cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Obedience/Disobedience and Obese/Nonobese Body Type on Social Acceptance by Peers

Summary One hundred eight male and female third, fourth, and fifth graders viewed videotapes of obese and average weight boys who were obedient or disobedient to a female adult. Afterwards the Ss assigned adjectives to the boys they had seen in the tapes and indicated which one they would prefer as a playmate. Disobedient boys were less preferred than obedient boys, and obese boys were less preferred than average weight boys. These results are consistent with the notion that obesity is viewed as an undesirable characteristic. However, an obedient boy was always more preferred than a disobedient boy regardless of appearance. Thus, behavior, as well as appearance, seems to be a salient factor in acceptance.
Correlations of critical properties with computed molecular surface areas for 11 homologous series of 118 organic compounds

Abstract A simple and convenient method for predicting critical constants (Tc, Pc, and Vc) for members of a homologous series was developed from computed molecular surface areas obtained from a molecular modeling program (CAChe version 3.5). The best linear correlations are obtained when Vc and T c P c 0.5 are plotted against computed molecular surface area (SA) and when Tc and Pc are plotted against the natural logarithm of surface area, In SA, for 11 homologous series with a total of 118 organic compounds. The series included n-alkanes, n-alkyl primary amines, n-alkyl primary alcohols, acetate esters, n-alkyl primary thiols, secondary alcohols, n-alkylbenzenes, 2-methylalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, methyl esters, and ethyl esters. For C2C19 n-alkanes, the calculated Tc (K) values agreed well with the literature critical temperatures (R = 1.000) and with other previously described correlations. Similar Tc correlations were found with the other 10 homologous series. The correlation between T c P c 0.5 and SA for the 11 homologous series is particularly striking and suggests a strong relationship between molecular surface area and intermolecular attractions.
Transforming Rural Hunters Into Conservationists: An Assessment of Community-Based Wildlife Management Programs in Africa

Abstract The failure of conventional wildlife management in Eastern and Southern Africa has led several countries to implement community-based wildlife programs. We examine the assumptions these initiatives make about rural hunters, and describe how the programs attempt to induce individuals away from illegal hunting. Using game theory and a case study from Zambia, we find that these programs misunderstand some of the economic, political and social benefits of local hunting. As a result, community-based wildlife management schemes succeed in protecting some of the larger mammals only by virtue of their increased enforcement levels, not their ability to distribute socioeconomic benefits. Rather than support conservation, local hunters continue to kill game at a rate comparable to the days before the programs, although they have shifted their tactics and prey selection.
Heritability of Chip Color and Specific Gravity in a Long-day Adapted Solanum phureja–S. stenotomum Population

Acceptable chip color and high specific gravity are important characteristics for chipping potatoes. High specific gravity in US chipping varieties traces back to B5141-6 (Lenape). In an effort to expand the germplasm base for high specific gravity, a long-day adapted diploid hybrid Solanum phureja–S. stenotomum population with high specific gravity was developed. The purposes of this study were to evaluate this population for its chipping potential and estimate heritability for chip color and specific gravity. The population consisted of four clones from each of 72 maternal half-sib families and represents the third cycle of selection for high specific gravity in this population. Clones were grown in a randomized complete block design at Presque Isle, Maine in 2004 and 2005 along with the check variety ‘Atlantic’. Five tubers from each clone per replicate were processed into chips in early December following 10°C storage both years. Individual chips were rated on a 1–10 scale, with ≤7 considered an acceptable color. The average chip scores of the diploid clones and Atlantic were 7.3 and 6.8, respectively. The average specific gravities of the diploid clones and Atlantic were 1.099 and 1.091, respectively. Four diploid clones had significantly higher specific gravity and lighter chip color than Atlantic; 93 diploid clones had significantly higher specific gravity and chip color equal to Atlantic. Broad-sense heritabilities and their 95% confidence interval for chip color and specific gravity were 0.68 (0.59–0.74) and 0.78 (0.70–0.81), respectively. Narrow-sense heritabilities for chip color and specific gravity were 0.24 ± 0.26 and 0.32 ± 0.26, respectively. About one-third of the population possesses both high specific gravity and acceptable chip color and could prove useful in expanding the tetraploid germplasm base for processing traits.
Titanium osseointegrated implants combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in previously irradiated mandibles

Abstract Statement of problem. Treatment for head and neck malignancies commonly involves radiation therapy. As a result of this therapy the vascular supply to irradiated structures is altered and results in decreased tissue perfusion. In addition to vascular changes, bony structures undergo a reduction in osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. These tissue alterations, especially in the mandible, enhance the risk of osteoradionecrosis. To avoid this occurrence, many patients who have undergone radiation therapy do not receive elective preprosthetic surgeries, including implant therapy. Purpose of study and methods. This report presents the preliminary results of placing 18 titanium screw implants into previously irradiated mandibles in conjunction with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Results. Of the 18 implants placed, 17 (94%) were judged to be osseointegrated at the abutment connection. One implant did not receive an abutment and was "put to sleep." The remaining 16 (88%) were used for prosthetic rehabilitation. Conclusion. The use of implants in irradiated tissues may provide a means of enhancing prosthetic rehabilitation while reducing the risk of tissue trauma that may develop into osteoradionecrosis. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:177-83.)
Marchin' the Pilgrims Home: A Study of the Spiritual Baptists of Trinidad

Marchin' the Pilgrims Home: A Study of the Spiritual Baptists of Trinidad. Stephen D. Glazier. Salem, Wl: Sheffield Press, 1991 (orig. 1983). 166 pp. $10.95 (paper). ISBN 1–879215–05–5.
Some Specific Speculations For Future Applications Of Lasers In Medicine And Surgery

With the increasing market in laser medicine and surgery it is well to plan ahead so that there will be increasing production. For the concept of so-called laser biostimulation with various low output laser systems there is much need for well controlled studies to avoid discrediting all of laser medicine. There is great potential for the future in laser instrumentation for heart disease, cancer research, diagnoses and treatment, all fields of surgery, and in perinatology. Also, laser communications and information handling can make for deliverance of better health care. It is well to open up better lines of communication between laser industry and modern medicine.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of 18-lead ECG and selected body surface potential mapping leads in determining maximally deviated ST lead and efficacy in detecting acute myocardial ischemia during coronary occlusion

Kornreich identified 6 body surface potential mapping (BSPM) leads outside the standard 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) sites for optimal recognition of ST segment elevation (+) and depression (-) during acute ischemia in anterior, inferior, and posterior myocardial zones (A+, A-, I+, I-, P+, P-). No comparison has been made between the 6 selected BSPM leads and 18-lead ECG (12 + V3-5R + V7-9) in detecting acute myocardial ischemia during coronary occlusion. Continuous 18-lead ECG and 6 selected BSPM leads were recorded in 68 patients (77 vessels) undergoing coronary angioplasty during balloon occlusion. Ischemia was defined as ST segment deviation (deltaST) > or = 100 microV > or = 1 lead from the preinflation baseline. The 18-lead ECG was a more frequent source of the maximal deltaST lead during left anterior descending artery, right coronary artery, and left circumflex artery occlusion (71 [92%]) than the 6 selected BSPM leads (5 [7%]). The 18-lead ECG was more efficacious than the 6 selected BSPM leads for detecting acute myocardial ischemia in the group as whole. The 18-lead ECG was also more efficacious for detecting right ventricular ischemia associated with proximal right coronary artery occlusion and for detecting ST segment elevation during left circumflex artery occlusion. Our findings indicate that the 18-lead ECG is the most frequent source of maximally deviated lead and is more efficacious in detecting myocardial ischemia during balloon occlusion than the 6 selected BSPM leads. The 6 selected BSPM leads do not add information above and beyond the 12- or 18-lead ECG, and thus cannot be recommended as optimal sites for continuous ST segment monitoring of patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Future directions in air-quality science, policy, and education

Abstract On February 12–15, 2001, more than 200 scientists, engineers, decision makers, and educators participated in a conference on the “Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological, Atmospheric, Regulatory/Policy, and Educational Issues.” Important perspectives are summarized from the keynote addresses of noted scientists and educators, as well as managers in government, industry, and public interest groups. Observations and recommendations are provided to stimulate further thought about how to increase opportunities to make greater use of scientific knowledge in air-quality decision making and to ensure that decisions are effective, economically viable, health and ecologically sound, and socially acceptable. Recommendations are given regarding ways in which communications between scientists and policy makers should be structured so as to make appropriate and effective use of scientists and the knowledge they can provide in policy-making fora.
A possible source of nerve signal distortion arising in pulse rate encoding of signals

Abstract Biological receptors, some central neurons and some neurone models translate signals into a pulse-rate form. In a single-fibered system, the translation results in some signal loss. This paper is a theoretical examination of the effects on the signal of translation of that signal into a pulse-rate form with reference to a multichannel system. It is shown that even in a multichannel system, considerable signal distortion could result from the process of pulse-rate translation of a dynamic signal. The special case of the translation of sinusoidal wave forms is considered in some detail and it is shown that both signal phase, amplitude ratio and wave form are affected by the original signal amplitude, frequency and background tonic level in a predictable manner. It is shown that the magnitude of the signal-distorting effects in a system composed of multiple asynchronous pulse-rate channels depends primarily on the pulse rate in the individual channels, rather than on the sum of the pulse rates on all of the channels. Within the physiological range of signal and pulse-rate characteristics, both signal delays of as much as 100 msec and complete failure of signal transmission are possible consequences of one pulse-rate translation. Wherever the nervous system employs a pulse-rate representation of signal intensity, the translation from a continuous process to the pulse-rate form of signal should be recognized as a possible source of major signal modification.
A tectonic view of the moon: Part II. Craters

Abstract Among American students of the moon, meteoritic impact is the favored cause of most lunar craters; among European students gaseous eruption is preferred. Records of attempts to simulate moon craters by impact in the laboratory or in large explosions are more numerous than are those designed to simulate them by gaseous eruption. Model studies were made to test the European view; they form by eruptive simulation several moon crater features, including: the gentle outer and steep inner slopes, the terraces and slump faults, the central cones and the many craterlets that are distributed widely.
A study of the problem of suicide

1. The problem of suicide has been studied among 51 patients in a State hospital. 2. In all cases it would appear as if the outstanding precipitating cause lies in the individual rather than in the environment. It is not the usual situation, but sudden change, that is the commonest precipitating factor. 3. The mechanisms of suicides occurring in so-called normal individuals, would appear to be, to a general degree, similar to those occurring in the majority of psychotics. This is much more marked for the manic-depressive and involutional melancholia groups. 4. Among the successful cases of suicides studied there was a preponderance of males over females, of Roman Catholics over other religions and a marked history of insanity in the immediate family group with also a family history of suicides more marked in the successful suicides group. 5. Most of the unsuccessful attempts at suicide occurred among women. In the majority of cases these attempts were not repeated. 6. There are no significant data among the psychotics with reference to their civil state although in this study there was a slightly greater number of cases among the married groups. 7. The largest number of suicides and attempted suicides occurred among cases of dementia praecox (approximately 50 per cent) with manic-depressive and involutional melancholia following in order of decreasing frequency.
Microdialysis and SPECT Measurements of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Nonhuman Primates

The competition between endogenous transmitters and radiolabeled ligands for in vivo binding to neuroreceptors might provide a method to measure endogenous transmitter release in the living human brain with noninvasive techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). In this study, we validated the measure of amphetamine-induced dopamine release with SPECT in nonhuman primates. Microdialysis experiments were conducted to establish the dose-response curve of amphetamine-induced dopamine release and to document how pretreatment with the dopamine depleter alpha-methyl- para-tyrosine (aMPT) affects this response. SPECT experiments were performed with two iodinated benzamides, ( 123 I)IBZM and ( 123 I)IBF, under sustained equilibrium condition. Both radiotracers are specific D2 antagonists, but the affinity of ( 123 I)IBZM (KD 5 0.4 nM) is lower than that of ( 123 I)IBF (KD 5 0.1 nM). With both tracers, we observed a prolonged reduction in binding to D2 receptors following amphetamine injection. ( 123 I)IBZM binding to D2 receptors was more affected than ( 123 I)IBF by high doses of amphetamine, indicating that a lower affinity increases the vulnerability of a tracer to endogenous competition. With ( 123 I)IBZM, we observed an excellent correlation between reduction of D2 receptor binding measured with SPECT and peak dopamine release measured with microdialysis after various doses of amphetamine. Pretreatment with aMPT significantly reduced the effect of amphetamine on ( 123 I)IBZM binding to D2 receptors, confirming that this effect was mediated by intrasynaptic dopamine release. Together, these results validate the use of this SPECT paradigm as a noninvasive measurement of intrasynaptic dopamine release in the living brain. Synapse 25:1-14,
Dynamic Movements of Organelles Containing Niemann-Pick C1 Protein: NPC1 Involvement in Late Endocytic Events

People homozygous for mutations in the Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene have physiological defects, including excess accumulation of intracellular cholesterol and other lipids, that lead to drastic neural and liver degeneration. The NPC1 multipass transmembrane protein is resident in late endosomes and lysosomes, but its functions are unknown. We find that organelles containing functional NPC1-fluorescent protein fusions undergo dramatic movements, some in association with extending strands of endoplasmic reticulum. In NPC1 mutant cells the NPC1-bearing organelles that normally move at high speed between perinuclear regions and the periphery of the cell are largely absent. Pulse-chase experiments with dialkylindocarbocyanine low-density lipoprotein showed that NPC1 organelles function late in the endocytic pathway; NPC1 protein may aid the partitioning of endocytic and lysosomal compartments. The close connection between NPC1 and the drug U18666A, which causes NPC1-like organelle defects, was established by rescuing drug-treated cells with overproduced NPC1. U18666A inhibits outward movements of NPC1 organelles, trapping membranes and cholesterol in perinuclear organelles similar to those in NPC1 mutant cells, even when cells are grown in lipoprotein-depleted serum. We conclude that NPC1 protein promotes the creation and/or movement of particular late endosomes, which rapidly transport materials to and from the cell periphery.
The Evolutionary Fate of the Genes Encoding the Purine Catabolic Enzymes in Hominoids, Birds, and Reptiles

Gene loss has been proposed to play a major role in adaptive evolution, and recent studies are beginning to reveal its importance in human evolution. However, the potential consequence of a single gene-loss event upon the fates of functionally interrelated genes is poorly understood. Here, we use the purine metabolic pathway as a model system in which to explore this important question. The loss of urate oxidase (UOX) activity, a necessary step in this pathway, has occurred independently in the hominoid and bird/reptile lineages. Because the loss of UOX would have removed the functional constraint upon downstream genes in this pathway, these downstream genes are generally assumed to have subsequently deteriorated. In this study, we used a comparative genomics approach to empirically determine the fate of UOX itself and the downstream genes in five hominoids, two birds, and a reptile. Although we found that the loss of UOX likely triggered the genetic deterioration of the immediate downstream genes in the hominoids, surprisingly in the birds and reptiles, the UOX locus itself and some of the downstream genes were present in the genome and predicted to encode proteins. To account for the variable pattern of gene retention and loss after the inactivation of UOX, we hypothesize that although gene loss is a common fate for genes that have been rendered obsolete due to the upstream loss of an enzyme a metabolic pathway, it is also possible that same lack of constraint will foster the evolution of new functions or allow the optimization of preexisting alternative functions in the downstream genes, thereby resulting in gene retention. Thus, adaptive single-gene losses have the potential to influence the long-term evolutionary fate of functionally interrelated genes.
Egg and Semen Production Performance of Turkeys Under Cage Management

Abstract THERE are many advantages of housing of turkey breeding flocks in individual cages. One of the most important is positive identification of the hen that laid the egg. Cage confinement of turkeys reduces the need for large acreage and provides protection from winter storms and predators; dust can be eliminated in areas where air pollution may be a problem; and light restriction programs are possible when hens are kept in laying houses. The Poultry Department of the University of California since 1953 has kept turkey hens in individual wire floor cages and a few trials with caged males have been in progress since 1957. Three difficulties with cage management have appeared so far: high incidence of egg breakage, larger numbers of soft shelled eggs than found with floor management and foot contusions. Some commercial turkey growers have experienced similar difficulties. The effects of cage confinement on turkey males and females…
Spider Silk Proteins

Dragline silk has been shown to consist of two proteins, Spidroins 1 and 2, which form this unique fiber. The cDNAs for these two proteins have been sequenced and a structure proposed which accounts for both the tensile strength and elasticity of dragline silk.
Light-suppressible, cyclic GMP-sensitive conductance in the plasma membrane of a truncated rod outer segment

Recent experiments by Fesenko et al and ourselves have shown that excised membrane patches from retinal rod outer segments contain a cyclic GMP-sensitive conductance which has electrical properties similar to those of the light-sensitive conductance. This finding supports the notion that cGMP mediates phototransduction (see ref. 3) by directly modulating the light-sensitive conductance. However, some uncertainty remained about whether the patch experiments had discriminated completely between plasma and intracellular disk membranes; thus the cGMP response in an excised membrane could have resulted from contaminating disk membrane fragments, which are known to contain a cGMP-regulated conductance. Furthermore, the patch conductance has not yet been shown to be light-suppressible, an ultimate criterion for identity with the light-sensitive conductance. We now report experiments on a truncated rod outer segment preparation which resolved these issues. The results demonstrated that the cGMP-sensitive conductance was present in the plasma membrane of the outer segment, and that in the presence of GTP the conductance could be suppressed by a light flash. With added ATP, the effectiveness of the light flash was reduced and the suppression was more transient. The effects of both GTP and ATP were consistent with the known biochemistry. From the maximum current inducible by cGMP, we estimate that approximately 1% of the light-sensitive conductance is normally open in the dark; this would give an effective free cGMP concentration of a few micromolar in the intact outer segment in the dark.
The Modern Foundations of Burke's Conservatism

Abstract This article explores and defends Leo Strauss's interpretation of Edmund Burke's thought. Strauss argues that Burke's conservatism is rooted in the modern empiricist school of John Locke and others. Following Strauss, this article sets out to consider the suitability of these foundational principles to conservative politics. Burke wants to temper or ennoble Lockean politics by inspiring sublime attachment to the political community and its traditions, but he shies away from stating universal standards according to which the traditions of political communities ought to be judged. This respect for reason in history without moorings in transcendent standards of reason or revelation leaves his conservatism on precarious ground.
Further Movement Toward Insight and Relevance

Abstract The positioning of McAlister's (2005) arguments (“Toward Insight and Relevance”) in Gaski's comment as being the polar opposite of those proposed by Holbrook (2005) misses McAlister's point. Rather than proposing that all research and teaching should be managerially relevant, McAlister argued that managerial relevance should not be viewed as an impediment to a successful research career in consumer behavior.
Relaciones entre los tipos de padres y comportamientos de riesgo en la salud del adolescentes: una revisión bibliográfica integrada

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.
AN ADMINISTRATIVE TEAM

The team concept in school administration has been receiving attention and lip service in many school districts throughout the United States and, to a lesser degree, in Australia. In 1971 the AASA published a book on the team concept. The major ideas have been expounded in both the United States and Australia for the past decade under titles such as “democratic administration”, “group decision‐making”, “Theory Y”, “Blake‐Mouton 9,9 style” and “Organization Development”. A university study team found a situation in a Michigan school district which, if it is typical, as seems likely, indicates that some administrators may try to introduce the team concept and implement it with MBO without either concept being understood by “team” members. This single‐district study resulted in some generalized conclusions, an evaluative‐instrument form, and some forms for reporting data that may be of practical help to anyone who would like to implement the administrative team concept. This article may help other persons to obviate difficulties, administrator disappointment and staff disillusion.
Numerical Simulation of Thermoelastic Contact Problem of Braking Systems

This study aims to identify thermal effects in the structure and the contact behavior of a disk-pad assembly using a finite element approach. The first analysis is performed on the disk-pad model in the absence of thermal effects. The structural performance of the disk-pad model is predicted in terms of factors such as the deformation and Von Mises stress. Next, thermomechanical analysis is performed on the same disk-pad model with the inclusion of convection, adiabatic, and heat flux elements. The predicted temperature distribution, deformation, stress, and contact pressure are presented. The structural performance between the two analyses (mechanical and thermomechanical) is compared. This study can assist brake engineers in choosing a suitable analysis method to critically evaluate the structural and contact behavior of the disk brake assembly.
Clinical and Biochemical Outcomes of High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients treated with Third Generation Prostate Cryosurgery

Abstract: Objectives : To report on outcomes after modern-day primary prostate cryosurgery (CS) in Dâ€™Amico high-risk (PSA >20 ng/ml, Gleason score â‰¥8, or tumor stage T2c or T3) localised prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated at a large academic center. Materials and Methods : 730 consecutive cases of total gland prostate CS were reviewed, and 80 men with high-risk disease identified. Clinical data was analyzed, with primary and secondary endpoints being overall survival, cancer-specific survival, biochemical recurrence (BCR), and clinical progression. Results: Median age was 75.8 (55.4-88.1) years, median presenting PSA 20.0 (2.6-236.5) ng/ml, and median Gleason score 8 (6-10). Median follow-up was 49.6 (8.9-159.3) months. There were three PCa related deaths (4%); 34 (43%) and 39 (49%) men had BCR as defined by the Phoenix - and Stuttgart -criteria, respectively; 24 of the 39 (64%) men were re-biopsied. 13 of 80 (16%) had biopsy proven recurrent PCa. Nine (11%) subsequently underwent salvage CS. Six of the 39 (15%) men with BCR had metastatic disease on bone scan; 19 of 34 (49%) men with BCR received anti-androgen therapy, 18 (95%) of whom had also received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Conclusions : Prostate CS is a controversial treatment for high-risk patients, and our early experience revealed low cancer-specific mortality and morbidity, with encouraging biochemical and local control rates for these high-risk patients. In our series the incidence of metastases was less than that reported by Bolla et al. post-EBRT and hormones, and we therefore believe that prostate CS be strongly considered for these high-risk patients, and mandate that further study of CS for high-risk disease is warranted.
Placental but not heart defects are associated with elevated hypoxia-inducible factor α levels in mice lacking prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2

PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3 are prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins that regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor α subunits (HIF-α). To determine the roles of individual PHDs during mouse development, we disrupted all three Phd genes and found that Phd2−/− embryos died between embryonic days 12.5 and 14.5 whereas Phd1−/− or Phd3−/− mice were apparently normal. In Phd2−/− mice, severe placental and heart defects preceded embryonic death. Placental defects included significantly reduced labyrinthine branching morphogenesis, widespread penetration of the labyrinth by spongiotrophoblasts, and abnormal distribution of trophoblast giant cells. The expression of several trophoblast markers was also altered, including an increase in the spongiotrophoblast marker Mash2 and decreases in the labyrinthine markers Tfeb and Gcm1. In the heart, trabeculae were poorly developed, the myocardium was remarkably thinner, and interventricular septum was incompletely formed. Surprisingly, while there were significant global increases in HIF-α protein levels in the placenta and the embryo proper, there was no specific HIF-α increase in the heart. Taken together, these data indicate that among all three PHD proteins, PHD2 is uniquely essential during mouse embryogenesis.
Compiling process algebraic specifications into timed automata

The authors present LTP (Language of Timed Processes), a process-algebra-based specification language, for the specification of real-time applications. In addition to timing requirements involving the execution time of individual computations, LTP can specify timing constraints that are associated with process descriptions: periodic constraints and sporadic constraints. Periodic processes (e.g. sensors) are usually time-driven; sporadic processes are usually event-driven. In LTP common real-time constraints such as delays, deadlines, and timeouts can be modeled conveniently. They specifically introduce a new construct for modeling periodic behavior, which is quite common in real-time applications. They validate LTP specifications by translating from LTP to a kind of timed automata that is amenable to well-known model checking techniques. Although the models of LTP specifications, commonly known as timed transition systems, are usually infinite because of the presence of time, the translation results in a finite representation by which automatic verification is possible.
Nurses as members of institutional review boards

NCREASINGLY, nurses serve as members of institutional review boards (IRBs), committees whose charge is to review whether the benefits of proposed institutional research outweigh the risks and to ensure that investigators have explained the protocol sufficiently to allow subjects to give informed consent. Understanding the roles of the nurse as a member of a hospital's IRB can provide valuable insight for nurses who are appointed to serve on this committee, for directors of nursing who need to quantify the nursing resources used to support the research mission of the hospital, and for nurse investigators seeking IRB approval. The nurse IRB member may represent the hospital's nursing department, a school of nursing affiliated with the hospital, or a hospital department other than nursing. For the purpose of this report, the roles of the nurse who represents the nursing department will be explored. The authors, who are nursing department representatives on the IRBs of two academic medical centers, will provide a brief review of the literature concerning the role of IRBs and nurses who serve on these committees. The responsibilities of the nurse as an IRB member and as a representative of a nursing department will be discussed.
Thermal dynamic relaxation and enthalpy distribution of an aromatic polyimide film: 6FDA-PFMB

Abstract An aromatic polyimide, 6FDA-PFMB, was synthesized from 2,2'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diamino biphenyl (PFMB), in refluxing m -cresol at high temperature. The polyimide film possesses two relaxation processes (α and β ) above room temperature. The α-relaxation process is attributed to the glass transition, and the β -relaxation is the result of a sub-glass transition involving rotational motion in the PFMB diamine. An Arrenhius relation was utilized to investigate the β -relaxation and an activation energy E a , of 130kJmol −1 was determined. This value of the activation energy is close to the value calculated based on the relationship derived from absolute reaction-rate theory assuming a zero-entropy contribution to the relaxation process proposed by Starkweather. The distribution of relaxation times, or rather enthalpies, for the β -relaxation is obtained. The α-relaxation, however, obeys a WLF-type equation.
A Hybrid Approach to Spectral Reconstruction of Piecewise Smooth Functions

Consider a piecewise smooth function for which the (pseudo-)spectral coefficients are given. It is well known that while spectral partial sums yield exponentially convergent approximations for smooth functions, the results for piecewise smooth functions are poor, with spurious oscillations developing near the discontinuities and a much reduced overall convergence rate. This behavior, known as the Gibbs phenomenon, is considered as one of the major drawbacks in the application of spectral methods. Various types of reconstruction methods developed for the recovery of piecewise smooth functions have met with varying degrees of success. The Gegenbauer reconstruction method, originally proposed by Gottlieb et al. has the particularly impressive ability to reconstruct piecewise analytic functions with exponential convergence up to the points of discontinuity. However, it has been sharply criticized for its high cost and susceptibility to round-off error. In this paper, a new approach to Gegenbauer reconstruction is considered, resulting in a reconstruction method that is less computationally intensive and costly, yet still enjoys superior convergence. The idea is to create a procedure that combines the well known exponential filtering method in smooth regions away from the discontinuities with the Gegenbauer reconstruction method in regions close to the discontinuities. This hybrid approach benefits from both the simplicity of exponential filtering and the high resolution properties of the Gegenbauer reconstruction method. Additionally, a new way of computing the Gegenbauer coefficients from Jacobian polynomial expansions is introduced that is both more cost effective and less prone to round-off errors.
A Brylawski decomposition for finite ordered sets

A decomposition is given for finite ordered sets P and is shown to be a unique decomposition in the sense of Brylawski. Hence there exists a universal invariant g(P) for this decomposition, and we compute g(P) explicitly. Some modifications of this decomposition are considered; in particular, one which forms a bidecomposition together with disjoint union.
Attention problems and hyperactivity as predictors of college grade point average.

Objective: This study examined the relative contributions of measures of attention problems and hyperactivity to the prediction of college grade point average (GPA). Method: A sample of 316 student...
Cutaneous vascular function during acute hyperglycemia in healthy young adults

Although it is well established that severe chronic hyperglycemia is associated with microvascular disease, it is not known whether transient hyperglycemia similar to that observed with impaired gl...
IL-1β induces eotaxin gene transcription in A549 airway epithelial cells through NF-κB

Eotaxin is an asthma-related C-C chemokine that is produced in response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We detected an increase in newly transcribed eotaxin mRNA in IL-1β-stimulated airway epithelial ce...
Roles of Carboxyl-Terminal and Farnesylated Residues in the Functions of the Large Hepatitis Delta Antigen

The large hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg-L) mediates hepatitis delta virus (HDV) assembly and inhibits HDV RNA replication. Farnesylation of the cysteine residue within the HDAg-L carboxyl terminus is required for both functions. Here, HDAg-L proteins from different HDV genotypes and genotype chimeric proteins were analyzed for their ability to incorporate into virus-like particles (VLPs). Observed differences in efficiency of VLP incorporation could be attributed to genotype-specific differences within the HDAg-L carboxyl terminus. Using a novel assay to quantify the extent of HDAg-L farnesylation, we found that genotype 3 HDAg-L was inefficiently farnesylated when expressed in the absence of the small hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg-S). However, as the intracellular ratio of HDAg-S to HDAg-L was increased, so too was the extent of HDAg-L farnesylation for all three genotypes. Single point mutations within the carboxyl terminus of HDAg-L were screened, and three mutants that severely inhibited assembly without affecting farnesylation were identified. The observed assembly defects persisted under conditions where the mutants were known to have access to the site of VLP assembly. Therefore, the corresponding residues within the wild-type protein are likely required for direct interaction with viral envelope proteins. Finally, it was observed that when HDAg-S was artificially myristoylated, it could efficiently inhibit HDV RNA replication. Hence, a general association with membranes enables HDAg to inhibit replication. In contrast, although myristoylated HDAg-S was incorporated into VLPs far more efficiently than HDAg-S or nonfarnesylated HDAg-L, it was incorporated far less efficiently than wild-type HDAg-L; thus, farnesylation was required for efficient assembly.
Composition, Sensory Properties, and Frozen Stability of Chicken and Chicken-Soy Patties

Abstract White Leghorn hens were slaughtered, eviscerated, chilled overnight in slush ice, hung on shackles to drain, and hand deboned. The fowl meat was ground with a heavy duty Hobart meat grinder. Patties were prepared from chicken meat or from meat containing 10%, 20%, or 30% of a specially processed flaked textured vegetable protein (FTVP). Samples were collected for compositional analysis; the remainder was weighed, formed in a Hollymatic patty maker, individually wrapped in Cry-O-Vac D-601 polyolefin film, heat sealed, and frozen at −20° C. Composition of raw patties varied with increasing FTVP. Protein was slightly increased; however, fat and ash contents were significantly changed by FTVP additions. Every two weeks, a patty from each treatment was tested for fat oxidation. After six months storage, patties were cooked by microwave or pan frying from the frozen state or after thawing. The cooked products were tested in a shear press and judged for flavor and tenderness. Patties cooked by microwave from the frozen state did not differ in flavor, but flavors of those thawed before cooking differed. Patties with higher FTVP were rated less tender. Flavor of pan-fried patties did not differ by treatment regardless of cooking technique. When patties were cooked from the frozen state, those with higher FTVP contents were rated less tender but not objectionably so. Shear press values of patties cooked by pan frying were significantly greater than for those cooked by microwave. All patties containing 10% FTVP had higher shear values (less tender) than patties containing no FTVP, 20%, or 30% FTVP. TBA values for patties without FTVP were consistently higher than for patties containing vegetable protein. TBA values increased in all patties throughout the six months storage, but never exceeded 3 on a 0-to-6 scale. Raw chicken patties containing 0%, 12%, 20%, or 30% FTVP can be stored for six months at −20° C. without appreciable loss of eating quality.
Consistency of Nearest Neighbor Classification under Selective Sampling

This paper studies nearest neighbor classification in a model where unlabeled data points arrive in a stream, and the learner decides, for each one, whether to ask for its label. Are there generic ways to augment or modify any selective sampling strategy so as to ensure the consistency of the resulting nearest neighbor classifier?
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers Having Steroid Sex Hormones as Pendent Moieties

Steroids are widely known for their versatile biological activities and they are being used by physicians all over the world since the 1930s. These drugs have some major disadvantages. A large number of polymeric compounds have been found to be efficient as chemotherapeutic agents. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of two new monomers derived from two steroid sex hormones — estrone and androsterone, and their subsequent polymerization.
Type-II to type-I transition in superconducting, sputtered ErRh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ films

High-quality films of both the body-centered and primitive tetragonal phases of ErRh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ have been made by dc sputtering. Critical fields perpendicular and parallel to these films have been measured. The major result of this research is the interpretation of these measurements for the reentrant superconducting primitive phase. It is concluded that a type-II to type-I transition occurs as temperature T falls below about 2.4 K. In this way the large apparent discrepancy between parallel and perpendicular critical fields can be understood as being due to the intermediate state. The analysis also indicates that the superconducting condensation energy E/sub c/ is non-BCS and falls to a low value at the reentrant transition. However, it is necessary to extrapolate Landau parameters for the magnetic normal state to determine E/sub c/, so that this conclusion is not definite. The critical field at the upper transition temperature is reported to have an anomalous, and as yet unexplained, temperature dependence.
Measuring the existence of cool using an extended social relations model

This paper presents a simple method to measure people’s perceptions of the coolness of other people in localized social networks. Folk concepts of cool suggest that cool is real and yet elusive. Approaches to measuring cool that are indebted to traditional personality theory are shown to be insufficient because cool is a constantly changing construct. Instead, the tension between the real and elusive sides of cool may be best characterized as a distributed property of a network. This is measured with an extension of the social relations model in order to give an estimate of the actual stability of cool, instead of just vague folk concepts. 47 undergraduates completed a round-robin rating of the personal and group level coolness of others. Preliminary results suggest that about a third of ratings in cool are due to the actual coolness of the targets, showing both the reality and elusiveness of cool itself.
A metric analysis of transparent dentine as an indicator of age in isolated human teeth

Archaeological research aims to reconstruct past human activities. A traditional focus of such research involves the analysis of skeletal material, including the establishment of age-at-death of individuals. Because most analyses have been limited to an examination of relatively complete skeletal remains, fragmented material as an information source has been consistently under-valued. More specifically, although isolated teeth may form a primary component of such remains, few studies have investigated the age assessment potential of these teeth. I have developed an accurate method of adult age assessment based on an index used to calculate the proportion of transparency in dentine. While this method is intended to complement conventional methods of age assessment, its primary value lies in the avoidance of many of the limitations inherent on these methods. It enables archeologically recovered isolated teeth to be aged by relatively untrained researchers. Such teeth can now be included in archaeological analyses.
Influence of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda, (Lepidoptera: Noctuldae) Larvae and Corn Plant Damage on Host Finding in Apanteles marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The behavioral sequence for host finding and oviposition was described for Apanteles marginiventris (Cresson) on corn plants damaged artificially or by 2nd-instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Corn plants with FAW damage had the highest number of parasitoids present and exhibiting searching behavior. Artificially damaged plants had approximately the same number of parasitoids displaying searching behavior as did undamaged plants; however, artificially damaged plants did attract or retain substantially more parasitoids. During a 5-min observation period, parasitoids spent ca. 3, 17, and 83% of their time searching on undamaged, artificially damaged, and FAW-damaged plants, respectively. Highest parasitization rates occurred among 2nd-instar larvae collected from the leaves of plants damaged by FAW larvae. No parasitization occurred in larvae collected from the whorls of damaged (FAW or artificial) or undamaged plants.