cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative cooling of iliac bone graft: an experimental evaluation of cell viability.

Purpose A cancellous iliac bone graft is used to treat alveolar clefts. A few hours can exist between graft harvest and placement into the alveolar defect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intraoperative cooling of bone optimizes viability and to evaluate cellular preservation of cooled graft over time. Patients and Methods Twelve cancellous iliac bone graft specimens were obtained prospectively from consecutive patients undergoing alveolar cleft repair. Each sample was collected during graft procurement and divided into 3 groups: group 1 (immediate analysis), group 2 (analysis after 2 hours at room temperature), and group 3 (analysis after 2 hours on ice). To generate a viability curve, iliac bone specimens were stored on ice and assayed immediately and hourly for 8 hours. Resazurin, an oxidation-reduction indicator of metabolically active cells, was used to assess cellular viability (normalized relative fluorescence units). Results Group 1 (n = 7,370) had more active cells than did group 2 (n = 4,104) or group 3 (n = 5,005; P = .03). Group 3 had greater viability than group 2 ( P = .03). Cellular preservation of the cooled graft was 100% at the immediate analysis, 98.4% ± 13.9% at 1 hour, 91.8% ± 9.8% at 2 hours, 83.1% ± 31.8% at 3 hours, 71.8% ± 27.2% at 4 hours, 71.4% ± 16.9% at 5 hours, 69.9% ± 19.0% at 6 hours, 70.0% ± 22.5% at 7 hours, and 66.7% ± 13.3% at 8 hours. Conclusions Storing iliac bone graft on ice rather than at room temperature optimizes cellular viability, with cooled bone demonstrating 22.0% more active cells after 2 hours. Cellular loss of cooled graft plateaued after 4 hours. Clinically, the iliac graft should be maintained on ice until placed into the alveolar cleft.
Productive infection of continuous lines of channel catfish leukocytes by channel catfish virus.

Abstract Channel catfish virus (CCV) undergoes extensive replication in fingerling catfish and establishes latent infection in survivors. Although the site of vital latency in carriers is unknown, a variety of tissues, including leukocytes, have been implicated. To explore the interaction of CCV and leukocytes further, we examined in vitro infection of continuous lines of cloned catfish B cells and non-cloned lines containing predominantly macrophages and putative T-cells. Our results indicate that all three leukocyte subpopulations were productively infected with CCV, but that the kinetics of infection and the final yields differed markedly. These findings shed light on CCV-leukocyte interaction and suggest that CCV-infected autologous macrophage or T-cell lines might be suitable targets for assays of catfish cytotoxic T cell activity.
Calibration of the UMass Advanced Multi-Frequency Radar (AMFR)

In this paper the calibration of the University of Massachusetts Advanced Multi-Frequency Radar (AMFR) is discussed in detail. The calibration is performed primarily through the use of an internal calibration path, and is confirmed through cross-calibration with another calibrated radar. Additionally, the performance of AMFR during the 2007 Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP) is demonstrated with respect to calibration and instrument stability. It is shown that the calibration during the C3VP experiment was accurate to within 1.5 dB when compared with a C-band weather radar operated by Environment Canada.
Low frequency waves on transmission lines of composite section

Three types of transmission lines are analyzed, and it is found that the principal wave is not transverse electromagnetic in transmission lines for which the medium between the conducting boundaries is other than a homogeneous isotropic dielectric. Calculations of characteristic impedance and velocity of propagation on the basis of electrostatic and magnetostatic field distributions are accurate in the low-frequency limit. The cut-off frequency for the first higher order mode lies between those that would be obtained if the transmission lines were entirely filled with one dielectric material or the other.
A trace-driven analysis of the 'wrap-around' network

Performance of the wraparound network through trace-driven simulation is examined. This network has a processor attached to each node, but the links in the network are unidirectional, and the two ends of the network are joined together. Traces of three representative parallel engineering/scientific programs are used as input to the simulator, and the performance of this network is compared to that of an omega network under the same inputs. The wraparound network and the omega network are found to perform similarly, while the size and cost of the wraparound network are smaller than those of the omega. >
The effect of hematocrit during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery: results from the combined Boston hematocrit trials.

