cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superior survival after replacing oral with intravenous busulfan in autologous stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma with busulfan, cyclophosphamide and etoposide

Summary Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) with cyclophosphamide, etoposide and oral busulfan (BuCyVP) is an effective therapy for relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Substituting intravenous for oral busulfan reduces variability in drug exposure, potentially improving the safety and efficacy of the BuCyVP regimen. We retrospectively compared the outcomes of 604 consecutively treated patients who underwent ASCT for NHL with BuCyVP using oral (n = 468) or IV (n = 136) busulfan, without measurement of busulfan levels for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. Patients who received oral busulfan experienced more severe oral mucositis and a higher incidence of nonrelapse mortality. Median overall survival (OS) after ASCT was 72 months with oral busulfan but was not reached for the IV busulfan group. IV busulfan was associated with a lower rate of relapse, and superior relapse-free survival (RFS) and OS. In multivariate models, the route of busulfan administration was an independent prognostic factor for relapse (P = 0·01), RFS (P = 0·002) and OS (P = 0·001). IV busulfan appears to provide better efficacy and lower toxicity than oral busulfan in ASCT with BuCyVP for NHL. Whether PK-based busulfan dosing can achieve further improvements in this setting is worthy of study.
The gsim gate-level simulator

As technology has evolved, the gate level has remained viable for the specification of digital systems solutions. We describe the gsim system for gate-level logic modeling and simulation. It consists of• a hardware description language (hdl)• a set of logic network measurements and validity checks to assure that the correct circuit has been specified• mechanisms for the application of stimuli and the monitoring of responses from the logic network under test.• extensive libraries, demonstrations, and tutorial materials to make the system easier to learn and to use.The gsim system specifically supports structured, top-down design practices and the multiple instantiation of basic units with hierarchy and iteration.
Modulation of Natural Killer Cell Activity in the Rheumatoid Joint and Peripheral Blood

Natural killer (NK) cell activity and its regulation in synovial fluid (SF), synovial tissue (ST), and peripheral blood (PB) was studied in 23 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). NK activity was reduced in PB (P less than 0.005), SF (P less than 0.002), and ST of patients with RA compared to the PB of 28 healthy controls. NK activity in SF was inversely correlated with disease activity as measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = -0.561; P less than 0.02). Poly I:C, an interferon inducer, stimulated NK activity in RA patients' PB and SF and control subjects' PB to similar extents. However, augmentation of NK activity by interleukin-2 was significantly greater in SF than in PB of RA (P less than 0.02). Preincubation of mononuclear cells with indomethacin significantly increased the NK activity of normal and RA PB but had no effect on that of SF. These observations suggest that the NK activity may be reduced in both PB and SF of RA and that functional differences between populations of cells with NK-like activity and/or differences in the control or modulation of NK activity exist between PB and SF.
CIII. Electron transport in copper and dilute alloys at low temperature: III: Solid solutions of iron in copper

Abstract Systematic measurements of thermoelectric force and electrical resistivity of dilute alloys of iron in copper have been made at close intervals of temperature between 4·2°k and ∼ 50°k. These show that iron gives rise to particularly large anomalous thermoelectric effects and minima in the resistance when dissolved in copper. The anomalous resistive component calculated by methods described in this paper does not follow an exponential or power law dependence on temperature, but, within certain limits, follows an empirical law dependent on a characteristic temperature. Taken at its face value this would suggest that the resistance minimum, in this case at least, is the result of some transition phenomenon.
Product development process modeling

Abstract In recent years an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the construction of process models for the product development process. Understanding and modeling a process is an important first step in the construction of managerially useful decision aids. Product development is a complex process, and it is likely that many process models will be useful for making managerial decisions. This paper provides a summary of such work, and points out the strengths and weaknesses of the various modeling approaches. It also proposes a new set of criteria for evaluating product development models, with particular attention to their industrial relevance.
A rare case of scimitar syndrome with horseshoe lung.

Scimitar syndrome is a rarely seen congenital cardiopulmonary anomaly characterised by partial or complete anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava via an anomalous descending vein that runs parallel to the right border of the heart giving an appearance of a curved Turkish sword or scimitar on plain chest radiography. Clinicians should also be aware of other interesting cardiopulmonary anomalies that can be seen in association with scimitar syndrome. A 41-year-old female presented to the Chest Medicine Clinic (University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA) with lifelong worsening dyspnoea. As part …
BMP7 Drives Human Adipogenic Stem Cells into Metabolically Active Beige Adipocytes

