cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of soil compaction and the removal of organic matter on two native earthworms and soil properties in an oak-hickory forest.

Earthworms may alter the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a forest soil ecosystem. Any physical manipulation of the soil ecosystem may, in turn, affect the activities and ecology of earthworms. The effects of removing organic matter (logs and forest litter) and severely compacting the soil on native earthworm species were measured in a central USA hardwood region (oak-hickory) forest in the Missouri Ozarks (USA). Soils in this region are characterized by a cherty residuum that is primarily of the Clarksville series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paledults). Earthworms were collected from 0–15 cm depth each spring and fall for 2 years by handsorting, and densities were determined on a per meter square basis. Two native earthworm species, Diplocardia ornata and Diplocardia smithii, were dominant on this site. Organic matter removal decreased the average individual biomass of both species. However, both species responded differently to soil compaction. Soil compaction affected D. ornata adversely and D. smithii favorably. This suggested that the degree of soil compaction was not as restrictive with respect to D. smithii (2 mm diameter) as to D. ornata (5 mm diameter). Moreover, the apparently improved soil environmental conditions resulting from the remaining organic matter in compacted soil enhanced the population and growth of D. smithii. Sampling position on the landscape affected D. ornata but not D. smithii. Soil microbial biomass C and soil microbial biomass N were decreased under soil compaction when the organic matter was removed. Other factors influencing the ecology and activity of these two species will require further study.
Increased release of excitatory amino acids in rat locus coeruleus in κ-opioid agonist dependent rats precipitated by nor-binaltorphimine

Abstract Extracellular fluid levels of glutamate and aspartate in the locus coeruleus (LC) during nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI)-precipitated withdrawal from butorphanol, (5α,7α,8β)-(+)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro [4,5] dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide (U-69,593), or morphine were measured in rats. When the microdialysis probe was located in the core of the LC, increases in glutamate and aspartate were noted after nor-BNI (48 nmol/50 μl, LC)-precipitated withdrawal in rats that had been intracerebroventricularly infused with butorphanol (26 nmol/l μl/h) or U-69,593 (26 nmol/10 μl/h) for 3 days. The glutamate and aspartate levels in the LC markedly increased in the butorphanol- or U-69,593-dependent rats within 60 min following administration of nor-BNI. However, there was no significant increase in levels of glutamate, and only a slight increase in levels of aspartate, after nor-BNI treatment of the morphine (26 nmol/1 μl/h)-infused rats. Behavioral signs of withdrawal (teeth-chattering, wet-dog shakes, etc.) were observed following nor-BNI challenge in the butorphanol- or U-69,593-infused rats, with only minimal signs in the morphine-infused rats, and none in the saline-infused controls. These results directly suggest that κ-opioid receptors and excitatory amino acids within the LC mediate withdrawal in animals dependent on butorphanol or U-69,593, but not on morphine. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Straintronics-Based Random Access Memory as Universal Data Storage Devices

Nanomagnetic and spin-based memories are distinguished for their high data endurance in comparison with their charge-based peers. However, they have drawbacks, such as high write energy and poor scalability due to high write current. In this paper, we apply the straintronics principle that seeks the combination of piezoelectricity and inverse magnetostriction (Villari effect), to design a proof-of-principle 2 Kb nonvolatile magnetic memory in 65 nm CMOS technology. Our simulation results show read-access and write-cycle energies as low as 49 and 143 fJ/b, respectively. At a nominal supply level of 1 V, reading can be performed as fast as 562 MHz. Write error rates <;10 -7 and 10 -15 can be obtained at 10 and 5 MHz, respectively. In addition to nonvolatility, ultralow energy per operation, and high performance, our STRs memory has a high storage density with a cell size as small as 0.2 μm 2 .
Many-body effects and new phenomena in atomic and molecular photoionization

Abstract The interplay between theory and experiment has stimulated the uncovering and understanding of a broad range of new phenomena in atomic and molecular photoabsorption processes, brought about by the advent of third-generation synchrotron light sources, on the experimental side, and vastly enhanced computing power on the theoretical. Among the examples of the new physics explored are nondipole effects in atoms and molecules at very low photon energies (tens or hundreds of eV) and the influence of many-body correlations on them, core level photodetachment of negative ions and the structure engendered by the photoelectron emerging through the charge cloud of the outer, loosely bound electrons, and the photoionization of confined atoms and ions trapped, e.g., in a C 60 cage, and the modifications to the photoionization cross section resulting from the confinement.
Composition and properties of the membrane-bound respiratory chain system of Micrococcus denitrificans

