cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Readmissions to the ICU Among Children With Tracheostomies Placed After Cardiac Arrest

OBJECTIVE: Describe clinical outcomes and risk factors for ICU readmissions in a cohort of children who underwent tracheostomy placement after cardiac arrest. METHODS: A retrospective, multicenter cohort analysis of children RESULTS: Among 394 index admissions, the median age was 16.8 months (interquartile range [IQR] 5.3–89.3), and Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3 scores (median 9 [IQR 4.75–16]) indicated severe illness. Baseline neurologic function was generally age appropriate (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score: median 2 [IQR 1–3]). The most common primary diagnosis categories were respiratory (31.0%), cardiac (21.6%), and injury and/or poisoning (18.3%). Post-tracheostomy mortality during the index admission was 9.3%. Among the 358 patients who survived to discharge, 334 had >180 days of available follow-up data. Two hundred and five (61.4%) patients were readmitted at least once for a total of 643 readmissions (range 0–30; median 1 [IQR 0–2]). We observed 0.54 readmissions per patient-year. The median time to first readmission was 50.3 days (IQR 12.8–173.7). Significant risk factors for readmission included a pre-existing diagnosis of chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease and/or heart failure, prematurity, and new seizures during the index admission. The most common indication for readmission was respiratory illness (46.2%). Mortality (3.3%) and procedural burden during readmission were consistent with general PICU care. CONCLUSIONS: ICU readmission among children who undergo postarrest tracheostomy is common, usually due to respiratory causes, and involves outcomes and resource use similar to other ICU admissions. Risk factors for readmission are largely nonmodifiable.
Medico-Legal Issues in Minimally Invasive Colon and Rectal Surgery: A Primer

While it is inevitable that a text regarding surgical complications and unanticipated outcomes would include a comment regarding medico-legal aspects of patient care, a comprehensive review of this topic is beyond the scope of this book. The following information is not legal advice but simply a framework to highlight some of the issues relevant to clinical practice.
Multiquadratic fields generated by characters of An

Abstract For a finite group G, let K ( G ) denote the field generated over Q by its character values. For alternating groups, G.R. Robinson and J.G. Thompson [6] determined K ( A n ) as an explicit multiquadratic field. Confirming a speculation of Thompson [7] , we show that arbitrary suitable multiquadratic fields are similarly generated by the values of A n -characters restricted to elements whose orders are only divisible by ramified primes.
Tensorial stress−strain fields and large elastoplasticity as well as friction in diamond anvil cell up to 400 GPa

Various phenomena (fracture, phase transformations, and chemical reactions) studied under extreme pressures in diamond anvil cell are strongly affected by fields of all components of stress and plastic strain tensors. However, they could not be measured. Here, we suggest a coupled experimental−theoretical−computational approach that allowed us (using published experimental data) to refine, calibrate, and verify models for elastoplastic behavior and contact friction for tungsten (W) and diamond up to 400 GPa and reconstruct fields of all components of stress and large plastic strain tensors in W and diamond. Despite the generally accepted strain-induced anisotropy, strain hardening, and path-dependent plasticity, here we showed that W after large plastic strains behaves as isotropic and perfectly plastic with path-independent surface of perfect plasticity. Moreover, scale-independence of elastoplastic properties is found even for such large field gradients. Obtained results open opportunities for quantitative extreme stress science and reaching record high pressures.
Effects of Epinephrine, Detomidine, and Butorphanol on Assessments of Insulin Sensitivity in Mares

Sympathoadrenal stimulation may perturb results of endocrine tests performed on fractious horses. Sedation may be beneficial; however, perturbation of results may preclude useful information. Four experiments were designed to 1) determine the effects of epinephrine on insulin response to glucose (IR2G), 2) assess the effects of detomidine (DET), alone or combined with butorphanol (DET/BUT), on IR2G and glucose response to insulin (GR2I), and 3) assess the effects of BUT alone on IR2G. In Experiment 1, mares were administered saline or epinephrine (5 μg/kg BW) immediately before infusion of glucose (100 mg/kg BW). Glucose stimulated (P < .05) insulin release in controls at 5 minutes that persisted through 30 minutes; insulin was suppressed (P < .05) by epinephrine from 5 to 15 minutes, rising gradually through 30 minutes. Experiments 2 (IR2G) and 3 (GR2I) were conducted as triplicated 3 × 3 Latin squares with the following treatments: saline (SAL), DET, and DET/BUT (all administered at .01 mg/kg BW). Glucose stimulated (P < .05) insulin release that persisted through 30 minutes in SAL mares; DET and DET/BUT severely suppressed (P < .0001) the IR2G. Sedation did not affect resting glucose and had inconsistent effects on the GR2I when mares were treated with 50 mIU/kg BW recombinant human insulin. Butorphanol had no effect on IR2G. In conclusion, adrenergic agonists severely suppress the IR2G and cannot be used for sedation for this test. The use of DET did not alter the GR2I, and therefore may be useful for conducting this test in fractious horses.
Λ -Nucleon Interaction in the Hypernucleus Be 9 Λ

