cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mid-Infrared Solid-State Lasers And Laser Materials

An account is given of NASA-Langley's objectives for the development of advanced lasers and laser materials systems applicable to remote sensing in the mid-IR range. Prominent among current concerns are fiber-optic spectroscopy, eye-safe solid-state lasers for both Doppler sensing and mid-IR wavelength-generation laser pumping, and nonlinear optics generating tunable mid-IR radiation. Ho:YAG lasers are noted to exhibit intrinsic advantages for the desired applications, and are pumpable by GaAlAs laser diodes with a quantum efficiency approaching 2.
Relaxation of solvent protons by cobalt bovine carbonic anhydrase.

Abstract In a recent report, Bertini et al. ( Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 78 , 158–160 (1977)) argued that the low-pH form of Co 2+ -substituted bovine carbonic anhydrase contains a rapidly exchanging water molecule at the cobalt site. The basis for this was the observation of a pH-independent contribution to the solvent water proton relaxation rate; it was suggested that the result was unobserved by previous workers because of the presence of sulfate in the sample buffer. We have repeated the experiments of Bertini et al. and find that the results can be attributed to an ionic strength-induced shift of the pK of the group responsible for the relaxation enhancement. The amount of high-pH form of the enzyme present (determined spectrophotometrically) at every pH correlates with the relaxation rate, whereas the fraction of high-pH form present at a given pH depends on ionic strength. These results are in agreement with earlier data indicating that the low-pH form of the enzyme does not contribute to solvent water proton relaxation.
A Content Analysis of Internet Sessions Presented at the National Council for Social Studies Annual Meeting, 1995–2002

Abstract The Internet has been touted as a useful resource for social studies teachers. This study used content analysis methods to examine trends in sessions focused on the use of the Internet presented at the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) annual meeting (1995–2002). Session abstracts were analyzed for: type of Internet sessions presented, the institutional affiliation of presenters, and goals of the Internet sessions and topics covered. Results indicated that, after an initial increase, the number and proportion of Internet sessions presented have declined over the last three years. In addition, college and university faculty consistently make up the greatest proportion of presenters of Internet sessions, with a relatively small proportion of sessions devoted to teaching strategies employing the Internet. The study reveals a potential dearth of research into the use of the Internet in K-12 social studies classrooms, and it mirrors previous calls for increased attention to these issues.
Thermographic field-inspection study on M1 main battle tank track systems

Thermography was used to observe and inspect temperatures experienced in the field by the ground pad surface of elastomer track shoes operating on a U.S. Army M1 battle tank. Observations were made to define the temperatures generated by the track pads under paved road, high speed traveling conditions in order to relate them to durability failure modes, such as abrasion, cutting and chunking, and blowout (catastrophic failure of the pad). Elastomers studied and compared included styrene butadiene rubber, natural rubber, highly saturated nitrile rubbers and cellulose fiber-filled reinforcement rubber. Local surface temperatures were affected by the natural asymmetrical weight distribution of the vehicle, track/ground pad design and failure mode. Detection of failed rubber bushings located within the pad connector pins were also observed.
Strategies for the administrative improvement of academic departments

Abstract The academic department or faculty is the fundamental organizational unit of agricultural colleges and universities, and its administrator is the critical link between faculty members and institutional decision-makers. This paper examines and discusses strategies for the administrative improvement of academic departments or faculties focusing on principal issues surrounding the setting of priorities, program evaluation and assessment, planning and budgeting, and the development or improvement of academic management skills.
A facility for studying irradiation accelerated corrosion in high temperature water

Abstract A facility for the study of irradiation accelerated corrosion in high temperature water using in situ proton irradiation has been developed and validated. A specially designed beamline and flowing-water corrosion cell added to the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory provide the capability to study the simultaneous effects of displacement damage and radiolysis on corrosion. A thin sample serves as both a “window” into the corrosion cell through which the proton beam passes completely, and the sample for assessing irradiation accelerated corrosion. The facility was tested by irradiating stainless steel samples at beam current densities between 0.5 and 10 μA/cm 2 in 130 °C and 320 °C deaerated water, and 320 °C water with 3 wppm H 2 . Increases in the conductivity and dissolved oxygen content of the water varied with the proton beam current, suggesting that proton irradiation was accelerating the corrosion of the sample. Conductivity increases were greatest at 320 °C, while DO increases were highest at 130 °C. The addition of 3 wppm H 2 suppressed DO below detectable levels. The facility will enable future studies into the effect of irradiation on corrosion in high temperature water with in situ proton irradiation.
Synthesis, biologic and toxic effects of the major 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin metabolites in the rat

