cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IN SITU QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE STUDY OF SELF-ASSEMBLY AND MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES OF A REDOX-ACTIVE OSMIUM COMPLEX

The adsorption process of the redox-active self-assembling molecule [Os(bpy)2(pypy)Cl]+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and (pypy) = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) onto a Pt electrode has been investigated in aqueous KClO4, KPF6, and KNO3 electrolyte solutions using the quartz crystal microbalance in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry. In all the electrolyte solutions examined, the adsorption of the Os complex appears to be accompanied by water molecules, whose number is higher in KPF6 solution (38−41) than in KClO4 (26−34). In KNO3 solutions the hydration number increases with increasing surface coverage of the Os complex. The mass transfer during the redox reaction of the adsorbed Os complex monolayer is of the anion exchange type in all the electrolyte solutions examined. Further, it was determined that the anions are accompanied by water molecules, whose numbers (for surfaces at saturation coverage of the Os complex) in a KPF6 solution (6−7) were higher than in the other electrolyte solutions. At surface c...
Clinical ethics support services: An evolving model

Ethical issues arising in clinical practice are complex and clinicians must be able to manage the needs of ethically vulnerable patients and families. This paper describes a model for providing Clinical Ethics Support Services as a broad spectrum of care for management of conflict and ethically difficult situations in health care and describes how an ethics consultation process was transformed to a Holistic Care Continuum for managing the needs of ethically vulnerable patients. During a 4-year journey at a regional medical center, a Family Support Team played a central role in identification of ethically vulnerable patients/family, interdisciplinary connectivity, and iterative engagement in the clinical milieu. Concepts of professional advocacy and interdisciplinary perspectives resulted in a model for ethically sound patient care promoting communication among patients/family, staff, and professionals; clarification of interdisciplinary roles and responsibilities; establishment of mutually derived goals and shared solutions; and implementation of interventions maximizing institutional resources.
Biology Experiences in the Summer: Keeping the Faucet Flowing for All Students

ABSTRACT In a time when electronic devices dominate students' free time, students often stop learning in the summer and instead focus on sedentary indoor activities, like video games and television programs. Sociologists have documented that, for some students, summers result in little learning and contribute to an achievement gap. To help combat “summer learning loss,” teachers should implement a summer biology project to provide students with hands-on, inquiry experiences promoting science learning. Assigning longterm activities to be completed dating the summer months compels students to explore the outdoors, the learning-loss flow is slowed, and students are better prepared for the start of the next school term.
Synthesis of nanoporous platinum thin films and application as hydrogen sensor

A nanoporous platinum (np-Pt) thin film based hydrogen sensor was fabricated and studied. The np-Pt thin films were fabricated through a method of chemical dealloying and coarsening starting from a CuPt alloy. The alloy thin films of CuxPt1−x were deposited by sputtering copper and platinum at the same time. The dealloying process completely removed the copper from the film. We demonstrate a method to control the porosity of np-Pt by a method of coarsening. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of porosity with size ranging from a few nanometers to tens of nanometers. A sensor device with four electrodes was fabricated on the np-Pt thin films using a stainless steel mask and by sputtering copper. The electrical characteristics of the sensor exhibit marked sensitivity or current changes in the presence of hydrogen. The results demonstrate that np-Pt thin films configured as a gas sensor have high sensitivity to hydrogen.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Co, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mn-Based Catalysts for ORR in PEM Fuel Cells

The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) imposes the need for a catalyst to increase the reaction rate and overall cell efficiency. Pt, due to its high catalytic activity and relative stability in the PEMFC environment, is currently the most used catalyst. However, Pt as a precious metal is expensive and of limited resources, greatly impacting the PEMFCs cost and, as consequence limiting their mass commercialization.
Diversity of Salmonella in biofilms and water in a headwater ecosystem

The diversity of Salmonella was analysed in biofilm and water samples from the spring and slough arms of Spring Lake, the headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, during the drought of 2011, with only one potential run-off event at the beginning of the study. Salmonellae were detected in semiselective enrichment cultures by end-point PCR during the entire sampling period of (11 sampling events during 2 months). From the spring arm site, 73% of the biofilms and 41% of the water samples were positive for salmonellae, while only 9% of the biofilms and 23% of the water samples were positive from the slough arm site. Salmonellae could be isolated from all positive samples, with higher diversity in biofilms compared with water samples and more strains obtained from the spring arm than from the slough arm. Differences between sites were generally caused by less frequently detected isolates, while the majority of isolates that were present in both biofilms and water from both sites was represented by three strains only. Quantification attempts by quantitative PCR directly in samples without prior enrichment did not result in a reliable detection of salmonellae, suggesting that numbers in all samples were below the detection limit.
Msx2 promotes cardiovascular calcification by activating paracrine Wnt signals

