cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Egypt: Criminal Procedure

This chapter presents the criminal-procedure law of Egypt according to the sources of that law: the 1971 Constitution, the 1950 Code of Criminal Procedure, the 1958 Emergency Law, and other legislation; decisions by the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC), the Court of Cassation, and other organs of the Egyptian judiciary; and administrative and executive regulations. Included are references to controversial aspects of this law and its practice, such as the use of military courts, state security courts, and emergency courts and powers. The chapter thus serves as an introduction to modern Egyptian criminal procedure and a reference source for scholars and researchers.
Chapter 7: Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors of Investors

Examining the demographic and socioeconomic factors in investor behavior is important to understanding how investors choose their portfolios. The extant literature suggests that men invest more aggressively than women and white investors invest more aggressively than African American investors. The reasons for the differences include income, wealth, age, education, risk preference, and background. Although studies try to explain away the differences attributable to gender and race, these differences persist. The chapter includes theories about how psychological differences help to explain losses and intergenerational transfers of wealth. It also examines recent research on the roles of gender and race in investment preferences. The analysis confirms that white males are the most aggressive investors and African American men take a more active approach to their investments. By contrast, white women tend to default into more conservative investments.
Target specificity of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive cranial parasympathetic neurons

We recently showed that neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity occurs in subpopulations of neurons in 3 cranial parasympathetic ganglia: the otic, sphenopalatine, and ciliary. The present work identifies the target tissues innervated by cranial parasympathetic NPY-immunoreactive neurons. Plexuses of NPY-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the parotid gland, the target of the otic ganglion, and in the intraorbital lacrimal gland and palate, targets of the sphenopalatine ganglion. NPY-immunoreactive fibers of apparent parasympathetic origin innervated glandular acini in all 3 structures and were also present around small blood vessels in the parotid and intraorbital lacrimal glands. These fibers were presumed to be parasympathetic because they were not affected by removal of the superior cervical ganglion and because their distribution was coextensive with that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity, which we have previously shown to be colocalized with NPY in the cell bodies of otic and sphenopalatine ganglion neurons. In contrast, no NPY-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the iris or ciliary body of acutely sympathectomized rats, suggesting that NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the ciliary ganglion do not normally transport detectable levels of NPY to their terminals. The target specificities of cranial parasympathetic NPY-immunoreactive neurons are different from those of sympathetic NPY-immunoreactive neurons. Sympathetic NPY-immunoreactive fibers innervated the iris and ciliary body, and the blood vessels but not the parenchymal cells of all the glands examined. In contrast, parasympathetic NPY-immunoreactive fibers primarily innervated glandular acini. NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the sphenopalatine ganglion displayed an additional level of specificity in their projection pattern in that they innervated only a subset of the ganglion's array of target glands: they innervated the intraorbital lacrimal gland and the seromucous glands of the palate but not the exorbital lacrimal gland or the glands of the nasal mucosa. The finding that NPY immunoreactivity is present in the parasympathetic innervation of secretory acini in several craniofacial glands raises the possibility that NPY plays a role in the parasympathetic control of glandular secretion. The observed overlap in the distributions of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive fibers in these glands further suggests that NPY may interact with VIP to stimulate secretion.
Cardiac hypertrophy, aging and changes in cardiac ribosomal RNA gene dosage in man.

Abstract The dosage of ribosomal RNA genes was determined in left ventricular myocardium obtained from two young individuals (ages 18 and 20 years), and from three older individuals (ages 64, 73 and 75 years), two of whom were diagnosed to have left ventricular hypertrophy. The technique of RNA-DNA molecular hybridization was employed to determine the gene dosage. The results indicate that there is a significant decline in the dosage of ribosomal RNA genes in the myocardium from the older individuals; the average hybridization level (the parameter of gene dosage) was 0.096% (range: 0.092 to 0.100%) for the young myocardium, and 0.068% (range: 0.063 to 0.076%) for the older myocardium. Within the older age group the hybridization level for the one tissue judged to be non-hypertrophic was essentially identical in its dosage to the tissues derived from hypertrophic myocardium. These results, which are highly consistent with earlier studies on canine tissues, are interpreted to suggest that: (1) a ribosomal RNA gene loss such as that measured in aging myocardium may impose limitations on the rate of RNA synthesis, and thus indirectly cause abnormally low rates of protein synthesis within the myocardium during periods of stress, and (2) that such restrictions on the maximum rate of protein synthesis may account for the decreased ability of aged myocardium to respond to increased work loads, and the reduced contractility characteristic of aging muscle, hypertrophic myocardium and the failing heart.
Social work contribution to a comprehensive model of mourning: the experience of bereaved families of fire-fighters killed on 9/11/01

