cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Escape of High Explosive Products: An Exact-Solution Problem for Verification of Hydrodynamics Codes

This paper documents the escape of high explosive (HE) products problem. The problem, first presented by Fickett & Rivard, tests the implementation and numerical behavior of a high explosive detonation and energy release model and its interaction with an associated compressible hydrodynamics simulation code. The problem simulates the detonation of a finite-length, one-dimensional piece of HE that is driven by a piston from one end and adjacent to a void at the other end. The HE equation of state is modeled as a polytropic ideal gas. The HE detonation is assumed to be instantaneous with an infinitesimal reaction zone. Via judicious selection of the material specific heat ratio, the problem has an exact solution with linear characteristics, enabling a straightforward calculation of the physical variables as a function of time and space. Lastly, implementation of the exact solution in the Python code ExactPack is discussed, as are verification cases for the exact solution code.
Spectrum map aided multi-channel multi-hop routing in distributed cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we propose a spectrum map aided routing protocol for a distributed cognitive radio network. We assume the presence of dedicated sensors that capture the spatio-temporal spectrum usage statistics to create the radio environment map. We exploit the map to find not only the best hops along a route but also the best available channel in terms of the expected performance. Through the use of edge nodes, which lie in the intersection of more than one sensors' domain, inter-domain routing is facilitated. The selection of each hop, the channel to be used per hop, and the transmitting power to be used considers i) protection of primary receivers, and ii) maximization of desired performance metric. In this context, we propose a novel power control mechanism that computes just enough power to maintain the desired signal-to-noise ratio for secondary communication but at the same time protects the primary receivers in the vicinity. We analyze and compute the probability of network connectivity by finding the minimum spanning tree of the graph formed by the over-lapping domains. Through simulations, we show how the proposed routing scheme works in terms of route capacity, connectivity of the network, reachability among the nodes, and number of primary receivers protected.
A study of Glycine max (soybean) fungal communities under different agricultural practices

Abstract Both Glycine max (soybean) and Thlaspi arvense (pennycress) are valuable resources for renewable biofuels and industrial products. Pennycress, a member of the Brassicaceae, can be grown over the winter months providing soil cover and thus reducing erosion. In addition, pennycress does not compete with food production making it an appealing option for biofuels. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different agricultural practices on fungal communities associated with soybean roots and their interactions with an emerging crop/cover crop, pennycress. We examined roots collected in the summer of 2013 and 2014 from three treatment plots (organic, conventional soybeans, and conventional soybean with pennycress as a cover crop). Root DNA was amplified using fungal primers followed by 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 560,948 sequences were obtained with Ascomycota as the dominant fungal phylum in all plot treatments. Soybean roots in all treatments were dominated by the order Hypocreales with Fusarium as the most abundant genus. Fungal community structure was affected by host and farming practice. The magnitude of the effect was determined by sampling year. The cover crop, pennycress, had a distinct fungal assembly from soybean and did not affect the structure of fungal communities in soybean when used as a cover crop. The organic soybean fungal community was significantly different and contained lower diversity than the conventional soybean, with the greatest differences observed in 2014. This study shows that the structure of fungal communities associated with plants in agroecosystems are regulated by a complex number of abiotic and biotic factors including weather conditions, farming practice, and host.
Strategic Communication in Electoral Campaigns with Promises and Signals

I develop a model of strategic communication between informed candidates and uninformed voters in which candidates have two ways of communicating their intentions to voters. They can either make certain promises about their policies, or they can behave in a way that is consistent with a given policy-generating ideology or set of values. A candidate who lies about her intended policies experiences a cost only if elected, while a candidate who is dishonest about his ideology bears a cost regardless of the outcome of the election. At equilibrium, the more extreme types of candidates run by signaling their values, while the centrists run by promising to implement certain policies. Values that are more difﬁcult to signal improve the payoff to all candidates in a party, but gives that party no electoral advantage in fully separating equilibria. In hybrid equilibria, the stronger- values party also has an advantage at the polls. Allowing the candidates to run by signaling their ideology is a Pareto improvement for society over policies-only elections in fully separating equilibria, but this is not necessarily true in hybrid equilibria. In that case, the centrist candidates and the median voter may be made worse off while the more extreme candidates are necessarily better off than in policies-only elections.
HuR-targeted small molecule inhibitor exhibits cytotoxicity towards human lung cancer cells