Adult humans have a substantial amount of inducible-brown (or beige) fat, which is associated with increased energy expenditure and reduced weight gain via thermogenesis. Despite the identification of key regulators of beige adipogenesis, impacts of dietary factors on adaptive thermogenesis are largely unknown, partly due to a lack of validated human cell models. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is known to promote brown adipogenesis in rodent and human progenitor cells. However, controversy still surrounds the cellular identity in BMP7-mediated transition of white to brown adipocytes. The aim of this study was to confirm BMP7-derived human adipocytes as a relevant in vitro model of human beige adipocyte by verifying the cellular lineage and metabolic activity. In this study, we hypothesized that pre-exposure of the stromal vascular (SV) fraction of primary human adipogenic precursor cells (hASC) to BMP7 would convert metabolically active brown adipocytes. Our results showed that exposure of hASC to human BMP7 was associated with significant escalation of (1) UCP1 gene expression, a signature gene of brown adipocytes, (2) beige specific marker gene expression (i.e., CD137 and TMEM26), (3) glucose and fatty acid uptake, and (4) basal and cAMP-stimulated oxygen consumption rate compared to white adipocyte control. Taken together, we demonstrated that BMP7 mediates conversion of hASC into metabolically active beige adipocytes. By confirming the cellular identity and metabolic activity, this BMP7-induced human beige adipocytes from hASC should aid in the discovery and assessment of bioactive molecules to promote adaptive thermogenesis.
Distribution and retention of Petrolisthes armatus in a coastal plain estuary: The role of vertical movement in larval transport

Since transport of planktonic larvae is essential to the maintenance and expansion of many marine species, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of green porcelain crab Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850) larvae and the possible underlying physical and behavioral mechanisms using a combination of field observations and numerical modeling. The field study consisted of observations of larval abundance and distribution as well as hydrographic surveys of the Satilla River estuary on the east coast of the USA in August 2006. Larvae were found throughout the water column within the tributaries but primarily at depth in the main river. A numerical model was used to examine the effect of flow and possible larval behavior responsible for the observed distribution and the consequences for larval retention in the estuary. Model results that included downward larval movement are consistent with the field observations, supporting the hypothesis that P. armatus larvae vertically migrate within the water column, which aids in their retention within the estuary.
Preventing Significant Deterioration Under the Clean Air Act: The BACT Determination - Part II

This Article is the seventh in a series on the Clean Air Act (CAA) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program. The first six Articles, which appeared in the December 2005, January 2006, January 2008, January 2011, October 2011, and November 2011 issues of the Environmental Law Reporter, focused on baselines, increments and ceilings, on the permit triggers for new facilities, on area classification and redesignation, on the requirement that major emitting facilities comply with Best Available Control Technology (BACT) standards for each pollutant subject to regulation under the CAA, and on how permitting authorities must go about determining BACT on a case-by-case basis, subject to EPA review and approval. This Article is the second of two on the EPA’s preferred “top-down” procedure for making BACT determinations. Steps 2 through 5 of that procedure involve the elimination of technically infeasible options, the ranking of remaining technologies by control effectiveness, the evaluation of energy, environmental, and economic impacts, the selection of BACT technology, and the specification of BACT emission limitations. As old pollution control technologies are continually replaced by newer ones, these steps present daunting burdens for permit applicants and fertile opportunities for their opponents.
Combined forced and free convection channel flows in magnetohydrodynamics

characteristic turbulence scale L If the scale I > (CDA)', then the energy builds up in a few scale lengths and then decays rather rapidly. If, however, I 1 is, in every case, proportional to £~. These results are not inconsistent with the currently accepted ideas about turbulent energy decay. The persistence of the large eddies is rather clearly brought out; whereas, at the same time, the small eddies show a tendency to hold on to their energy, as predicted by the Kolmogoroff hypothesis. The implications of the results for the calculation of the radar cross section of turbulent plasmas is the following: if we accept the hypothesis that
The Interaction of Poliovirus RNA with Escherichia coli Ribosomes.

Abstract Poliovirus RNA has been shown to attach to Escherichia coli ribosomes and stimulate the incorporation of amino acids into protein, at least some of which is antigenically related to poliovirus capsid protein.
Relation of light reflectance to histological and physical evaluations of cotton leaf maturity.

