cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mobility and structure of nickel atoms on the (100) plane of tungsten

The field ion microscope has been used to study the surface diffusion and overlayer structure of Ni atoms on the (100) plane of W. Single Ni atoms were found to become mobile on W(100) at temperatures above 350 K and diffused with an activation energy of 1.01 eV. Nickel dimers formed in the temperature range from 350–400 K and became mobile at temperatures above 390 K. Two-dimensional Ni clusters were not formed upon heating randomly dispersed atoms but were produced by deposition at temperatures above 300 K. Field evaporation of these clusters to just a few atoms indicated that the structure of Ni overlayers on W(100) is pseudomorphic. Multilayer growth was detected only after the first monolayer was completed and the multilayers were uniform up to at least 21 layers (i.e., no three-dimensional islands were observed). The results are compared to the surface diffusion and clustering properties of Ni on W(110).
Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste crankcase oil on birds' eggs

Abstract Waste crankcase oil (WCO) is a major source of oil pollution in both the aquatic and terrestrial environment and has been implicated in the poisoning of mammals and fish. It is also mutagenic. Since birds' eggs are highly sensitive to external microliter applications of environmentally polluting oils, we examined the developmental effects of external applications of WCO on eggs of the mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and the bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus ). At 48 hr of development, mallard eggs were exposed externally to 2, 5, or 15 μl of WCO or 15 μl of clean crankcase oil (CCO) while bobwhite eggs received proportional doses of 0.5, 1, or 3 μl of WCO and 3 μl of CCO in a similar manner. WCO was highly embryotoxic to both species compared to CCO and resulted in dose-dependent mortality, reduced growth, and abnormal survivors. Application of 15 μl WCO resulted in 84% mortality in mallards and 3 μl WCO resulted in 88% mortality in bobwhites. Abnormal survivors included embryos with subcutaneous edema, incomplete ossification, and eye and brain defects. Red blood cell δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, liver ALAD activity, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly lower after treatment with WCO in embryos and hatchlings of both species. Plasma uric acid, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and plasma aspartate aminotransferese (AST) were significantly elevated in WCO-treated mallards after hatching. Biochemical effects, growth retardation, and mortality at proportionally lower dose levels were more pronounced in mallards than in bobwhites. Chemical analysis of the WCO and CCO revealed a considerably higher content of aromatic hydrocarbons in WCO than in CCO. Lead levels were highly elevated in WCO (4600 ppm) compared to CCO (2 ppm).
The economic impact of a university upon the local community

This study analyzes both the conceptual validity and empirical accuracy of representative studies designed to estimate the impact of a university on the local economy. Two major sources of error exist in the literature to date. The first involves the use of a local multiplier. The economic base multipliers typically used in impact studies are found to be too large when applied to the university sector. A significantly smaller multiplier was estimated with a local value added approach based on spending emanating specifically from the university sector. The difference is attributed to the high propensity for university related expenditures (the school proper, faculty, staff, and students) to leak out of the local economy, and to the high proportion of local expenditures on items with low local value added.
The role of telemedicine in disaster medicine

Telecommunications from telephone and radio to two-way audio, video, facsimile (fax), and digital imaging via satellite transmission have been used in responses to disasters. Current and rapidly emerging communications technology offers the prospect of enormously expanded and more efficient application in predisaster, acute, and postdisaster rehabilitation activities. A survey of present and potential roles for telemedicine in disaster medicine will be presented with particular focus on initial on-going medical needs assessment, prevention programs, and emergency assistance for provision of emergency care of victims, care for other survivors, and public health and sanitation services. Attention will also focus on telemedicine in education and training, disaster response exercises, development of comprehensive plans, and research. Finally, the essential relationship between the routine utilization of telemedicine in predisaster health care and effective employment in disaster situations will be discussed.
A possible mechanism for cadmium-induced hypertension in rats.

The mechanism of cadmium-induced hypertension was explored by measuring noradrenaline metabolism. Cadmium in vitro was shown to inhibit both monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase, the two enzymes which inactivate the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline. However, rats which were injected or fed (via the drinking water) with cadmium showed that, among the tissues surveyed, these two enzymes were inhibited significantly only in the aorta. In vitro, cadmium was found to inhibit noradrenaline binding to membranes from the heart, lung, and kidney, while stimulating binding to aortic membranes, which suggests that the effects may be specific. These results suggest that, in the aorta, cadmium may inhibit the two catabolic enzymes of noradrenaline, while at the same time stimulating noradrenaline-binding. Thus the effects of noradrenaline on vascular smooth muscle would be increased as well as prolonged.
Efficient energy use in manufacturing.

