cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary-Sphere Chlorolanthanide(III) Complexes with a 1,3,5-Triazine-Based Ligand Supported by Anion-π, π-π, and Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions.

2,4,6-Dipicolylamine-functionalized 1,3,5-triazine (dpat) was isolated. When reacted with LaCl3, compound [(LaCl6)(H3dpat)][H2O]2 (1) formed, which crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n space group ...
Control of Void Formation in Adhesively Bonded Joints

Abstract Adhesively bonded joints are ubiquitous in electronic assemblies that are used in a wide range of applications, which include automotive, medical, military, space and communications. The s...
Aseptic Barriers Allow a Clean Contact for Contaminated Stethoscope Diaphragms

Abstract Objective To determine whether a single-use stethoscope diaphragm barrier surface remains aseptic when placed on pathogen-contaminated stethoscopes. Methods From May 31 to August 5, 2019, we tested 2 separate barriers using 3 different strains of 7 human pathogens, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium. Results For all diaphragms with either of the 2 barriers tested, no growth was recorded for any of the pathogens. Stethoscopes with aseptic barriers remained sterile for up to 24 hours. These single-use barriers also provided aseptic surfaces when stethoscope diaphragms were inoculated with human specimens, including saliva, stool, urine, and sputum. Conclusion Disposable aseptic diaphragm barriers may provide robust and efficient solutions to reduce transmission of pathogens via stethoscopes.
Human METTL7B Encodes an Alkyl Thiol Methyltransferase that Methylates Hydrogen Sulfide

Summary Paragraph/Abstract Methyltransferase-like protein 7B (METTL7B) is implicated in tumor growth and progression while gene expression is upregulated in several different disease states such as rheumatoid arthritis and breast cancer. Yet, the catalytic function of METTL7B has not been characterized. Here we demonstrate that METTL7B encodes a protein that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to form methanethiol (CH3SH). Several exogenous aliphatic thiols were also identified as substrates. Modulation of METTL7B gene expression in HepG2 and HeLa cell culture directly alters the methylation of captopril, a marker reaction of alkyl thiol methyltransferase (TMT) activity(1, 2). Furthermore, cloned and recombinantly expressed and purified METTL7B full length protein methylates several thiol compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, 7α-thiospironolactone, captopril, and L-penicillamine in a concentration dependent manner. Endogenous thiols such as glutathione and cysteine or classic probe substrates of other known small molecule S-, N-, and O- methyltransferases were not substrates for METTL7B. Our results unequivocally demonstrate, and for the first time, that METTL7B, a protein implicated in several disease states, is an alkyl thiol methyltransferase(3–5). Identifying the catalytic function of METTL7B will enable future pharmacological research in disease pathophysiology where METTL7B expression and H2S levels can potentially alter the redox state and growth cycle of cells.
Seizure-related apneas have an inconsistent linkage to amygdala seizure spread.

OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a frequent cause of death in epilepsy. Respiratory dysfunction is implicated as a critical factor in SUDEP pathophysiology. Human studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the amygdala resulted in apnea, indicating that the amygdala has a role in respiration control. Unilateral amygdala stimulation resulted in immediate onset of respiratory dysfunction occurring only during nose breathing. In small numbers of patients, some but not all spontaneous seizures resulted in apnea occurring shortly after seizure spread to the amygdala. With this study we aimed to determine whether seizure onset or spread to the amygdala was necessary and sufficient to cause apnea. METHODS We investigated the temporal relationship between apnea/hypopnea (AH) onset and initial seizure involvement within the amygdala in patients with implanted depth electrodes. RESULTS Data from 17 patients (11 female) with 47 seizures were analyzed. With seven seizures (three patients), AH preceded amygdala seizure involvement by 2 to 55 seconds. There was no AH with four seizures (three patients) that involved the amygdala. With eight seizures (four patients) AH occurred within 2 seconds following amygdala seizure onset. With 28 seizures, AH started >2 seconds after amygdala seizure onset (range 3-158 seconds). Following seizure onset, there was a significant difference between AH onset time and amygdala seizure onset (P < .001). The mean ± standard deviation (SD) AH onset was 27.8 ± 41.06 seconds, and the mean time to amygdala involvement was 8.83 ± 20.19 seconds. SIGNIFICANCE There is a wide range of AH onset times relative to amygdala seizure involvement. With some seizures, amygdala seizure involvement occurs without AH. With other seizures, AH precedes amygdala seizures, suggesting that, with spontaneous seizures, involvement of the amygdala may not be crucial to induction of AH with all seizures. Other pathophysiology impacting brainstem respiratory networks may be of greater relevance to seizure-triggered apneas.
Torture as a Method of Criminal Prosecution: Democratization, Criminal Justice Reform, and the Mexican Drug War