Cotton plants were grown hydroponically with controlled environment. Third, growth chamber grown true leaves of cotton plants were tagged on the day they became macroscopically visible. Beginning 3.0 days after tagging, five leaf harvests representing maturity dates were made at successive 2- or 3-day intervals. Measurements with a spectrophotometer made on the leaves showed that the largest increase in reflectance, about 5%, and decrease in transmittance, about 8%, occurred between average values for after-tagging-ages of 3.5 days and 8.0 days over the 0.75–1.35-μ wavelength interval. Between after-tagging-ages of 3.5 days and 8.0 days, leaves expanded approximately fivefold, numbers of intercellular spaces approximately doubled, and thicknesses increased 14%. The theory of diffuse reflectance and transmittance of a compact leaf of equivalent water thickness (EWT) specified by D is generalized to include also the noncompact leaf characterized by many intercellular air spaces, can be regarded as a pile of N compact layers separated by infinitesimal air spaces. The void area index (VAI) of a noncompact leaf is given by N − 1, where N is not necessarily an integer. Predictions from the generalized theory include a measure of the water, air, and plant pigments in a leaf. An effective dispersion curve associated with the leaf surfaces is also obtained. A derived parameter D/N largely determines the reflectance and transmittance of a typical leaf over the 1.40–2.50-μ spectral range. A cotton leaf is highly compact when it first unfolds. At this point D/N ~ 180 μ. This value is essentially the leaf thickness. Intercellular air spaces develop rapidly during the next few days, and D/N decreases in value to about 130 μ. Subsequently, the leaf cells increase in size with no substantial further increase in the number of intercellular air spaces. This final growth phase is characterized by a slight increase in D/N to a maximum value of about 140 μ. Maximum reflectance of the leaf corresponds to a minimum value of D/N. The parameter D/N is highly correlated with the amount of intercellular air spaces in a leaf.
Medication preparation in pediatric emergencies: comparison of a web-based, standard-dose, bar code-enabled system and a traditional approach.

OBJECTIVES: Increased acuity within the pediatric emergency department increases the risk of medication-related adverse events, despite the availability of validated dosing references. The eBroselow system is a standardized, web-based, bar code–enabled dosing system that eliminates the need for mathematic calculations. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of the eBroselow system and the time needed to prepare medications during pediatric simulated resuscitations compared with standard dosing references. METHODS: This is a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial in which 13 nurses from the adult emergency department who had had pediatric advanced life support training within the previous 3 years, carried out medication dosing during pediatric code simulations. Nurses were randomized to the eBroselow system or to traditional dosing references during period one and transitioned to the opposite treatment group during period two. RESULTS: Use of the eBroselow system resulted in a 24.6% increase in ...
Comments on: ‘Textural Maturity of Cumulates: a Record of Chamber Filling, Liquidus Assemblage, Cooling Rate and Large-scale Convection in Mafic Layered Intrusions’ and ‘A Textural Record of Solidification and Cooling in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland’

Two recent papers by Holness et al. (2007a, 2007b) have introduced an interesting new petrographic technique that could become a valuable tool for judging the textural maturity of mafic igneous rocks. They have shown that variations of the dihedral angles of mineral grains can reflect differing rates of heat loss of large layered intrusions, such as Rum and Skaergaard. Although they say in one paper (Holness et al., 2007b) that these variations record ‘the time-integrated thermal history at sub-solidus temperatures’, in the other paper they attribute all the observed variations to changes in the magmatic regime during active crystallization: ‘the arrival of fresh magma in the chamber, the onset of chamber-wise convection and changes in the liquidus assemblage’ (Holness et al., 2007a). The effects of important sub-solidus processes that are known to have extensively altered the textures, modal proportions, and bulk compositions of these same rocks have been ignored, even though they are conspicuous in the field and have been pointed out repeatedly in the literature (Hunter, 1987; McBirney & Sonnenthal, 1990; Sonnenthal, 1992; McBirney & Hunter, 1995; Sonnenthal & McBirney, 1998; McBirney & Creaser, 2003). For example, a sharp change in the textures found near the middle of the section in the Rum intrusion is said to mark the ‘onset of convection’. This interpretation seems to be based on the idea that a magma can remain static after its initial intrusion and then, at some later time, after crystallizing hundreds of meters of layered rocks, start to convect. This is just backwards. The thermal and compositional gradients that drive convection are most pronounced when the magma is first intruded and decline with time. Similarly, the statement (Holness et al., 2007b) that a textural change might coincide with ‘a significant change in the rate and mode of heat loss from the intrusion as it moves from a convective to a conductive regime’ seems to assume that the rate of heat loss is more rapid if the magma is convecting. As Carrigan (1988) has pointed out, the rate of heat loss is not governed by convective transfer in the interior but by the much more limiting rate of
A Synoptic Climatology of the Central United States and Associations with Pacific Teleconnection Pattern Frequency

