cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of visual media on social cognitive concept: The case of cultural object Ru (Korea)

There have been very few studies explaining the theoretica l basis on the importance of visible cultural heritage. This study provides the philosophical background of this topic based on a phenomenological point of view and explains the significant impact on social members’ cognition. The case of Ru, one of the traditional Korean building types, is introduced as a representative example; how its concept has been defined, changed, and forgotten in Korean culture. The importance of having a correct understanding of how cognition is composed of different types of experiences of cultural heritage is further explained. In this context, the importance of semantic mode and pictorial mode classified by Husserl is argued as the most powerful medium in human cognition based on phenomenological analysis. In this respect, the important role of Virtual Reality (VR) was highlighted. Considering the pace of recent technology and researches, breaking the barrier between experiencing the physical object and the VR may be a matter of time. Phenomenological classification of cultural heritage, which was designed for explaining all the types of cultural heritage, is introduced. The importance of developing a valid VR model and its role in cultural studies is emphasized via the phenomenological classification of cultural heritage. Finally, the balance of the inductive and deductive approach in a cultural study is suggested for more prolific and balanced achievements. Highlights: This article provides the philosophical background of the importance of visible cultural heritage based on the phenomenological point of view. Significant impact on social members’ cognition of the visible cultural heritage is discussed in the case of the traditional Korean building. In this respect, the important role of Virtual Reality technology is highlighted.
Bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cell niche

Abstract In the adults of land-dwelling vertebrates, the skeleton is the obligate site for normal hematopoiesis during homeostasis. Throughout the life of an organism, hematopoiesis maintains the blood components necessary for oxygenation (erythropoiesis), clotting (megakaryopoiesis/thrombopoiesis), and immunity (myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis). Since differentiated cells have varying life spans, from hours (in the case of neutrophils) to years (in the case of memory T cells and hematopoietic stem cells), a large component of the hematopoietic system is continually replaced by intermediate committed precursors derived from progenitors that may give rise to more than one differentiated lineage. Progenitors and precursors have limited self-renewal capacity and derive from hematopoietic stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells that persist throughout the life of an organism. While these stem cells are primarily quiescent, they are recruited when there is increased demand for blood products. Given their ability to regenerate the entire hematopoietic system and their relative accessibility, hematopoietic stem cells have been extensively studied as a model system for stem cell behavior. Clinically, hematopoietic stem cells are commonly used in the setting of stem cell transplantation for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and other disorders; therefore, extensive research has focused on understanding their regulation for regenerative purposes. In addition to cell-autonomous programs, a highly complex and dynamic microenvironment in the bone marrow contributes to the support and regulation of hematopoietic stem cells. The components of this system are likely to represent important potential therapeutic targets if their regulation and impact on hematopoietic stem cells are understood. Moreover, since bone and marrow are components of the same organ, dysfunction in bone may contribute to hematopoietic failure and vice versa. Here we present a historical prospective on the concept of the bone marrow microenvironment as a regulatory component for hematopoiesis, and describe the data supporting the role of niche constituents in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells.
A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation

Mississippi has one of the highest rates of HIV in the United States, but has low pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, particularly among black men who have sex with men (MSM) and women. From November 2018 to May 2019, patients at high risk of HIV who tested negative for HIV at a nonclinical testing center in Jackson, Mississippi, were referred to an on-site clinical pharmacist for same-day PrEP initiation. The pharmacist evaluated patients for medical contraindications to PrEP, but no baseline labs were obtained. The pharmacist provided a PrEP prescription and scheduled a clinical appointment for patients within 6 weeks, at which time they were evaluated by a clinician and completed baseline labs. The pharmacist evaluated 69 patients for PrEP; 57% were MSM, 77% were black, and 65% were uninsured. All patients received a PrEP prescription; 83% received the prescription the same day and 97% received it within 5 days. Fifty-three (77%) of 69 clients filled the prescription; 87% of whom filled it within 1 week. Only 23 (43%) of 53 clients who filled their prescription attended their initial clinical appointment within 6 weeks of obtaining PrEP. There were no differences in PrEP initiation or retention by patient sex/gender. This pilot program suggests that an on-site pharmacist working in a nonclinical testing center in the southern United States can successfully initiate PrEP among predominately low-income black MSM. Future efforts should seek to better integrate laboratory testing into this demedicalized model of PrEP and to improve retention in care.
Estimation of ice fabric within Whillans Ice Stream using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar sounding

