cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The process of changing health risk behaviors: an Oregon rural clinic experience.

Purpose A counseling intervention was conducted by nurse practitioners (NPs) at a rural clinic in Oregon. The intervention was designed to help individuals change health risk behaviors. Three focus groups were conducted to aid in understanding the barriers to changing health behaviors and to identify resources that rural individuals needed to succeed in behavior change. Data Sources Quantitative data were collected using appraisal forms that were specific to five behaviors. Qualitative data were from written comments submitted by focus group participants in answer to questions sent prior to each meeting and from written summaries of focus group meetings submitted by the focus group leader. Conclusions Most participants were not successful in changing their health behaviors. The issues raised in the focus group discussions provide an overview of the barriers to health behavior change as perceived by a group of adults in a rural environment. Both individual lack of will and the rural community environment were barriers to adopting new health behaviors. Implications for Practice NPs in rural health care clinics could provide important support for individuals attempting to adopt new health behaviors. Specific suggestions from focus group participants included discussing risky behaviors more often, forming support groups that do not charge a fee, and developing a peer-mentoring program.
Supporting Better Science in Primary Care: A Description of Practice-based Research Networks (PBRNs) in 2011

Background: Bound by a shared commitment to improving medical care through systematic inquiry, practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a basic laboratory for primary care research and dissemination. Methods: Data from US primary care PBRNs were collected as part of the 2011 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality PBRN registration process. Data addressed PBRN characteristics, research activities, and perceived strengths and weaknesses. Results: One hundred forty-three primary care PBRNs were registered with the resource center in 2011, including 131 that were identified as either eligible for Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality recognition (n = 121) or as developing (n = 10). These PBRNs included 12,981 practices with more than 63,000 individual members providing care to approximately 47.5 million people. PBRNs had an average of 482 individual members (median, 170) from 101 practices (median, 32). Conclusions: PBRNs are growing in experience and research capacity. With member practices serving approximately 15% of the US population, PBRNs are adopting more advanced study designs, disseminating and implementing practice change, and participating in clinical trials. PBRNs provide valuable capacity for investigating questions of importance to clinical practice, disseminating results, and implementing evidence-based strategies. PBRNs are well positioned to support the emerging public health role of primary care providers and provide an essential component of a learning health care system.
Minimum degree and the minimum size of K2 t-saturated graphs

A graph G is said to be F-saturated if G does not contain a copy of F as a subgraph and G+e contains a copy of F as a subgraph for any edge e contained in the complement of G. Erdos et al. in [A problem in graph theory, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964) 1107-1110.] determined the minimum number of edges, sat(n,F), such that a graph G on n vertices must have when F is a t-clique. Later, Ollmann [K"2","2-saturated graphs with a minimal number of edges, in: Proceedings of the Third SouthEast Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing, 1972, pp. 367-392.] determined sat(n,F) for F=K"2","2. Here we give an upper bound for sat(n,F) when F=K"t^2 the complete t-partite graph with partite sets of size 2, and prove equality when G is of prescribed minimum degree.
Air-Gap Application and Simulation Results for Low Capacitance in 60nm NAND Flash Memory

In IMD study Rs reduction and better uniformity as well as lower capacitance were achieved in 60 nm 2 Giga Bit NAND flash memory. It alos fabricated 70 % air-gap of gate and calculated interference reduction in 45 nm device when it was applied throughout simulation. It is sure that we should apply this air-gap process to future device in order to meet device property of cell Vt shift and capacitance.
Source Expertise and Persuasion: The Moderating Role of Recipient Dogmatism

Individuals high and low in dogmatism read a counter attitudinal message from either an expert or a nonexpert source who supported his position with either strong or weak arguments. Low-dogmatic individuals tended to be persuaded by the strength of the arguments regardless of the source. High-dogmatic individuals were persuaded by the strength of the arguments when the source was nonexpert but were equally persuaded by strong and weak arguments when the source was expert. Cognitive response data suggested that low-dogmatic individuals may have been systematically processing the message in both source conditions but high-dogmatic individuals may have been doing so only in the nonexpert condition. Results are discussed in terms of the psychological needs that source factors can fulfill for message recipients.
Model Predictive Control for Constrained Discrete Time Systems: An Optimal Perturbation Analysis Approach

In the paper we consider a model predictive control (MPC) strategy based on approximating the MPC optimal control solution by a nominal solution (either pre-computed in advance on-line or computed off-line) and a perturbation solution, which is easily computable and corrects the nominal solution. Unlike similar approaches in prior literature (see e.g., (A.E. Bryson and Y. Ho, 1975), (F.L. Lewis, 1986)), our approach is capable of enforcing piecewise state and control constraints. We describe how the basic approach can be integrated within the framework of forecasting MPC (FMPC) and illustrate its effectiveness by means of an example.
Hippocrates Lost, A Professional Ethic Regained: Reflections on the Death of the Hippocratic Tradition

In the present article, it is my intent to consider the morality of the Hippocratic Oath in the context of a larger discussion of bioethics. That discussion is itself so remarkable, and so contrary to the morality of the Hippocratic Oath, that I shall take its existence as the starting point for my present reflections. The existence of bioethics is remarkable because it presupposes a common ground of dialog between philosophers and physicians, a willingness on the part of both professions to contribute insights from their specialized literature and their diverse experiences to the solution (or at least the clarification) of problems that sprawl across the historic boundaries of either one. And it is contrary to the morality of the Hippocratic Oath that such willingness should be there on the part of the physicians. Those in the field tend to begin all such articles or discussions with a comment on the “recent interest in bioethics”: this odd mannerism should call our attention to the profound changes in medicine proper that have made discussions of bioethics at all possible, changes specifically in the very influence of the Hippocratic Oath on those practicing in the field.
Examination of Glycosaminoglycan Binding Sites on the XCL1 Dimer

Known for its distinct metamorphic behavior, XCL1 interconverts between a canonical chemokine folded monomer (XCL1mon) that interacts with the receptor, XCR1, and a unique dimer (XCL1dim) that interacts with glycosaminoglycans and inhibits HIV-1 activity. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the GAG binding properties of XCL1dim. Basic residues within a conformationally selective dimeric variant of XCL1 (W55D) were mutated and analyzed for their effects on heparin binding. Mutation of Arg23 and Arg43 greatly diminished the level of heparin binding in both heparin Sepharose chromatography and surface plasmon resonance assays. To assess the contributions of different GAG structures to XCL1 binding, we developed a solution fluorescence polarization assay and correlated affinity with the length and level of sulfation of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. It was recently demonstrated that the XCL1 GAG binding form, XCL1dim, is responsible for preventing HIV-1 infection through interactions with gp120. This study defines a GAG binding surface on XCL1dim that includes residues that are important for HIV-1 inhibition.
Queens of the Universe

(1970). Queens of the Universe. The Black Scholar: Vol. 1, In Memoriam: W.E.B. Du Bois, pp. 29-34.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRE-PARTICIPATION GUIDELINES APPLIED TO NOVICE OLDER ENDURANCE ATHLETES

Despite robust growth in participation in marathons and endurance sports among older individuals, there is a lack of uniform recommendations for pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation (PPE) of these athletes. we evaluated the performance of 2 current PPE guidelines on a sample of novice runners
Effects of extracellular potassium and sodium on intracellular potassium and sodium of baker's yeast.

SummaryExperiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of varying concentrations of potassium and sodium in growth medium on water and respective ion content of yeast. The resulting changes in intracellular potassium and sodium indicate that yeast is a poikilosmotic organism; internal osmotic pressure as indicated by total intracellular sodium and potassium may vary 2- or 3-fold. Sodium and potassium appear to be distributed into at least 2 intracellular fractions; a diffusible fraction which is readily removed by washing, and a fixed fraction relatively constant in amount which is difficult to remove by washing. Sodium can replace over 40% of the fixed potassium at high external sodium concentrations.
Dietary status and food preference among preschool children in Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou city

Objective To explore the preschool children's dietary status and food choice behaviors,and to provide scientific basis for helping the children to improve their eating habits. Methods Totally 3 045 children were investigated on intakes of 21 kinds of common food over the previous 6 months with a food frequency questionnaire. Results The consumption of vegetable was extremely low(89. 29 g/per day averagely),w hile poultry meat consumption was much higher than the recommended amount. There were 58. 46% of the small boys and 61. 41% of the small girls having serious food preference hehavior,with a significant gender difference(χ2= 24. 025,P 0. 05). Conclusion There are a deficit in vegetable intake and an excess in meat consumption among preschool children in Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou city. The popularization of reasonable diet know ledge should be strengthened to improve dietary behavior among the preschool children.
Iatrogenic Bladder Injury: National Analysis of 30-Day Outcomes

Objective To examine the risk factors and outcomes of BI, a rare complication of abdominopelvic surgery. Methods We queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify intraoperative bladder injury (BI) defined by the Current Procedural Terminology code for cystorrhaphy from 2005 to 2013. Propensity-score matching balanced the differences between patients with BI and the controls. The factors matched included age, body mass index, race, modified frailty index, and procedure category. Results There were 1685 cases of BI in 1,541,736 surgeries (0.11%). Although 49.5% of surgeries were performed in an open fashion, this approach accounted for 69.3% of BI ( P P P P P P P P = .005). Urine infection, sepsis, and bleeding were more likely in the BI group compared with the matched controls (all P Conclusion We present the largest national series assessing iatrogenic BI and subsequent repair. BI increases 30-day complications, reoperation, and length of stay but does not increase 30-day mortality compared with matched controls. More complex surgical cases and increased baseline comorbidity were risk factors for BI.
Scientific and technological research on separation process for Salt Lake

In this paper some achievements made by Chinese experts with respect to scientific and technological research on separation process for development of Salt Lake and current industrialization status for development of Salt Lake resource are described.The prospects of comprehensive utilization and development of Salt Lake in China are envisaged.In addition,some suggestions are made.
Treatment of Deaf Clients: Ethical Considerations for Professionals in Psychology

Providing therapy to deaf clients raises important ethical considerations for psychologists related to competence; multiple relationships and boundary issues; confidentiality; assessment, diagnosis, and evaluation; and communication and using interpreters. In evaluating and addressing these, psychologists must consider the APA's Ethics Code and other relevant issues (e.g., ADA) necessary to provide ethical treatment. The current article provides background, ethical considerations, principles and standards relevant to the treatment of deaf clients, and recommendations to support psychologists, training programs, and the field. Psychologists have the responsibility to guarantee that the benefits of mental health treatment are fairly and justly provided to this traditionally underserved population.
Calculation of strain compensation thickness for III–V semiconductor quantum dot superlattices

Abstract Models based on continuum elasticity theory are discussed to calculate the necessary thickness of a strain compensation (SC) layer for a superlattice (SL) of strained quantum wells (QW) or quantum dots (QD). These models are then expanded to cover material systems (substrates, QW or QD, and SC) composed of AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, or InSb, as well as the ternary, quaternary, and higher order material alloys possible in the Al/Ga/In/P/As/Sb systems. SC thickness calculation methods were compared against dynamical scattering simulations and experimental X-ray diffraction measurements of the InAs/GaP/GaAs QD/SC/Substrate superlattices of varying SC thickness. Based on the reduced (but not eliminated) strain present, a further modified strain compensation thickness is calculated to maximize the number of SL repeat units before the onset of misfit dislocations is also calculated. These models have been assembled into a free application on nanoHUB for use by the community.
Expression Profiling of Clinical Specimens Supports the Existence of Neural Progenitor-Like Stem Cells in Basal Breast Cancers.

Abstract Background We previously characterized in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) a novel population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) marked by coexpression of 2 stemness genes, sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG box-containing factor 10 ( SOX10 ) and CD133 . We also reported that in ACC and basal-like breast carcinoma (BBC), a triple-negative breast cancer subtype, expression of SOX10 similarly demarcates a highly conserved gene signature enriched with neural stem cell genes. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that BBC might be likewise driven by SOX10-positive (SOX10 + )/CD133 + cells with neural stem cell properties. Materials and Methods To validate our hypothesis on clinical data, we used a novel approach to meta-analysis that merges gene expression data from independent breast cancer studies and ranks genes according to statistical significance of their coexpression with the gene of interest. Genes that showed strong association with CD133 / PROM1 as well as SOX10 were validated across different platforms and data sets and analyzed for enrichment with genes involved in neurogenesis. Results We identified in clinical breast cancer data sets a highly conserved SOX10 / PROM1 gene signature that contains neural stem cell markers common for Schwann cells, ACC, BBC, and melanoma. Identification of tripartite motif-containing 2 ( TRIM2 ), TRIM29 , MPZL2 , potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 4 ( KCNN4 ), and V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1 ( VTCN1 )/B7 homolog 4 ( B7H4 ) within this signature provides insight into molecular mechanisms of CSC maintenance. Conclusion Our results suggest that BBC is driven by SOX10 + /CD133 + cells that express neural stem cell-specific markers and share molecular similarities with CSCs of neural crest origin. Our study provides clinically relevant information on possible drivers of these cells that might facilitate development of CSC-targeting therapies against this cancer distinguished with poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies.
Noncontact Electrical Permittivity Mapping and pH-Sensitive Films for Osseointegrated Prosthesis and Infection Monitoring

The objective of this paper is to develop a noncontact, noninvasive system for detecting and monitoring subcutaneous infection occurring at the tissue and osseointegrated prosthesis interface. It is known that the local pH of tissue can change due to infection. Therefore, the sensing system integrates two parts, namely, pH-sensitive thin films that can be coated onto prosthesis surfaces prior to them being implanted and an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) algorithm that can reconstruct the spatial permittivity distribution of a region of space in a noncontact fashion. First, a thin film pH sensor was fabricated by spray coating, and tests confirmed that the film exhibited changes in its permittivity due to pH. Second, the ECT forward and inverse problems were implemented. Third, an aluminum rod was employed as a representative phantom of an osseointegrated prosthesis and then spray coated with the pH sensor. Finally, the film-coated phantom was immersed in different pH buffers, dried, and subjected to ECT interrogation and spatial permittivity reconstruction. The results validated that ECT was able to detect and localize permittivity variations correlated to pH changes.
Classical Conditioning of Verbal Meaning: The Roles of Awareness, Meaningfulness, and Evaluative Loading

In a classical conditioning paradigm, Ss were presented with a series either of nonsense syllables or national names (CS). Each syllable or name was paired with words having positive, negative, or neutral affective meaning (USC). Ss who were aware of the UCS-CS relationship showed more conditioning of meaning, better recall of the stimuli, and greater responsiveness to stimulus variables. Meaningless CS’s were more effective. It was concluded that no single variable determines the degree of conditioning.
SUPPRESSION OF PECAN NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY CROP OILS

A single foliar spray treatment to both fields and greenhouse adapted pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, leaves with either 70 sec petroleum oil or peanut, corn, soybean, or sunflower oils (...
Pope Francis and Hope in the Ecumenical Future: A Papacy of Encounter

This chapter explores some of the significant developments in relation to interchurch, interfaith and wider global dialogue that have been witnessed throughout the initial years of Pope Francis’ pontificate. It examines the ecumenical significance of some of his gestures, actions and statements both before and since his election as pope. It next considers the implications for ecumenical and interfaith dialogue of his most significant teaching document to date‚ Evangelii Gaudium . I suggest that the guiding principles in his approach to all forms of dialogue include an unswerving commitment to “reconciled diversity”, a prioritization of pastoral and social action, and an emphasis upon what unites people rather than upon what divides them.
Pharmacy Benefit Managers, Brand-Name Drug Prices, and Patient Cost Sharing.

The prices patients pay for brand-name medications are rising faster than many other medical care costs. Some observers claim that the business practices of pharmaceutical benefit managers are part...
Trials and Tribulations in Developing Clinical Trials of Gene Therapy

At The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, we have been investigating use of the adenovirus type 5 ElA gene as a cancer therapy for breast or ovarian cancer since 1995. ElA gene therapy is a nonimmunologic approach involving ectopic expression of a potentially therapeutic gene in cancer cells. During the late 1980s, E1A was shown to downregulate the overexpression of HER-2/neu, thus reversing the tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype of HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer cells. Since that time, E1A has also been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene in several other types of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis and differentiation and by inhibiting metastasis regardless of HER2 expression level. This chapter highlights some of the issues and difficulties we encountered in designing clinical trials of E1A gene therapy for breast or ovarian cancer.
Kids Are People Too, Sometimes

Parental authority and children’s rights have been the subjects of many recent statutes and lawsuits. In early Greece and Rome, parents had absolute life and death authority over their children. And parents are enjoined in Ecclesiastics to “bow down” the children’s necks. Indeed, it was not until the 1960s that states passed child abuse and neglect statutes designed to protect children from their parents. Courts also have routinely required parents to provide lifesaving blood transfusions to their children, even over the religious objections of their parents, and proscribe the use of nonapproved drugs, such as Laetrile, on children. Nor can parents any longer withhold lifesaving medical treatment with impunity.
Fundamental understanding of mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys at low temperatures: A review

The basic principle of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is that high mixing entropies of solid-solution phases enhance the phase stability, which renders us a new strategy on alloy design. The current research of HEAs mostly emphasizes mechanical behavior at room and higher temperatures. Relatively fewer papers are focused on low-temperature behaviors, below room temperature. However, based on the published papers, we can find that the low-temperature properties of HEAs are generally excellent. The great potential for cryogenic applications could be expected on HEAs. In this article, we summarized and discussed the mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms, as well as stacking-fault energies, of HEAs at low temperatures. The comparison of low-temperature properties of HEAs and conventional alloys will be provided. Future research directions will be suggested at the end.
Computerized cognitive training in young adults with depressive symptoms: Effects on mood, cognition, and everyday functioning.

Abstract Background Computerized cognitive training (CCT) has previously improved cognition and mood in people with depression. Existing research has not determined if the benefits following CCT are specific to the content of CCT or are a function of participation in an engaging activity. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we tested whether executive functioning and processing speed (EF/PS)-focused CCT could outperform verbal ability-focused CCT. Methods 46 young adults with at least mild depressive symptoms (HDRS ≥ 10) were recruited from the community and randomized to either EF/PS CCT or verbal ability CCT. Participants trained on their mobile device 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Depressive severity, everyday functioning, and cognition were evaluating pre and post-training. Results The EF/PS group had greater gains in executive functioning and processing speed than the verbal group. There were no differences between groups in mood or everyday functioning improvement, though the EF/PS obtained equivalent improvement with half the training time. Both groups saw significant improvements in self and clinician-rated depressive severity, everyday functioning, and cognition. Limitations There was no waitlist control condition and the sample consisted of individuals with mild depressive symptoms and not diagnosed major depressive disorder. Conclusions CCT is associated with improved mood, cognition, and everyday functioning, though the type of CCT content does not differentially impact depressive symptom change. EF/PS focused CCT has greater impact on processing speed and executive functioning and leads to equivalent mood/everyday functioning gains as verbal-focused CCT more efficiently. Common factors remain plausible drivers of CCT's therapeutic effects.
Energetics and behavior of coral reef fishes during oscillatory swimming in a simulated wave surge

ABSTRACT Oxygen consumption rates were measured for coral reef fishes during swimming in a bidirectional, oscillatory pattern to simulate station-holding in wave-induced, shallow-water flows. For all species examined, increases in wave intensity, as simulated by increases in frequency and amplitude of oscillation, yielded increased metabolic rates and net costs of swimming (NCOS; swimming metabolic rate minus standard metabolic rate). Comparing species with different swimming modes, the caudal fin swimming Kuhlia spp. (Kuhliidae) and simultaneous pectoral–caudal fin swimming Amphiprion ocellaris (Pomacentridae) turned around to face the direction of swimming most of the time, whereas the median–paired fin (MPF) swimmers, the pectoral fin swimming Ctenochaetus strigosus (Acanthuridae) and dorsal–anal fin swimming Sufflamen bursa (Balistidae), more frequently swam in reverse for one half of the oscillation to avoid turning. Contrary to expectations, the body–caudal fin (BCF) swimming Kuhlia spp. had the lowest overall NCOS in the oscillatory swimming regime compared with the MPF swimmers. However, when examining the effect of increasing frequency of oscillation at similar average velocities, Kuhlia spp. showed a 24% increase in NCOS with a 50% increase in direction changes and accelerations. The two strict MPF swimmers had lower increases on average, suggestive of reduced added costs with increasing frequency of direction changes with this swimming mode. Further studies are needed on the costs of unsteady swimming to determine whether these differences can explain the observed prevalence of fishes using the MPF pectoral fin swimming mode in reef habitats exposed to high, wave-surge-induced water flows.
Research Data Governance, Roles, and Infrastructure

This chapter explores the concepts, requirements, structures, and processes of data or information governance. Data governance comprises the principles, policies, and strategies that are commonly adopted, the functions and roles that are needed to implement these policies and strategies, and the consequent architectural designs that provide both a home for the data and, less obviously, an operational expression of policies in the form of controls and audits. This speaks to the “What?” and “How?” of data governance, but the “Why?” is what justifies the extraordinary efforts and lengths organizations must go to in the pursuit of effective data governance. This receives a fuller answer in this chapter; in brief, information is a valuable asset whose value is threatened both by loss of integrity, the principal internal threat, and by its potential for theft or leakage, compromising privacy, business advantage, and failure to meet regulatory requirements—the external threats. Internal and external threats are not quite so neatly distinguished in real life, as we shall see later in the chapter.
A Friend in Need? Exploring the Influence of Disease and Disability Onset on the Number of Close Friends Among Older Adults.

Objectives This research examines whether onset of life-threatening disease (i.e., cancer, lung disease, heart disease, or stroke) or activities of daily living disability influences the reported number of close friends. Method Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2012), this research capitalizes on panel data to assess changes in number of close friends over a 4-year period. Lagged dependent variable (LDV) and change score (CS) approaches were used. Results Both the LDV and CS models provide evidence that onset of life-threatening disease was associated with reporting more friends 4 years later. In particular, onset of cancer was associated with reporting more close friends. Discussion This research provides evidence of the network activation hypothesis following onset of life-threatening disease among older adults.
Introduction to Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge

Groundwater resources are under stress in many areas from increased extractions resulting from population growth, economic development, climate change, and other factors. Aquifer overdraft results in declining aquifer water levels and often deteriorating water quality. One element of the solution to aquifer overdraft is increasing aquifer recharge. Anthropogenic aquifer recharge (AAR) broadly describes increases in groundwater recharge resulting from human activities. AAR includes managed aquifer recharge, which has been defined as the intentional banking and treatment of water in aquifers, and various types of unintentional and unplanned recharge, such as leakage from water and wastewater mains, discharges to septic system leach fields, and irrigation return flows.
Publications in Four Sociology Journals, 1960–2010: The Role of Discipline Demographics and Journal Mission

In this paper, we focus on the stratification system impinging on scholarly publications, but we move beyond viewing gatekeeping as a product of professional idiosyncrasies or preferences for certa...
Old Habits Die Hard: Antipsychotics for Treatment of Delirium.

Nikooie and colleagues systematically reviewed the evidence on treatment of delirium, particularly focusing on antipsychotics. The editorial discusses the findings, why we need to abandon old habit...
Carcinoma Anal Canal

Carcinoma of anal canal is usually squamous cell carcinoma and has shown significant association with human papillomavirus. The tumors can be broadly classified into anal cancer and anal margin. The peak incidence age for anal cancer is in the sixth decade of life. The chapter discusses about history taking, clinical examination, and work-up for a patient with carcinoma anal canal. The practical planning aspects including 2D and IMRT are also discussed.
Analyzing Financial Statements

By and large, financial statements include the: (a) balance sheet; (b) statements of income; (c) shareholder equity; (d) statement of cash flow; and (e) notes to the aforementioned statements. Besides these five key sets of data, the modern financial statements incorporate the Management Discussion and Analysis, the Proxy Statement, the Auditor’s Report, and, sometimes, the firm’s corporate governance structure.
Approaches to Assessing Burden in Caregivers of Patients with Cirrhosis

Background and Aims: Being a caregiver for a patient with chronic liver disease (CLD) can be burdensome mentally, emotionally financially, and physically. The aim of this study was to systemically review the available tools and propose tools that can comprehensively evaluate caregiver burden for individuals caring for patients with CLD.
Economic Study of Manufacturing White Cheese in Egypt (Case Study of Dakahlia Governorate) دراسة اقتصادية لتصنيع الجبن الأبيض فى مصر (دراسة حالة محافظة الدقهلية)

تمثلت مشکلة البحث فى التساؤل عن الوضع الراهن لتصنيع الجبن الأبيض فى مصر؟ وإقتصاديات تصنيع الجبن الابيض؟ وما هى أهم المشاکل التى تواجه تلک الصناعة؟، واستهدف البحث دراسة الوضع الراهن لتصنيع الجبن الأبيض فى مصر، والتعرف على إقتصاديات لتصنيع الجبن الأبيض ، وکذلک دراسة أهم المشکلات التى تواجه تلک الصناعة، بدراسة حالة بمحافظة الدقهلية، وتوصل البحث فى هذا الإطار الى العديد من النتائج کان من أهمها ما يلى : إحتلت محافظة الدقهلية المرتبة الأولى على مستوى الجمهورية من حيث عدد مشروعات إنتاج الجبن الأبيض لعام 2017/2018 بعدد بلغ نحو 334 معملا بنسبة بلغت نحو 28.7% من إجمالى الجمهورية ، وبطاقة کلية بلغت نحو 22.4 الف طن تمثل نحو 12.9% من إجمالى الجمهورية ، وبانتاج فعلى بلغ نحو 19.3 الف طن يمثل نحو 17.2% من إجمالى الجمهورية. بلغ صافى الإيراد المقدر للطن من الجبن الأبيض بالفئة الحيازية الأولى بعينة الدراسة الميدانية بمحافظة الدقهلية نحو 5517.4 جنيه/طن، بينما بلغ بالفئة الحيازية الثانية نحو 7044.5 جنيه/طن، وبلغت ربحية الجنيه المستثمر بالفئة الحيازية الأولى نحو 0.21 جنيه/طن، بينما بلغ بالفئة الحيازية الثانية نحو 0.28 ، وبلغ قيمة الفائض الحدى المتحقق بالفئة الحيازية الأولى نحو 5514.8 جنيه/طن، بينما بلغت بالفئة الحيازية الثانية نحو 7034.5 جنيه/طن، وبلغت نسبة هامش الربح للمشروع بالفئة الحيازية الأولى نحو 0.17 ، بينما بلغت بالفئة الحيازية الثانية نحو 0.22 . تمثلت المشاکل والمعوقات الإنتاجية التى تواجه صناعة الجبن الأبيض فى توفير وإرتفاع أسعار المواد الخام وخاصة اللبن الخام ومشاکل تتعلق بعدم توافر قطع الغيار وإرتفاع أسعارها وصيانتها ونقص العمالة الماهرة وإرتفاع أجورها. تمثلت المشاکل والمعوقات التسويقية فى إرتفاع تکاليف التخزين للمواد الخام والمنتج النهائى وإرتفاع تکاليف النقل وعدم توفر وسائل نقل مجهزة لنقل اللبن الخام والمنتج النهائى.
Direction-of-Voice (DoV) Estimation for Intuitive Speech Interaction with Smart Devices Ecosystems

Future homes and offices will feature increasingly dense ecosystems of IoT devices, such as smart lighting, speakers, and domestic appliances. Voice input is a natural candidate for interacting with out-of-reach and often small devices that lack full-sized physical interfaces. However, at present, voice agents generally require wake-words and device names in order to specify the target of a spoken command (e.g., 'Hey Alexa, kitchen lights to full bright-ness'). In this research, we explore whether speech alone can be used as a directional communication channel, in much the same way visual gaze specifies a focus. Instead of a device's microphones simply receiving and processing spoken commands, we suggest they also infer the Direction of Voice (DoV). Our approach innately enables voice commands with addressability (i.e., devices know if a command was directed at them) in a natural and rapid manner. We quantify the accuracy of our implementation across users, rooms, spoken phrases, and other key factors that affect performance and usability. Taken together, we believe our DoV approach demonstrates feasibility and the promise of making distributed voice interactions much more intuitive and fluid.
5G NR-U: Homogeneous Coexistence Analysis

Current technical reports indicate License-Assisted Access (LAA) Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) as the preferred channel access scheme for the upcoming 5G New Radio-Unlicensed. Various studies have examined heterogeneous coexistence of WiFiLTE-LAA systems. This paper investigates the homogeneous coexistence of intra-network LAA-LBT devices operating in dense deployment scenarios. Results relevant to ETSI-specified priority classes are reported in terms of channel utilization, collision probability, and channel access delay. The framework presented in this paper is then employed to investigate wireless coexistence in a 5G-enabled intensive care unit employing remote patient monitoring over 5G NR-U.
China’s Leninist Response to COVID-19: From Information Suppression to Total Mobilization

Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread. The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.
Cavity enhanced nonlinear optics for few photon optical bistability.

Weak material nonlinearity at optical frequencies poses a serious hurdle to realizing optical bistability at low optical powers, which is a critical component for digital optical computing. In this paper, we explore the cavity enhancement of the second-order optical nonlinearity in order to determine the feasibility of few photon optical bistability. Starting from a quantum optical formalism of a doubly resonant cavity (required to meet the condition of phase matching), we derive a dynamic classical model of a cavity that is bistable at the fundamental mode. We analyze the optical energy and the switching speed as a function of the cavity quality factors and mode volumes and identify the regime where only ten’s of photons are required to perform the switching. An unusual trend in the switching speed is also observed, where the speed monotonically decreases as the cavity linewidth increases. This is ascribed to the increase in the switching gain with increasing cavity linewidth.
Linear viscoelasticity of attractive colloidal dispersions

The rheology of a semidilute dispersion of colloids having short-ranged attractions is studied. A depletion potential is chosen as a model for the attractive interaction and arises from nonadsorbing polymer dispersed with the colloids. The complex viscosity of these materials can be calculated by investigating their response to weak oscillatory shear. A first order expansion in small rates of deformation is used to solve for the microstructure and stress in the dispersion. Additionally, the effect of hydrodynamic interactions is studied via the excluded annulus model, which views the radius at which hard-sphere interactions occur as a barrier that resides beyond the hydrodynamic radius of the particles. This treatment allows a continuous variation of the hydrodynamic interaction strength. The viscoelastic response exhibits a sharp transition when going from weak attraction to strong attraction. Below a critical strength, increasing the interparticle attraction reduces the low frequency viscosity. Strong a...
Dorothea and the Written Word: Feminism and Heroism in Middlemarch

In her novel Middlemarch, George Eliot challenges assumptions about gender and genre by associating Dorothea Brooke with both masculine authority and feminine emotion. Eliot does so by connecting Dorothea both to the act of writing and to the artistic production itself. Unlike Rosamond Vincy, who is associated with the romance and with popular poetry in order to devalue her, Dorothea is connected to a number of more elevated genres, which are also associated with male authority. By driving the plot, Dorothea assumes the role of the writer in several ways: she ensures Celia’s marriage with Sir James by choosing Casaubon, she reunites Lydgate and Rosamond, and helps restore Lydgate’s good name. The letter she writes to accept Casaubon’s offer of marriage is written “three times, not because she wished to change the wording, but because her hand was unusually uncertain” (Eliot, 1968, p. 33). Her ardor gets in the way of her handwriting, but not of her “wording.” Eliot endows Dorothea’s writing with characteristics that are stereotypically feminine (motivated by love and intimacy) and stereotypically masculine (growing out of ardor, and expressing vigor, force and energy). By infusing the intimate with the powerful, and associating both with the act of writing, Eliot conflates the typical province of woman with the typical province of men thus disrupting conventions of both gender and genre.
Memetic Crossover for Genetic Programming: Evolution Through Imitation

For problems where the evaluation of an individual is the dominant factor in the total computation time of the evolutionary process, minimizing the number of evaluations becomes critical. This paper introduces a new crossover operator for genetic programming, memetic crossover, that reduces the number of evaluations required to find an ideal solution. Memetic crossover selects individuals and crossover points by evaluating the observed strengths and weaknesses within areas of the problem. An individual that has done poorly in some parts of the problem may then imitate an individual that did well on those same parts. This results in an intelligent search of the feature-space and, therefore, fewer evaluations.
A Democratic Phenomenon: Emerging Adolescent Programs in Montessori Schools

Theories of democratic education make the assumption that democracy’s virtue lies in its inclusiveness, its ability to incorporate previously disenfranchised groups into its political decision making process. However, these theories typically focus solely on the redistribution of power between administrators and teachers, instead of applying their guiding principles to students as well. This exclusion of students is then justified by the assertion that adolescents lack the qualifications necessary to share power in the school’s political process. Thus, theories of democratic education usually conclude that while schools cannot be democratic, because power cannot be shared among all participants, schools that are more inclusive of teachers come closer to the democratic ideal than others.
Electron microscopic localization of viral antigens in mouse mammary tumors by ferritin-labeled antibody: I. The homologous systems

Abstract Using purified viruses and antibodies against them, the ferritin-labeled antibody technique was applied to mouse mammary tumors to localize viral antigens at the electron microscopic level, and the results were discussed from virological and technical aspects. The following conclusions were reached: (1) only B particles of virus were specifically tagged with antivirus conjugate; (2) intracytoplasmic A particles were not correlated antigenically to B particles even with conjugated antibody to ether-treated virus; (3) coat proteins of highly oncogenic MTV particles and of far less oncogenic, morphologically indistinguishable particles called NIV were antigenically indistinguishable; (4) tumor-bearing mice failed to show any antidody formation against the causative virus.
On quantified modal logic

Propositional modal logic is a standard tool in many disciplines, but first-order modal logic is not. There are several reasons for this, including multiplicity of versions and inadequate syntax. In this paper we sketch a syntax and semantics for a natural, well-behaved version of first-order modal logic, and show it copes easily with several familiar difficulties. And we provide tableau proof rules to go with the semantics, rules that are, at least in principle, automatable.
Balancing health, work, and daily life: design and evaluation of a pilot intervention for persons with HIV/AIDS

Purpose To design and evaluate a pilot intervention to promote self-management skills and work transition for persons with HIV/AIDS. The seven-week group intervention consisted of 1.5-hour bi-weekly sessions focused on goal setting and developing strategies to manage health, work and daily life routines while participating in a job skills training program in New York City. Methods Six successive groups received the intervention over the course of two years (n = 53). Existing and newly-developed measures were used to examine key outcomes. Differences between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores on outcome measures were examined using paired-tests and effect sizes. Employment outcomes and participant satisfaction were examined post-intervention. Results The intervention was feasible to implement and sessions were viewed favorably by the majority of participants. Moderate to large effect sizes were found immediately post-intervention in participants' perceived ability to work and balance health, work and daily life. Fifty two percent of the participants were working part or full time and 41% were actively searching for employment at three to five months follow-up. Small effect sizes demonstrating improved outcomes at follow-up were found in symptom severity, self-advocacy and medication adherence self-efficacy. Small effect sizes demonstrating a potential decrement in outcomes at follow-up were found in participants' need satisfaction and perceived symptom impact on work performance. Conclusions The results are promising, but further research is needed due to design limitations and the preliminary nature of the intervention and measures used. The potential decrement in outcomes might reflect a shift in participants' needs or view of how their health affected work performance and suggests that ongoing supports were needed post-intervention.
The preparative isolation of mitochondria from Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract A “hybrid” discontinuous gradient consisting of 6% Percoll overlaid on metrizamide separated mitochondria from other organelles in a Chinese hamster ovary cell postnuclear supernatant in a single 15-min centrifugation. The mitochondrial preparation contained about 25% of the mitochondrial marker, cytochrome-c oxidase, in a form that was about 90% latent. Based on the postnuclear supernatant, cytochrome-c oxidase activity was enriched approximately 45-fold. Trace amounts of lysosomal, rough endoplasmic reticular, Golgi, peroxisomal, plasma membrane, and cytosolic markers were found in the preparation. Electron microscopy revealed that the preparation consisted almost exclusively of mitochondria with only minor amounts of contaminating organelles. Analysis of the mitochondrial preparation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the mitochondrial preparation had a unique protein profile compared to the postnuclear supernatant and other gradient interfaces. Separation of the mitochondria into membrane and lumenal (matrix) fractions by treatment with 100 m m Na2CO3, pH 11.5, also indicated that the mitochondria were intact; they were rich in lumenal proteins. The data indicate that the mitochondria represent maximally about 2.2% of Chinese hamster ovary cell postnuclear supernatant protein. These isolated mitochondria should prove useful for problems in molecular cell biology.
INFLUENCE OF AGE AND MICROCLIMATE ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM LEAVES II. CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC LIGHT RESPONSE

The influence of age on chloroplast structure and photosynthetic light response of Rhododendron maximum L. was studied in three different microhabitats. The three microhabitats constituted a gradient of low, intermediate, and high irradiance levels. The most dramatic change in chloroplast structure with increasing age was the proliferation of the number and size of plastoglobuli. The magnitude and age specific rate of chloroplast occlusion by plastoglobuli increased in habitats with higher irradiance. Photosynthetic responses to light differed among the age categories of leaves. Light saturated photosynthesis and quantum yield decreased as leaves aged. However, in high light environments the rate of reduction of quantum yield or light saturated photosynthetic rate was more rapid than in the low light environment. The quantity of plastoglobuli increased in association with reduced light reaction capacity. The presence and abundance of plastoglobuli in R. maximum chloroplasts and their association with reduced photosynthetic performance indicates that the photosynthetic apparatus of the R. maximum chloroplast is sensitive to photodestruction by high irradiance: commonly a winter phenomenon in these environments. MANY STUDIES of chloroplast ultrastructure are concerned with the changes of chloroplast
Application of an automated head-space procedure for trace analysis by gas chromatography

Abstract Head-space gas chromatography (HSGC) is a useful method for the analysis of trace compounds in samples that cannot be handled with a syringe or involve too many difficulties if injected with a syringe. However, as HSGC requires expensive calibration, an automated instrument is essential for routine work and also eliminates problems related to contamination and sample carry-over. Practical examples are given for the sensitivities that can be achieved with flame-ionization, electron-capture and nitrogen-specific detectors. The quantitative analysis of liquid and solid samples is discussed and emphasis is placed on the quantitative determination of monomers in polymers. A new method, called “discontinuous gas extraction”, which is useful for the quantitation of volatile compounds in solid matter, is described briefly as an alternative method that can be used if the static head-space analysis fails.