cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resveratrol as an Inhibitor of Carcinogenesis

Given the high probability of developing cancer over the period of a normal life span, cancer chemoprevention provides an attractive therapeutic strategy for the delay or reversal of this process. ...
Enhanced Serine Protease Activities in the Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Homogenates of Hairless Guinea Pig Skin

Skin homogenates of hairless guinea pigs exposed percutaneously to sulfur mustard (SM) were investigated by measuring four serine protease activities (elastase, tryptase, chymase, and Asp-ase) using sensitive chromogenic substrates. The homogenate samples from skin area directly exposed to S M showed enhanced elastase activities. The tryptase (trypsin-like enzyme) activity also increased slightly; however, the chymase (chymotrypsin-like enzyme) and Aspase (cleave after aspartic acid) activities did not show any increase. The enhanced elastase activities after SM exposure indicate that inflammation is present in the SM lesions. The inhibitory potency of MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CH2Cl (an elastase inhibitor) and two amidine derivatives (inhibitors of trypsin-like enzyme) was tested against the activities present in samples from both exposed and control tissues. The elastase inhibitor decreased the hydrolysis of elastase substrate in the samples from SM-exposed skin to a greater extent than the samples from c...
A Miocene wasp

IN NATURE of June 13, 1901 (vol. lxiv., p. 158), I described a curious variation in a bee (Epeolus), the second transverso-cubital nervure of the wings having its lower half absent. This aberration was evidently an example of “discontinuous variation,” and from its occurrence in several specimens captured at the same place, it seemed that it must be inherited. There is a genus of Scoliid wasps, Paratiphia, in which the absence of the lower part of the first transverso-cubital nervure is normal. The species, found principally in the southern and western parts of North America, are quite numerous; and the broken nervure, looking exactly like the aberration described in the bee, is a good generic character. Nothing has hitherto been recorded concerning the past history of this genus, but, I have before me a well-preserved Paratiphia from the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, collected by Mr. S. A. Rohwer at station 14 in 1907. This insect, which I shall call Paratiphia praefracta, is black, with the thorax large and robust (about 4 mm. long and 31/4 mm. broad); the head rather small (slightly more than 2 mm. diameter); the antennae thickened; the abdomen constricted between the first and second segments, and parallel sided beyond; the hind tibiae dentate on the outer side; the wings clear hyaline, anterior wing about 7 mm. long, with, the large stigma very dark, the nervures light ferruginous. The specimen is a male. The venation is perfectly, normal, for Paratiphia in every respect, including the broken transverse-cubital vein.
Are Investments in Disease Prevention Complements? The Case of Statins and Health Behaviors

Abstract We obtain estimates of associations between statin use and health behaviors. Statin use is associated with a small increase in BMI and moderate (20–33%) increases in the probability of being obese. Statin use was also associated with a significant (e.g., 15% of mean) increase in moderate alcohol use among men. There was no consistent evidence of a decrease in smoking associated with statin use, and exercise worsened somewhat for females. Statin use was associated with increased physical activity among males. Finally, there was evidence that statin use increased the use of blood pressure medication and aspirin for both males and females, although estimates varied considerably in magnitude. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that healthy diet is a strong substitute for statins, but there is only uneven evidence for the hypothesis that investments in disease prevention are complementary.
Alternative Trifluorovinyl Ether Derived Fluoropolymer Membranes and Functionalized Carbon Composite Electrodes for Fuel Cells

An alternative fluoropolymer and carbon composite materials approach for proton exchange membrane (PEM) applications is reviewed based on non‐PFSA polymers derived from unique trifluorovinyl ether (TVE) compounds. Radical polymerization and copolymerization of perfluoroalkyl TVE monomers give perfluoroalkylsulfonyl imide ionomers which behave similarly to Nafion™ membranes, yet demonstrate higher acidity and greater stability. Aromatic TVE monomers incorporating the perfluoroalkylsulfonimide functionality undergo thermal step‐growth polymerization to perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers and unique ionomers. PFCB containing sulfonated polyarylene ether sulfone ionomers, as well as directly sulfonated PFCB polymers have been synthesized in a prefunctionalization method. Designed carbon/fluoropolymer composite electrodes with porous architectures and covalently attached fluoropolymers are also reviewed.
Discussion: Evaluation and Planning of Research in the Experiment Station

The paper presented by Professors Paulsen and Kaldor, the one I was asked to focus upon, as well as the one by Director Ratchford, is first-rate. I do not wish to quarrel with them for what was said-I will, however, take them to task for not saying a bit more. In a way, this type of criticism is unfair because all authors, including this one, always wish that they had been able to do more-I, therefore, apologize and continue uninhibited.
A genealogy of control structures

