cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Culture and Individual Sensemaking: A Schema-Based Perspective

Organizational culture encompasses both individual and group-level phenomena. However, to date, the individual-level dynamics of organizational culture have remained relatively neglected. This paper addresses this neglect by focusing on culture's manifestation in individuals' sensemaking structures and processes. Building off the social cognition literature, I propose that organizational culture's influence on individual sensemaking is revealed in the operation of a patterned system of organization-specific schemas. Schemas refer to the cognitive structures in which an individual's knowledge is retained and organized. In addition to being knowledge repositories, schemas also direct information acquisition and processing. They guide answering the questions central to sensemaking efforts: “What or who is it?,” “What are its implications; what does it mean?,” and “How should I respond?” After a brief review of schema theory, the categories of schema knowledge relevant to understanding sensemaking in organiza...
Invasion resistance and persistence: established plants win, even with disturbance and high propagule pressure

Disturbances and propagule pressure are key mechanisms in plant community resistance to invasion, as well as persistence of invasions. Few studies, however, have experimentally tested the interaction of these two mechanisms. We initiated a study in a southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.)/bunch grass system to determine the susceptibility of remnant native plant communi- ties to cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion, and persistence of cheatgrass in invaded areas. We used a 2 9 2 factorial design consisting of two levels of aboveground biomass removal and two levels of reciprocal seeding. We seeded cheatgrass seeds in native plots and a native seed mixture in cheatgrass plots. Two biomass removal disturbances and sowing seeds over 3 years did not reverse cheatgrass dom- inance in invaded plots or native grass dominance in non-invaded native plots. Our results suggest that two factors dictated the persistence of the resident communities. First, bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey) was the dominant native herbaceous species on the study site. This species is typically a poor competitor with cheatgrass as a seedling, but is a strong competitor when mature. Second, differences in pretreatment levels of plant- available soil nitrogen and phosphorus may have favored the dominant species in each community. Annual species typically require higher levels of plant-available soil nutrients than perennial plants. This trend was observed in the annual cheatgrass community and perennial native community. Our study shows that established plants and soil properties can buffer the influences of disturbance and elevated propagule pressure on cheatgrass invasion.
On the Road Conceptualizing Class Structure in the Transition to Socialism

In recent years researchers addressing issues revolving around the transition to socialism have developed theories transcending the sterile antinomy of Leninist vanguardism and social democratic re...
Reproducibility of Tumor Blood Flow Quantification with 15O-Water PET

Noninvasive methods for quantifying tumor blood flow (TBF) have a potentially important role in the field of drug development. 15O-water PET has been used in several studies aimed at monitoring response to novel treatments. Assessing the significance of changes in TBF requires knowledge of the reproducibility of the technique. This article quantifies the reproducibility of the 15O-water technique for TBF applications. Methods: A total of 43 pairs of replicate 15O-water studies were performed on 23 different patients with cancer. TBF was estimated using a standard, single-compartment model, and the replicate data were used to assess the reproducibility of the method. Results: The magnitude of the differences between replicate flow measurements was found to be proportional to their means. TBF was measured with a within-subject coefficient of variation of 13.4% and a repeatability of 37.1%. The volume of distribution was measured with a within-subject coefficient of variation of 8.6% and a repeatability of 24.0%. Conclusion:15O-water PET can be used to measure TBF with a reproducibility that is consistent with other applications of the technique. The short half-life of the isotope permits multiple replicate studies to be performed during the same imaging session, allowing the reproducibility of the average flow estimate to be adapted to the required task. 15O-water PET is a powerful and robust tool for TBF quantification.
Judicial Incentives and Indeterminacy in Substantive Review of Administrative Decisions

It was not supposed to be like this. In Chevron and State Farm, the Supreme Court announced what appeared to be controlling standards for substantive review of administrative decisions. Chevron adopted a two-step approach to statutory interpretation under which courts were to overturn agency interpretations that were contrary to the clear intent of Congress, but defer to permissible agency constructions of a statute. State Farm indicated that an agency’s policy judgments should be analyzed according to a specific set of inquiries that focused on the agency’s reasoning process. Administrative law scholars, whether they agreed or disagreed with the Court’s standards, assumed that the two cases were landmark decisions that signaled a turning point in the substantive review of agency decisions. Instead, the Chevron framework has broken down, and State Farm has been all but ignored by agencies and the courts, including the Supreme Court.This article accounts for this breakdown by analyzing the impact of judicial incentives on substantive review in administrative law. Its centerpiece is a model of judicial behavior based on the “craft” and “outcome” components of judicial decisionmaking. Judges engage in the well-reasoned application of doctrine as a matter of craft, and they consider the implications of a result for the parties and society in general as a matter of outcome. When these components pull in opposite directions in a given case, our model suggests how judicial incentives influence the resolution of this tension. Our model of judicial behavior explains why Chevron and State Farm have not been as influential as commonly assumed. Judges have stronger incentives to control outcome and weaker incentives to develop determinate craft norms that limit pursuit of outcome in administrative law than in other areas of law. Because reliance on indeterminate craft norms enables judges to pursue outcome without sacrificing craft, judges have avoided applications of Chevron and State Farm that are determinate. Drawing on this model, we propose a modified approach to substantive judicial review that accounts for the way that judicial incentives influence substantive review doctrine. We recommend that Congress require courts to respond to a series of specific questions that would apply to substantive agency decisions. These questions would make it more difficult for judges to manipulate scope of review standards and would require more explicit reasons for affirming or reversing an agency decision.
The anatomy of nuchal translucency at 10-14 weeks gestation in fetuses with Trisomy 21: An incredible medical mystery

Nuchal translucency (NT) is a hypo-echoic region of subcutaneous fluid accumulation in the posterior neck at the level of the cervical spine between the skin and soft tissues found at 10-14 weeks gestation. This ultrasound finding is important because increased NT measurements place the fetus at increased risk for chromosomal and structural abnormalities. It is a fascinating phenomenon that displays the intersection of anatomy, development, and imaging. In addition, with the ever increasing use of ultrasound in anatomy, NT is a readily demonstrable example of how important ultrasound has become to the practice of medicine. Articles on NT were obtained from OVID database and reviewed for their contribution to an understanding of the anatomical basis of NT. Whereas it is well established that the ultrasound finding of increased NT is a sensitive marker for Trisomy 21 at 10-14 weeks gestation, why this phenomena occurs has yet to be explained. The basis of nuchal edema is most likely multifactorial, a combination of delayed or disturbed lymphangiogenesis, cardiac and vascular abnormalities, and abnormal extracellular matrix components. Further research on the development of the fetal head and neck related to lymphatic development and fluid regulation during 8-14 weeks gestation will enable a greater understanding of how and why increased NT occurs compared to what is currently known. This could lead to early intervention to manage some of the repercussions of Trisomy 21 and other abnormalities related to NT.
Eastern Asian emissions of anthropogenic halocarbons deduced from aircraft concentration data

The Montreal Protocol restricts production of ozone-depleting halocarbons worldwide. Enforcement of the protocol has relied mainly on annual government statistics of production and consumption of these compounds (bottom-up approach). We show here that aircraft observations of ha1ocarbon:CO enhancement ratios on regional to continental scales can be used to infer halocarbon emissions, providing independent verification of the bottom-up approach. We apply this topdown approach to aircraft observations of Asian outflow &om the TRACE-P mission over the western Pacific (March-April 2001) and derive emissions from eastern Asia (China, Japan, and Korea). We derive an eastern Asian carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) source of 21.5 Gg yr(sup -1), several-fold larger than previous estimates and amounting to -30% of the global budget for this gas. Our emission estimate for CFC-11 from eastern Asia is 50% higher than inventories derived from manufacturing records. Our emission estimates for methyl chloroform (CH3CC13) and CFC-12 are in agreement with existing inventories. For halon 1211 we find only a strong local source originating from the Shanghai area. Our emission estimates for the above gases result in a approximately equal to 40% increase in the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of Asian emissions relative to previous estimates, corresponding to a approximately equal to 10% global increase in ODP.
Enzymatic and ultrasonic techniques for solubilization of protein from heat-treated cottonseed products.

Extraction of protein from cottonseed meal was fourfold more efficient when the meal was treated with trypsin than when treated with ultrasonic energy. Combination of the two techniques caused efficient protein extraction with low expenditures of time, enzyme and energy. The extracted proteins bound > 3.5 ml oil/g concentrate and > 2.4g water/g concentrate and emulsified > 325 ml oil/g concentrate.
Selection and gene duplication: a view from the genome

Immediately after a gene duplication event, the duplicate genes have redundant functions. Is natural selection therefore completely relaxed after duplication? Does one gene evolve more rapidly than the other? Several recent genome-wide studies have suggested that duplicate genes are always under purifying selection and do not always evolve at the same rate.
Centers for disease control and prevention bioterrorism preparedness and response.

As the United States’ disease control and prevention agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been designated by the US Department of Health and Human Services to coordinate and lead the overall planning effort to upgrade national public health capabilities at the local, state, and federal levels to respond to bioterrorism—the deliberate use of biological agents to harm civilian populations. CDC’s overall program has concern for chemical terrorism as well as biological terrorism and has taken steps to include chemical laboratory and appropriate medical stockpile enhancements as part of its planning. The initial detection of a covert bioterrorist attack is likely to be made by public health workers. Complicating the problem of dealing with such a crisis, a bioterrorist attack may involve many different types of biological agents. Biological agents may range from rare viruses to commonly available bacteria. Chemical agents may range from noxious gases to airborne chemicals. Preparing the United States to address these dangers is a major challenge. The public health and health care systems in the United States must be capable of responding to threatened, suspected, or actual uses of all types of biological and chemical agents that may harm the population. We must be ready to detect, investigate, identify, and manage any bioterrorist threats. CDC INITIATIVES TO ENHANCE PUBLIC HEALTH CAPABILITIES TO RESPOND TO BIOTERRORISM
Virtual office communication protocols: a system for managing international virtual teams

The constant revolutions in communication technologies have forever changed how we think about "the office". Company email systems and corporate intranets have expanded the office to include co-workers from various national and cultural backgrounds. This development means that certain cultural factors could affect interoffice communications in international virtual offices (IVOs). This paper overviews certain cultural "problem" areas that can affect communication in this new workplace. The paper also presents tips/strategies and resources that can facilitate effective communication in these IVOs.
Dietary Habits and Their Association with Metabolic Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Related Lipodystrophy

Relatively little is known about the influence of dietary habits on the metabolic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and lipodystrophy. Although recommendations to modify diet and exercise remain a first-line approach to the management of HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, it is important to determine to what extent, if any, these metabolic abnormalities may be attributed to or modified by dietary behaviors. I review previous work evaluating dietary behaviors and their relationship to lipid levels and insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients with and without lipodystrophy and discuss the implications of possible dietary interventions and results of preliminary studies of the effects of diet on dyslipidemia. Sound dietary guidelines based on investigational research among HIV-infected patients are clearly needed to help face the challenges of the emerging problems of hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and the possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with HIV infection and lipodystrophy.
Relational macros for transfer in reinforcement learning

We describe an application of inductive logic programming to transfer learning. Transfer learning is the use of knowledge learned in a source task to improve learning in a related target task. The tasks we work with are in reinforcement-learning domains. Our approach transfers relational macros, which are finite-state machines in which the transition conditions and the node actions are represented by first-order logical clauses. We use inductive logic programming to learn a macro that characterizes successful behavior in the source task, and then use the macro for decision-making in the early learning stages of the target task. Through experiments in the RoboCup simulated soccer domain, we show that Relational Macro Transfer via Demonstration (RMT-D) from a source task can provide a substantial head start in the target task.
Diurnal changes in leaf chemical constituents and 14C partitioning in cottonwood

Diurnal changes in concentrations of leaf chemical fractions and partitioning of photosynthetically fixed (14)C within the plant and among chemical fractions were studied in rapidly growing cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) seedlings. During the light period, leaf weight (mg cm(-2)) increased by about 25% primarily as a result of the accumulation of starch and sucrose, and to a lesser extent because of an increase in the content of amino acids and the chloroform fraction (pigments plus lipids). In contrast, reducing sugars and organic acids decreased in concentration. The partitioning of (14)C within the plant also changed during the light period. Acropetal transport to developing leaves and stem decreased from 81 to 55% of the total (14)C translocated from a source leaf in 4 hours, whereas basipetal transport to stem and roots increased from 13 to 37%. Although assimilation rate ((14)C fixed in 0.5 h) remained constant during the light period, the percentage of fixed (14)C translocated out of the source leaf in 4 h decreased from 27 to 9%. This change in transport rate of recently fixed (14)C was caused by a shift in (14)C partitioning from transport sucrose to storage starch. During the light period, the incorporation ratio ((14)C-sugar/(14)C-starch) decreased from 40 at 0700 h to 2 at 1900 h. The partitioning of carbon to different chemical fractions within the source leaf and the interactions or feedback between different sinks and the source leaf have a major influence on plant growth and development. Control of this carbon partitioning is located in both source and sink leaves.
Simple Device for Reducing Microphotometer Traces to Curves of Intensity

A mechanical device is described that performs automatically the laborious task of reducing a microphotometer spectrum trace to a spectral intensity curve. In performing the conversion the microphotometer trace, divided into sections, is contact printed onto sensitized material using a narrow slit light source and moving the trace and photographic material at different rates of speed past the slit. The slit is parallel to the wavelength axis and, in effect, scans along the density axis. The photographic material moves at constant speed, while the motion of the trace is controlled by a cam whose shape is essentially the photographic characteristic curve. The density curve is converted to a curve of log intensity in one step, and a second step is used to convert to linear intensity. Other uses of the device are suggested.
Permian chronostratigraphy in Kansas

Correlations between the type Permian System of Russia and North American strata have been difficult for decades because of biostratigraphic and nomenclatural confusion. Consequently, a standard Permian section was established in west Texas that is widely accepted throughout North America. Series of the North American standard section are, in ascending order, Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Ochoan. This nomenclature was adopted for usage in Kansas in 1951, but was later abandoned in favor of local terminology. However, direct biostratigraphic correlations between Kansas and the west Texas standard section have now been firmly established, and local chronostratigraphic names, i.e., Big Blue, Lyon, Geary, Cimarron, and Custer, have not been widely accepted. The Kansas Geological Survey has now readopted usage of the Wolfcampian Series for rocks of the Admire, Council Grove, and Chase Groups; the Leonardian Series for rocks of the Summer and Nippewalla Groups; and the Guadalupian Series for rocks of the Whitehorse, Day Creek, and Big Basin Formations. The Wolfcampian Series in Kansas (and elsewhere in North America) contains post-Virgilian (latest Carboniferous) strata that predate the classical Permian System of the Russian type section. Consequently, the Pennsylvanian/Permian boundary will probably have to be raised stratigraphically to conform to global usage.
Transforming scientific discovery into medical application at the IMB.

The Institute for Medical Biology (IMB), located in Singapore’s sprawling Biopolis, is one of a handful of research organizations generated in a global mission to understand and treat human disease. Kristin Kain investigates.
Extreme programming for software engineering education

The eXtreme Programming (XP) software development methodology, has received considerable attention in recent years. The adherents of XP anecdotally extol its benefits, particularly as a method that is highly responsive to changing customer's desires. While XP has acquired numerous vocal advocates, the interactions and dependencies between XP practices have not been adequately studied. Good software engineering practice requires expertise in a complex set of activities that involve the intellectual skills of planning, designing, evaluating, and revising. The authors explore the practices of XP in the context of software engineering education. To do so, one must examine the practices of XP as they influence the acquisition of software engineering skills. The practices of XP, in combination or isolation, may provide critical features to aid or hinder the development of increasingly capable practitioners. This paper evaluates the practices of XP in the context of acquiring these necessary software engineering skills.
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Clinically Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma

Thermal ablation is currently the most studied treatment option for medically inoperable patients with clinically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recent evidence suggests that stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) may offer an effective noninvasive alternative for these patients. In this review, we explore the current literature on SABR for the primary treatment of RCC and make recommendations for future studies so that an accurate comparison between SABR and other ablative therapies may be conducted.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Interleukin-6 Modulates Endothelial Cell Movement by Upregulating Cellular Genes Involved in Migration

ABSTRACT Kaposi9s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of human Kaposi9s sarcoma, a tumor that arises from endothelial cells, as well as two B cell lymphoproliferative diseases, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman9s disease. KSHV utilizes a variety of mechanisms to evade host immune responses and promote cellular transformation and growth in order to persist for the life of the host. A viral homolog of human interleukin-6 (hIL-6) named viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) is encoded by KSHV and expressed in KSHV-associated cancers. Similar to hIL-6, vIL-6 is secreted, but the majority of vIL-6 is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum, where it can initiate functional signaling through part of the interleukin-6 receptor complex. We sought to determine how intracellular vIL-6 modulates the host endothelial cell environment by analyzing vIL-69s impact on the endothelial cell transcriptome. vIL-6 significantly altered the expression of many cellular genes associated with cell migration. In particular, vIL-6 upregulated the host factor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) at the protein and message levels. CEACAM1 has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis and promotes migration and vascular remodeling in endothelial cells. We report that vIL-6 upregulates CEACAM1 by a STAT3-dependent mechanism and that CEACAM1 promotes vIL-6-mediated migration. Furthermore, latent and de novo KSHV infections of endothelial cells also induce CEACAM1 expression. Collectively, our data suggest that vIL-6 modulates endothelial cell migration by upregulating the expression of cellular factors, including CEACAM1. IMPORTANCE Kaposi9s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with the development of three human malignancies, Kaposi9s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman9s disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. KSHV expresses many factors that enable the virus to manipulate the host environment in order to persist and induce disease. The viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) produced by KSHV is structurally and functionally homologous to the human cytokine interleukin-6, except that vIL-6 is secreted slowly and functions primarily from inside the host cell. To investigate the unique intracellular role of vIL-6, we analyzed the impact of vIL-6 on endothelial cell gene expression. We report that vIL-6 significantly alters the expression of genes associated with cell movement, including that for CEACAM1. The gene for CEACAM1 was upregulated by vIL-6 and by latent and primary KSHV infection and promotes vIL-6-mediated endothelial cell migration. This work advances the field9s understanding of vIL-6 function and its contribution to KSHV pathogenesis.
Flexible silicon heterojunctions solar cells and modules

In this manuscript is discussed the potential of using silicon heterojunction solar cells to obtain flexible silicon modules. Modules were manufactured using non-metalized silicon heterojunction solar cell with thicknesses down to 70 µm. The modules were rolled around curved surfaces with different diameters. Rolling diameters down to 5 cm were tested. Damages in the solar cells due to the rolling process were inspected using photoluminescence (PL). PL images after the rolling show promising results towards flexibility. Rolling reliability tests were also performed in thin passivated wafers (60–80 µm). The wafers were rolled down to 7 cm diameter. PL images show no evidences of mechanical damage in the wafers due to the lamination or after the rolling process.
Nonsmall cell lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to the vitreous without fundus lesions

A 76-year-old man presented with vitritis in the absence of visible fundus lesions. Vitreal cytologic analysis revealed adenocarcinoma; immunostaining was consistent with a pulmonary origin. This case highlights the need to exclude metastasis to the vitreous in a patient with an oncologic history, even in the absence of visible posterior segment lesions. It also illustrates the utility of immunostaining to better determine the tissue of origin when a metastatic lesion is encountered.
THE INTERACTION OF ETHACRYNIC ACID, DIHYDROETHACRYNIC ACID AND CERTAIN THIOL ADDUCTS OF ETHACRYNIC ACID WITH BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN

The interaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with ethacrynic acid (EA) and certain EA analogs was studied with special emphasis on the role of the BSA thiol group in the binding process. EA was incubated with BSA in mole ratios ranging from 1:1 to 10:1 (EA/BSA) for 15 minutes at 37°C followed by the addition of Ellman's reagent. Only a small reduction in the thiol content of BSA was observed with mole ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 (EA/BSA); however, a substantial (slowly reversible) diminution of the thiol content of BSA occurred when the mole ratio was increased to 5:1 or 10:1. The data support the notion that EA reduces the thiol content of BSA via a direct alkylation of this group. Dihydroethacrynic acid did not reduce the thiol content of BSA when the mole ratios were 2:1 or 5:1 (dihydroethacrynic acid/BSA). Studies in which four relatively stable thiol adducts of EA (EA-2,5-dichlorobenzenethiol. EA-thiophenol, EA-N-acetylmercaptoethylamine and EA-3-mercaptopropionic acid were incubated with BSA indicate that BSA catalyzes, to varying degrees, the release of EA and the accompanying thiol from these adducts. This latter finding may explain: 1) why EA-2,5-dichlorobenzenethiol (3.3 µmol/kg i.v.) and EA-thiophenol (17.0 µmol/ kg i.v.) produce a small but significant diuresis in dogs, and 2) why the most stable of the four thiol adducts of EA, EA-3-mercaptopropionic acid (17.0 µmol/kg, i.v.), is ineffective in normal dogs but elicits a modest diuretic response in dogs in which its body half-time has been prolonged by ligation of the cystic and common bile ducts.
Long non-coding RNA regulation of gene expression during differentiation

Transcriptome analysis of mammalian genomes has revealed widespread transcription, much of which does not encode protein. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a subset of the non-coding transcriptome that are emerging as critical regulators of various cellular processes. Differentiation of stem and progenitor cells requires a careful execution of specific genetic programs, and recent studies have revealed that lncRNA expression contributes to specification of cell identity. LncRNAs participate in regulating differentiation at multiple levels of gene expression through various mechanisms of action. In this review, functional roles of lncRNAs in regulating cellular differentiation of blood, muscle, skin, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, and neurons are discussed.
Recruitment and Baseline Characteristics of American Indian Tribal College Students Participating in a Tribal College Tobacco and Behavioral Survey.

Introduction American Indians (AIs) have the highest cigarette smoking rates of any racial/ethnic group in the United States. Although the overall smoking prevalence in the United States for nonminority populations has decreased over the past several decades, the same pattern is not observed among AIs. The purpose of this observational study was to collect cigarette smoking and related information from American Indian tribal college students to inform tailored interventions. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional survey of American Indian tribal college students, Tribal College Tobacco and Behavior Survey (TCTABS), with a focus on recruiting all incoming freshman at three participating tribal colleges in the Midwest and Northern Plains regions. A total of 1256 students participated in the baseline surveys between April 2011 and October 2014. Results The overall smoking prevalence of this sample was 34.7%, with differences by region (Northern Plains-44.0% and Midwest-28%). The majority, 87.5% of current smokers reported smoking 10 or less cigarettes per day, 41% reported smoking menthol cigarettes, 52% smoked Marlboro brand, and the mean age of their first cigarette was 14 years. The majority, 62% had made at least one quit attempt in the past year. The overwhelming majority of respondents, regardless of their smoking status, thought that the current smoking prevalence on campus was greater than 41% and approximately one-third believed that it was as high as 61%. Conclusions Very few studies of smoking have been conducted in this population and results from our study confirm the need for effective interventions. Implications AIs have the highest cigarette smoking rates compared to other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Furthermore, limited studies have examined the epidemiology of cigarette smoking among tribal college students. This study addresses health disparities related to smoking among college students by examining the demographic, cultural, and environmental characteristics of smoking and quitting. Results from this study could lead to the development of a culturally-tailored smoking cessation and prevention program for American Indian tribal college students.
Theory and experimental evidence for superconductors with short coherence length

We sketch the theory of London superconductors with a complex order parameter undergoing a phase transition dominated by thermal fluctuations. This theory is essentially that of superfluid helium, appropriately modified. We derive relations between the transition temperatureT c , the London penetration depth, the phase correlation length, the fall ofT c with reduced thickness in thin slabs and the associated appearance of Kosterlitz-Thouless behavior. AtHc2 thermal fluctuations drive the transition first order. Accordingly, magnetic properties will exhibit hysteresis phenomena and glassy behavior. Our analysis of recent specific heat and μSR measurements and of experiments on ultrathin slabs as well as the experimental evidence for hysteresis phenomena and glassy behavior in magnetic properties reveal that this theory describes a large class of superconductors that encompasses the cuprates, bismuthates and fullerenes.
Preliminary Report: Can color act as a contextual cue in human saccadic adaptation?

Abstract. When the head does not move, rapid movements of the eyes called saccades are used to redirect the line of sight. Saccades are defined by a series of metrical and kinematic (evolution of a movement as a function of time) relationships. For example, the amplitude of a saccade made from one visual target to another is roughly 90% of the distance between the initial fixation point (T0) and the peripheral target (T1). However, this stereotypical relationship between saccade amplitude and initial retinal error (|T1-Initial Eye Position|) may be altered, either increased or decreased, by surreptitiously displacing a visual target during an ongoing saccade. This form of saccadic adaptation has been described in both humans and monkeys. We investigated the effects of a contextual cue (target color) on the magnitude of human saccadic adaptation using an eye tracker to measure our subjects' eye position. Our results indicate that target color cannot be used by the eye movement control system to elicit diff...
Ho:YAG Rod Amplifier For High Order Vortex Modes

The amplification of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with orbital angular momentum is demonstrated in a Ho:YAG rod amplifier. Simulations are also carried out for verifying the experimental data and predicting the potential for high gain.
Research on Influence of Flow Instruction on HP Valves Stability during Steam Turbine Valve Switch

During the steam turbine valve switch,the fluctuation of flow instruction could lead to an imbalance in HP valves,which would be harmful to turbine safety and stability in operation.The sensitive area of each valve to DEH reference was analyzed by mathematical modeling and the measures are proposed to avoid instability of HP valves,the results are available for guiding the safety operation in coal-fired power plant.
Complicated Grief Treatment: An Evidence-Based Approach to Grief Therapy

Complicated grief is a condition that occurs when something impedes the process of adapting to a loss. The core symptoms include intense and prolonged yearning, longing and sorrow, frequent insistent thoughts of the deceased and difficulty accepting the painful reality of the death or imagining a future with purpose and meaning. Complicated grief can cause substantial distress and impairment and it is important that clinicians learn to recognize and treat this condition. Complicated grief treatment is a 16-session evidence-based psychotherapy developed to release and facilitate a bereaved person’s natural adaptive response. The current paper clarifies the conceptual underpinnings of this approach, provides a description of the major treatment components, structure of each session, and suggestions for how clinicians can use the treatment to help clients suffering from complicated grief. A case example is also included to illustrate this discussion.
Umbilical hernia in a patient with cirrhosis

Ascites is the major predisposing factor, since it causes muscle wasting and increases intra-abdominal pressure.
Turbulent Dissipation in the Strait of Gibraltar and Associated Mixing

Abstract The Strait of Gibraltar is a channel with a permanent two-layer flow strongly modulated by energetic tidal currents. Compared with the open ocean thermocline, turbulent dissipation rates, e, are high throughout the strait. Two flow regimes, however, have particularly intense dissipation: the lee west of Camarinal Sill during strong outflow of Mediterranean water, and the internal bore or solitary wave propagating eastward from the sill after reversal of the tide. Overturns exceeding 50 m and e greater than 10 -3 W kg -1 were observed in the lee of the sill. Dissipation rates of 10 -5 to 10 -4 W kg -1 were found behind the leading edge of the bore as it moved eastward through Tarifa Narrows, dropping the interface more than 100 m in less than 15 minutes.
High victimization: the role of realpolitik

Consistent with the purpose of explaining the magnitude of the killing, the remaining chapters in this part focus initially on reasons for the high victimization rate in certain occupied countries during the Holocaust. Realpolitik is emphasized, followed by inequality and failures of mutual identification among the victims. This part of the book concludes with a comparison among Jewish ghettos in Eastern Europe and the reasons for revolt in one such ghetto, but a higher survival rate in another that did not revolt. Paradoxically, revolt and ultimate survival will prove to be independent of each other in these ghettos. Also, somewhat counterintuitively, individual and community survival will appear to be inconsistent with each other. Two cases of high victimization now occupy our attention. Why should Hungary and the Netherlands stand out for the mass murder of high percentages of their Jewish populations, especially when Hungary was occupied by the Germans only very late in the war (March 1944), and the Netherlands had a uniquely tolerant social landscape that virtually eliminated the possibility of widespread anti-Semitism? What are the salient causes? Hungary The Holocaust in Hungary also conforms to the model of the contraction of socioeconomic space as a progenitor of anti-Semitic practice, but it was German brute force realpolitik that sealed the fate of 70 percent of Hungarian Jewry. Prior to World War I, the Hungarians joined with the Austrians in administering the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a dual monarchy in which they jointly ruled the largest empire in East-Central Europe comprising today's Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and large swaths of southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, most notably Galicia. Hungarian Jews were increasingly “Magyarized” in their support of the Hungarian aristocracy.
Basic Neuro Anatomy

Anatomy, one would think, does not change. After all anatomically we are much the same as we were tens of thousands of years ago. What continues to change is our understanding of the form and function of our anatomy. The advent of current imaging techniques helps us understand the relationship between physical and structural anatomy and function. The nervous system has been particularly difficult for anatomists, physiologists, and physicians to investigate. The brain and spinal cord are enclosed in boney compartments, the brain in the skull and the spinal cord in the spinal canal surrounded by the bones of the spine. The nerves that project from and to the nervous system are found throughout the body. Their relationships and how they control muscles and organ systems is a continued area of research. Needless to say volumes have been and continue to be written about Neuro Anatomy. Many scholarly books are available from the usual sources. We attempt here to form the most very basic understanding of the form and function of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves as a basis for understanding subsequent chapters on disease processes that affect the nervous system’s form and function.
The Suitability of Select Ferns as Hosts for Archips machlopis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Surveys for natural enemies of Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. (Lygodiaceae) in Thailand resulted in the collection of Archips machlopis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Multiple generations of the tortricid were reared on L. microphyllum in a quarantine laboratory, demonstrating that the plant is a developmental host. Further host specificity testing indicated that A. machlopis is able to complete development on 12 of the 15 fern species tested, confirming that the polyphagous herbivore's diet includes Pteridophyta. These data also confirm that A. machlopis is not sufficiently host specific to be considered for biological control of L. microphyllum.
An Aminotransferase Is Responsible for the Deamination of the N-Terminal Leucine and Required for Formation of Oxazolone Ring A in Methanobactin of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Gene expression in methanotrophs has been shown to be affected by the availability of a variety of metals, most notably copper regulating expression of alternative forms of methane monooxygenase. A copper-binding compound or chalkophore called methanobactin plays a key role in copper uptake in methanotrophs. Methanobactin is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) with two heterocyclic rings with an associated thioamide for each ring, formed from X-Cys dipeptide sequences that bind copper. The gene encoding for the precursor polypeptide of methanobactin, mbnA , is part of a gene cluster, but the role of other genes in methanobactin biosynthesis is unclear. To begin to elucidate the function of these genes, we constructed an unmarked deletion of mbnABCMN in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, and then homologously expressed mbnABCM off a broad host range cloning vector to determine the function of mbnN , annotated as encoding for an aminotransferase. Methanobactin produced by this strain was found to be substantially different from wildtype methanobactin in that the C-terminal methionine was missing, and only one of the two oxazolone rings was formed. Rather, in the place of the N-terminal 3-methylbutanoyl-oxazolone-thioamide group, a leucine and thioamide-containing glycine (Gly-Ψ) were found, indicating that MbnN is used for deamination of the N-terminal leucine of methanobactin, and that this post-translational modification is critical for closure of the N-terminal oxazolone ring in M. trichosporium OB3b. These studies provide new insights into methanobactin biosynthesis, and also provide a platform for understanding the function of other genes in the methanobactin gene cluster. IMPORTANCE Methanotrophs, microbes that play a critical role in the carbon cycle, are influenced by copper, with gene expression and enzyme activity changing as copper levels change. Methanotrophs produce a copper-binding compound, or chalkophore called methanobactin for copper uptake, and methanobactin plays a key role in controlling methanotrophic activity. Methanobactin has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of Wilson Disease, an autosomal recessive disorder where the human body cannot correctly assimilate copper. It is important that the biosynthetic pathway of methanobactin be characterized to understand how methanotrophs respond to their environment as well as to optimize the use of methanobactin for the treatment of copper-related diseases such as Wilson Disease. Here we show that mbnN , encoding an aminotransferase, is involved in the deamination of the N-terminal leucine and necessary for the formation of one but not both heterocyclic rings in methanobactin that are responsible for copper binding.
Erosion Characteristics of Silty to Clayey Soils Using EFA and Lab-Scaled Levee-Floodwall Tests

