cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hospital and neighborhood controls in a study of coronary artery disease

Abstract Case-control studies of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) have almost invariably employed hospital controls, with minimal or no coronary artery stenosis. Although there is an important advantage in knowing the CAD status of controls, such groups are subject to bias related to hospitalization. To evaluate the generalizability of results obtained from studies using hospital controls, we compared risk factors in 342 hospital controls free of angiographic evidence for CAD, 168 neighborhood controls without symptoms of CAD, and 450 CAD patients. Coronary artery disease in cases and hospital controls was established arteriographically. No significant differences were found between the male control groups for total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, LDL apo-B, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, proportion with hypertension, diabetes and family history of coronary heart disease. Compared with neighborhood controls, male hospital controls had significantly lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher triglycerides and uric acid and scored higher on the Framingham Type A behavior pattern scale. Among women, the hospital control group had significantly lower LDL cholesterol and fewer pack-years of smoking, and a greater prevalence of hypertension than the neighborhood group. A greater proportion of both male and female hospital controls had left ventricular hypertrophy, and there were more current smokers among the neighborhood controls in both sexes. Age adjustment did not change these comparisons. While very few neighborhood controls were treated with β-blockers, 32.7% of male and 41.4% of female hospital controls were so medicated. Control for β-blocker use eliminated the difference in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides between the two male control groups. For all variables, the differences between cases and the two control groups were always in the same direction. Thus, especially after controlling for the use of β-blockers, most of the comparisons point to similarities rather than differences between the two control groups.
Phencyclidine injections into the dorsal hippocampus disrupt long- but not short-term memory within a spatial learning task

Since the hippocampus is likely to be a major site of phencyclidine (PCP) action, the effects of various doses of PCP (1.8, 18 or 36 nM) as well as 3.6 nM MK-801 or saline injected directly into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was tested for acquisition of a spatial navigation task (dry land version of a water maze) using a paradigm that assesses short term memory based on learning within a day and long term memory based on learning between days. Results indicated that relative to saline or 1.8 nM PCP injected rats, rats with 18 or 36 nM PCP or 3.6 nM MK-801 injections were impaired in acquisition of the task as measured by increased distances traveled to find the food location between days but not within days. In additional experiments 36 nM PCP or 3.6 nM MK-801 did not produce any deficits in the acquisition of an object discrimination task. It is suggested that PCP through its blocking action of the NMDA receptor in the dentate gyrus or CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus mediates the consolidation of new spatial location information.
Composite Statistics for QTL Mapping with Moderately Discordant Sibling Pairs

Extreme discordant sibling-pair (EDSP) designs have been shown in theory to be very powerful for mapping quantitative-trait loci (QTLs) in humans. However, their practical applicability has been somewhat limited by the need to phenotype very large populations to find enough pairs that are extremely discordant. In this paper, we demonstrate that there is also substantial power in pairs that are only moderately discordant, and that designs using moderately discordant pairs can yield a more practical balance between phenotyping and genotyping efforts. The power we demonstrate for moderately discordant pairs stems from a new statistical result. Statistical analysis in discordant-pair studies is generally done by testing for reduced identity by descent (IBD) sharing in the pairs. By contrast, the most commonly-used statistical methods for more standard QTL mapping are Haseman-Elston regression and variance-components analysis. Both of these use statistics that are functions of the trait values given IBD information for the pedigree. We show that IBD sharing statistics and "trait value given IBD" statistics contribute complementary rather than redundant information, and thus that statistics of the two types can be combined to form more powerful tests of linkage. We propose a simple composite statistic, and test it with simulation studies. The simulation results show that our composite statistic increases power only minimally for extremely discordant pairs. However, it boosts the power of moderately discordant pairs substantially and makes them a very practical alternative. Our composite statistic is straightforward to calculate with existing software; we give a practical example of its use by applying it to a Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) data set.
Semiempirical studies of the mechanism of models for the N‐hydroxylation of amines by cytochrome P450

The oxidation of amines to their corresponding N-hydroxylamines was investigated by the semiempirical mndo and mindo/3 methods. The reaction for which the calculations were performed is O(1S) + CH3NH2 CH3NHOH. Regions of the potential energy surface corresponding to various possible mechanisms were characterized. The results of mindo/3 and mndo qualitatively agree in almost all respects. Direct insertion of the oxygen into the N-H bond appears to be ruled out. Hydrogen abstraction by the oxygen atom, followed by recombination of the OH species with the nitrogen, is an unlikely pathway. The results strongly indicate that the formation of an N-oxide intermediate would occur. This N-oxide would rearrange to the hydroxylamine. The solvent assisted rearrangement of N-oxide is modeled and shown to substantially lower the barrier to rearrangement.
Strength training stops bone loss and builds muscle in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled trial

