cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatry Clerkship Design: Student Preferences

Medical students in four different psychiatric clerkship settings rated anonymously their overall learning experience and each of 37 specific aspects of their clerkship experience. Students also listed the five most important and the five most dissatisfying aspects of the clerkship. Highest average ratings were accorded to: seeing patients with a variety of diagnoses and in a variety of settings; studying under faculty who teach well and are interested in students’ learning; and learning interviewing. Lowest ratings were for supervision by residents, and learning psychotherapy and psychoanalytic theory. There were no significant differences in ratings among clerkships. The data firmly support two conclusions: that the essence of a satisfying clerkship is a great deal of skillfully supervised contact with patients, and that students view the learning of interviewing, psychiatric diagnosis, and psychopharmacology as significantly more important than the learning of psychoanalytic theory and psychotherapy. An ideal psychiatry clerkship—as suggested by the data—is described.
The End of Reciprocity: Terror, Torture, and the Law of War

Introduction Part I. Reciprocity in Humanitarian Law: 1. Reciprocity in the law of war: ambient sightings, ambivalent soundings 2. Reciprocity in humanitarian law: acceptance and repudiation 3. Humanitarian vs. human rights law: the coming clash Part II. The Ethics of Torture as Reciprocity: 4. Is torture uniquely degrading? The unpersuasive answer of liberal jurisprudence 5. Fairness in terrorist war (1): Rawlsian reciprocity 6. Fairness in terrorist war (2): Kantian reciprocity 7. Humanitarian law as corrective justice: do targeted killing and torture 'correct' for terror? Part III. Reciprocity in the Social Science of War: 8. Reciprocity as civilization: the terrorist as savage 9. The inflationary rhetoric of terrorist threat: humanitarian law as deflationary check 10. Reciprocity as tit-for-tat: rational retaliation in modern war 11. The 'gift' of humanitarianism: soft power and benevolent signaling Part IV. The End of Reciprocity: 12. Sources of national restraint in martial honor: the JAGs' intercession 13. Sources of anti-reciprocity in national self-respect and transnational identity Conclusion.
EU ACCESSION IMPACTS ON THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES IN AGRICULTURAL TRADE: ROMANIA’S CASE

The research aims at evaluating the accession impacts on Romania’s agriculture by analysing the comparative advantages in trade relations with EU. The method used the calculation of the trade specialization degree index constructed from the original Lafay index and adapted on the agricultural sector. While providing a rank of products by their level of specialization on the international market, the research results indicate a decrease of the specialization level and a loss in the trade diversification of the Romanian products. The assessments reveal that certain products previously expressing an export potential, have suffered in the post-accession period an important decline in their commercial specialization: such is the case of live animals and animal products, which, although still have positive trade balance, the net export amounts registered signifcant declines. The results identifed similar loss for oilseeds, milk and dairy products.
Race Relations and Public Policy in Louisville: Historical Development of an Urban Underclass

Louisville's racial legacy was shaped by Kentucky's strategic position as a border state during the Civil War and by the activities of Northern troops stationed there. Maintaining the allegiance of the border states was central to the success of Lincoln's presidency during the early years of the war (Howard, 1983). According to Lincoln's political calculations, the border states were dominoes, with Kentucky standing first in line. The state was deeply divided over the slavery question, and Lincoln reasoned that full emancipation might compel alignment with the Confederacy. Attempting to separate preservation of the Union from slavery, the president promoted gradual emancipation based on compensation and voluntary compliance (Howard, 1983). This policy temporarily appeased Kentucky slaveholders who. failed to recognize the ultimate need of the Lincoln administration to embrace an antislavery policy. The movement of large numbers of Northern troops into Kentucky, especially Louisville, during 1861 and 1862 was a watershed event signalling an abrupt end to slavery in the state.
ENZYME: An Energy-Efficient Transient Computing Paradigm for Ultralow Self-Powered IoT Edge Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices usually work under power-constrained scenarios like outdoor environmental monitoring. Considering the cost and sustainability in a long run, energy harvesting technology is preferable for edge devices. Nevertheless, the harvesting power is generally weak and unstable, making it difficult for edge devices to maintain the normal functionality. Hence, it is crucial to improve the energy efficiency of edge devices. This paper proposes a software paradigm, ENZYME, to improve the energy efficiency of edge devices for transient computing with ultralow energy harvesting power supplies. ENZYME consists of two lightweight yet highly efficient software modules including Routine Handler and frequency modulator (FM). Routine Handler assists power regulator to maximize power extraction from energy harvesters with proper operation routines. Further, FM maximizes the utility of the extracted energy for program execution via efficient runtime clock frequency modulation. The lightweight and highly efficient natures enable ENZYME to be integrated into low-power IoT edge devices easily and efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that ENZYME achieves more than 8.8% energy efficiency over state-of-the-art techniques with Routine Handler, and 35.71% extra energy utility with FM upon applying Routine Handler.
Designing a Table both Swinging and Stable.

