cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACQUISITION OF A SIMPLE MOTOR SKILL BY LOW AND HIGH ACADEMIC ACHIEVERS

The apparatus duplicated Bilodeau and Bilodeau's (1958) stick-pulling task. Each subject was expected to pull a yardstick 16 in. out of a sheath while blindfolded. Each subject was given nine trials to learn the movement. Knowledge of results by the experimenter indicated the magnitude and direction of movement error in unidentified units but actually were 1/16 in. Within che research paradigm (Schmidt, 1975), the duration of the delay prior to the statement of knowledge of results was 1 min. The delay period after knowledge of results was 10 sec. A 2 (academic achievement) x 3 (trial blocks) factorial design was used to determine the effects of the independent variables on skill acquisition. The dependent variables were absolute, constant, and variable errors. A two-way analysis of variance of absolute errors yielded a significant effect for academic achievement (Fl.la = 6.86, p < .01). Visual inspection of the means indicated that the high achievers were more accurate in their responses than low achievers. A significant effect of trial blocks (P2.r = 25.16, p < ,001) was found. Post hoc inspection of the means via the Duncan procedure showed significant reduction in errors over trial blocks. A significant interaction (F2,33 = 13.43, p < .01) was found. A Duncan follow-up reflected significant differences becween groups on the first block of trials only. The high achievers were more nccurate. For constant error in movement the main effect of trial blocks (Fs.~n = 12.18, p < .01) was significant. The Duncan procedure indicated continuous reduction in errors over vial blocks. The interaction
Amplification of HIV-1 Provirus from Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Correlation with Neurologic Disease

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral sequences (gag and env) in nucleated cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 31 HIV-1-positive patients, and the results were compared with clinical and radiologic evidence of neurologic disease. Provirus was detected in 21 patients, of whom 20 had neurologic abnormalities. Provirus was not detected in another 6, all of whom were neurologically normal. No neurologic disease has developed in 4 of these 6 patients for whom 12.8 months of follow-up is available. PCR of CSF nucleated cells from HIV-positive patients provides early, rapid, direct evidence of neurologic involvement.
Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma : Cytologic findings in four cases

BACKGROUND: Rarely do primary hepatic tumors show mixed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma differentiation. Histologic criteria for these combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas (CHCC-C) are not universally agreed upon. Cytologic descriptions of CHCC-C are scarce, yet recognition of this tumor type may have some prognostic significance. CASES: The clinical and cytohistologic findings, including histochemical and immunohistochemical studies, in four cases of CHCC-C were reviewed. The specimens consisted of three needle biopsies of the liver and one bile duct brushing specimen. In all cases the diagnosis of CHCC-C was confirmed by histologic, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. CONCLUSION: The reliable diagnosis of CHCC-C on cytologic preparations alone is fraught with difficulty. However, the addition of cell block or core biopsy histologic material, which may serve as a substrate for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies, may permit the diagnosis to be made. Serum markers of HCC, when elevated, may raise the suspicion of hepatocellular differentiation even when it is not suspected based on examination of the cytologic and/or histologic biopsy specimen.
Numerical investigation of the effects of upwelling on harmful algal blooms off the west Florida coast

Abstract The initiation of the toxic harmful algal bloom (HAB), Karenia brevis, along the west Florida coast has been associated with upwelling events. Upwelling processes may be responsible for the transport of nutrients or algae from deep offshore locations across the Florida shelf to the coast. The influence of coastal wind-driven upwelling on the onset and occurrences of K. brevis in this region was numerically investigated using Rutgers University's Regional Ocean Modeling System. Computations were carried out in an idealized model domain, a two-dimensional slice in the cross-shore and vertical directions. The surface forcing data used was from several offshore meteorological buoys. The motion of the algae was simulated using Lagrangian particles and a passive tracer. The numerical simulations of three K. brevis events in 2000–2002 showed that the particles respond (with upwelling/downwelling) to the along-shore wind stresses as expected and some upwelling was present during the events. Comparison of the passive tracer fields with measured fluorescence data exposed the model's sensitivity to the particular surface forcing data employed and the relatively more significant role played by surface forcing over initial conditions. The present model set-up constitutes a useful predictive tool for conditions conducive to the onset of HABs. It is planned to be used in a real-time mode to aid the NOAA HAB monitoring and forecasting system.
Identifying the effects of an exchange rate depreciation on country risk: Evidence from a natural experiment

Abstract A natural experiment is used to study exchange rate depreciation and perceived sovereign risk. France suspended coinage of silver in 1876 provoking a significant exogenous depreciation of all silver standard countries versus gold standard currencies like the British pound – the currency in which their debt was payable. The evidence suggests an exchange rate depreciation can significantly increase sovereign risk if a country is exposed to foreign currency debt. We implement a difference-in-differences estimator and find that the average silver country's spread on hard currency debt increased over ten percent relative to non-silver countries.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS

When dealing with salivary gland disease, the otolaryngologist must be familiar with the various chronic inflammatory disorders that patients may be inflicted with. Physicians may have to treat such disorders as chronic sialadenitis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, animal scratch disease, actinomycosis, and Sjogren's syndrome. Symptoms, causes, and treatments of these chronic inflammatory disorders are discussed in this article.
MBE and MOCVD growth and properties of self-assembling quantum dot arrays in III-V semiconductor structures

Abstract In this paper, we review our latest developments on the growth and properties of self-assembling quantum dot structures. The self-assembling growth technique which was initially developed using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), has now been extended to metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The paper first presents structural results based on atomic force and transmission electron microscopy studies of the quantum dot arrays which were obtained by MBE and MOCVD growth. From the detailed structural analysis we have observed that the formation of coherently strained dots of InAs, InAlAs, and InP dots on various cladding layer surfaces. MBE growth of InAs self-assembled dots has achieved the smallest size distribution, with dots as small as 12nm in diameter. For the MOCVD growth of InP dots we have found that the surface morphology and growth temperature of lower cladding layer growth has a profound influence on island size and density. Recent results on the optical and transport properties of the MBE grown self-assembling dot (SAD) arrays are also presented.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 3-D ATOMIC-STRUCTURE OF COSI2(111) BY PHOTOELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY

We report the use of photoelectron holography for the study of the atomic geometry of the (111) surface of single crystal CoSi2. We employ as a reference wave the Co 3p core electron emitted with a kinetic energy of 695 eV by absorption of synchrotron radiation. Remarkably sharp images of the nearest Si neighbors of the Co emitter were found using a computer reconstruction algorithm which compensates for the anisotropies of both reference and object waves. Comparison with other reconstruction schemes such as the Helmholtz-Kirchoff (HK) algorithm and the scattered-wave included Fourier transform (SWIFT), demonstrates the necessity of compensating for the reference-wave anisotropy.
Internal oxidation of lithiated nickel

It is difficult to alloy lithium and nickel using conventional techniques. One alternative is ion implantation. Implantation of lithium in nickel, at 500°C to doses at which the solubility is exceeded, causes an unusual form of precipitation. Electron microscopy revealed the precipitates to have truncated octahedral shapes with {111} planes for sides, and {100} planes truncating the corners. They resemble voids and helium bubbles in nickel. The lithium precipitates on dislocations. The alloy was internally oxidized in order to obtain evidence for lithium presence in nickel. Electron diffraction analysis revealed the presence of LixNi1−xO compound with an ordered NaCl-type structure, forming topotaxially with the nickel, in thin film form, inside the octahedra. Attempts to fabricate the ordered LixNi1−xO were unsuccessful; only the disordered form could be produced. It was concluded that the presence of the crystallographic planes of nickel and/or the thin film oxide form are required for the formation of the ordered compound.
Computer Networks-The ALOHA System.

Abstract : The ALOHA System, an experimental UHF radio computer communication network, was developed at the University of Hawaii during 1970-76. In this survey paper, we give a general overview of packet communication techniques applied to computer networks. Then we discuss the concept of packet broadcasting and give a short discription of the ALOHANET. Next, a discussion of the application of ALOHA techniques to satellite communications is presented. Finally, a short survey of present-day research and development efforts in packet broadcasting is presented. (Author)
Discrete-time H 2 guaranteed cost analysis for systems with norm-bounded structured uncertainty

This paper presents two methodologies for analyzing the H 2 guaranteed cost performance of a discrete-time LTI system with norm-bounded structured uncertainty. The first methodology is based on semi-definite programming and the second methodology is based on smooth nonlinear convex optimization in which each function evaluation requires the solution of one discrete algebraic Riccati equation. The two methods are then compared in terms of their speed and accuracy.
Analysis of fractional area change at various levels in the normal left ventricle.