Here we use polarimetric measurements from an Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio-Echo Sounder (ApRES) to investigate ice fabric within Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica. The survey traverse is bounded at one end by the suture zone with the Mercer Ice Stream and at the other end by a basal ‘sticky spot’. Our data analysis employs a phase-based polarimetric coherence method to estimate horizontal ice fabric properties: the fabric orientation and the magnitude of the horizontal fabric asymmetry. We infer an azimuthal rotation in the prevailing horizontal c-axis between the near-surface (z ≈ 10–50 m) and deeper ice (z ≈ 170–360 m), with the near-surface orientated closer to perpendicular to flow and deeper ice closer to parallel. In the near-surface, the fabric asymmetry increases toward the center of Whillans Ice Stream which is consistent with the surface compression direction. By contrast, the fabric orientation in deeper ice is not aligned with the surface compression direction but is consistent with englacial ice reacting to longitudinal compression associated with basal resistance from the nearby sticky spot.
Optimization of lipid-lowering therapy for high cardiovascular risk patients through electronic medical record reporting and pharmacist evaluation

BACKGROUND: Identification of high cardiovascular risk patients on suboptimal lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) may be possible through electronic medical record (EMR) reporting, presenting an opportuni...
Collaboration Versus Cheating: Reducing Code Plagiarism in an Online MS Computer Science Program

We outline how we detected programming plagiarism in an introductory online course for a master's of science in computer science program, how we achieved a statistically significant reduction in programming plagiarism by combining a clear explanation of university and class policy on academic honesty reinforced with a short but formal assessment, and how we evaluated plagiarism rates before and after implementing our policy and assessment.
An estimation method for near real-time accountancy of partitioned materials during chopper operations of used metallic nuclear fuel processing

Abstract During the electrometallurgical pyroprocessing of used metallic nuclear fuel, the chopper operation cuts the fuel element into segments and distributes these segments between the anode basket and plenum can. This paper discusses a method of systematically assessing the mass balance of partitioned materials between the anode basket and plenum can. The proposed method fully accommodates the mass closeout measurements from the chopper operation and automates the assessment of chopper-induced material partitioning. With a set of reasonable assumptions, the proposed approach allows a formal uncertainty analysis on the partitioned masses as well. An illustrative calculation example adopted from the ongoing fissium fuel processing campaign is given.
Excerpts from the Model Rules of Dating Procedure

Nearly thirty years have passed since the first major attempt at defining a “law of love.” Throughout that timeframe, many a first-year law student has struggled with the framework of modern American civil litigation, a framework exceptionally difficult to comprehend until it has been articulated in its entirety. At the same time, there exists an intersection between the processes of modern dating and civil litigation that has not been unpacked, a gap in the scholarly literature that this essay seeks to begin to fill. Simultaneously seeking to articulate the law of love to those inclined towards litigation and render civil procedure a more relatable construct to the starting law student, the crux of this essay is the notion that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure more or less map onto a dating manual.
Incidence and risk factors for central venous access port-related infection in Chinese cancer patients

Background/Purpose Cytotoxic chemotherapy via central venous access ports is an important part of the standard treatment for most cancers, but it is accompanied with the risk of infections. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and risk factors for central venous access port-related infection (CPI) among Chinese patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. Methods Between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2005 a total of 1391 cancer patients with 1449 totally implantable central venous access ports were evaluated. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for the analyses of risk factors. Results The overall CPI incidence rate was 0.21 per 1000 catheter-days. Hematological malignancies and head and neck cancer were associated with an increased risk of CPI (hazard ratio 4.00 and 4.11, respectively, both p p p Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida . Conclusion Infection remains to be a challenging issue for totally implantable central venous ports. Implementation of an insertion bundle for the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections is warranted, especially for those patients with hematological and head and neck cancers, as well as for patients receiving chemotherapy in the metastatic settings.
Geographic Information Systems: A Tutorial and Introduction

This tutorial provides a foundation in GIS including its basic structure, concepts, and spatial analysis. GIS is a new field in business schools and presents opportunities for research. It is derived from about a dozen disciplines, some unfamiliar to most IS researchers. Following an overview of vertical-sector uses of GIS, the paper introduces their costs and benefits. The links of GIS to related technologies such as GPS, wireless, location-based technologies, web services, and RFID are examined. Conceptual models and research methodologies are discussed, including Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS), and GIS in visualization, organizational studies, and end user computing. Suggestions for future research are presented.
A Natural Proof System Based on rewriting Techniques

Theorem proving procedures for the propositional calculus have traditionally relied on syntactic manipulations of the formula to derive a proof. In particular, clausal theorem provers sometimes lose some of the obvious semantics present in the theorem, in the process of converting the theorem into an unnatural normal form. Most existing propositional theorem provers do not incorporate substitution of equals for equals as an inference rule. In this paper we develop a “natural” proof system for the propositional calculus, with the goal that most succinct mathematical proofs should be encodable as short formal proofs within the proof system.
Dynamic Influence Diagrams: Applications to Medical Decision Modeling