The issue of program control structures has had a history of heated controversy. To put this issue on a solid footing, this paper reviews numerous theoretical results on control structures and explores their practical implications.The classic result of Bohm and Jacopini on the theoretical completeness of if-then-else and while-do is discussed. Several recent ideas on control structures are then explored. These include a review of various other control structures, results on time/space limitations, and theorems relating the relative power of control structures under several notions of equivalence.In conclusion, the impact of theoretical results on the practicing programmer and the importance of one-in, one-out control structures as operational abstractions are discussed. It is argued further that there is insufficient evidence to warrant more than if-then-else, while-do, and their variants.
Atmospheric corrosion rates, time‐of‐wetness and relative humidity

The effect of relative humidity (RH) on atmospheric corrosion rates r has been studied in laboratory experiments for rust covered steel in air and air + 1 ppm SO2. The expression: describes the experimental results, where rcrit is the corrosion rate at the critical relative humidity RHcrit and b″ is the normalized corrosion rate at RH = 100%. While a large effect of NaCl impurities in rust was found, no effect of SO2 was observed. Time-of-wetness was determined in outdoor exposure using the previously described atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM). It was found that for exposure at a site in Thousand Oaks, California, the time-of-wetness corresponds to RH > 40%.
Treatment of experimental myasthenia gravis with total lymphoid irradiation

Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) has been reported to be effective in the immunosuppressive treatment of certain human and experimental autoimmune disorders. We have investigated the effects of TLI in Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) produced by immunization with purified torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The radiation is given in 17 divided fractions of 200 rad each, and nonlymphoid tissues are protected by lead shielding. This technique suppresses the immune system, while minimizing side effects, and permits the repopulation of the immune system by the patient's own bone marrow cells. Our results show that TLI treatment completely prevented the primary antibody response to immunization with torpedo AChR, it rapidly abolished the ongoing antibody response in established EAMG, and it suppressed the secondary (anamnestic) response to a boost of AChR. No EAMG animals died during TLI treatment, compared with six control animals that died of EAMG. TLI produces powerful and prompt immunosuppression and may eventually prove useful in the treatment of refractory human myasthenia gravis.
Freedom and International Migration

Economic and political freedoms are regressed on a bilateral cross section of international migrant stocks using ordinary least squares and Tobit techniques. A positive relationship between these variables is found. Economic freedom is statistically significant even when controlling for income per capita and political freedom. In addition, the impact of these freedoms on migration flows into OECD countries between 2001 and 2006 using fixed effects estimations is analyzed. The panel data analysis mostly corroborates the cross-sectional analysis. The notable exception is that political freedom appears to have had a negative impact on migration flows during this period.
Isolation and characterization of circulating immune complexes in patients with hepatitis B systemic vasculitis

Abstract A method is described for the isolation of immune complexes (IC) employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and competitive binding to staphylococcal protein A (Staph A). Techniques for recovery of IC from Staph A were established using preformed IC of BSA anti-BSA . Studies in patients with hepatitis B systemic vasculitis revealed elevated levels of IC in serum, but levels did not correlate closely with disease activity. Analysis of IC in serum revealed both HBsAg and anti-HBs, whereas anti-HBs was not detectable in whole serum. The methodology described may have important application to immune complex diseases in which the inciting antigen is not known.
Evolution of deflagration in a cold combustible subjected to a uniform energy flux

Abstract The title problem is treated in the limit of large activation energy. It is shown that the evolutionary process takes place in a series of distinct stages, and the spatial and temporal structure of each stage is described. It is found that subsequent to thermal runaway, the behavior of the system resembles that of self-induced combustion, except that the thermal explosion is now confined to a thin surface layer.
The cognitive niche: Coevolution of intelligence, sociality, and language

Although Darwin insisted that human intelligence could be fully explained by the theory of evolution, the codiscoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that abstract intelligence was of no use to ancestral humans and could only be explained by intelligent design. Wallace's apparent paradox can be dissolved with two hypotheses about human cognition. One is that intelligence is an adaptation to a knowledge-using, socially interdependent lifestyle, the "cognitive niche." This embraces the ability to overcome the evolutionary fixed defenses of plants and animals by applications of reasoning, including weapons, traps, coordinated driving of game, and detoxification of plants. Such reasoning exploits intuitive theories about different aspects of the world, such as objects, forces, paths, places, states, substances, and other people's beliefs and desires. The theory explains many zoologically unusual traits in Homo sapiens, including our complex toolkit, wide range of habitats and diets, extended childhoods and long lives, hypersociality, complex mating, division into cultures, and language (which multiplies the benefit of knowledge because know-how is useful not only for its practical benefits but as a trade good with others, enhancing the evolution of cooperation). The second hypothesis is that humans possess an ability of metaphorical abstraction, which allows them to coopt faculties that originally evolved for physical problem-solving and social coordination, apply them to abstract subject matter, and combine them productively. These abilities can help explain the emergence of abstract cognition without supernatural or exotic evolutionary forces and are in principle testable by analyses of statistical signs of selection in the human genome.
Breast cancer diagnosis based on feature extraction using a hybrid of K-means and support vector machine algorithms

