cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two dimensional many particle simulation of trapped ions

Abstract This work describes the implementation of the particle-in-cell simulation method with Monte-Carlo Langevin and hard sphere ion-neutral collisions in our two dimensional Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate system codes. The particle-in-cell method efficiently and accurately solves complex dynamics involving many interacting particles. In our case ‘many’ means simulation runs with thousands to tens of thousands of Coulombically interacting particles on a workstation. In addition, the image charge induced on the device electrodes, which is required for self-consistency in order to make the electrodes equipotentials, is incorporated with this method. For an azimuthally symmetric confinement geometry and charge distribution, results using the two dimensional cylindrical ( rz ) particle simulator are identical to full three-dimensional simulations, by symmetry. These codes are applied to a number of examples which are relevant to trapped ion mass spectrometry in order to demonstrate their utility. Computer experiments are carried out to study the maximum number of ions which can be confined and equilibrium cloud shapes in cylindrical ICR traps, ion cloud collisional cooling in a combined trap, merger of two off-axis charge columns, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in ring-shaped initial distributions, vortex crystallization, and image charge detection of coherent cyclotron motion.
alphaB-crystallin regulation of angiogenesis by modulation of VEGF

αB-crystallin is a chaperone belonging to the small heat shock protein family. Herein we show attenuation of intraocular angiogenesis in αB-crystallin knockout (αB-crystallin−/−) mice in 2 models of intraocular disease: oxygen-induced retinopathy and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA and hypoxia inducible factor-1α protein expression were induced during retinal angiogenesis, but VEGF-A protein expression remained low in αB-crystallin−/− retina versus wild-type mice, whereas VEGF-R2 expression was not affected. Both αB-crystallin and its phosphorylated serine59 formwere expressed, and immunoprecipitation revealed αB-crystallin binding to VEGF-A but not transforming growth factor-β in cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. αB-crystallin and VEGF-A are colocalized in the endoplasmic reticulum in RPE cells under chemical hypoxia. αB-crystallin−/− RPE showed low VEGF-A secretion under serum-starved conditions compared with wild-type cells. VEGF-A is polyubiquitinated in control and αB-crystallin siRNA treated RPE; however, mono-tetra ubiquitinated VEGF-A increases with αB-crystallin knockdown. Endothelial cell apoptosis in newly formed vessels was greater in αB-crystallin−/− than wild-type mice. Proteasomal inhibition in αB-crystallin−/− mice partially restores VEGF-A secretion and angiogenic phenotype in choroidal neovascularization. Our studies indicate an important role for αB-crystallin as a chaperone for VEGF-A in angiogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli tRNALeu3 gene

Abstract A 300-nucleotide sequence was determined which includes the tRNALeu3coding region and the flanking sequences.
Analysis of Burro series 40-m3 lng spill experiments

The U.S. Department of Energy sponsored a series of nine field experiments (Burro series) conducted jointly in 1980 by the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to determine the transport and dispersion of vapor from spills of liquefied natural gas (LNG) on water. The spill volume ranged from 24 to 39 m3, the spill rate from 11.3 to 18.4 m3/min, the wind speed from 1.8 to 9.1 m/s, and the atmospheric stability from unstable to slightly stable. An extensive array of instrumentation was deployed both upwind and downwind of the spill pond. Wind speed and direction, gas concentration, temperature, humidity, and heat flux from the ground were measured at different distances from the spill point and at different elevations relative to ground level. The wind and gas-concentration data were analyzed to further define the fluid dynamic and thermodynamic processes associated with the dispersion of the gas cloud. Data pertaining to differential boiling of LNG and observed rapid phase-transition explosions were also analyzed. The principal conclusions are summarized as follows: The turbulent processes in the lower atmospheric boundary layer dominated the transport and dispersion of gas for all experiments except Burro 8. Burro 8 was conducted under very low wind-speed conditions, and the gravity flow of the cold gas displaced the atmospheric flow, causing the wind speed within the cloud to drop essentially to zero. This has profound implications for hazard prediction from large accidental spills. High-frequency (3–5 Hz) gas-concentration measurements indicate that peak concentrations within the flammable limits are common with 10-s-average concentrations above 1%. This implies a larger flammable extent than averaged data or calculations would indicate. Differential boiloff of LNG was observed with resultant enrichment of ethane and propane in the cloud at later times. This ethane-enriched region propagates downwind and represents an additional hazard since it is more easily detonated than the methane-rich region. Energetic rapid phase transition (RPT) explosions, though not expected, did occur under at least two different circumstances during the Burro 6 and 9 tests. These explosions were large enough to damage the facility and raise questions about the coupling of the RPT-produced shock wave into the ethane-rich region of the cloud.
Shakespeare's Globe: theatre architecture and the performance of authenticity

