cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trapped in a Vicious Circle

Uzbekistan. Collins argues that neither of the two currently popular approaches to regime transition-identified as the "preconditions" and the "transitions" schools, respectively-is adequately equipped to explain regime dynamics in Central Asia. The "preconditions" school, represented by such authors as Barrington Moore (1966), has a hard time explaining the period of democratization in an economically, socially, and culturally "unprepared" Kyrgyzstan. By contrast, the "transitions" school, pioneered by Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter (1986), considers democratization possible in all countries in which the elites consciously renounce authoritarianism, most typically through an intraelite pact. Yet, Collins is critical of the applicability of this approach to Central Asia. "Pacts," she argues, "when made between clan elites, are not a mode of transition to democracy, but an informal agreement that fosters the durability of the state, irrespective of the regime type" (p. 10). Collins states that three conditions present in Central Asia made the persistence of clans possible: late state formation, late formation of a national identity, and the absence of a developed market economy (which implies the presence of what Collins calls an "economy of shortages" in which clans thrive). In societies organized around the principle of clans, which are networks of individuals connected by a subjective understanding of kinship (p. 17), the power of elites is constrained by clan interests. As the case of Kyrgyzstan shows, even though a short-lived divergence of regime trajectories is possible in such societies, the eventual conformity of regime types can be explained by the predominance of clan politics over the formal regime structures. The regime collapse in Tajikistan-in the absence of a powersharing agreement among the various clans-likewise testifies to the significance of clan deals for regime durability. According to Collins, the contrasting trajectories in these cases make sense when one realizes that clan politics is devoid of ideology. Thus, interclan pacts do not presuppose a certain type of political regime, only its durability. Clans are interested in their own self-preservation and prosperity. Clan members in influential positions negatively affect state development by patronizing and promoting their kin regardless of merit, by "stripping state assets" at a fast pace because of the
Approach to Hypersomnia

Hypersomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness is a major health problem in the United States, with several general surveys indicating that approximately one-third of Americans report daytime sleepiness at least a few days per month with approximately 6–8% reporting daily symptoms [1, 2]. Daytime sleepiness results in problems with vigilance, cognitive function, memory, concentration, and mood, generally leading to deterioration in school and/or job performance and productivity, social relationships and most importantly, driving skills.
Preparation of Trimagnesium Phosphate by Mechanochemical Reaction

Trimagnesium phosphate hydrate was synthesized by mechanochemical reaction of a slurry of magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate and magnesium oxide with the molar ratio of 2:1 in a pot mill for a few hours. Mg3(PO4)2⋅8H2O was obtained by using a slurry with more than 60wt% water; Mg3(PO4)2⋅22H2O, with 40wt% water. The anhydrate of trimagnesium phosphate was obtained by heating Mg3(PO4)2⋅8H2O or Mg3(PO4)2⋅22H2O above 700°C.
Techniques for Anaerobic Susceptibility Testing

An increasing number of laboratories are now engaged in the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from clinical material. This practice has created a demand for susceptibility testing by both the clinician and the microbiologist. The several methods available are generally modifications of those used for testing of facultative organisms. In this report, each of the methods is discussed in terms of usefulness for testing anaerobes.
The Efficacy of Sufentanil for Postoperation Analgesia in Infant

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of sufentanil for postoperation analgesia in infant.Methods:A total of 129 children undergoing elective abdominal surgery were divided into 2 groups according to their ages.Then they were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group SⅠ(age 2yr,provided with sufentanil),Group SⅡ(age2yr,provided with sufentanil),Group MⅠ(age 2yr,provided with morphine),and Group MⅡ(age2yr,provided with morphine).The face,legs,activity,cry,consolability(FLACC),pain tool face pain score,Ramesay score,the adverse effects,degrees of satisfaction with analgesia were recorded at the first 3 days after the surgery.Results: FLACC and the face pain score decreased with the time.On first day after surgery,the FLACC of Group SⅠ was higher than that of Group SⅡ,and the FLACC of Group MⅠ was higher than that of Group MⅡ.The face pain score of MⅠ was higher than MⅡ,and the face pain score of MⅠ was higher than SⅠ.The Ramesay score decrease with the time.On the first day after surgery,the ramesay score of Group MⅡ was higher than that of Group MⅠ.The incidence of adverse effect in SⅡ and MⅡwas higher than that in SⅠ and MⅠ.The degrees of satisfaction in those 4 groups was similar.Conclusions: Compared with morphine,sufentanil decrease the possibility of excessive sedation.Either morphine or sufentanil used,the infants tend to be more painful and upset.So there ought to be a more efficient way for postoperation analgesia in infant.
Risk-adapted treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Modern intensive chemotherapy programs have Identified several Important prognostic factors for treatment outcomes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This has allowed clinicians to tailor treatment regimens designed specifically for the various patient subgroups. Of adult ALL patients, 75% have B-lineage disease, and certain biologic characteristics in these patients, Including older age and the incidence of mediastinal and CNS disease, differentiate them from T-cell patients. Most of the high-risk cytogenetics are found in the B-lineage group, making cytogenetics the single most powerful prognostic factor in ALL after failure to respond to initial treatment. Currently, there is no subgroup of ALL patients in which standard chemotherapy can be described as adequate, and Improved treatment is needed for all groups of patients. These improvements will come from prospective randomized trials. At this time, allogeneic transplant remains the treatment of choice for high-risk ALL.
Nonoperative Treatment of the Dislocated Knee

