cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inner versus outer sphere metal-monoamide complexation: ramifications for tetravalent & hexavalent actinide selectivity

Oxidation of americium to the hexavalent state could streamline used nuclear fuel management through a group hexavalent actinide separation process. Monoamides, N,N-dialkyl amides, are being considered in this work due to their selectivity towards hexavalent, over tetravalent, actinides. Hexavalent selectivity arises when the monoamides contain a branched acyl chain. While this selectivity has been known since preliminary studies by Siddall, structures of the extracted species have only recently been investigated. This study expands on other research efforts by examining the structure–extraction functionality of straight and branched monoamides with Pu4+ and PuO22+. In both Pu oxidations states, the effect of acyl chain length was investigated by comparing Pu extraction and UV-vis spectra of Pu complexes with N,N-dihexylbutyramide, N,N-dihexylvaleramide, and N,N-dihexylhexanamide. Furthermore, the effects of alkyl chain branching were investigated by comparing N,N-dihexyl(2-methyl)butyramide and N,N-dihexyl(2-methyl)valeramide, as well as ethyl branched N,N-dihexyl(2-ethyl)butyramide and N,N-dihexyl(2-ethyl)hexanamide. These structure–extraction relationships were characterized by collecting UV-vis spectra of the metal-monoamide extracted species and tracer distribution studies. The UV-vis analysis was found to match distribution values collected under radiotracer conditions and indicated Pu was extracted as the tetra- and hexanitrato monoamide complex for Pu4+ and the bis- or trisnitrato species for PuO22+. The monoamides’ ability to recover Cu3+ periodate oxidized Am was also studied using radiotracer methods. Initial efforts with nitric acid pretreated monoamides, salting agents, and synergistic studies with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) were ineffective. Pretreatment with sodium bismuthate was found to improve Am recovery, and distributions above one were achieved with straight chain monoamides at 3 M HNO3.
Research Applications with the NEO PI-R

Clinical work is a very time-consuming endeavor filled with many pressures and concerns. With all the time constraints it seems reasonable to ask whether the introduction of a new assessment instrument is worth the time it consumes. Although I have already outlined how the NEO PI-R can be useful in providing clinically relevant information, there are three other benefits that also need to be considered. First, clinicians must and do have an investment in assessing the quality of their own work. How effective are one’s interventions? In what ways does a therapist impact their clients? Answers to these questions help therapists fine-tune their therapeutic skills, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. Second, in working with clients on growth issues, it becomes important to have measures that will provide information on the adaptive capacities of the individual. Unlike many clinical instruments, the NEO PI-R can speak meaningfully about coping strategies and interpersonal styles, among other qualities. These insights focus on who a person is and the directions they are likely to move toward rather than emphasizing deficiencies and weaknesses. Finally, there are the pressures of managed care, which continually call for greater documented efficiency in treatment.
The coagulation system and angiogenesis.

In 1865, Armand Trousseau recognized the relationship between an activated coagulation system and malignancy [1]. He suggested that patients presenting with idiopathic venous thrombosis might be harboring an occult cancer. Numerous recent studies have also demonstrated an increased odds ratio of patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolic disease having an occult malignancy (i.e. [2]). Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is the second most common cause of death in cancer patients, after deaths from the underlying malignancy [3]. The prevalence of VTE depends on tumor type and treatment received. Recent studies note that activation of the coagulation system, in addition to predisposing to VTE, may also contribute directly to the growth of primary and metastatic cancers, in large part by promoting angiogenesis. In this chapter, we will review the role of platelets and the coagulation system in promoting tumor-associated angiogenesis. We will also discuss the effects of anticoagulation on angiogenesis and the effects of antiangiogenesis therapy on the coagulation system and risk of thrombosis.
Yoga, Mind, and the Psychosomatics

The mind has central importance in Yoga, more so in Buddhism which in general begins with the mind. The central philosophy of Yoga is the fact that the mind is the key to changing the nature of our experiences. The mind is the single most important factor in the practice of Yoga. Depending upon how one uses it, the mind can be one’s greatest enemy or greatest ally. The Yogic philosophies by and large constitute the various theories about the human mind in both structural and functional senses. Yoga is essentially the study of the mind through the instrumentality of one’s mind itself. Thus, the deep connections between Yoga and the mind cannot be overemphasized. We use the mind as the interpreting interface between the objects of perception and ourselves in order to experience those objects. Quite rightly, Buddhism focuses on the mind as the key to change the way we experience things and the way we relate to other people. In Buddha’s scheme out of five aggregates that constitute the human experience, four are mental factors. Similarly, put of the 37 factors of enlightenment, the majority are mental factors (Santina 1997, p. 321). These illustrate the centrality of the mind in Buddhism. Buddha put it very clearly that the mind is the source of all our experiences; all things are created by the mind. The mind is the source of all virtues, and to obtain these virtues and qualities, one must discipline the mind. In recognition of the deep connections between Yoga and the mind arose a particular school of Buddhism, the Mind Only school [Sans. Vijnanavada; doctrines of knowledge), otherwise known as the Yogacara school [English the school that affirms union of one’s achara/conduct with the practice of Yoga]. In the fourth century CE, this school arose as an independent and identifiable philosophical tradition in the northwest India (modern day Pakistan). Initially popularized by two famous Mahayana Buddhists, Asanga and his younger brother, Vasubandhu, this school is said to be the latest and final form of Buddhism as a religion and is based on an original central fact of Buddhism that the mind is the creator of all things (Bhattacharya and Tucci 1932).
Pre-procedure Patient Evaluation and Management

