cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROXIES | Nutrient Proxies

The distribution of marine nutrients in the past is of interest to paleoceanographers for two main reasons. First, nutrients control oceanic primary productivity, which is believed to be an important control on atmospheric CO 2 on glacial–interglacial timescales. Second, nutrients are useful tracers of deep-water masses, and changes in the modes and locations of deep-water formation are believed to have fundamentally influenced Quaternary climates. This article discusses five important paleonutrient proxies that are recorded in marine sediments: foraminiferal δ 13 C, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Zn/Ca; and organic matter δ 15 N. Benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C and the trace metal proxies provide important evidence that the deep circulation of the Atlantic was markedly different during glacial times. δ 15 N records provide evidence for widespread changes in glacial water column denitrification and Southern Ocean nutrient utilization.
Immune sera in the study of food antigens. I. Fish.

Abstract 1. 1. Sera from specifically immunized rabbits were employed in agar-gel diffusion precipitin test techniques in the qualitative antigenic analyses of fish extracts and fish-derivative preparations. 2. 2. Fish antigens were demonstrated in some samples of cod- and halibutliver oils, with wide variations in components existing among different lots of these materials. 3. 3. Antigenic fish constituents could not be detected in the emanations of raw, fried, or boiled cod and halibut. 4. 4. Fish antigens were identified in protamine and sodium morrhuate. 5. 5. The antigenic components of fish roe did not demonstrate cross-antigenicity with egg proteins of chicken origin. 6. 6. A wide qualitative variation among individual component antigens of fish muscle was demonstrated in homologous species skin-testing extracts of different laboratory sources.
Seeing the Forest for the Trees

Assembling the Tree of Life . Joel Cracraft and Michael J. Donoghue, Eds. . Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. 592 pp. $59.95, £36.50. ISBN 0-19-517234-5. The contributors summarize our current understanding of phylogenetic relationships among and within the major evolutionary branches of life on Earth and argue for the importance of such understanding.
Privacy Revisited: From Lady Godiva’s Peeping Tom to Facebook’s Beacon Program

The underlying concept of privacy has not changed for centuries, but our approach to acknowledging privacy in our transactions, exchanges, and relationships must be revisited as our technological environment – what we can do with information – has evolved. The goal of this chapter is to focus on the debate over the definition of privacy as it is required for other debates and has direct implications to how we recognize, test, and justify privacy in scholarship and practice. I argue privacy is best viewed as the ability of an individual to control information within a negotiated zone I illustrate this view of privacy through an analysis of Facebook’s Beacon program and place the case in the context of both privacy violations and successful business strategies. I find privacy zones are illuminating for situations from 10th century England to current social networking programs and are useful in identifying mutually beneficial solutions among stakeholders
The Anguish of Snails: Native American Folklore in the West

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Barre Toelken Year: 2003 Pages: xii + 197 Publisher: Utah State University Press ISBN: 0-87421-556-0 Prices: $22.95
The syndrome of congenital telangiectaticerythema and stunted growth

Four new cases of “congenital telangiectatic erythema and stunted growth” are addedto 16 recorded in the literature and follow-up studies of 3 original cases are recorded. The cardinal features and associated defects are described in detail. Affected siblings in 3 families and consanguinity of parents in 5 suggest recessive autosomal inheritance. There is a marked preponderance of Jewish males. Two patients died of acute leukemia, and in 6 out of 7 cases chromosomal abnormalities were found. The full significance of these findings is, at present, uncertain. The value of periodic hematologic and chromosomal studies on every individual with this disorder is emphasized.
Hydrogen storage on superactivated carbon at refrigeration temperatures

Abstract This paper presents a comparison of hydrogen storage on superactivated carbon (AX-31M) at refrigeration temperatures (SA-M) to that of more traditional alternatives: compressed gas storage, liquefaction and metallic hydride systems. It specifically reports investigations on the performance characteristics of this new SA-M system. Based on the experimental data obtained, an economic evaluation relative to the other alternatives is made. The SA-M system is demonstrated to be an alternative hydrogen storage method with a great future potential.
Absence of placebo response in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Analyses in 30 patients with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder given singleblind placebo over a 2-week period and of 12 of these patients who continued treatment on double-blind placebo for an additional 10 weeks revealed virtual absence of improvement on both clinician and self-rating sc
Pain Management in chronic pancreatitis

Painful chronic pancreatitis is difficult to manage. We believe a multidisciplinary approach is the best means of evaluating this complex syndrome. In our opinion, the initial evaluation should aim at firmly establishing the diagnosis of chronic pan-creatitis: calcifications on imaging; duct morphologic changes on pancreatography; parenchymal changes on ultrasound; or evidence of pancreatic dysfunction on secre-tin/ cholecystokinin stimulation tests. In addition, psychological assessment and qual-ity-of-life measurements are recommended.
Conformational study of cis-1,4-di-tert-butylcyclohexane by dynamic NMR spectroscopy and computational methods. Observation of chair and twist-boat conformations.

