cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtue and Vice

“Dispositions when they are so strengthened by habit that they beget their actions with ease and with reason unresisting, are called manners. Moreover, manners, if they be good, are called virtues, if evil, vices” ([4], p. 68). Relationships cannot be virtues because they are clearly not dispositions at all. Thus if one holds, as Maclntyre seems to do, that for Aristotle friendship is “a type of social and political relationship” ([7], p. 147), one cannot at the same time hold that for Aristotle, “friendship is itself a virtue” ([7], p. 146), and still be using virtue in the sense that I, and I think most writers on the subject of virtues, use that concept.
The Need for Research and Development in Fusion: Economical Energy for a Sustainable Future with Low Environmental Impact

Fusion, advanced fission, and solar-electric plants are the only unlimited nonfossil options for a sustainable energy future for the world. Fusion poses the only indigenous fuel reserve that will last as long as the earth itself lasts. However, continued innovation and diversity in fusion R&D will be required to meet its economic goal. The long-term nature of fusion research means that the required R&D investment will not come from the private sector. However, once fusion is realized commercially, the dividend for humanity will be profound in terms of the welfare of the global community. We should also not underestimate the huge potential export opportunities that would then open up for industry. Federal energy R&D at nearly 1% of U.S. energy costs is prudent and justified to allow pursuit of all three primary energy options for a sustainable energy future. Multiple parallel paths are essential to ensure success. The projected timescale for significant shortfalls in world energy supply to become apparent is nearly 30 to 40 yr depending on assumptions. The time to develop fusion from near-term R&D through significant commercial market penetration is at least of the same order, so its development must not be delayed. 6 refs., 2 figs.
Fragmented Future Contingents and Omniscience

In this paper, we have analyzed a number of solutions to the antinomy between divine foreknowledge and human freedom. If we assume that God is temporal, then a sort of backwards causation of past divine beliefs by future human acts must be acknowledged. Since this solution runs into difficulties, we consider the prospects of the view according to which God is outside time. A timeless and omniscient God seems to imply a B-theory of time and, at least at first glance, seems to jeopardize human freedom. Therefore, we have examined what happens when a non-standard A-theory of time like Fragmentalism is assumed. We demonstrate that in this case the prospects of a timeless view of God are much better: both human freedom and divine knowledge of the results of human choices are preserved if this metaphysics of time is adopted. The costs of this solution are, however, very high. From the logical point of view, it rejects bivalence; from the metaphysical point of view, the world is regarded as fragmentary and incoherent. However, if one is ready to accept these costs, this solution is one of the most successful in the search for a solution to the centuries-old problem of the conciliation between divine foreknowledge and human freedom.
The Islamophobic Normative Unconscious: Psychoanalytic Considerations

This chapter contends that an Islamophobic normative unconscious exists as an extension of Islamophobia and has the potential to ideologically inform clinical work. The chapter makes reference to and expounds upon this divisive ideological profile that has the potential to be activated when we work with or think clinically about Muslims. The analysis is offered from a psychoanalytic perspective highlighting the theory as uniquely positioned to metabolize, hold, and further the growing ability of ethical clinicians to name and address Islamophobia, especially in what otherwise might be thought of as unanalyzable spaces. Clinical and non-clinical examples are utilized to explicate the working tenets of the Islamophobic normative unconscious.
Emergency department utilization among individuals with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Purpose Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can be a debilitating disorder that is difficult to identify and treat. Failure to adequately manage IIH symptoms may force patients to present at emergency departments (EDs) seeking symptom relief. The purpose of this paper is to empirically characterize ED use by previously diagnosed IIH patients. Design/methodology/approach Patients diagnosed with IIH, and who registered with the Intracranial Hypertension Registry by 2014, were solicited for study inclusion. A survey was designed to elicit ED use during the period 2010–2012. Information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, IIH signs and symptoms, time since diagnosis, perspectives of ED use and quality of life was collected. Quality of life was assessed using an adaptation of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric hypothesis tests. Findings In total, 39 percent of IIH patients used emergency services over the study period; those that did used the services intensely. These patients were more likely to be non-white, live in households making less than $25,000 annually, have public insurance and have received a diversional shunt procedure. Patients who used the ED were less likely to live in households making $100,000, or more, annually and have private insurance. Participants who used the ED had significantly lower quality-of-life scores, were younger and had been diagnosed with IIH for less time. Originality/value ED staff and outside physicians can utilize the information contained in this study to more effectively recognize the unique circumstances of IIH patients who present at EDs.
Litigation Against Auditors

