cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and characteristics of patients with metastatic cancer who receive no anticancer therapy

BACKGROUND: A subset of patients who present with metastatic solid tumors never receive anticancer therapy. Reasons may include poor functional status, comorbidities, and patient preference. To the authors' knowledge, the prevalence and characteristics of this population have not previously been described. METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients diagnosed with metastatic (stage IV according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer) solid tumors (including those of the breast, cervix, colon, and kidney; small cell and nonsmall cell lung cancer [NSCLC]; and tumors of the prostate, rectum, and uterus) who received neither radiotherapy nor systemic therapy. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for the percentage of untreated to treated patients with stage IV cancer. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2008, 773,233 patients with stage IV cancer were identified, 159,284 of whom (20.6%; 95% confidence interval, 20.5%-20.7%) received no anticancer therapy. Patients with NSCLC accounted for 55% of the untreated population. Patients with cancers of the kidney and lung had the highest rates of no treatment at 25.5% and 24.0%, respectively, whereas patients with prostate cancer had the lowest rate of no treatment at 11.1%. Across all cancer types, older age (PR range, 1.37-1.49; all P < .001), black race (PR range, 1.05-1.32; all P < .001), lack of medical insurance (PR range, 1.47-2.46; all P < .001), and lower income (except for cancer of the uterus; PR range, 0.91-0.98 for every $10,000-increase in income [all P < .001]) were associated with a lack of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 20% of patients who present with stage IV solid tumors do not receive anticancer therapy. Although there are likely multiple reasons for this lack of treatment, including appropriate indications, these findings have potential implications with regard to health care policy and access to care. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The religiosity gap: preferences for seeking help from religious advisors

As unique cultural variables receive increasing attention in the extant psychotherapy and counselling literature, religiosity seems an apt target for continued close examination. In a sample of 235 college students, the current study focused on variables associated with preferences for seeking help from a religious advisor (for psychological distress), rather than the help of a psychological professional. Results indicated that religiosity accounted for the most variance (R 2 = 0.20) in preferences for religious help-seeking (PReHS). Additionally, the perceived benefits of self-disclosure, religious involvement, mental illness stigma, and attachment anxiety all accounted for much smaller amounts of unique variance in PReHS. Practitioners are encouraged to consider internal aspects of religiosity (e.g., thoughts and beliefs) at intake and throughout treatment, in addition to more external aspects such as religious affiliation and church attendance. Limitations, implications for future research, and concept...
Minimizing vulnerability: Selective interdependencies after welfare reform

The issue of dependency permeates the American welfare discourse. Although most of the 50 low-income women we interviewed in our research echoed the distain of dependency found in the broader welfare discourse, they overwhelmingly described actively cultivating some forms of interdependence. For example, many of the women used state childcare vouchers to channel resources into their family networks while simultaneously adhering to an ethic of family care for children. They found this reliance on state resources and family to be desirable—and in fact a sign of “independence”—because it enhanced the economic security of their families while preserving the physical and emotional safety of their children. In contrast, the women tended to view reliance on men as undesirable—a form of “dependence”—because it did not enhance their perceptions of security. Thus while the women talked about becoming independent, in fact they cultivated selective interdependencies to minimize their economic, emotional and physical vulnerability. Independence for our respondents was not a lack of reliance on others but rather the ability to provide safety and security for themselves and their children. Our analysis may sheds some light on why welfare reform efforts aimed at increasing marriage rates have been less successful than those aimed at increasing employment rates.
Enhanced Reactivity of Ordered Monolayers of Gold on Pt(100) and Platinum on Au(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces

Gold was deposited on Pt(100) and platinum was deposited on Au(100) single-crystal surfaces. Cyclohexene dehydrogenation rates were enhanced about fivefold relative to clean Pt(100) by just one monolayer of gold on Pt(100) and also by ordered platinum layers on inactive Au(100).
The place of social work in a tuberculosis hospital.

1)The medical profession has never been able to completely accept social work. It has been able to see social case work only in the manipulative sense but never in the sphere of therapy. 2)The place of social work in a tuberculosis hospital is carefully detailed beginning with its place in the acceptance of the diagnosis, proceeding to hospital admission, and continuing throughout the hospital stay and through vocational rehabilitation and discharge. 3)The patient presents problems at each stage of his hospital stay, and with each must have the help of an understanding hospital staff and especially the social service department. 4)A case is presented to demonstrate the many problems involved and the functioning of the social case worker in the situations presented.
Phase diagram of the one-dimensional Hubbard-Holstein model at half and quarter filling

