cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Transgenic Mice to Problems of Skeletal Biology

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of transgenic mice to address various problems of skeletal biology such as the effects of protein structure and gene regulation on bone structure or bone cell differentiation. Transgenic mice provide an excellent setting for studying complex regulatory systems that cannot be modeled or fully appreciated in isolated experimental systems in vitro or in cellulo. This potential is particularly important in the analysis of the cells that synthesize the extracellular matrix, as their response to regulatory signals from the external environment is dependent on their state of cellular differentiation. Type I collagen is the major structural protein of bone, while type II is the primary collagen of cartilage. Mutations affecting the structural integrity of these two molecules result in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and chondrodysplasias, respectively. While molecular genetic studies of humans affected with these disorders have illustrated that the spectrum of disease severity can be correlated to specific mutations, a clearer understanding of how these mutations affect protein function can be obtained from a transgenic mice. Comprehension of disease severity based on mutation analysis requires an understanding of how the molecule is assembled, secreted, and incorporated into the extracellular matrix. While these steps may be defined in in vitro systems, the functional significance requires a transgenic approach. The Mov-13 mouse was discovered as an embryonic lethal in homozygous mice derived from a heterozygous breeding pair containing an experimentally introduced retroviral insertion. The cells derived from homozygous Mov-13 mice are valuable tools to study in vitro interactions of transfected collagen genes with endogenous macromolecules.
Migration by Veterans Who Received Homeless Services From the Department of Veterans Affairs.

ABSTRACTWe examined migration patterns among 113,400 homeless veterans, focusing on the prevalence and the basic geographic patterns of this migration. Data were for all veterans who initiated use of Veterans Affairs homeless services in 2011 or 2012; and we followed them using Veterans Affairs administrative records for up to 2 years following this initial contact. Results showed that 15.3% of the veterans migrated across regions while homeless. Those who were homeless for longer periods were more likely to migrate, and migration, were it to occur, was most likely earlier on in veterans' homelessness episodes. There were no clear geographic correlates that explained the dynamics of this migration as, overall, in-migration tended to roughly balance out-migration in a region. These findings suggest that concerns about the extent of migration and its impact on localities are exaggerated, but also sets forth an agenda for more in-depth study of these data to gain a deeper and more expansive understanding of ...
Comparison of the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale and Beck Depression Inventory for Research with Latinas.

U.S. Latino farmworkers face multiple potential stressors. Research on the mental health status of this U.S. Latino subgroup has suggested high prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms when compared to other groups. Latina farmworkers may be at greater risk than their male counterparts for poor mental health because they confront many of the same stressors but may experience additional difficulties including domestic violence, taking on new roles and responsibilities on top of traditional ones, and being expected to maintain the health and integrity of their families at the expense of their own needs. Most of the research on Latino/Latina farmworker mental health has focused on identifying prevalence of mental health symptoms and the vulnerabilities that predict these symptoms. A variety of instruments with English and Spanish versions have been employed to measure depressive symptoms in U.S. Latinos. Two such instruments, the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale and the Beck Dep...
Economics in “Global Health 2035”: a sensitivity analysis of the value of a life year estimates

Background In "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation," The Lancet Commission on Investing in Health (CIH) adds the value of increased life expectancy to the value of growth in gross domestic product (GDP) when assessing national well-being. To value changes in life expectancy, the CIH relies on several strong assumptions to bridge gaps in the empirical research. It finds that the value of a life year (VLY) averages 2.3 times GDP per capita for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) assuming the changes in life expectancy they experienced from 2000 to 2011 are permanent. Methods The CIH VLY estimate is based on a specific shift in population life expectancy and includes a 50 percent reduction for children ages 0 through 4. We investigate the sensitivity of this estimate to the underlying assumptions, including the effects of income, age, and life expectancy, and the sequencing of the calculations. Findings We find that reasonable alternative assumptions regarding the effects of income, age, and life expectancy may reduce the VLY estimates to 0.2 to 2.1 times GDP per capita for LMICs. Removing the reduction for young children increases the VLY, while reversing the sequencing of the calculations reduces the VLY. Conclusion Because the VLY is sensitive to the underlying assumptions, analysts interested in applying this approach elsewhere must tailor the estimates to the impacts of the intervention and the characteristics of the affected population. Analysts should test the sensitivity of their conclusions to reasonable alternative assumptions. More work is needed to investigate options for improving the approach.
Energy-Efficient Hardware Architecture of Self-Organizing Map for ECG Clustering in 65-nm CMOS

