cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multinuclear iron–phenyl species in reactions of simple iron salts with PhMgBr: identification of Fe4(μ-Ph)6(THF)4 as a key reactive species for cross-coupling catalysis

The first direct syntheses, structural characterizations, and reactivity studies of iron–phenyl species formed upon reaction of Fe(acac)3 and PhMgBr in THF are presented. Reaction of Fe(acac)3 with 4 equiv. PhMgBr in THF leads to the formation of [FePh2(μ-Ph)]22− at −80 °C, which can be stabilized through the addition of N-methylpyrrolidone. Alternatively, at −30 °C this reaction leads to the formation of the tetranuclear iron–phenyl cluster, Fe4(μ-Ph)6(THF)4. Further synthetic studies demonstrate that analogous tetranuclear iron clusters can be formed with both 4-F-PhMgBr and p-tolylMgBr, illustrating the generality of this structural motif for reactions of simple ferric salts and aryl Grignard reagents in THF. Additional studies isolate and define key iron species involved in the synthetic pathway leading to the formation of the tetranuclear iron–aryl species. While reaction studies demonstrate that [FePh2(μ-Ph)]22− is unreactive towards electrophile, Fe4(μ-Ph)6(THF)4 is found to rapidly react with bromocyclohexane to selectively form phenylcyclohexane. Based on this reactivity, a new catalytic reaction protocol has been developed that enables efficient cross-couplings using Fe4(μ-Ph)6(THF)4, circumventing the current need for additives such as TMEDA or supporting ligands to achieve effective cross-coupling of PhMgBr and a secondary alkyl halide.
What Is God’s Good Future? Right Relationships with All Things

Reconciliation is often understood as only having to do with our broken relationship with God. Yet we are alienated not only from God, but also from other people and the natural world. So we need h...
6.1 A 100Gb/s 1.1pJ/b PAM-4 RX with Dual-Mode 1-Tap PAM-4 / 3-Tap NRZ Speculative DFE in 14nm CMOS FinFET

The growing demand for higher data rates in wireline communications has led to emerging standards in the 100Gb/s+ range using PAM-4 signaling. ADC-based receivers have demonstrated robust operation over channels with high losses $(\gt20$ dB) [1], but their power consumption $(\gt500$ mW/lane excluding DSP) is prohibitive for applications requiring large port counts in short-reach chip-to-chip and chip-to-module links (such as OIF-CEI-112G-VSR/XSR/USR). This work demonstrates a dual PAM-4/NRZ RX implemented in 14nm FinFET and measured up to 100Gb/s in PAM-4 mode achieving pre-FEC BER $\lt 10^{-12}$ across a 19.2dB-loss channel with low power. To achieve low BER with $\gt16$ dB loss channel the RX uses a CTLE combined with a 1-tap speculative DFE. To minimize power consumption, the number of slicing levels to resolve the 1-tap PAM-4 DFE speculation is reduced from 12 to 8 by shaping the channel to a1 +0.5D response (h 0 +0.5 $\ast$ h0) with CTLE and TXFFE. With a1 +0.5D channel, 4 out of 12 speculative decisions are overlapped. Moreover, comparators used for DFE speculation can be shared for phase detection in a baud-rate CDR scheme, extending the concept proposed in [2] to PAM-4. In NRZ mode, the RX features a fully speculative 3-tap DFE to equalize high loss channels $(\gt35$ dB) at 56Gb/s. The RX incorporates the following key advances: (1) a trans-admittance trans-impedance (TAS-TIS) CTLE circuit resulting in a low-power and compact analog-front-end (AFE), (2) a 1-tap PAM-4 speculative DFE based on a1 +0.5D response, and (3) a CMOS quadrature-DLL (QDLL) generating quadrature clock phases resulting in a low jitter/power clock path.
Abstract 2974: Preclinical evaluation of Ozanimod for prostate cancer treatment

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men of United States, after lung cancer. There are various treatment options such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy are availabale for PCa. However, invariably patients develop resistance to these therapies, resulting in the manifestation of aggressive and recurrent PCa. Hence, there is an urgent need for an effective treatment strategy for managing PCa. Previous studies have identified that the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) as a potential target to treat prostate cancer. Ozanimod (OZM) is a selective sphingosine 1- phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) and (S1PR5) modulator, which is in phase 3 clinical trial for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis. The objective of this study is to determine the anticancer effects of OZM, an S1PR modulator using LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145 as cellular models of PCa. These PCa cell lines were subjected to cell viability, colony formation and wound healing assays as endpoints to assess the anticancer effects of OZM. The cell viability assay results revealed that OZM had a differential effect on PCa cell lines with LNCaP cells being the most sensitive and DU-145, PC-3 showing similar sensitivities to OZM treatment. Furthermore, OZM treatment inhibited the colony formation characteristics of PCa cell lines in-vitro when compared with control in all the three cell lines. In wound healing assay, the migratory characteristics of PCa cell lines were inhibited by OZM in a dose dependent manner. These findings suggested that OZM has both tumor growth suppression and metastasis inhibition potential. Furthermore, Annexin V and Propidium Iodide staining assay revealed that OZM induces apoptosis in PC-3 and DU-145 cells. Following these findings, human apoptotic array study using LNCaP cells showed that anti-apoptotic protein molecules such as c-IAP1, clusterin, and livin were downregulated by OZM treatment in addition to inhibition of HIF-1α expression. The mechanistic study conducted using LNCaP cells by Western blot analysis revealed that OZM treatment upregulated BiP expression while downregulated PERK, IRE-1α which are protein markers associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Furthermore, our results showed that c-myc was down-regulated and MAD, MAX transcription factors were upregulated when treated with OZM. Based on these findings, we suggest that OZM treatment modulates ER stress pathway and anti-apoptotic proteins leading to prostate tumor suppression. In conclusion, OZM might be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treating both indolent and aggressive PCa. Citation Format: Reshmii Venkatesan, Somaiah Chinnapaka, John Schappert, Gnanasekar Munirathinam. Preclinical evaluation of Ozanimod for prostate cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2974.
Diagnostic accuracy of somatosensory evoked potentials during intracranial aneurysm clipping for perioperative stroke

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) are utilized during aneurysm clipping to detect intraoperative ischemia. We assess the diagnostic accuracy of SSEPs in predicting perioperative stroke during aneurysm clipping. A retrospective review was conducted of 429 consecutive patients who underwent surgical clipping for ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms with intraoperative SSEP monitoring from 2006 to 2013. The relationship between perioperative stroke and SSEP changes was analyzed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and area under a Receiving Operating Characteristic curve. Sensitivity and specificity were 42% and 90%, respectively. Area under the curve was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.79). Reclassification of reversible temporary clip changes to correct for paradoxical classification of SSEP false positives raised the sensitivity from 42 to 65% (p = 0.041, Chi squared test). EEG (electroencephalography) changes increased the specificity (98% vs. 90%, p < 0.001, McNemar’s test), but not sensitivity (48% vs. 42%, p = 0.621, McNemar’s test) of SSEPs for perioperative stroke. A stepwise logistic regression model selected SSEP amplitude loss (p = 0.006, OR = 3.7 [95% CI 1.5–9.2]) and the SSEP change duration (p = 0.034, OR = 1.8 [95% CI 1.1–3.1]) as independent predictors of perioperative stroke. SSEP changes induced by temporary clipping were highly reversible compared to other SSEP changes (94% vs. 60%, p = 0.003, Fisher exact test), and typically responded to clip removal or readjustment. SSEP changes have high specificity and modest sensitivity for perioperative stroke. Stroke risk is a function of both the magnitude of SSEP amplitude loss and the duration of its loss. Given the modest sensitivity, patients may benefit from multimodal monitoring including motor-evoked potentials during cerebral aneurysm surgery.
Race War Flares Up: Chicago’s Swedish Press, the Great Migration, and the 1919 Riots

This study of the three large Swedish-language weeklies in Chicago examines how they covered the city’s African-American community during the latter half of the 1910s, a time when blacks migrated to the North in huge numbers. In Chicago, the result was that the African-American population almost tripled between 1910 and 1920. Little of that was visible in the columns of the weeklies, however, with only a handful of items telling readers that blacks were arriving in record numbers. What news there was about African-Americans, moreover, tended to portray them as criminals. Consequently, the riots that shook Chicago in late July 1919 seemed to take the editors of the weeklies by surprise. A major explanation for the Swedish weeklies’ coverage was that they relied almost exclusively on the city’s English-language dailies for news that did not concern their own ethnic group and thus mirrored the negative way the dailies portrayed African-Americans.
A Cut Above: Folding and Cutting Advanced Materials

While engineering structures are traditionally designed to be stiff and stable, shape-shifting structures often utilize compliance and instability to change shape. Inspired by origami and kirigami, folding and cutting sheets provide a programmable way to rethink our approach to engineering design. Combining these geometric ideas with advanced materials can enable self-folding structures that function as shape-shifting devices.
How Are Income and Education Related to the Prevention and Management of Diabetes

Objective: To understand whether income and education have unique contributions in the prevention and management of diabetes, as measured by Hba1c levels among diagnosed and undiagnosed individuals. Method: Data were obtained from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N = 1,189). Ordinary least squares regression analyses were used to examine the associations among education, annual household income, diabetes onset, and diabetes management (Hba1c). Results: Education, but not income, was inversely associated with Hba1c in undiagnosed participants. Income, but not education, was inversely associated with Hba1c among diagnosed participants. Discussion: These results support the idea that education and income provide non-fungible social and economic resources that vary in their consequences for Hba1c level depending on whether someone has been diagnosed with diabetes. The social resources provided by education may be more important in delaying the onset of disease, whereas resources provided by income may be more important for disease management.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy: Systematic Review of Technique, Indications, and Outcomes.

Background For patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) may offer seizure freedom and benefits for quality of life. Yet, concerns remain regarding invasiveness, morbidity, and neurocognitive side effects. Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has emerged as a less invasive option for stereotactic ablation rather than resection of the EZ. Objective To provide an introduction to MRgLITT for epilepsy, including historical development, surgical technique, and role in therapy. Methods The development of MRgLITT is briefly recounted. A systematic review identified reported techniques and indication-specific outcomes of MRgLITT for DRE in human studies regardless of sample size or follow-up duration. Potential advantages and disadvantages compared to available alternatives for each indication are assessed in an unstructured review. Results Techniques and outcomes are reported for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, hypothalamic hamartoma, focal cortical dysplasia, nonlesional epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, periventricular nodular heterotopia, cerebral cavernous malformations, poststroke epilepsy, temporal encephalocele, and corpus callosotomy. Conclusion MRgLITT offers access to foci virtually anywhere in the brain with minimal disruption of the overlying cortex and white matter, promising fewer neurological side effects and less surgical morbidity and pain. Compared to other ablative techniques, MRgLITT offers immediate, discrete lesions with real-time monitoring of temperature beyond the fiber tip for damage estimates and off-target injury prevention. Applications of MRgLITT for epilepsy are growing rapidly and, although more evidence of safety and efficacy is needed, there are potential advantages for some patients.
The Role of Executives in Enhancing Trust in Capitalism

Trust in capitalism is declining, and many observers hold executives responsible. However, there is limited theory explaining why this decline is important and how executives’ characteristics and a...
Outcomes of kidney retransplantation in recipients with prior posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: An analysis of the 2000-2019 UNOS/OPTN database.

This study utilized the UNOS database to assess clinical outcomes after kidney retransplantation in patients with a history of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Among second kidney transplant patients from 2000 to 2019, 254 had history of PTLD in their first kidney transplant, whereas 28,113 did not. After a second kidney transplant, PTLD occurred in 2.8% and 0.8% of patients with and without history of PTLD, respectively (p = .001). Over a median follow-up time of 4.5 years after a second kidney transplant, 5-year death-censored graft failure was 9.5% vs. 12.6% (p = .21), all-cause mortality was 8.3% vs. 11.8% (p = .51), and 1-year acute rejection was 11.0% vs. 9.3% (p = .36) in the PTLD vs. non-PTLD groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in death-censored graft failure, mortality, and acute rejection between PTLD and non-PTLD groups in adjusted analysis and after propensity score matching. We conclude that graft survival, patient survival, and acute rejection after kidney retransplantation are comparable between patients with and without history of PTLD, but PTLD occurrence after kidney retransplantation remains higher in patients with history of PTLD.
Reactive crystallization: a review

Reactive crystallization is not new, but there has been recent growth in its use as a means of improving performance and sustainability of industrial processes. This review examines phenomena and processes in which reaction and crystallization are coupled in the production of a desired chemical species. Coverage includes fundamental phenomena, such as solubility, supersaturation, crystal nucleation and growth, and chemical kinetics. Systems examined are divided into two groups, those best described as undergoing ionic reactions (including neutralizations), which have near instantaneous rates and result in the formation of ionic bonds, and those undergoing covalent reactions in which the key step occurs at measurable rates and results in the formation of covalent bonds. Discussion of the latter category also includes the impact of catalysis. Examples of a variety of reactions and applications are enumerated, and special attention is given to the utility of reactive crystallization in chiral resolution. Integration of reactive crystallization into process design, including both batch and continuous operations, and the development and efficacy of modeling, monitoring and control are reviewed. Finally, a perspective addressing needs to advance the usefulness and applications of reactive crystallization is included.
Modeling an intelligent controller for predictive caching in AR/VR-enabled home scenarios

Abstract In a possible future, pervasive augmented and/or virtual reality (AR/VR) might become the primary delivery method for audio-visual information. To achieve a high level of user satisfaction, such a system must answer user requests with high-quality content delivered with minimal lag. As bandwidth and latency limitations will still apply, the system must perform predictive caching of the content. In this paper, we investigate several strategies for predicting the information needs of a user in an AR/VR-enabled home. The paucity of datasets is a major challenge in such studies. We are starting from the hypothesis that the user’s patterns of daily life guide the content consumption regardless of the delivery medium. This allows us to synthetically generate realistic content requests starting from real-world databases of user activities in smart homes. Using these datasets, we develop techniques for demand prediction and content caching that aim to optimize the quality of user satisfaction while minimizing the cost of caching. We propose three algorithms: one based on probabilistic modeling, one based on long short term memory (LSTM) networks, and one based on majority voting. Through a set of experimental studies, we show that our techniques outperform baseline caching techniques both in terms of user satisfaction and caching cost.
Right-to-Left Ductal Shunting and Preductal and Postductal Oxygen Saturation Difference in PPHN- Not a Perfect Correlation?