Targeted exercise training could reduce risk factors for fracture and obesity-related diseases that increase from breast cancer treatment, but has not been sufficiently tested. We hypothesized that progressive, moderate-intensity resistance + impact training would increase or maintain hip and spine bone mass, lean mass and fat mass and reduce bone turnover compared to controls who participated in a low-intensity, non-weight bearing stretching program. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial in 106 women with early stage breast cancer who were >1 year post-radiation and/or chemotherapy, ≥50 years of age at diagnosis and postmenopausal, free from osteoporosis and medications for bone loss, resistance and impact exercise naive, and cleared to exercise by a physician. Women were randomly assigned to participate in 1 year of thrice-weekly progressive, moderate-intensity resistance + impact (jump) exercise or in a similar frequency and length control program of progressive, low-intensity stretching. Primary endpoints were bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm2) of the hip and spine and whole body bone-free lean and fat mass (kg) determined by DXA and biomarkers of bone turnover—serum osteocalcin (ng/ml) and urinary deoxypyrodiniline cross-links (nmol/mmolCr). Women in the resistance + impact training program preserved BMD at the lumbar spine (0.47 vs. −2.13%; P = 0.001) compared to controls. The resistance + impact group had a smaller increase in osteocalcin (7.0 vs. 27%, P = 0.03) and a larger decrease in deoxypyrodinoline (−49.9 vs. −32.6%, P = 0.06) than controls. Increases in lean mass from resistance + impact training were greatest among women currently taking aromatase inhibitors compared to controls not on this therapy (P = 0.01). Our combined program of resistance + impact exercise reduced risk factors for fracture among postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCS) and may be particularly relevant for BCS on aromatase inhibitors (AIs) because of the additional benefit of exercise on muscle mass that could reduce falls.
Phosphate-responsive Signaling Pathway Is a Novel Component of NAD+ Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor involved in various cellular biochemical reactions. To date the signaling pathways that regulate NAD+ metabolism remain unclear due to the dynamic nature and complexity of the NAD+ metabolic pathways and the difficulty of determining the levels of the interconvertible pyridine nucleotides. Nicotinamide riboside (NmR) is a key pyridine metabolite that is excreted and re-assimilated by yeast and plays important roles in the maintenance of NAD+ pool. In this study we establish a NmR-specific reporter system and use it to identify yeast mutants with altered NmR/NAD+ metabolism. We show that the phosphate-responsive signaling (PHO) pathway contributes to control NAD+ metabolism. Yeast strains with activated PHO pathway show increases in both the release rate and internal concentration of NmR. We further identify Pho8, a PHO-regulated vacuolar phosphatase, as a potential NmR production factor. We also demonstrate that Fun26, a homolog of human ENT (equilibrative nucleoside transporter), localizes to the vacuolar membrane and establishes the size of the vacuolar and cytosolic NmR pools. In addition, the PHO pathway responds to depletion of cellular nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) and mediates nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) catabolism, thereby contributing to both NmR salvage and phosphate acquisition. Therefore, NaMN is a putative molecular link connecting the PHO signaling and NAD+ metabolic pathways. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of NAD+ metabolism in higher eukaryotes.
Prosthetic Infection: Lessons from Treatment of the Infected Vascular Graft

Surgical prosthetics provide unquestioned benefit to patients in maintenance of life and limb. However, complications associated with prosthetic devices continue to represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Even as the surgeon becomes more adept at management of infections, the bacterial characteristics change in favor of increased virulence and greater resistance to antimicrobials. Excision or retention of the prosthesis depends on the time of presentation, the microbial isolates recovered, and the extent of surrounding tissue destruction. Recent work shows improving results with in situ replacement.
Economic inequality and its asymmetric effect on civic engagement: evidence from post-communist countries

The global increase in inequality raises concerns among scholars and policy-makers. However, limited evidence exists to identify how inequality affects citizens’ behavior. This study explores the effects of economic inequality on participation in civil society associations by testing hypotheses derived from resource and conflict theories. Using a multilevel Poisson model in 18 post-communist countries, this study finds that inequality has a nonlinear effect on civil society. Economic inequality has a drastically demobilizing effect on associational participation in countries with lower income inequality; meanwhile high inequality has a slightly weak mobilizing effect on associational participation. Further tests show that the effect of inequality varies across different socioeconomic groups, but that the poor are most affected.
Evaluation of 24-hour infusion of high-dose methotrexate--pharmacokinetics and toxicity

High-dose methotrexate was administered by constant infusion over 24 h to children with various malignancies. Citrovorum factor was given at the completion of methotrexate infusion and continued for 72 h. Serum concentration of 10(-4) M could be sustained for 24 h with doses of methotrexate over 100 mg/kg. This infusion regimen was well tolerated and only mild neutropenia and mouth sores were seen in most patients. Severe toxicity was seen in one patient and was related to prolonged retention of methotrexate in the circulation. Careful monitoring of serum drug level is mandatory in the use of any high-dose methotrexate regimen.
Effects of Pore Distributions on Ductility of Thin-Walled High Pressure Die-Cast Magnesium

