cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping and characterization of novel (CAG)(n) repeat cDNAs from adult human brain derived by the oligo capture method

Abstract The expansion of a (CAG)ntrinucleotide repeat has been associated with at least eight neurological disorders in which the repeats code for polyglutamine in the protein. To identify additional genes that possess (CAG)nrepeats, single-stranded cDNA clones derived from adult human brain were screened using biotinylated oligonucleotide (CAG)8, and the hybridizing complexes were isolated with strepavidin-coated paramagnetic beads. A total of 119 cDNA clones were isolated and initially characterized by end sequencing. BLAST homology searches were used to reduce redundancies with overlapping clones and to eliminate those that show sequence identity with previously published cDNAs with triplet repeats. Only cDNA clones with more than five CAG repeats were pursued for analysis. A total of 19 novel cDNAs were further characterized by determining chromosomal assignments using the Stanford G3 and Genebridge radiation-reduced hybrid mapping panels. Transcript sizes and tissue expression patterns were determined by Northern blot analysis. Two of 19 clones showed specific or high expression in brain. These cDNAs are ideal candidate genes for other neurodegenerative disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia types 5 and 7, and may also be implicated in psychiatric diseases such as bipolar affected disorder and schizophrenia.
Resting State Electroencephalogram Oscillatory Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Bipolar Patients and Their Relatives from the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes Study

Background Abnormal resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations are reported in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder, illnesses with overlapping symptoms and genetic risk. However, less evidence exists on whether similar EEG spectral abnormalities are present in individuals with both disorders or whether these abnormalities are present in first-degree relatives, possibly representing genetic predisposition for these disorders. Methods Investigators examined 64-channel resting state EEGs of 225 SZ probands and 201 first-degree relatives (SZR), 234 psychotic bipolar (PBP) probands and 231 first-degree relatives (PBPR), and 200 healthy control subjects. Eight independent resting state EEG spectral components and associated spatial weights were derived using group independent component analysis. Analysis of covariance was conducted on spatial weights to evaluate group differences. Relative risk estimates and familiality were evaluated on abnormal spectral profiles in probands and relatives. Results Both SZ and PBP probands exhibited increased delta, theta, and slow and fast alpha activity. Post-hoc pair-wise comparison revealed increased frontocentral slow beta activity in SZ and PBP probands as well as SZR and PBPR. Augmented frontal delta activity was exhibited by SZ probands and SZR, whereas PBP probands and PBPR showed augmented fast alpha activity. Conclusions Both SZ and PBP probands demonstrated aberrant low-frequency activity. Slow beta activity was abnormal in SZ and PBP probands as well as SZR and PBPR perhaps indicating a common endophenotype for both disorders. Delta and fast alpha activity were unique endophenotypes for SZ and PBP probands, respectively. The EEG spectral activity exhibited moderate relative risk and heritability estimates, serving as intermediate phenotypes in future genetic studies for examining biological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the two disorders.
Poroelasticity-I: Governing Equations of the Mechanics of Fluid-Saturated Porous Materials

We present here the approach to the theory of fluid-filled poroelastics based on consideration of poroelastics as a continuum of “macropoints” (representative elementary volumes), which “internal” states can be described by as a set of internal parameters, such as local relative velocity of fluid and solid, density of fluid, internal strain tensor, specific area, and position of the center of mass of porous space. We use the generalized Cauchy–Born hypothesis and suggest that there is a system of (structural) relationships between external parameters, describing the deformation of the continuum and internal parameters, characterizing the state of representative elementary volumes. We show that in nonhomogenous (and, particularly, nonlinear) poroelastics, an interaction force between solid and fluid appears. Because this force is proportional to the gradient of porosity, absent in homogeneous poroelastics, and one can neglect with dynamics of internal degrees of freedom, this force is equivalent to the interaction force, introduced earlier by Nikolaevskiy from phenomenological reasons. At last, we show that developed theory naturally incorporates three mechanisms of energy absorption: visco-inertial Darcy mechanism, “squirt flow” attenuation, and skeleton attenuation.
Determining beach closures necessary to protect bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) species (and bathers): A fuzzy rule-based model

A fuzzy rough set model was developed to assist in the fisheries management of bull shark nursery grounds located on the Texas & Louisiana Gulf of Mexico coastline. The results of the fuzzy rule-based model conform to the present plan but refine the environmental parameter ranges based on data accumulated over an 8-year study. Implications exist for better sustainability efforts for this species through better monitoring of its nursery grounds.
A Survey of Results on the d-c.e. and n-c.e. Degrees

This paper is a survey on the upper semilattices of Turing and enumeration degrees of n-c.e. sets. Questions on the structural properties of these semilattices, and some model-theoretic properties are considered.
Design optimization of electromagnetic devices using artificial neural networks