Abstract Percent change in left ventricular cross-sectional area between diastole and systole (fractional area change) is an ejection phase index of contractile function.1 Normal values for fractional area change have been determined at the level of the papillary muscles in the echocardiographic parasternal short-axis view,2 and fractional area change has been found to correlate well with ejection fraction in both normal and abnormal subjects.3 We studied 8 subjects with normal left ventricular function to assess whether fractional area change varies significantly at different cross-sectional levels of the left ventricular cavity.
Refractive Dispersion of Nitrogen in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

The refractive dispersion of nitrogen has been measured for the first time in the 1649 A to 2042 A region by means of a high-dispersion vacuum spectrograph. The data fit the following equation to ±0.13%: n-1=6.3622·10445.989·108-ν2+32.453·1061065.11·108-ν2.The resonance frequencies and oscillator strengths obtained from this equation have no real significance because the data are too inaccurate and were obtained at wavelengths much longer than the nearest allowed transition. Improved measurements at shorter wavelengths would be desirable.
Effects of sericea lespedeza residues on selected tallgrass prairie grasses

Abstract Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont] G. Don) has shown allelopathic properties in tame pastures but no studies have been done on its allelochemical effects on grasses in eastern Kansas rangelands where it is currently invading. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparious Michx.), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were exposed to sericea lespedeza stem and leaf residues and their germination and growth responses studied. Compared to the checks, germination rates were reduced for big bluestem (15 to 27%), indiangrass (25 to 39%), and Kentucky bluegrass (47 to 60%). These grasses also exhibited shorter radicle lengths and shorter coleoptile lengths. However, none of these grasses had any growth reductions. Little bluestem was not affected in any way.
The mini-prototype solar energy earth storage system

Abstract A one-tenth scale model of solar energy earth storage (SEES) system was tested under an artifical condition during the first winter season. The earth storage was heated by house hot water heaters, and heat was then extracted with a high performance heat exchanger with was exposed to an open air environment under subfreezing temperatures. The results of these preliminary tests show that the thermal performance of the earth storage heat exchanger (polybutylene plastic coils) and the wet soil medium is quite satisfactory. Furthermore, the response rate of the earth storage to a large heat demand over a short-time duration is more than adequate.
False identification ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae in lower respiratory tract secretions—Result of mixed culture

A Gram-negative diplococcus obtained by transtracheal aspiration was initially identified asNeisseria gonorrhoeae by three different laboratories. Further examination indicated that the culture did not containN. gonorrhoeae, but did contain a mixture ofBranhamella catarrhalis andHaemophilus influenzae. B. catarrhalis had provided growth factors that permittedH. influenzae to grow in cystine tryptophan peptone agar with resultant production of acid from glucose and misidentification of the diplococcus. When all isolates from respiratory secretions are fully identified, erroneous conclusions because of bacterial interactions could be avoided if tests were performed from pure culture plates rather than from the primary inoculum plate.
Hand, foot and scrotal blisters in a patient with cancer receiving oral chemotherapy.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are novel antineoplastic drugs that make use of the molecular abnormalities that have been discovered in certain types of tumours. These agents are associated with important dermatological side effects. This case report discusses an atypical presentation of the hand–foot syndrome in one patient treated with sorafenib. A 78-year-old man, recently started on sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma with lung metastasis, presented to the emergency room with painful blistering lesions on the palms, soles and scrotum for 1 week. A punch biopsy was performed and sorafenib was withheld. Direct immunofluorescence study was negative for an autoimmune blistering disorder and histopathology stains did not show any microorganisms. A diagnosis of hand–foot syndrome was made. After 2 weeks, the patient showed marked improvement and the plan was to restart sorafenib at a lower dosage.
Using thermal compression waves to assess latent heating from clouds

Meteorologists have extensively explored the dynamics of various inertial and gravity wave motions in the atmosphere [Holton, 1992; Haltiner and Williams, 1980]. These motions are assumed to be essentially incompressible, with the influence of sound waves being unimportant. Except for thunder and other propagation of audible sound waves, compression effects in the atmosphere have been generally ignored. Recently, a new theoretical framework has been developed which shows that thermally produced compression waves are critical to our understanding of atmospheric adjustment processes and the total energy budget. The thermally induced waves may provide valuable indicators of convective processes.
The Second Postulate of Relativity

In a recent article by Lewis and Tolman [1] a non-analytical method I was developed for obtaining the more important conclusions which can be drawn from the principle of relativity. Our reasoning was based only upon the first and second postulates of relativity, and those fundamental conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum which science has never in a single instance been forced to abandon. Since the method of attack avoided any use of involved mathematical analysis, restricting itself to the simplest processes of logical reasoning, and, further, made no use of the assumptions of electromagnetic theory, it may be concluded that the unexpected nature of the results of the theory of relativity is due to something unusual in the two postulates of relativity themselves. No objections have ever been made to the first postulate of relativity, as stated in its original form by Newton, that it is impossible to measure or detect absolute translatory motion through space. In the development of the theory of relativity, this postulate has been modified to include the impossibility of detecting translatory motion through any ether or medium which might be assumed to pervade space. In support of this principle is the general fact that no "ether drift" has ever been detected, but, especially, the conclusive experiments of Michelson and Morley, and Trouton and Noble, in which, a motion through the ether, of the earth in its path around the sun would certainly have been detected. For the purposes of this article we shall consider that the first postulate of relativity needs no further proof. It is Einstein (to whom, indeed we owe the development of relativity along its present broad lines) who first stated the second postulate of relativity in a general form, namely, that the velocity of light in free space appears the same to all observers, regardless of the relative motion of the source of light and the observer. This is the assumption which has forced the theory of relativity to its strange conclusions, and it is for its further consideration that this paper is designed. A simple example will make the extraordinary nature of the second postulate evident.
USING FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO MEASURE COGNITIVE FUNCTION: WHEN WILL IT BECOME AN ACCEPTED CLINICAL TOOL FOR COGNITIVE AGING AND PRODROMAL DEMENTIA SCREENING?

