cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

In this review paper, a detailed overview of the transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) technology is presented. We first introduce the transflector classifications based on their composition and properties. Then, in reviewing the development history, we investigate the mainstream transflective LCDs, including their operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the image quality issues of transflective LCDs, such as color balance, image brightness, and viewing angle, are discussed.
The International Dimension of Regulatory Reform with Applications to Egypt

As tariffs and quotas have gradually declined, the importance of regulation as a source of trade distortions has increased. Consequently, trade negotiations and the enforcement of trade treaties have increasingly focused on regulatory policies. This essay discusses the role of regulatory reform as part of trade liberalization policy, with illustrations drawn from the recent experiences of Egypt.
GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF PRESSURE WAVES IN TWO-PHASE FLOW

Basic relationships are derived for the magnitude and wave velocity of pressure waves in a two-phase medium. The medium considered is a solid-liquid suspension and the pressure waves are generated by rapid flow extinction of the suspensions. Wave velocities and pressure wave magnitudes are also measured experimentally for solid-liquid suspensions. The experimentally measured values are found to be in close agreement with the values predicted by the theoretical analysis.
Abstract WP158: Supervised, Self Administered Tablet Based Cognitive Assessment in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Introduction: The diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment relies on bedside tools to quantify the degree of disease burden. Given the critical importance of implementing early interventions, it ...
Broad Spectrum Mixed Lineage Kinase Type 3 Inhibition and HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophages

Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are a group of serine-threonine kinases that evolved in part to respond to endogenous and exogenous insults that result in oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses from innate immune cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) thrives in these conditions and is associated with the development of associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). As part of a drug discovery program to identify new therapeutic strategies for HAND, we created a library of broad spectrum MLK inhibitors with drug-like properties. Serendipitously, the lead compound, URMC-099 has proved useful not only in reversing damage to synaptic architecture in models of HAND, but also serves to restore autophagy as a protective response when given in concert with nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) in persistently infected macrophages. These findings are reviewed in the context of MLK3 biology and cellular signaling pathways relevant to new HIV-1 therapies. Graphical abstract.
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

Address for reprints: Robert A. Vogel, MD, Director, Clinical Vascular Biology, 22 S. Greene Street, Room S3B06, Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail: ude.dnalyramu.traeh@legovr Presented at the Texas Heart Institute's symposium “Evolving Standards in Cardiovascular Care: What Have We Learned? Where Are We Going?” held at the Adam's Mark Hotel; 12 November 2005; Dallas
Nanophotonics Design Platform Based on Double-step Dimensionality Reduction

We present a novel approach based on dimensionality reduction for designing electromagnetic nanostructures. The method relies on reducing the dimensionality of the input/output space to reduce the complexity of forward and inverse design problems.
A Decolonial Prayer

How do we pray in a world filled with colonialities of religious and political forms of dominance, of religious institutions serving dominating powers? Where do we pray from? What language shall we use, especially when our very religious language traps us into the ontology of empire, capitalism, its thinking, and neoliberal pragmatics? The only way to start praying is to borrow the prayers of those in the margins, of other religions, and those who are resisting under the belly by the empire/colonial powers. Only by listening to others and to the earth we can pray again. For now, our prayer is way too clogged within our own systems of spirituality and only affirms coloniality instead of dismantling it. How can we pray?
Strategic Supply Chain Management Practices in Banking

Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by the final users.It is the strategic and systematic coordination for supply products and services required by the end users.It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be supplier, customers, intermediaries and third party service providers.
Safety and Efficacy of Totally Percutaneous Femoral Access for Fenestrated–Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair of Pararenal–Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms

We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of totally percutaneous femoral access (TPFA) for fenestrated–branched endovascular aortic repair (F/B-EVAR) of pararenal–thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (PRAs/TAAAs). We reviewed all consecutive patients enrolled in single-center prospective non-randomized single-arm study to investigate F/B-EVAR for PRAs/TAAAs (2013–2017). Percutaneous approach was selected in all patients when anatomically feasible; otherwise, surgical femoral access (SFA), with or without construction of temporary prosthetic conduit, was selected. Primary outcomes were technical success, mortality, major adverse events (MAEs) and major vascular access complications. A total of 231 patients were included in the study: TPFA was possible in 163 (70%) with technical success rate of 93%, while 68 (30%) required SFA. Patients with TPFA and SFA had similar mortality rate of 1%. The rate of MAEs for TPFA was 20% versus 38% for SFA (p = .07). The trend was mainly driven by reduced rates of estimated blood loss (EBL) ≥ 1L (6% vs 21%, p = .001) and acute myocardial infarction (2% vs 9%, p = .03). Similarly, TPFA carried a significantly lower rate of major vascular access complications as compared with SFA (6% vs 21%, p < .001; adjusted OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3–8.9, p = .01). A percutaneous-first approach for elective F/B-EVAR of PRAs/TAAAs is safe, feasible and effective when proper patient selection is provided. When the presence of hostile iliofemoral anatomy requires open-vessel exposure, higher rates of perioperative major bleeding, cardiac events and access complications may be expected. Level 3 (single-center prospective non-randomized single-arm study).
Are All Network Ties Created Equal? Distinguishing Between Strength and Use of Ties in Bureaucrat–Lobbyist Alliances:

Scholars of policy networks consistently find that agreement on policy explains network ties, but inconsistent results on the importance of strategic considerations, such as the influence of potent...
Erythrocyte Levels of Cadmium and Lead and Risk of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.
Hormonal therapies in Breast and Prostate Cancer: Effects on Bone and the Role of Bisphosphonates

Many patients with cancer are at risk of skeletal-related complications including pathologic fractures and chronic pain because so many tumors metastasize to bone, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Certain solid tumors have the propensity to metastasize to bone, most commonly breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa). In addition, chemotherapy and hormonal therapies contribute to bone loss and increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Medications known as bisphosphonates, commonly used in osteoporosis treatment, are also approved for metastatic bone disease. Recent evidence suggests that these agents may slow the progression of metastatic bone disease and, because they have an anti-tumor effect, help prevent skeletal events. In this chapter, we will review the effects of newer endocrine/hormonal therapies for BCa and PCa and discuss the role of bisphosphonates for both treatment and prevention of skeletal events. Prevention of bone loss due to these treatments will also be considered.
Scruples over speckles

The "snowstorm" sign refers to the ultrasound appearance of motile hyperechoic specks within synovial fluid and has been reported to have a high specificity for gout. We describe three additional etiologies commonly encountered in the rheumatology clinic that can produce a snowstorm: calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, fibrin collections/rice bodies, and gas bubbles in viscous synovial fluid.
The significance of the posted minimum speed limits along interstate highways in South Carolina on traffic operation and safety

Abstract This paper evaluated the significance of the posted differential speed limits (DSL) on traffic safety and operation along interstate highways in South Carolina. This paper defines DSL as the difference between the posted maximum and minimum speed limits. The paper used vehicle speed and traffic crashes for analysis. The evaluation results showed over 99% of all vehicles complied with the posted 45 mph minimum speed limit and more than 50% of drivers drove above the posted maximum speed limit regardless of the posted maximum speed limits. The results also indicated that speed variations increased as the DSL increased. However, the safety evaluation showed conflicting results on the impacts of the DSL on safety. The results showed the DSL had negative implications on crashes per AADT per lane. This is attributed to increased interactions between slower and faster-moving vehicles in the traffic stream. On the contrary, it was observed that segments with higher DSL had fewer crashes per mile per lane than the segments with the lower DSL. These results suggest there is a need to conduct more research to quantify the efficacy of posting the minimum speed limit because there were no problems observed with motorists driving too slowly on interstate highways. The results provide important information on the efficacy of posting minimum speed limits to improve the uniformity of traffic flow and safety.
Cellular and molecular pathophysiology in the progression of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder etiologically linked to the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain. The etiopathology of sporadic PD is still unclear; however, the interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease. Studies in animal models and human post-mortem tissue have identified distinct cellular and molecular changes in the diseased brain, suggesting complex interactions between different glial cell types and various molecular pathways. Small changes in the expression of specific genes in a single pathway or cell type possibly influence others at the cellular and system levels. These molecular and cellular signatures like neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy have been observed in PD patients’ brain tissue. While the etiopathology of PD is still poorly understood, the interplay between glial cells and molecular events may play a crucial role in disease onset and progression.
Variability and upward trend in the kinetic energy of western boundary currents over the last century: impacts from barystatic and dynamic sea level change