A criminal trial is likely the most significant interaction a citizen will ever have with the state; its conduct and adherence to norms of fairness bear directly on the quality of government, extent of democratic consolidation, and human rights. While theories of repression tend to focus on the political incentives to transgress against human rights, we examine a case in which the institutionalization of such violations follows an organizational logic rather than the political logic of regime survival or consolidation. We exploit a survey of the Mexican prison population and the implementation of reforms of the justice system to assess how reforms to criminal procedure reduce torture. We demonstrate that democratization produced a temporary decline in torture which then increased with the onset of the Drug War and militarization of security. Our results show that democracy alone is insufficient to restrain torture unless it is accompanied by institutionalized protections.
Endochondral growth zone pattern and activity in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton.

Background Endochondral ossification is a major bone forming mechanism in vertebrates, defects in which can result in skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial anomalies in humans. The zebrafish holds great potential to advance our understanding of endochondral growth zone development and genetics, yet several important aspects of its biology remain unexplored. Here we provide a comprehensive description of endochondral growth zones in the pharyngeal skeleton, including their developmental progression, cellular activity, and adult fates. Results Postembryonic growth of the pharyngeal skeleton is supported by endochondral growth zones located either at skeletal epiphyses or synchondroses. Col2a1a and col10a1a in situ hybridization and anti-PCNA immunostaining identify resting-, hypertrophic- and proliferative zones, respectively, in pharyngeal synchondroses. Cellular hypertrophy and matrix deposition contribute little, if at all, to axial growth in most skeletal elements. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones develop during metamorphosis and arrest in adults. Conclusions Two endochondral growth zone configurations in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton produce either unidirectional (epiphyses) or bidirectional (synchondroses) growth. Cell proliferation drives endochondral growth and its modulation, in contrast to mammalian long bones in which bone length depends more on cell enlargement during hypertrophy and intramembranous ossification is the default mechanism of bone growth in zebrafish adults.
Optimal Conflict in Team-Based Laboratory Culture

One critical determinant of success that is not part of standardized scientific training programs is the development of the right mindset for competitive team science. Mindset has been categorized as fixed and growth. People with fixed mindset who believe that virtues such as goodness and intelligence are naturally endowed and thus fixed are reportedly less likely to succeed than people with growth mindset who believe that such abilities are malleable and scalable. People with growth mindset handle conflicts more effectively. As it stands in academic culture, mostly dominated by the education mission, conflict is a taboo. Administrators generally view conflict as something that must be avoided or resolved. Yet the American Psychological Association, among many others, recognize that good science requires good conflict. Team science efforts must recognize the perils of artificial harmony. Artificial harmony is a state wherein members of the team act as if they are getting along in a setting where serious issues remain unattended. Artificial harmony stifles open communication. Open communication within the team is essential to uphold rigor in science. The threat of conflict triggers the flight or fight response in us. Flight, motivated by conflict avoidance, favors artificial harmony. Fight, in its optimal form, empowers teammates to express their opinion leading to healthy disagreement and debate. Teams must find their own optimal conflict point. Mastering that art of identifying and achieving the optimal conflict point for any given team will return lucrative dividends in the form of competitive edge.
The Changing Landscape of Oil Insurgency

This chapter examines the changing landscape of insurgency in Nigeria’s oil region. It extends the debate on oil insurgency to a new level of analysis that considers how factors such as exclusion, retribution, and perceived failures in peacebuilding design and implementation contribute to patterns of conflict escalation. At the core of this chapter is the central question of why the Niger Delta peace process collapsed at repeated intervals over its life cycle. This question is important when considering the Nigerian government’s effort to disarm the insurgents and build their capacity as the main ingredients that would guarantee the success of this revolutionary peacebuilding program. In addressing this question, this chapter analyzes the conditions that encourage conflict escalation in the oil region, examines what motivates identity groups to resume violence specifically targeting the oil industry while a peace process is in place, and the conditions likely to encourage future insurgency in the oil region.
The Politics of Pessimism: Science and Technology Circa 1968

When volume two of Lewis Mumford’s The Myth of the Machine, entitled The Pentagon of Power was published in 1970, the critics were waiting and a number of reviews came rapidly.1 It is almost as though the reviewers were anticipating Mumford’s narrative and his pronouncements. On the ninth of November, 1970, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, the veteran New York Times book-reviewer, opened with this description: “Lewis Mumford is perhaps our most distinguished flagellator.” The secret of Mumford’s success? “He’s a megacritic, to coin a Mumfordian word.” Lehmann-Haupt, always the judicious voice, was both bemused and annoyed by Mumford’s latest effort, which, he pointed out, was his twenty-fourth book! He complained that there were too many self-citations in the bibliography, that there were too many self-congratulatory quotations from earlier works. (Both complaints seem, on the surface, to be justified.) That was not where Lehmann-Haupt left his judgment, however.
Obtaining accurate IMD variation and imbalance measurements for identifying memory effects in high-power amplifiers

