cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in forearm vasoconstrictor response to voluntary apnea.

Clinical evidence indicates that obstructive sleep apnea is more common and more severe in men compared with women. Sex differences in the vasoconstrictor response to hypoxemia-induced sympathetic ...
On Interaction Classification

Further classification is made of Lindquist's dichotomy of inter action effects. The extension hopefully reduces errors of inter pretation and provides a simple, accurate means of summarizing in teractions obtained.
THE DERIVATION AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS FOR ZERO MACH NUMBER COMBUSTION

Abstract We present a limiting system of equations to describe combustion processes at low Mach number in either confined or unbounded regions and numerically solve these equations for the case of a flame propagating in a closed vessel. This system allows for large heat release, substantial temperature and density variations, and substantial interaction with the hydrodynamic flow field, including the effects of turbulence. This limiting system is much simpler than the complete system of equations of compressible reacting gas flow since the detailed effects of acoustic waves have been removed. Using a combination of random vortex techniques and flame propagation algorithms specially designed for turbulent combustion, we describe a numerical method to solve these zero Mach number equations. We use this method to analyze the competing effects of viscosity, exothermicity, boundary conditions and pressure on the rate of combustion for a flame propagating in a swirling flow inside a square.
Lewis structures and Feynman diagrams: The treatment of geminal correlation in Fock space

Lipkin's method is used to rigorously transpose field-theoretic, self-consistent descriptions of Cooper pairs and Bose condensation of Lewis structures and resonance. The effective one-body equations can be simplified according to models of valence. The resultant self-consistent problem may require not much more work than the Hartree–Fock problem. The effort required for MBPT remains comparable to the Hartree–Fock case.
Acceptance and preference for inter- and intraspecies social contact in rats

Social attraction to stimulus rats or gerbils tethered in an open field in single stimulus (social acceptance) conditions was compared to the proportion of time spent in contact with each stimulus animal in a two-stimulus (preference) condition. Stimulus rats were both more accepted and preferred than gerbils, and a greater proportion of total contact time was given to rats in the two stimulus condition. The presence of either a stimulus rat or of a stimulus gerbil in the open field was found to have significant fear reducing properties for subject rats, but rats were more effective than gerbils. The results suggest that social contact is regulated but, as with food preferences, there is an affective element in social attraction in rats.
Zooplankton feeding ecology: nonselective grazing by the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana, Centropages velificatus De Oliveira, and Eucalanus pileatus Giesbrecht in the plume of the Mississippi River

Grazing on natural particulate assemblages by the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana, Centropages velificatus De Oliveira and Eucalanus pileatus Giesbrecht was examined in shipboard experiments in the Mississippi River plume (northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf)- Copepods fed during simultaneous experiments in food-rich surface waters of the plume and in the less-food-rich waters 8–12 m below the plume. Grazing by these three copepods was generally nonselective. Ingestion and filtration rates, as well as electivity of individual phytoplankton taxa, were calculated after phytoplankton cell counts were completed from 51 experiments. Phytoplankton species were eaten primarily in proportion to their abundance, without regard to differences in cell size and/or shape. Plots of electivity vs. two different measurements of cell size (cell volume and maximum linear dimension) for each of the 51 individual experiments revealed only three cases of selective feeding. These quantitative results support previous qualitative studies of fecal pellet contents using scanning electron microscopy.
Micromachined Quantum-Well Air-Clad Waveguides

We have used surface micromachining to fabricate suspended InGaAs quantum well waveguides that are supported by lateral tethers. Their enhanced electro-optical and nonlinear-optical properties will be discussed.
Norepinephrine: a messenger from the brain to the immune system

Abstract A common dogma has been that norepinephrine (NE) suppresses lymphocyte function. However, recent studies have challenged this dogma, showing that NE also enhances immune cell readiness during infection and immune challenge.
Minitrack Introduction: Virtual Work, Teams, And Organizations

This mini-track focuses on challenges presented by geographical, temporal, and cultural distribution among individuals working in teams, organizations, and communities. The explosion of communication technologies has facilitated the growth of virtual environments, but it has also resulted in confusion over choice of communication technologies that may be appropriate for a particular task, overload of information to be sorted through, and a sense of isolation from coworkers. In addition, teams must be formed and become productive quickly, e.g., competitive advantage for project development teams is frequently based on being able to bring a new product to market more quickly than competitors. This environment is further complicated as individual members may work in multiple virtual teams with multiple, often conflicting priorities. In virtual environments, managing these different relationships, loyalties, and priorities, in addition to developing new relationships, presents a definite challenge.
Baseline assessment of collaborative tuberculosis/HIV activities in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ninety-two clinics were surveyed in 2005 as part of a baseline assessment of HIV activities in Tuberculosis (TB) clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Some HIV activities were implemented in 58% of TB clinics. The majority of health had ≥ 1 health care worker (HCW) trained in either HIV counseling or testing (71%). Fifty-three clinics offered counseling and testing to TB patients; twenty-two (42%) routinely offered HIV CT to all patients, while others used selective criteria. While most offered on-site counseling (92%) and testing (77%), not all 53 clinics had a HCW trained in counseling and only 31 had access to a counseling room. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was offered in 51% of clinics; antiretroviral treatment in 17%. Shortcomings in human resources, infrastructure and quality of services were revealed. Strengthening those clinics already implementing HIV activities could be prioritized to achieve the goals set forward by the Global Plan to Stop TB.
Repeated cocaine administration alters the electrophysiological properties of prefrontal cortical neurons

