cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress Towards Modeling Ship/Aircraft Dynamic Interface

Using a ship as a landing site creates a very challenging environment for aircraft and pilots. Sea-based aircraft operations must contend with airfield characteristics that lack the desirable aspects that one would find at conventional airports, such as long, stationary runways that are unobstructed by nearby buildings. The coupled relationship of the ship and aircraft system that exists during sea-based aircraft launch and recovery operations is often referred to as the "dynamic interface" (DI). Two primary factors that affect aircraft during dynamic interface operations are relative wind-over-deck (incoming wind angle and speed) and ship motion. The wind flowing over the ship structure produces a turbulent airwake that may have a significant effect on aircraft performance and consequently pilot workload. The motion of the ship, including forward speed and six-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) motion imparted by the seaway, results in a moving landing area that presents obvious problems for aircraft operations. Complicating matters further, ship motion may also affect the character of the ship airwake. In some cases, such as a rotorcraft hovering over a small deck ship, aircraft wake may have a first order effect on ship airwake and, in turn, the forces and moments felt by an aircraft. These effects may be coupled with other aerodynamic phenomena, such as ground effect, that would also occur during land-based operations.
Time course and extent of mechanotransducer adaptation in mouse utricular hair cells: comparison with frog saccular hair cells.

Whole cell transduction currents were recorded from hair cells in early postnatal mouse utricles in response to step deflections of the hair bundle. For displacement steps delivered by a stiff prob...
Measurement of longitudinal electron diffusion in liquid argon

Abstract We report the measurement of longitudinal electron diffusion coefficients in liquid argon for electric fields between 100 and 2000 V/cm with a gold photocathode as a bright electron source. The measurement principle, apparatus, and data analysis are described. In the region between 100 and 350 V/cm, our results show a discrepancy with the previous measurement [1] . In the region between 350 and 2000 V/cm, our results represent the world׳s best measurement. Over the entire measured electric field range, our results are systematically higher than the calculation of Atrazhev‐Timoshkin [2] . The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode, the drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion coefficients in gas argon are also presented.
General stereoscopic distortion rectification due to arbitrary viewer motion in binocular stereoscopic display

Background: In binocular stereoscopic display, stereoscopic distortions due to viewer motion, such as depth distortion, shear distortion, and rotation distortion, result in misperception of the stereo content and reduce visual comfort dramat­ ically. In the past, perceived depth distortion has been thoroughly addressed, and shear distortion has been investigated within the context of multi-view display to accommodate motion parallax. However, the impact of rotation distortion has barely been studied. Therefore, no technique is available to address stereoscopic distortions due to general viewer motion. Objective: To preserve an undistorted 3D perception from a fixed viewpoint irrespective of viewing position. Method: We propose a unified system and method that rectifies stereoscopic distortion due to general affine viewer motion and delivers a fixed perspective of the 3D scene without distortion irrespective of viewer motion. The system assumes eye tracking of the viewer and pixel-wisely adjusts the display location of the stereo pair based on tracked viewer eye location. Results: For demonstration purpose, we implement our method on controlling perceived depth in binocular stereoscopic display of red and cyan anaglyph 3D. The user first perceives the designed perspective of the 3D scene at the reference position. The user then moves to 6 different positions with various distances and angles relative to the screen. At all positions, the users report to perceive a much more consistent stereo content with the adjusted displays and at the same time, experience improved visual comfort. Novelty: We address stereoscopic distortions with a goal to maintain a fixed perspective of the stereo scene, and propose a unified solution that simultaneously rectifies the stereoscopic distortions resulted from arbitrary viewer motion.
Self-Concept and Success-Failure Attributions of Nonhandicapped Students and Students with Learning Disabilities

Self-concept and attributions made about academic successes and failures were compared in 46 students with learning disabilities and 47 normally achieving students (mean age = 12.0 years). Results from the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (Piers, 1984) suggested that lower overall self-concepts in the students with learning disabilities (p < .01) were primarily due to differences in self-concepts regarding intellectual and school status (p < .001). Attributions regarding internal versus external causes for successes and failures and stable (ability) versus unstable (effort) causes for failures did not differentiate the groups. Self-concept, particularly school related self-concept, was correlated with ability/effort attributions. Subjects with lower self-concepts were more likely to attribute failures to ability. Both the self-concept and attribution data have implications for academic and motivational interventions.
THE SOCIAL BASES OF FEMINISM IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Etude des relations entre les objectifs des mouvements feministes americains et europeens et les attitudes et mesures individuelles rencontrees en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. Identification des attitudes de base et du cadre social de base propices ou en coherence avec l'ideologie feministe.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Buckminsterfullerene, C60, in the Near-Infrared

