cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanically Flexible Photonic-Crystal Cavities on Strained-Germanium Nanomembranes

Photonic-crystal cavities compatible with the highly subwavelength thicknesses and flexibility requirements of mechanically-stressed Ge nanomembranes are developed and used to demonstrate a strong (20×) strain-induced light-emission efficiency enhancement.
Exchange rates in nineteenth‐century Brazil: An econometric model

This paper develops a model for the exchange rate in Brazil during the second half of the nineteenth century. The exchange rate discussion has a bearing in the sources of industrialization in Brazil. Two explanations stem from a primary export base. Whereas the ‘adverse shock argument’ links industrialization to unfavorable conditions in the external sector and exchange devaluations, the alternative approach views industrialization from the standpoint of the growth of income brought by the rise in exports. Those mechanisms are discussed. Also considered are the effects of monetary policy and the behavior of wages. The evidence shows that purchasing power parity is not enough to explain the exchange rate behavior, which clearly responded to coffee export revenues.
Parental influences predict adolescent smoking in the United States, 1989–1993

Abstract Purpose: To examine parental influences on two transitions in the adolescent smoking uptake process: from never having smoked to experimentation and from experimentation to established smoking. Methods: Using data from the longitudinal Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey of 1989–1993, we related perceived parental concern about their adolescents' future smoking, parental smoking status, problem-solving communication between parent and adolescent, demographics, and other factors at baseline to experimentation by follow-up among those who had never puffed on a cigarette ( n = 4149). We also related these factors at baseline to reaching a lifetime level of smoking of at least 100 cigarettes by follow up among those who had experimented but smoked n = 2684) in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Among never-smokers, baseline susceptibility to smoking and having male best friends who smoke predicted experimentation in the next 4 years. Among experimenters, susceptibility to smoking, having male or female best friends who smoked, and lack of parental concern about future smoking distinguished those who progressed to established smoking by follow-up. Furthermore, communicating with parents first about serious problems was protective against progression from experimentation to established smoking. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at reducing adolescent smoking should encourage cessation for parents who smoke and help parents communicate strong antismoking norms to children and adolescents and maintain strong lines of communication with them.
Redox processes controlling manganese fate and transport in a mountain stream.

The biogeochemical processes controlling the speciation and transport of manganese in a Colorado mountain stream were studied using a conservative tracer approach combined with laboratory experiments. The study stream, Lake Fork Creek, receives manganese-rich inflows from a wetland contaminated by acid mine drainage. A conservative tracer experiment was conducted on a 1300-m reach of the stream. Results indicate that manganese was progressively removed from the stream, resulting in a loss of 64 ± 17 μmol day-1 m-1. Laboratory experiments using streamwater, mine effluent, and rocks from the stream showed the importance of surface-catalyzed oxidation and photoreduction on the speciation of manganese. The field and modeling results indicate that light generally promotes oxidation and removal of manganese from the stream, presumably through a photosynthetically enhanced oxidation process. Differences in Mn speciation within the stream suggest that reductive processes affect Mn speciation within the water colu...
Structural studies of soluble guanylate cyclase

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO), which enhances GTP to cGMP conversion by sGC ~200-fold. The second messenger, cGMP, further modulates the activity of kinases and ion channels and ultimately induces smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. In cases of endothelial dysfunction, diminished NO production and insufficient output of the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway contribute to cardiovascular diseases, hepatic and renal failure, and impotence. Compounds that activate sGC (activators/stimulators) offer a promising strategy to treat these diseases. So far, the structural details underlying sGC activation by NO and/or activators are lacking. The x-ray structures of independent proteins homologous to sGC independent domains have been determined, but there is currently no information on how the different domains assemble and interact in full-length sGC. Furthermore, despite extensive studies, the exact mechanism by which NO and/or activator binding to sGC allosterically activates cGMP production, remains elusive. Our laboratory has initiated structural studies of sGC to identify the binding site(s) of sGC activators and to determine the mechanism for sGC activation. Here, we will present our latest results combining molecular biology, protein chemistry, x-ray crystallography, and small-angle x-ray scattering.
What is preferred about the preferred basis

I introduce and review the most recent and most promising model of state vector reduction, that of Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber, and Pearle. This model requires the specification of a reduction basis. At least two questions therefore arise: Are there physical reasons to choose one basis rather than another? Does the choice made lead to any undesirable consequences? I argue that there arephysical reasons to choose from a certain class of reduction bases (a class which includes the choice made by the authors mentioned above), and that such a choice does not lead to problems, contra an argument by Albert and Vaidman.
Using student-generated cases to teach accounting information systems

