cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Life of Camilla Williams, African American Classical Singer and Opera Diva Stephanie Shonekan and Camilla Williams. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2011.

The Life of Camilla Williams, African American Classical Singer and Opera Diva Stephanie Shonekan and Camilla Williams. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2011.Published a year prior to her death, The Life of Camilla Williams, African American Classical Singer and Opera Diva, provides an insightful collaborative memoir by the opera singer and Stephanie Shonekan, assistant professor of ethnomusicology and Black studies at the University of Missouri.The authors' account of Williams's early life, her college experiences, her critically-acclaimed debut with the New York City Opera, her international touring career, her life as a cultural ambassador, her marriage, and her teaching career, allows the reader to share in her struggles and triumphs over eight decades. Stunning photographs from Williams's collection, along with a chronology and discography, are useful additions for researchers.Coauthor Shonekan's perceptive introduction focuses on her first meetings with the diva and how their relationship grew while collaborating on the memoir. Shonekan admits that, as time progressed, she continued to deliberate between the options of biography and autobiography and the virtues of each genre. After some deliberation with Williams (1919-2012), Shonekan realized that she could only present the story autobiographically, so that Williams would be given a chance to speak for herself.For almost two years, Shonekan conducted interviews with Williams and devoted many hours to exploring the diva's recordings in order to become more familiar with her unique voice and to understand her reactions to certain composers. Shone kan spent an extensive amount of time in search of relevant printed materials on Williams, including rave reviews in newspaper clippings from around the world, correspondence, photographs, scores, and other memorabilia. Primary documents, as well as the wider historical, cultural, and economic circumstances of the times, provided the coauthor with a different level of knowledge of the diva's life.In her prologue, Camilla Williams notes that over the decades several people approached her to tell her story. In particular, she reminisces about a publisher who wanted her to write a history of the bitterness and anger. As she points out several times in her memoir, her mother always advised her, "Camilla, if you have nothing good to say about anybody, say nothing" (17). Williams states that she wanted to share her story because she has a lot of good to tell and her faith in God, in addition to her supportive family, friends, and colleagues, has allowed her to live a life without bitterness.The biography, divided into seventeen chapters, chronicles Camilla Williams's life and works from her beginnings in Danville, Virginia in 1920. Williams states that even though her parents "were as poor as Job's turkey," they instilled three main things in their four children: church, education, and music (27). …
Current Concepts and Treatment for the Rheumatoid Wrist

Wrist involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is common. Within 2 years of diagnosis, more than half of patients will have wrist pain, and more than 90% will have wrist disease by 10 years. Although wrist involvement is generally thought to be less disabling than RA of the fingers and hand, it can be a significant cause of pain and disability. Severe disease with bony destruction and synovitis in the wrist can also result in soft-tissue problems including tendon ruptures. In addition to musculoskeletal involvement, systemic manifestations of RA can occur. Felty syndrome can result in a low white blood count and splenomegaly in association with RA. New generation, disease-modifying pharmacologic agents offer promise in controlling the disease progression. Surgical treatments for the diseased wrist are aimed at relieving pain and restoring function. Common procedures include: synovectomy and tenosynovectomy, tendon reconstruction, distal ulnar resection and/or distal radioulnar joint reconstruction, partial and full wrist arthrodesis, and total wrist arthroplasty.
Improving Environmental Management on Small-scale Farms: Perspectives of Extension Educators and Horse Farm Operators

Although the number of small-scale farms is increasing in North America and Europe, few studies have been conducted to better understand environmental management in this sector. We investigate this issue by examining environmental management on horse farms from both the perspective of the "expert" extension educator and horse farm operator. We conducted a Delphi survey and follow-up interviews with extension educators in Indiana and Kentucky. We also conducted interviews and farm assessments with 15 horse farm operators in the two states. Our results suggest a disconnection between the perceptions of extension educators and horse farm operators. Extension educators believed that operators of small horse farms are unfamiliar with conservation practices and their environmental benefits and they found it difficult to target outreach to this audience. In the interviews with horse farm operators, we found that the majority were somewhat familiar with conservation practices like rotational grazing, soil testing, heavy use area protection, and manure composting. It was not common, however, for practices to be implemented to generally recognized standards. The horse farm respondents perceived these practices as interrelated parts of a system of farm management that has developed over time to best deal with the physical features of the property, needs of the horses, and available resources. Because conservation practices must be incorporated into a complex farm management system, traditional models of extension (i.e., diffusion of innovations) may be inappropriate for promoting better environmental management on horse farms.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced in broilers via trachea inoculation of killed Staphylococcus aureus

