cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate biofeedback training during orthostatic stress.

Forty male college student volunteers were asked either to increase their diastolic pressure or their heart rate while sitting and during orthostatic stress (going from a sitting to a standing position), and half of them were also given second- to-second visual feedback for the target variable. Systolic blood pressure was also continuously recorded. Comparisons were made between baseline and voluntary control conditions, and test trials were included to examine immediate carry-over effects. With voluntary control instructions, substantial increases in tonic levels were obtained for the three cardiovascular variables in both sitting and postural change conditions. In general, the increases were significantly greater for feedback than for no-feedback conditions. Phasic effects of feedback were also observed during postural change conditions: the blood pressure troughs and the heart rate peak occurred earlier with feedback than for instructions only. Immediate transfer effects were obtained in feedback conditions only. The results were discussed in terms of concomitant effects of somatic and cognitive activities. The distinctive feedback effects on the time course of the responses suggest that a precise analysis of response patterns is needed in selecting appropriate feedback methods in the management of orthostatic hypotension.
Early Readmission in Acute Pancreatitis: Incidence and Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES:Early unplanned readmission is a potential target for quality improvement and cost reduction. The aims of this study were to (i) determine the frequency of early readmission following hospitalization for acute pancreatitis (AP) and (ii) identify risk factors for early readmission in patie
Perspectives on Nonresidential Paternal Involvement and Grief: A Literature Review:

This article reviews literature regarding nonresidential paternal involvement postdivorce. Attempts have been made to understand nonresidential fathers’ contact with their children from a variety o...
Sigma-Bond Metathesis Reactions Involving Lanthanide-Silicon and Lanthanide-Hydrogen Bonds

Abstract Neutral lanthanide silyl complexes Cp∗2LnSiH(SiMe3)2 (1, Ln=Sm; 2, Ln=Nd; 3, Ln=Y; Cp∗=η5-C5Me5) are synthesized by reaction of the corresponding alkyls Cp∗2LnCH(SiMe3)2 with neat SiH2(SiMe3)2. These complexes are monomeric in solution, but form dimers in the solid state through intermolecular LnηCH3-Si interactions. Mechanistic studies on this reaction indicate that it proceeds via a second-order autocatalytic process catalyzed by [Cp∗2LnH]2. Reactions of [Cp∗2LnH]2 with Cp2WH2 give the σ-bond metathesis products Cp∗2Ln(μ−η1,η5-C5H4)(μ-H)2WCp (5, Ln=Sm; 6, Ln=Y), via activation of a C-H (and not a W-H) bond of the tungsten hydride. The lanthanide borohydride complexes Cp∗2Ln(η2-H2BMes2) (Mes=mesityl; 7, Ln=Sm; 8, Ln=Y) are obtained by the reaction of [Cp∗2LnH]2 with [HBMes2]2.
Δ-4-Androstene-3,17-Dione Binds Androgen Receptor, Promotes Myogenesis in Vitro, and Increases Serum Testosterone Levels, Fat-Free Mass, and Muscle Strength in Hypogonadal Men

Previous studies of Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-androstenedione) administration in men have not demonstrated sustained increments in testosterone levels, fat-free mass (FFM), and muscle strength, and failure to demonstrate androstenedione’s androgenic/anabolic effects has stifled efforts to regulate its sales. To determine whether 4-androstenedione has androgenic/anabolic properties, we evaluated its association with androgen receptor (AR) and its effects on myogenesis in vitro. Additionally, we studied the effects of a high dose of 4-androstenedione on testosterone levels, FFM, and muscle strength in hypogonadal men. We determined the dissociation constant (Kd) for 4-androstenedione using fluorescence anisotropy measurement of competitive displacement of fluorescent androgen from AR ligand-binding domain. AR nuclear translocation and myogenic activity of androstenedione were evaluated in mesenchymal, pluripotent C3H10T1/2 cells, in which androgens stimulate myogenesis through an AR pathway. We determined...
Real-time scheduling of material storage and retrieval operations

In a typical warehousing environment, material transfer requests enter a queue in real-time, and must be performed as quickly as possible. We introduce a new algorithm, based on spacefilling curves, to schedule operations, as they join the queue, so as to maximize processing efficiency.
Analysis of wave functions for open-shell molecules

During the past decade we have looked at several ways to track the distribution of unpaired electrons during chemical reactions and in different spin states. These methods were inspired by our previous work on singlet diradicals where the spin density is zero yet there are clearly singly occupied orbitals. More recently we have been concerned with analysis of wave functions for single molecule magnets. This review discusses the mathematical framework by which open-shell systems can be described, in addition to methods that extract the effectively unpaired electron density, the spin state of atoms in a molecule, and other useful properties from a molecular wave function. Some of the difficulties associated with using broken spin Slater determinants to evaluate the exchange coupling parameters in the Heisenberg Hamiltonian are also mentioned.
Field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in transgenic maize

The widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) places intense selective pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. Western corn rootworm is a key pest of maize, and in continuous maize fields it is often managed through planting of Bt maize. During 2009 and 2010, fields were identified in Iowa in which western corn rootworm imposed severe injury to maize producing Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Subsequent bioassays revealed Cry3Bb1 resistance in these populations. Here, we report that, during 2011, injury to Bt maize in the field expanded to include mCry3A maize in addition to Cry3Bb1 maize and that laboratory analysis of western corn rootworm from these fields found resistance to Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A and cross-resistance between these toxins. Resistance to Bt maize has persisted in Iowa, with both the number of Bt fields identified with severe root injury and the ability western corn rootworm populations to survive on Cry3Bb1 maize increasing between 2009 and 2011. Additionally, Bt maize targeting western corn rootworm does not produce a high dose of Bt toxin, and the magnitude of resistance associated with feeding injury was less than that seen in a high-dose Bt crop. These first cases of resistance by western corn rootworm highlight the vulnerability of Bt maize to further evolution of resistance from this pest and, more broadly, point to the potential of insects to develop resistance rapidly when Bt crops do not achieve a high dose of Bt toxin.
Highly active electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction by cobalt phosphide nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles of cobalt phosphide, CoP, have been prepared and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under strongly acidic conditions (0.50 M H_2SO_4, pH 0.3). Uniform, multi-faceted CoP nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting Co nanoparticles with trioctylphosphine. Electrodes comprised of CoP nanoparticles on a Ti support (2 mg cm^(−2) mass loading) produced a cathodic current density of 20 mA cm^(−2) at an overpotential of −85 mV. The CoP/Ti electrodes were stable over 24 h of sustained hydrogen production in 0.50 M H_2SO_4. The activity was essentially unchanged after 400 cyclic voltammetric sweeps, suggesting long-term viability under operating conditions. CoP is therefore amongst the most active, acid-stable, earth-abundant HER electrocatalysts reported to date.
FptA, the Fe(III)-pyochelin receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a phenolate siderophore receptor homologous to hydroxamate siderophore receptors.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophore pyochelin is structurally unique among siderophores and possesses neither hydroxamate- nor catecholate-chelating groups. The structural gene encoding the 75-kDa outer membrane Fe(III)-pyochelin receptor FptA has been isolated by plasmid rescue techniques and sequenced. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the isolated FptA protein corresponded to that deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the fptA structural gene. The mature FptA protein has 682 amino acids and a molecular mass of 75,993 Da and has considerable overall homology with the hydroxamate siderophore receptors FpvA of P. aeruginosa, PupA and PupB of Pseudomonas putida, and FhuE of Escherichia coli. This observation indicates that homologies between siderophore receptors are an unreliable predictor of siderophore ligand class recognition by a given receptor. The fptA gene was strongly regulated by iron; fptA transcription was totally repressed by 30 microM FeCl3, as determined by Northern (RNA) blotting. The promoter of the fptA gene contained the sequence 59-ATAATGATAAGCATTATC-39, which matches the consensus E. coli Fur-binding site at 17 of 18 positions. The -10 promoter region and transcriptional start site of the fptA gene reside within this Fur-binding site. Images
Investigations of thermal polymerization in the stable free-radical polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene

The feasibility of utilizing stable free-radical polymerization (SFRP) in the synthesis of well-defined poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) homopolymers has been investigated. Efforts to control molecular weight by manipulating initiator concentration while maintaining a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO):benzoyl peroxide (BPO) molar ratio of 1.2:1 proved unsuccessful. In addition, systematic variations of the TEMPO: BPO molar ratio did not result in narrow molecular weight distributions. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the rate of monomer disappearance under SFRP and thermal conditions were identical. This observation indicated a lack of control in the presence of the stable free radical, TEMPO. The similarities in chemical structure between styrene and 2-vinylnaphthalene suggested thermally initiated polymerization occurred via the Mayo mechanism. A kinetic analysis of the thermal polymerization of styrene and 2-vinylnaphthalene suggested that the additional fused ring in 2-vinylnaphthalene increased the propensity for thermal polymerization. The observed rate constant for thermal polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene was determined using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and was one order of magnitude greater than styrene, assuming pseudo-first-order kinetics. Also, an Arrhenius analysis indicated that the activation energy for the thermal polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene was 30 kJ/mol less than styrene.
Molecular Mechanisms of RNA Interference