Abstract The potential for improved industrial efficiency is great and a substantial part of that potential is being realized in the course of events. With new technology and increasing affluence, the composition of production is changing such that energy and materials consumption is growing more slowly than the economy. Through new technologies and appropriate public policies, the energy intensities of all production processes should also continue to decline. Potential difficulties facing this relatively rosy scenario are also discussed.
Evaluating the Effects of Child Savings Accounts Program Participation on Parental Well-Being.

Objectives: Using baseline and second wave data, the study evaluated the impact of child savings accounts participation on parenting stress, personal mastery, and economic strain with N = 381 lower income parents who decided to join and those who did not join in a child development savings account program. Methods: Structural equation modeling for multiple group and time models was performed. Results: The degree of parenting stress at the first measurement occasion (M = 2.02, standard deviation [SD] = 0.34) was significantly different, Δχ2(2, n = 381) = 28.30, p <.001, (at the .017 level; Bonferroni correction) from the second measurement occasion (M = 1.93, SD = 0.34); however, the effect size was in the small-to-medium range (d = .25). Conclusions: Participation in such programs does not negatively affect the well-being of parents. Implications are directed toward practice, policy, and research.
J-Hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase and the prenylation of 4-aminobenzoate in mammalian tissues.

Abstract The effect of variously substituted derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid on 4-hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyltransferase activity in mitochondrial preparations derived from rat liver and brain has been investigated. Catecholamines such as dihyroxyphenylalanine and norepinephrine showed a minor inhibition of the activity of the enzyme in brain mitochondrial preparations, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzoic acid proved to be the most potent inhibitors of the reaction. Inhibition by 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate indicated that -SH groups were essential for activity. Studies using 14C-labeled compounds further revealed that 4-aminobenzoic acid was inhibitory by virtue of its ability to serve as an alternate substrate for prenylation. The product of the prenylation is identified as 3-polyprenyl-4-aminobenzoate based on chromatographic characteristics of the products formed in liver mitochondria and Escherichia coli, the retention of the carboxyl group of 4-[carboxyl-14C]aminobenzoate, the incorporation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the effect of bacitracin, and the retention of the amino group. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid was not prenylated. A survey of rat tissues shows that heart tissue contains maximum polyprenyltransferase activity when compared to liver, kidney, spleen and brain. The significance of the above results is discussed.
Rat brain hexokinase: The hydrophobie N-terminus of the mitochondrially bound enzyme is inserted in the lipid bilayer

Abstract Mitochondrially bound rat brain hexokinase was labeled with the photoactivatable reagent, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-( m -[ 125 I]iodophenyl)diazirine. This highly hydrophobic reagent is strongly partitioned into the hydrophobic environment of the membrane core, and thus selectively labels segments of a protein that penetrate this region of the membrane. Labeling of hexokinase was shown to be restricted to the N-terminal region of the molecule. Approximately 80% of the radiolabel was removed by treatment of the enzyme with chymotrypsin, which preferentially cleaves a hydrophobic 9-residue sequence at the extreme N-terminus of the enzyme, and it is considered likely that the remaining 20% was associated with two additional hydrophobic residues, immediately adjacent to this segment but not susceptible to cleavage by chymotrypsin. Labeling of the enzyme was shown to be dependent on maintenance of the association with the membrane. These results are consistent with a model in which binding of hexokinase involves insertion of an 11-residue hydrophobic N-terminal “tail,” possibly existing in α-helical secondary structure, into the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
Tape casting and sintering of strontium-doped lanthanum chromite for a planar solid oxide fuel cell bipolar plate

Nonagglomerated strontium-doped lanthanum chromite powders were prepared by a modified Pechini resinintermediate process and tape cast to form bipolar plates for a planar solid oxide fuel cell. An air-sintering technique for the strontium-doped lanthanum chromite was developed, which involved placing the green tape between Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}-fired plates. The sintering process was found to be diffusion controlled, with densification beginning at the surface and proceeding to the interior. A bipolar plate of 2-mm thickness was fired to more than 9.3.5% theoretical density when fired at 1670{degrees}C for 7 h.
A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women

Enhanced 5 alpha-reductase activity has been found in the skin of the majority of women with hirsutism. Finasteride is a specific competitive inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase, preferentially inhibiting the type 2 isoenzyme. Therefore, we randomly assigned 14 hirsute women in a 2:1 ratio to 1 of 2 treatment arms: 1) finasteride (F) treatment (n = 9; 5 mg, orally, daily), or 2) spironolactone (S) treatment (n = 5; 100 mg, orally, daily). Each group was treated for 6 months. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. The 2 groups were similar in age, weight, hip/waist ratio, baseline Ferriman-Gallwey score (F, 19 +/- 2; S, 19 +/- 2), and baseline androgen levels. Finasteride treatment resulted in a significant increase in testosterone (T; P < 0.01) and the T/dihydrotestosterone ratio (P < 0.01). Finasteride caused a significant decrease in 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide (3 alpha-diolG; P < 0.05), the 3 alpha-diolG/T ratio (P < 0.01), and the 3 alpha-diolG/an...
EFFECTS OF HEADWAY DISTRIBUTIONS ON SECOND ORDER PROPERTIES OF TRAFFIC NOISE