This article presents a historical perspective of foundational studies utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure the hemodynamics, oxygenation, and activation of the human brain cortex during cognitive tasks, called functional NIRS (fNIRS). It discusses studies representative of the diagnostic power and potential that fNIRS has shown for providing increased understanding of cognitive changes with aging and dementia. It concludes by discussing challenges that continue to confront the implementation of NIRS and fNIRS in clinical and translational research, in particular, the challenges to measure cognitive function and impairment in aged, chronically ill, and fragile subjects with or without dementia. It is written specifically in memoriam, honoring Britton Chance, therefore papers authored by him and his collaborative research family are weighted to illustrate the significant foundation and legacy he has left to this world.
Transient nonlinear thermal runaway effects in carbon graphite electrical brushes

A numerical analysis is formulated and used to determine the transient temperature fields associated with Joule heating of a cooled stationary electrical contact. The temperature field equations are developed using integral transforms, complex variables, and conformal transforms; approximate solutions are developed using finite-difference methods. Transient nonlinear temperature fields are obtained and compared with temperature fields obtained from linear and nonlinear studies. Thermal runaway effects are noticed and studied. >
Innervation of the heart and its central medullary origin defined by viral tracing

The vagus nerve exerts a profound influence on the heart, regulating the heart rate and rhythm. An extensive vagal innervation of the cardiac ventricles and the central origin and extent of this innervation was demonstrated by transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus with a virulent and two attenuated pseudorabies viral strains. The neurons that innervate the ventricles are numerous, and their distribution within the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is similar to that of neurons innervating other cardiac targets, such as the sino-atrial node. These data provide a neuroanatomical correlate to the physiological influence of the vagus nerve on ventricular function.
Evaluation of Apicultural Characteristics of First-Year Colonies Initiated From Packaged Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

We evaluated the performance of six named types of package honey bees, Apis mellifera L (Hymenoptera: Apidae), from four commercial producers. We examined the effects of levels of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman, the endoparasitic mite Acarapis woodi (Rennie), the gut parasite Nosema (species not determined) in samples from bees in 48 packages, and levels of adult drones in the same packages on corresponding levels of those same traits in the fall in colonies that developed from those 48 packages. After package installation, we measured the rate of queen failure, the removal of freeze-killed brood (an assay to assess hygienic behavior), varroa-sensitive hygiene, and short-term weight gain in all colonies. We examined the correlations among these traits and the effect of initial package conditions and package-type on the expression of these traits. In general, differences among sources were not significant, except that we did observe significant differences in the proportion of mite infected worker brood in the fall. There was no significant difference in weight gain in colonies established from nosema-infected packages versus those established from noninfected packages. Freeze-killed hygienic behavior and varroa-sensitive hygienic behavior were positively correlated, suggesting that both traits could be selected simultaneously. Neither trait was correlated with colony weight gain, suggesting that both traits could be selected without compromising honey production.
A discontinuous Galerkin method for higher-order ordinary differential equations

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new discontinuous finite element method to solve initial value problems for ordinary differential equations and prove that the finite element solution exhibits an optimal O(Δtp+1) convergence rate in the L 2 norm. We further show that the p-degree discontinuous solution of differential equation of order m and its first m − 1 derivatives are O(Δt2p+2−m) superconvergent at the end of each step. We also establish that the p-degree discontinuous solution is O(Δtp+2) superconvergent at the roots of (p + 1 − m)-degree Jacobi polynomial on each step. Finally, we present several computational examples to validate our theory and construct asymptotically correct a posteriori error estimates.
Acrocephalosyndactyly type III: Chotzen's syndrome