Auditors are subject to litigation exposure under federal securities laws and under state law. Research into auditors’ liability under federal securities laws tends to make use of publicly available data from class action suits to examine factors associated with the incidence of litigation against auditors, the extent to which the legal merits of the case influence incidence and outcomes of those cases, and the impact of legal reform on litigation against auditors. State law does not generally allow class actions suits, so public data are not available. Research in this area focuses on understanding the process by which jurors and judges assess auditor blame for client misstatements. It considers similar issues, including the extent to which the merits of the case versus legally irrelevant factors impact the resolution of the case. Market-based experiments examine the effects of various legal regimes on auditor and social welfare. We summarize research results in these areas and identify important areas for future research, including examining the effects of potential decreases in auditor liability on social welfare, deepening our understanding of the conditions under which the merits of the case are appropriately reflected in case outcomes, and improving our understanding of how parties determine whether to settle and how juries set damage awards.
Denver Religious Leaders' Vaccine Attitudes, Practices, and Congregational Experiences

Religious vaccine exemptions are widely available in America and increased in the past decade for unclear reasons. Religious leaders strive to influence their congregants' attitudes and practices. We sought to describe Denver religious leaders' vaccine attitudes, practices, and congregational experiences using a cross-sectional online survey. The response rate was 33% (109/334). Most respondents were Protestant, White, male, parents; 42% believed the Bible contained themes supportive of vaccination, 25% were vaccine hesitant, and only 10% had addressed vaccines in their congregations. Vaccine-hesitant religious leaders' attitudes and practices differed from those of non-hesitant leaders. Study implications and future research avenues are discussed.
The effect of the particle surface and binder properties on the response of polymer bonded explosives at low impact velocities

Abstract Polymer bonded explosives are designed to initiate under controlled conditions. However, accidental ignition leading to a deflagration, and even detonation, may occur during manufacturing, handling and transport. Understanding how ignition depends on microstructural features, such as cracks and voids in the particles, and on the adhesive and mechanical properties of the binder through predictive numerical simulations and modeling will help to improve safety. Finite element simulations and experiments of a single high energetic material particle embedded in polymer binders are performed to investigate the effect of the material properties of the binder and the particle surface properties, on damage and temperature at an impact velocity of 10 m/s. Particles with low and high quality surface properties, and two different binders are analyzed. The simulations with the lower stiffness binder do not show a significant increase in temperature after impact. A polymer with higher stiffness induces more particle damage under impact contributing to a larger temperature rise. Furthermore, high quality surface and higher adhesion strength induces larger stresses and increase the temperature rise.
Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor Interact with DNA: A Novel Genoactive Effect Contributing to Its Antiproliferative Activity in Cancer Cells

Trametes versicolor, a medicinal mushroom also known as Yunzhi, has been widely consumed in China as a dietary supplement by individuals diagnosed with various chronic diseases including cancer. Laboratory studies have shown that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trametes versicolor enhance immune functions and also inhibit the growth of various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, knowledge of the mechanism by which Trametes versicolor exerts its chemotherapeutic action remains incomplete. Efforts to identify its bioactive ingredients have resulted in the isolation of a heterogeneous family of polysaccharopeptides (PSPs). In this study, we investigated whether aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trametes versicolor elicit its antitumor effects by interacting with and changing structure and function of DNA and this novel genoactivity might contribute to suppression of proliferation of human lung A549 cancer cells. Using pBR322 and pSJ3 supercoiled plasmid DNA as substrates, we showed that incubation of DNA with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trametes versicolor causes relaxation of double-stranded supercoiled DNA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Comparatively, aqueous extracts showed higher conversion rates of supercoiled to relaxed DNA than ethanolic extracts. Aqueous extracts also significantly inhibited A549 lung cancer cell proliferation, downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, as well as disrupted cell cycle progression via suppression of levels of cyclins D1 and B. This suggests that immunomodulatory and adjunctive supplementary chemopreventive potential underlying the overall health beneficial effects of Trametes versicolor may involve a novel genoactive activity with potential in altering DNA structure and function.
Widespread genetic connectivity of feral pigeons across the Northeastern megacity.

