cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Harm’s Way in America: The Burden of Gun Violence

Gun violence in the USA annually accounts for vast suffering and death, yet many of us have become so habituated to it that we fail to grasp its scale or impact. It takes a heavy toll on American children, especially children in America’s inner cities. While its direct carnage is quite massive, its indirect impacts are quite pervasive as well. We, as a society, suffer decade after decade by failing to understand the range of impacts of our national policies of open firearm access that allow a spread of handguns and other firearms to proliferate across homes and communities throughout our country (Garbarino, 1999; Kopel, 1995; Prothrow-Smith, 1991). We lead the developed nations of the world in firearm homicides, and our children, families, and society at large pays a heavy price (Cook & Ludwig, 2000). In 1998, the City of Chicago, for example, in a lawsuit against some gun manufacturers and gun store operators sought to recover monies that the city incurred in 4 years of police, medical, and other municipal expenses required for addressing firearm violence. The costs borne by the city and its taxpayers were estimated at $433 million (Butterfield, 1998, 2002).
Food and Drug Administration: Helping pharmacists ensure that patients receive high-quality medicines

Abstract Objectives Ensuring that the drugs patients take are safe and effective is critical to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mission and a major reason for testing an active pharmaceutical ingredient or currently marketed drug product. To address gaps in the assessment of drug quality, FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) has created the Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ). Summary This newly formed “super-office” within CDER launched a concerted new strategy that enhances the surveillance of drug manufacturing and will bring a comprehensive approach to quality oversight. Conclusion With OPQ and these new performance measures in place, FDA can sharpen its focus on issues critical to quality and can identify and respond to manufacturing issues before they become major systemic problems.
Heart Failure and Sleep-Disordered Breathing — The Plot Thickens

Central sleep apnea occurring within the cyclic breathing pattern of Cheyne–Stokes respiration has been reported to be common in patients with heart failure.1 During sleep, episodes of hyperventilation followed by a complete cessation (apnea) or decrease (hypopnea) in breathing are associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturations, arousals, and sympathetic nervous system activation that could be deleterious to the failing heart. Thus, suppression of central sleep apneas and hypopneas seemed to be a reasonable target in the treatment of patients with heart failure. Cowie et al.2 now describe in the Journal the results of the SERVE-HF (Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing with Predominant Central . . .
Use of a rotary battery-powered device for the collection of bone marrow in dogs and cats

Bone marrow biopsies form an important part of investigations into a large number of conditions in veterinary patients. In the human field, powered drivers specifically designed for the collection of bone marrow have become available. These systems have been shown to obtain better quality bone marrow, more quickly and with less pain. This study showed that a powered rotary bone marrow collection system could be used in dogs and cats to collect bone marrow, easily and without complications. Good quality bone marrow aspirates were obtained in the majority of patients; where aspirates could not be collected it was not possible to obtain aspirates from alternative sites using a standard manual technique. Bone marrow core samples were of increased size (mean useable area 16.5 mm 2 ), compared to samples obtained using a standard manual technique (mean useable area 4.1 mm 2 , P
GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF AUTOPOLYPLOIDY IN TOLMIEA (SAXIFRAGACEAE).

Although there is an extensive literature on the genetic attributes of allopolyploids, very little information is available regarding the genetic consequences of autopolyploidy in natural populations. We therefore addressed the major predicted genetic consequences of autopolyploidy using diploid and tetraploid populations of Tolmiea menziesii. Individual autotetraploid plants frequently maintain three or four alleles at single loci: 39% of the 678 tetraploid plants exhibited three or four alleles for at least one locus. Heterozygosity was also significantly higher in autotetraploid populations than in diploid populations: H° = 0.070 and 0.237 in diploid and tetraploid Tolmiea, respectively. Most of the genetic diversity in T. menziesii is maintained within populations (ratio of gene diversity within populations to mean total genetic diversity = 0.636). The total genetic diversity due to differentiation between the two cytotypes is only 0.055. Such a low degree of differentiation between cytotypes would be expected between a diploid and its autotetraploid derivative. Most diploid and all tetraploid populations examined are in genetic equilibrium. Diploid and tetraploid Tolmiea share three or four alleles at six of eight polymorphic loci. This suggests that either autotetraploid Tolmiea was formed via crossing of genetically different diploids (perhaps via a triploid intermediate) or autopolyploidy occurred more than once in separate individual plants, followed by later crossing of autotetraploids.
Brian Phillips Murphy, Building the Empire State: Political Economy in the Early Republic

