cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced water collection time improves learning achievement among primary school children in India.

Abstract In low-and-middle-income countries, the provisioning of safe drinking water is a challenge that will likely worsen with climate change. Securing water will require more work and time, burdening women and children the most. Currently, the consequences of this time burden to children's development remain understudied. To address this gap, we examine the tradeoff between children's household water collection responsibilities and learning achievement. Using nationally representative data from India, we measure the effect of daily fetching time on primary school children's learning achievement in a two-stage regression model, with rainfall as the instrument. Our analyses indicate that higher fetching times predict lower mathematics (-1.23 standard deviations, 95CI[-2.32, -0.14]), reading (-1.13 standard deviations, 95CI[-2.07, -0.19]), and writing (-1.21 standard deviations, 95CI[-1.89, -0.51]) test scores. These effects are heterogeneous across sex and infrastructure type. For example, we find girls’ mathematical and reading skills profit more from reductions in fetching time than boys’ (score less affected for boys by β amount: mathematics: β=0.26 points, 95CI[0.095, 0.42]; reading: β=0.27 points, 95CI[0.054, 0.49]). Children using hand pumps, open wells, or tube wells are hurt more academically in mathematics and writing by increases in fetching time than children with mostly off-premises piped access (e.g., writing scores more affected by β amount: hand pump: β=-0.18, 95CI[-0.29, -0.081]; open well: β=-0.18, 95CI[-0.33, -0.040]; tube well: β=-0.14, 95CI[-0.29, -0.00072]). Given these results, we recommend off-premises piped infrastructure in the absence of piped-to-premises water in water-insecure contexts and offer guidance for targeting infrastructure investments in India.
Towards Concurrent Audit Logging in Microservices

Information-algebraic models have been shown as effective semantic frameworks in the specification of audit logging requirements. These semantic frameworks underlie implementation models that formally guarantee correctness of audit logs. Recently, one such implementation model has been proposed for concurrent systems. In this paper, we study the deployment of an instrumentation tool based on this implementation model, aiming at microservices-based applications that are built by Java Spring framework. This tool instruments these applications according to a given logging specification, described in JSON. A set of events in one or more microservices may necessitate the generation of log entries in a specific microservice. Instrumentation of an application enables different microservices of that application to concurrently generate audit logs.
The antimicrobial and phagocytic defense mechanisms of the terrestrial gastropod Lehmannia nyctelia against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Background Gastropods are significant vectors of human infectious diseases and are exposed to a wide range of soil parasites and micro-organisms. To defend against infection, we hypothesized that the slug produces both soluble and cellular defense mechanisms. Material/methods In the gastropod Lehmannia nyctelia, soluble antimicrobial activity was measured by disk diffusion assay and phagocytosis was measured by in vitro and in vivo uptake of fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles. Results In disk diffusion assays we failed to observe either methanol or dimethylsulfoxide soluble material in the slug secretions and tissues. However, isolation of the slug skin cells demonstrated phagocytic morphology in vitro when exposed to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and internalization of fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles. Further, examination of histological sections of a slug exposed to fluorescent Escherichia coli bioparticles revealed a subset of skin cells which had cytoplasmic accumulations of the bioparticles. Conclusions These data suggest that the Lehmannia nyctelia skin contains active phagocytic cells that may affect the set of parasites and microbes for which slugs can serve as vectors of disease.
The scalability of swarming peer-to-peer content delivery

Most web sites are unable to serve content to a large number of users due to the inherent limitations of client-server file transfer. Recent peer-to-peer content delivery protocols have demonstrated the feasibility of spreading this load among the clients themselves, giving small web sites the possibility of serving large audiences with very low cost. In this paper we use a simulation-based performance evaluation to study the fundamental question of the scalability of swarming peer-topeer content delivery. Our results demonstrate the superior scalability of swarming with respect to load, file size, block size, and client bandwidth.
Environmental Policy Can Happen: Shuttle Diplomacy and the Reality of Reg Neg Lite

In an era of congressional gridlock, innovation and pathways for the future of environmental policymaking are needed. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has long been an innovator in environmental decisionmaking, reconciling stakeholder differences. Yet, with the decline of negotiated rulemaking (‘reg neg’), the purpose of our examination is to offer insights into how a contemporary US EPA creates rules. This exploratory study examines original interview data from actors involved during the creation of EPA rules to suggest that a present-day EPA uses a new approach, shuttle diplomacy, to develop rules. The findings from our research suggest that this new rule development method can help agencies that might operate in an adversarial environment to reconcile stakeholder differences while writing the language of a proposed rule before publishing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. We argue that this new rule development model is important for understanding the next generation of environmental rulemaking, not only in the US, but internationally as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
CMU Hammerheads 2001 Team Description

The CMU MultiRobot Lab focuses on the study of team behavior in dynamic and uncertain environments. In order to further this research, we have developed an inexpensive autonomous robot platform, the Minnow. The CMU Hammerhead robot soccer team competes in the middle-size RoboCup competition using four of these Minnow robots.
Identification of protein kinases that phosphorylate the urea channel protein UT-A1 (1137.11)

Vasopressin regulates the urea channel protein UT-A1 by phosphorylation at Ser84 and Ser486. What kinases are responsible for these phosphorylation events remains an open question. To identify protein kinases that interact with UT-A1 in IMCD, we employed crosslinking with BSOCOES, UT-A1 immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE separation, and quantitative mass spectrometry of trypsin digests of gel pieces. The peptides passing stringent spectral quality thresholds were quantified (label-free) to identify those with high signal:noise (UTA1 antibody/preimmune IgG>4). This identified four protein kinases bound to the UT-A1 (Phosphorylase Kinase [PhK], Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase 2δ[CAMK2], CDC42-Binding Protein Kinase β[CDC42BPK] and mTOR). In vitro phosphorylation assays were carried out by incubating these kinases or Protein Kinase A (purified, active recombinant) with synthetic peptides containing the known phosphorylation sites in UT-A1. Phosphorylation was determined by immunoblotting using phospho...
The Political Mobilization of Seculars, 1980-2008

This paper uses ANES data to analyze changes in religious political mobilization since the 1980s. Religious Traditionalists, Moderates, and Seculars will be defined in terms of church attendance, beliefs in Biblical inerrancy and the importance they attach to of religion. Both Secularists and Traditionalists have increased in number since 1980, and differ considerably in party identification, vote choice, and opinions on social issues. According to most recent research, secular perspectives are less likely to be articulated in mass political behavior than the views of more religious Americans. Yet while Seculars are still less partisan, and less likely to vote in primaries, their political involvement and interest have increased considerably. By 2004 and 2008 they were equally or more likely than Traditionalists or Moderates to register, vote, convince others how to vote, and be involved in campaigns. Church attendance has less independent impact on political involvement than in previous decades. While religious Traditionalists have become significantly more Republican, white Seculars are more likely now than in 1980 to vote for Democrats, despite their lack of strong partisanship. A pooled regression analysis, 1988-2008, will show that even with controls for other factors predicting political participation, antipathy to “Christian fundamentalists” (based on the ANES thermometer scores) is a significant predictor of political activism by Seculars as well as by religious Moderates. Demographic trends and survey data suggest what an increasingly secular America might look like.
Chaperokine-Induced Signal Transduction Pathways

A turning point in understanding the function of heat shock proteins (HSP) on components of the immune system has now begun. From their original description as intracellular molecular chaperones of naive, aberrantly folded or mutated proteins and primarily involved in cytoprotection in response to stressful stimuli, in recent years, new functions of HSP have been revealed. Strong evidence now exists demonstrating that the seventy-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) exits mammalian cells not only following necrotic cell death but also by a process involving its active release in response to stresses including cytokines, acute psychological stress and exercise. The released extracellular HSP70 interacts with cells of the immune system and exerts immunoregulatory effects - known as the chaperokine activity of HSP70. The chaperokine activity of HSP70 is mediated in part by utilizing surface receptors for both Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2; receptor for Gram-positive bacteria) and TLR4 (receptor for Gram-negative bacteria) in a CD14-dependent fashion. These findings suggest an important role for heat shock proteins in host protection against pathogenic infection. This review will briefly discuss chaperokine-induced signaling and its relevance to infection and exercise.
Linking Institutional Missions to University and College Archives Programs: The Land-Grant Model

In order to compete effectively for institutional support of archival programs and services, archivists in the 1990s must develop innovative strategies for increasing their usefulness and visibility. One such strategy is to explore ways of linking their programs, collection policies, and activities to their institution's mission. Using land-grant college and university archives as a model, the author has collected data on collection policies, mission statements, outreach activities, and other information about the archives of these institutions and has presented this data in the context of the land-grant history and mission.
Latina mothers' beliefs and practices related to weight status, feeding, and the development of child overweight.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine maternal beliefs and practices related to weight status, child feeding, and child overweight in the Latino culture that may contribute to the rising rates of overweight among preschool Latino children in the United States. Design and Sample: This 2-phase qualitative study relies on data obtained in 6 focus groups with a total of 31 primarily Spanish-speaking, low-income mothers, followed by 20 individual, in-depth interviews with women participating in a health promotion educational program. Measures: Child-feeding beliefs, practices, and weight status perceptions were elicited. Results: The findings indicated that most respondents reported personal struggles with weight gain, particularly during and after pregnancy, and were concerned that their children would become obese. Although subjects understood the health and social consequences related to overweight, many discussed the pressures of familial and cultural influences endorsing a “chubby child.” Conclusions: Education and interventions that incorporate “culturally mediated” pathways to address mothers' feeding practices are essential for the prevention and control of childhood overweight among low-income Latinos. Nurses should be aware of the social and cultural influences on Latina mothers' beliefs and practices related to weight status and feeding practices and address these in their education approaches to prevent childhood overweight and obesity with this population group.
Electrochemical Performance and Stability of the Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells II. Role of Ni Diffusion on LSM Performance

The sintering of a standard (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3 (LSM-20) solid oxide fuel cell cathode composition (in the temperature range of 1050-1200oC) on anode-supported cells utilizing a Ni-YSZ anode and thin YSZ electrolyte (<10 μm thickness) has revealed the need for a protective ceria interlayer to prevent a detrimental interaction between the YSZ and the LSM. The interaction, however, is not the typically assumed formation of insulating La- and/or Sr-zirconate, but rather the result of Ni diffusion from the anode through the YSZ electrolyte and into the LSM resulting in coarsening and increased densification of the LSM microstructure. As an alternative to the use of a protective ceria interlayer, the presence of YSZ in the cathode material was able to suppress coarsening of LSM, thereby significantly improving the electrochemical performance.
An Inhomogeneous Thermal Block Model of Man for the Electromagnetic Environment

An inhomogeneous thermal block model of man with 476 cubical cells has been developed. It incorporates inhomogeneous blood flow rates, metabolic heat production, specific heats, and thermal conductivities, obtained by volume-weighted averaging of the values for eleven different tissue types which constitute the human body. The transient heat conduction equation for the thermal model includes the effects of internal metabolic heat generation, electromagnetic energy deposition, heat conduction through the tissues, convective heat transfer by blood, evaporative heat dissipation by sweating and insensible perspiration, respiratory heat loss, and heat transfer to the environment by radiation and convection. The standard implicit finite difference technique has been utilized to solve the three-dimensional heat conduction equation.
Cytogenetic patterns in polycythemia vera

Abstract The incidence of clonal chromosome abnormalities in bone marrow cells of patients with polycythemia vera (PV) varies with the stage of their disease. Thus, fewer than 15% of patients have abnormalities prior to myelosuppressive therapy, whereas the incidence is 35–40% in initial samples from treated patients. Some PV patients develop leukemia late in their disease course; more than 80% have abnormal karyotypes at this time. Gains of chromosomes are usually seen in abnormal clones from untreated PV patients, and therefore the modal number is generally hyperdiploid. Structural rearrangements are more frequent in clones from treated patients, which are typically pseudodiploid. Analysis of chromosomal banding patterns in PV reveals that certain nonrandom abnormalities occur, including +8, +9, 20q−, and trisomy of 1q. Although the 20q− is a frequent finding in PV, this abnormality has also been reported in patients with various other myeloid disorders.
Improvement of fatigue properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement by means of plasma surface treatment of fillers.

The fatigue properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement were significantly improved through 13.56-MHz radio frequency plasma treatments on the X-ray opaque powder and on the reinforcing fibers. For the plasma treatments of particle surfaces, a specially designed plasma reactor was used to modify the surfaces of the ZrO2 powder (X-ray opaque filler) and milled carbon fibers (reinforcing filler). The reactor chamber was designed to be rotated continuously to mix the particles during the plasma treatments to obtain uniformly treated particle surfaces. The surface peroxides resulting from the plasma treatments seemed to have a significant effect on the improvement of fatigue properties. The peroxides on the particles may yield free radicals by the reaction with the reducing agent (N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) in the bone cement mixture, which can initiate methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization. Through this graft polymerization process, the interfacial bond strength between the filler particles and the MMA matrix may be enhanced, resulting in efficient stress transfer from the matrix to the fillers.The best results of the fatigue tests were seen in the reinforced bone cement, which contained surface modified fillers, with hexamethyldisiloxane plasma, and with O2 plasma posttreatment. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 48: 135–142, 1999
Altering the Micro-Anatomy of the Larynx and its Effect on Laryngeal Biomechanics

The purpose of this presentation is to review our current approach to selective modification of micro anatomy of laryngeal neuromuscular function.Dissection of the distal micro-branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve allows for selective modification of laryngeal adductory and abductory function.The surgical techniques for identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve branches to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, and the vocalis muscle are described. Alteration of function is achieved using motor branches of the ansa hypoglossi nerve or the superior laryngeal nerve for reinnervation. The techniques described are useful for the treatment of a variety of disorders such as spasmodic dysphonia or laryngeal unilateral and bilateral paralysis.
Estimating parameter end points for combined environments (semiconductor devices)

The hardness assurance problem of estimating electrical parameter end points in a combined environment (e.g., neutrons and total ionizing dose) using data in each environment separately is solved. The methodology applies to any other situation where several independent normally distributed variables combine to form a final parameter. The precision deteriorates only when the estimate of end points would be questionable in any event, namely, when very high confidence and probability are required but too few parts were sampled for the environment which is the major source of variation. >
The structure of a migrating low-angle tilt grain boundary in strontium titanate

Weak beam transmission electron microscopy and stereomicroscopy have been used to characterize the three-dimensional structure of a severely deformed low-angle tilt grain boundary in a strontium titanate ceramic. Various interactions between crystal lattice dislocations and grain boundary dislocations in this boundary have been analysed. The deformed low-angle tilt grain boundary is a result of “partial glide”. The boundary is composed of dislocations with Burgers vectorsa [¯100] and the deformation of the boundary is interpreted as having occurred by the interactions of the boundary with crystal lattice dislocations during grain boundary migration. Observed dislocation network in the grain boundary are a result of the reactionb3=b1+b2=a [¯100]+a [00¯1]=a [¯10¯1], and the resultant dislocations are sessile. Also, many crystal lattice dislocations are pinned by the grain boundary and produce a complex dislocation structure for the boundary.
Inverse semigroups determined by their bundles of correspondences

For a semigroup S, the set of all subsemigroups of S × S, with the operations of composition and involution and the relation of set-theoretic inclusion, forms the bundle of correspondences of S, denoted by bS. A semigroup S is called b-determined if for any semigroup T, bS ≅ T if and only if S ≅ T or S ≅ Topp. The b-determinability of semilattices was established by G. I. Zitomirskiĭ (Mat. Sb.82, No. 2 (1970), pp. 163–174) and that of abelian groups, nonperiodic groups, and nonperiodic commutative Clifford semigroups by D. A. Bredihin (in “Studies in Algebra,” No. 4, pp. 3–12, Saratov Univ. Press, Saratov, USSR, 1974). Here the class of those inverse semigroups which are known to be determined by their bundles of correspondences is substantially enlarged. Our major goal is to prove that any fundamental inverse semigroup is b-determined. Then we study b-isomorphisms of nonperiodic semilattices of cancellative monoids (in particular, of nonperiodic Clifford semigroups) and describe new classes of b-determined semigroups of that type.
Influence of Selenium and Zinc on Performance, Blood Constituents, and Immune Response in Stressed Calves

Eighty weanling beef calves were used to determine the effects of zinc and selenium supplementation on performance, immune response, and blood characteristics during stress. Treatments included: (1) control; (2) control diet with selenium injection [15 mg/hd (head)] (3) zinc diet (25 mg Zn/hd/d, added as ZnO); and (4) zinc diet with selenium injection. Feed intake and weight gains were not affected by zinc throughout the 28-d study. However, selenium improved weight gains in calves with low initial selenium status in the first 14 d of the study. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was increased by selenium and decreased by zinc on d 19. Zinc appeared to interfere with the role of selenium in GSH-Px activity at the cellular level. Plasma zinc was not affected by treatment. Zinc supplementation resulted in increased serum sodium and decreased serum total protein and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. Immune response was measured via antibody titers to Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Para-influenza3 (PI3) viruses 19 d postvaccination. Levels of titers were not affected by either zinc or selenium, however, titers did reflect a response to vaccination between sampling dates. On d 19, zinc increased the percentage of leukocytes that were monocytes. Total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers did not differ across treatments. These results suggest that selenium or zinc supplementation may individually improve an animal’s response to stress.
Bryostatin, an activator of the calcium phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, blocks phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60

Abstract Phorbol esters bind to and activate a calcium phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C kinase). Some researchers believe that activation of C kinase is necessary for the induction of phorbol ester biologic effects. Our research indicates that bryostatin, a macrocyclic lactone that binds to the phorbol ester receptor in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, also binds to this receptor in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. Bryostatin activates partially purified C kinase from HL-60 cells in vitro, and when applied to HL-60 cells in vivo, it decreases measurable cytoplasmic C kinase activity. Unlike the phorbol esters, bryostatin is unable to induce a macrophage-like differentiation of HL-60 cells; however, bryostatin, in a dose-dependent fashion, blocks phorbol ester-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells and, if applied within 48 hr of phorbol esters, halts further differentiation. These results suggest that activation of the C kinase by some agents is not sufficient for induction of HL-60 cell differentiation and imply that some of the biologic effects of phorbol esters may occur through a more complex mechanism than previously thought.
Evolution of the SNF2 family of proteins: subfamilies with distinct sequences and functions.

The SNF2 family of proteins includes representatives from a variety of species with roles in cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation (e.g. MOT1, SNF2 and BRM), maintenance of chromosome stability during mitosis (e.g. lodestar) and various aspects of processing of DNA damage, including nucleotide excision repair (e.g. RAD16 and ERCC6), recombinational pathways (e.g. RAD54) and post-replication daughter strand gap repair (e.g. RAD5). This family also includes many proteins with no known function. To better characterize this family of proteins we have used molecular phylogenetic techniques to infer evolutionary relationships among the family members. We have divided the SNF2 family into multiple subfamilies, each of which represents what we propose to be a functionally and evolutionarily distinct group. We have then used the subfamily structure to predict the functions of some of the uncharacterized proteins in the SNF2 family. We discuss possible implications of this evolutionary analysis on the general properties and evolution of the SNF2 family.
A Feminist Researcher's Guide to Periodical Indexes, Abstracting Services, Citation Indexes, and Online Databases

Five years ago a friend whose business has the word “women” in its title began referring to me requests she received for information about a large area encompassing women's issues, herstory, Women Studies, feminism, nonsexist education, nontraditional employment, reentry persons, comparable worth, health, portrayal of women in literature, scientific developments by and affecting women, etc. They came from feminist and sexist people of all ages throughout the world. Most, however, were American women attempting to bridge the information gap and to counteract misinformation and lack of information about and affecting females. This eventually evolved into a non‐profit service through which I responded directly to inquiries.
Farmers as Entrepreneurs: Regulation and Innovation in American Agriculture during the Twentieth Century

For the last half-century American agriculture has been one of the most regulated, yet most successful, sectors of the American economy. The federal government administers programs to restrict production, control prices, and provide special credit for farmers. Still, what is striking about this regulation is that its introduction in the 1930s coincided with the start of a revolution in agricultural productivity: in the three decades prior to 1930, total factor productivity in the farm sector increased at a mere 0.5 percent annual rate. By contrast, between 1935 and 1975 farm productivity increased at a 3.0 percent annual rate -- a performance that surpassed rates achieved in all but two industries of the manufacturing sector. So great were the gains in agricultural productivity that by 1980 one farmer fed 76 Americans on average, or 8 times the
Mass-flowering of a tropical shrub (Hybanthus prunifolius): influence on pollinator attraction and movement.

There are conflicting views about the regulation of gene flow in tropical plants (see Corner, 1954; Baker, 1959; Federov, 1966; Ashton, 1969; Bawa, 1974). Characteristics proposed to promote outbreeding include a long flowering period, asynchronous flowering, dioecism, protandry, protogyny, and self-incompatibility. One feature which should yield reduced gene flow is mass-flowering of the individual plant. This study concentrates on this feature and how it influences pollinator movement and consequent gene flow. Among species, the flowering phenology of the individual plant varies markedly. Among tropical plants, Janzen (1971) distinguished between two extreme patterns of daily flower abundance. In the first pattern, later designated "steady state" (Gentry, 1974), the individual plant produces small numbers of new flowers almost daily over an extended period (usually greater than 2 mo, often for 6-12 mo [Gilbert, 1975; Stiles, 1975]). In the second pattern, designated "big bang" (Gentry, 1974) or "mass-flowering" (Heinrich and Raven, 1972), an individual produces large numbers of new flowers each day over a short period (often less than one week). Earlier observations suggest that these contrasting flowering patterns attract different types of pollinators. Pollinators visiting steady-state individuals are thought to be low in number and in species richness, to shift to new plants after a shorter foraging period, and to move longer distances between conspecific individuals, relative to pollinators visiting mass-flow-
Effects of supplemental nitrogen rate and source on biomass production by three weed species in fallow vegetable land