Human antigen (Hu) R is an RNA-binding protein whose overexpression in human cancer correlates with aggressive disease, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. HuR inhibition has profound anticancer activity. Pharmacologic inhibitors can overcome the limitations of genetic inhibition. In this study, we examined the antitumor activity of CMLD-2, a small-molecule inhibitor directed against HuR, using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a model. CMLD-2 efficacy was tested in vitro using H1299, A549, HCC827, and H1975 NSCLC cells and MRC-9 and CCD-16 normal human fibroblasts. Treatment of NSCLC cells with CMLD-2 produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, caused a G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and induced apoptosis. CMLD-2 decreased HuR mRNA and the mRNAs of HuR-regulated proteins (Bcl2 and p27) in tumor cells. Additionally, reduction in the expression of HuR, Bcl2, cyclin E, and Bcl-XL with increased expression of Bax and p27 in CMLD-2-treated NSCLC cells were observed. CMLD-2-treated normal cells, HuR-regulated mRNAs and proteins albeit showed some reduction were less compared to tumor cells. Finally, CMLD-2 treatment resulted in greater mitochondrial perturbation, activation of caspase-9 and -3 and cleavage of PARP in tumor cells compared to normal cells. Our proof-of concept study results demonstrate CMLD-2 represents a promising HuR-targeted therapeutic class that with further development could lead to advanced preclinical studied and ultimately for lung cancer treatment.
Inequality, Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis

In the over half a century since its inception, the inverted U-curve hypothesis cautiously articulated by Simon Kuznets in 1954 has gone through a spectacular rise and fall, having first skyrocketed to universal acclaim as an indubitable socioeconomic law, then having endured a period of substantial criticism before eventually giving way to the world-systems approach. Arguably one of the most influential claims ever made on inequality and development, Kuznets's U-curve hypothesis relied on the dualistic nature of development as its core assumption in accounting for the curvilinear behavior of the growth–equity trade-off. Promptly adopted by the post-World War II developmentalist regime, Kuznets's U-curve served as justification for presenting the rising poverty and inequality as inevitable byproducts of successful and ultimately egalitarian economic development. The account of the universal acceptance and eventual refutation of the inverted U-curve hypothesis suggests the overarching role of social and political contexts in both the production and the appropriation of social science models. Keywords: development; developmentalism; developmentalist project; developmentalist regime; growth–equity trade-off; income distribution; income inequality; intersectoral shift; inverted U-curve hypothesis; Kuznets's theory; Kuznets's U-curve
Why Moral Followers Quit: Examining the Role of Leader Bottom-Line Mentality and Unethical Pro-Leader Behavior

Many business leaders vigorously and single-mindedly pursue bottom-line outcomes with the hope of producing superior results for themselves and their companies. Our study investigated two drawbacks of such leader bottom-line mentality (BLM, i.e., an exclusive focus on bottom-line outcomes at the expense of other priorities). First, based on leaders’ power over followers, we hypothesized that leader BLM promotes unethical pro-leader behaviors (UPLB, i.e., behaviors that are intended to benefit the leader, but violate ethical norms) among followers. Second, based on cognitive dissonance theory, we hypothesized that UPLB, and leader BLM via UPLB, increase turnover intention among employees with a strong moral identity. Data collected from 153 employees of various organizations supported our hypotheses. In particular, leader BLM was positively related to followers’ UPLB. Further, for employees with a stronger (rather than weaker) moral identity: (1) UPLB was positively related to turnover intention; and (2) leader BLM was related to turnover intention via UPLB.
Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Young Children: Balancing Admission With the Risk of Emergency Department Revisits

Abstract Objective Oral antibiotics effectively treat most pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs); however, children with UTIs are frequently admitted. We examined variation and trends in admission for children with UTIs plus investigated the relationship between admission and emergency department (ED) revisits for those initially managed on an outpatient basis. We hypothesized that hospitals would have similar 3-day revisit rates regardless of the admission rate at the index visit. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 36 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. ED visits for children aged Results A total of 41,792 visits were studied. The overall admission rate was 27%. The admission rate was 89% for children aged Conclusions A substantial variation in admission rates exists for children with UTI. Although hospitals with lower admission rates had higher revisit rates, those hospitals did not have an increase in revisits with subsequent admission, supporting the goal of outpatient management.
Gender Differences in Purpose in Life: The Mediation Effect of Altruism:

