cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social validation in competitive employment: Evaluating work performance

Social validation is a methodology utilized to evaluate the social acceptability of treatment goals, procedures, and results of applied interventions. This methodology lends itself well to assessing the work performance of mentally retarded individuals in nonsheltered employment settings, i.e., competitive employment. In this investigation, work evaluations provided by managers, shift supervisors, nonhandicapped co-workers, and mentally retarded workers (self) were analyzed. Results indicated significant differences across rater groups with regard to worker evaluation. Mentally retarded individuals rated their own work behavior most positively, followed by co-workers, shift supervisors, and managers, respectively. Rater groups disagreed particularly with respect to evaluating mentally retarded workers' job skills and interpersonal relationships in the job environment. Implications of these findings to the issues of concordance and consumer validation are discussed.
Robin Holliday 1932–2014

When the founder of a field of investigation departs from our midst, there is the palpable feeling among his or her close associates that an era has come to an end. Such is the sense that the elders of the field of genetic recombination feel with the passing of Robin Holliday, whose very name is synonymous with the process. He died at his home on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia, on the 50 year anniversary of his seminal model for recombination. To be sure, his passing leaves a hole in the hearts of immediate friends and colleagues.
Effect of sodium thiosulfate upon mustard-virus interaction.

Discussion and SummaryThe present studies would appear to indicate that the rate of reaction of mustard with virus was extremely rapid and that there were chemical groups in influenza virus which rendered them highly susceptible to mustard action. The rapidity of reaction at room temperature was attested by the observation that the greatest portion of the viral population was inactivated during the first minute of mustard-virus interaction. The inability of sodium thiosulfate, a substance reputedly having marked affinity for mustard molecules, to influence the course of events during the first minute of reaction seemingly supported the second of the above premises; presumably thiosulfate failed to compete successfully with virus for the molecules of mustard, thus accounting for the rapid initial destruction of virus. The partially “protective” action of thiosulfate upon destruction of virus by mustard, as reported herein, was confined to events after the first minute of reaction, and was probably related ...
Detection of regional myocardial dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction using velocity vector imaging.

Objective Velocity vector imaging (VVI) is a new echocardiographic technique of measuring regional myocardial velocities and deformation. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of VVI in defining regional functional abnormalities in patients with an acute myocardial infarction. Methods Standard echocardiography and delayed enhancement (DE) magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 32 patients (29 men, mean age 61.2 ± 8.1 years) within 36 hours of primary angioplasty. Twenty healthy volunteers (16 men, mean age 34.6 ± 6.3 years) served as control subjects. Using VVI for offline analysis, segmental longitudinal deformation indices were measured. Infarcted, adjacent, and remote left ventricular segments were defined according to DE magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiography. Infarct transmurality was also graded based on the DE extent within each segment on DE magnetic resonance imaging (0%-25%, 26%-50%, 51%-75%, and >76% of wall thickness). Results As compared with remote segments, myocardial infarction segments had significantly lower longitudinal systolic strain (S) (−9.6% vs −14.6%, P −1 , P P Conclusions VVI is a promising new tool for studying myocardial motion and deformation with good feasibility in the clinical setting. The assessment of myocardial longitudinal systolic S and S rate with VVI can be used to identify the presence, location, and the transmural extent of myocardial infarction.
Yield-area optimizations of digital circuits using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (YOGA)

With shrinking technology, the timing variation of a digital circuit is becoming the most important factor while designing a functionally reliable circuit. Gate sizing has emerged as one of the efficient way to subside the yield deterioration due to manufacturing variations. In the past single-objective optimization techniques have been used to optimize the timing variation whereas on the other hand multi-objective optimization techniques can provide a more promising approach to design the circuit. We propose a new algorithm called YOGA, based on multi-objective optimization technique called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). YOGA optimizes a circuit in multi domains and provides the user with Pareto-optimal set of solutions which are distributed all over the optimal design spectrum, giving users the flexibility to choose the best fitting solution for their requirements. YOGA overcomes the disadvantages of traditional optimization techniques, while even providing solutions in very stringent bounds.
State of the art: interdisciplinary collaboration for health professional education in genetics.