In this paper, a microstructure-based three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling method is adopted to investigate the effects of porosity in thin-walled high pressure die-cast (HPDC) Magnesium alloys on their ductility. For this purpose, the cross-sections of AM60 casting samples are first examined using optical microscope and X-ray tomography to obtain the general information on the pore distribution features. The experimentally observed pore distribution features are then used to generate a series of synthetic microstructure-based 3D finite element models with different pore volume fractions and pore distribution features. Shear and ductile damage models are adopted in the finite element analyses to induce the fracture by element removal, leading to the prediction of ductility. The results in this study show that the ductility monotonically decreases as the pore volume fraction increases and that the effect of ‘skin region’ on the ductility is noticeable under the condition of same local pore volume fraction in the center region of the sample and its existence can be beneficial for the improvement of ductility. The further synthetic microstructure-based 3D finite element analyses are planned to investigate the effects of pore size and pore size distribution.
A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries

Abstract In this paper, we are presenting an alternative approach to the investigation of lower extremity coupling referred to as a dynamical systems approach. In this approach, we calculate the phase angle of each segment and joint angle. Pairing the key segment/joint motions, we use phase angles to determine the continuous relative phase and the variability of the continuous relative phase. Data from two studies illustrate the efficacy of the dynamical systems approach. Individuals who were asymptomatic, even though they may have anatomical aberrant structural problems (i.e. high Q-angle vs low Q-angle) showed no differences in the pattern of the continuous relative phase or in the variability of the continuous phase. However, differences in the variability of the continuous relative phase were apparent in comparing individuals who were symptomatic with patellofemoral pain with non-injured individuals. Patellofemoral pain individuals showed less variability in the continuous relative phase of the lower extremity couplings than did the healthy subjects. We hypothesize that the lower variability of the couplings in the symptomatic individuals indicates repeatable joint actions within a very narrow range. Relevance We claim that the traditional view of the variability of disordered movement is not tenable and suggest that there is a functional role for variability in lower extremity segment coupling during locomotion. While the methods described in this paper cannot determine a cause of the injury, they may be useful in the detection and treatment of running injuries.
Manipulation of overwintering survival and spring emergence of Bracon mellitor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Late fall and midwinter disking of piles of cotton bolls that contained diapausing Bracon mellitor Say were investigated as methods to increase overwintering survival and to delay spring emergence. In one year, disking in early December significantly increased survival of females; but in the second year disking did not influence survival. Spring emergence was completed in April and was not affected by December or February disking treatments. In another study, winter survival was increased and spring emergence was delayed by holding bolls in complete darkness at about 10°C. The parasitoids were held under these conditions for 6 mo, and then they were exposed to long daylengths (> 13.5 h) and warm ambient temperatures in an outdoor insectary. Emergence began in late June and winter survival was 51.9% compared with 3.7% survival and emergence in April from bolls left on the soil surface.
Diagnosis in Automatic Checkout

This paper summarizes several approaches to the problem of isolating faults in a complex system. The formulation of a diagnostic procedure involves 1) logical analysis techniques for the interpretation of results obtained from testing and 2) optimization techniques to insure that procedures employed in performing tests, selecting or sequencing tests, processing data, etc., are as efficient as possible. A procedure developed at Syracuse University, applicable when deterministic tests are used, is described. A model which extends the logical aspects of this procedure to the case when multiple failures can occur is presented. The problem of applying the figure of merit used in the single error case is discussed briefly. It is pointed out that the extended model is capable of handling a more general class of tests than those usually considered. A simple logic circuit is used to illustrate a test which will fail if two particular element failures occur together, but which will not fail if either one of the two failures occurs alone.
Infants explore the unexpected

Science can delight us with new and surprising findings. Sometimes, however, a study delights us by confirming something we already believed but could not yet prove. This is the kind of pleasure occasioned by Stahl and Feigenson's report on page [91][1] of this issue ( 1 ). In a series of elegant experiments, the authors show that, controlling for overall attention, 11-month-old infants are more likely to learn a new sound associated with an object if the object previously violated the infants' expectations (e.g., by appearing to pass through walls or roll over gaps without falling) than if the object behaved as expected. Moreover, infants not only selectively explore objects that violate their expectations but also explore in ways specific to the violation. Thus, they bang objects that violate expectations of solidity and drop objects that violate expectations of support (see the figure). [1]: /lookup/volpage/348/91?iss=6230
Neurocognitive Contributions to Motor Skill Learning: The Role of Working Memory

