cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Levels of Processing in Building Expert Systems

Expert systems are regarded by many as cognitive tools; they are content independent and generalisable applications that can elicit higher order mental processing from learners. This paper defines the functions of and processes in building expert systems and then analyses the learning outcomes from these processes. This analysis concludes that building expert systems is primarily an analysis and synthesis process that is supported by a variety of elaborational and evaluating learning strategies.
44.1 L: Ridge and Fringe‐Field Multi‐Domain Homeotropic LCD

A ridge and fringe field multi-domain homeotropic (RFFMH) liquid crystal display was demonstrated. The operating principle of this new display mode is the combination effect of a fringe field and ridge structure to control the tilt direction of the liquid crystal molecules when a voltage is applied. No rubbing treatment is required and, with proper compensation films, the display has very wide viewing angles.
Zinc Requirement During Meiosis I–Meiosis II Transition in Mouse Oocytes Is Independent of the MOS-MAPK Pathway

Zinc is essential for many biological processes, including proper functioning of gametes. We recently reported that zinc levels rise by over 50% during oocyte maturation and that attenuation of zinc availability during this period could be achieved using the membrane-permeable heavy metal chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN). This zinc insufficiency resulted in formation of large polar bodies, failure to establish metaphase II arrest, and impaired establishment of cortical polarity. As these phenotypes resemble those of MOS null oocytes, we examined the impact of zinc insufficiency on the MOS-MAPK pathway. Reduced levels of both MOS protein and phosphorylation of MAP2K1/2 are observed in zinc-insufficient oocytes; however, these differences appear only after completion of the first meiotic division. In addition, activation of the downstream effector of the MOS pathway, MAPK3/1, is not affected by zinc insufficiency, and reduced MOS levels are observed only with the presence of TPEN after the first polar body extrusion. These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that reduced MOS mediates the observed phenotype. Finally, MOS overexpression does not rescue the phenotype of zinc-insufficient oocytes, confirming that the observed disruption of asymmetric division and spindle abnormalities cannot be attributed to impaired MOS signaling. Zinc-insufficient oocytes do not increase maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity following the first meiotic division, and increasing MPF activity through expression of nondegradable cyclin B1 partially rescues the ability of zinc-insufficient oocytes to enter metaphase II. Although we have shown that zinc has a novel role in the meiotic cell cycle, it is not mediated through the MOS-MAPK pathway.
The Moral Biography of Wealth: Philosophical Reflections on the Foundation of Philanthropy

Moral biography refers to the way all individuals conscientiously combine two elements in daily life: personal capacity and moral compass. Exploring the moral biography of wealth highlights the philosophical foundations of major gifts by major donors. First, the author provides several examples to elucidate his definition of moral biography. Second, he elaborates the elements of a moral biography. Third, he describes the characteristics that make one's moral biography a spiritual or religious biography. Fourth, he discusses the distinctive characteristics of a moral biography of wealth. Fifth, he suggests that implementing a process of discernment will enable development professionals to work more productively with donors. The author concludes by placing the notion of a moral biography of wealth in historical context and suggests how advancement professionals can deepen their own moral biography by working to deepen the moral biography of their donors.
Semi-heuristic poverty measures used by economists: Justification motivated by fuzzy techniques

To properly gauge the extent of poverty in a country or in a region, economists use semi-heuristic poverty measures such as the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) metric. These measures are used because it was empirically shown that they capture the commonsense meaning of the extent of poverty better than previously proposed measures. However, without a theoretical justification, we cannot guarantee that these semi-heuristic measures will work in other situations as well. So, it is desirable to look for poverty measures which can be theoretically justified. In this paper, we first use fuzzy techniques to provide a commonsense interpretation of FGT poverty measures, and then show that how this informal interpretation can be transformed into a formal justification of the FGT property measures - from certain reasonable assumptions.
Alcohol and tobacco use disorders in a general population: short-term and long-term associations from the St. Louis Epidemiological Catchment Area Study

Abstract Background: Although research using clinical and convenience samples has shown alcohol use disorders (AUD) to be highly comorbid with tobacco dependence (TD), little work has examined this association prospectively using population-based data. The AUD–TD association was prospectively examined using data from the St. Louis Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Study and its 1-year follow-up as well as from a 16-year follow-up on a subsample of ECA data. Method: Respondents were 3004 (2564, 85%, at Wave 2) participants in the St. Louis household ECA sample, including 444 participants at Year 16 follow-up. At baseline, the sample was predominately White (58%; 38% Black), female (60%), and 44.3 years. Past-year AUD and TD were diagnosed at all waves according to DSM-III criteria. Results: AUDs and TDs were cross-sectionally associated at Years 1, 2, and 16. Controlling for demographics, Year 1 TD prospectively predicted Year 2 AUD, and Year 1 AUD prospectively predicted Year 16 TD. We found evidence for prediction of onset and persistence of both AUD and TD at short-term but not long-term follow-up. Prospective findings were reduced and no longer reached significance when concurrent diagnoses at follow-up were included in the regression models. Conclusions: We observed short-term and long-term associations between AUD and TD. These associations were mediated through concurrent diagnoses with the other substance use disorder.
The immunopharmacology of paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®), and related agents

