cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corotational damping of discoseismic c modes in black hole accretion discs

Discoseismic c modes in accretion discs have been invoked to explain low-frequency variabilities observed in black hole X-ray binaries. These modes are trapped in the innermost region of the disc and have frequencies much lower than the rotation frequency at the disc inner radius. We show that because the trapped waves can tunnel through the evanescent barrier to the corotational wave zone, the c modes are damped due to wave absorption at the corotation resonance. We calculate the corotational damping rates of various c modes using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation. The damping rate varies widely depending on the mode frequency, the black hole spin parameter and the disc sound speed, and is generally much less than 10 per cent of the mode frequency. A sufficiently strong excitation mechanism is needed to overcome this corotational damping and make the mode observable.
Virtual colonoscopy vs optical colonoscopy.

Importance of the field: The high prevalence of colon carcinoma combined with the low compliance rates of recommended screening guidelines may explain the continued high mortality rate of colon cancer. Utilizing a strategy of virtual colonoscopy (VC) in asymptomatic patients over 50 years, with optical colonoscopy (OC) follow-up for removal of detected adenomatous polyps, may result in lowering the colon cancer death rate. However, the screening potential of VC has not yet been widely recognized. Debates and doubts over its potential benefits have been seen frequently in the literature since VC was first reported in 1994.Areas covered in this review: This article reviews the available screening options and discusses their advantages and drawbacks.Take home message: Virtual colonoscopy has many advantages over the existing screening options and its several drawbacks can be mitigated so that it could become a valuable screening modality. A strategy that utilizes VC for population-based screening over the ag...
Cardiac calsequestrin: quest inside the SR

Although calsequestrin (CASQ), a major sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ binding protein, was discovered more than 30 years ago, its precise roles and modes of operation in both skeletal and cardiac muscle remain to be elucidated (Rios, 2009, this issue; Knollmann, 2009, this issue). Recent years witnessed a significant surge of interest in this Ca2+ binding protein after mutations in the gene encoding the cardiac isoform of calsequestrin (CASQ2) were linked to exercise-induced cardiac death due to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) (Postma et al. 2002; Eldar et al. 2003). Surprisingly, humans and genetically altered mice devoid of CASQ2 preserve nearly normal cardiac structure and function but develop lethal arrhythmias under conditions of adrenergic stimulation (Postma et al. 2002; Knollmann et al. 2006; Song et al. 2007). Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the functional role and mode of operation of CASQ2 in the heart, of how hearts missing CASQ2 cope in the absence of this protein and of the mechanisms of CPVT.
Modeling and simulation of diurnal biological processes in cyanobacteria

Life on earth is strongly regulated by the day-night cycle, widely known as diurnal cycle. Accordingly, many organisms have developed an internal time keeping mechanism; circadian clock, in order to maintain these rhythms even with short term modification of the external light patterns. In previous studies, different biological processes have been identified as either diurnal or circadian controlled. In order to understand the interactions between these processes and the effect of external light input on the individual rhythms, it is important to develop a mathematical model which can capture the essential dynamics of these rhythms. In this work, we propose a simple interacting oscillatory network model, which is sufficient to capture the different behavioral patterns in the biological processes. We show that this model is capable of reproducing the actual gene behaviors observed under different light input patterns. Also, the model proposed is shown to be resilient to noise. We use the model to understand the synchronization between different processes; the modulation of internal clock by the external light input; the changes expected in circadian clock and other peripheral processes under different light patterns, etc. We relate some of the simulation results with already available biological knowledge. We discuss effects of different network topologies which can be investigated by the future experiments.
Samuel Huntington and Communist Civil-Military Relations:

Contrary to Huntington's hypothesis, analysis suggests that the relationship between the party-political apparatus and line elements of the armed forces of the former Soviet Union and the former Ge...
Theoretical prediction of the Infrared and Raman spectra of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonothiolate†

We have extended our computations of the structure and of the infrared and Raman spectra of methylphosphonates and related compounds to the O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonothiolate molecule (we abbreviate the name to ESD). We have computed the optimized geometry and the vibrational infrared and Raman frequencies of ESD by means of the Guassian 92 Program Package using 6–31G* basis sets. We assign the vibrational frequencies and we correct each frequency by multiplying it with a previously derived 6–31G* correction factor. The result is a computer-generated prediction of the IR and Raman spectra of ESD. The agreement between our theoretical predictions and the experimental IR spectrum of ESD is surprisingly good. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sports medicine ultrasound (US) beyond the musculoskeletal system: use in the abdomen, solid organs, lung, heart and eye