Objective Two randomized trials of hematocrit strategy during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery have been performed. The first suggested worse outcomes were concentrated in patients with lower hematocrit levels (approximately 20%), whereas the second suggested there was little benefit to increasing the hematocrit level above 25%. The form of the relationship between continuous hematocrit levels and outcomes requires further study. Methods In the two trials, 271 infants who underwent biventricular repair not involving the aortic arch were enrolled. Analysis was undertaken of the effects of hematocrit level, as a continuous variable, at the onset of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Results Psychomotor Development Index scores at age 1 year varied nonlinearly with hematocrit levels, with increasing scores up to 23.5% hematocrit (P Conclusions A hematocrit level at the onset of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass of approximately 24% or higher is associated with higher Psychomotor Development Index scores and reduced lactate levels. Because the effects of hemodilution may vary according to diagnosis, age at operation, bypass variables such as pH strategy and flow rate, and other perioperative factors, this study cannot ascertain a universally "safe" hemodilution level.
Effects of Dietary Protein, Fat and Energy on Blood Hemoglobin and Hematocrit in the Rat

Twenty-eight-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing varying levels of protein, fat and energy for 8 weeks and were killed. Blood hemoglobin and hematocrit measured at the time of killing increased progressively with increases in the level of dietary protein up to 50% protein. The Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC; hemoglobin concentration in g/100 ml red blood corpuscles) reached a plateau in rats fed diets containing 15% protein or more. Rats consuming low (5%) and high (21.1%) fat diets had lower hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit than rats fed the diets with intermediate fat content (11.9%); the level of dietary fat had no effect on the MCHC. Rats fed restricted amounts of diet had similar hemoglobin concentration to rats fed the same diet ad libitum; however the restricted rats had a lower hematocrit and hence a relative elevation of the MCHC.
Public Responses to Health Disparities: How Group Cues Influence Support for Government Intervention*

Objective. To examine whether public support for government intervention to address health disparities varies when disparities are framed in terms of different social groups. Method. A survey experiment was embedded in a public opinion poll of Wisconsin adults. Respondents were randomly assigned to answer questions about either racial, economic, or education disparities in health. Ordered logit regression analyses examine differences across experimental conditions in support for government intervention to address health disparities. Results. Health disparities between economic groups received the broadest support for government intervention, while racial disparities in health received the least support for government intervention. These differences were explained by variation in how respondents' perceived and evaluated health disparities between different social groups. Conclusion. Efforts to garner public support for policies aimed at eliminating health disparities should attend to the politics of social diversity, including the public's disparate perceptions and evaluations of health disparities defined by different social groups.
Development of survivability envelopes for SnAg leadfree packaging architecures under shock and vibration

In this paper, the accuracy of optical measurements based on digital image correlation (DIC) with ultra high-speed imaging has been investigated for full-field measurement of transient strain in various board assemblies subjected to shock in various orientations. Previous researchers have measured the transient-dynamics of board assemblies with high-speed imaging in conjunction with high-speed image analysis for measurement of relative displacement, angle, velocity, and acceleration [1, 2], high-speed data-acquisition systems with discrete strain gages [3, 4, 5] and with accelerometers for measurement of transient acceleration [6, 7, 8]. Survivability envelope approach for leadfree area array architectures based on high-speed optical measurements and statistical pattern recognition has been presented. Degradation in confidence value gives a leading indication of component failure. Package architectures examined include-flex ball-grid arrays, tape-array ball-grid arrays, and metal lead-frame packages. Explicit finite-element models have been developed and correlated with experimental data. Models developed include, smeared property models, Timoshenko-beam models, and explicit sub-models.
Recent development in pharmacogenomics: from candidate genes to genome-wide association studies.

Genetic diversity, most notably through single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variation, together with specific environmental exposures, contributes to both disease susceptibility and drug response variability. It has proved difficult to isolate disease genes that confer susceptibility to complex disorders, and as a consequence, even fewer genetic variants that influence clinical drug responsiveness have been uncovered. As such, the candidate gene approach has largely failed to deliver and, although the family-based linkage approach has certain theoretical advantages in dealing with common/complex disorders, progress has been slower than was hoped. More recently, genome-wide association studies have gained increasing popularity, as they enable scientists to robustly associate specific variants with the predisposition for complex disease, such as age-related macular degeneration, Type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, autism and leukemia. This relatively new methodology has stirred...
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOTHERAPY OF RUNT DISEASE IN RATS

Using rats of the Lewis and BN (Ag-B locus incompatible) isogenic strains, a comparative study has been made of the capacity to prevent or mitigate the development of runt disease with: (a) lymph node cell suspensions from normal adult BN rats, (b) node cells, or (c) serum from donors sensitized against Lewis tissue antigens, or (d) heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) raised in rabbits against rat thymocytes. Following a standard intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculation of 20 x 106 Lewis node cells into neonatal BN hosts, there are cutaneous manifestations of runt disease within 11–15 days and death invariably takes place within 20 days. However, complete protection is afforded by administration of a similar number of normal BN node cells via a different vein, or admixed with the otherwise harmful Lewis node cells. However, timing of the administration was crucially important—precedence or delay by as little as 4 hr resulted in a great impairment of protection. When the inoculations of the two cell suspensions were separated by 24 hr, no protection was afforded. These and other observations suggested that a necessary condition for protection of the hosts by unsensitized isologous cells requires that they establish a prompt and intimate confrontation with the homologous target cells. At the same dosage level, suspensions of node cells from sensitized isologous donors were much more effective therapeutically, saving the lives of 92% of treated subjects when administered after a delay of 3 days, and of 19% when the delay was 4 or 5 days. Of the various immunotherapeutic agents studied, daily injections of 0.2 ml of isoantiserum gave the best results, and could totally reverse the course of the disease even when initiated at age 10–13 days and subjects already presented symptoms. ALS, although inferior to isoantiserum at the dosage levels tested, proved to be superior to sensitized isologous cells as a protective agent, since the initiation of daily injections after delays of 6 or 8 days were still effective. The observations that delayed treatments of infant rats with isoantisera or ALS resulted in complete recoveries sustain the thesis that the lesions responsible for the fatal outcome of runt diseases are not inflicted at a very early stage. The efficacy of both isoantisera and ALS as a means of inhibiting the progression of homologous disease also suggests that they may have therapeutic value in situations where this condition is encountered.
The Stationary Wave Response to a Tropical SST Anomaly in an Idealized GCM