A strong meaning or purpose in life, as a key indicator for psychological well-being, has been found to enhance health and longevity in a large amount of empirical research. In this study, we focus...
Genetic stratification for primary prevention of coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the literature showing genetic risk variants is a reliable means of stratifying for risk of CAD for primary prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Over 90 genetic risk variants have been discovered that predispose to CAD. Results of several studies show that these risk variants effectively stratify for risk of CAD in asymptomatic individuals. SUMMARY The total individual genetic risk can be summarized into a single number referred to as the genetic risk score (GRS). The GRS unlike the Framingham Risk Score is not dependent on age and independent of conventional risk factors. As DNA does not change during one's lifetime the GRS can be calculated at birth or any time thereafter. Furthermore, the GRS has been shown to provide superior discriminatory power in selecting individuals who will benefit most from lifestyle changes or statin therapy. A prospective study showed individuals with high GRS and a favorable lifestyle was associated with significant reduction of cardiac events compared with an unfavorable lifestyle. Furthermore, the study shows inherited risk can be reduced analogous to reduction of risk form acquired and environmental factors. The use of GRS to stratify for risk of CAD in asymptomatic individuals could transform primary prevention worldwide.
The Role of Auditory Deprivation

1. Deprivation of input to the auditory system can cause two kinds of change in function: It can alter the balance between inhibition and excitation and can activate neural plasticity. 2. Hearing loss of any kind, such as conductive hearing loss or cochlear hearing loss, causes decreased input to the auditory nervous system. 3. Noise-induced hearing loss is an example of deprivation of auditory stimulation and overexposure, which in itself may activate neural plasticity. 4. Altered balance between inhibition and excitation can change the gain in the auditory system. If the gain is increased, it may cause hyperactivity in the form of tinnitus. 5. The effect on the balance between inhibition and excitation is likely to abate when normal input to the auditory system is established. 6. Activation of neural plasticity, which may occur because of sensory stimulation, may last after restoring normal sensory stimulation. 7. Plastic changes may become permanent, and reversal of neural plasticity may require special actions.
Materia appetit formam ut virum femina: Form and Matter in C. S. Lewis:

Throughout his writings, Lewis uses the metaphysical coupling of forma and materia as a way of thinking about and explaining moral as well as literary problems. Critics have little remarked upon th...
Extending Paraconsistent \mathcal{SROIQ}

The four-valued paraconsistent logic \(\mathcal{SROIQ}4\), originally presented by Ma and Hitzler, is extended to incorporate additional elements of \(\mathcal{SROIQ}\). It is shown that the modified logic is classically sound and that its embedding into classical \(\mathcal{SROIQ}\) is consequence preserving. Furthermore, inserting special axioms into a \(\mathcal{SROIQ}4\) knowledge base allows additional nontrivial conclusions to be drawn, without affecting paraconsistency. It is also shown that the interaction of nominals and cardinality restrictions prevents some \(\mathcal{SROIQ}4\) knowledge bases from having models. For such knowledge bases, the logic remains explosive.
West Nile Virus Infection of the Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis subgroup (1,2). This subgroup also includes the serologically closely related St. Louis encephalitis virus. Flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses, with spherical (or more precisely, icosahedral) envelopes between 40 and 50 nm in diameter.
CAUSALITY IN ALGORITHMS AND ARCHITECTURES

Constituents for a theory of computer architecture design intended for parallel applications are presented. The constituents are causality, dependence and scheduling in algorithms and in architectures. Algorithms are classified and then described by means of a class of diagrams. Architectures are described by a space-time model whereby causality arid dataflow in the physical computer is characterized. A principle for scheduling is introduced and a number of case studies are made. The studies reveal several developments for a theory of computer design which follow from our approach. Moreover it is seen that scheduling methodologies in graph theory could be applied to parallel computer design.
Marosa Di Giorgio y la afirmación de la vida (1932-2004)

Marosa Di Giorgio was a Uruguayan writer who excelled in both poetry and prose. In his work there are constant allusions to nature and he opens a world that affirms life to connect directly with the being and know his own emotions and experiences.
Hormonal Regulation of Prolactin mRNA

The neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone synthesis and secretion is a complex process in which polypeptide hormones, bioamines, and steroid hormones play a part. Various hormones have been documented to exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the biosynthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones. The molecular processes underlying these hormonally induced alterations are less well understood, but current data suggest that significant differences may exist in the actions of steroid and polypeptide hormones at the molecular level.
Power Management for Control Units