ABSTRACT Researchers have begun to delineate the precise nature and neural correlates of the cognitive processes that contribute to motor skill learning. The authors review recent work from their laboratory designed to further understand the neurocognitive mechanisms of skill acquisition. The authors have demonstrated an important role for spatial working memory in 2 different types of motor skill learning, sensorimotor adaptation and motor sequence learning. They have shown that individual differences in spatial working memory capacity predict the rate of motor learning for sensorimotor adaptation and motor sequence learning, and have also reported neural overlap between a spatial working memory task and the early, but not late, stages of adaptation, particularly in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral inferior parietal lobules. The authors propose that spatial working memory is relied on for processing motor error information to update motor control for subsequent actions. Further, the...
Analysis of the Role of Aromatic Interactions in Amyloid Formation by Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Aromatic-aromatic and aromatic-hydrophobic interactions have been proposed to play a role in amyloid formation by a range of polypeptides including islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, Amylin). IAPP is responsible for amyloid formation during type-2 diabetes. The polypeptide is 37 residues in length and contains three aromatic residues Phe-15, Phe-23, and Tyr-37. The ability of all single aromatic to leucine mutants, all double aromatic to leucine mutants and the triple leucine mutant to form amyloid were examined here. Amyloid formation was almost twice as rapid for the F15L mutant relative to wild-type, but was almost three fold slower for the Y37L mutant and almost two fold slower for F23L mutant. Seeds formed from each of the single mutants were effective at seeding amyloid formation by wild-type IAPP, suggesting that the fiber structures are similar. The F15LF23L double mutant has a larger effect than the F15LY37L double mutant on the rate of amyloid formation even though a Y37L substitution has more drastic consequences in the wild-type background than does the F23L mutation, suggesting non-additive effects between the different sites. The triple leucine mutant and the F23LY37L double mutant are the slowest to form amyloid. F15 has been proposed to make important contacts early in the aggregation pathway, but the F15L mutant data indicates that they are not optimal. A set of variants containing natural and unnatural amino acids at position 15 which were designed to conserve hydrophobicity but alter alpha-helix and beta-sheet propensity were analyzed to determine the factors which control amyloid formation. There is no correlation between beta-sheet propensity at this position and the rate of amyloid formation, but there is a correlation with alpha-helical propensity.
Characterization of 14YWT As-Atomized, Milled, Milled and Annealed Powders and HIP Consolidated Alloys

Nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFA) are Fe-Cr based ferritic stainless steels containing an ultrahigh density of very stable Y-Ti-O nanofeatures (NFs) that provide dispersion strengthening and radiation damage resistance for candidate Generation IV and future fusion reactor materials. This work is a small and focused part of a larger collaboration to produce large best practice NFA heats. The powders analyzed were rapidly solidified from a melt containing Fe-14%Cr, 3%W, 0.4%Ti and 0.2%Y by gas atomization in Ar, Ar/O, and He atmospheres. Note this represents a different processing path from conventional NFA production where metallic powders are mechanically alloyed with Y2O3 by ball milling. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), atom probe tomography (APT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) were used to characterize the powders in the as-atomized, ball milled and ball milled and annealed conditions. EPMA showed the Y is heterogeneously distributed and phase separated in all the as atomized powders, but attritor milling for 20 to 40 h is required to mix the Y. Milling also creates a significant quantity of O as well as N contamination. Subsequent powder annealing treatments, typically at 1150°C, result in the precipitation of a high density of NFs. All the annealed powder variants show a bimodal grain size distribution, but TEM and APT show NFs in both large and small grains. Reducing O content added during milling of the Ar atomized powders increased the precipitate size and decreased the number density, adversely affecting the hardness.
Representations of graphs modulo n

A graph is representable modulo n if its vertices can be labeled with distinct integers between 0 and n, the difference of the labels of two vertices being relatively prime to n if and only if the vertices are adjacent. Erdős and Evans recently proved that every graph is representable modulo some positive integer. We derive a combinatorial formulation of representability modulo n and use it to characterize those graphs representable modulo certain types of integers, in particular integers with only two prime divisors. Other facets of representability are also explored. We obtain information about the values of n modulo which paths and cycles are representable.
MULTIMODALITY THERAPY FOR ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS

The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is rapidly increasing in the Western world. In North America and western Europe, a marked shift in the epidemiologic profile of this disease has occurred. In the past, most patients with esophageal cancer were found to have epidermoid carcinoma. These patients frequently abused tobacco or alcohol, had multiple comorbid medical conditions, and were elderly. Over the last 10 to 15 years, a rapid increase in the number of patients having adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has been noted. In contrast, these patients are predominantly young white men from 35 to 55 years old who much less frequently smoke or drink, and many have few or no comorbid medical conditions, are fit, and are able to tolerate aggressive combined therapy. This article focuses on the adenocarcinoma subgroup of patients, although identical therapeutic approaches are being studied in appropriate patients with epidermoid carcinomas.
Note on the Production of Pairs by Charged Particles