Historically, knee dislocations have been rare but serious traumatic injuries that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Studies have reported incidence ranging from 0.001 to 0.013 %, although the true incidence is higher as many dislocations spontaneously reduce in the field. Over the last century both the incidence of knee dislocation and the mechanism of injury have changed. Improvements in automotive safety features, as well as new trauma and EMT training, have increased the number of people surviving high-speed motor vehicle accidents, leading to a greater population of multi-trauma patients with knee dislocations. In addition, a new mechanism for knee dislocations has become prevalent with the obesity epidemic in America. Hangio et al. reported on 7 cases of spontaneous knee dislocations while standing in patients with morbid obesity. From 1911 to 1960 only 14 knee dislocations were identified in a review of two million admissions at the Mayo Clinic. At that time, immobilization in a long-leg cast was the initial treatment standard. There is now strong evidence that patients treated nonoperatively have increased instability, more pain with activities of daily living, worse functional outcomes, and develop increased rates of degenerative arthritis compared to their operative counterparts. With modern technology, including MRI and arthroscopy, newer outcome studies have favored operative intervention for patients with knee dislocations. To follow are the historic treatment and outcomes of knee dislocations that drove the treatment pendulum from primarily closed treatment or amputation to present day reconstruction.
Bullying, hazing, and workplace harassment: the nexus in professional sports as exemplified by the first NFL Wells report

In the sporting context there is a significant nexus between adult workplace harassment and two other critical, developmentally related areas, that of child and adolescent bullying, and college hazing. These are all addressed, albeit obliquely and perhaps inadvertently, in the Miami Dolphins saga and the subsequent NFL Wells Report of 2013-2014. This is a significant document. It is even a brave, if politically expedient milestone. It evaluates the complex inter-personal and inter- and intra-systemic contributions within a sporting organization. Wells also elucidates a case where there is overlapping damage to individuals and systems as a result of malignant bullying, harassment, and hazing within overlapping systems. Constructive approaches to team building, and other positive alternatives to hazing may be the best place to initiate trust and verify institutional change at all these levels.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Versus Yoga: Effects on Depression and/or Anxiety in College Students.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety disorders are two of the most common mental disorders in the United States. These disorders are prevalent among college students. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two different types of intervention practices (mindfulness vs. yoga) and a noninterventional control group in mitigating the effects of depression and/or anxiety in college students. METHOD: A sample of 90 students (both genders) over age 18 who had a diagnosis of anxiety and/or depression was recruited from 11,500 undergraduate college students in a mid-size university. The study’s design included stratified-randomized controlled repeated measures with three groups: a mindfulness intervention group, a yoga-only intervention group, and a noninterventional group. Participants were randomly assigned to the aforementioned three groups. Participants in the intervention groups received an 8-week training either in mindfulness or yoga. Depressive, anxiety, stress symptoms...
Gadolinium Deposition and Toxicity: A Global Concern

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used since 1988 for magnetic resonance imaging. These agents were considered very safe and, excluding nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal failure, no clinical entities were associated with its administration. Our purpose is to summarize gadolinium induced toxicity by reviewing the most recent literature in this subject. It was believed that GBCAs distribute rapidly in the extracellular volume after intravenous administration and eliminate rapidly, almost completely, via renal excretion. Currently, we know that this is not entirely true. Some GBCAs may be retained, undergo dechelation and induce gadolinium deposition in different tissues such as liver, bone or brain in patients with normal renal function. The retained gadolinium, whether dechelated and associated with different compounds or in its original formulation, may trigger gadolinium-related toxic effects. This potential toxicity became a global concern. This review summarizes the most recent published data regarding gadolinium deposition, possible clinical significance of gadolinium tissue retention and accumulation, strategies to limit gadolinium body burden and some future trends in this area.
SWATMOD‐Prep: Graphical User Interface for Preparing Coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW Simulations

This article presents SWATMOD-Prep, a graphical user interface that couples a SWAT watershed model with a MODFLOW groundwater flow model. The interface is based on a recently published SWAT-MODFLOW code that couples the models via mapping schemes. The spatial layout of SWATMOD-Prep guides the user through the process of importing shape files (sub-basins, hydrologic response units [HRUs], river network) from an existing SWAT model, creating a grid, performing necessary geo-processing operations to link the models, writing out SWAT-MODFLOW files, and running the simulation. The option of creating a new single-layer MODFLOW model for near-surface alluvial aquifers is available, with the user prompted to provide groundwater surface elevation (through a digital elevation model), aquifer thickness, and necessary aquifer parameter values. The option of simulating nitrate transport in the aquifer also is available, using the reactive transport model RT3D. The interface is in the public domain. It is programmed in Python, with various software packages used for geo-processing operations (e.g., selection, intersection of rasters) and inputting/outputting data, and is written for Windows. The use of SWATMOD-Prep is demonstrated for the Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia. SWATMOD-Prep and SWAT-MODFLOW executables are available with an accompanying user's manual at: http://swat.tamu.edu/software/swat-modflow/. The user's manual also accompanies this article as Supporting Information.
`Does it answer the question or is it French fries?': an exploration of language supports for scientific argumentation

ABSTRACTReform initiatives around the world are reconceptualising science education by stressing student engagement in science practices. Yet, science practices are language-intensive, requiring students to have strong receptive and productive language proficiencies. It is critical to address these rigorous language demands to ensure equitable learning opportunities for all students, including English language learners (ELLs). Little research has examined how to specifically support ELL students’ engagement in science practices, such as argumentation. Using case-study methodology, we examined one middle school science teacher's instructional strategies as she taught an argumentation-focused curriculum in a self-contained ELL classroom. Findings revealed that three trends characterized the teacher’s language supports for the structural and dialogic components of argumentation: (1) more language supports focused on argument structure, (2) dialogic interactions were most often facilitated by productive langu...
Do Housing Programs for Low-Income Households Improve Their Housing?

The primary goals of the 1937 Housing Act were to provide safe and sanitary housing and to reduce crowding for low- income households. During the nearly 60 years since, the effective goals have expanded to include lowering housing costs, and by extension, to increasing nonhousing consumption. This paper examines the effect these programs have had on the overall consumption behavior of participants. Using data from the 1987 American Housing Survey (AHS), the results indicate that federal housing programs have little effect on the housing consumption of participants (4.4 percent increase), but an enormous effect on their nonhousing consumption (141 percent increase). Furthermore, the assistance seems to lower the housing consumption of 42 percent of participating households. Finally, substituting cash subsidies for in-kind housing assistance will provide more housing consumption, but with smaller increases in nonhousing consumption than the current (primarily in-kind) system. The model takes into account two sources of selection bias in a housing demand framework. The first source is self selection due to households choosing whether to participate in a housing program. The second source is due to rationing of housing benefits; only 25 percent of eligible households are currently served. The estimates of the program effects rely on the estimated distribution of participant preferences which eliminates aggregation bias in the last stage.
A decade of astrometric observations of Cassini: Past results and future prospects

The Cassini spacecraft has been in orbit about Saturn since 2004. During this time, regular astrometric measurements of Cassini's sky position have been made with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). These are high precision differential measurements that determine the position of Cassini with respect to angularly nearby extragalactic radio sources. Differential, narrow-angle astrometry reduces many error sources, particularly those associated with signal propagation effects in the ionosphere and troposphere. The background radio sources positions are tied to the inertial International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) by other international VLBI observations. Thus, we obtain a series of ICRF positions for Cassini, which can be combined with spacecraft orbit solutions from Deep Space Network Doppler tracking to get ICRF positions for the center of mass of the Saturn system. These positions have typical accuracies at the nano-radian level. For some epochs uncertainties in the background source positions are a major component of the total error, but these positions are being constantly improved as additional VLBI observations are incorporated into radio source catalogs. The planetary ephemeris group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory uses our position measurements to fit improved orbital solutions for Saturn. As a result the orientation of the plane of Saturn's orbit is now known to approximately 0.25 milli-arcseconds (1.25 nrad), nearly an order of magnitude improvement over its pre-VLBA uncertainty. We will continue this observing program until the end of the Cassini mission in late 2017. By that time we will have covered about 1/3 of Saturn's orbital longitude range. Future improvements to this technique will include the use of higher spacecraft downlink frequencies (Ka band instead of X band) and higher ground array sensitivity to permit the use of weaker but angularly closer reference sources. In addition, the continuing international campaigns to enhance the accuracy of radio source catalogs will be extended to weaker sources, improving their ties to the ICRF.
Evans Enolates: Structures and Mechanisms Underlying the Aldol Addition of Oxazolidinone-Derived Boron Enolates

The soft enolization of an acylated oxazolidinone using di-n-butylboron triflate (n-Bu2BOTf) and trialkylamines and subsequent aldol addition was probed structurally and mechanistically using a combination of IR and NMR spectroscopies. None of the species along the reaction coordinate show a penchant for aggregating. Complexation of the acylated oxazolidinone by n-Bu2BOTf was too rapid to monitor, as was the subsequent enolization with Et3N (triethylamine). The preformed n-Bu2BOTf·Et3N complex, displaying muted Lewis acidity and affiliated tractable rates, reveals a rate-limiting complexation via a transition structure with a complicated counterion. n-Bu2BOTf·i-Bu3N bearing a hindered amine shifts the rate-limiting step to proton transfer. Rate studies show that the aldol addition with isobutyraldehyde occurs as proffered by others.
Challenges of Assessing Therapeutic or Diagnostic Outcomes with Observational Data.

• Observational assessments of therapeutic or diagnostic options are subject to treatment selection bias. • Statistical methods can reduce treatment selection bias cannot account for unmeasured confounders. • Simulation modeling can help assess whether there is residual selection bias. • Sample size cannot overcome bias. • Data are most believable when randomized clinical trial data and observational point in the same direction.
Mesoscale Ensemble Weather Prediction at U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, Utah

AbstractSince 2007, meteorologists of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG), UT have relied on a mesoscale ensemble prediction system (EPS) known as the Ensemble Four-Dimensional Weather System (E-4DWX). This article describes E-4DWX and the innovative way in which it is calibrated, how it performs, why it was developed, and how meteorologists at DPG use it.E-4DWX has thirty operational members, each configured to produce forecasts of 48 h every 6 h on a 272-processor high performance computer (HPC) at DPG. The ensemble’s members differ from one another in initial-, lateral-, and lower-boundary conditions; in methods of data assimilation; and in physical parameterizations. The predictive core of all members is the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Numerical predictions of the most useful near-surface variables are dynamically calibrated through algorithms that combine logistic regression and quantile regression, generating...
Association between localized geohazards in West Texas and human activities, recognized by Sentinel-1A/B satellite radar imagery.

West Texas’ Permian Basin, consisting of ancient marine rocks, is underlain by water-soluble rocks and multiple oil-rich formations. In the region that is densely populated with oil producing facilities, many localized geohazards, such as ground subsidence and micro-earthquakes, have gone unnoticed. Here we identify the localized geohazards in West Texas, using the satellite radar interferometry from newly launched radar satellites that provide radar images freely to public for the first time, and probe the causal mechanisms of ground deformation, encompassing oil/gas production activities and subsurface geological characteristics. Based on our observations and analyses, human activities of fluid (saltwater, CO2) injection for stimulation of hydrocarbon production, salt dissolution in abandoned oil facilities, and hydrocarbon extraction each have negative impacts on the ground surface and infrastructures, including possible induced seismicity. Proactive continuous and detailed monitoring of ground deformation from space over the currently operating and the previously operated oil/gas production facilities, as demonstrated by this research, is essential to securing the safety of humanity, preserving property, and sustaining the growth of the hydrocarbon production industry.
Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics: Threat and Authoritarianism: Polarization or Convergence

As the literature has evolved from treating authoritarianism as a static personality characteristic a la Adorno et al. (1950) to seeing it as a disposition that manifests itself in situation-specific circumstances (e.g., Feldman 2003; Stenner 2005), threat has come to play a starring role in understanding its effect. Scholars today tend to believe that the level of authoritarianism in a population generally stays the same over time (but see, e.g., Altemeyer 1996, who measures authoritarianism differently). Its effect , however, changes depending upon measurable circumstances. Specifically, most scholars argue that an authoritarian disposition lies dormant in the absence of threat, meaning that under this condition the preferences of the more and less authoritarian will not differ by much. Threat activates an authoritarian disposition, which, in turn, causes it to have measurable effects on opinions, behaviors, and preferences (see, e.g., Feldman and Stenner 1997; Stenner 2005, for the most complete treatment). Although we wholeheartedly embrace the notion of situationism – that authoritarianism's effect will wax and wane depending on how threatened people feel – we will demonstrate that scholars have misunderstood the relationship between threat and authoritarianism. Worse, this flawed thinking encourages a fundamental misreading of the recent dynamics of American politics. In correcting this misunderstanding, we can better explain why support for gay rights, limitations on civil liberties, the use of force, and even approval of the president have tended to move in the directions they have over the last decade.
Development and Yearning

