cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoproterozoic syntectonic garnet within Belt Supergroup metamorphic tectonites: Evidence of Grenville-age metamorphism and deformation along northwest Laurentia

Abstract Northern Idaho contains Belt-Purcell Supergroup equivalent metamorphic tectonites that underwent two regional deformational and metamorphic events during the Mesoproterozoic. Garnet-bearing pelitic schists from the Snow Peak area of northern Idaho yield Lu–Hf garnet-whole rock ages of 1085 ± 2 Ma, 1198 ± 79 Ma, 1207 ± 8 Ma, 1255 ± 28 Ma, and 1314 ± 2 Ma. Garnet from one sample, collected from the Clarkia area, was micro-drilled to obtain separate core and rim material that produced ages of 1347 ± 10 Ma and 1102 ± 47 Ma. The core versus rim ages from the micro-drilled sample along with the textural and spatial evidence of the other Lu–Hf garnet ages indicate two metamorphic garnet growth events at ~ 1330 Ma (M1) and ~ 1080 Ma (M2) with the intermediate ages representing mixed ages. Some garnet likely nucleated and grew M1 garnet cores that were later overgrown by younger M2 garnet rims. Most garnet throughout the Clarkia and Snow Peak areas are syntectonic with a regional penetrative deformational fabric, preserved as a strong preferred orientation of metamorphic matrix minerals (e.g., muscovite and biotite). The syntectonic garnets are interpreted to represent one regional, coeval metamorphic and deformation event at ~ 1080 Ma, which overlaps in time with the Grenville Orogeny. The older ~ 1330 Ma ages may represent an extension of the East Kootenay Orogeny described in western Canada. These deformational and metamorphic events indicate that western Laurentia (North America) was tectonically active in the Mesoproterozoic and during the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia.
Relative, quantitative effects of acceptors in the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase☆

Abstract The acceptor reaction of dextransucrase consists of the transfer of d -glucosyl groups from sucrose to other carbohydrates, and occurs at the expense of dextran synthesis. In the present study, solutions of [ 14 C]sucrose and of each of seventeen acceptor sugars were digested with highly purified Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. The products were separated by paper chromatography, and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. Maltose was the most effective acceptor; its products, members of an isomaltodextrinyl-maltose series (d.p. 3 to 6), accounted for >75% of the d -glucosyl groups of sucrose. Other acceptors giving rise to a similar series of oligosaccharide products were (in order of decreasing effectiveness): isomaltose, nigerose, methyl α- d -glucoside, 1,5-anhydro- d -glucitol, d -glucose, turanose, methyl β- d -glucoside, cellobiose, and l -sorbose. Lactose, raffinose, melibiose, d -galactose, and d -xylose each gave a single, mono- d -glucosylated product; d -fructose and d -mannose each gave a pair of mono- d -glucosylated (disaccharide) products. Another series of digests contained sucrose and various proportions of maltose. As the level of maltose increased, the size of the largest oligosaccharide acceptor-product decreased, and less dextran was produced. The virtual absence of high-d.p. (8 to 13) oligosaccharide products in all acceptor digests is interpreted as evidence against a role for acceptors as primers of dextran synthesis.
Innovative collaborations: a case study for academic owned nursing practice.

Purpose: Academic service partnerships are critical for schools of nursing to maintain credibility regarding their missions of education, research, service, and practice. Methods: In this paper, we describe a case study of a ten year program, the Living Independently For Elders (LIFE) Program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing that has provided community-based long-term care to high-risk older adults. Findings: Quality of care and financial outcomes were met with nurse faculty engagement, administrative commitment, and integration of business practices. Conclusions: As a result, high risk older adults receive care in their communities rather than nursing homes, and the school- owned and -operated program is a nationally recognized innovative nursing model of care. Clinical Relevance: Strategies are described that can be used globally as more schools of nursing embrace and strengthen service partnerships.
Evaluating the Impacts of Environmental Flow Alternatives on Reservoir and Recreational Operations Using System Dynamics Modeling

Providing environmental flows is increasingly a management obligation in many water resource systems. Evaluating the impacts of environmental flow alternatives on other water uses in a basin can be a challenge, especially when collaborating with stakeholders. We demonstrate the use of system dynamics (SD) modeling to assess the impacts of four environmental flow alternatives in the Rio Chama, New Mexico. The model was developed to examine impacts of each alternative on reservoir storage and releases, hydropower production and revenue, and whitewater boating access. We simulated each alternative within a stochastic framework in order to explicitly incorporate hydrologic uncertainty into the analyses. The environmental flow alternatives were developed at a collaborative workshop of geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology experts. Results from the model indicate that the proposed flow recommendations on the Rio Chama will generally decrease annual reservoir storage, increase median flows, and have minimal impacts on hydropower production and whitewater rafting on the system. The Rio Chama case study is a promising example of how SD modeling can be used in the early stages of environmental flow studies and why it is compatible with collaborative modeling.
Solid-State NMR Investigation of Paramagnetic Nylon-6 Clay Nanocomposites. 2. Measurement of Clay Dispersion, Crystal Stratification, and Stability of Organic Modifiers