The theory of traffic noise as a generalized shot noise process has been developed by several authors. Implicit in that model is the assumption that the distribution of headways is negative exponential in time or space. This assumption is usually satisfied in light traffic (600 cars/h/lane) but is not adequate for moderate or heavy traffic. The effects are considered of more general headway distributions on the variance of the sound pressure level, the autocorrelation function, and the spectral density. For the set of gamma function headway distributions it is shown that for a fixed traffic density increasing the order of the distribution decreases the variance and tends to emphasize higher frequencies in the spectral density.
Continuing medical education in child sexual abuse : Cognitive gains but not expertise

Objective Describe the effect of an educational intervention on medical provider knowledge and competency regarding child sexual abuse. Design Using a before and after trial design with an educational intervention, the study assesses knowledge changes in specific content areas and describes a postintervention competency assessment. Setting/Participants Voluntary participation of practicing medical providers and pediatric residents. Intervention Completion of a self-study, case-based, published learning curriculum on child sexual abuse, including a workbook and videotaped genital examinations. Main Outcome Measures Pre- and postintervention multiple choice and short answer (30 questions) test results as well as a written response to a clinical case scenario. Results Sixty-four participants completed pre- and post-tests. The average posttest score (26.9/30, SD = 4.13) was significantly higher (P Conclusions Motivated medical providers demonstrated significant knowledge gains regarding the evaluation of child sexual abuse following participation in the educational program. This new knowledge was not enough to provide competency in the interpretation of genital findings or in offering legal advocacy to the families. Competence in these areas may in fact represent the domain of experts, not primary care providers, and further studies are needed to determine how much experience is necessary to provide competency in these areas.
Purification and properties of bacteriophage φX174

Procedures are described for the isolation in pure form of the bacterial virus φX174. This virus is shown to have a particle weight of 6·2 × 10^6 and to contain 25 % by weight of DNA. At neutral pH, the purified virus forms a discrete aggregate, probably a tetra-mer. This aggregate dissociates either upon dilution or at alkaline pH. Lysates produced by φX174 contain a second particle, antigenically related to the virus, but not infective and of lower sedimentation rate and lesser DNA content. The DNA of φX174 appears to have an unusual structure in that it reacts with formaldehyde (even before extraction from the virus) and in that the atomic efficiency of inactivation of the virus by decay of incorporated phosphorus-32, calculated by combining our data and that of Tessman, is 1·0.
A court‐mandated workshop for the younger children of divorcing parents: A description and program evaluation

This paper provides a description and empirical evaluation of a pre‐divorce workshop established by the Family Court of Allen County, Indiana, for the younger children (ages 7‐11; N = 112) of divorcing parents. Highlighted are the concerns of the children, the approaches taken by the workshop staff, and the impact of the program on the participants. The preventive nature of the program, an empirical analysis of self and parental blaming for the divorce, and a content analysis of the children's perception of problems are also discussed.
Effects of pretreatment conditions on a Pt/SnO2 catalyst for the oxidation of CO in C02 lasers

CO oxidation catalysts with high activity at 25 to 100 C are important for long life, closed cycle operation of pulsed CO2 lasers. A reductive pretreatment with either CO or H2 was shown to significantly enhance the activity of a commercially available platinum on tin (IV) oxide (Pt/SnO2) catalyst relative to an oxidative or inert pretreatment of no pretreatment. Pretreatment at temperatures of 175 C and above causes an initial dip in the observed CO2 yield before the steady state yield is attained. This dip was found to be caused by dehydration of the catalyst during pretreatment and is readily eliminated by humidifying the catalyst or the reaction gas mixture. It is hypothesized that the effect of humidification is to increase the concentration of OH groups on the catalyst surface which play a role in the reaction mechanism.
Coherent and digital image enhancement, their basic differences and constraints

Abstract In this paper, image enhancement within and beyond the diffraction limit will be discussed. The basic differences and constraints of coherent and digital enhancement techniques will also be given. The essential difference between these two techniques is that a coherent optical system is a passive device, but a digital processing system is active. Therefore it may be concluded that, in a coherent technique, the image enhancement can be performed, at the most, within the diffraction limit; however, in a digital technique, the image enhancement may be beyond the diffraction limit.
Electron Scattering in Helium

