cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low-cost MCM design topology-the interconnected mesh power system (IMPS)

A low-cost MCM design topology, the Interconnected Mesh Power System (IMPS), that will reduce a conventional four layer structure to only a two-layer structure and thus eliminate more than 50% of the cost has been developed and tested. Since the IMPS has its unique power distribution system and signal transmission environment, important issues on electrical performance such as, power distribution impedance, characteristic impedance, propagation delay, signal loss, and etc. have to be addressed. In this paper, the design and fabrication of the IMPS are first described, followed by the characterization of signal transmission with various power/signal/ground configurations. The power distribution system of the IMPS with decoupling capacitors attached were also compared with that of the solid power and ground planes.
RFLP band size standards: NIST standard reference material 2390.

The procedural standard for DNA profiling developed by the U.S. advisory board on DNA quality assurance methods mandates annual confirmation of forensic DNA measurement systems against an appropriate reference material supplied by or traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST Standard Reference Material® (SRM®) 2390 is a suitable and appropriate standard for HaeIII restriction enzyme-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiling systems. Originally issued in 1992, an among-laboratory SRM 2390 recertification study was initiated in 1997. Using data provided by the 20 state, local, or commercial forensic laboratory participants, quantitative band sizes values (expected mean values and associated bivariate tolerance intervals) are established for two different-source DNAs (female cell line K562 and healthy male “TAW”) for genetic loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D10S28, and D17S79. Methods for validating an RFLP measurement system, validating a control material or other secondary standard, and for tracing a particular set of RFLP measurements to NIST SRM 2390 are described in detail.
A New Family of Cyclic Difference Sets with Singer Parameters in Characteristic Three

We construct a new family of cyclic difference sets with parameters ((3d − 1)/2, (3d − 1 − 1)/2, (3d − 2 − 1)/2) for each odd d. The difference sets are constructed with certain maps that form Jacobi sums. These new difference sets are similar to Maschietti's hyperoval difference sets, of the Segre type, in characteristic two. We conclude by calculating the 3-ranks of the new difference sets.
One Missed Call: Measure of Cell Phone Usage in an RDD Telephone Survey:

Telephone products such as answering machines, caller-ID services, and cell phones simplify modern-day life yet present an increasing challenge for survey researchers. In particular, contact and response rates have suffered due to changes in telephone usage patterns. To understand the effect that these technologies have on our research center, we examine cell phones, whose growing presence stands to greatly impact survey research. Through an RDD telephone survey, we examined cell phone usage, screening behavior of unknown numbers, reactions to survey research, and incentives, as well as potential cell phone behavior. Our study revealed a high prevalence of cell phone usage even among those who also own a landline telephone. We found that overall data quality is not impacted, as simple weighting techniques ensure that our collected data are representative. However, this dual telephone usage and the increasing future use of cell phones are still potential challenges to our research institution.
Initial experience with ketamine-based analgesia in patients undergoing robotic radical cystectomy and diversion.

Introduction: We instituted a ketamine-predominant analgesic regimen in the peri- and postoperative periods to limit the effects of narcotic analgesia on bowel function in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. The primary end points of interest were time to return of bowel function, time to discharge, and efficacy of the analgesic regimen. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic cystectomy (RARC) with urinary diversion by a single surgeon at our institution from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2012. Patients receiving the opioid-minimizing ketamine protocol were compared to a cohort of patients undergoing RARC with an opioid-predominant analgesic regimen. Results: In total, 15 patients (Group A) were included in the ketamine-predominant regimen and 25 patients (Group B) in the opioid-predominant control group. Three patients (19%) in Group A discontinued the protocol due to ketamine side effects. The mean time to bowel movement and length of stay in Group A versus Group B was 3 versus 6 days (p < 0.001), and 4 versus 8 days, respectively (p < 0.001). Group A patients received an average of 13.0 mg of morphine versus 97.5 mg in Group B (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who received our ketamine pain control regimen had a shorter time to return of bowel function and length of hospitalization after RARC. Our study has its limitations as a retrospective, single surgeon, single institution study and the nonrandomization of patients. Notwithstanding these limitations, this study was not designed to show inferiority of one approach, but instead to show that our protocol is safe and efficacious, warranting further study in a prospective fashion.
The chemical vapor deposition of carbon on carbon fibers

Abstract The relations between chemical vapor deposition (CVD) parameters and the resultant pyrolytic carbon microstructures have been examined for matrix deposition in fibrous carbon substrates. The parameters considered are temperature (1200–1450°C), pressure (20–630 Torr), C/H ratio ( 1 4 – 1 14 ), total flow rate (2–16) 1/min), and carbon felt density (0·12–0·23 g/cm3). Most of the data obtained are in agreement with a CVD model for carbon; where agreement is not obtained, it is surmised that the assumptions of the model may not be satisfied.
Thermal Lens Study of the Absorbance of Silver Colloid Solutions Produced by Photoreduction

The absorption of light by photolytically generated silver colloid solutions is studied by thermal lens spectrophotometry. It is found that absorbance by silver nitrate solutions at 488 nm is a result of colloid formation. The absorbance is related to the particle size distribution and varies substantially from measurement to measurement even within the same colloidal solution. The shot-to-shot variance of the thermal lens signal is minimized by producing the colloid in a flowing AgNO3 solution, but still varies significantly from solution to solution at equal concentrations.
Signal transduction for clinicians: why should we care?