With the development of clinical technologies, different tumor features have been collected for breast cancer diagnosis. Filtering all the pertinent feature information to support the clinical disease diagnosis is a challenging and time consuming task. The objective of this research is to diagnose breast cancer based on the extracted tumor features. Feature extraction and selection are critical to the quality of classifiers founded through data mining methods. To extract useful information and diagnose the tumor, a hybrid of K-means and support vector machine (K-SVM) algorithms is developed. The K-means algorithm is utilized to recognize the hidden patterns of the benign and malignant tumors separately. The membership of each tumor to these patterns is calculated and treated as a new feature in the training model. Then, a support vector machine (SVM) is used to obtain the new classifier to differentiate the incoming tumors. Based on 10-fold cross validation, the proposed methodology improves the accuracy to 97.38%, when tested on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) data set from the University of California - Irvine machine learning repository. Six abstract tumor features are extracted from the 32 original features for the training phase. The results not only illustrate the capability of the proposed approach on breast cancer diagnosis, but also shows time savings during the training phase. Physicians can also benefit from the mined abstract tumor features by better understanding the properties of different types of tumors.
General approach for the preparation of nanoscale inorganic layers on polymeric materials surfaces

A general approach for the preparation of robust nanoscale inorganic layers on polymer film substrates is presented. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were “activated” by the spontaneous adsorption of poly(vinyl alcohol); silica and titania were subsequently condensed on these surfaces by sequential vapor phase reaction with either silicon tetrachloride or titanium tetrachloride and water. The thickness and wettability of the inorganic layers can be controlled by the number of SiCl4 or TiCl4 and H2O reaction cycles. Reactions between the nanoscale inorganic layers and monochlorosilanes for silica and hydridosilanes for titania indicate that these surfaces have silica-like and titania-like reactivities.
Effects of Pythium Species and Time in Cold Storage on the Survival of Bareroot and Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings

Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold-stored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container-grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested.
How atoms move in the (1×1) to (1×2) surface reconstruction of fcc (110) planes

Abstract The result of a recent study of atomic steps in the (1 × 1) to (1 × 2) surface reconstruction of Pt and Ir (110) planes using ns pulsed-laser heating can only be understood by highly correlated jumps of atoms within a small [110] atom-row. We argue in favor of a simultaneous jump of the entire small [110] row of atoms, possibly stimulated by surface phonon waves propagating in the direction normal to, and also parallel to, the atom-row direction. Surface reconstruction of fcc (110) planes evolves with long-range atomic diffusion, thus the transition occurs relatively slowly. Reconstruction of fcc (001) planes evolves with short-range atomic movements, and the transition occurs very rapidly.
Neuroprotection in Parkinson models varies with toxin administration protocol

Numerous factors contribute to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine (DA) neuron death in Parkinson's disease (PD), thus complicating the search for effective neuroprotective agents for this disease. Although the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse has been widely used for assessing neuroprotective agents for PD, the pathological processes resulting from MPTP exposure can vary greatly depending upon the MPTP administration protocol. This study assessed the degree to which the neuroprotective efficacy of particular agents may depend upon the MPTP administration protocol (i.e. acute vs. subacute toxin administration). Endpoints analysed were changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and NeuN cell numbers in the SNc, striatal DA and metabolite levels, and striatal TH+ fiber density. The efficacy of putative neuroprotective agents [i.e. LIGA 20, nicotinamide and pramipexole (PPX)] varied depending upon the MPTP administration protocol. LIGA 20 spared striatal DA levels in both MPTP models, while nicotinamide was only effective in the acute toxin administration model and PPX was only effective in the subacute model. In both MPTP models, LIGA 20 and nicotinamide significantly spared DAergic neurons; PPX only spared DAergic neurons in the subacute model. Only acute MPTP-treated mice that received nicotinamide had a significant sparing of striatal DAergic fibers. These results underscore the need to assess putative neuroprotective agents for PD in multiple animal models using multiple endpoints. This strategy may better identify compounds with broad neuroprotective/neurorestorative profiles that may be more likely to be clinically effective.
A critical analysis of the tumour immunosurveillance controversy for 3-MCA-induced sarcomas

