cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric test for beryllium sensitivity.

Background Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is an occupational granulomatous disorder characterized by hypersensitivity to beryllium, mediated by CD4+ T lymphocytes, and predominantly affects the lungs. In this disorder, lymphocyte proliferative responses to beryllium, measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, are used for diagnosis of CBD, for screening asymptomatic workers or former workers to detect unrecognized disease, and for surveillance as a bioassay to detect abnormal exposures. Problems with test variability and the use of radioactivity have recently led to the search for alternative methods. Methods We applied a 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester flow cytometric technique for measurement of mitogen- and antigen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation to a group of beryllium-exposed sensitized individuals and beryllium-unexposed controls. Results We detected mitogen and antigen proliferative responses in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ subpopulations. Phytohemagglutinin and Candida stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, but beryllium appeared to stimulate only CD3+/CD4+ responses. Conclusions This technique may provide a sensitive, nonradioactive alternative to the traditional proliferation tests that measure beryllium sensitivity. It offers the added specificity of enabling phenotypic description of the responding cell type and may prove to be easier to standardize for clinical use. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamics and superfluid density in BCS-BEC crossover with and without population imbalance

We address the thermodynamics, density profiles, and superfluid density of trapped fermions undergoing BCS-BEC crossover. We consider the case of zero and finite population imbalance and apply the local density approximation (LDA) to include the trap potential. Our approach represents a fully self-consistent treatment of ``pseudogap effects.'' These effects reflect the distinction between the pair formation temperature ${T}^{*}$ and the pair condensation temperature ${T}_{c}$. As a natural corollary, this temperature difference must be accommodated in the fermionic excitation spectrum ${E}_{\mathbf{k}}$ to reflect the fact that fermions are paired at and above ${T}_{c}$. It is precisely this natural corollary which has been omitted from all other many body approaches in the literature. At a formal level, we show how enforcing this corollary implies that pairing fluctuation or self-energy contributions enter into both the gap and the number equations; this is necessary in order to be consistent with a generalized Ward identity. At a less formal level, we demonstrate that we obtain physical results for the superfluid density ${n}_{s}(T)$ at all temperatures. In contrast, previous work in the literature has led to nonmonotonic, or multivalued or discontinuous behavior for ${n}_{s}(T)$. Because it reflects the essence of the superfluid state, we view the superfluid density as a critical measure of the physicality of a given crossover theory. In a similarly unique fashion, we emphasize that in order to properly address thermodynamic properties of a trapped Fermi gas, a necessary first step is to demonstrate that the particle density profiles are consistent with experiment. Without a careful incorporation of the distinction between the pairing gap and the order parameter, the LDA-derived density profiles (of the unpolarized gas) tend to exhibit sharp features at the condensate edge, which are never seen experimentally in the crossover regime. The lack of demonstrable consistency between theoretical and experimental density profiles, along with problematic behavior found for the superfluid density, casts doubt on previous claims in the literature concerning quantitative agreement between thermodynamical calculations and experiment.
The impact of income inequality on values and attitudes

Abstract Scholars in several social science disciplines scholars have argued from their respective disciplinary perspectives that income inequality has a considerable impact on economic and social performance of a nation. This essay investigates the possible impact of income inequality on 290 values and attitudes in forty industrial nations from an economic perspective. The results show that inequality has a significant impact on values and attitudes especially concerning religion and the family.
The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation.

Objective: The goal of this investigation was to develop and validate a revision of a widely used measure of societal influences on body image and eating disturbances—the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ). Method: Two inde- pendent samples of college females completed a revision and extension of the SATAQ and factor analyses were conducted to determine the underlying structure of the revised scale. Results: Factor analyses indicated two distinct internalization factors: one appeared to reflect a generic media influence related to TV, magazines, and movies. A second factor clearly reflected internalization of athletic and sports figures. Two other factors, reflecting media pressures and media as an informational source, also emerged. Another widely used meas- ure of thin-ideal internalization, the Ideal Body Internalization Scale-Revised (IBIS-R), was included in factor analyses to determine its empirical relationship with the revised SATAQ. None of the IBIS-R items loaded with any of the internalization items or items reflective of media pressures or information. Instead, the IBIS-R appeared to tap into an awareness of appearance norms dimension. The SATAQ-3 subscales had excellent convergent validity with measures of body image and eating disturbance. Eating-disturbed and eating-disordered samples had higher scores on SATAQ-3 subscales than a control sample. Discussion: The SATAQ-3 measures multiple aspects of a societal influence and should prove useful for basic risk factor work as well as for gauging the efficacy of prevention and treatment programs. # 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 293-304, 2004.
Selectins in T-cell recruitment to non-lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation.

