cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of CD27+ marginal zone B cells requires GALT

In species other than mouse, little is known about the origin and development of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. Using cross-reactive antibodies, we identified and characterized splenic MZ B cells in rabbits as CD27+CD23−. In rabbits in which organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) was surgically removed at birth, we found only CD23+ follicular (FO) B cells and almost no CD27+ MZ B cells in the spleen, indicating that GALT is required for the development of splenic MZ B cells. These findings lead us to suggest that commensal microbiota contribute to the development of MZ B cells.
Dexmedetomidine for Sedation during Withdrawal of Support.

Agents used to control end-of-life suffering are associated with troublesome side effects. The use of dexmedetomidine for sedation during withdrawal of support in pediatrics is not yet described. An adolescent female with progressive and irreversible pulmonary deterioration was admitted. Despite weeks of therapy, she did not tolerate weaning of supplemental oxygen or continuous bilevel positive airway pressure. Given her condition and the perception that she was suffering, the family requested withdrawal of support. Despite opioids and benzodiazepines, she appeared to be uncomfortable after support was withdrawn. Ketamine was initiated. Relief from ketamine was brief, and its use was associated with a “wide-eyed” look that was distressing to the family. Ketamine was discontinued and a dexmedetomidine infusion was initiated. The patient’s level of comfort improved greatly. The child died peacefully 24 hours after initiating dexmedetomidine from her underlying disease rather than the effects of the sedative.
An fMRI Study of the Differences in Brain Activity During Active Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Little is known regarding the differences in active cortical and subcortical systems during opposing movements of an agonist-antagonist muscle group. The objective of this study was to characterize the differences in cortical activation during active ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion using functional MRI (fMRI). Eight right-handed healthy adults performed auditorily cued right ankle dorsiflexions and plantarflexions during fMRI. Differences in activity patterns between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion during fMRI were assessed using between- and within-subject voxel-wise t-tests. Results indicated that ankle dorsiflexion recruited significantly more regions in left M1, the supplementary motor area (SMA) bilaterally, and right cerebellum. Both movements activated similar left hemisphere regions in the putamen and thalamus. Dorsiflexion activated additional areas in the right putamen. Results suggest that ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion may be controlled by both shared and independent neural circuitry. This has important implications for functional investigations of gait pathology and how rehabilitation may differentially affect each movement.
Time-Management Training: Effects on Time Behaviors, Attitudes, and Job Performance

This quasi-experimental field study examined the effects of a time-management training program on 44 employees' self-reports of time-management behavior control over their time, job satisfaction, and stress responses, and on supervisor's ratings of these employees' job performance. Contrary to expectations, respondents did not report more frequent use of time-management behaviors, more job satisfaction, or less job-induced tension after training, compared with those not receiving training. Job performance did not significantly change after training. The training-group participants' perceptions of control over time, however, increased 4 to 5 months after training, approaching the level maintained by the no-training group. Thus, in general, the assertions made about time management were not supported.
Mechanistic investigations of horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been investigated for a variety of applications including composite materials, electronics, and drug delivery. However, these applications may be compromised depending on the negative effects of SWNTs to living systems. While reports of toxicity induced by SWNTs vary, means to alleviate or quell these effects are in small abundance. We have reported recently the degradation of carboxylated SWNTs through enzymatic catalysis with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this full Article, we investigated the degradation of both carboxylated and pristine SWNTs with HRP and compared these results with chemical degradation by hemin and FeCl3. The interaction between pristine and carboxylated SWNTs with HRP was further studied by computer modeling, and the products of the enzymatic degradation were identified. By examining these factors with both pristine and carboxylated SWNTs through a variety of techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron micr...
Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph Observations of a Unique Grouping of Five QSOs: The Sizes and Shapes of Low-z Lyα Forest Absorbers*