We compute the internal conversion by pair-production of the radiation emitted in the impact of charged particles. When the energy available for pair-production is large compared to $m{c}^{2}$, this simple method gives a valid estimate of pair-production by the impact. For electrons of very high energy the probability of pair-production increases as ${[\mathrm{ln} (\frac{E}{m{c}^{2}})]}^{2}$.
An assay for GDP-d-mannose-4,6-dehydratase

Abstract The mechanism of GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase action with respect to loss of the C5 hydrogen has been established using GDP- d -[5-3H]-mannose as a substrate. This observation has been incorporated into a rapid assay for the enzyme based on the equilibration of 3H with the aqueous medium.
Bridged nicotine, isonicotine, and norisonicotine effects on working memory performance of rats in the radial‐arm maze

Nicotine and other nicotinic agonists have been found to improve performance in a variety of tasks, including the radial-arm maze to improve memory. There has been an active effort to develop novel nicotinic agonists for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction such as is seen in Alzheimer's disease. These novel ligands can also serve as tools with which to increase our knowledge concerning the involvement of nicotinic systems with cognitive function. The current studies were conducted to assess the actions of three new nicotinic agonists, i.e., bridged nicotine, isonicotine, and norisonicotine, on choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze. Rats were trained on a win-shift working memory task in the eight-arm radial maze. In Experiment 1, the rats were administered (subcutaneously) saline and three doses of bridged nicotine, isonicotine, and norisonicotine (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg). Bridged nicotine did not cause any significant effects on memory performance, although it did significantly increase latency and at the high dose caused severe slowing and nonperformance. Both isonicotine and norisonicotine caused a significant linear dose-related improvement in choice accuracy, indicative of improved working memory function. In Experiment 2, another set of rats received the effective doses of 4.5 mg/kg of isonicotine and norisonicotine as well as higher doses of 13.5 mg/kg of each compound. These doses were administered alone or in combination with 5 mg/kg of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine to determine the nicotinic nature of the effects. As in Experiment 1 the 4.5 mg/kg of isonicotine caused a significant memory improvement. The 4.5 mg/kg dose of norisonicotine caused a more modest rise in performance, which was not significantly different from control in this experiment. When both experiments were considered together, the 4.5 mg/kg doses of both isonicotine and norisonicotine were the most effective in improving working memory performance. Significant improvements in working memory were seen with both drugs (P < 0.025). The higher doses of 13.5 mg/kg of both isonicotine and norisonicotine resulted in nearly control-level performance. Thus, the typical inverted U-shaped dose-effect function was evident for both isonicotine and norisonicotine. Mecamylamine brought performance improved by the 4.5 mg/kg dose back to control levels, providing evidence for the nicotinic nature of the effect. Both isonicotine and norisonicotine show promise for development as memory-improving nicotinic agonist drugs.
A Review of the Influence of Group Goals on Group Performance

This research combined meta-analytic and narrative review methods in an effort to assess the influence of group goals on group performance. The meta-analytic review revealed a strong group goal eff...
Characterization of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cocultures in an in vitro digestion/cell culture model used to predict iron bioavailability

Cocultures of two human cell lines, Caco-2 and HT29-MTX mucus-producing cells, have been incorporated into an in vitro digestion/cell culture model used to predict iron bioavailability. A range of different foods were subjected to in vitro digestion, and iron bioavailability from digests was assessed with Caco-2, Caco-2 overlaid with porcine mucin, HT29-MTX or cocultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX at varying ratios. It was found that increasing the ratio of HT29-MTX cells decreased the amount of ferritin formed and resulted in an overall decline in the ability of the model to detect differences in iron bioavailability. At the physiologically relevant ratios of 90% Caco-2/10% HT29-MTX and 75% Caco-2/25% HT29-MTX, however, a mucus layer completely covered the cell monolayer and the in vitro digestion model was nearly as responsive to changes in sample iron bioavailability as pure Caco-2 cultures. The in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model correlates well with human iron bioavailability studies, but, as mucus appears to play a role in iron absorption, the addition of a physiologically realistic mucus layer and goblet-type cells to this model may give more accurate iron bioavailability predictions.
Neurology in the next two decades Report of the Workforce Task Force of the American Academy of Neurology