A study was conducted to determine whether the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to killed Staphylococcus aureus antigen in chickens could be induced through multiple intratracheal inoculations. Three criteria were used to assess DTH: 1) delayed footpad reaction (DFR) with a peak response at 24 to 48 h postchallenge, 2) inhibition of monocyte/macrophage migration, and 3) mononuclear cell infiltration at the challenge site. Broilers were sensitized three times with a s.c. injection in the neck or intratracheal inoculation of killed S. aureus in polyethylene glycol at 2, 3, and 4 wk of age. Controls were given polyethylene glycol with a s.c. injection in the neck or intratracheal inoculation. Migration inhibition tests were conducted at 6 wk of age. At 7 wk of age, all birds were challenged intradermally with S. aureus antigen in PBS in the right footpad. The left footpad was injected with PBS. The thickness of the footpad was measured at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h postchallenge to evaluate the DFR. Birds were euthanatized, and both footpads were removed for histopathological examination. Subcutaneously or intratracheally sensitized birds showed significant DFR compared with nonsensitized birds (P < 0.0001), which reached maximum response at 24 h postchallenge. The s.c. sensitization resulted in an inhibition of the in vitro migration of monocytes/macrophages (P < 0.0001), whereas intratracheally sensitized birds did not show migration inhibition of monocytes/macrophages. Histological examination showed typical perivascular infiltration of small lymphocytes in S. aureus-injected footpads from s.c. and intratracheally sensitized birds. These results indicate that multiple intratracheal inoculation, as well as s.c. injection of killed S. aureus antigen, can be used to induce a cell-mediated DTH reaction in chickens.
Direct-methane solid oxide fuel cells with Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 spinel internal reforming layer

Abstract Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 spinel oxide has been synthesized and characterized as anode internal reforming layer for Ni–SDC anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) directly operating on methane fuel. XRD and Cu mapping image results of Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 oxide after in-situ reduction by methane show that a highly dispersed nano-Cu metal network has been obtained. By adopting Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 as an internal reforming layer, the cell demonstrated maximum power densities of 242 and 311 mW cm −2 at 650 and 700 °C, respectively using methane as fuel and ambient air as oxidant. More importantly, Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 internal reforming layer has significantly improved the cell performance stability. The cell with the Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 internal reforming layer has demonstrated reasonably stable performance while the cell without it degraded very rapidly.
The Paradox of the Lesbian Worker

Common sense might suggest that lesbian workers are doubly disadvantaged due to their gender and their stigmatized sexual orientation. But empirical research documents that lesbian workers earn more than their heterosexual women peers. This article considers two reasons for the economic advantage of lesbian workers. First, because lesbians must provide for themselves and their children, they may pursue nontraditional, higher-paying jobs and show increased work motivation. Second, stereotypes may depict lesbians, including lesbian mothers, as competent and committed workers. A review of available research is augmented with data from a study of 162 college students. Results indicate that motherhood detracts from the perceived work commitment and competence of heterosexual mothers but not lesbian mothers. Directions for future research are considered.
NATIONAL ACCOUNTING FOR NON‐RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE MINING INDUSTRIES*

This paper discusses alternatives to current national accounting procedures for non-renewable natural resources in the mining industries. Three alternative approaches to valuing the discovery and use of these resources are compared and alternative estimates for U.S. oil and gas for the period 1948-79 are presented. The focus is on the conceptual and empirical difficulties associated with valuing non-renewable natural resources.
Social Psychological Influences on the Popularity of Amber Alerts

The AMBER Alert system enjoys widespread public support. Yet evidence suggests that the system may be ineffective and have unintended consequences. Because AMBER Alerts are illusory means of controlling crime, they may be conceptualized as “crime control theater” (CCT) and thus are indicative of a problematic social tendency to address complex issues through simple solutions. This article utilizes principles of social cognition, attitudes, social norms, and symbolic interaction to predict that the AMBER Alert system will persevere despite its disadvantages. This analysis can help account for the popularity of other forms of CCT. It also highlights the need for future research aimed at elucidating the processes responsible for the acceptance of policies that are mere theater.
Worth Repeating: Paper Color May Have an Effect on Student Performance

ABSTRACT: This article reports the results from an experiment examining the effect of paper color on student performance on quiz scores in Principles of Accounting courses. The ten‐year study included classes taught by five instructors and involved almost 4,000 student scores. The paper colors utilized on the quizzes were four pastels (yellow, green, blue, and pink) and white. Contrary to some similar studies, the current study found that paper color did have a significant effect on student performance. Students with white and yellow colored paper performed significantly better than students with either blue or pink colored paper. Students with green colored paper performed somewhere in the middle of the other four colors. Prior research is compared with the current study findings, and it is suggested that, given the past somewhat inconsistent findings of color effects, further research is warranted to disentangle the mixed results and instructors should consider utilizing other means to deter cheating. I...
Who Defines Futility

