cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral calibration of crystal plasticity models

A new and improved spectral framework are presented to capture efficiently the predictions for the stresses, the lattice spins, and the strain hardening rates in individual crystals from the currently used crystal plasticity models as a function of the crystal lattice orientation. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to two classes of crystal plasticity models that incorporate very different types of interactions between the individual crystals in the polycrystal. The models used in this study include: (1) a Taylor-type fully constrained model; and (2) a micromechanical finite element crystal plasticity model where each crystal is assumed to experience an average interaction with all other crystals in the polycrystal. Although the proposed method requires a one-time high computational cost in evaluating the relevant Fourier coefficients, it is expected to result in dramatic savings in computational time and effort in all subsequent computations.
Steady state in noncollinear magnetic multilayers

There are at least two different putative steady state solutions for current across noncollinear magnetic multilayers; one has a discontinuity in the spin current at the interface the other is continuous. We compare the resistance of the two and find the solution with the continuous spin currents is lower. By using the entropic principle we can state that this solution is a better estimate of the resistance for a noncollinear magnetic multilayer
Quantized density response in insulators

The response of particle density to a dilation of a periodic potential in an insulator, with or without a fixed background potential or a magnetic field, is shown to be quantized. A similar phenomenon occurs in a quantum Hall system, where the derivative of the electron density with respect to the magnetic field is quantized in units of e/h, the inverse flux quantum. A number of other interesting results may be unified under the notion of quantized density response, including the quantization of adiabatic particle transport, the gap labeling theorem, and its generalization in the presence of a magnetic field.
SPAN OF APPREHENSION IN RELATION TO THE NUMBER OF STIMULUS ALTERNATIVES.

The purpose of this experiment was an attempt to quantify the Gestalt Law of Similarity. The present S-R translation of the Law of Similarity states that the level of a response to a stimulus configuration depends on the number of different types of elements in the stimulus field. The hypothesis is that, as the reciprocal number of element alternatives increases, response accuracy increases as a growth function. 100 university students were shown slides on which from 5 to 9 dots were randomly placed. The slides were divided into five stimulus element alternative levels. The 20 slides in each set involved four replications of stimulus element numerosity. Each S viewed one set of slides, so that 20 Ss viewed each set and reported the number of objects seen. The equation best fitting the experimental data expresses a power relationship: a = 0.13 (n−1)1.70, where a designates response accuracy, and n−1 represents reciprocal number of stimulus alternatives. Empirical points did not deviate significantly from t...
Recognition and management of hypertension by psychiatric physicians

Abstract Affecting more than 60 million Americans, hypertension is one of the most common medical conditions. It is the most common cardiovascular disorder in the United States, and it remains a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by predisposing to catastrophic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. High blood pressure can be recognized and managed by psychiatrists in a variety of settings. Hypertension should be diagnosed when the average of two or more diastolic blood pressure measurements on at least two subsequent occasions is 90 mm Hg or higher, or when the average of multiple systolic blood pressure readings on two or more occasions is 140 mm Hg or greater. Evaluation should be directed toward finding treatable secondary etiologies, elucidating other cardiovascular risk factors that can be modified, and investigating target organ damage. Treatment can involve nonpharmacologic as well as pharmacologic interventions. Antihypertensive medications are known to be associated with psychiatric side effects such as depression, confusion, and psychosis. Problems with compliance, psychiatric symptoms, medication interactions, and side effects present unique challenges for the general medical care of psychiatric patients. This update will help psychiatrists to treat hypertension confidently while paying particular attention to the special considerations of the populations they are most likely to see.
Farmers' Responses to the Flood Action Plan (FAP) of Bangladesh: An empirical study

Abstract The World Bank has recently prepared a Flood Action Plan (FAP) to solve the flood problems of Bangladesh. The FAP proposed construction of embankments on both sides of all major rivers. There is, however, strong opposition in the country to the “structural solution” to its flood problems. The objectives of this paper are to study the farmers' level of awareness, responses to, and the possible positive and negative impacts of the proposed embankment projects as outlined in the FAP. The data for this study were derived from field surveys conducted in two rural areas of Bangladesh. The survey data showed that slightly less than half of the total respondents had heard about the proposed construction of the embankment. The data further showed that the respondents overwhelmingly supported the embankment projects of the FAP. They were also aware of both positive and negative impacts of embankment construction.
Near-complete resolution of angiographic cerebral vasospasm after extreme elevation of mean arterial pressure: case report.