The ability to home to extralymphoid tissues, such as the skin, lungs and gut, is acquired by many effector and memory T cells after initial antigen encounter. This review discusses the role of E-, P- and L-selectin and their glycoprotein ligands in this process. During activation, some T cells differentiate to bind E-selectin through induced expression of fucosyltransferase-VII and to bind P- and L-selectin through additional expression of core 2 glucosaminyltransferase-I. This inducible expression of selectin ligands, together with the regulation of L-selectin expression, has a role in the recruitment of activated T cells to extralymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation.
Managing bandwidth allocations between competing recreational and non-recreational traffic on campus networks

Network performance is a serious concern faced by many campus network managers across the country. As demand for entertainment-based Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications that involve the transfer of large audio and video files continues to grow, managers are faced with the increasingly difficult task of determining how much bandwidth should be allocated to these applications. Unrestricted P2P traffic has the potential to monopolize bandwidth and severely degrade network performance. University IT managers are placed in a particularly difficult position, because they must juggle demands for non-recreational traffic without severely restricting recreational use of the network. This paper discusses a solution for optimizing bandwidth allocations on a campus gateway Internet link.
MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID FILM THICKNESS ON THE SURFACE OF A PARTIALLY IMMERSED VERTICAL ROTATING DISK USING A GAMMA CAMERA

The liquid film thickness on the surface of a partially immersed vertical rotating disk was determined using a gamma camera imaging system to measure the amount and spatial distribution of a dissolved 99m-Technetium pertechneiate radionuclide tracer. The method allows simultaneous measurement of film thickness in individual regions having a projected surface area of less than 1 cm2 and distributed over the entire exposed surface of the disk. Measurement accuracy is limited only by counting statistics, and for these studies was better than ±4% of the absolute film thickness. Experiments were conducted with a 31.5 cm diameter aluminum disk rotating from 18 to 99 revolutions per minute; seven aqueous solutions of glycerol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) within the viscosity range 1 to 19.7 cp were used. The average film thickness varied between 0.045 and 0.45 mm, and was a function of solution viscosity and disk angular velocity. Local film thickness was dependent on both radial and angular position, and vari...
An experimental study of automotive cam-lifter interface friction

A novel test apparatus was built to measure the interface friction between a single cam-lifter pair isolated from other frictional components in the value train. Detailed investigations were made, for both a conventional lifter and a roller lifter. Measured results showed an 80 percent reduction in friction with the use of the roller lifter and the trend of decreasing friction with engine speed for both types of lifters. The observed lack of friction reduction over any part of the contact cycle and the large coefficient of friction in the case of the conventional lifter ruled out the possibility of elastohydrodynamic lubrication at the contact. Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada May 12–15, 1986
Side-artifact errors in yield strength and elastic modulus for human trabecular bone and their dependence on bone volume fraction and anatomic site

In the context of reconciling the mechanical properties of trabecular bone measured from in vitro mechanical testing with the true in situ behavior, recent attention has focused on the "side-artifact" which results from interruption of the trabecular network along the sides of machined specimens. The objective of this study was to compare the magnitude of the side-artifact error for measurements of elastic modulus vs. yield stress and to determine the dependence of these errors on anatomic site and trabecular micro-architecture. Using a series of parametric variations on micro-CT-based finite element models of trabecular bone from the human vertebral body (n=24) and femoral neck (n=10), side-artifact correction factors were quantified as the ratio of the side-artifact-free apparent mechanical property to the corresponding property measured in a typical experiment. The mean (+/-SD) correction factors for yield stress were 1.32+/-0.17 vs. 1.20+/-0.11 for the vertebral body and femoral neck (p 0.29) after accounting for variations in bone volume fraction (BV/TV). Approximately 30-55% of the variation in the correction factors for modulus and yield stress could be accounted for by BV/TV or micro-architecture, representing an appreciable systematic component of the error. Although some scatter in the correction factor-BV/TV relationships may confound accurate correction of modulus and yield stress for individual specimens, side-artifact correction is nonetheless essential for obtaining accurate mean estimates of modulus and yield stress for a cohort of specimens. We conclude that appreciation and correction for the differential effects of the side-artifact in modulus vs. yield stress and their dependence on BV/TV may improve the interpretation of measured elastic and failure properties for trabecular bone.
ELEVATION IN RAT BRAIN HISTAMINE CONTENT AFTER FOCUSED MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

