cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging Ecological Approaches to Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public Health in the School Context: Next Steps From a Community Psychology Perspective

In recent years, ecological perspectives have become more visible in prevention, health promotion, and public health within the school context. Individually based approaches to understanding and changing behavior have been increasingly challenged by these perspectives because of their appreciation for contextual influences on individual behavior. The ecological perspective from community psychology integrates community research and intervention and encourages intervention and analysis at multiple levels within the system. The purpose of this article is (a) to trace briefly and through examples the evolution of ecological thinking in prevention, health promotion, and public health, and (b) to illustrate how the ecological perspective from community psychology can extend ecological thinking and acting with respect to research and intervention in the school context.
Use of Pharmaco‐Metabonomics for Early Prediction of Acetaminophen‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in Humans

Achieving the ability to identify individuals who are susceptible to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) would represent a major advance in personalized medicine. Clayton et al. demonstrated that the pattern of endogenous metabolites in urine could predict susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats. We designed a clinical study to test this approach in healthy adults who received 4 g of acetaminophen per day for 7 days. Urine metabolite profiles obtained before the start of treatment were not sufficient to distinguish which of the subjects would develop mild liver injury, as indicated by a rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to a level more than twice the baseline value (responders). However, profiles obtained shortly after the start of treatment, but prior to ALT elevation, could distinguish responders from nonresponders. Statistical analyses revealed that predictive metabolites included those derived from the toxic metabolite N-acetyl paraquinone imine (NAPQI), but that the inclusion of endogenous metabolites was required for significant prediction. This "early-intervention pharmaco-metabonomics" approach should now be tested in clinical trials of other potentially hepatotoxic drugs.
Assessment of the optimization of affinity and specificity at protein-DNA interfaces.

The biological functions of DNA-binding proteins often require that they interact with their targets with high affinity and/or high specificity. Here, we describe a computational method that estimates the extent of optimization for affinity and specificity of amino acids at a protein–DNA interface based on the crystal structure of the complex, by modeling the changes in binding-free energy associated with all individual amino acid and base substitutions at the interface. The extent to which residues are predicted to be optimal for specificity versus affinity varies within a given protein–DNA interface and between different complexes, and in many cases recapitulates previous experimental observations. The approach provides a complement to traditional methods of mutational analysis, and should be useful for rapidly formulating hypotheses about the roles of amino acid residues in protein–DNA interfaces.
Ventricular function during exercise in mice and rats

The mouse has many advantages over other experimental models for the molecular investigation of left ventricular (LV) function. Accordingly, there is a keen interest in, as well as an intense need for, a conscious, chronically instrumented, freely moving mouse model for the determination of cardiac function. To address this need, we used a telemetry device for repeated measurements of LV function in conscious mice at rest and during exercise. For reference, we compared the responses in mice to the responses in identically instrumented conscious rats. The transmitter body of the telemetry device (rat PA-C40; mouse PA-C10; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN) was placed in the intraperitoneal space through a ventral abdominal approach (rat) or subcutaneously on the left flank (mouse). The pressure sensor, located within the tip of a catheter, was inserted into the left ventricle through an apical stab wound (18 gauge for rat; 21 gauge for mouse) for continuous, nontethered, recordings of pulsatile LV pressure. A minimum of 1 wk was allowed for recovery and for the animals to regain their presurgical weight. During the recovery period, the animals were handled, weighed, and acclimatized to the laboratory, treadmill, and investigators. Subsequently, LV parameters were recorded at rest and during a graded exercise test. The results document, for the first time, serial assessment of ventricular function during exercise in conscious mice and rats. This methodology may be adopted for advancing the concepts and ideas that drive cardiovascular research.
ACTION ON FIBROBLASTS OF THE PROTEIN FRACTION OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE EXTRACT

The above experiments indicate that the growth-stimulating substance found in embryonic tissue extract, which has been responsible for the continuous growth of fibroblasts in vitro for 14 years, is either protein in nature or closely associated with the protein of the extract and adsorbed by it. If any specific hormone responsible for cell division is present, it is united to the protein or carried along with it in its first precipitation. It seems probable that the tissues utilize this protein for the nitrogen which they build into protoplasm. Whether it is first hydrolyzed before adsorption by the tissues has not been ascertained as yet. It has been shown in other experiments reported in the following paper that the amino acids of the tissue juice do not suffice for the growth of fibroblasts and that hydrolyzed tissue juice is toxic in the same way that a too concentrated mixture of amino acids is toxic. The results of the foregoing experiments may be summarized as follows: 1. Fractionation of embryo tissue juice has shown that it is the protein fraction that contains the activating substance. 2. Tissues continue to grow for a long time in the protein of the extract precipitated by CO2 and at a rate approximately equal to that in the original extract diluted to the same nitrogen concentration. 3. The non-protein nitrogen gives slight stimulation to growth. 4. Purification of the protein by repeated precipitation destroys its growth-promoting properties, but whether this is due to a denaturing of the protein,—which occurs very readily,—or to loss of some substance possibly an enzyme attached to it, has not been ascertained. 5. Preparations of purified proteins from embryonic tissue and egg white have shown no marked nutritive or stimulating action. A number of other pure substances have been tried without effect.
Leptin Rapidly Inhibits Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Secretion and Stimulates Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion in Adrenalectomized Mice