In this second paper of a two-part series dealing mainly with NMR characterization of nylon-6/clay nanocomposites (NnC's) having nominally 5 mass % clay, measurements with application to processing are featured. The paramagnetism of the montmorillonite clays, discussed in the first paper, allowed us to use the corresponding spin-diffusion-moderated reduction in longitudinal proton relaxation time, T1H, for two purposes, namely, to rank the quality of clay dispersion in NnC families with the same formulation and to investigate morphological stratification of the nylon-6 α- and γ-crystallites with respect to the clay surface. In a group of three NnC's with the same formulation but different melt-blending conditions, variations in T1H correlated well with previously published TEM assessments of the quality of the clay dispersion. Also, in a set of samples from an injection-molded, in situ polymerized NnC disk where strong variations in α/γ ratios were observed, it was found that these differences did not ari...
Calcium-dependent stimulation by a phorbol ester (PMA) of thymic lymphoblast DNA synthesis and proliferation.

PMA (phorbol myristate acetate, i.e., 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) a tumor-promoting ester from croton oil, at its most effective concentration of 0.05 μg per milliliter, rapidly (within one hour) induces a large fraction of the lymphoblasts in suspended thymic lymphocyte populations to start making DNA, and these stimulated cells later progress into mitosis. This stimulatory PMA action is probably mediated by calcium because it disappears when calcium is omitted from the medium, and PMA strikingly increases the sensitivity of the lymphoblasts to calcium's stimulatory action.
Organopalladium approaches to prostaglandins. 2. Synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs via π-allylpalladium additions to bicyclic olefins

Abstract A variety of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogos are readily available by addition of π-allylpalladium compounds to bicyclic olefins and subsequent treatment with alkenyl and alkynyl organometallics. Pronounced biological activity is evident in these compounds.
SU(6) classification for ''in'' and ''out'' states

Within the context of the quark model with interaction, SU(6) algebras classifying ''in'' and ''out'' states are constructed and the unitary transformation relating these algebras to the SU(6)/sub W ,/ algebra generated by integrals of local currents is given simply. The formulation is general so that one may study kinematic effects, which arise even in the absence of interaction from the angular requirements on the generators of the classification algebras, separate from dynamical effects, which are peculiar to the nature of the interaction and are also induced by these angular constraints.
Long-term follow-up for incident cirrhosis among pediatric cancer survivors with hepatitis C virus infection

a b s t r a c t Background: Pediatric cancer patients who received blood transfusions were potentially exposed to hep- atitis C virus (HCV) prior to second-generation HCV screening of blood products in 1992. Limited evidence is available about long-term incident cirrhosis in this population. Objectives: We aimed to estimate the overall and sex-specific incidence of cirrhosis among HCV- seropositive survivors of pediatric cancer. Study design: We identified 113HCV-seropositive pediatric cancer patients treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1962 and 1997, who survived ≥5 years post-diagnosis, and were followed through 2014. Our outcome was cirrhosis determined by liver biopsy or diagnostic imaging. We used a competing-risk framework to estimate the overall and sex-specific cumulative incidence and 95% confidence limits (CL) of cirrhosis at 10-year follow-up intervals. Results: The median duration of follow-up was 30 years (interquartile range = 28-36) post-cancer diag- nosis. Cumulative incidence of cirrhosis increased at each 10-year interval from 0% after 10 years to 13% after 40 years (Ptrend < 0.001). The median age at diagnosis of cirrhosis was 30 years (interquartile range = 24-38). We observed a linear trend in incidence for males (Ptrend < 0.001), with a cumulative inci- dence of 18% (95% CL: 6.1%, 34%) after 40 years. The cumulative incidence for females was 6.5% (95% CL: 0.42%, 26%) after 40 years, but we did not observe a linear trend (Ptrend = 0.99). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the incidence of cirrhosis is similar between HCV-seropositive pedi- atric cancer survivors and the general population given similar duration of follow-up, but survivors may be diagnosed with cirrhosis at an earlier age.
Measuring the effect of file sharing on music purchases

Abstract File sharing may substantially undermine the intellectual property rights of digital goods. This paper concentrates on the music industry. I estimate the effect of music downloads on the probability of purchasing music using a European individual‐level cross section of 15,000 people from 2001. A simple comparison of means shows that people who regularly download music online are more likely to buy music. The positive relationship persists when controlling for observed characteristics. However, simultaneity between tastes for music and peer‐to‐peer usage makes it difficult to isolate the causal effect of music downloads on music purchases. To break that simultaneity, this paper uses measures of Internet sophistication and the speed of the Internet connection as instruments. The results suggest that peer‐to‐peer usage reduces the probability of buying music by 30 percent. On the basis of my estimates, back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations indicate that—without downloads—sales in 2002 would have been ar...
Optic nerve sheath fenestration with endoscopic accessory instruments versus the free electron laser (FEL).

