cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Influences on Adolescent Development

The topic “family influences on adolescent development” often has conjured up popular images in western societies of emotional turmoil, conflict, and rebellion by the young in reference to their parents. Fueled by dated theories and media stereotypes, parent–adolescent turmoil was supposed to be a normal occurrence triggered, in part, by raging hormones, dramatic physiological changes, re-emerging sexual impulses, and rapidly changing social expectations for the young. Throughout much of the past century, adolescence was thought to be a developmental stage characterized by “storm and stress,” declining family influences, and a growing separation from parents (Arnett, 1999; Blos, 1979; Davis, 1960; Freud, 1969; Hall, 1904). In marked contrast, much less attention was focused, until recent decades, on the development of adaptive qualities, such as how social competence is fostered in adolescents through their socialization experiences within families (Peterson & Leigh, 1990; Peterson & Bush, 2003). Although such popular images of youthful turmoil persist today, much of the current research on adolescent development within families fails to support the view that parent–youth relationships chronically involve severe conflict and dramatic growth in emotional distance. For most youth, the family remains the primary arena of social influence and security, both for fostering positive and negative consequences. Although a significant minority of adolescents certainly do experience a persistent pattern of troubled family relationships (Arnett, 1999), for the majority, a more balanced and positive view prevails about the influence of home life in adolescent development. In fact, a significant majority of adolescents report feeling close to their parents, value their parents’ opinions, believe that their parents love and care for them, respect their parents as authority figures, and wish to be like them (Allen & Land, 1999; Gecas & Seff, 1990; Moore, Chalk, Scarpa, & Vandivere, 2002). Adolescents tend to agree with their parents on attitudes toward work, occupational and educational goals, as well as values based in particular religious, moral, ideological,
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the dolphin-associated purse-seine fishery for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Abstract Spatiotemporal models of catch rate data are used in fisheries science to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of a fishery and, more importantly, to produce a standardized index of relative abundance for stock assessment models. Here, we apply a spatiotemporal delta-generalized linear mixed model to catch rate data collected from the dolphin-associated purse-seine fishery for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean during 1975–2016. Results show that the density of yellowfin tuna had both pronounced spatial variation across the eastern Pacific Ocean and spatiotemporal variation at time scales from quarterly to decadal. In comparison to the index of relative abundance standardized via the spatiotemporal approach, that computed via the nominal approach, which is currently used in the stock assessment, under- and over-estimates initial and terminal abundances, respectively, by as much as 50% or more. The standardized index represents an improvement over the nominal index because the spatiotemporal approach imputes population density in unfished areas to obtain an area-weighted index and accounts for vessel-specific differences in fishing efficiency. The importance of area-weighting for index standardization is highlighted by the fact that ignoring it has a greater effect on the abundance index than does ignoring differences in fishing efficiency among vessels. The stock assessment model that includes standardized indices has significantly larger log-likelihood and reduced pattern in residuals than the one that includes nominal indices, suggesting that replacing nominal indices with indices from a spatiotemporal model can improve the stock assessment for yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
The role of the physical properties of soil in determining biogeochemical responses to soil warming

Abstract Warmer air temperatures projected for the coming centuries are expected to increase soil temperature and accelerate the rate of biogeochemical processes. Currently, there is limited data on the expected response of soil temperature to the projected increase in atmospheric temperature, and the implications of warming on soil physicochemical properties. The primary objective of this chapter is to determine if changes in air temperature with projected warming are likely to cause important shifts in the physical properties of soil. We discuss the relationship between atmospheric and soil temperatures, synthesize our current knowledge of the physical basis of soil temperature changes and responses to anticipated warming, and review current knowledge on how warming impacts the physical and biogeochemical processes in soil. The synthesis of available data discussed in this chapter shows that many of the biogeochemical flux- and stock-related responses to warming are mediated by the effects of warming on the physical conditions of soil. Further improvements to our understanding of the mechanistic connections between the physical processes in soil and the biogeochemical cycling of essential elements in soil will undoubtedly improve our ability to predict the response of the soil system to changing environmental conditions.
Relationality and Intersubjectivity within a Socially Oriented Metaphysics: A Note on Ecclesiology:

Given increased attention to the themes of relationality and intersubjectivity in contemporary Christian systematic theology, the author argues that these terms are best understood within the conte...
Impacts of policy changes on Care-Leaving Workers in a time of coronavirus: Comparative analysis of discretion and constraints

This policy analysis examines the impact of COVID-19 policy guidance on the role of workers who provide outreach to transition-age care leavers. The comparison focuses on four countries (US, Englan...
Systems-based Strategies Improve Positive Screening Fecal Immunochemical Testing Follow-up and Reduce Time to Diagnostic Colonoscopy.