Abstract The upper tropospheric stationary wave response to a tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is examined with an idealized general circulation model (GCM) as well as steady linear and nonlinear models. The control climate of the GCM is zonally symmetric; this symmetric climate is then perturbed by a dipolar SST anomaly centered at the equator. Two experiments, with anomaly amplitudes differing by a fact of two, have been conducted. The response is very linear in the amplitude of the SST anomaly. A steady, baroclinic model linearized about a zonally symmetric basic state simulates the GCM's stationary wave reasonably well when it is forced by anomalous heating as well as anomalous transients. When decomposing the GCMs flow into parts forced separately by heating and transients, tropical transients are found to play a dissipative role to first approximation, reducing the amplitude of the response to heating by a factor of two. The effects of extratropical transients are relatively weak. A st...
Music genomics: Determining musical similarities with seriation algorithms

Music plays a prominent role in society and companies have even started studying its aspects for commercial purposes. It is only natural to ask what characteristics make certain songs appealing. While much research has been conducted on the mathematical principles of sound, there has been less focus on analyzing the structure of popular songs from a mathematical perspective. One mathematical tool that researchers have used to study musical structure is seriation, ordering. This paper applies several types of seriation algorithms to conduct a mathematical analysis of the structural qualities of several musical pieces. This paper focuses on 10 popular artists and their musical influences. The artists chosen for this research are linked because of the influences they cite, musical genre, and the popularity of their music. Results show that an artist’s songs have a higher quantitatively measured connection with the artists they cite as influences rather than the artists who they never mention as musical influences.
What do redox metabolism, printers/lithographers, and hip replacements have to do with the prevention of melanoma?

8583 Our studies of the properties of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in melanomagenesis led us to explore the role of heavy metals in this process. A systematic experimental exploration of the effect...
Past as Prologue: American Redemptive Activism and the Developing World

Packenham's Liberal America and the Third World , although a needed response to more radical critics, does not cut sufficiently deeply into the ambiguities, roots, and patterns of thought of liberal redemptive activism. The problem is to tame rather than to exorcise the redemptive activist belief in a “larger” American interest in the developing world. Modification of the reorientation of American policy articulated by Packenham and the Overseas Development Council is required to: (1) take account of limited agreement upon a conception of global economic equity; (2) develop a more refined response to the excesses of reformist interventionism; (3) avoid the risks of reliance upon a “will and capacity” strategy of developmental assistance. “Proximate pursuit” of the longstanding vision of a world in which the values of liberal democratic order are being increasingly realized constitutes a preferred alternative to both the liberal reorientation and past redemptive activism.
How Useful Are Fecal Neutrophil Determinations

The microscopic examination of stool for neutrophils can be used as a screen to determine whether bacterial pathogens are present. We reviewed a 1-year experience in a pediatric hospital laboratory to find out how often fecal neutrophil determinations were used, how useful these determinations were, and whether there were potential confounding factors. We found that only 654 (47%) of 1,398 stool cultures were evaluated for fecal neutrophils. If the presence of any number of neutrophils was considered positive, then the sensitivity was 69% and specificity 82%; if greater than five neutrophils per oil immersion field represented a positive determination, sensitivity was 48% and specificity 95%. Sensitivity and specificity differed for each bacterial pathogen species. The test's usefulness therefore varied with definition of a positive test and with the mix of organisms encountered.
Quality, Service, and Innovation—The Signature of a Practice: Ron Peyton Award Lecture