An energy-efficient hardware architecture of a self-organizing map (SOM) for ECG clustering is proposed. It detects an R-peak, reconstructs the QRS complex around it, and clusters the complex by calculating the Euclidean distance between the complex and the weight vectors of each cell in the SOM network (i.e., $5 {\times }5$ cells). In the operation mode, the cluster ID related to the minimum Euclidean distance is provided, while the tagged weight vectors are updated in the learning mode. The proposed SoC is $1735 {\times } 1020~{{\mu }}\text{m}^{{2}}$ in CMOS 65-nm LP, and it consumes 5.853 mW at ${\rm VDD} {=} 1.2$ V.
Nutrition Support of Patients with Cirrhosis

Malnutrition is prevalent among individuals with cirrhosis and has adverse effects on patient outcomes. Prompt attention to assessment of nutrition status to determine cause and degree of malnutrition is the first step in implementing a nutrition plan. Nutrition status can be assessed using a combination of parameters although Subjective Global Assessment is most commonly utilized. CT and MRI scans can also be used to quantify muscle and fat stores but are not frequently used in a clinical setting. Cirrhosis can cause metabolic aberrations affecting the metabolism, storage, and utilization of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Electrolyte abnormalities and micronutrient deficiencies can ensue and may require supplementation or restriction. Because oral intake is frequently inadequate, nutrition support may be required with enteral nutrition as the preferred option. This chapter provides recommendations for nutrient needs and delivery in patients with cirrhosis considering the symptoms and complications of liver disease.
Interactive Journalism: hackers, data, and code

Nikki Usher has written the book that academic journalism desperately needed. Her new book, Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code fills an enormous gap in the curriculum by providing much...
Assessing attitudes of college students toward cross-cultural relationships: Implications for social work practice, research, and education

Higher education in America is a major social institution and an incubator of intellectual thought, holding an important and transformative place in the public domain, but it has also been implicat...
Reference Values for Mid-Ascending Aorta Diameters by Transthoracic Echocardiography in Adults.

We sought to characterize mid-ascending aorta diameter reference values by age, sex, and body surface area (BSA) in a large echocardiography laboratory practice-based cohort. All subjects with transthoracic echocardiograms with mid-ascending aorta diameter measure from January 2004 to December 2009 were identified, and medical records were reviewed for medical history and anthropometric data. Those with aortic valve disease or replacement, congenital heart disease, any connective tissue or inflammatory disease that may affect the aorta, or known aortic aneurysm (>55 mm) were excluded. Mid-ascending aorta diameter was measured in a standardized manner using "leading edge to leading edge" technique at end-diastole. Of 27,839 eligible subjects, 16,620 did not have history of hypertension and were included in the analysis (56.3% female; mean age 52.0 ± 15.8 years), mean mid-ascending aorta diameter 31.7 ± 4.1 mm. Females had smaller diameter than males (30.5 ± 3.7 mm vs 33.3 ± 4.0 mm; p
Two Level Negotiations in Bargaining Over Water

The paper analyzes the impact of a two-level game for water allocations. For a model with two domestic groups and two countries, and with both domestic and international negotiations, Nash bargaining theory is used to derive several propositions on the consequences of different bargaining rules for water allocations. The effect on international negotiations of the ability to commit to having domestic negotiations is examined. The importance of the nature and timing of complementary investments, and whether they are included in negotiations, in affecting the efficiency of the negotiated outcome is also explored.
Advances in Behaviorism: It's Not What It Used to Be

Behaviorism has changed over the past half century and its modern form is not familiar to many educators and other applied professionals. Put briefly, behaviorism has changed from the molecular and absolutist form of years past, when basic researchers, therapists and educators sought to modify isolated “target behaviors.” Modern behaviorism is relativistic and molar and the articles included in this issue are meant to illustrate this changed emphasis. The first article shows how the matching law has redefined the old “law of effect” and how that affects application. The second shows how relational frames provide a behavioral treatment of cognitive variables that dispels the stereotyped view of “behavior modification.” The third treats molar classes of behaviors as “traits,” and individual behaviors as “states,” applying that distinction to aspects of the relative frequencies of behaviors of children at home and at school. Finally, the last article shows specifically how behavioral methods have been (and are) applied to the behavior of autistic children, in a program that has been extremely successful over the past few years.
Clocked Logic Styles

In the preceeding chapter, nonclocked circuit topologies were shown generally to be versatile, reliable, and relatively low in power consumption. Clocked logic, on the other hand, is recognized for its performance advantages, which may be attributed to the following: 1. In Static CMOS, logic must be built redundantly; circuit operations must be realized in both NFET and PFET device structures to accomodate both up and down logic transitions. This reduces performance by adding gate fan-out load and interconnect RC. Higher device counts lead to longer interconnects, higher power consumption and bigger die1. 2. In static CMOS, even when the redundant structure is off, the added diffusion and overlap capacitive loads increase power and delay. 3. In Static CMOS, PFET devices must drive the same loads as NFET devices, at half the transconductance. This drives PFET devices to generally be 2X the width of NFET devices for balanced transitions. The impact is of particular concern structures such as PFET devices 5 and 6 in Figure 2.2a.
Anatomical Asymmetries Versus Variability of Language Areas of the Brain