The cancer immunoediting hypothesis has gained significant footing over the past decade as a result of work performed using sarcomas induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) in mice. Despite the progress made by several groups in establishing evidence for the three phases of immunoediting (elimination, equilibrium and escape), there continues to be active controversy on the nature of interaction between spontaneously formed tumour cells and the immune system during the early phases of tumourigenesis. At the root of this controversy is conflicting and unresolved evidence spanning back to the 1970s regarding the incidence and frequency of 3-MCA-induced sarcomas in immunocompetent mice as compared to immunodeficient mice. In this mini review we provide a critical analysis of both sides of this controversy.
Chaperone-like properties of the prodomain of TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE) and the functional role of its cysteine switch

The prodomain of TACE [TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha)-converting enzyme] is essential for the secretion of the functional enzyme. Previously, we showed that a TACE truncate was not secreted in the absence of the prodomain and that it was subjected to intracellular degradation. In the present study, we show that full-length TACE was also degraded when expressed without the prodomain. We demonstrate that the prodomain can rescue TACE's secretion in trans, suggesting an intramolecular chaperone function. We addressed the question whether a cysteine switch consensus motif is needed for the secretion of active TACE. The cysteine switch mutants [C184A (Cys184-->Ala)] of TACE resembled the wild-type functionally and in their sensitivity to inhibitors. Interestingly, TACE zymogen forms expressed in the context of the C184A mutation were susceptible to intracellular degradation, suggesting that the prodomain-bound TACE zymogen may be more accessible to intracellular proteinases when compared with mature TACE. Two independent findings confirmed that the catalytic domain of TACE is in a more open state when bound to its prodomain: (i) core tryptophan residues were exposed to the solvent in the procatalytic domain complex and (ii) LysC rapidly proteolysed the procatalytic domain complex but not mature TACE. Therefore the prodomain of TACE is a specific intramolecular chaperone that aids in the secretion of this enzyme, while keeping the catalytic domain in a relatively open conformation. The cysteine switch of TACE is not essential for the secretion of the functional enzyme, but may prevent intracellular degradation of the TACE zymogen.
Theory of K-shell ionization during nuclear resonance scattering

Recently the measured proton-induced C K-shell ionization probability was found to vary significantly near the 0.461-MeV j = 1/2+ elastic resonance in /sup 12/C. Since the resonance was so wide that time-delay effects on K-shell ionization should be very small, it was hypothesized that this effect was due to the exchange of angular momentum between the projectile motion and electron. Assuming a potential description of the nuclear scattering, we make a completely quantum-mechanical calculation of the ionization probability in the distorted-wave Born approximation and show that angular momentum effects do not account for these results. We also show how the amplitude for monopole excitation is augmented by the ''shake-off'' or ''sticking'' term found in the semiclassical theory of Ciocchetti and Molinari, and display the formal correspondence between the semiclassical and quantum-mechanical theories. Numerical calculations of the ionization probability show only a slight dip at the minimum in the p-C elastic cross section, opposite in sign and of much smaller magnitude than the reported variation.
Communication Systems for the Nonvocal Based on Frequent Phoneme Sequences

A new type of nonvocal communication system has been developed for people unable to produce speech because of neuromotor impairment. It is designed to be as flexible as the alphabet, while requirin...
Effects of free fatty acid on the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin.

Abstract The ultraviolet fluorescence emission spectrum of bovine serum albumin was altered when free fatty acid (FFA) was added to the protein. This occurred when FFA was taken up from aqueous soap solutions, n -heptane solutions, rat epididymal fat pads, or fat emulsions undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis. As the molar ratio of FFA to albumin increased, the maximum emission was shifted to a shorter wave length and the fluorescence intensity was decreased. The blue shift did not exceed 7 mμ, and the maximum reduction in fluorescence intensity was less than 50% even when the molar ratio of FFA to albumin was high. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with FFA of 6–22 C atoms, but smaller effects occurred when FFA of less than 10 C atoms were used. FFA produced little or no change in the fluorescence intensity when the pH was less than 5.5 or greater than 10. FFA produced changes in the fluorescence spectrum of porcine albumin but had little effect on that of human, rabbit, equine or canine albumins.
Pathways for lactose/galactose catabolism by Streptococcus salivarius

