cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History

Each chapter is a biographical sketch of an influential black woman who has written for American newspapers or television news, including Maria W. Stewart, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, Gertrude Bustill Mossell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Josephine St.Pierre Ruffin, Delilah L. Beasley, Marvel Cooke, Charlotta A. Bass, Alice Allison Dunnigan, Ethel L. Payne, and Charlayne Hunter-Gault.
Thermal Effects on Chaotic Vibrations of Plates

In recent years the investigation of dynamical behavior of plates under thermal loads has become important because of the high temperatures reached on external skin panels of hypersonic vehicles. Other researchers have indicated that the skin panels may encounter chaotic vibrations about their thermally buckled positions. In this research the chaotic vibrations of simply supported plates under thermal and sinusoidal excitation is studied to determine the predictability of the vibratory behavior of a representative class of such skin panels. The boundaries of regular and chaotic regions of motion are defined in force-temperature and force-frequency planes and the sensitivity of these boundaries to changes in design parameters is explored for the purpose of developing useful design criteria The onset of chaos is predicted through the computation of Lyapunov exponents. The effects of thermal moment and thermal buckling on chaos are studied. The results of the research are presented as a contribution to the panel design of hypersonic vehicles.
Choice Shifts and Extreme Behavior: Judicial Review in the Federal Courts

Summary Research on the group-induced choice shift has made two recent advances. First, there has been an initial indication that group-induced shifts may exist in real-world decision-making settings. And second, group discussion has been found to have a polarizing effect, moving members to take more extreme positions. The present research was designed to build upon these two recent advances. In a real-world natural experiment setting, the decisions of federal judges were examined. These decisions were all in response to a challenge to the constitutionality of a state or federal statute or governmental policy. Judges were faced with a choice between a cautious alternative (upholding the validity of the statute or policy) and an extreme alternative (striking down the statute or policy, declaring it null and void). The data indicated that federal judges were more likely to select the extreme course of action after participating in group discussion than when facing similar situations individually.
Placement of electrode catheters into the coronary sinus during electrophysiology procedures using a femoral vein approach.

Abstract The femoral vein approach used in this study has 2 limitations. First, it requires the use of a deflectable tip catheter, which typically is $200 to $300 more expensive than a standard electrode catheter. Second, with the femoral vein approach used in the present study, the total number of pacing and recording sites is limited to 3. However, because the coronary sinus catheter can be used for atrial pacing, and because the right atrial electrogram is rarely required for diagnostic purposes, we have found the combination of the coronary sinus, His bundle electrogram, and right ventricular apex positions to be adequate in virtually all patients undergoing an electrophysiologic procedure in whom coronary sinus electrograms are needed for a diagnostic or mapping purpose.
Why vagueness is a mystery

This paper considers two “mysteries” having to do with vagueness. The first pertains to existence. An argument is presented for the following conclusion: there are possible cases in which ‘There exists something that is F’ is of indeterminate truth-value and with respect to which it is not assertable that there are borderline-cases of “being F.” It is contended that we have no conception of vagueness that makes this result intelligible. The second mystery has to do with “ordinary” vague predicates, such as ‘tall’. An argument is presented for the conclusion that although there are people who are “tall to degree 1”—definitely tall, tall without qualification—, no greatest lower bound can be assigned to the set of numbers n such that a man who is n centimeters tall is tall to degree 1. But, since this set is bounded from below, this result seems to contradict a well-known property of the real numbers.
Ring clusters in transition-metal-silicon surface structures.

We have determined the atomic structure of the Si(111)-(\ensuremath{\surd}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}7)Co surface using scanning tunneling microscopy and ion scattering. The unit cell contains one surface substitutional cobalt atom centered under a six silicon adatom cluster. High-temperature annealing produces a low density lattice gas of these ringlike clusters, giving rise to an ``impurity stabilized 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1'' structure. They occur for several other transition metals, suggesting a stable, universal, silicide related structure.
Research Challenges in Endocrine Aspects of Canine Ovarian Cycles

Significant deficiencies exist in understanding factors controlling the nature and timing of critical endocrine changes in canine ovarian cycles. The following merit further study: changes in steroid clearance and binding; mathematically modelling periovulatory hormone rate of change interactions; luteal gonadotropin dependence; endogenous circannual cycles underlying the ovarian cycle; importance of periovulatory follicular steroid dynamics on granulosa and oocytes; in vitro capacity of anoestrous ovarian tissue to demonstrate roles of individual gonadotropins and steroid precursors to increase oestradiol production; factors affecting secretion and activation of the canine female sex pheromone.
Quasi-Newton Methods, Motivation and Theory

