cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Water Soluble Phosphines for Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis in the Aqueous Phase

The fact that water soluble phosphines may also be surface active was first noted by Wilkinson et al. in their study of the hydroformylation of 1-hexene with rhodium complexes of P(C6H5)2(C6H4SO3Na), TPPMS.1 Specifically it was stated that aqueous solutions of TPPMS have a tendency to form emulsions that separated slowly. While TPPMS has definite hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions it does not have the general shape of micelle forming surfactants. Specifically it is more disk shaped than rod-like.
Breathing retraining in the treatment of hyperventilatory complaints and panic disorder: A reply to Garssen, de Ruiter, and Van Dyck

Abstract The first purpose of the present article is to provide an adjoiner to Garssen, de Ruiter, and van Dyck's 1992 review of studies which support the therapeutic effects of breathing retraining in the treatment of hyperventilatory complaints in general and panic disorder in particular. The article focuses on the results and the methodology of a selection of relevant studies for the purpose of bringing attention to details which aid in the interpretation of data as they pertain to the efficacy of breathing retraining. The second purpose is to provide a critical examination of two studies which led Garssen et al. (1992) to question the rationale underlying breathing retraining and suggest that it might be a “rational placebo. ” The conclusion reached following the critical examination was that, while it cannot be proven that breathing retraining is not a “rational placebo, ” there is neither an empirical nor logical basis for questioning the rationale.
Fuzzy partitions and relations; an axiomatic basis for clustering

In this paper some connections between fuzzy partitions and similarity relations are explored. A new definition of transitivity for fuzzy relations yields a relation-theoretic characterization of the class of all psuedo-metrics on a fixed (finite) data set into the closed unit interval. This notion of transitivity also links the triangle inequality to convex decompositions of fuzzy similarity relations in a manner which may generate new techniques for fuzzy clustering. Finally, we show that every fuzzy c-partition of a finite data set induces a psuedo-metric of the type described above on the data.
Classical electromagnetic radiation of the Dirac electron

A wave-function-dependent four-vector potential is added to the Dirac equation in order to achieve conservation of energy and momentum for a Dirac electron and its emitted electromagnetic field. The resultant equation contains solutions which describe transitions between different energy states of the electron. As a consequence it is possible to follow the space-time evolution of such a process. This evolution is shown in the case of the spontaneous emission of an electromagnetic field by an electron bound in a hydrogen-like atom. The intensity of the radiation and the spectral distribution are calculated for transitions between two eigenstates. The theory gives a self-consistent deterministic description of some simple radiation processes without using quantum electrodynamics or the correspondence principle.
Paleoecology of an Early Oligocene Biota from Douglass Creek Basin, Montana

Douglass Creek basin lies west of the Continental Divide in the northern part of the Rocky Mountain physiographic province. Numerous minor environmental differences exist between the Douglass Creek area and the Pipestone Springs and Canyon Ferry areas east of the Divide. In the 19th century, however, the three areas had identical mammalian species representation, although not equally dense populations. Fossils of an early Oligocene biota have been collected from the Douglass Creek basin. Presence of all but one of the Douglass Creek mammalian species in the Pipestone Springs-Canyon Ferry early Oligocene fauna suggests that the three ancient ecosystems resembled each other in much the same way as the 19th century systems. The early Oligocene deposits and biota of the Douglass Creek basin indicate a moist, temperate climate with seasonal variations. Sediment size and distribution suggest that the cross-valley relief was no greater than it is now. The fish and invertebrate faunas show that a shallow, hard-water lake existed in the area. The flora included a lowland, lake-border association and an upland coniferous forest. Although the ancient Douglass Creek biota doubtless included many species not represented in the fossil collections, most of the mammalian species are probably represented in the combined Douglass Creek, Pipestone Springs, and Canyon Ferry fossil assemblages. If so, the number of mammalian species was about the same as in the 19th century ecosystem.
Groundwater monitoring of VOCs with an interferometric optical waveguide sensor

Planar waveguides have evanescent fields sensitive to index of refraction changes in the volume immediately above the waveguide surface. These fields extend up to 5000 A above the surface. Placing a chemically sensitive polymer film within this region provides the basis for a chemical sensor. Polymer-analyte interactions change the index of refraction causing the propagating light velocity to change in a direction opposite to that of the index change. To measure this change, a reference propagating beam, adjacent to the sensing beam, is optically combined with the sensing beam creating an interference pattern of alternating dark and light fringes. When chemical or physical changes occur in the sensing arm, the interference pattern shifts. Real-time Fourier transform signal processing converts the time-dependent pattern to total phase shift which, is a measure of total analyte absorbed. Employing different polymer detection layers produces phase shifts whose pattern of response is used to identify and quantify the analytes present. Data taken from contaminated well sites measured using this interferometric sensor, and verified by independent laboratory measurements, is presented.
Modeling Pre-Evacuation Delay by Occupants in World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001

On September 11, 2001, two airplanes hit World Trade Center (WTC) 1 and 2 sixteen minutes apart, which forced one of the largest evacuations from high-rise buildings in US history. Path analysis is used to analyze telephone data obtained from WTC survivors to empirically determine if the theories from community evacuation hold true for building fires. Results show that community evacuation theories do hold true for building fires; specifically in WTC 1 and 2. In general, longer pre-evacuation times were predicted by witnessing a higher number of environmental cues, being on a lower floor in the building, obtaining more information, seeking additional information, and performing a higher number of pre-evacuation actions. A deeper understanding of human behavior in fire events can be gained by using path analysis techniques, which can ultimately improve evacuation education, training, and procedures for high-rise buildings across the world as well as future evacuation prediction techniques.
Evolutionary genomics of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Findings, hypotheses, and the rise of hybrids

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.), the group of bacterial species represented by Lyme disease pathogens, has one of the most complex and variable genomic architectures among prokaryotes. Showing frequent recombination within and limited gene flow among geographic populations, the B. burgdorferi s.l. genomes provide an excellent window into the processes of bacterial evolution at both within- and between-population levels. Comparative analyses of B. burgdorferi s.l. genomes revealed a highly dynamic plasmid composition but a conservative gene repertoire. Gene duplication and loss as well as sequence variations at loci encoding surface-localized lipoproteins (e.g., the PF54 genes) are strongly associated with adaptive differences between species. There are a great many conserved intergenic spacer sequences that are candidates for cis-regulatory elements and non-coding RNAs. Recombination among coexisting strains occurs at a rate approximately three times the mutation rate. The coexistence of a large number of genomic groups within local B. burgdorferi s.l. populations may be driven by immune-mediated diversifying selection targeting major antigen loci as well as by adaptation to multiple host species. Questions remain regarding the ecological causes (e.g., climate change, host movements, or new adaptations) of the ongoing range expansion of B. burgdorferi s.l. and on the genomic variations associated with its ecological and clinical variability. Anticipating an explosive growth of the number of B. burgdorferi s.l. genomes sampled from both within and among species, we propose genome-based methods to test adaptive mechanisms and to identify molecular bases of phenotypic variations. Genome sequencing is also necessary for monitoring a likely increase of genetic admixture of previously isolated species and populations in North America and elsewhere.
Calcium diffusion in transient and steady states in muscle

Rates of diffusion through the extracellular space of thin sheets of myocardium from the right ventricular outflow tract of kittens were estimated at 23 degrees C for 45Ca2+ and an inert reference tracer, [14C]sucrose. The myocardial sheets were mounted in an Ussing chamber and equilibrated with Tyrode solution with varied calcium concentrations, Cao. The tracers were added to one side and their concentrations on the other side measured at 5-15-min intervals for 6 h. The apparent tracer diffusion coefficient for sucrose was 1.11 +/- 0.06 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 74), 22% of the free diffusion coefficient; the lag time before reaching a steady state provided estimates of the intratissue volume of distribution or diffusion space of 0.41 +/- 0.15 ml/ml tissue (n = 74), a value compatible with expectations for extracellular fluid space. Over the range of Cao from 0.02 to 9.0 mM, the intratissue apparent diffusion coefficient for Ca, DCa, averaged 1.65 +/- 0.10 X 10(-6) cm2s-1, n = 74, which is 21% of the free DoCa, and was not influenced by Cao. Because transsarcolemmal Ca permeation is slow, DCa is the diffusion coefficient in the extracellular region. The paired ratios DCa/Ds averaged 1.32 +/- 0.05 (n = 67) for all levels of Cao but at physiologic or higher Cao averaged 1.45 +/- 0.07 (n = 39), close to the ratio of free diffusion coefficients, 1.53. Equations distinguishing transient from steady state diffusion were fitted to the data, showing that the apparent distribution volume of "binding sites" external to the diffusion pathway diminished at higher Cao in a fashion suggesting that a least two different Ca2+ binding sites were present.
CONTINUOUS FLOW CULTURE OF BENTHIC DIATOMS AND ITS APPLICATION TO BIOASSAY1,2

The benthic diatom, Navicula seminulum var. hustedtii Patr, was isolated from the field and studied in laboratory cultures. Experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of Millipore membranes and solidified agar substrate for diatom colonization under continuous flow conditions. Diatom colonization showed large variation and low reproducibility on Millipore membranes of different materials and pore sizes. Solidified agar substrate supported stable and reproducible colonization and is nutritionally neutral, translucent, homogeneous and easy to sample. The diatom colonization process on agar substrate involved four growth phases: i) pioneer; ii) exponential; iii) steady state; and, iv) vanishing. The culture system was also used in bioassay, testing the toxic effect of copper on the growth of benthic diatoms. The proposed method provides a useful means for studying autecology of benthic diatoms as well as for bioassay work.
When does performance feedback prompt complementarity in romantic relationships

Two studies addressed five issues concerning complementarity in romantic relationships and suggest that complementarity deserves a new look. Dating couples (N= 28 couples) and married couples (N= 43). were given performance feedback to assess effects on self and perceived partner relevance. We found that comparison with a partner but not comparison with a stranger prompted complementarity (Study 1). Comparison resulted in complementarity and did not merely change self-image (Studies 1 and 2). Both outperforming the partner and being outperformed by the partner can prompt complementarity (Study 2). Ceding areas to the partner in response to being outperformed was relatively automatic (Study 2). And, degree of development in the relationship influenced response to comparison-feedback (Studies 1 and 2). Findings suggest that partners in romantic relationships automatically protect their views of the relationship as a “team” by increasing “perceived complementarity” in response to differential performance feedback.
Sample Size Requirements for in Situ Vegetation and Substrate Classifications in Shallow, Natural Nebraska Lakes

We assessed the precision of visual esti- mates of vegetation and substrate along transects in 15 shallow, natural Nebraska lakes. Vegetation type (sub- mergent or emergent), vegetation density (sparse, mod- erate, or dense), and substrate composition (percentage sand, muck, and clay; to the nearest 10%) were estimated at 25-70 sampling sites per lake by two independent observers. Observer agreement for vegetation type was 92%. Agreement ranged from 62.5% to 90.1% for sub- strate composition. Agreement was also high (72%) for vegetation density estimates. The relatively high agree- ment between estimates was likely attributable to the homogeneity of the lake habitats. Nearly 90% of the substrate sites were classified as 0% clay, and over 68% as either 0% or 100% sand. When habitats were ho- mogeneous, less than 40 sampling sites per lake were required for 95% confidence that habitat composition was within 10% of the true mean, and over 100 sites were required when habitats were heterogeneous. Our results suggest that relatively high precision is attainable for vegetation and substrate mapping in shallow, natural lakes. Habitat classification is commonly used to as- sess differences over large scales (e.g., among
Crystallographic Studies on Ascaris suum NAD-Malic Enzyme Bound to Reduced Cofactor and Identification of an Effector Site

The crystal structure of the mitochondrial NAD-malic enzyme from Ascaris suum, in a quaternary complex with NADH, tartronate, and magnesium has been determined to 2.0-A resolution. The structure closely resembles the previously determined structure of the same enzyme in binary complex with NAD. However, a significant difference is observed within the coenzyme-binding pocket of the active site with the nicotinamide ring of NADH molecule rotating by 198 degrees over the C-1-N-1 bond into the active site without causing significant movement of the other catalytic residues. The implications of this conformational change in the nicotinamide ring to the catalytic mechanism are discussed. The structure also reveals a binding pocket for the divalent metal ion in the active site and a binding site for tartronate located in a highly positively charged environment within the subunit interface that is distinct from the active site. The tartronate binding site, presumably an allosteric site for the activator fumarate, shows striking similarities and differences with the activator site of the human NAD-malic enzyme that has been reported recently. Thus, the structure provides additional insights into the catalytic as well as the allosteric mechanisms of the enzyme.
Differentiation of Enzymatic from Platelet Hypercoagulability Using the Novel Thrombelastography Parameter Delta (Δ)

Background Thrombelastography (TEG) allows for rapid global assessment of coagulation function. Our previous work demonstrated that a hypercoagulable state identified by TEG's G value was associated with thromboembolic events in a cohort of critically ill surgical patients despite routine chemoprophylaxis. We hypothesized that a hypercoagulable state could be differentiated into enzymatic or platelet etiology through the use of thrombus velocity curves; specifically the time to maximum rate of thrombus generation (TMRTG) and the novel TEG parameter, delta. (Δ) Methods We retrospectively studied 10 critically ill surgical patients receiving thromboprophylaxis for at least 72 h by TEG, using kaolin activated citrated samples. Thrombus velocity curves were plotted for each patient, and delta was calculated as the difference between the TEG parameters R and SP, corresponding to the time to maximum rate of thrombus generation (TMRTG), which reflects the enzymatic contribution to clot formation. The TEG parameter G, (G = 5000 × A/100-A) also was determined for each patient. As G is derived from amplitude (A), it reflects overall net clot strength. A hypercoagulable state was defined as delta 11 dynes/cm2. Results A hypercoagulable state was identified via delta in 6 patients (60%); all of whom remained hypercoagulable following heparinase addition, suggesting chemoprophylaxis was ineffective. Of six patients with a hypercoagulable G value, 50% had a normal delta suggesting the presence of platelet hypercoagulability. Delta closely correlated with TMRTG (r = 0.94). However, the varying contribution of platelets to hypercoagulability, was shown by a nonlinear, weak correlation of delta and TMRTG with G (r = 0.11 and r = 0.14, respectively). Conclusion Delta reflects changes in thrombin generation as measured by TMRTG, allowing for differentiation of enzymatic from platelet hypercoagulability. Future studies will be required to validate these findings.
Gas exchange and growth responses to elevated CO2 and light levels in the CAM species Opuntia ficus‐indica

Gas exchange and dry-weight production in Opuntia ficus-indica, a CAM species cultivated worldwide for its fruit and cladodes, were studied in 370 and 750 μmol mol−1 CO2 at three photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD: 5, 13 and 20 mol m−2 d−1). Elevated CO2 and PPFD enhanced the growth of basal cladodes and roots during the 12-week study. A rise in the PPFD increased the growth of daughter cladodes; elevated CO2 enhanced the growth of first-daughter cladodes but decreased the growth of the second-daughter cladodes produced on them. CO2 enrichment enhanced daily net CO2 uptake during the initial 8 weeks after planting for both basal and first-daughter cladodes. Water vapour conductance was 9 to 15% lower in 750 than in 370 μmol mol−1 CO2. Cladode chlorophyll content was lower in elevated CO2 and at higher PPFD. Soluble sugar and starch contents increased with time and were higher in elevated CO2 and at higher PPFD. The total plant nitrogen content was lower in elevated CO2. The effect of elevated CO2 on net CO2 uptake disappeared at 12 weeks after planting, possibly due to acclimation or feedback inhibition, which in turn could reflect decreases in the sink strength of roots. Despite this decreased effect on net CO2 uptake, the total plant dry weight at 12 weeks averaged 32% higher in 750 than in 370 μmol mol−1 CO2. Averaged for the two CO2 treatments, the total plant dry weight increased by 66% from low to medium PPFD and by 37% from medium to high PPFD.
A contextualized approach to describing oral language proficiency

Although both raters and elicitation tasks are principal factors influencing the study of learners' second language L2) oral proficiency, the effect of each has always been investigated separately; consequently, any possible relationship between them remains unexplored. In investigating the L2 oral proficiency construct, the present study incorporated a variety of tasks and diverse rater groups. The tasks encompassed an interview, a narration, and a read-aloud. The rater groups, all NSs of Arabic, included 15 teachers in the US, 3 nonteaching raters residing in the US, and 36 nonteaching raters living in Lebanon. Using multidimensional scaling analyses, I derived dimensions underlying raters' holistic ratings of 6 learners' L2 oral proficiency on each of the three tasks. In addition, I specified the salience of the derived dimensions for each of the three rater groups. The results show that the nature of the L2 oral construct is not constant. Different weighted dimensions emerged when investigating the various tasks and rater groups. I concluded that proficiency researchers should not employ generic dimensions; dimensions should be empirically derived according to the specific elicitation task and audience.
Modeling of Manufacturing Complexity in Mixed-Model Assembly Lines

Mixed-model assembly lines have been recognized as a major enabler to handle product variety. However, the assembly process becomes very complex when the number of product variants is high, which, in turn, may impact the system performance (quality and productivity). The paper considers the variety induced manufacturing complexity in manual, mixed-model assembly lines where operators have to make choices for various assembly activities. A complexity measure called “Operator Choice Complexity” (OCC) is proposed to quantify human performance of making the choices. The OCC takes an analytical form as an information-theoretic entropy measure of the average randomness in a choice process. Meanwhile, empirical evidences are provided to support the proposed complexity measure. Based on the OCC, models are developed to evaluate the complexity at each station, and for the entire assembly line. Consequently, complexity can be minimized by making systems design and operation decisions, such as error-proof strategies and assembly sequence planning.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The IBM 2008 GALE Arabic speech transcription system

This paper describes the Arabic broadcast transcription system fielded by IBM in the GALE Phase 3.5 machine translation evaluation. Key advances compared to our Phase 2.5 system include improved discriminative training, the use of Subspace Gaussian Mixture Models (SGMM), neural network acoustic features, variable frame rate decoding, training data partitioning experiments, unpruned n-gram language models and neural network language models. These advances were instrumental in achieving a word error rate of 8.9% on the evaluation test set.
The effects of energy management on reliability in real-time embedded systems

The slack time in real-time systems can be used by recovery schemes to increase system reliability as well as by frequency and voltage scaling techniques to save energy. Moreover, the rate of transient faults (i.e., soft errors caused, for example, by cosmic ray radiations) also depends on system operating frequency and supply voltage. Thus, there is an interesting trade-off between system reliability and energy consumption. This work first investigates the effects of frequency and voltage scaling on the fault rate and proposes two fault rate models based on previously published data. Then, the effects of energy management on reliability are studied. Our analysis results show that, energy management through frequency and voltage scaling could dramatically reduce system reliability, and ignoring the effects of energy management on the fault rate is too optimistic and may lead to unsatisfied system reliability.
THE PROBLEM OF SIZE IN ROBUST DESIGN

To facilitate the effective solution of multidisciplinary, multiobjective complex design problems, a departure from the traditional parametric design analysis and single objective optimization approaches is necessary in the preliminary stages of design. A necessary tradeoff becomes one of efficiency vs. accuracy as approximate models are sought to allow fast analysis and effective exploration of a preliminary design space. In this paper we apply a general robust design approach for efficient and comprehensive preliminary design to a large complex system: a high speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft. Specifically, we investigate the HSCT wing configuration design, incorporating life cycle economic uncertainties to identify economically robust solutions. The approach is built on the foundation of statistical experimentation and modeling techniques and robust design principles, and is specialized through incorporation of the compromise Decision Support Problem for multiobjective design. For large problems however, as in the HSCT example, this robust design approach developed for efficient and comprehensive design breaks down with the problem of size - combinatorial explosion in experimentation and model building with number of variables -and both efficiency and accuracy are sacrificed. Our focus in this paper is on identifying and discussing the implications and open issues associated with the problem of size for the preliminary design of large complex systems.
Comparison of single- and two-species models of electron–hole transport in photorefractive media

For most regimes descriptions of photorefractive behavior by electron–hole transport with a single species of impurity levels and by electron–hole transport with two species of impurity levels are significantly different. The steady-state space-charge field depends on the model used, and the presence of two response rates and complementary gratings requires the presence of two species. For appropriate grating spatial frequencies, electric fields, and time limits, however, the models give similar results. We describe these regimes of difference and similarity.
Statistical analysis of simulation output: state of the art

This paper reviews statistical methods for analyzing output data from computer simulations. Specifically, it focuses on the estimation of steady-state system parameters. The estimation techniques include the replication/deletion approach, the regenerative method, the batch means method, and methods based on standardized time series.
Deuterium fractionation in the presolar nebula: Kinetic limitations on surface catalysis

A quantitative test is presented for the possibility that grain-based catalysis could shorten the equilibration times of low temperature equilibrium fractionation sufficiently to account for the D/H ratio values of the solar system even at nebular temperatures. It is found that under the highly idealized conditions in which the full cosmic abundance of Ni is available for catalysis in pure, 5-micron grains, the equilibration time constant becomes greater than the nebular lifetime at temperatures below 560 K. This lower limit is not, however, sufficiently low to permit strong fractionation.
Electromechanical Wave Analysis Through Transient Magnetic Modeling

Sudden changes in the status of an electrical power system involving generation, loading, or fault conditions result in disturbances in the system, which often cause undesired operation. These disturbances propagate through the system in the form of waves in the phase angle of the voltage until they disperse and normal conditions are restored. Electromechanical characteristics of these waves have been modeled in the past through discrete and continuum approaches. In this paper, a simplified method for numerically solving the governing continuum equations is presented. These equations are represented as electromagnetic equations so that software designed for electromagnetics can be used for continuum power systems. The ability to use commercial software leads to several advantages, among them increased flexibility and reduced computational time, as well as avoiding the need to work directly with tensor fields and Gaussian filters. Continuum network equations can be represented as either an electrostatic or magnetostatic problem, while continuum dynamics, such as generator swing equations, can be represented as electric circuits. The proposed model was tested on the highly anisotropic 27-bus New England system and compared with the continuum model of the same system, with comparable results.
Heresies About Time: Wasted Time, Double-Duty Time, and Past Time

1. Wasted time among the "harried," 661. — 2. "Double-duty" time and the efficient production of human capital, 662. — 3. Past time and the importance of "sunk costs," 665.
Fear of movement/(re)injury and activity avoidance in persons with neurogenic versus vascular claudication

Abstract Background context Activity avoidance and fear of movement/(re)injury are increasingly being recognized as important factors in the rehabilitation of persons suffering from chronic low back pain, yet these factors have not been thoroughly explored in persons suffering from neurogenic claudication resulting from lumbar spinal stenosis. Purpose To determine, compare, and explain differences in the degree of fear of movement/(re)injury and activity avoidance in persons with neurogenic claudication, vascular claudication, and asymptomatic volunteers. Study design Prospective controlled cohort study at an academic medical center. Patient sample Eighty-two adults aged between 55 and 90 years with neurogenic claudication, vascular claudication, or no back and leg symptoms. Methods Subjects completed a visual analog scale for pain, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, Short Form 36 (SF-36), and the 13-item version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (Tampa). They were also asked to estimate their maximum walking distance. Outcome measures The difference in the level of fear of movement/(re)injury and activity avoidance in the two symptomatic populations, as well as the predictive validity of self-reported measures such as pain level, functional impairment, and depression in determining fear avoidance. Results The total Tampa score was significantly higher in individuals with neurogenic claudication (M=31.68; standard deviation [SD]=7.56; N=39) than vascular claudication (M=24.07; SD=6.57; N=15) (p=.002), whereas both symptomatic groups were significantly different from controls (M=18.71; SD=6.3; N=28) (p Conclusions Persons with neurogenic claudication have important elevations in fear and avoidance, higher than those with claudication from another source (vascular insufficiency). The impact of fear and avoidance along with other factors such as depression on pain, disability, and quality of life for persons with claudication and spinal stenosis need to be explored.
A Remark on Finitely Generated Subgroups of Free Groups

It is proven that if H is a finitely generated subgroup of a free group F and the index [F: H] is infinite, then there exists a nontrivial normal subgroup N of F with N∩H = {1}.
Cardiac-derived thromboxane A2. An initiating mediator of reperfusion injury?

After crystalloid cardioplegic arrest, cardiac-derived thromboxane A2 may be an important initiating mediator of no-reflow and hemodynamic deterioration during reperfusion because of its potent vasoactive properties. Although previous studies have already documented the increased release of cardiac thromboxane A2 after ischemia, none have studied the effects of cardiac thromboxane A2 on hemodynamics. We therefore tested the ability of cardiac thromboxane A2 to mediate deterioration of coronary flow and functional recovery during reperfusion after global ischemia. Crystalloid-perfused rat hearts that had undergone Langendorff preparation (n = 30) were subjected to 2 hours of global ischemia at 15° C under cardioplegic protection with (n = 15) or without (n = 15) thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29548. In eight of 15 hearts in each group, preischemic and postischemic aortic flow, coronary flow, cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke work were determined. In the remaining seven hearts in each group, preischemic and postischemic coronary effluent levels of the stable hydrolysis product of thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2 were determined with radioimmunoassay through the use of nonrecirculating perfusate. At the completion of the experiment, water content was determined by wet weight/dry weight calculations. In a separate group (n = 7) preischemic myocardial water content was determined. Within the group protected by cardioplegic solution alone, postischemic aortic flow, coronary flow, cardiac output, and stroke work were all significantly decreased (p
The Human Factors of CRT Displays for Nuclear Power Plant Control

The history of Process Control can best be described as an evolutionary progression in which technology has been added, in piecemeal fashion, to extend the capabilities of the human operator. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, processes such as power generation merely required controlling the flow of water through sluice without the aid of instrumentation and computers. As the processes became larger, servomechanisms were added to compensate for the operator’s inability to respond quickly and accurately to changing conditions. The increased complexity inspired the field of Control Engineering and Automation and drastically changed the operator’s function from one of active involvement to one of passive monitoring. During the late 1940’s, the operator’s role was often determined by a “left-over” policy; functions that could not be automated were left to the human operator.
American Muslims’ Anger and Sadness about In-group Social Image

We present a novel study on the role of gender in perceptions of and emotions about in-group social image among American Muslims. Two hundred and five (147 females, 58 males) American Muslims completed a questionnaire on how Muslims feel in U.S. society. The study measured both stereotypical (i.e., 'frightening,' 'oppressed') as well as non-stereotypical in-group social images (i.e., 'powerful,' 'honorable'). In particular, participants were asked how much they believe Muslims are seen as 'frightening,' 'oppressed,' 'honorable,' and 'powerful' in U.S. society, and how much anger and sadness they feel about the way U.S. society views Muslims. Participants believed Muslims are seen in stereotypical ways (i.e., as 'frightening' and 'oppressed') more than in non-stereotypical ways (i.e., as 'powerful' and 'honorable'). Moreover, perceived in-group social image as 'powerful' or 'honorable' did not predict the intensity of felt anger or sadness. In contrast, the more participants believed Muslims are seen as 'frightening,' the more intense their anger and sadness. Furthermore, responses to perceived social image as 'oppressed' were moderated by gender. American Muslim female participants believed that Muslims are seen as 'oppressed' in U.S. society to a greater extent than male participants did. In addition, perceived social image as 'oppressed' only predicted anger for female participants: the more female participants believed Muslims are seen as 'oppressed,' the more intense their anger. This study contributes to the scarce literature on American Muslims in psychology, and shows that both anger and sadness are relevant to the study of perceived social image.
Update on Skeletal Scintigraphy

SUMMARY Skeletal scintigraphy has a unique role in the diagnosis and management of major den-tofacial deformities. It may be part of a comprehensive approach to the establishment of proper treatment time, using newly derived normative data for craniofacial growth and development. A review of a large data base of of various dentofacial deformity patients has provided renewed insight into the dynamics of these conditions, suggesting new areas for investigation.
Non-Traditional Trademarks and the Dilemma of Aesthetic Functionality

As basic principles of American trademark law have allowed for the law’s application to non-traditional designators, the “functionality” doctrine has arguably become the most important bulwark against improper expansion of trademark rights in the U.S. Traditional functionality – sometimes called “utilitarian” or “mechanical” functionality – has a stable analytic framework, but the same cannot be said of “aesthetic functionality,” i.e. the notion that some product features are so aesthetically pleasing or trigger such specific mental responses among consumers that those features should not be monopolized by one competitor. This chapter [in a forthcoming book on non-traditional trademarks] explores the aesthetic functionality doctrine in American trademark law, proposing that (a) the most convincing cases for aesthetic functionality aren’t really about aesthetics, but concern cognitive and psychological responses in consumers, and (b) that aesthetic functionality should bar trademark protection only for product features related to specific cognitive, perceptual, or aesthetic biases that were widespread among consumers before the trademark owner began its own marketing efforts.
Relationships between gas field development and the presence and abundance of pygmy rabbits in southwestern Wyoming

More than 5957 km2 in southwestern Wyoming is currently covered by operational gas fields, and further development is projected through 2030. Gas fields fragment landscapes through conversion of native vegetation to roads, well pads, pipeline corridors, and other infrastructure elements. The sagebrush steppe landscape where most of this development is occurring harbors 24 sagebrush-associated species of greatest conservation need, but the effects of gas energy development on most of these species are unknown. Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are one such species. In 2011, we began collecting three years of survey data to examine the relationship between gas field development density and pygmy rabbit site occupancy patterns on four major Wyoming gas fields (Continental Divide–Creston–Blue Gap, Jonah, Moxa Arch, Pinedale Anticline Project Area). We surveyed 120 plots across four gas fields, with plots distributed across the density gradient of gas well pads on each field. In a 1 km radius around the center of each plot, we measured the area covered by each of 10 gas field infrastructure elements and by shrub cover using 2012 National Agriculture Imagery Program imagery. We then modeled the relationship between gas field elements, pygmy rabbit presence, and two indices of pygmy rabbit abundance. Gas field infrastructure elements—specifically buried utility corridors and a complex of gas well pads, adjacent disturbed areas, and well pad access roads—were negatively correlated with pygmy rabbit presence and abundance indices, with sharp declines apparent after approximately 2% of the area consisted of gas field infrastructure. We conclude that pygmy rabbits in southwestern Wyoming may be sensitive to gas field development at levels similar to those observed for greater sage-grouse, and may suffer local population declines at lower levels of development than are allowed in existing plans and policies designed to conserve greater sage-grouse by limiting the surface footprint of energy development. Buried utilities, gas well pads, areas adjacent to well pads, and well pad access roads had the strongest negative correlation with pygmy rabbit presence and abundance. Minimizing the surface footprint of these elements may reduce negative impacts of gas energy development on pygmy rabbits.
The Politics of Domestic Violence in Central Europe: International and Domestic Contestations

In post-communist Central Europe, the concept of domestic violence has become a hotly debated political issue that serves as a litmus test for global and European integration. Since the political and economic regime change in the early 1990s, international organizations and national NGOs have successfully introduced the term “domestic violence” to the region. However, the combined efforts of local and international human rights instruments and feminist forces have been only partially effective at lobbying governments to pass legislation that criminalizes violence against women and establishes services to help victims. How, why, and when Central European governments responded to pressures to eliminate domestic violence varies widely both conceptually and chronologically. Some countries, like Slovenia, responded quickly by enacting legislation and attempting to implement effective laws. Others, such as the Czech Republic, produced comprehensive legislation but its implementation is slow. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Hungary were more resistant to change, ignoring or outright rejecting efforts to pass domestic violence legislation well into the early 2010s. While the vast majority of laws and related policies are gender-neutral and family-centric, some conceptualizations include gender inequality and a few attempt to coordinate between various agencies such as NGOs, the police, and welfare agencies. Signing the 2011 Istanbul Convention, the first binding international legal instrument among the Council of Europe member states, has become a focal point of ideological conflict because many Central European governmental attitudes have changed from one of openness and interest to one of hostility toward gender-sensitive interpretations of domestic violence.
Mother knows best? How children weigh their firsthand memories against their mothers’ reports

Abstract Twenty-five preschoolers and their mothers separately watched versions of a video that, unbeknownst to them, were discrepant in several details. Later, they discussed the events in the video with each other. Some of the discrepancies between the two versions were targeted by discussion questions; other discrepancies were not discussed, but served as control items. During discussion, most discrepant items were disputed, with mothers claiming to have seen one thing and children another. Despite the frequency of such disputes, discussion of discrepant items did not disrupt children’s subsequent memory for those items, relative to non-discussed items. Nevertheless, those disputed items that were resolved in favor of the mother were less likely to be remembered accurately.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of β-Amino Ketones Via DNA-Compatible Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions

One-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries constructed by solid-phase split-and-pool synthesis are a valuable source of protein ligands. Most OBOC libraries are comprised of oligoamides, particularly peptides, peptoids, and peptoid-inspired molecules. Further diversification of the chemical space covered by OBOC libraries is desirable. Toward this end, we report here the efficient proline-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction between immobilized aldehydes and soluble ketones and anilines. The reaction conditions do not compromise the amplification of DNA by the PCR. Thus, this chemistry will likely be useful for the construction of novel DNA-encoded libraries by solid-phase synthesis.
Benign Headache Management in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Headache is a common complaint managed in the emergency department (ED), with emergency physicians focusing on evaluation for life-threatening conditions while treating pain and nausea. Objective This review evaluates the treatment of benign, primary headaches in the ED, with recommendations provided based on the literature. Discussion Headaches are a major cause of disability in the United States and a common condition managed in the ED. The primary objectives of emergency evaluation of these patients include evaluation for a life-threatening, secondary cause of headache, with treatment of primary headaches. Close evaluation for a secondary cause of headache include consideration of red flags and focused neurologic examination. The diagnosis of primary headaches is clinical. Literature has evaluated medication efficacy in headache treatment, with antidopaminergic medications demonstrating high rates of efficacy when used in combination with nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen. Dexamethasone can be used for the reduction of headache recurrence. If dehydration is present, intravenous fluids should be provided. Diphenhydramine is not recommended for analgesia but may reduce akathisia associated with prochlorperazine. Ketamine, propofol, and nerve blocks demonstrate promise. Triptan agents are also efficacious, provided absence of contraindications. Most patients are appropriate for discharge with pain improvement. Conclusions A variety of medications is available for the treatment of primary headaches in the ED. Antidopaminergic agents demonstrate the highest efficacy and should be provided with acetaminophen and nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs. Dexamethasone may reduce headache recurrence. Other treatments include ketamine, propofol, and nerve blocks.
Strengthening weak measurements of qubit out-of-time-order correlators

For systems of controllable qubits, we provide a method for experimentally obtaining a useful class of multitime correlators using sequential generalized measurements of arbitrary strength. Specifically, if a correlator can be expressed as an average of nested (anti)commutators of operators that square to the identity, then that correlator can be determined exactly from the average of a measurement sequence. As a relevant example, we provide quantum circuits for measuring multiqubit out-of-time-order correlators using optimized control-$Z$ or $\mathit{ZX}$-90 two-qubit gates common in superconducting transmon implementations.
The triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-1 activates TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB-dependent signaling to aggravate ventilation-induced lung inflammation and injury in mice

The triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) plays an important role in infectious and autoimmune diseases but how it contributes to ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) and inflammation is unclear. Here, we examine the possibility that TREM-1 activates signaling dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which leads in turn to VILI. In a mouse model of VILI, which we validated based on lung edema and histopathology as well as cytokine levels, we examine mRNA and protein levels of TREM-1, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and its inhibitory protein I-κB in animals subjected to ventilation at normal or high tidal volume. The extent of lung edema, injury and inflammation were higher in the high tidal volume animals, as were the expression levels of all proteins examined. Treatment with TREM-1 agonist aggravated these effects, whereas treatment with TREM-1 antagonist attenuated them. Our results suggest that aggravation of VILI by TREM-1 in mice may be associated with TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB-dependent signaling.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Metastatic Cancer

During the past decade, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the standard surgical approach for most adrenal tumors. When compared with the traditional open approach, laparoscopic solid organ surgery has been associated with substantial reductions in perioperative morbidity, length of stay, and convalescence [1–4]. As experience with minimally invasive surgical techniques has evolved, more aggressive approaches have lead to laparoscopic resection of larger tumors, bilateral pathology, and metastatic disease. Functional adrenal lesions including pheochromocytoma, laparoscopic adrenalectomy have been shown to be safe and effective, with significant advantages over the traditional open approach. However, laparoscopic management of malignant adrenal tumors remains somewhat controversial. This chapter reviews the current status of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastatic disease and focuses on the technical aspect of the operation.
The Risks and Course of Coronary Artery Disease

The focus of this chapter is on the biological, psychological, and sociocultural risk factors that impinge on the patient suffering from coronary artery disease, a condition manifested clinically by angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or sudden death. The first section of the chapter examines precursors to the illness in the premorbid period, the time prior to the onset of signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease. Although a comprehensive review of the literature concerning the psychological and social risk factors of coronary artery disease is beyond the scope of this chapter, a wealth of research data of varying quality and sometimes contradictory results can be highlighted. For a more thorough review, one can look to articles by Jenkins (1971; 1976a,b), which study the literature through 1976.