cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Rectification of the Isoproterenol-Activated Chloride Current in Guinea-Pig Ventricular Myocytes

The whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique was used to investigate the mechanism underlying rectification of the isoproterenol-activated chloride (Cl-) current in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. When extracellular Cl- was replaced with either bromide (Br-), glutamate (Glut), iodide (I-), isethionate (Iseth), or nitrate (NO3-), the magnitude of the shift in reversal potential of the macroscopic current suggested the following selectivity sequence: NO3- > Br- > or = Cl- > or = I- > Iseth > or = Glut. This information was used to investigate the role of permeant ions in rectification of this current. Consistent with previous observations, when the concentration of intracellular Cl- (Cli-) was less than the concentration of extracellular Cl- (Clo-) (40 mM Cli-/150 mM Clo-) the current exhibited outward rectification, but when Cli- was increased to equal that outside (150 Cli-/150 Clo-), the current no longer rectified. Rectification in the presence of asymmetrical concentrations of permeant ions on either side of the membrane is predicted by constant field theory, as described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz current equation. However, when the Cl- gradient was reversed (150 Cli-/40 Clo-) the current did not rectify in the opposite direction, and in the presence of lower symmetrical concentrations of Cl- inside and out (40 Cli-/40 Clo-), outward rectification did not disappear. Reducing Cli- by equimolar replacement with glutamate caused a concentration dependent increase in the degree of rectification. However, when Cli- was replaced with more permeant anions (NO3- and Br-), rectification was not observed. These results can be explained by a single binding site model based on Eyring rate theory, indicating that rectification is a function of the concentration and the permeability of the anions in the intracellular solution.
THE GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION BETWEEN DROSOPHILA MAURITIANA AND D. SECHELLIA

Understanding how species form is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Identifying the genetic bases of barriers that prevent gene flow between species provides insight into how speciation occurs. Here, I analyze a poorly understood reproductive isolating barrier, prezygotic reproductive isolation. I perform a genetic analysis of prezygotic isolation between two closely related species of Drosophila, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. I first confirm the existence of strong behavioral isolation between D. mauritiana females and D. sechellia males. Next, I examine the genetic basis of behavioral isolation by (1) scanning an existing set of introgression lines for chromosomal regions that have a large effect on isolation; and (2) mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) that underlie behavioral isolation via backcross analysis. In particular, I map QTL that determine whether a hybrid backcross female and a D. sechellia male will mate. I identify a single significant QTL, on the X chromosome, suggesting that few major-effect loci contribute to behavioral isolation between these species. In further work, I refine the map position of the QTL to a small region of the X chromosome.
Purification of a syngeneic cross-reactive autotumorolytic factor.

~~ ~ Abstract. An autotumorolytic fraction (ATF) derived from sera of mice bearing spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma has been purified by sequential chromatography on Sephacryl 200 SF, DEAE Sephacel, hydroxylapatite, and Sephacryl 200 SF. At each stage of the purification, tumorolytic activity was assessed by the ability of the active material to induce lysis of a 2-week- old mammary tumor, and verified by histopathological analysis. Active fractions obtained during the stages of purification were capable of inducing lysis of tumors in both the original donor mice and the syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Lytic activity was specific only for tumor tissue. This syngeneic crossreactivity of partially purified materials permitted pooling of serum samples for purification purposes. The resultant final preparation of ATF is an homogenous protein fraction, as verified by gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular weight of active ATF is approximately 50,000 Da, as determined by gradient SDS-PAGE. o 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Comparison of different enrichment broths and background flora for detection of heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes in whole milk.

Various primary enrichment broths, including University of Vermont medium (UVM), Listeria enrichment broth (LEB), modified LEB, and aerobic and anaerobic L-PALCAMY, were compared with aerobic and anaerobic Pennsylvania State University (PSU) broths for the detection of severely heat-injured (62.8 degrees C for 5, 10, or 15 min; no colony appearance after heat injury on aerobic Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract and modified Oxford medium) Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Anaerobic conditions were produced by adding L-cysteine and then purging the headspace with N2. The effect of uninjured background flora (10(3) CFU/ml of Enterococcus faecium) on frequency of detection was examined. Anaerobic PSU broth resulted in the lowest false-positive rate and the highest frequency of detection of severely heat-injured L. monocytogenes compared with UVM, LEB, and modified LEB (P 10(6) CFU/ml) inhibited the detection of heat-injured L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). A heat-resistant, LiCl-tolerant Lactobacillus isolate from raw milk increased the rate of both false-positive and false-negative reactions.
Medical School Hotline: Liaison Committee on Medical Education Accreditation, Part V: Clerkship Education.

