cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopy of Electron-Stimulated Processes at Oxide Surfaces

This paper provides a brief overview of recent electron microscopy studies of electron-stimulated desorption(ESD) processes occurring at maximally valent oxide surfaces, with emphasis upon the profile imaging mode of observation. The products that accumulate on the oxide surfaces as a result of ESD depend upon characteristics of the electron beam (energy, current density), the residual vacuum level, and the specimen temperature, and include reduced oxides, metallic particles and facetted exit-surface sputter pits. The diversity of results is an indication of competing electronic, diffusional and ballistic mechanisms: determination of the dominant process must be inferred from the final state of the surface under a variety of experimental conditions.
Missouri reorganizes its administrative structure

State-wide campaign for economy results in the passage of laws which permit more effective direction and control of administration.
Silver-induced volatile species generation from conductive die attach adhesives

Commercial and model epoxy die-attach adhesives with and without silver filler, were investigated to examine the effect that the silver filler has on the outgassing characteristics of the organic matrix. The materials were subjected to typical temperature processing schedules including cure, preseal bake, and burn-in. The volatile species outgassing during each of the processing periods were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thermogravimetric analyses were also performed. It was determined that silver in the adhesive leads to a greater mass loss and a marked change in the outgassing species relative to the same adhesive system without silver. These effects were observed during cure, preseal bake, and burn-in, GC/MS measurements clearly indicated that new chemical species were outgassed when silver was added to the adhesive, suggesting that chemical reactions were occurring at the silver/organic interface. >
Fibroblast growth factors in mammalian development

Abstract Polypeptide growth factors are secreted signalling molecules that function as intercellular communicators. Detailed analyses of the expression and function of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors have demonstrated that the FGF signalling pathways play essential roles in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning during vertebrate embryogenesis. Recent studies on the molecular basis of human dysmorphic syndromes have revealed that aberrant FGF signalling during limb and skeletal development can lead to pathogenesis.
A Hypothesis for the Transcriptional Control of Amphibian Metamorphosis by the Thyroid Hormone Receptor

SYNOPSIS. Amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormone and the thyroid hormone receptor. The thyroid hormone receptor functions as a master control factor that can both activate and repress genes in controlling the transformation of the larval tadpole to the adult frog. We have made use of the microinjection of both Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation of transcription. We define three steps in the regulation of transcription by thyroid hormone receptor: the establishment of a repressive chromatin structure, disruption of chromatin and transcriptional activation. Our results also suggest that there are four major stages in the developmental control of gene expression during metamorphosis 1) Tissue and stage specific expression during embryonic development prior to tadpole hatching independent of thyroid hormone receptor. 2) The general repression of transcription of these genes by thyroid hormone receptor after tadpole hatching (stage 36), but prior to the production of thyroid hormone, which is first detectible in the circulating plasma around stage 55. 3) The activation of transcription dependent on thyroid hormone and receptor at metamorphosis (stages 55-66). 4) The acquisition of tissue specific and possibly thyroid hormone-independent patterns of gene activity.
Asymptotic methods for thin high-contrast two-dimensional PBG materials

This paper surveys recent analytic and numerical results on asymptotic models of spectra of electromagnetic (EM) waves in two-dimensional (2D) thin high-contrast photonic bandgap (PBG) materials. These models lead to discovery of interesting phenomena, including extremely narrow bands that can be used for spontaneous emission enhancement, gaps in the long wave regions, and asymptotic periodicity of the spectrum. The asymptotic results provide unexpectedly good qualitative (and sometimes quantitative) description of spectral behavior for materials of finite contrast. In some cases, simple ordinary differential models can be derived that yield a good approximation of the spectra. In such situations, one can obtain approximate analytic formulas for the dispersion relations.
High resolution sensor array signal processing in the beamspace domain: novel techniques based on the poor resolution of Fourier beamforming

The prospect of sensor array signal processing in beamspace, as opposed to element space, is proposed for the purpose of advantageously exploiting the poor resolution of classical beamforming to convert the element space data vectors to beamspace data vectors having a higher signal/noise ratio and a lower dimensionality. The higher SNR facilities sub-beamwidth resolution capability while the lower dimensionality serves to ease the computational burden typically associated with high-resolution algorithms. Two distinctly different element-space-to-beamspace transformations are presented. The primary application of interest is the low-angle radar tracking problem wherein two signals, the direct and specular path signals, arrive near broadside to the array within a beamwidth of each other. >
Policy transformation techniques in policy-based systems management