A family of Lithuanian-Irish descent with acrocephalosyndactyly type III is described. Features of the syndrome included acrocephaly, hypertelorism with ptosis, nasal septal deviation, mental subnormality, and syndactyly of the second and third digits. Ten individuals, 6 males and 4 females, were found to be affected. The syndrome was present in three generations; the pattern for transmission suggests autosomal dominant inheritance.
The impact of bromide/iodide concentration and ratio on iodinated trihalomethane formation and speciation.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation and speciation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) from preformed chloramination of waters containing bromide (Br−) and iodide (I−) at a Br−/I− weight ratio of 10:1. The factors investigated were pH, iodide to dissolved organic carbon (I−/DOC) ratio, and NOM characteristics, specifically SUVA254. A Br−/I− ratio of 1:2 was also evaluated to determine the importance of Br− and I− concentrations and ratio on I-THM formation and speciation. Regulated triholamethanes (THMs) were measured alongside I-THMs for a more complete understanding of trihalomethane formation. The results showed that, in general, both I-THM and THM formation increased with decreased pH. Greater formation at lower pH was likely attributed to monochloramine decomposition and the formation of additional oxidants and substituting agents, most notably chlorine. For pH ≥ 7.5, I-THM yield increased with increasing I−/DOC ratio and decreasing specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254) of the water. The Br−/I−, Br−/DOC and I−/DOC ratios were important factors for I-THM and THM speciation. At pH 6, dichloroiodomethane (CHCl2I) and bromochloroiodomethane (CHBrClI) were the dominant species at the common bromide and iodide levels. For pH ≥ 7.5 and for elevated bromide and iodide levels, iodoform (CHI3) was always the dominant specie regardless of the Br−/I− ratio. The results demonstrated that it is important to examine I-THM formation and speciation at typical Br−/I− ratios (∼10) of natural waters, which have often been overlooked in previous investigations, in order to obtain practical and relevant results.
The American Community College: From Access to Success:

Community colleges have taken center stage as engines of economic renewal. In his primer on this distinctively American institution, George R. Boggs highlights student learning as the engine within the engine.
Current rectification in nickelocenylferrocene sandwiched between two gold electrodes

I present a theoretical study of the electronic transport properties of nickelocenylferrocene sandwiched between gold electrodes. Compared with the biferrocene system, the nickelocenylferrocene system had high electrical conduction and rectification in the bias range −1 to 1 V. Furthermore, the spin-down states of the nickelocenylferrocene system exhibited perfect spin-filtering properties. From the electronic states of the nickelocenylferrocene, it was found that the rectification was caused by a difference in the bias-dependent behaviors between the Fe 3d and Ni 3d orbitals.
On the existence of a negative semidefinite, antistabilizing solution to the discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation

In the problem of infimizing a not necessarily positive semidefinite quadratic cost subject to a linear dynamical constraint, it is usually expected that the existence of a lower bound to the cost is equivalent to the existence of a negative semidefinite, antistabilizing solution to the algebraic Riccati equation. By a counterexample, it is shown that this equivalence breaks down in the discrete-time case. This phenomenon, as well as the whole question of the existence of the appropriate solution to the algebraic Riccati equation, are investigated in detail.
“Civilizing the city center”: symbolic spaces and narratives of the nation in Yerevan's post-Soviet landscape

In the years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the landscape of Armenia's capital has transformed tremendously. Promoting a new vision for the city, Armenia's political elites have imbued the urban landscape of Yerevan with narratives of modernization, progress and a renewed sense of nationalism. While this new vision is noticeable throughout Yerevan's landscape, it is most apparent in three places in the center of Yerevan – Opera Square, Northern Avenue and Republic Square. These three prominent places represent the vision that the Armenian elites have for the city of Yerevan, while at the same time serving as backdrops for the expression of a critical voice regarding the changing urban landscape from the local residents. These three places are compelling representations of the tensions and struggles that are present in contemporary Armenian society. In this article, I examine the symbols and narratives that Armenia's elites produce and promote in and via these places, and consider the complicated ...
Injury account during the 1980 NCAA wrestling championships

Data were gathered during the 1980 NCAA Wrestling Championships in order to document various specifics involving the injuries sustained by the participating ath letes. Any time a match was stopped for medical rea sons, specific information was recorded and later or ganized to indicate any injury tendencies in wrestling.Of the 353 athletes who participated in the champi onships, 110 incurred injuries requiring the attention of a physician and/or an athletic trainer. Results indicated an overall injury rate per athlete of 31.2% with no conclusive trends considering the weight classification. Injury variety was great with only six athletes (5.5%) injured severe enough to require withdrawal from the tournament. The head-face-neck region was the most commonly injured area (36.4%). Data suggest the fa tigue may affect the injury rate while results related to wrestler position and match score seemed to be incon clusive.
The effect of electronic cigarette advertising on intended use among college students.