Abstract Paclitaxel (Taxol®) and docetaxel (Taxotere®) are among the most unique, and successful, chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer. Both agents have anti-mitotic properties derived from binding to tubulin and excessive stabilization of microtubules. Their anti-neoplastic effects derive from this mechanism. Distinct from their effects on microtubule stabilization, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and related taxanes display immunopharmacological traits. In this review, we discuss their induction of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins; the current hypotheses on the molecular mechanism for this induction, especially its relationship to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling pathway. We also discuss the structure–activity relationships (SAR) that govern gene induction, especially the striking differences between the SAR for murine and human cells in vitro. Lastly, we discuss the immunopharmacological traits of paclitaxel and docetaxel in terms of their relevance to human clinical pharmacology and toxicology and their activity in animal models of autoimmune disorders.
Powerful Silences: Becoming a Survivor Through the Construction of Story.

Survivors’ accounts of traumatic events function on many levels for both the teller and the hearer. By giving voice to what has been silenced, testimonies to the lived experience of trauma challenge dominant perspectives on the meaning and significance of both historical and contemporary events. The construction of these stories and their telling may also provide a means of countering the devastating psychological effects of the trauma. This paper will explore one story about the Turkish genocide of Armenians in 1915 as told to me by my grandmother, Elmas Tutuian. Remarkably consistent over the years of its telling, Tutuian’s story omits as much as it tells. Examining this narrative from both a psychological and a textual perspective, I suggest that by choosing to be silent about parts of her experience, Tutuian constructed herself as a survivor rather than a victim. In choosing to tell her narrative to me, she also shaped my sense of resistance to oppression. The article references works analyzing survivors’ accounts of trauma from a literary, psychological, sociological, theological, and historical perspective.
Environmentally induced changes in peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are stressor and tissue specific

Abstract The stress-induced changes in peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) can be observed in a number of different tissues, depending upon the nature and chronicity of the aversive experience. In addition, virtually all stress procedures that cause rapid changes in PBR simultaneously increase the physical activity or metabolic rate of the subjects. The present study analyzed the contributions of rapid alterations in activity or metabolic rate with and without aversive stimulation and their subsequent impact on PBR. Mechanically induced increases in activity by forced running stress results in a significant reduction in [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 binding to PBR in olfactory bulb, opposite to the PBR changes in this tissue following forced cold-water swim stress. Pharmacological induction of increased locomotor activity as well as metabolic rate by d -amphetamine causes a significant increase in cardiac PBR binding, again, opposite to the response typically observed following inescapable shock stress. Finally, administration of the anxiogenic beta-carboline, FG-7142, causes increases in both hippocampus and adrenal gland PBR binding reminiscent of acute noise stress exposure. These experiments demonstrate that increased locomotor activity or metabolic rate alone is not a necessary and sufficient condition for previous stress-induced changes in PBR. Conversely, increased metabolic rate coupled with an aversive stimulus appears to be an important factor for inducing stress-like changes in PBR. This data, coupled with previous reports, suggests that rapid alterations in these sites are Stressor and tissue dependent. Finally, we propose that the PBR may be involved in many aspects of the stress response including: a) a biowarning system in adrenal gland, b) participation in stress-induced hypertension via renal PBR, and c) a modulator of stress-induced immunosuppression and subsequent recovery of function or recuperation by actions on immune cells.
Evolution of Weinberg's gluonic CP-violation operator.

The renormalization-group evolution of Weinberg's purely gluonic dimension-6 CP-violating operator is computed to first order in the QCD coupling constant, including its mixing with the quark color electric dipole moment. Our result for the anomalous dimension of the quark operator agrees with several previous calculations. For the gluonic operator, we find the anomalous dimension to have the same magnitude but opposite sign as a previous calculation. This significantly relaxes the constraints imposed on extensions of the standard model by experimental measurements of the neutron electric dipole moment.
The Return of "Patrimonial Capitalism": A Review of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty provides a unified theory of the functioning of the capitalist economy by linking theories of economic growth and functional and personal income distributions. It argues, based on the long-run historical data series, that the forces of economic divergence (including rising income inequality) tend to dominate in capitalism. It regards the twentieth century as an exception to this rule and proposes policies that would make capitalism sustainable in the twenty-first century. ( JEL D31, D33, E25, N10, N30, P16)
Incidental Nodal Irradiation in Stage III Lung Cancer Treated With Involved-Field Radiation: Comparison Between 3DCRT and IMRT

o However, caution must be taken when delivering IFRT with IMRT if there is high risk for subclinical disease in the AP window nodal regions. Sonam Sharma, Jonathan Whaley, Jennifer Wei Zou, Annemarie Fernandes, Eric Xanthopoulos, Charles B. Simone II, John P. Christodouleas, Stefan Both, Ramesh Rengan, Smith Apisarnthanarax Incidental nodal irradiation in stage III lung cancer treated with involved field radiation: comparison between 3DCRT and IMRT
Beyond the pale: The Blackbird web browser’s critical reception