Recently it has become clear that some of the symptoms of addiction such as relapse to drug-taking behavior arise, in part, from a dysfunction in cognitive and emotional processing. This realization has promoted investigations into the physiology and pathophysiology of forebrain circuits that are both innervated by dopamine and play an important role in cognitive processing, including the prefrontal cortex. In order to study long-term neuroadaptations occurring in the prefrontal cortex of the rat as a consequence of psychostimulant administration, cocaine was repeatedly administered in either a contingent or a non-contingent manner. At least 2 weeks following the last cocaine injection, in vivo intracellular recordings were made from neurons located in the deep layers of the prefrontal cortex. Repeated cocaine administration abolished the presence of membrane bistability normally present in neurons located in the limbic prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that repeated exposure to cocaine produces enduring changes in the basal activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex that may contribute to previously identify cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in cocaine addicts.
Rethinking the Learning Society: Giorgio Agamben on Studying, Stupidity, and Impotence

In this article, the author rethinks critiques of the learning society using Giorgio Agamben’s theory of potentiality. Summarizing several major contributions to our understanding of the limitations of the discourse of learning, the author proposes that critics thus far have failed to fully pinpoint the exact danger of learning. Importantly, learning is not only a rejection of the democratic or political dimension of education but it is first and foremost predicated on a false ontology of potentiality. What is put at risk in learning is a sacrifice of our (im)potential, our capacity to be or not to be this or that within the order of things. Through a reconstruction of Agamben’s theory of studying, the author argues for a different conceptualization of freedom in education, of teaching, and of the time of education.
The use of long-term controller medications in asthmatic patients being discharged from the ED--why the controversy?

The use of long-term controller medication (LTCM) in the management of persistent asthma is part of standard practice guidelines in the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program [1]. The LTCMs include numerous therapeutic options, all aimed at controlling the inflammation that underlies persistent asthma. Controller medications can include inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, long-acting inhaled b2 adrenergic medications, or combinations of these medications [1]. Although the use of the controller medications is widely accepted practice, they are rarely prescribed when discharging a patient from the emergency department (ED). The discordance between the traditional ED practices of dispensing short-term medications to patients with chronic asthma is leading to reanalysis of the issue [2].
Comparison of neuraminidases of paramyxoviruses with immunologically dissimilar hemagglutinins

Abstract The neuraminidase activities of several representatives of the paramyxovirus group were compared. Newcastle disease virus, parainfluenza type I (Sendai) virus, mumps virus, and paramyxovirus Yucaipa, were found to have similar substrate affinities under optimal conditions. The neuraminidase activities of these paramyxoviruses were not stimulated by bivalent cations nor were they inhibited by N -acetyl-neuraminic acid, in contrast to the behavior of the influenza virus activity. The enzymatic activities of these viruses as a function of pH were distinct with one exception: the profiles obtained for a Newcastle disease virus strain and for Sendai virus were partially superimposable. Similarly, the bound hemagglutinins and neuraminidases of each virus studied were shown to be immunologically distinct with this exception: a serological relationship was noted between the neuraminidases of Sendai virus and of Newcastle disease virus. Active hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subviral particles were released from Sendai virus and from Newcastle disease virus by a nonionic detergent treatment, and these particles were separated by chromatography on agarose gel beads. The kinetic properties of the neuraminidases were not altered significantly by this procedure. The enzymes prepared from Sendai virus and from two strains of Newcastle disease virus were found to be serologically related.
Oral administration of grape polyphenol extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits in gerbils: comparison of pre- and post-ischemic administration

