved histidine motifs. The amino-terminus of the predicted protein sequence of SCD5 lacks the PEST sequences typically found in SCD1 homologs, which are thought to target proteins for rapid degradation. Similar to human SCD5, the bovine SCD5 gene is organized into five exons and four introns, and is highly expressed in the brain. In other tissues examined, mRNA expression of SCD5 was minimal. Furthermore, the expression levels of SCD5 between brain gray and white matter are not different. This is the first description of a homolog of human SCD5 in a non-primate species.
How Business Goals Drive Architectural Design

This paper illustrates how business goals can significantly impact a software management system's architecture without necessarily affecting its functionality. These goals include 1) supporting hardware devices from different manufacturers, 2) considering language, culture, and regulations of different markets, 3) assessing tradeoffs and risks to determine how the product should support these goals, 4) refining goals such as scaling back on intended markets, depending on the company's comfort level with the tradeoffs and risks. More importantly, these business goals correspond to quality attributes the end system must exhibit. The system must be modifiable to support a multitude of hardware devices and consider different languages and cultures. Supporting different regulations in different geographic markets requires the system to respond to life-threatening events in a timely manner performance requirement.
Quantized viral DNA packaging revealed by rotating gel electrophoresis

Two classes of missense mutations in the bacteriophage T4 gene coding for the major head protein produce phage with different length heads. The pt (petite) mutations produce phage with normal, intermediate, and isometric heads, whereas ptg (petite and giant) mutations also produce greatly elongated (giant) heads. DNA from petite, normal, and giant particles was clearly resolved by discontinuous rotating gel electrophoresis, and several new species of headful length DNA were found. These results confirm the idea that the major stop points for head length regulation are at Q = 13, 17, and 21, and also show that minor stop points exist at Q = 16, 18 and 20. The existence of these well-defined classes of DNA that correlate with capsid structure suggest that a structural relationship between the scaffold protein and the capsid protein determines head length and thus DNA length.
Modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments of gait using a portable powered ankle-foot orthosis

Prior to taking a step, properly coordinated anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are generated to control posture and balance as the body is propelled forward. External cues (audio, visual, somatosensory) have been shown to facilitate gait initiation by improving the magnitude and timing of APAs in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the efficacy of these cueing strategies has been limited by their inability to produce the forces required to generate an appropriate APA. To date, mechanical cueing paradigms have been relatively underexplored. Using healthy young adults, we investigated the use of a portable powered ankle-foot orthosis (PPAFO) to provide a modest torque at the ankle as a mechanical cue to initiate gait. Subjects were instructed to initiate gait in five test conditions: (1) self-initiated in running shoes [baseline-shoe], (2) self-initiated trial in unpowered passive PPAFO [baseline-passive], (3) with acoustic go-cue in passive PPAFO [acoustic-passive], (4) acoustic go-cue and simultaneous mechanical assist from powered PPAFO [acoustic-assist], and (5) mechanical assist cue only [assist]. APA characteristics were quantified using ground reaction force (GRF), center of pressure (COP), and electromyography (EMG) data. Mechanical cueing significantly increased medial-lateral COP and GRF peak amplitude, and decreased GRF time to peak amplitude, COP and GRF onset times, and time to toe off. Mechanical cueing conditions also demonstrated consistent bimodal EMG behaviors across all subjects. Overall, these data suggest that the mechanical assist from the PPAFO can significantly improve APA timing parameters and increase APA force production in healthy young adults.
Refractory Hypertension in an Otherwise Healthy Adolescent

Severe hypertension, for which no cause could be found, developed in an adolescent female. The patient's blood pressure was refractory to intensive pharmacologtc intervention. After 1½ years of medical management, the patient's intra-arterial blood pressures were found to be in the normotensive range. Individuals with labile hypertension may be refractory to pharmacologic control and may require continuous pressure monitoring in order to establish a proper diagnosis.
Desire to Acquire: Powerlessness and Compensatory Consumption

Three experiments examine how power affects consumers' spending propensities. By integrating literatures suggesting that ( a ) powerlessness is aversive, ( b ) status is one basis of power, and ( c ) products can signal status, the authors argue that low power fosters a desire to acquire products associated with status to compensate for lacking power. Supporting this compensatory hypothesis, results show that low power increased consumers' willingness to pay for auction items and consumers' reservation prices in negotiations but only when products were status related. The link between powerlessness and compensatory consumption has broad implications both for consumers' health and well-being and for understanding the psychological state of power.
In utero antiepileptic drug exposure.