Leptin may rapidly inhibit food intake by altering the secretion of hypothalamic neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), a stimulator of food intake, and/or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), an inhibitor of food intake. We measured concentrations of NPY and CRH in specific hypothalamic regions [i.e., arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus] of 7- to 8-wk-old lean and ob/ob mice at 1 or 3 h after intracerebroventricular leptin administration. No rapid-onset effects of leptin on hypothalamic NPY or CRH concentrations were observed in intact mice. The addition of leptin to hypothalamic preparations from intact mice also did not alter NPY or CRH secretion. Glucocorticoids may oppose leptin actions. Consistent with this, leptin administration to adrenalectomized mice markedly reduced CRH concentrations in the ARC within 3 h after injection. This rapid reduction in CRH concentration in the ARC after leptin administration is more likely due to stimulated CRH release from this region than to decreased synthesis/transport from the PVN because leptin stimulates CRH synthesis in the PVN. Within 20 min after exposure to leptin, NPY secretion from hypothalamic preparations obtained from adrenalectomized mice was lowered by 27% and CRH secretion was elevated by 51%. The current study demonstrates that leptin rapidly influences the secretion of hypothalamic NPY and CRH and that these actions of leptin within the hypothalamus are restrained by the presence of endogenous corticosterone.
Mechanical properties and neural control of human hand motor units

Motor units serve both as the mechanical apparatus and the final stage of neural processing through which motor behaviours are enacted. Therefore, knowledge about the contractile properties and organization of the neural inputs to motor units supplying finger muscles is essential for understanding the control strategies underlying the diverse motor functions of the human hand. In this brief review, basic contractile properties of motor units residing in human hand muscles are described. Hand motor units are not readily categorized into the classical physiological types as established in the cat gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, the distribution of descending synaptic inputs to motor nuclei supplying different hand muscles is outlined. Motor neurons innervating intrinsic muscles appear to have relatively independent lines of input from supraspinal centres whereas substantial divergence of descending input is seen across motor nuclei supplying extrinsic hand muscles. The functional significance of such differential organizations of descending inputs for the control of hand movements is discussed.
Direct probe of interfacial structure during mechanical contact between two polymer films using infrared visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy

Infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) has been used to study the interface between poly(vinyl-N-octadecylcarbamate-co-vinyl acetate) (PVNODC) and polystyrene (PS) films during mechanical contact. The films were contacted using a deformable semispherical poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) lens that can be easily adapted to incorporate friction and adhesion force measurements. A strong methyl symmetric peak and Fermi resonance band associated with the alkyl side chains of PVNODC are observed in the SFG spectrum. This suggests that the interface structure during mechanical contact is more ordered than the structure observed for PS/PVNODC bilayer films annealed above the melting and glass transition temperatures of PVNODC and PS. Complementary contact mechanics measurements reveal a small adhesion hysteresis supporting our hypothesis that the interface structure during mechanical contact is not significantly different from the structure of the air interfaces before contact.
Electroencephalogram pattern recognition using fuzzy logic

A fuzzy logic approach to the classification of human sleep using electroencephalogram (EEG) data is presented. In this approach, frequency and amplitude information from an epoch of the EEG signal are extracted into a vector that is then compared to previously taught vectors representing the canonical features of six stages: wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and four nonREM sleep stages. For each stage, membership functions are calculated in each epoch. The stage with the maximum degree of membership is scored and classified. The system is implemented in software using the C programming language. Analysis of about 1101 epochs of the EEG data yielded an overall agreement of 77% between the program and a human scorer. >
The nucleotide sequence of tobacco rattle virus RNA-2 (CAM strain)

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the smaller genomic strand (RNA-2) of the bipartite tobacco rattle virus (CAM strain) has been determined. RNA-2 is capped at the 5' terminus and contains 1799 nucleotide residues. There is a single 223 codon long open reading frame extending from nucleotide 574 to 1242 which designates a protein of Mr 23,654. The derived amino acid composition, in percent, matches that previously determined for the virus capsid protein. The long open reading frame is flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 573 and 554 nucleotides, respectively. The 5' leader sequence contains two different sets of direct repeats, one of 119 nucleotides and the other of 76. It also contains 13 apparently unused AUG codons, four of which lie in the same frame as the capsid protein cistron. The 3' terminal sequence of RNA-2 is identical to that of the larger genomic strand (RNA-1) for 459 nucleotides.
Increased Intrasubject Variability in Response Time in Youths With Bipolar Disorder and At-Risk Family Members

