cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The search for a general theory of behavior

Failure of the behavioral sciences to develop an adequate general theory is seen as a result of the difficulty in deriving from evolutionary theory a subtheory, or set of subtheories, with satisfying applicability to the study of behavior. Efforts at general theories based on reflex concepts, or simple movements such as in orientation, have been unsuccessful in dealing with complex behaviors. Recent arguments that selection is focused at the level of the individual organism suggest the additional inadequacy that such theories fail to emphasize the selective compromises that exist at suborganismic levels. Evolutionary theories about behavior have tended to concentrate chiefly on patterns of historical change (phylogenies) without stressing adaptive (= reproductive) strategies, or have generally viewed adaptiveness erroneously as focused at group, population, or species levels. Human society is discussed briefly, in a context of selection focused at the individual level, considering six principal aspects: group-living, sexual competition, incest avoidance, nepotism, reciprocity, and parenthood. An effort is made to combine the approaches and data of biologists and social scientists in analyzing reciprocity in social interactions.
Multiple target tracking using an extended Kalman filter

ABSTRACT The paper centers on the continued development of the symmetric measurement equation (SME)filter developed by Kamen' for track maintenance in multiple target tracking. In this approach there is noneed to correctly associate measurements and targets before target state estimation can take place. Rather the data association problem is embedded in the process of target state estimation. The "first order" version of the SME filter is an extended Kalman filter (EKF), and thus the computational requirementsfor filter implementation are comparable to that for a standard Kalman filter. In addition, in contrast toprobabilistic data association filters, the estimator does not rely on the computation of probabilities forcorrect measurement/target associations. The SME filter is based on a standard state model for the targetstate trajectories. However, in contrast to existing approaches, the measurements are defmed in terms of nonlinear symmetric functionals of the target positions, except for one of the measurements which is
Threshold reduction by rapid thermal annealing in MBE-grown AlInGaAs multiquantum well lasers on GaAs

The authors report a significant improvement in laser performance in AlInGaAs multiquantum well lasers using rapid thermal annealing (RTA). They observe that threshold current densities can be reduced by up to a factor of 5 with post-growth rapid thermal annealing for AlInGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well lasers. A record low threshold current density of 118 A/cm2 per well was achieved in 835 nm strained AlInGaAs doublequantum well (DQW) lasers grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
Activity of adenos1ne analogs against a cell culture, line resistant to 2-fluoroadenine

Abstract By serial transfer in the presence of 2-fluoroadenine, a subline of H.Ep. #2 cells in culture was selected for high resistance to 2-fluoroadenine. The resistance was stable when the cells were cultured in the absence of 2-fluoroadenine. The resistant cells were essentially devoid of AMP pyrophosphorylase activity, but retained IMP and GMP pyrophosphorylase and purine nucleoside kinase activities. Intact growing cells of the parent and resistant lines did not differ in capacity to incorporate into polynucleotides 14 C from adenosine-8- 14 C and hypoxanthine-8- 14 C, but, as compared to sensitive cells, the resistant cells incorporated 14 C from adenine-8- 14 C very poorly. The resistant cells were cross-resistant to adenine analogs but did not differ from the parent cells in sensitivity to a series of adenosine analogs. Many nucleosides were much more toxic to the parent cell line than were the corresponding free bases. These results suggest that a purine nucleoside kinase, presumably adenosine kinase, is the critical enzyme in the. activation of these cytotoxic analogs of adenosine.
Dementia, mental retardation, and competency to make decisions

The psychiatric literature on competency indicates that a diagnosable psychiatric condition alone does not imply incompetency to make treatment decisions. Nonetheless, it is frequently assumed that individuals who are either mentally retarded or demented are incompetent to make decisions. The authors, focusing on the clinical assessment of judgment and decision making, describe two cases. In both, the patients' judgments were intact. The authors conclude: (1) Diagnosis is not the critical factor in determining competency. (2) The process of judgment and decision making has to be assessed on a case by case basis. (3) Further research is needed to develop clinical instruments to assess judgment.
Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean acidification

Saturation state is shown to be the key component of marine carbonate chemistry affecting larval shell development and growth in two commercially important bivalve species.
Acyclic halamine polypropylene polymer: Effect of monomer structure on grafting efficiency, stability and biocidal activities

Abstract Radical graft polymerization of polypropylene (PP) with acrylic amide derivatives was studied in a melt extrusion process. Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) results and nitrogen analysis confirmed that acrylamide (AAM), methacrylamide (MAM), N-tert-butylacrylamide (NTAAM) and N-tert-butylmethacrylamide (NTMAM) were successfully grafted onto PP, and the grafted products were employed as precursors of biocidal N-halamine polymers. Monomer structures affected grafting efficiency and polymer chain scission reactions on the polymer. Addition of styrene (St) as a co-monomer in the grafting process was studied. Addition of St significantly prevented polymer chain scission, though, could increase or decrease grafting content of vinyl-amide monomers. The reactivity ratios of the multi-monomer systems during melt-grafting process were evaluated through Fineman–Ross method. The halogenated products exhibited powerful antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the possible hydrolysis mechanism of acyclic N-halamine polymers during several recharging cycles were proposed based on experimental data.
Promoting research and education in basic space science: the approach of the UN/ESA workshops