Greg Frederickson (gnf@cs.purdue.edu) received an A.B. in economics from Harvard University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Maryland. He is a professor of computer science at Purdue University, with research interests in the realm of the design and analysis of algorithms. For fun he enjoys cutting up-?geometric figures, that is?and then hinging the pieces together so that they can swing, or twist, or flap, as they move from one figure to the other.
Optimized application of nested PCR method for detection of malaria

Objective To optimize the application of the nested PCR method for the detection of malaria according to the working practice, so as to improve the efficiency of malaria detection. Methods Premixing solution of PCR, internal primers for further amplification and new designed primers that aimed at two Plasmodium ovale subspecies were employed to optimize the reaction system, reaction condition and specific primers of P. ovale on basis of routine nested PCR. Then the specificity and the sensitivity of the optimized method were analyzed. The positive blood samples and examination samples of malaria were detected by the routine nested PCR and the optimized method simultaneously, and the detection results were compared and analyzed. Results The optimized method showed good specificity, and its sensitivity could reach the pg to fg level. The two methods were used to detect the same positive malarial blood samples simultaneously, the results indicated that the PCR products of the two methods had no significant difference, but the non-specific amplification reduced obviously and the detection rates of P. ovale subspecies improved, as well as the total specificity also increased through the use of the optimized method. The actual detection results of 111 cases of malarial blood samples showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the routine nested PCR were 94.57% and 86.96%, respectively, and those of the optimized method were both 93.48%, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods in the sensitivity (P > 0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference between the two methods in the specificity (P < 0.05). Conclusion The optimized PCR can improve the specificity without reducing the sensitivity on the basis of the routine nested PCR, it also can save the cost and increase the efficiency of malaria detection as less experiment links.
Rumor Detection on Time-Series of Tweets via Deep Learning

False information has become a weapon in cyber-warfare. How to detect false information effectively and efficiently on social media is a challenging problem. In this study, a novel method of rumor detection on Twitter tweets is proposed as a proof-of-concept for fast detection of false information on social media. Specifically, the proposed method will use the propagation pattern of the tweets to detect false information rather than the contents. As a result, the proposed method is very effective in reducing the dimensionality of the input feature set, and it requires much less computational time compared to content-based methods. Extensive experiments on PHEME dataset, a collection of Twitter rumors and non-rumors posted during five breaking news, have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We also observe that deep learning models such as recurrent neural networks outperform classical machine learning models in terms of micro-F score.
Alternatives surgical training approaches during COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Importance Coping with the COIVD-19 global-pandemic major changes in healthcare and educational operational policies, mandates the implementation of alternative surgical curriculum objects (components) to replace some of the traditional face-to-face activities. Objective The objective of the study is to review and discuss various alternative curriculum objects (components) that can be used to restructure conventional surgical training curricula during the Declared Healthcare Emergency surgery rotations. The goal is to identify and recommend effective alternative educational activities that are compliant with the new social physical distancing regulations. Evidence review Various curricular components and objects were examined. The educational value of the curriculum objects is studied and analyzed in terms of feasibility, knowledge gain/learning effectiveness, the need for facilitation or feedback, and the evaluation. Several curriculum objects were proposed with description of their value and applications. Findings The selected and proposed activities include scenario-based MCQ writing exercises, video-based surgical skills interactive training, online learning modules, virtual rounding, reflection assignments, surgical skills simulation training, research education, and medical education learning. Their educational value is described and scaled. Conclusion There is urgent and challenging need for surgical training using additional alternative curriculum objects (components). Working with the available resources and experiences is crucial to maximize the learning outcomes. Distance (online) education and educational technology tools and concepts provide a spectrum of valuable educational activities. Further work and studies are needed to optimize their utility.
Serres and the university

Michel Serres was a successful scholar who made a living within the university on two continents. However, he also viewed the university with great trepidation and tried to warn young scholars agai...
Discarded Labor:: Countervisualities for Representing AI Integration in Essential Work

This pictorial critically explores the role of visual media representations in the deployment of automated and artificially intelligent (AI) technologies within essential work sectors. We draw on an exhaustive review of local and national newspaper articles about automation in two waste labor industries (cleaning and recycling) over the last five years. We highlight a set of common visual tropes and move to challenge these representations by taking up the lens of countervisuality. Our analysis reveals that press photographs tend to focus on machines and the decision-makers who champion them, overlooking the work that it takes to integrate technology on the ground. Through our countervisuals, we depict the extensive efforts of waste workers to maintain AI technologies, and their potential for surveillance. Through visualizing under-recognized forms of labor that come after the design process ends, we highlight how an outsized emphasis on invention ignores waste workers’ expertise and needs over time.
Effects of Gestational Weight Gain on Delivery Outcomes in an Obese, Low-Income Population.

