cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Guide to Groups, Rings, and Fields: Groups and their Representations

At first, groups were groups of transformations. In the theory of equations, they appeared permuting the roots of polynomials and permuting the variables in rational functions. A few decades after, groups of geometric transformations were discovered and studied. It was only much later that the abstract notion of a group was introduced. A modern approach must start from the abstract notion. But history reminds us to introduce group actions early in the game and to study groups via their actions. This is how we present the theory here. DEFINITIONS The crucial definitions specify the objects, the acceptable functions, and what an action is. As always, once we have a clear notion of the objects we are studying, we also want to consider sub-objects. GROUPS AND HOMOMORPHISMS Definition 4.1.1 A group is a set G together with an operation (usually called “multiplication” and denoted by juxtaposition) such that: 1. (ab)c = a(bc) for all a, b, c ∈ G , 2. there exists an element 1 ∈ G such that we have a1 = 1a = a for all a ∈ G, and 3. given a ∈ G there exists a –1 ∈ G such that aa –1 = a –1 a = 1 . A group in which we have, in addition, that ab = ba for all a, b ∈ G is called a commutative group or an abelian group. Definition 4.1.2 Let G 1 and G 2 be groups. A function f : G 1 → G 2 is called a homomorphism ( or, if necessary, a group homomorphism) if for all a, b ∈ G 1 we have f(ab) = f(a)f(b) .
Creativity and the Management of Technology: Balancing Creativity and Standardization

This thought piece represents an opportunity to integrate creativity and operations management (OM) research, and in particular the management of technology (MOT), to stimulate thinking and drive research across disciplines. Specifically, we discuss how there is an inherent tension when considering how work is organized and performed given that the majority of today's jobs require a certain degree of following routinized procedures, while some level of creativity is desirable as well. Therefore, there is the need to balance standardization with the desire for creativity, and this represents an inherent paradox. Here, we propose applying a creativity lens to the work categories used in OM, and discuss the implications of considering creativity as a process and an outcome that ranges along a continuum from incremental to radical. Our goal is to start a conversation that integrates the organizational creativity literature with OM and the MOT, and in doing so leads to future research and new developments in each of these literatures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Considerations for an Earth Relay Satellite with RF and Optical Trunklines

Support for user platforms through the use of optical links to geosynchronous relay spacecraft are expected to be part of the future space communications architecture. The European Data Relay Satellite System (EDRS) has its first node, EDRS-A, in orbit. The EDRS architecture includes space-to-space optical links with a Ka-Band feeder link or trunkline. NASA's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission, originally baselined to support a space-to-space optical link relayed with an optical trunkline, has added an Radio Frequency (RF) trunkline. The use of an RF trunkline avoids the outages suffered by an optical trunkline due to clouds, but an RF trunkline will be bandwidth limited. A space relay architecture with both RF and optical trunklines could relay critical realtime data, while also providing a high data volume capacity. This paper considers the relay user scenarios that could be supported, and the implications to the space relay system and operations. System trades such as the amount of onboard processing and storage required, the use of link layer switching vs. network layer routing, and the use of Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) are discussed.
Statistical Measures of Dependence for Financial Data

This chapter provides the statistical measures of dependence for financial data. The analysis of financial and econometric data is typified by non-Gaussian multivariate observations that exhibit complex dependencies: heavy-tailed and skewed marginal distributions are commonly encountered; serial dependence, such as autocorrelation and conditional heteroscedasticity. When data are assumed to be jointly Gaussian, all dependence is linear, and therefore only pairwise among the variables. In this setting, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient uniquely characterizes the sign and strength of any such dependence. The chapter shows that copulas can be used to model the dependence between random variables. It turns our attention to the dependence structure itself, and when appropriate makes connections to copulas. The chapter describes different types of dependence, and then provides theoretical background.
Separate and shared sympathetic outflow to white and brown fat coordinately regulates thermoregulation and beige adipocyte recruitment.

White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are innervated and regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). It is not clear, however, whether there are shared or separate centra...
Hemodynamic Monitoring during Erythrocytapheresis in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Using Impedance Cardiography

