cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two approaches to the extension problem for arbitrary weights over finite module alphabets

The extension problem underlies notions of code equivalence. Two approaches to the extension problem are described. One is a matrix approach that reduces the general problem for weights to one for symmetrized weight compositions. The other is a monoid algebra approach that reframes the extension problem in terms of modules over the monoid algebra determined by the multiplicative monoid of a finite ring.
Diffuse H I Disks in Isolated Galaxies

In order to investigate the contribution of diffuse components to their total H I emission, we have obtained high-precision H I line flux densities with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope for a sample of 100 isolated spiral and irregular galaxies which we have previously observed with the 43 m telescope. A comparison of the observed H I line fluxes obtained with the two different telescopes, characterized by half-power beam widths of 9' and 21', respectively, exploits a "beam-matching" technique to yield a statistical determination of the occurrence of diffuse H I components in their disks. A simple model of the H I distribution within a galaxy well describes ~75% of the sample and accounts for all of the H I line flux density. The remaining galaxies are approximately evenly divided into two categories: those which appear to possess a significantly more extensive H I distribution than the model predicts, and those for which the H I distribution is more centrally concentrated than predicted. Examples of both extremes can be found in the literature, but little attention has been paid to the centrally concentrated H I systems. Our sample has demonstrated that galaxies do not commonly possess extended regions of low surface brightness H I gas which is not accounted for by our current understanding of the structure of H I disks. Eight H I-rich companions to the target objects are identified, and a set of extragalactic H I line flux density calibrators is presented.
Ijtihad Through the Lens of Critical Theory

This article examines the methodologies of two prominent contemporary Muslim jurists, Ayatollah Ali Al-Sistani and Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, in negotiating between the vast body of Islamic legal literature that discusses marital law within a commercial contract law framework, and modern liberal perspectives about gender equality in marriage. More broadly, the article assesses the trajectory of ijtihad, an Islamic juristic concept that can be roughly translated as “independent reasoning,” in the modern and post-modern period through the lens of critical theory. Such an investigation is necessary because the monopoly of independent legal reasoning by traditional Islamic scholars, who are well-versed in the Islamic sciences but tend to lack sufficient grounding in contemporary moral and political discourses necessary to respond to the challenges of modernity, is a fundamental threat to the viability of the Sharia. Ultimately, this piece argues that the scope of ijtihad must be widened to focus on broad conceptual, methodological, and structural principles of jurisprudence rather than serve as a tool for adjudicating individual cases.
Granulation in UASB Reactors

The state of knowledge on the microbiological aspects of granular methanogenic sludge in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors is reviewed. Granular methanogenic sludge has been observed in a variety of upflow reactors, which is in agreement with the hypothesis that these systems select for well settling sludges. In methanogenic UASB reactors various types of well settling sludges have been observed. Microscopic and kinetic evidence suggests that acetoclastic Methanothrix -like organisms play an important role in determining which type of sludge will develop under methanogenic conditions. The mechanism of granulation still remains obscure. Extracellular material indoubtedly plays a major role as a matrix which keeps the cells together. Scanning electron microscopic evidence for the presence of extracellular material is available, but transmission electron microscopy has failed to validate the hypothesis that exopolysaccharides are the dominant components in this matrix.
College Quality and Employee Job Performance: Evidence from Naval Officers

This study analyzes the effects of college quality and individual academic background on selected job performance measures for officers working in professional and managerial jobs in the U.S. Navy. The study analyzes performance indicators at selected career points for cohorts in two occupational groups. Among staff personnel, who perform mostly administrative and support functions, the authors find that graduates of private schools, regardless of college quality, received better performance appraisals than did other officers. Among line personnel, who perform jobs on ships and submarines and in aviation, graduates of top-rated schools, both public and private, received better appraisals during the early career period. Within both occupational groups, graduates of top-rated private schools were more likely than other officers to be promoted at the up-or-out point. The results are consistent with prior studies that find an earnings premium attached to attendance at elite private colleges.
Quantum gates using linear optics and postselection

Recently it was realized that linear optics and photodetectors with feedback can be used for theoretically efficient quantum information processing. The first of three steps toward efficient linear optics quantum computation is to design a simple postselected gate that implements a nonlinear phase shift on one mode. Here a computational strategy is given for finding postselected gates for bosonic qubits with helper photons. A more efficient conditional sign flip gate is obtained. What is the maximum efficiency for such gates? This question is posed and it is shown that the probability of success cannot be 1.
Bacterial diversity differences along an epigenic cave stream reveal evidence of community dynamics, succession, and stability