Small RNA molecules regulate eukaryotic gene expression during development and in response to stresses including viral infection. Specialized ribonucleases and RNA-binding proteins govern the production and action of small regulatory RNAs. After initial processing in the nucleus by Drosha, precursor microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) are transported to the cytoplasm, where Dicer cleavage generates mature microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These double-stranded products assemble with Argonaute proteins such that one strand is preferentially selected and used to guide sequence-specific silencing of complementary target mRNAs by endonucleolytic cleavage or translational repression. Molecular structures of Dicer and Argonaute proteins, and of RNA-bound complexes, have offered exciting insights into the mechanisms operating at the heart of RNA-silencing pathways.
Thermal Expansion of Alkaline-Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Near the Néel Temperature

The thermal expansion and magnetic behaviors of divalent, alkaline-doped lanthanum ferrites (La0.9M0.1FeO3, M=Ca, Sr, Ba) were assessed using a combination of dilatometry, magnetometry, time-of-flight neutron diffraction, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction. Neel temperatures were determined through vibrating sample magnetometry and correlated well with changes in thermal expansion behavior observed during both dilatometry and X-ray diffraction. The Neel temperatures observed for pure, Ca-doped, Sr-doped, and Ba-doped lanthanum ferrites were 471°C, 351°C, 465°C, and 466°C, respectively. The effect of divalent substitutions on the magnetic behavior are attributed to charge compensation mechanisms and structural changes in the material.
Cryptococcal meningitis presenting with headache and a pustular eruption in a heart transplant patient

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection that typically occurs in severely immunocompromised patients. Here, we report the case of a heart transplant recipient who presented with cutaneous lesions and was diagnosed with disseminated cryptococcosis and then cryptococcal meningitis on the basis of positive Tzanck smear of the lesions, confirmed by culture, highlighting the importance of the skin as a window to systemic disease.
Diabetes incidence in psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a UK population-based cohort study

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of diabetes among patients with PsA and RA in the general population. Methods. We conducted a cohort study using an electronic medical records database representative of the UK general population (19862010). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes in PsA, psoriasis and RA cohorts compared with age- and sex-matched comparison cohorts without the corresponding conditions, adjusting for BMI, smoking, alcohol use, co-morbidities and glucocorticoids at baseline. Results. Cohorts included 4196 persons with PsA, 59 281 with psoriasis and 11 158 with RA, with mean follow-up times of 5.9, 5.8 and 5.5 years, respectively. Incidence rates for diabetes were 7.3, 6.4 and 6.3 cases per 1000 person-years among individuals with PsA, psoriasis and RA, respectively. Age- and sexmatched HRs for diabetes were 1.72 (95% CI 1.46, 2.02) in PsA, 1.39 (95% CI 1.32, 1.45) in psoriasis and 1.12 (95% CI 1.01, 1.25) in RA. After adjustment for BMI, smoking and alcohol, the HRs were attenuated substantially (1.43, 1.24 and 1.00, respectively). With further adjustment for baseline glucocorticoid use and co-morbidities, the HRs were 1.33 (1.09, 1.61) in PsA, 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) in psoriasis and 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) in RA.
Existence, uniqueness, and monotonic properties of the feasible power flow solution for radial three-phase distribution networks

This paper analytically investigates the steady-state properties of a practical power distribution system with unbalanced loads, single-, two-, and three-phase lines and transformers of different connection types. It is shown that the three-phase power flow solution with feasible voltage magnitude for radial three-phase distribution networks with nonlinear load modeling always exists and is unique. Also, motivated by the practical use of three-phase power flow analysis as a basic tool for distribution system application functions, monotonic properties of the voltage magnitude at each node with respect to load changes are established. Implications and applications of these analytical results to distribution system analysis and design are discussed.
On the uniqueness of planar near-field phaseless antenna measurements based on two amplitude-only measurements

