cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affect, Behaviour, Cognition and Desire in the Big Five: An Analysis of Item Content and Structure

Personality psychology is concerned with affect (A), behavior (B), cognition (C) and desire (D), and personality traits have been defined conceptually as abstractions used to either explain or summarize coherent ABC (and sometimes D) patterns over time and space. However, this conceptual definition of traits has not been reflected in their operationalization, possibly resulting in theoretical and practical limitations to current trait inventories. Thus, the goal of this project was to determine the affective, behavioral, cognitive and desire (ABCD) components of Big-Five personality traits. The first study assessed the ABCD content of items measuring Big-Five traits in order to determine the ABCD composition of traits and identify items measuring relatively high amounts of only one ABCD content. The second study examined the correlational structure of scales constructed from items assessing ABCD content via a large, web-based study. An assessment of Big-Five traits that delineates ABCD components of each trait is presented, and the discussion focuses on how this assessment builds upon current approaches of assessing personality.
Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 (1,2) and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure (3,4). A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice. The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.
A MEMS Acoustic Multiplexer for Photoacoustic Tomography

We report a novel MEMS-based acoustic multiplexer, which can selectively transmit ultrasound signals travelling in multiple channels. It could be used to develop ultrasonic receivers for photoacoustic tomography with reduced complexity and cost.
A Model for Hydration Interactions between Apoferritin Molecules in Solution.

We have studied how non-DLVO forces between molecules of the globular protein apoferritin in solution affect its osmotic second virial coefficient. A model explaining the effects of the solution ionic strength and pH on the interprotein interaction is developed, to give a physical interpretation of recently published experimental findings showing that the second virial coefficient of the protein apoferritin, supported by acetate buffer, goes through a minimum as a function of ionic strength. At low ionic strengths, the apoferritin second virial coefficient initially decreases with increasing sodium ion concentration, as DLVO theory predicts. However, non-DLVO hydration forces due to overlapping of the Stern layers of the protein molecules increase the second virial coefficient with further increase of sodium ion concentration, again as found experimentally at higher ionic strengths. The non-DLVO effect arises from ionic exchange between hydrogen and sodium ions at the protein surface. An adsorption shell of hydrated sodium ions forms around the protein molecules with increasing buffer concentration.
A rapid method for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates and separation of lipid classes with solid phase extraction

A modified procedure for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates was developed such that stable emulsion with extracting solvents was avoided and the solvent system remained monophasic. Nonlipid contaminants from the extract were removed using gel filtration instead of traditional aqueous washing to prevent any loss of polar lipids. The extraction of total lipids by the modified procedure was complete and comparable with a reference procedure. Traditional thin-layer chromatography is tedious and more qualitative than quantitative for lipid class separation. Total lipids were further separated into free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol, using modified solid phase extraction procedure. Columns with 2 g amino propyl packing allowed separation of up to 80 mg of total lipids into lipid classes gravimetrically. The values for anhydrous milk fat for all lipid classes agreed with those in the literature. Separation of total lipids into lipid classes with solid phase extraction is easy, quantitative, and can also be performed on a preparative scale.
Prosthodontic management of ectodermal dysplasia: A review of the literature

Ectodermal dysplasia is commonly a difficult condition to manage with prosthodontics because of the typical oral deficiencies and because the afflicted individuals are quite young when they are evaluated for treatment. It is important that these individuals receive dental treatment at an early age for physiologic and psychosocial reasons. This article reviews the literature that pertains to the prosthodontic treatment of the disorder and the review includes considerations in behavior management and timing of treatment.
American College of Medical Informatics Fellows and International Associates, 2008

In 2008, 11 new fellows were elected to the American College of Medical Informatics, and were inducted into the College at a ceremony held in conjunction with the American Medical Informatics Association conference in Washington, DC on Nov 9, 2008. A brief synopsis of the background and accomplishments of each of the new fellows is provided here, in alphabetical order.
Stereoselective effects of opiate agonists and antagonists on ingestive behavior in rats

Abstract In male Sprague Dawley rats, the (−)-isomer of the opiate antagonist GPA 1843 (β-9-methyl-5-phenyl-2-allyl-2′-hydroxy-6, 7-benzomorphan) produced dose-related decreases in nocturnal feeding and of hyperphagias induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 400 mg/kg) and 24 hr food deprivation (FD). The hyperphagia induced by insulin (10 U/kg) was not significantly decreased by GPA 1843. In contrast, comparable doses of the (+)-stereoisomer, GPA 1847, had no effect on nocturnal, 2-DG or FD hyperphagia. In addition, hyperphagia and hyperdipsia were observed following administration of the opiate agonist levorphanol, but not its stereoisomer, dextrorphan. Thus, the effects of these agents on consummatory behavior are mediated by a stereospecific interaction with opiate receptors, which further indicates that endogenous opiate peptides are involved in the expression of these opiate-related hyperphagias.
A Method for Quantitatively Determining Temporomandibular Joint Bony Relationships