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (US) by non-radiologists is not new and the expansion into sports medicine practice is relatively young. US has been used extensively to evaluate the musculoskeletal system including the diagnosis of muscle, tendon and bone injuries. However, as sports medicine practitioners we are responsible for the care of the entire athlete. There are many other non-musculoskeletal applications of US in the evaluation and treatment of the athlete. This paper highlights the use of US in the athlete to diagnose pulmonary, cardiac, solid organ, intra-abdominal and eye injuries.
Effects of Moisture Content of Complete Diets on Feed Intake and Milk Production by Cows

In two trials, 47 and 54 Holstein cows were fed diets containing ensiled forages, ensiled and dry forages, or diets of different moisture contents. In trial 1, diets were fed during a preliminary dry period, early lactation, late lactation, a second dry period, and a second early lactation. In trial 2, four diets identical except for moisture content (78, 64, 52, and 40% dry matter) were fed for the first 200 days of lactation. Substitution of dry hay for alfalfa silage increased dry matter intake during the first early lactation, whereas partial substitution of corn silage with straw did not affect intake during dry periods. Dry matter intake increased linearly as dry matter content of diet increased in trial 2. Neither milk production nor body weight were affected by treatment in either trial. Percentage total solids increased linearly as dry matter content of diet decreased in trial 2. Volatile fatty acids differed slightly, but no trends were consistent. No differences of daily chewing time were observed. From these trials, diets of less than 60 to 65% dry matter may reduce intake by lactating dairy cows.
Multiple mapping method: A novel approach to the sequence‐to‐structure alignment problem in comparative protein structure modeling

A major bottleneck in comparative protein structure modeling is the quality of input alignment between the target sequence and the template structure. A number of alignment methods are available, but none of these techniques produce consistently good solutions for all cases. Alignments produced by alternative methods may be superior in certain segments but inferior in others when compared to each other; therefore, an accurate solution often requires an optimal combination of them. To address this problem, we have developed a new approach, Multiple Mapping Method (MMM). The algorithm first identifies the alternatively aligned regions from a set of input alignments. These alternatively aligned segments are scored using a composite scoring function, which determines their fitness within the structural environment of the template. The best scoring regions from a set of alternative segments are combined with the core part of the alignments to produce the final MMM alignment. The algorithm was tested on a dataset of 1400 protein pairs using 11 combinations of two to four alignment methods. In all cases MMM showed statistically significant improvement by reducing alignment errors in the range of 3 to 17%. MMM also compared favorably over two alignment meta-servers. The algorithm is computationally efficient; therefore, it is a suitable tool for genome scale modeling studies.
Ixabepilone: A Novel Antineoplastic Agent with Low Susceptibility to Multiple Tumor Resistance Mechanisms

Tumor resistance to chemotherapeutic agents ultimately leads to treatment failure in the majority of cancer patients. The identification of new agents that are less susceptible to mechanisms of tumor resistance could, therefore, bring significant clinical benefits to patients with advanced cancer. One new drug class of great interest in this respect is the epothilones and their analogues, which are microtubule inhibitorswithlowsusceptibilitytoseveralmechanismsofdrug resistance. Ixabepilone is an analogue of natural epothilone B with activity against a wide range of tumor types, including drug-resistant tumors. This is consistent with the preclinical activity of ixabepilone against human cancer cell lines resistant to taxanes and other agents. Taxane resistance in these cells may be acquired or primary and results from several mechanisms, such as overexpression of multidrugresistance proteins and the III-tubulin isoform. Ixabepilone has demonstrated efficacy as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine in anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated/resistant metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and has recently been approved for use in resistant/refractoryMBC.Otherepothilones,suchaspatupilone,KOS-1584, andZK-EPO,arealsobeingevaluatedindrug-resistantcancers.IxabepilonerepresentsanewtreatmentoptionforMBC patientswithcancersresistanttoavailablechemotherapeutic agents. The Oncologist 2008;13:214–221
Effects of road deicer (NACL) and amphibian grazers on detritus processing in pond mesocosms

Road deicers have been identified as potential stressors in aquatic habitats throughout the United States, but we know little regarding associated impacts to ecosystem function. A critical component of ecosystem function that has not previously been evaluated with respect to freshwater salinization is the impact on organic matter breakdown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cumulative effects of road deicers and tadpole grazers on leaf litter breakdown rate (g d−1) and microbial respiration (mg O2 g leaf−1 h−1). To test this interaction, in May 2008 the authors added dry leaf litter (Quercus spp.) to forty 600-L pond mesocosms and inoculated each with algae and zooplankton. In a full-factorial design, they manipulated a realistic level of road salt (ambient or elevated at 645 mg L−1 Cl−) and tadpole (Hyla versicolor) presence or absence. The elevated chloride treatment reduced microbial respiration by 24% in the presence of tadpoles. The breakdown of leaf litter by tadpoles occurred 9.7% faster under ambient chloride conditions relative to the elevated chloride treatment. Results of the present study suggest that the microbial community is directly impacted by road deicers and heavy tadpole grazing under ambient conditions limits microbial capacity to process detritus. Road salts and tadpoles interact to limit microbial respiration, but to a lesser extent leaf mass loss rate, thereby potentially restricting energy flow from detrital sources in pond ecosystems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2306–2310. © 2012 SETAC
MECHANISTIC SEQUENCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT BY StAR PROTEINS