Lynn A. Wallace, PhD, PT, ATC, delivered the Ron Peyton Award Lecture at the Combined Sections Meeting in San Antonio in February. Wallace is the sixth recipient of the Sports Physical Therapy Section's Peyton Award, which was named for its first recipient and the first chairperson of the Sports Physical Therapy Section, Ronald G. Peyton, MS. PT, ATC. Wallace is a graduate of Ohio State University, Case Western Reserve University, and Columbia Pacific University. He served as the second chairperson of the Sports Physical Therapy Section, on several task forces and committees to establish specialization in sports physical therapy, and on the original Sports Physical Therapy Specialization Council. Wallace is currently the owner/president of Ohio Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine in Cleveland, OH. He continues to serve on the editorial board of The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy.
A Kit For Spectrophotometric Determination of Bile Acids

A commercial kit for the determination of bile acids, based on enzymatic dehydrogenation and spectrophotometry, was evaluated for its precision and ability to detect elevation of plasma bile acids in ten patients with mild liver disease. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. A commercial RIA assay of primary conjugated bile acids was used as a reference method. While the RIA test was sensitive enough to differentiate fasting plasma bile acid levels between patients with liver disease and healthy controls ( P >0.01), the kit did not in this case detect a difference. When plasma bile acid levels were further elevated by evacuating the gallbladder with a CCK analog, the sensitivity of the kit approached the RIA method. After gallbladder evacuation, the kit showed a significant difference between controls and patients at 30-minute time intervals and in the 90-minute post-CCK bile acid time curves. When using fasting bile acids for screening of mild liver disease, an RIA method for primary conjugated bile acids is preferable. If a cholecystokinetic agent is used to enhance plasma bile acids, the kit, with its spectrophotometric method, becomes a useful and simpler alternative to the RIA method.
Multiple Matings and Use of Sperm in the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis

Virgin female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, from a mutant strain with pearl-colored eyes were mated in various combinations to males of the same pearl strain or to males with brown (wild-type) eyes to study the use of sperm in multiple matings. Sperm from the last mating took precedence over sperm from other matings only when at least 24 hours separated the matings. The advantage of sperm from the last mating ranged from about 10% when 1 day separated matings to 90% when 4 days intervened. This advantage lasted from about 7 days when the interval between matings was short to more than 45 days from the longest interval. It is concluded from other data that most field females will follow the pattern of sperm use shown by closely spaced multiple matings.
Determination the content of NO_2~- in sample of food-poisoning by ion chromatography

Objective:Determination the content of NO2- in samples of food-poisoning such as urine and vomitus by ion chromatography.Methods:The sample after systemic pretreatment,the antibiotics were separated on DIONEX Ionpac AS19-2mm with KOH as the gradient eluent which was produced online by RFIC eluent generator detected by the suppressed conductivity detector in the method,with the injection volume of 150 μl.Results: The method detection limits of NO2- was 14 μg/L.The recovery rate were between 96%and 106%.Conclusion: The method is simple,accurate and reliable.
Diagnostic Yield of Triple-Rule-Out CT in an Emergency Setting

OBJECTIVE. The objective of the present study is to quantify the diagnostic yield of triple-rule-out (TRO) CT for the evaluation of acute chest pain in emergency department patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All TRO CT studies performed at our institution from 2006 to 2015 were reviewed. Scans were performed on a 256-MDCT scanner, with the use of ECG gating and a biphasic contrast injection. Radiology reports were reviewed to identify diagnoses that could explain chest pain, including coronary and noncoronary diagnoses, and significant incidental findings that did not account for the patient's presentation. The total numbers of coronary and noncoronary diagnoses and incidental findings were calculated. RESULTS. Four of 1196 total cases that were identified were excluded from the study because of inadequate image quality. A total of 970 patients (81.4%) had a negative study result without a significant coronary or noncoronary diagnosis. A total of 139 patients (11.7%) had significant coronary artery disease ...
Stereological analysis of the parietal cell during acid secretion and inhibition.

A stereological membrane analysis was carried out on parietal cells taken from canine fundic gastric mucosa during inhibition of histamine-activated acid secretion by cimetidine (3 mg per kg per hr), isoproterenol (1 μg per kg per min), and thiocyanate (0.2 mEq per min). Surface density (Sv) of secretory, tubulovesicular, and nutrient membranes was quantitated by stereological methods. of 118 parietal cells taken from resting mucosa, 5.7% appeared secreting and 13.6% of 165 histamine-stimulated cells retained their resting configuration. With histamine (1 μg per kg per min), secretory membrane increased and tubulovesicular membrane was reduced. Except for thiocyanate-inhibited cells, a linear relationship existed between secretory membrane Sv and acid output. Complete inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid secretion was produced by: cimetidine in 30 to 45 min, isoproterenol in 1.5 to 4 hr, and thiocyanate in 1.25 hr. Based on their ultrastructural response, a total of 88.6% of cimetidine-inhibited cells returned to resting in comparison to 51.1% of isoproterenol-inhibited cells and 26.4% of thiocyanate-inhibited cells. Thus, after treatment by cimetidine, an H2 receptor antagonist, secreting cells returned most quickly and completely to their resting ultrastructural state. Isoproterenol, a β adrenergic agonist, was a slower-acting inhibitor with an ultrastructural effect intermediate between those of cimetidine and thiocyanate. Both cimetidine and isoproterenol decreased secretory membrane Sv during acid inhibition. In contrast, thiocyanate-inhibited parietal cells showed no statistical decrease in Sv, although lumenal acid secretion ceased.
Staying the Course: Collaborative Modeling to Support Adaptive and Resilient Water Resource Governance in the Inland Northwest