The browser has become part of our communicative infrastructure, invisible to our information literacy practices until a rupture occurs. In December 2008, the Mozilla-variant ‘niche’ browser, Blackbird, was released. Blackbird’s cultural affiliation with African American users became the rupture for pundits and early adopters. It was derided as racist, unnecessary, and pejorative to the actual needs of Black internet users. This article examines the racial and technological discourses surrounding Blackbird’s release on technology and cultural blogs. Findings indicate that racial ideologies play a factor in the reception of this culturally themed ICT artifact.
Predicting and obtaining high final test yields

A model is presented that accurately predicted final test yields following board test for over 75000 boards representing 33 board types. Enhanced in-circuit test commonly provided >95% final test yields. Included are power supplies, high-accuracy analog measurement instrument circuitry, digital controller boards of various sorts using microprocessors or custom devices, medical instrumentation circuits, and in-circuit tester circuitry. Most boards contain a mix of digital and analog circuitry. >
Estimation of exposure to Agent Orange and other defoliants among American troops in Vietnam: a methodological approach.

Two pivotal problems in determining whether exposure to herbicides has caused disease in Vietnam veterans or their offspring are definition of which troops were exposed and extent of exposure. The DoD HERBS tape is the most complete publicly available record of herbicide spraying in Vietnam. It contains about 17,000 records consisting of coordinates of spray missions, dates, chemical agent, quantity and area sprayed, and mission purpose. We have developed a set of discrete and continuous indexes of probability of exposure to herbicides for individual veterans. These probability indexes are based on HERBS tape spray data and on locations and dates of service derived from a place-and-date matrix completed by the veteran. They can take into account a conservative estimate of environmental persistence of herbicide by using first-order exponential decay kinetics with an estimated half-life of dioxin. Mean values for the continuous exposure probability indexes were significantly greater among veterans judged to be exposed according to self-reported job titles and specific military experiences than among men judged unlikely to have been exposed. Probabilistic exposure indexes based on the HERBS tape for classification of likely exposure to herbicides in South Vietnam during 1965–1971 appear to be well suited for comparative classification of veterans and hence for use in epidemiologic studies.
Comparison of modeled traffic exposure zones using on–road air pollution measurements

Abstract Modeled traffic data were used to develop traffic exposure zones (TEZs) such as traffic delay, high volume, and transit routes in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina (USA). on–road air pollution measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), black carbon (BC), coarse (PM 2.5–10 ), fine (PM 2.5 ) particulate matter and ultrafine particles (UFPs) were made on routes that encountered these TEZs. Results indicated overall greater traffic pollutant levels in high volume and delay road sections than bus routes or areas of higher signal light density. The combination of delineating roadways into TEZs with highly time resolved on–road measurements demonstrated how pollutant levels can vary within roadways.
Free Fatty Acids in Plasma May Exert Feed-Back Control of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity

Free fatty acids released through hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase at the vascular epithelium may act in feedback control of lipoprotein lipase activity.
Investigation of Ionic Liquids for the Separation of Butanol and Water

Abstract With the continual rise in the cost of fossil fuel based energy, research into economic and sustainable alternatives is of increasing importance. One significant source of increased cost and demand is the consumption of fossil fuels for automotive fuels. While ethanol has received the most attention as a fuel additive; butanol could be a better direct fuel alternative owing to its physical properties and energy value when compared to ethanol. Commercial butanol is nearly exclusively produced from petroleum feedstocks currently; however, some recent interest has begun to refocus on its generation via fermentation. Unfortunately, this production is limited due to the nature of the process and the use of energy-intensive separation techniques. Ionic liquids are novel green solvents that have the potential to be employed as an extraction agent to remove butanol from the aqueous fermentation media. A hurdle to this potential is the limited availability of solubility data for ionic liquids. This resear...
Variation in biological characteristics and esterase patterns among populations of Bemisia tabaci, and the association of one population with silverleaf symptom induction

