cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Steady’ Swimming Kinematics of Tiger Musky, an Esociform Accelerator, and Rainbow Trout, a Generalist Cruiser

Locomotor kinematics of tiger musky ( Esox sp.) and rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) were measured at ‘steady’ swimming speeds of up to 85 cm s −1 . Tail beat frequencies of musky were approximately 2 Hz higher than those of trout at any swimming speed, but tail beat amplitudes were 0.04L (where L is total body length) smaller. The product of these two variables was similar for the two species at any speed. The length of the propulsive wave was independent of speed, and was 0.8L for musky, somewhat smaller than the value for trout, 0.9L. The depth of the caudal fin trailing edge of trout was greater than that of musky, but the greater depth of the posteriorly located median fins of musky also contributed to thrust production. The cosine of the angle of the trailing edge to its beat plane showed the same phase relationship with lateral displacement in both musky and trout. It increased with speed for both species, and values for musky were slightly smaller. Thrust power requirements of musky and trout were similar. Thrust (= drag) coefficients of musky were 1.55 times larger than those for trout: this is roughly as expected on the basis of the larger proportion of the total area of musky located caudally and the higher drag coefficients in this region of the body. Lateral recoil movements of musky were unexpectedly smaller than for trout and were associated with smaller energy wastage from undamped recoil movements. The large recoil expected for the body form of musky was damped to some extent by higher tail beat frequencies, although this entailed some loss in Froude efficiency. Otherwise, no hydrodynamic explanation for the small recoil movements of musky was apparent. It is suggested that the myotomal muscles could be involved in minimizing recoil. The esociform morphology incurs costs in steady swimming, in comparison with generalist cruises, because of reduced sprint speeds for fish of a given length or increased power requirements for fish of a given mass.
The Forecast Problem

The Unsatisfactory Progress of Weather Forecasting as a Science. Probably there is no other field of applied science in which so much money has been spent to effect so little real progress as in weather forecasting. Today the nations of the world spend many times what they did forty years ago to obtain the necessary observational data and to prepare weather forecasts. But the advance in weather-forecasting skill has not kept pace with the increased effort and attention devoted to forecasting. The variety of weather forecasts, as to time range and detail, as to the elements forecast, and as to the elevations and geographical areas for which forecasts are prepared, has been greatly increased in proportion to the increase in the observational synoptic data, to meet more exacting demands. Much has been done to meet these demands by the development of special types of forecasts, frequently forecasts of elements which were not even observed forty years ago. But in spite of all this great expansion of forecasting activity, there has been little or no real progress made during the past forty years in the verification skill of the original basic type of regional forecast, of rain or shine and of warmer or colder on the morrow, the kind of forecasting which first received attention.
Research on spectrum eigenvalues of transformer vibration and its application on diagnosis

The vibration of power transformer on oil tank is mainly come from the vibration of transformer core and winding and consists the variable information of mechanical condition. This paper through setting lack of clamping pressure in both winding and core as well as radial displacement of HV wingding in a 10/0.4 kV power transformer with three phases. Using the vibration eigenvalues in spectrum, such as the amplitude of 100Hz, the proportion of frequency, the maximum amplitude of vibration spectrum, the complexity of vibration spectrum, deals with the vibration characteristics under the above-mentioned faults. The conclusion shows that the complexity of vibration spectrum in three faults decreases and the 100Hz vibration in looseness faults rises, while in radial displacement of winding can decrease. The conclusion of this paper may make contributions to the condition monitoring technology of transformer.
Cis-Lunar Reusable In-Space Transportation Architecture for the Evolvable Mars Campaign

Human exploration missions to Mars or other destinations in the solar system require large quantities of propellant to enable the transportation of required elements from Earth's sphere of influence to Mars. Current and proposed launch vehicles are incapable of launching all of the requisite mass on a single vehicle; hence, multiple launches and in-space aggregation are required to perform a Mars mission. This study examines the potential of reusable chemical propulsion stages based in cis-lunar space to meet the transportation objectives of the Evolvable Mars Campaign and identifies cis-lunar propellant supply requirements. These stages could be supplied with fuel and oxidizer delivered to cis-lunar space, either launched from Earth or other inner solar system sources such as the Moon or near Earth asteroids. The effects of uncertainty in the model parameters are evaluated through sensitivity analysis of key parameters including the liquid propellant combination, inert mass fraction of the vehicle, change in velocity margin, and change in payload masses. The outcomes of this research include a description of the transportation elements, the architecture that they enable, and an option for a campaign that meets the objectives of the Evolvable Mars Campaign. This provides a more complete understanding of the propellant requirements, as a function of time, that must be delivered to cis-lunar space. Over the selected sensitivity ranges for the current payload and schedule requirements of the 2016 point of departure of the Evolvable Mars Campaign destination systems, the resulting propellant delivery quantities are between 34 and 61 tonnes per year of hydrogen and oxygen propellant, or between 53 and 76 tonnes per year of methane and oxygen propellant, or between 74 and 92 tonnes per year of hypergolic propellant. These estimates can guide future propellant manufacture and/or delivery architectural analysis.
The embodied performance pedagogy of Jacques Lecoq

