cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in exotic mammal clinical therapeutics.

It is imperative that the veterinarian treating exotic companion mammals stay abreast of the latest developments relating to medications and drug delivery approaches for safety and efficacy. Sustainedrelease formulations of commonly used drugs, as well as newer routes for administration of therapeutic agents, allow the veterinarian treating exotic companion mammals to reduce the stress associated with drug administration. Interactions can occur between vehicle and drugs when formulations are compounded; therefore, research studies are warranted regarding potential problems associated with these formulations. However, newer studies have been published that provide the basis for exploring the use of different vehicles, frequency of dosing, and drug delivery techniques for various classes of drugs in exotic mammals. The goals of this review are to not only evaluate new medications or uses for medications in companion exotic mammal patients but also review new methods of drug delivery that might be useful to the veterinarian who treats these animals. Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview of chamber and target technology R&D for heavy ion fusion

Abstract In 1999, the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (OFES) added an inertial fusion energy (IFE) element to its Virtual Laboratory for Technology (VLT). The scope of the IFE element of the VLT includes the fusion chamber, chamber/driver interface, target fabrication and injection, and safety and environmental assessments for IFE. Critical issues have been identified and an integrated R&D plan for the next 4–5 years has been written to coordinate the research in these areas. This paper provides an overview of the US research activities addressing the critical issues.
Compressibility effects in free shear layers

High-Reynolds-number compressible free shear layers were studied experimentally to explore the effects of compressibility on the turbulence field. A reduction in both the level and the lateral extent of turbulence fluctuations with increasing convective Mach number (Mc) (reported earlier for Mc of 0.51 and 0.64) is much higher at Mc of 0.86. The higher-order moments of turbulence fluctuations such as skewness and flatness show that the intermittency due to the excursion of large-scale structures into the free streams at the edge of shear layers was significantly reduced (both in the level and the extent) due to increased Mc.
Thiosugar nucleotide analogues: synthesis of uridine 5′-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-S-acetyl-4-thio-α-d-galactopyranosyl diphosphate)

Abstract The synthesis of a novel uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) analog, (UDP-2,3,6-tri- O -acetyl-4- S -acetyl-4-thio-α- d -galactopyranose) ( 10 ) is described. Compound 10 contains a sulfur in the place of oxygen at the 4-position of the galactose moiety. Compound 10 represents a protected form of a novel sugar nucleotide analog that can potentially be used during chemoenzymatic synthesis to modify complex oligosaccharides.
A novel principal component analysis-based acceleration scheme for LES-ODT: An a priori study

Abstract A parameterization of the composition space based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to represent the transport equations with the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) solutions of a hybrid large-eddy simulation (LES) and ODT scheme. The 1D ODT solutions are embedded in the 3D LES domain and solve for thermo-chemical scalars; while, the LES governing equations solve for the flow. An a priori validation of the proposed approach is implemented based on stand-alone ODT solutions of the Sandia Flame F, which is characterized by different regimes of combustion starting with pilot stabilization, to extinction and reignition and self-stabilized combustion. The PCA analysis is carried out with a full set of the thermo-chemical scalars’ vector as well as a subset of this vector. The subset is made up primarily of major species and temperature. The results show that the different regimes are reproduced using only three principal components for the thermo-chemical scalars based on the full and a subset of the thermo-chemical scalars’ vector. Reproduction of the source term of the principal components represents a challenge, because of the inherent non-linearity of reaction rates’ expressions. It is found that using the subset of the thermo-chemical scalars’ vector both minor species and the first three principal components source terms are reasonably well predicted.
Boards, CEOs, and surviving a financial crisis: Evidence from the internet shakeout

We examine whether corporate governance matters more for firms facing financial distress. We theorize that financial crisis changes the relative costs and benefits of governance mechanisms and that more independent and smaller boards become more valuable in distressed firms. We further hypothesize that CEO power becomes increasingly beneficial as concentrated power allows the firm to respond more rapidly to the crisis. Event-history analysis of the failure of publicly traded Internet firms over the period 2000–2002 confirms our hypotheses. Our results suggest that the association between governance and survival depends on firm and environmental context and that one-size-fits-all prescriptions for governance mechanisms are therefore likely to be ineffective. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflation uncertainty and a test of the Friedman hypothesis

Abstract This paper tests Milton Friedman's hypothesis that increases in inflation uncertainty, ceteris paribus, yield higher levels of unemployment. Tests are made using quarterly measures of inflation uncertainty taken from the ASA-NBER survey. Based on data from the 1972–1984 period, we find general support for the hypothesis.
Reverse data exchange: Coping with nulls