Unchanging physicochemical conditions and nutrient sources over long periods of time in cave and karst subsurface habitats, particularly aquifers, can support stable ecosystems, termed autochthonous microbial endokarst communities (AMEC). AMEC existence is unknown for other karst settings, such as epigenic cave streams. Conceptually, AMEC should not form in streams due to faster turnover rates and seasonal disturbances that have the capacity to transport large quantities of water and sediment and to change allochthonous nutrient and organic matter sources. Our goal was to investigate whether AMEC could form and persist in hydrologically active, epigenic cave streams. We analyzed bacterial diversity from cave water, sediments, and artificial substrates (Bio-Traps®) placed in the cave at upstream and downstream locations. Distinct communities existed for the water, sediments, and Bio-Trap® samplers. Throughout the study period, a subset of community members persisted in the water, regardless of hydrological disturbances. Stable habitat conditions based on flow regimes resulted in more than one contemporaneous, stable community throughout the epigenic cave stream. However, evidence for AMEC was insufficient for the cave water or sediments. Community succession, specifically as predictable exogenous heterotrophic microbial community succession, was evident from decreases in community richness from the Bio-Traps®, a peak in Bio-Trap® community biomass, and from changes in the composition of Bio-Trap® communities. The planktonic community was compositionally similar to Bio-Trap® initial colonizers, but the downstream Bio-Trap® community became more similar to the sediment community at the same location. These results can help in understanding the diversity of planktonic and attached microbial communities from karst, as well as microbial community dynamics, stability, and succession during disturbance or contamination responses over time.
Joining the Regulatory Fold

T hepolice profession hasmuch to gain by recognizing its kinship with a broad range of regulatory professions. Law-enforcement agencies, security and intelligence organizations, and social regulatory agencies all exist primarily to protect society from a variety of harms. Such harms include crime, pollution, occupational hazards, transportation hazards, corruption, discrimination, various forms of exploitation, food contamination, terrorism, and risks from unsafe commercial products. The core task for such organizations is to identify harms, risks, dangers, or threats of one kind or another, and then either eliminate them, reduce their frequency, mitigate their effects, prevent them, or suppress them, and, by so doing, provide citizens higher levels of safety and security. Agencies with risk-control tasks at the core of their mission are a special breed, and can learn a great deal from one another. They are fundamentally different from the other half of government, which provides citizens with services such as education, health care, welfare, or public transportation systems. Enforcement and regulatory agencies accomplish their task principally by constraining the behavior of citizens or industry. They deliver protection fromharmprimarily through the delivery of obligations, and they use the coercive power of the state to back up that delivery! Theymay, on occasions, restrict business practices, seize property, suspend licenses, and even deprive individuals of their liberty or life. Not surprisingly, given their use of such powers, these agencies are scrutinized and criticized more for their uses and abuses of power than for their uses and abuses of public funds. The price paid by society—in terms of governmental intrusion, loss of liberty, and imposed restrictions—has to be worth it in terms of risks reduced, harms prevented, or dangers mitigated.
A source generator based modeling framework for synthesis of speech under stress

The objective of this paper is to formulate an algorithm to generate stressed synthetic speech from neutral speech using a source generator framework previously employed for stressed speech recognition. The following goals are addressed (i) identify the most visible indicators of stress as perceived by the listener in stressed speaking styles such as loud, Lombard effect and angry, (ii) develop a mathematical model for representing speech production under stressed conditions, and (iii) employ the above model to produce emotional/stressed synthetic speech from neutral speech. The stress modeling scheme is applied to an existing low-bit rate CELP speech coder in order to investigate (i) the coder's ability and limitations reproducing stressed synthetic speech, and (ii) our ability to perturb coded neutral speech parameters at the synthesis stage so that resulting speech is perceived as being under stress. Two stress perturbation algorithms are proposed and evaluated. Results from formal listener evaluations show that 87% of neutral perturbed speech was indeed perceived as stressed.
Complete next-to-leading order QCD description of resonant Z ′ production and decay into t t ¯ final states

We discuss QCD radiative corrections to the production of a heavy neutral resonance ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ at the LHC assuming that it decays into a $t\overline{t}$ final state. Compared to previous studies, our computation includes top quark decays as well as interference between the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ signal process and the QCD $t\overline{t}$ background. The interference contribution appears for the first time at next-to-leading order QCD and requires new one-loop amplitudes that are not present when signal and background are treated separately. We describe some examples of how QCD radiative corrections may influence both the exclusion limits and studies of properties of the new resonance, once it is discovered.
Physicochemical behavior and cytotoxic effects of p(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) nanospheres for oral delivery of proteins

The challenges faced to orally deliver therapeutic agents with unfavorable physicochemical properties, such as proteins, have been the primary motivation for the design and development of novel oral delivery systems that could circumvent biological barriers. In this work, we examined complexation-sensitive hydrogel nanospheres composed of poly[methacrylic acid-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol)] (P(MAA-g-EG)), on a model biological environment. For this purpose, a gastrointestinal cell culture model, the Caco-2 cell line, was employed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the polymeric carrier and its effects on the cell monolayer integrity. The determination of the cytotoxic effects of the polymer network on the cell monolayer was performed by a colorimetric assay and by the counting of viable cells using the trypan blue exclusion method. Electrophysiological measurements were performed to measure the transepithelial electrical resistance changes in the monolayers in the presence and absence of the nanosphere suspension. The examination of the physicochemical interactions of the P(MAA-g-EG) nanosphere system with Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that these systems possessed low cytotoxicity and were capable of opening the tight junctions between epithelial cells, therefore significantly reducing the transepithelial electrical resistance.
The Development of Hand Surgery in Japan and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand

Japanese hand surgeons have contributed articles to our journal for many years. This article describes advances in Hand Surgery in Japan and introduces a section of this issue which is devoted to articles from Japan. (The Editor)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant erythropietin in treatment of the anemia of bronchopulmonary dysplasia†

Because anemia in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia is characterized by inappropriately low serum concentrations of erythropoletin but increased in vitro sensitivity of erythrold progenitors to erythropoletin, we speculated that administration of human recombinant erythropoletin would correct this anemia. Fifteen infants with the anemia of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were randomly assigned to recelve erythropoietin or placebo subcutaneously for 10 days. Changes in reticulocyte count, hematocrit, blood lactate concentration, neutrophil count, platelet count, heart rate, oxygen requirement, weight gain, and number of transfusions were assessed. In the 10 erythropoietin recipients (99±12 days of age), hematocrit values increased from 0.325±0.006 to 0.381±0.013 (mean ± SEM; p 3 /μl ( p p
Knowledge and Awareness of Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Mobile App-Using Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Missed Public Health Opportunity

In a national online survey, we assessed awareness and knowledge of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection manifestation among 1748 men who have sex with men (MSM). Only 39% of respondents were aware that acute HIV infection may be accompanied by symptoms. Education and increased access to acute HIV testing may facilitate MSM to appropriately seek acute HIV testing.
Conformation and electronic structure of heterocyclic ring chain polymers

Abstract We present a theoretical study of the conformation and electronic properties of the polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyfuran chain polymer systems. These results are compared with experimental results and other theoretical studies, as well as with our previous model studies indicating the importance of the heteroatom in the π-band structure of these systems.
Lung contusion: pathophysiology and management.

Management of severe pulmonary contusion is a challenge for clinicians. The incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome (5-20%), pneumonia (5-50%), and mortality (5-10%) associated with traumatic lung injury has changed little in the past three decades. Therapeutic options are limited to basic
Chemical evolution and meteorites: an update.

Carbonaceous chondrites are a primitive group of meteorites, which contain abundant organic material and provide a unique natural record of prebiotic chemical evolution. This material comprises a varied suite of soluble organic compounds that are similar, sometimes identical, to those found in the biosphere, such as amino acids, carboxylic acids, and sugar derivatives. Some amino acids of this suite also show L-enantiomeric excesses, and suggest the possibility they may have contributed to terrestrial homochirality by direct input of meteoritic material to the early Earth. This optical activity appears to be limited to the subgroup of α-methyl amino acids which, although not common in the extant biosphere, would have been well suited to provide the early earth with both enantiomeric excesses and means for their amplification by subsequent chemical evolution. We can also envision this exogenous delivery of carbonaceous material by meteorites and comets as having coincided with the endogenous formation of prebiotic precursors and influenced their evolution by complementary reactions or catalysis.
Hydrodynamic sensing and behavior by oyster larvae in turbulence and waves

Hydrodynamic signals from turbulence and waves may provide marine invertebrate larvae with behavioral cues that affect the pathways and energetic costs of larval delivery to adult habitats. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in sheltered estuaries with strong turbulence and small waves, but their larvae can be transported into coastal waters with large waves. These contrasting environments have different ranges of hydrodynamic signals, because turbulence generally produces higher spatial velocity gradients, whereas waves can produce higher temporal velocity gradients. To understand how physical processes affect oyster larval behavior, transport and energetics, we exposed larvae to different combinations of turbulence and waves in flow tanks with (1) wavy turbulence, (2) a seiche and (3) rectilinear accelerations. We quantified behavioral responses of individual larvae to local instantaneous flows using two-phase, infrared particle-image velocimetry. Both high dissipation rates and high wave-generated accelerations induced most larvae to swim faster upward. High dissipation rates also induced some rapid, active dives, whereas high accelerations induced only weak active dives. In both turbulence and waves, faster swimming and active diving were achieved through an increase in propulsive force and power output that would carry a high energetic cost. Swimming costs could be offset if larvae reaching surface waters had a higher probability of being transported shoreward by Stokes drift, whereas diving costs could be offset by enhanced settlement or predator avoidance. These complex behaviors suggest that larvae integrate multiple hydrodynamic signals to manage dispersal tradeoffs, spending more energy to raise the probability of successful transport to suitable locations.
Two unrelated patients with familial hyperproinsulinemia due to a mutation substituting histidine for arginine at position 65 in the proinsulin molecule: identification of the mutation by direct sequencing of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid amplified by polymerase chain reaction.

Mutations in the insulin gene can impair the bioactivity of the insulin molecule. Previously, two classes of mutations have been identified: 1) those that impair posttrans-lational processing of proinsulin to insulin, and 2) those that alter the structure of the insulin molecule, thereby reducing the affinity of the molecule for the insulin receptor. We have investigated two apparently unrelated patients, both of which have mutations that inhibit the conversion of proin-sulin to insulin. By directly sequencing genomic DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction, we have demonstrated that both patients are heterozygous for the same point mutation converting codon 65 from an arginine (CGT) to a histidine (CAT) codon. Because Arg65 is one of the two dibasic amino acids at the site of proteolytic cleavage between the insulin A-chain and C-peptide, this mutation explains the impairment in the cleavage of proinsulin to insulin. Interestingly, the same His65 mutation has been identified in the insulin gene of a J...
Non-linear optical phenomena in contact fiber laser-photocoagulation of myocardium

The rise time of epicardial temperatures on the left ventricular free wall during endocardial transcatbeter delivery of Nd:YAG laser energy, recorded by thermography has sparked interest in anomalous optical phenomena. Transmission measurements on whole blocks of myocardium showed a decrease in the attenuation coefficient at high power densities. The definition of the attenuation coefficient is the natural log of the ratio of the incident and the transmitted beams, divided by the physical thickness of the sample. When Nd:YAG laser light at the 1064 um wavelength irradiated fresh myocardial tissue from the free left ventricular wall, the incident power density increased from 0.0026 W/mm2 to approximately 200 W/mm2, the attenuation coefficient dropped from 0.97 ± 0.11 mm−1 to 0.77 ± 0.07 mm−1. This would indicate a non-linearity in the optical properties of the tissue as a function of the laser irradiation power density.
Hibernoma: a case report demonstrating usefulness of MR angiography in characterizing the tumor

Hibernoma is a rare, benign soft-tissue tumor composed of brown fat. In the past, there has been an extensive discussion of the CT attenuation and MRI signal characteristics of hibernomas. However, recent reports have focused upon the tumor vascularity of hibernomas. We describe the only case in the literature which utilizes state of the art contrast enhanced MR angiography to clearly characterize the surface and intratumoral vessels to help confirm the diagnosis of a hibernoma and aid in the preoperative planning.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty versus surgery for limb-threatening ischemia.

This retrospective study compared the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with those of infrainguinal bypass procedures in patients with critical arterial ischemia to determine which procedure had superior patency, limb salvage, and durability. The records of 54 patients who underwent 54 PTAs and 56 patients who underwent 63 infrainguinal bypasses (29 femoropopliteal and 34 femorodistal) from 1981 to 1987 were reviewed. In each patient PTA or bypass was the initial vascular procedure. Patients in both groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and the presence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking. Mean follow-up was 40 months (4 to 88 months) for the PTA group and 28 months (6 to 78 months) for the surgery group. Thirty-nine of the 54 patients (72%) were initially improved after PTA, whereas 15 patients (28%) showed no improvement. During follow-up, 20 initially successful PTAs reoccluded. Thirty-two of 54 patients (59%) underwent subsequent procedures, which included repeat PTA (10) and distal bypass (14). Patency determined by noninvasvie Doppler studies was 18% at 2 years. Limb salvage, which included such secondary procedures, was 78%. Two-year patency for femoropopliteal bypasses was 68% with a limb salvage of 90%. Femorodistal bypasses had a 2-year patency of 47% and a limb salvage of 74%. No perioperative deaths occurred. Twenty-one of the 63 patients (33%) had subsequent procedures, which included thrombectomy (5) and bypass revision (9). In patients treated for limb-threatening ischemia the 2-year patency after femoropopliteal bypass (68%) or femorodistal bypass (47%) is significantly better than that from PTA (18%, p < 0.001). Whereas limb salvage after PTA (78%) was not significantly different from that after femoropopliteal bypass (90%) or femorodistal bypass (74%), the PTA group required a significantly greater number of subsequent procedures compared to the surgery group (59% versus 33%, p < 0.01). The low patency rate and the need for subsequent procedures after PTA indicates that bypass procedures are more durable. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:698–703.)
Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991

Following on Making Civil Rights Law, which covered Thurgood Marshall's career from 1936-1961, this book focuses on Marshall's career on the Supreme Court from 1961-1991, where he was first Afro-American Justice. The first book on Justice Thurgood Marshall's years on the Supreme Court based on a comprehensive review of the Supreme Court papers of Justices Marshall and William J. Brennan, this work describes Marshall's special approach to constitutional law in areas ranging from civil rights and the death penalty to abortion and poverty. It also describes the Supreme Court's operations during Marshall's tenure, the relations among the justices, and the particular roles played by Chief Justice Warren Burger, Justice Brennan, and Justice Antonin Scalia. The book locates the Supreme Court's actions from 1967 to 1991 in a broader historical and political context, explaining how Marshall's liberalism became increasingly isolated on a Court influenced by nation's drift in a more conservative direction.
ER modelling – a zoom in and zoom out approach

Entity-relationship modelling is an effective design method for relational databases. It is covered in almost every textbook on database systems. Yet, there is not a single book that gives a systematic process on building an entity-relationship model step-by-step from the requirement specifications. In this paper, a zoom in and zoom out approach for such a process is introduced. A toolkit called ERZoom has been developed to assist the designer in the zoom in and zoom out design process. ERZoom provides a unique feature that enables the designer to view a selected subset of the entities and their attributes, while hiding the rest of the entity-relationship model. This is especially useful in distributed database design where vertical fragmentation is a major issue. ERZoom is developed as an open source package using Java. The zoom in and zoom out approach has been taught to beginners for several years and was well-received by the audience.
Infratemporal alveolar soft part sarcoma: CT, MRI and angiographic findings

The imaging features of a rare alveolar soft part sarcoma found in a 44-year-old female are presented. Although the tumor showed hypervascularity by angiography, CT and MRI suggested slow growth. Despite this relatively benign appearance, alveolar soft part sarcoma is one of the most malignant sarcomas.
The FCC's war problems division: Partner in a forgotten blacklist

Early in World War II The Federal Communications Commission's War Problems Division, cooperating with other agencies, expressed opinions that contributed to loss of jobs for at least 30 foreign‐language broadcasters accused of enemy sympathies. Those opinions perhaps violated civil liberties. Factors facilitating the rulings were new agencies' unclear jurisdictions, paramount desire to win the war, belief in propaganda's power, and broadcasters' leasing of time to brokers which made it difficult to determine employees' politics. This blacklisting demonstrates the need for clear jurisdictions in government agencies, separation of judicial and accusatory functions in administrative agencies, and care in protecting civil liberties during national emergencies.
Transcription of the SCL/TAL1 Interrupting Locus (Stil) Is Required for Cell Proliferation in Adult Zebrafish Retinas

The human oncogene SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus (Stil) is highly conserved in vertebrate species. Previously, we identified a homolog of the Stil gene in zebrafish mutant (night blindness b, nbb), which showed neural defects in the retina (e.g. dopaminergic cell degeneration and/or lack of regeneration). In this research, we examined the roles of Stil in cell proliferation after degeneration in adult zebrafish retinas. We demonstrated that knockdown of Stil gene expression or inhibition of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling transduction decreases the rate of cell proliferation. In contrast, activation of Shh signal transduction promotes cell proliferation. In nbb+/− retinas, inhibition of SUFU (a repressor in the Shh pathway) rescues the defects in cell proliferation due to down-regulation of Stil gene expression. The latter data suggest that Stil play a role in cell proliferation through the Shh signal transduction pathway.
Short chain aliphatic acid anions in oil field waters and their contribution to the measured alkalinity

Abstract High alkalinity values found in some formation waters from Kettleman North Dome oil field are due chiefly to acetate and propionate ions, with some contribution from higher molecular weight organic acid ions. Some of these waters contain no detectable bicarbonate alkalinity. For waters such as these, high supersaturation with respect to calcite will be incorrectly indicated by thermodynamic calculations based upon carbonate concentrations inferred from traditional alkalinity measurements
Properties of two hemolymp riboflavin-binding proteins from Heliothis virescens

Abstract Hemolymph from late final instar Heliothis virescens larvae contains substantial amounts of riboflavin which is bound to two abundant polypeptides, lipophorin and a hexameric protein comprised of 82,000 Mr subunits (p82). The riboflavin binding properties of the two proteins as well as those of a well-characterized flavin-binding protein from chicken egg albumin are presented and compared here. The dissociation constants for riboflavin derived from fluorescence quench binding assays for lipophorin and the p82 protein (1.1 × 10−7 M and 3.6 × 10−7 M, respectively) were c 40–120-fold greater than that of the high affinity chicken flavin-binding protein (Kd = 3 × 10−9 M). These assays yielded binding capacities of 0.5 mol riboflavin bound/mole lipophorin and from 1 to 2 mol riboflavin bound/mole p82 protein hexamer, values which were consistent with those obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Determinations of hemolymph riboflavin titers through development revealed an almost 10-fold increase in this value (from 3 to 25 μg/ml hemolymph) in the final larval instar, a stage at which marked increases in the concentrations of both lipophorin and the p82 protein were shown to occur. Calculations using the derived binding data and the ligand/binding protein concentration values confirmed that all of the hemolymph flavin is protein-bound and further, that the concentration of binding sites was in excess of the apparent riboflavin concentration. This latter point was confirmed in binding assays in which the binding of exogenous flavin added to hemolymph samples was demonstrated.
Application of pulsed field gradient NMR techniques for investigating binding of flavor compounds to macromolecules.

Two diffusion-based NMR techniques are presented and used to investigate the binding of selected flavor compounds to macromolecules. A pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) method was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficients of four alkanone compounds as they associated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The change in the apparent diffusion coefficient as a function of the BSA/alkanone ratio was fitted to yield binding constants (Ka) and binding stoichiometry (n) for each alkanone. The results showed that the apparent diffusion coefficients of alkanones increased with a decrease in the BSA/alkanone ratios, and the measured values of Ka and n were comparable with those obtained with other methods and depended on the alkanone structure. A diffusion-based nuclear Overhauser effect (called diffusion NOE pumping) method was also applied to screen mixtures of flavor compounds and identify those that have a binding affinity to complex macromolecules. Using this technique benzaldehyde and vanillin were ...
HLA—D Typing with Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines VII. A Computer Program for Data Analysis

When lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) are substituted for peripheral blood lymphocytes from human typing cell donors in HLA-D typing experiments, a data analysis program must be designed to distinguish the effect of allo-reactivity from those peculiar to LCL, mainly the "autologous-stimulation" effect. The computer program described in this report was created specifically for such an analysis. The rationale for the design of this program is presented in the preceding report (see this issue).
Glucose-insulin-potassium induced alterations in individual plasma free fatty acids in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Total and individual plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were measured on admission and over the next 4 days in 24 patients admitted to the hospital with chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In a prospective randomized fashion, the patients were either given an infusion of 300 gm of glucose, 50 units of insulin, and 80 mEq of KCl per liter at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg/hr over the initial 48 hours of hospitalization, or they served as controls receiving conventional therapy. Eleven patients were in the control group and 13 were in the glucose-insulin-potassium (G-I-K) group. Twenty-one of the patients had an AMI by CK-MB rise and ECG changes (in the G-I-K group three did not evolve AMI). The total plasma FFA were 840 +/- 134 microM/L in the controls and 933 +/- 160 microM/L in the G-I-K group initially (prestudy). Total FFA rapidly fell in the G-I-K group and then rebounded when G-I-K was stopped. In contrast, total FFA values fell gradually in the control group over the 4-day period. The individual FFA had similar percentages initially in the two groups. In the control group the percent of individual plasma FFA was unchanged over the period studied, although there was some mild random day-to-day fluctuation. In contrast in the G-I-K group linoleic acid fell both during and after the infusion was stopped (26.8% to 19.1% P less than 0.001). Arachidonic acid doubled in percentage of the total FFA value during G-I-K infusion (3.1% to 6.5%, P less than 0.002) and returned to the control value when it was stopped. Thus G-I-K infusion during AMI reduces the total level of plasma FFA while increasing the percent of arachidonic and decreasing the percent of linoleic acid, observations proposed to reflect improved membrane stability of the ischemic myocardium.
Attenuation of Seismic Waves in the Mantle: ABSTRACT

Field and laboratory measurements of attenuation in metals, non-metals, and rocks over a wide range of frequencies indicate that the specific attenuation factor, 1/Q, is substantially independent of frequency in homogeneous material, whereas it varies as the first power of frequency in liquids. This suggests that the mechanism End_Page 346------------------------------ for attenuation in solids is substantially different from that in liquids; a non-linear mechanism for attenuation has been proposed. An inversion method can be used to compute the intrinsic Q in shear of the earth's mantle from available data on attenuation of the surface waves and free oscillations. The restrictions and assumptions in the calculation are: (1) Q must be positive; (2) Q is assumed to be independent of frequency; and (3) the mechanism of energy dissipation is through a complex modulus. The results show that, in shear, the upper mantle has a much higher attenuation than the lower mantle. Q for the upper mantle, from the surface to a depth of 650 km., is estimated at 110; for the lower mantle, below 650 km., it is much higher than this, but the exact value cannot be estimated with precision. There are indications of fine variations of Q in the upper mantle, but present accuracy of the data and the assumptions used do not permit the literal use of these indications. Partial melting in a low velocity layer at shallow depth is considered and a small amount of partial melting is not inconsistent with the above result and the data. End_of_Article - Last_Page 347------------
On elastic-thermo-plastic materials at finite deformations

Abstract With the use of rate-type constitutive equations in a strain-temperature space setting, a thermomechanical development of plasticity is presented in Lagrangian form. Particular attention is given to the construction of an entropy function, and constitutive results due to thermodynarnical considerations are discussed.
Mechanisms of oxalate absorption and secretion across the rabbit distal colon

To further evaluate the mechanisms of oxalate (Ox2−) transport in the intestine the following studies were performed using isolated, short-circuited segments of the rabbit distal colon (DC). In control buffer, the DC absorbed Ox2− (net Ox2− flux, J Net Ox =5.4±0.7 pmol · cm−2 · h−1). Replacement of Na+ with N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG+) abolished Ox2− absorption by decreasing mucosal to serosal Ox2− flux (J ms Ox ), without affecting Cl− transport, while gluconate substitution for Cl− did not affect J Net Ox or net Na+ flux (J Net Na ). Addition of Na+ to the serosal side of tissues bathed by NMDG+ buffer increased J ms Ox 40% without altering mucosal to serosal Cl− flux (J ms Cl ). Serosal amiloride or dimethyl amiloride (10−3 M) abolished J Net Ox by decreasing J ms Ox , it increased serosal to muscosal Cl− flux (J sm Cl ) and it gradually inhibited short-circuit current (Isc). Mucosal amiloride (10−4 M) abolished Isc but had no effect on Ox2− or Cl− fluxes. Serosal 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 10−6 M) reduced J ms Ox by 20% and J Net Ox by 43% without affecting J ms Cl or J Net Cl . Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dB-cAMP, 5×10−4 M, both sides) stimulated Ox2− secretion (J Net Ox = −12.6±3.3 pmol · cm−2 · h−1). The dB-cAMP-induced secretion of Ox2− and Cl− were fully abolished by serosal furosemide (10−4 M) and partially inhibited (35%) by 5×10−4 M mucosal NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid], a putative Cl− channel blocker. It is proposed that: (1) basal absorption of Ox2−, but not Cl−, is dependent upon a previously undescribed basolateral Na+-H+ exchanger that may be coupled to a DIDS-sensitive, basolateral anion exchange system that mediates Ox2− flux; (2) the DC secretes Ox2− in response to dB-cAMP by a mechanism that is indistinguishable from the pathway for Cl− secretion.
Clinical Supervisor Value Conflicts: Low-Frequency, but High-Impact Events

Although therapist value conflicts are well-documented in the counseling and psychotherapy literature, only a few researchers have attempted to comprehensively identify the scope of supervisor value conflicts. In this study, 17 clinical supervisors participated in focus groups exploring the types of situations that pose value conflicts, how they affect supervisors, and how they address them. Inductive data analysis yielded seven types of situations that create value conflicts: worldview differences; power differentials; managing disputes; clinical versus administrative roles; individual differences; threatened professional standards; and reconciling supervisee and client welfare. Themes are described, and training, practice, and research recommendations are provided.
Linear loss networks

This paper investigates theoretical properties of throughput and cost in linear loss networks. The maximum throughput of the network with exponential service times is derived and the arrival process that maximizes throughput, given a fixed arrival rate, is established. For general service times, an asymptotically critical loading regime is identified such that the probability of an arbitrary customer being lost is strictly within (0,1) as the network size increases. This regime delivers throughput comparable to the maximum at a relatively low network cost. The paper establishes the asymptotic throughput and network cost under this critical loading.
Holography with standing surface plasma waves

Holography with standing surface plasma waves, where both reference and object beams propagate in opposite directions, has been investigated using an Al reflection grating coated with evaporated As2S3 layers. The image, which appears only for p-polarization and at certain critical angles, is enhanced by the Lippman-Bragg effect and by an increase in intensity over ordinary holography approximately equal to the absolute value of the real part of the dielectric constant for Al. Also considered is holography with object light alone in photoresist layers, using the beam-splitting properties of the grating.
Modeling the properties of PECVD silicon dioxide films using neural networks

ABSTRACTSilicon dioxide films deposited by plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are useful as interlayer dielectric for metal-insulator structures such as MOS integrated circuits and multichip modules. The PECVD of Si02 in a SiH4/N20 gas mixture yields films with excellent physical properties. However, due to the complex nature of particledynamics within the plasma, it is difficult to determine the exact nature of the relationship between film properties andcontrollable deposition conditions. Previous modeling techniques such as first principles or statistical response surfacemethods are limited in either efficiency or accuracy. In this study, PECVD modeling using neural networks has been introduced. Neural networks have been shown to exhibit superior performance in both accuracy and prediction capabilitycompared to statistical models. The PECVD of Si02 was characterized via a 251 fractional factorial experiment, and data from this experiment wasused to train neural networks using feed-forward error back-propagation (FFEBP) algorithm. From these neural process
Preheating and incubation of cane juice prior to liming: a comparison of intermediate and cold lime clarification.

In the U.S., cold lime clarification remains the clarification process of choice in raw sugar manufacturing. A comparative study of cold vs intermediate lime clarification was undertaken at a factory that operated intermediate liming (∼30% mixed juice (MJ) of pH 5.2 ± 0.3 was preheated to 87−93 °C to help maintain clean limed juice heaters, incubated at ∼54 °C, and then limed) but still had the pipes to revert to cold liming (MJ incubated and limed at ∼40 °C) for this study. Hourly samples were collected over a 6 h sampling period across cold and intermediate clarification processes on two consecutive days, respectively, and this was repeated three times across the 1999 grinding season. A total of 1.57% less sucrose was lost to inversion reactions across intermediate rather than cold liming. In intermediate liming, which required ∼4.6% less lime, preheating of only 30% of the MJ markedly removed color (−29%), dextran (−10%), and starch (−24%) and caused large flocs to form that settled faster in the clari...
General relativity experiments in space

Abstract Space technology has led to increased accuracy in the measurements of the gravitational redshift and the Shapiro time delay, has permitted the first measurements of the Nordtvedt effect and geodetic (or de Sitter) effect to be made, and has further constrained the parameters in the Parameterized Post Newtonian formalism. These important made, and has further constrained the parameters in the Parameterized Post Newtonian formalism. These important experimental tests of the general of relativity would not have been possible without the capability of launching instruments into space, accurately tracking spacecraft with dual frequency transponders, landing spacecraft on Mars, placing retroreflectors on the surface of the moon, and making precise range measurements to those retroreflectors. The reasons why this technology has been essential are examined. In light of this experience, a number of planned and proposed experimental tests of general relativity are discussed. Increased accuracy in measurements of the geodetic effect and tests of the weak equivalence principle, the first measurements of the Lense-Thrrring effect, and detection of gravitational radiation in space are expected in the next decade.
New two-metric theory of gravity with prior geometry

A Lagrangian-based metric theory of gravity is developed with three adjustable constants and two tensor fields, one of which is a nondynamic 'flat space metric' eta. With a suitable cosmological model and a particular choice of the constants, the 'post-Newtonian limit' of the theory agrees, in the current epoch, with that of general relativity theory (GRT); consequently the theory is consistent with current gravitation experiments. Because of the role of eta, the gravitational 'constant' G is time-dependent and gravitational waves travel null geodesics of eta rather than the physical metric g. Gravitational waves possess six degrees of freedom. The general exact static spherically-symmetric solution is a four-parameter family. Future experimental tests of the theory are discussed.
Application of differential sensitivity analysis to nonlinear mixed boundary value problems - I An algorithm for recycle reactor optimization

Abstract Differential sensitivity analysis is developed as a basis for boundary condition iteration methods. By including the interdependence of process and control variables in the derivation of the sensitivity equations, the analysis is extended to optimal control problems involving mixed boundary conditions. The technique is illustrated by a study of temperature optimization of a tubular reactor with free recycle. A two-level scheme for boundary and control iterations is formulated using differential sensitivity measures and is found to give rapid convergence under mild restrictions. The relationship to quasilinearization is explored.
High-power UV source for filamentation in air

Air can be considered as a nonlinear optical medium for sufficiently high laser intensities. Short pulses of high peak intensity have been seen to create their own waveguide and propagate through the atmosphere while maintaining a diameter of the order of 100 μm over distances far in excess of the Rayleigh range. It is generally believed that the waveguiding results from a balance between self-focusing (Kerr effect) and self-defocusing due to a low desnity electron plasma created by multiphoton ionization of air. This delicate balance is destroyed after a short time because of inverse Bremstrahlung, which leads generally to avalanche ionization. Observation of filaments has therefore been limited to femtosecond pulses. At wavelengths shorter than 306 nm, ionization of oxygen is only a 3 photon process, and therefore the intensity in UV filaments is 20 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than in the IR. Furthermore, the time required for inverse Bremstrahlung to lead to avalanche ionization is 1000 times longer, i.e. of the order of a nanosecond. As a consequence, it should be possible to channel up to 1 Joule of energy in the UV filaments, as opposed to a few mJ. To create such high energy, we have developed a compact frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser oscillator-amplifier, compressed from 3 ns down to 200 ps by stimulated Brillouin scattering in FC75. The oscillator is seeded by a stabilized semiconductor laser to ensure the narrow band operation required for the stimulated Brillouin scattering. Efficient transfer of power from the beam to the filaments is achieved by focusing the larger beam issued from the Brillouin cell in vacuum, onto a supersonic flow of air serving of window between vacuum and atmosphere.
Studies on the metabolism of adrenal steroids in the adrenogenital syndrome.

THE excessive production of androgenic steroids by the adrenal cortex in the adrenogenital syndrome due to adrenocortical hyperplasia and the clinical manifestations of this disordered function have been well documented (1). The basic derangement of adrenocorticalfunction in this disease awaits precise clarification. Bartter et al. (2) suggested that the adrenal cortex was unable to synthesize readily glucogenic corticoids (compound F) sothat the pituitary secreted excessive quantities of adrenocorticotropic hormone, which then over-stimulated the target organ in an attempt to attain a “normal”level of such steroids. This thesis would find support in the successful suppression of 17-ketosteroid secretion by the administration of cortisone according to Wilkins (1). In a preliminary report (3) it was indicated that the excretion of material measured as 3-alpha-20-alpha-pregnanediol (hereafter referred to as pregnanediol) was regularly high in the adrenogenital syndrome and that the levels fell following the...