cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: I. Inner Disk

The gas dynamics of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is largely controlled by non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects including Ohmic resistivity, Hall effect and ambipolar diffusion, among which the role of Hall effect is the least explored and most poorly understood. In this series, we have included all three non-ideal MHD effects in a self-consistent manner to investigate the role of Hall effect on the PPD gas dynamics using local shearing-box simulations. In this first paper, we focus on the inner region of PPDs where previous studies without including the Hall effect have revealed that the inner disk up to ~10 AU is largely laminar with accretion driven by magnetocentrifugal wind. We confirm this basic picture and show that the Hall effect introduces modest modifications to the wind solutions, depending on the polarity of the large scale poloidal magnetic field B_0 threading the disk. When B_0.Omega>0, horizontal magnetic field is further amplified, leading to stronger disk wind (by ~50% or less in terms of wind-driven accretion rate). The enhanced horizontal field also leads to much stronger large-scale Maxwell stress that contributes to a considerable fraction of the wind-driven accretion rate. When B_0.Omega 0, the range of stability is enlarged, and one expects the laminar region to extend further to ~15 AU before the magneto-rotational instability sets in, while for B_0.Omega<0, the laminar region extends only to ~3 AU for typical PPD accretion rates. Scaling relations for the wind properties, especially wind-driven accretion rate are provided for aligned and anti-aligned field geometries. Implications for global disk evolution and planet formation are also briefly discussed.
Is the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical procedures decreasing? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

ObjectiveRising antibiotic resistance could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics in preventing postoperative infections. We investigated trends in the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for 3 commonly performed surgical procedures—appendectomy, cesarean section, and colorectal surgery—and 1 invasive diagnostic procedure, transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Cochrane databases (through October 31, 2017) for randomized control trials (RCTs) that measured the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for 4 index procedures in preventing postoperative infections (surgical site infections [SSIs] following the 3 surgical procedures and a combination of urinary tract infections [UTIs] and sepsis following TRPB).ResultsOf 399 RCTs, 74 studies (9 appendectomy, 11 cesarean section, 39 colorectal surgery, and 15 TRPB) were included. Multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts for each study showed no statistically significant increase in SSIs over time for appendectomy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per year, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92–1.16; P=.57), cesarean section (aOR per year, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.96–1.05; P=.80), and TRPB (aOR per year, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77–1.18; P=.67). However, there was a significant increase in SSIs proportion following colorectal surgery (aOR per year, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.03–1.07; P<.001).ConclusionThe efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis agents in preventing SSIs following colorectal surgery has declined. Small number of RCTs and low infections rates limited our ability to assess true effect for simple appendectomy, cesarean section, or TRPB.
An extreme-condition model for quantifying growth kinetics of colloidal metal nanoparticles

A strategy has been developed for analyzing growth kinetics of colloidal metal nanoparticle quantitatively by focusing both the very early and the very late growth stages, at which the size of growing nanoparticles and the reaction time follow linear functions. Applying this extreme-condition model to a microwave-assistant synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles, for the first time, results in the determination of intrinsic kinetics parameters involving in the growth of the silver nanoparticles. The diffusion coefficient (D) of the precursor species containing Ag+ is 4.9 × 10–14 m2/s and the surface reaction rate constant (k) of the precursor species on the surface of the growing silver nanoparticles is 8.7 × 10–8 m/s in an ethylene glycol solution containing 0.15 M polyvinylpyrrolidone at 140 °C. The extreme-condition model is ready to deconvolute the intrinsic kinetics parameters of growing colloidal nanoparticles once the enlargement rate of the nanoparticles can be experimentally measured in real time and with high temporal resolution. Availability of the high-fidelity values of k and D will provide the crucial information to guide the design and synthesis of colloidal metal nanoparticles with the desirable properties.
Soluble Prorenin Receptor Increases Blood Pressure in High Fat-Fed Male Mice

Obesity-related hypertension is a major public health concern. We recently demonstrated that plasma levels of the soluble form of the prorenin receptor (sPRR) were elevated in obesity-associated hypertension. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the contribution of sPRR to blood pressure (BP) elevation in the context of obesity. High fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice were infused with vehicle or sPRR (30 µg/kg per day) via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump for 4 weeks. BP parameters were recorded using radiotelemetry devices. Male mice infused with sPRR exhibited higher systolic BP and mean arterial pressure and lower spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity than mice infused with vehicle. To define mechanisms involved in systolic BP elevation, mice were injected with an AT1R (Ang II [angiotensin II] type 1 receptor) antagonist (losartan), a muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine), a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and a ganglionic blocker (chlorisondamine). Losartan did not blunt sPRR-induced elevation in systolic BP. Chlorisondamine treatment exacerbated the decrease in mean arterial pressure in male mice infused with sPRR. These results demonstrated that sPRR induced autonomic nervous dysfunction. Interestingly, plasma leptin levels were increased in high fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice infused with sPRR. Overall, our results indicated that sPRR increased systolic BP through an impairment of the baroreflex sensitivity and an increase in the sympathetic tone potentially mediated by leptin in high fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice.
Developing and Supporting Faculty Training for Online Social Work Education: The Columbia University School of Social Work Online Pedagogy Institute

