cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wave train characteristics of long-range, high-frequency Pn,Sn crossing an ocean bottom hydrophone array

abstract During February and March 1976 high-frequency P n , S n phases from several earthquakes in the distance range 18° to 29° were recorded on magnetic type from an array of bottom mounted hydrophones near Wake Island. Large discrepancies were found between the actual arrival sequences of these phases and those expected for uniform propagation of a plane wave front across the array. Furthermore, the signal envelopes of the wave trains were dissimilar on different hydrophones for any given P n , S n phase. Comparisons between arrival sequences on the different hydrophones and between the signal envelopes on a given hydrophone from groups of earthquakes with nearly identical hypocenters indicate that differences in velocity structure near individual hydrophones cannot explain these observations. They are more likely the result of either the mechanism of generation or of long-range propagation for P n and S n , or both.
Astana, Kazakhstan: Megadream, Megacity, Megadestiny?

Astana, Kazakhstan’s new capital city is being built to fit the future vision of the country’s leaders. Unique architectural styles, combined with creative morphological patterns give the city a distinctive look. It is being constructed to impress. It also represents a break from the past. As such, Astana embodies the meaning of a ‘Forward city.’ Forward cities are created for a variety of reasons; political, geopolitical, religious, economic or a combination of these. By relocating a capital city elsewhere, a country seeks to construct a fresh urban site that reflects a change from the traditional center of governmental activities to a new location that reveals a new direction for the country and its people. This chapter provides a brief background of the political context and conditions existing in the region, followed by an overview of the city’s geographic base, and scrutinize the unique methods of finance used to construct Astana. Also, the planning and design of the city will be examined, paying special attention to the ways in which architecture has been utilized to construct a futuristic vision of a public project for domestic and international consumption.
Relationships between livestock grazing practices, disease risk, and antimicrobial use among East African Agropastoralists

Livestock health is economically important for agropastoral households whose wealth is held partly as livestock. Households can invest in disease prevention and treatment, but livestock disease risk is also affected by grazing practices that result in inter-herd contact and disease transmission in regions with endemic communicable diseases. This paper examines the relationships between communal grazing and antimicrobial use in Maasai, Chagga and Arusha households in northern Tanzania. We develop a theoretical model of the economic connection between communal grazing, disease transmission risk, risk perceptions, and antimicrobial use, and derive testable hypotheses about these connections. Regression results suggest that history of disease and communal grazing are associated with higher subjective disease risk and greater antimicrobial use. We discuss the implications of these results in light of the potential for relatively high inter-herd disease transmission rates among communal grazers and potential contributions to antimicrobial resistance due to antimicrobial use.
Hand and Wrist Injuries Among US High School Athletes: 2005/06-2015/16.

BACKGROUND: The risk of hand/wrist injuries is present across various sports. Little is known about the epidemiology of such injuries. The objective of this study was to calculate the rates of hand/wrist injuries and investigate injury patterns among high school athletes. METHODS: Athlete exposure (AE) and hand/wrist injury data were collected during 11 academic years, 2005/06 through 2015/16, from a large sample of US high schools as part of the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study. RESULTS: There were 6723 hand/wrist injuries sustained during 40 195 806 AEs, a rate of 1.7 per 10 000 AEs. The rate of injury in competition (3.3) was higher than in practice (1.1) (95% confidence interval: 2.8–3.1). Rates of hand/wrist injuries varied by sport, with the highest rates in football (4.3), boys’ lacrosse (1.9), girls’ softball (1.9), wrestling (1.8), girls’ field hockey (1.7), boys’ ice hockey (1.7), and girls’ basketball (1.7). The most common injuries were fracture (45.0%), contusion (11.6%), and ligament sprain (9.0%). Athletes most frequently returned to play in CONCLUSIONS: High school athletes are at risk for hand/wrist injuries. Such injuries can keep athletes out of play and many require substantial medical treatment. Stick and ball or puck sports and full contact sports have high rates of hand/wrist injuries relative to other sports, which is indicative of a need for sport-specific prevention efforts.
Web-Based Virtual Environments for Facilitating Assessment of L2 Oral Communication Ability

ABSTRACTA growing number of stakeholders argue for the use of second language (L2) speaking assessments that measure the ability to orally communicate in real time. A Web-based virtual environment (VE) that allows live voice communication among individuals may have potential for aiding in delivering such assessments. While off-the-shelf voice communication VEs, such as Second Life, have been used for language learning and to a much lesser extent, language assessment, a very limited number of such environments have been designed with the explicit aim of aiding in assessing L2 oral communication. Moreover, test developers who desire to build such a VE have little theoretical basis to guide them. This conceptual article fills this void by discussing some of the theoretical issues that were considered when the researchers built a VE to help deliver L2 oral communication assessments.
Do colleges around low income areas accept more low income students? Evidence from California State Universities