A variational method has been used to calculate the strength of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-nucleon interaction required to account for the observed binding of $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{Be}^{9}$. The hypernucleus is treated as a three-body system (two alpha particles and the hyperon), in which the spin-average of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-nucleon interaction is effective. Results in agreement with previous calculations of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-nucleon interaction in $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{5}$ are obtained without appreciable overlapping of the two alpha particles. This absence of overlapping is taken to be a reasonable criterion for the validity of the model.
A multi-dimensional exploration of spirituality to empathy

Empathy is a well-established factor for a successful therapeutic relationship. Similarly, spirituality has demonstrated significance for many clinical outcomes. Although available evidence general...
Exploring a broader context of the home environment and its relationship with asthma control in American Indian children

In this cross-sectional study of 60 American Indian mother-child dyads from Southeastern North Carolina, we examined whether childhood asthma control was related to household-level factors, such as environmental tobacco smoke and family management behaviors. We also examined the relationships among family management behaviors and maternal depressive symptoms. We used logistic regression to assess the relationships among childhood asthma control, the presence of environmental tobacco smoke, and family management behaviors, specifically condition management ability (CMA) and condition management effort (CME). We used linear regression to evaluate the relationships between both CMA and CME and maternal depressive symptoms. Better asthma control in children was associated with the absence of environmental tobacco smoke in the home and the maternal perception of asthma as a manageable condition. Mothers perceived an increase in effort to manage their child's asthma as their depressive symptoms increased. These findings emphasize the importance of environmental triggers, perceptions of condition management, and maternal mental health in controlling asthma in American Indian children. Interventions to reduce environmental triggers, treat maternal depressive symptoms, and support mothers in their ability to manage childhood asthma may yield better asthma control and help to reduce existing racial disparities in this population.
Thermal conductance switching in aerogel- SiO 2 nanoparticle composites

In this Letter, we theoretically describe the dramatic conductance switching properties of a smart aerogel containing phonon polariton (PhP)-supporting nanoparticles with variable dispersity. When its temperature is greater than a transition temperature, TT, the aerogel- SiO 2 composite thermal conductance will increase by more than 100×. Using approaches based on Kirchhoff's laws and the fluctuation dissipation theorem, we show that the thermal conductance switching emerges from the nanometer-scale displacements of nanoparticles entrained in the volumetric changes of the smart aerogels and the d − 6 dependence of nanoparticle PhP radiation heat exchange on the separation distance, d.
Using Core Science Ideas to Teach Aspects of Nature of Science in the Elementary Grades

An integrated approach to learning content, practices, and nature of science (NOS) is needed in elementary classrooms in order to provide a critical foundation for students’ science learning in the years to come. In this chapter, we share a detailed lesson on how to approach this need through contextualizing the teaching of NOS with the teaching of science content (gravity) and practices (forming evidence-based explanations). Framing the instruction for this approach is Zembal-Saul et al.’s (What’s your evidence: engaging K-5 students in constructing explanations in science. Pearson, Boston, 2013) science explanation framework: Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning (CER). For this activity, this framework helps to articulate the NOS ideas that science is empirically based and scientific laws are formed from generalized patterns used to explain phenomenon that is repeatedly observed.
Influence of restorative design on the progression of peri-implant bone loss: A retrospective study.

Background Clinical data on the restorative designs affecting the early progression of peri-implantitis are scarce. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of several restorative factors (e.g., restoration emergence angle, and internal screw length/diameter) on the marginal bone loss around implants with peri-implantitis. Methods Implants diagnosed with peri-implantitis having 1- (T1) and 2-year (T2) follow-ups were included. In addition, within 6 months pre-diagnosis (Tb), all cases required to have full documentation in which no evidence of peri-implantitis was not indicated. Changes in marginal bone levels (MBLs) from Tb to T1 and from T1 to T2 were evaluated. The effect of several variables on MBLs changes was assessed via univariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations. Results Eighty-three bone-level implants from 65 patients were selected. The mean follow-up before peri-implantitis diagnosis was 99.47 ± 47.93 months. The radiographic mean marginal bone loss was 1.52 ± 1.33 mm (Tb to T1) and 0.58 ± 0.52 mm (T1 to T2). Restoration emergence angle and frequency of maintenance visits significantly affected MBLs from Tb to T1. Besides, 66.3% of the included implants' bone levels were in a zone within 1 mm of the apical end of the internal screw at T1 and remained in this zone during the second follow-up year. Conclusions Significant marginal bone loss occurred in the early post-diagnosis period of peri-implantitis, which could be affected by the restoration emergence angle. Peri-implant MBLs were frequently located in a zone within 1 mm of the apical end of the internal screw.
The use of human biospecimens for research.

