cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long‐term observations of the patterns of failure in patients with unresectable non‐oat cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy report by the radiation therapy oncology group

This report details the patterns of tumor recurrence in two prospective randomized studies involving 551 patients with histologically proven unresectable or medically inoperable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy. Patients were treated according to two protocols, depending on the stage of the tumor: (1) Patients with T1, 2, 3-NO, 1, 2 tumors were randomized to four different regimens: 4000 cGy split course (2000 cGy in five fractions, per 1 week, 2 weeks rest and additional 2000 cGy in five fractions, per 1 week) or 4000, 5000, or 6000 cGy continuous courses, five fractions per week. (2) Patients with T4, any N or N3, any T stage tumors were randomized to be treated with 3000 cGy tumor dose (TD), ten fractions in 2 weeks, 4000 cGy split course (described above), or 4000 cGy continuous course. In the patients with less advanced tumors (Study 1) the intrathoracic failure rate within the irradiated volume was 48% with 4000 cGy continuous, 38% with 4000 cGy split course or 5000 cGy continuous, and 27% for patients receiving 6000 cGy continuous course. The failure rate in the nonirradiated lung ranged from 25% to 30% in the various groups. Patients with adenocarcinoma or large cell undifferentiated carcinoma had better intrathoracic tumor control (35%) than those with squamous cell carcinoma (20%). The incidence of distant metastases was 75% to 80% in all histologic groups. Distant metastases appeared sooner after therapy in the patients with adenocarcinoma or large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. The initial failure rate in the brain was 7% in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 19% with adenocarcinoma, and 13% in patients with large cell carcinoma. The ultimate incidence of brain metastases was 16% in squamous cell carcinoma, and 30% for adenocarcinoma or large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Higher doses of irradiation will be necessary in order to improve the intrathoracic tumor control. Clinical trials by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, some of them involving multiple daily fractionation, are in progress. Furthermore, because of the high incidence of distant metastases, effective systemic cytotoxic agents are critically needed to improve survival of lung cancer patients. The high frequency of brain metastases suggests that, as in small cell carcinoma of the lung, elective irradiation of the brain may be necessary, if not to improve survival to enhance the quality of life of patients with adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma.
The Effects of Mutual Induction Between Parallel Transmission Lines on Current Flow to Ground Faults

THIS paper is intended to present some of the problems encountered in determining unbalanced fault currents and unusual results that may be expected on systems with parallel lines on a common right of way. Correct results are required so that proper co-ordination and application of relays may be accomplished. Fault studies must be made and constantly revised, as a power system changes and expansions take place. Also, future conditions must be studied so that intelligent selection may be made of circuit breakers and current transformers. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss
Elevated intrahepatic pressures and decreased hepatic tissue blood flow prevent gas embolus during limited laparoscopic liver resections.

Background: As new techniques are emerging for laparoscopic liver resections, concerns have been raised about the development of gas embolus related to the CO2 pneumoperitoneum. We hypothesized that elevated intrahepatic vascular pressures and decreased hepatic tissue blood flow (LQB) would prevent gas embolus during laparoscopic liver resections under conventional pneumoperitoneum. Methods: Intrahepatic vascular pressures and LQB were measured in nine pigs with varying CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Gas embolus was determined after hepatic incision by monitoring pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), hepatic venous PCO2, systemic blood pressure (SBP), and suprahepatic vena cava ultrasound. Results: As the pneumoperitoneum was increased from 0 to 15 mmHg, intrahepatic vascular pressures increased significantly (p < 0.05), while LQB decreased significantly (p < 0.05). A 2.0-cm hepatic incision at 4, 8, 15, and 20mmHg produced no ultrasound evidence of gas embolus and no changes in PAP, SBP, or hepatic venous PCO2 (p = NS). Conclusion: These data suggest that the risk of significant embolus under conventional pneumoperitoneum is minimal during laparoscopic liver resections.
The Impact of Transformations in National Cultural Identity upon Competing Constitutional Narratives in the United States of America

Shifts in the national cultural identity of the US have been reflected in shifts in the US’ dominant constitutional narratives. For the United States, “inter-legality” has been less a matter of dealing with alternative non-state legal narratives than of contending with constantly arising and competing narratives about the “correct” nature of the “official” legal order of the state. The US Supreme Court has claimed to have the “last word” in resolving these arguments but because that Court is so often sharply divided and because the Court membership and the nature of its “last words” changes so often, where a significant element of the society seeks to advance its ideas and interests, it will often do so in legal and constitutional terms. As the national culture undergoes changes, a competing constitutional narrative may gain ground and even ultimately prevail, at least for a time, and achieve Supreme Court “endorsement” for its claims.
The biogenesis and physiological function of chloroplast superoxide dismutases

Iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) are evolutionarily conserved proteins in higher plant chloroplasts. These enzymes are responsible for the efficient removal of the superoxide formed during photosynthetic electron transport and function in reactive oxygen species metabolism. The availability of copper is a major determinant of Cu/ZnSOD and FeSOD expression. Analysis of the phenotypes of plants that over-express superoxide dismutases in chloroplasts has given support for the proposed roles of these enzymes in reactive oxygen species scavenging. However, over-production of chloroplast superoxide dismutase gives only limited protection to environmental stress and does not result in greatly improved whole plant performance. Surprisingly, plant lines that lack the most abundant Cu/ZnSOD or FeSOD activities perform as well as the wild-type under most conditions tested, indicating that these superoxide dismutases are not limiting to photoprotection or the prevention of oxidative damage. In contrast, a strong defect in chloroplast gene expression and development was seen in plants that lack the two minor FeSOD isoforms, which are expressed predominantly in seedlings and that associate closely with the chloroplast genome. These findings implicate reactive oxygen species metabolism in signaling and emphasize the critical role of sub-cellular superoxide dismutase location. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
Abstract 641: Correlation of methylation status of deep surgical margins with the local reccurence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background: Locoregional recurrence occurs in as many as 40% of patients undergoing surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We have been focused some molecular alterations exsiting even in histologically negative surgical margins. However, in head and neck cancer resection, surgical margins are hard to evaluate because the most of them usually consists of complicated muscular margins. In order to evaluate these deep surgical margins, before collecting some margin tissues, we often conduct tissue imprinting by using one layer nitrocellulose sheet which can collect proteins without hurting surgical samples. Method: Both 161 deep margin tissues and 166 deep margin imprints were collected from 74 histologically margin negative resections of primary HNSCC from May, 2009 to September, 2012. Bisulfited DNA from samples were amplified using quantitive methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) for 6 genes (DCC, EDNRB, HOXA9, KIF1A, NID2 and NR2B). The cut off value was calculated using QMSP data of tumors and normal muscles, and was applied to deep margin samples. The correlation between the QMSP status of deep margin samples and clinical outcome was evaluated. Results: The average QMSP of tumor tissues, that of normal muscles and the cut off value are 21.0, 0.6, 2.1 in DCC, 23.3, 0.6, 2.2 in EDNRB, 32.0, 0.7, 2.3 in HOXA9, 20.3, 0.4, 1.3 in KIF1A, 36.0, 3.0, 9.4 in NID2 and 10.7, 0.1, 0.4 in NR2B. Those who has the higher QMSP values of deep margin tissues than the cut off value tends to have a poor recurrence free survival (P=0.073 in DCC, P=0.018 in HOXA9, P=0.005 in KIF1A, P=0.011 in NID2) and a poor overall survival (P=0.076 in HOXA9, P=0.059 in NID2). Also, those who has the higher QMSP values of deep margin imprints than the cut off value tends to have a poor recurrence free survival (P=0.051 in HOXA9) and a poor overall survival (P=0.075 in HOXA9). Conclusion: The methylation status of HNSCC deep surgical margin samples is correlated with the local recurrence. Especially, hyper-methylated HOXA9 gene of both deep margin tissues and imprints is a significant biomarker of poor recurrence free survival and overall survival. Citation Format: Masamichi Hayashi, Gaosong Wu, Xiaofei Chang, Xiufeng Li, Julie Ahn, Zubair Khan, Belinda Akpeng, Jong–Lyel Roh, Wayne Koch. Correlation of methylation status of deep surgical margins with the local reccurence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 641. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-641
Cytochrome c mRNA levels decrease in senescent rat heart.

Abstract The concentration of mitochondria decrease in the heart as rodents age from maturity to senescence. The reason for this change is not known. One purpose of the present study was to determine if cytochrome c mRNA, representative of proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane, decreased in the hearts of Fischer 344 rats as they aged from 12 to 24 months. Twenty-two percent less cytochrome c mRNA existed per given quantity of extracted RNA from the heart in 24-month-old rats as compared with the 12-month-old group. No change in the quantities of cardiac α-actin mRNA, Ca 2+ /calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA or 18S rRNA was noted between 12- und 24-month-old hearts. Thus, the decrease in cytochrome c mRNA suggests that decreased in mRNAs for proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane could play some role in the diminished concentration of mitochondria that exists in the senescent heart.
Resilience Theory: Theoretical and Professional Conceptualizations