Global sea level reconstruction (RecSL) for 1900–2015 was used to estimate the variations in oceanic kinetic energy (OKE) and compare OKE with changes in wind patterns and wind kinetic energy (WKE); the comparison was done for each latitude and for 5 western boundary currents (WBCs). Two contributors to variability in sea level were analyzed: gravitational, rotational and deformational effects (GRD) related to changes in water masses (barystatic sea level change), and changes in the sterodynamic sea level (SDSL), associated with changes in wind, steric sea level and ocean circulation. GRD changes were responsible for latitudinal multidecadal variations with time scale of ~ 60 to 80 years, while SDSL changes were responsible for interannual and decadal variability, and together with the Greenland ice melt, to sea level acceleration since the 1960s. Regional changes near WBCs show a coherent upward trend in OKE (+ 24% ± 3 increase per century), while trends in WKE over the same regions changed widely from -11% (decrease) over the Gulf Stream region to + 28% (increase) over the Brazil Current region. Low frequency oscillations of wind and oceanic kinetic energy are correlated in some WBCs (e.g., R = 0.5 in the Kuroshio region) but not in others (e.g., R = -0.05 in the Gulf Stream region). The study suggests that several forcing mechanisms contribute to the increased OKE, they include an increased wind-stress curl over subtropical gyres, local changes in wind patterns that impact some WBCs, and large uneven warming near WBCs that increased sea level gradients and thus intensified OKE.
The optical counterparts of γ-ray bursts

The origin of γ-ray bursts—which are among the most energetic events in the Universe—has puzzled astronomers for 25 years. Since 1991, new events have been discovered at a rate of about one per day, but because their positions were poorly determined, the objects responsible for these outbursts could not be identified. Now, following the launch of the BeppoSAX satellite in 1996, γ-ray bursts have been rapidly and accurately located, which has led to the breakthrough discoveries of X-ray and optical counterparts in 1997, and the demonstration that these objects are in general very distant.
A Gift of Fire, Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing

From the Publisher: This book provides in-depth discussion of how computers change established institutions and social conventions as well as how organizations and governments adapt to and attempt to control computer technology. Its goal is to develop computer professionals who understand the implications of what they create and how it fits into society at large.
Constructing the Coronal Magnetic Field By Correlating Parameterized Magnetic Field Lines With Observed Coronal Plasma Structures

A method is presented for constructing the coronal magnetic field from photospheric magnetograms and observed coronal loops. A set of magnetic field lines generated from magnetogram data is parameterized and then deformed by varying the parameterized values. The coronal flux tubes associated with this field are adjusted until the correlation between the field lines and the observed coronal loops is maximized. A mathematical formulation is described which ensures that (1) the normal component of the photospheric field remains unchanged, (2) the field is given in the entire corona over an active region, (3) the field remains divergence-free, and 4electric currents are introduced into the field. It is demonstrated that a parameterization of a potential field, comprising a radial stretching of the field, can provide a match for a simple bipolar active region, AR 7999, which crossed the central meridian on 1996 November 26. The result is a non-force-free magnetic field with the Lorentz force being of the order of 10(exp -5.5) g per s(exp 2) resulting from an electric current density of 0.79 micro A per m(exp 2). Calculations show that the plasma beta becomes larger than unity at a strong non-radial currents requires low height of about 0.25 solar radii supporting the non-force-free conclusion. The presence of such strong non-radial currents requires large transverse pressure gradients fo maintain a magnetostatic atmosphere, required by the relatively persistent nature of the coronal structures observed in AR 7999. This scheme is an important tool in generating a magnetic field solution consistent with the coronal flux tube observations and the observed photospheric magnetic field.
DREAMTEAM 99: Team Description Paper

The annual Robocup soccer competition is an excellent opportunity for our robotics and agent research. We view the competition as a rigorous testbed for our methods and a unique way of validating our ideas. After two years of competition, we have begun to understand what works (we won the competition in Tokyo 97) and what does not work (we failed to advance to the second round in Paris 98). This paper presents an overview of our goals in Robocup, our philosophy in building soccer playing robots and the methods we are employing in our efforts.
A pre-concentration technique for determination of 32 P in natural waters

Artificial 32P (T 1/2 = 14.28 days) can be used to tracethe behavior of a major nutrient, phosphate, in aquatic systems. Althoughliquid scintillation or Cerenkov counting of high energy betas of 32P is very sensitive, its usefulness for low level activities is limitedby inefficient pre-concentration techniques. We found that precipitation ofZrPO4 is an excellent method for pre-concentration of 32Pfrom natural waters. After acidification (pH ~2) of a 1-liter sample, about1 ml 20 mM phosphate carrier is added and equilibrated with natural phosphates.Excess Zr carrier (about 40 mg) is then added to fully precipitate both thenatural and added phosphates in the sample. The ZrPO4 precipitatesare collected onto a Whatman GF/B type filter which becomes translucent inUltima Gold A/B cocktail. We obtained constantly high 32P recoveries(about 97%) through the entire procedure for hundreds of samples during ahydrologic tracer test. Furthermore, we could process about one dozen samplesper hour, and when counting with a portable liquid scintillation counter theresults are about 500-fold more sensitive than direct Cerenkov counting.
SEE TOPSY “RIDE THE LIGHTNING”: THE SCOPIC MACHINERY OF DEATH

