cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirically Derived Markov Models and Prediction of Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Empirical dynamical modeling (EDM) is employed to determine if ENSO forecasting skill using monthly mean SST data can be enhanced by including subsurface temperature anomaly data. The Nino 3.4 index is forecast first using an EDM constructed from the principal component time series corresponding to EOFs of SST anomaly maps of the central and eastern tropical Pacific (328N-328S, 1208E-708W) for the period 1965- 93. Cross validation is applied to minimize the artificial skill of the forecasts, which are made over the same 29-yr period. The forecasting is then repeated with the inclusion of principal components of heat content of the upper 300 m over the northern tropical Pacific (308N-08, 1208E-728W). The forecast skill using SST alone and SST plus subsurface temperature is compared for lead times ranging between 3 and 12 months. The EDM, which includes the subsurface information, forecasts with greater skill at all lead times; particularly important is the second principal component of the heat content, which appears to contribute information on the transition phase between warm and cold ENSO events. The apparent improvement by including subsurface information, although robust, does not appear to be statistically significant. However, the temporal and spatial coverage of the subsurface data is limited, so this study probably underestimates the usefulness of including subsurface temperature data in efforts to predict ENSO. Finally, cross-validated forecasts using a Markov model that includes an annual cycle are shown to be less skillful than forecasts using a seasonally invariant Markov model. The reason for this appears to be that dividing the data yields an insufficient database to derive an accurate Markov model.
Economic and Social Impacts of Tourism in Mexico

In developing its tourist industry, the Mexican government had three main goals: earning foreign exchange, creating employment, and diverting internal migration toward tourism development poles. Statistics on employment and in-migration to Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, Cancun, and Los Cabos show that it has been relatively successful in achieving these goals. However, Mexico has increased its dependency on loans, foreign capital, and foreign patronage and has imposed costs on the working class employed in low-waged and precarious tourist jobs, including de facto social and economic apartheid.
Health service use and social vulnerability in a community-based sample of women on probation and parole, 2011–2013

Most women involved in the criminal justice system are not incarcerated, but rather on probation or parole. We examined the receipt of health services and social vulnerability among women on parole or probation in the past year. In a community-based sample of 776 women who use crack cocaine or injection drugs, we compared those who had been on probation or parole in the past year with those who had no criminal justice involvement in the past year. Women recently on probation or people were no more likely have health insurance, or to receive most health services, than women not in the criminal justice system. In addition, we found social vulnerabilities that contribute to poor health to be significantly more prevalent among women on probation or parole. There is a missed opportunity to address health and social needs of women on probation or parole.
Computational techniques for elucidating plant–pathogen interactions from large-scale experiments on fungi and oomycetes

Eukaryotic plant pathogens are responsible for the destruction of billions of dollars worth of crops each year. With large-scale genomics of both pathogens and hosts and the corresponding computational analysis, biologists are now able to gain knowledge about many pathogenic and defense genes concurrently. To study the interactions between these two organism groups, it is necessary to design experiments to elucidate the genes being expressed during the invasion of the pathogen into the host. For the most part, this does not require new software development, though it does require the use of existing software in novel ways. This article provides a broad overview of several key and illustrative experiments and the corresponding computational analyses, outlining the knowledge gained in each. It goes on to describe databases for plant-pathogen data and important initiatives such as Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology. It discusses how various emerging approaches will increase the power of computers in host-pathogen interaction studies.
Extraneous Effects of Race, Gender, and Race-Gender Homo- and Heterophily Conditions on Data Quality:

This study comprehensively investigated the differences in response patterns of interview respondents by race, gender, and race-gender of both respondents and interviewers, to assess the impacts of response inconsistencies on data quality during survey interviews. The study focused only on Blacks and Whites in various interview phily matches. Interviewees (N = 491) responded to fully structured, closed-ended questions through direct interviews on support for affirmative action, and support for the 2009 America’s Affordable Health Choices Act as dependent variables. Findings showed various amounts of response differences to both dependent variables by differences in race, gender, and race-gender of respondents, vis-avis those of the interviewers’, thereby constituting various amounts of data inconsistencies. The effects of race, gender, and race-gender of both interviewers and respondents constitute potential nonrandom errors that must be controlled in interview survey research, otherwise, research findings and conclusions may diverge from true relationships between variables.
Revealing Language Deficits Following Stroke: The Cost of Doing Two Things at Once

The costs of doing two things were assessed for a group of healthy older adults and older adults who were tested at least 6 months after a stroke. A baseline language sample was compared to language samples collected while the participants were performing concurrent motor tasks or selective ignoring tasks. Whereas the healthy older adults showed few costs due to the concurrent task demands, the language samples from the stroke survivors were disrupted by the demands of doing two things at once. The dual task measures reveal long-lasting effects of strokes that were not evident when stroke survivors were assessed using standard clinical tools.
Estimate of Dynamical Predictability from NMC DERF Experiments