As a cultural institution, Shakespeare's Globe is dedicated to the research and performance of Shakespeare's plays, with particular attention to the public playhouse in which Shakespeare was a shareholder: the 1599 Globe Theatre. With a replica of that playhouse and an exhibition and education centre known throughout the world, the Shakespeare's Globe complex introduces to the visitor dialogical narratives that are charged with meaning. This article investigates the ways in which Shakespeare's Globe “performs” its own notion of “authenticity” that is distinct from the artistic choices of the performances presented therein. Through a close examination of both the architecture and signs and symbols positioned throughout the site, this article locates the performance of authenticity within the realm of existing touristic theories, and presents an understanding of how the concept of performing “authentic” Shakespeare extends beyond both the page and the stage.
Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy in surgically unresectable regionally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

There have been increasing reports suggesting that combined treatment modality is superior to one modality approach in regard to median and 2-year survivals, and local control for patients with locally advanced unresectable (stage III) non-small cell lung cancer. However, there are five major issues to be discussed before the above conclusion will be drawn. First, the staging system for lung cancer is not perfect and extent of metastatic workup is controversial for patients with locally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. It is difficult to compare studies which have not mentioned the proportion of stage IIIA to stage IIIB nor completeness of staging workup. The second controversial area is selection of patients to be treated by combined modality. Third, definition of unresectability changes depending on the surgeon's aggressiveness, skills, experience, and back-up system, including other speciality groups and facilities as well as the patient's willingness and physical fitness. Fourth, optimal sequences of combined modalities are still under investigation. Finally, rates of toxicity of the combined modality need to be reported as well as efficacy of treatment.
Instrumental validation in capillary electrophoresis and checkpoints for method validation

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being used in regulated and testing environments which demand validation. The design, development and production of CE instrumentation should be governed by qualifications which ensure the quality of the finished product. The vendor should therefore provide guidelines and procedures which assist the user in ensuring the adequate operation of the instrumentation and especially in designing installation qualification (IQ) and operational qualification/ performance verification (OQ/PV) procedures. OQ/PV should test those functions of an instrument which directly affect the CE analysis, i.e. voltage, temperature, injection precision and detector function. In validation of CE methods care should be taken that those aspects which directly affect the precision of peak parameters are appreciated. The relationship between CE instrumentation, chemistry and validation parameters is discussed and guidelines are presented for definition of a CE method for submission to regulatory authorities.
The effect of noncontingent outcomes on extinction of the response-outcome association

The effect of noncontingent outcomes on an instrumental response-outcome (R-O) association was examined in four experiments using transfer tests. In each experiment, rats were first given instrumental discrimination training designed to establish different stimuli as signals (S+s) for different outcomes. Transfer responses were subjected to different treatments across the experiments and then tested with the S+s. In Experiments 1 and 2, two transfer responses were both initially trained with two contingent outcomes. Then, each transfer response was subjected either to the addition of noncontingent presentations of one of those outcomes (Experiment 1) or to the replacement of one of the contingent outcomes with noncontingent presentations of that outcome (Experiment 2). Transfer tests revealed no significant difference in the ability of an S+ to promote performance of a transfer response based on their shared association with either the contingent or the noncontingent outcome. These results suggest that a response reinforced with two outcomes remains equally well associated with both of those outcomes despite prolonged exposure to noncontingent presentations of one of those outcomes. In Experiments 3 and 4, the possibility that the noncontingent schedules of reinforcement used in Experiments 1 and 2 might be capable of establishing an association between a response and its noncontingent outcome was examined. Transfer responses were trained with one contingent outcome and a different noncontingent outcome. Performance of these transfer responses was augmented more by presentations of an S+ trained with the contingent outcome than with the noncontingent outcome. These results confirm previous reports that instrumental responses are sensitive to outcome contingencies in acquisition and that noncontingent outcome presentations do not weaken previously established R-O associations. Several explanations are considered for the failure of subsequent noncontingent presentations of an outcome to reduce the strength of its association with the instrumental response.
The initial development of a computerized operator support system

A computerized operator support system (COSS) is a collection of resilient software technologies to assist operators in monitoring overall nuclear power plant performance and making timely, informed decisions on appropriate control actions for the projected plant condition. The COSS provides rapid assessments, computations, and recommendations to reduce workload and augment operator judgment and decision-making during fast- moving, complex events. A prototype COSS for a chemical volume control system at a nuclear power plant has been developed in order to demonstrate the concept and provide a test bed for further research. The development process identified four underlying elements necessary for the prototype, which consist of a digital alarm system, computer-based procedures, piping and instrumentation diagram system representations, and a recommender module for mitigation actions. An operational prototype resides at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) using the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL). Several human-machine interface (HMI) considerations are identified and incorporated in the prototype during this initial round of development.
Imagery and physical practice in the acquisition of gross motor timing of coincidence by adolescents with mild mental retardation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of imagery practice in conjunction with physical practice on the performance of anticipating a coincidence (striking) by adolescents with mild me...
Midnight in Middle Earth: blockbusters and opening-night culture