Influence diagrams are now a well established tool for modeling in decision analysis. Recently, dynamic influence diagrams have been applied to help structure stochastic processes. This chapter discusses dynamic influence diagrams for structuring continuous-time Markov chains, with particular focus on medical decision modeling. We describe our freely available Excel-based software package StoTree, in which dynamic influence diagram models may be readily formulated and solved. We present medical applications as examples, including a previously published cost-effectiveness analysis for total hip replacement.
Mathematical models of α-synuclein transport in axons

To investigate possible effects of diffusion on α-synuclein (α-syn) transport in axons, we developed two models of α-syn transport, one that assumes that α-syn is transported only by active transport, as part of multiprotein complexes, and a second that assumes an interplay between motor-driven and diffusion-driven α-syn transport. By comparing predictions of the two models, we were able to investigate how diffusion could influence axonal transport of α-syn. The predictions obtained could be useful for future experimental work aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport of α-syn. We also attempted to simulate possible defects in α-syn transport early in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assumed that in healthy axons α-syn localizes in the axon terminal while in diseased axons α-syn does not localize in the terminal (this was simulated by postulating a zero α-syn flux into the terminal). We found that our model of a diseased axon predicts the build-up of α-syn close to the axon terminal. This build-up could cause α-syn accumulation in Lewy bodies and the subsequent axonal death pattern observed in PD ('dying back' of axons).
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Parallelizing Compiler

An important question of concern for both compiler writers and computational scientists is: How does the existing compiler technology, when implemented in a production level tool, help in achieving improved performance for real scientific and engineering applications on state-of-the-art parallel systems? In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of the SGI compiler in parallelizing Overflow, a 40,000 line production CFD code, on a 32 processor Origin 2000. Based upon our experimental results and user experiences, we describe some desirable properties of the compilation technology and software tools that would be helpful to the applications community.
Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder as Behavior Technicians for Young Children with Autism: Outcomes of a Behavioral Skills Training Program.

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who were interested in working as behavior technicians for young children with autism, participated in 2 experiments. Participants included 5 adults with Asperger syndrome or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, 19 to 23 years old, and 11 children with autism, 3 to 7 years old. In Experiment 1, training of the adults focused on the implementation of mand training via incidental teaching. Experiment 2 focused on teaching participants to use discrete-trial training (DTT) with children who exhibited problem behavior. Both experiments showed that behavioral skills training was effective for teaching the adult participants the behavioral procedures needed to teach children with autism. In addition, the children acquired skills as a result of training. Results of Experiment 2 further demonstrated that the DTT skills generalized across untrained targets and children. Social validity ratings suggested that some participants' teaching was indistinguishable from that of individuals without ASD.
Determination of the number of active ends in »living« polystyrene

Two methods were described for determining the number of “living” ends of polystyrene: one based on reaction of the carbanions with MICHLER'S ketone and subsequent oxydation of the resulting alcohol to a dye, the other utilizing 14CO2 for carboxylation of carbanions. The results were shown to be self-consistent. The lack of reaction of ∼CH(Ph)− with ∼CH(Ph) · COO− is compared with the rapid reaction of Ph− with PhCOO−. The difference in the behavior reflects the difference in the reactivities of Ph− and benzyl− ions. Es werden zwei Methoden zur Bestimmung der Zahl der „lebenden” Enden von Polystyrol beschrieben. Die eine beruht auf der Umsetzung des Carbanions mit MICHLERs Keton und der Oxydation des entstehenden Alkohols zum Farbstoff, die andere benutzt 14CO2 fur die Carboxylierung des Carbanions. Die Ergebnisse beider Methoden stimmen miteinander uberein. Das Ausbleiben der Reaktion von −CH(Ph)− mit −CH(Ph) · COO− wird mit der schnellen Reaktion von Ph− mit Ph · COO− verglichen. Der Unterschied in diesem Verhalten zeigt den Unterschied der Reaktionsfahigkeit der Ph−- und der Benzyl−-Ionen.
Tanning bed exposure increases the risk of malignant melanoma.