Urbanization may restrict, facilitate, or have no effect on gene flow, depending on the organism and extent of urbanization. In human commensals, with high dispersal ability, urbanization can facilitate gene flow by providing continuous suitable habitat across a wide range. Additionally, suburban or rural areas with lower human population density may act as a barrier to gene flow for these human commensals. Spatial population genetic approaches provide a means to understand genetic connectivity across geographically expansive areas that encompass multiple metropolitan areas. Here, we examined the spatial genetic patterns of feral pigeons (Columba livia) living in cities in the eastern United States. We focused our sampling on the Northeastern megacity, which is a region covering six large cities (Boston, Providence, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC). We performed ddRAD-Seqon 473 samples, recovered 35,200 SNPs, and then used multiple evolutionary clustering analyses to investigate population structuring. These analyses revealed that pigeons formed two genetic clusters-a northern cluster containing samples from Boston and Providence and a southern cluster containing all other samples. This substructuring is possibly due to reduced urbanization across coastal Connecticut that separates Boston and Providence from New York and mid-Atlantic cities. We found that pairs of pigeons within 25 km are highly related (Mantel r = 0.217, p = .001) and that beyond 50 km, pigeons are no more related than they would be at random. Our analysis detected higher-than-expected gene flow under an isolation by distance model within each city. We conclude that the extreme urbanization characteristic of the Northeastern megacity is likely facilitating gene flow in feral pigeons.
Fundamental Equations for Fluid Mechanics

We consider force equilibrium of an elementary volume of fluid of constant density, dv = dx1dx2dx3, centered at xi.
Intrinsic Point Defects in Oxides with the Rutile Structure

The oxides which are of primary concern here have the rutile structure and are formed from elements of the fourth (Si, Ge, Sn, Ti) group of the Periodic Table. Instrinsic “point” defects of these oxides, oxygen and cation vacancies, cation interstitials and interstitial oxygen molecule ion complexes, have optical and magnetic properties which are a function of their charge state. Properties of the various charge states of oxygen vacancies can be described in terms of linear combinations of s and p states of nearest-neighbor cationswith the exception of TiO2, for which a linear combination of d orbitals of the three nearest-neighbor Ti ions is required. Paramagnetic states of oxygen vacancies in these oxides have been observed, and comparison of their properties and rates of production by reactor irradiation exhibits many differences. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra which have been observed for singly charged oxygen vacancies in glassy SiO2 and GeO2 are compared with those produced in the rutile phases. Configurations of interstitial oxygen ions have several forms, data about which have been derived from electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Definitive models which have been deduced in a few cases, e.g., O >2 - and O 3 - molecule ions, are discussed. Some reasons for the failure to detect either optical absorption bands or paramagnetic states of interstitial cations, with the exception of Ti3+ and interstitial oxygen ions in the case of TiO2 are discussed.
Detention Experiences of Commercial Sexual Exploitation Survivors

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) harms youth around the globe. In the United States, most states manage CSEC victims through the juvenile justice system. Once the youth enter the s...
Sustainable and Resilient Manufacturing for the Post-COVID-19 Era

Society has confronted many challenges in recent decades, ranging from devastating wildfires and hurricanes to, most recently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Our manufacturing sector plays a critical role in confronting these challenges and in the recovery process, as it lies at the helm of the comfort, well-being, and safety of our communities Manufacturers help bring to fruition innovative technologies that can maintain our way of life during times of stability (e g , smartphones and fuel-efficient vehicles) and that can enable a quick recovery during emergencies or natural disasters (e g , rapid testing technologies, ventilators, and photovoltaic panels) This article suggests ways to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and resilience of the manufacturing sector in the post-COVID-19 era Considerations for the supply chain, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing processes at the nanoscale are discussed, © 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc All rights reserved
Computational and Motivational Mechanisms of Human Social Decision Making Involving Close Others

Abstract Every day, human beings make decisions with social consequences. These social consequences matter most when they impact those closest to us. Recent research has shown that humans exhibit reliable preferences when deciding between conflicting outcomes involving close others – for example, prioritizing the interests of one's family member over one's friend. However, virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms that drive these preferences. We conducted a pre-registered study in a large (maximum N = 375) sample to quantify the computational and motivational mechanisms of human social decision-making preferences involving close others. By pairing assessment techniques from behavioral economics and psychological science with computational modeling and random coefficient regression, we show that value-based cognitive computations (e.g., risk and loss aversion) drive social decision-making preferences involving financial outcomes, whereas socioemotional motivations (e.g., relationship quality) underlie preferences involving social outcomes. These results imply mechanistic heterogeneity, underscoring a need for greater attention to contextual specificity in social decision-making.
Reducing the absorbance of a high etch resistant spin-on carbon hardmask

