cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope. Reproducibility of optic nerve head topographic measurements with the confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope.

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy in which changes in the appearance of both the optic nerve head and the surrounding tissues are important in both diagnosing its presence and progression. Accurate methods to objectively document the appearance of the optic nerve are necessary. The confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope (Zeiss) is a new prototype instrument that may have the capability to accurately perform this function. Methods: The authors performed a prospective pilot study evaluating the ability of the confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope to reproduce three-dimensional optic nerve images. Each retinal image contained 600,000 bytes of information. Thirty discrete images of the right optic nerves of 19 visually normal volunteers were obtained. Depth measurements were compared from the same 100 × 100 μm areas (neighborhoods). Results: Image comparisons found the variability of depth measurements for the entire image were within 102 Am (95% confidence interval). Sixty percent of the depth measurements were reproducible within 100,um. Variability of the depth measurements was greatest where the neuroretinal rim sloped at the edge of the optic cup and lowest in the peripapillary area. Conclusion: The confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope has the potential to be a safe, rapid, and reproducible method of imaging ocular structures.
Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates

The development of methods for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with on-line mass spectrometric detection (CE/MS) is driven by the need for accurate, robust, and sensitive glycomics analysis for basic biomedicine, biomarker discovery, and analysis of recombinant protein therapeutics. One important capability is to profile glycan mixtures with respect to the patterns of substituents including sialic acids, acetate, sulfate, phosphate, and other groups. There is additional need for an MS-compatible separation system capable of resolving carbohydrate isomers. This chapter summarizes applications of CS/MS to analysis of carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and glycopeptides that have appeared since 2008. Readers are referred to recent comprehensive reviews covering earlier publications.
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)

During World War I, more than 500,000 southern blacks left for the North. Even more left for the West as well as the North during World War II. These extraordinary mass migrations — the first and second Great Migrations — significantly expanded the black populations in the North and the West. As a result, the black freedom struggle and the issue of black-white relations increasingly became a national rather than a southern regional concern. Indeed, these large-scale migrations profoundly altered twentieth-century United States life and culture.
Should database courses be required in computer science programs

Currently, many accredited programs of computer science do not require database theory coursework. If the goal of accreditation of academic programs is to monitor the changes in an industry and prepare students to meet the needs of the relevant industry, is this goal being met without such a requirement? Database courses often suffer from an identity crisis of not being "real" computer science, but this perception is limiting potential graduates by straining out courses that are not traditional in the discipline. This paper focuses on where the computer science graduate job market is moving and what this means to accredited programs of computer science.
INTERPRETATION OF TRACE RECORDINGS

This chapter presents the interpretation of trace recordings. It will usually be assumed that the recording medium is transported at nominally constant speed. This greatly simplifies the analysis of a recording as relative time is then linearly related to length of chart. Absolute time is calibrated either by driving the chart from a synchronous alternate current or governed direct current motor, or by means of a time-marker trace derived from a time or frequency standard of some sort. Usually, for accurate constant speed drives the recording paper is already ruled across the chart to indicate lines of simultaneous events, at regular intervals. Amplitude is measured across the chart and, particularly in pen recorders the amplitude scale is almost always non-linear because of the curvature inherent in the pen mechanism. The amplitude of a waveform is usually taken as the peak-to-peak value unless otherwise stated. This is quite an easy measurement if the waveforms are not seriously distorted and there is not too much drift on the recorded signal.
Bias, the Bar, and the Big Picture: Evaluating Circuit Court Nominees' ABA Ratings from 1953 to 2011

Recent work on potential bias in the ABA ratings of federal judges has sparked some controversy, showing that the ABA Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary (SCFJ) systematically rates Republican nominees to the US Courts of Appeal lower than Democratic nominees (Smelcer, Steigerwalt and Vining 2012). This paper builds on that research in three ways: (1) it replicates the basic finding that the SCFJ has shown bias against Republican nominees when it comes to the “well qualified” rating; (2) it shows that this bias remains even if all nominees (1953-2011) officially rated by the ABA are included in the analysis; and (3) it presents weak evidence that the SCFJ was not politically biased from the Eisenhower through Carter administrations. Using hypotheses derived from the issue evolution and conflict extension frameworks, I suggest a mechanism for the observed change from professionally-motivated to politically-influenced ratings from the SCFJ.
Innovative Strength‐Based Care in Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatry

PROBLEM Child and adolescent psychiatric units serve the highest risk, most vulnerable populations in the mental health delivery system. This article describes the integration of a strength-based approach with a traditional, medical model of psychiatric care on an acute inpatient unit. A strength-based framework allows for increased focus on exploring patients' goals, strengths, relationships, skills, and family communication within the hospital setting. METHODS The process of integration of strength-based care is described, followed by discussion of the implementation and evaluation of interventions, including mindfulness, family movie, narrative, and animal-assisted therapies. FINDINGS Innovative interventions led to improvement in patient symptoms, unit culture, and patient, family, and staff satisfaction. CONCLUSION A strong emphasis on strength-based, multidisciplinary treatment has enhanced patient care, as the goals of acute inpatient admission are broadened to include more than diagnosis and medication management.
The Effect of Local Administrative Stringency on the Provision of AFDC

This article investigates the impact that variations in local administrative practices including stringency have on the provision of AFDC. It uses a median voter model to conceptualize the choice of optimal local redistributive output, defined as the percentage of a jurisdiction's poor families receiving AFDC. Stringency is hypothesized to be a determinant of administrative effort and related to a number of eligibility related variables. Empirical evidence is offered for 57 New York State county governments for the years of 1970 and 1980. The empirical results demonstrate that differences in administrative effort reduce the poor's participation in AFDC programs. The evidence also partially supports the hypothesis that administrative effort is determined by eligibility related considerations.
Podocyte-specific chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 overexpression mediates diabetic renal injury in mice.

Inflammation is a central pathophysiologic mechanism that contributes to diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Recently, we showed that macrophages directly contribute to diabetic renal injury and that pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy. However, the direct role of CCR2 in kidney-derived cells such as podocytes in diabetic nephropathy remains unclear. To study this, we developed a transgenic mouse model expressing CCR2 specifically in podocytes (Tg[ NPHS2-Ccr2 ]) on a nephropathy-prone (DBA/2J) and CCR2-deficient ( Ccr2 -/- ) background with heterozygous Ccr2 +/- littermate controls. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. As expected, absence of CCR2 conferred kidney protection after nine weeks of diabetes. In contrast, transgenic CCR2 overexpression in the podocytes of Ccr2 -/- mice resulted in significantly increased albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen, histopathologic changes, kidney fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression, podocyte loss, and glomerular apoptosis after nine weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Interestingly, there was no concurrent increase in kidney macrophage recruitment or inflammatory cytokine levels in the mice. These findings support a direct role for CCR2 expression in podocytes to mediate diabetic renal injury, independent of monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Thus, targeting the CCR2 signaling cascade in podocytes could be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Marx’s intertwining of race and class during the Civil War in the United States:

Marx wrote extensively on race and class in the American Civil War. These writings, developed during the time he founded the First International and was completing Capital, argue that capitalism wa...
Time to fix science prizes

Science prizes should better reflect how modern science is carried out, argue Shivaji Sondhi and Steven Kivelson.
Topology and Convex Optimisation

Chapter 3 covers Topology and convex optimization. In the Chap. 2 we introduced the notion of the scalar product of two vectors in ℜ n . More generally if a scalar product is defined on some space, then this permits the definition of a norm, or length, associated with a vector, and this in turn allows us to define the distance between two vectors. A distance function or metric may be defined on a space, X, even when X admits no norm. More general than the notion of a metric is that of a topology. This notion allows us to define the idea of continuity of a function as well as analogous ideas for a correspondence. We then introduce three powerful theorems, the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem for a function, Michael’s Selection Theorem, and the Browder Fixed Point Theorem for a correspondence.
Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Survivors of Thoracic Radiation

Background and purpose A solid body of evidence demonstrates that therapeutic thoracic radiotherapy can injure the cardiovascular system. However, there is little consensus on how to screen survivors who received this therapy. This review intends to assess recent evidence on radiotherapy-related cardiac injury with the goal of formulating evidence-based guidelines.
The chemistry of cell division

1. A technique is described for the detection of SH by use of the nitroprusside test inAmoeba proteus. 2. SH occurs on the cytoplasm of the amoeba at all times. 3. SH occurs in the nucleus of the amoeba except during the anaphase and early telophase of mitosis when it is apparently discharged into the cytoplasm at the metaphase of mitosis concomitantly with the disappearance of the nuclear membrane. 4. With reorganization of the nucleus after fission SH is found in the nucleus. 5. Adult interkinetic amoebae show a stronger nitroprusside test (more SH) in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. 6. In very young interkinetic amoebae the nitroprusside reaction is approximately equal in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. 7. The major portion of the SH in the amoeba is in protein combination and is insoluble in 1/2 saturated ammonium sulphate or in 10 % trichloracetic acid except for a portion. Heating increases the detectable SH in both nucleus and cytoplasm. 8. The nitroprusside reaction is weakened in amoebae rendered moribund but still intact by exposure to ery dilute I2 or to H2O2. Moribund cells from a culture also give a weak reaction. 9. These results are discussed in relation to nuclear growth and cell division, and the possible chemical combination and state of the SH groups within the cell.
Automated test migration for mobile apps