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) presents across the species and are part of a family of StART (StAR-related lipid transport) domain-containing proteins. The first member of this family StAR is now called StARD1. StARD1 helps in the movement of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), where cholesterol is the only substrate to synthesize the first steroid, pregnenolone. StARD1 is an essential protein and in its absence very little steroid synthesis occurs resulting premature death shortly after birth. The biochemical studies show that the flexible C-terminus is required for cholesterol-binding activity of all StART family proteins, and flexibility of this domain is directly proportional with StARD activity. As a result, a slower rate of unfolding for the C-terminal domain leads to higher activity, while faster unfolding leads to minimal activity. Thus, only wild-type StARD1 maintains a flexible hydrophobic core but not the inactive mutant proteins. Cholesterol associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) facilitates the formation of the protein hydrophobic core and stabilizes the protein. This article presents a detailed mechanism of action for StARD1 proteins to transport cholesterol from the OMM into the mitochondria.
CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY OF ADULT ACUTE LEUKÆMIA PROLONGATION OF REMISSION IN MYELOBLASTIC LEUKÆMIA WITH B.C.G.

Abstract The benefit of B.C.G. in prolonging chemotherapy-maintained complete remissions in adult acute leukaemia was studied. Twenty consecutive patients received intermittent chemoimmunotherapy with cytarabine, vincristine, prednisone (O.A.P.), and liquid Pasteur B.C.G. administered by scarification. The durations of remission were compared with those of a similar group of thirty-three consecutive patients maintained on O.A.P. chemotherapy alone. Eleven of the twenty (55%) O.A.P.+ B.C.G. treated patients remain in remission with an estimated median duration of 91 weeks. Only 14 of 33 patients (42%) maintained on O.A.P. remain in remission with a median duration of 50 weeks (P= 0·03). Immunotherapy was significant only for patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (A.M.L.) and not for lymphoblastic or undifferentiated leukaemia. Thus, ten of fourteen A.M.L. patients maintained on O.A.P.+B.C.G. are in remission (median duration 72 + weeks) compared with nine of twenty-one O.A.P.-maintained patients (median duration 60 weeks) (P=0·04). General immunocompetence was augmented by B.C.G. The best prognostic immunological test was the patients' in-vitro lymphocyte blastogenic reactivity to autologous remission bone-marrow cells: all five patients who reacted vigorously have relapsed compared with none of the six who failed to react or reacted weakly.
GIS-IManSys, A User-Friendly Computer Based Water Management Software Package

The impacts of growth of global population changes in economic environment have more pronounced effects on Middle East and North Africa countries. User friendly hydrological computer software packages have proven to be helpful tools in managing precious water resources. Watershed models have been successfully used to perform complex analyses and to make informed predictions concerning consequences of proposed actions. They also increased the accuracy of estimates for alternative practices to a level beyond human best judgment decisions. In this paper, we describe A User-Friendly Computer Based Water Management Software Package, GIS-IManSys. This package was developed using two object oriented high level programming languages, Java and Visual Basics, and a spatial geo-spatial analysis software, ArcGIS.9.2. This version of the software package is intended to be a teaching tool for different specialized users interested in water resources management; it also targets educators and students from different scientific disciplines, regular people who want to have level of understanding of water management at different land scales ranging from small plots to large areas. The graphical user interface has been improved to help the users easily interacting with the program and take advantage of its capabilities. GIS-IManSys has been successfully calibrated and validated using different data sets.
Large-scale analysis of individual and task differences in search result page examination strategies

Understanding the impact of individual and task differences on search result page examination strategies is important in developing improved search engines. Characterizing these effects using query and click data alone is common but insufficient since they provide an incomplete picture of result examination behavior. Cursor- or gaze-tracking studies reveal richer interaction patterns but are often done in small-scale laboratory settings. In this paper we leverage large-scale rich behavioral log data in a naturalistic setting. We examine queries, clicks, cursor movements, scrolling, and text highlighting for millions of queries on the Bing commercial search engine to better understand the impact of user, task, and user-task interactions on user behavior on search result pages (SERPs). By clustering users based on cursor features, we identify individual, task, and user-task differences in how users examine results which are similar to those observed in small-scale studies. Our findings have implications for developing search support for behaviorally-similar searcher cohorts, modeling search behavior, and designing search systems that leverage implicit feedback.
After Seattle: Free Trade and the WTO

