cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Body Size on Cardiovascular Function. Can We See the Meat Through the Fat

Physiological comparisons of cardiovascular (CV) structure/function among individuals or groups of individuals are often difficult because of differences in body dimensions. To have meaningful clinical and scientific comparisons, differences in body size must be accounted for. Although there is a plethora of data demonstrating that body size is an important determinant of CV structure/function, and although most researchers recognize the need to adjust CV parameters for differences in body size, there remains considerable confusion as to the most appropriate method to account for these differences. Chirinos et al1 in this issue of Hypertension highlight 2 important issues facing CV research: which body dimension descriptor, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), or body surface area (BSA), is optimal for scaling various CV measures; and which mathematical scaling method should be used. Chirinos et al1 examined the relationship between measures of resting CV parameters, with height, body weight, and BSA and concluded, as have numerous previous studies, that BSA was the most appropriate descriptor, because it incorporates changes in both height and weight, which were evident between their lean versus obese groups. It is important that the selection of the body size descriptor be based both on the accuracy of its measurement, and its physiological relevance to the CV parameter. In most circumstances BSA is not measured, but rather is estimated through formulae. BSA incorporates both low (adipose tissue) and high (skeletal and cardiac muscle) metabolically active tissues. A greater muscle mass necessitates a larger energetic requirement, and thus theoretically, the scaling of CV parameters to …
Understanding Project Site Conditions

The West Dam of the Eastside Reservoir Project was constructed by a joint venture of the Guy F. Atkinson Company, Washington Construction (now Morrison-Knudsen Corporation), and the H. B. Zachry Company. As the excavation of the clay borrow for this project progressed, the productivity of the haul trucks decreased because of wet underfoot conditions in the borrow area. Many estimating and construction planning lessons may be learned from this unexpected construction difficulty. A primary lesson is that in planning a construction operation it is always imperative to understand the geology of the project site.
The Role of the Immune Response in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer. The Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is implicated in its pathogenesis. Immune mechanisms are also implicated. Patients who are immunosuppressed have an increased risk. There is evidence that high intratumoral T-cell counts and immune transcripts are associated with favorable survival. Spontaneous regressions implicate immune effector mechanisms. Immunogenicity is also supported by observation of autoimmune paraneoplastic syndromes. Case reports suggest that immune modulation, including reduction of immune suppression, can result in tumor regression. The relationships between MCPyV infection, the immune response, and clinical outcome, however, remain poorly understood. Circulating antibodies against MCPyV antigens are present in most individuals. MCPyV-reactive T cells have been detected in both MCC patients and control subjects. High intratumoral T-cell counts are also associated with favorable survival in MCPyV-negative MCC. That the immune system plays a central role in preventing and controlling MCC is supported by several observations. MCCs often develop, however, despite the presence of humoral and cellular immune responses. A better understanding on how MCPyV and MCC evade the immune response will be necessary to develop effective immunotherapies.
The Effect of Management's Credibility and the Form of their Earnings Forecasts on Investor Judgment

To improve the usefulness of financial reporting, the Jenkins Committee has recommended increased disclosure of forward-looking information. To encourage such disclosures, Congress recently passed legislation providing an enhanced "safe harbor" provision designed to shield companies from legal liability for voluntary disclosure of forecasted financial information that later proves incorrect. The purpose of this paper is to test whether investors' reactions to management's disclosures of forward-looking information depend on two factors: the credibility of management (i.e., their competence and tendency to bias their disclosures) and the form of the forecasted information (i.e., whether it is quantitative or qualitative). Results of two experiments reveal that individual investors' judgments are influenced by the credibility of management. Specifically, we find that investors accord higher stock ratings to companies with managements reputed to be competent; we also observe that investors accord higher ratings to managements who do not tend to bias their disclosures. In contrast to our expectations, we do not observe that quantitative disclosures lead to different stock ratings than qualitative disclosures. Finally, we note that these two factors do not interact in their effects on investor judgment. The implications of our findings and future research directions are discussed.
Development of PTO-Sim: A Power Performance Module for the Open-Source Wave Energy Converter Code WEC-Sim

WEC-Sim (Wave Energy Converter-SIMulator) is an open-source wave energy converter (WEC) code capable of simulating WECs of arbitrary device geometry subject to operational waves. The code is developed in MATLAB/Simulink using the multi-body dynamics solver SimMechanics, and relies on Boundary Element Method (BEM) codes to obtain hydrodynamic coefficients such as added mass, radiation damping, and wave excitation. WEC-Sim Version 1.0, released in Summer 2014, models WECs as a combination of rigid bodies, joints, linear power take-offs (PTOs), and mooring systems. This paper outlines the development of PTO-Sim (Power Take Off-SIMulator), the WEC-Sim module responsible for accurately modeling a WEC’s conversion of mechanical power to electrical power through its PTO system. PTO-Sim consists of a Simulink library of PTO component blocks that can be linked together to model different PTO systems. Two different applications of PTO-Sim will be given in this paper: a hydraulic power take-off system model, and a direct drive power take-off system model.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Simulation-based regression analysis for the rack configuration of an autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system