A novel method for the optimal design of the electromagnetic devices is presented. The method utilizes artificial neural networks (ANNs) in a design environment which encompasses numerical computations and expert's input for generating a variety of ANN training data. Results of two implementation examples are provided. The optimal design is obtained quickly (in a matter of milliseconds) once the ANNs are trained with a variety of geometrical topologies. The procedure explained can be used to provide good initial designs for use with iterative search techniques (currently used) to reduce searching time. This aspect is highly desirable in connection with increasing the effectiveness of the optimal design procedure. >
Endothelin-stimulated Phosphoinositide Turnover in Pulmonary Hypertension of the Fetal Lamb. ♦ 1815

Endothelin-stimulated Phosphoinositide Turnover in Pulmonary Hypertension of the Fetal Lamb. ♦ 1815
IMAGES DES ETATS-UNIS DANS LE ROMAN QUEBECOIS MODERNE (IMAGES OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONTEMPORARY QUEBEC NOVELS)

ABSTRACT Although most Quebec novelists are not preoccupied with the United States, the presence of the huge southern neighbour makes itself felt now and again. One is struck by the similarities in the images of the U.S. when it does appear in literature: Quebec novelists seem to see it as a powerful attraction and as a dangerous threat. Three novels, representing three different approaches, illustrate this point: Ringuet's Thirty Acres, Roger Lemelin's The Plouffe Family and Anne Hebert's Kamouraska (other novels are cited where relevant in the original paper). The attraction of the U.S. is most often presented in French-Canadian literature by the theme of escape, frequently for economic reasons. Ringuet's novel explores the reasons for large immigrations southward, and in so doing exposes the myth of the “easy” life in the U.S. versus a “hard” life in the North (cf. Maria Chapdelaine). But the novel shows how misleading this myth can be: once Quebeckers taste the bitterness of economic depression in the...
Distributed finite element analysis: scalability and performance

Abstract A concurrent finite element analysis of truss structures is carried out in a distributed environment consisting of workstations connected to the Ethernet. The remove procedure call combined with the ability to create threads of computation is used to efficiently implement distributed and concurrent programs. The finite element algorithm is combined with the client-server model to achieve distribured computation, including the distributed solution of finite element equations. Scalability analysis and performance in terms of speedup and efficiency is carried out for moderately sized truss structures. Implementation results indicare that typical algorithms for finite element analysis are fairly scalable for commonly employed local area network topologies.
Two-color multiphoton excitation of autoionizing states of atomic iodine

Abstract Two-color multiphoton excitation spectra of autoionizing ( 1 D 2 ) n s and n d Rydberg series in atomic iodine are presented in the region of the I + 1 D 2 ionization threshold. The first laser is used to produce atomic iodine by photodissociation of methyl iodide and to pump the iodine atoms to low-lying ( 1 D 2 ) 6p states via a two-photon transition. The second laser excites single photon transitions from these states to autoionizing Rydberg series, resolved to n ≈ 35. Extension of this technique for other open shell atoms is discussed.
A Proposed Tabletop Optical MEMs-Based Atto-Second Pulse Coherent Soft X-Ray Source

We propose a MEMs based photonic device micro-undulator powered by a laser-driven particle accelerator as an effective means for generating coherent SASE-FEL X-ray pulses in the attosecond timescale.
Selective Retention of Corticosterone by Limbic Structures in Rat Brain

CORTICOSTERONE is one of the principal steroids secreted by the rat adrenal gland1–3 and it is well established that various noxious psychological and physiological stimuli promote the release of this substance into the blood. Because we are interested in the action of such corti-costeroids on biochemical processes in the brain, we attempted to determine the degree to which circulating, radioactive corticosterone enters and remains in the brain. Furthermore, because the limbic system of the brain is implicated in the control of the secretion of ACTH4–6 and in the affective behavioural responses7–9, we were particularly interested to see whether structures in the limbic system retain corticosterone in a higher concentration than other areas of the brain. Published work on the uptake of the oestradiol by the brain10–13 indicates that the hypothalamus retains that hormone.
BEST PRACTICES: Business Continuity Planning for Distance Education

(2007). BEST PRACTICES: Business Continuity Planning for Distance Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 23-29.
Development and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to venom of the parasitoid Microplitis demolitor.

The venom of Microplitis demolitor consists of a mixture of proteins. On native PAGE gels three major proteins designated a, b, and g were detected, while on SDS-PAGE gels two major proteins of Mr 64.5 and 30.8 kD and several minor proteins were detected. No proteins smaller than Mr 30.8 kD were present. Murine monoclonal antibodies were generated against different venom components. Analysis by Western blot of venom proteins separated on native and SDS-PAGE gels confirmed that antibodies from seven hybridoma lines recognized venom components. Two of the seven hybridoma lines reacted specifically with protein g on native PAGE gels and the Mr 30.8 k protein on SDS-PAGE gels, while four other lines cross-reacted with these and other venom proteins. The final hybridoma line reacted with protein a when venom was separated on native PAGE gels and an array of proteins when venom was separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Using an enzyme-immunoassay and specific monoclonal antibodies, M. demolitor females were estimated to inject 0.02—0.05 venom gland reservoir equivalents into its host, Pseudoplusia includens, at oviposition. Venom proteins persisted in host hemolymph for 6—12 h before dropping to undetectable levels. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct assessment of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in the rhizosphere of alfalfa