Observations of QSO pairs suggest that the structures responsible for Lyα forest absorption lines must have radii of hundreds of kiloparsecs if they are spherical or disklike in shape. However, only observations of groups of three or more QSOs closely spaced on the sky provide a way to measure their transverse sizes/characteristic clustering lengths and shapes. Such observations are needed to test the predictions of cosmological simulations of large-scale structure formation. To further this goal, we have obtained Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph G190H spectra of a grouping of five QSOs to investigate the sizes and shapes of absorbers at a redshift of z ≈ 0.7. The angular separations of the pairs in this unique configuration range from 1'-8', for which the corresponding lines of sight probe proper separations as small as 200 h-1 kpc and up to 2 h-1 Mpc. The redshifts of the four quasars with detected flux in the observed region of 1700-2300 A are z = 0.86, 1.01, 1.01, and 1.10. In the pair with the smallest separation (098), six greater than 4.5 σ Lyα line pairs are found in common (within 150 km s-1) between the two lines of sight, significant above the random background at the 99.2% level. In the QSO pairs with larger separations, the number of lines in common is consistent with the chance expectation determined from Monte Carlo simulations. The results imply that an upper limit to the absorber sizes is crossed in the interval between the two smallest separation pairs. In addition, we find evidence that the exclusion of weaker lines results in smaller absorber sizes. Using results from a 4.5 σ sample of lines in the QSO pair with the smallest separation, we estimate the sizes of simple spherical and thin-disk absorbers using a Bayesian analysis and find a most likely radius of 159 h-1 kpc and a 95% confidence interval of 135 < R < 218 h-1 kpc for spheres, and a most likely radius of 196 h-1 kpc and a 95% confidence interval of 157 < R < 289 h-1 kpc for disks. We also model filamentary structures as cylinders and compare the simulated behavior of these cylinders with the observed occurrence of pairs in the three smallest separation pairs. We find that cylinders of R ≈ 130-200 h-1 kpc and few Mpc long could be expected to produce the observed behavior of the Lyα lines in these QSO pairs and note that these dimensions are in good agreement with the sizes of filamentary structures (or segments thereof) predicted by numerical simulations of large-scale structure at low redshifts. The overall results demonstrate that observations of QSO groups can be used to derive information on the sizes and shapes of absorbing material in the intergalactic medium, providing insight into the evolution of gas and galaxies in the universe.
p38α MAP kinase-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurons

p38 MAP kinase α (p38α) regulates various cellular processes in adult cells, but little is known about its function in stem cells. We investigated the potential of wild type and p38α deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and neurons. Our differentiation methods allowed simultaneous development of all these cell types. ECs formed monolayers similar to mature ECs and could assemble into vessel-like structures. SMCs had well-organized actin filaments with morphology similar to adult SMCs. Neurons exhibited well-developed cell bodies and elongated axons. Deletion of the p38α gene did not significantly compromise ESC differentiation since p38α−/− cells could express cell-specific markers and displayed similar overall morphology to the cells differentiated from p38α+/+ ESCs. Although p38α regulates various cellular activities of adult SMCs, ECs, and neurons, our data demonstrate that p38α is not essential for ESC differentiation to these cell types. Developmental Dynamics 236:3383–3392, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uptake of copper by the polychaete Cirriformia spirabrancha in the presence of dissolved yellow organic matter of natural origin

Abstract The toxicity of copper to the marine worm Cirriformia spirabracha was investigated and its accumulation in the tissues was determined. Dissolved yellow organics (yellow substance) were shown to have no effect on the rate of copper uptake by the worms in seawater media. Discussions as to the possible implication of these results are presented.
KRIT1 Protein Depletion Modifies Endothelial Cell Behavior via Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Signaling

Disruption of endothelial cell-cell contact is a key event in many cardiovascular diseases and a characteristic of pathologically activated vascular endothelium. The CCM (cerebral cavernous malformation) family of proteins (KRIT1 (Krev-interaction trapped 1), PDCD10, and CCM2) are critical regulators of endothelial cell-cell contact and vascular homeostasis. Here we show novel regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in KRIT1-depleted endothelial cells. Loss of KRIT1 and PDCD10, but not CCM2, increases nuclear β-catenin signaling and up-regulates VEGF-A protein expression. In KRIT1-depleted cells, increased VEGF-A levels led to increased VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activation and subsequent alteration of cytoskeletal organization, migration, and barrier function and to in vivo endothelial permeability in KRIT1-deficient animals. VEGFR2 activation also increases β-catenin phosphorylation but is only partially responsible for KRIT1 depletion-dependent disruption of cell-cell contacts. Thus, VEGF signaling contributes to modifying endothelial function in KRIT1-deficient cells and microvessel permeability in Krit1+/− mice; however, VEGF signaling is likely not the only contributor to disrupted endothelial cell-cell contacts in the absence of KRIT1.
Properties of a distribution-free two-stage two-sample median test

In this paper we consider a class of distribution-free two-stage two-sample median tests. These procedures are based on a fixed size sample from one population, while the observations from the second population are collected in a truncated sequential fashion. Necessary tables are provided enabling us to select a particular member from the class such that arbitrarily preset power levels are approximately obtained. We also present asymptotic expressions and tables for the expected number of observations from the second population. Finally, comparisons between the asymptotic version of this two-stage median test and the binomial sequential probability ratio test due to Wald (1947) are discussed.
Pertussis: current concepts of pathogenesis and prevention.

