cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application Of Probabilistic Approach To The Solution Of Inverse Problems In Nondestructive Testing And Engineering Geophysics

Interpretation of geophysical data often requires the solution of an inverse problem or simply, inversion. Inverse problem is a problem where the observed data is used to infer the characteristics of the system under investigation. There are two general approaches to the solution of inverse problems, deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Traditionally, in engineering geophysics, inversion is carried out using a deterministic approach, where a single set of results is identified as the interpretation outcome. In complex inverse problems, the deterministic solution process is often guided by an interpreter, who uses his information, experience, or judgment to guide the process. The deterministic approach to the solution of inverse problems implicitly assumes that the uncertainties in data and quantitative models are negligible. However, this assumption is not valid in many applications and, consequently, obtaining a single set of results does not provide a complete picture in terms of quantifying the effects of data and/or theoretical uncertainties on the obtained solution. In this paper, a general probabilistic approach to the solution of inverse problems is introduced, which offers the framework required to obtain uncertainty measures and to include some a priori information in the solution process. A technique for the evaluation of the probabilistic solution using Monte Carlo Markov Chains (MCMC) with Neighborhood Algorithm (NA) approximation is introduced and explained. Finally, the application of the presented approach in the health monitoring of transportation infrastructure using non-destructive testing (NDT) is illustrated.
Late-Stage Capillarity Effects During Crystallite Melting in Microgravity

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) flew in late 1997 as a primary experiment on the United States Microgravity Payload Mission (USMP-4). IDGE video data show that PVA dendrites melt into small fragments, or crystallites, without being subject to any detectable relative motion with respect to the surrounding melt phase. Although a mass density di! erence of about 4% exists between crystals and the melt, the lack of significant body forces on orbit precludes buoyancy e! ects, such as sedimentation and convection. Prior work reported shows that the observed dendritic melting and fragmentation occur by heat conduction through the melt. Specifically, in microgravity, melting occurs such that needle-like fragments shrink with an increasing C/A ratio, where C is the semi-major axis length, and A is the semi-minor axis length. We report new observations of late-stage melting kinetics a! ected by capillarity, where the previously rising C/A ratio of individual crystallites suddenly drops from ! 20 to ! 5 when the typical crystallite length, 2C, falls below about 5 mm. The sudden drop observed in the C/A ratios of ellipsoidal fragments undergoing late-stage melting is ascribed to capillary e! ects that accompany the melting of slender needle-like crystallites. Capillary-induced heat fluxes, received at the crystal-melt interface—both externally from the hotter melt, as well as internally—arise via the Gibbs-Thomson e! ect from the steep interfacial curvature gradients near the poles prior to total extinction. The nature of these unusual heat fluxes during late-stage melting was modeled using finite di! erence methods, the results of which will be discussed as elucidating an important phenomena during melting as observed in reduced gravity during space flight.
Hamilton's Quantification of the Predicate

Hamilton's theory of the quantification of the predicate has found few friends. When mentioned at all, it is usually dismissed on grounds used long ago by Hamilton's antagonist Augustus De Morgan.' Although Hamilton made innumerable mistakes in the exposition of his position (and thereby made himself an easy mark for criticism), his central theory has been unfairly treated. To show this, my discussion will move through three phases: (I) an informal examination of Hamilton's classification of propositions giving what I take to be their correct interpretation, (II) a more rigorous treatment of his position showing that it embodies a coherent advance in logical theory, and (III) some general remarks about Hamilton's contribution to the theory of the syllogism together with some suggestions about why he has been so consistently misunderstood.
Antineoplastic Agents. 599. Total Synthesis of Dolastatin 16

The first 23-step total synthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide dolastatin 16 (1) has been achieved. Synthesis of the dolaphenvaline and dolamethylleuine amino acid units using simplified methods improved the overall efficiency. The formation of the 25-membered macrocycle employing lactonization with 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride completed a key step in the synthesis. Regrettably, the synthetic dolastatin 16 (1), while otherwise identical (by X-ray crystal structure and spectral analyses) with the natural product, did not reproduce the powerful (nanomolar) cancer cell growth inhibition displayed by the natural isolate. Presumably this result can be attributed to conformation(s) of the synthetic dolastatin 16 (1) or to a chemically undetected component isolated with the natural product.
The AAA (appraisals, attributions, adaptation) model of job stress The critical role of self-regulation

The AAA model is presented as an integrative conceptualization of workplace stress that combines research from multiple models and theories to account for the numerous complexities that employees e...
The use of Lubricating Oil Emulsion on Greenhouse Scale Insects

Lubricating oil emulsion spray at 1% strength has proven very effective in controlling scale insects, Coccidae, under greenhouse conditions. No injury to palms has resulted from the spray at this strength with the exception of one case of very slight injury when the application was made on a very cloudy day. On bright, sunny days a spray at 2% strength has been used without injury but is not recommended.
Comparing the Accuracy of 2 Point-of-Care Lipid Testing Devices

Background:Device manufacturers have improved technology since studies were last published, thus warranting an updated analysis.Objective:Two point-of-care (POC) cholesterol testing devices were directly compared to a venous sample to determine device accuracy.Methods:Institutional review board (IRB)–approved study collected finger-stick blood samples analyzed by Cholestech LDX (Cholestech Corporation, Hayward, California) and CardioChek Plus (Polymer Technology Systems Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana) devices and compared to venous blood for 30 study participants. Statistical analyses were completed using StatisPro. Intraclass correlation coefficients were generated, and the average difference expected to be within the industry standards of total cholesterol (TC; ±10%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (±12%), and triglycerides (TG; ±15%).Results:The POC devices produced clinically equivalent values when compared to the same patients’ samples analyzed in a reference laboratory. The average differenc...
Valparaiso's 2014 Fire: Evaluation of Environmental and Epidemiological Risk Factors During the Emergency Through a Crowdsourcing Tool.

OBJECTIVE To describe and relate the main environmental risk factors in the emergency process after a large urban fire in Valparaiso, Chile, in April 2014. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. All 243 reports from an ad hoc web/mobile website created on the Ushahidi/Crowdmap platform were reviewed. Reports were recorded in a new database with dichotomist variables based on either the presence or absence of the relevant category in each report. RESULTS Almost one-third of the reports presented data about garbage (30%) and chemical toilets (29%). Reports related to water, infrastructural damage, and garbage had significant associations with 4 categories by chi-square test. In the logistic regression model for chemical toilets, only the variable of water was significant (P value=0.00; model P value: 0.00; R2: 11.7%). The "garbage" category confirmed infrastructural damage (P value: 0.00), water (P value: 0.028), and vectors (P value: 0.00) as predictors (model P value: 0.00; R2: 23.09%). CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant evidence was found for the statistical dependence of 7 out of 10 studied variables. The most frequent environmental risk factors in the reports were garbage, chemical toilets, and donation centers. The highest correlation found was for damaged infrastructure, vectors, and garbage. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:239-243).
Combination therapy with enzalutamide and the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) inhibitor niraparib in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): HCRN GU 14-202.

TPS5095Background: PARP1 is a multi-functional enzyme implicated in DNA repair and transcription factor regulation. It regulates AR association with chromatin required for transcription, and in pre...
Issues with Immunology and Serology Testing

This chapter focuses on challenges in interpretation of various tests performed in immunology, especially hemoglobinopathy detection, detection of monoclonal gammopathy, cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis, hepatitis and HIV serology, as well as autoimmune serology. Sources of errors in testing for these analytes are discussed with an emphasis on minimizing or eliminating interferences.
Recognition and significance of bayhead delta deposits in the rock record: A comparison of modern and ancient systems

Despite advances in estuarine facies models, ancient bayhead delta deposits are not widely recognized or utilized, and their facies characteristics are poorly documented. Sedimentology of three well-exposed, bayhead delta deposits within the well-known stratigraphic framework of the Book Cliffs, Utah, and comparison to modern bayhead deltas provide insight into their variability, and a model for reservoir prediction. Bayhead deltas develop at the innermost part of bays within wave-dominated and mixed-energy estuaries on transgressive coastlines. The deposits of these deltas are valuable because they record the high-frequency turnaround from transgression to regression; in turn, this delineates the long-term transgression trajectory and informs reservoir prediction. This study uses outcrop data and synthesis of modern bayhead delta characteristics to define criteria for bayhead delta recognition, develop a detailed facies model and highlight their utility in a regional context. The following criteria for bayhead delta identification are proposed herein: (i) overall coarsening-up pattern; (ii) small-scale clinoform (5 to 15 m height; 100 to 1000 m length) showing a down-clinoform decrease in grain size and palaeocurrent energy; (iii) increasing abundance of mud interbeds towards the clinoform toe; (iv) basinward-directed palaeocurrents generated mainly by fluvial input with strong tidal overprint; (v) greatest tidal influence in the intertidal zone of the inactive delta front and better preservation of turbidites at clinoform toes; (vi) brackish trace and body fossils; and (vii) position within an overall backstepping stratigraphic succession. Ancient bayhead deltas described in this study are situated within a moderately rising to flatly rising transgressive interval over a 300 km transect. Steeply rising transgressive trajectories sequester sandy, thicker, better connected transgressive deposits in the inner part of the estuary where bayhead deltas tend to stack vertically. Flatter transgressive trajectories sequester sand in disparate, disconnected estuarine sandstone bodies with partial preservation of bayhead deltas. Proposed criteria aid recognition of bayhead delta deposits in other basins to reconstruct transgressive shoreline trajectories that inform reservoir models and volumetrics.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Alzheimer's Disease: Ethical Challenges for Clinical Research

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive neuromodulation modality that has shown early promise as a novel treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further clinical research is warranted on the basis of positive results from animal and human studies, as well as the inadequacy of existing treatments in reducing the enormous medical and financial costs of untreated AD. Nevertheless, unique ethical challenges require particular attention to elements of subject enrollment and informed consent. Study protocols should specify robust assessment and regular monitoring of subject decision-making capacity to consent to trial participation. Investigators should also assess for and mitigate therapeutic misconception (the phenomenon whereby a research participant conflates the goals of research with those of clinical treatment) and ensure that all prospective trial participants have adequate post-trial access to treatment and DBS device maintenance. In the following discussion, each issue is summarized and followed by recommendations for proper ethical procedure. We conclude by assimilating relevant ethical considerations into a decision-making algorithm designed to aid future clinical investigators of DBS for AD with the task of ethical subject enrollment.
MORTALITY RATES AND COST OF HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS FOR SYNCOPE IN THE UNITED STATES

Background: Syncope is one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits and hospitalizations. We investigated the implications of such presentations from a large volume, nation-wide perspective, particularly to determine the trends in admissions, cost, and mortality. Methods: Data
Short Interest and Aggregate Volatility Risk

We find that stocks with high relative short interest (RSI) beat the CAPM when expected aggregate volatility increases, which explains their negative CAPM alphas. The reason is that stocks with high RSI have high levels of firm-specific uncertainty and abundant real options. When aggregate volatility increases in recessions, firm-specific uncertainty also does. All else equal, the increase in uncertainty makes real options less sensitive to the value of the underlying asset and, therefore, less risky. Also, all else equal, higher uncertainty means higher value of real options. Consistent with this argument, we find that high RSI firms earn negative CAPM alphas only if these firms have high uncertainty or abundant real options. The two-factor ICAPM with the aggregate volatility risk factor explains the negative alphas of high RSI firms and the more negative alphas of high RSI firms with high levels of uncertainty or real options.
Public Pedagogy for Private Profit

The links between critical pedagogy and reality television may not be obvious; however, they are authentic and significant. In today’s media-saturated society, television contributes to the meanings its consumers construct about themselves, their relationships, and the social contexts they shape and inhabit. The messages produced and consumed through reality television influence the ways in which people imagine their identities, their sense of agency, and their interrelations with others.
The business of blogging: Effective approaches of women food bloggers

ABSTRACTConsumer trust and loyalty to bloggers presents opportunities for businesses to reach consumers in inconspicuous and effective ways. The study explores successful business practices used by popular female food bloggers to market food products and services. Content analysis of these food blogs shows that female bloggers construct personas on their blogs that emphasize specific meanings and motivations of food in very intentional ways. Female bloggers use a variety of business tactics to ensure that these personas are credible, professional, trustworthy, and fully intermingled in the lifestyles and beliefs of their target consumers.
Recovery following brainstem hemorrhage

Two patients made virtually complete recoveries following hemorrhage within the brainstem. Progressive clinical deterioration in each case was managed surgically by evacuation of the hemorrhagic lesion in 1 case and treatment of secondary hydrocephalus in both. Computerized tomographic scanning proved essential for nonsurgical diagnosis and later management.
Laser Applications, Tumor, and Stricture

With improvements in technique and equipment, endoscopic treatment of both transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and ureteral stricture disease has become more feasible. Patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who have bilateral disease, a solitary kidney, renal insufficiency, extensive comorbidities, or low-grade, low-stage disease may benefit from endoscopic management. The goals of treating ureteral strictures are ruling out malignancy, preserving renal function, and relieving symptoms. Herein, we present our step-by-step surgical approach to the endoscopic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and ureteral stricture disease, including surgical technique, pre- and postoperative considerations, instrumentation, and potential complications.
Nicolaas Bloembergen as a scientist and a mentor

Nicolaas Bloembergen made rich contributions to nuclear magnetic resonance, masers and lasers, nonlinear optics and ultrafast laser–matter interactions. The Nobel laureate sadly passed away on 5 September 2017. Here are my memories of my Harvard mentor, a remarkable person and a wonderful scientist.
Limiting the Growth of Water-Soluble, Monolayer-Protected Quantum Dots

The growth and solubility of quantum dots (QDs) are important factors that must be examined before these nanoparticles are incorporated into a variety of potential applications. In this work, monolayer-protected CdSe QDs surrounded by water-soluble thiols were prepared using various cadmium salts. The use of a variety of cadmium salts did not have a significant impact on the spectral properties of the CdSe QDs. CdSe QDs were synthesized at rather low temperatures (< 0°C), resulting in slow nanoparticle growth upon subsequent heating of the reaction mixture. The effect of multiple drying and redissolving cycles of the QD samples was examined. The effect of heating temperature on QD growth was studied, with more rapid nanoparticle growth associated with higher temperatures. The results show that QDs can be synthesized at low temperatures and their subsequent growth can be controlled during the heating process.
Strategic support of algebraic expression writing

The examination of user data as a basis for developing production models of user behavior has been a major focus in the PAT Algebra I Tutor’s development. In recent work, we have investigated relationships between related tasks and the solution strategies displayed by students. To solve a PAT Algebra I problem, students must complete several related arithmetic and algebraic tasks. The sequences in which these tasks are completed suggest problem-solving strategies of students. We have observed a characteristic pattern of students’ success rates on related tasks. We have also observed that students’ success on specific skills (e.g. constructing a symbolic representation) may differ depending on whether students previously carried out related tasks in the same problem (e.g. solving an analogous arithmetic question). This information has important implications for our user model and our modeling approach.
InterSEPTIN' Kinesins in Dendrites.

Cargo transport to axons and dendrites is essential for maintaining neuronal polarity and function. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Karasmanis et al. (2018) identify a septin—SEPT9—in differentially regulating the motility of two kinesin motors, thereby controlling cargo entry into dendrites.
A False Alarm-Free Zero-Power Micromechanical Photoswitch

Zero-power infrared (IR) sensors based on Plasmonically-enhanced Micromechanical Photoswitches (PMPs) have recently been demonstrated, showing the capability to detect IR signatures with near-zero standby power consumption. However, current prototypes fail to discriminate between a targeted IR source (e.g. a flame) and a spurious one (e.g. an exhaust plume) having overlapping IR emission wavelengths, potentially getting triggered ON in the presence of strong interference and creating false alarms. This paper reports on the first experimental demonstration of a PMP augmented with an integrated passive false-alarm prevention mechanism to effectively desensitize it to spurious IR sources while maintaining a small footprint and near-zero standby power consumption. By incorporating two different narrowband plasmonic absorbers on a PMP - one tuned to the targeted IR wavelength and the other to a spurious wavelength - we show that the electrical contacts close in response to IR radiation at the targeted wavelength and remain open in the presence of spurious wavelengths, thereby preventing false alarms. Such an enhanced PMP prototype targeting flame detection with a threshold ~600 nW (minimum detectable IR power) is demonstrated showing zero false alarm to interfering IR sources. The increased reliability enabled by this technique makes PMP technology an ideal candidate for the implementation of large-scale maintenance-free wireless sensor networks with unlimited battery lifetimes.
The Spectrum of Vestibular Migraine: Clinical Features, Triggers, and Examination Findings.

OBJECTIVE To assess the ictal symptoms, interictal symptoms, psychiatric comorbidities, and interictal neuro-otologic examination findings in vestibular migraine (VM). METHODS Retrospective chart review of 491 patients seen from August 2014 until March 2018 at a tertiary neurology referral center for vestibular disorders to identify patients fulfilling the 2012 VM criteria. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-one patients (105 women) were identified. Mean age of VM onset was 44.3 (±13.7) years. Preceding the onset of vestibular symptoms, most had migraine (57.3%) and motion sickness (61.1%). It was common to have a family history of migraine (50.8%) and episodic vestibular symptoms (28.1%). Common ictal symptoms were triggered (visually induced and head-motion) and spontaneous vertigo, accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia (118/131 [90.1%] patients), nausea (105/131 [80.2%] patients), aural symptoms (79/131 [60.3%] patients), and headache (65/131 [49.6%] patients). Interictally, many experienced visually induced (116/131 [88.6%] patients), head-motion (86/131 [65.6%] patients), and persistent (67/131 [51.1%] patients) dizziness. Psychiatric comorbidities include anxiety (92/131 [70.2%] patients), depression (53/131 [40.5%] patients), insomnia (38/131 [29.0%] patients), phobic disorders (15/131 [11.5%] patients), and psychogenic disorders (11/131 [8.4%] patients). Common triggers were stress (52/131 [39.7%] patients), bright lights (35/131 [26.7%] patients), weather changes (34/131 [26.0%] patients), and sleep deprivation (34/131 [26.0%] patients). Interictal neuro-otologic examination was abnormal in 56/131 (42.7%), usually hyperventilation-induced, head-shaking-induced, vibration-induced, and positional nystagmus. The most common balance-test finding was impaired sharpened Romberg's test (22/130 [16.9%] patients). CONCLUSIONS In this single center study, we found that VM typically affects women in their 40s, with a personal and family history of migraine. Typical ictal symptoms were triggered and spontaneous vertigo, associated with photophobia and phonophobia, nausea, aural symptoms, and headache. Interictal vestibular symptoms, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and non-specific interictal neuro-otologic findings were common.
Discordant gene responses to radiation in humans and mice: hematopoietically humanized mice may save the day for radiation biomarker identification.

Abstract The mouse (Mus musculus) is an extensively used model of human disease and responses to stresses such as ionizing radiation. As part of our work developing gene expression biomarkers of radiation exposure, dose, and injury, we have found many genes are either up-regulated (e.g. CDKN1A, MDM2, BBC3, and CCNG1) or down-regulated (e.g. TCF4 and MYC) in both species after irradiation. However, we have also found genes that are consistently up-regulated in humans and down-regulated in mice (e.g. DDB2, PCNA, GADD45A, SESN1, RRM2B, KCNN4, IFI30, and PTPRO). Here we test a hematopoietically humanized mouse as a potential in vivo model for biodosimetry studies, measuring the response of these 14 genes one day after radiation exposure, and comparing it with that of human blood irradiated ex vivo, and blood from whole body irradiated mice. We found that human blood cells in the hematopoietically humanized mouse in vivo environment recapitulated the gene expression pattern expected from human cells, not the pattern seen from in vivo irradiated normal mice. The results of this study support the use of hematopoietically humanized mice as an in vivo model for radiation gene expression studies relevant to humans.
Bird Populations in a Narrowleaf Cottonwood Community, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

An Avian Atlas for the State of Wyoming is being developed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Baseline information on the avifauna of the riparian communities is especially sparse. Consequently, the objective of this project is to collect information on the composition, density, distribution and habitat of the bird species inhabiting a portion of the narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, community in Grand Teton National Park. The study was initiated in June 1980 on a portion of the western floodplain of Pilgrim Creek. The metal, southeast corner stake of this 300 m x 400m (12 ha) plot is located on a bearing line 4Â° E of N. 77 mm from the fiducial center of the infrared aerial photo N31 (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation Series B/R17, 7-16-79). This floodplain community is predominantly narrowleaf cottonwood with scattered trees of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii, and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. In the moister areas several small patches of alder, Alnus incana occur under the larger trees and a few patches of willow (Salix, sp.) are located in moist openings of the woodland.
MEMBRANE GLYCOLIPIDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS FOR GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES, BACTERIAL TOXINS, AND INTERFERON

Gangliosides inhibit 125 I-thyrotropin (TSH) binding to the thyrotropin receptor. This inhibition, which appears to be hormonally specific, is critically altered by the number and location of the sialic acid residues within the ganglioside structure. The inhibition results from the interaction of gangliosides with TSH, rather than with the membrane receptor. The ganglioside-TSH interaction is associated with a distinct conformational change of the TSH molecule. The possibility that a ganglioside or ganglioside-like structure is a component of the thyrotropin receptor is suggested by the finding that gangliosides more complex than G M3 are present in bovine thyroid membranes in much higher quantities than have been previously found in extraneural tissue and are absent in a thyroid tumor with no TSH receptor activity. The finding that the B protein of cholera toxin, which also interacts with gangliosides, has a peptide sequence in common with the β sub-unit of TSH, suggests that TSH and cholera toxin may be analogous in their mode of action. It is suggested, therefore, that a ganglioside or ganglioside-like structure is a basic component of the thyrotopin receptor and that cholera toxin and TSH have a common mechanism by which their message is transmitted to the cell machinery.
On The Reporting Of Reliability In Content Analysis

This article explores one type of misreporting of reliability that has been seen in recent conference papers and articles using the method of content analysis. The reporting of reliability is central to the validity of claims made using this method. A brief overview of content analysis is offered, followed by the exploration of one type of misreporting of reliability. Suggestions are offered to address the problem.
Exclusive ρ 0 , ω, and φ electroproduction

