cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting the visualization and forensic analysis of network events

The flow of traffic among computers on the Internet, the exchange of goods and services between countries, or the propagation of an epidemic in a population are all examples of causally connected measurable events in a network. Understanding the behavior of such networks often requires the ability to discover temporal connections among the events in a large data set. The problem is that relevant events are hard to identify automatically, so the investigator must organize events into a narrative sequence by hand. The investigation process often requires backtracking and multiple comparisons, which is not well supported by current tools. This dissertation contributes new interactive visualization techniques for analyzing, organizing, and presenting network event data at multiple levels of detail for the purpose of forensic analysis - tracking down causal sequences of importance. The first contribution is a technique that supports event analysis, called progressive multiples. We combine ideas from progressive disclosure, which reveals data to the user on demand, small multiples, which allows users to compare many images at once, and Bertin's reorderable matrices. Analyzing events requires inspecting the communication history of the network and the ability to change the investigative focus through pivoting. Dynamic event plots and timelines provide visual recognition of temporal patterns and comparisons through juxtaposition. Affordances are provided to explore the space of events. A structured layout provides a history of exploration and supports backtracking. Our techniques are instantiated in a system for network incident investigation, Isis, which we validated with a long-term collaboration and deployment with the principal network analyst of the EE and CS departments at Stanford University. The second contribution is a technique for automatically generating flow maps, which present summaries of network topology and behavior at a higher level than event plots and timelines. Carto-graphers have long used flow maps to show the movement of objects from one location to another. Hierarchical clustering is used to generate the maps much faster than was previously possible. Our technique has been adopted by a diverse group of users to depict the flow of computer networks, documents, and international ecological trade.
Average Overlap Frequency: A simple metric to evaluate staining quality and community identification in high dimensional mass cytometry experiments

High dimensional cytometry now allows measurement of over 50 parameters in a single sample, and is typically visualized using sophisticated dimensionality-reducing methods and analyzed with automated clustering algorithms. While these tools facilitate the identification and presentation of key findings, it remains challenging to effectively monitor and report the staining quality of individual markers. We present the Average Overlap Frequency (AOF), a simple and efficient metric to evaluate and quantify the robustness of staining and clustering quality in high-dimensional data. We leverage the AOF to compare and determine the optimal storage conditions for stained whole blood samples prior to mass cytometry analysis. We also show that the AOF can be easily incorporated as part of automated analysis pipelines in large scale immune monitoring studies and used to flag and exclude samples with poor staining quality. We propose that the AOF may be incorporated as an essential quality control metric to better identify and report the underlying sample quality in all CyTOF and other high-dimensional cytometry experiments.
B cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder that affects an estimated 30 million people worldwide. It is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells by the immune system, which leads to lifelong dependency on exogenous insulin and imposes an enormous burden on patients and health-care resources. T1DM is also associated with an increased risk of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), further contributing to the burden of this disease. Although T cells are largely considered to be responsible for β-cell destruction in T1DM, increasing evidence points towards a role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. B cell-depletion, for example, delays disease progression in patients with newly diagnosed T1DM. Loss of tolerance of islet antigen-reactive B cells occurs early in disease and numbers of pancreatic CD20+ B cells correlate with β-cell loss. Although the importance of B cells in T1DM is increasingly apparent, exactly how these cells contribute to disease and its comorbidities, such as DKD, is not well understood. Here we discuss the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM and how these cells are activated during disease development. Finally, we speculate on how B cells might contribute to the development of DKD.
E-band reflection-type phase shifter with uniform insertion loss

An 81–86 GHz reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) with uniform insertion-loss (IL) for E-Band phased array transceivers is reported in this paper. The RTPS is based on two loaded couplers and implemented in 120 nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The 6-bit phase shifter achieves >195° phase variation across the upper E-band with less than ±0.5 dB insertion loss variation over all phase states. The measured IL at 84 GHz is 7.4±0.15 dB. Measured RMS gain and phase error are less than 0.2 dB and 2°, respectively, across 81–86 GHz. The IC occupies area of 350 × 700 μm2.
Pediatric Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Glands

Carcinoma of the minor salivary glands is an uncommon lesion in children. However, due to the greater proportion of malignancies in salivary gland masses of children as compared to adults, a high degree of suspicion is warranted. Questionable lesions should be biopsied, and a diagnosis aggressively pursued. Wide local excision is the treatment of choice for mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the minor salivary glands, and radiation therapy should be considered in select cases.
Social Origins of Depressive Cognitions: A Longitudinal Study of Self-Perceived Competence in Children

