cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin films on glass for liquid crystal displays

Abstract Liquid crystal displays have become the major flat panel display technology for use in portable computers. They consist of two coated glass plates with the liquid crystal sandwiched between them. Operation of this electro-optic device depends on a combination of transparent conductors, semiconductors, insulators and metals along with polymer alignment layers, liquid crystals and polarizers. Properties and applications of the inorganic films are reviewed in the present paper.
INTERLEUKIN 8 (IL-8) STIMULATES AND MAP KINASE KINASE (MEK1) INHIBITOR POTENTIATES PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) ACTIVITY IN NEWBORN LAMB MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES (MCA) • 436

INTERLEUKIN 8 (IL-8) STIMULATES AND MAP KINASE KINASE (MEK1) INHIBITOR POTENTIATES PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) ACTIVITY IN NEWBORN LAMB MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES (MCA) • 436
Simulating quadratic dynamical systems is PSPACE-complete (preliminary version)

Quadratic Dynamical Systems (QDS), whose definition extends that of Markov chains, are used to model phenomena in a variety of fields like statistical physics and natural evolution. Such systems also play a role in genetic algorithms, a widelyused class of heuristics that are notoriously hard to analyze. Recently Rabinovich et al. took an important step in the study of QDS’s by showing, under some technical assumptions, that such systems converge to a stationary distribution (similar theorems for Markov Chains are well-known). We show, however, that the following sampling problem for QDS’s is PSPACE-hard: Given an initial distribution, produce a random sample from the t’th generation. The hardness result continues to hold for very restricted classes of QDS’s with very simple initial distributions, thus suggesting that QDS’s are intrinsically more complicated than Markov chains. ∗Supported by an IBM Graduate Fellowship and partly under NSF grant CCR-9310214. Email: arora@cs.berkeley.edu. †Work done while at ICSI, Berkeley, and supported in part by a Rothschild postdoctoral fellowship. Email: rabani@theory.lcs.mit.edu. ‡Supported by NSF grant CCR-9310214. Email: vazirani@cs.berkeley.edu.
The setting angle of extended chain linear polyethylene

Abstract The unit cell parameters and the setting angle have been estimated for a series of linear polyethylene specimens crystallized at pressures from atmospheric to 6 kbar. Slight variations in unit cell parameters occur, however, significant differences can be discerned in the setting angles as a function of crystallization pressure. It is suggested that the setting angle of extended chain crystals is the equilibrium value for the crystal and that the setting angle is influenced by the presence of folded chains and the structure of the fold surface. Such a hypothesis would account for the spread in published values of setting angles for specimens crystallized both at atmospheric pressure and under strain.
Separate mechanisms of induction for ornithine decarboxylase by triiodothyronine and aminophylline.

Abstract A single dose of aminophylline (200 μmol/kg, i.p.) or triiodothyronine (T 3 , 300 μg/kg, i.p.) resulted in the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in rat liver with maximal activity 10-fold and 6-fold above controls, respectively, 4 hr after the administration of the drug or hormone. After either agent, the induction of ODC was blocked by either cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The same concentrations of aminophylline and T 3 administered simultaneously produced an additive 16-fold increase in ODC activity. After T 3 administration, the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio was unaltered at all times measured. After aminophylline, the protein kinase activity ratio was elevated by 15 min and remained elevated for 2 hr. Somatostatin administration (50 μg/100 g), which lowers plasma growth hormone to 30% of control, had no effect on the ability of T 3 to induce ODC. These data suggest separate routes of induction of ODC in response to aminophylline and T 3 . Aminophylline induction occurs via cycyclic AMP-mediated event whereas T 3 does not involve ccyclic AMP but results from a direct nuclear interaction.
SRAM stability characterization using tunable ring oscillators in 45nm CMOS

SRAM yield is often characterized through distributions of static read or write margins [1] [2]. These measurements are analog and therefore can be slow and provide a limited dataset. Distributions of per-cell minimum operating voltages can be characterized rapidly, however, and are often taken as a proxy to static noise margins. Both methods have a common limitation in that the characterization is done statically, thus ignoring any possible effects that may affect dynamic operation. Pulsed ring oscillators for evaluating SRAM cell read timing have been previously proposed [3]. In contrast, tunable ring oscillators (RO) for characterizing dynamic cell stability during write and read operations without the need to modify the SRAM array are demonstrated in this work. The performance variation is captured as a spread in RO operating frequencies and therefore can be obtained rapidly.
Estimating Aquifer Sensitivity to Nitrate Contamination Using Geochemical Information