The Hubbard-Holstein model is one of the simplest to incorporate both electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. In one dimension at half filling the Holstein electron-phonon coupling promotes onsite pairs of electrons and a Peierls charge density wave while the Hubbard onsite Coulomb repulsion U promotes antiferromagnetic correlations and a Mott insulating state. Recent numerical studies have found a possible third intermediate phase between Peierls and Mott states. From direct calculations of charge and spin susceptibilities, we show that (i) As the electron-phonon coupling is increased, first a spin gap opens, followed by the Peierls transition. Between these two transitions the metallic intermediate phase has a spin gap, no charge gap, and properties similar to the negative-U Hubbard model. (ii) The transitions between Mott/intermediate and intermediate/Peierls states are of the Kosterlitz-Thouless form. (iii) For larger U the two transitions merge at a tritical point into a single first order Mott/Peierls transition. In addition we show that an intermediate phase also occurs in the quarter-filled model.
ATRAZINE AND NITRATE-NITROGEN LEACHING THROUGH UNDISTURBED SOIL COLUMNS AS AFFECTED BY LIME APPLICATION

Farm operators need information that enable them to select a combination of farming systems that minimizes the movement of agricultural chemicals into water sources. Agricultural lime (CaCO3) applied to the soil to reduce soil acidity, can affect the movement and fate of agricultural chemicals in the soil. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of three application rates of lime (0, 5 and 10 Mg ha–1) on atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-1, 3, 5 triazine) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) transport through undisturbed-unsaturated soil columns. Urea (H2NCONH2) and atrazine were applied on the surface of soil columns one month after mixing lime in the top 20 mm of surface soil of these columns. Five different irrigations, totaling 36.5 cm of distilled deionized water, were used in this study. The results indicate that lime application had no significant effect on the leachate depth and pH. An increase in lime application rate increased the concentrations of Ca and NO3-N in the leachate. The concentration of NO3-N in the leachate increased with increased irrigation events for limed soil columns. The concentration of atrazine in the leachate increased significantly with increased lime application rates and decreased with subsequent irrigation events.
Hypocaloric jejunal feeding is better than total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized comparative study.

Hypocaloric jejunal feeding is better than total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized comparative study
Local sequence information in cellular retinoic acid‐binding protein I: Specific residue roles in β‐turns*

We have recently shown that two of the beta-turns (III and IV) in the ten-stranded, beta-clam protein, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein I (CRABP I), are favored in short peptide fragments, arguing that they are encoded by local interactions (K. S. Rotondi and L. M. Gierasch, Biochemistry, 2003, Vol. 42, pp. 7976-7985). In this paper we examine these turns in greater detail to dissect the specific local interactions responsible for their observed native conformational biases. Conformations of peptides corresponding to the turn III and IV fragments were examined under conditions designed to selectively disrupt stabilizing interactions, using pH variation, chaotrope addition, or mutagenesis to probe specific side-chain influences. We find that steric constraints imposed by excluded volume effects between near neighbor residues (i,i+2), favorable polar (i,i+2) interactions, and steric permissiveness of glycines are the principal factors accounting for the observed native bias in these turns. Longer-range stabilizing interactions across the beta-turns do not appear to play a significant role in turn stability in these short peptides, in contrast to their importance in hairpins. Additionally, our data add to a growing number of examples of the 3:5 type I turn with a beta-bulge as a class of turns with high propensity to form locally defined structure. Current work is directed at the interplay between the local sequence information in the turns and more long-range influences in the mechanism of folding of this predominantly beta-sheet protein.
Squamous Cell Cancers of Head and Neck in Survivors of Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Background: The risk of secondary malignancies (SM) is increased in long-term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). There is limited literature on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of head and neck post-SCT. We report a single center series of 6 patients (pts) who developed SCC of oral cavity or esophagous during remission after SCT. Methods: This IRB approved retrospective analysis reviewed charts of adult pts who had undergone SCT and subsequently developed SCC. Patients were identified by reviewing BMT data base and data was collected from medical records. Results: Six patients (Table 1), median age 40 yrs (31-54) at SCT were diagnosed with SCC in a median follow up of 8 yrs (3-13). Five out of 6 pts developed SCC of tongue and 1 developed esophageal SCC. Five pts had chronic GVHD but had no history of alcohol or tobacco use except 1 pt (pt 6) who had remote history of smoking/alcohol use. Humanpapilloma virus was negative on the tumor samples. All pts had chronic inflammation, pain and intermittent ulcerations. New onset of oral pain was the main symptom in pts who developed oral SCC. Clinically oral SCC lesions look similar to chronic GVHD lesions. Three pts developed recurrences and 2 died of metastatic SCC. RIC indicates reduced intensity conditioning, MSD matched sibling donor, MUD matched unrelated donor, LVI lymphovascular invasion, PNI perineural invasion, SD squamous dysplasia, NPB no prior biopsy, NA not applicable, NP not performed, C cyclosporine, P prednisone, M mycophenolate mofetil, R Rituximab, Ph photopheresis. Conclusion: Ourobservation shows that the SCCof oral cavity is a common SM in post-SCT patients. SCC was often multifocal, negative surgical margin was difficult to obtain and employing standard therapy was difficult due to concomitant severe chronic GVHD. The SCC lesions were clinically indistinguishable from chronic GVHD lesions and the only presenting clinical symptom was a new onset of persistent oral pain from a non-healing GVHD-like lesion. Since SCC in this setting can mimick a GVHD lesion, a non-healing oral lesion
Winning presidential debates: An analysis of criteria influencing audience response