The last 20 years have seen an explosion of knowledge about the neurosciences and neurologic diseases. In the next two decades, we can expect a dramatic expansion in our ability to diagnose and treat neurologic diseases. It is necessary to maintain the quality of the neurologic workforce. This requires attracting outstanding medical students to neurology, thus maintaining a high quality of applicants to neurology residency programs. We are observing an increasing proportion of international medical graduates (IMGs) in our residency programs. There is concern about what effect changes in health care delivery in the United States will have on the number of residency positions and the utilization of neurologists in the coming years. The Workforce Task Force (WFTF) was appointed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Board of Directors to address these concerns and to recommend ways to enhance the neurology workforce in the next two decades. This report is the result of 2 years of research and deliberations, assisted by Vector Research Inc. The full report is published on the AAN’s website (www.aan.com). The report considers adult and child neurologists, MD and DO neurologists, neurologists in training and those already qualified, and all branches of the profession—namely practice, teaching, research, and administration. It deals with supply and demand, quality, and the attraction of outstanding medical students to neurology. ### Supply projections. The projections of the WFTF and Vector Research Inc. were based on the Bureau of Health Professions Physician Supply Model, using the American Medical Association Masterfile data, estimates of age- and sex-specific death and retirement rates, and the number of graduating neurology residents. Three scenarios were projected. The Baseline Scenario assumed that the number of neurology residents graduating each year remained constant at the 375 for 1996. The High Scenario was based on the projection by the Neurology Residency Matching …
A hybrid laser-magnet trap for spin-polarized atoms

Abstract This paper presents a brief survey of theoretical issues related to a hybrid laser-magnet trap for neutral spin-polarized atoms. At low densities, such a trap might be used to address a number of fundamental questions, e.g. the interaction of an individual atom with an electromagnetic field, while at high densities it might be used for “containerless” preparation of bulk amounts of a new metastable form of matter, spin-polarized atoms. In particular, a discussion is presented of the feasibility and limitations of a trap based on a near-resonant CW TEM ∗ 01 (“doughnut mode”) laser beam, which provides trapping in two dimensions, and on a strong homogeneous solenoidal magnetic field (the axis of which is also the laser axis), which provides trapping in the third dimension.
Earthquake recurrence on the south Hayward fault is most consistent with a time dependent, renewal process

[1] Elastic rebound and stress renewal are important components of earthquake forecasting because if large earthquakes can be shown to be periodic, then rupture probability is time dependent. While renewal models are used in formal forecasts, it has not been possible to exclude the alternate view that repeated large earthquakes can happen in rapid succession without requiring time for stress regeneration. Here a consistency test between time dependent and time independent recurrence distributions is made using a Monte Carlo method to replicate the paleoseismic series on the south Hayward fault. Time dependent distributions with recurrence interval of 210 years and coefficient of variation of 0.6 reproduce the event series on the south Hayward 5 times more often than any exponential distribution: a highly significant difference as determined using a two-tailed Z-test for relative proportions. Therefore large Hayward fault earthquakes are quasi-periodic, and are most consistent with a stress renewal process.
When a friend can become an enemy! Recognition and management of metformin-associated lactic acidosis

CASE PRESENTATION Patient 1: A 78-year-old woman presented with a 3-day history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Past medical history included type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune hepatitis, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis with colectomy. Medications included metformin 1500 mg twice daily (6 months), glyburide, rofecoxib, furosemide, levothyroxine, prednisone, azathioprine, and propanolol. On admission, she was hypothermic (34.4°C), had blood pressure, 115/51 mm Hg, pulse 104 beats/min, and trace of lower extremity edema. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. Arterial blood gases showed pH 7.0, pCO 2 7 mm Hg, tCO 2 2 mEq/l. She was transferred to the intensive care unit and intubated for respiratory failure. Serum creatinine was 8.9 mg/dl (baseline, 1.0 mg/dl; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 57 ml/min/1.73 2 by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRDS) formula); serum lactate 9.6 mg/dl; serum metformin 17 μg/ml (therapeutic level 1-2μg/ml). Liver enzymes were normal. Urinalysis: protein 2 + and moderate blood. Renal ultrasound ruled out obstruction. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular function and all fluid cultures were negative. Pertinent laboratory findings are shown in Table 1. Patient 2: A 64-year-old woman presented with nausea and vomiting. Past medical history included type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Medications included metformin 500 mg twice daily (3 months), lisinopril, and ibuprofen for arthritis. On admission, she was hypothermic (34.5°C), hypotensive (blood pressure, 85/38 mm Hg), and tachypneic (28 breaths/min). The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. Arterial blood gases showed pH 6.78, pCO 2 15mm Hg, and tCO 2 3mEq/l. She was transferred to the intensive care unit and intubated for respiratory failure. Serum creatinine was 5.9mg/dl (1.0mg/dl 8 months earlier and eGFR 59 ml/min/1.73 2 by the MDRDS formula); serum lactate 22 mg/dl; serum metformin 31 μg/ml. Liver enzymes were mildly elevated. Urinalysis: blood 3 + and protein negative. All cultures and toxicology tests were negative. Non-contrast computer tomography showed no intra-abdominal or pelvic abscesses. Cardiac enzymes and electrocardiogram were not suggestive of myocardial injury. Pertinent laboratory findings are shown in Table 1.
Visibility of Diversity within Association of Research Libraries Websites