Biological characteristics (oviposition and survival rates) and esterase banding patterns in native PAGE were investigated to evaluate variation among three populations of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Reproductive capabilities of whiteflies from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) populations were similar on the three host plant species tested. These populations, which had the same wild-type field origin, reproduced better on either cotton and pumpkin than on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow). In contrast, poinsettia whiteflies exhibited relatively similar reproductive capabilities for the three host species tested. Pumpkin and cotton whiteflies had similar esterase banding patterns (‘A’ type), while poinsettia whiteflies yielded a different banding pattern (‘B’ type). In transmission studies, whiteflies from cotton or pumpkin sources did not induce silverleaf (SSL) or white stem (WS) symptoms in Cucurbita spp. tested. In contrast, poinsettia whiteflies were associated routinely with SSL and WS symptoms in Cucurbita spp. following colonization by whitefly adults. From these data, it was possible to correlate a specific esterase banding pattern (A or B) with reproductive capabilities and the ability to induce SSL and WS symptoms.
Selection of Aortic Valve Prostheses: Contemporary Reappraisal of Mechanical Versus Biologic Valve Substitutes

Approximately 200 000 patients worldwide undergo aortic valve replacement (AVR) each year.1 The selection of an appropriate valve substitute is often a complex decision influenced by both patient and physician preferences. The basic choices available for surgical AVR include mechanical prosthetic valves (largely bileaflet) and biological (porcine or bovine pericardial). Mechanical valves are characterized by excellent structural durability but require lifelong systemic anticoagulation.2 In contrast, bioprostheses may free patients from valve-related oral anticoagulation, but structural valve failure often necessitates reoperation 10 to 15 years after implantation. Furthermore, degeneration of biological valves occurs more rapidly in younger patients in comparison with those of advanced age.3 Other valve substitutes, such as aortic valve homografts and pulmonary autografts (Ross procedure), are usually reserved for special circumstances such as aortic root reconstruction following infection (homografts) or young patients who have not achieved full somatic growth (pulmonary autografts) because of technical complexity of implantation and inconstant durability. Response by Kaneko et al on p 1380 Current guidelines for selection of valve prostheses based on clinical data, including 2 randomized trials,4–7 recommend use of bioprosthetic valves in patients aged ≥65 years3 because (1) the risk of structural valve degeneration is low in elderly patients, and (2) there are advantages in avoiding systemic anticoagulation in frail patients with additional co morbidities. Much of these data were derived from clinical practice 2 to 3 decades ago, however surgical techniques, valve design, and anticoagulation strategies have all markedly evolved. Despite interim changes in clinical practice and recent clinical outcomes data, many clinicians continue to cite antiquated studies advocating use of biological valves in younger patients (<65 years). The aim of using bioprostheses in adults aged <65 years is to decrease the risk of anticoagulant-related hemorrhagic events and to spare patients lifestyle related …
Characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers employing crosslinkers with nonsymmetric polymerizable groups

Crosslinking monomers have been developed with a combination of methacrylamide and methacrylate or vinyl ketone polymerizable groups that provide molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with improved binding and selectivity. The differential reactivity rates of the polymerizable groups prompted an investigation into the time-dependent behavior of the crosslinkers, which suggests a new mechanism for MIP formation. The mechanism involves the formation of long sections of linear poly(vinyl ketone) with pendant methacrylamide groups that form a highly crosslinked network in a subsequent step. This has implications for the sequence morphology of polymers, affecting the structure and improving the binding properties of MIPs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3668–3675, 2004
Effect of chronic protein malnutrition on host-tumor composition and growth

Abstract A protein-deficient diet (7%) was compared to a normal protein-content diet (24%) for changes in F 344 rat carcass, methylcholanthrene (MCA)-tumor growth, liver and tumor DNA and nitrogen content, and tissue DNA specific activity. Body weight gain in non-tumor-bearing protein-deficient animals was inhibited, while protein-deficient tumor-bearing rats exhibited similar growth characteristics with an increase in carcass weight loss during the final 3 days of observation (18–21 days). The concentration of host and tumor DNA was unaffected by diet whereas liver nitrogen concentration was reduced in both protein-depleted groups compared to regularly fed animals. Specific activity of tumor DNA from animals fed the protein-deficient diet was consistently greater than tumors of fully fed controls. Dietary protein restriction did not affect growth characteristics or composition of this MCA tumor, but retarded growth and lysed carcass protein of the host. These findings support efforts for nutritional repletion of the tumor-bearing host.
Fetal hormonal programming of sex differences in depression: linking women's mental health with sex differences in the brain across the lifespan