Rhizodeposition has been proposed as one mechanism for the accumulation of significant amounts of N in soil during legume growth. The objective of this experiment was to directly quantify losses of symbiotically fixed N from living alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots to the rhizosphere. We used 15N-labeled N2 gas to tag recently fixed N in three alfalfa lines [cv. Saranac, Ineffective Saranac (an ineffectively nodulated line), and an unnamed line in early stages of selection for apparent N excretion] growing in 1-m long polyvinylchloride drainage lysimeters in loamy sand soil in a greenhouse. Plants were in the late vegetative to flowering growth stage during the 2-day labelling period. We determined the fate of this fixed N in various plant organs and soil after a short equilibration period (2 to 4 days) and after one regrowth period (35 to 37 days). Extrapolated N2 fixation rates (46 to 77μg plant−1 h−1) were similar to rates others have measured in the field. Although there was significant accretion of total N in rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, less than 1% was derived from newly fixed N and there were no differences between the ‘excreting’ line and Saranac. Loss of N in percolate water was small. These results provide the first direct evidence that little net loss of symbiotically-fixed N occurs from living alfalfa roots into surrounding soil. In addition, these results confirm our earlier findings, which depended on indirect 15N labelling techniques. Net N accumulation in soil during alfalfa growth is likely due to other processes, such as decomposition of roots, nodules, and above ground litter, rather than to N excretion from living roots and nodules.
The pediatric multidisciplinary obesity program: An update

Abstract The dramatic increase in obesity over recent decades has been well documented. In response, the need for pediatric multidisciplinary obesity programs when efforts within the primary care setting fail to produce the desired results has been recognized. This review describes the components, outcomes, barriers and future of pediatric multidisciplinary obesity programs. These programs are able to offer preventive care, medical weight management programs, medications, and bariatric surgery. A team of physicians, dietitians, health educators, exercise physiologists, surgeons, and psychologists usually delivers services, each with varying proportions of involvement. Interventions are provided to participants at individual visits, group sessions or a combination of both. The majority of programs report very modest decreases in anthropometric measures, with improvements in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. However, the long-term impact of slowing a child's growth trajectory for a significant amount of time is not well known and demands further study. Challenges faced by the pediatric multidisciplinary obesity program include poor reimbursement, lack of evaluation and outcomes data, low parental and child motivation, and high attrition rates. As the number of pediatric multidisciplinary obesity programs increases, their relevance will be largely determined by i) efficacy of the intervention; ii) the need for their services; and iii) support from families, healthcare providers, the community, and public policies.
Rutherford backscattering studies on high-energy Si-implanted InP

High-energy Si-implantations into InP:Fe were examined using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) via channeling measurements. Variable-fluence implantations at 3 MeV and variable-energy implantations for a fluence of 3 x 1014 cm−2 were done. A damagestudy on the 3 MeV Si-implanted samples by RBS indicated formation of a continuous, buried amorphous layer for a fluence of ≈5 x 1014 cm−2. The quality of the crystal in the region of the amorphous layer was poor after annealing at any temperature (≤900° C), indicating that the crystallization during annealing resulted in either a highly defective material or a polycrystal. For samples with damage below the continuous amorphous level, damage recovery is essentially independent of damage concentration. In the variable-energy-implanted samples, the region of damage moved deeper below the sample surface with increasing energy.
Severity of precipitated opiate withdrawal predicts drug dependence by DSM-III-R criteria.

Drug diagnoses in DSM-III-R are based on the dependence syndrome concept which hypothesizes that dependence on drugs is defined by behavioral and physiological changes but is separate from the social problems related to drug use. Previous studies provide support for the dependence syndrome in drug use; however, no study has examined whether biological indications of addiction are related to the dependence syndrome. The present study tests this relationship in 52 opiate addicts who were administered the Naloxone Challenge Test. The severity of withdrawal was correlated positively with the opiate dependence score, derived from the number of DSM-III-R criteria met. We also found that opiate withdrawal was inversely related to cocaine dependence and unrelated to any other drug use. Opiate withdrawal was not correlated with a global measure of social problems or to frequency or length of drug use. Our results support the validity of the dependence syndrome in opiate addiction because dependence is correlated w...
Effects of sequential fluoxetine and gender on prequit depressive symptoms, affect, craving, and quit day abstinence in smokers with elevated depressive symptoms: A growth curve modeling approach.