The volume and morphological features of the human cerebral cortex vary significantly among individuals. Current neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging allow precise measurements of both gray and white matter volumes in neurologically normal subjects, and thus avoid the biases of previous autopsy-based studies. The functional significance of the anatomical variability of the brain remains unknown. There are also well-documented anatomical asymmetries between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Some areas that are thought to be relevant for language processing, including the planum temporale of the superior temporal lobe, have been shown to be larger in the left hemisphere and therefore thought to be possible anatomical markers of cerebral language dominance. Recent findings of similar asymmetries in nonhuman primates do not support this interpretation, however.
Evolutionary and ecological drivers of plant flavonoids across a large latitudinal gradient

Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites that play an integral role in protecting plants against UV radiation and other forms of environmental stress. Given widespread impacts of environmental effects associated with latitude on a multitude of biological systems and a well-documented increase in solar radiation towards the equator, plant flavonoid production is expected to increase as a response to factors associated with decreasing latitude. Using data from a Neotropical genus (Ruellia) that spans an exceptionally broad latitudinal gradient, we tested a hypothesis of a positive latitudinal gradient in flavonoid concentration and assessed other factors that influence flavonoid production including habitat type (xeric vs. wet), altitude, phylogenetic relatedness, and pleiotropic effects. Two flavones with peak absorbance in ultraviolet wavelengths, apigenin and luteolin, were detected across all species. Transcriptome data confirm high expression of the gene required for flavone biosynthesis, flavone synthase (FNS). Contrary to our prediction, data revealed a positive correlation between flavone concentration and higher latitudes. Further, we recovered strong impacts of xeric habitat, pleiotropy, and phylogenetic relatedness on flavone concentrations. This study documents a complex interplay of ecological, historical, phylogenetic relatedness, and pleiotropic factors driving plant flavonoid production.
Evidence in the Mental Space

The old, traditional rationalism was unable to solve the contradiction between nature and spirit, between sense and consciousness. Rationalism took care of one side of mental life — the reflexive side. For almost all of the 19th century, the concept of self-consciousness and the self-purifying power of reason were never doubted.
Studies on Taurine Efflux from the Rat Cerebral Cortex During Exposure to Hyposmotic, High K+ and OuabainContaining aCSF

Cerebral ischemia leads to an accumulation in the extracellular space of several amino acids including the excitatory compounds, glutamate and aspartate, and inhibitory agents, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine and taurine. There has been considerable interest in gaining an understanding of the mechanisms involved in ischemia-evoked release of these agents and the role that they may play in eliciting or protecting against ischemic-injuries.
Gaze Fixation Comparisons Between Amputees and Able-bodied Individuals in Approaching Stairs and Level-ground Transitions: A Pilot Study

This paper aims to investigate the visual strategy of transtibial amputees while they are approaching the transition between level-ground and stairs and compare it with that of able-bodied individuals. To this end, we conducted a pilot study where two transtibial amputee subjects and two able-bodied subjects transitioned from level-ground to stairs and vice versa while wearing eye tracking glasses to record gaze fixations. To investigate how vision functioned to both populations for preparing locomotion on new terrains, gaze fixation behavior before the new terrains were analyzed and compared between two populations across all transition cases in the study. Our results presented that, unlike the able-bodied population, amputees had most of their fixations directed on the transition region prior to new terrains. Furthermore, amputees showed an increased need for visual information during transition regions before navigation on stairs than that before navigation onto level-ground. The insights about amputees’ visual behavior gained by the study may lead the future development of technologies related to the intention prediction and the locomotion recognition for amputees.
Is Native Advertising Effective for Corporate Social Responsibility Messaging?: How Advertising Recognition Affects Consumer Responses to Proactive versus Reactive CSR

ABSTRACT This study investigates how advertising recognition influences consumer responses to a native advertisement about proactive or reactive corporate social responsibility (CSR). The results indicate that participants expressed more favorable attitudes and greater word-of-mouth intention toward a native advertisement of proactive CSR than one of reactive CSR only when they did not recognize the persuasion purpose of the native advertisement. This study also confirms perceived manipulativeness as the underlying mechanism of advertising recognition, and values-driven motivation as the underlying mechanism of CSR type in the context of native advertising.
Linking Seakeeping Performance Predictions with Onboard Measurements for Surface Platform Digital Twins

Despite the hype surrounding digital twin technology and its implementation in other fields, the marine industry has published very few successful, full-scale applications of this technology to date. The development of useful digital twin technology within the industry requires fundamental exploration of data fusion techniques in the marine context. Future development of a useful surface platform digital twin that incorporates advanced machine learning techniques requires preliminary experimentation with more basic, well-understood learning models using full-scale, real-world data. The goal of this work was to lay a foundation for addressing the current knowledge gap through fusion of seakeeping predictions with full-scale measured motions using linear least-squares and neural network corrections. Motion data were obtained from an oceanographic research cruise and these correction methods were applied to frequency-domain response predictions. The success of these relatively simplistic correction models provided insight for the next steps of surface platform data fusion algorithm development.
Progress in opioid reward research: From a canonical two-neuron hypothesis to two neural circuits.