Women’s health has traditionally beenthoughtofintherealmofreproduc-tive health, and that includes women’smental health (i.e., perinatal psychiatry).However, we now know there are sig-niﬁcant sex differences in many chronicdiseases, including brain disorders. Thus,understanding the causes of sex differ-ences in disorders of the brain, withinand outside of reproduction, is criticalto understanding women’s mental healthand healthcare needs. In order to accom-plish this, it is necessary for neuroscienceto adopt a “sex-dependent” and/or “sex-speciﬁc” lens on investigations of thebrain. In this review, we make the case fordepression, which has among the largestsex differences in disorders of the brain.Major depressive disorder (MDD)recently became the number one cause ofdisability worldwide (Murray and Lopez,1997; Ustun et al., 2004; World HealthOrganization, 2012). Importantly, theincidence of MDD in women is twicethat of men (Kessler, 2003; Kendler et al.,2006), and thus understanding its patho-physiology has widespread implicationsfor attenuation and prevention of dis-ease burden, particularly in women. Over40 years of research implicate hormonaldysregulation underlying mood disorders(Boardetal.,1956;GibbonsandMcHugh,1962; Coplan et al., 2000; Brouwer et al.,2005; Kurt et al., 2007; Barim et al., 2009),particularlyinvolvementofhypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and HP-gonadal(HPG) axes (Board et al., 1956; Gibbonsand McHugh, 1962; Plotsky et al., 1998;Young and Korszun, 2002; Swaab et al.,2005). Central dysregulation of hormonalaxes can precede MDD onset suggest-ing a role for hormonal abnormalitiesin female MDD vulnerability. Ours andothers’ work demonstrated that the vul-nerabilityforsex-dependentriskforMDDbegins in
Nitroglycerin administration during cardiac arrest caused by coronary vasospasm secondary to misoprostol

Abstract There have been no reports of successful resuscitation using nitroglycerin (NTG) for cardiac arrest due to definitive coronary vasospasm. A 42-year-old female was brought to the Emergency Department in ventricular fibrillation after being found collapsed with the consumption of misoprostol. NTG, a potent coronary arterial dilator, not typically used in the management of cardiac arrest, was administered after 27min of resuscitation efforts following advanced cardiac life support. NTG aided in the return of spontaneous circulation during a ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in the setting of prostaglandin use. Learning objective: Nitroglycerin is not typically employed in the management of cardiac arrest. We report successful cardiac resuscitation after administration of intravenous nitroglycerin during a prolonged cardiac arrest event secondary to coronary artery vasospasm in the setting of recent misoprostol ingestion. Nitroglycerin may have a role in cardiac arrest in the setting of coronary vasospasm.>
MAASS-JACOBI FORMS OVER COMPLEX QUADRATIC FIELDS

We use methods from representation theory and invariant theory to compute differential operators invariant under the action of the Jacobi group over a complex quadratic field. This allows us to introduce Maass-Jacobi forms over complex quadratic fields, which are Jacobi forms that are also eigenfunctions of an invariant differential operator. We present explicit examples via Jacobi-Eisenstein series.
Forensically Important Calliphoridae (Diptera) Associated with Pig Carrion in Rural North-Central Florida

A study to determine the relative abundance and seasonality of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in rural north-central Florida was conducted using pig carcasses (Sus scrofa L.) as models for human bodies. Seven species of Calliphoridae were collected: Lucilia coeruleiviridis (=Phaenicia) (Macquart), Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), Chrysomya rufifaces (Macquart), Phormia regina (Meigen), Chrysomya megacephala (F.), and a few specimens of Calliphora livida Hall, and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy. Species composition in aerial collections of adult flies, preserved larval collections, and samples of larvae reared to the adult stage were all highly correlated. Relative abundance of the species found was significantly different, with L. coeruleiviridis the most abundant species year-round. The relative abundance of the collected species varied significantly by day of decomposition and by season, with significant interactions between season and day, season and species, and day and species. L. coeruleiviridis, C. macellaria, C. rufifaces, and P. regina were found during the entire year, two C. vicina specimens and 11 C. livida specimens were collected from December to March, whereas C. megacephala was collected only from June through September.
Subpoenaed Sources and the Internet: A Test for When Bloggers Should Reveal Who Misappropriated a Trade Secret

In late November 2004, various websites, including Applelnsider and PowerPage, displayed specific information about a new product that Apple Computer, Inc. was developing.1 Apple had yet to officially announce the product, a FireWire audio interface (codenamed "Asteroid" or "Q7") that would allow users to directly record audio onto their computers from attached musical instruments or other audio devices.2 In response to the widespread dissemination of its confidential information over these websites' blogs, Apple filed suit in the Superior Court of Santa Clara County, California, alleging that "unnamed individuals or entities had leaked specific, trade secret information" to the websites.3 Believing that the timing and publicity of product launches is valuable, Apple sought indeterminate damages from the defendant(s) and an injunction restraining them from misappropriating trade secret information about future products.4 To identify the proper defendant(s), Apple concurrently filed an application for expedited discovery, which the Superior Court quickly granted.5 Apple thus sought leave to subpoena Applelnsider, PowerPage, ThinkSecret,6 and Nfox,
Imaging Modalities to Identity Inflammation in an Atherosclerotic Plaque

Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, multifocal arterial wall disease caused by local and systemic inflammation responsible for major cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. With the recent understanding that vulnerable plaque erosion and rupture, with subsequent thrombosis, rather than luminal stenosis, is the underlying cause of acute ischemic events, there has been a shift of focus to understand the mechanisms that make an atherosclerotic plaque unstable or vulnerable to rupture. The presence of inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque has been considered as one of the initial events which convert a stable plaque into an unstable and vulnerable plaque. This paper systemically reviews the noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities that are currently available to detect this inflammatory process, at least in the intermediate stages, and discusses the ongoing studies that will help us to better understand and identify it at the molecular level.
The Economic and Political Influences on Different Dimensions of United States Immigration Policy