Nursing has a long and productive history of interdisciplinary cooperation in providing education to nurses as well as other professionals. Interdisciplinary education is effective in socializing students and practicing clinicians for practice incorporating new discoveries, in areas such as genetics, for continuing relevance in health care delivery. The National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics (NCHPEG), established in 1996 with the cooperation of the American Nurses Association, the American Medical Association, and the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health, has provided leadership in bringing advances in genetics to the nation’s care providers in nearly all health-related disciplines. Nursing plays a key role in this model initiative aimed at new genetic discoveries to improve the health care of all Americans.
The Mariner Spacecraft Star Sensors

The development history of the star sensors used on the Mariner spacecraft is traced, and design and performance details are described. The electrooptically controlled sensor, which was developed for the 1964 Mariner IV Mars mission, was modified for the 1967 Mariner V Venus mission to withstand the intense planetary illumination. The sensor has been further modified for the 1969 Mariner mission to Mars to survive the more severe launch environment and to provide greater capability for automatic search, identification, and tracking. Special star simulation and stray-light test techniques are discussed.
“What's Your Name?”: Names, Naming Practices, and Contextualized Selves of Young Korean American Children

This study examined how young Korean American children and the adults around these children perform naming practices and what these practices mean to the children. As part of a large ethnographic study on Korean American children's peer culture in a heritage language school in the United States, data were collected by observing 11 prekindergarten children in a Korean language classroom and by interviewing nine guardians, including seven mothers and two grandmothers, and teachers during the 2007--2008 academic year. Our analysis showed that children's naming practices reflected their developing sense of self. The children negotiated adults' naming practices based on their shared meanings and norms in peer culture. The findings of this study shed light on the role of naming practices in children's self-concept and in their peer relations. The authors conclude with implications for the education of and research on young children from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Impact of indigenous microbiota of subtidal sand on fecal indicator bacteria decay in beach systems: a microcosm study

Fecal contamination of coastal recreational water can adversely impact the public health and economic well-being of coastal communities. The current recreational water management practices focus primarily on water itself, while recent studies have identified other beach system components that can impact water quality. The objective of this study was to use microcosms to determine whether subtidal beach sand can enhance the decay of fecal bacteria and identify underlying mechanisms. The decay patterns of exogenous Enterococcus faecalis cells in laboratory beach microcosms for three beaches in Hawaii were determined, and beach sand indigenous microbiota was identified to be the major factor correlating to bacterial decay rates. Subsequent experiments observed that higher indigenous microbiota corresponded to faster bacterial decay. Comparison between the two major beach system components (beach sand and seawater) indicated that the indigenous microbiota in beach sand played a significant role in bacterial decay. Manipulating two important beach characteristics (sand-to-water ratio and sand particle size) that relate to indigenous microbiota abundance also resulted in different bacterial decay rates. The significant contribution of beach sand and its indigenous microbiota to fecal bacteria decay identified a positive function of beach sand in beach water quality management, which supports the inclusion of beach sand in beach quality management.
Pc-Based Image Analysis Of Laser Writer Copy

Spatial uniformity of high resolution laser writer copy is analyzed using PC-based image processing techniques. These techniques are shown to provide a simple characterization of the laser writer through its output copy.
Mode competition in a ring laser at line center

The fluctuations and correlations of the light intensities associated with the two counterrotating modes of a ring laser have been investigated by measurement of the photoelectric counting statistics. With the laser tuned to line center, it is found that the weaker mode intensity does not grow with increasing pump parameter above threshold and that its relative intensity fluctuations do not die out, as in a conventional laser, but become thermal instead. The cross-correlation coefficient tends toward a constant negative value. The results are all in substantial quantitative agreement with the theory.
Enhanced student technology support with cross-platform mobile apps

With smartphones and other web-enabled mobile devices growing quickly in popularity, higher education institutions have the opportunity -- and challenge -- to leverage this young medium to provide dynamic content regarding services, events, and support documentation, among others. In late 2009, Lehigh University released an iPhone app dubbed "LehighU Live". The mobile device market has changed significantly since then with the addition of the widely-popular Android operating system and others like Blackberry and Windows Phone 7. In spring 2011, the student technology support team revamped their web presence with the goal of also offering support services via students' mobile devices. Our first responsibility was to provide a mobile application that can be used across platforms; however, we also wanted the user experience to feel the same as any other app on a given platform. For example, our app should feel like an Android app if the student is using an Android phone. Our second responsibility was to ensure that we could deliver dynamic content to students quickly regarding services, updates, support tips, and real-time alerts. These two major responsibilities presented significant challenges, not the least of which is that we do not have the resources to develop and/or maintain a separate app for each platform while also managing and pushing out the types of content we needed to get to students quickly. Therefore, we began looking at cross-platform mobile development frameworks such as the Mobile Web Framework (MWF) released by UCLA and other device-agnostic approaches. The challenge quickly became to build a solid, web-based mobile application that could be delivered via an app for individual platforms while at the same time accessible and uasble via mobile web browser for other web-enabled mobile devices.
Justin Martyr Invents Judaism