An inverse of a schema mapping M is intended to undo what M does, thus providing a way to perform reverse data exchange. In recent years, three different formalizations of this concept have been introduced and studied, namely the notions of an inverse of a schema mapping, a quasi-inverse of a schema mapping, and a maximum recovery of a schema mapping. The study of these notions has been carried out in the context in which source instances are restricted to consist entirely of constants, while target instances may contain both constants and labeled nulls. This restriction on source instances is crucial for obtaining some of the main technical results about these three notions, but, at the same time, limits their usefulness, since reverse data exchange naturally leads to source instances that may contain both constants and labeled nulls.We develop a new framework for reverse data exchange that supports source instances that may contain nulls, and we thereby overcome the semantic mismatch between source and target instances of the previous formalizations. The development of this new framework requires a careful reformulation of all the important notions, including the notions of the identity schema mapping, inverse, and maximum recovery. To this effect, we introduce the notions of extended identity schema mapping, extended inverse, and maximum extended recovery, by making systematic use of the homomorphism relation on instances. We give results concerning the existence of extended inverses and of maximum extended recoveries, and results concerning their applications to reverse data exchange and query answering. Moreover, we show that maximum extended recoveries can be used to capture in a quantitative way, the amount of information loss embodied in a schema mapping specified by source-to-target tuple-generating dependencies.
Are the Welfare Losses from Imperfect Targeting Important

We quantify and compare the size of the welfare losses arising from the use of alternative ‘imperfect’ welfare indicators as substitutes for the conventionally preferred consumption indicator. We find that the size of the welfare losses associated with different indicators varies considerably. An asset-based index and the share of food as targeting indicators were found to have the highest welfare losses relative to all other targeting indicators examined. Our preferred welfare index implies that the losses from the two best targeting indicators (i.e. reported expenditures and reported income) are statistically significant but very low (less than 5%).
Decentralized multi-armed bandit with multiple distributed players

We formulate and study a decentralized multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem, where M distributed players compete for N independent arms with unknown reward statistics. At each time, each player chooses one arm to play without exchanging information with other players. Players choosing the same arm collide, and, depending on the collision model, either no one receives reward or the colliding players share the reward in an arbitrary way. We show that the minimum system regret of the decentralized MAB grows with time at the same logarithmic order as in the centralized counterpart where players act collectively as a single entity by exchanging observations and making decisions jointly. A general framework of constructing fair and order-optimal decentralized policies is established based on a Time Division Fair Sharing (TDFS) of the M best arms. A lower bound on the system regret growth rate is established for a general class of decentralized polices, to which all TDFS policies belong. We further develop several fair and order-optimal decentralized polices within the TDFS framework and study their performance in different applications including cognitive radio networks, multi-channel communications in unknown fading environment, target collecting in multi-agent systems, and web search and advertising.
Constructing Ramsey graphs from Boolean function representations

Explicit construction of Ramsey graphs or graphs with no large clique or independent set, has remained a challenging open problem for a long time. While Erdos' probabilistic argument shows the existence of graphs on 2n vertices with no clique or independent set of size 2 n , the best explicit constructions achieve a far weaker bound. There is a connection between Ramsey graph constructions and polynomial representations of Boolean functions due to Grolmusz; a low degree representation for the OR function can be used to explicitly construct Ramsey graphs [17,18]. We generalize the above relation by proposing a new framework. We propose a new definition of OR representations: a pair of polynomials represent the OR function if the union of their zero sets contains all points in {0, 1} n except the origin. We give a simple construction of a Ramsey graph using such polynomials. Furthermore, we show that all the known algebraic constructions, ones to due to Frankl-Wilson [12], Grolmusz [18] and Alon [2] are captured by this framework; they can all be derived from various OR representations of degree O(√n) based on symmetric polynomials. Thus the barrier to better Ramsey constructions through such algebraic methods appears to be the construction of lower degree representations. Using new algebraic techniques, we show that better bounds cannot be obtained using symmetric polynomials.
The Deepest Supernova Search is Realized in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey has provided the deepest optical and near-infrared views of the universe yet, and has enabled a search for the most distant supernovae, to z ~ 2.2. We have found four supernovae by searching spans of integrations of the Ultra Deep Field and the Ultra Deep Field Parallels taken with the Hubble Space Telescope paired with the Advanced Camera for Surveys and with NICMOS. Interestingly, none of these events were Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) above a redshift of 1.4, despite the substantially increased sensitivity per unit area to such objects over other surveys, including the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. However, we find that the low frequency of SNe Ia observed at 1.4 < z < 2.4 is statistically consistent with current estimates of the Type Ia supernova rate per unit volume, including the global star formation history combined with the nontrivial assembly time of SN Ia progenitors.
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Deficiency Exacerbates Cerebral Infarction After Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Mice Implications for the Production and Role of Superoxide Radicals