Low-temperature 13C NMR spectra of cis-1,4-di-tert-butylcyclohexane (1) showed signals for the twist-boat (1a) and chair (1b) conformations. 13C NMR signals were assigned to specific carbons based on the different populations, different symmetries (time-averaged C2v for 1a and time-averaged Cs for 1b), and calculated chemical shifts (GIAO, HF/6-311+G*). In addition to slow ring inversion and interconversion of the chair and twist-boat conformations, slow rotation of the tert-butyl groups was found. Most of the expected 13C peaks were observed. Free-energy barriers of 6.83 and 6.35 kcal/mol were found for interconversion of 1a (major) and 1b (minor) at −148.1 °C. Conformational space was searched with Allinger's MM3 and MM4 programs, and free energies were obtained for several low-energy conformations 1a−c. Calculations were repeated with ab initio methods up to the HF/6-311+G* level. Molecular symmetries, relative free energies, relative enthalpies and entropies, frequencies, and NMR chemical shifts were ...
Sex-Symmetric Effects of Coercive Behaviors on Mental Health?: Not Exactly

The present study tested a section of the model of coercion in intimate partner violence (IPV) by investigating the relationships among coercion, IPV and mental health symptoms. The study's sample consisted of 573 culturally diverse university students (age M = 21.4) who completed a survey that measured past IPV victimization, coercive behaviors, and mental health symptoms. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that coercion was a stronger predictor of adverse mental health symptoms than was IPV victimization. In addition, the study found that the adverse effect of coercive behaviors on mental health symptoms was stronger among female victims of IPV than among male IPV victims. The results have implications for theory building, future research, and mental health professionals who work with female and male victims of IPV.
REM sleep deprivation fails to increase aggression in female rats

The effect of REM sleep deprivation (RSD) on intraspecies aggressiveness in female Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. Female rats were divided into 10 trial groups. Among individual groups, rats were randomly assigned to an RSD, a dry control, or a wet control condition. Each triad was given a 20-min pretreatment dominance test, and the animals were then placed into their respective conditions for 4 days. Posttreatment dominance tests were given on Day 5 immediately following treatment, Day 10, and Day 15. Contrary to the findings of some previous studies, the difference in this form of aggression between RSD and control animals was not significant. When viewed in the context of the existing studies, the present data suggest that RSD does not have a general activating effect on aggression, and that in the specific instances where positive results for intraspecies aggression have been reported, these may be the consequence of complex interactions of RSD with other variables.
Impact of ocean color on the maintenance of the Pacific Cold Tongue

[1] The impact of the penetration length scale of shortwave radiation into the surface ocean is investigated with a fully coupled ocean, atmosphere, land and ice model. Oceanic shortwave radiation penetration is assumed to depend on the chlorophyll concentration. As chlorophyll concentrations increase the distribution of shortwave heating becomes shallower. This change in heat distribution impacts mixed-layer depth. This study shows that removing all chlorophyll from the ocean results in a system that tends strongly towards an El Nino state—suggesting that chlorophyll is implicated in maintenance of the Pacific cold tongue. The regions most responsible for this response are located off-equator and correspond to the oligotrophic gyres. Results from a suite of surface chlorophyll perturbation experiments suggest a potential positive feedback between chlorophyll concentration and a non-local coupled response in the fully coupled ocean-atmosphere system.
Identification of α-carboxamidated and carboxy-terminal glycine forms of peptides in bovine hypothalamus, bovine pituitary and porcine heart extracts

Two chemical assays have been developed for identifying and quantifying peptides which either could be biologically active by virtue of their alpha-carboxamidation or could be substrates for peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase. The first assay is specific for the alpha-carboxamide of peptides. Using bis[trifluoroacetoxy]iodobenzene, the alpha-carboxamide was converted via a Hoffman reaction into a primary amine, which was then quantified by ninhydrin. The second assay is specific for glycine at the carboxy-terminus of a peptide. Glycine at the carboxy-terminus was derivatized to form 2-thiohydantoin, which was then separated and quantified by reverse phase HPLC. These assays were used to detect peptides in HPLC-separated extracts of bovine hypothalamus, bovine anterior lobe pituitary and porcine heart which may be of biological interest.
Adapting the Duoplasmatron EUV light source for use entirely within vacuum

Originally developed as an ion source for ion accelerators, the Duoplasmatron has also served as a VUV line source in monochromators. We have adapted and modified the Duoplasmatron, historically used at ambient conditions, for use in the vacuum chamber of the Diffraction Grating Evaluation Facility at NASA/GSFC. Construction, operational parameters and maintenance of the light source will be discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Favorable outcome of plasmablastic lymphoma expressing both immunoglobulin light chains arising in an immunocompetent man