ABSTRACTThis article proposes that acting is a valuable area of research for the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Simulated Behaviour. This suggestion is supported through applying theories and findings from the field of embodied cognition to the performance pedagogy of French acting teacher Jacques Lecoq (1921–1999). Embodied cognition proposes that thinking and behaviour are properties of the whole human organism, not the brain alone, and that body, brain and cognition are “situated” – engaged with the surrounding environment. This thesis arises from findings that show that sensorial and motor experiences form the neural foundations for mental concepts and that sensorimotor neural networks are partially re-activated by mental and linguistic activity, leading to the concept of “embodied simulation”. I give examples of the ways in which Lecoq’s conceptualisation of acting technique is implicitly congruent with the principles of embodied cognition, and often explicitly anticipates its precepts.
The diagnostic challenge of the sequelae of acute pancreatitis on CT imaging: a pictorial essay

The purpose of the study was to present a pictorial review of the long-term sequelae of acute pancreatitis on CT imaging as these findings can cause diagnostic confusion in the absence of a proper clinical history and/or prior CT imaging. We retrospectively identified 81 patients who had an episode of acute pancreatitis with diagnostic findings on CT and also underwent one or more follow-up CT scans at least 1 month beyond the acute episode. The residual findings on all follow-up CT scans were tabulated, including the time interval since the initial bout of acute pancreatitis. Residual inflammatory changes were present in 19.8% of cases, with a median time period lasting 86 days since the initial episode of acute pancreatitis. Residual fluid collections were seen in 27.2% and persisted for a median of 132 days. Three patients had residual solid-appearing inflammatory masses, which could be mistaken for neoplasms. Other long-term sequelae were also tabulated, including pancreatic ductal dilatation, pancreatic atrophy, new or increased pancreatic calcifications, biliary tract dilatation, central portal venous occlusion, and pseudoaneurysm formation. These residual findings and long-term complications are presented as a pictorial essay. Recognizing the spectrum of residual findings of acute pancreatitis, some of which can be long term, is important in the correct interpretation of a pancreatic CT. These findings can mimic acute pancreatitis or a pancreatic/peripancreatic neoplasm and often cause diagnostic confusion, especially in the absence of prior CT imaging.
Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Cell Death Inhibits the Generation of Cell-Mediated Immunity

The influence of cell death on adaptive immunity has been studied for decades. Despite these efforts, the intricacies of how various cell death pathways shape immune responses in the context of infection remain unclear, particularly with regard to more recently discovered pathways such as pyroptosis. The emergence of Listeria monocytogenes as a promising immunotherapeutic platform demands a thorough understanding of how cell death induced in the context of infection influences the generation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune responses. To begin to address this question, we designed strains of L. monocytogenes that robustly activate necrosis, apoptosis, or pyroptosis. We hypothesized that proinflammatory cell death such as necrosis would be proimmunogenic while apoptosis would be detrimental, as has previously been reported in the context of sterile cell death. Surprisingly, we found that the activation of any host cell death in the context of L. monocytogenes infection inhibited the generation of protective immunity and specifically the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, the mechanism of attenuation was unique for each type of cell death, ranging from deficits in costimulation in the context of necrosis to a suboptimal inflammatory milieu in the case of pyroptosis. Our results suggest that cell death in the context of infection is different from sterile-environment-induced cell death and that inhibition of cell death or its downstream consequences is necessary for developing effective cell-mediated immune responses using L. monocytogenes-based immunotherapeutic platforms.
Effect of spinal needle characteristics on measurement of spinal canal opening pressure

Abstract Objective A wide variety of spinal needles are used in clinical practice. Little is currently known regarding the impact of needle length, gauge, and tip type on the needle's ability to measure spinal canal opening pressure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between these factors and the opening-pressure measurement or time to obtain an opening pressure. Methods Thirteen distinct spinal needles, chosen to isolate the effects of length, gauge, and needle-point type, were prospectively tested on a lumbar puncture simulator. The key outcomes were the opening-pressure measurement and the time required to obtain that measure. Pressures were recorded at 10-s intervals until 3 consecutive, identical readings were observed. Results Time to measure opening pressure increased with increasing spinal needle length, increasing gauge, and the Quincke-type (cutting) point ( P Conclusion Although opening pressure estimates are unlikely to vary markedly by needle type, the time required to obtain the measurement increased with increasing needle length and gauge and with Quincke-type needles.
Posttraumatic Symptom Reporting and Reported Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy.