An electron scattering apparatus has been used to investigate the scattering of 100 volt incident electrons in helium gas. The angular distribution curves for total scattering and for elastic scattering are compared with the theory as given by Morse and by Mott and Massey and are found to give greater relative scattering at angles near both 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} than is predicted by the theory. In absolute magnitude the experimental curves generally fall somewhat below the theoretical curves. The angular distributions of electrons scattered with various energy losses equal to or greater than the ionization loss were determined. The curves show that in general, the greater the energy loss the more uniform is the distribution in angle of the scattered electrons. There is a pronounced preference for forward scattering when the energy loss over that required for ionization is small. Integration over the entire solid angle gives the probability for scattering with different energy losses. Curves so obtained for this probability as a function of the energy loss are in qualitative agreement with Wetzel's theoretical calculations except for electrons which have lost nearly all their energy or just slightly more than the ionization energy.
Nonviral Gene Delivery from Nonwoven Fibrous Scaffolds Fabricated by Interfacial Complexation of Polyelectrolytes

We investigated a novel nonwoven fibrous scaffold as a vehicle for delivery of DNA. Fibers were formed by polyelectrolyte complexation of water-soluble chitin and alginate, and PEI–DNA nanoparticles were encapsulated during the fiber drawing process. Nanoparticles released from the fibers over time retained their bioactivity and successfully transfected cells seeded on the scaffold in a sustained manner. Transgene expression in HEK293 cells and human dermal fibroblasts seeded on the transfecting scaffolds was significant even after 2 weeks of culture compared to 3-day expression in two-dimensional controls. Fibroblasts seeded on scaffolds containing DNA encoding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) demonstrated prolonged secretion of bFGF at levels significantly higher than baseline. This work establishes the potential of this fibrous scaffold as a matrix capable of delivering genes to direct and support cellular development in tissue engineering.
The Issue of Schools as Social Systems: Socialization Effects as Inferred from Lengths of Membership*

The critical limitation of the interpretation of schools as independent normative systems is the failure to demonstrate that observed student orientations are acquired in schools rather than in other settings such as the home or community. The problem is approached here as a question of whether students' orientations vary with lengths of membership in the same school organization. Data were examined for 7,954 students in 19 schools which contained grade-lengths 7-9, 7-12, 9-12, and 10-12. The analyses indicated that the distinctiveness of school normative climates is slightly but positively associated with lengths of school membership when school size is controlled. While schools can be viewed as relatively distinct systems, they should also be seen as highly permeable in the midst of their community and home environments.
Marijuana smoking as cause of reduction in single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity

To investigate the effects of chronic marijuana smoking on lung function, pulmonary function tests including single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacities were performed in 15 healthy women who smoked 1.7 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SD) marijuana cigarettes per day for 235 +/- 135 days per year for a mean of 10.5 +/- 3.7 years. Control groups included 27 nonsmoking and 26 tobacco-smoking women. Results revealed that marijuana smoking with or without tobacco is associated with a reduction in the single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity to 74 +/- 20 percent of predicted, which was significantly different from that in the nonsmoking control subjects (92 +/- 11 percent; p less than 0.05). The subset of subjects who smoked marijuana and tobacco had a further reduction of the single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity to 65 +/- 17 percent, which was significantly different from that in both nonsmoking and smoking control subjects (80 +/- 7 percent). These results suggest that heavy marijuana smoking when added to tobacco smoking may damage the gas exchange surface of the lung.
Abstract A71: Curcubitacin B exhibits cytotoxic effects by inhibiting Integrin-HER2 signaling in breast cancer cells

Integrins have recently been shown to play an important role in promotion of cell motility and survival in various cancers through cooperative signaling with EGFRs. Integrins transmit cell survival signals through ILK-Paxillin complex and further play role in activating AKT signaling. Curcubitacin B (CuB) is a steroidal class of chemical present in the plants belonging to cucurbitaceae family. CuB has shown cytotoxic potential in several cancers by causing G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibition of JAK/STAT3 pathway. However, the exact mechanism of CuB and its role in metastasis and cell survival is not known. Our results show that CuB significantly suppressed the growth of MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, HCC1806 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. CuB also induced apoptosis and down-regulated ILK1 expression. In addition, CuB down-regulated ITGB4 and ITGA6 protein expression and suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473, paxillin at Tyr118. Previous studies have shown that TGFβ mediates physical association of ITGB4 and HER2, through Src kinase to enhance cell survival and motility. Interestingly we observed significant downregulation of Src, EGFR and HER2 in different breast cancer cells, suggesting that CuB suppresses cooperative signaling of Integrins and HER2. We also observed that TGFβ pretreatment imparted protection from CuB9s cytotoxic effects, indicating that CuB modulates TGFβ mediated Integrin signaling. Taken together our results indicate the anti-cancer effects of CuB in breast cancer cells by targeting ITGB4/ITGA6, Src, ILK and TGFβ. Further detailed mechanistic work is in progress. [Supported in part by R01 grants CA106953 and CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: Parul Gupta Gupta, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Curcubitacin B exhibits cytotoxic effects by inhibiting integrin-HER2 signaling in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A71.
Binding of Bodian's silver and monoclonal antibodies to defined regions of human neurofilament subunits: Bodian's silver reacts with a highly charged unique domain of neurofilaments.