This discussion presents many of the ethical, legal, and financial issues that underlie the contemporary regulatory framework for research with human biospecimens. Some considerations, such as claims of donor control over their biospecimens, could potentially constrain researchers' freedom of action. We first consider concepts underlying consent to donate biospecimens for research. A requirement to obtain consent for donation of a biospecimen could conceptually be based upon the autonomy of the donor, or on property rights of the donor, or a combination of both concepts. If these concepts affect how consent is implemented, it could have significant downstream consequences for research and researchers. We present elements of the revision of the common rule that affect the use of human biospecimens including the current consent regulations based on transparency and autonomy, and the distinction between consent for, and ownership of, biospecimens. One of the major judicial opinions that denied property rights for biospecimens is described together with some implications for the research community of attributing ownership of biospecimens to their donors. We then consider transactional aspects of biospecimen donation. Considering biospecimens as a negotiable commodity presents both constraints and opportunities for donors and researchers. Compensation for biospecimens can be negotiated under contract law. Allowing donor control of the secondary research use of deidentified biospecimens could have an inhibiting effect on research. If donors possessed such control, even deidentification would not necessarily eliminate their ability to influence future research. Accordingly, new models of biospecimen donation are appearing in which the research community will have a substantial interest.
Long-term Results Using Glutaraldehyde-treated Homograft Pericardium in Congenital Heart Surgery.

Background This study reports the long-term outcomes using glutaraldehyde-treated cryopreserved homograft pericardium (CPH) in neonates, infants, children, and young adults undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients at a single institution (Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA) who had undergone surgical implantation with CPH between 2006 and 2016. The study identified 134 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a total of 276 patches. The baseline demographic characteristics, primary cardiac diagnosis, surgical characteristics, operative reports, and postoperative catheterization and reoperation reports were analyzed. The use of CPH was categorized by specific anatomic insertion site. Results The median age at patch implantation was 1.47 years (range, 1 day to 31.6 years). The numbers and locations of patch use were 124 for pulmonary arterial repair, 57 for repair of the aorta, 49 for septal repair, and 43 at other sites. At a median follow-up of 5.29 years, 9 patients had died (6.7%), but none of those deaths were related to CPH. Twelve patients (8.96%) underwent reoperations, and 18 patients (13.4%) underwent catheter interventions at sites of CPH implantation. The 10-year freedom from patch-induced reoperation and catheter intervention rates were 88.5% and 86.9%, respectively. Overall patch failure–free survival was 85.8% and 79.0% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Conclusions The use of CPH patch in the surgical correction of congenital heart disease is effective and durable, as evidenced by the low reintervention rates. These results are comparable to the early and midterm outcomes of other similarly used surgical patches..
El archivo invertido: umbrales, autenticidad y Demos (pueblo)

espanolEste articulo sostiene que el concepto de “umbral archivistico” del ius archivi en el que la recepcion de documentos por un archivo sirve para autenticar esos documentos, se invierte en la era de los datos gubernamentales abiertos y de las tecnologias civicas. Estas tecnologias crean una expectativa de transparencia que invierte la funcion del umbral. Solo a traves de la transmision de datos desde los archivos al espacio publico se puede determinar la autenticidad. En una epoca de “noticias falsas” y de los llamados “hechos alternativos”, esta dinamica es problematica y plantea interrogantes sobre la participacion en los sistemas de informacion estatales. EnglishThis paper argues that the ius archivi concept of the “archival threshold”, in which receipt of records by an authoritative archive serves to authenticate those records, is inverted in the era of open government data and civic technologies. These technologies of witnessing create an expectation of transparency that reverses the function of the threshold; it is only through the transmission of data out of archives and into public space that authenticity can be judged. In a time of ‘fake news’ and so called ‘alternative facts’, this dynamic is problematic and raises questions about participation in state information systems.
Inner-Approximation of Manipulable and Reachable Regions using Bilinear Matrix Inequalities

Given an articulated robot arm, we present a method to identify two regions with non-empty interiors. The first region is a subset of the configuration space where every point in the region is manipulable. The second region is a subset of the workspace where every point in the region is reachable by the end-effector. Our method expresses the kinematic state of the robot arm using the maximal coordinates, so that the kinematic constraints take polynomial forms. We then reformulate the optimization-based inverse kinematics (IK) algorithm as gradient flows. Finally, we use sum-of-squares (SOS) programming to certify the convergence of each gradient flow. Our main result shows that the feasibility of an SOS programming problem is a sufficient condition for the manipulability and reachability of the sublevel sets of polynomial functions. Our method can be used to certify manipulable or reachable regions by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) or to maximize the volume of a region by solving a set of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). These identified regions can then be used in various motion planning problems as hard safety constraints.
An 802pW 93% Peak Efficiency Buck Converter with 5.5×10 6 Dynamic Range Featuring Fast DVFS and Asynchronous Load-Transient Control