With the growth of online and distance education in social work, faculty training and support need to be provided to ensure high-quality online social work education. A model for training social wo...
Assessment of diagnostic biomarkers of liver injury in the setting of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) hepatotoxicity

Abstract Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a potent liver toxin produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae. While harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and severity worldwide, there is still no established method for the diagnosis and assessment of MC-LR induced liver damage. The guidelines for MC-LR safe exposure limits have been previously established based on healthy animal studies, however we have previously demonstrated that pre-existing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases susceptiblity to the hepatotoxic effects of MC-LR. In this study, we sought to investigate the suitability of clinically used biomarkers of liver injury, specifically alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as potential diagnostic tools for liver damage induced by chronic low dose administration of MC-LR in the setting of pre-existing NAFLD. In our Leprdb/J mouse model of NAFLD, we found that while MC-LR induced significant histopathologic damage in the setting of NAFLD, gene expression of ALT and ALP failed to increase with MC-LR exposure. Serum ALT and ALP also failed to increase with MC-LR exposure, except for a moderate increase in ALP with the highest dose of MC-LR used (100 μg/kg). In HepG2 human liver epithelial cells, we observed that increasing MC-LR exposure levels do not lead to an increase in ALT or ALP gene expression, intracellular enzyme activity, or extracellular activity, despite a significant increase in MC-LR induced cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that ALT and ALP may be unsuitable as diagnostic biomarkers for MC-LR induced liver damage.
Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Computing and Applied Ergonomics: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis

Virtual Reality (VR) is a budding field in the realm of technology, and it also happens to be one of the main sub-topics entwined with the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The main idea of VR also revolves around Virtual Environments. Virtual Environments (VE) contribute to the creation of an out of the world experience for users, by allowing them to interact with the digital universe. Applied Ergonomics is a concept that involves designing for people and since VR is becoming a more mainstream technology being incorporated in various facets of people’s lives, like mobile computing, it is only imperative that a bibliometric analysis is carried out to show the relationship between VR in mobile computing and applied ergonomics. This paper shows the connection between VR, Human Computer Interaction and ergonomics using software programs like MaxQDA, Harzing, VOSviewer, and Mendeley. The main keywords used in this bibliometric analysis were Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer Interaction, and Ergonomics. These words were continuously repeated in the articles and chapters referenced in this paper.
Burst-Mode Characteristics of Datacom Transceivers

The burst-mode characteristics of commercial dat-acom transceivers are investigated as a function of the mean received power, the power offset between the channels being switched, and the transition time of the optical switch.
Negative-emission technologies and patent rights after COVID-19

Governmental and particularly private funding has recently and dramatically expanded for both beccs and dac technologies This funding and the associated research, development, and deployment efforts will generate intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights in nets As with access to medicines, the COVID- 19 pandemic has highlighted concerns that patent rights may incentivize R&D at the cost of affordable access to the relevant technologies Further, access may be restricted to particular countries based on sovereignty concerns to seek preferential supply agreements through up-front funding As a result, nations will likely turn to controversial ex-post measures, such as compulsory licensing, to assure access and to control prices of the needed technologies The same concerns with patent rights likely will affect RD&D of NETS Although international ex-ante measures exist (such as patent pools) which would help to minimize these concerns, such measures may not induce the requisite voluntary contributions, or may fail to materialize due to political disagreements Focusing on both US law and international developments, this article proposes various ex-ante measures that can be adopted by national governments and private funders to minimize the likely forthcoming worldwide conflicts that will arise over balancing innovation incentives for, and affordable access to, patented NETS © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020
Why we should have seen that coming

In this paper we examine the case of Tay, the Microsoft AI chatbot that was launched in March, 2016. After less than 24 hours, Microsoft shut down the experiment because the chatbot was generating ...
The Tyranny of Money