: This essay explores the connections between speculation, spectacle, and the death penalty, particularly insofar as they bear on what is “proper to man” and on the man–animal distinction. Returning to a scene of death from Derrida's seminar The Beast and the Sovereign, specifically the scene of an elephant's autopsy, we see how what he calls “the globalization of the autopsic model” of sovereignty requires the death of the animal (Derrida 2009, 296). Following Derrida, we see how man's dominion over other animals is built on a model of sovereignty as necropsy that erects itself through the autopsic model of power, which ultimately is built on the scaffolding of death and the death penalty. Following the history of the death penalty, however, we see that it becomes the property of man through its exercise on animals, particularly through the capital punishment of animals, which inaugurated the codification of law in Europe, and Thomas Edison's electrocution of animals, which inaugurated the electric chair as a form of execution in the United States. Moreover, the case of Edison (who invented both the electric chair and the first moving pictures, many of which were images of execution) makes manifest the connection between spectacle, animals, and the death penalty.
FED pumped limiter configuration issues

Impurity control in the Fusion Engineering Device (FED) is provided by a toroidal belt pumped limiter. Limiter design issues addressed in this paper are (1) poloidal location of the limiter belt, (2) shape of the limiter surface facing the plasma, and (3) whether the belt is pumped from one or both sides. The criteria used for evaluation of limiter configuration features were sensitivity to plasma edge conditions and ease of maintenance and fabrication. The evaluation resulted in the selection of a baseline FED limiter that is located at the bottom of the device and has a flat surface with a single leading edge.
Learning plans for competitive domains

Abstract Many machine learning systems learn from their problem solving experience in single-agent domains. This paper discusses an algorithm to learn complex, relevant, cost effective plans for a broad class of competitive, multi-agent domains. Such a plan, called a fork, is extracted from the explanation of a single failure, and represents a set of mutually overlapping simple plans to achieve a goal. Each plan is non-linear, provides alternatives for contingencies, is applicable both offensively and defensively, and has a clear upper bound for its execution time. This paper describes the representation and implementation of forks in HOYLE, a system to learn to play any two-person, perfect information game well. Together with a weak theory for its general domain, HOYLE has used forks to learn to play a broad variety of games perfectly without extensive forward search in the game tree. In more challenging games, however, the selection of a relevant plan and its binding to the current game state is unacceptably costly. This paper details the significantly improved performance directly attributable to learning about appropriate forks, and the heuristics that guard against unacceptable degradation of performance as new knowledge is acquired.
Full-bridge Modular Multilevel Converter with High Frequency Link for Photovoltaic applications

This paper presents a novel “Modular Multilevel Converter” (MMC) topology. The topology takes advantage of the MMC characteristics by offering multilevel output voltage with low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), increased reliability, and design flexibility due to the modular nature of the converter [1] and [2]. This topology is composed of a “full-bridge converter” (FBC) connected to multiple “High Frequency Link” (HFL) modules via high frequency transformers. Each module produces its own isolated DC voltage that keeps the capacitor charged to a specific level, removing the need of a voltage-balancing algorithm. Furthermore the module voltage can be controlled by changing the FBC duty cycle in order to obtain lower output voltages without decreasing the number of levels. This topology fits well in large scale Photovoltaic (PV) power plants due to its capability to produce a high voltage output. This topology's feasibility is validated by simulation results (Matlab/Simulink).
Data-driven methods for equity similarity prediction

Many applications rely on the accurate prediction of company similarity to be effective. Diversification avoids similarity for risk reduction. Hedging through equity-neutral investing seeks similarity in order to ensure risk in long positions is effectively offset by short positions, and vice-versa. Relative valuation requires formation of a ‘peer group’ to which financial ratios, such as the P/E ratio, can be compared. This article considers two data-sets that have not traditionally been used for this purpose: sell-side equity analyst coverage and news article co-occurrences. Each is shown to have predictive power over future correlation, a key measure of future similarity. It is further shown that the analyst and news data can be combined with historical correlation to form groups that are on par or even exceed the quality of the Global Industry Classification System, a leading industry taxonomy.
Good Managers Invest More and Pay Less Dividends: A Model Of Dividend Policy

