cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization and the Reconstitution of Local Gender Arrangements

This article explores how globalization shapes the construction of masculinity among nationalist Indian men, filmgoing men in India, and diasporic Indian men in Fiji. These men are often attracted to transnational media depictions of male violence as the basis of male identity. But bureaucratic transnational forms and transnational media celebrations of cosmopolitan lifestyles also engender anxieties about national identity. Men often handle these anxieties by rooting their own national identity in women's acceptance of food habits, clothing, and gender subordination that men regard as traditional. Although participation in bureaucratic economies is an important source of men's anxieties about globalization, men address these anxieties in the realm of interpersonal gender relations over which they have some control.
Keynote Speech 2: Consumerization of Electronics and Nanometer Technologies: Implications on Test

Test has long been recognized as the bridge between Design and Manufacturing. However, innovation and deep integration in design and test tools has not kept pace with the consumerization of electronics and the rapidly evolving nanometer IC design and manufacturing. As a result, the full potential of Test has not been harnessed by the mainstream semiconductor community. The consumerization of electronics places significant new demands on low power, correctness and time-to-volume production. The Test technologies need to innovate at a faster pace to enable system companies and their semiconductor suppliers - in segments ranging from automotive to entertainment and multi-media to meet these new challenges. The rapid advances in nanometer technologies pose another set of challenges, primarily related to integration. Whereas the integration at the level of interoperability amongst different tools in the design and implementation flows has been adequate in the past, nanometer technology introduces new levels of complexity due to the advanced physics effects and higher scales of transistor integration. This in turn results in complex interaction and interdependence amongst the different design steps such as synthesis, test, floor planning, placement, routing and chip finishing. The EDA industry needs to establish a new paradigm and a "deep integration" to meet these challenges and to deliver the productivity gains that will enable our customers to meet demands on functionality, correctness, quality and time-to-volume production. The paradigm needs to shift from "Design For Test" to "Design With Test", to fully model the tight interdependencies between design and test. During the design phase, DFT steps must integrate well during the design architecture, synthesis, timing and layout steps. Later, during the manufacturing phase, the benefits of DFT must be seamlessly harnessed for rapid scan diagnostics based yield learning using not only logic information from the design database but also using timing and layout information. Such advances in innovation and integration will go a long way in moving the EDA industry from being a supplier of point tools to the role of a partner proactively anticipating and delivering on customers' needs. The keynote will discuss these challenges and possible solutions and scenarios.
Influence of Age and Sex of Model on Sex-Inappropriate Play

Boys and girls were exposed to a same- or opposite-sex live older or younger model who made verbal statements about the appropriateness of selecting a sex-inappropriate toy for the children. 55 boys and 55 girls with a mean age of 6.1 yr. were randomly assigned to one of five conditions. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with sex of S (male or female), sex of model (male or female), and status of model (older or younger) was used. In addition, boys and girls were assigned to a control group. Play with the sex-inappropriate toys was promoted more following exposure to an older model. The results were explained in terms of the possible cross-situational generality of instructions from an adult.
The impact of envelope glycoprotein cleavage on the antigenicity, infectivity, and neutralization sensitivity of Env-pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles

Endoproteolytic processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoproteins is an obligate part of the biosynthetic pathway that generates functional, fusion-competent Env complexes, which are then incorporated into infectious virions. We have examined the influence of cleavage on Env-specific antibody reactivity, Env incorporation into pseudovirions, and the infectivity and neutralization sensitivity of Env-pseudotyped viruses. To do so, we have used both incompletely processed wild-type (Wt) Env and engineered, cleavage-defective Env mutants. We find that there is no simple association between antibody reactivity to cell surface-expressed Env, and the ability of the same antibody to neutralize virus pseudotyped with the same Env proteins. One explanation for the absence of such an association is the diverse array of Env species present on the surface of transiently transfected cells. We also confirm that cleavage-defective mutants are antigenically different from Wt Env. These findings have implications for the use of Env binding assays as predictors of neutralizing activity, and for the development of cleavage-defective Env trimers for use as subunit immunogens.
Changing obligations and immutable blameworthiness

Rejetant l'objection opposee par E. Wierenga a la these de la changeabilite des obligations developpee par F. Feldman, l'A. montre, a partir d'exemples empruntes a l'ecole de Francfort, que la version de l'utilitarisme de l'acte ideal defendue par G. E. Moore semble autoriser le caractere changeant du statut normatif des actions
Hyperfine field at a point interstitial impurity in ferromagnetic nickel

Abstract A simple model for the spin polarization around a charged interstitial impurity in ferromagnetic nickel is presented. It is based on screening of the charge by only s -electrons, while d -electrons, considered to be correlated and localized, are responsible, through an exchange mechanism, for the s -electron spin polarization. Agreement with recent experiments on μ + precession in Ni, as well as neutron diffraction data is satisfactory.
Antagonism by forskolin of the 5-HT3 receptor-mediated current in nodose ganglion neurons is independent of cyclic AMP