Abstract Background Cerebral vasospasm is a widespread and potentially treatable complication after aneurysmal SAH. Aggressive treatment often includes hemodynamic augmentation, although the exact mechanism by which such therapy leads to improved cerebral blood flow and reduced neurologic deficits is incompletely established. This case report is only the second to provide compelling evidence that hypertension can lead to direct dilation of vasospastic arteries, thereby providing valuable insight into its potential mechanism. Case Description We present a patient with SAH from a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm who developed marked decline in mental status on posthemorrhage day 11, consistent with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. A diagnostic cerebral angiogram was performed demonstrating extensive and diffuse cerebral vasospasm. After receiving a nonselective slow infusion of verapamil, the patient developed an episode of extreme hypertension. Repeat angiography immediately after hypertensive crisis revealed near-complete resolution of the previously noted cerebral vasospasm. Rapid improvement in the patient's neurologic status ensued. Conclusion The present case illustrates that extreme hypertension can lead to direct dilation of vasospastic arteries and suggests that hypertensive-type hemodynamic therapy may act not only through increasing the pressure gradient across vasospastic arteries but also via direct induction of arterial vasodilation.
Nutrients in Salmon and Red Grouper Fillets as Affected by Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Treatment

The effect of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) treatment on nutrients of seafood was studied using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and red grouper (Epinephelus morio) with five volumes (1:5, w/v) of aqueous ClO 2 at 20, 40, 100, and 200 ppm ClO 2 in 3.5% brine for 5 min. Compared to nontreated controls, treatment of salmon and red grouper with ClO 2 solutions in brine did not significantly change the contents of protein, fat, moisture, niacin, calcium, iron, phosphorus, or potassium. However, such treatment with brine or ClO 2 solutions in brine caused a significant reduction in thiamin content in both species, but only riboflavin was reduced significantly in red grouper, possibly due to the solubilization effect of salt on the vitamins.
VisImpact: business impact visualization

Business Intelligence (BI) deals with transforming raw business data into valuable information for making decisions. The goal is to improve the operation and use of large-scale, complex information systems. A number of automated BI techniques are available. These methods, however, have to be supported by user interaction to make successful business decisions. In this paper, we present a new technique for interactive business intelligence based on visualization technology, called VisImpact. The basic idea of the VisImpact technique is to visually display the relationships between the important business operation parameters and the distribution of the process flow. We have applied VisImpact in the areas of business contract analysis, business operation analysis, and fraud analysis, to show the power of the VisImpact technique for finding process flows, patterns, and trends, and for a quick identification of exceptions (outliers). Our interactive VisImpact system provides the means for an instant drilldown to a transaction record level which allows observing the evolution of business dynamics.
Structural investigations of ACu3Ru4O12(A=Na, Ca, Sr, La, Nd): A comparison between XRD-Rietveld and EXAFS results

Abstract The structures of five perovskite-related oxides with the general composition ACu3Ru4O12 with A=Na, Ca, Sr, La and Nd, have been examined both by XRD-Rietveld refinements and Ru-K EXAFS-spectroscopy. In addition, the behavior on reduction was investigated by thermogravimetry (TG). The TG measurements revealed that the composition was almost exactly A1Cu3Ru4O12 for all samples. The inter-atomic distances derived from EXAFS- and XRD-Rietveld fits show an excellent agreement with differences smaller than 8 mA even for R>5 A. All inter-atomic distances increase in the order Na
Light scattering in a number of optical grade glasses

Abstract Light scattering measurements have been made on a number of commercially available optical grade glasses. By measuring the spectrum as well as intensity of the scattered light it was found possible both to obtain the total scattered intensity and to identify the origin of the scattering. The optical attenuation coefficient due to scattering was evaluated. It was found that in all glasses studied the total scattered intensity exceeds that in fused silica by at least a factor of two.
Design of a Tri-Modal Multi-Threshold CMOS Switch With Application to Data Retentive Power Gating

A tri-modal multi-threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) switch design is presented. Similar to the conventional MTCMOS switches, the tri-modal switch comes in two flavors: header and footer. The tri-modal switch provides three different power modes for the underlying circuit: active, drowsy, and sleep. The ability of data retention in the drowsy mode makes the proposed tri-modal switch an excellent candidate for implementing data-retentive power gating designs. We will see that three different low-power design schemes, namely data-retentive power gating, multi-drowsy mode structures, and on-chip dynamic voltage scaling, are implemented using the proposed tri-modal switch. We show that our proposal introduces superior low-power solutions across various circuit operating modes using a single circuitry.
Evaluating the outcomes of a distance-accessible PhD program.

The Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS) Program at Indiana University School of Nursing matriculated the first students in 1978. In 1996, the DNS program was phased out and the PhD in Nursing Science program was approved. Given advances in technology, market demand, and faculty expertise, a decision was made in 2002 to revise the PhD program to make it "distance-accessible" with courses and other learning experiences designed to be delivered using both synchronous and asynchronous Web-based technologies. As part of the newly designed program, distance-accessible courses were paired with an annual 2-week summer residential intensive learning experience on the Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus. This article discusses the process and outcome evaluation for this innovative program, with a particular focus on pedagogies faculty have found effective for scholarly mentoring and on best practices for distance-accessible doctoral education. Evaluation of program outcomes indicates graduates are well positioned to provide leadership in the areas of knowledge development for nursing science, practice, and education.
A panacea for the Ills of the country: American presbyterian education in inter‐war Iran

(1993). A panacea for the Ills of the country: American presbyterian education in inter‐war Iran. Iranian Studies: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 119-137.
Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: Two new school readiness indicators

Duncan et al. (2007) presented a new methodology for identifying kindergarten readiness factors and quantifying their importance by determining which of children's developing skills measured around kindergarten entrance would predict later reading and math achievement. This article extends Duncan et al.'s work to identify kindergarten readiness factors with 6 longitudinal data sets. Their results identified kindergarten math and reading readiness and attention as the primary long-term predictors but found no effects from social skills or internalizing and externalizing behavior. We incorporated motor skills measures from 3 of the data sets and found that fine motor skills are an additional strong predictor of later achievement. Using one of the data sets, we also predicted later science scores and incorporated an additional early test of general knowledge of the social and physical world as a predictor. We found that the test of general knowledge was by far the strongest predictor of science and reading and also contributed significantly to predicting later math, making the content of this test another important kindergarten readiness indicator. Together, attention, fine motor skills, and general knowledge are much stronger overall predictors of later math, reading, and science scores than early math and reading scores alone.
A new X-ray spectrometric technique

Abstract Solutions to the integral equation of the first kind allow one to exploit many experimental measurements in a more informative fashion. In the present work the solution of the integral equation associated with the voltage pulse generated in a solid ionization chamber offers one a new spectroscopic technique for X-rays. The method of solution and the results obtained with diamond as a chamber material are presented.
Direct-write e-beam sub-micron domain engineering in liquid phase epitaxy LiNbO3 thin films

By using a direct-write e-beam technique with liquid phase epitaxy LiNbO 3 thin films, we have successfully produced sub-micron domain structures for achieving dynamically switchable filters in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. Sub-micron domain (∼200 nm) structures with a period ∼1.2 μm are realized in liquid phase epitaxy LiNbO 3 films on congruent LiNbO 3 substrates by using the direct-write e-beam domain engineering method. In comparison with single crystal congruent LiNbO 3 (CLN) and stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (SLN), we show that LPE LiNbO 3 is the most promising material for producing superior domain regularities and finer domain sizes than single crystals. A physical model is presented to qualitatively explain the observed differences in structure and regularity of the induced periodic domains among the three different materials we studied. We postulate that the higher Li/Nb ratio in LPE LN than in CLN enhances domain inversion initiation. Also, we believe that the vanadium incorporation and distortion due to the lattice mismatch between films and substrates enhance electron localization, domain wall pinning and domain nucleation in LPE materials, giving rise to better structures.
Magnetic Field Dependence of the Size Effect in the Transport Coefficients of a Cadmium Single Crystal at Liquid-Helium Temperatures

Magnetomorphic oscillations periodic in the magnetic field have been observed in transverse magnetic fields in the transport coefficients of a cadmium single crystal at liquid-helium temperatures. The experimental coefficients in which magnetomorphic oscillations have been observed are: the transverse magneto-resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{11}$, the Hall resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{21}$, the transverse thermal magnetoresistivity ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{11}$, the Righi-Leduc resistivity ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{21}$, the adiabatic thermoelectric coefficient ${{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{11}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and the adiabatic Nernst-Ettinghausen coefficient ${{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{21}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. These oscillations have an average period of about 565 G for a sample thickness 1.02 mm and are believed to originate with the lens-shaped Fermi surface in the third Brillouin zone of cadmium. The theory of magnetomorphic oscillation for the case of free electrons is found to agree for the most part with the experimental results, except in the case of the oscillations in the quantity ${{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{11}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ (thermoelectric coefficient), which have been found to be of an order of magnitude 20 times larger than predicted by the free-electron theory. The extension of the theory to the case of nonspherical Fermi surfaces, and to the case of lens-shaped Fermi surfaces in particular, fails to account for the anomaly in this coefficient. In addition to the oscillations of period 565 G, another set of oscillations of period 132 G was detected in the Hall effect. It is suggested that these short-period oscillations may be associated with the hole arms in the second Brillouin zone and are probably due to the truncation of the arm when it splits into its three branches.
Correlation and joint density matrix of two spatial-temporal modes from balanced-homodyne sampling