Although the important roles of postquit affect and withdrawal symptoms in the process of smoking cessation have been well established, little is known about the relations between prequit affective trajectories and cessation outcome on the target quit date (TQD). This study examined whether a 16-week course of fluoxetine initiated 8 weeks prequit ("sequential" fluoxetine) improved TQD abstinence relative to placebo through its effects on prequit depressive symptoms, affect (withdrawal-relevant negative affect, general negative affect, and positive affect), and craving to smoke among 206 smokers with elevated depressed symptoms. The moderating effects of gender were also examined. In total, 83 smokers (40%) failed to achieve abstinence on TQD, with no difference between treatment conditions or gender. Overall structural equation models showed that fluoxetine had significant indirect effects on TQD abstinence through changes in prequit withdrawal-relevant negative affect and craving, but not depressive symptoms. However, multigroup analyses revealed gender differences. Sequential fluoxetine reduced prequit depressive symptoms, withdrawal-relevant negative affect, and craving only among women. Reduction in prequit depressive symptoms and craving among women, and withdrawal-relevant negative affect among men was associated with TQD abstinence. Moreover, exploratory analysis showed negative trend-level indirect effects of fluoxetine on TQD abstinence via increased side effects, regardless of gender. This study demonstrated the importance of considering gender when examining treatment efficacy. Identifying ways to further reduce prequit depressive symptoms and craving for women and withdrawal-relevant negative affect for men whereas alleviating side effects may help smokers with elevated depressed symptoms achieve the first smoking cessation milestone.
The effect of payoffs and cue tones on detection of sinusoids of uncertain frequency

Previous Es, attempting to distinguish between the single and multiple band models of detection, have found that for some Ss the effective listening band is narrow and for others it is not. As in previous experiments, we ask Ss to detect sinusoids of various frequencies in a continuous background noise. However, we influence detection patterns by presenting cue tones and varying payoffs. In some conditions, the S’s detection performance as a function of signal frequency is so peaked that we can estimate the critical bandwidth. In other conditions, the same Ss produce flat detection contours. We interpret these different detection patterns as reflecting changes in the S’s listening strategy. It is argued that differences in listening strategy are responsible for the conflicting results found in earlier studies.
Applications of Driver Clinics

With one person out of every five owning a car in Anerica, there is a consuming national interest in driving. Nowhere is this manifested more clearly than in motorists' demand for driver clinics. Unlike children, adults cannot be educated by the group method to drive safely. Each represents a personal problem to be treated only in private conference. The raison detre of a driver clinic is, therefore, to give the adult conficential advice of an objective nature on what is wrong with his driving and what he should do about it.
Adaptive suboptimal Kalman filtering

Adaptive Kalman filtering has attracted a lot of attention during the last 15 years; perusal of the published literature shows the diversity of the techniques that have been proposed in this context. In this note, we present an adaptive Kalman filtering scheme, based on the quantization of the parameter space; this quantization is performed in order to generate a state estimate with a prescribed degree of suboptimality. The philosophy is to shift, as much as possible, the computational burden to off-line calculations, and perform the real time computations with algorithms of reduced complexity. This filtering scheme can be integrated into a control loop, so that an efficient adaptive controller is obtained.
Pedagogy in Practice: Linking the Graduate Research Methods Course with Communication Theory

ABSTRACT Over the past few years, professors in the Department of Communication Studies at West Virginia University have worked to integrate the graduate research methods course with the communication theory course. The goal is to help the students learn how theory and research are related and to help professors deal with the time management issues involved with guiding student research. The following is a brief rationale and procedural outline explaining how the interchange between the two courses works. A discussion of the benefits and drawbacks associated with this type of pedagogical exercise concludes the piece.
Shear strength of electrorheological particle clusters

The electrorheological shear strength of clusters of small, humidified glass spheres with an average diameter ∼220 μm in silicone oil forming a rectangular or cubic lattice was determined with d.c. electrical field. The arrangement, shearing, and the yield and fracture processes of the clusters were observed. The shear strength of the cluster increased with the number of chains in a cluster and with the applied electrical field. The shear modulus was essentially independent of the number of chains in a cluster, but increased with applied field.
HCO3− use and evidence for a carbon concentrating process in the mat-forming cyanophyte Lyngbya birgei G.M. Smith

Abstract The macroscopic cyanophyte Lyngbya birgei G.M. Smith can form extensive floating mats and become an aquatic weed. This organism, when grown in the laboratory under low or relatively high inorganic carbon concentrations (0.1 or 1.0 mM HCO3−, representing a range found in nature), showed photosynthetic K1/2 values for inorganic carbon of 20 and 40 μM when using mainly CO2 (pH 5.5) and HCO3− (pH 9.0), respectively. Comparisons of photosynthetic rates and maximal uncatalyzed HCO3− dehydration rates indicated HCO3− uptake at the higher pH. Only at an unnaturally high inorganic carbon growth concentration (10 mM) did the affinity for HCO3− decrease. Inorganic carbon was concentrated internally in Lyngbya up to eight times external levels by a light and HCO3− (but apparently not CO2) dependent process. Internal inorganic carbon levels were about 2 mM at a range of ambient inorganic carbon concentrations occurring in mats. It is suggested that a resulting elevated internal CO2 level is the basis for the ability of this cyanophyte to suppress photorespiration. The efficient use of HCO3− and the capability to concentrate inorganic carbon are seen as adaptive features which optimize photosynthetic production of Lyngbya in mats, where HCO3− is the principal external carbon source available for photosynthesis and O2 levels are high during the day.
Effects of single versus multiple mates: monogamy results in increased fecundity for the beetle Phoracantha semipunctata.