As part of a 4-year longitudinal investigation, over 631 elementary school children evaluated themselves in five developmentally important domains: academic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, and sports competence. In cross-sectional and prospective analyses, self-appraisals were significantly predicted by teachers', parents', and peers' appraisals in the same domains. The strength of this relation and the stability of self-appraisals increased over time. Longitudinal analyses also revealed that self-perceived competence was negatively related to later levels of self-reported depressive symptoms.
Variations in Neonatal Antibiotic Use

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify whether and how the NICU antibiotic use rate (AUR), clinical correlates, and practice variation changed between 2013 and 2016 and attempted to identify AUR ranges that are consistent with objectively determined bacterial and/or fungal disease burdens. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of >54 000 neonates annually at >130 California NICUs from 2013 to 2016, we computed nonparametric linear correlation and compared AURs among years using a 2-sample test of proportions. We stratified by level of NICU care and participation in externally organized stewardship efforts. RESULTS: By 2016, the overall AUR declined 21.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.9%–22.0%), reflecting 42 960 fewer antibiotic days. Among NICUs in externally organized antibiotic stewardship efforts, the AUR declined 28.7% (95% CI 28.6%–28.8%) compared with 16.2% (95% CI 16.1%–16.2%) among others. The intermediate NICU AUR range narrowed, but the distribution of values did not shift toward lower values as it did for other levels of care. The 2016 AUR correlated neither with proven infection nor necrotizing enterocolitis. The 2016 regional NICU AUR correlated with surgical volume (ρ = 0.53; P = .01), mortality rate (ρ = 0.57; P = .004), and average length of stay (ρ = 0.62; P = .002) and was driven by 3 NICUs with the highest AUR values (30%–57%). CONCLUSIONS: Unexplained antibiotic use has declined but continues. Currently measured clinical correlates generally do not help explain AUR values that are above the lowest quartile cutpoint of 14.4%.
Simulation Modeling Cyber Threats, Risks, and Prevention Costs

Money spent on cybersecurity doesn't easily translate into an increase in an organization's operational success or increase in revenues and profitability. However, an organization suffering from a cyber-attack could incur significant additional costs which can detrimentally impact an organization trivially or catastrophically. This paper introduces a simulation model for analyzing the effectiveness versus cost of cyber security options. The outcomes of this study is a simulation model using state charts capable of running a configurable attack scenario several times for a specified enterprise network and threat. Given publicly available information our findings after running a phishing attack on a departmental workstation with the internal network's domain controller as the final target revealed that the overall success rate of a phishing attack reaching any node in a “generic enterprise” architecture is 20%, with less than 0% of the attacks reaching the intended target.
Scintillator Characterization Measurements for Neutron Imaging in Inertial Confinement Fusion

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Advanced Imaging team is currently in the process of designing a novel neutron imaging system for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The team has been providing 2D neutron imaging of the burning fusion fuel at NIF for years, revealing possible multi-dimensional asymmetries in the fuel shape of the inertial confinement fusion reactions, and therefore calling for additional views along new lines of sight. The selection of an ideal scintillator material for a position-sensitive detector system is the key component for the new design. The new imaging system will require several technological challenges to be met: high spatial resolution, high light output, and fast scintillator response to capture a primary fusion neutron image as well as lower-energy down-scattered neutrons. A comprehensive study of advanced scintillator materials has been carried out at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center and the OMEGA Laser Facility in Rochester, NY. Neutron radiography using a fast-gated CCD camera system delivers resolution and light output measurements. We conclude the feasibility of a monolithic scintillator over a pixelated counterpart, and present the first resolution measurement of a deuterated plastic scintillator - a promising candidate for the new design.
Origins of growth deficiencies in cystic fibrosis

The majority of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), primarily those with CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) class I, II or III mutations, have pancreatic insufficiency and protein/fat malabsorption requiring nutritional management and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.1 While the focus of CF treatment over the last 50 years has been on lung disease, the relationship between nutrition (as reflected by weight) and life expectancy in people with CF has long been appreciated. Infants who achieve a weight z-score at 2 years of age that is at or above their birth weight z-score have significantly better lung function at age 6,2 and low weight for age and weight for length during early childhood is a risk factor for early mortality.3 4 Implementation of CF newborn screening, along with high-calorie nutrition interventions and pancreatic enzyme replacement, has led to significantly improved growth parameters in children with CF over the last few decades.5 6 Malabsorption, in combination with increased metabolic expenditures related to lung disease, is the most obvious cause of poor growth in CF. Nutritional interventions have been able to achieve a relative normalisation of weight but have been less successful at preventing or reversing stunting. Only 32% of children diagnosed by newborn screening in the Wisconsin Randomized Clinical Trial achieved target mid-parental height by puberty7; in 2012, the year of that analysis, 54% of children 2–19 years of age in the CF Foundation national registry were above the 50th percentile for body mass index.8 Infants participating in the Baby Observational and Nutritional Study showed an increase in their weight z-score, but a decrease in length z-score during their first year of life, and nearly twice as many (24%) were below the 10th percentile for length than were below the 10th percentile for weight (24%). It appears …
Aryl Carbamates: Mechanisms of Orthosodiations and Snieckus-Fries Rearrangements.