Abstract Experiments on dynamical extended range forecasting (DERF) conducted at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) are utilized to obtain estimates of the upper and lower bounds of dynamical predictability for the NMC operational medium-range forecasting systems (MRFS). Owing to the extended range of the integrations (up to 30 days) the upper bound can be estimated without resorting to an empirical model of error growth such as that used by Lorenz (1982). At the root-mean-square error level that equals the climatological standard deviation (about 100 m), the average limit of dynamical predictability is about 14 days, in good agreement with the recent results of Lorenz using the operational forecasting model of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The current level of forecast skill is also evaluated, indicating loss of useful skill at about 6 days, in agreement with criterion of Saha and Van den Dool. This skill level is much below its potential, thereby leaving considera...
Russian River Channel Works

Evaluations of channel stabilization works constructed in 1956 by US Army Corps of Engineers, along 4 mi test reach of Russian River near Geyserville, Calif; from observations of this work, tentative conclusions are reached that works performed could be adapted, if approved, to design of other reaches of Russian River.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer Performance in Nuclear Fuel Rod Using Nanofluids and Surface Roughness Technique

The experimental investigations were carried out of a pressurized water nuclear reactor (PWR) with enhanced surface using different concentration (0.5 and 2.0 vol%) of ZnO/DI-water based nanofluids as a coolant. The experimental setup consisted of a flow loop with a nuclear fuel rod section that was heated by electrical current. The fuel rod surfaces were termed as two-dimensional surface roughness (square transverse ribbed surface) and three-dimensional surface roughness (diamond shaped blocks). The variation in temperature of nuclear fuel rod was measured along the length of a specified section. Heat transfer coefficient was calculated by measuring heat flux and temperature differences between surface and bulk fluid. The experimental results of nanofluids were compared with the coolant as a DI-water data. The maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement was achieved 33% at Re = 1.15 × 105 for fuel rod with three-dimensional surface roughness using 2.0 vol% nanofluids compared to DI-water.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Mechanism For Sensorimotor Translation in Singing: The Multi-Modal Imagery Association (Mmia) Model

We propose a new framework to understand singing accuracy, based on multi-modal imagery associations: the MMIA model. This model is based on recent data suggesting a link between auditory imagery and singing accuracy, evidence for a link between imagery and the functioning of internal models for sensorimotor associations, and the use of imagery in singing pedagogy. By this account, imagery involves automatic associations between different modalities, which in the present context comprise associations between pitch height and the regulation of vocal fold tension. Importantly, these associations are based on probabilistic relationships that may vary with respect to their precision and accuracy. We further describe how this framework may be extended to multi-modal associations at the sequential level, and how these associations develop. The model we propose here constitutes one part of a larger architecture responsible for singing, but at the same time is cast at a general level that can extend to multi-modal associations outside the domain of singing.
Curing properties of sodium nitrite in restructured goat meat (chevon) jerky

ABSTRACTKnown curing impacts on goat meat (chevon) is limited due to the low production and consumption of chevon products in the United States. This study, therefore, assessed sodium nitrite influences on the quality parameters of restructured chevon jerky and its stability. Inclusion of NaNO2 increased (p < 0.01) the redness of chevon jerky (14.2 versus 8.17); however, the redness was decreased (p < 0.01) over a 30 d storage period. The texture properties and microbial counts of jerky were not influenced by NaNO2. However, the total microbial counts increased (1.84 to 6.00 ± 0.468 log CFU/g; p < 0.01) with storage time in chevon jerky whether or not nitrite was included. Inclusion of NaNO2 decreased (p < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values (4.26 versus 4.81 mg MDA/kg), which did not change during storage. Among 28 isolated fatty acids from chevon jerky, palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n9), and linoleic (C18:2n6) acids were the major four fatty acids. Of the 21 positively ...
PLASTICITY OF JAW AND SKULL MORPHOLOGY IN THE NEOTROPICAL CICHLIDS GEOPHAGUS BRASILIENSIS AND G. STEINDACHNERI.