FOR THE past two decades, our society has struggled to identify the proper circumstances under which life-sustaining medical treatment should be limited. In fact, we seem to have reached a consensus on some aspects of the problem. It is generally agreed that a competent patient has the right to refuse life-sustaining treatment; when the patient is not competent, family members may limit treatment to serve the patient's best interests. The report by Murphy 1 in this issue ofTHE JOURNALexamines a more controversial question that is currently at the forefront of the treatment-limitation debate—ie, under what circumstances can life-sustaining interventions be limited without the informed consent of the patient or family? Murphy notes correctly that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is "rarely effective and in many cases futile" in the setting of a long-term—care facility, where many elderly patients are chronically ill or severely demented. He proposes a policy that "enables
Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls

John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971) is widely credited with having revived post–World War II Anglo American political philosophy. This book together with his later writings are routinely judged to constitute the most important body of work in that field. Indeed, with the collapse of Second World and Third World socialist ideologico-political alternatives, liberalism in one form or another has become globally hegemonic, so that for many commentators, the qualifiers “postwar” and “Anglo American” should just be dropped. Thus the blurb on the jacket of The Cambridge Companion to Rawls (Freeman 2003a) simply asserts without qualification: “John Rawls is the most significant and influential political and moral philosopher of the 20th century.” Translated (as of 2003) into twenty-seven languages (Freeman 2003b, 1), the subject of a vast body of secondary literature numbering literally thousands of articles, A Theory of Justice has long since become a canonical text. Yet for those interested in issues of racial justice, philosophers of color in particular, it has also long been a very frustrating text.1 We face a paradox: Rawls, the celebrated American philosopher of justice, had next to nothing to say in his work about what has arguably historically been the most blatant American variety of injustice, racial oppression. The postwar struggle for racial justice in practice and in theory and the Rawlsian corpus on justice are almost completely separate and nonintersecting universes. The remediation of the legacy of white supremacy is apparently not of the slightest interest or concern for Rawls and most of his commentators and critics, as manifested in the marginality of this subject in his own work, and its virtual nonappearance in the secondary literature. Samuel Freeman’s edited Cambridge Companion to Rawls (2003a), for example, which provides a synoptic overview of key themes in the literature, has not a single subsection of any chapter, let alone any chapter, on race, while the 2006 Perspectives on Politics special symposium on Rawls barely has two paragraphs on the subject (Ackerley et al. 2006). So, particularly for people of color in the United States, but also for those elsewhere, for example in the former colonizing powers and in the former colonial world, a weird feeling of inconRawls on Race/Race in Rawls
On-line separation of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of hydrophilic modified amino acids during sequencing

Abstract All 20 commonly occurring phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids can be separated by a new reversed-phase chromatography method without interference from breakthrough peaks that prevail in other methods, and with good resolution from the most common reagent-related background peaks. Separation is compatible with automated sequencing in a cartridge sequencer. A large chromatographic area exists between the breakthrough peaks and the first- and second-eluting common PTH-amino acids, PTH-His and PTH-Asn, and is consequently available for detection and separation of hydrophilic amino acid derivatives. Derivatives such as phosphotyrosine, β-hydroxyaspartic acid and N-glycosylated asparagine elute as readily identifiable peaks. The method uses chromatography on octadecylsilane with isocratic elution followed by a simple linear gradient from acetonitrile—methanol to isopropanol—methanol to provide complete separation in 23 min. The turnaround time of 34 min includes a period of column washing to eliminate sequencer byproducts. PTH-Amino acids are generally detected with single pmol (1 to 4 pmol) sensitivity. PTH-His and PTH-Arg are eluted earlier than conventionally with a consequent sharpening of peaks and higher practical sensitivity.
Multiloop High-Power-Supply-Rejection Quadrature Ring Oscillator

This paper presents a source-follower-delay-cell, multiloop ring oscillator that provides power-supply isolation. The main contributions of this work are a source-follower-based delay cell with a multiloop ring structure achieving improved supply rejection, a design-oriented analysis of the proposed structure to facilitate its use, and a layout technique allowing straightforward mask design for the multiloop oscillator. The oscillator also features differential control voltages to allow rejection of common-mode control and supply noise. The oscillator was fabricated in a UMC 90-nm CMOS pure logic process with no analog components (regular VT), and the minimum measured incremental supply sensitivity is 0.003 [%-change fosc/%-change VDD], which is more than 20 dB better than that of a conventional CMOS-delay-cell quadrature oscillator fabricated on the same test chip. The oscillator's measured tuning range is 0.63-8.1 GHz. Over the tuning range, the phase noise varies from - 106 to - 88 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, and the power consumption ranges from 7 to 26 mW from a 1-V supply. The measured mean quadrature accuracy performance is within -1.5° to +2.25° error including board parasitics without any trimming/tuning across the oscillator's frequency range.
Colombia: Failed, Failing, or Just Weak?