Aryl carbamates are orthometalated by sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting arylsodiums undergo Snieckus–Fries rearrangement to give orthoacylated phenols in good yield. ...
Localized Rendering of Button Click Sensation via Active Lateral Force Feedback

We have developed a novel button click rendering mechanism based on active lateral force feedback. The effect can be localized because electroadhesion between a finger and a surface can be localized. We did psychophysical experiments to evaluate the quality of a rendered button click, which subjects judged to be acceptable. We can thus generate a button click on a flat surface without macroscopic motion of the surface in the lateral or normal direction, and we can localize this haptic effect to an individual finger. This mechanism is promising for touch-typing keyboard rendering (“multi-click”).
Shared decision making in IBD: A novel approach to trial consent and timing.

Abstract Background Shared decision making (SDM) between families and physicians may facilitate informed, timely decisions to proceed with biologic therapy in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our team previously developed an SDM tool to aid communication between physicians and families when considering biologic therapy for children with IBD. Objective We are conducting a prospective, pre-post pilot trial of a new SDM tool. The primary aim of the study is to assess feasibility of both the intervention and trial procedures for a future large-scale trial. Methods We are enrolling physicians with experience prescribing biologic therapy in the past year and families of children with IBD. Families in the intervention arm receive a 3-step intervention including a letter sent before trial consent or clinic appointment, an in-clinic decision tool and a follow-up phone call. Our primary trial outcome is a measure of feasibility, with measures of clinical and decision outcomes secondary. We seek to enroll 27 families in each of 2 arms (usual-care and intervention) and plan data collection at the time of the initial visit or hospital stay, and at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after the initial visit. Conclusion This study protocol is designed to demonstrate that integrating novel consent procedures, including timing and multiple versions of written consent, may increase trial feasibility while maintaining scientific rigor and full protection of study participants.
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 9 and 4/6 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a promising therapeutic approach

Introduction: Despite advancements over the last 2 years, outcomes for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are poor; however, a greater comprehension of disease mechanisms has driven the investigation of ...
Defenders of Freedom or Perpetrators and Facilitators of Crimes? Beyond Progressive Retreatism in the Trump Era

ABSTRACTHeavily influenced by broad definitions of crime developed by a few pioneering critical criminologists, the main objective of this article is to provide evidence showing that the current Tr...
Expertise in Applied Studio Teaching: Teachers Working with Multiple Levels of Learners.

One-to-one lessons are ubiquitous in music education, and thus understanding the components of effective teaching in this environment is essential for student learning. This study explored whether ...
Surface Termination of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Determined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have gained significant attention as next-generation optoelectronic materials; however, their properties are highly dependent on their surface chemistry. The surfaces of cuboidal CsPbBr3 QDs have been intensively studied by both theoretical and experimental techniques, but fundamental questions still remain about the atomic termination of the QDs. The binding sites and modes of ligands at the surface remain unproven. Herein, we demonstrate that solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows the unambiguous assignment of organic surface ligands via 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR. Surface-selective 133Cs solid-state NMR spectra show the presence of an additional 133Cs NMR signal with a unique chemical shift that is attributed to Cs atoms terminating the surface of the particle and which are likely coordinated by carboxylate ligands. Dipolar dephasing curves that report on the distance between the surface ammonium ligands and Cs and Pb were recorded using double resonance 1H{133Cs} RESPDOR and 1H{207Pb} S-REDOR experiments. Model QD surface slabs with different possible surface terminations were generated from the CsPbBr3 crystal structure, and theoretical dipolar dephasing curves considering all possible 1H-133Cs/207Pb spin pairs were then calculated. Comparison of the calculated and experimental dephasing curves indicates the particles are CsBr terminated (not PbBr2 terminated) with alkylammonium ligands substituting into some surface Cs sites, consistent with the surface-selective 133Cs NMR experiments. These results highlight the utility of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy for studying ligand binding and the surface structure of nanomaterials.
A new learning paradigm: Learning using privileged information