Galactokinase and β-galactosidase-deficient strains of Streptococcus salivarius were constructed to define the pathways for lactose and galactose catabolism. It was found that S. salivarius does not possess a lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS), that intracellular lactose was hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase, and that galactose is catabolized exclusively through the Leloir pathway. The lack of a high-affinity PTS for lactose may reflect the higher availability of the substrates to soft tissue organisms, such as S. salivarius, compared to dental plaque bacteria.
Oxygen Transport through Selected Aquatic Macrophytes

The extent of O 2 transport from aerial plant tissue into the root zone was evaluated for several floating and emergent aquatic macrophytes that have characteristics favorable for wastewater treatment. The highest Oi transport rates from aerial tissue into the root zone were associated with plants having a small root mass. As root mass increased, the rate of O, transport decreased for aquatic macrophytes evaluated. Pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L.) had the highest O2 transport rate of all aquatic macrophytes with an overall rate of 3.49 g O 2 kg ' dry root mass h '. Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) had the highest O2 transport capacity of emergent plants with a rate of 1.54 g O2 kg'1 h '. Waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sollms], an important floating aquatic plant in wastewater treatment, had a transport rate of 1.24 g Oj kg'1 h"1. Nitrification in a waterhyacinth-based water treatment system due to O : transport was calculated to vary from 6 to 22 kg ha" d".
Progression in children's understanding of the matter concept from elementary to high school

Adopting a neo-Piagetian conceptual framework and a phenomenographic approach, we identified students' conceptual progression pattern on matter from elementary to high school. We interviewed 54 students from Grade 1 to Grade 10 chemistry on their conceptions of substances (i.e., water, vinegar, and baking soda) and the combining of the substances. We found that progression of students' conceptions on matter from elementary to high school is multifaceted. For any aspect we examined, from spontaneous description of substances to chemical reaction of baking soda with vinegar, there was a unique progression pattern. Different conceptual progression patterns existed for different substances (i.e., water, baking soda, and vinegar) as well. Further, there is no clear conceptual leap between different grade levels in conceptual progression; that is, there is tremendous overlap in conceptions among students of different grades. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 320–347, 2006
Stem Cell Platforms for Regenerative Medicine

The pandemic of chronic degenerative diseases associated with aging demographics mandates development of effective approaches for tissue repair. As diverse stem cells directly contribute to innate healing, the capacity for de novo tissue reconstruction harbors a promising role for regenerative medicine. Indeed, a spectrum of natural stem cell sources ranging from embryonic to adult progenitors has been recently identified with unique characteristics for regeneration. The accessibility and applicability of the regenerative armamentarium has been further expanded with stem cells engineered by nuclear reprogramming. Through strategies of replacement to implant functional tissues, regeneration to transplant progenitor cells or rejuvenation to activate endogenous self-repair mechanisms, the overarching goal of regenerative medicine is to translate stem cell platforms into practice and achieve cures for diseases limited to palliative interventions. Harnessing the full potential of each platform will optimize matching stem cell-based biologics with the disease-specific niche environment of individual patients to maximize the quality of long-term management, while minimizing the needs for adjunctive therapy. Emerging discovery science with feedback from clinical translation is therefore poised to transform medicine offering safe and effective stem cell biotherapeutics to enable personalized solutions for incurable diseases.
Tearing of Thin Sheets with Wrinkling

In this paper, the tearing behavior was studied for double-edge notched tensile specimen configurations and a corner loaded square thin sheet configuration with a center cut. Geometrically nonlinear shell element post-buckling analysis was performed accounting for wrinkle deformation. The cut extension was considered by cohesive zone modeling. A shell element compatible cohesive element was developed and inserted to ABAQUS as a user subroutine to predict the cut propagation. The material nonlinearity was also considered. Results indicated that the wrinkle formation significantly altered the load transfer. This intensified the stress concentration at the cut tip and resulted in much earlier cut extension.
The Association Between Grandparental Coresidence and Adolescent Childbearing

The topic of this article is the association between grandparental coresidence with adolescent women and early childbearing. The conceptual model is based on that used in social demographic studies of the effect of family structure on children and is expanded to include the presence of extended kin in the household. Grandparental coresidence is associated with a delay of first birth beyond the teenage years among young women from two-parent and stepparent families as well as among those who live with neither birth parent. Grandparental coresidence has no association with early childbearing—positive or negative—among young women from single-parent families.
Robust transient signal detection using the oversampled Gabor representation