AbstractRecent research on the grief process supports the need to create a comprehensive model of mourning that more fully incorporates reactions to unexpected traumatic losses as well as to expected losses from illness. A more comprehensive model also needs to reflect an understanding not only of adaptation hampered by emotional problems and pathologies but also of resilient adaptation. Lastly, it requires an exploration of extrinsic factors affecting the mourning process as well as intrinsic factors – those that are intrapsychic, psychological, and emotional. Research has generally focused on individual intrinsic factors that affect the mourning experience. This article considers more recently identified extrinsic factors that can temporarily delay even resilient adaptations to the mourning process. It draws on both clinical and research experiences with a long-term (5-year) social work intervention with a cohort of 50 bereaved widows and children of fire-fighters who lost their lives as a result of the...
Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes

Research in electronic nanomaterials, historically dominated by studies of nanocrystals/fullerenes and nanowires/nanotubes, now incorporates a growing focus on sheets with nanoscale thicknesses, referred to as nanomembranes. Such materials have practical appeal because their two-dimensional geometries facilitate integration into devices, with realistic pathways to manufacturing. Recent advances in synthesis provide access to nanomembranes with extraordinary properties in a variety of configurations, some of which exploit quantum and other size-dependent effects. This progress, together with emerging methods for deterministic assembly, leads to compelling opportunities for research, from basic studies of two-dimensional physics to the development of applications of heterogeneous electronics.
Enhancing Radiotherapy With Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme Inhibitors: A Rational Advance?

Results of preclinical studies suggesting that the efficacy of molecular therapies is enhanced when they are combined with radiation have generated a surge of clinical trials combining these modalities. We reviewed the literature to identify the rationale and experimental foundation supporting the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors with standard radiotherapy regimens in current clinical trials. Radiation affects the ability of cells to divide and proliferate and induces the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways that promote cell survival or trigger cell death. Future advances in radiotherapy will hinge on understanding mechanisms by which radiation-induced transcription of genes governs cell death and survival, the selective control of this process, and the optimal approaches to combining this knowledge with existing therapeutic modalities. COX-2 is expressed in all stages of cancer, and in several cancers its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that COX-2-derived prostaglandins participate in carcinogenesis, inflammation, immune response suppression, apoptosis inhibition, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Clinical trial results have demonstrated that selective inhibition of COX-2 can alter the development and the progression of cancer. In animal models, selective inhibition of COX-2 activity is associated with the enhanced radiation sensitivity of tumors without appreciably increasing the effects of radiation on normal tissue, and preclinical evidence suggests that the principal mechanism of radiation potentiation through selective COX-2 inhibition is the direct increase in cellular radiation sensitivity and the direct inhibition of tumor neovascularization. Results of current early-phase studies of non-small-cell lung, esophageal, cervical, and brain cancers will determine whether therapies that combine COX-2 inhibitors and radiation will enter randomized clinical trials.
Humoral immune responses to phocine herpesvirus-1 in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) during an outbreak of clinical disease.

Abstract Infection with phocine herpesvirus type-1 (PHV-1) has been associated with morbidity and high mortality in neonatal harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ). A PHV-1 specific indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to sequentially measure the serological status of 106 harbor seal neonates admitted to a Pacific coast rehabilitation center (total number of sera tested was 371). Early in the season (February–April), the majority of pups had low serum levels of PHV-1 specific antibody. A dramatic increase in PHV-1 specific antibody, involving the majority of hospitalized pups, was observed during a 4-week period in May. This coincided with a high incidence of PHV-1 associated adrenal lesions and mortality. Although there was overall agreement between the timing of seroconversion to PHV-1 and histological evidence of PHV-1 infection, 82.4% of individual pups with adrenalitis had no evidence of a humoral response to PHV-1 at the time of their death. This suggests either a rapid disease course, or an inability to develop a humoral response in some neonatal seals.
High-performance liquid Chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of N-aryloxazolinones, N-aryl thiazolinones and their sulfur derivatives on a synthetic chiral stationary phase

Forty atropisomers, generally described as N-aryloxazolinones, N-arylthiazolinones, and their thiono analogs, have been synthesized and the enantiomers of these compounds have been found to be easily separated on the synthetically derived chiral stationary phase now known as the WHELK-O 1. The observed retentions, elution orders (when known) and extents of enantioselectivity suggest that these enantiodifferentiations occur by a mechanism consistent with the chiral recognition rationale used to develop this chiral stationary phase.
Machines, social attributions, and ethopoeia

We show that individuals use inappropriate social rules in assessing machine behavior. Explanations of ignorance and individuals' views of machines as proxies for humans are shown to be inadequate; instead, individuals' responses to technology are shown to be inconsistent with their espoused beliefs. In two laboratory studies, computer-literate college students used computers for tutoring and testing. The first study (n = 22) demonstrates that subjects using a computer that praised itself believed that it was more helpful, contributed more to the subject's test score, and was more responsive than did subjects using a computer that criticized itself, although the tutoring and testing sessions were identical. In the second study (n = 44), the praise or criticism came from either the computer that did the tutoring or a different computer. Subjects responded as if they attributed a "self" and self-focused attributions (termed "ethopoeia") to the computers. Specifically, subjects responses followed the rules "other-praise is more valid and friendlier than self-praise", "self-criticism is friendlier than other-criticism", and "criticizers are smarter than praisers" to evaluate the computers, although the subjects claimed to believe that these rules should not be applied to computers.
The effect of intraocular pressure on the facility of outflow.