In the Afterword to the second edition of the book "Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data" by V. Vapnik, an advanced learning paradigm called Learning Using Hidden Information (LUHI) was introduced. This Afterword also suggested an extension of the SVM method (the so called SVM γ + method) to implement algorithms which address the LUHI paradigm (Vapnik, 1982-2006, Sections 2.4.2 and 2.5.3 of the Afterword). See also (Vapnik, Vashist, & Pavlovitch, 2008, 2009) for further development of the algorithms. In contrast to the existing machine learning paradigm where a teacher does not play an important role, the advanced learning paradigm considers some elements of human teaching. In the new paradigm along with examples, a teacher can provide students with hidden information that exists in explanations, comments, comparisons, and so on. This paper discusses details of the new paradigm 1 and corresponding algorithms, introduces some new algorithms, considers several specific forms of privileged information, demonstrates superiority of the new learning paradigm over the classical learning paradigm when solving practical problems, and discusses general questions related to the new ideas.
A novel model of care in anticoagulation management

For over 60 years, warfarin has been the treatment of choice in the prevention of strokes and other thromboembolic events. In recent years, a new class of Novel Oral Anticoagulant (NOAC) medication has become available, leaving clinicians and health system payors to question whether warfarin continues to have a place in therapy. This article argues that it may not be the medication that should be in question but instead the systems in place to manage anticoagulation for the patients who need it. Usual Care (UC) for warfarin management has traditionally required multiple healthcare visits, blood collection visits, and laboratory analysis of International Normalized Ratio (INR) with results to then later be relayed to the patient along with dosage adjustments. The article reviews a new model of care, Community Pharmacist-led Anticoagulation Management Service (CPAMS), in which patients receive a point-of-care INR test along with a pharmacist assessment at a pharmacy and results within minutes. Pharmacists then prescribe dosage adjustments immediately, counsel patients, and provide supporting adherence tools such as a colourful picture-based dosing calendar, created by the decision support tool, INR Online. The Nova Scotia CPAMS Demonstration Project shows that this model will result in efficiencies for healthcare providers and optimal anticoagulation with improved time in therapeutic range outcomes for patients. In addition, the CPAMS Costing Study finds the model to be a cost-effective solution for health systems when compared to UC for warfarin as well as NOAC patients.
Benchmarking failure mode and effects analysis of electronic brachytherapy with data from incident learning systems

Abstract Purpose Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a prospective risk assessment tool for identifying failure modes in equipment or processes and informing the design of quality control systems. This work aims to benchmark the performance of FMEAs for electronic brachytherapy (eBT) of the skin and for breast by comparing predicted versus actual failure modes reported in multiple incident learning systems (ILS). Methods and Materials Two public and our institution's internal ILS were queried for Xoft Axxent eBT-related events over 9 years. The failure modes and Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) were taken from FMEAs previously performed for Xoft eBT of nonmelanoma skin cancer and breast intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). For each event, the treatment site and primary failure mode was compared with the failure modes and RPNs from that site's FMEA. Results 49 events involving Xoft eBT were identified. Thirty-one (63.3%) involved breast IORT, and 18 (36.7%) involved the skin. Three events could not be linked to an FMEA failure mode. In 87.7% of events, the primary failure mode ranked in the FMEA top 10 by RPNs. In 83.3% of skin events, the failure modes ranked in the top 10 by RPN or severity. In 90.3% of IORT events, the failure modes ranked within the top 10 by RPN or severity. Conclusions Evaluating FMEA failure modes against ILS data demonstrates that FMEA is effective at predicting failure modes but can be dependent on user experience. ILS data can improve FMEA by identifying potential failure modes and suggesting realistic occurrence, detectability, and severity values.
The potential for energy savings in U.S. houses by using isothermal dehumidification

Potential energy savings achievable by using isothermal dehumidification instead of conventional air conditioning systems are modeled on a technology-agnostic basis. First, we use simple thermodyna...
Understanding Sources of Student Struggle in Early Computer Science Courses

Computer science students struggle in early computing courses as evinced by high failure rates and poor retention. As such, studies have attempted to characterize the root of student struggles from many perspectives, including cognitive, meta-cognitive, and social emotional. Typically, studies have limited their inquiry to a specific perspective or a single course. This paper reports the results of a broad student experience survey conducted across several computer science courses. Through a periodic survey, students rated various cognitive, socio-emotional, external, personal, and structural barriers in terms of how much each impacted their learning throughout the term. An exploratory factor analysis of these questions revealed four factors—personal obligations, lack of sense of belonging, in-class confusion, and lack of confidence—that capture a range of possible struggles students may face. We analyzed the prevalence of these factors across courses, performance quartiles, and demographic groups broken down by gender, race/ethnicity, and matriculation status. Students in lower performance quartiles report higher stress levels on multiple factors, with statistically significant differences found between all quartiles and courses, for most factors. Moreover, students from traditionally underrepresented groups report struggling more across all four factors, suggesting that they may be facing more challenges than classmates from represented populations. Overall, these findings indicate that student struggles are associated with stresses from many areas of their lives, suggesting that future interventions should target multiple areas of stress.
Scalable nanomanufacturing of chalcogenide inks: a case study on thermoelectric V–VI nanoplates

