cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying learning difficulties with fractions: A longitudinal study of student growth from third through sixth grade

Abstract The present longitudinal study examined growth in fraction knowledge between third and sixth grades (N = 536). Students were administered fraction concepts and procedures measures twice yearly through sixth grade. Analyses revealed empirically distinct growth classes on both measures. Of particular interest were students who started low and made little progress after three years of instruction in fractions, compared to those who started low but made good progress. Poorer language, attention, whole number line estimation, and calculation fluency in third grade significantly increased the odds of membership in a low-growth trajectory class for fraction concepts, while poorer attention and calculation fluency predicted membership in a low-growth trajectory class for fraction procedures. Students classified as receiving special education services in school, many of whom had diagnosed learning disabilities, were 2.5 times more likely to experience low growth in fraction concepts than their peers who were not receiving special education and 11.5 times more likely to experience low growth in fraction procedures. Students with persistent difficulties in fraction knowledge also were much less likely to meet state standards on a mathematics achievement test, portending problems in more advanced mathematics.
An Empirical Exploration of the Alternative Evaluation Stage of the EKB Model Relative to the Political Decision Making Process

A report on an application of the EKB consumer decision process model to the 1984 presidential election. Voters utilize a decision process consistent with that of the model. Evaluative criteria used with presidential candidates are discussed and a demonstration of their value as predictors of election results presented.
Positioning for elite and quasi-elite colleges and universities in the United States: Parent and student strategies for “maintaining advantage” in new economic and postsecondary context

The United States, like many other countries, has witnessed a dramatic increase in wealth inequality since at least the 1980s. Among its other traditional roles, education often has served as a vehicle for individual mobility in the US, allowing successful students to maintain or improve their positions in society. As wealth inequality increases, however, education’s ability to fulfill this role becomes more limited. Competition for admission to the most prestigious colleges and universities – those considered most likely to provide passports to the upper strata of society – increases accordingly. This chapter analyzes the college admissions experiences of secondary school students and their families. Findings indicate that students, school staff, and families spend tremendous amounts of time and energy crafting the student as college applicant in an effort to increase the chances of admission to highly desirable – and highly selective – colleges and universities. In other words, anxieties about class position in increasingly stratified society appear to manifest themselves in the “class work” undertaken to offer a student the opportunity to maintain or improve his/her position.
Re(CO)3‑Templated Formation of Aza(dibenzo)dipyrromethenes

The Re(CO)3 unit was used to template the formation of aza(dibenzopyrro)methene (ADBM) in the presence of pyridine or N-methylimidazole. The products of these template reactions are six-coordinate complexes, with a facial arrangement of the carbonyls, a bidentate ADBM, and a sixth ligand (pyridine or N-methylimiadozle). Three types of ADBM ligands are produced from these reactions, depending on the degree of hydrolysis; bis(imine)-terminated, bis(oxo)-terminated, and mixed-imine/oxo chelates were formed.
An Exploration of Robot Builders' Attachment to Their LEGO Robots

This research explored the emotional attachment that students might develop towards robots that they built in a 2-month period, as well as the factors that contributed to their emotions towards the...
Peritumoral Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Metric of Response in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Treated with Bevacizumab and Irinotecan

Bevacizumab and irinotecan have shown promising results in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which traditionally carries a poor prognosis after first-line therapies have been exhausted. Retrospectively documenting the short-term effects of this chemotherapeutic regimen on recurrent GBM, as evidenced by comparative magnetic resonance images obtained two weeks prior to, and one-month following initiation of treatment, we hypothesize that peritumoral apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values will decrease on post-treatment scans. Brain MR data were collected from August 2005 to December 2006, in which post-contrast T1-weighted images demonstrated measurable enhancement or GBM tumor mass. Pre- and post-treatment MR images for ten consecutive patients were collected, each having failed temozolomide and radiation therapy. Pre- and post-treatment recurrent GBM bulk tumor and peritumoral T2 signal abnormality were measured in three dimensions. Diffusion of peritumoral T2 signal abnormality was evaluated on pre- and post-treatment ADC. All patients witnessed a significant decrease in tumor bulk ranging from 15.3% to 96.7% with a mean reduction of 48.2%, having received an average of two cycles of chemotherapy. FLAIR images demonstrated a mean volumetric reduction in peritumoral T2 signal abnormality of 44.3%. ADC measurements demonstrated an average reduction in peritumoral ADC of 20.6%, which was statistically significant (p-value < .005). Recurrent GBM tumor bulk demonstrated a 48.2% mean reduction, with corresponding decrease in peritumoral ADC values of 20.6%, suggesting that ADC may represent a valuable metric in the evaluation of the chemotherapeutic response of recurrent GBM, when treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan.
Nucleation Kinetics of CdTe/CdTe (111) Homoepitaxy by Laser MBE