Abstract This paper discusses the potential advantages of integrating student-generated cases into the accounting information systems course. The benefits of the traditional case method are discussed, and the student-generated case technique is presented as a way of further fostering a creative learning environment, which promotes a deeper understanding of the course material than the traditional case method. Further, this paper discusses how the student-generated case method can help students develop their group interaction skills, as well as their oral and written communication skills.
Novel long-term cardiovascular effects of industrial noise

Baboon subjects were instrumented with indwelling arterial catheters for continuous measurement of blood pressure and heart rate before, during, and after exposure to industrial noise eight hours daily. Initial exposure to noise produced transient, acute elevations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates at noise onset, which habituated over the course of noise exposure. Chronic exposure to noise lowered blood pressure and heart rate not only during noise, but particularly after daily noise offset. Blood pressures returned toward baseline after noise exposure was terminated. Plasma catecholamines were also decreased during noise exposure. A control animal which received only masking noise did not demonstrate decreases in cardiovascular parameters. The possibility of classically conditioned associations of noise onset with feeding was discussed.
g- and h-representations for nonlinear maps

Abstract Input-output representation results are given for systems whose inputs and out-puts are real-valued functions on the whole real line R, the half line [0, ∞), or Rm. These results, which deal with noncausal as well as causal maps, considerably extend related previous results which concern causal maps defined on functions on the half line. The results address nonlinear systems whose input-output maps meet certain continuity conditions. They establish the existence of integral representations, which we call “g-representations.” These concern system responses to bounded inputs. Additional conditions are given under which a nonlinear map has an integral representation, called an “h-representation,” for which the integrands have a natural interpretation in terms of impulse responses. These results provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse response concept, and they extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps.
CCAAT/Enhancer binding proteins repress the leukemic phenotype of acute myeloid leukemia

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation. These factors, particularly C/EBPα and C/EBPe, have important roles in normal myelopoiesis. In addition, loss of C/EBP activity appears to have a role in the pathogenesis of myeloid disorders including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of AML in which a role for C/EBPs has been postulated. In almost all cases of APL, a promyelocytic leukemia–retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARα) fusion protein is expressed as a result of a t(15;17)(q22;q12) chromosomal translocation. PML-RARα inhibits expression of C/EBPe, whereas all- trans retinoic acid (tRA), a differentiating agent to which APL is particularly susceptible, induces C/EBPe expression. PML-RARα may also inhibit C/EBPα activity. Thus, the effects of PML-RARα on C/EBPs may contribute to both the development of leukemia and the unique sensitivity of APL to tRA. We tested the hypothesis that increasing the activity of C/EBPs would revert the leukemic phenotype. C/EBPα and C/EBPe were introduced into the FDC-P1 myeloid cell line and into leukemic cells from PML-RARA transgenic mice. C/EBP factors suppressed growth and induced partial differentiation in vitro. In vivo, enhanced expression of C/EBPs prolonged survival. By using a tamoxifen-responsive version of C/EBPe, we observed that C/EBPe could mimic the effect of tRA, driving neutrophilic differentiation in leukemic animals. Our results support the hypothesis that induction of C/EBP activity is a critical effect of tRA in APL. Furthermore, our findings suggest that targeted modulation of C/EBP activities could provide a new approach to therapy of AML.
Electrochemical behavior of a composite of polyimide and polypyrrole

Conducting composites composed of polypyrrole (PPy) and polyimide (PI) have been successfully synthesized by electrochemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in a PI matrix. The PPy–PI composite has higher permeability to ions than a PPy–poly(amic acid) composite. The charge storage ability of the PPy–PI composite was found to be higher than those for PPy film and for a PPy–poly(amic acid) composite containing the same amount of PPy. This behavior may be due to the intrinsic electroactivity of the PI matrix and the high permeability of PI to ions during the electrochemical process. This makes composites containing conducting polymer as a filler and PI as a matrix to be a promising candidate for charge storage devices application.
Immunoreactive fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in rat tissues: Molecular weight forms and the effects of hypophysectomy