Brian Phillips Murphy, Building the Empire State: Political Economy in the Early Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) 304 pages. $49.95, ISBN: 9780812247169. Brian Phillips Murphy’s impressive and richly documented account about the state and the marketplace in early republican New York will be of great interest to legal historians. Between the American Revolution and the Civil War, he argues, New York politicians used regulatory power to create institutions that channeled commerce and development to the northeast and west. Murphy’s sophisticated method, which is reminiscent of J. Willard Hurst’s approach to legal and policy history, is perhaps the most noteworthy of his contributions. From the start, Murphy promises to show how “formal rules of the game” and “informal norms of behavior” shaped law and policy in the early republic. (6) In each of the vivid case studies that constitute the chapters of this book, Murphy delivers on … rhoyos{at}swlaw.edu
CT Findings of Chest and Abdomal Malignant Lymphoma in Children

Objective To discuss the CT findings of chest and abdomal malignant lymphomas in children. Methods 33 cases with malignant lymphomas in the chest or abdomen were reviewed, 23 males,10 females, mean age was 6.3 years old. All patients were administrated by the CT scanning. Results Of the 14 cases with malignant lymphomas in the chest, 10 cases were Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL) and the other 4 were Hodgkin's diease(HD). Of the 19 cases which had malignant lymphomas in the abdomen, 15 cases were NHL, 4 cases were HD. CT characteristics were listed: lymphomas in the chest mostly lied in the front and the mid mediastinum; lymphomas in the abdomen often lied in the post-peritoneum and mesentery; the masses were often mixed together and had a clear edge; the density was well-distributed and close to the muscles; no calcify could be seen in non-treated patients; most tumors presented as mildly to moderately well-distributed enhancement after contrast administration. The coexistence of the ill-distributed and the well-distributed enhancement could be seen in the others; necrotic and cystic tumors were rare; The tumor edges became more clearer after contrast administration but no envelope. There are 5 differences between NHL and HD, including accidences, ages, sizes of tumors, positions and prognosis. Conclusions There are some characteristics of the CT findings on chest and abdomal malignant lymphoma in children; CT scan is the first choice of imaging diagnosis.
Study on C.freundii cplx with the same antigen of Salmonella

Objective:To analyze the C.freundii cplx with double antigen and excluding detection of Salmonella.Methods: After isolating,culturing and serological test,the bacterium was identified by automatic biochemical analyzer.Results: Of 15 samples,6 strains were C.freundi cplx,the result of Salmonella A-I and A-F "O" polyvalent diagnostic serum test was positive and of "O" and "H" factor serum analysis was negative.C.freundi cplx was 99.99% confirmed by biochemical result.Conclusion: C.freundii cplx had positive result of Salmonella A-I and A-F "O" polyvalent diagnostic serum analysis,but it doesn′t accord with biochemical result,so the C.freundii cplx was detected in 6 anal swab samples and 1 food sample.
Global and Regional Brain Assessment with Quantitative MR Imaging in Patients with Prior Exposure to Linear Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents

Quantitative assessment of T1 and T2 demonstrated an association with the number and volume of prior gadolinium-based contrast agent administration, especially in gray matter structures.
Citizenship as Foundation of Rights: Meaning for America

Citizenship as Foundation of Rights explores the nature and meaning of American citizenship and the rights flowing from citizenship in the context of current debates around politics, including immigration. The book explains the sources of citizenship rights in the Constitution and focuses on three key citizenship rights - the right to vote, the right to employment, and the right to travel in the US. It explains why those rights are fundamental and how national identification systems and ID requirements to vote, work and travel undermine the fundamental citizen rights. Richard Sobel analyzes how protecting citizens' rights preserves them for future generations of citizens and aspiring citizens here. No other book offers such a clarification of fundamental citizen rights and explains how ID schemes contradict and undermine the constitutional rights of American citizenship.
Healthcare Provider Attitudes of Safety of Intrauterine Devices in the Postpartum Period

Abstract Objective: Immediate postpartum intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been underutilized in the United States despite their known safety. Understanding how providers' attitudes contribute to underutilization is important in improving access. Our objective was to examine healthcare providers' perceptions of the safety of immediate postpartum IUDs before publication of United States contraceptive guidelines. Materials and Methods: We analyzed survey data collected from December 2009 to March 2010 from 635 office-based physicians and 1368 Title X clinic providers (overall response rate of 64.8%). Providers were asked how safe they thought copper and levonorgestrel (LNG) IUDs were in postpartum women (very safe, safe, unsafe, very unsafe, and unsure). Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for characteristics associated with considering immediate and delayed postpartum IUDs to be safe. Results: Less than 40% of respondents...
Access to capital and small business growth: evidence from CRA loans data

In this paper, we use geographic and time variation of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) small business loans to study the effects of access to capital on small business growth in the USA at the county level. Grounded in theoretical models of imperfect financial markets and entrepreneurship dynamics, we use a panel of 3050 counties over the 1996–2010 period and find that, in general, CRA loans have a statistically significant positive effect on small business growth for the full sample of 3050 counties. This effect holds for different estimation techniques and robustness checks. More importantly, the results hold when we correct for the endogeneity of the CRA loans. The results also hold when the counties are classified into urban, rural, and low and moderate income.
A life undefined by cancer.