Abstract BACKGROUND: Erythrocytapheresis procedures are increasingly used in the treatment of severe acute complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). Some patients who undergo erythrocytapheresis experience dizziness during or after the procedure. There is no data in literature for hemodynamic monitoring of cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) during erythrocytapheresis. We have previously shown that impedance cardiography (ICG) and invasive measures of CI by thermodilution techniques are significantly correlated in children. OBJECTIVES: We wanted to evaluate changes in CI and SVRI using ICG and to correlate these with systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in SCD patients while undergoing erythrocytapheresis. METHODS: Thirty one SCD patients who had 70 consecutive erythrocytapheresis procedures were included in this IRB approved study. ICG measurements (CI, SVRI, and blood pressure) were taken pre-erythrocytapheresis, 30 minutes after initiation of the procedure, one hour into erythrocytapheresis, and at the end of the procedure. ICG measurements were repeated in symptomatic patients before and after intervention with fluid administration. RESULTS: We evaluated hemodynamic data on 31 SCD patients, average age 12.8±5.2 years and 56% are female. SBP decreased below the base line during 33 procedures and increased above the baseline during 37 procedures. Among patients who had a decrease in SBP, 28/33 (84%) had decreased CI. Among them 22/28 (78%) had increased SVRI. Among patients who had an increase in SBP, 5/37 (14%) had increased CI. Among them 4/5 (80%) also had increased SVRI. Using paired t test, the changes in CI (P CONCLUSIONS:In summary, the hemodynamic changes during erythrocytapheresis are probably multifactorial in origin and may include a combination of SVRI and CI changes. Confirmation of these findings may allow early intervention in some patients and minimize the risk of developing overt clinical symptoms during erythrocytapheresis.
Glycoconjugate Expression and Interactions at the Cell Surface of Mouse Uterine Epithelial Cells and Periimplantation-Stage Embryo

The periimplantation stage mammalian embryo is extraordinary with regard to its adhesive and invasive potential. At the blastocyst stage, embryos first develop the ability to attach to and displace a variety of cell types in vitro (Sherman, 1978; Sherman and Wudl, 1976; Glass et al., 1979; Van Blerkom and Chavez, 1981). Furthermore, transplanted blastocysts have the capacity to invade a number of organs and tissues in host animals (c.f. Cowell, 1969). This property contributes to the occurrence of various teratocarcinomas and ectopic pregnancies (Rubin et al., 1983). The adhesive/invasive properties of periimplantation stage embryos reside in the trophectodermal cells surrounding the embryoblast. Given the wide range of biomolecules that can serve as substrates for attachment, it may be expected that mammalian embryos express a variety of cell adhesion systems. Nonetheless, the observations that preimplantation-stage blastocysts do not display adhesive/invasive properties (Sherman and Wudl, 1976) indicate that these systems are developmentally regulated and first are expressed during development of the blastocyst.
Transgenerational endpoints provide increased sensitivity and insight into multigenerational responses of Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to cadmium.

Ecotoxicology provides data to inform environmental management. Many testing protocols do not consider offspring fitness and toxicant sensitivity. Cadmium (Cd) is a well-studied and ubiquitous toxicant but little is known about the effects on offspring of exposed parents (transgenerational effects). This study had three objectives: to identify endpoints related to offspring performance; to determine whether parental effects would manifest as a change in Cd tolerance in offspring and how parental exposure duration influenced the manifestation of parental effects. Adult snails were exposed to Cd 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg Cd/L for eight weeks. There were effects on adult endpoints (e.g., growth, reproduction) but only at the highest concentrations (>100 μg/L). Alternatively, we observed significant transgenerational effects at all Cd concentrations. Surprisingly, we found increased Cd tolerance in hatchlings from all parental Cd exposure concentrations even though eggs and hatchlings were in Cd-free conditions for 6 weeks. Explicit consideration of offspring performance adds value to current toxicity testing protocols. Parental exposure duration has important implications for offspring effects and that contaminant concentrations that are not directly toxic to parents can cause transgenerational changes in resistance that have significant implications for toxicity testing and adaptive responses.
Is rituximab sub-optimally dosed in indolent B cell lymphoma?

8567 Background: Rituximab (R) pharmacokinetics (PK) are affected by gender, age and weight (Wt) and can affect outcomes in aggressive B cell lymphoma (Pfreundschuh JCO 2014). Less is known about P...
Abstraction based reachability analysis for finite branching stochastic hybrid systems

In this paper, we address the problem of computing the probability of reaching a desired set in a subclass of stochastic hybrid systems, wherein the stochasticity arises from the randomness of the initial distribution of continuous states, and the probabilistic transitions in the underlying finite state Markov chain. In particular, the continuous dynamics is deterministic for each mode and hence, there are finitely many probabilistic successors for a given state. We exploit this property and extend a partition based abstraction technique developed for finite state systems to the stochastic hybrid system setting. We prove the correctness of our algorithm by defining appropriate simulation relations that relate the stochastic hybrid system to a finite state ``generalized" probabilistic transition system that we obtain as a result of abstraction. We show that the simulation relation defined provides upper and lower bounds on the probability of reachability. In particular, tighter bounds can be obtained by refining the partition. We apply our algorithm to automatically analyze a smart home application.
Increased reward-oriented impulsivity in older bipolar patients: A preliminary study

Objective Impulsivity is a well-established trait of bipolar disorder (BD) that persists across mood phases. It is, however, still unknown whether, in BD, impulsivity remains stable or varies in intensity over the lifespan. This cross-sectional study compared impulsive behavior in older euthymic BD patients and healthy individuals using a range of self-rating and behavioral measures of impulsivity.
Use of direct near-infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax.