The spatial relationship of the mandibular condyle to the temporal component of the TMJ is determined quantitatively from lateral tomograms using a new method of measuring specific areas of the joint space. Condyle position along the posteroanterior axis of the joint is expressed as a ratio of the posterior joint space area divided by the anterior joint space area (the P/A ratio). A description of the method, as used in a clinical evaluation of 50 asymptomatic tMJs, and a statistical evaluation of the method's reproducibility and accuracy are given. The method was found to have both high reproducibility and high accuracy.
Deviations from Purchasing Power Parity

This study uses univariate and multivariate unit root tests to analyze the random walk behavior of real exchange rates for the period 1979–1989. The univariate test fails to reject the random walk model, but the multivariate test indicates that part of the real exchange rates is predictable, a result supporting purchasing power parity. Further analysis of the random walk component in real exchange rates shows that it is quite persistent: for all currencies it takes about five to eight years for this shock to diminish to half its size.
The abnormal hemoglobins: Clinical and hematologic aspects

Summary To the extended list of hemoglobinsenumerated in this review, there is the almost certain likelihood of future supplementation by newer members. Thalassemia, for example, awaits the discovery of a specific hemoglobin or related compound as judged by its behavior in combination with other hemoglobins. The extraordinary phenomenon of the retardation of the synthesis of normal hemoglobin by the gene for thalassemia with the elaboration of fetal hemoglobin, and its potentiating effect on the synthesis of abnormal hemoglobins such as S, C, and F render this a plausible hypothesis. While the large number of abnormal hemoglobins are important from many viewpoints, relatively few engage the interest of the practitioner in any particular locality. In the eastern part of this country, for instance, the hemoglobins most frequently encountered are those involved in sickle-cell disease, thalassemia (for the fetal hemoglobin content in the severe disease), or in combination with each other or with hemoglobin C. Also while few instances of hemoglobin E have been found in the United States, it is present in many native Thais but absent in pure Chinese living in Thailand. 18 The population composition in each geographic area necessitates, there-fore, familiarity with specific types, not alone for their significant anthropologic connotation but for the diagnosis and management of indigenous anemias. Knowledge in many related fields has been enriched by the investigation of the hereditary hemoglobinopathies. The biochemistry and physical behavior of the hemoglobins, their distribution throughout the world, and the quantitative aspects of genetic transmission factors which modify hemoglobin structure have provided information of basic importance beyond the immediate reference to the diseases which they influence. Finally, these studies have permittedan assessment of the forces involved in establishing hematopoietic equilibrium in the hemolytic anemias. One of the most striking features in this group is the capacity of the bone marrow to respond by intensified rates of hemoglobin and red cell production in states of excessive hemolysis so that anemia is averted. This concept of compensated hemolytic disease is of fundamental importance in the interpretation of the clinical and hematologic vicissitudes of patients suffering from blood disorders in which decreased longevity of the red cells is an outstanding feature.
Coal tar phototoxicity: active compounds and action spectra.

Eight compounds present in crude coal tar were tested for phototoxicity on guinea-pig skin. Four concentrations (5 μM to 5 mM) of each compound in ethanol were applied to the dorsal surface of 6 guinea-pigs. Each animal received 1.0 x 105 j/m2 of UVA radiation. The erythematous (phototoxic) response was evaluated after 20 h. Pyrene, anthracene and fluoranthene were strongly phototoxic. Acridine was markedly less phototoxic. Action spectra based on erythema as an endpoint were determined in guinea-pigs for anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene. Each compound was applied to 5 animals which received irradiations from 274 to 502 nm in 12 nm bands for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min. The maximum erythema response to anthracene was observed between 346 and 382 nm, to fluoranthene between 322 and 382 nm and to pyrene between 322 and 358 nm.
Focused attention on brain metastases

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has been the standard means to manage brain metastases since the 1950s. Decades of research into fractionation, hypoxia, and radiation sensitisers has not changed this standard approach, which is applied uniformly for one or many metastases, and for tumours with varying radiosensitivity or responsiveness to systemic therapies. Digital imaging improved the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of brain metastases. We now know that resection or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of single metastases improves survival when added to WBRT. 1–3 Technologies that enabled easy and repeated SRS for new or multiple metastases led to formal trials of SRS without WBRT. A recent Japanese trial assessed survival using SRS with or without WBRT for patients with one to four brain metastases. 4 Deferring WBRT did not compromise survival, and even though adding WBRT to SRS greatly reduced CNS failures compared with SRS alone, the neurocognitive outcomes were equivalent at 1 year. In this issue of The Lancet Oncology, Chang and colleagues 5 used a similar approach and population to examine neurocognitive outcomes as the primary endpoint. Signifi cant diff erences in learning and memory at 4 months and a substantial diff erence in survival that favoured SRS alone for one to three brain metastases were seen. Again, substantially more salvage procedures were used in the cohort that got SRS alone (83% vs 7%), but 61% of patients in the SRS alone group did not receive WBRT in the fi rst year following the diagnosis of brain metastases.
Bounds for consecutive kth power residues in the Eisenstein integers

