cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Potential and Low-Lying Excitation in the Many-Body Bose System

For a Bose system interacting through a two-body potential there is a large occupation number in the zeromomentum state with small fluctuations. Thus, one can express the chemical potential and low-lying excitation energy in terms of the density fluctuation only. The formulas derived are shown to coincide with well-established resuits in the low-density Bose gas. The use of experimental neutron scattering data is suggested to improve the numerical answer. A particular application is made to the He/sup 4/ case. If one utilizes the Feynman variational excited state as the (approximate) true state vector, which is correct experimentally for low-momentum excitations, an explicit phonon excitation for actual He/sup 4/ is found. (auth)
Estrogen and Progesterone Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Proliferation

Estrogen (E) has been identified in epidemiologic and prospective studies to protect against the development of cardiovascular disease in women. It is unclear whether progesterone (P) is similarly beneficial. The mechanisms by which E or P might act are incompletely defined. One possibility is that sex steroids inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, an early/important event in vascular pathology. We examined the ability of E and P to inhibit the growth of human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (hUVSMC) in culture, when stimulated by serum or the mitogen, endothelin-1 (ET-1). Serum and ET-1 stimulated hVSMC cell numbers by approximately 110% and 43% respectively, compared with control, after 3 days in culture. This stimulation was maximally reversed 75% by E and 64% by P. No synergistic or additive effects of the two steroids were found. ET-1 and serum stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-K) and MAP-kinase kinase activities, and these were critical for mitogenesis. Mitogen-stimulated MAP-kinase kinase and MAP-K activities were significantly inhibited by either E or P. The steroids also inhibited mitogen-stimulated c-fos and c-myc, downstream targets for MAP-K action. Critical signaling and molecular events through which mitogens stimulate VSMC proliferation can be significantly inhibited by E or P, providing a potential cellular mechanism for their vascular protective actions.
Primary α‐sarcoglycan deficiency responsive to immunosuppression over three years

An 8-year-old girl developed weakness over 2 years and an elevated creatine kinase. The biopsy was most consistent with an active dystrophy with many inflammatory cells present. A trial of immunosuppression was started. In the first 2 months of treatment with prednisone, she had functionally and quantitatively significant improvement in her proximal strength. Over 3 years of treatment she maintained stable strength. Subsequent genetic studies showed that she had primary alpha-sarcoglycan deficiency. The timing and the degree of benefit in strength were similar to that seen in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who are treated with prednisone.
A goal and strategy for human exploration of the Moon and Mars

Eventual settlement of the solar system, beginning with the moon and Mars, is proposed, and a strategy for the exploration of and initial settlement of the moon and Mars, based on the model of European settlement of the Americas, is discussed. Strategies suggest an allocation of functions between humans and telerobots to conduct the exploration and initial settlement.
Embedding of Neural Tissue in Agarose or Glyoxyl Agarose for Vibratome Sectioning

Agarose was used to embed the brain or spinal cord of lampreys or rats before cutting vibratome sections. Agarose embedding was compatible with immunocytochemistry or the use of horseradish peroxidase as a neuroanatomical tracer. Concentrated agarose with high intrinsic gel strength was optimal for embedding glutaraldehyde fixed neural tissue. A quick procedure was to blot tissue and embed in 5% (w/v) Sigma type I-A or Litex type LSL agarose at 45-55 C dissolved in 50 mM neutral-pH TRIS buffer before cutting 50-100 microns vibratome sections. An alternative procedure that improved retention of tissue sections in the agarose was to rinse the tissue in H2O, blot and embed in 5% (w/v) Sigma type I-A or Litex type LSL agarose at 45-55 C dissolved in H2O, then equilibrate the block overnight in buffer. Phosphate buffer prevented complete dissolving of agarose. Tissue could be covalently linked to the embedding matrix using a novel aldehyde-derived agarose (NuFix, FMC BioProducts). Slices of spinal cord from neonatal rats could be cut after embedding in 5% FMC SeaPrep agarose in rat Ringer's at 23-26 C.
Chemical bonding in biguanidinium dinitramide and biguanidinium bis-dinitramide from experimental X-ray diffraction data.