This is the fourth article in a series that will address various aspects of the LCME accreditation process,1 which JABSOM is scheduled to undergo in early 2017. This installment provides an overview of pre-clerkship education at JABSOM and related LCME standards.
Potassium Chloride Therapy and Serum Potassium in Infantile Eczema.

The observation has been made that the administration of potassium chloride to young children with bronchial asthma has given relief in some instances, especially when the intake of sodium chloride has been held at a low level. The ingestion of the potassium salt causes a cessation of the milder attacks of asthma, but in the more severe cases the asthma continues while the potassium chloride is being taken but ceases almost at once when the salt is discontinued.1 Some of these subjects have had eczema during infancy and up to the time of the onset of the asthma. They appeared to respond best to the potassium chloride therapy.Recent writings on eczema have emphasized the nonspecific factors as a cause of the disease. The skin of the infant especially the horny layer is thinner than that of the older child and the terminal capillaries show differences of configuration. The infant's skin has a higher content of water and of sodium chloride and a lower potassium/sodium ratio.2 These features tend to disappear...
A Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study of Electronic Processes in LixFePO4

LixFePO4 solid solutions with different lithium concentrations, x, were investigated by Mossbauer spectrometry at temperatures between 25° and 210°. The Mossbauer spectra show a temperature dependence of their isomer shifts (EIS) and electric quadrupole splittings (EQ), typical of thermally-activated, electronic relaxation processes involving 57Fe ions. The activation energies for the fluctuations of EQ and EIS do not have a measurable dependence on the concentration of lithium, but varies between Fe3+ and Fe2+. Typically, for the Fe2+ components of the spectra, the fluctuations of EQ occurred at lower temperatures than the fluctuations of EIS, with activation energy of 512 meV for EQ and 551 meV for EIS. The more facile fluctuations of EQ for Fe2+ are evidence for local motions of neighboring Li+ ions.
Is mating psychology most closely tied to biological sex or preferred partner's sex?

Abstract Most research into mating psychology focuses on heterosexual mating; however, it remains unknown whether the sex of the individual or the sex to whom that individual is attracted is most closely tied to mating psychology. In the current study, homosexual and heterosexual participants completed questionnaires designed to measure previously-documented sex differences in mating psychology from heterosexual samples. These included men's higher sociosexual orientation and number of lifetime sex partners, women's greater emotional attachment to casual sex partners, men's greater likelihood to overestimate women's sexual intent, women's greater likelihood to underestimate men's commitment intent, and differences in responses to emotional versus sexual infidelity. Based on our results, it appears that the sex of the individual and not the sex to whom that person is attracted tends to determine mating psychology. In particular, women, regardless of orientation, seem to share a similar mating psychology — supporting the idea female sexuality is relatively fluid. In comparison, there was greater variation between heterosexual men and gay men — consistent with the view that that male sexuality is more canalized. We conclude that homosexual mating strategies are complex: they represent neither a simple continuation of heterosexual evolved mating psychology nor a complete gender-role reversal.
Emergency treatment of burns in children.

For general practitioners, who handle more than 85 per cent of all pediatric care, Postgraduate Medicine here presents authoritative, up-to-date summaries by specialists in pediatric problems.
Traumatic rupture of the tricuspid valve: repair by chordal replacements and annuloplasty.

A 10-year-old girl sustained traumatic rupture of the tricuspid valve in an automobile accident Three years later, progressive fatigue and cardiac enlargement developed. The valve was repaired by pericardial chordal replacements and ring annuloplasty. Nine months postoperatively the patient is in good clinical condition and echocardiography has indicated near-normal function of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle.
ULTRASENSITIVE GAIN MEASUREMENTS IN I//2 AND IF.

We report results of efforts to develop a highly sensitive quantitative small-signal gain (SSG) measurement technique for use in evaluation of potential chemically pumped visible laser systems. Intracavity gain loss techniques using cw dye lasers as a gain probe are known to have high sensitivity.1-3 The method typically involved placing the gain medium into the cavity of a cw dye laser. The gain existing in the dye is then utilized to offset all losses in the cavity. Thus any gain existing in the test medium enhances the dye laser output since all losses are automatically overcome by the dye. Net gains as small as 10−4 or 0.01% are detectable using this technique.
Advantages of Nonlinear over Segmentation Analyses in Path Models

The recent availability of software tools for nonlinear path analyses, such as WarpPLS, enables e-collaboration researchers to take nonlinearity into consideration when estimating coefficients of association among linked variables. Nonlinear path analyses can be applied to models with or without latent variables, and provide advantages over data segmentation analyses, including those employing finite mixture segmentation techniques a.k.a. FIMIX. The latter assume that data can be successfully segmented into subsamples, which are then analyzed with linear algorithms. Nonlinear analyses employing WarpPLS also allow for the identification of linear segments mirroring underlying nonlinear relationships, but without the need to generate subsamples. The author demonstrates the advantages of nonlinear over data segmentation analyses.
Inversion of the left atrial appendage in an asymptomatic newborn without prior cardiac surgery.