Background and Objective The free electron laser (FEL) can efficiently produce an optic nerve sheath fenestration using an endoscopic approach. To develop a surgical protocol, this study compared effectiveness of available accessory endoscopic instruments to endoscopic FEL delivery effectiveness in producing optic nerve sheath fenestrations. Study Design/Materials and Methods An endoscope was used to perform optic nerve sheath fenestrations on goat optic nerves. Accessory endoscopic instruments and glass-hollow waveguides (250 and 320 µm in diameter) were inserted into the instrument channel for comparison. FEL energy (6.45 µm, 30 Hz) was delivered to the tissue through the waveguides and histological analysis was performed. Results The endoscopic instruments alone were unable to incise the optic nerve sheath. The FEL successfully incised the sheath and the biopsy forceps extricated the circular flap. Conclusions Endoscopic optic nerve sheath fenestration using FEL energy followed by biopsy forceps for sheath extrication produced good results, thereby creating a feasible protocol for optic nerve sheath fenestration. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:846–851, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mitogenic property of the apical ectodermal ridge.

Abstract While the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is well known for its required role in the development of distal parts of the limb and for its ability to stimulate limb duplications, the mechanism of its action is unknown. In this study we use a culture system previously developed by M. Globus and S. Vethamany-Globus (1976, Differentiation 6, 91–96) in which an AER grafted onto a high-density cell culture of limb mesenchyme stimulates the formation of an outgrowth. Time-lapse movies taken during the outgrowth period demonstrated no cellular activities other than cell division. Both the mitotic index and labeling index in the mesenchyme were significantly elevated under the AER as compared to that without AER, indicating that the AER provides a growth-promoting stimulus which increases the proportion of dividing cells. On the other hand, nonridge ectoderm had no detectable effect on the mitotic index. Treatment of cultures with cytosine arabinoside both inhibited DNA synthesis and prevented AER-induced outgrowth. These results demonstrate a mitogenic capacity of AER tissue and suggest that mesenchymal outgrowth requires this activity. The mitogenic property of the AER is considered in relation to limb outgrowth in situ.
Recurrent acute pancreatitis in pancreas divisum secondary to minor papilla obstruction from a gastrostomy feeding tube.

We report a case of small bowel obstruction, duodenal ulceration, and acute recurrent pancreatitis arising from migration of a Foley catheter gastrostomy tube into the distal duodenum in a patient with pancreas divisum. Conversion of the gastrostomy to Wentzel tunnel jejunostomy successfully halted the complications arising from the gastrostomy tube. A review of the English language literature produced no previous reports of recurrent pancreatitis associated with stomal feeding tubes placed orally or through a gastrostomy.
Semi-infinite linear diffusion spectroelectrochemistry on an aqueous micro-drop.

We report a technique for conducting semi-infinite diffusion spectroelectrochemistry on an aqueous micro-drop as an easy and economic way of investigating spectroelectrochemical behavior of redox active compounds and correlating spectroscopic properties with thermodynamic potentials on a small scale. The chemical systems used to demonstrate the aqueous micro-drop technique were an absorbance based ionic probe [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– and an emission based ionic probe [Re(dmpe)3]2+/+. These chemical systems in a micro-drop were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and UV–visible absorbance and luminescence spectroscopies.
It's the nature of the beast: The influence of knowledge and intentions on learning and teaching nature of science

This study examined the knowledge, intentions, and instructional practices of two beginning secondary science teachers as they learned the subject matter of nature of science (NOS) and attempted to teach NOS during their student teaching experience and during their first year of full-time teaching. This is a case study comparison of two success stories. However, the reasons for and levels of success are as varied as the factors that influence teaching practice. Details of the participants' progression, along with descriptions of the challenges they faced in the learning and teaching of NOS offer insight into the complexity of the fulfillment of one's instructional intentions. The results of the study suggest that depth of NOS understanding, subject-matter knowledge, and the perceived relationship between NOS and science subject matter affected the participants' learning and teaching of NOS. The views of NOS as an inherent part of all science content or as “the nature of the beast” facilitated the inclusion of NOS within traditional science content lessons. The participant with the more extensive science background, who also held well-developed NOS views, was better able to address NOS throughout his teaching. His subject-matter knowledge enabled him to use a variety of examples to enhance NOS instruction. The other participant's more limited subject-matter knowledge and compartmentalized view of NOS seemed to inhibit her incorporation of relevant NOS topics within a traditional science content. The importance of subject-matter knowledge, NOS knowledge, and NOS instruction intentions to the development of pedagogical content knowledge for NOS and the actualization of intentions in the classroom are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 205–236, 2002
Tone articulation modeling for Mandarin spontaneous speech recognition