Abstract Rat tissues were extracted at neutral pH with dilute (0.15 M) ammonium sulfate and examined for presence of fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity (ir-FGF). Ir-FGF was found in substantial amounts in all the tissues but higher amounts were found in liver and kidney. Gel filtration column chromatography showed the presence of three molecular weight peaks of ir-FGF, one associated with the void volume (the major form in kidney extract), another with an apparent molecular weight of 150–180,000 Da (the major form in serum) and a third one of 70,000 Da (the major form in the other tissues examined: pituitary, brain, liver, spleen and thymus). No immunoreactivity coeluted with authentic FGF purified from bovine pituitary glands, suggesting that FGF is present in neutral extracts in association with binding molecules and/or precursors. Hypophysectomy had no major effect on ir-FGF in the tissues, but increased its amount in serum. The results establish a wide distribution of FGF in several embryologically, morphologically and developmentally distinct tissues and indicate that the pituitary is not the major source of FGF immunoreactivity, although it can be involved in the regulation of plasma levels.
Comparison of West African and Congo Basin Monkeypox Viruses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice

Although monkeypox virus (MPXV) studies in wild rodents and non-human primates have generated important knowledge regarding MPXV pathogenesis and inferences about disease transmission, it might be easier to dissect the importance of virulence factors and correlates of protection to MPXV in an inbred mouse model. Herein, we compared the two clades of MPXV via two routes of infection in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mice strains. Our studies show that similar to previous animal studies, the Congo Basin strain of MPXV was more virulent than West African MPXV in both mouse strains as evidenced by clinical signs. Although animals did not develop lesions as seen in human MPX infections, localized signs were apparent with the foot pad route of inoculation, primarily in the form of edema at the site of inoculation; while the Congo Basin intranasal route of infection led to generalized symptoms, primarily weight loss. We have determined that future studies with MPXV and laboratory mice would be very beneficial in understanding the pathogenesis of MPXV, in particular if used in in vivo imaging studies. Although this mouse model may not suffice as a model of human MPX disease, with an appropriate inbred mouse model, we can unravel many unknown aspects of MPX pathogenesis, including virulence factors, disease progression in rodent hosts, and viral shedding from infected animals. In addition, such a model can be utilized to test antivirals and the next generation of orthopoxvirus vaccines for their ability to alter the course of disease.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) induces Homer 1a and zif 268 expression in specific corticostriatal circuits

Corticostriatal circuits participate in limbic, attentional, motor and other networks, and are implicated in psychostimulant addiction. The psychostimulant methylphenidate is used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and for recreational purposes. Recent studies indicate that methylphenidate alters gene expression in striatal neurons. We investigated whether methylphenidate affects gene regulation in specific corticostriatal circuits, by comparing drug-induced molecular changes in different functional domains of the striatum with changes in their cortical input regions. In order to assess the potential functional significance of methylphenidate-induced molecular changes, we examined members of two different classes of plasticity-related molecules, the transcription factor zif 268 and the synaptic plasticity factor Homer 1a. Acute methylphenidate administration in adult rats increased the expression of Homer 1a and zif 268 in both cortex and striatum in a dose-dependent and regionally selective manner. These changes in gene expression occurred after doses of 2 mg/kg (i.p.) and higher, and were highly correlated between cortical regions and their striatal targets. In the cortex, increases were maximal in the medial agranular (premotor) and cingulate cortex, followed by motor and somatosensory cortex, and were minimal in the insular cortex. Correspondingly, in the striatum, increases were most robust in sensorimotor sectors that receive medial agranular input, and were weaker or absent in ventral sectors. The methylphenidate-induced increases in cortical Homer 1a and zif 268 expression were also correlated with increases in striatal substance P and dynorphin expression (direct pathway). Overall, the regional distribution of methylphenidate-induced molecular changes in the striatum was similar to that of changes induced by psychostimulants such as cocaine. These findings demonstrate that methylphenidate affects transcription and synaptic plasticity regulatory proteins in specific corticostriatal circuits, including those implicated in attentional functions and psychostimulant addiction. Such methylphenidate-induced gene regulation may contribute to the therapeutic effects and/or abuse liability of this psychostimulant.
On the Hazards of Whistleblowers and on Some Problems of Young Biomedical Scientists in our Time

This paper examines two different, but closely related, classes of problems. The first part deals with whistleblowers, and the difficulties and dangers that they have often faced, although their actions, in the rare cases where they become necessary, are indispensable for the maintenance of honest science. The problems are illustrated by discussion of several specific cases from 1960 to 1990.
Of Snakes and Circles: Making Sense of Classroom Group Processes through a Case Study

(1982). Of Snakes and Circles: Making Sense of Classroom Group Processes through a Case Study. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 161-189.
Generalized optimal designs and contingency plans in linear systems