Using the data of California State Universities from 2000 to 2011, this article examines whether colleges around low income areas accept more low income students. The results show that campuses aro...
Behavioral Marital Therapy

Behavioral marital therapy is one of the most recent entries into the field of marital therapy. Behavior therapists have begun to make significant contributions to the treatment of marital discord only in the last 10–15 years. This field really began in 1965 when Goldiamond pointed out how a husband controlled his wife’s behavior by stimuli he provided her. Thus, “If he wished his wife to behave differently to him, then he should provide other stimuli than the ones which produced the behavior he did not like” (Goldiamond, 1965, p. 856). Goldiamond’s pioneering work was soon followed by case reports by Lazarus in 1968 and by Stuart in 1969. Shortly thereafter, the behavioral marital therapy literature burgeoned with numerous case reports, literature reviews, and treatment program descriptions (Gurman and Knudson, 1978). The rapid acceptance of this new treatment approach is especially notable among recent graduates of clinical psychology programs in this country, although it has won some psychiatrists to its ranks (e.g., Liberman, 1975; Crowe, 1973; Stern and Marks, 1973). Part of the rapid growth in popularity of this approach is its appeal to professionals who feel that treatment approaches should be firmly linked to the terminology, if not the methodology, of the stricter psychological sciences.
First experiences with tutor for recursive algorithm time efficiency analysis

Application based tutors can be an excellent means of improving student learning. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that many such tutors have been developed to aid in the traditionally challenging topics of Computer Science, ranging from introductory programming to more advanced topics. In this paper we describe the first experience using a tutor specifically built to support learning about recursive algorithms, and, more specifically, the time performance analysis of chip-and-conquer, chip-and-be-conquered, and divide-and-conquer algorithms. The software tool was provided to students via Blackboard Vista as a supplement to lecture notes, textbooks, classroom lectures, and practice examples. Assessment includes comparison of test scores after short and limited exposure to the tutor and the scores received by the same student body on the final exam after more extensive exposure to the software. In addition, final exam scores for relevant time analysis questions in sections of the Algorithms courses since 2002 are used to compare the averages of students scores before and after using the tutor. The evaluation confirms the tutor's usefulness in improving student learning.
From the Primary Radiation Induced Radicals in DNAConstituents to Strand Breaks: Low Temperature EPR/ENDOR Studies

This review contains the results of EPR/ENDOR experiments on DNA constituents in the solid-state. Most of the results presented involve single crystals of the DNA bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The emphasis is on low-temperature ENDOR results. Typical experiments involve irradiations at or near helium temperatures in attempts to determine the primary radiation induced oxidation and reduction products. The use of the ENDOR technique allows one to determine the protonation state of the initial products. Subsequent warming of the sample facilitates a study of the reactions that the primary products undergo. A summary of the results is provided to show the relevance the study of model compounds has in understanding the radiation chemistry of DNA
Symmetry Determinations by Vibrational Spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy has often been used to determine the symmetry of molecules. However, a confident determination of the molecular symmetry necessitates a study of both the infrared and Raman spectra, and earlier determinations by one technique alone have led, in some cases, to incorrect conclusions. Additionally, vibrational data obtained by one technique for one physical phase (eg. infrared data of the gas) have frequently been compared with vibrational data taken by another technique for a different phase (eg. Raman data of the liquid). Also it should be pointed out that the low frequency skeletal stretching and bending motions are usually the most sensitive for symmetry determinations, but this region of the spectrum was frequently inaccessible for many of the early spectroscopic studies. These facts have lowered confidence in the vibrational spectroscopic technique for the determination of molecular symmetries. However when molecules have a symmetry center, the results are usually quite definitive.
Sensory Environments and Brain Damage

Since the sensory environment can modify brain structure, function, and behavior, it might sometimes play a role in the induction of, and recovery from, the effects of brain damage. The evidence for this suggestion will be presented under the following headings: experimental variables, the state of the art, physiological mechanisms, and outstanding questions. The available research data will also be used to speculate upon the etiology of both damaging and repair processes.
A new rapid method for clostridium difficile DNA extraction and detection in stool: Toward point-of-care diagnostic testing

We describe a new method for the rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection, with stool sample preparation and DNA extraction by heat and physical disruption in a single-use lysis microreactor (LMR), followed by a rapid PCR amplification step. All steps can be accomplished in
Plagiarism Detection in Marathi Language Using Semantic Analysis

In this article, the authors have proposed a method to detect plagiarism in the Marathi language by using semantic analysis. Nowadays, plagiarism is a challenging task in educational and research f...
Geographic Disparities in the Incidence of Stroke among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in the United States.