Abstract In 1983, a study was conducted to evaluate three weed species for their biomass yield potential on a fallowed tomato land with various nitrogen (N) rates and sources. Dogfennel ( Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.)Small), sida ( Sida rhombifolia L.), and pigweed ( Amaranthus hybridus L.), were grown with three N rates: residual, 1x and 2x (1 x = 56 kg ha −1 N) and with two N sources: NH 4 NO 3 and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU). Sida produced the greatest fresh and dry biomass yields and percentage dry matter, 43·3, 23·3 Mg ha −1 and 54·1%, respectively. Yields of the three crops increased with increasing N rates and were higher with NH 4 NO 3 than with IBDU. Overall, sida at the 2x N rate with NH 4 NO 3 had the highest fresh, 73·8 Mg ha −1 , and dry biomass, 37·9 Mg ha −1 , yield. Lowest residual soil total soluble salt concentration, 170 ppm, was found after pigweed, in plots which did not receive additional N. Additional N application increased residual soil total soluble salts after each of the three weeds. Thus, additional N, in NH 4 NO 3 form, was necessary for high yields in a fallowed vegetable land, but the additional fertilizer also increased soil total soluble salts, regardless of the plant species.
Magmatic–hydrothermal origin of Nevada’s Carlin-type gold deposits

The Eocene epoch in the Great Basin of western North America was a period of profuse magmatism and hydrothermal activity. During that period, the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada were produced, Earth’s second largest concentration of gold after deposits in South Africa. The characteristics of the Carlin-type deposits have been documented, but a widely acceptable explanation for their genesis is outstanding. Here we integrate microanalyses of ore minerals, experimental data that describe metal partitioning, and published age and isotopic data, to suggest that the gold is sourced from magma. We relate gold deposition to a change from shallow subduction to renewed magmatism and the onset of extension. We propose that upwelling asthenosphere impinged on a strongly modified subcontinental lithospheric mantle, generating magmas that released gold-bearing fluids at depths of 10 to 12 km. The rising aqueous fluids with elevated hydrogen sulphide concentrations and a high ratio of gold to copper underwent phase changes and mixed with meteoric water. Within a few kilometres of the surface, the fluids dissolved and sulphidized carbonate wall rocks, leading to deposition of gold-bearing pyrite. We conclude that the large number and size of Carlin-type deposits in Nevada is the result of an unusual convergence of a specific geologic setting, together with a tectonic trigger that led to extremely efficient transport and deposition of gold.
Low noise ionization chambers for use in transmission measurements with medium and high energy beams

Abstract We have investigated requirements for an integrating-type ion chamber that performs with signal fluctuations (noise) near the 1/√N counting statistics level. A large noise contribution occurs when the chamber collection foils intercept a beam of particles whose energy exceeds spallation production threshold. Experimental results demonstrate the source of this noise to be the production of low-energy spallation products in the plates and gas of the chamber. Delta rays also contribute to the noise, but not as severely. We have developed hydrogen-filled ion chambers with longitudinal collection plates that successfully eliminate the spallation contribution. With such chambers, noise improvement is typically a factor of 15 over chambers of conventional design.
Clausal Structure and a Tier for Grammatical Marking in American Sign Language

Grammatical information in ASL can systematically be marked on the face. Such nonmanual marking extends over the c-command domain of the trigger, and therefore provides information about the hierarchical organization of the language. Consistent with evidence available from the distribution of non-manual markings—as illustrated with respect to wh-marking and negation—a basic clausal structure for ASL is proposed. Furthermore, we suggest, contrary to generally accepted claims about ASL, that both Tense and Agreement are structurally present in all ASL main clauses. This analysis allows for a uniform account of the licensing of null subjects in ASL. Evidence in favor of this analysis, and against a dual licensing mechanism (as proposed in Kegl, 1985, and Lillo-Martin, 1986, 1991b), is presented.
Satisfaction with Child Care: Perspectives of Welfare Mothers

Approximately 11% of U.S. children have mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). In 1988 this program was reformed to require mothers with children over the age of 2 years to participate in employment programs, and child care subsidies were guaranteed. This paper examines AFDC mothers' perspectives on their child care in 1983–1984, before welfare reform, to explore the characteristics of care that mothers are likely to seek. Mothers' ratings of their child care on quality, convenience, dependability, and cost showed that no particular arrangement—care by relatives, sitters, family day care, or centers—was superior across all these dimensions. Each type had strengths and weaknesses. Multivariate analyses of mothers' satisfaction revealed that convenient hours and adequate adult supervision were valued for all preschool children. Low child-to-adult ratios and convenient location were important for children under age 3; the child's learning opportunities and happiness, and lower levels of caretaker experience, were important for older preschool children. The type of care used was not directly associated with satisfaction. It is concluded that a diverse range of child care options should be developed.
Virtual mastoidectomy performance evaluation through multi-volume analysis.