Although it does not yet fit the profile, Colombia could take on more characteristics of state failure if the bloody disorder continues. But how do you assist a country that at times seems to be losing its ability to govern itself?
Radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations: 2. Global analysis from MODIS

Global distributions of albedo susceptibility for areas covered by liquid clouds are presented for 4 months in 2005. The susceptibility estimates are based on expanded definitions presented in a companion paper and include relative cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) changes, perturbations in cloud droplet asymmetry parameter and single-scattering albedo, atmospheric/surface effects, and incorporation of the full solar spectrum. The cloud properties (optical thickness and effective radius) used as input in the susceptibility calculations come from MODIS Terra and Aqua Collection 5 gridded data. Geographical distributions of susceptibility corresponding to absolute ( absolute cloud susceptibility ) and relative ( relative cloud susceptibility ) CDNC changes are markedly different indicating that the detailed nature of the cloud microphysical perturbation is important for determining the radiative forcing associated with the first indirect aerosol effect. However, both types of susceptibility exhibit common characteristics such as significant reductions when perturbations in single-scattering properties are omitted, significant increases when atmospheric absorption and surface albedo effects are ignored, and the tendency to decrease with latitude, to be higher over ocean than over land, and to be statistically similar between the morning and afternoon MODIS overpasses. The satellite-based susceptibility analysis helps elucidate the role of present-day cloud and land surface properties in indirect aerosol forcing responses. Our realistic yet moderate CDNC perturbations yield forcings on the order of 1-2 W/sq m for cloud optical property distributions and land surface spectral albedos observed by MODIS. Since susceptibilities can potentially be computed from model fields, these results have practical application in assessing the reasonableness of model-generated estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing.
A pencil‐beam photon dose algorithm for stereotactic radiosurgery using a miniature multileaf collimator

A computer-controlled miniature multileaf collimator (MMLC) with 4 mm leaf width and a maximum field size of 6 cm X 6 cm has been designed as a tertiary beam-shaping device for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate and efficient dose calculation model for use with the MMLC. A pencil-beam based algorithm using a sum of three Gaussian kernels was developed to model the off-axis ratio of MMLC fields. Because the kernel integration over a rectangular field can be solved in closed form, dose to any point from an arbitrary MMLC field can be calculated efficiently by summing dose contribution from a set of rectangular apertures and transmission blocks that model individual leaf openings or leaf transmissions. The model uses an effective rectangular field and equivalent square method for determination of depth dose and dose output. Results showed that the calculated percentage depth dose was within 1% and output factor was within 1.5% of measured data. The parameters of the pencil beam kernels were extracted by fitting measured off-axis profiles for a few field sizes at a few depths. The accuracy of the calculated off-axis ratio was tested by comparison with measured data for a number of MMLC fields. The algorithm was shown to be accurate to within 1.5% or 1 mm for off-axis ratios. The algorithm computes at a speed of 34,600 data points per second on a DEC Alpha server model 2000/433 (Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA), which is about 15 times faster than a Clarkson-type summation method.
Central metabolism controls transcription of a virulence gene regulator in Vibrio cholerae

ToxT is the central regulatory protein involved in activation of the main virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae. We have identified transposon insertions in central metabolism genes, whose disruption increases toxT transcription. These disrupted genes encode the primary respiration-linked sodium pump (NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase or NQR) and certain tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes. Observations made following stimulation of respiration in the nqr mutant or chemical inhibition of NQR activity in the TCA cycle mutants led to the hypothesis that NQR affects toxT transcription via the TCA cycle. That toxT transcription increased when the growth medium was supplemented with citrate, but decreased with oxaloacetate, focused our attention on the TCA cycle substrate acetyl-CoA and its non-TCA cycle metabolism. Indeed, both the nqr and the TCA cycle mutants increased acetate excretion. A similar correlation between acetate excretion and toxT transcription was observed in a tolC mutant and upon amino acid (NRES) supplementation. As acetate and its tendency to decrease pH exerted no strong effect on toxT transcription, and because disruption of the major acetate excretion pathway increased toxT transcription, we propose that toxT transcription is regulated by either acetyl-CoA or some close derivative.
THE MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE TRANSFER INTO AND OUT OF THE HUMAN RED CELL