Background Epidemiologic studies have associated tanning bed exposure and cutaneous melanoma. The relationship between the extent of tanning bed exposure and the risk of melanoma has not been elucidated in detail. Methods Surveys assessing the extent of tanning bed exposure and the history of skin cancer, including malignant melanoma, were collected from academic dermatology clinic patients (n = 1518). Of these, 551 (36.3%) completed all components of the survey. The available medical records, including pathology reports (n = 501; 33%), were reviewed to confirm cases of skin cancer. Data on potential confounding factors, including indoor vs. outdoor occupation and leisure activities, Fitzpatrick skin type, history of blistering sunburn, use of sunscreen and sun protective clothing, history of phototherapy, and level of education, were assessed and compared. Results Of the patients surveyed, 487 (32.1%) reported tanning bed exposure. Women aged 45 years or younger accounted for about 60% of all tanning bed users. Seventy-nine cases of malignant melanoma were reported, 22 in women aged 45 years or younger. In the entire cohort, the “ever-use” of tanning beds was found to be a significant risk factor for the development of melanoma [P < 0.05; odds ratio (OR), 1.64; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01–2.67]. The risk was greater in women aged 45 years or younger (P < 0.05; OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.01–11.46). Patients with a history of melanoma were significantly more likely to report tanning bed sessions exceeding 20 min (P < 0.01; OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.48–6.82); this association was even stronger for women aged 45 years or younger (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.41–12.02). Limitations The study was subject to recall bias, included only patients at a midwestern academic practice, and had a relatively low response rate. Conclusion Exposure to tanning beds increases the risk of malignant melanoma, especially in women aged 45 years or younger. These findings reinforce the hazards of tanning bed exposure.
pH-Responsive Random Copolymer Films with Amine Side Chains

We have designed pH-responsive copolymer films that consist of polymethylene (PM) with dilute randomly distributed side chains terminated with dimethylamine groups. The films are grown on gold surfaces by (1) exposure to an ether solution of diazomethane and ethyl diazoacetate to produce a random copolymer Au-[(CH2)A-(CHCO2Et)B] (denoted as PM-CO2Et, A ≫ B), (2) hydrolysis of the ester groups to carboxylic acids (PM-CO2H), (3) complete conversion of the acids to acid chlorides (PM-COCl), and (4) quantitative reaction of the acid chlorides with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA) to yield a film (PM-CONHR, R represents −-CH2CH2N(CH3)2) with amide-linked, amine-terminated side groups that are pH active. The effect of polymer composition on pH response was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). PM-CONHR films are more hydrophilic in their uncharged state than PM-CO2H films and thereby exhibit lower resistance against ion transfer. When the pH is decreased, the amine groups become proto...
Specificity vs. Generality in Learning and Performing Two Large Muscle Motor Tasks

Abstract The initial and final skill, and amount of learning, were studied on two 10-trial large muscle motor learning tasks. Both males and females were tested (N = 320). The reliability coefficients for individual differences in initial and in final skill were fairly high (.90 to .96). Learning was less reliable (.69 to .87), although even small subgroups showed statistically significant amounts of learning during the ten trials. Even when fully corrected for attenuation, the correlation between individual abilities for performance and for learning, as between the two tasks, was very low and in general nonsignificant. It was concluded that such abilities were highly task-specific, eliminating the possibility of general ability in motor learning or motor coordination in the types of skills that were studied.
Crystal Structure of Diethyl 2-[2,2,2- trifluoro-1-(indole-3-yl)-ethyl]-2-acetamidomalonate

The title compound (C 19 H 21 F 3 N 2 O 5 ) has been determined from three dimensional X-ray diffraction data. The crystals are monoclinic, a = 7.626(4)A, b = 17.515(4)A, c = 15.066(3)A, β = 101.02(3)°. V = 1975(1)A 3 , Z = 4, D calc = 1.393g.cm -3 , space group P2 1 /c. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares method (R = 0.039).
A review on segmentation of positron emission tomography images

Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a non-invasive functional imaging method at the molecular level, images the distribution of biologically targeted radiotracers with high sensitivity. PET imaging provides detailed quantitative information about many diseases and is often used to evaluate inflammation, infection, and cancer by detecting emitted photons from a radiotracer localized to abnormal cells. In order to differentiate abnormal tissue from surrounding areas in PET images, image segmentation methods play a vital role; therefore, accurate image segmentation is often necessary for proper disease detection, diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-ups. In this review paper, we present state-of-the-art PET image segmentation methods, as well as the recent advances in image segmentation techniques. In order to make this manuscript self-contained, we also briefly explain the fundamentals of PET imaging, the challenges of diagnostic PET image analysis, and the effects of these challenges on the segmentation results.
Behind the Rejection of Alternative Measures of Implied Equity Volatility: A Note

This note evaluates the risk-adjusted performance of the implied volatility of the NASDAQ index (VXN), Russell 2000 (RVX) and Dow Jones Industrial Averages (VXD). The results are compared to the performance of the implied volatility of the S & P 500 (VIX) in order to identify the unique contribution of each volatility index. Futures and option contracts have been offered on the VXD, VXN and RVX with results so dismal that the contracts were eventually delisted. In May 2012 futures were once again offered on the VXN but there is little market interest as indicated by the low trading volume. This note finds that the equity index implied volatility measures on VXN, RVX and VXD do not offer sufficient benefits beyond what investors can achieve with VIX which may explain, in part, the rejection of derivatives written on those measures of tradable implied index volatility.
Multivariate interpolation with increasingly flat radial basis functions of finite smoothness

