cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene function, metabolic pathways and comparative genomics in yeast

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been experimentally manipulated for several decades. Much of the information generated is available in the Saccharomyces genome database (SGD, http://www.yeastgenome.org/). SGD contains large datasets of both genomic and proteomic information, as well as tools for data analysis. This paper will highlight three datasets that are maintained by SGD. First, a large dataset of hand-curated information is provided in machine readable format for each gene of the Saccharomyces genome. These hand-curated annotations use the gene ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies for biological process, molecular function and cellular component and each contains categorical evidence codes and literature references. A second area of focus is on metabolic pathways. A new dataset of hand-curated information on metabolic pathways within budding yeast was released in May 2003. This resource can be searched to view biochemical reactions and pathways and their component gene products. This resource also maps data from genome-wide expression analyses onto the pathway overview providing a visualization of the changes in gene expression in the context of cellular metabolism. These pathways are created and edited using the pathway tools software but the content is reviewed and updated by SGD. A third dataset has recently become available as the result of two comparative genomic analyses. Two groups sequenced the genomes of several yeasts closely related to S. cerevisiae, and then completed a gene-by-gene comparison of these genomes. These genome comparisons were combined with available experimental evidence by SGD. Using these data the annotations for the S.cerevisiae reference genome were improved. All these datasets are freely available from the SGD ftp site.
Molecular Dissection of the Essential Features of the Origin of Replication of the Second Vibrio cholerae Chromosome

ABSTRACT Vibrionaceae family members are interesting models for studying DNA replication initiation, as they contain two circular chromosomes. Chromosome II (chrII) replication is governed by two evolutionarily unique yet highly conserved elements, the origin DNA sequence oriCII and the initiator protein RctB. The minimum functional region of oriCII , oriCII-min , contains multiple elements that are bound by RctB in vitro , but little is known about the specific requirements for individual elements during oriCII initiation. We utilized undirected and site-specific mutagenesis to investigate the functionality of mutant forms of oriCII-min and assessed binding to various mutant forms by RctB. Our analyses showed that deletions, point mutations, and changes in RctB target site spacing or methylation all impaired oriCII-min -based replication. RctB displayed a reduced affinity for most of the low-efficacy origins tested, although its characteristic cooperative binding was generally maintained. Mutations that removed or altered the relative positions of origin components other than RctB binding sites (e.g., AT-rich sequence, DnaA target site) also abolished replicative capacity. Comprehensive mutagenesis and deep-sequencing-based screening (OriSeq) allowed the identification of a previously uncharacterized methylated domain in oriCII that is required for origin function. Together, our results reveal the remarkable evolutionary honing of oriCII and provide new insight into the complex interplay between RctB and oriCII . IMPORTANCE The genome of the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae consists of two chromosomes. While the chromosome I replication origin and its cognate replication initiator protein resemble those of Escherichia coli, the factors responsible for chromosome II replication initiation display no similarity to any other known initiation systems. Here, to enhance our understanding of how this DNA sequence, oriCII , and its initiator protein, RctB, function, we used both targeted mutagenesis and a new random-mutagenesis approach (OriSeq) to finely map the oriCII structural features and sequences required for RctB-mediated DNA replication. Collectively, our findings reveal the extraordinary evolutionary honing of the architecture and motifs that constitute oriCII and reveal a new role for methylation in oriCII -based replication. Finally, our findings suggest that the OriSeq approach is likely to be widely applicable for defining critical bases in cis -acting sequences.
HIV-1 viral load and phenotypic antiretroviral drug resistance assays based on reverse transcriptase activity in comparison to amplification based HIV-1 RNA and genotypic assays.

Background Amplification based HIV-1 viral load and genotypic resistance assays are expensive, technologically complex and may be difficult to implement in resource limited settings. Inexpensive, simpler assays are urgently needed.
Supporting Teachers of English Learners by Leveraging Students' Linguistic Strengths.