The promising application of phaseless measurement techniques has gained considerable attention among researchers. These techniques offer the hardware convenience along with the opportunity of operation at higher frequencies for the near-field antenna measurements. There are a number of interesting solutions for the problem of phase extraction from the amplitude-only data in the literature, but a very important question to the best knowledge of the authors is left unanswered. Provided the fact that one is dealing with the modulus of the near-field can one be assured of the existence of one and only one corresponding phase distribution. The near-field phase distribution can be formulated based on the near-field amplitude distribution through certain non-linear equations. Based on the type of measurement system (planar, cylindrical and spherical) this nonlinearity may have different order and form. Nonetheless they all raise a simple question and that is whether there is a unique solution, because in general non-linear equations are prone to having more than one solution. Hopefully in the case of antenna measurements there are some limiting factors including the analyticity, band-limitedness or, some extra information such as the geometry of the radiator, amplitude measurements over another surface, etc. These facts increase the possibility of having a unique solution. This paper is focused on a proof of the uniqueness for the case where two sets of near-field magnitude are available. At first an overview of the source of ambiguity is presented for one-dimensional signals (one set of intensities). Then the extension of the theory for the two-dimensional signals (one set of intensities) is presented. Subsequently, the problem of two-plane intensities (two set of intensities) is discussed for the one-dimensional signals. The complexity of the kernel linking the two planes is discussed in microwave and millimeter region appropriate for antenna measurements. Finally the uniqueness is proved when one has two sets of one-dimensional intensity function in the near-field.
Blood usage in lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Few published data are available regarding perioperative blood usage in lung transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The medical records of all patients undergoing lung transplantation at a university medical center in 1994 and 1995 were reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety patients underwent lung transplantation during this period. Six patients were excluded: two received a living related-donor lung, three underwent retransplantation and one underwent concomitant repair of a tetralogy of Fallot. Of the 84 evaluable patients, 59 underwent single lung transplantation and 25 double lung transplantation. Double-lung recipients used more red cells (6.4 vs. 1.7 units, p = 0.0002) and were more likely to receive red cells, platelets, plasma, or any component (92 vs. 32%, p< or =0.0001) than were single-lung recipients. Double- lung recipients were more likely to require cardiopulmonary bypass (40 vs. 12%, p = 0.003), and cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with greater transfusion requirements (p< or =0.0001). However, among patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, blood use did not differ between those undergoing double lung transplantation and those undergoing single lung transplantation. In the subset of patients not requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, double-lung recipients received more red cells (4.5 vs. 0.7 units, p< or =0.0001) and more plasma (2.0 vs. 0.2 units, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Double-lung recipients require more perioperative transfusions than single-lung recipients. The greater transfusion requirement is due to the more frequent need for cardiopulmonary bypass as well as the greater complexity of the procedure. These data are useful for developing surgical blood ordering guidelines for lung transplantation.
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: An Overview of Research Publications in the Journal of International Management

Abstract In this article, we provide an overview of the research articles that have been published in the Journal of International Management between 1998 and 2010. Our scrutiny of 287 articles published in these 13 years reveals a wide variety in the examined topics, authorship, author affiliations, research settings, and research foci. Significant variety is also evident in the utilized theoretical foundations, data collection methods and analytical tools. We present and discuss our findings and conclude by providing general research directions for future contributors.
Mechanisms by which ultrasonic energy affects transfer rates in liquid‐liquid extraction

Concurrent and spray-tower studies have been accomplished that illustrate the effects of ultrasonic insonation on transfer rates in liquid-liquid extraction. Stage efficiencies and over-all transfer rates in the system toluene-methyl alcohol-water were determined with and without insonation of the system at frequencies of 40 and 800 kc. Insonation was shown to have a positive effect on mass transfer in both concurrent and spray-tower operations. Insonation of the system provides for increased interfacial area between the two phases, removal of relatively stagnant liquid layers at the interface, and increased circulation currents within a single liquid phase. Low-frequency insonation favors local agitation and mixing of the phases, and high-frequency insonation favors induced circulation currents.
MAY ISSUE VERSUS SHALL ISSUE: EXPLAINING THE PATTERN OF CONCEALED-CARRY HANDGUN LAWS, 1960-2001

We analyze the timing and pattern of adoption of “shall issue” concealed-carry handgun laws. “Shall issue” laws require the authorities to issue permits to qualified applicants; “may issue” laws give the authorities more latitude to reject applications. We find three factors influence the shift from “may issue” to “shall issue.” First, more urban states are less likely to shift to “shall issue,” although the size of this effect is quantitatively small. Second, the switch is influenced by the decisions taken by neighboring states. Third, we find evidence that increases in the crime rate accelerated the switch to “shall issue.”(JEL K40)
Flexible Class of Skew‐Symmetric Distributions

We propose a flexible class of skew-symmetric distributions for which the probab- ility density function has the form of a product of a symmetric density and a skewing function. By constructing an enumerable dense subset of skewing functions on a compact set, we are able to consider a family of distributions, which can capture skewness, heavy tails and multimodality systematically. We present three illustrative examples for the fibreglass data, the simulated data from a mixture of two normal distributions and the Swiss bills dlata.
The Caspase Pathway in Noise-Induced Apoptosis of the Chinchilla Cochlea