Solution-processed semiconducting main-group chalcogenides (MMCs) have attracted increasing research interest for next-generation device technologies owing to their unique nanostructures and superior properties. To achieve the full potential of MMCs, the development of highly universal, scalable, and sustainable synthesis and processing methods of chalcogenide particles is thus becoming progressively more important. Here we studied scalable factors for the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) V–VI chalcogenide nanoplates (M2Q3 : M = Sb, Bi; Q = Se, Te) and systematically investigated their colloidal behaviour and chemical stability. Based on a solvent engineering technique, we demonstrated scale-up syntheses of MMCs up to a 900% increase of batch size compared with conventional hydrazine-based gram-level syntheses, and such a scalable approach is highly applicable to various binary and ternary MMCs. Furthermore, we studied the stability of printable chalcogenide nanoparticle inks with several formulation factors including solvents, additives, and pH values, resulting in inks with high chemical stability (>4 months). As a proof of concept, we applied our solution-processed chalcogenide particles to multiple additive manufacturing methods, confirming the high printability and processability of MMC inks. The ability to combine the top-down designing freedom of additive manufacturing with bottom-up scalable synthesis of chalcogenide particles promises great opportunities for large-scale design and manufacturing of chalcogenide-based functional devices for broad application.
An infinitely descending chain of ground without a lower bound

Using only uncontentious principles from the logic of ground I construct an infinitely descending chain of ground without a lower bound. I then compare the construction to the constructions due to Dixon (forthcoming) and Rabin and Rabern (J Philos Log, 2015).
Cytochrome Synthesis and Its Regulation in Spirillum itersonii

Spirillum itersonii contains b- and c-type cytochromes as well as a carbon monoxide-binding pigment of the cytochrome o type. Synthesis of cytochromes b and c is increased by about two- and fourfold, respectively, when cells are transferred from high to low aeration. The increased concentration of cytochrome is not accompanied by an increase in the respiration rate of the cells. Both cytochrome b and cytochrome c are located in the particulate fraction of cells grown under high or low aeration, and both pigments are fully reducible by succinate. No evidence was found for the accumulation of the protein component of either cytochrome when synthesis of the prosthetic group was limited by iron deficiency, nor did heme or precursors accumulate when protein synthesis was prevented. It was therefore concluded that the formation of the heme prosthetic group is closely integrated with the synthesis of the protein moiety. δ-Aminolevulinate synthase was detected in extracts of the organism. Its activity was correlated with cytochrome synthesis; it was reduced by high aeration and increased under low aeration. The synthase was inhibited by hemin at concentrations of 10 μm or higher. The observations are consistent with a central role for the heme prosthetic group in the regulation of cytochrome synthesis.
Density peaks and large scale velocities.

The velocity dispersion of density extrema is calculated for a general fluctuation spectrum and is shown to be-smaller than for randomly selected points for most spectra by a factor 2/(n+3), where |δ k |2 =k n . This is valid for the peculiar velocity distribution of clusters of galaxies as well. Our location near the Virgo cluster changes the interpretation of the large scale velocity field measurements. The results imply that “biased” galaxy formation with cold dark matter has even more serious difficulties than previously suggested by Vittorio and Silk [1].
Protections for Transgender Employees

This Article discusses protections for transgender employee rights and how many transgender employees routinely face demotions, unfavorable conditions of employment, and even discriminatory terminations -- due not to job-related problems but to employers' discomfort with and animus against transgender people. The Author points out that although courts historically have found transgender people excluded from coverage under certain laws, developing case law supports the arguments of transgender employees who face workplace discrimination. **“This information or any portion thereof may not be copied or disseminated in any form or by any means or downloaded or stored in an electronic database or retrieval system without the express written consent of the American Bar Association.”
Software testing applications in a computer science curriculum

The traditional methods of testing both hardware and software within a product's lifecycle has evolved into various methodologies, some successful and others not so successful. These various strategies have grown in importance and the traditional phases of coding and then testing no longer have definitive boundaries. The traditional scenario of "design", code, and then "toss over the wall" for testing is no longer applicable. Henry Cogswell College, has responded to this importance of the testing process from industry in information technology with a new course entitled CS 472, Software Testing and Reliability. Prior to the introduction of this specialty course, software testing was covered only in a software engineering course. The goal of this course is to prepare students for software testing management, testing considerations, designing for testing, and exposure to these various methodologies. Various design techniques for product reliability, quality assurance, and applying various testing tools and methodologies are studied and applied in a classroom environment. The end result is to achieve a product that is reliable, effective, and produced at or under budget and also "on time". The application of automated test cases and the strengths and weakness of synergistic applications are also explored.
Migration, Modernity and Social Transformation in South Asia

