cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not Representing Justice: Ellsworth Kelly's Abstraction in the Boston Courthouse

The $10 billion worth of federal courts constructed over the past two decades are filled with major works of abstract art that the government touts as “inherently democratic,” since they are said to mean anything viewers think they mean. This claim is as mistaken about abstract art as it is about democracy; it fails to recognize that courts are democratic not in the relativistic manner of the voting booth, but because of their commitment to fair and public proceedings followed by reasoned deliberation.Ellsworth Kelly’s monochromes in Boston’s federal courthouse present a stark test of the potential politics of abstract public art. Kelly’s aim — to teach viewers “the rapture of seeing” — is puzzling within a courthouse, where the “blindness” of justice is more often emphasized. I claim that Kelly’s emphasis on sight makes sense only when we shift our focus from judges and judging—the predominant focus of courthouse art—to an often overlooked party in adjudication: the public, whose role as spectator is fundamental to truly democratic courts.
Labor Mobility, Trade, and Social Capital

Labor market integration raises welfare in the absence of distortions. This paper examines labor and goods market integration in a general-equilibrium model with social capital. The findings are: (i) labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare, and raises it if the goods and labor skills are sufficiently different; (ii) compared to Pareto optimum, labor mobility (social capital) is excessively large (depleted); (iii) trade is superior to labor market integration if trading costs are no higher than private migration costs, otherwise the outcome is ambiguous; and (iv) the creation of new institutions in response to labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare.
Public Employee Speech, Categorical Balancing and Section 1983: A Critique of Garcetti v. Ceballos

The Supreme Court's 2006 decision in Garcetti v. Ceballos is striking. In the course of limiting an important and respected thirty-eight-year-old First Amendment precedent, Garcetti effectively conferred absolute immunity on public employers by excluding employer discipline based on job-required public employee speech from First Amendment scrutiny. It also analogized job-required public employee speech to government speech. It may have thus called into question First Amendment protection for academic freedom because a teacher's classroom speech is job-required. In ruling as it did, the Court insulated governments and their officials from damages and prospective relief liability under § 1983, the federal statute that is perhaps the most-used vehicle for vindicating public employees' free speech rights.I propose to discuss Garcetti's First Amendment reasoning as well as the implications of the § 1983 setting in which Garcetti and other public employee free speech cases typically arise. After briefly setting out the Court's opinion and the three dissenting opinions, I begin by addressing the pros and cons of Garcetti, and in the course of so doing, I discuss the prior Pickering-Connick landscape that Garcetti so significantly altered. I consider the deeper First Amendment implications of Garcetti, including its use of categorical balancing to create an absolute immunity from First Amendment liability for employer discipline based on job-required public employee speech. I also address Garcetti's emphasis on citizen status and the functions of public employee speech. The role of the concept of government speech and the possible implications of Garcetti on academic freedom are briefly discussed, as well. Finally, I address the relevance of § 1983 to the First Amendment aspects of Garcetti and of public employee speech in general.I conclude that Garcetti is unsound as a matter of First Amendment policy because it under-protects public employee speech that is vital to self-government. In addition, it creates perverse incentives for public employees to go public and for their employers to broaden job descriptions to capture as much employee speech as possible. Moreover, it is cause for concern that Garcetti calls into question the First Amendment grounding of academic freedom. I maintain that to the extent the Court was worried about over-deterring public employers in the exercise of their managerial authority, the existing § 1983 causation requirement, local government liability, and especially qualified immunity doctrines do an adequate job in minimizing such over-deterrence. For all these reasons, the Court should have retained the Pickering-Connick balancing inquiry and not limited the scope of the First Amendment.
Commentary on Prospects for Global Financial Reporting

This commentary reviews the current status of the global use of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and offers thoughts on the prospects for truly global financial reporting. The shift towards global use of IFRS is one of the biggest changes in financial reporting history. Although many countries require or permit the use of IFRS by firms listed on their capital markets, the global shift to IFRS is incomplete—both in terms of the required or permitted use of the standards and in terms of their varied application and enforcement around the world. In addition, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has an active agenda to improve the existing standards. Thus, the lofty goal of truly global, high-quality financial reporting has not yet been achieved. In fact, it probably is not completely achievable—there always will be variation in application and enforcement of the standards as well as scope for improving them. However, we can come closer to achieving the goal. It would be premature to abandon the goal now thereby forgoing the potential benefits it promises. Rather, we should develop plans for the next phase of the journey towards truly global financial reporting.
What Went Wrong? The Erosion of Relative Earnings and Employment Among Young Black Men in the 1980s