The electron density and related properties of biguanidinium dinitramide (BIGH)(DN) and biguanidinium bis-dinitramide (BIGH2)(DN)2 crystals (space groups P1 and C2/c) have been determined from low-temperature (90(1) K) X-ray diffraction experiments. The Hansen−Coppens multipole model as implemented in the XD program gave R = 0.0247 and 0.0201 (all reflections) which allowed the calculation of the electron density and Laplacian distributions. The bonding (3,−1) critical points were also found. The analysis of the results shows that Bader's topological theory provides a more useful description of the chemical bonding in the studied crystals as compared to the classical analysis of deformation densities. The hydrogen bonding in the crystals was analyzed. The atomic charges were integrated over the atomic basins.
Community structure and seasonal variation in intertidal Panamanian sandy beaches

Abstract Two Panamanian sandy beaches, one along each coast, were examined in 1973–1974 as a continuation of preliminary sampling in 1969–1970. Infaunal community structure for each beach is described in terms of species composition, density, biomass, diversity, and evenness. The influence of environmental factors on the zonation and abundance of the dominant species is discussed. The Caribbean beach is exposed to a marked wet versus dry season, while the major environmental feature of the Pacific beach is a strong upwelling of cool water during the dry season. Community'structure of the Caribbean beach is characterized by lower density, fewer species, higher diversity (H′), and greater fluctuation among faunal dominants. The Pacific beach fauna has higher density, greater number of species, and lower diversity due to the dominance by the isopod Excirolana braziliensis. Explanations for the major differences in community structure between the two beaches are presented.
Fluid transport across cultured layers of corneal endothelium from aquaporin-1 null mice

Abstract We explored the role of AQP1, the only known aquaporin in corneal endothelium, on active fluid transport and passive osmotic water movements across corneal endothelial layers cultured from AQP1 null mice and wildtype mice. AQP1 null mice had grossly transparent corneas, just as wildtype mice. Endothelial cell layers grown on permeable supports transported fluid at rates of (in μl h −1 cm −2 , n =9, mean± s.e. ): 4·3±0·6, wildtype mice (MCE); 3·5±0·6, AQP1 null mice (KMCE; difference not significant). The osmotic water flow (also in μl h −1 cm −2 ) induced by a 100 mOsm sucrose gradient across MCE cell layers (8·7±0·6, n =8) was significantly greater than that across KMCE (5·7±0·7, n =6, p =0·007). When plated on glass coverslips, plasma membrane osmotic water permeability determined by light scattering was significantly higher for cells from wildtype vs. AQP1 null mice (in μm sec −1 : 74±4, n =19 vs. 44±4 μm sec −1 , n =11, p n =19, vs. KMCE: 64±5, n =11, p
Telomere‐independent cellular senescence in human fetal cardiomyocytes

Fetal cardiomyocytes have been proposed as a potential source of cell-based therapy for heart failure. This study examined cellular senescence in cultured human fetal ventricular cardiomyocytes (HFCs). HFCs were isolated and identified by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cells were found to senesce after 20-25 population doublings, as determined by growth arrest, morphological changes and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. Using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, telomerase activity was undetectable in primary HFCs. Cells were transduced to express the human reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) of telomerase. This resulted in greatly increased telomerase activity, but no significant lifespan extension. Analysis of telomere length in primary HFCs revealed that the senescent phenotype was not accompanied by telomere shortening. Telomeres in hTERT-positive cells were elongated in comparison with primary cells, and elongation was retained in senescent cells. Levels of the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4A increased in all senescent cells whether telomerase-positive or -negative. Senescence was accompanied by a decline in transcript levels of the polycomb gene Bmi-1, Ets1 and Ets2 transcription factors, and Id1, Id2 and Id3 helix-loop-helix proteins, suggesting roles for these genes in maintenance of cardiomyocyte proliferative capacity. In addition to offering novel insights into the behavior of human fetal cardiomyocytes in culture, these findings have implications for the development of a cell-based therapy for cardiac injury using primary fetal heart tissue.
Trends in tribological materials and engine technology

Abstract The spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engine has been the powerplant of choice for automotive and light truck applications for over 100 years. Whether this engine type will remain dominant in the future will depend on automakers’ ability to find economically viable solutions to many constraints. Legislative demands continue to mount for better fuel economy, reduced exhaust emissions, increased recycleability and freedom from hazardous substances. Simultaneously, consumers are reluctant to accept any decrease in performance, features, range, quality and reliability. The tribological implications of changes in current engine materials are discussed. While these challenges are formidable, it is considered likely that, through evolution, the reciprocating engine will remain ahead of its more revolutionary competitors (e.g. fuel cells) for many years to come.
Carbonyls in Oxidizing Fat. IX. Aldehydes Isolated from Autoxidized Methyl Arachidonate