1. The kinetics of the movements of glucose in both directions across the surface of the human red cell were studied by optical recording (Orskov method) of resultant cell volume changes. 2. A wide experimental variety was arranged in the relations between the several quantitative factors contributing to the glucose gradient and the volume changes expected, in order to provide a maximum variety of systematic relations between those factors and the rate of glucose transfer. 3. The kinetics were shown to follow the patterns predicted on the basis of a simple carrier system, involving formation of a highly undissociated complex between the sugar and some factor in the cell surface, provided the glucose concentrations used did not exceed about 3/4 isosmotic. Certain simple properties of this system are derived from the data. 4. At very high glucose concentrations, this system apparently gradually fails to operate; this failure is reversible upon lowering of the excessive glucose concentration. 5. An empirical correction was derived for a previously known but uncalibrated optical disturbance complicating the use of the Orskov method with media containing appreciable concentrations of non-electrolytes.
A Multivariate Methodology for Controlling Industrial Processes

The combination of tree multivariate techniques (Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis) may be used to isolate and determine bounds for the critical control variable in a ``black box'' type industrial process. If input samples can be grouped into homogeneous quality categories, then it may be possibie to use input and operating data to estimate discriminant functions which will differentiate between various quality categories. These functions could then be used to predict quality levels based upon input and operating characteristics. In addition, the coefficents of te discriminant functions would provide information as to the critical control variables and their bounds.
Distributed EM algorithms for density estimation in sensor networks

The paper considers the problem of density estimation and clustering in distributed sensor networks. It is assumed that each node in the network senses an environment that can be described as a mixture of some elementary conditions. The measurements are thus statistically modeled with a mixture of Gaussians, each Gaussian component corresponding to one of the elementary conditions. A distributed EM algorithm is developed for estimating the Gaussian components, which are common to the environment and sensor network as a whole, as well as the mixing probabilities which may vary from node to node. The algorithm produces an estimate (in terms of a Gaussian mixture approximation) of the density of the sensor data without requiring the data to be transmitted to and processed at a central location. Alternatively, the algorithm can be viewed as a distributed processing strategy for clustering the sensor data into components corresponding to predominant environmental features sensed by the network. The convergence of the distributed EM algorithm is discussed, and simulations demonstrate the potential of this approach to sensor network data analysis.
Fine calibration of large-aperture optical scintillometers and an optical estimate of inner scale of turbulence

Large-aperture optical scintillometers [ Ting-i Wang , J. Opt. Soc. Am.68, 334 ( 1978)] lose their calibration if they are sensitive to portions of the spatial spectrum of temperature fluctuations where κ−11/3 fails to hold. The model temperature spectrum having the bump [ R. J. Hill , J. Fluid Mech.88, 541 ( 1978); R. J. Hill S. F. Clifford , J. Opt. Soc. Am.68, 892 ( 1978)] is used to find conditions under which the scintillometers maintain their calibration. We find that the aperture size D should be at least twenty times the inner scale l0 if the contribution of the spectral bump is to be ignored. For application in the surface layer, one needs the height above ground of the optical path to be much greater than three times the aperture size if outer-scale effects are to be negligible. It is shown that the inner scale dependence of a scintillometer having D/l0 ≃ 2.0 and the lack of such dependence for a scintillometer having D/l0 ≃ 20.0 can be used to estimate both l0 and Cn2 if the two systems are used simultaneously on the same path. A preliminary experiment was performed in the atmospheric surface layer with scintillometers having aperture sizes of 2.0 cm, 5.0 cm, and 15.0 cm; the results are consistent with the existence of the spectral bump. The inner scale is estimated by comparing data from the 2.0-cm and 15.0-cm systems. Using this inner scale, the Cn2 values from the 5.0-cm and 15.0-cm scintillometers are corrected for the spectral bump; the corrected values are in agreement. Other turbulence parameters are not deduced from the l0 and Cn2 estimates because the l0 values have been found to be insufficiently accurate.
Maternal Influences on Epigenetic Programming of the Developing Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Parental and environmental factors during the prenatal and postnatal periods permanently affect the physiology and metabolism of offspring, potentially increasing disease risk later in life. Underlying mechanisms are being elucidated, and effects on a number of organs and metabolic pathways are likely involved. In this review, we consider effects on the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which may represent a common pathway for developmental programming. The focus is on prenatal and early postnatal development, during which the HPA axis may be programmed in a manner that affects health for a lifetime. Programming of the HPA axis involves, at least in part, epigenetic remodeling of chromatin, leading to alterations in the expression of genes in many organs and tissues involved in HPA activation and response, including the hippocampus and peripheral tissues. Examples of developmental epigenetic modifications affecting the HPA axis as well as target tissues are provided.
Lunar Impact History from 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Glass Spherules