Background and Purpose — Superoxide anion radicals (O2·−) are implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury, although a direct relationship has not been elucidated. Recently, a specific method of hydroethidine (HEt) oxidation by O2·− was developed to detect O2·− production in a variety of experimental brain injury models. To clarify the role of O2·− in the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion, we investigated O2·− production after ischemia/reperfusion and ischemia/reperfusion injury in mutant mice deficient in mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and in wild-type littermates. Methods — Ischemia/reperfusion was performed for 60 minutes using intraluminal suture blockade of the middle cerebral artery in the mutant or wild-type mice. We evaluated fluorescent kinetics of HEt or ethidium, the oxidized form of HEt, in brains after an intravenous injection of HEt, followed by measurement of cellular O2·− production using specific HEt oxidation by O2·− before and after ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, we compared O2·− production and subsequent infarct volume in the mice using triphenyltetrazolium chloride after ischemia/reperfusion. Results — HEt oxidation to ethidium is primarily a result of mitochondrially produced O2·− under physiological conditions. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion produced O2·− prominently in neurons shortly after reperfusion, followed by a delayed increase in endothelial cells. A deficiency in MnSOD in mutant mice increased mitochondrial O2·− production and exacerbated cerebral infarction, worsening neurological deficits after ischemia/reperfusion. Conclusion — These results suggest that mitochondrial O2·− production may be a critical step underlying the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion injury and that MnSOD may protect against ongoing oxidative cell death after ischemia/reperfusion.
Accretion Processes in the Nucleus of M31

The hypothesized supermassive black hole in the nucleus of M31 (M31*) has many features in common with Sgr A* at the Galactic center, yet they differ in several significant and important ways. Although M31* is probably 10 times heavier, its radio luminosity at 3.6 cm is only one-third that of Sgr A*. At the same time, M31* is apparently thousands of times more luminous in X-rays than its Galactic center counterpart. Thus, a comparative study of these objects can be valuable in helping us to understand the underlying physical basis for their activity. We show here that the accretion model being developed for Sgr A* comprises two branches of solutions, distinguished by the relative importance of cooling compared to compressional heating at the radius rC where the ambient gas is captured by the black hole. For typical conditions in the interstellar medium, the initial temperature [T(rC) ~ 106-107 K] sits on the unstable branch of the cooling function. Depending on the actual value of T(rC) and the accretion rate, the plasma settles onto either a hot branch (attaining a temperature as high as 1010 K or so at small radii) or a cold branch, in which T drops to ~104 K. Sgr A* is presumably a "hot" black hole. We show here that Very Large Array, Hubble Space Telescope, and Chandra observations of M31* reveal it to be a member of the "cold" black hole family. We discuss several predicted features in the spectrum of M31* that may be testable by future multiwavelength observations, including the presence of a prominent UV spike (from hydrogen line emission) that would be absent on the hot branch.
Interpretation of spectroscopic data from the iodine molecule using a genetic algorithm

This paper describes a new approach to determining flow field conditions by interpreting spectroscopic data obtained using either laser-induced fluorescence techniques or optical scattering processes. Many previous efforts to determine pressure, temperature, velocity or composition have involved a variety of schemes to curve fit spectroscopic data to determine line strengths, locations and other spectroscopic parameters relevant to the thermodynamic state of the host gas. This effort describes a method for finding a best fit between the spectroscopic data and an analytical model used to predict the measured signals, which has the advantage of not requiring prior knowledge of the approximate values of the parameters. The inputs to the spectroscopic model are the thermodynamic parameters. The method used for finding the best fit is a genetic algorithm. A genetic algorithm was chosen for this effort because of the robustness and versatility of genetic algorithms in finding global optimums. The example case studied in this effort is laser-induced fluorescence from an iodine molecule in a compressible (Mach 2) flow field.
Safety Recommendations — The engine that drives change

Abstract The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) considers the recommendations it makes to prevent accidents and improve the safety of the United States transportation system to be its most important product. In its 25-year history the NTSB has made almost 9,000 safety recommendations covering needed improvements in all the modes of transportation to more than 1,250 recipients. These recommendations are made to anyone the NTSB believes can make the change that is necessary to improve safety. Recommendations have been directed to federal, State and local government agencies, private transportation companies, labor unions, trade associations and others. Overall, more than 80 percent of the NTSB's safety recommendations have been accepted by the recipients and the changes called for have been implemented. This has had a very significant positive impact on the safety of the US transportation system. The NTSB is very proud of this record. The changes that have taken place as a result of the NTSB's recommendations have saved thousands of lives and prevented many accidents. How has the NTSB achieved such a good record? The basic foundation and most important reason for this achievement is the NTSB's independence. This independence lends the NTSB credibility. Recipients of the NTSB's recommendations are more willing to carefully and seriously consider taking the action recommended. The second essential reason for the NTSB's credibility is the highly competent, technical qualifications of its investigators and the thoroughness of its investigations and studies. The NTSB also is very careful and prudent in making its recommendations. Each proposed recommendation is carefully evaluated to make sure it is practical, feasible and capable of being implemented. The credibility of the NTSB has grown over the years, and along with that has come an increase in the acceptance rate of the recommendations. This paper will describe the NTSB's safety recommendation program, how it achieves improved safety, and its important elements, such as the Most Wanted Safety Recommendation Program and the Safety Recommendation Information System.
Quantum dimensions and quantum Galois theory

The quantum dimensions of modules for vertex operator algebras are defined and their properties are discussed systematically. The quantum dimensions of the Heisenberg vertex operator algebra modules, the Virasoro vertex operator algebra modules and the lattice vertex operator algebra modules are computed. A criterion for simple current modules of a rational vertex operator algebra is given. The possible values of the quantum dimensions are obtained for rational vertex operator algebras. A full Galois theory for rational vertex operator algebras is established using the quantum dimensions.
The Mesoscale Kinetic Energy Spectrum of a Baroclinic Life Cycle

Abstract The atmospheric mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum is investigated through numerical simulations of an idealized baroclinic wave life cycle, from linear instability to mature nonlinear evolution and with high horizontal and vertical resolution (Δx ≈ 10 km and Δz ≈ 60 m). The spontaneous excitation of inertia–gravity waves yields a shallowing of the mesoscale spectrum with respect to the large scales, in qualitative agreement with observations. However, this shallowing is restricted to the lower stratosphere and does not occur in the upper troposphere. At both levels, the mesoscale divergent kinetic energy spectrum—a proxy for the inertia–gravity wave energy spectrum—resembles a −5/3 power law in the mature stage. Divergent kinetic energy dominates the lower stratospheric mesoscale spectrum, accounting for its shallowing. Rotational kinetic energy, by contrast, dominates the upper tropospheric spectrum and no shallowing of the full spectrum is observed. By analyzing the tendency equation for the ki...
Background sky obscuration by cluster galaxies as a source of systematic error for weak lensing

Lensing magnification and stacked shear measurements of galaxy clusters rely on measuring the density of background galaxies behind the clusters. The most common ways of measuring this quantity ignore the fact that some fraction of the sky is obscured by the cluster galaxies themselves, reducing the area in which background galaxies can be observed. We discuss the size of this effect in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS), finding a minimum 1 per cent effect at 0.1h 1 Mpc from the centers of clusters in SDSS; the effect is an order of magnitude higher in CFHTLenS. The resulting biases on cluster mass and concentration measurements are of the same order as the size of the obscuration effect, which is below the statistical errors for cluster lensing in SDSS but likely exceeds them for CFHTLenS. We also forecast the impact of this systematic error on cluster mass and magnification measurements in several upcoming surveys, and find that it typically exceeds the statistical errors. We conclude that future surveys must account for this effect in stacked lensing and magnification measurements in order to avoid being dominated by systematic error.
Images, Structural Properties, and Metal Abundances of Galaxy Clusters Observed with Chandra ACIS-I at 0.1 < z < 1.3

We have assembled a sample of 115 galaxy clusters at 0.1 0.5. The slope of the surface brightness profiles at large radii were steeper on average by 15% than the slope obtained by fitting a simple β-model to the emission. This slope was also found to be correlated with cluster temperature, with some indication that the correlation is weaker for the clusters at z > 0.5. We measured the mean metal abundance of the cluster gas as a function of redshift and found significant evolution, with the abundances dropping by 50% between z = 0.1 and z ≈ 1. This evolution was still present (although less significant) when the cluster cores were excluded from the abundance measurements, indicating that the evolution is not solely due to the disappearance of relaxed, cool core clusters (which are known to have enhanced core metal abundances) from the population at z 0.5.
Surgery and involutions on 4-manifolds

We prove that the canonical 4-dimensional surgery problems can be solved after passing to a double cover. This contrasts the long- standing conjecture about the validity of the topological surgery theorem for arbitrary fundamental groups (without passing to a cover). As a corollary, the surgery conjecture is reformulated in terms of the existence of free involutions on a certain class of 4-manifolds. We consider this question and analyze its relation to the A, B-slice problem. AMS Classification 57N13; 57M10, 57M60
Clustering and phase transitions on a neutral landscape

Recent computational studies have shown that speciation can occur under neutral conditions, i.e., when the simulated organisms all have identical fitness. These works bear comparison with mathematical studies of clustering on neutral landscapes in the context of branching and coalescing random walks. Here, we show that sympatric clustering/speciation can occur on a neutral landscape whose dimensions specify only the simulated organisms' phenotypes. We demonstrate that clustering occurs not only in the case of assortative mating, but also in the case of asexual fission; it is not observed in the control case of random mating. We find that the population size and the number of clusters undergo a second-order non-equilibrium phase transition as the maximum mutation size is varied.
Magnetic disconnection from the Sun : Observations of a reconnection exhaust in the solar wind at the heliospheric current sheet

[1] We have identified an anti-sunward-directed, Petschek-type, reconnection exhaust during a crossing of the heliospheric current sheet, HCS, by the ACE spacecraft. The exhaust in this relatively rare HCS event was a region of accelerated plasma flow filling the field reversal region and was bounded by Alfven waves propagating in opposite directions along recently merged field lines. Heliospheric magnetic field lines disconnected from the Sun by the reconnection process were identified in and surrounding the exhaust by the disappearance of the solar wind electron strahl there and by the interpenetration along the field of sunward-streaming halo electrons from opposite sides of the exhaust. These observations demonstrate that strahl dropouts observed in the vicinity of the HCS at least at times are signatures of magnetic disconnection from the Sun.
Impacts of distinct observations during the 2009 Prince William Sound field experiment: A data assimilation study

Abstract A set of data assimilation experiments, known as Observing System Experiments (OSEs) are performed to assess the relative impacts of different types of observations acquired during the 2009 Prince William Sound Field Experiment. The observations assimilated consist primarily of two types: High Frequency (HF) radar surface velocities and vertical profiles of temperature/salinity (T/S) measured by ships, moorings, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle and a glider. The impact of all the observations, HF radar surface velocities, and T/S profiles is assessed. Without data assimilation, a frequently occurring cyclonic eddy in the central Sound is overly persistent and intense. The assimilation of the HF radar velocities effectively reduces these biases and improves the representation of the velocities as well as the T/S fields in the Sound. The assimilation of the T/S profiles improves the large scale representation of the temperature/salinity and also the velocity field in the central Sound. The combination of the HF radar surface velocities and sparse T/S profiles results in an observing system capable of representing the circulation in the Sound reliably and thus producing analyses and forecasts with useful skill.
Sharp Hodge decompositions in two and three dimensional Lipschitz domains

Abstract We identify the optimal range of coefficients s, p for which differential forms with coefficients in the Sobolev space L p s (Ω) admit natural Hodge decompositions in arbitrary two and three dimensional Lipschitz domains Ω . To cite this article: D. Mitrea, M. Mitrea, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 109–112
Does Britain or the United States Have the Right Gasoline Tax

This paper develops an analytical framework to assess the second-best optimal level of gasoline taxation taking into account unpriced pollution, congestion, and accident externalities, as well as interactions with the broader fiscal system. We provide calculations of the optimal taxes for the US and the UK under a variety of parameter scenarios. Under our central parameter values, the second-best optimal gasoline tax is $1.01/gal for the US and $1.34/gal for the UK. Current tax rates are much lower than this in the US and higher in the UK. The calculations are moderately sensitive to alternative parameter assumptions. The congestion externality is the largest component in both nations; revenue-raising needs also play a significant role, as do accident externalities and local air pollution. Potential welfare gains from reducing the current UK tax rate are estimated at nearly one-fourth the production cost of all gasoline used in the UK. Even larger gains could be achieved by switching to a tax on vehicle miles with equal revenue yield. For the US, the welfare gains from optimizing the gasoline tax are smaller, but those from switching to an optimal tax on vehicle miles are very large.
Extremal transitions and five-dimensional supersymmetric field theories

We study five-dimensional supersymmetric field theories with one-dimensional Coulomb branch. We extend a previous analysis which led to non-trivial fixed points with En symmetry (E8, E7, E6, E5 = Spin(10), E4 = SU(5), E3 = SU(3) × SU(2), E2 = SU(2) × U(1) and E1 = SU(2)) by finding two new theories: E1 with U(1) symmetry and E0 with no symmetry. The latter is a non-trivial theory with no relevant operators preserving the super-Poincare symmetry. In terms of string theory these new field theories enable us to describe compactifications of the type I′ theory on S1Z2 with 16, 17 or 18 background D8-branes. These theories also play a crucial role in compactifications of M-theory on Calabi-Yau spaces, providing physical models for the contractions of del Pezzo surfaces to points (thereby completing the classification of singularities which can occur at codimension one in Kahler moduli). The structure of the Higgs branch yields a prediction which unifies the known mathematical facts about del Pezzo transitions in a quite remarkable way.
Photochemical activity of mirex associated with dissolved organic matter

Abstract Mirex dissolved in distilled water (62 ng L −1 ) and exposed to sunlight was found to degrade to photomirex. Presence of humic acids in the water column increased this rate of degradation. The photochemical action spectrum (250–700 nm) of mirex in distilled was different from the one in Lake Ontario water which in turn was different from the spectrum obtained in water containing humic acids. This indicates the presence of specific interactions between mirex present in the water column and the dissolved organic matter.
Many-time hamiltonian gravitation theory☆

Abstract It is shown that given any “good” coordinate condition in Hamiltonian general relativity one can construct an associated many-time formulation in which the constraints can be solved for some of the momenta as functionals of the remaining canonical variables. Since good coordinate conditions appear to be available for both open and closed spaces it follows that the functional wave equation for general relativity can be always put in a Tomonaga-Schwinger form. The implications of this result and some open problems are briefly discussed.
Finite difference representations of the degenerate affine Hecke algebra

Abstract The representations of the degenerate affine Hecke algebra in which the analogues of the Dunkl operators are given by finite-difference operators are introduced. The non-self-adjoint lattice analogues of the spin Calogero-Sutherland Hamiltonians are analysed by a Bethe ansatz. The gl( m ) Yangian representations arising from the finite-difference representations of the degenerate affine Hecke algebra are shown to be related to the Yangian representation of the 1-d Hubbard model.
An Equivalent-Circuit Model for Phase-Back Voltage Control of AC Machines

The use of a simple series reactance model to represent the fundamental-component behavior of phase-back silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or silicon bidirectional thyristor (Triac) switches controlling an ac machine is explored. A conceptual model of the phase-back switch as a harmonic power converter is developed to explain the reactance model and its limitations. Several sample applications, which are compared to ``exact'' state space computer solutions, are presented to illustrate the accuracy and limitations of the method. The ratio of harmonic power to fundamental-component VA at the switch is used to develop an impedance ratio criterion to determine the applicability of the model to specific cases.
Adventures in Organic Sulfur Chemistry

Abstract On several occasions, SULFUR REPORTS has invited persons who have done outstanding work in sulfur chemistry to summarize highlights of their research career in a semiautobiographical review. The present account is from a distinguished chemist who has contributed importantly for nearly 50 years to medicinal and organic aspects of sulfur chemistry. Ernest E. Campaigne (who prefers simply E. Campaigne) was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1914. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in chemistry and the Ph.D. degree in biochemistry at Northwestern University. After a short stretch of teaching at Bowdoin College, he spent a postdoctoral year with the well-known sulfur chemist C.M. Suter in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University and a year in research at the M.D. Anderson Hospital for Cancer Research in Texas. In 1943, he joined the faculty of Indiana University, where he rose to the rank of Professor of Chemistry in 1953 and from which he became Professor Emeritus in 1979. Over the years ...
Conversion of Alkynes into α,α-Dichloro Ketones and α,α-Dichlorodimethyl Ketals Using Trichloroisocyanuric Acid

Trichloroisocyanuric acid reacts with alkynes in the presence of water in acetone or acetonitrile to form α,α-dichloro ketones and in methanol to form α,α-dichlorodimethyl ketals.
G protein coupling of receptors to ionic channels and other effector systems.

1. Four questions raised by previous studies that had shown activation of K+ channels by alpha subunits of the type 3 Gi protein are addressed in the present communication: a) are K+ channels specific for one Gi? b) are there more ionic channels under direct G protein control? c) can we confirm using recombinant G alpha s the results obtained with biochemically resolved G alpha s and continue ascribing the regulatory effector to this part of the alpha beta gamma holo-G protein? and d) can we confirm that a single G alpha, Gs alpha in this case, is able to affect more than one type of effector function? 2. We found Gi alpha s are isoforms, that there exist also Gi-insensitive, Go-responsive K+ channels and that G alpha s can be multifunctional. Thus, a single receptor will elicit cellular responses that will depend on the endogenous G protein as well as the type of effector function expressed in it. 3. In another set of experiments we found that G beta gamma s, be they derived from human erythrocytes, human placenta, bovine brain or bovine retina, all inhibit Gk-gated K+ channel activity as seen in inside out membrane patches with GTP as the driving nucleotide. In addition we noted that inhibition was much more effective under basal (no agonist in the pipette) than agonist stimulated conditions, as reported in earlier experiments in which beta-adrenoceptors, Gs and catalytic unit of adenylyl cyclase had been incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. 4. We propose that one of the roles of G beta gamma s in membranes is to quench ligand independent G protein activation by unoccupied receptors. Other roles of G beta gamma s are: a) by re-associating with GDP-G alpha s, to promote interaction with receptors, and b) by dissociating from activated R.G alpha *GTP.beta gamma, to allow for receptor dissociation from GTP-activated G alpha s, which is required to satisfy the catalytic mode of receptor action.
BCS and IBM

The BCS theory of fermionic pairing and condensation is used to understand the interacting boson model. Results from BCS are incorporated in an effective Hamiltonian that after symmetry-breaking and second-order corrections yields an IBM-type Hamiltonian with coeefficients determined by well-known nuclear constants. The /ital O/(6) and /ital O/(5) chains are shown to be largely of spontaneous origin. Supersymmetry aspects of the model are also discussed. /copyright/ Academic Press, Inc. 1989
Impact of a health literacy assignment on student pharmacist learning.