After the debacle in Seattle at the WTO Ministerial meeting in 1999, when the member countries failed to launch a new round of multilateral trade negotiations, new challenges to both free trade and the WTO have acquired importance. The former can be met by confronting the conceptual confusions, unfounded fears and policy-design sloppiness that afflict many of the demands of the critics. The latter, however, require changes in the WTO's functioning. But a distinction must be made among three areas: trade negotiations, the secretariat's work, and the dispute settlement mechanism. Each requires a different treatment.
Deconvolving instrumental and intrinsic broadening in core-shell x-ray spectroscopies

Intrinsic and experimental mechanisms frequently lead to broadening of spectral features in core-shell spectroscopies. For example, intrinsic broadening occurs in x-ray absorption spectroscopy XAS measurements of heavy elements where the core-hole lifetime is very short. On the other hand, nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering XRS and other energy loss measurements are more limited by instrumental resolution. Here, we demonstrate that the Richardson-Lucy RL iterative algorithm provides a robust method for deconvolving instrumental and intrinsic resolutions from typical XAS and XRS data. For the K-edge XAS of Ag, we find nearly complete removal of 9.3 eV full width at half maximum broadening from the combined effects of the short core-hole lifetime and instrumental resolution. We are also able to remove nearly all instrumental broadening in an XRS measurement of diamond, with the resulting improved spectrum comparing favorably with prior soft x-ray XAS measurements. We present a practical methodology for implementing the RL algorithm in these problems, emphasizing the importance of testing for stability of the deconvolution process against noise amplification, perturbations in the initial spectra, and uncertainties in the core-hole lifetime.
The Reception of Newton's Gravitational Theory by Huygens, Varignon, and Maupertuis: How Normal Science may be Revolutionary

This paper first discusses the current historical and philosophical framework forged during the last century to account for both the history and the epistemic status of Newton's theory of general gravitation. It then examines the conflict surrounding this theory at the close of the seventeenth century and the first steps towards the revolutionary shift in rational mechanics in the eighteenth century. From a historical point of view, it shows the crucial contribution of the Cartesian mechanistic philosophy and Leibnizian analytic methods to the emergence of so-called Newtonian mechanics which can also be fairly characterized as a synthetic theory of attraction. From a philosophical standpoint, the paper suggests that the reworking of Newton's theory in the 18th century is better understood in a theoretical framework that reconciles Kuhn's notion of “invisible revolution” rather than his notion of “normal science” with Whewell's ascription of the completion of dynamical studies to the post Newtonian period.
Confirmation of airway placement

Proper airway management in the prehospital setting is essential. Recent data from Orange County, Florida, suggest that the problem of misplaced endotracheal tubes may be greater than previous studies have indicated. Strong medical direction, strict protocols, and active continuous quality improvement programs are needed to ensure that paramedics learn the correct techniques of endotracheal intubation, and that they verify tube placement with an end-tidal carbon dioxide monitor, and maintain ongoing monitoring of tube placement during transport.
Nitric oxide inhibits ADP-ribosyl cyclase through a cGMP-independent pathway in airway smooth muscle

There is evidence for a role of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) in intracellular Ca2+ regulation in smooth muscle. cADPR is synthesized and degraded by ADP-ribosyl cyclase and cADPR hydrolase, respective...
Corticosteroid-regulated genes in rat kidney: mining time series array data.

Kidney is a major target for adverse effects associated with corticosteroids. A microarray dataset was generated to examine changes in gene expression in rat kidney in response to methylprednisolon...
An Investigation of the Catalina Eddy

Abstract The Catalina eddy event of 21 July 1992 is simulated using a mesoscale data assimilation system featuring an optimum interpolation analysis, incremental update, and second-order closure physics. The results are contrasted with other recent modeling studies of the Catalina eddy. Genesis of the eddy occurs when changes on the synoptic scale lead to an intensification of the east–west pressure gradient near the coast, resulting in enhanced northwesterly flow along the coast and over the mountains east of Point Conception. Lee troughing results in an alongshore pressure gradient at the coast with higher pressure to the south. Topographically trapped, ageostrophic southerly flow is then initiated. The combination of southerly flow along the coast with strong northwesterly flow to the west results in formation of a cyclonic eddy in the bight. The zone of southerly flow is characterized by a deep, cool, cloud-topped boundary layer that can considerably alter coastal weather and impact activities involve...
Prayer and Meditation in Addiction Recovery

Summary In the Twelve Step way of life, three of the Steps call for prayer and one calls for meditation. After defining prayer, the author discusses various types of prayer, lists common formal prayers used in Twelve Step meetings, and discusses how God gets back to the individual who prays. He then discusses the two major types of meditation, reflection and centering, and provides clinical implications.
Ending Extreme Poverty: Securing Human Rights Can Be Decisive

This article, published in Spanish translation in the Mexican journal Letras Libres (and reprinted in the Peru legal journal Ius Inter Gentes), argues the links between improving human and legal rights protections for people living in poverty and success in ending poverty. It then examines approaches to achieving improvement in human and legal rights of people living in poverty, illustrating with examples from a variety of NGO programs. Previously the article has not been available in English.
Grouping Youth With Similar Symptoms: A Person-Centered Approach to Transdiagnostic Subgroups.

Objectives The present study extracted symptom profiles based on parent and youth report on a broad symptom checklist. Profiles based on parent-reported symptoms were compared to those based on adolescent self-report to clarify discrepancies. Method The current study used archival data from 1,269 youth and parent dyads whose youth received services at a community mental health center. The mean age of the sample was 14.31 years (standard deviation = 1.98), and the youth sample was half male (50.1%) and primarily Caucasian (86.8%). Latent profile analysis was used to extract models based on parent and self-reported emotional and behavioral problems. Results Results indicated that a 5-class solution was the best fitting model for youth-reported symptoms and an adequate fit for parent-reported symptoms. For 46.5% of the sample, class membership matched for both parent and youth. Conclusion Latent profile analysis provides an alternative method for exploring transdiagnostic subgroups within clinic-referred samples.
Does conventional posterior vault remodeling alter endocranial morphology in patients with true lambdoid synostosis

BACKGROUND True lambdoid synostosis (TLS) produces a consistent morphology that includes occipital flattening, an ipsilateral occipitomastoid prominence, and a mild contralateral hemifacial deficiency that minimally improves with surgery. Prior studies have demonstrated that dysmorphic middle and posterior cranial fossae contribute to the craniofacial scoliosis characteristic of TLS. We hypothesize that these endocranial features remain after surgery, causing the persistent hemifacial deficiency seen in these patients. METHODS Three-dimensional anthropometric measurements were made on preoperative and postoperative CT scans of patients with TLS (n = 5). Quantitative analysis was performed on the middle cranial fossa area (MCF), anterior cranial fossa area (ACF), posterior fossa deflection angle (PFA), petrous ridge angle (PRA), temperomandibular joint (TMJ) angle, and external auditory meatus angle. The results were analyzed using a 2-tailed t test. RESULTS Preoperative CT scans were obtained at a mean age of 1.05 years. Patients underwent posterior vault remodeling at a mean age of 1.33 years. Postoperative CT scans were obtained a mean age of 3.14 years. Following surgery, patients with TLS demonstrated an unchanged PFA (P = 0.76) with deviation toward the affected suture. The ACF remained symmetrical (P = 0.212), and the contralateral MCF remained enlarged relative to the ipsilateral side (P = 0.003). The contralateral middle fossa became more retrodisplaced (P = 0.021). The ipsilateral PRA remained unchanged (P = 0.95). Ear position also remained asymmetrical (P = 0.037). The position of the TMJ was not statistically different between sides before (P = 0.24) or after surgery (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Traditional cranioplasty effectively restores calvarial shape, but does not significantly alter the dysmorphic features seen in the endocranium of patients with TLS.
Effect of Soybean Phosphatides on Utilization of the Fat-soluble Vitamins

SummaryOur earlier findings, that soy bean lecithin contains an unknown factor essential for the utilization of vitamin A, have been confirmed. It has been found that in the rat, as in the chick, v...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion Transport in Carbon Nanotube Channels

We present a computational modeling study examining ion transport dynamics of aqueous electrolytes under severely confined conditions. Ionic current and solvent transport through carbon nanotubes in an external electric field are studied using all atom molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we have examined the behavior of sodium and chloride ions in nanotubes of different radii to assess the influence of confinement on the ionic current. We find a linear relationship between the current computed and potential applied for the wider nanotubes; however, there is a significant departure from linearity when the tube diameter becomes comparable to the size of the solvated ion. For the smallest tubes studied, the energy penalty to access the pore interior is too great for most ions, leading to minimal current. We provide analyses of the energy barriers associated with ion entry as well as the hydration shell properties, which supports the absence of ionic current in the smallest carbon nanotubes.
Bridging the Physical Divide: A Design Framework for Embodied Learning Games and Simulations

Existing embodied learning games and simulations utilize a large breadth of design approaches that often result in the creation of seemingly unrelated systems. This becomes problematic when trying to critically evaluate the usage and effectiveness of embodiment within embodied learning designs. In this paper, we present our work on combining differing conceptual and design approaches for embodied learning systems into a unified design framework. We describe the creation process for the framework, explain its dimensions, and provide two examples of its use. Our embodied learning games and simulations framework will benefit HCI researchers by providing a unifying foundation for the description, categorization, and evaluation of embodied learning systems and designs.
Research on the Way of Life and Health of the Older People in Ruian