Objective To describe and assess techniques of intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence lymphography (NIRFL) using indocyanine green (ICG) for lymphatic duct identification during thoracoscopic thoracic duct (TD) ligation in dogs. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Dogs (n = 15) with naturally occurring chylothorax that underwent TD ligation. Methods Medical records of dogs treated with thoracoscopic TD ligation in which NIRFL was utilized for intraoperative TD identification were reviewed. Data retrieved included CT lymphography (CTL) and surgical data, fluorophore dose and injection site, and timing and quality of operative TD identification. Results Preoperative CTL was successful in 13/15 dogs and operative NIRFL was successful in 15/15 dogs. Popliteal lymph node injection achieved successful NIRFL within ≤10 minutes in 7/11 in which it was attempted. TDs identified by NIRFL imaging correlated with TDs identified by preoperative CTL in 12/13 cases in which CTL was achieved. In 1/13 cases, NIRFL identified small lymphatics not visible on CTL. In 5/9 cases in which methylene blue (MB) and ICG were combined for operative lymphography, no ducts or fewer ducts were recorded as identifiable by visible MB than by NIRFL or CTL. The median dose of ICG to achieve NIRFL imaging was 0.05 mg/kg. Thoracoscopic TD ligation was successfully achieved in all patients. Conclusion NIRFL is a viable technique to aid in TD identification during thoracoscopy. High contrast NIRF illumination of the TD can be achieved with successful intraparenchymal injection of ICG into the popliteal lymph node.
The carbon cycle response to two El Nino types: an observational study

We analyze monthly tropical near surface air temperature and Mauna Loa Observatory carbon dioxide (CO2) data within 1960–2016 to identify different carbon cycle responses for two El Nino types: El Ninos originating in the central tropical Pacific (CP El Nino) and El Ninos originating in the eastern tropical Pacific (EP El Nino). We find significant differences between the two types of El Nino events with respect to time delay of the CO2 rise rate that follows the increase in tropical near surface air temperatures caused by El Nino events. The average time lag of the CP El Nino is 4.0 ± 1.7 months, while the mean time lag of EP El Nino is found to be 8.5 ± 2.3 months. The average lag of all considered 1960–2016 El Ninos is 5.2 ± 2.7 months. In contrast the sensitivity of the CO2 growth rate to tropical near surface air temperature increase is determined to be about the same for both El Nino types equal to 2.8 ± 0.9 ppm yr−1 K−1 (or 5.9 ± 1.9 GtC yr−1 K−1). Our results should be useful for the understanding of the carbon cycle and constraining it in climate models.
Treatment approaches and outcomes in plasmacytomas: analysis using a national dataset.

Solitary plasmacytomas are uncommon plasma cell disorders, which may present as a single bone lesion (P-bone) or extramedullary plasmacytoma (P-EM). There is a paucity of large studies analyzing prognostic factors and outcomes of plasmacytomas. While the treatment of choice is radiation therapy (RT), there is a lack of data evaluating optimal RT dose. In this study, we sought to answer these questions by utilizing the National Cancer Database plasmacytoma data from 2000 to 2011. A total of 5056 patients were included in the study (median age 62 years; range 52–72). To obtain a pure plasmacytoma cohort, potential multiple myeloma patients were excluded from the study (bone marrow involvement, systemic chemotherapy use). P-bone constituted 70% of the patients. The median overall survival (OS) of P-EM was significantly longer than P-bone (132 vs. 85 months), and for soft/connective tissue it was worse than remainder of P-EM (82 vs. 148 months). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with worse OS included older age (≥65), presence of P-bone, and treatment with a radiation dose <40 Gy.
An End-User Participatory Approach to Collaboratively Refine HIV Care Data, The New York State Experience

Existing data dissemination structures primarily rely on top-down approaches. Unless designed with the end user in mind, this may impair data-driven clinical improvements to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention and care. In this study, we implemented a data visualization activity to create region-specific data presentations collaboratively with HIV providers, consumers of HIV care, and New York State (NYS) Department of Health AIDS Institute staff for use in local HIV care decision-making. Data from the NYS HIV Surveillance Registry (2009-2013) and HIV care facilities (2010-2015) participating in a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Systems Linkages and Access to Care project were used. Each data package incorporated visuals for: linkage to HIV care, retention in care and HIV viral suppression. End-users were vocal about their data needs and their capacity to interpret public health data. This experience suggests that data dissemination strategies should incorporate input from the end user to improve comprehension and optimize HIV care.
Climate Change and Human Health: Links Between History, Policy, and Science.