Oxidative stress has been regarded as an important underlying cause for the delayed neuronal death (DND) after cerebral ischemia. In this study, the effects of short-term oral administration of grape polyphenol extract (GPE) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a gerbil global ischemia model were determined. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 5 min. GPE (30 mg/ml)-containing formula or formula without GPE was administered daily via gavage for 4 days prior to and/or for 4 days after I/R. I/R resulted in hyperlocomotion, extensive DND, oxidative and fragmented DNA damage, and an increase in reactive astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. GPE administration for 4 days prior to I/R and for 4 days after I/R attenuated DND, DNA damage and glial cell activation. However, neuroprotection was more pronounced when GPE was administered for 4 days after I/R than when administered for 4 days prior to I/R. GPE administration after I/R attenuated I/R-induced hyperlocomotion. These findings indicate that oral GPE intake may confer protection against I/R injury and emphasize that early intervention may be an effective therapeutic measure for ameliorating brain injury in stroke.
TrkB and TrkC agonist antibodies improve function, electrophysiologic and pathologic features in TremblerJ mice

Abstract Neurotrophic factors have been considered as potential therapeutics for peripheral neuropathies. Previously, we showed that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) promotes nerve regeneration in TremblerJ (TrJ) mice and in sural nerves from patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth 1A (CMT1A). The relatively short plasma half-life of NT-3 and other neurotrophins, however, pose a practical difficulty in their clinical application. Therapeutic agonist antibodies (AAb) targeting the neurotrophic receptors may circumvent this obstacle due to their high specificity and long half-life. Using morphological, electrophysiological studies and functional motor testing, we assessed the efficacy of monoclonal TrkC AAb and TrkB AAb in the TrJ mice. Treatments of these AAbs individually or in combination over 20 weeks increased compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, which correlated with improved grip strength, as compared to the PBS control group. Improvements in CMAP amplitude were most prominent with TrkC AAb treatment. In all treatment groups, distal to the crush site of the sciatic nerves exhibited a significantly greater number of myelinated fibers (MFs) indicating improved regenerative response to injury. In the contralateral intact sciatic nerves, the number of MFs as well as the myelin thickness was also increased significantly by the AAb treatments, suggesting that the hypomyelination/amyelination state of the peripheral nerves in TrJ improved. Therapeutic response to AAb combination was often, albeit not always, the most prominent, indicating a non-redundant effect of TrkB and TrkC AAbs. An early functional recovery and the correlative morphological changes of enhanced regeneration were seen with TrkC AAb treatment. These results provide evidence for potential therapeutic use of monoclonal agonist antibodies for neurotrophin receptors in CMT1A and other neuropathies.
Double samble tests— a distribution free procedure

A method for constructing two-stage (double samble) tests is presented which does not require the evaluation of complicated bivariate distribution function. The procedure results from a modification of Fisher's method for combining independent tests of significance and is distribution free in the way it combines the test results from the two sampies. However, the one sample test statistics for the two samples are assumed to have continuous distributions and may be parametric. A rule is also given or the selection of a particular test out of a family of possible two-stage tests which can be generated by this method. Specific examples are given and comparisons are made with two double sample tests which have previously been presented in the literature.
Ion channel mutations and diseases of skeletal muscle

Voltage-gated ion channels play a critical role in coupling excitation at the neuromuscular junction to activation of contractile elements within a muscle fiber. Abnormal channel function can lead to either muscle paralysis or delayed relaxation. Recent advances in the molecular characterization of these ion channels have provided the tools needed to investigate the relationship between channel mutations and disorders of muscle excitability. This article reviews our current understanding of muscle sodium, calcium, and chloride channels and their role in the pathogenesis of myotonia and periodic paralysis.
Holographic and computational study of coupled vibrations of channel beams

This paper addresses the use of holographic and computational methods to study coupled vibrations of thin wall channel cantilever beams. Holographic methods employed were time- average hologram interferometry and stroboscopic heterodyne hologram interferometry. The computational method was based on the finite element approach. The use of these methods emphasizes determination of the resonance frequencies and mode shapes as functions of geometry of the channel beams. Comparison of the experimental and computational results shows good correlation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fixed point theorems for non-Lipschitzian mappings of asymptotically nonexpansive type

LetX be a Banach space,K a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset ofX, and supposeT:K→K satisfies: for eachx∈K, lim sup i→∞{sup y∈K ‖t ix−Tiy∼−‖x−y‖}≦0. IfT N is continuous for some positive integerN, and if either (a)X is uniformly convex, or (b)K is compact, thenT has a fixed point inK. The former generalizes a theorem of Goebel and Kirk for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. These are mappingsT:K→K satisfying, fori sufficiently large, ‖Tix−Tiy‖≦k i‖x−y∼,x,y∈K, wherek i→1 asi→∞. The precise assumption in (a) is somewhat weaker than uniform convexity, requiring only that Goebel’s characteristic of convexity, ɛ0 (X), be less than one.
SOME SOURCES OF CARBONATE IN MOLLUSCAN SHELL FORMATION1