Abstract A synoptic climatological weather classification scheme incorporating both surface and upper-air data is developed for the central United States based on an automated two-step cluster analysis. It employs daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data over all seasons of 57 yr (1948–2004) in creating synoptic types from surface and upper-air (925, 850, 700, and 500 hPa) temperature and humidity data as well as sea level pressure, geopotential heights, and winds aloft. The cluster analysis creates 10 synoptic types exhibiting distinct seasonal preferences, with three each that occur primarily in summer and winter, and four that occur primarily in winter and the transition seasons, particularly spring. The typing scheme generates synoptic patterns largely characterized by distinctive surface circulations, baroclinic vertical structure, and thermal advection. Interannual variations occur in the frequencies of the synoptic types, some of which are out of phase with each other. The annual frequencies of two winter s...
Nonlinear matrix equations of the Riccati type arising in mathematical modelling and simulation

The nonlinaer matrix equations of the form AX + XB + C + XDX = 0 where A,B,C,D are n by n matrices having elements belonging to the field C of complex numbers will be considered in this paper. Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions will be established for the existence of solutions X of this nonlinear matrix equation along with examples and applications.
Nonlinear Pressure Shifts of 87 Rb and 133 Cs in Ar and Kr

We demonstrated the nonlinear dependence of the microwave resonance frequencies of ground-state Rb or Cs atoms on the pressure of the buffer gases Ar and Kr. No nonlinearities were observed in the gases He or N2. These observations strongly suggest that the nonlinearities are due to the van der Waals molecules that form in Ar and Kr, but not in He or N2. We developed a simple model, parameterized by the effective three-body formation rate of molecules and by the effective product of the collisionally-limited lifetime times the shift of the hyperfine coupling coefficient in the molecule, and it explained the data very well.
Adolescent Self-Consciousness: Longitudinal Age Changes and Gender Differences in Two Cohorts

Adolescence is frequently described as a period of pervasive self-consciousness, but an age-related peak in adolescence is not consistently obtained, and higher self-consciousness in girls is frequently obtained but not predicted by theoretical accounts. Two cohorts of adolescents (N=393), initially assessed at 13 and 15, completed public and private self-consciousness measures 3 times in 4 years. They also reported social comparisons and social engagement. Public self-consciousness decreased and private self-consciousness increased in both cohorts, and girls scored higher on both measures, both in longitudinal and sibling replication samples (n=188). Public self-consciousness appears to be a normative response to adolescent social challenges, with girls' higher levels largely attributable to their closer social engagement. Private self-consciousness emerges as an individual difference in adolescence but is more likely to be salient and predictive of social behavior in adulthood.
Fuel-injection control of SI engines

It is known that about 50% of air pollutants comes from automotive engine exhaust, and mostly in a transient state operation. However, the wide operating range, the inherent nonlinearities of the induction process and the large modeling uncertainties make the design of the fuel-injection controller very difficult. Also, the unavoidable large time-delay between control action and measurement causes the problem of chattering. In this paper, an observer-based control algorithm based on sliding mode control technique is suggested for fast response and small amplitude chattering of the air-to-fuel ratio. A direct adaptive control using Gaussian networks is applied to the compensation of transient fueling dynamics. The proposed controller is simple enough for on-line computation and is implemented on an automotive engine using a PC-386. The simulation and the experimental results show that this algorithm reduces the chattering magnitude considerably and is robust to modeling errors. >
Robustness to inflated subscription in multicast congestion control

Group subscription is a useful mechanism for multicast congestion control: RLM, RLC, FLID-DL, and WEBRC form a promising line of multi-group protocols where receivers provide no feedback to the sender but control congestion via group membership regulation. Unfortunately, the group subscription mechanism also offers receivers an opportunity to elicit self-beneficial bandwidth allocations. In particular, a misbehaving receiver can ignoreguidelines for group subscription and choose an unfairly high subscription level in a multi-group multicast session. This poses a serious threat to fairness of bandwidth allocation. In this paper, we present the first solution for the problem of inflated subscription. Our design guards access to multicast groups with dynamic keys and consists of two independent components: DELTA (Distribution of ELigibility To Access) -- a novel method for in-band distribution of group keys to receivers that are eligible to access the groups according to the congestion control protocol, and SIGMA (Secure Internet Group Management Architecture) -- a generic architecture for key-based group access at edge routers.
Opportunities to kill or incentives for restraint? Rebel capabilities, the origins of support, and civilian victimization in civil war

During civil conflicts the distribution of power heavily influences belligerents’ war strategies, potentially including civilian targeting. Despite the potential relevance to wartime victimization,...
INSULIN PERMITS PARATHYROID HORMONE STIMULATION OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 PRODUCTION IN CULTURED KIDNEY CELLS

Primary cultures of chick kidney cells in serum free medium respond to PTH with increased production of 1,25(OH)2D3 only when exposed to insulin. The response of 1,25(OH)2D3 is maximal at 5 ng bPTH (1-34) per ml and decreases at higher hormone concentrations. Increased 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis is not evident after 30 minutes exposure to bPTH and is maximal at 4-6 hours of treatment. Insulin does not increase the cyclic AMP response to PTH suggesting that whatever permissive role it is playing occurs beyond the generation of cyclic AMP.
The Developmental State as (Non)Replicable Model

The Key to the Asian Miracle: Making Shared Growth Credible.By Jose Edgardo Campos and Hilton L. Root Growth, Debt, and Politics: Economic Adjustment and the Political Performance of Developing Countries.By Lewis W. Snider
A new illusion of movement dependent on eye movement during head rotations.