A 7-day-old male infant presented for concern of a possible left atrial mass. At 3 days of age, he had persistent tachypnoea and stridor without a murmur on exam. An echocardiogram was ordered to screen for congenital heart disease. The echocardiogram showed a small, dynamic pedunculated mass in the left …
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of uranyl in aqueous samples: implications for nuclear forensics and groundwater testing

A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method, based on functionalized silver colloids, is developed for the detection of uranyl ions that yields a limit of detection of 24 ppb. The signal is obtained from functionalized colloids three months after preparation and in the presence of interferents likely to be present in groundwater. Additionally, our method is transferrable to a hand-held Raman spectrometer with comparable sensitivity, exhibiting potential for field analysis of uranium.
Imaging Asymmetric Division in Stem Cells and Cancer.

Abstract While it has long been speculated that mammalian stem cells undergo asymmetric and symmetric division, whether this actually occurs has not been clearly demonstrated. We have used a transgenic Notch reporter mouse, in which the GFP status of a cell acts as a sensor for the differentiated state, to image how mammalian hematopoietic stem cells divide and respond to signals during growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. We show that mammalian hematopoietic stem cells have the ability to undergo both symmetric and asymmetric divisions and that the balance between these divisions is not hardwired in precursors but, instead, responsive to extrinsic and intrinsic cues. In addition, we show that oncoproteins can also influence a cell's choice between symmetric and asymmetric division. Cumulatively, this work not only establishes a novel system in which division of early hematopoietic precursor cells can not only be tracked in real time, but also indicates that the distribution of symmetric and asymmetric division can be modulated in response to the microenvironment and subverted by oncogenes.
Inferring Patterns, Dynamics, and Model-Based Metrics of Epidemiological Risks of Neglected Tropical Diseases

Abstract Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) pose a devastating obstacle to health and remain a serious concern to poverty and socio-economic upliftment. Recently, WHO with the local public health department has scaled up efforts in control and even eliminating some of the neglected diseases. In spite of this there seems to be long road ahead to achieve complete elimination of NTDs. Because of scarcity in resources and lack of data, implications from field studies have been limited. Mathematical modeling techniques have been proven to be extremely helpful for other directly transmitted nonneglected infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. This chapter collects some of the recent mathematical techniques and its implementation procedures used for other diseases to study dynamics of NTDs in the face of scarce data in a resource limited settings.
Detecting Rare Mutations and DNA Damage with Sequencing-Based Methods

There is a great need in biomedical and genetic research to detect DNA damage and de novo mutations, but doing so is inherently challenging because of the rarity of these events. The enormous capacity of current DNA sequencing technologies has opened the door for quantifying sequence variants present at low frequencies in vivo, such as within cancerous tissues. However, these sequencing technologies are error prone, resulting in high noise thresholds. Most DNA sequencing methods are also generally incapable of identifying chemically modified bases arising from DNA damage. In recent years, numerous specialized modifications to sequencing methods have been developed to address these shortcomings. Here, we review this landscape of emerging techniques, highlighting their respective strengths, weaknesses, and target applications.
An exploratory study of student teachers’ conceptions of teaching life science outdoors

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to investigate elementary student teachers’ conceptions of teaching life science outdoors. The study involved 99 student teachers who were enro...
Adolescent Psychic Entropy: A Response to Unacknowledged Fears.

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of measuring psychic entropy in adolescents and to note the predictability of two variables--gender and grade. The subjects were 22 male and female junior and senior high school Caucasians in a central Kentucky church youth choir. They were given the 20-item Psychic Entropy Measure for Adolescents, which is a list of 20 negatively presented statements rated on a five-point scale. The five highest scoring items specifically reflect the phenomenon of psychic entropy. The findings suggest that unacknowledged adolescent fears may be developmental. The limited sample demonstrated that a revised instrument of the Psychic Entropy Measure for Adolescents could be an effective instrument in therapy.
Diagnosis, Assessment, Taxonomy, and Case Formulations

Diagnostic terminology is widely used by mental health professionals. In the United States, diagnostic concepts have become dominated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association (1980, 1987, 1994). Because reimbursement has become increasingly dependent on DSM diagnoses, mental health professionals are understandably concerned about such diagnoses.
REABSORPTION FROM THE RENAL PELVIS AND RENAL FUNCTION DURING TOTAL URETERAL OCCLUSION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN DOGS

It has been clearly demonstrated that renal function, glomerular filtration as well as tubular secretion and reabsorption, continue following total obstruction of the ureter. It is postulated that continuing function is possible because of continuous reabsorption from the renal pelvis via lymph and/or blood vessels.
A novel customizable stent graft that contains a stretchable ePTFE with a laser-welded nitinol stent