This paper is an attempt to motivate and justify quasi-Newton methods as useful modifications of Newton''s method for general and gradient nonlinear systems of equations. References are given to ample numerical justification; here we give an overview of many of the important theoretical results and each is accompanied by sufficient discussion to make the results and hence the methods plausible. Key Words and Phrases: unconstrained minimization, nonlinear simultaneous equations, update methods, quasi-Newton methods.
Decidability of “Skolem matrix emptiness problem” entails constructability of exact regular expression

The famous result of T. Skolem of 1933 assures the regularity of JA-sets of arbitrary integer valued matrices A. It prompts also a problem of deciding the emptiness of JA (Skolem Problem), and a more important problem of describing JA in terms of finite-state machine or Kleene's Regular Expression. We show (by elementary method) that recursiveness of Skolem Problem entails constructability of exact regular expression (machine). Under the same assumption, this provides an algorithm for the full matrix equivalence problem JA = JB. Moreover, we prove the equivalence problem `modulo a finite set? JA = FJB to be recursively solvable.
Effect of Oxygenation Level on Yard Trimmings Composting Rate, Odor Production, And Compost Quality In Bench-Scale Reactors

Oxygen availability has a profound effect on composting rate, and properties of the final compost. However, the effect of a defined range of oxygenation rates on organic matter conversion, volatile organic acid (VOA) production, ammonia emission, and various compost properties that affect plant growth is not known. In this study, yard trimmings (2:1 leaves:grass) were composted in a set of four-liter laboratory scale reactors oxygenated at four rates (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 ml O2/min). These rates corresponded to a range from no oxygenation (0 ml O2/min), to a rate exceeding the peak oxygen uptake rate of the compost (10 ml O2/min). The results showed that as oxygenation rate increased, the rate of conversion of initial carbon to CO2, and ammonia emission increased, while VOA production decreased. Oxygenation rate also had a dramatic effect on various properties of the final compost including pH, nitrogen content, and the concentration of soluble salts, ammonia, and available phosphorus. At low oxygenation rate...
Degrees of Freedom Approach to Admissible Feed-Rate Profiles for Optimal Fed-Batch Fermentation

Optimal feed-rate profiles for fed-batch fermentation are not easy to obtain, especially when the order of the process is high. Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) transforms the problem into a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP). 1 The optimal feed-rate profile can be ascertained only numerically by calculating many potential solutions of the TPBVP with various necessary conditions and picking the one with the best performance index. Degrees of freedom (DF) analysis of TPBVP is useful in eliminating inadmissible feed-rate profiles and ensuring admissible feed-rate profiles, which can be incorporated into a computational scheme to obtain rapidly the optimal feed-rate profile.
High-solids aerobic decomposition: pilot-scale reactor development and experimentation

Pilot-scale reactors have been constructed to mimic the central core of an aerated static bed or in-vessel composting process. The 770 litre reactors were instrumented to measure temporal and spatial variations in temperature, oxygen and moisture content. Experiments were performed with a synthetic food waste (SFW) and digested biosolids using four different aeration rates and two initial moisture contents. An analysis of the temporal and spatial temperature and oxygen profiles has shown the systems replicate well and represent a process with one-dimensional spatial variation. An analysis of oxygen gradients has shown that cumulative oxygen depletion and oxygen depletion rates within the bed increased with increasing aeration rate in the SFW experiments, however, they decreased with increasing aeration rate in the biosolids experiments. The SFW studies showed that a 10% variation in initial moisture content had little influence on cumulative O2 consumed, but had a significant influence on the location of maximum biological activity within the bed. Maximum temperatures varied from 58 to 74°C in the SFW experiments and from 43 to 60°C in the biosolids experiments. In all experiments the maximum temperatures and the positions where they occurred varied with initial moisture content and aeration rate. In the SFW experiments maximum axial temperature differences coincided with significant axial differences in moisture content, while in the biosolids experiments maximum axial temperature differences coincided with minimal axial differences in moisture content.
The Scientific Humanism of G. Stanley Hall

This paper presents the humanistic psychology of the pioneer American psychologist Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924), examining Hall's effort to develop a system of psychology that is at once rigorously scientific and, simultaneously, capable of verifying essential human values. Divided into three parts, the paper attempts: (1) to interpret Hall as a transitional figure trying to preserve a humanistic tradition in the study of the mind while emancipating the discipline from old metaphysical allegiances; (2) to bring together and examine the major tenents of Hall's "genetic" theory of psychology; and (3) to consider the main reasons for Hall's failure and his significance for our own time. Without attempting to pass judgment on whether "scientific humanism" is a contradiction in terms, it is argued that Hall failed mainly because his monistic system was too ambitious and romantic, but that he correctly sensed that those who were trying to drain scientific psychology of all moral and spiritual meaning were...
The new face of transplant surgery: a survey on cosmetic surgery in transplant recipients.

Background Transplant surgery has undergone tremendous advances within the last decade. Improvements in surgical techniques, availability of potent immunosuppressive medications, and utilization of more sophisticated post-transplant immunosuppression protocols have revolutionized the field. These developments have resulted in increased allograft survival, prolonged longevity, and improved quality of life in transplant organ recipients. Elimination of steroids in many postoperative immunosuppressive regimens has tremendously impacted the quality of life and physical appearance of these patients. They are living longer and more normal lives than previously considered possible. As a testament to the success of transplantation surgery, many transplant patients are now seeking aesthetic surgery.
Oxysterols synergize with statins by inhibiting SREBP-2 in ovarian cancer cells

Abstract Objective Determine mechanisms responsible for enhanced statin efficacy in a novel statin combination we name STOX (STatin–OXysterol). Methods Ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with combinations of statins and oxysterols. Cell viability was determined by a modified MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by immunoblotting of PARP and DAPI-mediated visualization of apoptotic nuclei. STOX effects on the expression of genes of the mevalonate pathway were assessed by real-time qPCR and immunoblotting. siRNA-mediated gene silencing was used to test the involvement of oxysterol-mediated repression of SREBP-2 in STOX synergy. The impact of statin-mediated inhibition of protein prenylation and on cholesterol homeostasis was evaluated. Results Oxysterols dramatically enhance cytotoxicity of statins in ovarian cancer cells through increased apoptosis. Decreased expression of SREBP-2 down-regulates the mevalonate pathway and prevents the active statin-induced sterol feedback, enhancing statin toxicity. Comparison of two ovarian cancer cell lines reveals two distinct mechanisms of statin induced toxicity, namely, dependence on protein geranylgeranylation and/or perturbation of cellular cholesterol levels. Conclusions We provide evidence of statins' mechanisms of cytotoxicity in different ovarian cancer cells and discovered a new approach to significantly enhance the anti-tumor activity of statins. These observations provide a potential new path to improve statins as a treatment against ovarian cancer with obtainable dosages.
Small Town Independent Apparel Retailers: Risk Propensity and Attitudes Toward Change

This study was designed to examine risk propensity and attitudes toward implementing change among independent apparel retailers located in communities with populations of less than 50,000 in a midwestem state. Responses to a mailed questionnaire (n = 169) indicated that while the retailers as a group were not financial risk takers, male retailers were more likely to take risk than female retailers, and individuals who had owned their business "10 to 19 years" were more likely to take risk than those who had owned their business for less than 10 years. A large number of the respondents in this study were females (64%), and of these, 37% were over the age of 55. As a group, retailers were found to have low propensities to take risks or accept change in the workplace.
Multimode Waveguide-Cavity Integrated Optics for Sensors Based on Fringe Visibility Detection

We demonstrate a sensor platform based on fringe visibility detection of the interaction of a two-mode waveguide coupled to a ring cavity. Glucose solution yields a fringe visibility change of 1.57 per weight percent.
The evolutionary stability of mixed strategies

I thank H.K. Reeve, R.J. Safran, A. Lotem, and members of the Behavior Lunch Bunch for useful discussions, input and commentary. P.W. Sherman provided helpful comments on a preliminary draft. I thank P.H. Crowley for helpful suggestions and for checking the accuracy of this report on his work.
A D1 agonist in the MPOA facilitates copulation in male rats.

The classic dopamine agonist apomorphine, microinjected into the medial preoptic area (MPOA), enhances the copulatory behavior of male rats, while pharmacological blockade of endogenous dopamine inhibits sexual behavior. We now report that MPOA injections of 10 μg of the selective D1 agonist dihydroxyphenyl-tetrahydrothienopyridine (THP) significantly increased the number of ejaculations, while decreasing the latency to ejaculate in a 30-min test. These effects were not observed following coadministration of the selective D1 antagonist SCH-23390 with 10 μg THP. This enhancement may be related to a D1-stimulated facilitation of penile erections.
Functional morphology of ventral tail bending and prehensile abilities of the seahorse, Hippocampus kuda

Unlike most teleosts, the seahorse (genus Hippocampus) is able to bend its tail ventrally, uses its tail in a postural role as a grasping and holding appendage, and possesses heavy body plates instead of scales. To investigate seahorse axial bending mechanisms and the role of plating in those mechanisms, observations were made on seahorses curling their tails ventrally and holding a support and components of the mechanical system used for axial bending, including dermal plates, vertebrae, and axial muscles, were examined. Anatomical modifications involved in ventral tail bending include hypertrophy of the ventral region of the hypaxial muscle, ventrolateral attachment of the myomeres to plates, and modification of the infracarinalis posterior muscles so that they act in axial bending rather than in fin movement as has previously been hypothesized (Harder, '75) for other fishes. Modifications for prehension include the presence of fibers histochemically characterized as tonic in the median ventral muscles (the modified infracarinalis muscle) and in portions of the myomeres. Dermal plates are an important part of the force transmission system used in seahorse tail bending. They transmit forces from the hypaxial myomeres to bend the tail both laterally and ventrally. This study expands our understanding of axial bending in fishes by examining extreme modifications of the musculoskeletal system associated with the evolution of unique functional capabilities within teleosts. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tractable theory of nonlinear response and multidimensional nonlinear spectroscopy.

Nonlinear spectroscopy provides insights into dynamics, but the response functions required for its interpretation pose a challenge to theorists. We proposed an approach in which the fifth-order response function $[{R}^{(5)}({t}_{1},{t}_{2})]$ was expressed as a two-time classical time correlation function (TCF). Here, we present TCF theory results for ${R}^{(5)}({t}_{1},{t}_{2})$ in liquid xenon. Using a first-order dipole-induced dipole polarizability model, the result is compared to an exact numerical calculation showing remarkable agreement. In addition, ${R}^{(5)}({t}_{1},{t}_{2})$ is calculated using the exactly solved polarizability model, yielding different results and predicting an echo signal.
ADAM10 Prodomain Mutations Cause Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: Not Just the Latest FAD

In this issue of Neuron, Suh et al. (2013) describe two rare ADAM10 prodomain mutations that cause late-onset Alzheimer's disease by impairing prodomain chaperone function, attenuating α-secretase activity, and reducing adult hippocampal neurogenesis. These results support both ADAM10 as a therapeutic target and the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Resistance of the male gonad to a high galactose diet.

Summary: Rats were fed a 50% galactose diet during pregnancy and nursing, and the testes were later examined and hormone levels determined in male offspring. Exposure to galactose for various periods during pregnancy, throughout the entire gestation, or postnatally to nursing mother until pups were 5 wk of age produced no significant differences from control testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, or microscopic appearance of the testis when the offspring became adult (66 or 127 d). Serum leoteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels were determined 127 d postnatally and no significant differences from controls were observed in any of the treatment groups. Blood galactose-1-phosphate levels in animals receiving the 50% galactose diet were comparable to levels observed in human galactosemia. The resistance of the rat testis to a high galactose diet is consistent with the infrequency of testicular insufficiency in human galactosemia, and contrasts with the prenatal female gonadal sensitivity to galactose previously demonstrated in the rat and the high frequency of ovarian failure in human galactosemia.
Changes in a preservice elementary teachers physics course

Preservice elementary teachers demonstrated the ability to read and interpret distance-time graphs before instruction. Posttest results suggested the new motion curriculum materials greatly improved students’ abilities to read and interpret velocity-time graphs. Despite conducting only one activity with acceleration, students also showed improvement with acceleration-time graphs. The instruction, which included MBL activities, improved the preservice teachers’ general conceptual understanding of these kinematic topics. Future research might include a means to better measure the cause for the conceptual change. Multiple factors played a role, including positive student attitudes toward using the computers, ability to make abstract concepts measurable and describable, and opportunities for frequent experimentation. The capabilities of MBLs changed the focus of the motion curriculum. An MBL’s capacity to quickly gather data and display it opens the door for a rich variety of activities. Developing new motion curriculum was enhanced with opportunities for experimentation and exploration made possible by this technology. The revision of the curriculum was rewarding and exciting for both the instructors and students. The students learned the content, saw an appropriate use of technology, and enjoyed using the computer. The instructors enjoyed exploring the topics using MBLs and became excited with the possibilities of further usage of MBLs. Using MBLs as the powerful tool they are, motion curriculum will continue to be revised, and the instructors will explore more effective ways of structuring the lessons with ways to better teach.
Research Summary: Abstraction Techniques, and Their Value

A decision support system (DSS) is often shared by multiple decision-makers or analysts. Different users may vary in their viewpoints, and therefore, in particular, they may place different demands on a DSS model-base. Users may benefit if the system offers each a model that suits his/her special requirements.
Benefit-Cost Analysis in Public Health

This chapter gives an overview of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) and similar evaluation tools, such as cost-effectiveness analysis and technology-based standards, in the context of public health. We describe these evaluation tools, how they are used, their shortcomings, and how they should be interpreted. As with other powerful tools, they are subject to misuse and misinterpretation, even by professionals doing the analysis.
Identification of the site of phosphorylation of the chemotaxis response regulator protein, CheY.

The protein (Escherichia coli CheY) that controls the direction of flagellar rotation during bacterial Chemotaxis has been shown to be phosphorylated on the aspartate 57 residue. The residue phosphorylated is present within a conserved sequence in every member of a family of bacterial regulatory proteins. The phosphorylation is transient, with a much shorter half-life than that expected of a simple acyl phosphate intermediate, indicating that the sequence and conformation of the protein is designed to achieve a rapid hydrolysis. The CheY-phosphate linkage can be reductively cleaved by sodium borohydride. High-performance tandem mass-spectrometric analysis of proteolytic peptides derived from [3H]borohydride-re-duced phosphorylated CheY protein was used to identify the position of phosphorylation. Mutants with altered aspartate 57 exhibited no chemotaxis. When aspartate 13, another conserved residue, was changed, greatly reduced chemotaxis was observed, suggesting an important role for aspartate 13. The rate-determining step of chemotactic signaling is governed by the kinetics of formation and hydrolysis of the CheY protein phosphoaspartate bond. The CheY protein apparently functions as a protein phosphatase that possesses a transient covalent intermediate. Transient phosphorylation of an aspartate residue is an effective mechanism for producing a biochemical signal with a short concentration-independent half-life. The duration of the signal can be controlled by small structural elements within the phosphorylated protein.
Upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 promotes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activation and cell invasion in a human glioblastoma cell line.

Local invasiveness is a characteristic feature of glioblastoma that makes surgical resection nearly impossible and accounts in large part for its poor prognosis. To identify mechanisms underlying glioblastoma invasion and motility, we used Transwell invasion chambers to select for a more potently invasive subpopulation of U87MG human glioblastoma cells. The stable population of tumor cells (U87-C1) obtained through this in vitro selection process were three times more invasive than parental U87MG cells and demonstrated faster monolayer wound healing and enhanced radial motility from cell spheroids. This enhanced invasiveness was associated with an 80% increase in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activation. No differences in expression levels of pro-MMP-2, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase I (MT1-MMP), or integrin αvβ3 (mediators of MMP-2 activation) were detected. However, U87-C1 cells exhibited two-fold elevation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 mRNA and protein relative to parental cells. Exogenous addition of comparable levels of purified TIMP-2 to parental U87MG cells increased MMP-2 activation and invasion. Similarly, U87MG cells engineered to overexpress TIMP-2 at the same levels as U87-C1 cells also demonstrated increased MMP-2 activation, indicating that an increase in physiological levels of TIMP-2 can promote MMP-2 activation and invasion in glioblastoma cells. However, exogenous administration or recombinant overexpression of higher amounts of TIMP-2 in U87MG cells resulted in inhibition of MMP-2 activation. These results demonstrate that the complex balance between TIMP-2 and MMP-2 is a critical determinant of glioblastoma invasion, and indicate that increasing TIMP-2 in glioblastoma patients may potentially cause adverse effects, particularly in tumors containing high levels of MT1-MMP and MMP-2.
Generalized Projections in Finite State Automata & Decidability of State Determinacy

Under loss of sensors and communication links in discrete event systems (DES), an event may conceivably be observable at one state and unobservable at another state and the observability may become dependent on the history of event occurrences. This paper presents a framework for analysis of generalized projection maps in DES, including the maps that introduce possibly unbounded memory.
Delayed fracture of ceramics caused by stress-dependent surface reactions

Abstract Consider a ceramic in an environment, corroding gradually by a surface reaction. When in addition subject to a mechanical load, the ceramic loses mass preferentially at grain-boundary grooves where stress concentrates, so that atomistically sharp cracks may nucleate. Before becoming a crack, a groove maintains local equilibrium at its root; after, it loses local equilibrium. The crack further propagates by breaking atomic bonds, often assisted by environmental molecules. This paper models the groove-to-crack evolution. The groove changes shape to reduce the free energy due to the combined effects of surface tension, grain-boundary tension, elasticity, and chemical potential difference between the solid and the environment. At any point on the surface, the reaction rate is taken to be proportional to the free energy reduction per unit volume of mass loss. The ceramic body is modeled by a half plane bounded by a curve, whose shape is described by a conformal mapping of many terms, allowing the elastic field in the body to be solved analytically. A variational method leads to a set of ordinary differential equations to evolve the shape. The model predicts threshold loads, and the times required, for crack nucleation.
The effect of type of hearing loss on hearing aid use.

This study examined the effect of type of loss and reduced PB discrimination on hours of daily hearing aid wear. Patient data were entered in one of four matrices designed to permit examination of one variable while balancing the effects of other variables. When the influences of amount of hearing loss, age, hearing aid experience, and employment status were balanced, no evidence was found that type or shape of loss influenced the number of hours of daily hearing aid use. When the data for each type/shape of loss were pooled without regard to amount of loss, age, aid experience, and employment status, hours of reported wear were least for those with normal hearing in the better ear (8 hours) and most for those with conductive components (15.8 hours). Since patients with conductive components had the largest hearing losses, it was concluded that hours of wear are influenced primarily by amount, not type of loss. Discrimination scores were examined within the same balanced design. Although PB max scores for...
Behavioural correlations across situations and the evolution of antipredator behaviour in a sunfish–salamander system

Behavioural correlations are at the heart of understanding how conflicting demands shape the evolution of ecologically important behaviours. Many studies have focused on the effects of negative behavioural correlations generated by time budget conflicts within situations. We examined an alternative possibility that involves positive behavioural correlations due to behavioural carryovers across situations. Specifically, we examined the role of behavioural carryovers in governing antipredator responses of streamside salamander larvae, Ambystoma barbouri, to predatory green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Earlier work showed that these larvae suffer heavy sunfish predation due to high larval exposure to fish (high proportion of time spent out of refuge). Earlier work also showed that paradoxically, despite selection pressure from fish, these larvae show higher exposure in the presence of fish (poorer antipredator behaviour) than a sister species that inhabits fishless, ephemeral ponds. The standard time budget trade-off between feeding and antipredator behaviour does not appear to explain the observed antipredator behaviours. Instead, the present study shows that the relatively large proportion of time that larvae spend out of refuge (exposed) in fish pools in the daytime can be explained in part by behavioural correlations across situations. Specifically, larvae showed positive correlations among individuals in their daytime exposure in fish pools, nighttime exposure in fish pools, and exposure in fishless pools. The benefits of high exposure in fishless conditions (associated with high feeding and developmental rates) and high exposure in fish pools at night (necessary to drift out of fish pools) have apparently overridden the predation cost of being exposed in fish pools in the day. Behavioural correlations across situations might often result in ecologically important behaviours that appear maladaptive in an isolated context.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 and Liddle's syndrome mutations that affect the single-channel properties of the epithelial Na+ channel.

Abstract These studies test whether three disease‐causing mutations in genes ( SCNN1A and SCNN1G ) encoding subunits of the epithelial Na + channel, ENaC, affect the biophysical and gating properties of this important renal ion channel. The S562P missense mutation in α ENaC and the K106_S108delinsN mutation in γ ENaC are associated with pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1). The N530S missense mutation in γ ENaC causes Liddle9s syndrome. Incorporation of S562P into α ENaC and K106_S108N into γ ENaC resulted in significant decreases in macroscopic ENaC currents. Conversely, incorporation of N530S into γ ENaC increased macroscopic ENaC current. The S562P substitution resulted in a nonfunctional channel. The K106_S108N mutation produced a functional channel having a normal macroscopic current–voltage relation, there was a slight but significant decrease in unitary conductance and a marked decrease in single‐channel open probability. The N530S substitution increased single‐channel open probability having no effect on the macroscopic current–voltage relation or unitary conductance of the channel. These findings are consistent with mutation of residues at 562 in α ENaC and 530 in γ ENaC, and a 3′ splice site in SCNN1G (318‐1 G→A; K106_108SdelinsN) resulting in aberrant ENaC activity due to changes in the biophysical and gating properties of the channel. Such changes likely contribute to the cellular mechanism underpinning the PHA1 and Liddle9s syndrome caused by these mutations in ENaC subunits.
Object Tracking Based on RFID Coverage Visual Compensation in Wireless Sensor Network

This paper proposes objects tracking method by association with RFID and visual sensors. The detection from RFID readers with proximity to each object results in coarse localization. The estimation is determined by a virtual sensor which is comprised of RFID readers detection combination. Each virtual sensor has a reference point which represents the center of possible positions. After the coarse estimation, image frames from two cameras improve the estimation close to a real position based on parallel projection model. The visual compensation sufficiently accomplishes the refined tracking. The experimental results show our proposed algorithm remarkably accomplishes the localization performance.
Mental Disabilities in Western Civilization from Ancient Rome to the Prerogativa Regis.