The historiography of Judaism in the rabbinic period (together with its implications for the history of Christianity) had been, until quite recently, founded on the assumption that the kind of historical information that rabbinic legends could yield was somehow directly related to the narrative contents that they displayed, which were understood as more or less reliable depending on the critical sensibility of the scholar. This scholarship was not, of course, generally naive or pious in its aims or methods. A recurring question within such research had to do with the question of the credibility of a given text or passage of rabbinic literature or the recovery of its “historical kernel.” For the method or approach that I take up, all texts are by definition equally credible, for the object of research is the motives of the construction of the narrative itself, that is taken to attest to the political context of its telling or retellingrather than to the context of the narrative's content. All texts inscribe the social practices within which they originate, and many also seek to locate the genealogy of those social practices in a narrative of origins, producing a reversal of cause and effect. This reversal is a mode of narration that is particularly germane to the project of replacing traditional patterns of belief and behavior (“We have always done it this way”) with new ones that wish nevertheless to claim the authority, necessarily, of hoary antiquity—in short, to the invention of orthodoxies.
Guiding Principles of Specimen Preservation for Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Traditionally, biologists have been confined to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM) in order to correlate biochemical and molecular data with morphology. Electron microscopy (EM) provides fine ultrastructural detail but is limited to the study of cellular structures that react with electron dense stains deposited in fixed specimens. Immunogold labeling permits the study of non–electron-dense material, but EM sections must still be very thin to avoid problems with the penetration of the labeled antibodies and to reduce scattering of the electron beam.
A supplemental report to a randomized cluster trial of a 20-week Sun-style Tai Chi for osteoarthritic knee pain in elders with cognitive impairment.

Objective This was a secondary data analysis of a cluster-randomized clinical trial that tested the efficacy of a 20-week Sun-style Tai Chi (TC) program in reducing pain in community-dwelling elders with cognitive impairment and knee osteoarthritis (OA). The study also examined whether elders’ level of cognitive function was related to the outcomes of the TC program.
The diagnosis of premenstrual syndromes and premenstrual dysphoric disorder--clinical procedures and research perspectives.

Premenstrual syndromes (PMS) are quite prevalent among women of reproductive age. In up to 20% of women they are severe enough to warrant treatment, which is available and marketed as such. The imp...
How Death Imitates Life: Cultural Influences on Conceptions of Death and Dying

Regardless of how or where we are born, what unites people of all cultures is the fact everyone eventually dies. However, cultures vary in how they conceptualize death and what happens when a person dies. In some cultures, death is conceived to involve different conditions, including sleep, illness, and reaching a certain age. In other cultures, death is said to occur only when there is a total cessation of life. Similarly, certain cultural traditions view death as a transition to other forms of existence; others propose a continuous interaction between the dead and the living; some cultures conceive a circular pattern of multiple deaths and rebirths; and yet others view death as the final end, with nothing occurring after death. These different conceptions have a noticeable influence on their lifestyles, their readiness to die for a cause, the degree to which they fear death, their expressions of grief and mourning, and the nature of funeral rituals. Any reasonably broad conceptualization of death issues would necessarily have to incorporate these various cultural variations. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol6/iss2/3
The MAGIC of Web Tutorials: How One Library (Re)Focused Its Delivery of Online Learning Objects on Users.

Oakland University (OU) Libraries undertook an assessment of how to leverage its resources to make online tutorials more focused on users’ needs. A multi-part assessment process reconsidered Web tutorials offerings through the lenses of faculty and staff feedback, literature review, and an analysis of other universities’ online tutorial offerings. From there, OU's e-Learning and Instructional Technology Librarian developed the MAGIC guidelines (Manageable, Available, Geared at users, Informative, Customizable) to resituate OU Libraries’ online tutorials and place users at the center. Putting MAGIC into practice meant integrating Web tutorials at points-of-need, identifying and sharing essential information, and engaging students in the learning whenever possible.
Altered Profiles of Estradiol and Progesterone Associated with Prolonged Estrous Cycles and Persistent Vaginal Cornification in Aging C57BL/6J Mice