Many procedures that were once performed only in the hospital operating room are now able to be performed safely, efficiently, and comfortably in the office-based setting. While procedure choice is important, the selection of the appropriate patient to undergo a surgical procedure in the office environment is critical. Thorough advanced evaluation for medical and surgical risks, as well as for the patient’s ability to comply with the state of awareness necessary during the office-based procedure will maximize success and patient satisfaction, while avoiding unanticipated mishaps. Selecting the right patient for office-based surgery is of paramount importance as not all patients are candidates for office-based surgery.
UNDERSTANDING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS’ RESISTANCE OF TELEMEDICINE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

Telemedicine has great potential to improve health care in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet resistance from healthcare professionals could prevent telemedicine’s social value from being materialized. This article intends to understand why users resist the use of telemedicine by investigating antecedents of resistance. A research was developed to propose that user resistance is determined by perceived threat and perceived controllability, which in turn are influenced by reduced autonomy, anxiety, and costs. In addition, we examine how government support can be mobilized to alleviate the inhibiting factors that lead to resistance. A survey on 107 healthcare professionals in Ethiopia provides support to most of the hypotheses.
The Bump-and-Hole Tactic: Expanding the Scope of Chemical Genetics

Successful mapping of the human genome has sparked a widespread interest in deciphering functional information encoded in gene sequences. However, because of the high degree of conservation in sequences along with topological and biochemical similarities among members of a protein superfamily, uncovering physiological role of a particular protein has been a challenging task. Chemical genetic approaches have made significant contributions toward understanding protein function. One such effort, dubbed the bump-and-hole approach, has convincingly demonstrated that engineering at the protein-small molecule interface constitutes a powerful method for elucidating the function of a specific gene product. By manipulating the steric component of protein-ligand interactions in a complementary manner, an orthogonal system is developed to probe a specific enzyme-cofactor pair without interference from related members. This article outlines current efforts to expand the approach for diverse protein classes and their applications. Potential future innovations to address contemporary biological problems are highlighted as well.
Cross Layer Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) implementing spectrum sharing between primary and secondary users are able to provide a needed solution for the increasing spectrum scarcity problem. This paper presents a cross layer resource allocation scheme for underlay dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in cognitive radio networks with a goal to improve end-to-end Quality of Experience (QoE) for video traffic, as measured through the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The presented solution implements a deep Q-network (DQN) that allows a CR to perform resource allocation by observing the environmental variables over physical and network layers and takes actions to update its own parameters across these layers in order to maximize the MOS for its interactive video stream, all while maintaining interference to the primary users below a threshold limit. Simulation results show that perceived quality for the transmitted video using the proposed cross-layer scheme outperforms a benchmark comparable DQN scheme that adapts only the physical layer, often yielding an improvement of one grade scale in the MOS. Moreover, the proposed cross-layer DQN scheme achieves a balanced load on a network with routers with unequal service rates.
Methane and Methyl Propanoate High-Temperature Kinetics

The biodiesel surrogate, methyl propanoate (MP), is more reactive than methane. Mixtures of the two can be used to control combustion initiation in various combustion systems. Reported here is a shock tube study of the influence of chemical interactions resulting from mixing the two fuels on observable combustion properties, such as global chemical time scales and species time histories. Experiments are carried out at pressures of about 4, 7.4, and 10 atm covering a temperature window of 1000 to 1500 K. Using direct laser absorption, CO time histories during MP pyrolysis are obtained. The CO absorbance is further used to determine pyrolysis times by means of which the effect of temperature on MP pyrolysis is probed. Reactivity differences are first examined with the fuel concentration maintained at 3% and then with the oxygen concentration fixed at 10%. The evidence of chemical interactions during ignition is observed through a reduction of methane ignition delay times caused by MP addition. The influence...
Facilitators and Barriers to Interdisciplinary Communication between Providers in Primary Care and Palliative Care.