A previously undocumented illusion of movement is reported which occurs when an observer, in an otherwise dark room, attempts to maintain fixation on a stationary light point located straight ahead of him while rotating his head from left to right. The light appears essentially stationary during head rotations up to about 25°, but with more extreme rotations the point suddenly appears to sail off in the direction opposite to the head turn. This illusion was investigated and data are reported which indicate that it results from unmonitored movements of the eye (i.e. eye movements which are not efferently controlled and about which there is no proprioceptive information), in the direction of the head turn, which occur when the eye is no longer able to maintain fixation by counterrotating.
Bully University? The Cost of Workplace Bullying and Employee Disengagement in American Higher Education

Workplace bullying has a detrimental effect on employees, yet few studies have examined its impact on personnel in American higher education administration. Therefore, two central research question...
Input power factor correction, variable-speed, single-phase induction motor control suitable for retrofit applications

A single-phase induction motor variable speed control with power factor correction function is proposed in this paper. The buck-boost based, dual-output AC-DC converter and the single-phase motor are analysed in detail. Zero-crossing distortion of the source input current to the AC-DC front-end converter is addressed and a solution is proposed. Modelling and simulation of the common place capacitor-start, single-phase motor with unbalanced windings is conducted. Experimental results of the proposed drive are satisfactory in that good correlations between predicted and measured output power and shaft torque are attained, that a high power factor line current results for steady-state operation, and that small harmonic content at low motor speed is obtained.
Assay of Official Injections of Amine Salts

A modification of a method previously suggested for mephentermine sulfate injection was applied to some official injections containing at least 20 mg./ml. of amine salt, the amine base of which is soluble and stable in chloroform. The method involves: (a) distributing the aqueous sample over a mixture of chro-matographic magnesium oxide and high flow rate, purified, siliceous earth held in a coarse-porosity, sintered-glass filtering funnel; (b) eluting the liberated base with several small portions of warm chloroform into glacial acetic acid; and (c) titrating the eluates with standard 0.1 N perchloric acid using p-naphtholbenzein indicator.
Density representation of Long's equation

Abstract. Long's equation describes two dimensional stratified atmospheric flow over terrain. Its solutions using regular first order perturbations and linear approximation were investigated analytically and numerically by many authors. Special attention was paid to the properties of the gravity waves that have been predicted to be generated as a result. In this paper we derive a new representation of this equation in terms of the atmospheric density. This new equation is used then to study the steady state that results from some ideal upstream density profiles and the generation of gravity waves. Furthermore we compare the new formulation with the stream function formulation of Long equation and develop new criteria for the stability of the flow.
Recursion, Metarecursion, and Inclusion

In this paper it will be shown that the ordering of the recursively enumerable (r.e.) sets under inclusion modulo finite differences (m.f.d.), the ordering of the II1 1 1 sets under inclusion m.f.d., and the ordering of the metarecursively enumerable (meta-r.e.) sets under inclusion m.f.d. are all distinct. In fact, it will be shown that the three orderings are pairwise elementarily inequivalent when interpreted in the obvious way in a first order language with one binary relation “≥.” Our result answers a question of Hartley Rogers, Jr. [3, p. 203]. All necessary background material may be found in [2] and [4].
Re-re-treatment of hepatitis C virus: Eight patients who relapsed twice after direct-acting-antiviral drugs

AIM: To determine risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment failure after direct acting antivirals in patients with complex treatment histories. METHODS: All HCV mono-infected patients who received treatment at our institution were queried. Analysis was restricted to patients who previously failed treatment with boceprevir (BOC) or telaprevir (TVR) and started simeprevir (SMV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) ± ribavirin (RBV) between December 2013 and June 2014. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV co-infection or patients who received a liver transplant in the past were excluded. Viral loads were recorded while on treatment and after treatment. Data collection continued until December, 31st 2014 when data analysis was initiated. Patients missing virologic outcomes data were not included in the analysis. Analysis of 35 patients who had virologic outcome data available resulted in eight patients who were viral load negative at the end of treatment with SMF/SOF but later relapsed. Data related to patient demographics, HCV infection, and treatment history was collected in order to identify risk factors shared among patients who failed treatment with SMF/SOF. RESULTS: Eight patients who were treated with the first generation HCV protease inhibitors BOC or TVR in combination with pegylated-interferon (PEG) and RBV who failed this triple therapy were subsequently re-treated with an off-label all-oral regimen of SMV and SOF for 12 wk, with RBV in seven cases. Treatment was initiated before the Food and Drug Administration approved a 24-wk SMV/SOF regimen for patients with liver cirrhosis. All eight patients had an end of treatment response, but later relapsed. Eight (100%) patients were male. Mean age was 56 (range, 49-64). Eight (100%) patients had previously failed PEG/RBV dual therapy at least once in addition to prior failure with triple therapy. Total number of times treated ranged from 3-6 (mean 3.8). Eight (100%) patients were male had liver cirrhosis as determined by Fibroscan or MRI. Seven (87.5%) patients had genotype 1a HCV. Seven (87.5%) patients had over 1 million IU/mL HCV RNA at the time of re-treatment. CONCLUSION: This study identifies factors associated with SMV/SOF treatment failure and provides evidence that twleve weeks of SMV/SOF/RBV is insufficient in cirrhotics with high-titer genotype 1a HCV.
A Stacking-Based Approach to Identify Translated Upstream Open Reading Frames in Arabidopsis Thaliana

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are open reading frames located within the 5’ UTR of an mRNA. It is believed that translated uORFs reduce the translational efficiency of the main coding region, and play an important role in gene regulation. However, only few uORFs are experimentally characterized. In this paper, we use ribosome footprinting together with a stacking-based classification approach to identify translated uORFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our approach resulted in a set of 5360 potentially translated uORFs in 2051 genes. GO terms enriched in uORF-containing genes include gene regulation, signal transduction and metabolic pathway. The identified uORFs occur with a higher frequency in multi-isoform genes, and many uORFs are affected by alternative transcript start sites or alternative splicing events.
Punitive Damages and the Economic Theory of Penalties

Should punitive damages aim to deter up to the appropriate level by internalizing costs, or should they aim to eliminate the offender's expectation of gain? This article offers a framework for answering this question and for resolving more practical issues, such as the factors that should be taken into account and the algorithm that should be used in determining a punitive award. The rule I propose is as follows: If the offender's gain is probably greater than the victim's loss, then the punitive award should aim to internalize victim losses; if the offender's gain is probably less than or equal to the victim's loss, then the punitive award should aim to eliminate the prospect of gain on the part of the offender. In most punitive damages cases, the offender's gain is probably less than or equal to the victim's loss. For these cases the appropriate algorithm requires the court to divide the defendant's gain by the probability of liability, thereby setting a minimum for the punitive award.
Interventions for teaching sketching skills and reducing inhibition for novice engineering designers

This paper explores improving sketching skills and reducing the inhibition to sketch for student designers. In the first study, students were taught sketching skills through an in-class workshop. The effect was evaluated using a pre-mid-post test (n = 40). In the second study, students were led through art activities to reduce their inhibition to sketch. The effect was tested using another pre-mid-post test (n = 26). The first study found sketching skills increased, but declined with disuse. The second study found reduced inhibition immediately after the workshop, an increase after the sketch skills workshop, and a decrease over the semester. This suggests that sketch training and inhibition-reducing exercises are effective in the short term, but must be emphasized over time for a permanent change.
Identification of Wide Compatability Gene S5-n and Genetic Differentiation in Indica-japonica Property of Male Sterile Lines in Rice

According to the 136 bp deletion of the wide compatibility gene(S5-n) in comparison with S5 alleles in indica and japonica varieties,S5136,an InDel marker,was designed to identify S5-n gene for the male sterile lines of Pei′ai 64S and Guangzhan 63S,etc.With 34 InDel markers closely related to genetic differentiation of rice indica and japonica varieties,the male sterile lines were analyzed for their indica gene frequency(InDel molecular method) using their individual gel electrophoresis of PCR product.the results showed that:① Yuetai A possessed the wide compatibility gene S5-n,and showed a single base pair mutation,which was similar to an indica variety,Kasalath.② Ten lines,including Pei'ai 64S,N111S and C815S,had the gene S5-n.③ Pei'ai 64S,Guangzhan 63S and Y58S,which have been widely used in the present rice production,showed their indica gene frequency in a range of 0.76~0.91.
Surgical Management of complications of respiratory failure.

This section contains descriptions of machinery and procedures related to the respiratory care of surgical patients. Positive-pressure devices and ventilators come in a variety of types, each with its own bedazzling set of knobs, gauges, alarms, and blinking lights. Drinker and Berryman’s description of ventilators is written from the viewpoint of the bioengineer. The principles they outline will help the surgeon to feel at home with any mechanical ventilator in current or future use. Gallagher and coauthors divide monitoring methods into pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, and systemic oxygen delivery. In addition to these specific techniques, they present the practical pitfalls that are commonly encountered. The next four articles could be subtitled "Surgical Care of the Respiratory Patient." The articles by Orringer, Gazzaniga, and Connolly form a mini-atlas of techniques and procedures. All surgeons will benefit from a review of these often neglected details. Bronchoscopy should be as routine to general and thoracic surgeons as cystoscopy is to the urologist, yet this important technique is often neglected in residency training. Ratliff leaves description of bronchoscopic techniques to existing atlases and on-site training and devotes his discussion to when, why, and how bronchoscopy should be used in respiratory care. Eric Milne is noted for his studies of chest radiography in acute lung disease. His clear descriptions and examples provide a useful bridge between dynamic physiology and the static shadows on the celluloid.
Clinical Implications of Experiments on Alteration of the Labyrinthine Fluid Pressures

Hearing is affected by changes in hydrostatic pressure of the perilymph, but very high pressures are required to produce a significant loss. Among the observed findings in cats are a rapidly reversible decrease in the sensitivity of the cochlear microphonic that is greater for low frequencies, harmonic distortion and reduction of dynamic range as measured by the input-output function for the cochlear microphonic, and a change in the summating potential from negative to positive. These changes are attributed to a temporary reduction in the size of the cochlear duct due to a shift of water molecules out of the cochlear duct into the blood until the resulting increase in osmotic pressure balances the increase in hydrostatic pressure. Consequently, the organ of Corti is biased "upward" away from the scala tympani. Increasing the hydrostatic pressure of the endolymph produces a "downward" biasing of the organ of Corti and has an opposite effect upon the summating potential. Presumably this is what happens in Meniere's disease. Because of the presence of the perilymphatic canaliculi, the locus of the hydrostatic pressure effect is assumed to be in the region of the reticular lamina. A theory has been developed to explain why cochlear function is very sensitive to relative differences between the hydrostatic pressures of the perilymph and the endolymph but is resistant to large variations in the absolute magnitudes of those pressures. Some of the clinical implications of this theory are discussed.
Conclusion: the future of single-isomer pharmacology.

Taken together, the articles gathered in this supplement underscore the major role in drug development that single-isomer science can play—a role that will undoubtedly take on a greater importance in the future. While the chirality of certain pharmacologically active molecules has been recognized for almost a century, it is only in recent years that drug synthesis and chiral separation techniques have advanced far enough to allow meaningful comparisons among enantiomers. Now that these methods are broadly available, the potential applications of single isomer drug development are considerable. Numerous examples from a range of therapeutic areas confirm that single enantiomers can enhance clinical efficacy, reduce adverse effects, cause fewer interactions with other drugs, and minimize response variations among patients by offering more predictable pharmacokinetics and greater selectivity. In some cases, these advantages are simply due to the removal of an inactive enantiomer, but in other cases, a given dose of a single isomer offers greater benefits when administered alone than when administered as the racemic mixture, suggesting that the opposite enantiomer (the distomer) actually has detracting effects. As the papers by Drs. Gal and Hurt explain, the different activities of a pair of enantiomers are usually traceable to stereochemical differences in the way they interact with chiral macromolecules such as enzymes, transport systems, and receptors.
Behavior analytic approaches to problem behavior in intellectual disabilities.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of the current review is to summarize recent behavior analytic research on problem behavior in individuals with intellectual disabilities. We have focused our review on studies published from 2013 to 2015, but also included earlier studies that were relevant.Recent findi
High performance 0.15 /spl mu/m recessed gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on sapphire

Using ICP-RIE, recessed 0.15 /spl mu/m gate-length AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were fabricated. These 0.15 /spl mu/m gate-length devices exhibited maximum drain current density as high as 1.31 A/mm, record high extrinsic transconductance. of 402 mS/mm, unity gain cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) of 107 GHz, and maximum frequency of oscillation (f/sub max/) of 148 GHz. The f/sub T/ of 107 GHz is the highest reported value for similar gate-length GaN-based HEMTs.
Developing a first in man carbohydrate mimetic peptide vaccine for cancer: A translational story

