cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data

Previous work has shown that the summer of 2002 had the greatest area of snow melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet ever recorded using passive-microwave data. In this paper, we compare the 0deg isotherm derived from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, with Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)-derived melt, at the time of the maximum melt extent in 2002. To validate the MODIS-derived land-surface temperatures (LSTs), we compared the MODIS LSTs with air temperatures from nine stations (using 11 different data points) and found that they agreed to within 2.3 plusmn 2.09 degC, with station temperatures consistently lower than the MODIS LSTs. According to the MODIS LST, the maximum surface melt extended to ~2300 m in southern Greenland; while the SSM/I measurements showed that the maximum melt extended to nearly 2700 m in southeastern Greenland. The MODIS and SSM/I data are complementary in providing detailed information about the progression of surface and near-surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet
The integration of neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience in the 21st century.

torical basis for the divergence of neurology and psychiatry over the past century and discusses prospects for a rapprochement and potential convergence of the two specialties in the next century. Method: The author presents a brief historical overview of developments in neurology and psychiatry from the late 19th century. The histories of research and prevailing scientific opinion on two neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome, are compared to illustrate the effects of viewing a disease process from, respectively, the neurologic/organic and psychiatric/functional perspectives. Results: Research on Alzheimer’s disease, because of its early pathologic demonstration, moved rapidly toward identification of associated synaptic abnormalities and genetic mutations. In Tourette’s syndrome, the absence of evident brain pathology resulted in vacilla
The Millennial graduate student: implications for educators in the fashion discipline

The purpose of this study was to expand upon an overall understanding of today's Millennial graduate student. Information related to the motivations of Millennial generation students in pursuing master's degrees in fashion programmes were collected, in addition to analysing the expectations of Millennial students while in graduate programmes. Participants included both master's-level graduate students enrolled in fashion programmes and graduate faculty at the students’ home institutions. The similarities and expectations among students and faculty were identified. A major finding was that Millennial graduate students are primarily motivated by industry-related career goals and do not perceive conducting empirical research as central to their education. The educational implications for graduate faculty based on the findings of this study are addressed, noting areas of educational reform and additional research.
Silencing of the Baculovirus Op-iap3 Gene by RNA Interference Reveals that It Is Required for Prevention of Apoptosis during Orgyia pseudotsugata M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection of Ld652Y Cells

The Op-iap3 gene from the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata M nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) inhibits apoptosis induced by a mutant of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) that lacks the antiapoptotic gene p35, as well as apoptosis induced by a wide range of other stimuli in both mammalian and insect cells. However, the role of Op-iap3 during OpMNPV infection has not been previously examined. To determine the function of the Op-IAP3 protein during OpMNPV infection, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence Op-iap3 expression during OpMNPV infection of Ld652Y cells. Infected cells treated with Op-iap3 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) did not accumulate detectable Op-iap3 mRNA, confirming that the Op-iap3 gene was effectively silenced. Op-IAP3 protein was found to be a component of the budded virion; however, in OpMNPV-infected cells treated with Op-iap3 dsRNA, the Op-IAP3 protein that was introduced by the inoculum virus decreased to almost undetectable levels by 12 h after dsRNA addition. Apoptosis was observed in infected cells treated with Op-iap3 dsRNA beginning at 12 h, and by 48 h, almost all of the cells had undergone apoptosis. These results show for the first time that Op-IAP3 is necessary to prevent apoptosis during OpMNPV infection. In addition, our results demonstrate that the RNAi technique can be an effective tool for studying baculovirus gene function.
Semi-urgent surgery in hospitalized patients with severe ulcerative colitis does not increase overall J-pouch complications

BACKGROUND: Surgeons frequently discourage patients with ulcerative colitis from having surgery in the midst of an acute flare for fear of complications and poor long-term outcomes. METHODS: Outcomes of patients undergoing urgent versus elective surgery for ulcerative colitis were compared via retrospective review. RESULTS: Patients undergoing urgent (n 5 80) versus elective (n 5 99) surgery were younger, were more malnourished, had more severe active disease, and had higher steroid use (P % .05). During surgery, hemodynamic stability was similar, but urgent patients underwent more subtotal colectomies (5.1% vs 29%, P , .0001) and fewer laparoscopic procedures (8.8% vs 18%, P 5 .07). Multivariate regression suggested that short-term complications were increased with higher body mass index and urgency status (P % .05). Anastomotic leaks and long-term complications were similar between groups. Surgeon inexperience and use of immunomodulators other than infliximab were associated with increased odds of long-term fistula/abscess (odds ratio, 5.56; P 5 .05] and pouch failure (odds ratio, 13.3; P 5 .01). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery in patients with acute ulcerative colitis flares is associated with more shortterm complications than elective procedures but does not appear to affect risk for anastomotic leak or long-term complications when performed by an expert.
Shock-data constraints on interatomic potentials for condensed matter

