cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential neural networks for biologically informed glioma segmentation

In the last five years, advances in processing power and computational efficiency in graphical processing units have catalyzed dozens of deep neural network segmentation algorithms for a variety of target tissues and malignancies. However, few of these algorithms preconfigure any biological context of their chosen segmentation tissues, instead relying on the neural network’s optimizer to develop such associations de novo. We present a novel method for applying deep neural networks to the problem of glioma tissue segmentation that takes into account the structured nature of gliomas – edematous tissue surrounding mutually-exclusive regions of enhancing and non-enhancing tumor. We trained separate deep neural networks with a 3D U-Net architecture in a tree structure to create segmentations for edema, non-enhancing tumor, and enhancing tumor regions. Specifically, training was configured such that the whole tumor region including edema was predicted first, and its output segmentation was fed as input into separate models to predict enhancing and non-enhancing tumor. We trained our model on publicly available pre- and post-contrast T1 images, T2 images, and FLAIR images, and validated our trained model on patient data from an ongoing clinical trial.
Social Media and Adolescent Health

Social media is used nearly ubiquitously by youth. Over the past decade, research has investigated ways in which social media may affect adolescent health both positively and negatively. We highlight five areas of work with newly emerging evidence in adolescent health: eating disorders, suicide, sexual health, substance use, and prevention. We also highlight new tools to promote safe social media use. Social media is a set of digital tools that influences adolescent health. By understanding current evidence around challenges and opportunities, we can leverage these tools to improve patient care.
Enhanced Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunity over Time with Combined Drug and Immunotherapy Treatment.

It is estimated that one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This astounding statistic, in combination with costly and lengthy treatment regimens make the development of therapeutic vaccines paramount for controlling the global burden of tuberculosis. Unlike prophylactic vaccination, therapeutic immunization relies on the natural pulmonary infection with Mtb as the mucosal prime that directs boost responses back to the lung. The purpose of this work was to determine the protection and safety profile over time following therapeutic administration of our lead Mtb vaccine candidate, ID93 with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE)), in combination with rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide (RHZ) drug treatment. We assessed the host inflammatory immune responses and lung pathology 7–22 weeks post infection, and determined the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment by enumeration of the bacterial load and survival in the SWR/J mouse model. We show that drug treatment alone, or with immunotherapy, tempered the inflammatory responses measured in brochoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma compared to untreated cohorts. RHZ combined with therapeutic immunizations significantly enhanced TH1-type cytokine responses in the lung over time, corresponding to decreased pulmonary pathology evidenced by a significant decrease in the percentage of lung lesions and destructive lung inflammation. These data suggest that bacterial burden assessment alone may miss important correlates of lung architecture that directly contribute to therapeutic vaccine efficacy in the preclinical mouse model. We also confirmed our previous finding that in combination with antibiotics therapeutic immunizations provide an additive survival advantage. Moreover, therapeutic immunizations with ID93/GLA-SE induced differential T cell immune responses over the course of infection that correlated with periods of enhanced bacterial control over that of drug treatment alone. Here we advance the immunotherapy model and investigate reliable correlates of protection and Mtb control.
An Essay on Quasitriangularity

Let L(H) denote the algebra of all (bounded linear) operators acting on a complex, separable, infinite dimensional Hilbert space H, and let \( \{ {{\text{e}}_{\text{j}}}\} _{{\text{j}} = 0}^\infty \) be an orthonormal basis (ONB) of H. Each operator T in L(H) admits a unique ∞×∞ matrix representation $$ {\text{T = }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{00}}}} \\ {{{\text{t}}_{{10}}}} \\ \end{array} } \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{{\text{n0}}}}}} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} {\text{ }}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{01}}}} \\ {{{\text{t}}_{{11}}}} \\ \end{array} } \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{{\text{n1}}}}}} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} {\text{ }}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {...} \\ {...} \\ \end{array} } \\ {} \\ {} \\ {} \\ \end{array} }\\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {...} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \\ {} \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} {\text{ }}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{0{\text{n}}}}}} \\ {{{\text{t}}_{{1{\text{n}}}}}} \\ \end{array} } \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{t}}_{{{\text{nn}}}}}} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} {\text{ }}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {...} \\ {...} \\ \end{array} } \\ {} \\ {} \\ {} \\ \end{array} } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {...} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \\ {} \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \right]{\text{ }}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{e}}_{0}}} \\ {{{\text{e}}_{1}}} \\ \end{array} } \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\text{e}}_{{\text{n}}}}} \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} . \\ . \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} $$ (in short, \( {\text{T}} = ({{\text{t}}_{\text{i}}}_{\text{j}}{\text{)}}_{{\text{i,j}} = 0}^\infty \)) with respect to this basis.
Faster genetic programming based on local gradient search of numeric leaf values