Citing a need to consider more closely the temporality of both cinema as an industry and cinemagoing as a cultural practice, this article introduces and examines midnight blockbusters – a term which refers not only to the ‘blockbuster’ movie but also to the practices involved in promoting, distributing, exhibiting, attending, and viewing blockbusters at midnight premieres.
Pornographic Materials and Commodity Theory

In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (age restriction vs. no age restriction × sex of subject × pornography vs. nonpornography × pre-stimuli vs. post-stimuli test) factorial design, 40 males and 40 females received an experimental booklet containing either pornographic or nonpornographic pictures. Prior to seeing the pictures, half of the subjects of each sex were informed that the photographs came from magazines for adults only (21 years old and over), while the other half received no such information. Subjects were asked to rate the desirability of the pictures as well as their liking of and desire to read and purchase such materials prior to viewing and after viewing the pictures. The results indicated that (a) subjects who were not given age restriction information rated the yet unseen pictures more desirable than subjects who received age restriction information; (b) subjects who were given age restriction information rated the already seen pictures more desirable than subjects who received no age restriction information; (c) males rated pornographic pictures more favorably than did females; (d) subjects in the age restriction information condition expected the yet unseen pictures to be more pornographic than subjects in the no age restriction information condition; and (e) subjects, after seeing the stimuli, rated nonpornographic pictures more desirable than pornographic pictures. There was no support for the hypothesis that the effect of age restriction is an anticipatory phenomenon. The data in part supported and in part conflicted with Fromkin and Brock's (1973) proposition that imposing restrictions on the sale or purchase of pornographic materials will make these materials more attractive and desirable than they would be if there were no restrictions on them.
Relationship of self-effecacy to cholesterol lowering and dietary change in hyperlipidemia

This study examined whether self-efficacy was associated with lipid lowering and dietary change among men undergoing dietary counseling to lower cholesterol levels. Twenty-five hyperlipidemic men (total cholesterol ≧220 mg/dL) participated in four weeks of dietary instruction. Plasma lipids were measured prior to treatment, at posttreatment, and at three- and twelvemonth follow-up. Dietary intake and self-efficacy as measured by the revised Eating Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES-R) were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and three-month follow-up. Pre-treatment to posttreatment increases in self-efficacy in situations characterized by negative affect were related to extent of lipid lowering and dietary change. Although subjects showed significant reductions in cholesterol levels following treatment, by one year, lipid levels had returned to pretreatment values. Factors related to long-term maintenance of dietary change and lipid lowering among hyperlipidemics merit further research.
A comparison of laboratory data in perinatal transfers at Baystate Medical Center and transferring hospitals.

Abstract Objective: Perinatal transfers come to Baystate Medical Center (BMC), a tertiary hospital with level III nursery, for treatment of pregnancy-related complications such as preterm labor, PPROM, PIH, diabetes, and bleeding problems. We postulated that Baystate Medical Center, a teaching hospital, must repeat most of the laboratory tests ordered by the community hospitals transferring these pregnant patients. Methods: A comparison of laboratory tests ordered by the transferring hospital and Baystate Medical Center was done in a retrospective chart review. Among the 92 charts reviewed, 42 perinatal transfer patients with PTL and PPROM, excluding patients with diabetes, PIH, and other complications, were included in the study. Results: A significant difference (P Conclusion: In conclusion, there is limited redundancy in laboratory testing in perinatal transfer patients when they are transferred from one institution to the another. Diagnosis of PTL is difficult and a panel of laboratory tests have become standards in finding causes at BMC. Allowing the tertiary hospital to work up the perinatal transfer patients is an efficient way of allocating health care.
Employed men and women substance abusers: Job troubles and treatment outcomes

The majority of U.S. adults with substance abuse or dependence are gainfully employed. However, little is known about outcomes among stably employed people in treatment for substance dependence. Participants (N = 212) entering a residential treatment program completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) at intake and 6 and 12 months follow-up. Significant improvements were seen in absenteeism, number of employment problem days, and whether their job was in jeopardy 12 months later. Overall, 65% were retained by their original employer. ASI composite alcohol, drug, legal, family, and psychiatric scores also improved significantly. Continuous abstinence was achieved by 65% and 51% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Although less likely to be referred to treatment by their employer, women responded to treatment as well as men, reporting similar abstinence rates and overall quality of life during the year following discharge from treatment.
The function of the reference point in individual and group risk decision making