Microwave irradiation focused on the head of small rodents is now widely used as a means of more accurately measuring acetylcholine, choline, cyclic AMP, and several other important brain constituents. Because of its probable neurotransmitter role and rapid turnover, a similar approach was taken to study brain histamine. Histamine was measured by a modified radio-enzymatic method and was found to be nearly tripled in brains from microwave treated rats, compared to decapitation controls (124 vs 42 ng/g). Possible explanations include a microwave-induced inactivation of histamine breakdown, a microwave-induced redistribution of previously unmeasured histamine, and microwave- induced histidine decarboxylation. Brain histamine remained unchanged up to 30 min after decapitation and microwave heated brains from decapitated rats also had elevated histamine levels, indicating that brain histamine levels in decapitated rats do not represent the remainder of a rapidly depleting pool. No evidence for previously unmeasured histamine was found. Furthermore, microwave irradiation did not enhance the formation of (3H)histamine after intraventricular C3H)histidine administration, indicating a lack of microwave-induced histidine decarboxylation. It is concluded that the elevation in rat brain histamine after focused microwave irradiation is probably not artifactual, although the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains obscure.
Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

Recent advances in far-field fluorescence microscopy have led to substantial improvements in image resolution, achieving a near-molecular resolution of 20 to 30 nanometers in the two lateral dimensions. Three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale-resolution imaging, however, remains a challenge. We demonstrated 3D stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) by using optical astigmatism to determine both axial and lateral positions of individual fluorophores with nanometer accuracy. Iterative, stochastic activation of photoswitchable probes enables high-precision 3D localization of each probe, and thus the construction of a 3D image, without scanning the sample. Using this approach, we achieved an image resolution of 20 to 30 nanometers in the lateral dimensions and 50 to 60 nanometers in the axial dimension. This development allowed us to resolve the 3D morphology of nanoscopic cellular structures.
Influence of Age of Chickens at Contact Exposure on Incidence of Lymphomatosis

Abstract PREVIOUS studies at this Laboratory (Waters and Prickett—1944), (Waters—1945a, 1947a, and 1947b) have demonstrated that naturally occurring avian lymphomatosis is a communicable disease of chickens. Likewise, it has been shown that the incidence of lymphomatosis in experimental groups of chickens is dependent to some extent on the degree of exposure, age at time of exposure, and genetic resistance. Further, it would appear that the disease may be transmitted naturally by the following methods: from parent to offspring through the egg, by direct bird to bird contact, and presumably by indirect contact. To the above studies may be added the research of Hutt et al. (1944) and of Hamilton and Bearse (1946), which demonstrates the influence of the environment on mortality from lymphomatosis. Additional data collected at this Laboratory and reported in this paper substantiate the contagious nature of this disease and provide new evidence that the incubator and . . .
Acne scarring: A classification system and review of treatment options

Acne is a common condition experienced by up to 80% of people between 11 and 30 years of age and by up to 5% of older adults. In some patients, the severe inflammatory response to Propionibacterium acnes results in permanent, disfiguring scars. Over the past several decades, numerous descriptive terms and surgical techniques have been used to diagnose the types, and improve the appearance, of scarring in those persons with acne. We propose a descriptive, simple, universally applicable acne scar classification system that includes 3 scar types: icepick, rolling, and boxcar. We also have developed an effective treatment algorithm for reconstructing and improving the appearance of acne scars including punch excision, punch elevation, subcutaneous incision (Subcision), and laser skin resurfacing. This new classification system for acne scars enables the physician to more precisely identify scar subtypes. Once the scar type has been defined, appropriate and effective treatment protocols can be developed.
Partner schemas and relationship functioning: a states of mind analysis.

Abstract Cognitions such as relationship attributions and beliefs, measured by self-report, have been identified as robust correlates of relationship (e.g., marital) satisfaction. This study sought to build on the theory and assessment of cognitions in relationships by evaluating partner schemas, defined in terms of self-ratings and recall of positive and negative partner-descriptive trait adjectives. The States of Mind (SOM; Schwartz & Garamoni, 1989 ) model was used to examine the ratio of positive to positive-plus-negative partner schemas. In a sample of dating college students ( N = 94), the ratio of positive to positive-plus-negative partner schemas was positively associated with relationship satisfaction and negatively associated with distress-maintaining causal and responsibility attributions for partner behavior; these results remained significant when controlling for depressive symptoms. These results suggest that ratios of positive to negative relationship cognitions, including positive and negative views of the partner, and use of information-processing measures of cognition, may be important topics for continued research in understanding relationship functioning.
Contour-based registration technique to differentiate between task-activated and head motion-induced signal variations in fMRI

Data acquired using functional magnetic resonance imaging are often contaminated by head motion. As a result, optimal information regarding task-induced (or resting-state) signal changes cannot be extracted. Intensity-based registration methods, including intensity correlation or minimum intensity variance techniques, are widely used to register two or more images. It is shown here that intensity-based registration cannot accurately register two or more images in the presence of local intensity changes arising from functional magnetic resonance, fMRI, signals. In this paper, we present a contour-based technique that can be used not only for a more robust registration, but also to help differentiate between task-induced and motion-induced signal changes. Results obtained using both phantom and human brain images demonstrate advantages of this technique compared with a conventional intensity registration technique.
Measuring errors and adverse events in health care