Water resource governance, much like the systems it endeavors to manage, must be resilient and adaptive. Effective, resilient and adaptive water resource governance requires continuing stakeholder engagement to address the complex nature of human and natural systems. Engagement is an adaptive and iterative process of education and empowerment, building relationships and trust, and facilitating collaboration. Collaborative modeling is a methodology that integrates diverse stakeholder perspectives, fosters discussions, and creates space for problem identification and consensus-based strategies and solutions to current water resource challenges. We define collaborative modeling broadly, such that it includes a wide range of systems thinking exercises, as well as dynamic models. By focusing on the relationships and interconnections in the system, collaborative modeling facilitates clarification of mental models and the communication of science. We will describe our work in two interstate basins and how it has evolved over time as these basins strive to develop collaborative governance, and find solutions for their water resource challenges.
Survey and analysis of ethyl carbamate in commercial fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010

Objective To observe the ethyl carbamate concentrations in different commercial fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010.Methods In 2010,237 commercial fermented food samples of eight categories,including yellow wine,white spirit,wine,beer,cooking wine,sauce,vinegar and fermented bean curd,were purchased from 3 different size markets respectively in Hangzhou.The ethyl carbamate was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selection ion mode,after the samples were coupled with D5-ethyl carbamate,and purified by diatomite solid phase extraction column.Results The results showed that ethyl carbamate was detected in all samples analyzed (100%) with the range from 2.0 μg/kg to 515.0 μg/kg.The ethyl carbamate average(median)levels in 8 food catergories were descending with fermented red bean curd (182.2 μg/kg (161.2 μg/kg)),yellow wine (159.6 μg/kg (121.0 μg/kg)),cooking wine (86.8 μg/kg (95.6 μg/kg)),white spirit (72.0 μg/kg (60.5 μg/kg)),soy sauce (47.2 μg/kg(40.7μg/kg)),vinegar (26.7 μg/kg (31.8 μg/kg)),wine (15.7 μg/kg (16.8 μg/kg)) and beer (2.2 μg/kg (2.3 μg/kg)).Conclusion The ethyl carbamate was detected in all fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010,and the levels of ethyl carbamate in red bean curd and yellow wine were higher than others. Key words: Fermentation; Food; Data collection; Ethyl carbamate
Modeling Mass Transfer in Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes

Parameters characterizing intrasolid, liquid/solid, and gas/liquid mass transport phenomena in biological treatment systems are required if mass transfer is to be included in process models. Estimates of such parameters are presented and discussed. Collective and individual effects of mass transfer resistances are illustrated by computer simulation of a high-rate trickling filter.
Cybersecurity in Russia

Russia has emerged as a top global cyber power. The Russian government’s view and perception of the CS problem is different from most Western nations. This chapter examines key aspects of Russia’s CS-related regulatory framework and its CS strategy. Much of this chapter is laid out to illustrate how the cyberspace has become the focus of military, political, cultural, and economic security concerns for the Russian government. Also analyzed is the Russia’s military doctrine in the context of the cyberspace. It also illustrates how a bias against foreign technology products is also nurtured and sustained by the actions and discourses of political elites.
Emotional intelligence in the radiology and nuclear medicine workplace: concepts, evaluation and methods of development

1967 Learning Objectives The development of emotional management skills are critical to the effective practice of radiology and social interactions. Emotional intelligence (EQ) in the practice of radiology involves the ability to understand and manage emotions in positive ways. It helps to communicate effectively, empathize with others and prevent conflicts. We discuss the attributes to EQ which include: self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management. We discuss methods to develop EQ skills and the integration of these skills into the successful practice of radiology. We discuss how emotional intelligence helps build professional relationships in the radiology workplace, leading to successful interaction with physician referrers, patients and their families. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is considered fundamental for getting along in the workplace. In the quest for a successful radiology career and the development of interpersonal social skills, interaction with departmental faculty, patients and families are essential. Creating integrated networks and the ability to interact with referrers is vital to a radiologist. We compare IQ with EQ, and discuss the importance of each. We discuss the importance of EQ in the workplace and various methods of evaluation and utilization of EQ skills in the daily practice of Radiology. Emotional intelligence helps build professional relationships in the radiology workplace. This presentation will teach methods of helping to develop emotional intelligence skills in order to foster successful interaction with physician referrers and also patients and their families.
Laplace Transform Methods