Abstract The function of the reference point was studied with individuals and groups deciding among bets. Prospect Theory ( Kahneman & Tversky, 1979 ) asserts that a psychological reference point is influenced by recent changes in one's current asset. Based on this notion, a person who has experienced losses recently was predicted to make riskier choices than a person who has not, but no systematic risk preference was expected for a person experiencing recent gains. Subjects' individual choices were generally consistent with these notions, although one of the key assumptions of the theory was violated. Assuming that a loss person will have a greater influence over a group decision, a group containing a loss member was anticipated to make riskier decisions than a group that does not. The results of three-person group decisions did not show this pattern; instead, the idiosyncratic risky preference of a loss member was found to be overridden by majority influence from nonloss members. Discussion focused on the implications of the loss member's idiosyncratic choice and of the robustness of social/normative factors relative to task/ individual factors.
Narrow linewidth operation in broad area laser diodes

We present a design that achieves single spectral mode, narrow linewidth operation in broad area diodes. To the best of our knowledge, for 980 nm devices reporting a linewidth of sub-1 MHz, the power of 0.5 W (linewidth of 350 kHz) is the highest obtained.
An algorithm for separable piecewise convex programming problems

We present a branch and bound algorithm to solve mathematical programming problems of the form: Find x =|(x1,…xn) to minimize Σϕi0(x1) subject to xϵG, l≦x≦L and Σϕi0(x1)≦0, j=1,…,m. With l=(l1,…,ln) and L=(L1,…,Ln), each ϕij is assumed to be lower aemicontinuous and piecewise convex on the finite interval [li.Li]. G is assumed to be a closed convex set. The algorithm solves a finite sequence of convex programming problems; these correspond to successive partitions of the set C={x|l ≦ x ≦L} on the bahis of the piecewise convexity of the problem functions ϕij. Computational considerations are discussed, and an illustrative example is presented.
A Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale for school-aged children: issues of reliability and validity.

The Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale (MSHS) was revised to assess sense of humor in school-aged children. One hundred sixteen children completed the modified MSHS. Chronbach alpha coefficients were .88 for the total scale and ranged from .78 to .85 for the subscales. Item to total MSHS score correlations ranged from .35 to .71. Concurrent validity was supported with a positive correlation between total MSHS score and children's rating of their degree of sense of humor (r = .42, P < .001). Although further testing is suggested, the modified MSHS can be used in clinical and research settings to assess a child's sense of humor and determine the appropriateness and effectiveness of using humor with children as they cope with childhood stressors.
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein disorders in IDDM.

Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism contributes to the increased risk of premature atherosclerosis in people with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes. Although hypertriglyceridemia is common in those with untreated IDDM, treatment with conventional insulin therapy usually restores fasting lipoprotein profiles to nondiabetic levels. Intensive insulin therapy improves glycemie control and lipoprotein concentrations, but does not ameliorate the changes in lipoprotein composition described in people with IDDM. Some of these persistent changes in lipoprotein composition have been attributed to peripheral hyperinsulinemia associated with s.c. insulin therapy. The recent availability of implantable insulin-infusion pumps for treatment of IDDM has allowed the study of the effect of i.p. insulin delivery on lipoprotein metabolism, i.p. insulin therapy is capable of maintaining near normal plasma glucose levels while reducing the peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Although results have been contradictory, studies of i.p. insulin therapy may eventually help to determine whether some of the observed changes in lipoprotein metabolism and composition in people with IDDM are due to the peripheral hyperinsulinemia associated with s.c. insulin therapy.
Counterflow diffusion flames of quasi-monodisperse electrostatic sprays

The structure of counterflow diffusion flames of quasi-monodisperse electrostatic sprays of heptane has been studied by measuring droplet size, velocity and gas-phase temperature in two flames characterized by the same overall equivalence ratio. The first flame was found to behave much like a purely gaseous diffusion flame, since droplets evaporate completely before directly interacting with the flame. In the second spray flame, whose strain rate, initial mean droplet size and relative velocity were respectively 43%, 30% and 200% larger than in the first one, droplets have sufficient momentum to penetrate the flame and continue to burn in an oxygen rich environment. The flame appearance is also dramatically different the two cases. The flow strain rate flame appears as a thin blue sheet, whereas the other flame exhibits an additional thick orange region on the oxidizer side, whose luminosity is presumably due to the presence of small soot particles. A comparison between temperature profiles shows that the flame with the higher strain rate has a substantially broader temperature profile, in contrast with the typical behavior of purely gaseous diffusion flames. Furthermore, even though the two flames have identical overall equivalence ratios and nearly equal adiabatic flame temperatures, the high strain rate flame has a peak temperature 240 K higher than the other. This finding can be explained in terms of N 2 dilution effects: droplets cross the blue flame and continue to burn stoichiometrically in an oxygen rich environment while the inert gas concentration progressively decreases. In the course of droplet evaporation, the size distribution, initially monodisperse, broadens because of size-dependent evaporation rate and residence time.
(Unlearned) lessons from John Graunt and Kenneth Rothman: A “CLASSic” example

This commentary reviews the work of John Graunt and Kenneth J. Rothman on statistical significance and the need for prespecification of study end points. The authors argue that it is dangerous to substitute oversimplifications based exclusively on whether a result has reached statistical significance for a rational process of causal inference. An example is given based on the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study.
Power, Profit and Prestige: The History of American Imperialist Expansion

Philip S. Golub London and New York: Pluto Press, 2011, 154 pp The fashionable question in international studies these days is to ask whether or not the United States is a hegemony in decline. Pred...
The conversion of D-xylose into volatile organic acids by rumen bacteria.

Abstract Labeled acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were produced from xylose-1-C 14 and xylose-2-C 14 by washed cell suspensions of rumen bacteria. Labeling patterns in these acids and in the acids produced from xylose in the presence of radioactive intermediates indicate that the fermentation of xylose by rumen bacteria occurs via transketolase, transaldolase, and the glycolysis reactions. Evidence was obtained for the “reduction” and the “fixation” routes for propionate formation from xylose by the rumen bacteria.
A PALAEOSTACHYA FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF KANSAS

UNTIL RECENTLY, most of our knowledge of the anatomy of the calamitean cone genus Palaeostachya Weiss (1876) was derived from studies of P. vera Seward (1898). Originally described by Williamson (1871, 1888) as Calamites pedunculatus, this species was later described in more detail by Hickling (1907). The last-named author observed the peculiar course of the sporangiophore traces which ascended almost to the middle of the internode, then bent abruptly backward and entered the axillary sporangiophore. Several subsequent authors (e.g., Janssen, 1939, fig. 73a; Arnold, 1947, pp. 149-150) have dealt with this particular feature as a generic character. In his original account of Palaeostachya, however, Weiss (1876) made no reference to the course of the trace, and merely stated that Palaeostachya differed from Calamostachys and other types of calamitean cones by having sporangiophores in an axillary position. This feature has been widely used by authors in assigning compressions lacking anatomical details to Palkeostachya (Weiss, 1876, 1884; Kidston, 1914, pl. Ix, fig. 3; pl. xi, fig. 1; Crookall, 1929, pl. xxv, fig. i, j; Janssen, 1939, fig. 75; Arnold, 1949, pl. xvi, fig. 2, 3; etc.). In all species of Palaeostachya where it is possible to observe the relationship of sporangiophores to bracts, there is no instance where a bract actually subtends a sporangiophore. Palaeostachya vera comes the closest to showing such a condition, but according to Hickling (1907) the bracts are approximately equal in number to the sporangiophores, but sometimes are more abundant. The concept of "axillary" as used by Weiss, Scott (1920, p. 54), Hirmer (1927, p. 405), Darrah (1939, p. 115), Arnold (1947, p. 149) , and undoubtedly others, simply referred to the fact that the sporangiophores arose from the cone axis at the base of the cup formed by the whorl of sterile bracts. Thus, in referring to the axillary insertion of sporangiophores in Palaeostachya, the author is merely using, a convenient term to describe the general position of sporangiophores on the cone axis. The well-preserved cone described by Baxter
The Pensacola Outpouring: Reviving the press

Abstract The Brownsville Revival, also known as the Pensacola Outpouring, is one of the longest-running locally based but internationally impacting movements in modern history purportedly inspired by the Holy Spirit. News coverage of it already has spanned more than fifteen years. This study looks to media literature on framing as well as research on journalistic portrayal of religion in formulating a coding scheme examining North American newspapers’ stories on the Pensacola Outpouring. The work finds mostly positive coverage, with the balance of sources and tones of leads and overall story being favorable toward this movement. Examination identifies one major frame and several secondary ones.
Geometry of Separation Boundaries: Systems with Reaction

Residue curves and residue curve maps have been extensively studied for over 100 years. Much of the literature in this field deals with systems that do not react. Chemical reactions can influence residue curve maps in some important ways. For example, it is known that reactions can lead to both the appearance and disappearance of stationary points (azeotropes), and that reactive azeotropes can exist even in systems that otherwise would be considered thermodynamically ideal. It follows that chemical reactions can influence the very existence of separation boundaries and, therefore, the design and synthesis of reactive separation processes. Lucia and Taylor (AIChE J. 2006, 52, 582) have shown that distillation boundaries in nonreacting ternary liquid mixtures can be defined as local maxima in the line integral from any unstable node to all reachable stable nodes. This paper shows how this geometric approach can be adapted for the rigorous determination of separation boundaries in reacting mixtures. Evidence...
Nanosensors for trace explosive detection

Selective and sensitive detection of explosives is very important in countering terrorist threats. Detecting trace explosives has become a very complex and expensive endeavor because of a number of factors, such as the wide variety of materials that can be used as explosives, the lack of easily detectable signatures, the vast number of avenues by which these weapons can be deployed, and the lack of inexpensive sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. High sensitivity and selectivity, combined with the ability to lower the deployment cost of sensors using mass production, is essential in winning the war on explosives-based terrorism. Nanosensors have the potential to satisfy all the requirements for an effective platform for the trace detection of explosives.
High performance computational kernels for selected segments of a p finite element code

A high performance implementation is presented for three kernel routines commonly found in element-byelement preconditioned conjugate gradient finite element codes. These routines include forming the element stiffness matrices and loading vectors, or in the case of a non-linear problem, element residual vectors; and routines for applying element matrix–vector products. The present study considers tensor product elements of arbitrary mapping in 2-D, although the generalization to triangular elements and serendipity elements is straightforward. The implementation presented is most appropriate for high p type finite element methods, where the element matrices are relatively large and dense. This results in a set of high performance kernels for superscalar architectures, which otherwise may be memory bandwidth limited. Performance studies are presented for a representative superscalar microprocessor, the Intel i860. As these types of microprocessors are at the heart of modern workstations as well as several parallel supercomputing systems, this work is relevant across a variety of platforms. The resulting kernels yield both high performance on a variety of sequential architectures as well as a high degree of code portability through the basic linear algebra subprograms mechanism.
Comparison of the Effect of Water Release on the Interaction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TATA Binding Protein (TBP) with “TATA Box” Sequences Composed of Adenosine or Inosine

The formation of sequence-specific complexes of TATA binding protein (TBP) with the minor groove of DNA results in the burial of large nonpolar surfaces and the exclusion of water from these interfaces. The release of water is thus expected to provide a significant entropic driving force for formation of the transcription-preinitiated complexes mediated by the binding of TBP to specific sequences. In this article are described equilibrium-binding studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TBP to 14 bp oligonucleotides bearing either the tightly bound and efficiently transcribed adenovirus major late promoter (TATAAAAG) or its inosine-substituted derivative (TITIIIIG) as a function of neutral osmolyte concentration. These two DNA sequences present the same pattern of minor groove hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors to the protein. TBP-DNA complex formation was monitored by steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements of the oligonucleotides end-labeled with fluorescein (donor) and TAMRA (acceptor). Correct interpretation of the results obtained with the inosine-substituted sequence required careful consideration of the optical properties of the dyes as a function of osmolyte concentration to demonstrate that the relative change in the end-to-end distances for TATAAAAG- and TITIIIIG-bearing oligonucleotides is the same upon TBP binding. Although the affinity of TBP is slightly greater for the adenosine compared with the inosine-substituted TATA sequence in the absence of osmolyte, the end-to-end distances of the bound DNA in complex with TBP, the enthalpic and electrostatic components of binding, are identical within experimental precision. However, ∼18 additional molecules of water are released upon TBP binding the TATAAAAG as compared with the TITIIIIG sequence resulting in an entropic advantage to the binding of the natural promoter sequence. These results are considered with regard to differences in the flexibility and hydration of the two DNA sequences.
SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons as anodes for lithium ion batteries with enhanced cycling stability

A nanocomposite material of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons has been developed. In this composite, the reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons are uniformly coated by nanosized SnO2 that formed a thin layer of SnO2 on the surface. When used as anodes in lithium ion batteries, the composite shows outstanding electrochemical performance with the high reversible discharge capacity of 1,027 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 165 cycles and 640 mAh/g at 3.0 A/g after 160 cycles with current rates varying from 0.1 to 3.0 A/g and no capacity decay after 600 cycles compared to the second cycle at a current density of 1.0 A/g. The high reversible capacity, good rate performance and excellent cycling stability of the composite are due to the synergistic combination of electrically conductive reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons and SnO2. The method developed here is practical for the large-scale development of anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The IL-10-producing competence of Th2 cells generated in vitro is IL-4 dependent.

Previous studies have suggested that activation of CD4 + T cells in the presence of IL-10 results in the generation of a population of T cells, T regulatory 1 (Tr1) cells, that primarily produce IL-10 and TGF-β, but not IL-4. The relationship between Tr1 cells and conventional Th2 cells remains unclear. We were not successful in our attempts to generate significant numbers of antigen-specific T cells that secreted IL-10, but not IL-4, by culture in the presence of IL-10. The small numbers of cells that produced IL-10 only were completely dependent on the presence of IL-4 for their generation. In a polyclonal model, the development of IL-10 only producers was completely dependent on the presence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. Studies with myelin basic protein-specific T cells derived from an IL-4-deficient mouse confirmed the absolute requirement for IL-4 for the generation of IL-10 producers under all culture conditions. These IL-10-producing Th2 cells failed to inhibit EAE in an adoptive transfer model and were pathogenic when transferred to immunodeficient mice. Collectively, our results raise doubts about the existence of a unique population of CD4 + regulatory T cells that can be generated by activation in the presence of IL-10.
A parsimonious statistical design and breeding procedure for evaluating and selecting desirable characteristics over environments

The concept of stability as described in the literature does not meet all of the desirable criteria required by growers of cultivars. Various types of possible responses are discussed, and these are divided into those desirable from a grower's viewpoint and those not. Measures of stability appearing in the literature are based on variances, linear regression slopes, and/or deviations from regression. The most desirable response type would be denoted as unstable by current concepts of stability. It is shown how to simulate environments that exceed the ranges found in practice. A statistical design is described which is the height of parsimony and has the advantage that the conditions varied are known. The experimental results can then be interpreted in light of the known conditions. The design is optimally cost effective in terms of funds, material, and personnel. A breeding procedure is presented for such characteristics as desired response, stability under current definitions, tolerance (to pests, cold, drought, etc.), protein, quality, fiber, etc.
Mr. Woodford and the challenge of finance

Once one recognizes that many prices (and wages) are fairly sticky over short time intervals, the arbitrariness of the path of nominal prices (in the sense of their under-determination by real factors alone) implies that the path of real activity and the associated path of equilibrium real interest rates are equally arbitrary. It is equally possible, from a logical standpoint, to imagine allowing the central bank to determine, by arbitrary fiat, the path of aggregate real activity, or the path of real interest rates, as it is to imagine allowing it to determine the path of nominal interest rates. In practice, it is easiest for central banks to exert relatively direct control over overnight nominal interest rates, and so they generally formulate their short-run objectives (their operating target) in terms of the effect that they seek to bring about in this variable rather than in one of the others.
Characterization of the collagen synthesized by endothelial cells in culture.

Abstract [14C]Proline and [14C]lysine were incorporated into collagen by cultures of endothelial cells derived from calf aortae. The isomer 3-hydroxy[14C]proline accounted for 10% of the total hydroxy[14C]proline in the collagen isolated from the medium. Approximately 81% of the hydroxy[14C]lysine isolated from the medium was glycosylated, and 91% of the glycosylated hydroxy[14C]lysine was in the form of the disaccharide glucosylgalactose. Gel filtration chromatography or acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the initially synthesized peptide chain of [14C]collagen had a molecular weight of about 135,000; after pepsin digestion this was converted to 115,000. The ratio of hydroxy[14C]proline to total [14C]proline x 100 in the pesin-resistant fraction was 59. When examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, the endothelial cultures stained positively with antiserum to (Type IV) collagen from basement membrane of bovine anterior lens capsule. The data indicate that cultured endothelial cells derived from calf aortae synthesize collagen that resembles that of basement membrane collagen.
The Effect of Dedicated Breast Surgeons on the Short-Term Outcomes in Breast Cancer

Objective:The impact of breast surgeons on short-term outcomes in breast cancer care was compared at a single institution.Summary Background Data:Many studies have demonstrated a correlation between high procedural volume and lower mortality in technically challenging procedures. Breast cancer treat
CFD-Based Design Optimization for Single Element Rocket Injector

To develop future Reusable Launch Vehicle concepts, we have conducted design optimization for a single element rocket injector, with overall goals of improving reliability and performance while reducing cost. Computational solutions based on the Navier-Stokes equations, finite rate chemistry, and the k-E turbulence closure are generated with design of experiment techniques, and the response surface method is employed as the optimization tool. The design considerations are guided by four design objectives motivated by the consideration in both performance and life, namely, the maximum temperature on the oxidizer post tip, the maximum temperature on the injector face, the adiabatic wall temperature, and the length of the combustion zone. Four design variables are selected, namely, H2 flow angle, H2 and O2 flow areas with fixed flow rates, and O2 post tip thickness. In addition to establishing optimum designs by varying emphasis on the individual objectives, better insight into the interplay between design variables and their impact on the design objectives is gained. The investigation indicates that improvement in performance or life comes at the cost of the other. Best compromise is obtained when improvements in both performance and life are given equal importance.
Information-rich commerce at a crossroads: business and technology adoption requirements

The day is approaching when most of our common transactions may be information-rich, but first an extensive supporting infrastructure must be developed in three areas: devices, networking, and trust.
Using Fyrite to monitor incubator carbon dioxide levels

Purpose The Fyrite analyzer (Bacharach, Incorporated) was evaluated to ascertain whether it would perform within the range specified by the manufacturer (±0.5%). Fyrite analyzer samples were compared to control samples obtained using an infrared CO2monitor (Ohmeda, Model Number 5200).
Pestiviral infection of llamas and alpacas

Abstract This review summarizes the literature pertaining to pestiviral infections of members of the camelid family. The exact nature of pestiviral infections, in particular bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is the subject of active investigation especially in llamas and alpacas. Earlier reports based on serology-detected pestiviral (BVDV) antibodies in members of the camelid group ranging from a low 4% to a high of 53%. These studies indicate that members of the camelid group are susceptible to infection and do seroconvert. Over the past decade, clinical reports have documented disease conditions in llamas, alpacas and more recently, camels. These conditions range from respiratory and enteric diseases to chronic wasting and in utero infections resulting in stillbirths, and abortion. The review brings together some thoughts on whether infections of the camelid group are due to interspecies transmission and/or the potential that members of this group have their own unique pestiviral infections.
Hypermethylation of the hTERT promoter inhibits the expression of telomerase activity in normal oral fibroblasts and senescent normal oral keratinocytes

Telomerase activity in human cells closely correlates with the expression of its catalytic subunit, telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Previously, we reported the lack of telomerase activity in normal human oral fibroblasts (NHOF) and the diminution of telomerase activity during senescence in normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of telomerase regulation in both cell types, we analysed the expression, promoter activity, and methylation status of the hTERT gene. The expression of hTERT mRNA diminished in senescent NHOK, but was not detected in NHOF at any stage of replication. An exogenous hTERT promoter was active in NHOF and in senescing NHOK, indicating that the lack of hTERT gene expression resulted from alteration of the endogenous hTERT promoter. Since methylation is involved in the silencing of numerous genes, we carried out DNA methylation assays. The assay revealed that the hTERT promoter was hypermethylated in NHOF and was gradually methylated during senescence in NHOK. Treatment of NHOF and senescent NHOK with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored the expression of endogenous hTERT mRNA. Our results suggest that hypermethylation of the hTERT promoter plays a critical role in the negative regulation of telomerase activity in normal human oral cells.
Belief in the paranormal and its association with irrational thinking controlled for context effects

Abstract A total of 814 students from two universities were given the Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS) and the Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI) under three different testing conditions in order to observe the possible effects of context (see Council, 1993) on the association between these two measures. In one condition students received the questionnaires together as components of the same study. In another condition students were given one of the questionnaires first, followed by the second questionnaire approximately 2 weeks apart. The questionnaires were administered by the same investigator as if they were part of two different research projects. Students in the third condition also received each of the questionnaires 2 weeks apart as if they were part of two different research projects, but each questionnaire was administered by a different investigator. Although correlation coefficients between the two measures became weaker as a function of context controls, regression analyses revealed no statistically significant effects of context. When data from all three context conditions were combined, PBS' subscales of traditional religious belief, superstition, and precognition correlated significantly with a global measure of irrational thinking.
The host specificity of monogenetic trematodes.

Abstract The host-parasite relations of the 75 species of Monogenea in the present collection and many more from the literature have been considered and the following conclusions reached: 1. 1. The species studied, and probably most other Monogenea, are highly host-specific. 2. 2. Two phases or levels, infraspecificity and supraspecificity, are evident in monogeneid host-specificity. 3. 3. Supraspecificity appears to present two facets, one phylogenetic, rigid supraspecificity and the other ecological, non-rigid supraspecificity, in basis. 4. 4. Host-specificity may be either physiological and genetic and/or ecological in basis but existing knowledge concerning the life-histories, physiology and ecology of the Monogenea must be greatly augmented before more extensive and definite conclusions can be made concerning the causes and significance of host-specificity in this group. 5. 5. The order Monogenea offers a sound base whence studies of the general phenomena of parasitism and host-specificity may be pursued. 6. 6. It is possible that additional knowledge of the host distribution patterns of ectoparasitic trematodes will throw light on the phylogeny and taxonomy of the hosts and vice versa .