In his 1999 book Luxury Fever, Robert Frank argues that a progressive consumption tax will curb excessive spending, which is supposedly the aggregate effect of individuals pursuing their desires for relative status. In response to Luxury Fever, this Article proposes a progressive consumption tax which includes borrowing in its base and imposes steep progressive rates, thus incentivizing saving and disincentivizing excessive spending. Second, this Article argues that a progressive consumption tax is predicated on moral grounds, not on individual self-interest; the proposed tax renders the social distribution of material resources more equitable and bolsters the social bases of respect.
The Globalization Backlash: Exploring New Perspectives:

Rising popular discontent with globalization in Europe and the United States has occurred alongside increasing support for extreme right-wing parties, protectionism, and anti-immigrant views. This ...
Quark Wave Functions within Nucleons and Mesons, and Exclusive Processes in QCD

Most of the lectures in this summer school are devoted to nuclei—their wave functions, correlations within them, how to measure such correlations, etc. We can do similar things at the quark level within a single nucleon or meson. These lectures will be devoted to just that, particularly to the quarkic wave functions of hadrons.
Pathologic Upstaging in Patients Undergoing Resection for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Are There Modifiable Predictors?

Background A substantial proportion of patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have more advanced disease on final pathologic review. We studied potentially modifiable factors that may predict pathologic upstaging. Methods Data of patients with clinical stage I NSCLC undergoing resection were obtained from the National Cancer Database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables that predict upstaging. Results From 1998 to 2010, 55,653 patients with clinical stage I NSCLC underwent resection; of these, 9,530 (17%) had more advanced disease on final pathologic review. Of the 9,530 upstaged patients, 27% had T3 or T4 tumors, 74% had positive lymph nodes (n > 0), and 4% were found to have metastatic disease (M1). Patients with larger tumors (38 mm vs 29 mm, p 18 nodes OR 6.14). Conclusions Pathologic upstaging is a common finding with implications for treatment and outcomes in clinical stage I NSCLC. A thorough analysis of regional lymph nodes is critical to identify patients with more advanced disease.
Large Scale Integration—an Appraisal

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mainstream developments of large scale integration (LSI) and establishes future trends relative to commercial digital computers. Large–scale integration provides a natural implementation for fast scratch pads and buffers and a long–awaited metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS) desk calculator, which is believed to be in an initial delivery stage. The pros and cons of a number of retrieval systems, both with and without indexing are examined. Present–day computers are potentially very efficient for problems that can be formulated well, but they are rather clumsy in heuristic problem solving. Future advances in computer applications demand a broader based familiarity and more comprehensive skill with the full complement of tools at disposal and not just an ability to write isolated digital computer software. The device fabrication, packaging, economic considerations, interconnection strategies, and LSI memories are also discussed. Many of the software-systems problems that exist today are related t o the hardware issues, and must be resolved by separate considerations. The promise held by LSI is that in some as-yet-undeveloped manner its exploitation may help in the resolution of the real problems.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a study of 103 cases.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) provides detailed imaging of both intramural and extramural structures within the abdomen and mediastinum. However, EUS is limited in its ability to differentiate an inflammatory/reactive process from a malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), coupled with EUS, allows for the sampling of the target lesion under ultrasound guidance in real time. To better evaluate the clinical utility and efficiency of EUS-FNAB, a retrospective analysis of the first 103 EUS-FNABs performed at our institute was undertaken. METHODS EUS-FNABs was performed in 80 patients with 103 lesions. Both air-dried and alcohol-fixed smears were prepared and stained with Diff-Quik (American Scientific Products, McGraw Park, IL) and Papanicolaou stains, respectively. In addition, ThinPrep slides (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) and cell blocks, when additional material was available, were also prepared. Immunohistochemical stains were performed on cell blocks wherever required. Cytologic diagnoses were then correlated with the final diagnoses. The latter was based on histologic examination of biopsies/resected pathology materials (n = 54) and clinical follow up (n = 48). Follow-up information was not available for one lesion. RESULTS Of 103 EUS-FNABs, 42 FNABs were from the pancreas, 38 from the lymph nodes (10 mediastinal and 28 intraabdominal), 10 from the gastrointestinal tract, 7 from the liver, 4 from the adrenal gland, 1 from the biliary tract, and 1 from a retroperitoneal mass. The mean number of passes to obtain diagnostic materials was 3.3. Of 103 EUS-FNABs, 45, 9, 6, and 37 were reported as malignant, suspicious, atypical, and benign, respectively. Six FNABs were nondiagnostic. The authors did not encounter any false-positive cases. There were three false-negative cases (two pancreatic carcinomas and one gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach). No complications were encountered. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 71%, 100%, and 81%, respectively. If the FNABs that were classified as suspicious were considered as malignant, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 86%, 100%, and 91%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS EUS-FNAB is a safe and accurate diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of intramural and extramural lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. In the majority of cases, it obviates the need for more invasive diagnostic procedures to obtain a tissue diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10714
Effects of sulfhydryl inhibition on red blood cells. 3. Glutathione in the regulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway.