The continued miniaturization of integrated circuit features has been made possible through multilayer patterning processes where different etch steps transfer the patterned photoresist image through various hardmasks and ultimately to the underlying substrate. Spin-on carbons (SOCs) are a type of a solution-dispensable carbon hardmask that can offer excellent resistance to various etch gases for good pattern transfer fidelity, while simultaneously conferring desirable gap fill and planarization properties onto the underlying substrate. We recently reported on the development of a new SOC platform with excellent etch resistance, having a relative reactive ion etch (RIE) rate of 1.08 compared to amorphous carbon. However, one drawback we observed for this polymer was its relatively high absorbance between 400-700 nm which can complicate lithographic alignment. Here we report our work on reducing the absorbance of our SOC platform while maintaining its excellent etch resistance. We identify that the origin of high absorbance is from side reactions that occur during curing and discuss the various polymer modifications or additives that prevent these unwanted processes. We additionally look at any trade-offs that are observed between decreasing absorbance and etch resistance and optimize the SOC’s composition to minimize absorbance while having a minimal effect on its etch resistance.
Biomechanical Comparison of Fibertape Device Repair Techniques of Ligamentous Lisfranc Injury in a Cadaveric Model

ABSTRACT Background Lisfranc ligamentous injuries are complex, and their treatment, along with the preferred method of fixation, is controversial. Implementing a flexible synthetic augmentation device (fibertape) has been described as an alternative to traditional screw fixation. This biomechanical study evaluated two fibertape devices with interference screw fixation: InternalBrace, and InternalBrace with supplementary intercuneiform stabilization. Methods The diastasis and relative angular displacement between bones were measured at three midfoot joints in the Lisfranc articulation. Measurements were obtained for the pre-injured, injured, and post-fixation stages under static loading. Specimens then underwent stepwise increases in cyclic loading performed at 1 Hz and 100 cycles, at 100 N ground reaction force intervals from 500 to 1200 N to simulate postoperative loading, and then up to 1800 N to simulate high loads. Failure of fixation was defined as diastasis greater than 2 millimeters at the second-metatarsal – medial-cuneiform joint. Results InternalBrace specimens demonstrated failures in 3 of 9 (33%) specimens at cyclic loads of 1000 N. Conversely, InternalBrace with Supplementary Limb specimens had 1 failure at 1200 N. The difference in diastasis at the second metatarsal-medial cuneiform joint was statistically significant between the two groups at higher loads of 1600N (p = 0.019) and 1800N (p = 0.029). Conclusion The use of InternalBrace for ligamentous Lisfranc injuries appears to provide a biomechanically viable alternative for withstanding early postoperative protected weight bearing. Furthermore, the use of a supplementary limb in addition to the InternalBrace fibertape fixation method appears to enhance its biomechanical efficacy.
Reconstructing the Genomic Diversity of a Widespread Sub-Saharan Bat (Pteropodidae: Eidolon helvum) Using Archival Museum Collections

Modern phylogeographic methods have confirmed that species with broad ranges often exhibit fine-scale patterns of genetic variation that are not reflected in their morphology. Recent genetic analyses of the straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) deviate from this trend in identifying this species as broadly panmictic across its range in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the limitations of sampling, along with potential for modern anthropogenic impacts to distort observed patterns, suggest that additional work is needed to assess true historical patterns of geographic variation in this species. We used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods to assess patterns of variation found in historical samples of E. helvum and its sister species, E. dupreanum (a Malagasy endemic). Patterns of genomic variation observed among specimens collected between 1909 and 1983 were compared with those from more recently collected tissue samples from across much of the range of the genus. Our genetic analyses confirm that E. helvum and E. dupreanum are distinct species as traditionally recognized. Congruent with results from prior analyses of modern samples, no patterns of spatial genomic structuring were identified in E. helvum across continental Africa in either recent times or earlier in the 20th century. These results suggest that the currently observed pattern of panmixia in E. helvum is not a recent phenomenon; significant gene flow is apparently ongoing in this species across an exceptionally large area. This suggests that potentially zoonotic pathogens previously associated with populations of E. helvum may be similarly distributed or episodically transmitted across broad areas by this species. Our study additionally demonstrates that analyses utilizing ‘archival’ DNA from older specimens in museum collections have the potential to illuminate patterns of both past and contemporary biodiversity, and to help assess the impacts of habitat loss and climate change on species at the genomic level.
Self-Assessment: Company Story Talk

This note discusses practical considerations when evaluating presentations of an "elevator speech" or "company story" in an MC class environment. Excerpt UVA-BC-0241 Feb. 27, 2012 Self-Assessment: company story talk Reflecting on one's performance is a natural part of learning, one you have probably already practiced after a test in school or a big event at work. Going a bit further and writing about your self-assessments, whether privately in a journal or formally at work, can help you review your performance, gain insights, and decide on next steps for your development. In the context of a management communication course, writing a self-assessment after having delivered a speech such as the Company Story Talk will help you: · Evaluate your storytelling and “story-listening” skills. · Set goals for further improvement. . . .
Experiences of Discrimination and Depression Trajectories over Pregnancy