Abstract It is customary to represent the shock Hugoniot as a linear relation between shock velocity and the particle velocity behind the shock. It has been recently shown that the coefficients appearing in the general expansion of shock velocity as a power series in particle velocity can be calculated, to arbitrary order, from the derivatives of the shock pressure with respect to volume, evaluated at the initial state. The first two coefficients in the expansion have a simple relation to the interatomic potential describing the material. Most such potentials contain just two parameters (roughly, a “strength” parameter and a “shape” parameter), which can be conveniently extracted from the shock parameters. We present results for the values of the potential parameters, for several commonly-used forms of potential, determined by least-squares fitting of the shock data to nonlinear Hugoniots. The results obtained sometimes differ from those obtained on the assumption of a linear Hugoniot.
The Effects of R-Rated Movies on Adolescent and Young Adult Religiosity: Media as Self-Socialization

Arnett (J Youth Adolesc 24:519-533, 1995) has suggested that media are a form of self-socialization, meaning that people choose the media they consume and in turn become socialized into certain beliefs and values. Research has sug- gested that viewing R-rated movies may lead to decreases in religiosity (Barry et al. in J Adult Deviance 19:66-78, 2012), but the direction of causality in this study is questionable. This research improves upon Barry, Padilla-Walker, and Nelson's study by including control variables for peer and family influence while utilizing panel data for longitudinal data analysis. Findings from the 2003, 2005, and 2007-2008 waves of the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) suggest that viewing R-rated movies does indeed lead to decreases in church attendance and salience of religious faith, but it does not influence certainty and selective accep- tance of religious beliefs. These results are discussed in light of self-socialization and their implications for how future studies might examine the relationship between R-rated movies and religiosity.
Brief Report: A Qualitative Analysis of Discussions about HIV in Families of Parents with HIV

Objective To explore communication about HIV prevention, risk behaviors, and transmission in families affected by HIV. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 parents with HIV, 27 children (9- to 17-years old), and 19 adult children (� 18-years old) across the U.S. Coders reviewed transcripts, identified themes, and coded transcripts. Results Youth felt uncomfortable discussing HIV with their parent who has HIV because they worried about upsetting and reminding the parent of his/her illness. Adult children reported learning about HIV prevention by watching how the illness affected their parents. Few siblings reported talking with one another about HIV because they worried about upsetting their brother/sister and about their sibling unintentionally disclosing the parent’s illness to others. Conclusions Discussions between youth and their parent with HIV and their siblings vary, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
On the performance of random linear projections for sampling-based motion planning

Sampling-based motion planners are often used to solve very high-dimensional planning problems. Many recent algorithms use projections of the state space to estimate properties such as coverage, as it is impractical to compute and store this information in the original space. Such estimates help motion planners determine the regions of space that merit further exploration. In general, the employed projections are user-defined, and to the authors' knowledge, automatically computing them has not yet been investigated. In this work, the feasibility of offline-computed random linear projections is evaluated within the context of a state-of-the art sampling-based motion planning algorithm. For systems with moderate dimension, random linear projections seem to outperform human intuition. For more complex systems it is likely that non-linear projections would be better suited.
A geometric modeling system for automated mechanical assembly

Very high level languages for describing mechanical assembly require a representation of the geometric and physical properties of 3-D objects including parts, tools, and the assembler itself. This paper describes a geometric modeling system that generates a data base in which objects and assemblies are represented by nodes in a graph structure. The edges of the graph represent relationships among objects such as part-of, attachment, constraint, and assembly. The nodes also store positional relationships between objects and physical properties such as material type. The user designs objects by combining positive and negative parameterized primitive volumes, for example, cubes and cones, which are represented internally as polyhedra. The data base is built by invoking a procedural representation of the primitive volumes, which generates vertex, edge, and surface lists of instances of the volumes. Several applications in the automatic assembly domain have been implemented using the geometric modeling system as a basis.
The Covering Lemma

Our understanding of inner models was transformed in 1974 by as set of handwritten notes of Ronald Jensen with the modest title “Marginalia on a Theorem of Silver”. Before the covering lemma, Godel’s class L of constructible sets was a model of set theory of which much was know, but which had little connection with the universe; with the covering lemma it is, in the absence of large cardinals, the supporting skeleton of the universe.
Microfluidic technology for assisted reproduction

The physical tools used in assisted reproduction have changed little over several decades. Microfluidics is an emerging technology that allows a fresh examination of the way assisted reproduction is performed. Here we review our work to develop microfluidic devices to perform the functions required in assisted reproduction. These functions include loading/unloading, culture, chemical manipulation, and mechanical manipulation of embryos and oocytes. Basic microfluidic theory and microfluidic device design and operation are discussed. Results are presented for mechanical removal of cumulus cells and for embryo culture. Results suggest that microfluidic systems will lead to improved efficiencies in assisted reproduction.
Phospholipid Transfer Protein-Deficient Mice Absorb Less Cholesterol