Time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing experiments were conducted on films of pure Qo using a 35 ps Nd:YAG laser. The measurements wavelength 1.064 fum was far off resonance with any one-photon absorption bands. A small linear absorption coefficient {ie393-1} was measured at this wavelength. The third-order optical susceptibility gCxxxx(3) of C60, derived from its phase conjugate signal, is 7 X 10-12 esu. The nonlinear optical temporal response was largely laser-pulse limited. Evidence for a fifth-order contribution to the nonlinear optical response was observed at high laser intensities.
Lipid droplet formation on opposing sides of the endoplasmic reticulum

In animal cells, the primary repositories of esterified fatty acids and alcohols (neutral lipids) are lipid droplets that form on the lumenal and/or cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. A monolayer of amphipathic lipids, intermeshed with key proteins, serves to solubilize neutral lipids as they are synthesized and desorbed. In specialized cells, mobilization of the lipid cargo for delivery to other tissues occurs by secretion of lipoproteins into the plasma compartment. Serum lipoprotein assembly requires an obligate structural protein anchor (apolipoprotein B) and a dedicated chaperone, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. By contrast, lipid droplets that form on the cytoplasmic face of the ER lack an obligate protein scaffold or any required chaperone/lipid transfer protein. Mobilization of neutral lipids from the cytosol requires regulated hydrolysis followed by transfer of the products to different organelles or export from cells. Several proteins play a key role in controlling droplet number, stability, and catabolism; however, it is our premise that their formation initiates spontaneously, solely as a consequence of neutral lipid synthesis. This default pathway directs droplets into the cytoplasm where they accumulate in many lipid disorders.
Effect Of Speckle On The Hh-vv Statistics

Speckle phenomenon is intrinsic to SAR imagery and the singlechannel aspect of it has been extensively studied in the litterature. This paper concentrates on the multi-channel aspect of the problem, more specifically it addresses the effect of speckle on the statistics of the HH VV phase difference. This phase difference depends on the type of scattering taking place in the resolution element and can be used to discriminate between single bounce and double bounce scatterings. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the phase depends on the homogeneity of the scattering mechanism in the test area. However, the variability of the scattering area is not solely responsible for the standard deviation: speckle also widens the distribution. This study aims at understanding and quantifying the effect of speckle in the standard deviation of the phase difference. The approach is two-fold: 1) a two-channel speckle model which accounts for the HH VV correlation is developed; 2) The statistical behavior of the HH VV phase difference obtained from simulated data is compared with the one observed using the JPL AIRSAR multifrequency, multipolarization data. The simulation predicts that for a perfectly homogeneous area, .the standard deviation of the phase difference decreases with increasing number of looks; in this case the phase standard deviation is only due to speckle. In the case of natural targets, the width of the phase distribution is a result of both speckle and the intrinsic variability in the target backscattering properties. One of the motivations of the study is to separate the part of the standard deviation due to the target variablility from the part due to speckle. Several target types are analysed and a measure of their intrinsic variability is presented. This measure is then compared to the coefficient of variation and the correlation coefficient as these two coefficients can also characterize the degree of polarization. A speckle sensitivity analysis on these two coefficient is also performed.
Pseudotumor Cerebri in Men

We describe 29 men with pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) and compare them with aged-matched women with PTC and male control subjects. Pseudotumor cerebri occurs less frequently in men but in a similar age distribution. Although signs and symptoms of PTC are similar in men and women, men may require surgical treatment for impending visual loss. Black men appear to be at greater risk to loss of vision. Even though men with PTC are less likely to be obese than women, they tend to be more obese than control subjects and should be counseled on weight-reduction diets.
THE IMPACT OF LOCAL LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS ON THE OFF-FARM EARNINGS OF FARM OPERATORS

Local labor market characteristics are theoretically relevant to the determination of off-farm earnings of farm operators, but the empirical analysis of these effects has been hindered by a lack of appropriate data. This study employs the new census public use micro-data sample, PUMS-D, to investigate the effect of local labor market characteristics on off-farm earnings of farm operators. The PUMS-D data allow local characteristics to be defined on a labor market area basis, rather than on a political boundary basis. For a sample of Georgia farm operators, local labor market size, unemployment rates, and industrial structure were found to have significant impacts on off-farm employment and earnings.
Possibility of selection against mtDNA mutations in tumors

Several studies of tumors have revealed substantial numbers of clonally expanded somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), not observed in adjacent intact tissues. These findings were interpreted as indicating the involvement of mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis. Such comparisons, however, ignore an important confounding factor: the monoclonal origin of tumors as opposed to the highly polyclonal nature of normal tissues. Analysis of recently published data on the incidence of somatic mutations in nontumor monoclonal cells suggests that, contrary to the prevailing view, the process of tumorigenesis may be accompanied by active selection against detrimental mtDNA mutations.
Taxonomy and Evolution of the Cotton Genus, Gossypium

We present an overview of the taxonomy of Gossypium L. (the cotton genus) and its evolutionary history. Gossypium contains more than 50 recognized species, including several recently described, distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics. Diversity in Gossypium has been promoted by two seemingly unlikely processes: transoceanic, long-distance dispersal and wide hybridization among lineages that presently are widely separated geographically. Included are four species that were independently domesticated for their seed fiber—two diploids from Africa–Asia and two allopolyploids from the Americas. This repeated domestication of different wild progenitors represents a remarkable case of human-driven parallel evolution. Morphological variation in Gossypium is extensive; growth forms in the genus range from sprawling herbaceous perennials to ?15-m-tall trees, representing a notable array of reproductive and vegetative characteristics. Equally impressive is the striking cytogenetic and genomic diversity that emerged as Gossypium diversified and spread worldwide, ultimately spawning eight groups of closely related diploid (n = 13) species (i.e., genome groups A through G, and K). DNA sequence data place the origin of Gossypium at about 5 to 10 million years ago (mya), which rapidly diversified into these major genome groups shortly thereafter. Allopolyploid cottons appeared within the last 1 to 2 million years, a consequence of the improbable transoceanic dispersal of an A genome taxon to the New World and subsequent hybridization with an indigenous D genome diploid. Diversification of the nascent allopolyploid gave rise to three modern lineages containing seven species, including the agronomically important G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.
Measurement of forced surface convection in directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

The accurate modeling of thermal gradients and distortion generated by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing requires a thorough understanding of the underlying physical processes. One area that has the potential to significantly affect the accuracy of thermomechanical simulations is the complex forced convection created by the inert gas jets that are used to deliver metal powder to the melt pool and to shield the laser optics and the molten material. These jets act on part surfaces with higher temperatures than those in similar processes such as welding and consequently have a greater impact on the prevailing heat transfer mechanisms. A methodology is presented here which uses hot-film sensors and constant voltage anemometry to measure the forced convection generated during additive manufacturing processes. This methodology is then demonstrated by characterizing the convection generated by a Precitec® YC50 deposition head under conditions commonly encountered in additive manufacturing. Surfac...
Research and Realization of the Extensible Database Search Engine

The metadata was combined with search engines,the meta-data description of the integrated data sources which shields the distribution and heterogeneity of the data sources,provides a unified data interface for the indexing and querying,in the need to add new data source,we only need to develop the corresponding metadata extraction and conversion tool,and can not affect the other components of the search engine,which improves the scalability of the system. During the developing process of the search engine,we use the virtue of lucene which has no specific data sources,supports incremental indexing and Chinese retrieval,it achieves a scalable and efficient database search engine based on a secondary development and application of the Lucene.
Cause Eliminated Life Expectancy and Potential Years of Life Lost of Residents in Sichuan in 2012

Objective To analyze the impact of all kinds of causes of death to life expectancy for residents of Sichuan and to provide references for formulating measures to increase life expectancy and promote the health of residents. Methods DeathReg2005 was applied to collect and collate the surveillance data of deaths of residents in Sichuan in 2012. Excel and SPSS were employed to establish the Chiang abridged life table and cause eliminated life table,based on which indicators of crude death rate,standardized mortality rate,average life expectancy,cause eliminated life expectancy,the potential years of life lost,the rate of PYLL were all calculated. Results The crude mortality rate was 621. 78 /105,the standardized mortality rate was 621.49/105 and the adjusted average life expectancy was 75. 22 years old. Circulatory system disease,respiratory system disease,tumor,injury and poisoning,digestive system disease were the top 5 causes for expected years of life lost. If the above causes of death removed the life expectancy could increase by 4. 51 years,3. 42 years,3. 34 years,1. 13 years and 0. 39 years respectively. Analysis of life expectancy with the single disease removed showed that the top 5 value added were malignant tumor,cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory diseases,heart disease and motor vehicle traffic accidents. Analysis of potential life showed that rates of potential year of life lost( PYLL) sequence were tumor,injury and poisoning,diseases of the circulatory system,respiratory system disease and digestive system disease,leading to shorten the person- years of expected life of 18. 67 person- years,12. 21 person- years,10. 35 person-years,5. 44 person-years and 2. 55 person-years,respectively. There was a little sequence difference between different gender,rural and urban. Conclusion In order to improve the life expectancy for residents in Sichuan,it is recommended to strengthen the prevention and control on cancer,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,respiratory diseases and accidental injury.
Quantitative research on effect of overpressure to vertical seal of fault

Based on the analysis of vertical seal mechanism of fault and its influence factors,by comparatively studying the pressure on fault surface and the minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of fault if there is or not overpressure in a stratum,it was considered that if there is overpressure in a stratum,the pressure on fault surface increases and the vertical seal increases.But it has nothing to do with the range of overpressure other than influenced by depth and tip angle of fault surface.With the increase of depth and the decrease of tip angle of fault surface,the increase degree of vertical seal of fault increase,on the contrary,the increase degree of vertical seal of fault decreases.If there is overpressure in strata,the minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of fault decreases,with the decrease of tip angle of fault surface,the minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of fault decreases,on the contrary,the minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of fault increases.By comparatively studying the pressure on fault surface and the minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of W1,W2,W3,W4 faults in K1qn when there is or not overpressure in it,it was considered that the vertical seal of W1,W2,W3,W4 faults in K1qn when there is overpressure in it,it is as about 1.76 times as that when there is no overpressure in it.The minimum depth required in forming vertical seal of fault decreases obviously and formation time of fault seal becomes earlier.
Recurrence patterns in a prospective study of patients with stage II breast cancer treated with endocrine-chemotherapy

Local-regional versus distant recurrence patterns were investigated for 311 patients with stage II node-positive breast cancer who were part of an endocrine-chemotherapy adjuvant breast cancer trial. After mastectomy patients were randomized to receive either cytoxan, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) (1 year) or CMF with tamoxifen (1 year) with or without bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). With a median follow-up of 92.1 months, 55.3% of the patients had recurrences. The first site of recurrence was local-regional for 31.4% of patients and distant for 68.6%. This pattern of first recurrence was not associated with treatment groups, menopausal status, race, estrogen receptor value, number of positive lymph nodes, or tumour diameter. Although patients with a first local-regional recurrence had a better overall prognosis compared with those with a first distant recurrence, 52.2% of those patients with an initial local-regional recurrence developed a distant recurrence within 12 months. Among patients who had a recurrence, 48.3% had a local-regional recurrence at some time during their follow-up. Conclusions from this study are (1) patterns of recurrence were not affected by the addition of antiestrogen therapy to chemotherapy; (2) for the variables tested, including number of positive nodes and tumor diameter, no association with recurrence patterns was found; and (3) most patients (52.2%) with a first local-regional recurrence will develop a distant recurrence within 1 year.
Tape-Head With Sub-Ambient Air Pressure Cavities

A new tape–head design with surface cavities is presented as an alternative to the conventional skiving-edge flat-profile head design. The new head design is referred to as the vacuum head, inspired by the sub-ambient air pressure that develops in the surface cavities during operation. Two prototype head modules, a writer and a reader, were fabricated by modifying commercial tape–head modules and are compared with unmodified reference modules. A finite-element model is presented to simulate the head–tape interface and aid in the surface topography design of the vacuum head prototypes. The modeling results correspond qualitatively with experimental data from interferometer measurements of the shape of tape as it passes over the vacuum heads. The vacuum heads are operated successfully in data read/write experiments, with a slightly reduced signal-to-noise ratio performance compared with the reference heads. An indirect measure of head friction is obtained from tape velocity spectra that show a much reduced friction-induced compressional wave tape resonance for the vacuum modules compared with that for the reference modules. The results presented in this paper show that the new vacuum head design is a promising candidate for future heads with low friction, enabling the use of very smooth media for reduced magnetic spacing and increased areal densities.
Factors Affecting Microwave Heating of Foods and Microwave Induced Destruction of Foodborne Pathogens - A Review.

In the 30 year time period that microwave ovens have been used in households, several studies have examined variables that influence temperatures and bacterial destruction achieved in foods heated by microwave energy. Factors of primary importance include both physical and chemical (product mass, density, specific heat, ionic content, dielectric properties) parameters. The majority of evidence indicates that microwaves inactivate microbes by thermal effects alone. Concern about the safety of microwave-heated foods has arisen because of the abbreviated thermal treatment that microwave heating affords, the potential for temperature abuse of microwavable products, and the risk of pathogen survival in foodservice cook/chill foods. Foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. have been the focus of most studies of microwavable food safety, primarily because of their ubiquitous nature and prevalence in causing illness. The practical implications of the findings of both basic and applied studies of bacterial destruction within microwave-heated products are examined.
Geographic Variation in California Pediatric Hospice Care for Children and Adolescents: 2007-2010.

Objective:To map and describe the geographic distribution of pediatric hospice care need versus supply in California over a 4-year time period (2007-2010).Methods:Multiple databases were used for this descriptive longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 2036 children and adolescent decedents and 136 pediatric hospice providers. Geocoded data were used to create the primary variables of interest for this study—need and supply of pediatric hospice care. Geographic information systems were used to create heat maps for analysis.Results:Almost 90% of the children and adolescents had a potential need for hospice care, whereas more than 10% had a realized need. The highest density of potential need was found in the areas surrounding Los Angeles. The areas surrounding the metropolitan communities of Los Angeles and San Diego had the highest density of realized hospice care need. Sensitivity analysis revealed neighborhood-level differences in potential and realized need in the Los Angeles area. Over 30 pediatri...
On Ingleton-Violating Finite Groups

Given $n$ discrete random variables, its entropy vector is the $2^{n}-1$ -dimensional vector obtained from the joint entropies of all non-empty subsets of the random variables. It is well known that there is a close relation between such an entropy vector and a certain group-characterizable vector obtained from a finite group and $n$ of its subgroups; indeed, roughly speaking, knowing the region of all such group-characterizable vectors is equivalent to knowing the region of all entropy vectors. This correspondence may be useful for characterizing the space of entropic vectors and for designing network codes. If one restricts attention to abelian groups then not all entropy vectors can be obtained. This is an explanation for the fact shown by Dougherty et al. that linear network codes cannot achieve capacity in general network coding problems (since linear network codes come from abelian groups). All abelian group-characterizable vectors, and by fiat all entropy vectors generated by linear network codes, satisfy a linear inequality called the Ingleton inequality. General entropy vectors, however, do not necessarily have this property. It is, therefore, of interest to identify groups that violate the Ingleton inequality. In this paper, we study the problem of finding nonabelian finite groups that yield characterizable vectors, which violate the Ingleton inequality. Using a refined computer search, we find the symmetric group $S_{5}$ to be the smallest group that violates the Ingleton inequality. Careful study of the structure of this group, and its subgroups, reveals that it belongs to the Ingleton-violating family $PGL(2,q)$ with a prime power $q \geq 5$ , i.e., the projective group of $2\times 2$ nonsingular matrices with entries in $ \mathbb {F}_{q}$ . We further interpret this family of groups, and their subgroups, using the theory of group actions and identify the subgroups as certain stabilizers. We also extend the construction to more general groups such as $PGL(n,q)$ and $GL(n,q)$ . The families of groups identified here are therefore good candidates for constructing network codes more powerful than linear network codes, and we discuss some considerations for constructing such group network codes.
Best practices in summative assessment

The goal of this review is to highlight key elements underpinning excellent high-stakes summative assessment. This guide is primarily aimed at faculty members with the responsibility of assigning student grades and is intended to be a practical tool to help throughout the process of planning, developing, and deploying tests as well as monitoring their effectiveness. After a brief overview of the criteria for high-quality assessment, the guide runs through best practices for aligning assessment with learning outcomes and compares common testing modalities. Next, the guide discusses the kind of validity evidence needed to support defensible grading of student performance. This review concentrates on how to measure the outcome of student learning; other reviews in this series will expand on the related concepts of formative testing and how to leverage testing for learning.
Multiligamentous Injury of the Knee: MRI Diagnosis and Injury Patterns

Anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate injuries rarely occur in isolation and are often associated with injuries to the secondary or supporting structures that provide stability against rotational forces. These structures include the posterolateral and posteromedial corner ligaments and tendons, as well as the anterolateral ligament. If injuries to these secondary structures are not appreciated at the time of cruciate ligament reconstruction, an isolated cruciate ligament reconstruction may be predisposed to early failure. Thus it is crucial for radiologists interpreting knee magnetic resonance imaging to understand and report on injury to these ligaments and tendons at the time of initial injury to help the orthopaedic surgeon plan a comprehensive approach to ligament reconstruction. This strategy will ultimately result in improved patient outcomes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF EARLY ALTERATIONS IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS, INSULIN SECRETION, AND HEPATIC INSULIN EXTRACTION IN NONDIABETIC OBESE PRADER-WILLI SUBJECTS AND HEALTHY OBESE CONTROLS SUBJECTS. † 576

Obesity is a common component of NIDDM and plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Prader-Willi Syndrome(PWS) has been associated with morbid obesity and an increased propensity for early development of NIDDM. In order to shed light on the glucoregulatory mechanisms in PWS, we studied pediatric and adult PWS with normoglycemia. The objectives of this study were 1) to examine glucose (glu), insulin (ins) and c-peptide (cpep) responses to OGTT and IVGTT 2) to characterize first and second phases ins secretion 3) to assess hepatic ins extraction (HIE) in PWS subjects and 4) to determine whether beta cell function in PWS is age-dependent.. Group I consisted of 9 pediatric (PED) PWS and 22 age-, weight- and puberty stage-matched obese subjects who had OGTT. Group II consisted of 14 adult (AD) PWS and 10 age-, weight-, and BMI-matched obese AD who had OGTT. Group III consisted of 9 AD PWS and 8 age- and weight-matched obese AD who had FSIVGTT. During the OGTT in the PED group, glu levels were not significantly (sig) different in PWS vs. obese children. In contrast, the fasting, (20±6 vs. 37±4uU/ml), peak (114±24 vs. 214±23uU/ml) and total AUC for ins (12,673±2176 vs. 26,734±2608uU/ml × min) were sig lower in the PED PWS. During the OGTT in the AD groups, ins levels were not sig different in the AD PWS and obese groups. During IVGTT in AD, both the first (138±42 vs. 454±102uU/ml × min) and second (295±66 vs. 1015±231uU/ml × min) phase ins release were sig reduced in the PWS. Similarly, first and second phase cpep responses were also sig reduced in the PWS. In contrast, the mean HIE was 33% higher in PWS vs. obese group(15.4±1.5 vs. 10.3±1.6). Similarly, the post-stimulation HIE was sig greater (5.2±0.8 vs. 2.4±0.4) in the PWS group when compared to obese group. In summary, PWS manifest a) reduced β-cell responses b) increased HIE and c) a dissociation of obesity and ins resistance in contrast to obese subjects. Increased ins sensitivity as well as enhanced HIE appear to be compensatory mechanisms for the reduced β-cell function in PWS.
Orientation and Navigation

Animals need to orient themselves to various environmental stimuli to find shelter (nests, lairs, burrows), food, and mates, to nurture their young, to escape predators, and, the primary topic of this chapter, to stay within or return to favorable environments. Orientation as used here comprises turning the body in a particular direction, together with movement over short distances, while navigation is the term reserved for long-distance travel, including migration. Orienting stimuli can involve several different sensory modalities. Visual stimuli include the sight of mates, predators, or prey in many birds. Acoustic stimuli are used in echolocation by bats and porpoises to avoid obstacles and find prey. Chemical stimuli include insect and mammalian pheromones that are used to locate mates. Tactile signals enable male clawed frogs to detect an appropriate mate. Sharks use electrical fields to detect prey buried in sand, while certain snakes use thermal cues to detect warm-blooded prey. In addition to signals produced by animals, a variety of other exteroceptive cues, such as gravity, light, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, magnetic fields, and air and water currents, can serve as orienting stimuli within an animal’s immediate environment.
50: The Nobel Prize Community, 1901–

The 1974 Nobel Prize for Economic Sciences revived the almost-moribund Austrian School. Within six years, two Austrian-influenced radicals—Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan—won major election victories. This chapter examines others who were Austrian-influenced—including the John Birch Society, ‘redneck’ militia groups, white supremacists, theocrats and Adolf Hitler—and asks whether the Nobel Prize has had a detrimental effect on the economics profession.
A review of shallow water structures in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico circa 2016

ABSTRACTThe shallow water Gulf of Mexico is a mature oil and gas province that has produced about 97% of its proved oil and gas reserves circa 2016, so it should come as no surprise that structure inventories in the region have been declining at a rapid rate. Shallow water oil and gas production last peaked in the mid-1990s and the maximum number of standing structures totalled 3972 in 2001, while circa 2016 number 2009. Record levels of decommissioning in recent years are the result of the maturity of field production, sustained low oil and gas prices, and tougher regulatory conditions and oversight. The purpose of this paper is to review structure inventory data, statistics and trends in the Gulf of Mexico in water depth less than 400 ft (122 m) and provide detailed examination of producing, idle and auxiliary structures circa 2016. The paper concludes with decommissioning and installation trends.
Massively Parallel Implementation of Divide-and-Conquer Jacobi Iterations Using Particle-Mesh Ewald for Force Field Polarization.

To accelerate the evaluation of the self-consistent polarization in large condensed-phase systems with polarizable force fields, the new divide-and-conquer Jacobi iterations (DC-JI) solver is adapted for periodic boundary conditions with particle-mesh Ewald and implemented in a massively parallel fashion within the Tinker-HP software package. DC-JI captures the mutual polarization of close-range interactions within subclusters of atoms using Cholesky decomposition and couples in the polarization effects between these clusters iteratively. Iterative convergence is accelerated with direct inversion of the iterative subspace (DIIS) extrapolation. Compared to widely used preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) or conventional Jacobi iterations (JI/DIIS) algorithms, DC-JI/DIIS solves the polarization equations ∼20–30% faster in protein systems ranging from ∼10,000–175,000 atoms run on hundreds of processor cores. This translates to ∼10–15% speed-ups in the number of nanoseconds of simulation time that can be a...
Culture and Rapid Methods in Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections

Laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) infection has been hampered by difficulty in isolation of the organisms. Both embryonated chicken egg yolk sac and HeLa 229 cell culture have been used to isolate TWAR (Kuo et al. 1986). However, TWAR has been more difficult to grow than other chlamydiae. A human line, HL cells, has now been found to be sensitive to isolation and propagation of TWAR (Cles and Stamm 1990; Kuo and Grayston 1990). Several direct detection methods have been developed and are available commercially for rapid diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. However, applications of these tests for TWAR are very limited and none are commercially available in the United States. In this report I shall describe the culture methods for the isolation and propagation of TWAR organisms currently used in our laboratory and our limited experience on direct antigen detection of TWAR in swab specimens.
The Fraunhofer line discriminator: An airborne fluorometer

An experimental Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (FLD) can differentiate and measure solar-stimulated luminescence when viewed against a background of reflected light. Key elements are two extremely sensitive photomultipliers, two glass-spaced Fabry-Perot filters having a bandwidth less than 1 A, and an analog computer. As in conventional fluorometers, concentration of a fluorescent substance is measured by comparison with standards. Quantitative use is probably accurate only at low altitudes but detection of luminescent substances should be possible from any altitude. Applications of the present FLD include remote sensing of fluorescent dyes used in studies of current dynamics. The basic technique is applicable to detection of oil spills, monitoring of pollutants, and sensing over land areas.
Uncertainty quantification and minimization

Abstract Uncertainty quantification and minimization is an integral part of mathematical modeling of complex reaction systems. Reaction kinetic models of hydrocarbon pyrolysis and combustion are typically associated with a large number of model parameters ranging from rate coefficients to thermochemical and transport properties. The uncertainties in these parameters can impact model predictions to a great extent. In this section, we provide a practical guide to some of the simple methods for treating the parameter and reaction model uncertainties. Examples are given about how to quantify the uncertainties of rate coefficients and measurement uncertainties of some conventional combustion experiments. The propagation of the kinetic uncertainty to reaction model prediction and the reduction of the model uncertainty are discussed in the framework of the method of uncertainty minimization by polynomial chaos expansion.
Assessing agroforestry adoption potential utilising market segmentation: A case study in Pennsylvania

In the United States, agroforestry adoption has lagged behind progress in agroforestry systems research. This study sought to facilitate the communication of landowner land management objectives, values, knowledge and perceptions of the barriers and benefits to agroforestry through applied social marketing research methods and market segmentation analysis. A mail survey instrument was sent to 250 members of the Pennsylvania Association of Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) and 250 members of Woodland Owner Associations (WOA). Current management objectives and production strategies, agroforestry awareness, agroforestry interest, and perceptions regarding the benefits and obstacles to agroforestry adoption were gauged. Market segmentation was performed with a two-step cluster analysis to produce four agroforestry adoption potential models: Timber-Related Practices, Livestock-Related Practices, Specialty Crop-Related Practices, and Non-Adopters. The analyses showed that agroforestry practices could satisfy specific land management objectives within diverse populations. The method effectively identified similarities in agroforestry adoption scenarios. Market segmentation could be utilised as a social marketing tool to guide future policy development, scientific research, and the efficacy and relevance of future agroforestry research and outreach programs. The next step in program development should include the creation of a statewide multidisciplinary team comprised of university, non-profit association and landowner representation, to develop agroforestry applications relevant to each cluster and promote the practices through landowner-led on-farm demonstrations and workshops.
Duration of military service is associated with decision quality in Veterans considering total knee replacement: case series.

Purpose Due to the nature of military service, the patient-physician relationship in Veterans is unlike that seen in civilian life. The structure of the military is hypothesized to result in barriers to open patient-physician communication and patient participation in elective care decision-making. Decision quality is a measure of concordance between a chosen treatment and the aspects of medical care that matter most to an informed patient; high decision quality is synonymous with patient-centered care. While past research has examined how age and other demographic factors affect decision quality in Veterans, duration of military service, rank at discharge, and years since discharge have not been studied. Patients and methods We enrolled 25 Veterans with knee osteoarthritis at a VA hospital. Enrollees completed a survey with demographic, military service, and decision-making preference questions and the Hip-Knee Decision Quality Instrument (HK-DQI), which measures patients' knowledge about their disease process, concordance of their treatment decision, and the considered elements in their decision-making process. Results The HK-DQI knowledge score had a significant, positive correlation with duration of military service (R2=0.36, p=0.004). Rank at discharge and years since discharge did not show a significant correlation with decision quality (p=0.500 and p=0.317, respectively). The concordance score did not show a statistically significant correlation with rank, duration of service, and years since discharge (p=0.640, p=0.486 and p=0.795, respectively). Additionally, decision process score was not significantly associated with rank, duration of military service, and years since discharge (p=0.380, p=0.885, and p=0.474, respectively). Conclusion Decision quality in Veterans considering treatment for knee osteoarthritis appears to be correlated positively with duration of military service. These findings may present an opportunity for identification of Veterans at most risk of low decision quality and customization of shared decision-making methods for Veterans by characteristics of military service.
Sustainability and Life Cycle Product Design

This chapter addresses problems that arise during product design for sustainability and the life cycle. A description of the problem itself is provided from an industrial engineering viewpoint. The first section describes the problem elements, including the need to expand the set of conflicting objectives under consideration, the need to consider the entire product life cycle, the need to employ new data acquisition tools, and the need to investigate the complex role of consumer behavior before, during, and after the point of purchase. Subsequent sections summarize work the authors have done towards solving these problems. A general mathematical programming framework is first presented. Then, the chapter highlightes several instances of the benefits of bringing the logic and mathematical rigor of industrial engineering methods to these problems. The authors’ previous contributions to sustainable design are presented and include defining the concept of the product life cycle from a decision-based design point of view, developing different types of decision-making techniques for engineering design (both subjective and objective), normative decision analytic methods (e.g., multiattribute utility, constrained optimization), methods for environmentally conscious design to cover new environmental objectives (e.g., connection of design with the end-of-use phase), and immersive computing technologies to address challenges with information-intensive design procedures. The final section presents methods to consider heterogeneous consumer behavior during product selection, use, and disposal.
Ongoing Clinical Trials and Rationale in Regional and Oligometastatic Disease

The therapeutic approaches to the management of metastatic malignancies have been in evolution over the past decades. Patients with regional and oligometastatic disease are a unique subset to which therapies are targeted. The development of novel therapeutics in managing regional and oligometastatic disease is an ever-changing, active area of research. Here, we highlight currently registered novel clinical trials.
Hierarchical oscillators in speech comprehension: a commentary on Meyer, Sun, and Martin (2019)

This is a commentary on Meyer, Sun, and Martin (2020), Synchronous, but not entrained: exogenous and endogenous cortical rhythms of speech and language processing.
Correlating structural changes with the photophysics of terrylenediimide films during spontaneous annealing

Interchromophore distance and geometry determine the nature of intermolecular coupling and therefore the photophysical behavior of the system. Here we demonstrate the close relationship between molecular orientation and coupling by characterizing the initial and final states of a N,N-bis(tricosan-12-yl)terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (C23TDI) film undergoing spontaneous annealing at room temperature. Appending long aliphatic tails to the large TDI π-surface produces an initially liquid crystal-like structure that reorganizes to the thermodynamically stable structure at room temperature. Monitoring the structural changes using UV-vis absorption and X-ray diffraction techniques reveals metastable intermediates we can identify and characterize, and the slow timescale of this change allows for a clear comparison between interchromophore structures and photophysical behavior at various points along the reaction coordinate, providing important insights into the relationship between chromophore packing and function. Initially upon film preparation, C23TDI exhibits no long-range order but shows strong charge-transfer (CT) interactions, as observed through steady-state and transient absorption measurements. Within 60 hours under ambient conditions, the TDI units in the film reorganize to an orientation with higher crystallinity and diminished CT interaction, highlighting the dominance of long alkyl chain interactions over π-stacking interactions.
Abstract PO-099: Racial differences in the association of circulating inflammatory proteins with mortality from causes other than the index cancer in older adult cancer survivors in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Background Inflammation is strongly hypothesized to underlie premature mortality in cancer survivors. However, little is known about racial differences in the associations of inflammatory proteins with premature mortality in cancer survivors. Methods 474 long-term (≥5 years) older adult survivors of prostate, breast, colorectal, endometrial and bladder cancers in the ARIC study were followed from visit 5 (2011-13) to December 2018. At visit 5, 5000 serum proteins were assayed using the high throughput SOMAscan technology. Using competing risks proportional hazards regression, we evaluated racial differences in the associations of 580 inflammatory proteins measured at visit 5 with deaths from causes other than the index cancer by modeling sub-distribution hazards (sHR) of deaths per log2 increase in each inflammatory protein in Black and White survivors. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, years since cancer diagnosis, cancer/cardiovascular disease (CVD) shared risk factors such as smoking, history of CVD, diabetes, kidney function, and anti-inflammatory drug use, and included race-protein interaction terms. In a sensitivity analysis, we additionally adjusted for lifecourse SES and access to care. We accounted for multiple testing using Bonferroni correction and false discovery rate Q-values. Results Survivors were 21% Black, 56% male, had a mean age of 76.8 yrs, and median time since diagnosis of 11.4 yrs. 95 non-cancer (50% CVD) and 34 non- index cancer deaths occurred during 2740 person-years of follow-up. Thirty inflammatory proteins, 17 of these in the sensitivity analysis had significantly different (Q Citation Format: Chinenye C. Ugoji, Lorraine T. Dean, Alden Gross, Elizabeth A. Platz. Racial differences in the association of circulating inflammatory proteins with mortality from causes other than the index cancer in older adult cancer survivors in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-099.