Introduction Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) is the most commonly used colorectal cancer (CRC) screening tool worldwide and accounts for 10% of all CRC screening in the United States. Potential vulnerabilities for patients enrolled to facilities within the military health system have recently come to light requiring reassessment of best practices. We studied the impact of a process improvement initiative designed to improve the safety and quality of care for patients after a positive screening FIT given previously published reports of poor organization performance. Methods During a time of increased utilization of nonendoscopic means of screening, we assessed rates of colonoscopy completion and time to colonoscopy after positive FIT after a multi-faceted process improvement initiative was implemented, compared against an institutional control period. The interventions included mandatory indication labeling at the time of order entry, as well as utilization of subspecialty nurse navigators to facilitate rapid follow-up even the absence of a referral from primary care. Results Preintervention, 34.8% of patients did not have appropriate follow-up of a positive FIT. Those that did had a variable and prolonged wait time of 140.1 ± 115.9 days. Postintervention, a standardized order mandating test indication labeling allowed for proactive gastroenterology involvement. Colonoscopy follow-up rate increased to 91.9% with an average interval of 21.9 ± 12.3 days. Conclusion The addition of indication labels and patient navigation after positive screening FIT was associated with 57.1% absolute increase in timely diagnostic colonoscopy. Similar highly reliable systems-based solutions should be adopted for CRC screening, and further implementation for other preventative screening interventions should be pursued.
Long-Term Failure Rates of Interval Filshie Clips As a Method of Permanent Contraception.

Background: In 1996, the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization (CREST) reported permanent contraception failure rates by method, but did not include the Filshie clip. Subsequent research provi...
A Multi-Omics Human Liver Organoid Screening Platform for DILI Risk Prediction

Background and Aims: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a prominent failure mode in drug development resulting in clinical trial failures and post-approval withdrawal. Improved in vitro models for DILI risk prediction that can model diverse genetics are needed to improve safety and reduce high attrition rates in drug development. In this study, we evaluated the utility of human liver organoids (HLOs) for high-throughput DILI risk prediction and in an organ-on-chip system. The recent clinical failure of inarigivir soproxil due to DILI underscores the need for improved models. Methods: HLOs were adapted for high-throughput drug screening in dispersed-cell 384-well format and a collection of DILI-associated drugs were screened. HLOs were also adapted to a liver-chip system to investigate enhanced in vivo-like function. Both platforms were benchmarked for their ability to predict DILI using combined biochemical assays, microscopy-based morphological profiling, and transcriptomics. Results: Dispersed HLOs retained DILI predictive capacity of intact HLOs and are amenable to high-throughput screening allowing for measurable IC50 values for cytotoxicity. Distinct morphological differences were observed in cells treated with drugs exerting differing mechanisms of action. HLOs on chips were shown to increase albumin production, CYP450 expression and also release ALT/AST when treated with known DILI drugs. Importantly, HLO liver chips were able to predict hepatotoxicity of tenofovir-inarigivir and showed steatosis and mitochondrial perturbation via phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis. Conclusions: The high throughput and liver-on-chip system exhibit enhanced in vivo-like function and demonstrate the utility of the platforms in early and late-stage drug development. Tenofovir-inarigivr associated hepatotoxicity was observed and highly correlates with the clinical manifestation of DILI.
Epigenetic dynamics shaping melanophore and iridophore cell fate in zebrafish

Background Zebrafish pigment cell differentiation provides an attractive model for studying cell fate progression as a neural crest progenitor engenders diverse cell types, including two morphologically distinct pigment cells: black melanophores and reflective iridophores. Nontrivial classical genetic and transcriptomic approaches have revealed essential molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that drive neural crest-derived cell fate decisions. However, how the epigenetic landscape contributes to pigment cell differentiation, especially in the context of iridophore cell fate, is poorly understood. Results We chart the global changes in the epigenetic landscape, including DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, during neural crest differentiation into melanophores and iridophores to identify epigenetic determinants shaping cell type-specific gene expression. Motif enrichment in the epigenetically dynamic regions reveals putative transcription factors that might be responsible for driving pigment cell identity. Through this effort, in the relatively uncharacterized iridophores, we validate alx4a as a necessary and sufficient transcription factor for iridophore differentiation and present evidence on alx4a's potential regulatory role in guanine synthesis pathway. Conclusions Pigment cell fate is marked by substantial DNA demethylation events coupled with dynamic chromatin accessibility to potentiate gene regulation through cis-regulatory control. Here, we provide a multi-omic resource for neural crest differentiation into melanophores and iridophores. This work led to the discovery and validation of iridophore-specific alx4a transcription factor.
(Invited) 2D MXenes As Building Blocks for Assembly of High-Performance Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have shown promise for a range of applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The high electrical conductivity, 2D and layered structure, and rich surface chemistry of MXenes have sparked great interest in their properties as electrode materials for energy storage devices. MXenes are particularly of high interest because they can store charge in the bulk of the electrode through ultrafast intercalation of ions and fast and reversible redox reactions. To date, about 30 different MXenes with a general formula of Mn+1XnTx (M is a transition metal, X is carbon and/or nitrogen, n=1,2, and 3, and Tx represents different functional groups present at their surface) are synthesized by selective etching of the A layer atoms (i.e. Al) from MAX phases (e. g. Ti2AlC), a large group of layered ternary carbides and nitrides.1 However, similar to other 2D materials, the applications of MXenes in batteries and supercapacitors is dependent on their assembly into electrode structures with high electrical and ionic conductivities. The main focus of this talk is our group's recent research on the assembly of MXene flakes into electrode structures with high energy and power densities. We have found that the electrochemical properties of MXene electrodes are highly dependent on the size of MXene flakes used in their fabrications.2,3 Controlling the flake size in the electrode structures leads to significant improvements in their specific capacitance and rate capability. Furthermore, our recent studies on the assembly of multilayer MXenes films and particles using electrostatic assembly methods will be discussed. The electrodes fabricated by these methods show superior chemical and electrochemical stabilities as well as energy storage capability.4 Finally, our work on 3D assembly of MXenes through a versatile 3D printing process will be presented. References(1) Anasori, B.; Lukatskaya, M. R.; Gogotsi, Y. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Energy Storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2 (2), 16098. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98. (2) Kayali, E.; VahidMohammadi, A.; Orangi, J.; Beidaghi, M. Controlling the Dimensions of 2D MXenes for Ultrahigh-Rate Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10 (31), 25949–25954. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07397. (3) VahidMohammadi, A.; Moncada, J.; Chen, H.; Kayali, E.; Orangi, J.; A. Carrero, C.; Beidaghi, M. Thick and Freestanding MXene/PANI Pseudocapacitive Electrodes with Ultrahigh Specific Capacitance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6 (44), 22123–22133. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA05807E. (4) VahidMohammadi, A.; Mojtabavi, M.; Caffrey, N. M.; Wanunu, M.; Beidaghi, M. Assembling 2D MXenes into Highly Stable Pseudocapacitive Electrodes with High Power and Energy Densities. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (8), 1806931. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806931.
The Multidimensionality of Justice

When people say, “I only want what’s fair,” what do they mean? Philosophers and scientists since the time of Hammurabi, Moses, Aristotle, and Mani have tried to answer this question, often producing elegant treatises on the concept of justice, but leaving people’s reliance on the term unaffected. Since the early 1960s, experimental social psychology has taken its turn on this question with similar results. We have fashioned a considerable understanding of how people react to being paid more or less than the going rate, and how they allocate a group reward. Yet, despite this bank of knowledge, conflicts of distributive justice still abound in everyday life, and social scientists who attempt to ameliorate these conflicts often find themselves stymied. One reason is that these conflicts (as well as most experiments) invariably involve a mixture of motives, of which justice is only one. Descriptions of typical experimental operations, however, rarely make mention of motives other than justice, even though subjects in these studies may also be affected by other motives: generosity, fear of retaliation, instrumental exchange, status assertion, to name but a few. As a result, our theories of the perception of justice, and its impact on human social behavior, remain underdeveloped and at times misguided. Although there are many reasons for this state (not the least of which is the youth of our endeavors in this realm), my focus in this chapter will concern two basic ambiguities in the manner in which we use and investigate the concept of justice.
The U. S. IOOS program & strategy

Released in December 2004 as the Administration's response to the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, the U.S. Ocean Action Plan provides priority actions for ocean and coastal research, and management of resources. Among these priorities is building the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), including the U.S. ocean and coastal component, the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) with U.S. leadership by NOAA. The cabinet level Committee on Ocean Policy and the Interagency Committee on Ocean Science and Resource Management Integration (ICOSRMI) have been established. In November 2005, the ICOSRMI approved the First U.S. IOOS Development Plan which represents the interagency priorities and plans for the U.S. contribution to IOOS. An Interagency Working Group on Ocean Observations has been established through the Ocean Action Plan governance structure. This working group is specifically concerned with the interagency management and coordination of IOOS. IOOS will address seven societal goals, as defined in the IOOS Development Plan, through a governance structure of Regional Associations designed to meet specific regional requirements and needs coupled with a national backbone of critical observations. Common data management standards and protocols will enable interoperability of regional and national backbone observing systems.
Estimating Whether Transport Users Pay Their Way: The State of the Art

Studies of whether transport users pay enough special taxes and fees to offset the costs they impose on society at large have proliferated in North America and Europe since 1990, largely because environmental groups have argued that pollution and other social costs should be considered more systematically in transport planning. Before 1990, most studies of whether transport users paid their way focused exclusively on whether they pay the costs of constructing and maintaining highways and other infrastructure and services provided by government. The studies ignored other costs economists call “externalities,” which are defined as costs that the producer or user of a good or service imposes on others through mechanisms other than the market. In the case of transport, typical externalities are the health damage caused by motor vehicle air pollution or the delays a road user causes other motorists because his use of the highway increases traffic congestion.2
New physics and short-distance s→dγ transition in Ω - →Ξ - γ decay

We study the contributions of physics beyond the standard model to the short-distance s{yields}d{gamma} transition in {omega}{sup -}{yields}{xi}{sup -}{gamma} decay. We explore the possibility that the new interactions remove the chirality suppression which occurs in the standard-model contribution to s{yields}d{gamma} and enhance the effect of this coupling by factors of a heavy-mass scale relative to the s-quark mass. We consider two of the popular models for new physics, and, after taking into account constraints from other processes, find that their contributions can be larger than that of the standard model by up to a few times, which suggests that the yet unobserved {omega}{sup -}{yields}{xi}{sup -}{gamma} decay is a likely probe for new physics. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
A Parametric Investigation of the Validity of 1/25 Scale Automobile Aerodynamic Testing

Wind tunnel tests have been performed measuring the aerodynamic forces and underbody boundary layer profiles for 1/25 scale models. The trends of the force coefficients with Reynolds number, the underbody boundary layer profiles, and the influence of the ground plane boundary layer on the force coefficients of small scale models has been shown to be similar with previous results from larger models. This study has shown the usefulness of small scale models for parametric studies of automobile aerodynamics.
USE OF A NEW SYNTHETIC-PEPTIDE-DERIVED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN VACCINE AND WILD-TYPE VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUSES

We have prepared a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) capable of distinguishing between wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and the TC-83 vaccine derivative. This MAb, 1A2B-10, was derived from immunization with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 19 amino acids of the E2 glycoprotein of Trinidad donkey VEE virus. The MAb reacts with prototype viruses from all naturally occurring VEE subtypes except subtype 6 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It does not react with TC-83 virus or members of the western and eastern equine encephalitis virus complex or with Semliki Forest virus. This antibody will also differentiate between TC-83 and Trinidad donkey VEE virus in indirect immunofluorescence assays with virus-infected Vero cells.
Cdc1 Is Required for Growth and Mn2+ Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cdc1 function was initially implicated in bud formation and nuclear division because cdc1 (Ts) cells arrested with a small bud, duplicated DNA, and undivided nucleus. Our studies show that Cdc1 is necessary for cell growth at several stages of the cell cycle, as well as in pheromone-treated cells. Thus, Cdc1 depletion might affect bud formation and nuclear division, as well as other cellular processes, by blocking a process involved in general cell growth. Cells depleted of intracellular Mn2+ also exhibit a cdc1 -like phenotype and recent results suggested Cdc1 might be a Mn2+-dependent protein. We show that all of the conditional cdc1 (Ts) alleles tested cause cells to become sensitive to Mn2+ depletion. In addition, Cdc1 overproduction alleviates the chelator sensitivity of several Mn2+ homeostasis mutants. These findings are compatible with a model in which Cdc1 regulates intracellular, and in particular cytosolic, Mn2+ levels which, in turn, are necessary for cell growth.
Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology

All around us people are learning with the aid of new technologies: children are playing complex video games, workers are taking online courses to get an advanced degree, students are taking courses at commercial learning centers to prepare for tests, adults are consulting Wikipedia, etc. New technologies create learning opportunities that challenge traditional schools and colleges. These new learning niches enable people of all ages to pursue learning on their own terms. People around the world are taking their education out of school into homes, libraries, Internet cafes, and workplaces, where they can decide what they want to learn, when they want to learn, and how they want to learn.
Lorentz Magnetic Levitation for Haptic Interaction: Device Design, Performance, and Integration with Physical Simulations:

A new Lorentz force magnetic levitation haptic interface device has been developed and integrated with real-time 3-D rigid-body simulations for detailed, responsive interaction with dynamic virtual environments. An ideal haptic interface device would enable remote or simulated objects to be sensed and manipulated in 6 degrees of freedom (DoF) in the same manner as real physical objects, with the same micrometer level of detail and kHz bandwidth response that the user can sense. To approach this level of performance requires stiff lightweight moving parts, responsive actuators, high-resolution sensors, a fast control system, and a real-time simulation closely integrated with the device. Lorentz levitation is well suited to high-performance, tool-based haptic interaction because noncontact actuation and sensing provide motion and force feedback in 6 DoF with the simple dynamics of a single moving part at high control bandwidths and sensitivity. New actuation and sensing subsystem designs greatly increase th...
Androgenic induction of brain sexual dimorphism depends on photoperiod in meadow voles