In this paper, we seek to inform policy regarding the professional development of teachers of students who are learning English. To do this, we employ a framework that considers the pedagogical knowledge, practical teaching skills, and dispositions recommended by PD researchers and ELL teacher educators. We then present an approach that incorporates recommended teacher practices, dispositions, and types of knowledge that we call TRANSLATE, or Teaching Reading And New Strategic Language Approaches to English learners. We argue that translating carefully selected portions of grade-level appropriate text has the potential to improve the English reading comprehension of ELLs. We illustrate this approach by highlighting how one of our research team's instructors was able to incorporate ELL students' linguistic expertise into their guided reading of a text so that they could engage in the kinds of metacognitive and metalinguistic behavior known to foster reading comprehension.
Differential Development of Male and Female Larvae of a Black Fly Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Abstract Some adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) bite humans and can be pests in high numbers. In areas of high black fly abundance, larvicide-based suppression programs reduce the emergence of adults from rivers and streams. However, little is known about whether either of the sexes develops or emerges first. Descriptions of sexual development might help control managers decide when application of pesticides is most effective. For the past 14 yr the cytogenetic diversity within the Simulium arcticum (Malloch) complex of black flies in the Pacific Northwest has been studied and described. These descriptions have been accompanied by an “on-slide” identification of the gonads and, thus, the sex of individual larvae. Consequently, a very large data set is available to describe sex ratios during larval development and determine if either sex develops before the other. The sex of >11,000 larvae from 161 collections from 41 geographic locations has been monitored. Larvae having white histoblasts we...
Use of Reference Standard in Panel Training

This exercise complements Chap. 9 (Flavor Profile) and Chap. 10 (Introduction to Descriptive Analysis). It demonstrates how reference standards may be used for panel training in two important ways: teaching terminology for flavors and calibrating panelists for intensity scales. Four systems are suggested, including dairy and wine references for flavors and hardness (texture) and sweetness for intensity. Instructors may choose to use some or all of the suggested product systems.
Seeing the world: Media and vision in US geography classrooms, 1890–1930

This article explains why and how, between the 1890s and the 1920s, American educators and educational publishers tried to use photographic media to (1) help students form concepts of an increasingly complex modern world, and (2) discipline students’ eyes and minds to guarantee uniform modes of visuality. Educators hoped these related projects would prepare the nation’s future citizens to participate constructively in modern democratic society and a global industrial economy. These efforts, I argue, inadvertently resulted in a remarkably powerful, if unofficial, visual idiom of the nation-state, replicated in and across classroom visual aids. But educators’ attempts to teach students constructive visual skills were far less successful, I suggest; determining just what constituted ‘good seeing’ and training students in those practices remained an elusive educational ideal rather than a classroom reality. Consequently, educators quickly abandoned the effort to inculcate disciplined modes of seeing. The geog...
Tidal Light: For Full Orchestra

Tidal Light is a work for orchestra commissioned and premiered by the New England Philharmonic at Boston in 2001, under the direction of Richard Pittman. Subsequent performances have been given at Tanglewood’s Ozawa Hall, by the Boston University Tanglewood Institute, Young Artist Orchestra, by the Boston University Symphony Orchestra, and in Taiwan by the National Taiwan University Symphony. Its duration in performance is approximately seven minutes. Its form commences with an aggressively rhythmic character and proceeds through a series of episodes to a calm and spacious conclusion.
Mechanism for Nonconservation of Muon Number

We consider the possibility that muon-number conservation is not a fundamental symmetry of nature. In simple SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) gauge theories with several scalar boson doublets, muon number will still atuomatically be conserved by the intermediate-vector-boson interactions, but not by effects of virtual scalar bosons. The branching ratio for $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is estimated to be of order ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{3}$. Other $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}e$ transition processes are also discussed.
Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: D Is the New F

Providing compassionate and safe care to patients with chronic pain is not for the faint of heart. It is easy to err on one side or the other. One thing I am certain of: we need to engage patients in an honest and open way rather than quickly writing or refusing to write opioid prescriptions. Given that many patients may be defensive about using opioids, I always speak of my fears. I do not say “You are going through the pills too quickly.” Rather, I say “I amworried that at the doses of medication you are taking, the medicine will harm you.” Often I am worried about their substance abuse, prescription as well as illicit. (We should remember that our patients can buy our medicines, along with lots of other substances, on the streets, and these purchases are not recorded on any prescription drug-monitoring program.) Often, patients who need substance-abuse treatment do not believe that they do, and even worse, sometimes such treatment is not available. What I do in these cases is the only thing I can do: I tell them “Youmatter; I care what happens to you.” This approachmight not always work, but I think it makes us both feel better.
Leveraging Change: WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSCR 1325 IN THE BALKANS

This article examines how regional and local women's organizations in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo have used UNSCR 1325 as a tool for organizing and advocacy in three broad areas: women's ...
106 IMPROVED VENTILATION IN PIGLETS TREATED WITH NASAL INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION VERSUS SYNCHRONIZED INTERMITTENT MANDATORY VENTILATION.