Background: Persisent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is often secondary to lung disease such as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and is characterized by extrapulmonary right-to-left or bidirectional shunting at the foramen ovale and/or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Shunting at the PDA results in reduced oxygen saturation (SaO2) and PaO2 in the postductual region. However, studies have not directly evaluated simultaneous preductal and postductal blood gases and direction of ductal shunt. Objective: To evaluate …
Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a pervasive and problematic disorder thought to affect between 10 and 35 % of the American population [1]. It encompasses a full spectrum of chronic venous disorders ranging from uncomplicated telangiectasies to debilitating venous ulcers.
Understanding differences within ethnic group designation: comparing risk factors and health indicators between Iranian and Arab Americans in Northern California.

The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) ethnic group is a diverse group composed of two primary subsets in the United States: Iranian and Arab Americans. We aimed to compare health risk factors, chronic health conditions, and mental health conditions of Iranian and Arab American adults in Northern California. We used cross-sectional electronic health record (EHR) data from a 2016 Northern California health plan study cohort to compare adults classified as Iranian or Arab American based on ethnicity, language, or surname. We produced age-standardized prevalence estimates of obesity, smoking, hyperlipidemia, prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, depression, and anxiety for Iranian and Arab American men and women by age group (35–44, 45–64, and 65–84) and overall (35–84). We used generalized linear models to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) to compare Iranian and Arab American adults ages 35–84 on all health indicators. Compared to Arab Americans, Iranian Americans had a lower prevalence of obesity (PR: 0.77, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.73, 0.82), current smoking (PR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.89), and ever smoking (PR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99), but a higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia (PR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.12), prediabetes (PR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.16), depression (PR; 1.41, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.52), and anxiety (PR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.42, 1.63). Similar patterns were observed for men and women. This work supports the need to collect granular data on race and ethnicity within the MENA ethnic group to improve identification in clinical care settings and population health reporting to better address the physical and mental health needs of different MENA subgroups.
Party Influence in Congress

Smith provides an overview of legislators' motivations to create parties and the kinds of influence that parties might exercise once organized. In commenting on the sizable political science literature on these subjects, the author argues that party leaders are motivated by both policy and electoral goals and frequently must balance those goals. Leaders deploy a variety of resources to exercise both a positive and negative effect on legislative outcomes. From observing many episodes of party and leadership action on Capitol Hill, I have found it useful to characterize congressional parties as seeking two collective goals – majority party status and policy. The goals are founded on the goals of individual legislators – reelection, good public policy, and power. For example, legislators seeking to enact certain policies are advantaged if their party wins majority control of Congress, its committees, and scheduling mechanisms. Legislators seeking reelection are advantaged if their party's record for policy achievement is viewed favorably by the public. The collective electoral and policy goals of the congressional parties have the character of public goods. A public good is a benefit that is nonexcludable and jointly supplied. That is, achievement of a party goal benefits all party members whether or not they have contributed materially to the collective effort (nonexcludable) and is not exhausted for some members as other members benefit from it (jointly supplied). These features deserve a little discussion. Congressional parties have the ability to determine their own membership so, in principle, the benefits of membership are excludable.
The reaction of sulfhydryl reagents with bovine hepatic monoamine oxidase. Evidence for the presence of two cysteine residues essential for activity.

Abstract The bovine liver monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) was found to be inactivated by various well-known sulfhydryl reagents like p- mercuribenzoate , methylmercuric idodide and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitro benzoic acid). The present investigation shows that the inactivation of the enzyme results from reactions of these reagents with 2 out of 8 titratable sulfhydryl groups per 105 g of the enzyme. The substrate, benzylamine, and competitive inhibitors like benzaldehyde, p- nitrobenzaldehyde , benzyl alcohol protected the enzyme from inactivation by the mercurials or the Ellman reagent. The inactivation experiments with these sulfhydryl reagents, the protection experiments, and the kinetics as well as physicochemical observations suggest that there are only two cysteine residues that are required for activity of the enzyme. It is possible that these two residues may be active-center residues.
A review of the health-related quality of life literature in bipolar disorder

This paper reviews the existing literature on health-related quality of life assessments conducted in bipolar disorder patients, and provides recommendations for the use of specific scales to measure health-related quality of life in this population. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed only a handful of studies in bipolar disorder that had incorporated quality of life assessments. While instruments from the medical outcomes study (MOS) were the most frequently used to measure health-related quality of life, a number of other instruments like the physchological general well being scale (PGWB), the streamlined longitudinal interview clinical evaluation from the longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation (SLICE/LIFE), the Euroqol, (EQ-5D), the Lehman's quality of life interview (QLI), and the quality of life in depression scale (QLDS) were also used. Only three studies out of ten reported the psychometric properties of the measures used. In the absence of a disease-targeted measure, a combination of the SF-36 and the PGWB is presently recommended as the battery of choice to assess the health-related quality of life of individuals with bipolar disorder. There is also the need to develop a disease-targeted health-related quality of life measure for bipolar disorder, which will obviate the use of a burdensome battery of generic quality of life instruments.
Eysenck, Hans J. (1916–97)

Hans Jurgen Eysenck (1916–97) was one of the most influential personality psychologists of the twentieth century. He was a champion of the scientific approach to psychology in general, and personality in particular. His approach emphasized the integration of basic psychological theory with an experimental approach to the study of individual differences. During his lifetime his work on behavior genetics, ability, dimensions of personality, and a biological basis to personality went from being disbelieved and controversial to accepted wisdom for the field. Keywords: Eysenck, Hans; individual differences; intelligence; personality; personality traits
Interfering for the good of a chemical reaction.

Chemistry has, throughout its history, been a science of passive control: having made the conditions as favourable as possible, the chemist is obliged to let the complex reorganization of reactant molecules into products take place unhindered. But what if one could meddle at the very heart of a reaction to affect the dynamics of molecular evolution? Welcome to the world of quantum interference control.
The temporal and spectral properties of Cyg X-1 during a large X-ray flare

We present results from a monitoring campaign on Cyg X-1 during a large X-ray flare. During this period, the spectrum of the source evolved significantly: the higher the soft flux the steeper the spectrum. The evolution follows a simple pattern of pivoting around 8–10 keV, which is similar to that observed in the 1996 state transition. The power density spectrum during the flare is typical of the source during a spectral state transition, so do the correlations among temporal properties and the spectral properties. Therefore, an X-ray flare and a spectral state transition appear to be similar phenomenon and the difference seems to be only quantitative.
Embeddedness of the solutions to the H-Plateau problem

Abstract We generalize Meeks and Yau's embeddedness result on the solutions of the Plateau problem to constant mean curvature disks. We show that any minimizing H-disk in an H 0 -convex domain is embedded for any H ∈ [ 0 , H 0 ) . In particular, for the unit ball B in R 3 , this implies that for any H ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , any Jordan curve in ∂ B bounds an embedded H-disk in B.
Alkyl-nitrile adlayers as probes of plasmonically induced electric fields

Vibrational Stark shifts observed from mercaptoalkyl monolayers on surface enhanced Raman (SERS) active materials are reported to provide a direct measurement of the local electric field around plasmonic nanostructures. Adlayers of CN−, p-mercaptobenzonitrile, and n-mercaptobutylnitrile were adsorbed to a heterogeneous nanostructured Ag surface. The frequency of the CN moiety was observed to shift in a correlated fashion with the SERS intensity. These shifts are attributed to a vibrational Stark shift arising from rectification of the optical field, which gives rise to a DC potential on the surface. All three molecules showed CN Stark shifts on the plasmonic surfaces. p-Mercaptobenzonitrile is observed to be a well-behaved probe of the electric field, providing a narrow spectral line, suggesting a more uniform orientation on the surface. The utility of p-mercaptobenzonitrile was demonstrated by successfully assessing the electric field between gold nanoparticles adsorbed to a monolayer of the nitrile on a flat gold surface. A model is presented where the Stark shift of the alkyl-nitrile probe can be correlated to optical field, providing an intensity independent measurement of the local electric field environment.
An application of the analysis of covariance to dietetic studies in Acatenango, Guatemala.