The use of mobile apps is increasingly widespread, and much effort is put into testing these apps to make sure they behave as intended. To reduce this effort, and thus the cost of mobile app testing, we propose AppTestMigrator, a technique that allows for migrating test cases between apps with similar features. The intuition behind AppTestMigrator is that many apps share similarities in their functionality, and these similarities often result in conceptually similar user interfaces (through which that functionality is accessed). Typical examples of this situation are apps in the same category, apps developed based on the same specification, and different versions of the same app. In all these cases, the burden of writing test cases can be reduced by migrating test cases written for an app to another, similar app. Given a test case for an app (source app) and a second app (target app), AppTestMigrator attempts to automatically transform the sequence of events in the test for the source app to events that can be consumed by the target app. We implemented AppTestMigrator for Android mobile apps and evaluated our approach on four randomly selected shopping list apps from the Google Play Store. Our initial results are promising and motivate further research in this direction.
R. A. Fisher

In our Pearson to Gosset to Fisher chapter we left our historical account at Gossett’s 1908 paper on what later became, at R. A. Fisher’s suggestion, the Student t-distribution. We illustrated the distribution in its final form, as clarified by Fisher in 1925.
Drosophila bHLH-PAS Developmental Regulatory Proteins

Drosophila bHLH-PAS proteins play important roles in development and physiology. They can be divided into three groups: (i) Tgo and its bHLH-PAS dimerization partners, (ii) circadian rhythms, and (iii) hormone function. The Tgo dimerization group carries-out many developmental roles, and includes: Dysfusion (Dys), Similar (Sima), Single-minded (Sim), Spineless (Ss), and Trachealess (Trh). They are the subject of this chapter (the other Drosophila PAS genes are reviewed in the chapters by Hogenesch and Kay, Montell, and Wilson). Members of the Tgo dimerization group share a number of common features. Foremost, they form DNA-binding heterodimers with Tgo. They are well-conserved between nematodes, insects, and mammals. Each carries-out multiple developmental roles, and some have roles as master regulators of tissue formation. The tissues, cell types, and biological processes whose development and function are influenced by bHLH-PAS proteins are diverse. There is little redundancy or overlap of function, although, there is one example of a bHLH-PAS protein regulating levels of another.
Lysophospholipid G protein-coupled receptor binding parameters as determined by backscattering interferometry.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activates cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate biological signaling cascades. Lysophospholipid (LP) receptor binding properties remain incompletely assessed because of difficulties with ligand lipophilicity and lipid "stickiness." These inherent attributes produce high levels of nonspecific binding within cell-membrane preparations used to assess GPCRs, as has been shown in classical binding assays using radiolabeled ligands, making accurate measurements of lipid binding kinetics difficult to achieve. Backscattering interferometry (BSI) is an optical technology that measures molecular binding interactions by reporting changes in the refractive index of a solution after binding events. Here, we report the use of BSI to assess LPA1 for its ability to bind to naturally occurring lipids and a synthetic LPA1 antagonist (ONO-9780307), under both primary- and competition-binding conditions. Assessment of 12 different lipids demonstrated that the known LP ligand, 1-oleoyl-LPA, as well as an endocannabinoid metabolite, anandamide phosphate, are specific ligands for LPA1, whereas other LPs tested were not. Newly determined dissociation constants (Kd values) for orthosteric lipid ligands approximated 10-9 M, substantially lower (i.e., with higher affinity) than measured Kd values in classical binding or cell-based assays. These results demonstrate that BSI may have particular utility in assessing binding interactions between lipid receptors and their lipid ligands and could provide new screening approaches for lipid receptor identification and drug discovery.
Direct potentiometric determination of tin(II) and (IV), antimony(III), thallium(III), rhenium(VII), and bismuth(III) with cetylpyridinium chloride

The precipitation titrations of the following elements vs. cetylpyridinium chloride were investigated: Rhenium as perrhenate, tin as the (II) and (IV) species, antimony(III), thallium(III), and bismuth(III) as their halogen complexes. Optimum conditions for the determinations are described. Of the elements examined only thallium(III) also could be titrated potentiometrically vs. tetraphenylarsonium chloride. Titrations were monitored with a simple sensor consisting of a graphite rod coated with poly(vinyl chloride) and dioctylphthalate, and a double-junction reference electrode.
Public Land and Resources Law in the American West: Time for Another Comprehensive Review?

The federal public lands, a defining characteristic of the American West, are embroiled in change and controversy. This is nothing new as these lands have long ignited passions linked to debates over resource development versus protection and federal-state relations. During the past fifty years, however, changes engulfing the region have helped enflame these historic debates, driven by unparalleled population growth, major economic and social shifts, water conflicts, energy development demands, climate change impacts, emergent recreational and environmental values, new scientific knowledge, extensive litigation, reduced agency budgets, new community-based collaborative initiatives, and the like. These remarkable changes are testing the legal and institutional framework governing the public lands, which has changed little during the past fifty years despite recurrent criticism directed toward its shortcomings. In fact, the last comprehensive review of federal public land and resource law occurred during the 1960s, when the Public Land Law Review Commission convened and issued a groundbreaking report that helped prompt much-needed legal reforms, such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, National Forest Management Act, Payment in Lieu of Taxes Act, and Public Rangelands Improvement Act. Given the level of controversy prevailing on the public lands today, this Article addresses the question whether the time has come for another comprehensive review of the relevant laws governing these publicly owned lands and their resources. The Article identifies the changes that are inexorably reshaping public land policies, reviews past efforts through federal commissions to examine and reform the laws governing these lands, and assesses the prospects for another comprehensive review. Noting the extreme level of controversy and distrust that persists today, it concludes by proposing a more limited review effort, one focused on accelerating recreational uses and conflicts that may present an opportunity to achieve consensus for the sake of the landscape that everyone is sharing and values.
Imams and Businessmen: Islamist Service Provision in Turkey

Islamists have a reputation for winning over citizen support through service delivery. This reflects a worldwide trend in the use of service provision by non-state actors to gain political support. Existing works attribute the notable local-level variation in such provision to strategic choice or low state capacity. Focusing on the Gulen Movement, the largest Islamist group in contemporary Turkey, we find no evidence that state weakness increases Islamist service provision. Rather we show that service allocation is highly dependent on a group’s ability to marshal local resources, specifically through the associational mobilization of local business elites. For our inferences, we exploit spatial variation in Islamist service delivery across Turkey’s 970 districts and use data on the Erdo˘gan government’s purge of thousands of non-state education institutions and bureaucrats, along with original data on business associations, endowments, public service infrastructure, and early Republican associations.
Bedtime Music, Involuntary Musical Imagery, and Sleep:

Many people listen to music for hours every day, often near bedtime. We investigated whether music listening affects sleep, focusing on a rarely explored mechanism: involuntary musical imagery (earworms). In Study 1 (N = 199, mean age = 35.9 years), individuals who frequently listen to music reported persistent nighttime earworms, which were associated with worse sleep quality. In Study 2 (N = 50, mean age = 21.2 years), we randomly assigned each participant to listen to lyrical or instrumental-only versions of popular songs before bed in a laboratory, discovering that instrumental music increased the incidence of nighttime earworms and worsened polysomnography-measured sleep quality. In both studies, earworms were experienced during awakenings, suggesting that the sleeping brain continues to process musical melodies. Study 3 substantiated this possibility by showing a significant increase in frontal slow oscillation activity, a marker of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Thus, some types of music can disrupt nighttime sleep by inducing long-lasting earworms that are perpetuated by spontaneous memory-reactivation processes.
Demand response analysis of large electricity consumer based on load response model

The load fluctuation of large electricity consumers is large and the planning is easy. It is a good object of demand response program. To analyze the demand response potential of large electricity consumers, this paper develops the load response model of large electricity consumers under time-of-use electricity price. In addition, this paper finds that under the reasonable demand response program, with the increase of consumer participation rate, power system will have better performance on peak load shaving and valley filling. In order to further analyze the potential of large consumers to participate in the demand response program, this paper introduces three evaluation indexes: demand response ability, demand response speed and peak load reduction rate. Finally, the changes of comprehensive demand response potential of consumers under different peak valley ratios and different elastic coefficients. The results can provide certain reference for related research.
Winning Hearts and Minds, Losing the War: Public Opinion, COIN, and Rebel Strategy in Afghanistan, 2009-2014

Relying on survey and conflict data collected by the ISAF at the district level in Afghanistan from 2009-2014, this paper explores the causal relationships between public opinion, levels of insurgency, and counterinsurgent strategy. In order to overcome potential endogeneity problems, it relies on Bayesian Dynamical Systems Modelling, which makes minimal assumptions about how relevant variables relate to one another and is designed to uncover interactive and non-linear links between them. Consistent with COIN theory, the American surge increased support for the Afghan government, the most violent areas of the country saw reductions in attacks, and insurgent activity increased least in areas where support for the Afghan government was high. Nonetheless, the Taliban was able to expand the insurgency to more areas of the country, and, in districts where there was more counterinsurgent activity, higher support for the government was associated with increased Taliban activity. This is likely because, knowing it cannot take and hold territory due to the presence of ISAF forces, rebels seek to disrupt the successful implementation of hearts and minds and stretch the resources of the enemy. Moreover, this strategy appears to be somewhat effective, as more insurgent activity is associated with less legitimacy for the state. The results show that while hearts and minds can be won and public support for the government can benefit counterinsurgents, rebel forces can use strategy in order to disrupt this process.
Three approaches to assessing the conservation of weight concept

ion, the Perceptual explanations the third, and the Ambiguous expla­ nations the lowest level of abstraction. Definitions: Conserving statement (C): Same; the weight of the object remained the same. Nonconserving statement (NC); More or less; the weight of the object was altered. Ambiguous explanation (A): An explanation of the preceding statement which indicates the subject is either unable or unwilling to explain the reasoning used to arrive at the given statement and/or emphasizes extraneous observations or irrelevant material to support that state­ ment . Perceptual explanation (P): An explanation of the preceding statement which gives evidence of the subject's dependency on either visual or kinesthetic perceptual cues. The explanation is strictly a verbaliza­ tion of the perceptual cues perceived by the subject. Symbolic explanation (S); An explanation of the preceding statement which emphasizes factors relevant to the conservation of weight concept but is limited in that it focuses on the alterations taking place in a specific test situation. Symbolic-logical explanation (S^): An explanation of the preceding state­ ment which presents, in general terms, those factors relevant to the conservation of weight concept by stating that matter had or had not been added or subtracted by noting identity or by making reference to necessity.
Effect of honey on the growth of and acid production by human intestinal Bifidobacterium spp.: an in vitro comparison with commercial oligosaccharides and inulin.

Five human intestinal Bifidobacterium spp., B. longum, B. adolescentis, B. breve, B. bifidum, and B. infantis, were cultured in reinforced clostridial medium (control) and in reinforced clostridial medium supplemented with 5% (wt/vol) honey, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin. Inoculated samples were incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 48 h. Samples were collected at 12-h intervals and examined for specific growth rate. Levels of fermentation end products (lactic and acetic acids) were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Honey enhanced the growth of the five cultures much like FOS, GOS, and inulin did. Honey, FOS, GOS, and inulin were especially effective (P < 0.05) in sustaining the growth of these cultures after 24 h of incubation as compared with the control treatment. Overall, the effects of honey on lactic and acetic acid production by intestinal Bifidobacterium spp. were similar to those of FOS, GOS, and inulin.
Writing Narrative Evaluations and Letters of Recommendation

E ducators are asked, more than ever before, to write performance descriptions for both students and teachers. These descriptions are being used for purposes of admission into higher education (Breland 1983; Kownslar 1987; Shaffer and Tomarelli 1981) and the profession (Bredeson 1982; Horton 1988). A written assessment may be either (a) a narrative evaluation--a required professional assessment (Bredeson 1982), or (b) a letter of recommendation-a document of support that is prepared by choice (Kownslar 1987; Palmer 1983). Writers of evaluations and letters of recommendation are accountable for what they report. Evidence of this can be noted in articles published in professional journals and through information reported by public news sources. Confidentiality (Ceci and Peters 1984; Davis, Sherman, and Bryant 1987; Knouse 1987), liability (Bell, Castagnera, and Young 1984; Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act 1974; Kasambira 1984; Tidwell 1986), and the responsibility individuals have to monitor their own professions (Bredeson 1983; Kasambira 1984) are three of the more common issues described. Due to these issues, writers are becoming more cautious about what to include in evaluations and, in some cases, whether or not to write letters of recommendation (Kownslar 1987; Palmer 1983). The impact of these concerns is that narrative evaluations and letters of recommendation are becoming "increasingly bland and less useful" (Curtis 1974, 19611) and may even include misleading information (Baxter, Brock, and Rozelle 1981). Writers who use evaluations and letters of recommendation to fullest advantage can provide information not found in other records (Breland 1983; Kasambira 1984; Moore and Smith 1986). For example, some individuals belonging to certain groups (e.g., minorities and those
The Empirical Basis for the RNR Model with an Updated RNR Conceptual Framework

The risk-need-responsivity framework is based on a review of the empirical literature on offender factors that affect recidivism. The emphasis is on responsivity or the alignment of the risk and need profile with programs that are suitable to reduce recidivism. The empirical basis for the three-part framework is reviewed in this chapter with attention to integrating intervention science into a definition of responsivity. A review of the research literature since the original design of RNR (in the late 1980s) reveals that not all of the eight static and dynamic (criminogenic needs) risk components have a direct relationship with recidivism and that there are clinically relevant factors that need to be included when considering the effectiveness of an intervention, program, service, or control strategy. This chapter provides a different “sorting” of the risk and need factors besides the inclusion of gender and developmental (age) factors and clinically relevant factors (i.e., mental health status and substance abuse) that affect recidivism. The purpose is to lay the foundation for further chapters that describe the parameter and inputs into the RNR simulation model. This chapter illustrates the robustness of the original conceptual framework while demonstrating the elasticity to reframe the model based on new and emerging literature on factors that affect recidivism. Focusing attention on recidivism, and recent efforts to identify programmatic factors for different risk-need profiles, provides an opportunity to further refine the RNR model to be compatible with current research.
What if Law Journal Citations Included Digital Object Identifiers?: A Snapshot of Major Law Journals

Prevailing citation practice in law journals is to use uniform resource locators (URLs) when citing electronic sources. Digital object identifiers (DOIs) provide a more reliable and robust mechanism for citing digital, scholarly articles. This study examines to what extent DOIs exist but are not used in law journal citations. Citations to scholarly articles from twenty-five randomly-selected articles appearing in the 2008-2009 volumes of four major law journals (Harvard Law Review, Columbia Law Review, Yale Law Journal, and University of Pennsylvania Law Review) were checked for existing DOIs using CrossRef's Simple Text Query form. This resulted in 394 citations that could have had DOIs, but did not. This non-trivial number suggests that law journal editors and librarians should consider adding DOIs to citations. For journals that publish exclusively online or are interdisciplinary, assigning DOIs to their own articles may be a prudent measure to better ensure long-term digital access and citation by scholars in other fields.
Economics of early childhood intervention.

Public policy choices regarding early intervention can be viewed from a variety of perspectives, one of which is economics. The unique contribution of the economic perspective is that it insists that policy makers take into account the trade-offs involved in decisions about how to provide early intervention services, including all of the benefits produced and all of the resources consumed. Most often, economic analysis has been used to provide information about the costs and, to a lesser extent, the benefits of early intervention services. This type of information can help inform policy makers regarding the level of funding required to support a set of early intervention services and to decide what types of early intervention programs are desirable. Economic analysis can also be used to address the question of how government should fund and administer with the available resources a system of early intervention services that will produce the greatest benefits for children and families. This chapter introduces the methods and findings of economic research on early intervention and explores the implications for research, policy, and practice. The chapter begins with an overview of methodology and terminology. This is followed by an introduction to cost analysis and a review of cost estimates for early intervention programs. The next section introduces benefit-cost analysis by way of a detailed example and a brief review of the literature on the long-term benefits of early intervention emphasizing studies that examined both costs and benefits.
Stochastic parallel-gradient-descent technique for high-resolution wave-front phase-distortion correction

A new optimization technique, stochastic parallel-gradient descent, is applied for high-resolution adaptive wave-front correction. A performance criterion for parallel-perturbation-based algorithms is introduced and applied to optimize adaptive system architecture. We present numerical simulation results for an adaptive imaging system based on the stochastic parallel-perturbation technique, along with experimental results obtained for a white-light adaptive imaging system with 37 control channels. An adaptive system with a self-organized (adaptive) control channel hierarchy is introduced and analyzed.
Plasticity enhancement through disordering at grain boundaries

In seeking to explain the boron effect in Ni{sub 3}Al, Frost first suggested that disordering at the grain boundary might lead to enhanced plasticity by relieving some of the geometric constraints upon dislocation interactions with these normally brittle interfaces. This idea was further investigated by King and Yoo, who performed an extensive survey on the possible reactions between lattice dislocations or superdislocations and coincidence-related grain boundaries in the L1{sub 2} structure. It was found that, indeed, the number of available reactions in any case was multiplied by as much as a factor of four if the requirement for maintaining chemical order in the grain boundary was removed. This suggests that it may be considerably easier to relax plastic strain at grain boundaries in the case where order is not imposed than where it is, and thus that the plastic energy contributing to the fracture process may be partly relieved. This would contribute to ductilizing the grain boundaries. There ar, in fact, several mechanisms by which grain boundary disordering may contribute to improved interfacial ductility. These mechanisms primarily relate to the fat that smaller Burgers vectors are available for the grain boundary dislocations in the case where order is not preserved,more » in much the same way that superdislocations are not required in the matrix if the material is disordered. This paper discusses the contributions to ductility.« less
Superovulation in mares.

Embryo recovery from single ovulating mares is approximately 50% per estrous cycle. Superovulation could be used to increase embryo recovery and provide extra embryos for embryo freezing. This review addresses some historical approaches to superovulation, as well as examines factors that affect the response of mares to equine FSH. eCG, GnRH and inhibin vaccines have been of limited success in stimulating multiple ovulation. Numerous studies have shown that injection of equine pituitary extract (EPE) will result in three to four ovulations per estrous cycle and two embryos. A purified, standardized EPE preparation (eFSH) also results in a similar response to EPE. Factors affecting the response to EPE and eFSH include day of initial treatment, size of largest follicle at initial treatment and frequency of injection. Embryos from single ovulating, untreated mares and eFSH-treated mares provide similar pregnancy rates upon nonsurgical transfer. Five to 7 days of eFSH treatment also has been shown to hasten the first ovulation of the breeding season. Potential problems after eFSH injections include anovulatory or luteinized follicles and overstimulation. Studies are needed to further evaluate the criteria for initiation of treatment and to determine how to increase ovulation rate without decreasing embryo recovery per ovulation.
Scintillation imaging: a technique to reduce coding noise in scanned coded aperture imagers

Coded aperture imagers provide the optimum means to generate an all-sky survey at gamma-ray energies from 10's of keV to a few MeV. Unfortunately, such imagers are plagued by systematic noise that limits their dynamic range. In par-ticular, spatial gradients in the background radiation across the detector and imperfectly coded signals from strong point sources in the field of view add artifacts to the images. Although theoretical signal-to-noise ratios of order 104 are possi-ble in perfectly coded images, real-world effects have limited performance of past imagers to significantly less than that. One technique to help remove these aberrations is the use of sequential exposures with a mask and it's inverse. However, for large instruments this is an impractical solution. In addition, it does not apply for scenes with rapidly varying sources. In a scanning instrument, one solution to this problem is to interleave the mask and anti-mask patterns in a sin-gle aperture in the direction of scan. A true source will oscillate between positive and negative images (i.e. scintillate) while spatially varying backgrounds are significantly suppressed.
Effekt eines Elterntrainingsprogramms zur sozial-kommunikativen Förderung bei Kindern mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen

„Training Autismus · Sprache · Kommunikation” (TASK) ist ein Elterngruppentraining zur Anbahnung sozialer Kommunikation bei Kindern mit ASD. Die Evaluierung des Trainings fand in einer nicht randomisierten, kontrollierten Pilotstudie an 22 Kindern mit ASD im Alter von 40 – 71 Monaten statt, deren Eltern entweder der TASK-Gruppe (n = 12) oder der Treatment-as-usual-Gruppe (n = 10) zugeordnet wurden. Sozial-kommunikative Kompetenzen wurden vor und unmittelbar nach der Intervention sowie innerhalb der TASK-Gruppe im Follow-up mittels Fragebogen und einer videografierten Eltern-Kind-Interaktion erhoben. Die Videodaten wurden im „Dyadic Communication Measure for Autism” verblindet kodiert. Auf Elternseite verandert sich der prozentuale Anteil synchroner Kommunikation innerhalb der TASK-Gruppe positiv (p = .049). Bei den Kindern nimmt die initiierende Kommunikation der TASK-Gruppe im Vergleich zur TAU-Gruppe zu (p = .028). Im Follow-up ist ein deutlicher prozentualer Anstieg kindlicher Kommunikation zu beobacht...
On the existence of intermediate magnetohydrodynamic shock waves

We consider the questions related to the structure of shock waves for a system of magnetohydrodynamic equations. Using Conley's connection matrix, we recover and extend earlier results due to C. Conley and J. Smoller. In particular, we give a simpler proof of the existence of fast and slow shocks with structure. We also demonstrate that for some viscosity parameters intermediate shocks occur. Furthermore, under an assumption of transversality, we show that there exist multi-parameter families of these intermediate shocks.
Abstract 1068: Cooperation between BRCA1 and Aurora A kinase regulatesin vitrocrisis in epithelial cells derived from benign ovarian tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Aneuploidy, as defined by a chromosome number that is not a multiple of the haploid number, is a hallmark of cancer. We used an in vitro cell culture model where explants of benign epithelial ovarian tumors (cystadenomas) were transfected with an expression vector for SV40 Large T Antigen, allowing bypass of senescence due, in part, to p53 and Rb inhibition by this antigen. We previously showed that such cells eventually reach a crisis event that is associated with a cell cycle arrest at the M phase and is independent of telomere attrition. Cells that recover from this event do not complete cytokinesis and become polyploid, which is a precursor to aneuploidy. Decreased BRCA1 expression facilitates abrogation of mitotic arrest, leading to increased rates of aneuploidy. We hypothesized that Aurora A plays a role in regulating this ploidy-associated crisis event by acting as an upstream regulator of BRCA1 expression. Here we show that Aurora A kinase activity and expression is up-regulated in cells approaching crisis. Over-expression of Aurora A resulted in decreased levels of BRCA1, resulting in increased tetraploidy and aneuploidy, secondary to cells overcoming a ploidy-associated crisis. Levels of BRCA1 expression increased upon knockdown of Aurora A kinase using siRNA, further suggesting an inverse relationship between expression levels of these two proteins. Inhibition of Aurora A in cultured ovarian cystadenomas approaching crisis led to decreased cell proliferation and a concomitant decrease in tetraploidy. We tested the hypothesis that this was associated with an increase in crisis-related apoptosis by knocking down Aurora A kinase using siRNA technologies in cells approaching crisis, followed by western blotting using antibodies against PARP and cleaved CASPASE 7 fragment. The results indeed showed increased levels of these two protein fragments upon Aurora A knockdown, indicating activation of a caspase-regulated apoptotic pathway. Our findings suggest a novel role for Aurora A's influence on BRCA1 expression levels in cells approaching ploidy dependent crisis. This may, in part, explain the increased rate of near polyploidy associated with high grade ovarian carcinomas and may provide insights into the mechanism underlying aneuploidy development in epithelial cancers in general. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1068.
Novel and economical purification of recombinant proteins: Intein‐mediated protein purification using in vivo polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) matrix association

This work combines two well-established technologies to generate a breakthrough in protein production and purification. The first is the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules in engineered strains of Escherichia coli. The second is a recently developed group of self-cleaving affinity tags based on protein splicing elements known as inteins. By combining these technologies with a PHB-specific binding protein, a self-contained protein expression and purification system has been developed. In this system, the PHB-binding protein effectively acts as an affinity tag for desired product proteins. The tagged product proteins are expressed in E. coli strains that also produce intracellular PHB granules, where they bind to the granules via the PHB-binding tag. The granules and attached proteins can then be easily recovered following cell lysis by simple mechanical means. Once purified, the product protein is self-cleaved from the granules and released into solution in a substantially purified form. This system has been successfully used at laboratory scale to purify several active test proteins at reasonable yield. By allowing the bacterial cells to effectively produce both the affinity resin and tagged target protein, the cost associated with the purification of recombinant proteins could be greatly reduced. It is expected that this combination of improved economics and simplicity will constitute a significant breakthrough in both large-scale production of purified proteins and enzymes and high-throughput proteomics studies of peptide libraries.
An objective assessment of laparoscopic antireflux surgery

background Complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) requires long-term medical therapy, which in some instances is incompletely effective or poorly tolerated. Additionally, there is concern about the consequences of prolonged acid suppression therapy. Surgical correction of GERD has been a therapeutic option for decades. With the advent of video-assisted laparoscopic surgery, antireflux surgery has had a resurgence in popularity. patients and methods Between October 1992 and June 1995, 20 patients who underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery were completely studied preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively with 24-hour pH monitoring and esophageal manometry. Follow-up averaged 18 months. The indication for surgery was medically refractory disease in 75%, intolerance to medication in 10%, and concern regarding the consequences of long-term medical therapy in 15%. Two thirds of these patients had complicated GERD. results Operative time averaged 4 hours. There was no conversion to an open procedure. There was no mortality. Two patients had recurrent reflux, for a failure rate of 10%. Overall, postoperative reflux episodes and percent of time pH was less than 4 dropped significantly. Lower esophageal sphincter function showed a statistically significant increase in mean postoperative resting pressure and residual sphincter pressure during swallowing. There was no change in motility postoperatively. conclusions Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a safe, effective, therapeutic alternative in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Racial and Psychosocial Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in the Elderly

The effects of black race and psychologic stress on the risk of acquiring herpes zoster in late life were examined. Subjects were participants of a stratified probability sample of community-dwelling persons ≥65 years old. A comprehensive health survey was administered in 1986-1987 (P1), 1989-1990 (P2), and 1992-1994 (P3). Incident cases of zoster between P1 and P2 and P2 and P3 served as the dependent variables. Hypothesis-testing variables included race, negative life events, and measures of social support. Control variables included age, sex, education, cancer, other chronic diseases, hospitalization, activities of daily living, self-rated health, depression, and cigarette smoking. From P1 to P2, 1.4% of black and 3.4% of white subjects developed zoster (P <.001). From P2 to P3, 2.9% of black and 7.5% of white subjects developed zoster (P <.001). After controlling for variables, black subjects were significantly less likely to develop zoster than were white subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.26, 0.53; P =.0001). Most measures of stress were not significantly related to zoster; however, study limitations preclude definitive conclusions.
Molecular cloning and characterization of avian N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor type1 (NMDA-R1) gene

Birds have several advantages in the study of memory formation, as imprinting and passive avoidance behaviors in chick are often used as model systems. However, the primary structure of the bird N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) responsive glutamate receptor, which is assumed to play a critical role in memory formation, has not been determined. In this report we describe the cDNA cloning of a subunit of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R1) from duck and analysis of its structure and distribution in the brain. The N-terminal 898 amino acids of the NMDA-R1 were well conserved between duck and mammals, but the homology was completely lost in the C-terminus. In situ hybridization showed that the duck NMDA-R1 gene was expressed throughout the brain as it is in mammals.