cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased sensitivity to IL-4 in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Abstract Rationale ABPA is characterized by a heightened Th2 response to A. fumigatus allergens and a hyper-IgE state compared to patients without ABPA. We hypothesize that one reason for this response is increased sensitivity to IL-4 in ABPA resulting in increased expression of CD23 and CD86 and leading to a positive amplification mechanism that increases Th2 CD4+ T cell responses. Methods PBLs were stimulated with rIL-4 (1-10 ng/ml) and rIL-13 (1-10 ng/ml) for 48 hours. The number of CD23 molecules and percentages of CD23+ B cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Results Following IL-4 stimulation in vitro, the numbers and percentages of CD23 expression on B-cells and CD86+ B-cells were significantly up-regulated in ABPA CF patients compared to non-ABPA CF patients and controls. The slope of increase of CD23 molecules on B-cell was significantly increased in ABPA patients compared to non-ABPA patients. The percentages of CD86+ and CD23+CD86+ B-cells were significantly elevated on Day 0 in ABPA CF patients compared to non-ABPA CF patients. Furthermore, during flares of ABPA compared to remissions the number of CD23 molecules increased on total and CD86+ B-cells. Blockade of CD86 activation with anti-CD86 mAb inhibited IL-4 induced CD23 expression by 50%. With IL-13 stimulation, CD23 expression was up-regulated; however, there was no significant difference in ABPA patients compared to non-ABPA patients and controls. Conclusions ABPA CF patients have increased sensitivity to IL-4 stimulation with up-regulation of CD23 molecules compared to non-ABPA CF patients. During flares of ABPA, there is increased expression of CD23+ on B-cells.
Lithospheric thinning associated with rifting in East Africa

The rate of ascent of the thermal perturbation of eruptive rock types in the Kenya Dome region can be calculated for depths of origin ranging from greater than 170 km to the lower crust (25-30 km) as combined with dated occurrences. An equation is derived and solved iteratively for ascent velocity at 10 km depth intervals from 150-30 km, assuming a thermal diffusivity of 1 sq mm/sec. For radii of 50 and 100 km and constant gradient increases within the range 55-60 C/km over the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) ascent depth range, the calculated rate of upwelling corresponds well with the results of a simple thermal model of lithospheric thinning. A 1 C/km change in gradient results approximately in a 0.55 Myr change in ascent time from 150 to 30 km, due to the increasing differential between the geotherm and the solidus with decreasing depths and the increasing rate of heat loss to the surface. It is suggested by the temporal-spatial-compositional relations of eruptives in the Kenya Dome region that there is a shallowing of magma source regions with time, implying encroachment of a thermal anomaly.
Geometrodynamic Steering Principle Reveals the Determiners of Inertia

What shall we need to grasp the essence of quantum gravity? One requirement, at least, is essential: to understand the steering principle of classical geometrodynamics. We outline here the physical content of that steering principle—heart of the so-called initial value problem—in its J.W. York, Jr. formulation. The central idea epitomizes itself in a single simple sentence: Mass-energy there determines inertia here. We spell out this steering principle both in its precise form and in its poor man’s version. At both levels of analysis considerations of physics and mathematics alike require that the effective mass-energy of gravity waves must make itself felt on the space-time geometry—and therefore on the gyro-defined local inertial frame of reference—on the same level as matter itself. Additional to the (mass)/(distance) Newtonian potential so familiar as measure of the effect of a nearby mass on the local frame is the Thirring and Lense gravitomagnetic potential, proportional to (angular momentum)×(distance vector)/(distance)3. The recent proposal of Ciufolini for a dual laser-ranged LAGEOS satellite to detect the thus-predicted gravitomagnetism of the earth is briefly described.
Existence and selection of steady bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell☆

Abstract This paper concerns the existence of a steadily translating bubble in a Hele–Shaw cell for small but non-zero surface tension ϵ 2 . We rigorously conclude that for bubble velocity U relative to the fluid velocity at infinity in the interval ( 1 , 2 ) , analytic symmetric solutions exist in the asymptotic limit of surface tension ϵ 2 → 0 if and only if the Stokes constant for a relatively simple nonlinear differential equation is zero. This Stokes constant S depends on the parameter α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) corresponding to bubble size and a ≡ [ α − ( U ( 1 + α 2 ) − 2 ( U ( 1 + α 2 ) − 2 α 2 ) ) 1 / 2 ] ϵ − 4 3 . Earlier calculations have shown S to be zero for a discrete set of values of a .
Urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury

Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) have an increased risk of developing urinary tract infections. Certain structural and physiological factors, such as bladder over-distention, vesicoureteral reflux, high-pressure voiding, large post-void residuals, stones in the urinary tract, and outlet obstruction increase the risk of infection. The method of bladder drainage also influences the risk of urinary tract infection, and most persons with SCI on indwelling or intermittent catheterization develop urinary tract infection. The association of behavioral and demographic factors with the risk of urinary tract infection are less well understood. The method of specimen collection must be considered when determining the significance of bacteria. A national consensus conference sponsored by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research defined significant bacteriuria as: > or = 10(2) colony forming units (cfu) of uropathogens per milliliter of urine in catheter specimens from persons on intermittent catheterization; > or = 10(4)cfu/mL in clean-voided specimens from catheter-free males using condom catheters; and any detectable concentration of uropathogens in indwelling catheter or suprapubic aspirate specimens. Symptomatic urinary tract infection warrants therapy, but the diagnosis is complicated by the poor sensitivity and specificity of symptoms and signs. Pyuria is generally present in persons with symptomatic urinary tract infection, although it is a nonspecific test, and its absence generally indicates the absence of symptomatic urinary tract infection. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria has not been shown to be beneficial and increases the risk of development of antimicrobial-resistant uropathogens. Antibiotic prophylaxis is generally not recommended because of its unproven benefit in several studies and its association with emergence of antimicrobial resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A small nuclear precursor of messenger RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract Previous work (Firtel et al. , 1972) showed that messenger RNA from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum , like that from mammalian cells, contains a sequence of about 100 adenylic acid residues at the 3′ end. We show here that Dictyostelium nuclei, labeled under a variety of conditions, do not contain material analogous to the large nuclear heterogeneous RNA found in mammalian cells. Rather, the majority of pulse-labeled nuclear RNA that is not a precursor of ribosomal RNA does contain at least one sequence of polyadenylic acid; this RNA, with an average molecular weight of 500,000, appears to be only 20% larger than cytoplasmic messenger RNA. Pulse-labeling experiments show that the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA is a material precursor of messenger RNA. Whereas previous work showed that over 90% of messenger RNA sequences are transcribed from non-reiterated DNA, we show here that about 25% of nuclear poly (A)-containing RNA is transcribed from reiterated DNA sequences and only 75% from single-copy DNA. We present evidence that a large fraction of the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA contains, at the 5′ end, a sequence of about 300 nucleotides that is transcribed from repetitive DNA, and which is lost before transport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Based on these and other results, we present a model of arrangement of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences in the Dictyostelium chromosome.
The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review

In the past decade, environmental forensics has emerged as a discipline directed toward determining parties liable for causing spills of contaminants into the environment. Such investigations, while geared toward determining the guilty parties in order to recover costs of the cleanup and remediation, require various questions to be addressed. These include determination of the nature of the product; Where did it come from?; Extent of weathering, if any; How long has it been there?; and Is it degrading naturally? Traditionally, these studies have been addressed through utilization of techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, in recent years, stable isotopes, primarily determined through the use of combined gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS), have emerged as an equally important tool in environmental forensics. For relatively low molecular, volatile compounds such as MTBE, BTEX, or chlorinated solvents, the isotopes, primarily carbon and hydrogen, have been used extensively for evaluating the onset of natural attenuation. For larger molecules such as PCBs or PAHs, in which the effects of biodegradation on the isotope composition of these molecules is minimal, the isotopic fingerprints of the individual compounds can be used for correlation purposes. In this paper, a brief introduction to isotope geochemistry will be given, followed by a review of applications of stable isotopes to a variety of environmental problems. While the review may not necessarily be exhaustive, it will provide a comprehensive overview of areas where isotopes have been used and potential applications for the future. Most of the review is concerned with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, although a brief overview of the emerging area of chlorine isotopes will also be discussed.
Effects of drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers on cephaoloridine toxicity in fischer 344 rats

Abstract High dose of cephaloridine produce necrosis of renal proximal tubular cells and this nephrotoxicity has been shown to be reduced by piperonyl butoxide (a mixed-function oxidase inhibitor) in rats and rabbits, and potentiated by phenobarbital (a mixed-function oxidase inducer) in rabbits but not rats. Phenobarbital is known to increase rabbit but not rat renal mixed-function oxidase activities; however, several other compounds such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) and β-naphthoflavone (BNF) have been shown to induce renal enzyme activities in rats. Thus, it was of interest to determine the effects of PBB, TSO and BNF on cephaloridine toxicity in Fischer 344 rats. Nephrotoxicity was estimated by measuring alterations in the kidney-to-body weight ratio, blood urea nitrogen and accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium by renal cortical slices. Hepatotoxicity was quantified as changes in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)_activity. Cephaloridine produced only minor changes in SGPT activity. Animals fed diet supplemented with 100 ppm of PBB for 10 days became less susceptible to cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. Similarly, pretreatment of animals with TSO (300 mg/kg) or BNF (100 mg/kg) for 4 days decreased cephaloridine toxicity. Thus, these results suggest that induction of renal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities by these 3 inducers may enhance some detoxification pathway(s) which convert cephaloridine to a non-toxic metabolite(s). Alternatively, treatments with these inducers may later cephaloridine pharmacokinetics and decrease renal cortical accumulation of cephaloridine.
Isolated prolapse of the tricuspid valve