This essay argues that an analysis of audience response to Presidential debates reveals at least 6 criteria which influence audience decisions about a debate winner. Thus, without explicit reference to decision criteria, surveys which attempt to discover viewers’ perceptions of a debate winner will be misleading.
Neutron capture rates on radioactive nuclides – DANCE

Abstract The nucleosynthesis of the elements including their stellar sites is one of the most interesting nuclear physics challenges. Information on reaction rates for neutron induced reactions have a direct impact on existing stellar models. Except for the stable isotopes, very few neutron-induced reactions in the energy range of interest have been measured to date. DANCE measurements on stable and unstable isotopes can provide many of the missing key reactions that are needed to understand the nucleosynthesis of the heavy elements, which is illustrated at the example of the 151 Sm(n,γ) reaction.
Structures of Discoidal High Density Lipoproteins A COMBINED COMPUTATIONAL-EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Conversion of discoidal phospholipid (PL)-rich high density lipoprotein (HDL) to spheroidal cholesteryl ester-rich HDL is a central step in reverse cholesterol transport. A detailed understanding of this process and the atheroprotective role of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) requires knowledge of the structure and dynamics of these various particles. This study, combining computation with experimentation, illuminates structural features of apoA-I allowing it to incorporate varying amounts of PL. Molecular dynamics simulated annealing of PL-rich HDL models containing unesterified cholesterol results in double belt structures with the same general saddle-shaped conformation of both our previous molecular dynamics simulations at 310 K and the x-ray structure of lipid-free apoA-I. Conversion from a discoidal to a saddle-shaped particle involves loss of helicity and formation of loops in opposing antiparallel parts of the double belt. During surface expansion caused by the temperature-jump step, the curved palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer surfaces approach planarity. Relaxation back into saddle-shaped structures after cool down and equilibration further supports the saddle-shaped particle model. Our kinetic analyses of reconstituted particles demonstrate that PL-rich particles exist in discrete sizes corresponding to local energetic minima. Agreement of experimental and computational determinations of particle size/shape and apoA-I helicity provide additional support for the saddle-shaped particle model. Truncation experiments combined with simulations suggest that the N-terminal proline-rich domain of apoA-I influences the stability of PL-rich HDL particles. We propose that apoA-I incorporates increasing PL in the form of minimal surface bilayers through the incremental unwinding of an initially twisted saddle-shaped apoA-I double belt structure.
A Mnemonic for Pharmacy Students to Use in Pharmacotherapy Assessment

Objective. To introduce pharmacy students to a patient-centered mnemonic to aid them in remembering the most important parameters when assessing a patient's drug therapy and to determine whether use of the device improved students’ clinical examination scores. Design. Second-year pharmacy students were randomized to an intervention group or a control group. A 30-minute presentation on the rationale of the mnemonic and how to apply it to clinical scenarios was given to the intervention group and then a case-based multiple-choice clinical examination was administered. Students in the control group completed the same examination first and then were given the mnemonic. Assessment. Ninety-five students completed the examination. Examination scores of students in the intervention group were 6% higher than those of students in the control group (p = 0.04). A 6-question survey instrument was administered to both groups and the majority of students agreed that they would use the mnemonic when assessing patients during their upcoming practice experiences. One-hundred percent of the students stated that the mnemonic definitely or probably helped them (or would have helped them) think critically when assessing the patient cases. Conclusions. Pharmacy students who used a mnemonic device for pharmacotherapy assessment exhibited better decision-making skills and made fewer errors than students who did not use the mnemonic.
Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer for Liquids at High Temperatures

A modification of an infrared spectrometer is described which permits the measurement of vibrational spectra of glasses and liquids at high temperatures. Spectra are measured by specular reflectance from the liquid surface. A computer program is described which transforms the specular reflectance spectrum to an absorption spectrum by means of a Kramers–Kronig analysis.
Strategies for minimizing the effects of late truck arrivals on newspaper distribution systems