Methods for predicting aquifer sensitivity to contamination typically ignore geochemical factors that affect the occurrence of contaminants such as nitrate. Use of geochemical information offers a simple and accurate method for estimating aquifer sensitivity to nitrate contamination. We developed a classification method in which nitrate-sensitive aquifers have dissolved oxygen concentrations > 1.0 mg/L, Eh values >250 mV, and either reduced iron concentrations < 0.1 mg/L or total iron concentrations < 0.7 mg/L. We tested the method in four Minnesota aquifer systems having different geochemical and hydrologic conditions. A surficial sand aquifer in central Minnesota exhibited geochemical zonation, with a rapid shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions 5 m below the water table. A fractured bedrock aquifer in east-central Minnesota remained aerobic to depths of 50 m, except in areas where anaerobic ground water discharged upward from an underlying aquifer. A bedrock aquifer in southeast Minnesota exhibited aerobic conditions when overlain by surficial deposits lacking shale, whereas anaerobic conditions occurred under deposits that contained shale. Surficial sand aquifers in northwest Minnesota contained high concentrations of sulfate and were anaerobic throughout their extent. Nitrate-nitrogen was detected at concentrations exceeding 1 mg/L in 135 of 149 samples classified as sensitive. Nitrate was not detected in any of the 109 samples classified as not sensitive. We observed differences between our estimates of sensitivity and existing sensitivity maps, which are based on methods that do not consider aquifer geochemistry. Because dissolved oxygen, reduced iron, and Eh are readily measured in the field, use of geochemistry provides a quick and accurate way of assessing aquifer sensitivity to nitrate contamination.
Laboratory measurement of growth hormone

Growth hormone (GH) measurements are complicated by the heterogeneous nature of GH, as well as by the presence of the GH binding protein in plasma. Several isoforms of GH exist, and specific assays for each are currently either unavailable, impractical, or not clinically indicated. Bioassays include the in vivo assays based on rat weight gain, tibial line widening, or IGF-I generation. In vitro bioassays, based on the proliferation of cell lines expressing the prolactin receptor or GH receptor, are sensitive but prone to nonspecific interference by factors present in serum. Immunoassays (RIA, IRMA, ELISA, and immunofunctional assay design) are widely used in the clinical laboratory because of speed, sensitivity, and convenience. Discrepancies among results rendered by different immunoassays have become more apparent as monoclonal assays have superseded polyclonal assays, presumably because different antibodies recognize different epitopes among the heterogeneous mixture of GH isoforms in serum. Some assays, especially those with short, nonequilibrium incubation times are vulnerable to interference by the GH binding protein present in serum. Recommendations are given for strategies designed to minimize disparity of results obtained by different GH immunoassays applied to serum. Urinary GH measurements, while technically feasible, are of limited clinical utility because of biological variation in urinary GH excretion.
Developmental predetermination of the structural and molecular polarization of photoreceptor cells.

Abstract Through mechanisms still unknown, the apparently homogeneous neuroepithelium of the embryonic optic cup differentiates into such divergent cell types as photoreceptors, glia, and various subsets of neurons. Questions that still remain unanswered in this field include the timing and mechanism of action of the “instructive” events directing each neuroepithelial cell to undergo the sequence of phenotypic changes necessary to develop into a specific retinal cell type. This laboratory is investigating some of these questions using cultures in which dissociated neural retina cells, obtained before the onset of overt photoreceptor differentiation, develop at low density in the absence of glia and pigment epithelium. The cultures initially are a morphologically homogeneous population of process-free, round cells. Some cells retain this morphology throughout the first week in vitro, while others develop either as photoreceptors or as multipolar neurons. Photoreceptors elongate and become very asymmetric as they do in vivo, with characteristic compartments orderly arranged along their longitudinal axis (an outer segment-like process, inner segment, cell body, and a characteristically short, single neurite). Cell polarization can also be observed in the distribution of opsin immunoreactive materials and some cytoskeletal elements. Thus, certain precursor cells present in the embryonic retina seem to be programmed to differentiate into photoreceptors even when developing in the absence of contacts with other retinal cells. However, interactions with other constitutents of the retina/pigment epithelium complex are probably necessary to ensure final photoreceptor maturation, including further growth of the opsin-rich outer segment process.
Heartburn in achalasia is not due to esophageal acidification

The symptom of heartburn in achalasia has been attributed to either retention of food in the distal esophagus and production of lactic acid, or gastroesophageal reflux due to transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation.
Influence of hemorrhagic shock followed by crystalloid resuscitation on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis.