This case illustrates the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by neoplasms with plasmablastic features. Even though differentiating between plasmablastic lymphoma (PL) and plasma cell neoplasms can be difficult and somewhat arbitrary, the implications for the therapeutic regimen are significant. In this case, the lesion was identified in the nasal cavity of a previously healthy 37-year-old man, HIV negative. While the neoplasm had all the features of PL, including positivity for Epstein–Barr virus, it also showed sheets of monotypic kappa cells alternating with sheets of monotypic lambda cells. Molecular studies showed a population with clonally rearranged IGH and peaks corresponding to IGK VJ and IGK VKdel. The patient was treated with 3 cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone, with excellent results. The patient is free of disease more than 20 months later. In the absence of randomized trials investigating the effectiveness of therapeutic protocols for PL, currently aggressive regimens are recommended. This case shows that at least in a subset of the patients with PL, a less aggressive approach may be considered. It is also the first case of PL expressing both light chains.
The interactive window

We have developed a very simple retrofit to a large display surface that enables knocks or taps to be located and characterized (e.g., determining type of hit --- metallic tap, knuckle tap, or bash --- and intensity) in real time. We do this by analyzing the waveforms captured by 4 piezoelectric transducers (one mounted in each corner of the surface) and a dynamic microphone (mounted anywhere on the glass) in a digital signal processor. Differential timing yields the position, frequency content infers the kind of hit, and peak amplitude reflects the intensity. This technique was first explored in collaboration between Paradiso and Ishii [Ishii et. al. 1999] to make an interactive ping-pong table. Moving to glass display surfaces introduced significant problems, however --- knuckle taps are low-frequency impulses that vary considerably hit-to-hit, and the bending waves propagating through the glass are highly dispersive. A heuristically-guided cross-correlation algorithm [Paradiso et al. 2002] was developed to counteract these effects and provide spatial measurements that can resolve knuckle impacts to within σ = 2-4 cm (depending on the material thickness) across a 2-meter sheet of glass. As the requisite hardware is minimal, and everything is mounted on the inside sheet of glass, this is a very simple retrofit to, for example, store window displays, ushering in an entirely new concept of interactive window browsing, where passers-by can interact with information on the store's products by simply knocking. We have explored this concept in retail, where one of our trackers was installed on the main display window of an American Greetings store near Rockefeller Center in Manhattan for this year's Christmas-Valentine's Day season (right figure), and in museums (e.g., left figure, which shows the system running at the Ars Electronica Center in Linz, Austria).
Differential effects of local inactivation within motor cortex and red nucleus on performance of an elbow task in the cat

This study examined changes in the performance of a single-joint, elbow task produced by reversible inactivation of local regions within the proximal forelimb representation in area 4γ of motor cortex (MCx) and the red nucleus (RN) of the cat. Inactivation was carried out by microinjecting lidocaine, γ-aminobutyric acid, or muscimol into sites where microstimulation evoked contraction of elbow muscles. Reaction time, amplitude, and speed (velocity or dF/dt) of position and force responses elicited during inactivation were compared to control values obtained immediately prior to inactivation. In addition, we assessed qualitatively the effects of inactivation on reaching, placing reactions, and proprioceptive responses to imposed limb displacement. In the single-joint task, injections in MCx did not increase reaction time (simple or choice) and produced modest and inconsistent reductions in response amplitude (mean-8%) and speed (mean -19%). In contrast, injections of the same amounts of inactivating agents in the forelimb representation of RN consistently increased reaction time (34.4%), and increased the reaction time coefficient of variability (32%). There were small reductions in response amplitude (-4%) and speed (-10%) which were less than those produced by MCx inactivation. During reaching, however, these same injections in MCx and RN produced a substantial loss of accuracy. For MCx, this was due, in part, to systematic hypometria: for RN, inaccuracy resulted from increased variability in paw paths. Placing reactions and corrective responses to imposed limb displacements were also depressed by the cortical and rubral injections. Our results suggest that the forelimb representation in RN plays a role in the initiation of the single-joint, elbow tracking response examined here. The RN may mediate cerebellar regulation of response timing, a function that is likely to be important for interjoint coordination. Although neurons in the forelimb representations of MCx may contribute to force generation in single-joint movements, their contribution to multijoint control appears to be more important and is examined in the subsequent report (Martin and Ghez 1993).
Depletion of the Plasmodium berghei thrombospondin-related sporozoite protein reveals a role in host cell entry by sporozoites