This paper discusses a two-tone procedure for obtaining accurate third-order intermodulation (IMD3) measurements in high-power amplifiers. Two causes of inaccuracy investigated are the amplitude flatness of the fundamental signals entering the device under test (DUT) and the IMD3 contribution of the preamp. These measurements are used to identify memory effects, indicated by IMD3 imbalances, in modules with high output powers.
Fluorine-containing β-dicarbonyl compounds

Abstract The I.R. spectra of ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate, ethyl 4,4-difluoroacetoacetate and ethyl 4-fluoroacetoacetate, their enol acetates and trifluoroacetates, and their copper chelates are compared with those of ethyl acetoacetate and its corresponding derivatives. The marked influence of neighboring fluorine atoms on the characteristics frequencies associated with such structures is noted. Related data on enol acetates of β-diketones is also presented. The U.V. spectra show only slight changes due to fluorine substitution. The preparation of the enol acetates and their reduction under catalytic conditions and with complex metal hydrides are described.
Space charge and long-term performance of XLPE insulation under a high DC field

The correlation between space charge accumulation and insulation failure has been investigated in two types of XLPE subjected to a DC field of 50 kV/mm. The specimens were aged for extended periods of time, up to 256 weeks at single polarity and up to 72 weeks with the polarity reversed every week. While all specimens of regular XLPE, without tree-retardant additives, survived 256 weeks of single polarity aging, all specimens having the additive broke down within 54 weeks. However, the latter material survived 72 weeks without a single breakdown when the polarity of the applied voltage was reversed every week at RT and 75 /spl deg/C.
The Geology of the Samoan Islands

The Samoan chain consists of high volcanic islands, atolls, and submerged reef banks near the southwest margin of the Pacific plate. The chain is unusual, particularly when compared with the Hawaiian chain, because the islands are volcanically active on both the eastern and western ends of the chain, the islands are larger westward, the easternmost edifice is an atoll not an active seamount, and the chain consists dominantly of alkali rather than tholeiitic lavas. While geological studies of the Samoan group are limited, the existing results are consistent with a hot spot origin similar to Hawaii, complicated by continued reactivation of volcanism on Savaii. The continuing volcanism on Savaii is believed to be the result of deformation of the margin due to lithospheric dilation, as the plate bends where it approaches the Tonga Trench subduction zone. The dominance of alkalic volcanism in this island chain has recently been associated with a geochemical heterogeneity in the underlying mantle.
A novel complex locus UGT1 encodes human bilirubin, phenol, and other UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes with identical carboxyl termini.

Two human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (transferase) cDNAs, HUG-Br1 and HUG-Br2, were previously isolated (Ritter, J. K., Crawford, J. M., and Owens, I. S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 1043-1047), and each was shown to encode a bilirubin transferase isozyme which catalyzes the formation of all physiological conjugates of bilirubin IX alpha following expression in COS-1 cells. Sequence data showed that the cDNAs contained identical 3' ends (1469 base pairs in length) to each other and to that of the human phenol transferase cDNA, HLUG P1 (Harding, D., Fournel-Gigleux, S., Jackson, M. R., and Burchell, B. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8381-8385). Here we report that the two corresponding bilirubin transferases and the phenol transferase are encoded by a novel locus, UGT1, which is also predicted to encode three other bilirubin transferase-like isozymes all having identical carboxyl termini. The transcriptional arrangement utilizes six nested promoter elements, each of which is positioned upstream of a unique exon 1. Each exon 1 encodes the NH2-terminal domain (286 amino acids) and confers the substrate specificity of the isoform. The 3' end of the locus contains 4 common exons which encode the identical carboxyl termini (246 amino acids). It is predicted that six nested primary transcripts are synthesized and that each exon 1 is differentially spliced to the 4 common exons to produce six unique, mature mRNAs. Although the gene organization is present as a single copy, it provides the flexibility of independent regulation of each isoform which is known to occur in the case of bilirubin and phenol transferase activities. With an understanding of the gene structure, lethal, as well as the nonlethal defects, associated with bilirubin transferase activity can now be determined.
Does Incentive Regulation Provide the Correct Incentives?: Stochastic Frontier Evidence the U.S. Electricity Industry