Tone modeling is an unavoidable problem in Mandarin speech recognition. In continuous speech, the pitch contour exhibits variable patterns, and it is strongly influenced by its tone context. Although several effective methods have been proposed to improve the accuracy for tonal syllables in Mandarin continuous speech recognition, many recognition errors are caused by poor tone discrimination capability of the acoustic model. Furthermore, the case becomes worse for the recognition of spontaneous speech. In this paper, we report our work on tone articulation modeling. Tone context dependent models are used to model unstable pitch patterns caused by co-articulation in continuous speech. Corresponding acoustic features are investigated as well. Our methods are evaluated on two test sets: one is reading-style speech data, the other is spontaneous. The experimental results show that for the test set of casual speech, the proposed method turns out to be more effective than tone context independent model, while they are comparable for the test set of reading-style speech. Several factors which have potential to improve the proposed method are discussed in the final part in this paper.
Xylose and Xylan Utilization by the Chick

Abstract Xylose, xylan or glucose were substituted for an equal weight of finely powdered sand in a semipurified chick diet. Xylose levels greater than 40% of the diet and a xylan level of 20% appeared to be highly toxic. Xylan yielded no useful energy to the animal; xylose yielded some energy at 20% of the diet but none at either 40 or 60%. At a dietary level of 20%, chicks gained faster when fed xylose than when fed xylan even though food intake was similar for both carbohydrate sources. It would appear, therefore, that hemicellulose (essentially a xylose polymer), whether predigested or intact, has no utility in poultry rations.
Seasonally occurring lectins from the bryozoan Bugula neritina.

Two different lectins (termed BnA-I and BnA-II) with distinct carbohydrate specificities were identified and subsequently isolated from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina. BnA-I hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by N-acetylated hexosamines, their polymers, and glycoproteins rich in these moieties. BnA-II-induced hemagglutination was not blocked by any simple sugars but could be inhibited by several complex glycoproteins (e.g., thyroglobulin and orosomucoid). Both lectins required the presence of Ca(+)+ for reactivity and were purified by affinity chromatographic procedures. Purified BnA-I was determined to have a native molecular weight of 240 Kd and appeared to be a hexameric homopolymer while BnA-II was shown to be a 65-70 Kd monomer. Both lectins showed seasonality in expression, BnA-I appearing in animal extracts prepared in the spring and fall while BnA-II was expressed only during the summer and winter.
Psychophysics of reading. XV: Font effects in normal and low vision

Results. Reading acuity scores obtained with Courier were better than those obtained with Times for both normal (mean difference, 0.05 logMAR, P < 0.001) and subjects with low vision (0.09 logMAR, P < 0.001). Similarly, critical print sizes measured with Courier were smaller than those measured with Times (mean difference, 0.06 logMAR for normal subjects and subjects with low vision, P < 0.002). Maximum reading speeds for normal subjects were 5% faster with Times than with Courier (P < 0.001), but for subjects with low vision, maximum reading speeds were 10% slower with Times than with Courier (P < 0.05). For print smaller than the critical print size, the reading speeds of normal subjects and subjects with low vision were substantially slower (by as much as 50%) for Times than for Courier. Conclusions. There are small, but significant, advantages of Courier over Times in reading acuity, critical print size, and reading speed for subjects with low vision. For normal subjects, the differences are slighter, with an advantage in reading speed for Times. However, for print sizes close to the acuity limit, choice of font could make a significant difference in both normal and low-vision reading performance.
Manipulation of Intraparticle Charge Delocalization by Selective Complexation of Transition-Metal Ions with Histidine Moieties

Ruthenium nanoparticles were cofunctionalized with pyrene and histidine moieties through Ru═carbene π bonds. The selective complexation of the histidine moiety with transition-metal ions led to a marked diminishment of the emission peak at 490 nm which arose from the nanoparticle-bridged pyrene moieties that behaved analogously to pyrene dimers with a conjugated spacer. This is accounted for by the polarization of the core electrons by the added positive charge that impacted the intraparticle charge delocalization between the particle-bound pyrene moieties. This electronic interaction was likely facilitated by the π interactions between the metal ions and the imidazole ring as well as by the conjugated molecular backbone that linked the imidazole ring to the nanoparticle cores. Within the present experimental context, of all the metal ions tested, the impacts were much more drastic with Pb2+, Co2+, and Hg2+ than with Li+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ ions, with the most sensitive variation observed with ...
The Responsiveness of Approval Voting to Political Circumstances