In this paper, a simulation-based regression analysis for the rack configuration of an autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system (AVS/RS) is presented. The aim of this study is to develop mathematical functions for the rack configuration of an AVS/RS that reflects the relationship between the outputs (responses) and the input variables (factors) of the system under various scenarios. In the regression model, we consider five outputs: the average cycle time of storage and retrieval transactions, the average waiting time for vehicle transactions, the average waiting time of vehicles (transactions) for the lift, the average utilisation of vehicles and the average utilisation of the lifts. The input variables are the number of tiers, aisles and bays that determine the size of the warehouse. Thirty regression models are developed for six warehouse scenarios. The simulation model of the system is developed using ARENA 12.0 commercial software and the statistical analyses are completed using MINITAB statis...
Numerical Simulation of Point Defect Distributions in a Growing Czochralski Silicon Crystal in Response to an Abrupt Change in the Growth Conditions

Numerical simulation of point defect distributions in a growing Czochralski silicon crystal with an abrupt change in the crystal growth rate from 1.0 to 0.4 mm/min was performed. The result was fitted to the experimental data for the flow pattern defects obtained from a crystal grown under simulated conditions. From the simulation result, it was observed that the axial temperature distribution shifts slightly upwards as a result of the growth rate reduction. Based upon the argument that the flow pattern defects are of vacancy-type, it is proposed that the generation rate of the flow pattern defects during crystal growth can be described by the classical nucleation rate theory proposed by Becker [Proc.Phys.Soc., 52, 71(1940)]. In addition, it is suggested that the vacancy concentration in the flow pattern defects depends upon the reaction time between the silicon interstitials and the flow pattern defects and thus the crystal growth rate.
Interaction of cosmic ray muons with spent nuclear fuel dry casks and determination of lower detection limit

Abstract The potential non-proliferation monitoring of spent nuclear fuel sealed in dry casks interacting continuously with the naturally generated cosmic ray muons is investigated. Treatments on the muon RMS scattering angle by Moliere, Rossi-Greisen, Highland and, Lynch-Dahl were analyzed and compared with simplified Monte Carlo simulations. The Lynch-Dahl expression has the lowest error and appears to be appropriate when performing conceptual calculations for high-Z, thick targets such as dry casks. The GEANT4 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate dry casks with various fuel loadings and scattering variance estimates for each case were obtained. The scattering variance estimation was shown to be unbiased and using Chebyshev's inequality, it was found that 10 6 muons will provide estimates of the scattering variances that are within 1% of the true value at a 99% confidence level. These estimates were used as reference values to calculate scattering distributions and evaluate the asymptotic behavior for small variations on fuel loading. It is shown that the scattering distributions between a fully loaded dry cask and one with a fuel assembly missing initially overlap significantly but their distance eventually increases with increasing number of muons. One missing fuel assembly can be distinguished from a fully loaded cask with a small overlapping between the distributions which is the case of 100,000 muons. This indicates that the removal of a standard fuel assembly can be identified using muons providing that enough muons are collected. A Bayesian algorithm was developed to classify dry casks and provide a decision rule that minimizes the risk of making an incorrect decision. The algorithm performance was evaluated and the lower detection limit was determined.
Bent, Cast & Forged: The Jewelry of Harry Bertoia

Bent, Cast & Forged: The Jewelry of Harry Bertoia is the first museum exhibition focused on some of the designer’s earliest metalwork, specifically the experimental jewelry he crafted while in resi...
Dielectric qualities of erythrocytes in healthy people and in patients with cardiovascular disease

This article contains the results of research, in which the erythrocytes’ dielectric qualities were studied. The research was carried out with a help of dielspectrummetry with an electrical current of 1 and 10 kHz. Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), with arterial hypertension and with acquired rheumatic heart disease in non-active phase were examined. The group of control was formed by healthy individuals. The estimation of real part of dielectric permeability (έ) was taken in vitro after getting erythrocyte suspension and after 60 and 120 minutes in conditions of hypoxia. Coefficient of polarization (CP), equal to ratio of (έ) at low frequency to (έ) at high frequency, was counted. It was found, that the initial level of CP was reliably higher in patients with IHD and acquired heart diseases, comparing with healthy individuals. Different character of erythrocytes reaction towards hypoxia was revealed. Connection of CP with cardiac rhythm disturbances and chronic heart failure was found.
Shell Middens, Paleoecology, and Prehistory: The Case from Estero Morua, Sonora, Mexico