Abstract To select an optimal linear design means to select the best subset from a set of possible products or opportunities for commitment and to construct the corresponding optimal contingency plans for coping with the changes of decision parameters. Based on Lee, Shi and Yu, this paper discusses a method for generating generalized good designs from known potentially good designs. We describe how to use the multi-criteria and multi-constraint-level (MC 2 ) simplex method to identify the generalized optimal designs and their related optimal contingency plans. A procedure for effectively and systematically solving the problem of selecting linear designs is proposed.
Thermoeconomic isolation and essergy analysis

Abstract Any thermal system component may be regarded as “thermoeconomically isolated” from other system compondnts when its economic interactions are completely described by a set of single numerical values of stable Lagrange multipliers for each interaction. Thermoeconomic isolation in this sense is a necessary and sufficient condition in optimizing a component by itself, without determining the resulting economic impact on the rest of the system yet still allowing overall optimization of the system as a whole. For any multicomponent system with variable energy values, it appears that thermoeconomic isolation of each component can be achieved only by expressing interactions in terms of the quantity “essergy”, or ess ential, useful en ergy . Abbreviated examples of essergy analysis and optimization are given for feedwater heaters and condensers in power plants and evaporators and condensers in refrigeration systems.
Blocking versus cytotoxic antibody in HL-A- and mixed lymphocyte culture-identical and nonidentical human renal transplant recipients.

Blocking antibody directed against donor responding cells has been found to develop in HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical donor-recipient combinations after renal transplantation in which splenectomy was not performed. Cytotoxic antibody associated with rejection episodes and detected only by the discriminatory mixed lymphocyte culture developed in other HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical combinations as well. It disappeared as blocking antibody appeared and the post-transplant course became uneventful. In addition, both cytotoxic and blocking activity were shown to develop and coexist in a patient who received two successive renal transplants: cytotoxic against donor 1 (kidney rejected), and blocking against donor 2 (kidney accepted). These findings are taken to be strong evidence in favor of qualitatively demonstrable separate antibody molecules dealing with two separate functions, i.e., cytotoxicity versus enhancement or immunoregulation.
Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus Persists in Pig Myocardium and Infects Human Myocardial Cells

Recent advances toward using pig tissues in human transplantation have made it necessary to determine the risk of transmitting zoonotic viruses from pigs to humans or vice versa. We investigated the suitability of the porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) model for such studies by determining its ability to persist in pigs, escape detection by routine serological methods, and infect human cells. Intraperitoneal inoculation of 5-week-old pigs with EMCV-30, a strain isolated from commercial pigs, resulted in acute cellular degeneration, infiltration of lymphocytes, and apoptosis in myocardium in 13 of 15 (86.7%) pigs during the acute phase of disease (3 to 21 days postinfection), followed by less-severe lymphocytic infiltration and apoptosis in 5 of 10 (50%) pigs during the chronic phase of the disease (day 45 to 90 postinfection). In the brain, lymphocytic infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and gliosis were observed in 26 to 33% of pigs in the acute phase of disease whereas perivascular cuffing was the predominant feature during chronic disease. EMCV antigens and RNA were demonstrated in the myocardium and brain during the chronic phase of disease. Analysis of 100 commercial pigs that were negative for EMCV antibodies identified two pig hearts positive for EMCV RNA. Porcine EMCV productively infected primary human cardiomyocytes as demonstrated by immunostaining using a monoclonal antibody specific for EMCV RNA polymerase, which is expressed only in productively infected cells, and by a one-step growth curve that showed production of 100 to 1,000 PFU of virus per cell within 6 h. The findings that porcine EMCV can persist in pig myocardium and can infect human myocardial cells make it an important infectious agent to screen for in pig-to-human cardiac transplants and a good model for xenozoonosis.
Pulmonary venous wedge pressures accurately predict pulmonary arterial pressures in children with single ventricle physiology.