SUMMARY The monocarhonyl compounds developed by oxidation of methyl arachidonate under mild conditions were measured by three methods of isolation. Aldehydes from scission of hydro-peroxides of the pentadiene system furthest removed from the carboxyl group accounted for 80% of the total, and the same ones are characteristic of oxidized linoleate. The C, alkanal was the major aldehyde and C, alkanal, a compound not readily accountable for by conventional mechanisms of autoxidation, was second in quantity. The mild quantitatively equal Girard T and Schwartz methods broke down scnne precursors, but in a qualitatively different manner. The Pool and Klose alumina chromatographic method decomposed precursors, but not to the extent that has been observed in autoxidized lard. Two unsaturated aldehydes isolated by this method may be alk-2,4,6-trienals.
Elevated Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Concentrations in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The aim was to assess the roles of gut hormones and immune dysfunction in irritable bowel. In Study I, rectal mucosal samples examined blindly showed no histological evidence of inflammation in 16 irritable bowel patients compared to 17 healthy controls. The proinflammatory mediators interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 also failed to show evidence of inflammation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was elevated in irritable bowel (P=0.01), but substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and somatostatin levels were similar to control values. In Study II, 30 irritable bowel patients had elevated (P=0.002) plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide compared to 30 controls, and peptide levels were unrelated to whether the patient's predominant bowel habit was constipation, diarrhea, or both in alternation. In conclusion, no evidence of inflammation was detected in irritable bowel patients, but elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations were observed in both studies and might represent a potential diagnostic tool for irritable bowel syndrome.
Structural insights into the function of the thiamin biosynthetic enzyme Thi4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The structure of thiazole synthase (Thi4) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined to 1.8 A resolution. Thi4 exists as an octamer with two monomers in the asymmetric unit. The structure reveals the presence of a tightly bound adenosine diphospho-5-(β-ethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid at the active site. The isolation of this reaction product identifies NAD as the most likely precursor and provides the first mechanistic insights into the biosynthesis of the thiamin thiazole in eukaryotes. Additionally, the Thi4 structure reveals the first protein structure with a GR2 domain that binds NAD instead of FAD, raising interesting questions about how this protein evolved from a flavoenzyme to a NAD binding enzyme.
Encapsulation of supported Pt nanoparticles with mesoporous silica for increased catalyst stability

A new synthetic strategy has been developed to encapsulate supported Pt nanoparticles in heterogeneous catalysts to prevent their sintering. Model catalysts were first prepared by dispersing ∼3-nm Pt nanoparticles on ∼120-nm silica beads. These were then covered with a fresh layer of mesoporous silica, a few tens of nanometers thick, and etched to re-expose the metal surface to the reaction mixtures. TEM images were used to confirm the success of each of the synthesis steps, and both CO titrations and kinetic measurements for the catalytic conversion of cis- and trans-2-butenes with hydrogen were employed to test the degree of re-activation of the catalyst obtained after the etching treatment, which had to be tuned to give simultaneous maximum activity and maximum catalyst stability. The resulting encapsulated platinum nanoparticles were shown to resist sintering during calcination at temperatures as high as 1075 K, whereas the unprotected catalysts were seen to sinter by 875 K.
Model selection using J-test for the spatial autoregressive model vs. the matrix exponential spatial model ☆

Abstract We consider using the J-test procedure for the non-nested model selection problem between the spatial autoregressive (SAR) model and the matrix exponential spatial specification (MESS) model. The 2SLS and GMM methods are used to implement the J-test procedure and derive several test statistics under the GMM framework. We investigate the behavior of those J-test statistics in terms of pseudo true values. We extend the J-test procedure into the setting when error terms in the model are with unknown heteroskedasticity. Monte Carlo results suggest with strong spatial dependence the J-test statistics can have good power to distinguish the SAR and MESS models.
Hyperspectral techniques in analysis of oral dosage forms

Pharmaceutical oral dosage forms are used in this paper to test the sensitivity and spatial resolution of hyperspectral imaging instruments. The first experiment tested the hypothesis that a near-infrared (IR) tunable diode-based remote sensing system is capable of monitoring degradation of hard gelatin capsules at a relatively long distance (0.5 km). Spectra from the capsules were used to differentiate among capsules exposed to an atmosphere containing 150 ppb formaldehyde for 0, 2, 4, and 8 h. Robust median-based principal component regression with Bayesian inference was employed for outlier detection. The second experiment tested the hypothesis that near-IR imaging spectrometry of tablets permits the identification and composition of multiple individual tablets to be determined simultaneously. A near-IR camera was used to collect thousands of spectra simultaneously from a field of blister-packaged tablets. The number of tablets that a typical near-IR camera can currently analyze simultaneously was estimated to be approximately 1300. The bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique chemometric-imaging algorithm was used to draw probability-density contour plots that revealed tablet composition. The single-capsule analysis provides an indication of how far apart the sample and instrumentation can be and still maintain adequate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), while the multiple-tablet imaging experiment gives an indication of how many samples can be analyzed simultaneously while maintaining an adequate S/N and pixel coverage on each sample.
Kinetic properties of brain tyrosine hydroxylase and its partial purification by affinity chromatography.

