cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical studies of rancidity

1. Experiments with oils irradiated by means of color filters selected so that successive portions of the visible spectrum are absorbed show that blue light is more conducive to the formation of peroxides and the development of rancidity than the red end of the spectrum for the same time of irradiation.
The number of idempotent elements in symmetric semigroups

Abstract This paper counts the number of idempotent elements in the symmetric semigroup on n elements. The exponential generating function is obtained and a number of combinatorial identities and congruences are given. An asymptotic formula is provided along with some numerical comparisons between the asymptotic formula and the exact values.
High-sensitivity lens-coupled slow-scan CCD camera for transmission electron microscopy

Abstract A lens-coupled slow-scan CCD camera has been built for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) applications. In this design, a leaded glass window, which is coated with a 20 μm layer of red P20 phosphor, is mounted on the bottom of the microscope. A lens assembly and mirror prism, located outside the microscope vacuum below the leaded glass, relays the image onto a back-thinned 1k×1k charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. This CCD is electronically cooled to below -30°C during operation. It is found that X-ray irradiation, generally found to be annoying in fiber-optically coupled CCD cameras, is completely eliminated by this configuration. The collection efficiency of this system, although not as high as some of the fiber-optically coupled CCD cameras, is high enough to achieve single-electron sensitivity under a high-gain mode.
31.1: Invited Paper: 60‐in. Full‐Color AC Plasma Display Panel with 1365 × 768

LGE developed and demonstrated a 60-inch AC Plasma Display panel with 1365×768. This is the first 60-inch full color AC PDP in the world. The Sol-gel method for MgO layer, Green sheet for dielectric layer, and photolithography for electrodes and phosphor layer have been used to fabricate a 60 inch panel. Selective Erase driving scheme was employed to display color images. Its luminance is about 550 cd/m2 and contrast ratio is 500:1.
Iridium oxidation as observed by surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy

The formation of surface oxides on most metal, including noble metal, electrodes occurs before the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). An understanding of changes in surface structure and composition caused by the oxidation process is important to the field of electrocatalysis of the OER. In this work, the surface interrogation mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI-SECM) was used for the detection and quantification of −OH(ads) and −H(ads) species generated at the surface of polycrystalline iridium ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) in 2 M NaOH. This system was selected because the iridium oxides are among the most effective and stable electrocatalysts for the OER. We introduce the redox pair Fe(III/II)–TEA as a mediator for stable surface interrogation at pH ≥ 12. This is the first time that SI-SECM experiments have been carried out at such an extreme pH. Monolayer coverage of −OH(ads) and −H(ads) was Qθ=1,OH = 456 ± 2.0 μC cm–2 and Qθ=1,H = 224.2 ± 0.2 μC cm–2, respectively. At potentials m...
Adlib: a self-tuning index for dynamic peer-to-peer systems

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems enable queries over a large database horizontally partitioned across a dynamic set of nodes. We devise a self-tuning index for such systems that can trade off index maintenance cost against query efficiency, in order to optimize the overall system cost. The index, Adlib, dynamically adapts itself to operate at the optimal trade-off point, even as the optimal configuration changes with nodes joining and leaving the system. We use experiments on realistic workloads to demonstrate that Adlib can reduce the overall system cost by a factor of four.
Temporal correlations of earthquake focal mechanisms

SUMMARY We investigate the time–distance dependence of the 3-D rotation angle, Φ, for pairs of focal mechanisms in the worldwide Harvard catalogue. We study the original catalogue as well as the subcatalogue with ‘well-constrained’ earthquakes. Since the distribution of Φ is scale-invariant (fractal) for small angles, the statistical analysis encounters serious difficulties due to the presence of outliers. We apply several statistical techniques to overcome this problem. To investigate the influence of errors in seismic moment inversion on the Φ angle distribution, we simulate errors to derive the bounds on possible rotation angle variations. We find that the random errors reported in the Harvard CMT catalogue explain only about one-third of the difference in scalar moment and focal mechanism orientation when the Harvard moment tensor is compared to solutions in two other catalogues (USGS and ERI). This implies that systematic effects should be significantly larger than the random errors given in the Harvard solutions. Statistical analysis of the catalogue suggests that the rotation angle is less than 10°–12° for small time–distance intervals and increases with time difference between pairs of earthquakes, reaching 20°–25° for time intervals larger than 100 days for small distances. These results are important for predicting future earthquake activity and are relevant to modelling the stress influence on earthquake occurrence.
NIH conference. New approaches to the immunotherapy of cancer using interleukin-2

Experimental studies in animals have shown that therapy with high-dose interleukin-2 either alone or in combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells can reduce established pulmonary and hepatic metastases. Based on these experiments, recent clinical trials have shown that therapy with high-dose interleukin-2 alone or in combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells can mediate the regression of established metastatic disease in selected patients with advanced malignancy. Of 221 patients with advanced cancer treated with this immunotherapy, 16 have had a complete regression of all metastatic cancer, and an additional 26 have had a partial regression (greater than 50% reduction) of cancer. Toxicity from treatment was primarily due to increased capillary permeability, which led to fluid extravasation and organ dysfunction. Based on these findings, new approaches are being explored, including the use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and combinations of lymphokines. These studies show that the regression of established growing cancer can be mediated by manipulating the immune system.
Criteria of accuracy of resonance eigenvalues

Various criteria that have been suggested for assessing the accuracy of complex-coordinate eigenvalues are critically tested in an application to the lowest helium 1S resonance, and found to be relatively ineffective. An alternative criterion is described, based on a generalized stabilization procedure, which seems better able to select the “best” resonance eigenvalue and to guide the construction of variational trial functions. Des criteres differents proposes pour juger la precision des valeurs propres dans le cas ou les coordonnees sont complexes ont ete testes critiquement dans une application a la resonance 1S la plus basse de He. Ils'avere qu'ils sont relativement inefficaces. Un critere alternatif est decrit, base sur un procede de stabilisation generalise, qui paraǐt pouvoir choisir mieux la “meilleure” valeur propre de resonance et guider la construction de fonctions d'essai variationnelles. Verschiedene Kriterien, die vorgeschlagen worden sind um die Genauigkeit von Eigenwerten im Falle wenn die Koordinaten komplex sind, zu bestimmen, sind kritisch in einer Anwendung auf die tiefste He-1S-Resonanz getestet worden. Es zeigt sich, dass sie ziemlich ineffektiv sind. Ein alternatives auf ein verallgemeinertes Stabilisierungsverfahren basiertes Kriterium wird beschrieben, das besser geeignet scheint die “besten” Resonanzeigenwerte auszuwahlen und die Konstruktion von Variationsversuchsfunktionen zu leiten.
Dupré's Anti-Essentialist Objection to Reductionism

In his ‘The Disorder of Things’ John Dupre presents an objection to reductionism which I call the ‘anti–essentialist objection’: it is that reductionism requires essentialism, and essentialism is false. I unpack the objection and assess its cogency. Once the objection is clearly in view, it is likely to appeal to those who think conceptual analysis a bankrupt project. I offer on behalf of the reductionist two strategies for responding, one which seeks to rehabilitate conceptual analysis and one (more concessive) which avoids commitment to any such analysis.
Rapid and reliable DNA extraction techniques from trypan-blue-stained mycorrhizal roots: comparison of two methods

Two improved DNA extraction techniques from trypan-blue-stained root fragments were developed and compared for rapid and reliable analyses. In Method A, 1 cm trypan-blue-stained mycorrhizal root fragments were individually isolated, crushed by bead beating, and purified with Chelex-100 (Bio-Rad). In Method B, DNA extraction was carried out using an UltraClean microbial DNA isolation kit (MoBio Laboratories). DNA was extracted from the mycorrhizal roots of four plant species, quantified by UV absorbance, and PCR-amplified with primers specific to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Although PCR inhibitors might still exist when using Method A, appropriate dilution and employment of nested-PCR overcame this problem. Method B removed PCR inhibitors, but sometimes, depending on the mycorrhizal colonization within the root fragments, it also required nested PCR. In conclusion, both methods enabled us to handle many samples in a short time. Method B provided greater reliability and Method A provided better cost performance. Both techniques can be useful for PCR-based applications to identify species and estimate species composition after measuring mycorrhizal colonization rate with trypan blue staining.
Darbepoietin Alfa Potentiates the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy in Mice with Corrected or Uncorrected Anemia

Darbepoietin alfa (DA) is a long-acting analogue of erythropoietin that has reduced receptor affinity and enhanced biological activity. Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that correction of anemia in tumor-bearing mice by DA would increase tumor oxygenation and potentiate radiation-induced tumor cell killing. A SCC VII tumor model was used to study tumor responses to fractionated radiation therapy in mice with anemia induced by total body irradiation. Administration of DA reduced the extent and duration of anemia and associated tumor hypoxia, protected the bone marrow cells and prevented the body weight loss from the effect of irradiation, and facilitated the recovery in a time-dependent manner, with the administration of DA prior to total body irradiation having the greatest protective effect. When combined with fractionated radiation therapy, DA increased the tumor growth delay time from 2.7 days for irradiation alone to 7.3 to 10.6 days for combination of DA and irradiation. The effect of DA on tumor responses to fractionated radiation therapy was observed when DA was given 18 to 4 days before starting radiation therapy, but DA was also equally effective as a radiosensitizer when given only 2 hours before fractionated irradiation therapy. Weekly dosing of DA was as efficacious for the enhancement of radiation responses of tumors as biweekly dosing. Similar results were obtained in the RIF-1 fibrosarcoma tumor model. These studies show that DA can effectively correct anemia in tumor-bearing mice and sensitize tumor cells to fractionated radiation therapy. Importantly, DA was also able to sensitize tumors to radiation in mice with uncorrected anemia and hypoxia, suggesting that the effect of DA on radiosensitivity was independent of these factors and a different mechanism of action may be responsible for this effect.
The experiences of students with English as a second language in a baccalaureate nursing program

Teaching nursing students with English as a second language (ESL) can be a challenge for nursing faculty in many English speaking countries. This qualitative study purported to answer the research question, "How do students with ESL describe their experiences in a nursing program"? to develop a better understanding of the reasons for their course failure. Seidman's Model of in-depth interviewing (1998) consisting of three successive interviews with the same participant was used. The first interview focused on the students' life histories, the second allowed the participants to reconstruct the details of their experiences, and the third encouraged the students to reflect on the meaning of their experiences. Three themes emerged, "walking the straight and narrow", "an outsider looking in", and "doing whatever it takes to be successful." Although each participant shared instances where ESL may have contributed to his/her academic difficulty, the participants did not perceive that ESL was the primary reason for course failure, but attributed it to the discrimination and stereotyping they experienced. In spite of the discrimination and stereotyping, participants reported a strong desire to persist in the nursing program. Findings from this study provided an in-depth understanding of the perceptions of three nursing students with ESL. Also, the findings are applicable to nursing faculty in that a better understanding of students with ESL can enhance their learning.
Agroforestry adoption and maintenance: self-efficacy, attitudes and socio-economic factors

Agroforestry is a key land use in the development of ecological corridors in tropical rainforests biomes. This research tested the social dimensions of agroforestry adoption and maintenance in the Atlantic rainforest of Southern Bahia, Brazil. A quasi-experiment research design compared a group of farmers who participated in an agroforestry development program with a group of similar farmers who were not participants in the program. The effects of the program on the participants’ self-efficacy, attitudes and intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry were tested. The effects of socio-economic factors and attitudes were also compared to self-efficacy in terms of farmers’ intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry. Results indicate that the program neither raised nor lowered the farmers’ attitudes, self-efficacy or intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry. However, multiple regression and logistic model analyses indicate that perceived behavioral control, attitudes about conservation and available labor contributed most significantly to farmers’ intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry. Overall, perceived behavioral control proved to have the most significant correlation with farmers’ intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry. Therefore, agroforestry development programs could benefit from focusing on farmers’ perceived control of certain behaviors to enhance the persistence of agroforestry practices.
Towards a Model of Learner Variation in Autonomous Foreign Language Learning

My intent in this short piece is to provide a context for consideration of learner variables in foreign language learning. I first propose a question set outlining the major issues, as I see them, arising in the design of learner-based foreign language learning systems. I then present a simplified three-part design model comprising knowledge considerations (language needs assessment), instructional considerations (learning access alternatives) and learner considerations (characteristics of learners). A review of some recent work in the first two of these prefaces the discussion of the third, learner considerations. A brief state of the art report on research in learner variables is followed by some speculation on next directions in the determination and description of learner variables within a general design model for learning foreign languages.
Regulation of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis in Cultured Renal Medullary Interstitial Cells

Advances in the understanding of arachidonic acid metabolism have led to the isolation and identification of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes, prostacyclin, and leukotrienes. It is now known that virtually every cell of mammalian organisms is capable of initiating the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which was originally thought to be a unique product of the seminal vesicle. In every cell type the initiation of the synthetic cascade involves the release of arachidonic acid from its cellular storage pool, predominantly phospholipids and triglycerides, and conversion to the prostaglandin endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 by the cyclooxygenase enzyme. The subsequent synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2α, thromboxane A2, or prostacyclin (PGI2) is dependent upon the presence or absence of the specific enzymes responsible for the conversion of PGG2 and PGH2 to the respective end products. Thus an understanding of the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis at the cellular level is dependent upon the study of the rate-limiting step in the biosynthetic cascade. This rate-limiting reaction is the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular storage pool. Once liberated from the complex lipids within the cellular matrix and cell wall, the free arachidonate enters the cytoplasm and is rapidly metabolized. An understanding of the factors which affect the rate of arachidonic acid release from the phospholipid—triglyceride storage pool must therefore be the focus of an analysis of the cellular regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
The role of corepressors in transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors

▪ Abstract Nuclear receptors (also known as nuclear hormone receptors) are hormone-regulated transcription factors that control many important physiological and developmental processes in animals and humans. Defects in receptor function result in disease. The diverse biological roles of these receptors reflect their surprisingly versatile transcriptional properties, with many receptors possessing the ability to both repress and activate target gene expression. These bipolar transcriptional properties are mediated through the interactions of the receptors with two distinct classes of auxiliary proteins: corepressors and coactivators. This review focuses on how corepressors work together with nuclear receptors to repress gene transcription in the normal organism and on the aberrations in this process that lead to neoplasia and endocrine disorders. The actions of coactivators and the contributions of the same corepressors to the functions of nonreceptor transcription factors are also touched on.
REGENERATION OF THE THYROID, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Wagner in 1884 first reported hypertrophy of the remaining lobe of the thyroid following lobectomy. Wagner’s observation was based upon the appearance of the gland and not upon microscopic examination. He made only two experiments, one upon a dog and one upon a cat. Horsley, in 1886, confirmed Wagner’s report and showed that there were both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial cells with plication of the walls of the acini. Horsley states that he did not find any increase in the cells of Webber and saw no evidence of metamorphosis of embryonic tissue into acini. Cristiana observed hypertrophy in a small transplant of the thyroid gland when the greater portion of the gland had been removed. Manley and Marine have since reported that if iodine is given to the animals this hypertrophy will not occur. Halstead’s work first reported by Welch in 1888 and later by Halstead in 1896. Avas more extensive than anything preceding. He established the fact that: 1. Total extirpation of the thyroid gland is fol...
The Ineffectiveness of Using the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 to Implement Environmental Enhancement in the Rio Grande Canalization Project

The case of the Rio Grande Canalization Project (RGCP) illustrates the limitations in the use of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 as a tool for implementing environmental enhancements in a situation where past decisions greatly altered ecosystem functions of a large river system. NEPA's utility as a tool for implementing its own stated environmental enhancement goals is analyzed for the case of the RGCP using information gathered through: literature research; public meetings sponsored by the U.S. International Boundary and Water Commission; personal interviews with individuals at these meetings representing interest groups involved in the creation of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for River Management Alternatives for the Rio Grande Canalization Project (DEIS-RGCP); and analysis of correspondence included in the DEIS-RGCP commenting on the project. Groups including Native Americans and Spanish settlers influenced the Rio Grande ecosystem in the area of the RGCP, and three pro...
Relational uncertainty, partner interference, and privacy boundary turbulence Explaining spousal discrepancies in infertility disclosures

This study explored what relational aspects contribute to spouses managing private, infertility-related information differently. We examined associations among relational uncertainty and partner interference and three manifestations of boundary turbulence: discrepancies in disclosures, relative discomfort, and perceived spousal acceptability. Using data from 50 infertile couples reporting on 250 social network relationships, we used multi-level modeling to test our predictions that relational uncertainty and partner interference would positively correlate with boundary turbulence. Results were partially consistent with the predictions for relational uncertainty and inconsistent with regard to partner interference. These findings suggest that relational features of a partnership coincide with a couple’s ability to coordinate boundaries about their private information and merits further research on the dyadic component of boundary coordination.
Disasters and the Welfare Cost of Uncertainty

The combination of power utility and i.i.d. lognormal consumption growth makes for a benchmark model in which asset prices and expected returns can be found in closed form. Introducing the consumption-based model, John H. Cochrane (2005, 12) writes, “The combination of lognormal distributions and power utility is one of the basic tricks to getting analytical solutions in this kind of model.” A message of this paper is that the lognormality assumption can be relaxed without sacrificing tractability. Working under two assumptions—that there is a representative agent with power utility and that consumption growth is i.i.d.—I introduce, in Section I, a mathematical object (the cumulantgenerating function, or CGF) in terms of which four fundamental quantities that are at the heart of consumption-based asset pricing can be simply expressed. Those quantities are the equity premium, riskless rate, consumption-wealth ratio, and mean consumption growth. The expressions derived relate the fundamentals directly to the cumulants (equivalently, moments) of consumption growth. The lognormal assumption is equivalent to the assumption that all cumulants above the second are zero. If one is in the business of making up stochastic processes, many suggest themselves most naturally in continuous time. Although there is an obvious discrete-time analogue of Brownian motion—a random walk with Normally distributed increments—it is less natural to map Poisson processes, say, into discrete time, and therefore harder to deal with the possibility of jumps in consumption. In Section II, I show that these results carry over to the continuous-time setting. The i.i.d. growth assumption is replaced by its continuous-time analogue: log consumption is a Levy process. Disasters and the Welfare Cost of Uncertainty
Correlated scanning Kelvin probe and conductive atomic force microscopy studies of dislocations in gallium nitride

Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy ~SKPM! and conductive atomic force microscopy ~C-AFM! have been used to image surfaces of GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Detailed analysis of the same area using both techniques allowed imaging and comparison of both surface potential variations arising from the presence of negatively charged threading dislocations and localized current leakage paths associated with dislocations. Correlations between the charge state of dislocations, conductivity of current leakage paths, and dislocation type were thereby established. Analysis of correlated SKPM and C-AFM images revealed a density of negatively charged features of ;3310 8 cm 22 and a localized current leakage path density of ;3310 7 cm 22 , with approximately 25% of the leakage paths spatially correlated with negatively charged dislocation features. Based on correlated topography and previous studies quantifying the densities of edge, screw, and mixed dislocations, our results suggested that dislocations having an edge component behave as though negatively charged while pure screw dislocations are solely responsible for the observed leakage paths and are uncharged. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1586952#
Macro-triage in Disaster Planning

Rather than analysing the ethical question arising within the current framework of disaster relief and humanitarian aid efforts, this chapter analyses the ethical questions that are associated with the framework itself. The terminology of ‘disasters’ already introduces us into a specific moral geography. Distinguishing natural from man-made disasters re-allocates human causation and human responsibility. However, such a distinction is questionable since what transforms an event into a disaster is its impact on human beings. Contemporary humanitarian relief also presupposes a specific moral geography, emphasising the need for philanthropy, disinterested aid and the significance of compassion since we are all potentially vulnerable members of the global moral community. The new language of humanitarianism, however, reinforces a particular moral response (focused on protecting victims and saving lives) disregarding possible other responses.
The variance function of the Erlang process

A relatively simple exact expression of closed form is obtained for the varianceσ 2(t) of the asynchronous counting distribution for a counting period of lengtht,t>0, in an Erlang process. Useful bounds are placed upon the error of the linear approximation toσ 2(t). Implications of these results are examined. In particular, a new exact expression and related bounds are obtained for the mean function of the synchronous counts (also known as the renewal function of the process). All bounds given are sharp in asymptotic order of magnitude as the length of the counting period is allowed to increase.
Integrins as therapeutic targets

Integrins are widely expressed receptors that primarily function as mediators of cell-extracellular matrix interactions. They have multiple physiological roles, and alterations in their structure and function result in pathological conditions in multicellular organisms. Selective targeting of integrins is a therapeutic modality that can impact disease processes which are major causes of morbidity and mortality. This is most clearly seen in vascular disease, where anti-integrin agents are routinely used for treating acute ischaemic myocardial conditions. In the future, therapeutic targeting of integrins may also play a role in the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. In this review we discuss the mechanisms whereby integrins are involved in thrombotic vascular conditions, inflammation and neoplasia, and outline how they can be targeted as therapeutic modalities.
The Diploma Mill: Impact of the Failing United States Economy on the Quality of Higher Education

In recent years, universities, particularly state funded institutions have seen revenues reduced by as much as 20 percent. This decline in revenues has forced colleges and universities of all sizes to adopt creative cost reduction and revenue generating practices. Colleges and universities have reduced costs by cutting funding for academic support activities. This includes programs which provide students with tutors for math, sciences, biology and physics. These are areas where students have to do better if the United States is going to remain competitive in the global market place. Some state colleges and universities have opted to save money by reducing the number of remedial courses offered. This means that the 30 percent of college freshman who need at least one remedial course may find these courses simply are not available. Incidentally, remediation is not a phenomenon specific to state institutions and the percentage of students in need of at least one remedial course does not vary significantly from state, to private or even the Ivy League institutions. Some colleges and universities opt to increase faculty course loads with no compensation. The more unorthodox approach to cost reduction and revenue generation taken by colleges and universities literally changes the importance placed on the quality of higher education in the United States. In order to save money and increase enrollment, colleges and universities have decided to put more money into recruiting and retaining students in large undergraduate programs and to reduce funding for graduate programs. These changes clearly have consequences on the quality of higher education in the United States and eventually will adversely impact the ability of United States workers to compete in the global market place. This paper examines the changes taking place within western academia to cut cost and generate revenue and the impact these changes will have on the United States workforce.
A Review of “Carnes, Nicholas. White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making”

In politics, class matters, and it matters immensely. This is the lesson of White-Collar Government. In this book, Nicholas Carnes offers striking evidence that the class background of legislators ...
Effect of reciprocal allogeneic renal transplantation between Dalmatian and non-dalmatian dogs on urinary excretion of uric acid.

Summary and ConclusionsWhen a kidney from a non-Dalmatian dog was substituted for the kidneys of a Dalmatian and vice versa, with rejection delayed by immunosup-pressive therapy, the Dalmatian recipient continued to excrete the large amounts of uric acid in the urine that are characteristic of the species whereas the non-Dalmatian continued to excrete small amounts of uric acid, characteristic of non-Dalmatians. These data cast doubt on the concept currently held that the kidneys are predominantly responsible for the differences in urinary excretion of uric acid, characteristic of Dalmatian and non-Dalmatian dogs.
AN OVERLAPPING UNSTRUCTURED GRID METHOD FOR VISCOUS FLOWS

An overlapping unstructured grid method has been developed to solve compressible turbulent flow problems using one equation turbulence model. The idea behind this is to combine the advantages of both overlapping and unstructured grids in an effort to develop a more efficient, robust, and user-friendly method for solving high Reynolds number viscous flow problems around complex geometries. In this method, an anisotropic unstructured grid is independently generated for each component of a given configuration, and an isotropic unstructured grid is then generated to cover the whole computational domain. The developed method is applied to compute a variety of high Reynolds number flow problems. The numerical results obtained indicate that the present method provides an accurate, viable, robust, and user-friendly approach for computing viscous flows.
Application of TOPMODEL to Barchinala Catchment

The mathematical catchment model, TOPMODEL, was used to simulate the hydrological behavior of a head water catchment of Kali river in Karnataka. Results indicate that the model can be used to simulate the flows on a daily time step in the moist catchment quite accurately (the efficiency of the model is 0.80 and 0.72, respectively, in calibration and validation run). The model provides a good agreement of simulated and observed timing and magnitude of the peak flows.
Pregnancy following renal transplantation

From 1968 through 1974 at the University of Minnesota there were 17 pregnancies in 12 patients who were renal transplant recipients. Three were cadaver transplants and nine were transplants from living related donors. In eight patients there were two first-trimester pregnancy terminations, three mid-trimester abortions by hysterotomy, and one spontaneous abortion. Two of the induced abortions were in patients with ileal conduits. There were no unusual major obstetric complications but toxemia of pregnancy and concurrent bacterial and viral infections were common medical problems. Of the liveborn infants, only three of the 12 were small for their gestational age, seven were of appropriate size, and two were large. There were no neonatal problems and no congenital anomalies. Renal function during pregnancy was carefully monitored and was compromised in three of the patients studied. One patient had three pregnancies, including the delivery of a set of twins. Several months following her third delivery she developed fatal hepatitis. Two patients developed carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Pregnancy following renal transplantation is not without risk. Sexually active female transplant recipients should be counseled regarding pregnancy and sterilization should be offered as an option at the time of transplantation.
A linear programming framework for networked control system design

This paper considers stability and performance for a sampled data system with a distributed controller, time-varying delay, quantization, saturation, and external disturbances. We decompose the overall system into two subproblems. The first is a linear subsystem containing a distributed controller satisfying information sharing constraint between sensor and actuator. The second involves nonlinear error dynamics comprised of sampling, quantization, delay and saturation errors. We show how to construct an invariant set of the error dynamics using a linear program. Our method enables the design of distributed/localized controllers and delayed communication channels with linear programming, enhancing both implementation and design scalability. The use of l∞ signal/l1 operator norm appears essential to capture communication error and facilitate scalable computation. We also analyze the suboptimality gap and the feasibility condition of the proposed linear program.
Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Lignin Pyrolysis for Process Optimization