The Gabor representation has been investigated previously as an effective and efficient means of detecting transient signals. The major problem associated with the most commonly used form of the Gabor representation is that it assumes that signals have integer arrival times and modulation frequencies-an assumption that, if violated, causes signal miss-match and deterioration in detector performance. The present correspondence presents the concept of oversampling the Gabor representation, which makes the representation more robust to certain types of signal mismatch. To show this, the performance of an oversampled Gabor detector is compared to that of critically sampled Gabor detectors. Gabor coefficients are calculated in the oversampled representation via the least squares method, which has been shown to be superior to the more commonly used biorthogonal function method in terms of corresponding detector performance. >
VARIABILITY OF INCREASES IN α-AMYLASE AND SUGARS DURING STORAGE OF GOLDRUSH AND CENTENNIAL SWEETPOTATOES

SUMMARY— Analyses for sugars and α-amylase were performed during 65 days’ storage on five shipments of Goldrush and Centennial sweetpotatoes. Since shipments were harvested at 2 wk intervals, each represented the conditions existing at harvest time. Half the roots of each variety from every shipment were cured before being placed in storage and the effects of these treatments investigated. The patterns of α-amylase increases were so widely divergent in the various shipments that recognizable differences between the varieties in each shipment were overshadowed. Curing retarded α-amylase synthesis during subsequent storage. Glucose increases were quite consistent for each of the shipments, with the exception of the shipment that was wet and muddy when received. The Goldrush variety developed about twice as much glucose over the storage period, but curing had little, if any, influence on glucose synthesis. Sucrose development was apparently independent of the condition of the roots, varietal differences, or curing and reached a relatively constant level after 17 days. There were no obvious relationships between the increase in glucose, sucrose or α-amylase for either variety during the 65 day storage period.
Optimization of distributed implementation of grayscale electron-beam proximity effect correction on a temporally heterogeneous cluster

Grayscale electron-beam lithography is one of the techniques used in transferring circuit patterns with multi-level structures onto substrates. The proximity effect caused by electron scattering imposes a severe limitation on the ultimate spatial resolution attainable by e-beam lithography. Therefore, proximity effect correction is essential particularly for fine-feature, high-density circuit patterns. One difficulty is that it is extremely time-consuming due to the intensive computation required in the correction procedure and a large size of circuit data to be processed. Hence, it is an ideal candidate for distributed computing where the otherwise-unused CPU cycles of a number of computers on a network (cluster) can be efficiently utilized. In this paper, optimization of the distributed grayscale proximity effect correction procedure previously developed is addressed for minimizing the correction time. Also, a different circuit partitioning approach (localized partitioning) is considered.
ARQ error control for fading mobile radio channels

In this paper, we study the correlation properties of the fading mobile radio channel. Based on these studies, we model the channel as a one-step Markov process whose transition probabilities are a function of the channel characteristics. Then we present the throughput performance of the Go-Back-N and selective-repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols with timer control, using the Markov model for both forward and feedback channels. This approximation is found to be very good, as confirmed by simulation results.
Imprisonment and Infant Mortality

This article extends research on the consequences of parental incarceration for child well-being, the effects of mass imprisonment on black-white inequalities in child well-being, and the factors shaping black-white inequalities in infant mortality by considering the relationship between imprisonment and infant mortality, using individual- and state-level data from the United States, 1990 through 2003. Results using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) show that parental incarceration is associated with elevated early infant mortality risk and that partner violence moderates this relationship. Infants of recently incarcerated fathers who are not abusive have twice the mortality risk of other infants, but there is no association if the father was abusive. Results from state-level analyses show a positive association between the imprisonment rate and the total infant mortality rate, black infant mortality rate, and black-white inequality in the infant mortality rate. Assuming a causal effect, results show that had the imprisonment rate remained at its 1990 level, the 2003 infant mortality rate would have been 3.9 percent lower, black-white inequality in the infant mortality rate 8.8 percent lower. Thus, results imply that imprisonment may have health consequences that extend beyond ever-imprisoned men to their social correlates and that these health spillover effects are not limited to infectious disease.
BZP, a novel serum-responsive zinc finger protein that inhibits gene transcription.

Abstract We report the fortuitous isolation of cDNA clones encoding a novel zinc finger DNA-binding protein termed BZP. The protein encoded is 114 kDa and contains eight zinc finger motifs, seven of which are present in two clusters at opposite ends of the molecule. Both finger clusters bound to the 9-bp sequence AAAGGTGCA with apparent Kds of approximately 2.5 nM. Two of the finger motifs within the amino- and carboxy-terminal finger clusters share 63% amino acid identity. BZP inhibited transcription of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter when copies of the 9-bp target motif were linked in cis, suggesting that it functions as a transcriptional repressor. BZP mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in several established cell lines but were most abundant in hamster insulinoma (HIT) cells, the parental source of the cDNAs. In mouse tissues, BZP mRNA and immunoreactivity were identified in cells of the endocrine pancreas, anterior pituitary, and central nervous system. Interestingly, in HIT cells proliferating in culture, BZP immunoreactivity was predominately nuclear in location, whereas it was usually located in the cytoplasm in most neural and neuroendocrine tissues. Serum deprivation of HIT cells caused BZP immunoreactivity to become predominantly cytoplasmic in location and attenuated its inhibitory effect on transcription, thereby suggesting that the both the subcellular location and the function of this protein are modulated by factors in serum.
Eliciting Engagement in the High School Classroom A Mixed-Methods Examination of Teaching Practices

This case study analyzes how and why student engagement differs across 581 classes in one diverse high school. Factor analyses of surveys with 1,132 students suggest three types of engaging teaching practices—connective instruction, academic rigor, and lively teaching. Multilevel regression analyses reveal that connective instruction predicts engagement more than seven times as strongly as academic rigor or lively teaching. Embedded case studies of five classes use interviews and observations to examine how various classes combine connective instruction, academic rigor, and lively teaching and how these practices individually and collectively engage students. Across these analyses, this study introduces a typology for thinking systematically about teaching for engagement.
Relative rates of anaplerotic flux in rested and contracted rat skeletal muscle measured by 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Flux through anaplerotic pathways in skeletal muscle has not been evaluated quantitatively during both rest and contraction, nor have fibre type-specific rates of anaplerotic flux been studied. Steady-state analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy enables calculation of Y (flux rate through anaplerotic pathways relative to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux). Under inhalation anaesthesia, [2,4,6,8-13C4]octanoate was infused into the jugular vein of the intact rat (n= 10) and the sciatic nerve of one limb was stimulated at the voltage required to elicit maximal force output at 0.5 Hz. In resting muscle, Y was higher in soleus (0.41 ± 0.22) versus white gastrocnemius (WG) (0.18 ± 0.11). Y was 0.29 ± 0.06 in the predominantly red portion of the gastrocnemius (RG) during rest. During contraction, Y was similar to the resting value in soleus (0.34 ± 0.14), RG (0.20 ± 0.04) and WG (0.15 ± 0.08); Y was higher in soleus versus both RG and WG during contraction. These results demonstrate: (1) relative flux through anaplerotic pathways is 15–41 % of TCA cycle flux at rest and during muscle contraction, (2) higher relative anaplerotic flux in oxidative (soleus) versus glycolytic muscle (WG) during rest and in slow-twitch (soleus) versus fast-twitch (RG and WG) muscle during contraction, and (3) relative flux through anaplerotic pathways is maintained in all muscle fibre types during contraction, which indicates that absolute rates of anaplerotic flux rise in proportion to increased oxidation rates during contraction. These results are consistent with a sustained increase in substrate entry into and exit from the TCA cycle through anaplerotic pathways during contraction.
Differences and similarities in information seeking: children and adults as web users

This study examined the success and information seeking behaviors of seventh-grade science students and graduate students in information science in using Yahooligans! Web search engine/directory. It investigated these users' cognitive, affective, and physical behaviors as they sought the answer for a fact-finding task. It analyzed and compared the overall patterns of children's and graduate students' Web activities, including searching moves, browsing moves, backtracking moves, looping moves, screen scrolling, target location and deviation moves, and the time they took to complete the task. The authors applied Bilal's Web Traversal Measure to quantify these users' effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of moves they made. Results were based on 14 children's Web sessions and nine graduate students' sessions. Both groups' Web activities were captured online using Lotus ScreenCam, a software package that records and replays online activities in Web browsers. Children's affective states were captured via exit interviews. Graduate students' affective states were extracted from the journal writings they kept during the traversal process. The study findings reveal that 89% of the graduate students found the correct answer to the search task as opposed to 50% of the children. Based on the Measure, graduate students' weighted effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of the Web moves they made were much higher than those of the children. Regardless of success and weighted scores, however, similarities and differences in information seeking were found between the two groups. Yahooligans! poor structure of keyword searching was a major factor that contributed to the "breakdowns" children and graduate students experienced. Unlike children, graduate students were able to recover from "breakdowns" quickly and effectively. Three main factors influenced these users' performance: ability to recover from "breakdowns", navigational style, and focus on task. Children and graduate students made recommendations for improving Yahooligans! interface design. Implications for Web user training and system design improvements are made.
Preemptive virtual clock: a flexible, efficient, and cost-effective QOS scheme for networks-on-chip