Evaluation of: Meador KJ, Baker GA, Finnell RH et al. for the NEAD Study Group. In utero antiepileptic drug exposure. Neurology 67, 407–412 (2006) .Until recently, retrospective reports and small prospective studies have suggested that all antiepileptic drugs could be associated with teratogenicity. Over the last year alone, several important reports have been released from North America, Australia and the UK. The recently released Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs study combining cohorts from the USA and the UK enrolled women from 1999–2004 and extended these results to include not only risks for major malformations, but also cognitive problems independent of anatomical consequences. In addition, future plans to describe the postnatal manifestations during the first 6 years of life may shed some light on later effects, not previously identified. Information from worldwide pregnancy registries are now reporting results that are alarmingly similar with respect to the increased risk of pregn...
Heuristic procedures for scheduling job families with setups and due dates

This paper examines heuristic solution procedures for scheduling jobs on a single machine to minimize the maximum lateness in the presence of setup times between different job families. It reviews the state of knowledge about the solution of this problem, which is known to be difficult to solve in general, and examines natural solution approaches derived from some of the underlying theory. The emphasis is on the design and computational evaluation of new heuristic procedures. c 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 46: 978{991, 1999
Brachial Vascular Reactivity in Blacks

Abstract —Endothelial function was studied ultrasonographically in a healthy subset of African Americans (blacks) because they have an increased risk of hypertension and vascular disease. Twenty-four healthy black and 28 well-matched white subjects were investigated. Ischemia was induced by inflating a cuff over the forearm to 40 mm Hg higher than systolic pressure for 5 minutes. Brachial artery diameter and blood flow velocity were measured at baseline and at 15, 45, and 60 seconds after deflation by use of an Acuson 128XP10 ultrasonograph with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Mean postischemic dilatation, an index of endothelial function, was 1.76±0.56% in blacks and 8.79±1.22% in whites ( P P P =NS). Mean hyperemic responses did not differ significantly between the 2 subject groups, nor did they differ between men and women of both ethnic groups. We conclude that endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is significantly impaired in healthy, young blacks compared with whites and that gender differences are not seen in blacks with regard to this phenomenon. An impairment in endothelium-dependent NO generation may be a contributing factor to future hypertension and vascular disease in healthy blacks.
Platelet activation in a circulating flow loop: combined effects of shear stress and exposure time

Measurement of small changes in platelet activation state (PAS) in circulating stenotic systems in vitro has been problematic because of a paucity of real-time assay methods and circulation systems of low platelet-activating potential. PAS was measured by a modified prothrombinase assay in which activated platelets provide the essential cofactors in the activation of prothrombin by factor Xa. Chemical modification of the prothrombin ensures that the thrombin produced, while assayable, does not activate platelets. Human platelets were circulated in loops in which exposure to shear stress was adjusted by independently varying flow rate, viscosity, and the time of exposure to shear. Although with some differences in platelet response to different conditions of stress, the PAS directly increased with time of circulation, shear stress, and time of exposure to shear. The results show that low-level platelet activation caused by shear stress in a circulation loop can be quantitatively assessed in near-real time in a system of tube geometry. They confirm previous results obtained in non-circulating systems that exposure of platelets to shear conditions on the same order as found in the vasculature causes significant platelet activation, and that this activation is dependent on both shear stress and time of exposure.
Jurors' perception of violence: A framework for inquiry

The impact that the perceived violence of a crime has on jury decision making has received much controversy lately. Violence may affect juries by how it is presented, as in the case of graphic evidence; its eviden- tiary purpose, as in establishing a history of violence in domestic abuse cas- es; and in sentencing, when the question of the heinousness of the crime is raised. Many judicial experts argue that evidence of violence may prejudice juries' verdicts. There is also concern within the legal community that what constitutes a heinous crime cannot be objectively determined. Psychological research has only just begun to explore these issues. This paper reviews the current legal state of these issues, the arguments and questions that have been raised within the legal community, and the empirical research that has been conducted thus far. The paper concludes with directions for future research that would improve our understanding of how jurors' perception of violence affects their decisions.
AliWABA: alignment on the web through an A-Bruijn approach

Multiple sequence alignment programs are an invaluable tool in computational biology. A-Bruijn Alignment (ABA) is a method for multiple sequence alignment that represents an alignment as a directed graph and has proved useful in aligning nucleotide and amino acid sequences that are composed of repeated and shuffled subsequences. AliWABA is a web server that provides tools to generate alignments with ABA, visualize the resulting ABA graphs and extract subsequences from ABA graphs. AliWABA greatly simplifies the problem of analyzing multiple sequences for local similarities that may be reordered, as is common with the domain architectures of proteins. To facilitate the analysis of protein domains, AliWABA provides direct querying of the Conserved Domain Database. Availability: http://aba.nbcr.net/
Protein Phosphatase 5 Is Required for ATR-Mediated Checkpoint Activation

In response to DNA damage or replication stress, the protein kinase ATR is activated and subsequently transduces genotoxic signals to cell cycle control and DNA repair machinery through phosphorylation of a number of downstream substrates. Very little is known about the molecular mechanism by which ATR is activated in response to genotoxic insults. In this report, we demonstrate that protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is required for the ATR-mediated checkpoint activation. PP5 forms a complex with ATR in a genotoxic stress-inducible manner. Interference with the expression or the activity of PP5 leads to impairment of the ATR-mediated phosphorylation of hRad17 and Chk1 after UV or hydroxyurea treatment. Similar results are obtained in ATM-deficient cells, suggesting that the observed defect in checkpoint signaling is the consequence of impaired functional interaction between ATR and PP5. In cells exposed to UV irradiation, PP5 is required to elicit an appropriate S-phase checkpoint response. In addition, loss of PP5 leads to premature mitosis after hydroxyurea treatment. Interestingly, reduced PP5 activity exerts differential effects on the formation of intranuclear foci by ATR and replication protein A, implicating a functional role for PP5 in a specific stage of the checkpoint signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that PP5 plays a critical role in the ATR-mediated checkpoint activation.
Interleukin-6- and cyclic AMP-mediated signaling potentiates neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate tumor cells.

Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinomas has been reported to be an early marker for development of androgen independence. Secretion of mitogenic peptides from nondividing NE cells is thought to contribute to a more aggressive disease by promoting the proliferation of surrounding tumor cells. We undertook studies to determine whether the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP could be induced to acquire NE characteristics by treatment with agents that are found in the complex environment in which progression of prostate cancer towards androgen independence occurs. We found that cotreatment of LNCaP cells with agents that signal through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), such as epinephrine and forskolin, and with the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoted the acquisition of an NE morphological phenotype above that seen with single agents. Convergent IL-6 and PKA signaling also resulted in potentiated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation without affecting the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription or PKA activation observed with these agents alone. Cotreatment with epinephrine and IL-6 synergistically increased c-fos transcription as well as transcription from the β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit promoter. Potentiated transcription from these elements was shown to be dependent on the MAPK pathway. Most importantly, cotreatment with PKA activators and IL-6 resulted in increased secretion of mitogenic neuropeptides. These results indicate that PKA and IL-6 signaling participates in gene transcriptional changes that reflect acquisition of an NE phenotype by LNCaP cells and suggest that similar signaling mechanisms, particularly at sites of metastasis, may be responsible for the increased NE content of many advanced prostate carcinomas.
Localizing experience of digital content via structural metadata

With the increasing technical sophistication of both information consumers and providers, there is increasing demand for more meaningful experiences of digital information. We present a framework that separates digital object experience, or rendering, from digital object storage and manipulation, so the rendering can be tailored to particular communities of users. Our framework also accommodates extensible digital object behaviors and interoperability. The two key components of our approach are 1) exposing structural metadata associated with digital objects - metadata about labeled access points within a digital object and 2) information intermediaries called context brokers that match structural characteristics of digital objects with mechanisms that produce behaviors. These context brokers allow for localized rendering of digital information stored externally.
PERCEIVED CHOICE OF PROSE MATERIALS BY YOUNG AND ELDERLY ADULTS

Abstract Three experiments evaluated the effects of perceived choice upon comprehension and memory of prose reading passages. Participants in the choice conditions selected the titles of the passages they read, while the rest of the volunteers were not given the opportunity to choose. Experiment 1 compared choice and no choice conditions with young (x = 28.3 years) and elderly (x ‐ 68.9 years) adults of various vocabulary levels. Experiments 2 and 3 tested only elderly groups to evaluate a wider range of vocabulary levels and to compare the effects of starting the reading task either immediately after choosing the titles or after a delay of 2 to 3 weeks. The results indicated both age‐ and vocabulary‐related deficits. However, perceived choice conditions did not produce any consistent improvement in performance.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and risk for mortality among older Taiwanese.

Purpose Studies based on Western populations showed a negative relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) level and mortality, but no study examined this relationship in a non-Western country. We use data from a large, nationally representative sample (n = 963) of older Taiwanese to investigate whether serum DHEAS, predicts subsequent mortality during a 3-year period (2000 to 2003) and whether an effect remains after controlling for baseline health status. Methods Baseline data collection included an individual interview, physical examination, and blood sample. A logit model is used to test the relationship between DHEAS level and risk for mortality, controlling for age, sex, and smoking status. Results Results show a marginally significant inverse relationship between DHEAS level and 3-year mortality risk. Participants with low DHEAS levels ( Conclusions Although the analysis is limited by the short follow-up and small number of deaths, results are consistent with the notion that DHEAS level has a sizeable effect on mortality.
(1+1) resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization via the A ^2Σ^+ state of NO: Ionic rotational branching ratios and their intensity dependence

Recent high resolution photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the (1+1) resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of NO via the 0–0 transition of the A–X band (γ band) have shown a pronounced ΔN=0 signal (ΔN≡N_+−N_i) and smaller, but measurable, ΔN=±2 peaks. The authors [K. S. Viswanathan et al., J. Phys. Chem. 90, 5078 (1986)] assign the excitation to be via an R(21.5) line, with no further specification. We have performed ab initio calculations of the rotational branching ratios for the four possible ‘‘R(21.5)’’ transitions, namely, the rotationally ‘‘clean’’ R_(21) and R_(22), and the ‘‘mixed’’ R_(12)+Q_(22) and R_(11)+Q_(21) branches. We find the mixed R_(12)+Q_(22)(21.5) branch to agree best with the observed photoelectron spectrum collected parallel to the polarization vector of the light. The discrepancy is larger for detection perpendicular to the polarization. To understand this difference, we have assessed the influence of laser intensity and polarization ‘‘contamination’’ on the branching ratios and photoelectron angular distributions.
Within-stand spatial distribution of tree mortality caused by the Douglas-Fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, causes considerable mortality in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, forests. Within-stand distribution of mortality was examined in affected stands using geostatistical techniques. A 10 × 10 m grid was established in two 4-ha study sites. Live and beetle-killed host basal area was measured at each node. In a 16-ha stand, a variable-resolution grid was established and the same information collected. The relationship between Douglas-fir basal area and Douglas-fir basal area killed was examined using non-spatially explicit and spatially explicit linear regression models. A positive linear relationship was observed between the variables. Significant spatially explicit models suggest that the relationship is also true at fine scales. Relative variograms were constructed for Douglas-fir basal area before and after the Douglas-fir beetle outbreaks. For the 4-ha sites, increased spatial dependency in the distribution of Douglas-fir basal area was observed as a result of the Douglas-fir beetle outbreak. For the 16-ha site, kriging was used to estimate live Douglas-fir basal area before and after the outbreak to a 10-m resolution and the stand rated for potential mortality illustrating the potential applicability of geostatistical techniques to rating a stand for potential mortality. Cross-validation analysis indicated that although the potential exists for large estimation errors, the majority of the estimates were within acceptable ranges. The study suggests that geostatistical approaches may be suitable to extend our understanding bark beetle ecology and improving the application of extent of mortality models.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Is a Critical Downstream Mediator for Hypoxia-Induced Mitogenic Factor (FIZZ1/RELMα)–Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Objective—Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure, and ultimately death. We have shown that in rodents, hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF; also known as FIZZ1 or resistin-like molecule-β) causes PH by initiating lung vascular inflammation. We hypothesized that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a critical downstream signal mediator of HIMF during PH development. Approach and Results—In this study, we compared the degree of HIMF-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development in wild-type (HIF-1α+/+) and HIF-1α heterozygous null (HIF-1α+/−) mice. HIMF-induced PH was significantly diminished in HIF-1α+/− mice and was accompanied by a dysregulated vascular endothelial growth factor-A–vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathway. HIF-1α was critical for bone marrow–derived cell migration and vascular tube formation in response to HIMF. Furthermore, HIMF and its human homolog, resistin-like molec...
The Summer Associate

This short story illustrates the nettlesome line-drawing that goes on constantly in the law and that can be a trap for the unwary. It is one of high hopes and expectations from an eager law student pitted against the memories of a distant, aloof attorney. Griswold is an attorney caring more about work than human interaction and using his windowless office to avoid contact with his fellow man (and woman). The world is pierced by a summer associate who brings back the memories of war and love that he cannot escape. At the same time he must focus on the client for whom they both work. Will he disserve the client? Violate his ethical duties? Or harm the summer associate?This story is a continuation of a series derived from the author’s experiences teaching English and helping in the administration of a social welfare project in South Viet Nam in the early seventies, before embarking upon the study of law, the practice of law, and ultimately the teaching of law.
Electrocardiographic clues in diagnosing syncope.

Intermittent or transient episodes of cerebral dysfunction or syncope may result from complete heart block, which often goes unrecognized for years. Electrocardiographic patterns of conduction disturbances in one or both bundle branches are important clues to subsequent development of complete heart block.
Early total parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants

Objective:To observe the effect of early nutrition in very low birth weight infants.Methods:Sixty-three preterm infants with birth weights 1 500 g received parenteral nutrition containing both 2.0 g/(kg·d) amino acids(AA) and 1.5 g/(kg·d) lipid within the first 24 hours with a increase of 1.0 g/(kg·d) in both of them(ETPN group),or solely glucose during the first day with 0.5 g/(kg·d) AA in second day and 0.5 g/(kg·d) lipid in the third day with a increase of 0.5 g/(kg·d) in both of them(ETPN group).The final dose of AA is 3.5 g/(kg·d) and lipid is 3.0 g/(kg·d).To compare nitrogen balances and caloric intake in the two groups,the plasma concentration of cholesterol,triglyceride,bilirubin,creatinine were determined to evaluate the side effect of ETPN.Results:VLBW infants supplemented with ETPN had no major adverse side effects.They got a positive nitrogen balance at the first day and more calories intake.Conclusion:Early total parenteral nutrition administration to VLBW infants results in a positive nitrogen balance and more calories intake.
Identification of the histamine H1 receptor gene as a differentially repressed target of the human TR2 orphan receptor

We have identified a DNA response element (TR2RE-HR) in the 3′ flanking region of the human histamine H1 receptor gene as a target for the TR2 orphan receptor, a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. The application of both tetracycline inducible and improved differential display systems has allowed us to isolate a cDNA fragment differentially regulated by the expression of the TR2 orphan receptor. Northern blot and sequencing analysis demonstrated that the expression of the human histamine H1 receptor gene was differentially repressed by the TR2 orphan receptor. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay further revealed a specific binding (dissociation constant = 26.2 nM) between the TR2 orphan receptor and the wildtype TR2RE-HR, but not the mutant TR2RE-HR. In addition, reporter gene expression assay indicated that the TR2 orphan receptor may suppress the expression of luciferase activities in a dose-dependent manner via the TR2RE-HR in HeLa cells. Our results demonstrate that the histamine H1 receptor gene could represent one of the target genes directly regulated by the human TR2 orphan receptor.
Osteoma of the base of the tongue

A 14-year-old girl developed a firm mass at the base of the tongue. Computed tomography indicated marked density suggesting either a foreign body or bony tissue. A thyroid scan confirmed the presence of a normally sized and positioned gland. The mass was removed in toto and found to be an osteoma. This is the first report of a case in which the diagnosis of this rare developmental lesion of the tongue was achieved preoperatively based on clinical and radiologic information. This experience should lead to greater awareness of this entity in the future. Recognition of this entity in the pediatric age group is especially useful in avoiding misdiagnosis of other, potentially more aggressive types of tongue mass lesions. Our case demonstrates that it is possible to detect this entity using computed tomography. The dense calcification is truly characteristic of the tumor and may be relied upon to exclude alternative soft tissue mass lesions. While other forms of osseous and cartilagenous neoplasms, such as extraskeletal osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, have been reported arising in the tongue, their malignant nature should otherwise be readily apparent. Osteoma of the tongue is the favored diagnosis when mature bone tissue is imaged at the base of the tongue.
Early management of pediatric head injury. Physiologic aspects.

The realm of the pathophysiologic aspects of head trauma is a vast one. The devastating changes which may occur in and about the brain after it has been injured have been the subject of widespread research and controversy. The physiologic phenomena secondary to craniocerebral trauma are described and a rationale of early management is presented.
Classic shunting operations for congenital cyanotic heart defects

A total of 297 consecutive classic systemic artery-pulmonary artery shunts were performed in 281 patients over the past 9 years. This experience includes 200 Blalock-Taussig shunts (67.3%), 84 Waterston shunts (28.2%), and 13 Potts shunts (4.3%). The overall early mortality after the Blalock-Taussig shunt (5.5%) was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) than for the Waterston shunt (13%). The early mortality after either the Blalock-Taussig or Waterston shunt was not statistically related to the age of the patient at operation. Both the Blalock-Taussig and Waterston shunts demonstrated a higher mortality (p less than 0.02) among patients in Group II (complex defects) than in patients in Group I (tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect [VSD]). However, the Blalock-Taussig shunt had a significantly lower (p less than 0.04) probability of early postoperative death than the Waterston shunt among patients with complex lesions. The Blalock-Taussig shunt also revealed a lower incidence of important late postoperative complications and did not affect adversely the hemodynamic result after intracardiac correction, as evidenced by late postoperative cardiac catheterization. This study also confirms the feasibility of the Blalock-Taussig shunt during the neonatal period without significantly increased age-related risk of postoperative death (p = 0.13) and with good early and late long-term patency rates.
Image Guidance for Spine Surgery

Since the introduction of image guidance in spine surgery in the 1990s, the field has grown dramatically. Early navigation systems were based on thin-cut preoperative computed tomography (CT); however, registration was time consuming and often inaccurate. This led to the development of more advanced systems relying on intraoperative image acquisition such as 2D fluoroscopy, cone beam CT, and most recently intraoperative CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many surgeons have found that the use of image guidance in spine surgery is helpful in the placement of instrumentation, correction of spinal deformity, and spinal oncology. This is particularly true in cases using minimally invasive approaches and in complex cases with distorted anatomy where there are few reliable landmarks to orient the surgeon. Furthermore, this technology is shown to eliminate occupational radiation exposure and may provide a cost-effective strategy for increasing efficiency in the operating room.
Nonconventional Reforming Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several methods for reforming of hydrocarbons or oxygenated hydrocarbons to syngas. It provides information on decomposition of hydrocarbons, supercritical reforming, non-catalytic thermal reforming in porous media, radio frequency (RF)-assisted reforming, and pre-reforming. Supercritical water oxidation technique for H2 production is gaining great attention because of unique properties of supercritical water that may change the fuel reactivity, thermodynamic equilibrium, and the reaction pathway. The properties of supercritical water such as solubility, density, and viscosity are significantly different than liquid or vaporized water. Non-catalytic thermal reforming using porous media combustion is gaining momentum for H2 production from hydrocarbon reforming. This non-catalytic approach involves combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel in a catalytically inert porous media at fuel rich conditions. The basic principle is the internal heat transfer from the product gases to the entering feed through solid conduction and solid-to-solid radiation characteristics of the porous media. Furthermore, RF-induced catalytic fuel reforming has been shown to be effective in enhancing the performance of reforming catalysts by reducing carbon formation. The observed effects of RF-fields on catalysis are increased catalyst activity and selectivity, reduced carbon formation, and reduced reactor heating. However, it is not known yet what mechanism (improved heating, excited surface states, or other mechanism) causes the improved catalyst performance. Finally, pre-reforming can be used to convert higher gaseous hydrocarbons (>C1) into smaller molecules (CO, H2, CH4, etc.).
Analysis of Parallel Architectures for Network Intrusion Detection

Intrusion detection systems need to be both accurate and fast. Speed is important especially when operating at the network level. Additionally, many intrusion detection systems rely on signature based detection approaches. However, machine learning can also be helpful for intrusion detection. One key challenge when using machine learning, aside from the detection accuracy, is using machine learning algorithms that are fast. In this paper, several processing architectures are considered for use in machine learning based intrusion detection systems. These architectures include standard CPUs, GPUs, and cognitive processors. Results of their processing speeds are compared and discussed.
The politics, satisfaction, loyalty, and success of Ph.D. students in hospitality and tourism

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore the roles of organizational politics in educational institutions with regard to graduate students’ satisfaction with supervision and loyalty toward advisors, and thereby success of students in the Ph.D. program, within the hospitality and tourism discipline. The findings demonstrate that satisfaction and loyalty play important roles in doctoral students’ experiences in graduate education. Several implications for students and faculty are discussed.
Fairway Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trial

This is the fourth year of data collection from the fairway height bentgrass trial established in the fall of 2014.
Thermal conductivity measurements of non-metals via combined time- and frequency-domain thermoreflectance without a metal film transducer

The thermoreflectance-based techniques time- and frequency-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR and FDTR, respectively) have emerged as robust platforms to measure the thermophysical properties of a wide array of systems on varying length scales. Routine in the implementation of these techniques is the application of a thin metal film on the surface of the sample of interest to serve as an opto-thermal transducer ensuring the measured modulated reflectivity is dominated by the change in thermoreflectance of the sample. Here, we outline a method to directly measure the thermal conductivities of bulk materials without using a metal transducer layer using a standard TDTR/FDTR experiment. A major key in this approach is the use of a thermal model with z-dependent heat source when the optical penetration depth is comparable to the beam sizes and measuring the FDTR response at a long delay time to minimize non-thermoreflectivity contributions to the modulated reflectance signals (such as free carrier excitations). Using this approach, we demonstrate the ability to measure the thermal conductivity on three semiconductors, intrinsic Si (100), GaAs (100), and InSb (100), the results of which are validated with FDTR measurements on the same wafers with aluminum transducers. We outline the major sources of uncertainty in this approach, including frequency dependent heating and precise knowledge of the pump and probe spot sizes. As a result, we discuss appropriate pump-frequency ranges in which to implement this TDTR/FDTR approach and present a procedure to measure the effective spot sizes by fitting the FDTR data of an 80 nm Al/SiO2 sample at a time delay in which the spot size sensitivity dominates an FDTR measurement over the substrate thermal properties. Our method provides a more convenient way to directly measure the thermal conductivities of semiconductors.
Tissue-specific programming of memory CD8 T cell subsets impacts protection against lethal respiratory virus infection

How tissue-specific anatomical distribution and phenotypic specialization are linked to protective efficacy of memory T cells against reinfection is unclear. Here, we show that lung environmental cues program recently recruited central-like memory cells with migratory potentials for their tissue-specific functions during lethal respiratory virus infection. After entering the lung, some central-like cells retain their original CD27hiCXCR3hi phenotype, enabling them to localize near the infected bronchiolar epithelium and airway lumen to function as the first line of defense against pathogen encounter. Others, in response to local cytokine triggers, undergo a secondary program of differentiation that leads to the loss of CXCR3, migration arrest, and clustering within peribronchoarterial areas and in interalveolar septa. Here, the immune system adapts its response to prevent systemic viral dissemination and mortality. These results reveal the striking and unexpected spatial organization of central- versus effector-like memory cells within the lung and how cooperation between these two subsets contributes to host defense.
Sleep Tight, Act Right: Negative Affect, Sleep and Behavior Problems During Early Childhood

Temperamental negative affect and insufficient sleep have been independently associated with behavior problems during early childhood. However, it is unknown whether these factors interact to contribute to behavioral difficulties in young children. The current study examined the interactions between temperamental negative affect and both sleep onset time and sleep midpoint, assessed by actigraphy, in predicting externalizing and internalizing behaviors in a sample of 117 children (34-69 months of age). Children with high temperamental negative affect and either later sleep onset time or later sleep midpoint were more likely to exhibit externalizing and internalizing behaviors. These results emphasize the association between temperamental negative affect and behavioral difficulties, particularly for children with insufficient sleep.
Trend analysis of watershed-scale precipitation over Northern California by means of dynamically-downscaled CMIP5 future climate projections.

Abstract The impacts of climate change on watershed-scale precipitation through the 21st century were investigated over eight study watersheds in Northern California based on dynamically downscaled CMIP5 future climate projections from three GCMs (CCSM4, HadGEM2-ES, and MIROC5) under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 future climate scenarios. After evaluating the modeling capability of the WRF model, the six future climate projections were dynamically downscaled by means of the WRF model over Northern California at 9 km grid resolution and hourly temporal resolution during a 94-year period (2006–2100). The biases in the model simulations were corrected, and basin-average precipitation over the eight study watersheds was calculated from the dynamically downscaled precipitation data. Based on the dynamically downscaled basin-average precipitation, trends in annual depth and annual peaks of basin-average precipitation during the 21st century were analyzed over the eight study watersheds. The analyses in this study indicate that there may be differences between trends of annual depths and annual peaks of watershed-scale precipitation during the 21st century. Furthermore, trends in watershed-scale precipitation under future climate conditions may be different for different watersheds depending on their location and topography even if they are in the same region.
Diet, exercise…and drugs: social constructions of healthy lifestyles in weight-related prescription drug advertisements

Much research has examined the social constructions of overweightness and obesity in the broader society. This paper aims to contribute to this literature by examining the popular constructions of ...
Lessons Learned in Transdisciplinary Graduate Education: Claremont Graduate University’s Decade-Long Experiment

Claremont Graduate University is engaged in a decade-long experiment in transdisciplinary graduate education that contributes to a growing, global understanding of transdisciplinarity in higher education, its pedagogy, structure and governance. It is a case study in how transdisciplinarity has been envisioned, institutionalized, and measured at the graduate level. The case study is unique in that the program is graduate-only and social science and humanities based. Positive findings include: (1) fostering faculty and students to experiment with methods, ideas, and applications not provided by departmental courses and curricula; (2) fostering creation of new courses that become core curriculum; (3) fostering innovative dissertation topics; (4) fostering transdisciplinary faculty research projects; (5) fostering transdisciplinary student projects; (6) creating an on-going transdisciplinary intellectual dialogue on campus. Main negative findings: (1) some transdisciplinary courses fail; (2) difficult to sustain faculty leadership across the disciplines; (3) institutional support is inconsistent. (4) a vision remains to be fully defined.
Probiotics in the Child Care Center: Context Matters.