Abstract Aim: To determine whether regional variation in stroke incidence exists among individuals with AF. Methods: Using healthcare utilization claims from 2 large US databases, MarketScan (2007-2014) and Optum Clinformatics (2009-2015), and the 2010 US population as the standard, we estimated age-, sex-, race- (only in Optum) standardized stroke incidence rates by the 9 US census divisions. We also used Poisson regression to examine incidence rate ratios (IRR) of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation prescription fills across divisions. Results: Both databases combined included 970,683 patients with AF who experienced 15,543 strokes, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. In MarketScan, the age- and sex-standardized stroke incidence rate was highest in the Middle Atlantic and East South Central divisions at 3.8/1000 person-years (PY) and lowest in the West North Central at 3.2/1000 PY. The IRR of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation fills were similar across divisions. In Optum Clinformatics, the age-, sex-, and race-standardized stroke incidence rate was highest in the East North Central division at 5.0/1000 PY and lowest in the New England division at 3.3/1000 PY. IRR of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation fills differed across divisions when compared to New England. Conclusions: These findings suggest regional differences in stroke incidence among AF patients follow a pattern that differs from the hypothesized trend found in the general population and that other factors may be responsible for this new pattern. Cross-database differences provide a cautionary tale for the identification of regional variation using health claims data.
DYNAMICS OF CHARGED SUSPENSIONS

Abstract Particles or droplets in a gaseous suspension are almost invariably electrically charged. Charging and charge transfer may occur by surface contact or by collection of ions. All particle-fluid interactions, particle-surface interactions and particle-particle interactions are influenced by the electrical effects. The method of continuum mechanics of suspensions permits accurate calculation and correlation of a class of phenomena of diffusion under field forces produced by electrical, gravitational, and hydrodynamic effects. They include coalescence, electric field, and electrification of rain clouds; diffusion and fall-out in the atmosphere, turbulence and dispersion; interaction with a boundary and sampling; and electrical means of collecting particles.
Estimating population abundance at a site in the open ocean: combining information from conventional and telemetry tags with application to gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus)

Estimates of animal abundance are widely used to support conservation and resource management. For populations in open systems, abundance estimates from tagging data can be highly uncertain or bias...
A systematic exploration of temporal bisection models across sub- and supra-second duration ranges

Abstract An integral component to the validity of timing models is their ability to accurately fit behavioral data from detection and discrimination tasks such as the temporal bisection procedure. Two of the most prominent timing models are the Sample Known Exactly (SKE), based on scalar timing theory, and the pseudo-logistic model (PLM). Recently, evidence accumulation models based on drift–diffusionprocesses (DDM) have been utilized for modeling temporal bisection data. Currently, there is no standard by which timing behavioral data are fit, resulting in the implementation of both theoretical and atheoretical models, such as generalized logistic functions (L4P). As differences in timing behavior have been shown across sub- and supra-second durations, a comparative evaluation of these 4 different types of models (SKE, PLM, L4P, and DDM) was conducted to assess each model’s ability to capture these differences using timing data from the temporal bisection procedure. Psychometric functions from rats, trained on a bisection task using sub-sec (200 ms vs. 800 ms.) and supra-sec (2 s vs. 8 s) conditions, were fit with each of the four models. Using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) we demonstrate that theoretical models vastly outperformed the L4P across both duration ranges, Furthermore, significant differences existed in key parameters between L4P and PLM. Three DDM models were analyzed with varying degrees of freedom, which showed that allowing for non-decision time, drift rate, and starting point to vary across signal durations outperform simpler models ( Δ i ≥ 10) that only allowed for variation in drift rate or drift rate and starting point. These models explained variance in both choice and reaction time data. While we were unable to directly compare timing and temporal decision models the results from both demonstrate the need for a shift toward theoretically based models such as the SKE, PLM, or DDM which provide greater parsimony as well as provide for greater qualitative analysis and interpretation of the data.
Unintended Consequences of Post-Crisis Liquidity Regulation

We present evidence that post-crisis liquidity regulation on commercial banks and money market funds (MMFs) unintentionally shifts liquidity transformation into the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) System, a government-sponsored enterprise. We find that commercial banks increased significantly their borrowing from FHLB advances to meet the liquidity requirements imposed by Basel III, while MMFs increased their lending to FHLBs in response to the Money Market Reform. Since the FHLBs are backed by an implicit government guarantee, the new realignment between banks, FHLBs, and MMFs increases the reliance of private financial institutions on public liquidity on a regular basis, which is inconsistent with the intention of the post-crisis liquidity regulation. Furthermore, the subsidy associated with the implicit government guarantee is largely captured by banks and FHLBs rather than being passed to intended recipients. We argue that the main cause of this unintended consequence is regulatory fragmentation.
CD8+ T cells in HIV control, cure and prevention.

HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the majority of current vaccine strategies focus on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, there is substantial evidence that cellular immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control and may be harnessed to induce both therapeutic and preventive antiviral effects. In this Review, we discuss the increasing evidence derived from individuals who spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral therapy as well as preclinical immunization studies that provide a clear rationale for renewed efforts to develop a CD8+ T cell-based HIV vaccine in conjunction with B cell vaccine efforts. Further, we outline the remaining challenges in translating these findings into viable HIV prevention, treatment and cure strategies. Recently, antibody-mediated control of HIV infection has received considerable attention. Here, the authors discuss the importance of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection and suggest that efforts to develop vaccines that target these cells in conjunction with B cells should be renewed.
Connected and automated road vehicles: state of the art and future challenges

The state of the art of modelling, control, and optimisation is discussed for automated road vehicles that may utilise wireless vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity. The appropriate tools to ad...
SUBUNIT INTERACTIONS IN ALLOSTERIC CONTROL

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about subunit interactions in allosteric control. Cooperative effects were originally discovered in hemoglobin and have been shown to be a characteristic of most regulatory proteins. To understand the ligand-induced changes of a protein molecule it is necessary to develop diagnostic methods. It is apparent that a quantitative evaluation of the intrinsic constants of ligand binding can lead to a diagnosis between models and therefore can provide insight into the strength of the individual molecular parameters. Ligand-induced conformational changes are required to explain negative cooperativity apparent in many proteins. They are required to explain the physical changes indicated in a positively cooperative system like hemoglobin. It appears that many other processes—the peeling of a repressor from DNA, the change in a transport protein on a membrane, the reaction of a nerve receptor—are similar in nature and involve induced conformational changes.
Racial disparities in pancreatic resection and survival among elderly patients: A SEER database analysis.

e16784Background: For localized pancreatic cancer treatment, surgical resection is the only potentially curative option. Currently, little is known about whether racial disparities exist in elderly...
Functions with identical Lp norms

Abstract Suppose P ≔ ( p j ) j = 1 ∞ is a sequence of distinct real numbers p j > 0 . We prove that the equalities ‖ f ‖ p = ‖ g ‖ p , p ∈ P , imply μ ( { x ∈ E : | f ( x ) | α } ) = μ ( { x ∈ E : | g ( x ) | α } ) , α ≥ 0 , whenever 0 μ ( E ) ∞ and f , g ∈ L ∞ ( E ) if and only if ∑ j = 1 ∞ p j p j 2 + 1 = ∞ .
Georg von Békésy and Bruce Mer: Early Pioneers of Endoscopic Ear Surgery.

The binocular operative microscope has been the workhorse of otologic and neurotologic surgeons since the 1950s. Since its advent, however, surgeons recognized that the operative microscope could n...
Impaired left ventricular global longitudinal strain is associated with elevated left ventricular filling pressure after myocardial infarction

Strain analysis was performed in 104 pigs after MI, and its relationship to invasive hemodynamic measurements was studied. Impaired longitudinal strain was associated with high ventricular filling ...
Development of New Systems Engineering Instrument using Text Mining Technique

The problem faced by 21st systems engineers is the integration of multiple complex systems, referred to as a system of systems (SoS), where different constituent, contextual specificity, legacy, or new systems integrate to achieve an emergent mission or deliver the new desirable goal. Thus, there is a need to develop an effective cadre of systems engineers who could manage and navigate the complex system context efficiently. But, the existing body of SE literature lacks to address two fundamental questions: (1) What are the fundamental attributes of systems engineering that would impact the performance of individual system engineers? (2) What are the leading indicators for appraising the performance of an individual systems engineer? To address the gap, in this exposition we proposed a new instrument that could assess the performance of the systems engineer. This instrument is developed based on the text mining technique from a large dataset. Utilizing this instrument, the individuals would identify their weak spot and better understand personal profiles to continually emphasize their systems engineering skill development.
Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development

Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
Stressed out: Bacterial response to high salinity using compatible solute biosynthesis and uptake systems, lessons from Vibrionaceae.