We investigated the relationship between pulmonary venous wedge and pulmonary arterial pressures in patients with single ventricle physiology. This relationship has been studied in other cardiac conditions but not in this unique group of patients. We made 60 paired measurements from one or both lungs in 40 patients, and divided the patients into three groups. Group 1 consisted of patients whose pulmonary blood supply was via an aortopulmonary shunt (n = 14), group 2 included patients with a bidirectional Glenn anastomosis (n = 20), and group 3 included patients with a pulmonary arterial band (n = 6). Venous wedge pressure estimated arterial pressure within 3 mmHg in 59 of 60 paired measurements. Plots of the difference between pulmonary artery and pulmonary venous wedge pressures versus the mean showed excellent correlation, with a mean difference of approximately 1 for group 1 (mean difference, −0.15 ± 1.3 mmHg) and group 2 (mean difference, 0.52 ± 1.12 mmHg). The relationship was poor in group 3 (mean difference, −2.00 ± 4.80 mmHg) but was much better with the exclusion of the one outlying patient in whom pulmonary venous wedge pressure significantly overestimated pulmonary arterial pressure (mean difference, −0.33 ± 2.07 mmHg). We conclude that pulmonary venous wedge pressure accurately estimates pulmonary arterial pressure in patients palliated for single ventricle physiology, but care must be taken in patients with a pulmonary arterial band.
An attack on the proactive RSA signature scheme in the URSA ad hoc network access control protocol

Recently, Luo, et al. in a series of papers [17, 14, 13, 18, 15] proposed a set of protocols for providing ubiquitous and robust access control [URSA] in mobile ad hoc networks without relying on a centralized authority. The URSA protocol relies on the new proactive RSA signature scheme, which allows members in an ad hoc group to make access control decisions in a distributed manner. The proposed proactive RSA signature scheme is assumed secure as long as no more than an allowed threshold of participating members is simultaneously corrupted at any point in the lifetime of the scheme.In this paper we show an attack on this proposed proactive RSA scheme, in which an admissible threshold of malicious group members can completely recover the group RSA secret key in the course of the lifetime of this scheme. Our attack stems from the fact that the threshold signature protocol which is a part of this proactive RSA scheme leaks some seemingly innocuous information about the secret signature key. We show how the corrupted members can in uence the execution of the scheme in such a way so that the slowly leaked information is used to reconstruct the entire shared secret.
High accuracy and precision isotope dilution mass spectrometry: An application to the determination of Mo in seawater

Two isotope dilution calibration approaches, a standard two-step and a curve method, were examined in an effort to achieve highest accuracy and precision for determination of Mo in seawater. On-line matrix separation using immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline permitted transient measurements to be made by both sector field sequential (SF-ICP-MS) and multicollector (MC-ICP-MS) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of 9.42 ± 0.22 and 9.396 ± 0.053 ng g−1Mo (U, 95% confidence interval, k = 3.18, n = 4) were obtained in NASS-5 seawater using the standard two-step ID method with SF-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively, in good agreement with the certified value of 9.4 ± 1.0 ng g−1 (U, 95% confidence interval, k = 2; concentration converted from ng ml−1 to ng g−1). A 4-fold enhancement in the precision of determination was evident using MC-ICP-MS. Performance of the standard two-step ID and the ID curve method was also compared following an off-line column separation which permitted steady-state solution nebulization with MC-ICP-MS detection. Undertaking mass bias drift correction during a measurement sequence generated identical concentrations of 9.383 ± 0.016 and 9.383 ± 0.014 ng g−1Mo (U, 95% confidence interval, k = 3.18, n = 4) in NASS-5 using the two-step ID and the ID curve method, respectively, despite significant blank correction arising from the off-line column separation which amounted to 4–5% of the total Mo in the sample. Although the ID curve method uses an additional set of reverse ID calibration solutions, it benefits from the advantages of not needing to employ a certified isotopic reference material for mass bias correction or to know isotope abundances of the analyte in the sample, the standard or the enriched spike. An analysis of the sources of uncertainty suggests that the contribution from determination of the ratio is no longer dominant. Further improvements below 0.1% could be achieved by optimizing other sources of uncertainties, such as increasing the masses of enriched spike and natural abundance Mo standard solutions as well as the mass of high purity Mo standard used for its preparation, assuming similar measurement precision for the ratios and the same number of replicate samples measured.
Sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in milk

In recent years, many different water sources and foods have been reported to contain perchlorate. Studies indicate that significant levels of perchlorate are present in both human and dairy milk. The determination of perchlorate in milk is particularly important due to its potential health impact on infants and children. As for many other biological samples, sample preparation is more time consuming than the analysis itself. The concurrent presence of large amounts of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, etc., demands some initial cleanup; otherwise the separation column lifetime and the limit of detection are both greatly compromised. Reported milk processing methods require the addition of chemicals such as ethanol, acetic acid or acetonitrile. Reagent addition is undesirable in trace analysis. We report here an essentially reagent-free sample preparation method for the determination of perchlorate in milk. Milk samples are spiked with isotopically labeled perchlorate and centrifuged to remove lipids. The resulting liquid is placed in a disposable centrifugal ultrafilter device with a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kDa, and centrifuged. Approximately 5-10 ml of clear liquid, ready for analysis, is obtained from a 20 ml milk sample. Both bovine and human milk samples have been successfully processed and analyzed by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC-MS). Standard addition experiments show good recoveries. The repeatability of the analytical result for the same sample in multiple sample cleanup runs ranged from 3 to 6% R.S.D. This processing technique has also been successfully applied for the determination of iodide and thiocyanate in milk.
CRITICAL POINT THEORY WITH WEAK-TO-WEAK LINKING