Objective— Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. PLTP gene knockout (KO) mice show significant reduction of plasma cholesterol levels. Because small intestine is one of the major tissue expressing PLTP, we hypothesize that PLTP deficient small intestine absorbs less cholesterol, thus contributing to the diminishing of cholesterol levels in the plasma. Methods and Results— We used dual-labeled cholesterol/sitostanol feeding approach to study cholesterol absorption in PLTP KO and WT mice. We found that PLTP KO mice absorb significant less cholesterol than WT mice. Primary enterocytes isolated from PLTP KO enterocytes took up significant less cholesterol. Moreover, we observed that Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the small intestine of PLTP KO mice. Next, we studied the secretion of cholesterol by enterocytes. The amounts of cholesterol transported to plasma and liver were significantly reduced i...
Real-time feature tracking and projective invariance as a basis for hand-eye coordination

This article presents a methodology for using stereo visual feedback to perform manipulation tasks. The two major innovations in the approach are: 1) the use of feature-based tracking methods that perform in real-time on standard workstations without specialized hardware; and 2) the use of closed-loop feedback control based on projective invariants to make positioning accuracy independent of hand-eye calibration error. Particular attention is given to the feature tracking component of the system. The feature tracker is a programming environment that supports a variety of low-level detection methods (basic features), and features defined in terms of other features (composite features). Basic and composite features are combined into feature networks. Experimental results from two feature networks are presented. One computes corresponding epipolar lines using eight corresponding features in two images. The second computes a visual trajectory for a visual servoing system. >
Compensating for Timing Jitter in Computing Systems with General-Purpose Operating Systems

Fault-tolerant frameworks for large scale computing clusters require sensor programs, which are executed periodically to facilitate performance and fault management. By construction, these clusters use general purpose operating systems such as Linux that are built for best average case performance and do not provide deterministic scheduling guarantees. Consequently, periodic applications show jitter in execution times relative to the expected execution time. Obtaining a deterministic schedule for periodic tasks in general purpose operating systems is difficult without using kernel-level modifications such as RTAI and RTLinux. However, due to performance and administrative issues kernel modification cannot be used in all scenarios. In this paper, we address the problem of jitter compensation for periodic tasks that cannot rely on modifying the operating system kernel. ; Towards that, (a) we present motivating examples; (b) we present a feedback controller based approach that runs in the user space and actively compensates periodic schedule based on past jitter; This approach is platform-agnostic i.e. it can be used in different operating systems without modification; and (c) we show through analysis and experiments that this approach is platform-agnostic i.e. it can be used in different operating systems without modification and also that it maintains a stable system with bounded total jitter.
Detection of Spatial Correlations among Aerosol Particles

Most approaches for evaluating rates of fundamental processes in aerosol science depend upon the implicit assumption that aerosol particles are independently and identically distributed in space. The validity of this assumption has not been examined in several decades, despite the fact that the presence of correlations can be shown to alter theoretical expressions significantly for such phenomena as attenuation of electromagnetic radiation and coagulation rate. Here, we provide evidence that the classification of the positions of aerosol particles as a Poisson process--even under stationary conditions--is often in error. In particular, small-scale aerosol clustering is experimentally demonstrated. Some consequences of these findings are discussed.
The effects of couple stresses on dislocation strain energy

The correspondence theorem which relates the solutions of displacement boundary value problems in classical and couple stress elasticity is formulated and applied to derive the solutions for edge and screw dislocations in an infinite medium. The effects of couple stresses on the dislocation strain energy is evaluated for both types of dislocations. It is shown that within a radius of influence of each dislocation in a metallic crystal with dislocation density of 10 10 cm � 2 , the strain energy contribution from couple stresses (excluding the core energy) is about 15% in the case of an edge dislocation, and about 11% in the case of a screw dislocation. It is then shown that couple stresses make large effect on the total work of tractions acting on the dislocation core surface. 2003Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
High School Completion for Young Women: Effects of Low Income and Living with a Single Parent

This article examines the effects of living in a single-parent family on the high school completion of young women after controlling for the effects of family income. For white women, living with a single parent has no effect on high school completion once the generally lower income of single-parent families is taken into account. For black women, both low income and living with a single parent independently contribute to increased rates of dropping out of school. In considering policies to increase the rate of high school completion, the economic aspect of the problem deserves major attention.
Small genome of Candidatus Blochmannia, the bacterial endosymbiont of Camponotus, implies irreversible specialization to an intracellular lifestyle.