Migration, Modernity and Social Transformation in South Asia. Filippo Osella and Katy Gardner, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004. 380 pp.
Graph Theory and Optimization Problems for Very Large Networks

Graph theory provides a primary tool for analyzing and designing computer communication networks. In the past few decades, Graph theory has been used to study various types of networks, including the Internet, wide Area Networks, Local Area Networks, and networking protocols such as border Gateway Protocol, Open shortest Path Protocol, and Networking Networks. In this paper, we present some key graph theory concepts used to represent different types of networks. Then we describe how networks are modeled to investigate problems related to network protocols. Finally, we present some of the tools used to generate graph for representing practical networks.
Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Youth in the Juvenile Justice System A Review of the Literature

Suicide is prevalent among youth, especially those involved in the juvenile justice system. Although many studies have examined suicidal ideation and behavior in delinquent youth, prevalence rates vary widely. This article reviews studies of suicidal ideation and behavior in youth in the juvenile justice system, focusing on the point of contact: incarceration status and stage of judicial processing. Suicidal ideation and behavior are prevalent and increase with greater involvement in the juvenile justice system. Depression, sexual abuse, and trauma were the most commonly identified predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Prevalence rates of suicidal ideation and behavior vary by gender and race/ethnicity, indicating the need for gender-specific and culturally relevant interventions.
Elimination of hydrogen fluoride from fluorinated succinic acids.(II) Kinetics of dehydrofluorination of fluoro-, 2,2-difluoro-, meso- and DL-2,3-difluoro-, and trifluorosuccinic acids

Abstract Elimination of hydrogen fluoride from fluorosuccinic acid gave fumaric acid, from 2,2-difluorosuccinic acid, meso- and DL-2,3-difluorosuccinic acid fluorofumaric acid, and dehydrofluorination of trifluorosuccinic acid afforded difluoromaleic acid. Kinetic data based on 1 H NMR measurements are presented for temperatures of 60°, 75° and 90°. All the dehydrofluorinations follow second order kinetics. Activation energies for the dehydrofluorination of the above acids were found to be: 19.3, 17.3, 18.8, 17.9 and 18.3 kcal, respectively. Since both diastereomeric 2,3-difluorosuccinic acids give fluorofumaric acid as the only product of dehydrofluorination,one of them (DL) undergoes trans elimination while the other (meso) must undergo cis elimination.
Overexpression of elongation factor-1γ protein in colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND Elongation factor-1 (EF-1) is a cellular protein that plays a role in protein synthesis by mediating the transfer of aminoacyl-tRNA to 80S ribosomes. It is comprised of four subunits: α, β, γ, and δ. EF-1γ is a substrate for the maturation-promoting factor, which determines entry into the M-phase of the cell cycle in all eukaryotic cells. Previously, the authors showed that EF-1γ RNA is overexpressed in a high proportion of colorectal carcinomas. At that time, there were no antibodies to EF-1γ, so the EF-1γ protein could not be examined. Because levels of RNA do not always parallel the levels of the protein it encodes, it was important to develop antibodies to EF-1γ to examine its expression at the protein level in colorectal carcinoma. METHODS Twenty-nine patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma were studied. A polyclonal antibody to EF-1γ in rabbit was prepared. Tumors and normal-appearing mucosa distant from the tumor (≥10 cm) were obtained from each patient. Cytosolic proteins were extracted from the tissues and examined by Western blot analysis with the EF-1γ antibody. Colonic tumors also were studied by immunohistochemical analysis with another EF-1γ polyclonal antibody. RESULTS Using Western blot analysis, the authors observed greater expression of EF-1γ in the tumors than in the more distal normal-appearing mucosa. Overexpression was not observed in the patients with the two Dukes Stage A tumors, but was observed in four of ten patients with Dukes Stage B tumors, seven of eight patients with Dukes Stage C tumors, and six of nine patients with Dukes Stage D tumors. Overall, 17 of 29 patients (59%) were found to have overexpression of EF-1γ. Using immunohistochemical analysis, EF-1γ protein was shown to be located predominantly in tumor epithelium rather than the stroma or infiltrating mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies showed that EF-1γ mRNA frequently is overexpressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma. This study showed that EF-1γ also was overexpressed at the protein level in colorectal adenocarcinoma relative to more distal normal-appearing mucosa from the same patient. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that this protein was expressed predominantly in the tumor epithelial cells and therefore was not derived from cells involved in the desmoplastic response. Cancer 1998;82:816-21. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Frequency response based sensor placement for the mid-frequency range