Abstract Background The average American adult reads at the 8th grade level while most written health information materials, including medication guides, are written at the 12th grade level. To assist students with health literacy-sensitive communication, pharmacy schools should incorporate educational activities addressing health literacy competencies. Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of a health literacy assignment on student pharmacists' perceptions of: 1) learning about health literacy; 2) ability to write health literacy level-appropriate patient education material; and 3) the use of these skills in future pharmacy practice. Methods Third professional year student pharmacists were asked to rewrite a patient medication information sheet at the 5th grade reading level, altering it from the 12th grade level. Following assignment completion, students responded to a 4-item open-ended questionnaire on what they learned from the activity, what information components were the most difficult to rewrite and reason for the difficulty, key strategies to accomplish the assignment, and their perception of the impact this assignment had on their future practice. Content analysis of the reflections was performed using QSR NVivo to identify themes grounded in the students' responses. Results Reflections were completed in 2009 (n = 159) and 2010 (n = 144), for a total of 303 completed reflections. Predominant themes included greater understanding about the challenges, importance, and methods of health literacy level-appropriate communication and greater awareness of the role of pharmacists in presenting information clearly to patients. Conclusions Students indicated the activity increased their understanding of the complexity of patient information, the educational needs of patients, and the importance of providing information that is understandable. Student pharmacists learned methods of effective communication with patients and should be better prepared to communicate in a health literacy-level appropriate manner.
Power management of actuator/sensor groups for the intelligent control of a flexible structure subject to spatiotemporally varying disturbances

The problem of actuator and sensor placement in a flexible plate is revisited within the context of an intelligent control scheme. Instead of considering individual actuators and sensors, we consider groups of actuators and sensors that have the same capacity to address specific modes. The placement optimization procedure chooses actuators and sensors within a given group so that can collectively address a specific range of modal frequencies. Integrated into the control scheme is the ability to select, over a time interval of fixed length, a given group that can best address spatiotemporally varying disturbances in which the spatial distribution of disturbances changes with time. For the numerical studies on a thin aluminum plate, clamped on all sides and employing piezoceramic patches as collocated actuators/sensors, we consider four groups of PZT actuators/sensors wherein each actuator in each group is designed to have a high level of modal controllability with respect to a given modal shape. Incorporated into the above optimization is the influence of each PZT on the plate's modal shapes. The intelligent control then provides the switching scheme in which, at a given time instance, only one of the four groups is active with the remaining three being kept dormant in order to reduce power consumption.
What is good mathematics

(i) Good mathematical problem-solving (e.g. a major breakthrough on an important mathematical problem); (ii) Good mathematical technique (e.g. a masterful use of existing methods, or the development of new tools); (iii) Good mathematical theory (e.g. a conceptual framework or choice of notation which systematically unifies and generalises an existing body of results); (iv) Good mathematical insight (e.g. a major conceptual simplification, or the realisation of a unifying principle, heuristic, analogy, or theme); (v) Good mathematical discovery (e.g. the revelation of an unexpected and intriguing new mathematical phenomenon, connection, or counterexample); (vi) Good mathematical application (e.g. to important problems in physics, engineering, computer science, statistics, etc., or from one field of mathematics to another); (vii) Good mathematical exposition (e.g. a detailed and informative survey on a timely mathematical topic, or a clear and well-motivated argument); (viii) Good mathematical pedagogy (e.g. a lecture or writing style which enables others to learn and do mathematics more effectively); (ix) Good mathematical vision (e.g. a long-range and fruitful program or set of conjectures); (x) Good mathematical taste (e.g. a research goal which is inherently interesting and impacts important topics, themes, or questions); (xi) Good mathematical public relations (e.g. an effective showcasing of a mathematical achievement to non-mathematicians, or from one field of mathematics to another); (xii) Good meta-mathematics (e.g. advances in the foundations, philosophy, history, or practice of mathematics); (xiii) Rigorous mathematics (with all details correctly and carefully given in full, etc.); (xiv) Beautiful mathematics (e.g. the amazing identities of Ramanujan; results which are easy (and pretty) to state but not to prove); (xv) Elegant mathematics (e.g. Paul Erdős’ concept of “proofs from the Book”; achieving a difficult result with a minimum of effort);
On the concentration of random multilinear forms and the universality of random block matrices