Abstract Opioid abuse and related overdose deaths continue to rise in the United States, contributing to the national opioid crisis in the USA. The neural mechanisms underlying opioid abuse and addiction are still not fully understood. This review discusses recent progress in basic research dissecting receptor mechanisms and circuitries underlying opioid reward and addiction. We first review the canonical GABA-dopamine neuron hypothesis that was upheld for half a century, followed by major findings challenging this hypothesis. We then focus on recent progress in research evaluating the role of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine circuitries in opioid reward and relapse. Based on recent findings that activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is equally rewarding and that GABA neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) and the substantia nigra pars reticula (SNr) are rich in mu opioid receptors and directly synapse onto midbrain DA neurons, we proposed that the RTMg→VTA → ventrostriatal and SNr → SNc → dorsostriatal pathways may act as the two major neural substrates underlying opioid reward and abuse. Lastly, we discuss possible integrations of these two pathways during initial opioid use, development of opioid abuse and maintenance of compulsive opioid seeking.
Learning functionals via LSTM neural networks for predicting vessel dynamics in extreme sea states.

Predicting motions of vessels in extreme sea states represents one of the most challenging problems in naval hydrodynamics. It involves computing complex nonlinear wave-body interactions, hence tax...
Late Paleozoic Gondwanide deformation in the Central Andes: Insights from RSCM thermometry and thermal modeling, southern Bolivia

Abstract A widespread unconformity between Ordovician metasedimentary rocks and nonmetamorphosed Mesozoic sedimentary rocks across the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia provides evidence for significant pre-Late Cretaceous deformation and erosion. In this paper, we refine the middle to late Paleozoic tectonic history of the central Andean segment of Gondwana's western margin. We combine Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM) thermometry with semi-quantitative deformation temperature estimates from quartz recrystallization microstructures and published illite crystallinity values from Cambrian-Devonian sedimentary rocks that span the Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia at ~21°S. Estimates of peak temperature and deformation temperature range primarily between ~220 and ~ 400 °C and show a general increase with depth that defines a metamorphic field gradient between ~37 and ~ 47 °C/km. Temperatures obtained from Ordovician rocks directly below the unconformity require erosion of a > ~5 km overburden prior to the Late Cretaceous, which was likely accomplished by a combination of distributed cleavage development and Paleozoic folding and thrust faulting revealed from cross-section reconstructions. The peak temperature data are incorporated into thermal models along with published illite K Ar, zircon (U Th)/He, and zircon fission-track cooling ages that refine the timing of Paleozoic orogenesis in the central Andes. We interpret shortening-related flexural subsidence driven by cratonward growth of a pre-Andean orogenic wedge along the western margin of Gondwana, with peak temperature conditions attained during eastward advance of a foreland basin between ~420 and ~ 318 Ma during the Devonian-Carboniferous Gondwanide Orogeny. Erosional exhumation between ~352 and ~ 294 Ma was the result of continued growth and eastward expansion of the associated Transpampean tectonic highland across the Eastern Cordillera. The growth of this pre-Andean contractional orogen coincided with global plate reorganization and the reestablishment of subduction and arc magmatism along the western margin of Gondwana, as indicated by a significant influx of Carboniferous arc-related detritus into the foreland basin system.
Balancing the need for seed against invasive species risks in prairie habitat restorations.

Adequate diversity and abundance of native seed for large-scale grassland restorations often require commercially produced seed from distant sources. However, as sourcing distance increases, the likelihood of inadvertent introduction of multiple novel, non-native weed species as seed contaminants also increases. We created a model to determine an “optimal maximum distance” that would maximize availability of native prairie seed from commercial sources while minimizing the risk of novel invasive weeds via contamination. The model focused on the central portion of the Level II temperate prairie ecoregion in the Midwest US. The median optimal maximum distance from which to source seed was 272 km (169 miles). In addition, we weighted the model to address potential concerns from restoration practitioners: 1. sourcing seed via a facilitated migration strategy (i.e., direct movement of species from areas south of a given restoration site to assist species’ range expansion) to account for warming due to climate change; and 2. emphasizing non-native, exotic species with a federal mandate to control. Weighting the model for climate change increased the median optimal maximum distance to 398 km (247 miles), but this was not statistically different from the distance calculated without taking sourcing for climate adaptation into account. Weighting the model for federally mandated exotic species increased the median optimal maximum distance only slightly to 293 km (182 miles), so practitioners may not need to adjust their sourcing strategy, compared to the original model. This decision framework highlights some potential inadvertent consequences from species translocations and provides insight on how to balance needs for prairie seed against those risks.
Families of People With a Severe Mental Illness: Role Conflict, Ambiguity and Family Burden