Male meadow voles maintained in a long photoperiod (LP) from birth have heavier brains than do females, but in short photoperiods (SP) this sex dimorphism is absent. Testosterone propionate (TP) administration on the second day of postnatal life produced significant increases in brain weight of LP but not SP females at 35 days of age. Short daylengths reduce the responsiveness of the meadow vole nervous system to the masculinizing effects of perinatal testosterone and may, in part, mediate the seasonally reduced sex difference in brain weight.
Calbindin-D28k is a more reliable marker of human Purkinje cells than standard Nissl stains: A stereological experiment

Abstract In a study of human Purkinje cell (PC) number, a striking mismatch between the number of PCs observed with the Nissl stain and the number of PCs immunopositive for calbindin-D28k (CB) was identified in 2 of the 10 brains examined. In the remaining eight brains this mismatch was not observed. Further, in these eight brains, analysis of CB immunostained sections counterstained with the Nissl stain revealed that more than 99% Nissl stained PCs were also immunopositive for CB. In contrast, in the two discordant brains, only 10–20% of CB immunopositive PCs were also identified with the Nissl stain. Although this finding was unexpected, a historical survey of the literature revealed that Spielmeyer [Spielmeyer W. Histopathologie des nervensystems. Julius Springer: Berlin; 1922. p. 56–79] described human cases with PCs that lacked the expected Nissl staining intensity, an important historical finding and critical issue when studying postmortem human brains. The reason for this failure in Nissl staining is not entirely clear, but it may result from premortem circumstances since it is not accounted for by postmortem delay or processing variables. Regardless of the exact cause, these observations suggest that Nissl staining may not be a reliable marker for PCs and that CB is an excellent alternative marker.
Packing and viscosity of concentrated polydisperse coal-water slurries

The viscosity of polydisperse slurries close to the packing limit is discussed. It is shown that the divergence of the viscosity at the close packing limit causes the dependence of the slurry viscosity on loading to be universal. Ways of increasing the maximal loading of polydisperse slurries are described. A new theory of packing of powders based on a generalization of the Furnas telescopic tube method is proposed. Unlike the original Furnas model, this theory allows the calculation of the maximal packing for powders with an arbitrary size distribution of particles. The application of the theory to the problem of reducing the viscosity of coal-water slurries is discussed.
Eye gaze correction for videoconferencing

This paper describes a 2D videoconferencing system with eye gaze correction. Tracking the eyes and warping the eyes appropriately each frame appears to create natural eye contact between users. The geometry of the eyes as well as the displacement of the camera with the remote user's image determines the warp. We implement this system within software, not requiring any specialized hardware.
Total synthesis of halichondrins : enantioselective construction of a homochiral tetracyclic KLMN-ring intermediate from D-mannitol

Abstract An efficient strategy exploiting C2 symmetry and featuring diastereoselective conjugate addition of Li 2 Me 2 CuCN to a γ-alkoxy-α,β-unsaturated acylsilane and diastereoselective spiroketalization provides a key tetracyclic KLMN-ring intermediate for halichondrin B from D-mannitol.
Omega 3 fatty acids reduce myeloid progenitor cell frequency in the bone marrow of mice and promote progenitor cell differentiation

Background Omega 3 fatty acids have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and promote differentiation in various cell types. The processes of cell survival, expansion, and differentiation are of key importance in the regulation of hematopoiesis. We investigated the role of omega 3 fatty acids in controlling the frequency of various myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow of mice. Increased progenitor cell frequency and blocked differentiation are characteristics of hematopoietic disorders of the myeloid lineage, such as myeloproliferative diseases and myeloid leukemias.
Self-reported diabetes and posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in the community.

Abstract Objective. To determine the association between self-reported diabetes and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adults in the community and to investigate the specificity of this link. Method. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), a household probability sample of adults ages 15–54 in the United States. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between self-reported diabetes and PTSD (past 12-month prevalence), adjusted for differences in sociodemographic characteristics. Results. Self-reported diabetes was associated with an increased likelihood of PTSD [OR = 2.3 (1.02, 5.21)], which persisted after adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics. Self-reported diabetes was not associated with a significantly increased likelihood of any other mental disorders. Conclusions. These findings are consistent with and extend previous data suggesting that there is an association between self-reported diabetes and PTSD by showing that this link appears to have some specificity and is generalizable to adults in the community. These data do not address the possible mechanisms of this association. Our results do not support a link between depression and diabetes, which has been previously reported. Replication of these results is needed with longitudinal, epidemiologic data, which include ages of onset and physiologic data in diagnosis of diabetes. If these findings are replicated, further investigation into the possible mechanisms of this association may be fruitful.
The significance of J3 to the prediction of shear bands

Abstract The need to include the third deviatoric invariant J 3 in a yield function is examined using the Mohr-Coulomb diagram. Two J 3 modified Drucker-Prager criteria are proposed to predict shear bands. The predictions are compared to that of the Drucker-Prager criterion and verified by experimental data on various polymers and a polyphenyl ether lubricant from the open literature. The analysis procedure provides a means to deduce the orientation and magnitude of principal stresses from the direction of shear localization observed in experiments.
Sr90Y90 Beta sources for radiation chemistry studies

Abstract The expected operating characteristics of two Sr90Y90 irradiators designed for radiation chemistry studies of liquids and gases are discussed. Dose rates exceeding 1 × 106 rads/hr can be achieved in water and air with a sealed, 200 c SrTiO3 source. Routine laboratory use of Sr90Y90 irradiators is believed to be feasible and their use should receive more attention.
Energetic optimization during over-ground walking in people with and without Down syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show reduced gait stability that may increase the metabolic rate (MR) during over-ground walking and alter their energetic cost per unit distance (EC(transport)) to speed relationship. If so, the preferred walking speed (PWS) of people with DS may coincide with their speed at minimal EC(transport), reflecting energetic optimization. This study therefore examined whether MR and EC(transport) during over-ground walking differ between individuals with and without DS and whether PWS minimizes their EC(transport). Expired gases were collected from 18 individuals with DS and 18 without during six over-ground walking trials, each lasting 6 min, at PWS and at 0.51, 0.76, 1.01, 1.26, and 1.51 m/s. Gross- and net-MR, and gross- and net-EC(transport) were expressed in dimensionless form. Energetically optimal walking speeds and minimal gross- and net-EC(transport) were determined from the gross- and net-EC(transport) to speed curves for each participant. Individuals with DS showed higher gross-MR, net-MR, gross-EC(transport), and net-EC(transport). PWS minimized gross-EC(transport) in participants with DS, but not in those without. PWS did not minimize net-EC(transport) in either group. Therefore, gross-EC(transport) minimization during over-ground walking may determine PWS when impairments alter the gross-EC(transport) to speed relationship.
Ranking Algorithms for Keyword Search over Relational Databases

Developing effective ranking algorithms for keyword search over relational databases is a hot study topic. Ranking algorithm largely determines the performance of a keyword search system. Good ranking algorithms not only provide user with the most relevant query results but also provide fast response time. A number of existing ranking algorithms were classified and compared. Several representational algorithms were summarized and analysed in detail. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms were discussed. Finally, prospect for future work, especially the intelligent trends, in ranking were discussed.
The 3' end of large ribosomal subunit RNA from mosquito mitochondria: homogeneity of transcribed moieties.

Abstract 3′ Terminal sequences of mosquito mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA, which is posttranscriptionally polyadenylated, have been examined with the aim of determining the degree of homogeneity of transcribed moieties. 3′ End-labeled samples were subjected to oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis and to ladder gel analysis after primary and secondary nuclease digestion; and products of reverse transcriptase reactions were characterized using 16 S RNA as template and selected oligodeoxynucleotides as primers. The results indicated a remarkable degree of homogeneity compared to homologous mammalian mitochondrial systems, and suggested differences in modes of expression of insect, versus mammalian, mitochondrial genomes.
Copy number loss or silencing of apoptosis-effector genes in cancer

Cancer cells undergo a variety of DNA copy number gains and losses (CNV), raising two important questions related to cancer development: (i) Which genes are affected? (ii) And how do CNVs, that do not represent complete deletions but do represent gene-dosage alterations, impact cancer cell functions? Recent studies have indicated that CNVs in cancer can impact genes for regulatory proteins long known to be associated with cancer development, but less is understood about CNVs affecting effector genes. Also, we have recently indicated the likely importance of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) copies in effector genes, in regulating the transition from a proliferative to an apoptotic state. Here we report data-mining analyses that indicate that copies of apoptosis-effector genes are commonly lost in cancer development, in comparison to proliferation-effector genes, and when not, apoptosis effector genes have silenced chromatin structures.
Anomalous (stimulated) refraction induced by the free-electron laser interaction

Abstract The stimulated refraction effect (optical guiding) in a free-electron laser (FEL) is studied theoretically. The analysis of the three-dimensional FEL wave equation is performed according to two different formal methods. First, the microwave field is expanded into vacuum waveguide modes, in which case the optical guiding appears as an active mode coupling effect. In the second method, the eigenmodes of the FEL radiation field are found, which yields both the gain of the system (complex eigenvalues) and the radial intensity distribution of the interacting waves, describing effect. Computer calcu;ations show that optical guiding may have a strong influence on both the gain and mode content of millimeter-wave FELs.
Management of Rectal Prolapse in Children

Rectal prolapse in children is not uncommon and usually is a self-limiting condition in infancy. Most cases respond to conservative management; however, surgery is occasionally required in cases that are intractable to conservative treatment. This study was designed to analyze the outcomes of rectal prolapse in children and to propose a pathway for the management of these cases in children. A retrospective analysis of all cases of rectal prolapse referred to our surgical unit during a period of five years was performed. End point was recurrence of prolapse requiring manual reduction under sedation or an anesthetic. Results are presented as median (range) and statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared test; P 2 episodes requiring manual reduction) along with symptoms of pain, rectal bleeding, and perianal excoriation because of recurrent prolapse. Those cases presenting younger than four years of age and with an associated condition have a better prognosis. The authors propose an algorithm for the management of rectal prolapse in children.
Society of skeletal radiology 2008 annual meeting

Peer-reviewed abstracts presented at the 2008 Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) Annual Meeting were reviewed again following oral presentation. Topics representing new concepts, new or novel imaging techniques and instructive case series involving the musculoskeletal system, felt to be of potential interest to investigators and practicing clinicians, have been highlighted in this compilation and analysis.
Interconnected roles of scaffold hydrophobicity, drug loading, and encapsulation stability in polymeric nanocarriers.

Polymer-based nanoassemblies have emerged as viable platforms for the encapsulation and delivery of lipophilic molecules. Among the criteria that such carriers must meet, if they are to be effective, are the abilities to efficiently solubilize lipophilic guests within an assembled scaffold and to stably encapsulate the molecular cargo until desired release is achieved through the actions of appropriately chosen stimuli. The former feature, dictated by the inherent loading capacity of a nanocarrier, is well studied, and it has been established that slight variations in assembly structure, such as introducing hydrophobic content, can improve miscibility with the lipophilic guests and increase the driving force for encapsulation. However, such clear correlations between assembly properties and the latter feature, nanocarrier encapsulation stability, are not yet established. For this purpose, we have investigated the effects of varying hydrophobic content on the loading parameters and encapsulation stabilitie...
Two thousand years of archeointensity from West Africa

This study presents 17 archeointensity estimates from Senegal and Mali, two neighboring countries in West Africa, for the period 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. The archeological artifacts used in this study were collected during the course of two separate projects, together spanning 22 years and across 8 separate excavations. A primary objective of this study was to get accurate dates, hence, only samples with independent age constraints from pottery style, detailed stratigraphy and 14C dates were used. A total of 236 specimens from 63 samples were subjected to a double heating paleointensity experiment (IZZI method) from which 95 specimens were selected using a set of very strict selection criteria. The paleointensity results were corrected for differential cooling rate effects and remanence anisotropy. Additionally, we demonstrate the equivalence of using tensors derived from anhysteretic and thermal remanences for correcting remanent anisotropy of the specimens and use the former for the anisotropy correction. Our data show good agreement with the most recent paleosecular variation model but are lower than the pre-existing data, which are mostly from Egypt and Morocco. The presence of substantial non-axial-dipolar contributions in the region is evident when virtual axial dipole moments (VADMs) from the published literature are calculated for 20° latitudinal bands and compared with our data—the average VADM values show a distinct latitudinal gradient. A prominent feature of this dataset is an intensity high observed prior to 700 CE in both Senegal and Mali. Comparing this peak with existing records from regions further to the north suggests a small but significant temporal offset and is interpreted to be additional evidence for a geomagnetic field with a significant and rapidly changing non-axial-dipolar contribution.
17 The Polyethersulfone Membrane “Express” Has a Higher Piperacillin/Tazobactam Clearance Independant of the Dialysis Dose