In this paper, we consider multivariate interpolation with radial basis functions of finite smoothness. In particular, we show that interpolants by radial basis functions in ? d with finite smoothness of even order converge to a polyharmonic spline interpolant as the scale parameter of the radial basis functions goes to zero, i.e., the radial basis functions become increasingly flat.
Scalar Densities in Current Commutation Relations and the Partially-Conserved-Axial-Vector-Current Hypothesis

In the theory of the $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ group for baryons and mesons, there exist eighteen scalar and pseudoscalar densities. Confining ourselves to the $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)$ subgroup, the pseudoscalar densities are equal to the divergences of the axial-vector currents and therefore can be interpreted as being proportional to the pion field on the basis of the partially-conserved-axial-vector-current hypothesis. An attempt is made to give physical interpretation to the scalar density by calculating the expectation value of its space integral with respect to nucleon states. It is found that this expectation value is small (at most, of the order of the pion mass), which is related to Adler's consistency condition on the pion-nucleon scattering amplitude implied by the PCAC hypothesis. Specific models that are consistent with the PCAC hypothesis, such as the gradient-coupling model and the \ensuremath{\sigma}-meson model, are examined on the basis of our result.
Real-time implementation of an optophone

Can humans learn to see without using their eyes, and can sound be used as the medium for the visual information? This is the idea behind the “optophone”. An important point to emphasise is that the sounds that are being proposed for use in the optophone are those in the normal audible range of a human and not high-frequency sounds such as those used by bats for echo-location. The optophone is not an echo-locator; it is a device that converts images from a camera into audible sounds. The idea of an optophone raises two questions. (1) Can information in an image be converted into information in sounds? (2) Can humans learn to interpret these sounds? If the answer to both of these questions is “yes” then clearly the optophone could be a useful aid to the blind. The work that is reported in this paper describes the attempts to answer the first question, based mainly on the work of A.R. O'Hea (1987, 1994). (3 pages)
Analog resonance spectroscopy and compound nuclear enhancement at analog resonances in 87Y

Abstract Analog resonances were studied in polarized and unpolarized proton scattering from the nucleus 86Sr. For elastic scattering and inelastic scattering to the 21+ state of 86Sr, excitation functions and on-resonance angular distributions were measured for all of the strong analog resonances between 4.5 and 7 MeV bombarding energy. For the d-wave resonances, elastic and inelastic analyzing powers were measured, as well as inelastic spin-flip cross sections and asymmetries by use of a polarized beam and detection of proton-gramma coincidences. Spectroscopic amplitudes deduced from the IAR measurements were in generally poor agreement with a unified model calculation for the parent states in 87Sr. A model-independent procedure for extracting the energy-averaged compound elastic cross section was used on three d-wave resonances in the 86Sr( p , p0) reaction and the results were found to be in agreement with compound nuclear theory. Inelastic results suggest that simple Hauser-Feshbach theory cannot adequately account for the compound nuclear scattering in the vicinity of isobaric analog resonances; a theory based on the formalism of Hofmann et al. is discussed, which includes the effects of channel-channel correlations induced by the analog resonance.
Mixed Laminar Convection in Trombe Wall Channels

The two-dimensional, steady, combined forced and natural convection in a vertical channel is investigated for the laminar regime. To simulate the Trombe wall channel geometry properly, horizontal inlet and exit segments have been added to the vertical channel. The vertical walls of the channel are maintained at constant but different temperatures while the horizontal walls are insulated. A finite difference method using up-wind differencing for the nonlinear convective terms, and central differencing for the second order derivatives, is employed to solve the governing differential equations for the mass, momentum, and energy balances. The solution is obtained for stream function, vorticity, and temperature as the dependent variables by an iterative technique known as successive substitution with overrelaxation. The flow and temperature patterns in the channel are obtained for Reynolds numbers and Grashof numbers ranging from 25 to 100 and 10,000 to 1,000,000, respectively. Both local and overall heat transfer coefficients are computed for the channel aspect ratio varying from 5 to 15. For a given value of Grashof number, as the Reynolds number is increased, the flow patterns in the vertical channel exhibit a change from natural convection like flow patterns in which a large recirculating region is formed in themore » vertical part of the channel, to a forced flow type pattern. This is also the case with isotherms. The size of the recirculating region in the channel increases with increasing value of Gr/Re/sup 2/. At low Reynolds number, the stream function, and isotherms are qualitatively similar to those reported for the natural convection in rectangular slots.« less
Angiotensin-converting enzyme in discrete forebrain areas of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, kininase II, EC 3.4.15.1) activity was measured in forebrain nuclei of 4- and 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive controls. Young SHR showed lower enzyme activity in the nucleus paraventricularis, and higher activity in the nuclei septalis medialis and habenularis medialis. Adult SHR exhibited lower ACE activity in the nucleus septalis medialis, the organon subfornicalis, the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis, and the nuclei periventricularis and suprachiasmatis.
Resampling-based bias-corrected time series prediction ☆