We examine the effectiveness of gradient search optimization of numeric leaf values for Genetic Programming. Genetic search for tree-like programs at the population level is complemented by the optimization of terminal values at the individual level. Local adaptation of individuals is made easier by algorithmic differentiation. We show how conventional random constants are tuned by gradient descent with minimal overhead. Several experiments with symbolic regression problems are performed to demonstrate the approach's effectiveness. Effects of local learning are clearly manifest in both improved approximation accuracy and selection changes when periods of local and global search are interleaved. Special attention is paid to the low overhead of the local gradient descent. Finally, the inductive bias of local learning is quantified.
Engineering Education Discourses on Underrepresentation: Why Problematization Matters*

Despite decades of research on and efforts to increase the low numbers of women in engineering in many parts of the world, underrepresentation persists. This paper analyzes recent engineering education scholarship to determine what reasons are given to explain why underrepresentation is a problem, in other words, how underrepresentation is problematized. Using discourse analysis as the theoretical lens, and drawing on prior research that employed similar methods and theoretical perspectives, this paper examines an international dataset of engineering education journal articles and conference proceedings from 1995–2008. Four categories of problematizations are identified and discussed in order to advance critical reflection that could be beneficial in moving forward discussions about underrepresentation.
Marketing Literature Review

This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature data base. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are review...
Overview of Experimental Studies of Plasma in Liquid Water at the University of Michigan and Progress towards a Practical Plasma Water Reactor

The interaction of plasmas with liquid water involves the complex interplay between both physical and chemical processes mediated by charged particles, fields and photons. These processes manifest themselves at the plasma liquid interface. Production and transport processes here remain still poor understood. Here, we review fundamental studies aimed at elucidating radical production and transport processes from the interface into the bulk solution. Radical transport is tracked using chemical probes The importance of plasma-driven circulation is discussed along side experimental data including schlieren and PIV measurements. Transport processes are particularly important for any practical plasma-based water reactor for purification. Here the primary technical challenge has been scale-up. Optimizing radical transport and maximizing plasma-liquid contact time is key to the realization of a practical device. Here we present two approaches to plasma-based water treatment using model organic contaminants to access performance. Prospects for future development are also discussed.
The Natural Law Theorist

Michael Hoffheimer has argued that the prevailing scholarly assumption that Holmes did not believe in natural law in any form was misguided. He claims that Ralph Waldo Emerson’s transcendentalism encompassed a kind of natural law that influenced Holmes, and that Holmes rejected only specific strands — rather than the entire field — of natural-law theory. “Notwithstanding his forceful criticism of natural law,” Hoffheimer submits, “Holmes retained an interest throughout his life in the champion of transcendentalism,” namely Emerson, whose exhilarating philosophy and lyrical prose anticipate elements of Holmes’s writing. This chapter investigates Holmes’s skepticism of natural law and explores the kind of natural law that he represents: a curious form of Emersonian transcendentalism. Although there is no name for this type of natural law, which, because of its inherent flux and fluidity, defies classification, it might be described as pragmatic in the sense in which that term refers to seminal features of an American literary tradition that includes Emerson, William and Henry James, George Santayana, Wallace Stevens, Gertrude Stein, and Robert Frost. Its transcendentalist premises involve radical subjectivity and individuality as necessary conditions for the spontaneous order that emerges through the superintending forces of nature. Figures as diverse as Harold Bloom, Richard Poirier, Louis Menand, Joan Richardson, and Jonathan Levin have examined this American literary tradition for its pragmatic qualities and effects. Situating Holmes’s transcendentalist rhetoric and affinities within this literary tradition illuminates the Emersonian characteristics of his oft-unnoticed natural-law tendencies. Standing against the derivative “over-influence” of scholarly consensus, this chapter heeds Emerson’s rousing imperative “never imitate” by striving for originality in the marriage of literary and legal scholarship to explore Holmes’s overlooked but subtle support for a certain paradigm of natural law. It also corrects growing misconceptions about the purportedly absolute divide between natural law and positive law that are the result of tendentious twentieth-century theorizing. Studying Holmes’s relationship to Emersonian transcendentalism reveals the embeddedness of normative principles and natural-law reasoning in the textual deposit of cases and customs.
Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2018 Recommendations for Cancer Prevention and Risk of Colorectal Cancer.