Effects of polyandry versus monogamy were assessed for the beetle Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by comparing measures of female reproductive success, including fecundity, egg viability, time until eclosion, and clutch size. The effect of intermittent presence or absence of a male was also evaluated. Polyandry was detrimental to female reproductive success in comparison to monogamy. Fecundity, egg viability, and clutch size were lower, and time to eclosion were increased for eggs from females with multiple mates compared with monogamous females. Intermittent presence of males had no effect on female reproductive success. Possible explanations for the decreased fecundity experienced by females with multiple mates include sperm competition intensity, costs of male harassment, and exceeding the optimal mating frequency. Females may reduce costs associated with polyandry by spending less time on host logs where mating occurs.
Freeway On-ramp Bottleneck Activation, Capacity and the Fundamental Relationship

Abstract This study examines traffic behavior in the vicinity of a freeway bottleneck, revisiting commonly held assumptions and uncovering systematic biases that likely have distorted empirical studies of bottleneck formation, capacity drop, and the fundamental relationship (FR). This simulation-based study examines an on-ramp bottleneck using Newell's lower order car following model with a driver relaxation factor added for the vehicles that enter or are immediately behind an entering vehicle (termed “affected vehicles”). The affected vehicles will tolerate a truncated headway for a little while after an entrance but slowly relax back to their preferred speed-spacing relationship. All other vehicles remain on their preferred speed-spacing relationship throughout. Simulating conventional detector measurements, we show that flow is supersaturated in any sample containing an affected vehicle with a truncated headway, i.e., the flow is higher than the underlying FR would predict. This systematic bias is not readily apparent in the detector measurements and during the initial queue formation the supersaturated states can exceed the bottleneck capacity. As the affected drivers relax, the high flows become unsustainable so a queue initially forms downstream of the on-ramp (consistent with earlier empirical results) only later receding upstream past the on-ramp. This initial phase of activation often lasts several minutes. Without any evidence of queuing upstream of the ramp, the conventional point bottleneck model would erroneously indicate that the bottleneck is inactive. Thus, an empirical study or traffic responsive ramp meter could easily mistake the supersaturated flows to be capacity flow, when in fact these supersaturated flows simply represent system loading during the earliest portion of bottleneck activation. Instead of flow dropping “from capacity”, we see flow drop “to capacity” from supersaturation. We also discuss how the supersaturated states distort empirically observed FR. We speculate that these subtle mechanisms are very common and have confounded the results of many past empirical studies.
Nuclease-sensitivity of methylated DNA as a probe for chromatin reconstitution by genotoxicants.

Abstract DNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells was labeled with [ 14 C]thymidine and [methyl- 3 H]-1-methionine in culture, and their nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease. Not until 10 percent of bulk DNA was digested did methylated DNA appear in the acid-soluble fraction. When these cells were exposed to UV-radiation, alkylating agents and intercalating agents in culture, the resistance of methylated DNA to digestion by the nuclease was largely or completely eliminated. The change in the sensitivity of methylated DNA to the nuclease indicates a conformational change in chromatin induced by the genotoxicants.
Consumer Valuations and Preference Heterogeneity for a Novel Functional Food

Recent trends in the marketing of functional foods suggest that multiple-benefit products are becoming more common. Yet it is unclear which consumers are most interested in, or best served by, such novel or new generation functional foods. With emerging scientific evidence of efficacy and more diverse products offered for sale, a broader range of consumers are likely to become interested in dietary interventions to enhance health. Consumers will likely respond based on a range of motivation, health conditions, and knowledge levels suggesting “one size will not fit all.” Given such an evolving marketing environment, this paper presents 1 research technique exploring differences in consumer preferences and valuations for a novel functional food product—a tomato juice containing soy. A discrete choice experiment is applied to examine consumer valuation of this novel functional food. Data were collected from 1704 households in Ohio through a mail survey. The choice experiment manipulates whether or not the product is organic, whether it contains natural or fortified nutrients, and product price. Estimates of consumer willingness to pay a premium price are based on conditional logit and mixed logit models, which permit an examination of consumer preference and valuation heterogeneity for key product attributes. Results indicate that health benefits and ingredient naturalness are positively valued, but such preferences and valuations depend on an individual's education, income, and food purchase behavior. Naturally occurring nutrients are preferred over fortification. Considerable heterogeneity is found in the data suggesting that a range of market segments may exist.
Methods for Testing the CPT Theorem