Abstract Introduction . Aside from prohibiting health claims, there are presently no restrictions on electronic cigarette advertising in the U.S. Studies have shown college students have a positive view of e-cigarettes and use on campuses is increasing. The purpose of this study was to test if the appeal of e-cigarette advertisements and beliefs about the addictiveness of e-cigarettes may affect their uptake among college students. Methods The study was framed within the Theory of Reasoned Action, which posits that behavioral intention can be understood in terms of social norms and attitudes toward a behavior. We also included variables capturing appeal of e-cigarette advertisements, belief that e-cigarettes are not as addictive as cigarettes, and tobacco use. Attitudes toward e-cigarettes, perceived norms concerning their use, beliefs that e-cigarettes are not as addictive as cigarettes, and positive appraisal of e-cigarette advertising videos were all hypothesized to be independently positively associated with intention to use an e-cigarette. Data were collected through a survey of students at a major U.S. university (participation rate 78%, N = 296). Participants were exposed to three e-cigarette video advertisements in random order. Results In a regression analysis we found positive reaction to the ads and holding the belief that e-cigarettes are not as addictive were both independently associated with intention. Attitudes and norms were also associated but were controlled by inclusion of the other variables. Conclusions These findings suggest that advertising may promote the uptake of e-cigarettes and may do so in addition to current smoking and alternate tobacco use status.
Metallocenter assembly in nickel-containing enzymes

The five known nickel-dependent enzymes include urease, hydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (and CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-coenzyme A synthase), methyl-S–coenzyme M reductase, and one class of superoxide dismutase. Consistent with their disparate functions, these Ni enzymes have distinct metallocenter structures that vary in Ni coordination geometry, number and types of metals, and the presence of additional components. Sophisticated cellular Ni processing systems have been devised to allow for specific and functional incorporation of Ni into these proteins. This review highlights several themes that are common to the enzyme activation processes and summarizes current concepts related to the enzyme-specific Ni assembly pathways.
Factors Influencing the Production of O/W Emulsions Stabilized by β-Lactoglobulin–Pectin Membranes

Abstract A primary emulsion was prepared by homogenizing 10 wt% corn oil with 90 wt% aqueous β-lactoglobulin solution (0.5 wt% β-lg, pH 3 or 7) using a two-stage high-pressure valve homogenizer. This emulsion was mixed with aqueous pectin (citrus, 59% DE) stock solution (2 wt%, pH 3 or 7) and NaCl solution to yield secondary emulsions with 5 wt% corn oil, 0.225 wt% β-lactoglobulin, 0.2 wt% pectin and 0 or 100 mM NaCl. The final pH of the emulsions was then adjusted (3–8). Primary and secondary emulsions were ultrasonically treated (30 s, 20 kHz, 40% amplitude) to disrupt any flocculated droplets. Secondary emulsions were more stable than primary emulsions at intermediate pHs. Secondary emulsions prepared at pH 7 had smaller particle diameters (0.35 to ∼6 μm) than those prepared at pH 3 (0.42 to ∼18 μm) across the whole pH range studied, and also had smaller diameters than the primary emulsions (0.35 to ∼14 μm). Ultrasound treatment reduced the particle diameter of both primary and secondary emulsions and lowered the rate of creaming. The presence of NaCl screened the charges and thus the electrostatic interaction between biopolymer molecules and primary emulsion droplets. Secondary emulsions were more stable to the presence of 100 mM NaCl at low pHs (3–4) than primary emulsions. This study shows that stable emulsions can be prepared by engineering their interfacial membranes using the electrostatic interaction of natural biopolymers, especially at intermediate pHs where proteins normally fail to function.
A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR THE SYNTHETIC GENERATION OF A WIND-SPEED TIME-SERIES

These approaches include: the use of independent values from a specific probability distribution, the use of an algorithm based on the statistical behavior of a one-step Markov chain, the use of an algorithm based on the behavior of a transition probability matrix that describes the next wind speed value statistically as a function of the current wind speed value and the previous wind speed value, the use of Box-Jenkins models, the use of the Shinozuka algorithm, and the use of an embedded Markov chain. The statistical properties of interest are the probability distribution of wind speed values, the autocorrelation function of the wind speed values and the spectral density of the wind speed values
Rescue Treatment of Thromboembolic Complications During Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms

Background and Purpose— Acute intraprocedural thrombus formation complicating endovascular cerebral aneurysm treatment is often treated with intra-arterial or intravenous administration of thrombolytic agents or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa) inhibitors. We sought to evaluate the morbidity and mortality associated with such treatments using a large multihospital database. Methods— Using the Premier Perspective Database, we examined outcomes for patients receiving endovascular coiling for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms requiring rescue therapy, defined as treatment with GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors and fibrinolytic therapy. We compared discharge status, length of stay, and complication rates across 3 groups: (1) patients receiving GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors only, (2) patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy only, and (3) patients receiving both GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors and fibrinolytics. Student t test was used to compare continuous variables, and Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Results— Seven-percent (254/3627) of patients treated for unruptured aneurysms received rescue therapy. When compared with patients receiving GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors alone, patients receiving only fibrinolytics had significantly higher rates of discharge to institutions other than home (37.5% [9/24] versus 7.4% [15/201]; P P =0.02) and discharge to institutions other than home (59.4% [41/69] versus 36.5% [88/241]; P Conclusions— Pharmacological rescue therapy occurred in 7% to 8% of endovascular coiling patients with unruptured and ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Rescue therapy with thrombolytic agents resulted in significantly more morbidity and mortality than rescue therapy with GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors.
The contribution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission toward the promotion of women's rights in South Africa.