In this chapter, we will discuss four related ideas. First, I propose that spirituality (as opposed to religiousness), as it becomes conscious, makes use of the type of complex cognition that I have described in this book, a type known as postformal thought. Second, we examine how we might perform psychological research on spiritual development using the theory of postformal thought. Third, we examine the overlapping of the new physics, Eastern spirituality, and postformal thinking. Finally, I propose that being able to think postformally facilitates the individual’s being able to live in balance, integrating mind, emotions, body, and spirit into the dance of living.
Ultrasensitive LPFG Corrosion Sensor with Fe-C Coating Electroplated on a Gr/AgNW Film

Abstract This paper presents the first report on an ultrasensitive Fe-C coated long period fiber gratings (LPFG) corrosion sensor with graphene (Gr) and silver nanowire (AgNW) composite as a conductive film for Fe-C electroplating. The Gr/AgNW composite was grown on copper foil, wet transferred and adhered to the curve surface of the fiber optic sensor under atmospheric pressure and heating conditions. For comparison, another Fe-C coated LPFG sensor was prepared with silver nano ink as a conductive film. Both sensors were tested for 72 h in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution with simultaneous measurements of transmission spectrum and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Due to its high optical transparency, the Gr/AgNW composite increased the wavelength sensitivity and service life of a Fe-C coated LPFG sensor by over 90% and 110%, respectively. The effective depth of influence to the evanescent field surrounding the LPFG sensor was 23.6 μm with the silver film and greater than 30 μm with the Gr/AgNW film.
A Stochastic Optimization Approach for Spectrum Sharing of Radar and LTE Systems

This paper proposes a chance-constrained stochastic optimization technique that enables effective coexistence between LTE-Unlicensed base stations and radars in a shared spectrum. The optimization problem is formulated to guarantee the minimum performance criteria for radar operation, and at the same time, allows the LTE-Unlicensed base station to control its transmit power to maximize the performance for the serving LTE-Unlicensed device. The proposed power control mechanism results in significant reduction of the required protection distance (3.9% of the one imposed by regulations) between the radar and the LTE-Unlicensed network for the two to effectively coexist in a shared spectrum.
Algorithmic Aspects of MOS VLSI Switch-Level Simulation with Race Detection

We present algorithms and time complexity results for MOS switch-level simulation with particular reference to race detection. Under the switching model used in classical (Boolean) switching theory, we derive a linear-time race detection algorithm for switch-level circuits that have no feedback within a clock phase, and have unit fan-out. We show that the problem becomes NP-complete if fan-out of two or more is allowed. We Also relate this result to others that have recently been reported, using a different switching model.
Targeting Women’s Employment: Do Employment Subsidies Work? Evidence from Turkey:

This paper examines the effect of the 2008 employment package on the gender employment gap in Turkey. The package introduced subsidies for the employment of women in all 81 provinces. However, posi...
Yin-Yang, Mind, and Heart-Mind

The Chinese/Asian notion of heart-mind is more accurate to human psychology than the West’s constantly used notion of mind. The latter implies that thinking and reasoning can go on in the absence of all emotion, the former precisely does not. But it turns out that belief essentially involves emotion, epistemic emotion, in just the way confidence does, and because belief is essential to all cognitive processes, we can conclude that in all accuracy there is no such thing as mind. The heart-mind is thus vindicated, but turns out, in turn, to be further explainable in terms of updated philosophical notions of yin and yang. Our beliefs, desires, motives, and moral virtues can be fundamentally conceptualized in terms of yin understood as receptivity and yang understood as directed active purpose.
Gene Expression Profiling of Hyperdiploid Multiple Reveal Complex Gene Dosage Effects and an mRNA Translation/Protein Synthesis Signature.

Hyperdiploid MM (H-MM), characterized by recurrent trisomies constitute about 50% of MM, yet very little is known about its pathogenesis and oncogenic mechanisms. Studies in leukemia and solid tumors have shown gene dosage effect of aneuploidy on gene expression. To determine the possible gene dosage effect and deregulated cellular program in H-MM we undertook a gene expression study of CD138-enriched plasma-cell RNA from 53 hyperdiploid and 37 non-hyperdiploid MM (NH-MM) patients using the Affymetrix U133A chip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Gene expression data was analyzed using GeneSpring 7 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA). Genes differentially expressed between H-MM and NH-MM were obtained by t-test (p
Direct Numerical Simulations of Acoustic Disturbances in Various Rectangular Nozzle Configurations