Objective Deficits in sustained attention may represent an endophenotype for bipolar disorder (BD). One heritable measure of sustained attention is intrasubject variability in response time (ISV-RT). We tested the hypothesis that, compared with controls, both youths with BD and those at familial risk for the disorder would have increased ISV-RT.
Measuring Reading Comprehension

The five articles in this special issue are a blend of experimental and correlational approaches that exemplify advances in contemporary approaches to assessment of reading comprehension. They illustrate how inferences about reading comprehension are determined in part by the material presented for comprehending and the format that is used for assessing comprehension of the material. In the future, the approaches to measuring reading comprehension in these articles could be further integrated by perspectives that cut across particular approaches to measurement and begin to utilize multimethod modeling of the latent variables that underlie different tests of reading comprehension.
Incomplete reporting in a case report of corticosteroids in the treatment of alcohol-induced rhabdomyolysis.

To the Editor: In the October 2011 issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings, we reported on a 55-year-old man who had an association between substance abuse and muscle disease.1 We interpreted this as an example of alcohol-induced rhabdomyolysis and shared that interpretation with readers of the Proceedings. We further speculated that improvements in the patient's condition while under our care might have been the result of corticosteroid treatment. Shortly after the publication of our report, other physicians who also cared for this patient during other hospitalizations brought to our attention that our report did not accurately represent the complexity of the case. Specifically, we did not report multiple confounding events that could have meaningfully influenced readers' interpretation of the underlying pathophysiology and our claims of a positive response to corticosteroid treatment in this patient. Based on this critique, we again reviewed the complete collection of the patient's record at the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans. These additional findings were submitted to experts provided both by Tulane University and by the Editorial Board of Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Some factors that the authors and reviewers felt should be shared with readers include: 1 On rereview of the available records, the hospital course reported was the fourth, and not the second, in a series of 5 admissions for similar symptoms. 2 In at least one prior admission, the patient experienced rhabdomyolysis that resolved over the course of 4 days without the use of corticosteroids. 3 Poorly differentiated, metastatic carcinoma was diagnosed 1 week after the diagnosis of polymyositis. Ultimately, immunohistochemistry results from a biopsy specimen of a pelvic lesion suggested that lung cancer was the likely primary tumor. 4 Polymyositis is known to occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome and may respond to corticosteroids,2-4 but a direct relationship between lung cancer and rhabdomyolysis is not well described. 5 The extremely high levels of creatine kinase (>400,000 U/L) and history of fluctuating muscle pain may speak against polymyositis being the cause of the rhabdomyolysis, although we did not rule it out with certainty. Based on the patient's history, other possible etiologies include cocaine and alcohol abuse; however, on both hospital admissions, the patient's urine drug screen was negative for cocaine. 6 Finally, we should make it clear that we cannot rule out the possibility of alcohol-induced rhabdomyolysis coexisting with polymyositis. In the final analysis, the authors and expert reviewers were uncertain whether the new information changed the conclusions and diagnosis presented in our case report. However, all agree that we were remiss in not being more precise with these facts in the manuscript accepted for publication in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. We apologize for any confusion our actions may have caused, and we thank those individuals who brought this oversight to our attention and helped us clarify the facts of the case.
Comment on F. W. Sohont's paper “Transforming the stereographic map”

The method described in this paper of transforming the zenith of a stereographic map is of importance in its bearing on the construction of such maps for the determination of the location of earthquake-epicenters from seismograph-records. (Although no mention is made in the paper, it is here assumed that its presentation at the joint meeting of two seismological groups envisaged this application of the method.) The stereographic projection is one of two among the group of azimuthal projections (the equidistant, or Postal's, being the other) that are the most appropriate for this purpose, as has been pointed out by a number of writers. As the geographic position of a given seismographic station is made to be the point of tangency of the plane of projection with the sphere, a different grid has to be constructed or computed for each station. In the case of the stereographic projection the grid may be constructed rather simply since the meridians and parallels are arcs of circles. Whether the method proposed in the present paper of deriving one grid from another by changing the zenith offers advantages in time-saving over the conventional method of independent construction is a question it would be of interest to settle by drawing two grids for the same station by the two different methods.
α1-Adrenergic Activation Inhibits β-Adrenergic–Stimulated Unitary Ca2+ Currents in Cardiac Ventricular Myocytes