This paper examines the theoretical assumptions of resiliency theory and tests these assumptions through a qualitative research design. Eighteen professionals were interviewed to gain a clearer understanding of what conditions practitioners thought act as buffers to life stress and contribute to coping and resilience. Themes that frequently emerged from the data included personal attitude, spirituality/religion, education, and multilevel attachments. The data identified important practice skills to enhance client resilience. Implications for practice and education are discussed.
Most-Favored Treatment Provisions as Nondiscrimination Guarantees

A firm employs suppliers who make specific investments. Because output demand is uncertain and the cost of enumerating contingencies high, the firm retains some unilateral control over the input quantities it purchases. To allay suppliers’ concerns over potential opportunism the firm must commit not to pit them against one another ex post by threatening to buy less from those who refuse to discount their prices. By extending most-favored treatment guarantees the firm commits not to discriminate. In some circumstances this generates efficient and opportunism-free outcomes. In others it is less effective but may remain attractive relative to other options. Evidence from field market contracts for natural gas corroborates this nondiscrimination hypothesis.
The Relationship between the Sibling Recurrence-Risk Ratio and Genotype Relative Risk

Summary The recurrence-risk ratio of disease in siblings, λ S , is a standard parameter used in genetic analysis to estimate the statistical power for detection of a disease locus. However, the relationship between the underlying risk conferred by a disease-susceptibility allele and λ S has not been well described. The former is generally quantified as a genotype relative risk, γ, and measures the ratio of disease risks between those with and those without the susceptibility genotype(s). We demonstrate that λ S varies significantly more with respect to γ and the disease-allele frequency for two-locus multiplicative models than for other two-locus and for single-locus models. For the single- and two-locus dominant-inheritance models that we studied, when a disease-susceptibility allele had a frequency ⩾.2, λ S had an upper limit of S values >10 are possible only under recessive inheritance, dominant inheritance with relatively rare ( * S ) estimated by restriction of sibships to those ascertained through a proband who already has a putative high-risk allele. A λ * S larger than the λ S value estimated from randomly selected probands can serve as an indirect way of testing whether the posited susceptibility allele increases disease risk. Our results demonstrate that a λ S of 2–3 may portend successful mapping for a variety of genetic models but that, for some two-locus models, a λ S as high as 10 does not guarantee underlying genes easily mapped by linkage.
CRITICAL MAGNETIC SCATTERING OF NEUTRONS BY IRON

The experimental results of Wilkinson and Shull for the small-angle magnetic scattering of 0.9 A neutrons from iron at temperatures close to the Curie point are analyzed in terms of the instantaneous correlation between pairs of spins of the iron atoms. Fourier inversion of the angular distribution of the scattering gives the spatial dependence of the spin-spin correlations, while their temperature dependence follows from the temperature variation of the angular distributions. The correlation functions so obtained are compared with the asymptotic form predicted by statistical mechanics and show consistency with the measured values of the paramagnetic susceptibility for iron above the Curie temperature.
Variants of exostosis of the bone in children.

Exostosis of the bone is a common finding in children presenting with a mass in the extremity. The appearance ofasolitaryexostosisofthebonecanbecharacteristicandthe diagnosis of an osteochondroma is often made without further imaging. Multiple osteochondromas are seen in multiple hereditary exostoses. Osteochondromas can be in specific locations such as the epiphysis in Trevor’s disease. There are also several “osteochondroma-like” lesions that can occur as normal variants or as the result of trauma, congenital anomalies, systemic disorders, or various causes of periosteal reaction. In this article, we will review the imaging of the common osteochondroma and its associated diseases and then focus on a variety of causes of bony exostosis that can have a similar appearance.
Assessing the impact of the 2004 tsunami on mangroves using remote sensing and GIS techniques

While tsunami characteristics and effects are not fully understood in the countries around the Indian Ocean, there are reports suggesting that mangroves, acting as a barrier, significantly reduce the devastation caused by the waves. This study proposes a creative approach to investigating the impact of the 2004 tsunami on mangrove vegetation. The approach involves a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) proximity analyses and change detection methods in remote sensing to delineate multiple buffer distances from the coastline into four homogeneous subregions. The changes in land cover are then assessed in these subregions before and after the tsunami event. The proposed approach provides a more reliable and accurate means than conventional methods to evaluate spatial patterns of damaged areas through different land characteristics along the coastline. There are major damages to land cover, representing an average of 26.87% change, in those geographic locations with low mangrove coverage that are in close proximity to the coastline in all four subregions, whereas less damage is apparent in locations with high mangrove coverage, representing an average of only 2.77% change. The optimum distance between 1000 and 1500 m of mangrove buffer would be favourable and most effective for reducing the damage by potential tsunami waves. The findings support the need for mangrove replantation and management in the future and may serve as a prototype for studying impacts of tsunamis in other affected countries.
Inhibition of striatal acetylcholine release by serotonin and dopamine after the intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to neonatal rats

