cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New concept and solution for monitoring and control system for the 21 st century substation

Development of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) brings a leap in the development of substations. Large scale deployment of IEDs creates huge amount of data either recorder continuously or captured when IEDs are triggered by an event such as a fault or disturbance. The power system load increased to the point where the systems operate closer to the limits. The new developments enable much better monitoring to make sure the operation does not bring undesirable consequence. New automated monitoring and signal processing in substation has become a powerful feature necessary to assure the system is reliable and secure. In this paper, the new monitoring and signal processing solution in substation based on synchronized sampling technology and multifunctional IEDs (such as protection, controllers and PMUs) is proposed. To illustrate the above concepts new hardware and software solutions are envisioned. The hardware solution fully supports IEC 61850 protocol and takes cyber security into account. The software solution realizes the automated integration of substation IED data.
Impact of the 65 mph speed limit on accidents, deaths, and injuries in illinois

At the end of April 1987, Illinois raised the speed limit from 55 to 65 mph on rural interstates and limited-access highways. This paper examines the effects of this change. It applies ARIMA techniques to a monthly time series of accidents, injuries, and fatalities dating from five years before the limit increase to four years after. Two types of rural highways are examined: those where the speed limit was raised and those where it remained at 55 mph. The impact of higher limits on mean speeds, speed variance, traffic diversion, traffic generation, speed spillover, and issues of benefits and costs are considered. The findings suggest the higher limit led to 300 additional accidents per month in rural Illinois, with associated increases in deaths and injuries. This impact was apparent on both 65 and 55 mph roads. There is some evidence of traffic diversion from 55 to 65 mph highways plus traffic generation and speed spillover.
A failure to observe negative preference in infant acuity testing

Abstract Held et al. (1979) Vision Res.19, 1377–1379, reported that infants' psychometric functions in preferential looking experiments exhibit a region of below chance performance or “negative preference”. They argued from this that previous preferential looking experiments may have systematically underestimated acuity because they ignored this negative preference. We present data from an experiment designed to reveal negative preference in the version of the preferential looking paradigm used in our laboratory. The results do not exhibit negative preference apart from random variations about 50%. Gwiazda et al. (1980) Am. J. Optom. physiol. Opt.57, 420–427; 428–432, developed a psychophysical procedure for infant testing that is designed to yield accurate threshold estimates in a short period of time. We present the results of computer simulations of more conventional psychophysical procedures. The simulations demonstrate that an up-down staircase procedure is more efficient than the Gwiazda et al. procedure.
Facets of the therapeutic alliance and perceived progress in psychotherapy: relationship between patient and therapist perspectives

This study investigates the facets of the alliance and their relationship with estimated effectiveness of psychotherapy using a measure called the Combined Alliance Short Form (CASF; Hatcher, 1999; Hatcher & Barends, 1996; Hatcher, Barends, Hansell, & Gutfreund, 1995). Because the CASF has both patient and therapist versions, it was possible to compare ratings of various facets of the alliance from each perspective. Data were collected from 125 patient–therapist dyads, and all participants completed the CASF as well as measures of perceived progress during therapy. Convergence was examined for each alliance subscale for the patient–therapist dyads. Both the patient and therapist Confident Collaboration factors were found to be primary predictors of perceived improvement in psychotherapy. Number of psychotherapy sessions was related to patient estimates of improvement and therapist ratings of the amount of help received by their patients as well. Confident Collaboration, a factor that reflects the level of confidence and commitment a patient experiences regarding the therapy as well as the degree to which the therapy is experienced as worthwhile, is discussed in relation to previous research. Implications regarding the presence of this factor during psychotherapy are considered in detail. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of therapy-associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia to intensive induction chemotherapy

Among 31 consecutive patients who developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, 17 were treated with intensive chemotherapy aimed at inducing a complete remission. Seven of these 17 patients (41%) obtained a complete remission that ranged in duration from 2 to 11 (median 3) months. Two additional patients who failed to develop normal peripheral blood counts despite postinduction bone marrows that were normocellular and free of leukemia were classified as nonresponders. The median time to complete remission and median duration of leukopenia (WBC less than 1000/mu 1) were 34 days and 23 days, respectively. Induction chemotherapy was complicated by fever in all patients, documented infection in six patients, and death secondary to sepsis in three. Survival of the 17 patients ranged from less than 1 to 39 (median 4) months. Patients achieving a complete remission had a median survival time of 10 months compared to 2 months for the nonresponders. The other 14 patients received only supportive care and had a median survival of 2 months. These findings indicate that therapy-associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL) can frequently respond to chemotherapy and that achieving a complete remission is associated with longer survival. Although these results are encouraging,more » patients with t-ANLL still have a relatively poor prognosis and efforts directed at improving treatment outcome need to be continued.« less
In vivo imaging of extraction fraction of low molecular weight MR contrast agents and perfusion rate in rodent tumors.