CdTe evaporates into Cd and Te atoms under high power, pulsed laser irradiation. The mechanism is different from thermal evaporation where only atomic Cd and molecular Te are formed. The presence of Te atoms is responsible for some unique nucleation processes, such as the epitaxial growth of CdTe on (111) CdTe substrates with either polarity and the enhancement in sticking coefficient in CdTe deposition.
Effect of effluent recirculation on start-up and steady state operation of the downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactor

In this study, the effect of effluent recirculation on the start-up and steady state operation of the DSFF is reported. Recirculation had little effect on start-up; however, the maximum loading rate which could be applied to the reactor was higher at higher rates of effluent recirculation.
Disgusted but not afraid: Feelings toward same-sex kissing reveal subtle homonegativity

Overt sexual prejudice is declining, but heterosexuals who report little to no prejudice may still harbor subtle biases against gay men and lesbians. We examined implicit prejudice in a sample of 37 heterosexual college students who reported little or no sexual prejudice, using the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and psychophysiological measures of affect. Skin conductance, heart rate, and facial electromyographic responses were recorded as participants viewed photos of mixed- and same-sex couples kissing and rated them on valence, arousal, and disgustingness. Sexual prejudice was evident in implicit (AMP) ratings and explicit ratings of valence and disgustingness, but not in psychophysiological responses. Results suggest that implicit prejudice harbored by young adults who endorse low levels of sexual prejudice is more cognitively than emotionally based, unlike the fear-based reactions commonly described for racism. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Current techniques in chromosome analysis.

New techniques in chromosome analysis provide more precision in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities than was previously possible. Specific small chromosome changes can now often be related to defined syndromes of mental retardation and congenital anomalies, or to malignant disease. Some aspects of chromosomal function can also be investigated cytologically, e.g., abnormalities in DNA repair, susceptibility to damaging agents, DNA replication sequences, and sites of inactive heterochromatin and of actively transcribing ribosomal DNA. Future trends will involve even finer resolution of the chromosomal bands, using both extended chromosomes and probes specific for small chromosomal regions, as well as continued localization of specific genes on the cytologic map.
Perceptual Similarity Modulates Context Effects in Online Compensation for Phonological Variation

Using a cross-modal word identification task and an eye-tracking visual-world experiment, we investigated the importance of phonological context in the recovery of tap variants of /t/- and /d/-final words in American English. In Experiment 1, listeners were less accurate when they heard a tap variant of a /t/ word in a non-licensing environment (before a consonant) than when they heard it in a licensing environment (before an unstressed vowel). Contrastively, there was no difference in accuracy for tap variants of /d/ words across different contexts. Similarly, in Experiment 2, listeners looked less often at the target word when they heard tap variants of /t/ words in a mismatching context than a matching one. A mismatch context, however, did not result in fewer looks to the target with tap variants of /d/ words. Importantly, both accuracy and proportion of looks to the target word were higher in the mismatch phonological context than when presented with mispronounced forms. Our results contrast with previous findings on tap variants of /t/. These findings also suggest that contextual information is less important when a surface form is a closer perceptual match to the lexical representation (canonical stops and tap variants of /d/). Thus a model of word recognition must take into account both frequency of a variant in context and the perceptual distance between a variant and its lexical representation.
Preparing Students to Engage in Public Health Research of Consequence

The article discusses the author's views about how to motivate students and faculty members in the U.S. to engage in public health research that is designed to improve health outcomes in America. According to the article, public health research of consequence should focus on health risks and threats that are the greatest sources of morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. The ethical aspects of university-based public health research are assessed, along with big data and communication.
De-bonding simulation of Cu-Al wire bond intermetallic compound layers

Copper wire bonding is being increasingly used as an alternative to gold wire bonding in electronics packaging industry. Copper wire has advantages over gold wire including lower cost, higher electrical and thermal conductivity and also higher mechanical strength, making it a good alternative for the high power interconnection and fine pitch bonding applications. However, introduction of copper wire bonding has also created new sets of challenges including the high susceptibility of copper and Cu-Al intermetallic compound to oxidation. Wire bond reliability especially intermetallic cracking is a predominant failure mode resulting from thermal aging or temperature humidity exposure. In this paper, an IMC grain-level finite element model has been developed to simulate the interfacial de-bonding behavior in order to study the influence of the IMC microstructure characteristics on the mechanical reliability of Cu-Al wire bond. Voronoi tessellations have been used to construct both regular and irregular IMC grain shapes geometry. Intrinsic cohesive zone model has been adapted to model interactions between neighboring grain boundaries including the effect of uniform interfacial strength and Weibull distributed grain interfacial strength. Finally, Cu-Al IMC growth and phase transformation are modeled. Simulation results indicate Cu-Al IMC microstructure characteristics not only influence bond strength but also influences the crack initiation and propagation. Regular-shaped IMC grain provides Cu-Al wire bond with more bond strength while non-uniform grains reduce bond strength. Results also indicate that the increase of IMC thickness makes wire bond less reliable while the crack propagation mode changes with the phase transformation.
An appraisal of the Petrie Dish method of evaluating the susceptibility of tubular plastic insulations to the growth of fungi

During the course of the Southwest Pacific campaign it was found that many of the insulations in use at that time were particularily susceptible to attack by fungus growth. As a result of these findings specifications were written by the armed services relative to the fungus resistant properties of these materials. Procedures for testing these properties were devised and the one that is accepted at present for testing fungus resistance is the Petrie Dish Test.
Genetic Restoration of Plasma ApoE Improves Cognition and Partially Restores Synaptic Defects in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Alzheimer9s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in individuals over the age of 65 years. The most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD is the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), and novel AD treatments that target ApoE are being considered. One unresolved question in ApoE biology is whether ApoE is necessary for healthy brain function. ApoE knock-out (KO) mice have synaptic loss and cognitive dysfunction; however, these findings are complicated by the fact that ApoE knock-out mice have highly elevated plasma lipid levels, which may independently affect brain function. To bypass the effect of ApoE loss on plasma lipids, we generated a novel mouse model that expresses ApoE normally in peripheral tissues, but has severely reduced ApoE in the brain, allowing us to study brain ApoE loss in the context of a normal plasma lipid profile. We found that these brain ApoE knock-out (bEKO) mice had synaptic loss and dysfunction similar to that of ApoE KO mice; however, the bEKO mice did not have the learning and memory impairment observed in ApoE KO mice. Moreover, we found that the memory deficit in the ApoE KO mice was specific to female mice and was fully rescued in female bEKO mice. Furthermore, while the AMPA/NMDA ratio was reduced in ApoE KO mice, it was unchanged in bEKO mice compared with controls. These findings suggest that plasma lipid levels can influence cognition and synaptic function independent of ApoE expression in the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT One proposed treatment strategy for Alzheimer9s disease (AD) is the reduction of ApoE, whose e4 isoform is the most common genetic risk factor for the disease. A major concern of this strategy is that an animal model of ApoE deficiency, the ApoE knock-out (KO) mouse, has reduced synapses and cognitive impairment; however, these mice also develop dyslipidemia and severe atherosclerosis. Here, we have shown that genetic restoration of plasma ApoE to wild-type levels normalizes plasma lipids in ApoE KO mice. While this does not rescue synaptic loss, it does completely restore learning and memory in the mice, suggesting that both CNS and plasma ApoE are independent parameters that affect brain health.
Increased resource use in men with metastatic prostate cancer does not result in improved survival or quality of care at the end of life

BACKGROUND Cancer care and end-of-life (EOL) care contribute substantially to health care expenditures. Outside of clinical trials, to our knowledge there exists no standardized protocol to monitor disease progression in men with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). The objective of the current study was to evaluate the factors and outcomes associated with increased imaging and serum prostate-specific antigen use in men with mPCa. METHODS Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data from 2004 to 2012, the authors identified men diagnosed with mPCa with at least 6 months of follow-up. Extreme users were classified as those who had either received prostate-specific antigen testing greater than once per month, or who underwent cross-sectional imaging or bone scan more frequently than every 2 months over a 6-month period. Associations between extreme use and survival outcomes, costs, and quality of care at EOL, as measured by timing of hospice referral, frequency of emergency department visits, length of stay, and intensive care unit or hospital admissions, were examined. RESULTS Overall, a total of 3026 men with mPCa were identified, 791 of whom (26%) were defined as extreme users. Extreme users were more commonly young, white/non-Hispanic, married, higher earning, and more educated (P<.001, respectively). Extreme use was not associated with improved quality of care at EOL. Yearly health care costs after diagnosis were 36.4% higher among extreme users (95% confidence interval, 27.4%-45.3%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased monitoring among men with mPCa significantly increases health care costs, without a definitive improvement in survival nor quality of care at EOL noted. Monitoring for disease progression outside of clinical trials should be reserved for those in whom findings will change management. Cancer 2018;124:2212-9. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Anatomical Aspects of the Transseptal Approach to the Sphenoid Sinus

Approximately one quarter of the brain’s surface is supported by the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Each of these bones is pneumatized by sinus cavities that in turn derive from the nasal cavity. Not surprisingly, the subject of rhinological anatomy continues to engage the attention of surgeons called on to approach the base of the skull. Transseptal transphenoidal hypophysectomy provides a notable example of the validity of this interest. The first half of the transseptal operation proceeds through normal nasal anatomy.
Mycoplasmosis of House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) and California Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) in a Wildlife Rehabilitation Facility with Probable Nosocomial Transmission

We describe an investigation of an outbreak of conjunctivitis in juvenile House Finches ( Haemorhous mexicanus) and California Scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica) at a central California, US wildlife rehabilitation facility. In late May 2015, the facility began admitting juvenile finches, the majority with normal eyes at intake. In June, with juvenile finches already present, the facility admitted juvenile scrub-jays, all with normal eyes at intake. In July, after conjunctivitis was observed in increasing numbers of juvenile finches and scrub-jays, carcasses were submitted for postmortem examination. Histopathology of five finches and three scrub-jays identified lymphocytic infiltrates in the ocular tissues. Conjunctival swabs from 87% (13/15) finches and 33% (4/12) scrub-jays were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. One finch and two scrub-jays were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma synoviae. Additionally, gene sequencing (16S ribosomal RNA and 16S-23S intergenic spacer region) identified Mycoplasma sturni from 33% (3/9) scrub-jays. This outbreak of conjunctivitis suggested that M. gallisepticum-infected juvenile finches admitted to and maintained in a multispecies nursery likely resulted in transmission within the facility to healthy juvenile finches and scrub-jays. Evidence of other Mycoplasma spp. in finches and scrub-jays indicates that these species are susceptible to infection and may act as carriers. This outbreak highlighted the need for effective triage and biosecurity measures within wildlife rehabilitation facilities.
New oligoether plasticizers for poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolytes

Two new plasticizers, nitrile groups terminated oligoether (NOE) and lithium sulfonamide groups containing oligoether (LSA), have been synthesized to construct superior poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). The chemical structures of these plasticizers were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. The electrochemical and thermal properties of the resulting SPEs have been thoroughly evaluated. The SPEs containing varied weight ratios of these plasticizers along with different Li/O mole ratios of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) have been investigated to optimize the electrolyte systems. Both plasticizers displayed good ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures. The SPE containing 40 wt.% of NOE in 12:1 PEO-LiTFSI complex showed ionic conductivity of 1.11 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 312 K, while the SPE containing 10 wt.% of LSA in 12:1 PEO-LiTFSI complex showed 5.08 × 10−5 S cm−1 and 1.88 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and 312 K, respectively. Most notably, the SPE containing 10 wt.% LSA in 14:1 PEO-LiTFSI complex displayed ionic conductivity of 1.01 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 343 K. Moreover, these SPEs exhibited good electrochemical stability (~ 4.2 V vs. Li+/Li) and displayed no noticeable thermal degradations below 350 °C.
Integrating Research and Education: Developing Instructional Materials to Convey Research Concepts

As part of a project that integrates research, cooperative extension, and education, a team of university faculty, staff, and graduate students collaborated with research scientists and educators to develop secondary education instructional materials on climate change and forests in the southeastern United States. This 5-year project resulted in 14 classroom-ready activities and supporting materials that were tested by educators and students. More than 1,300 educators were trained to use the instructional materials and report using the activities with at least 7,000 students. In this case study, we provide the rationale behind the design of our materials, the procedures used to develop them, and the outcomes of this effort. We also provide recommendations to assist others with the goal of integrating research endeavors and education resources.
OOD Case Study: Persistent Storage

Persistent data storage introduced in Chaps. 30 and 31 are designed into the Address Book Application (ABA) and Personal Finances case studies. Logical and physical data models are used to describe the data designs.
Cardiac Assist Devices

Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate ­commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. This growing population of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure has been a major catalyst for the development of devices that assist or even replace the failing heart. The concept of using left-ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as the means of permanent therapy is based on the success of their use in heart transplant candidates, who developed refractory heart failure and were ‘bridged’ to transplantation with LVADs. VAD technology will need to achieve several important milestones to significantly minimize associated complications, improve outcomes and quality of life while reducing cost. This chapter will discuss the current and future directions of cardiac assist devices.
Management of Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Metastatic Potential of Small Tumors.

Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (ANETs) are rare neoplasms usually discovered incidentally during appendectomy. ANETs < 2 cm were thought to have no metastatic potential, and this dogma has driven management. Our aim is to evaluate the metastatic potential of ANETs < 2 cm. A retrospective review was performed in a series of patients with ANETs who presented to our tertiary referral center from 1998 to 2019. Demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. In total, 114 patients were included. Median follow-up was 3.3 years (range, 21 days–15 years). At last follow-up, 34 (30%) patients had positive regional lymph nodes and 20 (18%) patients had metastatic disease. Of the 20 patients with metastatic disease, 11 (55%) had primary ANETs 40 years at diagnosis and ANETs with serosal invasion, lymphovascular invasion, intermediate tumor grade, or positive lymph nodes were features significantly more likely to present with metastatic disease. We found no difference in the rate of lymph node positivity, metastatic disease, or overall survival when patients were stratified by tumor size or type of resection (appendectomy vs. right hemicolectomy). On multivariate analysis, patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis had worse overall survival (HR = 24.4, p = 0.008). In our cohort, tumor size was not a significant risk factor for metastatic disease or worse outcome as many patients with ANETs < 2 cm developed metastatic disease. Appendectomy alone was sufficient surgical management for most ANETs. Patients with risk factors for metastatic disease, regardless of primary ANET size, should be evaluated thoroughly and counseled for further management and surveillance.
Radical Lifetimes in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Monte Carlo and Deterministic Investigation

Mean radical lifetimes and fluctuations in lifetime are shown to decrease with conversion and polydispersity index for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of both methyl methacrylate and st...
Emotional scaffolding and teacher identity: two mainstream teachers’ mobilizing emotions of security and excitement for young English learners

This article, a qualitative case study of two early childhood teachers, examines the ways the teachers provide young English learners (ELs) with emotional scaffolding – prioritizing and mobilizing ...
Regimes of Inequality

Since the 1990s, mainstream political parties have failed to address the problem of growing inequality, resulting in political backlash and the transformation of European party systems. Most attempts to explain the rise of inequality in political science take a far too narrow approach, considering only economic inequality and failing to recognize how multiple manifestations of inequality combine to reinforce each other and the underlying political features of advanced welfare states. Combining training in public health with a background in political science, Julia Lynch brings a unique perspective to debates about inequality in political science and to public health thinking about the causes of and remedies for health inequalities. Based on case studies of efforts to reduce health inequalities in England, France and Finland, Lynch argues that inequality persists because political leaders chose to frame the issue of inequality in ways that made it harder to solve.
Physiological Characteristics of Drought-Sensitive and Drought-Insensitive Rice Maintainers at Florescence under Drought Stress

Drought tolerance traits of 14 widely used Chinese rice maintainers were evaluated at flowering stages using both soil moisture meter and drying soil methods.Based on their drought-stress-caused fertility injury and water-supplying remedy,four ranks were classified as drought-insensitive,drought-resistant,drought-friability and drought-sensitive.Typical drought-insensitive maintainers K22-B,Jin 23-B and typical drought-sensitive maintainers Zhenshan 97-B,Zhong 9-B were selected to suffer drought treatments and to study their physiological responses to drought.The results indicated that the water potential of reproductive organs and flag-leaf transpiration rate were decreased by drought,but when compared with the drought-sensitive maintainers,the drought-insensitive maintainers showed a higher water potential which was decreased relatively slower with drought enhancing.There was no difference of photosynthetic rate between drought-insensitive and drought-sensitive maintainers under normal water condition,but the photosynthetic rate was decreased by drought treatment,and the decreases were bigger for drought-sensitive maintainers than for drought-insensitive maintainers.There was no significant difference between the two types of maintainers in pollen and anther number in drought condition(P0.05),and in pollen-fullness and germination rate on stigma.However,pollen number on stigma and opening degree of anther were decreased more in drought-sensitive maintainers than in drought-insensitive maintainers.Therefore,the drought-insensitive maintainers have a higher photosynthesis and higher photosynthate transportation efficiency than drought-sensitive maintainers.
Mantle sources of ocean islands basalts revealed from noble gas isotope systematics

Abstract Noble gas isotope systematics, particular those of He, have been fundamental in showing that some ocean island basalts (OIB) were sourced from deep mantle plumes. Relationships between He, W, Os, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in Hawaiian, Samoan, Galapagos, and Icelandic lavas have been suggested to reflect contributions from less degassed lower mantle sources, and perhaps even materials advected from the core-mantle boundary. This study reviews the noble gas (He-Ne-Ar- Xe) isotope systematics of major OIB suites. Important in this evaluation are considerations of spatial and temporal variations, including the sample media (glass, minerals, hydrothermal gases and fluids) used for analyzing noble gases, as well as the degree of partial melting experienced to produce OIB. Limited availability of gas-rich samples means patchy coverage in definition of OIB Ne, Ar, Xe isotope compositions. Additionally, low-degree partial melting will lead to preferential sampling of more fusible, generally more enriched components which could affect noble gas isotope systematics. OIB with low- ( 10RA) to high-3He/4He (>25RA) OIB (Loihi, Hawaii; Iceland; Fernandina, Galapagos; Ofu, Samoa) sample a reservoir that has been relatively isolated since ~4.5 billion years as shown by noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Xe), and by W isotopes. However, this reservoir is not pristine and these OIB show evidence for containing depleted and enriched recycled components from Xe isotopes as well as lithophile-siderophile radiogenic isotope systematics. Linking the highest-3He/4He OIB to a putative Focus Zone (FOZO) reservoir is also problematic; FOZO is not a reservoir least affected by recycling of crust, rather a mantle reservoir that contains recycled components, including depleted lithosphere, and that has been oxidized. This distinction in definition means that, while the FOZO reservoir is almost certainly sampled by the deepest, hottest mantle plumes, its status as a primitive reservoir is unsubstantiated. Models of mantle convection can satisfy seismic constraints on Earth's deep mantle and reveal extensive mixing throughout with enriched and depleted lithologies formed by partial melting processes at Earth's surface. Ancient deep isolated reservoirs are likely to be relatively minor present-day mantle features. More remarkable is the predicted abundance of strongly refractory mantle material. Focus on the noble gas, radiogenic and stable isotope attributes of such refractory reservoirs are required for a fuller understanding of mantle processes.
Pattern-based computing via sequential phase transitions in hierarchical mean field neuropercolation

In this work, we describe operational principles of a pattern-based computing paradigm based on the neuropercolation model, which can be used as associative memory supporting sensory processing and pattern recognition. Neuropercolation extends the concept of phase transitions to interactive populations exhibiting frequent transients in their spatio-temporal dynamics, which can be viewed as manifestations of an asynchronous computer working with a sequence of meta-stable spatial patterns, in a bid to unravel the limitations of Turing computing principles. The model is motivated by the structural and dynamical properties of large-scale neural populations in the cerebral cortex and it implements basic building blocks of neurodynamics following the hierarchy of Freeman K-sets.The introduced mean-field approximation allows rigorous mathematical analysis of the emergent dynamics, which is the major novel contribution of this work. Specifically, we derive exact conditions for the onset of non-zero background activity, for the transition from steady state to narrow-band (limit cycle) oscillations, and for the transition from narrow-band to broad-band (chaotic) dynamics. We describe an array of connected oscillators, which exhibits transient synchronization episodes manifesting meta-stable collective states. The corresponding meta-stable spatial amplitude patterns are destabilized by inputs or spontaneously and jump to another pattern, yielding a sequence of transient patterns. These patterns are shaped by the connections between the nodes modifiable through learning. The sequence of patterns manifest the steps of the computation, which embody the meaning of the input data in the context of the system past experiences.
Nystagmus and saccadic intrusions

We review current concepts of nystagmus and saccadic oscillations, applying a pathophysiological approach. We begin by discussing how nystagmus may arise when the mechanisms that normally hold gaze steady are impaired. We then describe the clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with ocular oscillations. Next, we systematically review the features of nystagmus arising from peripheral and central vestibular disorders, nystagmus due to an abnormal gaze-holding mechanism (neural integrator), and nystagmus occurring when vision is compromised. We then discuss forms of nystagmus for which the pathogenesis is not well understood, including acquired pendular nystagmus and congenital forms of nystagmus. We then summarize the spectrum of saccadic disorders that disrupt steady gaze, from intrusions to flutter and opsoclonus. Finally, we review current treatment options for nystagmus and saccadic oscillations, including drugs, surgery, and optical methods. Examples of each type of nystagmus are provided in the form of figures.
Revascularization and reperfusion therapy

This chapter focuses on revascularization and reperfusion therapy in the setting of ACS. Revascularization therapy is distinct from reperfusion therapy. The former takes place in non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation ACS, while reperfusion is employed only for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Revascularization therapy for non-ST-elevation ACS is usually considered an urgent condition unless there are signs of hemodynamic or electrical instability, in which case it is performed immediately. Instability in these patients may indicate a large burden of jeopardized myocardium or rather a disguised ST-elevation myocardial infarction, which, for example, can be seen with a circumflex artery occlusion. In contrast, reperfusion therapy is an emergent condition since it characterizes a state of coronary occlusion. A small subset of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients will only receive medical therapy, even after coronary angiography. Revascularization is usually accomplished percutaneously, although some of these patients will be referred for surgical revascularization. While thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, it has an important role in ST-elevation myocardial infarction when primary angioplasty is not readily available. Our discussion will begin with revascularization therapy and then move into reperfusion therapy.
Behavioral Symptoms in Residential Care/Assisted Living Facilities: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Medication Management

Objectives: To examine the prevalence, correlates, and medication management of behavioral symptoms in elderly people living in residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) facilities. Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: A stratified random sample of 193 RC/AL facilities in four states (Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina). Participants: A total of 2,078 RC/AL residents aged 65 and older. Measurement: Behavioral symptoms were classified using a modified version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Additional items on resistance to care were also examined. Results: Approximately one-third (34%) of RC/AL residents exhibited one or more behavioral symptoms at least once a week. Thirteen percent exhibited aggressive behavioral symptoms, 20% demonstrated physically nonaggressive behavioral symptoms, 22% expressed verbal behavioral symptoms, and 13% resisted taking medications or activities of daily living care. Behavioral symptoms were associated with the presence of depression, psychosis, dementia, cognitive impairment, and functional dependency, and these relationships persisted across subtypes of behavioral symptoms. Overall, behavioral symptoms were more prevalent in smaller facilities. More than 50% of RC/AL residents were taking a psychotropic medication, and two-thirds had some mental health problem indicator (dementia, depression, psychosis, or other psychiatric illness). Conclusion: Integrating mental health services within the process of care in RC/AL is needed to manage and accommodate the high prevalence of behavioral symptoms in this evolving long-term setting.
Certification for Coaches

(1978). Certification for Coaches. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 69-70.
Sentry-based power management in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a sentry-based approach to power management in wireless sensor networks for applications such as intruder detection and tracking. To minimize average power consumption while maintaining sufficient node density for coarse sensing, nodes are partitioned dynamically into two sets: sentries and non-sentries. Sentry nodes provide sufficient coverage for continuous monitoring and basic communication services. Non-sentry nodes sleep for designated periods of time to conserve power, and switch to full power only when needed to provide more refined sensing for tracking. Non-sentry nodes check for beacons from sentry nodes to determine when they should remain on. Experimental results are presented demonstrating trade-offs between power savings and tracking performance for a network of seventeen nodes using the first implementation of a basic sentry-based power management scheme. The paper concludes with a brief description of a full set of power-management services being implemented as middle-ware for general wireless sensor applications
In Vivo Analysis of the Anatomical Relationship of Coronary Sinus to Mitral Annulus and Left Circumflex Coronary Artery Using Cardiac Multidetector Computed Tomography: Implications for Percutaneous Coronary Sinus Mitral Annuloplasty

Objectives We sought to determine the in vivo anatomical relationships between mitral annulus (MA) and coronary sinus (CS) as well as CS and left circumflex coronary artery using cardiac computed tomography. Background Percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR) by annuloplasty via CS is under development. Success of such treatment depends on the close anatomical proximity of the MA to the CS. The in vivo data regarding this anatomical relationship in humans are scant. We investigated this relationship using contrast multidetector computed tomography. Methods We studied 25 normal individuals and 11 patients with severe MR (3 to 4+) due to mitral valve prolapse. Separation between MA and CS was measured in standard planes, in 4-chamber (4C), 2-chamber (2C), and 3-chamber views. Distance from ostium of CS to the intersection with left circumflex (LCX), and anatomical relation of LCX and CS were determined using 3-dimensional mapping (Philips Brilliance, Philips Medical Systems, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Results There was significant variance of CS to MA separation at all planes. Separation of CS and MA was increased in lateral location (4C) and decreased in posterior location (2C) in the MR group with increase in MA size. Left circumflex artery crossed between CS and MA in 80% of patients. The LCX crossed CS at a variable distance from the ostium of CS (86.5 ± 21 mm, range 37 to 123 mm) Conclusions There is significant variability in the relation of CS to MA in humans. Coronary sinus to MA distance increases in patients with severe MR and annular dilation, mainly in the posterolateral location. The left circumflex crosses under the CS the majority of times, but with a significant variability in the location where it crosses the CS. These anatomical features should be taken into consideration while selecting percutaneous treatment strategies for mitral valve repair.
Gender, Religion, and State in the Middle East

This essay discusses the major trends in the study of gender, religion, and state in the Middle East from colonialism to the Arab Spring. Showing how the field started as a critique of colonial representations of women in the Middle East as passive and subordinate, it reviews briefly the foundational studies. It then indicates the major frameworks that scholars have used subsequently to show the complexities of the linkages between gender, religion, and state. Diversity within Islamic law, the role of kinship and states, and the significance of women's agency are highlighted. The essay proceeds with a discussion of cutting-edge issues raised by the Arab Spring and suggests future directions for research. Keywords: islamic law; politics; kinship; agency; protest
Hand-gesture-based sterile interface for the operating room using contextual cues for the navigation of radiological images

This paper presents a method to improve the navigation and manipulation of radiological images through a sterile hand gesture recognition interface based on attentional contextual cues. Computer vision algorithms were developed to extract intention and attention cues from the surgeon's behavior and combine them with sensory data from a commodity depth camera. The developed interface was tested in a usability experiment to assess the effectiveness of the new interface. An image navigation and manipulation task was performed, and the gesture recognition accuracy, false positives and task completion times were computed to evaluate system performance. Experimental results show that gesture interaction and surgeon behavior analysis can be used to accurately navigate, manipulate and access MRI images, and therefore this modality could replace the use of keyboard and mice-based interfaces.
International recognition of national measurement standards and calibration certificates

The international recognition of national measurement standards and calibration certificates issued by different National Metrology Institutes can be tested by inter-laboratory comparisons backed by a defined statistical model. However, such comparisons cannot rigorously prove equivalence and must, therefore, be supplemented by additional methods of establishing mutual confidence.
Religious Turns: Immigration, Islam, and Christianity in 21st Century German Cultural Politics

The paper analyzes recent German headscarf legislation in the context of early twenty-first-century religious turns, that is, on the one hand constructions of “Islam/ism” as the newly dominant figure of cultural difference on the political stage, and on the other hand the renewed prominence also of Christianity in public discourse. Against the background of current academic work on and in political theology, I analyze the “post-secular” concepts of collective identity developed under the sign of the headscarf by associating them with two different theoretical models. Berlin’s headscarf legislation can be compared to the French “Law on Laicity,” which has been criticized as a vehicle of hidden political theologies in Carl Schmitt’s sense: The Republic performs its sovereignty through the ways it manages religious exceptions. The openly asymmetrical headscarf bans passed in a number of other German states, however, do not just make “exceptions” for Christianity; rather, they privilege “Christian tradition” as the foundation of the “secular” German state. Critically relating this rhetoric to the ways in which Jean-Luc Nancy and Slavoj Žižek conceptualize the (presumably inescapable) destabilization of secular democracy through the forces of heteronomy and tradition, the paper pleas for replacing such uses of political theology in both politics and theory.
Evidence for a Relationship Between Equine Abortion (Herpes) Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and the S Phase of the KB Cell Mitotic Cycle

Abstract Autoradiographic analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in randomly growing KB cell cultures infected with equine abortion virus (EAV) suggested that viral DNA synthesis was initiated only at times that coincided with the entry of noninfected control cells into the S phase of the cell cycle. Synchronized cultures of KB cells were infected at different stages of the cell cycle, and rates of synthesis of cellular and viral DNA were measured. When cells were infected at different times within the S phase, viral DNA synthesis was initiated 2 to 3 hr after infection. However, when cells in G1 and G2 were infected, the initiation of viral DNA synthesis was delayed and occurred only at times corresponding to the S phase. The times when viral DNA synthesis began were independent of the time of infection and differed by as much as 5 hr, depending on the stage of the cell cycle at which cells were infected. Viral one-step growth curves were also related to the S phase in a manner which indicated a relationship between the initiation of viral DNA synthesis and the S phase. These data support the concept that initiation of EAV DNA synthesis is dependent upon some cellular function(s) which is related to the S phase of the cell cycle.
Electron-tunneling pathways in proteins.

Electron-transfer (ET) reactions are key steps in photosynthisis, respiration, drug metabolism, and many other biochemical processes. The ETs are remarkably fast and proceeded with high specificity. Theoreticians have been intensely interested in long-range protein ET reactions for many years. This perspective paper discusses the tunneling-pathway model for protein ET coupling, giving the example Cytochrome c. Different coupling strength in different pathway families are mentioned and a brief overview of the future of understanding ET reactions is given.
SCVIR 2002 film panel case 5: Traumatic injury to the circumflex humeral artery

A 30-year-old right-handed minor league baseball pitcher noticed slight numbness and tingling in his right hand for several months. Then, while pitching, his right arm became cold, painful, and numb. Right arm arteriography was performed (Fig 5.1), which revealed thrombus in the radial and ulnar arteries. Fibrinolytic infusion was initiated with resolution of the majority of the thrombus. The patient underwent anticoagulation with warfarin and referred to our institution for further evaluation. His medical history was unremarkable. On admission, his coagulation profile was normal. Physical examination revealed a normal right radial pulse and an absent right ulnar pulse. Electrocardiographic and transesophageal echocardiographic results were normal. Right arm arteriography with stress views was repeated (Fig 5.2).