Abstract Background: Community-based palliative care (CBPC) plays an integral role in addressing the complex care needs of older adults with serious chronic illnesses, but is premised on effective ...
Structure of shock waves in particulate composites

The shock compression response of particulate heterogeneous solids was investigated using normal plate impact experiments and numerical simulations. A model composite system of silica glass spheres embedded in a matrix of thermoplastic polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, was developed to mimic the impedance mismatch of structural and energetic heterogeneous materials. Shock wave profiles were measured at multiple points on the rear surface of the composite specimens to characterize shock dispersion and spatial heterogeneity in material response due to the random distribution of particles. Composites with single mode as well as bimodal bead diameter distributions were subjected to plate impact loading at ∼1000 m/s resulting in an average shock stress of ∼4 GPa. Shock rise times were measured for composites of 30% and 40% glass by volume, with spherical particles of diameters in the range of 100–1000 μm. In the case of single mode composites, the shock wave rise times were observed to scale linearly with particle diameter divided by the bulk shock wave speed. The addition of a second bead size to a base size in a 30% glass by volume composite mix resulted in significant increases in shock rise time. Numerical simulations were used to develop insights into scattering and the development of shock structure in particulate composites. Shock disruption mechanisms due to particles and matrix/interface damage effects are discussed.
Association between Family History of Stroke and Stroke Risk: A Community Survey.

Approximately 20% of the annual 795,000 stroke occurrences in the United States are fatal, and survivors face high-risk of long-term disability. The purpose of this secondary analysis of a cross-se...
MXene-Derived Bilayered Vanadium Oxides with Enhanced Stability in Li-Ion Batteries

Bilayered vanadium oxides (BVOs) are a high-capacity intercalation host with affinity for various ions in energy storage systems. However, the electrochemical stability of BVOs upon extended galvan...
David Oliver: How not to do covid-19 comms—copy our government

I’ve been thinking for months that many failings in our pandemic response are really public communication failings. Compared with consistent communications and strategy in other countries, the UK government has fallen far short. Messaging should be clear, consistent, and easily understood. The evidence base and rationale for decisions should be shared openly and readily understandable. We should also know who’s involved in advising, deciding, and consulting; who has final accountability for decisions, nationally and locally; and where the balance lies. For example, where did the recent decision on the 10 pm curfew arise? We all understand, as the facts and situation evolve and the impact of decisions emerges, that our leaders may need to change tack. People can accept this, as long as the rationale is explained. But if new decisions and directions are taken, tell people why. And don’t, for goodness’ sake, appear to change …
"Just in the Need That I Saw": Exploring Black Male Teachers' Pathways into Teaching.

Calls for the increased recruitment of Black male teachers continue to abound in both education and popular discourse. An underpin of this call is the potential contributions that Black male teache...
Partnership Taxation: Restructuring Partnership Debt - Life is Change

With the economy slowly recovering from recession, the restructuring and discharge of partnership debt continue to generate important tax questions. US versus Kirby Lumber Co. (1931), which established the principle that income is realized to the extent a debt is discharged without payment, has been routinely cited for the proposition that cancellation of indebtedness income (COD) must be recognized because the debt relief frees assets of the taxpayer for other uses. The Kirby holding was codified as section 61(a)(12) of the Internal Revenue Code, and exceptions to COD found in section 108 were overhauled with the Bankruptcy Tax Act of 1980. The Code quite properly makes a partnership insolvency calculation at the partner level, giving the partners ultimate responsibility for partnership debt to the extent of personal liability. On the other hand, the exception to COD for purchase price adjustments improperly looks to the partnership entity when calculating insolvency, often yielding inconsistent results.
Abstract PO-046: Predicting breast cancer survival outcomes in a tri-racial/ethnic population

Objective: In the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer for women, and it alone accounts for 30% of all new cancer diagnoses in women. Considered the complexity of decision on breast cancer therapy decision, we develop a model to predict 5-year overall survival at the time of diagnosis based on demographic and pathological factors, and estimate the potential benefit from different breast cancer treatment regimens for each individual patient. Methods: Using tumor registry data from University of Miami Health System and Jackson Memorial Hospital from 2008 to 2018, 4021 breast cancer patients were selected. After preliminary screening of data, based on previous research and clinical evidence, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to assess the effect of the potential prognosticators of overall survival. Twelve variables from multivariate Cox model were selected to build the prediction model with adjustment of interaction between predictors. Results: This prediction model based on race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, smoking status, tumor stage, tumor grade, hormone receptor status, human epidermal growth factor 2, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy had good discrimination and calibration in bootstrap validation set with an C-statistic 0.82, and no significant difference between the predicted and the observed probabilities. Conclusion: We have developed a robust, relatively accurate, and easy-demonstrated tool that is able to predict 5-year overall survival in patients with invasive breast cancer, with reference to indicate the impact of potential treatment on prognosis. This allowed better communication between clinician and individual patient to make joint clinical decision. Citation Format: Kaicheng Wang, George R. Yang, Jennifer J. Hu, Isildinha M. Reis, Wei Zhao, Stuart Herna. Predicting breast cancer survival outcomes in a tri-racial/ethnic population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-046.
A phenomenology of intra-play for sustainability research within heritage landscapes