A theoretical treatment is given which establishes dual-mode balanced-homodyne detection as a practical and well characterized technique for measuring optical field correlations, photon-number correlations, or the full quantum state of a pair of optical modes. The definition of modes used includes temporal wave packets, Gaussian or other beam profiles, or two-frequency fields. The proposed method allows the measurement of two-time correlations on sub-picosecond scales, the disentangling of the statistics of signal light in two spatially overlapping modes, and the measurement of field correlations, such as squeezing, over 100 THz bandwidths. We show how to estimate from the data the statistical errors on the measured correlations and the density matrix arising from finite data sets, and the errors introduced by using finite numbers of phases and relative amplitudes of the two local oscillator fields.
Why voters in patronage democracies split their tickets: Strategic voting for ethnic parties

Abstract This article introduces a hypothesis predicting when we should see split-ticket voting in ‘patronage democracies’ derived from a model of strategic voting for ethnic parties. It supports the model based on an examination of the behaviour of Scheduled Caste voters in the north-Indian state of Uttar Pradesh across national and regional elections in 1996 using multiple sources of data: an EI analysis of election results, ethnography, and survey data. These data are consistent with the model, but are not conclusive. In contrast to previous scholarship on ethnic parties, which assumes that those who support ethnic parties vote sincerely, these data show that strategic voting drives the phenomenon of split-ticket voting by Scheduled Caste voters. But they do not allow us to rule out that strategic mechanisms other than those introduced here may explain the same outcome. A stronger test requires demographic and survey data tailored to distinguish precisely between different models of strategic voting, with different predictions for the conditions under which voters split their tickets. So far, the dominant assumption of sincere voting in the work on ethnic parties has meant that these data are rarely collected. The contribution of this article is to make a sufficient case that collecting such data is important to understanding ethnicity and voting behaviour in India and other patronage democracies.
A metric space for computer programs and the principle of computational least action

We define a normed metric space for computer programs and derive from it the Principle of Computational Least Action. In our model, programs follow trajectories determined by Newton's equation of motion in an abstract computational phase space and generate computational action as they evolve. A program's action norm is the L 1-norm of its action function, and its distance from other programs is the distance derived from the action norm. The Principle of Computational Least Action states the goal of performance optimization as finding the program with the smallest action norm. We illustrate this principle by analyzing a simple program.
Reflections on the Lemniscate of Bernoulli: The Forty-Eight Faces of a Mathematical Gem

Thirteen simple closed geodesics are found in the lemniscate. Among these are nine “mirrors”—geodesics of reflection symmetry—which generate the full octahedral group and determine a triangulation of the lemniscate as a disdyakis dodecahedron. New visualizations of the lemniscate are presented.
Etiologies of Sarcoidosis

Since sarcoidosis was first described more than a century ago, the etiologic determinants causing this disease remain uncertain. Studies suggest that genetic, host immunologic, and environmental factors interact together to cause sarcoidosis. Immunologic characteristics of sarcoidosis include non-caseating granulomas, enhanced local expression of T helper-1 (and often Th17) cytokines and chemokines, dysfunctional regulatory T-cell responses, dysregulated Toll-like receptor signaling, and oligoclonal expansion of CD4+ T cells consistent with chronic antigenic stimulation. Multiple environmental agents have been suggested to cause sarcoidosis. Studies from several groups implicate mycobacterial or propionibacterial organisms in the etiology of sarcoidosis based on tissue analyses and immunologic responses in sarcoidosis patients. Despite these studies, there is no consensus on the nature of a microbial pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Some groups postulate sarcoidosis is caused by an active viable replicating infection while other groups contend there is no clinical, pathologic, or microbiologic evidence for such a pathogenic mechanism. The authors posit a novel hypothesis that proposes that sarcoidosis is triggered by a hyperimmune Th1 response to pathogenic microbial and tissue antigens associated with the aberrant aggregation of serum amyloid A within granulomas, which promotes progressive chronic granulomatous inflammation in the absence of ongoing infection.
Correlates of male mating success in the ruff Philomachus pugnax, a lekking shorebird

Male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax), a lekking shorebird, can generally be divided into two morphs according to behavior and plumage coloration. Predominantly dark-colored, “independent” male ruffs defend small territories on a lek, whereas lighter colored “satellite” males are non-territorial and less site-faithful to a particular lek. The traits associated with the mating success of independent male ruffs were studied at two leks during two seasons on the island of Oland, Sweden in May and June of 1985 and 1987. Using multivariate analyses, three characteristics were found to be significantly related to mating success: high frequency of visits by satellites to an independent male's residence, consistency of lek attendance, and low rates of aggressive behavior. In contrast, mating success was unrelated to the degree of darkness of the independent male nuptial plumage, territory location on the lek, or rate of courtship displays. The use of multivariate analyses helped to resolve conflicting conclusions from previous studies which employed simple statistical analyses, or none at all. Experimental manipulations are suggested which will help to further determine the influence of female mate choice in this lekking system.
A parametric study of dissociation and ionization models at 12 km/sec