In Acatenango, Guatemala studies were made of the dietetic intakes and requirements of groups of families, in the following way: 40 families were studied for exactly one day and a different group of 10 families was studied for exactly one week. This paper considers what information can be gotten from the caloric data by removing the “effect of requirement”, points out important differences in the two types of studies, and shows how the “one-week method” was improperly performed, but indicates how this data was able at least partially to be salvaged. In particular, if it is important to see an “effect” of family, then it is not satisfactory to perform the one-day method, and if the seven-day method is used, the intakes must be recorded day-by-day and not just averaged over a week, lest the effects of family and of day be lost.
Composition of Parotid and Submandibular Saliva and Serum in Down's Syndrome

Parotid saliva, submandibular saliva, and blood were collected from mongoloid and nonmongoloid populations. Salivary flow rates were determined and fluid samples were analyzed for various electrolytes. Ten samples of parotid saliva and serum were analyzed for total protein, creatinine, amylase, and uric acid. Parotid saliva of mongoloids showed some differences in composition, but serum showed only a higher level of uric acid.
A factorial comparison of privacy questionnaires

Types of privacy preferences and their measurement have been obtained through factor analysis. Two prevalent measures are the Privacy Preference Scale (Marshall, 1974) and the Privacy Questionnaire (Pedersen, 1979, 1982). In their development, each yielded six privacy preference scales (some with similar names). To evaluate the comparability of the scales, an analysis was completed using the responses of 174 research participants on the two instruments. Correlations revealed little similarity between the scales of the two measures. Factor analyses showed the Privacy Questionnaire to be more stable in replication than those of the Privacy Preference Scale.
Detection of DNA Hybridization via Fluorescence Intensity Variations of ZnSe-DNA Quantum Dot Biosensors

ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) that were capped with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and conjugated to amino-modified ssDNA molecules exhibited variations in fluorescence emission intensity upon hybridization with complementary ssDNA in solution, a phenomenon that can be exploited for rapid detection of free ssDNA sequences. Conjugation of MUA-capped ZnSe QDs to amino-modified ssDNA molecules resulted in increased fluorescence emission intensity and stability at room temperature. Increasing the length of the ssDNA, that was conjugated to the QDs, resulted in increased fluorescence emission intensity up to a length of about 50 nucleotide bases, beyond which the peak emission intensity reached a plateau. Hybridization of QD-ssDNA conjugates with complementary ssDNA, either in free form or bound to QDs from the same population, resulted in additional fluorescence emission intensity amplification. A small red shift was observed when three-dimensional QD-dsDNA-QD structures were formed. The QD-ssDNA sensors with sin...
Pilot scale purification of α-galactosidase A from Cohn Fraction IV-1 of human plasma

Abstract Human plasma α-galactosidase A (α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) was purified 7000-fold over plasma levels from Cohn Fraction IV-1. The yield per kg starting material averaged 11 000 units (nmol galactose liberated per h) and the specifc activity was about 600 units per mg protein with 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-galactoside. The ratio of 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-galactosidase to ceramide trihexosidase activities was 6.2. Both activities were heat labile and exhibited the same relative mobilities on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzymatic activity was stable for at least 4 months at 4 and −20°C. The endotoxin concentration of this preparation averaged 0.26 mg per mg protein.
Stability of amygdala BOLD response to fearful faces over multiple scan sessions

We used fMRI to examine amygdala activation in response to fearful facial expressions, measured over multiple scanning sessions. 15 human subjects underwent three scanning sessions, at 0, 2 and 8 weeks. During each session, functional brain images centered about the amygdala were acquired continuously while participants were shown alternating blocks of fearful, neutral and happy facial expressions. Intraclass correlation coefficients calculated across the sessions indicated stability of response in left amygdala to fearful faces (as a change from baseline), but considerably less left amygdala stability in responses to neutral expressions and for fear versus neutral contrasts. The results demonstrate that the measurement of fMRI BOLD responses in amygdala to fearful facial expressions might be usefully employed as an index of amygdala reactivity over extended periods. While signal change to fearful facial expressions appears robust, the experimental design employed here has yielded variable responsivity within baseline or comparison conditions. Future studies might manipulate the experimental design to either amplify or attenuate this variability, according to the goals of the research.
Antibody formation in x-irradiated rats protected with rat or rabbit hematopoietic cells.

Rats given lethal doses of total-body x-irradiation were treated with liver cells obtained from rat and rabbit embryos. Two to 7 weeks after this treatment, groups of animals were stimulated with a mixture of Bovine Serum Albumin and Salmonella typhi vaccine intravenously. Rats were bled 1 week after antigen injections and titers were performod for detection of antityphoid and anti-BSA antibody. Rabbit-treated rats showed a positive titer to BSA and a delay in recovery of antibody-forming capacity to both antigens administered. Although rat-treated rats recovered their antibody-forming capicity earlier, they did not show any response to BSA. Possible implications of these phenomena are discussed. (auth)
Exposure to Violence, Perceived Peer Relationships, and Corresponding Psychological Sequelae

As children’s exposure to violence (EV) has become more evident, concern for the implications that violence has on children has risen. Consequently, researchers have explored the relationship between exposure and outcomes, as well as potential mediators and moderators. In this study, we (a) examined EV in a sample of children from the Midwestern United States; (b) replicated previous findings that identify a direct relationship between EV and psychological sequelae; and (c) explored the possibility that loneliness mediates the exposure–outcomes relationship. Children (11–14 years) in our sample were exposed to elevated levels of violence in their neighborhoods. Furthermore, children who were directly victimized demonstrated greater levels of behavioral difficulties than children who were not. Although loneliness was not a significant mediator, our findings have laid the groundwork for future research regarding the influence of peer relationships on EV and outcomes.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and N-methyl-d-aspartate neurons in experimental carbon monoxide poisoning