The malaria parasite sporozoite stage develops in the mosquito vector and is transmitted to the mammalian host by bite. Sporozoites engage in multiple interactions with vector and host tissue on the journey from their oocyst origin to their final destination inside hepatocytes. Several malaria proteins have been identified that mediate sporozoite interactions with target tissues such as secreted and surface-associated ligands CSP and TRAP, which contain a thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR). Recently, we identified thrombospondin-related sporozoite protein (TRSP) in Plasmodium sporozoites, which exhibits a single TSR in its putative extracellular N-terminal region and is highly conserved among Plasmodium species. Here, we show using targeted gene disruption in the rodent malaria model Plasmodium berghei, that lack of TRSP has no effect on the asexual blood stage cycle, parasite transmission to the mosquito, sporozoite development and infection of mosquito salivary glands. However, analysis of TRSP knockout sporozoites in vitro and in vivo indicates that this protein has a significant role in hepatocyte entry and therefore liver infection. Thus, TRSP is an additional TSR-containing malaria parasite protein that is mainly involved in initial infection of the mammalian host.
Mass culture ofTilapia zillii [Cichlidae] in pond ecosystems

The culture ofTilapia zillii (Gervais) in 18 and 34 cm deep, 5.5×7.6 m earthen ponds at 3 initial stocking densities, 6, 9 and 12 pairs, revealed an optimum 9 pair initial density for the maximum production of fry after 104 days. However, biomass increase was significantly greater at the 6 pair stocking density and in deeper ponds. Pond depth had no significant effect on size and weight gain of parental fish. Nest and brooding tube construction was variously influenced by pond depth and stocking density. Partial shading of ponds, while not affecting the maximum water temperature, did apparently reduce fish biomass production, the average length and weight of fry, and the average depth of nests. An estimated 1 million fish could be produced in 104 days from 190 similar ponds with a water surface equivalent to 0.8 hectares. This would be equivalent to ca. 725 kg fish biomass production and would require ca. 1,900 kg of catfish pellets or their equivalent. Possible ways to increase rearing efficiency are discussed.
A bioactive probe for glutathione-dependent antioxidant capacity in breast cancer patients: implications in measuring biological effects of arsenic compounds

Abstract Introduction Glutathione, a major cellular non-protein thiol (NPSH), serves a central role in repairing damage induced by cancer drugs, pollutants and radiation and in the detoxification of several cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and toxins. Current methods measure glutathione levels only, which require cellular extraction, rather than the glutathione recycling dependent antioxidant activity in intact cells. Here, we present a novel method using a bioactive probe of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, termed the OxPhos™ test, to quantify glutathione recycling dependent antioxidant activity in whole blood and intact human and rodent cells without the need for the isolation and cytoplasm extraction of cells. Methods OxPhos™ test kit (Rockland Immunochemicals, USA), which uses hydroxyethyldisulfide (HEDS) as a probe for the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, was used in these studies. The results with OxPhos™ test kit in human blood and intact cells were compared with total thiol and high pressure liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection of HEDS metabolism. Results The OxPhos™ test measured glutathione-dependent antioxidant activity both in intact human and rodent cells and breast cancer patient's blood with a better correlation coefficient and biological variability than the thiol assay. Additionally, human blood and mammalian cells treated with various arsenicals showed a concentration-dependent decrease in activity. Discussion The results demonstrate the application of this test for measuring the antioxidant capacity of blood and the effects of environmental pollutants/toxins. It opens up new avenues for an easy and reliable assessment of glutathione-dependent antioxidant capacity in various diseases such as stroke, blood borne diseases, infection, cardiovascular disease and other oxidative stress related diseases and as a prognostic indicator of chemotherapy response and toxicity. The use of this approach in pharmacology/toxicology including screening drugs that improve the glutathione-dependent antioxidant capacity and not just the glutathione level is clinically relevant since mammalian cells require glutathione dependent pathways for antioxidant activity.
Use of genipin to crosslink lyophilized matrices made from collagen nanofibrils

Collagen has been a key material in many biological studies for some time now due to the strength and stability of the material. The crosslinked collagen studied here is intended for scaffolding applications for cell growth. The fibrils, however, must first be ball-milled, dispersed, and lyophilized to create porous matrices and strengthened through crosslinking to allow for such applications. Glutaraldehyde has in the past been the most promising crosslinking agent because of the chemical's ability to form strong and extensive crosslinks. Although a valuable crosslinker for industrial purposes, glutaraldehyde is limited in biological applications due to concerns regarding cytotoxicity. The limitations of glutaraldehyde in biotechnical applications prompted research into the development of a more natural, less toxic chemical crosslinking agent. The subject of the current research is the potential use of genipin, a natural, biodegradable molecule with low toxicity. In the present study, different concentrations of genipin were added to dispersed ball-milled bovine type I collagen and the samples were lyophilized. Collagenase resistance, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrlamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were conducted during the experiment to study the strength of each crosslinked sample after lyophilization. Genipin crosslinking resulted in increased resistance to collagenase degradation and higher molecular size and weight while also maintaining the porosity of the material.
Trilinear Forms and Triple Product Epsilon Factors

