cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Selected Larix laricina Terpenoids on Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Development and Behavior

The effects of selected terpenoids of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, on the growth and development of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L. ), were studied in laboratory trials. Second instars were fed standard artificial diet disks supplemented with a known amount of diterpene acid, monoterpene, or control. Diterpene acids had strong, dose-dependent antifeedant effects o gypsy moth larvae. Monoterpenes had less pronounced and more varied effects on gypsy mot b larval performance. High concentrations of monoterpenes did not affect gypsy moth growth. However, low concentrations of some monoterpenes that are present in tamarack in small amounts (< 10% total monoterpenes) appeared to increase gypsy moth growth. Some monoterpenes caused slightly longer development time.
Alternative Pathways to Chronic Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults: Gender Differences in Developmental Trajectories

Personality and intelligence associated with depressive symptoms in 23-year-olds were evaluated using prospective data from preschool through adolescence. Gender moderated the prospective relations between personality/intelligence and age-23 depressive symptoms. Young men with elevated age-23 General Behavior Inventory (GBI) scores manifested as early as in preschool allocentric behaviors: undersocialization and interpersonal antagonism. This pattern remained highly stable over the following 15 years. Prospective correlates of depressive symptoms in young women--not reliably identified until adolescence--were more likely than in young men to express autocentric concerns: oversocialization and introspective concern with self. These gender differences continued to persist but decreased in strength after puberty. Intellectual competence displayed significantly stronger negative correlations with age-23 GBI scores in males than in females. Findings were discussed in terms of gender differences in the development of chronic depressive symptoms, with special emphasis on equifinality in developmental pathways.
Applications programming course using guided design

This paper describes a two term junior level Applications Programming course. The goal of the course is to provide the guidance and tools a student needs in order to write medium to large sized programs and to provide the experience of working on a “real world” project. Topics covered during the first term are documentation, magnetic tapes, program design, testing, debugging and programming style. The second term consists entirely of student teams doing “real world” projects applying the concepts from the first team.Much of the first term material was presented in the form of Guided Design exercises. In Guided Design, the learning process revolves around student groups being directed towards a problem solution by a series of instruction-feedback materials prepared ahead of time by the instructor. Guided Design exercises were used to synthesize lecture and reading assignments and to do in class example programs.
MONTE CARLO CHANNELING CALCULATIONS.

A Monte Carlo computer program for following the trajectories of high-energy ions in a lattice has been used to study depth dependence, half-angles, and minimum yields in channeling. The program uses the Thomas-Fermi interaction between ions and lattice atoms and gives the atoms' independent thermal displacements appropriate to the temperature of the lattice. The depth dependence of the nuclear interaction probability near the surface has been calculated and shown to be of importance in understanding other phenomena as well as having an intrinsic interest. Extensive calculations to explore the temperature and energy dependences of half-angles and minimum yields were done, and analytical formulas are given that summarize the computer results. The half-angle formulas give generally improved agreement with experiment and resolve certain discrepancies noted by Picraux, Davies, Eriksson, Johansson, and Mayer between their measurements and earlier theories. Minimum yields were calculated for both single- and double-alignment configurations. The results reveal an energy dependence as well as giving a better description of the temperature dependence and improved agreement with experiment. A relationship is given between the minimum yield and the yield from the surface.
Minimum Wages and Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities among Teens

Abstract Using cross-state variation in minimum wages, we observe a positive relationship between the minimum wage and the number of alcohol-related accidents involving teen drivers. A similar effect is not observed when examining accidents among adults. The results are consistent with a positive income elasticity for alcoholic beverages and driving activities among young people, in particular for consumption out of discretionary income accorded by higher minimum wages. Evidence of a sizable impact of beer taxes on alcohol-related accidents among youths suggests that beer taxes are one avenue for policymakers to consider in counteracting this unintended consequence of minimum wages.
Some Industrial and Biological Applications of a Recording Reflectometer

Data are presented which have been obtained on a spectrophotometer with a diffuse reflectance accessory. These data include reflectance records with or without specular rejection. Tristimulus values are computed from certain records to show similarity to results from other instruments. Close agreement has been found Transmission measurements and scattered light measurements on turbid samples are also demonstrated.
Development of a quantal assay in primary shrimp cell culture for yellow head baculovirus (YBV) of penaeid shrimp

A 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID50) using primary culture of shrimp lymphoid organ (Oka) cells was developed for the quantitative titration of yellow-head baculovirus (YBV), a newly isolated virus of penaeid shrimp. The assay protocol includes the use of Primaria-grade 96-well tissue culture plates to grow the primary lymphoid organ cells of penaeid shrimp. A 15% gill suspension from YBV-infected shrimp was determined to have an infectious virus titer of 5 x 10(5.75) TCID50/ml. This report represents the first convenient assay protocol using cell culture derived from penaeid shrimp to titer a shrimp virus.
HIGH RESOLUTION STUDY OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS OF NEARBY YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS

We present results of a study aimed at identifying the physical and chemical processes which shape the appearance, chemistry and evolution of gas associated with and participating in the formation of young stellar objects (YSOs). Six nearby YSOs, spanning a range in luminosity from 20 to several thousand solar luminosities, have been examined in species selected to highlight the structure and chemical activity on scales of a few hundred to a few thousand AUs. Using interferometer observations in combination with large beam observations, we construct a detailed portrait of the structure, excitation, and abundances in each of the target sources, and explore patterns in the development of low-intermediate mass star forming regions. We observe an overall pattern of gas phase depletions in each of the sources, consistent with scenarios of early star formation being characterized by a 'freezing-out' of molecules onto grain surfaces. Later, as the region is heated up by radiation and energetic activity, these materials are liberated and most gas phase abundances return to quiescent values. The relative severity of the observed depletions in the surrounding condensation as compared to denser, more compact scales may be used as a crude estimate of the relative ages of embedded star forming regions. We identify several key species (e.g. SO, SO2, SiO, CH3 OH) which serve as dyes of differing levels of energetic activity and whose abundance ratios provide a rough estimate of the onset time and the nature of the activity. We do not see a strong correlation between source luminosity and the magnitude of enhancements in these shock/energetic tracers on small scales; thus, even low-luminosity sources are capable of radically altering the composition of their local environments. Overall, the effects of molecular depletions and shock chemistry can be used to understand the puzzling variations seen in the emission distributions toward many star forming regions, particularly in molecules thought to be tracing similar excitation conditions. Observations of millimeter continuum emission reveal massive amounts of material distributed on scales of ≤ 5000 AU; the exact nature of these structures is unclear but their properties are inconsistent with either circumstellar disks or free-falling envelopes. Centimeter continuum emission toward young stellar objects is often found to be variable and non-thermal in nature; more study is required but such observations may provide insights into mass loss phenomena and the magnetic characteristics of young stellar objects.
Sequential processing for content-based retrieval of composite objects

It is becoming increasingly important for multimedia databases to provide capabilities for content-based retrieval of composite objects. Composite objects consist of several simple objects which have feature, spatial, temporal, semantic attributes, and spatial and temporal relationships between them. A content-based composite object query is satisfied by evaluating a program of content-based rules (i.e., color, texture), spatial and temporal rules (i.e., east, west), fuzzy conjunctions (i.e., appears similar AND is spatially near) and database lookups (i.e., semantics). We propose a new sequential processing method for efficiently computing content-based queries of composite objects. The proposed method evaluates the composite object queries by (1) defining an efficient ordering of the sub-goals of the query, which involve spatial, temporal, content-based and fuzzy rules, (2) developing a query block management strategy for generating, evaluating, and caching intermediate sub-goal results, and (3) conducting a best-first dynamic programming-based search with intelligent back-tracking. The method is guaranteed to find the optimal answer to the query and reduces the query time by avoiding the exploration of unlikely candidates.
Expected-Utility-Consistent Mean-Variance Preference Functions with Perverse Derivatives

It is well-known that if every attainable gamble x can be completely characterized by its mean μ and variance σ2, then expected utility is given by a mean-variance preference function: EU (x) = V (μ, σ2). It is shown here thatV σ 2 can be positive even if U″<0 and thatV μ can be negative even if U′>0. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the family of attainable gambles are given to rule out these possibilities.
Further Evidence for Hypothalamic‐Pituitary Dysfunction in Alcoholic Men

Reduced plasma levels of testosterone and a high frequency of azoospermia have frequently been reported in alcoholic men. Despite the high grade of gonadal failure present, plasma gonadotropins have ranged from normal to only moderately increased. This has been interpreted as suggesting that a central hypothalamic-pituitary defect also might exist in these men. Clomiphene stimulation studies have been consistent with the hypothesis of a central defect. The present work consists of studies utilizing luteinizing hormone-releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing factor in an effort to examine the hypothesis of whether this central defect exists and, if so, whether at an anatomic, hypothalamic, or pituitary level.
The Response of Bipolar Transistors to Combined EMP and Ionization Environments

In many circuit applications, semiconductor junctions will be highly ionized when EMP induced voltage and current surges are applied to device terminals. This report presents results from a series of experiments which were performed to investigate the effect of high ionization rates (5 × 1011 rads (Si)/sec) on the pulsed current failure level of a bipolar transistor. Exposure of the devices to simultaneous EMP and ionization environments showed that the forward biased base emitter junction damage threshold was significantly lowered.
The Recent Revival of Widespread Population Growth in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the United States

This research note updates knowledge of nonmetropolitan (non-metro) [U.S.] population redistribution trends by examining demographic shifts in such areas since the 1990 census. Results indicate that "population growth was widespread in non-metropolitan (non-metro) areas of the United States during the early 1990s. More than 64 percent of the 2277 non-metro counties gained population between 1990 and 1992 compared with only 45 percent in the 1980s. The non-metro population still grew at a slower pace than did the metropolitan population but the gap was much narrower than during the 1980s. Net migration gains accounted for 43 percent of the total estimated non-metro population increase of 879000 between 1990 and 1992. These findings suggest it is premature to conclude that the renewed population growth in non-metro areas first noted in the 1970s has ended." (EXCERPT)
Position estimation for a capacitively-sensed magnetoelastic rotary microstage using an extended Kalman smoother

An estimation scheme is described for measuring angular rotation of a magnetoelastic rotary micro-stage with capacitive sensing electrodes. Experimental measurements of micro-stage motion are used to create a simulation model for translational dynamics of the stage rotor. A capacitive sensing electrode geometry providing stable peak capacitance measurements at specific rotation angles is then introduced. Application of an extended Kalman smoother to the measurement of rotation angle in the simulated system is shown to produce high precision estimates of angular position near peak capacitance locations.
Experimental problems in the use of commercially prepared DEAE-celluloses for protein chromatography.

Abstract Commercially available DEAE-celluloses have been tested in a highly standardized system and found to vary beyond tolerable limits in their physical and chromatographic properties. A simple test is described which makes it possible to define the general properties of a commercial adsorbent without carrying out a full gradient elution.
Logarithmic averages for the local times of recurrent random walks and Levy processes

We show how results on the effect of logarithmic averaging on local time asymptotics for a very wide class of random walks and Levy processes follow from the laws of the iterated logarithm for local times which we obtained in Marcus and Rosen (to appear in Ann. Probab.)
World Food Crisis: Energy and Pests

Overpopulation threatens the ability of the world to feed itself. This year the world population will reach 4 billion humans and by 2000, the population is expected to reach 7 billion (Fig. 1). Present world population levels are resulting in food shortages. In the past, acute food shortages have occurred in isolated regions of the world, but at no time in history have these shortages been of worldwide magnitude. Today an estimated ½ billion humans are malnourished and hungry (UN 1974, USDA 1974).
Effect of exercise on left ventricular mechanical efficiency in conscious dogs

BACKGROUNDWe studied the effect of exercise (7.2 to 8.0 km/h) on the efficiency of the conversion of metabolic energy to external work or stroke work (SW) by the left ventricle (LV).METHODS AND RESULTSEnergy use was calculated from LV myocardial oxygen consumption per beat (MVO2). LV volume was calculated from orthogonal dimensions and coronary flow measured with ultrasonic flow probes. The total mechanical energy of the LV was calculated as the pressure-volume area (PVA). At rest, the MVO2-PVA point fell on the MVO2-PVA relation determined by steady-state changes in arterial pressure produced by graded infusions of phenylephrine. Exercise increased the slope (Ees) of LV end-systolic pressure-volume (PV) relation by 29%. During exercise, the MVO2-PVA point shifted to the right only slightly above the control MVO2-PVA relation by 0.007 +/- 0.005 mL O2.beat-1.100 g LV-1. Despite the increase in ventricular contractility with exercise, the PVA/MVO2 ratio was unchanged because of the marked increase in PVA. D...
From High School Jocks to College Grads: Assessing the Long-Term Effects of High School Sport Participation on Females' Educational Attainment

Various studies show that interscholastic sport participants, and specifically female athletes, enjoy numerous educational benefits at the high school level. Because of the influx in the number of ...
The effects of verbal feedback and listener type on the speech of preschool children

Abstract The present study simultaneously assessed the relative contributions of feedback indicative of comprehension and the apparent age of the listener, either an adult or a doll which resembled a toddler, in a 2 (listeners) × 2 (types of feedback, C = comprehension, NC = noncomprehension) design. Two groups of children, a 3-year-old (N = 13, 7 boys, 6 girls) and a 5-year-old group (N = 12, 6 boys, 6 girls) were asked to tell stories to both the adult and doll in both C and NC conditions. The doll was constructed with an internal speaker such that it could actually carry on a conversation with the children. The conversations were taped, transcribed, and scored for mean length of utterance (MLU), transitional utterance length to each C and NC signal, and the proportion of child questions, exact self-repetitions, repetition and reductions, and rephrases/elaborations. The data analysis revealed that all children appropriately modified the length of their utterances (MLU) in the doll condition but not in the adult condition, indicating that they were sensitive to both the feedback and the nature of their listeners. Older children were more likely than younger children, and girls more likely than boys to adjust the length of their utterances appropriately to each type of feedback, slightly increasing the length of the subsequent utterance to a C signal and decreasing the length to an NC signal. The younger children were also more likely to respond with a simple repetition to NC cues from the adult.
Strongly Nonlinear Integral Equations of Hammerstein Type

Abstract This paper studies the solution of the nonlinear Hammerstein equation u(x) + ʃ k(x,y)f[y,u(y)]μ(dy) = h(x) in the singular case, i.e., where the linear operator K with kernel k(x,y) is not defined for all the range of the nonlinear mapping F given by Fu(y) = f[y,u(y)] over the whole class X of functions u which are potential solutions of the equation. An existence theorem is derived under relatively minimal assumptions upon k and f, namely that (Ku,u) ≥ 0, that K maps L1 into L1loc and is compact from L1 [unk] L∞ into L1loc, that f(y,s) has the same sign as s for ǀsǀ ≥ R, and that for each constant r > 0, ǀf(y,s)ǀ ≤ gr(y) for ǀsǀ ≤ r where g is bounded and summable. The proof is obtained by combining a priori bounds, a truncation procedure, and a convergence argument using the Dunford-Pettis theorem.
Determinants of Mortality and Multiorgan Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgery Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

Objectives To identify characteristics associated with mortality and the development of multiorgan dysfunction in patients who had undergone cardiac surgery and required prolonged mechanical ventilation, ie , >48 h. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, an academic tertiary care center. Patients or other participants A total of 107 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery and requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Interventions Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. Main outcome measures ICU mortality and multiorgan dysfunction. Results Among 472 consecutive patients admitted to the cardiac surgery ICU following surgery, 107 (22.7%) required prolonged mechanical ventilation. Twenty-one of these patients (19.6%) died during their hospitalization. In a logistic-regression analysis, the development of an organ system failure index (OSFI) of 3 or greater was the only characteristic independently associated with ICU mortality (p Conclusions These data confirm that acquired multiorgan dysfunction is the best predictor of mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation following cardiac surgery. Additionally, they identify potential determinants of multiorgan dysfunction and suggest possible interventions for its reduction in this patient population.
Modal choice, location demand, and income☆

Abstract W. Alonso's monocentric city model (″Location and Land Use,″ Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1964)) is extended to explain the simultaneous choice of residential location, housing quantity, and work trip mode. Mode is conceived of as a continuous choice variable, each mode being characterized by a speed and a fare. Mode is shown not to be independent of location, so that location “prices” should be included in the mode demand equations used in urban transportation planning. Comparative statics of the model with respect to income are presented. The earlier finding that the effect of income increase on location is indeterminate is confirmed.
Simulations of Shapiro steps in Josephson junction arrays

Abstract This paper briefly reviews giant and fractional giant Shapiro steps in Josephson arrays. The effects of AC frequency, AC amplitude, finite temperature, disorder, and self-fields due to screening currents, are briefly discussed. A variety of numerical examples are presented for Shapiro steps in square and ladder Josephson arrays.
Auditing Shaked and Shanthikumar’s ‘excess wealth’

A notion called “excess wealth” was introduced by Shaked and Shanthikumar around 1998 (Probab. Eng. Inf. Sci. 12:1–23, 1998). Subsequent to this, much has been written on it, mostly by Shaked and his colleagues; see Sordo (Insur. Math. Econ. 45(3):466–469, 2009) for a recent review. These works have appeared in the literatures of reliability theory and stochastic orderings. Since the term excess wealth connotes a measure of income inequality—much like its dual, poverty—it should have had an impact in economics and the econometric literature. This, it appears is not the case, at least to the extent that it should be. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the above disconnect by looking at the notion of excess wealth more carefully, but keeping in mind the angle of economics and income. Our conclusion is that an alternative definition of excess wealth better encapsulates what one means by a colloquial use of the term. Our motivation for being attracted to this topic arises from two angles. The first is that the stochastics of diagnostic and threat detection tests, in which we have an interest, has a strong bearing on indices of concentration like the Lorenz Curve, the Gini index, and the entropy. Thus the notion of excess wealth, which conveys a sense of income concentration should also be relevant to diagnostics. The second motivation is to honor Moshe Shaked, a prolific researcher and a friend of the first author, by developing a paper based on an idea that is co-attributed to him.
Automated inspection planning within the Rapid Design System

A methodology for automated inspection planning of machined parts within feature-based CIM in which part geometry and tolerances are represented as features is described. This representation of information as features is extended to inspection process planning where inspection plan fragments are inspection features containing specific information about how toleranced geometry is to be inspected. A rule base of methods and detailed procedures for evaluating tolerances based on industrial practices are used to generate the inspection plan fragments. A single tolerance can often be inspected in several ways, resulting in the generation of many inspection plan fragments. Inspection planing for computer-controlled coordinate measuring machines is emphasized. The inspection plan fragments for each tolerance in the design are combined into an overall time-efficient inspection plan. An algorithm for inspection process planning is described and applied to a sample part. >
Stable Phenotypic Changes of the Host T Cells Are Essential to the Long-Term Stability of Latent HIV-1 Infection

The extreme stability of the latent HIV-1 reservoir in the CD4+ memory T cell population prevents viral eradication with current antiretroviral therapy. It has been demonstrated that homeostatic T cell proliferation and clonal expansion of latently infected T cells due to viral integration into specific genes contribute to this extraordinary reservoir stability. Nevertheless, given the constant exposure of the memory T cell population to specific antigen or bystander activation, this reservoir stability seems remarkable, unless it is assumed that latent HIV-1 resides exclusively in memory T cells that recognize rare antigens. Another explanation for the stability of the reservoir could be that the latent HIV-1 reservoir is associated with an unresponsive T cell phenotype. We demonstrate here that host cells of latent HIV-1 infection events were functionally altered in ways that are consistent with the idea of an anergic, unresponsive T cell phenotype. Manipulations that induced or mimicked an anergic T cell state promoted latent HIV-1 infection. Kinome analysis data reflected this altered host cell phenotype at a system-wide level and revealed how the stable kinase activity changes networked to stabilize latent HIV-1 infection. Protein-protein interaction networks generated from kinome data could further be used to guide targeted genetic or pharmacological manipulations that alter the stability of latent HIV-1 infection. In summary, our data demonstrate that stable changes to the signal transduction and transcription factor network of latently HIV-1 infected host cells are essential to the ability of HIV-1 to establish and maintain latent HIV-1 infection status. IMPORTANCE The extreme stability of the latent HIV-1 reservoir allows the infection to persist for the lifetime of a patient, despite completely suppressive antiretroviral therapy. This extreme reservoir stability is somewhat surprising, since the latently HIV-1 infected CD4+ memory T cells that form the structural basis of the viral reservoir should be exposed to cognate antigen over time. Antigen exposure would trigger a recall response and should deplete the reservoir, likely over a relatively short period. Our data demonstrate that stable and system-wide phenotypic changes to host cells are a prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection events. The changes observed are consistent with an unresponsive, anergy-like T cell phenotype of latently HIV-1 infected host cells. An anergy-like, unresponsive state of the host cells of latent HIV-1 infection events would explain the stability of the HIV-1 reservoir in the face of continuous antigen exposure.
Sub-Saharan Northern African climate at the end of the twenty-first century: forcing factors and climate change processes

A regional climate model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, is forced with increased atmospheric CO2 and anomalous SSTs and lateral boundary conditions derived from nine coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models to produce an ensemble set of nine future climate simulations for northern Africa at the end of the twenty-first century. A well validated control simulation, agreement among ensemble members, and a physical understanding of the future climate change enhance confidence in the predictions. The regional model ensembles produce consistent precipitation projections over much of northern tropical Africa. A moisture budget analysis is used to identify the circulation changes that support future precipitation anomalies. The projected midsummer drought over the Guinean Coast region is related partly to weakened monsoon flow. Since the rainfall maximum demonstrates a southward bias in the control simulation in July–August, this may be indicative of future summer drying over the Sahel. Wetter conditions in late summer over the Sahel are associated with enhanced moisture transport by the West African westerly jet, a strengthening of the jet itself, and moisture transport from the Mediterranean. Severe drought in East Africa during August and September is accompanied by a weakened Indian monsoon and Somali jet. Simulations with projected and idealized SST forcing suggest that overall SST warming in part supports this regional model ensemble agreement, although changes in SST gradients are important over West Africa in spring and fall. Simulations which isolate the role of individual climate forcings suggest that the spatial distribution of the rainfall predictions is controlled by the anomalous SST and lateral boundary conditions, while CO2 forcing within the regional model domain plays an important secondary role and generally produces wetter conditions.
A novel method for the determination of posttranscriptional modification in RNA by mass spectrometry

A method is described for the detection, chemical characterization and sequence placement of post-transcriptionally modified nucleotides in RNA. Molecular masses of oligonucleotides produced by RNase T1 hydrolysis can be measured by electrospray mass spectrometry with errors of less than 1 Da, which provides exact base composition, and recognition of modifications resulting from incremental increases in mass. Used in conjunction with combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gene sequence data, modified residues can be completely characterized at the nucleoside level, and assigned to sequence sites within oligonucleotides defined by selective RNase cleavage. The procedures are demonstrated using E.coli 5S rRNA, in which all RNase T1 fragments predicted from the rDNA sequence are identified solely on the basis of their molecular masses, and using E.coli 16S rRNA for analysis of post-transcriptional modification, including placement of 3-methyluridine at position 1498. The principles described are generally applicable to other covalent structural modifications of RNA which produce a change in mass, such as those resulting from editing, photochemical cross-linking, or xenobiotic modification.
POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF MASS TRANSFER IN A STAGNATION FLOW

An electrochemical technique, oxygen polarography, was used to characterize the mass transfer coefficient for diffusion of oxygen to the surface of a circular cathode in a stagnation flow; because the electrical current output depended upon the magnitude of the impinging velocity, this method could form the basis of an electrochemical velocity probe. Four cathode assemblies consisted of 1.28 cm diameter/2.54 cm long polymethylmethacrylate rods with a circular cathode of diameter 1.28 cm, 0.64 cm, 0.32 cm or 0.13 cm vacuum deposited on their flat surface. Each cathode assembly was placed in a 2.54 cm diameter flow loop such that a fully-developed flow (8000 ≥ Reynolds number ≥ 200) of aerated saline solution impinged upon the cathode surface The effect of radial position on electrical current output was studied by placing the cathode assemblies at the center of the tube, halfway between the centerline and the wall, and at the tube wall. For the two largest cathodes, the output currents decreased as the cat...
Aerosol Bolus Transport Through a Hollow Airway Cast by Steady Flow in Different Gases

Transport of aerosol through the airways of a hollow cast of a canine tracheobronchial tree was measured for steady flow in different gas mixtures. A small bolus of 0.5-μm aerosol particles was inserted as a tracer of convective motion in the flow at the entrance of the trachea, and particles were collected and counted as they arrived at a flow-balanced sampling bag at a peripheral segment of the cast. Transport was fastest in the gas of highest kinematic viscosity (helium), and slowest in the gas of lowest kinematic viscosity (sulfur hexafluoride). This is consistent with the lubrication theory that describes an axial core in the divergent flow field of the bronchial tree. The finer core in helium transports the particles at a greater velocity to distal airways. Transport of gases through the in vivo respiratory tract should also be influenced by these fluid mechanics of convection resembling Poiseuille flow that is substantially modified according to lubrication theory. As predicted by some other invest...
Identification of Phosphatases on the Membranes of Guinea Pig Sperm

Guinea pig epididymal sperm, incubated for ATPases at pH 7.0 or pH 9.0, localize reaction product on both the periacrosomal segment of the plasmalemma and the outer acrosome membrane. In other species, e.g., rabbit, Ca++-ATPase is identified with the outer acrosome membrane. It may transport Ca++ into the acrosome for activation of enzymes released during the acrosome reaction. The neutral ATPase is demonstrable on the periacrosomal plasmalem- ma and possibly modifies Ca++ concentration in the fluid around the acrosome. In guinea pig sperm, Ca++-ATPase is sensitive to centrifugation or washing of sperm which indicates that the ductal fluid has unusual properties for preservation of the acrosome. Inhibition of the enzyme by these treatments suggests that condi- tions on the plasmalemmal surface affect the acrosome membrane. Inability to separate reaction product on the plasmalemma from that on the acrosome mem- brane may be due to migration of reaction product across the periacrosomal space. However, the ATPases are elicited in the guinea pig under the same condi- tions as in other species. The pH 9.0 enzyme requires Ca++ while the enzyme at pH 7.0 has no ion specificities. Demonstration of these enzymes indicates that mechanisms of acrosome activation, similar to those in other sperm, are relevant to the guinea pig. Before penetrating the zona pellucida of the ovum, the mammalian sperm secretes an en- zyme-containing granule, the acrosome. Dur- ing the secretory process, called the acrosome reaction, the outer membrane of the acrosome fuses with the plasmalemma permitting re- lease of the soluble acrosomal contents (Bar- ros et al., '67). As in other secretory cells (Jamieson, '75) the calcium ion appears neces- sary for exocytosis (Yanagimachi and Usui, '74). The role of Ca++, however, is unknown. It has been suggested that it is required for fusion of the acrosomal and plasma mem- branes (Gordon, '73) and for conversion of acrosin, the acrosomal protease from its zy- mogen (McRorie et al., '76; Mukerji and Mei- zel, '77). The acrosome vesicle is separated from the plasmalemma by a fluid-filled com- partment. Modification of the ion constituents in this fluid may have direct bearing on the functional state of the acrosome. Temporal control, therefore, of the acrosome reaction may depend on the influx of ions from the ex- ternal milieu (Gordon and Dandekar, '77). Mechanisms for controlling Ca++ flux as a stimulus for the acrosome reaction, have been based primarily on data derived from cyto- chemical studies of membrane phosphatases in rabbit sperm (Gordon, '73; Gordon, '77).
Quartz crystal microbalance in elevated temperature viscous liquids: Temperature effect compensation and lubricant degradation monitoring

Abstract The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was extended to investigate viscous liquids at elevated temperatures in both isothermal and non-isothermal systems. An analysis of the frequency–temperature behavior of the QCM resulted in a new approach to compensate for the effect of the rate of temperature rise on the theoretical QCM temperature coefficients. The temperature-dependent viscosities of a series of liquids were evaluated by measuring the damping voltage of QCM. Thermal degradation experiments on pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants demonstrated the potential application of QCM as an in situ sensor to evaluate the thermal stability of lubricants or other viscous fluids. The solid residue deposition rates and liquid phase property changes (i.e., product of density and viscosity) were extensively investigated by monitoring variations in the QCM frequency and damping voltage during the lubricant thermally stressing over a temperature range of 150–220 °C.
Nielsen numbers of n-valued fiber maps

The Nielsen number for n-valued multimaps, defined by Schirmer, has been calculated only for the circle. A concept of n-valued fiber map on the total space of a fibration is introduced. A formula for the Nielsen numbers of n-valued fiber maps of fibrations over the circle reduces the calculation to the computation of Nielsen numbers of single-valued maps. If the fibration is orientable, the product formula for single-valued fiber maps fails to generalize, but a “semi-product formula" is obtained. In this way, the class of n-valued multimaps for which the Nielsen number can be computed is substantially enlarged.
Investigating the Sect-Church-Sect Cycle: Cohort-Specific Attendance Differences Across African-American Denominations

Varying religious commitment across generations plays a key role in explaining transitions from sect to church, and the formation of sectarian movements. Within a sect, elite members of younger generations are seen to spur internal secularization that transforms otherworldly sects into world-affirming churches. In this paperl examine how cohort differences in religious commitment across denominations evidence the sect-church transformation process, and point to sources of sect formation among African-Americans. Using data from the 1972-1998 General Social Surveys, I analyze denomination-specific cohort differences in religious participation among African-Americans. Cohort-specific shifts in religious participation across denominations demonstrate the secularization of African-American mainline Methodist and Baptist groups, the continued vitality of sectarian denominations, and the nascent ascendance of nondenominational churches on the fringes of the religious marketplace.
The Dystrophin Complex Forms a Mechanically Strong Link between the Sarcolemma and Costameric Actin

The absence of dystrophin complex leads to disorganization of the force-transmitting costameric cytoskeleton and disruption of sarcolemmal membrane integrity in skeletal muscle. However, it has not been determined whether the dystrophin complex can form a mechanically strong bond with any costameric protein. We performed confocal immunofluorescence analysis of isolated sarcolemma that were mechanically peeled from skeletal fibers of mouse hindlimb muscle. A population of γ-actin filaments was stably associated with sarcolemma isolated from normal muscle and displayed a costameric pattern that precisely overlapped with dystrophin. However, costameric actin was absent from all sarcolemma isolated from dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse muscle even though it was localized to costameres in situ. Vinculin, α-actinin, β-dystroglycan and utrophin were all retained on mdx sarcolemma, indicating that the loss of costameric actin was not due to generalized membrane instability. Our data demonstrate that the dystrophin complex forms a mechanically strong link between the sarcolemma and the costameric cytoskeleton through interaction with γ-actin filaments. Destabilization of costameric actin filaments may also be an important precursor to the costamere disarray observed in dystrophin-deficient muscle. Finally, these methods will be broadly useful in assessing the mechanical integrity of the membrane cytoskeleton in dystrophic animal models lacking other costameric proteins.
Married Couples in Assisted Living: Adult Children’s Experiences Providing Support

Being married in later life often prevents relocation to long-term care settings, but couples do relocate to these environments. Typically, this transition does not mark the end of support provided by families, especially adult children. Little is known about children’s experiences providing support in care settings when both parents are involved. This article presents an analysis of qualitative data from a study involving 20 married couples living together in assisted living (AL) and 10 adult children. It asks the following: (a) What are children’s support experiences when parents relocate to and live together in AL? (b) To what extent does the AL context influence their experiences? Despite having a “heavy burden” from “double the work,” children were relieved to have both parents in one place. Children expressed concern over privacy, “tight quarters,” spousal caregiving, and keeping their parents together. Findings have implications for future research and policy and practice.
Interaction between Ethanol and Calcium Channel Blockers in Humans

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that pretreatment with Ca2+ channel blockers would antagonize the effects of ethanol intoxication in humans. The Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine were chosen because preclinical research has shown them to decrease certain behavioral effects of ethanol in animals. Sixteen healthy, male, paid volunteers, moderate users of ethanol, participated in the study (six in the verapamil and 10 in the nifedipine paradigms). Gelatin capsules containing verapamil (80 mg, 160 mg, or placebo) were administered orally 90 min before ethanol ingestion; whereas, gelatin capsules containing nifedipine (10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo) were administered 30 min before ethanol ingestion. Ethanol (0.85 g/kg or placebo) was administered over a 30-min interval. Subjects were tested in a single-blind, latin-square, cross-over design with each of the following six conditions: placebo ethanol-placebo blocker, placebo ethanol-low dose blocker, placebo ethanol-high dose blocker, ethanol-placebo blocker, ethanol-low dose blocker, and ethanol-high dose blocker. The variables measured in this study were subjective rating of ethanol intoxication, Addiction Research Center Inventory alcohol scale, heart rate, blood pressure, short-term memory, accuracy and latency of response in the Simulator Evaluation of Drug Impairment task, and blood ethanol concentrations by breath analyzer. Results indicate that pretreatment with either verapamil or nifedipine failed to antagonize the inebriating effects of ethanol including its decremental effects on short-term memory and psychomotor performance.
OPEN VERSUS CLOSED FIRMS AND THE DYNAMICS OF INDUSTRY EVOLUTION

We develop a model of industry evolution in which firms choose proprietary standards (closed firm) or adopt a common standard (open firm). A closed entrant can capture multiple profits whereas an open entrant faces lower entry barriers: The odds of closed entry (relative to open entry) decrease with price and eventually open entry becomes more likely. While initially closed firms have better survival because they can offset losses in one component with profits from another, the situation is reversed when prices fall below a threshold. These entry and exit dynamics can lead the industry away from its long run equilibrium.
An Energy Efficiency Evaluation for Sensor Nodes with Multiple Processors, Radios and Sensors

This paper constructs a model for studying the energy efficiency of sensor node architectures featuring a pair of low-end, low-power processor and radio and a pair of high-end, energy efficient processor and radio. Such nodes can have a highly dynamic range of operation ranging from the collection of simple temperature measurements or motion detection all the way up to sophisticated signal processing of sensor data. Our model explores the energy efficiency tradeoffs related to the decision of which processor and which radio should be used for each task. For this we derive a general Semi-Markov Decision process model for maximizing the asymptotic lifetime of two alternate designs, one with dynamic and one with static interconnect. The resulting models are validated with simulation and are applied to the reported measurements from an existing platform with two radios and two processors. Our results show how to quantify the gains of such design with respect to the power consumption properties of each component. Furthermore, based on our power budget calculation, we conclude that the deisgn of reconfigurable interconnect between multiple processors and radios would result in efficiency gains despite the energy overhead such device may incur.
Mammals on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands, Indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss

Surveys between 1995 and 1999 brought the number of mammal species known to occur on the remote Sangihe and Talaud islands, Indonesia, from 34 to 37, of which 30 are indigenous and 22 are bats. Populations of bear cuscus Ailurops ursinus and Sulawesi small cuscus Strigocuscus celebensis are represented by endemic subspecies, whilst five little-studied species (Talaud Islands flying fox Acerodon humilis, Sangihe tarsier Tarsius sangirensis, Sangihe squirrel Prosciurillus rosenbergi, short-tailed Talaud melomys Melomys caurinus and long-tailed Talaud melomys M. talaudium) are endemic to the archipelago. Two squirrel species were recorded on Sangihe for the first time: Sulawesi dwarf squirrel P. murinus and Sulawesi giant squirrel Rubrisciurus rubriventer. In total, eight species occurring on the islands are categorized as globally threatened on the 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Habitat loss and hunting are the main threats on the Sangihe islands, where only 800 ha of primary forest remain. Large areas of Karakelang, in the Talaud Islands, are still forested, and a 24,669 ha wildlife reserve has been recently established. The main pressure facing mammal species on the Talaud Islands is hunting, particularly mist-netting of fruit bats for local consumption and trade. In order to control hunting and prevent further forest loss and degradation, future conservation efforts should focus on community-based conservation, in particular raising community awareness and increasing law enforcement. Two concurrent projects are now tackling some of these issues.
A digital microsensor with auto-zero offset compensation

A stochastic digitizer utilizing two inverters in a positive feedback loop is used to convert a small analog sensor signal into a digital sensor signal. An automatic offset compensation method using floating gate MOSFETs is used to overcome the offset error in the stochastic digitizer. The operating principle of the stochastic digitizer is described, and its input-output transfer curve is given. The offset errors which cause problems in the signal measurement of the stochastic digitizer are discussed. A programmable inverter using floating gate n-channel MOSFET is demonstrated. An auto-zero offset compensation technique is presented which eliminates the offset error of the stochastic digitizer circuit and of the sensor. >
Anatomy of Accessory Salivary Glands of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Correlations to Begomovirus Transmission

Visualization of dissected accessory salivary glands (ASGs) of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) by light microscopy (LM) revealed three distinctive toluidine blue O stain profiles. Considered morphotypes, the three profiles are hypothesized to represent stages of a salivation cycle, wherein contents are cyclically depleted and subsequently regenerated as needed for feeding. When whiteflies were repeatedly interrupted during their initial feeding behaviors, and then ASGs were dissected, a fourth stain profile was revealed. These observations are therefore relevant to the different mechanisms involved in whitefly-mediated virus transmission to plants. Stain techniques involved in transmission electron microscopy of extirpated and nonextirpated ASGs reveal entirely different profiles that cannot yet be correlated to LM findings. The midgut of B. tabaci is capable of transposing its location from the abdomen to the thorax and can come into direct contact with the ASGs. This finding opens new lines of thought in the potential for interaction between the two, such as purging of excess water and waste, and virus transmission.