This model explains dividends as a component of a contract set up by an uninformed principal. I start from a well-documented empirical fact that there is a relation between dividends declared and executive compensation. I find that when hidden information is about the productivity of the agent then dividend – conditional on cash available – bears a negative relationship to managerial type. That is, for a given level of available cash, the lower type manager declares a higher dividend than that declared by a manager with higher productivity. The result is robust under different model extensions. I also discuss empirical implications of the model.
(g0, g1, …, gk)-trees and unary OL systems

In this paper we extend the notion of (2, 3)-trees and AVL trees to (g0, g1,…, gk)-trees and (g1, g2,…,gk)-AVL trees, respectively, where 1⩽g0<g1<g2<…<gk. Complete characterization of these two classes of trees in terms of their generators g0, g1,…, gk is given and the connection between (g0, g1,… gk)-trees and unary OL systems is mentioned.
Why less may be more under price-cap regulation

The incentive regulation literature has focused on how to discipline the regulated firm. Here, in theChicago School tradition, we consider how price-cap regulation might enable the firm to discipline the regulator. We show that under quite general conditions, the firm will prefer profit-sharing to pure price-cap regulation under which it retains one hundred percent of its profits. Profit-sharing limits the incentives of the regulator to take actions adverse to the firm's financial interests. The discipline imposed on the regulator results in a more profitable regulatory environment for the firm.
Conservative surgery for splenic injury

Abstract The report describes the authors' experience with salvage of the spleen after rupture. The discussion focuses on the immunological functions of the spleen and the present-day role of conservative operation in preventing overwhelming sepsis. Accumulated data warrant the continued avoidance of total splenectomy whenever feasible.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA distribution and stress-induced activation in the thalamus

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone plays a critical role in mediating the stress response. Brain circuits hypothesized to mediate stress include the thalamus, which plays a pivotal role in distributing sensory information to cortical and subcortical structures. In situ hybridization revealed neurons containing corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in the posterior thalamic nuclear group and the central medial nucleus of the thalamus, which interfaces with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (parvicellular part). These regions are of interest because they process somatosensory and visceral information. In the first experiment, the effect of acute stress on thalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA levels was assessed. Rats restrained for 1 h and killed 1 h later were found to have increased corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in the posterior thalamic nuclear group. The time course of these changes was examined in a second experiment in which rats were killed immediately or 3 h after restraint. While no changes occurred in the thalamus immediately after restraint, 3 h after restraint, increases in corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA occurred in both the posterior thalamic nuclear group and the central medial-ventral posteromedial nucleus (parvicellular part) of the thalamus. A different pattern of activation was observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus with increased corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA immediately after restraint, but not 1 or 3 h later. In addition to the stress-induced changes, a prominent decrease in baseline thalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA was observed from 1000 to 1300 h. These results show that the thalamus contains corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA that increases after restraint stress, indicating a role for thalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone systems in the stress response. Stress-induced changes in thalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA expression appears to be regulated differently than that in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and may be influenced by diurnal mechanisms.
A Study of the Time Variability of Jupiter's Atmospheric Structure

Aspects of the time-variable nature of the Jovian atmosphere are addressed using high-resolution photometrically calibrated multicolored imaging data obtained over two Jovian apparitions. During the period of observations, Jupiter's South Equatorial Belts (SEB) underwent a drastic brightening and its Equatorial Zone gradually darkened throughout the period. Based on the data, vertically inhomogeneous atmospheric structure models are constructed and used to make direct quantitative comparisons between different latitudinal regions and different epochs. The drastic brightening of the SEB is explained by an increase in both the optical thickness and the single-scattering albedo of the upper tropospheric cloud.
A new Smurf in the village.

Abstract TGF-β signaling is modulated by Smurfs, E3-ubiquitin ligases that selectively target the receptors and Smad proteins for degradation. New evidence from Drosophila suggests that Smurfs regulate the amplitude and the duration of the cellular response to signaling in vivo.
Inflammatory breast cancer: CT evaluation

Eleven patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma were examined by computed tomography (CT) prior to treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Determination was made of skin thickening of the affected breast, presence of diffuse breast tumor infiltration or mass, calcification, adenopathy; and metastases. All affected breasts demonstrated increased skin thickness relative to the nonaffected breast, ranging from 0.7 cm-3 cm. Each could further be characterized as having diffuse infiltration of the breast tissue (5), a focal mass lesion (4), or a combination of mass with associated infiltration (2). Two of the breast masses showed diffuse calcification. Only one patient had disease confined to breast tissue at the time of study. Nine patients presented with adenopathy; 7 axillary, 3 internal mammary, 2 supraclavicular, and 1 hilar. Bilateral adenopathy was noted in two patients. Distant metastases to lung, bone, or stomach were observed in 7 of 11 patients. Distant metastases and degree of adenopathy was not related to skin thickness, degree of tumor infiltration, or presence of a defined mass. Inflammatory breast cancer presents with a spectrum of computed tomography appearances. Computed tomography aids in the assessment of local disease, adenopathy, and distant metastases.
Reachability Using Arbitrary Performance Indices