Abstract Introduction Research on risk factors for prenatal depression is critical to improve the understanding, prevention, and treatment of women's psychopathology. The current study examines the relation between experiences of racial discrimination and trajectories of depression symptoms over the course of pregnancy. Method Participants completed standardized measures regarding symptoms of depression at four timepoints during pregnancy and reported on experiences of racial discrimination at one timepoint. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the relation between discrimination and initial levels (intercept) and trajectories (slope) of depression symptoms over pregnancy. Results Participants were 129 pregnant individuals recruited from obstetric clinics and oversampled for elevated depression symptoms. Thirty-six percent of the participants were living at or below 200% of the federal poverty line. Fifty-four percent of the sample identified as non-Latinx White, 26% as Latinx, and 13% as non-Latinx Black. An unconditional latent growth curve modeling revealed a negative quadratic trajectory of depression symptoms during pregnancy. When women's report of discrimination was added as a predictor of depression trajectories, discrimination predicted the initial value (intercept) of depression symptoms, but not change over the course of pregnancy (slope). Specifically, higher levels of experiences of discrimination were associated with higher levels of depression symptoms. When sociodemographic and contextual covariates were included in the model, a low family income-to-needs ratio was also related to higher levels of depression symptoms. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that women's experiences of racial discrimination and family financial strain are risk factors for prenatal depression, with implications for screening, treatment, and policy.
Towards Substantive Standardization: Ethical Rules as Ethical Presumptions

This paper argues that substantive ethical rules serve a critical ethical function, even in those cases where we should deviate from those rules. Assuming that the rules are valid provides decision-makers with the context essential to reaching a well-justified decision. Recognizing this helps to reconcile two attractive but incompatible positions regarding the evaluation of healthcare ethics consultants. The first position is that ethical rules can validly be used to evaluate the quality of consultants’ advice, ensuring conformity to standards promoted by a significant portion of medical ethicists. The second position—the message of ethical particularism—is that we should not evaluate consultants according to strict rules, since good ethical advice may deviate from even the most carefully wrought moral rules. Steering a path between these extremes, I argue that we should evaluate the quality of consultations by examining whether consultants have communicated the relevant ethical rules to participants as ethical presumptions. In communicating presumptions, a consultant provides an indispensable ingredient to ethical decision-making, while leaving open the possibility that the ethical course of action involves violating the very ethical rules that one should presume.
A fundamental computational study of 3-D non-planar fracture in solder joints

A sub-modeling approach involving a combination of nonlinear finite element method (FEM) and peridynamic (PD) theory analyses for prediction of 3-D non-planar fracture propagation in solder joints is presented. The procedure is demonstrated by considering a BGA type package with peripheral array solder joints. FEM is used as the global model to identify the critical solder joint and the displacement field acting on it. The PD model uses the FEM-calculated displacements as boundary conditions. The solder joint is considered to be composed of grains; four distinct cases of different grain sizes are considered. Propagation of fatigue cracks in 3-D as well as dissipated energy due to failure are presented. Comparisons between different micro-structures are made.
The component structure of ERP subsequent memory effects in the Von Restorff paradigm and the word frequency effect in recall.

We examined the degree to which ERP components elicited by items that are isolated from their context, either by their font size (“size isolates”) or by their frequency of usage, are correlated with subsequent immediate recall. Study lists contained (a) 15 words including a size isolate, (b) 14 high frequency (HF) words with one low frequency word (“LF isolate”), or (c) 14 LF words with one HF word. We used spatiotemporal PCA to quantify ERP components. We replicated previously reported P300 subsequent memory effects for size isolates and found additional correlations with recall in the novelty P3, a right lateralized positivity, and a left lateralized slow wave that was distinct from the slow wave correlated with recall for nonisolates. LF isolates also showed evidence of a P300 subsequent memory effect and also elicited the left lateralized subsequent memory effect, supporting a role of distinctiveness in word frequency effects in recall.
Regulation of hapten-specific T-cell response. II. Functional analysis of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells in animals suppressed by azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-specific suppressor T cells.