We give a short and simple proof of a theorem of Dipendra Prasad on the existence or nonexistence of invariant trilinear forms on a triple of irreducible representations of GL 2 (F) or D × , where $F$ is a nonarchimedean local field of zero or odd characteristic and $D$ is the unique quaternion division F-algebra. The answer is controlled by the central value of the triple product epsilon factor. Our proof works uniformly for all representations and without restriction on residual characteristic. It also gives an analogous theorem for any separable cubic F-algebra.
Perspectivism and Postmodern Criticism

A painting by Anselm Kiefer provides the starting point for the prob lem to be addressed in this essay. In Sulamith we encounter a haunting im age of a cavernous brick room, its ceiling blackened from some earlier fire. Except for seven flames visible in the distant reaches of the room, no light is showing. The windows have been covered over by fragments of woodcuts, stapled to the surface, and the flaming torches lining the walls of this memorial space have been obscured by other fragments. Everywhere there is the feeling of emptiness, enclosure, and mourning. Inscribed in the upper left corner a word appears ("Sulamith"). In addition to the staples, which the artist has made no effort to hide, a careful scan reveals several bits of straw attached to the surface. How are we to interpret this painting, which is more like a complex text than a vehicle of immediate visual meaning? An encounter with Kiefer's works invariably provokes questions not easily resolved within the paradigm of modernist visual interpretation. If we identify visual modernism with a suspicion against representation, with an emphasis on visual presence, with an insistence on originality, the autonomy of the art work, and the purity of the medium, and with an orien tation to the formal and the universal, then Sulamith violates modernist values in every respect. Although Kiefer creates an image having striking visual presence, he does so more to provoke questioning about historical, mythical, and symbolic themes than to create purely aesthetic art. The issues which are of most concern to him are just those a modernist like Greenberg rules out of court. Greenberg's idea of the modern emphasizes the way art should reflect the specialist interests of modern culture.1 His resistance to representation and to historical references has more to do with painting's proper sphere than with any opposition to representation per se. He argues, in fact, that representation may be permitted if a way is discovered to limit the associa tions it tends to evoke. The danger is that associations with things will "alienate pictorial space from the two-dimensionality which is the guarantee of painting's independence as an art. Three-dimensionality is the province of sculpture, and for the sake of its own autonomy painting has
FIBER DRAWING FROM 7.5 cm DIAMETER PREFORMS AT HIGH SPEED

Since the successive inventions of lightguide fiber preform processes in the 1970s, worldwide competitive efforts for lightwave technologies have led to remarkable achievements in every field associated with lightwave communications applications in the past ten years. Particularly, the manufacturing technology of optical fibers has been rapidly advanced and is currently reaching a state of maturity. Therefore, this is the time to develop a new method for high volume production of fibers that will become a prime impetus to further reduce cost.
Thermally induced changes in tissue birefringence

We have previously demonstrated that the thermal denaturation of collagen results in a repeatable loss of linear birefringence (LB), which can be measured with birefringence compensation techniques or transmitted or remitted intensity measurements. Consequently, we have used LB to measure the kinetic changes in collagenous tissues. Analysis of the birefringence data results in the calculation of the kinetic parameters entropy, (Delta) S, enthalpy, (Delta) H and the rate constant, k. The birefringence data show that multiple kinetic processes are occurring during collagen denaturation. The most likely physical interpretation of the observed data is that structural changes are occurring on the molecular (tropocollagen) as well as the collagen fibril structural levels. Each of these structures contributes to the total birefringence. When a parallel kinetic model, which is composed of two first order exponential decay models, is applied to the birefringence data, excellent agreement between the data and model is seen. Moreover, the data also show that the relative contributions of the two constituent reactions to the total birefringence measured are in excellent agreement with reported values of intrinsic and form birefringence contributions in collagen. The knowledge that multiple reactions exist during collagen denaturation impacts the understanding of how denaturation occurs and what information can be utilized for the control of the heating process.
Changes in Impairment and Function after Static Progressive Splinting for Stiffness After Distal Radius Fracture

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe changes in range of motion, grip strength, and function in subjects treated with static progressive splinting for stiffness after distal radius fracture. A retrospective review was conducted on 25 patients; outcomes reviewed included wrist/forearm motion, grip strength and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores. The Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test was used to assess differences between pre-/postsplinting outcome measurements. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for the DASH scores with each of the other measurements. Wrist extension and flexion improved 18.6 (p 0.0001). DASH scores demonstrated a significant negative correlation with wrist extension (r = −0.50, p = 0.011) and forearm supination (r = −0.47, p = 0.02). Increased wrist extension and supination correlated with better functional outcome as reflected by the DASH scores.
Preferential utilization of NADPH as the endogenous electron donor for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in intact pulmonary arterial endothelial cells.