Customizable medical devices have recently attracted attentions both in dental and orthopedic device fields, which can tailor to the patients' anatomy to reduce the length of surgery time and to improve the clinical outcomes. However, development of the patient specific endovascular device still remains challenging due to the limitations in current 3D printing technology, specifically for the stent grafts. Therefore, our group has investigated the feasibility of a highly stretchable expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube as a customizable graft material with the laser-welded nitinol backbone. In this study, a highly stretchable ePTFE tube was evaluated in terms of mechanical behaviors, in vitro biocompatibility of ePTFE with various stretchiness levels, and capability for the integration with the laser-welded customizable nitinol stent backbone. A prototype stent graft for the swine's venous size was successfully constructed and tested in the porcine model. This study demonstrates the ability of ePTFE tube to customize the stent graft without any significant issue, for example, sweating through the stretched pores in the ePTFE tube, as well as in vivo feasibility of the device for bleeding control. This novel customizable stent graft would offer possibilities for a wide range of both current and next-generation endovascular applications for the treatment in vascular injuries or diseases. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 911-923, 2019.
INABILITY TO DETECT Ia ANTIGENS IN MOUSE SERA

Abstract: Inhibition assays with alloantisera failed to reveal presence of Ia antigens in mice serum. Most mouse sera at high concentrations inhibit the anti-Ia sera non-specifically. Immunoprecipitation assays with rabbit anti-mouse sera failed to detect Ia molecules on spleen cells. The antigenic specificity detected in serum and purportedly of oligosaccharide in nature is probably not the defined Ia specificities.
Is the Illusion of Authenticity Beneficial? Merely Perceiving Decisions as Guided by the True Self Enhances Decision Satisfaction:

Many people endorse a “true-self-as-guide” (TSAG) lay theory of decision-making that suggests following one’s true self is an optimal strategy for making decisions. Across five studies (N = 1,320),...
7 – Atmospheric Dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a framework for describing and interpreting the structure and evolution of large-scale atmospheric motions. It considers motions with horizontal scales of hundreds of kilometers or longer, vertical scales on the order of the depth of the troposphere, and timescales on the order of a day or longer. Motions on these scales are directly and strongly influenced by the Earth's rotation, they are in hydrostatic balance, and the vertical component of the three-dimensional velocity vector is more than three orders of smaller magnitude than the horizontal component but is nonetheless of critical importance. The chapter also introduces some concepts and definitions that are useful in characterizing horizontal flow patterns. It is followed by a more extensive review on the dynamics of large-scale horizontal motions on a rotating planet. The chapter further introduces the system of primitive equations, which is widely used for predicting how large-scale motions evolve with time. The chapter concludes with brief discussions on the atmospheric general circulation and numerical weather prediction.
Chapter 4 – Business plan

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the importance of business plan in setting up a new industrial plant. A business plan represents a key ingredient for establishing a new plant location and a new business. It is a basic part of preplanning, because a good plan should establish the speed at which a plant can be operational. Details required for sound plant location are not necessary for a business plan and should be dealt within a business plan only in general, abbreviated terms. The chapter discusses about the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) format that is specifically designed to assist new ventures in their presentations to bankers for a Small Business Administration guaranteed loan. The SCORE business plan outline is a tool that leads to a formal written document, which can be from 20 to 45 pages long when complete. The chapter emphasizes that a business plan is first, a planning tool for the owner/entrepreneur; second, a sales tool to be used to influence friends, family, bankers, employees, and private investors; and third, an operations tool to guide management through progressive goals set for the business. No new business should be started without the benefit of a business plan with its sales targets and financial projections.
The Importance of Trending Topics in the Gatekeeping of Social Media News Engagement: A Natural Experiment on Weibo:

Digital gatekeepers have greatly shaped the gatekeeping process of news consumption and news engagement, but how digital gatekeepers work is understudied. This study focuses on one example of digit...
Comparing Cochlear Duct Lengths Between CT and MR Images Using an Otological Surgical Planning Software

Objective We sought to examine the intra- and interobserver variability in measuring the cochlear duct length (CDL) from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images versus computed tomography (CT) images using an otological surgical planning software that uses measurements of the basal turn diameter and cochlear width to estimate the CDL. Patients Twenty-one adult cochlear implant patients with preoperative MRI and CT images. Intervention Three fellowship-trained neurotologists served as the raters in the study. One rater measured the CDL using preoperative CT scans to serve as the benchmark. Two of the raters measured the CDL on preoperative MRI scans. One rater also remeasured the scans using MRI images after a period of 1 week to assess intraobserver variability. Main outcome measure Intraclass correlational coefficients were calculated to assess for intra- and interobserver agreement. Results The mean CDL measured from the CT scans was 32.7 ± 2.0 mm (range 29.4 - 37.6 mm). The mean difference between the raters when measuring the CDL using MRI scans was -0.15 ± 2.1 mm (range -3.2 to 4.3 mm). The intraclass correlational coefficients for inter-rater reliability of CDL determination using MRI scans was judged as fair to excellent (0.68; 95% CI 0.41-0.84). The intrarater reliability of CDL determination using MRI scans was judged at fair to excellent (0.73; 95% CI 0.491-0.866). Conclusion We demonstrate that a validated otological surgical planning software for estimating the CDL preoperatively had comparable performance using MRI scans versus the gold-standard CT scans.
Increased cannibalism in Colorado potato beetles feeding on non‐preferred host plants in laboratory