Recent research on political attitudes towards immigration often pits arguments emphasizing economic self-interest against ideological or cultural explanations. Many of these studies conceptualize immigration policy along a single dimension instead of disaggregating it into its distinct policy dimensions. Conditional on the type of immigration policy, different explanations should have more or less explanatory power. We disaggregate immigration policy into six different dimensions and provide theoretical scope conditions for when ideological and economic factors should matter. We test these predictions on votes on immigration policy in the US House of Representatives from 1979-2006. We advance the debate on the determinants of immigration policy by showing that both economic self-interest and ideological explanations can be powerful, depending upon the type of immigration policy under consideration.
Varieties of Capitalism Theory: Its Considerable Limits*

This is a short note on the limits of Varieties of Capitalism and the potential of the Keynes-Kalecki approach proposed by Baccaro and Pontusson for overcoming them. It identifies the main problem ...
A comparison of the initial to the later stream urine in children catheterized to evaluate for a urinary tract infection.

BackgroundTo avoid potential contamination, it is recommended that the first few drops of urine be discarded when obtaining a catheterized urine sample from a child being evaluated for a urinary tract infection (UTI). The existing evidence to make such a recommendation is scant. Our goal, therefore,
Mainstreaming Gender Research into the Classroom: Cases from Contemporary Western Europe

In March 1995, a group of scholars and teachers of political science met at the University of Washington to participate in a two-day workshop called, "Gender and Politics in Contemporary Europe: A Curriculum Development Workshop".' The following articles, by Dorothy Stetson, Leslie Eliason, Joni Lovenduski, Sonja Elison, and Christine Di Stefano, capture a large portion of these discussions. At the workshop, we were concerned with two cri-
Europium Chalcogenide Nanowires by Vapor Phase Conversions

We have converted Eu(OH)3 single crystal nanowires to Eu2O3 single crystal nanowires and studied the transformation using temperature and atmosphere controlled X-ray powder diffraction. The single crystal Eu2O3 nanowires were investigated as a starting material for the preparation of controlled morphology synthesis of the magnetic semiconductors EuO, EuS, and EuSe using gas phase reagents. In addition, we also explored the synthesis of EuOCl nanowires from Eu2O3 as an alternative route to EuO and EuS nanowires.
PROCESSING OF AL_2O_3/Ni FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT COMPOSITES BY CENTRIFUGAL COMPACTION

In this paper,Al2O3/Ni functionally gradient composites were fabricated by centrifugal compaction method and the slurry preparation,centrifugal compaction mechanism and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated.The results showed that slurry with good fluidity can be produced when the binder content,solid content and milling time was 2 mass%,63 vol.% and 36 h,respectively.Al2O3/Ni functionally gradient composites were produced by vacuum sintering at 1400 ℃ for 2 hours.The composites revealed relatively better mechanical properties with lower pore content and higher bending strength of 321 MPa.
The Words for Disgust in English, Korean, and Malayalam Question Its Homogeneity:

Native speakers of English, Korean, and Malayalam (N = 30 in each group) rated their emotional reactions to stories describing events leading to anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Speaker’s languag...
Magnetic Concentracting in Numerical Simulation of 3D Finite Element of Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing of Heat-exchange Tube

In view of the characteristics of ferromagnetic heat-exchange tube,based on the principle of magnetic flux leakage(MFL) testing,use the finite element analysis software,also 3D finite element method(FEM) model for MFL testing of heat-exchange tube was established.Also design two magnetic concentracting structure for sensitivity of increasing magnetic flux leakage testing(ring-shaped magnetic concentracting and taper guiding magnetic concentracting).Also the laws are obtained representing distribution of the radial component of the magnetic induction density to the change of the depth of crack under the two above structure.After that,the curves are obtained representing distribution of the MFL field.The outcome indicates that magnetic concentracting can build up the density of the crack MFL on the measure point,and the effect of taper guiding magnetic concentracting is better.
Metal wiring critical dimension shrink using ALD spacer in BEOL sub-50nm pitch

In advanced technology nodes, the BEOL requires advanced patterning techniques such as triple patterning (LELELE) and side wall image transfer techniques to form metal and via structures with pitches below 50nm. In this paper, we demonstrate metal critical dimension (CD) shrinkage using atomic layer deposition (ALD) enabled spacer layer to achieve sub-50 nm pitch. ALD spacer thickness is identified as the crucial parameter to achieve target CD. An optimization study correlating oxide thickness, final CD and electrical yield is presented. An optimized recipe that results in 50% shrinkage is identified with good electrical yield.
Multiple sclerosis: Rapid diagnosis or right diagnosis?