Summary The tyrosine hydroxylase activity of sheep brain caudate nuclei homogenates was solubilized by treatment with 0.2% Triton X-100 and concentrated by ultra-filtration. Although the enzyme shows an absolute requirement for a reduced tetrahydropteridine (DMPH 4 ) as cofactor, concentrations > 2 mM are inhibitory. The maximal reaction velocity is stimulated two-fold by the inclusion of 0.5 mM Fe 2+ in the assay. However, the apparent Michaelis constants, K m , for L-tyrosine and DMPH 4 are not affected by Fe 2+ and values of 0.1 and 0.33 mM were obtained for these parameters. A five-fold purification of the enzyme concentrate was achieved by affinity chromatography on iodotyrosine-substituted agarose. Active eluate fractions were distinctly turbid, suggesting that intermolecular aggregation of the tyrosine hydroxylase protein occurs as a concomitant of the purification procedure.
Multidimensional adaptive radar array processing using an iterative optical matrix-vector processor

An iterative optical matrix-vector processor that computes the adaptive weights for a phased array radar is described. Multidimensional adaptivity in both target angle and velocity is achieved by lexicographically ordering the antenna elements as they are fed to the optical processor. Complex weights are computed by spatial multiplexing of the vector and matrix inputs to the system. The error sources of the optical system and the convergence of the iterative algorithm are analyzed, and experimental demonstration of the accuracy and performance of the system is included. This novel processor is found to perform quite adequately and to be most appropriate for advanced multidimensional adaptive phased array radars.
Mixed Mode Loading of an Interface Crack Subjected to Creep Conditions

Interface cracks are seldom subjected to pure Mode I or pure Mode II conditions. Stationary interface cracks between two distinct, bonded elastic-creep materials subjected to remotely applied mixed mode loading are simulated. The finite element method (FEM) is used to examine crack tip fields and candidate driving force parameters for crack growth. Plane strain conditions are assumed. In most cases a functionally graded transition layer is included between the two materials. Examples of such systems include weld metal (WM) and base metal (BM) interfaces in welded or repaired boiler components subjected to elevated temperatures. Numerical solutions based on the asymptotic fields of the homogeneous and heterogeneous Arcan-type specimens are presented. Creep ductility-based damage models are used to predict the initial crack propagation trajectory. The incorporation of functionally graded transition layer regions affects the evolution of time-dependent stress components in the vicinity of the crack tip. The magnitude and direction of crack tip propagation can then be optimized with respect to interface properties.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
An efficient decomposition method for the approximate evaluation of tandem queues with finite storage space and blocking

This paper presents an efficient method for evaluating performance measures for a class of tandem queueing systems with finite buffers in which blocking and starvation are important. These systems are difficult to evaluate because they have large state spaces and because they cannot be decomposed exactly. The approximate decomposition approach we describe is based on system characteristics such as conservation of flow. Comparisons with exact and simulation results indicate that the approach is very accurate.
catena-Poly­[[di­aqua(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxa­cyclo­octa­decane)­barium(II)]-μ-cyano-[di­cyano­platinum(II)]-μ-cyano]

The title compound, [BaPt(CN)4(C12H24O6)(H2O)2], contains a polymeric chain of alternating complexes of Ba2+ and Pt2+. A ten-coordinate Ba2+ complex results from coordination of the metal by 18-crown-6 and two water mol­ecules, and N-atom coordination by a cyano group of [Pt(CN)4]2− and by a second cis-related cyano group of a second [Pt(CN)4]2− generated by a crystallographic b-glide. Crosslinking via hydrogen bonds involving the remaining two cyano N atoms completes the crystal structure in the a and c directions.
Fostering and sustaining entrepreneurial regions

Entrepreneurship clusters in regions that have a favourable business environment or habitat. Some entrepreneurs succeed, against all odds, in less favourable habitats; however, these cases are not the norm and do not give rise to clusters of entrepreneurship. There is now a considerable amount of study of entrepreneurial clusters in various regions of the world that include an analysis of the institutions necessary to facilitate and sustain such a cluster. Broadly speaking, the features of these entrepreneurial clusters include a favourable regulatory regime, advanced research universities and research institutes that are well connected to industry, a flexible and mobile work force, mechanisms for maintaining global linkages, and formal associations and informal mechanisms that foster collective learning for the whole cluster. We will explore the character and development of these institutions by drawing upon studies of a number of established entrepreneurial clusters.
Improved learning in an evolvable hardware hover controller for an insect scale Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle

In previous work, a single Degree Of Freedom (DOF) controller for altitude of a Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle (FW-MAV) has been presented which meets the various needs of such a device. Unique challenges posed by the small size of such a device include accounting for process variation during the manufacturing of small scale wings and effectors, damage accumulation during the operation of the device, as well as weight and power restrictions limiting the computational power available on-board the device have been overcome with a cycle-average controller which preserves mathematical rigor while still allowing computational power for evolvable hardware on-board the device. This paper will describe an attempt to optimize altitude control learning times on a controller which has been shown to support single DOF flight with the intent to shorten learning times of a multiple DOF flight controller which is much more computationally intense.
Women's Sexual Strategies: The Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex

Abstract Because of their heavy obligatory investment in offspring and limited offspring number, ancestral women faced the challenge of securing sufficient material resources for reproduction and gaining access to good genes. We review evidence indicating that selection produced two overlapping suites of psychological adaptations to address these challenges. The first set involves coupling—the formation of social partnerships for providing biparental care. The second set involves dual mating, a strategy in which women form long-term relationships with investing partners, while surreptitiously seeking good genes from extrapair mates. The sources of evidence we review include hunter-gather studies, comparative nonhuman studies, cross-cultural studies, and evidence of shifts in women's desires across the ovulatory cycle. We argue that the evidence poses a challenge to some existing theories of human mating and adds to our understanding of the subtlety of women's sexual strategies.
Emission characterization from nitrogen-doped diamond with respect to energy conversion

Abstract Vacuum thermionic energy converters utilize electron emissive materials as a key component in the transformation of thermal into electrical energy. Electron emission from nitrogen-doped diamond films was characterized with respect to the thermionic emission relation derived by Richardson–Dushman. Key parameters, which describe the emitter material, are the work function φ and the Richardson constant A. A fitting procedure has been employed to determine φ and A for nitrogen-doped diamond. However, a simultaneous solution to the Richardson–Dushman relation was limited due to the strongly coupled parameters φ and A. Additionally, the emission was characterized at various applied fields indicating a change in the electronic structure of the material contrary to classical thermionic emitters.
Fetal blood volume restoration following rapid fetal hemorrhage

In a previous study, we found that ovine fetal blood volume returned to normal in 3 h after a slow hemorrhage of 31% over 2 h; volume was slightly elevated at 24-25 h. In the present study, we explored the time required for blood volume restoration in late gestation fetal sheep following a rapid hemorrhage over 10 min. The rate of hemorrhage was constant within each fetus but varied among fetuses from 13.5 to 32.2%. Two fetuses that were hemorrhaged 32% of their initial blood volume over 10 min underwent cardiovascular collapse during the hemorrhage. In 10 fetuses that were hemorrhaged 21.0 +/- 1.7% (SE) over 10 min, 6.5 h were required for blood volume to return to control. Fetal arterial pressure, venous pressure, and heart rate decreased during and immediately after the hemorrhage and returned to normal within 1 h. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration and plasma renin activity (PRA) underwent large increases following the rapid hemorrhage. Volume restoration at 5-7 h posthemorrhage correlated negatively with PRA and norepinephrine (NE) concentration immediately after the hemorrhage. Three of the 10 fetuses died overnight, and in the remaining seven fetuses blood volume was 8.8 +/- 3.3% below control (P less than 0.01) at 24-25 h posthemorrhage. The fetuses were also hypoxic, acidotic, and had greatly elevated plasma AVP and NE concentrations at this time. We conclude that ovine fetuses are less able to survive a rapid hemorrhage compared with a slow hemorrhage of the same extent. In addition, fetal blood volume restoration is delayed after rapid hemorrhage, and the impaired restoration is to the detriment of the fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantization model for multiresolution dyadic subband tree structure

Develops a methodology for the analysis of signal quantization effects in dyadic subband tree structures using the gain-plus-additive noise model for the pdf-optimized quantizer. The authors constrain the non-quantized and uncompensated structure to be PR (perfect reconstruction). They develop an equivalent polyphase structure, and compute the MSE (mean square error) using cyclostationary concepts in terms of (1) the allocated quantizer bits, (2) the filter coefficients, and (3) an embedded compensation parameter vector K~. This MSE is then minimized over all three items above. The optimization method is applied to the specific case of a four channel dyadic tree. This tree is represented by an eight channel polyphase equivalent whose interchannel signals are correlated. The design of a 4-tap paraunitary structure is confirmed by simulation. >
Barriers to advancement in academic surgery: Views of senior residents and early career faculty

Abstract Background A significant faculty attrition rate exists in academic surgery. The authors hypothesized that senior residents and early-career faculty members have different perceptions of advancement barriers in academic surgery. Methods A modified version of the Career Barriers Inventory–Revised was administered electronically to surgical residents and early-career surgical faculty members at 8 academic medical centers. Results Residents identified a lack of mentorship as a career barrier about half as often as faculty members. Residents were twice as likely as faculty members to view childbearing as a career barrier. Conclusions Many early-career faculty members cite a lack of mentors as a limitation to their career development in academic surgery. Childbearing remains a complex perceived influence for female faculty members in particular. Female faculty members commonly perceive differential treatment and barriers on the basis of their sex. Faculty development programs should address both systemic and sex-specific obstacles if academic surgery is to remain a vibrant field.
Many-to-Many Traffic Grooming in WDM Networks