Abstract In previous chapters we have investigated solving the n th-order linear equation a n ( t ) y ( n ) + a n − 1 ( t ) y ( n − 1 ) + ⋯ + a 2 ( t ) y ″ + a 1 ( t ) y ′ + a 0 ( t ) y = f ( t ) for y . We have seen that if the coefficients a i ( t ) are numbers, we can find a general solution of the equation by first solving the characteristic equation of the corresponding homogeneous equation, forming a general solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation, and then finding a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous equation. If the coefficients a i ( t ) are not constants, we have learned that solving above equation may be substantially more difficult that in other cases, such as when the functions a i ( t ) are constants. For example, when above equation is a Cauchy-Euler equation, techniques used to solve the case when above equation has constant coefficients can be used to solve the equation. In other situations, we might be able to use a series to find a solution of the equation. Regardless, in all these situations the function f ( t ) has (typically) been a smooth function. If f ( t ) is not a smooth function, such as when f ( t ) is a piecewise-defined or periodic function, solving above equation can be substantially more difficult. In this chapter, we discuss a technique that transforms above equation into an algebraic equation that can sometimes be solved so that a solution to the differential equation can be obtained.
Children of Migrant Populations

Immigrant youth are a fast-growing sector of the student population in a large number of countries. They often arrive with optimism and hope in the future and almost universally recognize that schooling is the key to a better tomorrow. Over time however, large numbers of immigrant youth, especially those enrolling in impoverished, segregated, and mediocre schools in new counties, face negative odds and uncertain prospects. Too many leave schools without developing and mastering the kinds of higher-order skills needed in today’s global economy and society. This article examines the roles that family separations, poverty, segregation, second-language learning, mentors, and peer groups play in the long-term adaptation of immigrant youth in diverse settings.
Log canonical models and variation of GIT for genus 4 canonical curves

We discuss GIT for canonically embedded genus four curves and the connection to the Hassett–Keel program. A canonical genus four curve is a complete intersection of a quadric and a cubic, and, in contrast to the genus three case, there is a family of GIT quotients that depend on a choice of linearization. We discuss the corresponding VGIT problem and show that the resulting spaces give the final steps in the Hassett–Keel program for genus four curves.
Four-Photon Polarization-Entangled States with Minimal Spectral and Spatial Entanglement

We present a scheme for the direct generation of four-photon states using photon pairs having minimal spectral and spatial entanglement. The method does not require polarization-entangled pairs, and can be generalized to larger states.
Joint Learning for Event Coreference Resolution

While joint models have been developed for many NLP tasks, the vast majority of event coreference resolvers, including the top-performing resolvers competing in the recent TAC KBP 2016 Event Nugget Detection and Coreference task, are pipeline-based, where the propagation of errors from the trigger detection component to the event coreference component is a major performance limiting factor. To address this problem, we propose a model for jointly learning event coreference, trigger detection, and event anaphoricity. Our joint model is novel in its choice of tasks and its features for capturing cross-task interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to train a mention-ranking model and employ event anaphoricity for event coreference. Our model achieves the best results to date on the KBP 2016 English and Chinese datasets.
“My Life is Too Chaotic to Practice What I Preach”: Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Being an Academic Women in Family Therapy and Family Studies Programs

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of female faculty in family therapy and family studies graduate programs. Specifically, we were interested in how female faculty members in these programs experienced their roles as academics, partners, and/or parents. We conducted a discovery-oriented study qualitative study of 62 female academics in family studies and family therapy disciplines to identify the greatest concerns and benefits experienced by women in a family-studies-oriented academic field. Using a content analysis, we found that women in family studies/family therapy academic programs experience both high rewards and high demands and struggle with choosing among competing values. Additionally, the participants perceived support from colleagues, professional institutions, and family members as crucial to a female academic’s ability to perform up to expectations. We also offer suggestions for further research.
Low Gene Variation in DROSOPHILA BUSCKII

Study of allozyme variation in D. busckii at thirty loci gives the proportion of polymorphic loci =.166 and the proportion of loci heterozygous per individual =.044. D. busckii has a narrower seasonal and food niche than the other domestic species D. melanogaster which has more allozyme variation. It is suggested that the low gene variation in D. busckii might be due to adaptation of this species to a narrow niche.
Acute Diverticulitis Management

Diverticular disease accounts for approximately 300,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States, resulting in 1.5 million days of inpatient care. Diverticulitis is defined as an inflammation of the diverticulum, which can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. This disease is the third most common gastrointestinal illness that requires hospitalization and the leading indication for elective colon resection. Abdominal pain is the most common complaint in patients with acute diverticulitis. The pain can be described as cramping, constant, and persistent for several days. Medical management is most often provided with antibiotics and clear liquid diet.
Behavioral Sabotage of Plant Defense: Do Vein Cuts and Trenches Reduce Insect Exposure to Exudate?