The circular law asserts that if $${\mathbf {X}}_n$$ is a $$n \times n$$ matrix with iid complex entries of mean zero and unit variance, then the empirical spectral distribution of $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} {\mathbf {X}}_n$$ converges almost surely to the uniform distribution on the unit disk as $$n$$ tends to infinity. Answering a question of Tao, we prove the circular law for a general class of random block matrices with dependent entries. The proof relies on an inverse-type result for the concentration of linear operators and multilinear forms.
Dynamic phase transitions in a van der Waals fluid

Abstract : This paper proves the existence of traveling wave solutions connecting liquid and vapor phases in a van der Waals fluid. The main constitutive assumptions are that the fluid be an elastic fluid(with pressure given by the van der Waals equation of state) possessing a higher order correction given by Korteweg's theory of capillarity and the fluid is a conductor of heat with large specific heat at constant volume. The main mathematical tool in the analysis is the Conley-Easton theory of isolating blocks. (Author)
Tapered wiggler analysis of high gain free electron laser oscillators

Abstract The development of lasers in which the active medium is a relativistic stream of free electrons has evoked much interest. The prospect of operating these continuously tunable, high gain devices at high efficiencies by appropriately tapering the wiggler field parameters has significantly increased the interest in these devices. Variable parameter wiggler free electron lasers have been previously considered for operation in the amplifier configuration and also in the micropulse, low gain operation in the oscillator configuration. The present analysis extends the range of application to the case of intense, long pulsed electron beams in which the self-consistently derived space charge potential (arising from the axial bunching of the particles in the beat wave) is not negligible. Also included in this analysis are arbitrarily relativistic beams (i.e. no ultrarelativistic beam approximation). We have obtained theoretical expressions for the nonlinear efficiency and present a comparison of these results with a fully nonlinear simulation.
Getting from Economic Analysis to Policy Advice

Economists play several distinct but necessary roles in the process of translating economic knowledge from the discipline to use in policy decisions. Economists engaged in disciplinary research might legitimately deal with more simplified abstractions of economic problems in conducting their research, whereas those engaged in providing policy analysis and advice to policy makers might face different constraints on the types of analysis that can be used by policy makers. In the role of policy analyst or adviser, economists face a number of challenges and risks. Those preparing to engage in such roles should understand (a) the constraints that will be faced in using and communicating economic analysis to policy makers, (b) the limitations of economic theory in addressing policy issues faced by decision makers, and (c) the risks inherent in participating in the policy-making process. The economist entering the policy process must be prepared to present economic advice in a manner that is easily understood and communicated and be prepared to address dimensions of policy problems that might not comply with the standard assumptions of neoclassical theory. The policy adviser must also be prepared to deal with databases that are often inadequate for decision-making purposes, time constraints that preclude the completion of a thorough analysis, value dimensions of policy issues that might overrule the results of economic analysis, and the fundamentally different roles of the policy maker and the economic adviser in the decision-making process.
Dielectric response of ionic conductors

Impedance measurements on (ZrO 2 ) 0.87 (Y 2 O 3 ) 0.13 in the range from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz reveal an apparent frequency dependent conductivity that is typical of ionic conductors. Analysis of the impedance and the dielectric permittivity using empirical expressions for dielectric relaxation such as the Havriliak-Negami function shows that the frequency dependence of the conductivity can be attributed to dipole relaxation of defects, possibly, (V 0 Y) . −Y′ pairs, with relaxation times that are determined by the hopping rate of oxygen vacancies.
The Influence of Nuclear Composition on the Electron Fraction in the Post-Core Bounce Supernova Environment

We study the early evolution of the electron fraction (or, alternatively, the neutron-to-proton ratio) in the region above the hot proto-neutron star formed after a supernova explosion. We study the way in which the electron fraction in this environment is set by a competition between lepton (electron, positron, neutrino, and antineutrino) capture processes on free neutrons and protons and nuclei. Our calculations take explicit account of the effect of nuclear composition changes, such as formation of alpha particles (the "alpha effect") and the shifting of nuclear abundances in nuclear statistical equilibrium associated with cooling in near-adiabatic outFLow. We take detailed account of the process of weak interaction freezeout in conjunction with these nuclear composition changes. Our detailed treatment shows that the alpha effect can cause significant increases in the electron fraction, while neutrino and anti-neutrino capture on heavy nuclei tends to have a buffering effect on this quantity. We also examine the effect on weak rates and the electron fraction of fluctuations in time in the neutrino and antineutrino energy spectra arising from hydrodynamic waves. Our analysis is guided by the Wilson and Mayle supernova code numerical results for the neutrino energy spectra and density and velocity profiles.