Abstract Neurons must respond to a bewildering array of external and internal stimuli and must distinguish among them to generate an appropriate response or change in metabolic or electrical activity. Furthermore, the response of a cell to a given stimulus must depend on what else is happening inside and outside the cell at the time of arrival of that stimulus. The process of signal transduction is what gives the cell and organism the flexibility and "knowledge base" to carry out these functions. Conversely, aberrations of signal transduction underlie an increasing array of developmental, genetic, and acquired diseases and conditions of the nervous system. Pharmacological modulation of signal transduction pathways and their effectors holds great promise for the remediation of these neurologic disorders.
Quantum symmetries from quantum phases, fermions from bosons, A Z2 anomally and Galilean invariance

Abstract In the presence of a topologically nontrivial Wess-Zumino term, the wave functions are not functions on the configuration space Q of the system; instead they are functions on a U(1) bundle Q over this configuration space. The space Q is obtained by associating circles to points of Q in a suitable way. If a group G operates on Q and is a symmetry of the action, then it can happen that G does not operate on Q and on wave functions. Instead, the “quantum mechanical” symmetry group GQM which does act on Q, and thereby wave functions, is in general a central extension of G; it may not even contain G as a subgroup. In this paper, we give an explicit and elementary construction of GQM. The construction is applied to the charge-monopole system and the Skyrme solitons, and used to explain why the states of these systems may be spinorial in nature even though the action contains only tensorial (integral spin) variables. The well known Z2 anomaly of certain SU(2) gauge theories is also established using a modification of this construction. When a classical system with Galilei invariance is quantized, the quantum theoretic Galilei group GQM is different from the classical Galilei group G. Again the former is a central extension of the latter even though there is no Wess-Zumino term in this case. We present a novel explanation of this fact as well by constructing the lift of G from (galilean) spacetime Q to the appropriate U(1) bundle Q.
Role of an interdomain Gly-Gly sequence at the regulatory-substrate domain interface in the regulation of Escherichia coli. D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.

The regulatory and substrate binding domains of d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH, EC 1.1.1.95) from Escherichia coli are connected by a single polypeptide strand that contains a Gly-Gly seq...
Synthetic parathyroid hormone-like protein (1-74) is anabolic for bone in vivo.

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) has recently been purified from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The gene encoding PTHRP has been cloned, and based on predicted amino acid sequence, polypeptides comprising the first 36 [36Tyr(1–36) PTHRP amide] and 74 [(1–74)PTHRP] amino acids have been synthesized. Human (h) PTHRP (1–36) and (1–74) are potent bone-resorbing agents, and are catabolic for bone in vivo when given continuously at high doses. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) is also catabolic for bone at high dose levels, but when given in low doses for weeks to months, it is anabolic. Although PTHRP possess several PTH-like properties in bone, hPTHRP (1–34) is reported to be only weakly anabolic in vivo. As polypeptide length influences PTHRP action, we evaluated hPTHRP(1–74) as an anabolic agent for bone in vivo. Twenty-four 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of hPTHRP(1–74) (1 and 2 nmol/100 g body weight, bw), bPTH(1–34) (4 nmol/100 g bw) or vehicle. Rats were sacrificed on day 12, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and femoral bone dry weight, calcium content, and hydroxyproline content were measured. Serum calcium and phosphorus were equivalent in all groups. A significant increase in dry bone weight was observed in both PTHRP-treated groups compared with controls. PTHRP also caused a significant, dose-dependent increase in bone calcium and hydroxypro-line content. Results of these studies indicate that PTHRP (1–74) is anabolic for bone in vivo when administered at low-dosage levels for a prolonged period.
Exchange energy formulations for 3D micromagnetics

Exchange energy is especially sensitive to the numerical representation selected. We compare three discretized exchange energy formulations for 3D numerical micromagnetics on rectangular grids. Explicit formulae are provided for both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Results illustrate the convergence order of these methods as a function of discretization cell size and the effect of cell size on vortex pinning.
Brightness and retinal locus: Effects of target size and spectral composition