THE POLYETHERSULFONE MEMBRANE “EXPRESS” HAS A HIGHER PIPERACILLIN/TAZOBACTAM CLEARANCE INDEPENDANT OF THE DIALYSIS DOSE. Milen Amde, Charbel Salem, Joseph Groszek, Michael Connor, Seth Bauer, William Fissell; Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. In the intensive care setting, infection remains the leading cause of death in AKI. The goal of our study is to assess the impact of membrane types and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) dose on the clearance and serum levels of piperacillin-tazobactam (piptazo). Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we measured the serum and dialysate concentrations of pip-tazo. We then calculated the total clearance and area under the curve (AUC) of the drug in 28 anuric ICU patients who were on CVVHD for uninterrupted 24 hours and received 3.375 g Pip-Tazo q 8 hours (n=21) or q 12 hours (n=7). The 15 patients on the polyacrylnitrile M100 had a total pip clearance of 50.3±17.56 ml/min compared to 64.28±25.77 ml/min in the 13 patients on the polyethersulfone membrane Express. We used regression analysis to examine the association between total clearance, trough level, AUC and the variables; filter type, CVVHD dose and dosing interval (the latter was included in the trough level and AUC analysis only). We showed a trend towards lower total clearance with the M100 membrane compared to the Express membrane (coefficient of -11.62, p=0.0203). There was a trend towards lower AUC with higher CVVHD dose (coefficient of -83.2, p=0.0281) and less frequent dosing (-3.8 coefficient for q12 vs q8, p=0.0322) independent of membrane type. In conclusion, the membrane type and the CVVHD dose should be considered when deciding on antibiotics dosage in the critically ill patient. Larger studies are needed to study the impact of CRRT on antibiotics target pharmacokinetic levels and whether more frequent dosing of antibiotics would affect outcomes.
From Caregivers to Caretakers: The Impact of Family Roles on Ethnicity Among Children of Korean and Chinese Immigrant Families

Scholars have long examined the effects of family and community on ethnicity, but they have less to say on why some children may be more receptive to the positive influences of ethnic communities than siblings within the same family. As more immigrants struggle to adapt to the needs and demands of the new global economy, many families are turning to alternative caregiving arrangements that significantly impact the long-term ethnic identities of the second generation. The article considers how adult-age children of immigrants negotiate the emotional disconnects created by these varying contexts of care depending on their individual role within the family and how it shapes their views on ethnicity and culture in their own adult lives. The study focuses in-depth on fourteen semi-structured, in-person interviews with adult-age children of Asian immigrant families in the NY-NJ metropolitan area. Depending on their social status, children of immigrants are integrated into their families: as cultural brokers expected to mediate and care for their family members, as familial dependents who rely on their parents for traditional caregiving functions, or as autonomous caretakers who grow up detached from their parents. I argue that because of their intense engagement with family, cultural brokers describe their ethnic-centered experiences as evoking feelings of reciprocated empathy, whereas on the other end, autonomous caretakers associate their parents’ ancestral culture with ethnocentric exclusion. Depending on how they are able to negotiate the cultural divide, familial dependents generally view their parents’ culture and immigrant experiences through the hierarchical lens of emulation.
Development of a binding assay for p53/HDM2 by using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence.

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is activated and stabilized in response to DNA damage, resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. HMD2 is a negative regulator of p53. Binding of p53 by HDM2 traffics p53 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is recognized and targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation (D. A. Freedman, L. Wu, and A. J. Levine, 1999, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 55, 96-107). Several reports have suggested that disruption of this complex in normal cells results in p53 signaling (V. Bottger, A. Bottger, A. Sparks, W.-L. Liu, S. F. Howard, and D. P. Lane, 1997, Curr. Biol. 7, 860-869; C. Wasylyk, R. Salvi, M. Argentini, C. Dureuil, I. Delumeau, J. Abecassis, L. Debussche, and B. Wasylyk, 1999, Oncogene 18, 1921-1934). A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay has been developed to monitor p53/HDM2 binding. This assay employs a site-specific biotinylated p53 protein, a GST-fused HDM2 protein, and two fluorophore-conjugated detection reagents, streptavidin-XL665 and europium cryptate-labeled anti-GST antibody ?Eu(K)-anti-GST. Binding of p53 to HDM2 brings the fluorophores into close proximity, allowing fluorescence resonance energy transfer to occur. Development of this assay and comparison to a traditional ELISA are described in this report. The HTRF assay was then utilized to assess the effect of serine phosphorylation within the p53 N-terminus on HDM2 binding, and to determine the relative affinity of a p73 peptide for HDM2.
Pain management knowledge of hospital-based nurses in a rural Appalachian area

The American Pain Society cites the failure of health care providers to routinely assess pain and pain relief as the most common reason for unrelieved pain in US hospitals. Lack of knowledge on the part of nurses about pain and its treatment is one of the major barriers to achieving comfort for those in pain. Thus, the purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the pain management knowledge of hospital-based nurses in a rural Appalachian area. The nonpurposive sample consisted of 123 registered nurses. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic items and two instruments designed to measure knowledge of opioid classification and pain management. The overall pain management knowledge score was 67.4%. The findings indicate a knowledge deficit specifically related to the behavioural indicators of pain, classification of opioid analgesics, properties of opioid analgesics and adjuvant medications, and incidence of addiction. This sample of rural nurses demonstrates similar pain management knowledge compared to the reported scores of urban nurses. These results may serve as the impetus to develop strategies to decrease the barriers to effective pain management. Further education about pain management is warranted.