“You have cancer”: 3 simple words of 4 syllables and 13 letters. My analytic mind will always try to break problems down into their smaller parts; perhaps it’s a mechanism to better understand an issue or to maintain control by deconstructing something to its basic elements, or maybe it is a
O8 The relationship between t1ρ magnetic resonance imaging & ultrasonography measurements of the talar cartilage in individuals with chronic ankle instabiltiy

Study Design Correlational study. Objectives To determine if T1ρ MRI is associated with ultrasonography(US) measurements of talar cartilage in those with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Background Recurrent ankle injuries are a leading cause of post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis (PTAOA). Reduced proteoglycan density (PGD) measured using T1ρ MRI is an early indicator of PTOA. US has been used to monitor joint health in people with knee OA, but the relationship between US and T1ρ MRI in CAI patients remains unknown. Methods and Measures 9 CAI patients participated. T1ρ MRI was performed using a Siemens Magnetom TIM Trio 3T scanner. Segmentation of the T1ρ MRI images was done using ITK-SNAP software. Four regions of interest (ROI): anteromedial (AM), anterolateral (AL), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) were identified. Talar cartilage thickness was measured using ultrasound while patients were positioned supine on the examination table. The ultrasound transducer was positioned for a longitudinal view over the medial, middle, and lateral aspect of the talocrural joint. The thickness was measured using the ImageJ software program at the midpoint of each image. Correlations between mean T1ρ relaxation times and cartilage thickness values in each ROI were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Statistical significance was set at p Results A significant correlation between T1ρ relaxation time (r=0.786, p=0.012) in the PL ROI and middle talar cartilage thickness was noted and a trend was noted for middle talar cartilage and T1ρ relaxation times in the PM (r=0.647, p=0.060) ROI. No other significant correlations were found. Conclusions Positive correlations between T1ρ relaxation times (higher T1ρ=less PGD density) and greater talar cartilage thickness may be explained by increased water content (swelling) in the cartilage due to greater cartilage breakdown. US measurements may be able to detect early degenerative change in CAI patients but further research is needed.
Computer Versus Paper-Based Testing: Are They Equivalent When it Comes to Working Memory?:

School systems across the country are transitioning from paper-based testing (PBT) to computer-based testing (CBT). As this technological shift occurs, more research is necessary to understand the practical and performance implications of administering CBTs. Currently, there is a paucity of research using CBTs to examine working memory (WM) performance, even though CBTs may negatively influence performance. The present study compared a WM CBT and PBT and found enhanced WM performance on the PBT across several verbal and visuospatial WM tests. This pattern was evident even after age was controlled, indicating that test mode effects were persistent across ages (4-11 years). CBTs on WM performance may yield lower scores due to developmental WM differences, increased cognitive workload, test mode effects stemming from individual access to technology, and participant characteristics, such as developmental, biological, or gender differences. The presence of divergent WM in CBT and PBT indicates the need for add...
A Multigrid Newton-Krylov Solver for Non-linear Systems

We present a technique which solves systems of nonlinear equations. The technique couples two solution methods together, multigrid and Newton-Krylov, producing in a method which efficiently uses the strengths of each technique. A form of distributed relaxation multigrid is used to solve systems of scalar linear equations which are then combined to provide efficient preconditioners for the Newton-Krylov method. This new method can be viewed as an alternative to other nonlinear multigrid solvers. Results will be presented for a steady state fluid flow and transient heat conduction.
Tools For Conviviality : Argument, Insight, Influence

Ivan Illich is the author of more than ten books during the last twenty years published in over a dozen languages. In their diversity these works can appear to defy thematic unity. Their focus seems variously to be pastoral theology, education, development policy, medicine, economics, urban planning, gender, literacy. What follows is an exercise in taking one of these books, Tools for Conviviality, as central to the Illich corpus as capable of benefiting from a detailed interpretive analysis.1
Conceptualizing Beauty: A Content Analysis of U.S. and French Women's Magazine Advertisements

Although beauty is a major industry, it is elusive and based on culture. The purpose of this investigation is to expand the idea of female beauty beyond physical characteristics through an exploration of women’s magazine advertisements from France and the United States. Over 570 ads from ten women’s fashion magazines are content analyzed. Among the major findings is that American publications consist of more hair care and makeup products than in France, in contrast, French magazines include more ads for lotions and perfumes. In terms of tone, people in American publications show more smiles, while people in France are more bizarre and sexy. American advertisements present more women, non-working women, and women as decoration than their French counterparts. French publications show more men with family and people in endorsement roles. Differences illustrate cultural priorities and beauty ideas.
Valproate for Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a disorder commonly treated with monotherapy-antipsychotic medications. Despite this treatment, 30% of persons suffering this disorder will still experience symptoms that severely ...
Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry of acidic phosphorylated peptides cationized with trivalent praseodymium.