Many policy-makers are currently weighing the advantages of deregulating electricity markets over more traditional regulatory methods. However, within this traditional regulatory environment many options exist. In particular, the use of incentive regulation programs in US electricity markets has grown during the past two decades. These programs differ in both their goals and how they attempt to meet these goals. In this paper, I discuss the wide array of programs that have been utilized, and investigate the impact of individual programs on the technical efficiency of a large set of coal and natural gas generator units. Within a stochastic frontier framework, I allow the distribution of inefficient production to be a function of the regulatory environment the plant operates under. The results suggest that while certain incentive regulations increase observed technical efficiency, others have either no effect or even lead to a reduction in efficiency.
FEDERAL DISCOVERY STAYS

Electronic discovery (e-discovery) is ubiquitous. Indeed, it has been suggested that in modern litigation all discovery is electronic, insofar as 99 percent of the world‘s information is generated electronically and only a fraction is ever converted to paper. Electronic discovery has become increasingly complex and expensive, and in many cases it commences during the pendency of a motion to dismiss. Nothing in Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), which governs motions to dismiss, triggers an automatic stay of discovery prior to disposition of such motions. Likewise, no other rule triggers an automatic stay. Accordingly, the default situation is that discovery may proceed during the pleading stage of the approximately 280,000 civil cases that are filed annually in the federal courts.
Reporting Patterns of Unidirectional and Bidirectional Verbal Aggression and Physical Violence Among Rural Couples

In this study, we examined the occurrence of verbal aggression and physical violence along with the concordance of reporting in 517 cohabiting rural couples. More female partners reported perpetrating verbal aggression than their male partners reported being a victim. Male partners reported being a victim of physical violence more than females reported perpetrating physical violence. Female partners reported being a victim of both verbal aggression and physical violence more than males reported being a victim or perpetrator. Based on reporting patterns, the prevalence of violence varied considerably. The findings have implications for how violence is measured in couples and how prevalence is reported.
Multifrequency resonance transitions in the ionization of hydrogen by a single-frequency microwave field

The ionization of hydrogen in strong microwave fields is a fundamental problem in atomic physics and nonlinear dynamics. Transitions between dressed states take place simultaneously at several resonance frequencies when a strong static field is added parallel to a linearly polarized microwave field of comparable strength. We present a quantum-mechanical treatment of this intricate problem which reproduces its distinctive features very well. A clear picture of the roles of the fields emerges through an innovative mapping of the perturbation Hamiltonian. This mapping also has the computational advantage of collapsing the infinite sums over off-shell matrix elements into simpler on-shell expressions.
Standardized Tests for Aural Comprehension

Author's Summary— To test students' aural comprehension specially prepared gramophone records should be used.
Hybrid theory calculation of simultaneous vibration-rotation excitation in e-N2 scattering

Simultaneous vibration (v) and rotation (j) excitation of N/sub 2/ by electron impact is calculated in the hybrid theory from the relevant formulas (involving a-matrix elements previously calculated). All cross sections (labeled v, j ..-->.. v', j') involving states with v = 0, 1; 0 < or = j < or = 1; 0 < or = v' < or = 2; 0 < or = j' < or = 5 have been evaluated. A representative sample of graphical results is presented. In particular, we find large discrepancies in magnitude from the partially phenomenological theory of J. C. Y. Chen. (AIP)
Computational design of drainage systems for vascularized scaffolds

Abstract This computational study analyzes how to design a drainage system for porous scaffolds so that the scaffolds can be vascularized and perfused without collapse of the vessel lumens. We postulate that vascular transmural pressure – the difference between lumenal and interstitial pressures – must exceed a threshold value to avoid collapse. Model geometries consisted of hexagonal arrays of open channels in an isotropic scaffold, in which a small subset of channels was selected for drainage. Fluid flow through the vessels and drainage channel, across the vascular wall, and through the scaffold were governed by Navier–Stokes equations, Starling's Law of Filtration, and Darcy's Law, respectively. We found that each drainage channel could maintain a threshold transmural pressure only in nearby vessels, with a radius-of-action dependent on vascular geometry and the hydraulic properties of the vascular wall and scaffold. We illustrate how these results can be applied to microvascular tissue engineering, and suggest that scaffolds be designed with both perfusion and drainage in mind.
Powerful perceivers, powerless objects: Flexibility of powerholders’ social attention☆

Abstract We argue that the effect of power on social attention is a function of flexible, instrumental information processing that allows the high power perceiver to attain situation specific goals using whatever means are available, including attention. Study 1 assigned powerful participants to more “people-centered” or more “product-centered” goals, and found that people-centered powerholders better individuated low-power targets. Study 2 examined responses by both high- and low-power organization members, and found powerful judges more responsive to organizational goals in setting priorities and using information about the organization than powerless judges. Together, these results suggest that powerholders use social attention, like other resources, in order to advance their ability to fulfill organizational goals.
The Needle and the Damage Done