The two major mammalian metabolites of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), namely 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2-hydroxy-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, have been synthesized. The compounds were individually administered to immature male Wistar rats and their effects on body weight loss, thymic atrophy, liver and spleen weights and their activities as inducers of hepatic microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, 4-chlorobiphenyl hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase were determined using dose levels of 100, 1000 and 5000 micrograms/kg. The 2 metabolites did not affect organ or body weights after 14 days of exposure and only 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was active as an inducer of the microsomal monooxygenases at dose levels of 1000 and 5000 micrograms/kg. A comparison of the relative enzyme induction activities of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin indicates that the former compound was greater than 3 orders of magnitude more active than the metabolite.
Java on the brink

Zoological Researches in Java, and the Neighbouring Islands. ByThomas Horsfield. Oxford University Press: 1990: No pagination. £175, $350.
Processing of nano-grained materials

Abstract Sintering and deformation were studied in nano-grained (n-)TiO 2 and n-TiAl as part of a program to develop materials for near-net shaping and superplasticity applications. An important concern for processing nano-grained materials is the control of grain growth during both densification and deformation. In this study, the effectiveness of doping n-TiO 2 with yttrium for controlling grain growth during isothermal annealing was examined. In addition, an empirical constitutive law for the densification of n-TiO 2 was determined. Comparison of sinter-forming in n-TiO 2 with larger grained oxide ceramics shows many similar features. The studies on TiAl examined the hardness as a function of grain size, indentation time and temperature. At large grain sizes, the hardness obeys the Hall-Petch relation, but below a critical grain size, approximately 30 nm, the hardness decreases with decreasing grain size. Finally, the potential for synthesizing metallic glasses with nanoscale amorphous particles is discussed.
Influence of growth temperature and growth rate of p-GaN layers on the characteristics of green light emitting diodes

We investigated the electrical and structural qualities of Mg-doped p-type GaN layers grown under different growth conditions by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Lower 300 K free-hole concentrations and rough surfaces were observed by reducing the growth temperature from 1,040°C to 930°C. The hole concentration, mobility, and electrical resistivity were improved slightly for Mg-doped GaN layers grown at 930°C with a lower growth rate, and also an improved surface morphology was observed. In0.25Ga0.75N/GaN multiple-quantum-well light emitting diodes (LEDs) with p-GaN layers grown under different conditions were also studied. It was found from photoluminescence studies that the optical and structural properties of the multiple quantum wells in the LED structure were improved by reducing the growth temperature of the p-layer due to a reduced detrimental thermal annealing effect of the active region during the GaN:Mg p-layer growth. No significant difference in the photoluminescence intensity depending on the growth time of the p-GaN layer was observed. However, it was also found that the electroluminescence (EL) intensity was higher for LEDs having p-GaN layers with a lower growth rate. Further improvement of the p-GaN layer crystalline and structural quality may be required for the optimization of the EL properties of long-wavelength (∼540 nm) green LEDs.
Effects of Limited Border and Harvest Rows and Interplanting Cultivars on Yields of Field‐Grown Soybeans*

Under some experimental conditions it may be necessary to limit the area of field experimentation but still provide a large number of treatment replicates. This situation is germane when relatively expensive facilities for treatment application are necessary. Under such conditions researchers may want to (1) restrict the number of border and treatment rows and (2) combine several cultivars of one crop within the same treatment plot. Results of experiments conducted to test the effect of these actions on seed yields of commercial soybean cultivars indicate that with narrow row spacing at least two border rows are necessary to reduce border effects on yield to less than 10%. Also, it is shown that when rows of different varieties are placed adjacent to each other in the same plot, yield interactions may occur. These results suggest that there are practical limits to how small an individual plot may be and that preliminary studies to determine cultivar interactions should be performed prior to implementation of experimental designs which incorporate cultivar interplanting procedures. Nevertheless, the use of small plots and interplanting may be effective methods of experimentation when space is limited.
Effects of imipramine, d-amphetamine, and tripelennamine on mouse and frog killing by the rat.

Abstract Three centrally acting compounds, imipramine, d-amphetamine, and tripelennamine have been shown to block mouse killing by the rat when administered peripherally. In the present experiment the effects of these drugs on frog killing as well as mouse killing were examined. d-Amphetamine significantly increased the latencies of attacking and killing both prey. Tripelennamine and imipramine blocked the response to a frog. While most rats preferred to attack and kill frogs rather than mice as determined by a paired-comparison test, the drug effects were unrelated to those preferences. All 3 compounds significantly increased sniffing latencies to a frog but not to a mouse. The results suggest that drugs which block mouse killing may also block frog killing.
Novel broadband amplifier for mid-infrared semiconductor laser and applications in spectroscopy

An amplifier design for broadband Mid-IR buried-hetero (BH) structure epitaxial laser is presented, and external cavity design based on this amplifier is described. Spectroscopy results characterizing such single frequency lasers are demonstrated with whispering gallery mode CaF2 disc/ball, saturated absorption in hollow waveguide and direct chemical analysis in water.
Only three driver gene mutations are required for the development of lung and colorectal cancers