Background: Previous work has demonstrated that ongoing hemorrhagic shock dramatically alters the distribution, clearance, and potency of propofol. Whether volume resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock restores drug behavior to baseline pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics remains unclear. This is particularly relevant because patients suffering from hemorrhagic shock are typically resuscitated before surgery. To investigate this, the authors studied the influence of an isobaric bleed followed by crystalloid resuscitation on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a swine model. The hypothesis was that hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation would not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics but would influence the pharmacodynamics of propofol. Methods: After approval from the Animal Care Committee, 16 swine were randomly assigned to control and shock-resuscitation groups. Swine randomized to the shock-resuscitation group were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg over a 20-min period and held there by further blood removal until 42 ml/kg of blood had been removed. Subsequently, animals were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution to maintain a mean arterial blood pressure of 70 mm Hg for 60 min. After resuscitation, propofol (750 μg.kg -1 .min -1 ) was infused for 10 min. The control group underwent a sham hemorrhage and resuscitation and received propofol at the same dose and approximate time as the shock-resuscitation group. Arterial samples (20 from each animal) were collected at frequent intervals until 180 min after the infusion began and were analyzed to determine drug concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters for each group were estimated using a three-compartment model. The electroencephalogram Bispectral Index Scale was used as a measure of drug effect. Pharmacodynamics were characterized using a sigmoid inhibitory maximal effect model. Results: The raw data demonstrated minimal differences in the mean plasma propofol concentrations between groups. The compartment analysis revealed some subtle differences between groups in the central and slow equilibrating volumes, but the differences were not significant. Hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation shifted the concentration effect relationship to the left, demonstrating a 1.5-fold decrease in the effect-site concentration required to achieve 50% of the maximal effect in the Bispectral Index Scale. Conclusions: Hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution did not alter the pharmacokinetics but did increase the potency of propofol. These results demonstrate that alterations in propofol pharmacokinetics observed in moderate to severe blood loss can be reversed with resuscitation. These results suggest that a modest reduction in propofol is prudent to achieve a desired drug effect after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock.
Recent results from the IOTA NICMOS3 fringe detector

We summarize the characteristics and performance of a recent instrument for the detection of interference fringes in the near IR at the IR Optical Telescope Array (IOTA). The instrument had its first test run and saw 'first fringes' in Spring 1997, and has been regularly used since by several groups at the IOTA for a variety of high resolution investigations in the near IR. We present preliminary results from our group's campaign to study Mira variables and the circumstellar environments of Herbig AeBe stars.
The blanking phenomenon: a novel form of visual disappearance

We describe a novel illusion produced by the scintillating grid. Under specific conditions, a light disk presented at an intersection of black squares is undetectable. We term this disappearance "blanking;" conditions yielding the blanking phenomenon were examined. Results indicate the light disk must be presented peripherally, surrounded by at least four black squares for effective blanking to occur. Additionally, the grid and disk must be presented simultaneously. Dark disks presented in the same configuration remained visible. The blanking phenomenon is a unique form of visual disappearance, not dependent on adaptation, motion, or masking.
Characterization of Cl-doped n-type Cu2O prepared by electrodeposition

Abstract N-type doping of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) films by chlorine (Cl) during electrodeposition was reported by the authors recently. A more detailed study on the effects of doping conditions on electrical properties of Cl-doped Cu 2 O is presented in this paper. The resistivity of Cl-doped Cu 2 O is affected by doping conditions, including Cu and Cl concentrations, different Cu and Cl precursors, complexing agent concentration, solution pH, and deposition temperature. It is believed that these conditions control the amount of Cl incorporated into the Cu 2 O films, thus the doping level. The lowest resistivity obtained so far is 7 Ω-cm, suitable for solar cell applications. Photocurrent-potential measurements verify the n-type conductivity of Cl-doped Cu 2 O. Scanning electron microscopy indicates a small grain size of around 100 nm in Cl-doped Cu 2 O. X-ray diffraction confirms Cu 2 O as the only detectable phase in the film.
Roles and contributions of pharmacists in regulatory affairs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for public health emergency preparedness and response

Abstract Objective To provide a general description of the roles and contributions of three pharmacists from the Regulatory Affairs program (RA) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who are involved in emergency preparedness and response activities, including the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) public health emergency. Setting Atlanta, GA. Practice description RA consists of a staff of nine members, three of whom are pharmacists. The mission of RA is to support CDC's preparedness and emergency response activities and to ensure regulatory compliance for critical medical countermeasures against potential threats from natural, chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear events. Conclusion RA was well involved in the response to the H1N1 outbreak through numerous activities, such as submitting multiple Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) requests to the Food and Drug Administration, including those for medical countermeasures to be deployed from the Strategic National Stockpile, and developing the CDC EUA website ( www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/eua ). RA will continue to support current and future preparedness and emergency response activities by ensuring that the appropriate regulatory mechanisms are in place for the deployment of critical medical countermeasures from the Strategic National Stockpile against threats to public health.
The spatial intersection of minds

Spatial formats of information are ubiquitous in the cognitive and neural sciences. There are neural uses of space in the topographic maps found throughout cortex. There are metaphorical uses of space in cognitive linguistics, physical uses of space in ecological psychology, and mathematical uses of space in dynamical systems theory. These varied informational uses of space each provide a single contiguous medium through which cognitive processes can be shared across subsystems. As we further develop our understanding of how the human mind processes information in real time, the continuous sharing and cascading of information patterns between brain areas can be extended to a sharing and cascading of information between multiple brains and bodies to produce coordinated behavior. Essentially, the way you and the people around you negotiate your shared space affects the way you think, because space is a fundamental part of how you think. It is via space that the mental processes of one mind can form an intersection with the mental processes of another mind.
Cell population kinetics in the ear epidermis of mice

Abstract Data on fast-growing cell populations in the mouse have suggested that the “doubling sequence” consisting of the S, G2, and mitotic phases is of the constant duration of approximately 9 hr; differences in generation times seem to be largely due to different durations of the G1 phase. This hypothesis was tested in a cell population which grows at a moderately slow rate, viz., the epidermis of the ear, which has a generation time of about 3 weeks. The durations of the various phases of proliferation and maturation were estimated by labeling with tritiated thymidine and obtaining the following data. fraction of cells labeled soon after labeling, fraction of mitoses labeled at various times after labeling, fraction of cells in the basal layer, and distribution of labeled cells. The following estimates were obtained: total generation time, about 24 days; S phase, about 30 hr; G2 plus early prophase, about 6.5 hr; mid-portion of mitosis, about 3.8 hr; G1 phase, more than 22 days; lifetime of mature cell, 20 1 2 days. Since the total doubling time is four times as long as in fast-growing cells, the hypothesis tested is disproved. On the other hand, the fraction of the generation time occupied by G1 is much greater than in fast-growing tissues.
Insights into heme-based O2 sensing from structure-function relationships in the FixL proteins.

Abstract FixL proteins are bacterial heme-containing signal transduction proteins responsible for sensing the O 2 concentration in the organism’s environment. In Sinorhizobium meliloti FixL is a protein histidine kinase that, together with its response regulator FixJ, constitute an oxygen-sensitive switch for regulation of the organism’s nitrogen fixation and microaerobic respiration genes. The O 2 sensitivity of the switch is such that it transitions during the process of symbiosis in alfalfa roots. Bradyrhizobium japonicum FixL similarly regulates microaerobic and anaerobic respiration genes during symbiosis in soybean roots. FixLs responds to low oxygen concentrations with increased autophosphorylation activity of their kinase domains. The phosphorylated FixL provides a phosphoryl group to FixJ within a FixLJ complex. The phosphorylated FixJs are transcriptionally active toward their target genes. The FixL kinase domain is inhibited when the heme in FixL is oxygenated. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of ligand binding to both ferrous and ferric FixLs have shown a generally low affinity for ligands relative to myoglobins. These relatively low ligand affinities are attributable almost completely to diminished rates of ligand binding. The heme and its environment in liganded and unliganded FixLs have been characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, EXAFS, and X-ray crystallography. These studies have revealed that in the purified proteins, the heme is converted from a six-coordinate low spin state to a five-coordinate high spin state upon O 2 release. Comparisons of spectroscopic and structural characteristics of deoxyFixL with oxyFixL, met-FixL–CN, FixL–CO, and FixL–NO complexes indicate that distal affects in the heme pocket are, at least in part, responsible for communicating the ligation state of the heme to the kinase domain. The mechanisms by which ligand binding events are communicated from the heme to the kinase domain involves propagation and/or amplification of the ligation-coupled conformational transitions of the heme and its immediate protein environment. More recently, time-resolved experiments examining the nonequilibrium, ligand-coupled dynamics initiated by O 2 , CO, and NO photolysis from the corresponding FixL complexes have begun to shed light on the landscape of the switching coordinate. Current thinking and understanding of the mechanism for signal transduction in the FixLJ systems are discussed in the context of these physical investigations.
Development of the temperature-sensitive homoeotic mutant Ophthalmoptera of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The mutant stock eyeless-ophthalmoptera of Drosophila melanogaster develops normally at 17°C, but the eye produces an outgrowth of wing tissue at 29°C. High temperature is effective in altering phenotype only if applied during the second instar. This demonstrates a genetically controlled developmental process acting during mid-larval life which determines whether cells of the optic imaginal disc embark upon a developmental pathway leading to wing or to eye.
Protein HU from the cyanobacterium Anabaena