During more than 5 decades, a variety of criteria to enable the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been proposed and often widely utilized in clinical practice. Early criteria, such as those of Schumacher,1 were purely clinical. The Poser criteria,2 which were often used and cited in the 1980s and 1990s, began to incorporate “paraclinical” testing, including imaging, evoked potentials, and CSF into a complex scheme of varying diagnostic certainty. Then, beginning with the first iteration of the McDonald criteria in 2001,3 MRI came to occupy a central role in the diagnostic process.
Phototherapy for Pityriasis Lichenoides in the Pediatric Population: A Review of the Published Literature

Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) is a dermatologic disorder that manifests in either the acute (pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta) or the chronic form (pityriasis lichenoides chronica, also known as parapsoriasis chronica). Traditional first-line therapy consists of corticosteroids or antibiotics; however, these treatments are often accompanied with multiple side effects and may be ineffective. The goal of this study was to review the use of phototherapy for treating PL in the pediatric population. We performed a systematic review of the literature in the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database and the SCOPUS database discussing phototherapy for treatment of PL in the pediatric population. The following search terms were used: ‘pityriasis lichenoides’, ‘pityriasis lichenoides chronica’, ‘pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta’, and ‘febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease’. The systematic search and screening of articles resulted in 14 articles including a total of 64 patients with PL treated with phototherapy. Three different modalities were utilized, with five studies using broadband ultraviolet B (BB-UVB) radiation, nine studies utilizing narrowband UVB (NB-UVB), and two studies employing psoralen with ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy. Overall, the use of BB-UVB had an initial clearance rate of 89.6 % with 23.1 % recurrence, whereas NB-UVB cleared 73 % of the lesions with no recurrence, and PUVA therapy initially cleared 83 % of the lesions with 60 % recurrence. The side-effect profiles were similar and revealed limited toxicity. Phototherapy shows promising results and a favorable side-effect profile in the treatment of PL. Ultimately, large randomized controlled trials are needed to determine optimal treatments.
Using convex envelopes to solve the interactive fixed-charge linear programming problem

In the well-known fixed-charge linear programming problem, it is assumed, for each activity, that the value of the fixed charge incurred when the level of the activity is positive does not depend upon which other activities, if any, are also undertaken at a positive level. However, we have encountered several practical problems where this assumption does not hold. In an earlier paper, we developed a new problem, called the interactive fixed-charge linear programming problem (IFCLP), to model these problems. In this paper, we show how to construct the convex envelopes and other convex underestimating functions for the objective function for problem (IFCLP) over various rectangular subsets of its domain. Using these results, we develop a specialized branch-and-bound algorithm for problem (IFCLP) which finds an exact optimal solution for the problem in a finite number of steps. We also discuss the main properties of this algorithm.
Radicalize Multiculturalism? Garifuna Activism and the Double-Bind of Participation in Postcoup Honduras

Resumen En este articulo analizo la resistencia Garifuna ante el golpe de estado contra Manuel Rosales Zelaya. Me baso en entrevistas y conversaciones con activistas y observacion participante en las protestas contra el golpe de estado en Tegucigalpa con el fin de explorar el significado y los objetivos de la resistencia cultural Garifuna en el periodo post-golpe. Argumento que la etnopolitica sirve para reforzar y desafiar las representaciones dominantes de la subjetividad folklorica Garifuna, las cuales son ampliamente diseminadas por la propaganda turistica y la construccion de la identidad nacional por politicas multiculturales. Tambien subrayo la forma en que los activistas Garifunas articularon sus demandas para la autonomia y los derechos territoriales con los objetivos del movimiento de resistencia nacional. Participacion Garifuna en la Resistencia brindo la oportunidad de ser reconocidos como sujetos politicos—no como objetos—y para aspirar a otra Honduras dentro de este movimiento multietnico emergente.
The Maghreb and Tangier

Applying selected hermeneutic approaches and theories of translation to the observation of foreign cultures, this chapter examines the ideas of Walter Benjamin, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and George Steiner to help explain certain features of avant-garde strategy before analyzing specific works that focus on regions of North Africa. These works include Andre Gide’s fragmentary but still pastoral depictions of Tunisia and Algeria in Amyntas and L’Immoraliste, and the existential travels of Paul Bowles in his short stories, essays, and first novel, The Sheltering Sky. The chapter concludes with a discussion of William Burroughs and his four-year expatriation in the former “International Zone of the City of Tangier” where he composed the multiple “routines” that made up his groundbreaking experimental novel Naked Lunch.
The Two Austerities

Austerity as an emotional and moral imperative has long shaped the conduct of academic life. For some, this has been a problem; for others, it has been simply a part of being an academic. Nevertheless, the rise of neoliberalism in the academy has intensified the emotional and moral effects of its traditional relationship with austerity to the point where one must ask whether the resultant academic environment is a healthy or an unhealthy one? A harmful or an unharmful one? It will be argued that the confluence of these two austerities within the neoliberal academy results in a higher educational environment that is fundamentally ineffective in meeting the emotional demands of academic life. This, coupled with the failure of the neoliberal academy to meet the needs of democratic education and critical citizenship, only strengthens arguments in support of rejecting neoliberal academe—and instead working toward an alternate educational praxis.
STUDIES ON BULINUS (PHYSOPSIS) GLOBOSUS IN RHODESIA. II. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND GROWTH.