Thermochemical nonequilibrium-solution dependence on available models for the chemical reaction rates is examined. Solutions from the Kang and Dunn (1973) reaction-rate set, the Park rate set of 1987, and the Park rate set of 1991 are compared. The blunt-nosed, axisymmetric geometry considered is a 60-deg sphere cone with nose radius of 1.07 m and cicular aft skirt. The nonequilibrium test case is 12 km/sec entry into the earth's atmosphere at 80 km altitude. The model variations are implemented into the Langley aerothermodynamics upwind relaxation algorithm code. While variations in the reaction rates have no effect on the surface pressure distribution and little effect on the convective heating, the effect on degree of ionization and radiative heating can be a factor of three.
Role of spinal cord neuropeptides in pain sensitivity and analgesia: thyrotropin releasing hormone and vasopressin.

Abstract The existence of a wide variety of neuropeptides within the spinal cord dorsal horn raises the question of their possible roles in sensory processing. The present series of behavioral experiments examined the effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of two such neuropeptides, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (THR) and vasopressin (VAS), on pain sensitivity and antinociception. TRH exerted no marked effect on basal pain sensitivity over the dose range examined (0.25 ng–2.5 μg). However, a U-shaped dose-response effect on morphine antinociception (3 μg, IT) was observed, wherein potent attenuation, moderate attenuation, or enhancement of morphine-induced anticiception was observed following the various doses tested. In contrast, VAS produced non-opiate antiniception at the highest doses tested (25 ng and 250 ng) and none of the VAS doses (0.25ng–250 ng) appeared to interact with IT morphine (3 μg) antinociception. Lastly, IT TRH was not observed to interact with IT VAS antinociception. These data provide evidence that these neuropeptides exert strikingly different effects on pain sensitivity and opiate antinociception, and provide initial evidence that TRH may be included in the growing list of neuropeptides that can act endogenous opiate antagonists within the central nervous system.
Acute myopathy of intensive care in a child after heart transplantation.

Purpose: Acute myopathy of intensive care has been described infrequently in children and never after organ transplantation. We report a case of acute myopathy of intensive care in a child after heart transplantation. Clinical features: An II-yr-old girl, with no previous medical history, developed acute cardiomyopathy leading to cardiac shock. Family history revealed four cases of unidentified myopathy and/or cardiomyopathy. Preoperatively, while muscle biopsy was near normal, myocardial biopsy revealed non specific mitochondrial disorders. A few days after heart transplantation, she developed acute hypotonia and flaccid quadriplegia, consistent with the diagnosis of acute myopathy of intensive care. Nerve conduction studies were normal, electromyography showed myopathic changes and a new muscle biopsy from quadriceps femoris showed severe loss of myosin filaments and ATPase activity in type 2 fibres. A large laboratory screening failed to demonstrate a metabolic disease or a known myopathy. Muscle strength recovered progressively in three weeks allowing home discharge. A few months later, she was free of symptoms and muscle biopsy showed full histopathological recovery. Conclusion: Acute myopathy of intensive care can occur in children after heart transplantation. It should be suspected in the presence of muscle weakness and difficulty in weaning from ventilatory support. Electromyography confirmed a myogenic process and muscle biopsy allowed diagnosis. Full clinical and histopathological recovery usually occur within three weeks.
Recovery of Three-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Fields from Simulated Single-Doppler Radar Data

Abstract A method for recovering the full three-dimensional wind and temperature fields from single-Doppler radar data is developed and demonstrated. This method uses a dynamic model, and attempts to determine the initial conditions of the unobserved flow and thermodynamic fields that have generated the time sequence of observed fields. A cost function is defined to measure the difference between the model solutions of the observed variables and the observations. A set of adjoint equations is constructed to determine the sensitivity of the cost function to initial state errors in those not observed. The initial state variables are then adjusted to minimize those errors. Several experiments are conducted using simulated observations produced by a control run of a dry convection model. It is shown that the method is able to determine the spatial structures of the unobserved velocity components and temperature effectively; and the performance is enhanced by the use of a temporal smoothness constraint. The me...
Minutissamides E - L, antiproliferative cyclic lipodecapeptides from the cultured freshwater cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp

The extract of UIC 10035, a strain obtained from a sample collected near the town of Homestead, South Florida, showed antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-435 cells. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of a series of cyclic lipodecapeptides, named minutissamides E-L (1-8). The planar structures were determined by analysis of HRESIMS, tandem MS, and 1D and 2D NMR data, and the stereoconfigurations were assigned by LC-MS analysis of the Marfey's derivatives after acid hydrolysis. Minutissamides E-L (1-8) exhibited antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-435 cells with IC(50) values ranging between 1 and 10 μM. The structures of minutissamides E-L (1-8) were closely related with those of the previously reported lipopeptides, puwainaphycins A-E and minutissamides A-D, characterized by the presence of a lipophilic β-amino acid and three non-standard amino acids NMeAsn, OMeThr and Dhb (α,β-dehydro-α-aminobutyric acid). The strain UIC 10035 was designated as cf. Anabaena sp. on the basis of morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses.
On a lemma of Littlewood and Offord on the distributions of linear combinations of vectors

Let a l , ... , a n be vectors in a Hilbert space S, each with length at least unity. The number of their linear combinations with coefficients o or 1 that can lie in the union of any k regions R l , ... , R k in S each of diameter less than (<) unity is not more than the sum of k largest binomial coefficients on N.
Temporal changes in insulin-like growth factor I, c-fos, and c-jun gene expression during hyperplastic kidney growth in weanling rats.

We have previously determined that compensatory renal growth (CRG) during the initial 24-48 h after uninephrectomy (UNX) is GH independent in weanling animals, but associated with significant increases in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor gene expression. The purpose of the present study was to determine the temporal sequence of molecular and cellular events that occur at various time points (1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h post-UNX) during this early period of accelerated renal growth in the weanling (21- to 25-day-old) rat. Rapid and sustained increases in steady state renal IGF-I receptor and IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) were observed at 1 and 6 h, respectively, and remained elevated in the remnant kidneys until 72 h post-UNX. The mRNAs for the early response genes, c-fos and c-jun, were not induced in the remnant kidneys from weanling rats until between 12-18 h, but were also sustained through 48 h post-UNX. Increases in remnant kidney DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation als...
Evaluation of EMG signals from rehabilitated patients with lower back pain using wavelets

This paper reports the preliminary results of an analysis of surface EMG signals obtained from rehabilitated patients with lower back problems using discrete wavelet transform techniques. In our study, 12 patients with lower back pain were tested before and after rehabilitation. The reaction time difference (before and after rehabilitation) from the erector spinae muscle caused by sudden loading was determined. The results indicated that the reaction time after rehabilitation was shorter than that before rehabilitation for about 45% of the tested cases.
Neonates prenatally exposed to anesthetics: four-year follow-up.

This brief report provides the four-year follow-up on infants prenatally exposed to anesthetics. Fourteen of 39 infants examined at birth were available for intelligence testing at age four. Results indicate that Peabody Picture vocabulary IQ scores are correlated with visual preference testing at birth in infants exposed to prenatal anesthetics. The mean IQ's of these infants also differed from mean IQ's of unexposed infants at four years. These preliminary data are suggestive of prenatal anesthetic effects that are persistent and that early infant visual screening may be prdictive of later IQ.
Associations between U.S. Adult Obesity and State and County Economic Conditions in the Recession

This study examines the association between state and county unemployment rates and individuals' body weight status during the latest recession in the U.S. We used the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data in 2007, 2009 and 2011, which were collected from 722,692 American adults aged 18 or older. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25, and ≥30, respectively. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were applied to assess the association between BMI, risks of overweight and obesity, and state and county unemployment rates. State unemployment rates were negatively associated with individual BMI across years, while county unemployment rates were significantly positively associated with BMI and obesity rates in all years (p < 0.05). However, the scale of the positive relationship was reduced in 2009 and 2011. Stratified analyses were conducted among adults with employment and without employment. The unemployed group's body weight status was not related to state- and county-level economic conditions in most times. In the pooled analyses with all three years' data, the relationship between unemployment rates and body weight status were consistently reduced after the recession of 2008-2009. Our results indicated that macroeconomic conditions at different levels can have different associations with individuals' obesity risk across time.
Hyperinsulinism as an Etiologic Factor in Acute Rheumatic Fever

INTRODUCTION THAT DIABETICS are largely free of allergic diseases is well known (1) whereas allergic individuals are prone to hyperinsulinism (2, 3). Diabetics have far less than their expected quota of peptic ulcers (4) and experimental evidence supports the view that these lesions, too, are accompanied by hypoglycemia that suggests hyperinsulinism. Another disorder seldom seen in diabetics is rheumatic fever (Joslin, 5). This disorder, according to Levine (6), represents an allergic reaction to the products of the causative organisms. Levine's conclusion is supported by the fact that bacteria have not been isolated from accessible rheumatic lesions. The appearance of allergic symptoms requires, in addition to contact with the specific allergen—in the case of rheumatic fever, bacteria or their toxins—the presence of a non-specific constitutional factor. In other types of allergy, it has been shown that this constitutional factor is, in some way, connected with hyperinsulinism since that metabolic abnorma...
I. A. Richards' concept of tenor‐vehicle interaction

Explicit in Richard's theory of metaphor is the concept of semantic interaction between the tenor and vehicle in the resolution of metaphoric meaning. Four interaction models were generated and tested under two context conditions. Osgood's congruity model, adapted to metaphor, demonstrated the greatest power to predict responses to metaphoric assertions.
Monolayer magnetism: electronic and magnetic properties of Fe/Au(001)

Abstract A highly precise all-electron local spin density FLAPW calculation has determined the electronic and magnetic properties of an Fe monolayer adsorbed on an Au(001) substrate. The magnetic moment of the Fe atom is found to be 2.97μ B , i.e., enhanced by 30% from the bulk value and very close to that determined previously for the surface layer of Fe(001) itself (2.96μ B ). As a result of Au d-band hybridization with the Fe d-band, Au interface atoms have a small moment of +0.03μ B . Although the Fe magnetic moment is strongly enhanced , the contact hyperfine filed at the Fe nucleus is substantially reduced to -213 kG, a result of the large positive conduction electron contribution which is rather sensitive to the atomic environment.
On Buckling of Unidirectional Boron/Aluminum Stiffeners — A Caution to Designers

Unidirectional boron/aluminum stiffeners were used to save weight in stiffened panels, where the cross sections were of such shapes as hats, i's, Z's, channels, etc. The buckling analysis of these structures is usually found to be unconservative when tests are performed. Even so, a weight saving of approximately 50 percent can be achieved in the stiffeners themselves by replacing their metal counterparts. A no-edge-free crippling test was performed on a unidirectional boron/aluminum laminated plate, where collapse occurred at a compressive load considerably below the theoretical bifurcation buckling point. This premature failure is explained by a numerical analysis of the test by the use of a nonlinear computer code, which revealed the presence of high transverse bending stresses beyond the capacity of the composite. (auth)
Influence of social class perceptions on attributions among mental health practitioners

AbstractObjective: A vignette-based study assessed the influence of social class attributions toward a hypothetical client's difficulty. Method: 188 licensed mental health professionals who were recruited through professional listservs completed an online survey after reviewing one of two versions of a vignette describing a hypothetical client that varied based on social class cues. Results: As expected, this sample of licensed mental health practitioners detected social class differences based on the descriptors of the hypothetical client across the two vignettes. These perceived social class differences, however, did not impact participants' attributions toward the client for causing or solving her problems, level of Global Assessment of Functioning score ascribed to the client, or willingness to work with the client. Conclusions: There was no evidence that participants differentially ascribed attributions based on social class. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
Investigation of articular cartilage and counterface compliance in multi-directional sliding as in orthopedic implants

As the use of total-joint replacement devices has become widespread, debris-induced osteolysis from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is still the primary challenge to lengthening the pain-free lifetime of these implants. Investigators have long suspected that the natural cartilage-on-cartilage interface found in synnovial joints is an optimal system, but technology has not advanced to the point of producing such an implant for use in total-joint replacement. The authors have investigated the performance of such a joint by developing an in vitro model of a cartilage-on-cartilage system. Bovine articular cartilage was fabricated into pins and subjected to multi-directional sliding in the Dual Axis Wear Simulator (DAWS), a machine developed by the authors to simulate conditions in an in vivo joint. The pins were worn against a rigid stainless steel counterface, similar to that found in conventional total-joint implants, and these results were compared to wear against a compliant polymeric counterface. The rigid counterface produced cartilage wear amounts with a mean of 25.65 mg after 100,000 cycles of 39 N loading and a 6.4-mm square wear path. However, use of the compliant counterface yielded a mean wear value of 9.97 mg for the same testing conditions. It is likely that the mechanism responsible for this wear involves the generation and subsequent depletion of a fluid layer at the interface between the cartilage pin and the counterface such that the majority of material removal occurred during the fluid deficient portions of the wear cycle. This difference in wear amounts was attributed to the substantial difference in contact pressures between the rigid and compliant counterfaces. To estimate the contact pressures in each case, the storage and loss moduli were measured for cartilage samples through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that over a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz, the storage modulus ranged from 470 to 1010 kPa, while the loss modulus increased more modestly, from 176 to 249 kPa. The results of wear testing and the measurement of the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage suggest the possibility of successful cartilage-on-metal implant systems where the contact pressures are kept low through joint geometry or the use of a biocompatible compliant surface on the metallic component.
Nutrient Restriction Preserves Calcium Cycling and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiac Myocytes During Ischemia and Reperfusion