The decay and interactions of the neutral K mesons are shown to provide some direct tests of the validity of the CPT theorem for weak interactions of strange particles. The connection with related tests of CP and T invariance is also discussed. It is found that the absence of a 2 pi decay mode of the K/sub 2/ is an indication of CP invariance of the nonleptonic interactions of the K meson but not a proof thereof. Even if CPT invariance is assumed, the 2 pi mode does not provide an unambiguous test of CP invariance. It is shown that the absence of a detectable charge asymmetry in the leptonic decay of the K/sub 2/ indicates either CPT or CP invariance of the leptonic interactions if the nonleptonlc interactions sre assumed to be CP invariant. A direct test of CP invariance would be provided by a measurement of the interference term in the leptonic decay curve of the K/sup 0/ as noted by Sachs and Treiman. A direct test of CPT invariance would be provided by an accurate measurement of the interference term for each of the charge states in the leptonic decay of the K/ sup 0/. It ismore » shown that a specific test of combined CPT and CP invariance of the weak interactions would be provided by a measurement of the elastic and regenerative scattering of K/sub 1/ and K/sub 2/ mesons by nuclei. The value of the K/sub 1/-K/sub 2/ mass difference determined by the interference method is found to be independent of the question of CPT or CP invariance. On the other hand the evidence for DELTA S = - DELTA Q transitions obtained from the ratio of the leptonic decay rates of K/sub 1/ and K/sub 2/ mesons does depend on the assumption of either CPT or CP invariance of the nonleptonic interactions. This ambiguity can be removed by an accurate determination of the charge asymmetry in the leptonic decays. (auth)« less
CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF NEONATAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE

Neonatal disease caused by group B beta hemolytic streptococci (GBS) has received considerable attention in recent years. A 5 year review of neonatal GBS disease was made to determine if an increase in incidence occurred and to define the spectrum of disease caused by this organism. 71 infants with GBS disease were seen from 1969 through 1973: 25 infants (35%) were encountered in 1973 alone. The incidence (per 1000 births) of GBS disease decreased from 1969 through 1972 and then significantly increased in 1973: 1.6 (‘69), 1.3 (‘70),1.O (‘71), 0.6 (‘72) and 2.4 (‘73). In contrast, the incidence of neonatal infection by Escherichia coli was unchanged during this period. Mortality rate was greater if septicemia or meningitis occurred within the first 48 hours of life (35%) compared to disease presenting later (15%). Previous reports have emphasized the septicemic and meningitic forms of neonatal GBS disease. In this study 12 of 71 infants (17%) manifested unusual or previously unrecognized forms of GBS infection: asymptomatic bacteremia in 4 infants, septic arthritis in 3 infants and osteomyelitis, ethmoiditis with orbital cellulitis, pneumonia with empyema, facial cellulitis, and conjunctivitis in 1 infant each. Familiarity with the diverse clinical presentations of neonatal GBS disease should increase prompt recognition and treatment as well as institution of appropriate epidemiologic controls to prevent spread of infection to personnel and other babies.
Symplectic Analogs of the Distributive Lattices L(m, n)

We introduce two families of symplectic analogs of the distributive lattices L(m, n). We give several combinatorial descriptions of these distributive lattices and use combinatorial methods to produce their rank generating functions. Using Proctor's sl(2, C) technique, we prove that these symplectic lattices are rank symmetric, rank unimodal, and strongly Sperner. This confirms a conjecture of Reiner and Stanton concerning one of these families of symplectic lattices. We describe how both families of symplectic lattices can be used to explicitly realize the fundamental representations of the symplectic Lie algebras.
Intelligent learning environments: using educational technology to assist complex problem solving

With the ever-increasing presence of information technology at all levels of education, educational software must advance in its utility and become integrated into curricula. Intelligent learning environments (ILEs) are software educational resources which encourage active, creative learning. The results of an empirical study involving sixth-grade students are presented which show how an ILE may be effective and engaging software while serving as an integral part of a constructivist learning experience.
A comparison of geometric approaches to assessing spatial similarity for GIR

This research compares the geographic information retrieval (GIR) performance of a set of logistic regression models with those of five non-probabilistic methods that compute a spatial similarity score for a query-document pair. All methods are applied to a test collection of queries and documents indexed spatially by two convex conservative geometric approximations: the minimum bounding box (MBB) and the convex hull. In the comparison, the tested logistic regression models outperform, in terms of standard information retrieval recall and precision measures, all of the non-probabilistic methods. The retrieval performance achieved by the logistic regression models on MBB approximations is similar to that achieved by the use of the non-probabilistic methods on convex hulls. Although these results are valid only for the test collection used in this study, they suggest that a logistic regression approach to GIR provides an alternative to the use of higher-quality geometric representations that are more difficult to obtain, implement, and process. Additionally, this research demonstrates the ability of a probabilistic approach to effectively incorporate information about geographic context in the spatial ranking process.
Hubble Space Telescope UV spectral observations of Io passing into eclipse