The lanthanide ion praseodymium, Pr(III), was employed to study metallated ion formation and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) of 27 biological and model highly acidic phosphopeptides. All phosphopeptides investigated form metallated ions by electrospray ionization (ESI) that can be studied by ETD to yield abundant sequence information. The ions formed are [M + Pr - H]2+ , [M + Pr]3+ , and [M + Pr + H]4+ . All biological phosphopeptides with a chain length of seven or more residues generate [M + Pr]3+ . For biological phosphopeptides, [M + Pr]3+ undergoes more backbone cleavage by ETD than [M + Pr - H]2+ and, in some cases, full sequence coverage occurs. Acidic model phosphorylated hexa-peptides and octa-peptides, composed of alanine residues and one phosphorylated residue, form exclusively [M + Pr - H]2+ by ESI. Limited sequence information is obtained by ETD of [M + Pr - H]2+ with only metallated product ions being generated. For two biological phosphopeptides, [M + Pr + H]4+ is observed and may be due to the presence of at least one residue with a highly basic side chain that facilitates the addition of an extra proton. For the model phosphopeptides, more sequence coverage occurs when the phosphorylated residue is in the middle of the sequence than at either the N- or C-terminus. ETD of the metallated precursor ions formed by ESI generates exclusively metallated and nonmetallated c- and z-ions for the biological phosphopeptides, while metallated c-ions, z-ions, and a few y-ions form for the model phosphopeptides. Most of the product ions contain the phosphorylated residue indicating that the metal ion binds predominantly at the deprotonated phosphate group. The results of this study indicate that ETD is a promising tool for sequencing highly acidic phosphorylated peptides by metal adduction with Pr (III) and, by extension, all nonradioactive lanthanide metal ions.
Doubly-Robust Estimation of Effect of Imaging Resource Utilization on Discharge Decisions in Emergency Departments

Cluster analysis provides a data-driven multidimensional approach for identifying distinct subgroups of patients in a cohort. Each of the clusters represents a particular health condition with specific clinical trajectory and medical needs. Patients visiting emergency rooms do not share the same health condition, therefore discriminating between groups may have implications for diagnostic testing and resource utilization. We carried out this retrospective cohort study on 13825 patients who visited the emergency rooms in three Emory hospitals presenting with head trauma and non-stroke-like non-specific neurologic symptoms from January 2010 to September 2015. We utilized k-means clustering to find five distinct subgroups. Then, we investigated if getting an emergency head CT scan could have a statistically significant effect on getting discharged from the hospital. Adjusted effect estimation method was applied on each cluster to estimate the association between receiving a diagnostic test (e.g., head CT scan) on the disposition status. Out of five patient subgroups in the cohort, the chance of getting discharged for two clusters were significantly affected by getting a head CT scan. They both include comparatively older, African American or black patients who arrived in the ER with EMS, the latter suggesting critical health conditions.
Predicting dynamic balance improvements following 4-weeks of balance training in chronic ankle instability patients

Abstract Objectives Balance training typically features as a central component of exercise-based rehabilitation programs for patients with lateral ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability (CAI). The purpose of this study was to conduct a responder/non-responder analysis using existing data to identify factors associated with improvements in dynamic balance performance in CAI patients. Design Secondary data analysis. Methods Data was used from 73 CAI patients who participated in 6 previous investigations that used the same balance training program. We defined treatment success as a patient exceeding the minimal detectable change score (8.15%) for the posteriomedial direction of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT-PM). Baseline measures of participant and injury demographics, patient-reported function, and dynamic balance were entered into a step-wise logistic regression model to determine the best set of predictors of treatment success. Results Only 28 out of 73 patients (38.4%) demonstrated a successful improvement in SEBT-PM reach after balance training. Of the variables assessed, SEBT-PM reach distance ≤85.18% and self-reported function activities of daily living score ≤92.55% were significant predictors of treatment success (p Conclusions Without screening, less than 40% of CAI patients experience a meaningful improvement in SEBT-PM following balance training. Completing a brief pre-treatment assessment of a patient- and clinician-oriented outcome can significantly improve the probability of determining patients with CAI who may improve dynamic balance after balance training.
Cartilage tissue engineering combining microspheroid building blocks and microneedle arrays

Purpose: Scaffold-free cartilage tissue engineering circumvents issues with scaffold seeding, potential toxicity response, and impaired host integration. However, precisely controlling and maintain...
Intramolecular cycloaddition of isomünchnones derived from the rhodium(II) catalyzed cyclization of diazoimides

Abstract Rhodium(II) catalysis of various diazoimides containing tethered π-systems results in isomunchnone dipole formation followed by intramolecular dipolar-cycloaddition.
The Influence of Race and Ethnicity on the Relationship between Family Resilience and Parenting Stress in Caregivers of Children with Autism.