Ss gave numerical estimates of brightness for stimuli presented to the foveal and peripheral retina. Experiment 1 showed that the periphery’s superior sensitivity to white light is relatively independent of target size. Experiment 2 showed that the periphery is more sensitive than the fovea to violet light, but is less sensitive than the fovea to red light. These results are explicable in terms of differences between rod and cone mediation of brightness.
Three snippets of curve evolution theory in computer vision

In this paper, we discuss some uses of curve evolution theory for problems in computer vision. We concentrate on three problem areas: shape theory, active contours, and geometric invariant scale spaces. The solutions to these key problems will all be based on flows which are obtained in a completely natural manner from geometric and physical principles.
Anterior Mediastinal Mass Secondary to Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis in the mediastinum is an uncommon diagnosis that presents similarly to other benign and neoplastic conditions encountered in the chest. Here we describe a 36-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea secondary to a large anterior mediastinal mass that was biopsy and culture negative for neoplasm or infection. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery biopsy confirmed a large anterior mediastinal mass adherent to the aorta, which contained foci of histoplasmosis species. She is currently undergoing a long postoperative course of itraconozole and an empiric course of oral steroids to prevent development of fibrosing mediastinitis.
NONRESONANT HADRON-HADRON INTERACTIONS AND FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS IN THE π-η SYSTEM

We discuss the current theoretical and experimental status of exotic mesons and a possible interpretation of the π1(1400) exotic meson as a final state interaction effect.
Verifying secrets and relative secrecy

Systems that authenticate a user based on a shared secret (such as a password or PIN) normally allow anyone to query whether the secret is a given value. For example, an ATM machine allows one to ask whether a string is the secret PIN of a (lost or stolen) ATM card. Yet such queries are prohibited in any model whose programs satisfy an information-flow property like Noninterference. But there is complexity-based justification for allowing these queries. A type system is given that provides the access control needed to prove that no well-typed program can leak secrets in polynomial time, or even leak them with nonnegligible probability if secrets are of sufficient length and randomly chosen. However, there are well-typed deterministic programs in a synchronous concurrent model capable of leaking secrets in linear time.
Evaluation of whole slide image immunohistochemistry interpretation in challenging prostate needle biopsies

Whole slide images (WSIs), also known as virtual slides, can support electronic distribution of immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains to pathologists that rely on remote sites for these services. This may lead to improvement in turnaround times, reduction of courier costs, fewer errors in slide distribution, and automated image analyses. Although this approach is practiced de facto today in some large laboratories, there are no clinical validation studies on this approach. Our retrospective study evaluated the interpretation of IHC stains performed in difficult prostate biopsies using WSIs. The study included 30 foci with IHC stains identified by the original pathologist as both difficult and pivotal to the final diagnosis. WSIs were created from the glass slides using a scanning robot (T2, Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA). An evaluation form was designed to capture data in 2 phases: (1) interpretation of WSIs and (2) interpretation of glass slides. Data included stain interpretations, diagnoses, and other parameters such as time required to diagnose and image/slide quality. Data were also collected from an expert prostate pathologist, consensus meetings, and a poststudy focus group. WSI diagnostic validity (intraobserver pairwise kappa statistics) was "almost perfect" for 1 pathologist, "substantial" for 3 pathologists, and "moderate" for 1 pathologist. Diagnostic agreement between the final/consensus diagnoses of the group and those of the domain expert was "almost perfect" (kappa = 0.817). Except for one instance, WSI technology was not felt to be the cause of disagreements. These results are encouraging and compare favorably with other efforts to quantify diagnostic variability in surgical pathology. With thorough training, careful validation of specific applications, and regular postsignout review of glass IHC slides (eg, quality assurance review), WSI technology can be used for IHC stain interpretation.
Survey of Colorado potato beetle insecticide resistance in Idaho

Colorado potato beetle populations from Idaho were surveyed for resistance to carbofuran, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, and phosmet in a discriminating concentation bioassay of spring emergent and first generation adults. No carbofuran or endosulfan resistance was detected in 29 populations surveyed. Esfenvalerate and phosmet resistance was detected in all potato growing areas of the state. For the same populations, spring adults were more sensitive to phosmet than were first generation adults. Susceptible populations were found in the same regions as resistant populations.
Channel enlargement in semiarid suburbanizing watersheds: A southern California case study

Summary Semiarid channels exhibit an extreme sensitivity to upstream urban development, particularly in unconfined valleys with unprotected grades. For example, one of our study streams in southern California has increased its cross-sectional area by nearly 14-fold relative to its pre-developed channel form in a watershed that has been only lightly developed (10.4% imperviousness). Multivariate regression models of cross-sectional channel enlargement at 61 sites were highly dependent on the ratio of post- to pre-urban sediment-transport capacity over cumulative duration simulations of 25 yrs (Lr), which explained nearly 60% of the variance. The proximity of a channel hard point such as bedrock or artificial grade control was also significant, indicating that channel enlargement increased moving upstream from grade control. The enlargement models point to the importance of balancing the post-developed sediment transport to the pre-developed setting over an entire range of flows rather than a single flow in order to reduce the risk of adverse channel responses to hydromodification. The need for controlling a wide range of flows was underscored by logistic-regression analyses that indicated a high risk of instability in systems with Lr > 1, especially for fine-grained systems (i.e., d50
The path solver: a nommonotone stabilization scheme for mixed complementarity problems

The PATH solver is an implementation of a stabilized Newton method for the solution of the Mixed Complementarity Problem. The stabilization scheme employs a path-generation procedure which is used to construct a piecewise-linear path from the current point to the Newton point; a step length acceptance criterion and a non-monotone pathsearch are then used to choose the next iterate. The algorithm is shown to be globally convergent under assumptions which generalize those required to obtain similar results in the smooth case. Several impleέentation issues are discussed, and extensive computational results obtained from problems commonly found in the literature are given
Restoration of the continuous phase transition induced by frozen disorder in systems with two interacting order parameters

A model which in the thermodynamic limit calculates the partition function exactly is used to study the phase transitions of systems with two interacting order parameters coupled to their respective random fields. An ordered phase is always unstable for the spatial range d 4 when both random fields are present. A continuous phase transition is possible when only one of the random fields is nonzero. For this case, a diagram of the equilibrium order parameter as a function of temperature for three different strengths of the random field is constructed. The critical temperature decreases with increasing randomness. The slope of the order parameter becomes steeper as the random field decreases and diverges as the randomness vanishes. These results can be contrasted with pure systems of coupled parameters where a fluctuation-induced first-order transition occurs.
Laboratory infection of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda) with neoaplectanid and heterorhabditid nematodes (Rhabditida: Nematoda)

Abstract Under laboratory conditions, the nematodes Neoaplectana carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis were able to infect and develop inside the hemocoel of terrestrial isopods belonging to the genus Porcellio. Armidillidium vulgare was also infected by N. carpocapsae , but this host was less susceptible than Porcellio . Results show that, under suitable ecological conditions, it would be feasible to utilize N. carpocapsae as a biological control agent of sowbugs ( Porcellio spp.). This is the first report showing the ability of neoaplectanids and heterorhabditids to invade representatives of the Crustacea.
Parameters for the recovery of proteases from surimi wash water.

Abstract Proteases are important bioactive compounds that have many applications in food processing. In this study, laboratory scale experiments were performed to establish conditions for recovery of a heat stable, acid protease from Pacific whiting ( Merluccius productus ) surimi process water. Reduction of proteinaceous solids and recovery of protease activity was maximized when process water was pre-treated with acid (pH 4) followed by heat (60 °C). In addition, acid plus heat treatment of process water appeared to improve membrane flux and concentration of protease activity (10-fold) was achieved in half as much time as treatments using acidification but not heat. Neither purification nor concentration of protease was effective using either 300 and 1000 kDa ultrafiltration or 0.3 μm microfiltration membranes. However, concentration of protease using 50 kDa ultrafiltration membranes was successful in recovering about 80% of original protease activity. Results provide conditions for further investigations into pilot plant recovery of protease from surimi process water.
Assessment of chemical nonequilibrium for massively ablating graphite.

Several types of artificial graphite have been irradiated by laser pulses in vacuum, and the composition of the resulting vapor cloud has been determined in situ by mass spectrometric techniques in order to gain information pertaining to nonequilibrium ablation of graphitic probes entering planetary atmospheres. Results are discussed in terms of variations in concentrations of carbon species from their equilibrium values, and plotted curves illustrate the effect of nonequilibrium ablation on radiative shielding for simulated Jupiter entry conditions.
How do strings radiate

An invariant regulator field method is applied to the construction of vector-current vertices in a dual resonance model. If it is not required that the regulators be fully conformally invariant, but only that they have the invariance required for duality, Gaussian factors can be eliminated consistently from both the elastic form factor and the deep-inelastic structure functions. This method introduces new ghost states which can be pushed to arbitrarily large mass by judicious choice of the regulator parameters. However, there are still ghosts at low levels from the basic dynamical oscillator field, as in the Veneziano model with intercept α(0)≠1. The structure function νW2 does not scale in the model. The physical interpretation of this result is discussed in detail.
Scale morphology and flexibility in the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus and the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus.

We quantified placoid scale morphology and flexibility in the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus and the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus. The shortfin mako shark has shorter scales than the blacktip shark. The majority of the shortfin mako shark scales have three longitudinal riblets with narrow spacing and shallow grooves. In comparison, the blacktip shark scales have five to seven longitudinal riblets with wider spacing and deeper grooves. Manual manipulation of the scales at 16 regions on the body and fins revealed a range of scale flexibility, from regions of nonerectable scales such as on the leading edge of the fins to highly erectable scales along the flank of the shortfin mako shark body. The flank scales of the shortfin mako shark can be erected to a greater angle than the flank scales of the blacktip shark. The shortfin mako shark has a region of highly flexible scales on the lateral flank that can be erected to at least 508. The scales of the two spe- cies are anchored in the stratum laxum of the dermis. The attachment fibers of the scales in both species appear to be almost exclusively collagen, with elastin fibers visible in the stratum laxum of both species. The most erectable scales of the shortfin mako shark have long crowns and relatively short bases that are wider than long. The combination of a long crown length to short base length facilitates pivoting of the scales. Erec- tion of flank scales and resulting drag reduction is hypothesized to be passively driven by localized flow patterns over the skin. J. Morphol. 000:000-000, 2012. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of microstructure on strength and fracture toughness of?-Sialon

β-Sialon (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z) withz = 0.5 was fabricated by hot-pressing of a spray dried mixture of α−Si3N4 and aluminium-isopropoxide solution. Phase composition, flexural strength and microstructure of a sintered body were investigated. Phases identified by XRD were β-Sialon and a small amount of O′-Sialon. The flexural strength (three-point bending) was about 1500 MN m−2. This value, about three times higher than that of β-Sialon fabricated from α-Si3N4 and α-Al2O3 powder, was mainly due to the homogeneous microstructure without large defects such like clusters of large grains. β-Sialon was heat treated at 2000 °C for 2 h in 4 M Pa N2 to develop elongated β-Sialon grains with high aspect ratio. Microstructure, flexural strength and fracture toughness (KIc) of it were investigated. Both strength andKIc were lower than those of hot-pressed sample, even though an elongated microstructure was achieved. This fact showed that the toughening of β-Sialon with elongated grains could not be achieved without grain boundary phase which resulted in a crack deflection.
Smooth macro-elements based on Clough-Tocher triangle splits

Summary. Macro-elements of smoothness $C^r$ on Clough-Tocher triangle splits are constructed for all $r \ge 0$ . These new elements are improvements on elements constructed in [11] in that (disproving a conjecture made there) certain unneeded degrees of freedom have been removed. Numerical experiments on Hermite interpolation with the new elements are included.
Improving the rigor of mutation reports: biologic parentage and de novo mutations.

The accurate determination and dissemination of the causality or pathogenicity of human DNA sequence variants is a crucial function of genetics journals. Published reports of pathogenic mutations are a common source of information for mutation databases, which are in turn used to make recommendations to patients. One of the strongest pieces of evidence in support of causality or pathogenicity for mutation reports is the occurrence of a de novo mutation. Yet, many publications describing such changes do not demonstrate that the mutation is truly de novo, by performing biologic parentage testing. I argue here that all mutation reports that describe such mutations should include biologic parentage testing, or in the absence of such testing, the mutation should be described as “apparently de novo.” This proposed standard should improve the transparency of the evidence that underlies our literature, and ultimately improve the databases of mutations in human disease. Hum Mutat 33:1501–1502, 2012. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Further study of helium diffraction from the NaCl(001) surface

Abstract Helium beam scattering has been used to further study the (001) cleavage surface of NaCl. Using a nozzle beam of incident energy 17.6 meV selective adsorption data were measured for a wide range of incidence angles. Resonance data yield energy levels of 4.1 ± 0.1, 1.5 ± 0.1, and 0.31 ± 0.05 meV, in good agreement with our previous results. An intensive search for a lower lying energy level was carried out, but no evidence of its existence was found.
The Overspending and Flypaper Effects of Fiscal Illusion: Theory and Empirical Evidence

Abstract This paper broadens the notion of fiscal illusion to include imperfect information where voters are unsure about how much they must pay for additional services or where they are unsure about the services received in return for higher taxes. It shows how each type of voter imperfect information has different effects on public spending and modifies the overspending and flypaper effects predicted by the certainty model. An empirical study of municipal expenditures provides support for the broader notion of fiscal illusion as imperfect information.
Schistosomatium douthitti: Exposure of Lymnaea catascopium to irradiated miracidia

Abstract Irradiation of Schistosomatium douthitti miracidia (4000, 5000, or 6000 rad) did not substantially alter their behavior or ability to penetrate their snail host. Treatment with 4000 rad was not sufficient to prevent all miracidia from establishing patent infections in Lymnaea catascopium , although significantly fewer snails exposed to these miracidia shed cercariae than did controls exposed to normal miracidia. Irradiation of miracidia with either 5000 or 6000 rad totally prevented cercarial production. Although destruction of irradiated mother sporocysts by encapsulating amebocytes was occasionally observed, most expanded without concomitant multiplication of germinal cells and embryo production and then collapsed. They generally persisted in this state throughout the period of observation (32 days). Snails sensitized by exposure to irradiated miracidia and challenged 2 or 10 days later with normal miracidia were as likely to develop patent infections as were snails exposed only to normal miracidia. Double sensitization of snails with irradiated miracidia also failed to confer protection upon challenge with normal miracidia. Most challenge sporocysts developed normally, often in close proximity to collapsed irradiated sporocysts.
Organization and management of the evaluation function in a multilevel organization

The evaluation activities of a large organization must be more than a set of individual projects. Coordination, leadership, and a long-term strategy are essential for overall success.
Genetic Control of Tolerance to Tetra- and Penta-Chloronitrobenzene in Hypomyces Solani F. Cucurbitae

Genetic Control of Tolerance to Tetra- and Penta-Chloronitrobenzene in Hypomyces Solani F. Cucurbitae
Outcaste Relations in a Japanese Village1

SINCE the first report of them in the 17th century Dutch accounts, nonJapanese have been aware of the presence in Japan of lowly and socially isolated groups of an Indian caste type. There have been also other obscure references to Japanese of this kind in histories and travellers' reports. However, the posture of these caste-like phenomena that can be discerned from the usually brief descriptions in Western sources is overly simple and represents conditions only in important centers of outcaste population, such as Edo (modern Tokyo) or the central Kyoto-Nara district. That there is much more diversity in the outcaste stratum than is assumed by the stock Western usage eta and hinin has been amply demonstrated by Japanese historiography of local archival materials.2 Virtually everything known about such people before their legal emancipation in 1871 has been derived from documents relating to fiats and judgments by magistrates under whose authority they resided. Despite a drastic reduction of caste distinctions at this level of society, due primarily to assimilation of those rootless types called collectively hinin after the fall of the Tokugawa feudal order (1603-1868), the popular image of eta descendants in modern Japan is still powerfully conditioned by their position in Japan as it was no later than late Meiji or early Taisho periods (spanning approximately the first two decades of this century). Recent research suggests that the modern eta do not constitute a discrete stratum of caste-like character distinguished as a separate sub-culture of the Japanese whole, for communities of outcastes articulate with society in a manner that does not deviate basically from the normal patterns of the area. Residents of such communities all over Japan of course do comprise the largest of the native minorities but, unlike most minorities, they are as fully integrated as any other segment of Japanese society, although in certain unique ways. The lifeways of any local group of outcastes show a preponderance of similarity to the culture of the locality in which they reside. Therefore, the validity of thinking of a specific group as participating in a distinctive subculture of national extent is dubious and seems currently to have little heuristic value. The validity of this point has become greater with the passing into disrepute of caste occupational monopolies, such as leatherworking and slaughtering and butchering, which were rigidly prescribed by Tokugawa sumptuary rules. One of the most difficult and yet most vital problems in studies of modern outcaste groups is to determine what are the actual components of the outcaste complex: the set of values and socioeconomic features that may be used to characterize "outcasteism" anywhere in Japan. How-
Pulmonary Embolism and Infarction

SUMMARY Pulmonary embolic disease is the most serious disturbance of the lungs, often striking without warning and causing death within a few minutes when least expected. The clinician should consider the possibility that pulmonary embolism is present in many instances of complications referable to the lungs, particularly among patients more than 40 years of age, patients who have sustained injury or undergone an operation, those bedridden from any cause, those who have chronic disease, especially heart disease and malignant conditions, but particularly among those with thrombophlebitis or a history of it and those who previously have had pulmonary embolism. Even after using every means at his disposal, the clinician still may have difficulty in making the diagnosis correctly, and the over-all accuracy of diagnosis in cases in which the outcome ultimately proves fatal is perhaps no better than 50 per cent, an arresting fact. Death may occur early, but treatment may often prove lifesaving. Therefore, early accurate diagnosis and early treatment are imperative. New methods of diagnosis and treatment present greater hope for the future.
Normal development and effects of neonatal infraorbital nerve damage upon the innervation of the trigeminal brainstem complex by primary afferent fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide.

Immunocytochemistry was used to study the normal development and response to infraorbital nerve (ION) damage of the innervation of the trigeminal (V) brainstem complex by axons recognized by an antibody directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRPLI) was present in axons that occupied the outer V spinal tract (TrV) at all levels of the V brainstem complex. Almost no fibers terminated within V nucleus principalis (PrV), out there was dense CGRPLI in the supratrigeminal nucleus. There was also very little CGRPLI within rostral V subnucleus oralis (SpO). However, in the caudal one-half of the nucleus, a dense elongated patch of immunoreactivity was consistently present just medial to TrV. Only occasional CGRP-positive axons could be seen within V subnucleus interpolaris (SpI), but the paratrigeminal nucleus contained dense immunoreactivity. Trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (SpC) also contained CGRPLI that was very dense in lamina I and the outer portion of lamina II. Scattered terminals were also present in layers III and IV and dense terminal clusters were in lamina V. CGRP-immunoreactive neurons were present in the V ganglion by embryonic (E-) day 16 and immunoreactive axons could be seen in the V brainstem complex on E–17. At birth, CGRP-positive axons in the V brainstem complex had achieved a distribution very similar to that in adult rats. The major difference between the patterns of labelling in neonates and adults was the presence of relatively large numbers of CGRP-positive fibers in ventral PrV and SpO of the former animals. The disappearance of these fibers was completed by the middle of the third postnatal week. Transection of the ION on the day of birth had little effect upon CGRP in SpO, SpI, and SpC, but it did result in an increase in CGRP-positive fibers in PrV ipsilateral to the damaged nerve. When considered together with previous findings, these results suggest that CGRP-positive axons express this peptide well after they have entered the V brainstem complex and that the central terminal field of these fibers is not substantially altered by a manipulation which results in the death of nearly 60% of all V primary afferent neurons. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ghosts and categorial mistakes

NOT all ghosts are the offspring of categorial mistakes; some are fathered by lustier disturbances. However, if it is possible to get rid of even a few relatively harmless ones by grammatical remedies, it is worth the try. Professor Ryle has attempted this with the concept of mind (considered as a ghostly substance or hidden process). Unfortunately he has himself made a serious categorial mistake in the performance. He correctly diagnoses the post-Cartesian hallucination as due to a categorial error; the trouble is that he has hit upon the wrong confusion. Mr. Ryle's point (to formulate it definitely and therefore misleadingly) is that mentalistic terms are dispositional words which have come to be 1
An Integrated Circuit-Based Optical Sensor for In Vivo Measurement of Blood Oxygenation

The theory, design, and initial evaluation of an optkal sensor for the measurement of blood oxygen saturation (SO2) and hematocrit (Hct) are presented. A model based on the diffusion of light in an anisotropically scattering medium is developed and used to predict the effects of physiological parameters and the source/detector configuration on the diffuse reflectance of blood measured by the sensor. From model results, a ratiometric method is developed by which SO2 and Hct can be determined using a sensor comprised of three light sources and a detector. An implantable integrated circuit-based sensor was built to perform the blood reflectance measurements. The design of the monolithic signal processor is discussed, along with techniques for combining the chip with hybrid optoelectronics on the same glasscapped silicon substrate. Finally, preliminary results of an in vitro evaluation of prototype sensors are presented.
Threshold conditions for dynamic fragmentation of ceramic particles

A framework of a particle-impact experiment was developed and used to study the dynamic fragmentation of brittle materials. In the experiment a small, spherical particle of a brittle material impacts against a thick, hard anvil. Unlike conventional particle-impact experiments, observations and measurements are focused on dynamic failure processes in the particle, minimizing, if not completely eliminating, damage to the target during the impact. The impact process is observed using high-speed photography. Results are presented for aluminum oxide and silicon nitride particles striking a titanium diboride anvil. The radius of the particles ranged from 0.40 to 3.18 mm. It is observed that above a certain threshold velocity the particle undergoes fragmentation upon impact. This threshold velocity depends on the particle material properties, and decreases with increasing particle radius. An elasto-dynamic finite element simulation of the particle-impact experiment was carried out. The finite element simulations showed that for these experimental conditions the stress amplitude within the particle, for a given impact velocity, is independent of the size of the particle. The size of the particle influences only the contact time, and thus the duration of the stress pulse applied to the particle. The size dependence of the threshold velocity was explained by using a cohesive zone model to represent the dynamics of the failure process. Thus, the experimental results allow the dynamic cohesive strength and the dynamic toughness of the material to be determined. In addition to reporting measurements of the threshold velocity, the observed pattern of particle fragmentation is described. This experiment provides a means of studying the threshold conditions for dynamic fragmentation of brittle materials, and illustrates some of the issues involved in the application of cohesive zone models to problems involving impact and dynamic fragmentation in brittle materials.
Brain Metastases and Resection Cavities From Colorectal Carcinoma Treated With Stereotactic Radiosurgery Have Poor Local Control Compared to Noncolorectal Histology

months). When analyzing the time to recurrence in 2 month intervals, the highest rates of local brain failure occurred between 6-12 months after SRS. The highest rates of distant brain failure occurred between 4-12 months after SRS. Salvage options include SRS and WBRT; 12 patients (16%) were eventually salvaged by WBRT. Median overall survival was 18 months. Conclusions: For patients with a resected single brain metastasis treated with post-op SRS, local and distant brain failures were highest 4-12 months after radiosurgery. Therefore, surveillance imaging should be most frequent, possibly every 2 months, during the first year post-treatment and the frequency could be decreased thereafter. Author Disclosure: K. Kalakota: None. S.S. Rakhra: None. O. Hideki: None. I. Helenowski: None. M.H. Marymont: None. J.A. Kalapurakal: None. J.P. Chandler: None. M.P. Mehta: G. Consultant; Abbott, BristolMeyers-Squibb, Elekta, Genentech, Merck, Novartis, Novocure, Viewray. L. Stock Options; Accuray, Pharmacyclics. Q. Leadership; Pharmacyclics.
Endurance exercise promotes cardiorespiratory rehabilitation without neurorestoration in the chronic mouse model of Parkinsonism with severe neurodegeneration

Abstract Physical rehabilitation with endurance exercise for patients with Parkinson’s disease has not been well established, although some clinical and laboratory reports suggest that exercise may produce a neuroprotective effect and restore dopaminergic and motor functions. In this study, we used a chronic mouse model of Parkinsonism, which was induced by injecting male C57BL/6 mice with 10 doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (25 mg/kg) and probenecid (250 mg/kg) over 5 weeks. This chronic parkinsonian model displays a severe and persistent loss of nigrostriatal neurons, resulting in robust dopamine depletion and locomotor impairment in mice. Following the induction of Parkinsonism, these mice were able to sustain an exercise training program on a motorized rodent treadmill at a speed of 18 m/min, 0° of inclination, 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. At the end of exercise training, we examined and compared their cardiorespiratory capacity, behavior, and neurochemical changes with that of the probenecid-treated control and sedentary parkinsonian mice. The resting heart rate after 4 weeks of exercise in the chronic parkinsonian mice was significantly lower than the rate before exercise, whereas the resting heart rate at the beginning and 4 weeks afterward in the control or sedentary parkinsonian mice was unchanged. Exercised parkinsonian mice also recovered from elevated electrocardiogram R-wave amplitude that was detected in the parkinsonian mice without exercise for 4 weeks. The values of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and body heat generation in the exercised parkinsonian mice before and during the Bruce maximal exercise challenge test were all significantly lower than that of their sedentary counterparts. Furthermore, the exercised parkinsonian mice demonstrated a greater mass in the left ventricle of the heart and an increased level of citrate synthase activity in the skeletal muscles. The amphetamine-induced, dopamine release-dependent locomotor activity was markedly inhibited in the sedentary parkinsonian mice and was also inhibited in the exercised parkinsonian mice. Finally, neuronal recovery from the loss of nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase expression and dopamine levels in the severe parkinsonian mice after exercise was not evident. Taken all together, these data suggest that 4 weeks of treadmill exercise promoted physical endurance, resulting in cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations in the chronic parkinsonian mice with severe neurodegeneration without demonstrating a restorative potential for the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function.
Iatrogenic carotid artery injury in neurosurgery

Iatrogenic carotid artery injury (CAI) results from various neurosurgical procedures. A review of the literature was conducted to provide an update on the management of this potentially devastating complication. Iatrogenic CAIs are categorized according to each diagnostic or therapeutic procedure responsible for the injury, i.e., anterior cervical spine surgery, central venous catheterization, chemical substances, chiropractic manipulation, diagnostic cerebral angiography, middle-ear surgery, percutaneous procedures for trigeminal neuralgia, radiation therapy, skull-base surgery, tracheostomy, and transsphenoidal surgery. The incidence, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic imaging modalities, and reparative procedures are discussed for each procedure. Iatrogenic CAI may be more prevalent than had previously been thought, mostly because of a heightened awareness on the part of physicians and the earlier detection of asymptomatic patients owing to sophisticated and less-invasive imaging modalities. Prevention is the best treatment for every iatrogenic injury, and it is expected that further accumulation of experience with and knowledge of iatrogenic CAI will result in further reduction of this complication. Although some CAIs, such as radiation-induced carotid artery stenosis, may not be preventable, earlier intervention before the patient becomes symptomatic may favorably alter the prognosis. Following the rapid development of endovascular techniques in recent years, surgically inaccessible lesions can be treated in a more reliable and safe manner than before.
Click Chemistry for Rapid Labeling and Ligation of RNA

The copper(I)-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry) is shown to be compatible with RNA (with free 2'-hydroxyl groups) in spite of the intrinsic lability of RNA. RNA degradation is minimized through stabilization of the Cu(I) in aqueous buffer with acetonitrile as cosolvent and no other ligand; this suggests the general possibility of "ligandless" click chemistry. With the viability of click chemistry validated on synthetic RNA bearing "click"-reactive alkynes, the scope of the reaction is extended to in-vitro-transcribed or, indeed, any RNA, as a click-reactive azide is incorporated enzymatically. Once clickable groups are installed on RNA, they can be rapidly click labeled or conjugated together in click ligations, which may be either templated or nontemplated. In click ligations the resultant unnatural triazole-linked RNA backbone is not detrimental to RNA function, thus suggesting a broad applicability of click chemistry in RNA biological studies.