In this paper, we identify 8 methods used to measure errors and adverse events in health care and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We focus on the reliability and validity of each, as well as the ability to detect latent errors (or system errors) versus active errors and adverse events. We propose a general framework to help health care providers, researchers, and administrators choose the most appropriate methods to meet their patient safety measurement goals.
Anomie, Spirituality, and Crime:

Anomie has been mainly characterized in criminology as a structural variable, and the most prominent application portrays it as being decidedly material in nature. This work explores a broadened co...
A constructive approach to minimal projections in Banach spaces

Abstract Let X be a Banach space and Y a finite-dimensional subspace of X . Let P be a minimal projection of X onto Y . It is shown (Theorem 1.1) that under certain conditions there exist sequences of finite-dimensional “approximating subspaces” X m and Y m of X with corresponding minimal projections P m : X m → Y m , such that lim m →∞ ∥ P m ∥ = ∥ P ∥. Moreover, a certain related sequence of projections i m ○ P m ○ π m : X → Y has cluster points in the strong operator topology, each of which is a minimal projection of X onto Y . When X = C [ a , b ] the result reduces to a theorem of Cheney and Morris (“The Numerical Determination of Projection Constants,” Report No. 75, Center for Numerical Analysis, The University of Texas at Austin, 1973) . It is shown (Corollary 1.11) that the hypothesis of Theorem 1.1 holds in many important Banach spaces, including C [ a , b ], L P [ a , b ] and l P for 1 ⩽ p c 0 , the space of sequences converging to zero in the sup norm.
CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PROJECTED SOCIAL. DISTANCES FROM MENTAL PATIENT-RELATED STIMULI

A figure-placement procedure was used to assess attitudes toward mental patients and related items by measuring projected social distances which students from Australia, Great Britain, South Africa, and the U.S.A. perceived between themselves and several pertinent stimuli. While all male students responded similarly to all items, the responses of the female students were only similar on the neutral items and showed significant differences on the mental patient-related items. However, for all students the items "Mental Hospital," "Male," and "Female Mental Patient" were always most distant. The power of attraction to the opposite sex for most male students was interesting; despite differences between groups, none reflected such attraction for the "Female Mental Patient."
Biosynthesis of Puromycin in Streptomyces alboniger: Regulation and Properties of O-Demethylpuromycin O-Methyltransferase

Mechanisms for regulation of puromycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces alboniger were studied by measuring the levels of S-adenosyl-l-methionine:O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase. The enzyme was released in soluble form from mycelia by 3 to 5 min of sonication at 4 C. Maximal specific activities of 0.7 and 0.1 nmol/min per mg of protein were found in cells grown in corn steep liquor-corn starch and Hickey-Tresner media, respectively. In both media, the O-methyltransferase activity rose from low levels to a maximum during midlogarithmic growth and then declined or disappeared completely (in Hickey-Tresner medium) during stationary phase. Either glucose (1%) or ethidium bromide (5 μM) reduced O-methyltransferase formation to very low levels with no effect on overall growth. Complete glucose repression of antibiotic formation occurred on agar. Cells grown in the presence of ethidium bromide continued to produce low enzyme levels after regrowth in the absence of dye, but formed normal amounts of puromycin on Hickey-Tresner agar. The O-methyltransferase, either crude or purified, was rapidly inactivated at 37 C. Each substrate alone, or both together at lower concentrations, protected against this loss of activity. Puromycin inhibited the transferase. Regulation of O-methyltransferase synthesis in S. alboniger includes (i) induction early in growth that is susceptible to catabolite repression and differential inhibition by ethidium bromide, and (ii) protection of the enzyme from inactivation by increased intracellular levels of its substrates. The O-methyltransferase was purified 30- to 40-fold by a combination of protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, adsorption and gradient salt elution from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The enzyme was very unstable, even at low temperatures, upon purification beyond the salt fractionation step, but was stabilized by the addition of S-adenosyl-l-methionine during later stages of purification.
Effects of a bacterial algicide, IRI-160AA, on dinoflagellates and the microbial community in microcosm experiments

Filtrates from the bacterium Shewanella sp. IRI-160 (termed IRI-160AA) have been shown to inhibit population growth and kill a variety of dinoflagellates grown in culture. Here we test the immediate efficacy of IRI-160AA in laboratory microcosms initiated from three natural dinoflagellate blooms (Prorocentrum minimum, Karlodinium veneficum and Gyrodinium instriatum). We measured target dinoflagellate abundance, total chlorophyll-a, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, and changes to the prokaryotic and eukaryotic community composition over 2–3 days of IRI-160AA incubation. Naked dinoflagellates were impacted more, while abundance of the thecate P. minimum was not affected. However, dinoflagellate growth inhibition was generally lower than that observed in uni-algal cultures, and took longer to occur. Eukaryotic community composition in IRI-160AA treated microcosms was significantly different from control incubations, and was driven predominantly by increases in heterotrophic protists (e.g. Euplotes sp. and Paraphysomonas sp.). Similarly, significant changes to the prokaryotic community structure were evident. Microcosms of G. instriatum with higher algicide concentrations indicated that algicidal activity was enhanced in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, total ciliate abundance as well as a bactivorous chyrsophyte (Paraphysomonas sp.) increased in a dose dependent manner. Total diatom abundance increased at lower IRI-160AA concentrations, but increased less with increasing dose. Overall, the bio-activity of IRI-160AA on naturally occurring dinoflagellates in mixed natural microbial communities is encouraging from the applied perspective of using the active compound(s) in IRI-160AA as natural agent(s) to manage harmful dinoflagellate blooms.
Missile Issues in East Asia