A large number of network applications today allow several users to interact together using the many-to-many service mode. In many-to-many communication, also referred to as group communication, a session consists of a group of users (we refer to them as members), where each member transmits its traffic to all other members in the same group. In this paper, we address the problem of many-to-many traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks. In this problem, a set of many-to-many session requests, each with an arbitrary subwavelength traffic demand, is given and the objective is to provision the sessions on the WDM network with the minimum network cost. The cost of a WDM network is dominated by the cost of higher-layer electronic ports (we refer to them as transceivers). Therefore, our objective is to minimize the total number of transceivers used. We address the problem in both nonsplitting networks, where the nodes do not have optical splitting capabilities, and in splitting networks, where the nodes do have optical splitting capabilities. First, we formulate the problem in each of the two networks as a mixed integer linear program (MILP). Afterwards, based on observations from optimal solutions, we develop a heuristic approach for each network by relaxing and simplifying its corresponding MILP. Through extensive experiments, we verify the accuracy of our proposed heuristics and also show when each of the two networks is a more cost-effective choice for many-to-many traffic grooming.
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis (Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis)

It is thought to result from formation of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (platelets and fibrin) on the surface of a valve or endothelial surface from mechanical disruption or inflammation, bacteremia, bacterial adherence to the fibrin–platelet matrix, and proliferation of the bacteria within the vegetation.
The Haemophilus influenzae Hia Adhesin Is an Autotransporter Protein That Remains Uncleaved at the C Terminus and Fully Cell Associated

ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative commensal organism that is commonly associated with localized respiratory tract disease. The pathogenesis of disease begins with colonization of the nasopharynx, a process that likely depends on bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. Hia is the major adhesin expressed by a subset of nontypeable H. influenzaestrains and promotes efficient adherence to a variety of human epithelial cell lines. Based on previous work, Hia is transported to the surface of Escherichia coli transformants and is capable of mediating E. coli adherence without the assistance of other H. influenzae proteins. In the present study, we examined the mechanism of Hia secretion. PhoA fusions, deletional mutagenesis, and N-terminal amino acid sequencing established that the signal for Hia export from the cytoplasm resides in the first 49 amino acids, including a 24-amino-acid stretch with striking similarity to the N terminus of a number of proteins belonging to the autotransporter family. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the Hia internal region defined by amino acids 221 to 779 is exposed on the bacterial surface. Secondary-structure analysis predicted that the C terminus of Hia forms a β-barrel with a central hydrophilic channel, and site-specific mutagenesis and fusion protein analysis demonstrated that the C terminus targets Hia to the outer membrane and functions as an outer membrane translocator, analogous to observations with autotransporter proteins. In contrast to typical autotransporter proteins, Hia undergoes no cleavage between the internal and C-terminal domains and remains fully cell associated. Together, these results suggest that Hia is the prototype of an important subfamily of autotransporter proteins.
The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief

This research examines whether children's difficulties with deception and false belief arise from a lack of inhibitory control rather than from a conceptual deficit. In 3 studies, 3-year-olds deceived frequently under conditions requiring relatively low inhibitory control (e.g., misleading pictorial cues or arrows) but failed to do so under conditions of high inhibitory control (deceptive pointing). Study 2 ruled out that the findings were due to social intimidation: Children were equally successful using an arrow to deceive under anonymous and public conditions. Study 3 indicated that, under well-controlled conditions, children did not reveal greater understanding of false belief in deceptive than nondeceptive conditions. The results of these studies suggest that children may have greater deceptive abilities than some earlier studies indicated, and that the source of their difficulty on deceptive pointing tasks lies in a failure of inhibitory control. More generally, it is argued that children's performance on false belief tasks is also likely to be affected by inhibition deficits.
Learning Hidden Markov Models from Non-sequence Data via Tensor Decomposition

Learning dynamic models from observed data has been a central issue in many scientific studies or engineering tasks. The usual setting is that data are collected sequentially from trajectories of some dynamical system operation. In quite a few modern scientific modeling tasks, however, it turns out that reliable sequential data are rather difficult to gather, whereas out-of-order snapshots are much easier to obtain. Examples include the modeling of galaxies, chronic diseases such Alzheimer's, or certain biological processes. Existing methods for learning dynamic model from non-sequence data are mostly based on Expectation-Maximization, which involves non-convex optimization and is thus hard to analyze. Inspired by recent advances in spectral learning methods, we propose to study this problem from a different perspective: moment matching and spectral decomposition. Under that framework, we identify reasonable assumptions on the generative process of non-sequence data, and propose learning algorithms based on the tensor decomposition method [2] to provably recover first-order Markov models and hidden Markov models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first formal guarantee on learning from non-sequence data. Preliminary simulation results confirm our theoretical findings.
Evidence-Based Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders in Adolescents