In over 600 open angle eyes subjected to 5-min tonography the intraocular pressure was further increased by seleral compression during the entire third minute. An additional 500 eyes subjected to tonography but without scleral compression served as controls. In the compressed eyes the tonography trace after compression was the approximate visual extension of the trace before compression. Comparison between the calculated tonographic outflow facilities before and during compression showed a decreased facility during the latter period. A reasonable interpretation is that the facility of outflow is pressure sensitive although other interpretations cannot be excluded.
Cooperative translational control of gene expression by Ras and Akt in cancer

Ras and Akt are signaling proteins that mediate fundamental aspects of normal growth and development in many organisms. When the Ras and Akt pathways become overly active, malignant transformation of normal tissue can occur. The combined activity of these two proteins has generated the transformation of human cell cultures and tumor formation in mice. In this review we highlight malignant glioma as a tumor type in which Ras and Akt pathways cooperate to cause tumorigenesis and regulate translation. The downstream components of these pathways have provided therapeutic targets that are currently being tested in clinical trials.
Intracochlear infusion of buthionine sulfoximine potentiates carboplatin ototoxicity in the chinchilla

The aim of this experiment was to determine if buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, enhances the ototoxicity of carboplatin. Osmotic pumps were used to infuse BSO into the right cochleas of 12 adult chinchillas for 14 days. The left cochleas served as controls. Animals were assigned to three groups: a drug control group that did not receive carboplatin, a group that received a single dose of carboplatin (25 mg/kg i.p.), and a group that received a double dose of carboplatin (25 mg/kg i.p. x 2), with 4 days between injections. Carboplatin was administered after three days of BSO pre-treatment. Ototoxicity was assessed with evoked potentials recorded from electrodes implanted in the inferior colliculi (ICPs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and cochleograms. BSO infusion itself caused no long-term functional or morphological changes. One of four animals treated with it single dose of carboplatin showed a significant loss of inner hair cells (IHCs), with greater loss in the BSO-treated ear. All animals in the double-dose carboplatin group showed marked differences between BSO-treated and control ears. Average IHC losses were 59% in BSO-treated ears vs. 18% in control ears. Moreover, BSO-treated ears sustained significantly greater outer hair cell (OHC) losses than control ears (37% vs. 2%, respectively). ICP and DPOAE response amplitudes were reduced slightly in BSO-treated ears relative to control ears, consistent with their greater hair cell loss. The results clearly show that BSO can enhance carboplatin ototoxicity in the chinchilla, supporting a role of GSH and reactive oxygen species in platinum ototoxicity.
Veterinary antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations inhibit soil iron reduction and nitrification

Abstract Veterinary antibiotics used in food animal production, subsequently entering the agroecosystem through land application of animal manure, constitute a growing concern. Previous studies have reported inhibitory effects of antibiotics on soil microbial activities, however, treatment concentrations in these studies were often many times greater than the ranges typically found in the environment. When spiked into manure and mixed with soil at environmentally relevant concentrations in a laboratory study, sulfadimethoxine and monensin blocked soil iron reduction over periods extending from a few days to the entire 50-Day experiment. Sulfadimethoxine also had an inhibitory effect on soil nitrification periodically over the course of the study. Respiration and community-level physiological profile parameters were not inhibited by sulfadimethoxine, monensin, or chlortetracycline. We conclude that antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations can disrupt soil microbial processes, although the detection of such impact may be antibiotic and/or process specific.
Modeling and design considerations of V/sup 2/ controlled buck regulator

The V/sup 2/ architecture is known for its fast response and simple compensation. A complete small-signal model for a V/sup 2/ controlled buck regulator is presented, which provides useful tools and insights for analysis and design. The capacitive ripple effect ignored in previous work is being considered for the first time. All the small-signal characteristics can be predicted using this model. The analysis is confirmed with experiments. Design guidelines are provided.
De las obras públicas del pueblo”: Investigación interdisciplinar sobre equipamientos e infraestructuras municipales en el Quinientos castellano