This case scenario is unfortunately common, whereby a patient with chronic pain and disability receives sequential treatment rather than an integrated comprehensive care. Although the question of whether this patient receives an additional ESI is relevant to her specific question, perhaps the more pressing issue is the overall practice pattern of interventionalism at this juncture. Despite taking opposing viewpoints with regard to the case study presented, both Drs. Trescot and Cohen refreshingly address the imperatives of cost utility and put the patient's well-being ahead of issues of remuneration. This is encouraging, particularly given the criticism in the recent literature regarding the mercenary practice patterns of some interventionalists in the face of questionable evidence basis [1,2]. Although some would question the ethics of placing financial limitations on pain relief, Dr. Cohen notes that we live in an imperfect world, and physicians must become progressively cognizant of cost-effectiveness. Dr. Trescot cited a UK study to support her assertion that ESIs are cost-effective—a study that occurred within a government-funded health care system. More relevant …
Molecular mechanism of acrylamide neurotoxicity: lessons learned from organic chemistry.

Background: Acrylamide (ACR) produces cumulative neurotoxicity in exposed humans and laboratory animals through a direct inhibitory effect on presynaptic function.Objectives: In this review, we del...
Electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces

Our present understanding of the electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces is reviewed. It is shown that photoemission and inverse photoemission are ideal techniques for probing occupied and unoccupied electronic states, respectively. All quantum numbers of an electron can be determined, i.e., energy, momentum, spin and angular symmetries. For simple systems, such as clean ordered surfaces with a small unit cell it is possible to understand the electronic structure from first-principles calculations. For complex systems, such as encountered during oxidation and dry etching one is restricted to measuring the properties determined by short-range order. Core level spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation is able to determine the oxidation state and the local bonding of surface and interface atoms.
The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia.

Fossil finds of early humans in southeast Asia may actually be the remains of an unknown ape. Russell Ciochon says that many palaeoanthropologists — including himself — have been mistaken.
Persuasion in Recommender Systems

Recommender systems persuade as well as recommend. This study investigated some factors that influence the perceived fit of the recommendations a system provides and user perceptions of the preference-elicitation process. The findings indicate that the relevance, transparency, duration, and required effort of the elicitation process are important cues for value, which in turn influences the user's enjoyment of the process and the perceived fit of the recommendation with the user's preferences.
On the strong consistency of a solution to the likelihood equation

Abstract In a recent paper Basu and Ghosh (1980) established weak consistency and asymptotic normality of a solution to the likelihood equation in two important cases arising in life testing under type I censoring. In this paper we supplement the work of Basu and Ghosh by establishing strong consistency. This result is obtained as an application of a general result that may as well be applied to other cases. Two more examples from regression are also considered.
The sociocultural context of condom use within marriage in rural Lebanon.

Prevalence rates for condom use are low across the Middle East despite limited alternate contraceptive options and growing awareness of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS. Virtually no research exists to explain this situation and to guide policy development or effective interventions. An analysis of 25 focus-group discussions with married women and men interviews with service providers and a survey of 589 women of childbearing age in a rural district of southern Lebanon reveal that a broad and complex set of sociocultural factors influence condom use. In the study area 7 percent of married women currently use condoms 24 percent reported ever use and inconsistent use is common. Condoms are preferred primarily for their lack of physiological side effects. Five factors were found to impede method adoption and sustained use. These include various encumbering beliefs reduced sexual pleasure adverse experiences gender-related fears and tensions and a residual social stigma attached to condoms. Several strategies are suggested to increase and improve condom use. These issues will assume greater importance as fertility declines further in the region demand for contraception continues to increase and STDs and HIV/AIDS become more deeply rooted as has occurred in other parts of the world. (authors)
Histology, Embryology and Gross Morphology of The Mandibular Dentition in Mule Deer

Histologic development of the dentition of the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus hemionus , is similar to that of other mammalian species. In the dentin the incremental lines and the lines of Owen appear to be the result of one or more of four factors: minute and simultaneous deviation of the dentinal tubules; slight bulges in the dentinal tubules with a localized flourish of branches; differential effect of transmitted or reflected light unaccompanied by variation in the dentinal tubules; interglobular dentin consistent with the incremental pattern. A thin layer of cementum is continuous over the crowns of the cheek teeth. The fibers of the periodontal membrane surrounding the incisors and canines are modified to compensate for the moment imposed upon them by their position. Blood sinuses are conspicuous by their numbers and extent in the periodontal membrane. Both the incisors and the canines are incisiform teeth; the deciduous and permanent second and third premolars are lophodont; the deciduous and permanent fourth premolar and the molars are selenodont. In the selenodont teeth, the enamel dips sharply, separating the cusps to a level deep within the crown. Although the crowns are somewhat hypsodont, these teeth are actually brachyodont.
On a Certain Theory of Elastic After-Strain

IN a recent paper (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., April 11, 1889), Prof. Karl Pearson has discussed at some length the possible forms of the additional terms which may be introduced into the general equations of elasticity by a consideration of the mutual action of the molecules and the ether, and has examined what physical phenomena may admit of explanation in this way. In particular, certain terms which thus appear admissible are made to yield a theory of the phenomenon known as “elastische Nachwirkung,” or “after-strain.” The attempt to explain such a comparatively slow process by the intervention of the ether certainly invites scrutiny, and in fact a very slight examination serves, I think, to show that the theory in question rests on a mistake. The author, after writing down the equations which (on his view) represent the steady application of stress to a portion of matter, proceeds to integrate them in the usual way by assuming a time-factor emt, and arrives at a quadratic in m2 whose roots are μ/μ' and (3λ + 2μ)/(3λ' + 2μ'), where λ, μ are the ordinary elastic constants of Lame, and λ', μ' are the coefficients of the additional terms referred to. He continues:—“Now m cannot be positive, so long at least as we are dealing with elastic-strain. For λ' and μ' are small as compared with λ and μ, the effects we are considering being only of the second order. Hence m2 is large, and if m were positive the strain would rapidly grow immensely large, which is contrary to experience. Thus, we must give m the negative values – √(μ/μ') and – √{(3λ + 2μ)/(3λ' + 2μ')}.” The positive values of m are certainly inconvenient, but they are on the same footing with the negative ones; all are solutions of the author's equations, and all are required for the purpose of satisfying arbitrary initial conditions. The proper inference is surely that the substance is unstable, so long as the constants μ/μ' and 3λ' + 2μ' are (as the author has tacitly assumed them to be) positive. If, to avoid this disaster, we change the signs of these constants, we get circular instead of exponential functions, and all analogy to elastic after-strain of course disappears. In its place we have vibrations (not molecular, but “molar”) whose period is intrinsic to the substance and independent of the dimensions of the portion considered. To what physical reality these may correspond I do not undertake to say.
Perceived School Safety: Visual Narratives from the Middle Grades

Using participatory visual research methods, this study examined how certain low-income, urban youth in a high-minority middle school characterized safe and unsafe spaces on campus. Drawing from a convenience sample of identified gifted students in one classroom (N = 20), results suggested how caring support from adults, friendly peer interactions, and the organization of the school contributed to their perceptions of safety. Data revealed that unsafe locations were predominantly nonclassroom spaces, undersupervised and unknown by school personnel. Safe spaces afforded students access to informational, social, and emotional support, as well as opportunities to distance themselves from life’s stressors. Findings demonstrate how multimethod, image-based techniques can help produce more nuanced knowledge about the social, spatial, and temporal dynamics that shape students’ perceptions of safety at school.
Two children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and "jumping" translocations: both involve 1q23 as the donor breakpoint.

"Jumping" translocations (JT) are relatively rare and are associated with poor prognosis. We report two male patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and abnormal cell lines detected on bone marrow cytogenetics. Diagnostic marrow cytogenetics were not available for either patient. In patient 1, approximately 11 years after diagnosis, cytogenetics revealed a single translocation, t(1;2)(q23;q32), which was followed by translocations t(1;22)(q23;p11) and t(1;1)(q23;q21.3). In patient 2, two translocations were present together, t(1;6)(q23;p21.3) and t(1;11)(q23;q21), 12 years after diagnosis. The unbalanced JTs in both patients resulted in partial trisomy for (1)(q23-->qter). Both died within 1-2 years after the appearance of the JT. Our patients provide additional support for chromosome 1q preferential involvement in JTs, and that their appearance is associated with a poor prognosis.
Random breaking waves: Field verification of a wave-by-wave algorithm for engineering application

Abstract A simple numerical algorithm is utilized to test the wave-by-wave approach to modeling random wave transformation caused by shoaling, breaking and reforming across nearshore profiles of arbitrary shape. Histograms of wave height and associated statistics predicted by the model show favorable comparison to measurements from the nine tests of the DUCK'85 field experiment, with a root mean square error less than 10% for most wave statistics. Although suitable for use in many engineering applications, the model does overpredict the number of waves that reform as they pass over a trough formation, which is one facet that warrants improvement. Using the model predictions as a point of reference, the qualitative effects of (1) an offshore wind, (2) wave reflection and (3) surf beat are identified and discussed.
“This Contrast Medium Will not Burn at All.” Unintended Nocebo Effects and Considerations for the Design of Clinical Trials