ABSTRACTPrehistoric shell middens from Estero Morua, near Puerto Penasco on the Gulf of California, are examined as a reflection of the ecology of the estero at approximately A.D. 1200. A measure o...
Update on progress in HIV vaccine development

Abstract The 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections heralded the arrival of a new crop of potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. This advance has given the entire vaccine field enormous hope that it will be possible one day to develop an antibody-based vaccine for HIV. However, substantial obstacles still exist in the induction of these antibodies by vaccination, given the enormous number of somatic mutations needed to develop these highly efficient antibodies. It is likely that follicular helper T cells will be involved in the development of these antibodies, and this will be a key area of interest in the future. Cellular immune responses will also be an important part of any vaccine regimen. Evidence showed that protection provided by an attenuated vaccine correlated with the frequency of vaccine-induced helper cells and killer cells, underlining the importance of these key immune cells. An alternative approach to the development of potent neutralizing antibodies was presented as part of an update on the Thai Phase III Vaccine Trial RV144. Data were shown suggesting that binding antibodies may play a role in protection from HIV infection.
A New Power Gating Circuit Design Approach Using Double-Gate FDSOI

Power gating circuits are utilized to manage power consumption and thermal stress in microprocessors and other high-performance integrated circuits. Most of the power gating techniques utilize sleep transistors in different configurations to reduce the subthreshold leakage current, which is the primary source of the standby power. These sleep transistors, which are added between the supply lines and the circuits as header and footer switches, impose additional area, delay, power, and other overheads and complexities. This brief introduces the concept of combining the functionality of the sleep transistors with the logic devices by utilizing fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) device. This FDSOI transistor-based power gating circuit design approach will eliminate the requirement of employing a separate set of sleep transistors to place the circuit in the sleep or idle mode. This will reduce the overall complexity and overheads of integrated circuits and simplify power gating techniques. In addition, it improves the overall power efficiency and lower thermal effects. SOI devices are becoming critically important for various very-large-scale integration applications, because SOI devices provide higher performance and reliability, and options to design circuits with multiple-threshold voltages to ensure faster switching and lower power consumption. In the proposed circuit design approach, the flexibility to control the threshold voltage of a double-gate FDSOI device via back gate has been exploited to eliminate the need for using a separate set of sleep transistors. The presented sleep transistor design is verified via HSPICE simulation using the Leti-UTSOI model from CEA-Leti .
Wireless closed-loop stimulation systems for symptom management

A closed-loop system for autonomous management of disease symptoms can provide better care for patients who have chronic illnesses, and improve the healthcare system with personalized medicine and lower costs. Wireless electronics play a key role in forming a closed-loop network between body and computer. Computers can continuously utilize detected physiological signals from body, analyze conditions by adaptive algorithms, and directly deliver therapeutic stimulation to the tissues. Two examples are introduced in this chapter, including neural and gastric electrical stimulation applications targeting management of neurological and gastric disorders. System designs and experimental results illustrate the feasibility of the feedback-based stimulation to alleviate symptoms. Wireless signal transduction and wireless power transfer mechanisms across tissues make it possible to eliminate battery in the implants for long-term use and reduce implant size for endoscopic implementation. Practical considerations for efficient wireless power transfer with small antennas are discussed.
Motivating Students with Bio-Fuel Student Engineering Competition Projects

College students often express concern regarding the impact of fossil fuels on the environment. Studying bio-fuels allows students to learn about both the fundamental principles of their discipline and broader issues such as understanding the impact of technology in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context. Further, students are motivated by competition. University engineering challenges can be used to intrinsically motivate these students. This paper describes the benefits and challenges for the students and University in participating in the SAE Clean Snowmobile Collegiate Design Series competition.
Recent Literature in Discovery History

Consul John Beecroft’s Journal of His Mission to Dahomey, 1850. Edited by ROBIN LAW. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 302 pp. $80 (HB)FERRAND, GABRIEL. Relations de voyages et textes ge...
Factors affecting the result of matches in the one day format of cricket

Factors contributing to winning games are imperative, as the ultimate objective in a game is victory. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that characterize the game of cricket, and to investigate the factors that truly influence the result of a game using the data collected from the Champions Trophy cricket tournament. According to the results, this cricket tournament can be characterized using the factors of batting, bowling, and decision-making. Further investigation suggests that the rank of the team and the number of runs they score have the most significant influence on the result of games. As far as the effectiveness of assigning bowlers is concerned, the Australian team has done a fabulous job compared to the rest of the teams.
Drosophila suzukii flight performance reduced by starvation but not affected by humidity

