cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Your baby is so happy, active, uncooperative: How prenatal care providers contribute to parents' mental representations of the baby.

Abstract Background Parents’ prenatal mental representations (i.e., thoughts and expectations) of their future child and relationship to that child have been associated with parenting and parent-child relationships after birth. Objective To explore how prenatal care providers contribute to parents’ mental representations of the baby they are expecting. Methods Routine prenatal ultrasounds of 22 pregnant women recruited through prenatal care were observed. Detailed notes were taken using an adaptation of the “Observation of Routine Screen Form” (Boukydis, 2006). Data collection included interaction among parents and providers relevant to the relational, rather than medical, aspect of the exam (e.g., comments on the “personality” of the fetus, speculation about how the future baby will be like and unlike parents). Principles of grounded theory informed thematic analysis of the data. Findings Providers varied widely in their recognition of the relational aspect of prenatal ultrasound and their interactive style. Through informal interactions during ultrasounds, providers alternately inhibited, amplified, and shaped parents’ mental representations of their baby. Key conclusions and implications for practice The manner in which providers narrate and interpret images has implications for parents’ prenatal mental representations of the baby. Given the importance of prenatal representations for future parenting and parent-child relationships, providers should attend to and facilitate parents’ efforts to develop their own mental representations and establish feelings of connection to the baby.
Double Crossed: A Case of La Crosse Encephalitis.

Case report A 10-year-old male with T1DM and recent travel to North Carolina presented to an ED with 1 day of fever, vomiting, and headaches. He was discharged home with the presumptive diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis but returned nine hours later, agitated, and unable to speak. CSF showed pleocytosis. MRI brain was normal, and EEG showed intermittent seizures. He was started on antiepileptics. Antibiotics were discontinued after negative bacterial work-up. Repeat MRI brain one week later showed enhancement in the left cerebral cortex. IVIG was started due to concern for autoimmune encephalitis. Repeat lumbar puncture was positive for La Crosse virus IgM. Discussion This is the first case of La Crosse encephalitis (LACe) reported in Rhode Island.1 La Crosse virus (LACv) is a ssRNA Bunyavirus transmitted by the eastern tree-hole mosquito typically between July and September. LACv is endemic to the upper Midwestern US and Appalachia. In 2018, 81 of 86 total cases reported by the CDC were pediatric. Children are more likely to present with vomiting, seizures, and focal cortical inflammation or cerebral edema on brain imaging. IgM may be negative early in the disease course. Treatment is antiepileptics and supportive care.
Investigating the Perceived Value of Special Collections in the Academic Library

The literature lacks empirical evidence supporting the claim that the value of special collections in the academic library has grown significantly. Through a web-based survey the perceptions of lib...
Chapter 22 – Clitellata: Branchiobdellida

Branchiobdellidans are leech-like, obligate ectosymbionts primarily associated with astacoidean crayfish. The branchiobdellidan-host symbiosis is common among freshwater habitats in North and Central America, the Euro-Mediterranean, and East Asia. Branchiobdellidan taxonomic diversity varies across the distribution of the order, with more than two-thirds of the 22 total genera and approximately 140 total species found in North and Central America. No free-living members of Branchiobdellida are known, although individuals have been observed independent of a host in the benthic zone. The ectosymbiont association is obligate as embryonic development – within a cocoon – will only occur on a live host. Branchiobdellidans are opportunistic omnivores with diet varying with habitat, season, etc. Species display high morphological convergence, perhaps as a function of a shared symbiotic nature, with ecological adaptability varying widely across the taxon.
Genome organization and interaction with capsid protein in a multipartite RNA virus

We report the asymmetric reconstruction of the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) content in one of the three otherwise identical virions of a multipartite RNA virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV). We exploit a sample consisting exclusively of particles with the same RNA content-specifically, RNAs 3 and 4-assembled in planta by agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. We find that the interior of the particle is nearly empty, with most of the RNA genome situated at the capsid shell. However, this density is disordered in the sense that the RNA is not associated with any particular structure but rather, with an ensemble of secondary/tertiary structures that interact with the capsid protein. Our results illustrate a fundamental difference between the ssRNA organization in the multipartite BMV viral capsid and the monopartite bacteriophages MS2 and Qβ for which a dominant RNA conformation is found inside the assembled viral capsids, with RNA density conserved even at the center of the particle. This can be understood in the context of the differing demands on their respective lifecycles: BMV must package separately each of several different RNA molecules and has been shown to replicate and package them in isolated, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic complexes, whereas the bacteriophages exploit sequence-specific "packaging signals" throughout the viral RNA to package their monopartite genomes.
Acceptance-Based Therapies and Asian Philosophical Traditions: Similarities and Differences in the Concept of Acceptance