Another example of network reporting done well-and thus an example to emulate-was the discussion of the impact of the election on Reagan's political clout in Congress. ABC's Brit Hume projected changes in the new Congress based on interviews with winning candidates. The shift, he reported, was toward more liberals and, therefore, the president would win fewer controversial votes. But, Democratic strength was not so great that it could overcome presidential vetoes. Either political stalemate or more compromise by Reagan was Hume's prediction for the next two years. Hume's report is notable for informative conclusions that were amply supported by the evidence presented. Contrary to the exaggerated reactions of Rather and others, Hume recognized that Reagan would not need to abandon his economic
Oscillations in cylinder wakes at Mach 4

The wake behind a circular cylinder in Mach 4 flow is examined experimentally in the Reynolds number range 2×10^4 to 5×10^5. Periodic oscillations of the sliplines in the wake are observed. The Strouhal number of the oscillations based on the diameter of the cylinder is found to increase monotonically from 0.30 to 0.50 with increasing Reynolds number. If the Strouhal number is formed using the length of the sliplines, however, it has a constant value of approximately 0.48 for all Reynolds numbers studied. This scaling indicates that the oscillations in supersonic flow are likely driven by acoustic signals propagating back and forth through the subsonic region between the separation points on the cylinder and the neck where the sliplines converge, unlike in subsonic flow where oscillations are caused by vortices shed from the cylinder surface.
Natural Clay Minerals as Environmental Cleaning Agents

Clays and clay minerals are very important industrial minerals; they have been in use as raw materials for hundreds of industrial applications due to its abundant availability and inexpensive. Clay minerals are usually classified according to its structure and layer type. The classification of Grim becomes the basis for outlining the nomenclature and the differences between the various clay minerals. A simple classification of clay minerals also available in the literatures, in this classification clay mineral divided into four main groups: kaolinite group, illite group, smectite group, and vermiculite. Clay minerals play important role in the environment protection. These minerals have been used in the disposal and storage of hazardous chemicals as well as for remediation of polluted water. The use of clay minerals as the adsorbent s for the adsorption of various hazardous substances (heavy metals, dyes, antibiotics, biocide compounds, and other organic chemicals) has been widely studied by a large number of researchers. Some important information about current studies is given and discussed in this chapter.
First Things First: Reengineering Finding Aids for Implementation of EAD

Although it is tempting for a repository to begin its work with EAD by marking up its existing finding aids as they are, more satisfying results will ensue if the repository invests some time up front in assessing, and perhaps revising, its finding aid model. The Minnesota Historical Society recently completed such a project to evaluate the effectiveness of its finding aids and to reengineer their look, feel, and structure in order to make them more effective tools for delivering information about archival materials to distance users via the World Wide Web, as well as to in-house users. The author describes the process and the results of that intensive project.
Influence of temperature and humidity on European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) egg hatchability

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), egg hatch was studied under several temperature and humidity regimes. Percentage of hatch was severely decreased, regardless of the humidity, at 36 and 39°C. Hatch ranged from 74.0 to 0.5% at vapor pressure deficits of 7.5–32.5 mb over the temperature range of 24–33°C in 3°C increments. European corn borer egg hatch was affected similarly, from oviposition to larval eclosion, by a 12-h stress period of 14.5, 17.5, and 20.5 mb (at 30°C). Two separate aspects of the egg chorion or two processes in egg hatch are hypothesized to be disrupted by the stressful conditions as evidenced by three plateaus in percentage of eggs hatching as the length of exposure to stress increased. Percentage of hatch remained relatively stable at about 68% with exposure to 33.9-mb stress for ≤24 h. As the length of stress increased to 36–60 h, the percentage was about 22%. The percentage of hatch fell to only 2.7% at 72 and 84 h of consecutive exposure. Finally, the effect of environmental conditions on egg hatch was additive whether the eggs experienced constant stress or experienced periods of stress alternated with periods of moderate conditions. Results of this study suggest that environmental stresses (i.e., “stress units”) may accumulate and affect survival of European corn borer eggs in a manner analogous to temperature units and insect development.
Effect of Human Pregnancy-Specific β-Glycoprotein on Blood Cell Regeneration After Bone Marrow Transplantation