Objective To examine the effects of weight gain/loss on delivery outcomes stratified by class of obesity in an obese, low-income, predominantly minority population. Methods A retrospective review of a cohort of 1428 women receiving care at a large Medicaid clinic from 2013 to 2016 with pregravid body mass index ≥30 was conducted. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to compare differences in gestational weight change to the primary outcomes of birth-weight percentile and delivery type and secondary outcomes of preterm delivery, preterm labor, gestational diabetes mellitus, and gestational hypertension. Results Obesity class 1 patients who lost weight were more likely to have a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant compared with those who had recommended weight gain. Obesity classes 2 and 3 patients had no statistically significant increase in SGA infants with weight loss or weight gain below current recommendations. Obesity classes 1 and 2 patients with weight loss had a statistically significant increase in both preterm delivery and preterm labor; however, class 3 patients did not. Obesity class 3 patients who lost weight were significantly more likely to have gestational diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Obesity class 3 women may benefit from less weight gain than current recommendations without increasing their risk of SGA infants or preterm birth, especially if gestational diabetes mellitus is present.
The Politics of Moral Sin: Abortion and Divorce in Spain, Chile and Argentina

Introduction: The Centrality of Moral Politics 1. Moral Politics in a Global Era 2. Economic Resources and Political Access 3. Social Equality and Social Reform in Spain 4. Moral Fundamentalism in Chile 5. The Interaction of Inequality and Delegative Democracy in Argentina 6. Abortion Reform across Catholic Western Europe and Latin America Conclusion
MD Simulations of tRNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases: Dynamics, Folding, Binding, and Allostery

While tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are classes of biomolecules that have been extensively studied for decades, the finer details of how they carry out their fundamental biological functions in protein synthesis remain a challenge. Recent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are verifying experimental observations and providing new insight that cannot be addressed from experiments alone. Throughout the review, we briefly discuss important historical events to provide a context for how far the field has progressed over the past few decades. We then review the background of tRNA molecules, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and current state of the art MD simulation techniques for those who may be unfamiliar with any of those fields. Recent MD simulations of tRNA dynamics and folding and of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase dynamics and mechanistic characterizations are discussed. We highlight the recent successes and discuss how important questions can be addressed using current MD simulations techniques. We also outline several natural next steps for computational studies of AARS:tRNA complexes.
Human Capital, Entrepreneurial

The term “human capital” originates from the economics literature, where it is explored primarily as an investment that individuals make in knowledge and skills (Becker, 1964). Keywords: human capital; entrepreneurial
Bacterial Infections of the Cornea (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common organism associated with bacterial keratitis, especially in extended wear contact lens users. Recent advances in the field have been made using animal models, including inbred murine models that are classed as resistant (cornea heals) versus susceptible (cornea perforates). Overall, studies with these inbred mice provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of innate immune responsiveness and abrogation of immune privilege operative after P. aeruginosa corneal infection.
Beyond the Standard Model

This talk is divided in five parts. Part 1 is dealing with the problems of the standard model, while part 2 covers possible ways to extend the standard model. After discussing Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) in part 3, supersymmetric theories are analyzed in part 4. Finally, part 5 provides a lengthy discussion of a recently derived, genuine 4-dimensional superstring model, flipped SU(5) x U(1).
Asymmetrical microtubule capping structures in frog palate cilia.

Capping structures at the distal tips of frog palate cilia are attached to the A- and central pair microtubules by electron-dense plug structures similar to those found in protozoan cilia and flagella and in epitheial cilia from invertebrates and vertebrates ( W. L. Dentler, 1980 ,J. Cell Sci. 42, 207–220; W. L. Dentler and E. L. LeCluyse, 1982 , Cell Motil. 2, 549–573). The caps in frog palate cilia are composed of a proximal shelf, to which doublets Nos. 1–3, 8, 9 and the central microtubules are attached and a larger distal cap to which doublets Nos. 4–7 are bound. The smaller proximal shelf is positioned to one side of the cilium and gives the cap an asymmetrical appearance. Striated ciliary rootlets attached to the basal bodies are also described. The smaller cap is placed on the same side of all cilia on the palate relative to both the direction of the effective stroke and the position of the rootlets. These results confirm that capping structures are common to most, if not all, cilia and provide direct evidence that they are precisely positioned on specific microtubules.
National trends in nonoperative care for nonspecific back pain