We have previously shown that whole-cell L-type Ca2+ current that was stimulated through β-adrenergic receptors was negatively modulated by α1-adrenergic activation. In the present study, we investigated the kinetic basis of this modulation at the single-channel level in adult rat ventricular myocytes using Ba2+ as the charge carrier. Unitary current sweeps were evoked by 300-ms depolarizing pulses to 0 mV, from a holding potential of −50 mV at 0.5 Hz. During control conditions, the ensemble-averaged current amplitude was 0.18±0.01 pA (n=7). To achieve β-adrenergic stimulation (β effect), cells were superfused with norepinephrine (10 μmol/L) in the presence of prazosin (10 μmol/L), an α1-adrenergic blocker. β-Adrenergic stimulation enhanced ensemble-averaged current (from 0.18±0.01 to 0.75±0.04 pA, P <.05, n=7), increased the open-time constants, and decreased the closed-time constants. To activate α1-receptors while maintaining the β-adrenergic stimulation, cells were superfused with norepinephrine alone (α1+β effects). α1-Adrenergic activation reduced ensemble-averaged current (from 0.75±0.04 to 0.41±0.03 pA, P <.05, n=7), decreased open-time constants, and increased closed-time constants. α1-Adrenergic activation also inhibited ensemble-averaged currents stimulated by a low concentration (10 μmol/L) of 8-bromo-cAMP but not by (−)Bay K 8644 (1 μmol/L). Calphostin C (1 μmol/L), a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C, attenuated α1-adrenergic inhibition on β-adrenergic–stimulated unitary currents. We conclude that α1-adrenergic activation exerts an inhibitory effect on β-adrenergic–stimulated unitary Ba2+ current at the single-channel level. The shortening of the open-time and the lengthening of the closed-time constants and the increase in blank sweeps may explain the inhibition of the Ca2+-channel activity and the reduction in whole-cell Ca2+ current previously reported. This inhibition is in part mediated through the protein kinase C pathway.
Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres

Added by telomerase, arrays of TTAGGG repeats specify the ends of human chromosomes. A complex formed by six telomere-specific proteins associates with this sequence and protects chromosome ends. By analogy to other chromosomal protein complexes such as condensin and cohesin, I will refer to this complex as shelterin. Three shelterin subunits, TRF1, TRF2, and POT1 directly recognize TTAGGG repeats. They are interconnected by three additional shelterin proteins, TIN2, TPP1, and Rap1, forming a complex that allows cells to distinguish telomeres from sites of DNA damage. Without the protective activity of shelterin, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. How does shelterin avert these events? The current data argue that shelterin is not a static structural component of the telomere. Instead, shelterin is emerging as a protein complex with DNA remodeling activity that acts together with several associated DNA repair factors to change the structure of the telomeric DNA, thereby protecting chromosome ends. Six shelterin subunits: TRF1, TRF2, TIN2, Rap1, TPP1, and POT1.
English and psychiatry

The writers who capture the minds and ears of the psychiatric community have a variety of motivations. They could want you to endorse a drug, a diagnosis, or a theory. In their efforts to persuade you, they will use rhetorical strategies. Rhetorical strategies are methods of writing to persuade a reader of an over-arching conclusion. With training in these strategies, it becomes easier for members of all disciplines, including psychiatry, to understand what methods of persuasion are being used on them.
T-cell recovery following marrow transplant: experience with delayed lymphocyte infusions to accelerate immune recovery or treat infectious problems.

: All forms of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation are complicated by delayed immune reconstitution, which results in an increased risk of infectious complications and relapse of disease. Donor lymphocyte infusions have been used in an attempt to enhance immune recovery and for the prevention and treatment of specific infections following transplantation. While there is little data to support the use of donor lymphocytes for the enhancement of general immune function post-transplant, unselected and virus-specific donor T cells may have efficacy for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections and disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). While donor lymphocyte infusions may cause significant morbidity and mortality, they are a novel and potentially powerful approach for the treatment of frequently fatal post-transplant infectious complications.
Failure of Glaucoma Follow-up Compliance.