In this article, we explore a phenomenology of intra-play for sustainability research, integral to the processes of transforming both cultural and natural heritage landscapes. Such processes are studied as active - always underway and in flux - across space and time, and through the intra-play between the human and more-than-human world. The authors have developed the exploration of intra-play within the fields of phenomenology and heritage studies with empirical examples of the processes of becoming, especially in experiential landscapes of post-industrial heritage sites. The article presents a phenomenology of intra-play as a haptic and ontogenetic philosophy of landscape studies, inspired by the anthropologist Tim Ingold, and a process methodology, inspired in part by the art of what Rita Irwin calls “a/r/tography”. Our approach animates the different forms, both human and non-human, that co-form heritage landscapes. The article traces these playful ways and discusses possible consequences for sustainability research and change within heritage landscapes.
Systematic review of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily in neuroblastoma pathophysiology.

Neuroblastoma is a devastating disease accounting for 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Yet, our understanding of key molecular drivers such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in this pathology remains poorly clarified. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the RTK superfamily in the context of neuroblastoma pathogenesis. Statistical correlations for all RTK family members’ expression to neuroblastoma patient survival across 10 independent patient cohorts were annotated, synthesized, and ranked using the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Gene expression of selected members across different cancer cell lines was further analyzed in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, part of the Cancer Dependency Map portal (depmap portal ( http://depmap.org )). Finally, we provide a detailed literature review for highly ranked candidates. Our analysis defined two subsets of RTKs showing robust associations with either better or worse survival, constituting potential novel players in neuroblastoma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. We review the available literature regarding the oncogenic functions of these RTKs, their roles in neuroblastoma pathophysiology, and potential utility as therapeutic targets. Our systematic analysis and review of the RTK superfamily in neuroblastoma pathogenesis provides a new resource to guide the research community towards focused efforts investigating signaling pathways that contribute to neuroblastoma tumor establishment, growth, and/or aggressiveness and targeting these druggable molecules in novel therapeutic strategies.
クログワイの病原菌 Nimbya scirpicola の微生物除草剤としての菌糸調製法

難防除雑草の一つであるクログワイ (Eleocharis kuroguwai OHWI) の罹病葉の病斑から単離した病原菌 Nimbya scirpicola K-004菌の菌糸を活性成分とした微生物除草剤の開発を目的に, N. scirpicola 菌糸が, 長期間, 生存力と病原力を維持し得る調製法を検討した. 液体培養で生産した菌糸を破砕し, 10%ラクトースと1%シリカゲルを添加してテフロン板に噴霧し, 一晩風乾した. 得られた乾燥菌糸粉末は, 胞子と同等の病原力を有し, 4℃の保存において, 乾燥前の生存力を36週間, 対象雑草であるクログワイに対する病原力を52週間維持していた. 胞子同様, 糸状菌の菌糸を用いた微生物除草剤の開発が可能であることがわかった.
Exploring the influence of impervious surface density and shape on urban heat islands in the northeast United States using MODIS and Landsat

Impervious surface area (ISA) from the National Land Cover Database 2001 and land surface skin temperature from MODIS averaged over three annual cycles (2003–2005) are used in a spatial analysis to assess the surface urban heat island (UHI) signature and its relationship to settlement size and shape, development intensity distribution, and land cover composition for 42 urban settlements embedded in forest biomes in the northeastern United States. Development intensity zones, based on percent ISA, are defined for each urban area emanating outward from the urban core to nearby rural areas and are used to stratify land surface temperature. The stratification is further constrained by biome type and elevation to ensure objective intercomparisons between urban zones within an urban settlement and between settlements. Stratification based on ISA allows the definition of hierarchically ordered urban zones that are consistent across urban settlements and scales. For cities within the northeastern US temperate mix...
The Association of Restless Legs Syndrome to History of Gestational Diabetes in an Appalachian Primary Care Population.

Objective:Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a burdensome sensorimotor disorder that has been linked to diabetes and obesity. However, the relationship of RLS to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a...
Controlled Flight into Terrain: How the Airlines and the Federal Aviation Administration are Addressing the Problem

Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) is not a new problem. It has been around since the beginning of manned flight. A CFIT accident occurs when an airworthy aircraft, under the control of a pilot, is flown (unintentionally) into terrain, water, or obstacles with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot (crew) of the impending collision (Wiener, 1977). It would seem that CFIT would be an easy problem to solve or reduce but unfortunately, that has not been the case. CFIT is still the leading cause of all fatal aircraft accidents in the world. Figure 1 illustrates the CFIT accident rate compared to other types of fatal airline accidents. It can be noted that CFIT is not the leading cause of the U.S. fatal accident rate however, the world wide CFIT rate is still a major concern. This paper will address the issues as they pertain to CFIT, to include the causes, prevention and the future aspects in dealing with CFIT. Although the reduction of the CFlT accident rate has been reduced over the years, there still is more that can be done. The "Swiss Cheese" model of accident causation illustrates that for an accident to occur, hilures have to occur at several levels ofresponsibility(Reason, 1990). The model illustrates the following: 1. Organizational Factors excessive cost cutting reduction in flight hours 2. Unsafe Supervision deficient training program improper crew pairing 3. Preconditions for Unsafe Ads loss of situational awareness poor CRM 4. Unsafe Acts failed to scan instruments penetrated IMC when VMC only 5. Accident and Injury crashed into side of mountain (Reason, 1990) The aircraft that pilot's fly today are the safest and most complex in history. So why are we still having problems with CFIT? The answer is as complex as the aircraft. As pilots, we do not l i e to admit that pilot error could be a contributing factor. If we cannot identify or r e h e to recognize the source ofthe problem, then we cannot begin to find a solution. Pilots must be willing to admit that they are the weak link in the chain and approach this problem in an aggressive manner. With the introduction of advanced avionics, the aviation in* has seen the CFIT accident rate go down. Initial and recurrent training will also be a key factor when approaching the problem. IAAER, Spring 2001 Page 13 1 Matteson: Controlled Flight into Terrain: How the Airlines and the Federal Published by ERAU Scholarly Commons, 2001 Conrrolled Fl i~ht Into Terrain Worldwide and U.S. Airline Number of Fatal Accidents Classified by Type of Accident 1988 1997
Rural acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in low and high prevalence areas.

Background Too little is understood about the spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in rural America. This study focuses on changes over 5 years in two low prevalence and two high prevalence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rural service areas. Methods An initial study conducted in 1993 provided a base line for the study. Each site was revisited in the summer of 1998. Data were analyzed by degree of rurality of the site, prevalence levels, and risk categories. Results Changes in the number of AIDS cases ranged from slow steady growth to increases of an epidemic magnitude. Some settings were characterized primarily by white homosexual men, and others had a more diverse population living in poverty. Conclusions Populations receiving priority for national AIDS funding should be expanded to include rural America as a target group, and funding should provide the latitude for communities to match their local needs.
Purification and analysis of the decapping activator Lsm1p-7p-Pat1p complex from yeast.

Biochemical analysis of the components of the mRNA decay machinery is crucial to understand the mechanisms of mRNA decay. The Lsm1p‐7p‐Pat1p complex is a key activator of decapping in the 5′ to 3′‐mRNA decay pathway that is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. The first step in this pathway is poly(A) shortening that is followed by the selective decapping and subsequent 5′ to 3′‐exonucleolytic degradation of the oligoadenylated mRNAs. Earlier studies suggested that the Lsm1p‐7p‐Pat1p complex preferentially associates with oligoadenylated mRNAs and facilitates their decapping in vivo (Tharun and Parker, 2001a; Tharun et al., 2000). They also showed that the Lsm1p through Lsm7p and Pat1p are involved in protecting the 3′‐ends of mRNAs in vivo from trimming (He and Parker, 2001). Therefore, to gain better insight into the biologic function of the Lsm1p‐7p‐Pat1p complex, it is important to determine its in vitro RNA binding properties. Here I describe the methods we use in my laboratory for the purification and in vitro RNA binding analysis of this complex from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification was achieved with tandem affinity chromatography using a split‐tag strategy. This involved use of a strain expressing FLAG‐tagged Lsm1p and 6×His‐tagged Lsm5p and purification by a two‐step procedure with an anti‐FLAG antibody matrix followed by a Ni–NTA matrix. The purified complex was analyzed for its RNA binding properties with gel mobility shift assays. Such analyses showed that this complex has the intrinsic ability to distinguish between oligoadenylated and polyadenylated RNAs and that it binds near the 3′‐ends of RNAs (Chowdhury et al., 2007). These observations, therefore, highlighted the importance of the intrinsic RNA binding properties of this complex as key determinants of its in vivo functions.
Plasma membrane biogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biogenesis of plasma membranes. A consistent theme at the plasma membrane is protein recruitment and the assembly of protein complexes in response to external stimuli. The growth of the plasma membrane is localized to the bud site during normal cell growth and to the projection in response to mating pheromone. Plasma membrane proteins fall into numerous classes, including transporters, sensors and receptors, signalling molecules, and landmark proteins. The chapter focuses on protein trafficking as a mechanism for regulating the function of plasma membrane proteins. The chapter describes the methods that have been found useful for studying cell surface targeting, mislocalization, and degradation of a model plasma membrane protein, Pma1. The chapter also describes the method of separation of plasma membrane by cell fractionation and discusses various methods for assessing cell surface delivery, such as steady-state protein level method and western-blot protocol.
Understanding securities law