We discuss a critical point theorem based on the linking of two sets. We consider the situation in which neither set is contained in a finite-dimensional manifold. In order to do so, we require the derivative of the functional to have weak-to-weak continuity. An application is given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Speeda: adaptive speed-up for lecture videos

Increasing the playback speed of lecture videos is a common technique to shorten watching time. This creates challenges when part of the lecture becomes too fast to be discernible, even if the overall playback speed is acceptable. In this paper, we present a speed-up system that preserves lecture clearness in high playback rate. A user test was conducted to evaluate the system. The result indicates that our system significantly improves user's comprehension level.
Catalytic partial oxidation of n-tetradecane in the presence of sulfur or polynuclear aromatics: Effects of support and metal

Abstract Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of liquid fuels is an attractive option for producing a hydrogen-rich gas stream for fuel cell applications. However, the high-sulfur and aromatic content present in these fuels increases the propensity towards deactivation of noble metal-based catalysts used in this reaction. The relationship between catalyst supports and deactivation has been studied here for three catalysts (Rh/Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x , Pt/Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x and Pt/Al 2 O 3 ) in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor using various mixtures of n -tetradecane with 1-methylnaphthalene or dibenzothiophene to simulate logistic fuels. Carbon deposition during CPOX reforming was shown to be directly related to the concentration of unsaturated products formed. Unsaturates (olefins + aromatics), which are known coke precursors, were observed on both platinum catalysts during CPOX of n -tetradecane with no sulfur (particularly from Pt/Al 2 O 3 ), but not on Rh/Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x . For the Rh/Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x , yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide dropped to a stationary level after the introduction of sulfur-containing feed (1000 ppm sulfur) or aromatic-containing feed (5 wt%), however, the catalyst activity was restored after removing the sulfur or aromatics from the feed. For the platinum catalysts, hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields dropped continuously over time in the presence of sulfur or aromatics in feed. The superior performance of Rh/Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x can be attributed to the higher oxygen-ion conductivity of the Ce 0.56 Zr 0.44 O 2− x support as well as the higher activity of rhodium compared to platinum.
Neurons and Behavior: Ex Uno, Plures

Li et al. demonstrate that a single interneuron can regulate analog- and digital-like behaviors guided by two different postsynaptic neurons. Releasing a single neurotransmitter onto downstream neurons that express receptors with distinct biophysical properties enables a small set of neurons to direct a range of functional responses.
Chemical vapor deposited epitaxial films for bubble devices

The first epitaxial films of bubble domain garnets were prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. However, liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) has rapidly become a very competitive technique. Despite the usefulness of both techniques in preparing research samples, their potential utility as manufacturing methods has yet to be demonstrated. The major portion of this paper presents the current status in this laboratory of the development of CVD as a manufacturing method. Subjects that will be discussed include reactor configurations, best film compositions, composition control, thickness uniformity, defect density, and film production rates. Finally, there will be a discussion of the relative merits of CVD and LPE.
A locking-free finite element method for Naghdi shells

Abstract In this paper a locking-free method, using mixed finite elements, is introduced to approximate the solution of Naghdi shell problems with small parameter t, the thickness of the shell. The approach of Arnold and Brezzi (1997) is employed with some important changes. Instead of proving the discrete Inf-Sup condition for arbitrary geometric coefficients, which does not seem possible, we prove a weaker stability condition for smooth enough geometrically dependent coefficients, which is sufficient for deducing the optimal error estimate as long as h 2 t is uniformly bounded. For extremely small t, we can relax this condition either using a larger bubble space or stabilizing the problem by replacing t2 by t2 + h4. In either case an optimal error estimate still holds.
Eywa: Crowdsourced and cloudsourced omniscience

Here we present our ubiquitous computing vision, Eywa. Eywa is an open publish-subscribe system that employs crowdsourcing for tasking and social networks & machine learning for identifying relevance. We argue that crowdsourcing (and the social networks and machine learning that enable it) should be a first class citizen in ubiquitous computing. We also observe that cloud computing is a natural platform to host such future ubiquitous computing systems. We discuss about some applications enabled by Eywa, and focus on our CuratedLiving application (which emphasizes “less choice more relevance” approach) as a case study.
Training of surgeons in clinical research.