I examined plasticity of jaw and skull morphology induced by feeding different diets in two species of the neotropical cichlid genus Geophagus. The two species possess different modes of development, which affect the size at which young begin feeding. I hypothesized that the difference in size at first feeding could lead to a difference in the amount of change inducible in the two species. The young of the substrate-spawning species, G. brasiliensis, which begin feeding at a smaller size, were predicted to be more plastic than those of the mouthbrooding species, G. steindachneri. The two diets used to induce differences were brine shrimp nauplii and chironomid larvae. Numerous measures of the jaw and skull differed significantly between groups fed the two diets but the amount of plasticity induced was small and would not present a problem for taxonomists. Contrary to my prediction, both the magnitude and pattern of plasticity induced in the two species was similar. Thus, mode of parental care and the size at which young begin feeding do not affect the degree of plasticity. Fish fed brine shrimp nauplii were longer in oral jaw region, but were shorter and shallower in the area behind the oral jaws. An additional group of G. brasiliensis was fed flake food to compare the results of this study to other studies. The differences in measures between fish fed brine shrimp diets and flake food diets were greater than those between fish fed brine shrimp and chironomid larvae. A possible role of plasticity for enhancing rather than retarding morphological evolution is discussed.
The formulation of spawning-lure substrates for houseflies

Objective To select the strong lure substrates for the oviposition of housefly(Musca domestica).Methods In laboratory conditions,comparing the oviposition reaction of houseflies in the fly-ovitrap cups of different treatments,to formulate the optimal spawning-lure substrates on housefly.Results The white sugar showed strong luring activity for houseflies to lay eggs.The lure capacity of the mixture containing 10% white sugar and 10% ammonium bicarbonate was very powerful and beyond 95% of the flies prefered to lay eggs in the mixture.The wheat bran contaminated with the pheromone of housefly held little allure for housefly spawning.Conclusion White sugar can allure housefly to spawning effectively.The mixture containing 10% white sugar and 10% ammonium bicarbonate is the most efficient.These may be applied to the spawning-lure substrates of housefly-ovitrap.
Learners' Activities Based Study Buddies Recommendation Towards MOOCs

The rapid deployment of massive open online courses(MOOCs) has created a surge in the global connectivity among students for educational purposes. With contrast to large scale enrolled students, almost all the courses in MOOCs have a low completion rate. One of the important reasons for those who drop out the course is lack of suitable study buddies to communicate each other. This paper analyzes students' posted messages and their roles and behaviors in MOOCs discussion forum, and builds students' behavior feature model and relational networks between students. To estimate student's relevancy with respected to topic words dictionary which is selected according to course content in advance, this paper proposes a new topic model with fixed topic dictionary, and finally recommends study buddies for student by inferred topic distribution. Experiments on crawled Coursera dataset demonstrate that the topic model can find out those students with more similarity on same topic words, and recommend study buddies. And this will be helpful for students to complete the study process.
Personality as a Predictor Variable: Problems and Implications

Can personality predict purchase or other consumer actions? This is the question that has always intrigued marketers. When motivation research was at its peak in 1950s, the interest in personality could not have been any higher. Since the late 1960s, empirical studies on personality by marketing scholars have been on a decline due in part to disappointments with the predictive power of personality. While still widely discussed and taught in classrooms, the subject has given way to its cousin-psychographic or lifestyle studies.
Bifurcation and Catastrophe

This chapter presents a diffeomorphism F : R n → R n , F ( x ) = Ax + f ( x ), where f vanishes together with its first derivative at the origin. This chapter discusses exponential rate conditions for dynamical system. It presents a typical application of exponential rate conditions. A perturbation problem for invariant manifolds is stated in terms of exponential rates, and the study of these rates is the main step in solving the problem.
Medical-legal partnerships: collaborating to transform healthcare for vulnerable patients-a symposium introduction and overview.

The fields—and professions—of health and law touch all of our lives in myriad ways. No matter our socioeconomic status, our geographic location, or our demographic background, we have personal, com...
Introduction to Special Issue: Foundations of Cognitive Science for the Design of Human–Computer Interactive Systems

The primary goal of this special issue is to provide an overview of select topics in cognitive science and their applications to the design of interactive systems. Authors were requested to show ho...
Change Research: Narrating Social Change from the Bottom-Up

This essay provides a review of Bent Flyvbjerg’s critique of conventional social science research, including its limitations in applied fields such as social work, followed by a specification of his alternative for a “phronetic social science.” I detail how I with two colleagues practiced phronetic social science in our collaboration with Philadelphia housing activists, including most especially the role of interpretive narrative analysis as part of our case study research. In conclusion, I discuss the somewhat ironic challenges of trying to increase the legitimacy of such activist research in applied fields like social work where an obsession with being seen as scientific is prevalent as a means to improve prestige of applied research. I discuss how we need less top-down research which focuses on a “what works” agenda that serves the management of subordinate populations and more research that provides bottom-up understandings of a “what’s right” agenda tailored to empowering people in particular settings. Real social science research needs to listen to how people on the bottom experience their own subordination so that we can help them overcome their subjugation. Good social science includes taking the perspective of the oppressed in the name of helping them achieve social justice. In the end, there are a number of tension points between the model of conventional social science and phronetic social science that starkly highlight how we need to change research in order do research that promotes positive social change.
Book Publishers Cited in Science Dissertations: Are Commercial Publishers Worth the Hype?

Library funds are frequently spent to purchase books released by commercial publishers. This case study seeks to identify publisher types most often cited by PhD students. Almost 4,300 citations fr...
On Being an Angry Black Man

Black men are often seen as problems, threats, and thugs. The mere existence of a Black body is often met with fear. Using autoethnographic mystory, I blend personal stories, poetry, song lyrics, and analysis to subvert the angry Black man mantra and explore the productive use of anger to stimulate change.
The Effects of Lip-Closure Exercise on Lip Strength and Function Following Full Facial Transplantation: A Case Report.

Purpose Facial transplantation is a relatively new option for individuals with severe facial disfigurements. Clinical case studies on existing patients indicate many instances of persistent facial ...
A Randomized Control Trial to Evaluate the Use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to Increase Academic Performance and Psychological Flexibility in Graduate Students

Graduate students experience high levels of demand in their degree programs, which often results in difficulty maintaining their academic performance and managing their distress. The present study examined the effectiveness of a 6-week values clarification and committed action training program derived from acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to increase academic performance and psychological flexibility of graduate students in a behavior analysis and therapy program by comparing a Values intervention group to a Study Tips active treatment control group on measures of academic performance, psychological flexibility, values-driven behavior, and stress. The results suggest that the Values group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in academic performance (t (32) = 1.902, p .05) and perceived stress (t (32) = 1.521, p > .05). The Values group also demonstrated a higher score for social validity than the control group following the intervention (t (32) = 2.449, p < .05).
Retrofitting Conventional Primary Treatment Plants for Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment in the USA

Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) has been in use for more than 100 years. However, it fell into disfavor in the 1930s when compared to biological treatment because the large concentrations of metal salts produced large quantities of sludge. In the USA, most of the emphasis on chemical treatment has been on phosphorus removal after biological treatment. However, Scandinavian and other European countries are focusing on phosphorus removal before biological treatment. Again, large concentrations of metal salts are needed to achieve low phosphorus effluents. With the technological advancements in polymer chemistry, it has become worthwhile to revisit chemically enhanced primary wastewater treatment with total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal as the focus. By replacing some of the metal salt with polymers, significant increases in TSS and BOD removals, compared to conventional primary settling, are possible. In addition, these higher removals are obtained at overflow rates twice that of conventional primary settling.
The Development of the Strategic Agenda: A Call to Action

The three tasks that have been the basis for our analysis so far – customer segmentation and customer value proposition; the bundle of competencies; and the mission statement – have only one purpose, and that is to develop a strategic agenda. This is the end result of the strategic planning process. In the end, all of the diagnosis that we have conducted has to converge into the definition of a clearly defined strategic agenda that identifies the actions that we will take to lead the organization into the desired transformation.
SiO2 Etching in High-Density Plasmas: Differences with Low-Density Plasmas

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is the most important insulator employed in silicon integrated circuit (IC) technology. It is used as the material of choice to electrically isolate the conductive portions of devices or circuits from each other, e.g. as the gate insulator of field effect transistors, field oxide or trench refill material when isolating individual devices, and as interlevel dielectric which isolates the metallic interconnections between individual devices from each other.[1] State-of-the-art ICs employ up to 5 metal wiring levels at this time, and the use of up to 8 levels of metal is projected within several years. The wiring is imbedded in an equal number of deposited and subsequently patterned SiO2 films.
A Critique of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Research: The Invisible White Male.

This study examined sex and race bias in recently published research on adolescent pregnancy prevention. Descriptive statistics from 71 citations showed that of 33 articles that focused on a single sex, only one was on males (inner city, presumably minority). Of the remaining articles, the majority either did not differentiate between the sexes or provided only minimal data on sex differences. The consequences of research that ignores or minimizes the male contribution to the adolescent pregnancy problem are discussed.
Observations of Excited Metastable and Radiative States of He2, Ne2, and Ar2 by Neutralized Ion-Beam Spectroscopy

Rare gas dimers formed when a fast beam of X 2 + (X = He, Ne, Ar) is neutralized in the reaction $$ X_2^ + + {K_{(g)}} \to X_2^* + {K^ + } $$ have been studied by neutralized ion beam techniques. From measurements of the kinetic energy released in the dissociation of X 2 * and with consideration of available spectroscopic information, it is proposed that the neutral dimers are formed initially in their first excited singlet and triplet electronic states. Estimates of the radiative lifetimes of the 3∑ u + states of He 2 * , Ne 2 * , Ar 2 * are >3.2, >7.2, and 2.1 µs, respectively. Radiation from the 1∑ u + → X 1∑ g + transitions is predicted to occur at λ ≈ 83, 80, and 114 nm for He2, Ne2, and Ar2, respectively. Ion beam attenuation cross-sections for He 2 + , Ne 2 + , and Ar 2 + are 250, 180, and 80 A2, respectively, indicating that electron transfer from K(g) is a highly efficient process. The capability of generating relatively intense beams of metastable He2 and Ne2 dimers may have applications for other beam experiments.
Confronting a New Fact of Nature: Bell’s Theorem and the Aspect and Gisin Experiments

The origins of the thought experiment that became the basis for the actual experiments testing the predictions of Bell’s theorem can be traced to central issues in a debate between Bohr and Einstein. This debate began at the fifth Solvay Congress in 1927 and continued intermittently until Einstein’s death in 1955. The argument took the form of thought experiments in which Einstein would try to demonstrate that it was theoretically possible to measure, or at least determine precise values for, two complementary constructs in quantum physics, like position and momentum, simultaneously. Bohr would then respond with a careful analysis of the conditions and results in Einstein’s thought experiments and demonstrate that there were fundamental ambiguities he had failed to resolve. Although both men would have despised the use of the term, Bohr was the “winner” on all counts. Eventually, the dialog revolved around the issue of “realism,” and it is this issue that Einstein felt would decide the correctness of quantum theory.
Direct detection experiments at the neutrino dipole portal frontier

Heavy sterile neutrinos are typically invoked to accommodate the observed neutrino masses, by positing a new Yukawa term connecting these new states to the neutrinos in the electroweak doublet. However, given our ignorance of the neutrino sector, we should explore additional interactions such sterile neutrinos may have with the Standard Model. In this paper, we study the dimension-5 operator which couples the heavy state to a light neutrino and the photon. We find that the recent XENON1T direct detection data can improve the limits on this ``neutrino dipole portal'' by up to an order of magnitude over previous bounds for tau neutrinos. Future direct detection experiments may be able to extend bounds for all three neutrino flavors down to the level probed by SN1987A.
Automated Design of Pluripotent Stem Cell Self-Organization

Summary Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the intrinsic ability to self-organize into complex multicellular organoids that recapitulate many aspects of tissue development. However, robustly directing morphogenesis of hPSC-derived organoids requires novel approaches to accurately control self-directed pattern formation. Here, we combined genetic engineering with computational modeling, machine learning, and mathematical pattern optimization to create a data-driven approach to control hPSC self-organization by knock down of genes previously shown to affect stem cell colony organization, CDH1 and ROCK1. Computational replication of the in vitro system in silico using an extended cellular Potts model enabled machine learning-driven optimization of parameters that yielded emergence of desired patterns. Furthermore, in vitro the predicted experimental parameters quantitatively recapitulated the in silico patterns. These results demonstrate that morphogenic dynamics can be accurately predicted through model-driven exploration of hPSC behaviors via machine learning, thereby enabling spatial control of multicellular patterning to engineer human organoids and tissues. A record of this paper’s Transparent Peer Review process is included in the Supplemental Information.
Philosophical ethics and the improvement of farmed animal lives.

Philosophical reflection on human beings’ morally grounded relationships with nonhuman animals has come a long way since the animal welfare/animal rights debates of the 1970s and 1980s. The basis for granting moral consideration to nonhuman animals expanded far beyond Peter Singer’s discussion of sentience (Singer, 1975) or Tom Regan’s view that human obligation’s toward individuals from other species are grounded in their being “subjects of a life” (Regan, 1983). Building on the work of Mary Midgley, a number of authors have developed relational theories that interpret human obligations to animals in terms of the specific relationships that we bear to them (Donovan, 1990; MacKinnon, 2004; Anderson, 2004). Clare Palmer’s book Animal Ethics in Context articulates an almost fully developed relational ethic in which she explains the basis for differential obligations to wildlife and domesticated animals. In general, humans do not have positive duties to extend care toward wild animals, while bringing an animal into our home establishes duties of care that include attending toward the creature’s biological and emotional needs (Palmer, 2010). With a number of important exceptions, philosophers have neglected the relationships that establish duties to farmed animals. This neglect is especially evident with respect to philosophical studies of livestock being raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), or, colloquially, factory farms (Figure 1). Open in a separate window Figure 1. Sows in gestation crates in an indoor swine production system.
Glass table injuries: A silent public health problem.

Abstract Background Glass tables can break and cause traumatic injury. This public health issue is avoidable by adequate regulatory measures. We describe the burden and characteristics of these injuries using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database and data from a level 1 trauma center. Methods NEISS data was extracted from 2009 to 2015. Injuries were classified by type, severity, and involvement of faulty glass using predetermined criteria. A retrospective chart review of a level 1 trauma center data was performed. Epidemiologic and outcomes data are reported. Results 3241 cases were reviewed from NEISS. 56% of injuries were attributable to faulty tables. 15% were severe. A bimodal age distribution of age under 7 and early 20s was observed. Commonly injured areas were the upper extremity and forehead. 24 trauma center cases were reviewed. 21% presented with hemodynamic instability, 34% had major organ, body cavity or joint space injuries, and 58% required surgical intervention. 30-day mortality rate was 8%. More than 54% required inpatient care. Conclusion Glass table injuries are common, estimated at over 2.5 million per year. Regulation of glass quality may prevent injury. Summary Glass table injuries are more common than may be recognized and represent a public health problem that can be mitigated through proper regulatory measures.
Status of Physical Education in the High Schools of Illinois, 1945

(1946). Status of Physical Education in the High Schools of Illinois, 1945. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 132-143.
Do Advanced Information Technologies Produce Equitable Government Responses in Coproduction: An Examination of 311 Systems in 15 US Cities

The primary research question we seek to answer in this article is: Do governments respond differently to citizen service requests depending on where those requests originate in the city? This study is particularly salient in the wake of the Black Lives Matter protests in response to police violence or the gross neglect of infrastructure in Flint, MI. While numerous studies have been able to demonstrate bias in policing, few (if any) have looked at biases that may be present in other types of general government services. Anecdotal (Davis, 2013; Meyer, 2013) and empirical (Jones, Greenberg, Kaufman, & Drew, 1977; Thomas, 1982; Thomas & Streib, 2003; Vedlitz, Dyer, & Durand, 1980) evidence has supported the claims by some that some cities were responding slower to service requests made in poor and minority neighborhoods than they were in the richer, whiter neighborhoods. We sought, in this article, to examine if there was empirical evidence to support these claims. The results of our 15-city study of 311 systems (non-emergency service requests made by city residents) demonstrate no systematic differences in how the cities respond that would indicate a bias against minorities and poorer residents. Unsurprisingly, the effects are not consistent across all of our sample cities. While some cities have statistically significant differences showing slower responses for these neighborhoods and others show quicker, the practical differences are so small as to be of little concern during our study period (2007 – 2016).
Morphological integration of the canine region within the hominine alveolar arch

Abstract The early hominin record is characterized by numerous shifts in dental proportions (e.g., canine reduction and megadontia) linked to changes in diet and social behavior. Recent studies suggest that hominins exhibit a reduction in the magnitude of covariation between the anterior and posterior dental components compared with other extant great apes. They point toward, but do not directly test, the relative independence of canine morphology within the hominin alveolar arch. This study focuses specifically on the how the canine region covaries with other regions of the dental arch because the canine region has drastically reduced in size and changed in shape across human evolution. We examine extant primate species most commonly used as a comparative framework for fossil hominin morphology: Gorilla gorilla (n = 27), Pan troglodytes (n = 27), and Homo sapiens (n = 30). We used geometric morphometric methods to test for size and shape covariation between the canine region with other dental regions. We also examined the influence of sexual dimorphism and allometry on intraspecific and interspecific patterns of covariation. The analysis of size and shape covariation between the mandibular canine and other individual tooth regions elucidated complex, species-specific, and sex-specific morphological relationships in the mandibular alveolar arch. There was little evidence to support different patterns of morphological integration between humans on the one hand and nonhuman apes on the other. Canine region morphology was relatively independent from other dental regions across species based on shape and did not significantly covary more with either the incisor or postcanine region in any species. The size correlations between the canine and other dental regions were moderate to high. The species-specific results of this study question the ability to make a priori assumptions about morphological integration in the extant hominin mandibular alveolar arch and its application to the fossil record.
Responsible Machine Learning Pilot Test Projects: A Medical Coding Case Study

Prior studies reported on many machine learning (ML) projects that under-performed. What steps can leaders take during ML pilot projects to identify and mitigate project risks and systems risks, before implementing new ML systems at scale? We report on an exploratory case study of a U.S.-based healthcare provider organization’s ML pilot project, undertaken when a software vendor proposed an automated solution that would combine natural language processing (NLP) and ML, to improve medical claims coding quality. We reveal tactics the client took during the pilot project, to spot and limit risks that could ultimately harm the firm, its healthcare providers, and its patients. We conclude with suggestions for further research on responsible ML.
Correlates of Early Adolescents’ Social Media Engagement: The Role of Pubertal Status and Social Goals

Specific social media behaviors have been found to be differentially associated with adjustment outcomes; however, the extant research has yet to consider the motivations behind why adolescents engage in these specific behaviors. This study examined the role of two developmentally relevant motivational correlates (social goals and pubertal status) on four social media behaviors (self-disclosure, self-presentation, social monitoring, and lurking) and two time-based measures of social media use (daily number of hours on social media and frequency of social media use). Self-report data were collected from 426 middle-school students (54.2% female, 73.6% White, 11.5% Black, 4.8% Hispanic, 10.1% other ethnicity, and mean age = 12.91). Social goals and pubertal status were distinctly associated with different social media behaviors, with some relevant sex differences. Popularity goal was positively associated with all six measures of social media engagement, although the associations for self-presentation and social monitoring were stronger for girls. Sex differences in lurking followed the same pattern but did not reach significance. Acceptance goal was associated with fewer hours spent on social media for girls only. Early developers reported more self-disclosure and lurking behaviors, and marginally more social monitoring (girls only). These findings indicate the importance of identifying motivational factors, especially social goals, when considering early adolescents’ social media behaviors.
Suppression of Water Intake by the E Prostaglandins

The prostaglandins (PGs) are unsaturated fatty acids produced and released by virtually every organ of the body including the brain, the kidney and the vasculature. Since their discovery in the 1930s and synthesis in the 1960s, the list of PGs and PG-like substances, as well as the physiological systems known to be affected by these substances, has grown to immense proportions.
Effects of optical radiation on the Mössbauer spectrum of 151Eu3+: CaF2

We study the changes in the shape of the Mossbauer spectrum for the 21.5 keV transition of 151Eu3+ nuclei in a CaF2 lattice, assuming that a population of the excited electronic state 5 D 0 is maintained by optical pumping. For a population of the excited state 5 D 0 of 10%, we determine the magnitude of the changes in the Mossbauer spectrum as 1.9% of the area of the unperturbed spectrum.
On Solving Presburger and Linear Arithmetic with SAT

We show a reduction to propositional logic from quantifier-free Presburger arithmetic, and disjunctive linear arithmetic, based on Fourier-Motzkin elimination. While the complexity of this procedure is not better than competing techniques, it has practical advantages in solving verification problems. It also promotes the option of deciding a combination of theories by reducing them to this logic.
Determinants of Operative Mortality in Patients With Ruptured Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

Background Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a surgical emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity. We analyzed our 15-year experience in the management of ruptured ATAAD (rATAAD) and non-rATAAD to determine the predictors of early and late mortality. Methods We reviewed all cases with ATAAD between 1999 and 2014. Patients were grouped into rATAAD and non-rATAAD based on intraoperative confirmation. Clinical data on preoperative characteristics and in-hospital and long-term outcomes were analyzed to determine risk factors for early and long-term mortality. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and log rank statistics. Results Of the 489 total ATAAD repairs, 75 patients (15.3%) had rATAAD. The rATAAD patients were older compared with non-rATAAD (64.4 ± 16.2 versus 57.3 ± 14.2 years, respectively; p = 0.0001) and commonly female (31 of 75 [41.3%] versus 107 of 414 [25.9%], respectively; p = 0.006). Early mortality was higher among rATAAD patients that among non-rATAAD patients (19 of 75 [25.3%] versus 48 of 414 [11.6%], respectively; p = 0.002); predictors included rupture, age, malperfusion syndrome, and coronary artery disease. Patients aged 70 years or more with malperfusion syndrome had a 7.7-fold risk of 24-hour mortality ( p = 0.0003) that was augmented by rATAAD ( p = 0.004). Long-term survival was lower among rATAAD than non-rATAAD (57.4% versus 78.2%, respectively, at 5 years; p p = 0.01), low glomerular filtration rate ( p = 0.001), and high-risk group ( p = 0.004). These risk factors were used to construct a predictive model for estimating the probability of early mortality in ATAAD. Conclusions Rupture is associated with significantly higher mortality in ATAAD. This predictive model provides surgical risk assessment for early mortality after rATAAD. For acceptable surgical candidates, immediate aortic repair can provide favorable outcomes.
A Model of Student Success: Coaching Students to Develop Critical Thinking Skills in Introductory Biology Courses

Science students who perform poorly in introductory science classes often don’t know how to do better because they “don’t know that they don’t know”, and they have poor critical thinking and problem solving skills. The current study describes how modeling and coaching students in “active study” improves higher order thinking skills. The data show that students who received such coaching performed significantly better on exams by the end of the semester compared to control groups. Modeling and coaching “active study” behavior is essential to ensure that students build confidence in their ability to study science and remain in the science pipeline.
Entropy Theory for Hydrologic Modeling

Hydrologic systems are inherently spatial and complex, and our understanding of these systems is less than complete. Many of the systems are either fully stochastic or part stochastic and part deterministic. Their stochastic nature can be attributed to randomness in one or more of the following components that constitute them: (1) system structure (geometry), (2) system dynamics, (3) forcing functions (sources and sinks), and (4) initial and boundary conditions. As a result, a stochastic description of these systems is needed, and entropy theory enables the development of such a description. Keywords: entropy; flow forecasting; hydrology; hydrologic modeling; hypothesis testing; information; maximum entropy; parameter estimation; risk; spectral analysis; uncertainty
STUDENTS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN SLA: A DILLEMA FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH

This paper aims at describing psychological factors in language acquisition and learning for human being who learn second language acquisition. Stephens found that external factors such as the characteristic of teacher, class and school condition had consistently no relation with the success of learning foreign language. On the other hand, student’s psychological conditions, as one of the internal factors, are potential to influence the foreign or second language acquisition. Psychological factor is a factor that is mentally or spiritually concerned with the aspects in students’ acquisition. At least, four of many factors, such as anxiety, attitude, aptitude, and motivation influence the students’ process of language acquisition. However, to cope the psychological problems of learning second language, Kando, D. suggests the five strategies for coping with language anxiety, among of them are preparation strategy, relaxation, positive thinking, peer, and labeled resignation. Therefore, in maximizing the result of second language acquisition, the five strategies illustrated by Kando are important as an alternative solution.
Maspin overexpression modulates tumor cell apoptosis through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins

Maspin is a member of serpin family with tumor suppressing activity. Recent studies of maspin in animal models strongly support maspin's role as an inhibitor against the growth of primary tumor sand the process of metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this inhibition has not been fully elucidated. In this report, we analyze the effect of maspin on tumor cell apoptosis under several stress conditions. Stable clones overexpressing maspin are established in the mouse mammary tumor TM40D cells. They are treated with staurosporine, TNF-alpha, and serum starvation. The rates of cell apoptosis are analyzed by TUNEL assay. Inhibitors against caspase 8 and 9 are used in the apoptosis assay. Western blot analysis and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) are performed to examine the expression of Bcl2 family genes. We report that maspin expressing tumor cells have increased rate of apoptosis when they are treated with staurosporine and serum starvation. The effect is not through extracellular maspin. Maspin-mediated apoptosis is partially blocked by caspase 8 and 9 inhibitors, and is accompanied by changes in the Bcl-2 family proteins. Maspin-expressing tumor cells have a reduced level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and an increased level of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. The regulation is not controlled at the transcriptional level but is through selective control of Bcl-2 and Bax protein stability. Maspin overexpression modulates tumor cell apoptosis through the regulation of Bcl2 family proteins. Such change results in an increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, thus the increased apoptosis in maspin-expressing cells. This evidence strongly suggests that the induction of apoptosis in maspin-overexpressing cells represents a major mechanism by which maspin inhibits breast tumor progression.
Oxygen enrichment for cement kiln firing

The use of oxygen enrichment to increase clinker production has been well documented. Oxygen enrichment has also proven beneficial in controlling and maintaining stable kiln operations. This paper compares theoretical calculations with practical experience in the use of oxygen enrichment in cement kilns. Considering a wet process kiln, the performance of oxygen enrichment can be predicted when the concepts of high grade and low grade energy are utilized in their respective thermal zones. These concepts are used to predict the benefits of oxygen enrichment to increase clinker production and also maximize the potential substitution of waste-derived fuels for fossil fuels.
A role for SATB1, a nuclear matrix association region-binding protein, in the development of CD8SP thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes.

Studies have suggested that binding of the SATB1 protein to L2a, a matrix association region located 4.5 kb 5′ to the mouse CD8 α gene, positively affects CD8 expression in T cells. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine the effect on T cell development of reduced expression of SATB1. Because homozygous SATB1-null mice do not survive to adulthood due to nonthymus autonomous defects, mice were produced that were homozygous for a T cell-specific SATB1-antisense transgene and heterozygous for a SATB1-null allele. Thymic SATB1 protein was reduced significantly in these mice, and the major cellular phenotype observed was a significant reduction in the percentage of CD8SP T cells in thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Mice were smaller than wild type but generally healthy, and besides a general reduction in cellularity and a slight increase in surface CD3 expression on CD8SP thymocytes, the composition of the thymus was similar to wild type. The reduction in thymic SATB1 does not lead to the variegated expression of CD8-negative single positive thymocytes seen upon deletion of several regulatory elements and suggested by others to reflect failure to activate the CD8 locus. Thus, the present results point to an essential role for SATB1 late in the development and maturation of CD8SP T cells.