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an oligophagous herbivore that feeds on several plant species in the family Solanaceae. Cannibalism is common in this species and accounts for a significant part of natural field mortality. We investigated effects of feeding on potato (Solanum tuberosum L., preferred host), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., non‐preferred host), and pothos [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunting (Araceae), non‐host] leaves on the incidence of adult Colorado potato beetles predating each other. After 48 h of confinement in laboratory arenas, significantly higher cannibalism was observed in the absence of host vegetation than in the presence of either potato or tomato leaves. After 72 h, more beetles were attacked when kept on tomato leaves than on potato leaves. Being confined on non‐host pothos leaves led to higher cannibalism compared to either species of host plant. However, its incidence was lower compared to the no‐leaf treatment, probably because pothos leaves served as a source of water. Our results suggest that adult cannibalism in the Colorado potato beetle may be triggered by a relatively mild adversity, but its extent increases as conditions deteriorate.
Storytelling beyond the ivory tower

Much has been written about the roles that marketing and consumer research academics can play in communities, in business, in legal and public policy, and with regard to consumer welfare. However, ...
A software tool for protein sequence alignment

Protein sequence comparison is one of the most popular techniques for protein data analysis. Because a specific function of a protein is often determined by a small segment in the sequence, algorithms for optimal local alignment are among the most studied. In this paper, we introduce an effective tool called information specific algorithm (INSPAL) that is not based on any specific cost model, instead allowing the user to adjust the parameters for alignment according to the sequences under consideration and the biological properties that are specific to these sequences. Experimental comparison with two most popular alignment tools ALIGN and SIM indicated that INSPAL generated better alignment results with appropriate settings of the parameters. INSPAL was developed as a Windows Installer Package using Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 6.0. It provides a user friendly graphic user interface and is very easy to install and use.
A negative or positive signal? The impact of food recalls on negative word-of-mouth (N-WOM)

Abstract Considering the increasing number of food recall incidents in the restaurant industry, it is crucial to examine the impact of food recall on consumers' negative word-of-mouth (N-WOM) intentions. This study examined the effects of the food recall announcement on consumers’ N-WOM intentions, focusing specifically on crisis level and two brand-related forms of leverage, brand equity and branding strategy. A 2 (crisis level: low/high) x 2 (brand equity: low/high) x 2 (branding strategy: corporate branding/house of brands) scenario-based research design was employed using a self-administered online survey. The food recall announcement was found to be effective in reducing N-WOM intentions only for loyal consumers when the crisis level was high. Further, the use of the corporate branding strategy was effective in reducing N-WOM intentions compared to the house-of- branding strategy. These findings provide useful guidelines to practitioners on how to effectively announce food recalls.
Wrist singularity avoidance with a robot end-effector adding an oblique, redundant axis

Abstract Novel high-order procedures follow finite displacements avoiding the adverse effects of the wrist singularity of a serial robot manipulating a curved tool. In robotic welding, this type of end effector is commonly applied to right-angle seams. This tool is symmetric about a line emanating from its tip, which adds an effective revolute-joint axis line to the robot. The curve in the tool places this axis line oblique to the third joint in the robot wrist. When the second wrist axis is out of the plane containing the third joint and tool axes, the tool axis supplies useful kinematic redundancy for mitigating the loss of mobility in a 3-axis wrist on approach to its singularity. A new method plans a path encountering the wrist singularity while satisfying limits on joint rate and acceleration under a constant rate of tool traversal. This method maintains precise position of the tool tip with the seam while allowing rotation of the tool about its symmetry axis. This is accomplished with either zero or nearly zero deviation in pointing direction.
Evaluation of Alternative Diagnostic Follow-up Intervals for Lung Reporting and Data System Criteria on the Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening

Abstract Purpose The ACR developed the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) to standardize the diagnostic follow-up of suspicious screening findings. A retrospective analysis showed that Lung-RADS would have reduced the false-positive rate in the National Lung Screening Trial, but the optimal timing of follow-up examinations has not been established. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of alternative diagnostic follow-up intervals on lung cancer screening. Methods We used the Lung Cancer Outcome Simulator to estimate population-level outcomes of alternative diagnostic follow-up intervals for Lung-RADS categories 3 and 4A. The Lung Cancer Outcome Simulator is a microsimulation model developed within the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network Consortium to evaluate outcomes of national screening guidelines. Here, among the evaluated outcomes are percentage of mortality reduction, screens performed, lung cancer deaths averted, screen-detected cases, and average number of screens and follow-ups per death averted. Results The recommended 3-month follow-up interval for Lung-RADS category 4A is optimal. However, for Lung-RADS category 3, a 5-month, instead of the recommended 6-month, follow-up interval yielded a higher mortality reduction (0.08% for men versus 0.05% for women), and a higher number of deaths averted (36 versus 27), a higher number of screen-detected cases (13 versus 7), and a lower number of combined low-dose CTs and diagnostic follow-ups per death avoided (8 versus 5), per one million general population. Sensitivity analysis of nodule progression threshold verifies a higher mortality reduction with a 1-month earlier follow-up for Lung-RADS 3. Conclusions One-month earlier diagnostic follow-ups for individuals with Lung-RADS category 3 nodules may result in a higher mortality reduction and warrants further investigation.
High levels of the small chaperone HSP25 in naked mole-rats may be a determinant of rodent longevity (880.5)

Proteostasis is an integral component of healthy aging. In most metazoans, protein quality declines during aging, resulting in accrual of damaged or self-aggregating cytotoxic proteins, linked to several age-associated diseases (e.g, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease) and pathology (e.g.,sarcopenia). The mouse-sized naked mole-rat [NMRs] lives ~5 times longer than expected based on body size, and despite detected high levels of oxidative damage even at a young age, maintain good health for most of their long lives. Like other long-lived animal models, both in vivo and in vitro studies reveal that NMRs are resistant to a broad spectrum of environmental stressors. Collectively these findings suggest that NMRs possess efficient mechanisms to maintain protein quality. Our research has previously shown that this is attributed in part to altered proteasome forms and subcellular location. However, changes in proteasome-related molecular chaperone activity that assists in the transport of damaged proteins ...
Charter School Performance in New Jersey

This paper investigates charter school performance in New Jersey from 2000 to 2006. The analysis shows that charter schools have lower performance than public schools in the same districts on fourth grade standardized tests for Language and Math, but performance improves as charter schools gain experience. In addition, I find that the N.J. Dept. of Education is effectively closing low-performing charter schools. Lastly, regression results provide evidence of a competitive effect from charter schools to public schools.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. XLVI11For paper XLV see Beugelmans, R., Williams, D.H., Budzikiewicz, H., and Djerassi, C., J. AM. CHEM. SOC., submitted for publication. the mass spectrometric fragmentation of steroidal ethylene ketals and ethylene thioketals

Abstract The mass spectra of a variety of steroidal ethylene ketals and ethylene thioketals have been studied. The results indicate that these functions strongly direct fragmentation in a predictable manner, the mechanistic course of which has been elucidated by deuterium labeling.
Wrappings of Japan

Situated Meaning: Inside and Outside in Japanese Self, Society, and Language. Jane M. Bachnik and Charles J. Quinn Jr. Women, Media and Consumption in Japan. Lise Skov and Brian Moeran
Dissipative dynamics in classical and quantum conservative systems

In this paper, which is largely review, I will discuss dissipative behavior in mechanical systems which preserve energy. The paper will encompass both the classical and quantum domains. In the classical context I will consider almost Poisson systems; systems which which have a Poisson braket which fails the Jacobi identity. This class of systems includes nonholonomic mechanical systems: systems with nonintegrable constraints such as rolling constraints. Such systems may either preserve or fail to preserve a natural measure. I will discuss also pure Hamiltonian systems such as the Toda lattice which can exhibit dissipative behavior in certain contexts as well as infinite-dimensional systems exhibiting radiative damping. In the quantum context I will discuss systems of quantum oscillators coupled to a heat bath, which also exhibit natural dissipative behavior.
Effect of healthy ageing on alveolar-capillary recruitment during exercise

Ageing is associated with deterioration in the structure and function of the pulmonary circulation with a decrease in alveolar-capillary surface area. We asked whether age-related changes in the pulmonary circulation limit alveolar-capillary recruitment and gas exchange during exercise in healthy older adults. 5 old (OLD; 66±8 yr, VO 2max 140±31% age-predicted) and 8 young adults (YNG; 28±2 yr, VO 2max 131±17% age-predicted) participated. Lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), cardiac output (Q), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) were measured via a rebreathe method at rest and during cycle exercise at 25, 50, 75 and 90% of peak power. SaO 2 was measured throughout exercise via pulse oximetry. At rest, DLCO, Vc, and Dm were lower in the OLD vs. the YNG group (22.3±5.8 vs. 29.6±4.7 ml/min/mmHg, 70±26 vs.102±48 ml, 35.2±7.9 vs. 46.6±12.3 ml/min/mmHg, P 2 did not change during exercise in either group. These data suggest that the age-associated changes in the pulmonary circulation do not impair alveolar-capillary recruitment and gas exchange during exercise in healthy older adults. NIH HL71478
Periodic bandwidth allocation based on virtual queue occupancy