Mindfulness and acceptance-based psychotherapies have gained popularity in the last few decades as a “third wave” of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Acceptance is an important factor in all of these psychotherapies and stems from Asian philosophies, therefore similarities are necessarily seen between the psychotherapies themselves. This paper aims to demonstrate the ways in which acceptance-based psychotherapies converge by virtue of sharing the same philosophical root, as well as how they diverge in their applications of this concept. Specifically, this paper will examine similarities and differences in the concept of acceptance amongst the therapeutic models of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), dialectical behavior therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, as compared to the Asian philosophical traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism. Acceptance in these psychotherapies will first be collectively compared with that of the Asian philosophical traditions, then key similarities and differences will be highlighted among the psychotherapies themselves. A secondary aim of this paper is to illustrate REBT as an acceptance-based psychotherapy, though it is not often included in discussions of third wave acceptance-based CBTs.
The Chimeric Gracilis and Profunda Artery Perforator Flap: Characterizing This Novel Flap Configuration with Angiography and a Cadaveric Model.

Objective A chimerically configured gracilis and profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is highly prevalent based on recent computed tomography (CT)-imaging data. The purpose of this study is to further characterize the vascular anatomy of this novel flap configuration and determine the feasibility of flap dissection. Materials and Methods To characterize flap arterial anatomy, lower extremity CT angiograms performed from 2011 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. To characterize venous anatomy and determine the feasibility of flap harvest, the lower extremities of cadavers were evaluated. Results A total of 974 lower extremity CT angiograms and 32 cadavers were included for the assessment. Of the 974 CT angiograms, majority (966, 99%) were bilateral studies, yielding a total of 1,940 lower extremities (right-lower-extremity = 970 and left-lower-extremity = 970) for radiographic evaluation. On CT angiography, a chimerically configured gracilis and PAP flap was found in 51% of patients (n = 494/974). By laterality, chimeric anatomy was present in 26% of right lower extremities (n = 254/970) and 25% of left lower extremities (n = 240/970); bilateral chimeric anatomy was found in 12% (n = 112/966) of patients. Average length of the common arterial pedicle feeding both gracilis and PAP flap perforasomes was 31.1 ± 16.5 mm (range = 2.0–95.0 mm) with an average diameter of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm (range = 1.3–8.8 mm). A total of 15 cadavers exhibited chimeric anatomy with intact, conjoined arteries and veins allowing for anatomical tracing from the profunda femoris to the distal branches within the tissues of the medial thigh. Dissection and isolation of the common pedicle and distal vessels was feasible with minimal disruption of adjacent tissues. Chimeric flap venous anatomy was favorable, with vena commitante adjacent to the common pedicle in all specimens. Conclusion Dissection of a chimeric medial thigh flap consisting of both gracilis and PAP flap tissues is feasible in a cadaveric model. The vascular anatomy of this potential flap appears suitable for future utilization in a clinical setting.
Association of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine With Ipsilateral Axillary Lymph Node Reactivity on Imaging.

This cohort study examines ipsilateral axillary nodal reactivity seen on positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic imaging after intramuscular administration of the coronavirus 2019 mRNA vaccines.
Association of pathological response to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab with tumor PD-L1 expression and high disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with resectable, local-regionally advanced, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

6006Background: Patients with resected HNSCC, with high-risk (positive margins, extracapsular spread [ECE]) or intermediate-risk pathological features have an estimated 1-year DFS of 65% and 69%, r...
Commentary on Harrison: "Social Mechanisms of Stylistic Change"

This is a review of Harrison's (2021) paper "Social Mechanisms of Stylistic Change: A Case Study from Early 20th-Century France." In this study, Harrison found that the Apaches, a group of composers known for pushing stylistic boundaries in 20th-century France, employed slightly more instances of notated meter change in their music than a control group of their peers, but that the use of notated meter change also depended on other factors such as composers' generational membership. This commentary primarily explores Harrison's methodologies: while the stringent definitions Harrison defines for each variable in her studies allow for specificity in the statistical analyses, they leave out a large portion of perceptually relevant data that would lend greater musicological generalizability to the results presented.
The self-directed learning of adult music students: A comparison of teacher approaches and student needs:

Adult music learners may expect to be more independent and therefore more inclined to engage in self-directed learning than younger learners; however, adults may not feel encouraged or supported to...
Portable, stand-off spectral imaging camera for detection of effluents and residues