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Few empirical data are available that document changes in popula- tion-based rates for the evaluation and treatment of nonspecific back pain. PURPOSE: To determine the extent of change in the pattern of outpatient evaluation and treatment of nonspecific low back pain in the United States between 1987 and 1997. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey and the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, two nationally representative surveys with similar sampling methods and questions, were used. PATIENT SAMPLE: Noninstitutionalized adults in the United States. OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in rates of any health service for nonspecific back pain and occurrence of provider-specific care and types of services provided. Changes in the prescription of specific medication classes (ie, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, nonnarcotic and narcotic analgesics) were also investigated.
Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Families: An Exploratory Study of Family Functioning, Adoptive Child's Behavior, and Familial Support Networks

ABSTRACT Traditional legal and social forces have hindered the adoption of children by gay and lesbian individuals and couples. Using a convenience sample drawn from gay and lesbian support groups and Internet sites, this exploratory study examines adoptive families with gay and lesbian parents in terms of family functioning capabilities, child's behavior, and family support networks. Data were gathered from 47 gay and lesbian parents and 68 of their adopted children. The results suggest that these adoptive families are performing within the healthy ranges established by scales measuring family functioning and adopted child's behavior. Additionally, the results of this study suggest these families have adequate levels of help from their support networks. Finally, those families who adopted siblings and those who adopted older children with a history of abuse reported higher levels of family functioning. The results of this exploratory study, in combination with previous studies of gay and lesbian families...
Studies of smectite membrane behavior: Importance of layer thickness and fabric in experiments at 20°C

Abstract The 0.5–2.0 μm diameter size fraction of the Cheto clay from Chambers, Arizona, was sedimented to form 0.5–2.0 cm-thick cakes, either with a relatively random or a relatively well-oriented fabric as defined by the criterion of Meade (1961). The cakes were compacted under a confining pressure of 34.7 MPa (5000 psi) and a solution 0.79 m in NaCI and 0.079 m in CaCl2 was forced through at 20°C by a fluid pressure differential of either 6.94 MPa (1000 psi) or 13.0 MPa (2000 psi). The filtration efficiencies of the cakes with oriented fabric are roughly twice as great as those of the others, reaching 50–68%. Ca2+ passed through the cake preferentially, relative to Na+ in three of four experimental runs. Cake thickness, over the fourfold range studied, has no significant effect upon filtration efficiency. The stable oxygen isotopic fractionation for brine water passing through a cake with relatively well-oriented fabric is −0.96%..
Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of guaifenesin in donkeys

Five donkeys and three horses were given guaifenesin, intravenously, by gravity administration, until recumbency was produced. The time and dose required to produce recumbency, recovery time to sternal and standing were recorded. Blood samples were collected for guaifenesin assay at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min, and 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after guaifenesin administration. Serum was analysed for guaifenesin using HPLC and pharmacokinetic values were calculated using a computer software package (RSTRIP). In donkeys, heart and respiratory rates and blood pressures were recorded before and at 5-min intervals during recumbency. Arterial blood samples were collected before and at 5 and 15 min intervals during recumbency for analysis of pH, CO2, and O2. ANOVA was used to evaluate dynamic data, while t-tests were used for kinetic values. Respiratory rate was decreased significantly during recumbency, but no other significant changes from baseline occurred. The mean (+/- SD) recumbency dose of guaifenesin was 131 mg/kg (27) for donkeys and 211 mg/kg (8) for horses. Recovery time to sternal (min) was 15 (SD, 11) for donkeys and 34 (SD, 1.4) for horses. Time to standing was 32 min for donkeys and 36 min for horses. Calculation of AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) microgram/mL) (dose-dependent variable) was 231 (SD, 33) for donkeys and 688 (SD, 110) for horses. The clearance (CL) (mL/h.kg) was 546 (SD, 73) for donkeys, which was significantly different from 313 (SD, 62) for horses. Mean residence time (MRT) (h) was 1.2 (SD, 0.1) for donkeys and 2.6 (SD, 0.5) for horses. Volume of distribution Vd(area) (mL/kg) was 678 (SD, 92) for donkeys and 794 (SD, 25) for horses. At the rate of administration used in this study, donkeys required less guaifenesin than horses to produce recumbency, but cleared it more rapidly.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion due to marginal zone lymphoma: responding to rituximab.