Although the Cold War has been over for a decade, conditions remain that are producing new instabilities—and potential conflicts—in the rapidly changing contemporary world. Missile proliferation issue is a case in point. Missiles, as the most effective delivery vehicles, have the advantages of high velocity, low cost, and great accuracy in a conflict. Few current control or defense measures are adequate to deal with the threat posed by missiles. In particular, when equipped with warheads of mass destruction, missiles can inflict devastating damage on the country attacked.
Selective surfaces for solar-thermal conversion

Abstract Selective surfaces are used to obtain high absorption of the incident solar flux and simultaneously suppress losses due to thermal radiation from the hot converter surface. Whether or not the reduction of these losses leads to more economical energy production depends on several factors, the most important being the cost of the selective surface and the concentration ratio of the collector system. The allowable limits for the costs of a selective surface are derived for examples of a flat plate hot water heater, a distributed collector, and a central receiver system. The several basic methods for obtaining selectivity are discussed. Material science and physical chemistry enter strongly into their further development and reduction in costs. Even so, the best estimates for fabrication costs using presently available mass production techniques indicate that selective surfaces can be economically competitive for each of the discussed applications.
Actinomycosis of 54 years' duration.

Actinomycosis of bone and soft tissue is characterized by an inflammation of deep soft tissue and skeletal structures that burrows toward the skin surface creating chronically draining sinus tracts. The condition may remain active for years. I describe a case in which infection has remained active and symptomatic for 54 years. A 72-year-old man perforated his hand on a metal object during the invasion of Normandy Beach on 6 June 1944. Beginning a few weeks after this trauma and continuing to the present, thin, yellow material containing small whitish granules has intermittently drained from one or more superficial sites. Cultures of the fluid have yielded Actinomyces israelii. Treatment for up to several months at a time with erythromycin, oral penicillin, tetracycline, or clindamycin has
HtrI Is a Dimer Whose Interface Is Sensitive to Receptor Photoactivation and His-166 Replacements in Sensory Rhodopsin I

Abstract Single cysteine substitutions were introduced into three positions of otherwise cysteineless HtrI, a phototaxis transducer found in Halobacterium salinarum that transmits signals from the photoreceptor sensory rhodopsin I (SRI) to a cytoplasmic pathway controlling the cell’s motility. Oxidative cross-linking of the monocysteine HtrI mutants in membrane suspensions resulted in dimer forms evident in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The rate of cross-linking of I64C on the cytoplasmic side of HtrI was accelerated by SRI binding in the dark and further increased by SRI photoactivation. Several residue replacements of His-166 in SRI accelerated the cross-linking rate of I64C in the dark and His-166 mutants that exhibit “inverted signaling” (mediating repellent instead of the normally attractant response to orange light) inverted the light effect on the cross-linking rate of I64C. Secondary structure prediction of HtrI indicates a coiled coil structure in the cytoplasmic region following TM2, a dimerization domain found in a diverse group of proteins. We conclude that 1) HtrI exists as a dimer both in the absence of SRI and in the SRI-HtrI complex, 2) binding of SRI in the dark increases reactivity of the two cysteines at position 64 in the dimer by increasing their proximity or mobility, 3) light activation of wild-type SRI further increases their reactivity, 4) His-166 replacements in the SRI receptor have conformational effects on the structure of HtrI at position 64, and 5) inverted signaling by His-166 mutants likely results from an inverted conformational change at this region induced by SRI photoactivation.
Respirator cartridge service lives for exposure to vinyl chloride.