In diabetic LDLR –/– mice, an ectopic BMP2-Msx2 gene regulatory program is upregulated in association with vascular calcification. We verified the procalcific actions of aortic Msx2 expression in vivo. CMV-Msx2 transgenic (CMV-Msx2Tg + ) mice expressed 3-fold higher levels of aortic Msx2 than nontransgenic littermates. On high-fat diets, CMV-Msx2Tg + mice exhibited marked cardiovascular calcification involving aortic and coronary tunica media. This corresponded to regions of Msx2 immunoreactivity in adjacent adventitial myofibroblasts, suggesting a potential paracrine osteogenic signal. To better understand Msx2-regulated calcification, we studied actions in 10T1/2 cells. We found that conditioned media from Msx2-transduced 10T1/2 cells (Msx2-CM) is both pro-osteogenic and adipostatic; these features are characteristic of Wnt signaling. Msx2-CM stimulated Wnt-dependent TCF/LEF transcription, and Msx2-transduced cells exhibited increased nuclear β-catenin localization with concomitant alkaline phosphatase induction. Msx2 upregulated Wnt3a and Wnt7a but downregulated expression of the canonical inhibitor Dkk1. Dkk1 treatment reversed osteogenic and adipostatic actions of Msx2. Teriparatide, a PTH1R agonist that inhibits murine vascular calcification, suppressed vascular BMP2-Msx2-Wnt signaling. Analyses of CMV-Msx2Tg + mice confirmed that Msx2 suppresses aortic Dkk1 and upregulates vascular Wnts; moreover, TOPGAL + (Wnt reporter); CMV-Msx2Tg + mice exhibited augmented aortic LacZ expression. Thus, Msx2-expressing cells elaborated an osteogenic milieu that promotes vascular calcification in part via paracrine Wnt signals.
Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. III. Clinical trial

Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed at rest, after maximal treadmill exercise and during coronary vasodilatation induced by the intravenous administration of dipyridamole in 62 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Myocardial images after dipyridamole infusion were compared with rest and exercise thallium-201 images to determine the utility of pharmacologic stress for detecting coronary artery disease. Dipyridamole, 0.142 mg/min, was infused for 4 minutes with electrocardiographic and blood pressure monitoring, and thallium-201 was injected intravenously 4 minutes after infusion. Myocardial/background count ratios of 2.3 ± 0.5 (mean ± 1 standard deviation) after the administration of dipyridamole were higher than similar ratios for exercise images (2.1 ± 0.5; P < 0.001). The sensitivity of thallium-201 imaging for detecting significant coronary artery disease was equal for dipyridamole and exercise stress. In 51 patients with a 50 percent or greater stenosis of one or more coronary arteries, image defects were identified in 34 of 51 (67 percent) exercise and dipyridamole images. Twenty of 51 patients (39 percent) had abnormal rest images; in 17 of 20 patients, new or increased image defects were present after exercise and the infusion of dipyridamole. One of 11 patients (9 percent) with no stenosis of 50 percent or greater had a defect on exercise and dipyridamole images. Six of seven patients with new or enlarged image defects after the intravenous administration of dipyridamole also had new or enlarged defects after the oral administration of dipyridamole. After the infusion of dipyridamole, the heart rate increased from 64 ±10 beats/min supine to 88 ± 13 beats/min standing (P < 0.001), and blood pressure decreased from 129 ± 1680 ± 9 to 120 ± 1775 ± 9 mm Hg (P < 0.001). Angina and S-T depression occurred more frequently with exercise than with dipyridamole. S-T depression occurred in only two patients (3 percent) with dipyridamole, suggesting that diagnostic images were often obtained without significant ischemia. This study demonstrates that pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation is as effective as maximal treadmill exercise in creating myocardial perfusion abnormalities detectable with thallium-201 imaging in man.
Professionalizing online news photo presentations

Abstract With the advent of online dailies, the role of news photography is undergoing fundamental changes. Many online dailies use small photos, use as few photos as possible, or use no photos at all. Can news photos attract reader attention to online newspapers as they do in print newspapers? Do readers expect photos online? This study provides guidance on how to present photos with reader expectations taken into consideration. A content analysis of Yahoo's most popular American online dailies indicated that close to 90% carried at least one photo on the site, though the average diagonal of a home‐page lead photo on a news site was less than three inches. A survey of more than 450 serious readers determined that most say they pay attention to news photos when they read print dailies and that they would like to see photos on the home pages of their most frequently read online dailies. The study shows that online dailies need visuals, most readers expect photos to be eye‐catchers, and an online daily can ...
Potential role of infrared imaging for detecting facial seal leaks in filtering facepiece respirator users.