The problem of optimal reachability set computation with alternate performance indices and independent parameters for smooth value functions is motivated and examined. A General Independent Parameter Hamilton Jacobi Bellman PDE formulation is derived and an independent parameter mapping function is defined. Performance index metric properties are leveraged to define Generalized Metric Range Sets. For Newtonian systems it is shown that singular independent parameter mappings can be circumvented using constants of motion. Finally, the motivating problem is solved using the central results of this technical note to generate free-time, $\Delta v$ -constrained orbital metric range sets.
Testing a small detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism for the combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide

A relatively small detailed mechanism has been developed for the combustion of various fuels, mainly hydrocarbons, in air or oxygen-inert mixtures. This mechanism has been tested previously for autoignition, premixed-flame burning velocities, and structures and extinction of diffusion flames and of partially premixed flames of many of these fuels. While submechanisms for hydrogen and carbon monoxide are essential components of this mechanism, thorough testing of the predictions of the mechanism for these simpler fuels has not been performed recently. Such testing is reported here and leads to modifications of rate parameters for a few of the most important elementary steps, as well as to deletion of one reaction and addition of another.
A preferred approach for the cognitive testing of translated materials: testing the source version as a basis for comparison

In recent years, a growing amount of research has demonstrated that parallel development of different language versions of a survey instrument is a preferred method to enhance the collection of equivalent data across language groups. This method involves the simultaneous development and pretesting of different language versions of a questionnaire in order to allow for two‐way feedback and to maximize the likelihood that each version is culturally and linguistically appropriate for its target population. Unfortunately, it is common practice among many large survey organizations to pretest and finalize source language versions of survey questions and other materials prior to having them translated. Pretesting of translations does not always take place and when it does, the source language documents have often been finalized and the results of the translation pretesting cannot have any impact on further revisions to the source documents. This paper describes a methodological approach for the cognitive testin...
Cell polarity/motility in bacteria: closer to eukaryotes than expected?

The Gram‐negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus glides on solid surfaces and periodically reverses the direction of movement. Work published in this issue of The EMBO Journal (Leonardy et al , 2010) reports on the small GTPase MglA that ensures the correct polarity of the motility engines through its GTP/GDP cycle in conjunction with its cognate GAP, MglB. MglA has also been shown to interact with the actin‐like protein MreB in eukaryotic‐like motility complexes. Altogether, the data suggest that compelling similarities exist between the mechanisms of motility and establishment of cell polarity in M. xanthus and eukaryotes.
Sequences and combinations of multifaceted therapy in advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose of Review Multiple agents with very distinct mechanisms of actions and unique toxicities and efficacies have become available for use in advanced prostate cancer. The next wave of investigations is focused on development of combinations and optimal sequences of the currently available agents. The focus of this review paper is to provide an update on clinical developments in advanced prostate cancer occurring within the past year, and to highlight the ongoing investigations of promising novel targets and compounds.
Instabilities of front patterns in reaction-diffusion systems

Abstract Recent experiments in chemical reaction-diffusion systems with externally imposed concentration gradients may provide access to a host of spatio-temporal pattern formation phenomena. These systems tend to form steep reaction fronts in response to the external gradient. We use singular perturbation techniques, normal form calculations and numerical simulations to investigate the existence and the stability of such sustained fronts. In one-dimensional systems, the theoretical predictions are found in quantitative agreement with direct simulations of the Hopf bifurcation from steady to periodically oscillating front structures observed in the Couette flow reactor. Also conditions are found under which oscillations of the spatial structure become chaotic. In two-dimensional systems, we address the issue of realizing an experimental situation hitherto unattained: a one-dimensional chain of coupled oscillators at the onset of the Hopf destabilization of the front structure. We point out the intimate relationship between the frequency of oscillation, ω, of the homogeneous front pattern and the characteristic wavelength, λ, of the Turing pattern that can develop along the front; λ ≈ 2 π( D ω ) 1 2 . We comment on subsequent bifurcations that may result from the nonlinear interaction between Hopf and Turing instabilities as the precursors to spatio-temporal chaos. In conclusion, we emphasize the possibility of probing the transition to “mediated defect turbulence” in thin film gel reactors.
Production of Alexa Fluor 488-labeled reovirus and characterization of target cell binding, competence, and immunogenicity of labeled virions

Respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus) has been used to study many aspects of the biology and genetics of viruses, viral infection, pathogenesis, and the immune response to virus infection. This report describes the functional activity of virus labeled with Alexa Fluor 488, a stable fluorescent dye. Matrix assisted laser desorption-time of flight analysis indicated that Alexa Fluor 488 labeled the outer capsid proteins of reovirus. Labeled virus bound to murine L929 fibroblasts as determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, and the specificity of binding were demonstrated by competitive inhibition with non-labeled virus. Labeled reovirus induced apoptosis and cytopathic effect in infected L929 cells. Mice infected with labeled virus mounted robust serum antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses, indicating that labeled virus retained immunogenicity in vivo. These results indicate that Alexa Fluor 488-labeled virus provides a powerful new tool to analyze reovirus infection in vitro and in vivo.
Processing and Properties of Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Based on Polyamide-12 Filled with Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets Prepared by Selective Laser Sintering

Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites were prepared through selective laser sintering (SLS) of polyamide-12 (PA) powder coated with graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) using sonication. The SLS process parameters were optimized in order to maximize the tensile modulus at 3 and 5 wt% GNP. The highest tensile modulus (2.1 GPa) was achieved at 3 wt%. A slight decrease in flexural modulus and strength was observed at 3 and 5 wt% GNP compared with the neat polymer. Morphological observation of the graphitecoated PA powder showed fairly homogeneous dispersion. The SLS processed parts were nearly fully dense and the highest density (99.5%) was found at 3 wt% GNP. The bulk electrical conductivity of the SLS-processed nanocomposites was found to be 3.8×10−11 and 6.4×10−8 S/cm for 3 and 5 wt% GNP respectively.
Entropy in Alphabetization of Words in Various Languages

This study correlated the systematic occurrence of the alphabetization of words in both printed and spoken language. Degree of entropy was computed for initial letters as they occurred in two telephone directories. Main result appears to be an external structure of language which precedes conceptualization.
IGRF commercialization defeated, planetary studies probed by IAGA

Sessions of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) at the XX International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting in Vienna, Austria (August 11–24), lasted for nearly the full 2 weeks of the conference. Once again, the program offered a vast array of scientific topics ranging from the outer limits of the heliosphere to middle atmospheric studies to motions within the core of the Earth. This report tries to capture the flavor of the meeting by describing in detail a few of the sessions in a number of different disciplines. One of the most controversial occurrences during the meeting was the attempt to get IAGA to agree to commercialize the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). Although the idea behind this commercial ization, which would generate funds to install and operate geomagnetic observatories in third world nations, was a worthy and excellent aim, scientists at the meeting raised many concerns about the details of commercialization. Eventually, the motion to commercialize was defeated. The next version of the IGRF, consisting of a Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF) for 1985, an IGRF for 1990, and a secular variation model for 1990–1995 was agreed to at the meeting. The coefficients for these models will be available soon.
Issues specific to implementing PET–CT for pediatric oncology: what we have learned along the way

In parallel with the expansion of PET imaging to pediatric patients has been the technological development of merging state-of-the-art cross-sectional anatomic information (CT) with functional imaging (PET) into a single modality: PET-CT. Attending to the clinical, scheduling, and medical needs that are unique to imaging children and adolescents can be a challenge, particularly when instituting a single new modality. When that modality bridges two unique, previously independent methods-often previously located in two separate departmental divisions-the details and logistics required to set up a smoothly functioning process can be particularly difficult. This paper focuses on our experience in implementing PET-CT in a tertiary pediatric referral center.
Lowering blood pressure in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: safe, but will it help?

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the most lethal stroke subtype.1 As many as 40% of acute ICH expand within the first 4 hours from symptom onset.2,3⇓ Such hemostatic complications hamper surgical efforts to extract the hematoma.4 Some suggest that arterial hypertension may be responsible for rebleeding despite the lack of evidence from observational studies.5 Moreover, treating arterial hypertension might in theory reduce cerebral edema related to ICH. Blood pressure lowering in acute ischemic stroke worsens cerebral ischemia.6 The area surrounding an intracerebral hemorrhage may behave in a similar fashion.7 Disturbances in cerebral autoregulation and local tissue effects may make the perihematoma area vulnerable to damage with acute blood pressure lowering. However, perihematomal ischemia is generally not seen in animal models …
Correlated diffusion-controlled kinetics