Evidence is presented that the activity of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway of red cells, assayed by 14CO2 production from glucose-1-14C, is regulated primarily by glutathione. Methemoglobin had little, if any, effect on the activity of this pathway. Increasing the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione, either by peroxidizing GSH to GSSG or by partially blocking GSH with NEM, increased the rate of HMP pathway metabolism. Complete blockage of cellular glutathione by NEM depressed the bulk of HMP pathway activity, despite little or no effect on the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Sustained low levels of hydrogen peroxide, whether generated by aerobic oxidases or by the coupled oxidation of ascorbic acid with oxyhemoglobin, stimulated the HMP pathway of cells. This stimulation was potentiated by blocking catalase and was prevented by blocking GSH. The oxidation of NADPH by H2O2 in hemolysates was specifically dependent upon the presence of GSH. These results substantiate the existence in human red cells of the glutathione peroxidase mechanism proposed by Mills, whereby GSH protects cellular constituents such as hemoglobin from oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Oxidative denaturation of oxyhemoglobin to met- and sulf-hemoglobin by H2O2-generating mechanisms is markedly potentiated in cells lacking sufficient GSH, and commences only after GSH levels approach zero. In contrast, oxidationreduction catalysts such as methylene blue and acetylphenylhydrazine catalyze the direct oxidation of NADPH and hemoglobin, as well as GSH, by molecular oxygen. Although GSH is partially protective against these agents, they appear to damage red cells by virtue of their ability to bypass the GSH peroxidase mechanism and to cause oxidative injury despite persisting GSH.
The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy

The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy comprises over fifty specially commissioned essays by experts on the philosophy of this period. Starting in the late eighth century, with the renewal of learning some centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, a sequence of chapters takes the reader through developments in many and varied fields, including logic and language, natural philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and theology. Close attention is paid to the context of medieval philosophy, with discussions of the rise of the universities and developments in the cultural and linguistic spheres. A striking feature is the continuous coverage of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian material. There are useful biographies of the philosophers, and a comprehensive bibliography. The volumes illuminate a rich and remarkable period in the history of philosophy and will be the authoritative source on medieval philosophy for the next generation of scholars and students alike.
HDO and D(sub 2)O Low Pressure, Long Path Spectra in the 600 to 3100cm Region. I. HDO Line Positions and Strength

Hig resolution spectra of gas mixtures of HDO, D(sub 2)O, and H(sub 2)O were obtained with a Fourier-transform spectrometer with path lengths up to 433m. The spectra were analyzed to obtain line positions and strengths of over 6000 transitions of HDO and D(sub 2)O.
A new species of Cronisia Berkeley (Corsiniaceae) from Mexico

A new species of Cronisia with sessile dorsal female involucres is described from Mexico. This plant, C. mexicana, is compared to C. paradoxa and to other species with similarly placed female involucres.
Measuring the relationship between high technology development strategies and wage inequality

Growing income and wage inequality in a range of countries has raised concern. High-technology development may be contributing to this inequality, by encouraging higher wages at the upper end of the income distribution. Most studies of the possibility of this effect have used generic, aggregated data. In this paper, we introduce the possibility of linking wage inequality directly to specific industrial strategies using the Theil Index of inequality. This measure portrays the portion of wage inequality that is attributable to wages in specific industries. We illustrate this concept with data from U.S. states.
The Functional Literacy Needs of Low-Literate Adult Basic Education Students

This study sought to determine the self-perceived, functional literacy needs of low-literate Adult Basic Education students. A questionnaire was constructed to allow learners to rate the extent to which they felt they needed to learn 20 functional tasks; data were collected from 160 learners functioning at or below the sixth-grade level, as measured by standardized reading tests. Results of a factor analysis suggest that these functional tasks can be conceived of as three broad categories: everyday reading and writing tasks, math and measurement tasks, and special literacy tasks. Through cluster analysis, distinct subgroups of learners were identified based on their comparative needs to learn these categories of tasks. Analysis of follow-up data further revealed that existing programs are less effective than they could be at helping learners meet their self-perceived literacy needs.
Microchip electrophoresis with sample stacking

A fused quartz microchip with a serpentine column geometry is fabricated to perform rapid microchip electrophoresis of dansylated amino acids. A 67 mm separation column is constructed in a 7 x 10 mm area on a quartz substrate using standard photolithographic, etching and deposition techniques. Buffer and sample flows within the channel manifold are precisely controlled through potentials applied to the reservoirs. To enhance the detection limits, a stacking injection technique is used to concentrate the sample at the inlet of the separation column. The stacked injections exhibit high reproducibility (2.1% relative standard deviation in peak area). Using a separation length of 67 mm and a separation field strength of 1100 V/cm, separations are performed in < or = 15 s generating approximately 40,000 theoretical plates.
Application of hygromycin a structure activity relationships to the antibiotic A201A.