Abstract This paper extends to the Eisenstein integers a + bϱ (a, b τ Z, ϱ2 + ϱ + 1 = 0) the problem of the existence of a bound on the size of a sequence of m consecutive kth powe residues of p, for all but a finite number of primes p and independent of p. The least such bound is denoted by ΛE(k, m). It is shown that ΛE(k, 2) is finite for k = 2, 3, 4 or 6n + 1. On the other hand, for every k, ΛE(2k, 3) = ΛE(3k, 4) = ΛE(k, 6) = ∞. Similar results are obtained for the related bound for m consecutives all in the same coset modulo the subgroup of kth power residues.
Univariate and bivariate orthonormal splines and cardinal splines on compact supports

In this paper, univariate and bivariate orthonormal spline functions with small compact supports are constructed. The properties of orthonormal splines are explored. Furthermore, cardinal spline functions with small compact supports are built. Numerical integration formulas are created as the applications of the cardinal splines. The method can also be used to construct high-dimensional orthonormal splines, which are not cross products of univariate splines and have their own advantages.
Divided Loyalties: Immigrant Padrones and the Evolution of Industrial Paternalism in North America

When industrialist John D. Rockefeller visited the new open-pit mining operation of his competitor, Daniel J. Guggenheim, in Bingham Canyon, Utah, in 1910, he declared with genuine envy and admiration,“it's the greatest industrial sight in the whole world.” What most impressed Rockefeller were the massive steam shovels that had revolutionized the process of copper extraction by enabling firms to mine and smelt tons of previously worthless low-grade copper ore. Equally impressive was the fact that, where skilled American miners had very recently toiled underground in search of rich veins of copper, unskilled immigrants now worked aboveground, loading tons of newly blasted copper ore onto train cars. Rockefeller was not alone in expressing wonder at this new man-made marvel. Hundreds of sight-seeing tourists also traveled to the mine by train each week to experience the thrill of industrial America's newfound ability to move mountains. Like Rockefeller, they saw nothing but progress and modernity in the great open-pit mine.
Ethical and social implications of genetic testing for communication disorders.

Abstract Advances in genetics and genomics have quickly led to clinical applications to human health which have far-reaching consequences at the individual and societal levels. These new technologies have allowed a better understanding of the genetic factors involved in a wide range of disorders. During the past decade, incredible progress has been made in the identification of genes involved in the normal process of hearing. The resulting clinical applications have presented consumers with new information and choices. Many of the same gene identification techniques are increasingly being applied to the investigation of complex disorders of speech and language. In parallel with gene identification, studies of the legal, ethical and psychosocial impacts of the clinical application of these advances and their influence on specific behaviors of individuals with communication disorders are paramount, but often lag behind. These studies will help to ensure that new technologies are introduced into clinical practice in a responsible manner. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) explain the differences between Mendelian and complex forms of inheritance and why these differences complicate the ethical impact of genetic testing, (2) explain how publicly funded genome research through the Human Genome Project, the International HapMap Project and others have examined the ethical, legal and social implications of genome research, (3) list some of the ethical complexities of prenatal, newborn and predictive testing for various genetic disorders and (4) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice to the development of public policy for the introduction and clinical use of genetic tests.
A Rotary Flow Channel for Shear Stress Sensor Calibration

A proposed shear sensor calibrator consists of a rotating wheel with the sensor mounted tangential to the rim and positioned in close proximity to the rim. The shear stress generated by the flow at the sensor position is simply tau(sub omega) = (mu)r(omega)/h, where mu is the viscosity of the ambient gas, r the wheel radius, omega the angular velocity of the wheel, and h the width of the gap between the wheel rim and the sensor. With numerical values of mu = 31 (mu)Pa s (neon at room temperature), r = 0.5 m, omega = 754 /s (7200 rpm), and h = 50.8 m, a shear stress of tau(sub omega) = 231 Pa can be generated. An analysis based on one-dimensional flow, with the flow velocity having only an angular component as a function of the axial and radial coordinates, yields corrections to the above simple formula for the curvature of the wheel, flatness of the sensor, and finite width of the wheel. It is assumed that the sensor mount contains a trough (sidewalls) to render a velocity release boundary condition at the edges of the rim. The Taylor number under maximum flow conditions is found to be 62.3, sufficiently low to obviate flow instability. The fact that the parameters entering into the evaluation of the shear stress can be measured to high accuracy with well-defined uncertainties makes the proposed calibrator suitable for a physical standard for shear stress calibration.
Racial Differences in Perceptions of Affluence

Abstract This study examines perceptions held by inner-city blacks and whites of the extent of affluence in America. Blacks generally tend to believe that affluence is more widespread than do whites, although substantial variation in racial differences occurs across sex and age categories. Controls for socio-economic characteristics have little effect on racial differences in perceptions of affluence. The analysis suggests that race has an effect on perceptions of affluence that is independent of the effects of social class.
PRAD1/lCyclin D1 proto‐oncogene: Genomic organization, 5′ dna sequence, and sequence of a tumor‐specific rearrangement breakpoint

PRAD1 (previously D11S287) is a putative proto-oncogene at 11q13, activated by overexpression through gene rearrangement or gene amplification in several types of human tumors including parathyroid adenomas, centrocytic lymphomas and other B-cell tumors with t(11;14), and breast cancers. PRAD1 (also CCND1) encodes cyclin D1, which may regulate the G1-S phase transition in the cell cycle. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the chromosomal PRAD1/cyclin D1 gene and the sequence of its promoter region. The gene spans about 15 kb and has 5 exons; its promoter region has Sp1 binding sites and no obvious TATA box, characteristics of housekeeping genes and growth-regulating genes. Furthermore, an E2F binding motif present close to the major transcription start site may be involved in cell cycle-dependent expression of this gene. We also report the sequence of DNAs spanning joining regions of a reciprocal parathyroid hormone/PRAD1 gene rearrangement in a parathyroid adenoma. Comparison with normal sequences suggests that the rearrangement was not a simple break-and-ligate event, but rather involved multiple steps, including two microdeletions and a microinversion. Very short sequences conserved near the breakpoints and symmetrical elements in the eventually inverted DNA segment might have played a role in this illegitimate complex recombination, which may have similarities with a constitutional translocation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Timing of ductal closure in very low birth weight premature infants without respiratory distress.

This investigation was performed at the Oregon Health Sciences University Hospital for a 13-month period between March 29, 1990, and April 15, 1991. To assess the timing of ductal closure, we prospectively enrolled VLBW infants --<30 weeks of gestational age who had no respiratory distress. Criteria for inclusion in this study were (1) gestational age _<30 weeks (confirmed by a modified Ballard examination), (2) no oxygen requirement beyond the initial stabilization period in the nursery (defined as <6 hours after birth), (3) absence of congenital malformation, including congenital heart disease, and (4) < 16 hours of age. This investigation was approved by our institutional review board. For infants meeting inclusion criteria, signed parental consent for participation was obtained. Twenty-six infants met these criteria. Infants enrolled in this study were treated routinely by the attending neonatal staff. After the infants were enrolled in the study, an initial complete two-dimensional eehocardiographic study was performed to exclude congenital cardiac anomalies. All subsequent studies were limited to high parasternal and suprasternal notch imaging. With the use of high-frequency transducers and color-flow Doppler techniques, the ductus can be visualized and patency confirmed in even the smallest premature infant. 2-4 The echocardiograms were obtained with the use of Sonos model 500 or 1000 Color Flow Ultrasound imaging systems (Hewlett-Packard Co., Medical Products Group, Andover, Mass). The two-dimensional images and color flow Doppler signals were obtained with a 5 MHz short-
Pharmacotherapy in the Critically Ill Obese Patient

Despite the growing epidemic of obesity in the United States, dosing medications in such patients remains poorly studied and understood. Most recommendations are based on small independent studies, case reports, and expert opinion. Applying manufacturer kinetics and dosing recommendations in the obese patient may result in toxicity or treatment failure, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay.
Tartan Turf® on trial A comparison of intercollegiate football injuries occurring on natural grass and Tartan Turf®

We retro- and prospectively compared collegiate football inju ries that occurred on the grass and Tartan Turf®(3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota) fields at the University of Wisconsin. Retrospective ...
Photodriven Spin Change of Fe(II) Benzimidazole Compounds Anchored to Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films