Abstract Introduction: Increased prevalence of nicotine dependence among individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well established. However, there are limited studies on the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in relation to prepregnancy history of trauma exposures and active PTSD symptoms during pregnancy. Prenatal smoking has been implicated in a host of negative outcomes for mother and baby. Given maternal and fetal risk, it is critical to define predictors of continued cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Methods: Pregnant women from an urban perinatal clinic completed an anonymous survey of trauma history using a modified Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), PTSD symptoms using the PTSD Symptom Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C) and current and past smoking behavior. Those who smoked any number of cigarettes per day after pregnancy confirmation were considered to be “pregnant smokers.” Results: Of 218 women who completed the survey, 34 (15.6%) reported smoking cigar...
Transition to Deportation, 1941

Vienna’s Jews Cooperate with German Demands for Deportation and Segregation, by Ilana F. Offenberger
Emerging adults' reports of maternal emotion socialization and their adjustment across cultures

Abstract The relationship between parental emotion socialization and offspring adjustment during emerging adulthood across cultures has been understudied. We examined emerging adults' reports of maternal emotion socialization, their subjective experience, and their own current adjustment in India (n = 238) and USA (n = 220). Indians rated their mothers as providing more explanation-oriented responses and reported feeling more positive in response, and rated their mothers as providing all four nonsupportive responses (punitive, minimizing, scolding, and not talking) more, and reported feeling less negative in response than Americans. Reports of mothers' nonsupportive responses were positively related to emerging adults' adjustment problems in both cultures. In the US, mothers' supportive responses were directly negatively related to emerging adults' adjustment problems, while in India, maternal supportive responses were indirectly related to emerging adults' adjustment problems via their subjective experience. Culture moderated the relation between maternal expressive encouragement and emerging adult adjustment problems.
The Context for Legal Cynicism: Urban Young Women’s Experiences With Policing in Low-Income, High-Crime Neighborhoods

Research and public discourse on urban policing and the collateral consequences of mass incarceration often center on the experiences of young males, particularly young Black and brown men who live...
The Contribution of Electrophysiology to the Study of Attention

One of the most difficult tasks that the central nervous system must perform is the filtering of the great mass of sensory data constantly impinging upon the organism. We live in a world of rich detail, only a small fraction of which can we use as data for behavior. We ignore most of the welter of sights, sounds, smells, and touches, responding only to those significant for our own lives. Attention is the selection process by which the brain filters out extraneous sensory information in order to concentrate on certain aspects of the environment. In the nineteenth century William James [8] wrote: Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneous possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.
Cybersecurity Should be Taught Top-Down and Case-Driven

This paper aims to re-engineer cybersecurity education with an innovative top-down & case-driven (TDCD) teaching model by dissecting recent high-profile cybersecurity breaches. The traditional way of teaching cybersecurity is usually bottom-up where a list of security topics are taught separately in an isolated context, with little or no effort to link these topics together. The proposed TDCD model starts with real-world cyber breaches including the Target Corporation breach, the Anthem Inc. breach, and selected Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Students look into the details of these attacks and learn how these attacks took place from the beginning to the end. During the process of case analysis, a list of security topics reflecting different aspects of these breaches is introduced. Through guided in-class discussion, selected readings and hands-on lab assignments, student learning in lecture will be reinforced. Overall, the entire cybersecurity course is taught top-down and driven by real-world breach cases. The proposed TDCD model is ideal for teaching cybersecurity. First, the new model can easily draw students' attention and interest with real-world cases. Second, the new model can help instructors select important and timely cybersecurity topics from a wide range of options. Third, the new model can improve student learning outcomes, particularly help students gain a holistic view of security and learn socio-technical factors.
Radiographic Union Scoring Scale for Determining Consolidation Rates in the Calcaneus.