Abstract South Africa has been in the forefront of countries that articulate gender rights as vital human rights. Therefore, it came as no surprise to many observers that when the Truth and Reconciliation Commission began hearings in 1996 to investigate human rights abuses during the apartheid era, women's stories were being neglected, and the country was getting a distorted view of the past. In response to pressure from women's organizations, the TRC held three all-women hearings in which women were encouraged to tell their own stories of human rights violations. This article highlights women's oppression during the period of review (1960–1964), the TRC's handling of gender issues, and an assignment of the TRC's contribution toward the promotion of gender rights.
P-trees: storage efficient multiway trees

A new variation of high order multiway tree structures, the P-tree is presented. P-trees have average access costs that are significantly better than those of B-trees and are no worse (and often better) in storage utilization. Unlike compact B-trees, they can be maintained dynamically, and unlike dense multiway trees and B-trees, their associated insertion algorithm, which is also presented, is cheap and involves (at most) a very localized rearrangement of keys.
Direct bandgap germanium-on-silicon inferred from 5.7% 〈100〉 uniaxial tensile strain [Invited]

We report uniaxial tensile strains up to 5.7% along 〈100〉 in suspended germanium (Ge) wires on a silicon substrate, measured using Raman spectroscopy. This strain is sufficient to make Ge a direct bandgap semiconductor. Theoretical calculations show that a significant fraction of electrons remain in the indirect conduction valley despite the direct bandgap due to the much larger density of states; however, recombination can nevertheless be dominated by radiative direct bandgap transitions if defects are minimized. We then calculate the theoretical efficiency of direct bandgap Ge LEDs and lasers. These strained Ge wires represent a direct bandgap Group IV semiconductor integrated directly on a silicon platform.
Directional radiometric measurements of row-crop temperatures

The variability of directional sensor response for a cotton row crop in Phoenix, Arizona was measured for various solar zenith angles. The geometric structure of the canopy was described with regard to height, width, spacing, and shape of rows. In addition, radiometric temperature data were collected on four scene components: sunlit and shaded vegetation and sunlit and shaded soil. These data were used to test the predictions and assumptions of a modified version of the row crop model of Jackson et al. (1979), which predicts the thermal infrared response of a sensor as a function of sensor view angle, component temperature, and geometrical structure of the canopy. The field data showed sensor response differentials as great as 16.2 C when going from a zenith view angle of 0 deg to one of 80 deg normal to the row direction. The rms deviation between the predicted and measured sensor response for all measurement periods and view angles was 0.96 C.
The (2,2)-disconjugacy of a fourth order difference equation

Let a fourth order linear difference operator L be defined by for t in a discrete interval [a + 2,b + 2] where b - a is a nonegative integer. Solutions of Ly = 0 are then determined on the discrete interval [a,b + 4]. Defining generalized zeros appropriately, the equation Ly = 0 is (2,2)-disconjugate on [a,b + 4] provided no nontrivial solution of Ly = 0 has two distinct generalized zeros, each of order two or more, in [a,b + 4]. Letting q–(t) = max{−q(t),0}, the main theorem gives a condition on q(t), in the form of a strict inequality that q–(t) summed over the interval [a + 2b + 2] satisfies, which guarantees that Ly = 0 is (2,2)-disconjugate on [a,b + 4]. An example is given showing that the inequality is sharp. The proof of the main result utilizes an appropriately defined quadratic form.
Denitrification: ecological niches, competition and survival

Organisms with the denitrification capacity are widely distributed and in high density in nature. It is not well understood why they are so successful. A survey of denitrifying enzyme content of various habitats is presented which indicates a role of carbon and oxygen, but not nitrate, in affecting denitrifier populations. It is suggested that organic carbon is more important than oxygen status in determining denitrifying enzyme content of habitats. In low oxygen environments, denitrifiers compete with organisms that dissimilate nitrate to ammonium, a process which conserves nitrogen. The energetic and kinetic parameters that affect this competition are evaluated. The latter is examined using Michaelis-Menten theoretical models by varying Vmax, Km, and So (substrate concentration) for the two competing populations. The outcome predicted by these models is presented and discussed in relation to previous data on population densities and Km values for representatives of these competing groups. These models suggest the conditions required to achieve changes in partitioning between the two fates of nitrate. These considerations are important if one is to be able to evaluate and successfully “manage” the fate of nitrate in any habitat.
On pseudo-equality algebras