Lunar spherules are small glass beads that are formed mainly as a result of small impacts on the lunar surface; the ages of these impacts can be determined by the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar isochron technique. Here, 155 spherules separated from 1 gram of Apollo 14 soil were analyzed using this technique. The data show that over the last ∼3.5 billion years, the cratering rate decreased by a factor of 2 to 3 to a low about 500 to 600 million years ago, then increased by a factor of 3.7 ± 1.2 in the last 400 million years. This latter period coincided with rapid biotic evolutionary radiation on Earth.
Characterization and regulation of cold-induced heat shock protein expression in mouse brown adipose tissue

The accumulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) after the exposure of cells or organisms to elevated temperatures is well established. It is also known that a variety of other environmental and cellular metabolic stressors can induce HSP synthesis. However, few studies have investigated the effect of cold temperature on HSP expression. Here we report that exposure of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice to cold ambient temperatures results in a tissue-selective induction of HSPs in brown adipose tissue (BAT) coincident with the induction of mitochondrial uncoupling protein synthesis. Cold-induced HSP expression is associated with enhanced binding of heat shock transcription factors to DNA, similar to that which occurs after exposure of cells or tissues to heat and other metabolic stresses. Adrenergic receptor antagonists were found to block cold-induced HSP70 expression in BAT, whereas adrenergic agonists induced BAT HSP expression in the absence of cold exposure. These findings suggest that norepinephrine, released in response to cold exposure, induces HSP expression in BAT. Norepinephrine appears to initiate transcription of HSP genes after binding to BAT adrenergic receptors through, as yet, undetermined signal transduction pathways. Thermogenesis results from an increase in activity and synthesis of several metabolic enzymes in BAT of animals exposed to cold challenge. The concomitant increase in HSPs may function to facilitate the translocation and activity of the enzymes involved in this process.
A grid-based algorithm for the extraction of intermediate-scale sea-ice deformation descriptors from SAR ice motion products

Abstract The characteristics of, and preliminary results from, a grid based automatic computer algorithm for the extraction of quantitative measures of seaice deformation from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data sets, are described. The data sets utilized are the sequential fields of ice movement vectors that are produced by the Geophysical Processor System (Gp,S) of the Alaska SAR Facility (ASF). The algorithm utilizes the temporal changes in the size and the shape of each original 5 by 5km grid element to calculate the convergence, the divergence, and the shear of the ice. An attempt is made to minimize the effect of random positioning errors, which are intrinsic in the determination of motion fields by a feature matching system such as the GPS, by eliminating some isolated deformation cells and by the use of minimum deformation values that are set by the investigator. The overall deformation values of the remaining major deformation features are calculated by the integration of the deformation values o...
The Reentry Court Initiative: Court-Based Strategies for Managing Released Prisoners

In response to the growing need to effectively manage the large numbers of released prisoners returning into the community, the Office of Justice Programs launched the Reentry Court Initiative (RCI...
Evaluation of HydroThermAblator and rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia 3 Years after treatment.

Abstract Study Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of endometrial ablation using HydroThermAblator (HTA) and rollerball (RB) for treatment of menorrhagia. Design Prospective, randomized, multicenter study (Canadian Task Force classification I). Setting Nine private practice and university centers in the United States. Patients Two hundred seventy-six women. Intervention Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation with the HTA (187 women) and RB (89). Measurements and Main Results Bleeding was assessed by pictorial diaries for 12 months, with patient interviews at 24 and 36 month. Amenorrhea rates, reduction of bleeding to normal levels or less, and patient satisfaction were tracked for 36 months, with rates in the HTA group of 53%, 94%, and 98% and in the RB group of 46%, 91%, and 97%, respectively. Conclusion Endometrial ablation with the HTA is a safe, effective, and durable treatment of menorrhagia in a broad patient population. It offers advantages over RB by reducing anesthesia requirements, reducing operating time, and eliminating risks of excessive fluid absorption, and is more easily learned.
Common First-Year Student Writing Errors

In this article, the author describes a list of a few basic principles that first-year legal writers need to learn. Dunnewold stresses the following: (1) think ahead, (2) understand the appropriate support for a legal argument, (3) understand analogical argument, (4) focus on a few basic sentence structure principles, (5) focus on connectors, and (6) a rule is not a case illustration is not an argument.
The Impact of Family and Community on Children’s Understanding of Parental Role Negotiation