Amino acids with specific carbon atoms labeled with Cl” and an inorganic source of carbon were tested and found to be sources of carbonate for shell formation in the conch Strombus gigas. All the substances were dissolved in seawater and were utilized in carbonate formation. In addition, some metabolically labclcd by-products were identified. The rate of shell formation was found to bc rclatcd to the physical activity of S. gigas.
Simple structure-based approach for predicting the activity of inhibitors of beta-secretase (BACE1) associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is a target of interest for treating patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of BACE1 may prevent amyloid-s (As) plaque formation and the development or progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Known BACE1 inhibitors were analyzed using computational chemistry and cheminformatics techniques to search for quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR). A remarkable relationship was found with only two simple descriptors. The square of the linear correlation coefficient r2 is 0.75. The main descriptor is the number of hydrophobic contacts in the range 4–5 A between the atoms of the ligand and active site. The other descriptor is the number of short (<2.8 A) hydrogen bonds. Our approach uses readily available structural data on protein-inhibitor complexes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) but would be equally applicable to proprietary structural biology data. The findings can aid structure-based design of improved BACE-1 inhibitors. If an...
Su1396 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Altered Anatomy: Does Scope Choice and Experience Matter?

Su1396 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Altered Anatomy: Does Scope Choice and Experience Matter? Christopher W. Hammerle*, Vijay Jayaraman, Laith H. Jamil, Simon K. Lo Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is challenging in patients with surgically-altered anatomy. AIM: To assess overall success of rate of ERCP in patients with post-surgical anatomy, and to assess if experience or type of scope used influences success. Methods: An electronic medical records system was retrospectively evaluated to identify patients with altered anatomy who had an ERCP performed at our institution between January 2001 and November 2011. A successful ERCP was defined as the ability to complete the intended diagnostic or therapeutic intervention in its entirety. The scope type(s) used during each procedure was recorded, as well as the individual success and failure rate for each scope. Results: A total of 236 patients (157 male) with a mean age of 55.1 years (range 16-95) had 352 procedures. The numbers of procedures performed based on altered anatomy were: Billroth I (2), Billroth II (25), Roux-en-Y hepatico/choledochojejunostomy (157), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (97), pancreaticoduodenectomy (59), hepaticodudenostomy (4), and total gastrectomy (8). The indications for ERCP included stones, cholangitis, cholestasis, pain and/or weight loss, biliary dilatation, and stent removal/ exchange. Our overall success rate was 82%. Success rate varied depending upon the type of altered anatomy. Therapeutic interventions were performed in most patients and included bilio-enteric stricturoplasty (65), bilio-enteric dilation (95), sphincterotomy (88), stone extraction (70) and stent exchange (133). The success rate increased with time, with 67% (44 patients) having a successful ERCP from the years 2001-2005 vs. 85% (244 patients) from 2006-2011 (Table 1). The scopes most commonly used per altered anatomy and their success rate are noted in Table 2. Complications occurred in 16 (4.5%) and included pancreatitis in 11 and perforation in 5 (two bowel perforations requiring surgery, 3 small retroperitoneal perforations that were managed conservatively). Conclusion: ERCP is a safe procedure in patients with post-surgical anatomy and has an overall success rate in 82% of cases. The success rate increases with experience in altered anatomy ERCP. The type of anatomy should influence scope choice.
The Use of Additive Manufacturing Techniques in the Construction of Model-Scale Propellers

Historically, it has been expensive for model test basins to supply custom model-scale propellers for ship propulsion experiments, due to the high cost of traditional propeller fabrication methods. This paper presents a new method of manufacturing model propellers in a cost effective and time efficient manner.A new computer aided design tool has been developed to quickly develop propeller geometry, which can then be built using additive manufacturing processes. These processes reduce the cost of manufacturing propellers by an order of magnitude compared to machined metal propellers.The results of a study comparing propeller open water and self-propulsion experiments using traditional metal propellers to newly developed plastic propellers are presented. This study also includes an evaluation of the effect of surface roughness on the open water performance coefficients. The measured propulsive performance coefficients of the plastic propellers were within 2% of that of geometrically similar metal propellers with the same blade roughness.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Diels–Alder Reaction Using a Solar Irradiation Heat Source Designed for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratories

Recently proposed solar reflectors developed from satellite dishes have the ability to be incorporated into student laboratory procedures to eliminate electricity use while demonstrating green chemistry techniques at the same time. There have been recent attempts to make chemical synthesis procedures more environmentally friendly. As a result, demand to incorporate more green chemistry techniques into student laboratories has increased. Electricity use is one area of environmental concern because fossil fuels are used for the majority of electrical energy in the United States. An effective means for minimizing the amount of electricity needed to drive chemical reactions to completion is proposed through the use of solar parabolic reflectors. A comparative study is conducted using an electrical and solar heat source on the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of maleic anhydride and anthracene. This reaction is chosen as the test reaction due to its widespread use among many undergraduate chemistry programs....
Adolescent risk behaviors and the potential for violence: a look at what's coming to campus.

Abstract This study analyzed the types and predictors of violent behaviors reported by students in Grades 11 and 12 in South Carolina. Results are based upon responses of 2,299 students from 57 schools, approximately 3% of the total state enrollment in those grades. The 70-item self-report Youth Risk Behavior Survey developed and piloted by the Federal Centers for Disease Control was used to collect data. The authors performed a series of logistic regression analyses to explore the relation of the demographic and potential risk variables to fighting and carrying weapons. Results from the simple logistic analyses, adjusting for race and gender, indicated that alcohol use, binge drinking, sexual activity, and use of any drugs were significantly associated (p < .05) with reported fighting. These variables and poor academic self-image were significantly associated with carrying weapons. Comprehensive multivariable models indicated that, when considered simultaneously, being black, male, sexually active, and e...
Absorption spectra of solids condensed at low temperatures from electric discharges

Abstract Products of electric discharges in gases have been condensed on surfaces cooled by liquid helium. Such films of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and ammonia have been studied by absorption spectroscopy over the spectrum rnage 0.22 to 3.5 microns. In nitrogen, two very weak absorption bands are observed near 3400 A. Hydrogen shows no absorption, but does show a very weak green emission in the gas surrounding the cold surface. In oxygen 24 bands are observed in the visible portion of the spectrum, and two in the infrared. Preliminary observations on absorption in water vapor and ammonia are described. In addition, the spectrum has been photographed of the green emission produced by ammonia discharge products condensed on a surface at 77°K.
The water vascular system and functional morphology of Paleozoic asteroids

Asteroids of all geologic ages share a single basic body form, surficial skeletal arrangement, and aspects of water vascular construction. In almost all described Paleozoic species, however, either podial pores to the interior of the arm were lacking, or they are directed laterally, above the adambulacrals. They are internal and above the ambulacrals in known post-Paleozoic species and the Pennsylvanian Calliasterella. Certain features of the ambulacral skeletal arrangement also differ. Calliasterella is the closest known Paleozoic relative of post-Paleozoic asteroids. Classifications of asteroids that stress only overall form and surticial skeletal arrangement erroneously include Paleozoic and Holocene species in common ordinal or even lower level groupings. Taxonomic revision is premature: however, most known Paleozoic asteroids represent primitive lineages. Transitional forms allow reconstruction of events leading to the modern arrangement. Ampullar and skeletal arrangements of post-Paleozoic asteroids appear to offer some functional advantages over those of their precursors, but as early as the Ordovician, diverse feeding habits had evolved and ecological roles paralleled those of Holocene species.
Text trajectories and media discourse: tracking gendered representations in presidential politics

During the Democratic nomination for President of the United States (2007-2008), Hillary Rodham Clinton’s laughter became the subject of intense scrutiny by mass media and was dubbed, The Clinton Cackle. This paper investigates how the ‘cackle’ characterization was first established, and thus, formed the basis of an intertextual series (Hodges, 2011), wherein this re-presentation of Clinton’s laughter circulated across multiple discursive contexts. By examining various dimensions of the decontextualization and recontextualization of Clinton’s laughter as it ‘travelled’ across contexts (Blommaert, 2005), the analysis illustrates how the news media effectively reshaped the kinds of meanings and values attached to it and concomitantly (re)produced and reinforced a stereotypically gendered, negative (i.e., sexist, misogynist) perception of her. The paper concludes with a discussion of the significance of tracing the trajectory of this ‘text’ in terms of the ideological nature of the intertextual processes at work, and the implications for women politicians more generally.
Detection of human papillomavirus in verrucous carcinoma from HIV‐seropositive patients

Anogenital squamous cell carcinoma has been noted with increased frequency in HIV-seropositive patients. Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma that tends to be locally invasive and non-metastasizing. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) has been strongly implicated in other squamous neoplasms, it has been variably associated with verrucous carcinoma and has not been examined in these lesions in the HIV-positive population. The aim of this study was to examine the association of HPV with anal verrucous carcinoma in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV DNA in situ hybridization for HPV Types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from six cases of verrucous carcinoma and four cases of condyloma acuminatum in perianal specimens from HIV-seropositive patients. HPV DNA sequences were identified in five of six cases of verrucous carcinoma and in all cases of condyloma acuminatum. Of the five verrucous carcinomas that harbored detectable HPV DNA, four contained HPV 6/11 and two contained HPV 16/18. One contained both HPV 6/11 and HPV 16/18. All four cases of condyloma acuminatum were positive for HPV 6/11. One patient included in this series had three chronologically separate verrucous carcinomas. The initial lesion was negative for HPV DNA. Subsequent verrucous carcinomas were positive for HPV type 6/11 and type 16/18, respectively. The data presented support the concept that verrucous carcinoma in the HIV-seropositive population is associated with HPV, which may indeed play an important role in its pathogenesis.
Photoinduced Charge Carrier Generation and Decay in Sequentially Deposited Polymer/Fullerene Layers: Bulk Heterojunction vs Planar Interface

In this work, we use the time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique to study the dynamics of charge carrier generation in sequentially deposited conjugated polymer/fullerene layers. These layers are either fully solution-processed, using orthogonal solvents for the layers of the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or prepared by thermally evaporating a C60 layer onto P3HT films. Our work is motivated by the remarkable efficiency of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices using a sequentially processed P3HT/PCBM active layer. Here we use an electrodeless photoconductivity probe, so we can photoexcite the sample either through the polymer or the fullerene layer. We use samples with extremely thick P3HT films (2.4 μm) and show that excitation from either side of both as-cast and thermally annealed sample yields virtually identical results, consistent with mixing of the PCBM into the polymer film. We also compare solution-deposited samples...
A Simulated Annealing Heuristic for Unidimensional and Multidimensional (City-Block) Scaling of Symmetric Proximity Matrices

This paper presents a heuristic for uni- and multidimensional (city-block) scaling of symmetric proximity matrices. The heuristic begins with the partition of each coordinate axis into equally spaced discrete points. A simulated annealing algorithm is used to search the lattice defined by these points with the objective of minimizing either a least-squares or least absolute deviation loss function. The solution obtained by the simulated annealing algorithm is subsequently refined by passing the object permutations for each dimension to a postprocessor that finds a locally optimal set of coordinates. Experimental testing was conducted for uni- and two-dimensional (city-block) scaling using a well-studied proximity matrix. Although the simulated annealing based heuristic is effective in its own right, the results herein suggest that perhaps its greatest utility is the provision of very good starting solutions for combinatorial algorithms designed for uni- and multidimensional scaling.
The origin and significance of class discrimination in immunity

In this purely speculative article, Rod Langman develops the theme that a decision-making process requires information which distinguishes the choices and an interpretive mechanism which links a choice with an appropriate consequence.
An efficient algorithm for minimizing barrier and penalty functions

Constrained minimization is often done via interior penalty functions. Such functions can be very difficult to minimize using existing algorithms. In this paper, a new algorithm is described which is specially constructed to deal with such functions. It generates search directions by linearizing the objective and constraints about the current (interior) point, substituting these linearizations into the penalty function, and minimizing the result. Properties of the algorithm are derived, an efficient method for solving the direction finding problem is suggested, and computational results are presented. Preliminary results are also given on an extension to quasibarrier and exterior penalty functions.
Establishment of resistance to Gardner lymphosarcoma (6C 3HED) and L No. 2 lymphoma in C3H and A/He mice.

SummaryIt has been possible to produce complete protection in C3H mice to Gardner lymphosarcoma and to L#2 lymphoma, and in A/He mice to Gardner lymphosarcoma. Partial immunity was produced in A/He mice to L#2 lymphoma. This was accomplished by semiweekly intraperitoneal injections of 8 doses of 2000 r X-irradiated tumor. C3H mice immunized with Gardner and cross challenged with L#2 tumor and C3H mice immunized with L#2 tumor and challenged with Gardner tumor showed no significant amount of protection. However, A/He mice immunized with Gardner and challenged with L#2 tumor were partially protected. Plausible mechanisms of immunity production are discussed.
Effects of a new molasses byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct, on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle.

Continuous chromatographic separator techniques have allowed the extraction of more simple sugars from molasses (MOL). The resultant byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct (CSB), has reduced readily fermentable carbohydrates but elevated CP and mineral content. The feed value of CSB was compared to that of MOL in two separate trials. In Trial 1, a chopped forage mixture containing 84% meadow grass hay and 8% alfalfa hay was mixed with either CSB or MOL at 7.3% of DM. Diets were administered to four ruminally cannulated cows in a single reversal design. digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were measured. Ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3), VFA, total viable bacteria (TVB), cellulose-xylan fermenting bacteria (CXFB), and ciliated protozoa (PTZ) were evaluated. Blood profiles of electrolytes were also measured. Digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.03, 68.58; 57.48, 57.77; 65.62, 64.75; and 67.63, 65.07% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Only CP digestibility differed (P less than .02). Ruminal pH, NH3, VFA, TVB, CXFB, and PTZ were 6.97, 6.93; 14.21, 16.71 mg/dL; 74.30, 74.78 mumol/mL; 26.79, 27.36 x 10(9)/mL; 21.72, 21.36%; and 13.90, 7.80 x 10(3)/mL for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Ruminal measurements did not differ. Blood electrolyte profiles were not altered. Trial 2 was similar to Trial 1 except the basal diet used was 47% barley grain, 35% alfalfa hay, and 10% barley straw. Either MOL or CSB was added at 7.3% of the DM. Digestibilities of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.52, 71.33; 35.96, 37.11; 27.93, 33.47; and 71.10, 73.66% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collective beam-beam effects in hadron colliders

Collective beam-beam effects in hadron colliders were studied with a strong-strong beam-beam simulation on the CERN Large Hadron Collider, including multipole field errors in the lattice and beam-beam interactions at two high-luminosity interaction points. It was found that the beam-beam interaction could result in two distinct dynamics for hadron beams: a slow beam-size growth and an unstable beam-centroid oscillation. The instability of the beam-centroid oscillation has typical characteristics of the chaotic transport, i.e., the amplitude increase of the oscillation consists of slow escape from the remnants of invariant manifolds and fast diffusion in fully developed chaotic regions. The simulation results indicate that there is a threshold of the beam-beam parameter below which no unstable beam-centroid motion was observed. The escape rate of the unstable beam-centroid motion, on the other hand, increases with the nonlinear field errors in the lattice. As the slow beam-size growth is strongly enhanced by the beam-centroid oscillation, an elimination of the centroid motion with feedback can effectively suppress the beam-size growth. No steady state of coherent beam-beam oscillation was observed.
n-point sets and graphs of functions

Abstract We prove that, for every n ⩾ 2 , there exists an n-point set (a plane set which hits every line in exactly n points) that is homeomorphic to the graph of a function from R to R ; for n ⩾ 4 , there exist both 0-dimensional and 1-dimensional examples. This raises the question (which we do not answer) of whether n-point sets for different n's could be homeomorphic.
Public relations’ “Relationship Identity” in research: Enlightenment or illusion

Public relations’ identity in research sets parameters that can limit or illuminate the field. In this paper we consider how public relations have been developing a “relationship identity” in research. General public relations research, as opposed to sub-disciplines such as crisis communication, is dominated by a relationships approach. The focus on relationship was designed to enlighten public relations research and even improve the practice. But has the emphasis on relationships and focus on the organization–public relationship (OPR) as an outcome really enlightened public relations research? This paper explores four concerns about the application: (1) problems associated with applying a concept from interpersonal communication to public relations, (2) how identities affect the formation of close relationships, (3) the value of close relationships for publics, and (4) the parasocial nature of organization–public relationships. While of some heuristic value, the relationship focus should not be embraced uncritically. Public relations researchers should be cautious about concentrating on close relationships between organizations and publics and seek appropriate re-formulations and alternatives that more accurately depict organization–public connections. We should consider the value of weak relationships and parasocial relationships if we are to maximize the value of a relationship approach to public relations.
Phased annular array transducers for omnidirectional guided wave mode control in isotropic plate like structures

Ultrasonic guided waves are fast emerging as a reliable tool for continuous structural health monitoring. Their multi-modal nature along with their long range propagation characteristics offer several possibilities for interrogating structures. Transducers commonly used to generate guided waves in structures excite multiple modes at any frequency; their complex scattering and reflection from defects and boundaries often complicates the extraction of useful information. Often it is desirable to control the guided wave modes propagating in a structure to take advantage of their unique properties for different applications. Earlier attempts at guided wave mode control involved developing fixed wavelength linear and annular array transducers. Their only disadvantage is that the transducer is limited to a particular wavelength and a change in wavelength necessitates a change in the transducer. In this paper, we propose the development of an annular array transducer that can generate mode controlled omnidirectional guided waves by independently controlling the amplitude and phase of the array elements. A simplified actuator model that approximates the transducer loading on the structure to a constant pressure load under the array elements is assumed and an optimization problem is set up to compute the excitation voltage and phase of the elements. A five element annular array transducer is designed utilizing 1?3 type piezocomposite materials. The theoretical computations are experimentally verified on an aluminum plate like structure by exciting A0 and S0 guided wave modes.
Integration of InAlGaAs/InGaAs MODFETs on MQW modulators on GaAs substrates

An In/sub x/Al/sub y/Ga/sub 1-x-y/ device layer structure that enables the monolithic integration of In/sub 0.25/Al/sub 0.75/As/In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As MODFETs and In/sub 0.25/Al/sub 0.35/Ga/sub 0.40/As/In/sub 0.25/Ga/sub 0.75/As MQW modulators is reported. Current gain cutoff frequencies of 10 GHz are measured for 1 mu m gate length MODFETs. MQW modulators operating at 1.05 mu m demonstrate 20% transmission modulation for an applied 8 V. >
Acetylcholine binding by a synthetic receptor: implications for biological recognition

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is bound with 50-micromolar affinity by a completely synthetic receptor (host) comprising primarily aromatic rings. The host provided an overall hydrophobic binding site, but one that could recognize the positive charge of the quaternary ammonium group of ACh through a stabilizing interaction with the electron-rich pi systems of the aromatic rings (cation-pi interaction). Similar interactions may be involved in biological recognition of ACh and other choline derivatives.
Effect of mercury on taurine transport by the red blood cells of the marine polychaete, Glycera dibranchiata.