A new, compact and portable spectral imaging camera, employing a MEMs-based encoded imaging approach, has been built and demonstrated for detection of hazardous contaminants including gaseous effluents and solid-liquid residues on surfaces. The camera is called the Thermal infrared Reconfigurable Analysis Camera for Effluents and Residues (TRACER). TRACER operates in the long wave infrared and has the potential to detect a wide variety of materials with characteristic spectral signatures in that region. The 30 lb. camera is tripod mounted and battery powered. A touch screen control panel provides a simple user interface for most operations. The MEMS spatial light modulator is a Texas Instruments Digital Microarray Array with custom electronics and firmware control. Simultaneous 1D-spatial and 1Dspectral dimensions are collected, with the second spatial dimension obtained by scanning the internal spectrometer slit. The sensor can be configured to collect data in several modes including full hyperspectral imagery using Hadamard multiplexing, panchromatic thermal imagery, and chemical-specific contrast imagery, switched with simple user commands. Matched filters and other analog filters can be generated internally on-the-fly and applied in hardware, substantially reducing detection time and improving SNR over HSI software processing, while reducing storage requirements. Results of preliminary instrument evaluation and measurements of flame exhaust are presented.
Long term sertraline effects on neural structures in depressed and nondepressed adult female nonhuman primates

Abstract Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed for mood and other disorders. However, their neural effects are difficult to study due to patient compliance and drug history variability, and rarely studied in those prescribed SSRIs for non-mood disorders. Here we evaluated SSRI effects on neural volumetrics in depressed and nondepressed monkeys. Methods 42 socially-housed cynomolgus monkeys were randomized to treatment balanced on pretreatment depressive behavior and body weight. Monkeys were trained for oral administration of placebo or 20 mg/kg sertraline HCl daily for 18 months and depressive and anxious behavior recorded. Volumes of neural regions of interest in depression were measured in magnetic resonance images and analyzed by 2 (depressed, nondepressed) × 2 (placebo, sertraline) ANOVA. Results Sertraline reduced anxiety (p = 0.04) but not depressive behavior (p = 0.43). Left Brodmann's Area (BA) 32 was smaller in depressed than nondepressed monkeys (main effect of depression: p Conclusions These observations suggest that SSRIs may differentially affect neural structures in depressed and nondepressed individuals.
Economics as a Theory of Exchange

The theory of value has serious limitations as a general theory of economics. Consequently, many economists have sought to modify it by incorporating those aspects of exchange that it assumes away--the difficulties of exchange, the methods of overcoming them, and the implications of expanding exchange.. I distill from this body of work a coherent conceptual framework -- a theory of exchange. Such a theory of exchange is not an extension of the theory of value, but an alternative to it. The basic assumptions of the two are incompatible and their domains of application disjoint. While the theory of value addresses relative prices, a theory of exchange addresses the origin and function of economic institutions -- firms, markets, financial systems, governments, and legal systems -- the nature of business fluctuations, and the processes of growth, development, and transition. The two frameworks differ significantly in their normative implications. A theory of exchange requires normative criteria quite different from Pareto efficiency and implies a very different attitude to government intervention.
Structure of the λ Operators

The two regions of λ DNA to which the λ repressor binds (the operators) are shown to consist of multiple, non-identical repressor binding sites. The arrangement of these sites with respect to the adjacent controlled genes has been determined using a restriction endonuclease that cleaves each operator.
Single molecular vibrational relaxation dynamics and adsorbate fluctionality

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures probes the intrinsic linewidths of vibrational modes. Temperature dependent investigation of small ensembles reveals ultrafast vibrational relaxation dynamics, conformational heterogeneity, and single molecule fluctionality on the time scale of seconds.
Perforated Nongranulomatous Appendicitis in the Course of Regional Ileitis

Abstract The 1st case of ordinary appendicitis with perforation in a patient with regional ileitis is presented. Reasonable suspicion of this association would lead to earlier surgical intervention. This case also supports the indication for appendectomy at the time of surgical exploration when the diagnosis of ileitis is made.
QCD Factorization and Re-scattering in Proton-Nucleus Collisions

The extension of the factorization theorems of perturbative QCD to power corrections associated with re-scattering in nuclear collisions is reviewed. The importance of hadron-nucleus collisions is discussed.
Exogenous testosterone inhibits several forms of male parental behavior and stimulates song in a monogamous songbird: the blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius)

Natural variation in circulating testosterone is thought to play a role in creating inter- and intraspecific variation in paternal care in birds. Experimental elevation of plasma testosterone in males has reduced rates of male care in many species. However, a small number of studies suggest that male care is not inhibited by testosterone when there appears to be strong selection for male care. Both genetic monogamy and male incubation are thought to be the result of selection for biparental care, yet the sensitivity of male care to inhibition by T had not been examined in a species with both characteristics. Male blue-headed vireos have been shown to be strictly monogamous and provide extensive parental care, including incubation. Males received subcutaneous implants of testosterone, flutamide (an anti-androgen), or empty controls. Consistent with previous studies, testosterone treatment decreased the relative contribution to incubation by males and increased the average duration that the nest was left unattended during incubation, relative to control and flutamide treatments. The relative and absolute rates of feeding offspring and nest sanitation by T-treated males also decreased relative to controls. Flutamide-treated males incubated eggs and brooded young more than testosterone-treated males, with control males performing at intermediate values. Testosterone-treated males sang more often and at higher rates, and flutamide-treated males sang less often, than controls. These results demonstrate that even in a strictly monogamous songbird with biparental incubation, all forms of paternal care remain sensitive to elevated plasma testosterone, suggesting a shift from parental effort to mating effort.
The Fractalkine/CX3CR1 System Regulates β Cell Function and Insulin Secretion

Summary Here, we demonstrate that the fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 system represents a regulatory mechanism for pancreatic islet β cell function and insulin secretion. CX3CR1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited a marked defect in glucose and GLP1-stimulated insulin secretion, and this defect was also observed in vitro in isolated islets from CX3CR1 KO mice. In vivo administration of FKN improved glucose tolerance with an increase in insulin secretion. In vitro treatment of islets with FKN increased intracellular Ca 2+ and potentiated insulin secretion in both mouse and human islets. The KO islets exhibited reduced expression of a set of genes necessary for the fully functional, differentiated β cell state, whereas treatment of wild-type (WT) islets with FKN led to increased expression of these genes. Lastly, expression of FKN in islets was decreased by aging and high-fat diet/obesity, suggesting that decreased FKN/CX3CR1 signaling could be a mechanism underlying β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
21 Tesla Rat Heart Magnetic Resonance Microimaging by Paramagnetic Anti-Troponin Bound Polyethylene Based Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles and Image Processing

21T MR microimaging with the first use of troponin nanoparticles enhances the visualization of cardiac muscle fibers and offers technical advancement for the future. Diffusion weighting offers fiber tracking and functional analysis. Image processing offers heart probabilistic atlas and maps.http://www.ismrm.org/10/program/ELECTRONICPOSTERS.htm
Colon cancer with metastasis to the ovary at time of initial diagnosis

Colon cancer with a synchronous ovarian metastasis is occasionally diagnosed at the time of laparotomy for a pelvic mass. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the clinical presentation as well as the impact of the type of metastatic spread and surgical intervention on overall survival. We reviewed charts of 23 patients treated between 1980 and 1995. Pain was the initial symptom in 14 patients (61%), with only four patients (17%) complaining of rectal bleeding, but with five patients (22%) complaining of uterine bleeding. At the time of laparotomy, the ovarian capsule was intact in 12 patients. Metastatic disease to the peritoneum was seen in seven patients and to the liver in six patients. On pathological evaluation, the median ovarian tumor size was 10 cm, significantly larger than the median colon tumor size of 4.5 cm. Surgical treatment consisted of colon resection in all but one patient, bilateral or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 22 patients, and hysterectomy in nine patients. Only one patient survived 5 years. Sixteen patients died of colon cancer. The median survival time was 17.8 months, ranging from 1 to 86 months. Tumor size was of no prognostic importance. Median survival time of patients with peritoneal disease (10.8 months) was significantly shorter compared to patients without peritoneal disease (25.2 months). In the presence of liver metastasis, the median survival time was, likewise, significantly reduced from 20.1 months to 8.1 months. In conclusion, macroscopic metastatic disease to the ovary is a poor prognostic factor in colon cancer. In selected patients who can be rendered disease-free by surgery, prolonged survival is possible and an aggressive approach is recommended. Survival of patients with peritoneal disease or liver metastasis is short and a mainly palliative approach is recommended.
Antithrombin III deficiency in pregnancy

Abstract Thromboembolism is one of the most significant and common medical problems occurring during pregnancy. Some pregnant women are at a higher risk of thromboembolism because of inheritable hypercoagulable states. Antithrombin III deficiency is one of the inheritable coagulable states that may lead to an increase in thromboembolism during pregnancy. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition and should be thought of when a patient gives a personal history or a strong family history of thromboembolism. Treatment consists of anticoagulation with Heparin throughout pregnancy until delivery at which time the patient can be managed with either Heparin or Antithrombin III concentrates. Women with Antithrombin III deficiency during pregnancy should be counseled regarding the risks of transmission to their offspring.
Social Welfare Functions for Economic Environments with and without the Pareto Principle