Purpose Development of a visualization system that provides surgical instructors with a method to compare the results of many virtual surgeries (n > 100).
Transobturator slings for stress incontinence: using urodynamic parameters to predict outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of preoperative urodynamic urethral function parameters to predict the success rate of transobturator slings (TOS). Seventy women urodynamically diagnosed with stress incontinence with urethral hypermobility underwent a Monarc™ TOS (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, USA). Postoperative continence status was correlated with preoperative urodynamic urethral function parameters. Mathematical modeling was used to determine whether urodynamic parameters can be used to predict postoperative continence. Average follow-up was 8.1 (6–12) months; 56 (80%) patients were continent based on a standardized stress test and subjective report. The median Valsalva leak point pressure at 150 cc (VLPP150) in the failures and successes was not different (p = 0.12). The median VLPP at cystometric capacity (VLPPcap) in the failures was 32 cmH2O compared to 71 cmH2O in the successes (p 60 cmH2O and MUCP > 40 cmH2O were the most predictive of surgical success, revealing a sensitivity of 83% (0.55, 0.95) and specificity of 79% (0.67, 0.88). A combination of urodynamic parameters can be used to predict continence rates after a TOS. A TOS should be used with caution in women with impaired urethral function.
Errors in Prescribing HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe and quantify errors in dosage frequency associated with written medical orders, compared to manufacture's recommendations and current therapeutic recommendations for protease inhibitors, for persons living with HIV disease/AIDS who were receiving home care services. Methods : A convenience, sample was used for a univariate descriptive study to collect information from client records on the dosing intervals prescribed for three protease inhibitors: indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir. The study took place between December 1, 1996, and January 15, 1997, at a certified home health agency (CHHA) in New York City. The final sample accrued consisted of 202 adults who were receiving home care. The mean age of the sample was 42 years ( SD =9.43), ranging from 24 to 69 years. The majority, were people of color, and Medicaid was the principle payor source for all health care needs. The main outcome measure was the number of errors in dosage frequency documented in written medical orders for protease inhibitors Results : Protease inhibitors were ordered for 91 (45.1%) of the sample. Of the total number of medical orders for protease inhibitors, according to manufacturer's recommendations, and current therapeutic recommendations, incorrect dosing schedules were noted in 36 (39.6%) of the records. Additional findings included errors in the dosages of drug prescribed and orders for protease inhibitors as monotherapy. Conclusions : Errors identified with ordering protease inhibitors included the incorrect frequency, the incorrect dose, and the ordering of protease inhibitor as a monotherapeutic agent instead of in combination with other recommended antiretroviral agents. Making clinicans, aware of these problems may assist in reducing the incidence of these errors.
Mitochondria in the striatum of subjects with schizophrenia: Relationship to treatment response

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with neuropathology in many regions, including the striatum. The typical symptoms of this disease are psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions), cognitive impairments and the deficit syndrome. Not all patients respond to treatment and in those who do, only psychotic symptoms are improved. Imaging studies support a biological distinction between treatment response and resistance, but postmortem examinations of this issue are rare. The present study tests the hypotheses that abnormalities in mitochondria, the energy producing organelles in the cell, may correlate with treatment response. Postmortem striatal tissue was obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. The density of mitochondria (in various neuropil compartments) and the number of mitochondria per synapse (all types of synapses combined) were tallied using electron microscopy and stereology in striatum from schizophrenia subjects (rated treatment responsive or not) and normal controls. The number of mitochondria per synapse was significantly different among groups for both the caudate nucleus (p<0.025) and putamen (p<0.002). Compared to controls, treatment responsive schizophrenia subjects had a 37-43% decrease in the number of mitochondria per synapse in the caudate nucleus and putamen. In the putamen, treatment responsive subjects also had decreases in this measure compared to treatment resistant subjects (34%). Our results provide further support for a biological distinction between treatment response and treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Since treatment responders have fewer mitochondria per synapse than controls, while the treatment resistant subjects have similar results to that of controls, fewer mitochondria per synapse may be related to treatment response.
Correspondence: Speculations on the use of shannon's entropy formula to characterize an organizational structure (university of cincinnati)

From Shannon's informational entropy formula, a power index for each organizational unit and an organizational efficiency were developed for the structure of a corporation. Of the four models tested, it was shown that a horizontal configuration is most efficient, a chaos model least. Chaos occurs when each unit is completely independent and has the same budget. These concepts were applied to the University of Cincinnati to show that the efficiency diminished from 81 to 74% during its 1962–1963 through 1979–1980 period of rapid expansion when the budget increased four-fold (corrected for inflation). At the same time, students enrolled, per dollar (corrected for inflation), declined by about 50%.
Soil‐moisture conditions and phenomena in frozen soils

In this article we shall discuss briefly some of the general characteristics of observations in laboratory and field related to freezing of soil-moisture. We shall also consider the basic thermodynamic theory requisite to an interpretation of these observations in relation to the movement of moisture associated with frozen soils.
High resolution Ne KLL Auger spectra produced by H+ and He+ bombardment☆

Abstract Ne KLL Auger satellite lines are measured with an energy resolution of 0.02% FWHM. The relative intensities of initial 2p vacancy satellite lines are observed to be four times larger with He + than with H + bombardment. The He + beam also produces new satellite lines which are assigned to double initial 2p vacancies.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias.