Blochmannia (Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov.) is the primary bacterial endosymbiont of the ant genus Camponotus. Like other obligate endosymbionts of insects, Blochmannia occurs exclusively within eukaryotic cells and has experienced long-term vertical transmission through host lineages. In this study, PFGE was used to estimate the genome size of Blochmannia as approximately 800 kb, which is significantly smaller than its free-living relatives in the enterobacteria. This small genome implies that Blochmannia has deleted most of the genetic machinery of related free-living bacteria. Due to restricted gene exchange in obligate endosymbionts, the substantial gene loss in Blochmannia and other insect mutualists may reflect irreversible specialization to a host cellular environment.
Keynote: life in the fast lane

The most compelling ideas in systems are abstractions such as virtual memory, sockets, or packet scheduling. Algorithmics is the servant of abstraction, allowing system performance to approach that of the underlying hardware, sometimes by using efficient algorithms but often by simply leveraging other aspects of the system. I will survey the trajectory of network algorithmics starting with a focus on speed and scale in the 1990s to measurement and security in the 2000s. While doing so, I will reflect on my experiences in choosing problems and conducting research. I will conclude by describing my passion for the emerging field of network verification and its confluence with programming language research. George Varghese worked at DEC designing DECNET protocols before obtaining his Ph.D. in 1992 from MIT. He worked from 1993-1999 at Washington University and from 1999 to 2012 at UCSD, both as professor of computer science. He joined Microsoft Research as a Principal Researcher in 2012. He won the ONR Young Investigator Award in 1996, and was elected to be a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 2002. He helped design the 40 Gbps forwarding engine for Procket Networks, subsequently acquired by Cisco Systems. His book "Network Algorithmics" was published in December 2004 by Morgan-Kaufman. He co-founded NetSift Inc. in May 2004. NetSift was acquired by Cisco in 2005. He was the 2014 winner of the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award
Employee Satisfaction And Shareholder Returns

We hypothesize that satisfied employees lead to higher returns for shareholders. In particular, we investigate whether inclusion on Fortune magazine’s list of “100 Best Companies to Work For” leads to increases in wealth for shareholders. We find no announcement effect associated with the list release date. Although we do find that a subset of firms named to the list in one year generate higher returns (than a matched sample) the following year, we conclude that, ex ante, investors would be unable to consistently profit from any information provided by inclusion on the list. Tests of returns of companies that are dropped from the Fortune list indicate no abnormal performance.
Across the Divide: Union Soldiers View the Northern Home Front

Review of: "Across the Divide: Union Soldiers View the Northern Home Front, by Steven J. Ramold
Low Wound Complication Rates for the Lateral Extensile Approach for Calcaneal ORIF When the Lateral Calcaneal Artery Is Patent.

Background:Historically, the lateral extensile approach for calcaneal fracture osteosynthesis has had relatively high rates of wound healing problems. The vascular territory (angiosome) of the lateral foot is now known to be dependent upon the lateral calcaneal branch of the peroneal artery (LCBP artery). We postulated that patency of the LCBP artery may have a profound positive impact on incisional wound healing for calcaneal open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).Methods:Ninety consecutive calcaneal fractures that met operative criteria were preoperatively evaluated for the presence of a Doppler signal in the LCBP artery and were followed for the development of wound healing problems.Results:Among these 90 fractures, 85 had a positive preoperative Doppler signal along the course of the LCBP artery (94%) and 5 had no Doppler signal (6%). All patients underwent ORIF via a lateral extensile approach. Overall, incisional wound healing problems occurred in 6 of 90 calcaneal incisions (6.5%). All 5 feet ...
The effect of the accessory substances of plant tissue upon growth of bacteria

The study of the properties of blood upon which depends the ability of the so-called hemoglobinophilic bacilli to grow in this medium, has shown that these properties are related to at least two factors which can be separately studied. Further studies have shown that both of these factors are present in plant tissue, (potato and banana), and that sterile unheated vegetable tissue can replace blood in the cultivation of B. influenzce. These observations have now been extended; yellow and white turnip, carrot, beet, parsnip, and sweet potato, when added to fluid media have been found to possess the same growth stimulating action as white potato.It has been found that these vegetable tissues not only permit the cultivation of the so-called hemoglobinophilic organisms, but that they also greatly favor the growth of other entirely unrelated organisms. For instance, in the case of pneumococcus, not only is there a marked acceleration of growth, but a seeding too minute to initiate growth in plain broth alone, w...
Impact of nanoclay on isothermal cold crystallization kinetics and polymorphism of poly(L-lactic acid) nanocomposites.

Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) intercalated nanocomposite films containing 1, 2, 5, and 10% organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) have been synthesized by the solvent casting approach. The thermal characteristics, isothermal cold crystallization kinetics, and structural changes of neat PLLA and its nanocomposites during annealing were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. DSC observation showed that melting temperature and final crystallinity were not affected significantly with OMMT loading. PLLA films with increasing OMMT content exhibited higher crystallization rates than neat PLLA during annealing and suggested that the silicate platelets act as a nucleation agent during annealing. The effect of OMMT content on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLLA was analyzed using the Avrami equation. An Avrami constant of 1–2 was observed, suggesting that crystallization proceeds through one-dimensional growth with heterogeneous nuc...
Investigation methods of analyzing Zinc salt in the Calamine and product

Objective:To establish the content determination method of zinc salt in Pedo-Epipastic of Children and Calamine and Menthol Lotion by principal agent of calamine,and to inspect these methods.Methods:To determine the content of zinc salt by complexometry.Compared with three kinds of content determination methods in Pedo-Epipastic of Children and four kinds of content determination methods in Calamine and Menthol Lotion.Results:The content determination method 1 and 3 was not significant difference deviation in Pedo-Epipastic of Children,and there was also not significant difference deviation in method 1 and 4 in the Calamine and Menthol Lotion.Conclusion:Principal agent of calamine should improve the content determination method further in Pedo-Epipastic of Children and Calamine and Menthol Lotion.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATIVE INDEX (KI-67) IN BENIGN PROSTATE, PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND PROSTATIC CARCINOMA

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) lies in the morphologic continuum between benign and carcinomatous prostate, but its status as a neoplastic precursor remains only putative. We measured nuclear proliferative activity using MIB-1 antibody to further characterize the cell kinetics of HG-PIN and to assess its relationship to prostatic adenocarcinoma. We studied 36 specimens from randomly selected patients who underwent radical prostatectomies for prostatic adenocarcinoma. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue pretreated by a citric acid monohydrate antigen retrieval method were immunostained with the mouse monoclonal antibody MIB-1, which detects the Ki-67 antigen in formalin-fixed tissue. The Ki-67 antigen is expressed by non-G0 proliferating cells and has been used to assess cellular proliferative activity. A maximum of either 20,400 x fields or 100 positively stained nuclei in benign glands, areas of HG-PIN, and adenocarcinoma were counted to obtain an immunohistologic proliferation index for each case. For benign prostate, HG-PIN, and adenocarcinoma, the mean positivity was 0.4 +/- 0.42 cells per field (range, 0-2), 2.5 +/- 3.79 cells per field (range, 0-16.6), and 13.8 +/- 15.05 cells per field (range, 0.25-73.66), respectively. Using a Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance (chi 2 = 58, P < 0.05) and the t test for dependent samples, we found that the mean Ki-67 antigen expression significantly differs between histologic categories (P < 0.01, all three comparisons). In addition, the proliferative index consistently increased along the continuum from benign to malignant. We conclude that the MIB-1 proliferative index of HG-PIN lies between that of benign and carcinomatous prostate, supporting the assertion that HG-PIN is a biologic intermediate in the multistep process of transformation into carcinoma.
Dialysis Access Hemorrhage: Access Rescue from a Surgical Emergency

Background Hemorrhage from a dialysis access can be a life-threatening condition. This study details our experience using access rescue strategies, including in situ graft replacement, primary repair, or conversion to an autogenous fistula, coupled with treatment of central vein occlusion to maintain access usage in patients presenting with conduit hemorrhage. Methods During a 3-year period (2012–2014), 26 patients (14 women, 12 men) on chronic hemodialysis were treated for access conduit bleeding ( n = 18) or life-threatening hemorrhage ( n = 8), located in the upper extremity ( n = 23) or thigh ( n = 3). All patients had developed bleeding from a skin eschar/ulcer over a bovine ( n = 9) or polytetrafluoroethylene ( n = 9) bridge graft, or aneurysmal autogenous fistula ( n = 8). A retrospective review of outcome relative to clinical signs, etiology of conduit bleeding (infection, wall erosion), and the type of rescue procedure(s) was performed. Duplex ultrasound testing was used to guide therapy based on the presence of aneurysmal degeneration, perigraft fluid, or access flow pattern indicative of venous outflow obstruction. Results One-half of the patients were taken emergently to the operating room for hemorrhage control or impending rupture of an infected false aneurysm, the remaining repaired on an urgent basis. In 18 patients, emergency room personnel attempted control of access site bleeding by suturing ( n = 14) or tourniquet ( n = 4). Dialysis access salvage was achieved in 22 (85%) of 26 patients by in situ conduit replacement using a rifampin-soaked polytetrafluoroethylene conduit ( n = 19) or primary repair ( n = 3). Two patients with sepsis and ruptured, infected false aneurysm were treated by ligation, and 2 patients with nonsalvable access had conversion to an autogenous fistula. One-third of rescued accesses ( n = 7) had staged endovascular treatment of central vein stenosis. One patient died within 30 days. All dialysis access revisions remained patent and used for immediate dialysis ( n = 5), within 4–5 weeks ( n = 19), or after vein maturation ( n = 2). One replaced graft was revised for infection. Positive blood or bleeding site cultures were obtained from 9 (45%) of 20 patients tested. Conclusions Salvage of a functional dialysis access is possible in the majority of patients presenting with conduit hemorrhage. Loss of wall integrity, infection, and venous hypertension were etiologic factors. Application of in situ graft replacement strategies known to be effective in the treatment of graft infection should be considered in the management of this surgical emergency.
Simultaneous H2 Generation and Biomass Upgrading in Water by an Efficient Noble-Metal-Free Bifunctional Electrocatalyst