Like earlier editions, the seventh edition follows a logical sequence of analysis of a securities issue. The author begins by defining security and registration exemptions, and then continues through the process for non-exempt transactions. Understanding Securities Law clearly, thoroughly, and concisely addresses the subjects covered in basic Securities Regulation courses, including: • The definition of securities exemptions from registration; • the registration framework and process; • Sarbanes-Oxley Act; • Dodd-Frank Act • SEC Securities Act Offering Rules; • Resales and reorganizations; • Due diligence; • Liabilities and remedies; • Affirmative disclosure duties; • Insider trading; • SEC enforcement; and • Professional responsibility. The author also includes a glossary of key terms, statutes, rules, regulations and forms and schedules, and comparative charts synopsizing previously discussed materials. The text covers the regulation of public and privately held companies under the Securities Acts, SEC fraud, concepts, civil liabilities under the securities laws, and state Blue Sky laws. It also discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation, SEC public offering rules, SEC regulations on the resale of securities, and recent federal Supreme Court and appellate court decisions. This widely-adopted reference text continues to be embraced as a “go-to” source for both law students and practicing attorneys.
Effects of dietary zinc deprivation on the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in serum of rats and guinea pigs

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidyldipeptide hydrolase found in blood and in the endothelium of many tissues. This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary zinc deprivation in rats and guinea pigs on ACE activity in serum. Rats were fed zinc-deficient (less than 1 mg/kg) or zinc-adequate (25 mg/kg) diets for 3 d. Guinea pigs were fed zinc-deficient (less than 1 mg/kg) or zinc-adequate (100 mg/kg) diets for 3 wk. The plasma zinc concentration in the zinc-deprived rats was 26% and that of the deprived guinea pigs 35% of the control values. When serum was diluted by one-half in the assay medium, the respective ACE activities were 42 and 59% of controls. In spite of decreased ACE activity there were no differences in plasma angiotensin II levels in either species or in bradykinin levels in the rat. To determine the effect of zinc on the kinetics of serum ACE, rat serum was treated to remove low-molecular-weight components and diluted 30-fold in an assay medium that contained a final zinc concentration of 0.68 microM. Supplemental zinc (total, 24 microM) increased both Vmax and Km. EDTA inhibited the enzyme activity, and the inhibition was totally reversible by zinc. Copper at 30 microM had no effect on ACE activity. The results of this study show that ACE activity in serum of rats and guinea pigs is highly sensitive to the dietary intake of zinc and suggest that metabolism of the vasoactive hormones, angiotensin II and bradykinin, might be affected in vivo.
Update: Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Chronic Respiratory Failure Due to COPD

Long-term non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has widely been accepted to treat chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure arising from different etiologies. Although the survival benefits provided by long-term NPPV in individuals with restrictive thoracic disorders or stable, slowly-progressing neuromuscular disorders are overwhelming, the benefits provided by long-term NPPV in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain under question, due to a lack of convincing evidence in the literature. In addition, long-term NPPV reportedly failed in the classic trials to improve important physiological parameters such as arterial blood gases, which might serve as an explanation as to why long-term NPPV has not been shown to substantially impact on survival. However, high intensity NPPV (HI-NPPV) using controlled NPPV with the highest possible inspiratory pressures tolerated by the patient has recently been described as a new and promising approach that is well-tolerated and is also capable of improving important physiological parameters such as arterial blood gases and lung function. This clearly contrasts with the conventional approach of low-intensity NPPV (LI-NPPV) that uses considerably lower inspiratory pressures with assisted forms of NPPV. Importantly, HI-NPPV was very recently shown to be superior to LI-NPPV in terms of improved overnight blood gases, and was also better tolerated than LI-NPPV. Furthermore, HI-NPPV, but not LI-NPPV, improved dyspnea, lung function and disease-specific aspects of health-related quality of life. A recent study showed that long-term treatment with NPPV with increased ventilatory pressures that reduced hypercapnia was associated with significant and sustained improvements in overall mortality. Thus, long-term NPPV seems to offer important benefits in this patient group, but the treatment success might be dependent on effective ventilatory strategies.
11 Reaction mechanisms: Part (ii) polar reactions

This review places an emphasis on papers reporting polar reaction mechanisms in 2003, predominantly in aqueous solution, where substantial new mechanistic knowledge is presented. Theoretical studies are not generally considered to be within the scope of this review.
Reaction Trajectory of Pyrophosphoryl Transfer Catalyzed by 6-Hydroxymethyl-7,8-Dihydropterin Pyrophosphokinase

6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK) catalyzes the Mg(2+)-dependent pyrophosphoryl transfer from ATP to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP). The reaction follows a bi-bi mechanism with ATP as the first substrate and AMP and HP pyrophosphate (HPPP) as the two products. HPPK is a key enzyme in the folate biosynthetic pathway and is essential for microorganisms but absent from mammals. For the HPPK-catalyzed pyrophosphoryl transfer, a reaction coordinate is constructed on the basis of the thermodynamic and transient kinetic data we reported previously, and the reaction trajectory is mapped out with five three-dimensional structures of the enzyme at various liganded states. The five structures are apo-HPPK (ligand-free enzyme), HPPK.MgATP(analog) (binary complex of HPPK with its first substrate) and HPPK.MgATP(analog).HP (ternary complex of HPPK with both substrates), which we reported previously, and HPPK.AMP.HPPP (ternary complex of HPPK with both product molecules) and HPPK.HPPP (binary complex of HPPK with one product), which we present in this study.
Rapid cleavage of cyclic tertiary amides of Kemp's triacid: effects of ring structure.

