cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International operations expansion to the South East European (SEE) markets: benefits, opportunities, challenges to consider

The main objective of this paper is to introduce the South East Europe (SEE) markets as a valuable alternative for western companies in terms of both growing demand and resources availability. The privatisation process, as the main mode of entry, is discussed as well. By examining available literature on this topic, the paper is expected to create insight into the benefits as well as alternatives to risks in the SEE market management. The analysis shows that SEE market has great unused potential and if executed properly, expansion to the region can prove to be very beneficial for the company.
The etiology of urinary retention after surgery for genuine stress incontinence.

Transient postoperative urinary retention after stress incontinence surgery is common, and there is no widely accepted method of hastening the return to normal voiding. The etiology of this retention is poorly understood. Failure of the relaxation of the striated external urethral sphincter has been proposed as an etiologic agent, but has not been documented. Ten patients about to undergo a Burch colposuspension or sub-urethral sling, who demonstrated normal preoperative voiding, were recruited to a study of postoperative retention. Hook-wire electromyographic (EMG)probes were placed into the external urethral sphincter while the patients were under anesthesia, and a suprapubic catheter was placed. We performed instrumented voiding trials 1 or 2 days after surgery while continuously recording urethral EMG and intravesical pressure. Two patients demonstrated normal voiding. Two patients were able to void but demonstrated no EMG silencing. Six patients were unable to void and demonstrated persistent EMG activity. Four of these demonstrated no detrusor contraction, whereas two demonstrated detrusor contractions. All patients resumed normal voiding by clinical parameters within 14 days of surgery. Our study supports other research that suggests that failure of relaxation of the striated urethral sphincter contributes to postoperative urinary retention. Neurourol. Urodynam. 20:13–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Erasing Class/(Re)Creating Ethnicity: Jobs, Politics, Accumulation and Identity in Kenya

This paper empirically examines the relationship between employment, wages and ethnicity via a case study of Kenya. I challenge the pervasive view that ethnicity in Kenya specifically and Africa more generally is related to a primordial instinct and attempt to show empirically that ethnicity is used by politicians as a political strategy to maintain power. In the process of using ethnicity, class solidarity is explicitly down played by politicians as ethnicity is reified. In this paper I specifically examine whether jobs are being used by politicians as both reward and carrot to ensure ethnic allegiances. This is done by testing whether being a member of a dominant group (in terms of population and also politically) has an impact on the possibility of employment and the level of wages. I do this using data from the 1986 Labor Force Survey which due to timing uniquely allows me to connect ethnicity and income. I find that being in a politically dominant group improves one’s chances of obtaining a full time above median wage job. I show that participation in highly remunerated sectors is highly correlated with political power and a change of ethnicity of the president may change outcomes of the past presidents “kinsfolk” being recruited into the desired sectors. Being a member of a locally dominant group in terms of population as compared to a politically dominant national group has no effect on likelihood of employment in one of the premium categories. My findings support the view that in a highly centralized and unequal state ethnicity can be reproduced via preferential employment to members of an in-group thus diminishing class solidarity that one may expect to occur between workmates.
Roadmap for the next generation of dynamic function allocation theories and strategies

Dynamic function allocation theories have matured, but not to the extent that they can be implemented in actual environments. The authors identify a roadmap to help to get to that stage, after a brief review of relevant function allocation theories and the gaps in knowledge in adaptive allocation theories. Past research has focused on short‐term implementations of dynamic function allocation, which last for minutes (but never more than a few hours). Stable and enduring implementations of dynamic function allocation, lasting over days or possibly years, require a better and scientific understanding of the interaction among trigger mechanisms, adaptation strategies, and interruption strategies. The possibility of an unintentional consequence of this adaptive allocation, that the automated agent becomes confined to limited levels of automation, has to be ruled out after experimental evidence. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings

A self-report Adjective Check List (ACL) Practical Wisdom Scale (PWS) and external ratings of Transcendent Wisdom (TWR), based on subjects' examples of personally important wisdom, were used to study the personality correlates and life implications of two types of wisdom among participants in their 50s in a longitudinal study of women. High scorers on both the PWS and the TWR were cognitively complex, perceptive, insightful, and healthily self-directed. Only the PWS was associated with social initiative and leadership, empathy, and generativity. Only the TWR correlated with openness to experience, intuition, and creativity. ACL data from young adulthood were used to show that both the women and their spouses increased on the PWS from early to mature adulthood. For women, we demonstrated how occupation (psychotherapy) and traumatic life events (divorce) contributed to these agerelated gains.
Regulation of gene expression by reiterative transcription

Gene regulation involves many different types of transcription control mechanisms, including mechanisms based on reiterative transcription in which nucleotides are repetitively added to the 3′ end of a nascent transcript due to upstream transcript slippage. In these mechanisms, reiterative transcription is typically modulated by interactions between RNA polymerase and its nucleoside triphosphate substrates without the involvement of regulatory proteins. This review describes the current state of knowledge of gene regulation involving reiterative transcription. It focuses on the methods by which reiterative transcription is controlled and emphasizes the different fates of transcripts produced by this reaction. The review also includes a discussion of possible new and fundamentally different mechanisms of gene regulation that rely on conditional reiterative transcription.
Identification of estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (estratetraenol) from the urine of pregnant women (1).

Abstract The neutral fraction obtained from enzymically hydrolyzed human late-pregnancy urine was subjected to thin layer chromatography in benzene. By means of Haenni's iron-Kober reagent B; a zone corresponding to the mobility and color of estratetraenol was detected. Further purification was carried out by chromatography on silicic acid columns using ethyl acetate:cyclohexane (1:9). The fractions which contained the estratetraenol-like material were collected and methylated. The 3-methyl ether derivative of the urinary component and authentic estratetraenol exhibited identical chromatographic and chromogenic behavior. Analysis of the trimethylsilyl ether derivative of the urinary component in the LKB Gas Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer showed a major fraction having a retention time and mass spectrum corresponding to those obtained with the authentic estrogen. Preliminary studies indicated that estratetraenol was present predominantly as the glucosiduronate, in a concentration of approximately 100 μg/liter of urine.
Organizational Inclusion, Commitment, and Turnover Among Child Welfare Workers: A Multilevel Mediation Analysis

This study focuses on an attitudinal variable (organizational commitment) as a mediator and examines why turnover intention among child welfare workers would be affected by worker's perception of inclusion, at the organizational level, at different organizations using multilevel analysis. The results of the study showed that individual worker's organizational commitment plays a mediating role between organizational inclusion and individual turnover intention. The findings suggest that intervention aimed at reducing turnover and retaining quality workers may be more effective with a combined approach of targeting individual attitudes with changing organizational structures.
Introducing subprograms as the first control structure in an introductory course

The usefulness of introducing subprograms (PROCEDUREs and FUNCTIONs) as the first program control structure in an introductory programming course is discussed. The motivation for an instructor to do this is to place an earlier and greater emphasis on top-down design and structured programming. Specific pedalogical examples are provided.
Characterization of DNA adducts of the carcinogen N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene in vitro and in vivo☆

Since the susceptibility of specific tissues to tumor formation has been correlated with the persistence of DNA-carcinogen adducts, the identity and persistence of DNA adducts formed from the hepatocarcinogen N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) has been determined. The synthetic ultimate carcinogen N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (N-BxO-MAB) was reacted in vitro with either calf thymus or rat liver DNA to yield approx. 1 bound residue per 1000 nucleotides. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, at least six MAB adducts were detected. Two of the products cochromatographed with MAB-DNA adducts formed in rat liver in vivo following oral administration of the precarcinogen MAB. These two adducts were identified by mass, UV and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)- and 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-MAB. The former adduct was initially the predominant product in vivo, but it could not be detected 7 days following treatment. The latter adduct remained at a constant level for 14 days and therefore appears to be a persistent lesion.
Technical and economic aspects of the manufacture of pure iron powder by a chloride method

1. An analysis is made of the potentialities and scope of a chloride method for the manufacture of pure iron powder in relation to the existing processes. 2. The results are presented of a rough technical and economic evaluation, indicating that it would be advantageous to produce chloride-grade pure iron powder on an industrial scale in the Soviet Union.
II. Effect of oxygen and helium on void formation in metals

Abstract A model is presented that determines the effect of oxygen and helium on the energies of the common vacancy-cluster configurations, namely the void, dislocation loop and stacking-fault tetrahedron. Representative calculations are given for the case of irradiated copper. The presence of oxygen tends to enhance the stability of the void during nucleation compared to the other vacancy-cluster morphologies by decreasing the void surface energy through a chemisorption process. Helium also tends to stabilize void formation, because of the high binding energy of helium to a vacancy (or cluster of vacancies) compared to a dislocation. Gas concentrations as low as 0·01 a.p.p.m. He and 5 a.p.p.m. O are predicted to stabilize void formation in copper at certain temperatures. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the available experimental results.
Registration of 'UI Winchester' wheat.

'UI Winchester' (Reg. No. CV-1049, PI 642362) hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and released in July 2009. UI Winchester was developed using the bulk-pedigree selection method and was released for its improved resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) combined with its resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] and for its comparable or better yield and end-use quality performance compared with the three widely adapted hard red spring wheat cultivars 'Jefferson' (PI 603040), 'Jerome' (PI 632712), and 'WestBred 936'. UI Winchester is named after the town of Winchester, Idaho. It was tested under experimental numbers A9356S and IDO578 and has the pedigree 'WestBred 926'/WA7702. UI Winchester is adapted to both irrigated and rainfed conditions, but it is better adapted to the rainfed production systems of the intermountain zone of the western United States.
A global framework for monitoring phenological responses to climate change

[1] Remote sensing of vegetation phenology is an important method with which to monitor terrestrial responses to climate change, but most approaches include signals from multiple forcings, such as mixed phenological signals from multiple biomes, urbanization, political changes, shifts in agricultural practices, and disturbances. Consequently, it is difficult to extract a clear signal from the usually assumed forcing: climate change. Here, using global 8 km 1982 to 1999 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and an eight-element monthly climatology, we identified pixels whose wavelet power spectrum was consistently dominated by annual cycles and then created phenologically and climatically self-similar clusters, which we term phenoregions. We then ranked and screened each phenoregion as a function of landcover homogeneity and consistency, evidence of human impacts, and political diversity. Remaining phenoregions represented areas with a minimized probability of non-climatic forcings and form elemental units for long-term phenological monitoring.
High-fT n-MODFETs fabricated on Si/SiGe heterostructures grown by UHV-CVD

The authors present high-frequency results of n-channel MODFETs fabricated on high-mobility Si/SiGe strained layer heterostructures grown by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapour deposition (UHV-CVD). Devices with gate length Lg = 0.2 µm and drain-source separation Lds = 0.9 µm displayed unity current gain cutoff frequencies as high as fT = 45 GHz (47 GHz) at Vds = +0.6 V (+1.5 V). Similar devices with Lg = 0.2 µm and Lds = 0.5 µm produced values of fT = 61 GHz (62 GHz) at Vds = +0.6 V (+1.0 V). The value fT = 62 GHz is the highest unity current gain cutoff frequency reported to date for an n-channel strained Si MODFET.
Encouraging students to think of code as an algorithmic symphony: the effect of feedback regarding algorithmic abstraction during code production

Students' ability to reason and abstract about code is an important factor in the development of their expertise in producing code. The literature has primary focused on the correlation between measures of students' ability to abstract about code and other skills. The studies and proposed work in my thesis take a mixed methods approach to understanding the impact of feedback regarding algorithmic abstraction and application of contextual scaffolding to problems on the learner.
Pure trisomy 10p involving an isochromosome 10p

We report a child with trisomy 10p due to a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 10 to the short arm of chromosome 14 and isochromosome formation of 10p [46,XX,i(10)(p10),der(14)t(10;14)(q10;p10)]. Most reported cases of trisomy 10p involve double segmental imbalance. In contrast, the clinical features described in the current case represent pure trisomy 10p and, thus, delineate the 10p trisomy syndrome phenotype. Mechanisms of the chromosomal rearrangements in this case are suggested.
Thermochemical and mechanistic studies of electrocatalytic hydrogen production by cobalt complexes containing pendant amines.

Two cobalt(tetraphosphine) complexes [Co(PnC-PPh22NPh2)(CH3CN)](BF4)2 with a tetradentate phosphine ligand (PnC-PPh22NPh2 = 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-bis((diphenylphosphino)alkyl)-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane; alkyl = (CH2)2, n = 2 (L2); (CH2)3, n = 3 (L3)) have been studied for electrocatalytic hydrogen production using 1:1 [(DMF)H]+:DMF. A turnover frequency (TOF) of 980 s–1 with an overpotential at Ecat/2 of 1210 mV was measured for [CoII(L2)(CH3CN)]2+, and a TOF of 980 s–1 with an overpotential at Ecat/2 of 930 mV was measured for [CoII(L3)(CH3CN)]2+. Addition of water increases the TOF of [CoII(L2)(CH3CN)]2+ to 18,000 s–1. The catalytic wave for each of these complexes occurs at the reduction potential of the corresponding HCoIII complex. Comprehensive thermochemical studies of [CoII(L2)(CH3CN)]2+ and [CoII(L3)(CH3CN)]2+ and species derived from them by addition/removal of protons/electrons were carried out using values measured experimentally and calculated using density functional theory (DFT). Notabl...
Detection of genetic variation in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa isolates using RAPD analysis

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa is a common and severe fungal pathogen responsible for dollar spot disease on turfgrasses. The RAPD–PCR technique was used to identify genetic variation among 26 isolates of S. homoeocarpa. DNA polymorphisms were detected among different isolates using 15 oligonucleotide primers and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) for cluster analysis. Isolates from different geographical locations in the United States were separable into three distinct groups based on RAPD profiles and the cluster analysis. These three groups, however, were clearly more closely related to each other than to the isolate from Belize which was unique compared to the other S. homoeocarpa isolates examined. RAPD profiles suggest that transport of the pathogen from east coast to west coast locations in the U.S.A. may account for the recent identification of the disease in the Pacific Northwest. The results indicate that RAPD–PCR is a valuable method for differentiating isolates of S. homoeocarpa.
Noninvasive Heart Rate Variability Detection Device for Fatigue Driving Detection System

Monitor psychological parameters of driver to detect fatigue state is an effective approach to prevent traffic accident. Heart rate variability (HRV) has its particular advantage comparing with other methods, such as its accuracy and conveniences. ECG is a regular signal to obtain HRV, but during driving condition, electrodes and wires need to be placed on driver’s body and may disturb the driver’s normal driving behavior. Since ballistocardiogram (BCG) can reflect heart movement, so HRV can also be extracted from BCG. This paper gives a novel noninvasive method to detect driver’s BCG. Using PVDF sensor which is embedded in safety belt to get driver's BCG and designing hardware and software to amplify and convert it to digital signal for next processing. The result shows that the proposed device can obtain the driver’s BCG properly and the HRV of the driver can be calculated accurately and conveniently, so the design is reasonable.
Chance and sudden death

Abstract An aura of mystery has always surrounded the subject of sudden unexpected death. Part of the explanation is an absence of a single or usual explanation, although electrical instability of the heart does serve as a unifying concept for the final common pathway. In this review, emphasis is placed on the random aggregation of a wide variety of contributing factors in the pathogenesis of sudden death. Such factors include coronary disease, platelet aggregation, neural control of the heart, apoplexy of the heart, normal and abnormal variations in the structure of the atrioventricular junction, lessons from certain rare cardiac tumors and the nature of ventricular fibrillation. Useful thinking about these and related causes should employ both a horizontal (concurrence of events) and vertical (sequence of events) matrix, in all of which chance plays a major role. One impediment to understanding sudden death associated with coronary disease is the prevalent assumption that one is due to the other without proper examination of the other factors involved, some of which may be more susceptible to intervention or modification. The multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of sudden death and the recognition that chance is a major determinant of which factors convene and when they will aggregate in the victim are essential elements to consider if more effective means of treatment and prevention are to be obtained.
Digital Media Revisited: Theoretical and Conceptual Innovation in Digital Domains. Edited by Gunnar Liestøl, Andrew Morrison, and Terje Rasmussen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. 554 pp

Digital Media Revisited: Theoretical and Conceptual Innovation in Digital Domains is a testament to the pace of thought in new media studies. Published only 10 years after the launch of the Web, th...
Conjoint models of family decision making

Abstract The objective of this research is to develop viable approaches to modeling joint decisions. Using conjoint-analysis-type preference data, three methods are developed to combine individual preferences to approximate joint preferences and predict joint decisions. The first is an equal weighting model, which is a simple average of individual members' part-worth utilities. The second is a relative influence model, which combines individual utility functions using a measure of derived influence. The third is a conflict resolution model, which combines utility functions using a measure of conflict. In addition to these three combination models, individual member models and a joint model based on the joint preferences are available. The application area in which the models are operationalized is family decision making. The decision involves choice of a job by MBA students and spouses at a major private university. The models are first calibrated using preference data on hypothetical jobs from MBAs, spouses, and couples and then evaluated on their ability to predict the actual job chosen.
Direct comparison of four bacterial source tracking methods and use of composite data sets

Aims Four bacterial source tracking (BST) methods, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), automated ribotyping using HindIII, Kirby-Bauer antibiotic resistance analysis (KB-ARA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were directly compared using the same collection of Escherichia coli isolates. The data sets from each BST method and from composite methods were compared for library accuracy and their ability to identify water isolates. Methods and results Potential sources of faecal pollution were identified by watershed sanitary surveys. Domestic sewage and faecal samples from pets, cattle, avian livestock, other nonavian livestock, avian wildlife and nonavian wildlife sources were collected for isolation of E. coli. A total of 2275 E. coli isolates from 813 source samples were screened using ERIC-PCR to exclude clones and to maximize library diversity, resulting in 883 isolates from 745 samples selected for the library. The selected isolates were further analysed using automated ribotyping with HindIII, KB-ARA and PFGE. A total of 555 E. coli isolates obtained from 412 water samples were analysed by the four BST methods. A composite data set of the four BST methods gave the highest rates of correct classification (RCCs) with the fewest unidentified isolates than any single method alone. RCCs for the four-method composite data set and a seven-way split of source classes ranged from 22% for avian livestock to 83% for domestic sewage. Two-method composite data sets were also found to be better than individual methods, having RCCs similar to the four-method composite and identification of the same major sources of faecal pollution. Conclusions The use of BST composite data sets may be more beneficial than the use of single methods. Significance and impact of the study This is one of the first comprehensive comparisons using composite data from several BST methods. While the four-method approach provided the most desirable BST results, the use of two-method composite data sets may yield comparable BST results while providing for cost, labour and time savings.
Precise Determination of the Direct–Indirect Band Gap Energy Crossover Composition in AlxGa1-xAs

MBE grown AlxGa1-xAs samples, with x in the range 0.282–0.424, were studied by using time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, photo-modulation reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. The direct and indirect band gap transitions are observed simultaneously in two AlxGa1-xAs samples with x=0.387 and 0.396. An exact determination of the direct–indirect crossover composition at low temperatures is found at a direct band gap energy of 2.059 eV, which corresponds to a aluminum content of [Al]=38.4±0.3%.
Photooxidative dissolution of CdS (s) Part I. Important factors and mechanistic aspects

Abstract Important factors such as pH, photointensity, dissolved oxygen, solid concentration and temperature on the oxidative dissolution of CdS(s) were studied. Results indicated that photoirradiation plays the most important role in CdS(s) dissolution. The mode of dissolution is significantly affected by pH and dissolved oxygen. A qualitative mechanism was proposed to describe the dissolution reaction under various ambient conditions, namely, light/darkness and aerobic/anaerobic.
Retinal Hemorrhages and Shaken Baby Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Review

Abstract Background: Among the causes of non-accidental head injury (NAHI), shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is difficult to diagnose and is associated with retinal hemorrhages (RH). Description: To identify findings and patterns of RH specific to SBS, a PubMed search using the keywords “shaken baby syndrome” or “child abuse” and “retinal hemorrhage” was conducted; 66 articles met the inclusion criteria. The published data address the utility of RH in three categories: 1) in diagnosing SBS; 2) as correlated to intracranial pathology; and 3) in prognosticating SBS. The present review aimed to summarize studies in a way that facilitates clinical decision-making. Results: Studies found a 53–80% incidence of RH with abusive head injury and a 0–10% incidence with proven severe accidental trauma. RHs are found bilaterally 62.5–100% of the time in SBS cases, and flame-shaped hemorrhages are the most common. The incidence of RH from convulsions, chest compressions, forceful vomiting, and severe persistent coughing in the absence of another condition known to cause RH is 0.7%, 0–2.3%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusion: SBS remains a difficult cause of NAHI to diagnose. Ophthalmologic examination can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information in cases of suspected SBS. Child abuse should be highly suspect in children with RH and a parental explanation of accidental head injury, especially if the RHs are found to be bilateral, flame-shaped, or to extend through to all layers of the retina.
Modeling of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seismic sources

Abstract Earthquake sources, as well as contained underground explosions and volcanic explosions, initiate atmospheric waves at the air–ground interface which propagate upward and outward. The propagating atmospheric waves produced are of two types: a high-frequency acoustic wave and a low-frequency gravity wave with horizontal wavelength much longer than its vertical wavelength. Because of the exponential decrease of atmospheric density with height, the acoustic and particularly the gravity waves can grow to significant amplitude in the upper atmosphere, where they can affect the ionosphere causing changes in the distribution of neutral and charged particles. The coherent fluctuations of electron densities and ionization layer boundaries produced by these waves can be detected by electromagnetic sounding methods and hence the occurrence and character of the disturbances can be inferred. A particular application of interest is the detection and discrimination of underground and near surface chemical explosions in a nuclear test monitoring context. Specifically, identification of the different source types is enhanced by combining seismic detection methods with detection of the ionospheric disturbances caused by explosion and earthquake sources. In this study, numerical models of non-linear gravity controlled atmospheric disturbances produced by seismic sources near the surface of the Earth are investigated in order to obtain quantitative predictions that might be used in evaluating detection methods based on gravity wave excitation. Explicit numerical integration of the non-linear finite difference equations is used to simulate the transient flows produced in a three-dimensional ARDC atmosphere. Results from the simulations agree with many results from linear theory approximations and also show non-linear characteristics similar to important gravity wave observations. Electron density changes in the ionosphere are predicted with their spatial and temporal behavior found to be particularly sensitive to the type and magnitude of the dissipative mechanisms that may occur. In the numerical examples studied, the amplitudes of the ionospheric electron density fluctuations due to the gravity waves produced by large explosions and some types of large earthquakes are predicted to be well within the range of detection using E-M ionospheric sounding methods.
Imaging Radio Wave Sources With Two Spatially Non-Coherent, Sparse Wavefront Sampling Arrays And Multiplicative Processing

We describe a new method that locates radio wave sources by forming images. This approach has potential advantages over conventional direction finding because it shows reflection sources, which lower the accuracy of direction finding; in addition, images show distance as well as direction. The method is to use two sparse, separated arrays of receiving antennas to sample wavefronts. Measured phase and amplitude data are computer processed to form an image. Each array is coherent by means of a phase reference obtained from one of its antennas, but the two arrays are mutually non-coherent. This non-coherence permits multiplying image intensities to improve resolution. An example of experimental results is shown for wave-length 10 meters. The method has been used at wavelengths as long as 50 meters and as short as 33 cm; of course, distinct arrays were used for all these wavelengths.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preprogramming knowledge: a major source of misconceptions in novice programmers

We present a process model to explain bugs produced by novices early in a programming course. The model was motivated by interviews with novice programmers solving simple programming problems. Our key idea is that many programming bugs can be explained by novices inappropriately using their knowledge of step-by-step procedural specifications in natural language. We view programming bugs as patches generated in response to an impasse reached by the novice while developing a program. We call such patching strategies bug generators. Several of our bug generators describe how natural language preprogramming knowledge is used by novices to create patches. Other kinds of bug generators are also discussed. We describe a representation both for novice natural language preprogramming knowledge and novice fragmentary programming knowledge. Using these representations and the bug generators, we evaluate the model by analyzing four interviews with novice programmers.
Pneumocephalus in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt after percutaneous gastrojejunostomy catheter placement: case report

Abstract Background Percutaneous gastrostomy and/or jejunostomy associated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting in critically ill neurosurgical patients is not an uncommon combination. Massive intraventricular pneumocephalus has not been previously reported as a complication of percutaneous gastrostomy and/or jejunostomy placement in a patient with a VP shunt. A case is presented here where we believe such a complication occurred. Case Description Our patient is a 68-year-old woman who experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a right anterior choroidal aneurysm rupture. The patient underwent endovascular coiling. The patient developed a communicating hydrocephalus and eventually necessitated a VP shunt. Two weeks after shunt placement, our patient had a fluoroscopic percutaneous gastrostomy and/or jejunostomy catheter placed. A computed tomographic scan of the brain obtained after feeding tube placement for a change in mental status revealed a significant amount of air in the lateral ventricles. The patient was managed expectantly over the next several days with slow clinical and radiographic improvement. Conclusions The etiology for the increased intraventricular pneumocephalus is believed to be retrograde leakage of air into the ventricles via the VP shunt during insufflation of the abdomen for percutaneous placement of a gastrojejunostomy feeding tube.
The Limitations of Concepts in Developmental Psychology.

Many concepts in developmental psychology are inferred or confirmed from very particular experimental or naturalistic observations but investigators often generalize their validity to a broad domain of situations. This permissiveness is affecting progress. This paper provides examples of this error and criticizes the tendency to award essences to predicates representing psychological processes.
The use of mannequins in the behavioral assessment of child molesters: Two case reports

Two males with court histories of nonviolent child molesting were assessed by making a photographic record as they re-enacted their molesting behaviors with life-sized mannequins of children. The assessment procedure set the occasion for the emission of behaviors not formerly reported by the trainees. The photographic slides which were obtained were then employed in standard electrical aversion therapy. Assertion training and family counseling were employed subsequently. The use of photography with mannequins, rather than reliance on verbal reports, provided an objective record of deviant behaviors and fantasies. The personalized slides of behavioral chains increased the precision of aversive techniques. In follow-up studies of 1, 2, and 3 years, there was no recurrence of the deviant behavior.
Urban Images of Roman Authors

In this age of rapid urbanization, with all that that term connotes, it is revealing to view the familiar and ofttimes troublesome attributes of city life from the perspectives of the sophisticated urbanites of an earlier era. Our aim, then, has been to glean from the writings of the ancient Romans their personal images of, impressions of, and attitudes toward life in a metropolitan environment. The period covered extends from the time of Cato through the end of the First Century A.D. If the satirists seem overly represented in this distribution of authors, the explanation is simply that the satirists chose to comment upon the conditions of city life more frequently and more intensely than did other writers. Horace even suggests that satire is the literary form most appropriate for commentary upon the urban scene ( Satire II . 6).
A Quantitative Exploration of Surface Antigen Expression in Common B-Cell Malignancies Using Flow Cytometry

The use of flow cytometry to diagnose hematological malignancies has become routine due to its ability to often differentiate between morphologically similar diseases based on antigens expressed on the surface of malignant cells. In an attempt to expand on the utility of flow cytometry in the study of B-cell malignancies we have used the most reliable quantitative methodology, QIFI (quantitative indirect immunofluorescence assay), to study the expression of CD5, CD10, CD11c, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, and CD79b in 384 cases of several common B-lineage malignancies, including: B-ALL, CLL, SLL, hairy cell leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. The impetus behind this extensive, single institution study of surface antigens was two-fold: evaluating similarities and differences of antigen expression between B-cell neoplasms and finding additional clinical utility for the quantitative flow cytometric data generated. Our results show that each distinct malignant histology has its own quantitative pattern of surface antigen expression. In most cases, these quantitative patterns do not increase the ability of flow cytometry to distinguish between them. However, a high expression of specific antigens on a given B-cell malignancy may potentially identify optimal therapeutic targets for current and/or future monoclonal antibody-based therapies.
Traumatic Shoulder Instability Involving Anterior, Inferior, and Posterior Labral Injury: A Prospective Clinical Evaluation of Arthroscopic Repair of 270° Labral Tears

BackgroundTraumatic labral tears involving the anterior, inferior, and posterior aspects of the glenoid fossa represent a unique subpopulation of shoulder instability.PurposeThis study was undertaken to evaluate prospectively the clinical results of patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of 270° labral tears.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsThis was a prospective outcomes analysis of patients who underwent arthroscopic stabilization of a 270° labral tear. Inclusion criteria included patients with traumatic injury and primarily anteroinferior instability but several had posterior instability as well. Imaging revealed extensive labral injury in all patients. Indications for repair included symptomatic instability, 2+ anterior-inferior and posterior-inferior load-shift testing, and arthroscopic confirmation of labral lesions that extended anteriorly, inferiorly, and with extension to the midglenoid posteriorly. Exclusion criteria were SLAP (superior labrum anterior and posterior) lesi...
Plink blink: collaborative music production via blinking eyes

Plink Blink, an interactive art installation, allows three participants to make collaborative music by blinking their eyes. Human beings can blink voluntarily and involuntarily but generally they do not think about blinking. Blinking goes unnoticed because it is a silent action. In contrast to its quiet nature, blinking is rhythmic. As a result, blinking is a resourceful input for sound generation. We wanted to link two sensory organs, eyes and ears, creating a playful and surprising environment.
Ecological divergence among colour morphs mediated by changes in spatial network structure associated with disturbance.

Summary Differences in individual behaviour affect social interactions and contribute to the spatial structuring of animal populations. However, disturbance should also affect spatial networks by altering habitat heterogeneity and resource availability. Variation in resource availability should perturb the frequency and nature of social and ecological interactions within a population by affecting the spatial distribution of individuals. In disturbed habitats where resources are limiting, spatial relationships should reflect behavioural differences among individuals, with higher-quality resources controlled by dominant individuals. In contrast, all individuals may exploit preferred resources in resource-rich habitats. Environmental variation and population reorganization may also result in variation in morphological, behavioural and ecological traits, which ultimately affect fitness. We addressed these considerations for male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) at three sites that differ in levels of disturbance. The habitats at these localities differed in the availability of live trees, the preferred microhabitat of U. ornatus. In addition, male U. ornatus exhibits a polymorphism in dewlap colour linked with differences in aggression, which should influence their position in a network and access to resources. We applied a network framework to characterize the spatial organization of male morphs at each site and quantified male aggressive behaviour in the laboratory. We also compared body size, body condition, number of bite marks, parasite load and the microhabitat use and diet, of males among the sites. We detected no significant differences in spatial network structure between unburned and infrequently burned sites. However, at a frequently burned site, the network shifted towards geographically closer, heteromorphic male neighbour associations. Males at this site were also larger, more aggressive and had more bite marks but fewer parasites than males at the other sites. Moreover, we detected divergence in microhabitat use and diet among the morphs at the frequently burned site that reflected the shift in spatial network structure and differences in morph behaviour. That is, only more aggressive morphs usurped trees and consumed prey from higher trophic levels. We conclude that environmental variation may influence animal spatial network structure. Jointly, behavioural and environmental variation may promote despotic social dynamics and ecological divergence in resource-limited habitats.
Semilattices with a group of automorphisms

We investigate semilattices expanded by a group F of automorphisms acting as new unary basic operations. We describe up to isomorphism all simple algebras of this kind in case that F is commutative. Finally, we present an example of a simple algebra that does not fit in the previous description, if F is not commutative.
The rationale for consultation with the families of schizophrenic patients

Mental health professionals have approached families that have a schizophrenic member with four quite different expectations about how the family can aid patient recovery: the family as a source of information; the family as caretaker for the patient; the family as patient stressor, needing family education; and the family as a dysfunctional system requiring family therapy. Overall, professionals have been negligent in attending to the needs of families, seen less for themselves than as agents to aid patient recovery. As an alternative or supplement to family self-help groups, a family consultation model provides professionals with an orientation for working collaboratively with diverse families in their efforts to cope with serious mental illness.
Isothermal titration calorimetry in nanoliter droplets with subsecond time constants.

We reduced the reaction volume in microfabricated suspended-membrane titration calorimeters to nanoliter droplets and improved the sensitivities to below a nanowatt with time constants of around 100 ms. The device performance was characterized using exothermic acid–base neutralizations and a detailed numerical model. The finite element based numerical model allowed us to determine the sensitivities within 1% and the temporal dynamics of the temperature rise in neutralization reactions as a function of droplet size. The model was used to determine the optimum calorimeter design (membrane size and thickness, junction area, and thermopile thickness) and sensitivities for sample volumes of 1 nL for silicon nitride and polymer membranes. We obtained a maximum sensitivity of 153 pW/(Hz)1/2 for a 1 μm SiN membrane and 79 pW/(Hz)1/2 for a 1 μm polymer membrane. The time constant of the calorimeter system was determined experimentally using a pulsed laser to increase the temperature of nanoliter sample volumes. Fo...
Using the joint transform correlator as the feature extractor for the nearest neighbor classifier

Financial transactions using credit cards have gained popularity but the growing number of counterfeits and frauds may defeat the purpose of the cards. The search for a superior method to curb the criminal acts has become urgent especially in the brilliant information age. Currently, neural-network-based pattern recognition techniques are employed for security verification. However, it has been a time consuming experience, as some techniques require a long period of training time. Here, a faster and more efficient method is proposed to perform security verification that verifies the fingerprint images using the joint transform correlator as a feature extractor for nearest neighbor classifier. The uniqueness comparison scheme is proposed to improve the accuracy of the system verification. The performance of the system under noise corruption, variable contrast, and rotation of the input image is verified with a computer simulation.
Paradigms for the shaping of surfaces in a virtual environment

This paper describes several paradigms for the direct manipulation of a surface in computer graphics. The surface is considered as a collection of points in three-dimensional space. These points may be the vertices of polygons, the control points of splines, and so on. Three paradigms are described and evaluated: direct grabbing of the surface at a single point and moving a neighborhood of that point; pushing on the surface with a tool; and pushing on the surface with a model of the user's hand. These paradigms are based on a spatially weighted transformation. This transformation is based on a 'bump' weight function on the surface which is shaped and placed by the user. Construction of the bump function and the definition of the weighted transformation is described. An interface for these paradigms in a virtual environment is also described. >
Assessment of MRI issues at 3-Tesla for metallic surgical implants: findings applied to 61 additional skin closure staples and vessel ligation clips

Purpose Metallic skin closure staples and vessel ligation clips should be tested at 3-Tesla to characterize MRI issues in order to ensure patient safety. Therefore, metallic surgical implants were assessed at 3-Tesla for magnetic field interactions, MRI-related heating, and artifacts.
Magma under Long Valley Caldera: Reply

As the one responsible for submitting the meeting report (“Pre-Drilling Data Review and Synthesis for the Long Valley Caldera, California,” Eos, January 19, 1988, p. 43), I must also take responsibility for omissions and errors. These may occur for a variety of reasons and despite the fact that the meeting report is reviewed by selected attendees prior to publication. I am pleased that P. B. Dawson et al. have taken the time to set straight the point about the midcrustal low-velocity anomaly (in “Magma Under Long Valley Caldera,” Eos, March 1, 1988, p. 124). I offer apologies to them and to any other attendees who may feel that their contributions were either omitted or misrepresented. Due to space limitations, many sections of the draft meeting report had to be rather ruthlessly deleted or shortened.
Prostate Specific Antigen Only Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer: Natural History, Challenges in Management and Clinical Trial Design

Purpose: There is no current standard of care for patients with nonmetastatic androgen independent prostate cancer, a condition defined by increasing serum prostate specific antigen despite anorchid testosterone levels and no radiographic evidence of metastases. A consensus panel was convened to review data and propose a strategy for trial design and prioritization.Materials and Methods: Published literature on the natural history of nonmetastatic androgen independent prostate cancer was reviewed. A panel discussion was held, focusing on reviewing current and past trials, and the development of research priorities for patients in this disease state.Results: Based on 1 report the natural history of nonmetastatic androgen independent prostate cancer is relatively long but heterogeneous. External validation of these published findings has not been performed. Clinical trial design in this setting is impeded by heterogeneity and lack of knowledge about the natural history, prolonged time to clinical end points...