Midday plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in aging C57BL/6J mice showing either prolonged estrous cycles or persistent vaginal cornification (PVC). In younger mice (5.5-7.5 months), the modal cycle length was 4 days, and the profiles of these hormones during the cycle were similar to those previously reported. By 10-12.5 months, the modal cycle length had increased to 5 days. Although midday levels of P were unimpaired at this age, the profile of E2 was markedly altered. Proestrus (Day 1) and estrus (Day 2) levels of E2 were indistinguishable from those of younger mice, but basal values on Day 3 and the preovulatory rise beginning on Day 4 were reduced in older mice by 80% and 45%, respectively. As a result, attainment of preovulatory levels of E2 equivalent to those of younger mice was delayed by about 1 day, which corresponded to the average net increase in median cycle length at this age. In 14-month-old PVC mice, levels of E2 were comparable to the basal values of younger cycling mice and threefold greater than ovariectomized values. However, P levels were 50% lower than basal values in cycling mice and indistinguishable from values in ovariectomized mice. Consequently, the E2:P ratio was elevated nearly twofold in PVC mice. Because transient experimental suppression of the preovulatory rise of E2 lengthens estrous cycles in young rodents, we hypothesize that the delayed rise of E2 in older mice contributes to their prolonged cycles. In addition, the increased E2:P ratio in PVC mice creates a relatively unopposed estrogenic milieu which may accelerate the development of the pituitary tumors and hypothalamic dysfunction that characterize aged female mice.
Shedding light on cones.

Daytime vision in vertebrates initiates with the absorption of light by cone photoreceptors ([Rodieck, 1998][1]), which generate signals for color discrimination ([Sharpe et al., 1999][2]). In humans, these cells are concentrated in a specialized part of the central retina called the fovea. This
Terrorism risks in rural and frontier America

Policy for the safety of the United States must include an awareness of the importance of rural and frontier areas to urban areas. Water, power, and food are not available in sufficient amounts to support urban areas and are routinely shipped in from rural areas. National plans should address the increased costs of operating in rural areas and the increased burdens placed on most health and safety workers who work longer hours and take fewer days off. Other factors are also important, such as the status of regional hospitals (e.g. critical access, secondary, tertiary) and the type of Emergency Medical Service (volunteer versus paid), and the availability of HAZMAT teams and decontamination units. Regional infrastructure plays a part. It can include access to public transportation, highway systems, and the telecommunications network, as well as basic climate and geographical considerations, which includes proximity to a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) that may provide resources for responding to disasters and terrorist attacks. Finally, it is important to take into consideration the base population, its median income, and the region's status as a health professions shortage area or otherwise medically underserved area.
A Suite of Robust Controllers for the Manipulation of Microscale Objects

A suite of novel robust controllers is introduced for the pickup operation of microscale objects in a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). In MEMS, adhesive, surface tension, friction, and van der Waals forces are dominant. Moreover, these forces are typically unknown. The proposed robust controller overcomes the unknown contact dynamics and ensures its performance in the presence of actuator constraints by assuming that the upper bounds on these forces are known. On the other hand, for the robust adaptive critic-based neural network (NN) controller, the unknown dynamic forces are estimated online. It consists of an action NN for compensating the unknown system dynamics and a critic NN for approximating a certain strategic utility function and tuning the action NN weights. By using the Lyapunov approach, the uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop manipulation error is shown for all the controllers for the pickup task. To imitate a practical system, a few system states are considered to be unavailable due to the presence of measurement noise. An output feedback version of the adaptive NN controller is proposed by exploiting the separation principle through a high-gain observer design. The problem of measurement noise is also overcome by constructing a reference system. Simulation results are presented and compared to substantiate the theoretical conclusions.
The Interpretation of Ultrastructural Abnormalities in Cerebral Ischemia

It has been customary to equate the effects of pure lack of oxygen (hypoxia, anoxia) with those of ischemia. Significant differences between them have been determined at the cellular level; these have been attributed, among other reasons, to the fact that ischemia is characterized by major compartmental fluid shifts, which appear to be minimal in hypoxic cells (6). Experimental models of brain ischemia, or impaired intracranial blood flow, range from those in which the entire arterial circulation is interrupted either temporarly (10) or permanently (12), to situations involving interruptions of both arterial and venous flow (1) to models of single-artery occlusion (18). In terms of applicability to human brain injuries, two mechanisms of ischemia are particularly frequent: temporary global ischemia (secondary to hypotension and cardiac arrest) and regional ischemia (due to occlusion of a major artery).
Wiring up single molecules

The possibility of using single molecules as active elements of electronic devices offers a variety of scientific and technological opportunities. In this article, we discuss transistors, where electrons flow through discrete quantum states of a single molecule. First, we will describe molecules, where current flows through one cobalt atom surrounded by two insulating terpyridyl ligands. Depending on the length of the insulating part of the molecules, two different behaviors are observed: Coulomb blockade for a longer molecule and the Kondo effect for a shorter molecule. We will also discuss measurements of the C70 fullerene and its dimer (C140). In C140 devices, the transport measurements are affected by an intercage vibrational mode that has an energy of 11 meV. We observe a large current increase when this mode is excited, indicating a strong coupling between the electronic and mechanical degrees of freedom in C140 molecules.
Prospective longitudinal analysis of postoperative shoulder function : a ten-year follow-up study of full-thickness rotator cuff tears.