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the journal on topics including the relationships between climate change and human health, climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, and environmental science.
Childhood lead biokinetics and associations with age among a group of lead-poisoned children in China

Childhood lead exposure has been shown to have a significant effect on neurodevelopment. Many of the biokinetics involved with lead biomarkers in children still remain unknown. Two hundred fifty (157 in the exposed group and 93 controls) children were enrolled in our study and lead exposed children returned for multiple visits for measurement of blood and bone lead and chelation treatment. We demonstrated that the correlation between blood and bone lead increased with subsequent visits. We calculated the blood lead half-life for 50 patients, and found a significant (p-value < 0.001) positive correlation with age. For ages 1–3 years (N = 17), the blood lead half-life was found to be 6.9 ± 4.0 days and for 3+ years it was found to be (N = 33) 19.3 ± 14.1 days. In conclusion, the turnover of lead in children is faster than in adults. Our results indicate that blood lead is a more acute biomarker of exposure than previously thought, which will impact studies of children’s health using blood lead as a biomarker.
Splitting Heirs: Patterns of Inheritance among Barcelona's Jews

In the later thirteenth century, patterns of inheritance shifted among Barcelonese Jews away from a preference for holding inherited land in common toward dividing the estate on the death of the testator. An early example of this practice is the Hebrew will of Astrug de Tolosa. By situating this will in the context of other Jewish wills from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as well as comparing it to those of contemporary Christians, one may see how ideas about the family in this important Jewish community evolved. This article focuses on provisions for wives and daughters and the designation of heirs and concludes that Jews and Christians shared a view of dowry and inheritance as components of a single system for transferring property to the next generation. However, unlike Christians, Jews resisted favoring a single heir with the bulk of the estate. Examining the provisions of inheritance makes it possible to argue that despite differing legal frameworks, Jewish and Christian practice bespeak common cultural contexts – yet ones whose parallels were not always complete.
Equatorward Currents in Temperatures 1.8 - 6.0°C on the Continental Slope in the Mid-Atlantic Bight

A large historical set of near-bottom current meter measurements along the continental slope and rise off the northeastern US coast between Cape Hatteras and Georges Banks is used to determine the mean Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) velocity and temperature structure and to estimate transports of several water types. While essentially all the mean flow is equatorward in the depth range 800 to 4000 m, there are three distinctly higher speed bands imbedded within a surrounding mean flow of lower speed. The banding can best be categorized according to the mean potential temperature, θ, as follows: Near bottom on the continental rise in 3400–4500 m, there is a thin relatively swift (6 cm s−1) cold (θ ≤ 2.0°C) band of flow. From θ = 2.1 to 2.7°C the flow is weak (3 cm s−1). Above this, near 2500 m depth and θ = 2.9 to 3.0°C is another band of swifter flow (7 cm s−1). Shallower and warmer yet, from θ = 3.1 to 3.9°C, the mean equatorward flow is again weak (3 cm s−1). The warmest (θ = 4.0 to 4.3°C) and shallowest (1100 to 800 m) waters included in this study are in another relatively swift band of equatorward flow (6 to 10 cm s−1). There are three striking points to note about this structure, that differ from traditional concepts regarding the equatorward flow of DWBC waters. Firstly, the “deep” western boundary current extends up to as shallow as 800 m in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Secondly, water of “traditional” Labrador Sea Water (LSW) characteristics (θ = 3.3 to 3.9°C) is relatively absent (ie., has weak flow) here, but is flanked above and below by swifter bands of flow. Other water-mass tracer properties are quoted from the literature to support this banded nature of the flow, the absence of LSW, and predominance of older North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in its place. Thirdly, the observed speeds would imply a remarkably short transit time from a northern source (4000 km) of about 2 to 4 years. Thus the evidence suggests that some components of the DWBC, a t least within the Mid-Atlantic Bight, arrive there by some longer indirect route rather than a continuous ribbon hugging the western boundary. Approximate transports are presented for the various temperature bands and water types.
Trattamento del distacco retinico: prospettive future

Grazie all’attivita pionieristica di molti oftalmologi, tra i quali Gonin, Lincoff, ed altri, e stato possibile comprendere la fisiopatologia del distacco retinico regmatogeno. Il distacco di vitreo, e la trazione da questo esercitata, sono causa della rottura retinica, mentre la retina periferica e responsabile della corrente di fluido che, passando attraverso la rottura, distacca la retina. Restano ancora altre fondamentali domande cui dare risposta, la cui comprensione sarebbe di cruciale importanza per la nostra capacita di riconoscere, prevenire e trattare il distacco di retina regmatogeno e le sue complicazioni. Molte sono ancora le controversie sulla terapia chirurgica di questa patologia, rese ancora piu complicate dalla mancanza di
Silver nanoparticles synthesized by vapor deposition onto an ice matrix

As a strategy for synthesizing metal nanoparticles, thermally evaporated Ag was deposited onto a thin (∼1.2 nm) crystalline ice layer on hafnia (HfO2) at 100 K. The Ag atoms penetrate into the ice matrix but do not reach the underlying HfO2 substrate. After controlled thermal desorption of water by heating to 300 K, atomic force microscopy reveals Ag particle formation. Their lateral dimensions are between 5 and 20 nm and, in many cases, their heights exceed the thickness of the original water layer. Fewer, higher and more regular Ag particles are formed in the presence, as compared to the absence, of ice. This is discussed in terms of two factors – Ag atoms reaching HfO2 are thermally colder when they arrive from the ice matrix and desorption of water involves formation of liquid droplets, a process that concentrates Ag into the volumes occupied by the water droplets.
Understanding the elements of a digital library project plan: part 1

Purpose – This, the first of a two‐part article, aims to provide an overview of the elements necessary to develop an effective project plan for digital library projects.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a review and summarization of the literature and thinking in project management applied to the digital library context.Findings – It is found that there are many different approaches to creating a digital library project plan, but five basic elements are essential for developing an effective digital library project plan.Originality/value – This article provides a succinct synopsis and checklist for creating a digital library project plan.
Climate-Growth Responses From Pinus ponderosa Trees Using Multiple Measures of Annual Radial Growth

When using old-growth trees from semiarid, open-canopy environments, basal area increment (BAI), an absolute measure of radial growth, is sometimes used instead of the more commonly used ‘conservative techniques’ (negative exponential or linear regression with a negative slope; NegX) because narrow rings have been shown to potentially bias results. In this study we explore the relationship between radial growth of ponderosa pine from four study sites in Montana and climate (temperature, precipitation, drought severity) using unstandardized raw ring width and BAI values, and standardized values generated via Friedman Super Smoother and NegX. All sites are minimally disturbed, and our selection criteria are limited to older (interior dates pre-A.D. 1850 at breast height) trees growing in open-canopy environments free of visible disturbance such as lightning strikes. We found the strongest relationships (r > 0.60) for radial growth with July and prior-year October Palmer Drought Severity Index values. Our results show that radial growth-climate responses generally fall within a narrow range regardless of the representation of annual growth (e.g. for July temperature r-values are largely –0.3 to – 0.4) and that site conditions determine which radial-growth values (i.e. unstandardized or standardized) optimize climate-growth responses.
Terminal coordination of diatomic boron monofluoride to iron.

Boron monofluoride (BF) is a diatomic molecule with 10 valence electrons, isoelectronic to carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike CO, which is a stable molecule at room temperature and readily serves as both a bridging and terminal ligand to transition metals, BF is unstable below 1800°C in the gas phase, and its coordination chemistry is substantially limited. Here, we report the isolation of the iron complex Fe(BF)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 [ArTripp2, 2,6-(2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2]2C6H3; i-Pr, iso-propyl], featuring a terminal BF ligand. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction as well as nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and Mossbauer spectroscopic studies on Fe(BF)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 and the isoelectronic dinitrogen (N2) and CO complexes Fe(N2)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 and Fe(CO)3(CNArTripp2)2 demonstrate that the terminal BF ligand possesses particularly strong σ-donor and π-acceptor properties. Density functional theory and electron-density topology calculations support this conclusion.
Local View Based Connectivity Search in Online Social Networks

One of the challenges in social media research is that, often times, researchers or third parties could not obtain the massive of data collected by a limited number of “big brothers” (e.g., Facebook and Google). In this paper, we shed light on leveraging social network topological properties and local information to effectively conduct search in Online Social Networks (OSN). The problem we focus on is to discover the reachability of a group of target people in an OSN, particularly from the perspective of a third-party analyst who does not have full access to the OSN. We developed effective and efficient detection techniques which demand only a small number of queries to discover people's connections (e.g. friendship) in the OSN. After conducting experiments on real-world data sets, we found that our proposed techniques perform as well as the centralized detection algorithm, which assumes the availability of the global information in the OSN.
Non-normality and classification of amplification mechanisms in stability and resolvent analysis

Eigenspectra and pseudospectra of the mean-linearized Navier-Stokes operator are used to characterize amplification mechanisms in laminar and turbulent flows in which linear mechanisms are important. Success of mean flow (linear) stability analysis for a particular frequency is shown to depend on whether two scalar measures of non-normality agree: (1) the product between the resolvent norm and the distance from the imaginary axis to the closest eigenvalue and (2) the inverse of the inner product between the most amplified resolvent forcing and response modes. If they agree, the resolvent operator can be rewritten in its dyadic representation to reveal that the adjoint and forward stability modes are proportional to the forcing and response resolvent modes at that frequency. Hence the real parts of the eigenvalues are important since they are responsible for resonant amplification and the resolvent operator is low rank when the eigenvalues are sufficiently separated in the spectrum. If the amplification is pseudoresonant, then resolvent analysis is more suitable to understand the origin of observed flow structures. Two test cases are studied: low Reynolds number cylinder flow and turbulent channel flow. The first deals mainly with resonant mechanisms, hence the success of both classical and mean stability analysis with respect to predicting the critical Reynolds number and global frequency of the saturated flow. Both scalar measures of non-normality agree for the base and mean flows, and the region where the forcing and response modes overlap scales with the length of the recirculation bubble. In the case of turbulent channel flow, structures result from both resonant and pseudoresonant mechanisms, suggesting that both are necessary elements to sustain turbulence. Mean shear is exploited most efficiently by stationary disturbances while bounds on the pseudospectra illustrate how pseudoresonance is responsible for the most amplified disturbances at spatial wavenumbers and temporal frequencies corresponding to well-known turbulent structures. Some implications for flow control are discussed.
Defining the Comprehensive Genomic Landscapes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Real World Endoscopic Aspiration Samples

Purpose: Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) present with surgically unresectable cancer. As a result, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the most common biospecimen source available for diagnosis in treatment-naive patients. Unfortunately, these limited samples are often not considered adequate for genomic analysis, precluding the opportunity for enrollment on precision medicine trials. Experimental Design: Applying an EpCAM-enrichment strategy, we show the feasibility of using real-world EUS-FNAs for in depth, molecular-barcoded, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) analysis in 23 PDAC patients. Results: Potentially actionable mutations were identified in >20% of patients. Further, an increased mutational burden and higher aneuploidy in WES data were associated with an adverse prognosis. To identify predictive biomarkers for first line chemotherapy, we developed an SCNA based complexity score (CS) that was associated with response to platinum-based regimens in this cohort. Conclusions: Collectively, these results emphasize the feasibility of real-world cytology samples for in depth genomic characterization of PDAC and show the prognostic potential of SCNA for PDAC diagnosis.
Infinite-stage Nernst-Ettingshausen Cryocooler for Practical Applications

Recent developments in Nernst-Ettingshausen (NE) physical phenomena combined with advances in the performance of rare-earth permanent magnets make thermomagnetic (TM) cryocoolers well suited for practical applications. The device performance of a NE cryocooler depends on both the material and the geometric shape of the device. Despite continued progress in TM materials, the optimum shape is still based on a simplified infinite-stage model derived in 1963 by Harman [Adv. Energy Convers. 3(4), 667--676 (1963)]. Harman's model assumes several nonrealistic assumptions, such as temperature-independent material properties and constant current density. We relax such assumptions and derive a fully-temperature-dependent numerical model to accurately solve for the thermomagnetic features of a NE cooler with arbitrary geometry. We correct Harman's analytical function and compare its performance with the performance of devices of various shapes. The corrected shape has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) at higher temperature differentials, which indicates that when the material resistivity is a strong function of the temperature, the corrected infinite-stage device can provide better performance than Harman's geometry. Moreover, the corrected infinite-shape device can provide higher heat flow density under a similar optimum-COP condition. A case study based on a state-of-the-art TM material, $\mathrm{Bi}$-$\mathrm{Sb}$ alloy, is presented, and the critical parameters for designing an efficient thermomagnetic cooler are discussed in detail.
A preference for preference: Lack of subjective preference evokes dehumanization

Abstract The current research examines the link between subjective preferences and humanity. Six studies (n = 2920) find that people dehumanize others who are perceived to lack subjective preference. Establishing the basic effect, a person without preferences is perceived as less human than someone with preferences, which is driven by the perception that the person lacks a distinct identity (Studies 1–4). The effect occurs regardless of whether the preference is positive or negative (Study 3) and is observed through measured (Studies 1–3) and manipulated distinctiveness (Study 4). Examining downstream consequences, a service representative lacking preference was evaluated more negatively, which was stronger for tasks requiring human mindfulness (i.e., creativity and emotion; Study 5). The dehumanization effect extends beyond person perception to negatively affect perceptions of the work a person produces (Study 6). Overall, the present article identifies a novel determinant of dehumanization and discusses implications for social interactions and impression management.
The Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurial Families: Insights from the World’s Experts on Multi-Generational Entrepreneurial Families

This book focuses on family entrepreneurship and the role that families play in starting, growing, changing and transforming businesses. If you are interested in knowing more about how families act entrepreneurially across generations in terms of gaining insights into practical knowledge that can be applied, as well as learning about the ideas and the reasons behind this practical knowledge, then you will find this book to be of great value. We have assembled leading experts on multi-generational entrepreneurial families to address this issue. These experts, as consultants, educators and researchers on family entrepreneurship, represent the collected wisdom of hundreds of years of experience working with and studying successful entrepreneurial families.
Linguistics and Philosophy: Break Up Song

For years the relationship between linguistics and philosophy has been productively symbiotic. Stories of successful interdisciplinary exchange abound, and include landmark work on the principle of compositionality, the structure of natural language quantification, the characterization of context-dependent content, and the proper interpretation of names. Many philosophers and some linguists wax optimistic about the prospects of the relationship in the long term.
Student Preparedness for Emergency Remote Learning

The recent worldwide pandemic, COVID-19, pushed students of all ages to remote learning in a matter of days. This abrupt change in the mode of delivery of instruction affected students differently. The researchers share findings of a study conducted among university preservice education students from Texas and Ohio concerning students' preparedness for this drastic change. The study sought to identify and document recurring themes about the students' experiences of remote learning and to determine how significantly socioeconomic status (SES), sociocultural values (SCV), and socioemotional learning (SEL) aspects impacted students’ transition to remote learning at these universities. Implications for university instructors and ways to improve educational experiences during such unprecedented times are discussed.
Ovarian Morphometric Changes following Cyclophosphamide Treatment

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a bifunctional alkylating agent routinely used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies and immunological disorders. Although CP can be quite effective in the management of these diseases, it also causes several adverse side effects. Observations by a number of investigators show that CP acts as a potent toxicant in the female reproductive system, capable of producing transient amenorrhea or complete ovarian failure (1–3). These side effects are accompanied by a reduction in serum estrogen and progesterone levels and an increase in FSH and LH, suggesting toxicity at the level of the ovary and not at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary (4). Indeed, many animal studies demonstrate that CP produces a time-, dose-, strain-, and species-dependent destruction of oocytes and follicles (5–7). These data, collected in rodents, suggest that primordial follicles are most sensitive to CP insult, followed by growing and antral follicles. Although such changes in follicle pools are well defined, quicker and more sensitive assays are needed to assess earlier changes occurring in the follicle complex itself and other ovarian components that may be indicative signs of ovarian toxicity. Given the dynamic nature of follicle growth and replacement, it is possible that growing and antral follicles are equally or more sensitive than primordial folheies.
Acute and Chronic Liver Disease

Chronic liver failure (CLF) and cirrhosis accounted for more than 26,000 deaths and more than half a million hospitalizations in the United States in 2004, making liver disease the 12th leading cause of death [1]. Hospital and/or ICU mortality rates of cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU range from 34 to 86 % [2]. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scoring system classifies CLF into three categories based on severity (see Table 34.1). A total CTP score of 5–6 is Child’s class A, well-compensated disease; a CTP score of 7–9 is Child’s class B, in which there is significant functional compromise; and a CTP score of 10–15 is Child’s class C, advanced decompensated disease [3]. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score provides another classification of the severity of chronic liver failure based on the readily obtainable laboratory values of serum creatinine, total bilirubin, and prothrombin time, expressed as the international normalized ratio [3, 4]. Several variations to MELD that include serum sodium (MELD-Na) and the Integrated Model for End-stage liver disease (iMELD) have been shown to improve mortality prediction in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation [5, 6].
Obstetric factors in premature birth

Abstract 1. 1. Of 10,797 labors with subsequent births at the Research and Educational Hospitals of the University of Illinois, 765 labors were premature. There were 52 multiple pregnancies which produced a total of 819 premature infants. 2. 2. The probable causes of prematurity were chiefly eclamptogenic toxemia, premature detachment of the placenta, syphilis, multiple pregnancy, habitual abortion, placenta previa, nephritic toxemia, heart disease, and pyelitis. 3. 3. There were 216 premature deaths. Probable causes of prematurity were present with premature death in 143 instances. 4. 4. The gross infant mortality was 26.3 per cent. Infants under 1,500 gm. had an 87.0 per cent mortality, while those 1,500 gm. and over had a mortality of 14.1 per cent. 5. 5. A thorough understanding of obstetric complications is of prime importance to manage adequately premature labor. An aqueous solution of corpus luteum extract to control premature uterine contractions is an important adjunct in the management of prematurity. 6. 6. Skilled autopsy examination by one familiar with premature infant pathology is necessary to determine the cause of death.
Observations of Absorption Lines from Highly Ionized Atoms

Well before space-borne instruments were launched to observe ultraviolet absorption lines from the interstellar medium, it was suggested that features from highly ionized atoms might provide a valuable insight on the magnitude and character of ionizing and heating processes which were responsible for the observed physical states of gases in space. Early proposals centered on the notion that primarily neutral gas (HI regions) occupied most of the space, and that low energy cosmic ray particles or X-rays were responsible for the observed temperature and small traces of ionization (Pikel’ner, 1967; Spitzer, 1968; Spitzer and Tomasko, 1968; Field et al., 1969; Spitzer and Scott, 1969, Goldsmith et al., 1969; Silk and Werner, 1969; Dalgarno and McCray, 1972). Since low energy cosmic rays are shielded from us by interplanetary magnetic fields and low energy X-rays were difficult to measure with existing experiments, we could not measure the strength of these proposed sources of heating and partial ionization. Instead, it was suggested that the fluxes could be ascertained indirectly by observing the interstellar abundances of some highly ionized forms of particular heavy elements, such as C III, C IV, N III, N V, Si III, Si IV, S III, and S IV, all which had strong resonance lines in the ultraviolet (Silk, 1970; Silk and Brown, 1971; Weisheit, 1973).
Searching for Suze Orman: Women Empowerment and its Effect on Financial Behavior

Using an unique, cross-country survey conducted by the World Bank, we document that women are under-represented in financial markets, with significantly less number of women having financial accounts as compared to men. Often, family reliance is a major reason for not having an account. Nondiscrimination laws in the work-place promote financial inclusion, but giving women a voice and a legal recourse to report discrimination are equally important for encouraging financial independence.
The Clash of Economic Ideas: The Roaring Twenties and Austrian Business Cycle Theory