El siglo XVI fue particularmente relevante para el tema de los equipamientos e infraestructuras municipales en la Corona de Castilla. En 1922 Vicente Lamperez y Romea acometia la proeza de estudiar el inmenso repertorio de obras, incluidas las edificaciones publicas, que configuran La arquitectura civil espanola de los siglos I al XVIII. Tras los pasos y el legado de tan eminente maestro, iniciamos una investigacion doctoral de caracter interdisciplinar destinada a sistematizar y actualizar un capitulo concreto de tan extenso repertorio arquitectonico, las obras municipales del Renacimiento castellano. Con motivo de la celebracion del II Encuentro Complutense de “Jovenes Investigadores de Historia del Arte” tuvimos la oportunidad de exponer las principales cuestiones abordadas en dicho trabajo, los objetivos planteados y la metodologia empleada. Temas de los que aqui ofrecemos una breve sintesis.
Post-traumatic subgaleal hematoma with subperiosteal orbital extension

Delayed, progressive proptosis is rare following mild head trauma. We describe a case of subperiosteal orbital extension of a subgaleal hematoma and review ten cases from the literature of solitary subperiosteal hematoma and one of subgaleal hematoma with orbital extension. A patient profile, mode of clinical presentation, management options, and an algorithm for management are presented.
R Center in KCl: Electron-Spin-Resonance Studies of the Ground State

A calculation of the $g$ tensor is carried out for the $^{2}E$ ground state of the $R$ center in KCl. The method employs linear combinations of atomic orbitals as wave functions, made up of $F$-center $1s$ states orthogonalized to the occupied states of the crystal, and takes into account the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect and the "many-center" nature of the problem. The positive sign of the $g$ shift $\ensuremath{\delta}{g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ is correctly predicted, and the magnitude is in reasonable agreement with experiment. From studies of the stress dependence of $\ensuremath{\delta}{g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, a value is obtained for the strength of the Jahn-Teller coupling, which is found to be ${k}^{2}=3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ in the notation of Longuet-Higgins, \"Opik, Pryce, and Sack. The effects of random internal strains are found to play an important role, broadening the signal beyond observability at zero applied stress. Estimates of the $R$-center spin-lattice relaxation rate fall considerably short of the experimental value, for which an upper limit is obtained from saturation plots. Experiments to determine the effect of the presence of the $R$ center on the spin-lattice relaxation rate of the $F$ center indicate that the $R$ center forms a significant channel for $F$-center relaxation at large $R$ concentrations, and may not be dismissed as a possible relaxation channel at very low $R$ concentrations.
The longitudinal and dyadic effects of mutuality on perceived stress for stroke survivors and their spousal caregivers

Objective: Functional impairment resulting from a stroke frequently requires the care of a family caregiver, often the spouse. This change in the relationship can be stressful for the couple. Thus, this study examined the longitudinal, dyadic relationship between caregivers’ and stroke survivors’ mutuality and caregivers’ and stroke survivors’ perceived stress. Method: This secondary data analysis of 159 stroke survivors and their spousal caregivers utilized a cross-lagged, mixed models analysis with the actor–partner interdependence model to examine the dyadic relationship between mutuality and perceived stress over the first year post-discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Results: Caregivers’ mutuality showed an actor effect (β = −3.82, p < 0.0001) but not a partner effect. Thus, caregivers’ mutuality influenced one's own perceived stress but not the stroke survivors’ perceived stress. Stroke survivors’ perceived stress showed a partner effect and affected caregivers’ perceived stress (β = 0.13, p = ...
Geometrically constrained single crystal slip

Determination theorique de la deformation plastique par glissement pres des serrages dans un essai de traction. Le monocristal pres des serrages subit une rotation de reseau, une pour chaque systeme de glissement actif. Representation de ces rotations
Experimental and Computational Study of the Kinetics of OH + Pyridine and Its Methyl- and Ethyl-Substituted Derivatives

The overall rate constants for the reaction of OH with pyridine, its three monosubstituted methyl derivative isomers (the picolines), its six disubstituted methyl derivative isomers (the lutidines), and its three monosubstituted ethyl derivative isomers have been measured using the turbulent flow technique with high-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry at 100 Torr pressure and 298 K. A structure−reactivity relationship model for parametrizing the OH rate constants based on the type and position of the methyl and ethyl substituents on the pyridine ring has been constructed, and similar accuracy to that previously obtained for benzene derivative rate data is achieved. Transition state theory calculations have been performed to explore the substituent effect on the observed OH rate constants. The atmospheric implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the role of pyridinated compounds in the ionic composition of the troposphere.
The accelerating effect of adrenalectomy on regrowth of hair in the rat; regrowth of hair in parabiotic rats, one partner being adrenalectomized.

IN a previous paper (Zeckwer, 1953), it was shown that the accelerating effect of adrenalectomy on regrowth of hair in the rat does not depend on the presence in the anterior pituitary of granulated acidophils. Thus in thyroidectomized rats with pituitaries devoid of acidophil granules there was accelerated regrowth of hair following adrenalectomy, although such regrowth had a longer lag period than in adrenalectomized rats with thyroids intact. Evidence was presented that the regrowth of hair after adrenalectomy might be due to an increased secretion by the pituitary of somatotrophic hormone (STH). Whatever the growth promoting substance may be, and, in particular, whether or not it is STH, remains for future work to reveal. In the meantime it is of interest to find out whether the substance promoting hair growth is sufficiently increased in amount after adrenalectomy to pass across to a parabiotic partner.
The role of inter‐ and intra‐links in the transformation of folded chain lamellae into microfibrils

In this study we investigate the effect of crystallization rate on the extensibility (draw ratio) of spherulitic polyethylene film uniaxially deformed at room temperature. Draw ratios for deformed films increased with increasing crystallization temperature. Transmission electron microscopy of the microfibrillar structures revealed and interconnected network of fibrils. The degree of connectivity between microfibrils was found to decrease with increasing-crystallization temperature. A model of the deformation process is developed in which inter- and intra-link (extended chain fibers formed during crystallization) distribute the applied stress, initiate the micronecking process and influence the amount of chain unfolding during drawing.
Intravenous iron replacement for persistent iron deficiency anemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Iron deficiency is a major postoperative complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Oral replacement can fail to correct the deficiency. Thus, recourse to parenteral iron administration might be necessary. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a standardized 2 g intravenous iron dextran infusion in the treatment of iron deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The setting was a university-affiliated community hospital in the United States. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 23 patients at our institution who had received 2 g of iron dextran intravenously for recalcitrant iron deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. We obtained the demographic data and the complete blood count and serum iron studies obtained before treatment and at outpatient visits after infusion. Results Before treatment, all 23 patients were iron deficient (average ferritin 6 ng/mL) and anemic (average hemoglobin 9.4 g/dL). By 3 months, the average ferritin and hemoglobin had increased to 269 ng/mL and 12.3 g/dL, respectively. The hemoglobin levels remained stable throughout the follow-up period. The iron stores were adequately replaced in most patients. Four patients required a repeat infusion by 1 year, because the ferritin levels had decreased to Conclusion Intravenous administration of 2 g of iron dextran corrects the anemia and repletes the iron stores for ≥1 year in most patients. This therapy is safe, tolerable, efficient, and effective.
The contribution of expectations to motion sickness symptoms and gastric activity

Objective: The goal of this investigation was to determine in healthy adults the effect of expectation manipulations on the development of motion sickness, as indicated by abnormal gastric myoelectric activity and subjective reports of symptoms of motion sickness. Method: Eighty participants, moderately susceptible to motion sickness, experienced one of four conditions created from a two-variable (Expectation, Drum), two-factor model (High/Low expectation for sickness; Rotating/Stable Drum). The electrogastrogram (EGG) was recorded 6 min prior to the expectation manipulation; 6 min following the expectation manipulation; 6 min before drum activation; and 16 min during drum activation. Self-report questionnaires indicating expectation for sickness (MSEx) and motion sickness symptoms (Nausea Profile [NP]) were obtained following the expectation manipulation and exposure to the drum, respectively. Results: No significant differences were observed among expectation groups for retrospective reports of motion sickness (NP); however, significant differences in EGG responses to drum rotation were obtained. The unexpected results of a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly greater gastric tachyarrhythmia and less normal activity, an indication of motion sickness, in the low expectation for sickness conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest that inducing a high expectation for sickness in healthy individuals about to be exposed to provocative motion results in a protective effect from motion sickness following exposure to the stimulus, while low expectations may induce abnormal gastric activity.
THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR DISCOLORATION IN FRESH MEAT: A REVIEW

The color of fresh meat is an extremely important characteristic influencing the consumer's purchase decision. The stability of pigments in meat is highly variable and is governed by a variety of factors. The effects of exogenous factors (i.e., storage and display conditions) have been well researched. The control of these variables currently offers the best means for maximizing meat color stability. Biochemical factors which are inherent to the meat itself have received far less research attention and an understanding of these presents the greatest potential for prolonging color stability in fresh meat.
Russian anti-semitism and the scapegoating of Jews

Throughout Russian history, Jews have often been blamed when turmoil has arisen in the country. It is surprising, therefore, that Russian politics in the 1990s focused so little on Jews as a source of the political and economic crises afflicting the country. This article investigates anti-Jewish attitudes in Russia over time and cross-sectionally, carefully scrutinizing the hypothesis that perceptions of economic, social and political upheaval activate latent authoritarianism into anti-Semitism. Little if any support is found for the hypothesis and therefore it is argued that scapegoat theory, as currently constituted and applied to Jews, is too simplistic to be useful. Russian Jews were not subject to intolerance and repression in the 1990s because anti-Semitic beliefs were not widespread enough to be used successfully by political entrepreneurs seeking advantage through attacks on Jews.
Skeletal muscle fatigue and physical endurance of young and old mice

In order to evaluate the role played by muscular and extramuscular factors in the development of fatigue in old age, the time course of fatigue in isolated skeletal muscles and spontaneous motor activity and endurance of whole animals were monitored using young (3-6 months) and old (34-36 months) CF57BL/6J mice. The isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles from old mice had smaller (P < 0.05) mass and developed lower (P < 0.02) maximal tetanic tension at 100-Hz stimulation than the muscles of young mice. During stimulation at 30 Hz every 2.5 s, a 50% decline in original tetanic tension occurred by 109 s in young EDL and 129 s in old EDL, but by 482 s in young soleus and 1134 s (projected) in old soleus, indicating more (P < 0.05) resistance to fatigue in old than young soleus. However, the old mice showed significantly fewer (P < 0.002) spontaneous ambulatory movements than the young mice. On a treadmill with a belt speed of 10 m/min at an inclination of 0 degrees, the old mice could only run for 22 min compared to 39 min ran by young mice (P < 0.02). They took more rest periods (P< 0.02) than the young mice. In a quantitative swimming monitor, the old mice swam for a shorter (P < 0.05) time than young mice (20.4 min compared to 28.6 min). Integrated swimming activity at 20 min was smaller (P < 0.05) in old mice than in young mice (413 g/s compared to 628 g/s). Hence increased fatigue in old age is not caused by impairment of processes within the muscles, but by impairment of central or extramuscular processes.
Plasticization effects on environmental craze microstructure

Environmental crazes were grown in thin films of polystyrene (PS) using the homologous series of alcohols, CH3OH, C2H5OH, n-C3H9OH and n-C4H9OH. The films were bonded to copper grids, strained to below the minimum crazing strain in air and exposed to the vapour of the various alcohols. The craze microstructure, as measured quantitatively by transmission electron microscopy, varies significantly along the series. The craze fibril volume-fraction, Vf, decreases monotonically from 0.25 for methanol, which depresses the glass transition temperature, Tg, of PS to 91° C, to 0.09 for n-butanol, which depresses Tg of PS to 71° C. All these slowly-growing vapour crazes thicken by drawing more fibrillar material from the craze surfaces rather than by fibril creep. The large decrease in Vf along the series of alcohols cannot be due to a change in the chain-entanglement molecular weight, as a result of swelling by the alcohols, but must result rather from an easier slippage of molecular entanglements in the drawing glassy fibrils. The large decrease in Vf from methanol to butanol crazes must also enhance the nucleation of cracks within these crazes, as evidenced by the ten-fold decrease in the environmental fatigue life of PS along the series from methanol to butanol.
BEHAVIORAL OBSERAVATIONS IN THE INITIAL EVALUATION OF CHILD ABUSE

Relatively little is known of the immediate effects of chronic physical abuse on the behavior of the child. These effects are important since certain interactions and behaviors in the abused child might be considered characteristic or even diagnostic of the abuse syndrome. The following observations, made particularly during the first 24 hours of care, can be considered highly suggestive of the child abuse syndrome or of “inadequate parent-child relationship": 1. Postural Compliance: retention of passively positioned awkward postures in the child of approx. 6 mos. to 4 years. 2. Behavioral Compliance: non-combative acceptance of painful or uncomfortable procedures such as venipuncture. 3. Inappropriate Interpersonal Interactions: rejection of parents and/or inappropriate affection for medical personnel in the age range usually associated with marked dependence on parent-child bond for protection and comfort. 4. Frozen Watchfulness (Ounsted): characteristic flat affect accompanied by intensive gaze fixation upon adults in the immediate vicinity of the child. 5. Role Confusion: inappropriate comforting of the parent by the young child or unusual demands by the parent which exceed the child's stage of emotional development. Analysis of more than 100 abuse cases in our institution over an 18 mos. period emphasizes the prevalence of these behavioral observations as compared to patterns seen in a control group. Behavioral observation is a diagnostic tool in assessing the Child Abuse syndrome.
A tensile, flexural model for the initiation of subduction