In this paper, we consider estimation of the mean squared prediction error (MSPE) of the best linear predictor of (possibly) nonlinear functions of finitely many future observations in a stationary time series. We develop a resampling methodology for estimating the MSPE when the unknown parameters in the best linear predictor are estimated. Further, we propose a bias corrected MSPE estimator based on the bootstrap and establish its second order accuracy. Finite sample properties of the method are investigated through a simulation study.
Modeling the mutualistic interactions between tubeworms and microbial consortia.

The deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi forms large aggregations at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico that may persist for over 250 y. Here, we present the results of a diagenetic model in which tubeworm aggregation persistence is achieved through augmentation of the supply of sulfate to hydrocarbon seep sediments. In the model, L. luymesi releases the sulfate generated by its internal, chemoautotrophic, sulfide-oxidizing symbionts through posterior root-like extensions of its body. The sulfate fuels sulfate reduction, commonly coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation and hydrocarbon degradation by bacterial–archaeal consortia. If sulfate is released by the tubeworms, sulfide generation mainly by hydrocarbon degradation is sufficient to support moderate-sized aggregations of L. luymesi for hundreds of years. The results of this model expand our concept of the potential benefits derived from complex interspecific relationships, in this case involving members of all three domains of life.
Ribosomal precursor particles in the HeLa cell nucleus.

Abstract Extracts of purified HeLa cell nuclei were found to contain small amounts of two types of ribonucleoprotein particles. These are identical with the cytoplasmic subribosomal particles by two criteria: the nuclear and cytoplasmic particles sediment together and contain RNA species of the same sedimentation coefficient and base composition. Data from kinetic analyses provide strong support for the notion that the nuclear particles are precursors to the free cytoplasmic subribosomal particles. It was found that newly synthesized subribosomal particles constitute a minority of such particles in the cytoplasm, the bulk being pre-existing particles in equilibrium with the majority of the cell ribosomes. A summary of our present understanding of the stages of ribosome synthesis is presented.
Science Fiction Prototyping: Designing the Future with Science Fiction

Abstract Science fiction is the playground of the imagination. If you are interested in science or fascinated with the future then science fiction is where you explore new ideas and let your dreams and nightmares duke it out on the safety of the page or screen. But what if we could use science fiction to do more than that? What if we could use science fiction based on science fact to not only imagine our future but develop new technologies and products? What if we could use stories, movies and comics as a kind of tool to explore the real world implications and uses of future technologies today? Science Fiction Prototyping is a practical guide to using fiction as a way to imagine our future in a whole new way. Filled with history, real world examples and conversations with experts like best selling science fiction author Cory Doctorow, senior editor at Dark Horse Comics Chris Warner and Hollywood science expert Sidney Perkowitz, Science Fiction Prototyping will give you the tools you need to begin designin...
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 1 Deficiency Results in Dilated Cardiomyopathy With Defects in Myocardial Mechanics, Histopathological Alterations, and Activation of Apoptosis

Objectives The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic mitochondrial energy deficiency causes dilated cardiomyopathy, we characterized the hearts of age-matched young and old adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)1 mutant and control mice. Background ANTs export mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate into the cytosol and have a role in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Mitochondrial energy deficiency has been hypothesized, on the basis of indirect evidence, to be a factor in the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathies. Ant1 inactivation should limit adenosine triphosphate for contraction and calcium transport, thereby resulting in early cardiac dysfunction with later dilation and heart failure. Methods We conducted a multiyear study of 73 mutant ( Ant1−/− ) and 57 control ( Ant1+/+ ) mice, between the ages of 2 and 21 months. Hearts were characterized by cardiac anatomy, echocardiographic imaging with velocity vector analysis, histopathology, and apoptosis assays. Results The Ant1−/− mice developed a distinctive concentric dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by substantial myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular dilation, with cardiac function declining earlier in age as compared to control mice. Left ventricular circumferential, radial, and rotational mechanics were reduced even in the younger mutants with preserved systolic function. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated increased myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and calcification in the mutant mice as compared with control mice. Furthermore, increased cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels and caspase 3 activation were observed in the mutant mice. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial energy deficiency is sufficient to cause dilated cardiomyopathy, confirming that energy defects are a factor in this disease. Energy deficiency initially leads to early mechanical dysfunction before a decline in left ventricular systolic function. Chronic energy deficiency with age then leads to heart failure. Our results now allow us to use the Ant1−/− mouse model for testing new therapies for ANT1 mutant patients.
The incidence and outcomes of sexual harassment among hispanic and non-hispanic white women: A comparison across levels of cultural affiliation