(1964). Studies on Bulinus (Physopsis) Globosus in Rhodesia. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 106-115.
The role of climatic and geological events in generating diversity in Ethiopian grass frogs (genus Ptychadena).

Ethiopia is a world biodiversity hotspot and harbours levels of biotic endemism unmatched in the Horn of Africa, largely due to topographic-and thus habitat-complexity, which results from a very active geological and climatic history. Among Ethiopian vertebrate fauna, amphibians harbour the highest levels of endemism, making amphibians a compelling system for the exploration of the impacts of Ethiopia's complex abiotic history on biotic diversification. Grass frogs of the genus Ptychadena are notably diverse in Ethiopia, where they have undergone an evolutionary radiation. We used molecular data and expanded taxon sampling to test for cryptic diversity and to explore diversification patterns in both the highland radiation and two widespread lowland Ptychadena. Species delimitation results support the presence of nine highland species and four lowland species in our dataset, and divergence dating suggests that both geologic events and climatic fluctuations played a complex and confounded role in the diversification of Ptychadena in Ethiopia. We rectify the taxonomy of the endemic P. neumanni species complex, elevating one formally synonymized name and describing three novel taxa. Finally, we describe two novel lowland Ptychadena species that occur in Ethiopia and may be more broadly distributed.
Sapling white pine (Pinus strobus L.) exhibits growth response following selective release from competition with glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus P. Mill) and associated vegetation

Abstract Invasive glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) hampers management of white pine (Pinus strobus) in the northeastern USA, especially when these species co-establish following harvest activities. Our objective was to test the effects on pine sapling growth of a simple, quick, and novel silvicultural procedure involving local buckthorn stem removal. We identified 75 five-year-old pine saplings in a Durham, NH, forest regeneration area that was clear-cut in 2009 and which was heavily invaded by buckthorn. All selected pine saplings were surrounded primarily by glossy buckthorn. Around each of 50 of these pine saplings, a 1 m radius was cleared (‘cut only’ treatment) and for half of these there was a follow-up herbicide application (‘cut + herbicide’ treatment). Remaining saplings were untreated controls. After one growing season, pines responded to treatment with increased terminal leader biomass (+75%), basal stem diameter (+12%) and bark starch (+140%). Treated pines displayed even greater diameter increase (+29%) after two growing seasons. None of these variables differed across the two treatments. Height of treated pines did not differ from controls, even after the second growing season. When herbicide was used, there were 86% fewer buckthorn sprouts in treated areas, but pine mortality was five times greater (n = 5) than in the cut only treatment (n = 1). Our results show that, regardless of herbicide use, those pines cleared of surrounding vegetation and not subject to post-treatment mortality exhibited increased vigor and growth, suggesting a greater potential to eventually outgrow competing buckthorn and thus more rapidly reach commercial size.
Calibrating Bone Durability

This chapter explores the disparate durabilities of different skeletal elements in the face of destructive forces. Such attrition differentially affects element survival across the skeleton and thus at least potentially inserts a confounding effect into any analysis of human selectivity based upon nutritional utility. The chapter describes efforts to calibrate variations in skeletal element durability over the last 40 years, focusing on the use of biomedical equipment that measure bone mineral densities. It reviews pioneering studies of bone “volume densities” using photon densitometry and its application to diverse taxa. It summarizes questions emerging about bone mineral estimates drawn this two-dimensionally based technique and discusses the later application of CTscan technology to calibrating bone mineral density, as well as sources of divergence in these two techniques’ measurements. This chapter also explains how zooarchaeologists have juxtaposed bone durability measures with nutritional utility indices to explore the dominant processes involved in forming archaeofaunal accumulations. The chapter discusses simulation study of the potential consequences of limiting assemblage analysis to fewer, high-durability skeletal elements and ends with a consideration of element frequencies in relation to other proxies for modifying processes, such as surface modifications.
Molecular Simulations of Volatile Organic Interfaces

Abstract Volatile organic liquids are commonly classified by bulk thermodynamic properties, such as vapor pressure, surface tension, and contact angle. Such a coarse description of interfaces does not capture molecular features of their behavior and makes linking molecular characteristics to observed properties challenging. In this chapter, we review how computational molecular dynamics simulations can be used to probe molecular features of volatile liquid–vapor interfaces. As a test case, we examine the liquid–vapor interface formed by various mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane.