cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crisis Resolution: The Bradford Fire and English Society

Abstract On May 11, 1985 a national crisis began in England. Shortly before the interval (halftime) of a soccer match, a fire swept through one of the stands at Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England. Fifty-six people were killed within five minutes with more than 200 spectators injured. The study looks at the societal reaction to this tragedy and is guided by a model developed by Jeffrey Alexander (1985). Alexander, drawing on the work of Emile Durkheim, proposes conditions that describe how a society deals with a crisis. We begin with a discussion of Alexander's model and then move on to a narrative about the fire. Lastly, we focus on the societal response to the tragedy using propositions we have derived from Alexander's work. In particular we note the rituals of purification including public statements, visits and pilgrimages, an official inquiry, services and memorials, and fund raising attempts. We show how these ritual responses created a sacred community for the purification of soccer as well ...
An Overview of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)

The Lunar Crater Observation Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), an accompanying payload to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission (Vondrak et al. 2010), was launched with LRO on 18 June 2009. The principle goal of the LCROSS mission was to shed light on the nature of the materials contained within permanently shadowed lunar craters. These Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) are of considerable interest due to the very low temperatures, <120 K, found within the shadowed regions (Paige et al. 2010a, 2010b) and the possibility of accumulated, cold-trapped volatiles contained therein. Two previous lunar missions, Clementine and Lunar Prospector, have made measurements that indicate the possibility of water ice associated with these PSRs. LCROSS used the spent LRO Earth-lunar transfer rocket stage, an Atlas V Centaur upper stage, as a kinetic impactor, impacting a PSR on 9 October 2009 and throwing ejecta up into sunlight where it was observed. This impactor was guided to its target by a Shepherding Spacecraft (SSC) which also contained a number of instruments that observed the lunar impact. A campaign of terrestrial ground, Earth orbital and lunar orbital assets were also coordinated to observe the impact and subsequent crater and ejecta blanket. After observing the Centaur impact, the SSC became an impactor itself. The principal measurement goals of the LCROSS mission were to establish the form and concentration of the hydrogen-bearing material observed by Lunar Prospector, characterization of regolith within a PSR (including composition and physical properties), and the characterization of the perturbation to the lunar exosphere caused by the impact itself.
The evolution of bipedalism and assisted birth.

eview of the cross-cultural literature on childbirth reveals that isolated birth is either virtually unknown or a rarely achieved ideal (Konner and Shostak 1987; Trevathan 1987; for an exception to this pattern, see Sargent 1989). In almost every known routine circumstance a birthing woman alerts someone else of her condition and is subsequently attended to by a close female relative, a friend, or a midwife. Although she may communicate her needs and physical experiences to her attendant, it is often the case that the other person makes most of the decisions about the birthing process. In addition, the larger historically rooted social group may have already made decisions about where birth is to take place, what position the woman will be in when she delivers, what "artifacts" will be used during delivery (Jordan 1987), who receives her newborn infant, and how she may or may not behave during labor and delivery. Only in rare instances can a woman act and behave exactly as she wishes during the birth process. But has this always been so? Some critical medical anthropologists argue that biology and evolutionary history tell us little about experiences we have today, particularly as they relate to power and control over our own individual bodies and minds (see, for example, Singer 1989). They suggest that it is primarily the contemporary sociopolitical context in which we are embedded that determines where we deliver our babies and what happens to them and ourselves during and after birth. In this commentary I argue that understanding something about our historical and evolutionary past can help us understand several contemporary health issues, including childbirth. I imagine that many scholars would agree that historical circumstances are crucial for understanding our present conditions, but I want to push that domain back 5 million years, before birth was social, before anyone except the individual birthing female herself had power over birth. I suggest that the evolutionary transformation of a nonbipedal prehominid into a bipedal hominid first transformed birth from an individual to a social enterprise. With that, control over birth was also transferred from the individual giving birth to the person in attendance. In other words, selection for bipedalism set hominids on a trajectory toward the elaboration of cultural systems of authoritative knowl-
Decreased cisplatin uptake by resistant L1210 leukemia cells.

Abstract Cisplatin resistance remains poorly understood compared to other forms of anti-neoplastic drug resistance. In this report radiolabeled cisplatin and rapid separation techniques were used to compare drug uptake by L1210 leukemia cells that are sensitive (K25) or resistant (ZCR9) to cisplatin. Uptake of cisplatin by both cell lines was linear without saturation kinetics up to 100 μM. The resistant ZCR9 cells had 36–60% reduced drug uptake as compared to its sensitive parent line, K25. In contrast, there was no difference in the rate of efflux. We conclude that a decreased rate of uptake is one possible mechanism of cellular cisplatin resistance.
Short-term low dose intracoronary diltiazem administered at the onset of reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size

Abstract Background : Currently, controversy exists regarding the use of calcium-channel blockers in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to apparent conflicting results from clinical trials and animal models. One hypothesis to explain such a discrepancy proposes that the timing and duration of drug administration might influence its cardioprotective effect. Pretreatment with calcium-channel blockers or their administration during coronary artery occlusion is associated with the diminished infarct size in animal models. While verapamil failed to reduce infarct size when the drug was given at the onset of reperfusion, similar effects of low dose diltiazem are not known. Methods and Results : This experiment evaluated the effect of intracoronary short term low dose diltiazem administration given immediately with postischemic myocardial reperfusion. Yorkshire swine underwent thoracotomy and 50 min of LAD occlusion, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. In the first group, diltiazem (2.5 mg diluted in 60 cc saline) was infused into the left anterior descending (LAD) over 12 min, beginning with the onset of reperfusion ( n =8). In the second group, animals received saline instead of diltiazem and served as controls ( n =6). Infarct size was 0.13±0.06 g/kg of body weight for diltiazem group, and 0.42±0.04 g/kg for controls ( P =0.01). Conclusions : Short-term low dose diltiazem delivered exclusively during early reperfusion can significantly diminish infarct size in swine. Local intracoronary diltiazem may be valuable adjunct in patients subject to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion during coronary artery bypass grafting, primary angioplasty for AMI, or thrombolysis for AMI if given immediately after restoration of coronary blood flow.
The relationship between tonicity and flagellar length

THE manner in which a cell regulates the size and number of its organelles is not fully understood. We have studied the regulation of flagellar length. Flagella are organelles involved in cellular motility and sensory transduction1, and in standardised conditions, the flagella of a given species are constant in length and number. Thus, taxonomists include these characteristics in species descriptions2. The organism we are investigating is the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi, in which the two flagella are of equal length2. If the flagella of Chlamydomonas are amputated, they regenerate to their original length in approximately 90 min (ref. 3). If only one flagellum is removed the remaining organelle shrinks while the new flagellum is elongating, until both are of the same length. At this point both organelles proceed to elongate, stopping when the normal length is reached3,4. Resorption of organelles containing microtubules has been shown to occur under a number of conditions in different organisms5. Recently it has been shown that the flagella of Chlamydomonas can be caused to shorten by a variety of agents such as pyrophosphate6–8, chelators6, halo-thane9 and other salt solutions6,10,11. This large variety of substances led us to study the effects of tonicity, per se, on flagellar length.
Toward Efficient Scheduling of Evolving Computations on Rings of Processors

We study a simple, low-overhead policy for scheduling dynamically evolving computations in which tasks that spawn produce precisely two offspring, on rings of processors. Such computations include, for instance, tree-structured branching computations. We believe that our policy yields good parallel speedup on large classes of these computations, but we have not yet been able to verify this. In the current paper, we adduce evidence that the policy works well on computations that end up being large and “bushy,” by showing (a) that it balances loads well as long as tasks keep spawning, and (b) that it yields asymptotically optimal parallel speedup when the evolving computations end up having the structure of complete binary trees or of two-dimensional pyramidal meshes. Specifically, we show that ap-processor ring can execute a computation that evolves into the height-ncomplete binary tree (which has 2n? 1 nodes) in timeformula]Similarly, the ring can execute a computation that evolves into the side-npyramidal mesh (which has (n+12) nodes) in timeformula]
JOB PERFORMANCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

The relationship between employees' commitment and job performance continues to interest those studying organizational behavior and management. The present study yielded a significant negative corr...
Mechanical design considerations for area array solder joints

Concurrent engineering often requires mechanical reliability to be traded off against a number of other criteria. Rather than simple optimization, mechanical design usually relies, explicitly or implicitly, on the assessment of the relative merits of a number of alternatives. However, the evaluation of a large number of designs by finite element and damage integral methods would, at best, be extremely cumbersome. The present work describes design tools based on elastic stress analysis for rapid assessment of area array assembly designs in terms of mechanical reliability. Examples in the discussion illustrate various means of improving the reliability of such assemblies. >
The shape of things to come: the future of the shape bias controversy.

When confronted with a controversy such as the reason for the shape bias, one wonders, as Rodney King once did, ‘Why can’t we all just get along?’ Is there some combination of theory and data that could be acceptable to all parties? Often such conflict resolutions come from showing the parties are talking at cross purposes and that, once one clarifies terms and meanings, they can all live together in one big happy theoretical family. In reading over these papers, I kept trying to find such a resolution, trying to see if there was a way to talk about what is going on that everyone would agree with, with the important side benefit of not alienating half the authors. In the end, I’m not sure such a happy ending is possible. There seem to be real disagreements at work here that cannot easily be defined away. Those disagreements, however, may have less to do with the shape bias in particular and more do with very general approaches to learning and cognitive development. It is important to understand where the key disagreements lie, because finding their real locus is central to knowing why a broader community beyond the ‘shape bias people’ should care about the controversy.
Heterogeneous halothane binding in the SR Ca2+-ATPase

Abstract The activity of various Ca2+-ATPases is affected by volatile anesthetics, such as halothane, commonly used in clinical practice. The effect on the enzyme in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is biphasic, including stimulation at clinical anesthetic concentrations and subsequent inhibition at higher concentrations. We have previously proposed that the action of a volatile anesthetic on Ca2+-ATPases results from its binding in the interior of the enzyme molecule [Lopez, M.M. and Kosk-Kosicka, D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28239–28245]. Presently, we investigated whether the anesthetic interacts directly with the skeletal muscle SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1) as evidenced by binding. Photoaffinity labeling with [14C]halothane demonstrated that the anesthetic binds saturably to SR membranes, and that ≈80% of the binding is specific, with a KI of 0.6 mM. The KI value agrees well with the concentration at which halothane half-maximally activates SERCA1. SDS gel electrophoresis of labeled membranes indicates that 38–56% of [14C]halothane incorporates into SERCA1, and 38–53% in lipids. Distribution of label among the three fragments produced by controlled tryptic digestion of SERCA1 suggests heterogeneous halothane binding presumably in discrete sites in the enzyme. The results provide the first direct evidence that halothane binds to SERCA1. Potentially this binding could be related to anesthetic effect on enzyme's function.
CONVERSION OF DPNH DEHYDROGENASE TO DPNH-CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE BY THIOUREA.

INVESTIGATIONS in this laboratory have shown that the various DPNH-cytochrome reductase preparations from heart and liver mitochondria described in the literature are fragments of the respiratory chain-linked DPNH dehydrogenase produced by the extraction method (acid-ethanol-heat or thermal degradation) used in the isolation of cytochrome reductases1–5. By the action of these agents as well as various proteolytic enzymes, urea and under a number of other experimental conditions the purified dehydrogenase is also degraded to lower molecular weight cytochrome-reducing fragments. This conversion involves major changes in many of the molecular and catalytic properties of the enzyme of which the emergence of cytochrome (and DCIP) reductase activity is but one feature. The observations on thermal and proteolytic degradation have been confirmed and extended by Kaniuga7,8, who has independently discovered the urea-catalysed transformation of the enzyme. Acidethanol degraded DPNH dehydrogenase is not distinguishable from the preparations of Mahler et al.9, de Bernard10, and Mackler11, while the thermally degraded enzyme is in every respect identical with the preparation isolated by King and Howard12 of which the major component is the Mahler enzyme9. Although these investigations have directed attention to the fact that DPNH dehydrogenase is unstable under a variety of conditions13 and readily breaks down to fragments with very different properties, very recently yet another DPNH oxidizing preparation derived from heart mitochondria has been described14 which appears to be a breakdown product of the respiratory chain-linked DPNH dehydrogenase. It is the purpose of this communication to show that, in terms of available evidence, the “DPNH dehydrogenase” of Chapman and Jagannathan14 is not a naturally occurring enzyme but a fragment produced by the action of thiourea on DPNH dehydrogenase.
Inorganic heterocyclic bis(phosphines): syntheses and structures of a 1,2-bis(diazasilaphosphetidino)ethane and its nickel, molybdenum, and rhodium complexes.

Synthesis and characterization of a new, highly electron-rich, chelating bis(phosphine), based on the ethanediyl-linked inorganic heterocycle [Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2P], are reported. Treatment of nickel chloride with this bis(phosphine) afforded square-planar cis-{[Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2PCH2]2NiCl2}, which features isometric nickel−chloride (2.2220(8) A) and nickel−phosphorus (2.1572(8) A) bonds. The ligand reacted with cis-[(piperidine)2Mo(CO)4] to form colorless cis-{[Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2PCH2]2Mo(CO)4}, which has distorted octahedral geometry and long Mo−P bonds (2.5461(18) A). Because of its potential applications in hydrogenation catalysis cis-{[Me2Si(μ-NtBu)2PCH2]2Rh(COD)}BF4 was synthesized. This square-planar, cationic rhodium(I) complex, having symmetrical Rh−P (2.250(2) A) and Rh−C (2.305(6) A) bonds, is structurally related to bis(phospholano)- and bis(phosphetano)rhodium species.
Reconstructing Ocean History: A Window Into the Future

Paleoceanography the branch of Earth science that studies the history and evolution of the ocean, has matured dramatically within the past few decades. The improved recovery of marine archives such as sediments and corals, the development of new measurement tools and proxies for inferring past ocean properties, the increased sophistication of sampling and interpretive schemes, and a continuing trend toward data-model integration have led to major advances in our understanding of ocean history and the integral role that the oceans play in the climate system. Indeed, as the title of this book implies, it has become increasingly evident that we must learn to read and comprehend the ocean's record if we are to fully understand what future climate may hold in store for us.
The Nonrandom Nature of Weak Interactions between Proteins and Bystander Macromolecules in Cellular Environments

Biochemical studies have mainly focused on specific interactions between “reactant” molecules, even though these interactions occur in cellular milieus crowded with “bystander” macromolecules. There is now growing experimental evidence that weak interactions of reactant proteins with macromolecular crowders may regulate biochemical processes [Miklos and Zhou, PLoS ONE 8, e74969 (2013)]. Computationally, our recent development of the FFT-based method for Modeling Atomistic Protein-crowder interactions (FMAP) has made it feasible to investigate the nature of such weak interactions [Qin and Zhou, JCTC 10, 2824 (2014)]. In FMAP, protein-crowder interactions, both hard-core and soft, are represented as correlations functions and evaluated via FFT, leading to the chemical potential of the protein in a crowded solution. Here we applied FMAP to three proteins whose interactions with crowders were subject to recent experimental studies. While the chemical potential comes from averaging all possible protein-crowder arrangements, we found that in each of the three cases a few “hot” regions on the protein surface make dominant contributions. Specifically, (1) a mutation of Ser16 to Glu on the Pin1 WW domain significantly reduces the magnitude of its chemical potential in concentrated ovalbumin solutions; (2) the chemical potential of a concentrated human growth hormone solution is dominated by two “hot” regions; (3) the domain cleft of the bi-lobed maltose binding protein is a “hot” region for interacting with bovine serum albumin as a crowder. These results are generally in line with experimental observations, though quantitative agreement will require further parameterization of protein-crowder interactions. The picture emerging from the computational and experimental studies is that weak protein-crowder interactions are nonrandom such that crowders and ligands may compete for the same sites for interacting with protein receptors, thus blurring the divide between specific and nonspecific interactions.
Variability of color mixture data - II. The effect of viewing field size on the unit coordinates.

Abstract Theoretical sources of variation of published color mixture data with variation in field size were considered. The differences in unit coordinates for 2° and 10° fields may be explained by postulating that the effective optical density of the cone photopigments decreases as field size increases. 1.33° tritanopic coefficients and small-field (artificial) tritanopic coefficients are shown to be consistent with the density hypothesis. Effective optical density decreases exponentially as the centrally fixated field of view increases. Similar changes occur for fields placed at eccentric positions.
396 TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION (TPN) CHOLESTASIS IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Of the 221 infants admitted in 1976 weighing ≥2000 gm, 33% received TPN for periods ranging from 1 to 111 days. Of these infants receiving TPN 25% (16) developed direct hyperbilirubinemia (≥1.5 mg%) secondary to TPN cholestasis. The onset of direct hyperbilirubinemia occurred at a mean of 40 days but varied from the end of the 1st week to the 13th week of TPN, without any apparent time of peak incidence. The incidence of TPN cholestasis was 8.8% in infants receiving TPN for 10 days and increased progressively to 47% at 40 days. The highest incidence of direct hyperbilirubinemia was found in the very premature infant. The incidence in the <1000 gm group was 53%. The incidences in the 1000-1499 gm and 1500-2000 gm groups were 18% and 12% respectively. Comparing the means for birth weights, length of TPN, and protein intakes in the infants with and without elevated direct bilirubins revealed the following data: It appears that very low birth weight infants are particularly susceptible to TPN cholestasis but this is probably due to the fact that they required TPN for longer periods of time. The length of TPN and the total amount of protein administered were the greatest risk factors in the production of TPN cholestasis.
Virtual World Experiential Promotion

Given that virtual worlds as a promotional vehicle may dramatically alter the existing customer experience, we seek to understand the impact of the virtual environment through interdisciplinary research. We present a conceptual framework, beginning with a qualitative study, and finishing with a quantitative study that includes hypothesis testing. Our findings indicate that virtual world experiential promotion (VWEP) provides better hedonic attributes, such as atmospherics, social experience, and personal/adaptive selling, when compared to “e-tail” environments. Results for the the provision of utilitarian attributes were more mixed, revealing that time savings and convenience were perceived as being less advantageous in VWEP environments than in retail environments, while ease of switching was perceived as being not significantly different across the two channels. As hypothesized, avoiding salesperson pressure was seen as an advantage of VWEP environments over retail environments. In summary, we conceptua...
Indomethacin-induced reduction in neonatal piglet mesenteric blood flow is blunted by dopexamine

Abstract Background: Dopexamine is a specific dopaminergic and β 2 -adrenergic agonist. Using newborn piglets, we have previously shown that (1) dopexamine increases cardiac output and mesenteric blood flow; (2) indomethacin reduces mesenteric blood flow. Methods: Ultrasonic blood flow probes were placed around the ascending aorta, cranial mesenteric artery, and a renal artery of 0 to 2-day-old and 2-week-old piglets. Animals of each age were grouped (5 to 8 animals per group) and subjected to one of three experimental protocols: (1) 0.4 mg/kg indomethacin infusion, (2) 10 μg/kg/min dopexamine infusion begun 10 minutes before indomethacin, or (3) no treatment. Results: Control animals demonstrated no significant alterations in mesenteric blood flow. Compared with baseline, indomethacin produced significant ( P v 17.9 ± 3.7 mL/min at 90 min), and 2-week-old (80.2 ± 12.5 mL/min v 29.7 ± 5.7 mL/min at 90 minutes) piglets. In both animal groups treated with dopexamine before indomethacin, the decreases in cranial mesenteric artery blood flow were eliminated (38.4 ± 7.6 mL/min at baseline v 36.5 ± 6.8 mL/min at 90 minutes in 0 to 2 day olds; 79.9 ± 10.0 mL/min at baseline v 77.5 ± 14.7 mL/min in 2 week olds). Indomethacin-induced declines in renal blood flow were similarly abrogated by dopexamine. Conclusion: Dopexamine may prove of clinical benefit when a neonate is considered a candidate for indomethacin therapy.
NMR study of platinum catalysts

Abstract The author reports on studies by his group of the 195 Pt NMR of several samples of Pt supported on alumina at frequencies ranging from 9 to 74 MHz, and at 77 and 4.2 K, using spin-echoes at fixed frequency. The samples were prepared by Dr. John Sinfelt of the Exxon Research Laboratory, who has characterized their dispersions chemically as 46%, 26%, and 15% for samples 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The NMR spectra are exceedingly broad, extending from the value characteristic of bulk metallic Pt to a value characteristic of diamagnetic Pt compounds (a range of 4.5 kG at 74 MHz). The detailed shapes vary drastically with average particle size, and exhibit structure which depends on the chemical treatment of the Pt surface. The spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times T 2 and T 1 respectively, vary across the absorption line but, for a given surface treatment, and at a given position on the absorption line, T 1 and T 2 are the same in all three samples. In sample 3, there is a sharp peak at the position of the 195 Pt resonance in bulk metal, but it is missing in the samples of smaller particle size. In samples exposed to the air or to hydrogen, there is a strong peak near the normal position of the 195 Pt resonance in diamagnetic compounds which we believe arises from the surface layer of Pt atoms since its area relative to the total absorption line agrees with Sinfelt's chemical determination of the sample dispersion and since the peak disappears when the surface is cleaned chemically. When the surface is covered, the electrons of the surface platinum atoms are tied up in chemical bonds (i.e., are non-metallic) since the surface peak occurs at the position characteristic of 195 Pt in diamagnetic compounds, possesses a long T 1 , and has T 1 whose temperature and magnetic field dependence differ drastically from T 1 in metals.
WITHDRAWN: Corrigendum to “A novel method for analyzing images of live nerve cells” [J. Neurosci. Methods 201 (2011) 98-105]

. This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Raman Spectroscopic Observations on the Structural Characteristics and Dissociation Behavior of Methane Hydrate Synthesized in Silica Sands with Various Sizes

Raman spectroscopic observations of the characteristics and dissociation of methane hydrate were carried out on hydrates synthesized in silica sands with particle sizes of 53−75, 90−106, 106−150, and 150−180 μm. The results obtained indicate that methane hydrates formed in silica sands had similar characteristics regarding cage occupancy and hydration number (5.99) to bulk hydrate, indicative of no influence of the particle size on hydrate composition. During hydrate dissociation, the change in the average intensity ratio of large to small cages were generally consistent with that of bulk hydrate but dropped dramatically after a certain time, and this turning point seems to be related to the particle size of silica sands.
NSAIDs were associated with increased risk for mortality or recurrent MI in patients who had previous MI

Source Citation Schjerning Olsen AM, Fosbol EL, Lindhardsen J, et al. Duration of treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and impact on risk of death and recurrent myocardial infarction...
The use of a lumbar spine manipulation technique by physical therapists in patients who satisfy a clinical prediction rule: a case series.

Study Design A case series of patients with low back pain (LBP) who satisfy a clinical prediction rule (CPR). Background A CPR that identifies patients with LBP who are likely to respond with rapid and prolonged reductions in pain and disability following spinal manipulation was developed and recently validated. The CPR developed to predict favorable response to manipulation investigated the effects of only 1 manipulation technique. The accuracy of the CPR for predicting outcomes using other manipulation techniques is not known. The purpose of the case series was to describe the outcomes of patients presenting to physical therapy with LBP who met the CPR and were treated with an alternative lumbar manipulation technique. Case Description Consecutive patients referred to physical therapy who satisfied the eligibility criteria, including the presence of at least 4 of the 5 criteria on the CPR, were invited to participate in the case series. Patients were treated for 2 visits with a side-lying lumbar manipul...
Large-signal FET models and a new AlGaN/GaN HFET model for power amplifier design

A historical review of large-signal compact FET models is presented. Device models used in circuit design typically are based upon equivalent circuit techniques. However, it is possible to develop physics-based compact models. In this work, a new physics-based model for AlGaN/GaN HFETs that can be integrated into the commercial simulators is described. The new model has demonstrated good agreement between measured and simulated data for communications band power amplifiers.
Evaluation and Multiple Stimulation in the Stimulus-Response Paradigm of Articulation Therapy

Summary.-The effects of evaluation and multiple stimulation in the stimulus-response paradigm of articulation therapy were studied. Changes in the natural latency between stimulus and response were also observed. The results indicate that evaluation improved the effectiveness of the method, that multiple stimulation was more effective at the beginning of the learning task while single stimulation was more effective during the final modification stages of the learning task, and that latency tended to decrease as responses became more accurate. Although several techniques are commonly employed in the treatment of misarticulated speech sounds, most authors discuss the stimulus-response method as the most basic technique used in treating defective sounds. The stimulusresponse method is known by several names, but the basic process remains consistent. The clinician provides a model (stimulus) which the client attempts to imitate (response). Since the stimulus-response method of articulation therapy was introduced by Travis (1931), many modifications of the basic S-R paradigm have been suggested. Van Riper's "auditory stimulation" technique requires that the client not only repeat the stimulus but ". . . to sense the 'feel' of it" (1963, pp. 264265). Several authors have stressed the importance of evaluation after the client's response (Berry & Eisenson, 1956; Milisen, 1954; Irwin, 1969). According to Carrell, when the stimulus has been properly produced, the client should be suongly rewarded and asked to repeat the sound several times (1968, p. 99). Irwin has formally represented the stimulus-response method as s-s-s/s/REx. The "s" refers to the stimulus, / to a pause, "R to the dent's response, "E" to the evaluation of the response, and "x" to reinforcement. The purpose of the first pause is to allow the client time to think about the stimulus and/or to form it silently. Then after the final stimulation and pause, the client attempts the production. The evaluation may be accomplished by either the client himself or the therapist or by both (Irwin, 1969, p. 132). It is noteworthy that, even though speech clinicians have been using the stimulus-response method in articulation therapy in various forms since Travis introduced it, relatively little research has been produced to support or deny its efficacy. Clinicians have modified the basic S-R paradigm without providing research evidence to establish the validity of the modifications. Although Rice and Milisen (1954) and Filley (1957) have found that multiple stimulations
Virtual valuations [transformer testing]

Modern power transformers are tightly designed to minimise volume, weight and cost. One solution to striking this delicate balance is to test the transformer in a virtual way at the design stage, through numerical simulation. When power transformers fail to meet their specification, it is almost always due to a very localised effect. such as a hot spot on the tank wall or an insulation breakdown at a critical point in the winding. Finite element methods are ideally suited to calculating local electric and magnetic field variations and, for more than 30 years, have been used for examining the performance of power transformers.
Inline ultrasonic rheometry by pulsed Doppler.

Abstract This will be a discussion of the non-invasive determination of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid in laminar pipe flow over the range of shear rates present in the pipe. The procedure used requires knowledge of the flow profile in and the pressure drop along a long straight run of pipe. The profile is determined by using a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter. This approach is ideal for making non-invasive, real-time measurements for monitoring and control. Rheograms of a shear thinning gel will be presented. The operating parameters and limitations of the Doppler-based instrument will be discussed. The most significant limitation is velocity gradient broadening of the Doppler spectra near the walls of the pipe. This limitation can be significant for strongly shear thinning fluids (depending also on the ratio of beam to pipe diameter and the transducer’s insertion angle).
Resonant scattering from a conducting cylinder clad with an anisotropic plasma

The scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a conducting cylinder clad with an anisotropic plasma of arbitrary electron density is considered, and the eigenfunction solution is obtained. The resonant behavior of the system is investigated. The resonant conditions are obtained, and damping of the resonant scattering by finite size effects and collisional dissipation is studied. The Rayleigh and geometrical optics limiting cases are derived, and the approach of the plasma scattering to that from a metallic body for increasing plasma frequency (electron density) is obtained. Comparisons with the scattering from an unclad cylinder and from a planar conductor sheathed with a plasma are made.
Kuhn--the conservative and radical interpretations: are some Mertonians 'Kuhnians' and some Kuhnians 'Mertonians'?

Continuing our occasional series of `Historic Papers', inaugurated in the February 1996 issue, we are reprinting here a paper by Trevor Pinch, originally published in the 4S Newsletter, Vol.7, No.1 (Spring 1982), 10-25. It was not widely noticed at the time, and is now difficult to locate. In the shadow of our tributes to Thomas Kuhn, we thought it appropriate to resurrect it. As is our custom, we are reprinting it in its original form. We have asked Trevor to add a brief `Epilogue'. Otherwise, what follows is essentially what readers read in 1982.
Distressed Communities as a Breeding Ground for Noncommunicable Conditions

Recent research has driven home the close relationship between place and health. Geography is often a greater driver of adolescent morbidity and mortality than behavior. To elucidate these relationships, the Well-Being of Adolescents in Vulnerable Environments study has collected and analyzed data on the health and well-being of adolescents' lowest income communities of five cities: Baltimore, United States; Ibadan, Nigeria; Johannesburg, South Africa; New Delhi, India; and Shanghai, China.
Cannabinoids reveal importance of spike timing coordination in hippocampal function.

Cannabinoids impair hippocampus-dependent memory in both humans and animals, but the network mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown. Here we show that the cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and CP55940 decreased the power of theta, gamma and ripple oscillations in the hippocampus of head-restrained and freely moving rats. These effects were blocked by a CB1 antagonist. The decrease in theta power correlated with memory impairment in a hippocampus-dependent task. By simultaneously recording from large populations of single units, we found that CP55940 severely disrupted the temporal coordination of cell assemblies in short time windows (<100 ms) yet only marginally affected population firing rates of pyramidal cells and interneurons. The decreased power of local field potential oscillations correlated with reduced temporal synchrony but not with firing rate changes. We hypothesize that reduced spike timing coordination and the associated impairment of physiological oscillations are responsible for cannabinoid-induced memory deficits.
Easy Leaf Area: Automated Digital Image Analysis for Rapid and Accurate Measurement of Leaf Area

Premise of the study: Measurement of leaf areas from digital photographs has traditionally required significant user input unless backgrounds are carefully masked. Easy Leaf Area was developed to batch process hundreds of Arabidopsis rosette images in minutes, removing background artifacts and saving results to a spreadsheet-ready CSV file. Methods and Results: Easy Leaf Area uses the color ratios of each pixel to distinguish leaves and calibration areas from their background and compares leaf pixel counts to a red calibration area to eliminate the need for camera distance calculations or manual ruler scale measurement that other software methods typically require. Leaf areas estimated by this software from images taken with a camera phone were more accurate than ImageJ estimates from flatbed scanner images. Conclusions: Easy Leaf Area provides an easy-to-use method for rapid measurement of leaf area and nondestructive estimation of canopy area from digital images.
Nonsurgical management of blunt splenic injury: is it cost effective?

Abstract Background This study analyzed outcomes and cost of splenic embolization compared with surgery for the management of blunt splenic injury. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted with isolated, blunt splenic injury. An intent-to-treat analysis was initially conducted. Outcomes and cost/charges were compared in patients treated with embolization and surgical treatment. Results Of 236 patients admitted with isolated, blunt splenic injury, 190 patients were ultimately managed by observation, 31 by splenic embolization, and 15 by surgical management. Comparing outcomes and cost data for splenic embolization versus surgical management, there was no significant difference in intensive care unit use, hospital stay, complications, or re-admission. Surgical management patients required more blood transfusions and incurred higher procedure charges. Conversely, splenic embolization patients underwent more radiologic evaluations and charges. Total procedure-related charges were higher for surgical management when compared with splenic embolization ($28,709 vs $19,062; P = .016), but total hospital cost and total hospital charges were not significantly different. Conclusions Nonsurgical treatment of blunt splenic injury is safe and cost effective. Angioembolization was statistically similar to surgical therapy regarding cost.
Repetition, Reputation, and Raiding

I develop a multitarget takeover model with bid revisions, in which bidders desire a reputation for having low valuations. Such a reputation increases the likelihood that future targets will accept low premium bids. Bidders develop reputation by using low take-it-or-leave-it offers. Consequently, tender premiums bid revision rates, and success rates are lower for continuing bidders than for those considering only a single target. Success rates vary within a series, and reputation building is more likely with highly correlated target valuations. I provide an exploratory empirical analysis consistent with lower premiums from continuing bidders and discuss some resulting implications regarding "raiders," conglomerates, and resistance strategies. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
New technique for lifetime and surface/interface recombination velocity measurement in thin semiconductor layers

A nondestructive photoluminescence (PL) method for measurement of the bulk lifetime tau and interface recombination velocity S is presented. The method is based on an exact analytical solution for the PL decay in a thin semiconductor layer, S and tau are obtained by analyzing the PL-decay response to a pulsed laser excitation for layers with different thicknesses. The decay analysis is done in the frequency domain, which improves accuracy and suppresses noise. The method is demonstrated on isotype double AlGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructure, but it is also applicable for thin layers bounded by interfaces with different recombination velocities, such as SOI, GaAs-Si, and Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-Si systems. >
Patterns and Predictors of Physical Functional Disability at 5 to 10 Years After Heart Transplantation

Background Researchers have not examined relationships between perception of physical functional disability and demographic, clinical, and psychological variables at 5 to 10 years after heart transplantation. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to describe physical functional disability over time and identify predictors of physical functional disability from 5 to 10 years after heart transplantation. Methods The study enrolled 555 patients who were between 5 and 10 years post-heart transplant (age, 54 ± 9 years; 78% male, 88% white, 79% married). Patients completed 6 instruments that measure physical functional disability and factors that may impact physical functional disability. Statistical analyses included calculation of frequencies, means ± standard deviation (plotted over time), Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression coupled with repeated measures. Results Between 5 and 10 years after heart transplantation, physical functional disability was low, and 34% to 45% of patients reported having no functional disability. More physical functional disability was associated with having more symptoms, having depression/mood/negative affect and lower use of negative coping strategies, having more comorbidities and more specific comorbidities (e.g., more orthopedic problems and diabetes); higher New York Heart Association functional class; having more acute rejection, infection, or cardiac allograft vasculopathy; being female, older, less educated, and unemployed; higher body mass index; and more hospital readmissions (explaining 46% of variance [ F = 84.75, p Conclusions Demographic, clinical, and psychological factors were significantly related to physical functional disability. Knowledge of these factors provides the basis for development of therapeutic plans of care.
TREE GROWTH, MORTALITY, PHYSICAL CONDITION, AND MICROSITE IN AN OLD-GROWTH LOWLAND TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

Tree species richness in tropical rain forest typically exceeds several hundred species over mesoscale landscapes. There is no generally accepted ecological theory that accounts for the coexistence of so many species with the same general morphologies and the same basic requirements of light, nutrients, water, and physical space. In part, this lack of theory rests on the lack of understanding of the post-establishment ecology for the vast majority of tropical tree species. Of even more immediate concern is the lack of data on tree performance in relation to climate; such data are critical to project effects of global climate change on tropical forests. Here we present data from a project designed to examine the post-establishment ecology of 10 species of tropical wet forest trees selected to span a range of predicted life history patterns. The study site was terra firme old-growth tropical wet forest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Particular emphasis has been placed on evaluating the pr...
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Children: A Review and Algorithm

This updated review of pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension focuses on epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, evaluation, clinical course, and treatment. General guidelines for the clinical management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension are discussed. A new algorithm outlines an efficient management strategy for the initial diagnostic evaluation of children with signs or symptoms of intracranial hypertension. This algorithm provides a systematic approach to initial evaluation and management, and identifies important decision-making factors. The risk of permanent visual loss with idiopathic intracranial hypertension necessitates a prompt, thorough collaborative approach in the management of patients. Although idiopathic intracranial hypertension has been recognized for over a century, the need remains for prospectively collected data to promote a better understanding of the etiology, risk factors, evaluative methods, and effective treatments for children with this syndrome.
TRANSIENT HEATING OF THIN PLATES

Abstract : Two classes of heating problems involving the heating of thin plates over a portion of their surface are considered. Such problems have numerous applications, one such application being the determination of the temperature rise in materials upon which a laser beam is directed. The heating effects caused by a laser beam fits into the class of problems for which the heating source has circular symmetry. The second class of problems arises when the source term has symmetry about a line on the surface. Solutions in the form of a definite integral are obtained for both classes of problems for a general time independent source of unspecified spatial distribution. Several solutions in closed form are obtained for particular source functions and for particular values of the various parameters of the problem. For the case of a disk source an error bound useful in the numerical quadrature of the integral solution is obtained.
The Membrane-anchoring Domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligands Dictates Their Ability to Operate in Juxtacrine Mode

All ligands of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) are synthesized as membrane-anchored precursors. Previous work has suggested that some ligands, such as EGF, must be proteolytically released to be active, whereas others, such as heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) can function while still anchored to the membrane (i.e., juxtacrine signaling). To explore the structural basis for these differences in ligand activity, we engineered a series of membrane-anchored ligands in which the core, receptor-binding domain of EGF was combined with different domains of both EGF and HB-EGF. We found that ligands having the N-terminal extension of EGF could not bind to the EGFR, even when released from the membrane. Ligands lacking an N-terminal extension, but possessing the membrane-anchoring domain of EGF, still required proteolytic release for activity, whereas ligands with the membrane-anchoring domain of HB-EGF could elicit full biological activity while still membrane anchored. Ligands containing the HB-EGF membrane anchor, but lacking an N-terminal extension, activated EGFR during their transit through the Golgi apparatus. However, cell-mixing experiments and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies showed that juxtacrine signaling typically occurred in trans at the cell surface, at points of cell-cell contact. Our data suggest that the membrane-anchoring domain of ligands selectively controls their ability to participate in juxtacrine signaling and thus, only a subclass of EGFR ligands can act in a juxtacrine mode.