Abstract The intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) depletes the striatum of dopamine (DA). When given to rat pups at an early age, the toxin also increases striatal serotonin (5-HT) content. In the accompanying report we observed that endogenous 5-HT, like DA, exerts an inhibitory influence on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from striatal slices prepared from control animals and that the extent if this inhibition is related to the degree of serotonergic innervation of the region being examined. To determine whether this hyperinnervation was accompanied by an increase in serotonergic influence on ACh release, striatal slices were prepared from adult rats, preincubated with [3H]choline, superfused, and exposed to electrical field stimulation. The efflux of tritrium into the superfusate was used as a measure of ACh release. In confirmation of previous reports, we observed that direct and indirect agonists of DA and 5-HT both reduced ACh overflow from control slices, whereas overflow was increased by antagonists of these amines. Slices prepared from rats given 6-OHDA-induced lesions as adults were responsive to each of these pharmacological manipulations, as well. In contrast, ACh overflow from slices prepared from animals lesioned with 6-OHDA as neonates was not modified by either dopaminergic or stereonergic drugs. These results suggest that the serotonergic hyperinnervation of striatum produced by neonatal 6-OHDA is accompanied by a loss of the inhibitory influence of endegenous 5-HT and DA on striatal ACh release and, thus, povide no evidence for a role for either transmitter in the behavioral sparing associated with such lesions.
Course and treatment of patients with both substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common co-occurring diagnosis in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite the documented prevalence of this particular "dual diagnosis," relatively little is known about effective treatment for SUD-PTSD patients. This article reviews empirical research on the course and treatment of SUD-PTSD comorbidity and highlights clinically relevant findings. Based on this review, the following is noted: PTSD is highly prevalent in SUD patients, consistently associated with poorer SUD treatment outcomes, and related to distinct barriers to treatment. Specific treatment practices are recommended for substance abuse treatment providers: (a) All patients should be carefully screened and evaluated for trauma and PTSD; (b) referrals should be provided for concurrent treatment of SUD-PTSD, if available, or for psychological counseling with the recommendation that trauma/PTSD be addressed; and (c) increased intensity of SUD treatment should be offered in conjunction with referrals for family treatment and self-help group participation.
FLOW PROFILES OF POWER LAW FLUIDS IN SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGER GEOMETRY USING MRI

Scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHE) are prevalent in the food industry to heat/cool viscous fluids and to provide enhanced mixing. This work focused on developing and verifying a theoretical model to characterize the flow patterns in two-dimensional angular flow in an SSHE geometry under isothermal conditions. Experimentally, the model was verified by a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Good agreement was achieved between the theoretical model and experimental data for a polyalkylene glycol, which behaved as a Newtonian fluid (n = 1), and a 1% CMC solution, a power law fluid with n = 0. 77. However, the experimental flow profile tomato puree was characterized by apparent wall slip. The best fit, with respect to the power law model, was a flow behavior index of 0.11. This study provides the framework to quantify the effects of heat transfer on flow profiles in this geometry and the effectiveness of mixing.
Design for Data Quality in a Multisite Cross-Sectional and Panel Study:

The authors address the issues faced while collecting survey data as part of a large multisite, multidisciplinary long-term project using interviewers rather than self-administered questionnaires in a country in which the researchers are not native. The issues pertain to the collection of high-quality data that accurately measure the variables of interest from which generalizations can be made. Three issues were prominent: potential cross-cultural variation in the validity of measures; how to manage multiple control sites and multiple study sites; and how to control for problems presented by series/panel data (i.e., the influence of prior interviews or subsequent intervening events on later interviews). The authors addressed these issues through five strategies at different points in the study. This discussion concerns the challenges and benefits of using these techniques to address the three main issues.
The Psychology of Proof: Deductive Reasoning in Human Thinking

In this provocative book, Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life. Rips argues that certain inference principles are so central to our notion of intelligence and rationality that they deserve serious psychological investigation to determine their role in individuals' beliefs and conjectures. Asserting that cognitive scientists should consider deductive reasoning as a basis for thinking, Rips develops a theory of natural reasoning abilities and shows how it predicts mental successes and failures in a range of cognitive tasks. In parts I and II of the book, Rips builds insights from cognitive psychology, logic, and artificial intelligence into a unified theoretical structure. He defends the idea that deduction depends on the ability to construct mental proofs -- actual memory units that link given information to conclusions it warrants. From this base Rips develops a computational model of deduction based on two cognitive skills: the ability to make suppositions or assumptions and the ability to posit sub-goals for conclusions. A wide variety of original experiments support this model, including studies of human subjects evaluating logical arguments as well as following and remembering proofs. Unlike previous theories of mental proof, this one handles names and variables in a general way. This capability enables deduction to play a crucial role in other thought processes,such as classifying and problem solving. In part III, Rips compares the theory to earlier approaches in psychology which confined the study of deduction to a small group of tasks, and examines whether the theory is too rational or too irrational in its mode of thought.
Cluster of false-positive influenza B virus rapid antigen test results in a New York City hospital.