This paper shows a widening in black-white earnings and employment gaps among young men from the mid-1970s through the 1980s. Earnings gaps increased most among college graduates and in the Midwest, while gaps in employment-population rates grew most among dropouts. We attribute the differential widening to shifts in demand for subgroups due to shifting industry and regional employment, the falling real minimum wage and deunionization, the growing supply of black to white workers that was marked among college graduates, and to increased crime among dropouts. The different factors affecting subgroups highlight the economic diversity of black Americans.
The Effects of Competition-Based Public Policy on Contractual Arrangements

When competition is naturally limited, policymakers craft regulation to obtain effects similar to those that would have occurred in the presence of competition. In many instances, regulation of this type is not successful in overcoming market failures. We rely on property rights theory and transaction cost theory to predict when state-level policy statements will actually lead to a redistribution of benefits at the city level. We test this theory in the context of cable television franchise renewal agreements—a setting historically resistant to competition. We look to the language of the franchise agreements for evidence of concessions made by the cable operator to the city, and using a difference-in-difference estimator, we find that pro-competitive regulation translates into concessions to the city. However, a credible threat of competition embedded in regulation is not enough to curb opportunism associated with monopoly supply in cases of large franchisees; larger cable operators are at least 60 percent less likely to offer more favorable terms of trade. However, consistent with transaction cost predictions, asset-specific investments by the cable operator do curb opportunism; there is a 51 percent increase in the odds of a franchisee offering more concessions for a 1 standard deviation change—about 1,020 mi of the plant. These findings are important for those involved in crafting policy at all levels of government as well as for researchers interested in understanding the role of long-term contracting and the use of hybrid mechanisms such as franchise agreements in contemporary governance.
Keeping Directors in Line: Social Distancing as a Control Mechanism in the Corporate Elite

In this study, we consider the social process by which the corporate elite may have resisted pressure from stakeholders to adopt changes in corporate governance that limit managerial autonomy. We e...
Untapped Potential in the Study of Negotiation and Gender Inequality in Organizations

Negotiation is a process that creates, reinforces, and reduces gender inequality in organizations, yet the study of gender in negotiation has little connection to the study of gender in organizations. We review the literature on gender in job negotiations from psychology and organizational behavior, and propose ways in which this literature could speak more directly to gender inequality in organizations by incorporating insights from research on gender in intra-household and collective bargaining. Taken together, these literatures illuminate how negotiations at the individual, household, and collective levels may contribute to the construction and deconstruction of gender inequality in organizations.
Share Price as a Poor Criterion for Good Corporate Law

Author(s): Stout, Lynn A. | Abstract: Academics, reformers, and business leaders all yearn for a single, objective, easy-to-read measure of corporate performance that can be used to judge the quality of public corporation law and practice. This collective desire is so powerful that it has led many commentators to grab onto the first marginally plausible candidate: share price.Contemporary economic and corporate theory (as well as recent business history) nevertheless warn us against unthinking acceptance of share price as a measure of corporate performance. This Essay offers a brief reminder of some of the many reasons why stock prices often fail to reflect true corporate performance, including the problem of private information; obstacles to effective arbitrage; investors' cognitive defects and biases; options theory and the problem of multiple residual claimants; and the problem of corporate spillover effects that erode diversified shareholders' returns. These considerations argue against assuming there is a tight connection between stock prices and underlying corporate wealth generation. A corporation or a corporate law system designed around the philosophy that anything that raises share price is good is likely to produce a firm that cooks its books; that avoids long-term projects that won't appeal to unsophisticated investors; that chases after investment fads and fancies; that tries to opportunistically exploit creditors, employees, and customers; and that pursues business strategies that harm its diversified shareholders' other investment interests.The Essay concludes that, if we allow our desire for a universal performance measure to blind us to the fallibility of share price, we court costly error. The Essay examines three recent examples of just such erroneous triumphs of hope over experience: the rise and fall of the Revlon doctrine; the 1990s infatuation with options-based executive compensation; and academics' current preoccupation with event studies, regressions on Tobin's Q, and other forms of empirical scholarship that attempt to judge the quality of corporate law and practice according to changes in share price.
Intangible capital and the investment-q relation

Abstract The neoclassical theory of investment has mainly been tested with physical investment, but we show that it also helps explain intangible investment. At the firm level, Tobin’s q explains physical and intangible investment roughly equally well, and it explains total investment even better. Compared with physical capital, intangible capital adjusts more slowly to changes in investment opportunities. The classic q theory performs better in firms and years with more intangible capital: Total and even physical investment are better explained by Tobin’s q and are less sensitive to cash flow. At the macro level, Tobin’s q explains intangible investment many times better than physical investment. We propose a simple, new Tobin’s q proxy that accounts for intangible capital, and we show that it is a superior proxy for both physical and intangible investment opportunities.
Strong Optomechanical Squeezing of Light