Abstract The effect of forskolin on the inward current mediated by 5-HT3 receptors (5-HT current) was investigated in rat nodose ganglion neurons. Forskolin inhibited the peak amplitude of the 5-HT current and increased current desensitization in a dose-dependent manner. Dideoxyforskolin, which does not stimulate adenylate cyclase, had a similar inhibitory effect on the 5-HT current. The effect of forskolin was neither mimicked by intracellular application of exogenous cyclic AMP (0.5 to 4 mM) nor occluded by intracellular forskolin (30 μM) or protein kinase inhibitor H-7 (100 μM). Intracellular applications of forskolin, cyclic AMP or H-7 had no effect on 5-HT current. Data suggest that forskolin acted at an extracellular site on 5-HT3 receptors and this effect of forskolin was not mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent processes
Reactions of Cp*Ir(2,5-dimethylthiophene) with Ru3(CO)12, Re2(CO)10, Mn2(CO)10, and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2

Reactions of the isomers Cp*Ir(η4-2,5-Me2T) (1) and Cp*Ir(C,S-2,5-Me2T) (2), where 2,5-Me2T is 2,5-dimethylthiophene, with Ru3(CO)12, Re2(CO)10, Mn2(CO)10, and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2 yield a remarkable diversity of products. With Ru3(CO)12, both 1 and 2 give the CO-substituted product Cp*Ir(η4-2,5-Me2T·Ru3(CO)11) (4), in which the 2,5-Me2T group is η4-coordinated to the Ir and S-coordinated to a Ru in the plane of the triangular Ru3(CO)11 cluster. With Re2(CO)10, 1 reacts to give the CO-substituted product Cp*Ir(η4-2,5-Me2T·Re2(CO)9) (6), in which 1 is S-coordinated in an equatorial position of the metal−metal dimer Re2(CO)9. However, another product of this reaction is Cp*Ir(η4-SC3H2MeC(O)Me)[Re2(CO)9] (7), in which the 2,5-Me2T ligand has been converted to a ring-opened acyl−thiolate unit that is S-coordinated to Re2(CO)9. Compound 7 is the major product of the reaction of 2 with Re2(CO)10. The reaction of 2 with Mn2(CO)10 gives Cp*Ir(η4-SC3H2MeC(O)Me)[Mn2(CO)9] (9), the Mn analog of 7. The reaction of [(η6-...
Measurement of U I and U II relative oscillator strengths

Relative $\mathrm{gf}$ values for 49 prominent ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ lines and 21 of the strongest ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{I}}$ lines have been measured. The ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ measurements were made using a wall-stabilized arc into which the uranium was introduced in the form of U${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$. The ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{I}}$ values were measured with a flow-stabilized arc which is essentially a free-burning arc stabilized by streaming argon around one of the electrodes which is formed from a molten ball of uranium held in a tungsten cup. Temperatures in the wall-stabilized and flow-stabilized arc were 10 500 K and 5500 K, respectively. The ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{I}}$ relative $\mathrm{gf}$ values were placed on an absolute scale employing a recent lifetime determination for the 27 887-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ level of ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{I}}$. This absolute scale was extended to the ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ values by measuring the relative intensity of a ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and a ${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ line in the wall-stabilized arc.
Helium: problematic primordial signals

Various lines of evidence suggest that pre-eruptive degassing of basalts is not only important but may dominate the He flux from the mantle to the oceans and atmosphere. These include: (1) correlations between U/4He ratios and Mg# in volcanic suites, which suggest that U/4He increases as differentiation proceeds; (2) the observation that U/4He ratios in MORB average about a factor of 400 lower than those from Loihi Seamount, although3He/4He ratios suggest that Loihi is derived from a source with a lower U/4He ratio than is appropriate for the MORB source; and (3) the3He budget of the oceans which, as defined by Craig and Lupton [6], requires that MORB is on average 70–90% outgassed in He. These observations suggest, as noted in [1], that mantle3He/4He ratios may be subject to perturbation due to radiogenic accumulation of4He in systems where U/4He has been increased by pre-eruptive degassing. Models involving continuous diffusive loss (CDL) of He from a magma chamber and exhalative loss (EL) via solution of He in a CO2-rich gas or fluid phase are investigated. Low U/4He ratios in MORBs preclude significant pre-eruptive reduction of3He/4He ratios; however, OIBs with U/4He > 106 may be subject to significant reduction of3He/4He (⩾ 10%) with pre-eruptive aging over time periods ranging from 1 × 103 to 5 × 105 years.
A bounded optimization algorithm for capacity assignment in computer communication networks