Background Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is used to augment continuous positive airway pressure but there is little information regarding its efficacy. Hypothesis Surfactant deficient piglets treated with NIPPV would have improved physiologic tolerance of non-invasive assisted ventilation and decreased inflammatory markers than those treated with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Methods Two modes of assisted ventilation, NIPPV and SIMV, were compared in spontaneously breathing piglets with saline lavage induced lung injury (PaO2 Results Inflammatory marker levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Piglets treated with NIPPV demonstrated improved arterial blood gas pH (p Conclusion Surfactant deficient piglets treated with NIPPV demonstrated more efficient gas exchange with proportionally fewer mechanical breaths. In surfactant deficient piglets, NIPPV offers an adequate and non-invasive ventilatory strategy.
Peripheral blood myeloid progenitor cell cultures in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (CFU-eos in hypereosinophilic syndrome)

Myeloid progenitor cell cultures (CFU-C) were established in a double- layer agar system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Normal controls produced 49% +/- 3.5% eosinophil colonies; results in 7 of the 13 HES patients were within the normal range, while in 5, the proportion of eosinophil colonies was greater than 3 standard deviations above the normal mean, and in 1 patient there was a low proportion of eosinophil colonies. The production of an increased proportion of eosinophil colonies correlated with more aggressive disease. Experiments in which normal progenitor cells were cultured over feeder layers of mononuclear cells demonstrated that cells of 3 of the 5 patients had an excess production of eosinophil colony-stimulating activity. When HES patients progenitor cells were cultured over normal feeder layers, 2 of the 5 patient samples continued to produce an increased proportion of eosinophil colonies, suggesting that these patients have an excess proportion of progenitor cells committed to eosinophil differentiation. Thus, the results demonstrated heterogeneity of growth characteristics for the HES patients. None, however, had the colony growth characteristic of acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia.
An Examination of Homologous Reproduction in the Representation of Assistant Coaches of Women’s Teams: A 10-Year Update

This study aimed to update previous homologous reproduction research in coaching for four NCAA women’s collegiate teams in the USA. Further, this study aimed to extend previous research by continuing to examine environments in which women (as a proportion) are actually the dominant gender doing the hiring of their subordinate employees. Specifically, we examined the gender representation of assistant coaches as a function of the gender of their head coach in four sports (women’s basketball, women’s soccer, women’s volleyball, and softball) across all three NCAA divisions (I, II, and III). Results for this study revealed that in three of the four sports analyzed, female head coaches continue to hire female assistant coaches at a higher rate overall than do male head coaches. Further, male head coaches have continued to decrease their homologous reproductive practices since 2002 and have begun hiring additional female assistants and fewer all male coaching staffs.
Long-term Stability and Reliability of Baseline Cognitive Assessments in High School Athletes Using ImPACT at 1-, 2-, and 3-year Test–Retest Intervals

OBJECTIVE: The ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) neurocognitive testing battery is a widely used tool used for the assessment and management of sports-related concussion. Research on the stability of ImPACT in high school athletes at a 1- and 2-year intervals have been inconsistent, requiring further investigation. We documented 1-, 2-, and 3-year test-retest reliability of repeated ImPACT baseline assessments in a sample of high school athletes, using multiple statistical methods for examining stability. METHODS: A total of 1,510 high school athletes completed baseline cognitive testing using online ImPACT test battery at three time periods of approximately 1- (N = 250), 2- (N = 1146), and 3-year (N = 114) intervals. No participant sustained a concussion between assessments. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged in composite scores from 0.36 to 0.90 and showed little change as intervals between assessments increased. Reliable change indices and regression-based measures (RBMs) examining the test-retest stability demonstrated a lack of significant change in composite scores across the various time intervals, with very few cases (0%-6%) falling outside of 95% confidence intervals. CONCLUSION: The results suggest ImPACT composites scores remain considerably stability across 1-, 2-, and 3-year test-retest intervals in high school athletes, when considering both ICCs and RBM. Annually ascertaining baseline scores continues to be optimal for ensuring accurate and individualized management of injury for concussed athletes. For instances in which more recent baselines are not available (1-2 years), clinicians should seek to utilize more conservative range estimates in determining the presence of clinically meaningful change in cognitive performance.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Language: en
Relationships among measures of longest utterances, MLU, age, and number of utterances in child language samples