We perform Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) to study the acoustic freestream disturbances radiating from the turbulent boundary layers along the contoured nozzle walls of a hypersonic wind tunnel with a rectangular test section. To begin with, the effects of the spanwise end walls are suppressed by confining the spanwise computational domain to a finite segment of the overall nozzle cross section and by imposing periodic boundary conditions across that spanwise domain. Besides providing a building-block configuration to reveal par- tial effects of the enclosed acoustic environment within the wind tunnel, these computations serve as a stepping stone toward the goal of fully-3D computations including the nozzle end walls. Building upon the earlier simulations of Deegan et al. (2018), we show that the computed acoustic characteristics in the spanwise periodic simulations are insensitive to changes in the grid resolution parameters (e.g., x+ and z+). This is relative to the previous simulations that involved a coarser resolution in the streamwise and wall-normal directions, especially up- stream of the test section. Furthermore, we outline a comparison of the pressure fluctuations induced by the turbulent boundary layers over the contoured nozzle walls and several other calculations involving boundary layers over a single flat plate at nearly the same value of the edge Mach number. We also show the impact of having only one turbulent boundary layer instead of two within the computational setup. Various flow statistics, including the first and second moments of the unsteady flow field, are computed for the different flow configurations. Good comparisons of the statistics of the nozzle-wall boundary-layer turbulence and of the freestream acoustic disturbances between the simulations of coarser and finer grids confirms DNS procedure, but also the insensitivity of noise characteristics t section to the inflow turbulence generation technique.
Compaction of a Functional Broadside Test Set through the Compaction of a Functional Test Sequence without Sequential Fault Simulation

Functional broadside tests avoid overtesting of delay faults by creating functional operation conditions during the clock cycles where they detect delay faults. One of the challenges in the generation of functional broadside tests is test compaction. Existing dynamic compaction approaches for scan tests are not applicable to functional broadside tests, and static compaction approaches are limited in the level of test compaction they can provide. The solution suggested in this paper has two new properties. (1) Instead of attempting to compact functional broadside tests, test compaction is applied to a functional test sequence from which functional broadside tests are extracted. The compact sequence yields a compact functional broadside test set. (2) Compaction of the functional test sequence is performed without sequential fault simulation. This is possible since test compaction does not have to preserve the fault coverage of the functional test sequence. The solution is developed in the scenario where the primary input vectors of a circuit are not constrained during functional operation. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate its ability to compact a functional broadside test set for transition faults.
Superconducting Dome in Nd 1 − x Sr x NiO 2 Infinite Layer Films

We report the phase diagram of Nd_{1-x}Sr_{x}NiO_{2} infinite layer thin films grown on SrTiO_{3}. A superconducting dome spanning 0.125<x<0.25 is found, remarkably similar to cuprates, albeit over a narrower doping window. However, while cuprate superconductivity is bounded by an insulator for underdoping and a metal for overdoping, here we observe weakly insulating behavior on either side of the dome. Furthermore, the normal state Hall coefficient is always small and proximate to a continuous zero crossing in doping and in temperature, in contrast to the ∼1/x dependence observed for cuprates. This suggests the presence of both electronlike and holelike bands, consistent with band structure calculations.
Comparison of thresholding techniques for quantifying portland cement hydrates using synchrotron microtomography

Abstract X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become increasingly popular for non-destructive investigation of cementitious systems. Differentiating solid phases in the reconstructed image volume has been reported as a challenge due to similar greyscale values, thus limiting x-ray CT to qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis for solid phases. The goal of this research was to investigate image preprocessing and segmentation algorithms in quantifying synthesized hydration products. C-S-H, calcium hydroxide, monosulfate, and ettringite were created in the laboratory for investigation. In this research, two local segmentation algorithms, Markov random fields and watershed, and one global segmentation algorithm, Gaussian histogram deconstruction, were studied for their ability to quantify the phases. It was found that misclassification of voxels occurred when using the Gaussian deconstruction. An average reduction of 50%, and as high as 180%, in the quantification errors were observed when using local segmentation algorithms.
Acoustofluidic centrifuge for nanoparticle enrichment and separation.

Liquid droplets have been studied for decades and have recently experienced renewed attention as a simplified model for numerous fascinating physical phenomena occurring on size scales from the cell nucleus to stellar black holes. Here, we present an acoustofluidic centrifugation technique that leverages an entanglement of acoustic wave actuation and the spin of a fluidic droplet to enable nanoparticle enrichment and separation. By combining acoustic streaming and droplet spinning, rapid (
“A Human Being Like Other Victims”: The Media Framing of Trans Homicide in the United States