An extensive body of literature has documented the widespread and damaging nature of sexual harassment among Anglo women, but little attention has focused on the experiences of women of color. The current paper begins to address this gap by comparing sexual harassment incidence rates and psychological and work-related outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women across varying levels of cultural affiliation. Chi-square tests of association suggest that risk of harassment increases with affiliation to the mainstream U.S. culture, and hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cultural affiliation moderates the relation between sexual harassment and occupational functioning. These provocative findings are discussed in the context of social and economic vulnerability, socio-sexual norms, and cultural background.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS FOR LABOR INTENSIVE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Labor-intensive systems such as bikeways and pedestrian ways suffer in transportation planning in part because traditional benefit-cost analysis focuses on narrow, private transportation savings (e.g., reducing vehicle and time costs). Planners need benefit-cost frameworks which capture the community-wide effects of such innovative transportation systems — reduction in air pollution, less congestion, and increases in exercise and outdoor recreation. This study discusses practical methods for planners to include such categories in their analyses and applies these methods to two case studies. The analysis yields benefit-cost ratios which are much higher than those found in most public projects — suggesting negative returns to marginal automobiles in congested areas such as university campuses. The paper concludes with some suggested bikeway planning guidelines that emerge from expanded benefit-cost analysis.
Reinforcing effects of certain serotonin-releasing amphetamine derivatives

The present study was designed to characterize further the rewarding and aversive properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA (MBDB), fenfluramine, and the selective serotonin releasing agent 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan (MMAI) using the conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP). Extracellular dopamine (DA) and its metabolite DOPAC were also measured in the nucleus accumbens after systemic drug administration, using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. MDMA produced a positive dose-dependent effect in the CPP test, which was maximal at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. MBDB also induced a positive CPP, with a maximum effect at 10 mg/kg. The conditioning effect of MBDB was more than 2.5-fold weaker compared with MDMA. Fenfluramine evoked place aversion at doses of 4, 6, and 10 mg/kg. This effect of fenfluramine was independent of dose. MMAI at doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg produced no significant effect on place conditioning. At doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, MMAI produced an effect similar to fenfluramine: Place aversion was independent of dose. In the microdialysis experiments, MDMA significantly elevated extracellular DA and induced a decrease of DOPAC in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, activation of dopaminergic systems may be responsible for the rewarding properties of MDMA-like drugs. In contrast to the effects seen with MDMA, no difference in extracellular DA or DOPAC was seen after injection of MBDB, fenfluramine, or MMAI, even though MBDB weakly induced a place preference. The mechanism responsible for the development of place aversion by fenfluramine or MMAI is unknown at this time and requires further study.
Circadian Clock Genes as Modulators of Sensitivity to Genotoxic Stress

A broad variety of organisms display circadian rhythms (i.e., oscillations with 24-hr periodicities) in many aspects of their behavior, physiology and metabolism. These rhythms are under genetic control and are generated endogenously at the cellular level. In mammals, the core molecular mechanism of the oscillator consists of two transcriptional activators, CLOCK and BMAL1, and their transcriptional targets, CRYPTOCHROMES (CRYS) and PERIODS (PERS). The CRY and PER proteins function as negative regulators of CLOCK/BMAL1 activity, thus forming the major circadian autoregulatory feedback loop. It is believed that the circadian clock system regulates daily variations in output physiology and metabolism through periodic activation/repression of the set of clock-controlled genes that are involved in various metabolic pathways. Importantly, circadian-controlled pathways include those that determine in vivo responses to genotoxic stress. By using circadian mutant mice deficient in different components of the molecular clock system, we have established genetic models that correlate with the two opposite extremes of circadian cycle as reflected by the activity of the CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation complex. Comparison of the in vivo responses of these mutants to the chemotherapeutic drug, cyclophosphamide (CY), has established a direct correlation between drug toxicity and the functional status of the CLOCK/BMAL1 transcriptional complex. We have also demonstrated that CLOCK/BMAL1 modulates sensitivity to drug-induced toxicity by controlling B cell responses to active CY metabolites. These results suggest that the sensitivity of cells to genotoxic stress induced by anticancer therapy may be modulated by CLOCK/BMAL1 transcriptional activity. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of circadian control as well as identification of specific pharmacological modulators of CLOCK/BMAL1 activity are likely to lead to the development of new anti-cancer treatment schedules with increased therapeutic index and reduced morbidity.
Preparation and isomerization reactions of 2-nickelahydrindanes