Accurately characterizing mid-frequency vibrations is essential for structures that require ultra-quiet vibration environments. Selecting the proper sensor locations is an important step in the model verification and validation process. State-of-the-practice approaches to sensor placement are typically based on modes shapes of the pretest finite element model. However, these modal based techniques break down in the mid-frequency range due to the high modal density. The purpose of this work was to develop a sensor placement technique based directly on a structure's frequency response. The finite element model frequency response can be decomposed into principal directions and their corresponding singular values, which relate the principal directions to the system's energy. A system's response is usually dominated by a relatively small number of principal directions, even for frequency bands with high modal densities. Principal directions are always orthogonal, while mode shapes in general are not, which makes them more robust to modeling errors and experimental noise. The new method places sensors such that the independence and signal strength of the dominant principal directions are maintained.
Nature of 0+ levels in calcium isotopes

Abstract Conventional shell model calculations of J =0 + states in the calcium isotopes are discussed. Configurations including all four f-p shell single particle orbits are included. The results suggest that the first excited J =0 + states in 42,44,46 Ca are predominantly deformed states.
Responsive interaction for a large Web application: the meteor shower architecture in the WebWriter II Editor

Traditional server-based web applications allow access to server-hosted resources, but often exhibit poor responsiveness due to server load and network delays. Client-side web applications, on the other hand, provide excellent interactivity at the expense of limited access to server resources. The WebWriter II Editor, a direct manipulation HTML editor that runs in a web browser, uses both server-side and client-side processing in order to achieve the advantages of both. In particular, this editor downloads the document data structure to the browser and performs all operations locally. The user interface is based on HTML frames and includes individual frames for previewing the document and displaying general and specific control panels. All editing is done by JavaScript code residing in roughly twenty HTML pages that are downloaded into these frames as needed. Such a client-server architecture, based on frames, client-side data structures, and multiple JavaScript-enhanced HTML pages appears promising for a wide variety of applications. This paper describes this architecture, the Meteor Shower Application Architecture, and its use in the WebWriter II Editor.
Investigating Privacy Perception and Behavior on Weibo

More than half of Chinese Internet users participate in Weibo, the most popular social media and microblogging platform in China. Weibo encourages members to voluntarily contribute personal information, leading to potential privacy invasion. This study examines how trust in other members and perceptions of government intrusion affect privacy-related attitude and behavior on this social platform. Analysis of survey responses from 221 Weibo users confirm that perceived government intrusion is strongly correlated with privacy concern and self-protective behavior. Trust towards other Weibo participants is not significantly related to privacy concern; however it has a significant negative relationship with self-protective behavior. The study also reveals that privacy concern is positively related to self-protective behavior. Findings and their implications for future research and practice are provided.
An extension to the analysis of dendritic growth in pure systems

Abstract The present state of the mathematical description of freely growing pure dendrites has been reviewed in a recent publication. This summary indicated that one of the available analyses could be used effectively to describe experimental observations under certain restricted growth conditions. In this paper, the treatment is extended to make it more generally applicable. By removing certain mathematical restrictions, the present analysis enables one to consider otherwise restricted cases of dendritic growth in pure systems and to determine certain fundamental solidification parameters with a greater degree of certainty and over a wider range of experimental conditions. The treatment is applied to recent kinetic data for pure phosphorus and provides not only reasonable values for the solid/liquid surface tension and the linear kinetic coefficient but possibly a more reasonable interpretation of all of the experimental observations.
Should Faculty Members be Exempt From a Mandate to Receive Instructional Design Training Because of Their Rights Under Academic Freedom

The quality of the educational experience for students may be at risk if they are not taught in ways that are effective and pertinent. While educational institutions (administrators, faculty senates or a combination) may try to compel faculty members to gain knowledge of and utilize up-to-date learning and instructional design strategies, these faculty members may baulk at this mandate, citing academic freedom as their right to design their courses in any way they see fit. Following is a discussion exploring the issue, suggesting that regardless of how academic freedom is interpreted, faculty members have an ethical obligation to deliver instruction in ways that do not violate students' rights to learn. Consequently, institutions have a right as well as a duty to compel their faculty members to follow through with this obligation.
Biodiversity and natural history of the opisthobranch Fauna at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico

Summary form only given. There are seasonal and yearly variations in the density and occurrence of opisthobranch molluscs at subtidal regions in this Sea of Cortes (Gulf of California) location. Data presented are based upon scuba assisted research over a 15 year span. New species are currently being described from this location, while other rare unnamed species are also known, but not yet able to be put into even a preliminary ms. form because of lack of sufficient specimens. Feeding specificity of some of these opisthobranch species will be illustrated. This research is especially important as baseline data that can be used in the establishment of a national park in the region.
Entropies of Adsorbed Molecules Exceed Expectations

The ability to accurately predict the rates of chemical reactions at surfaces is essential to improving technological applications that rely on molecule-surface interactions, such as designing new catalysts for use in chemical synthesis and power-generation applications. Such accurate predictions depend on knowledge of both the entropies and enthalpies of the reacting species. Although advances in molecular modeling have increased the accuracy for the enthalpies of adsorbed molecules, reliable methods for calculating the entropies of adsorbed molecules have been lacking; even estimating their magnitudes has remained elusive. Campbell and Sellers ( 1 ) now show that the entropies of adsorbed molecules on crystalline surfaces are surprisingly large and linearly correlate with the entropies of gaseous molecules. Their finding provides a simple yet reliable way to calculate the entropies and affords new insights into the motions of adsorbed molecules. An immediate impact of the Campbell-Sellers correlation is that it will greatly improve the accuracy of calculated desorption rates of adsorbed molecules.
Sleep America: managing the crisis of adult chronic insomnia and associated conditions.

Abstract Introduction Chronic insomnia, a public health crisis affecting 10–15% of the U.S. population and costing billions of dollars annually, typically presents with one or more comorbid psychiatric or organic conditions. Historical classification of chronic insomnia as “secondary” to a presenting comorbid condition has resulted in under-recognition and under-treatment of both the insomnia and comorbid condition(s). Though critical in any model of comorbid disease management, chronic insomnia receives little, if any, public policy attention. Method We conducted a systematic review of recent empirical studies, review papers, books, government documents, press releases, advertisements, and articles pertaining to the classification, epidemiology, treatment, and physiology of sleep, insomnia, and comorbid conditions. Data were located primarily through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and PUBMED databases. Objective and results Our goal was to provide an overview of the systems for classifying insomnia and available epidemiological data, and to review theoretical models regarding the etiology and maintaining factors of chronic insomnia along with research on the complex, bidirectional associations between chronic insomnia and various affective (and other) conditions. Conclusions After thorough review of the literature, we propose several public policy measures as an initial step in managing chronic insomnia in the United States. These include introducing a nation-wide multi-modal educational and awareness campaign titled “Sleep America;” increasing the availability and demand for behavioral sleep medicine — the initially preferred treatment approach; and increasing the use of monitoring and enforcement activities by regulatory authorities to curtail false and misleading claims by sponsors of supplements or treatments for insomnia. Through the adoption of such measures, we hope to galvanize a national interest in healthy sleep and the evidence-based treatment of chronic insomnia.
Theory of Mind and Emotion Understanding Predict Moral Development in Early Childhood

The current study utilized longitudinal data to investigate how theory of mind (ToM) and emotion understanding (EU) concurrently and prospectively predicted young children's moral reasoning and decision making. One hundred twenty-eight children were assessed on measures of ToM and EU at 3.5 and 5.5 years of age. At 5.5 years, children were also assessed on the quality of moral reasoning and decision making they used to negotiate prosocial moral dilemmas, in which the needs of a story protagonist conflict with the needs of another story character. More sophisticated EU predicted greater use of physical- and material-needs reasoning, and a more advanced ToM predicted greater use of psychological-needs reasoning. Most intriguing, ToM and EU jointly predicted greater use of higher-level acceptance-authority reasoning, which is likely a product of children's increasing appreciation for the knowledge held by trusted adults and children's desire to behave in accordance with social expectations.
Optimality Conditions and Duality in Nonsmooth Semiinfinite Programming

In this article, we utilize the semiinfinite versions of Guignard's constraint qualification and Motzkin's theorem of the alternative to establish a set of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker-type necessary optimality conditions for a nonsmooth and nonconvex semiinfinite programming problem. Furthermore, we discuss some sufficient optimality conditions and duality relations for our semiinfinite programming problem.
First Impressions: Developing Critical Consciousness in Counselor Training Programs

This article examines the process of developing critical consciousness amongst counselor trainees from the perspectives of an African American male professor and European American female graduate student. It is from these perspectives that the motivations for and resistance to addressing issues of social justice are examined. First, a Freirian educational philosophy and approach to teaching, research, and mentoring is presented. Next, key junctures in engaging and developing critical consciousness from a student's perspective are highlighted. Finally, strategies for professors and students who wish to propel their educational experiences beyond mastering course content to create just societies are provided utilizing tools from the Cultural Context Model.