Abstract Protein HU was purified from the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Its complete amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of the whole protein and of CNBr and chymotryptic peptides. The active DNA-binding protein is a homodimer of 94-amino acid subunits. Approximately half of the residues are identical to those of the two subunits of HU protein from E. coli. The protein binds to both supercoiled and relaxed double-stranded DNA, cooperatively. The contour lenghts of circular DNAs were reduced up to six-fold by HU binding at low ratios of HU to DNA. At higher ratios, highly condensed aggregates were observed. Heterocysts are cells specialized for nitrogen fixation that differentiate at regular intervals along the filaments of Anabaena when they are transferred to a medium lacking combined nitrogen. Protein HU, labeled with 35S in cells growing on ammonia, disappears from developing heterocysts, although it is stably maintained in the intervening strings of vegetative cells. Following establishment of the heterocyst pattern, in which the differentiated cells are spaced about ten cells apart, HU is synthesized in the vegetative cells but not in the heterocysts. Several other vegetative cell DNA-binding proteins are also degraded during the differentiation. The major DNA-binding protein in heterocysts is a new one of subunit molecular mass around 12 000, whose relationship to other DNA-binding proteins is unknown. The gene encoding protein HU was cloned from Anabaena DNA and sequenced. The gene sequence is consistent with the amino acid sequence determined previously. Low stringency hybridization to Anabaena DNA digests suggest that there is a single gene for HU, consistent also with the unique amino acid sequence. S1 nuclease protection experiments suggest that the HU gene promoter differs from those of other Anabaena genes determined to date.
The Biosocial Consequences of Life on the Run: A Case Study from Turkana District, Kenya

Throughout East Africa, pastoralist populations live in harsh physical environments coupled with constant threats of livestock raiding and generally widespread insecurity. In this uncertain backdrop, pastoralist families must search for safe and secure forage and water for their herds. The Turkana of Kenya, a good example of a pastoralist group facing such threats, dodge insecurity by constant movement into unfriendly and unknown territory. In addition, Turkana herd owners move in very large herding groups with armed guards. As data from a 1998 field season suggest, such strategies have important consequences. These consequences are both social and biological and include modifications in social organization, diet, and the avoidance of health centers. The psychosocial consequences also are notable. As disruptive as the worst drought, insecurity has the potential to threaten not only the social well-being of pastoralists but also their health and survival.
Measuring the efficacy of code clone information: an empirical study

Much recent research effort has been devoted to designing efficient code clone detection algorithms and tools. However, there has been little human-based empirical study of how the output of those tools is used by developers when performing maintenance tasks. In this study 43 computer science graduate students completed a bug localization task in which a clone was present while researchers observed their activities. The goal of the study was to understand how those developers use clone information to perform this task. The results of this study showed that participants who used the clone information correctly, i.e. they first identified a defect then used it to look for clones of the defect, were more effective than participants who used the information incorrectly. The results also showed that participants who had industrial experience were more effective than those without industrial experience.
Mild oxidations of coal fractions

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether mild oxidation of Illinois No. 6 coal at 50 °C might contribute to a liquefaction process and to add to our knowledge of coal structure. Fractions of coal extract, extracted coal, and fractions of solvent-refined coal were used. Many of the oxidations were self-retarding, but refluxing with alcoholic KOH eliminated this retardation and effected considerable breakdown of the coal, even in the absence of oxygen. Oxidations and base treatments of soluble fractions gave more breakdown than extracted coal, a difference attributed to the dissimilarity between branched and network structures.
The laser-induced fluorescence of IBr79

Abstract Four fluorescence progressions of the B 0 + - X 1 Σ + band of IBr 79 excited by a single-mode cw dye-laser have been observed and analyzed. Discrepancies in the reported rotational constants of the 1 Σ + state have been resolved and improved vibrational constants determined. A simple method of discriminating between IBr and interfering I 2 fluorescence is described.
Green-MAC-LCCP©: Life-cycle climate performance metric for mobile air conditioning technology choice

Most refrigerants used today are potent chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), greenhouse gases (GHG) that can contribute significantly to anthropogenic climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion. In a business-as-usual scenario, HFC emissions in 2050 have been predicted to be equivalent to 9–19% (CO2-eq. basis) of projected global CO2 emissions. This percentage increases to 28–45% if projected CO2 emissions result in a 450-ppm CO2 stabilization scenario. Half of current direct HFC emissions are from mobile air conditioning (MAC) and alternative refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP) should have higher energy efficiency. The European f-Gas Directive phases out the use of refrigerants with GWP > 150, including HFC-134a (GWP = 1430) from MACs by 2017. Life-Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) identifies environmentally superior technology to minimize GHG emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning applications. The comprehensive LCCP model, GREEN-MAC-LCCP© focuses on the current choice among alternative refrigerants that meet the f-Gas requirement starting in 2011. Using GREEN-MAC-LCCP© we estimate that the current MAC technology based on HFC-134a refrigerant demands additional fuel during vehicle A/C operation in the: USA by 7%, in the EU by 7%, in Japan by 9%, in India by 15–20%, and in China by 7–10% depending on the humidity. We compare these data with the projected LCCP CO2-eq. savings by the year 2017 when HFC-134a will be replaced by a low GWP alternative (GWP < 150) according to the f-Gas rule. We find that refrigerant HFO-1234yf has the potential to reduce global LCCP CO2-eq. greenhouse gas emissions by about 7% in 2017, whereas greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning systems using R-744 (carbon dioxide) refrigerants are estimated to be about 2% greater, compared to the current HFC-134a MAC baseline systems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Prevention of cutaneous phototoxicity in photodynamic therapy

Abstract Photodynamic therapy using hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd), or its semipurified form, dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE), in combination with light, has proven effective in the treatment of several types of neoplasms including squamous cell carcinoma. A major disadvantage of this therapy is the long-term retention of these drugs in skin, which may result in cutaneous phototoxicity for weeks after treatment. Singlet oxygen has been identified as the primary cytotoxic product in the reaction of Hpd and light in vitro. This study demonstrates the protective effect in vivo of the singlet oxygen scavengers 1,3 diphenylisobenzofuran and l -tryptophan on the skin of young rats exposed to light after receiving DHE.
Factor Analytic Study of the Aiken and Hage Measures of Perceived Organizational Structure and Technology

Much work on organizational structure has been based on a set of scales developed by Aiken and Hage to measure centralization, formalization, and technology, yet the scales have been subjected to limited psychometric testing. This paper presents factor analyses of the scales and makes recommendations for their revision and use.
Effects of Sexual Abuse by Catholic Priests on Adults Victimized as Children

This study compared symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, learned helplessness, and strength of religious faith between those abused by a priest and those abused by a layperson. A group of 29 males abused by a Catholic priest and a group of 20 males abused by a layperson completed a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Learned Helplessness Scale, the Strength of Religious Faith Scale, and the Posttraumatic Check List. Both groups had scores that were suggestive of learned helplessness, moderate levels of depression, the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder, and weak religious faith. Although there were no major differences in effects, those abused by a priest were older at the time of first abuse and did not report their abuse until a later age. This may have legal ramification. Legal advocacy was supported.
Interstitial solutions and diagenesis in deeply buried marine sediments: results from the Deep Sea Drilling Project

Through the Deep Sea Drilling Project samples of interstitial solutions of deeply buried marine sediments throughout the World Ocean have been obtained and analyzed. The studies have shown that in all but the most slowly deposited sediments pore fluids exhibit changes in composition upon burial. These changes can be grouped into a few consistent patterns that facilitate identification of the diagenetic reactions occurring in the sediments. Pelagic clays and slowly deposited (<1 cm/103yr) biogenic sediments are the only types that exhibit little evidence of reaction in the pore waters. In most biogenic sediments sea water undergoes considerable alteration. In sediments deposited at rates up to a few cm/103 yr the changes chiefly involve gains of Ca2+ and Sr2+ and losses of Mg2+ which balance the Ca2+ enrichment. The Ca-Mg substitution may often reach 30 mM/kg while Sr2+ may be enriched 15-fold over sea water. These changes reflect recrystallization of biogenic calcite and the substitution of Mg2+ for Ca2+ during this reaction. The Ca-Mg-carbonate formed is most likely a dolomitic phase. A related but more complex pattern is found in carbonate sediments deposited at somewhat greater rates. Ca2+ and Sr2+ enrichment is again characteristic, but Mg2+ losses exceed Ca2+ gains with the excess being balanced by SO4post staggered2− losses. The data indicate that the reactions are similar to those noted above, except that the Ca2+ released is not kept in solution but is precipitated by the HCO3post staggered− produced in SO4post staggered2− reduction. In both these types of pore waters Na+ is usually conservative, but K+ depletions are frequent. In several partly consolidated sediment sections approaching igneous basement contact, very marked interstitial calcium enrichment has been found (to 5.5 g/kg). These phenomena are marked by pronounced depletion in Na+, Si and CO2, and slight enhancement in Cl−. The changes are attributed to exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ in silicate minerals forming from submarine weathering of igneous rocks such as basalts. Water is also consumed in these reactions, accounting for minor increases in total interstitial salinity. Terrigenous, organic-rich sediments deposited rapidly along continental margins also exhibit significant evidences of alteration. Microbial reactions involving organic matter lead to complete removal of SO4post staggered2−, strong HCO3post staggered− enrichment, formation of NH4post staggered+, and methane synthesis from H2 and CO2 once SO4post staggered2− is eliminated. K+ and often Na+ (slightly) are depleted in the interstitial waters. Ca2+ depletion may occur owing to precipitation of CaCO3. In most cases interstitial Cl− remains relatively constant, but increases are noted over evaporitic strata, and decreases in interstitial Cl− are observed in some sediments adjacent to continents.
Stability of the Infrared Array Camera for the Spitzer Space Telescope

We present an analysis of the stability of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope over the first 4.5 years of in-flight operations. IRAC consists of two InSb and two Si:As 256x256 imaging arrays with passbands centered on 3.6, 4.5. 5.8 and 8.0 microns. Variations in photometric stability, read noise, dark offsets, pixel responsivity and number of hot and noisy pixels for each detector array are trended with time. To within our measurement uncertainty, the performance of the IRAC arrays has not changed with time. The most significant variation is that number of hot pixels in the 8 micron array has increased linearly with time at a rate of 60 pixels per year. We expect that the 3.6 and 4.5 micron arrays should remain stable during the post-cryogenic phase of the Spitzer mission. We will briefly discuss some science that is enabled by the excellent stability of IRAC.
Hepatitis B virus infection: co-infection with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) shares routes of transmission, namely exchange of infected body fluids, sharing of contaminated needles, and blood transfusion, with other hepatotropic viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) and with systemic retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thus, many HBV infected patients are co-infected with other viral pathogens. Co-infection appears to increase the risk of progression of liver disease and may have important ramifications on choice of antiviral medication and treatment regimen. This article reviews the current knowledge of co-infection of HBV with HCV, HDV, and HIV.
670H ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC TELEMONITORING FOR HIGH RISK INFANTS-A NEW METHOD FOR PREVENTION OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH

670H ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC TELEMONITORING FOR HIGH RISK INFANTS-A NEW METHOD FOR PREVENTION OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH
A novel pseudopodial component of the dendritic cell anti-fungal response: the fungipod.

Fungal pathologies are seen in immunocompromised and healthy humans. C-type lectins expressed on immature dendritic cells (DC) recognize fungi. We report a novel dorsal pseudopodial protrusion, the “fungipod”, formed by DC after contact with yeast cell walls. These structures have a convoluted cell-proximal end and a smooth distal end. They persist for hours, exhibit noticeable growth and total 13.7±5.6 µm long and 1.8±0.67 µm wide at the contact. Fungipods contain clathrin and an actin core surrounded by a sheath of cortactin. The actin cytoskeleton, but not microtubules, is required for fungipod integrity and growth. An apparent rearward flow (225±55 nm/second) exists from the zymosan contact site into the distal fungipod. The phagocytic receptor Dectin-1 is not required for fungipod formation, but CD206 (Mannose Receptor) is the generative receptor for these protrusions. The human pathogen Candida parapsilosis induces DC fungipod formation strongly, but the response is species specific since the related fungal pathogens Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans induce very few and no fungipods, respectively. Our findings show that fungipods are dynamic actin-driven cellular structures involved in fungal recognition by DC. They may promote yeast particle phagocytosis by DC and are a specific response to large (i.e., 5 µm) particulate ligands. Our work also highlights the importance of this novel protrusive structure to innate immune recognition of medically significant Candida yeasts in a species specific fashion.
Correlation of embryonic movement with palate closure in mice

Previous experiments on palate development led to the hypothesis that neck extension and movements of the lower jaw and tongue are necessary for palate closure. To see if such movements existed at the appropriate developmental stage living embryos were studied at the time of normal palate closure. Spinal cord sections were performed on pregnant mice to permit laparotomy without sedating the embryos, the mice were partially submerged in warm saline, and embryonic movements were observed and photographed. Onset of movement coincided temporally with the onset of palate closure. In addition to movements of limbs and trunk, movements of neck, lower jaw, and tongue were also seen. Activity of embryos could be detected within the intact uterus as well as after removal from the uterus and membranes, and was inhibited by ether. The movements appeared to be spontaneous. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of palate closure involves muscular movements by the embryo.
Meaning and Demonstration

In demonstration, speakers use real-world activity both for its practical effects and to help make their points. The demonstrations of origami mathematics, for example, reconfigure pieces of paper by folding, while simultaneously allowing their author to signal geometric inferences. Demonstration challenges us to explain how practical actions can get such precise significance and how this meaning compares with that of other representations. In this paper, we propose an explanation inspired by David Lewis’s characterizations of coordination and scorekeeping in conversation. In particular, we argue that words, gestures, diagrams and demonstrations can function together as integrated ensembles that contribute to conversation, because interlocutors use them in parallel ways to coordinate updates to the conversational record.
Reciprocal Beating from Artificial Ventricular Pacemaker Report of a Case

A case is reported of reciprocal beating induced by a transvenous ventricular pacemaker inserted because of permanent sinus arrest. The mechanism of this finding is discussed.
Relationships between Tracer Ages and Potential Vorticity in Unsteady Wind-Driven Circulations

Abstract The relationships between different tracer ages and between tracer age and potential vorticity are examined by simulating barotropic double-gyre circulations. The unsteady model flow crudely represents aspects of the midlatitude, middepth ocean circulation including inhomogeneous and anisotropic variability. Temporal variations range in scale from weeks to years, although the statistics are stationary. These variations have a large impact on the time-averaged tracer age fields. Transport properties of the tracer age fields that have been proved for steady flow are shown to also apply to unsteady flow and are illustrated in this circulation. Variability of tracer ages from ideal age tracer, linear, and exponential transient tracers is highly coordinated in phase and amplitude and is explained using simple theory. These relationships between different tracer ages are of practical benefit to the problem of interpreting tracer ages from the real ocean or from general circulation models. There is also...
TISSUE HARMONIC ULTRASOUND FOR IMAGING NORMAL ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DOGS AND CATS