Background: The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) 2018 diet, nutrition, and physical activity recommendations aim to reduce cancer risk. We examined adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations and colorectal cancer risk in two prospective cohorts. Methods: We followed 68,977 women in the Nurses9 Health Study and 45,442 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 until 2012. We created cumulatively averaged WCRF/AICR scores using updated diet, adiposity, and physical activity data from questionnaires, and used Cox regression to estimate sex-specific HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident colorectal cancer. Results: We documented 2,449 colorectal cancer cases. Men in the highest quintile of the WCRF/AICR lifestyle score had a lower risk of colorectal cancer compared with those in the lowest quintile (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52–0.77). The result was weaker in women (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.72–1.02; Pheterogeneity by sex = 0.006). When analyzing the diet recommendations alone, we similarly observed stronger inverse associations in men (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61–0.90) compared with women (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.77–1.12; Pheterogeneity by sex = 0.06). In men, the lifestyle score was more strongly inversely associated with risk of distal colon cancer compared with proximal colon or rectal cancer (Pcommon effects = 0.03); we did not observe significant differences between anatomic locations in women. Conclusions: The 2018 WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations are associated with lower colorectal cancer risk in men, with weaker results in women. Impact: Consideration of adiposity and physical activity in conjunction with diet is important for colorectal cancer prevention.
Malignant and Benign Aortic Tumors

Aortic lesions are common and well known to the lay and medical profession. Malignant disease of the aorta is very rare, and few thoracic or vascular physicians have ever seen or treated a patient with either primary or secondary aortic malignancies. The lesions may be confusing in both their presentation and their diagnostic studies. The most common primary lesions are various types of sarcomas, and the usual metastatic tumors primarily arise as bronchopulmonary or esophageal carcinomas. Treatment, usually surgical, is primarily palliative, and the majority (90%) of afflicted patients are deceased from the disease within 3 years.
Impact of a Patient-Centered Behavioral Economics Intervention on Hypertension Control in a Highly Disadvantaged Population: a Randomized Trial.

Uncontrolled hypertension contributes to disparities in cardiovascular outcomes. Patient intervention strategies informed by behavioral economics and social psychology could improve blood pressure (BP) control in disadvantaged minority populations. To assess the impact on BP control of an intervention combining short-term financial incentives with promotion of intrinsic motivation among highly disadvantaged patients. Randomized controlled trial. Two hundred seven adults (98% African American or Latino) aged 18 or older with uncontrolled hypertension attending Federally Qualified Health Centers. Six-month intervention, combining financial incentives for measuring home BP, recording medication use, BP improvement, and achieving target BP values with counseling linking hypertension control efforts to participants’ personal reasons to stay healthy. Primary outcomes: percentage achieving systolic BP (SBP) < 140 mmHg, percentage achieving diastolic BP (DBP) < 90 mmHg, and changes in SBP and DBP, all after 6 months. Priority secondary outcomes were SBP < 140 mmHg, DBP < 90 mmHg, and BP change at 12 months, 6 months after the intervention ended. After 6 months, rates of achieving target BP values for intervention and control subjects respectively was 57.1% vs. 40.2% for SBP < 140 mmHg (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.53 (1.13–5.70)), 79.8% vs 70.1% for DBP < 90 mmHg (AOR 2.50 (0.84–7.44)), and 53.6% vs 40.2% for achieving both targets (AOR 2.04 (0.92–4.52)). However, at 12 months, the groups did not differ significantly in these 3 measures: 39.5% vs 35.0% for SBP (AOR 1.20 (0.51–2.83)), 68.4% vs 75.0% for DBP (AOR 0.70 (0.24–2.09)), and 35.5% vs 33.8% for both (AOR 1.03 (0.44–2.42)). Change in absolute SBP and DBP did not differ significantly between the groups at 6 or 12 months. Exploratory post hoc analysis revealed intervention benefit only occurred among individuals whose providers intensified their regimens, but not among those with intensification but no intervention. The intervention achieved short-term improvement in SBP control in a highly disadvantaged population. Despite attempts to enhance intrinsic motivation, the effect was not sustained after incentives were withdrawn. Future research should evaluate combined patient/provider strategies to enhance such interventions and sustain their benefit. NCT01402453; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01402453
Racial Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Women Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Abstract Background/purpose Women are underrepresented in cardiovascular clinical studies. Black women have a higher ischemic heart disease mortality risk than their white counterparts. However, there exist limited outcome data comparing black women and white women after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate for racial disparities in 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in women undergoing PCI. Methods/materials Within our PCI database, we identified 4776 female patients who underwent PCI between 2003 and 2016. Of those, 1916 were black and 2860 were white. Endpoints included MACE, death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and stent thrombosis (ST) at 30 days and 1 year. A proportional Cox hazard model analysis was performed to assess outcomes after adjustment for confounding factors. Results Black women presented at a younger age and had a significantly higher prevalence of risk factors. Periprocedural and in-hospital outcomes were similar in the 2 groups. At 30 days and 1 year, the rates of myocardial infarction, TVR and ST were significantly higher in black women. After adjustment for baseline differences, only ST appears to be more likely to occur in black women than in white women. Conclusions In this large cohort of women with coronary artery disease undergoing PCI, we observed racial disparities primarily in baseline characteristics indicative of need for interventions to achieve early diagnosis and better prevention in black women. Future directions should include efforts to identify and better characterize the factors underlying and contributing to cardiovascular outcomes in women after PCI. Summary In this real-world analysis from a large cohort of women with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention at a US tertiary-care center, racial disparities were observed, especially in baseline characteristics, indicating late presentation.
Right/Left Thoracoscopy/Thoracotomy, Resection of Pulmonary Nodule(s)