Cancer arises through the sequential accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, how many such mutations are required for a normal human cell to progress to an advanced cancer? The best estimates for this number have been provided by mathematical models based on the relation between age and incidence. For example, the classic studies of Nordling [Nordling CO (1953) Br J Cancer 7(1):68–72] and Armitage and Doll [Armitage P, Doll R (1954) Br J Cancer 8(1):1–12] suggest that six or seven sequential mutations are required. Here, we describe a different approach to derive this estimate that combines conventional epidemiologic studies with genome-wide sequencing data: incidence data for different groups of patients with the same cancer type were compared with respect to their somatic mutation rates. In two well-documented cancer types (lung and colon adenocarcinomas), we find that only three sequential mutations are required to develop cancer. This conclusion deepens our understanding of the process of carcinogenesis and has important implications for the design of future cancer genome-sequencing efforts.
Evaluation and management of vaginitis. An update for primary care practitioners.

• There are three major causes of vaginitis symptoms that primary care practitioners should be able to diagnose and treat expertly. Recent investigations have shown that bacterial vaginosis, the most common cause of vaginitis symptoms in patients not seen in sexually transmitted disease clinics, has a multifactorial etiology: Gardnerella vaginalis is universally present but is not, per se, the etiologic agent. Diagnosis and treatment are based, therefore, on evidence of a disturbed bacterial ecology as well as the presence of "clue" cells that indicate the presence of Gardnerella. Trichomonas vaginitis is usually easy to diagnose, but treatment failures occasionally occur. Some strains of Trichomonas vaginalis may be relatively resistant to metronidazole, and short-course therapy may lead to reinfection from sexual partners. Candida vulvovaginitis, the third major type of vaginitis, is not a sexually transmitted disease and should be viewed as vaginal "thrush." Earlier treatment regimens have been simplified by the introduction of more potent antifungals. ( Arch Intern Med 1989;149:565-568)
Conditions of reverse bullwhip effect in pricing for price-sensitive demand functions

Supply chain mechanisms that exacerbate price variation needs special attention, since price variation is one of the root causes of the bullwhip effect. In this study, we investigate conditions that create an amplification of price variation moving from the upstream suppliers to the downstream customers in a supply chain, which is referred as the “reverse bullwhip effect in pricing” (RBP). Considering initially a single-stage supply chain in which a retailer faces a random and price-sensitive demand, we derive conditions on a general demand function for which the retail price variation is higher than that of the wholesale price. The investigation is extended to a multi-stage supply chain in which the price at each stage is determined by a game theoretical framework. We illustrate the use of the conditions in identifying commonly used demand functions that induce RBP analytically and by means of several numerical examples.
Quantization of Yang-Mills fields by separation of gauge variables

Yang-Mills fields in the temporal gauge are transformed into pure gauge variables and gauge-invariant first integrals of Gauss's-law differential equations. It is observed that the Schr\"odinger equation becomes separable in the new variable system.
Effects of Break-Roll Differential on Semolina and Spaghetti Quality

ABSTRACT Break-roll differential provides the shearing action needed to remove bran from the endosperm. The effects of break-roll differential on semolina and spaghetti quality were investigated using a 25-quintal (55-cwt/day) durum pilot-mill system. Differentials of each break-roll pair were adjusted to target differentials of 1.5:1, 2.5:1, and 3.5:1 by changing the velocity of the slow roll. Fast rolls were set at a velocity of 350 rpm. Bran specks, ash, and protein increased and semolina brightness (L value) and starch damage decreased with increased break-roll differential. Semolina yellowness (b value) was greatest with 2.5:1 and least with 1.5:1 differential. Spaghetti brightness (L value) and yellowness (b value) were lower when spaghetti was made from semolina milled at 3.5:1 than from either 2.5:1 or 1.5:1 differential. Strength of dry spaghetti and spaghetti cooking loss and cooked firmness were not affected by break-roll differential.
Understanding the persuasion process between industrial buyers and sellers

Abstract Research on industrial buyer behavior and sales management has assumed that a persuasion or influence process occurs when industrial buyers and sellers interact. However, no concrete research effort has been made to explain this persuasion process or the resultant behavior. Given the recent emphasis on supply chain integration, self-managed work teams, and the shift from adversarial to cooperative buyer-supplier relationships, it is critical to fully understand how this persuasion process occurs and how it may change based on new organizational initiatives. This paper uses the elaboration likelihood model to explain the industrial buyer-seller persuasion process.
Do Milk-Borne Cytokines and Hormones Influence Neonatal Immune Cell Function?