Abstract The current trend of using advanced computer technology to monitor and control newspaper distribution has brought into focus problems are unique to the newspaper industry. The distribution system not only has to deal with the rigid deadlines within which the newspaper must reach its destination, but it must also take into account and then react in an optimal manner to the uncertainties involved in such a complex operation. The complexity of the problem is multiplied when the distribution operation involves a multi-plant operation where random events in production control the distribution in a way necessitating inter-plant transfer of products. The inter-plant transfer in turn increases the sensitivity of the distribution process to the random events in truck traffic management at each plant. This paper deals with the effect of random truck arrivals on the distribution system as predicted by a model previously described. Using various scenarios of truck arrivals that emulate multiple trips by single trucks, effects of inclement weather or other traffic disrupting conditions, and rescheduling of production between plants and the associated truck rerouting; strategies for truck control are investigated that can be used to minimize disruptions in newspaper production. These strategies involve preproduction planning of truck loading orders based on truck size and uniqueness of product, the use of “sink” trucks to handle unexpected overflow, and the effectiveness of using back up distribution systems often found in newspaper plants as means for buffering production while awaiting late trucks.
Study on the Gelation of a No‐Flow Underfill Through Monte Carlo Simulation

The gelation behavior of an epoxy/anhydride system was studied using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a stress rheometer. It was found that the gelation was dependent on the curing temperature. At a higher curing temperature, the resin tended to gel at lower degree of cure (DOC). Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was performed, to investigate the effect of curing kinetics on the network formation and the gelation. Both the effects of the propagation rate and the catalyst concentration was studied. The temperature dependent gelation was related to the change of propagation/initiation ratio with temperature according to the simulation results.
The carbon monoxide abundance in interstellar clouds

The steady-state abundance of carbon monoxide in interstellar clouds is calculated as a function of optical depth, density, and temperature. The molecular reactions which lead to CO can be initiated by the following ion-molecule reactions: H(+) + O yields O(+) + H, C(+) + H2 yields CH2(+) + a photon, and H3(+) + C and O. As the ultraviolet radiation field is attenuated, C(+) is transformed primarily into CO and C I. There are characteristic column densities for the transition to CO corresponding to the optical depths for attenuating this field at different wavelengths. For thick, low-temperature clouds the attenuation of the fields which ionize carbon, sulfur, and heavy metals is important for CO production initiated by H3(+). Complete conversion to CO does not necessarily occur, and considerable neutral carbon may be expected even in optically thick clouds. Comparison of integrated column densities of CO with extinction are in reasonable agreement with observations.
Motion and embodiment: 3D simulations for historic fashion

Fashion is an expressive cultural form, involving silhouette, color and texture, enlivening the material culture discourse by its relationship to society, history, economics, and technology. Museums and educational institutions began amassing collections of dress in the wake of the many world expositions, designed to culturally enlighten the masses, of the mid 1800's. This paper describes a best practices project which aims to enhance the museum exhibition experience of dress in new and interactive ways. In particular, through 3D simulations of the fashions and model body types of the 1930's.
Centralized multisensor fusion algorithms for tracking applications

Abstract Two single-sensor tracking algorithms, Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) and Mixture Reduction (MR), are extended for use in multisensor multitarget tracking situations, under the assumption that the sensor measurement errors are independent across sensors. In the formulations for both multisensor algorithms, the equations for the calculation of the data association probabilities have been put in the same form as for the JPDA, thus allowing previously developed fast JPDA computational techniques to be applicable. The computational complexity of these multisensor algorithms is discussed, and simulation results are presented demonstrating and comparing the performances of these and other multisensor fusion algorithms.
Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer between progesterone and cofactor by human placental estradiol-17β dehydrogenase

Abstract We have previously shown that human placental estradiol-17β dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62; 17β-EDH) catalyzes the conversion of estradiol-17β to estrone and stereospecifically reduces NAD + to [4-pro-S]NADH, ([4-B]NADH). Subsequently, this enzyme was found to reduce the ketone function at C-20 of progesterone, and evidence indicates that both activities reside at the same active site. This study was done to further elucidate spatial arrangements of cofactor and the 21-carbon substrate as they bind at the active site. The cofactor, [4B- 3 H]NADPH, was generated with homogeneous 17β-EDH from term human placenta, utilizing [17α- 3 H]estradiol-17β and NADP + . The resulting [4B- 3 H]NADPH was then purified by ion exchange chromatography and was separately incubated (24.4 μM) with a large molar excess of progesterone (150 μM) as substrate in the presence of the enzyme. Following incubation, the steroid reactants and products were extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated as to mass and tritium content. Oxidized and reduced cofactor were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and similarly quantitated. In all incubations, equimolar amounts of 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20α-OHP) and NADP + were obtained. Radioactivity was stoichiometrically transferred from [4B- 3 H]NADPH to the steroid product ([ 3 H]20α-OHP). These results further substantiate a single active site for both 17β- and 20α-dehydrogenation enzyme activities. In addition, the enzyme is B-side specific, catalyzing the transfer of the 4B-hydrogen from the dihydronicotinamide moiety of the cofactor, for both C-18 and C-21 steroid substrates. Since the 20α-dehydrogenation by other enzyme sources has always been demonstrated to be an A-side specific reaction, this observation represents an important exception to the Alworth-Bentley rules of enzyme stereospecificity.
ℵω may have a strong partition relation