Ferrous tris-chelate compounds based on 2-(2′-pyridyl)benzimidazole (pybzim) have been prepared and characterized for studies of spin equilibria in fluid solution and when anchored to the surface of mesoporous nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 and colloidal ZrO2 thin films. The solid state structure of Fe(pybzim)3(ClO4)2·CH3CN·H2O was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 110 K to be triclinic, P-1, a = 11.6873(18), b = 12.2318(12), c = 14.723(4) A, α = 89.864(13)°, β = 71.430(17)°, γ = 73.788(11)°, V = 1907.1(6) A3, Z = 2, and R = 0.0491. The iron compound has a meridional FeN6 distorted octahedral geometry with bond lengths expected for a low-spin iron center at 110 K. The visible absorption spectra of Fe(pybzim)32+ and Fe(pymbA)32+, where pymbA is 4-(2-pyridin-2-yl-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid, in methanol solution were dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands. Variable-temperature UV−visible absorption spectroscopy revealed dramatic changes in the extinction coeffici...
A seasonal natural history of the ant, Odontomachus brunneus

A north Florida population of Odontomachus brunneus, a species of ponerine ants, was studied for a one-year period to determine the annual cycle of reproduction and colony growth, including the foraging biology and seasonal changes in nest architecture. The life cycle of O. brunneus is strongly seasonal. Colonies produce brood for 6 months and are broodless for 6 months. Alates are produced in mixed broods at the beginning of each season, consuming much of the colony’s energy reserves. These reserves recover slowly through foraging during the summer’s worker production, and rapidly after brood production ceases in October. The foraging population was estimated to average 77% (SD 22) of the workforce. This proportion was not related to colony size and female alates were also found to forage. Nest architecture was found to change seasonally, with winter nests being more than twice as deep as the average summer nest.
Calibration and post-processing for photon-integrating pixel array detectors

We have developed calibration and data processing techniques optimized specifically for photon-integrating pixel array detectors (PADs). Primary effects to be calibrated are pixel gain variation and pixel area variation. Gain variations originate in pixel electronics and may be corrected for via a multiplicative factor. In contrast, area variations result from doping inhomogeneities in the sensor diode, which induce lateral fields that disturb the path of charge carriers as they traverse the diode, resulting in variation in the area mapped to each pixel, depending on the x-ray energy. Methods for measuring both effects are described. Additionally, the single-photon sensitivity used in the gain calibration enables flexible thresholding of events in low-fluence data.
VELOCITY EFFECTS AND LOW‐LEVEL FIELDS IN AXISYMMETRIC GEOMETRIES (SUMMARY OF RESULTS, PROBLEM 9)

A summary of results for Problem 9 of the TEAM workshop is presented in the form of a documentation of the available results. Due to unforseen complications in the problem no comparisons have been made and the problem, with modification, will be retained for future workshops.
New N-substituted 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3α-yl phenylcarbamate analogs as σ2 receptor ligands: Synthesis, in vitro characterization, and evaluation as PET imaging and chemosensitization agents

A series of N-substituted 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3alpha-yl phenylcarbamate analogs were synthesized. Among them, WC-26 and WC-59 were identified as the most potent sigma(2) receptor ligands (K(i)=2.58 and 0.82 nM, respectively) with high selectivity against sigma(1) (K(i) of sigma(1)/sigma(2) ratio=557 and 2087, respectively). [(18)F]WC-59 was radiolabeled via a nucleophilic substitution of a mesylate precursor by [(18)F]fluoride, and in vitro direct binding studies of [(18)F]WC-59 were conducted using membrane preparations from murine EMT-6 solid breast tumors. The results indicate that [(18)F]WC-59 binds specifically to sigma(2) receptors in vitro (K(d)= approximately 2 nM). Biodistribution studies of [(18)F]WC-59 in EMT-6 tumor-bearing mice indicated that the tracer was a less suitable candidate for clinical imaging studies than existing F-18 labeled sigma(2) receptor ligands. The ability of WC-26 to enhance the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin, was evaluated in cell culture using the mouse breast tumor EMT-6 and the human tumor MDA-MB435. WC-26 greatly increased the ability of doxorubicin to kill these two tumor cell lines in vitro. These results indicate that WC-26 is potentially a useful chemosensitizer for the treatment of cancer when combined with conventional chemotherapeutics.
Future therapies for hepatitis C: where do we go from here?