* Abbreviation: GI — : gastrointestinal In the United States, 3 of 5 children <5 years of age are in a child care arrangement.1 In addition to potential opportunities for early socialization and education for children, parents often rely on child care to participate in the work force. However, child care exposure has also been associated with an increased risk in children for gastrointestinal (GI) and upper respiratory infection. Thus, any intervention that can prevent child care associated illness can have public health as well as economic and educational implications. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.”2 Probiotic interventions in child care settings have been … Address correspondence to Michael D. Cabana, MD, MPH, 3333 California St, Suite 245, San Francisco, CA 94118. E-mail: michael.cabana{at}ucsf.edu
Mirror on the Field: Gender, Authorship, and Research Methods in Higher Education’s Leading Journals

ABSTRACTFramed conceptually by gender equity, gender homophily, the contest regime of blind peer-review publishing, and the gendered nature of the quantitative–qualitative debate, this study investigated the intersection of authorship, gender, and methodological characteristics of 408 articles published from 2006 to 2010 in 3 major higher education journals. Nonbinary coding of author gender based on pronouns identified via Web searches virtually eliminated missing data and likely reduced error. Results suggest movement toward gender parity over time; however, women’s representation among authors does not appear commensurate with representation in the field. Findings revealed gendered use of research methods, with qualitative articles more likely to be first-authored by women and quantitative articles more likely to be first-authored by men. Nevertheless, articles first-authored by both women and men were more likely to use quantitative than qualitative methods. Quantitative research, more so than qualita...
U.S. and E.U. Antitrust Law as Written: Their Differences, Common Features, and Relative and Absolute Moral Desirability

This Article (1) articulates operational definitions of eight possible morally-defensible test of antitrust legality, (2) describes the conduct-coverage of, tests of prima facie illegality promulgated by, and economic-efficiency defenses recognized by U.S. and E.U. antitrust law correctly interpreted as matters of law, (3) delineates the seven most important differences between U.S. and E.U. antitrust law as written and the two most important shared attributes of U.S. and E.U. antitrust law as written, and (4) evaluates the relative and absolute moral desirability of these two antitrust-law regimes as written from the perspectives of both the liberal conception of justice and various nonliberal conceptions of the moral good. Inter alia, the Article explains why (1) conduct that manifest one or more perpetrators’ specific anticompetitive intent or distorts competition (constitutes unfair competition) violates liberal moral-rights, (2) conduct that manifests specific anticompetitive intent, lessens competit...
Varieties of Mass Incarceration: What We Learn From State Histories

This manuscript provides an overview of state-level research on penal change in the United States in the latter half of the twentieth century. It outlines how research focused on developments in the states provides unique insights into the forces that helped drive mass incarceration and has generated rich historical accounts of how mass incarceration emerged within specific contexts. It charts some of the new theorizing that has emerged from state case studies, including those emphasizing how penal change is characterized by conflict and others that conceptualize state developments as they interact with federal processes. These insights are then considered against broader national theories of punishment. The manuscript outlines how some of the key forces operating at the state level, including penal cultures, institutional structures, and interest-group activism, conditioned state penal trajectories. Lastly, the piece identifies potential avenues for future state-level research on the forces shaping penal...
Dual effects of brain sparing opioid in newborn rats: Analgesia and hyperalgesia.

Abstract Effective pain management in neonates without the unwanted central nervous system (CNS) side effects remains an unmet need. To circumvent these central effects we tested the peripherally acting (brain sparing) opioid agonist loperamide in neonate rats. Our results show that: 1) loperamide (1 mg/kg, s.c.) does not affect the thermal withdrawal latency in the normal hind paw while producing antinociception in all pups with an inflamed hind paw. 2) A dose of loperamide 5 times higher resulted in only 6.9 ng/mL of loperamide in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), confirming that loperamide minimally crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB). 3) Unexpectedly, sustained administration of loperamide for 5 days resulted in a hyperalgesic behavior, as well as increased excitability (sensitization) of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal nociceptive neurons. This indicates that opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) can be induced through the peripheral nervous system. Unless prevented, OIH could in itself be a limiting factor in the use of brain sparing opioids in the neonate.
Effect of Composition on Antibacterial Activity of Sequence-Defined Cationic Oligothioetheramides

In response to the urgent need for new antibiotic development strategies, antimicrobial peptides and their synthetic mimetics are being investigated as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics. To facilitate their development into clinically viable candidates, we need to understand what molecular features and physicochemical properties are needed to induce cell death. Within the context of sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs), we explore the impact of the cationic pendant group and backbone hydrophobicity on the potency and selectivity of antibacterial oligoTEAs. Through antibacterial, cytotoxicity, membrane destabilization, and membrane depolarization assays, we find a strong dependency on the nature of the cationic group and improved selectivity toward bacteria by tuning backbone hydrophobicity. In particular, compounds with the guanidinium headgroup are more potent than those with amines. Finally, we identify a promising oligoTEA, PDT-4G, with enhanced activity in vitro (minimum i...
Prospective Evaluation of Obese Patients Undergoing Autologous Abdominal Free Flap Breast Reconstruction

Background:Obesity has been viewed as a relative contraindication against autologous free flap breast reconstruction because of increased risks of complications, including flap loss.Methods:The authors conducted a prospective analysis of obese patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction.Res