Abstract The goal was to determine whether endogenous cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) preferentially uses NADPH or NADH in intact pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in culture. The approach was to manipulate the redox status of the NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+ redox pairs in the cytosolic compartment using treatment conditions targeting glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway alone or with lactate, and to evaluate the impact on the intact cell NQO1 activity. Cells were treated with 2-deoxyglucose, iodoacetate, or epiandrosterone in the absence or presence of lactate, NQO1 activity was measured in intact cells using duroquinone as the electron acceptor, and pyridine nucleotide redox status was measured in total cell KOH extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography. 2-Deoxyglucose decreased NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+ ratios by 59 and 50%, respectively, and intact cell NQO1 activity by 74%; lactate restored NADH/NAD+, but not NADPH/NADP+ or NQO1 activity. Iodoacetate decreased NADH/NAD+ but had no detectable effect on NADPH/NADP+ or NQO1 activity. Epiandrosterone decreased NQO1 activity by 67%, and although epiandrosterone alone did not alter the NADPH/NADP+ or NADH/NAD+ ratio, when the NQO1 electron acceptor duroquinone was also present, NADPH/NADP+ decreased by 84% with no impact on NADH/NAD+. Duroquinone alone also decreased NADPH/NADP+ but not NADH/NAD+. The results suggest that NQO1 activity is more tightly coupled to the redox status of the NADPH/NADP+ than NADH/NAD+ redox pair, and that NADPH is the endogenous NQO1 electron donor. Parallel studies of pulmonary endothelial transplasma membrane electron transport (TPMET), another redox process that draws reducing equivalents from the cytosol, confirmed previous observations of a correlation with the NADH/NAD+ ratio.
Comparison between C1-2 Fixation with and without Supplemental Posterior Wiring.

Study Design Retrospective analysis. Clinical Question Is there a difference between the screw–rod construct (SRC) procedure without wiring and the SRC procedure with wiring with respect to fusion, implant failure, reoperation, donor-site morbidity, and complication rates? Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 26 patients who underwent C1–2 fixation between 2004 and 2012 (SRC with wiring and structural bone graft, 13 patients; SRC with autograft but without wiring, 13 patients). Fusion was assessed using dynamic X-rays in all patients and computed tomographic scans in selected cases. Pseudoarthrosis was confirmed during reoperation. Results The mean follow-up time was 2 years and 5 months for the SRC without wiring group and 2 years and 1 month for the SRC with wiring group. Patients with less than 1-year follow-up time were excluded. The fusion rate, implant failure rate, and reoperation rates for the SRC without wiring group were 92, 8, and 8%, respectively. The fusion, implant failure, and reoperation rates for the SRC with wiring group were 100, 0, and 0%, respectively. There were no donor-site morbidities or complications in either group (both 0%). There were no differences in parameters we examined between the two groups ( p > 0.05 for each rate, Fisher exact test). Conclusions The results suggest that supplementing the SRC procedure with wiring may increase fusion rate, but this difference is not statistically significant. Although the sample size was small, there was not a significant discrepancy in outcomes between the two groups at an average follow-up of 2 years.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of AuO(-) and AuS(-)

The 364 nm photoelectron spectra of AuO- and AuS- have been measured. The electron affinities of AuO and AuS have been determined to be 2.374 ± 0.007 and 2.469 ± 0.006 eV, respectively. The electronic ground states of the neutral diatomics are 2Πi states, and the spin−orbit splitting between the X2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2 states is 1440 ± 80 cm-1 for AuO and 1280 ± 60 cm-1 for AuS. A 590 ± 70 cm-1 vibrational peak built off the 2Π1/2 origin of the AuO spectrum is clearly detected, while the corresponding peak built off the 2Π3/2 origin is barely detectable. The corresponding 400 ± 30 cm-1 vibration in the AuS spectrum shows the opposite behavior, with the 2Π3/2 showing the stronger vibrational activity. Franck−Condon analyses of the spectra establish that the equilibrium bond length of X1Σ+AuO- (AuS-) differs from the average bond length of the two spin−orbit states of AuO (AuS) by −0.015 ± 0.008 A (+0.018 ± 0.007 or +0.007 ± 0.007 A). These bond length relations reflect different extent of relativistic effects bet...
Physiological, affective, and behavioral responses to interpersonal conflict among males from families with different levels of cohesion and adaptability

To examine the relation between characteristics of a person's family of origin and cardiovascular, behavioral, cognitive, and affective response to interpersonal conflict, responses of 15 young males from families rated as extreme (EXT) on scales of cohesion (enmeshed or disengaged) or adaptability (chaotic or rigid) were compared to those of 25 young males from families rated as balanced (BAL) on measures of cohesion and adaptability. Subjects participated in two interpersonal role-play conflict situations, one with a male confederate and the other with a female confederate. Measures of heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and indices of both positive and negative verbal and nonverbal behaviors were obtained during each scenario and self-reported measures of positive and negative cognitive self-statements and affective response were obtained following each conflict scene. Results showed that, in contrast to BAL males, EXT males exhibited more negative verbal and nonverbal behavior, less positive nonverbal behavior, higher ratings of state anxiousness during conflict, and higher HR responses during the interaction with the male confederate than the female confederate. These findings suggest that exposure to a family environment with extreme levels of cohesion and adaptability impacts how an individual responds to interpersonal conflict in young adulthood.
Design and Analysis of a Resonating Free Liquid-Piston Engine Compressor