A growing awareness of violence against LGBTQ + individuals has led to an increase in media coverage of the homicides of trans people in the United States. Media accounts involve powerful narratives which are subjective, biased, and imbued with meaning. These narratives employ “frames” that impact public perception of populations. Studies have demonstrated differences in the ways that trans victims of homicide are framed compared to cis victims, specifically regarding responsibility for the violence inflicted upon them. Trans victims are more likely to be constructed as “deviants” or criminals who are deserving of or responsible for their own homicides. In addition, these victims are framed as deceivers who deliberately obscure their gender modality from offenders, thus facilitating violent retaliation. The present study employs a mixed methods approach to analyze articles published in news media outlets about the twenty-six trans people killed in 2018. Our analysis identified more positive frames than negative frames employed by agents of social control, such as media and law enforcement, that inform narratives surrounding this unique form of violence. Yet, efforts still need to be undertaken to involve trans voices, to humanize those who have lost their lives, and most importantly, to prevent this violence. This article discusses implications for how these organizations can begin to transform these narratives to describe accurately trans victims of homicide.
Carbon-Origami : Controlling 3D Shapes and Microstructure

Over the last two decades, we have gained more and more insight into how to convert patterned polymer precursors into predicable 3D carbon shapes using pyrolysis/carbonization (carbon origami are a more recent example). Over the last four years, we have started gaining control over the internal carbon microstructure and its functionality. The key to the latter is a precise control of the polymer precursor chains and the exact polymer atomic composition of the polymer before and during pyrolysis. Contradicting Rosalind Franklin, we have found that it is possible to graphitize even non-graphitizing carbons, simply by applying mechanical stresses to align the polymer precursor chains and stabilizing them in position before pyrolysis. Perhaps the most surprising outcome of this work is the demonstration of the conversion of PAN fibers through pyrolysis into turbostratic graphene-suspended wires with diameters as small as 2 nanometers. The suspended graphene bridges have a conductivity similar to that of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), a Young’s modulus of >400 GPa, and electrochemically the material behaves similarly to graphene doped with nitrogen. The latter material represents a very electroactive electrode ideally suited for energy and sensing applications. The current fabrication process for graphene doped with nitrogen is lengthy and complicated; ours is a one-step, simple process that is easily scalable.
Two-cell interactions in autologous chemotaxis.

An advection-diffusion-reaction model for autologous chemotaxis of two cells in an interstitial flow is analyzed. Each cell secretes ligands uniformly over its surface; the ligands are absorbed by surface receptors anisotropically due to the flow and interaction between ligand fields around each cell. The absorption is quantified in terms of a vectorial anisotropy parameter, $\mathbit{A}$, which is proportional to the first moment of the ligand concentration field about the surface of each cell. We consider the physiologically relevant limit of a weak interstitial flow, where the P\'eclet number, $\text{Pe}$, which characterizes the relative importance of ligand transport via advection to diffusion, is small. We further assume that the cells are separated at a distance that is large compared to the sum of their radii. These conditions allow us to utilize a reciprocal theorem and the method of reflections to construct an asymptotic approximation for $\mathbit{A}$ to first order in $\text{Pe}$ for widely separated cells. We find that interactions between the cells: (i) reduce the flow-aligned ligand anisotropy around each cell and (ii) lead to a component of $\mathbit{A}$ that is perpendicular to the flow direction. The interaction is long ranged, decaying with the inverse distance between cells to leading order. We finally discuss how interactions between multiple cells could affect our findings.
Amyloids as Building Blocks for Macroscopic Functional Materials: Designs, Applications and Challenges

Amyloids are self-assembled protein aggregates that take cross-β fibrillar morphology. Although some amyloid proteins are best known for their association with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, many other amyloids are found across diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans, and they play vital functional roles. The rigidity, chemical stability, high aspect ratio, and sequence programmability of amyloid fibrils have made them attractive candidates for functional materials with applications in environmental sciences, material engineering, and translational medicines. This review focuses on recent advances in fabricating various types of macroscopic functional amyloid materials. We discuss different design strategies for the fabrication of amyloid hydrogels, high-strength materials, composite materials, responsive materials, extracellular matrix mimics, conductive materials, and catalytic materials.
Dysmenorrhea and Ovulation: Correlation of the Effect of Estrogen Therapy on Pain, the Endometrium, and the Basal Body Temperature*

Treatment of dysmenorrhea by the suppression of ovulation with estrogen therapy is reported. 178 cycles of treatment were studied in 30 patients. The correlation of dysmenorrhea and ovulation was studied by endometrial biopsy and basal body temperature (BBT). 82 biopsies and 11 temperature records were obtained from 5 patients. In 50 baseline (untreated) cycle 46 progestational and 4 estrogenic endometriums were seen. Pain was associated with progestational biopsies. Of 32 biopsies taken after treatment 21 were progestational and 11 estrogenic. An ovulatory BBT was also associated with a progestational endometrium and with pain. In 91 cycles treated with less than 25 mg of remarin or less than 20 mg of diesthylstilbestrol (DES) 25.3% were totally relieved. In 53 cycles treated with 25 mg remarin or 20 mg DES 49.1% were totally relieved. In 23 cycles treated with 75 mg and 60 mg respectively 78.3% were totally relieved. All failures were associated with a progestational endometrium. In order to establish the optimal dosage for individual patients it is advisable to follow treatment with endometrial biopsies and BBT. Gross menstrual disturbances were absent during treatment.
MPI collective algorithm selection and quadtree encoding

Selecting the close-to-optimal collective algorithm based on the parameters of the collective call at run time is an important step in achieving good performance of MPI applications. In this paper, we focus on MPI collective algorithm selection process and explore the applicability of the quadtree encoding method to this problem. We construct quadtrees with different properties from the measured algorithm performance data and analyze the quality and performance of decision functions generated from these trees. The experimental data shows that in some cases, the decision function based on a quadtree structure with a mean depth of 3 can incur as little as a 5% performance penalty on average. The exact, experimentally measured, decision function for all tested collectives could be fully represented using quadtrees with a maximum of 6 levels. These results indicate that quadtrees may be a feasible choice for both processing of the performance data and automatic decision function generation.
Cardiovascular and renal actions of cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid.

Cytochrome P-450 is the terminal oxidase of the electron transport chain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Arachidonic acid (AA) can be oxidatively metabolized by cytochrome P-450 hemoproteins to an array
A software tool for visualizing, managing and eliciting SWRL rules

SWRL rule are increasingly being used to represent knowledge on the Semantic Web. As these SWRL rule bases grows larger, managing the resulting complexity can become a challenge. Developers and end-users need rule management tools to tackle this complexity. We developed a rule management tool called Axiome that aims to address this challenge. Axiome support the paraphrasing of SWRL into simple English, the visualization of the structure both of individual rules and of rule bases, and supports the categorization of rules based on an analysis of their syntactic structure. It also supports the automatic generation of rule acquisition templates to facilitate rule elicitation. Axiome is available as a plugin to the Protege-OWL ontology development environment.
Learning Classifier Systems Applied to Knowledge Discovery in Clinical Research Databases

A stimulus-response learning classifier system (LCS), EpiCS, was developed from the BOOLE and NEWBOOLE models to address the needs of knowledge discovery in databases used in clinical research. Two specific needs were investigated: the derivation of accurate estimates of disease risk, and the ability to deal with rare clinical outcomes. EpiCS was shown to have excellent classification accuracy, compared to logistic regression, when using risk estimates as the primary means for classification. This was especially true in data with low disease prevalence. EpiCS was designed to accommodate differential negative reinforcement when false positive or false negative decisions were made by the system. This feature was investigated to determine its effect on learning rate and classification accuracy. Tested across a range of disease prevalences, the learning rate improved when erroneous decisions were differentially negatively reinforced. However, classification accuracy was not affected by differential negative reinforcement.
Atomic scale defects involved in NBTI [MOSFET reliability]

The atomic scale defect physics responsible for the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) phenomenon are not well understood. In this study, we use a highly sensitive form of electron spin resonance (ESR) called spin dependent recombination (SDR) to investigate the chemical and physical nature of the defects responsible for NBTI. We show that P/sub b0/ centers, and Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface silicon dangling bond defects, play a major role in the interface state generation process in NBTI.
Numerical ocean modeling and simulation with CUDA

ROMS is software that models and simulates an ocean region using a finite difference grid and time stepping. ROMS simulations can take from hours to days to complete due to the compute-intensive nature of the software. As a result, the size and resolution of simulations are constrained by the performance limitations of modern computing hardware. To address these issues, the existing ROMS code can be run in parallel with either OpenMP or MPI. In this work, we implement a new parallelization of ROMS on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using CUDA Fortran. We exploit the massive parallelism offered by modern GPUs to gain a performance benefit at a lower cost and with less power. To test our implementation, we benchmark with idealistic marine conditions as well as real data collected from coastal waters near central California. Our implementation yields a speedup of up to 8x over a serial implementation and 2.5x over an OpenMP implementation, while demonstrating comparable performance to a MPI implementation.
Diarization resegmentation in the factor analysis subspace

Resegmentation is an important post-processing step to refine the rough boundaries of diarization systems that rely on segment clustering of an initial uniform segmentation. Past work has primarily used a Viterbi resegmentation with MFCC features for this purpose. In this paper, we examine an algorithm for resegmentation that operates instead in factor analysis subspace. By combining this system with a speaker clustering front-end, we yield a diarization error rate of 11.5% on the CALLHOME conversational telephone speech corpus.
Regulation of transcription by proteins that control the cell cycle

In eukaryotes, progression of a cell through the cell cycle is partly controlled at the level of transcriptional regulation. Yeast and mammalian cells use similar mechanisms to achieve this regulation. Although gaps still remain, progress has been made recently in connecting the links between the cell's cycle and its transcriptional machinery.