It is shown for the case of private goods economies that every social welfare function satisfying a weak nonimposition condition and the independence of irrelevant alternatives axiom is of one of the following forms. It is either null, or the class of decisive coalitions is an ultrafilter, or the class of anti-decisive coalitions is an ultrafilter. In the case of a private goods economy with finitely many traders, the latter conditions imply the existence of either a dictator or anti-dictator. By requiring the Pareto principle as well, it is easily seen that the social welfare function must be dictatorial.
Metal/overlayer and encaged carbonyl cluster catalysis

Abstract Two classes of metal catalyzed reactions are described to which the classical Langmuir–Hinshelwood or Eley–Rideal mechanisms do not apply. In one class the metal is partially covered with an overlayer, for instance a hydrocarbonaceous deposit. Hydrogen transfer from this layer to adsorbed intermediates is followed by migration of H atoms from the metal surface to the overlayer. When unsaturated molecules are fed with an excess of D2, this situation results in the initial formation of hydrogenation products with a much lower D/H ratio than the feed. If the overlayer contains asymmetric sites, molecules with prochiral C atoms are hydrogenated to a product with significant enantiomeric excess, i.e. the product carries the geometric imprint of overlayer groups. A second class of modified metal catalysts contains transition metal clusters in zeolite cavities. At high partial pressure of CO they are transformed to carbonyl clusters characterized by distinctive IR spectra. The transformation from metal-to-metal carbonyl clusters induces dramatic changes in activity and selectivity for catalytic reactions such as CO hydrogenation or olefin hydroformylation. With Rh/NaY the hydrogenation of CO can be directed towards preferential formation of acetic acid.
A guided bone regeneration technique for vertical bony augmentation in the maxilla

Vertical defects of the anterior alveolar crest limit esthetic and functional success of the implant supported prosthesis. Hard tissue grafting is often required before implant grafting. Although many techniques exist for hard tissue augmentation the outcome of vertical alveolar ridge augmentation is often unpredictable. Vertical bone augmentation historically has been a very difficult objective to complete. Due to soft tissue tension it often results in the displacement or complete resorbtion of the graft, dehiscence of the overlying soft tissue and subsequent loss of the graft. This case report describes a new approach to vertical alveolar ridge augmentation using a titanium mesh scaffold, Bio-GIde collagen membrane, and an admixture of cortico-cancellous anterior iliac crest bone and Bio-Oss xenograft material. The titanium mesh scaffold was used to establish and contain the desired height and bulk of the graft. The collagen membrane which was laid over the titanium mesh was used to isolate and seal the graft from the oral cavity as well and to prevent infiltration of granulation tissue into the hard tissue matrix. There was a small area of membrane perforation over the titanium mesh during the healing period. This area was noted to have some soft tissue infiltration and a small loss of graft material. The overall bulk and height of the graft under the mesh was maintained, and significant alveolar ridge height and bulk was achieved. The titanium scaffold technique showed promising initial results for vertical ridge height and bulk augmentation. It is a tool that can be used to augment large defects where other techniques may be less predictable. Our hypothesis is that if there were not a membrane perforation complete retention of the graft would have been achievable. This may be rectified in using a dual membrane or a thicker material. More cases and further study are needed to establish predictability and long-term retention of the graft.
Depletion of heavy rare-earth elements in metamorphic minerals from Adirondack anorthosites

Repartitioning of rare-earth elements (REE) during the Grenville granulite facies metamorphism of Adirondack anorthosite has produced metamorphic minerals depleted in the heavy REE relative to concentrations predicted by igneous partition coefficients. The heavy- REE depletion is observed in garnet-bearing metamorphosed anorthosites and results from closed-system repartitioning of REE among heavy-REE-rich garnet and other recrystallizing minerals. The resulting heavy-REE-depleted patterns contrast with primary igneous mineral patterns, which conform to predictions from igneous partition coefficients. Whole-rock REE patterns of Adirondack anorthosites are not affected by the local REE rearrangement. Anorthosite REE patterns reflect their primary igneous mineralogy and are independent of any secondary metamorphic minerals formed during the Grenville metamorphic event. Consequently, the REE did not move more than a few centimetres during the granulite facies metamorphism.
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene Chemiluminescence (TDE CL) Characterization of the CMC and the Viscosity of Reversed Microemulsions