Abstract The piperidyl and prolyl amides of Kemp's triacid (7 and 8, respectively) have been prepared and their rates of intramolecular acylolysis measured as a function of pD. The piperidyl derivative 7 reacts approximately four-times faster (e.g., t1/2=3 min at 20 °C and pD 7.7) than the previously reported pyrrolidyl and methylphenethyl amide derivatives, while the prolyl derivative 8 reacts two-times more slowly (e.g., t1/2=30 min at 20 °C and pD 7.8). Molecular-mechanics calculations indicate that the nonbonded interactions in the piperidyl derivative 7 are distinct from those in the prolyl, pyrrolidyl, and methylphenethyl amide derivatives, a result that supports the suggestion that ground-state pseudoallylic strain contributes to the enormous reactivity of Kemp's triacid tertiary amides. In sum, the results reported indicate that the Kemp's triacid scaffolding provides a general means of activating tertiary amide derivatives.
Afp::mCherry, a red fluorescent transgenic reporter of the mouse visceral endoderm

Live imaging of genetically encoded fluorescent protein reporters is increasingly being used to investigate details of the cellular behaviors that underlie the large-scale tissue rearrangements that shape the embryo. However, the majority of mouse fluorescent reporter strains are based on the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Mouse reporter strains expressing fluorescent colors other than GFP are therefore valuable for co-visualization studies with GFP, where relative positioning and relationship between two different tissues or compartments within cells are being investigated. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a transgenic Afp::mCherry mouse strain in which cis-regulatory elements from the Alpha-fetoprotein (Afp) locus were used to drive expression of the monomeric Cherry red fluorescent protein. The Afp::mCherry transgene is based on and recapitulates reporter expression of a previously described Afp::GFP strain. However, we note that perdurance of mCherry protein is not as prolonged as GFP, making the Afp::mCherry line a more faithful reporter of endogenous Afp expression. Afp::mCherry transgenic mice expressed mCherry specifically in the visceral endoderm and its derivatives, including the visceral yolk sac, gut endoderm, fetal liver, and pancreas of the embryo. The Afp::mCherry reporter was also noted to be expressed in other documented sites of Afp expression including hepatocytes as well as in pancreas, digestive tract, and brain of postnatal mice.
Toward Noise Mitigation in High Speed and High Reynolds Number Jets Using Plasma Actuators

5 . Eight actuators, distributed azimuthally inside the nozzle, near the nozzle exit, were used to excite various azimuthal modes of the jet over a large frequency range (StDF of 0.1 to 5.0). Dynamic pressure measurements were used to investigate the growth and decay of perturbations and instability waves in the flow, PIV measurements were used to evaluate the effects of control on turbulence field, and far field acoustic was measured to evaluate the control effect on the radiated noise field. The jet responded to the forcing over the entire range of excitation frequencies, but with varying degrees. The growth and decay of perturbations imparted to the flow by the actuators and the ensuing instability waves were found to be similar to the reported results in the literature using other techniques. Excitations with lower frequencies coupled to the flow, and the instability waves grew slowly, saturated farther downstream, stayed saturated for longer time, and then decayed gradually. The saturation and decay of instability waves moved farther upstream as the excitation frequency increased. Instability waves with higher azimuthal modes exhibited faster decay. Preliminary far field acoustic results show a significant noise increase (2 to 4 dB) when the jet is excited around the jet preferred mode instability frequency (StDF=0.2-0.5), which becomes larger from the shallower angle to the jet axis (30°) to the larger angle (90°), in agreement with the results in the literature. Noise reduction of 0.5 to over 1.0 dB is observed over a large excitation frequency range - this reduction seems to peak around StDF =1.5 to 2.0 at 30° angle, but around StDF =3.0 to 3.5 at 90° angle. While forcing the jet with higher azimuthal modes, with azimuthal modes limited to m=0 to 3 in the current experiments, is advantageous for noise mitigation at 30° angle and lower frequencies, the effect is not as clear in higher forcing frequencies and at 90° angle. These preliminary results are quite encouraging and show the potential of the technique. However, a great deal more work must be done to better understand the effects and to improve the technique.
SU-E-T-629: Feasibility Study of Treating Multiple Brain Tumors with Large Number of Noncoplanar IMRT Beams