Abstract Replacement of the disaccharide portion of A201A with an allyl ether, with concomitant 3-hydroxylation, affords an analog with biological activity comparable to that of the natural product. The response of biological activity to this modification closely parallels that observed with hygromycin A, which implies that these two natural products may share a common binding site.
Investigation of point-to-point performance test of touch trigger probes on coordinate-measuring machines

Abstract A major factor contributing to the total measuring error of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is the performance of the probing sub-system. Probing test methods are typically used to detect errors due to the probing sub-system. The probe performance evaluation method specified in the ANSI B89 standard is investigated in this paper. The sampling plan associated in the probe performance evaluation was tested by using experimental probing data from a CMM. Research findings indicate that the performance of touch trigger probes is overestimated due to a systematic bias in the vertical direction of the best-fit reference ball center in the probe performance test. A two-latitude sampling plan synthesis method based on a pretravel model for touch trigger probes is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can be used to accurately identify the reference ball center in the performance test of touch trigger probes.
Advances in prosthetic heart valves: fluid mechanics of aortic valve designs.

The in vitro hemodynamic characteristics of a variety of mechanical and tissue heart valve designs used during the past two decades were investigated in the aortic position under pulsatile flow con...
Analysis of Nucleotide Insertion and Extension at 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine by Replicative T7 Polymerase exo- and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Reverse Transcriptase Using Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Kinetics†

Pre-steady-state kinetics of incorporation of dCTP and dATP opposite site-specific 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), in contrast to dCTP insertion opposite G, were examined as well as extension beyond the lesion using the replicative enzymes bacteriophage polymerase T7 exo- (T7-) and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). These results were compared to previous findings for Escherichia coli repair polymerases I (KF-) and II (pol II-) exo- [Lowe, L. G., & Guengerich, F. P. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 9840−9849]. HIV-1 RT showed a very high preference for insertion of dATP opposite 8-oxoGua, followed by pol II-, T7-, and KF-. Steady-state assays showed kcat consistently lower than pre-steady-state polymerization rates (kp) for insertion of dCTP opposite G or 8-oxoGua and insertion of dATP opposite 8-oxoGua. Pre-steady-state kinetic curves for the addition of dCTP opposite 8-oxoGua or G by KF-, pol II-, and T7- were all biphasic, with a rapid initial single-turnover burst followed by a slower multiple turnover rat...
Differentiation and quantification of C1 and C2 13C-labeled glucose by tandem mass spectrometry

The fragmentation patterns of various (13)C-labeled glucose molecules were analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Derivatization of glucose to yield methylglucosamine makes the C-C bond between C1 and C2 a favored cleavage site. This is in contrast to underivatized glucose, which favorably undergoes loss of a fragment containing both C1 and C2. Based on the fragmentation pattern of methylglucoasmine, we developed a method to distinguish and quantify C1 and C2 (13)C-labeled glucose by derivatization with methylamine followed by multiple reaction monitoring scans in a Q-trap mass spectrometer. Fragment ion ratios in the tandem mass spectra showed an isotope effect with (13)C or deuterium labeling, so a "correction factor" was introduced to make the quantification more accurate. The current approach can be applied to individually monitor the metabolic origin and fate of C1 and C2 atoms in (13)C-labeled glucose. This method provides a new means of quantifying glucose isotopomers in metabolic studies.
Sisters across the sea: Early Norwegian feminists and their American connections

Abstract The organized feminist movement in Norway post-dated the American movement by almost 40 years. During the pre-organizational stage, intriguing descriptions of American women and their social conditions were received in Norway. A number of dynamic Norwegian women were motivated to emigrate to the more compatible New World environment. After the formation of the Norwegian Feminist Society in 1884 and the launching of its journal Nylaende in 1887, Norwegian feminist enjoyed direct and frequent contact with the American movement. Nylaende developed a following among Norwegian-American women, who themselves served as an important cross-cultural link. American feminism had a practical, psychological, and even symbolic impact upon Norwegian feminists, as they developed their priorities and tested their wings. In particular, the American movement provided valuable role models. The Norwegians followed with great interest the entrance of American women into diverse occupations and the American struggle to win the vote. When Norwegian women obtained the right to vote in national elections (1907 with restrictions; 1913 full suffrage), they reciprocated with support and a positive example for their American sisters. The Norwegian and American movements displayed not only a sense of shared mission; they provided mutual encouragement and support.
How representation matters: comparing collaborative learning with alternative versions of hypermedia