As an environmentally friendly approach to generate H2 , electrocatalytic water splitting has attracted worldwide interest. However, its broad employment has been inhibited by costly catalysts and low energy conversion efficiency, mainly due to the sluggish anodic half reaction, the O2 evolution reaction (OER), whose product O2 is not of significant value. Herein, we report an efficient strategy to replace OER with a thermodynamically more favorable reaction, the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), catalyzed by 3D Ni2 P nanoparticle arrays on nickel foam (Ni2 P NPA/NF). HMF is one of the primary dehydration intermediates of raw biomass and FDCA is of many industrial applications. As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, Ni2 P NPA/NF is not only active for HMF oxidation but also competent for H2 evolution. In fact, a two-electrode electrolyzer employing Ni2 P NPA/NF for simultaneous H2 and FDCA production required a voltage at least 200 mV smaller compared with pure water splitting to achieve the same current density, as well as exhibiting robust stability and nearly unity Faradaic efficiencies.
Metabolic acidosis-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat.

PURPOSE. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-induced retinopathy (CDIR) in the neonatal rat, analogous to human retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), was previously described by our group. In this model, it is possible that CO 2 -associated acidosis provides a biochemical mechanism for CDIR. Therefore, the effect of pure metabolic acidosis on the developing retinal vasculature of the neonatal rat was investigated. METHODS. A preliminary study of arterial blood pH was performed to confirm acidosis in our model. In neonatal rats with preplaced left carotid artery catheters, acute blood gas samples were taken I to 24 hours after gavage with either NH 4 Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight or saline. In the subsequent formal retinopathy study. 150 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in litters of 25 and randomly assigned to be gavaged twice daily with either NH 4 Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight (n = 75) or saline (n = 75) from day 2 to day 7. After 5 days of recovery, rats were killed, and retinal vasculature was assessed using fluorescein perfusion and ADPase staining techniques. RESULTS. In the preliminary pH study, the minimum pH after NH 4 Cl gavage was 7.10 ± 0.10 at 3 hours (versus 7.37 ± 0.03 in controls, mean ± SD. P < 0.01). In the formal retinopathy study, preretinal neovascularization occurred in 36% of acidotic rats versus 5% of controls (P < 0.001). Acidotic rats showed growth retardation (final weight 16.5 ± 3.0 g versus 20.2 ± 2.6 g, P < 0.001). The ratio of vascularized to total retinal area was smaller in acidotic rats (94% ± 4% versus 96% ± 2%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. Metabolic acidosis alone induces neovascularization similar to ROP in the neonatal rat. This suggests a possible biochemical mechanism by which high levels of CO 2 induce neovascularization and supports the suggestion that acidosis may be an independent risk factor for ROP.
Chapter 5 - Biology and Diseases of Hamsters

The hamster species used as research models include the Syrian (golden), Mesocricetus auratus; the Chinese (striped-back), Cricetulus griseus; the Armenian (gray), C. migratorius; the European, Cricetus cricetus; and the Djungarian, Phodopus campbelli (Russian dwarf) and P. sungorus (Siberian dwarf). Hamsters are classified as members of the order Rodentia, suborder Myomorpha, superfamily Muroidea and in family Cricetidae. Animals in this family are characterized by large cheek pouches, thick bodies, short tails, and an excess of loose skin. They have incisors that erupt continuously and cuspidate molars that do not continue to grow ((I 1/1, C 0/0, PM 0/0, M 3/3) × 2 = 16). In 2010, it was reported that approximately 146,000 hamsters were used in research in the United States (United States Department of Agriculture, 2010).
Fostering rural and agricultural tourism: exploring the potential of geocaching