We thank I. Splawski for advice, D. Atkinson for help preparing figures, and L. Morelli for assistance preparing the manuscript.
Abstract 4741: Inhibition of TNBC cell growth by CSPG4-specific mAb 225.28 with a Sonic Hedgehog pathway inhibitor

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC In the US, about 10-20% of breast cancers are found to be triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC). Because of the lack of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification, TNBC does not benefit from the currently available targeted therapies. Furthermore, recent molecular analysis of TNBC cell lines and lesions has suggested that these tumors might be enriched with cancer initiating cells (CICs). This possibility is consistent with the failure of conventional therapies to control disease progression, because according to the cancer stem cell theory, CICs play a major role in disease recurrence and metastatic spread, the two major causes of patient mortality. These findings and the lack of curative therapy for any TNBC patient with metastatic disease emphasize the need to develop effective novel therapies for this type of breast cancer. To address this need, we have developed a combinatorial immunotherapy, which eliminates both differentiated TNBC cells and TNBC CICs. The tumor antigen we have selected as a target is chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)4, since this membrane bound tumor antigen is expressed at high levels on both differentiated TNBC cells and TNBC CICs. CSPG4 plays a crucial role in the biology of TNBC cells, since it is involved in ERK and FAK signaling pathways which are associated with TNBC cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, it is upregulated on activated pericytes in the tumor microenvironment. CSPG4-specific mAb 225.28 inhibits TNBC cell growth and migration. Moreover, it inhibits signaling pathways associated with TNBC cell growth and survival. It also can selectively inhibit neoangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to the elimination of TNBC cells, even those that do not express CSPG4. To enhance the targeting of TNBC CICs, immunotherapy is combined with the administration of an inhibitor (cyclopamine/ LDE225) of the Sonic Hedgehog Homolog (SHH) pathway which is activated in TNBC cells and, especially in TNBC CICs. Inhibition of TNBC CIC growth by mAb 225.28 is around 10%, but is enhanced up to about 70% when mAb 225.28 is combined with a SHH pathway inhibitor. Our in vitro findings strongly suggest that targeting CSPG4 with mAb 225.28 in combination with a SHH inhibitor may represent an effective strategy to eliminate differentiated TNBC cells and TNBC CICs. Citation Format: Yangyang Wang, Francesco Sabbatino, Soldano Ferrone, Xinhui Wang. Inhibition of TNBC cell growth by CSPG4-specific mAb 225.28 with a Sonic Hedgehog pathway inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4741. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4741
Perfect recall and pruning in games with imperfect information

Games with imperfect information are an interesting and important class of games. They include most card games (e.g., bridge and poker) as well as many economic and political models. Here we investigate algorithms for findi ng the simplest form of a solution (a pure-strategy equilibrium point) to imperfect information games expressed in their extensive (game tree) form. We introduce to the artificial intelligence community a classic algorithm, due to Wilson, that solves one-player games with perfect recall. Wilson's algorithm, which we call iMP-minimax, runs in time linear in the size of the game-tree searched. In contrast to Wilson's result, Koller and Meggido have shown that finding a pure-strategy equilibrium point in one-player games without perfect recall is NP-hard. Here, we provide another contrast to Wilson's result–we show that in games with perfect recall but more than one player, finding a pure-strategy equilibrium point, given that such an equilibrium point exists, is NP-hard. Our second contribution is to present a pruning technique for Wilson's IMP-minimax algorithm to make the latter more tractable. We call this new algorithm IMP-alpha-beta. We provide a theoretical framework (model) and analyze IMP-alpha-beta in that model. IMP-alpha-beta is of direct value for one-player, perfect-recall games. It also has strong potential for other imperfect information games, as it is a natural (but as yet untested) heuristic in those cases.
An ultrastructural comparison of grade I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma considering estrogen and progesterone receptor status

Abstract Eighteen (18) previously untreated patients with grade I (9) and II (9) endometrial adenocarcinoma provided endometrial samples for biochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors. The same samples were evaluated by histology and ultrastructure. Progesterone receptor negative samples (PR 1000 fmole/g tissue). These findings appeared to be independent of estrogen receptor status. No significant ultrastructural changes were seen when grades I and II were compared.