Time-resolved spectra of Io have been obtained with the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope in January 1992 at times centered on the passage of Io into Jupiter's shadow. Two different eclipse observations covered 1100-1600 A and 2250-3300 A. In the far ultraviolet(far-UV) range, emission lines of atomic sulfur and oxygen from Io's atmosphere (similar to those previously detected with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)) have been observed from Io in sunlight, and the spatial extent of the emitting region has been resolved for the first time: this is 0.5-1 Io radii (R(sub Io)) above the surface. The emission lines are typically 1kR in brightness while Io is in sunlight, and decrease to a few hundred Rayleighs within 20 min or less of Io's passing into shadow. If the emissions are produced in Io's ionosphere, the decrease in shadow appears consistent with the collisional slowing and recombination of photoelectrons in 100-1000 s, with recombination an important quenching process if the dominant ion is molecular (i.e., SO2(+)) condensation, with the residual emission in shadow due either to plasma impact of gas above the hot volcanic calderas or electron impact on S and O. In the near-UV range, we have not detected any airglow emissions from Io's atmosphere in shadow, with the main limitation being a high level of scattered light from Jupiter. We derive a 3 sigma upper limit to the 2560 A SO emission feature of 1 KR, which is close to what is expected from electron impact on SO2 based on the obs erved brightness of the FUV S and O lines in shadow. A high signal-to-noise spectrum of Io's albedo in sunlight reveals a spectral shape similar to laboratory spectra of SO2 frost reflectivity, and the relative albedo spectrum changed as Io passed into eclipse and part of the disk was in shadow. No specific SO2 gas absorption features appear in the albedo spectrum, although there could be substantial gas absorption near 2800 A if the individual lines are narrow and saturated. Finally, we present preliminary models for the near-UV spectrum of Io as functions of SO2 frost areal coverage and SO2 gas density.
Cartilagenous and Osseous Metaplasia in the Heart of an Albino Rat

Cartilagenous and osseous metaplasia were observed in the heart of a 370-day-old male Charles River-CD rat. The papillary muscle, chordae tendineae, subendocardium, and myocardium of the left ventricle were affected, and the lesions resembled in most instances an endochondral bone formation with primitive bone marrow. A few emboli of cartilage surrounded by fibrous tissue were also observed in the lumen of the left ventricle. Severe cardiomyopathies were noted, and these were associated with the metaplastic changes.
Introduction for Advances in Stroke 2011

In this issue of Stroke , we continue the tradition of the Advances Series introduced to Stroke in 2003. Annually, invited section editors are asked to reflect on important advances in …
The STARS leadership model for broadening participation in computing

Although demand for computing-related jobs is rising, enrollments in computing programs have been steadily dropping for the last 5 years. Participation by women and underrepresented minorities has also been declining. We have formed the STARS alliance to address the need to broaden participation in computing. Our innovative STARS leadership corps (SLC) engages college students in a community dedicated to giving back, persevering, and striving for excellence. The SLC model incorporates best practices in recruiting and retention in computing, and allows us to compare a broad array of student activities at diverse institutions. SLC students engage with each other and their communities, through their computing projects in outreach, research, or service, the annual STARS celebration conference, and ongoing professional development. We present the SLC model and preliminary results, which indicate that the SLC shows promise for sustained student retention and recruitment.
Neural antecedents of social decision-making in a partner choice task

Experiments in financial decision-making point to two complementary processes that encode prospective gain and loss preceding the choice to purchase consumer goods. These processes involve the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the right anterior insula, respectively. The current experiment used functional MRI to investigate whether these regions served a similar function during an analogous social decision-making task without the influence of monetary outcomes. In this task, subjects chose partners based on face stimuli of varying attractiveness (operationalizing value) and ratings of compatibility with the participant (operationalizing likelihood of rejection). The NAcc responded to anticipated gain; the right anterior insula responded to compatibility, but not in a manner that suggests an analogy to anticipated cost. Logistic regression modeling demonstrated that both regions predicted subsequent choice above and beyond the influence of group attractiveness ratings or compatibility alone. Although the function of the insula may differ between tasks, these results suggest that financial and social decision-making recruit a similar network of brain regions.
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS IN MASS MEDIA DECISION MAKING A Taxonomy, Research Strategy, and Illustrative Data Analysis

The article proposes a taxonomy consisting of nine levels of analysis and two forms of influence which operate within and between levels. Together with a multilevel research strategy, the taxonomy and the types of influence form a framework for the analysis of complex media decision systems. Data from a national sample of reporters are used to illustrate the multilevel research strategy. The results indicate that experience and the industry in which the reporter works explain more variance in autonomy than organization size.
Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous Enantiornithine Bird Rapaxavis pani