Infrared imaging (IRI) can detect airflow through and near respirator masks based upon temperature differences between ambient and exhaled air. This study investigated the potential usefulness of IRI for detecting leaks and providing insight into the sites and significance of leaks. Subjects (n = 165) used filtering facepiece N95 respirators (N95 FFR) in the course of a research study concerning training modalities. Short sequence video infrared images were obtained during use and with intentionally introduced facial seal leaks. Fit factor (FF) was measured with condensation nuclei count methods. IRI detected leaks were scored on a four-point scale and summarized as the Total Leak Score (TLS) over six coding regions and the presence or absence of a “Big Leak” (BL) in any location. A semi-automated interpretation algorithm was also developed. IRI detected leaks are particularly common in the nasal region, but these are of limited significance. IR imaging could effectively identify many large leaks. The TLS...
Scale effects in materials with random distributions of needles and cracks

According to a classical prescription of micromechanics (R. Hill, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 11, 1963), a representative volume element (RVE) is well defined when the response under uniform displacement (Dirichlet) boundary condition becomes the same as that under uniform stress (Neumann) boundary condition. We study the convergence of both responses in anti-plane elasticity of sheets with non-periodic, random distributions of thin needle-shaped inclusions. By lowering the stiffness of inclusions and increasing their aspect ratio (up to 100), we approach the situation of cracks embedded in a matrix. We show that, with the needles' stiffness decreasing and their slenderness growing, the RVE tends to be very large. The statistics of the first and second invariants of both response tensors are very well modeled by a Beta probability distribution. For moderate aspect ratio needles, the coefficient of variation of the second invariant is found to stay at about 0.5 irrespective of the window size, the mismatch in stiffness between the inclusions and the matrix, and the needle aspect ratio.
Seismotectonics and stress field of the Yellowstone volcanic plateau from earthquake first‐motions and other indicators

7.5 Hebgen Lake earthquake. Werelocated more than 12,000 earthquake hypocenters using three-dimensional velocitymodels. Focal mechanisms calculated for 364 earthquakes, carefully selected for locationaccuracy, reveal predominantly normal faulting; however, fault orientations vary acrossthe Yellowstone caldera. Specifically, focal mechanism Taxes trend N-S in the vicinity ofthe Hebgen Lake earthquake fault zone NWof the Yellowstone caldera and rotate to ENE-WSW 35 km east of there. This rotation of the T axis trends occurs in the area ofdensest seismicity north of the caldera. Stress inversions performed using earthquake first-motion data reveal a similar pattern in the minimum principal stress orientations. Theextension directions derived from the focal mechanisms and stress inversions are generallyconsistent with extension directions determined from geodetic measurements, extensioninferred from alignments of volcanic vents within the caldera, and extension directionsdetermined from regional normal faults. The N-S trending Gallatin normal fault northof the caldera is a notable exception; we find extension to be perpendicular to the directionof past extension on the Gallatin fault in the area immediately south of it. We interpretthis N-S extension north of the caldera to be related to postseismic viscoelastic relaxationin the upper mantle and lower crust following the Hebgen Lake earthquake. Thedominantly extensional tectonic regime at Yellowstone inferred from these resultsdemonstrates the influence of NE-SW Basin and Range extension in this area.
Metabolism of cortisol-4-C14 and cortisone-4-C14 by rat brain homogenates

Abstract The metabolism of cortisol and cortisone by rat brain homogenates has been investigated with the use of radioactive substrates and a NADPH regenerating system. The findings indicated that rat brain was capable of oxidizing or reducing these steroids at the C-11 carbon position, depending on the substrate utilized. There was little ring-A reduction. The addition of 5,5′diphenylhydantoin to the incubation medium failed to alter metabolite production with the exception of male brain incubated with cortisone-4-C 14 , wherein there was a slight increase in THE formation and a small decrease in conversion to cortisol.
Empirical electron-phonon coupling constants and anisotropic electrical resistivity in hcp metals

The Fermi-surface density of states N(0) and Drude-plasma-frequency tensor (${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{p}^{2}$${)}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ =4\ensuremath{\pi}${e}^{2}$N(0)〈${v}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$${v}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$〉 are calculated for 14 metallic elements with hcp structures. By comparison with measured anisotropic resistivity components ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{?}$, electron-phonon coupling constants are extracted. The resulting values of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ compare reasonably well with \ensuremath{\lambda} from ${T}_{c}$ for the ten superconducting elements and provide new information on electron-phonon coupling for the four that are not. In particular, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ for Mg is sufficiently low as to discourage a further search for superconductivity, whereas ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ for Sc and Y is sufficiently high (0.5--0.6) to require spin-fluctuation suppression of ${T}_{c}$ and motivate a low-T search for exotic superconductivity. Co is found to have very weak electron-phonon coupling in the majority-spin band and much stronger specific-heat enhancement in the minority-spin band. The anisotropy ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{zz}}$/${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$=${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{?}$/${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is moderately well accounted for by the anisotropy of the Drude plasma frequency (${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{p}^{2}$${)}_{\mathrm{xx}}$/(${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{p}^{2}$${)}_{\mathrm{zz}}$ =〈${v}_{x}^{2}$〉/〈${v}_{z}^{2}$〉, except for the sp elements, which have significant scattering anisotropy (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zz}}$/${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$\ensuremath{\ne}1). A systematic onset of ``resistivity saturation'' (signifying a breakdown of Boltzmann theory) is found when the mean free path l\ensuremath{\le}10 A\r{}. The onset occurs at a variable value 40l\ensuremath{\rho}l160 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm.
Mechanisms of right ventricular dysfunction after pulmonary resection