Recently, a new algebraic structure called pseudo-equality algebra has been defined by Jenei and Korodi as a generalization of the equality algebra previously introduced by Jenei. As a main result, it was proved that the pseudo-equality algebras are term equivalent with pseudo-BCK meet-semilattices. We found a gap in the proof of this result and we present a counterexample and a correct version of the theorem. The correct version of the corresponding result for equality algebras is also given.
Evaluation of residual strength of notched fiber metal laminates

Fiber metal laminates (FML) are a family of hybrid materials consisting of alternating layers of thin metal sheets and fiber-reinforced epoxy prepregs. In contrast to aluminum alloys, the presence of notches in FML causes significant strength reductions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual strength of fiber-reinforced metal laminates with a circular open hole. Mechanical testing was performed to determine the unnotched tensile properties and notched strength of bi-directionally reinforced fiber metal laminates. The influence of specimen dimension and notch size on residual strength and notch sensitivity of fiber metal laminates was investigated. A modified point stress criterion was introduced to predict the residual strength of fiber metal laminates with open hole. An excellent agreement between experimental results and model prediction was obtained. The residual strength predicted from this modified model also correlated very well with the experimental data in the literature for various other types of fiber metal laminates. A computer simulation based on finite element method was performed to study stress concentration and stress concentration around notch. Failure modes, damage initiation and progression of notched fiber metal laminates are also characterized and discussed.
A Comparison of Latin American and Asian Product Exports to the United States, 1972 to 1999

This paper examines the evolution of Asian and Latin American trade with the United States between 1972 and 1999. It compares both the mix of each region’s exports as well as the relative prices those exports command in the U.S. market. Trade is examined across thousands finely detailed product categories, and results are summarized by industry and year. The analysis yields both expected and unexpected results. As expected, Latin America trails Asia in terms of manufacturing exports to the U.S. This result is unsurprising given Latin America’s relative land abundance and human and physical capital scarcity, which is summarized in Table 1. Asia’s relative specialization in manufacturing is manifest in several dimensions, including its rapid increase in U.S. manufacturing import market share and its more pronounced reallocation toward manufacturing exports over time. A more surprising finding is that Latin American exports command higher prices when they enter the U.S. in product markets where countries from each region compete directly. One explanation for this result is that Latin America’s exports are of higher quality than Asian exports, but, assuming quality is skill and capital intensive, that conclusion is at odds with Latin America’s comparative advantage. 1 An alternate explanation that is also supported by ‘new’ trade theory models focusing on heterogenous productivity is that Asia’s relatively low prices reflect greater productive efficiency. 2 This second explanation is also consistent with Asia’s relative increase in U.S. market share at the expense of Latin America and other countries over time. It raises the question of why any manufactures are imported from Latin America at all.
Multiple Primary Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity

Purpose There is a subset of patients who develop multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to better characterize this group of patients and determine whether there are any associated risk factors. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective review of all patients treated for oral SCCs at the University of Maryland Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from November 1989 to February 2013. The inclusion criteria were patients who developed at least 3 primary oral cancers. Lesions were considered separate primaries if they involved different anatomic regions within the oral cavity and were more than 2 cm apart or if they occurred more than 5 years apart. Results Of 1,478 patients treated during this time frame, 20 met the inclusion criteria. There were 14 women and 6 men (female-to-male ratio, 2.3:1). Nineteen were Caucasian and 1 was of Indian ethnicity. The average number of primaries per patient was 3.9 (range, 3 to 6 primaries). The mean age at first diagnosis was 63.3 years (44 to 86 yr). The mean interval between the different primaries was 32 months (0 to 228 months). The most common site involved was the gingiva (45% of cases), followed by the tongue, buccal mucosa, retromolar fossa, and soft or hard palate. The mean follow-up was 118 months (22 to 342 months). Eleven patients developed nodal disease. Of those 11 patients, 9 died of the disease ( Conclusion The incidence of multiple primary SCCs within the oral cavity appears to more commonly involve Caucasian women without risk factors, although lichen planus and PVL might play a role. The gingiva appears to be the most commonly involved primary site, and subsequent primaries tend to be restricted to the oral cavity. Close observation and early expectant treatment appear to improve prognosis and survival in these patients. Cervical nodal metastases adversely affected survival ( P = .02) as did the development of more than 4 primary carcinomas ( P = .04).