The goal of this comparative case study is to investigate how students collaboratively learn about complex systems with hypermedia. This study also investigates how the conceptual representation underlying the hypermedia influences students' collaborative activities and knowledge co-construction. We use two different types of hypermedia to study the human respiratory system. One version of the hypermedia highlights the structural and the second version the functional-behavioral aspects of the human respiratory system. An in-depth analysis of two dyads, working on two versions of the hypermedia, will be presented in this paper.
In Utero PCP Exposure Alters Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination in Developing Rat Frontal Cortex

Several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, ADD/ADHD and dyslexia are believed to originate during gestation and involve white matter abnormalities. Modulation of glutamate environments and glutamate receptors has also been implicated in alteration of oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells of the CNS. To begin to understand how modulation of the glutamate system affects the maturation of oligodendrocytes, developing rats were subjected to prenatal blockade of the NMDA receptor with phencyclidine (PCP). Oligodendrocyte development and differentiation were then examined postnatally by measuring markers for early, middle and late stage cells. The results indicate that, while the level of marker proteins for neurons and astrocytes remains the same, early oligodendrocyte progenitor cell markers are decreased in rat brains prenatally exposed to PCP. Labeling of cells of intermediate, immature cell stages is elevated. Late stage markers for myelinating oligodendrocytes are subsequently decreased. These data suggest that prenatal NMDA receptor blockade reduces the level of progenitors and that the surviving cells are arrested at an immature stage. This premature arrest appears to result in fewer fully differentiated, mature oligodendrocytes that are capable of producing myelin. These results have interesting implications for the role of glutamate and glutamate receptors in white matter abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Earthquake response of linear continuous structures by the method of evolutionary spectra

Abstract The response of a class of elastic linear continuous structures subjected to earthquake excitation is studied. The accelerogram of the ground is represented by a nonstationary shaped Gaussian white noise process. The general expressions for the evolutionary power spectra and the mean-square responses of the deflection field are developed and their simplified forms for lightly damped structures are discussed. The reliability of design is considered and the probability of barrier crossing is described. Examples of a high-rise building modelled as a cantilever beam and a nonuniform shear beam structure are treated in details. The time and space variations of the response power spectra and the mean-square responses are evaluated and discussed. The maximum responses of these continuous structures to accelerogram of the North-South component of El Centro 1940 earthquake are also analysed. The peak deflections are estimated and the results are compared with those obtained from the statistical analysis.
Damascus steel, part II: Origin of the damask pattern

Abstract A study was carried out to evaluate the role of the impurity elements found in Damascus steels on the origin of the cementite (Cm) particles that produce the characteristic pattern of Damascus blades. It is shown that the high phosphorous (P) impurity levels of Damascus steels could have controlled the mechanism of Cm formation. Experiments on small steel castings with impurity compositions matching that of Damascus steels reveal that the P impurity content produces two significant effects: 1) it results in formation of primary Cm between austenite dendrites upon solidification that could lead to the damask pattern of the final sword; and 2) it causes a graphitization of Cm on certain heat-treat cycles, which destroys the damask pattern. The origin of the Cm particles in casting and forging a Damascus steel blade is discussed in view of these results.
La prévalence et la distribution des maladies génétiques au Québec - L’impact du passé sur le présent

The prevalence and distribution of genetic diseases in the province of Quebec has been influenced by its population history. The current French Canadian population stems from 8,500 pioneers who left France for Nouvelle-France between 1608 and 1759. After the English conquest of Nouvelle-France in 1759, the French Canadian population remained mostly genetically isolated, for linguistic, cultural, and religious reasons. The migration of a small number of French individuals to Nouvelle-France created a founder effect. Subsequent migrations inland have created smaller regional founder effects. The limited size of the population favoured genetic drift, and the social context encouraged endogamy, i.e. unions between French Canadians with little admixture with English and other immigrants. Founder effects, genetic drift, and endogamy have all played a role in the current prevalence and distribution of genetic diseases now found in Quebec. The prevalence and distribution of genetic diseases in Quebec need to be taken into account in clinical practice. When clinicians are knowledgeable about the genetic diseases prevalent in the population they treat, they know to consider these diseases in differential diagnoses when appropriate and prioritize investigations accordingly. When developing a new diagnostic test for a genetic disease, the prevalence of the disease and the nature of the mutations found in the target population need to be taken into account. The performance of the test will depend on how well it accounts for the particularities of the disease in that population. In other words, how well does it detect the mutations found in that population? Interpretation of individual genetic test results will also depend on how well the test is expected to perform in the individual's population.
Solvation forces between silica bodies in supercritical carbon dioxide.

We report Monte Carlo simulations of the solvation pressure between two planar surfaces, which represent the interface of spherical silica nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was modeled as an atomistic dumbbell or a spherical Lennard-Jones particle. The interaction between CO2 molecules and silica surfaces was characterized by the standard Steele potential with energetic heterogeneities representing the hydrogen bonds. The parameters for the solid−fluid interaction potentials were obtained by fitting our simulations to the experimental isotherms of CO2 sorption on mesoporous siliceous materials. We studied the dependence of the solvation force on the distance between planar silica surfaces at T = 318 K, at equilibrium bulk pressures pbulk ranging from 69 to 200 atm. At 69 atm, we observed a long-range attraction between the two surfaces, and it vanished when the pressure was increased to 102 and then 200 atm. The results obtained with different fluid models were consistent...
Treating Depression in Vulnerable Urban Women: A Feasibility Study of Clinical Outcomes in Community Service Settings

There is a paucity of literature on direct treatment outcomes for impoverished minority populations. The current study supports the feasibility of successfully treating women for depressive symptoms in community settings where they typically seek care, adding to the small but growing direct knowledge base in this area. The sample of the 2-site study consisted of 91 women seeking treatment for depressive complaints at a homeless shelter program and a municipal hospital psychiatric clinic for Latino patients. Participants were randomly assigned to either a 16-week cognitive-behavioral group or a 16-week supportive/exploratory group for depression. Best-practice features with this population were integrated throughout. Findings showed that both treatment conditions were equally effective in decreasing depressive symptoms (BDI, CES-D) up to 4 months after treatment termination. These changes were paralleled by improvements in self-reported physical health (Duke Physical Profile). No significant differences between treatment conditions were found. Directives for next steps in the current research agenda are offered in efforts to broaden the direct evidence base for treating vulnerable urban women at high risk for depression and other forms of mental illness.
Beyond parenting skills: Battling barriers and building bonds to prevent child abuse and neglect

The grave physical and emotional consequences of childhood abuse and neglect are undisputed. Although the risk factors for child maltreatment are well established, implementing effective treatment methods remains a challenge. This paper describes three treatment challenges and solutions for replacing potentially abusive or neglectful parenting with child-appropriate parenting. The treatment challenges include: (a) conflict between participants' cultural and religious beliefs and our treatment goals, (b) cognitive limitations including inaccurate developmental expectations for the child, and, (c) an excess of negative affect and a deficit of tender feelings for the child. Solutions for these challenges evolved from clinical investigation of participant barriers to treatment, and include Socratic dialogue during treatment regarding culture and religion, use of visual metaphor in explaining abstract parenting concepts, perspective-taking exercises, techniques for anger awareness and management, and activities to increase shared positive affect and maternal emotional awareness. Policy implications and caveats concerning the limited empirical support for these techniques are discussed.
Labial and vaginal blood volume responses to visual and tactile stimuli

Five women volunteers participated in two experimental sessions designed to evaluate the response patterns of two objective psychophysiological measure of women's sexual arousal to different methods (and intensities) of sexual stimulation (i.e., an erotic film and manual self-stimulation). A vaginal photoplethysmograph was used to measure vaginal blood volume response and a labial thermistor-clip was used to measure temperature changes of one of the minor labia. Both measures usually covaried in a highly significant manner during both types of stimulation, with the largest responses typically being evoked by the physical stimulation. The response patterns for the two measures were also similar following both methods of stimulation if the woman did not experience orgasm; both measures decreased to some extent after the stimulation ended but usually remained well above the prestimulatory baseline. Orgasm, however, affected the two genital measures differently. The vaginal blood volume measure decreased dramatically during the reported orgasm, possibly because of vaginal contractions, and then increased to at least the preorgasmic level that occurred during the stimulation. The labial measure did not change during the reported orgasm but decreased relatively rapidly soon after.
Rediscovery of airship USS Macon: The first archaeological survey within the boundaries of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

The objective of this paper is to report the results of a recent archaeological effort in exploring the wreck of the USS Macon airship - the last operational Navy rigid dirigible that crashed off Point Sur, California in 1935. This site was discovered and characterized in the early nineteen nineties, but has remained untouched until investigators from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI), Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS), National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Stanford University mounted a joint expedition to re-investigate the Macon. The USS Macon location falls within the boundaries of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which was formed in the late nineties. One of the objectives of the Sanctuary is to characterize significant cultural heritage sites. The Macon is considered to be one of the most unique and significant wrecks on the west coast. The purpose of this expedition was to survey, document, and investigate surrounding areas to provide information to assist in determining the future disposition of the wreck site, and to develop a long range preservation strategy. Additionally, new robotic and vessel technology developed and used by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute was utilized in conducting this exploration. This paper will describe the background, research tools, and results of the first systematic and detailed survey of the Macon using the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Tiburon, in conjunction with the Research Vessel Western Flyer.
The effects of feeding and tonal stimulation on non-nutritive sucking in the human newborn.

Abstract This study was designed to examine the potentiality of the infant's sucking response as the dependent variable in the psychophysical study of tone intensity discrimination. One hundred and twenty newborn infants between the ages of 47 and 110 hours were examined in two 3 × 4 factorial designs to determine the interaction of feeding and tonal stimulation on sucking behavior. The hypothesis was that amount of recovery of initial sucking levels after suppression by feeding would be a function of the intensity of tone with which the infant was stimulated. The three amounts of liquid given in Exp. I were zero, 10 and 20 cc of water; in Exp. II, 0, 20, and 40 cc of a 5% dextrose and water solution. Feeding was accomplished between a 4-minute base line period during which sucking pressure records were taken for use as prefeeding rates, and a test period consisting of 20 consecutive minutes of sucking opportunity. During the test period infants received 10 seconds of tonal stimulation each 30 seconds, the four intensity levels being zero, 10, 20, and 30 db above the noise level of the room. Each cell of both 3 × 4 experiments contained 5 S s. Results showed a direct and immediate decremental effect of amount of liquid consumed on subsequent test sucking rate, this being a function of the initial base line response level. There were no statistical differences between the rates for the no , low , or medium levels of tone stimulation, but the loud did increase responding over time, the effects seeming to cumulate. Incidental findings included small but significant correlations between baseline response rate and both birth weight and age at time of testing. Analysis of startle responses indicated that this may be a more sensitive measure of discriminative ability in the psychophysical study of the newborn.
Consumer Acculturation in the Age of Globalization: A Study of First-Generation Indian Immigrants in the United States

ABSTRACT The present study seeks to assess the differences and similarities in a set of consumer traits such as physical vanity–concern and view, fashion innovativeness, and media orientations across three populations: (1) residents of India (n = 184), (2) first-generation immigrants to the United States from India (n = 55), and (3) native-born residents of the United States (n = 215). The results suggest that certain attributes of the immigrants follow traditional notions of acculturation. However, evidence was also found suggesting overacculturation and hyperidentification of Indian immigrants, as well as unique attributes of the immigrants. Implications for marketers are also discussed.
Excessive uric acid production in the human induced by 2-ethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

AN excessive endogenous synthesis of uric acid is present in a substantial portion of patients with gout1. The precise nature of the metabolic defect responsible for such excessive production is not known, but may be the result of a defective homœostatic mechanism for control of purine synthesis. Evidence for the existence of such a mechanism in the normal human has come from the observation2 that the simultaneous administration of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide suppresses de novo purine biosynthesis from glycine-15N. Factors affecting uric acid synthesis in the human are therefore of special interest in regard to the study of gout.
Carbon Sequestration and Sediment Accretion in San Francisco Bay Tidal Wetlands

Tidal wetlands play an important role with respect to climate change because of both their sensitivity to sea-level rise and their ability to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Policy-based interest in carbon sequestration has increased recently, and wetland restoration projects have potential for carbon credits through soil carbon sequestration. We measured sediment accretion, mineral and organic matter accumulation, and carbon sequestration rates using 137Cs and 210Pb downcore distributions at six natural tidal wetlands in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. The accretion rates were, in general, 0.2–0.5 cm year−1, indicating that local wetlands are keeping pace with recent rates of sea-level rise. Mineral accumulation rates were higher in salt marshes and at low-marsh stations within individual sites. The average carbon sequestration rate based on 210Pb dating was 79 g C m−2 year−1, with slightly higher rates based on 137Cs dating. There was little difference in the sequestration rates among sites or across stations within sites, indicating that a single carbon sequestration rate could be used for crediting tidal wetland restoration projects within the Estuary.
Uniform illumination of spherical laser fusion targets

Uniformity of illumination of spherical laser fusion targets is calculated for eight, twelve, and twenty beams arranged according to the symmetry of the Platonic solids. Uniformity is optimized by varying the f/no of ideal aberration-free lenses, amount of beam overlap, and the shape of the spatial beam profile. The numerical results show twenty-beam illumination to be slightly better than twelve-beam illumination, with eight beams running a poor third. Refractive energy losses due to nonorthogonal illumination and the implications for the design of a practical laser fusion reactor are discussed.