The perspective of families of people with a severe mental illness has become a focus of interest for mental health professionals. This paper reports the results of an ethnogarphic study of families' perceptions of dealing with a severe mental illness in their midst. The findings suggest that the families face continual role conflict and ambiguity as the illness moves through characteristic stages. Attention is given to the families' experience and needs and to social workers' responsabilities for involving and communicating with such families in order to reduce a portion of their burden
Analysis of the limitations imposed by passive optical components on the free-space optical interconnections between dilute arrays of smart pixels

In this paper we will further explore the requirements on passive optical components in interconnecting dilute arrays of smart pixels. We have analyzed the limitations on passive optics for interconnecting dilute smart pixel arrays for the specific case using Dammann gratings for spot array generation. This approach can be termed "monolithic" since it uses a single macro lens for the entire array. Alternatively, each pixel can be associated with a microoptical element (termed "microchannel approach"). A hybrid optical system containing microoptical and macrooptical elements has been proposed. Another hybrid approach corresponds to a using a macrolens array where each lens handles a small subset of pixels.
Presentation, location and overall survival of pelvic recurrence after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presentation, location and overall survival of pelvic recurrence after radical cystectomy (RC) for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed a consecutive series of 130 patients who had a limited bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and RC between 1987 and 2000, and who later developed pelvic recurrence. All patients were staged N0M0 before RC and no patient received neoadjuvant radio/chemotherapy. The boundaries of the limited PLND were the pelvic side-wall between the genitofemoral and obturator nerves, and the bifurcation of iliac vessels to the circumflex iliac vein. Pelvic recurrence was defined as a radiographic soft-tissue density of ≥2 cm below the bifurcation of the aorta. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to determine if imaging or symptomatic presentation, age, pT stage, and pN status were predictive of overall survival. RESULTS The median (range) time from RC to pelvic recurrence was 7.3 (1.2–55.4) months. No patients had concomitant distant metastasis. Of the patients, 61.5% were diagnosed with pelvic recurrence because of symptoms, and 38.5% by surveillance computed tomography (CT). Of the 130 patients, 128 died, with a median survival from the time of pelvic recurrence of 4.9 (0.1–129.3) months. The median overall survival time for pelvic recurrence diagnosed with CT was 21.6 months, vs 10.6 months for symptomatic presentations (P < 0.001). In the uni- and multivariate models, type of presentation (CT vs symptomatic) and pT stage were predictors of overall survival, while age and pN status were not. CONCLUSION The prognosis of patients with pelvic recurrence after RC for TCC is poor even with subsequent therapy, emphasizing the need for optimum local control at the time of initial treatment.
Cluster Analysis in Remote Sensing Spectral Imagery through Graph Representation and Advanced SOM Visualization

The Self-Organizing Map (SOM), a powerful method for clustering and knowledge discovery, has been used effectively for remote sensing spectral images which often have high-dimensional feature vectors (spectra) and many meaningful clusters with varying statistics. However, a learned SOM needs postprocessing to identify the clusters, which is typically done interactively from various visualizations. What aspects of the SOM's knowledge are presented by a visualization has great importance for cluster capture. We present our recent scheme, CONNvis, which achieves detailed delineation of cluster boundaries by rendering data topology on the SOM lattice. We show discovery through CONNvis clustering in a remote sensing spectral image from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit.
Ligand-biased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 leads to differences in opioid induced antinociception and tolerance

Opioids produce antinociception by activation of G protein signaling linked to the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr). However, opioid binding to the MOPr also activates β-arrestin signaling. Opioids such as DAMGO and fentanyl differ in their relative efficacy for activation of these signaling cascades, but the behavioral consequences of this differential signaling are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavioral significance of G protein and internalization dependent signaling within ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Antinociception induced by microinjecting DAMGO into the vlPAG was attenuated by blocking Gαi/o protein signaling with administration of pertussis toxin (PTX), preventing internalization with administration of dynamin dominant-negative inhibitory peptide (dyn-DN) or direct inhibition of ERK1/2 with administration of the MEK inhibitor, U0126. In contrast, the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting fentanyl into the vlPAG was not altered by administration of PTX or U0126, and was enhanced by administration of dyn-DN. Microinjection of DAMGO, but not fentanyl, into the vlPAG induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which was blocked by inhibiting receptor internalization with administration of dyn-DN, but not by inhibition of Gαi/o proteins. ERK1/2 inhibition also prevented the development and expression of tolerance to repeated DAMGO microinjections, but had no effect on fentanyl tolerance. These data reveal that ERK1/2 activation following MOPr internalization contributes to the antinociceptive effect of some (e.g., DAMGO), but not all opioids (e.g., fentanyl) despite the known similarities for these agonists to induce β-arrestin recruitment and internalization.
Advertising and the History of South Asia, 1880–1950