: Cleavage at cysteine and chymotrypsin digestion were applied to two human neurofilament (NF) sub-units, low- and high-molecular-weight NF (NF-L and NF-H), to locate the regions reacting with Bodian's silver stain and with several monoclonal antibodies, including NF-specific antibodies and one that recognizes all intermediate filaments (anti-IFA). Our findings indicate that whereas anti-IFA recognizes the highly conserved rod domain, all the NF-specific antibodies, as well as Bodian's silver, react with the carboxy-terminal tailpiece of NF subunits. The silver binding sites in NF-L are located in a carboxy-terminal 12-Kd chymotrypsin fragment, a highly charged, unique domain of NF.
Fragrance material review on 3-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Naval Research Laboratory Multiscale Targeting Guidance for T-PARC and TCS-08

Abstract As part of The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) and the Office of Naval Research’s (ONR’s) Tropical Cyclone Structure-08 (TCS-08) experiments, a variety of real-time products were produced at the Naval Research Laboratory during the field campaign that took place from August through early October 2008. In support of the targeted observing objective, large-scale targeting guidance was produced twice daily using singular vectors (SVs) from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). These SVs were optimized for fixed regions centered over Guam, Taiwan, Japan, and two regions over the North Pacific east of Japan. During high-interest periods, flow-dependent SVs were also produced. In addition, global ensemble forecasts were produced and were useful for examining the potential downstream impacts of extratropical transitions. For mesoscale models, TC forecasts were produced using a new version of the Coup...
Short TE in vivo 1H MR spectroscopic imaging at 1.5 T: acquisition and automated spectral analysis

Spectral analysis of short TE in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data are complicated by the presence of spectral overlap, low signal to noise and uncharacterized signal contributions. In this study, it is shown that an automated data analysis method can be used to generate metabolite images from MRSI data obtained from human brain at TE = 25 ms and 1.5 T when optimized pulse sequences and a priori metabolite knowledge are used. The analysis approach made use of computer simulation methods to obtain a priori spectral information of the metabolites of interest and utilized a combination of parametric spectral modeling and non-parametric signal characterization for baseline fitting. This approach was applied to data from optimized PRESS-SI and multi-slice spin-echo SI acquisitions, for which sample spectra and metabolite images are shown.
The Simultaneous Occurrence of Renal Artery Stenosis and an Aldosteronoma in a Patient With Hypertension

The simultaneous occurrence of renovascular hypertension and an adrenocortical adenoma is a rare entity. The case of a 64-year-old woman who underwent an aortorenal bypass graft for renovascular hypertension requiring a multidrug antihypertensive regimen is presented. Persistently elevated blood pressures in the postoperative period prompted further workup for other causes of hypertension. Laboratory evaluation showed hyperaldosteronism and hyporeninemia despite enalapril administration. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed a left adrenal mass which, on surgical removal, was found to be a cortical adenoma. Subsequently, her antihypertensive therapy has been reduced to a single agent. Previous authors have described only four patients with malignant hypertension who had the rare clinical combination of renal artery stenosis and an aldosteronoma. This case reemphasizes the critical need for a thorough search for other surgically correctable lesions in those patients who remain severely hypertensive after the "definitive" operation.
Inhibition of the mutagenicity and metabolism of 6-methyl-benzo[a]pyrene and 6-hydroxymethyl-benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract Previously reported inhibitors of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 were tested for their effectiveness against the mutagenicity of 6-methylbenzo[ a ]pyrene (6-CH 3 -BaP), 6-hydroxymethyl-benzo[ a ]pyrene (6-CH 2 OH-BaP) and 6-acetoxymethylbenzo[ a ]pyrene (6-CH 3 COOCH 2 BaP). Dose-response curves obtained for phenothiazine (PTH), 2-chlorophenothiazine (2Cl-PTH), phenylisothiocyanate (PHN), phenethylisothiocyanate (PNE), trans retinol (TR) and disulfiram (TETD) showed a variety of degrees of inhibition of mutagenicity. Additionally, glutathione (GSH) was found to inhibit the mutagenicity of 6-CH 3 COOCH 2 -BaP, and the mutagenicity of 6-CH 2 OH-BaP was enhanced by the addition of supplemental ATP, Na 2 SO 4 and EDTA. Only 2Cl-PTH was equally as good an inhibitor of 6-CH 3 -BaP and BaP, reducing revenant colonies to less than 50% of control at 10 × BaP concentration. To probe the mechanism of inhibition, the effect of 2Cl-PTH on the binding of BaP and the 6-substituted benzo[ a ]pyrenes to cytochrome P-450 was investigated by difference spectroscopy. Also, the effect of 2Cl-PTH on the subsequent metabolism of 6-CH 3 -BaP and 6-CH 2 OH-BaP was investigated by rapid scan difference spectroscopy and high-performance liquid Chromatographic separation of products. The results are consistent with a major mechanism of inhibition for 2Cl-PTH involving a competition for the cytochrome P-450 binding site.
N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate promotes oxidative stress prior to myelin structural changes and increases myelin copper content