Biomass valorization through thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks is limited by our lack of detailed kinetic models. In addition to adding mechanistic understanding, more detailed models are needed to optimize industrial biomass pyrolysis processes for producing fuels and chemicals. To this end, a kinetic model for lignin pyrolysis involving ∼100 species and 400 reactions is presented which is capable of predicting the temporal evolution of molecules and functional groups during lignin pyrolysis. The model provides information beyond the lumped yields of common pyrolysis models without any fitting, allowing it to cover a wider range of feedstocks and reaction conditions. Good agreement is observed with slow pyrolysis experiments, and an exhaustive global sensitivity analysis using over 2 million simulations sheds light on reactions that contribute most to the variance in model predictions. Model predictions for fast pyrolysis are available, but data from kinetically controlled experimen...
Chapter 9 – Regulatory Peptides and Integration of the Intestinal Epithelium in Mucosal Responses

Publisher Summary The intestinal mucosa is distinguished by a dynamic population of epithelial cells at its surface which undergoes nearly complete turnover every few days. The intestinal epithelial cells have key functions in addition to digestion and nutrient absorption. The epithelium is poised to serve as both the key physical barrier to the complex mixture of microorganisms and potentially toxic compounds present in the lumen and the frontier of the mucosal immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells are capable of producing a variety of cytokines and other regulatory factors which can affect functional regulation of the epithelium itself through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms as well as functional integration with lamina propria populations. Regulatory peptides encompass structurally diverse peptides identified variously as peptide growth factors, interleukins, interferons, neuropeptides, hormones, and colony-stimulating factors. A high degree of redundancy is present within the "network" of cytokines found in the intestinal mucosa: a single cytokine can be produced by a wide variety of cells, and conversely each may act on a variety of distinct cell populations with diverse bioactivities. Both epithelial and immune cell populations may produce many or all of these cytokines in addition to serving as target cells. These observations lend support to the notion that a complex network of cytokines may have an important role in the regulation of a range of biological processes within the intestinal mucosa, for example, regulation of epithehal cell proliferation and differentiation.
Root assays to study pattern-triggered immunity in plant-nematode interactions

Plants employ extracellular immune receptors to perceive conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering the first layer of defense known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The understanding of PTI is mainly based on studies focusing on leaves. Plants are vulnerable to attack by various root pathogens including plant-parasitic nematodes. Evidence is accumulating that phytonematodes utilize their secreted effectors to suppress PTI to enable infection. PTI assays used for characterizing nematode effectors are often conducted in a non-host plant or tissue, such as leaves, because of lacking of root assays. Thus, there is a need for PTI assays in roots of host plants. Here, we tested two bacterial PAMPs (flg22 and flgII-28) and two nonpathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae strain DC3000 ΔhrcQ-U) for their ability to induce PTI responses, including the induction of defense gene expression and callose deposition, in roots of tomato and potato. We found that flg22 and the two nonpathogenic bacteria are potent in inducing defense gene expression and callose deposition in tested roots, demonstrating for the first time induction of PTI in roots of solanaceous plants. Effectors GrCEP12 and Hs10A06 were previously indicated to be involved in PTI suppression. Consistently, upon elicitor treatment, roots of transgenic plants overexpressing GrCEP12 and Hs10A06, respectively, showed a reduced level of defense gene expression or no induction of callose deposition compared to control roots. Taken together, our established root PTI assays represent a valuable tool that will facilitate the study of phytonematodes and potentially other root pathogens in their manipulation of plant immunity.
Are eyewitness accounts biased? Evaluating false memories for crimes involving in-group or out-group conflict

Eyewitness testimony has been shown to be unreliable and susceptible to false memories. Whether eyewitness memory errors are influenced by the victim's group membership (relative to both the eyewitness and perpetrator) is underexplored. The current study used complementary behavioral and neuroimaging approaches to test the hypothesis that intragroup conflict heightens participants' susceptibility to subsequent false memories. Healthy young adults witnessed and later answered questions about events in which the perpetrator and victim were either 1) identified as in-group members relative to each other and the eyewitness, 2) out-group members relative to the eyewitness, but not each other, or 3) out-group members relative to each other (Experiments 1a and 1b). When perpetrators and victims were in-group members (intragroup conflict), participants showed heightened false memory rates. Moreover, false memories increased upon crime realization. Neuroimaging data analysis revealed that salient (as compared to ambiguous) intragroup conflict elicited heightened activation in neural regions associated with resolving cognitive conflict (anterior cingulate cortex; ACC). Increased functional connectivity between the ACC and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex was associated with subsequent false memories (Experiment 2). Results suggest that the social salience of the intragroup conflict may have been associated with participants' increased susceptibility to false memories.
Comparing Regularized B-spline Neural Network, Multilayer Perceptron and Boosted-CART on Two Problems of Heart Arrhythmia Diagnosis