Respirator cartridge service lives (1 ppm breakthrough) were determined for low level (≈10 ppm) exposures to vinyl chloride using simple apparatus and an infrared spectrophotometer. Two classes of organic vapor cartridges were tested; six brands which received approval from MESA-NIOSH before July 15, 1975 and two brands which were not approved but were available through local safety supply outlets on that date. Cartridges were tested both as they came from the supplier and after being preconditioned for 6 hours. Effects of insult concentration, preconditioning, and absorbent weight were investigated. No cartridge service life exceeded 1 hour; many did not provide protection for even 30 minutes. As a result, the use of cartridge containing half mask respirators for vinyl chloride exposure should be questioned.
Organization and Expression of the Murine T-Cell Receptor β-Chain Gene Complex

Our groups are investigating the structure and genetics of the murine T-cell receptor for antigen. Using subtractive cDNA hybridization and taking into account that B and T lymphocytes differ by only a small fraction of their gene expression, we have been able to isolate one chain (β) of the 2-chain T-cell receptor molecule [1]. cDNA clones encoding this chain exhibit variable (V), constant (C), joining (J) and diversity (D)-like elements, precisely analogous to those of immunoglobulins [2, 3]. The constant region locus is of the form JT1-7-CT-JT1-7′-CT′ with a total of at least 6 and possibly as many as 12 functional JT elements [4]. The CT elements are nearly identical, differing by only 4 amino acids, and do not appear to represent functional isotypes [4]. This gene complex is rearranged in most cytotoxic T-cell lines and hybrids that we have examined, and in all helper T-cell lines and hybrids, but in very few T suppressor hybridomas [5]. Chromosomal mapping using somatic cell hybrids has localized this gene to chromosome 6 of the mouse [6].
Efficient computation of interprocedural definition-use chains

The dependencies that exist among definitions and uses of variables in a program are required by many language-processing tools. This paper considers the computation of definition-use and use-definition chains that extend across procedure boundaries at call and return sites. Intraprocedural definition and use information is abstracted for each procedure and is used to construct an interprocedural flow graph. This intraprocedural data-flow information is then propagated throughout the program via the interprocedural flow graph to obtain sets of reaching definitions and/or reachable uses for reach interprocedural control point, including procedure entry, exit, call, and return. Interprocedural definition-use and/or use-definition chains are computed from this reaching information. The technique handles the interprocedural effects of the data flow caused by both reference parameters and global variables, while preserving the calling context of called procedures. Additionally, recursion, aliasing, and separate compilation are handled. The technique has been implemented using a Sun-4 Workstation and incorporated into an interprocedural data-flow tester. Results from experiments indicate the practicality of the technique, both in terms of the size of the interprocedural flow graph and the size of the data-flow sets.
Penile rehabilitation after prostate cancer treatment: outcomes and practical algorithm.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a recognized complication of radical prostatectomy (RP). The number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer was estimated to be 192,000 in 2009 according to the American Cancer Society. The prevalence of ED after RP reported until now has significant variance, with a wide range of rates between 20% to 90%. The reasons for this discrepancy are numerous, mostly because of the lack of standardization of currently available literature. Roughly, three categories of variables can be considered as confounding issues in the assessment of erectile function recovery after RP: patient population, definition of ED, and means of data acquisition. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature performed recently by Tal and colleagues, 1 a prevalence rate among men following contemporary RP was 42%. Among the studies in which the nerve-sparing status was described, erectile function recovery adequate for sexual intercourse was achieved in 50%.
Problems with the Achiman model in the deep-inelastic region

It is pointed out that the prediction of a large charge-symmetry violation by the Achiman gauge-symmetry model also leads to a violation of the positivity condition on the structure function F$sub 2$/sup nu//subN. A search for the origins of this inconsistency is made.
THE MISSING LINK: Exploring the Relationship Between Higher Education and Political Engagement'

Empirical political behavior research has consistently observed a robust and positive relationship between education and political engagement, but has failed to adequately explain why education is so important. Using data from the Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B) Longitudinal Study, I test three competing hypotheses explaining the enduring link between higher education and political behavior. I find that a verbal SAT scores and a social science curriculum are related to future political engagement, suggesting that the content of higher education, especially a curriculum that develops language and civic skills, is influential in shaping participation in American democracy.
Syringe access for the prevention of blood borne infections among injection drug users

Approximately one-third of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in the United States are associated with the practice of sharing of injection equipment and are preventable through the once-only use of syringes, needles and other injection equipment. Sterile syringes may be obtained legally by 4 methods depending on the state. They may be purchased over the counter, prescribed, obtained at syringe exchange programs or furnished by authorized agencies. Each of these avenues has advantages and disadvantages; therefore, legal access through all means is the most likely way to promote the use of sterile syringes. By assisting illicit drug injectors to obtain sterile syringes the primary care provider is able to reduce the incidence of blood borne infections, and educate patients about safe syringe disposal. The provider is also able to initiate discussion about drug use in a nonjudgmental manner and to offer care to patients who are not yet ready to consider drug treatment.
Balancing Locality and Parallelism on Shared-cache Mulit-core Systems