A preliminary survey of formal concepts of disability from the Twelve Tables of Rome of the 5th century BCE to the Prerogativa Regis in English law of the late 13th century CE is presented. Firm conclusions are restricted by problems in translation and other limitations in available data. However, it appears that the concept of intellectual disability and its distinction from episodic mental illness first emerged in several subcultures of Western civilization during the height of ancient imperial Rome and during the early medieval period in Northern European and Arabic civilization.
Lessons from a Quechua strongwoman: Ideophony, dialogue, and perspective [Book Review]

Review(s) of: Lessons from a Quechua strongwoman: Ideophony, dialogue, and perspective, by Nuckolls, Janis B. (2010). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 229 p. ISBN-10: 0816528586.
Guardianship for Young Adults with Disabilities as a Violation of the Purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) was originally enacted in 1975 as the Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act. The purpose of the IDEIA is to “provide a free appropriate public education” to children with disabilities and to prepare them for further education, employment, and full participation in society. Under the IDEIA, all students are required to have a transition plan to facilitate their movement from high school to life after school. Although the transition planning process does not require parents to become guardians for their children with disabilities, many parents throughout the United States believe that becoming their adult child’s guardian is the next step in the transition process as their child reaches the age of majority. As a legal procedure, guardianship cedes decision-making authority from the young adult child to the parent just at the time in the young person’s life when he or she should be supported to exercise decision-making authority so as to live the most independent life possible. Further, schools, parents, and courts often fail to consider less restrictive alternatives to guardianship, such as supported decision-making, for those young adults who may need help in decision-making. Supported decision making has gained international attention recently due to the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, which calls for support for people with disabilities rather than substituted decision-making, which is included in most guardianship laws. This article presents the view that guardianship as part of the transition planning process for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities undermines the language and purpose of the IDEIA.
Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area: Gateway or Final Destination? Evidence from the Immigrants’ Employment Patterns

The goal of this study is to improve the understanding toward the immigration population in labor market in the Washington MSA, to reveal their strategic strengths and weaknesses, and to provide insights and evidence for more efficient immigration policy. Examination on the flow and stock data reveals that the Washington MSA is playing a more important role as a long-term settlement destination than as a gateway for immigrants, and this may be associated with the region’s strength in providing relatively stable and technology-driven jobs. Occupation niche study found that immigrants demonstrate a bimodal structure for education requirement, since the niche occupations tend to require either very much or very little education. Finally, the shift-share analysis on sectoral data from 2000 to 2009 pointed out that the top three attraction sectors for immigrants are public administration, business repair/services, and professional or related industries. Public sector being the number one attraction is a surprising result since it requires great U.S. credential and is therefore not usually considered as a sectoral niche for immigrants.
Fifth to eleventh virial coefficients of hard spheres.

Virial coefficients ${B}_{n}$ of three-dimensional hard spheres are reported for $n=5$ to 11, with precision exceeding that presently available in the literature. Calculations are performed using the recursive method due to Wheatley, and a binning approach is proposed to allow more flexibility in where computational effort is directed in the calculations. We highlight the difficulty as a general measure that quantifies performance of an algorithm that computes a stochastic average and show how it can be used as the basis for optimizing such calculations.
Test of Marcus Theory Predictions for Electroless Etching of Silicon

Rational design of stain etchants has led to greatly improved control of porous silicon formation and thicker, more uniform layers. It has also facilitated the quantitative evaluation of the hole injection probability per collision of various oxidants (VO2+, Fe3+, Ce4+, and IrCl62–) with a silicon surface, the absolute rate constant, and direct comparison to the predictions of Marcus theory. The absolute rate constants vary roughly from 10–33 to 10–31 m4 s–1, which indicates a maximum rate constant of 1 × 10–25 m4 s–1 for VO2+ but only 1 × 10–27 m4 s–1 for Fe3+, 6 × 10–28 m4 s–1 for Ce4+, and 7 × 10–29 m4 s–1 for IrCl62–. Therefore, the charge transfer step that limits the rate of etching induced by VO2+ is well described by a Marcus theory description of an outer shell electron transfer process with a matrix element for coupling between the oxidant and the valence band roughly equal to the upper limit previously determined by Lewis and co-workers. However, for Fe3+, Ce4+, and IrCl62– coupling is much wea...
Relationships Between System Loading and Cycle Time in a Residential Construction Production System

Production home building possesses characteristics similar to manufacturing processes (such as the construction of more or less similar houses repeatedly and a growing demand for mass customization of homes). Home builders generally utilize critical path method scheduling, cost estimating, and earned value analysis management tools to manage their production process. However, these tools are not responsive to many undesirable situations that arise during the production process, such as increasing cycle time and increasing amounts of work in process, both of which increase capital investment, decrease company financial performance, and slow product delivery to customers. This study examines relationships between cycle time, work in process, system throughput, new construction starts, and production system capacity using building permit data for new single family homes in Chandler, Arizona. The applicability of Little’s Law, a basic equation used in factory production system design, to a residential production system is examined. This study shows a definite, predictable relationship between cycle time, work in process, and production system throughput. This study provides for further study of production system characteristics that have historically not been considered in construction management models, with the expectation of developing a new construction management system that will account for more of the characteristics of construction production systems that affect project performance and company financial performance.
A New Type of Smart Electricity Meter Test Card Control System

A new type of smart electricity meter test card control system has been designed aiming at the problems of heavy task in current smart electricity meter test,complicated steps in card test and low efficiency of the staff. The designed system will combine the components of card issuing and card inserting organically,so as to realize the function of test card automatic reading or writing and interact with smart electricity meter. It will provide a strong technical support to the smart electricity meter's whole performance test and batch automatic test,as well as improve work efficiency greatly. The system has a high practical value.
The fetal heart in diaphragmatic hernia.

Cardiac evaluation in investigation of a fetus with a diaphragmatic hernia includes: assessment of the degree of displacement by the abdominal contents in the chest, assessment of the degree of left-heart compression, looking for associated congenital heart disease, and the evaluation of cardiovascular flow profiles.
Attacking DBSCAN for Fun and Profit.

Many security applications depend critically on clustering. However, we do not know of any clustering algorithms that were designed with an adversary in mind. An intelligent adversary may be able to use this to her advantage to subvert the security of the application. Already, adversaries use obfuscation and other techniques to alter the representation of their inputs in feature space to avoid detection. As one example, spam email often mimics normal email. In this work, we investigate a more active attack, in which an adversary attempts to subvert clustering analysis by feeding in carefully crafted data points. Specifically, in this work we explore how an attacker can subvert DBSCAN, a popular density-based clustering algorithm. We explore a “confidence attack,” where an adversary seeks to poison the clusters to the point that the defender loses confidence in the utility of the system. This may result in the system being abandoned, or worse, waste the defender’s time investigating false alarms. While our attacks generalize to all DBSCANbased tools, we focus our evaluation on AnDarwin, a tool designed to detect plagiarized Android apps. We show that an adversary can merge arbitrary clusters by connecting them with “bridges”, that even a small number of merges can greatly degrade clustering performance, and that the defender has limited recourse when relying solely on DBSCAN. Finally, we propose a remediation process that uses machine learning and features based on outlier measures that are orthogonal to the underlying clustering problem to detect and remove injected points.
The Turvy Topsy Contest

In 1975, when Schawlow was President of the Optical Society of America, he proposed a contest for the best “Turvy Topsy.” A “Turvy Topsy” is, of course, the inverse of a Topsy Turvy, whereas a Topsy Turvy is a picture which looks like some recognizable object when right side up or upside down. A “Turvy Topsy”, therefore, must show an object which is always obviously upside down.
Proposal for the Urban Regeneration of the Suburban District Zen in Palermo, Italy

The Social Housing district Z.E.N. in Palermo, today re-called “San Filippo Neri”, despite the great name of its author – Vittorio Gregotti – is sadly famous as one of the most dangerous and “criminogenic” neighbourhoods in Italy. In early 2011, inspired by the debate about the project I had developed for the Urban Regeneration Quarter Corviale in Rome, a group of people in Palermo asked me to develop a similar proposal for the Z.E.N. in Palermo. Their goal was the replacement of degraded suburbia with “biophilic” neighbourhoods, respectful of people and the environment, thus avoiding the reiteration of the of the previous forty years’ mistakes. The reasons why a group of free citizens took the decision of making this proposal lies in the awareness of the falsehoods that have taken place over time in the field of urbanism. They indeed understood that the present Z.E.N. is to be considered a typical child of that ideology, widespread in the sixties of last century, according to which “the historical centres were the embodiment of evil bourgeois”, and “as such were to be abandoned because no longer appropriate to the emerging working class”. This “anti-bourgeois” vision was translated in the sudden sprawl of cities with neighbourhoods made of concrete boxes, mono-functional zones, lack of meeting places and consequent social unrest! The only ones to benefit were (of course) speculators, landowners and contractors, and the craft sector began its downward flight to the final disappearance… the “not-standardized” work of the artisans was too bourgeois to have a value! The most serious thing – no one has ever had the courage to condemn it – is that all this has not been put into practice by the hands of unscrupulous mafia’s builders, but by those who stood behind the lecture hall, or directed the architectural magazines, or pontificated everywhere they had given the opportunity, those who came to theorize that this choice had a philanthropic goal! Indeed, on those days: “The ultimate purpose was to materialize the idea that the historic city, an expression of those social classes that had dominated and oppressed human society, was to be abandoned to its founders, while for the emerging popular classes were to be destined new neighbourhoods and suburbs that, by joining one each other, would generate the New Jerusalem: the city of the classless society, free, just and fraternal” [1].