The length of longest utterances (LLU) may offer a useful view of the upper boundaries of a child's early expressive grammar. In this study, the properties of four measures of LLU were examined in terms of their relationships to mean length of utterance (MLU) and to language sample size over the course of early development. The four measures of LLU were (1) mean length of the longest three utterances (LLU-3), (2) mean length of the longest 10% of utterances (LLU-10%), (3) MLUs over the median utterance length (LLU-M), and (4) MLUs longer than one morpheme (LLU > 1). Language samples of various sizes were created by randomly selecting subsets of 50, 100, 200, and 300 utterances from Brown's samples of Adam, Eve, and Sarah. The four calculation methods were compared in each of the sample sizes, over the course of development for each child. The results indicated that LLU-M and LLU > 1 were both close to MLU, although age differences were noted. Increases in LLU tended to outpace MLU over development in thre...
Association of Preoperative Risk Factors With Malignancy in Pancreatic Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms: A Multicenter Study.

Importance Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) harbor malignant potential, and current guidelines recommend resection. However, data are limited on preoperative risk factors for malignancy (adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia) occurring in the setting of an MCN. Objectives To examine the preoperative risk factors for malignancy in resected MCNs and to assess outcomes of MCN-associated adenocarcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Patients who underwent pancreatic resection of MCNs at the 8 academic centers of the Central Pancreas Consortium from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2014, were retrospectively identified. Preoperative factors of patients with and without malignant tumors were compared. Survival analyses were conducted for patients with adenocarcinoma. Main Outcomes and Measures Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the association of preoperative factors with the presence of MCN-associated malignancy. Results A total of 1667 patients underwent resection of pancreatic cystic lesions, and 349 (20.9%) had an MCN (310 women [88.8%]; mean (SD) age, 53.3 [14.7] years). Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 3.72; 95% CI, 1.21-11.44; P = .02), pancreatic head and neck location (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.43-10.81; P = .01), increased radiographic size of the MCN (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.27; P P P = .003) were independently associated with malignancy. Malignancy was not associated with presence of radiographic septations or preoperative cyst fluid analysis (carcinoembryonic antigen, amylase, or mucin presence). The median serum CA19-9 level for patients with malignant neoplasms was 210 vs 15 U/mL for those without ( P = .001). In the 44 patients with adenocarcinoma, 41 (93.2%) had lymph nodes harvested, with nodal metastases in only 14 (34.1%). Median follow-up for patients with adenocarcinoma was 27 months. Adenocarcinoma recurred in 11 patients (25%), with a 64% recurrence-free survival and 59% overall survival at 3 years. Conclusions and Relevance Adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia is present in 14.9% of resected pancreatic MCNs for which risks include male sex, pancreatic head and neck location, larger MCN, solid component or mural nodule, and duct dilation. Mucinous cystic neoplasm–associated adenocarcinoma appears to have decreased nodal involvement at the time of resection and increased survival compared with typical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Indications for resection of MCNs should be revisited.
Impacts of Recreational Flow Releases on Macroinvertebrate Drift at Different Distances Downstream from Abanakee Dam, New York

We examined macroinvertebrate drift at 4 sites downstream of Abanakee Dam on the Indian River, NY, on separate days at base-flow conditions and following days during recreational releases (rapid releases supporting white-water rafting enterprises). Macroinvertebrate drift rates were highest near the dam due to high numbers of drifting Simuliidae at both base flow and during a release. At the other 3 sites, Simuliidae were less abundant in the drift, and Chironomidae and Sphaeriidae had especially high drift densities during a release, suggesting a greater vulnerability to catastrophic drift. Macroinvertebrate drift was not affected by differences in stream gradients or shear forces that did differ between sites. Our drift densities during the recreational releases were higher than observations from other studies during natural floods, suggesting greater drift vulnerability to rapid increases (∼15 min) in discharge when flood gates are opened.
Breaking into the Lab: Engineering Progress for Women in Science and Technology

Although the overall percentage of women receiving degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields has increased in the US during the last three decades, the data mask wide variance among fields. Responses of over 300 current women scientists who were National Science Foundation Professional Opportunities for Women in Research and Education (POWRE) awardees—both junior and senior—document that despite the increases, many of the same issues for women persist today, although the obstacles or expression of experiences may differ slightly. Balancing career and family, time management, isolation, lack of camaraderie, poor mentoring, issues experienced by dual career couples, as well as gaining credibility and respectability from colleagues and superiors in science remain problematic. Additionally, sexual harassment and gender discrimination still occur too frequently. Data from interviews of current scientists reveal what happens to successful women as they become senior and consider going into administration, and whether women are excluded from leading edge work in the commercialization of science and technology transfer. Since the focus of scientific research globally has shifted from basic to applied research and innovation, the dearth of women receiving patents suggests a new twenty-firstcentury face on the old story of women’s exclusion from the leading edge of science.
Utilization Issues in Environment-Behavior Research

The implementation gap is one of the most persistent and vexing issues in environmental design research (Merrill, 1976; Reizenstein, 1975; Seidel, 1979). An editorial in the first issue of Architectural Research and Teaching (Editorial Board, 1970) declared with remarkable prescience that the implementation gap “will turn out to be surprisingly resilient and will defeat our best intentions unless its causes are analyzed and strategies planned accordingly” (p. 3). Seidel (1982) pointed out that the applications gap is not unique to environment—behavior (EB) research and has been reported in many fields. Program evaluation is subject to the same underimplementation. One study after another has found that evaluations are sporadically used to improve policy outcomes and, in some cases, are never even read (Mitchell, 1990). Exhortation, public lamentation, and scapegoating interfere with clear definition of the problem and the development of effective solutions. Instead of using defense mechanisms, we need to look at implementation as a design issue and develop solutions through systematic and focused research. As Zimbardo (1973) put it, to be seriously concerned about the effects of research requires substantial evaluation research. Follow-up can play the same role in evaluating the work of researchers that postoccupancy evaluation (POE) has in evaluating the completed designs of practitioners. The evaluation need not wait for publication, since research impact can precede publication (Archea & Margulis, 1979; Marsh & Glassick, 1988).
Pharmacogenomics and perioperative medicine--implications for modern clinical practice.

Genetic variation plays an important role in chronic disease and in perioperative patient management. It was our intent in this short review to cite practical examples of relevant overlap between pharmacoge-nomics and clinical anesthesiology. The influence of genetics on patient safety is seen throughout the perioperative period, when evaluating patients with co-existing diseases in the pre-anesthesia clinic, when considering metabolism and efficacy of drugs intra-operatively, and at the time of postoperative pain management and clinical outcome assessment. The situations presented in this editorial provide compel-ling reasons for clinicians to embrace the partnership between genetics and anesthesiology.
Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder

The functions of the lower urinary tract (LUT) are to store and periodically release urine. These functions are dependent upon a complex interplay between the central and peripheral nervous systems and local regulatory factors.1 The neural circuitry that controls these interactions is complex and involves pathways at many levels of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, and it is mediated by multiple neurotransmitters. Micturition is under voluntary control and depends on learned behavior that develops during maturation of the nervous system. Normal micturition requires coordination of the activity of the bladder and urethra with that of urethral striated muscle, and depends on the integration of pontine centers and autonomic and somatic efferent mechanisms within the lumbosacral spinal cord (see Fowler et al.2).
CNTRO: A Semantic Web Ontology for Temporal Relation Inferencing in Clinical Narratives

Using Semantic-Web specifications to represent temporal information in clinical narratives is an important step for temporal reasoning and answering time-oriented queries. Existing temporal models are either not compatible with the powerful reasoning tools developed for the Semantic Web, or designed only for structured clinical data and therefore are not ready to be applied on natural-language-based clinical narrative reports directly. We have developed a Semantic-Web ontology which is called Clinical Narrative Temporal Relation ontology. Using this ontology, temporal information in clinical narratives can be represented as RDF (Resource Description Framework) triples. More temporal information and relations can then be inferred by Semantic-Web based reasoning tools. Experimental results show that this ontology can represent temporal information in real clinical narratives successfully.
Contextualizing the lived experience of quality of life for persons with spinal cord injury: A mixed-methods application of the response shift model

Objective: The objective of this study was to gain greater insight into individuals’ quality of life (QOL) definitions, appraisals, and adaptations following spinal cord injury (SCI).Design: A mixe...
Correction to: Gender differences in SCRABBLE performance and associated engagement in purposeful practice activities.

Correcting Table 5. SEM results for four factors without the variables of age, starting age, and first tournament age. Statistically significant paths and values are black, and non-significant paths and values are gray.
Inviting Children’s Views for Designing Digital Game Tasks

The present chapter focuses on digital games as a potential means for learning English among children in Japan. A group of children (sixth-grade students, ages 11–12; n = 82) were asked to conduct the following activities: (1) identify game elements (elements that motivate learners to engage in games) and learning elements (elements that promote learning) by examining existing digital games; (2) develop digital game plans for learning English vocabulary in group settings; and (3) conduct self- and peer-evaluations of their own plans. A digital game developed based on the children’s ideas was evaluated by fifth grade students. Based on the project’s results, the present chapter aims to better understand the conditions that enable digital games to help children learn English from their point of view.
Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. IX. Isolation and characterization of the membrane polyhexosamine.

1. 1. A simple method is described for extracting and purifying the hexosamine component from membranes of Mycoplasma laidlawii B. 2. 2. This purified membrane carbohydrate contains N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose and N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxygalactose as the only sugars. Analysis reveals negligible amounts of amino acids or lipids. 3. 3. Analytical ultracentrifugation, viscosity measurement, and reducing endgroup determination show this hexosamine to be a high molecular weight polymer. 4. 4. Elemental analysis for C, H, N, and O in the purified hexosamine agrees with the percentages calculated for polymerized N-acetylhexosamine. A determination of the ratio of galactosamine to glucosamine suggests a repeating unit of three galactosamines and one glucosamine. 5. 5. The results of this study are that the membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii B contains a high molecular weight polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine.
Lymphatics in bone arise from pre-existing lymphatics

Bones do not normally have lymphatics. However, patients with generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) or Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) develop ectopic lymphatics in bone. Despite growing interest in the development of tissue-specific lymphatics, the cellular origin of bone lymphatic endothelial cells (bLECs) is not known and the development of bone lymphatics has not been fully characterized. Here we describe the development of bone lymphatics in mouse models of GLA and GSD. Through lineage tracing experiments, we show that bLECs arise from preexisting Prox1-positive LECs. We show that bone lymphatics develop in a stepwise manner where regional lymphatics grow, breach the periosteum, and then invade bone. We also show that the development of bone lymphatics is impaired in mice that lack osteoclasts. Lastly, we show that rapamycin can suppress the growth of bone lymphatics in our models of GLA and GSD. In summary, we show that bLECs can arise from preexisting LECs and that rapamycin can prevent the growth of bone lymphatics.
Cultivating Feminist Transnational Practice with Immigrant Women: A Collaborative Autoethnography

This article applies methods of collaborative autoethnography and participatory education dialogues to explore our evolving “trans” national/disciplinary cultural practice with immigrant women and ...
Understanding Barriers to Access and Utilization of Developmental Disability Services Facilitating Transition.

Objective To explore the barriers faced by parents of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities when obtaining and using Developmental Disability Services (DDS) to support adolescent transition. Methods The authors conducted a basic interpretive qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Interviews were manually coded by the team of university-based researchers using constant comparative analysis. The codes were grouped into themes. Thematic saturation occurred after 18 interviews with parents (n = 10) and service coordinators for DDS (n = 8). Results Barriers to DDS enrollment included emotional and administrative burden, fear of invasion of privacy, lack of a qualifying diagnosis, difficulties in accessing information about services, and misinformation about services. Barriers to DDS use once enrolled were difficulty in finding/hiring direct support professionals, high turnover of direct support professionals, and lack of training and skill among direct support professionals. Participants also noted high turnover among service coordinators, further administrative burden from hiring direct support professionals, and required home visits by service coordinators as additional barriers to service use. Participants reported benefits of DDS including increased inclusion for clients in the community, the use of person-centered skill building, and access to respite care and system navigation support. Conclusion Although all participants reported benefits of acquiring services, there are significant barriers to acquiring and maintaining these services. Recommendations based on these barriers are provided for DDS, federal policy makers, and local support professionals along with a toolkit of potential strategies to support families.
Rethinking scale in the commons by unsettling old assumptions and asking new scale questions

Scale is a powerful concept, a lens that shapes how we perceive problems and solutions in common-pool resource governance. Yet, scale is often treated as a relatively stable and settled concept in commons scholarship. This paper reviews the origins and evolution of scalar thinking in commons scholarship in contrast with theories of scale in human geography and political ecology that focus on scale as a relational, power-laden process. Beginning with early writings on scale and the commons, this paper traces the emergence of an explicit scalar epistemology that orders both spatial and conceptual relationships vertically, as hierarchically nested levels. This approach to scale underpins a shared conceptualization of common-pool resource systems but inevitably illuminates certain questions and relationships while simultaneously obscuring others. Drawing on critiques of commonplace assumptions about scale from geography, we reread this dominant scalar framework for its analytic limitations and unintended effects. Drawing on examples from small-scale fisheries governance throughout, we contrast what is made visible in the commons through the standard approach to scale against an alternative, process-based approach to scale. We offer a typology of distinct dimensions and interrelated moments that produce scale in the commons coupled with new empirical and reflexive scale questions to be explored. We argue that engaging with theoretical advances on the production of scale in scholarship on the commons can generate needed attention to power and long-standing blind spots, enlivening our understanding of the dynamically scaled nature of the commons.
The Role of Transaminases in Predicting Choledocholithiasis. A Novel Predictive Composite Score Development in a Cohort of 1089 Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

BackgroundOptimal use of interventional procedures and diagnostic tests for patients with suspected choledocholithiasis depends on accurate pretest risk estimation. We sought to define sensitivity/...
Inverse probability weighting is an effective method to address selection bias during the analysis of high dimensional data.

Omics studies frequently use samples collected during cohort studies. Conditioning on sample availability can cause selection bias if sample availability is nonrandom. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is purported to reduce this bias. We evaluated IPW in an epigenome-wide analysis testing the association between DNA methylation (261,435 probes) and age in healthy adolescent subjects (n = 114). We simulated age and sex to be correlated with sample selection and then evaluated four conditions: complete population/no selection bias (all subjects), naive selection bias (no adjustment), and IPW selection bias (selection bias with IPW adjustment). Assuming the complete population condition represented the "truth," we compared each condition to the complete population condition. Bias or difference in associations between age and methylation was reduced in the IPW condition versus the naive condition. However, genomic inflation and type 1 error were higher in the IPW condition relative to the naive condition. Postadjustment using bacon, type 1 error and inflation were similar across all conditions. Power was higher under the IPW condition compared with the naive condition before and after inflation adjustment. IPW methods can reduce bias in genome-wide analyses. Genomic inflation is a potential concern that can be minimized using methods that adjust for inflation.
Addressing Problematic Smartphone Use with a Personalized, Goal-based Approach

Researchers have long-studied the negative effects of excessive smartphone use and proposed ways to reduce screen time. However, studies suggest restriction-only techniques may cause additional mental health burden. We present our findings from semi-structured discussions with 38 college students on their perception of healthy and problematic smartphone behaviors. Generally, users’ responses suggested that when smartphone use was perceived as healthy, it helped the user achieve an individualized purpose of primary value. Yet, problematic use did not serve a purpose of primary value. This paper summarizes the key findings from this qualitative study. It also provides an update on our current work, making the case for creating tools focused on helping users achieve their personalized goals in relation to smartphone use or non-use. Our data and theory argue against merely restricting screen time, which is often unsustainable and triggers negative emotions.
Cluster Bombs Over Kosovo: A Violation of International Law?

As the United States continues to fight a war against private terror organizations, we and our coalition partners must avoid resorting to terror ourselves, lest our moral and legal standing be undermined. Both in Afghanistan and in Kosovo, the United States employed a weapon that violates the spirit if not the letter of humanitarian law. That weapon, the cluster bomb, unduly endangers and terrorizes civilians. Although focusing primarily on NATO's use of this weapon in Serbia and its Kosovo province, the thesis of this Article also applies to the United States' employing cluster bombs in our war in Afghanistan, a war to defeat and capture those responsible for the September 11 attack.
Does Participation in Home-Delivered Meals Programs Improve Outcomes for Older Adults? Results of a Systematic Review

Participation in home-delivered meals programs may contribute to the health and independence of older adults living in the community, especially those who are food insecure or those who are making transitions from acute, subacute, and chronic care settings to the home. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic review of all studies related to home-delivered meals in order to shed light on the state of the science. A complete review of articles appearing in PubMed using the keyword "Meal" was conducted; and titles, abstracts, and full-texts were screened for relevance. Included in this review are 80 articles. Most studies are descriptive and do not report on outcomes. Frequently reported outcomes included nutritional status based on self-reported dietary intake. Additionally, most studies included in this review are cross-sectional, have a small sample size, and/or are limited to a particular setting or participant population. More rigorous research is needed to (1) gain insight into why so few eligible older adults access home-delivered meals programs, (2) support expansion of home-delivered meals to all eligible older adults, (3) better identify what home-delivered meals models alone and in combination with other services works best and for whom, and (4) better target home-delivered meals programs where and when resources are scarce.
Abstracting Interactions Based on Message Sets

An important requirement of programming languages for distributed systems is to provide abstractions for coordination. A common type of coordination requires reactivity in response to arbitrary communication patterns. We have developed a communication model in which concurrent objects can be activated by sets of messages. Specifically, our model allows direct and abstract expression of common interaction patterns found in concurrent systems. For example, the model captures multiple clients that collectively invoke shared servers as a single activation. Furthermore, it supports definition of individual clients that concurrently invoke multiple servers and wait for subsets of the returned reply messages. Message sets are dynamically defined using conjunctive and disjunctive combinators that may depend on the patterns of messages. The model subsumes existing models for multi-RPC and multi-party synchronization within a single, uniform activation framework.
Civility and Its Discontents: Sexuality, Race, and the Lure of Beautiful Manners

After viewing “It’s Elementary: Teaching About Lesbian and Gay Issues in School” I asked my very quiet students if they were uncomfortable. I had only been in the South a short period of time and was more used to the titters and giggles of Northern discomfort. One student replied to my earnest wonderment, “We wouldn’t tell you if we were, we’ve been trained to smile through everything.” Later, in a different class, discussing the problem of racist harassment in public schools and the passivity of white response, I asked the pre-service teachers who had been reading and discussing the problem of racism for weeks what they would do in such a situation. A number of white pre-service teachers agreed that they would ignore racist harassment — some of them were afraid it was not “their” struggle and their input would be unwanted by students of color, others were afraid to say the wrong words and thus be racist themselves. I raise these examples because I used to be almost convinced that saying to students “I don’t want to change your minds, I just want you to act civilly or act as professionals” was enough to start them questioning their own biases and privileges. Like Aristotle, I hoped this kind of action would become habitual and thence lead to changing their minds in the end. But having seen civility as disabling change and having noticed a relative boom in race etiquette publishing, I am now more convinced that civility itself is a barrier to anti-bias education and not a subtle way to lure the intransigent and unwilling in.
Subsurface geology of Louisiana hazardous waste landfills: a case study

Many hazardous waste sites in the south Louisiana Gulf Coast have been emplaced in sediments of Plio-Pleistocene to Recent age. Because of the fining upward nature of these regressive-transgressive fluvial-deltaic sequences and the purported confining capabilities of the shallow clay layers within them, this area would seem to be ideal for the location of surface waste landfills. However, detailed geologic mapping at a site in southeastern Louisiana documents how the three-dimensional distribution of sediment types and early diagenetic features, both of which were ultimately controlled by depositional history, can increase effective vertical permeability of finegrained sequences. Many bodies of sand that appear to be isolated in standard geotechnical cross sections can be shown to be part of spatially complex three-dimensional distributary networks, with fine-grained sediments representing overbank and backswamp deposits. Some clay layers are actually a composite of thinner clay beds, each subjected to subaerial exposure and the development of secondary porosity related to soil formation. There has been documented leakage of wastes down through the clays, and a recent study indicates that the effective vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clay layers exceeds 10−5 cm s−1, or from one to four orders of magnitude higher than values measured on samples from cores of the same sediment. An understanding of the depositional framework, facies architecture, and diagenetic history of geologic materials underlying waste disposal sites in Louisiana is required for rational development of monitoring and remediation plans.
Effectiveness of clear-lens turn signals in direct sunlight

AbstractCurrent front turn-signals in the U.S. predominantly use clear lenses and lamps with amber bulbs. However, clear-lens lamps are more susceptible than amber-lens lamps to sun reflections that may be interpreted as turn signals (sun phantoms). In this study, we quantified the relevant photometric differences in direct sunlight between these two lamp types for a large sample of current lamps, and presented inferences for likely effects on driver performance.Although our data confirm that, in general, clear-lens lamps are likely to provide signals that are less discriminable, the variability within each lamp type is large. In other words, some clear-lens turn lamps currently on the road are likely to be resistant to sun phantoms, and some amber-lens lamps are not.The article also discusses the desirable photometric levels of turn signals for effective performance in direct sunlight. Finally, it is argued that an indirect benefit of turn-signal lamps that are near low-beam headlamps is that, because of...
Robust convolution using data-compression schemes

The techniques of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and error spectrum shaping (ESS) have been used in many data compression schemes in the past. We propose a novel technique for robust convolution of two signals under finite precision based on the ideas of DPCM and ESS. The proposed structure is much simpler and more efficient compared to traditional low sensitivity FIR structures. It directly exploits signal correlation and impulse response correlation before quantizing to finite precision. We apply both DPCM and ESS techniques to both the input signal and FIR filter coefficients. By using mean square error (MSE) as a measure of figure of merit, we define the coding gain as the ratio of the MSE in direct convolution to the MSE in the system. We show that the coding gain of the DPCM-ESS convolver is the product of the prediction gain of both the input signal and the filter. The method can be applied to linear phase FIR filters to achieve high coding gain while preserving the advantage of linear phase. Examples show that good filters can be obtained by using low bit multipliers. >