Drosophila suzukii is widely studied because of its status as a global pest of berries and soft fruits. Environmental conditions and access to food resources impact the physiology and fitness of D. suzukii; these factors could also affect dispersal. Flight mills are a convenient tool for measuring and comparing the flight performance of insects. In this study, two experiments examined the effects of diet and humidity on D. suzukii flight performance using custom-built flight mills, and a third experiment compared the energy reserves of D. suzukii flown or not flown on flight mills. Over all flight assays, the median flight distance and duration were 27.16 m and 2.37 min, respectively, and the mean flight velocity was 0.18 m/s. The maximum flight distance and duration by an individual were 1.75 km and 2.35 h, respectively. Drosophila suzukii provisioned with blossoms, fruits, or standard laboratory diets flew farther distances and longer durations than starved flies. While starvation was associated with reduced flight performance, there were no observed differences between diet types. It remains unclear whether D. suzukii consistently use lipids, glycogen, sugar, or another energy source for flight because tethered individuals may not have flown enough to deplete energy reserves. Humidity did not affect flight performance of D. suzukii within a ~ 2 h test period. These data indicate that most D. suzukii are likely to remain within limited area (e.g., within a field) but that some individuals can disperse long distances (field to field spread).
Cell–ECM Interactions and the Regulation of Epithelial Branching Morphogenesis

Branching morphogenesis is a crucial mechanism in embryonic development for establishing the architecture of many mammalian epithelial organs, including the salivary gland, lung, kidney, and mammary gland. It substantially expands the epithelial surface area available for secretion or absorption within many organs. Studies in three-dimensional ex vivo organ culture, including early tissue recombination studies, have revealed that cell interactions with the interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) and the basement membrane associated with epithelial cells play a critical role in the branching process. Here, we review the dynamic mechanisms by which cell–ECM interactions regulate the morphogenesis and organization of branched epithelial tissue structures. We highlight several general biological principles by which cell interactions with the ECM and basement membrane regulate epithelial branching morphogenesis; these include ECM-mediated or -induced alterations in tissue shape and stimulation of dynamic cell motility, proliferative outgrowth and expansion of the epithelium regulated by growth factors and proteolytic degradation of the ECM, and basement membrane roles in coordinating organization of epithelial tissue architecture. Because an in-depth understanding of cell interactions with the ECM will be important for developing novel approaches to disease therapy, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the rational design of bioengineered scaffolds in regenerative medicine strategies, as well as their potential relevance to epithelial cancer progression.
Fusion in Biological and Model Membranes: Similarities and Differences

Fusion is an exotic phenomenon, attractive to study, poorly understood (cf. this volume). This chapter will focus on measurements of single fusion events in two systems with similar geometry phospholipid vesicles to planar phospholipid membranes and secretory granules to plasma membranes in exocytosis. Large expanses of phospholipid bilayer are joined together in both. Observation of particle-free pre-fusion zones has suggested that the role of protein in cell membrane fusion is to get out of the way, and allow lipid bilayer to contact and fuse (Ornberg & Reese, 1981; Chandler, 1987). This hypothesis suggests that the fundamental molecular event is the same in lipid and biological membrane fusion. However, in examining the details of the fusion reaction on the scale of tens of angstroms, we see major differences between phospholipid bilayer fusion and exocytotic fusion. The stable, hydrated pore which in exocytosis develops between the inside of the vesicle and the extracellular space is not usually detected in bilayer fusion. Osmotic swelling of the vesicle does not precede exocytotic fusion although it appears to drive phospholipid bilayer fusion. Lipid membranes fusion is irreversible; cell membranes seem to occasionally exhibit a reversible step before fusing. These observations suggest that some of the components of cell membranes other than lipids play crucial roles in the control, catalysis and molecular mechanism of cell membrane fusion.
An Unusual Behavior of π-Vinyl Alcohol Complexes of Transition Metals

Although the usefulness of polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] polymer has long been recognized, no work has been reported on the vinyl alcohol moiety itself. This is due to the fact that the existence of free vinyl alcohol has not yet been shown. It has been postulated that a small percentage of this unstable specie, vinyl alcohol, exists in situ in an equilibrium with acetaldehyde.1 However, it has been claimed that vinyl alcohol forms stable organometallic complexes with transition metal ions. These vinyl alcohol complexes of transition metals have been proposed as being π-bonded to the metal.
Sol-Gel Packaging for Electrochemical Devices

Packaging is an essential part of manufacturing electrochemical devices, such as micro-batteries and super-capacitors. Hermetic packaging is required to prevent humidity and gases from degrading components and interconnects. Typically, packaging is the last step in assembling such devices. Consequently, packaging materials have to be applied at low processing temperatures. Sol-gel processed hybrid organic–inorganic materials are convenient low temperature materials for packaging. This chapter, which surveys the use of sol-gel hybrids in packaging of electronic devices, is based, in part (Jitanu and Klein In Hybrid nanocomposites for nanotechnology: electronic optical magnetic and bio/medical applications. Springer, Berlin, pp. 429–453, 2009), which appeared in 2009. The survey has been updated and focused on electrochemical systems.
Computing the Singular Value Decomposition on a Ring of Array Processors

The parallel matrix computation community has lately devoted considerable attention to the Jacobi family of methods for computing eigenvalues and singular values. These methods “map” rather neatly onto various nearest neighbor architectures. If the processors are reasonably powerful and have significant local memory then block Jacobi procedures are appealing because they render a more favorable computation/communication ratio. We examined the scope of these claims by implementing a block Jacobi SVD procedure on the IBM Kingston Loosely Coupled Array Processor (LCAP) system. The LCAP system consists of ten FPS-164/MAX array processors connected in a ring via some large bulk memories. Our basic finding is that the algorithm is well-suited to the architecture but that its advantage over a single processor implementation of the Golub-Reinsch procedure is rather unclear.
Explanatory model to describe school district prevalence rates for mental retardation and learning disabilities

Data reports from South Carolina's 92 independent school districts were used to calculate prevalence rates of mental retardation and learning disabilities among school-age children. These prevalence rates were 41.66/1,000 children enrolled for mental retardation and 33.21/1,000 children enrolled for learning disabilities. The 1980-1981 school year was selected because this was the last year in which disaggregated reports were submitted for placement in educable mental handicap (EMH), trainable mental handicap (TMH), and profound mental handicap (PMH) programs. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to explain school district prevalence rates of categorization of children into programs for mental retardation and learning disabilities. Results show that community SES and tax inputs explain 39% of the variation in prevalence rates and that these factors affect rates indirectly.
Beyond Secretases: Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in old age. Recent data indicate that 24.3 million people worldwide suffer from AD. Hyperphosphorylation of tau, a protein normally involved in microtubule stabilization, has been identified as an important pathological contributor to AD development. In AD brains, hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to its aggregation, misfolding, and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, one common hallmark of AD. Specific protein kinases, such as GSK-3β, CDK5, and DYRK1A, are involved in tau hyperphosphorylation and have been identified as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD cognitive deficits. We herein review the current state of the art in the development of small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3β, CDK5, DYRK1A, and other protein kinases involved in tau phosphorylation. Only recently developed compounds with cellular and/or in vivo activity will be discussed.
Patterns in the development of extensional fault-block shapes from comparison of outcrop-scale faults and experimental physical models

Abstract The geometry and kinematics of normal fault blocks and subsidiary faults within fault blocks are illustrated by centimeter-to meter-scale faults in an exposure of Tertiary sedimentary rocks in Arizona and are interpreted using results from previously published physical models. In map view, the outcrop fault population consists of anastomosing curved and planar faults. In cross-section there are planar faults and curved faults with either smooth or abrupt (ramp-flat) curvature. The fault patterns resemble those of physical models and larger faults in other extended terrains. Ramp-flat faults with planar and curved faults and tilt-block domains are the most prominent structures. Ramp-flat geometry prevails where faults intersect bedding at low angles. Rats are commonly zones of distributed faults rather than a simple throughgoing fault. In tilt-block arrays curved faults that are convex-up are as numerous as concave up (listric) faults and contribute to the overall geometry of the fault array. Subsidiary planar and curved faults prevail in the toes of tilt blocks, whereas horst-and-graben patterns occur in the less faulted block interiors. Internal deformation of rollover structures due to both accommodation and extension of the upper plate was accomplished mainly by slip on arrays of smaller faults in synthetic tilt-block arrays and by crisscrossing horst-and-graben-bounding faults.
Does State Dissociation Mediate the Relation Between Alcohol Intoxication and Deliberate Self-Harm?

Research supports the notion that alcohol intoxication is a risk factor for deliberate self-harm (DSH). However, the underlying mechanisms for this relationship are poorly understood. We aimed to d...
Ubiquitous Environments for Problem-Based Learning: A Bibliographic Review

This research presents a full paper in which we identify and systematize the new forms of access to information and communication experienced by contemporary society and their potentialities in the development of teaching environments. The called u-PBL corresponds to PBL combined with the use of ubiquitous environments for teachers, learning tools for learning activities and collaborative learning environments for students, ensuring meaningful learning. Studying the main works that report the use of u-PBL, benefits were found for the teaching learning process. The methodology was a bibliographical review of the articles published between 2010 and 2018, in the bases Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. As a result of this analysis, emerged (i) environments adapted to different user profiles; (ii) different pedagogical activities in u-PBL; (iii) different methodologies of educational activities addressed when using u-PBL; and (iv) different technological languages implementing the environments used. It was concluded that u-PBL could be applied as a teaching-learning aid tool, acting directly and/or indirectly in areas such as Health, Computing, Environment, etc. Also, the need for studies that report the development of u-PBL interfaces that allow constant immersion of the student into the teaching-learning environment.
Cruising for a Diagnosis.

Many years ago, San Francisco had a program where ambulances (unkindly called “boozer cruisers”) would set out at night to pick up people on the street. They were mostly alcoholics.
Differential thermal method of estimating calcium hydroxide in calcium silicate and cement pastes

Abstract DTA is applied to estimate Ca(OH) 2 in cementitious phases by determining the peak areas caused by the decomposition of Ca(OH) 2 to CaO+H 2 O. In the hydration of C 3 S generally, the chemical method yields slightly higher values. DTA is also used as a monitoring technique in preparing a practically Ca(OH) 2 -free product from hydrated portland cement or hydrated C 3 S. Hydrated portland cement or C 3 S has now been exposed to an unsaturated Ca(OH) 2 solution and extraction continued until the sample indicate no endothermal peak for Ca(OH) 2 . The thermal method permits determination of the rate of formation of Ca(OH) 2 in portland cement hydrated in the presence of 0, 1, 2 and 3 1 2 per cent CaCl 2 .
Resisting Displacement: Leveraging Interpersonal Ties to Remain despite Criminal Violence in Medellín, Colombia:

Although civilians across the globe are fleeing conflict in record numbers, the reality is that far more remain behind. In addition to traditional wars, people stay in territories governed by crimi...
Chemical Weathering in Small Mountainous Rivers of Southern Italy and Northern Spain

Since the seminal work of Milliman and Syvitski (J Geol 100:525–544, 1992), there has been interest in evaluating the significance of small mountainous river (SMRs) systems and their role in the transport of both solutes, and especially sediments, to the world ocean. Although some data exist from portions of the Earth’s mountainous regions, the majority of this work has been focused in the western Pacific Ocean and Caribbean regions. During those previous studies, workers have sought to evaluate the interconnection between physical erosion and chemical erosion rates. We report herein on the riverine geochemistry of five rivers draining northern Spain and six rivers draining southern Italy. The geochemistry of these rivers is dominated by calcium carbonate weathering and input from either evaporite dissolution or marine aerosols, or both. Silicate mineral weathering is also occurring but it is not the dominant process. Using previously tabulated annual total suspended load data, we have calculated both physical and chemical erosion yields from seven of the eleven rivers under investigation where complete data sets are available. The physical yields are much higher in the Italian rivers, while chemical yields of all rivers are in a similar range. Our work adds new information on SMRs from geographical regions that have not previously been evaluated within this global context.
COGNITIVE ONOMASTICS: SEMANTIC GESTALTS OF THE ASSOCIATIVE ONYMIC FIELD OF AROMATONYMS

The article is devoted to determining the nature of the aromatic subframe of the English native speaker's mental lexicon. Semantic gestalts of the associative field of English aromatonyms are considered. Systematization of the results of the free associative experiment made it possible to single out the semantic gestalts of the associative onymic field of the analyzed stimuli. In this study, we used the method of free associative experiment, which is to respond to informants through any verbal reaction to stimulus words. The associative field of the stimulus was divided into semantic gestalts – fragments of the linguistic picture of the world and on the basis of two dominant groups of associates the gestalt associative core was established. Analyzing the obtained semantic gestalts of the associative onymic field of aromatonyms, we consider it appropriate to note that they all have a high degree of generalization, i.e. the semantic diffusion of speech becomes relevant, which opens the possibility of subjective interpretation of what is heard. All the results of our free experiment, namely semantic gestalts, are implemented by the Milton model, which combines distortion, generalization and omission of information, so that language is deliberately used to allow the respondents to supplement the missing details.
Colonization at birth with human CST IV cervicovaginal microbiota alters development and increases neonatal mortality in mice

Profound racial health disparities contribute to maternal-infant morbidity and mortality. An emergent risk factor is the maternal microbiota, whereby compositional alterations impact maternal health and offspring development during pregnancy and beyond. The presence of a nonoptimal CST IV cervicovaginal microbiota, more common in Black and Hispanic women, is associated with increased risk of preterm birth and adverse birth outcomes. Through examination of the biological mechanisms by which vertical transmission of microbiota from mother to offspring influences postnatal development, we found that exposing cesarean delivered mice with CST IV cervicovaginal microbiota from pregnant women produced lasting effects on offspring metabolic, immune, and neural outcomes. We then examined how compounding effects of a typical high-risk, proinflammatory in utero environment, characterized by a maternal obesogenic state and the presence of G. vaginalis, would affect the offspring response to CST IV microbial gut colonization. The resultant developmental immaturity, coupled with an exaggerated immune response induced by exposure to risk-associated maternal microbiota, resulted in a profound increase in neonatal mortality, supporting the critical importance of elucidating the multifactorial biological mechanisms involved in high-risk pregnancies.
Reasonableness in the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law

This symposium essay compares the different conceptions of reasonableness in the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law and the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law. Part I discusses Section 403 of the Restatement (Third), recounting its origins and the subsequent failure of courts in the United States and abroad to embrace its case-by-case approach. Part II describes the principles of reasonableness found in the Restatement (Fourth), including customary international law’s “genuine connection” requirement, the presumption against extraterritoriality, and the principle of reasonableness in interpretation. Part III offers a brief evaluation of the different approaches to reasonableness, concluding that the Restatement (Fourth)’s provison-by-provision approach is preferable.
Semi-automated approaches to optimize deep brain stimulation parameters in Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a treatment option for Parkinson’s disease patients when medication does not sufficiently manage their symptoms. DBS can be a highly effect therapy, but only after a time-consuming trial-and-error stimulation parameter adjustment process that is susceptible to clinician bias. This trial-and-error process will be further prolonged with the introduction of segmented electrodes that are now commercially available. New approaches to optimizing a patient’s stimulation parameters, that can also handle the increasing complexity of new electrode and stimulator designs, is needed. To improve DBS parameter programming, we explored two semi-automated optimization approaches: a Bayesian optimization (BayesOpt) algorithm to efficiently determine a patient’s optimal stimulation parameter for minimizing rigidity, and a probit Gaussian process (pGP) to assess patient’s preference. Quantified rigidity measurements were obtained using a robotic manipulandum in two participants over two visits. Rigidity was measured, in 5Hz increments, between 10–185Hz (total 30–36 frequencies) on the first visit and at eight BayesOpt algorithm-selected frequencies on the second visit. The participant was also asked their preference between the current and previous stimulation frequency. First, we compared the optimal frequency between visits with the participant’s preferred frequency. Next, we evaluated the efficiency of the BayesOpt algorithm, comparing it to random and equal interval selection of frequency. The BayesOpt algorithm estimated the optimal frequency to be the highest tolerable frequency, matching the optimal frequency found during the first visit. However, the participants’ pGP models indicate a preference at frequencies between 70–110 Hz. Here the stimulation frequency is lowest that achieves nearly maximal suppression of rigidity. BayesOpt was efficient, estimating the rigidity response curve to stimulation that was almost indistinguishable when compared to the longer brute force method. These results provide preliminary evidence of the feasibility to use BayesOpt for determining the optimal frequency, while pGP patient’s preferences include more difficult to measure outcomes. Both novel approaches can shorten DBS programming and can be expanded to include multiple symptoms and parameters.
Modeling traumatic brain injury combined with hemorrhagic shock in rats: Neurological assessment and PET imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucaric acid

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Hemorrhagic shock (HS) aggravates tissue injury and complicates TBI recovery. We studied the combined insult of mild TBI and HS and investigated the impact of varying loss of blood volume on neurologic deficit and brain lesion volume. A novel positron emission tomography (PET) technique was employed to monitor tissue injury. Male Sprague Dawley rats received mTBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI) followed by withdrawal of 0%, 30-40%, 45%, or 50% of blood (mTBI, mTBI+HS[≤]40%, mTBI+HS45%, and mTBI+HS50%, respectively). Neurological deficit (mNSS= 5.6, 7.6, and 12.3) and mortality (2/12, 2/6, and 7/12) were higher in mTBI+HS[≤]40%, mTBI+HS45%, and mTBI+HS50%, than in mTBI alone rats (no death; mNSS=3.3). Histologic lesion size increased 3.5-fold in mTBI+HS50% compared to mTBI alone and the infarct-avid PET agent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucaric acid (FGA) proportionately detected tissue necrosis in mTBI+HS50% rats. Based on these results, we conclude that HS aggravates mTBI-induced neurological deficits, tissue injury and mortality. PET using 18F-FGA as an imaging marker can detect the extent of injury in a non-invasive manner.
Abstract 3080: ILEI regulates LIFR expression and CSC self-renewal

Our lab has previously identified a mechanism of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) cells. Reduced expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1, hereafter “E1”) in NMuMG cells induces EMT, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Our experimental data has revealed that increased expression of interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) and of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) proteins occurs following E1 knockdown (E1KD). ILEI and LIFR have been shown to interact by coimmunoprecipitation/radiography experiments, and there is a correlation between ILEI expression and phosphorylation of the LIFR effector STAT3. ILEI is necessary to induce EMT in NMuMG cells, and spheroid formation capacity in non-adherent serum-depleted cell culture conditions is attenuated following either ILEI or LIFR knockdown. Loss of spheroid formation following ILEI knockdown is rescued by treatment with exogenous recombinant ILEI protein (rILEI); however, spheroid formation is not rescued by rILEI following LIFR knockdown. In immunocompromised mice, orthotopic grafts of NMuMG cells with E1KD (E1KD cells) with additional knockdown of either ILEI or LIFR display a decrease in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis relative to control cells. These data suggest that ILEI-induced spheroid formation capacity involves LIFR, and that an ILEI/LIFR signaling axis promotes breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype. Characterization of the mechanisms that allow BCSCs to persist during chemotherapeutic interventions will advance our understanding of drug resistant and dormant breast cancer. The precise mechanisms involved in ILEI-mediated EMT and ILEI/LIFR-mediated BCSC induction are unknown. Semi-quantitative PCR data demonstrates that the increase in LIFR expression in E1KD cells is regulated at the transcriptional level. Additionally, E1KD cells with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ILEI knockout (E1KD-ILEI-KO cells) show decreased luciferase signal relative to control cells following transfection of LIFR promoter DNA sequences placed upstream of a luciferase gene. Further, E1KD-ILEI-KO cells show attenuation of spheroid formation when compared to unaltered E1KD cells. Our data allow us to conclude that ILEI participates in the regulation of LIFR gene transcription, which plays a role in ILEI-induced maintenance of spheroid formation and self-renewal. Continued investigation will allow development of studies aimed at revealing the mechanisms involved in ILEI/LIFR axis-mediated disease progression in vivo. Citation Format: William S. Streitfeld, Annamarie C. Dalton, Philip H. Howe. ILEI regulates LIFR expression and CSC self-renewal [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 3080.
A Unified Representation for Hardware and Software

From this point forward, the discussion will focus on hardware/software modeling. As a point of departure, this chapter presents a unified representation [245] for hardware and software. The first section reviews the benefits of a unified representation. The next section introduces some pertinent modeling concepts, concentrating on two in particular: level of abstraction and level of interpretation. Both abstraction level and interpretation level affect the amount of detail present within a model. A unified representation is developed which incorporates descriptions based on either functional abstractions or data abstractions and integrates the modeling concepts mentioned above. This representation serves as the foundation for models that utilize data/control flow concepts (Chapter 7/Chapter 8) and object-oriented techniques (Chapter 9).
POTENTIAL OF OPTIMAL SHIP STRUCTURE REDESIGN FOR MINOR COLLISIONS

The potential for improvement of the rupture resistance of marine vessels through the use of structural optimization techniques is investigated.
The selective renaissance of the experimental analysis of human behavior

Two recent articles (Dougherty, Nedelmann, & Alfred, 1993; Hyten & Reilly, 1992) have favorably appraised the growth and health of the experimental analysis of human behavior as a whole. Within the last decade alone, there has been a more than threefold increase in the percentage of human operant papers appearing in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. In the present paper, a more molecular analysis is used, and some concerns are raised about the overall health of the field. The analysis included a determination of the rate at which new authors have appeared, how several areas of research have grown, and a contrast between the proportion of papers appearing in each of several areas of research during the last two decades. Two primary concerns are raised in this paper: (a) The recent growth within the field has been in only three select research areas (general schedule control, reinforcement, and stimulus control), and (b) there is an increasing disparity between the number of papers published in the few areas of research receiving the most attention and the number of papers published in the other areas of research receiving the least attention. Although the experimental analysis of human behavior has made considerable progress in the mere number of publications, these publications have been somewhat limited in scope.
Textbook Depictions of the Fugitive Slave Act--A Case for Historical and Moral Literacy

The textbook exerts a powerful influence over curricula, teacher lesson design, and student historical literacy. This article examines the degree to which textbook narratives create opportunities for both historical thinking and moral analysis of a major factor in the pre-Civil War era, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. In this study, a two-method analysis is utilized—a historical narrative method, in which textbook depictions of the Fugitive Slave Act are compared to relevant historiographical works; and a categorical narrative method, in which these depictions are evaluated with an ethical framework for the moral consideration of conflict, the “just war” doctrine. Through these analyses, a case is made for the importance of both historical and moral literacy in social studies instruction.