We report a cluster of false-positive influenza B rapid test results associated with the use of red-top tube Vacuette plastic tube Z serum clot activator (item no. 454204). Influenza activity in New York City (NYC), New York, between October 2011 and mid-February 2012 was relatively low, with
5196 mandible fractures among 4381 active duty army soldiers, 1980 to 1998.

OBJECTIVE: We present the frequencies of various types of mandibular fractures along with associated mechanisms and injuries. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 5196 mandible fractures in 4381 patients extracted from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD), a comprehensive database developed by the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) that links population data to all hospitalizations among active duty army soldiers. The database is based on the ICD-9 CM coding system. RESULTS: We found the following frequencies for specific mandible fracture locations: angle 35.6%, symphysis 20.1%, subcondylar 14.2%, body 12.7%, condylar process 9.1%, ramus 4.5%, alveolar border 2.7%, and coronoid process 1%. The mechanisms of injury were separated into seven categories. Fighting accounts for 36.2%, automobile accidents for 18.6%, athletics for 13.6%, falls for 9.7%, motorcycle accidents for 3.1%, other land transport accidents for 3%, and miscellaneous causes for 15.8%. A few fracture locations appear to be associated with specific mechanisms. Of 82 alveolar border fractures with known mechanisms, 37% resulted from automobile accidents. Of 1094 angle fractures with known mechanisms, 48.6% resulted from fighting. Our data show that the majority of fractures were isolated to one location. Only one fracture was recorded for 70.6%, 29.2% have two fractures recorded, 0.2% have three or more fractures recorded. Associated injuries were common and include facial lacerations 1236 (28.2%), non-mandible facial bone fractures 733 (16.7%), intracranial injury 403(9.2%), internal injuries 229 (5.2%), fractures of the upper limb 295 (6.7%), fractures of the lower extremity 302 (6.9%), and cervical fractures 34 (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of injury is important in determining the most likely resultant mandible fracture in the case of angle of mandible and alveolar ridge fractures. The clinician should maintain a high level of suspicion for associated injuries that occur more than one fourth of the time and even more frequently in motor vehicle accident victims. Associated intracranial injury is particularly important to rule out. Associated facial fractures, intracranial injury, internal injuries, and extremity injuries are all more common than cervical fractures. Language: en
Effect of carotid atherosclerosis screening on risk stratification during primary cardiovascular disease prevention

We investigated the effect that carotid plaque area (CPA) and intima media thickness (IMT) measurements have on risk stratification in 95 patients with intermediate Framingham scores (6% to 19%). The risk status of each patient was adjusted to be low, intermediate, or high based on the results of carotid ultrasound. After carotid testing, 44% (IMT) and 45% (CPA) of the intermediate-risk patients were stratified as low risk, and 22% (IMT) and 40% (CPA) were stratified as high risk. Using the threshold values derived from our laboratory, 28% (IMT) and 45% (CPA) of patients were stratified as low risk, and 35% (IMT) and 27% (CPA) were identified as high risk. These tests adjust the risk strata of ≥63% of patients deemed as having intermediate risk by Framingham scores.
SOI 2D photonic crystals for microphotonic integrated circuits

We review recent achievements in fabrication of silicon-on-insulator 2D photonic crystals compatible with microelectronics processing will be reported. We first address the problem of radiation and propagation losses by quantitative measurements of transmission spectra for various designs of photonic crystal waveguides. In optimized structures record low propagation losses of 20 dB/cm are reported. Next we show the way to effectively couple the light from the fiber to high index microphotonic circuits and photonic crystals by proper design of mode converter and butt-coupler.
Cytosine methylation changes in enhancer regions of core pro-fibrotic genes characterize kidney fibrosis development

One in eleven people is affected by chronic kidney disease, a condition characterized by kidney fibrosis and progressive loss of kidney function. Epidemiological studies indicate that adverse intrauterine and postnatal environments have a long-lasting role in chronic kidney disease development. Epigenetic information represents a plausible carrier for mediating this programming effect. Here we demonstrate that genome-wide cytosine methylation patterns of healthy and chronic kidney disease tubule samples obtained from patients show significant differences. We identify differentially methylated regions and validate these in a large replication dataset. The differentially methylated regions are rarely observed on promoters, but mostly overlap with putative enhancer regions, and they are enriched in consensus binding sequences for important renal transcription factors. This indicates their importance in gene expression regulation. A core set of genes that are known to be related to kidney fibrosis, including genes encoding collagens, show cytosine methylation changes correlating with downstream transcript levels. Our report raises the possibility that epigenetic dysregulation plays a role in chronic kidney disease development via influencing core pro-fibrotic pathways and can aid the development of novel biomarkers and future therapeutics.
FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY STUDIES OF THE MYCELIAL FORM OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM AND MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR FUNGI.