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for right/left thoracoscopy/thoracotomy, resection of pulmonary nodule(s) as performed by the following approaches: open thoracotomy and minimally invasive thoracoscopy. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record.
Rivalries, Bowl Eligibility, and Scheduling Effects in College Football:

This study analyzes how the importance of a game, or characteristics of the previous game, impacts college football games. The results show that rivalry games are harder to predict, and the strengt...
30.7 A Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter with −86dBm Freq µ ency-Hopping Back-Channel WRX and Over-the-Air Clock Recovery from a GFSK-Modulated BLE Packet

Wireless transceivers traditionally perform local-oscillator (LO) calibration using an external crystal oscillator (XTAL) that adds significant size and cost to a system. Removing the XTAL enables a true single-chip radio, but an alternate means for calibrating the LO is required. Integrated references like on-chip LC [1] or relaxation [2] oscillators are either high power or have PVT sensitivity too high for wireless standards. Multiple crystal-less radios address this challenge [3]–[6]. [3] replaces the XTAL with an FBAR resonator, which is still not fully integrated. [4]–[5] recover a reference clock from a received signal but take hundreds of milliseconds to lock and are thus highly susceptible to interference. [6] uses an open-loop LC oscillator to reduce power but has insufficient frequency accuracy for wireless standards.
“I have a little, little, little footprint on the world” and “I’m not political”: feelings of low self-efficacy and the effect of identity on environmental behaviour in educators

Environmental educators in both formal and informal settings work to develop students’ environmental literacy, with the goal of developing adult citizens who care about the environment and are know...
Spatio-temporal distribution of Green Sturgeon ( Acipenser medirostris ) and White Sturgeon ( A. transmontanus ) in the San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento River, California

Green Sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) and White Sturgeon (A. transmontanus) are closely related species inhabiting the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) and Sacramento River. Both spawn in the Sacramento River. White Sturgeon typically remain within SFE throughout their lives while subadult and adult Green Sturgeon make marine migrations. These broad-scale patterns are known. However, the reach-specific timing of spawning migrations is not, and little is known about seasonal movements of juveniles and subadults. We tagged 41 Green and 160 White Sturgeon with acoustic transmitters (2010–2012). Analyses also included 167 previously tagged sturgeon. Over 300 receivers deployed throughout the Sacramento River, SFE, and nearshore Pacific Coast detected movements. Adult Green Sturgeon moved quickly though SFE to their spawning reach, using the mainstem through the Delta. 5% of spawning Green Sturgeon remained on the spawning reach for over 300 days. White Sturgeon spent significantly less time in their spawning reach before exiting (32 ± 48.2 days vs. 197 ± 97.3 days) and instead selected northern Delta sloughs over the mainstem for pre-spawning migrations. Even at earlier life stages, Green Sturgeon had more marine distributions than White Sturgeon. Juveniles and subadults of both species moved between the San Francisco Bay and Delta throughout the year, but only White Sturgeon overwintered in the Delta. Additionally, we refine several life history parameters for sturgeon in California. We provide a comprehensive characterization of Green and White Sturgeon movements within the SFE and Sacramento River across life stages. These analyses will inform reach-specific management of each species.
Artificial Intelligence Trumps TAVI2-SCORE and CoreValve Score in Predicting 1-Year Mortality Post-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Abstract Background/purpose Machine learning has been used to predict procedural risk in patients undergoing various medical interventions and procedures. One-year mortality in patients after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has a wide range (from 8.5 to 24% in various studies). We sought to apply machine learning to determine predictors of one year mortality in patients undergoing TAVR. Methods/materials A retrospective study of 1055 patients who underwent TAVR (Jan 2014–June 2017) with one-year follow up was completed. Baseline demographics, clinical, electrocardiography (ECG), Computed Tomography (CT) and echocardiography data were abstracted. Variables with near zero variance or ≥50% missing data were excluded. The Gradient Boosting Machine learning (GBM) prediction model included 163 variables and was optimized using 5-fold cross-validation repeated 10-times. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) for the GBM model was calculated to predict one-year mortality post TAVR, and then compared to the TAVI2-SCORE and CoreValve score. Results Among 1055 TAVR patients (mean age 80.9 ± 7.9 years, 42% female), 14.02% died at one year. 78% had balloon expandable valves placed. Based on GBM, the ten most predictive variables for one-year survival were cardiac power index, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, INR, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, valve calcium score, serum creatinine, aortic annulus area, and albumin. The area under ROC to predict survival for the GBM model vs TAVI2-SCORE and CoreValve Score was 0.72 (95% CI 0.68–0.78) vs 0.56 (95%CI 0.51–0.62) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.47–0.59) respectively with p Conclusion The GBM model outperforms TAVI2-SCORE and CoreValve Score in predicting mortality one-year post TAVR.
Design Adjectives: A Framework for Interactive Model-Guided Exploration of Parameterized Design Spaces