Many insect folivores sever veins or cut trenches before feeding on leaves that emit fluid from latex, resin, or phloem canals. The behaviors reportedly function to reduce the insect's exposure to exudate. This hypothesis was tested with three species that sever leaf midribs and two species that trench. In each case, the insect's cuts reduced exudation at the distal feeding site by at least 94% relative to an adjacent control leaf. However, most of the insects contacted exudate during the vein-cutting/trenching operation, which could potentially negate any benefits received during feeding. To estimate how much exudate red milkweed beetles (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) ingest, I weighed beetles before and after vein cutting, and simulated beetle feeding on leaves with and without vein cuts. By severing veins, the beetles decreased their total ingestion of exudate by at least 92%.
Evaluation and Medicine

Numbers are the stuff of science. They are necessary but are rarely sufficient for many personal and political decisions about the credibility of both medical and economic claims, findings, recommendations, and generalizations. Numbers apart, however, there is little in any scientific endeavor that is value free. Indeed, the values of scientists are major determinants of the problems they choose to examine or the questions they choose to ask. In turn, these choices initiate the application of the scientific process. Values also influence the assumptions underlying the investigators’ analytical or experimental designs and the conclusions they draw. In these respects, medicine and economics are alike in that both aspire to become more scientific by applying the laws of logic, the rules of evidence, and, to an increasing extent, the power of numbers to evaluate critically their hypotheses and improve their predictive powers. And it is predictability with respect to individual benefits and personal well-being as well as public policies and collective choices that we seek. As means to these ends, we use numbers to measure outcomes and attach relative values to the many complex issues that surround notions of health, disease, illness, and medicine.
Evaluation of Ultrafiltration Process Performance for Treatment of Petroleum Contaminated Waters

A series of 24 factorial design experiments were performed to study the effects of source water type, contaminant concentration, prefiltration and use of a coagulant on the performance of ultrafiltration process (UF) for treatment of waters contaminated with petroleumhydrocarbons (PHCs). The process performance was evaluated in terms of initial flux through the membrane, fouling time and PHC removal efficiency. The higher levels of PHC contamination significantly decreased the initial flux, membrane life and PHC removal efficiency. Coagulation pretreatment significantly improved the membrane life and PHC removal efficiency with no significant effect on theinitial flux. Prefiltration to remove the flocs from the coagulated water samples did not improve the fouling time but improved the PHC removal efficiency.
DATA DEFINITION, STRUCTURES, AND MANAGEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

ABSTRACT This article deals primarily with the data structures of scientific computing and their representation and management. The coverage is at a fundamental although not elementary level. Emphasis is placed on applicable concepts and techniques. The goal is to put into the hands of engineers and scientists who use computer systems some computer science technology which is not yet widely available in contemporary software systems and/or programming language systems. The topics covered include fundamentals of abstract data structure, data representation and storage mapping functions for data structures, program control of executable storage, and an illustration of a data management system. Procedures for imbedding desired or needed data structuring and data management technology into the programming systems generally used for scientific computing are suggested.
Clinical spectrum and management of dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Le mecanisme pathogenique de la dengue hemorragique est complique et beaucoup reste a explorer. Le tableau clinique est si typique qu'avec les criteres de l'OMS un diagnostic precoce peut etre fait avec une exactitude de 95%. Le diagnostic et l'intervention precoces peuvent modifier la gravite de la maladie. Les connaissances actuelles sont suffisantes pour reduire la mortalite a un minimum
Classroom Discourse for Positioning Research

This chapter focuses on positioning in language classroom discourse. The chapter begins with an explanation regarding the importance of analyzing classroom discourse. It then further explains how positioning theory can help to understand the complexity associated with classroom participation and talk. The chapter describes, step by step, how a classroom-based study can be designed using positioning theory. It concludes with examples from two different classrooms in order to demonstrate how positioning analysis of classroom discourse can be conducted.
Heterogeneity governs diameter-dependent toughness and strength in SiC nanowires

Using a combination of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, this paper reveals the atomistic origin of diameter-dependent extreme mechanical behavior of [111] 3C-SiC nanowires obtained from an energy-based framework. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in atomic stress and variations in diameter-dependent potential-energy density have a profound impact on extreme mechanical properties in the nanowires. The heterogeneity in stress evolves from the nonuniform bond lengths mediated by low coordinated surface atoms---and it penetrates the entire cross section in thinner nanowires and constitutes the atomistic basis for their large reduction in fracture strain, toughness, and strength. Although stress heterogeneity is substantially higher in ultrathin nanowires, its intensity drops and saturates rapidly in larger nanowires following a nonlinear dependence on diameter. The maximum stress heterogeneity in a cross section localizes crack nucleation at the core in ultrathin nanowires but near the surface in larger nanowires. Moreover results show that stiffness, toughness, strength, and fracture strain of the nanowires increase nonlinearly with increasing diameter and saturate at a lower value compared to bulk SiC. In addition to resolving wide discrepancies in the reported values of the first-order elastic modulus in SiC nanowires, the findings highlight heterogeneity as a critical factor for inducing diameter-dependent extreme mechanical behavior in brittle nanowires.
JAK Inhibitors for Atopic Dermatitis: An Update