American Journal of Opthalmology - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since lundi 21 septembre 2015
In Vivo Efficacy of Antimicrobial-Coated Devices

To The Editor: We read with great interest the article “In Vivo Efficacy of Antimicrobial-Coated Devices” (2007;89:792-7), by Darouiche et al., and acknowledge the excellent experimental work. With active tuberculosis developing in approximately nine million people every year and 1.7 million deaths resulting from tuberculosis infection annually, tuberculosis is far from under control and is a major public health problem in Asia and Africa1. The increasing spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the recalcitrant nature of persistent infections pose additional challenges to treatment with …
Circumferentially-symmetric finite eigenstrains in incompressible isotropic nonlinear elastic wedges

Abstract Eigenstrains are created as a result of anelastic effects such as defects, temperature changes, bulk growth, etc., and strongly affect the overall response of solids. In this paper, we study the residual stress and deformation fields of an incompressible, isotropic, infinite wedge due to a circumferentially symmetric distribution of finite eigenstrains. In particular, we establish explicit exact solutions for the residual stresses and deformation of a neo-Hookean wedge containing a symmetric inclusion with finite radial and circumferential eigenstrains. In addition, we numerically solve for the residual stress field of a neo-Hookean wedge induced by a symmetric Mooney–Rivlin inhomogeneity with finite eigenstrains.
The genetic characterization of the VP4 gene of coxsackievirus B5 isolated from a fatal case with severe hand foot and mouth disease

Objective:To identify the type of the enterovirus isolated from a fatal case of severe hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD),and to estimate variation of the VP4 gene by genetic characterization analysis.Methods: The virus RNA was extracted and the enterovirus was typed by RT-nPCR with VP4 primers,sequencing and Blast.The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene of the enterovirus was performed.Results: Tested by RT-nPCR with VP4 typing primers,the target fragment was amplified and sequenced successfully.The virus isolate was identified as coxsackievirus B5(CoxB5),and was designated BJ09-237(Genbank accession number JF430480).The full length of the VP4 region of BJ09-237 was 207bp.BJ09-237 shared the nucleotide identities of 79%~98%,and the amino acid identities of 95%~100% with the CoxB5 reference sequences within the VP4 region.BJ09-237 was clustered with Guangdong strain HQ005438 and Russian strain GQ281602.There was no deletion and insertion of amino acid in the VP4 region of BJ09-237 and no unique amino acid replacement was found.Conclusion: The VP4 gene of the CoxB5 strain isolated from the fatal case of severe hand,foot and mouth disease had no significant variation.
Assessment of follicular function in women by measurement of urinary estrogen conjugates

Daily early morning urine samples from 23 women during their conception cycles were evaluated for urinary estrone (E1) conjugates and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) levels and indexed by creatinine (Cr) concentrations. These 23 cycles were classified into two groups according to the rate of E1 conjugates increase following implantation. Urine from 16 nonconception cycles was available for 11 of the women. The two groups differed significantly both before and after, but not during, the midcycle E1 conjugates peak. The length of the follicular phase was significantly shorter in the group of women with the lower E1 conjugate levels. These data suggest that differences in estrogen excretion at times other than the preovulatory estrogen surge represent the endocrine activity of subdominant ovarian follicles. Further, such urinary estrogen profiles may represent useful parameters for defining ovarian follicular populations and/or indicating the effects of hazards to female reproduction.
Early Parkinson's disease: what is the best approach to treatment.

Early and correct diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are crucial for the patient’s well being. At the first visit, it is important to deal with the patient’s misconceptions of the disease and its course, to offer sources of information and to suggest exercises. To make a correct initial diagnosis of PD we need to assess the course of the initial levodopa responsiveness. The most frequent challenges in diagnosing PD are the conditions of essential tremor and multiple system atrophy. PD has 3 stages of development: (i) early — from the onset of symptoms to the appearance of motor fluctuations; (ii) middle — from motor fluctuations to the appearance of moderate-to-severe disability; and (iii) advanced — when moderate-to-severe disability is present. The medical treatment of early PD should be started when functional disability appears, which is a different threshold for each patient. For patients below 65 years old, or above 65 years old but with preserved mental function and with no severe comorbidity, initial monotherapy with a dopamine agonist is advisable. This approach appears to delay the appearance and reduce the amount of late motor complications with subsequent levodopa treatment. All dopamine agonists have similar efficacy, which is less than that of levodopa. It is important to consider the adverse effect profile when a choice for initial or adjunctive therapy is made. When levodopa therapy is started as an adjunct in younger patients or as initial monotherapy in older patients, sustained-release levodopa preparations are preferred. They have a longer half-life and possibly stimulate the dopamine receptors more continuously. Anticholinergic drugs are appropriate for younger patients with tremor-dominant PD. Amantadme is mainly used for dyskinesia control. Catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibitors and neurosurgery are not treatments of choice for early PD but can be very effective for more advanced disease. The presence of presymptomatic markers of PD, such as changes in odour detection, handwriting, speech, movement time of self-initiated motor acts, personality traits, presence of antibodies against dopaminergic neurons, pattern of positron emission tomography results, appearance of mitochondrial DNA mutation profiles, etc., appear to be very important in the light of the emerging neuroprotective therapies. Neuroprotection is aimed at slowing the rate of disease progression. Selegiline has been shown to cause a mild delay in the need for levodopa, possibly suggesting some protection. However, this initial benefit was not sustained in long term studies. Currently, there is no neuroprotective drug for PD.
Platelet Transfusion Therapy

Although platelet transfusion is a vital part of modern hemother- apy, many related issues are unresolved. The most appropriate trigger point for transfusion and the clinical utility of prophylactic transfusion are still debated, but the importance of patient-specific transfusion decisions is clear. Leukocyte reduction and single donor platelets may have important roles in avoiding complications, but more data are needed. Establishment of a standardized protocol for managing patients receiving ongoing platelet transfusions may facilitate application of special techniques and the use of specially chosen units that provide better platelet support for thrombocytopenic patients.
The Algorithm of the Two-Impulse Time-Fixed Noncoplanar Rendezvous with Drag and Oblateness Effects

The algorithm that generates the exact solution of the two-impulse noncoplanar rendezvous in general elliptic orbit is presented in this chapter. The motion of the maneuvering spacecraft is referred to a rotating reference frame attached to the passive spacecraft, and dragging and precessing at the same rate as that spacecraft. An iterative scheme is devised to find the magnitude and orientation of the initiating impulse that brings the active spacecraft to a desired target point in the vicinity of the passive spacecraft in a given time. When the rendezvous point is in the vicinity of the passive spacecraft and not at the passive vehicle location itself, the linear distance between the two vehicles will exhibit variations along their post-rendezvous common orbit which can be of the order of kilometers for highly eccentric orbits. These natural oscillations can be minimized by targeting the active vehicle to the immediate proximity of the passive spacecraft, and be totally eliminated by targeting to the passive vehicle location itself.
Chemoprevention acceptance and adherence in women with high-risk breast lesions.

Patients with atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (atypical breast lesions) are at high risk of developing breast cancer, and chemoprevention has been shown to confer a substantial reduction in that risk. Despite this, the overall rate of chemoprevention utilization in this group is low. This study evaluates the efficacy of a formal individualized education and counseling session on patient acceptance and adherence to chemoprevention. Patients with atypical breast lesions having an individualized education and counseling session in a single surgical oncology practice were prospectively entered into a database from 2001 to 2016, and with IRB approval, their data were analyzed. Chemoprevention recommendations, acceptance, duration of treatment, and side effects were recorded. A total of 536 patients were included in this study. Mean age at diagnosis was 52 years (range: 19-86 years). Chemoprevention was recommended for 386 (72%) of whom 199 (52%) elected to take medication or participate in a chemoprevention clinical trial. At the time of this writing, 72 patients had completed therapy, 69 were still in treatment, and 58 had stopped chemoprevention prematurely. Approximately 55% of the women who accepted chemoprevention in this study will complete 5 years of therapy. A formal individualized education and counseling session can improve chemoprevention acceptance and achieve a reasonable completion rate, thus reducing cancer incidence in women with atypical breast lesions.
Size resolved chemical composition of nanoparticles from reactions of sulfuric acid with ammonia and dimethylamine

AbstractNanoparticle formation and growth driven by acid-base chemistry was investigated by introducing gas-phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with ammonia (NH3) or dimethylamine (DMA) into a flow tube re...
High-affinity L-arabinose transport operon. Gene product expression and mRNAs.

Various portions of the “high-affinity” l-arabinose transport operon were cloned into the plasmid expression vector pKK223-3 and the operon-encoded protein products were identified. The results indicate that three proteins are encoded by this operon. The first is a 33,000 Mr protein that is the product of the promoter-proximal l-arabinose binding protein coding sequence, araF. A 52,000 Mr protein is encoded by sequence 3′ to araF and has been assigned to the araG locus. The sequence 3′ to araG encodes a 31,000 Mr protein that has been assigned to the araH locus. Both the araG and araH gene products are localized in the membrane fraction of the cell, implying a role in the membrane-associated complex of the high-affinity l-arabinose transport system. Nuclease S1 protection studies indicate that two operon message populations are present in the cell, a full-length operon transcript and a seven- to tenfold more abundant binding protein-specific message. The relative abundance of these two message populations correlates with the differential expression of the binding protein and the membrane-associated proteins of the transport system.
Assessing Psychosis in Acute and Chronic Mentally Ill Older Adults

Publisher Summary This chapter describes general considerations in assessing older adults who are suspected of exhibiting psychotic symptoms. It reviews the definition, prevalence, and features of common syndromes associated with psychosis; and for each of these syndromes, it provides assessment strategies, illustrative case studies, and well-validated instruments for the practitioner. Psychosis is common among older adults, with many causes that range from medical illnesses, dementia, and schizophrenia. In this chapter, we focus on the assessment of psychotic disorders in older age, including the prevalence, course, and clinical features. A growing number of people with schizophrenia are older adults, and despite earlier assumptions that the illness follows a deteriorating course, the illness is characterized by remarkable stability in older age. Psychotic symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease and other dementia are evident in up to 40% of patients, and the presence of psychosis predicts more rapid cognitive decline and institutionalization. In the assessment of acute psychosis, differentiating among the medical and psychiatric etiologies can be challenging. Nevertheless, there are key distinctions in the onset, timing, and phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions between schizophrenia and psychosis stemming from dementia. There are a number of clinician-rated scales that are psychometrically sound in the assessment of severity of psychotic symptoms in older age, which should be typically accompanied by performance-based assessment of functional capacity and standardized clinical ratings of functioning.
Sound Propagation in the Natural Environment, Animal Acoustic Communication and Possible Impact for Pollination

Acoustic communication by and between animals is dependent on the acoustic climate of the environment. Communication is ment to offer a method for sending a message from one animal to another, whether it is for occupation of a territory, attracting females for sexual reproduction as for example in the frog chorus, give warnings to other individuals of the same species in the case of detecting a predator, for detecting food or prey as for example the sonar system used by bats.
Tenogenically differentiated adipose-derived stem cells are effective in Achilles tendon repair in vivo.

The purpose of this study was to characterize rat adipose-derived stem cells, induce adipose-derived stem cell tenogenesis, and analyze adipose-derived stem cell effects on tendon repair in vivo. A...
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Testbed for Research and Education

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have been in use for decades. They provide remote management and monitoring capabilities for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) such as power plants, trains, water treatment plants, dams, and many other applications. In recent years, SCADA systems have been targets by cyber-attackers. The Mod-bus TCP/IP protocol which is a standard communication protocol, used by many SCADA systems for network communication, is not secure. In this paper, a design and implementation of a custom SCADA testbed to provide an active hands-on environment, is proposed. It’s goal is to sparks students’ enthusiasm for learning and build a strong foundation that will lead to further interest in the subject matter. This project was completed by two undergraduate students over six months and the total materials budget was less than $6,000.00. It is a good example for other schools who are interested in having a cost-effective custom ICS testbed for research and educational purposes.
A staff leadership model in an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center: Quality begins with the team.

73Background: Patients with cancer face a range of complex biopsychosocial needs and challenges. To manage the complex needs of such “high-risk, high-cost” patients, an integrated interdisciplinary...
Packaging and Evaluation of 100 kV Photoconductive Switches

It is desired to integrate a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) capable of holding off and switching 100 kV into a package with small parasitic inductance such that sub-nanosecond rise time is still achievable at current amplitudes of hundreds of amperes. A GaAs based PCSS is utilized, which makes it necessary to address the filamentary nature of the current, which may lead to a shortening of device lifetime. In order to design a practical package, COMSOL based 2D electric field simulations have been utilized to aid in shaping the field between the PCSS semiconductor, the electrodes, and the high voltage encapsulant. To deal with the unavoidable high field stresses in the small package, the switch is brought to voltage within a few microseconds only, and then closed. Thus, keeping the duration of voltage stress very short, and the risk of self-triggering due to leakage current low.
Reply to Görner et al.: Encoding gaze as implied motion

We thank Gorner et al. (1) for a welcome comment on our study (2). We report brain activity that suggested people implicitly code the gaze of an agent as a stream of motion emanating from the agent. Gorner et al. (1) offer an alternative explanation: The motion-related brain activity may represent an expectation that the agent will perform an action, such as reaching out or walking toward the target of gaze. When viewing static images of a running animal, subjects generate an implied motion signal (3, 4). It is possible that our subjects covertly processed the stimulus (a face and a tree) as a person … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: arvidg{at}princeton.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Episodes of fast crystal growth in pegmatites.

Pegmatites are shallow, coarse-grained magmatic intrusions with crystals occasionally approaching meters in length. Compared to their plutonic hosts, pegmatites are thought to have cooled rapidly, suggesting that these large crystals must have grown fast. Growth rates and conditions, however, remain poorly constrained. Here we investigate quartz crystals and their trace element compositions from miarolitic cavities in the Stewart pegmatite in southern California, USA, to quantify crystal growth rates. Trace element concentrations deviate considerably from equilibrium and are best explained by kinetic effects associated with rapid crystal growth. Kinetic crystal growth theory is used to show that crystals accelerated from an initial growth rate of 10−6–10−7 m s−1 to 10−5–10−4 m s−1 (10-100 mm day−1 to 1–10 m day−1), indicating meter sized crystals could have formed within days, if these rates are sustained throughout pegmatite formation. The rapid growth rates require that quartz crystals grew from thin (micron scale) chemical boundary layers at the fluid-crystal interfaces. A strong advective component is required to sustain such thin boundary layers. Turbulent conditions (high Reynolds number) in these miarolitic cavities are shown to exist during crystallization, suggesting that volatile exsolution, crystallization, and cavity generation occur together. Pegmatite crystals are thought to grow rapidly, yet their growth rates and conditions are not well constrained. Here, the authors find that the trace element distributions of pegmatitic quartz crystals indicate rapid growth in highly dynamic environments, suggesting that large meter-scale crystals can be formed within days.
10kV Compensating Voltage Regulator for Reducing Carbon Brush Current and Its Application

The problem of low voltage in rural power grids is very outstanding. New substations, new lines and other methods to solve the low voltage problem have limited scope of application, high cost, and time-consuming, and there is an urgent need to develop new low-voltage lifting devices for distribution network lines.10kV line voltage regulator in rural power grid is an effective method in the low voltage control, the cost is low. In this paper, a 10kV compensating voltage regulator to reduce carbon brush current is developed, through the establishment of distribution circuit equivalent circuit with 10kV voltage regulator, to carry out theoretical calculation of the pressure regulator in 10kV line, and in combination with the practical situation of the rural line voltage regulator installation effect verification, provide reference for rural low voltage grid management work.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Interhospital Transfer for Conditions With a Mortality Benefit to Transfer Among Patients With Medicare.

Importance Interhospital transfer (IHT) of patients is a common occurrence in modern health care. Racial/ethnic disparities are prevalent throughout US health care, but their presence in IHT is not well characterized. Objective To determine if there are racial/ethnic disparities in IHT for medical diagnoses for which IHT is associated with a mortality benefit. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional analysis used 2013 data from the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services 100% Master Beneficiary Summary and Inpatient Claims merged with 2013 American Hospital Association data. Individuals with Medicare aged 65 years or older continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B with an inpatient hospitalization claim in 2013 for primary diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, sepsis, or respiratory diseases were included. Data analysis occurred from November 2019 through July 2020. Exposures Race/ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of interest was IHT. For the primary analysis, a series of logistic regression models were created to estimate the adjusted odds of IHT for Black and Hispanic patients compared with White patients, controlling for patient clinical and demographic variables and incorporating hospital fixed effects. In secondary analyses, subgroup analyses were conducted by diagnosis, hospital teaching status, and hospitalization to hospitals in the top decile of Black and Hispanic patient proportion. Results Among 899 557 patients, 734 958 patients were White (81.7%), 84 544 patients were Black (9.4%), and 47 588 patients were Hispanic (5.3%); there were 418 683 men (46.5%), and 306 215 patients (34.0%) were older than 84 years. The mean (SD) age was 76.8 (7.5) years. Among all patients, 20 171 White patients (2.7%), 1913 Black patients (2.3%), and 1062 Hispanic patients (2.2%) underwent IHT. After controlling for patient variables and hospital fixed effects, Black patients had a persistently lower odds of IHT (adjusted odds ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81-0.92;P Conclusions and Relevance This national evaluation of IHT among patients hospitalized with diagnoses previously found to have mortality benefit with transfer found that, compared with White patients, Black patients had persistently lower adjusted odds of transfer after accounting for patient and hospital characteristics and measured across various hospital settings. Meanwhile, Hispanic patients had higher adjusted odds of transfer. This research highlights the need for the development of strategies to mitigate disparate transfer practices by patient race/ethnicity.
A Multi-agency Perspective Regarding Compliance and Communication

As an individual responsible for assessing the effects of federal undertakings on cultural resources, I continually stress that valuing, protecting, and studying cultural heritage does not impede progress but enriches it. Many non-cultural resource professionals lack knowledge, understanding, respect, and experience in applying the federal, state, and local laws, which has created a sharp division not only within the archaeological community but also within society as whole. In this paper, I will demonstrate and discuss examples of how thorough and clear communication increases the ability to assess cultural resources sites, and efficacy in providing guidance through the regulatory process.
Study on enhancing anoxia endurance function of recombinant human erythropoietin in mice

Objective To observe the effects of EPO on hypoxia tolerance in mice.Methods The mice were randomly divided into EPO-treated group and control group,the mice were subcutaneous injection administered different doses of EPO or normal saline respectively once a day for 7 days.Then,the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were determined.The survival times of acute hypoxia were measured in anoxia with normal air pressure,in poisoning by nitrite and in acute lack of blood in brain.Results The levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in EPO group were markedly increased,compared with those of control group,P0.01,and the survival times of hypoxia in mice were significantly prolonged,compared with control group,P0.01.Conclusion EPO has a remarkable effect in enhancing the tolerance of hypoxia in the mice.