OBJECTIVE To Ruian cadre of older people's way of life and health are closely related to behavior,is aimed at the elderly cadres in the elderly population as a whole to provide more scientific and reasonable methods of health education and health promotion strategies.METHOD In the elderly cadres of health education activities at Ruian 400 retired officers over the age of 60 conducted a questionnaire survey,data entry computer using Stata 10.0 statistical software used for data analysis.RESULTS Of the survey retired in Ruian City,breakfast daily rate of 99.24 percent,17.67 percent smoking rate,insomnia rate was 9.09 percent,to participate in exercise rate was 100%,regular medical check-ups for the 97.98 percent rate of drinking rate of 60.10% alcohol.CONCLUSION Retired cadres Ruian breakfast,smoking,sleep,take part in exercise,regular medical check-ups and other health-related behavior are in good level,are better than other regions of the elderly residents and the national average,but can not be optimistic about drinking behavior,should pay close attention to.
Rating Scales for Psychiatric Disorders

A large body of literature describes clinical and research instruments to evaluate patients with psychiatric illness along specific dimensions of symptom expression, comorbidity, and multiple other health outcomes. The use of rating scales in clinical practice and in research standardizes approaches for diagnosis and assessment. This chapter will review some of these rating scales within common diagnostic categories such as mood and psychotic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders. Additional discussion will cover use of rating scales in clinical and research settings and future directions in the application of standardized rating scales. While there is a considerable body of literature on the many ways to use rating scales to measure a variety of important health domains, much work still needs to be done to optimize use of rating scales in advancing clinical practice and research. Standardized instruments can help in identifying individual or groups of individuals in order to quickly and efficiently deliver treatment that is appropriate for a given individual. The more standardization can be achieved, the easier it will be to compare individuals or groups of individuals and assess the relative quality of care and outcomes across care settings.
Intertemporal General Equilibrium

In the Preface to his book, Causality in Economics (1979), Hicks mentioned his participation in a conference on the ‘Microfoundations of Macroeconomics’, which was organised by the International Economic Association at S’Agaro in 1974. He reported that ‘though some excellent papers were given, reviewers . . . rightly perceived that the conference as a whole was a failure. We did not get to grips with the question we were supposed to be discussing.’ He went on to say One of the reasons … was that the question had been wrongly posed. It took for granted that ‘micro’ (the economics of the firm and of the individual) was a solid foundation, on which the more dubious ‘macro’ (economics of the whole economy, usually a national economy) was to be built. What were the grounds for holding that the one was more solid than the other? We were begging the question, but we should have faced it.
Magnetic Analysis of the V 51 ( d , p ) V 52 Reaction

The proton groups from vanadium targets bombarded with 6-Mev deuterons from an electrostatic generator have been analyzed with a 180-degree magnetic spectrograph. The ground-state $Q$ value for the ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}(d, p){\mathrm{V}}^{52}$ reaction was found to be 5.072\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 Mev. Of the proton groups observed, twenty-three have been ascribed to vanadium and correspond to excited states in ${\mathrm{V}}^{52}$ between the ground state and an excitation energy of 3.30 Mev.
Percutaneous tracheostomy: a cost-effective alternative to standard open tracheostomy.

Percutaneous tracheostomy was initiated as an alternative to open tracheostomy at our institution in December 1993. To assess safety, operative time, and cost, a comparative analysis of percutaneous and open tracheostomies was performed. A retrospective evaluation of all patients who underwent percutaneous tracheostomy (P) from December 1993 to March 1996 was completed. Patients were evaluated for indications for tracheostomy, length of operation, morbidity, and cost. The results were compared with patients who underwent open tracheostomy (O) during the 12 months prior to introduction of the percutaneous technique. Tracheostomy was performed percutaneously in 74 patients and by a standard open technique in 109 patients. Indications for tracheostomy included: chronic ventilator dependence (P, 49 vs O, 58); airway protection (P, 19 vs O, 42); laryngeal dysfunction (P, 2 vs O, 7); and facial trauma (P 6 vs O, 2). The length of operation was 21 ± 6 minutes and 46 ± 21 minutes for percutaneous and open tracheostomy, respectively (P 0.05). The mean operating room costs per patient were $1093 and $1370 for percutaneous and open tracheostomy, respectively. Percutaneous tracheostomy is a safe procedure that can be performed in less time and at a lower cost than standard open tracheostomy.
The official history of the Joint Intelligence Committee, Vol. I: From the approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis: Edited by Michael S. Goodman, London: Routledge, 2014, 471 pp.

In the introduction to this first volume of his history of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), author Michael S. Goodman slyly notes that, “[a]n Official Historian is perhaps one of the strange...
Optimal inference for Simon's two-stage design with over or under enrollment at the second stage.