Tissue uptake of a fully extractable MR detectable tracer, deuterated water (D 2 O), was compared with that of a less extractable contrast agent, Gadolinium-DTPA-dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA), in rodent tumor and muscle tissue. This dual tracer method allowed calculation of relative (to muscle) tissue perfusion and extraction fraction of Gd-DTPA in each image pixel in vivo. Solutions of Gd-DTPA and D 2 O were injected intravenously into Fisher female rats (n = 9) with R3230 mammary adenocarcinomas implanted in the hind limb. Perfusion rate was approximately two times greater (P < 0.005 by paired t test) in tumor than in muscle. Gd-DTPA extraction fraction at the interface between tumor and muscle was 2.0 times the extraction fraction in normal muscle (P < 0.005 by paired t test). Extraction fraction at the tumor center was 1.6 times the extraction fraction in muscle (P < 0.01 by paired t test). High extraction fraction of Gd-DTPA correlated with high capillary permeability determined from Evans Blue staining. Low molecular weight Gd-DTPA derivatives are widely used in clinical practice, and their extraction fractions are crucial determinants of image contrast during the first few passes of the contrast agent bolus. Therefore spatially resolved measurements of contrast agent extraction fractions obtained in vivo have significant clinical utility. The data demonstrate that extraction of low molecular weight tracers is sensitive to increased permeability in tumor vasculature and that this increased permeability can be imaged.
Mechanisms of cell cycle control revealed by a systematic and quantitative overexpression screen in S. cerevisiae.

Regulation of cell cycle progression is fundamental to cell health and reproduction, and failures in this process are associated with many human diseases. Much of our knowledge of cell cycle regulators derives from loss-of-function studies. To reveal new cell cycle regulatory genes that are difficult to identify in loss-of-function studies, we performed a near-genome-wide flow cytometry assay of yeast gene overexpression-induced cell cycle delay phenotypes. We identified 108 genes whose overexpression significantly delayed the progression of the yeast cell cycle at a specific stage. Many of the genes are newly implicated in cell cycle progression, for example SKO1, RFA1, and YPR015C. The overexpression of RFA1 or YPR015C delayed the cell cycle at G2/M phases by disrupting spindle attachment to chromosomes and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, respectively. In contrast, overexpression of the transcription factor SKO1 arrests cells at G1 phase by activating the pheromone response pathway, revealing new cross-talk between osmotic sensing and mating. More generally, 92%–94% of the genes exhibit distinct phenotypes when overexpressed as compared to their corresponding deletion mutants, supporting the notion that many genes may gain functions upon overexpression. This work thus implicates new genes in cell cycle progression, complements previous screens, and lays the foundation for future experiments to define more precisely roles for these genes in cell cycle progression.
US regulation of color additives in foods

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates color additives under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Color additives must be preapproved by the FDA and listed in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations before they may be used in food and other FDA-regulated products. Requirements for identity, chemical specifications, uses, and restrictions are included in the listing regulations. In addition, some color additives must be batch certified by the FDA. Enforcement activities include inspections of color additive manufacturers and evaluations of color additives used in food products.
Ontogeny of vesicular monoamine transporter mRNAs VMAT1 and VMAT2 II. Expression in neural crest derivatives and their target sites in the rat

We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to study the expression of the two vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1 and VMAT2) during embryonic development in the rat. In the adult rat VMAT2 is present exclusively in neuronal tissues and VMAT1 is present in the adrenal medulla and in certain intestinal endocrine cells. We found that both transporter molecules are more widely expressed during development. We demonstrate a complete overlap of the two VMAT mRNAs in the sympathetic nervous system between E13 and E21 days. In addition, VMAT2 (and to some extent VMAT1) mRNA is expressed in ganglionic cells of the parasympathetic nervous system and in cranial ganglia (trigeminal, vestibular and spiral ganglia) between E12 and E21. The sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, which are also neural crest derivatives, express VMAT2 mRNA (E11-E21), exclusively. Both VMAT mRNAs are found in the developing GI system, but in different cells. VMAT1 mRNA was detected in organs of the endocrine system (pituitary gland, adrenal gland, testis, seminal vesicle), some connective tissue cells, and the thymus. We observed expression of both VMAT mRNAs in two separate cell groups in the placenta (E8-E10). Based on their distribution during development we suggest that monoamines, released in a controlled fashion, might affect migration and differentiation of neural crest derivatives.
Evidence for involvement of group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors in NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation in area CA1 of rat hippocampus.