This paper presents a buck converter with sub-nW quiescent power, high efficiency, and a wide dynamic range for ultra-low-power (ULP) IoT SoCs. To optimize the SoC power consumption, the buck converter supports fast dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and enables fast load-transient response (FLTR) through asynchronous control. In addition, the buck converter is fully self-contained with all features integrated on chip including a proposed adaptive deadtime controller. Fabricated in 65nm CMOS, measurement results show the buck converter has an 802pW quiescent power at 1.5V input voltage and a 93% peak efficiency. The measured dynamic range is from 0.5nW to 2.75mW, which is over 6 orders of magnitude. The measured voltage droop is 54mV for a 45nA-to-1mA load current step thanks to the asynchronous load-transient detector. The buck converter achieves the highest efficiency and widest dynamic range among all the state-of-the-art sub-nW switching voltage regulators, which makes it well suited for power management in ULP SoCs.
Insights into the uniquely human origins of understanding other minds

We summarize research and theory to show that, from early in human ontogeny, much information about other minds can be gleaned from reading the eyes. This analysis suggests that eyes serve as uniquely human windows into other minds, which critically extends the target article by drawing attention to what might be considered the neurodevelopmental origins of knowledge attribution in humans.
Encounters with Animals: Production, Consumption, and Education

The stated purpose of this essay is “making visible the process of animalsbecoming-meat.” I like the creativity of this project, especially its attention to subtleties of argument and its refusal to impose a normative ideology. I also appreciate that the project strives to replace torpid thoughtlessness with awakened sensibilities. Some language in the essay is appropriately provocative, for example “a living, bellowing steer turns into a succulent steak.” The essay is a pleasure to read and an educative contribution to educational philosophy debates.
Wrist actigraphic measures of sleep in space.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether wrist actigraphy is useful as a tool for space-based sleep research. Specifically, to determine whether bedtimes and waketimes can be identified from the actigraphic record, and whether actigraphic measures of sleep in space are related to polysomnographic (PSG) ones. DESIGN AND SETTING: Actigraphy, sleep diary, and Polysomnographic (PSG) measures of sleep were obtained from four subjects in two 72h measurement blocks occurring 2d and 12d into a 17d Space Shuttle mission in orbiting the earth in microgravity. PATIENTS: Four healthy male astronauts aged 38y - 47y. INTERVENTIONS: NA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleep onset and offset at "night" could be quite clearly identified from the actigraphic record and were better estimated by actigraph than by diary. There was a high correlation between actigraphic and PSG estimates of sleep duration (r = 0.96) and sleep efficiency (r = 0.88), and a similarity in the mean estimates obtained. On a minute-by-minute basis, there was a good correlation between sleep stage and actigraphic movement counts, with a higher level of counts per minute recorded in epochs with lighter PSG sleep stages. There was also a high correlation (r = 0.90) between minutes of stage 0 (wake) occurring between bedtime and wake time, and number of non-zero actigraph epochs during the same interval. CONCLUSIONS: Actigraphy worked well in space both as a way of detecting bedtimes and waketimes, and as an indicant of sleep restlessness.
A mixed discrete‐continuous variable multiobjective genetic algorithm for targeted implementation of nonpoint source pollution control practices

[1] Implementation of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control strategies at the watershed scale hinges on abating pollutant movement from the landscape to water bodies at minimum cost. This paper presents an integrated simulation-optimization approach for targeted implementation of agricultural conservation practices at the watershed scale. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with mixed discrete-continuous decision variables was coupled with a distributed watershed model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), to identify optimal types and locations of conservation practices for nutrient and pesticide control at the watershed scale. Previous optimization studies have used binary representation of nonpoint source pollution controls, even though many could be better characterized as continuous variables. In this study, a novel discrete-continuous decision variable, also known as mixed-variable, representation was used to enhance the versatility of the approach by evaluating more options during the search process. Application of the proposed framework in the Eagle Creek Watershed, Indiana, indicated that the optimal suite of conservation practices from the mixed-variable NSGA-II was more effective in meeting water quality targets at lower costs than the solution from binary-variable optimization. However, the mixed-variable approach was considerably more computationally demanding for assessing tradeoffs between environmental and economic factors. A method for hybridization of binary and mixed-variable NSGA-II methods in the context of nonpoint source pollution control practices was developed to enhance the computational efficiency of the optimization procedure. As a result, the number of model simulations required for convergence to the Pareto-optimal solutions was reduced by 96%. The conceptual complexity and computational requirements of optimization-based approaches are impediments to their wider application for targeted implementation of NPS pollution control strategies. The methods and finding of this study address these issues and could result in a more effective implementation of management strategies at the watershed scale.
Marriage Education and Neuroscience