Introduction Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is a disease derived from naive B cells normally present in the marginal zone of the lymph nodes and/or spleen. It is usually an indolent disorder that typically affects patients of middle and advanced age, predominantly women. Herein, we report a unique case of an older man with MZL progression that featured skin involvement and a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Extraction Using Moderate Electric Fields

During moderate electric field (MEF) processing, a voltage applied across a food material may affect the permeability of cell membranes. It is known that high electric fields can cause either reversible or irreversible rupture of cell membranes. In this research, the effect of MEF processing on permeability was studied. Effects of frequency and electric field strength were investigated. Cellular structure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fermented black ten leaves and fresh or dry mint leaves were placed in tea bags or cut in 1 cm 2 squares, depending on the experiment, and immersed in an aqueous fluid medium. Control samples were heated on a hot plate. MEF treatments were conducted by applying a voltage across electrodes immersed in opposite sides of the beaker. Control and MEF-treated fresh mint leaf samples heated to 50 °C were analyzed by TEM. MEF processing significantly increased the extraction yield for fresh mint leaves because of additional clectric field effects during heating. Dried mint leaves and fermented black tea leaves were not affected, by the treatment type. Low frequency resulted in higher extraction rates for fresh mint leaves. The electric field strength study showed that electrical breakdown is achieved even at low electric field strengths. MEF treatment shows potential to be used as an alternative to conventional heating for extraction from cellular materials.
A factor analysis of a 100-item fear survey inventory

Abstract A 100-item fear survey schedule was constructed by compiling all previously published fear surveys to effect a more comprehensive assessment technique. It was administered to 435 college students. Reliability estimates of this instrument approximated 0.87. An orthogonal factor analysis was performed, and yielded 21 interpretable factors within each sex. Sixteen of these were similar across sex. The major areas of fear response were: social criticism; medical intervention; contamination; sudden noises; cars; death. Previous research had indicated a four factor structure. Results of this study indicate that the number of factors varies with the number of input items. The present study presents a more comprehensive picture of the underlying factor structure of fear responding.
Long-term patient and allograft outcomes of renal transplant recipients undergoing cardiac surgery

Objectives Cardiovascular complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among renal transplant recipients. This study assessed perioperative risk factors for mortality and long-term outcomes in renal transplant recipients who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods From 1999 to 2010, 92 renal transplant recipients with a functioning allograft underwent cardiac surgery at our institution. Cardiac procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting (43 patients, 46%), isolated valve surgery (17 patients, 18%), combined coronary artery bypass grafting and valve surgery (18 patients, 19%), and aortic procedures (7 patients, 7%). Results Transient renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in 20 of 92 patients (21%), with 3 not recovering renal function and returning to a permanent dialysis regimen while in the hospital. After cardiac surgery 30-day, 1-year, 5-year, and 8-year survival rates were 89%, 72%, 47%, and 30%, respectively. Freedom from dialysis was 90% after 1 year, 66% after 5 years, and 49% after 8 years. Risk factors for 30-day mortality were age > 65 years, left ventricle ejection fraction 2 mg/dL, and transient renal failure requiring dialysis were associated with a permanent dialysis requirement after cardiac surgery. Conclusions Cardiac surgery in patients receiving renal transplant who have functioning allograft has acceptable outcomes. If combined procedures are required, patients should be carefully considered. Transient postoperative renal impairment, even if resolved at discharge, increases the risk for allograft failure during long-term follow-up.
Relativistic Gravitational Bremsstrahlung

Gravitational radiation is calculated for the situation of a small mass passing a large mass in an unbound trajectory, where the velocity of the small mass can be relativistic. This allows one to study gravitational radiation for cases in which the slow-motion approximation is not valid. The gravitational potentials, or perturbations in the metric, arising from the small mass, are determined explicitly by solving the perturbed field equations of general relativity, which are obtained by expanding the metric about a metric representing the geometry of the large mass. From these the energy flux of the emitted waves is calculated. In the nonrelativistic limit, the results agree with those of the slow-motion approximation. The qualitative behavior of the radiation at extreme relativistic velocities is discussed, and is found to disagree with what one would expect from the fast-motion approximation in that same limit. Numerical results are presented for the total energy, power, and angular distribution of energy radiated for a range of velocities from $0.01c$ to $0.9999c$. Significant features in the extreme relativistic limit are the peaking of the radiation in the forward direction and the peaking also in time, which both occur in electromagnetic radiation, and the fact that the total energy radiated in one transit is proportional to ${(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{v}^{2}}{{c}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$.
Difference of spectral superbroadening behavior in Kerr-type and non-Kerr-type liquids pumped with ultrashort laser pulses.

The spectral superbroadening behavior of forward coherent radiation from a 10-cm-long liquid-filled cell is investigated by using an ultrashort (∼0.5 ps) and intense (∼10 GW/cm2) laser pulse as the pump source. Five different transparent liquids (heavy water, water, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and carbon disulfide) have been studied with a special experimental design that can distinguish the predominant contributions from the various possible mechanisms. Under the same pump condition, a very wide and symmetrical superbroadening (continuum) is observed on both the Stokes and the anti-Stokes side of the pump line for non-Kerr-type liquids such as heavy water and water, whereas only a red-shifted spectral broadening can be observed on the Stokes side for Kerr-type liquids such as carbon disulfide and benzene. For an explanation of the latter behavior, the dominant contributions from stimulated Rayleigh–Kerr and Raman–Kerr scattering are proposed.
Structure of the Cold Front Observed in SESAME-AVE III and its Comparison with the Hoskins-Bretherton Frontogenesis Model