A new technique for the characterization of reversed microemulsions based on tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDE) chemiluminescence (CL) has been explored. This method is based on the transport of quenching species from the continuous nonpolar phase to the interior of micelles. The emission intensity of TDE chemiluminescence was measured as a function of time for different concentrations of surfactant. These data were fit as an exponential decay, and the decay constant, k, was found. When k was plotted as a function of surfactant concentration, there was a clear change in the trend with surfactant concentration at a certain concentration; the concentration where this change occurred was concluded to be the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Using this method, the CMC of doctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) was evaluated in short-chain alkanes (including n-dodecane, n-decane, n-octane, n-heptane, and isooctane), cyclohexane, and mineral oil (light), while the CMCs of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (...
Spatial patterning of cell proliferation and differentiation depends on mechanical stress magnitude

Mechanical stress has been proposed as a major regulator of tissue morphogenesis; however, it remains unclear what is the exact mechanical signal that leads to local tissue pattern formation. We explored this question by using a micropatterned cell aggregate model in which NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were cultured on micropatterned adhesive islands and formed cell aggregates (or "cell islands") of triangular, square, and circular shapes. We found that the cell islands generated high levels of mechanical stresses at their perimeters compared to their inner regions. Regardless of the shape of cell islands, the mechanical stress patterns corresponded to both cell proliferation and differentiation patterns, meaning that high level of cell proliferation and differentiation occurred at the locations where mechanical stresses were also high. When mechanical stretching was applied to cell islands to elevate overall mechanical stress magnitudes, cell proliferation and differentiation generally increased with the relatively higher mechanical stresses, but neither cell proliferation nor differentiation patterns followed the new mechanical stress pattern. Thus, our findings indicate that a certain range of mechanical stress magnitudes, termed window stress threshold, drives formation of cell proliferation and differentiation patterns and hence possibly functions as a morphogenetic cue for local tissue pattern formation in vivo.
Measurement Practice in Intensive and Special Adult Probation

As part of a recent national study of intensive and special adult probation projects (i.e., innovative probation efforts that seek either to achieve a substantial reduction in caseload or to offer unique probation services, or both) evaluation reports from 28 such projects were obtained and analyzed. This paper describes the state of art in measurement practice found in that review. Approaches and problems are discussed for all types of measures encountered, including process measures, outcome measures, and costl benefit measures.
Amino acid supplementation and exercise performance : analysis of the proposed ergogenic value

Increasing the relative amount of protein in the diet of athletes has been suggested to optimise anabolic processes and improve both physiological responses to training and performance. While energy balance studies generally support the concept that athletes may require additional protein in their diets in comparison with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), most sport nutritionists contend that as long as athletes maintain energy balance and ingest 15% of their total caloric intake in the form of protein, additional supplementation of protein is not necessary. Recently, amino acids have become a popular nutritional supplement marketed to athletes. In strength athletes, amino acid supplementation has been proposed to increase the availability of essential amino acids, enhance anabolic processes promoting tissue accretion, and accelerate the rate of recovery during training. In endurance athletes, amino acid supplementation has been proposed to improve physiological and psychological responses during endurance exercise and training. There appears to be little scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that amino acid supplementation may enhance the physiological responses to strength training when athletes consume dietary protein within the recommended guidelines. Results of the effects of amino acid supplementation on the physiological and psychological responses to endurance exercise are preliminary. However, the findings suggest that amino acid supplementation with carbohydrate before, during and after exercise may alter the ratio of free tryptophan to branch-chained amino acids. Further research is required before definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the proposed ergogenic value of amino acid supplementation.
The examination of toxaphene by gas chromatography.

Considerable data have been published as tables on the retenution times of various pesticides obtained by gas chromatography. Such data usually includes three or more “peaks” (or retention-time values) for the insecticide toxaphene. The paucity of published gas chromatographic curves on toxaphene, alone or in combination with other pesticides, can be explained by the con-tinuum-like curves reproduced in Figure 1. The difficulty in classifying this type of curve qualitatively and estimating the amount quantitatively is obvious.
Associations of Childhood Religious Attendance, Family Structure, and Nonmarital Fertility Across Cohorts

This article considers associations among childhood family structure, childhood religious service attendance, and the probability of having a nonmarital first birth before age 30 for non-Hispanic White women born 1944 to 1964 using data from the 1988 and 1995 waves of the National Survey of Family Growth (N = 5,995). We found that attending religious services weekly during childhood and growing up in a 2-biological-parent family were associated with lower odds of having had a nonmarital first birth. These associations were quite stable across cohorts, although religious attendance was less associated with nonmarital fertility for the youngest cohort. We estimate that changes in these childhood experiences account for 22% of the increase in nonmarital first births across these cohorts.
Plasma surface functionalization of poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] films and nanofibers.