Cytokines, growth factors and various hormones collectively control the proliferation, survival, differentiation and function of immune cells. A wide array of these compounds is present in maternal milk and ingested by neonates during a period of rapid maturation of gut-associated and peripheral lymphoid tissues. The functional consequences of most milk immunomodulatory constituents in neonates are unknown. However, there is evidence that milk prolactin acts as a developmental regulator of the neonatal immune system, supporting the premise that milk constituents with immunomodulatory activity may serve as neonatal immunodevelopment agents.
Switch Packet Arbitration via Queue-Learning

In packet switches, packets queue at switch inputs and contend for outputs. The contention arbitration policy directly affects switch performance. The best policy depends on the current state of the switch and current traffic patterns. This problem is hard because the state space, possible transitions, and set of actions all grow exponentially with the size of the switch. We present a reinforcement learning formulation of the problem that decomposes the value function into many small independent value functions and enables an efficient action selection.
NEW FORMATION FLYING TESTBED FOR ANALYZING DISTRIBUTED ESTIMATION AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURES

Formation °ying spacecraft has been identied as an enabling technology for many future NASA and DoD space missions. However, this is still, as yet, an unproven technology. Thus, to minimize the risk associated with using this new technology on future missions, testbeds are required that enable a com- prehensive simulation and validation. This paper presents an innovative hardware-in-the-loop testbed that can be used to analyze estimation and control architectures for formation °ying spacecraft. The testbed consists of multiple computers that each em- ulate a spacecraft in the °eet. These computers are restricted to communicate via serial cables to emu- late the actual inter-spacecraft communications ex- pected on-orbit. All estimation and control algo- rithms are implemented in MATLAB, which greatly enhances its °exibility/recongurability and provides an excellent environment for rapidly comparing nu- merous control and estimation algorithms and ar- chitectures. A multi-tasking/multi-thread software environment is simulated by simultaneously running several instances of MATLAB on each computer. The paper presents the initial simulation results us- ing a highly distributed estimation, coordination, and control architecture for a °eet of 4 spacecraft.
Note: Two-Enthalpy Feed for Distillation with Vapor Feed and Refrigerated Condenser

Abstract The use of two-enthalpy feed, which involves splitting the feed, condensing part of it, and sending both the liquid and vapor streams to the distillation column, is explored for columns that have a vapor feed and require refrigeration in the column condenser. The use of two-enthalpy feed can reduce both capital and operating costs compared to condensing all the feed. Compared to use of partial cooling and use of a two-phase feed, two-enthalpy feed reduces the condenser heat duty, but the feed cooling occurs at a lower temperature.
The Mediterranean Diet and Mortality — Olive Oil and Beyond

The concept of the Mediterranean diet originated from the Seven Countries Study initiated by Ancel Keys in the 1950s. The study showed that, despite a high fat intake, the population of the island of Crete in Greece had very low rates of coronary heart disease and certain types of cancer and had a long life expectancy. The traditional dietary patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s were considered to be largely responsible for the good health observed in these regions.1 The main characteristics of the Mediterranean diet (see Figure) include . . .
Incubation and Growth of Fowls and Turkeys in High Altitude Environments

Incubation of fowl and turkey eggs in high altitude environments presents a unique stress which tends to magnify many of the standard problems related to artificial incubation and as a result speci...
Empathy: Common sense, science sense, wolves, and well-being

Empathy is likely more widely distributed among animals than many researchers realize or perhaps are willing to admit. Studies of social carnivores, other group-living animals, and communication via different modalities will help us learn more about the evolutionary roots and behavioral, sensory, and cognitive underpinnings of empathy, including what it means to have a sense of self. There are also important implications for debates about animal well-being.
Worker and the Welfare State in Imperial Germany

A complex relationship existed between working-class formation and the development of the welfare state in Imperial Germany between 1871 and 1914. In the 1880s, the Social Democratic party voted against the three major national social insurance law's, and many workers seemed to spurn the incipient welfare state. But by 1914, socialists were active in social policy-making and workers were participating in the operations of the welfare state. Tens of thousands of workers and social democrats held positions in the social insurance funds and offices, the labor courts and labor exchanges, and other institutions of the official welfare state. Hundreds of workers had even become “friendly visitors” in the traditional middle-class domain of municipal poor relief. This shift is interesting not only from the standpoint of working-class orientations; it also challenges the received image of the German working class as excluded from the state —an interpretation based on an overly narrow focus on national parliamentary politics.
Ex Vivo Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Transfer to Lung Isografts During Cold Preservation