Abstract A cold front which passed through the dense network of the SESAME-AVE (Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment–Atmospheric Variability Experiment) on 25–26 April 1979 was investigated. Rawinsonde data collected from 23 special stations and 19 National Weather Service stations at three-hour intervals for a 24-hour period were used along with hourly surface data, radar summary charts and GOES-East satellite images. Severe storms formed along the surface front during this period. The analysis focused on the vertical circulation across the frontal surface at low levels. The major features of the cold frontal system that emerged from an analysis of this unique data set include a familiar direct vertical circulation, with moist warm air ascending just above the surface front. However, the upgliding motion was intercepted by a secondary circulation at middle levels. The analysis result was compared with model predictions of Hoskins and Bretherton (1972) as calculated by Blumen (1980). Sever...
Gadolinium: Distribution between Aqueous and Silicate Phases.

Studies of the partition of trivalent gadolinium between aqueous and silicate phases have been made at temperatures from 800° to 900°C and at pressures from 500 to 1000 bars. Constant values for the distribution coefficients for forsterite, enstatite, and diopside were obtained over a concentration range from 0.6 part per billion to 4 parts per thousand in the solid phases. Ratios of silicate crystal-aqueous phase distribution coefficients to silicate melt-aqueous phase distribution coefficients are close to the values for silicate crystal-silicate melt distribution coefficients estimated from natural systems. The free ion activity of trivalent gadolinium in the silicate melts appears to be less than one-hundredth of its value for aqueous phases of the same concentration.
Internal Stabilization Mirror With Novel Gimbal Set For Falcon Eye FLIR

The Infrared Imaging Stabilizer (IRIS) subsystem completing development at the Singer Company Kearfott Division (SKD) uses off-the-shelf SKD components within a state-of-the-art mechanization to provide off-boresight, stabilized, infrared imagery in various military environments.
In-Situ Bypass Graft: Comparison of Two Techniques

Two techniques of in-situ bypass for lower limb revascularization were com pared over a period of fifteen months (between July, 1986, and October, 1987). Twelve patients underwent surgery employing the Leather and Karmody tech nique (group I). Fourteen patients underwent surgery employing the LeMaitre technique (group II). Throughout the study period, 11 of 12 grafts in group I and all grafts in group II remained patent.One patient in group I underwent a below-knee amputation. One patient in group II died of myocardial infarction. Skin problems developed in 3 patients (25%) of group I and in 1 patient (7.1%) of group II.Average time for performance of the procedure was four hours and fifteen minutes with the Leather and Karmody technique and three hours and thirty minutes with the LeMaitre technique. Though both techniques are equally good for limb salvage, the LeMaitre technique is easier to master and simpler to perform.
The effectiveness of sucralfate against stricture formation in experimental corrosive esophageal burns.

In this study, the effectiveness of sucralfate against stricture formation in experimental corrosive esophageal burn is reported. Sixty-four Swiss albino adult male rats were divided into three groups, group A (control; n, 7), group B (esophageal burn induced but not treated; n, 25), and group C (esophageal burn induced and treated with sucralfate, n, 32). Groups B and C were further subdivided into subgroups for evaluation on days 2, 7, and 28. A standard esophageal burn was performed by the method of Gehanno, using 50% NaOH. Oral sucralfate treatment was given to group C at a dosage of 50 mg/100 g twice daily. The rats were then killed after 2, 7, or 28 days. Levels of tissue hydroxyproline were measured in excised abdominal esophageal segments, and a histopathological evaluation was performed with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. The tissue hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower in group C than in group B (P = 0.017). There was a significant difference in the stenosis index between groups B and C (P = 0.016). When compared with group B, the collagen deposition in the submucosa and tunica muscularis was significantly lower in group C (P = 0.02). Sucralfate has an inhibitory effect on stricture formation in experimental corrosive burns and can be used in the treatment of corrosive esophageal burns to enhance mucosal healing and suppress stricture formation.
Late Relapse of Ovarian Dysgerminoma: Case Report and Literature Review

Dysgerminoma of the ovary is a rare tumor. Ovarian dysgerminoma is chemosensitive and potentially curable even when in advanced stage. We report a case of intra-abdominal relapse of stage Ia ovarian dysgerminoma 20 years following initial surgery. The patient was treated with surgical resection followed by a full course of platinum-based chemotherapy. However, she had rapidly progressive disease and eventually died. To date, this is the latest reported case of relapse of ovarian dysgerminoma. This rare situation has been reported in patients with germ cell tumors of the testis, the male counterpart of ovarian germ cell tumors. Testis cancer patients with late relapse are rarely, if ever, curable by chemotherapy. A diagnosis of recurrent dysgerminoma should be considered in patients who have the appropriate findings with a history of dysgerminoma, even if remote. Patients with late recurrences of ovarian germ cell tumors may be less responsive to chemotherapy.
Quasi-Continuous Wave Stimulated Raman Technique for Local Methane Concentration Measurements at Atmospheric Pressure

We report the application of quasi-continuous wave (cw) inverse stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) to the quantitative measurement of methane concentrations in atmospheric mixtures near room temperature. The quasi-cw SRS signal, with the use of the v1 fundamental of methane (2916 cm-1), is shown to be proportional to the powers of both the pump and probe lasers as well as to the methane concentration. The current minimum detectable signal corresponds to ~200 ppm (v/v).
Onset of antidepressant activity: reexamining the structure of depression and multiple actions of drugs.

The question of when antidepressant drugs (AD) initiate significant clinical actions in depressed patients is still unsettled. Findings from early studies on whether there is a lag in the onset of therapeutic actions were in disagreement. More recent results with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other new Ads indicate that clinical actions occur within the first 2 weeks. In this paper, evidence from efficacy studies with the Ads is reviewed and the methodologic and conceptual obstacles to achieving definitive results about the onset issue are analyzed. Depression, formerly viewed as a homogenous disorder, is now seen as heterogenous and multifaceted in structure. Such major structural components as anxiety and disturbed psychomotor functioning can be as significant to the core of the disorder as depressed mood itself. Further, the Ads have been shown to act initially on different facets of the clinical disorder which then result in multiple clinical actions, e.g., an initial reduction in anxiety followed by stimulation of motor activity. Data from the NIMH Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression are used to illustrate: (1) the componential structure of severe depressive disorder; (2) the sequence of change in the major behavioral components of the disorder associated with the tricyclic drugs; (3) the consequent ‘multiple’ onsets of clinical actions; and (4) measurement of the clinical significance and visibility of the early behavioral changes. Recent results describing new behavioral and methodological approaches, the use of early clinical changes to predict outcome, and strategies for designing sound studies of onset are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 4:257–267, 1996/1997.© 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The agreement between ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by transesophageal echocardiography or a combined radionuclear and thermodilution technique in patients after coronary artery surgery

Objectives: To study the reproducibility of and agreement between perioperative transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) and radionuclide (RN) assessment of ventricular volumes and ejection fraction (EF). Design: A prospective, blinded comparison of two methods of measurement. Setting: A surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Participants: Patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. Interventions: Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were simultaneously measured by radionuclide ventriculography and transesophageal echocardiography. Two sets of measurements were made in rapid succession with a third set after an interval. Results: Reproducibilities of EF and ventricular volumes by TEE and RN were similar. At each set of measurements, the bias for radionuclide EF and TEE Simpson's rule EF, 0.03 ± 0.05, 0 ± 0.06, −0.01 ± 0.07, respectively, for radionuclide EF and TEE area length EF 0.01 ± 0.05, −0.01 ± 0.05, −0.03 ± 0.08, respectively, were significantly less than for radionuclide EF and TEE FAC 0.07 ± 0.05, 0.05 ± 0.05, 0.03 ± 0.09. Poor agreement was observed between RNTD-EDV, and both of the TEE EDV measurements. Conclusion: EF measured by TEE area length and Simpson's rule method are as reproducible as TEE FAC and are more accurate estimates of RN EF. Poor agreement between methods of measuring end-diastolic volume was observed.
Dysfunctional Brain-bone Marrow Communication: A Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Hypertension

It is widely accepted that the pathophysiology of hypertension involves autonomic nervous system dysfunction, as well as a multitude of immune responses. However, the close interplay of these systems in the development and establishment of high blood pressure and its associated pathophysiology remains elusive and is the subject of extensive investigation. It has been proposed that an imbalance of the neuro-immune systems is a result of an enhancement of the “proinflammatory sympathetic” arm in conjunction with dampening of the “anti-inflammatory parasympathetic” arm of the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the neuronal modulation of the immune system, it is proposed that key inflammatory responses are relayed back to the central nervous system and alter the neuronal communication to the periphery. The overall objective of this review is to critically discuss recent advances in the understanding of autonomic immune modulation, and propose a unifying hypothesis underlying the mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of hypertension, with particular emphasis on the bone marrow, as it is a crucial meeting point for neural, immune, and vascular networks.
Hormonal control of tanning by the American cockroach: Cyclic AMP as a probable intermediate

Abstract Dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimics the action of bursicon by potentiating the darkening of ligated thoracic segments. Cyclic AMP also markedly increases the transport of radioactivity into the cuticle when injected simultaneously with UL-14C-tyrosine. Serotonin, another potential bursicon mimic, has no effect over a wide range of concentrations. It is speculated that bursicon activates membrane adenyl cyclase which produces cyclic AMP. The latter could subsequently increase membrane permeability or tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
The Relation Between ADHD Symptoms and Alcohol Use in College Students.

Objective: Although there is evidence to suggest an association between ADHD and alcohol use in college students, results are inconclusive primarily because studies have failed to control for related variables. Thus, this study was designed to systematically compare the relative contributions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in a sample of college students while controlling for effects of antisocial behaviors. Method: A total of 192 undergraduate college students from a rural Midwestern university received class credit for participating in the study. They completed measures of alcohol use, ADHD symptoms, and antisocial behavior. Results: Hierarchical regressions revealed inattention, but not hyperactivity/impulsivity, was related to alcohol-related problems even when controlling for antisocial behavior. However, neither inattention nor hyperactivity/impulsivity was related to alcohol use regardless of whether current antisocial behavior was controlle...
Kynurenic acid microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius of rat blocks the arterial baroreflex but not responses to glutamate

Abstract The selective excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid was bilaterally microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats to determine its effects on the arterial baroreflex and on the cardiovascular responses to glutamate and nonglutamate agonists injected at the same site. Kynurenic acid blocked the responses to N- methyl- d -aspartate and kainate as well as the baroreflex, but did not block the response to glutamate, quisqualate, or acetylcholine. The data may suggest that glutamate is not a neurotransmitter in the baroreflex arc or that only certain glutamate receptors are integral to the baroreflex in the nucleus tractus solitarius.
Origin of Internal Symmetries

Internal symmetries such as isotopic spin are not necessarily arbitrary constraints to be imposed at the beginning of a calculation. The bootstrap requirement that all particles be determined as composite states of one another leads naturally to symmetric solutions for masses and coupling constants.
The Relations among Organizational and Distribution Forms and Capital and Asset Risk Structures in the Life Insurance Industry

This article is the first step toward integrating in a single framework two previously separate lines of research on major structural decisions of life insurers. The literature has previously studied the relation between capital structure and asset risk on the one hand, and the relation between organizational form and distribution system on the other hand, without integrating them. Using life insurer data for 1993-1999, we model the four key insurer decisions of capital structure, asset risk, organizational form, and distribution system as endogenous choices in a single interrelated set of simultaneous equations. The model assesses the nature of the interactions among these decisions. The model also assesses the impact of insurers' fundamental business strategy (treated as predetermined) on these choices. The business-strategy hypothesis views other key decisions as jointly determined and driven by the fundamental business strategy, once the latter is set in motion. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive relation between capital ratios and asset risk. We also find an association in the simultaneous context between stock ownership and brokerage distribution, which was not found in prior studies. Stock ownership is related to greater financial and asset risk taking, whereas brokerage distribution is associated with lower risk taking. These and other results are interpreted in light of several theories, including transaction-cost economics (TCE), agency theory, and regulatory and bankruptcy cost avoidance. Deriving from these theories, the finite risk paradigm emerges as the most comprehensive interpretation of the results, as opposed to the risksubsidy hypothesis of the impact of guarantee funds. We also find support for the notion that the business strategy drives the capital and distribution decisions, as predicted by TCE.
Using genetic algorithm to minimize the effect of interference for broadband wireless access network

The crux of the problem is the interference in Broadband fixed wireless networks. The number of wireless channels is usually limited and the channels are reused. Reusing channels causes co-channel and adjacent channel interference, which will degrade the Signal to Noise Ratio of received packets and the throughput of a Broadband fixed wireless network. Recently, stochastic and machine learning models were used to reduce or eliminate the interference between the channels. Recent research [1-7] encourages that genetic algorithms can be used in channel allocation and interference avoidance. In this research, we used a simple genetic algorithm for selection of the best channel among the free and available channels at a given access point.
Splitting source power for a multicarrier relay system with direct link

We present optimization algorithms for source and relay power allocations for a multicarrier three-node relay system with direct link. We show that there is a benefit to the system capacity by allowing the source power to be split in both phases in a two-phase relay scheme. While the source power allocation problem is convex, the relay power allocation problem is not. But in both cases, we present efficient algorithms that yield the exact optimal solutions.
Cities V: The people `doughnut¿: A ring off urban centers and suburbs is linked in the time domain by high-speed ground transport

Ideally, Toroid as planned, would be a city of approximately a million people. Its population would be limited so as to permit optimum design of the physical infrastructure with minimum cost to the citizens. Some 300000 jobs would be needed here, divided approximately evenly between the service sector and primary industrial jobs. At least ten major industries would be sought in diversified sectors with none employing more than 15000 people. One university for about 10000 to 15000 students would be required, with a proportional arrangement of primary and secondary schools.