Previous studies implicated metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) inN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–independent long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. To learn mo...
Implications of {QCD} for Nuclear Physics

Abstract Prospects and problems for the application of QCD to hadronic phenomena are discussed. The structure function of nuclei and the strange quark content of the proton are discussed in detail.
Remittances and Protests in Africa

Common explanations for why protests occur in developing countries have mainly focused on domestic economic and political factors. Meanwhile, developing countries have witnessed a rise in remittance inflows during the last twenty years and this may profoundly impact the number of protests. For many countries, remittance flows are important in buffering against any economic downturn. In this light, does the money migrants send home in the form of remittances impact the number of protests in a country? In this paper, I explore the connection between remittances and protests using evidence in the form of cross-sectional time-series data from all African countries between 1990 and 2010. This paper tests two hypotheses on the relationship between remittances and protests. The first hypothesis is one of political disengagement as a result of remittances, where larger inflows result in fewer protests. The second is a political activation hypothesis, which argues that higher remittance flows lead to political activation of the population. In addition to these two hypotheses, I test whether the effect of remittances on protests is mediated by political context. While protest is an extreme form of political participation, detecting any sort of relationship between remittances and protests, controlling for other factors, could shed light into the political consequences of remittances in developing countries.
Autonomous underwater vehicle Mine Countermeasures mission planning via the Physical Traveling Salesman Problem

Mine Countermeasures (MCM) present a challenging motion-planning problem when taking into account ocean currents, complex bathymetry, and vehicle dynamics. In an effort to improve autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) motion planning for MCM, this work presents a Physical Traveling Salesmen Problem (PTSP) approach as a way to quickly and robustly generate motions for the reacquisition and identification portion of a MCM mission while considering the temporally and spatially complex marine environment as well as the nonlinear dynamics of the AUV. By leveraging TSP solvers as well as sampling-based motion planning, this work shows that it is possible to efficiently compute low-cost, dynamically-feasible, and collision-free trajectories.
Flexible Concern: The Development of Multidetermined and Context-Dependent Empathic Responding

Research on empathic development, though extensive, has largely overlooked two vital facets of flexible empathic responding—multideterminism (which is elicited in response to various cues) and context dependence (i.e., empathic responding that can be regulated depending on contextual factors). Within a dual-process account of empathic responding (in which both bottom-up and top-down processes contribute), such flexible empathic responding relies heavily on top-down processes. Yet most developmental research has not systematically considered the role of top-down processes in bringing about multidetermined and context-dependent empathic responding; as such, it provides a narrow view of early empathic responding. Recent research has begun to fill these gaps and suggests that top-down processes are involved even in early flexible empathic responding. But much more work is needed, particularly on developmental mechanisms and the development of top-down processes, to understand fully the origins of flexible concern.
Performances of Two Kinds of Polymers Flowing Through Porous Media

Hydrophobic associating water-soluble polymer (HAWP) is a kind of polymer, whose hydrophilic macromolecular chains have a few hydrophobic groups. The performances of solutions of HAWP and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) flowing through porous media are studied under the conditions of a reservoir simulation. The results indicate that HAWP hydrophobic group tends to bringing about intermolecular association and dynamic and physical cross-linked network, its solution shows a great capability of mobility control, decreasing porous media permeability and anti-scour in distant porous media compared with PHPA. The different flowing performances of these two solutions in porous media are more related to the molecular structures of polymers.
105 AIRWAY PRESSURE RELEASE VENTILATION IN NEONATES WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE.

Background Premature infants with severe chronic lung disease often require prolonged ventilation with exposure to high mean airway pressure. In its most severe form these infants often are exposed to prolonged high-frequency ventilation, which can be uncomfortable for the infants, causing them to “fight the ventilator,” leading to progressive respiratory distress. We report our utilization of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), which is essentially a bilevel CPAP mode of ventilation using a longer time (Thi) at the high pressure (Phi) to allow for alveolar recruitment followed by a release period (Tlo) at low pressure (Plo). Purpose To determine the feasibility and safety of APRV in neonates and infants with severe restrictive lung disease and respiratory failure. Method Approval for this review study was obtained from Children9s Hospital of Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. Patients that received APRV over the last 2 years were identified and medical records were reviewed. Results There were 10 patients placed on APRV with AVEA ventilator between 2004 and 2005 at Children9s Hospital of Los Angeles Center for Newborn and Infant Critical Care. Nine of the 10 pateints had clinical improvement on APRV. The most common underlying lung disease was severe chronic lung disease in former preterm infants. Mean gestational age was 27 ± 5.1 weeks. On APRV the patients were on significantly higher mean airway pressure then on SIMV/PS, HFOV, or HFJV (27 ± 3 vs 15.1 ± 4.1 cm H2O). Oxygen requirement decreased from 50% prior to APRV to 30% by day 5 of APRV. Mean P/F (paO2 or PcO2/FiO2) significantly increased by 12 hours of APRV (176 ± 96.9 vs 124 ± 58.7, p Conclusion These data demonstrate that APRV is well tolerated by our patient population with no adverse effects on the hemodynamic status of the neonates and that the majority of the patients had improved oxygenation on APRV. However, further studies will be needed before we can determine the overall efficacy of this mode of ventilation.
Data from men in greater Seattle area reveals no downward trend in semen quality: further evidence that deterioration of semen quality is not geographically uniform