Abstract The cis and trans isomers of 2-nickelahydrindane have been prepared and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The more stable trans isomer was prepared from 1,7-octadiene and tris(triphenylphosphine)nickelacyclopentane. A sample of the cis isomer was prepared from bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel dichloride and cis -1,2-dilithiomethylcyclohexane. Each isomer reacts with CO or acids to give products of retained stereochemistry. The cis isomer rearranges to the trans under the influence of light or excess phosphine.
What do students know?: an outcomes-based assessment system

Well-run organizations collect, archive and analyze data relating to the effectiveness of their important processes. Educational institutions discard a wealth of student scores that could be analyzed. Each score contains important information about the student as well as the item (i.e., problem or question). This paper describes our project to develop an outcomes-based assessment system that mines per-item scores to track each student's skills and knowledge. Statistical inference techniques from both educational statistics and data mining will quantitatively determine each student's acquired competency, with minimal input from faculty. The culmination of item-level assessment gives individual faculty feedback on their courses, and gives curriculum committees feedback on which objectives are sufficiently met by their respective curricula.
Target-derived cardiotrophin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I promote neurite growth and survival of developing oculomotor neurons.

Several trophic factors support the survival of developing motoneurons, but it is not known whether these factors act in a retrograde fashion from the motoneuron target muscle or are derived from other sources. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are candidate target-derived motoneuron survival factors as both are expressed in muscle during naturally occurring motoneuron death and, applied systemically, support the survival of developing motoneurons. By using the embryonic chick oculomotor system, we show that CT-1 and IGF-I promote neurite outgrowth from E13-derived oculomotor explants and are retrogradely transported from muscle to nerve cell body in vivo, and injection of CT-1 or IGF-I into eye muscles increases motoneuron survival by 20 and 30%, respectively, as evidenced by calibrated stereological counting techniques. Pharmacological depletion of endogenous target-derived IGF-I in vivo reduces oculomotor neuron survival by up to 30% in a dose-dependent manner. These results significantly extend previous studies using systemic administration of trophic factors and are the first to demonstrate a target-derived retrograde mechanism of developing motoneuron survival factors.
Low temperature FT-IR studies of NO adsorption on aluminum oxide and supported palladium

Abstract Low temperature FT-IR spectroscopy has been utilized to study the adsorption and thermal decomposition of NO on Al2O3 and Al2O3-supported palladium. At 110 K the nitric oxide adsorbs molecularly and reversibly via H-bonding to isolated surface OH groups forming the (NO)2 dimer. The dimer formation was characterized by symmetric and antisymmetric ν(NO) stretching modes at 1871 and 1761 cm−1, respectively. However, upon warming the adsorbed (NO)2 dimer decomposes to form adsorbed nitrous oxide. The reactive species is thus shown to be the adsorbed dimer, which cannot be formed at temperatures greater than 140 K for lack of H-bonding. As the palladium loading is increased, there is a gradual decrease in (NO)2 dimer formation with an increase in chemisorbed Pd–NO because of adsorption site transfer from Al2O3 to Pd.
Service Learning Collaborations: A Formula for Reciprocity:

Service learning offers opportunities for both educational institutions and the community. To demonstrate the pos-sibilities this pedagogy can offer, this article discusses a service learning experience partnering students with a hospice agency. Using mixed methodology, impact on students, patients, and staff are examined. Results indicate that students improved their attitudes toward the elderly, and death and dying; they also believed the experience caused personal and professional growth. Interviews with patients highlighted the importance of relationships and recognition, and staff identified benefits to students, patients, and the hospice agency. The conclusion is made that service learning is best perceived in a light of reciprocity and that this method of engagement offers opportunities for educators and practitioners. Finally, some tips are given for practitioners interested in developing such collaborations.
Theory of Environmental Effects on Transgranular Fracture

We discuss recent theoretical work on the transgranular stress- corrosion cracking of ductile metals. Computer simulations were used to study the behavior of cracks coated with thin solid films in the intrinsically ductile 2D triangular Lennard-Jones Solid. The key parameters studied were the elastic modulus mismatch and lattice parameter misfit between the film and substrate. It was found that elastically hard films could induce the nucleation of secondary brittle cracks in the normally ductile substrate. Films with a lattice parameter smaller than the substrate caused the crack to respond in a cleavage cracking mode, whereas films with a larger lattice parameter resulted in dislocation injection into the substrate. The concepts of film-induced cleavage and dynamic embrittlement are discussed. Molecular dynamic simulations were also used to study crack dynamics in the 2D triangular Johnson solid. Additionally we also present analytical calculations which explore the effects of thin film formation at crack tips on fracture. The parameters studied included elastic modulus mismatch, lattice parameter misfit and coherency. Suitable combinations of these parameters lead to film-induced micro-cleavage in ductile substrates. Finally crack dynamics are discussed and an estimation of film-induced micro-cleavage distances is presented.