We argue that subduction may be initiated at passive continental margins without shortening the lithosphere. Overcoming the lithosphere's high compressive strength requires special circumstances, and these make it difficult to explain the nearly complete recycling of old sea-floor. Instead, we present a model that predicts tensile decoupling of the continental and oceanic lithosphere, passive rifting, and foundering of the seafloor beneath material welling up in the rift. This occurs because the lithosphere in a new ocean basin establishes mechanical continuity with the continent at a depth comparable to mid-ocean ridges. Later subsidence at the margin is therefore inhibited by flexure, which implies shear stresses that promote fault slip and tensile stresses necessary to balance the component of the plate's weight directed down the margin slope. We show that this tension can more than offset ridge push. In our model, an important additional tension arises from basal shear tractions resisting the plate's motion away from the mid-ocean ridge, although these tractions cannot be evaluated with confidence. Slip on a high-angle fault decouples the oceanic and continental lithosphere when shear stresses arising from flexure and the applied tension exceed the lithosphere's shear strength under these loads. A passive rift then forms, allowing a mantle column to rise to the height of mid-ocean ridges, over 3 km above the old seafloor, and flow onto the surface in a gravity current. This load flexes the plate downwards, which enhances the flow and lets the old oceanic lithosphere founder. This model is consistent with the presence of oceanic material in continental forearcs and the youth of ophiolites when they are obducted, as both might be explained by rifting a margin and underthrusting the juvenile crust formed there. Boninites in ophiolite complexes and tectonites at their bases show depleted and hydrated geochemistries consistent with the melting of rifted mantle lithosphere that receives volatiles from foundering oceanic crust.
Expression Patterns of Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Erythrocytes Are Both Patient- and Treatment-Specific During Childhood

Background Treatment-associated fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression patterns in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to compare HbF expression profiles (HbF and F-cells) in the peripheral blood of pediatric SCD patients receiving hydroxyurea (HU), chronic transfusions (Tx) or no chronic therapy (Ctrl).
Fragile histidine triad gene expression in primary prostate cancer and in an in vitro model.

BACKGROUND The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) is frequently deleted and altered in many human cancers. Replacement of the FHIT gene into cancer cell lines lacking FHIT expression results in loss of tumorigenicity and tumor growth. METHODS We investigated the status and function of the FHIT gene in the etiology of prostate carcinoma, utilizing human prostate cancer tissues and cell lines and the multistep human prostate epithelial (HPE) cell tumor model. RESULTS In primary cancers, either no FHIT protein expression or greatly reduced expression was observed in the tumor cells, while FHIT was expressed at high levels in the adjacent normal prostate epithelia. No aberrant FHIT transcripts were observed in normal HPE cells. Aberrant transcripts were observed in the immortalized and nontumorigenic HPV-18 C-1 cell line. A tumor cell line (129 Nu 5002-1) derived from chemical transformation of HPV-18 C-1 cells did not express the FHIT gene. Immunoblot analysis of FHIT protein levels confirmed the absence of FHIT expression in the 129 Nu 5002-1 tumor cell line. Among the metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, and S7 exhibited aberrant transcripts, but the LNCaP cell line (early passage) was normal. Upon cloning of the cDNA and determining the DNA sequence of the PCR fragments, we observed specific alterations such as deletions and insertions in the aberrant transcripts. A majority of prostate cancer cell lines expressed the normal-sized transcript in addition to the aberrant transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that alterations in the FHIT gene represent an early event in prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 43:101–110, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient Singlet Fission Discovered in a Disordered Acene Film

Singlet exciton fission is a process that occurs in select organic semiconductors and entails the splitting of a singlet excited state into two lower triplet excitons located on adjacent chromophores. Research examining this phenomenon has recently seen a renaissance due to the potential to exploit singlet fission within the context of organic photovoltaics to prepare devices with the ability to circumvent the Shockley–Queisser limit. To date, high singlet fission yields have only been reported for crystalline or polycrystalline materials, suggesting that molecular disorder inhibits singlet fission. Here, we report the results of ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved emission experiments performed on 5,12-diphenyl tetracene (DPT). Unlike tetracene, which tends to form polycrystalline films when vapor deposited, DPT’s pendant phenyl groups frustrate crystal growth, yielding amorphous films. Despite the high level of disorder in these films, we find that DPT exhibits a surprisingly high singlet f...
Systematic Renormalization in Hamiltonian Light-Front Field Theory

We develop a systematic method for computing a renormalized light-front field theory Hamiltonian that can lead to bound states that rapidly converge in an expansion in free-particle Fock-space sectors. To accomplish this without dropping any Fock sectors from the theory, and to regulate the Hamiltonian, we suppress the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian between free-particle Fock-space states that differ in free mass by more than a cutoff. The cutoff violates a number of physical principles of the theory, and thus the Hamiltonian is not just the canonical Hamiltonian with masses and couplings redefined by renormalization. Instead, the Hamiltonian must be allowed to contain all operators that are consistent with the unviolated physical principles of the theory. We show that if we require the Hamiltonian to produce cutoff-independent physical quantities and we require it to respect the unviolated physical principles of the theory, then its matrix elements are uniquely determined in terms of the fundamental parameters of the theory. This method is designed to be applied to QCD, but for simplicity, we illustrate our method by computing and analyzing second- and third-order matrix elements of the Hamiltonian in massless phi-cubed theory in six dimensions.
Role of Nrf2 in preventing ethanol-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation

Oxidative stress and lipid accumulation play important roles in alcohol-induced liver injury. Previous reports showed that, in livers of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-activated mice, genes involved in antioxidant defense are induced, whereas genes involved in lipid biosynthesis are suppressed. To investigate the role of Nrf2 in ethanol-induced hepatic alterations, Nrf2-null mice, wild-type mice, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-knockdown (Keap1-KD) mice with enhanced Nrf2, and Keap1-hepatocyte knockout (Keap1-HKO) mice with maximum Nrf2 activation, were treated with ethanol (5 g/kg, po). Blood and liver samples were collected 6h thereafter. Ethanol increased alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in serum of Nrf2-null and wild-type mice, but not in Nrf2-enhanced mice. After ethanol administration, mitochondrial glutathione concentrations decreased markedly in Nrf2-null mice but not in Nrf2-enhanced mice. H(2)DCFDA staining of primary hepatocytes isolated from the four genotypes of mice indicates that oxidative stress was higher in Nrf2-null cells, and lower in Nrf2-enhanced cells than in wild-type cells. Ethanol increased serum triglycerides and hepatic free fatty acids in Nrf2-null mice, and these increases were blunted in Nrf2-enhanced mice. In addition, the basal mRNA and nuclear protein levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(Srebp-1) were decreased with graded Nrf2 activation. Ethanol further induced Srebp-1 mRNA in Nrf2-null mice but not in Nrf2-enhanced mice. In conclusion, Nrf2 activation prevented alcohol-induced oxidative stress and accumulation of free fatty acids in liver by increasing genes involved in antioxidant defense and decreasing genes involved in lipogenesis.
The components of atmospheric light extinction: A survey of ground-level budgets

Abstract A systematic examination of published U.S. field studies shows regional patterns in the relative contributions of various components to atmospheric extinction. Of the non-Rayleigh extinction observed at 525 nm, scattering by fine particles accounts for 75%–95% in the rural and urban East, 50%–75% in the rural West, and 35%–75% in the urban West. The relative importance of absorption by gases and particles, and of scattering by coarse particles, is greatest in the rural and urban West. Absolute absorption coefficients are highest in eastern and western cities. The spatial and seasonal coverage of high-quality studies is limited, with no data yet available for the Northwest or for eastern cities during winter.
Infrared laser ablation of polymers

Ablation produced by 10.6 μm laser irradiation of eleven polymers is reported. Polymers which formed a carbonaceous residue were found to have much higher ablation energies than cleanly ablating polymers. All non-char forming polymers studied had observed laser ablation energies in the range 3.4-3.9 KJ/g except for poly (α-methylstyrene) which had a value of 2.4 KJ/g. The low value forpoly (α-methylstyrene) is attributed to an exceptionally efficient depolymerization. The observed ablation energy of poly (methyl methacrylate) was found to decrease with increasing irradiance up to about 15 watts/cm2, reaching a constant value of 3.5 KJ/g at irradiances between 20 and 2600 watts/cm2. The proposed process of laser ablation is one that involves random fragmentation resulting from the accumulation of vibronic energy.
Innate and adaptive immunosenescence.

Objective To review the effect of increasing age on the immune system and some of its clinical implications. Data Sources MEDLINE and PubMed searches were performed cross-referencing the keywords immunosenescence , aging , and immunity . Articles were reviewed for additional citations. Study Selection Articles were reviewed and selected based on relevance to subject matter. Results The study of immunosenescence is complex and not completely understood. Aging affects both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. With increased age, there may be a decrease in phagocytosis, alteration of cellular migration, changes in cell populations and numbers, and a decreased ability to produce specific antibodies. Clinically, these changes potentially increase morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals through an increased rate of infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Conclusions The process of aging is accompanied by diverse changes in immunity. Several therapeutic approaches are under investigation, including cytokine therapy, hormonal replacement, antioxidant supplementation, and caloric restriction, to attenuate or potentially reverse immunosenescence.
Stability and robustness analysis of a linear time-periodic system subjected to random perturbations

Abstract In this work, new methods of guaranteeing the stability of linear time periodic dynamical systems with stochastic perturbations are presented. In the approaches presented here, the Lyapunov–Floquet (L–F) transformation is applied first so that the linear time-periodic part of the equations becomes time-invariant. For the linear time periodic system with stochastic perturbations, a stability theorem and related corollary have been suggested using the results previously obtained by Infante. This technique is not only applicable to systems with stochastic parameters but also to systems with deterministic variation in parameters. Some illustrative examples are presented to show the practical applications. These methods can be used to investigate the degree of robustness and design controllers for systems with time periodic coefficients subjected to random perturbations.
Deep(EST) colour-magnitude diagrams of clusters

Color-magnitude diagrams are presented for the open cluster NGC 2158 and globular clusters Pal 4 and NGC 1904.