Pregnancy-specific p1 -glycoprotein (PSG) is composed of a family of highly homologous proteins initially isolated from human placenta and pregnancy serum. Recent studies showed that PSGs are also present in a number of ectopic sites, including uncultured peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. This report aims at studying the in vivo effect of the PSGs on murine hematopoiesis. The profile of re- covery of blood cells after transplantation of viable nucleated bone marrow cells in y-irradiated mice with and without the administration of the purified human protein was studied. Five groups of mice were given 0.1 pg human serum albumin, 0.1 pg IL6, 1 pg PSG, 10 pg PSG, and 50 pg PSG, respectively, per mouse per day consecutively for 20 days. The mice were bled once every 2 days, and the platelet and WBC counts were determined using a Nebauer hemacytometer (Hausser Scientific, Buffalo, NY). The recovery of platelet count after bone marrow transplant was much faster in mice receiving 1 pg PSG/day than in animals in any other group. On Day 20 post-transplant, the platelet count of animals in this group reached 178,600 * 15,759/pI (mean * stan- dard deviation) which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of any other group. On Day 26, the platelet count reached a low normal value of 190,844 * 6,38O/pl with a range of 185,420-200,500/pl. This value was 3-fold higher than that of the control group (68,600 * 15,486/pl in the human serum albumin group). Mice given 1 pg or 10 pg PSG/day also had their WBC count recover significantly faster and achieved a normal value (12,440 * 3,68O/pl for the 1-pg PSG group, and 12,154 * 3,016/pl for the 10-pg PSG group) within the experimental period. On the other hand, the controls, or mice given 50 pg PSG/day did not recover as rapidly and did not achieve a normal WBC count within the experimental period. These results suggest that human placen- tal PSGs enhance platelet and WBC recovery after bone marrow transplant. (P.S.E.B.M. 1998, Vol 2171
Much Ado About Copyright's 'Making Available' Right

This commentary discusses the U.S. Copyright Office's May 5, 2014 hearing on the scope of the Section 106(3) distribution right, including the role of legislative history in interpreting this provision of copyright law. Following hearings before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Intellectual Property and the Internet on January 14, 2014, Congress asked the Copyright Office to review and assess “the state of U.S. law recognizing and protecting making available and communication to the public rights for copyright holders.”
What advances in microscopy are required for combined MRI and optical functional brain imaging? (Conference Presentation)

This overview talk will focus on forward-looking scientific needs and physical limits to images of neuronal processes. The challenge in nervous systems is that the basic unit for "switching" events in the nervous system occurs on the one micrometer scale of synaptic spines, while computations involve communication between individual neurons across the full expanse of cortex, which is ten millimeters for mouse cortex. I will address hoped-for advances in optical microscopy, within the context of existing and proposed contrast mechanisms of neuronal function, that span the four orders of magnitude of length scales for neuronal processing
Phorbol ester enhances integrin alpha IIb beta 3-dependent adhesion of human erythroleukemic cells to activation-dependent monoclonal antibodies

Following platelet stimulation by agonists, integrin-alpha IIb beta 3 (or glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) is converted to an activated state that can bind soluble fibrinogen and mediate platelet aggregation. However, little is known about modulation of alpha IIb beta 3 in cell lines. In the present study, we show that agonist stimulation modulates alpha IIb beta 3-dependent adhesive properties of a human erythroleukemic (HEL) cell line. Brief treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused a significant increase in HEL cell adhesion to monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for activated alpha IIb beta 3 (PAC1 or pl- 55). This adhesion was inhibited by blocking MoAbs or peptides specific for alpha IIb beta 3, but not by anti-Fc gamma receptor-specific MoAb. Similarly, PMA enhanced HEL cell adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen by 10-fold. However, the activation-dependent ligands in solution (ie, PAC1, pl-55, or fibrinogen) did not inhibit the enhanced HEL cell adhesion to immobilized MoAbs PAC1 or pl-55 after PMA treatment. Thus, PMA may increase alpha IIb beta 3-dependent adhesion to immobilized activation-dependent antibodies and fibrinogen by increasing the local concentration of alpha IIb beta 3 to participate in low-affinity interactions, resulting in an increased avidity, changing the affinity state of alpha IIb beta 3, or both.
The comparison study of two sensitivity analysis methods for static N-1 security check

In static security analysis,the principal methods for static N-1 branch outage simulation include DC power method,compensation method and sensitivity analysis method.In this paper,the fundamental principle of sensitivity analysis method was introduced in detail.Then comparsion is made between the two different sensitivity analysis algorithms,one of which is based on partial derivative of compund function and the other is based on the equations of Taylor series expansion,by consideing the calculation process of the equivalent power injecting at the terminal buses of the outaged branch and the precision and complexity of the two algorithms.Taken north China power grid for example,static N-1 simula-tion results show that the two algorithms have high degree of accuracy and the computing speed is quick enough for online usage.
Open Standards and the Digital Age: International Standards for the Convergence of Computers and Communications, 1960s–1970s