Many digital design tasks require a user to set a large number of parameters. Gallery-based interfaces provide a way to quickly evaluate examples and explore the space of potential designs, but require systems to predict which designs from a high-dimensional space are the right ones to present to the user. In this paper we present the design adjectives framework for building parameterized design tools in high dimensional design spaces. The framework allows users to create and edit design adjectives, machine-learned models of user intent, to guide exploration through high-dimensional design spaces. We provide a domain-agnostic implementation of the design adjectives framework based on Gaussian process regression, which is able to rapidly learn user intent from only a few examples. Learning and sampling of the design adjective occurs at interactive rates, making the system suitable for iterative design workflows. We demonstrate use of the design adjectives framework to create design tools for three domains: materials, fonts, and particle systems. We evaluate these tools in a user study showing that participants were able to easily explore the design space and find designs that they liked, and in professional case studies that demonstrate the framework's ability to support professional design concepting workflows.
Multiple, comparative heat treatment and aging schedules for controlling the microstructures and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion fabricated AlSi10Mg alloy

Abstract In this investigation, the optimization of mechanical properties with thermal post-processing treatments was analyzed across a wide range of variants. A major aspect of additive manufacturing is the correlation between heat treatments and the effects on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the printed materials. Therefore, the present paper describes a comprehensive overview of post-process heat treatments for Laser Powder Bed Fusion fabricated AlSi10Mg alloy consisting of stress relief anneals at 190 C and 285 C for 2 h, hot isostatic pressing at 515 C for 3 h, hot isostatic pressing + T6 treatment for 6 h, and final aging of each of these conditions at 177 C for up to 1000 h. This has resulted in 40 experimental variants: 20 in the vertical and 20 in the horizontal tensile direction. After tensile testing, the resulting mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation) and stress–strain curves are analyzed for comparison between all variants. Ultra-fine cellular, micro dendritic structures (0.6–1.2 μm) along with melt-band structures dominated the asbuilt and stress relief anneal conditions. In contrast, hot isostatic pressing and hot isostatic pressing + T6 conditions were dominated by ~10 μm, equiaxed, recrystallized grain structures and pseudo-eutectic silicon particles with varying sizes and size distributions. Microhardness and fractography results also corresponded to their specific heat treatment and microstructure. The comparison and correlation of the heat treatments are presented to help advance the selection of design strategies for high performance applications.
Observing Two Reading Intervention Programs for Students with Dyslexia

This exploratory study examined the nature of instruction provided in two reading intervention programs designed for elementary-grade students with dyslexia (The Multisensory Teaching Approach and ...
How are U.S. Electric Utilities Responding to the Impact of Renewables? - Exploring an Integrative Approach to Ambidextrous Business Behavior in Hawaii

This study examines the effects of solar photovoltaics (PV) and the associated factors of technological innovation, and policy directives and tax incentives, on the U.S. electric utility market. The study also investigates the role of business model changes in response to the emergence of solar PV within investor-owned utility and electric cooperative organizations with Hawaii as illustrative of these changes. Hawaii can be used to examine how it is maintaining its core business while positioning for a changing and competitive environment. We draw on the theory of organizational ambidexterity (OA) to tackle the questions of how and why EUs are responding to these challenges. By building on contributions from Langley (1999), Weick (1995), and Maitlis (2005) a sensemaking strategy assessment is used to theory-build an integrative approach with Cameron’s (2006) Competing Values Framework and Richter’s (2011) EU business model to analyze and compare how EUs have adopted OA with solar PV between 2009 and 2014. This assessment generates a predictive and prescriptive tool that enables leaders to interpret how they have developed OA behaviors with solar energy with insights for next steps in responding to a changing, competitive environment.
Community-level nutrition interventions in Sri Lanka: a case study.

This study describes 3 nutrition intervention programs in Sri Lanka; Lanka Jathika Sarvodaya Samgamaya; Redd Barna the Norwegian Save the Children Program; and the US Save the Children fund. The Sarvodaya Shramadana Sangamaya is a private nonprofit organization that began in 1958 devoted to mobilizing voluntary labor for village reconstruction. It is now engaged in a series of development projects in over 2000 villages. One of its main objectives is to mobilize community resources for development. The childrens service now integrates pre-school nutrition and community health services. There are an estimated 86 day care centers. The main service available in these day care centers apart from physical care is the provision of nutrition. Pre-school nutrition programs are also administered. The program costs about Rs230/beneficiary per year. The International Council of Educational Development from the United States was invited to review the program. Recommendations are given. The Norwegian Save the Children (Redd Barna) program in Sri Lanka was started in 1974. Projects are of 2 types: 1) settlement projects; and 2) integrated community development projects which aim to improve the standard of living with particular attention to child welfare. The US Save the Children Fund (SCF) a private nonprofit voluntary organization began its 1st project in Sri Lanka in urban community development in a slum and squatter settlement within Colombo. It focused on housing but also includes other programs such as health and nutrition. These activities are carried out through a pediatric clinic a home visits register a nutritional status survey a supplementary feeding program nutrition education and a day care center. The approximate cost of the nutrition program would be Rs7700/month for an average of Rs13/month or Rs156/year/beneficiary.
Mechanical behavior of thin-film coating/substrate systems under nanoindentation

This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of thin-film coating/substrate systems under nanoindentation testing. Experimental results have demonstrated the different failure mechanisms of material systems consist of hard-coating on soft substrate and soft-coating on hard substrate. An analytical model using Hankel's transform method is introduced to examine the displacement and stress fields of a thin-film coating/substrate system with perfect interfacial bonding under an axisymmetrical compressive loading on the coating surface. The present analysis can account for the influence of the film thickness and the material properties of the substrate. This knowledge of the stress fields provides the basis of understanding of the failure mechanisms of thin-film coating/substrate systems. Finally, the influence of Poisson's ratios of the film and the substrate are discussed in detail.
Buena sangre y hábitos españoles: repensando a Alonso de Silva y Diego de Torres

This article explores the porous border between mestizos and indigenous people in the sixteenth-century New Kingdom of Granada by inquiring into how mestizo aspirants to Muisca cacicazgos presented themselves and were characterized by their adversaries in their negotiation of relationships with the Spanish Crown, local encomenderos, and their own subjects. The reflection focuses particularly on two men: don Alonso de Silva, cacique of Tibasosa and don Diego de Torres, cacique of Turmeque, both of whom were sons of women belonging to Muisca succession lines, but were raised in their Spanish paternal households, received an education befitting that of elite mestizos, and used their extensive command of legal literacy to achieve chiefly status. Their aspirations ran counter to those of other elite mestizos of the time, who sought social acceptance in the Spanish society of Santafe and Tunja. In contrast, these two consistently described themselves as privileged candidates for elite indigenous status by resorting to markers of Christian and Iberian identity.
Don't Do It Alone: A Community-Based, Collaborative Approach to Pro Bono

As discussions are taking place in every corner of the legal profession – the ABA, state bar associations, legal services programs, law firms, and law schools – about how to engage more lawyers in pro bono work, there is a growing call for innovative collaborative approaches to the delivery and expansion of pro bono legal service which may provide a more supportive and satisfying framework for lawyers, clients, and the community. Collaborative models seek to complement the traditional individualized one attorney-one case model, with an alternative model that forms strategic alliances among community-based organizations, law students and lawyers in order to leverage the resources of each partner. This article traces recent commentary on the need for expanded pro bono service, the barriers that prevent some lawyers from taking on pro bono matters and suggestions for overcoming those barriers. It then describes the development of the Pro Bono Collaborative, a three-way partnership model created by Roger Williams University School of Law in 2004, to expand service to low-income clients and communities, engage law firms in pro bono projects in community-based organizations, and educate law students about the ethic of pro bono service. This collaborative model highlights both the benefits and challenges of a collaborative model of pro bono legal service. This article was first presented at New York University School of Law’s Dwight D. Opperman Institute of Judicial Administration’s Research Conference on Access to Civil Justice: Empirical Perspectives, held on November 14 & 15, 2008. The article will be published in 23 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 323 (2010). It will also be published with the proceedings of the Research Conference on Access to Civil Justice at a later date.
Nationwide inpatient prevalence, predictors and outcomes of Alzheimer’s Disease among older adults in the United States, 2002–2012