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C is rapidly evolving. Current treatment modalities are being refined, and entirely new, specifically targeted, antiviral therapies (known as STAT-C) that inhibit the various steps of viral replication are being developed. This Viewpoint discusses the status of agents in development and their implications for the future treatment of hepatitis C.
Eating and the American Zeitgeist

This article traces the development of the science of eating in the United States from the experiment of Cannon and Washburn in 1912 until the founding of the Appetitive Seminar at Columbia in 1972. The interplay between the intrinsic aspects of science that depend on the sequence of ideas, techniques, and results, and the extrinsic influences of the Zeitgeist is emphasized.
Statins Reduce Amyloid-β Production through Inhibition of Protein Isoprenylation *

Abstract Epidemiological evidence suggests that long term treatment with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, decreases the risk for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). However, statin-mediated AD protection cannot be fully explained by reduction of cholesterol levels. In addition to their cholesterol lowering effects, statins have pleiotropic actions and act to lower the concentrations of isoprenoid intermediates, such as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate. The Rho and Rab family small G-proteins require addition of these isoprenyl moieties at their C termini for normal GTPase function. In neuroblastoma cell lines, treatment with statins inhibits the membrane localization of Rho and Rab proteins at statin doses as low as 200 nm, without affecting cellular cholesterol levels. In addition, we show for the first time that at low, physiologically relevant, doses statins preferentially inhibit the isoprenylation of a subset of GTPases. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is proteolytically cleaved to generate β-amyloid (Aβ), which is the major component of senile plaques found in AD. We show that inhibition of protein isoprenylation by statins causes the accumulation of APP within the cell through inhibition of Rab family proteins involved in vesicular trafficking. Moreover, inhibition of Rho family protein function reduces levels of APP C-terminal fragments due to enhanced lysosomal dependent degradation. Statin inhibition of protein isoprenylation results in decreased Aβ secretion. In summary, we show that statins selectively inhibit GTPase isoprenylation at clinically relevant doses, leading to reduced Aβ production in an isoprenoid-dependent manner. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms by which statins may reduce AD pathogenesis.
Radiation-hard non-contact fluid sensor for radionuclide production applications

Abstract It is often necessary to be able to detect the presence or absence of fluids in tubing located in high γ-ray or neutron flux areas. Non-contact methods are essential when direct electrode contact with the fluid has the potential for generating impurities. Optical sensing utilizing a light source and a photodetector is probably the most prevalent method used for non-contact fluid measurement. However, this method is not always suitable for use in high radiation flux area because the phototransistor or photodiode used for light detection can be susceptible to radiation damage. The sensor described here detects changes in capacitance between two electrodes located on the outside of a length of non-conductive tubing. This sensor can be used for remote indication of target filling operations, as well as for fluid sensing in automated radiopharmaceutical synthesis systems.
The development of sexology as a discipline

Abstract The founding of the SSSS in 1957 was perhaps one portent of the sexual revolution of the sixties, which would break some of the power of the antisex forces. At the time, the Society had no competititon, whereas now there are various splinter groups. It would be better had sexologists kept united in the common cause of founding a new academic discipline of sexology. Meantime, there is no department of sexology in any medical school or teaching hospital in the Western hemisphere. Sexology, because human beings are a sexually dimorphic species, deals basically with a partnership, not an indivisual. It has four branches: experimental and investigative; clinical and therapeutic; education and training; and standards and certification. The SSSS and the JOSR can contribute to a more systematic and less laissez faire growth of sexology as an academic discipline.
Visual reaction time of patients with cerebral disease as a function of length and constancy of preparatory interval.

Woodrow (1914), Klemrner (1956), and Karlin (1959) have demonstrated chat in normal adults reaction time (RT) is influenced by the duration of the foreperiod or preparatory interval (PI), i.e., the interval between onset of a warning signal and onset of the RT stimulus. Woodrow (1914) found char shorcest RTs were obtained with PIS of 2-sec. duration. Shorter or longer PIS led to RTs of increased length. The normal Ss tested by Rodnick and Shakow ( 1940) also gave evidence that a 2-sec. PI is optimal for RT. Other investigators failed to confirm this finding. They presented evidence thac RT increases with increase in the duration of PI, over a PI range of from .5 to 8 sec. (Klemmer, 1956) and from .5 to 3.5 sec. (Katlin, 1959). Investigation of the relationship of PI to RT has been extended to samples of schizophrenics (Hutson, Shakow, & Riggs, 1937; Rodnick & Shakow, 1940) and to aged patients (Brinley & Botwinic, 1959; Borwinic, Brinley, & Robbin, 1959). These investigators found that their schizophrenic and aged Ss did not respond most rapidly on the RT trials after PIS of 2 sec. or less, as did controls. Furthermore, their patient samples are described as being less able than normals to develop a set for, and respond to, a series of stimuli presented after constant PIS of long duration. While Blackburn and Bencon (1956) and Benton and Joynt (1959) have demonstrated thac RTs in patients with cerebral disease are longer than those of normals when a PI of 2 sec. is used, the effect of differing PIS on the RT of brain-damaged patients has not been reported. The present study is concerned with the following questions: (1) What is the relationship between PI and RT in a series of brain-damaged Ss and in comparable control Ss? (2) What are the effects of repeated trials on the PI-KT relationship? (3) Do control Ss perform more rapidly than brain-damaged Ss on RT casks with PIS other than 2 sec.?
Predicting Response to Political Blog Posts with Topic Models