We previously reported that intense noise exposure causes outer hair cell (OHC) death primarily through apoptosis. Here we investigated the intracellular signal pathways associated with apoptotic OHC death. Chinchillas were exposed to a 4 kHz narrowband noise at 110 dB SPL for 1 h. After the noise exposure, the cochleas were examined for the activity of each of three caspases, including caspase-3, -8, or -9 with carboxyfluorescein-labeled fluoromethyl ketone (FMK)-peptide inhibitors. The cochleas were further examined for cytochrome c release from mitochondria by immunohistology and for DNA degradation by the TUNEL method. The results showed that the noise exposure triggered activation of caspase-3, an important mediator of apoptosis. The noise exposure also caused the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9, each of which is associated with a distinct signaling pathway that leads to activation of caspase-3. Caspase activation occurred only in the apoptotic OHCs and not in the necrotic OHCs. These results indicate that multiple signaling pathways leading to caspase-3 activation take place simultaneously in the apoptotic OHCs. In addition to caspase activation, noise exposure caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, resulting in a punctate fluorescence in the cytosol. In contrast to activation of caspases, the release of cytochrome c took place in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs. Moreover, the release of cytochrome c in a subpopulation of OHCs took place early in the cell death process, prior to any outward signs of necrosis or apoptosis. These data suggest that in this subpopulation there exists a common step that is shared by cell death pathways before entering either necrosis or apoptosis. Lastly, use of the TUNEL assay in combination with PI labeling provides a more accurate discrimination between apoptosis and necrosis.
Studies on gastrointestinal motility.

Summary The antispasmodic effect of atropine, Banthine and Bentyl were studied in 35 patients after using insulin hypoglycemia to stimulate gastrocolic motility.
Drug Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in Lung Cancer

Background: The discovery of mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has dramatically changed the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung canc
On the efficacy of electrocatalysis in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries.

Heterogeneous electrocatalysis has become a focal point in rechargeable Li–air battery research to reduce overpotentials in both the oxygen reduction (discharge) and especially oxygen evolution (charge) reactions. In this study, we show that past reports of traditional cathode electrocatalysis in nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries were indeed true, but that gas evolution related to electrolyte solvent decomposition was the dominant process being catalyzed. In dimethoxyethane, where Li2O2 formation is the dominant product of the electrochemistry, no catalytic activity (compared to pure carbon) is observed using the same (Au, Pt, MnO2) nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the onset potential of oxygen evolution is only slightly higher than the open circuit potential of the cell, indicating conventional oxygen evolution electrocatalysis may be unnecessary.
Tobacco Budworm: 1 Disruption of Courtship Behavior with a Component of the Synthetic Sex Pheromone 2 , 3

Female tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), were used as bait in traps in 7×12×3-m field cages alone or in conjunction with ( Z )-11-hexadecenal ( Z -11-HDAL) and/or ( Z )-9-tetradecenal ( Z -9-TDAL), the components of the synthetic sex pheromone. When the mixture of the 2 components of the synthetic pheromone contained 32 parts Z -11-HDAL to 1 part Z -9-TDAL, the catch was increased significantly compared with catches by females alone. Also, the same amount (20.61 μl) of Z -11-HDAL placed near the bait females increased the catch. However, catches of males significantly decreased when 0.643 μl Z -9-TDAL was dispensed near the “calling” females. Therefore, Z -9-TDAL has more potential for disrupting the mating process of the tobacco budworm as a means of control than Z -11-HDAL or the mixture of the 2 components of the sex pheromone.
Larval and Pupal Parasitism of the Strawberry Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fourteen parasitoid species were recovered from strawberry leafroIler, Ancylis comptana (Froelich), larvae and pupae collected in central Iowa strawberry fields in 1987 and 1989. Parasitism by the two most abundant parasitoid species, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Pediobius facialis (Giraud) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was synchronous with high A. comptana pupal densities. This is the first study in North America in which I. conquisitor and P. facialis were the predominant parasitoids attacking immature A. comptana . In 1987, cumulative percentage parasitism of the first A. comptana generation increased to 7% on 24 June. In 1989, the cumulative percentage parasitism of the first larval generation increased to 5.5% on 23 June. Because strawberries have a relatively high tolerance for A. comptana leaf rolling and feeding activity, naturally occurring parasitoids should be conserved.
Analysis on Ignition and Coking in Combustor Nozzle in Boiler of a Power Plant

There are ignition and coking in combustor nozzle in boiler No.3 in a power plant after turning to soft coal.By piping-cutting examination and rotating speed test on pulverized coal feeder as well as comparison of operating condition with same boilers,it is determined that ignition and coking in combustor nozzle result from sediment of pulverized coal in gaps of pulverized coal tube and pit of nozzle,excessive mass fraction of volatile matter,less air delivery around and etc.Besides,the corresponding proposals for improvement are tabled.
The Empirical Study of Economic Growth factors Contribution in Central China

firstly This paper review the research experience of the economic growth factors,having an innovative idea that production factor includes physical capital and labor,total factor productivity includes human capital and technological progress.and then Constructing a production function model of Central China economic growth,measur-ing the contribution of factors to economic growth,results showing that the path of Central China economic growth has been still a relatively extensive growth path,depending heavily on production factors inputs rather than total factor pro-ductivity;and finally puts forward to policy proposals that we should heavily rely on enhancing total factor productivity,on human capital and technological progress,let the "two endogenous power" guide the Rise of Central China to lead a new leap forward.
An Analysis of Voucher Advocacy: Taking a Closer Look at the Uses and Limitations of “Gold Standard” Research

Voucher proponents have increasingly pursued empirical evidence on the effectiveness of vouchers as a form of education improvement, in addition to advocating for vouchers on moral or ethical grounds. Voucher proponents contend that randomized assignment studies of students in voucher programs have consistently confirmed the effectiveness of vouchers. We examine such advocacy claims about these “gold standard” studies from a leading voucher proponent, the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, to consider how such advocacy is presented. Although voucher advocates indicate that the research is conclusive, consistent, and thus generalizable, and essentially beyond reproach, closer examination of the studies put forth by advocates suggests little consensus or consistency across the reported findings. When there are positive effects, they do not translate across different contexts, populations, programs, grade levels, or subjects. Moreover, we highlight some limitations of these studies, which the advoca...
Apparatus architecture of Belodina (Conodonta): Interpretations based on fused clusters of Belodina compressa (Branson and Mehl, 1933) from the Middle Ordovician (Turinian) Plattin Limestone of Missouri and Iowa

Twelve fused clusters of conodont elements representing the apparatus of Belodina compressa (Branson and Mehl, 1933) were recovered from the Plattin Limestone (Turinian) near New London, Missouri, and Hanover, Iowa. These clusters show that the apparatus of B. compressa consisted of four morphologically distinct elements: eobelodiniform (M), compressiform (S 1 ), grandiform (S 2 ), and dispansiform (S 3 ) elements. All four element types are also present in fused clusters of B. confluens Sweet, 1979, supporting the interpretation that Belodina had a quadrimembrate apparatus. The B. compressa clusters were recovered from pellet-rich wackestones that yielded relatively large and diverse conodont faunas, in which only the elements of B. compressa were fused. The elements of B. compressa present in the fused clusters may have been deposited in fecal pellets, where a higher concentration of calcium phosphate, combined with the relatively large surface area contacts between B. compressa elements, facilitated the fusing of these elements into clusters. These fused clusters provide the basis for interpretation of the apparatus architecture of Belodina.
Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula of the medial tentorial artery

The medial tentorial artery arises from the meningohypophyseal trunk, a branch of the cavernous internal carotid artery, and it is poorly visualized on angiography in the absence of pathologically increased blood flow. We present the case of a 38-year-old man with intraventricular hemorrhage from a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) singularly supplied by a robust medial tentorial artery. Tentorial DAVFs comprise a rare but high-risk subset of DAVFs. The diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings and confirmed with digital subtraction angiography.
MRI in Acute Non-Accidental Head Injury

The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of acute non-accidental head injury (NAHI) was studied retrospectively in 12 infants and children, ages 1 to 34 months (average, 5.7 months), admitted to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, Scotland.
The South Carolina Comprehensive Health Education Act Needs to Be Amended.

The article focuses on needs for amendments to South Carolina's Comprehensive Health Education Act. It states proposed amendments relate to including evidence-based and medically-accurate information, strengthening oversight of school district compliance with the law, and certification and training requirements for teachers. It comments that South Carolina is one of 28 states that doesn't require unbiased and culturally appropriate content and talks about sexual risks among SC teenagers.
Category learning with a goal: how goals constrain conceptual acquisition

ABSTRACTA novel task was used to examine the roles that goals play in concept acquisition. In Experiment 1, we varied the type of interaction, and thus the task goal, of participants working in a novel domain. Following those interactions, participant responses showed that they had organized their knowledge in terms of goal-relevant features. Using a variation of the same methodology, Experiment 2 provided evidence that the goal relevance also played a role in how the participants structured their knowledge of the items, specifically what information about the items was associated with differentiating the categories encountered. The results suggest that the goals not only highlighted particular features, they determined the centrality of those features in the conceptual knowledge. We discuss the results in terms of the goal-framework hypothesis; the idea that goals structure information and provide coherence to the acquired concepts. We discuss how this approach informs category learning research.
Near Surface Stratigraphy and Regolith Production in Southwestern Elysium Planitia, Mars: Implications for Hesperian-Amazonian Terrains and the InSight Lander Mission

The presence of rocks in the ejecta of craters at the InSight landing site in southwestern Elysium Planitia indicates a strong, rock-producing unit at depth. A finer regolith above is inferred by the lack of rocks in the ejecta of 10-m-scale craters. This regolith should be penetrable by the mole of the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3). An analysis of the size-frequency distribution (SFD) of 7988 rocky ejecta craters (RECs) across four candidate landing ellipses reveals that all craters >200 m in diameter and ${<}750 \pm 30\ \mbox{Ma}$ in age have boulder-sized rocks in their ejecta. The frequency of RECs however decreases significantly below this diameter ( $D$ ), represented by a roll-off in the SFD slope. At $30\ \text{m} < D < 200\ \text{m}$ , the slope of the cumulative SFD declines to near zero at $D < 30\ \text{m}$ . Surface modification, resolution limits, or human counting error cannot account for the magnitude of this roll-off. Rather, a significant population of 3 m by the HP3 however increases significantly due to the increase in boulder-size rocks in the lower regolith column, near the interface of the bedrock.
Maturity fears in anorexia nervosa