Nutrient restriction (NR) prolongs longevity via enhanced mitochondrial function. We tested the hypothesis that NR enhances resistance to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) arrhythmias via preserved calcium (Ca) cycling and mitochondrial function. We examined the protective effects of NR on regional IR in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers. Optical mapping of intracellular Ca and mitochondrial membrane potential Δψ(m) was performed using Rhod 2-AM and TMRE, respectively. Regional ischemia was mimicked by covering a portion of monolayer with a glass coverslip until loss of Ca propagation, and reperfusion was mimicked by removing the coverslip. NR was mimicked by culture in serum- and glucose-free medium for 24 h. Relative to controls, NR monolayers: (1) sustained Ca oscillations during longer periods of ischemia (19.2 ± 1.8 min vs 10.4 ± 1.4 min, p<0.001); (2) had attenuated increases in Ca transient duration (CaD) and time decay constant (Tau) during ischemia; (3) had preserved conduction velocity (CV) during early reperfusion, leading to protection against reperfusion arrhythmias; (4) had minimal "rebound" decreased CaD and Tau during reperfusion; and (5) had no depolarization of Δψ(m) during IR. NR attenuates IR arrhythmias via (1) stable calcium cycling and (2) prevention of Δψ(m) depolarization during IR. Enhanced mitochondrial resistance to IR arrhythmias may play a role in NR-induced longevity prolongation.
Inhospital outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients with prior coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Objectives Our goals were to compare the characteristics of patients with and without prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI) with or without ST elevation/left bundle branch block (LBBB), and to evaluate the effect of ST shift on inhospital mortality. Methods and Results Using the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-3 Registry, we identified 112,697 patients with acute MI without exclusion criteria. Of these, 15,936 (14.1%) had prior CABG. Patients with prior CABG had more adverse characteristics and were less likely to have ST elevation/LBBB than patients without prior CABG. The unadjusted mortality for ST elevation/LBBB patients was higher in patients with prior CABG versus without (16.2% vs 14.1%, P =.0001), whereas in patients without ST elevation/LBBB, prior CABG conferred a lower unadjusted mortality versus without (10.1% vs 12.4%, P =.0001). Adjusting for baseline differences, prior CABG was weakly associated with inhospital mortality in ST elevation/LBBB patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.23), but not in patients without ST elevation/LBBB (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92-1.07). Conclusion Acute MI patients with prior CABG are more likely to present without ST elevation/LBBB than patients without prior CABG. Prior CABG was weakly associated with inhospital mortality in patients with ST elevation/LBBB, but not in patients without these electrocardiographic findings. This suggests the differences in absolute mortality rates between patients presenting with MI with and without a history of prior CABG are largely caused by differences in baseline characteristics and presentation. (Am Heart J 2002;144:463-9.)
Optimizing fixed observational assets in a coastal observatory

Abstract Proliferation of coastal observatories necessitates an objective approach to managing of observational assets. In this article, we used our experience in the coastal observatory for the Columbia River estuary and plume to identify and address common problems in managing of fixed observational assets, such as salinity, temperature, and water level sensors attached to pilings and moorings. Specifically, we addressed the following problems: assessing the quality of an existing array, adding stations to an existing array, removing stations from an existing array, validating an array design, and targeting of an array toward data assimilation or monitoring. Our analysis was based on a combination of methods from oceanographic and statistical literature, mainly on the statistical machinery of the best linear unbiased estimator. The key information required for our analysis was the covariance structure for a field of interest, which was computed from the output of assimilated and non-assimilated models of the Columbia River estuary and plume. The network optimization experiments in the Columbia River estuary and plume proved to be successful, largely withstanding the scrutiny of sensitivity and validation studies, and hence providing valuable insight into optimization and operation of the existing observational network. Our success in the Columbia River estuary and plume suggest that algorithms for optimal placement of sensors are reaching maturity and are likely to play a significant role in the design of emerging ocean observatories, such as the United State's ocean observation initiative (OOI) and integrated ocean observing system (IOOS) observatories, and smaller regional observatories.
A HilA-Independent Pathway to Salmonella typhimurium Invasion Gene Transcription

Salmonella typhimurium invasion of nonphagocytic cells requires the expression of a type III secretion system (TTSS) encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). TTSS gene transcription is activated in response to environmental signals and requires transcriptional regulators encoded within (HilA) and outside (SirA) SPI1. Two unique loci, sirB and sirC, which contribute to SPI1 gene transcription were defined. sirC is an SPI1-encoded transcription factor of the AraC family that contributes to the invasive phenotype. sirB is required for maximal expression of sirC and consists of two open reading frames located near kdsA, a gene involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. sirC expression, unlike expression of other SPI1 genes, does not require HilA. Overexpression of sirC or sirA restores expression of a subset of SPI1 genes, including invF and sspC, in the absence of HilA. These data define roles for SirC and SirA as part of a HilA-independent pathway to SPI1 gene expression. We postulate that HilA-independent activation of inv expression is important for efficient assembly and function of the SPI1 TTSS.