We have measured exclusive ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ meson electroproduction at the Cornell Wilson Synchrotron. The final ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ data sample included 4637 four-constraint $e+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p$ events, with incident energy $E=11.5$ GeV and electroproduction variables ${Q}^{2}$ and $W$ in the region $0.7l{Q}^{2}l4$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and $1.9lWl4$ GeV. We find that the width of the forward ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ diffraction peak increases rapidly as the lifetime of the intermediate hadron states decreases below $c\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\tau}=1$ fm and that the peak is wider for longitudinal ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ than it is for transverse ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$. The longitudinal-transverse cross-section ratio ${R}_{p}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}}$, obtained assuming $s$-channel helicity conservation, becomes constant at high ${Q}^{2}$. At fixed $W$ the diffractive vector-meson-dominance (VMD) model reproduces the ${Q}^{2}$ dependence of our cross section, $\ensuremath{\sigma}=({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}+\ensuremath{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L})$, but is is not able to account for the rapid decrease in the cross section with increasing $W$ we observe. We find that $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$ depends on $W$ but is independent of ${Q}^{2}$ for $0.7l{Q}^{2}l3$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and $2.2lWl3.7$ GeV. However, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ is substantially larger than the diffractive VMD cross section. Our results for ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ are consistent with the ${Q}^{2}$ dependence of the diffractive VMD model for $0.8l{Q}^{2}l4$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and $2lWl3.7$ GeV, but this model again fails to predict the $W$ dependence we observe.
Developing Spectral Libraries Using Multiple Target Multiple Instance Adaptive Cosine/Coherence Estimator

Traditional methods of developing spectral libraries for unmixing hyperspectral images tend to require domain knowledge of the study area and the material’s spectra. In this paper, we propose using the Multiple Target Multiple Instance Adaptive Cosine/Coherence Estimator (Multi-Target MI-ACE) algorithm to develop spectral libraries that will capture the same spectral variability as traditional methods but require less processing time and domain knowledge. We compared traditional and Multi-Target MI-ACE generated spectral libraries’ ability to accurately predict sub-pixel composition using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA). Multi-Target MI-ACE spectral libraries maintained the same sub-pixel composition accuracy compared to traditional libraries, while significantly reducing model complexity. Additionally, the Multi-Target MI-ACE confidence values could be used to constrain MESMA model complexity and considerably reduce the number of endmember permutations needed. In summary, Multi-Target MI-ACE has been found to successfully develop spectral libraries that capture the full spectral variability compared to traditional approaches, while reducing MESMA model complexity and the need for domain knowledge.
Where are the records in public sector reform? Advocating for integration of records management into public sector reforms in Malawi

Public sector reforms tend to focus on restructuring public institutions and addressing dysfunctional operational systems without dealing with inefficiencies in records management. Such focus partly addresses the heart of the service delivery challenge in the public sector. Sometimes, the biggest challenge for people seeking particular services in public institutions is not necessarily impediments caused by dysfunctional structures, but lack of records to support citizens’ claims or inability by public officers to timeously track files and provide relevant information to clients on time. This qualitative study examines the public sector reforms in Malawi and advocates for the inclusion of records management into such reforms. The study is based on analysis of government reform reports, policy briefs, circulars, scholarly texts and media reports. While a wide variety of institutional reforms within the public sector are essential, it is important to recognise that without well-functioning records management systems, efficient delivery of public services will remain a challenge. The study established that public sector reforms that focus purely on restructuring public institutions and addressing dysfunctional operational systems without dealing with inefficient records management systems adversely compromise service delivery of the reformed institutions. The study further expounds that despite numerous attempts to reform the public sector in the country, records management remains a challenge evidenced by numerous malpractices. It is concluded that consistent with the objective of reforming public institutions, it is imperative when implementing institutional reforms in the public sector that they are integrated with reforms in records management systems.
Using eye movements to measure intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load in a multimedia learning environment

In a previous study, DeLeeuw and Mayer (2008) found support for the triarchic model of cognitive load (Sweller, Van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998, 2019) by showing that three different metrics could be used to independently measure 3 hypothesized types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. However, 2 of the 3 metrics that the authors used were intrusive in nature because learning had to be stopped momentarily to complete the measures. The current study extends the design of DeLeeuw and Mayer (2008) by investigating whether learners’ eye movement behavior can be used to measure the three proposed types of cognitive load without interrupting learning. During a 1-hr experiment, we presented a multimedia lesson explaining the mechanism of electric motors to participants who had low prior knowledge of this topic. First, we replicated the main results of DeLeeuw and Mayer (2008), providing further support for the triarchic structure of cognitive load. Second, we identified eye movement measures that differentiated the three types of cognitive load. These findings were independent of participants’ working memory capacity. Together, these results provide further evidence for the triarchic nature of cognitive load (Sweller et al., 1998, 2019), and are a first step toward online measures of cognitive load that could potentially be implemented into computer assisted learning technologies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Predictive modeling of thermogenic methane hydrate formation and geobody distribution – Results from numerical simulations