New ways of making low-noise beams of light could lead to more sensitive optical interferometry measurements.
Two-Multicast Channel With Confidential Messages

Motivated in part by the problem of secure multicast distributed storage, we analyze secrecy rates for a channel in which two transmitters simultaneously multicast to two receivers in the presence of an eavesdropper. Achievable rates are calculated via extensions of a technique due to Chia and El Gamal and the method of output statistics of random binning. Outer bounds are derived for both the degraded and non-degraded versions of the channel, and examples are provided in which the inner and outer bounds meet. The inner bounds recover known results for the multiple-access wiretap channel, broadcast channel with confidential messages, and the compound MAC channel. An auxiliary result is also produced that derives an inner bound on the minimal randomness necessary to achieve secrecy in multiple-access wiretap channels.
Dynamic Linkages among Asian Pacific Exchange Rates 1995-2004

This paper analyzes the dynamic interrelationships among the exchange rates of twelve countries in the Asian-Pacific region using Vector Auto regression Models. The exchange rates of the following countries are analyzed: Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The daily data spans from May 1995 until the end of 2004. One of the more interesting findings is that the Chinese foreign exchange is not as isolated as one may hypothesize given both the results of the Granger Causality tests and the declared exchange rate policy of the Beijing Government.
Predicting the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism in Gene Expression.

Sexual dimorphism in gene expression is likely to be the underlying source of dimorphism in a variety of traits. Many analyses implicitly make the assumption that dimorphism only evolves when selection favors different phenotypes in the two sexes, although theory makes clear that it can also evolve as an indirect response to other kinds of selection. Furthermore, previous analyses consider the evolution of a single transcript or trait at a time, ignoring the genetic covariance with other transcripts and traits. We first show which aspects of the genetic-variance covariance matrix, G, affect dimorphism when these assumptions about selection are relaxed. We then reanalyze gene expression data from Drosophila melanogaster with these predictions in mind. Dimorphism of gene expression for individual transcripts shows the signature of both direct selection for dimorphism and indirect responses to selection. To account for the effect of measurement error on evolutionary predictions, we estimated a G matrix for eight linear combinations of expression traits. Sex-specific genetic variances in female- and male-biased transcription, as well as one relatively unbiased combination, were quite unequal, ensuring that most forms of selection on these traits will have large effects on dimorphism. Predictions of response to selection based on the whole G matrix showed that sexually concordant and antagonistic selection are equally capable of changing sexual dimorphism. In addition, the indirect responses of dimorphism due to cross-trait covariances were quite substantial. The assumption that sexual dimorphism in transcription is an adaptation could be incorrect in many specific cases.
Sea-Level Rise and the Endangered Species Act

This essay analyzes legal responses to the biodiversity threats posed by sea level rise. It focuses on implementation of the Endangered Species Act by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The essay begins by explaining the ways sea level rise threatens biodiversity, and then explains the legal tools the ESA offers as potential responses to those threats. It then examines how the FWS and NMFS have used, or not used, those tools. It finds that the agencies, while clearly cognizant of the threats posed by sea level rise, have avoided regulatory responses and instead have chosen to emphasize education and persuasion. That choice reflects the agencies’ awareness that none of the ESA’s regulatory tools is particularly well suited to address sea level rise, and that invoking any of those tools would generate political controversies and potential anti-regulatory backlashes. Nevertheless, the essay argues that such a non-regulatory approach holds slim odds of either mitigating the underlying causes of sea level rise or facilitating meaningful adaptation. It concludes with several suggestions for modest reforms, each of which would incrementally ameliorate the threats sea level rise poses for biodiversity. But it also argues that a truly meaningful response will require addressing the underlying causes of climate change.
Literacy, Information, and Party System Fragmentation in India:

A rich theoretical literature argues that, in contradiction to Duverger’s law, the plurality voting rule can fail to produce two-party system when voters do not share their common information about...
Case Law, Systematic Law, and a Very Modest Suggestion

This paper suggests that there are different ways of writing the same rule, some of which will be more accessible and comprehensible to the reader than others. Elaborate �systematic� statutory law�of the type that characterizes much modern legislation�is contrasted, as to its accessibility, with case law or common law systems, partly relying upon text �readability� studies of the last eighty years. Drawing on the author�s previous analogy between rules and �fractals��shapes, like coastlines, whose borders are infinitely complicated�the article suggests that one way to balance the ultimately irreconcilable rule-writing goals of precision and reasonableness is to make more use of rule construction devices like the �safe harbor�. Under the safe-harbor (or �unsafe harbor�) approach, a vague default standard is combined with specification of the outcomes for those fact scenarios that are foreseeably most likely to arise, creating a sort of synthetic case law in advance, and potentially minimizing the number of �hard cases� that will arise.
The Unconstitutionality of Class-Based Statutory Limitations on Presidential Nominations: Can a Man Head the Women's Bureau at the Department of Labor?