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review recent findings in neuroscience for offering suggestions for further revisions of marriage education programs. Suggestions include paying more attention to the history of each partner; understanding the attachment styles of each partner; using both explicit and implicit learning; helping couples understand the role of emotions in rational decision making; promoting activation of the left hemisphere of the brain; focusing on process instead of content; increasing religious experiences and spirituality; the use of humor, absurdity and unordered material; and creating self-directed, technologically advanced modules that can be used as periodic checkups.
La enseñanza de la religión en la escuela

La ensenanza de la religion en la escuela es un tema que se hace vigente e invita a reflexionar en torno a su contenido y, junto con ello, revisar su naturaleza e intencionalidad, para formular la Educacion Religiosa Escolar (E.R.E.). Todo esto a partir de teorias en torno a la religiosidad y creencias del hombre, y proyectarla desde la ciudadania y conciudadania, la pertenencia, la comunicacion y el pensamiento critico, a los diferentes ambitos de la relacionalidad cotidiana de la persona: consigo mismo, con los otros, con lo otro y con el Otro. Este es, por tanto, un aporte a una permanente reflexion.
Inferring data transformation rules to integrate semantic web services

OWL-S allows selecting, composing and invoking Web Services at different levels of abstraction: selection uses high level abstract descriptions, invocation uses low level grounding ones, while composition needs to consider both high and low level descriptions. In our setting, two Web Services are to be composed so that output from the upstream one is used to create input for the downstream one. These Web Services may have different data models but are related to each other through high and low level descriptions. Correspondences must be found between components of the upstream data type and the downstream ones. Low level data transformation functions may be required (e.g. unit conversions, data type conversions). The components may be arranged in different XML tree structures. Thus, multiple data transformations are necessary: reshaping the message tree, matching leaves by corresponding types, translating through ontologies, and calling conversion functions. Our prototype compiles these transformations into a set of data transformation rules, using our tableau-based ALC Description Logic reasoner to reason over the given OWL-S and WSDL descriptions, as well as the related ontologies. A resolution-based inference mechanism for running these rules is embedded in an inference queue that conducts data from the upstream to the downstream service, running the rules to perform the data transformation in the process.
Microbial Biotechnology: Primary Metabolites: Organic Acids and Amino Acids

Microorganisms can function as efficient factories for the industrial scale production of the primary metabolites. Among these, ethanol will be discussed in Chapter 13. Other important primary metabolites currently produced by fermentation are listed in Table 9.1. Some organic acids and amino acids are seen to be the most important products in this category (excluding ethanol, of course). CITRIC ACID About 1 billion pounds of citric acid are produced worldwide (Table 9.1) by fermentation with the wild-type strains of a fungus, Aspergillus niger . Citric acid is used, for example, as a flavoring agent in food and drinks and to prevent oxidation and rancidity of fats and oils. In the very efficient fermentation process, up to 80% of the source sugar is converted into citric acid. Because this process, in operation since 1916, has been studied “probably more than any other process in mold metabolism,” according to one review, and could serve as a model for primary metabolite fermentation processes including glutamate fermentation (discussed later), we will examine this process in some detail. Citric acid, unlike ethanol, is not one of the typical waste products of energy metabolism, and is usually degraded completely into CO 2 and water through the operation of the citric acid cycle. Thus, the efficient conversion of sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, into citric acid by A. niger is rather unexpected, especially because mitochondria of A. niger contain all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid production occurs predominantly in the stationary phase, and indeed requires several unusual conditions.
Expression of ion channels and mutational effects in giant Drosophila neurons differentiated from cell division-arrested embryonic neuroblasts

A culture system of “giant” Drosophila neurons derived from cytokinesis- arrested embryonic neuroblasts was developed to overcome the technical difficulties usually encountered in studying small Drosophila neurons. Cytochalasin B-treated neuroblasts differentiated into giant multinucleated cells that displayed neuronal morphology and neuron- specific markers (Wu et al., 1990). Here, we report that these giant neurons express different excitability patterns and membrane channels similar to those reported in excitable tissues of Drosophila. Individual neurons exhibited distinct all-or-none or graded voltage responses upon current injection. Both current- and voltage-clamp recordings could be performed on the same neuron because of the large cell size, thus making it possible to elucidate the functional role of the individual types of channels. By using pharmacological agents and ion substitution, the following currents were identified in these giant neurons: inward Na+ and Ca2+ currents and outward voltage-activated (the A-type and delayed rectifier) and Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents. In addition, we found a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent outward K+ current and a persistent component of an inward Na+ current, which have not been reported in Drosophila previously. This culture system can be used to analyze the mutational perturbations in ion channels and the resultant alterations in membrane excitability. Neurons from the mutant slowpoke (slo), which is known to lack a component of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in muscles, exhibited prolonged action potentials associated with defects in the Ca(2+)- activated K+ current. This abnormality appeared to be more severe in the neurites than in the soma.
DIZI: a digital ink zooming interface for document annotation

Pen computing devices provide a natural interface for annotating documents with freeform digital ink. However, digital ink annotations are usually larger and sloppier than real ink annotations on paper. We present DIZI, a focus+context interface that zooms up a region of the underlying document for inking. Users write in the zoomed region at a comfortable size for the device. When the zoom region is shrunk back to normal page size, the digital ink shrinks to an appropriate size for the underlying document. The zoom region covers only a small portion of the screen so that users can always see the overall context of the underlying document. We describe several techniques for fluidly moving the zoom region to navigate the document. We show that DIZI allows users to create digital ink annotations that more closely mimic the look of real ink annotations on physical paper.
NEGLECTED DIMENSIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE

The purpose of this paper is essentially exploratory. Its central analytical focus will be upon certain dimensions of the process of economic development which are, as yet, only very imperfectly understood. It is hoped that the formulation presented below will encourage students of disciplines outside of economics to undertake research which may, eventually, make an important contribution to our understanding of what economic growth is all about. A convenient starting point will be to refer to the results of some recent research which has attempted to quantify the contributions of various factors to American economic growth during the past ninety years or so. Conventional economic theory suggests that the output of the economy at any point in time is a function of factor inputs and that, therefore, it ought to be possible to relate changes in output over time to systematic changes in factor inputs. An important segment of economic theory is devoted to exploring these relationships between variations in inputs and the associated variations in outputs – these relationships being summarized in the term ‘production function’. A plausible inference of this approach is that one can explain economic growth as resulting from an acceleration in the economy's rate of capital formation. According to this view the rise in human productivity which is a central aspect of the development process is attributable to a speeding up of the rate at which the economy makes additions to its capital stock, that is to say, that the rise in output per man is essentially a function of a “capital-deepening” process.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Beta Regulates Stem Cell Activity and Specifies Luminal Cell Fate in the Mammary Gland

The bZIP transcription factor C/EBP beta is important for mammary gland development and its expression is deregulated in human breast cancer. To determine whether C/EBP beta regulates mammary stem cells (MaSCs), we employed two different knockout strategies. Using both a germline and a conditional knockout strategy, we demonstrate that mammosphere formation was significantly decreased in C/EBP beta-deficient mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Functional limiting dilution transplantation assays indicated that the repopulating ability of C/EBP beta-deleted MECs was severely impaired. Serial transplantation experiments demonstrated that C/EBP beta deletion resulted in decreased outgrowth potential and premature MaSC senescence. In accord, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis demonstrated that C/EBP beta-null MECs contained fewer MaSCs, the loss of luminal progenitors and an increase in differentiated luminal cells as compared with wild-type. Gene profiling of C/EBP beta-null stem cells revealed an alteration in cell fate specification, exemplified by the expression of basal markers in the luminal compartment. Thus, C/EBP beta is a critical regulator of both MaSC repopulation activity and luminal cell lineage commitment. These findings have critical implications for understanding both stem cell biology and the etiology of different breast cancer subtypes.
Political Factors And Negro Voter Registration In The South

A recent Herblock cartoon in the Washington Post depicts three bare-footed backwoodsmen. The oldest and most tattered of them (labeled “poll tax”) lies wounded, his head propped against a boulder, his rifle abandoned near his side. As the other rifle-bearing rustics-identified as “literacy tests” and “scare tactics”- bend sorrowfully over him the older man says, “I think them Feds got me, boys, but I know you'll carry on.” Perhaps it is premature to anticipate the ratification of the anti-poll tax amendment proposed by the 87th Congress as the newest addition to the federal constitution. No doubt the cartoonist is correct, however, in picturing both “literacy tests” and “scare tactics” as less vulnerable to federal government attack. These presumed barriers to equal participation by Negroes in the politics of the South may “carry on” for some time to come.
Exercise echocardiography, angiography, and intracoronary ultrasound after cardiac transplantation

Fifty-one consecutive patients underwent exercise echocardiography, angiography, and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) 2.5 years (range 1 to 6) after cardiac transplantation. The average age of the donor was 29 years (range 13 to 50), and the average age of the recipient was 49 ± 12 years. In total, 78 studies were performed, as 25 patients had >1 annual evaluation and 2 patients had 3 consecutive annual evaluations. Of the 78 angiographic studies, 40 (26 patients) had evidence of coronary artery disease, defined as a focal stenosis (>20%, n = 4) or luminal irregularities (n = 36). However, by ICUS all 51 patients had intimal thickening at some point, with 34 patients possessing diffuse disease and 17 focal intimal thickening only. Of the 25 serial studies, 12 progressed by at least 1 Stanford class. The sensitivity of angiography for the determination of class III to IV intimal thickening was 64%, and the specificity was 76%. On exercise echocardiography, 6 examinations revealed resting wall motion abnormalities, whereas 6 had inducible wall motion abnormalities with exercise. The sensitivity of exercise echocardiography to determine class III to IV intimal thickening was 15%, and the specificity was 85%. In conclusion, exercise echocardiography is an insensitive method for predicting transplant-mediated coronary artery disease, whereas luminal irregularities on angiography may predict the presence of Stanford grade III to IV intimal thickening.
Political Elites, “Broken Windows”, and the Commodification of Urban Space

This article seeks to uncover the reasons for acceptance of the “broken windows” hypothesis amongst New York City’s political elite. Previous critical approaches have generally sought to challenge broken windows by showing that it is empirically suspect. While such approaches are indispensable, they tend to avoid addressing the problem of why, despite its lack of empirical support, political elites continually endorse the broken windows hypothesis as if it were an indisputable, scientifically established truth. In order to address this problem and extend the critical literature, I utilize an interpretive approach based on political memos, press releases, and other political documents from the Giuliani and Bloomberg administrations. Through an analysis of the official response to graffiti, unruly individuals and noise, I argue that broken windows is embraced by political elites insofar as it serves the interests of growth machines, which essentially seek to commodify and exploit urban spaces.
Manganese in Gasoline

This report responds to a resolution that asked the American Medical Association (AMA) to take action to reduce potential health risks from the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline. Information for this report was derived from a search of the MEDLINE database and references listed in pertinent articles, as well as through communications with medical and public health experts. Based on this information, the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs determined that there is insufficient scientific evidence to assess the public health impact of MMT use. While limited evidence indicates that general-population exposures to manganese from the use of MMT in gasoline are low, more research is needed to determine possible health effects from long-term, low-dose exposures to MMT and its combustion products. Until such data are available, educational and informational strategies should be developed to improve public awareness of the health and environmental issues surrounding MMT use.
Evaluation of Ultrasonic Nebulization for the Analysis of Transient Samples: A Theoretical Model and Practical Considerations

Three spray chambers designed for use with ultrasonic nebulization have been evaluated for the introduction of transient samples into an inductively coupled plasma. The spray chambers were (1) a conventional Fassel type, (2) a commercially available CETAC spray chamber, and (3) a novel spray chamber design that was constructed in-house. All have different volumes and modes of central-channel gas introduction, and consequently different washout times. Interestingly, they can all be described by the same model for both their washin and washout times. This model was able to predict the time response of the three spray chambers based upon the convolution of a Gaussian and an exponential curve. In particular, the experimental washout times can be successfully fit to an exponential-decay model that pertains to an ideal mixing chamber. It was found that the washin time (Gaussian response) was limited mainly by the nebulization process itself and partly by dispersion of the sample aerosol as dictated by the length of the desolvation assembly and by the length of tubing that carried the dry aerosol to the plasma source. It was determined that the spray chamber washout time is the factor that limits instrument response and that the desolvation system utilized in the study caused no appreciable peak tailing but did slighty broaden the Gaussian peak width caused by a laminar flow profile and by the nebulization event. The newly designed spray chamber offered washout times that are 1.6 and 5.2 times faster than the CETAC and Fassel spray chambers, respectively. The practical limitations of ultrasonic nebulization for the analysis of transient samples is discussed with a focus on spray-chamber design and based upon the simple model that was developed for the response curves of transient samples.
Doppler-Free Laser Spectroscopy Via Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing

The physics underlying the technique of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is presented. Its application to the measurement of energy decay and dephasing rates is considered in the regime of small absorption and coupling coefficients.
Classification and imaging of vascular malformations in children

Accurate diagnosis and classification of haemangiomas and vascular malformations is essential for prediction of outcome and rational therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how radiological techniques, including projectional radiography, ultrasound and colour flow imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and conventional venography and arteriography can aid in the diagnosis and classification of vascular malformations in children, and to guide the radiologist in the use of modern nomenclature.
Detection of a compact companion of the mild barium star Xi-1 Ceti

In the present paper, the observation of a white dwarf companion of the mild Ba star Xi-1 Ceti (= 65 Ceti = HR 649 = HD 13611) is reported, taking into account also the properties of the mild Ba star and of its companion. The UV spectrum of Xi-1 Ceti is discussed along with an interpretation of this spectrum. Attention is given to the effective temperature of the companion, the absorption bands in the spectrum, the radius and mass of the Xi-1 Ceti companion, and questions regarding the obscuration of the companion by the atmosphere of the Ba star. It is found that the overall energy distribution of the Xi-1 Ceti companion can best be matched with a 14,000 K DA white dwarf of log g = 8 or less. However, the absolute intensity is too small and would require a radius too small and a mass too large for such a gravity.
Experimental model of smoking re-exposure: effects on relapse

This study used a short-term laboratory model of smoking cessation and relapse to prospectively examine the effects of programmed self-administered smoking re-exposure during early abstinence. Sixty-seven subjects who had quit smoking for 3 days were randomly assigned either to smoke five cigarettes in their natural environment or to remain abstinent during the exposure period. The main hypothesis, that relapse to regular smoking would be quicker and more prevalent in exposed subjects, was supported. All exposed subjects had relapsed by 2 days post-exposure while 16% of unexposed subjects remained continuously abstinent throughout the 8 day study. This behavioral effect was seen in spite of acute decreases in reported desire to smoke and increases in guilt measured just after exposure. The study supports a role for stimulus re-exposure effects in the relapse process and suggests that additional research on experimental re-exposure is warranted.
Use of fractal analysis for discrimination of particles from primary and reworked jökulhlaup deposits in SE Iceland

Abstract The morphology of sideromelane particles from jokulhlaup deposits in southeastern Iceland has been studied by fractal analysis to assess post-depositional changes associated with reworking. Fractal dimensions of particle boundaries were calculated from data obtained by the caliper and dilation methods. Most particles exhibit multifractal relationships with a textural (D1) and structural (D2) fractal dimension. Particles from primary jokulhlaup deposits have significantly greater textural and structural fractal dimensions compared to reworked deposits. Differences in the fractal dimensions indicate that reworking in the littoral zone has reduced both the amount of fine scale features on particle surfaces and the complexity of the overall particle shapes. The caliper and dilation methods yield similar values of textural fractal dimension for each particle. For the same particles, the dilation method yields higher values of structural fractal dimension. Reworked particles used in this study can be effectively discriminated from primary particles using a combination of D1 and D2 fractal dimensions. The results indicate that fractal analysis provides a useful quantitative characterization of complex volcanic particles and can be utilized to examine aspects of particle origin, transport and deposition.
Computation of the maximum likelihood estimate of a noncentrality parameter

An algorithm and error analysis are presented for finding the maximum likelihood estimator of the noncentrality parameter of the χ2 and F distributions.
Modeling the devolatilization behavior of high volatile bituminous coals

A model for the devolatilization of high volatile bituminous coals developed by analogy with a single-stage, equilibrium flash distillation is evaluated against measured rates and yields of tar and noncondensible gases, and the size characteristics of tar. As seen in the comparison with data, the model accurately correlates transient weight loss for heating rates from 440 to 3300 K/s for temperatures to 1300 K; the ultimate distribution of the volatile products for pressures to 0.5 MPa; and the molecular weight distributions of tars prepared in atmospheric pyrolysis at temperatures to 1200 K. The tendency to form lighter tar at elevated pressures is also explained. The theory predicts that yields are insensitive to heating rate at moderate temperatures, in accord with wire-grid experiments, but conditions where tar yields are substantially enhanced by more rapid heating are also identified. Hence, the influences of all of the important operating conditions on the devolatilization of high volatile bituminous coals can be understood in terms of only three mechanisms: (1) the disintegration of the coal macromolecule into primary fragments which are widely distributed in size: (2) the partitioning of the primary fragments into volatile and condensed species according to a phase equilibrium for continuous mixtures; and (3) competitive char formation in the condensed phase with the simultaneous evolution of noncondensible gases.
POWER TO THE PEOPLE: THE USE OF “FORUMS” IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN POST‐APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

After the Mandela government took power in 1994 in South Africa, one of its highest priorities was providing power to the impoverished rural areas, and particularly the infrastructure‐poor black “townships.” In addition to a scarcity of resources, multiple stake‐holders with very different agendas were integrally a part of the decision‐making process. To this extent, what happened with the electricity industry is a metaphor for the multiple issues—social, economic, and political—which had to be negotiated by the new society. The multiple stake‐holders were brought together in a “Forum,” a non‐regulatory advisory body which was designed to specifically include all relevant interested parties in an open (“transparent”) problem‐solving process. This forum system was extensively used in the 18–24 months immediately before and after the 1994 elections to deal with a host of issues. The National Electricity Forum (NELF) was one of the earliest and most successful of these forums. This case reviews the build‐up to the 1994 elections, describes how the forum process worked, and outlines its structure.