Objective To determine whether there has been a decline in semen quality in a group of healthy men during the past 21 years. Design Retrospective analysis of the relationship between time and changes in semen parameters over 21 years using regression analysis. Setting A tertiary university center. Patients Five hundred ten healthy, normal men who donated multiple semen samples as participants in clinical studies between 1972 and 1993. Main Outcome Measures Sperm concentration, semen volume, total numbers of sperm per ejaculate, and percent spermatozoa with normal morphology. Results There was no decrease in sperm concentration, semen volume, total number of sperm per ejaculate, and percent normal sperm morphology in 510 healthy men studied between 1972 and 1993. Conclusion We conclude that in this population of healthy young men there has not been any decline in semen quality in the past 21 years.
Demonstrating Improved Fuel Economy Using Subsystem Specific Lubricants on a Modified Diesel Engine

ABSTRACTFuel economy performance in modern internal combustion engines is of increasing importance to lubricant formulators due to regulations targeting global greenhouse gas emissions. Engines typically employ a single lubricant, with a common sump, to service all components. As a result, base oil and additive selection for fuel economy performance is a compromise among competing demands for different engine subsystems. Opportunities for significant fuel economy improvement through targeted formulation of lubricants for specific engine subsystems are presented, with specific emphasis on segregating the lubricant supplies for the valve train and the power cylinder subsystems. A working prototype was developed in a lab environment by modifying a commercially available twin-cylinder diesel engine. Motored valve train and whole-engine fired test results were obtained and compared to model data. Fuel economy benefits were demonstrated using market representative heavy-duty diesel lubricants, including mineral...
Renal digital subtraction angiography.

SUMMARY Renal digital imaging has progressed rapidly in reliability and potential since its clinical introduction in 1979. The advent of larger image intensifers has made feasible subtraction imaging of the renal parenchyma and collecting systems as an adjunct to IV-DSA. The growing use of IA-DSA has expanded the utility of the technology to the examination of the intrarenal circulation, contrast-sensitive patients, and the performance of interventional procedures. There are experimental works suggesting that it may be feasible to derive accurate physiologic data reflecting renal blood flow and excretion from sequential alterations in intravascular contrast density. 5 Thus, anatomic abnormalities and their significance might conceivably be determined, with minimal patient discomfort, from the same imaging procedure. The development of digital imaging technology and techniques continues to be of major interest to both academic and commercial investigators. Thus, further improvements in digital imaging and expansion of its capabilities are likely to occur.
From Reals to Integers: Rounding Functions, Rounding Rules

A rounding function maps non-negative quantities into integers. Examples are the floor function, the ceiling function, the commercial rounding function, and the even-number rounding function. A rounding rule maps non-negative quantities more lavishly into subsets of integers. Every rounding function or rounding rule induces a sequence of jumppoints, called signposts, where they advance from one integer to the next. Rounding rules map a signpost into the two-element set consisting of its neighboring integers, while non-signposts are mapped to singletons. Prominent examples are the rules of downward rounding, of standard rounding, and of upward rounding. The one-parameter families of stationary signposts and of power-mean signposts are of particular interest.
Chapter 4 Political Philosophy and the Roman Republic

Here, Cicero’s De Re Publica and De Legibus are the central texts. The way Cicero has embraced skepticism and grounded the right and utility in nature shows his distinctive way of following yet differing from Plato. He appreciates Plato’s Republic as a clarifying philosophical achievement yet sees in Roman development a better tool for teaching his audience the principles of political life. Seemingly modern concepts emerge as mixed constitution, genuine progress, equality, republican liberty, consent and contract, collective leadership over time, and a limited defense of property rights. There is much evidence within these texts on how he transcends Rome so as to be able to judge her and to address audiences well beyond Rome and his time.
High-intensity interval training programme for obese youth (HIP4YOUTH): A pilot feasibility study.

ABSTRACTRecently, there has been growing interest in high-intensity interval training (HIT) as a strategy to improve health. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of a 4-week low-volume HIT and its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), blood pressure (BP) and enjoyment in overweight and obese youth. Twelve adolescents (body mass index (BMI): 34.8 ± 3.9 kg · m‒2, 14.9 ± 1.5 years) participated in 12 sessions of HIT (10 × 60 s cycling bouts eliciting ~90% maximal heart rate, interspersed with 90 s recovery, 30 min/session, 3 sessions/week) over ~4 weeks. All the participants completed the study and exercise attendance averaged 92%. Despite no changes in body weight and total fat, HIT resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in CRF (pre: 20.1 versus post: 22.2 ml · kg‒1 · min‒1) and exercise time (pre: 425 versus post: 509 s) during peak oxygen uptake test, and a reduction in resting systolic BP (pre: 115.8 versus post: 107.6 mmHg). The majority of study participants (83%) enjoyed HIT an...
Determination of Lidocaine Concentrations in Skin After Transdermal Iontophoresis: Effects of Vasoactive Drugs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vasoactive drugs on transdermal lidocaine iontophoresis by measuring the concentrations of radiolabeled lidocaine which has penetrated the skin. Previous studies had demonstrated that coiontophoresis of vasoactive drugs could modulate the transcutaneous flux of lidocaine and suggested that a dermal depot of lidocaine was involved. To address this, lidocaine hydrochloride (14C) was iontophoresed in vivo in anesthetized weanling pigs either alone or with the vasodilator tolazoline or the vasoconstrictor norepinephrine. Tissue cores under the active electrode were then collected, quick-frozen, and sectioned on a cryostat, and then the radioactivity was determined in each 40-µm section. Coiontophoresis with norepinephrine resulted in increased concentrations of lidocaine in skin up to a depth of 3 mm. These concentrations decreased to lidocaine-alone levels after a 4-hr washout. Tolazoline decreased tissue concentrations of lidocaine. Concentrations were intermediate when lidocaine alone was administered. These studies support the hypothesis that coiontophoresis of vasoactive drugs modulates the transdermal delivery of lidocaine, in part by altering the cutaneous “depot.”
Are prophylactic systemic antibiotics necessary with nasal packing? A systematic review

BackgroundThe use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics with nasal packing has been a controversial topic. There are few evidence-based studies to determine the need for prophylactic systemic antibi...
Elevated Peripheral Myelin Protein 22, Reduced Mitotic Potential, and Proteasome Impairment in Dermal Fibroblasts from Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A Patients.

A common form of hereditary autosomal dominant demyelinating neuropathy known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is linked with duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. Although studies from animal models have led to better understanding of the pathobiology of these neuropathies, there continues to be a gap in the translation of findings from rodents to humans. Because PMP22 was originally identified in fibroblasts as growth arrest specific gene 3 (gas3) and is expressed broadly in the body, it was tested whether skin cells from neuropathic patients would display the cellular pathology observed in Schwann cells from rodent models. Dermal fibroblasts from two CMT1A pedigrees with confirmed PMP22 gene duplication were studied. Samples from age-matched non-neuropathic individuals were used as controls. CMT1A patient–derived cultures contain approximately 1.5-fold elevated levels of PMP22 mRNA, exhibit reduced mitotic potential, and display intracellular protein aggregates as compared to cells from unaffected individuals. The presence of cytosolic PMP22 coincides with a decrease in proteasome activity and an increase in autophagy-lysosomal proteins, including LC3-II and LAMP1. These results indicate that the abnormalities in the subcellular processing of excess PMP22 elicit a detectable response in human CMT1A fibroblasts, a phenotype that resembles Schwann cells from neuropathic mice. These findings support the use of human CMT1A fibroblasts as a platform for therapy testing.
Case 97: A Patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Today you are anesthetizing a 54-year-old man (130 lbs, 5′11″, ASA 2) for a prostatectomy. He has obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and uses a CPAP at home. You are with a medical student. The patient is taken to the operating room where routine monitors are placed. Induction of anesthesia is uneventful and the medical student successfully secures the airway with an endotracheal tube. Thereafter mechanical ventilation commences. You let the medical student draw up more fentanyl and tell him to give the patient 100 μg. As he is about to inject the fentanyl, you notice that there are a few small air bubbles in the syringe.
Path-based channel estimation for acoustic OFDM systems: Real data analysis

We address detection of acoustic OFDM signals using a channel estimation method based on a physical model of multipath propagation rather than an equivalent sample-spaced model. The path identification (PI) algorithm focuses on explicit estimation of delays and complex amplitudes of the channel paths. We apply this algorithm, along with the conventional least squares (LS) and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) to a set of signals recorded over a mobile acoustic channel. We demonstrate excellent performance of the PI algorithm and show that its complexity is considerably lower than that of the OMP algorithm. The PI algorithm consistently outperforms the conventional LS and compares favorably with the OMP algorithm in terms of the mean-squared data detection error observed for a varying number of OFDM carriers and receiver array configurations.
Influence of air temperature on ventilation rates and thermoregulation of a flying bat

To assess the involvement of the ventilatory system in thermoregulation during flight, breathing frequencies and tidal volumes were measured from three Phyllostomus hastatus undertaking steady wind tunnel flights at a constant speed over a range of air temperatures (Ta) from 17.7 to 31.1 degrees C. Mean breathing frequency was independent of Ta, and tidal volume increased only modestly with increasing Ta. Consequently, minute ventilation rate increased insignificantly over the range of Ta values investigated. Mean rectal temperature showed a direct linear relation to Ta and increased significantly from 39.1 to 41.9 degrees C over the range of Ta values investigated. The highest rectal temperatures measured from flying P. hastatus are approximately 3 degrees C less than those of flying birds. In contrast to flying birds, flying P. hastatus does not modulate its rate of respiratory evaporative heat loss to any significant extent in response to environmental heat stress and only loses an estimated 14% of its metabolic heat load by this route. Cutaneous heat loss channels must therefore be very important to these animals. Some reasons for the observed differences in the thermoregulatory responses of flying bats and birds are discussed as well as the relative advantages and limitations of each group's solutions to their thermoregulatory challenges.
Introduction to Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics

This chapter introduces the basic ideas and concepts associated with the study of microscopic thermodynamics, which deals with individual particles of matter. We will begin by describing a particle in terms of position and energy or momentum. Then we will choose a statistical method to determine the effects of all of the particles. However, the average will not be arithmetic, it will be the most probable behavior of all of the particles, which will be consistent with the macroscopic behavior (which we can measure).
The Conservation Status of Two Endangered Mariana Butterflies, Hypolimnas octocula marianensis and Vagrans egistina (Nymphalidae)

The Mariana eight-spot butterfly (Hypolimnas octocula marianensis) and the Mariana wandering butterfly (Vagrans egistina) are endemic to the Mariana Islands and both have recently been listed as federally protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We conducted both targeted surveys and grid transect searches on Guam and targeted surveys across the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota to locate native hostplants, eggs, caterpillars and adults of these rare insects. Despite having a relatively common hostplant, V. egistina was not found during this study, even in places it had last been found. Although various life stages of H. o. marianensis were documented, the hostplants of this species were heavily impacted by grazing of introduced ungulates; only in native limestone forest with jagged tower karst topography, did hostplants persist, and the butterfly with them. The reasons for the disappearance of V. egistina are not clear, but do not appear to be related to hostplant availability. Our surveys suggest that control of invasive ungulates on Guam will be the single most effective conservation action for Mariana eight-spot recovery, and is essential to any chance of long-term persistence for the species there. H. o. marianensis has significant, unoccupied, hostplant patches on the three northern islands (Rota, Tinian, and Saipan) which might be considered as sites for future translocation and reintroduction efforts, in order to reduce the risk of extinction.
Dynamic Data Communications for Real-time Information Fusion

This paper studies dynamic data communications between airplanes and a control tower, where the control tower needs to monitor the state of each aircraft close to the airport or on the ground in real time. Given limited communication bandwidth, it is impossible for the control tower to communicate with all aircrafts at the same time. This paper focuses on the problem of optimal scheduling of data communications for the control tower to acquire information from aircrafts to minimize tracking errors. A dynamic learning problem with limited communication bandwidth is formulated in this paper where the objective is to minimize the total variance of real-time tracking. To solve the problem, a dynamic scheduling algorithm for data communications is proposed, which prioritizes data communications based on the tracking variances of the aircrafts, channel conditions and importance of the information. Our simulations demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms policies such as a round robin policy.
Power-Dependent Bandstop Filters for Wide-Bandwidth, High-Speed Interference Suppression

Power-dependent switchable bandstop filters are discussed in this paper. The co-design of a switchable bandstop filter, a sensing bandpass filter, a sensing analog circuit, and a switch driving circuit enable all-pass-to-bandstop switchable filters that automatically activate when power above a designable threshold is present within the bandwidth of the filter. A third-order suspended-stripline power-activated switchable all-pass-to-bandstop filter with a second-order resonant power sensor was fabricated and measured to test the technique at 2.15 GHz. The measured all-pass state has less than 1.7 dB insertion loss while the automatically-switched bandstop state provides more than 18 dB attenuation.
The impact of centre volume on outcomes of orthotopic heart transplant in older recipients.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of overall and older-recipient-specific centre volumes on outcomes of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) in older recipients. METHODS Patients aged ≥60 years undergoing OHT were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry. The primary outcome was 1-year post-OHT mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence and impact on 1-year survival of postoperative complications including infection, renal failure requiring dialysis and stroke. Patients were divided into equal size tertiles based on overall and older-recipient-specific OHT centre volumes. RESULTS A total of 5373 older recipients were identified. Mean overall and older-recipient-specific volumes were 27.5 ± 19.5 and 9.4 ± 7.3 OHT/year, respectively. Although overall and older-recipient-specific low-volume centres were at higher risk of mortality in separate multivariable analysis, only older-recipient-specific volume contributed significantly to post-OHT mortality in the combined multivariable analysis (P < 0.05). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, an older-recipient-specific volume of 8 OHTs/year was identified as the most discriminative volume threshold for mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.68). Although low older-recipient-specific volume centres did not have significantly higher incidences of postoperative complications, they had significantly worse 1-year survival rates compared to higher volume centres in patients with postoperative infection or dialysis (each P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This large-cohort analysis demonstrates that older-recipient-specific centre volume contributes to post-OHT outcomes in the older recipients more significantly than overall volume. This may be a consequence of higher older-recipient-specific volume centres to better manage specific complications in this patient population.
The Joint Emergency Medicine Exercise: A Capstone Training Evolution of a Military Unique Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents.

INTRODUCTION The role of the Emergency Medicine (EM) physician in the U.S. military continues to expand, and current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education general training requirements do not optimally prepare military EM graduates to be successful in postresidency operational assignments. To address this gap, the Naval Medical Center San Diego EM residency program introduced a Military Unique Curriculum (MUC) culminating in a capstone event, the Joint Emergency Medicine Exercise (JEMX). METHODS Part of an approved Quality Improvement project, annual survey results from 2012 to 2017 evaluated graduate opinion on the strengths and weaknesses of the MUC. We describe a pilot project conceived by tri-service EM physicians to evaluate the feasibility of the JEMX. RESULTS Forty-eight graduate residents responded to surveys, 18 of which were administered pre-MUC implementation. With a 100% response rate from graduate residents, overall trends showed greater perceived readiness for postresidency operational assignments after MUC implementation. Written comments received cited the MUC as areas where the Naval Medical Center San Diego EM program excelled and the successful JEMX evolutions as the most valuable curricular component of the MUC. CONCLUSION An integrated MUC with a capstone exercise, such as our JEMX, provides a feasible and effective educational experience that improves operational readiness of graduating EM residents.
Observation of backscattering induced by magnetism in a topological edge state

The boundary modes of topological insulators are protected by the symmetries of the nontrivial bulk electronic states. Unless these symmetries are broken, they can give rise to novel phenomena, such as the quantum spin Hall effect in one-dimensional (1D) topological edge states, where quasiparticle backscattering is suppressed by time-reversal symmetry (TRS). Here, we investigate the properties of the 1D topological edge state of bismuth in the absence of TRS, where backscattering is predicted to occur. Using spectroscopic imaging and spin-polarized measurements with a scanning tunneling microscope, we compared quasiparticle interference (QPI) occurring in the edge state of a pristine bismuth bilayer with that occurring in the edge state of a bilayer, which is terminated by ferromagnetic iron clusters that break TRS. Our experiments on the decorated bilayer edge reveal an additional QPI branch, which can be associated with spin-flip scattering across the Brioullin zone center between time-reversal band partners. The observed QPI characteristics exactly match with theoretical expectations for a topological edge state, having one Kramer’s pair of bands. Together, our results provide further evidence for the nontrivial nature of bismuth and in particular, demonstrate backscattering inside a helical topological edge state induced by broken TRS through local magnetism.
Sanctions in networks

Abstract In this paper we contribute to the sender-target models of sanctions by explicitly incorporating the linkages (social, political, or economic) that bind the sender and target to other agents. Given any network model and architecture, we draw attention to two factors that play a key role in determining the efficacy of sanctions in reducing the frequency of violations. These are, respectively, strategic complementaritiesbetween the sanctioning action (deleting link with target) and number of direct links of the sender, and the externalities imposed on the sender by third parties. We examine the role played by these factors both in the short run (when links can only be deleted) and the long run (when links can also be added), as well as when sanctions are unilateral (the sender can only delete own links) or multilateral (the sender can impose on common allies to sever links to the target). Our analysis allows an active role to the target to build an opposing coalition to deflect sanctions and to third parties to engage in “sanction busting. ” It also extends to multiple senders and targets, existence of interest groups within sender and target with dissimilar objectives, and signed networks allowing both antagonistic and cordial bilateral relationships.
History of Electrochemistry

The introductory chapter gives a brief overview of the history of electrochemistry and the most important milestones in developing this multidisciplinary science. This is an important chapter as it provides the basis for a contextual understanding of the principles covered in the book. The original works of Alexandro Volta, Michael Faraday, William Grove, and Walter Nernst, among others, demonstrate the intuitive nature used by these early researchers in explaining the phenomena responsible for electrochemical processes.
Communities of making: Exploring parallels between fandom and open source

Studies of social media frequently focus on the most popular platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) and fail to consider more unconventional platforms and communities that nevertheless fit the criteria of social media. A comparison of fan communities emphasizing different content structures (Archive of Our Own, DeviantArt, and Fanfiction.net) to open source community platform GitHub can provide insight into the practices of communities of making, regardless of even substantial differences in purposes and affordances, while expanding the traditional definition of social media. Study of both fan and open source communities revealed commonalities across platforms, such as non-market practices with deep market ties; gift economies that run on status; and a lack of inclusivity. We argue that the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, labor, and value on social media platforms can be illuminated by putting these platforms and their communities into conversation.
Guaranteed Parameter Estimation of Hunt-Crossley Model with Chebyshev Polynomial Approximation for Teleoperation

In haptic time delayed teleoperation as the time delay from the communication channel increases, teleoperation system stability and performance degrade. To increase performance and provide better stability margins, various estimation methods and observers have been implemented in literature to more accurately capture the force exerted by the remote system. Previously, solutions focused on environment force estimation methods that primarily rely on linearization of the Hunt-Crossley (HC) contact model, which has limiting assumptions for use. This work addresses the shortcomings of the aforementioned methods by investigating alternative HC parameter estimation techniques. A new application of Chebyshev polynomial approximation for adaptive parameter estimation of the HC model is proposed. This approximation is compared to current linearization methods as well as nonlinear estimation methods that are not well covered in literature. Moreover, the Chebyshev approximation is used in a new estimation approach that provides control via backstepping with adaptive parameter estimation using Lyapunov methods. This method reduces excitation requirements by using nonlinear swapping and the data accumulation concept to guarantee parameter convergence. A simulated full teleoperation system with time delay demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach.
Regional anesthesia: Epidurals, TAP blocks, or wound infiltration?

Abstract Regional anesthesia is an important part of Enhanced Recovery Pathways following colorectal surgery. By facilitating decreased opioid consumption, wound infiltration, blocks, and neuraxial anesthesia promote quicker return of bowel function and decreased side effects.
QuCTS – single flux Quantum Clock Tree Synthesis

Superconductive Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) is an emerging cryogenic technology promising a significant boost in performance and ultra-low power consumption. The operating frequency achieved by RSFQ digital integrated circuits is several orders of magnitude greater than traditional CMOS circuits. The fundamental difference of RSFQ circuits, however, renders traditional clocking techniques appropriate for CMOS unsuitable for RSFQ technology. Most RSFQ logic gates, such as AND and OR, are sequential in nature. The number of pipeline stages is therefore significantly greater in RSFQ as compared to CMOS, complicating the clock distribution network design process. This issue is further exacerbated with the need for splitters to achieve a fanout greater than one and the need for transmission lines rather than ordinary metallic wires as in CMOS. In this work, QuCTS — single flux Quantum Clock Tree Synthesis — is presented. QuCTS utilizes a two stage framework for synthesizing clock networks. In the clock skew scheduling stage, the clock signal arrival time of each gate is chosen to maximize the robustness of the circuit to timing variations. In the clock tree synthesis stage, the layout of the clock distribution network is generated based on a novel delay equilibration technique. QuCTS is the first clock tree synthesis tool for RSFQ circuits utilizing useful clock skew. The synthesized network satisfies the clock arrival time requirements while minimizing the associated overhead, such as the interconnect length and number of delay elements. The tool is validated on a set of benchmark circuits. In a prototypical case study, a clock tree is generated for the AMD2901 with 1,049 clock sinks in 53 minutes while satisfying the clock arrival time.
Constrained Tensor Decomposition via Guidance: Increased Inter and Intra-Group Reliability in fMRI Analyses

Recently, Davidson and his colleagues introduced a promising new approach to analyzing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) that suggested a more appropriate analytic approach is one that views the spatial and temporal activation as a multi-way tensor [1]. In this paper, we illustrate how the use of prior domain knowledge might be incorporated into the deconstruction of the tensor so as to increase analytical reliability. These results will be discussed in reference to implications towards military selection and classification.
Cupping the Spark in Our Hands: Developing a Better Understanding of the Research Question in Inquiry-Based Writing

Cupping the Spark in Our Hands: Developing a Better Understanding of the Research Question in Inquiry-Based Writing
A Permanent and Transitory Component Model of Stock Return Volatility

In this paper, we develop a statistical unobserved component model for stock market volatility. The volatility, which is measured by the conditional variance of stock returns, is decomposed into a permanent or long-run and a transitory or short-run component. The transitory component is mean- reverting towards the trend component. Analysis of US and Japanese stock data supports the decomposition and reinforce the common finding in the literature of persistent stock return volatility. The component model is successful in describing the effect of the "October 87 Crash" on stock volatility changes. We hypothesize that the leverage effect as discussed in Black (1976) and Christie (1982) is a short- run phenomenon in the stock market and there is no asymmetric structure of volatility in the long run. The data strongly supports this hypothesis for US and Japanese stock indices.