The reliable evaluation of osseous consolidation after hindfoot osteotomy can be difficult. Concomitant hindfoot osteotomies often dictate the advancement of weightbearing, and radiographs are the mainstay imaging tool owing to cost, efficiency, and radiation exposure. Understanding the radiographic parameters that can be used to reliably determine osseous healing is paramount. However, currently, no reliable or validated method is available to determine osseous healing of hindfoot osteotomies in irregular bones of the foot. The purpose of the present study was to develop a radiographic healing scoring system that would enhance the diagnostic healing assessment after elective calcaneal osteotomy. We adapted existing orthopedic scales validated for healing in the leg for application in the irregular bones of the foot. A total of 168 cases were evaluated by 6 blinded assessors to test the interrater reliability of subjective healing assessment compared with the proposed scoring system. The radiographs were classified by postoperative period: ≤4 weeks, 5 to 12 weeks, and >12 weeks. The proposed scale had high interrater reliability but was burdensome. Using a priori item reduction protocols, a limited 6-item scale further improved internal consistency and reduced the burden. The result was excellent interrater reliability (α = 0.98, standard deviation 0.02, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 0.96) among all assessors when using the scoring scale compared with unacceptable reliability (α = 0.438) for subjective osteotomy healing. The reliability of our system appeared superior to that of subjective assessment of osseous healing alone, even in the absence of clinical correlates after osteotomy of the calcaneus.
Chest X-Ray in Aortic Disease

Abstract Today's trainees are raised in a three-dimensional, computed tomographic (CT) radiographic imaging world. Recent trainees tend to “look down” on the chest X-ray for the imaging of the aorta. This chapter is written specifically to bring home the point that important, although at times subtle, clues to the aortic contour are indeed available on the plain chest X-ray. They can be detected by knowing where to look and being interested in looking at the chest X-ray. The information to be garnered can be of vital importance—providing important diagnostic and therapeutic cues even before the CT scan is ordered or performed.
The Carotid Artery

Atherosclerotic plaque primarily involves the carotid bifurcation. Moderate plaque buildup frequently occurs in the common carotid but it rarely extends more than 3–4 cm into the internal carotid. Symptoms are rare due to flow reduction. This is the only vascular lesion where embolization is the primary pathologic entity.
Effects of gesture restriction on quality of narrative production

Hand gestures have been found to provide both semantic information and cognitive facilitative effects in language tasks. These benefits, however, have typically been linked to micro-levels of word and sentence production, and little attention has been paid to the macro-levels of narrative production and organization. In this study, we examined the length, content, syntactic complexity, and organization of narratives of ten typically developing adults under two conditions: (i) Free Gesture, in which participants were allowed to gesture freely while retelling a story, and (ii) Restricted Gesture, where the participants were prevented from moving their hands freely. Results indicated that although narrative length and content did not vary significantly between conditions, narratives produced in the Free Gesture condition were significantly more grammatically complex and better organized than those produced in the Restricted Gesture condition. The findings are discussed with respect to the potential facilitative cognitive effects of gesture for discourse planning.
Excitation and injury of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes by nano- to millisecond electric shocks.

Intense electric shocks of nanosecond (ns) duration can become a new modality for more efficient but safer defibrillation. We extended strength-duration curves for excitation of cardiomyocytes down to 200 ns, and compared electroporative damage by proportionally more intense shocks of different duration. Enzymatically isolated murine, rabbit, and swine adult ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCM) were loaded with a Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4 or Fluo-5N and subjected to shocks of increasing amplitude until a Ca2+ transient was optically detected. Then, the voltage was increased 5-fold, and the electric cell injury was quantified by the uptake of a membrane permeability marker dye, propidium iodide. We established that: (1) Stimuli down to 200-ns duration can elicit Ca2+ transients, although repeated ns shocks often evoke abnormal responses, (2) Stimulation thresholds expectedly increase as the shock duration decreases, similarly for VCMs from different species, (3) Stimulation threshold energy is minimal for the shortest shocks, (4) VCM orientation with respect to the electric field does not affect the threshold for ns shocks, and (5) The shortest shocks cause the least electroporation injury. These findings support further exploration of ns defibrillation, although abnormal response patterns to repetitive ns stimuli are of a concern and require mechanistic analysis.
An Overview of ETRAN Monte Carlo Methods

A series of Monte Carlo codes for the calculation of the transport of electrons and photons through extended media has been developed at the National Bureau of Standards over the past 25 years. These codes have been named ETRAN (for Electron TRANsport), with the various versions representing mainly refinements, embellishments and different geometrical treatments that share the same basic algorithms for simulating by random sampling the course of electrons and photons as they travel through matter. These algorithms, which taken together have been called the ETRAN model, form the basis also of codes written at other laboratories, such as Sandia’s older SANDYL code and their more current series of the TIGER, CYLTRAN, and ACCEPT codes described elsewhere in this volume. In this chapter, the ETRAN methods are described as they are currently being implemented in our codes at NBS.
Neuropathology of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Relationship to Structural Neuroimaging Findings

The basics of structural neuroimaging identified neuropathological changes that may be identified on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on understanding the subtle nature of neuropathology that may accompany mTBI and its detection with neuroimaging. The role of diffusion tensor imaging is overviewed with numerous examples provided that illustrates neuroimaging techniques that detect mTBI abnormalities.
Assessment, Engagement, and Treatment Entry for Latina Women with Perinatal Depression

Despite the availability of validated screening tools and effective treatments for perinatal depression, rates of entry into mental health treatment for women who are depressed during pregnancy or postpartum are disappointingly low, especially for Latina women. Separation of mental health assessment from perinatal care, and a paucity of strategies to actively engage women in treatment, may contribute to this problem. This chapter summarizes two studies of models of care that integrate mental health assessment and engagement strategies into perinatal care in community clinics serving primarily Latina women. Results show that it is feasible to incorporate diagnostic assessment for depression into perinatal care visits and that women’s acceptance of mental health assessment by perinatal care providers is high. Treatment entry for women diagnosed with perinatal major depression was substantially improved by incorporating mental health assessment into perinatal care visit on the same day as the screening. These findings pave the way for further efforts to improve clinical and functional outcomes for Latina women with perinatal depression and their offspring.
Inheritance of isozymes in peach x Prunus kansuensis and peach x Prunus davidiana hybrids

Isozyme variation and inheritance were investigated with starch gel electrophoresis in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) x P. kansuensis Rehd. and peach x P. davidiana (Carr.) Franch. interspecific hybrids. Of five enzyme systems surveyed for polymorphism, four systems were identified as polymorphic [isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.41), phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT, EC 2.6.1.1), and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD, EC 1.1.1.44)] and may be useful as genetic markers in future cultivar and rootstock development. Analysis of progenies segregating for pairs of loci suggests a possible linkage between the loci coding for Aat-1 and Pgd-2. Independent assortment was observed for isozyme loci Idh/Pgm-2, Idh/Aat-1, Idh/Pgd-2, Pgm-2/Aat-1, Pgm-2/Pgd-2, and Aat-2/Aat-1. The red leaf locus, Gr, assorted independently of the isozyme loci: Idh, Pgm-2, Aat-1, and Pgd-2.
Silica coated titanium using Laser Engineered Net Shaping for enhanced wear resistance

Abstract Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) was utilized to create novel silica (SiO2) coatings onto commercially-pure titanium (Cp-Ti). It was hypothesized that if silica could be deposited as a coating via laser surface engineering, high hardness and wear resistance could be added to existing Cp-Ti material. Post-deposition heat-treatments in the form of laser passes (LP) and a furnace residual-stress relief were completed on the coatings and mechanical/material properties were subsequently evaluated. Titanium silicide (Ti5Si3) formation and related dendritic microstructures were identified throughout the coating by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis, and appeared more ordered after stress-relief heat treatment. High hardness values of approximately 1500 HV were measured at the coating’s topmost surface while specific wear rates showed a maximum 98% reduction from 346.2 × 10−6 mm3/N-m in the Cp-Ti substrate to 7.1 × 10−6 mm3/N-m in the heat treated 1 LP coating. In situ tribofilm formation was observed during wear, which indicated self-healing properties from the material and likely aided further in wear reduction. Our results show that silica coating on titanium via laser surface engineering could be used as a suitable manufacturing practice to create hard, Ti5Si3-reinforced ceramic coatings with high wear resistance and self-healing properties for applications ranging from biomedical to aerospace.
GRU: Exploring Computation and Data Redundancy via Partial GPU Computing Result Reuse

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been widely adopted by major cloud vendors for better performance and energy efficiency. Recent research has observed a considerable degree of redundancy in managing computation and data in many datacenters, particularly for several important categories of GPU-accelerated applications such as log mining and machine learning. In this paper, we present GRU, an ecosystem that smartly manages and shares GPU resources through exploiting redundancy. GRU transparently interprets GPU-accelerated computing requests and memoizes results for potential future reuse. To enhance reusability, GRU implements a partial result reuse idea, where GPU computation requests even with different input data and functionality may become reusable w.r.t. each other. To guarantee correctness of partial reuse, GRU employs a compiler-assisted approach that analyzes general data parallel patterns that are reliable for the reuse purpose, and is capable of smartly recognizing such reusable data parallel patterns of incoming requests. We have fully implemented GRU and conducted extensive sets of experiments running micro-benchmarks on local machines and real-world applications including Spark-based uses cases in an AWS cluster. Evaluation results show that GRU is effective in identifying and eliminating redundant GPU computations, achieving up to 5x (2.5x) speedup for compute-intensive (data-intensive) benchmarks. In addition, GPU-managed Spark observes a reduction of 25.3% (39.8%) on average w.r.t. turnaround time (GPU occupation time) over state-of-the-art solutions.
Correction to: Trunk Reaction Time and Kinematic Changes Following Slip Perturbations in Subjects with Recurrent Low Back Pain

This erratum is to correct the force plate device presented in the Methods section, subsection "Data Collection." A pressure mat, rather than a force plate was used with the ActiveStep® treadmill to measure ground reaction forces. The third sentence of the second paragraph should read as: "The pressure mat (GAITRite, Sparta, NJ) was installed, and a computer-controlled triggering mechanism would release the movable belt on the platform." Additionally, the first sentence of the third paragraph in the same section should read as: "The flexion angle was measured at heel strike of the first step only, and flexion angle at toe-off was measured at first step only (represented in degrees) by the IMU sensor and the pressure mat."
Semantic-based Automated Reasoning for AWS Access Policies using SMT

Cloud computing provides on-demand access to IT resources via the Internet. Permissions for these resources are defined by expressive access control policies. This paper presents a formalization of the Amazon Web Services (AWS) policy language and a corresponding analysis tool, called ZELKOVA, for verifying policy properties. ZELKOVA encodes the semantics of policies into SMT, compares behaviors, and verifies properties. It provides users a sound mechanism to detect misconfigurations of their policies. ZELKOVA solves a PSPACE-complete problem and is invoked many millions of times daily.
A META-ANALYSIS COMPARING ASPIRIN VERSUS RIVAROXABAN FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OR HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients with knee or hip arthroplasty is important as VTE is one of the common complications post-surgery. However, increased bleeding risk with anticoagulant agents have questioned the liberal use anticoagulants for prophylaxis. Recent trials have found
Routine anterior spinal artery visualization prior to descending and thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair: High detection success.

BACKGROUND Paraplegia is adevastating complication of open descending (DTAA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Despite major advances in imaging and surgical techniques, paraplegia continues to be problematic. We present our experience with routine application of enhanced imaging techniques to detect the anterior spinal artery (ASA) before DTAA and TAAA repair. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 177 patients with DTAA and TAAA who underwent imaging to detect the ASA before open surgical repair. High definition CT angiography (CTA) and dual energy CT scanning (DECT) were our modalities of choice with angiography used earlier and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) used when CT was contraindicated. Descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses were conducted. RESULTS The imaging protocol successfully detected the level of the ASA in 132 (74.5%) patients, utilizing CTA in 67, DECT in 28, spinal angiography in 31, and MRA in 6. Cross sectional modalities with advanced visualization technique (CT, DECT, and MRA) were more successful at detecting the ASA than angiography (80.72%, 82.35%, 75% vs 59.62%, respectively, P = .04). Concerted efforts were made not to leave the operating room without continuity of the ASA with the circulation (via limited resection, beveled anastomosis, or reimplantation). Transient lower extremity weakness was observed in 11 (6.2%) patients, and permanent paraplegia in 2 (1.12%) patients. CONCLUSION Modern imaging technology provides multiple methodologies highly successful at detecting the ASA. The ASA can then be preserved intraoperatively, contributing to low paraplegia rates. We strongly recommend routine application of this technology to arm the surgeon with precise information about the specific patient's spinal cord blood supply.
Advancing Students' Abilities through the Geo-Inquiry Process

Designed for middle school grades, the National Geographic Geo-Inquiry Process engages students in geographic inquiry that begins with formulating a question that addresses an issue in the local co...
Enabling General Aviation Departure Readiness Information Exchange

To support the maturation of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) vision for integrated departure scheduling, one must understand the departure readiness of all flights. Departure readiness data enables the creation of a strategic picture of departure demand to manage both airport surface and airspace constraints. Specifically, FAA traffic managers benefit from an accurate picture of departure demand several hours in advance to determine whether traffic management initiatives or sectorization changes are necessary. The FAA plans to improve surface traffic flow management by deploying surface scheduling and surface metering capabilities in the Terminal Flight Data Manager (TFDM) system at 27 major airports across the National Airspace System (NAS). To operate effectively, TFDM scheduling and metering will require accurate estimates of all flight operators’ departure times including general aviation (GA) flight operators (e.g., pilots, dispatchers, fleet operators). Without accurate departure readiness data, TFDM surface scheduling and metering may be less effective at managing surface congestion. Even at airports not planned to receive TFDM, accurate departure readiness will still be needed to manage airspace and surface traffic congestion effectively.
Comparative Analysis of DWPT Topologies and Regulation Schemes for Improved Controllability

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems are developed as a solution to electric vehicle (EV) range limitations and battery size requirements. DWPT systems require careful consideration relative to dynamic variations in coupling for power flow control. With continued advances in development of different types of couplers, compensation and converter topologies, the stability of control systems and lack of interoperability among different configurations remain significant challenges in the path towards commercialization of DWPT. This work provides a review of the existing coupler, compensation topologies and control schemes to determine their effectiveness in achieving the desired control objectives. Additionally, it introduces practical metrics for a system designer to consider when developing the magnetics and power electronics for a DWPT system to ensure good controllability. It also shows how the delay in communication can affect control performance and impact recommendations for high-speed vehicle charging. Comparisons are performed through simulation for the design of a 50 kW system using different topologies. The simulation results corroborate the guidelines developed for future designs of DWPT systems.
Income Inequality, Credit and Public Support for Redistribution

Credit affects individuals' perceptions and experiences of inequality. Having access to credit enables those in lower- and middle-income groups to consume an array of products and services that they otherwise would not be able to afford, thereby taking the edge off discontent. Citizens with higher incomes who tend to be less supportive of redistribution in the first place may be further convinced that inequality is not a major issue and redistribution need not be a policy goal. All in all, credit may help smooth out class and status differences. This article looks at the impact of credit on citizens' support for redistributive policies. Controlling for a set of national and individual level variables, the findings show a negative association between credit use and public support for redistribution.
Intubation-Related Laryngeal Pathology Precluding Tracheostomy Decannulation: Incidence and Associated Risk Factors.

Objectives:To identify the incidence and risk factors for intubation-related laryngeal lesions that preclude tracheostomy decannulation in a large population.Methods:A 3-year retrospective case-con...
Evaluation of PM 2.5 air pollution sources and cardiovascular health

Long-term air pollution exposure, notably fine particulate matter, is a global contributor to morbidity and mortality and a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarctions (MI). Knowledge of impacts related to source-apportioned PM2.5 is limited. New modeling methods allow researchers to estimate source-specific long-term impacts on the prevalence of CAD and MI. The Catheterization Genetics (CATHGEN) cohort consists of patients who underwent a cardiac catheterization at Duke University Medical Center between 2002 and 2010. Severity of coronary blockage was determined by coronary angiography and converted into a binary indicator of clinical CAD. History of MI was extracted from medical records. Annual averages of source specific PM2.5 were estimated using an improved gas-constrained source apportionment model for North Carolina from 2002 to 2010. We tested six sources of PM2.5 mass for associations with CAD and MI using mixed effects multivariable logistic regression with a random intercept for county and multiple adjustments. PM2.5 fractions of ammonium bisulfate and ammonium nitrate were associated with increased prevalence of CAD (odds ratio [OR] 1.20; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.22 and OR 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.32, respectively). PM2.5 from ammonium bisulfate and ammonium nitrate were also associated with increased prevalence of MI (OR 1.20; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.29 and OR 1.35; 95% CI = 1.20, 1.53, respectively). Greater PM2.5 concentrations of ammonium bisulfate and ammonium nitrate are associated with greater MI and CAD prevalence. The association with bisulfate suggests aerosol acidity may play a role. Our findings suggest analyses of source specific PM2.5 mass can reveal novel associations.
Effects of water on the solvation and structure of lipase in deep eutectic solvents containing a protein destabilizer and stabilizer

Aqueous deep eutectic solvent (DES) solutions emerge as new media for biocatalysis. The large number of DESs provides a space for designing solutions with desired features. One challenge for this design is to understand the fundamental relationship between the water effect on biocatalysis and the DES compositions. We investigate the solvation and structure of a lipase protein in two DESs containing a protein destabilizer (choline : urea (1 : 2)) and stabilizer (choline : glycerol (1 : 2)) and their 1 : 1 aqueous solution using molecular dynamics simulations. The lipase protein in the pure aqueous solution is simulated as the reference. The lipase protein remains folded in both DESs and their aqueous solutions. In both DESs, water molecules weaken the solvation shell of the lipase protein by reducing the protein-DES hydrogen bond lifetimes. However, the water molecules change the surface area and conformation of the active site on the lipase protein differently in the two DESs. Our simulations indicate that the impact on active sites plays an important role in differentiating the effect of water on biocatalysis in aqueous DESs.
Calcineurin Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Nociceptive Transmissionat the Spinal Cord Level.

Calcineurin, the predominant Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 2B), is highly expressed in immune T cells and the nervous system, including the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. It controls synaptic transmission and plasticity by maintaining the appropriate phosphorylation status of many ion channels present at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. As such, normal calcineurin activity in neurons and synapses is mainly involved in negative feedback regulation in response to increased neuronal activity and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporine and tacrolimus) are widely used as immunosuppressants in tissue and organ transplantation recipients and for treating autoimmune diseases but can cause severe pain in some patients. Furthermore, diminished calcineurin activity at the spinal cord level may play a major role in the transition from acute to chronic neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Restoring calcineurin activity at the spinal cord level produces long-lasting pain relief in animal models of neuropathic pain. In this article, we provide an overview of recent studies on the critical roles of calcineurin in regulating glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, potassium channels, and transient receptor potential channels expressed in the spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons.
Variation in surface proteins in Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. Surface proteins of Tetrahymena were identified by lactoperoxidase iodination, and comparisons were made between a number of strains and species within the genus. an adequate procedure for strain comparisons was found to be solubilization of whole cells following iodination, separation of total cell protein using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and identification of surface proteins by autoradiography of dried gels. the results obtained in the present study show the existence of both interspecific and intraspecific variation in surface proteins of Tetrahymena, but the differences tend to be small within species and large between species. the relation of these cell surface fingerprints to the present taxonomic designations within the genus is discussed. Questions are raised about the functional significance of these surface proteins.
The Dynamics of National Specialization

I explore the dynamics of national production in a two-sector, two country model with cross-sector mobility and forward-looking agents, when trade costs fall or when the news of a boom in a sector is learned. Using the phase diagram method, introduced by Baldwin 1999 in this type of applications, I discover some important and interesting features of the equilibria and of their stability properties, which would have been completely overlooked by the "simple" static model as in Fujita et al.1999. In particular I find out that, lacking comparative advantage, specialization may not take place at all labor market rigidities are too high, while the existence of comparative advantage ensures full specialization for intermediate values of the trade cost even in the presence of high labor market rigidities.
Primary Prevention with Children at Risk for Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Data on a Universal Intervention for Head Start Classrooms:

A classroom-wide universal intervention on direction following, sharing, and problem solving was embedded in a story and song format for Head Start children. The intervention covered a 12-week peri...
Maternal microchimerism in the livers of patients with Biliary atresia

Background Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal cholestatic disease of unknown etiology. It is the leading cause of liver transplantation in children. Many similarities exist between BA and graft versus host disease suggesting engraftment of maternal cells during gestation could result in immune responses that lead to BA. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and extent of maternal microchimerism (MM) in the livers of infants with BA.
Climate Tolerances and Habitat Requirements Jointly Shape the Elevational Distribution of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps), with Implications for Climate Change Effects

Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefore, is critical for predicting responses to climate change. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is an ideal species for investigating distributions in relation to climate because of their unusual and well-understood natural history as well as observed shifts to higher elevation in parts of their range. We tested three hypotheses for the climatic or habitat characteristics that may limit pika presence and abundance: summer heat, winter snowpack, and forage availability. We performed these tests using an index of pika abundance gathered in a region where environmental influences on pika distribution have not been well-characterized. We estimated relative pika abundance via scat surveys and quantified climatic and habitat characteristics across two North-Central Rocky Mountain Ranges, the Wind River and Bighorn ranges in Wyoming, USA. Pika scat density was highest at mid-elevations and increased linearly with forage availability in both ranges. Scat density also increased with temperatures conducive to forage plant growth, and showed a unimodal relationship with the number of days below -5°C, which is modulated by insulating snowpack. Our results provide support for both the forage availability and winter snowpack hypotheses. Especially in montane systems, considering the context-dependent nature of climate effects across regions and elevations as well as interactions between climatic and other critical habitat characteristics, will be essential for predicting future species distributions.
Privileged Ideas and State Interests

The puzzle that intrigues us is the source of interests that guide the state in instances of state autonomy. We argue that one important source of these interests is ideas: When relative state autonomy exists over long periods of time, there is a strong likelihood of a privileged idea that informs state interests. State actors direct state policy during autonomous periods by adopting and privileging particular ideas (institutionalization), resulting in policy outcomes reflecting these now privileged ideas. This argument is examined in two case studies: nuclear weapons targeting since World War II, guided by counterforce, and federal public lands forestry policy since 1900, guided by technocratic utilitarianism.
The New Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) enacted a new, voluntary prescription drug program that is now Part D of Medicare. This article summarizes Medicare coverage and discusses the financial condition of Social Security and Medicare and the financial impact of the MMA. The article describes Medicare payment for outpatient drugs before the MMA and the design of the new prescription drug benefit. Finally, the article discusses problems with the Part D drug benefit including the rules for plan formularies, the fact that there are too many choices, for beneficiaries, the unnecessarily high out-of-pocket cost to beneficiaries, difficulties in protecting low income beneficiaries, the lack of cost controls and effective price competition, and the involvement of private insurers in Part D.