ABSTRACTGeocaching is a modern-day version of “hide and seek” where participants use geographical longitude and latitude coordinates to locate a “geocache” using a GPS device or mobile app. An agriculturally focused geocache program could foster tourism, interest and educational opportunities about rural and agricultural areas, and could facilitate additional patronage of businesses that operate in these areas. As a prerequisite to such a program, however, organizations must commit to establishing and maintaining a geocache. This study explores the perceived benefits and constraints to an organization's participation in a rural or agriculturally focused geocache program. A case example of an agriculturally focused geocaching program, AgCache, is used as a starting point. In-depth interviews of program Founders and current participants explored the program's background and goals, and experiences of participating sites. Complimenting this, a survey collected information from potential host sites, and probit...
Spectroscopic comparison of water- and methanol-soluble brown carbon particulate matter

ABSTRACTIt is now recognized that some organic components of ambient aerosols absorb light with a spectrum distinct from that of other absorbers such as black carbon and mineral components. The most common method for isolating this light-absorbing organic fraction, or “brown carbon,” is to collect particulate matter on filters and extract in a solvent, usually water or methanol. Here, we compare the absorption spectra of water-soluble (WS) and methanol-soluble (MS) extracts from ambient samples collected in Athens, Georgia. We find that despite syringe filtering the MS extracts, extinction by suspended particles is evident in the spectra leading to an overestimation of absorption by a factor of two on average. No such particle extinction is evident in the WS extracts. We demonstrate that it is possible to subtract the extinction contribution in the MS extracts by fitting the spectrum to the sum of two power-law functions, one describing the absorption spectrum and the other describing the extinction spect...
Conclusion: We’re Still Here Because You Were There—So Now What?

Despite concerted efforts on the behalf of individuals, governmental initiatives, and publishing firms, very little in the overall picture changed in children’s publishing over the period from 1965 to 2015. The default character, author, publisher, and award-winner are all still white in the British children’s book world. The conclusion looks at some of the lessons—positive and negative—that can be learned by looking back on the history of Black British publishing for everyone involved.
Barriers and Solutions to Fieldwork Education in Hand Therapy.

Abstract Study Design Survey. Introduction Fieldwork education is a vital component of training the next generation of CHTs. Barriers and solutions to fieldwork rotations in hand therapy are examined, as well as proposed solutions, including recommendations for student preparation. Purpose of the Study This descriptive study examined barriers for certified hand therapist clinicians to accept students for clinical rotations and clinicians' preferences for student preparation before a rotation in a hand setting. Methods A survey was developed, peer reviewed, and distributed using the electronic mailing list of the Hand Therapy Certification Commission via SurveyMonkey. Aggregate responses were analyzed to identify trends including barriers to student clinical rotations and recommendations for students to prepare for hand rotations. Results A total of 2080 participants responded to the survey, representing a 37% response rate. Common logistical barriers were identified for accepting students such as limited clinical time and space. Many clinicians (32% agree and 8% strongly agree) also felt that the students lack the clinical knowledge to be successful. Areas of knowledge, skill set, and experience were surveyed for development before a clinical rotation in a hand setting. Most respondents (74%) reported increased likelihood of accepting a student with the recommended preparation. Novel qualitative responses to improve clinical experiences are presented as well. Discussion Student preparation before a clinical rotation in a hand setting appears to be a significant barrier based on the survey results. Areas of recommended knowledge, skill set, and experience may serve to guide both formal and informal methods of student preparation before a hand-specific clinical rotation to facilitate knowledge translation from experienced certified hand therapists to the next generation. Conclusion Although logistical barriers may be difficult to overcome, hand-specific preparation based on clinician' recommendations may facilitate student acceptance and success in hand specialty clinical rotations. Level of Evidence N/A.
TOXICITY EFFECTS AND CHALKBROOD INCIDENCE IN HONEY BEE COLONIES FED CONTROLLED DOSES OF FUNGICIDES

Folpet and a combination with folpet, benomyl, citral, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid were fed or exposed to honey bee, Apis mellifera L., field colonies to: 1) determine their long-term toxic ...
Significant Drug–Drug Interactions with Antineoplastics:

GoalThe goal of this program is to inform the participant about the clinical and economic significance of drug interactions, review their potential mechanisms, present significant interactions related to antineoplastics, and provide resources for managing them.ObjectivesAt the completion of this program, the participant will be able to:1. Describe the scope and economic impact of preventable drug interactions.2. Explain why oncology patients are at increased risk for drug interactions.3. Define the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmaceutic principles underlying antineoplastic related drug–drug interactions.4. List specific classes of antineoplastics involved in significant drug–drug interactions.5. Identify multiple resources for obtaining drug interaction information.
Degree of Left Renal Vein Compression Predicts Nutcracker Syndrome