The subject of advertising has not been a major field of investigation among historians of South Asia, but recently, a number of scholars have begun to incorporate treatment of the topic into their discussion of a variety of subjects. This article examines the ways in which recent scholars working in a range of fields – including business history, the history of global capitalism, the history of medicine, the history of sexuality, and the history of visual culture – have begun to address advertising in their work. The article seeks to bring together some of the fragmentary strands in the existing literature, and to highlight the contributions these writings have inconspicuously been making to an understanding of South Asian economy and culture. The increased significance of advertising in very recent scholarship reflects a larger turn among historians toward appreciating the role of consumption in South Asia. The essay particularly stresses how studies of advertising have served to highlight the significance of small-scale, vernacular forms of business enterprise on the subcontinent and to complicate any unilinear narrative about the ascendancy of corporate capitalism and mass consumption values during the 20th century.
On the distributions of seasonal river flows: Lognormal or power law?

[1] Distributional analysis of river discharge time series is an important task in many areas of hydrological engineering, including optimal design of water storage and drainage networks, management of extreme events, risk assessment for water supply, and environmental flow management, among many others. Having diverging moments, heavy-tailed power law distributions have attracted widespread attention, especially for the modeling of the likelihood of extreme events such as floods and droughts. However, straightforward distributional analysis does not connect well with the complicated dynamics of river flows, including fractal and multifractal behavior, chaos-like dynamics, and seasonality. To better reflect river flow dynamics, we propose to carry out distributional analysis of river flow time series according to three ‘‘flow seasons’’: dry, wet, and transitional. We present a concrete statistical procedure to partition river flow data into three such seasons and fit data in these seasons using two types of distributions, power law and lognormal. The latter distribution is a salient property of the cascade multiplicative multifractal model, which is among the best models for turbulence and rainfall. We show that while both power law and lognormal distributions are relevant to dry seasons, river flow data in wet seasons are typically better fitted by lognormal distributions than by power law distributions.
White Attitudes toward Busing: Segregation and the Life Cycle.

In the recent past we have heard so much concerning the merits and demerits of busing as an instrument for effecting school desegregation and, as a corollary, equity in education, yet a number of the more fundamental factors underlying the white public's reaction against busing remain clouded by the popular discourse such as the one revolving around Coleman's "white flight" thesis (Coleman et al., 1975; Rossell, 1975-1976; Pettigrew and Green, 1976; Farley, 1976; Orfield, 1976). An earlier study by Kelley (1974) had attempted to go beyond the popular debate by examining first of all the connection between antibusing attitudes and racism as measured by social distance items, and, secondly, the correlates of each attitudinal domain. Kelley's study found that not only were antibusing attitudes and racism weakly associated, but that while racism was significantly associated with socioeconomic status, political intolerance, and sexism, the association between the latter variables and antibusing attitudes was much smaller in magnitude and statistically insignificant in most cases. He
Improved results for N=(2,2) super Yang-Mills theory using supersymmetric discrete light-cone quantization

We consider the (1+1)-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ super Yang-Mills theory which is obtained by dimensionally reducing $\mathcal{N}=1$ super Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions to two dimensions. We do our calculations in the large-${N}_{c}$ approximation using supersymmetric discrete light cone quantization. The objective is to calculate quantities that might be investigated by researchers using other numerical methods. We present a precision study of the low-mass spectrum and the stress-energy correlator $〈{T}^{++}{(r)T}^{++}(0)〉.$ We find that the mass gap of this theory closes as the numerical resolution goes to infinity and that the correlator in the intermediate r region behaves like ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}4.75}.$
MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION

S. aureus has evolved a comprehensive strategy to address the challenges posed by the human immune system. The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in individuals with no predisposing conditions suggests an increased pathogenicity of the bacterium, which may be related to acquisition of novel genetic elements. Remarkably, despite an abundance of research, the underlying cause of the epidemic is not known. Here, the various strategies used by S. aureus to evade obstacles laid out by the human host during colonization and infection were reviewed. The controversies surrounding MRSA research were described, and how acquisition of the novel genes could explain the increased incidence and severity of CA-MRSA diseases was described.
Individual Differences in Discrimination Expectations Moderate the Impact of Target Stereotypically Black Physical Features on Racism-Related Responses in Blacks