The erodibility of levee material has an influence on scour generation in levee-floodwall systems. In this investigation, the effect of various soil parameters including compaction level, plasticity index, and saturation ratio on erosion rates was studied using two methods: lab-scaled physical models of levee-floodwall systems and the Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA). For physical models, a 1:20 scale of a typical levee on the banks of the Mississippi river was constructed. The effect of the floodwall and its inclination on levee erosion were investigated. For EFA tests, the soil samples were prepared in the same way as the materials prepared for physical model tests in order to compare the erosion rate characteristics of these methods. EFA test results show that the erosion rate for soils with more than 60 % saturation levels is more sensitive to change in saturation levels than changes in plasticity index or compaction levels. An erosion rate prediction model was developed for various soils using EFA tests. The levee-floodwall tests show that the erosion rates at the crest are significantly more sensitive to soil parameters than at the slope. The erosion rates for levee-floodwall tests are much greater than the ones for EFA tests. Furthermore, the effect of floodwall inclination and presence in levees are discussed.
The Relationship between Workload and Performance in Air Traffic Control

In air traffic control, task demand and workload have important implications for the safety and efficiency of air traffic. Task demand is dynamic, however, research on demand transitions and associ...
Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Host Cellular Genomic DNA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the integration of polydnavirus DNA into host cellular genomic DNA. Polydnaviruses are unique insect viruses that are obligately associated with thousands of parasitoid wasp species in intimate mutualistic symbioses. Polydnaviruses have evolved by atypical life-cycle and replication strategies that require two separate insect hosts. In addition, they exist in two distinct forms, both as linear integrated provirus and as double-strand circular forms of genome segments encapsidated into virions. The linear integrated provirus form is transferred vertically through the parasitoid germline. The encapsidated circular form packaged in virions is produced from the integrated proviral form in the female parasitoid and is transferred horizontally by injection into the secondary insect host during oviposition along with egg(s) and ovarian and other proteins, where upon infection viral genes are expressed and cause immune suppression, developmental arrest, and other negative effects. Integration, the insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA, is a central theme in polydnavirus biology for both provirus and encapsidated virion. In addition to analysis of vertical provirus integration, several studies have examined integration of the encapsidated form polydnavirus virion episomal DNAs in infected lepidopteran host cells, finding that some to all of the virus genome became integrated permanently into the secondary host cellular DNA, which appears also to occur in vivo.
RAMAN SPECTRA AND ATOMIC CONFIGURATIONS IN VITREOUS SILICA

ABSTRACT Raman spectra of Type III vitreous silica specimens S1 and S2 stabilized at 1000°C and 1300°C, were compared. Two spectra of S1 stabilized first at 1000°C, then at 1300°C, were compared with those of S2 stabilized first at 1300°C, then at 1000°C. All spectra contain a prominent 600cm-1-band, which corresponds to normal modes in cristobalite and tridymite but not in quartz, as well as other broader bands at ~ 400cm-1 and ~ 800cm-1 where strong quartz bands occur. Comparisons indicate that significantly different equilibrium mixtures of crystal-like configurations occur in the glass at 1000°C and 1300°C and that approaches to these equilibria are reversible with respect to temperature. These observations and many with respect to other structure sensitive properties reported in the literature support a general theory for glass-forming systems of which silica is considered the best and most studied example.
Aeroelastic Stability Analysis of a Full-Scale Isolated Proprotor on the Tiltrotor Test Rig

A full-scale isolated proprotor test was recently conducted in the USAF National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC) 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames. The test article was a 3-bladed research rotor derived from the right-hand rotor of the AW609. For this test, the NASA Tiltrotor Test Rig (TTR) and rotor were installed in the 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. This paper covers the analyses and testing done to prepare for a safe entry. Included are brief descriptions of the following: NASTRAN models of the TTR, ground vibration tests of the TTR (and resulting modal data), loads analyses, and stability predictions using the comprehensive analysis CAMRAD II. The evolution of these analyses from early in the TTR program until the initiation of actual testing is also discussed. The intent is to show how all of these efforts were integrated to ensure a successful test. This paper includes stability predictions based on NASTRAN modal data and worst-case damping test data. The stability predictions covered all test conditions: hover, cruise (airplane mode), conversion, and helicopter mode. The predictions showed that the TTR and rotor are stable within the test envelope.