We measured changes in nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the cerebral cortex during experimental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and assessed the role for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a glutamate receptor subtype, with progression of CO-mediated oxidative stress. Using microelectrodes, NO concentration was found to nearly double to 280 nM due to CO exposure, and elevations in cerebral blood flow, monitored as laser Doppler flow (LDF), were found to loosely correlate with NO concentration. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity was the cause of the NO elevation based on the effects of specific NOS inhibitors and observations in nNOS knockout mice. Activation of nNOS was inhibited by the NMDARs inhibitor, MK 801, and by the calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, thus demonstrating a link to excitatory amino acids. Cortical cyclic GMP concentration was increased due to CO poisoning and shown to be related to NO, versus CO, mediated guanylate cyclase activation. Elevations of NO were inhibited when rats were infused with superoxide dismutase and in rats depleted of platelets or neutrophils. When injected with MK 801 or 7-nitroindazole, a selective nNOS inhibitor, rats did not exhibit CO-mediated nitrotyrosine formation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) elevation (indicative of neutrophil sequestration), or impaired learning. Similarly, whereas CO-poisoned wild-type mice exhibited elevations in nitrotyrosine and myeloperoxidase, these changes did not occur in nNOS knockout mice. We conclude that CO exposure initiates perivascular processes including oxidative stress that triggers activation of NMDA neuronal nNOS, and these events are necessary for the progression of CO-mediated neuropathology.
Pilot evaluation of population-minimal ground tracks in the airport community

Advanced cockpit avionics systems now under development at NASA Langley Research Center will provide the means for effectively utilizing microwave landing systems technology to achieve a number of important objectives in the near-terminal airspace. A simulator study has recently been completed at NASA Langley Research Center in which guest pilots from a number of airlines were asked to fly curved ground tracks designed to avoid population centers in four airport communities. Eight two-man crews of commercial line pilots and three NASA crews each evaluated a total of eight departures and eight approaches on the basis of such factors as workload, safety, passenger acceptance, controllability, and piloting skill. Various physical measurements were also made, including cross-track errors, altitude errors, bank angles, and fuel flow rates. Half of the trajectories were curved and designed to be population-minimal, and half were designed to represent conventional ground tracks. The objective of the study was to determine if statistically significant differences could be detected between curved and conventional ground tracks on the basis of these parameters.
Old materials, new challenges?

Fumed silica has been used as an anti-caking agent in foods for several decades. Does new research suggest that the use of this engineered nanomaterial needs to be re-examined, asks Andrew D. Maynard.
Parenteral Transmission of HIV Among Injection Drug Users: Assessing the Frequency of Multiperson Use of Needles, Syringes, Cookers, Cotton, and Water

Objectives To describe and estimate the frequency of different types of drug preparation and injection practices that could result in the transfer of blood and blood-borne infections among injection drug users (IDUs). Methods We analyzed data from interviews administered to 12,323 active IDUs recruited from 19 sites in the United States. The interviews ascertained drug-related behaviors during the previous 30 days. Results 31.9% of IDUs reported that they engaged in the use of both needle/syringes and cookers/cotton/water previously used by another IDU; 8.6% engaged only in the use of needle/syringes previously used by another IDU; 17.5% engaged only in the use of cookers/cotton/water previously used by another IDU; and 42.0% reported using neither needle/syringes nor cookers/cotton/water previously used by another IDU. Only 12.6% reported use of new (never-used) needle/syringes. The 3935 IDUs who used both needle/syringes and cookers/cotton/water that had been previously used by another IDU had more than 311.000 potential exposures to blood-borne infections from these high-risk practices in 30 days; about 64% of these exposures were from multiperson use of cookers/cotton/water. Conclusions Programs to limit parenteral transmission of HIV and other blood-borne infections among IDUs must consider all drug preparation and injection practices that could allow transfer of blood and blood-borne infections among IDUs.
Environmental fine structure in low-energy β-particle spectra