Abstract The theory of diffusion-limited bimolecular reaction kinetics is investigated for the case in which the reactants are initially produced in spatially correlated pairs. The intent of the study is to discover to what extent information concerning the initial distribution of pair member separations (generally unknown for such systems) can be deduced from empirically observable quantities. The analysis predicts the form of the dependence of the fractional concentration of recombined pairs on various moments of the distribution function as well as the approximate concentration dependence of very late time correlated reactions. It is expected that the model may be applicable to many systems of radiation-and photo-physics, chemistry, and biology; the specific examples of radical reactions in solution and the annealing of damage produced by electron irradiation of metals and semiconductors are discussed.
Degradation of high concentrations of PCE solubilized in SDS and biosurfactant with Fe/Ni bi-metallic particles

Abstract A method to rapidly solubilize and degrade perchloroethylene (PCE) was investigated. Enhancing the water solubility of PCE (100 mg/L in water) with an anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) and a biosurfactant (UH-biosurfactant) were investigated at room temperature in continuously stirred batch reactors. The solubility of PCE in the surfactant solutions increased linearly with increase in surfactant concentrations up to 10 g/L. Of the two surfactants studied, biosurfactant solubilized more PCE per gram of surfactant. To degrade solubilized PCE, bi-metallic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) particles were used in continuously stirred batch reactors. The bi-metallic particles were synthesized using the solution method and the particles were characterized using the SEM, EDS and XRD. The PCE solubilized in the range of 500 mg/L (five times the water solubility) in both surfactant solutions were degraded at various rates by 200 g/L of bi-metallic Fe–Ni particles. PCE solubilized in the UH-biosurfactant was totally degraded in less than 3 h, which is the highest concentration of PCE degraded in the shortest time compared to the chemical and biological methods used in the past. End products in the solution after the PCE degradation were analyzed to determine the by products and the chloride concentration to ensure complete degradation of PCE. While the degradation kinetics of PCE solubilized in water and SDS solution were linear, PCE solubilized in the UH-biosurfactant was of a higher order.
Inulin loss from rat proximal tubule

Bei Durchstromung mit natriumfreier Losung verschwindet sowohl H3-als auch C14-markiertes Inulin aus dem proximalen Tubulus der Rattenniere in vivo, nicht aber wenn die Perfusionslosung die normale Natriumkonzentration enthalt.
An alternative approximation to consumer durables expenditures

Consumer durables expenditures are normally assumed to be of linear form with additive error term. Hansen and Singleton (1983) derive the log linear form for consumption, but they do not employ a depreciation rate. In this article, we use a multiplicative error term to obtain a log linear AR(1) with a unit root as an approximate process that drives durables expenditure. The Box–Cox test rejects the linear form in favour of the log linear one. The Box–Jenkins model selection procedure and the augmented Dickey–Fuller test support an AR(1) in log linear form.
An Examination of Family Communication within the Core and Balance Model of Family Leisure Functioning

The purpose of this study was to examine family communication within the core and balance model of family leisure functioning. The study was conducted from a youth perspective of family leisure and family functioning. The sample consisted of youth (N= 95) aged 11 – 17 from 25 different states in the United States. Path analyses indicated that family communication mediated a positive relationship between family leisure variables and family functioning variables. Implications and recommendations are discussed. The addition of communication in the Core and Balance Model is recommended.
Nylon-9 from unsaturated fatty derivatives: Preparation and characterization

Methyl azelaaldehydate, soy nitriles, and oleonitrile were compared as starting materials for making nylon-9. Less difficulty was encountered in purifying intermediates from oleonitrile than from the other two. All 3 routes involved hydrolysis of methyl 9-aminononanoate to 9-aminononanoic acid. Self catalyzed hydrolysis of the amino ester in water produced low yields of monomer owing to oligomer formation, but hydrolysis in the presence of barium hydroxide was more successful. Polymerization of the amino acid proceeded smoothly with 9-acetamidononanoic acid used to control mol wt. Strength and moisture absorbing properties were determined for nylon-9, as well as for nylon-6/9, -9/11, and -9/12 copolymers. Nylon-9 has attractive properties, offering tensile yield and flexural strengths approaching those of nylon-6, while having low water absorption closely approaching that of nylon-11 and -12. The cost of producing 10,000,000 lb/year of nylon-9 from purchased oleonitrile was estimated to be $0.99/Ib at 100% yield and $2.18/Ib at 35.5% yield. Further process development is needed before yields in a commercial plant can be forecast.