Abstract Reservoir characterization of thermogenic gas hydrates have so far been limited to seismic mapping, well log interpretation, and lab scale experiments, with numerical modeling mostly focusing on gas production from hydrates. What is unknown however is the hydrate saturation at the sub-seismic and interwell scales. This study uses numerical simulations for predictive modeling of hydrate formation and geobody distribution using TOUGH + Hydrate. Results indicate that the flow of gas is buoyancy and advection dominated, and affects hydrate formation rate and saturation distribution. Geological controls such as fault angles, stratigraphic thickness, permeabilities and permeability anisotropies and contrasts with adjacent formations significantly impact distribution of hydrate saturation, and geobody shape. Hydrates form in both high and low porosity rocks. While full-scale reservoir modeling is contingent upon the availability of detailed reservoir and fluid data, this study underscores the importance of using numerical modeling tools for quantitative predictive modeling and reservoir characterization of hydrate reservoirs for better resource estimation, well-placement decisions, reservoir management and production planning.
Impella Placement Across Transcatheter Aortic Valves: A Potential for Device-Device Interaction

A 70-year-old man with prior transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a 34-mm Evolut R (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) valve presented with cardiogenic shock. Percutaneous circulatory support with an Impella CP (Abiomed, Danvers, Massachusetts) was initiated. Despite good initial
An Overview of Drug Substance Manufacturing Processes

To develop a comprehensive understanding of pharmaceutical drug substance manufacturing (DSM) processes, we conducted a data mining study to examine 50 new drug applications (NDAs) approved in 2010–2016. We analyzed the prevalence of several frequently deployed in-process control (IPC) techniques and postreaction workup procedures, as well as the operational conditions specified for reactions and workups. Our findings show that crystallization and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were the most commonly used workup steps and in-process controls, respectively, in drug substance manufacturing. On average, each NDA implemented 12.6 in-process controls and 11.3 workups. Operation time for reactions and workup procedures varied from a few minutes to multiple days, though 61% of these were between 1 and 10 h.
Parametric stitching for smooth coupling of subdomains with non-matching discretizations

Abstract Incompatible parametric subdomains are common in computer-aided design (CAD) and in computer-aided engineering (CAE). In this paper, we present a unified formulation to smoothly couple non-matching parametric domains for both geometric modeling and analysis of behavior. The key concept used to accomplish the coupling is a “parametric stitching” or p -stitching interface between the incompatible patches. Specifically, p -stitching permits independently varying fields with assured, arbitrary smoothness at the interface between the coupled subdomains. The developed procedure enables modular construction of coupling problems with compatible interfaces as well as the ability to characterize sharp changes in gradient, as at dissimilar material interfaces. Fundamental to the developed methodology is enriched field approximations. The base approximations in the subdomains are enriched by the interfacial fields constructed as a function of distance from the coupling interfaces. The proposed method is argued to be the smooth extension of the dual–primal method such as the localized version of the Lagrange multiplier method. In the present paper, non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) are chosen for discretizing the parametric subdomains. The developed procedure though is valid for other representations of subdomains whose basis functions obey partition of unity. We validate the proposed method through patch tests and demonstrate the approach on several two- and three-dimensional elastostatic as well as heat conduction numerical examples.
Slush on Lakes

It has long been recognized that lake ice is composed of two layers: a lower, relatively clear layer of “black” ice that forms by downward freezing, and an upper, bubbly layer of “white” ice that forms when snow falls onto an ice sheet and depresses it to the point where water floods the surface, making slush that later freezes solid [1, 2, 3]. The ice on a given lake or pond, at a given time, may be all black or mostly white or any proportion between. The whiteness is caused by light scattering from small air bubbles. The black ice may contain air bubbles too, but they are larger and are aligned vertically, with the freezing direction.
α-CGRP disrupts amylin fibrillization and regulates insulin secretion: implications on diabetes and migraine

Despite being relatively benign and not an indicative signature of toxicity, fibril formation and fibrillar structures continue to be key factors in assessing the structure–function relationship in protein aggregation diseases. The inability to capture molecular cross-talk among key players at the tissue level before fibril formation greatly accounts for the missing link toward the development of an efficacious therapeutic intervention for Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We show that human α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) remodeled amylin fibrillization. Furthermore, while CGRP and/or amylin monomers reduce the secretion of both mouse Ins1 and Ins2 proteins, CGRP oligomers have a reverse effect on Ins1. Genetically reduced Ins2, the orthologous version of human insulin, has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and extend the life-span in old female mice. Beyond the mechanistic insights, our data suggest that CGRP regulates insulin secretion and lowers the risk of T2DM. Our result rationalizes how migraine might be protective against T2DM. We envision the new paradigm of CGRP : amylin interactions as a pivotal aspect for T2DM diagnostics and therapeutics. Maintaining a low level of amylin while increasing the level of CGRP could become a viable approach toward T2DM prevention and treatment.
Sodium and Health Outcomes: Ascertaining Valid Estimates in Research Studies.

The dietary reference intake (DRI) for sodium has been highly debated with persuasive and elegant arguments made for both population sodium reduction and for maintenance of the status quo. After the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) report was published, controversy ensued, and by Congressional mandate, the sodium DRIs were updated in 2019. The 2019 DRIs defined adequate intake (AI) levels by age–sex groups that are largely consistent with the DRIs for sodium that were published in 2005. Given the overall similarities between the 2005 and 2019 DRIs, one may wonder how the recently published research on sodium and health outcomes was considered in determining the DRIs, particularly, the recent studies from very large observational cohort studies. We aim to address this concern and outline the major threats to ascertaining valid estimates of the relationship between dietary sodium and health outcomes in observational cohort studies. We use tools from modern epidemiology to demonstrate how unexpected and inconsistent findings in these relationships may emerge. We use directed acyclic graphs to illustrate specific examples in which biases may occur. We identified the following key threats to internal validity: poorly defined target intervention, poorly measured sodium exposure, unmeasured or residual confounding, reverse causality, and selection bias. Researchers should consider these threats to internal validity while developing research questions and throughout the research process. For the DRIs to inform real-world interventions relating to sodium reduction, it is recommended that more specific research questions be asked that can clearly define potential interventions of interest.
Groups, Rings, Fields

Modern cryptography relies, for its ability to convert plaintext into ciphertext that appears to be random sequences of symbols, on the basic notions of abstract algebra. We introduce in this chapter the basics of groups, rings, and fields, including subgroups, cyclic groups, the order of elements, and Lagrange’s Theorem. A group is a set that is closed under an operation that is usually referred to (and often is) either as addition or as multiplication, with additional properties. A ring has both an addition and a multiplication, but which may not have an operation that resembles division. A field has all the characteristics we normally associate with doing arithmetic. All three are in some sense merely descriptions in the abstract of ordinary arithmetic. Proofs will to a large extent be left to later, or not done at all. And since we are interested more in using groups, rings, and fields than in proving theorems about them as algebraic objects, this chapter can be viewed largely as simply providing definitions for and formal statements of the truth of what we observe when doing the operations for encrypting and decrypting.
Introduction to the Cardiac Implications of Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy has long been used in the management of malignant and benign conditions alike, but only in recent decades have the long term implications of cardiac exposure been comprehensively delineated. In this chapter, we present the evolution of radiotherapy technologies, image guided targeting approaches, and patient positioning maneuvers, that have significantly reduced treatment-related morbidity, particularly as related to long term cardiac outcomes.
Reverse Decision Making: An Interpretive Framework for Pragmatic Decision Making

Decision making in Engineering Management suffers from Mitroff’s Type III error; solving the wrong problem precisely, Mitroff (1998). Engineering Management requires a holistic interpretation of theory to provide for the diversity in decision making, often imposed by the pragmatic nature of the situation. As a multidisciplinary field Engineering Management challenges decision makers’ ability to explain phenomena within the aggregate of each individual disciplinary boundary. Whether the failure is from the intractable nature of the individual disciplines that make-up Engineering Management or through the efforts of integrating misaligned perspectives generated from each discipline, Engineering Management suffers from the ensuing uncertainty and complexity that challenge decision makers. It is assumed that there is sufficient overlap between the two disciplines to overcome any integration issues, however, the gaps are generally obscured rather than addressed by the overlap.
The National Assessment of Educational Progress

Publisher Summary The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is a continuing federally mandated national survey of educational achievement. NAEP is intended primarily to estimate the performance of populations of students. They report their aggregated performance and trends in their performance to educational policy makers and the general public. The goals of NAEP are different from other testing programs and this has led to rather unusual features in its design. NAEP is a particularly well-documented testing program. In this chapter, the general design of NAEP is described. Since NAEP is a continuing program, its design is constantly changing to meet new information demands and budgetary restraints. Although the design details may vary, the components of a testing program are relatively fixed. The last section of the chapter is dedicated to the step of reporting. Reporting is the last step, where NAEP fulfills its aim of informing policy makers and the public. NAEP includes a substantial amount of innovative and complex technology. This technology contributes to NAEP's ability to produce readable, informative reports. These reports include not only the required population estimates but also estimates of the accuracy of its results.