T Associated Carbohydrate Antigens (TACAs) are pan-targets on tumor cells because they activate and regulate a network of signaling pathways associated with cell survival. Strategies that target TACAs, therefore, have potential benefit as cell-death therapies. In a dose escalation Phase I clinical trial, we analyzed the safety and immune response to a reverse engineeredCarbohydrate Mimetic Peptide (CMP), referred to as P10s, in 6 subjects with advanced breast cancer. P10s was developed as a pan-immunogen to induce responses to multiple TACAs with the intent being to induce antibodies that are proapoptotic. 16 women were consented, with 6 subjects receiving the CMP vaccine. 3 subjects completed the vaccination schedule at 300 μg P10s-PADRE per injection, and 3 completed immunizations at the 500 ug dose. Patients were evaluated for signs of toxicity during and after vaccination. All 6 subjects displayed a persistent IgG response to P10s after vaccination and induced serum and plasma antibodies displayed cross-reactivity to TACA expressing human breast cancer cell lines. Antibody induced by P10s in 5 of the 6 subjects displayed statistically significant apoptotic functionality to several human breast cancer cell lines, including a Trastuzumab-resistant one, and is caspase 3 dependent. Overall survival among the vaccinated subjects had a mean±SE (median) of 908±116 (928) days compared to 583±126 (312) days among the unvaccinated, consented subjects. P10s vaccination was well tolerated, with measurable immune responses and antitumor efficacy was noted.This is the first study to show that CMP vaccination is safe and can induce functional antibodies that potentially have therapeutic benefit in subjects immunized with this CMP-based vaccine.
Barter and Business Cycles: Further Empirical Evidence:

Rising interest in barter due to the current world-wide recession has motivated a re-examination of macroeconomic determinants of barter in the U.S. economy, particularly its correlation with the b...
Gender Bias in International Relations Graduate Education? New Evidence from Syllabi

Gender diversity is good for the study of international relations (IR) and political science. Graduate training is an opportunity for scholars to affect the demographics of their field and the gendered practices within it. This article presents a first-cut investigation of the degree to which gender bias exists in graduate IR syllabi. The author found that the gender of the instructor for graduate courses matters significantly for what type of research is taught, in two ways. First, on average, female instructors assign significantly more research by female authors than male instructors. Second, women appear to be considerably more reluctant than men about assigning their own research as required readings. Some but not all of the difference between male- and female-taught courses might be explained by differences in course composition.
A numerical study on improving the specific properties of staggered composites by incorporating voids

Abstract Despite being porous, natural materials such as bone, nacre and tooth enamel possess interesting combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness, an outstanding performance which is hard to achieve in engineering materials. Recent studies show that this performance is rooted in their architectures in which stiff and strong inclusions are arranged in a staggered structure and placed within a softer matrix. These studies however focus on void-free staggered composites. Here, we use finite element analysis and exhaustive exploration of the design space to show that the specific modulus and yield strength of staggered composites can be improved by removing the non-load bearing regions of the matrix material and to show the morphologies emerging from this process. This improvement increases with aspect ratio of the inclusions and with mismatch of properties between the phases and decreases with inclusion content. Particularly, 20–30% increase in the specific modulus and 10–20% increase in specific yield strength can be achieved considering the actual properties of carbon nanotube (or ceramic/mineral platelet) reinforced polymers. The morphologies emerging from our exploration can be used to develop lightweight composites of interest in aerospace, defence, and packaging industries.
Symmetric mechanism design

Abstract Designers of economic mechanisms can often benefit by using discriminatory mechanisms which treat agents asymmetrically. This paper studies the extent to which a policy prohibiting biased mechanisms is effective in achieving fair outcomes. Our main result is a characterization of the class of social choice functions that can be implemented by symmetric mechanisms. When the solution concept used is Bayes–Nash equilibrium, symmetry is typically not very restrictive and discriminatory social choice functions can be implemented by symmetric mechanisms. Our characterization in this case is based on a ‘revelation principle’ type of result, where we show that a social choice function can be symmetrically implemented if and only if a particular kind of (indirect) symmetric mechanism implements it. When implementation in dominant strategies is considered, only symmetric social choice functions can be implemented by symmetric mechanisms. We illustrate our results in environments of voting with private values, voting with a common value, and assignment of indivisible goods.
Cropping Systems and Land Use in Sylhet Region

Towards the sustainable food security for a particular area, the policymakers, researchers, extension and development agents need the detailed information of cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity. Sylhet, a potential region of enormous potentiality of growing crops across the haor area lying below the northeastern Himalyan foothills experience the highest rainfall in the world to make the basin prone to flashflood. That is why, a study was conducted in the region considering all the upazillas during 2016 using the pretested semi-structured questionnaire and validated by appropriate informants with a view to documenting the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. As per the study the region is dominated by the rice based cropping pattern. The non-rice based cropping pattern are either few or the area under those cropping patterns are not enough to satisfy the non-rice food requirement of people of the region. Beside these, the cropping patterns and crop diversity appeared as below the expected level. Therefore, much thrust is needed to initiate research and development activities to diversify the single or double-cropped cropping pattern with the introduction of appropriate crops and crop varieties even other non-crop agricultural commodities. Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 273-288