Abstract An algorithm is derived here for minimizing point to point delay in a store and forward computer communication network for any of the following topologies : a single node with multiple inputs (through communication processor ports), two nodes multiply connected or a multilevel (hierarchical) network composed of many single and two node combinations of multiple connections. The constraints of (1) a given lower and upper bound on each link capacity and (2) the summation of all capacities to a specific given value, for a section of the network or the entire network, are applied to formulate the capacity equations.
Carrier distribution, gain, and lasing in 1.3-/spl mu/m InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot lasers

In this paper, we present the results of a theoretical model built to describe the temperature-dependent lasing characteristics of InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot (QD) lasers operating at 1.3 /spl mu/m. From the model, we find that traditional carrier distribution theories are inadequate to describe the performance of these lasers. We therefore introduce an improved model that allows for both free carriers and excitons in the dots. The new model provides threshold current and characteristic temperature T/sub 0/ values that are in good agreement with experimental data. The results of our modeling reveal that, while it is the excitons that mainly contribute to the gain, the ratio of excitons to free carriers significantly affect the T/sub 0/ of QD lasers. Our model results also indicate that the wetting layer current plays little role in QD laser performance. In addition, the model correctly predicts other experimental observations such as; increased T/sub 0/ for increased number of QD layers and p-doped structures, and the oscillatory behavior of T/sub 0/, lending further credibility to the model.
Molecular adsorption on graphene

Current studies addressing the engineering of charge carrier concentration and the electronic band gap in epitaxial graphene using molecular adsorbates are reviewed. The focus here is on interactions between the graphene surface and the adsorbed molecules, including small gas molecules (H(2)O, H(2), O(2), CO, NO(2), NO, and NH(3)), aromatic, and non-aromatic molecules (F4-TCNQ, PTCDA, TPA, Na-NH(2), An-CH(3), An-Br, Poly (ethylene imine) (PEI), and diazonium salts), and various biomolecules such as peptides, DNA fragments, and other derivatives. This is followed by a discussion on graphene-based gas sensor concepts. In reviewing the studies of the effects of molecular adsorption on graphene, it is evident that the strong manipulation of graphene's electronic structure, including p- and n-doping, is not only possible with molecular adsorbates, but that this approach appears to be superior compared to these exploiting edge effects, local defects, or strain. However, graphene-based gas sensors, albeit feasible because huge adsorbate-induced variations in the relative conductivity are possible, generally suffer from the lack of chemical selectivity.
Effects of human T-lymphotropic virus type II on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 phenotypic evolution

Phenotypic change and broader coreceptor usage by HIV-1 have been associated with disease progression. HIV-1 coreceptor usage by primary isolates obtained from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1/HTLV-II-coinfected individuals was determined. HIV-1 was isolated from 15 of 20 HIV-1-infected and 17 of 24 HIV-1/HTLV-II-coinfected individuals. None of the isolates from either the HIV-1-infected or the coinfected group infected CCR5Δ32 PBMCs, suggesting that they all were R5-tropic. Further, both spontaneous and PHA-stimulated production of MIP-1β and RANTES were similar in HIV-1-infected and coinfected individuals. These data indicate that coinfection with HTLV-II has no effect on HIV-1 coreceptor usage or ex vivo β-chemokine production.
Technical note: postgadolinium two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography of the foot.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of postgadolinium time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography to image the foot of patients compared to conventional TOF MR angiography. Six feet in five patients were included in this prospective study. Standard two-dimensional axial TOF sequences of the lower extremities, followed by three-dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced moving-table images of the aorta to the foot during the intravenous bolus administration of gadolinium, were obtained in all patients. Two-dimensional axial respiratory-compensated TOF sequences were then obtained over the foot. Axial images and maximum intensity projections (MIP) reconstructions were evaluated by two blinded radiologists and images rated with respect to overall image quality, large-vessel and small-vessel visualization, degree of venous overlap, and extent of vessel stenosis. The 2D postgadolinium TOF technique resulted in an improvement in all areas of image quality compared with the noncontrast acquisition method, with very good interobserver agreement (kappa 0.67). Postcontrast images provided superior vessel visualization (p=0.024, Wilcoxon signed rank test), with minimal artifact (84% with none, kappa 1.0), and excellent agreement on grading of dorsalis pedis stenosis (kappa 0.78). Vessel-to-background signal intensity ratio was doubled compared to the standard technique (mean 19.5, SD 6.5 versus 8.8, SD 4.5; p=0.016). Postgadolinium TOF MR angiography of the foot demonstrates significantly improved image quality over noncontrast techniques.
Preparation of 4-inch Ir/YSZ/Si(001) substrates for the large-area deposition of single-crystal diamond

Abstract Diamond/Ir/YSZ/Si(001) is currently the most promising multilayer structure for the future realisation of large-area diamond single crystals. A decisive key is the preparation of the iridium layers on silicon. It is shown in this work that high quality iridium films with mosaic spread below 0.2° can be grown on oxide buffer layers with a mosaic spread higher than 1°. An averaging process during the coalescence of the iridium islands provides a plausible mechanism for this phenomenon. The oxide buffer and the iridium overlayers can be grown homogeneously on 4-inch wafers in a similar quality as for 1 × 1 cm2 samples. Bias enhanced nucleation followed by 40 h growth on the large-area Ir/YSZ/Si(001) wafers yields diamond films with a mosaicity of 0.16° (tilt) and 0.34° (twist). For a further increase of the area of heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation the homogeneity of the plasma discharge has to be improved.
Development of a frequency-modulated ultrasonic sensor inspired by bat echolocation

Bats have evolved to sense using ultrasonic signals with a variety of different frequency signatures which interact with their environment. Among these signals, those with time-varying frequencies may enable the animals to gather more complex information for obstacle avoidance and target tracking. Taking inspiration from this system, we present the development of a sonar sensor capable of generating frequency-modulated ultrasonic signals. The device is based on a miniature mobile computer, with on board data capture and processing capabilities, which is designed for eventual autonomous operation in a robotic swarm. The hardware and software components of the sensor are detailed, as well their integration. Preliminary results for target detection using both frequency-modulated and constant frequency signals are discussed.
Conformational analysis of polyoxyethylene‐bound homo‐oligo‐L‐glutamates in aqueous environment

A detailed conformational analysis of homo-oligo-L-glutamates was carried out in aqueous solution using 1H-nmr spectroscopy. Three series of side-chain protected (α-OMe) glutamate oligopeptides, attached to polyoxyethylene (POE) to enhance their solubility, were synthesized. The effect of the N-terminal blocking groups—Boc, Ac, and pGlu—on the conformations of these peptides in water is discussed. Unequivocal assignments were obtained for all amide NH resonances through use of selectively α-deuterated oligo-glutamates. Analysis of vicinal coupling constants, temperature dependence of NH chemical shifts, transfer of saturation experiments, and titration studies with a denaturing solvent (DMSO) were used to investigate the peptide structure. These data suggest that the Glu1 and Glu2 NH protons of each heptamer are solvent exposed, while the NH protons of interior glutamate residues chain are solvent sequestered. The nmr data are consistent with the onset of helical structure at the heptamer of each series in aqueous solution. The POE-peptides with pGlu at the N-terminus showed considerably reduced stability of structure than those with the Boc or acetyl blocking groups. Peptide conformations and their stability in water are compared to those in other solvents.
Can Florida Become Like the Next Florida? When Metaphoric Comparisons Fail

Metaphors can be understood in either of two ways: via a comparison process or via a categorization process. What determines which process will be used? According to a recent variant of comparison theory, novel metaphors must be processed as comparisons; only conventional metaphors can be processed as categorizations. We argue that choice of process is determined not by conventionality, but instead by the semantic and referential properties of the metaphor itself. We identified a type of novel metaphor that is indeed understood more quickly as a comparison than as a categorization. We then generated variants of such metaphors to make comparison difficult and found that these new novel metaphors were understood more quickly as categorizations than as comparisons. We conclude that metaphors can be processed as categorizations from the start, depending on their semantic and referential properties.
Coronary artery flow monitoring : the value of intravascular Doppler for detection of complications after interventions

Ultrasound transducer-tipped guidewires can be used for coronary interventions, and they permit the monitoring of coronary flow before, during, and after the interventions. The flow signal contains valuable information regarding the quality and stability of the final result. Restoration of typical phasic flow patterns with diastolic predominance is one guide to final result. Monitoring the trend in average velocity over several minutes after completion of the procedure can detect subtle alterations in flow that may presage abrupt closure. These flow alterations might also help predict active plaques with heavy thrombus involvement that may undergo recurrence in the weeks and months after successful procedures.
The contribution of quantum mechanical tunneling to the 1,2-hydrogen rearrangement of methylbromocarbene

The rate constants for the 1,2-hydrogen rearrangement of methyl- and methyl-d3-bromocarbene have been determined as a function of temperature. The Arrhenius plots are curved, and the intermolecular isotope effect is small and may increase with increasing temperature. We believe that although the rearrangement proceeds classically at high temperatures, as suggested by theory, quantum mechanical tunneling contributes significantly to the reaction at low temperatures. Alternative explanations are presented and discussed.
Gender, culture, and leadership: Toward a culturally distinct model of African-American women executives' leadership strategies

Abstract Two culturally distinct models of leadership discussed in the current literature are the Anglo-American male hierarchical model and, to a lesser extent, the “distinctly female” approach to leadership (Grossman & Chester, 1990; Helgesen, 1990; Loden, 1985). This paper challenges the practice of applying these culturally distinct models to all populations, particularly African-American women executives. We discuss two problematic assumptions that underlie the Anglo-dominated gender and leadership research: (a) racism and sexism are parallel processes with common effects on racial and gender groups (Smith & Stewart, 1983); and (b) women are sufficiently homogeneous so that generalizations based on one group (Anglo-American, middle-class women) can explain the leadership styles of all women. We propose that African-American women executives' leadership styles and behaviors may reflect attributes of both the Anglo-male and female leadership models, as well as a distinctly African-American female approach to leadership.
To whom, and for whom, must I respond? Negotiating responsibility during the last years of East German state socialism

This paper reconsiders the practice of responsibility during the last years of East German state socialism. It treats the matter of responsibility as a kind of dialogue, attending to the various ways in which people were called upon to respond to and account for their actions and those of others across a range of circumstances and predicaments. It addresses several basic questions, among them: What did the ordinary practice of responsibility look like in the East? How did this requirement to respond to and for others affect the arrangements of ordinary living? More specifically, how did the practice of responsibility work out geographically? The approach taken here is both practical and analytic. It attends to the practical and constitutive aspects of dilemmas of responsibility across a range of situations. It is also historical and ethnographic, based on the city and district of Rostock, and drawing upon a range of primary source materials, from security reports to interviews to sermons delivered during the 1980s. The paper shows some of the ways in which the practice of responsibility played itself out in relation to place. For example, residents themselves invoked a rhetoric of responsibility, criticizing local officials for being unresponsive or indifferent to their concerns. Others found ways to generate ambiguity about how the rules of the state were to be applied in particular circumstances. Finally, some residents simply refused to socialize and otherwise assume responsibility for certain others both at work and at home.
Computerized Global Electrophysiological Mapping of the Atrium in a Patient with Multiple Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

The first clinical experience and the potential benefit of intraoperative global atrial-activation mapping recorded from 156 electrodes simultaneously are demonstrated in a 14-year-old girl with an ectopic (automatic) right atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, and atrial flutter secondary to a previous atriotomy. Cryoablation of the right atrial focus terminated the automatic tachycardia, and surgical interruption of the atrial flutter pathway temporarily terminated this arrhythmia. Persistence of the junctional tachycardia necessitated elective cryoablation of the bundle of His.
Pituitary and Gonadal Desensitization after Continuous Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Infusion in Normal Females*

Three normal females were studied during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle employing a continuous infusion of LHRH (1.4 µg/min) for 72 h. Blood samples were taken every 4 h. LH concentrations climbed from 9.3 mlU/ml basally to peak values of 129 mlU/ml at 12 h, then fell to a plateau between 23–31 mlU/ml from 36–72 h. FSH levels rose from 5.4 to 36 mlU/ml at 4 h of infusion and then returned to baseline. 17β-Estradiol increased from 48 to 184 pg/ml at 32 h, but subsequently fell toward basal concentrations. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone increased from 0.5 to 1.23 ng/ml at 12 h and remained elevated for the remainder of the infusion period. Serum progesterone levels remained constant. Three females with premature ovarian failure were studied, and the pattern of gonadotropin release was similar to that of normal subjects. Studies demonstrate that continuous LHRH infusion in normal females causes pituitary and gonadal desensitization. The desensitization of the pituitary is independent of gonadal ac...
The role of cytokines and chemokines in Histoplasma capsulatum infection

Histoplasma capsulatum is a prevalent fungal pathogen in the United States, infecting approximately 500,000 individuals each year. Host protection requires an intact cell-mediated immune response. In this review, we will discuss how cytokines and chemokines influence protective immunity in H. capsulatum infection.
Clear channel assessment in energyconstrained wideband wireless networks

This is intended as a tutorial review of the clear channel assessment (CCA) component of typical data link layers in wideband wireless networks that employ some form of channel sensing as part of their medium access mechanism. While channel sensing - the core component within CCA module - is implemented at the physical layer, its primary impact is on MAC throughput and energy efficiency, and this impact has not yet been adequately highlighted in the existing literature. We provide a description of CCA methods for wideband wireless networks like IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 followed by illustrations of their impact on the respective MAC protocols. We also demonstrate the need for a cross-layer consideration of MAC and CCA to optimize the performance of CSMA protocols.
“The Letter after Your Name” Party Labels on Virginia Ballots

In 2000, Virginia became the last state in the nation to add party labels to its ballots for state-level races. This article assesses the impact of this reform on citizen participation and the partisan behavior of down-ballot voters using precinct-level election returns. It finds that after the application of labels, roll-off in contested, down-ballot races dropped by about a percentage point, a reduction of approximately 15%. Roll-off dropped more in precincts with a larger share of African Americans. Also, the association between Republican vote shares in the Lt. Governor and state legislative races and presidential vote share in the 2000 general election became stronger in the presence of party labels. This result suggests that the labels made voters behave more as national partisans in state-level contests.
Effects of Temperature and Oxygen Tension on Growth of Escherichia coli in Milk

Abstract An in vitro system was developed to mimic conditions within normal and mastitic mammary glands. The system consisted of a modified batch fermenter that allowed for manipulation of temperature, oxygen tension, and pH. Experiments in tryptose-soy broth and UHT-treated milk were conducted to evaluate growth characteristics of Escherichia coli P4 as physical conditions were manipulated. The effect of bacterial growth on oxygen tension and pH were also evaluated. Growth of E. coli was inhibited as temperature was increased from 37 to 41°C and as oxygen tension was decreased from microaerophilic to anaerobic levels. At bacterial populations >6 log 10 cfu/ml, microaerophilic cultures became anaerobic. The pH followed a similar trend; however, after a significant decrease in pH, mean bacterial populations were 7.1 log 10 cfu/ml in tryptosesoy broth and 8.2 log 10 cfu/ml in UHT-treated milk. This dynamic model demonstrated potential use in evaluation of growth characteristics of mammary gland pathogens in the lactating mammary gland.
Physiology of the ciliate Orchitophrya stellarum and its experimental infection of Leptasterias spp.

Orchitophrya stellarum Cepede, 1907 is a facultative ciliate that parasitizes male asteriid sea stars in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The ciliate also exists in seawater where it feeds on...
A rate-independent measure of irregularity for event series and its application to neural spiking activity

Although higher-order statistics of neuronal firing have been characterized in neuroscience, many analyses ignore the nonstationarity of the background firing rate. We discuss how to measure the irregularity of interspike intervals in a rate-independent manner. Under the framework of semiparametric statistical models, we develop an estimator of firing irregularity which remains after the effects of rate modulations are removed. We found that firing irregularity is robust and reproducible in neurons in olfactory cortex irrespective of the rate modulation during the task period. As the level of irregularity varies among neurons, we classified neurons in olfactory cortex by using the proposed measure as a feature.
An Integrated Platform for Single Molecule Free Solution Hydrodynamic Separation Using Yoctomoles of DNA and Picoliter Samples

We report a microfluidic platform for sizing and separation of DNA called PicoSep that is among the most sensitive to date, requiring only yoctomoles of DNA (10−24 moles) and picoliters of sample ( 103-fold over traditional laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and vastly improves quantification accuracy. Separation is performed via single molecule free solution hydrodynamic separation (SML-FSHS). SML-FSHS relies on the wall exclusion mechanism to separate DNA as it is driven down buffer filled microchannel. High separation efficiency (plate number = 105 – 106) and high sizing resolution (37 bp – 2.1 kbp) are obtained across a wide dynamic range of DNA (100 bp – 27 kbp) in a single separation. Quantitative accuracy up to the limits imposed by molecular shot noise is achieved, and a limit of detection <20 molecules is demonstrated. Through the development of PicoSep, we have significantly reduced the cost and complexity of single molecule instrumentation while achieving sizing and quantification performance that surpasses capillary electrophoresis (CE). Unlike CE, no viscous sieving matrices, high voltage power supplies, or capillary wall coatings are necessary, making devices inexpensive, simple to fabricate, and easy to incorporate into lab on a chip systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Principal component analysis of average evoked potentials

Abstract The application of a principal component analysis is demonstrated on a set of average evoked potentials which were obtained using chronically implanted epidural electrodes located over the primary auditory cortex of awake cats. This analysis used a linear decomposition of the average evoked response to provide an objective and parsimonious representation of available information in terms of a few orthogonal vectors which effectively spanned the average evoked response data space. When the waveforms corresponding to the eigenvectors were multiplied by their corresponding principal components, they were found to be similar to the conventional physiologically defined average evoked response components on the basis of polarity, latency, and changes concomitant with changes in the stimulus parameters. The eigenvectors aided in determining where within the evoked response significant changes in the evoked response were occurring. The corresponding principal components served to quantify the changes. Although the principal component analysis is shown here for a specific set of waveforms, its application to any set of waveforms believed to be composed of a set of simple independent waveforms may be advantageous in understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms.
Asymmetric extraction treatment of a Class II Division 1 subdivision left malocclusion with anterior and posterior crossbites.

Abstract This case was chosen by the CDABO student case selection committee for publication in the AJO/DO. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:410-7)
Minimum entropy algorithms for source separation

The minimum entropy or maximum likelihood estimation can be utilized in blind source separation problem. Based on the local generalized Gaussian probability density model, a set of general anti-Hebbian rules can be derived. This set of adaptation rules give promising results when we test the real recordings.
Model of transport properties of thermoelectric nanocomposite materials

We present a model describing the carrier conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectric nanocomposite materials consisting of granular regions. The model is successfully applied to explain relevant experimental data for PbTe nanocomposites. A key factor is the grain potential boundary scattering mechanism. Other mechanisms, such as carrier-acoustic phonon, carrier-nonpolar optical phonon, and carrier-ionized impurities scattering are also included. Our calculations reveal that by changing the physical characteristics of the grains, such as potential barrier height, width, and distance between the grains, one can increase the mean energy per carrier in order to obtain an optimum power factor for improved thermoelectric performance. The model can be applied to other nanocomposites by incorporating the appropriate electronic structure parameters.
Integrating Web technologies in Eclipse

In this paper we describe an approach and an implementation for integrating Web technologies in Eclipse, a Java-and component-based platform. First, we support embedding of UI (user interface) artifacts that are developed using either widget or markup technologies. Second, we provide support for DOM (Document Object Model) programming. We implement this approach by bridging the relevant foundation technologies-COM (Component Object Model) and XPCOM (Cross Platform Component Object Model)--which allows us to embed the engines of the two major browsers, Internet Explorer and Mozilla®. We discuss several possible applications of this work, such as seamless access to online help systems and Web-based development of administrative tools.
Improved Prosody Generation by Maximizing Joint Probability of State and Longer Units

The current state-of-the-art hidden Markov model (HMM)-based text-to-speech (TTS) can produce highly intelligible, synthesized speech with decent segmental quality. However, its prosody, especially at phrase or sentence level, still tends to be bland. This blandness is partially due to the fact that the state-based HMM is inadequate in capturing global, hierarchical suprasegmental information in speech signals. In this paper, to improve the TTS prosody, longer units are first explicitly modeled with appropriate parametric distributions. The resultant models are then integrated with the state-based baseline models in generating better prosody by maximizing the joint probability. Experimental results in both Mandarin and English show consistent improvements over our baseline system with only state-based prosody model. The improvements are both objectively measurable and subjectively perceivable.
The Effect of Age at Cochlear Implant Initial Stimulation on Expressive Language Growth in Infants and Toddlers

This study examined the growth of expressive language skills in children who received cochlear implants (CIs) in infancy. Repeated language measures were gathered from 29 children who received CIs between 10 and 40 months of age. Both cross-sectional and growth curve analyses were used to assess the relationship between expressive language outcomes and CI experience. A beneficial effect of earlier implantation on expressive language growth was found. Growth curve analysis showed that growth was more rapid in children implanted as infants than those implanted as toddlers. Age at initial stimulation accounted for 14.6% of the variance of the individual differences in expressive language growth rates.
Optimization by simulated evolution with applications to standard cell placement

A mathematical formulation is presented of the simulated evolution algorithm, a novel optimization technique, followed by a thorough analysis of the associated Markov-chain model. A hierarchical approach is used to solve the placement problem for medium to large circuits which incorporates elements of both placement and circuit partitioning in a single algorithm. It is found that the new hierarchical method not only reduces the overall execution time but also significantly increases the quality of the final result. Its success can be attributed to the fact that it reduces the number of local minima that the optimization algorithm encounters. Therefore, the global structure of the placement can be optimized first, regardless of intermediate limitations imposed by local constraints. By gradually refining the granularity of the optimization method, a solution close to the global minimum can be achieved. A standard cell placement program is described based on the new approach whose preliminary results are comparable to the best simulated annealing algorithms. >
Parylene background fluorescence study for biomems applications

Parylene is a commonly used material in Bio-MEMS field. Background fluorescence of parylene film itself can be a major obstacle for parylene-based devices used in fluorescent detection. We report here an in-depth study of the fluorescence mechanisms of parylene-C and parylene-HT films with fluorescent microscopy, fluorimeter, and infrared spectroscopy. Influences of fabrication process on background fluorescence of the devices are discussed. Solutions to reduce background fluorescence are provided and effectiveness is confirmed. Parylene-HT is found to be a more promising candidate for Bio-MEMS applications for fluorescence concern. The methods and results are valuable to other polymer materials in MEMS field.
Relationship between baseline resting diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing treadmill stress echocardiography: A cohort study

Objective: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is often incriminated in the symptomatology of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but with limited supporting data. This study sought to assess the relationship between baseline diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with HCM. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral centre from Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
An efficient Lyapunov equation-based approach for generating reduced-order models of interconnect

In this paper we present a new algorithm for computing reduced-order models of interconnect which utilizes the dominant controllable subspace of the system. The dominant controllable modes are computed via a new iterative Lyapunov equation solver, Vector ADI. This new algorithm is as inexpensive as Krylov subspace-based moment matching methods, and often produces a better approximation over a wide frequency range. A spiral inductor and a transmission line example show this new method can be much more accurate than moment matching via Arnoldi.
Performance of channel coded noncoherent systems: modulation choice, information rate, and Markov chain Monte Carlo detection

This paper investigates performance of channel coded noncoherent systems over block fading channels. We consider an iterative system where an outer channel code is serially concatenated with an inner modulation code amenable to noncoherent detection. We emphasize that, in order to obtain near-capacity performance, the information rates of modulation codes should be close to the channel capacity. For certain modulation codes, a single-input single-output (SISO) system with only one transmit antenna may outperform a dual-input and single-output (DISO) system with two transmit antennas. This is due to the intrinsic information rate loss of these modulation codes compared to the DISO channel capacity. We also propose a novel noncoherent detector based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Compared to existing detectors, the MCMC detector achieves comparable or superior performance at reduced complexity. The MCMC detector does not require explicit amplitude or phase estimation of the channel fading coefficient, which makes it an attractive candidate for high rate communication employing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and for multiple antenna channels. At transmission rates of 1 ~ 1.667 bits/sec/Hz, the proposed SISO systems employing 16QAM and MCMC detection perform within 1.6-2.3 dB of the noncoherent channel capacity achieved by optimal input.
On the Influence of Thermomechanical Processing on the Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides. IV. Effects of Alloying with V

ABSTRACT The effects or microstructure on the room - and elevated-temperature tensile and fracture properties of Ti-48Al-2.2V and Ti-48AI-3V are discussed in this paper, Microstructure is controlled by extrusion with different reduction ratios (10:1 and 14:1) and annealing in the α + γ and α2 + γ phase fields. V-containing Ti-48Al base alloys are shown to have attractive combinations of tensile and fracture properties only in the asextruded conditions. However, their tensile and fracture properties are degraded severely upon thermal exposure, which also results in grain boundary precipitation and fast microstructural transformations from nearly lamellar to nearly equiaxed structures. The degree of degradation is shown to increase with increasing V content and annealing duration. V-containing Ti-48Al base alloys are shown to have very limited potential for future alloy development.
Abundance anomalies in metal-poor stars from Population III supernova ejecta hydrodynamics

We present a simulation of the long-term evolution of a Population III supernova remnant in a cosmological minihalo. Employing passive Lagrangian tracer particles, we investigate how chemical stratification and anisotropy in the explosion can affect the abundances of the first low-mass, metal-enriched stars. We find that reverse shock heating can leave the inner mass shells at entropies too high to cool, leading to carbon-enhancement in the re-collapsing gas. This hydrodynamic selection effect could explain the observed incidence of carbonenhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars at low metallicity. We further explore how anisotropic ejecta distributions, recently seen in direct numerical simulations of core-collapse explosions, may translate to abundances in metal-poor stars. We find that some of the observed scatter in the Population II abundance ratios can be explained by an incomplete mixing of supernova ejecta, even in the case of only one contributing enrichment event. We demonstrate that the customary hypothesis of fully-mixed ejecta clearly fails if post-explosion hydrodynamics prefers the recycling of some nucleosynthetic products over others. Furthermore, to fully exploit the stellar-archaeological program of constraining the Pop III initial mass function from the observed Pop II abundances, considering these hydrodynamical transport effects is crucial. We discuss applications to the rich chemical structure of ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxies, to be probed in unprecedented detail with upcoming spectroscopic surveys.
Cloning and characterization of a Plasmodium falciparum cyclophilin gene that is stage-specifically expressed.

Abstract An immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A (CsA), has antimalarial activity in several Plasmodium species. Cyclophilins of several species including Plasmodium falciparum exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity which is inhibited by CsA. A gene encoding P. falciparum cyclophilin (PFCyP) was cloned and characterized. This gene has the entire coding sequence for the mature protein plus a 39-amino-acid-long N-terminal extension. Most of the amino acids predicted to be involved in the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and CsA binding are present in the cloned gene. The PFCyP also has the single highly conserved tryptophan residue that is a major determinant in the inhibition of PPIase activity by CsA. The PFCyP coding sequence with or without the N-terminal amino-acid extension was used to construct recombinant expression vectors which were transformed into E. coli . Both vectors produced enzymatically active mature PFCyP proteins that were sensitive to CsA. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from the synchronized parasite cultures verified the expression of PFCyP in all erythrocytic stages of the parasite, but at variable levels. The highest level of expression was observed in ring-stage parasites, a stage shown to be more susceptible to CsA. Inhibition of P. falciparum growth in vitro by CsA was re-evaluated for chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of the parasite. Essentially, there was no difference between the two strains for the concentration of CsA required to yield 50% inhibition in 48 h of exposure (0.25-0.4 μM).