Carrying IP traffic over connection-oriented networks requires the use of bandwidth allocation schemes at gateways or network interfaces. A new virtual queue occupancy, which is more accurate than the classical queue status parameter, is being proposed for periodic bandwidth allocation. Based on this virtual queue occupancy, an enhanced approach for lossless services, referred to as LAVQ, is simulated and evaluated in an IP/SONET environment. Simulations show that LAVQ outperforms its counterpart LAQ in terms of bandwidth utilization, without compromising the performance of queue occupancy.
New routes to mercaptoacetylpeptide ligand precursors utilizing carboxy terminus pentaamminecobalt(III) protection

Abstract Various synthetic routes to peptide ligand precursors bearing the S-benzoyl protected mercaptoacetyl group at the N-terminus were evaluated. Of particular interest, the S-benzoyl protected mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine (MAG3) is a ligand precursor for the synthesis of 99mTc-MAG3 which has been successfully used as a radiopharmaceutical imaging agent for renal studies. The inorganic carboxy terminus protecting group, (NH3)5CoIII, was evaluated in the preparation of MAG3 analogues containing bulky amino acids at the N-terminus. Use of this inorganic protecting group appears to be a useful new synthetic route for such analogues.
Transcephalic impedance in the neonate: An indicator of intracranial hemorrhage, asphyxia, and delayed maturation

Increased transcephalic impedance readings (>3 SD) were recorded in 13 asphyxiated infants 35 weeks or more in gestation, and in 13 preterm infants 34 weeks or less in gestation and with intracranial hemorrhage (>2 SD). Six infants had decreased TCZ recordings in the weeks following intracranial hemorrhage, without ultrasound evidence of ventricular enlargement. TCZ provides quick, inexpensive, noninvasive indication of tissue necrosis, moderate-to-severe intracranial hemorrhage, and delayed brain maturation.
Father Presence and Ritual Homosexuality: Paternal Deprivation and Masculine Development in Melanesia Reconsidered

Does father absence co-occur with homosexuality? The early Freud and certain later American psychoanalytic writers thought so; their perspectives were no doubt grounded in the folk models and epistemology of our culture. Recent work on ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia (Herdt [ed.] 1984) sheds new light on the question. Surprisingly, where these cultural practices occur, fathers are present in customary sleeping arrangements. This finding is documented and its implications are explored in this study. A long history of psychosocial inquiry into the nature of homosexuality has revolved around the differing influences of mothers and fathers in its determination. What began in the latter part of the 19th century as a discourse on the origins of "inversion" took as its watershed the Three Essays on the History of Sexuality (1905), wherein
Trends in and patterns of obesity reduction medication use in an insured cohort.

Several prescription medications are approved to treat obesity, yet little is known about their use in the United States. Our objective was to describe recent trends and patterns of obesity reduction medication use in an insured US population. From among ∼4.2 million persons enrolled in two Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans, we obtained all medical and pharmacy claims for 86,804 persons who took an obesity reduction medication anytime during 2002–2005. Overall, obesity reduction medication use decreased significantly over time from 1% in 2002 to 0.7% in 2005 (P for trend 65 (1.2%). Despite the high prevalence of obesity, obesity reduction medication use was low and decreased significantly from 2002 through 2005. Prescribers of these agents should be aware of approved durations, potential contraindications, and consider screening for depression and substance abuse.
The Uses of Anthropology in Overseas Programs: Introduction

The employment of anthropologists in operating departments of government has a relatively brief history in the United States. Beginning in the early 1930's—if we exclude such agencies as the Bureau of American Ethnology and the United States National Museum—anthropologists began to be employed in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of Agriculture, and the National Park Service. During World War II the services of anthropologists were in demand by the most diverse agencies. They helped design military equipment and served in various capacities for the armed forces and in agencies devoted to intelligence, economic and psychological warfare, and information services, to name but a few.1 In the post-war period anthropologists were employed by various reconstruction agencies in educational and health programs abroad, and in other overseas operations of the government including administration of Trust Territories of the Pacific and various technical aid programs.
FAMILY, URBAN AND REGIONAL INFLUENCES ON GIVING BEHAVIOR