Background: Rotator cuff repair is associated with good short or mid-term results, but to date there have been no long-term functional outcome studies demonstrating durability of results over time. In most long-term studies, the results have been compared with those of historical controls or with those of other, short-term follow-up studies. The purpose of the present prospective study was to evaluate short and long-term shoulder function after surgical repair in a single population of patients in order to follow changes over time. Methods: Thirty-three patients underwent surgery, performed by one surgeon, for the treatment of a chronic, symptomatic, full-thickness rotator cuff defect. Data were obtained from questionnaires and physical examinations preoperatively, at two years, and at ten years. Identical standardized pain and function questionnaires were used and clinical evaluation was performed in a consistent fashion at all time-periods. The activity level, Constant score, level of disability, shoulder function score, and patient’s subjective rating of the outcome were determined at the time of the final follow-up and compared with the same parameters at the two-year follow-up examination in order to determine if early results change with time. Results: At the ten-year follow-up examination, there was no change in the raw Constant score determined at the two-year examination. When the Constant score was normalized for expected age-related changes, the percentage of patients who had a satisfactory result at ten years was even greater than the percentage at two years. Activity level decreased significantly over the time-period (p = 0.005). At the final follow-up examination, twelve patients worked at the same occupation as they had when the two-year examination was performed, two worked at a less strenuous occupation, and the remaining patients were retired. Only two patients retired because of problems related to the shoulder. The level of disability decreased over the study period, and there was a small improvement in the patients’ self-assessment shoulder function score. The patients’ subjective assessment of the outcome remained unchanged. Conclusions: The results of open rotator cuff repair for chronic tears do not deteriorate with time (ten years). The level of disability decreases, presumably because of a concurrent decrease in the activity level and in the demand on the shoulder as the patient ages. It is important to consider age-related changes when assessing the final outcome.
Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms

SUMMARY This paper investigates performance differences (in terms of ROA) between related and unrelated diversified firms. Two regression models of performance are estimated using a sample of 80 firms. Performance differences are associated with advertising expenditures, accounting determined risk, research and development expenditures and capital intensity. The models suggest that research and development expenditures are an important determinant in the performance advantage enjoyed by related diversified firms. Building on the work of Chandler (1962), Wrigley (1970), and others, Rumelt (1974, 1977) investigated the relationships among diversification strategy, organizational structure and economic performance. Perhaps the most important result of Rumelt's study was that he was able to tie diversification strategy to financial performance. The related diversification strategies were found to outperform the other diversification strategies on the average. The related-constrained diversification strategy was found to be the highest performing on the average. By contrast the unrelated diversification strategy (and the minor categories within it) was found to be one of the lowest performing diversification strategies. These two results are jointly quite interesting because Rumelt also showed that firms are becoming more diversified. For the present purposes this means that related-constrained firms may be evolving (perhaps through the intermediate related-linked category) into unrelated firms (in related-constrained firms all component businesses are related to each other whereas in related-linked firms only one-to-one relationships are required). Such evolution could, therefore, logically result in performance declines. Rumelt was unable to conclusively show why these performance differences existed. However, he did speculate that related firms were able to extend their core skills (e.g. scientific research) into related areas:
Vision based manipulation of non-rigid objects

Since the analytical expressions for the representation of nonrigid object structure and motion are severely underconstrained, current techniques for nonrigid object manipulation employ physical object models known prior to sensing. Recently, however, psychophysical studies have revealed that humans are able to discover proper motor coordination skills through sensory input without the use of previously known physical models. In this paper, a robust, discovery-driven, vision-based robotic manipulation algorithm for nonrigid objects, based on the novel concept of relative elasticity, is developed which requires the use of no a priori physical models. The manipulation technique is also experimentally verified on different flexible linear objects.
Data exchange: getting to the core

Data exchange is the problem of taking data structured under a source schema and creating an instance of a target schema that reflects the source data as accurately as possible. Given a source instance, there may be many solutions to the data exchange problem, that is, many target instances that satisfy the constraints of the data exchange problem. In an earlier article, we identified a special class of solutions that we call universal. A universal solution has homomorphisms into every possible solution, and hence is a “most general possible” solution. Nonetheless, given a source instance, there may be many universal solutions. This naturally raises the question of whether there is a “best” universal solution, and hence a best solution for data exchange. We answer this question by considering the well-known notion of the core of a structure, a notion that was first studied in graph theory, and has also played a role in conjunctive-query processing. The core of a structure is the smallest substructure that is also a homomorphic image of the structure. All universal solutions have the same core (up to isomorphism); we show that this core is also a universal solution, and hence the smallest universal solution. The uniqueness of the core of a universal solution together with its minimality make the core an ideal solution for data exchange. We investigate the computational complexity of producing the core. Well-known results by Chandra and Merlin imply that, unless P = NP, there is no polynomial-time algorithm that, given a structure as input, returns the core of that structure as output. In contrast, in the context of data exchange, we identify natural and fairly broad conditions under which there are polynomial-time algorithms for computing the core of a universal solution. We also analyze the computational complexity of the following decision problem that underlies the computation of cores: given two graphs G and H, is H the core of G? Earlier results imply that this problem is both NP-hard and coNP-hard. Here, we pinpoint its exact complexity by establishing that it is a DP-complete problem. Finally, we show that the core is the best among all universal solutions for answering existential queries, and we propose an alternative semantics for answering queries in data exchange settings.
Test for temporal or spatial restrictions in gene product function during the cell division cycle.

Abstract The ability of a functional gene to complement a nonfunctional gene may depend upon the intracellular relationship of the two genes. If so, the function of the gene product in question must be limited in time or in space. CDC (cell division cycle) gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae control discrete steps in cell division; therefore, they constitute reasonable candidates for genes that function with temporal or spatial restrictions. In an attempt to reveal such restrictions, we compared the ability of a CDC gene to complement a temperature-sensitive cdc gene in diploids where the genes are located within the same nucleus to complementation in heterokaryons where the genes are located in different nuclei. In CDC X cdc matings, complementation was monitored in rare heterokaryons by assaying the production of cdc haploid progeny (cytoductants) at the restrictive temperature. The production of cdc cytoductants indicates that the cdc nucleus was able to complete cell division at the restrictive temperature and implies that the CDC gene product was provided by the other nucleus or by cytoplasm in the heterokaryon. Cytoductants from cdc28 or cdc37 crosses were not efficiently produced, suggesting that these two genes are restricted spatially or temporally in their function. We found that of the cdc mutants tested 33 were complemented; cdc cytoductants were recovered at least as frequently as CDC cytoductants. A particularly interesting example was provided by the CDC4 gene. Mutations in CDC4 were found previously to produce a defect in both cell division and karyogamy. Surprisingly, the cell division defect of cdc4 nuclei is complemented by CDC4 nuclei in a heterokaryon, whereas the karyogamy defect is not.
Adaptive multicut aggregation for two-stage stochastic linear programs with recourse

Outer linearization methods for two-stage stochastic linear programs with recourse, such as the L-shaped algorithm, generally apply a single optimality cut on the nonlinear objective at each major iteration, while the multicut version of the algorithm allows for several cuts to be placed at once. In general, the L-shaped algorithm tends to have more major iterations than the multicut algorithm. However, the trade-offs in terms of computational time are problem dependent. This paper investigates the computational trade-offs of adjusting the level of optimality cut aggregation from single cut to pure multicut. Specifically, an adaptive multicut algorithm that dynamically adjusts the aggregation level of the optimality cuts in the master program, is presented and tested on standard large-scale instances from the literature. Computational results reveal that a cut aggregation level that is between the single cut and the multicut can result in substantial computational savings over the single cut method.
Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence: Review and Implications for Evidence-Based Practice

The objective of this article was to survey available intimate partner violence (IPV) treatment studies with (a) randomized case assignment, and (b) at least 20 participants per group. Studies were classified into 4 categories according to primary treatment focus: perpetrator, victim, couples, or child-witness interventions. The results suggest that extant interventions have limited effect on repeat violence, with most treatments reporting minimal benefit above arrest alone. There is a lack of research evidence for the effectiveness of the most common treatments provided for victims and perpetrators of IPV, including the Duluth model for perpetrators and shelter–advocacy approaches for victims. Rates of recidivism in most perpetrator- and partner-focused treatments are approximately 30% within 6 months, regardless of intervention strategy used. Couples treatment approaches that simultaneously address problems with substance abuse and aggression yield the lowest recidivism rates, and manualized child trauma treatments are effective in reducing child symptoms secondary to IPV. This review shows the benefit of integrating empirically validated substance abuse and trauma treatments into IPV interventions and highlights the need for more work in this area.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Emergency Department Heart Failure