In this paper we model discussions in online political blogs. To do this, we extend Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Blei et al., 2003), in various ways to capture different characteristics of the data. Our models jointly describe the generation of the primary documents (posts) as well as the authorship and, optionally, the contents of the blog community's verbal reactions to each post (comments). We evaluate our model on a novel comment prediction task where the models are used to predict which blog users will leave comments on a given post. We also provide a qualitative discussion about what the models discover.
Elemental composition of a migratory and a land-locked strain of atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Abstract 1. 1. The growth and elemental composition of an anadromous strain and a land-locked strain of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were compared. 2. 2. All fish were raised from the egg stage under identical conditions. 3. 3. The land-locked strain was significantly higher in lipids than the anadromous strain throughout the study. 4. 4. Results of exposure to seawater at 2-week intervals between days 431 and 512 of the study indicated that neither strain produced smolts. 5. 5. Strains could not be separated by discriminant analysis into separate groups, based on concentrations of the six most abundant elements or all ten elements sampled during the expected period of smolting (days 440–550). 6. 6. The laboratory fish differed significantly in composition from those collected in the Merrimack River. 7. 7. The loge of the whole-body element content increased significantly with loge of wet body wt in both strains.
Chemical measurements of inulin concentrations in peritoneal dialysis solution

Peritoneal inulin clearance during peritoneal dialysis is a useful indicator of efficiency of removal of larger solutes. Peritoneal dialysis solutions usually contain high glucose concentrations that interfere with the chemical measurements of inulin concentration. In these studies, inulin recoveries in simple glucose and peritoneal dialysis solutions with three chemical methods were compared; all methods reportedly were subject to minimal glucose interference. The findings showed one method subject to minimal and predictable glucose interference in all solutions tested. For two methods, interference in peritoneal dialysis solutions exceeded that predicted from glucose alone; this unexpected interference was shown to most likely result from carmalized glucose subsequent to the routine autoclaving of peritoneal dialysis solutions.
passive voice and rhetorical role in scientific writing

As analysts of scientific writing begin to modify their stance against the passive voice and explore the complexities of its use, more research is needed on the rhetorical functions it serves in sc...
Localization of an inhibitor preventing mammary tumour development in mice.

MANY research workers have found it difficult to get high incidences of tumours using a partially purified mammary tumour agent injected into test mice. It was found that the agent retains its high biological activity after centrifugation in caesium chloride density gradients1. This finding makes it unlikely that the usual procedures for purifying the agent, such as clarification with versene and ultracentrifugation, inactivate it.
Procedure for correcting variational R-matrix calculations for polarization response

Using standard bound-state methodology, variational calculations of molecular R matrices can severely underestimate polarization response in the near-target region inside the R-matrix boundary. An $``\ensuremath{\Delta}R''$ procedure is proposed here as an easily implemented but significant improvement of such R matrices. The efficacy of this procedure is demonstrated in calculations of differential and integral cross sections for vibrationally elastic $e\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ scattering at and below 1 eV.
Effect of monolayer supports on the electronic structure of single-layer MoS2

We present results of density functional theory based calculations of the electronic structure of a single-layer of MoS2, as modified by three different single-layer materials used as support: hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphene, and silicene, using the local density approximation (LDA), on the one hand, and a functional that explicitly includes van der Waals interactions (optB88-vdW), on the other hand. Because the lattice mismatch between the primitive cell of MoS2 and those of the supports is large, calculations are performed with as large a supercell as computationally feasible, so as to reduce the incommensurability between lattices. Even though van der Waals interactions are expected to play an important role in the binding between MoS2, and h-BN and graphene, we find that the band structure and related conclusions obtained by optB88-vdW and LDA are quite similar for the three heterostructures considered here. Single-layer MoS2 interacts weakly with h-BN and graphene, while covalent bonds are formed with silicene. Detailed analysis of the electronic density of states also indicates little effect of h-BN and graphene, while silicene severely modifies it by introducing additional states within the band gap. Furthermore, adsorption on graphene brings the conduction bands of MoS2 down to the Fermi level of graphene as a result of charge transfer from graphene to MoS2, while adsorption on silicene shifts both valence and conduction bands towards the Fermi level, in addition to inducing a gap of ~50 meV in silicene itself.
Blade counting tool with a 3D borescope for turbine applications