Nutcracker syndrome (NS) refers to symptomatic compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery with potential symptoms including hematuria, proteinuria, left flank pain, and renal venous hypertension. No consensus diagnostic criteria exist to guide endovascular treatment. We aimed to evaluate the specificity of LRV compression to NS symptoms through a retrospective study including 33 NS and 103 control patients. The size of the patent lumen at point of compression and normal portions of the LRV were measured for all patients. Multiple logistic regression analyses (MLR) assessing impact of compression, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender on the likelihood of each symptom with NS were obtained. NS patients presented most commonly with abdominal pain (72.7%), followed by hematuria (57.6%), proteinuria (39.4%), and left flank pain (30.3%). These symptoms were more commonly seen than in the control group at 10.6, 11.7, 6.8, and 1.9%, respectively. The degree of LRV compression for NS was 74.5% and 25.2% for controls (p < 0.0001). Higher compression led to more hematuria (p < 0.0013), abdominal pain (p < 0.006), and more proteinuria (p < 0.002). Furthermore, the average BMI of NS patients was 21.4 and 27.2 for controls (p < 0.001) and a low BMI led to more abdominal pain (p < 0.005). These results demonstrate a strong correlation between the degree of LRV compression on imaging in diagnosing NS.
Crowdfunding and the Taxation of Virtual Currencies

Crowdfunding, which is the raising of funds from small private investors for many causes, has been in competition with venture capitalists in the promotion of virtual currencies and was the primary financial donor to Ethereum. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has taken note that the value of virtual currencies has risen to an extraordinary degree and that a number of people have received very substantial monetary gains from their exchange. Accordingly, the IRS has ruled that such gains are taxable and subject to major penalties for the failure to pay the appropriate taxes on them. The problem is how to determine who is engaged in the transactions, whether virtual currencies constitute property or currencies, how to subpoena and gain access to information about transactions, and other issues.
Survival in the University: Teaching Higher Order Learning Skills

(1976). Survival in the University: Teaching Higher Order Learning Skills. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the WCRA. The Spirit of '76: Revolutionizing College Learning Skills, pp. 42-45.
Debating Medical Utility, Not Futility: Ethical Dilemmas in Treating Critically Ill People Who Use Injection Drugs

Physicians who care for critically ill people with opioid use disorder frequently face medical, legal, and ethical questions related to the provision of life-saving medical care. We examine a complex medical case that illustrates these challenges in a person with relapsing injection drug use. We focus on a specific question: Is futility an appropriate and useful standard by which to determine provision of life-saving care to such individuals? If so, how should such determinations be made? If not, what alternative decisionmaking framework exists? We determine that although futility has been historically utilized as a justification for withholding care in certain settings, it is not a useful standard to apply in cases involving people who use injection drugs for non-medical purposes. Instead, we are welladvised to explore each patient's situation in a holistic approach that includes the patient, family members, and care providers in the decision-making process. The scope of the problem illustrated demonstrates the urgent need to definitively improve outcomes in people who use injection drugs. Increasing access to high quality medication-assisted treatment and psychiatric care for individuals with opioid use disorder will help our patients achieve a sustained remission and allow us to reach this goal.
Cost Analysis of Azithromycin versus Erythromycin in Pregnancies Complicated by Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes.

Objective To quantify the potential cost savings if azithromycin is substituted for erythromycin in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Study Design Secondary analysis of a multicentered study investigating magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in premature infants. All patients with PPROM who received antibiotics for prophylaxis were included in the analysis. The number of expected doses each patient would have received was calculated for erythromycin, multidose azithromycin, and single-dose azithromycin regimens accounting for latency from PPROM to delivery. The wholesale acquisition cost was used to calculate the expected cost of each regimen. Results There were 981 PPROM patients who received a penicillin class antibiotic and erythromycin. Patients would have received 7,528 intravenous doses and 10,194 oral doses of erythromycin at a combined cost of $357,169. In comparison, patients would have received 6,422 and 3,942 doses at a cost of $15,669 and $9,574 for the multidose and single-dose azithromycin regimens respectively, which represents a more than 95% cost reduction for either regimen compared with erythromycin. Conclusion The use of azithromycin substituted for erythromycin in the standard antibiotic regimen of women with PPROM represents a potential for substantial cost reduction.
Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Premalignancy

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are two entities under the moniker of “oral potentially malignant disorders” that are highly associated with the presence of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) at first biopsy, while lesions of submucous fibrosis develop OED after being present for years. Importantly, traumatic/frictional keratoses are often mistaken clinically for leukoplakia and it is important for the pathologist to recognize and report them as such. The features of OED have been well-described and other architectural features will be discussed here, in particular verrucous and papillary architecture, bulky epithelial proliferation and epithelial atrophy. Proliferative leukoplakia, verrucous or otherwise, often show only hyperkeratosis in early lesions, with development of OED occurring over time, and squamous cell carcinoma developing in the majority of cases over time. The concept of hyperkeratosis without features of OED and that is not reactive, is likely a precursor to the dysplastic phenotype. Many cases of leukoplakia exhibiting OED are associated with a band of lymphocytes at the interface and these should not be mistaken for oral lichen planus.