cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can spleen transplantation induce tolerance? A review of the literature

In some rodent strain combinations, allogeneic spleen transplantation induces tolerance spontaneously to itself and to other donor-specific organs. In other combinations, a state of tolerance has been achieved in the weakened immune system of the recipient. The data indicate that if a balance can be achieved between host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host responses, tolerance develops, possibly due to the development of suppressor/regulatory cells. There have been a number of unsuccessful studies in outbred large animals, but none in MHC-defined donor-recipient pairs, and none in which the protocol specifically aimed at inducing tolerance. Spleen transplantation has been performed in approximately 50 humans for a number of reasons, however no clear immunologic advantage has been reported. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was documented in at least 3 patients, and was lethal in one case, despite excision of the donor spleen. The advantages of tolerance over chronic immunosuppressive therapy are so great that a potentially tolerogenic approach such as spleen transplantation would seem worthy of further investigation in a suitable large animal model. Such a study is ongoing at our center.
Cutaneous receptive field characteristics of primary afferents and dorsal horn cells in the avian (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract Activity from 118 single dorsal horn cells was recorded extracellularly in the lumbar spinal cord of chickens anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Activity in 75 primary afferent fibers was also recorded from lumbar dorsal rootlets. The loci of the dorsal horn cells were histologically verified in frozen, formalin-fixed spinal cord sections in specific regions of the dorsal gray matter. The properties of the cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) of both primary afferent fibers and dorsal horn cells were analyzed. The RFs were categorized into three classes: class 1 encompassed an area equivalent to one digit; class 2 an area equivalent to an entire foot; and class 3 all areas larger than class 2. Seventy-eight percent of class 3,30% of class 2, and 20% of class 1 dorsal horn cells showed gradients of sensitivity. Further, 70% of dorsal horn cell RFs were shown to be class 3, 25% were class 2, and 5% were class 1. There appeared to be a correlation between size of the RF and depth of recording in the dorsal horn, with the majority of class 3 RFs recorded in the deeper laminae. Thirteen percent of the dorsal horn cells that responded in a graded fashion to a wide range of stimulus strengths (dynamic range) were partially surrounded by inhibitory fields. Intense cooling of both feathered and nonfeathered skin was effective in exciting 4% of the dorsal horn cells. On the average, RFs of the primary afferent fibers were smaller than those of the dorsal horn cells. The vast majority of RFs (85%) of the primary afferent fibers were of class 1 and 2 sizes as opposed to 30% of dorsal horn cells. Other characteristics of RFs of the primary afferent fibers (i.e., dynamic range, gradient of sensitivity, etc.) were similar to those of the dorsal horn cells. The present study provides additional observations extending the knowledge of RF properties and of the interaction at the synaptic relay between the primary afferent fibers and the dorsal horn cells of submammalian vertebrates.
The stum Gene Is Essential for Mechanical Sensing in Proprioceptive Neurons

Animal locomotion depends on proprioceptive feedback, which is generated by mechanosensory neurons. We performed a genetic screen for impaired walking in Drosophila and isolated a gene, stumble (stum). The Stum protein has orthologs in animals ranging from nematodes to mammals and is predicted to contain two transmembrane domains. Expression of the mouse orthologs of stum in mutant flies rescued their phenotype, which demonstrates functional conservation. Dendrites of stum-expressing neurons in legs were stretched by both flexion and extension of corresponding joints. Joint angles that induced dendritic stretching also elicited elevation of cellular Ca(2+) levels-not seen in stum mutants. Thus, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved gene, stum, which is required for transduction of mechanical stimuli in a specific subpopulation of Drosophila proprioceptive neurons that sense joint angles.
Survival outcome after hepatic retransplantation for hepatitis C virus-positive and -negative recipients.

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related liver disease is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Recurrence of HCV infection in these recipients is almost uniform. The currently available antiviral treatment is known to cause significant side effects, and the rate of sustained viral response is low. There is still controversy about whether such patients should undergo subsequent transplantations for HCV disease. This study compared outcomes for hepatic retransplantation performed in HCV(+) and HCV(−) recipients at a single center. Patients and methods From December 1994 through November 2003, 68 patients at our institution received a second liver allograft. Nineteen of the recipients were HCV(+) (group A) and 49 were HCV(−) (group B). All patients were followed until January 2004. The mean follow-up time after initial retransplantation was 37 ± 29 months. Patient and graft survival for the two groups were compared. Results Seven recipients in group A (36.8%) and 22 recipients in group B (44.9%) died during follow-up. The actuarial 3-year patient survival after initial retransplantation for groups A and B were 61.7% and 51.6%, respectively. Nine patients required a second retransplantation, 3 (15.8%) in group A and 6 (12.2%) in group B. The actuarial 3-year graft survival from initial retransplantation for groups A and B were 56.3% and 45.7%, respectively. Conclusion We observed slightly better patient and graft survivals at 3 years from initial retransplantation in HCV(+) recipients compared to HCV(−) recipients. This may be due to younger donor age and better selection of HCV(+) recipients in this series.
A vision for supporting autonomous navigation in urban environments

The autonomous navigation systems (ANS), such as autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and unmanned submersible vehicles (USVs), and modern vehicles with actuators, sensors, and computer control perform three basic functions: context gathering using sensors, processing, and action. Most researchers have put all three functions into the ANS or the robot itself to overcome occlusions and handle the environment's dynamics. However, this causes the ANS and robotic systems to be bulky and expensive. It also impedes the introduction of vehicles with ANS in urban environments, where they must coexist with existing cars and highways. The approach presented distributes the context-gathering and processing functions using sensor networks and wireless communications technologies to reduce costs and make ANS widespread. The system uses sensors mounted on moving vehicles and stationary objects such as lampposts, traffic lights, toll plazas, and buildings to gather information at different levels.
The effect of antiarthritic drugs and related compounds on the human neutrophil myeloperoxidase system.

Abstract Human α-1-proteinase inhibitor is inactivated by human myeloperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion. Several antiarthritic drugs and related compounds, including many containing gold, were tested as inhibitors of the myeloperoxidase system. Of the twenty-six compounds used, twenty-two inhibited. The most important feature of these was the presence of a sulfhydryl group. The most effective compounds also were the most hydrophobic. The presence of gold, on the other hand, made little difference to the amount of inhibition. These drugs appear to have many effects, and their inhibition of the myeloperoxidase system suggests that this could be one of them.
The humanities as sciences of the artificial 1

Abstract This text is in two parts. In the first, we deal with the relationship between the humanities and the computer and information sciences; in the second, we give an example of research regarding the acquisition and modeling of musical knowledge.
Application Of Fabry-Perot Velocimeter To High-Speed Experiments

The Fabry-Perot (F-P) velocimeter is a useful instrument for measuring the velocity of objects at speeds ranging from fractions of a kilometer per second to a few tens of kilometers per second and up. Because of its immunity to electromagnetic interference and its velocity resolution, it has become the prime diagnostic tool in our electric-gun facility. Examples of its application to high-speed experiments include the following areas: Electric-gun flyer studies; Spallation of materials under high-speed impact; Momentum-transfer studies; Pressure pulse created by high-velocity impact; Detonation-wave studies in high-explosive experiments. The F-P velocimeter at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) includes a long-pulse laser amplifier, two-channel recording capability, air or fiber-optic transport of laser light, light enhancement through the F-P proper, and an electronic streaking camera with a microchannel-plate intensifier. Data reduction includes a digitizing system that employs a video camera and a personal computer for manipulating fringe curves and calculating velocities. Software corrects distortions from the streak camera used to generate the record. Our system yields a velocity measurement with an accuracy of 1 to 2%.
Hydrogenase from Acetobacterium woodii.

Hydrogenase from fructose-grown cells of Acetobacterium woodii has been purified 70-fold to a specific activity of 3,500 μmol hydrogen oxidized per min per mg of protein measured at 35°C and pH 7.6 with methyl viologen as electron acceptor. At the same conditions with reduced methyl viologen as electron donor the enzyme catalyzes the evolvement of 440 μmol of H2 per min per mg of protein. The enzyme was found in the soluble portion of the cell, indicating that it is either not membrane-bound or is loosely associated with the membrane. The purified enzyme, which does not contain nickel, exhibits spectroscopic properties similar to the iron-sulfur hydrogenase of Clostridium pasteurianum. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by carbon monoxide, with 50% inhibition occurring at approximately 7 nM CO. Ferredoxin, flavodoxin, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase are reduced in hydrogen-dependent reaction by the A. woodi hydrogenase.
On the bivariate normal distribution and association models for ordinal categorical data

Abstract The uniform association model and a linear-by-linear association model with “normal scores” are compared to probability distributions generated by partitioning the bivariate normal distribution. The association models are shown to be indistinguishable from their respective bivariate normal models when the dimensions of the contingency table are large. Exact calculations are used for making comparisons in small tables.
Ethical issues in artificial nutrition and hydration

From the time of Hippocrates, approximately 2500 years ago, medical ethics has been seen as an essential complement to medical science in pursuit of the healing art of medicine. This is no less true today, not only for physicians but also for other essential professionals involved in patient care, including clinical nutrition support practitioners. One aspect of medical ethics that the clinical nutritionist must face involves decisions to provide, withhold, or withdraw artificial nutrition and hydration. Such a decision is not only technical but often has a strong moral component as well. Although it is the physician who writes any such order, the clinical nutritionist as fellow professional should be a part not only of the scientific aspects of the order but of the moral discourse leading to such an order and may certainly be involved in counseling physicians, other healthcare providers, patients, and families alike. This paper is intended to give the clinical nutritionist a familiarity with the discipline of medical ethics and its proper relationship to medical science, politics, and law. This review will then offer a more specific analysis of the ethical aspects of decisions to initiate, withhold, or withdraw artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) and offer particular commentary on the ethically significant pronouncements of Pope John Paul II in March of 2004 related to vegetative patients and artificial or "assisted" nutrition and hydration.
Calculation of the Knight-shift in metallic beryllium with an intermediate OPW-tight-binding method

Abstract Calculated values of the Knight-shift in metallic beryllium using the method of orthogonalized plane waves (OPW) are larger than the experimental upper limit by an order of magnitude. It is supposed that this discrepancy is due to the fact that the local character of the conduction electron wave functions near atomic nuclei in this metal is not accurately represented by the OPW-method. A modified variational calculation is proposed with a basis set consisting of orthogonalized plane waves plus tight-binding valence functions. A test calculation is carried out for the point Γ at the center of the upper surface of the second Brillouin zone, and the symmetry Γ−4. It is found that admixture of tight-binding 2s-functions results in a considerable decrease of the calculated Knight-shift; the corresponding energy level lies a little below that obtained on the basis of three symmetrized orthogonalized plane waves. A possible connection between these results and recent experimental observations on the Fermi-surface of beryllium is discussed.
Social Interactions in Labor Supply

Our research examines the effect of interdependence on estimation and interpretation of earnings/labor supply equations. We consider the cases of (1) a positive spillover from others' labor supplied and (2) a need for conformity with others' labor supplied. Qualitative and quantitative comparative statics results with a Stone-Geary utility function demonstrate how spillover effects increase labor supply uniformly. Alternatively, conformity effects move labor supplied toward the mean of the reference group so that, in the limit, labor supply becomes perfectly inelastic at the reference group average. When there are unmodeled exogenous social interactions, conventional wage elasticities are still relatively well estimated, although structural parameters may not be. Omitting endogenous social interactions may seriously misrepresent the labor supply effects of policy, however. (JEL: D11, J22, Z13)
Basic Principles and Properties of Avalanche Transit-Time Devices

The basic principles and characteristics of the various modes of operation of avalanche transit-time devices are presented. Theoretical and experimental results are also presented in order to indicate the present state of development and the kind of performance which has been achieved in these devices.
Atypical phytochrome gene structure in the green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum

The phytochrome photoreceptor in the green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum is encoded by a small family of highly related genes. DNA sequence analysis of two of the algal phytochrome genes indicates an atypical gene structure with numerous long introns. The two genes, termed mesphy1a and mesphy1b, encode polypeptides which differ by one amino acid in the region of overlap that was sequenced. RT-PCR studies have established the intron-exon junctions of both genes and show that both are expressed. RNA blot analysis indicates a single transcript of ca. 4.1 kb in length. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mesphy1b gene reveals that the photoreceptor consists of 1142 amino acids, with an overall structure similar to other phytochromes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the algal phytochrome falls into a distinct subfamily with other lower plant phytochromes. Profile analysis of an internal repeat found within the central hinge region of the phytochrome polypeptide indicates an evolutionary relatedness to the photoactive yellow protein from the purple bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halophila, to several bacterial sensor kinase family members, and to a family of eukaryotic regulatory proteins which includes the period clock (per) and single-minded (sim) gene products of Drosophila. Since mutations which alter phytochrome activity cluster within the region delimited by these direct repeats (P.H. Quail et al., Science 268 (1995): 675–680), this conserved motif may play an important role in the signal transducing function of these disparate protein families.
Elastic differential cross sections and analyzing powers for p+40,42,44,48Ca at 0.8 GeV

Abstract Differential cross sections and analyzing powers for the elastic scattering of 800 MeV polarized protons from 40,42,44,48Ca are reported. A first-order, spin-dependent KMT optical potential analysis is presented from which the rms radii of the neutron densities are deduced. A comparison of these results with other determinations and with various theoretical predictions is given.
The effect of verbal suggestion on the reversal rate of the Ames Trapezoid illusion.

(1966). The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on the Reversal Rate of the Ames Trapezoid Illusion. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 211-219.
The maximum recovery potential of human tumor cells may predict clinical outcome in radiotherapy.

Abstract We studied inherent radiosensitivity/resistance (D 0 ), ability to accumulate sublethal damage (n) and repair of potentially lethal damage (PLDR) in established human tumor cell lines as well as early passage human tumor cell lines derived from patients with known outcome following radiotherapy. Survival 24 hrs after treatment of human tumor cells with X rays in plateau phase cultures is a function of initial damage (D 0 , n), as well as recovery over 24 hrs (PLDR). A surviving fraction >.1 24 hrs following treatment with 7 Gy in plateau phase cultures is associated with tumor cell types (melanoma, osteosarcoma) with a high probability of radiotherapy failure or tumor cells derived from patients who actually failed radiotherapy. Therefore, total cellular recovery following radiation may be an important determinant of radiocurability. Accurate predictive assays of radiotherapy outcome may need to account for all these radiobiological parameters.
Genetic predisposition to persistent apical periodontitis.

Abstract Introduction The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 is a key regulator of host responses to microbial infection and a major modulator of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption. Allele2 of IL-1β is associated with a four-fold increase in IL-1β production. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the gene polymorphism of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of endodontic failure. We hypothesized that the gene polymorphism (allele2 of IL-1β) would influence host response and enhance inflammatory reactions predisposing to persistent apical periodontitis (PAP). Materials and Methods Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal therapy (RCT) were recalled. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 34 subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP with otherwise acceptable RCT were included. Sixty-one controls showed healing with acceptable RCT. Genomic DNA from buccal mucosa was amplified by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish the alleles of IL-1β gene polymorphism. Results A significant difference in the distribution of the polymorphic genotype among cases (70.6%) and controls (24.6%) (P Conclusions These findings suggest that specific genetic markers associated with increased IL-1β production may contribute to increased susceptibility to PAP.
Alvin Hansen as a Creative Economic Theorist

Much has been written about Alvin Hansen, the teacher and scholar by others in this symposium and by me elsewhere.' My purpose here is to describe his contributions to the corpus of economic analysis: when all personal influences decay exponentially through time as they must, there remains imperishably locked in the developed corpus of a subject the value-added contributions of a scholar. Men are mortal. Their theorems and inductive inferences are permanent. From the early 1930's on, Alvin Hansen had an international reputation among economists. He was also of renown to the general public, to governmental officials, and to international agencies. His oral and written testimony was widely sought; his tireless pen wrote not only for his academic colleagues and for students, but also for the wider public at large., At Harvard, in the policy areas of macroeconomics, despite his nonaggressive manner, he came to overshadow his colleagues in an almost embarrassing manner; considering the strategic importance of Harvard at that juncture in history, Hansen through his hold on students wielded a tremendous influence on the course of modern economic stabilization policy. (His colleagues included, to name but two scholars important in their own right, Joseph Schumpeter and Sumner Slichter: for different reasons, neither of these developed a coterie of followers to amplify his own influence. And the important influence of John Williams, both in his own person and through that minority of able students who did march primarily to his beat, was often by way of contrast and qualification to the bolder theses of Hansen and his circle. Gottfried Haberler provided a critical audit that was both creative and valuable.) This public extra-academic stature of Hansen I particularly stress. Its bright light tends to obscure his analytical importance as an economist. Anyone who has studied the parallel career of Gustav Cassel will realize that, precisely because Cassel came to be overpraised by the public toward whom so much of his writing was ad-
Simulation of a Mortar Launched, Parachute Deployed Battlefield Imaging System

Flight behavior of a mortar launched, parachute deployed imaging system is examined with particular attention to characterizing the quantity and quality of recorded image data. Coverage area of the imager, blur due to motion of the imager, and view time are evaluated for different system configurations allowing important design parameters to be identified. It is shown that proper tailoring of the dynamic characteristics of the system greatly improves gathered image data quantity and quality. Coning of the canister is an important system characteristic that largely drives total ground coverage. Canister coning is influenced in a complex manner by system geometric parameters. Mounting the parachute riser to the canister in such a way that the connection is off the axis of symmetry of the canister is a powerful technique to increase coning of the canister. Likewise, increasing riser length also yields increased coning. Increasing spin rate of the canister leads to a proportional increase in image blur, which is largest toward the edge of the image. Also, increased canister weight tends to increase the descent rate, which reduces total view time. At the same time, increased descent rate increases the spin rate for cross type parachutes, leading to increased image blur. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1789974#
The Role of Culture, Family Processes, and Anger Regulation in Korean American Adolescents’ Adjustment Problems

Using an ecologically informed, developmental psychopathology perspective, the present study examined contextual and intrapersonal predictors of depressive symptoms and externalizing problems among Korean American adolescents. Specifically, the role of cultural context (self-construals), family processes (family cohesion and conflict), and anger regulation (anger control, anger suppression, and outward anger expression) were examined. Study participants were N = 166 Korean American adolescents ranging from 11 to 15 years old (M = 13.0, SD = 1.2). Results showed that depressive symptoms were significantly associated with lower levels of perceived family cohesion, higher levels of perceived family conflict intensity, and higher levels of anger suppression. Externalizing problems were associated with male gender, a weaker interdependent self-construal, higher levels of perceived family conflict, lower levels of anger control, and higher levels of outward anger expression. The distinction between specific versus common factors associated with depressive symptoms and externalizing problems was discussed with an eye toward prevention or intervention strategies targeting specific coping mechanisms (e.g., generating alternatives to anger suppression) or developing psychoeducational approaches to facilitate family processes.
Free-electron laser gain without bunching.

It is possible to obtain gain from a free-electron laser without spatially bunching the electrons, and several mechanisms are analyzed for accomplishing this. The effect can be particularly important for low-quality beams, both for providing gain and increasing efficiency.
GESTALT: an expressive database programming system

Many new database applications require computational and data modelling power simply not present in conventional database management systems. Developers are forced to design complex encodings of complex data into a limited set of database types, and to embed DML commands into a host programming language, a notoriously tricky and error-prone enterprise.In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of GESTALT, a system and methodology for organizing and interfacing to multiple heterogeneous, existing database systems. Application programs are written in a supported programming language (currently C and Lisp) using high-level data and control abstractions native to the language. The system is flexible in that the underlying database systems can easily be replaced/upgraded/augmented without affecting existing application programs.We also describe our experience with the system: GESTALT has been in daily operational use at MIT for over a year, supporting an information system for CAF, a research facility for the automation of semiconductor fabrication.
Complex SAR phase history modeling using two-dimensional parametric estimation techniques

Using a point scatterer assumption, high-frequency SAR phase histories can be modeled as a sum of 2D complex exponentials in additive noise. This paper summarizes our SAR signal modeling experience using the XPatch simulated scattering data. We apply several 2D parametric estimation techniques including 2D TLS-Prony, MEMP, 2D IQML, and 2D CLEAN to estimate the complex exponential model parameters. From the estimation results, we discuss the engineering trade-offs among memory requirement, computation requirement, and estimation accuracy.
Copper isotope fractionation during surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation by bacteria

Abstract Copper isotopes may prove to be a useful tool for investigating bacteria–metal interactions recorded in natural waters, soils, and rocks. However, experimental data which attempt to constrain Cu isotope fractionation in biologic systems are limited and unclear. In this study, we utilized Cu isotopes (δ 65 Cu) to investigate Cu–bacteria interactions, including surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation. Experiments were conducted with individual representative species of Gram-positive ( Bacillus subtilis ) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacteria, as well as with wild-type consortia of microorganisms from several natural environments. Ph-dependent adsorption experiments were conducted with live and dead cells over the pH range 2.5–6. Surface adsorption experiments of Cu onto live bacterial cells resulted in apparent separation factors (Δ 65 Cu solution–solid = δ 65 Cu solution − δ 65 Cu solid ) ranging from +0.3‰ to +1.4‰ for B. subtilis and +0.2‰ to +2.6‰ for E. coli . However, because heat-killed bacterial cells did not exhibit this behavior, the preference of the lighter Cu isotope by the cells is probably not related to reversible surface adsorption, but instead is a metabolically-driven phenomenon. Adsorption experiments with heat-killed cells yielded apparent separation factors ranging from +0.3‰ to −0.69‰ which likely reflects fractionation from complexation with organic acid surface functional group sites. For intracellular incorporation experiments the lab strains and natural consortia preferentially incorporated the lighter Cu isotope with an apparent Δ 65 Cu solution–solid ranging from ∼+1.0‰ to +4.4‰. Our results indicate that live bacterial cells preferentially sequester the lighter Cu isotope regardless of the experimental conditions. The fractionation mechanisms involved are likely related to active cellular transport and regulation, including the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I). Because similar intracellular Cu machinery is shared by fungi, plants, and higher organisms, the influence of biological processes on the δ 65 Cu of natural waters and soils is probably considerable.
Structural incompatibilities and liquid–liquid phase separation in molten binary silicates: A computer simulation

We have carried out a series of ion dynamics simulations on binary silicate systems ranging from MnO–SiO2, which shows a large liquid–liquid miscibility gap, to K2O–SiO2, which does not unmix even below the stable liquidus. We have used Coulomb attractions plus Born–Mayer–Huggins repulsive pairwise‐additive potentials, evaluating the energies with a full Ewald summation. Energies of the systems were determined at a constant pressure using the Andersen algorithm. In the simulated systems (which are too small to permit phase separation) results show that in the MnO–SiO2 system the heats of mixing are indeed positive, and greater than any conceivable T⋅ΔS value, in the composition range 0.5<XSiO2 <1.0 in which phase separation occurs in practice. In K2O–SiO2, by contrast, ΔHm is always negative. Analysis of angular correlations as a function of temperature using new ‘‘circular distribution functions,’’ allows the origin of the unfavorable mixing energy to be determined in terms of structural/geometrical incompatibilities. At high silica contents the incorporation of smaller divalent cations, which seek four coordination, can only be realized by distorting the network from its lowest energy topology to provide the requisite nonbridging oxygens. On cooling, the divalent cations are seen to move out of these unfavorable sites as a first step towards phase separation on a macroscopic scale. In the case of large low‐charge‐density cations, a greater degree of bridging is retained by forming large gaps which can easily host the cations and even allow them to diffuse freely.
Magnetic Field Effects on the Compass Mechanism and Activity Level of the Snail Helisoma Duryi Endiscus

(1967). Magnetic Field Effects on the Compass Mechanism and Activity Level of the Snail Helisoma Duryi Endiscus. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 111, No. 1, pp. 85-102.
Biased graphs. III. Chromatic and dichromatic invariants

Abstract A biased graph Ω consists of a graph Γ and a class of circles in Γ (edge sets of simple, closed paths), called balanced, such that no theta subgraph contains exactly two balanced circles. An edge set is balanced if (simplifying slightly) every circle in it is balanced. Biased graphs generalize ordinary graphs, which behave like biased graphs in which every circle is balanced. We define and study the chromatic, dichromatic, and Whitney number polynomials of a biased graph, which generalize those of an ordinary graph. We employ an algebraic definition since not all biased graphs can be colored. We show that the polynomials enjoy many properties that are familiar in ordinary graph theory, such as convolutional and partition expansions, close connections with the bias and lift matroids of Ω, and deletion-contraction invariance of the dichromatic polynomial. They also have the novel feature of being reducible to more readily computable related polynomials that have no analogs in ordinary graph theory. We apply our results to evaluate Whitney numbers and other invariants of the bias and lift matroids, to characterize the biased graphs which have an unbalanced edge at every node and whose bias matroid is a series-parallel network, and to calculate the invariants of some types of biased graphs, such as those where no circle is balanced and some which are similar to Dowling lattices and classical root systems. For the latter we also characterize supersolvability, a matroid property which implies the characteristic polynomial has positive integral roots.
Encouraging language students to contribute inflection data to Wiktionary

We propose building a computer program to simplify access to the inflection (i.e., "word ending") data in Wiktionary. This program will make it easier to both (1) look up a word's inflections and, more importantly, (2) edit incorrect inflections. We expect that such a program will encourage foreign language students to both use Wiktionary as a resource and contribute inflection and other grammar data to Wiktionary. We believe that the resulting additional activity will make Wiktionary a better resource for students --- especially students of those languages for which there are no cheap, comprehensive inflection resources --- and provide data that will be beneficial to the wiki research community.
Effects of trans-pyridine ligands on the interactions of RuII and RuIII ammine complexes N7-coordinated to purine nucleosides and DNA.

DNA binding by trans-[(H2O)(Pyr)(NH3)4RuII]2+ (Pyr=py, 3-phpy, 4-phpy, 3-bnpy, 4-bnpy) is highly selective for G7 with KG=1.1×104 to 2.8×104, with the more hydrophobic Pyr ligands exhibiting slightly higher binding. A strong dependence on ionic strength indicates that ion-pairing with DNA occurs prior to binding. At μ=0.05, d[RuII-DNA]/dt=k[RuII][DNA], where k=0.17–0.21 M–1 s–1 with the various Pyr ligands. The air oxidation of [(py)(NH3)4RuII]n-DNA to [(py)(NH3)4RuIII]n-DNA at pH 6 occurs with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of kobs=5.6×10–4 s–1 at μ=0.1, T=25 °C. Strand cleavage of plasmid DNA appears to occur by both Fenton/Haber-Weiss chemistry and by base-catalyzed routes, some of which are independent of oxygen. Base-catalyzed cleavage is more efficient than O2 activation at neutral pH and involves the disproportionation of covalently bound RuIII and, in the presence of O2, Ru-facilitated autoxidation to 8-oxoguanine. Disproportionation of [py(NH3)4RuIII]n-DNA occurs according to the rate law: d[RuII–GDNA]/dt=k0[RuIII–GDNA]+k1[RuIII–GDNA][OH–], where k0=5.4×10–4 s–1 and k1=8.8 M–1 s–1 at 25 °C, μ=0.1. The appearance of [(Gua)(py)(NH3)4RuIII] under argon, which occurs according to the rate law: d[RuIII–G]/dt=k0[RuIII–GDNA]+k1[OH–][RuIII–GDNA] (k0=5.74×10–5 s–1, k1=1.93×10–2 M–1 s–1 at T=25 °C, μ=0.1), is consistent with lysis of the N-glycosidic bond by RuIV-induced general acid hydrolysis. In air, the ratio of [Ru-8-OG]/[Ru-G] and their net rates of appearance are 1.7 at pH 11, 25 °C. Small amounts of phosphate glycolate indicate a minor oxidative pathway involving C4′ of the sugar. In air, a dynamic steady-state system arises in which reduction of RuIV produces additional RuII.
The role of atomic matching and lattice correspondences in the selection of habit planes

Abstract A procedure for predicting precipitate facet planes is demonstrated. The approach is based upon finding interphase boundaries with a high density of near-coincidence sites. Such near-coincidence site boundaries are identified by analyzing computer-generated lattice correspondences. For f.c.c./b.c.c. transformations, numerous lattice correspondences yield a similar degree of matching in 3-dimensions but substantially different matching in two-dimensions. The (1 2 1) f habit plane of precipitates in NiCr is shown to be a near-coincidence site boundary in which each near-coincidence site lattice cell contains three atoms. This boundary is identified using a non-Bain type of lattice correspondence. However, the observed interfacial structure, growth direction, and facet planes of these precipitates suggest the selection of the habit plane results from geometric matching rather than the existence of a lattice correspondence during the growth process. A lattice correspondence is also proposed that explains the 4 9 4 habit plane of martensite in Fe8Cr1C.
Investigating estimation error reduction strategies in complex engineering systems

When the manufacturing objective is process or product improvement, quality practitioners will frequently resort to one or more approaches within the broader class of response surface methodology. Several techniques, such as the dual response, robust parameter design, and desirability function approach, may be effective tools to solve the multi-response optimisation problem. All of these techniques are designed to identify the factor settings that lead to an optimal solution in terms of the mean or variance among characteristics. The skewness in the distribution of observations for one or more characteristics, however, is not considered. The techniques also traditionally rely on the fit of second-order response surface designs in estimating each response, which may be unreliable in some cases. In contrast, this paper offers an approach to solving complex multi-response optimisation problems that considers both the error associated with process skewness and the accuracy of a response surface.
Responses: Geography as space and geography as place: The divide between political science and political geography continues

Steven Spiegel's article ‘Traditional Space vs. Cyberspace’ exemplifies the divide between political science and political geography. In trying to incorporate geographic factors into his consideration of post‐Cold War geopolitics, Spiegel equates his view with distance and less explicitly with territory. The attempt to position geography as central to international politics has failed once again because of the equation of spatial analysis with the field of geography. Ignorance and neglect of the place tradition, prominent in contemporary geography, is the most important factor in the continued failure of communication between Geography and International Relations.
Making mechanism interesting

I note the multitude of ways in which, beginning with the classic paper by Machamer et al. (Philos Sci 67:1–25, 2000), the mechanists have qualify their methodological dicta, and limit the vulnerability of their claims by strategic vagueness regarding their application. I go on to generalize a version of the mechanist requirement on explanations due to Craver and Kaplan (Philos Sci 78(4):601–627, 2011) in cognitive and systems neuroscience so that it applies broadly across the life sciences in accordance with the view elaborated by Craver and Darden in In Search of Mechanisms (2013). I then go on to explore what ramifications their mechanist requirement on explanations may have for explanatory “dependencies” reported in biology and the special sciences. What this exploration suggests is that mechanism threatens to eliminate instead of underwrite a large number of such “dependencies” reported in higher-levels of biology and the special sciences. I diagnose the source of this threat in mechanism’s demand that explanations identify nested causal differences makers in mechanisms, their components, the components further components, and so forth. Finally, I identify the “love–hate” relationship mechanism must have with functional explanation, and show how it makes mechanism an extremely interesting thesis indeed.
Phase I Trial of a New Schedule of Romidepsin in Patients with Advanced Cancers

Purpose: Romidepsin is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) with activity in T-cell lymphoma. Given preclinical data showing greater induction of gene expression with longer exposures to HDIs, a phase I study of a day 1, 3, and 5 romidepsin schedule was evaluated. A secondary objective was to assess the effect of romidepsin on radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake in thyroid cancers. Experimental Design: Open-label, single-arm, phase I, 3 + 3 dose escalation study. Romidepsin was administered as a 4-hour infusion on days 1, 3, and 5 of a 21-day cycle. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) were assessed, including histone acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), RAI uptake in refractory thyroid cancer, and HDI-related ECG changes. Results: Twenty-eight patients with solid tumors, including 11 patients with thyroid cancer were enrolled. Six dose levels were explored, and 7 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5 was identified as tolerable. No Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors–defined objective responses were recorded although 9 patients had stable disease a median 30 weeks (range, 21–112) including 6 with thyroid cancer a median of 33 weeks. PD studies detected acetylated histones in PBMCs and ECG changes beginning at low dose levels. Follow-up RAI scans in patients with RAI refractory thyroid cancer did not detect meaningful increases. Conclusions: A romidepsin dose of 7 mg/m2 administered on days 1, 3, and 5 was found tolerable and resulted in histone acetylation in PBMCs. Although there were no objective responses with romidepsin alone, this schedule may be useful for developing combination studies in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 19(16); 4499–507. ©2013 AACR .
A model for the temperature-dependence of tidal dissipation in convective plumes on icy satellites: Implications for Europa and Enceladus

Abstract To explain the formation of surface features on Europa, Enceladus, and other satellites, many authors have postulated the spatial localization of tidal heating within convective plumes. However, the concept that enhanced tidal heating can occur within a convective plume has not been rigorously tested. Most models of this phenomenon adopt a tidal heating with a temperature-dependence derived for an incompressible, homogeneous (zero-dimensional) Maxwell material, but it is unclear whether this formulation is relevant to the heterogeneous situation of a warm plume surrounded by cold ice. To determine whether concentrated dissipation can occur in convective plumes, we develop a two-dimensional model to compute the volumetric dissipation rate for an idealized, vertically oriented, isolated convective plume obeying a Maxwellian viscoelastic compressible rheology. We apply the model to the Europa and Enceladus ice shells, and we investigate the consequences for partial melting and resurfacing processes on these bodies. We find that the tidal heating is strongly temperature dependent in a convective ice plume and could produce elevated temperatures and local partial melting in the ice shells of Europa and Enceladus. Our calculation provides the first quantitative verification of the hypothesis by Sotin et al. [Sotin, C., Head, J.W., Tobie, G., 2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29. 74-1] and others that the tidal dissipation rate is a strong function of temperature inside a convective plume. On Europa, such localized heating could help allow the formation of domes and chaos terrains by convection. On Enceladus, localized tidal heating in a thermal plume could explain the concentrated activity at the south pole and its associated heat transport of 2–7 GW.
Prenatal MRI Findings of Fetuses with Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence

Objective: To define the MRI findings of congenital high airway obstructionsequence (CHAOS) in a series of fetuses.Materials and Methods: Prenatal fetal MR images were reviewed in sevenfetuses with CHAOS at 21 to 27 weeks of gestation. The MRI findings werereviewed. The MRI parameters evaluated included the appearance of the lungsand diaphragm, presence or absence of hydrops, amount of amniotic fluid, airwayappearance, predicted level of airway obstruction, and any additional findings orsuspected genetic syndromes. Results: All the fetuses viewed (7 of 7) demonstrated the following MRI find-ings: dilated airway below the level of obstruction, increased lung signal, marked-ly increased lung volumes with flattened or inverted hemidiaphragms, massiveascites, centrally positioned and compressed heart, as well as placentomegaly.Other frequent findings were anasarca (6 of 7) and polyhydramnios (3 of 7). MRIidentified the level of obstruction as laryngeal in five cases and tracheal in twocases. In four of the patients, surgery or autopsy confirmed the MRI predictedlevel of obstruction. Associated abnormalities were found in 4 of 7 (genetic syn-dromes in 2). Postnatal radiography (n = 3) showed markedly hyperinflated lungswith inverted or flattened hemidiaphragms, strandy perihilar opacities, pneumoth-oraces and tracheotomy. Two fetuses were terminated and one fetus demised inutero. Four fetuses were delivered via ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure.Conclusion: MRI shows a consistent pattern of abnormalities in fetuses withCHAOS, accurately identifies the level of airway obstruction, and helps differenti-ate from other lung abnormalities such as bilateral congenital pulmonary airwaymalformation by demonstrating an abnormally dilated airway distal to the obstruc-tion. ongenital high airway obstruction sequence (CHAOS) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by complete or near complete intrin-sic obstruction of the fetal airway. CHAOS has been considered analmost invariably fatal condition (1) which often goes incorrectly diagnosed untilautopsy. However, advances in prenatal imaging, earlier diagnosis in utero, in uterosurgical treatment, and delivery via ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) totracheostomy may contribute to improving the outcome of this condition (1-7). Withthe exception of case reports (2, 8-10), there is little in the literature describing theMRI findings of CHAOS. We present the MRI findings in a series of seven fetuses withprenatal diagnosis of CHAOS. To our knowledge, this is the largest described series ofpatients with CHAOS and the first article focusing on the description of MRI findings.Carolina V. A. Guimaraes, MD
Orthogonal decision trees

This paper introduces orthogonal decision trees that offer an effective way to construct a redundancy-free, accurate, and meaningful representation of large decision-tree-ensembles often created by popular techniques such as bagging, boosting, random forests and many distributed and data stream mining algorithms. Orthogonal decision trees are functionally orthogonal to each other and they correspond to the principal components of the underlying function space. This paper offers a technique to construct such trees based on eigen-analysis of the ensemble and offers experimental results to document the performance of orthogonal trees on grounds of accuracy and model complexity.
Clinically Available Medicines Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of humans and other mammals, including livestock and companion animals. While chemotherapeutic regimens, including pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine regimens, ameliorate acute or recrudescent disease such as toxoplasmic encephalitis or ocular toxoplasmosis, these drugs are often toxic to the host. Moreover, no approved options are available to treat infected women who are pregnant. Lastly, no drug regimen has shown the ability to eradicate the chronic stage of infection, which is characterized by chemoresistant intracellular cysts that persist for the life of the host. In an effort to promote additional chemotherapeutic options, we now evaluate clinically available drugs that have shown efficacy in disease models but which lack clinical case reports. Ideally, less-toxic treatments for the acute disease can be identified and developed, with an additional goal of cyst clearance from human and animal hosts.