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Creep collapse of cylindrical shells

Abstract This paper develops a theory for the collapse of cylindrical shells under steady-state creep and under external radial pressure and high temperature (300 to 500 F.). The boundary conditions assumed for the cylinders approximate the “simply supported” and “fixed-end” conditions and the theory takes into account the initial deviation from circularity of the cylinder cross section. The paper thus represents an extension of the investigation described in (5) in which cylinders with “free” ends were considered. The theoretical predictions of collapse time (ter) are compared with experimental results on aluminum alloy (6061-T6) cylinders and show reasonably good agreement.
Modification of hexose of a glycoprotein obtained from the urine of aminonucleoside of puromycin nephrotic rats

La nephrose produite experimentalement chez le rat par l'amino-nucleoside, qui est analogue a la nephrose lipoidique chez l'homme, est associee a des changements de la composition des glucides d'une glucoproteine non collagene extraite des urines de rats ayant de la proteinurie. La composition des acides amines n'a pas change. Il se peut que cette glucoproteine soit le resultat d'alterations dans la membrane basale glomerulaire, alterations qui amenent la proteinurie et peuvent etre importantes dans la pathogenese de la nephrose lipoidique chez l'homme.
Relationships with waitresses: Gendered social distance in restaurant hierarchies

This paper explores the use of gendered social distance mechanisms by higher status male coworkers and employers as they participate with waitresses in ongoing restaurant activities. Formal and informal gendered interactional techniques, such as degrading uniforms and terms of address, skewed ideas about skill differences, and sexual harassment, are used by men as they attempt to gain or sustain power thereby reinforcing the sexual division of labor. Sometimes they are successful, other times they are not, as when women resist or fight back. The analysis is derived from participant observation in two New Jersey restaurants. Formal and informal interviews were also conducted with fifty servers employed in a wide variety of restaurants.
Intravenous and oral clozapine pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and concentration-effect relations: acute tolerance

We examined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous (1-5 mg/kg) and oral clozapine (2.5-10 mg/kg) in rats (terminal half-life=81.8 min; oral bioavailability=5.32%). Both dose- and concentration-effect relations of clozapine were characterized. Clozapine's effects were similar to those of benzodiazepines because of the similarity in effect-time profiles between the two classes of drugs. The IC(50) value increased as a function of dose; consequently, clozapine's relative potency decreased linearly with the logarithm of AUC((0-infinity)), or bioavailable dose regardless of route of administration. The IC(50) is an index for the sensitivity of behavioral performance to clozapine; relative potency provides an index for estimating the extent of acute tolerance. As IC(50) increases, relative potency decreases, and consequently, acute tolerance increases. Our results demonstrated that greater acute tolerance was observed for i.v. clozapine than for p.o. clozapine; however, clozapine exhibited a single concentration-effect relation across dose and route of administration after correcting for relative potencies.
Phthalocyanine- and porphyrin-based GUMBOS for rapid and sensitive detection of organic vapors

Abstract Metal complexes of porphyrins and phthalocyanines are attractive materials for designing recognition elements for chemical sensors, and hence they have been the focus of intense research. An interesting feature of these materials is that they can be functionalized at multiple positions to create sensors having slightly different selectivities. Considering the importance of these materials, herein, we report the synthesis and vapor-sensing characteristics of novel porphyrin- and phthalocyanine-based GUMBOS. More specifically, sodium counterions of copper (II) meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (CuTCPP) and copper phthalocyanine-3,4ʹ,4″,4‴-tetrasulfonic acid (CuPcS4) were replaced by trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cations to respectively produce the GUMBOS compounds, [P66614]4[CuTCPP] and [P66614]4[CuPcS4]. The resulting compounds were found to be solids with considerably lower melting points. These GUMBOS were then coated on the surface of a quartz crystal resonator, and the vapor sensing characteristics were evaluated by exposing the sensors to 11 different organic vapors. These materials exhibited excellent sensing characteristics; moreover, the two sensors exhibited cross-reactive response patterns, making these compounds very promising candidates for array-based vapor-sensing applications.
The solution of the Schrödinger equation in imaginary time by Green’s function Monte Carlo. The rigorous sampling of the attractive Coulomb singularity