Abstract 1. The respiratory chain system of Micrococcus denitrificans closely resembles that of mammalian mitochondria; it includes cytochromes a + a 3 , two c -type and at least one b -type cytochrome and DPNH- and succinate dehydrogenases. All of the cytochromes are membrane-bound in preparations from aerobically grown bacteria. Ubiquinone is also localized in the membrane fraction. Although an o -type cytochrome may be present, there is no evidence that it is a functional part of the electron transport chain. The DPNH- and succinoxidase activities show sensitivities to inhibitors entirely similar to those of the mammalian system. 2. The DPNH- and succinate dehydrogenases appear to be distinct entities with different sensitivities to the kind and concentrations of ions in the reaction medium and to inhibition by treatment of membranes with detergent. Both dehydrogenases react with the same cytochrome system, and in most circumstances the dehydrogenases are the rate-limiting steps in the oxidation of the substrates. 3. M. denitrificans can modify the relative amounts of the different cytochromes present according to the conditions of growth; the content of b - and c -type cytochromes is higher and the a -type lower in cells grown anaerobically with nitrate than in cells grown aerobically. The rates of electron transfer are high in cells grown under all conditions tested. There is no evidence that the respiratory chain system is composed of fixed units with precise stoichiometry. 4. The DPNH- and succinoxidase activities of relatively intact membranes are stimulated markedly by freezing and thawing or exposure to sonic oscillation. Detergents can have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The data give evidence of the nature of orientation of the respiratory chain pigments on the membrane.
Near-Infrared Imaging and [O I] Spectroscopy of IC 443 using Two Micron All Sky Survey and Infrared Space Observatory

We present near-infrared J (1.25 mum), H (1.65 mum), and K-s (2.17 mum) imaging of the entire supernova remnant IC 443 from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), and Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) LWS observations of [O I] for 11 positions in the northeast.
Self-Consciousness and Cognitive Prototypes of the Ideal Self

Abstract The current research included two studies that assessed private as well as public self-consciousness and tested recognition memory of trait adjectives which participants had rated according to either private/ideal (Study 1) or public/ideal (Study 2) self-descriptiveness. Each study produced a pattern of false alarms (FA) that corresponded to predictions: Study 1 revealed that participants high in private self-consciousness committed more FA to distractors that described the private/ideal self most, but fewer FA to distractors that described the private/ideal self least, than did participants low in private self-consciousness, whereas Study 2 revealed that participants high in public self-consciousness committed more FA to distractors that described the public/ideal self most, but fewer to distractors that described the public/ideal self least, than did participants low in public self-consciousness. Considered jointly, the results supported the hypotheses. First, individuals mentally represent both private and public facets of the ideal self according to cognitive prototypes. Second, private (but not public) self-consciousness predicts the extent to which individuals have developed the prototype that represents the private facet of the ideal self, whereas public (but not private) self-consciousness predicts the extent to which individuals have developed the prototype that represents the public facet.
Quadratic spline interpolation

Abstract In this paper we study variational properties and convergence of quadratic spline interpolation where the points of interpolation are kept uniformly away from the mesh points.
Cyclotron Resonance in Zinc

Azbel-Kaner cyclotron resonance has been studied at 24 Gc/sec and 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the ($10\overline{1}0$), ($11\overline{2}0$), and (0001) planes of zinc. Twelve distinct mass series have been identified and their mass values determined as a function of the orientation of the magnetic field in the sample surface. All of the observed signals are felt to arise from carriers in orbits on either the lens-shaped electron surface in the third band or the hole surface in the second band. One of the mass series is assigned to a limiting-point resonance associated with the electrons on the spherical caps of the "lens."
Antisymmetric and anisotropic exchange in ferromagnetic copper(II) layers

The theory of exchange narrowing is extended in systems with large isotropic ${J}_{0}$ to include static spin correlations and antisymmetric exchange. Both contribute to the unusual temperature-dependent, exchange-narrowed EPR linewidth $\ensuremath{\Delta}H(T)$ in $\mathrm{Cu}X_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{2\ensuremath{-}} (X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br})$ salts based on ferromagnetic layers of $s=\frac{1}{2}$ copper(II) sites. Single-crystal EPR data are presented for Pt${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ and for 1-3-propanediammonium-Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ as a function of temperature and crystal orientation. In both salts, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H(T)$ is shown to be dominated by corrections to ${J}_{0}$, with the antisymmetric exchange larger than the symmetric anisotropic term. Single-crystal EPR provides a novel general approach for finding the magnitude and orientation of the vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{d}}$ for antisymmetric exchange. Antisymmetric contributions to $\ensuremath{\Delta}H(T)$ are not enhanced by spin diffusion in low-dimensional systems when the paramagnetic sites are at inversion centers. The different role of static spin correlations for symmetric and antisymmetric perturbations accounts without adjustable parameters for the angular anisotropy of $\ensuremath{\Delta}H(T)$. The residual temperature dependence of the effective exchange frequency is not understood and probably involves various kinds of phonon modulation.
Sex Differences in the Chronology of Deciduous Tooth Emergence in White and Black Children