We examined the relationship between family resilience and parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder, with a specific focus on race/ethnicity as a moderator. Multivariate models indicated that family resilience was associated with parenting stress. Race/ethnicity significantly moderated the relationship between family resilience and parenting stress. The effects of family resilience on parenting stress were significantly different among parents of African American, Hispanic, and white children. These effects were strongest for parents of African American children. Compared to white and Hispanic children, parents of African American children with low levels of family resilience had 60–82% higher probability of parenting stress; while those with high levels of family resilience had 15–18% lower probability for parenting stress.
The Aftermath of Hamilton's

Alexander Hamilton's Report on Manufactures (1791) is a classic document in the history of U.S. economic policy, but its fate in Congress is not well known. It is commonly believed that the report was never implemented. Although Hamilton's proposals for bounties (subsidies) failed to receive support, virtually every tariff recommendation put forward in the report was adopted by Congress in early 1792. These tariffs were not highly protectionist duties because Hamilton feared discouraging imports, which were the critical tax base on which he planned to fund the public debt. Indeed, because Hamilton's policy toward manufacturing was one of encouragement and not protection, those interests shifted their political support from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans during the 1790s.
Extension of HyperGraph to n-SuperHyperGraph and to Plithogenic n-SuperHyperGraph, and Extension of HyperAlgebra to n-ary (Classical-/Neutro-/Anti-)HyperAlgebra

We recalland improveour 2019conceptsof n-Power Set of a Set, n-SuperHyperGraph, Plithogenic n-SuperHyperGraph, andn-ary HyperAlgebra, n-ary NeutroHyperAlgebra, n-ary AntiHyperAlgebrarespectively, and we present several properties and examples connected with thereal world.
A Bluff-and-Fix Algorithm for Polynomial Chaos Methods

Stochastic Galerkin methods can be used to approximate the solution to a differential equation in the presence of uncertainties represented as stochastic inputs or parameters. The strategy is to express the resulting stochastic solution using \(M + 1\) terms of a polynomial chaos expansion and then derive and solve a deterministic, coupled system of PDEs with standard numerical techniques. One of the critical advantages of this approach is its provable convergence as M increases. The challenge is that the solution to the M system cannot easily reuse an already-existing computer solution to the \(M-1\) system. We present a promising iterative strategy to address this issue. Numerical estimates of the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm (bluff-and-fix) demonstrate that it can be more effective than using monolithic methods to solve the whole M + 1 system directly.
A Dyadic Examination of Drinking Behaviors within Military-Connected Couples

High rates of alcohol use have been documented within military personnel and spouses. However, scant research has investigated alcohol consumption behaviors in matched couples or nonclinical vetera...
Rotational pumping revisited

This paper considers a pure electron plasma, with a small admixture of negative ions, confined in a Penning–Malmberg trap. When a diocotron mode is excited on the plasma, the end sheaths of the plasma are azimuthally distorted. During reflection at a distorted end sheath, an ion steps off of the surface characterizing the drift motion in the plasma interior, and this step produces transport. The diocotron mode transfers canonical angular momentum to the ions, and in response damps. These transport mechanism and associated damping are called rotational pumping. It is particularly strong when the axial bounce motion and the rotational drift motion, in the rotating frame of the mode, satisfy a resonance condition. This paper calculates the transport flux of ions and the associated damping rate of the mode in the resonant regime. Previous papers have discussed the theory and the experimental observation of rotational pumping for the special case of a diocotron mode with azimuthal wave number l = 1, and this paper extends the theory to modes with l≠1, which may sound like a trivial extension, but in fact is not.
The emerging role of open technologies for community-based improvement of cryopreservation and quality management for repository development in aquatic species.

Abstract Genetic resources of aquatic species are of tremendous value, but worldwide these are maintained almost exclusively as live populations. This is extremely expensive and insecure, and largely results from a pervasive lack of production capability, quality management, and reproducibility in cryopreservation that are barriers in development of germplasm repositories. Community-based technology approaches are emerging that can stimulate research previously limited by a lack of affordable, customizable equipment. Open-access technologies can provide for custom design and fabrication not available through traditional manufacturing. This can assist repository development with robust sample production methods and strong quality management, and can greatly improve reproducibility and standardization. Open technologies can support establishment of new communities of users, makers, and developers that collectively strive to develop open hardware in a distributed (i.e., non-centralized) fashion that can yield aggregate throughput. This occurs through use of consumer-level tools, supplies, software, and equipment, free exchange of designs and modifications, and a shared sense of mission. For cryopreservation and repository development, we have identified 14 categories of open hardware for a processing pathway, and six categories for a quality management pathway. Open hardware offers economic incentives to develop repositories for aquatic species, something that has not occurred despite 70 years of research largely focused on protocol development rather than practical applications. Advanced development of custom scientific hardware enhancing open technologies will be facilitated by interdisciplinary collaboration across biological and engineering fields. This manuscript is a contribution to the Special Issue in memory of Dr. Duane Garner, a leader in the sperm biology.
Historical Maps provide insight into a century and a half of habitat change in Fijian coasts.