We present a new Green’s function Monte Carlo method for solving for the ground state of the Schrodinger equation. Unlike the commonly used short time approximation this method has no time step error. We formulate the method so that the attractive Coulomb singularities are isolated and can be accurately sampled. The algorithm is used to obtain the ground state energies of the following atomic systems: H, He and the helium‐like ions of Be, N, and O. The results compare favorably with the experimental ground state energies.
Weighing in on the Issue: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Selected Individual Factors and the Sports Context on the Developmental Trajectories of Eating Pathology Among Adolescents

Eating disorders, and related issues (e.g., body dissatisfaction, weight control behaviors), represent pressing and prevalent health problems that affect American adolescents with alarming frequency and potentially chronic consequences. However, more longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the developmental processes that increase or maintain risk for, and that protect against, eating- and weight-related problems among adolescents. Accordingly, the current study used longitudinal data from 1,050 male and female (68.0 %) adolescents (Grades 9–11)—the majority of whom were European Americans (72.2 %)—who participated in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to (a) describe trajectories of adolescents’ eating pathology and body dissatisfaction, (b) identify individual and contextual correlates of these pathways, (c) examine whether trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction related to adolescents’ depressive symptoms, and (d) elucidate whether sports participation moderated associations between specific trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Results suggest that the diverse pathways of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction that exist across middle adolescence, in combination with adolescents’ sports participation, have important implications for the positive and problematic development of our youth. In addition, the findings underscore the need to evaluate the interindividual differences that exist in regard to how sports participation may relate positively and negatively to developmental outcomes.
Changing Attitudes toward Women: A Longitudinal Study of College Students.

Cross sectional data indicate that college students show more liberal attitudes toward women with increasing years of college attendance. This shift may reflect intraindividual change or simply differential dropout of more traditionally oriented students. To study this problem longitudinally, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale was administered to 430 university students who had completed the same questionnaire 2 years earlier. Attitudes toward women generally became more liberal over time for both male and female students, supporting the intraindividual shift hypothesis. For both sexes, attitudes involving women's educational-vocational rights became more liberal than those involving women's marital and maternal responsibilities. Socio-demographic characteristics of subjects who became more traditional were compared with those of subjects who became more liberal.
Control of Local Rho GTPase Crosstalk by Abr

Summary Background The Rho GTPases—Rho, Rac, and Cdc42—regulate the dynamics of F-actin (filamentous actin) and myosin-2 with considerable subcellular precision. Consistent with this ability, active Rho and Cdc42 occupy mutually exclusive zones during single-cell wound repair and asymmetric cytokinesis, suggesting the existence of mechanisms for local crosstalk, but how local Rho GTPase crosstalk is controlled is unknown. Results Using a candidate screen approach for Rho GTPase activators (guanine nucleotide exchange factors; GEFs) and Rho GTPase inactivators (GTPase-activating proteins; GAPs), we find that Abr, a protein with both GEF and GAP activity, regulates Rho and Cdc42 during single-cell wound repair. Abr is targeted to the Rho activity zone via active Rho. Within the Rho zone, Abr promotes local Rho activation via its GEF domain and controls local crosstalk via its GAP domain, which limits Cdc42 activity within the Rho zone. Depletion of Abr attenuates Rho activity and wound repair. Conclusions Abr is the first identified Rho GTPase regulator of single-cell wound healing. Its novel mode of targeting by interaction with active Rho allows Abr to rapidly amplify local increases in Rho activity using its GEF domain while its ability to inactivate Cdc42 using its GAP domain results in sharp segregation of the Rho and Cdc42 zones. Similar mechanisms of local Rho GTPase activation and segregation enforcement may be employed in other processes that exhibit local Rho GTPase crosstalk.
Osmotic changes caused by the accumulation of dulcitol in the lenses of rats fed with galactose.

CATARACTS produced experimentally in rats maintained on a diet high in galactose or xylose or by alloxan injection have similar clinical manifestations1. Since the development and appearance of these cataracts are similar, there is the suggestion that a common mechanism or factor may be involved. We wondered whether the accumulation of polyols first observed by van Heyningen2,3 might possibly be the initiating factor in these cataracts. It seemed possible that the accumulation of polyols, along with the keto sugars, in the lens fibres might be sufficient to create an osmotic disturbance. Because of the increase in the osmotically active substances, water would be drawn into the lens fibres. Since sugars, especially the sugar alcohols, do not readily diffuse through biological membranes, their concentrations might reach a level which would increase the volume of water sufficiently to cause the lens fibres to swell and perhaps to rupture their membranes.