The prevalence of adolescent alcohol use and its related consequences underscore the need for evidenced-based treatments in this population. During the past decade, much progress has been made in treating adolescent alcohol use disorders with evidenced-based modalities developed specifically for adolescents. Controlled treatment outcome studies that compared ≥1 modality, used random assignment to treatment conditions, and were published between 1990 and 2004 are discussed in this review. Psychosocial treatments such as family-based interventions, motivational enhancement therapy (motivational interviewing), behavioral therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, as well as the limited pharmacotherapy studies, are discussed. All of the studies used assessment tools validated for use in adolescent populations. Overall, great strides have been made in the area of adolescent alcohol treatment, and the treatment modalities presented have more than adequate potential for replication.
Developing Agency for Equity-Minded Change

This chapter highlights the use of the Equity Scorecard with the Community College of Aurora. The Equity Scorecard is a theory-based strategy that assists community colleges in embedding equity into their institutional norms, practices, and policies.
Care Offered by an Information-Rich Pediatric Acute Illness Connected Care Model.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Prevailing regulatory and financing issues constrain dissemination of connected care despite evidence supporting acceptability, effectiveness, and efficiency. In this analysis we describe care provided over a 12-year period by Health-e-Access, an evidence-based, information-rich, connected care model designed to serve children with acute illness. We demonstrate the broad clinical capacity of this care model and key components imparting this capacity. Materials and Methods: Since 2001, Health-e-Access has been used in childcare, elementary schools, neighborhood after-hours sites, and a school for children with severe disabilities in Rochester, NY. With Health-e-Access, videoconference (preferably) or telephone enables parent, patient, and provider engagement. Technology includes the capacity for acquisition and exchange of a broad range of clinical observations, qualifying Health-e-Access as an information-rich model and differentiating it from multiple other connected c...
Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Fragile X

This chapter will briefly tie together a captivating string of scientific discoveries that began in the 1800s and catapulted us into the current state of the field where trials are under way in humans that have arisen directly from the discoveries made in model organisms such as Drosophila (fruit flies) and mice. The hope is that research efforts in the field of fragile X currently represent a roadmap that demonstrates the utility of identifying a mutant gene responsible for human disease, tracking down the molecular underpinnings of pathogenic phenotypes, and utilizing model organisms to identify and validate potential pharmacologic targets for testing in afflicted humans. Indeed, in fragile X this roadmap has already yielded successful trials in humans (J. Med. Genetic 46(4) 266–271; Jacquemont et al. Sci Transl Med 3(64):64ra61), although the work in studying these interventions in humans is just getting underway as the work in model organisms continues to generate new potential therapeutic targets.
Lattice dynamics of hcp He 4 at high pressure

The neutron-inelastic-scattering technique was used to measure the phonon dispersion relations in two high-density crystals of hcp $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ with molar volumes of 11.61 and 9.41 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mol. These densities are on the order of twice that of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at 30 bars. The crystals were grown from the melt in the fcc phase, and cooled across the fcc-hcp phase transition. The observed phonon spectra show anharmonic effects much less prominent than those observed in earlier measurements at 21 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mol. In particular, multiphonon interference effects were not found to be very pronounced, while multiphonon scattering appeared to influence phonon line shapes strongly for large wave-vector and energy transfers. Elastic constants d\ifmmode \dot{e}\else \.{e}\fi{}termined from the initial slopes of the dispersion curves were found to be in good agreement with those calculated by Goldman using the first-order self-consistent-phonon theory. The dependence on volume of the phonon energies is discussed with reference to the earlier studies at 21.1 and 16.0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mol. No significant dispersion of mode Gr\"uneisen parameters was found unlike the case of fcc He. Gr\"uneisen parameters were found to depend on volume approximately in a manner given by Ahlers for the thermodynamic Gr\"uneisen parameter.
A New Look at the High Frequency Boundary Element and Rayleigh Integral Approximations

This paper revisits the popular Rayleigh integral approximation, and also considers a second approximation, the high frequency boundary element method which is similar to the Rayleigh integral. Both methods are approximations to the boundary integral equation, and can solve problems in a fraction of the time required by the conventional boundary element method. The development of both methods from the Helmholtz integral equation is demonstrated and the differences between the two methods are delineated. Both methods were compared on practical examples including a running engine, gearbox, and construction cab. It was concluded that both methods can reliably predict the sound power for many problems but are inaccurate for sound pressure computations.
Is it 'Kerry up, Market Down' or 'Market Down, Kerry up?' Correlation versus Causation

A negative relationship between contemporaneous stock market movements and Kerry's probability of getting elected has been documented. This raises a critical question. Does this relationship mean stock markets react negatively to Kerry's prospects, or that Kerry's prospects improve whenever the stock market dips? Establishing this causation is probably critical for both campaigns. Using lagged relationships, we show the causation is from the stock market to Kerry's prospects. This supports the popular adage "It's the economy, Stupid".
Analysis of corrosion layers in ancient Roman silver coins with high resolution surface spectroscopic techniques

Abstract Determination of the microchemistry of surface corrosion layers on ancient silver alloy coins is important both in terms of understanding the nature of archaeological environmental conditions to which these ancient coins were exposed and also to help in their conservation. In this present study, five ancient silver alloy coins (225 BCE–244 CE) were used as test vehicles to measure their immediate surface microchemistry and evaluate the appropriateness and limitations of High Sensitivity-Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (HS-LEIS, 0.3 nm depth analysis), High Resolution-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HR-XPS, 1–3 nm depth analysis) and High Resolution-Raman Spectroscopy (HR-Raman, ∼1000 nm depth analysis). Additional information about the deeper corrosion layers, up to ∼300–1000 nm, was provided by dynamic HS-LEIS and HR-Raman spectroscopy. While not archeologically significant, the use of these coins of small commercial value provides data that is more representative of the weaker signals typically obtained from ancient corroded objects, which can be in stark contrast to pristine data often obtained from carefully prepared alloys of known composition. The oldest coins, from 225 to 214 BCE, possessed an outermost surface layer containing Cu 2 O, Na, Al, Pb, and adsorbed hydrocarbons, while the more recent coins, from 98 to 244 CE, contained Cu 2 O, Ag, N, F, Na, Al, S, Cl, and adsorbed hydrocarbons in similar corresponding surface layers. It thus appears that alloying with copper, even in small amounts, leads to the formation of an outer Cu 2 O layer. Depth profiling revealed the presence of K, Na, Cl, and S as key corrosion components for both sets of coins with S, most likely as Ag 2 S, concentrated towards the surface while the Cl, most likely as AgCl, penetrated deeper. Schema to understand the overall chemistry of the corrosion layers present on these silver alloy coins were developed from the equipment limitations encountered and are presented.
E-Cigarette Warning Labels to Prevent Adolescent Use: A Letter Response.

We thank the authors Braillon and Nolte for suggesting a role for warning labels on disposable electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) and nicotine refill cartridges [1]. In April 2014, in a move that asserts jurisdiction over ENDS, the Food and Drug Administration-Center for Tobacco Products (FDA-CTP) proposed the following warning label for disposable ENDS, cartridges, and liquid nicotine: “WARNING: This product contains nicotine derived from tobacco. Nicotine is an addictive chemical” (Figure 1) [2]. After an extended period of public comment, the proposed warning label is currently under review. The label references the addictive potential of nicotine, a warning which may be of benefit to certain adolescent populations who have been found to be unaware of the addictive potential of ENDS [3]. Warning labels for cigarettes appear to communicate greater risk (Figure 2) [4] than the proposed warning label for ENDS. This is appropriate, in our opinion, given current evidence for ENDS being harmful, but less harmful than cigarettes [5]. The proposed warning label by FDA-CTP has been found to reduce ENDS selection among adults [6], but there are not yet data exploring its impact on ENDS selection among adolescents. In sum, we believe that it is appropriate for the FDA to require a warning label on disposable ENDS, cartridges, and liquid nicotine to warn of the risk of ENDS in a way that reflects the current evidence, and we therefore endorse the expeditious implementation of the proposed label. Jenna M. Hughes, M.D. Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York
Supraventricular tachycardia in patients without overt preexcitation.

In this article, the authors discuss the features and differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia with a regular ventricular rate that occurs in patients without overtpreexcitation during sinus rhythm. In the authors' experience, the two most common mechanisms of these tachycardias are reentry within the atrioventricular node (AV nodal reentry) and atrioventricular reentry using a concealed accessory pathway for retrograde conduction and the AV node/His-Purkinje system for antegrade conduction (AV reentry). Sinus nodal reentry, intra-atrial reentry, automatic atrial tachycardia, and nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia account for the remaining episodes of regular supraventricular tachycardia. Therapy for AV and AV nodal reentry is also discussed
Supply Chain Transformational Leadership, Supply Chain Innovation Performance, and Satisfaction with Relationships and Results: Moderating Role of Supply Chain Innovativeness

Supply chain networks look to transformational leadership and innovation as sources of competitive advantage. Recent theoretical advances have emphasised the need to further investigate these variables in supply chain (SC) literature. The present research attempts to address this call by examining direct and indirect relationships between SC transformational leadership and satisfaction with SC relationships and results. Data from 184 informants was analysed that showed that SC innovation performance mediated the relationship between SC transformational leadership and satisfaction with SC relationships and results. Furthermore, innovativeness capability moderated the mediation, such that the indirect effect of the SC innovation performance on the relationship between SC transformational leadership and satisfaction with SC relationships and results became stronger under conditions of high SC innovativeness. Based on results, we make suggestions for leadership interventions that include a culture level change within the immediate SC to enhance innovativeness capability through greater integration and motivation to innovate.