Policy based systems management provides a means for administrators, end-users and application developers to manage and dynamically change the behavior of computing systems. One advantage of policy-based management is that it simplifies and automates the administration of IT environments. A significant part of the simplification is obtained by allowing the system administrator to specify only the objectives or goals that are to be met, rather than having to specify detailed configuration parameters for each of the different devices in the system. It may not be obvious to the administrator how the goals can be achieved without having to know the internals of the system. This knowledge thus needs to be captured in the policy driven actions. The existing algorithms for mapping policy objectives to specific configuration details tend to be specific to each policy discipline. This makes the policy-based approach harder to deploy for new disciplines. In this paper, we address different types of policy transformations and propose methods, which are not discipline specific for mapping objectives to system configurations.
Effects of Barrier Thinning on Small-Signal and 30-GHz Power Characteristics of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors

Short-gate AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) with extremely thin AlGaN barrier layers were fabricated and characterized from the viewpoint of millimeter-wave applications. The devices showed good direct current and small-signal characteristics; however, the 30-GHz power characteristics were degraded due to frequency dispersion caused by the SiNx/AlGaN interface states. The dispersive behavior of the thin barrier devices measured in pulse I-V curves was different from the commonly observed one for the devices with normal AlGaN barrier thicknesses of 20-30 nm. The first characteristic point was that it happened only for structures with extremely thin barrier layers. As another unique point, the drain current collapse in the pulsed modes was observed only at a positive gate bias. We consider that the unique dispersion of the thin barrier HFETs was caused by the different charging paths related to hot electrons accelerated in a high electric field region of a 2-D electron gas (2DEG) channel. It seems reasonable to suppose that, for the extremely thin barrier structures, the AlGaN surface states can be charged not only by injected electrons from the gate metal through the SiNx/AlGaN interface but also by the hot electrons overcoming the barrier from the 2DEG formed at the AlGaN/GaN interface.
An Optimized Grid-Based, OGC Standards-Compliant Collaborative Software System for Serving NASA Geospatial Data

It is now common for academic institutes, government sectors and commercial corporations all over the world to engage in collaborative, complex applications. Most of them require international and interoperable access to large quantities of distributed, heterogeneous geospatial data, services, computing abilities and other facilities. The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) implemented through the Globus Toolkit, provides an applicable and convenient software infrastructure for securely sharing computational resources within a Virtual Organization. In this paper, based on the Globus Toolkit, we propose an open, reusable, optimized, standards-compliant, and Grid-enabled geospatial software system for archiving, managing, querying and serving NASA earth observing system data. We apply Grid technologies to OGC Web services to make them Grid-enabled and deploy them into the system. These services can be invoked either by OGC users or by Grid users in the Grid environment. Any OGSA-compliant Grid services can be deployed into the system, and can invoke or be invoked by our or other Grid services in our Virtual Organization to securely access each other?s data and other computational resources after we authorize access. A Catalogue Service Federation (CSF) with an OGC standard interface is developed to interact with other Grid or non-Grid geospatial catalogue services for querying and serving much more geospatial data. An intelligent Grid Service Mediator (iGSM) and Replica Optimization Service (ROS), both of which are Grid services, are proposed to distribute and optimize user requests for data and services in the system. All of the Grid-enabled geospatial services can be reused to construct more complex and functional services by forming a service-chain.
A ten-year analysis of surgical education research

Abstract Background: Surgical education peer-reviewed publications have markedly increased over the last decade. The purpose of this study was to review the surgical education literature published over the last 10 years and address the following questions: What subjects in surgical education tend to be studied? What are the most to least commonly employed research designs and statistics? Has there been a change in how research data are collected? Where are these studies published? Methods: A literature search encompassing surgical education papers published between January 1988 and August 1998 was performed. Four investigators coded qualifying abstracts on journal type, subject of research, data collection methods, research design, and statistics. Each investigator was asked to code 10 articles at the start of the study to assess interrater reliability. Results: A total of 420 abstracts were evaluated. Interrater reliability yielded percent agreements ranging from 82% to 96%. Curriculum and teaching were the most frequent topics studied (40%), followed by assessment (23%) and program evaluation (18%). Most research designs used were descriptive (41%). Experimental design has progressively increased from 2% in 1988–89 to 16% in 1998. A total of 551 statistical methods were accounted for in the 420 abstracts. The most common statistical analyses used were descriptive statistics (32%). The predominant mode of data collection was through testing or direct observations (34%). Survey instruments followed closely as a popular data collection method at 27%.The majority of papers were published in peer-reviewed surgical journals (64%),followed by medical education journals (22%) and “other” journals (14%). Conclusions: An analysis of the surgical education literature demonstrates the growing emphasis on the use of educational research to explore relevant issues and problems. Descriptive research is most popular, with an increasing trend in experimental research. Publication of educational research in peer-reviewed surgical journals is becoming more popular. This study informs those interested in the surgical education research literature of current trends, and what they need to know for a more critical appraisal of this body of literature.
Exploration of path space using sensor network geometry

In a sensor network there are many paths between a source and a destination. An efficient method to explore and navigate in the ‘path space’ can help many important routing primitives, in particular, multipath routing and resilient routing (when nodes or links can fail unexpectedly) as considered in this paper. Both problems are challenging for a general graph setting, especially if each node cannot afford to have the global knowledge. In this paper we use a geometric approach to allow efficient exploration of the path space with very little overhead. We are motivated by the recent development on regulating a sensor network geometry using confor-mal mapping [44,45], in which any sensor network can be embedded to be circular (and any possible hole is made circular as well) and greedy routing guarantees delivery. In this paper we explore the freedom of a Mobius transformation inherent to this conformal mapping. By applying a Mobius transformation we can get an alternative embedding with the same property such that greedy routing generates a different path. We present distributed algorithms using local information and limited global information (the positions and sizes of the holes) to generate disjoint multi-paths for a given source destination pair or switch to a different path ‘on the fly’ when transmission failure is encountered. The overhead of applying a Mobius transformation simply boils down to four parameters that could be carried by a packet or determined at need at the source. Demonstrated by simulation results, this method compares favorably in terms of performance and cost metrics with centralized solutions of using flow algorithms or random walk based decentralized solutions in generating alternative paths.
A pullulan-degrading enzyme activity of Aureobasidium pullulans

A pullulan-degrading enzyme activity was detected in the culture medium after growth of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans on corn syrup as a carbon source. The product of pullulan catabolism by this activity was determined to be glucose. The highest specific activity of this enzyme was found after 7 days of fungal growth. Although α-amylase activity was not detectable, the presence of a glucoamylase activity was indicated. It appeared that the enzyme responsible for pullulan degradation was likely glucoamylase B.
The units of currency for plant water status

Abstract. The appropriate measure for plant water status is of fundamental importance in plant water relations. One possible approach is to consider a hypothetical sensor for water status at the cell level. It is argued that such a sensor must respond to an intrinsic variable describing the quantity of water present in the cell. Uncertainty about the variable being sensed has affected our interpretion of plant responses to drought. In general, a more rigorous analysis of the effects of tissue hydraulic parameters and further understanding of the pertinent variable for water status are needed to assess such questions. For example, the significance of changes in the elasticity of cell walls in response to drought depends on the measure for water status. A simple model for water transport suggests that a decrease in the elastic modulus may act to maintain turgor for succulent plant species, but it is not clear how increases in the elastic modulus enhance water uptake for non-succulent species.
Positional Cloning of a Novel Fanconi Anemia Gene, FANCD2

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease with birth defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. To date, genes for five of the seven known complementation groups have been cloned. Complementation group D is heterogeneous, consisting of two distinct genes, FANCD1 and FANCD2. Here we report the positional cloning of FANCD2. The gene consists of 44 exons, encodes a novel 1451 amino acid nuclear protein, and has two protein isoforms. Similar to other FA proteins, the FANCD2 protein has no known functional domains, but unlike other known FA genes, FANCD2 is highly conserved in A. thaliana, C. elegans, and Drosophila. Retroviral transduction of the cloned FANCD2 cDNA into FA-D2 cells resulted in functional complementation of MMC sensitivity.
Sites of Diplomacy, Violence, and Refuge: Topography and Negotiation in the Mountains of New Spain

Through much of the history of the Americas, political life took place in two spheres: the colonial realm, in which a complex population of Indians, Africans, and Iberians interacted within the civic framework of European institutions; and the extra-colonial realm, in which largely indigenous populations beyond the reach of imperial authority maintained separate political systems. Encounters across this divide were sometimes peaceful and symbiotic, but at other times violent. Many historical discussions of interethnic conflict presume a general and persistent difference in power between these two groups. On Mexico's northern frontier of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the relative advantage enjoyed by colonial versus extra-colonial peoples shifted radically depending on the moment and place of encounter. This article proposes that differences in topography and ecology, often between places not far removed in absolute distance, produced inversions in the relative power enjoyed by indigenous and settler populations. The cultivation of maize was common to the refuge zones of settlers and northern Indians alike: unassimilated Indian bands concealed and protected their crops in difficult-to-find mountain valleys; settler communities, both Spanish and Indian, protected crops close to their respective concentrations of population and militiamen. Both colonial and extra-colonial peoples subsisted on cattle, and the demand for vast pasture spaces produced inevitable conflict. Thus, the geography of the north produced areas of security and vulnerability for all parties.
Northern Hemisphere winter storm track trends since 1959 derived from multiple reanalysis datasets

In this study, a comprehensive comparison of Northern Hemisphere winter storm track trend since 1959 derived from multiple reanalysis datasets and rawinsonde observations has been conducted. In addition, trends in terms of variance and cyclone track statistics have been compared. Previous studies, based largely on the National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (NNR), have suggested that both the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks have significantly intensified between the 1950s and 1990s. Comparison with trends derived from rawinsonde observations suggest that the trends derived from NNR are significantly biased high, while those from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts 40-year Reanalysis and the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis are much less biased but still too high. Those from the two twentieth century reanalysis datasets are most consistent with observations but may exhibit slight biases of opposite signs. Between 1959 and 2010, Pacific storm track activity has likely increased by 10 % or more, while Atlantic storm track activity has likely increased by <10 %. Our analysis suggests that trends in Pacific and Atlantic basin wide storm track activity prior to the 1950s derived from the two twentieth century reanalysis datasets are unlikely to be reliable due to changes in density of surface observations. Nevertheless, these datasets may provide useful information on interannual variability, especially over the Atlantic.
Design and Preliminary Evaluation of a Passive Spine Exoskeleton

This paper presents a design of a passive spine exoskeleton which implements a “push–pull” external assistive strategy. The spine exoskeleton was designed for reducing the risk of back injury. It applies a pulling force on thoracic region and a pushing force on lumbar region during spine flexion/extension. The design was inspired by previous simulation work, where the results highly supported benefits of the push–pull strategy on reducing the back muscular efforts and bending moment for the sagittal spine flexion/extension. A passive physical prototype was designed and constructed to test the push–pull strategy on human subjects. Three subjects were able to repeat the identical dynamic spine flexion and extension tasks with the spine exoskeleton prototype. The surface electromyography showed a reduction of up to 24% at lumbar and 54% at thoracic level muscle for the human subjects wearing the exoskeleton suit to accomplish the same static tasks without any external assistance. The muscle force and intervertebral bending moment were estimated to be reduced by up to 479 N and 36 N · m, respectively.
Characterization of Structural Scale Ductile Fracture of Aluminum Panels Using Digital Image Correlation

The use of lightweight aluminum construction has become prevalent in marine structures and it is therefore critical that the performance of such structures in the inelastic regime be characterized. A key aspect of this is the ductile fracture behavior of panels and structural details. Here, the results of ductile fracture tests conducted on large pre-notched aluminum panels seeking to characterize this inelastic response and resulting fracture are reported. Plates fabricated from 5083-H116 and 6061-T6 panels, including a welded panel, were tested with a geometry designed to induce macro-plasticity prior to fracture. Testing was performed using a newly developed heavy steel fixture of sufficient rigidity and included the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain measurement. Through extensive data collection and analysis, the full extent and severity of plastic deformation prior to fracture were obtained. It is anticipated that this data will be of utility in the calibration and validation of numerical modeling of ductile fracture in large structures.
Framing Image Description as a Ranking Task: Data, Models and Evaluation Metrics (Extended Abstract)

In [Hodosh et al., 2013], we establish a rankingbased framework for sentence-based image description and retrieval. We introduce a new dataset of images paired with multiple descriptive captions that was specifically designed for these tasks. We also present strong KCCA-based baseline systems for description and search, and perform an in-depth study of evaluation metrics for these two tasks. Our results indicate that automatic evaluation metrics for our ranking-based tasks are more accurate and robust than those proposed for generation-based image description.
Libraries in Support of Research and Instruction

My first guest issue, volume 56, issue 4, in 2015, on research methods for librarianship, was recently published in The Reference Librarian. The editors subsequently asked me to publish another iss...
Pseudo-Oxocarbons. Synthesis of 2, 1,3-Bis-, and 1, 2, 3-Tris (Dicyanomethylene) Croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions, "Croconate Violet" and "Croconate Blue".

Synthesis and characterization of new bond-delocalized dianions, e.g., 2, 1,3-bis-, 1, 2, 3-tris (dicyanomethylene) croconate salts have been described. The dianions reported represent a new class of aromatic, nonbenzenoid compounds, named pseudo-oxocarbons. A study of their physical, analytical and chemical properties offer a new direction in the chemistry of oxocarbons.
Assessing the Risk of Noncompliance in Wastewater Treatment

This paper presents an integrated methodology that allows determining the probability of noncompliance for a given wastewater treatment plant. The methodology applies fault-tree analysis, which uses failure probabilities of individual components, to predict the overall system failure probability. The methodology can be divided into two parts : risk identification and risk quantification. In risk identification, the key components in the system are determined by analyzing the contribution of individual component failures toward system failure (i.e., noncompliance). In risk quantification, a fault-tree model is constructed for the particular system, component failure probabilities are estimated, and the fault-tree model is evaluated to determine the probability of occurrence of the top event (i.e., noncompliance). A list can be developed that ranks critical events on the basis of their contributions to the probability of noncompliance. Such a ranking should assist managers to determine which components require most attention for a better performance of the entire system. A wastewater treatment plant for treating metal-bearing rinse water from an electroplating industry is used as an example to demonstrate the application of this methodology.
Epidemiological analysis on 7 outbreaks of hand,foot and mouth disease in Kindergartens in Dongguan City

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease( HFMD) outbreaks in kindergartens in Dongguan City,and to provide scientific evidence for its prevention and control. Methods We epidemiologically analyzed the data of HFMD outbreaks occurred in kindergartens in Dongguan City during 2010- 2012 and reported by Disease Surveillance,Reporting and Management System. Results There were 7 HFMD outbreaks reported in kindergartens in Dongguan from 2010 to 2012. A total of 130 HFMD cases and 2,909 children were involved,with the attack rate of 3. 26%- 6. 48%.Most cases were found in April. The proportion of the cases aged three years and below was 77. 69%. The duration of each epidemic period ranged between 7 and 14 days. The time span between the initial case and reporting was positively correlated with the duration of each epidemic period( Spearman correlation coefficient = 0. 830,P 0. 05). Conclusions The most susceptible populations to HFMD outbreak are the children aged three years and below. Kindergartens and the related health departments should intensify the surveillance of HFMD. Early detection of HFMD patients and early reporting are conducive to controlling the outbreak.
Analysis on ECG of Nanning Railway Workers Receiving Health Examination during 2005—2009

[Objective]To dynamically understand the ECG abnormalities of Nanning railway workers,so as to early discover,early diagnose,early treat,prevent and control cardiovascular diseases.[Methods]ECG results of 12 027 workers receiving health examination during 2005—2009 were analyzed statistically.[Results]The ECG abnormal rate was 23.50%~26.95% during 2005—2009;comparing the ECG abnormal rate of each 2 years,only that of 2005 and 2009 was significantly different(P0.05);ECG abnormal rate in each group ranged from 23.42%~30.69%;ECG abnormal rate of 18~30 age group and 51~60 age group was significantly different with that of 31~40 age group and 41~50 age group,respectively(P0.05).Detection rate of sinus arrhythmia of 18~30 age group was significantly higher than other age groups(P0.01);abnormal change of ST segment and T wave increased with age.[Conclusion]ECG abnormalities are more obvious in 18~30 age group and 51~60 age group,the number of sinus arrhythmia in young age groups is more than that in old age groups.The abnormal rate of ST segment and T wave increases with age.
Pancreatic Hepatocytes Associated with Chronic 2,6-Dichloro-p-Phenylenediamine Administration in Fischer 344 Rats

Pancreatic tissue (original and recut sections) from Fischer 344 rats fed 2,6-dichloro-p-phenylenediamine in a chronic (2-year) carcinogenesis bioassay was evaluated for presence of pancreatic hepatocytes (PH) by light microscopy. PH were found in dose groups as follows: males--0 ppm (controls)--0/50 (0%), 1,000 ppm--4/50 (8%), 2,000 ppm--9/50 (18%); females--0 ppm (controls)--1/50 (2%), 2,000 ppm-15/50 (30%), 6,000 ppm--15/49 (31%). This represented a significant dose-related increased incidence of PH in 2,000-ppm males, and 2,000- and 6,000-ppm females. A statistically significant increase (p less than 0.01) in pancreatic acinar atrophy and fibrosis was also seen in treated female rats, but the relationship of these lesions to the PH is unclear.
Microwave Thawing of Individually Quick Frozen Red Tart Cherries Prior to Pitting

AbstractIndividually quick frozen (iqf) unpitted red tart cherries were partially thawed using microwave energy, pitted, and processed into canned pie filling. The product made with these cherries was comparable with a similar product made from iqf pitted cherries. Costs from one to several cents per pound of cherries were estimated for the microwave thawing operation.
The Physician's Labeling — An American Point of View

The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) published, on June 26, 1979, a regulation, “Labeling for Prescription Drugs Used in Man ”. This rule for the package insert or professional labeling describes in detail the information required in the insert and even suggests how it may be said. The changes corect the tendency on the part of some manufacturers to describe to practitioners the merits of the drug without giving information regarding its hazards and special precautions necessary for maximum safety and effectiveness. The regulation directs the use of explicit information on indications and the replacement of generalities with specifics. In effect, all labeling will be brought to a uniform level — that of the best product monographs written. The section on Clinical Pharmacology will now include specific biopharmaceutics data on the drug(s), specific pharmacokinetics and any other information which is pertinent to the drug's clinical use. The section on Precautions is now made up of nine subsections — one section, pregnancy, will identify a category (A, B, C, D or X) that applies to the drug. The categories will tell the practitioner the potential risk for the fetus and a progressive degree of caution that should be exercised accordingly in the various categories. For Adverse Reactions, incidence and severity data will be provided for the practitioner. Other information about the drug product is provided in separate sections to inform the prescriber on the safest and most effective use of the drug.
The fiber laterality histogram: a new way to measure white matter asymmetry

The quantification of brain asymmetries may provide biomarkers for presurgical localization of language function and can improve our understanding of neural structure-function relationships in health and disease. We propose a new method for studying the asymmetry of the white matter tracts in the entire brain, and we apply it to a preliminary study of normal subjects across the handedness spectrum. Methods for quantifying white matter asymmetry using diffusion MRI tractography have thus far been based on comparing numbers of fibers or volumes of a single fiber tract across hemispheres. We propose a generalization of such methods, where the "number of fibers" laterality measurement is extended to the entire brain using a soft fiber comparison metric. We summarize the distribution of fiber laterality indices over the whole brain in a histogram, and we measure properties of the distribution such as its skewness, median, and inter-quartile range. The whole-brain fiber laterality histogram can be measured in an exploratory fashion without hypothesizing asymmetries only in particular structures. We demonstrate an overall difference in white matter asymmetry in consistent- and inconsistent-handers: the skewness of the fiber laterality histogram is significantly different across handedness groups.
Male pseudohermaphroditism in the laboratory Norway rat.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of male pseudohermaphroditism in the rat with regard to anatomic, embryologic, genetic, and physiological considerations. The anomaly is transmitted genetically by female carriers to one-half of their male offspring. In addition, one-half of the female offspring of an affected sibship become carriers. Affected males exhibit, in general, a female phenotype characterized by the presence of a blindly ending vaginal recess and mammary line but lack both Mullerian and Wolffian duct systems. Embryologic studies show normal development of Wolffian and Mullerian duct systems up to day 17 in utero, at which time disintegration of these structures takes place. Hence, a male inductor system seems not to be involved, but rather a maintenance factor without which disintegration of the ductal system results. The lack of androgen sensitivity demonstrated in these animals appears to be a reasonable explanation in light of present information. Spermatogenesis does not progress beyond the primary spermatocyte stage in the testes of the pseudohermaphrodite. The interstitial cells show marked proliferation, an indication of gonadotropin stimulation.
Effects of food resources on the fatty acid composition, growth and survival of freshwater mussels

Increased nutrient and sediment loading in rivers have caused observable changes in algal community composition, and thereby, altered the quality and quantity of food resources available to native freshwater mussels. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between nutrient conditions and mussel food quality and examine the effects on fatty acid composition, growth and survival of juvenile mussels. Juvenile Lampsilis cardium and L. siliquoidea were deployed in cages for 28 d at four riverine and four lacustrine sites in the lower St. Croix River, Minnesota/Wisconsin, USA. Mussel foot tissue and food resources (four seston fractions and surficial sediment) were analyzed for quantitative fatty acid (FA) composition. Green algae were abundant in riverine sites, whereas cyanobacteria were most abundant in the lacustrine sites. Mussel survival was high (95%) for both species. Lampsilis cardium exhibited lower growth relative to L. siliquoidea (p 63 μm) of seston, including the bacterial FAs, and several of the FAs associated with sediments. Reduced mussel growth was observed in L. siliquoidea when the abundance of cyanobacteria exceeded 9% of the total phytoplankton biovolume. Areas dominated by cyanobacteria may not provide sufficient food quality to promote or sustain mussel growth.
Make Rail (and Transit-Oriented Development) Great Again

Real estate developers once played an important role in the financing and construction of rail systems as a way to sell new housing. Over the decades, housing became the domain mainly of the privat...
Special Types of Boolean Functions

This chapter discusses specific types of Boolean functions, with emphasis on the properties that are relevant to cryptography applications. The first topic is symmetric functions, since these are so special that extensive analysis of their properties is possible. The more general class of rotation symmetric functions turns out to be much richer in useful cryptographic functions, and much of the chapter is devoted to the theory of these functions, which were introduced under that name in 1999. In the following decade, various results were proved which led to cryptographic and coding theory applications for these functions. In 2008, a conjecture (still unproved) that there are no homogeneous rotation symmetric bent functions of degree larger than 2 was made. After 2009, an extensive theory about the affine equivalence classes of rotation symmetric functions, with consequences for their weight and nonlinearity, was developed. The main results for this theory so far are given in the chapter, with references to the literature for detailed proofs.
Evolution of Preference Orderings for the Deterrence Game

We investigate the evolution and survival of decision making strategies for the Deterrence Game in a population of interacting agents. The Deterrence Game is a sequential, two player game that is used to study how player preference orderings affect the outcome in situations of conflict. Although there are twenty-four possible player preference orderings, only five are given serious theoretical attention in the deterrence literature. We use analytical and empirical approaches to investigate what are the characteristics that make a preference ordering competitive or uncompetitive and whether the five traditionally studied preference orderings are the most competitive for their roles. Results find that four out of the five traditionally studied preference orderings are highly competitive. The fifth preference ordering is analytically moderately competitive but empirically unsuccessful. Analysis of all twenty-four preference orderings indicate that there are additional preference orderings that behave identically to the traditional five and are competitive.
Relationships of Anxiety and Depression with Cardiovascular Health in Youth with Normal Weight to Severe Obesity

Objective To evaluate the relationships of depression and anxiety symptoms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and measures of vascular health in youth. Study design Participants (n = 202) were 8- to 18-year-olds from a cross-sectional study evaluating cardiovascular health across a wide range of body mass index values (normal weight to severe obesity). CVD risk measurement included blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, carotid artery intima-media thickness, compliance and distensibility, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid-radial artery pulse wave velocity, body fat percentage, and a metabolic syndrome cluster score. Anxiety and depression symptoms were self-reported on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children. Two sets of adjustment variables were used in evaluation of differences between those with and without anxiety or depression symptomatology for the CVD risk factor and vascular outcomes. The first set included adjustment for Tanner stage, sex, and race; the second was additionally adjusted for percent body fat. Results Anxiety was not significantly associated with CVD risk factors or vascular health in either model. Depression was associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome cluster score; these relationships were attenuated when accounting for percent body fat. Conclusions When accounting for body fat, we found no clear relationship of self-reported depression or anxiety symptoms with CVD risk factors or vascular health in youth.
From museum to archives: managing the Panama Canal Museum Collection

In 2012, the Panama Canal Museum in Florida closed and donated its collection to the University of Florida (UF) after the museum board decided that it could not sustain independent operations. The ...
Basic Principles of Radar Polarimetry and its Applications to Target Recognition Problems With Assessments of the Historical Development and of the Current State-of-the art

This introductory paper provides a succinct overview of the historical developments in radar polarimetry, highlighting important contributions. A historical events table and a list of pertinent references are provided together with a critical review on the validity of various polarization dependent approaches to radar target phenomenology. Based on such a critical assessment, the appropriate formalism for handling basic polarimetric radar concepts is introduced, providing clarification and justification. In a next step, we provide the scattering matrix formulations together with the transformation laws for measurements obtained with a coherent polarization (scattering matrix) radar using different sets of antenna polarization bases such as linear horizontal/vertical (HV), circular left/ right (LR) or any other orthogonal elliptic (AB) transmit/receive system leading directly to polarimetric radar target/clutter phenomenology. Introducing the polarization sphere, we will illustrate Kennaugh’s target characteristic operator theory and its extension to the partially coherent clutter case using simple canonical target/clutter examples.
The oculorespiratory cardiac reflex in the dog.

Intraorbital and intracranial electrical stimulation as compared with manual eye pressure indicates that in the dog the afferent pathway for the oculorespiratory cardiac reflex is carried by the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve. The effects on cardiac and respiratory arrythmia produced by using intravenous atropine have demonstrated that, although reflex bradycardia can be abolished, respiratory arrest is more profound and lasts for a significantly longer period of time. E llectrical stimulation studies in the cat have defined the afferent pathway of the oculorespiratory reflex. 0 - s Although no cardiac changes were observed in the cat, Aserinsky and others 1 - "*•'' 3> 3 have indicated that in the dog bilateral manual pressure on the eyes produced both respiratory and cardiac changes. The present study was designed to determine the afferent pathway of this combined reflex in the dog, to compare the effect of ocular pressure to that of electrical stimulation, and to investigate the role of atropine in modifying this reflex. Methods and materials
A marine mineral supplement for aquacid

The findings suggest that supplementation of a calcified seaweed supplement (Aquacid™) increased bone turnover of yearlings as compared with supplementation of limestone that provided an equivalent amount of calcium when fed with a diet containing the National Research Council recommended amount of calcium.
Calculation of Atmospheric Muons from Cosmic Gamma Rays

The production of muons in atmospheric showers initiated by gamma rays with energies below 10 TeV is calculated using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA. The simulations as well as various general properties of the muons reaching sea level and of their ancestors in the cascade are discussed.
Mass Spectrometers as Detectors for Liquid Chromatography

Techniques for on-line coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry are reviewed with particular emphasis on those suitable for application to analysis of chemical species in environmental systems. The present status of the various techniques is summarized and the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are assessed. The enormous potential for future application of recently developed LC-MS techniques for species analysis is discussed.
The Role of Regional Economic Agreements in Marine Resource Conservation

In recent years, the trend toward globalization and the regionalization of economies has affected both the relationships between countries and the policies and institutional arrangements that individual countries establish to deal with rapidly changing conditions. Countries have implemented a range of economic agreements (e.g., multilateral free trade agreements (FTAs), economic fora, and bilateral agreements) in response to globalization, and these agreements have in turn influenced institutional structures and decision-making processes at multiple levels within and among nation states (Trebilcock and Howse, 1995).
Laser ablated Ti velocity distribution dynamics

Emissive plumes resulting from pulsed ablation of titanium (Ti) targets have been observed using a gated intensified charged coupled device (ICCD) camera to characterize the evolution of velocity distributions as the plume expands into vacuum, Ar, and He backgrounds. The gated imagery allows for the collection of time-of-flight spectra with highly sampled spatial resolution and the characterization of the velocity changing collisional dynamics. Multimodal, shifted Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions with flow speeds of u>0.1 cm/μs are adequate only for expansion into vacuum. Neutral Ti time-of-flight data clearly indicate three distinct distributions, with the fastest component consistent with the ionized Ti velocity distribution and maximum kinetic energies exceeding 20 eV. Expansion into He and Ar are clearly non-Maxwellian, with the highest velocity groups suffering collisions in the shock front. Leading-edge velocities of ∼1.6 cm/μs decrease more rapidly for Ar at rates of ∼30% per cm, consistent with momentum conservation. Expansion into He maintains the appearance of the vacuum distribution at low velocities but shows a decrease in the leading-edge velocity and an enhancement of the intensity of the highest-velocity groups at farther target distances. Determination of velocity distributions from time-of-flight data is complicated by translation-to-electronic excitation rates, intraplume collisional dynamics, and nonhydrodynamic conditions.
Reading the Affects in the Colonial Americas: The Exteriority of Feeling in Cabeza de Vaca’s Naufragios

This article proposes an affective turn in scholarship on colonial Latin American literature, focusing on Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca’s Naufragios as a case study. Through an engagement with embodied, intersubjective, and circulatory affects in Cabeza de Vaca’s text, it sketches out a critical framework that investigates what I call the exteriority of feeling in the colonial Americas. My reading focuses on three main areas: the theory of the humoral body as the cultural referent that shapes the externalization of embodied affect in Cabeza de Vaca’s text, the description of forms of affective transmission precariously established between European and indigenous communities, and the emergence of affective minefields and emotional untranslatables in colonial contexts. In this way, this article works toward a broad investigation of the meanings, functions, and circulation of affect and emotion in the colonial Americas. Este articulo propone un giro afectivo en los estudios coloniales latinoamericanos, tomando a los Naufragios de Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca como caso de estudio. A traves de una discusion de afectos encarnados, intersubjetivos, y circulatorios, se esboza un marco teorico para la investigacion de lo que podria llamarse la exterioridad de los sentimientos en la epoca colonial en America Latina. El analisis se enfoca en particular en tres areas: la teoria de los humores corporales como el referente cultural que da forma la externalizacion de los afectos encarnados en el texto de Cabeza de Vaca; la descripcion de formas de comunicacion afectiva que se establecen de forma precaria entre comunidades europeas e indigenas; y la emergencia de campos minados afectivos y expresiones de emotividad intraducible en contextos coloniales. De esta forma, este articulo intenta impulsar una investigacion mas amplia de los significados, funciones y circulacion del afecto y las emociones en las Americas en el periodo colonial.
RAI1 Regulates Activity-Dependent Nascent Transcription and Synaptic Scaling

Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity such as synaptic scaling are critically dependent on transcription. Activity-dependent transcriptional dynamics in neurons, however, have not been fully characterized, because most previous efforts relied on measurement of steady-state mRNAs. Here, we profiled transcriptional dynamics of primary neuron cultures undergoing network activity shifts using nascent RNA sequencing. We found pervasive transcriptional changes, in which ~45% of expressed genes respond to network activity shifts. Notably, the majority of these genes respond to increases or decreases of network activity uniquely, rather than reciprocally. We further linked the chromatin regulator Retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1), the Smith-Magenis Syndrome gene, to the specific transcriptional program driven by reduced network activity. Finally, we show that RAI1 is essential for homeostatic synaptic upscaling but not downscaling. These results demonstrate the utility of bona fide transcription profiling to discover mechanisms of activity-dependent chromatin remodeling that underlie normal and pathological synaptic plasticity.