Future many-core chip multiprocessors (CMPs) and systems-on-a-chip (SOCs) will have numerous processing elements executing multiple applications concurrently. These applications and their respective threads will interfere at the on-chip network level and compete for shared resources such as cache banks, memory controllers, and specialized accelerators. Often, the communication and sharing patterns of these applications will be impossible to predict off-line, making fairness guarantees and performance isolation difficult through static thread and link scheduling. Prior techniques for providing network quality-of-service (QOS) have too much algorithmic complexity, cost (area and/or energy) or performance overhead to be attractive for on-chip implementation. To better understand the preferred solution space, we define desirable features and evaluation metrics for QOS in a network-on-a-chip (NOC). Our insights lead us to propose a novel QOS system called Preemptive Virtual Clock (PVC). PVC provides strong guarantees, reduces packet delay variation, and enables efficient reclamation of idle network bandwidth without per-flow buffering at the routers and with minimal buffering at the source nodes. PVC averts priority inversion through preemption of lower-priority packets. By controlling preemption aggressiveness, PVC enables a trade-off between the strength of the guarantees and overall throughput. Finally, PVC simplifies network management through a flexible allocation mechanism that enables per-application bandwidth provisioning independent of thread count and supports transparent bandwidth recycling among an application's threads.
Targeted metabolomics and mathematical modeling demonstrate that vitamin B-6 restriction alters one-carbon metabolism in cultured HepG2 cells.

Low vitamin B-6 nutritional status is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) serves as a coenzyme in many cellular processes, in...
Constructing symbolic representations for high-level planning

We consider the problem of constructing a symbolic description of a continuous, low-level environment for use in planning. We show that symbols that can represent the preconditions and effects of an agent's actions are both necessary and sufficient for high-level planning. This eliminates the symbol design problem when a representation must be constructed in advance, and in principle enables an agent to autonomously learn its own symbolic representations. The resulting representation can be converted into PDDL, a canonical high-level planning representation that enables very fast planning.
Building YOUR Entrepreneurial Research Consortium- A Panel Discussion

Non-profit organizations are under growing pressure from key constituents to become internally sustainable. For many of those organizations this means a significant shift from being consumers of philanthropic gifts to becoming value creators capable of utilizing philanthropic gifts to develop and generate revenue streams leading to financial sustainability. Key questions emerging from this changing paradigm focus on the ability of existing organizational leadership teams to make this shift in thinking and action. specifically, to what extent can these teams think and act entrepreneurially? Can entrepreneurial thinking and skills be inculcated into these teams? To what extent must there be significant changes in team and organizational structures in order to motivate a greater level of entrepreneurial thinking and action. What business skills are required to ensure long-term financial sustainability as well as measurement of organizational impact?
Homosexuality and the Heartbeat of a Locker Room: An Analysis of Quotations in the Context of Hegemonic and Inclusive Masculinity Theories.

This qualitative textual analysis examines the attitudes and beliefs of the U.S. sports industry reflected in news stories through quotations (n = 405) employed by writers in the media. The researchers analyzed quotations from U.S. national newspapers regarding Jason Collins (National Basketball Association) and Michael Sam (National Football League), the first openly gay athletes in their sports leagues, and their coming-out announcements. The findings from the quotations suggest that the National Basketball Association is more accepting toward the presence of gay male teammates than adhering to a more inclusive definition of masculinity. The National Football League, however, is more resistant to the presences of gay male teammates, with more attitudes aligned with a traditional hegemonic masculinity. Whereas both organizations openly state their support for equality, there are still obstacles to achieving GLBT equality in professional sports leagues.
Ebstein Anomaly in the Fetus: Preparing for the Perfect Storm

The diagnosis and management of Ebstein anomaly from fetal to neonatal life is discussed in this review. Echocardiographic findings can be particularly helpful in understanding the physiologic impact of the disease and to guide management.
Chemotherapy in the management of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer has become a national health problem, affecting more than 180 000 women each year. Although advances in early detection and treatment have been made, it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women. KEY POINTS The treatment of breast cancer requires the careful integration of systemic and local methods. Although the application of hormonal therapy or chemotherapy is becoming less distinct, this discussion will review the important clinical trials and future directions of chemotherapy in the management of breast cancer. Data support the use of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting, for preoperative tumor reduction of locally advanced disease, and as palliation in metastatic disease. The optimal chemotherapeutic regimen is not known; however, data support a role for adjuvant doxorubicin in node-positive disease, neoadjuvant therapy for high-risk disease, and high-dose chemotherapy to consolidate responding metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS The clinician must determine the risks and potential benefits of systemic chemotherapy before recommending treatment strategies. Although progress has been made, future advances can only occur through active participation in clinical trials.