Abstract Background. Although whole-organ gene transfer has been reported in heart and liver transplant models, it has not been well characterized in lung grafts. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of ex vivo gene transfer to rat lung isografts during cold preservation using an adenoviral vector. Methods. F344 rats, divided into four groups, underwent orthotopic left lung transplantation. In group I, lung grafts were flushed with adenovirus carrying the β-galactosidase gene. After storage at 10°C, grafts were implanted in recipient animals. Group II underwent the same procedure but graft storage was at 4°C. Groups III (10°C) and IV (4°C) served as controls. On postoperative day 5, recipients were sacrificed, and native and transplanted lungs were examined. Results. In group I, all animals showed successful, albeit patchy, gene expression. This occurred in 2 of 4 animals in group II, the other 2 showing no expression. Transduced cells were consistent morphologically with endothelial cells and pneumocytes. A minimal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was present. Control groups showed no transduction. Conclusions. It is feasible to perform ex vivo adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to rat lung isografts during cold preservation. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1556–61)
One-puncture, double-transseptal catheterization manoeuvre in the catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) guided by circumferential mapping has been established as a curative treatment of atrial fibrillation. In the PVI technique, two transseptal catheters are necessary for mapping and catheter ablation. The one-puncture, double-transseptal catheterization manoeuvre is generally used in the PVI technique. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports describing transseptal manoeuvre in detail. In this article, the manoeuvre to achieve double-transseptal catheterization easily and safely is described.
A broad-band uniplanar slotline hybrid ring coupler with over one octave bandwidth

A novel uniplanar hybrid ring coupler using coplanar waveguide (CPW) and slotline is presented. The coupler provides substantially improved amplitude and phase characteristics over a broad bandwidth compared to the conventional microstrip hybrid ring couplers. Experimental results show that the new coupler has a bandwidth of one octave from 2 GHz to 4 GHz with a +or-0.25-dB power dividing balance and a +or-1 degrees phase balance. >
Pulsatile Delivery of Clarithromycin Alone or in Combination with Amoxicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae

We evaluated pulsatile dosing of clarithromycin and amoxicillin alone or combined against Streptococcus pneumoniae with various susceptibilities. When combined, pulsatile amoxicillin with clarithromycin was superior to either 8- or 12-h dosing against the intermediate strain and was identical for the susceptible strain. Pulse dosing of antimicrobials warrants further investigation.
Kernel covariance image region description for object tracking

We propose a nonlinear covariance region descriptor for target tracking. The target object appearance and spatial information is represented using a covariance matrix in a target derived Hilbert space using kernel principal component analysis. A similarity measure is derived, which computes the similarity of a candidate image region to the learned covariance matrix. A variational technique is provided to maximize the similarity measure, which iteratively finds the best matched object region. Tracking performance is demonstrated on a variety of sequences containing noise, occlusions, illumination changes, background clutter, etc.
Gendered Matters: Undocumented Mexican Mothers in the Current Policy Context

Feminist theorists have exchanged an exclusively gendered analysis for an intersectional lens that accounts for the multiple marginalized locations occupied by individuals in a hierarchy. This article uses both intersectional and feminist standpoint theories to analyze the findings from a qualitative study of undocumented Mexican mothers’ strategies of attaining resources for their children in the current policy context. Standpoint theory foregrounds the voices of undocumented Mexican mothers, while intersectional analysis illuminates their multiple and interacting social locations. The findings that mothers accessed some needed resources but not others are analyzed to demonstrate the relevance of intersectional analysis to policy development and practice.
A two-dimensional phase of TiO 2 with a reduced bandgap

Titanium dioxide is the prototypical transition metal oxide photocatalyst. However, the larger than 3 eV bandgap of common bulk phases of TiO₂ limits its light absorption to UV light, making it inefficient for solar energy conversion. Attempts at increasing visible light activity by narrowing the bandgap of TiO₂ through doping have proven difficult, because of defect-induced charge trapping and recombination sites of photo-excited charge carriers. Here, we report the existence of a dopant-free, pure TiO₂ phase with a narrow bandgap. This new pure TiO₂ phase forms on the surface of rutile TiO₂(011) by oxidation of bulk titanium interstitials. We measure a bandgap of only ~2.1 eV for this new phase, matching it closely with the energy of visible light.
A Case of Dilemmas: Exploring My Assumptions about Teaching Science.