Polyphosphazenes are a class of hybrid organic−inorganic macromolecules with high thermo-oxidative stability and good solubility in many solvents. Fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymers also have high surface hydrophobicity. A method is described to tune this surface property while maintaining the advantageous bulk materials characteristics. The polyphosphazene single-substituent polymer, poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene], with flat film, fiber mat, or bead mat morphology was surface functionalized using an atmospheric plasma treatment with oxygen, nitrogen, methane, or tetrafluoromethane/hydrogen gases. Surface chemistry changes were detected by static water contact angle (WCA) measurements as well as X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that changes in the WCA of as much as 150° occurred, accompanied by shifts in the ratio of elements on the polymer surface as detected by XPS. Overall this plasma technique provides a convenient method for the generation of specific surface characteristics ...
Crystal and molecular structure of the amylose–DMSO complex

The crystal and molecular structure of the complex of amylose with dimethyl sulfoxide has been studied by a combination of stereochemical analysis, potential energy, and X-ray diffraction methods. The complex crystallizes in a pseudotetragonal unit cell with a = b = 19.17 A and c (fiber axis) = 24.39 A, with two antiparallel chains per unit cell and space group P212121. The amylose chain is a left-handed 61(1.355) helix with three turns per crystallographic repeat. The O(6) rotational position is approximately gt. Dimethyl sulfoxide is located inside the helix with one DMSO molecule for every three glucose residues. An additional four DMSO molecules and eight water molecules each are located in the large interstices between chains, and it is the interaction of these molecules with the helix that results in the pseudotetragonal chain packing. The interstitial DMSO is the source of the previously reported additional layer lines, which are not consistent with the 8.13-A amylose repeat distance. The final R factor for the layers with amylose contribution to the structure factors was 0.29, while the overall R factor was 0.35. The stereochemical packing analysis provided suitable phasing models for the subsequent X-ray refinement.
Extensibility Characteristics of the Human Cheek: A Pilot Study

Force displacement curves of the cheek in an edentulous area in the maxillary bicuspid-molar region on ten adults evidenced three segments: a power function, a plateau, and an exponential function. The plateau suggested an area in which the cheek could be displaced with no increase in force. The resting force was 1.54 g to 4.61 g. The cheek can be modeled by a fluid-filled double elastic membrane system.
Flooding in vivo as research tool and treatment method for phobias: a preliminary report.

LOODING IN VW0 is a method of treating phobias by rapid exposure in real life to the feared object or situation, maintaining maximum tolerable anxiety until it begins to diminish, then continuing closer and closer exposure until the patient or client is comfortable in the situation which was previously feared.‘vZ Informally, flooding in vivo is one of the most ancient of therapeutic methods, i.e., overcoming one’s fears by facing them. Interestingly, one of its first public proposals by a mental health professional came from Freud3 in 1919. writing that the analysis of a phobia could only go so far without insisting that the patient enter the feared situation and struggle with the anxiety in real life. Though he did not use the term “flooding,” Guthrie” published several anecdotal accounts of successful application of the procedure. Systematic research on flooding under its current name was begun in the late 1960’s by Marks and his colleagues at the Maudsley Institute in London.1s2.5,6 These early investigations showed flooding to be safe, effective, and acceptable to patients, in spite of the intense anxiety which it arouses. It may in fact be the most rapid and effective of all available methods for treating phobias.’ While a rapid and efficient method of treating phobias would be a noteworthy advance, this alone would be of limited import, since, from a public health standpoint, phobias are among the lesser problems facing psychiatry. However, the significance of flooding may not be limited to this. Several of its characteristics make it more researchable than almost any other procedure in psychiatry. It is intense, rapid, simple, and tied specifically to a definable and controllable stimulus situation. In psychiatry, clinical events with these properties are rare indeed. Among the phenomena occurring during flooding and offering themselves for systematic investigation, are: (1) anxiety: for experimental analysis by psychological, physiological, and pharmacological approaches; (2) other reactions by patients; (3) psychotherapeutic change: allowing investigation of biological and psychosocial factors effecting its rate, quality, and durability; and (4) therapist behavior and therapist-patient interaction. The generality of findings arising from the study of flooding must of course be evaluated. If, as is often said, all psychotherapeutic methods have a common
Lacrimal gland as the major source of mouse tear factors that are cytotoxic to corneal keratocytes