Maturity fears (MF) is a relevant feature of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN). The presence of MF and its implications in the outcome of AN is described. A review of specialized textbooks and the available literature in PubMed was made. Bruch (1974) and Crisp (1997) models have related the psychosexual immaturity to the regression to a prepubescent body as a maladaptative mechanism to confront the bio-psycho-social changes due to the transition to adulthood; as well as the individual vulnerability, family dynamics and deficits in mother/daughter bond. These findings show that MF are significantly correlated to an early onset of the disorder, primary amenorrhea, restrictive subtype of AN, feminine gender role, asceticism, self-discipline, hypercontrol, self-injury behaviors, treatment drop out, and negative outcome. There was a significant improvement of MF in anorexic adolescents included in a psycho educational programme and family therapy. One of the core characteristics of the AN is the MF underlined in classical paradigms and based on the current scientific evidence. MF should be considered a central therapeutic aspect and a prognostic index in AN.
Managing cropland and rangeland for climate mitigation: an expert elicitation on soil carbon in California

Understanding the magnitude of and uncertainty around soil carbon flux (SCF) is important in light of California’s efforts to increase SCF (from the atmosphere to soils) for climate change mitigation. SCF depends, to a great extent, on how soils are managed. Here, we summarize the results of an elicitation of soil science and carbon cycle experts aiming to characterize understanding of current SCF in California’s cropland and rangeland, and how it may respond to alternative management practices over time. We considered four cropland management practices—biochar, compost, cover crops, and no-till—and two rangeland management practices, compost and high-impact grazing. Results across all management practices reveal underlying uncertainties as well as very modest opportunities for soil carbon management to contribute meaningfully to California’s climate mitigation. Under median scenarios, experts expect all the surveyed management practices to reverse SCF from negative to positive, with direct carbon additions via biochar and compost offering the best potential for boosting the soil carbon pool.
Spatiotemporal Distribution Pattern of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Apothecia is Modulated by Canopy Closure and Soil Temperature in an Irrigated Soybean Field.

Identifying the optimal timing for fungicide application is crucial in order to maximize the control of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), which is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In this study, the i...
Biology, Systematics, and Evolution of Ips

Abstract Ips bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occur in conifer forests of North America (23 species) and Eurasia (14 species). Larvae and adults feed under the bark of pine or spruce and are less common in fir, cedar, and larch. Most beetles are decomposers of dead and dying trees but some species will kill healthy trees. As males bore into the tree, they produce pheromones, which attract conspecifics and in some cases deter heterospecifics. These phenomena inspired much research concerning beetle population dynamics and the molecular basis of pheromone production. Diversification of conifers over ≈ 20 million years influenced Ips diversity while Pleistocene glaciation influenced intraspecific genetic diversity. For over 200 years, taxonomic study of Ips occurred without an explicit species concept. However, post-modern synthesis systematic studies discovered cryptic species via breeding experiments, and monophyly of Ips via molecular phylogenetics. Timing of species divergence and evolutionary ecology were inferred from these phylogenies. In addition, diagnoses, in comparison to related and allopatric species, are given for all Ips species.
Relationship of parent–child sun protection among those at risk for and surviving with melanoma: Implications for family-based cancer prevention

Preventing melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer, is an important cancer control priority. This is especially true among children living in families previously affected by the disease because the risks for melanoma typically begin early in life. These risks accrue into adulthood but may be mitigated by parental intervention. Melanoma prevention behaviors that could be associated between adults and their children include use of sunscreen, protective clothing, seeking shade, or limiting sun exposure. This study sought to investigate how parent perceptions and behaviors influence sun protection and avoidance behaviors in their children, among relatives of melanoma survivors. In this cross-sectional study, parents (N = 313), all relatives of people diagnosed with melanoma, were surveyed about their melanoma risk-reduction behaviors and efforts to protect their children from sun exposure. Linear multiple regressions examined associations among parental behaviors, beliefs, and their reports of risk reduction for their children. Parents who practiced high sun protection themselves (i.e., wearing protective clothing, avoiding the sun, using sunscreen) were significantly more likely to report their child also wore protective clothing (B = 0.04, p < .004). Findings suggest that parents' use of risk-reducing behavioral measures extended to protective measures among their children. These findings have implications for the clinical care of melanoma survivors' families, including the design of targeted interventions that alter parental beliefs and behaviors surrounding both their own and their children's cancer prevention strategies.
Longer-term follow-up of college students screening positive for anorexia nervosa: psychopathology, help seeking, and barriers to treatment