Background. Significant right ventricular (RV) dysfunction as measured by increased end-diastolic volume and reduced ejection fraction has been documented in the postoperative period after pulmonary resection. We hypothesized that changes in RV contractile state or afterload may contribute to this RV pump dysfunction. Methods. In part one of the study, RV preload was altered on postoperative day 2 (n = 6) by rapid infusion of Hespan to a total of 250, 500, and 1,000 mL. The relationship between RV stroke work and end-diastolic volume was plotted using linear regression. This preload recruitable stroke work relation had been previously validated as a load-insensitive index of RV contractility. The slopes of the preoperative relation (n = 35) and postoperative relation were compared. In part two of the study, RV afterload was reduced by continuous infusion of prostaglandin E 1 (n = 6) through postoperative day 2 and RV pump function was assessed. Results. Comparison of the slopes of the preload recruitable stroke work relation plotted preoperatively and on postoperative day 2 revealed no significant difference, indicating no change in RV contractile state. Infusion of prostaglandin E 1 in the postoperative period (n = 6) significantly reduced pulmonary vascular resistance (3.67 ± 0.19 versus baseline 5.72 ± 0.19 dyne · s · cm −5 /m 2 ; p p 2 ; p Conclusions. The present study suggests that RV dysfunction after pulmonary resection is not caused by primary alterations in contractility or immediate changes in afterload. Better control of heart rate with minimal effect on inotropy may enhance RV pump function.
Prostaglandin F2α 1-isopropylester lowers intraocular pressure without decreasing aqueous humor flow

Using fluorophotometry, we performed a randomized, dose-response study of the effects of a prostaglandin derivative on aqueous humor flow. Prostaglandin F2 alpha 1-isopropylester, 0.224 micrograms, 0.448 micrograms, and 1.120 micrograms, in saline with polysorbate 80 was instilled into one eye of 20 subjects in three separate dose studies. Polysorbate 80 in saline was instilled in the fellow eye as a control. The drug had no measurable effect on aqueous humor flow or corneal endothelial permeability. Intraocular pressure measured eight hours after administration of the highest dose, 1.120 micrograms, was 20% lower in the treated eye as compared to the fellow eye (P less than .001).
Metal-Insulator Transition and Antiferromagnetism in a One-Dimensional Organic Solid

An experimental study of the organic charge-transfer salt $N$-methyl-phenazinium tetracyanoquinodimethan (NMP-TCNQ) is presented. Magnetic-susceptibility, specific-heat, spin-resonance, and conductivity measurements indicate a metallic state above 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a continuous transition to a small-band-gap magnetic Mott insulator below 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The ground-state and low-lying excitations indicate that this system can be quantitatively described in terms of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with a transfer integral of 2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV and an effective Coulomb interaction of 0.17 eV. These values are discussed in terms of the fundamental molecular physics of the TCN${\mathrm{Q}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ anion in the NMP-TCNQ crystal. It is concluded that in addition to the Heitler-London correlation which reduces the interaction between two excess electrons on a TCNQ molecule, the NMP cation polarizability plays a significant role in reducing the effective interaction. The transition to the metallic state is attributed to electron-hole correlations which become important when the number of excitations is large. These correlations persist into the metallic state where the electronic system behaves as a quasi-free-electron Fermi liquid as indicated by the unenhanced Pauli susceptibility and simple transport properties. The low-temperature one-dimensional antiferromagnetic state is studied using spin-resonance and specific-heat techniques. The linear temperature dependence of the specific heat predicted for the one-dimensional antiferromagnet has been observed. Electron-spin-resonance linewidth studies indicate motionally narrowed dipolar widths with the correlation time determined by the Fermi velocity in the metallic state and by exchange in the insulating state. The large fluctuations expected for a one-dimensional "phase transition" show up as a maximum in the correlation time, which however never exceeds ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ sec. The spin-lattice relaxation of the conduction electrons via phonons and molecular vibrations in the metallic state has been observed. The results are consistent with Elliot's theory in which ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\sim}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}g}{g})}^{2}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ is the scattering time as determined from the resistivity.
Prevalence of microsporidian infection in commercially caught pink shrimp, Pandalus jordani

Abstract Pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani), a commercially harvested species in Oreegon, Washington, and California, hosts four species of microsporidian parasites: Thelohania butleri, Pleistophora crangoni, and two undescribed species placed in the collective group, Microsporidium. All parasitize the skeletal musculature giving shrimp a whitish, opaque appearance. The prevalence of microsporidian infectionin P. jordani was studied over a 6-year period (1975–1980) and was found to be very low. Of the 207, 942 shrimp exmined, 0.19% were infected with one of the four species. No substantial differences in prevalence were observed between different sampling areas in Oregon and Washington or during the years sampled. The four species occurred in each sampling area in about the same portion. T. butleri was predominant and accounted for 78.7% of all infections. Heavy exploitation of host shrimp is suggested as a possible explanation for the low microsporidian infection rates in the P. jordani population.
Sequencing with Setup Costs by Zero-One Mixed Integer Linear Programming

Abstract The classical problem of sequencing jobs on a single processor is given a new formulation. Included in the formulation are sequence-dependent setup costs and times, inventory costs for completed jobs, and penalty costs for completion delays. The formulation results in a zero-one mixed integer linear programming problem.
An Emerging Role for IQGAP1 in Regulating Protein Traffic

IQGAP1, an effector of CDC42p GTPase, is a widely conserved, multifunctional protein that bundles F-actin through its N-terminus and binds microtubules through its C-terminus to modulate the cell architecture. It has emerged as a potential oncogene associated with diverse human cancers. Therefore, IQGAP1 has been heavily investigated; regardless, its precise cellular function remains unclear. Work from yeast suggests that IQGAP1 plays an important role in directed cell growth, which is a conserved feature crucial to morphogenesis, division axis, and body plan determination. New evidence suggests a conserved role for IQGAP1 in protein synthesis and membrane traffic, which may help to explain the diversity of its cellular functions. Membrane traffic mediates infections by intracellular pathogens and a range of degenerative human diseases arise from dysfunctions in intracellular traffic; thus, elucidating the mechanisms of cellular traffic will be important in order to understand the basis of a wide range of inherited and acquired human diseases. Recent evidence suggests that IQGAP1 plays its role in cell growth through regulating the conserved mTOR pathway. The mTOR signaling cascade has been implicated in membrane traffic and is activated in nearly all human cancers, but clinical response to the mTOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin has been disappointing. Thus, understanding the regulators of this pathway will be crucial in order to identify predictors of rapamycin sensitivity. In this review, I discuss emerging evidence that supports a potential role of IQGAP1 in regulating membrane traffic via regulating the mTOR pathway.
Influence of fermi resonance on vibrational relaxation of the CC stretching mode in liquid acetone

Abstract Vibrational relaxation rates of the C C stretching mode in liquid acetone are reported for the temperature range from −25 to 75°C and the pressure range 100 bar to 4 kbar. Several unusual features of the Raman spectra and the line widths are qualitatively explained in terms of a recently developed theory of band broadening due to Fermi resonance as proposed by Weidemann and Hayd.
Growth of ultrathin Pd films on Al(001) surfaces

Abstract High-energy ion backscattering spectroscopy (HEIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the growth mode and the interface structure of ultrathin Pd films deposited on Al(001) surfaces at room temperature. Measured Al and Pd surface peak areas for MeV He+ ions incident normal to the surface show that Pd atoms intermix with and displace Al substrate atoms. The mixing continues for Pd coverages from 0–5 monolayers, at which point a Pd metal film begins to grow on the alloy surface. XPS measurements of the Pd 3d photopeaks show a chemical shift that is consistent with the formation of an AlPd-like compound during the mixing phase, and Pd metal thereafter. HEIS results further reveal that the alloyed overlayer as well as the Pd metal film have some degree of axial alignment with respect to the Al substrate. The XPS intensity measurements are consistent with this two-stage growth model.
Resonance Raman spectra of dioxygen adducts of manganese(II) porphyrins in dioxygen matrices

The resonance Raman spectra of side-on type dioxygen adducts of Mn(TMP), Mn(TPP) and Mn(OEP), where TMP, TPP and OEP denote the dianions of tetramesityl-, tetraphenyl- and octaethyl-porphines, respectively, were measured in O2-Ar(1 : 30) matrices at ca. 15 K. The bands near 990, 710 and 430 cm−1 were assigned to ν(O2), νs(MnO) and νa(MnO), respectively, based on 16O2/18O2 isotopic shifts and normal coordinate calculations on an isosceles MnO2 moiety. Vibrational coupling between the νs (MnO) and porphyrin modes obscured the location of the former mode in the spectra of Mn(TPP)O2 and Mn(OEP)O2. The bands near 825 cm−1 which appear in all three porphyrins are shifted 34–36 cm−1 on 16O2/18O2 substitution. Evidence is presented to show that this band is due to the ν(MnO) of oxomanganese(IV) porphyrin, which was produced by photo-cleavage of the OO bond of the dioxygen adduct. These ν(MnO) are ca. 70 cm−1 higher than those observed in acetonitrile solution. This has been attributed to the difference in the spin state; the oxomanganese(IV) porphyrins in acetonitrile solution are of high spin whereas those produced in O2-Ar matrices are of low spin.
Densities of Agrilus auroguttatus and other borers in California and Arizona oaks

We investigated within-tree population density of a new invasive species in southern California, the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with respect to host species and the community of other borers present. We measured emergence hole densities of A. auroguttatus and other borers on the lower stem (bole) of naive oaks at 18 sites in southern California and on co-evolved oaks at seven sites in southeastern Arizona. We sampled recently dead oaks in an effort to quantify the community of primary and secondary borers associated with mortality—species that were likely to interact with A. auroguttatus. Red oaks (Section Lobatae) produced greater densities of A. auroguttatus than white oaks (Section Quercus). On red oaks, A. auroguttatus significantly outnumbered native borers in California (mean ± SE of 9.6 ± 0.7 versus 4.5 ± 0.6 emergence holes per 0.09 m2 of bark surface), yet this was not the case in Arizona (0.9 ± 0.2 versus 1.1 ± 0.2 emergence holes per 0.09 m2). In California, a species that is taxonomically intermediate between red and white oaks, Quercus chrysolepis (Section Protobalanus), exhibited similar A. auroguttatus emergence densities compared with a co-occurring red oak, Q. kelloggii. As an invasive species in California, A. auroguttatus may affect the community of native borers (mainly Buprestidae and Cerambycidae) that feed on the lower boles of oaks, although it remains unclear whether its impact will be positive or negative.
When is a lymph node dissection a lymph node dissection? The number of lymph nodes resected in sentinel and axillary lymph node dissections.

Purpose We sought to compare the number of lymph nodes (LN) resected in axillary lymph node dissections (ALND) and sentinel lymph node dissections (SLND), and to assess the validity of registry reporting for axillary staging in breast cancer.
Facing the challenges of service automation: an enabler for e-commerce and productivity gain in traditional services

Business plan, psychological factors, and operational issues are three major reasons that Internet-based businesses fail. The paper considers why operational concerns occur and illustrates how they can be avoided, by demonstrating the application of techniques that were pioneered in manufacturing automation and service management. The use of process mapping and failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) can assist the development of e-commerce business processes in a manner similar to the way these tools have proven valuable in manufacturing. The use and value of process mapping and FMEA are demonstrated through the development of an online auction process.
Fuel Sensitive Ignition Delay Models for a Local and Global Description of Direct Injection Internal Combustion Engines

Models for ignition delay in a direct injection compression ignition engine are investigated and fuel specific properties are included to predict the effects of different fuels on the ignition delay. These models follow the Arrhenius type expression for the ignition delay modified with the oxygen concentration and Cetane number to extend the range of validity. In this investigation two fuel-sensitive spray ignition delay models are developed: a global model and a local model. The global model is based on the global combustion chamber charge properties including temperature, pressure and oxygen/fuel content. The local model is developed to account for temporal and spatial variations in properties of separated spray zones such as local temperature, oxidizer and fuel concentrations obtained by a quasi-dimensional multi-zone fuel spray model. These variations are integrated in time to predict the ignition delay. An ignition delay model is typically re-calibrated for a specific fuel being used. In this study, the global ignition delay model includes the Cetane number to capture ignition delay of various fuels. The local model uses Cetane number and local stoichiometric oxygen to fuel molar ratio. Due to those variables, the model is capable of predicting spray ignition delays for a set of fuels with a single calibration step. Experimental dataset of spray ignition delay in a constant volume chamber is used for model development and calibration. The models show a good accuracy for the predicted ignition delay of four different fuels: JP8, DF2, n-heptane and n-dodecane. The investigation revealed that the most accurate form of the models is from a calibration done for each individual fuel with only a slight decrease in accuracy when a single calibration is done for all fuels. The single calibration case is the more desirable outcome as it leads to general models that cover all the fuels. Of the two proposed models the local model has a slightly better accuracy compared to the global model. Results for both models demonstrate the improvements that can be obtained for the ignition delay model when additional fuel specific properties are included in the spray ignition model.Other alternative fuels like synthetic oxygenated fuels were included in the investigation. These fuels behave differently such that the Cetane number does not provide the same explanation for the trend in ignition delay. Though of lower accuracy, the new models do improve the predictive capability when compared with existing types of ignition delay models applied to this kind of fuels.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Bilateral fungal epididymo-orchitis with abscess

We present a unique case of bilateral fungal epididymo-orchitis with abscess formation due to Torulopsis glabrata in a nonimmunosuppressed patient with a neurogenic bladder. This case highlights the risk factors for fungal infections of the urinary tract and the difficulty with their management.
Creating Shopper Value: Co-Creation Roles, In-Store Self-Service Technology Use, and Value Differentiation

This study examines how retailers can use self-service technologies (SST) to increase shopper satisfaction. Using a survey of 188 consumers of a new self-service kiosk launch within a convenience-store (c-store) setting, we examine how such retailers might influence shopper's perceptions of value by better involving customers in the service delivery experience. Our proposed model links classic service operations and marketing design insights to the service-dominant logic perspective of service value co-creation. We find that shoppers perceive enhanced value creation from the new SST when they feel comfortable in their roles and the surrounding service design supports those roles.
Educational Expansion and Occupational Change: US Compulsory Schooling Laws and the Occupational Structure 1850–1930