The emergence of multi-core systems opens new opportunities for thread-level parallelism and dramatically increases the performance potential of applications running on these systems. However, the state of the art in performance enhancing software is far from adequate in regards to the exploitation of hardware features on this complex new architecture. As a result, much of the performance capabilities of multi-core systems are yet to be realized. This research addresses one facet of this problem by exploring the relationship between data-locality and parallelism in the context of multi-core architectures where one or more levels of cache are shared among the different cores. A model is presented for determining a profitable synchronization interval for concurrent threads that interact in a producer-consumer relationship. Experimental results suggest that consideration of the synchronization window, or the amount of work individual threads can be allowed to do between synchronizations, allows for parallelism- and locality-aware performance optimizations. The optimum synchronization window is a function of the number of threads, data reuse patterns within the workload, and the size and configuration of the last-level of cache that is shared among processing units. By considering these factors, the calculation of the optimum synchronization window incorporates parallelism and data locality issues for maximum performance.
The Pax3-FKHR oncoprotein is unresponsive to the Pax3-associated repressor hDaxx

The Pax3-FKHR fusion protein is present in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and results from the t(2;13) (q35;q14) chromosomal translocation. Its oncogenic activity is dependent on a combination of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions mediated by the Pax3 homeodomain recognition helix. In this report we demonstrate that human Daxx (hDaxx) interacts with Pax3 in vivo and with DNA-bound Pax3 in vitro. This interaction is mediated primarily through the homeodomain recognition helix with the additional involvement of the octapeptide domain and its N-terminal flanking amino acids. Through this interaction hDaxx represses the transcriptional activity of Pax3 by approximately 80%. The Pax3-FKHR fusion is unresponsive to this repressive effect despite an observed endogenous interaction with hDaxx in a rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cell line. Therefore, these data support the model that fusion of FKHR to Pax3 not only adds a strong transactivation domain, but also deregulates transcriptional control of Pax3 by overriding the natural repressive effect of hDaxx.
Species Diversity and Distribution Patterns of the Ants of Amazonian Ecuador

Ants are among the most diverse, abundant and ecologically significant organisms on earth. Although their species richness appears to be greatest in the New World tropics, global patterns of ant diversity and distribution are not well understood. We comprehensively surveyed ant diversity in a lowland primary rainforest in Western Amazonia, Ecuador using canopy fogging, pitfall traps, baits, hand collecting, mini-Winkler devices and subterranean probes to sample ants. A total of 489 ant species comprising 64 genera in nine subfamilies were identified from samples collected in only 0.16 square kilometers. The most species-rich genera were Camponotus, Pheidole, Pseudomyrmex, Pachycondyla, Brachymyrmex, and Crematogaster. Camponotus and Pseudomyrmex were most diverse in the canopy, while Pheidole was most diverse on the ground. The three most abundant ground-dwelling ant genera were Pheidole, Solenopsis and Pyramica. Crematogaster carinata was the most abundant ant species in the canopy; Wasmannia auropunctata was most abundant on the ground, and the army ant Labidus coecus was the most abundant subterranean species. Ant species composition among strata was significantly different: 80% of species were found in only one stratum, 17% in two strata, and 3% in all three strata. Elevation and the number of logs and twigs available as nest sites were significant predictors of ground-dwelling ant species richness. Canopy species richness was not correlated with any ecological variable measured. Subterranean species richness was negatively correlated with depth in the soil. When ant species were categorized using a functional group matrix based on diet, nest-site preference and foraging ecology, the greatest diversity was found in Omnivorous Canopy Nesters. Our study indicates ant species richness is exceptionally high at Tiputini. We project 647–736 ant species in this global hotspot of biodiversity. Considering the relatively small area surveyed, this region of western Amazonia appears to support the most diverse ant fauna yet recorded.
Engaging Latino Families in Therapy: Application of the Tree of Life Technique

With the continuous increase in the Latino population in the United States, it is important for mental health providers to provide culturally sensible therapeutic services to decrease the underutilization of mental health services by Latinos. The exploration of Latino families’ cultural values, beliefs, and acculturation strategies assists in increasing self-disclosure in therapy and culturally unique and sensible services. This article reviews some components of Latino culture and acculturation and explores the application of the tree of life activity in a family therapy setting found in wraparound services.
In vitro selection of the Naegleria GIR1 ribozyme identifies three base changes that dramatically improve activity

NanGIR1 is a member of a new class of group I ribozymes whose putative biological function is site-specific hydrolysis at an internal processing site (IPS). We have previously shown that NanGIR1 requires 1 M KCl for maximal activity, which is nevertheless slow (0.03 min(-1)). We used in vitro selection and an RNA pool with approximately nine mutations per molecule to select for faster hydrolysis at the IPS in 100 mM KCl. After eight rounds of selection, GIR1 variants were isolated that catalyzed hydrolysis at 300-fold greater rates than NanGIR1 RNA. Although not required by the selection, many of the resultant RNAs had increased thermal stability relative to the parent RNA, and had a more compact structure as evidenced by their faster migration in native gels. Although a wide spectrum of mutations was found in generation 8 clones, only two mutations, U149C and U153C, were common to greater than 95% of the molecules. These and one other mutation, G32A, are sufficient to increase activity 50-fold. All three mutations lie within or proximal to the P15 pseudoknot, a structural signature of GIR1 RNAs that was previously shown to be important for catalytic activity. Overall, our findings show that variants of the Naegleria GIR1 ribozyme with dramatically improved activity lie very close to the natural GIR1 in sequence space. Furthermore, the selection for higher activity appeared to select for increased structural stability.
Pitfalls in the management of the trauma patient in the intensive care unit