Two experiments assess the extent that targets’ stereotypically Black physical features and individual differences in perceiver discrimination expectations influence racism-related responses. In Ex...
The TiNi shape-memory alloy and its applications for MEMS

The shape-memory effect is a solid state phenomenon which exploits a reversible phase transformation to repeatedly achieve an initial shape, even after some deformation of the material. Numerous metal alloys exhibit this effect. One of the most widely used shape-memory alloys is TiNi, due to its large range of recoverable deformations and its relative ease of processing. In bulk and wire form, TiNi has been applied to a number of applications, and as a thin film, TiNi is an excellent material for use as a microactuator in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), due to its large recovery forces and high recoverable strains. Several TiNi-actuated MEMS devices have already been reported.
Detection and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer

To the Editor.— JAMA was remiss in publishing the self-serving article entitled "Detection and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer." 1 An accompanying editorial by Dr Clayman, 2 however, does note that "an objective observer would almost surely differ with the advice offered." The problem of colon cancer must first be placed in perspective. The general consensus is that colon carcinoma arises from adenomatous polyps. However, only 1% to 2% of polyps 6 mm to 1 cm are malignant and 5% of polyps 1 cm to 2 cm are malignant. 3 Search and biopsy/fulguration of polyps smaller than 5 mm "would result in immense monetary costs, as well as in mortality and morbidity rates of a degree ethically unacceptable in view of any potential benefits." 4 The sensitivity of double-contrast barium enema examination for detection of polyps larger than 1 cm is 82% to 98%. 3 The sensitivity of double-contrast barium enema
Inherited Differences in Sensitivity to Radiation in Escherichia Coli.

The study of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutations is at present our best approach to the investigation of genetic mechanisms in bacteria. Mutations involving resistance to destructive agents (bacteriophage (1) penicillin(2)) are especially suitable for genetic analysis, since resistant mutants can easily be detected in bacterial cultures. This preliminary report concerns a mutation in Escherichisa Coli leading to resistance to both ultraviolet radiation and x-rays, which was detected by exposing samples from normal cultures to high doses of radiation
Axial-vector anomaly in asymptotically free theories

We show the absence of radiative corrections to the axial-vector anomaly in non-Abelian gauge theories of strong interactions.
The Structure of the Arabian Heat Low. Part I: Surface Energy Budget

Abstract An investigation of the structure and likely role of the Arabian heat low is presented in two parts. In the first paper the surface energy budget of the Arabian heat low is examined. The investigation focuses on a site within the interior of the Saudi Arabian Empty Quarter during June 1981. Automated surface stations are used to collect continuous measurements of radiative fluxes, state parameters, and the subsurface thermal profiles. These data are synthesized in order to estimate the radiation properties of the desert surface within the vortex of the Arabian heat low and to obtain an estimate of sensible heat exchange that would characterize the lower boundary of the heat low during the spring/summer transition season coinciding with the onset period of the Southwest Summer Monsoon. Results of the analysis demonstrate how radiative exchange both controls the mean properties of the desert surface and responds to perturbations in the heat low environment. The foremost characteristic of surface en...
Enhancement by misonidazole of metastatic tumor nodule formation in the lungs of mice

Investigations were performed to determine whether misonidazole, a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, influences formation of tumor nodules in the lung of C3Hf/Kam mice and whether it affects the enhancement of tumor nodule formation caused by local thoracic irradiation (LTI). Cells from a chemically-induced fibrosarcoma (FSa) and a spontaneously-developed fibrosarcoma (NFSa) formed twice as many tumor colonies in the lungs of mice that received misonidazole as in untreated mice. The effect was observed only with doses of misonidazole of 1 mg/g or higher given within 2 days prior to i.v. injection of tumor cells. A similar twofold amplification of the effect of LTI occurred when 1 mg/g misonidazole was given 30 min before or 0.5 to 2 hours after irradiation. This increase was independent of the dose of LTI and the absolute number of tumor nodules in the lung. The mechanistic possibilities and clinical relevance of the misonidazole effect are discussed.
Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature

More than 250 studies, covering 29 Northern and five Southern Hemisphere countries, have been published on the birth seasonality of individuals who develop schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. Despite methodological problems, the studies are remarkably consistent in showing a 5-8% winter-spring excess of births for both schizophrenia and mania/bipolar disorder. This seasonal birth excess is also found in schizoaffective disorder (December-March), major depression (March-May), and autism (March) but not in other psychiatric conditions with the possible exceptions of eating disorders and antisocial personality disorder. The seasonal birth pattern also may shift over time. Attempts to correlate the seasonal birth excess with specific features of schizophrenia suggest that winter-spring births are probably related to urban births and to a negative family history. Possible correlations include lesser severity of illness and neurophysiological measures. There appears to be no correlation with gender, social class, race, measurable pregnancy and birth complications, clinical subtypes, or neurological, neuropsychological, or neuroimaging measures. Virtually no correlation studies have been done for bipolar disorder. Regarding the cause of the birth seasonality, statistical artifact and parental procreational habits are unlikely explanations. Seasonal effects of genes, subtle pregnancy and birth complications, light and internal chemistry, toxins, nutrition, temperature/weather, and infectious agents or a combination of these are all viable possibilities.
The Duplicity of the Theoretical: On Heidegger’s First Freiburg Lectures

At first sight, “theory” does not seem to be a major issue in Heidegger’s thought. Yet, as his early Freiburg lectures from 1919 demonstrate, Heidegger’s development of a phenomenological method of his own required a systematic debate with the neo-Kantians and the philosophical privilege they accorded to theoretization. While laying the foundation for a phenomenological method whose prime object is the lived experience of the surrounding world, Heidegger sketches out a double concept of theorization, one which, through a process of successive stages of un-living, culminates in the objectified conception of an empty “something,” and another concept of theoretization for which the “something” is “the experienceable in general,” and which guides the a-theoretical encounter of phenomenology as an “archontic form of life” with the world, the other, and the “not yet.”
New exact solutions for the sine-Gordon equation in 2+1 dimensions

This paper gives three new solutions to solve the 2D sine-Gordon equation. Of particular interest is the Domain wall collision to 2D sine-Gordon equation which to the authors knowledge have not been presented in the literature.
SLC26A7 Is a Cl– Channel Regulated by Intracellular pH

Abstract Members of the SLC26 transporter family play an essential role in several epithelial functions, as revealed by diseases associated with mutations in members of the family. Several members were shown to function as Cl– and transporters that likely play an important role in epithelial Cl– absorption and secretion. However, the mechanism of most transporters is not well understood. SLC26A7 is a member of the SLC26 transporter family reported to be expressed in the basolateral membrane of the cortical collecting duct and parietal cells and functions as a coupled exchanger. In the present work we examined the transport properties of SLC26A7 to determine its transport characteristics and electrogenicity. We found that when expressed in Xenopus oocytes or HEK293 cells SLC26A7 functions as a pHi-regulated Cl– channel with minimal permeability. Expression of SLC26A7 in oocytes or HEK293 cells generated a Cl– current with linear I/V and an instantaneous current that was voltage- and time-independent. Based on measurement of reversal potential the selectivity of SLC26A7 is , although I– partially inhibited the current. Incubating the cells with or butyrate acidified the cytosol and increased the selectivity of SLC26A7 for Cl–. Measurement of membrane potential and pHi showed minimal OH– and transport by SLC26A7 when the cells were incubated in Cl–-containing or Cl–-free media. The activity of SLC26A7 was inhibited by all inhibitors of anion transporters tested, 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid, and glybenclamide. These findings reveal that SLC26A7 functions as a unique Cl– channel that is regulated by intracellular H+.
A Formal Method for the Abstract Specification of Software

An intuitive presentation of the trace method for the abstract specification of software contains sample specifications, syntactic and semantic definitions of consistency and totalness, methods for proving specifications consistent and total, and a comparison of the method with the algebraic approach to specification. This intuitive presentation is underpinned by a formal syntax, semantics, and derivation system for the method. Completeness and soundness theorems establish the correctness of the derivation system with respect to the semantics, the coextensiveness of the syntactic definitions of consistency and totalness with their semantic counterparts, and the correctness of the proof methods presented. Areas for future research are discussed.
OPC simplification and mask cost reduction using regular design fabrics

Cost and complexity associated with OPC and masks are rapidly increasing to the point that they could limit technology scaling in the future. This paper focuses on demonstrating the advantages of regular design fabrics for OPC simplification to enable scaling and minimize costs for technologies currently in volume production. The application of such a simplified OPC flow results in much smaller mask data volumes due to significantly fewer edges compared to the conventional designs and OPC flows. Moreover, the proposed approach enables reduced mask write times, hence lower mask costs. We compare OPC performance and complexity on standard cell designs to that of layouts on a regular design fabric. We first demonstrate advantages and limitations within an industrial model-based OPC solution. Then, a simplified rulebased OPC solution is discussed for the Metal 1 layer. This simplified OPC solution demonstrates a 70X run time improvement and an order of magnitude reduction in both the output edge count per unit shape and shot count per unit shape while maintaining the printabalility advantages of regular design fabrics. The simplified OPC also demonstrates a 50% reduction in mask-write time. Finally, the benefit of regular design fabrics for OPC simplification and mask cost reduction at a 32nm node is discussed.