iobitridol : 5 ; iomeprol : 3 ; iodixanol : 1 ; iopentol : 1 ;iopromide : 1). Three patients had a history of previous reaction. Cutaneous reactions (grade 1) occurred in 10 patients, moderate systemic reactions in 9 and life-threatening in 6. Fifteen patients had biochemical studies, 2 had increased concentrations of histamine and tryptase. Sixteen patients went for skin testing, among them 6 had had biochemical measurements. All of them had negative skin Prick tests to the involved CM. One had a positive Prick test to latex, with positive latex IgE, indicating that latex was responsible for the reaction. Eight (including the 2 patients with increased concentrations of mediators, but no patient with normal values) had positive intradermal tests, with the involved CM diluted 1 :100 (2 patients) ; 1 :10 (5 patients), or with the pure ICM (1 patient). The responsible CM were : ioxaglate : 3 ; iomeprol : 2 ; iodixanol : 1 ; iobitridol : 1 ; iohexol : 1. Three of them had also positive skin tests to 2 other CM, indicating cross reactivity between different CM.
The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains: A multi-sensor case study of shallow precipitating orographic cumuli

Abstract This paper examines reflectivity data from three different radar systems, as well as airborne and ground-based in situ particle imaging data, to study the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on shallow, lightly precipitating orographic cumuli, observed on 13 February 2012, as part of the AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII) experiment in Wyoming. Three silver iodide (AgI) generators were used, located on the windward slopes of the target mountain. This case was chosen for several reasons: the AgI generators were near the lifting condensation level, where the temperature was about − 6 °C; cloud droplets were present in the cumulus clouds, which were rooted in the boundary layer; and the airflow, although weak, ascended over the mountain. The target mountain pass site was almost certainly impacted by seeding, according to a trace element analysis of the falling snow. Data from three radar systems were used in the analysis of the impact of seeding on precipitation: the airborne W-band (3 mm wavelength) profiling Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR), two Ka-band (1.2 cm) profiling Micro-Rain Radars (MRR), and a X-band (3 cm) scanning Doppler-on-Wheels (DOW) radar. The WCR was onboard a research aircraft flying geographically fixed tracks, the DOW and one MRR were located at the target mountain pass, and another MRR was upstream of the AgI generators. Composite data from the three radar systems, each with their own target and upwind control regions, indicate that the observed changes in reflectivity profiles can be explained largely by the natural emergence of shallow cumuli. A comparison with lateral control regions (i.e., over the mountain, but to the side of the AgI plumes) suggests that seeding may have further enhanced snowfall, but the signal is weak. Particle probes at flight level and at the mountain pass site show that the concentration of small ice crystals (
Ultrasound elastography in the evaluation of thyroid nodules for thyroid cancer.

Purpose of reviewHigh-resolution ultrasonography has become mandatory while evaluating patients with thyroid nodules. Although B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography are highly sensitive for diagnosis of thyroid lesions, they lack specificity in differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Ultrasound
Factors affecting Drosophila neuron and myocyte differentiation in vitro

Whole Drosophila gastrulae were disaggregated and the cells cultured in vitro under conditions that permitted neurons and myocytes to differentiate. Neuron differentiation was measured by counting the number of axons produced, and myocyte differentiation was measured by counting the number of pulsatile myocytes produced. Modifications of the culture medium enabled at least 300 axons and 40 pulsating myocytes to be produced from the cells of each embryo in 24 h, about a 4-fold greater yield than was previously attainable. Axon production was best at pH 6.8 and 26°C, and pulsations were most numerous at pH 6.9 and 26°C. Cells competent to differentiate in vitro could be obtained from embryos only after the initiation of gastrulation. After gastrulation initiation, the number of such competent cells increased progressively in vivo, reaching a near maximum in embryos 30-min older.
Structure and evolution of the HLA class II SX beta gene.

The class II major histocompatibility complex antigens are cell-surface heterodimers consisting of an a and a β chain. Cosmid cloning has shown that the three families of clas II antigens, DR, DQ, and DP, are encoded within the HLA-D region of chromosome 6 as a series of discrete gene clusters. The DP cluster contains two pairs of a and β genes, one of which encodes the biochemically-defined DP antigen. In order to assess whether the other two genes, SXa and SXβ, are also expressed, potential coding regions have been subcloned and sequenced. The SX3β gene is shown to contain region closely homologous to all six exons of DPβ. A 1 bp deletion in the β2 exon, also observed for the SX4β allele, causes a translation frameshift, suggesting that SXβ is a pseudogene. However, all the other exons, as well as their splice sites and the putative promoter region, appear to be intact.
Chemistry of the phenoxathiins and isosterically related heterocycles. XII. Synthesis of diazaphenoxathiin analogs: 1,9‐Diazaphenoxathiin and 1,7‐diazaphenoxathiin