The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of heavy metal exposure on the transport of the amino acid, /sup 14/C-taurine, by the hemoglobin containing coelomocytes (red blood cells) of the marine polychaete, Glycera dibranchiata. Glycera has been used previously in studies on heavy metal absorption. Glycera red cells (RBCs) were used for this study because they contain a high concentration of taurine (190 mM) which has been implicated as a major osmolyte in cellular volume regulation in marine invertebrates. Taurine also appears to participate in osmoregulation of mammalian heart and brain tissue. The coelomic fluid bathing Glycera RBCs typically contains taurine at considerably lower concentrations (0.2 mM). The standing gradients (intracellular conc./extracellular conc.) for amino acids ranges from 40:1 for lysine to 950:1 for taurine. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that the maintenance of the large standing gradient for taurine was apparently due to the presence of a specific Na and Cl dependent taurine transport system in these cells. The fact that Glycera RBCs actively maintain large taurine gradients suggests that this tissue should be an excellent one to use in analysis of the mechanisms of heavy metal interaction with taurine transport systems.
The Rise of Stealth Inflation

In the 1990s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics made significant adjustments to the inflation rate used to set increases in social security payments. The consequence was to reduce reported inflation and therefore lower the inflation adjustment to benefit payments. But was this the right thing to do? This economist has strong and well-founded doubts.
URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN THE U.S. AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. PART 2

Abstract This article provides an overview of approximately 50 years of urban transportation planning history. It begins with developments in highway planning in the early 1930s and ends with the shift to decentralization of decision‐making authority in the 1980s. The key event during this period was the Federal‐Aid Highway Act of 1962 which created the federal mandate for a continuing, comprehensive urban transportation planning process carried out cooperatively by states and local governments. Planning processes and procedures evolved over the years as new issues and concerns were raised and changes in attitudes and priorities occurred. Planning processes have become more complex and sophisticated but have retained many of the earlier elements and objectives. The evolution is still continuing with the objective of improving procedures and institutions that are adapted to the needs and concerns of today's planners, citizens and decision‐makers.
Health At School: A Hidden Health Care System Emerges From The Shadows

A vast array of child health professionals—99,000 counselors; 56,000 nurses; 30,000 school psychologists; 15,000 social workers; and smaller numbers of dental hygienists, dentists, physicians, and substance abuse counselors—provide care to children and adolescents at school. However, most thought leaders in child health know little about this “hidden” system of care or are skeptical about its capacity to contribute to children’s well-being. Increased interest in prevention and chronic disease management, powered by escalating concern about childhood overweight, might end the isolation of school health programs and link them more effectively to community-based prevention programs and health care services.
Estimation of 3-D motion and structure based on a temporally-oriented approach with the method of regression

It is argued that the 3-D velocity of a single point up to a scalar factor can be recovered from its 2-D trajectory under the perspective projection. The authors then extend this idea to the recovery of 3-D motion of rigid objects. In both cases measurements are collected through temporal axis first. The analysis is based on the assumption that the 3-D motion of object is smooth so that its 3-D velocity can be approximated as a truncated Taylor series of the predetermined degree. Regression relations between unknown motion parameters and measurements for a single point and rigid body are derived. The method of maximum likelihood is used to estimate the motion. The uniqueness of determining the 3-D motion of the single point is discussed. Experimental results obtained from simulated data and real images are given to illustrate the robustness of this approach. >
Are Sanctions Effective?: A Game-Theoretic Analysis

Although economic sanctions have been quite frequent in the twentieth century, a close examination of the low success rate (33 out of 83 cases) indicates that sender countries are not able to select the appropriate cases. Moreover, analysts sometimes offer contradictory advice for such selection. This article provides a game-theoretic explanation of these phenomena. Six different game-theoretic scenarios lead to the same equilibrium outcome. This is a mixed strategy equilibrium. The success ratio is the outcome of the selection of mixed strategies by both sender and receiver countries. Under a wide range of (specified) circumstances, the size of the sanction has no impact upon the behavior of the target country. Finally, some empirical implications of the game-theoretic analysis are compared to existing empirical generalizations, and further implications for empirical research are discussed.
Establishment in the United States of Tetrastichus julis, a Larval Parasite of the Cereal Leaf Beetle

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), a Eurasian pest of small grains, was first identified in 1962 from specimens collected in Berrien Co., Mich., although damage had been observed as early as 1959 (Castro et al. 1965).