The non-profit sector is an increasingly important part of the economy. Unlike other economic activities, the non-profit organizations rely upon individual, corporate and government giving to support their operations, causing them to face a different set of influences. To test the forces that shape individual giving, two hypotheses are proposed. One is that giving is affected by family characteristics such as the age and education of the household head, family size, and the number of earners in each family. The other relates giving to the free rider concept: most is given in the smallest communities due to peer pressure. This hypothesis is tested by using homeownership and population density as measures of community attitudes. Income, population, and regional dummy variables represent urban and regional factors. The models were tested using Consumer Expenditure Survey Data for 1950, 1960, and 1972; the results indicate the dominance of income, the limited influence of both family characteristics and free rider effects, and little regional differentiation.
Development of a computational strategy to compare repetitive element enrichment between experimental conditions from high-throughput sequencing datasets

Repetitive and transposable elements comprise more than half of the human genome and play diverse roles in many biological processes. Mobile elements including retrotransposons are implicated in the organization of the epigenetic landscape, the progression of tumorigenesis, and the enhancement of genetic diversity. Despite the importance of repetitive and transposable elements these sequences are traditionally ignored in high-throughput sequencing analysis due to the technical difficulty of uniquely mapping reads from repeat DNA sequences. Here we report a new computational method for the analysis of repetitive elements from high-throughput sequencing datasets that accounts for all mapping reads. In our approach, we examine reads that map uniquely and to multiple locations of the genome using two separate strategies to determine a complete estimate of enrichment for repetitive elements. Included in our computational method is an output defined by reads per kilobase of repeat element per million mapped reads (similar to RPKM definition for the exon model) [1]. The calculated repeat element enrichment RPKM allows for the comparisons between repetitive elements as well as between experimental conditions. Our new method for examining repetitive elements from highthroughput sequencing datasets represents an improvement over existing methods because we do not exclude reads from the analysis and we can make comparisons between experimental conditions. To test our method we have examined repetitive element enrichment in the embryonic and adult mouse across different tissues using a variety of high-throughput mouse sequencing datasets available from the mouse ENCODE project and Shen et al. that provide a thorough snapshot of the epigenetic landscape of the embryonic and adult mouse [2]. We compare our method with an existing strategy for estimating repetitive element enrichment proposed by Day et al. [3], and demonstrate the advantages to our strategy. In addition, we test the robustness of our approach for determining differences in enrichment between experimental samples by conducting a comparison between the embryonic and adult mouse.
Healing of electrosurgical incisions in gingiva: early histologic observations in adult men.

Abstract The healing of electrosurgical incisions in the gingivae of adult men was investigated at 6-hour intervals. Clinical observation indicated that incisions healed progressively until 72 hours, when they were barely discernible. Clinical evidence of inflammation associated with the wounds was negligible. At a light microscopic level, initial reaction to electrosurgical incisions included disruption of the surface epithelium and denaturation of the connective tissue lateral to the incision. The zone of denatured connective tissue remained for the entire 72-hour period of this study. Young fibroblasts and vascular proliferation were evident in the connective tissue at 30 hours. Epithelium exhibited complete bridging of the wound surface in some specimens as early as 30 hours after incision. All specimens had an intact epithelial surface at 48 hours. Mild-to-moderate accumulations of inflammatory cells, consisting primarily of lymphocytes, surrounded the wound edges. Acute inflammation with polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration was not observed, except for moderate accumulation at 6 to 12 hours. Subepithelial hematoma formation within the connective tissue was evident in four of the six specimens at 72 hours.
Use of pulse method for study of structural changes of materials

Abstract A dynamic pulse method for study thennophysical quantities of materials has been worked out. This method enables to estimate specific heat, thermal diffuslvlty and thermal conductivity within a single measurement. There were developed two types of measuring techniques for bulk materials and for thin metallic foils. The method is suitable for study of structural changes of materials.
Silver Linings of Shame Clouds

La honte ressort de la therapie analytique de groupe. Des exemples litteraires encadrent une vignette clinique suivie de considerations theoriques inspirees des theories psychanalytiques de Kohut
An algorithm to solve the m × n assignment problem in expected time O(mn log n)

We give an algorithm to solve the m-source, n-destination assignment problem in expected time O(mn log n) under the assumption that the edge costs are independent random variables and the costs of the edges incident with any given source are identically distributed. The algorithm achieves its efficiency through an unusual application of priority queues.
A new method for determining cross-sectional shape and area of soft tissues

Assessment of the mechanical properties of soft tissues requires accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area. To date, techniques for determining cross-sectional areas of ligaments and tendons have been less than ideal due to the tissues' complex geometries and the fact that they deform easily under an applied external load. A new procedure has been developed for determining the cross-sectional area by means of an image reconstruction technique based on measurements from collimated laser beams. Using this procedure, the actual shape of the specimen cross-section can also be determined. The results are demonstrated to be highly accurate, and this methodology does not require mechanical contact with the specimen.