Abstract Bacteria have evolved mechanisms that allow them to adapt to changes in osmolarity and some species have adapted to live optimally in high salinity environments such as in the marine ecosystem. Most bacteria that live in high salinity do so by the biosynthesis and/or uptake of compatible solutes, small organic molecules that maintain the turgor pressure of the cell. Osmotic stress response mechanisms and their regulation among marine heterotrophic bacteria are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss what is known about compatible solute metabolism and transport and new insights gained from studying marine bacteria belonging to the family Vibrionaceae.
Federal Wealth Policy and the Perpetuation of White Supremacy

Since its inception, the U.S. government has strongly promoted the expansion of White wealth. These past policies have created the current wealth gaps in which White households typically hold >10 t...
Design Considerations for Edge Neural Network Accelerators: An Industry Perspective

AI acceleration is one of the most actively researched fields in IP and system design. The introduction of specialized AI accelerators in the cloud and at the edge has made it possible to deploy large scaled AI solutions that automate tasks that were previously not possible without AI. The growth of big data and the compute horsepower needed to process this data to provide business intelligence is key for several companies in gaining a competitive edge. AI workloads are both data and compute intensive and improving the efficiency often requires an end-to-end solution. In this perspective paper, we identify key considerations for the design of AI accelerators. The focus of this paper is on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and how to build efficient deep neural network accelerators through microarchitectural exploration, energy efficient memory hierarchies, flexible dataflow distribution, domain-specific compute optimizations and finally hardware-software co-design techniques. The importance of interconnect topology and the impact of its scaling to the physical design of an AI accelerator is also a key consideration that is described in this paper. In the future, the energy efficiency of these accelerators may rely on approximation computing, compute-in-memory and runtime flexibility for significant improvement.
The Strange Silence of Latin American Political Theory1

Political theorists affiliated with Latin American and Caribbean academic institutions rarely publish in flagship journals or other important outlets of the discipline. Similarly, they are not memb...
Quality and Reliability of YouTube for Patient Information on Facial Fillers

YouTube proves to be a source of health information for patients. This is the first study to analyze the source reliability and educational value of YouTube videos on facial filler treatments. On A...
HiMAT systems development results and projections

Significant findings of the Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology Remotely Piloted Research Vehicle (HiMAT RPRV) flight test program are presented. Among the topics covered are: aerodynamic scaling relationships, the aeroelastic tailoring of wing and canard twist and camber, and laminate graphite/epoxy composite primary structure performance under high-g loading maneuvers. Attention is also given to the set of actuators used in the test and development program, with a view to the minimization of costs through modularity and interchangeability of components and the extensive use of off-the-shelf equipment. The relationship between composite ply geometry and the shape and magnitude of aeroelastic deformations during maneuvering is discussed in detail.
S-pad implementation; total plastic package crack solution for non-moisture sensitive package

This paper investigates capability of following technologies; mold compound, die attach adhesive, textured die pad, and buffer coat, in resolving or improving the package crack performance of plastic package during reflow soldering process. We have finally succeeded in resolving this problem by making a die pad smaller than chip size and analyzed the stress, thermal and electrical characterization by using the simulation to determine suitable scoop size and lead frame line-up. The chip size limitation was confirmed by actual experiments for a chip size, a package size and a package thickness.
Variations in dietary protein but not in dietary fat plus cellulose or carbohydrate levels affect cysteine metabolism in rat isolated hepatocytes

To determine if previously observed effects of dietary protein on hepatic cysteine metabolism were due specifically to increases in dietary protein or to the accompanying decreases in dietary carbohydrate, two experiments were conducted. In one experiment, rats were fed diets that contained different levels of protein vs. an isocaloric mixture of fat + cellulose and a constant amount of carbohydrate. In the other, rats were fed diets that contained a constant amount of protein but different levels of carbohydrate vs. an isocaloric mixture of fat+cellulose. Diets were fed for 2-3 wk and hepatocytes were then isolated. Hepatic cysteine dioxygenase activity increased and cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities decreased in a stepwise manner when protein was added to the diet at the expense of fat + cellulose. Changes in cysteine dioxygenase, cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities were consistent with changes in rates of cysteine catabolism, taurine production and glutathione synthesis, respectively, by intact hepatocytes incubated with 0.2 mmol/L cysteine. When the carbohydrate to fat+ cellulose ratio was varied, but the protein level was held constant, little or no change in enzyme activities or levels of metabolite production was observed. Regulation of the activities of enzymes involved in cysteine metabolism is predominantly due to changes in dietary protein intake and not to the associated changes in intake of other dietary macronutrients.
Economics, Philosophy of

Economics is of philosophical interest for three reasons. First, its methodological peculiarities: its extreme simplifications, its inexactness, its reliance on a deductive method, and the importance of causal claims concerning mechanisms, tendencies and capacities. Second, economics depends on a theory of rationality and has implications for the understanding of preference, utility, and self-interest. Finally, economics is relevant to ethical questions, particularly concerning efficiency and welfare. Philosophical reflection is of interest to economists because it can help to clarify methodological problems, improve the theory of rationality, and unscramble, expand, and sharpen the ethical implications. Although the philosophy of economics addresses many topics, a great deal of it has focused on the specific model of rationality and choice that is embedded in mainstream microeconomics. But the failure of economists to anticipate the financial crisis of 2008 and to provide unambiguous advice about how to restore prosperity has increased interest in the methodology of macroeconomics.
Lobster is big in Boston: Postcards, place commodification, and tourism

An analysis of picture postcards from Boston, Massachusetts shows that, in 1977, Boston was portrayed as a center of heritage and science and technology. In 1990 more postcards featured more views of more sights, emphasising shopping and academe. A new class of novelty cards conveyed images of Boston which did not refer to any particular geographic sites. We interpret these shifts using the idea of place commodification and by situating tourism in the culture industry.
Rheology of the Upper Mantle and the Mantle Wedge: A View from the Experimentalists

In this manuscript we review experimental constraints for the viscosity of the upper mantle. We first analyze experimental data to provide a critical review of flow law parameters for olivine aggregates and single crystals deformed in the diffusion creep and dislocation creep regimes under both wet and dry conditions. Using reasonable values for the physical state of the upper mantle, the viscosities predicted by extrapolation of the experimental flow laws compare well with independent estimates for the viscosity of the oceanic mantle, which is approximately 10 19 Pa s at a depth of ∼100 km. The viscosity of the mantle wedge of subduction zones could be even lower if the flux of water through it can result in olivine water contents greater than those estimated for the oceanic asthenosphere and promote the onset of melting. Calculations of the partitioning of water between hydrous melt and mantle peridotite suggest that the water content of the residue of arc melting is similar to that estimated for the asthenosphere. Thus, transport of water from the slab into the mantle wedge can continually replenish the water content of the upper mantle and facilitate the existence of a low viscosity asthenosphere.
The Relative Importance of Horizontal and Vertical Aim of Low-Beam Headlamps

This study evaluated the relative effects of horizontal and vertical misaim of low-beam headlamps. The approach involved analyzing light-output matrices of 150 production low beams, manufactured for sale in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. The specific analysis involved computing for 225 locations in the central part of each beam pattern, the ratios of nominal intensity to intensity for horizontal and vertical misaim of up to 1.5 deg. The resultant intensity ratios were then interpreted in terms of their likely effects on visual performance and discomfort glare. Simultaneous horizontal and vertical misaim were not considered. The results indicate that horizontal misaim of the U.S., European, and Japanese lamps of up to 1.5 deg. in either direction has no practical significance. Vertical misaim of American and Japanese lamps is of practical significance when misaim reaches 1.5 deg., and is of likely significance at misaim of 1 deg. European lamps are more sensitive to vertical misaim, with vertical misaim of 1 deg. of practical significance, and misaim of 0.5 deg. of likely significance. The relative difference in the importance of horizontal and vertical misaim is greeatest for European lamps.
Beta-Lactams and Tetracyclines

Abstract The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals is a series of volumes in which the adverse effects of drugs and adverse reactions to them are surveyed. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. This review of the January 2018 to December 2018 publications on beta-lactams and tetracyclines covers ertapenem, meropenem, meropenem–vaborbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, nafcillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefazolin, cefepime, cefoperazone, cefaperazone, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftaroline, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline.
Conjectured Diophantine Estimates on Elliptic Curves

Let A be an elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers Q. Mordell’s theorem asserts that the group of points A(Q) is finitely generated. Say {P 1,..., P r } is a basis of A(Q) modulo torsion. Explicit upper bounds for the heights of elements in such a basis are not known. The purpose of this note is to conjecture such bounds for a suitable basis. Indeed, R⊗A(Q) is a vector space over R with a positive definite quadratic form given by the Neron-Tate height: if A is defined by the equation $${y^2} = {x^3} + ax + b,a,b \in {\text{Z}}$$ , and P = (x, y) is a rational point with x = c/d written as a fraction in lowest form, then one defines the x-height $${h_x} = {\text{log max}}\left( {\left| c \right|,\left| d \right|} \right)$$ .
Step by step to better performance : Organizational-citizenship behavior can transform employees and the workplace

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to foster organizational–citizenship behavior (OCB), which offers benefits including improved competitive advantage and employee welfare. Design/methodology/approach – This paper defines OCB, discusses its benefits and limitations and offers advice on interventions. Findings – It is argued that enhanced OCB can significantly improve organizational performance and employee well-being. Practical implications – A framework that could help companies to implement OCB, while recognizing that the circumstances of every business are different has been set out. Social implications – This paper reveals why OCB is less common among the millennial generation. Originality/value – OCB as a tool to boost employee motivation and to breach the gap created by the disappearing traditional employer–employee psychological contract has been presented.
WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS CALLED TO DO IN THE COMING DECADES

Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly tanulmanya az embernek a vilagegyetemben betoltott szerepet boncolgatja, es arra a kovetkeztetesre jut, hogy a paratlan hatekonysagu elmevel es tudattal megaldott (vagy megvert) Embernek felelősseget kell vallalnia jovője, valamint sajat fejlődese es evolucioja fenntarthatosaga irant. Előszor is az onmagunkrol alkotott kepet kell rendeznunk (nemcsak a mohosag es a nemiseg, hanem az egyuttműkodes, az altruizmus es a spiritualitas is jellemző rank), majd ki kell dolgoznunk alternativ reakciomodokat a genjeink, osztoneink es a hagyomanyos kondicionalas reank gyakorolt kenyszereire adott valaszkent. Egyedul akkor lehet eselyunk a tulelesre, ha ratalalunk az orom es a lelkesedes uj, ertelmes formaira, es gondoskodunk arrol, hogy ezek egyben elősegitik a kornyezet egyensulyanak es sokfelesegenek megovasat, a tarsadalmi igazsagossagot, tudatunk komplexitasanak novekedeset, valamint melto alternativat kinalnak szamunkra az anyagiassag es a fogyasztas hajhaszasaval szemben is.
Terrain Segmentation with On-Line Mixtures of Experts for Autonomous Robot Navigation

We describe an on-line machine learning ensemble technique, based on an adaptation of the mixture of experts (ME) model, for predicting terrain in autonomous outdoor robot navigation. Binary linear models, trained on-line on images seen by the robot at different points in time, are added to a model library as the robot navigates. To predict terrain in a given image, each model in the library is applied to feature data from that image, and the models' predictions are combined according to a single-layer (flat) ME approach. Although these simple linear models have excellent discrimination in their local area in feature space, they do not generalize well to other types of terrain, and must be applied carefully. We use the distribution of training data as the source of the a priori pointwise mixture coefficients that form the soft gating network in the ME model. Single-class Gaussian models are learned during training, then later used to perform density estimation of incoming data points, resulting in pointwise estimates of model applicability . The combined output given by ME thus permits models to abstain from making predictions for certain parts of the image. We show that this method outperforms a less sophisticated, non-local baseline method in a statistically significant evaluation using natural datasets taken from the domain.
Developing auditory skills by the SAIL robot

Motivated by the autonomous developmental process of higher animals and humans from infancy to adulthood, the objective of our SAIL developmental robot project is to investigate how to enable a robot to develop its cognitive and behavioral skills through online, real-time interactions with the environment. In other words, our goal is to enable a robot to learn autonomously from real-world experiences. The work presented here focuses on the development of its auditory behaviors. Both simulation results and experiments on real robot are reported.
Cultural Sweat: Melville, Labor, and Slavery

In “Letter Fourth” published in The Lowell Offering of 1844, Susan, a mill worker in Lowell, Massachusetts, writes to friends back home about the varied reasons young women come to the textile mills to work. Among the expected explanations—a mean stepmother, a tight-fisted Yankee father, an overly strict household moral code, religious differences with family members—Susan gives another reason: “The next [girl] has left a good home because her lover, who has gone on a whaling voyage, wishes to be married when he returns, and she would like more money than her father will give her.” 1 Just as Robert K. Wallace in Douglass and Melville: Anchored Together in Neighborly Style urges us to explore the intersecting worlds of the black slave and the white seaman, by publishing her 1844 “letter,” Harriet Farley long ago reminded us that the lives of the New England girls working in the mills and of the young men who might be found in Melville’s seafaring and whaling stories also intersect. And just as the personal lives and the public writings of both Frederick Douglass and Herman Melville have been studied extensively but “separately,” 2 so, too, have the lives and writings of the young farm girls who headed to the mill towns been studied separately from those of the farm boys who headed off to sea. However, looking at the historical similarities between these groups helps us clarify Melville’s perspective on work. Although it has been often acknowledged that Melville was writing in Moby-Dick the epic history of whaling, his intense concern for the common laborer and the contingent development of the textile and whaling industries in this period argue that he was perhaps more profoundly engaged in writing the epic history of the American Worker. Furthermore, Melville’s deep empathy for these laborers’ work constitutes the foundation for his opposition to slavery. Rather than rail against the South’s “peculiar institution,” Melville makes a clever but indirect tactical move: he makes his readers sympathize
Microbiological comparison of surface soil and unsaturated subsurface soil from a semiarid high desert.