Heart failure is a growing public health issue worldwide. Significant challenges still remain in the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute heart failure in the emergency department. Biomarkers, with their objectivity, reproducibility, and widespread availability, have an indispensable role in improving heart failure diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification. Natriuretic peptides are perhaps the most well-known and validated biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute heart failure. They have become a routine part of the diagnostic workup of acute heart failure in many clinical settings. Natriuretic peptides along with traditional biomarkers such as troponin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum sodium can help to identify high-risk patients who may need closer monitoring and more intensive therapy. In addition, many novel biomarkers have emerged from basic science laboratories worldwide to provide insight into different pathophysiological processes involved in heart failure. These exciting new biomarkers include mid-region proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), C-terminal pre-pro-vasopressin (copeptin), ST2, high-sensitivity troponin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). With more experience, these new biomarkers can provide an ever clearer picture into the pathophysiology of heart failure, leading to more accurate diagnosis and better risk stratification of heart failure patients.
Stigma and outdoor smoking breaks: Self-perceptions of outdoor smokers in Manhattan

Smoking was once a mainstream and socially acceptable behavior in American society, but gradually the public response to smokers has shifted towards denigration and disgust. This has resulted in the stigmatization of individuals who smoke cigarettes, particularly when they smoke in public. This study explores smoking stigma from the perspective of individuals who smoke in front of office buildings during breaks from work. We postulate that smoking in front of office buildings initiates visual interactions between those who smoke and passersby who view them smoking. Using qualitative data that focus on the individual perceptions of how smokers believe that others view them and quantitative data to supplement respondents’ perceptions, we seek to determine whether or not outdoor smokers perceive that they are stigmatized.
Educating for Liberalism

Schools are expected to prepare students for liberal democracy, but what does that task entail with respect to students' rights to free speech, including their right to engage in religious expression? This essay distinguishes between two versions of liberalism, here called "detachment liberalism" and "classical liberalism." The first version, associated with thinkers like John Rawls and Richard Rorty, supposes that liberalism depends on citizens learning to separate strong beliefs from deliberation on crucial public matters, and this supposition engenders an orientation that views religious expression in schools as undesirable. The second version, reflected in thinkers like John Stuart Mill, sees believing and the search for truth as central to life, personhood, and democracy, and this understanding produces an orientation more congenial to the expression and consideration of belief, including religious convictions, in the schools. The essay then uses this distinction to comment on three papers that were presented in a conference at the UC Davis Law School on the First Amendment in the schools.
Chisholm, the Eleventh Amendment, and SovereignImmunity: On Alden's Return to Confederation Principles

Recently, the United State Supreme Court has been expanding the scope of the Eleventh Amendment immunity afforded to the states. Ironically, that expansion cannot be justified in light of the constitutional text, original intent, or even good public policy. Indeed, current Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence more accurately reflects the status of the states under the Articles of Confederation than under the Constitution, and the relationship between the state and federal governments currently favored by the Court is precisely what the Framers, including Madison, Marshall, and Hamilton, were rejecting when arguing for constitutional ratification.
On the Anomalous Freezing and Melting of Solvent Crystals in Swollen Gels of Natural Rubber

Abstract The anomalously large solvent freezing point depression, ΔTf, observed in crosslinked rubbers swollen in solvent has been a subject of study for over thirty years without clear resolution. While a sizeable ΔTf is accounted for by the lowering of the thermodynamic potential of solvent molecules in a polymer solution derived from the Flory theory, the additional ΔTf observed for crosslinked rubbers has been attributed to various physical effects such as restriction of solvent crystals to small size by the network mesh or difficulty in nucleation of the solvent crystals. In this paper, we identify two points of misunderstanding in the literature on this problem, and attempt to clarify the analysis of ΔTf for solvent swollen rubbers. The first point relates to the application of the Flory calculation to solvent freezing, where nucleation is a concern, rather than for solvent melting, for which it was intended. We present new calorimetric data on both the freezing and melting of solvent crystals in cr...
Conical sidewinding

Sidewinding is an efficient translation gait used by snakes and snake robots over flat ground, and resembles a helical tread moving over a core cylindrical geometry. Most sidewinding research has focused on straight-line translation of the snake, and less on steering capabilities. Here, we offer a new, geometrically intuitive method for steering this gait: Tapering the core cylinder into a cone, such that one end moves faster than the other, changing the heading of the robot as it drives forward. We present several design tools for working with this cone, along with experimental results on a physical robot turning at different rates.
Transformation in Bacilluscereus 569: A correction of strain designation