Meaningful conservation goals require setting baselines derived from long-term ecological records and information that is rare in many regions of the world. Historical data allow us to shift baselines back in time in order to strengthen conservation outcomes in the future.To explore how different histories of land use and development influenced coastal ecosystems in two Fijian cities (Suva and Savusavu), we compared a series of historical navigational charts. These charts recorded change in coral reef area and coastal mangrove forests, as well as expansions of hardened shorelines. We used geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference and make quantitative comparisons starting in 1,840 in Suva and 1876 in Savusavu.Our findings show that, despite increasing urbanization in the capital Suva, available coral reef habitat has not significantly changed in over 150 years, but development has hastened a nearly 50% loss of mangroves. Meanwhile, in the smaller city of Savusavu, coral habitats suffered significant loss in area and an increase in patchiness. As in Suva, shoreline hardening increased in Savusavu, but this change was not accompanied by a loss of mangroves.Nautical charts provided hitherto unavailable information on the long-term loss and alteration of coastal habitats in Fiji. Historical ecology allows scientists to combat shifting baseline syndrome and set measured standards for conservation objectives.
Estimation of the strength of mate preference from mated pairs observed in the wild.

A number of key processes in evolution are driven by individuals preferring mates with particular phenotypes. However, despite longstanding interest, it is difficult to quantify the strength of mate preference from phenotypic observations in nature in a way that connects directly to key parameters in theoretical models. To bridge the gap between mathematical models and empirical data, we develop a novel maximum likelihood-based method to estimate the strength and form of mate preference, where preference depends on traits expressed in both males and females. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that our method accurately infers model parameters, including the strength of mate preference and the optimal offset match between trait values in mated pairs when model assumptions are satisfied. Applying our method to two previous studies of assortative mating in marine gastropods and the European common frog, we support previous findings, but also give additional insight into the role of mate preference in each system. Our method can be generalized to a variety of plant and animal taxa that exhibit mating preferences to facilitate the testing of evolutionary hypotheses and link empirical data to theoretical models of assortative mating, sexual selection, and speciation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Additive Fuzzy Systems as Generalized Probability Mixture Models

Additive fuzzy systems generalize the popular mixture-density models of machine learning. Additive fuzzy systems map inputs to outputs by summing fired then-parts sets and then taking the centroid of the sum. This additive structure produces a simple convex structure: Outputs are convex combinations of the centroids of the fired then-part sets. Additive systems are uniform function approximators and admit simple learning laws that grow and tune rules from sample data. They also behave as conditional expectations with conditional variances and other higher moment that describe their uncertainty. But they suffer from exponential rule explosion in high dimensions. Extending finite-rule additive systems to fuzzy systems with continuum-many rules overcomes the problem of rule explosion if a higher-level mixture structure acts as a system of tunable meta-rules. Monte Carlo sampling can then compute fuzzy-system outputs.
Enriched Open Field Facilitates Exercise and Social Interaction in 2 Strains of Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

Current housing guidelines for laboratory rodents include recommendations for enrichment. Working with guinea pigs, we have developed an open-field enrichment paradigm that provides several aspects of this species' natural environment. These naturalistic aspects include access to increased space for exploration, access to western timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, and grouping as a herd to facilitate social interaction. To determine the immediate effect on behavior from access to the enriched environment, female guinea pigs from 2 strains, IAF Hairless and NIH Hartley, were observed in both standard home cages and an open-field enriched environment. Subjects were housed with cagemates in pairs for the home-cage observation and were grouped as a herd when in the open-field arena. Behaviors were videorecorded for 1 h and then scored. Salivary cortisol levels were measured both prior to and immediately after behavioral observations. Analyses revealed higher levels of activity and social interaction in the open-field arena compared with the home cage, with no significant change in salivary cortisol levels. These results suggest that exposure to the open-field environment provide increased opportunities for exercise and social enrichment. Although additional studies are needed to determine long-term effects on experimental outcomes, the open-field configuration holds promise as a laboratory enrichment paradigm for guinea pigs.
Fast algorithm for electromagnetic solution of modified-geometry problems

A fast algorithm is presented for the full-wave electromagnetic scattering solution of a class of modified-geometry problems. The algorithm assumes that the solution for a scattering structure, which, in general, may be composed of multiple scatterers, is known and stored. With the addition of a new scatterer to the problem, this algorithm avoids the solution of the modified problem from the beginning, and, instead, makes use of the stored solution of the original structure. This algorithm reduces not only the computation time but also the computational complexity of the solution from O(n/sup 3/) to O(n/sup 2/), if there are n unknowns in the problem. >
Satellite‐Based Analysis of Ecological Controls for Land‐Surface Evaporation Resistance

Lack of available water constrains ecological processes for two-thirds of the earth's biosphere. These water limitations are manifested as either physical water deficiency or as a chemical unavailability of water as a result of being frozen. This article summarizes global principles of water limitations on the biosphere, and physiological limitations on plants. It presents hydrometeorological principles of evapotranspiration and organizing logic of the soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models commonly used to compute evapotranspiration. We then introduce remote sensing from both optical/thermal and active/passive microwave sensors for calculating landscape scale evapotranspiration. Finally, we offer a multisensor-based integrated surface resistance to define landscape water availability under all conditions. Keywords: evapotranspiration; surface resistance; drought; freeze–thaw; remote sensing; vegetation; MODIS; HYDROS
Seeing Feeling: Queer Voyeurism in À la recherche du temps perdu

This article examines the constitutive pattern created by the Proustian narrator’s repeated performance as a peeping Tom. Drawing on psychoanalysis, queer studies, visual culture, and affect and performance theories, this study expands the repertoire that has heretofore been limited to homosexual primal scenes by focusing on queer elements linking a number of voyeuristic moments in A la recherche du temps perdu . As unconventional primal scenes, these passages serve to break down heterosexual/homosexual and man/woman dichotomies through the inclusion of multiple participants of all genders and sexualities. That is, the repetition and authorization of such scenarios function as a performative discourse that advocates for queer sexualities in the novel. In addition to analysis dedicated to the implications of these erotic performances, significant attention is given to the protagonist’s role as voyeur. By highlighting the pleasure that the narrator experiences as a peeping Tom, this article argues that, rather than endeavour to label the Proustian narrator as homosexual or heterosexual, a more productive approach would be to avoid such strict binaries and focus more on his erotic experiences; namely, to view his voyeurism of men and women of various sexual leanings as representative of his sexual preferences.
Dual-use mobile detachable manipulator-(DM)/sup 2/

Presents the development of a novel mobile robot concept, the dual-use mobile detachable manipulator, or the (DM)/sup 2/, for the lunar environment. The robot comprises two basic parts, namely a mobile base and a manipulator which can step on the base, or detach from the base with self-mobility. When the manipulator attaches on the base, it is capable of moving on the lunar surface for exploration tasks such as surface survey, measurement, and transportation. When the manipulator detaches from the base, it can walk (or climb) on a lunar station structure such as a manufacturing center or testbed for maintenance tasks such as structure inspection, part delivery, and simple assembly. Here the authors report the development of the concept, the design of the manipulator and preliminary experiments, a graphical simulator, a real-time control hardware and software, low-level control scheme, coordination of both base and manipulator, and a 1/6 gravity compensation system. >
Eosinophils in delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction sites.

Guinea pigs immunized with egg albumin or an azobenzene arsanate conjugate of acetyl-tyrosine (ABA-tyr) in complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant can develop eosinophil-containing delayed hyperse...
Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis

Hypermethylation of regulatory sequences at the locus of the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene GSTP1 was detected in 20 of 20 human prostatic carcinoma tissue specimens studied but not in normal tissues or prostatic tissues exhibiting benign hyperplasia. In addition, a striking decrease in GSTP1 expression was found to accompany human prostatic carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-GSTP1 antibodies failed to detect the enzyme in 88 of 91 prostatic carcinomas analyzed. In vitro, GSTP1 expression was limited to human prostatic cancer cell lines containing GSTP1 alleles with hypomethylated promoter sequences; a human prostatic cancer cell line containing only hypermethylated GSTP1 promoter sequences did not express GSTP1 mRNA or polypeptides. Methylation of cytidine nucleotides in GSTP1 regulatory sequences constitutes the most common genomic alteration yet described for human prostate cancer.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum: novel subunit composition and domain structure of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component.