The synthesis of the first diazaphenoxathiins, 1,9-diazaphenoxathiin and 1,7-diazaphenoxathiin, are described. Complete assignments are made for the 13C-nmr spectra of these compounds based on additivity correlation and 1H-13C spin-coupling constants. The isolation and confirmation of the structure of 2-[2′(-3′-nitropyridylthio)]-3-[2″-(3″-nitropyridyloxy)] pyridine using 13C-nmr and appropriate model compounds is also discussed. A preliminary evaluation of spontaneous motor depression in mice showed a substantial difference between the observed activities of the two diazaphenoxathiins reported. The possibility of the observed difference being associated with the relative positions of the annular aza-substitutions is discussed.
Fault Diagnosis in the Feedback-Invariant Subspace of Closed-Loop Systems

In this paper we demonstrate that feedback control will obscure the apparent source of a fault and make fault isolation difficult. A new method is proposed whereby fault detection and diagnosis is performed in the feedback-invariant subspace of the closed-loop process output. The feedback-invariant signals are achieved by a simple orthogonal projection without the knowledge of the process or controller models. The only requirement is that the process or controller must have at least one time delay, which is generally satisfied. The feedback-invariant signals remove autocorrelation due to closed-loop dynamics, making static principal component analysis applicable for fault detection and diagnosis. A simulated example is provided to illustrate the procedure.
Simultaneous Intracoronary Ultrasound and Doppler Flow Studies Distinguish Flow-Mediated From Receptor-Mediated Endothelial Responses

Abnormalities in vascular endothelial function, which occur early in atherosclerosis, may play an etiologic role in the development of the disease or represent a marker for the extent of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction, usually characterized by demonstration of decreased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, may be a sensitive and specific method to detect vascular disease in its earliest stages. In this context, separation of abnormalities in receptor-mediated and flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses may allow for the most accurate characterization of endothelial dysfunction. In 35 patients undergoing routine annual cardiac catheterization after heart transplantation, changes in epicardial lumen area and coronary blood flow in response to intracoronary administration of adenosine, acetylcholine, and nitroglycerin were measured simultaneously using an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter positioned over a Doppler flow wire in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The combination of these techniques allowed for distinction between receptor-mediated and flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vascular responses. Peak flow with the endothelium-independent resistance vessel dilator adenosine occurred at 18+/-2 sec; the maximal lumen area response occurred later, at 43+/-11 sec (P < 0.001). Acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent small- and large-vessel vasodilator, caused an immediate increase in both flow and lumen area, but a second peak of dilation was observed, and maximal area occurred 46 sec after maximal flow (54+/-14 vs. 100+/-26 sec, P < 0.001). Simultaneous IVUS and Doppler flow measurements after infusion of vasoactive agents allows for distinction between and evaluation of the relative contribution of agonist-mediated and flow-mediated responses, which may offer important and unique insights into coronary endothelial function.
Intestinal Microflora in Asiatic Cholera. III. Studies in Pediatric Cholera

During the 1968 cholera epidemic in Calcutta, a series of investigations were undertaken in adult patients with acute cholera to determine the microflora of the small and large bowel. Fecal effluent and small bowel specimens obtained by tube aspiration were subjected to quantitative and qualitative bacteriologic analysis. Acute cholera in children differs from the adult form in at least 2 important aspects: (i) the electrolyte composition of fecal effluent [1], and (2) the mortality rate (it is considerably higher in the younger age group) [2]. For these reasons, a comparison of the bacteriology of the gastrointestinal tract in children and adults with acute cholera was undertaken.
Cardiac Dysfunction in a Patient With Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis

A 19-year-old white man with familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis developed evidence of cardiac dysfunction during a episode of flaccid paralysis. This consisted of elevated total creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), an increased myocardial fraction of CPK (myocardial band), alteration in the lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern, severe bradycardia, and evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. These findings, in conjunction with selected cases from the literature, suggest the possibility that cardiomyopathy may be a heretofore unrecognized complication of this disorder.
Quantification of Processing Parameters for Wind Turbine Blades

All materials have an influence from the processing parameters for structural performance, but composite materials have a much more intimate materials/processing/structural performance connection due to their macroscopic inhomogeneities. In this paper, a link is provided between processing paramers, material architecture, and mechanical performance for various material architectures. In particular, a simple formula is provided to understand the fiber volume of a given part. This fiber volume is then linked with the fatigue performance. These data are indicative of the influence of processing pressures on laminate fiber volumes, independent of processing techniques and can be useful to wind turbine blade manufacturers to prepare processing conditions, a priori, to minimize expensive trial and error manufacturing development.Copyright © 2003 by The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers