cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population Control is History: New Perspectives on the International Campaign to Limit Population Growth

This article surveys this new and expanding area of inquiry by analyzing some of the most impressive studies emerging from different disciplines. Yet it also draws attention to how they are diverging making Greenhalghs objective appear increasingly distant. Historically minded population specialists as well as historians of population policy draw on their own experiences or elite archives almost always in the United States. They rarely connect with scholars writing on the microhistory of reproduction work that greatly complicates and enriches our understanding of agency in population policy. Yet these scholars for their part seldom ask how participants choices might have had consequences beyond their own lives and communities. And whether written at the level of "world systems" or the individual clinic studies all too often portray population control as a Cold War strategy the West foisted on the rest of the world ignoring evidence that constituencies for interventionist policies emerged across Asia and Latin America decades earlier. This essay will endeavor to show what might be gained if these different approaches were brought into dialogue and set in an international and comparative perspective. It will describe population control as a precociously international movement that served as a platform for an array of ideological projects. Episodes from its long history will help to illustrate how it can and should be seen as a key site of political contestation and cross-cultural learning in which revolutionary leaders used international conferences to articulate new visions of North-South relations while "clients" treated birth control clinics as sites of negotiation and exchange. Examples such as these will demonstrate how one can use the politics of population to probe the tensions within and between feminism eugenics environmentalism and "development" as they interacted in a global arena and thus illuminate the full dimensions of a subject that scholars have scarcely begun to explore. (excerpt)
Sensitivity of methods for detection of active changes in venous wall tension

Abstract When the occluded limb technic is used for measurement of venous tone, changes in venous pressure in the occluded distal segment reflect active changes in venous wall tension and are not due to arterial inflow through intraosseous or extraosseous arteries. The occluded limb technic is more sensitive than the standard incremental intravenous pressure-forearm volume method in measuring small or transient changes in neurogenically mediated venous tone in the superficial limb veins in man.
Detection of Changes in Transitive Associations by Shortest-path Analysis of Protein Interaction Networks Integrated with Gene Expression Profiles

Shortest-path (SP) clustering can detect transitive associations in co-expression networks. In this work, we show that it can detect changes of transitive associations caused by perturbations in a protein interaction network (PIN). Specifically, we compare SPs between genes under perturbation and in a reference state. The PIN under perturbation can be obtained through integration with gene expression profiles, using either marginal or partial correlations. The default reference state of network is the unweighted PIN. The changes in transitive associations caused by perturbation can be detected and ranked by comparing the SP traversal patterns between the weighted and unweighted networks. We have applied this approach to a gene expression time series data set generated by a glucose pulse perturbation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a list of genes involved in the fermentation, TCA, and glyoxylate pathways, we demonstrate that transitive associations with significant ranks are consistent with known responses to glucose perturbations. This network based analysis does not require a cutoff value for correlation coefficient and provides an alternative approach to clustering analysis of gene expression data. In comparison to other network analysis approaches, this approach is unique in its ability to detect perturbation changes through a reference network state. Key software is implemented in an open-source package, available at http://bioinformatics.org/bna/.
Segmentation of Multicolor Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) image using an improved Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm while incorporating both spatial and spectral information

Multicolor Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) is an imaging technique for rapid detection of chromosomal abnormalities, where the segmentation of chromosomes has been a challenge. Multi-channel information of M-FISH images can be used in a segmentation algorithm to exploit the correlated information across channels for better image segmentation. In addition, the neighboring pixels share similar characteristics, so this spatial information can be further utilized to improve the robustness of the algorithm to the noise. Motivated by this fact, in this paper we proposed an improved Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm to overcome the problems of conventional FCM such as the sensitivity to noise by incorporating both spatial and spectral information. The experimental results on both simulated and real M-FISH images have shown that our proposed method can result in higher segmentation accuracy and lower false ratio than both conventional FCM and the improved adaptive FCM (IAFCM) we recently proposed.
Investigating Anthropogenic Mammoth Extinction with Mathematical Models

One extinction hypothesis of the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi ), called overkill, theorizes that early humans overhunted the animal. We employ two dierent approaches to test this hypothesis mathematically: analyze the stability of the equilibria of a 2D ordinary dierential equations (ODE) system and develop a metapopulation dierential equations model. The 2D ODE system is a modied predator-prey model that also includes migration. The metapopulation model is a spatial expansion of the rst model on a rectangular grid. Using this metapopulation system, we model the migration of humans into North America and the response in the mammoth population. These approaches show evidence that human-mammoth interaction would have aected the extinction of the Columbian mammoth during the late Pleistocene.
Anastomotic Leak/Pelvic Abscess

Anastomotic leakage is a major postoperative complication following a low anterior resection of the rectum. Besides the immediate life-threatening risk, long-term problems include an anastomotic stricture and associated anorectal dysfunction, as well as possible increased risk for local recurrence. Among the many risk factors for the development of an anastomotic leak, the distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge is the factor most closely associated with its occurrence. Careful patient selection with thoughtful review of the individual patient risk factors has to be exercised when deciding to perform a protecting proximal diverting stoma at the time of the resection. A high index of suspicion both in the immediate and in the subsequent postoperative months is needed in order to detect a leak early and manage it promptly. Management is dictated by clinical presentation and severity of leakage.
On nonequilibrium models of spontaneous countercurrent imbibition

Spontaneous displacement of the non-wetting phase by a wetting phase in a porous medium, known as spontaneous imbibition, is an important mechanism of oil recovery from fractured reservoirs. In this paper, we consider the nonequilibrium model, proposed by Aryana and Kovscek, where consitutive relationships for multiphase flow in porous media are functions of a locally moving time-average saturation, and allow relaxation time to be an explicit function of local saturation. We obtain asymptotic self-similar solutions for early and late times. At very early stages, the time-scale of the process characterizing the cumulative volume of displaced fluid is a power function with an exponent of $\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{2r+1}$ where r is the inverse of pore size distribution index of the medium in question. Additionally, the cumulative volume of displaced fluid at late times is independent of relaxation time, and this volume approaches the square root of time asymptotically. Finally, the late-time solution for recovery is compared with experimental observations.
Lo que debemos saber sobre el TLC Estados Unidos y Centroamérica

El ensayo tiene como proposito fundamental ofrecer una vision de conjunto de lo que es necesario saber acerca de los contenidos contemplados en el Tratado de Libre Comercio Estados Unidos Centroamerica. En el mismo, se hace referencia a las diversas posturas que sobre este asunto se han generado en el seno de la poblacion costarricense, tanto desde la sociedad politica, como desde la sociedad civil.
THE ACCURACY OF RETROSPECTIVE CHART REVIEW IN MEASURING NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION RATES: RESULTS OF VALIDATION STUDIES IN PILOT HOSPITALS

To measure the accuracy and consistency of a standardized method--retrospective chart review (RCR)--for estimating nosocomial infection rates (NIRs) in individual hospitals, the authors performed a series of pilot studies in four hospitals of different types. In comparison with a standard based on diagnoses made by physician-epidemiologists supervising intensive prospective data collection teams, the RCR method was found to have an average sensitivity of 0.74 (+/- 0.02 SE; range 0.69-0.78) and an average specificity of 0.964 (+/- 0.002; 0.945-0.991). These values were comparable to those of the physician-epidemiologists' diagnoses and varied less among the hospitals. Two independent teams of chart reviewers were found to have similar levels of sensitivity and specificity, and the reliability of diagnosis at the level of the individual chart reviewer averaged 0.94. In a restudy at one of the pilot hospitals at the midpoint of the actual Medical Records Survey (MRS), there was a substantial increase in sensitivityand a slight increase in specificity as a result of improvements made in the RCR method after the original pilot studies.
Sentencing on the Evidence

The type and quantity of evidence in a case is a critical factor for deciding guilt but should have little or no influence on the sentencing determinations of judges post conviction; this is becaus...
Elevation of Plasma Beta-Endorphin Levels of Shy Elderly in Response to Novel Laboratory Experiences

Heightened psychophysiological reactivity to the novel or unfamiliar is a leading characteristic of sky or behaviorally inhibited individuals. To assess one aspect of the physiological stress response in shyness, the authors compared the morning plasma beta-endorphin levels of 15 extremely sky, healthy elderly individuals with beta-endorphin levels of 15 extremely outgoing persons on three pairs of 2 successive days. The primary finding was that sky participants exhibited significantly higher levels of beta-endorphin on the 1st days of each pair of days, compared with the 2nd days in the laboratory. No main effect for shyness or interaction between shyness and diet on endorphin levels was found. The findings are consistent with a peripheral opioid hyperreactivity to novelty in shy elderly persons. Shyness may constitute a risk factor for panic disorder in younger adults and for nasal allergies and certain cancers in older adults. Experimental design and interpretation of future studies of shy individuals' stress responses may need to consider novelty versus familiarity of the procedures and setting.
Role of endothelin ETB receptor activation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension: effects of salt intake.