The study is about a secondary science teacher's thinking associated with dilemmas experienced while teaching an environmental science class. Her interactive thoughts were generally concerned with content and student understanding of it, managing the curriculum, and encouraging and contributing to student success. A unique feature of the work is that the researcher studied her own teaching. The dilemma thoughts were used to explicate her assumptions about teaching the class. An implication of the work is that teachers can use dilemmas to challenge their own assumptions about their teaching practices. © 1994 John Wiley & son, Inc.
A Parametric Numerical Study of Optical Behavior of Thermotropic Materials for Solar Thermal Collectors

A Monte Carlo model is applied to determinate the steady state, solar-weighted optical properties of potential thermotropic composite materials for overheat protection of polymer solar absorbers. The key results are dimensionless plots of normal-hemispherical transmittance, reflectance and absorptance as a function of particle size parameter, scattering albedo, and overall optical thickness. The optical behavior of thermotropic materials at different temperatures is represented by a change in the relative refractive index which affects the scattering albedo and optical thickness. At low temperatures where overheat protection is not required, referred to as the clear state, the overall optical thickness should be less than 0.3 to ensure high transmittance for the preferred particle size parameter of 2. At higher temperatures where overheat protection is required, referred to as the translucent state, the overall optical thickness should be greater than 10 and the scattering albedo should be greater than 0.995 to achieve 50% reflectance. A case study of low molecular weighted polyethylene in poly(methyl methacrylate) is presented to illustrate use of the results to guide the design of thermotropic materials.
The sampling resource allocation problem

A sampling resource allocation problem formulation for determining the optimal sample size for each of multiple sampling activities competing for a single sampling resource is described. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear knapsack problem with lower and upper binding restrictions. The objective function based on the squared coefficient of variation is used for the real-time performance monitoring of digital signals. This formulation is an extension of the classical method of determining the minimum sample size for a single sampling activity. A solution procedure is also provided. >
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Extensor Muscle Cells of the Shrimp Pandalus Danae: Cell Design for Escape Locomotion

Summary We measured the dynamic stiffness of passive single extensor cells from the abdomen of the shrimp Pandalus danae. These stiffness measurements, consisting of both elastic and viscous moduli, were carried out by imposing sinusoidal length changes on single cells and recording, simultaneously, the resultant force. Our measurements were made over a broad range of loading frequencies (1-120 Hz) and sarcomere lengths (1.9-3.2fan), encompassing the physiological range of these parameters. We found that: (1) there is an exponential increase in both elastic and viscous moduli with increases in sarcomere length; (2) there is a weak increase in these moduli with increasing frequency; (3) the relative energy dissipated by the viscous behavior of cells is largest in the relevant physiological range of loading frequencies and sarcomere lengths, with the magnitude of the viscous modulus nearly equal to the elastic modulus; and (4) the energy dissipated by the viscous behavior of these cells alone constitutes about 10 % of the total energy required to accelerate the animal in its aquatic environment. We propose that such large values for viscous energy dissipation in passive cells may be necessary to prevent unstable responses of muscle to the rapid dynamic loads imposed by the escape event.
Recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells by resident murine tissue macrophages require multiple signal transduction events.

Macrophages (Mo) ingest apoptotic cells with unique effects on their cytokine production, but the signaling pathways involved are virtually unknown. Signal transduction in response to recognition of apoptotic thymocytes by resident murine alveolar (AMo) or peritoneal (PMo) Mo was studied by in vitro phagocytosis assay. Phagocytosis was decreased in a dose-dependent and nontoxic manner by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (wortmannin and LY294002), protein tyrosine phosphorylation (herbimycin A, genistein, piceatannol, and for AMo only, PP2), and protein kinase C (staurosporine, Go 6976, and calphostin C). Exposure of Mo to apoptotic or heat-killed thymocytes, but not to viable thymocytes, activated ERK1/2 rapidly, as detected by specific phosphorylation, but did not activate NF-kappaB or MAP kinases p38 or JNK. Mo phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells requires tyrosine, serine/threonine, and lipid phosphorylation. Mo recognition of apoptotic T cells triggers rapid but limited MAP kinase activation.
Saturn day longer than previous estimates

It has been determined recently that the rotation period of Saturn is some 24 minutes longer than had previously been estimated. Using bursts of radio noise, recorded from Saturn by the two Voyager spacecraft, the length of 1 day was measured to be 10 hours, 39.9 minutes long. Previously, astronomers, using Earth-based observations of the ringed planet, had calculated the length of a day to be about 10 hours, 15 minutes, but they admitted that their measurements lacked great accuracy.
Effects of maternal age and environment on offspring vital rates in the oleander aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Abstract Maternal effects have the potential to affect population dynamics and evolution. To affect population dynamics, maternal effects must influence offspring vital rates (birth, death, or movement). Here, we explore the magnitude of nongenetic maternal influence on the vital rates of an insect herbivore and explore predictability of maternal effects with reference to published studies. We experimentally studied the effects of maternal age, host plant species (two Asclepias spp.), and density on offspring vital rates in Aphis nerii, the oleander aphid. Older mothers produced offspring that lived shorter lives, consistent with the “Lansing Effect.” Older mothers also produced offspring that matured at a younger age. As maternal age increased, offspring mass at maturity decreased when mothers were on Asclepias syriaca. However, offspring mass was highest from intermediate aged mothers on A. viridis. The absence of maternal density effects seems to exclude maternal density as a potential source of delaye...
Professional Rules and ADR: Control of Alternative Dispute Resolution Under the ABA Ethics 2000 Commission Proposal and Other Professional Responsibility Standards