This paper presents the design and simulation of a resonating free liquid-piston compressor (FLPC) equipped with a separated combustion chamber. The FLPC is a proposed device that utilizes combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel to compress air into a high-pressure supply tank, thus potentially serving as a portable power supply candidate for untethered pneumatic systems of human-scale power. The energetic merits of the FLPC concept have been outlined and demonstrated in previous work, and this new design aims at meeting its intended power density, all while maintaining an adequate energy density in a compact and simple device. In this new design, the free “piston” consists of a slug of water (or another incompressible fluid) trapped between two high-stiffness elastomeric diaphragms, thus providing perfect blow-by sealing and near zero friction, while adequately presenting the dynamic elements needed for smooth, continuous operation at desirable resonant frequencies. The device is essentially a tuned resonator whereby the inertia of the liquid piston and the elasticity of the diaphragms are selected to achieve a given resonant frequency. The passive dynamics of the engine are exploited to achieve efficiency through over-expansion, and to enable a return stroke with the small investment made in elastic energy with each power stroke. Additionally, the implementation of a separated combustion chamber – along with built-in actuated, high-flow intake and exhaust valves – ensures the feasibility of such desirable frequencies by decoupling the injection dynamics from the free-piston dynamics. The design and implementation of the device is shown, and simulated results are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Viscosity solutions for weakly coupled systems of first-order partial differential equations

Abstract We consider viscosity solutions for weakly coupled systems of first-order partial differential equations and apply these existence and uniqueness results to examples involving random evolutions.
Political and environmental equity issues related to municipal waste incineration siting

Abstract This analysis presents an overview of recent research concerning factors influencing community responses to municipal incinerators. These factors range from those about which experts and lay people may readily agree, such as the years of service remaining in an existing landfill, to issues that are more likely to engender disagreement, such as community perceptions of environmental risks, ‘environmental equity’, and other economic and political concerns. The implications of these factors as well as recommendations for decision makers facing municipal solid waste disposal issues are presented.
Bounce‐ and MLT‐averaged diffusion coefficients in a physics‐based magnetic field geometry obtained from RAM‐SCB for the 17 March 2013 storm

Local acceleration via whistler wave and particle interaction plays a significant role in particle dynamics in the radiation belt. In this work we explore gyroresonant wave-particle interaction and quasi-linear diffusion in different magnetic field configurations related to the 17 March 2013 storm. We consider the Earth's magnetic dipole field as a reference and compare the results against nondipole field configurations corresponding to quiet and stormy conditions. The latter are obtained with the ring current-atmosphere interactions model with a self-consistent magnetic field (RAM-SCB), a code that models the Earth's ring current and provides a realistic modeling of the Earth's magnetic field. By applying quasi-linear theory, the bounce- and Magnetic Local Time (MLT)-averaged electron pitch angle, mixed-term, and energy diffusion coefficients are calculated for each magnetic field configuration. For radiation belt (∼1 MeV) and ring current (∼100 keV) electrons, it is shown that at some MLTs the bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients become rather insensitive to the details of the magnetic field configuration, while at other MLTs storm conditions can expand the range of equatorial pitch angles where gyroresonant diffusion occurs and significantly enhance the diffusion rates. When MLT average is performed at drift shell L=4.25 (a good approximation to drift average), the diffusion coefficients become quite independent of the magnetic field configuration for relativistic electrons, while the opposite is true for lower energy electrons. These results suggest that, at least for the 17 March 2013 storm and for L≲4.25, the commonly adopted dipole approximation of the Earth's magnetic field can be safely used for radiation belt electrons, while a realistic modeling of the magnetic field configuration is necessary to describe adequately the diffusion rates of ring current electrons.
A Phase-Field Model for Phase Transformations in Glass-Forming Alloys

A phase-field model is proposed for phase transformations in glass-forming alloys. The glass transition is introduced as a structural relaxation, and the competition between the glass and crystalline phases is investigated. The simulations are performed for Cu-Zr alloys, employing thermodynamic and kinetic parameters derived from reported thermodynamic modeling and molecular dynamics simulation results,[1–3] respectively. Four distinct phase fields are treated with a multi-phase-field approach, representing the liquid/glass, Cu10Zr7, CuZr, and CuZr2 phases. In addition, a continuum-field method is applied to the liquid to accommodate the liquid–glass transformation. The combined phase-field approach is used to investigate the glass formation tendency, and critical cooling rates are estimated and compared with the reported experimental values.
Collaborative care for pain results in both symptom improvement and sustained reduction of pain and depression.