Abstract We have previously shown that mouse tears are cytotoxic to the corneal keratocytes. Since tear components are derived from both lacrimal tissues and ocular surface epithelium, we sought to determine the source of the cytotoxic factors in the mouse tear fluid. Cytotoxicity to keratocytes was assessed by an ex vivo assay using an isolated eye; after treatment with test samples, segmentation and disappearance of stromal nuclei were determined by DAPI nuclear staining. Following biological tissues and fluids were examined either directly or after preincubation at 37°C for 2–15 hr: extraorbital lacrimal gland (ELG), intraorbital lacrimal gland (ILG), Harderian gland, Meibomian gland, corneal epithelium, bulbar conjunctiva, palpebral conjunctiva, serum, aqueous humor, and lacrimal fluid collected from a secretory duct of ELG. Under the ex vivo assay conditions, ELG and ILG, with or without preincubation, exhibited a cytotoxic effect comparable to that of diluted tears. Lacrimal fluid collected from an ELG duct was similarly effective. These specimens triggered nuclear segmentation that is typical of apoptotic nuclei. All other specimens showed no effect on stromal nuclei under the identical conditions. In some animals, ELG was surgically removed and the tear cytotoxicity was examined in vivo. The tear cytotoxicity in these animals was lost after the surgery, indicating an involvement of ELG, but it was restored 4–24 hr afterward, suggesting a compensatory role of ILG. These results suggest that ELG and ILG are the major sources of tear factors that are cytotoxic to the keratocytes in the mouse.
First Report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina.

Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades nea...
Cytoplasmic tail motifs mediate endoplasmic reticulum localization and export of transmembrane reporters in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii

In mammalian cells and yeasts, amino acid motifs in the cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane proteins play a prominent role in protein targeting in the early secretory pathway by mediating localization to or rapid export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, early sorting events are poorly characterized in protozoan parasites. Here, we show that a C-terminal QKTT sequence mediates the ER localization of chimeric reporter constructs consisting of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) fused to the transmembrane domain (TMD) and truncated cytoplasmic tail of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL) receptor or of murine lysosome-associated membrane protein (lamp-1) in Toxoplasma gondii. The cytoplasmic tail of human TGN46 also determines ER localization of BAP chimeras in the parasite, but this can be overcome by the addition at the C-terminus of the tail of an acidic patch, which functions as an ER export signal in conjunction with an upstream tyrosine motif. These results suggest that COPI-dependent ER retrieval and COPII-dependent export mechanisms mediated by KKXX and DXE motifs of mammalian cells are generally conserved in T. gondii. In contrast, the failure of the QKTT motif and TGN46 cytoplasmic tail to induce steady-state ER localization of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) chimeras in HeLa and NRK cells indicates that significant differences in early secretory trafficking also exist.
The Implications of Expanded School Choice

The determinants of school choice have significant implications for a variety of public policies including the impact of school vouchers. This article presents a conceptual and empirical model of individual-level school choice over public in-district and transfer schooling, religious private and nonreligious private school ing, and home schooling. Using a unique survey data set for the state of Tennessee, the authors estimate the impact of own- and cross-price elasticities on the actual schooling choice measured by school district within the state. They find that these elasticities are important determinants of school choice. Using the empirical results, simulations suggest that a hypothetical $500 school voucher would reduce public school enrollment in city school districts by 8%.
Defensive responding and leverpress topography compatibility: Effects of shock intensity, S-S interval, and lever position

The degree of compatibility between defensive responding and leverpress topography was investigated. Rats were trained to leverpress on a Sidman avoidance schedule for one 60-min session. Measures of defensive responding (jumping and rearing) were recorded during initial training. Shock intensity (.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mA) and S-S interval (1, 3, and 5 sec) were varied in Experiment 1. S-S interval had no effect on defensive responding or on performance. Rate of jumping was an increasing function of intensity only at lower intensities. Both jumping and rearing were significantly correlated with leverpressing. Shock intensity (1.0 and 2.0 mA) and lever position (3.02 and 16.83 cm) were varied in Experiment 2. Response rate was an increasing function of intensity at the high lever position but not at the low position. Correlations between rearing and leverpressing, and between jumping and leverpressing, were not significant for either lever position. Bolles’ (1970) theory of species-specific defense reactions was invoked to account for initial facilitated performance.
Three regions of HIV-1 gp160 contain clusters of immunodominant CTL epitopes.

HIV-1 infection stimulates a strong CTL response that coincides with resolution of viremia in acute infection and declines with development of opportunistic infections. Recognition of HIV gp160 by PBMC-derived T cell lines from 20 HIV-infected subjects is dominated by the response to a small number of peptide epitopes. Overlapping CTL epitopes restricted by multiple MHC Class I elements were identified in 3 relatively conserved regions of gp160 (amino acids 49-68, 591-600 and 844-863). CTL from five of 20 subjects recognized three overlapping immunodominant epitopes in the 49-68 a.a. region restricted by A24, B38, and B55. CTL from four subjects recognized at least three distinct epitopes in a.a 591-600 in the context of A24, B8, B14, and B27. CTL from seven subjects recognized epitopes within a.a. 844-863 restricted by A30, B7, B8 and B35.