Video borescopes are widely used for turbine and aviation engine inspection to guarantee the health of blades and prevent blade failure during running. When the moving components of a turbine engine are inspected with a video borescope, the operator must view every blade in a given stage. The blade counting tool is video interpretation software that runs simultaneously in the background during inspection. It identifies moving turbine blades in a video stream, tracks and counts the blades as they move across the screen. This approach includes blade detection to identify blades in different inspection scenarios and blade tracking to perceive blade movement even in hand-turning engine inspections. The software is able to label each blade by comparing counting results to a known blade count for the engine type and stage. On-screen indications show the borescope user labels for each blade and how many blades have been viewed as the turbine is rotated.
Geometric optimization of serial chain manipulator structures for working volume

Broadly speaking, the regional structure of a manipulator, which consists of the three inboard joints and their associated members, determines the workspace shape and volume.The orientation structu...
The Spectrum of IgA Nephropathy

The termrapidly progressive glomerulonephritisdescribes the clinical course of a variety of renal diseases. Patients may present with gross hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, oligoanuria, and azotemia, with renal function declining over days to weeks. The histologic hallmark of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is the crescent. Recoverability of renal function can be estimated based on the number of glomeruli involved, the percent of the glomerular tuft involved, and the degree of cellularity or fibrosis of the crescent. Rapidly progressive nephritis is an unusual occurrence with any given renal disease but can be a manifestation of many glomerulopathies, including acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis,1systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, vasculitis, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.2Therapy may or may not preserve or improve renal function, depending on the cause of disease and how early in the course of the disease treatment is begun. In this issue of
Time-resolved intraband relaxation of strongly confined electrons and holes in colloidal PbSe nanocrystals

The relaxation of strongly confined electrons and holes from higher excited states to their lowest excited states in colloidal PbSe nanocrystals has been time resolved using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In contrast to II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, both electrons and holes are strongly confined in PbSe nanocrystals. Despite the large electron and hole energy level spacings (at least 12 times the optical phonon energy), we consistently observe picosecond time-scale relaxation. Existing theories of carrier relaxation cannot account for these experimental results. We conjecture about mechanisms that could circumvent the expected phonon bottleneck in IV-VI quantum dots.
Ti dife boule sou istoua Ayiti: Considering the stakes of Trouillot’s earliest work

This essay discusses Ti dife boule sou istoua Ayiti (Burning Issues in Haitian History) (1977), Trouillot’s first published book, which is currently being translated to English for the first time. ...
Effects of temperature on development of vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant)

Abstract The effect of temperature on the development of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fed Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae) under controlled laboratory conditions was studied. Adults exposed to temperatures of 25, 28, 31, 34, and 37 °C for 72 h showed 95–100% survival, however egg production was significantly reduced at 34 and 37 °C. In addition, eggs maintained at 34 °C showed reduced hatch and survival of larvae, and eggs held at 37 °C failed to hatch. The duration of each developmental stage and survival of each stage were measured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 25 °C. There was no egg eclosion at 10 °C. The developmental time from egg to adult emergence decreased from 79 to 18 days for temperatures from 14 to 25 °C. The sex ratio was unaffected by these temperatures. The lower developmental temperature threshold of R. cardinalis was estimated to be 10.8 °C and the degree–day accumulation was calculated as 279 for development from egg to adult eclosion. These results will guide further research designed to optimize management of vedalia populations in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Modulation of translation initiation in rat skeletal muscle and liver in response to food intake

Protein synthesis is altered in both skeletal muscle and liver in response to nutritional status with food deprivation being associated with an inhibition of mRNA translation. In the present study, the effect of food-intake on the initiation of mRNA translation was examined in rats fasted for 18-h and then refed a complete diet. Fasting and refeeding caused alterations in translation initiation in both skeletal muscle and liver that were not associated with any detectable changes in the activity of eIF2B or in the phosphorylation state of eIF2 alpha. Instead, alterations in initiation were associated with changes in the phosphorylation state of eIF4E and/or the association of eIF4E with eIF4G as well as the eIF4E binding protein, 4E-BP1. In muscle from fasted rats, the amount of eIF4E present in an inactive complex with 4E-BP1 was increased 5-fold compared to freely fed control animals. One hour after refeeding a complete diet, the amount of 4E-BP1 bound to eIF4E was reduced to freely fed control values. Reduced association of the two proteins was the result of increased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. Refeeding a complete diet also stimulated the binding of eIF4E to eIF4G to form the active eIF4F complex. In liver, the amount of eIF4E associated with eIF4G, but not the amount of eIF4E associated with 4E-BP1, was altered by fasting and refeeding. Furthermore, in liver, but not in skeletal muscle, fasting and refeeding resulted in modulation of the phosphorylation state of eIF4E. Overall, the results suggest that protein synthesis may be differentially regulated in muscle and liver in response to fasting and refeeding. In muscle, protein synthesis is regulated through modulation of the binding of eIF4E to eIF4G and in liver through modulation of both phosphorylation of eIF4E as well as binding of eIF4E to eIF4G.