The Yale University economist Irving Fisher invented a clever system for easily displaying index cards, later known as the Rolodex. He sold his Index Visible Company for a tidy sum in 1925, amidst the economic boom years known as the Roaring Twenties. In the next few years he turned that sum into a reported $10 million fortune (the equivalent of $132 million in 2011 dollars) by speculating in stocks. Stock prices were rising rapidly, and Fisher’s positions soared. He became known as a stock market prognosticator. On October 15, 1929, he told a dinner meeting audience in New York City, as reported by the New York Times , that stock prices had reached “what looks like a permanently high plateau.” He said he agreed with another observer that “the market may be at its peak now and for several months to come,” but added, “I do not feel there will soon, if ever, be a 50 or 60 point break from present levels, such as [he] has predicted.” Fisher was even more optimistic in the question-and-answer period, saying that he expected “to see the stock market a good deal higher than it is today within a few months.” Two weeks later the market crashed. Fisher was wiped out, having borrowed heavily to buy stocks on margin. To pay his debts he was forced to sell his New Haven home. He then turned to his sister-in-law for a place to live.
Stream feeds: an abstraction for the world wide sensor web

RFIDs, cell phones, and sensor nodes produce streams of sensor data that help computers monitor, react to, and affect the changing status of the physical world. Our goal in this paper is to allow these data streams to be first-class citizens on the World Wide Web. We present a new Web primitive called stream feeds that extend traditional XML feeds such as blogs and Podcasts to accommodate the large size, high frequency, and real-time nature of sensor streams. We demonstrate that our extensions improve the scalability and efficiency over the traditional model for Web feeds such as blogs and Podcasts, particularly when feeds are being used for in-network data fusion.
SU(3) flavor breaking in hadronic matrix elements for B-B̄ oscillations

Results in the quenched approximation for SU(3) breaking ratios of the heavy-light decay constants and the $\Delta F=2$ mixing matrix elements are reported. Using lattice simulations at $6/g^2=5.7$, 5.85, 6.0, and 6.3, we directly compute the mixing matrix element $M_{hl}= $. Extrapolating to the physical B meson states, $B^0$ and $B_s^0$, we obtain $M_{bs}/M_{bd} =1.76(10)^{+57}_{-42}$. in the continuum limit. The systematic error includes the errors within the quenched approximation but not the errors of quenching. We also obtain the ratio of decay constants, $f_{bs}/f_{bd}=1.17(2)^{+12}_{-6}$. For the B parameters we find $B_{bs}(2 GeV)=B_{bd}(2 GeV)=1.02(13)$; we cannot resolve the SU(3) breaking effects in this case.
Efficient Training of LDA on a GPU by Mean-for-Mode Estimation

We introduce Mean-for-Mode estimation, a variant of an uncollapsed Gibbs sampler that we use to train LDA on a GPU. The algorithm combines benefits of both uncollapsed and collapsed Gibbs samplers. Like a collapsed Gibbs sampler--and unlike an uncollapsed Gibbs sampler--it has good statistical performance, and can use sampling complexity reduction techniques such as sparsity. Meanwhile, like an uncollapsed Gibbs sampler--and unlike a collapsed Gibbs sampler --it is embarrassingly parallel, and can use approximate counters.
Sperm depletion may not limit male reproduction in a capital breeder

Male reproduction is not only constrained by the number of encountered females but also by physiological limitations, including sperm production and the ability to sustain courtship and mating. Over a breeding season, sperm stores may drop in tandem with male energetic reserves or motivation, confounding the constraints imposed by sperm quantity with other correlated physiological limitations. We used wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) to test whether explosive capital breeders are functionally limited by sperm depletion. We paired males with four conspecific females in succession and counted all of the fertilized and unfertilized eggs that each pair produced. In general, males did not experience a progressive decrease in fertilization rates with each mating (which is characteristic of sperm depletion). Instead, a few males experienced complete fertilization failure during their third and/or fourth mating, perhaps as a result of physical exhaustion, loss of motivation or hormonal changes. This pattern suggests that, even if male wood frogs do become increasingly sperm depleted over a breeding season, they are not necessarily limited by sperm. Understanding how and why fertilization rates change over multiple matings (i.e. incremental decrease vs. all-or-nothing) will help clarify the role of sperm depletion in limiting reproduction.
Varicella and Steroid Therapy

In a recent paper, "Mortality From Varicella in Children Receiving Adrenocorticosteroids and Adrenocorticotropin," Dr. K. C. Finkel1 stated, "In the author9s opinion the administration of adrenocorticosteroids need be stopped (during varicella) only in patients with leukemia or diseases involving the reticuloendothelial system. In patients with other diseases which seem to carry less risk, the dosage can be reduced to a suitable maintenance level, i.e., 25 to 50 mg of cortisone daily." Dr. R. C. Eley wrote a Letter to The Editor2 in which he commented that he disagreed with Dr. Finkel.