In the inpatient setting, prevalence, predictors, and outcomes [mortality risk (MR), length of stay (LOS), and total charges (TC)] of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are largely unknown. We used data on older adults (60+ y) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2002-2012. AD prevalence was ∼3.12% in 2012 (total weighted discharges with AD ± standard error: 474, 410 ± 6,276). Co-morbidities prevailing more in AD inpatient admissions included depression (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.63-1.71, p < 0.001), fluid/electrolyte disorders (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.22-1.27, p < 0.001), weight loss (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.22-1.30, p < 0.001), and psychosis (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.47-2.71, p < 0.001), with mean total co-morbidities increasing over time. AD was linked to higher MR and longer LOS, but lower TC. TC rose in AD, while MR and LOS dropped markedly over time. In AD, co-morbidities predicting simultaneously higher MR, TC, and LOS (2012) included congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, coagulopathy, fluid/electrolyte disorders, metastatic cancer, paralysis, pulmonary circulatory disorders, and weight loss. In sum, co-morbidities and TC increased over time in AD, while MR and LOS dropped. Few co-morbidities predicted occurrence of AD or adverse outcomes in AD.
Ethanol production from halophyte Juncus maritimus using freezing and thawing biomass pretreatment

Juncus maritimus contains (41.5 ± 0.3)% cellulose and (31.34 ± 0.2)% hemicellulose on dry solid (DS) basis and has the potential to serve as a low cost feedstock for ethanol production. Dilute acid or freezing/thawing pretreatments and enzymatic sacchariﬁcation were evaluated for conversion of halophyte plant from J. maritimus cellulose and hemicelluloses to monomeric sugars. The maximum concentration of released glucose from J. maritimus (53.78 ± 3.24) g L−1) by Freezing/thawing pretreatment and enzymatic sacchariﬁcation (55 °C, pH 5.0 and 48 h) using CellicCTec2 from Novozymes and (49.14 ± 5.24) g L−1 obtained by dilute acid pretreatment. The maximum yield of ethanol from acid pretreated enzyme sacchariﬁed J. maritimus hydrolyzate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was (84.28 ± 5.11)% of the theoretical yield with a productivity of (0.88 ± 0.16)g L−1 h−1. It was (90.87 ± 1.94)% of the theoretical yield with a productivity of (1.04 ± 0.10) g L−1h−1 for freezing/thawing pretreated plant and enzymatic hydrolysis by CellicCTec2.
Composition modulated InAsSb superlattice induced by non-incorporating Bismuth

Abstract We report a new method for synthesizing a composition superlattice with molecular beam epitaxy. A repeated structure of InAs(1−x)Sb(x)/InAs(1−y)Sb(y) was induced by periodic cycling of a non-incorporating Bi-flux, while keeping the In-, As- and Sb-fluxes constant. The Bi acts as a virtual chemical valve. High-resolution X-ray diffraction demonstrated a modulation ratio of x/y=1:1.3. Composition broadening could not be detected within the experimental resolution. The Bi, despite not incorporating, also does not remain on the growing surface after the incoming Bi-flux is terminated.
Pulmonary resection for metastatic renal adenocarcinoma. Pathologic findings and therapeutic value

Forty-four cases of metastatic renal adenocarcinoma to the lung were studied to assess the efficacy of surgical management and to review the histological criteria for diagnosis. Our data support the role of surgical resection in patients with unilateral pulmonary metastasis. Adverse prognostic features include radiographically multiple lesions and involvement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes. A better survival was associated with extensive tumor necrosis. In patients presenting initially with pulmonary metastases, nephrectomy is indicated only when the metastases are unilateral. The various histological patterns of the neoplasm, and features helpful in differential diagnosis are discussed. An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is indicated for all patients presenting with clear cell tumors of the lung. In certain cases a renal arteriogram may be necessary to exclude the possibility of a renal primary.
Histologic evaluation of absorbable and non-absorbable barrier coated mesh secured to the peritoneum with fibrin sealant in a New Zealand white rabbit model

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the histologic response to fibrin sealant (FS) as an alternative fixation method for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.
Sea-lice infection models for fishes

As free-living sea-lice larvae are difficult to sample directly, lice abundances on fish have recently been used to study larvae in the water. In the KLV problem, juvenile wild salmon migrate past a salmon farm, and the change of infection with distance along the migration route is used to estimate larvae production from the farm. In the farm problem, time-varying infection of sea-cage fish is used to estimate the time-variation of free-living larvae in waters near the farm. Both inverse problems require good forward models for infection. In the farm problem, hosts are relatively large and lice pathogenesis is seldom mortal, whereas in the KLV problem hosts are small and lice-induced host mortality can affect lice abundance; thus, infection models for the farm problem are special cases of models for the KLV problem. Here I give an infection model for the KLV problem that explicitly includes lice clumping and host mortality, showing that Krkosek et al. (Proc R Soc B 272:689–696, 2005) (KLV) probably underestimated larvae production by the salmon farm, and further, that if lice development rates were known from laboratory data, lice abundance field data could be directly inverted for lice-induced host mortality during migration. If lice-induced host mortality is negligible, or if lice are Poisson distributed, infection models of arbitrary complexity reduce to Erlang models. I give two useful Erlang models with their solutions for non-zero initial conditions.
Children's Literature for the Learning Disabled.