Ensuring that the client and not the attorney controls the decision to choose Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is critical because the decision deeply impacts the time, financial, and relational expenses required for ADR, as well as the kinds of outcomes possible. Also, lawyers are likely to have a conflict of interest when making this decision for the client. The ABA Ethics 2000 Commission's Proposed Rules are the first major overhaul of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct since 1983 when ADR was in its infancy. Cochran looks at current professional rules and the Commission's proposed rules of 2000 and the models they employ to protect clients' ability to choose ADR. Under current rules, jurisdictions have extended measures to encourage or require attorneys to consult clients or to inform clients concerning ADR. Cochran finds that new Proposed Rules fall short of guaranteeing client control over ADR decisions and shows how the Proposed Rules move away from client autonomy and towards lawyer paternalism. Two alternative proposals are presented: the informed consent model, which proposes requiring client's informed consent to litigate a case; and the client choice model, which requires the lawyer to defer to client's decision to pursue ADR. Both proposals suggest additions to Model Rule 1.2(a), which explicitly gives clients control over the decision to use ADR and requires attorneys to provide the information needed to make such a decision.
Race and Equality Across the Law School Curriculum: Tax Exempt Law

Race and Equality Across the Law School Curriculum: Tax Exempt Law chronicles the possibilities for racial examinations of tax exempt law in the law school environment, either through teaching or scholarship. The Article, prepared in conjunction with Association of American Law School's Summer 2004 "Racial Justice" professional development conference, relates the racial study of tax exempt law to the broader critical race theory movement in law generally. Thus, the Article highlights critical race theory's initial focus on constitutional law issues and traces its development to a focus on more neutral-looking areas of law such as tax law. The Article then outlines the basic scholarship concerning tax law generally as it relates to race, demonstrating how this general tax and race scholarship has effectively exposed racial bias in the federal tax imposed on wages and income of individuals. Finally, the Article outlines a laundry list of race issues in tax exempt law that might also contribute to improved notions of justice and fairness in the law. For example, the Article discusses the public policy limitation imposed on tax exempt charities, the role that racial diversity might play on tax exempt organization boards of directors and the current statutory prohibition on racial discrimination by tax exempt social clubs.
Vibrations of Steel-Lined Concrete Chimneys

The mode shapes and the natural frequencies for the first four fundamental modes of vibration are calculated for tall reinforced concrete chimneys with independent steel liners. The results seem to indicate that for each mode of an unlined chimney there is a mode of near equal frequency for the same chimney with steel liner and that the mode shape of the concrete shell is nearly the same for both cases. The lined chimney, however, could have additional frequencies spaced between those frequencies described above depending primarily on the ratio of the length of the liner to that of the concrete shell. The modes are computed by using the Stodola numerical procedure and are based on the Bernoulli-Euler flexural theory. Shear deformations and rotary inertia effects are ignored. Graphs are presented to illustrate the variations of the modes with the major parameters of the problem.
The causes of lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis in the children with cranial diseases

In order to investigate the prevalence of lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and to explore its possible reasons in children patients who received neurosurgery operation. Clinical data of 4958 cases children patients with lower-extremity DVT and without the thrombosis after the neurosurgery operation from 2010 January to 2014 December in department of neurosurgery of Tian Tan hospital were collected and analyzed. 18 cases children were diagnosed with lower-extremity DVT. All of them had invasive operation of lower-extremity deep venous catheterization. The mainly primary diseases of thrombosis children were craniopharyngioma. They have longer operation time compared with those without thrombosis (P<0.05). Therefore, the causes of DVT in neurosurgical children involve not only deep venous catheter-related but also neurological primary disease and operation time.
Enhancement of Ionic Transport in Complex Oxides through Soft Lattice Modes and Epitaxial Strain

Lattice dynamics is increasingly acknowledged as playing an important role in the ionic transport mechanisms of many oxide ion conductors. In particular, specific structural distortions–so-called octahedral rotations–have been suggested as the origin of the enhanced mobility observed in Ln2NiO4+δ Ruddlesden–Popper phases (Ln = La, Pr, Nd), where oxide interstitial diffusion occurs through an interstitialcy mechanism. In this work, we use theory and first-principles calculations to unravel and quantify the microscopic link between soft lattice modes and migration barriers in the Ln2NiO4+δ family of materials. We show that the magnitude of the migration barriers can be correlated with the tendency of each material to undergo an octahedral rotation distortion: as the tendency of a material to undergo such a distortion increases, the migration barrier decreases. We then use this insight to formulate simple design guidelines for further decreasing migration barriers through epitaxial strain and that connect tr...
Evidence for centrally mediated effects of vanadate on the blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized dogs.