Tricuspid valve prolapse has remained a poorly defined entity. Some authors have stated that prolapse isolated to the tricuspid valve has not been documented. This report contains three cases of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse including the first pathologically confirmed case. A review of worldwide literature including all reported cases of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse is also presented. Although signs and symptoms are similar to those found with mitral valve prolapse, tricuspid valve prolapse may occasionally be differentiated by auscultation. The diagnostic criteria of tricuspid valve prolapse are thoroughly discussed for each of the presently available invasive and noninvasive techniques. Right heart catheterization can define such prolapse but is invasive and requires meticulous technique. Two-dimensional echocardiography supersedes M-mode because of the superior spatial evaluation of the tricuspid leaflets in relation to the right atrium and ventricle. Multiple views including a long-axis view of the right ventricular inflow are often required. This parasternal echocardiographic window is often the only one which permits adequate visualization of the posterior leaflet. The pathologic findings of tricuspid valve prolapse are similar to those of mitral valve prolapse. This report concludes with a description of associated conditions. Severe tricuspid regurgitation has not been noted with tricuspid valve prolapse in the absence of superimposed disease, yet much remains undefined concerning the clinical significance of this condition.
Expression of alien histocompatibility antigens on SJL/J tumors detected by cell-mediated and serological analyses

Reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) cells of SJL/J (H-2s) mice have been shown to express antigens that are cross-reactive with allogeneic cells of the H-2d and H-2b haplotypes by cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence, and quantitative absorption assays. These alien antigens have been detected on both spontaneous and in vivo- and in vitro-passaged RCS cells to varying degrees.
Antibody response following measles-mumps-rubella vaccine under conditions of customary use

A study of 301 children who had been immunized two to 19 months previously with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine at 36 different sites in San Antonio, Tex, including physicians' offices and clinics, revealed that 99.7% had antibody against rubella and 98.3% had antibody against measles and mumps. None of the 49 infants who were tested prior to receipt of MMR vaccine had antibody against any of these viruses, indicating that the antibody found after immunization was unlikely to be due to false-positive results. The lack of antibody in these infants confirmed that there had not been a significant number of cases of these diseases that could contribute to the high frequency of antibody found after immunization. A single dose of MMR vaccine administered under customary conditions appears to be an effective method of conferring immunity against these diseases. ( JAMA 1983;250:1409-1412)
A model for faculty mentoring in academic radiology.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this report is to describe the development and implementation of a faculty mentoring program in radiology designed to promote the career development of junior faculty and enhance communication in the department. Materials and Methods. The mentoring program was implemented in five stages: organizational readiness, participant recruitment, mentor matching and orientation, implementation, and evaluation. Evaluations were based on Likert scale ratings and qualitative feedback. A retrospective analysis was also conducted of the annual performance reviews of junior faculty in the areas of research, teaching, patient care, and overall performance. Results. An average of 83% (19 of 23) of the junior faculty participated in the pilot phase of the mentoring program. During five rounds of testing, the median rating (1 indicates not important; 10, extremely important) from responding junior faculty was 10 for overall value of individual mentoring meetings; the median rating for the mentors responding was 8.75. Research and academic development were identified as the areas of greatest importance to the faculty. Research and patient care were most improved as assessed by faculty peers during performance reviews. The schedule of semiannual formal mentoring meetings was reported to be optimal. Conclusion. The program was implemented to the satisfaction of junior faculty and mentors, and longitudinal performance suggests positive effects. Issues to be contended with include confidentiality and the time needed for mentoring beyond already saturated schedules. Overall, the authors propose that mentoring programs can be an asset to academic radiology departments and a key factor in maintaining their vitality.
Replacement of Poultry By-product Meal in Production Diets for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the replacement of animal proteins with plant proteins in commercial feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Both pond- and tank-based experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing poultry by-product meal (PBM) with a combination of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and a low level of squid meal. For pond-based research, juvenile shrimp were stocked at 34 shrimp/m2 and were cultured in 0.1 ha ponds under standardized production conditions. These four diets and a commercial reference diet were evaluated in an outdoor tank system stocked with 30 juvenile L. vannamei per tank. Culture water was pumped from a production pond to these tanks to mimic production pond conditions with a more uniform environment. Feed rates were predetermined by using a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1:1.2 and an average weekly growth of 1.5 g/wk. Final yields in the pond study averaged between 6093 and 6943 kg/ha. Average final weights varied between 22 and 24 g, survival varied between 78.9 and 82.2%, and the FCR was 0.94–1.09. The 79-d tank culture produced average final weights between 19.9 and 20.5 g, survival varied between 94.2 and 96.7%, and the FCR was 1.10–1.18. There were no significant differences found between any of the PBM replacement diets in either the pond or tank study.
TmDOTA-: a sensitive probe for MR thermometry in vivo.

Abstract The lanthanide complex, thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodo- decane–1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (TmDOTA−), has been investigated as an agent for MR thermometry in vivo. The chemical shifts of the TmDOTA− protons were highly sensitive to temperature at a clinically relevant field strength, yet insensitive to pH and the presence of Ca2+. Given the excellent stability of lanthanide–DOTA complexes and high thermal sensitivity, TmDOTA− is expected to be a good candidate for MR thermometry in vivo.
Discriminant validity of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception–2 for children with learning disabilities

This study examined the discriminant validity of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2 (DTVP-2). It was administered to 17 children between the ages 7 and 10 with learning disabilities. Their scores were compared with the reported scores of the normative sample and found to be significantly lower, suggesting that the DTVP-2 can discriminate between children with and without learning disabilities on the variable of visual perception. The study supports the use of the DTVP-2 to assess the visual-perceptual abilities of children with learning disabilities. Further research is suggested to corroborate findings. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Adaptive Real-Time Pattern Recognition Using Liquid Crystal Televisions

Recently many applications of the liquid crystal television (LCTV) to real-time signal processing have been reported. A basic description of the application of the LCTV to real-time pattern recognition was first reported by Liu et al. [1]. Gregory [2] later also showed a successful space invariant correlation using a LCTV as a spatial light modulator. Both methods were based on the use of a VanderLugt type complex matched spatial filter. The joint transform architecture is an alternative approach to optical pattern recognition [3]. In this paper, a new implementation of the real-time monochromatic and polychromatic joint transform correlator architecture using inexpensive LCTVs will be discussed.
Particle growth by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions of organic carbonyls on preexisting aerosols.

Aerosol growth by the heterogeneous reactions of different aliphatic and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls in the presence/absence of acidified seed aerosols was studied in a 2 m long flow reactor (2.5 cm i.d.) and a 0.5-m3 Teflon film bag under darkness. For the flow reactor experiments, 2,4-hexadienal, 5-methyl-3-hexen-2-one, 2-cyclohexenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, and octanal were studied. The carbonyls were selected based on their reactivity for acid-catalyzed reactions, their proton affinity, and their similarity to the ring-opening products from the atmospheric oxidation of aromatics. To facilitate acid-catalyzed heterogeneous hemiacetal/acetal formation, glycerol was injected along with inorganic seed aerosols into the flow reactor system. Carbonyl heterogeneous reactions were accelerated in the presence of acid catalysts (H2SO4), leading to higher aerosol yields than in their absence. Aldehydes were more reactive than ketones for acid-catalyzed reactions. The conjugated funct...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian selenoprotein expression.

Abstract Background Selenoproteins contain the twenty-first amino acid, selenocysteine, and are involved in cellular defenses against oxidative damage, important metabolic and developmental pathways, and responses to environmental challenges. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating selenoprotein expression at the transcriptional level is a key to understanding how these mechanisms are called into play to respond to the changing environment. Methods This review summarizes published studies on transcriptional regulation of selenoprotein genes, focused primarily on genes whose encoded protein functions are at least partially understood. This is followed by in silico analysis of predicted regulatory elements in selenoprotein genes, including those in the aforementioned category as well as the genes whose functions are not known. Results Our findings reveal regulatory pathways common to many selenoprotein genes, including several involved in stress-responses. In addition, tissue-specific regulatory factors are implicated in regulating many selenoprotein genes. Conclusions These studies provide new insights into how selenoprotein genes respond to environmental and other challenges, and the roles these proteins play in allowing cells to adapt to these changes. General significance: Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms affecting selenoprotein expression is essential for understanding their roles in human diseases, and for developing diagnostic and potential therapeutic approaches to address dysregulation of members of this gene family.
SU‐E‐T‐421: Commissioning and Validation of a Next Generation IMRT QA Method to Provide 3D Delivered‐Dose Verification

Purpose: Traditional IMRTquality assurance (QA) methods are incapable of providing complete information about IMRT delivery. Most methods consist of a planar film or diode array measurement for relative dosimetry and 1 ‐2 ionization chamber (IC) measurements made in a homogeneous medium for absolute dosimetry. A new model‐ and measurement‐based IMRT QA tool makes 3D delivered‐dose verification possible through independent dose calculation and 2D fluence measurements, which combine to provide reconstructed dose on a 3D heterogeneous patient dataset. This work aims to commission this new IMRT QA tool and validate its performance relative to traditional QA methods. Methods: The COMPASS system (IBA Dosimetry) consists of a software package for dose calculation and visualization/analysis of measured data acquired using a gantry‐mounted MatriXX Evolution detector array (1020 ICs) and gantry angle sensor. Commissioning included modeling a Varian Truebeam 6 MV photon beam. The system computation algorithm was validated via direct comparison of the COMPASS and Pinnacle‐TPS calculated dose distributions for twelve previously‐treated patient plans (sites: lung, breast, pancreas, head and neck, prostate; delivery types: SMLC‐DMPO, SmartArc). These same plans were measured at the actual treatment beam angles using both the gantry‐mounted MatriXX detector and two ICs placed in a standard cuboidal IMRT solid‐ water phantom. The COMPASS reconstructed dose was validated by comparison of the average PTV dose to the average IC dose measurement, each relative to the TPS expected dose. Results: The COMPASS calculated dose differed from the TPS calculated dose by 0.71+\−0.37%. On average, the measured dose differed from the TPS expected dose by 2.04+\−0.93% for COMPASS and 1.45+\−0.94% for the ICs. Conclusion: The COMPASS computation algorithm is valid and the measured results are comparable with those of the traditional IMRT QA method, while providing more dosimetry information (absolute and relative) in a single measurement and taking patient tissue heterogeneity into account.
3D Simulation: A New Embodiment for Historic Fashion

The study of material culture has been enlivened by discourse on dress and its relationship to culture, history, economics, and technology. Since the late 1800's museums and schools of fashion design have assembled collections of historic fashion for exhibition and research. Photography was adopted early on by museums looking to disseminate their holdings. Digital imaging and the World Wide Web have made access to the images available to anyone with an Internet connection. This paper reports on a project using animated 3D simulation to further enhance the virtual experience, and the significance of accurate motion capture in creating these simulations.
Ventricular septal defect in infancy: Detection with two dimensional echocardiography

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of two dimensional echocardiography in detecting ventricular septal defect two dimensional echocardiograms were performed on 53 infants under 1 year of age. The diagnosis of ventricular septal defect was confirmed by cardiac catheterization in 27 patients; an intact ventricular septum was confirmed by catheterization in 18 and clinically in 8. Using a 35 degree mechanical sector scanner with a 3.5 megahertz transducer, we imaged the ventricular septum in the long axis and in a four chamber view (apical or subcostal, or both). Images were recorded on videotape and reviewed independently by two observers unaware of the diagnosis. Interobserver agreement was 94 percent. Among the 27 patients with a ventricular septal defect, the lesion was correctly identified in 20 (74 percent) and was undetected in 7 (3 of whom had a defect less than 4 mm in diameter, as determined by angiography). No defect less than 4 mm in diameter was detected. Among the 26 patients with an intact septum, a defect was correctly excluded in 23 (88 percent); a false positive diagnosis was made in 3. The apical and subcostal views demonstrated the greatest number of defects (20 of 20), but also gave the highest number of false positive diagnoses (3 of 3). The long axis view was helpful when positive, but showed only 9 of 20 of the defects. In this study, two dimensional echocardiography detected approximately three fourths of ventricular septal defects large enough to warrant cardiac catheterization in the 1st year of life. False positive diagnoses were related to dropout of echoes in the membranous septum when imaged in the four chamber views.
A CaVβ SH3/guanylate kinase domain interaction regulates multiple properties of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Auxiliary Ca(2+) channel beta subunits (Ca(V)beta) regulate cellular Ca(2+) signaling by trafficking pore-forming alpha(1) subunits to the membrane and normalizing channel gating. These effects are mediated through a characteristic src homology 3/guanylate kinase (SH3-GK) structural module, a design feature shared in common with the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of scaffold proteins. However, the mechanisms by which the Ca(V)beta SH3-GK module regulates multiple Ca(2+) channel functions are not well understood. Here, using a split-domain approach, we investigated the role of the interrelationship between Ca(V)beta SH3 and GK domains in defining channel properties. The studies build upon a previously identified split-domain pair that displays a trans SH3-GK interaction, and fully reconstitutes Ca(V)beta effects on channel trafficking, activation gating, and increased open probability (P(o)). Here, by varying the precise locations used to separate SH3 and GK domains and monitoring subsequent SH3-GK interactions by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we identified a particular split-domain pair that displayed a subtly altered configuration of the trans SH3-GK interaction. Remarkably, this pair discriminated between Ca(V)beta trafficking and gating properties: alpha(1C) targeting to the membrane was fully reconstituted, whereas shifts in activation gating and increased P(o) functions were selectively lost. A more extreme case, in which the trans SH3-GK interaction was selectively ablated, yielded a split-domain pair that could reconstitute neither the trafficking nor gating-modulation functions, even though both moieties could independently engage their respective binding sites on the alpha(1C) (Ca(V)1.2) subunit. The results reveal that Ca(V)beta SH3 and GK domains function codependently to tune Ca(2+) channel trafficking and gating properties, and suggest new paradigms for physiological and therapeutic regulation of Ca(2+) channel activity.
DEA evaluations of long- and short-run efficiencies of digital vs. physical product “dot com” companies

Abstract This paper applies Data Envelopment Analysis to determine relative efficiencies between internet dot com companies that produce only physical products and those that produce only digital products. To allow for the fact that the latter are relatively inexperienced, a distinction is made between long- and short-run efficiencies and inefficiencies, with a finding of no statistically significant difference in the short run but digital product companies are significantly more efficient in the long run. A new way of distinguishing between long- and short-run performances is utilized that avoids the need for identifying the time periods associated with long-run vs. short-run efficiencies and inefficiencies. In place of “time,” this paper utilizes differences in the “properties” that economic theory associates with long- and short-run performances.
Some cortical projections to the parahippocampal area in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Using silver impregnation techniques to trace cortical connections in rhesus monkeys subject to ablations of various parts of posterior “association” cortex, several specific projections to sectors of the parahippocampal area have been found. Area TF is the recipient of projections from the caudal inferior parietal lobule; area TH has afferent connections with the rostroventral superior temporal gyrus; both areas TF and TH together receive input from the lateral and ventral peristriate belt. In addition, the inferior temporal gyrus also projects to areas TF-TH of von Bonin and Bailey as well as the cortex in the banks of the rhinal fissure. The possible significance of these projections in terms of sensory-limbic connections and sensory convergence is discussed.
Why was there no place for personalistic thinking in 20th century psychology

Abstract The present article identifies two major impediments to personalistic thinking in 20th century psychology: (1) positivism, and (2) a methodological commitment for which the term ‘statisticism’ has been coined. After explaining both that and why these two traditions have been so fundamentally inhospitable to Stern's ideas, it is suggested in the paper's conclusion that the gradual demise of these heretofore dominant -isms renders more favorable the prospects for personalistic thinking in 21st century psychology.
Two quassinoid glucosides from Castela tortuosa

Abstract The structures for two new bitter-tasting quassinoid glucosides, casteloside A (chaparrin-2- O -β- d -glucopyranoside) and casteloside B (glaucarubol-2- O -β- d -glucopyranoside) isolated from the bark of Castela tortuosa , a medicinal plant known as ‘chaparro amargo’ in Mexico, were determined by spectral analyses, in particular, NMR data.
A Short Primer on RNAi: RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase Acts as a Key Catalyst

Abstract One of the many intriguing features of gene silencing by RNA interference is the apparent catalytic nature of the phenomenon. New biochemical and genetic evidence now shows that an RNA-directed RNA polymerase chain reaction, primed by siRNA, amplifies the interference caused by a small amount of "trigger" dsRNA.
Interface states and the barrier height of Schottky diodes

Abstract The interface states at metal-semiconductor junctions are still a matter of debate. We present a novel approach to this issue that uses state-of-the-art techniques to prepare silicon surfaces with different surface terminations and employs non-interacting Schottky contacts to measure the barrier height. We report a difference of 50 mV in barrier height for Hg Schottky diodes on Si(111) surfaces with different surface terminations.
Occiput posterior fetal head position increases the risk of anal sphincter injury in vacuum-assisted deliveries

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether an occiput posterior (OP) fetal head position increases the risk for anal sphincter injury when compared with an occiput anterior (OA) position in vacuum-assisted deliveries. Study design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 393 vacuum-assisted singleton vaginal deliveries. Maternal demographics and obstetric and neonatal data were collected from an obstetric database and chart review. Results Within the OP group, 41.7% developed a third- or fourth-degree laceration compared with 22.0% in the OA group (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.7). In a logistic regression model that controlled for BMI, race, nulliparity, length of second stage, episiotomy, birth weight, head circumference, and fetal head position, OP position was 4.0 times (95% CI 1.7-9.6) more likely to be associated with an anal sphincter injury than OA position. Conclusion Among vacuum deliveries, an OP head position confers an incrementally increased risk for anal sphincter injury over an OA position.
The pore of activated 20S proteasomes has an ordered 7‐fold symmetric conformation