Tooth emergence in 376 black and white children between the ages of 4 and 33 months was studied in southeastern Michigan. The results indicate a trend in both groups for boys to show earlier tooth emergence in early stages and for girls to show earlier tooth emergence in later stages of deciduous tooth emergence.
Changing primary teacher trainees' attitudes to science

A study of primary teacher trainees' perceptions and attitudes to science in 1990, has been useful in designing a semester unit aimed at increasing the confidence and interest of first year students at Victoria College. This paper outlines the background survey and discusses some, of the results and how they were used to develop the Professional Readiness Study-Understanding Science. This unit attempts to change attitudes by focussing on metacognition and encourages students to understand and control their own learning. Discussion involves teaching and learning strategies and alternative assessment approaches including the student's journal-the Personal Record.
Composable Information Gradients in Wireless Sensor Networks

In sensor networks we aim to achieve global objectives through local decisions at each node, based only on data available in the node's neighborhood. In this paper, we diffuse information away from source nodes holding desired data, so as to establish information potentials that allow network queries to navigate towards and reach these sources through local greedy decisions, following information gradients. We compute these information potentials by solving for a discrete approximation to a partial differential equation over appropriate network neighborhoods, through a simple local iteration that can be executed in a distributed manner and can be re-invoked to repair the information field locally when links fail, sources move, etc. The solutions to this equation are classical harmonic functions, which have a rich algebraic structure and many useful properties, including the absence of local extrema, providing a guarantee that our local greedy navigation will not get stuck. Unlike shortest path trees, which can also be used to guide queries to sources, information potentials are robust to low-level link volatility as they reflect more global properties of the underlying connectivity. By exploiting the algebraic structure of harmonic functions such potentials can be combined in interesting ways to enable far greater path diversity and thus provide better load balancing than is possible with fixed tree structures, or they can be used to answer range queries about the number of sources in a certain regions by simply traversing the boundary of the region. Potentials for multiple information types can be aggregated and compressed using a variant of the q-digest data structure. The paper provides both analytic results and detailed simulations supporting these claims.
Peg-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Importance of the field: Asparaginase is a prominent component of pediatric and adolescent treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These treatment regimens are now being employed in adults. Knowledge of the efficacy and toxicity of asparaginase preparations is essential when using these treatments.Areas covered by this review: The search terms used were asparaginase, leukemia, pegylated, oncaspar, adolescent and young adult. Literature was searched in Pubmed/Medline with no limitations on year of publication. Abstracts from the American Society of Hematology meetings and the American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched from 2004 – 2008 using the same terms.What the reader will gain: The reader will gain knowledge of the tolerability and efficacy of pegylated asparaginase when treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Take home message: Pegylated asparaginase is generally well tolerated in adult patients with efficacy that appears to be at least equivalent to native asparaginase preparations.
A simplified, empirical large-signal model for SiC MESFETs

A new, simplified empirical large-signal model for high power microwave SiC MESFFTs is presented. A generalized drain current source equation is developed, allowing close predictions of both pulsed and static IV characteristics, which vary significantly due to current dispersion. Thv drain current source is based on pulsed IV measurements and accurately predicts the gm and gds without supplemental RF current source generators as typically used in other models. The model is shown to accurately predict the output and input reflected power over an available power range of +10dBm to +36dBm for three harmonics while maintaining the ability to compute the small-signal S-parameters.
Optoelectronics of Single Carbon Nanotubes

CNTs are one-dimensional materials with unique properties that make them ideal for applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Particularly strong emphasis has been placed on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). In these devices a semiconducting, single-walled, nanotube molecule replaces silicon as the transistor "channel." CNTFETs with thick gate dielectrics tend to be unipolar p-type devices. Upon scaling of the oxide thickness, however, the Schottky barriers present at both source and drain are screened by the gate and become sufficiently thin to allow the simultaneous injection of electrons and holes from opposite ends of the CNT channel, i.e. the transistor becomes ambipolar (a-CNTFET).
Socio-economic Development in Nepal