AbstractCerebroventricular administration of sodium orthovanadate (0.2 μ mole/kg/min for 20 min ivt) produced significant increases in the arterial blood pressure of chloraloseanesthetized dogs. Following bilateral vagotomy, both arterial pressure as well as heart rate were significantly elevated during ivt infusion. These effects were completely abolished when the animals were pretreated with an autonomic ganglionic blocker, hexamethonium. In contrast, intravenous administration (iv) of the same dose of vanadate significantly increased the arterial pressure only in the vagotomized dogs and this effect was accompanied by a reduction in the heart rate. Pressor effects of iv vanadate were potentiated after hexamethonium while the bradycardic effects were virtually eliminated. This study demonstrates that vanadate can produce cardiovascular alterations via neurogenic mechanisms. It is suggested that these centrally mediated effects and their relationship to sodium pump inhibition should be given further cons...
Raman Phonons under Hydrostatic Pressure in YBa2 (Cu1-xNix) 4O8

We present a study of the Raman phonons in YBa2 (Cu0. 96Ni0. 04) 4O8 under hydrostatic pressure in the superconducting phase. In contrast to the undoped material, two modes have significantly different pressure coefficients: the O (1) chain mode shifts 35% faster while the O (2) -O (3) in phase mode shifts 33% slower than their undoped counterparts. The other modes shift in a manner similar to the undoped material. We understand this behavior in terms of the smaller compressibility in the vicinity of the chain substituted Cu (Ni) atom.
How Did the Cold War Die? Principles for an Autopsy

This review examines a number of the factors currently advanced to explain why the Cold War died. It focuses first on the interpretations posed by political realists from the right because they have received such widespread publicity, and because they illustrate the logical and empirical limitations of premature conclusions about the causes of the Cold War's death. This discussion is followed by a description of possible rival causes. The review ends with a consideration of the principles of inquiry social science methodology advances and suggests ten guidelines for distinguishing between truth and illusion, fact and fantasy.
Developments in 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor pharmacology in migraine.

Because a satisfactory animal model for migraine does not exist, attempts to determine a common mechanism of action for effective antimigraine agents may be of benefit in elucidating the pathogenesis of this neurologic syndrome. The present review demonstrates that the clinical data that has developed over the past 30 years may allow for the elucidation of the role of specific 5-HT receptor subtypes in the pathophysiology of migraine. A large number of both acute and prophylactic antimigraine agents share an ability to interact with 5-HT receptor subtypes in human brain. As summarized in Table 3, acute antimigraine drugs (e.g., ergots, sumatriptan) share high affinity for 5-HTID receptors and somewhat lower affinity for 5-HT1A receptors. These receptors are present in certain intracranial blood vessels. 5-HT1D receptors are also located on nerve terminals where they act to inhibit the release of 5-HT and other neurotransmitters. Theoretically, 5-HTID receptor agonists may acutely inhibit the release of vasoactive or pain-inducing substances in the perivascular space. Conceivably, drugs acting at this receptor would stop the progression of this perivascular process. In addition, a number of prophylactic antimigraine drugs display a relatively high affinity for both 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors in human brain. Although these receptors are also found in certain blood vessels, they are present throughout the nervous system. The receptors appear to mediate neuronal depolarizations at the cellular level. Moreover, the 5-HT2 receptor appears to play a key role in the development of inflammation in certain smooth muscle systems. Theoretically, the ability of 5-HT2 antagonists to protect perivascular inflammation may account for their efficacy in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. These data offer a novel approach to the analysis of antimigraine agents. Drugs could be selected for use in clinical migraine studies based on their selectivity for a specific 5-HT receptor subtype. For example, an agent that displays both high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT1D receptors could be clinically evaluated. Its effectiveness, or lack thereof, would indicate the importance of this specific 5-HT receptor site in the pathogenesis of migraine. Future attempts to determine a common mechanism of action for effective antimigraine agents should facilitate the elucidation of the pathogenesis of this neurologic syndrome.
THE LATER HISTORY OF THE PONS ASINORUM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the works of three writers from the 16th century on pons asinorum. Some essential stages in the history of the syllogistic diagram known as the pons asinorum or umbelicus have been enumerated by Bochenski. These data should be supplemented by notes of L. Minio-Paluello, in which he remarks, for instance, that Alexander of Aphrodisias refers to a diagram at the relevant place in his commentary on the prior analytics, that the figure is given in some Greek and at least a hundred Latin MSS, and that mnemonic verses had already been devised to accompany it in the 13th century. A magnificent printed version, illustrated with the crescent and triangular diagrams which were also of Greek origin, occurs in the rare Latin Averroes of 1489.