In this chapter we begin the analysis of computer-aided techniques for logic-level power management. The concepts outlined in the previous chapter are exploited in an algorithmic framework which supports the automatic generation of power-managed circuits with little effort on the designer’s side. The input information required by the synthesis tool are a functional specification and a set of typical input patterns (or an input probability distribution). The techniques presented in this chapter specifically target control circuits modeled as finite-state machines.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Background Current studies in cardiothoracic clinical research frequently fail to use end points that are most meaningful to patients, including measures associated with quality of life. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) represent an underused but important component of high-quality patient-centered care. Our objective was to highlight important principles of PRO measurement, describe current use in cardiothoracic operations, and discuss the potential for and challenges associated with integration of PROs into large clinical databases. Methods We performed a literature review by using the PubMed/EMBASE databases. Clinical articles that focused on the use of PROs in cardiothoracic surgical outcomes measurement or clinical research were included in this review. Results PROs measure the outcomes that matter most to patients and facilitate the delivery of patient-centered care. When effectively used, PRO measures have provided detailed and nuanced quality-of-life data for comparative effectiveness research. However, further steps are needed to better integrate PROs into routine clinical care. Conclusions Incorporation of PROs into routine clinical practice is essential for delivering high-quality patient-centered care. Future integration of PROs into prospectively collected registries and databases, including that The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database, has the potential to enrich comparative effectiveness research in cardiothoracic surgery.
Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Unplanned Hospital Readmission after Endovascular Aortoiliac Interventions.

Objectives Readmissions to hospital after surgical procedures are considered as reflective of poor quality of healthcare provided during the index hospitalization and are associated with increased costs of healthcare. Aortoiliac occlusive disease represents an aggressive form of atherosclerotic disease and has been traditionally treated with open surgical bypasses. Endovascular interventions for aortoiliac occlusive disease are associated with comparable outcomes to open surgical procedures. The purpose of this study is to review the factors associated with hospital readmission after aortoiliac endovascular interventions. Methods The 2015 procedure targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database and general and vascular surgery NSQIP participant user file (PUF) were used for this analysis. Patient, diagnosis and procedure characteristics of patients undergoing aortoiliac endovascular interventions were reviewed. Bivariate analysis was used to identify the relationship between the independent variables and 30-day readmission. The significant variables from the bivariate analysis were used to generate a multivariable logistic regression model. The predicted probability of readmission was calculated. Results Out of 823 patients, 86 were readmitted. Readmission was related to the principal procedure in 48 (73.9%) patients. A total of 61 (7%) patients underwent an unplanned operation within 30 days after the index procedure. A multivariable logistic regression model identified the following variables to be significantly associated with 30-day risk of readmission: the use of pre-procedural beta blocker (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.23 - 3.45, P < 0.01), external/internal iliac intervention (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.18 - 3.20, P <0.01), critical limb ischemia (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.10 - 2.94, P <0.05), and unplanned return to the operating room (OR = 11.65, 95% CI = 6.35 - 21.35, P <0.01). The predicted probability of readmission was as follows: 5.5% for critical limb ischemia, 5.9% for external iliac artery angioplasty/stenting, 6.2% for preoperative beta blockers, 17.7% for patients with cardiac arrest, 27% for unplanned return to the operating room, and 94.7% for patients with all of these risk factors. Conclusion Readmissions after endovascular interventions for severe atherosclerotic disease can be used as a quality metric. Several factors place a patient at a high risk for readmission. Unplanned return to the operating room, cardiac arrest, preoperative beta blockers, location of disease, and preoperative symptoms are independent risk factors for hospital readmission. Unplanned return to the operating room is associated with 11.65-fold increase in the risk of hospital readmission.
Imaging Corrosion at the Metal-Paint Interface Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Corrosion developed at the paint and aluminum (Al) metal-paint interface of an aluminum alloy is analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), illustrating that SIMS is a suitable technique to study the chemical distribution at a metal-paint interface. The painted Al alloy coupons are immersed in a salt solution or exposed to air only. SIMS provides chemical mapping and 2D molecular imaging of the interface, allowing direct visualization of the morphology of the corrosion products formed at the metal-paint interface and mapping of the chemical after corrosion occurs. The experimental procedure of this method is presented to provide technical details to facilitate similar research and highlight pitfalls that may be encountered during such experiments.
Serverless Distributed Architecture by Incremental Examples

Cloud computing has the potential to be a great equalizer, providing powerful and sophisticated computing tools to anyone with an internet connection and even a minimal budget. In fact, educational institutions can often get cloud grants providing access at no cost. Although any traditional computing paradigm can be implemented with cloud computing, there are now new and potentially more useful options available. This workshop is a hands-on exploration of several of those new paradigms in a single gamifiable system. Participants will explore cloud computing through a game-playing case study. Concepts covered include serverless computing, distributed systems, event-driven software, message passing, asynchronous communication, and non-relational databases. Each new idea will be used to advance the example system a step at a time. The workshop will emphasize ways to incorporate the case study in class and possibilities for extending it. All code for the system is available on GitHub for participants to work with to implement their own games or extend the concepts in other ways, such as a programming assignment submission and scoring system.
How do flies keep clean? Head grooming in Drosophila

Insect grooming prevents disease and preserves sensory functioning. Grooming movements have not been examined in flies, so this descriptive study was undertaken, using frame by frame analysis of videographs. Drosophila was chosen because of recent interest in neural systems that control grooming. Head grooming occurs in discrete bouts during which the well-bristled forelegs serve as brushes that sweep across areas of the head, usually several times per bout ($$\overline{X} \pm s=$$ 4.3 ± 1.1). Grooming is nearly always performed simultaneously by both legs. Sweeps across the head comprise cycles with a mean period of 95 ms and a modest amount of individual variation (CV = 9%); the sexes and species are virtually identical. In contrast to the precision of timing, head grooming is spatially irregular; no specific organ except the proboscis is groomed by itself; multiple areas are frequently groomed in a single bout and the two legs usually groom different areas of the head. Head movements comprise: (1) frequent, brief yawing motions, (2) pitching motions, and (3) occasional large rolls that enhance a foreleg’s access to the top of the head. The amount of time spent for head grooming depended on the number of sweep cycles (r = 0.99).
Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage: Economic Assessment and System Impacts in Georgia

This paper presents an optimization approach to maximize the value of behind-the-meter energy storage that is owned and operated by customers. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the customer's electricity bill under various utility tariff rates. Each rate structure results in different options for the formulation of the optimization problem. Publicly available utility tariff rates from Georgia Power are used. The investment cost assumptions are derived from the latest market reports and from available vendor data. The impact of utility tariffs on the energy storage economics and system impacts are quantified. The simulation results show that different categories of behind-the-meter customers can obtain benefits from the installation of energy storage in this region. Moreover, tariffs with demand charges are usually more profitable for customers with energy storage and more desirable for the system operators to achieve a smoother net load curve.
Controlling the Speed of Light-Activated Colloids with a Constant, Uniform Magnetic Field.

It is demonstrated how the strength of activation for photocatalytic, self-propelled colloids can be enhanced with a constant, uniform magnetic field. When exposed to ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide, the titanium dioxide-based colloids become actively propelled. Due to the iron oxide core, a uniform field oriented perpendicular to the surface where motion takes place causes the asymmetrically shaped particles to rotate, which consequently leads to an increase in activity. The field-dependent dynamics of self-propulsion is quantified, and a qualitative description of how this effect arises is proposed. Since the application of the field is easily reversible, modulating the field on-and-off serves as a de facto "switch" that controls particle behavior.
A resilience-based framework for decision making based on simulation-optimization approach

Abstract The functioning of infrastructure systems and buildings in the aftermath of a disaster is critical to the modern urban center. A system study of interdependent networks response and understanding the process of post-disaster recovery is the corner stone of an effective emergency management plan. Exposure to stressors such as chaotic circumstances, budgetary restrictions, time limitations, resource constraints, high-level uncertainty and complexity in the recovery process of a community, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive decision-making framework in the aftermath of disasters. A decision-making framework in the community-level needs to puzzle out large-scale stochastic scheduling problems. These types of problems are difficult stochastic control problems with large combinatorial decision spaces. This study introduces the use of approximate dynamic programming along with heuristics for the determination of optimal recovery actions. The proposed approach prevails the curse of dimensionality and manages multi-state, large-scale infrastructure systems. Further, the proposed approach is able to consider the current recovery policies of responsible companies and improves them along with limited resources. A testbed community coarsely modeled after Gilroy, California, is presented as an illustrative example to show how the proposed approach can be implemented efficiently and accurately to find the optimal decisions. The applied approach provides optimal policies for Electrical Power Network (EPN) and Water Network (WN) of Gilroy in the aftermath of a simulated severe earthquake. The methodology is well suited for any existing infrastructure system with potential extensions to any hazard.
Hemolysis and Hemoglobin Structure and Function: A Team-Based Learning Exercise for a Medical School Hematology Course

Introduction This team-based learning (TBL) exercise focused on hemolysis and hemoglobin structure and function. The goal was to emphasize content that directly impacts clinical practice, but oblig...
Germline mutations in MDS/AML predisposition disorders.

Purpose of review Recognition of hereditary hematopoietic malignancies impacts patient management as well as health surveillance strategies for the patient and relatives who share the causative DNA variant. In this review, barriers to the diagnosis and management of patients are outlined. Recent findings Increasingly, individuals are being recognized as having germline predisposition to hematopoietic malignancies. Clinical testing for these syndromes is difficult for most clinicians given the need to send true germline samples and the lack of standardization in the field with regard to which genes are covered and the types of DNA changes detected. Additional barriers such as insurance coverage, especially for older individuals, and access to clinical experts need to be overcome in the future. Summary New research addressing whether use of hematopoietic stem cells with deleterious variants are permissive to transplantation; effective means of delivering genetic counseling and results disclosure to decrease the psychological impact of these diagnoses; and a comprehensive list of all predisposition genes will advance our ability to provide the best treatment possible for our patients and facilitate strategies to maintain excellent health throughout their lifetimes and for members of younger generations. Video abstract Submitted, http://links.lww.com/COH/A22.
The Use a Prophylactic Intramedullary Tibial Nail for a Stress Fracture in a High-Level Athlete.

Introduction Mid-diaphyseal anterior tibial stress fractures can be debilitating injuries. They have been described occurring in athletes due to repetitive lower extremity trauma. The purpose of our study was to highlight a case of an athlete sustaining a tibial stress fracture with multiple cortical defects. Case report We present an 18-year-old collegiate bound athlete who sustained a tibial stress fracture with multiple cortical defects. The clinical decision, after failure of conservative treatment, was made to treat the patient with tibial intramedullary nailing. She was able to return to full unrestricted activities, including high-level sports participation. Our case report specifically describes a case of a high-level athlete with multiple anterior tibial linear cortical defects from a chronic stress fracture. Conclusion When conservative management for mid-diaphyseal anterior stress fractures fails, the utilization of prophylactic tibial nailing is a viable option. The decision for surgical intervention is dependent on many factors including patient's activity level and characteristics, failure of conservative management, and radiographic evidence of non-healing stress fractures.
A visual technique used by citizen scientists shows higher herbivory in understory vs. canopy leaves of a tropical forest.

Citizen science (CS) initiatives can transform how some ecological data are collected. Herbivory is a fundamental ecological interaction, but herbivory rates in many natural systems are unknown due in part to lack of personnel for monitoring efforts. This limits our ability to understand broad ecological patterns relevant to herbivory. Fortunately, accurate and reliable visual estimation techniques for assessing herbivory could be amenable to CS approaches. In 2008, I developed a CS training initiative (the Million Leaf Project, MLP) to measure herbivory based on a seven-category visual assessment of leaf area removed (LAR). From 2010 to 2018, 394 citizen scientists assessed damage on 175,421 leaves to test the hypothesis that herbivory varies between understory and canopy leaves in a Peruvian tropical forest. In support of this hypothesis, the longitudinal CS data reveal that understory leaves consistently experience more herbivory than do canopy leaves on average (18.3% vs. 12.3%, P < 0.001), a difference that was consistent regardless of CS observer age. Furthermore, data integrity was high, even though younger participants showed some leaf selection bias. The MLP is based on a simple technique, intended to broaden public participation in ecological science, and applicable to any ecological system in which herbivory or leaf damage occurs.
An Analysis of the Quadratic Frequency Response for Added Resistance

The objective of the present work was to extend existing hydrodynamic theory for ship resistance added by waves to include time-dependent fluctuations, so that the so-called "quadratic frequency response function" for added resistance could be computed and compared with previously obtained experimental estimates. The concept of a quadratic frequency response function follows from the (nonphysical) theory for the general functional polynomial input-output model which was utilized in the previous experimental work. It was hoped that the present work, by providing a physical model, would either lend credibility to the previous work or expose its shortcomings. In the event, the present work appears to have accomplished both. Analytical and experimental estimates of the quadratic frequency response function are in good qualitative agreement, and in fair quantitative agreement. Most of those experimental estimates which appeared in the previous work to be of at least slightly dubious statistical merit have been discredited. Since it was these marginal experimental estimates which gave rise to the speculation that the quadratic frequency response function was inordinately complicated, the present work indicates that the function is merely moderately complicated. There seems reasonable evidence that it is feasible to make hydrodynamic estimates of the quadratic frequency response function required for prediction of nonlinear fluctuations of resistance in random seas.
Preparation of meta-carboranylpropyl-2-nitroimidazole derivatives for application to BNCT

Many types of tumor localizing boronated compounds have been studied for application to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer (1-4). However, compounds which are designed to localize in hypoxic regions of tumors (5) have not been studied. This is understandable as the focus of much of the previous research in this area has been directed towards use of thermal or epithermal neutron beams to treat the cancer, where the radiation dose from the heavy particles produced by neutron capture (He-4 & Li-7) must be lethal to all cancer cells for efficacious therapy. In contrast to this, our research focus has been to evaluate augmentation (boost) of the tumor dose obtained from a fast neutron beam (which also contains epithermal neutrons) when boron rich compounds are administered. Importantly, in an application that is directed at augmentation of fast neutron therapy (FNT) it is not necessary that all tumor cells contain boron-10 to obtain an efficacious therapy. Indeed, application of agents that are preferentially retained in hypoxic tissues in a combination therapy involving FNT and BNCT seems ideal as it targets high LET particles to a region of the cancer that is particularly resistant to radiation damage (6).
On the formulation of hybrid finite-element and boundary-integral methods for 3D scattering using multi-level fast multipole algorithm

The hybrid finite-element and boundary-integral (FE-BI) method is a powerful numerical technique for computing scattering by inhomogeneous objects. Although the application of edge-based finite elements and the combined field integral equation (CFIE) in the FE-BI method has successfully removed the difficulties of the treatment of dielectric interfaces, sharp conducting edges and corners, spurious solutions, and interior resonance problems inherited in the original FE-BI method using node-based elements and the electric-field integral equation (EFIE) or magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), the FE-BI method still has a bottleneck which is the dense matrix generated by the boundary integral equation (BIE). Our renewed interest in the FE-BI method originated from the recent development of the fast multipole method (FMM) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). Our objective is to apply MLFMA to BIE to completely remove the aforementioned bottleneck for general 3D problems. During the course of pursuing this goal, we have encountered several problems associated with the efficiency and accuracy of the FE-BI method implemented using the edge-based elements and CFIE. This paper reports our study of these problems and the implementation of MLFMA in the FE-BI method.
A possible role for cold insoluble globulin in chemotactic factor mediated polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence to plastic

Abstract We examined the potential role of fibronectin in chemotactic factor stimulation of neutrophil adherence to plastic. Monoclonal antibody to human fibronectin significantly reduced chemotactic peptide stimulation of adherence but did not reduce adherence stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate or aggregation stimulated by either agent. Stimulation of neutrophils by chemotactic peptide was also associated with loss of cell surface fibronectin detected by immunofluorescence or binding of radiolabeled collagen. These data suggest that chemotactic peptides stimulate neutrophils to release Fn and that Fn mediates the attachment of neutrophils to plastic surfaces.
Photopolymerized diffusion-defined polyacrylamide gradient gels for on-chip protein sizing

We report on a facile diffusion-based photopatterning technique for generating linear and non-linear decreasing pore-size gradients in cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. Diffusion of low viscosity polymer precursor solutions and a two-step photopatterning process were used to define the decreasing pore-size gradient gels in a microfluidic format, thus eliminating the need for controlled mixing and delivery of polymer precursor solutions. We present an analytical model of the non-steady state diffusion process and numerically evaluate that model for direct comparison with empirical characterizations of the gradient gels. We show that the analytical model provides an effective means to predict the steepness and linearity of a desired gradient gel prior to fabrication. To assess electrophoretic assay performance in the microfluidic gradient gels, on-chip sizing of protein samples (20–116 kDa) was investigated. Baseline resolution of six proteins was demonstrated in 4 s using 3.5% to 10% polyacrylamide gradient gels. The demonstrated ability to conduct efficient protein sizing in ultra-short separation lengths (0.3 cm) means low applied electric potentials are needed to achieve the electric field strengths required for protein separations. The low required electric potentials relax operating constraints on electrical components, as is especially important for translation of the assay into pre-clinical and clinical settings. The gradient gel fabrication method reported is amenable to adaptation to non-sizing protein assays, as well as integration with upstream sample preparation steps and subsequent orthogonal downstream assays.
Kinetics of Folding and Binding of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein: The Inhibitor of Yeast Aspartic Proteinase YPrA

The 68 residue peptide IA3 is an intrinsically unstructured protein that serves as an endogenous inhibitor of the yeast aspartic proteinase A (YPrA). Although unstructured in free solution, IA3 forms an N-terminal α helix as it binds to YPrA, leading to subnanomolar inhibition of the protease. Equilibrium structural and inhibition studies provide little insight into the mechanism and kinetics of the coupled folding and binding interaction. We have used laser temperature jump spectroscopy to study the kinetics of folding of free IA3 and of the interaction between IA3 and YPrA. Inducing folding with trifluoroethanol cosolvent allows us to determine the folding rate (kf ≈ 0.3 (μs)−1) and the unfolding rate (ku ≈ 3 (μs)−1) for free IA3 in water at 25 °C. A substantially faster relaxation process is observed in the presence of the proteinase; this process appears to be the kinetic signature of an intermediate binding step in the coupled folding and binding interaction of IA3 and YPrA.
Art Styles as Cultural Cognitive Maps

STUDENTS of the history of the visual arts have long postulated connections between art forms and sociocultural conditions. Such a connection is often obvious in respect to overt content: e.g., the religious art of the Middle Ages. But connections between social conditions and general features of style have also been postulated: romanticism versus classicism, for instance, have been explained as related to the position of the individual in society and to the rapidity of social change. While these explanations of style are often convincing and appear profound, from an anthropological point of view they suffer from being limited, for the most part, to artistic data from various branches of European civilization, or in some cases certain other extremely complex societies such as the Oriental civilizations. The study of art in a widely distributed sample of primitive, relatively homogeneous societies would seem to offer valuable evidence for testing theories of the relationship of art style to social conditions. This paper is intended as a modest contribution in this direction, making use of objective statistical tests.2 Two sets of variables are used in the tests reported below. The judgments on the art styles were made by the psychologist, Herbert Barry III, and formed the basis originally of his undergraduate honors thesis at Harvard carried out under the direction of John Whiting. Barry later published some of his findings in a paper on "Relationships between Child Training and the Pictorial Arts" (1957). Judgments on the social variables are from Murdock's "World Ethnographic Sample" article (1957). Since both sets of judgments were made independently without, moreover, any intent to test the specific hypotheses to be discussed below, it can be fairly stated that the positive results are not to be explained by bias of the judges in favor of the hypotheses. The sample of primitive societies used below is determined by the overlap of Barry's and Murdock's sample. Thanks to the large size of Murdock's sample all except one of Barry's societies are also represented in Murdock. Barry's sample itself consists of those societies with sufficient art data from the larger cross-cultural sample of Whiting and Child (1953). It is somewhat biased geographically in favor of well-covered parts of the world-North America and the Pacific, but I personally doubt that this seriously affects the validity of the conclusions, since for many of the art variables both extremes of values can be found in the same continental area. A total of 29 societies are available for testing, although for stratification Murdock makes no rating for the Thonga for lack of specific data. The general theoretical position behind this paper is that in expressive aspects of culture, such as visual and other arts, a very important determinant of the art form is social fantasy, that is, the artist's fantasies about social
Diameter Optimization for Maximum Vertical Penetration of a Beam of Collimated Optical Radiation Normally Incident on the Ocean Surface

The optimum diameter of a circular beam of collimated optical radiation normally incident on the ocean surface, in order to obtain a maximum time-average power density vertically downward, is determined for (1) the case of a given constant beam power density and (2) the case of a given constant total beam power. The resulting optima are functions of the roughness of the ocean surface (wind velocity), the depth of the point of observation, and the index of refraction.
B chromosome variation in Euphydryas colon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Cytogenetic analysis of an Idaho population of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas colon, has revealed considerable inter- and intra-individual variation in chromosome number which turns out to be a classic case of B chromosome variation. The basic chromosome complement of the species is n (♂, ♀)=31. The A chromosomes were aligned equatorially at mitotic metaphase and metaphase II, and axially at metaphase I, indicating a restriction of centric activity at the first meiotic division. No failure of pairing between homologous A chromosomes was observed and, although a marked asynchrony of chromatid separation was found to be characteristic of mitotic telophase and telophase II, the frequency of macrospermatid formation was low. The B chromosomes were at least partly heterochromatic but exhibited some variation in both pycnosity and size. Mitotically stable B-containing individuals showed a preponderance of unpaired Bs at first metaphase and these divided at either first or second anaphase. The presence of Bs was associated with a heightened production of abnormal spermatids particularly in individuals with high numbers of B chromosomes. Among the 25 individuals sampled, 21 carried from 1–6 B chromosomes, and of these 14 were mitotically stable. In all 7 unstable individuals the mean number of B chromosomes per cell exceeded the modal number. Assuming that the modal number represents the zygotic number, these results suggest that a mechanism to boost the number of B chromosomes exists in males of E. colon.
A rapid assay method for tritium in bacterial cells.

1. 1. The use of a simple bacterial filtration technique involving collodion membranes has permitted a precise means of assaying tritiated compounds. Radioassays at infinite thickness were readily converted to relative total count values. It is suggested that the method has general applicability. 2. 2. Bacterial cultures rapidly converted exogenous tritiated thymidine to thymine. [3H] diaminopimelic acid served as a more stable biochemical precursor, enabling accurate studies on the incorporation of tritium into bacterial cells.