The management of the critically injured patient in the intensive care unit is the focus of this paper, in particular, the pitfalls attendant in the diagnosis and treatment of specific injuries. The past two decades have seen great advances in the care of the injured patient, both in the prehospital triage and transport and in the intensive care unit. More than ever, the outcome of these patients, both in terms of morbidity and mortality, is very dependent on a solid understanding of the pathophysiology of certain disease states and also of the evolution of certain injuries. Attention to detail is critical and an awareness of the pitfalls is essential, if one is to be successful in avoiding preventable morbidity and mortality. This article addresses pitfalls in judgement and also in specific management of specific injury patterns that will aid in better management of the severely injured patient.
Does line-edge roughness matter?: FEOL and BEOL perspectives

Line edge roughness (LER) has been widely perceived to be one of the roadblocks to the continuing scaling of semiconductor devices. However, little evidence has been published on the impact of LER on device performance, particularly on the performance and the reliability of advanced interconnects. In this paper, we present such evidence from both the Front-End-Of-Line (FEOL) and Back-End-Of-Line (BEOL) standpoints. In the FEOL, we employed computer simulations to estimate the effects of LER on a number of performance parameters of sub-100nm transistors based on 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional device models. LER has been shown to affect both the average value and the variance of key device performance parameters for sub-100nm transistors. In the BEOL, we investigated the impact of LER on the performance of barrier layers in dual damascene copper interconnects. To this end, we emulated LER by roughening Si surfaces with controlled patterning by self-assembled diblock copolymers and reactive ion etching. In-situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction was used to study Cu diffusion through about 5nm Ta and TaN barrier layers deposited by plasma enhanced-atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) on both smooth and rough surfaces. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the surface roughness does not degrade barrier performance of the ALD Cu barriers. Mechanism of the roughness effects is also discussed. Line edge roughness is, however, expected to degrade copper interconnect performance by increasing copper electrical resistivity through enhanced electron surface scattering.
Evolution of Close Binary Stars: Observational Aspects

Detached close binary systems define the main sequence band satisfactorily, but very little is known about the masses of giants and supergiants. High-dispersion IUE observations promise an improvement, since blue companions are now frequently found to late-type supergiants. The interesting cases of μ Sagittarii and in particular of e Aurigae are discussed in more detail. The barium star abundance anomaly appears now to be due to mass transfer in interacting systems. The symbiotic stars are another type of binary systems containing late-type giants; several possible models for the hotter star and for the type of interaction are discussed. The W Serpentis stars appear to be Algols in the rapid phase of mass transfer, but a possible link relating them to the symbiotics is also indicated. Evidence of hot circumstellar plasmas has now been found in several ordinary Algols; there may exist a smooth transition between very quiescent Algols and the W Serpentis stars. β Lyrae is discussed in the light of new spectrophotometric results.
Hemifacial infantile hemangioma with intracranial extension : A rare entity

Intracranial hemangiomas are uncommon, especially in the absence of diffuse hemangiomatosis or the syndrome consisting of posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects, eye abnormalities, sternal clefting, and/or supra-umbilical raphe (PHACES). We saw an 8-month-old ex-premature girl with a large left-sided ocular and facial hemangioma that had been growing since early infancy. Examination revealed a 7 x 13 cm violaceous tumor involving the left periocular region and face. Ophthalmologic examination revealed deprivation amblyopia, anisometropia with myopia and astigmatism. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a vascular tumor mass involving the scalp, face, and calvarium with extension into the orbit, infratemporal fossa, nasopharynx, lateral medullary cistern, internal auditory canal, and fourth ventricle. Marked enhancement was seen with contrast, and no posterior fossa malformations were noted. She was treated with prednisolone, which was tapered over 12 months. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging examination at 25 months showed a marked decrease in the size of all lesions, with residual hemangioma in the periorbital soft tissues and small foci in the orbit and intracranial sites. The brain and ventricular system were normal. Intracranial hemangioma may occur in the setting of a large facial hemangioma (especially segmental) in the absence of the PHACES syndrome or diffuse hemangiomatosis. Radiological imaging should be considered to assess for intracranial hemangioma as well as posterior fossa or arterial anomalies.