Abstract The United Nations/European Space Agency workshops on basic space science are a long-term effort for the development of astrophysics and space science and regional and international cooperation in this field on a world-wide basis, particularly in developing nations. The first four workshops in this series (India (1991), Costa Rica and Colombia (1992), Nigeria (1993), Egypt (1994)) explored the status of astrophysics and space science in Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Western Asia, respectively. One major recommendation that emanated from the first four workshops was that small astronomical facilities should be established in developing nations for research and education programmes at the university level and that such facilities should be networked in the future. Subsequently, a teaching module and observing programmes for small optical telescopes were developed or recommended and astronomical telescope facilities have been inaugurated at UN/ESA workshops on basic space science in Sri Lanka (1995), Honduras (1997), and Jordan (1999). UN/ESA workshops on basic space science in Germany (1996), France (2000), Mauritius (2001), and Argentina (2002) have made contributions to the establishment and operation of small astronomical telescope facilities in developing nations.
Carbamate insecticide removal in laundering from cotton and polyester fabrics.

Even though carbamate insecticides are becoming increasingly important for insect control on field crops, few studies have focused on their removal from contaminated textiles. Hence, this study evaluated the effectiveness of selected laundering procedures in removing carbofuran and methomyl insecticides from 100% cotton and 100% polyester medium weight fabrics. After treating the fabric samples with 4.0% (w/w) aqueous solutions of Furadan® 4F Insecticide (carbofuran) or Lannate® L Insecticide (methomyl), they were air dried and laundered, using three detergents [All® (non-ionic), Tide® (anionic), and Wisk® (anionic and non-ionic)] plus water only at two temperatures (warm: 49°C wash/40°C rinse and hot: 60°C wash/49°C rinse). The percentages of insecticide residue remaining on the fabrics after laundering were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector, and bioassay tests withDrosophilia malanogaster Meigen were used to evaluate their relative toxicity.
Comorbidity and the Elderly Trauma Patient

The elderly are forming an increasingly larger proportion of the population in developed countries with increasingly active life styles. The injured elderly patient has a combination of decreased physiologic reserve and a high incidence of preexisting medical conditions that cause comparably worse outcome, complications, longer hospital stay, and high costs. Although the management of specific injuries is similar in the elderly, many benefit from an overall more aggressive approach to early resuscitation and optimization of cardiopulmonary dynamics. An awareness of the importance of preexisting medical conditions and a coordinated, directed approach to the management of the injuries and the concomitant diseases leads to the most effective care. Upon recovery from injury there is often a change of functional level that precipitates a change in social circumstance. Ethical dilemmas, both at individual and community levels, may arise more frequently in the older trauma patient population. Increased triage to a trauma center, particularly when concomitant disease is present, is justified on the basis of improving outcomes.
Target PaCO2 Versus Actual PaCO2 Values In The Ventilatory Management Of Respiratory Distress Syndrome |[dagger]| 991

Normocapneic ventilatory support is the general goal in the management of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In an effort to minimize pulmonary barotauma, many neonatologists are now accepting “higher” values of PaCO2. We surveyed the physicians (n=6) and the nurse practitioners(n=3) involved with the ventilator decision making process to ascertain individual practitioner and group target PaCO2 values and weaning thresholds during the acute phase of RDS. Mean target values were compared to actual PaCO2 values measured in 102 neonates with RDS. The mean birth weight and gestational age was 870±247g and 27±2.6wks. Only babies on conventional mechanical ventilation who received surfactant were included. The target PaCO2 was determined to be 36 to 46 mmHg. Actual PaCO2 values are reported in epochs of 6 to 12 hours for the first 3 days of life. Table
Catastrophic misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder.

While many people will experience a racing heart after climbing the stairs, far fewer individuals will interpret this increased heart rate as a sign that a heart attack is imminent. It is these latter individuals who are thought to be vulnerable to panic disorder (e.g., Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985; Clark, 1986). The cognitive model of panic suggests that panic attacks occur because certain bodily sensations are misinterpreted as indicating a catastrophe, such as a heart attack or loss of control (Clark, 1986). In this model, the key feature to understanding panic disorder is the attribution of terrible consequences following bodily sensations, not the sensations themselves. Importantly, the model proposes that altering this cognitive bias is critical for symptom reduction: “According to the cognitive model of panic, change is attained through a shift in the way one interprets feared bodily and mental events” (Hoffart, 1998, p. 196; see also Clark, 1986; Hofmann et al., 2007). Thus, therapists are encouraged to work toward facilitating cognitive change in their patients, in addition to alleviating panic symptoms (Clark et al., 1999). As we describe below, there is compelling support for many aspects of the cognitive model of panic. However, a key prediction from the model - that cognitive change will precede and predict symptom change - has not been fully tested despite this temporal hypothesis being central to the model. The current study focuses on this open question by using a repeated measures design to examine how change in misinterpretations of bodily sensations over treatment predicts later reductions in a variety of measures tied to panic. While other factors are also important in the prediction of panic symptom reduction (e.g., thoughts regarding the likelihood of having a future panic attack; Cho, Smits, Powers, & Telch; 2007), we focus here on changes in misinterpretations of bodily sensations given their importance for evaluating cognitive models of panic.
Gel Structures in Leached Alkali Silicate Glass

Transmission electron microscopy of leached Na/sub 2/O.3SiO/sub 2/ and K/sub 2/O.3SiO/sub 2/ glasses showed that the hydrated glass surface is a silica rich gel which phase separates during leaching. Phase separation is initiated when pockets of an aqueous phase nucleate and grow in the hydrated silica matrix. The aqueous pockets eventually become a network of interconnected pores with a pore diameter of approx. 30 nm. In advanced stages of leaching, the remaining interconnected silica rich phase resembles an aggregation of colloidal silica particles. The observed phase separation is consistent with literature models concerning the chemistry of silica in aqueous solutions and in leached glass.
Tunneling microscopy study of the graphite surface in air and water

The recent work of Park and Quate has demonstrated that atomic resolution images of graphite can be obtained in air. Here, we compare our experimental results on graphite in air and water to theoretical calculations. We present an image in close qualitative agreement with the theory and other images which can be understood by considering how images can be degraded under real experimental conditions. In addition, we present images showing graphite to be atomically flat over ${10}^{6}$ A${\r{}}^{2}$ areas when imaged under water.
Vascular nurse competency in aging

7 The practice of vascular nursing deals primarily with the lderly population, and many nurses feel competent in assessing hanges in the elderly. Recently there has been a call for nurse ompetency in aging by the American Nurses Association. As a esult, there are several specific changes of the vascular system hat occur with aging that are pertinent for review. To this end, his article will briefly discuss the normal changes of aging in the ardiovascular system and the call for research in connection ith the competency call. Some of the most common signs of aging are a progression f changes in the blood vessels, hypertension, coronary artery isease, and decreased exercise ability. A lifetime of a high-fat iet and minimal exercise, combined with heredity, results in therosclerosis. A recent study indicates that exercise, along with he use of statins and niacin, may lessen the thickness of therosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery. Specific physiologic changes associated with aging include istortion of the normal orientation of the laminar unit in the wall f the arteries (particularly the aorta), fracture and fragmentation f elastin fibers, and increased collagen content of the wall of the essels. These are all normal, expected changes. After the age of 65 years, the contractility of the major arteries ecline and the distensibility of the great veins increases. 3 The result s an isolated increase in systolic pressure, a widened pulse pressure, nd an increase in the end-systolic and diastolic volumes. These hanges may be responsible for the increase in diastolic heart failure n the elderly. Hypertension is present in two thirds of elderly ersons aged more than 60 years. The loss of distensibility of the rteries makes isolated systolic hypertension more difficult to treat han essential hypertension. 4 Tight control of blood pressure ( 120/ 0) decreases the incidence of heart failure, renal failure, stroke, and oronary heart disease. It may also decrease the rate of aortic neurysm expansion, despite the changes in the arterial wall. Approximately 19% of the population aged more than 70 ears have some type of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). ersons with PAD have blood flow that may be similar to that in
Online support groups for women with metastatic breast cancer: a feasibility pilot study.

This study evaluates the feasibility and acceptability of an online peer support group intervention for women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Feasibility, participation rates, participant satisfaction, and preliminary outcomes are examined from a 1999 to 2000 study of online peer support groups for women with MBC. Thirty women with MBC were randomly assigned to either an immediate online support condition or a waitlisted control condition. For practical and ethical reasons, the waitlist period was limited to 2 months. Six monthly assessments were collected using standardized measurement instruments. Intervention retention rates (73%), assessment completion rates (range = 100%–86% in retained participants) and support group participation (M = 5.9 days per week) were high compared to other published studies on this population. Reported satisfaction with the intervention was also high. An online support intervention study is feasible using a waitlist control. Despite the feasibility and acceptability of...
Cell Morphology and Migration of Nucleus Pulposus Cells Depends on Substrate Stiffness and Ligand

Changes in nucleus pulposus (NP) cell phenotype and morphology are implicated in the progression of intervertebral disc (IVD) disorders. Understanding how changes in the NP cell microenvironment influence cell behavior and function is important for revealing how pathology-related changes in IVD extracellular matrix may affect NP cell biology. In this study, live-cell imaging techniques were utilized to study changes in cell migration and morphology when cultured upon substrates of different matrix proteins and stiffnesses. Results indicate that soft substrates containing matrix proteins promote cell clustering and cell-cell interactions which mimic in vivo conditions of healthy NP cells.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Polymer light-emitting devices based on polyfluorenes

One of the themes that has emerged in the field of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) is the importance of developing materials that form robust films, capable of undergoing wet and dry processing conditions. It is through such characteristics that polymers may have unique opportunities in the effective and inexpensive study of novel single and double layer thermosetting and solvent soluble polymer light emitting devices based on triarylamines for hole transport layer and compounds possessing the blue emitting 9,9-dialkylfluorene unit for the emitting and electron transport layer. These devices possess high thermal stability, high quantum efficiency, and high bandgap emission. We fabricated dot matrix displays based on analogs of these materials where cathode separation was achieved 'in situ' by a resist structure with reentrant wall profile that was built on top of the EL layers. This is a demonstration that polyfluorenes are robust and compatible with standard resist processing.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Function of Intensity in the Spatial Summation of Subliminal Stimuli in the Retina

(1935). The Function of Intensity in the Spatial Summation of Subliminal Stimuli in the Retina. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 95-107.
Effectiveness of recurrent selection and recurrent irradiation in oat breeding

Two steps are essential to achieve genetic advances in plant breeding programs: (a) to obtain populations which possess genetic variability and (b) to practice selection to isolate the desired genotypes. The basic origin of genetic variability is mutation, either genic or chromosomal. Originally, plant breeding of self-pollinating crop species consisted of selecting among natural variants. Intense selection soon exhausted progress from natural variability and plant breeders were forced to hybridize between genotypes to develop new genetic variability.
Isomer enumeration of practical benzenoids

Recent development of the leapfrog operation in enumeration and understanding the chemical properties of benzenoid isomer sets having at least one synthesized representative is stressed. Some new enumeration results and correlations of the periodic table for the more stable total resonant sextet (TRS) benzenoid hydrocarbon subset [Table PAH6(sextet)] are presented.
Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites—A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis

Abstract The development of a new class of nucleoside phosphites is described. These compounds are stable to normal laboratory conditions, are activated by mild acid treatment, and are observed to react essentially quantitatively with protected nucleosides.
Public health impact of risk factors for physical inactivity in adults with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To investigate the potential public health impact of modifiable risk factors related to physical inactivity in adults with rheumatoid arthritis.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma : Characterization of a distinct phenotype

We have recently shown that HPV-positive tonsillar carcinoma in young patients exhibits nonkeratinizing basaloid morphology and a characteristic immunophenotype. The purpose of this study was to review a large number of cases of oropharyngeal carcinomas, in all age groups, and to identify tumors with nonkeratinizing morphology. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the prevalence and type of HPV DNA was determined in representative cases and in a control group of conventional keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. The tumors were further characterized with a panel of immunohistochemical stains. A total of 235 carcinomas were reviewed; 141 of the tonsils and 94 in the base of tongue. Ninety (36%) of the tonsillar and 30 (32%) of the base of tongue carcinomas were nonkeratinizing (NKCa) with basal cell features; the rest were classical keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (KSCC). HPV DNA, particularly type 16, was identified in 10 (100%) of 10 of NKCA and in only 2 (20%) of 10 of KSCC (P = .0014). NKCas were strongly reactive to p16 antibodies while KSCC showed weak and focal reactivity. Higher Ki67 and lower p53 staining scores were observed in NKCa as compared to KSCC. It is concluded that NKCa of the tonsils and base of tongue is a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with high prevalence of HPV DNA and a characteristic immunophenotype.
A Screening Instrument for Sleep Apnea Predicts Airway Maneuvers in Patients Undergoing Advanced Endoscopic Procedures

Background & Aims Among patients undergoing advanced endoscopy, unrecognized obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) could predict sedation-related complications (SRCs) and the need for airway maneuvers (AMs). By using an OSA screening tool, we sought to define the prevalence of patients at high risk for OSA and to correlate OSA with the frequency of AMs and SRCs. Methods We enrolled 231 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 176) and endoscopic ultrasound (n = 55). Propofol-based sedation and patient monitoring were performed by a nurse anesthetist and an anesthesiologist. A previously validated screening tool for OSA (STOP-BANG) was used to identify patients at high risk for OSA (score, ≥3 of 8; SB+) or low risk (SB−). AMs were defined as a chin lift, modified mask ventilation, nasal airway, bag-mask ventilation, and endotracheal intubation. SRCs were defined as any duration of pulse oximetry less than 90%, systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg, apnea, or early procedure termination. Results The prevalence of SB+ was 43.3%. The frequency of hypoxemia was significantly higher among patients with SB+ than SB− (12.0% vs 5.2%; relative risk [RR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32–2.54). The rate of AMs was also significantly higher among SB+ (20.0%) compared with SB− (6.1%) patients (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.4). These rates remained significant after adjusting for American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 or higher (RR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.28–2.2 for AMs; RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.19–2.25 for hypoxemia). Each element of the STOP-BANG was reported more commonly in SB+ patients (P Conclusions A significant number of patients undergoing advanced endoscopic procedures are at risk for OSA. AMs and hypoxemia occur at an increased frequency in these patients.
Enabling fine-grained load balancing for virtual worlds with distributed simulation engines

Virtual worlds are general-purpose real-time simulation of three-dimensional environments, and serve for several purposes, such as physics simulation, collaboration, and entertainment. Due to the real-time nature of these simulations, scaling the number of in-world entities and interacting users is challenging. In this paper we present a novel approach to scalable virtual worlds, combining two dimensions of workload partitioning: space and operations. We present this new design as the Distributed Scene Graph with microcells (DSG-M), and evaluate our approach in a distributed physics intensive evaluation aimed at testing two hypothesis: (1) the space partitioning approach improves scalability by balancing the load of an overwhelmed physics dedicated simulator; and (2) simulation precision can be maintained by assigning read-only spaces near the partition borders. Results show evidence to confirm both hypotheses, and of successfully scaling the simulation of an overwhelming workload.
Nucleotide Sequence-Based Analysis for Determining the Molecular Epidemiology of Penicillium marneffei

The dimorphic fungus, Penicillium marneffei, is an emerging opportunistic pathogen endemic in Southeast Asia, especially for those with impaired cellular immunity such as human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. A discriminatory and reproducible method based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences would facilitate epidemiologic investigations of this fungus. Twenty-four clinical or environmental isolates of P. marneffei obtained from China, Thailand, and Vietnam were analyzed by nucleotide sequence analysis. A total of 3,803 bp, consisting of eight nuclear gene fragments (transcription factor [AbaA], catalase [CpeA]], homodomain transcription factor [StlA], isocitrate lyase [Icl1], polyaromatic amino acid biosynthesis [PAA], NADH-dependent glutamate synthase [NGS], lovastatin nonaketide synthase [LNS], a cell wall mannoprotein [MP1], and a gene fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene [COX1] of the P. marneffei mitochondrial genome) were amplified by PCR and then sequenced. No polymorphic sites within the Cox1 gene fragment were observed. Likewise, no nucleotide sequence polymorphisms were observed for three gene fragments: StlA, AbaA, and NGS. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed for three gene fragments, Icl1, CpeA, and PAA, providing only a low degree of discriminatory power (D = 0.747). In contrast, the gene fragment for an antigenic cell wall glycoprotein, MP1, a useful immunologic marker for infection, was observed to be highly polymorphic with 12 different MP1 types (D = 0.887). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed at 21 different locations in the MP1 gene fragment. Indels of 3, 21, 24, and 42 bp were observed and were in frame for protein translation. The relatively high degree of MP1 polymorphisms suggests the sequence is rapidly evolving in order to evade host immune responses. After all polymorphic gene sequences were combined, a high degree of genetic variation was observed (D = 0.949) for a total of 16 different haploid sequence types with 11 genotypes represented by single isolates. Phylogenetic analysis detected clusters composed of isolates obtained only from China or Thailand, as well as clusters with a combination of isolates from these two countries, indicating some mixing or common descent. Identical sequences were observed for isolates passed in vitro for 8 weeks, suggesting good reproducibility. The low degree of nucleotide diversity in housekeeping and regulatory genes suggests the recent emergence and spread as a species or an evolutionary bottleneck. In summary, multilocus sequence typing demonstrated a high degree of discriminatory power and reproducibility and may provide a robust and reliable adjunct method for genotyping isolates of P. marneffei and facilitating interlaboratory comparisons.
Diverticulitis complicated by pylephlebitis: a case report

Introduction: Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system, usually secondary to infection or inflammation in the abdomen. In the current report, we present a case of pylephlebitis that complicated the course of a very common pathology, diverticulitis. Case presentation: A 62-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of sigmoid diverticulitis presented to our facility with a three-week history of abdominal pain, fevers, chills, loss of appetite and fatigue. Her laboratory test results showed leukocytosis and elevated alkaline phosphatase. A computed tomography scan revealed portal vein thrombosis and a sigmoid diverticulitis with an abscess. Our patient was given pipercillin-tozabactam followed by sigmoid colectomy and loop transverse colostomy. A peritoneal fluid sample culture grew Escherichia coli. Our patient had an uneventful post-operative course and the leukocytosis resolved in the next four days. She improved clinically and was discharged home on ertapenem and enoxaparin. A follow-up computed tomography scan two weeks later showed a new pelvic abscess that was drained by a pigtail catheter but there was no change in the portal venous thrombus. A repeat computed tomography scan one month later revealed resolution of the pelvic abscess but persistence of portal vein thrombus, for which enoxaparin was continued. Conclusions: This is a classic case of pylephlebitis that demonstrates the importance of recognizing that the portal vein thrombus is infected and treating the condition appropriately.
Body shape ideals across gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, race, and age in personal advertisements

Objective To assess body shape ideals across gender, sexual orientation, race, socioeconomic status, and age, Method: An analysis of personal advertisements was conducted across seven different publications which targeted the groups of interest. Results: Women advertised body weight much less often than men, and lesbians reported body shape descriptors significantly less often than heterosexual women. Gay men and African-American men described their body shape significantly more often than did other groups. However, their reported body mass indices (BMI) were significantly different—African-American men reported a higher BMI, and gay men a lower BMI, than Euro-American heterosexual men. Discussion: Race and sexual orientation may influence the importance of size of body shape ideals for men. For women, however, their advertised weights conformed to the thin ideal across all groups surveyed. Gender roles affecting body shape ideals and mate attraction are discussed. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ether releases large amounts of prolactin from rat pituitaries previously "depleted" by short term suckling.

The effect of ether inhalation upon plasma PRL levels was assessed in lactating rats whose pituitary stores of the hormone first had been depleted by a short term (10-min) period of suckling in comparison with those whose PRL stores had not been depleted by prior suckling. Ether, unlike suckling or handling-decapitation stress, did not deplete pituitary PRL and caused only a small increase (36 to 52 ng/ml) in the plasma concentration of the hormone. However, when ether was given 10, 60, or 120 min after the plasma concentration had subsided from a prior 10-min period of suckling, the plasma concentration of PRL in each instance rose within 5–10 min to 200–250 ng/ml and was sustained at that level for the remainder of the 30-min exposure period. The amplitude and profile of the plasma PRL concentration after ether inhalation were similar to those obtained when a second suckling, rather than ether, was administered after the short term suckling. These data support the hypothesis that releasable PRL derives ...
Simulating Two-Level Negotiations

International negotiations can be modeled as a two-level process that involves competing interests within and between groups. This modified simulation of the classic prisoner's dilemma introduces students to the negotiation process and challenges them to consider how different de- cision structures can affect outcomes. Students fill both leadership and negotiation roles and gain an active learning experience that exposes them to important international relations concepts. All of the instruc- tions, handouts, and materials are included to provide instructors of international relations or comparative politics with a resource that can be utilized with groups of varying size, ability, and composition. International negotiation is a complex process that is often discussed at an abstract level in introductory courses to international relations. Using simulations of this process can place the relevance of key concepts discussed in international relations theory, such as absolute versus relative gains, into perspective for the participants. Role playing also increases the participant's awareness of these complexities. The prisoner's dilemma has often been used as a tool to simulate international bar- gaining as the game has integral commonalities with the international system. Both situations lack a sovereign to enforce agreements. Therefore, the dominant strategy for the individual or state is often to defect. For example, the U.S. benefits from other nations signing the Kyoto Protocol even though America does not have to reduce emissions or spend more on protecting the environment. Defecting from the Kyoto treaty while other developed nations cooperate has the greatest benefits and the least costs for the United States. In the classic, single play or one-shot, prisoner's dilemma (PD) cooperation is highly unlikely as neither participant knows whether they can trust the other party in the game. In an iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) cooperation becomes more likely as groups know that interaction will occur in the future. This ''shadow of the future'' encourages groups or individuals to cooperate (Axelrod 1984). This sim- ulation is a finite IPD. It has been utilized in primary schools and high schools as well as in undergraduate courses at both Florida State University and the University of Connecticut. What makes this simulation unique is the intergroup nature of the dilemma as well as the inclusion of diplomats and the incorporation of various regime types. Students gain direct experience with small group decision making in a democracy or an authoritarian regime.
Synthesis and 1H‐nmr of deuterium labeled D,L‐homoserine lactone hydrochlorides

SUMMARY The synthesis of six regiospecific deuterated D,L-homoserine lactone hydrochlorides from the appropriately deuterated 2-bromo-1 -(tetrahydropyranyloxy) ethanes which were obtained by reduction of the corresponding ethyl bromoacetates are described. The proton nmr of each lactone is recorded and the chemical shift and coupling constants are reported.
A DFT study of the mechanism of Ni superoxide dismutase (NiSOD): Role of the active site cysteine-6 residue in the oxidative half-reaction

In the present DFT study, the catalytic mechanism of H 2 O 2 formation in the oxidative half-reaction of NiSOD, E-Ni(II) + O - 2 + 2H + → E-Ni(III) + H 2 O 2 , has been investigated. The main objective of this study is to investigate the source of two protons required in this half-reaction. The proposed mechanism consists of two steps: superoxide coordination and H 2 O 2 formation. The effect of protonation of Cys6 and the proton donating roles of side chains (S) and backbones (B) of His1, Asp3, Cys6, and Tyr9 residues in these two steps have been studied in detail. For protonated Cys6, superoxide binding generates a Ni(III)-O 2 H species in a process that is exothermic by 17.4 kcal/mol (in protein environment using the continuum model). From the Ni(III)-O 2 H species, H 2 O 2 formation occurs through a proton donation by His1 via Tyr9, which relative to the resting position of the enzyme is exothermic by 4.9 kcal/mol. In this pathway, a proton donating role of His1 residue is proposed. However, for unprotonated Cys6, a Ni(II)-O - 2 species is generated in a process that is exothermic by 11.3 kcal/mol. From the Ni(II)-O - 2 species, the only feasible pathway for H 2 O 2 formation is through donation of protons by the Tyr9(S)-Asp3(S) pair. The results discussed in this study elucidate the role of the active site residues in the catalytic cycle and provide intricate details of the complex functioning of this enzyme.
Neovascular Glaucoma Following Central Retinal Vein Obstruction

The results of a prospective clinical and fluorescein angiographic study of 155 patients with central retinal vein obstruction (CRVO) were analyzed to identify risk factors contributing to the subsequent development of iris neovascularization (NVI) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Of 144 untreated eyes, 20% developed NVG. The eyes were classified as having either an ischemic or a hyperpermeable type of CRVO according to the extent of retinal capillary nonperfusion demonstrated by the initial fluorescein angiogram. The risk of developing NVG was found to be approximately 60% in those eyes with extensive retinal ischemia. None of the 22 eyes with an ischemic CRVO treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) prior to the onset of NVI developed NVG.
Extended-wear Contact Lenses for the Treatment of Pediatric Aphakia

The practicality of extended-wear contact lenses in the refractive correction of pediatric aphakia was assessed with 240 eyes in 184 patients. Patient ages at the time of contact lens fitting ranged from 18 days to 9.8 years. One hundred forty-one eyes were fit from 1 day to 55 months postoperatively and then followed for 6 months to 5.7 years (average, 29 months). Only five patients lost more than five lenses. The overall loss rate was less than one lens per year of follow-up. No patient had contact lens-related complications with permanent visual sequelae. Only 14% of patients had contact lens problems or factors related to parental inability to care for the lens which resulted in discontinuation of contact lens therapy. The authors were unable to identify any subset of patients who should be considered for primary surgical optical correction of their aphakia.
12.1” Svga Wide Viewing Angle Tft-Lcds Based on Ridge and Fringe-Field Structures

We have recently proposed the ridge and fringe-field multi-domain homeotropic (RFF-MH) mode for improving viewing angles of thin-film-transistor driven liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels (4). We also demonstrated that the RFF-MH structures are suitable for high resolution desk top TFT-LCD panels (5). In this paper we demonstrated that the RFF-MH method is also suitable for the high-end large-area notebook application since it provides wide viewing angles with a high optical transmission. The ridge structure is constructed on top of the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer of the color filter (CF) substrate, and can be fabricated during the color filter process. The cell process of the RFF-MH panel is compatible to the conventional TFT-LCD cell fabrication process. It requires one extra photolithographic step; however no rubbing treatment is required.
Two-domain twisted nematic and tilted homeotropic liquid crystal displays for active matrix applications

To overcome the viewing-angle dependence of TN (twisted nematic) cells, the author has investigated two-domain TN (TDTN) and two-domain tilted homeotropic (TDTH) cells with optical compensation for active matrix applications. The simulated and experimental results for TDTN show a large viewing zone of +or-40 degrees in the vertical and +or-60 degrees in the horizontal directions with excellent grayscale fidelity. TDTN has been fabricated using multiple rubbings and one masking operation. Simulated results for compensated single-domain TH and TDTH are also reported. TDTH cells have been fabricated using a total of four oblique evaporations and one mask. The width of the disclination line between the two domains of TDTN or TDTH cells is discussed. >
Direction of trade and wage inequality

Contrary to the predictions of the 2 × 2 × 2 Heckscher–Ohlin model, empirical evidence shows that the skill premium increased in some developing countries and decreased in others after trade liberalization. Khalifa (2014) attempts to reconcile the empirical evidence with the theoretical predictions by introducing a theoretical set-up that includes the additional aspect of South–South trade. The model shows that South–South trade openness can cause the skill premium to increase in the Southern country that is relatively more skill abundant, and to decrease in the Southern country that is relatively less skill abundant. This article introduces an empirical analysis to test the theoretical predictions of Khalifa (2014) using threshold estimation techniques introduced by Hansen (1999). The results suggest the presence of a statistically significant skill abundance threshold, below which the estimate of the coefficient of the relationship between South–South trade openness and wage inequality is negative, and ...
Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies☆

