cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing communication and safety

Democratic societies are now engaged against terrorist activities. In such an environment, there is tension between the desire to withhold scientific information from those who would use it for ill and the need to not stifle fundamental research in the life sciences or the open communication of results. To inhibit the pursuit of science may suggest safety from those prepared to use science for harmful purposes, but any sense of security is false. Freedom for research and communication is more necessary than ever, and the best defense against those who would employ science as a weapon is scientific excellence. There will inevitably be worldwide communication of the results of scientific studies, but open communication is vital to peer review and an independent evaluation of research, including oversight by the executive and legislative branches of government as well as the public. Open communication is also essential for public-health and public-safety planning, for the robust growth of business and technology, and for research that will be beneficial for society. Such openness is additionally necessary for the development of countermeasures against sinister applications of science. Preventing publication, even if that could be accomplished, will not prevent the misuse of science because sanctions will not deter those who have a malevolent intent. Secrecy instead poses the danger of enforced ignorance. The life-sciences community has generally garnered public trust. To ensure the continued success of the scientific enterprise, it is critical to maintain and further that trust against the possibility of public misunderstanding, particularly in an ever-changing scientific and political environment. To preserve their credibility, members of the scientific community must remain sensitive to the potential that information could be misused by individuals and communities to endanger public safety and health or otherwise jeopardize national security; continuing education and responsible engagement in the wider body politic are required. Life scientists enjoy a virtually unrestricted exchange of information; shared information has been a safeguard and a cornerstone. But legitimate threats to our national security necessitate that there be appropriate oversight of scientific research and publication. Restraints of the kind set forth by President Reagan in National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 189 ([1][1]) are fit. However, perfect regulation is impossible because it assumes perfect compliance. While the scientific community continues to accept responsibility for principled research and communication, and regulation as a management tool, the public and the government must recognize that true national security requires scientific accomplishment and that scientific excellence requires the open communication of research and results. 1. 1.[↵][2]Available at [www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-189.htm][3]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [3]: http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-189.htm
A Systematic Approach for Developing Nonlinear Control Systems With Fuzzy Logic

In this paper we present a method for systematically developing nonlinear control systems that provide superior performance to conventional linear control systems. The approach uses the results of linear analysis as a starting point for designing and optimizing a nonlinear control system. A linear equivalent fuzzy logic control system is constructed to give the same performance as the “best” linear control system. The fuzzy logic control system is subsequently modified to improve performance by making an optimal nonlinear system. The method is illustrated by designing a nonlinear fuzzy logic control system for a headbox used for papermaking. A discrete linear quadratic regulator (DLQR) is first designed for this system. A nonlinear fuzzy logic control system is subsequently developed from the DLQR controller. The performance of these two control systems is then compared.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Studies of factors in relapse to alcohol, drug and nicotine use: a critical review of methodologies and findings.

Objective: To critically review the methodologies used to study relapse in substance abusers and compare some of the findings these methodologies have produced. Method: Representative studies that have used retrospective, prospective, or near real time methodologies to study antecedents or consequences of relapse are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology are reviewed. Limitations in the ability of substance abusers to accurately report internal states are considered. Degree of convergence in findings across methodologies is examined. Results: Retrospective reports can provide perhaps the most detailed accounts of circumstances and experiences leading up to relapse, but are also more likely to be inaccurate due to the limitations of memory. Prospective studies are less likely to be affected by memory problems, but may not capture factors that immediately precede relapse. The near real time methodology, which uses palm-top computers to gather data, has many advantages over other met...
EBSTEIN'S MALFORMATION OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE. METHOD OF SURGICAL CORRECTION UTILIZING A BALL-VALVE PROSTHESIS AND DELAYED CLOSURE OF ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT.

Two cases of complete correction of Ebstein9s malformation are presented. The deformed tricuspid valve was excised. A ball-valve prosthesis was anchored at the true annulus. This procedure removes the obstruction to right ventricular outflow, eliminates tricuspid insufficiency, increases right ventricular diastolic capacity, and improves the pumping action of the right ventricle by increasing the size and effectiveness of the pump chamber. Preoperatively, both patients were cyanotic because of large right-to-left shunts at the atrial level. No attempt was made to close the associated atrial septal defect in our first case. This patient continued to shunt right-to-left postoperatively but expired early in the postoperative period as a result of right-heart failure. A flap-valve type closure of the large associated atrial septal defect in the second patient with Ebstein9s malformation permitted right-to-left shunting until the right ventricle became competent to pump the entire venous return to the lungs. About two weeks after surgery the right-to-left shunting ceased in this patient. Both patients developed complete heart block during the tricuspid valve prosthesis insertion. This complication was compensated for by a myocardial electrode and external pacemaker in the early postoperative interval. The second patient was discharged in an asymptomatic condition following insertion of an implantable pacemaker. A possible method for avoiding heart block in these cases in the future is discussed.
Numerical simulation of forced convection heat transfer from a cylinder in crossflow

Abstract Forced convection heat transfer from an isolated cylinder in crossflow is investigated for Reynolds numbers up to 200 by direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations using the spectral element method. The numerical predictions for the size of the wake, the temporal and spatial structure of the von Karman vortex street, the unsteady lift and drag coefficient, and the unsteady local heat transfer coefficient are all in excellent agreement with available experimental data. Various outflow boundary conditions for the velocity field are employed to account for the unboundedness of the domain, while for the temperature field the conditions of uniform heat flux and constant cylinder temperature are simulated.
Avoiding Barriers to PET Radioligand Development: Cellular Assays of Brain Efflux Transporters

PET provides a uniquely sensitive and powerful means for studying a clinically relevant protein target within the brain, provided that an adequately specific and sensitive radiotracer is available. Interesting targets, which include neurotransmitter receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, enzymes
Water quality changes in hyporheic flow paths between a large gravel bed river and off-channel alcoves in Oregon, USA

Changes in water quality that occur as water flows along hyporheic flow paths may have important effects on surface water quality and aquatic habitat, yet very few studies have examined these hyporheic processes along large gravel bed rivers. To determine water quality changes associated with hyporheic flow along the Willamette River, Oregon, we studied hyporheic flow at six-bar deposit sites positioned between the main river channel and connected lentic alcoves. We installed piezometers and wells at each site and measured water levels and water quality in river, hyporheic and alcove water. Piezometric surfaces along with substrate characteristics were used to determine hyporheic flow path direction and hyporheic flow rate. At all sites, hyporheic flow moved from the river through bar deposits into alcove surface water. Stable isotope analysis showed little influence of upwelling groundwater. At a majority of sites, hyporheic dissolved oxygen and ammonium decreased relative to river water, and hyporheic specific conductance, nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorous increased relative to river water. At three sites, hyporheic temperature decreased 3–7°C relative to river water; there was less temperature change at the other three sites. At the two sites with the highest hyporheic flow rates, hyporheic cooling was propagated into the alcove surface water. Hyporheic changes had the greatest effect on alcove water quality at sites with highly permeable substrates and high-hyporheic flow rates. The best approach to enhancing hyporheic flows and associated water quality functions is through restoring fluviogeomorphic channel processes that create and maintain high-permeability gravel deposits conducive to hyporheic flow. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Game-theoretic cooperative coverage using autonomous vehicles

This paper presents a game-theoretic method for cooperative coverage of a priori unknown environments using a team of autonomous vehicles. These autonomous vehicles are required to cooperatively scan the search area without human supervision as autonomous entities. However, due to the lack of a priori knowledge of the exact obstacle locations, the trajectories of autonomous vehicles cannot be computed offline and need to be adapted as the environment is discovered in situ. In this regard, the cooperative coverage method is based upon the concept of multi-resolution navigation that consists of local navigation and global navigation. The main advantages of this algorithm are: i) the local navigation enables real-time locally optimal decisions with a reduced computational complexity by avoiding unnecessary global computations, and ii) the global navigation offers a wider view of the area seeking for unexplored regions. This algorithm prevents the autonomous vehicles from getting trapped into local minima, which is commonly encountered in potential field based algorithms. The neighboring agents among the team of autonomous vehicles exchange the most up-to-date environment information for collaborations. Given sufficient operation time, the team of autonomous vehicles are capable of achieving complete coverage in their own regions. However, in order to further improve cleaning efficiency and reduce operation time, the vehicles that finish early should participate in assisting others that are in need of help. In this sense, a cooperative game is designed to be played among involved agents for optimal task reallocation. This paper considers the cooperative oil spill cleaning application; however the concepts can be applied to general class of coverage problems. The efficacy of the algorithm is validated using autonomous vehicles equipped with lasers in an obstacle-rich environment on the high-fidelity Player/Stage simulator.
Emission factors for fugitive dust from bulldozers working on a coal pile.

A study of a Powder River Basin (PRB) coal pile found that fugitive emissions from natural and human activity each produced similar levels of downwind fine + coarse (i.e., smaller than 10 µm, or PM10) particle mass concentrations. Natural impacts were statistically removed from downwind measurements to estimate emission factor Ev for bulldozers working on the pile. The Ev determined here was similar in magnitude to emission factors (EFs) computed using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formulation for unpaved surfaces at industrial sites, even though the latter was not based on data for coal piles. EF formulations from this study and those in the EPA guidance yield values of similar magnitude but differ in the variables used to compute Ev variations. EPA studies included effects of surface silt fraction and vehicle weight, while the present study captured the influence of coal moisture. Our data indicate that the relationship between PRB coal fugitive dust Ev (expressed as mass of PM10 emitted ...
Research programs at NSF and emerging opportunities in electrical and computer engineering

The mission of the National Science Foundation is to support learning and the discovery of new knowledge in science and engineering, to help the Nation use such knowledge for the benefit of humankind and the environment, today and in the future, and to assure all Americans the opportunities provided by a first-rate education in science and mathematics. In support of this mission the Engineering Directorate provides support for fundamental engineering research performed primarily, but not exclusively, in academic institutions. The research supported by the Electrical, Communications, and Cyber-Systems Division is directed towards topics typically associated with ECE Departments. The research budget is divided towards defined programs, associated with specific initiatives, and a core directed towards high quality unsolicited proposals of interest. The goal is to further advance existing research areas, as well as to identify new and emerging areas of research. There is significant interest in identifying translational and transformative research that can establish the basis for innovation that will lead to new industries and job creation. In this presentation the structure and programs of NSF will be presented, and some new and emerging areas will be discussed. Some historical trends in research and innovation will be presented and used as the basis to describe current opportunities.
Noninvasive Histological Comparison of Bone Growth Patterns Among Fossil and Extant Neonatal Elephantids using Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Microtomography

ABSTRACT How is the bone tissue in skeletal supports of a neonatal elephant organized, and how does this histological structure differ among the neonates of modern species, mammoths, and insular dwarfs? We used synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SR-µCT) to obtain high-resolution image-‘slices’ noninvasively, from the femoral and tibial diapbyses of neonatal African elephants, a young juvenile Asian elephant, Columbian mammoths, and California Channel Island pygmy mammoths. The results compared favorably in level of detail with histological sectioning, but without the shrinkage, distortion, or loss of tissue inevitable with histology. From the tomography images we were able to rank by ontogenetic stage specimens of taxa that are otherwise difficult to categorize because they vary greatly in size; from these images we observed that laminar fibrolamellar bone predominated and were able to quantify vascular patterns. Bones of the Columbian mammoth typically had the thickest and largest number of laminae, wher...
Using WordNet synonym substitution to enhance UMLS source integration

Objective: Synonym-substitution algorithms have been developed for the purpose of matching source vocabulary terms with existing Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) terms during the integration process. A drawback is the possible explosion in the number of newly generated (potential) synonyms, which can tax computational and expert review resources. Experiments are run using a synonym-substitution approach based on WordNet to see how constraining two methodological parameters, namely, ''maximum number of substitutions per term'' and ''maximum term length,'' affects performance. Our hypothesis is that these values can be constrained rather tightly-thus greatly speeding up the methodology-without a marked decline in the additional matches produced. Furthermore, we investigate whether a limitation on only the first of the two parameters is sufficient to achieve the same results. Methods: A four-stage synonym-substitution methodology using WordNet is presented. A group of experiments is carried out in which the two methodological parameters ''maximum number of substitutions per term'' and ''maximum term length'' are varied. The purpose is to examine their effect on the growth in the number of potential synonyms generated and the associated loss of results. The experiments are based on the re-integration of the ''Minimal Standard Terminology'' (MST) into the UMLS. Synonym-substitution matches found to be inconsistent with the current content of the UMLS and thus deemed to be incorrect are further manually scrutinized as an audit of the original integration of the MST. Results: An increase of 11% in the number of ''MST term/UMLS term'' matches was achieved using the synonym-substitution methodology. Importantly, this result prevailed when tight threshold values (such as a maximum of two synonym substitutions per term) were imposed on the parameters. Furthermore, it was found that limiting only the ''maximum number of substitutions per term'' parameter was sufficient to obtain the performance enhancement. During the additional audit phase, a number of the reported mismatches were actually seen to be correct, representing an additional 10% increase in the number of matches obtained. Conclusion: A synonym-substitution methodology that utilizes WordNet is a useful automated aide in UMLS source integration. Experiments showed that there was a significant speed-up but no degradation in match results when the methodology's ''maximum number of substitutions per term'' parameter was relatively tightly constrained. The methodology also helped to discover errors in the MST's original integration, and improve the quality of the UMLS's conceptual content.
Development of an OP9 Derived Cell Line as a Robust Model to Rapidly Study Adipocyte Differentiation

One hallmark of obesity is adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. To gain novel insights into adipose biology and therapeutics, there is a pressing need for a robust, rapid, and informative cell model of adipocyte differentiation for potential RNAi and drug screens. Current models are prohibitive for drug and RNAi screens due to a slow differentiation time course and resistance to transfection. We asked if we could create a rapid, robust model of adipogenesis to potentially enable rapid functional and obesity therapeutic screens. We generated the clonal population OP9-K, which differentiates rapidly and reproducibly, and displays classic adipocyte morphology: rounded cell shape, lipid accumulation, and coalescence of lipids into a large droplet. We further validate the OP9-K cells as an adipocyte model system by microarray analysis of the differentiating transcriptome. OP9-K differentiates via known adipogenic pathways, involving the transcriptional activation and repression of common adipose markers Plin1, Gata2, C/Ebpα and C/Ebpβ and biological pathways, such as lipid metabolism, PPARγ signaling, and osteogenesis. We implemented a method to quantify lipid accumulation using automated microscopy and tested the ability of our model to detect alterations in lipid accumulation by reducing levels of the known master adipogenic regulator Pparγ. We further utilized our model to query the effects of a novel obesity therapeutic target, the transcription factor SPI1. We determine that reduction in levels of Spi1 leads to an increase in lipid accumulation. We demonstrate rapid, robust differentiation and efficient transfectability of the OP9-K cell model of adipogenesis. Together with our microscopy based lipid accumulation assay, adipogenesis assays can be achieved in just four days' time. The results of this study can contribute to the development of rapid screens with the potential to deepen our understanding of adipose biology and efficiently test obesity therapeutics.
Virus-like particles in cultures of McCoy cells.

Virus-like particles similar to types A and C tumor viruses as classified by Bernhard and others, were consistently found in association with the human synovial cell line identified as the McCoy cell. It was occasionally possible to observe cylindrical structures among the spherical virus-like particles in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of the cells. The significance of the virus-like particles remains to be demonstrated.
Bias-temperature stress of Al on porous low-k dielectrics

Abstract Aluminum has been perceived as a stable electrode for the reliability test of dielectric films. In this letter, using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy method, Al ions were detected in the dielectric after Al/SiCOH/SiO 2 /Si capacitor was subjected to bias-temperature stress (BTS). We investigated the impact of the drifted Al to the stability of the dielectrics by studying the leakage current of the capacitor. We showed that the increase of leakage current after BTS falls into the Poole–Frenkel conduction regime, indicating the Al ions act as electronic traps inside SiCOH. Our results question the compatibility between Al and low- k dielectrics.
Development of an immunofluorescence technique for detecting Pfiesteria piscicida

Abstract While several DNA-based methods have been developed for the putatively toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Burkholder et Steidinger, an independent detection method such as immunofluorescence can be a useful alternative. In this study, P. piscicida-specific antisera were developed, and an immunofluorescence (IF) procedure was optimized. A total of six antisera were raised using whole cells (WCA) and the insoluble cellular fraction (ICF) as antigens, respectively, and their titer and specificity were examined using dot blot analysis and whole cell IF. Results showed that the two antisera produced from the ICF antigen had a markedly higher titer (1500) than the other four yielded from the WCA (200). In addition, the two ICF-derived antisera exhibited much higher species specificity, showing no cross-reaction with P. shumwayae, Cryptoperidiniopsis sp., Karlodinium micrum, and other more distant algae tested, and very low background for field collected samples. In evaluation of the IF technique using a P. piscicida-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, results from both methods generally agreed well for both field samples (from eastern Long Island Sound) spiked with cultured P. piscicida and those containing naturally occurring P. piscicida (from Chesapeake Bay tributaries).
Alveolar air-tissue interface and nuclear magnetic resonance behavior of the lung

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of lung are markedly affected by the alveolar air-tissue interface, which produces internal magnetic field inhomogeneity because of the different magnetic susceptibilities of air and water. This internal magnetic field inhomogeneity results in a marked shortening of the free induction decay (FID) (in the time domain) and in inhomogeneous NMR line broadening (in the frequency domain). The signal loss due to internal magnetic field inhomogeneity can be measured as the difference Δ between the spin-echo signals obtained using temporally symmetric and asymmetric spin-echo sequences; the degree of asymmetry of the asymmetric sequence is characterized by the asymmetry time τa. In accordance with predictions based on the analysis of theoretical models, experiments in excised rat lungs (studied at various inflation levels) have shown that Δ depends on τa and is very low in degassed lungs. When measured at τa equals 6 ms, the difference signal (Δ6ms) increases markedly with alveolar opening but does not vary significantly during the rest of the inflation-deflation cycle. In edematous (oleic acid-injured) lungs, the values of Δ6ms measured at low inflation levels are significantly below those observed in normal lungs. These results suggest that Δ6ms is very sensitive to alveolar recruitment and relatively insensitive to alveolar distension. Therefore, measurements of Δ6ms may provide a means of assessing the relative contributions of these two factors to the pressure-volume behavior of lung. Such measurements may contribute to the characterization of pulmonary edema (for example, by detecting the loss of alveolar air-tissue interface due to alveolar flooding, by differentiating interstitial from alveolar pulmonary edema, and by assessing the effects of positive airway pressures). NMR lineshape measurements can also provide valuable information regarding lung geometry and the characterization of pulmonary edema.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extension of the correlated Gaussian hyperspherical method to more particles and dimensions

The solution of the hyperangular Schr\"odinger equation for few-body systems using a basis of explicitly correlated Gaussians remains numerically challenging. This is in part due to the number of basis functions needed as the system size grows, but also due to the fact that the number of numerical integrations increases with the number of hyperangular degrees of freedom. This paper shows that the latter challenge is no more. Using a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function to fix the hyperradius $R$, all matrix element calculations are reduced to a single numerical integration regardless of system size $n$ or number of dimensions $d$. In the special case of $d$ an even number, the matrix elements of the noninteracting system are fully analytical. We demonstrate the use of the new matrix elements for the three-, four-, and five-body electron-positron systems with zero total angular momentum $L$, positive parity $\ensuremath{\pi}$, and varied spins ${S}_{+}$ and ${S}_{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Bubble and ring formation in nuclear fragmentation.

Nuclear transport theory predicts the formation of unstable bubbles and rings in the central collision between equal-mass heavy ions. This phenomenon occurs around a beam energy of E/A\ensuremath{\approxeq}50 MeV/nucleon and is due to the compression of the nuclei in the early stage of the collision. As observable consequences, we predict a higher number of intermediate-mass fragments than expected from multifragmentation of a homogeneously filled sphere, and a different pattern of fragment Coulomb accelerations.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin P Predicts Bacteremia in Hospitalized Patients Colonized With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(See the editorial commentary by Stevenson and Wang on pages 488–90.) Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections [1], and patients are often colonized with this bacterium before developing invasive disease [2, 3]. Increasing carriage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), an antibiotic-resistant strain, has resulted in a doubling of MRSA-related hospitalizations, including up to 56 000 US hospitalizations per year for MRSA bacteremia [4–6]. Overall, nearly 19 000 patients die annually in US hospitals from MRSA infections [7]. MRSA carriage in the United States is at least 7% in general hospital populations [8] and as high as 24% in intensive care units (ICUs) [9]. The risk of MRSA infection in the year following colonization is as high as 33%, with 18% being primary bloodstream infections [10]. Nasal carriers of MRSA versus methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) have a 4 times higher incidence of bacteremia, with >80% of cases involving an identical strain in the nares and the blood [3, 11, 12]. In addition, the mortality for bacteremia is 2 times higher with MRSA as compared to MSSA [13]. Both host and pathogen factors play a role in the development of MRSA infections. Host factors include prolonged hospitalization [14–17], advanced age [10, 14], intravenous catheterization [15, 17–19], mechanical ventilation [18, 20, 21], antibiotic exposure [17, 21], soft-tissue wounds [15, 19], and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, cancer, and malnutrition [10, 18, 22]. Pathogen factors predicting MRSA bacteremia are the subject of ongoing debate [23]. Studies accounting for epidemiologic factors of the host in addition to genetic variation in different MRSA strains are lacking. We therefore sought to look at combined host and pathogen factors in a prospective cohort.
Infrared Cubic Dielectric Resonator Metamaterial

Dielectric resonators are an effective means to realize isotropic, low-loss optical metamaterials. As proof of this concept, a cubic resonator is analytically designed and then tested in the long-wave infrared.
MITEs—The Ultimate Parasites

Transposable elements (TEs) are fragments of DNA that can jump from one genome position to another, often producing extra copies of themselves in the process. Sequences generated by TEs are the most abundant component of practically all eukaryotic genomes. For instance, about 90% of human DNA is made up of TEs. They are potent sources of mutation: In Drosophila , TEs are responsible for 50 to 80% of the visible spontaneous mutations (those that result in a visible phenotypic change) ( 1 ) and can generate a wide spectrum of mutations, from subtle regulatory changes to gross genomic rearrangements. On page 1391 of this issue, Yang et al. ( 2 ) show how a special type of TEs, called miniature inverted repeat transposable elements or MITEs, transpose and accumulate in the genome.
Review of Vascular Leiomyosarcoma and Report of a Case Localized to the Greater Saphenous Vein of the Ankle

Smooth muscle sarcomas involving blood vessels, leiomyosarcomas, are rare, making up less than 2% of all leiomyosarcomas. Leiomyosarcoma of the saphenous vein is even more uncommon, with nearly all cases reported occurring in the thigh. This article reviews leiomyosarcoma of blood vessels and reports on a 62-year-old woman with an extremely rare case of a leiomyosarcoma of the distal portion of the greater saphenous at the ankle.
Neglect following unilateral ablation of the caudal but not the rostral portion of medial agranular cortex of the rat and the therapeutic effect of apomorphine

The medial agranular cortex (AGm) of the rat is often considered analogous to the frontal eye field (FEF) of the monkey. However, recent anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence indicates that, while the caudal portion of AGm may indeed be an analog of the primate FEF, the rostral portion of AGm may be more similar to the primate supplementary motor area. The current study examined the effects of unilateral ablation of both the rostral and caudal components of AGm on the ability to orient to unilaterally presented stimuli. As expected, lesions of caudal but not rostral AGm resulted in a severe unilateral neglect of stimuli characteristic of rats with lesions of the entire rostral-caudal extent of AGm and of monkeys with FEF lesions. Caudal AGm operates also had more severe neglect than a group of rats from a previous study with larger AGm lesions which damaged the caudal portion of AGm to varying degrees. In addition, a second study showed the dopamine agonist apomorphine to have an acute dose-dependent therapeutic effect on the neglect resulting from caudal AGm ablation similar to that seen in animals with ablation of the entire rostral-caudal extent of AGm.
What's Gender Got to Do with It? A Critique of RDA 9.7

The Library of Congress (LC) and the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) interpretation of Resource Description and Access (RDA) 9.7 regarding gender when identifying persons reinforces regressive conceptions of gender identity. The rule instructs catalogers to record gender when identifying persons, and although RDA gives catalogers the flexibility to record more than two gender labels, LC limits Name Authority Cooperative Program (NACO) catalogers to a binary label: male, female, or not known. In this article, the authors challenge gender as a descriptive attribute for personal names, critique how LC is instructing NACO catalogers to record elements about gender, and make recommendations to address describing persons in LC authority records.
Enzymatic rate enhancements: a review and perspective.

The sea urchin embryo nuclei which retained their ability to maintain the DNA synthesis in an in vitro system were isolated. The DNA synthesis isolated nuclei was shown to be an ATP-dependent process which is inhibited by low concentrations of actinomycin D, a polymerase alpha araCTP inhibitor. The newly synthesized DNA is represented by short fragments of about 4S. After addition of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent DNAase to sea urchin embryo nuclei, the synthesis of short DNA fragments is enhanced. This stimulating effect of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent DNAase is ATP-dependent and is observed only within a narrow range of enzyme concentrations (of the order of 1-5 units of DNAase activity per ml of incubation sample). The increase in the enzyme concentration to 10 or more units of activity results in the depression of DNA synthesis. It is concluded that DNA replication in sea urchin embryo nuclei depends on the presence of active DNAases as well as on the number of accessible initiation sites of DNA replication.
Girls in IT: the facts - a comprehensive look at the latest research on gender and technology in K-12 contexts (abstract only)

Girls and women continue to be underrepresented in technology one of the fastest growing fields in the U.S. economy. This persistent underrepresentation inhibits innovation by ignoring the diverse perspectives and life experiences women bring to invention and problem solving. Furthermore, disregard for girls' and women's participation perpetuates and exacerbates existing economic disparities for women. In the last decade, considerable research into increasing girls' participation in computing has emerged, but an up-to-date, easy-to-access synthesis of this research is lacking. This gap makes it difficult for educators and advocates to easily access the data they need to make compelling arguments about increasing girls' participation or to offer recommendations based on the latest research. To fill this gap, the National Center for Women & IT (NCWIT) has released a new, ground-breaking report that brings together the best available research in gender, technology, and K-12 education in a one-stop, easy-to-access resource, Girls in IT: The Facts. This poster session will provide an overview of the report. Attendees will gain access to the latest information on 1) the current state of affairs for girls in computing and the key barriers to increasing girls' participation in these fields. Most importantly, attendees will also learn about key promising practices and practical resources educators, policymakers, parents, and others can use to address these barriers. The ultimate goal of this session is to enable attendees to more effectively use this research to advocate for more inclusive computing curriculum, practices, and environments in K-12 contexts.
Finite rise time step strain modeling of nearly monodisperse polymer melts and solutions

The step shear strain experiment is one of the fundamental transient tests used to characterize the rheology of viscoelastic polymer melts and solutions. Many melts and solutions exhibit homogeneous deformation and stress relaxation; in these cases the transient dynamics can be modeled by completely ignoring momentum effects and imposing singular kinematics. Recently, however, it has been observed that there are certain classes of nearly monodisperse melts and solutions that exhibit anomalous nonhomogeneous deformation and stress relaxation (Morrison and Larson (1990), Larson, Khan, and Raju (1988), Vrentas and Graessley (1982), and Osaki and Kurata (1980)). We demonstrate that, for these classes, a finite rise time must be incorporated, some source of inhomogeneity must be present, and a small amount of added Newtonian viscosity is necessary. We examine five nonlinear and quasilinear models; the Johnson-Segalman, Phan Thien Tanner, Giesekus, White-Metzner, and Larson models. We determine which mathematical features of the models are necessary and/or sufficient to describe the observed experimental behavior.
Chromosomal defects in renal cell carcinoma

Numerous chromosomal defects have been identified in hereditary and sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) turnor cells. Current data indicate that visible, and/or submicroscopic lesions on the 3p are fundamental to RCC development; other chromosomal abnormalities are identified less frequently and may be secondarily involved in RCC production in some cases. Oncogenesis may be initiated via inactivation of suppressor allele pairs, or through activation of oncogenes via translocation to areas of increased gene expression, migration to a chromosomal breakpoint, or gene amplification.
Partitioning of potassium in the cotton plant during the development of a potassium deficiency

Abstract Visual potassium (K) deficiency symptoms of modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars are similar to classical descriptions. Unlike classical descriptions, however, they occur first at the top of these more heavily fruiting cultivars and progress from younger to older leaves. Studies were initiated to closely monitor the development of K deficiency symptoms in a modern cotton cultivar. Growth chamber experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine how K is partitioned throughout cotton plants during the development of K deficiency symptoms. Experiments were conducted in 8‐L sand filled pots in a growth chamber at the Altheimer Laboratory in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Two treatments were established at the pin‐head square growth stage 35 days after planting and consisted of nutrient solutions containing 0 and 6 mM K. The onset of K deficiency was first detected in upper canopy petioles 4 days after treatment establishment (DATE). On this day, petiole K concentration in the plus‐K treat...
Gravitation and electromagnetism

We obtain a general relativistic unification of gravitation and electromagnetism by simply(1) restricting the metric so that it admits an orthonormal tetrad representation in which the spacelike vectors are curl-free, and(2) identifying the timelike vector as the potential for an electromagnetic field whose only sources are singularities. It follows that: (A) The energy density is everywhere nonnegative, (B) the space is flat if and only if the electromagnetic field vanishes, (C) the vector potential (through which all curvature enters) admits no invariant algebraic decomposition, and satisfies the covariant Lorentz condition identically, (D) the theory is free of “prior geometry,” (E) the electromagnetic self-energy of a spherically symmetric point charge equalsMC 2 , (F) particles deviate from geodesic motion according to the Lorentz force law with radiative reaction, and (G) particles with all electromagnetic multipole structures are included.
Maintenance and Function of Corpora Lutea in Rabbits Depend on Estrogen

Pregnant rabbits with one X-irradiated ovary which contained normal-appearing corpora lutea (CL) and interstitial tissue aborted after removal of the contralateral normal ovary containing all ovarian components. The suspicion that estrogen may be essential for CL maintenance and function was confirmed by the injection of estradiol (2–4 μg/day) into rabbits with only an X-irradiated ovary containing just CL and interstitial tissue. Pregnancy was maintained in these females and both the CL and the ovarian effluent blood contained chemically measurable quantities of progesterone. Withdrawal of estrogen caused cessation of progesterone synthesis and secretion and led to abortion. At doses used, neither purified NIH-LH nor crude anterior pituitary powder could, in the absence of estrogen, maintain either the morphology of corpora lutea, or the synthesis of progesterone, or pregnancy. The conclusion is reached and documented that estrogen may act directly on the CL but whether its action is only luteotrophic, o...
The gelation and crystallisation of amylopectin

Abstract A range of physical and chemical techniques, including viscometry, rheological measurements, dilatometry, turbidity measurements, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, has been used to study the gelation of amylopectin. Gels form on cooling concentrated aqueous solutions to 1°. The development of gel stiffness is closely related to the association of amylopectin chains, as monitored by dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry. X-Ray diffraction studies suggest that intermolecular association involves a crystallisation process. The association of amylopectin chains in the gel is substantial and is thermo-reversible at temperatures below 100°. Heterogenous acid hydrolysis of the gel followed by examination of the residue by gel-permeation chromatography showed that the associated regions contained branched fragments, the individual chains of which had a d.p. of 15. The combined data suggest that the amylopectin molecules associate by crystallisation of the branches with d.p. 15 to form a network.
Thematic analysis of the experience of making a decision to place a family member with Alzheimer's disease in a special care unit¶

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth description of the experience of making the decision to place a family member in a special care unit among a diverse sample of family caregivers. To achieve purposive maximum variation of the sample, the sample of 30 family caregivers was chosen from an original study of 256 family caregivers. The sample was randomly stratified according to ethnicity, gender, and relationship to the care receiver. Three independent researchers used Luborsky's method of thematic analysis to analyze the interviews. After mutual consensus, 1565 themes (descriptive statements) were identified and synthesized into 21 topics. The topics were then synthesized into four patterns describing the decision-making experience: moving toward the unavoidable decision, struggling with the decision, seeking reassurance, and remaining connected.
Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro‐ and macroeconomic theory?

Using a selection bias correction model with ordered probit, we estimate how a second semester of calculus affects students' grades in intermediate economic theory. Selection bias correction is needed because similar aptitudes and interests often lead students to enroll and do well in both mathematics and economics. A sample of students enrolled in 49 classes of intermediate micro and 41 classes of intermediate macro is used to estimate the model. The results show a predicted payoff from a second semester of calculus of about one whole letter grade in intermediate micro, but no payoff in intermediate macro. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiparametric regression for assessing agreement using tolerance bands

This article describes a Bayesian semiparametric approach for assessing agreement between two methods for measuring a continuous variable using tolerance bands. A tolerance band quantifies the extent of agreement in methods as a function of a covariate by estimating the range of their differences in a specified large proportion of population. The mean function of differences is modelled using a penalized spline through its mixed model representation. The covariance matrix of the errors may also depend on a covariate. The Bayesian approach is straightforward to implement using the Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology. It provides an alternative to the rather ad hoc frequentist likelihood-based approaches that do not work well in general. Simulation for two commonly used models and their special cases suggests that the proposed Bayesian method has reasonably good frequentist coverage. Two real data sets are used for illustration, and the Bayesian and the frequentist inferences are compared.
Impact of Emergency Vehicle Preemption on Signalized Corridor Operation: An Evaluation

A case study that examines the impact of emergency vehicle preemption on closely spaced arterial traffic signals is reported. The study was conducted on State Route (SR) 26, a principal arterial and main thoroughfare that connects Interstate 65 with US-52 on the east side of Lafayette, Indiana. Four coordinated intersections along SR-26 were examined by using seven preemption paths and three different transition algorithms (smooth, add, and dwell). The number of preemption calls in the simulation period varied from one to three for equal simulation periods. The findings generally show that a single preemption call had a minimal effect on the overall travel time and delay through the network. The results also indicate that the smooth transitioning algorithm performed the best with most scenarios and paths for both the arterial and the side streets. When multiple emergency vehicles preempt at closely spaced time intervals, the impact of preemption was more severe. For the network studied, the most severe im...
Model-independent determination of the 12 C(p,p') 12 C * (15.11 MeV, 1 + , T=1) transition amplitude at 200 MeV

Using data obtained through simultaneous measurements of $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ spin-transfer observables and $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}{,p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ coincident spin observables, we have made a model-independent determination of the complete scattering amplitude for the 15.11 MeV, ${1}^{+},$ $T=1$ state in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ at an incident proton energy of 200 MeV, for four proton scattering angles ranging from ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=5.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\char21{}16.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.$ At each angle, 16 different observables were determined, whereas only 11 independent quantities are required to specify the transition amplitude for this state. It had been shown previously that the set of observables measured span the allowed space; hence the system is overdetermined, which allowed us to extract, in a model-independent fashion, each of the individual spin-operator amplitudes that characterize the reaction. Additional insight into the physical mechanisms that drive this transition is obtained by mapping out the momentum-transfer dependence of these amplitudes. We also compare the magnitudes and phases determined for each of the spin-operator amplitudes to the predictions of calculations performed in both relativistic and nonrelativistic frameworks, and discuss the physics content of these comparisons.
The concept of odious debt : some considerations

The purpose of this discussion paper is modest: (i) examine the main features of the traditional concept and categories of odious debts, and briefly examine whether a rule allowing the repudiation of odious debts may be said to have emerged in international law (Section II); (ii) consider recent attempts to expand the traditional concept and categories of odious debts, and ask whether they are sufficiently precise to contribute to the solution of the problems they are meant to address (Section III); and (iii) identify ways in which lenders and borrowers can address, or have indeed addressed, the underlying concerns to the concept of odious debts (Section IV).