Abstract The administration of azobenzenearsonate-modified syngeneic spleen cells (ABA-SC) intravenously induces a population of first order hapten-specific inducer suppressor T cells (Ts 1) , which downregulate various aspects of T-cell-mediated immune responses via a well defined suppressor-T-cell pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of these suppressor cells on the generation of ABA-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and helper T cells (Th) in vivo . We found evidence for functional impairment of ABA-activated Th and ABA-specific CTL precursors (CTLp) in the suppressed animals by a number of different in vitro criteria. Functional analysis of ABA-specific CTLp and ABA-activated Th in suppressed animals revealed that ABA-specific Ts inhibit the generation of CTL by impairing the antigen-specific activation of Th, which may in turn, prevent the clonal expansion of antigen-specific CTLp. The significance of these findings in relationship to our understanding of the cellular interactions necessary for the generation of CTL and the mode of action and mechanisms of suppressor T Cells is discussed.
THE ABSCOPAL EFFECT OF X IRRADIATION ON BONE GROWTH IN RATS

The abscopal effect of irradiation (that which is evident at a distance from the irradiated volume but within the same organism) was investigated in rats. It was possible to demonstrate the effects on growth locally and abscopally when x-ray doses of 400 and 800 r were delivered to the lower extremity and when 800 r was delivered to the knee alone. A distinction between abscopal effects after local irradiation and systemic effects after whole-body irradiation is discussed. The weights of control and irradiated animals were similar for the first 21 days, during which period they did not exhibit any untoward effects of irradiation. However, after 21 days there was a decrease in weight gain, which persisted until the 72nd day. Group A (controls) was the heaviest group, with a mean weight of 412 g. Group B (800 r to the left hind extremity) had a mean weight of 378. Group C (400 r to the left hind extremity) and Group D (800 r to the left knee) exhibited mean weights of 391 and 394 g, respectively. Roentgenographic measurements revealed that all animals receiving irradiation had retardation in the growth of the irradiated tibiae, which were shorter than both the controlmore » and the contralateral (unirradiated) tibiae. Only the animals that had received 800 r to their leff hind extremity showed significant differences in the lengths of their unirradiated bones compared with the bones of the control animals of Group A, that is, a significant abscopal growth retardation. Although the abscopal effect appeared to be associated with the volume of tissue irradiated, the way this effect is mediated is not known. The weight gains of the animals demonstrated a strong association between decrease in weight gain, the volume of tissue irradiated, and the dose administered. The impaired weight gsin roughly paralleled the abscopal retardation of bone growth. The animals which received the highest dose of irradiation, 800 r, to the largest volume of tissue, 10% of the body volume, revealed the greatest deviation from the control group. It is concluded that irradiation effects in animals are composites of the responses of the whole organism to the injury, of the responses of local tissues, and vessels at their level of tissue organization, and of the responses of individual cells. All of these responses may be interdependent. The evidence indicates that a systemic inhibition of all bone growth and weight gain occurs when a sufficient volume of tissue is irradiated at a sufficiently high dosage. (BBB)« less
Practice Involves More Than Treatment: How Can Evidence‐Based Assessment Catch Up to Evidence‐Based Treatment?

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 18: 173–177, 2011] Given the excellent work being conducted in the area of evidence-based treatments (EBTs), it is important to consider whether other forms of evidence-based practice are receiving concomitant attention. While significant progress has been made in the last five years to generate reviews of evidence-based assessment (EBA) practices, this work lags behind efforts to identify EBTs. This commentary describes available data on assessment practices in clinical care settings, discusses the importance of and current status of EBA, and considers how the next generation of EBA reviews might move beyond consideration of psychometric properties to the inclusion of “effectiveness” parameters.
Rounding algorithms for IEEE multipliers

Several technology independent rounding algorithms for multiplying normalized numbers are presented. The first is a simple rounding algorithm suitable for software simulation or moderate performance hardware multipliers. The next two algorithms are parallel addition schemes suitable for high-performance VLSI multipliers. One of them eliminates the carry produced by the lower-order bits from the critical path. Several methods for computing the sticky bit are also presented. Included is a new fast and efficient technique for computing the sticky bit directly from the carry-save form without undergoing the expense of a carry-propagate addition. >
The Need for a National Abortion Reporting Requirement: Why Both Sides Should Be in Support of Better Data

This paper focuses on the status of abortion reporting in the United States and how current data is inadequate. Looking to the two primary collectors of abortion statistics, the CDC and the Guttmacher Institute, this article highlights how both institutions suffer deficiencies and delays with their information gathering and how this is ultimately bad for society. Next, the paper discusses the Supreme Court's treatment of state abortion reporting statutes and how under today's Court, such legislation would likely pass constitutional muster as long as patient confidentiality was maintained. Finally, I discuss potential avenues through which better data can be achieved by Congress, characterized as the "command" option (legislative mandate), and the "bribe" option (conditional spending), respectively. I conclude that the "bribe" option is superior as it avoids concerns of anti-commandeering and allows the states to voluntarily cooperate with federal policy rather than passively resist it.
The Impact of Geniculate Artery Collateral Circulation on Lower Limb Salvage Rates in Injured Patients

Background This study aimed to determine the association between geniculate artery flow on admission computed tomography (CT) angiography and limb salvage outcomes in patients with lower extremity arterial injury. Methods All injured patients at a level I trauma center with CT angiogram (CTA) confirmed limited or no flow to the tibial vessels were included. Demographics, injury severity score (ISS), mechanism of injury, physiological parameters, the presence of geniculate artery collateral circulation (superior medial, superior lateral, medial, inferior medial, inferior lateral), and 30-day limb salvage outcome were recorded. Statistical analysis was completed using descriptive statistics and the chi-squared tests. Results From 2009 to 2012, a total of 84 patients with lower extremity arterial injury underwent diagnostic evaluation with CTA on admission that confirmed limited or no flow to the tibial vessels. A total of 10 patients (12%) underwent amputation. Primary amputation was performed in 3 (4%) patients, and secondary amputation was performed in 7 (8%) patients. There was no difference in age, gender, ISS, extremity abbreviated injury score, mechanism of injury, admission systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, transfusion volume, or type of vascular interventions between patients who had successful limb salvage and those who received an amputation. The number of patent geniculate arterial vessels was inversely associated with amputation with 3.3 patent geniculate arteries in the limb salvage group compared to 2.1 in the amputation group (P < 0.05). The 2 geniculate artery vessels that were significantly associated with limb salvage were the superior lateral geniculate and the inferior medial geniculate arteries (P < 0.05). Conclusions Geniculate collateral circulation may have an important role in limb salvage after lower extremity vascular injury. The geniculate arteries that are associated with the highest rates of limb salvage appear to be the superior lateral geniculate and the inferior medical geniculate artery.
Competitive exclusion by autologous antibodies can prevent broad HIV-1 antibodies from arising

The past decade has seen the discovery of numerous broad and potent monoclonal antibodies against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Eliciting these antibodies via vaccination appears to be remarkably difficult, not least because they arise late in infection and are highly mutated relative to germline antibody sequences. Here, using a computational model, we show that broad antibodies could in fact emerge earlier and be less mutated, but that they may be prevented from doing so as a result of competitive exclusion by the autologous antibody response. We further find that this competitive exclusion is weaker in infections founded by multiple distinct strains, with broadly neutralizing antibodies emerging earlier than in infections founded by a single strain. Our computational model simulates coevolving multitype virus and antibody populations. Broadly neutralizing antibodies may therefore be easier for the adaptive immune system to generate than previously thought. If less mutated broad antibodies exist, it may be possible to elicit them with a vaccine containing a mixture of diverse virus strains.
Wyoming Inbre Community College Network Retreat AMK Ranch (UW-NPS Research Center)

The Wyoming INBRE Community College network meets yearly to present research taking place throughout the state. The focus is on undergraduate research taking place at the community colleges throughout Wyoming. The students present on their individual projects and faculty present on their research and partnerships they have formed. This is also a time for students and faculty to collaborate on projects statewide.
Application of the solubility profiling technique to Recent and fossil fish teeth

Strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) signals and trace elements have been measured in fossil fishes in order to evaluate their suitability as palaeoenvironmental markers of their original habitats, while accounting for post-depositional alteration. Preliminary physical and chemical characterization of both Recent and fossil fish teeth from marine and freshwater environments have demonstrated differences in their respective biological properties, largely defined by their environment, and differences in post-depositional (diagenetic) alteration. A range of well-provenanced modern and fossil fish teeth dating back to the Eocene (55 Ma) have been subjected to a series of sequential washes in a mild acetic acid buffer in order to remove adsorbed and exchangeable ions of diagenetic origin from mineral surfaces and exchange sites, and to dissolve calcite overgrowths. The leaching protocol is designed to separate carbonate, hydroxy- and fluorapatites on the basis of differential solubility and relative crystallinity. The relative solubilities of enamel, dentine and whole tooth samples of fossil fishes would appear to correlate with those observed for modern biological apatites. Furthermore, a highly soluble strontium-rich phase is washed out of the majority of samples which may effect significant changes to their 87 Sr/ 86 Sr signal. Studies have focused on Cenozoic fish material where the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr seawater curve is well-constrained, but there is little absolute or quantitative congruence with this reference. However, relative or qualitative trends in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr signals of samples representing presumed marine-fresh water transitions suggest that biogenic signals can potentially be recovered from palaeontological material with continued leaching to remove the diagenetic overprint.
Comparison of Public-Private Partnerships and Traditional Procurement Methods in North American Highway Construction