The 20S proteasome is a large multisubunit assembly that performs most of the intracellular non-lysosomal proteolysis of eukaryotes. Substrates access the proteasome active sites, which are sequestered in the interior of the barrel-shaped structure, through pores that are opened by binding of activator complexes. The crystal structure of yeast proteasome in complex with an 11S activator suggested that activation results from disordering of the proteasome gate residues. Here we report further analysis of this structure, which demonstrates that, in contrast to earlier models, the activated proteasome adopts an ordered 7-fold symmetric pore conformation that is stabilized by interactions formed by a cluster of highly conserved proteasome residues (Tyr8, Asp9, Pro17 and Tyr26). One non-canonical cluster, which appears to be mandated by the requirement that eukaryotic proteasomes also form an ordered closed conformation, explains all deviations from perfect conservation of these residues. We also demonstrate the importance of these conserved residues for proteolysis by an archaeal proteasome. Evolutionary considerations suggest that other activators might induce the same open proteasome conformation as seen with the 11S activator.
Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings in 43 aneurysmal bone cysts: aberrations of 17p mapped to 17p13. 2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign, cystic lesion of bone composed of blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septa. Relatively few cases of aneurysmal bone cyst have been cytogenetically characterized, yet abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 17 appear to be recurrent. In this study, conventional cytogenetic analysis of 43 aneurysmal bone cyst specimens from 38 patients over a 12-year period revealed clonal chromosomal abnormalities in 12 specimens. Karyotypic anomalies of 17p, including a complex translocation and inversion, were identified in eight of these 12 specimens. In an effort to further define the aberrant 17p breakpoint, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed using a series of probe combinations spanning a 5.1 Mb region between the TP53 (17p13.1) and Miller-Dieker lissencephaly syndrome (17p13.3) gene loci. These studies revealed the critical breakpoint locus at 17p13.2, flanked proximally by an RP11-46I8, RP11-333E1, and RP11-457I18 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probe cocktail and distally by an RP11-198F11 and RP11-115H24 BAC and RP5-1050D4 P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) probe cocktail. Overall, abnormalities of the 17p13.2 locus were identified by metaphase and/or interphase cell FISH analysis in 22 of 35 (63%) aneurysmal bone cyst specimens examined including 26 karyotypically normal specimens. These cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings expand our knowledge of chromosomal alterations in aneurysmal bone cyst, further localize the critically involved 17p breakpoint, and provide an alternative approach (ie FISH) for detecting 17p abnormalities in nondividing cells of aneurysmal bone cysts. The latter could potentially be utilized as an adjunct in diagnostically challenging cases.
Sequential Photo-oxidation of Methanol to Methyl Formate on TiO2(110)

Methyl formate is produced from the photo-oxidation of methanol on preoxidized TiO(2)(110). We demonstrate that two consecutive photo-oxidation steps lead to methyl formate using mass spectrometry and scanning tunneling microscopy. The first step in methanol oxidation is formation of methoxy by the thermal dissociation of the O-H bond to yield adsorbed CH(3)O and water. Formaldehyde is produced via hole-mediated oxidation of adsorbed methoxy in the first photochemical step. Next, transient HCO is made photochemically from formaldehyde. The HCO couples with residual methoxy on the surface to yield methyl formate. Exposure of the titania surface to O(2) is required for these photo-oxidation steps in order to heal surface and near-surface defects that can serve as hole traps. Notably, residual O adatoms are not required for photochemical production of methyl formate or formaldehyde. All O adatoms react thermally with methanol to form methoxy and gaseous water at rt, leaving a surface devoid of O adatoms. The mechanism provides insight into the photochemistry of TiO(2) and suggests general synthetic pathways that are the result of the ability to activate both alkoxides and aldehydes using photons.
Widening the Academic Conversation to Include Support Staff: Wabash College Extends a Common Classroom Experience to Its Entire Campus Community.

If you have been to college, your life has been touched by a support staff member. Recognizing the influence these individuals can have,Wabash College opened its sophomore core course to these “partner teachers.”
Dynein's C-Terminal Domain Plays a Novel Role in Regulating Force Generation

Cytoplasmic dynein is a homodimeric, minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein involved in a wide range of both low and high force requiring functions in metazoans. In contrast, yeast cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a single, nonessential function, nuclear positioning. Interestingly, whereas mammalian isoforms exhibit a stall force of 1-2 piconewton (pN), S. cerevisiae dynein stalls at 5-7 pN. In addition, in the absence of load, mammalian dyneins move faster than yeast dynein (800-1,100 nm/s vs. 100 nm/sec respectively), and, under opposing force, maintain attachment to microtubules much less tenaciously (milliseconds to seconds vs. tens of seconds, respectively). The basis for these functional differences is unknown. However, the major structural difference between mammalian and yeast dyneins is an ∼30 kDa C-terminal extension (CT) present in higher eukaryotic dyneins, but missing in yeast. To test whether the CT accounts for the differences in function, we produced recombinant rat dynein motor domains (MD) with (WT-MD) and without (ΔCT-MD) the CT region, using a baculovirus expression system. Amino-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) tags induced formation of a dimeric, "two-headed" motor. We found that, like yeast dynein, the ΔCT-MD ATPase lacks the signature vanadate inhibition characteristic of higher eukaryotic dyneins, and exhibited a strikingly higher Km(ATP). To characterize motor function, we performed single-molecule optical trapping studies. Single WT-MD stalls at ∼1 pN and detaches from microtubules after brief stalls. In sharp contrast, but similar to yeast dynein, ΔCT-MD stalls at 6 ± 1 pN (mean ± SD), with stall durations up to tens of seconds. These results identify the CT as an important new regulatory element for controlling cytoplasmic dynein mechanochemistry, perhaps gating ATP access. The CT thus appears to represent the structural basis for differences in mechanochemical function between yeast and higher eukaryotic dyneins.
Agonist-Induced Transitions of the Acetylcholine Receptor

Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) monoclonal antibody 383C binds to the beta-hairpin loop alpha(187-199) of only one of the two Torpedo AChR alpha subunits. The loop recognized is associated with the alpha subunit corresponding to the high-affinity d-tubocurarine (dTC) binding site. Desensitization of the receptor with carbamylcholine completely blocks the binding of 383C. Mild reduction of AChR alpha subunit cys 192-193 disulfide with DTT and subsequent reaction with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein label only the high-affinity dTC alpha subunit. Rhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin (R-Btx) binds to the unlabeled AChR alpha subunit as monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the fluorescein and rhodamine dyes. A 10-A contraction of the distance between the dyes is observed following the addition of carbamylcholine. In a small angle X-ray diffraction experiment exploiting anomalous X-ray scattering from Tb(III) ions titrated into AChR Ca(II) binding sites, we find evidence for a change in the Tb(III) ion distribution in the region of the ion channel following addition of carbamylcholine to the AChR. The carbamylcholine-induced loss of the 383C epitope, the 10-A contraction of the beta-hairpin loop, and the loss of multivalent cations from the channel likely represent the first molecular transitions leading to AChR channel opening.
Urinary and Nephrogenous Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in the Hypercalcemia of Malignancy*

Plasma cAMP concentration (PcAMP) and urinary cAMP excretion (UcAMP) were determined in 91 patients with hypercalcemia and malignancy, 15 patients with a malignancy and normal serum calcium concentrations, and 28 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism to assess its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. The patients with hypercalcemia and malignancy were subdivided into 2 groups: those with evidence of skeletal metastases and those without evidence of skeletal metastases (pseudohyperparathyroidism). In addition to cAMP determinations, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) and serum electrolytes were determined in all patients. PcAMP was elevated in both the cancer patients with hypercalcemia and those who were normocalcemic, but not in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The mean UcAMP excretion was at least 2-fold elevated in all patient groups. Since nearly half of UcAMP is derived through the renal filtration of PcAMP, the nephrogenous component of cAMP excre...
The genetic analysis of adenovirus recombination intriparental and superinfection crosses

Previous genetic and molecular data suggest that adenovirus genomes can undergoseveral rounds of recombination before being encapsidated (C. S. H. Young and S. J. Silverstein, Virology 101, 503–515). Two predictions of this hypothesis have been tested. The first is that infection with three differentially marked parental viruses should lead to the appearance of recombinants with genetic contributions from all three parents. In a triparental cross, involving two strains with different ts mutations in chimeric Ad5/Ad2+ND1 backgrounds, and a third strain containing both ts mutations in an Ad5 background, it was demonstrated that multiple recombinations, involving distinguishable restriction endonuclease sites and host range markers from all three parents, were common. The second prediction, from previous kinetic data, is that cells are recombinationally proficient from the eclipse period well into the exponential rise period. This has been tested by superinfecting singly infected cultures, both during eclipse and in early exponential phase. Recombinant viruses were produced in these superinfections, demonstrating that the early to late switch in the replicative cycle does not inhibit recombination. From the temporal appearance of recombinants moreover, it seems likely that recombination functions, and the DNA structures necessary to initiate recombination, are present well into the late phase of replication.
Pitfalls an engineer needs to be aware of during vibration testing

In the electronic industry, there is currently a renewed interest in the study of the failure of BGA package and socket solder joints under mechanical stressing, specifically shock and vibration. This means that an analyst now needs to know the proper modeling and test procedures to use in order to better tackle the problem of solder joint reliability under shock and vibration loading. In this paper, an effort has been made to collate the best known methods associated with vibration testing of electronic components mounted on printed circuit boards.
They Starved So That Others Be Better Fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment

During World War II, 36 conscientious objectors participated in a study of human starvation conducted by Ancel Keys and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota. The Minnesota Starvation Experiment, as it was later known, was a grueling study meant to gain insight into the physical and psychologic effects of semistarvation and the problem of refeeding civilians who had been starved during the war. During the experiment, the participants were subjected to semistarvation in which most lost >25% of their weight, and many experienced anemia, fatigue, apathy, extreme weakness, irritability, neurological deficits, and lower extremity edema. In 2003-2004, 18 of the original 36 participants were still alive and were interviewed. Many came from the Historic Peace Churches (Mennonite, Brethren, and Quaker), and all expressed strong convictions about nonviolence and wanting to make a meaningful contribution during the war. Despite ethical issues about subjecting healthy humans to starvation, the men interviewed were unanimous in saying that they would do it all over again, even after knowing the suffering that they had experienced. After the experiment ended, many of the participants went on to rebuilding war-torn Europe, working in the ministries, diplomatic careers, and other activities related to nonviolence.