This study investigates the influence of family context and community context on children’s social reasoning about parental negotiation of the gendered roles of breadwinner and caretaker. Participants included 272 seven- and ten-year-old children from traditional and nontraditional parental employment situations, who lived in either a U.S. east coast metropolitan area or in a military-minded community. Children provided judgments and justifications about a parent’s desire to switch roles, the other parent’s opposition, and the use of stereotypes to defend their opposition. Children’s judgments were affected by the gender of parent wanting a new role, age of child, and both personal contexts. The current study provides evidence that children, not just adults, are aware of, and can reason about, parental roles and that it is important to investigate community norms in addition to direct family contexts.
Transient Posttransplant Graft-versus-Host Lymphadenopathy

There is sparse information in humans on graft-versus-host (GVH) lymphadenopathy. A 15-month-old male received a liver and small bowel transplant for short bowel after gastroschisis. At 21 days he developed a GVH-like skin rash. Flow cytometry demonstrated 16.1% circulating donor cells. Polymerase chain reaction for Epstein-Barr virus was negative. Two months later, the rash recurred with diffuse lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy showed effaced architecture without visible follicles, large numbers of CD79a(+) immunoblasts interspersed with smaller CD3(+) and CD8(+) cells, and prominent dendritic cell hyperplasia. Human herpes virus 8, cytomegalovirus, and EBER-1 probes were negative, as was polymerase chain reaction for human herpes virus 6. Allograft intestinal biopsies on days 10 and 24 had a similar infiltrate. The features appeared to be those of lymphocytes trafficking between the graft and host with a mixed lymphocyte reaction in situ, a GVH-type reaction without tissue damage. The reaction was self-limiting in the intestinal graft, and the lymphadenopathy resolved with some decrease in immunosupression. Circulating donor cells fell to 2.5% by day 62, and the child has been rejection free on low-dose immunosuppression.
Integrated Gas Sensing System of SWCNT and Cellulose Polymer Concentrator for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes

An integrated cellulose polymer concentrator/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensing system is demonstrated to detect benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) vapors. The sensing system consists of functionalized cellulose as a selective concentrator disposed directly on top of a conductive SWCNT sensing layer. Functionalized cellulose concentrator (top layer) selectively adsorbs the target analyte and delivers the concentrated analyte as near as possible to the SWCNT sensing layer (bottom layer), which enables the simultaneous concentrating and sensing within a few seconds. The selectivity can be achieved by functionalizing cellulose acetate with a pentafluorophenylacetyl selector that interacts strongly with the target BTX analytes. A new design of the integrated cellulose concentrator/SWCNT sensing system allows high sensitivity with limits of detection for benzene, toluene, and m-xylene vapors of 55 ppm, 19 ppm, and 14 ppm, respectively, selectivity, and fast responses (<10 s to reach equilibrium), exhibiting the potential ability for on-site, real-time sensing applications. The sensing mechanism involves the selective adsorption of analytes in the concentrator film, which in turn mediates changes in the electronic potentials at the polymer-SWCNT interface and potentially changes in the tunneling barriers between nanotubes.
KNOBS: an experimental knowledge based tactical air mission planning system and a rule based aircraft identification simulation facility

KNOBS (from Knowledge Based System), proper, refers to an experimental system under development at the MITRE Corporation to explore the applicability of artificial intelligence techniques to the implementation of an automated, extremely flexible tactical mission planning consultant. This paper will discuss that system and then another which supports the rule based simulation of aircraft identification strategies.
Conflict and Complexity: Goal Diversity and Organizational Search Effectiveness

There is a long-standing concern in organization theory with the effect of conflict on search. This article uses a computer model of organizational decision making to demonstrate an effect called “search-enhancing conflict”: organizational decision-making performance when there are conflicting subgoals may be better than it would be if all subunits evaluated alternatives in terms of a single organizational goal.
AGAINST METAPHYSICAL SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM IN PSYCHOLOGY

Originating in postmodern interpretations of diverse intellectual disciplines, social constructionism (SC) exerts a profound influence throughout modern psychology (K. J. Gergen, 1985), including such areas as social psychology, psychoanalysis, feminist psychology, family therapy, and the psychology of knowledge. The core of SC is the proposition that humans construct knowledge through social interaction. This idea has a long history in psychology and is compatible with psychology as an empirical and objective social science. However, recent radical versions of SC threaten the empirical foundation of psychology by advancing metaphysical claims about science and reality. My aims in this paper are fourfold: (a) to examine the influence of SC in contemporary psychology, (b) to disentangle the empirical from the metaphysical versions, (c) to argue that the findings of psychology said to support metaphysical SC in fact do not, and (d) to show that an empirical SC based on an analysis of the behavior of knowers is compatible with an objective and empirical psychology. SC in Psychology SC has been adopted by a number of subdisciplines within psychology: Family Therapy. Family therapists encounter families, each member of which has a different perception of reality. Therapists have therefore found it useful to operate under the constructionist assumption that there may be multiple interpretations of reality (Filiaci, 1989). Consequently, therapists need not convince any family members that their conceptions are false because they conflict with objective reality or with the therapist’s own views (Neimeyer, 1993). Furthermore, members of the family can learn to accept and appreciate the otherwise conflicting perspectives of other family members without feeling threatened.
Public Scholarship, Graduate Education, and the Research University