Dithiocarbamates are a commercially important class of compounds that can produce peripheral neuropathy in humans and experimental animals. Previous studies have supported a requirement for copper accumulation and enhanced lipid peroxidation in dithiocarbamate-mediated myelinopathy. The study presented here extends previous investigations in two areas. Firstly, although total copper levels have been shown to increase within the nerve it has not been determined whether copper is increased within the myelin compartment, the primary site of lesion development. Therefore, the distribution of copper in sciatic nerve was characterized using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy to determine whether the neurotoxic dithiocarbamate, N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, increases copper levels in myelin. Secondly, because lipid peroxidation is an ongoing process in normal nerve and the levels of lipid peroxidation products produced by dithiocarbamate exposure demonstrated an unusual cumulative dose response in previous studies the biological impact of dithiocarbamate-mediated lipid peroxidation was evaluated. Experiments were performed to determine whether dithiocarbamate-mediated lipid peroxidation products elicit an antioxidant response through measuring the protein expression levels of three enzymes, superoxide dismutase 1, heme oxygenase 1, and glutathione transferase {alpha}, that are linked to the antioxidant response element promoter. To establish the potential of oxidative injury to contribute to myelin injury the temporal relationshipmore » of the antioxidant response to myelin injury was determined. Myelin structure in peripheral nerve was assessed using multi-exponential transverse relaxation measurements (MET{sub 2}) as a function of exposure duration, and the temporal relationship of protein expression changes relative to the onset of changes in myelin integrity were determined. Initial assessments were also performed to explore the potential contribution of dithiocarbamate-mediated inhibition of proteasome function and inhibition of cuproenzyme activity to neurotoxicity, and also to assess the potential of dithiocarbamates to promote oxidative stress and injury within the central nervous system. These evaluations were performed using an established model for dithiocarbamate-mediated demyelination in the rat utilizing sciatic nerve, spinal cord and brain samples obtained from rats exposed to N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) by intra-abdominal pumps for periods of 2, 4, and 8 weeks and from non exposed controls. The data supported the ability of DEDC to increase copper within myelin and to enhance oxidative stress prior to structural changes detectable by MET{sub 2}. Evidence was also obtained that the excess copper produced by DEDC in the central nervous system is redox active and promotes oxidative injury.« less
Obtaining partial widths from siegert wavefunctions

Abstract It is shown that a simple expression for the partial widths in a multichannel decay problem can be readily obtained from a Siegert wavefunction.
Assessments of habitat preferences and quality depend on spatial scale and metrics of fitness

Summary 1 Identifying the habitat features that influence habitat selection and enhance fitness is critical for effective management. Ecological theory predicts that habitat choices should be adaptive, such that fitness is enhanced in preferred habitats. However, studies often report mismatches between habitat preferences and fitness consequences across a wide variety of taxa based on a single spatial scale and/or a single fitness component. 2 We examined whether habitat preferences of a declining shrub steppe songbird, the Brewer's sparrow Spizella breweri, were adaptive when multiple reproductive fitness components and spatial scales (landscape, territory and nest patch) were considered. 3 We found that birds settled earlier and in higher densities, together suggesting preference, in landscapes with greater shrub cover and height. Yet nest success was not higher in these landscapes; nest success was primarily determined by nest predation rates. Thus landscape preferences did not match nest predation risk. Instead, nestling mass and the number of nesting attempts per pair increased in preferred landscapes, raising the possibility that landscapes were chosen on the basis of food availability rather than safe nest sites. 4 At smaller spatial scales (territory and nest patch), birds preferred different habitat features (i.e. density of potential nest shrubs) that reduced nest predation risk and allowed greater season-long reproductive success. 5 Synthesis and applications. Habitat preferences reflect the integration of multiple environmental factors across multiple spatial scales, and individuals may have more than one option for optimizing fitness via habitat selection strategies. Assessments of habitat quality for management prescriptions should ideally include analysis of diverse fitness consequences across multiple ecologically relevant spatial scales.
Higher-twist effects in the reaction π−N→μ+μ−X at 253 GeV/c

The distributions of quarks in the pion and nucleon are extracted from measurements of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ at 253 GeV/c in a naive Drell-Yan analysis, as well as QCD-corrected analyses at leading-log and next-to-leading-log order. As ${x}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ the pion structure function shows a term that varies as $\frac{1}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{4}}$, which we interpret as a higher-twist effect. Additionally, the angular distribution of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ in the muon-pair rest frame tends towards ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ as ${x}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ and as ${m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ in a manner consistent with higher-twist effects. When the strongly mass-dependent higher-twist effects are included as part of the pion structure function, the nucleon structure function agrees well with leading-twist results from deeply inelastic lepton-hadron scattering. A significant advance of the present work is the extension of the analysis to low masses by the subtraction of the $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ resonances from the continuum. Our analysis covers the kinematic range $0.4l{x}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}l1.0$ and $0.02l{x}_{N}l0.33$ with $3.0l{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}l8.55$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$. Cross sections for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ production are presented in an appendix.
Incompatibility Between Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and Helisoma duryi Occurs at Two Stages: Penetration and Intramolluscan Establishment

abstract: Helisoma spp. snails are not susceptible to infection with miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni because the miracidia do not penetrate them. However, in view of the phylogenetic proximity and histocompatibility between Helisoma spp. and the normal intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata, schistosome miracidia conceivably could survive if experimentally introduced into the hemocoel of Helisoma spp. To test this hypothesis, schistosome-susceptible NIH albino B. glabrata, schistosome-resistant Salvador B. glabrata, and Helisoma duryi were injected with miracidia of S. mansoni, and the outcome was followed both by monitoring snails for infection for several weeks and by histological examination at 24 and 48 hr post-injection (PI). Patent infections developed in most NIH albino snails but in none of the Salvador B. glabrata or H. duryi individuals. Histological analysis showed a higher proportion of normal sporocysts in various tissues of NIH albino snails at both time periods relative to Salvador snai...
miniTUBA: medical inference by network integration of temporal data using Bayesian analysis

Motivation: Many biomedical and clinical research problems involve discovering causal relationships between observations gathered from temporal events. Dynamic Bayesian networks are a powerful modeling approach to describe causal or apparently causal relationships, and support complex medical inference, such as future response prediction, automated learning, and rational decision making. Although many engines exist for creating Bayesian networks, most require a local installation and significant data manipulation to be practical for a general biologist or clinician. No software pipeline currently exists for interpretation and inference of dynamic Bayesian networks learned from biomedical and clinical data. Results: miniTUBA is a web-based modeling system that allows clinical and biomedical researchers to perform complex medical/ clinical inference and prediction using dynamic Bayesian network analysis with temporal datasets. The software allows users to choose different analysis parameters (e.g. Markov lags and prior topology), and continuously update their data and refine their results. miniTUBA can make temporal predictions to suggest interventions based on an automated learning process pipeline using all data provided. Preliminary tests using synthetic data and laboratory research data indicate that miniTUBA accurately identifies regulatory network structures from temporal data. Availability: miniTUBA is available at http://www.minituba.org Contact: yongqunh@med.umich.edu
Default reasoning, nonmonotonic logics, and the frame problem

Nonmonotonic formal systems have been proposed as an extension to classical first-order logic that will capture the process of human "default reasoning" or "plausible inference" through their inference mechanisms just as modus ponens provides a model for deductive reasoning. But although the technical properties of these logics have been studied in detail and many examples of human default reasoning have been identified, for the most part these logics have not actually been applied to practical problems to see whether they produce the expected results. We provide axioms for a simple problem in temporal reasoning which has long been identified as a case of default reasoning, thus presumably amenable to representation in nonmonotonic logic. Upon examining the resulting nonmonotonic theories, however, we find that the inferences permitted by the logics are not those we had intended when we wrote the axioms, and in fact are much weaker. This problem is shown to be independent of the logic used; nor does it depend on any particular temporal representation. Upon analyzing the failure we find that the nonmonotonic logics we considered are inherently incapable of representing this kind of default reasoning. Finally we discuss two recent proposals for solving this problem.
The Short-Term Repeat Sexual Victimization of Adolescents in School

This study examines the extent and nature of short-term repeat sexual assault and harassment victimization in school. We used data collected from 7th through 10th graders as part of the Rural Substance abuse and Violence Project (RSVP) to test whether the observed frequencies of sexual assault and harassment are significantly different from the expected frequencies. We then estimated hierarchical logistic models to determine whether measures of opportunity and low self-control can distinguish between one-time and repeat victims. Both sexual assault and harassment victimization were nonrandomly distributed. Victims of sexual assault and harassment who had low parental attachment, low self-control, and delinquent peers were more likely to suffer one or more additional victimizations during the school year. In addition, involvement in school sports and activities increased risk of repeat sexual assault, while self-reported criminal behavior increased risk of repeat sexual harassment. We discuss the implicati...
Inter-comparison of two high-accuracy fast-response spectroscopic sensors of carbon dioxide: a case study

Abstract. Tunable diode laser absorption (TDL) and cavity ring-down spectroscopic (CRDS) sensors for atmospheric carbon dioxide were co-deployed during summer and fall of 2010 in field and laboratory conditions at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Both sensors were characterized for accuracy and precision for ambient carbon dioxide measurements at ground level and compared using both laboratory and ambient field data. After post-processing that included water vapor correction and calibration to WMO reference standards, overall mean [12C16O2] = 392.05 ± 8.92 ppm and [12C16O2] = 392.22 ± 9.05 ppm were observed between 29 July and 16 August 2010. The mean difference between the CRDS and TDL data for 12CO2 was 0.04 ± 1.80 ppm (±1σ in 60 s) for ambient field data, demonstrating the sensors meet the WMO/IAEA compatibility standard. The observations show over the 19-day period the [CO2]CRDS'/[CO2]TDL ratio exhibits a Gaussian distribution centered at x0 = 1.003 ± 3.38 × 10−5 (±1σ), indicating the ratio is dominated by random noise as opposed to a bias in the output of either sensor. The CRDS sensor is capable of measuring [12C16O2] to a precision of 23 ppb in 1 min and decreases to 6.5 ppb in 58 min. At one and 58-min, the TDL exhibits precisions of 29 ppb and 53 ppb. The CRDS is compact, fast, and stable; the TDL is larger and requires frequent calibrations to maintain its precision. The sensors also exhibit consistent hourly averaged diurnal values underscoring the interplay of biological, anthropogenic, and transport processes regulating CO2 at the site.
Pulsed laser deposition of amorphous diamond-like carbon films with ArF (193 nm) excimer laser

We have deposited hydrogen-free diamond-like amorphous carbon films by ArF (193 nm) pulsed laser ablation of graphite. The deposition process is performed with a laser power density of only 5 × 108 W/cm2 at room temperature without any auxiliary energy source incorporation. The resulting films possess remarkable physical, optical, and mechanical properties that are close to those of diamond and distinct from the graphite target used. The films have a mechanical hardness up to 38 GPa, an optical energy band gap of 2.6 eV, and excellent thermal stability. Analysis of electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals the domination of diamond-type tetrahedral bonding structure in the films with the sp3 bond fraction over 95%. Compared with other reported results of pulsed-laser-deposited diamond-like carbon films, our experimental results confirm that the laser wavelength or photon energy plays a crucial role in controlling the properties of the pulsed-laser-deposited diamond-like carbon films.
Wavelength-addressable laser for reconfigurable WDM systems

We have demonstrated an addressable WDM laser using a 4/spl times/8 phased array waveguide grating wavelength monitoring circuit. The tuning control is based on an planar lightwave circuit, which is self-contained and self-learning to adapt to changes of the device and/or environment. Rapid and accurate wavelength tuning characteristics makes it an attractive light source for reconfigurable WDM systems.
Measurement of the single-jet invariant cross section at Fermilab

Abstract In an experiment performed at Fermilab we have studied the production of high pt hadron jets from 400 GeV/c pp interactions. A large solid-angle, towered calorimeter was used to trigger and reconstruct the jet events. We report results for inclusive single-jet production and compare those results with QCD predictions and results obtained at the ISR and the SPS Collider.
Like marriage, without the romance

Physicians and philosophers have contributed to the field of medical ethics several different paradigms for the physician-patient relationship. Here I suggest another: marriage. Patients usually enter into relationships as we enter marriage: we allow our high hopes to obscure the possibility of deep disappointment. The argument of the essay encourages renewed focus on the contractual element of physician-patient relationships.
Automated feedback and grading for computer architecture assignments using web-based tools

Prompt and meaningful feedback is a desirable goal to maintain student interest and foster intellectual development in course material. However, providing manual student feedback requires significant time from faculty and often delays when a student receives clarification on a point of confusion or uncertainty. Automated tools present an effective opportunity to provide immediate feedback to students without faculty intervention and frees faculty to provide more nuanced or deeper feedback when necessary. This paper presents a set of online tools developed to provide automated formative and evaluative feedback to students in computer architecture courses. An overview of the tools is provided along with the motivation for development and a summary of student feedback.
Getting to the Law Applicable to the Merits in International Arbitration and the Consequences of Getting it Wrong

This paper critically examines the importance of conflicts of laws rules in determining the law applicable to the merits. In doing so, it analyzes the various view taken on the issues both by commentators and arbitral tribunals. The paper also focuses on the consequences of an erroneous choice of law decision by the arbitrators in the context both of annulment and recognition and enforcement of arbitral award.