Can a man be the Director of the Women’s Bureau at the Department of Labor? According to Congress, the answer is no. This article addresses the 1920 statute requiring that the President nominate a woman to head the Women’s Bureau at the Department of Labor (“Women’s Bureau”). Although this may make sense as a policy matter, the consequences of the statute are problematic and raise two key questions: (1) even if it makes sense on policy grounds to appoint a woman to head the Women’s Bureau, is it constitutional to mandate it? and (2) if we accept this statutory limitation on the President’s power, what are the potential precedential consequences for other appointment matters? As a result, this Article considers whether Congress may constitutionally remove the President’s discretion to choose his nominees, regardless of their sex, race, class, or other characteristics. As the U.S. Supreme Court has stated: [A]ll officers of the United States are to be appointed in accordance with the [Appointments] Clause. Principal officers are selected by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. Inferior officers Congress may allow to be appointed by the President alone, by the
“How Do I Bring Diversity?” Race and Class in the College Admissions Essay

In the first systematic study of what college applicants invoke when required to submit a diversity essay, we revisit many settled assumptions on both the left and the right about how such an essay would operate after Grutter and Gratz as well as after the passage of anti‐affirmative action ballot initiatives. Our data are a sample of 176 diversity essays submitted to the University of Michigan in the immediate aftermath of the University’s Supreme Court win, analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively with special attention to the differences that the essay writer’s race and class position make. We find that in many respects the essays are similar when written by applicants from similar backgrounds but different races, and that conservative critics were wrong to assume the essay would function simply as a way of announcing oneself as an under-the-table affirmative action candidate. Rather than suggesting a straightforward lineup of advantage and disadvantage, we suggest rather that the essay is a vehicle for the youngest generation of citizens to both receive and send back a new conception of difference that has some essentializing elements but overall is turning in a postracial, cosmopolitan direction.
Predictive Criterion-Related Validity of Observer Ratings of Personality and Job-Related Competencies Using Multiple Raters and Multiple Performance Criteria

The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive validity of observer ratings of personality and job-related competencies in a selection setting. Based on ratings from multiple raters of both the predictors and the criteria in a sample of MBA students, results indicated that observer ratings of Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, leadership, and interpersonal skills predicted work performance, team performance, and academic performance. For work performance and team performance, a composite of the four predictors had incremental predictive validity over general mental ability, even after controlling for how well the rater knew the ratee.
Financial innovations and managerial incentive contracting

The top executives' demands for financial instruments that enable them to hedge the risk exposure in their compensation has increased drastically in the last decade. We analyse the implications of a manager's hedging ability for effort incentives. We show that if the manager's hedging opportunity is limited to a known fixed number of trading rounds with risk-neutral third parties, then the equilibrium effort is not affected at all. If the manager has the opportunity to hedge without committing to a last trading round, however, she hedges completely and no effort incentives can be sustained. Therefore, limiting the manager's opportunity to hedge to a fixed known number of trading rounds is crucial for sustaining incentives. JEL classification: G30, G32
Congressional Authority to Interpret the Thirteenth Amendment

This essay investigates whether the Court is likely to superimpose its Fourteenth Amendment conservatism, from cases like City of Boerne v. Flores, unto Thirteenth Amendment jurisprudence. I claim that the scope of Congress’s legislative authority under Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment is not limited to the Court’s remedial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. I first address an originalist argument for restraining Thirteenth Amendment legislative authority. Some scholars have called for prohibiting legislators from identifying the badges and incidents of involuntary servitude, leaving that task to the Supreme Court. A historical survey demonstrates, to the contrary, that the Thirteenth Amendment empowers Congress to identify and prohibit remaining vestiges of unfreedom. I review statements that congressmen made during debates on the proposed Amendment, paying close attention to claims about Section 2, Enforcement Clause, authority. I next turn to a Thirteenth Amendment doctrinal analysis. I argue that irrespective of the original intent of the Amendment’s framers, the Warren Court’s expansive understanding of the Thirteenth Amendment in Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer remains binding despite the Rehnquist Court’s narrow expostulation of Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. I aim to dispel the notion that the new Section 5 doctrine can be transposed unto Section 2 interpretation and thereby render the Supreme Court the only proper interpreter of the Thirteenth Amendment’s scope. My survey of the historical and jurisprudential backgrounds of the Thirteenth Amendment indicates that Boerne’s congruent and proportional test is inapplicable to the judicial review of statutes passed pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment. Furthermore, the Court has specifically ruled out applying the congruence and proportionality standard outside the Section 5 context.
Dynamic Slotting and Pricing Decisions in a Durable Product Supply Chain

We consider a supply chain in which a manufacturer sells an innovative durable product to an independent retailer over its life cycle. We assume that the product demand follows a Bass-type diffusion process and that it is determined by the market influences, retail price of the product, and shelf space allocated to it. We consider the following retailer profit optimization strategies: (i) the myopic strategy of maximizing the current-period profit and (ii) the far-sighted strategy of maximizing the life-cycle profit. We characterize the optimal dynamic shelf-space allocation and retail pricing policies for the retailer and wholesale pricing policies for the manufacturer. We compute also these policies numerically. Surprisingly, we find that the manufacturer, and sometimes even the retailer, is better off with a myopic retailer strategy in some cases.
Morris Communications v. PGA Tour: Battle Over the Rights to Real-Time Sports Scores

Real-time sports scores appeal to a wide range of consumers, from high-stakes gamblers to casual fans. These scores therefore represent a significant potential source of revenues for sports conglomerates. This potential has created a competitive market for the scores and has led to litigation over who controls the right to disseminate and thereby profit from the information. Parties seeking to compete in the market have proceeded on different legal theories, including misappropriation, anticompetitive behavior, and copyright infringement. Sports scores do not fit neatly into any intellectual property definition, and the only two cases to deal with the issue to date - NBA v. Motorola, Inc. and Morris Communications v. PGA Tour - based their holdings on different theories. While the Motorola court determined that real-time sports scores are mere facts that no one can own, the PGA Tour court suggested that a compilation of scores constitutes property that the company who created the compilation may legally protect.This Note explores legal tactics and theories applicable to controversies over real-time sports scores. Part I describes the most recent case in the field, PGA Tour. Part II discusses two legal regimes that parties have used in attempts to create or deny ownership of real-time sports scores: the Sherman Act and the doctrine of misappropriation. In Part III, this Note compares the Second Circuit's treatment of real-time sports scores in Motorola to the Eleventh Circuit's analysis in PGA Tour, and concludes that, although both emphasized free-riding as central to their holdings, the courts ultimately based their decisions on varying interpretations of property issues. Next, the Note analyzes these underlying property issues and contemplates how they may inform future attempts to protect real-time sports scores, ending with an examination of the broader interests of consumers and producers in the dissemination of real-time sports scores.
The changing association between prenatal participation in WIC and birth outcomes in New York City.

We analyze the relationship between prenatal WIC participation and birth outcomes in New York City from 1988—2001. The analysis is unique for several reasons. First, we have over 800,000 births to women on Medicaid, the largest sample ever used to analyze prenatal participation in WIC. Second, we focus on measures of fetal growth distinct from preterm birth, since there is little clinical support for a link between nutritional supplementation and premature delivery. Third, we restrict the primary analysis to women on Medicaid who have no previous live births and who initiate prenatal care within the first four months of pregnancy. Our goal is to lessen heterogeneity between WIC and non-WIC participants by limiting the sample to highly motivated women who have no experience with WIC from a previous pregnancy. Fourth, we analyze a large sub-sample of twin deliveries. Multifetal pregnancies increase the risk of anemia and fetal growth retardation and thus may benefit more than singletons from nutritional supplementation. We find no relationship between prenatal WIC participation and measures of fetal growth among singletons. We find a modest pattern of association between WIC and fetal growth among U.S.-born Black twins. Our findings suggest that prenatal participation in WIC has had a minimal effect on adverse birth outcomes in New York City. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Negotiating and Analyzing Electronic License Agreements

Mr. Alford analyzes license agreements for electronic resources and suggests certain negotiation points to consider when entering into such an agreement. He begins by describing the results of a survey of law librarians about their preparation for and techniques used when negotiating electronic license agreements and the legal strategies used by publishers to support the licensing of electronic information. After reviewing selected principles of licensing issued by library associations and several standardized electronic license agreements, he identifies provisions in a typical agreement that should concern libraries and suggests certain arguments to use in negotiating terms more favorable to the library.
The Dynamics of Criminal Behavior: Evidence from Weather Shocks.

While the persistence of criminal activity is well documented, this may be due to persistence in the unobserved determinants of crime. There are good reasons to believe, however, that there may actually be a negative relationship between crime rates in a particular area due to temporal displacement. We exploit the correlation between weather and crime to examine the short-run dynamics of crime. Using variation in lagged crime rates due to weather shocks, we find that the positive serial correlation is reversed. These findings suggest that the long-run impact of temporary crime-prevention efforts may be smaller than the short-run effects.
THE EARLY BRITISH RAILWAY SYSTEM, THE CASSON COUNTERFACTUAL, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CENTRAL PLANNING

How large is the “first mover disadvantage ,” in which a pioneer in deployment of new technologies incurs costs due to the immature state of that technology and to lack of knowledge about its application? And to what extent can those costs be mitigated by central planning? Mark Casson's book, The World's First Railway System, demonstrates that the British rail system on the eve of World War I could have been replaced by a much more efficient one, with reductions of cost and mileage in the 25-35 percent range. Much of that inefficiency can be attributed to the early days of British railways, in the 1830s and 1840s. It was due to incorrect notions about the nature of demand for railway service and about economic growth--notions that were recognized by only a few contemporary observers as incorrect. Since the correct views were rare and contrarian, it is likely (as was claimed by some experts in the early 1850s) that central planning in the 1840s would have led to an even less efficient system than the one produced by the decentralized, competitive, and admittedly wasteful historical process.
Flexible Citizenship in Wena Poon's Short Stories: Writing at the Interstices of Asia and America

United States- based Singaporean author Wena Poon writes to the multi-layered complexities of transient transnational identity. Her short stories, produced within the interstices of her professional work as a multi-national corporate attorney, reveal a sensitivity towards the transient and mobile subject that, beyond Neel Chowdhury's assessment that they "lapse...into the cliches that bedevil stories of Asian deracination," speaks to multi-nationals whose lives are characterised by constant movement and flux between countries. On the surface, Poon bills her work as literature by a transnational author for transnational readers, yet nested within many of her short stories are considerations about the larger consequences of Western globalisation and accelerated capital growth in Asia that have led to "flexible citizenship," particularly for Singaporeans away from their homeland living in the larger Chinese diaspora in America and across the globe.
Bottomheavy: Legal Footnotes

For decades, legal footnotes have been the deserving target of both ample criticism and self-mockery. Apart from their complaints as to footnotes’ mere existence, most critics draw a bead on the ballooning of footnote content. Some journal editors, aspiring to respond to this sound theme, hopefully inform their authors of a preference for “light footnoting.” But where does an author begin to trim, and what editor has the audacity to slash what the author (or her research assistant) has so laboriously compiled below the line? Changing our footnote habits is about benefits and costs. To gain the former, we must ante up. If criticism began the round of bidding, this article modestly raises the stakes, suggesting a rule of reason that might govern the author’s, the editor’s, and the reader’s expectations for footnotes. A gamble, perhaps, but one that might be worth taking.
HOBBY LOBBY, BIRTH CONTROL, AND OUR ONGOING CULTURAL WARS: PLEASURE AND DESIRE IN THE CROSSFIRES.

Both sides of the birth control debate agree that birth control artificially prevents or interrupts conception, allowing women to control their own fertility and allowing heterosexual men and women to enjoy unconstrained sexual liberty. However, the decision in Hobby Lobby omitted all discussion of this central function of birth control, and contained no mention of arguments for or against birth control that assume it.This piece examines and criticizes the two major arguments opposing and supporting birth control on this understanding of its function and core social meaning: first the neo-natural lawyers’ argument against birth control advanced in a papal encyclical in the 1930’s and in contemporary law review articles by John Finnis, George Bradley, and Robert George, and second, the “sexual-libertarian” argument supporting the use of birth control, culled from Griswold, Eisenstadt, Lawrence and their advocates and supporters in the academy.The focus of the piece is on the competing conceptions of heterosexual morality that underlie these two arguments. My central claim is that both sides fail to address women’s actual felt desires either for sex or pregnancy. Natural law advocates generally celebrate all non-contracepted marital sex regardless of women’s desires for either the sex or the pregnancy that is its foreseeable consequence. Likewise, sexual libertarians celebrate all consensual sex regardless of women’s desires.This erasure of the relevance of women’s desire, or lack of desire, to the morality of heterosexual intercourse and pregnancy causes women harm, and is a condition of women’s subordination. The current legal clashes over birth control have marginalized the harms. This piece seeks to re-center them.
A Primer on Network Neutrality

This paper will provide a straightforward explanation of what constitutes network neutrality and why a debate has arisen about whether governments need to establish rules mandating nondiscrimination. The paper will identify what types of price and quality of service discrimination represent legitimate efforts to diversify Internet-mediated services and to satisfy increasingly diverse requirements of content providers and consumers. The paper concludes that while many concerns about network neutrality overstate the potential for harm, ISPs should offer non-neutral services in a fully transparent manner so that regulators can distinguish between actual and induced network congestion as well as other potential harm to content providers and consumers.
Dynamic Multi‐Activity Contests*

In many contests, players can influence the outcome through efforts in multiple activities, several of which can be chosen before others. In this paper, we develop a model of dynamic multi-activity contests. Players simultaneously choose efforts in long-run activities, observe each other’s efforts in these activities, and then simultaneously choose efforts in short-run activities. A player’s long-run and short-run efforts complement each other in determining the player’s probability of winning. We compare the outcomes of this two-stage model to those of the corresponding model in which players do not observe each other’s first-stage efforts before the second stage and thus effectively choose efforts in all activities simultaneously. Interestingly, effort expenditures are always lower in the sequential multi-activity contest than in the simultaneous multi-activity contest. The implications of this result for the organization of military, litigation, innovation, academic, and sporting contests are highlighted.
Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes

We develop a simple model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that is consistent with a number of stylized features of the data. In particular, the model predicts positive as well as zero trade flows across pairs of countries, and it allows the number of exporting firms to vary across destination countries. As a result, the impact of trade frictions on trade flows can be decomposed into the intensive and extensive margins, where the former refers to the trade volume per exporter and the latter refers to the number of exporters. This model yields a generalized gravity equation that accounts for the self-selection of firms into export markets and their impact on trade volumes. We then develop a two-stage estimation procedure that uses an equation for selection into trade partners in the first stage and a trade flow equation in the second. We implement this procedure parametrically, semiparametrically, and nonparametrically, showing that in all three cases the estimated effects of trade frictions are similar. Importantly, our method provides estimates of the intensive and extensive margins of trade. We show that traditional estimates are biased and that most of the bias is due not to selection but rather due to the omission of the extensive margin. Moreover, the effect of the number of exporting firms varies across country pairs according to their characteristics. This variation is large and particularly so for trade between developed and less developed countries and between pairs of less developed countries.
Relationship Banking and Loan Syndicate Structure: The Role of Private Equity Sponsors

Using a sample of syndicated loans to private equity (PE)‐backed initial public offering companies, we examine how a third‐party bank relationship influences the syndicate structure of a loan. We find that a stronger relationship between the lead bank and the borrower's PE firm enables the lead bank to retain a smaller share of the loan and form a larger and less concentrated syndicate, especially when the borrower is less transparent. A stronger PE‐bank relationship also attracts greater foreign bank participation. Our findings suggest that the lead bank's relationship with a large equity holder of the borrower facilitates information production in lending.
Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models With Dummy Endogenous Regressors: Simple Strategies for Empirical Practice

Applied economists have long struggled with the question of how to accommodate binary endogenous regressors in models with binary and nonnegative outcomes. Iargue here that much of the dife culty with limited dependent variables comes from a focus on structural parameters, such as index coefe cients, instead of causal effects. Once the object of estimation is taken to be the causal effect of treatment, several simple strategies are available. These include conventional two-stage least squares, multiplicative models for conditional means, linear approximation of nonlinear causal models, models for distribution effects, and quantile regression with an endogenous binary regressor. The estimation strategies discussed in the article are illustrated by using multiple births to estimate the effect of childbearing on employment status and hours of work.
For-Profit Philanthropy

This essay examines Google's adoption of the novel and unorthodox for-profit philanthropy model. Google created a division of its for-profit company that is tasked with pursuing philanthropic activities. Specifically, this division is responsible for addressing the global issues of climate change, poverty, and emerging diseases. Of course, companies have long blended philanthropic and business objectives. They make contributions, commit to corporate social responsibility, or even form as social enterprises. For-profit philanthropy, though, differs from these familiar techniques in both structure and scale. Likewise, for-profit philanthropy stands in stark contrast to the nonprofit, tax-exempt form of organization typically used by those pursuing exclusively philanthropic endeavors. This essay investigates the for-profit philanthropy model, drawing out these distinctions as well as the reasons why Google chose to adopt it. These reasons reveal a fascinating mismatch between Google's philanthropic vision and that of nonprofit law. Exploring this divergence exposes the fundamental policy choices underlying the law's structures for philanthropic activity, as well as the undertheorized boundary between nonprofits and for-profits.
Buyer information and the hedonic: The impact of a seller disclosure on the implicit price for airport noise

Revealed preference methods like the hedonic model generally assume economic agents have access to publicly available information and use it effectively. In the housing market, the recent proliferation of seller disclosure laws suggests that policymakers perceive buyers to be less than “fully informed,” presumably since they face higher information acquisition costs than sellers. The introduction of an airport noise disclosure in the residential housing market surrounding the Raleigh–Durham International Airport is used as a quasi-random experiment to analyze the impact of this type of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers on housing prices. The results from a regression analysis that controls for potential spatial and temporal confounders, suggest that the airport noise disclosure reduced the value of houses most heavily impacted by airport noise by 2.9 percent. This represents approximately a 37 percentage point increase in the implicit price of airport noise. The results provide evidence that publicly available information, such as that available for airport noise, may not be adequately considered by all buyers. They also suggest that the information environment should be carefully considered when using housing data and the hedonic model to value urban amenities and disamenities.
State mandated benefits and employer provided health insurance

Abstract One popular explanation for the low rate of employee health insurance coverage is the presence of numerous state regulations which mandate that group health insurance plans must include certain benefits. By raising the minimum cost of providing any health insurance coverage, these mandated benefits make it impossible for firms which would have desired to offer minimal health insurance at a low cost to do so. I use data on insurance coverage among employees in small firms to investigate whether this problem is an important cause of employee non-insurance. I find that mandates have little effect on the rate of insurance coverage; this finding is robust to a variety of specifications of the regulations. I also find that this lack of an effect may be because mandates are not binding, since most firms appear to offer these benefits even in the absence of regulation.
Culture, caution, and trust

Abstract Trust is an important determinant of economic development. Understanding its origins is therefore critical. We develop a principal-agent model with heterogeneous players to determine the aggregate amount of trustworthiness and trust in a society. People are distributed according to their preference toward caution , which we model as loss aversion. The first two moments of the distribution across principals and agents—along with institutional quality—are critical to the process by which trustworthiness and trust are formed. A direct effect suggests that more caution leads to less societal trust. An indirect effect of greater caution, working through trustworthiness, leads to more trust. Paradoxically, the net effect is almost always positive. The results are similar when we use expected utility theory. Different distributional assumptions can influence the results.
"Jacob Mincer, Experience and the Distribution of Earnings"

This paper reviews Jacob Mincer’s contributions to the analyses of earnings and the distribution of earnings through his pioneering focus on labor market experience or on-the-job training. It begins with a brief discussion of the theoretical literature on the distribution of earnings in the pre-Mincer period, and then discusses his analysis of human capital and earnings developed in his 1957 doctoral dissertation and 1958 Journal of Political Economy (JPE) article. Further analyses of on-the-job training, and in particular estimates of the rate of return from on-the-job training, are presented in his 1962 JPE paper. The synergy between Mincer and Becker during the 1960s is discussed, as is the development of the schooling-earnings function by Becker and Chiswick (1966). Mincer (1974) extended this relationship by incorporating experience to form the “human capital earnings function” in his Schooling, Experience and Earnings (1974). Subsequent modifications, extensions, tests of robustness and the wide applicability of the human capital earnings functions are presented.
Culture, Nationhood, and the Human Rights Ideal

This paper was written as a part of a Symposium on Culture, Nation, and LatCrit (Latina/o Communities and Critical Race) Theory and focuses on the concept of voice and silence. Part I locates the works in the axis of silence and power. Part II explores how critical theory and international human rights norms can be used to develop a methodology to analyze and detect the exclusion or silencing of voices. A paradigm is developed that, by internationalizing voice, serves as a useful tool to explore power-based silencing. In Part III, the article illustrates how the proposed paradigm can focus the issues of culture and nation in a way that encourages a non-essentialist, anti-subordination, inclusive personhood ideal.
Race, Context, and Judging on the Courts of Appeals: Race-Based Panel Effects in Death Penalty Cases

This paper examines how the identities of judges on multimember courts interact with case context to influence judicial decision making. Specifically, I leverage variation in panel composition and ...
A comparative study of jet-quenching schemes

The four major approximation schemes devised to study the modification of jets in dense matter are outlined. The comparisons are restricted to basic assumptions and approximations made in each case and the calculation methodology used. Emergent underlying similarities between apparently disparate methods brought about by the approximation schemes are exposed. Parameterizations of the medium in each scheme are discussed in terms of the transport coefficient q. Discrepancies between the estimates obtained from the four schemes are discussed. Recent developments in the basic theory and phenomenology of energy loss are highlighted.