Some recent measurements of beta-decay spectra show anomalous line shapes which have been interpreted as providing evidence for a neutrino with a mass of about 17 keV; other similar studies, however, find no anomalies. Regardless of the reason for these discrepancies, such studies require a detailed understanding (at the level of accuracy of one part per thousand) of the spectral shape and the detector response expected in the absence of any exotic phenomena. Influences on the beta decay process from outside the nucleus are of great importance in this regard, and the role of atomic screening corrections and atomic and molecular effects on the spectrum near the end point have been considered previously. These produce only smooth, monotonic distortions of the spectrum. Here I note the existence of an effect, previously overlooked, that results in an oscillatory structure in the beta spectrum. The effect is of sufficient magnitude to be relevant to searches for heavy neutrinos that involve tritium beta decay, and it may also provide a basis for studies of molecular or crystal structure, in a manner analogous to extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS).
OTTO KUNTZE, BOTANIST. I. BIOGRAPHY, BIBLIOGRAPHY AND TRAVELS

Otto Kuntze (1843–1907) is renowned for hisRevisio generum plantarum in which he changed thousands of plant names in accordance with his revision of the 1867 Paris Code of Botanical Nomenclature. His contributions to plant taxonomy, based on his world-wide collecting trips, and his monographs are not as well known. A short biographical sketch and bibliography of Kuntze’s natural history and plant taxonomy publications are included with detailed enumeration of localities and dates for trips around the world in 1874–1876 and 1904, to southern U.S.S.R. in 1886, to the Canary Islands and Madeira in 1887–1888, to South America in 1891–1893 and to southern Africa in 1894. Herbaria housing Kuntze specimens are cited. The majority of the type specimens are at the New York Botanical Garden.
Oxygen consumption of Phycomyces sporangiophores.

The respiration of stage-I,-III, and-IV sporangiophores of Phycomyces was measured. The \(Q_{{\text{O}}_{_{\text{2}} } }\) of stages-I and-IV is low compared to that of actively growing mycelium. The \(Q_{{\text{O}}_{_{\text{2}} } }\) of stage-III sporangiophores is somewhat higher than that of stages-I and-IV. As stage-I sporangiophores elongate their respiration rate increases proportionately. The respiration rate of stage-IV sporangiophores does not change as they elongate. In stage-IV sporangiophores the growing zone and the columella together consume as much oxygen as the rest of the sporangiophore does. Changes in the sporangiophore's growth rate have no effect on its oxygen consumption.
Gender differences in patterns of emotional distress following heart transplantation.

The study provides the first empirical evaluation of gender differences in psychological symptomatology and DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD) across the first year following heart transplantation. An important goal was to identify physical health-related and psychosocial factors that could account for, or mediate, any association between gender and psychological distress. The sample for the present analyses was drawn from a larger cohort of 172 heart recipients and included all 28 women in the cohort plus 118 men who were matched demographically with the group of women. Detailed patient assessments were completed at 2, 7, and 12 months posttransplant. As expected, women's symptom levels were consistently higher than men's. However, while men's symptom levels in all areas declined with time posttransplant, women's distress in the area of depression initially improved but then worsened by the 12-month assessment. The distribution of episodes of MDD showed a temporal pattern of gender differences similar to that of depressive symptoms. The most important mediators of the gender-depression relationship were factors related to early posttransplant daily functional limitations: women reported more impairments in daily activities. Higher levels of such impairments, in turn, predicted subsequently higher depression levels by 12 months posttransplant. Several additional variables pertaining to transplant-related concerns and a low sense of personal mastery—while not serving as mediators—exerted their own independent effects on 12-month depression levels. The findings are relevant to the tailoring of educational and clinical interventions to the individual needs of women and men who receive heart transplants.
Role of insulin-like growth factors in peripheral nerve regeneration

Abstract Prolonged denervation results in atrophy of target organs and increased risk of permanent paralysis. A better understanding of the mechanism responsible for nerve regeneration may one day lead to improved rates of nerve regeneration and diminished risk of loss of function. Neurobiologists have known for decades that soluble neutrotrophic activity is present in nerves and nerve targets. Until recently, the soluble molecules that regulate the rate of nerve regeneration have eluded identification. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) gene expression is correlated with synapse formation during development and regeneration. IGFs are now identified as the first soluble nerve- and muscle-derived neurotrophic factors found to regulate the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration. The roles of IGFs and other neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve regeneration, motor nerve terminal sprouting and synpase formation are reviewed.
Effect of immune complex-forming reactants on catecholamine-modulated behaviors in the rat hypothalamus *

Injection of immune complex-forming reactants via implanted cannulae to the perifornical hypothalamus stimulated eating in sated rats and increased the eating response to exogenous norepinephrine (NE). Immune complex-induced eating was not seen after carbamyl choline injection, and immune complex treatment had no effect on water intake under any of the test conditions. The effects of immune complex activity occurred only 6 hours after administration, a time associated with heavy polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cannula site. Immune complex activity mimics that following NE injection of this site. Because the immune complex-forming reactants are not specific to any neural antigen, we propose that their effects are indirectly mediated by anaphylatoxins produced by activation of the complement cascade.