The selection of acellular vaccine antigens relies on current concepts of pertussis pathogenesis. Animal model data provide evidence that certain products of Bordetella pertussis, which include the putative adhesins filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae, and pertussis toxin could serve as protective antigens and are available in sufficient quantities of purified material to be considered appropriate candidates for vaccine inclusion. In clinical studies vaccines containing three, four or five components were more effective at preventing pertussis than vaccines containing only inactivated pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin. These data suggest that pertactin may make a contribution to the protection elicited by an acellular product, but information does not allow evaluation of a possible incremental contribution from fimbriae. Serologic studies of patients in the clinical efficacy trials of the acellular pertussis vaccines did not yield a correlation between antibody levels and protection against pertussis, which suggests that relationships or mechanisms involved in the protective activities of these acellular vaccines are not yet understood. Therefore other mechanisms of immunity (i.e. cellular immunity) may be involved in vaccine-elicited immunity. Increasing understanding of the likely mechanisms of pertussis pathogenesis will provide insights into potential therapies for patients infected with B. pertussis. The mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity remain elusive and determination of whether these products are working as initially predicted will require further study.
Fitting conic sections to scattered data

The problem of fitting conic sections to scattered data has arisen in several applied literatures. The quadratic from Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F that is minimized in mean-square is proportional to the ratio of two squared distances along rays through the center of a conic. Considerations of invariance under translation, rotation, and scaling of the data configuration lead to a straightforward method of estimation somewhat different from earlier suggestions. The method permits an extension to conic splines around extended digitized curves, expediting a smooth reconstruction of their curvature. Some examples are presented indicating how the technique might be applied in morphometrics.
Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Early Paleoindian Example in Northwestern New York State:

Early Paleoindian subsistence activities were not restricted to the procurement and processing of food. Likewise, studies of early Paleoindian subsistence cycles should not depend solely upon seasonality data from plant and animal remains. Geographic, geochronologic, geologic, and pedologic data obtained from the Emanon Pond site, an early Paleoindian workshop-habitation in northwestern New York state, are used to reconstruct the seasonality of stone procurement. In doing so, a more detailed picture of early Paleoindian subsistence cycles can be made.
Perturbation-enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscle activity in female athletes

Female athletes involved in jumping and cutting sports injure their anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) 4–6 times more frequently than their male counterparts in comparable sports. Neuromuscular factors, including quadriceps dominance, has been incriminated as contributing to the higher rates of injury in women. Currently, the most effective form of intervention developed to reduce female ACL injury rates has been neuromuscular training. The purpose of this study was to (1) identify gender based muscle activity patterns during disturbed walking that may contribute to ACL injury, and (2) determine if a novel training program could positively influence patterns among healthy female athletes utilizing a disturbed gait paradigm. Twenty healthy athletes (female=10, male=10) were tested. All subjects participated in five trials during which a platform translated horizontally in a lateral direction at heel contact before and after completing ten sessions of a perturbation training program. Electromyographic (EMG) data from the vastus lateralis, medial and lateral hamstrings, and medial gastrocnemius were collected. Trials were analyzed for the muscle onset, termination of activity, peak amplitude, time to peak amplitude, and integrated EMG activity. Muscle cocontraction, the simultaneous activation of antagonistic muscles (lateral hamstrings-vastus lateralis, and medial gastrocnemius-vastus lateralis), was calculated as indicators of active knee stiffness in preparation for heel strike, during weight acceptance and midstance. Prior to training, women had significantly higher peak quadriceps activity and higher integrated quadriceps activity during midstance than men. Both medial and lateral hamstring integrals during midstance increased from pre to posttraining. Onset times to peak activities for hamstrings and quadriceps were similar before training except for medial hamstring time to peak which occurred after heel strike in most women. Time to peak medial hamstring activity moved from after to just before heel strike after training. Women had higher medial gastrocnemius-vastus lateralis cocontraction indices in the preparatory and weight acceptance phases of gait than men after training. Prior to training, the athletic women in our sample demonstrated characteristic quadriceps dominance and decreased active knee stiffness when compared to male athletes. Modulation of activity and timing of ACL agonist musculature (hamstrings and gastrocnemius) from before to after training resulted in normal quadriceps-hamstring balance and increased active stiffness. These alterations in ACL agonist muscle activation patterns may reduce the risk of biomechanical strain injury among a high risk population.
Stimulus-controlled delivery of drugs and genes

Macromolecular and colloidal systems used for the systemic delivery of drugs and genes promise to improve the way we treat and prevent numerous diseases. New generations of drug and gene delivery systems (DGDS) are being designed to enhance further efficiency by using a range of endogenous and external stimuli. This review focuses on three qualitatively distinct ways a stimulus can improve the efficiency of DGDS; namely, by selectively triggering release of the therapeutic agent from the DGDS, by modulating physical properties of DGDS and by favourably altering physiological properties of tissues to enhance DGDS transport. Recent developments in these areas are discussed to illustrate the potential of stimulus-controlled DGDS in the development of new generations of therapeutics.
The Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Condom Use: Considering Correlates of HIV Risk Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

Epidemiological data indicate Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are the most at-risk group for HIV infection. However, the factors driving this disparity are not fully understood. Condom use remains a significant point of intervention in mitigating sexually transmitted infections. Alcohol consumption is highly prevalent among Black MSM, has a significant role in the culture of sex, and may significantly interfere with condom use. This review will examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and condom use among Black MSM. In this review we, (a) discuss the prevalence of alcohol use among MSM and its association with condom use; (b) consider the role of alcohol in the culture of MSM; (c) review the literature on the relationship between alcohol and condom use; and (d) discuss the role of several empirically-supported moderating variables in strengthening the relationship between alcohol use and noncondom use. This review places the finding and implications for HIV risk among Black MSM in the context of the broader literature on MSM.
Micro-Masonry of MEMS Sensors and Actuators

Micro-masonry is a route to microassembly that involves elastomeric-stamp-based micromanipulation and direct bonding. This paper presents the assembly of MEMS mechanical sensors and actuators using micro-masonry, demonstrating its capability of constructing 3-D microdevices that are impossible or difficult to realize with monolithic microfabrication. Microfabrication processes for retrievable MEMS components (e.g., combs, spacers, and flexure beams) are developed. As micromanipulation tools, microtipped elastomeric stamps with reversible dry adhesion are also designed and fabricated to pick up and deterministically place those components. After the manipulation, the components are permanently bonded together via rapid thermal annealing without using any additional intermediate layers. The assembled MEMS device is modeled and analyzed in consideration of the microassembly misalignment. The sensing and actuating capabilities of the assembled MEMS devices are experimentally characterized.
Cyclooxygenase-2 protein and prostaglandin E2 production are up-regulated in a rat bladder inflammation model

Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs and proteins and prostaglandin E(2) production are evaluated in a rat model of inflammation in which Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is intraperitoneally injected or intravesically instilled into the bladder. While cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA and protein and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA do not change in bladders treated with lipopolysaccharide, cyclooxygenase-2 protein is elevated in bladders from rats intravesically instilled with lipopolysaccharide or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide. Urinary prostaglandin E(2) levels and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in bladder particulates are elevated by intravesical instillation and intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine, increases prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in bladders from lipopolysaccharide intravesically instilled and intraperitoneally injected rats. Lipopolysaccharide increases prostaglandin E(2) synthesis by increasing cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels in rat bladder and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis may be further elevated by increases in nitric oxide caused by an up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
Adapting cyberinfrastructure to new science: tensions and strategies

Scientific information infrastructures, or cyberinfrastructures, are expected to operate over long time scales, but this creates challenges for the design of those infrastructures. This paper reports on a qualitative study of cyberinfrastructure development in the emerging field of metagenomics to illustrate some of the issues that can arise when cyberinfrastructures are faced with new scientific communities, practices, and research questions. New science inevitably brings new forms of data, new analysis tools, and the need to recontextualize existing data. Cyberinfrastructures must be prepared to adapt to the new scientific context. In this study, developers employed three strategies for addressing new scientific requirements: work-arounds, extensions, and from-scratch development. These strategies are informed by the tension between fitting the CI to the needs of a specific community and maintaining interoperability across systems.
High resolution DNA separations using microchip electrophoresis

Planar microfluidic devices have emerged as effective tools for the electrophoretic separation of a variety of different DNA inputs. The advancement of this miniaturized platform was inspired initially by demands placed on electrophoretic performance metrics by the human genome project and has provided a viable alternative to slab gel and even capillary formats due to its ability to offer high resolution separations of nucleic acid materials in a fraction of the time associated with its predecessors, consumption of substantially less sample and reagents while maintaining the ability to perform many separations in parallel for realizing ultra-high throughputs. Another compelling advantage of this separation platform is that it offers the potential for integrating front-end sample preprocessing steps onto the separation device eliminating the need for manual sample handling. This review aims to compile a recent survey of various electrophoretic separations using either glass or polymer-based microchips in the areas of genotyping and DNA sequencing as well as those involving the growing field of DNA-based forensics.
Voltage Controlled Polarization Rotation from Berry’s Phase in Silicon Optical Microring Resonators

We present an on-chip electrically tunable polarization rotator in silicon utilizing topological phase. Optical polarization is dynamically tuned between TE and TM modes with 9 dB polarization extinction ratio and 1.4 dB conversion loss.
Reflectances and model densities of states for liquid semiconductors

Abstract Normal reflectance data for several liquids which undergo a metal-nonmetal transition are analyzed in terms of a simple joint density of states. A four parameter fit to the data was made by first calculating e 1 and e 2 . With changing composition or density the band gap narrows then closes as the metallic state occurs. There are noticeable differences in behavior between liquid semiconductors such as GaTe alloys and expanded Hg vapor.
Lattice vibrations of disordered solids

The recent discovery of an amorphous solid without low-energy tunneling excitations (Two-Level-Systems) has shown that the amorphous structure is not their primary cause, as had previously been widely accepted. It has also been shown that these excitations arise as the crystalline order is gradually disturbed, and that their number densities saturate at their characteristic level regardless of whether the crystal amorphizes or not. It is concluded that the nature of the defects, and the cause for their saturation density, should be explored in disordered crystals, rather than in amorphous solids.
An AM1 SCF MO study of the reaction of formaldehyde with atomic oxygen

Abstract The decomposition process for formaldehyde in the presence of atomic oxygen has been investigated using AM1 semiempirical SCF MO calculations. It is found that for both singlet and triplet energy surfaces the most facile predicted decomposition pathway involves insertion of atomic oxygen to form formic acid followed by a second insertion to produce carbonic acid which then decomposed to CO 2 and H 2 O. Decomposition through a tetrahedral H 2 CO 2 methylenebis(oxy) species, considered by some previous workers, is predicted to be an unfavorable process.
The Analysis of Latin Squares when Some Observations are Missing

Abstract The discussion of the missing-value problem is given explicitly for a biological assay which employs a 4×4 latin square in several replications. However, the methods are easily adapted to any latin square and to various other designs as well. Methods of analysis, when some observations are missing, are discussed for the following cases. 1. One or more “single” observations are missing. 2. Several columns are missing. 3. One column is missing. 4. Two columns are missing. 5. One column and one or more single observations are missing.
825 CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA B INFECTION IN INFANTS COMPARED TO CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

Surveillance for influenza was carried out during a B/Hong Kong epidemic, Jan.-Feb.,1977, to determine clinical, epidemiologic, viral and immunologic characteristics of illness in infants. Fifty-nine (32%) of 186 infants and young children followed in an experimental vaccine clinic undergoing initial exposure to influenza B had viral or serologic evidence of infection. Thirty-one, 53%,of the 59 infected children were seen by a physician during the 4-week epidemic. Infants with virally proven influenza B infection were more highly febrile, mean 1028F, than either 23 school age children, mean 1003F, or 75 college students, mean 1007F, studied simultaneously . Signs of lower respiratory tract illness and otitis each occured in 19% of infants. Lower respiratory tract signs occured in 5% of school age and college patients Influenza B infections in infants were clinically indistinguishable from recently documented influenza A infections in the same population. HAI seroconversion is uniformly seen after primary influenza A infection. However, after influenza B infection the HAI response was inconstant, 8 of 16 seroconverted, and of low titer, mean post-epidemic titer 8.4. Eleven children had received inactivated influenza B vaccine in 1974. Eight of 11 had measurable pre-epidemic antibody. Six of 8 children with titers of ≥ 16 were infected. Five of the 6 had symptomatic respiratory illness. None of 3 children with titers ≥ 32 were infected. The HAI response after natural infection was enhanced in vaccinees, mean post epidemic titer 84.
Pediatric cardiology in the 1990s

Objectives. In 1991, all active board-certified pediatric cardiologists were polled by questionnaire to examine the relation of subspecialty training and motivational and satisfaction issues to practice characteristics. Background. Previous questionnaires with regard to manpower status and practice characteristics were published in 1967 and 1980. These indicated a field predominantly centered in academic medicine with growth in manpower close to predicted need. Methods. The questionnaire was mailed to 844 of 884 active board-certified pediatric cardiologists and was returned anonymously by 570, a 68% response rate. Results. Among respondents, the mean year in which fellowship training was completed was 1974. The average length of subspecialty training was 31 months for all respondents and 34 months among those completing training since 1981. Seventy-seven percent of subspecialty training centered on clinical training. Although there has been a slight increase in research training in recent years, only 18 respondents completed ≥22 months of research training. Respondents devote a mean of 89% of professional hours to subspecialty activities and spend 63% of total hours in clinical care. Total hours, income and procedures were related to site of professional activity. Professional satisfaction was high in the factors considered more important: professional challenge and interactions, clinical resources, career security and clinical autonomy. Conclusions. The field of pediatric cardiology is a subspecialty centered on patient care and performance of diagnostic and interventional techniques. Professional activities varied according to practice site. Pediatric cardiologists with basic research training and professional activity nain a minority. Satisfaction is high, with greatest satisfaction in professional interactions and least satisfaction with income and free time.
Film Boiling on Vertical Surfaces

Film boiling of a saturated liquid on a vertical surface is analyzed to determine the local heat-transfer rates as a function of height and heater-surface superheat. Experiments show that the laminar-flow model is inadequate. A turbulent-vapor-flow model is used, and the influence of the interfacial oscillations is incorporated on a semiempirical basis. Measurements of local film boiling were obtained with a transient technique using saturated liquid nitrogen.
Two new species of Copepoda associated with the basket star Astroboa nuda (Ophiuroidea) in the Moluccas

Doridicola connexus sp.n. (Poeclostomatoida, Lichomolgidae) and Collocherides singularis sp.n. (Siphonostomatoida, Asterocheridae) are described from specimens found on the ophiuroid Astroboa nuda in the Moluccas. D. connexus may be recognized by the small discoidal free segment of leg 5 in the female. C. singularis is characterized by having only one seta on the second segment of the endopod of legs 1–3 and by the rounded inner lobe on the proximal segment of leg 5.
A proteasome howdunit: the case of the missing signal.

We thank R. Azzam, G. Cope, D. Finley, M. Hochstrasser, J. Roberts, and A. Varshavsky for their help in improving the manuscript.
Prophylaxis of Rift Valley fever with antiviral drugs, immune serum, an interferon inducer, and a macrophage activator

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the family Bunyaviridae, extended its range from sub-Saharan Africa into Egypt in 1977. Its clinical spectrum is recognized to include severe manifestations such as hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. For these reasons, as well as the limited knowledge of specific therapy for Bunyaviridae infections, we investigated several prophylactic regimens for RVF in a mouse model. Rimantadine, thiosemicarbazone, and inosiplex were ineffective. Pretreatment with glucan was of some use, but the most encouraging results were obtained with the antiviral drug ribavirin, passive antibody, or an interferon inducer polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly[ICLC]). Ribavirin and poly(ICLC) were also shown to be efficacious in preventing disease in hamsters. Ribavirin (loading dose of 50 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg at 8-h intervals for 9 days) suppressed viremia in RVF-infected rhesus monkeys. Ribavirin also reduced virus yield in infected cell cultures; sensitivity varied markedly with cell type but not with virus strain. Immune mouse ascitic fluid, with a plaque reduction neutralization titer of 1:1024, was effective in a dose of 4 ml/kg, a volume approximately equivalent to administration of a unit of convalescent plasma to a human. Poly(ICLC) may well have functioned through interferon induction, since RVFV was shown to be sensitive to interferon in cell culture, and since another macrophage activator (glucan) was only marginally effective. These studies suggest that ribavirin, poly(ICLC), and convalescent plasma may have a role in prevention or therapy of human RVF.
Nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure of an ankyrin‐like repeat‐bearing protein: Myotrophin

Multidimensional heteronuclear NMR has been applied to the structural analysis of myotrophin, a novel protein identified from spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts and hypertrophic human hearts. Myotrophin has been shown to stimulate protein synthesis in myocytes and likely plays an important role in the initiation of cardiac hypertrophy, a major cause of mortality in humans. Recent cDNA cloning revealed that myotrophin has 11B amino acids containing 2.5 contiguous ANK repeats, a motif known to be involved in a wide range of macromolecular recognition. A series of two- and three-dimensional heteronuclear bond correlation NMR experiments have been performed on uniformly 15N-labeled or uniformly 15N/13C-labeled protein to obtain the 1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments. The secondary structure of myotrophin has been determined by a combination of NOEs, NH exchange data, 3JHN alpha coupling constants, and chemical shifts of 1H alpha, 13C alpha, and 13 C beta. The protein has been found to consist of seven helices, all connected by turns or loops. Six of the seven helices (all but the C-terminal helix) form three separate helix-turn-helix motifs. The two full ANK repeats in myotrophin are characteristic of multiple turns followed by a helix-turn-helix motif. A hairpin-like turn involving L32-R36 in ANK repeat #1 exhibits slow conformational averaging on the NMR time scale and appears dynamically different from the corresponding region (D65-169) of ANK repeat #2.
A network management language for OSI networks

Managing the communications resources of a computer network is critical to the successful operation of the network. A network management system is expected to manage a large collection of network nodes remotely. There is an obvious need for sophisticated network management application software in this process. Previous network management systems have been designed without particular regard for the application programmer's interface requirements. We propose that such software be written in a specialized Network Management Language (NML) that provides the programmer with high-level abstractions rather than low-level communication primitives. The NML would help reduce development costs, promote portability and accommodate multiple standards. We propose an NML which is an extension to the SQL database standard. An implementation of the NML within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) systems management framework is discussed, and examples of its functionality and expressiveness are presented.
Counting Centralizers in Finite Groups

(1994). Counting Centralizers in Finite Groups. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 366-374.
Central pancreatectomy for the resection of benign or low malignant potential neoplasms.

Abstract Central pancreatectomy is an uncommonly performed procedure that may be particularly useful for the removal of benign and low malignant potential lesions in the neck and body of the pancreas. This procedure may have fewer major complications and better preserve endocrine and exocrine function than the more commonly performed pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy. We report our recent experience with central pancreatectomy and review the literature on this topic.
Induction of Granulation by Sulphonated- Lignin and Calcium in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor

Abstract: The present study evaluates the capability of sulphonated lignin (S-lignin) and calcium to promote anaerobic sludge granulation, which is of prime importance in the operation of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)-like reactors. One of two reactors fed with a synthetic sugar waste was stepwise supplemented with a spent liquor rich in S-lignin from a neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulping plant to reach an addition rate of 0.17 g S-lignin per gram volatile suspended solid (VSS) per day. This resulted in biomass pre-granulation (50-60 % of the biomass aggregates had a size > 0.3 mm). No change was observed in the surface properties (hydrophobicity and zeta potential) of the bacterial aggregates. The S- lignin-fed sludge aggregated in an ordered and cluster-like manner and exhibited a more compact ultrastructure than the control sludge. Moreover, the addition of S-lignin slightly enhanced the metabolic activities of the biomass. Calcium ion addition following the S-lignin treatment improved the size and the settleability of the aggregates and increased the solid retention time. Key words
High-performance liquid chromatographic detection of hydroxylated benzoic acids as an indirect measure of hydroxyl radical in heart: its possible link with the myocardial reperusion injury

The present report describes a method suitable for the indirect assay of hydroxyl radical (OH.), which is likely to be produced during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Isolated rat heart perfused by the Langendorff technique was subjected to 30 min of ischemia, followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Salicylic acid (2 mM) was added to the perfusion circuit to trap any OH. radical generated during the experiment. 2,5- and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids (hydroxylated products of salicylic acid) were identified by authentic standards as well as by pure OH.-generating system using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In addition to serving as a chemical trap for the detection of OH., salicylate attenuated myocardial reperfusion injury as evidenced by reduced formation of creatine kinase, decreased lipid peroxidation, and improved myocardial contractile functions during reperfusion. These results thus provide direct evidence for the presence of OH. in heart and link it to the myocardial reperfusion injury.
Optimized design of the chopper disks and the neutron guide in a disk chopper neutron time-of-flight spectrometer

Abstract We consider important aspects of the performance of a disk chopper neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. The intensity at the sample position, and the contributions of the choppers to the resolution of the instrument, are evaluated as a function of the widths of the slots in the chopper disks and the width of the neutron guide between the disks. We find that there is an optimum choice of the ratios of these widths and that this choice depends on a single parameter which, for elastic scattering, is a simple ratio of distances. When pairs of counter-rotating disks are employed, the widths of the slots can be modified by grossly changing the phase relationship between the members of a chopper pair. If the slot widths are changed, the width of the guide should also be altered in order to maintain the spectrometer in an optimized state. This change in the guide width may be effectively achieved using an arrangement of nested guides. Resolution and intensity calculations demonstrate the important gains which may be realized using this approach.
Possible Tradeoffs in Raising Basic Skills Cutoff Scores for Teacher Licensure: A Study with Implications for Participation of African Americans in Teaching.

This article traces developments that followed warnings in the 1980s that tests used for admission to teacher education or for licensure may prevent or discourage capable African Americans from entering into teaching. With this alleged detrimental effect of teacher testing still an issue, the reported study used the evaluations of a group of elementary student teachers by their university supervisors and the student teachers' scores on the Pre-Professional Skills Test (PPST) to examine the impact on the teaching effectiveness of newly licensed teachers that might be predicted to result if a PPST cutoff score is raised by one point. The findings of the study are placed in a context of possible tradeoffs in raising basic skills cutoffs for teacher licensure, especially certain negative tradeoffs related to participation of African Americans in teaching.
An instrument for pyloromyotomy.

Abstract A pyloric spreader of new design is described. This instrument facilitates splitting of the hypertrophied muscle and diminishes the chance of inadvertent perforation of the duodenal mucosa.
Continuous versus binary representations of landscape heterogeneity in spatially-explicit models of mobile populations

How a landscape is represented is an important structural assumption in spatially-explicit simulation models. Simple models tend to specify just habitat and non-habitat (binary), while more complex models may use multiple levels or a continuum of habitat quality (continuous). How these different representations influence model projections is unclear. To assess the influence of landscape representation on population models, I developed a general, individual-based model with local dispersal and examined population persistence across binary and continuous landscapes varying in the amount and fragmentation of habitat. In binary and continuous landscapes habitat and non-habitat were assigned a unique mean suitability. In continuous landscapes, suitability of each individual site was then drawn from a normal distribution with fixed variance. Populations went extinct less often and abundances were higher in continuous landscapes. Production in habitat and non-habitat was higher in continuous landscapes, because the range of habitat suitability sampled by randomly dispersing individuals was higher than the overall mean habitat suitability. Increasing mortality, dispersal distance, and spatial heterogeneity all increased the discrepancy between continuous and binary landscapes. The effect of spatial structure on the probability of extinction was greater in binary landscapes. These results show that, under certain circumstances, model projections are influenced by how variation in suitability within a landscape is represented. Care should be taken to assess how a given species actually perceives the landscape when conducting population viability analyses or empirical validation of theory.
Chemical communication in the mating behavior ofTrogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Male mating behavior of the stored product pest beetleTrogoderma glabrum (Herbst) was analyzed into three major phases: arousal/searching, preliminary recognition, and genital (copulatory). Airborne pheromone released by calling females elicits male arousal via antennal sensillae. Contact chemoreception via male mouthpart sensillae appears to be necessary for copulation to occur. A procedure was developed for quantitative bioassay of presumptive pheromone compounds in both airborne and contact chemoreception. (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, present in airborne pheromone, but not detectable in extracts of whole females, elicits both arousal and attempted copulation. The activity of (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal is equal to that of the total airborne pheromone. Activity of additional possible pheromone component candidates [including (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol, γ-caprolactone,n-hexanoic acid, and methyl (Z)-7-hexadecenoate] was investigated. Evidence for a behavioral role forn-hexanoic acid is presented.
Product Differentiation and Upstream‐Downstream Relations

This paper examines the relationship between a differentiated downstream market and a specialized upstream market. We analyze three different types of vertical relation between the upstream and downstream sectors when the upstream market supplies specialized and complementary inputs to a downstream product-differentiated market. The first is the benchmark case of decentralized markets, the second is a network of alliances among upstream suppliers, and the third is partial vertical integration. We identify the perfect equilibrium for a symmetric model in each case and show that there is no simple relationship between the degree of connection between upstream and downstream firms and profitability. The key factor affecting prices and the relative profitability of the different market organizations is the degree of product differentiation among the downstream firms, because it affects the intensity of competition among upstream suppliers. We show that vertical foreclosure is not an equilibrium strategy.
Hi(gh) Tech(xpectations)

Suddenly high technology, or hi tech (which is not to be confused with tech high), is upon us in both our professional and personal lives. This wonderful new complicated, but at the same time simple, technology holds out to us the promise of handling all of our routine tasks, providing instant access to many new forms of information, solving most of our problems, and otherwise revolutionizing our existence.
Sexual behavior and some of its physiological consequences in persistently estrous aged female rats

Sexual behavior and some of its consequences were assessed in female rats which, with advancing age, had come to exhibit persistent vaginal estrus (PVE). Sexual receptivity, defined by the animal’s readiness to exhibit lordosis when mounted, was comparable across all ages evaluated. However, sexual proceptivity, defined by measures indicative of the female’s seeking mating opportunities, was determined to be much suppressed in 18 to 20 month old PVE females compared to either younger cyclic females or 12 to 15 month old PVE females. Mating disrupted the PVE pattern. The length of time animals remained out of estrus was positively correlated with the number of intromissions achieved by the male. However, pregnancy was not observed in any of the PVE females and examination of their ovaries and the responses of their uteri to traumatization provided no evidence of progestational responses in these animals. The behavioral data indicate that with continued exposure to the hormonal conditions of PVE there is a suppression of systems mediating the proceptive components of sexual behavior in female rats. It is suggested that changes in the concentrations of pituitary and/or ovarian hormones reported to occur as PVE rats continue to age may account for these changes in behavior.
Biodistribution of P-selectin targeted microbubbles

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate binding of P-selectin targeted microbubbles (MB) in tumor vasculature; a whole-body imaging and biodistribution study was performed in a tumor bearing mouse model.Methods: Antibodies were radiolabeled with Tc-99 m using the HYNIC method. Tc-99 m labeled anti-P-selectin antibodies were avidin-bound to lipid-shelled, perfluorocarbon gas-filled MB and intravenously injected into mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumors. Whole-body biodistribution was performed at 5 min (n = 12) and 60 min (n = 4) using a gamma counter. Tc-99 m-labeled IgG bound IgG-control-MB group (n = 12 at 5 min; n = 4 at 60 min), Tc-99 m-labeled IgG-control-Ab group (n = 5 at 5 min; n = 3 at 60 min) and Tc-99 m-labeled anti P-selectin-Ab group (n = 5 at 5 min; n = 3 at 60 min) were also evaluated. Planar gamma camera imaging was also performed at each time point.Results: Targeted-MB retention in tumor (60 min: 1.8 ± 0.3% ID/g) was significantly greater (p = 0.01) than targeted-MB levels in adjacent skeletal musc...