Psychotherapists are taught that when a client expresses resistance repeatedly, they must understand and address its underlying sources. Yet proponents of evidence-based practice (EBP) have routinely ignored the root causes of many clinical psychologists' reservations concerning the use of scientific evidence to inform clinical practice. As a consequence, much of the resistance to EBP persists, potentially widening the already large scientist-practitioner gap. Following a review of survey data on psychologists' attitudes toward EBP, we examine six sources underpinning resistance toward EBP in clinical psychology and allied domains: (a) naive realism, which can lead clinicians to conclude erroneously that client change is due to an intervention itself rather than to a host of competing explanations; (b) deep-seated misconceptions regarding human nature (e.g., mistaken beliefs regarding the causal primacy of early experiences) that can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments; (c) statistical misunderstandings regarding the application of group probabilities to individuals; (d) erroneous apportioning of the burden of proof on skeptics rather than proponents of untested therapies; (e) widespread mischaracterizations of what EBP entails; and (f) pragmatic, educational, and attitudinal obstacles, such as the discomfort of many practitioners with evaluating the increasingly technical psychotherapy outcome literature. We advance educational proposals for articulating the importance of EBP to the forthcoming generation of clinical practitioners and researchers, and constructive remedies for addressing clinical psychologists' objections to EBP.
Galaxy: Encouraging Data Sharing among Sources with Schema Variants

This demonstration presents Galaxy, a schema manager that facilitates easy and correct data sharing among autonomous but related, evolving data sources. Galaxy reduces heterogeneity by helping database developers identify, reuse, customize, and advertise related schema components. The central idea is that as schemata are customized, Galaxy maintains a derivation graph, and exploits it for data exchange, discovery, and multi-database query over the "galaxy" of related data sources. Using a set of schemata from the biomedical domain, we demonstrate how Galaxy facilitates schema and data sharing.
A hypergraph model for the yeast protein complex network

Summary form only given. We consider a hypergraph model for the protein complex network obtained from a large-scale experimental study to characterize the proteome of the yeast. Our model views the yeast proteome as a hypergraph, with the proteins corresponding to vertices and the complexes corresponding to hyperedges. Previous work has modeled the protein complex data as a protein-protein interaction graph or as a complex intersection graph; both models lose information and require more space. Our results show that the yeast protein complex hyper-graph is a small-world and power-law hypergraph. We design an algorithm for computing the k-core of a hypergraph, and use it to identify the core proteome, the maximum core of the protein complex hypergraph. We show that the core proteome of the yeast is enriched in essential and homologous proteins. We implement greedy approximation algorithms for variant minimum weight vertex covers of a hypergraph; these algorithms can be used to improve the reliability and efficiency of the experimental method that identifies the protein complex network.
John Trevor and the Labor Church Movement in England, 1891–1900

In the history of Protestant Christianity, sectarian movements have often served to bridge the gulfs which have opened between conventional forms of religious life and new secular aspirations among the lower classes. The emergence of the Labor Church movement in England during the closing decade of the last century may be seen in part as an attempt at such a reconciliation. For it was dedicated to the idea that the emancipation of the working classes from capitalism was a religious movement, that the improvement of social conditions was as important as the development of personal character. And yet its leader, John Trevor, repudiated the dogmatic implications of the sectidea and viewed the Labor Church as a search for a truly free religion. In fact it quickly severed all ties with the traditional faith and embarked on a quest for radically new religious meaning.
Theorizing a public engagement keystone: Seeing fandom's integral connection to civic engagement through the case of the Harry Potter Alliance

The Harry Potter Alliance (HPA) has invited thousands of Harry Potter fans to view politics and activism through the lens of Harry Potter. HPA members have signed petitions, sent letters, made videos, and raised money in efforts to affect laws and public policies. These activities circulate and operate within the public sphere through an engagement with others. If we are to consider the political actions of fans, we must consider how fans insert arguments into the public sphere, constitute publics, and ultimately assert their own public subjectivities. By drawing on social movement and public sphere theory, I first develop the theoretical concept of the "public engagement keystone." I conceptualize the public engagement keystone as a touch point, worldview, or philosophy that makes other people, actions, and institutions intelligible. Next, I use the case of the HPA to demonstrate how the Harry Potter story operates as a public engagement keystone, opening the door to public subjectivities on par with the healthy public formation of John Dewey, Doug McAdam, or Peter Dahlgren. I offer an interdisciplinary approach to how fandom encourages and invites civic engagement. By doing so, public sphere theory can better account for a wider variety of types of civic engagement, including fandom activism.