Simon's two-stage designs are widely used in clinical trials to assess the activity of a new treatment. In practice, it is often the case that the second stage sample size is different from the pla...
Submarine Volcanic Products

The great bulk of new ocean floor created at oceanic spreading ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the FAMOUS area, is composed of pillowed basaltic lava flows. Such lava flows have been previously studied at the spreading ridges by examination of dredge hauls and photographs taken from equipment lowered from surface ships. Outward from the spreading axis, where younger sediments cover the volcanic terrain, the deep sea drilling program of the GLOMAR CHALLENGER has verified that the dominant layer underlying the sediment is composed of pillow lava. This characteristic type of lava also is dominant in the submarine part of mid-ocean volcanoes such as Hawaii, and is important in the submerged part of the island arc volcanoes. Pillowed lava flows erupted beneath water likely comprise the most voluminous form of volcanic rock on earth.
Towards automatic repair of access control policies

Access control policies written in the XACML standard language tend to be complex due to the great variety of attribute types and operations for fine-grained access control. The complexity not only increases the likelihood of having authorization faults in access control policies, but also makes it challenging to find and fix these faults. This paper presents an approach for automating the process of debugging XACML policies. It consists of two main techniques: fault localization and mutation-based policy repair. Fault localization aims to find the most suspicious policy elements according to the correlation between the execution information of policy elements and the test execution results. Mutation-based policy repair aims to modify the suspicious policy elements by using well-defined mutation operators. Our empirical studies have used a large number of faulty policies with one or two seeded faults. Our approach was able to repair all of them automatically. We have also compared several scoring methods for ranking suspicious policy elements. The results show that Naish2 and CBI-Inc are very efficient for automatic repair.
The dark side of consumer life in the age of virtual and mobile technology

ABSTRACTThis study extends the nascent stream of research that investigates the contributions of mobile and virtual technology to consumer misbehaviour and dark side of consumer life. Using a qualitative approach, the present research explores the nature of consumer–technology relationship, specifically virtual and mobile technology, at the level of lived experience. The findings reflect eight important facets of technology-related dark-side consumer behaviour that, in one way or another, cause harm to the individual user, other consumers or society at large. These themes showcase human entrapment in mobile and virtual technology. The findings have significant implications for marketing managers as well as consumer well-being.
Takayasu arteritis: challenges in diagnosis and management

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare disease affecting chiefly young women, although it can affect both men and women and persons of many different ethnicities. TA carries a high morbidity rate, but importantly, overall mortality has declined over time such that the 15-year survival rate has increased from 82.9% for patients diagnosed between 1957 and 1975 to 96.5% for those diagnosed from 1976 to 1990. Severity of presenting arterial complications and delay to diagnosis have also decreased over the past decade owing to advances in non-invasive diagnostic imaging and the development of medical therapies. Despite these advances, there still remain significant gaps in the diagnosis and management of these complex patients. These gaps encompass the basic, yet extremely complex, tasks of defining a universally accepted diagnostic criterion, accurate assessment of disease activity and development of clinically meaningful and accurate outcome measures to guide necessary clinical trials for the management of these complex patients.
Nonlinear Ultrasound Propagation in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Media: Factors Affecting the in situ Mechanical Index (MI)

We have previously reported increases in diagnostic shearwave and harmonic SNR using pressures that exceed the US FDA guideline for the Mechanical Index (MI). The MI is calculated using peak rarefaction pressure (PRP) measured in water with linear derating to account for tissue attenuation. However, acoustic propagation through water is a highly nonlinear process that inherently differs in attenuation, nonlinearity, and path heterogeneity from propagation in tissue. We hypothesize that MI overestimates the in situ acoustic output for many clinical scenarios and that PRP can occur in spatially offset locations when imaging through heterogeneous media such as the abdominal wall. Herein we demonstrate how these parameters affect in situ PRP as compared to that predicted by linear derating.
Games for boys: a qualitative study of experiences with commercial off the shelf gaming

Boys are less likely to receive praise and recognition for good schoolwork, to consider school important, and have fewer opportunities to do the things that they do best (Lopez and Calderon in How America’s boys become psychological dropouts. The gallup blog, 2013). Traditional school cultures have come in conflict with the normal and natural ways that boys behave. As a result, boys have had alienating experiences and high levels of disengagement and lowered academic success in school due to rejection of boy culture, which includes aggressive play, competition, and violent fantasy. The purpose of this study was to explore ways in which we can re-engage boys and enhance their learning opportunities in traditional classroom settings. Boys are drawn to video games, which offer a unique environment where they can engage in learning activities. By taking seriously the indigenous knowledge of this portion of boy culture, we may identify ways in which their expertise can become useful towards common learning goals (Carr-Chellman 2007; Carr-Chellman and Savoy 2004). The current analysis represents the first of a multiphase study that uses an interpretive lens within a CHAT framework to identify relevant learning in Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) games. This phenomenological design identifies learning accounts that map to the United States Common Core State Standards. Our findings suggest that engaged learning can occur for these boys as a result of playing games. COTS games engage boys in normal and natural ways, and consequently can be relevant learning tools that educators, researchers and instructional designers might employ toward traditional learning objectives.
Predicting Displaceable Water Sites Using Mixed-Solvent Molecular Dynamics