We prove the consistency, with ZFC+G.C.H., of a strong partition relation of ℵω assuming the consistency of the existence of infinitely many compact cardinals.
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Delta-9-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rats and Rhesus-Monkeys

Previous reports have suggested that delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-11-THC), an exocyclic analog of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), may have weak agonist effects as well as antagonistic properties. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of delta 9-11-THC in substitution and antagonism tests in rats and in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate delta 9-THC from vehicle in two-lever drug-discrimination procedures. The substitution studies showed that delta 9-11-THC generalizes from the training dose of delta 9-THC in rats and in monkeys, although it was less potent in both species. The magnitude of the potency difference was greater in monkeys than in rats. When administered immediately following injection with the training dose of delta 9-THC, delta 9-11-THC failed to block the delta 9-THC cue in rats and showed a lack of dose-responsive inhibition in monkeys. These results suggest that delta 9-11-THC is devoid of antagonistic properties in the drug discrimination paradigm.
Are the metabolic alterations associated with critical illness related to the hormonal environment

The hormonal environment has a direct effect on mediating the catabolic response to critical illness. Administering hormones to normal volunteers simulated many, but not all, of the alterations observed in patients following injury or severe injection. The administration of an inflammatory agent, etiocholanolone, initiated a variety of acute phase responses and interacted with hormonally mediated changes to elicit a variety of responses commonly observed in critically ill patients. Further studies have manipulated the hormone environment in critically ill patients by administering anabolic factors or blocking catabolic hormone elaboration. These investigations have demonstrated a marked attenuation of many of the catabolic responses to critical illness. Such manipulations give some insight into the potential for patient care in the future, where catabolic responses could be successfully blunted, and anabolic hormones administered so as to prevent the marked wasting and tissue disruption that heretofore have commonly been associated with catabolic disorders.
Online identification and adaptation of LNT models for improved emission control in lean burn automotive engines

In the absence of online emission measurements, the control of lean burn engine after treatment system is often done in a feedforward fashion based on models of feed gas emissions and the after-treatment subsystems. When the ambient conditions (such as humidity) change or the engine components age, these models are no longer accurate, and the performance of the control system that relies on these models may deteriorate. In this paper, we show how the parameters of a lean NOx trap (LNT) model can be identified online using a conventional switching exhaust gas oxygen sensor to improve robustness of the after treatment control system.
Automated Extraction of Accurate Delay/Timing Macromodels of Digital Gates and Latches using Trajectory Piecewise Methods

We present a fundamentally new approach, ADME, for extracting highly accurate delay models of a wide variety of digital gates. The technique is based on trajectory-piecewise automated nonlinear macromodelling methods adapted from the mixed-signal/RF domain. Advantages over prior current-source models include rapid automated extraction from SPICE-level netlists, transparent retargetability to different design styles and technologies, and the ability to correctly and holistically account for complex input waveform shapes, nonlinear and linear loading, multiple input switching, effects of internal state, multiple I/Os, supply droop and substrate interference. We validate ADME on a variety of digital gates, including multi-input NAND, NOR, XOR gates, a full adder, a multilevel cascade of gates and a sequential latch. Our results confirm excellent model accuracy at the detailed waveform level and testify to the promise of ADME for sustainable gate delay modelling at nanoscale technologies.
Diagnosis and preoperative planning for the surgical correction of mandibular prognathism

Abstract Diagnosis and presurgical planning for the correction of mandibular prognathism is essential. Several methods of preoperative preparation for surgical correction have been described. The technique allows flexibility in selecting the correct surgical procedure for each mandibular deformity. By preplanning the occlusal scheme and pregrinding the teeth, an ideal occlusal relationship can be developed. This insures maximum stability during the postoperative fixation period as well as the final result of a good occlusion. The preplanning of the exact site of osteotomy or ostectomy insures that the approximation of the sections of bone will be accurate, thus promoting rapid union of the segments. The main disadvantage of this technique is that it is time consuming and rather expensive.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTION SPECTRUM OF THE COCCOLITHOPHORID, EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYCEAE): 19′ HEXANOYLOXYFUCOXANTHIN AS ANTENNA PIGMENT1,2

Action spectra for modulated O2 production were compared with cell absorbance in Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler, a marine coccolithophorid in which 19′ hexanoytoxyfucoxanthin is the major carotenoid of the photosynthetic apparatus, Photosynthetic effectiveness (action/absorption) was high throughout the spectral interval, 500–550 nm, where 19′ hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin accounted for most of the photon capture. 19′ hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin is thus considered to be an efficient antenna pigment for photosynthesis and to be preferentially associated with photosystem II. It may be a quantitatively significant light harvesting pigment for some algae of the marine environment.
Diffraction Gratings ruled in Metallic Films

PROF. R. W. WOOD, of Johns Hopkins University, has recently reported1 on the successful preparation of diffraction gratings by ruling on 'aluminized' surfaces, and predicts a bright future for this type of dispersive instrument. One of the most interesting aspects of this technique, however, is not included in his letter. Inasmuch as I participated in the conception and development of the general method of preparing and ruling evaporated films at Cornell University early in 1934, which method Prof. Wood was induced to adopt about a year later, I feel that I am in a position to offer some comments of interest.
Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars

Lava pillars are commonly observed in volcanic terrains at mid-ocean ridges and are unique to the submarine volcanic environment; they are hollow pipes that extend from the base of a lava flow to remnants of its collapsed upper crust. Pillars can be as tall as 5 m and have outer diameters typically between 0.5 and 2 m. Previous models proposed that they form in thick, fluid, fast-moving sheet flows. We present a new model for pillar formation based on sea-floor observations, and on results from laboratory and numerical models, in which lava pillars form within initially thin (<0.3 m), slow-moving lobate lava flows as gaps between neighboring lobes. Water escaping from beneath the flow acts to locally cool and thicken the crust at the gaps. Pillars attain their full height during subsequent lava-flow inflation. As the flow thickens, pillars that do not continue to channel water are melted and resorbed into the molten flow interior. Pillars are typically preserved at the margins of ponded lava flows where the flow interior is relatively stagnant and less efficient at remelting pillars, and where seawater is more accessible for circulation through the flow.
Human papillomavirus is detectable in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal carcinoma but is unlikely to be of any etiologic significance

Abstract Barrett's esophagus (BE), a known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma has recently been associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). p16 INK4a expression is a recognized surrogate marker of HPV infection in the cervix. Objectives This study has assessed the possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, in the North American population by screening esophageal tissues for HPV by a combination of assays. Study design Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from cases of Barrett's esophagus ( n = 84), esophageal adenocarcinoma ( n = 36) and normal gastro-esophageal junction ( n = 29) were examined for HPV by PCR, chromogenic in situ hybridization, and p16 INK4a immunohistochemistry. Results HPV DNA was detected by PCR in 23 of 84 (27.4%) BE cases, 11 of 36 (31%) cases of adenocarcinoma and in 7 of 29 (24%) normal control cases ( p = 0.82). p16 INK4a staining was positive in 10 (12%) cases of BE, 15 (42%) cases of adenocarcinoma and 6 (21%) cases of the control group. Positive p16 INK4a staining was not statistically different between the three groups whether positive or negative for HPV DNA ( p = 0.91 and p = 0.91 respectively). Similarly, negative p16 INK4a staining did not show a difference between the three groups for whether positive or negative for HPV DNA ( p = 0.50 and p = 0.28, respectively). HPV was not detected by CISH in the adenocarcinomas while in BE and control groups, CISH was non-contributory. Conclusions These data suggest that while HPV is detectable in a subset of esophageal lesions and tumors, the HPV detected is unlikely to be of etiologic significance or a factor accounting for the increase in BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma cases in the United States.
Ha-Ras transformation of MCF10A cells leads to repression of Singleminded-2s through NOTCH and C/EBPβ

We have previously shown that Singleminded-2s (SIM2s), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH/PAS) family of transcription factors, is downregulated in breast cancer samples and has tumor suppressor activity. However, the mechanism by which SIM2s is repressed in breast cancer cells has not been determined. In this study, we show that transformation of MCF10A cells by Harvey-Ras (Ha-Ras) induces CCAAT/enhance binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and activates the NOTCH signaling pathway to block SIM2s gene expression. NOTCH-mediated repression acts through a C-repeat binding factor 1 (CBF1)-independent mechanism, as introduction of CBF1 had no effect on SIM2s expression. Consistent with C/ebpβ-dependent inhibition of SIM2s, C/ebpβ−/− mouse mammary glands express high levels of SIM2s and reestablishment of C/ebpβ isoforms decreased SIM2s mRNA levels in C/ebpβ immortalized mammary epithelial cell lines. These studies illustrate a novel pathway of tumor suppressor gene silencing in Ha-Ras-transformed breast epithelial cells and identify SIM2s as a target of C/EBPβ and NOTCH signaling.
The receptive field of the primate P retinal ganglion cell, I: Linear dynamics

The ganglion cells of the primate retina include two major anatomical and functional classes: P cells which project to the four parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and M cells which project to the two magnocellular layers. The characteristics of the P-cell receptive field are central to understanding early form and color vision processing (Kaplan et al., 1990; Schiller & Logothetis, 1990). In this and in the following paper, P-cell dynamics are systematically analyzed in terms of linear and nonlinear response properties. Stimuli that favor either the center or the surround of the receptive field were produced on a CRT and modulated with a broadband signal composed of multiple m-sequences (Benardete et al., 1992b; Benardete & Victor, 1994). The first-order responses were calculated and analyzed in this paper (part I). The findings are: (1) The first-order responses of the center and surround depend linearly on contrast. (2) The dynamics of the center and surround are well described by a bandpass filter model. The most significant difference between center and surround dynamics is a delay of approximately 8 ms in the surround response. (3) In the LGN, these responses are attenuated and delayed by an additional 1-5 ms. (4) The spatial transfer function of the P cell in response to drifting sine gratings at three temporal frequencies was measured. This independent method confirmed the delay between the (first-order) responses of the center and surround. This delay accounts for the dependence of the spatial transfer function on the frequency of stimulation.
Vitamin D repletion does not alter urinary calcium excretion in healthy postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in a posthoc analysis of a previous study, whether vitamin D repletion in postmenopausal women with insufficient vitamin D increases urinary calcium excretion, as vitamin D therapy might contribute to hypercalciuria and calcium stones in susceptible individuals, and the effect of vitamin D on the risk of urolithiasis warrants attention. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We recruited 18 women at ≥5 years after menopause who had vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25(OH)-vitamin D, 16–24 mg/dL). We excluded women with a history of urolithiasis and kidney disease. Women had one calcium absorption study when vitamin D-insufficient, received vitamin D therapy, and completed a second calcium absorption study when vitamin D-replete. We fed subjects meals that mirrored the nutrient composition from self-reported 7-day diet diaries. To measure calcium absorption, we collected urine for 24 h during both visits. RESULTS We achieved vitamin D repletion in all women (25(OH)-vitamin D before and after treatment, 22 and 63 mg/dL, respectively; P 247 mg/day), calcium excretion decreased in three (377–312 mg/day, not significant). CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation did not increase the urinary calcium excretion in healthy postmenopausal women. Many stone formers are at risk of premature bone loss, vitamin D insufficiency, or both. Based on the present results we suggest a study of patients with hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis to determine the risks of vitamin D therapy.
Extension of the QoS policy information model to support adaptive queuing techniques

In this work, the problem of efficient configuration and management of adaptive routers is considered. Adaptive routers use intellectual models to change dynamically the parameters of the queuing policies based on various criteria. By now, the policy-based information model can be used to provide configuration data for these routers. However, the existent scheme fails to provide a set of classes for adaptive queuing models. Thus, a creation of an extension to the policy-based information model is considered and a set of possible classes is highlighted. Furthermore, an example is given that considers how parameters of an adaptive queuing model can be represented as a set of policy classes and used within the DiffServ framework.
The real-time behavior of dynamic memory management in C++

Dynamic memory management is an important aspect of modern software engineering techniques based on object-oriented methodologies. Additionally, dynamic management of memory serves important roles in improving the flexibility and functionality of large software systems. However, developers of current real-time systems avoid the use of dynamic memory because they fear that the worst-case time and space requirements of typical dynamic memory managers are insufficiently bounded. The degree to which these concerns are valid is quantified by detailed measurements of several real-world workloads. A special hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection system has been designed to facilitate reliable use of dynamic memory in hard real-time systems. By analyzing the dynamic memory use of application software, the real-time developer can prove compliance with time and space constraints. Analysis techniques are presented and the real-time performance of the hardware-assisted garbage collection system is compared to that of the traditional allocators.
The Stanford Climate Change Behavior Survey (SCCBS): assessing greenhouse gas emissions-related behaviors in individuals and populations

Many individual-level behaviors are associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Reliable and valid assessment instruments are needed to (1) identify behaviors and populations to target with emissions-reduction programs and policies, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of such programs, (3) link self-reported and objective measures of GHG emissions to establish the impact of specific behaviors, and (4) estimate frequencies of behaviors and their changes over time to aid policy makers in understanding energy consumption trends. The self-administered Stanford Climate Change Behavior Survey (SCCBS) is shown to be a reliable and valid instrument that can be used for these purposes in college students, and we anticipate that it will also be useful for assessing these behaviors in other adolescent or adult populations in developed countries. Questions included behaviors likely to be within the control of most individuals and did not include behaviors specific to home owners (e.g. appliance purchases). Ten indices were identified: Energy Use, No-, Low-, and High-GHG Transportation, Waste, Food Packaging, High- and Low-GHG Food, Food Purchasing, and GHG Credits use. A Total GHG Behavior score was calculated. Test–retest reliabilities of individual items ranged from .64 to .91. Internal consistency reliabilities for each of the indices ranged from .51 to .89. Most indices were statistically significantly correlated with one another. Correlational validity of the SCCBS was demonstrated with statistically significant associations between behavior scores and perceived importance of environmental sustainability and membership in an environmental organization. The use of the SCCBS to identify potential target sub-populations and behaviors was demonstrated.
Cyanide antagonism with carrier erythrocytes and organic thiosulfonates.

Abstract Cyanide Antagonism with Carrier Erythrocytes and Organic Thiosulfonates. Petrikovics, I., Cannon, E. P., McGuinn, W. D., Pei, L., Pu, L., Lindner, L. E., and Way, J. L. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.24, 86-93. Previous studies reported that resealed erythrocytes containing rhodanese (CRBC) and Na2S2O3 rapidly metabolize cyanide to the less toxic thiocyanate both in vitro and in vivo. This provided a new conceptual approach to prevent and treat cyanide intoxication. Although the rhodanese-containing carrier cells with thiosulfate as the sulfur donor were efficacious, this approach has potential disadvantages, as thiosulfate has limited penetration of cell membrane and product inhibition of rhodanese can occur due to inorganic sulfite accumulation. In order to circumvent substrate limitation and product inhibition by sodium thiosulfate, organic thiosulfonates were explored. These thiosulfonates have higher lipid solubility than thiosulfate and therefore can replenish the depleted sulfur donor, as they can readily penetrate cell membranes. Also, product inhibition of rhodanese is less apt to occur. This change in sulfur donors should greatly enhance cyanide detoxication, replenish the sulfur donor, and minimize product inhibition of rhodanese. Present studies demonstrate the enhance efficacy of exogenous organic thiosulfonates over sodium thiosulfate in the CRBC antidotal system to detoxify the lethal effects of cyanide either alone or in combinations with exogenously administered NaNO2. Murine carrier erythrocytes containing purified bovine liver rhodanese were administered intravenously into male Balb/C mice. Subsequently, butanethiosulfonate (BTS) or Na2S2O3 (ip), and NaNO2 (sc) were co-administered prior to KCN (sc). Potency ratios, derived from the LD50 values, were compared in groups of mice treated with CRBC-Na2S2O3 or CRBC-BTS either alone or in combination with NaNO2. The CRBC-BTS antidotal system shows strikingly enhanced protective effect over that of the CRBC-thiosulfate system either alone or in combination with sodium nitrite.
Pulse granulomas detected in gallbladder, fallopian tube, and skin.

Abstract Context.—Foreign material typically elicits reactions dominated by multinucleated giant cells. Pulse granulomas are peculiar reactions to particles of food that are characterized by clusters of small to medium-sized hyaline rings. Pulse granulomas are rare and have occupied only the lungs, in association with aspiration, and the alimentary canal, in association with oral pathology, colonic diverticula, and a rectal mass. Objective.—To report pulse granulomas that occupied previously unrecognized sites and to alert pathologists to the diagnostic pitfall of mistaking pulse granulomas for other entities. Design.—We retrospectively reviewed 3 recently encountered cases that involved pulse granulomas in the gallbladder, fallopian tube, and skin. Results.—In all cases, pulse granulomas were associated with fistulae involving the gastrointestinal tract. One fistula was clinically occult. Microscopy showed barium-laden histiocytes admixed with hyaline rings, with or without vegetable matter, confirming f...
Green's function boundary conditions in two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomistic simulations of dislocations

Abstract A method for dynamically updating the boundary conditions of atomistic simulations is presented. The lattice Green's function boundary relaxation method, originally introduced by Sinclair et al. in 1978, is extended to treat three-dimensional (3D) simulations. The boundary conditions for two-dimensional (2D) and 3D defect cells are evaluated using line and point force distributions respectively. The method is general and has been incorporated into several potential interaction schemes. Examples of the method using embeddedatom method potentials are presented for the following: simulation of a straight (a/2)[110] screw dislocation in Ni; an isolated a kink on an (a/2)[111] screw dislocation in bcc Fe; simulation of a periodic array of a kinks on an (a/2)[111] screw dislocation in bcc Fe. The first simulation is 2D in nature and the last two defects are 3D.
Modeling of electromigration in through-silicon-via based 3D IC

Electromigration (EM) is a critical problem for interconnect reliability of modern IC design, especially as the feature size becomes smaller. In 3D IC technology, the EM problem becomes more severe due to drastic dimension mismatches between metal wires, through-silicon-vias (TSVs), and landing pads. Meanwhile, the thermo-mechanical stress due to TSV can further interact with EM and shorten the lifetime of the structure. However, there is very little study on EM issues with respect to TSV for 3D ICs. In this paper, we perform detailed and systematic studies on: (1) EM lifetime modeling of TSV structure, (2) impact of TSV stress on EM lifetime of BEOL wires, and (3) EM-robust design guidelines for TSV-based 3D ICs. Our results show EM-induced lifetime of TSV structure and neighboring wire largely depend on the TSV-induced stress. Also, lifetime of a wire can vary significantly depending on the relative position with the nearby TSV.