Medical diagnosis has special requirements on reliability and interpretability of a learning scheme. Two problems in heart arrhythmia diagnosis are discussed in the paper 1) distinguish premature ventricular contraction beats from normal beats (Problem A); 2) distinguish premature ventricular contraction beats from premature atrial beats (Problem B). Analysis of the real clinical data shows that these two problems have different noise levels, which is suitable for addressing various requirements of medical domain. The performances and characteristics of three methods are compared: Regularized B-spline Neural Networks, Multilayer Perceptron and Boosted-CART using AdaBoost. Regularized B-spline Neural Network outperforms Multilayer Perceptron on the difficult Problem B, which suggests its potential in modeling complex system. Overall, Boosted-CART achieves best recognition rate with intermediate interpretability.
The Human Functional Genomics Project: Understanding Generation of Diversity

Generation of biologic diversity is a cornerstone of immunity, yet the tools to investigate the causal influence of genetic and environmental factors have been greatly limited. Studies from the Human Functional Genomics Project, presented in Cell and other Cell Press journals, integrate environmental and genetic factors with the direction and magnitude of immune responses to decipher inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
Pre-college students' use of systems engineering methods in design

Systems engineering activities provide an opportunity for pre-college students to engage in sophisticated engineering design practices beyond commonly-accepted limits of their capability. This research qualitatively investigates how pre-college students engaged in a systems engineering activity using LEGO EV3 robotics with three learning objectives: 1) a system can be decomposed into subsystems, 2) designers coordinate activities by communicating requirements and interfaces, and 3) testing reveals problems and changes propagate to other components. The analysis was based on methods of qualitative content analysis and employed video data produced by students to describe their robot designs as well as video data collected by the researchers. While students did not use the language of systems engineering, examples show students productively engaging in systems engineering methods that relate to each learning objective. Results suggest pre-college students are capable of understanding and implementing basic systems engineering concepts representing a more sophisticated approach to engineering design.
HSP90 Stabilizes B-Cell Receptor Kinases in a Multi-Client Interactome: PU-H71 Induces CLL Apoptosis in a Cytoprotective Microenvironment

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of B-cells in the hematopoietic system and lymphoid tissues. Although inhibitors targeting the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway have been successful in the treatment of the disease, the underlying mechanisms leading to BCR over-activity in CLL are not fully understood. In this study, we found that HSP90, a highly conserved molecular chaperone, is overexpressed in CLL compared to resting B-cells. HSP90 overexpression is accompanied by the over-expression of several BCR kinases including LYN, SYK, BTK and AKT. Chemical and immune-precipitation demonstrated that these BCR constituents are present in a multi-client chaperone complex with HSP90. Inhibition of HSP90 with PU-H71 destabilized the BCR kinases and caused apoptosis of CLL cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Further, PU-H71 induced apoptosis in the presence of stromal co-culture or cytoprotective survival signals. Finally, genetic knock-down of HSP90 client AKT, but not BTK, reduced CLL viability. Overall, our study suggests that the chaperone function of HSP90 contributes to the over-activity of the BCR signaling in CLL and inhibition of HSP90 has the potential to achieve a multi-targeting effect. Thus, HSP90 inhibition may be explored to prevent or overcome drug resistance to single targeting agents. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Apparent contradiction between calculated kinetic and potential energy fractions of phonons in molecular solids with implications on condensed-phase chemistry

Many computational and experimental analyses of molecular excitation rely on relative atomic velocities to identify the excitation of chemical bonds. These are often interpreted through the aid of normal mode calculations. We address two potential gaps in this approach: 1. Relative velocities may not reflect the total potential energy absorbed by the bond. 2. Normal mode calculations omit interactions between neighboring molecules, effectively assuming a similarity between condensed- and gas-phase chemistry. Phonon calculations implicitly include interactions between neighboring molecules and allow analyses of both relative velocities and potential energies in solids.In the present work, we compare kinetic and potential energy fractions of the phonon modes of the molecular solids nitromethane and β-HMX. We show that velocity-based methods are likely sufficient to analyze nitromethane. However, they cannot detect the majority of excitation ofthe N-N bonds in β-HMX, the scission of which appears to begin major decomposition pathways in the molecules.In the broader context of condensed-phase chemistry, this implies that important interactions may not all be identifiable through analyses that rely solely on relative atomic velocities.