During the US Industrial Revolution, educational expansion may have created skilled jobs through innovation and skill upgrading or reduced skilled jobs by mechanizing production. Such arguments contradict classic sociological work that treats education as a sorting mechanism, allocating individuals to fixed occupations. I capitalize on state differences in the timing of compulsory school attendance laws to ask whether raising the minimum level of schooling: (1) increased school attendance rate; or (2) shifted state occupational distributions away from agricultural toward skilled and non-manual occupation categories. Using state-level panel data constructed from 1850–1930 censuses and state-year fixed effects models, I find that compulsory laws significantly increased school attendance rates, particularly among lower-class children, and shifted the categorical distribution toward skilled and non-manual occupations. Thus, rather than deskilling through mechanization, raising the minimum level of education seems to have created skilled jobs and raised the occupational distribution through skill-biased technological change. Results suggest that education was not merely a sorting mechanism, supporting the importance of education as an institution even around the turn of the century.
Aristotle's Qualified Defense of Democracy through "Political Mixing"

What is Aristotle's final judgment on democracy? While some commentators take as dispositive his spirited criticisms of democracy, others emphasize the fact that Aristotle breaks company with the antidemocratic thrust of the Republic in arguing for the superior political judgment of the people. The theoretical foundation of this defense of democratic judgment, and the initial focus of this essay, is Aristotle's argument for collective superiority, which holds that a multiplicity of nonexperts can, when aggregated, surpass the political competence of the expert few (Politics III). Despite their differences regarding its merits, commentators unanimously view this argument as a simple unity. Against this, the author argues that there are two versions of collective superiority here that exist in a tension with each other: the first defense of democracy is ultimately defective, while the second aims at moderating the first. Only after recognizing its rhetorical dynamics can we appreciate the extent to which Ar...
Enhanced power efficiency of mobile OFDM radio using predistortion and post-compensation

High power efficiency is an important requirement in cellular transmitter radios. OFDM systems require very linear transmission because of high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR). However, linear power amplifiers (PA) have very low efficiency. To enhance the power efficiency, non-linear PAs are applied and even forced to work near the saturation point. This generates inevitably huge non-linear distortion and spectrum regrowth. In this paper we propose a novel scheme to enhance the power efficiency of the mobile OFDM radio using polynomial-based pre-distortion and post-compensation. We estimate both the non-linearity and inverse non-linearity of the RF transmitter modeled by a memory-less polynomial with the least square error (LSE) method. These parameters can then be used to either construct a closed-form pre-distorter or easily generate the post-compensation signal to cancel the non-linear distortion at the RF output.
Adolescent fertility and risky environments: a population-level perspective across the lifespan

Timing of first reproduction is a key life-history variable with important implications for global economic development and health. Life-history theory predicts that human reproductive strategies are shaped by mortality regimes. This study provides the first test of the relationship between population-level adolescent fertility (AF) and extrinsic risk at two time points. Data are from United Nations database and were analysed using mediation and moderation techniques. The goals were to determine whether (i) early risk has a stronger impact on fertility than current risk; (ii) current risk mediates the relationship between early risk and fertility outcomes; and (iii) different levels of early risk influence the relationship between current risk and fertility. Results indicated that current risk partially mediated the relationship between early risk and fertility, with early risk having the strongest impact on reproduction. Measures for early and current mortality did not show significant interaction effects. However, a series of separate regression analyses using a quantile split of early risk indicated that high levels of early risk strengthened the relationship between current risk and AF. Overall, these findings demonstrate that reproductive strategies are significantly influenced by fluctuations of early mortality as well as current environmental cues of harshness.
Analysis of Globulin-1 promoter activity and the expression of GFP in transgenic maize seed tissues and processing of GFP-containing grain

The maize (Zea mays L) kernel is perfectly configured to store proteins and nutrients. The major proteins of the maize kernel are known as seed storage proteins because they have no enzymatic function and they accumulate to a high level for use during germination of the seed as an immediate nutrient source. These seed storage proteins are responsible for much of the nutrient quality of maize when used as a food or feed source. Understanding the regulation of seed storage protein deposition may allow researchers to improve the use of maize grain in a variety of food and feed products, as well as industrial and pharmaceutical applications. To understand the regulation of seed storage proteins and to improve the uses of maize grain, we have created transgenic maize lines that express the reporter gene Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) under the control of seed storage protein promoters. Therefore, GFP is developmentally and spatially regulated similar to seed storage proteins. Our results indicate that GFP is expressed in seed tissues similar to seed storage proteins. To better utilize grain by dry-milling, we subjected the GFP transgenic grain to a dry-milling process and tracked its recovery. From the results we determined that optimization of dry-milling processes can be accomplished using GFP grain. To better express GFP, and other recombinant proteins in maize kernels, we developed a chimeric promoter that can express GFP in multiple seed tissues. Our results indicate that the chimeric promoter has endosperm and embryo tissue specificity, and that this promoter can be used to express recombinant proteins in maize kernels. To better understand the activity of the Glb1 promoter, we performed experiments that resulted in the correlation of immature leaf activity of the Glb1
TEXTURE OF FRESH-PACK WHOLE CUCUMBER PICKLES: CORRELATION OF INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY MEASUREMENTS*