In the past five decades, Nepal has followed the standard modernization path with mixed results. The country witnessed the growth of rent seeking elites and increased income inequality, in spite of huge national and international expenditures. This article presents a retrospect of the major socio-economic development policies that Nepal adopted in the past 50 years during which a variety of politico-economic decision-making systems were introduced. The initial years in the fifties, after emancipation from a very autocratic regime of more than 100 years, were particularly chaotic. The second half of the fifties ushered in a period of reform but this was interrupted by King Mahendra's unfortunate political coup of 1960. The socioeconomic development of 1961 to 1990 was very sluggish, regionally biased and unproductive, which led to mass poverty level in Nepal. The socio-economic progress after 1990 seems encouraging but the real achievements have been overshadowed by the weakness of the politico-economic ch...
Review of Practice for Deeply Embedded/Buried NPP Structures Subject to Seismic Loadings

Motivated by many design considerations, several conceptual designs for advanced reactors have proposed that the entire reactor building and a significant portion of the steam generator building will be either partially or completely embedded below grade. For the analysis of seismic events, the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect and passive earth pressure for these types of deeply embedded structures will have a significant influence on the predicted seismic response. Sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is carrying out a research program to assess the significance of these proposed design features for advanced reactors, and to evaluate the existing analytical methods to determine their applicability and adequacy in capturing the seismic behavior of the proposed designs. This paper summarizes a literature review performed by BNL to determine the state of knowledge and practice for seismic analyses of deeply embedded and/or buried (DEB) nuclear containment type structures. Included in the paper is BNL’s review of the open literature of existing standards, tests, and practices that have been used in the design and analysis of DEB structures. The paper also provides BNL’s evaluation of available codes and guidelines with respect to seismic design practice of DEB structures. Based on BNL’s review, a discussion is provided to highlight the applicability of the existing technologies for seismic analyses of DEB structures and to identify gaps that may exist in knowledge and potential issues that may require better understanding and further research.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A fundamental limit on timing performance with scintillation detectors

A new lower bound on the mean-squared error of postdetection gamma -ray time-of-flight estimators has been derived. Previously, the Cramer-Rao bound has been used, but for nearly exponentially decaying scintillation pulses it gives an extremely optimistic picture of the achievable performance, depending critically on the dark current and photomultiplier characteristics. The new bound has been derived under the assumption that excited states in the scintillator leading to the emission of scintillation photons have an exponential lifetime density. The bound is a function of the mean state lifetime, the spectrum of energy deposited, and the energy conversion efficiency of the scintillator, and it is exact for the observation of a mono-exponentially decaying photoelectron rate at the first dynode of the photomultiplier tube given the gamma -ray arrival time. >
A Social-Cognitive Perspective on Firm Innovation

Innovation is the central value of economic behavior, and this paper proposes a social-cognitive perspective for studying the sources of firm innovation. In the context of firm innovation, the cognitions of top management teams or an entrepreneur shape the way they use the social structure available to them, while the social structures influence the embedded actors’ cognitions and ultimately their strategic actions. Managers and entrepreneurs form collaborative partnerships designed to achieve innovation and competitiveness. During this dynamic social learning process, cognitive differences influence the formation of social capital and its realized benefits. The impact of social capital on innovation can hardly be evaluated without understanding individual cognitive characteristics first. By distinguishing between cognitive structures, as well as social capital characteristics, and by investigating their effects on firm innovation, this paper extends the literature on organization theory and innovation research.
Pulsed-beam propagation in lossless dispersive media. I. Theory

This first part of a two-part investigation is concerned with the effects of dispersion on the propagation characteristics of the scalar field associated with a highly localized pulsed-beam (PB) wave packet in a lossless homogeneous medium described by the generic wave-number profile k(ω)=ω/c(ω), where c(ω) is the frequency-dependent wave propagation speed. While comprehensive studies have been performed for the one-dimensional problem of pulsed plane-wave propagation in dispersive media, particularly for specific c(ω) profiles of the Lorentz or Debye type, even relatively crude measures tied to generic k(ω) profiles do not appear to have been obtained for the three-dimensional problem associated with a PB wave packet with complex frequency and wave-number spectral constituents. Such wave packets have been well explored in nondispersive media, and simple asymptotic expressions have been obtained in the paraxial range surrounding the beam axis. These paraxially approximated wave objects are now used to formulate the initial conditions for the lossless generic k(ω) dispersive case. The resulting frequency inversion integral is reduced by simple saddle-point asymptotics to extract the PB phenomenology in the well-developed dispersive regime. The phenomenology of the transient field is parameterized in terms of the space–time evolution of the PB wave-front curvature, spatial and temporal beam width, etc., as well as in terms of the corresponding space–time-dependent frequencies of the signal, which are related to the local geometrical properties of the k(ω) dispersion surface. These individual parameters are then combined to form nondimensional critical parameters that quantify the effect of dispersion within the space–time range of validity of the paraxial PB. One does this by performing higher-order asymptotic expansions beyond the paraxial range and then ascertaining the conditions for which the higher-order terms can be neglected. In Part II [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A15, 1276 (1998)], these studies are extended to include the transitional regime at those early observation times for which dispersion is not yet fully developed. Also included in Part II are analytical and numerical results for a simple Lorentz model that permit assessment of the performance of various nondimensional critical estimators.
Reliability Improvement and Models in Autonomic Computing