Abstract Recently Goldberg and Gwinn (1968) reported that the strain designated Bacillus cereus 569 reported by Felkner and Wyss (1964) was in fact Bacillus subtilis . We would like to substantiate the findings of this critique with observations made in our laboratory. First, it should be said that this culture was secured at Fort Detrick and was labelled B. cereus strain 569, Pollock. This strain had at least 2 characteristics which identified it as an atypical B. cereus . Goldschmidt and Felkner (unpublished data) made the observation that this strain was easily disrupted with egg white lysozyme at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml and/or 2% sodium lauryl sulfate. Since all other B. cereus .strains were insensitive to this treatment, McDonald, et al. (1963) had to use an alternate procedure to obtain DNA. In this report, it was shown that the Tm for B. cereus 569 was 85.45 C (which corresponds to 40.1% guanine + cytosine) whereas the mean value for all other B. cereus strains studied was 82.25 C (which corresponds to 32.2% guanine + cytosine). These values are in excellent agreement with those reported by Goldberg and Gwinn for “ B. cereus ” 569-S r and B. cereus NRRL B-569 ie, 85.5 C and 82.4 C respectively.
Fetal origins of adult hypertension: a renal mechanism?

It is well-recognized that the etiology of cardiovascular disease includes at least two components: a genetic component and a ‘lifestyle’ or environmental component. However, epidemiological evidence accumulating over the past decade has provided an increasingly strong case for the important involvement of a third component, that of environmental conditions during development (i.e. before birth), in contributing to an individual's overall cardiovascular risk. Factors in the prenatal environment to which a baby is exposed can cause permanent changes in the structure and function of specific tissues in the body. Although perhaps valuable in the short term in that they allow survival until birth, these changes are maladaptive in the long term because they predispose the individual to an array of adult diseases. Experimental data elucidating the possible physiological and morphological mechanisms by which this perinatal ‘programming’ for adult cardiovascular disease occurs are only just now becoming available. However, it appears that the renin-angiotensin system, and the important role it plays in renal development, may be central in setting the trajectory that leads to cardiovascular disease, and in particular hypertension.
A critical race theory approach to black American entrepreneurship

ABSTRACTIn recent years, a growing literature has suggested that self-employment is a viable means of solving economic problems for a wide range of groups who are subject to poverty, discrimination and other disadvantages. Yet African Americans have not developed an ethnic economy large enough to solve many of their economic problems. To explore the question, this paper reviews three of the most common explanations for black Americans’ low rates of entrepreneurship: the cultural/psychological perspective, the ethnic enterprise perspective and the critical race approach. While the first two are widely accepted, neither approach identifies black Americans as a racial group, instead defining them as a cultural or ethnic group. Accordingly, neither apprehends the full impact of racial inequality in limiting black Americans’ entrepreneurial opportunities. Following a discussion of race-based obstacles to entrepreneurship, the paper concludes that the critical race view provides the most convincing explanation ...
Cultivation and Differentiation of Embryonic Striatum-neural Stem Cells in Vitro

Aim:To explore cultivation,differentiation and identification of embryonic striatum-neural stem cells ( str NSCs). Methods: str NSCs were isolated from the striatum of embryonic E14 rat and proliferated and differentiated. Immunoflurenscence cytochemistry were used for identifying them. Results:The str NSCs isolated from embryonic striatum had the potential to form clones, express neuroepithelial stem cell protein and differentiate into mature neurons and astrocytes. Conclusion: str NSCs isolated from embryonic striatum have NSCs's common features such as self-renewal, proliferation and pluripotentiality.
A comparative study of curative effects of laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy

Objective To observe and compare the curative effects of laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Methods 80 patients with ectopic pregnancy who were admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to January 2013 were selected as subjects in the clinical study. All patients were randomly assigned into control group and experimental group, with 40 in each group. The control group received laparotomy clinically, while the experimental group received laparoscopic surgery clinically. The conditions during and after the surgery between the two groups were then observed and compared. Results According to the results of the clinical study, surgery time, bleeding during surgery, time of passage of gas after surgery, length of stay, and exercise time in experimental group were all better than those in control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusion According to the findings of the study, laparoscopic surgery for patients with ectopic pregnancy is effective, minimally invasive and fast in recovery, which is worthy of promotion and widespread application.