Purpose: To study the feasibility of treating multiple brain tumors withlarge number of noncoplanar IMRT beams. Methods: Thirty beams are selected from 390 deliverable beams separated by six degree in 4pi space. Beam selection optimization is based on a column generation algorithm. MLC leaf size is 2 mm. Dose matrices are calculated with collapsed cone convolution & superposition method in a 2 mm by 2mm by 2 mm grid. Twelve brain tumors of various shapes, sizes and locations are used to generate four plans treating 3, 6, 9 and 12 tumors. The radiation dose was 20 Gy prescribed to the 100% isodose line. Dose Volume Histograms for tumor and brain were compared. Results: All results are based on a 2 mm by 2 mm by 2 mm CT grid. For 3, 6, 9 and 12 tumor plans, minimum tumor doses are all 20 Gy. Mean tumor dose are 20.0, 20.1, 20.1 and 20.1 Gy. Maximum tumor dose are 23.3, 23.6, 25.4 and 25.4 Gy. Mean ventricles dose are 0.7, 1.7, 2.4 and 3.1 Gy.Mean subventricular zone dose are 0.8, 1.3, 2.2 and 3.2 Gy. Average Equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) values for tumor are 20.1, 20.1, 20.2 and 20.2 Gy. The conformity index (CI) values are close to 1 for all 4 plans. The gradient index (GI) values are 2.50, 2.05, 2.09 and 2.19. Conclusion: Compared with published Gamma Knife treatment studies, noncoplanar IMRT treatment plan is superior in terms of dose conformity. Due to maximum limit of beams per plan, Gamma knife has to treat multiple tumors separately in different plans. Noncoplanar IMRT plans theoretically can be delivered in a single plan on any modern linac with an automated couch and image guidance. This warrants further study of using noncoplanar IMRT as a viable treatment solution for multiple brain tumors.
The Fourier projection is minimal for regular polyhedral spaces

Abstract Let V n = [ v 1 ,…, v n ] be the n -dimensional space of coordinate functions on a set of points ν⊂ R n , where v is the set of vertices of a regular convex polyhedron. In this paper it is demonstrated that the Fourier projection F is minimal from C( v ) onto V n . As a corollary, F is used to compute the absolute projection constant of any n -dimensional Banach space E n isometrically isomorphic to V n ⊂C( v ) , examples of which are the well-known cases E n = l n ∝ , l n 1 .
A time-split finite-volume algorithm for three-dimensional flowfield simulation

A general finite-volume algorithm is developed for solving three-dimensional, time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations for high Reynolds number flows over an arbitrary geometry. This algorithm adapts MacCormack's (1982) explicit-implicit scheme to a time-split, three-dimensional finite-volume concept in a general coordinate system. It is shown that the thin-layer approximation in all three spatial directions significantly reduces the evaluation of viscous terms and allows the algorithm to solve more complicated geometries with all boundaries in two or all three directions. The calculated results using this method are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of a blunt-fin induced shock wave and boundary-layer interaction problems. Observations of the existence of peak pressure, primary horseshoe and secondary vortices, and reversed supersonic zones show that computational fluid dynamics can effectively supplement the wind tunnel tests for aerodynamic design as well as for understanding basic fluid dynamics.
Educating Teachers to Transform the Trilogy

This article constitutes the second stage in an ongoing investigation of alternative instrumental ensembles in schools. First, interview data from the previous stage, which documented cases in Massachusetts, Kentucky, Washington, and Nevada, where individual music teachers began and successfully sustained alternative ensembles for the past 5 to 10 years, summarize the genesis, growth, and sustenance of these ensembles. The current article presents data relating to the K-12 policy decisions made by these teachers and then examines these policy decisions with a focus on their implications for music teacher preparation. Implications for music teacher education are considered in light of enhancing music teachers’ understanding of policy choices in the areas of (a) program design, (b) student participation, (c) conceptualizations of musicianship, and (d) cultural and aesthetic appropriateness. Finally, differences in inherent assumptions between alternative ensemble practice and traditional ensemble practice a...
cAMP-dependent protein kinase types I and II differentially regulate cAMP response element-mediated gene expression: implications for neuronal responses to ethanol.

We have shown that ethanol induces translocation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to the nucleus, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and cAMP response element-mediated gene transcription in NG108-15 cells. However, little is known about which PKA types regulate this process. We show here that under basal conditions NG108-15 cells contain type I PKA (CβRIβ) primarily in cytosol and type II PKA (CαRIIβ) in the particulate and nuclear fractions. Antagonists of both type I and type II PKA inhibit forskolin- and ethanol-induced cAMP response element-mediated gene transcription. However, only the type II PKA antagonist inhibits forskolin-induced Cα and ethanol-induced Cα and RIIβ translocation to the nucleus and CREB phosphorylation; the type I antagonist is without effect. Our data suggest that forskolin- and ethanol-induced CREB phosphorylation and gene activation are differentially mediated by the two types of PKA. We propose that type II PKA is translocated and activated in the nucleus and induces CREB phosphorylation that is necessary but not sufficient for gene transcription. By contrast, type I PKA is activated in the cytoplasm, turning on a downstream pathway that activates other transcription cofactors that interact with phosphorylated CREB to induce gene transcription.