Correlations were determined between Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) parameters of brittleness, hardness or total work of compression obtained with the Instron testing machine and sensory responses of firmness or crispness in evaluating texture of fermented salt stock whole cucumbers (1-in. diam) of three ‘firm’ pickling cultivars (Explorer, Chipper, GY 3), two ‘soft’ pickling cultivars (Green F, Mincu) and a partheonocarpic slicer (MSU 6902 G). Correlations were also determined between the TPA parameters and Magness-Taylor fruit pressure test (FPT) firmness. Correlations were good between TPA parameters and FPT firmness. Correlations were poorer between instrumental and sensory methods due largely to inordinately high sensory scores assigned to salt stock of the slicer by all panelists. Mean textural values from the various methods were compared with those obtained in the same manner for raw cucumbers. TPA brittleness tended to disappear in salt stock. Processing reduced mean TPA values across the six varieties to 39-86% of raw fruit values. Mean FPT firmness was relatively unchanged at 99% that of raw fruit. Desalting from 16% down to 8 % or 4% NaCl reduced TPA values but increased FPT firmness.
Successful demonstration of an elusive cell coat in amebae.

SYNOPSIS. Cell coats were cytochemically demonstrated for the first time in myxamebae of Fuligo septica, Didymium iridis, Dictyostelium discoideum, Cavostelium apophysatum, and amebae of Naegleria gruberi. The stain enhances the cell coats of Physarum polycephalum plasmodia, Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa myxamebae, and Acanthamoeba sp. Cell coats usually unstained by cationic dyes stain intensely with the aid of the new cytochemical protocol utilizing 0.5% Alcian blue in the primary fixative and 0.05% ruthenium red in the secondary fixative.
How Do We Rate? An Evaluation of Online Student Evaluations

This paper analyses the popular RateMyProfessors (RMP) website where students evaluate instructors in higher education. A study was designed to measure (1) the awareness and utilisation of the RMP website, (2) the internal and external validity of the RMP ratings in measuring teaching effectiveness, and (3) variation in the above across disciplines. It is concluded that the category of ratings, created by the website, establishes an anti‐intellectual tone that manifests itself in comments about instructors’ personality, easiness of workload and entertainment value rather than knowledge attained.
Effect of Deoxyribonuclease on the California Test for Mastitis

Summary Nucleated but not non-nucleated body cells added to normal milks were found to produce typical California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive reactions. Treatment of mastitie milks with commercial 5×recrystallized deoxyribonuclease but not ribonuclease or trypsin was shown to prevent the formation of gels characteristic of a positive CMT. Treatment of gels formed by the reaction of mastitic milk with DNAase but not RNAase or trypsin resulted in almost instantaneous dissolution of the gel. A level of 1.65 μ g DNAase/ml of markedly mastitic milk (CMT-3+) was found to be sufficient to abolish the CMT reaction completely. These observations suggest that polymerized DNA originating from cells of the inflammatory exudate in mastitic milk is the component responsible for positive California Mastitis Test reactions.
Setting Reactions of Gypsum Materials Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction

Detection of X-ray diffraction peaks of CaSO4·½H2O and CaSO4·2H 2O was used to determine actual amounts of gypsum products and reactants at any time during setting. Experiments were then conducted to measure rates of gypsum product formation during setting of dental plaster and stone mixed at various WlP ratios.
Contractile Activity of Arterioles in the Bat Wing during Intraluminal Pressure Changes

Spontaneous contractile activity in the smooth muscle cells that invest arteriolar vessels is widely variable. Arteriolar branches originating from the same parent vessel contract independently of one another with no similarity in frequency or duration of individual contractions. Direct microscopic observations were made of these vessels in the wing of unanesthetized bats before and after surgical denervation or nerve block by procaine. A major artery of the wing was cannulated and buffered saline was perfused in retrograde fashion to produce periods of increased intra-arterial pressure. Elevation of intraluminal pressure led to enhanced contractile activity both before and after denervation of the vessels. It is concluded that these vessels respond by contraction to increased pressure and that the response is not dependent on nervous activity.
Bayesian inference of species hybrids using multilocus dominant genetic markers

Neutral genetic markers are useful for identifying species hybrids in natural populations, especially when used in conjunction with statistical methods like the one implemented in the software NewHybrids. Here, a short description of the extension of NewHybrids to dominant markers is given. Subsequently, an extensive series of simulations of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data is performed to evaluate the prospects for hybrid identification with (possibly non-diagnostic) dominant markers. Distinguishing between F1's and F2's is shown to be difficult, possibly requiring upwards of 100 AFLP markers to be done accurately. Discriminating between pure-bred and non-pure (hybrid) individuals, however, is shown to be much easier, requiring perhaps as few as 10 dominant markers, even from relatively weakly diverged species.