Libraries in the United States have worked towards developing more inclusive environments and programs. This inclusiveness should also extend to the online library presence. This article provides results of a web page scan of all Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in the United States to document the visibility of diversity on their pages. A discussion of the importance of this visibility and examples and recommendations for website design to include diversity elements are also provided.
Deformation and breakup of stretching bridges of Newtonian and shear-thinning liquids: comparison of one- and two-dimensional models

Abstract Deformation and breakup of bridges of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids held captive between two disks that are separated from one another at a constant speed are studied computationally. When the liquid bridge is at the incipience of breakup, a thin liquid thread connects two large volumes of fluid that are pendant from and sessile on the top and bottom disks. High viscosity and elasticity are known from experiments to lead to formation of long threads: these are precursors of satellite droplets which are usually unwanted in applications such as ink-jet printing. To investigate the role of shear-thinning in suppressing long threads and to separate the effect of elasticity from shear-thinning, the rheology of non-Newtonian fluids is described here by a Carreau model which simply accounts for shear-thinning behavior. When the dynamics is axially symmetric with respect to the common axis of the bridge and the disks, the physics is described by a spatially two-dimensional (2-D) theory. In addition to this fully 2-D theory, a one-dimensional (1-D) theory based on the slender-jet approximation is also developed here. Both the 2-D and 1-D problems are solved by a method of lines employing the finite element method for spatial discretization and an adaptive finite difference technique for time integration. The computational results show that the limiting bridge length L d at breakup increases with increasing stretching speed U for both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids. However, in the case of high-viscosity bridges, as compared to a Newtonian fluid with viscosity equal to the zero shear-rate viscosity of a shear-thinning fluid, the rate at which L d of a shear-thinning fluid varies with U becomes less pronounced as U increases. Furthermore, in the case of low-viscosity bridges, the axial location along the thread at which the bridge breaks switches from the vicinity of the bottom of the bridge to its top and then back to its bottom again as U is increased. This switch in the breakup location has important implications in determining the fate of satellite droplets if any are formed. It is also shown that both the shape of the bridge and that of the liquid thread are profoundly affected by shear-thinning behavior. 1-D models have of course been previously used but often without direct comparison to experimental measurements or predictions made with exact 2-D models. It is shown here for the first time that 1-D models are remarkably accurate at low stretching speeds but fail at high stretching speeds. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that as the bridges thin, the dynamics in the vicinity of the location where the bridge radius is smallest follow scaling laws recently developed by others who have analyzed the local behavior of the governing equations close to pinch-off.
Service quality as a component of the hospitality experience: Proposal of a conceptual model and framework for research

Most hospitality research has treated the concept of service quality as an entity unto itself. That is, it has been studied in isolation or as a precursor variable for satisfaction. In the era of the experience economy, however, service quality must be integrated into a holistic model built on the notion of a guest's experience. Thus, this article proposes an integrated, three-phase model structured to incorporate service quality as a major component of the experience construct. While speculation about what constitutes a hospitality experience abound, the complex relationship among value, service quality, satisfaction, and experience is in its infancy. Before this relationship can be fully examined, dimensions of these four critical components need to be incorporated into a unified, holistic model that includes the four primary constructs of service quality, value, satisfaction, and experience. This article focuses on this initial challenge.
Measurements of the Conduction-Zone Length and Mass Ablation Rate in Cryogenic Direct-Drive Implosions on OMEGA.

Measurements of the conduction-zone length (110 ± 20 μm at t = 2.8 ns), the averaged mass ablation rate of the deuterated plastic (7.95 ± 0.3 μg/ns), shell trajectory, and laser absorption are made in direct-drive cryogenic implosions and are used to quantify the electron thermal transport through the conduction zone. Hydrodynamic simulations that use nonlocal thermal transport and cross-beam energy transfer models reproduce these experimental observables. Hydrodynamic simulations that use a time-dependent flux-limited model reproduce the measured shell trajectory and the laser absorption but underestimate the mass ablation rate by ~10% and the length of the conduction zone by nearly a factor of 2.
Photodetachment of SF6

Abstract The photodetachment cross section for SF 6 − and the photodetachment threshold for this process have been accurately measured using a newly developed technique. The photodetachment cross section has a threshold at 3.16 eV which is about three times larger than the electron affinity of the SF 6 molecule. The magnitude of the photodetachment cross section increases monotonically from the threshold to 1.0 × 10 −8 cm 2 at a photon energy of 3.46 eV. The small size of the measured cross section is attributed to the large relaxation in the equilibrium internuclear positions of SF 6 − compared to SF 6 ; the analysis of the data indicates that the photoejected electron has an angular momentum quantum number l = 1.
A strain energy approach to regularization in displacement field fits of elastically deforming bodies