The exquisitely preserved longipterygid enantiornithine Rapaxavis pani is redescribed here after more extensive preparation. A complete review of its morphology is presented based on information gathered before and after preparation. Among other features, Rapaxavis pani is characterized by having an elongate rostrum (close to 60% of the skull length), rostrally restricted dentition, and schizorhinal external nares. Yet, the most puzzling feature of this bird is the presence of a pair of pectoral bones (here termed paracoracoidal ossifications) that, with the exception of the enantiornithine Concornis lacustris, are unknown within Aves. Particularly notable is the presence of a distal tarsal cap, formed by the fusion of distal tarsal elements, a feature that is controversial in non-ornithuromorph birds. The holotype and only known specimen of Rapaxavis pani thus reveals important information for better understanding the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of longipterygids, in particular, as well as bas...
Stroke in Women: Risk and Prevention Throughout the Lifespan

Women have a one in five chance of having a stroke during their lifetime. Although the majority of strokes occur in the oldest age groups, younger women have unique risks during their childbearing years because of pregnancy, preeclampsia, and the use of oral contraceptives. Fortunately, the absolute risk of stroke in these young women is low, but a history of preeclampsia during pregnancy or postpartum may be an indication of risk that carries over into later years after childbearing. In addition, menopause represents a risk because of the potential for increasing blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Early identification of stroke risk in women will help to minimize the effect of the stroke epidemic in older women.
White matter hyperintensity burden and disability in older adults: is chronic pain a contributor?

Objective To primarily explore differences in global and regional white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in older adults with self-reported disabling and nondisabling chronic low back pain (CLBP) and to examine the association of WMH with gait speed in all participants with CLBP. To secondarily compare WMH of the participants with CLBP with the pain-free controls. Design A cross-sectional, case-control study. Setting University of Pittsburgh. Participants Twenty-four community-dwelling older adults: 8 with self-reported disabling CLBP, 8 with nondisabling CLBP, and 8 were pain-free. Exclusions were psychiatric or neurologic disorders (either central or peripheral), substance abuse, opioid use, or diabetes mellitus. Methods All participants underwent structural brain magnetic resonance imaging, and all participants with CLBP underwent the 4-m walk test. Main Outcome Measurements All the participants were assessed for both global and regional WMH by using an automated localization and segmentation method, and gait speed of participants with CLBP. Results The disabled group demonstrated statistically significant regional WMH in a number of left hemispheric tracts: anterior thalamic radiation ( P = .0391), lower cingulate ( P = .0336), inferior longitudinal fasciculus ( P = .0367), superior longitudinal fasciculus ( P = .0011), and the superior longitudinal fasciculus branch to the temporal lobe ( P = .0072). Also, there was a statistically significant negative association ( r s = −0.57; P = .0225) between the left lower cingulate WMH and the gait speed in all the participants with CLBP. There was a statistical difference in global WMH burden ( P = .0014) and nearly all regional tracts (both left and right hemispheres) when comparing CLBP with pain-free participants. Conclusions Our findings suggest that WMH is associated with, and hence, may be accelerated by chronic pain manifesting as perceived disability, given the self-reported disabled CLBP patients had the greatest burden, and the pain free the least, and manifesting as measurable disability, given increasing WMH was associated with decreasing gait speed in all chronic pain participants.
Visual planner: beyond prerequisites, designing an interactive course planner for a 21st century flexible curriculum

In the 21st century knowledge economy there is a growing need for the types of creative thinkers who can bridge the engineering mindset with the creative mindset, combining multiple types of skills. New economies will need workers who have "diagonal" skill sets, who can develop systems and content as an integrative process. This requires a new type of training and curriculum. In the newly formed "Digital Culture" undergraduate program at ASU, we attempt to support new types curricula by structuring differently the way students move through courses. With a constantly shifting and changing curriculum, structuring course enrollment using class "prerequisites" leads to fixed and rigid pathways through the curriculum. Instead, Digital Culture structures course sequences based on the students accumulation of abstract "Proficiencies" which are collected by students as they complete courses, and which act as keys to unlock access to higher level course. As a student accumulates more and more of these proficiencies, they are increasingly able to unlock new courses. This system leads to more flexible and adaptive pathways through courses while ensuring that students are prepared for entrance into more advanced classes. It is however more complicated and requires that students strategically plan their route through the curriculum. In order to support this kind of strategic planning we have designed and deployed a course planning system where students can simulate various possible paths through the curriculum. In this paper, we show our design process in coming up with our "Digital Culture Visual Planner". This design process starts with a network analysis of how all the Digital Culture courses are interrelated by, visualizing the relationships between "proficiencies" and courses. A number of possible design directions result from this analysis. Finally we select a single design and refine it to be understandable, useful and usable by new undergraduate Digital Culture majors.