Many colleges, universities, and departments have embraced public scholarship as something to be lauded in a mission statement and celebrated in public addresses. A few initiatives have gone even further. For instance, Penn State has a Laboratory for Public Scholarship and Democracy to strengthen community ties with the university and the University of Minnesota convened a Public Scholarship Committee to study the subject. Other programs dot the nation’s higher-educational landscape, and various national initiatives also promote the idea.In spite of these advances, I have found only one program where public scholarship is a required course for graduate study. Whereas undergraduate service-learning requirements have become common, my home unit, the Department of Communication at the University of Washington (UW), may be the only academic department in which each incoming graduate student is required to take a full-credit seminar on public scholarship. The seminar has done our department and our students a tremendous service. In this essay, I will explain how this anomalous course-offering came about and what exactly it has done for us.
Restoration of cardioesophageal competence.

In patients with reflux esophagitis, the procedure of choice is to restore cardioesophageal competence by ceating a sphincter mechanism at the cardioesophageal junction. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty are not indicated unless the patient has a concomitant peptic ulcer. Circumferential fundoplication with technical modifications proved effective in preventing gastroesophageal reflux in a series of patients treated at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
Gamification of Labor and the Charge of Exploitation

Recently, business organizations have increasingly turned to a novel form of non-monetary incentives—that is, “gamification,” which refers to a motivation technique using video game elements, such as digital points, badges, and friendly competition in non-game contexts like workplaces. The introduction of gamification to the context of human resource management has immediately become embroiled in serious moral debates. Most notable is the accusation that using gamification as a motivation tool, employers exploit workers. This article offers an in-depth analysis of the moral charge of exploitation. This article maintains that there are no clear grounds for believing that gamification of labor is exploitative and that if gamification of labor involves a wrong or vice, it must be something other than exploitation.
241. Barcoding as a Tool To Predict Integrating Vector Genotoxicity in HSPCs

Stem cell gene therapy using integrating retroviral vectors to modify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has shown great promise to treat patients with a variety of acquired and inherited immune system and hematologic diseases. However activation of proto-oncogenes via insertional mutagenesis related to the presence of enhancers within integrating vectors has resulted in the development of leukemia in some patients. The risk appears lower with enhancer-deleted retroviral or HIV-based lentiviral vectors. However, to date, there is no predictive or quantitative preclinical in vitro or animal model to assess genotoxicity of integrating vectors, given the difficulty in studying HSPCs in vitro and differences between rodent and human hematopoiesis. An approach to predict the risk of genotoxic adverse events is desirable before moving a new vector into clinical trials. We are utilizing cellular “barcoding” technology to investigate the impact of different vector designs on the clonal behavior of HSPC during in vitro and in vivo expansion as a rapid quantitative surrogate assay for genotoxicity. We have begun by studying a standard HIV-derived lentiviral vector backbone now being developed for clinical applications containing one of three promoter/enhancers with a predicted wide range of genotoxicities, from the least genotoxic EF1a promoter, to a predicted medium genotoxic MSCV enhancer, to the most genotoxic very strong viral enhancer termed SFFV, already associated with a high rate of leukemia incidence in human clinical trials targeting HSPC. Each vector has a high diversity “barcode” (a random sequence tag) inserted into the vector LTR, which will uniquely tag each individual transduced HSPC, and can be retrieved via low cycle PCR and high-throughput Illumina sequencing to quantitate the clonal pattern of contributions from each transduced barcoded HSPC. In addition, actual insertion sites can be retrieved and compared with barcode patterns to identify expanded clones. We have used these barcoded vectors to transduce rhesus macaque CD34+ HSPC in vitro, then expanded transduced cells in culture for 2-3 weeks, and currently in process of bioinformatics analysis of the clonal patterns and diversity with each of the three vectors. The same in vitro approach can be applied to human HSPC. By the time of the ASGCT meeting, we will have in vivo data on clonal pattern generated by each vector type from a rhesus macaque transplanted with autologous CD34+ HSPC split into three fractions, transduced with each of the three vectors, and reinfused simultaneously. In summary, this project will investigate whether HSPC genotoxicity due to integrating vectors can be measured and predicted using a barcoding approach, and provide insights into the relative genotoxicity of a number of different integrating vector designs now under development for clinical applications.