Abstract The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) from muscle of the adult parasitic nematode Ascaris suum plays a unique role in its anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism. Resolution of the intact complex in high salt dissociates the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit but leaves the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase subunit (E3) and two other proteins with apparent Mrs of 45 and 43 kDa bound to the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) core. These proteins are not observable on Coomassie brilliant blue-stained gels of other eukaryotic PDCs, but the 45-kDa protein is similar in apparent Mr, pI, and sensitivity to trypsin to the Kb subunit of the bovine kidney PDHa kinase. Acetylation of the ascarid PDC with [2-14C]pyruvate under conditions designed to maximize the incorporation of label into protein yielded only a single radiolabeled subunit, E2. These results confirm earlier reports that the ascarid PDC lacks protein X, an integral component recently identified in other eukaryotic PDCs. About 1.6 to 1.8 mol of 14C was incorporated/mole of E2, suggesting that the ascarid E2 contained two lipoylbearing domains. Domain mapping of the 14C-acetylated ascarid E2 by limited tryptic digestion identified two lipoyl-bearing fragments with apparent Mrs of 50 and 34 kDa and two core fragments with apparent Mrs of 46 and 30 kDa. The ascarid E2 domain structure appears to be similar to that of other E2s. However, it appears that the subunit-binding domain (E2B) of the ascarid E2 may be significantly larger or be flanked by larger than normal interdomain regions. An enlarged E2B domain may be necessary to accomodate the additional binding of E3 to the E2 subunit in the ascarid complex, in the absence of protein X.
Magnetic-Field Dependence of the Ultrasonic Attentuation in Metals

A self-consistent, semiclassical treatment is given for the attenuation of a sound wave by a free-electron gas in a positive background which supports the sound wave. Emphasis is placed upon the kinds of magnetic-field dependence which can be found under a wide range of values for the magnetic field, frequency, and mean free path. Applications of the general formalism include propagation parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The special phenomena studied include geometric resonances, cyclotron resonances, and magneto-plasma resonance. A qualitative physical interpretation of the various effects found in the detailed calculations is also presented.
Ultra-wideband, high-efficiency, on-chip mmW phased arrays with wafer-level vertical integration

The explosive growth in wireless communications and the proliferation of devices with internet connectivity are swiftly leading to a detrimental congestion of the traditional radio frequency (RF) bands. For the first time, the number of “things” connected to the internet is surpassing the number of “people” and this trend is poised to continue as more devices in our homes and businesses get “smarter” and connected. To ensure the continued reliability of the “internet-of-things”, the millimeter Wave (mmW) band is being coveted as the next generation of wireless protocols.
Axis I comorbidity onset and parasuicide in women with eating disorders.

Objective We examined differences in the onset pattern of comorbid disorders in eating-disordered women with and without a history of parasuicide to elucidate potential etiologic differences between the two groups. Methods Fifty-four women with a current or past eating disorder partcipated. Of these women, 27 had a history of suicide attempts and self-injury and 27 had no history of suicide attempts or self-injury. The age and pattern of onset for the eating disorder relative to comorbid major depression, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder were compared between the groups. Results The onset of major depression and anxiety disorders occurred at a younger age in the parasuicidal group. In addition, the onset of major depression in the parasuicidal group occurred significantly more often before the onset of the eating disorder. Discussion The eating disorder may be secondary to a mood disturbance in women with parasuicidal histories. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 190–197, 2004.
Photorefractive Properties Of CR-Doped Single Crystal Strontium Barium Niobate

Cr-doped strontium barium niobate has shown significant reduction in the time of response compared to previously grown Ce-doped crystals, with room temperature response times as short as 0.2 sec. The experimental photorefractive two-beam coupling gain and response time of 1% and 1.6% Cr-doped SBN:60 and 1% Cr-doped SBN:75 will be presented and compared to results in Ce-doped SBN:60. The photorefractive effect in Cr-doped SBN:60 has also shown a strong temperature dependence, with gain increasing by a factor of two when the crystal was cooled from 40 to -20° C. Significant gain enhancement was also predicted and obtained by applying a DC electric field of up to 10 kV/cm.
Bayesian uncertainty analysis with applications to turbulence modeling

Abstract In this paper, we apply Bayesian uncertainty quantification techniques to the processes of calibrating complex mathematical models and predicting quantities of interest (QoI's) with such models. These techniques also enable the systematic comparison of competing model classes. The processes of calibration and comparison constitute the building blocks of a larger validation process, the goal of which is to accept or reject a given mathematical model for the prediction of a particular QoI for a particular scenario. In this work, we take the first step in this process by applying the methodology to the analysis of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model in the context of incompressible, boundary layer flows. Three competing model classes based on the Spalart–Allmaras model are formulated, calibrated against experimental data, and used to issue a prediction with quantified uncertainty. The model classes are compared in terms of their posterior probabilities and their prediction of QoI's. The model posterior probability represents the relative plausibility of a model class given the data. Thus, it incorporates the model's ability to fit experimental observations. Alternatively, comparing models using the predicted QoI connects the process to the needs of decision makers that use the results of the model. We show that by using both the model plausibility and predicted QoI, one has the opportunity to reject some model classes after calibration, before subjecting the remaining classes to additional validation challenges.