It is often argued that the computer industry lacks internal discipline as it exhibits a conspicuous inability to produce standards. Usual counter arguments are the youth of this industry, an extremely fast pace of evolution, and the dominance of one manufacturer. On the other hand the telecommunications industry has produced an impressive lot of standards over its long existence…. Both industries are now bound to become so intertwined that they can no longer look at each other from a respectful distance…. Orderly diversity is the only way to foster progress and keep a hand on one’s own destiny. – Louis Pouzin, “Standards in Data Communications and Computer Networks,” 1975 The formative technological innovations of the “open” digital age – electronic computers that exchange data through digital communication networks – did not, by themselves, drive the decentralization of authority in late-twentieth century global society. These technologies, the offspring of the stormy marriage of computing and communications, came into being as components of broader and more fundamental critiques of centralized control. Critiques came first; then came technical development, standardization, and, finally, social consequences. In the United States and abroad, the computing industry was younger and more volatile than the communications industry. Telephone systems in all industrialized countries operated under the clear jurisdiction of national governments. The American arrangement, which featured the private administration of a national monopoly with the grudging approval of regulators, was abnormal (if not exceptional). American federal regulators in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s used their authority to prevent AT&T from entering the computer business. These restrictions were motivated, in part, by the hope that competition would flourish and bring with it a new era of innovation that would fuel the continuation of American technological leadership.
BioCompoundML: A General Biofuel Property Screening Tool for Biological Molecules Using Random Forest Classifiers

Screening a large number of biologically derived molecules for potential fuel compounds without recourse to experimental testing is important in identifying understudied yet valuable molecules. Experimental testing, although a valuable standard for measuring fuel properties, has several major limitations, including the requirement of testably high quantities, considerable expense, and a large amount of time. This paper discusses the development of a general-purpose fuel property tool, using machine learning, whose outcome is to screen molecules for desirable fuel properties. BioCompoundML adopts a general methodology, requiring as input only a list of training compounds (with identifiers and measured values) and a list of testing compounds (with identifiers). For the training data, BioCompoundML collects open data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, incorporates user-provided features, imputes missing values, performs feature reduction, builds a classifier, and clusters compounds. BioC...
The Input-Output Model and Regional Water Management

T HE purpose of this paper is to examine some aspects of the input-output model regarding its usefulness as a research tool in regional water-management analysis. The allocation of water between uses and areas of use is a significant part of water management, and this problem will be used as a basis for discussing the input-output model.' This discussion will present (1) a theoretical consideration of the input-output model as related to complementary models for providing specific estimates growing out of analysis of the water-allocation problem and (2) a critical look at the input-output model as an empirical technique. Use of the input-output approach is criticized because of the extensive data required for its implementation, in view of hypothesized interdependencies existing in smallarea economies. A further hypothesis is posed regarding spurious interdependency resulting from sector aggregation.
Algorithms for the Ship Trajectory Planning and Its Tracking in the Collision A voidance Process

Abstract The paper presents a formalization of the collision avoidance problem, involving two ships at sea, in terms of nonlinear optimal control theory with state space constraints. The optimal ruddership control and the corresponding avoidance trajectory is then found via properly chosen, task-specified numerical method based on Pontryagin's maximum principle. In the second part, the tracking problem of the previously determined trajectory is considered. The proposed tracking control system is based on linear Nomoto model of ship dynamics complemented by linearized equations of ship motion kinematics (Fossen, 1994). As the method of control synthesis the time varying LQ controller of Bryson and Ho (1969) is adopted. The obtained optimal solution is a combination of a time varying feed forward plus a state feedback controller. This form of controller makes it possible to take into account also measurable sea load disturbances as e.g. current and/or wind influence. The simulations of both collision avoidance process' as well as optimal trajectory tracking are presented.
Policy flaws of biodiversity offsetting as a conservation strategy

Abstract Biodiversity offsetting is increasingly popular as a policy tool for pursuing economic growth and development with minimal environmental impact, through achieving ‘no net loss’ in terms of biodiversity. However, by analysing the application of biodiversity offsets, this article shows that there are significant organizational limitations to implementing the tool effectively. Our analysis of the tool is framed by the articulation of public policy and strategic analysis, and based on empirical case studies of French linear infrastructure projects. Three organizational limitations are identified: restrictive regulatory procedures, negotiations about appropriate ecological targets which are affected by unbalanced power relationships; and a preference for unambitious but “realistic” measures that are more likely to be implemented. These realities of biodiversity offsetting in practice have three detrimental effects on the conservation sector: they saturate the capacity of administrative organizations responsible for nature conservation; they destabilize nature protection associations looking for funding; and they generate ambiguity about protected area policies. As a consequence, implementation of the tool demands substantial human resource input for limited ecological gain. It destabilizes conservation policies and weakens environmental stakeholders. The latter should get involved themselves in biodiversity offset activities only if this involvement provides additional resources for their core conservation activities. By designing and managing areas for conservation, these activities also frame spatially the previous steps of the mitigation sequence. These conclusions suggest that we should not prioritize biodiversity offsetting as a tool for biodiversity conservation within biodiversity strategies.
Differential expression of ABCB5 in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cell lines

More than 50% of metastatic melanoma patients have a specific mutation in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. This results in constitutive activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAP kinase pathway, which causes uncontrolled cell growth. Vemurafenib (PLX4032) is an oral chemotherapeutic agent that targets the specific mutation V600E in the BRAF protein. Initial response rates are high in patients with BRAF mutant melanoma treated with a BRAF inhibitor such as vemurafenib, but resistance nearly always develops and disease progression ensues. There are several different mechanisms by which melanoma develops BRAF inhibitor resistance. One potential component of resistance is increased drug efflux. Overexpressed ABCB5 (ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily B, member 5) has been shown to efflux anti-cancer drugs from cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to determine whether ABCB5 is highly expressed in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells and to evaluate whether ABCB5 is involved in the development of resistance to BRAF inhibitors in cutaneous melanoma. We established three BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cell lines with BRAF mutation. The expression level of ABCB5 in PLX-resistant cell lines was checked by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. SK-MEL-2 melanoma cells with wild-type BRAF were used for comparison. The association of different levels of ABCB5 with the changes of ERK, p-ERK, Akt and p-Akt was also assessed by Western blotting. Re-sensitization of melanoma cells to PLX was tested by p-ERK inhibitor PD58059 and ABCB5 knockdown by ABCB5 siRNA, respectively. We showed that ABCB5 was overexpressed in SK-MEL-28PLXr and A2058PLXr cells but not in A375PLXr cells. ABCB5 overexpression is associated with activation of p-ERK status but not Akt. Inhibition of p-ERK re-sensitized SK-MEL-28PLXr and A2058PLXr cells to PLX treatment, but knockdown of ABCB5 did not re-sensitize A2058 PLXr and SK-MEL-28 PLXr cells to PLX treatment. These results confirm that, even though ABCB5 was overexpressed in SK-MEL-28 and A2058 melanoma cells that develop resistance to BRAF inhibitors, ABCB5 may not be a major targetable contributor to BRAF resistance. p-ERK inhibition may play important roles in BRAF resistance in these two melanoma cell lines.
Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation of Sacral Fragility Fractures Improves Pain, Ambulation, and Rate of Disposition to Home.

Objective:To determine whether percutaneous transiliac–transsacral screw fixation improves pain, ambulation, length of stay, and the rate of disposition to home in patients with sacral fragility fractures.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Single academic Level 1 trauma center.Patients/Partic
Broiler Litter as a Micronutrient Source for Cotton: Concentrations in Plant Parts

fraction of total Fe, Mn, and Zn in 40 litter samples to be 6%. Although the availability of these micronutri- Analytically, poultry litter contains nearly all essential micronutri- 1 in a factorial combination with four supplemental metal nutrients in the soil planted to row crops is also nutrient solution (NS) treatments. The nutrient solutions consisted of full Hoagland's nutrient solution (NS-full); a solution of the macro- poorlyunderstoodwhenpoultrylitterisusedrepeatedly nutrientsN,P,K,Ca,andMg(NS-macro);asolutionofthemicronutri- as the primary fertilizer. Application of fresh broiler ents Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, and Mo (NS-micro); and water (NS-none). litter of as much as 9 Mg ha 1 is needed to meet the N Based on tissue nutrient analysis, a one-time broiler litter application requirement of row crops such as cotton in the south- supplied adequate amounts of Fe, Cu, and Mn to bring the concentra- eastern cotton production region of the United States. tion of these nutrients in upper leaves within published sufficiency Based on average litter metal nutrient concentration ranges. Zinc, with 17 mg kg 1
Oral health literacy: awareness and practices among pediatric dentists

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine pediatric dentists' awareness and experiences with oral health literacy and to identify communication techniques used with parents. Methods Active North American members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry were invited to participate in the survey. Descriptive statistical analyses were completed, and Pearson's chi-square crosstabs tests were used to compare categorical data between groups. Results Data were collected from 22 percent (N=1,059) of pediatric dentists; 68 to 87 percent use basic communication techniques routinely, while 36 to 79 percent routinely use enhanced communication techniques. Approximately 59 percent (N=620) reported having had an experience with health literacy miscommunication, while 11 percent (N=116) are aware of an error in patient care that resulted from oral health literacy miscommunication. Respondents who have had an experience with miscommunication were significantly more likely statistically to perceive barriers to effective communication as more significant than those without a history of miscommunication experience (P Conclusions Most pediatric dentists have experienced situations in which a parent has misunderstood information. Basic communication techniques were most commonly used, while enhanced communication techniques were used less routinely. Those who have had experience with oral health literacy miscommunication events perceive barriers to effective communication as more significant.