Kaufman, Leo (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and Brenda Brandt. Fluorescent-antibody studies of the mycelial form of Histoplasma capsulatum and morphologically similar fungi. J. Bacteriol. 87:120–126. 1964.—Fluorescent-antibody reagents were developed to differentiate the mycelial form of the pathogen, Histoplasma capsulatum, from several morphologically similar but saprophytic species of the genera Sepedonium and Chrysosporium. Cross-staining and adsorption procedures revealed antigenic relationships among certain species of these three genera and other fungi. The significance of these observations to the diagnostician and taxonomist is discussed.
Linear-time dynamics using Lagrange multipliers

Current linear-time simulation methods for articulated figures are based exclusively on reduced-coordinate formulations. This paper describes a general, non-iterative linear-time simulation method based instead on Lagrange multipliers. Lagrange multiplier methods are important for computer graphics applications because they bypass the difficult (and often intractable) problem of parameterizing a system’s degrees of freedom. Given a loop-free set of n equality constraints acting between pairs of bodies, the method takes O.n/ time to compute the system’s dynamics. The method does not rely on matrix bandwidth, so no assumptions about the constraints’ topology are needed. Bodies need not be rigid, constraints can be of various dimensions, and unlike reduced-coordinate approaches, nonholonomic (e.g. velocity-dependent) constraints are allowed. An additional set of k one-dimensional constraints which induce loops and/or handle inequalities can be accommodated with cost O.kn/. This makes it practical to simulate complicated, closedloop articulated figures with joint-limits and contact at interactive rates. A complete description of a sample implementation is provided in pseudocode.
Escape machine: teaching computational thinking with a tangible state machine game

We present a methodology for building objects-to-think-computationally-with and illustrate its application in developing our Escape Machine game. The input mechanism for this game is a tangible state machine built with Posey, our computationally enhanced construction kit. Through manipulating this state machine children create an algorithmic specification for the behavior of both the avatar and its enemies in an attempt to navigate a maze without being eaten. We outline several strategies for success at Escape Machine and discuss how it embeds an important computational thinking concept in interaction with a tangible device.
Mobilizing and Sustaining Grassroots Dissent

This article examines barriers to grassroots mobilization, and how they have been overcome. The thesis of this paper is that the probability of mobilizing and sustaining grassroots dissenting groups is shaped by fluid social movements framing work, social interactions, and citizens' conceptions of their responsibilities to their communities. Examples from recent studies of grassroots group formation and results illustrate these factors of group mobilization and citizen political engagement and quiescence.
Central City-Suburban Fiscal Disparities

Updated estimates of various measures of central city-suburban fiscal disparities are presented for 1987, along with previously published ACIR estimates for selected years. The estimates show that central city-suburban fiscal disparities have not changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Cross-sectional regressions estimated for four different years suggest that the explanations for the existence of fiscal disparities have not changed over time.
The search for peer advice in cyberspace: An examination of online teen bulletin boards about health and sexuality

Abstract The physical, emotional, and psychological changes that occur in adolescence prompt youths to have serious questions about their bodies, relationships, and health that are often personal, sensitive, or embarrassing. Past research has shown that adolescents are often reluctant to consult physicians, peers, and others for personal health questions due to concerns about confidentiality. One new venue for health information is the Internet, which is a promising resource due to its accessibility, interactivity, and anonymity. This study is a snapshot investigation of a popular health support website, which utilized a peer-generated bulletin board format to facilitate the discussion of adolescent health and social issues. Analyses of two health bulletin boards—one on teen issues and one on sexual health—were conducted on the questions and replies found on 273 topics of mainly anonymous adolescents collected over a 2-month period. Results revealed that the questions most frequently posted and viewed reflected interests and concerns about their changing physical, emotional, and social selves: Romantic relationships were the most frequent topic on the teen issues bulletin board; sexual health was the most frequent topic on the sexuality bulletin board. The bulletin boards proved to be a valuable forum of personal opinions, actionable suggestions, concrete information, and emotional support and allowed teens to candidly discuss sensitive topics, such as sexuality and interpersonal relations.
DNA Hybridization Probe for Use in Determining Restricted Nodulation among Bradyrhizobium japonicum Serocluster 123 Field Isolates.

Abstract Several soybean plant introduction (PI) genotypes have recently been described which restrict nodulation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 in an apparently serogroup-specific manner. While PI 371607 restricts nodulation of strains in serogroup 123 and some in serogroup 127, those in serogroup 129 are not restricted. When DNA regions within and around the B. japonicum I-110 common nodulation genes were used as probes to genomic DNA from the serogroup strains USDA 123, USDA 127, and USDA 129, several of the probes differentially hybridized to the nodulation-restricted and -unrestricted strains. One of the gene regions, cloned in plasmid pMJS12, was subsequently shown to hybridize to 4.6-kilobase EcoRI fragments from DNAs from nodulation-restricted strains and to larger fragments in nodulation-unrestricted strains. To determine if the different hybridization patterns could be used to predict nodulation restriction, we hybridized pMJS12 to EcoRI-digested genomic DNAs from uncharacterized serocluster 123 field isolates. Of the 36 strains examined, 15 were found to have single, major, 4.6-kilobase hybridizing EcoRI fragments. When tested for nodulation, 80% (12 of 15) of the strains were correctly predicted to be restricted for nodulation of the PI genotypes. In addition, hybridization patterns obtained with pMJS12 and nodulation phenotypes on PI 371607 indicated that there are at least three types of serogroup 127 strains. Our results suggest that the pMJS12 gene probe may be useful in selecting compatible host-strain combinations and in determining the suitability of field sites for the placement of soybean genotypes containing restrictive nodulation alleles.
A Low Rank Approach to Automatic Differentiation

This manuscript introduces a new approach for increasing the efficiency of automatic differentiation (AD) computations for estimating the first order derivatives comprising the Jacobian matrix of a complex large-scale computational model. The objective is to approximate the entire Jacobian matrix with minimized computational and storage resources. This is achieved by finding low rank approximations to a Jacobian matrix via the Efficient Subspace Method (ESM). Low rank Jacobian matrices arise in many of today’s important scientific and engineering problems, e.g. nuclear reactor calculations, weather climate modeling, geophysical applications, etc. A low rank approximation replaces the original Jacobian matrix J (whose size is dictated by the size of the input and output data streams) with matrices of much smaller dimensions (determined by the numerical rank of the Jacobian matrix). This process reveals the rank of the Jacobian matrix and can be obtained by ESM via a series of r randomized matrix-vector products of the form: J q, and J T ω which can be evaluated by the AD forward and reverse modes, respectively.
The influence of the marked reduced graph of a nonnegative matrix on the Jordan form and on related properties: A survey

Abstract For a nonnegative matrix P , we discuss the relation of its marked reduced graph to that part of the Jordan form that is associated with the Perron-Frobenius root, to the nonnegativity of the eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors, to the nonnegativity of solutions of linear equations, and to the asymptotic growth of powers of the matrix. Results are often stated in terms of M -matrices, and standard results on irreducible matrices are assumed. We give examples to illustrate the theorems surveyed.
Disease Update on Kidney Disease: New Guidelines on Dialysis (301)

Objectives 1. Describe the recommendations in the new clinical practice guideline on which patients may not experience a survival benefit with dialysis compared to medical management without dialysis. 2. Explain an evidence-based approach to prognostication in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. 3. Discuss an evidence-based approach and preferred medications for the treatment of pain in patients with chronic kidney disease. New dialysis patients increasingly have multiple comorbidities, a high symptom burden, and a significantly shortened life expectancy. Using medical evidence published in the last decade, the Renal Physicians Association has revised its ‘‘Clinical Practice Guideline on Shared Decision-Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis’’ for the treatment of this changing population. The presenter who chaired the guideline revision project will review highlights of the new evidence which include (1) newer, more accurate models for estimating prognosis in dialysis patients that employ the ‘‘surprise’’ question, age, serum albumin, and comorbidities; (2) it is now possible to identify elderly stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who are likely to die prior to initiation of dialysis or for whom dialysis may not provide a survival advantage over medical management without dialysis; (3) pain is undertreated in three-quarters of dialysis patients and clinicians are largely unaware of dialysis patients’ symptoms; and (4) hospice is underutilized in dialysis patients. The ten recommendations in this revised guideline include the following: (1) it is appropriate to forgo (withhold initiation or withdraw ongoing) dialysis for patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), CKD, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in certain well-defined situations; (2) palliative care services and interventions should be offered to all AKI, CKD, and ESRD patients who suffer from burdens of their disease in an effort to improve patient-centered outcomes; and (3) the Renal Physicians Association recommends a systematic approach for communication about diagnosis prognosis treatment options and goals of care. The guideline also recommends advance care planning, use of time-limited trials, and a due-process approach for resolving conflicts about whether a patient should be dialyzed. The presenter will reserve time for discussion of participants’ cases and demonstrate application of the guideline to them.
Moving in from the Margins? Turkey in Europe

Historically Turkey has been the ‘other’ for Europe. Turkish identity has taken shape via an ambivalent relationship with an idealized Europe. There was resentment due to the perception of exclusion, but also an intense desire to belong. As the project of official association with the European Union progressed, each of the partners had to ask questions about the meaning of culture and identity. At first there was a conviction that the prospect of entry would never turn into reality. The entrenched state elite in Turkey could therefore go through the steps with impunity. However, after the 1990s, new Turkish social groups, independent of the state elite, took the project more seriously, and embarked on serious democratization, as promised in various agreements with the EU. At the same time the Union experienced a similar reversal, with Brussels envisaging Turkey's accession as a real possibility. This new alignment of forces led to an intense debate on the topics of European identity and the frontiers of E...
Nonlinear Spatio-Temporal Information Processing with Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Information processing with femtosecond laser pulses for optical communications and storage applications will be described. Specifically, results on femtosecond pulse imaging using nonlinear optical wave mixing as well as femtosecond pulse storage in photorefractive materials will be presented.
Perceptions of Racial Privilege in Prospective Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists

Awareness of racial disparities and privileges may be regarded as a critical component of cultural competence in speech-language-hearing professionals. In this study, 83 graduate students in speech-language pathology and audiology completed a web-based survey on their perceptions of White privilege. Both qualitative and quantitative results suggest the majority of respondents view racial privileges as minimal in the speech-language-hearing professions; most respondents denied the concept of White privilege or showed minimal awareness. To improve the cultural competence of future speech-language hearing professionals, discussion of racial privilege should be included in training programs and in professional literature.
Epidemiology, Biology, and Genetics of Adult Male Germ Cell Tumors

While germ cell tumors (GCTs) comprise only about 1 % of cancers diagnosed each year in American men, they still constitute the most common malignancy to affect male adolescent and young adults (AYA) in the US and other developed countries. Most commonly, these tumors originate in the testis and comprise more than 95 % of all testicular malignancies. However, GCTs can also arise in extragonadal locations such as the mediastinum, pineal gland, and retroperitoneum. Despite having a nearly universal genetic marker, isochromosome 12p, GCTs are not a singular tumor type but rather a fascinating group of malignancies derived from the malignant transformation of developing germ cells. The pluripotential differentiating capacity of developing germ cells explains the intriguing biology and array of histologies found in GCTs. These histologies mimic the cell and tissue types seen during embryologic and extraembryologic fetal development. In this chapter, the authors review GCT epidemiology, highlighting well-known risk factors such as cryptorchidism as well as newly appreciated risk factors such as infertility and genetic polymorphisms, with plausible explanations of how these characteristics may be interrelated. An overview of the biology of GCT development and differentiation is also presented with an emphasis on recent insights and persistent controversies. The authors provide a detailed review of GCT genetics including potential candidate genes and regions within 12p and other frequent chromosomal aberrations. In the latter part of the chapter, the authors summarize the data supporting and refuting proposed explanations for the exquisite sensitivity of most GCTs to cisplatin, which underlies their unique curability even in the setting of widely metastatic disease. Finally, various mechanisms by which GCTs might acquire or have inherent cisplatin resistance are presented. As such, the reader of this chapter will be left with a solid understanding of the epidemiology, biology, and genetics of this fascinating malignancy.
Back East - Veteran's Day 2001, Remembrance

Where I come from autumn rains cleanse abandoned Appalachian leaves of deep greens, blood reds and oranges-awaiting to be swept along rural routes and Methodist church steps.Washed of their sweat, they offer a scent of life animal-like, the same cloying smell people exude in those last dying moments.In Appalachian autumns folks are solemn in the time of endings come nigh.
Experimental Hepatogenous Cholecystitis.

Gall bladder bile in dogs cultured in our laboratory has been shown by Rewbridge1 to be almost invariably sterile.In a series of experiments in which biliary stasis had been present for varying periods of time B. welchii and lesser numbers of cocci and B. coli were grown from the bile in 76% of cases. Biliary stasis had been produced not only by ligating the cystic duct, care being taken to avoid the cystic artery, but also by common duct ligation and by both procedures.In most of these experiments not only were these bacteria present but marked evidences of cholecystitis were found. Gross specimens of these gall bladders revealed the interesting fact that the infection undoubtedly made its way into the gall bladder not through the bile or the blood stream but by direct extension from the liver. This could be seen by killing the dogs in various stages of the process. In the early stages (1-4 days), the gall bladders presented the picture of a cholecystitis only on the hepatic surfaces. The free peritoneal...