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. AD is driven by barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune activation of T helper (Th) 2, Th22, and varying degrees of Th1 and Th17 among various subtypes. The Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathways are involved in signaling of several AD-related cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-33, IL-23, IL-22, and IL-17, mediating downstream inflammation and barrier alterations. While AD is primarily Th2-driven, the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of AD endotypes highlights the unmet need for effective therapeutic options that target more than one immune axis and are safe for long-term use. The JAK inhibitors, which target different combinations of kinases, have overlapping but distinct mechanisms of action and safety profiles. Several topical and oral JAK inhibitors have been shown to decrease AD severity and symptoms. A review of the JAK and SYK inhibitors that are currently undergoing evaluation for efficacy and safety in the treatment of AD summarizes available data on a promising area of therapeutics and further elucidates the complex molecular interactions that drive AD.
Manufacturing a Climate of Fear

Beginning mid-2015, Bangladesh experienced a dramatic decline in the space for dissent, and freedom of expression and assembly became highly restricted. The main opposition party, Bangladesh Nationalist Party, was pushed to the corner after its mass movement failed and was weakened as its leaders faced frivolous criminal changes. The overall social and political climate became more restrictive. Various methods, such as extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances, were employed to create a climate of fear among the citizens. Media was muzzled through co-optation and unwritten censorship. Existing draconian laws were used and new restrictive laws were introduced to curb online activities. Two non-partisan grassroots movements were quelled through heavy-handed measures. This chapter describes the overall fearful situation before the election cycle began.
PROTECTing the figure of innocence: child pornography legislation and the queerness of childhood

In US v. Williams (2008), the Supreme Court upheld the PROTECT Act; this law's “pandering provision” prohibits the distribution and solicitation of child pornography, but does not distinguish betwe...
[Clinical study on post-stroke urinary retention treated with acupuncture at the twelve jing-well points and bladder function training].

OBJECTIVE To explore the methods for the therapeutic effect improvement in the treatment of post-stroke urinary retention. METHODS Sixty-three patients of post-stroke urinary retention were randomized into an observation group (32 cases) and a control group (31 cases). The routine clinical medication of neurology and basic rehabilitation were adopted in the two groups. Additionally, in the control group, the intermittent urinary catheterization and bladder function training were applied. The duration and frequency of catheterization were determined by the autonomic urination and residual urine volume every day. In the observation group, on the basis of the treatment as the control group, acupuncture was applied to the twelve jing-well points in the sequence of qi flowing among the twelve meridians [Shaoshang (LU 11), Shangyang (LI 1), Lidui (ST 45), Yinbai (SP 1), Shaochong (HT 9), Shaoze (SI 1), Zhiyin (BL 67), Yongquan (KI 1), Zhongchong (PC 9), Guanchong (TE 1), Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) and Dadun (LR 1)]. Acupuncture was given once a day, 20 treatments were required. In 20 treatments, the clinical therapeutic effects and the residual urine volume were observed. RESULTS The total effective rate was 90.6% (29/32) in the observation group, better than 67.7% (21/31) in the control group (P<0.01)). After treatment, the residue urine volume was all reduced apparently in the patients of the two groups (both P<0.01). The result of the residue urine volume in the observation group was lower apparently than that in the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Acupuncture at the jing-well points in the sequence of qi flowing among meridians combined with bladder function training achieve the apparent therapeutic effects on post-stroke urinary retention. The results are better than those achieved by the routine western medicine with bladder function training involved.
Nematicity with a twist: Rotational symmetry breaking in a moiré superlattice

Motivated by recent reports of nematic order in twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), we investigate the impact of the triangular moire superlattice degrees of freedom on nematicity. In TBG, the nematic order parameter is not Ising like, as in tetragonal crystals, but has a three-state Potts character related to the threefold rotational symmetry (C3z) of the moire superlattice. We find that, even in the presence of static strain that explicitly breaks the C3z symmetry, the system can still undergo a nematic-flop phase transition that spontaneously breaks in-plane twofold rotations. Moreover, elastic fluctuations, manifested as acoustic phonons, mediate a nemato-orbital coupling that ties the nematic director orientation to certain soft directions in momentum space, rendering the Potts-nematic transition mean field and first order. In contrast to the case of rigid crystals, the Fermi surface hot spots associated with these soft directions are maximally coupled to low-energy nematic fluctuations in the moire superlattice case.