Current methods for regularizing displacement fields in deformation-fitting problems are sensitive to rotation. We propose a rotation-insensitive regularization functional which is the true strain energy for a rubber-like material. The deformation-fitting problem is solved iteratively using successive approximations of the body's rotation, which may be non-uniform.
Sensitive GLC–mass spectrometric determination of chlorpheniramine in serum

A new method was developed for the quantitative analysis of chlorpheniramine in serum using the high sensitivity and selectivity of GLC–mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. Intense fragment ions at m/e 203 and 207 from the drug and a tetradeuterated analog, respectively, are monitored continuously. The deuterated quantitation standard can be prepared by a simple exchange reaction. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the range of 0–160 ng/ml of serum using 85 ng of the standard/ml. The sensitivity limit is 1–2 ng/ml, and each serum extract can be analyzed in <2 min. The method was applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic investigation and was sufficiently sensitive to measure chlorpheniramine concentrations through at least 1.5 biological half-lives.
An efficient augmented-context-free parsing algorithm

An efficient parsing algorithm for augmented context-free grammars is introduced, and its application to on-line natural language interfaces discussed. The algorithm is a generalized LR parsing algorithm, which precomputes an LR shift-reduce parsing table (possibly with multiple entries) from a given augmented context-free grammar. Unlike the standard LR parsing algorithm, it can handle arbitrary context-free grammars, including ambiguous grammars, while most of the LR efficiency is preserved by introducing the concept of a "graph-structured stack". The graph-structured stack allows an LR shift-reduce parser to maintain multiple parses without parsing any part of the input twice in the same way. We can also view our parsing algorithm as an extended chart parsing algorithm efficiently guided by LR parsing tables. The algorithm is fast, due to the LR table precomputation. In several experiments with different English grammars and sentences, timings indicate a five- to tenfold speed advantage over Earley's context-free parsing algorithm.The algorithm parses a sentence strictly from left to right on-line, that is, it starts parsing as soon as the user types in the first word of a sentence, without waiting for completion of the sentence. A practical on-line parser based on the algorithm has been implemented in Common Lisp, and running on Symbolics and HP AI workstations. The parser is used in the multi-lingual machine translation project at CMU. Also, a commercial on-line parser for Japanese language is being built by Intelligent Technology Incorporation, based on the technique developed at CMU.
Current Patterns in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica and Their Relationship to Local Biotic Communities

Current speed and direction measurements collected during summer (January–February) and sping (November–December) of 1984 indicated that currents in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were dominated by oscillatory flow associated with diurnal tidal components (O1, K1, P1). Net flow was southward in the eastern Sound, mixed in the central Sound, and northward in the western Sound. Short term observations (<5 days) from nearshore stations indicated a similar but more sluggish pattern of tidal and mean flow. Hydrographic data collected during the same period indicated a similar pattern of cold water with low chlorophyll a content flowing northward from under the Ross Ice Shelf in the western Sound and denser, slightly warmer water with higher chlorophyll a content flowing southward in the eastern Sound. Previous studies have shown that productivity is higher in the eastern Sound than in the west, apparently due to the circulation pattern. The western Sound consists of waters from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf which have a lower phytoplankton standing stock than eastern Sound waters which enter from the north. More sluggish current speeds in the western Sound result in even lower particle fluxes past benthic consumers. Finally, more persistent ice cover in the west further inhibits in situ primary productivity.
Investigating the presence, form and behavior of virtual possessions in the context of a teen bedroom

Over the past several years, people have acquired more and more virtual possessions. While virtual possessions have become ubiquitous, little work exists to inform designers on how these growing collections should be displayed and how they should behave. We generated four design concepts that changed the form and behavior of these digital things, making them more present within a teen bedroom. We then conducted speed dating sessions to investigate how these new forms and behaviors influence perceptions of value. Sessions revealed how new technologies might better support self-exploration and reflection, as well as how they could complicate identity construction processes. Findings are interpreted to detail opportunities and tensions that can guide future research and practice in this emerging space.
Müllerian Adenosarcoma of the Uterus: Literature Review, Case Report, and Ultrastructural Observations

This is a report of a transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination of a mullerian adenosarcoma. The neoplasm had the characteristic pattern of benign neoplastic glands with focal squamous metaplasia and a sarcomatous stroma. Ultrastructurally, both mesenchymal and epithelial elements were identified. The mesenchymal components were Ultrastructurally identical to those present in endometrial stromal sarcomas, including active collagen synthesis. The epithelial component resembled benign endometrial glands, and there was significant secretory activity as evidenced by prominent cytoplasmic glycogen collections.