The purpose of this study was to conduct a longer-term (i.e., 9-month) follow-up of students identified with possible anorexia nervosa (AN) as part of the Healthy Body Image Program, an online platform for screening and delivering tailored feedback and interventions, offered at 36 US universities. Participants were 61 individuals who screened positive for AN and who completed the follow-up. Regarding results, some indices of ED pathology and psychiatric comorbidity decreased over time, while others did not. Participants most commonly endorsed feeling ashamed, nervous, validated, and sad in response to receiving the referral. One-third (33%) reported already being in treatment at the time they received the referral, 26% initiated treatment since that time, and 41% did not initiate treatment. The most common reasons for seeking treatment were emotional distress, concern with eating, and health concerns. The strongest treatment barriers were believing one should be able to help themselves, believing the problem was not serious enough to warrant treatment, and not having time. Findings highlight the high level of pathology in students identified with possible AN, even nine months after they were first identified and provided resources, and the relatively low rates of treatment utilization given the seriousness of these illnesses.
Cell Shape and Growth Control

Publisher Summary Evidence from several laboratories suggests that the growth of normal epithelial cells is more stringently constrained than the growth of mesenchymal cells. Studies of the acute transforming RNA tumor viruses suggest that their mechanism of action involves the cell-derived genes that encode tyrosine-specific protein (TSP) kinase activities. Like the transforming retroviruses, polyoma virus also has a single gene that induces malignant transformation in its host cells. The kinases that are best characterized in terms of their interactions with substrates are those encoded by the avian retroviral genes, particularly src , fps , and yes . Mutations causing alterations in the 8K sequence at the amino-terminal end of the polypeptide also decreased the ability of the protein to enter the membrane. Transformation of avian embryo cells by introducing a retroviral genome is undoubtedly the altered growth program best understood at the cellular level.
Optogenetic rescue of a developmental patterning mutant

Abstract Animal embryos are partitioned into spatial domains by complex patterns of signaling and gene expression, yet it is still largely unknown what features of a developmental signal are essential. Part of the challenge arises because it has been impossible to “paint” arbitrary signaling patterns on an embryo to test their sufficiency. Here we demonstrate exactly this capability by combining optogenetic control of Ras/Erk signaling with the genetic loss of terminal signaling in early Drosophila embryos. Simple all-or-none light inputs at the embryonic termini were able to completely rescue normal development, generating viable larvae and fertile adults from this otherwise-lethal genetic mutant. Systematically varying illumination parameters further revealed that at least three distinct developmental programs are triggered by different cumulative doses of Erk. These results open the door to the targeted design of complex morphogenetic outcomes as well as the ability to correct patterning errors that underlie developmental defects. Summary Spatial gradients of protein activity pattern all developing embryos. But which features of these patterns are essential and which are dispensable for development? Answering this question has been deceptively difficult, due to the difficulty of shaping spatial gradients using chemical or genetic perturbations. Johnson and colleagues use optogenetics to fully restore normal embryo development with a pattern of light, opening the door to complete control over spatial organization in developing and engineered tissues.
Madre Dolorosa: Casting Competitions in Mother-Activism

This chapter illuminates the performative protests of a migrant-activist from Mexico, Elvira Arellano, who in 2006 took sanctuary in a Chicago church for a year together with her U.S.-born son rather than accept her deportation order. Our analysis of the journalism and artistic work depicting Arellano shows how quickly castings of migrants as good, self-sacrificing, and even saintly mothers, can be flipped to portray the migrant mother as abusive, criminal, and evil. We detail how attempts to associate Arellano with the Virgin Mary, as well as with civil rights heroine Rosa Parks, unintentionally made her vulnerable to charges that she was a lawbreaker, an unfit mother, and an inadequate role model for undocumented migrants. Besides contributing to an understanding of the production and circulation of emotion through performance in social movements, we explain why some melodramatic strategies can be at least partially efficacious while others backfire altogether, leading to demands for ever more intense displays of suffering.
CHAPTER 7 – EGGS

Publisher Summary Eggs serve important roles in many food products because of their diverse functional properties. This chapter discusses the structure and composition of eggs in relation to their functional properties. The three functional properties of eggs that are of importance with respect to food preparation are coagulation, emulsification, and foaming. As soon as the egg is laid, changes begin to take place that lower its quality and cause spoilage. Eggs are used in many food products because of their functional properties, coagulation, emulsification, and foaming. They also may add color and flavor to products. Eggs may serve more than one function in a product and are, therefore, difficult to replace. Processed eggs are marketed as refrigerated, dried, and frozen eggs and egg products for use in the food industry and in quantity food production. Research has led to the development of new processing techniques and the adoption of regulations to ensure the safety of processed egg products.