The rapidly increasing complexity of computing systems is driving the movement towards autonomic systems that are capable of managing themselves without the need for human intervention. Without autonomic technologies, many conventional systems suffer reliability degradation due to the accumulation of errors. The autonomic management techniques break the traditional reliability degradation trend. This paper comprehensively describes the roles and functions of various autonomic components, and systematically reviews past and current technologies that have been/are being developed to address the specific areas of the autonomic computing environment. The effort to identify those ideas can lead to the design of more advanced autonomic computing that support highly reliable systems, as briefly proposed in the conclusion
Therapy as Theory and as Civics

The conventional wisdom is that the therapeutic enterprise is `value-neutral', not impelled by any moral agenda, and intended chiefly to render its beneficiaries more successful in attaining what they desire. I argue in the present article that, were this the case, there could be nothing therapeutic in the undertaking; further, that one should be assisted in attaining what should be desirable, but what may not, in the given case, be desired. The form of life that realizes the most authentic aspects of our humanity is of an essentially civic nature, and it is fitness for this form of life that should guide therapeutic endeavors.
Defining the Requirements for Peptide Recognition in Gene Therapy-Induced T Cell Tolerance

Expression of a retrovirally transduced MHC class I Ag, H-2K(b) (K(b)), in bone marrow-derived cells leads to specific prolongation of K(b) disparate skin grafts. To examine the extent to which peptides derived from K(b) contribute to the induction of tolerance, retroviruses carrying mutant K(b) genes designed to enter separate pathways of Ag presentation were constructed. Thymectomized and CD8 T cell-depleted mice that had been irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells expressing a secreted form of K(b) showed prolongation of K(b) disparate skin graft survival. Skin graft prolongation was not observed when similar experiments were performed using mice that were not CD8 T cell depleted. This suggests that hyporesponsiveness can be induced in CD4 T cells, but not CD8 T cells by Ags presented via the exogenous pathway of Ag processing. Modest prolongation of skin allografts was observed in mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells transduced with retroviruses carrying a gene encoding a mutant K(b) molecule expressed only in the cytoplasm. Prolongation was also observed in similar experiments in mice that were thymectomized and CD4 T cell depleted following complete reconstitution, but not in mice that were reconstituted and then thymectomized and CD8 T cell depleted. Thus, hyporesponsiveness can be induced in a subset of CD8 T cells by recognition of peptides derived from K(b) through both the direct and indirect pathways of Ag recognition, while CD4 T cell hyporesponsiveness to MHC class I disparate grafts occurs only through the indirect pathway of Ag recognition.
Methods of Assay for Peroxidases and Polyphenolases and Their Application to Enzyme Isolation

Accurate and rapid methods for the quantitative analysis of peroxidases and polyphenolases are described which allow for mechanical deduction of nonenzymic oxidation effects commonly found in crude plant extracts. These methods were used in evaluating the successive steps for a method of partial isolation of the enzymes of two species of Impatiens.
Effects of auditory stimulation on respiration.

Each of 40 college students received 6 presentations of white noise at an intensity of either SO or 110 dB during either inspiration or expiration. Changes in tidal volume, inspiratory period, and expiratory period elicited by that stimulation were studied. Auditory stimulation produced respiratory changes which could be regarded conveniently as two phasic responses. We labeled these responses the initial phasic response and the delayed phasic response. The initial response was limited to the respiratory period during which stimulation was delivered, it consisted of a brief inspiratory movement which increased the speed of inspiratory periods during which it occurred but decreased the speed of expiratory periods during which it occurred. In either case, the initial phasic response increased ventilation. The delayed phasic response was an increase both in speed and tidal volume of respiratory cycles subsequent to the period during which stimulation was delivered. Like the initial response, the delayed response increased ventilation. The effects of the delayed response were more widespread when stimulation was delivered during expiration rather than during inspiration. Stimulus intensity and stimulus repetition respectively potentiated and attenuated both the initial and the delayed phasic response. The findings are compared with those of earlier research on respiratory changes elicited by auditory stimulation.
ORCHESTRA: facilitating collaborative data sharing

One of the most elusive goals of structured data management has been sharing among large, heterogeneous populations: while data integration [4, 10] and exchange [3] are gradually being adopted by corporations or small confederations, little progress has been made in integrating broader communities. Yet the need for large-scale sharing of heterogeneous data is increasing: most of the sciences, particularly biology and astronomy, have become data-driven as they have attempted to tackle larger questions. The field of bioinformatics, in particular, has seen a plethora of different databases emerge: each is focused on a related but subtly different collection of organisms (e.g., CryptoDB, TIGR, FlyNome), genes (GenBank, GeneDB), proteins (UniProt, RCSB Protein Databank), diseases (OMIM, GeneDis), and so on. Such communities have a pressing need to interlink their heterogeneous databases in order to facilitate scientific discovery. Schemes for data sharing at scale have generally failed in the past because database approaches tend to impose strict global constraints: a single global schema, a (perhaps virtual) globally consistent data instance, and central administration. Each of these requirements is a barrier to participation: global schema design across a community is arduous and often requires many revisions; global consistency restricts a participant from disagreeing with others (if enforced), or may result in inconsistent answers (if unenforced); central administration impedes responsiveness to evolving requirements. Even the new approach of peer data management [9, 7], which supports multiple mediated schemas and thus distributes some aspects of administration and eliminates the need for global schema design, still limits Copyright is held by the author/owner(s). SIGMOD’07, June 11–14, 2007, Beijing, China. ACM 978-1-59593-686-8/07/0006. local autonomy because of strong data consistency requirements. To sidestep these limitations, data providers typically resort to custom, ad hoc tools: scientific data sharing often consists of large databases placed on FTP sites, which users download and convert into their local format using custom Perl scripts. Meanwhile the original data sources continue to be edited. In some cases the data providers publish weekly or monthly lists of updates to help others keep in sync; however, few sites, except direct replicas, actually exploit these update lists — instead, different copies of the data are simply allowed to diverge. Our research goal is to provide a more principled and general-purpose infrastructure for data sharing with significant gains in terms of freshness, flexibility, functionality, and extensibility. Largely guided by the needs of biologists and other scientific users, but with a goal of addressing large-scale data sharing in the broader context, we define a model for a declarative, yet extremely flexible, approach to data sharing, called the collaborative data sharing system, or CDSS.
Application of automated bioacoustic identification in environmental education and assessment

Developments in electronics and computer science have led to the introduction of an automated bioacoustic identification device used to resolve commonly encountered problems in the identification of animal species in the field. This technology aids our auditory observations, and also improves the quality of biological surveys and environmental monitoring. In this paper the future roles and possibilities of bioacoustics are discussed, providing some examples from the realm of environmental education and monitoring that focus on the use of nature sounds.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORE FRACTIONS.

Chromatophore material from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas spheroides was freed of ribosomes by centrifugation in 27 per cent RbCl and then separated into "heavy" and "light" fractions by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient. The fractions differed from one another in the following ways. (a) The isopycnic density of the heavy fraction was between 1.15 and 1.18 gm/ml and that of the light fraction was 1.14 gm/ml. (b) The heavy fraction was able to bind ribosomes; the light fraction was not. (c) The light fraction was homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and had a sedimentation constant, extrapolated to infinite dilution, of 153 s20,w. The heavy fraction was grossly heterogeneous. (d) Both the amount of bacteriochlorophyll relative to protein and the ratio of bacteriochlorophyll to carotenoids were greater in the light fraction. (e) The spectra of the two fractions in the near infra-red were different. Comparisons of the chromatophore fractions from cells with different amounts of bacteriochlorophyll showed that the specific bacteriochlorophyll contents of the two fractions did not change to the same extent as did that of the whole cells. The amount of heavy fraction from pigmented cells was roughly independent of the cellular pigment content and was about equal to that from pigment-free cells. The amount of light fraction depended on the pigment content of the cells; no light fraction was obtained from cells devoid of bacteriochlorophyll. The cytochrome complements of both fractions underwent quantitative as well as qualitative changes with varying growth conditions. The size of the photosynthetic unit in R. spheroides appeared to increase as the total cellular bacteriochlorophyll content increased; however, the number of units per light fraction particle remained constant.
POTASSIUM-ARGON ISOTOPIC AGES ON MICAS FROM THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS*

Results are presented as part of a continuing study of the metamorphic- plutonic history of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces. K-Ar isotopic age studies were made on micas from these rocks. It was concluded that the rocks of the Blue Ridge Province were subjected to repeated metamorphic activity. The initial metumorphism of the basement occurred at least 1100 million years ago. A widespread metamorphism may have affected the area about 850 million years ago. The next clearly defined event took place between 450 and 550 million years ago. At 350 million years ago metamorphism occurred all along the western border of the southern Appalachian Province. This appears to have occurred in a zone at least 100 miles in width. About 250 million years ago, a belt of metamorphism developed in Georgia that may prove continuous through the eastern Piedmont of S. C. and N. C. (M.C.G.)
Age and tissue specific differences in the development of acute insulin resistance following injury

Injuries, hemorrhage, sepsis, burn, and critical illnesses all induce insulin resistance, and insulin resistance is strongly associated with advancing age. However, the effect of age on injury induced insulin resistance is not well studied. We performed surgical trauma in male rats of three different ages (3-, 6-, and 10-weeks old). Rats were either hemorrhaged to a mean arterial pressure of 35-40 mmHg and subsequently maintained at that pressure for up to 90 min, or maintained without hemorrhage as controls. Results indicate that insulin-induced intracellular signaling was diminished in liver and skeletal muscle of 6- and 10-week old rats following trauma and hemorrhage. In even younger rats, immediately post-weaning ( approximately 3 weeks of age), insulin signaling was lost in liver, but not in skeletal muscle. Glucocorticoids can play a role in the chronic development of insulin resistance. Our results demonstrate that corticosterone levels were increased in 6- and 10-week old animals following hemorrhage, but little change was measured in 3-week old animals. Blockade of glucocorticoid synthesis prevented the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, but not in liver of 6- and 10-week old rats. Moreover, skeletal muscle glucocorticoid receptor levels increased dramatically between 3 and 6 weeks of age. These results indicate that trauma and hemorrhage-induced hepatic insulin resistance occurs at all ages tested. However, there is no development of insulin resistance following trauma and hemorrhage in skeletal muscle of post-weaning rats. In skeletal muscle of 6- and 10-week old rats, inhibition of glucocorticoid levels prevents the development of insulin resistance.
ORTH/VIM proteins that regulate DNA methylation are functional ubiquitin E3 ligases.

Appropriate methylation of genomes is essential for gene regulation. We describe here the six-member ORTHRUS (ORTH) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana that plays a role in DNA methylation in vivo. ORTH1-5 are predicted to encode proteins each containing one PHD, two RING domains, and one SRA domain whereas ORTHlike-1 encodes a protein with only one RING and SRA domain. cDNAs for ORTH1, 2, 5 and ORTHlike-1 were isolated, and when expressed as GST fusion proteins were capable of promoting ubiquitylation in vitro with the E2 AtUBC11. ORTH1 promotes ubiquitylation when paired with additional AtUBC8 family members. ORTH1 proteins with substitutions in metal ligand binding residues in each ORTH1 RING domain individually and ORTH1 truncation derivatives lacking one or both RING domains were tested for ability to catalyze ubiquitylation in vitro. In these assays, either ORTH1 RING domain is capable of promoting ubiquitylation. The PHD alone is not active as an E3 ligase, nor required for ligase activity. GFP-ORTH1 and GFP-ORTH2 are nuclear-localized in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Overexpression of ORTH1 or 2 in Arabidopsis leads to an altered flowering time. Inspection of DNA methylation at FWA and Cen180 repeats revealed hypomethylation when ORTH proteins were over-expressed. Once initiated, a late-flowering phenotype persisted in the absence of the ORTH transgene, consistent with epigenetic effects at FWA. We conclude that ORTH proteins are E3 ligases mediating DNA methylation status in vivo.
A cognitive strategy for developing pedagogical content knowledge in the secondary mathematics methods course: toward a model of effective practice

Abstract This study contributes to an emerging body of research on how to develop prospective teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in teacher education. The main focus is on the knowledge transformation process and on the cognitive strategy used to shift prospective teachers’ instructional explanations within the domain of integer subtraction from an instrumental to a relational understanding of mathematics. The strategy rests on the observation that transformation is not a unidirectional process from subject-matter knowledge to pedagogical content knowledge as the literature suggests. The adequacy of prospective teachers’ instructional explanations, and the depth of their subject-matter understanding, is analyzed using a modification of Perkins and Simmons’ levels of subject-matter understanding framework. The study concludes with observations about the interface between student achievement and prospective teachers’ subject-matter and pedagogical content knowledge.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills With Children With Learning Disabilities

This study examined the test-retest reliability of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (nonmotor) (TVPS). The sample consisted of 30 first- and second-grade children (aged 6 years through 8 years) with identified learning disabilities. The TVPS was administered on two separate occasions that were 1 to 2 weeks apart. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the total test standard scores was .81. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the subtests ranged from .33 (Sequential Memory) to .78 (Form Constancy). The primary finding from this study is that TVPS scores on the total test show adequate test-retest reliability for use in clinical settings. The scores on the subtests, however, should be used with extreme caution, as the test-retest reliability estimates were low.
How to train glioma cells to die: molecular challenges in cell death

The five-year survival rate for patients with malignant glioma is less than 10%. Despite aggressive chemo/radiotherapy these tumors have remained resistant to almost every interventional strategy evaluated in patients. Resistance to these agents is attributed to extrinsic mechanisms such as the tumor microenvironment, poor drug penetration, and tumoral heterogeneity. In addition, genetic and molecular examination of these tumors has revealed defective apoptotic regulation, enhanced pro-survival autophagy signaling, and a propensity for necrosis that aids in the adaptation to environmental stress and resistance to treatment. The combination of extrinsic and intrinsic hallmarks in glioma contributes to the multifaceted resistance to traditional anti-tumor agents. Here we describe the biology of the disease relevant to therapeutic resistance, with a specific focus on molecular deregulation of cell death pathways. Emerging studies investigating the targeting of these pathways including BH3 mimetics and autophagy inhibitors that are being evaluated in both the preclinical and clinical settings are discussed. This review highlights the pathways exploited by glioblastoma cells that drive their hallmark pro-survival predisposition and makes therapy development such a challenge.
Relating stellar cycle periods to dynamo calculations

Stellar magnetic activity in slowly rotating stars is often cyclic, with the period of the magnetic cycle depending critically on the rotation rate and the convective turnover time of the star. Here we show that the interpretation of this law from dynamo models is not a simple task. It is demonstrated that the period is (unsurprisingly) sensitive to the precise type of non-linearity employed. Moreover the calculation of the wave-speed of plane-wave solutions does not (as was previously supposed) give an indication of the magnetic period in a more realistic dynamo model, as the changes in length-scale of solutions are not easily captured by this approach. Progress can be made, however, by considering a realistic two-dimensional model, in which the radial length-scale of waves is included. We show that it is possible in this case to derive a more robust relation between cycle period and dynamo number. For all the non-linearities considered in the most realistic model, the magnetic cycle period is a decreasing function of IDI (the amplitude of the dynamo number). However, discriminating between different non-linearities is difficult in this case and care must therefore be taken before advancing explanations for the magnetic periods of stars.
Development and evaluation of a rigid esophagoscopy simulator for residency training.

Objectives/Hypothesis Rigid esophagoscopy is performed less frequently by resident trainees. Nonetheless, it remains important for certain indications, including foreign body extraction. This study describes the construction of a simulator and evaluates its utility in training residents. Study Design Simulator development, fabrication, and procedural evaluation of postgraduate trainees. Methods A simulator was developed and constructed in collaboration with a biomedical engineering team. Residents with varied experience in upper aerodigestive procedures performed rigid esophagoscopy on the model. Key steps and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) criteria for rigid esophagoscopy were evaluated by a faculty surgeon. Pressure measurements were obtained from force sensors at the tip of the endoscope and incisors. Results Fourteen trainees were evaluated. Operative rigid esophagoscopy and direct laryngoscopy case numbers were noted for each subject. OSATS scores and key steps of the procedure correlated with resident experience (R2 = 0.75, P < .0001 and R2 = 0.66, P < .001, respectively). Maximal pressure exerted on the simulator esophagus by the esophagoscope was inversely correlated with case number and was statistically significant (R2 = 0.51, P = .02), whereas length of procedure did not correlate (R2 = 0.04, P = .49). Maximal pressure on the incisors did not correlate (R2 = 0.25, P = .15). Conclusions A simulator for training residents to perform rigid esophagoscopy was developed and utilized by a faculty proctor to objectively evaluate trainees. OSATS scores, performance of key procedural steps, and pressure exerted on the simulator tissue correlated with upper aerodigestive cases performed, demonstrating validity of the simulator. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2015