Thirty-two chemoheterotrophic bacteria were isolated from unsaturated subsurface soil samples obtained from ca. 70 m below land surface in a high desert in southeastern Idaho. Most isolates were gram positive (84%) and strict aerobes (79%). Acridine orange direct counts of microbes in one subsurface sample showed lower numbers than similar counts performed on surface soils from the same location (ca. 5 × 105 versus 2 × 106 cells per g [dry weight] of soil), but higher numbers than those from plate counts performed on the subsurface material. Another sample taken from the same depth at another location showed no evidence of colonies under identical conditions. Soil analyses indicated that subsurface sediments versus surface soils were slightly alkaline (pH 7.9 versus 7.4), had a higher water content (25.7 versus 6.3%), and had lower organic carbon concentrations (0.05 to 0.17 versus 0.25% of soil dry weight). Analyses of biologically relevant gases from the unsaturated subsurface indicated an aerobic environment. As in other unsaturated soil environments, either a high proportion of bacteria in these subsurface sediments are not viable or they are incapable of growth on conventional media under aerobic conditions. The presence and numbers of bacteria in these deep sediments may be influenced by colonization opportunities afforded by periodic percolation of surface water through fractures in overlying strata.
Downbursts: Meteorological Features and Wind Field Characteristics.

Abstract Since the term “downburst” was coined by the author back in 1976, it has been subclassified into “microburst” and “macroburst” according to the horizontal dimension of the wind system. Introduced in this paper is the basic observational evidence of the microburst investigated by three fact-finding projects in 1978, 1982, and 1986, at three different climatological locations in the United States. Described briefly are the three major aircraft accidents in microbursts and some examples of the wind damage by strong microbursts. Current estimates of the maximum microburst wind at the 10−5 per year probability is as high as 150 mph, which could result in the tornado-like damage.
COX-2-selective inhibitors in the treatment of arthritis

Therapy with nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has long been the cornerstone of pharmacologic management of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Many patients with OA or RA, however, are at increased risk of developing clinically significant adverse events associated with NSAID therapy, particularly upper gastrointestinal (GI) complications including symptomatic and complicated ulcers. The introduction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors (coxibs) represents a major advance in the pharmacologic approach to the signs and symptoms of arthritis. In addition to the first two members of this class, celecoxib and rofecoxib, other coxibs have been introduced or are in development (valdecoxib, etoricoxib). In numerous clinical trials, coxibs have been shown to be as effective as nonselective NSAIDs in relieving pain and inflammation associated with OA and RA, and notably, with a significantly lower risk of NSAID-type adverse events. The use of coxibs to treat OA and RA is recommended as first-line therapy when symptoms of pain and inflammation are present in patients vulnerable to potential NSAID-associated GI toxicity.
Isotope mass fractionation during evaporation of Mg2SiO4

Synthetic forsterite (Mg2SiO4) was partially evaporated in vacuum for various durations and at different temperatures. The residual charges obtained when molten Mg2SiO4 was evaporated to 12 percent of its initial mass were enriched in heavy isotopes by about 20, 30, and 15 per mil/amu for O, Mg, and Si, respectively, whereas solid forsterite evaporated to a similar residual mass fraction showed negligible fractionations. These results imply that calcium and aluminum-rich refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites must have been at least partially molten in the primordial solar nebula if the observed large mass fractionation effects were caused by evaporation processes in the nebula.
Memory functioning in panic disorder: A neuropsychological perspective

Abstract Subjects with panic disorder and normal controls were administered a battery of neuropsychological measures of memory functioning, as well as several self-report measures. Subjects with panic disorder demonstrated overall visual memory impairment compared to normal controls, but were no different from control subjects in overall verbal memory or ability to concentrate. Analyses of learning versus recall variables yielded significant differences between groups on measures of visual learning, visual recall, and verbal recall, with panic disorder subjects performing worse than controls. No group difference was found in verbal learning. Results provide a neuropsychological correlate to panic disorder with implications for temporal lobe involvement.
A Process model of strategic business exit: Implications for an evolutionary perspective on strategy

The process model of strategic business exit (SBE) maps the activities of different levels of management onto the business and corporate levels of strategy making involved in Intel Corporation's exit from its core dynamic random access memory (DRAM) business. The SBE process model contributes to the development of an evolutionary process theory of strategy making by conceptualizing the pattern of managerial activities through which resources and corporate competencies are internally redirected toward more viable business opportunities, and the strategic context of a core business dissolves. The SBE process model corroborates the usefulness of the Bower-Burgelman process model for conceptualizing strategy making in complex organizations.