Normal cats (n = 38) and dogs (n = 40) were imaged with fundamental ultrasound and tissue harmonic ultrasound. Images of the liver, gall bladder, spleen, left kidney, urinary bladder, and jejunum were collected in all animals. Images of the left adrenal gland were collected in all dogs. All normal cats and dogs had improved imaging with tissue harmonic ultrasound. The number of organs with improved conspicuity ranged from one to all organs imaged. The most common organ to have improved conspicuity was the jejunum (100% of dogs and 89% of cats). Significant improvement by tissue harmonic ultrasound was seen in images of gall bladder (p = .05) and left adrenal gland (p = .02) in dogs, and spleen, urinary bladder, and intestinal images (p = .01) in cats. Significant improvement was seen in tissue harmonic ultrasound images of the gall bladder in dogs weighing greater than 16 kilograms (p = .03) and in the images of the urinary bladder of dogs weighing less than 16 kilograms (p = .02). These data suggest that image quality improvement of normal organs using tissue harmonic ultrasound is consistent but not predictable. The exception was the jejunum, where improvement was seen in all dogs. Sonographers should be cognizant of the potential benefits of tissue harmonic ultrasound.
Computational Federation Service: Dynamic Resource Virtualization for Extensible Grid Service Design

Due to the increasing heterogeneity, dynamicity and scale of grid environments, one of the emerging trends in high performance computing is to design grid services to easily and efficiently use the vast amount of computing, storage, and visualization facilities that are available at geographically dispersed sites. In this paper, we propose an extensible, generalized design model for future grid services, called computational federation service (CFS), which is based on virtualization of grid resources in a single system image. The approach builds on and extends our previous research on computational federations (CF). By utilizing a Distributed Virtual Machine (DVM) platform, the CF architecture virtualizes node heterogeneity and communication protocols, automates load balancing and includes features of persistence and multitasking, while supporting a location and registration service and the dynamic attach and detach operations of resources. The CFS can exist as part of the grid middleware, built on top of the collective grid, resource, and connectivity layers. Our architecture is application-profile aware and can flexibly and dynamically configure and interconnect any type of grid resources, e.g., computational and storage nodes, instrumentation, and can also extend to different domains, change in time, and support complex application workflow compositions and collaborative applications
ROSA PRAED AND THE VAMPIRE-AESTHETE

Rosa Campbell Praed left Australia for London in 1876. In the decade or so subsequent to her arrival in the metropolis she forged a successful career as a writer of occult-inspired novels that drew on both theosophical doctrine and a nineteenth-century tradition of popular fiction that included Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. A string of novels published in the 1880s and the early 1890s, including Nadine: the Study of a Woman (1882), Affinities: A Romance of Today (1885), The Brother of the Shadow: A Mystery of Today (1886), and The Soul of Countess Adrian: A Romance (1891), produced a sort of popular aestheticism that melded an interest in fashionable society, a market-oriented Gothicism, and speculations on the philosophy of art that were indicative of Praed's relationship to a fin-de-siecle Bohemia and its literary circles. There is no doubt that these novels can be located in terms of the numerous popular genres - the art novel, the aesthetic novel, the occult novel1 - that form the literary background to much better known texts such as Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray, Bram Stoker's Dracula and George du Maurier's Trilby. But to account for Praed's ephemerality in terms of a series of generic categories elides too easily the pressures - economic, political, and aesthetic - impinging on a colonial, female novelist quickly forging a career at the centre of an imperial culture. Praed's novels are hybrid, polysemic creations, over-determined by these pressures, which in turn, no doubt, have contributed to her invisibility in contemporary literary studies. Their Gothicism and their appropriation of theosophical doctrine are both manifest in themes like mesmerism, telepathy, duel personality, and the recurring figure of the spiritual or "moral vampire." Yet these obviously commercial novels are also intensely invested in aesthetic questions, in the dislocated character of imperial experience, in the accrual of cultural capital, and in their own relationship to the vexed question of their originality vis-a-vis the market for popular fiction. In this essay I want to think about the ways in which Praed's occult-inspired novels deploy the figure of the vampire-aesthete, at the centre of both Affinities and The Soul of Countess Adrian, to introduce a self-reflexive relationship to the different economies of value in which they were embedded. In suggesting that Praed's vampire-aesthetes articulate anxieties about cultural value and influence in an imperial economy, I also want to diversify the provenance of the fin-de-siecle vampire. Recent work on late nineteenth-century aestheticism has persuasively discussed the semiotic force of the vampire in regard to questions of sexual identity. Robert Dixon, one of the few critics to engage with Praed's occult fiction and to locate it in terms of its relationship to better known writers like Bram Stoker, reads her interest