Water molecules are an important factor in protein–ligand binding. Upon binding of a ligand with a protein’s surface, waters can either be displaced by the ligand or may be conserved and possibly bridge interactions between the protein and ligand. Depending on the specific interactions made by the ligand, displacing waters can yield a gain in binding affinity. The extent to which binding affinity may increase is difficult to predict, as the favorable displacement of a water molecule is dependent on the site-specific interactions made by the water and the potential ligand. Several methods have been developed to predict the location of water sites on a protein’s surface, but the majority of methods are not able to take into account both protein dynamics and the interactions made by specific functional groups. Mixed-solvent molecular dynamics (MixMD) is a cosolvent simulation technique that explicitly accounts for the interaction of both water and small molecule probes with a protein’s surface, allowing for ...
Measuring type I interferon using reporter gene assays based on readily available cell lines.

Cell lines stably transfected with genes responding to Type I interferons (IFN) are potentially a useful alternative to enzyme linked immuo-assays (ELISAs) or assays based on resistance of a test cell line to virus infection using cell death or infection endpoints. Increasingly available are a variety of commercial cell lines developed for reporter gene assays (RGAs) which are responsive to IFN exposure. These cells produce a soluble gene product which can be readily quantified using multiwell plate spectrophotometers or luminometers. We have investigated RAW-Blue ISG™ and B16-Blue IFNα/β™ cells (InvivoGen) which produce secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as a RGA to measure Interferon alpha (IFNα) and beta (IFNβ). These cells showed a log-linear response over 4 logs of IFN concentration between 10 and 100,000 Units/ml (U/ml). Concentration dependent responses could be observed as early as 6 h but greater sensitivity was obtained at 24 h. Neutralizing antibodies to IFNα and IFNβ reduced the response to baseline. As proof of principle supernatants from RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage; parental cell line) infected with 1 multiplicity of infection (moi) of influenza A virus (X31/H3N2) were used as test samples. Pre-treatment of the supernatant with anti-IFNα failed to reduce the cell response but it was reduced to background by anti-IFNβ. The high level of IFNβ but very low level of IFNα was confirmed by ELISA. Availability, ease of use and maintenance, and possible cost savings make application of this reporter gene cell approach a valuable alternative to other methods for measuring Type I interferon.
Associations Between Parenting Stress at School Entry and Later Psychosocial Adjustment: A Longitudinal Study of Children With Congenital Craniofacial Anomalies.

Objective:To examine the reciprocal relationships between parenting stress and psychosocial adjustment of children with congenital craniofacial anomalies (CFAs) at 2 time points: school entry and a...
Molecular Methods of Virus Detection in Foods

Molecular assays are now available for the detection of the enteric viruses most commonly associated with the transmission of food-borne illness. Some of these assays, such as RT-PCR and NASBA, are able to detect very small quantities of virus genome and are suitable tools for the identification of viruses in foods. The application of these assays to foods has been facilitated by the development of methods for the concentration and purification of viral nucleic acids, but inhibitory substances may persist in processed samples and can lead to false-negative results. Thus, it is important to use positive and negative controls in every analysis to allow appropriate interpretation of assay results. There are now several reports of the successful identification of the same virus identified as the cause of a food-borne outbreak in the food implicated by the epidemiologic investigation. Additional studies are needed to determine the role molecular assays will have in food-safety programs.
Short-wavelength lasers pumped by Auger decay

A gain of e7 was observed in a new short-wavelength laser at 109 nm. A population inversion was created by selective Auger decay following inner-shell photoionization of xenon. A gain of 90 nm in a similar system in kyrpton has also been observed.
Life, Chemistry, Action!

Born from clumps of Stardust spinning around a central sun, the planets of our Solar System, like most planets in the universe, began their voyage through time with a rich mixture of chemistry and energy on board. From such a cauldron, life emerged on our planet Earth early, and diversified into the great variety of living organisms that cover the surface, fill the air, and saturate the soil and oceans of our globe. Organic evolution (or “evolution” for simplicity hereafter) is the term for the historical process by which this diversification occurred. This book is about how that process could have happened on a number of different worlds both in our Solar System and beyond. In this chapter we will define life, to make sure we all have the same thing in mind, then lay out the basic requirements for life in terms of chemistry, energy, and function.