Abstract Objective Traditional analytic approaches may oversimplify the mechanisms by which interventions effect change. Transition probability models can quantify both symptom improvement and sustained reduction in symptoms. We sought to quantify transition probabilities between higher and lower states for four outcome variables and to compare two treatment arms with respect to these transitions. Method Secondary analysis of a year-long collaborative care intervention for chronic musculoskeletal pain in veterans. Forty-two clinicians were randomized to intervention or treatment as usual (TAU), with 401 patients nested within clinician. The outcome variables, pain intensity, pain interference, depression and disability scores were dichotomized (lower/higher). Probabilities of symptom improvement (transitioning from higher to lower) or sustained reduction (remaining lower) were compared between intervention and TAU groups at 0- to 3-, 3- to 6- and 6- to 12-month intervals. General estimating equations quantified the effect of the intervention on transitions. Results In adjusted models, the intervention group showed about 1.5 times greater odds of both symptom improvement and sustained reduction compared to TAU, for all the outcomes except disability. Conclusions Despite no formal relapse prevention program, intervention patients were more likely than TAU patients to experience continued relief from depression and pain. Collaborative care interventions may provide benefits beyond just symptom reduction.
Specific Regulation of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Biosynthesis by Phorbol Ester in Bovine Chromaffin Cells

Two neuropeptides, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), are simultaneously increased in cultures of bovine chromaffin cells after diverse treatments including elevation of cAMP, application of nicotine, or chronic depolarization. We now show that phorbol esters can specifically elevate VIP in cultured chromaffin cells without changing the amount of enkephalin. Peptide histidine isoleucine, a VlP-related peptide, is also expressed concomitantly with VIP after treatment with phorbol ester. Immunocytochemical examination of drug-treated cells defines a subpopulation of chromaffin cells which are responsive to phorbol ester stimulation. The unique ability of phorbol esters to selectively regulate VIP expression indicates the presence of independent mechanisms for controlling the expression of individual neuropeptides in chromaffin cells. (Endocrinology 117: 1020–1026, 1985)
Buoyancy-induced convection from isothermal L-shaped corners with symmetrically heated surfaces

Abstract A numerical study of buoyancy-driven transport from an isothermal symmetrically heated L-shaped corner is reported. The effect of the length of the heated horizontal surface on heat transfer from the vertical surface and the concomitant complex changes in the entrainment flow characteristics are discussed. Results are reported for a wide range of Rayleigh number. The unsteady laminar flows at high Rayleigh numbers exhibit interesting interactions between the horizontal and vertical entrainment flows. Their transient behavior is investigated in detail. The effect of Prandtl number, independent of Rayleigh number, is shown to be significant. In the lower Rayleigh number range, the Nusselt number for each surface of the L-corner is compared with the Nusselt number for the corresponding single surface. The underlying basic physical processes are discussed. Steady and transient Nusselt number data are provided.
A question of fun: Adolescent engagement in dance education

This interpretive inquiry explores questions of engagement in dance among middle school dance students. The researcher conducted field research at three different schools in classes taught by three teachers. Primary analysis for this paper has focused on data from interviews with the 52 students who close to participate and returned signed consent forms. The words most frequently used by the students to describe their dance classes as well as particular experiences within them was fun, although they used the term to refer to very different kinds of experiences. In addition to the conventional meaning (“playing around” with no goals), students specifically referred to the social, creative, novel, and physical aspects of dance as fun; many also referred to learning as fun, and noted the role of the teacher in making it so. Not all students found dance fun; almost all who did not were located at the only one of the three schools where there were many students, almost all of them African–American, not participating on a regular basis. Students who did not participate fully sometimes blamed the (white) teacher, or the choice of activity or music, but often the reason came from within themselves: Either they were tired or not feeling well, or “just [didn’t] feel like it.” Other values some students found in dance included stress release, focus and concentration, self-expression, self-esteem, freedom, and transcendence.
Influence of Multiple Social Risks on Children's Health

OBJECTIVE. Social risk factors such as growing up in poverty, racial/ethnic minority status, and maternal depression have been associated with poorer health outcomes for children. This study examined the strength of association of 8 social risk factors, both individually and as part of a cumulative social risk index, on parent-reported child health status. METHODS. We performed an analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health, a telephone survey of 102353 parents of children aged 0 to 17 years. In bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models, 8 social risk factors were tested as independent predictors of 4 parent-reported child health outcomes: global health status, dental health, socioemotional health, and overweight. These risk factors were combined into a categorical “social risk index” ranging from low risk (0 risk factors) to very high risk (≥6 risk factors), and risk gradients were examined using linear polynomial testing and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS. The percentage of children in poorer health increased with the number of social risk factors across all health outcomes. More than half of children had ≥2 risk factors, and 24% had ≥4. Low maternal mental health, black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, CONCLUSIONS. Multiple social risk factors have a cumulative effect on parent-reported child health status across physical and socioemotional domains, demonstrating a very strong risk gradient effect. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing multiple levels of social risk to achieve improvements in child health.