The number of public-private partnership (P3) projects in North America has increased significantly since the early 1990s, as policy makers and transportation officials seek alternative methods to supplement traditional funding sources to finance and deliver projects. Scholars have compared the cost and schedule overruns of P3 projects against publicly funded projects in mature P3 markets in Europe, but not in the North American market. This paper begins filling that gap by comparing the cost- and schedule-overrun results of 12 completed large-scale (greater than ~US$90 million) P3 highway projects in North America with previous research studies reporting on large-scale design-bid-build (DBB) or design-build (DB) highway projects. P3 project performance data were collected through interviews with project executives, and then findings were used from previous studies of traditional projects for comparative benchmarking data. Research results indicate that the P3 sample cost overruns averaged 0.81% and sched...
Technique for Microfabrication of Polymeric-Based Microchips from an SU-8 Master with Temperature-Assisted Vaporized Organic Solvent Bonding

Novel means of fabricating polymeric microfluidic devices are presented. An SU-8 master is applied in two-stage embossing, followed by vaporized organic solvent bonding. The primary master is created by standard photolithography; the inexpensive SU-8 primary master is used in a two-stage process to generate microfeatures in hard polymers. A vaporized solvent bonding technique that readily produces complete microfluidic chips, without the need of a sacrificial layer to prevent channel deformation, was used to form complete multilayer microfluidic devices. This technique provides a more direct method to generate hard polymer microfluidic chips than classical techniques and therefore is highly amenable to rapid prototyping. The technique lends itself readily to many polymers, facilitating device production for a variety of applications, even permitting hybrid polymer chips, and provides a rapid, cost-effective, simple, and versatile approach to the production of polymer-based microdevices. The fabrication te...
Speciation analysis: where is it going? An attempt at a forecast

Abstract In the foreseeable future many more laboratories will be forced by legislation and/or by economic considerations to carry out speciation analyses. In the selection of the methods of choice, parameters such as time, cost and automation will play a much more important role than they do today. Because of the numerous manual pretreatment steps involved, conventional gas chromatographic (GC) separation procedures will decrease in importance. Vapor-generation cryotrapping-GC is significantly faster and easily automated. The recently described integrated dissolution, extraction, and derivatization in a focused microwave field may, however, introduce new dimensions in sample preparation for GC coupled to atomic spectrometry. High pressure liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) will further gain in importance, particularly in research, because it is the most powerful system for speciation analysis currently available. However, there will be a revival of simple non-chromatographic procedures that are easily automated using flow injection techniques and that for many routine applications perfectly serve the purpose.
A case report of rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus associated with uterine inversion.

Background. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon malignant soft tissue tumor rarely found in the genital tract. This tumor is associated with a poor prognosis, especially in the adult population. Equally as rare are non-puerperal uterine inversions secondary to sarcomas. Case. A 21-year-old obese woman was initially evaluated with excessive vaginal bleeding. On exam, a large pedunculated mass protruding from the cervix was seen and biopsy of this mass revealed an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of VAC (Vincristine, Actinomycin, and Cyclophosphamide) for a presumed cervical rhabdomyosarcoma. After five cycles of chemotherapy the patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, at which time a complete uterine inversion was noted with the tumor located at the fundus of the uterus. Final pathology showed alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus. The patient then received additional postoperative VAC regimen for a total of 10 treatments and remains in good health with no evidence of disease 20 months from diagnosis. Conclusion. This case report describes the only reported case of uterine inversion secondary to alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus and discusses current therapeutic options for adults.
Socratic Eros and Platonic Dialectic

T HE MOST VEXING PROBLEM for the student of Platonism is that of establishing the relation between Socrates and Plato. To this problem I can claim no comprehensive answer. But within the confines of the present topic some further details may be added to an already extensive literature. I propose to investigate two aspects of dialectic certainly one of the links between Socrates and Plato and to argue (i) that the Socratic eros serves a philosophic function later paralleled by Plato's dialectical method and (ii) that Plato's formulation of the dialectical method was the outcome of his reflection on the role played by the Socratic eros in philosophic inquiry.
Resistance and phase diagram of quasiperiodic systems

The phase diagram in the wave-vector-potential plane is constructed on the basis of the dependence of the resistance of the quasiperiodic system on the electron's energy. The energy spectrum is of the devil's staircase type. The eigenstates are amplitude modulated and can be either localized or extended.