Learning disabled (LD) children sometimes live in a lonely, isolated world, feeling somehow "different" from most people around them. Often their parents, siblings, and friends are in a similar quandry, wanting to understand what the learning disabled child is perceiving and feeling without quite knowing how. Although learning disabilities research and publication activities have increased in recent years, much of this material is not accessible to a lay audience. Therefore, the burden of translation is often added to the duties of teachers and other professionals. A chief goal of all literature, including children's literature, is to increase understanding of ourselves and our environment. At its best, literature allows us temporarily to escape our own world and participate in a new one. As a result, both readers and listeners gain insight into another life as well as a new perspective on their
Interpersonal attributional biases in hallucinatory-prone individuals.

Abstract Research in the area of auditory hallucinations has found that the occurrence of a hallucinatory experience is mediated, in part, by a bias towards making an external attribution for private events and experiences. The current study examined whether external attributional biases in hallucinators extend to their interpretation of social–cognitive interpersonal events. University students scoring high and low on the Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) were compared on self-report measures of locus-of-control (LOC) orientation, psychosis proneness and on the Phares [Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54 (1957) 339–342] “betting task” designed to encourage internal locus-of-control attributions. We predicted that high LSHS scorers would be less susceptible to a reinforcement paradigm designed to encourage internal locus-of-control judgments compared to low LSHS scorers. Consistent with our hypothesis, results revealed that hallucinatory predisposed individuals were less likely to show increased success expectancy following reinforcement and to decrease success expectancy following failure than were non-hallucinatory predisposed subjects. These findings suggest that hallucinatory-prone individuals not only make external attributions for private events and experiences, but are more likely to make external attributions to social–interpersonal events as well. We also found that subjects' severity of hallucinatory predisposition was significantly associated with their Chapman Magical Ideation and Perceptual Aberration scale scores. These results are consistent with past studies that suggest that hallucinatory subjects are more vulnerable to suggestion and support the notion that external loci of control over interpersonal experiences are associated with increased psychosis vulnerability.
Isolation of Nocardia from soil by a modified paraffin bait method.

retard the growth of some of the fungi. When isolation of N. asteroides from soil was attempted using the paraffin-bait method (3, 4, 6) there were always problems with bacterial and fungal contamination (5). The recovery of Nocardia spp. is very difficult because their growth is comparatively slower than other bacteria or fungi. The appearance of visible growth of bacteria on the paraffin takes place within 24 to 48 hr, whereas fungal colonization usually appears after a week or more of incubation. Two new media were devised to control the bacterial and fungal contaminants and to facilitate efficient recovery of N. asteroides and related groups of organisms from the soil. Seventy-two soil samples were studied for the presence of Nocardia spp. using the 2 new media along with the routine isolation media to compare their relative effectiveness.
Basic concepts of multidimensional space filters

The conventional electric network, consisting of linear or one-dimensional RLC (resistance-inductance-capacitance) elements, may be generalized by adding to it planar-, cubic-, etc., up to k-dimensional RLC elements. The resultant geometrical configuration of 0-, 1-, 2-? to k-dimensional spatial networks interconnected into one structure is called, in combinatorial topology, a ?polyhedron.? Its electric-network realization may be called a ?wave model.? The electromagnetic structure formed by interconnecting two or more wave models into one network, will be called a ?multidimensional space filter.? The latter is expected to be employed eventually for the theoretical and perhaps practical solution of such physical problems for which the conventional linear (one-dimensional) electric filter is used today, on a much more elaborate multidimensional scale, of course. A single polyhedron is expected to be used in the numerical solution of simpler multidimensional problems of the calculus of finite differences, having nonuniform space intervals.
Comparison of Experimental Data of the Effective Ion Mass in the Upper Ionosphere with a Theoretical Structure

Comparison of Experimental Data of the Effective Ion Mass in the Upper Ionosphere with a Theoretical Structure
The Effect of Refinancing Costs and Market Imperfections on the Optimal Call Strategy and the Pricing of Debt Contracts

This article, which was originally written in 1986, develops a methodology for valuing mortgage-backed securities with refinancing costs. We solve simultaneously for the valuation of the mortgage-backed security (loan) and the borrower's refinancing strategy, pricing all coupon levels simultaneously. Because the borrower may refinance his or her loan and incur costs at many times in the future, the optimal refinancing decisions arise from an optimal dynamic strategy that reflects the costs of all potential future refinancings. Though the borrower faces multiple rounds of refinancing costs, the market value of the loan cannot exceed the call price plus a single round of refinancing costs.