We showed recently that endothelin (ET)A receptors are involved in the salt sensitivity of ANG II-induced hypertension. The objective of this current study was to characterize the role of endotheli...
Histidine Kinases of Dictyostelium

Publisher Summary Phosphorelay from histidine kinases to response regulators controls a myriad of processes in bacteria but appears to be more specialized in eukaryotes. At least 15 members of the histidine kinase family can be recognized in the genomic sequences of Dictyostelium discoideum. The predicted products of each of these genes have well-conserved catalytic and receiver domains. One member of the family, DhkD, is a double histidine kinase with two catalytic and two receiver domains. Alignment of this large family with the Sln1 histidine kinase of yeast extends the sequence profile that characterizes eukaryotic histidine kinases. DhkA is a transmembrane receptor kinase that autophosphorylates and relays the phosphate to the receiver aspartate when dimerized. Genetic studies on dhkA, dhkB, dhkC, and dokA have indicated their roles in cellular and developmental processes. It is likely that DhkC relays phosphate to the N-terminal receiver domain of the cAMP phosphodiesterase RegA through the H2 domain of RdeA. DhkA and DhkB appear to inhibit RegA activity by indirectly activating the MAP kinase ERK2. When the carboxy-terminal region of RegA is phosphorylated, phosphodiesterase activity is inhibited. Histidine kinases may also activate the late adenylyl kinase, ACR. Thus, these histidine kinases seem to be focused on regulating cAMP to modulate the activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA.
Density Functional Theory

We present an introduction to Density Functional Theory. We discuss briefly the Kohn–Sham functional, the local density approximation, and some more sophisticated implementations of the theory. We present some computational examples and show how the theory can be used to provide information needed to study electron transport, focusing on the calculation of the phonon spectrum.
Belief: Overlooking, Sympathetic Magic, Hag-Riding, and South’s Tree

The status of folkloric beliefs in Hardy’s Wessex is frequently as uncertain for his characters as it is for the reader. His texts resist fixed or stable ways of viewing that would allow the kind of ‘pleasant reading’ of folklore that many contemporary readers expected. Instead, he creates a shifting world of varying beliefs, which reflects that of nineteenth-century Dorset. In The Return of the Native, for instance, when Mrs. Yeobright has just been bitten by the adder, the assembled heath-dwellers cautiously observe the snake as it watches them. But only Christian Cantle questions aloud whether it might have the power of the ‘evil eye’, or in his words the power to ‘overlook’. On the surface, Christian’s musing may be read as a throwaway comment, made by the village idiot and signifying nothing, but taken in a wider context his question reflects a network of beliefs and half-beliefs which only come to fruition later in the novel, or in other of Hardy’s stories. Such ideas and customs as overlooking, the burning of waxen images and hag-riding all appear and reappear in his fiction, presenting themselves in slightly different forms each time. What may seem harmless, distant or figurative in one work, often becomes harmful, manifest and literal in another. When the characters casually allude to these folkloric beliefs, they rarely need explaining to their neighbours: their meaning is tacitly understood by those within the community. Even John South’s elm tree fixation, which at first sight appears anomalous, unique to one individual, is recognised as having a local precedent; as his daughter admits, ‘Others have been like it afore in Hintock’ (Woodlanders 93). But even so, nobody is quite sure how to handle South’s obsession; while Hardy’s characters have an awareness of this or similar beliefs as part of their inherited ‘folk’ culture, the degree of their belief is often left open. It is with this in mind, that one can approach thinking about belief in Hardy’s texts.
Third- and Fourth-Year Medical Student Self-Assessment in Entrustable Professional Activities

In an initial study to assess how well the curriculum prepares medical students to perform 13 entrustable professional activities (EPAs), 30 of 94 medical students (31.9%) completed self-assessments of their progress on EPAs at the end of their third and fourth years. Over the course of the fourth year, there was a significant increase in the level at which students assessed themselves for 11 EPAs, but the results suggest that medical students at this institution need more opportunities to participate in obtaining informed consent and additional training in writing orders/prescriptions and in performing the general procedures of a physician.
Should We Yak Back? Information Seeking among Yik Yak Users on a University Campus

Academic librarians have embraced tools such as e-mail or chat that allow them to deliver reference services virtually, but not many studies have advocated for using social networking sites (SNS) as a medium for answering user questions. Even as reference departments field fewer questions requiring in-depth resources or responses, librarians have not consistently examined how SNS might be employed for simple informational inquiries from university students who already view those sites as information-seeking tools. One such SNS is Yik Yak, a mobile app launched in 2013 that allows users to pose anonymous questions in a limited geographic range, such as a college or university campus. This study is an exploratory analysis of the postings on Yik Yak in the geographic area of a four-year, regional public institution during the 2015–2016 academic year. It argues that libraries should be more intentional about monitoring emerging information ecosystems such as Yik Yak to share their knowledge with users and to identify potential issues with library services.
The Housing Bubble: Monetary Policy or Global Imbalances?

Two recent empirical papers have presented results indicating that the U.S. Federal Reserve deserved much blame as a cause of the latest boom and bust in house prices and activity. Both papers are important contributions, but neither study allows for the impact of long-term interest rates, which are more affected by global factors than the Fed-controlled federal funds rate. In this paper, we include both the thirty-year mortgage rate as well as the fed funds rate as determinants of housing variables. Our results indicate that the long-term rate has independent predictive power for housing when included in equations along with the short-term funds rate. Indeed in some cases, the long-term rate is highly significant while the funds rate is not. We also show that in more recent years, the impact of the funds rate on housing has fallen relative to that of the mortgage rate; indeed in the case of house prices, the mortgage rate is highly significant while the funds rate exhibits barely any effect. Finally, we demonstrate through structural change tests that the mortgage rate does not simply proxy for monetary policy, and that the impact of the funds rate on long-term borrowing costs has also fallen through time. This latter finding is in accord with research showing the increased impotence of individual central banks with respect to long term interest rates.
Chapter 7 - Antiepileptics

The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals is a series of volumes in which the adverse effects and reactions of medications are analyzed. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: the International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. This review of the 2013–2014 publications on antiepileptic drugs covers brivaracetam, carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, ethosuximide, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, phenobarbital and primidone, phenytoin and fosphenytoin, pregabalin, retigabine (ezogabine), rufinamide, topiramate, valproate sodium and semisodium (divalproex), vigabatrin, and zonisamide. Antiepileptic drugs often interact with other medications through multiple mechanisms including CYP P450 induction and inhibition. There is a special review on pharmacogenomics and the link between certain genetic aberrations and the propensity to develop adverse effects to antiepileptic medications, including CYP P450 metabolism. Specific genetic polymorphisms have been associated with psychiatric symptoms in patients taking levetiracetam, liver failure in patients taking valproic acid, neurologic side effects in patients taking carbamazepine, and an increased risk of severe cutaneous reactions in patients taking carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital.
The European Identity Survey – a Bridge between Political Science and Psychology

At the heart of this article is the question of how we can measure European identity more accurately to answer some of the fundamental questions that are starting to emerge in times of populism and disintegration: is there a single European identity? Or are there many? In order to do so, the article first summarises the dominant discourse on collective identities in political science literature, before gauging insights from psychological approaches. Subsequently, new methods of measurement that bridge both fields are considered. Finally, all three are combined into a comprehensive and interdisciplinary European Identity Survey. This survey is designed to construct a multi-dimensional index on civic and cultural European identity. Rather than assuming some answers to be ‘more European’ than others, it gauges the convergence of different groups along multiple dimensions that are considered to constitute an identity. In doing so, the paper endeavours not only to introduce a new way of measuring European identity but also to contribute to analysis on the assumed growing polarisation of identity narratives and its societal and political implications.
The Effect of Processing Technique on Fat Graft Survival.

BACKGROUND Wide variations in fat graft survival have been reported. The authors hypothesize that treating the adipose tissue on Telfa gauze creates a processed lipoaspirate with a more functional adipokine profile that improves fat graft survival. METHODS Suction-assisted lipoaspirate was harvested from humans and was either processed by centrifugation, rolled on Telfa gauze, or left unprocessed. Progenitor cell populations were quantified and characterized by flow cytometry. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase assay was used to measure the functional adipocytes. The lipoaspirates were grafted into (n = 45) wild-type mice and harvested to assess fat graft persistence. Vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-BB secretions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. RESULTS Centrifuged lipoaspirate had a greater number of progenitor cells per gram of tissue than Telfa-processed and unprocessed lipoaspirate. However, Telfa-processed lipoaspirate had a greater number of functional adipocytes (0.104 U/ml) than centrifuged (0.080 U/ml) and unprocessed lipoaspirate (0.083 U/ml) on glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase assay (p < 0.05). After 10 weeks of grafting, it had greater fat graft persistence (70.9 ± 6.2 percent) than centrifuged (56.7 ± 5.5 percent) and unprocessed lipoaspirate (42.2 ± 2.7 percent) (p < 0.05). It also maintained a greater secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-BB at weeks 1 and 2 than centrifuged and unprocessed lipoaspirate. Furthermore, CD31 staining demonstrated an increase in vascular density of the Telfa-processed lipoaspirate at week 2 compared with the centrifuged lipoaspirate (37 ± 1 percent and 14 ± 4 percent per high-power field; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lipoaspirate processing technique has a significant impact on fat graft survival rate. Increasing the number of functional adipocytes by processing the fat on Telfa gauze may augment the secretion of angiogenic and mitogenic adipokines within the graft, thereby improving its survivability. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
Public Service Sector: The Compassionate Workplace

This study seeks to investigate the effect of compassion in public service workplace. Our compassion model is based on public service sector employees receiving compassionate feelings such as affec...
Chemical biology: Organic dyes for deep bioimaging.

Small-molecule organic dyes that fluoresce in the short-wave infrared region of the spectrum could improve the resolution of in vivo bioimaging methods. Such dyes have now been made by adapting those that fluoresce visible light.
New perspectives in stress research: 2016 neurobiology of stress workshop.

This issue contains four reviews stemming from the 4th iteration of the Neurobiology of Stress Workshop, held in Irvine, CA in April 2016. The Irvine meeting was well-attended and featured state-of...
Lipid Pore-Filled Silica Thin-Film Membranes for Biomimetic Recovery of Dilute Carbohydrates.

Selectively permeable biological membranes containing lipophilic barriers inspire the design of biomimetic carrier-mediated membranes for aqueous solute separation. The recovery of glucose, which can reversibly bind to boronic acid (BA) carriers, is examined in lipid pore-filled silica thin-film composite membranes with accessible mesopores. The successful incorporation of lipids (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DPPC) and BA carriers (4-((N-Boc-amino)methyl)phenylboronic acid, BAMP-BA) in the pores of mesoporous silica (∼10 nm pore diameter) through evaporation deposition is verified by confocal microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. In the absence of BA carriers, lipids confined inside the pores of silica thin films (∼200 nm thick) provide a factor of 14 increase in diffusive transport resistance to glucose, relative to traditional supported lipid bilayers formed by vesicle fusion on the porous surface. The addition of lipid-immobilized BAMP-BA (59 mol % in DPPC) facilitates the t...
Improved delineation rate of thermally ablated liver tumors with electrode displacement elastography compared to commercial acoustic radiation force impulse imaging

Ultrasound elastography is an effective modality for the delineation of thermally ablated regions after liver tumor treatments. Image contrast in elasticity imaging is based on differences in the Young's modulus of local tissue. In this work, we compare our previously introduced electrode displacement elastography (EDE) with a commercially available acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) technique, for delineating the post ablation regions. Forty-seven patients diagnosed with either hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or metastases underwent microwave ablation (MWA) procedures with a typical setting of 65 W for 5 minutes. EDE and ARFI images were acquired with a Siemens Acuson S2000 system and 6C1 HD transducer. EDE images were generated from a continuous loop of ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) data using a 2D cross-correlation algorithm. ARFI images were obtained using the ‘Virtual Touch’ function available on the Siemens Acuson S2000 system. Delineation of the ablated region was performed by two observers. Imaging depth dependence of EDE and ARFI was evaluated using tissue mimicking (TM) phantoms with the inclusion positioned at different depths. Delineation results from the two observers indicate that the ablated region in ARFI images was recognizable on an average of 19 patients, while delineable ablation boundaries could be generated on an average of 4 patients. With EDE strain images, delineable ablation boundaries were generated on an average of 39 patients, without obvious imaging depth dependence. The TM phantom studies show that differences in inclusion dimensions measured with EDE and ARFI images were within 8%, while image contrast and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) with EDE was 2–3 times higher than that obtained with ARFI. This study showed that monitoring MWA in terms of the delineation rate and CNR was higher with EDE when compared to the commercially available ARFI approach. EDE could therefore become an alternative imaging modality for monitoring MWA procedures for liver tumor treatments in the ablation suite. EDE is also feasible for deeper tumor locations beyond the evaluated imaging depth for ARFI.
Visual communication of luxury fashion brands on social media: effects of visual complexity and brand familiarity

Marketers of luxury brands have embraced new strategies to convey their brands to consumers using visual communication via social media. Although social media posts have the potential to improve marketing efforts for luxury brands, there is a dearth of research on the effect of visual communication strategies on luxury brands. This study investigated the effect of visual complexity of social media images on consumers’ brand perceptions in a luxury fashion context. Results of two experiments revealed that when respondents were familiar with a classical style luxury brand, their perception of luxury was greater for a less than a more complex image. However, when the brand was unfamiliar, they reported a greater perception of luxury for the complex image than for the simple one. Further, the results indicated sequential mediating effects of perceived luxury and product attitude on the relationship between visual complexity and behavioral intentions (i.e., purchase intentions and intentions to share images). The results of this study suggested that, to increase positive perceptions of luxury brands, marketers should determine the visual complexity of social media images they use by determining consumers’ degree of familiarity with the brand first.
Posttraumatic Overmodulation, Callous–Unemotional Traits, and Offending Among Justice-Involved Youth

A large body of research has demonstrated an association between childhood trauma exposure (TE) and adolescent delinquency. This association may be explained by callous–unemotional (CU) traits, whi...
Elastic shear modulus constitutive law found from entropy considerations

Isothermal and adiabatic shear moduli have been measured countless times. Adiabatic shear moduli which are generally considered to be the same as isothermal shear moduli are shown here to be unstable, so they cannot exist. A constitutive law that avoids adiabatic moduli is found to apply to polycrystalline isotropic solids. The equation is a power law in the volume per unit mass time the shear modulus. The volume is in turn a function of temperature T and pressure p in the system. The adiabatic moduli are established in shear stress versus strain space using a construction from isothermal elastic shear moduli. The derivation of this law replaces adiabatic with isochoric conditions in linear elastic, sheared solids. It is widely reported that the shear thermal expansion coefficient is zero since isotropic solids do not change the shape when heated. All solids with applied shear stresses and temperature dependent shear moduli change the shape and have shear thermal expansion coefficients. The thermal expansion coefficient is coupled into the shear component of the entropy and the T dependence of the isothermal shear modulus. In a sheared solid, only the single point τ = 0, γ = 0 has no shear entropy contributions and no thermal expansion and is mechanically unstable in adiabatic constructions. The exact form of the proposed constitutive law is based on solutions from a second order differential equation based on shear contributions from the entropy.
Giant Cell Myocarditis: Long Term Survival Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rapidly progressing and frequently fatal disease. Long term survival has been associated previously only with mechanical support and immunosuppression as a bridge to transplant. Here we present two patients with GCM who received advanced heart failure (HF) therapies with mechanical support and who survived with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. 67 y/o man with a history of coronary disease and remote revascularization progressed to stage D HF requiring inotropic therapy followed by an LVAD. At the time of implant, the consensus was that the cardiomyopathy (CM) had been a progression of ischemia. Pathological analysis of the apical core revealed GCM. He continues to be successfully supported by LVAD. 51 y/o man with history of familial CM presented in cardiogenic shock and refractory ventricular tachycardia. He was treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to a durable LVAD and then transplantation. Pathology from the core biopsy obtained at the time of LVAD implantation showed no evidence of GCM. He was transplanted after 2 years of mechanical support. His explanted heart showed prominent GCM with prominent fibrosis (Figure). Discussion Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) without immunosuppression, as either destination therapy or a bridge to transplantation, may be a viable option in select cases of GCM. The fact that the diagnosis of GCM is confirmed with pathology and can easily be missed generates an interesting conundrum. Recognition of the disease may change management, as it traditionally includes immunosuppression whose role in patients with durable MCS is not known and is arguably undesirable as the risk of infectious complications may be prohibitive, and its results are dubious at best. Cases like these not only show that MCS may be a viable alternative, but also suggest that such an entity as stable GCM that has not been previously recognized as a survivable entity should be considered. A limitation of MCS therapy would be the lack of right ventricular support. It is evident that further research is needed in order to accurately define, stratify, and ultimately treat this so poorly understood entity.
Association of Firearm Ownership, Use, Accessibility, and Storage Practices With Suicide Risk Among US Army Soldiers.

Importance Since 2004, the suicide rate among US Army soldiers has exceeded the rate of death from combat injury. It is critical to establish factors that increase the risk of acting on suicidal thoughts to guide early intervention and suicide prevention. Objective To assess whether firearm ownership, use, storage practices, and accessibility are associated with increased risk of suicide. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, suicide cases (n = 135) were defined as US Army soldiers who died by suicide while on active duty between August 1, 2011, and November 1, 2013. Next-of-kin and Army supervisors of soldiers who died by suicide (n = 168) were compared with propensity-matched controls (n = 137); those soldiers with a suicidal ideation in the past year (n = 118) provided structured interview data. Data were analyzed from April 5, 2018, to April 2, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Firearm ownership, storage, and accessibility were assessed by using items from the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview screening scales along with items created for the purpose of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) study. Results Among the 135 suicide decedents, next-of-kin reported that they had greater accessibility to firearms compared with propensity-matched controls. Specifically, suicide decedents were more likely to own 1 or more handguns compared with propensity-matched controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.7; χ21 = 4.2; false discovery rate [FDR]P = .08), store a loaded gun at home (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.9-9.1; χ21 = 12.2; FDRP = .003), and publicly carry a gun when not required for military duty (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.3; χ21 = 7.4; FDRP = .02). The combination of these 3 items was associated with a 3-fold increase in the odds of suicide death (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.2-9.4; χ21 = 5.4; FDRP = .05). Storing a loaded gun with ammunition at home or publicly carrying a gun when not on duty was associated with a 4-fold increase in the odds of suicide death (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.9; χ21 = 14.1; FDRP = .002). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, in addition to gun ownership, ease and immediacy of firearm access were associated with increased suicide risk. Discussion with family members and supervisors about limiting firearm accessibility should be evaluated for potential intervention.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Drugs in Special Population

Viral infections are a global public health problem and can contribute significantly to patient morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that there are 350 million people worldwide who are infected with hepatitis B virus and 17,000 new cases per year of hepatitis C are identified (Wasley et al., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57(SS-2):1–24, 2008). Herpes viruses are common, with an estimated seroprevalence of 50% for herpes simplex virus type-1 and 20% herpes simplex virus type-2 seroprevalence among adults in the United States (Piret and Boivin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55(2):459–472, 2011). Influenza infections worldwide lead to serious morbidity and have been associated with thousands of deaths each year; 18,500 deaths were attributed to 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic alone (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59(33):1057–1089, 2010; Dawood et al., Lancet Infect Dis 12(9):687–695, 2012). It is imperative that clinicians have an intimate knowledge of any medication used in their practice and a working knowledgebase of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is especially true in the discipline of infectious diseases. This chapter provides a detail review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antiviral agents utilized to treat select viral infections in patients undergoing transplantation.
Ovarian Endometrioid and Clear-Cell Tumors

Clear-cell and endometrioid tumors are subtypes of Mullerian epithelial tumors that can arise in the uterus as well as the ovary. These subtypes of primary ovarian tumors include benign, borderline, and malignant counterparts as opposed to other Mullerian sites where these tumors usually present as malignant neoplasms (carcinomas). A strong association with endometriosis has been reported with the histogenesis of these tumors. This chapter covers the clinicopathologic features of these endometriosis-associated histotypes of ovarian carcinoma.
K IR channel activation links local vasodilatation with muscle fibre recruitment during exercise in humans

KEY POINTS During exercise, blood flow to working skeletal muscle increases in parallel with contractile activity such that oxygen delivery is sufficient to meet metabolic demand. K+ released from active skeletal muscle fibres could facilitate vasodilatation in proportion to the degree of muscle fibre recruitment. Once released, K+ stimulates inwardly rectifying K+ (KIR ) channels on the vasculature to elicit an increase in blood flow. In the present study, we demonstrate that KIR channels mediate the rapid vasodilatory response to an increase in exercise intensity. We also show that KIR channels augment vasodilatation during exercise which demands greater muscle fibre recruitment independent of the total amount of work performed. These results suggest that K+ plays a key role in coupling the magnitude of vasodilatation to the degree of contractile activity. Ultimately, the findings from this study help us understand the signalling mechanisms that regulate muscle blood flow in humans. ABSTRACT Blood flow to active skeletal muscle is augmented with greater muscle fibre recruitment. We tested whether activation of inwardly rectifying potassium (KIR ) channels underlies vasodilatation with elevated muscle fibre recruitment when work rate is increased (Protocol 1) or held constant (Protocol 2). We assessed forearm vascular conductance (FVC) during rhythmic handgrip exercise under control conditions and during local inhibition of KIR channels (intra-arterial BaCl2 ). In Protocol 1, healthy volunteers performed mild handgrip exercise for 3 min, then transitioned to moderate intensity for 30 s. BaCl2 eliminated vasodilatation during the first contraction at the moderate workload (ΔFVC, BaCl2 : -1 ± 17 vs. control: 30 ± 28 ml min-1 100 mmHg-1 ; n = 9; P = 0.004) and attenuated the 30 s area under the curve by 56 ± 14% (n = 9; P < 0.0001). In Protocol 2, participants performed two exercise bouts in which muscle fibre recruitment was manipulated while total contractile work was held constant via reciprocal changes in contraction frequency: (1) low fibre recruitment, with contractions at 12.5% maximal voluntary contraction once every 4 s and (2) high fibre recruitment, with contractions at 25% maximal voluntary contraction once every 8 s. Under control conditions, steady-state FVC was augmented in high vs. low fibre recruitment (211 ± 90 vs. 166 ± 73 ml min-1 ⋅100 mmHg-1 ; n = 10; P = 0.0006), whereas BaCl2 abolished the difference between high and low fibre recruitment (134 ± 59 vs. 134 ± 63 ml min-1 100 mmHg-1 ; n = 10; P = 0.85). These findings demonstrate that KIR channel activation is a key mechanism linking local vasodilatation with muscle fibre recruitment during exercise.
Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death and disability in young adults in the United States (Faul, Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002–2006. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/tbi_blue_book_externalcause.pdf, 2010). The financial impact is enormous, with costs exceeding $60 billion annually. TBI management has been difficult to define, not only due to the multiple different primary pathologies, but also the subsequent secondary injuries. Emergency Department (ED) management is concentrated on ensuring adequate cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. The focus of the acute traumatic brain injured patient needs to be on the prevention of hypotension, hypocapnia, or hypoxia. Care in the ED includes the maintenance of cerebral (and global) homeostasis, while coordinating the downstream care of the patients, to include concomitant injuries and disposition to the intensive care unit and/or the operating room.
Image-Based Mobility Assessment in Elderly People from Low-Cost Systems of Cameras: A Skeletal Dataset for Experimental Evaluations

In recent years, the scientific community has found increasing interest in technological systems for the evaluation of the mobility performance of the elderly population. The reduced quantity of dataset for gait and balance analysis of elderly people is a serious issue in studying the link between cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction, particularly in people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, this work aims to provide a dataset with skeletal information of people aged 60 years and older, while they perform well-established tests for stability assessment. 27 healthy people and 20 patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases, housed at two different nursing institutes, have been selected for the stability analysis. Subjects have been observed and evaluated by clinical therapists while executing three motion tests, namely balance, sit-to-stand and walking. The stability postural and gait control of each subject has been analyzed using a video-based system, made of three low-cost cameras, without the need for wearable and invasive sensors. The dataset provided in this work contains the skeletal information and highly-discriminant features of the balance, sit-to-stand and walking tests performed by each subject. To evaluate the efficiency of the balance dataset, the estimated risk of fall of the subjects has been processed considering the extracted features, and compared with the expected one. Final results have proven a good estimation of the risk of fall of the people under analysis, underlining the effectiveness of the dataset.
Russia’s “impressionable years”: life experience during the exit from communism and Putin-era beliefs

This article links Russians’ individual experiences during the late-Gorbachev and early-Yeltsin years to beliefs they espoused in the Putin era, over a decade later. Drawing on the 2006 wave of the...
Factors Affecting Posterior Glottic Stenosis Surgery Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives:To investigate surgical adjuncts (stents) and previous surgeries on outcomes from posterior glottic stenosis (PGS).Methods:PubMED/Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searche...
Le rôle des outils financiers pour des populations plus résilientes

En raison de l’augmentation continue des couts des catastrophes naturelles, la reduction des risques est aujourd’hui une priorite (bienvenue). Toutefois, il est impossible d’eliminer completement les dommages causes par les catastrophes : il y aura toujours des routes emportees par des inondations et des logements endommages par des tremblements de terre. Pour reduire autant que possible l’effet des catastrophes, il est donc essentiel d’ameliorer la capacite des personnes, communautes, entreprises, regions et pays a faire face aux chocs. Dit autrement, la resilience est un complement indispensable a la reduction des risques. Cet article passe en revue la large gamme des outils financiers permettant d’augmenter la resilience, avec une attention particuliere portee a la situation des pays et populations les plus pauvres. Il insiste sur la necessite de disposer d’un ensemble de solutions complementaires pour couvrir les differents besoins, sur le role-cle des systemes de protection sociale pour venir en aide aux plus pauvres et completer les autres mecanismes assurantiels, et sur l’importance d’incorporer les risques dans les processus et les outils budgetaires des gouvernements.
Delila-PY, a Pipeline for Utilizing the Delila Suite of Software to Identify Potential DNA Binding Motifs.

ABSTRACT Predicting potential DNA binding motifs is a critical part of understanding gene expression across all domains of life. Here, we report the development of Delila-PY, an easy-to-use pipeline for utilizing the Delila suite of software to identify DNA binding motifs.
First Atlantic satellite tracks of 'lost years' green turtles support the importance of the Sargasso Sea as a sea turtle nursery.

In-water behaviour and long-term movements of oceanic-stage juvenile sea turtles are not well described or quantified. This is owing to technological or logistical limitations of tracking small, fa...
Realization's Vexations: Taxing Cryptocurrency Hard Forks

A cryptocurrency hard fork seems to increase a holder’s fortunes—those who held Bitcoin, for example, nominally received an equivalent amount of Bitcoin Cash as a result of a famous hard fork. But this Article argues they should not be taxed based on the time of the fork, nor would they then be taxed under existing authorities. Cryptocurrency hard forks represent innovative experimentation with changes to a cryptocurrency’s protocol in the rich modality of commons-based peer production—the modality responsible for Wikipedia and Linux. The tax system should not stifle this ex¬perimentation and the growth of the cryptocurrency commons by taxing hard forks based on when they occur. Relatedly, the indeterminate value of newly forked cryptocurrencies weighs against taxing hard forks based on when they occur. Furthermore, hard forks are unlikely to result in the realization of income under foundational Supreme Court authorities, which in part key to concerns over valuation. The Internal Revenue Service’s ruling on this issue does not alter this conclusion; it il¬lustrates rather than resolves the vexing question of whether a hard fork results in the realization of income.