cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW TO ANALYSE SUBSTANCE: A REPLY TO SCHNIEDER

In a recent issue of this journal, Benjamin Schnieder has presented an objection to the account of individual substance that we have developed and put to various uses in our works on metaphysics. According to Schnieder's objection, our proposal to analyse this notion of substantiality suffers from a special kind of circularity. In this paper, we give two replies to Schnieder's objection. The first is that a successful analysis is not, in fact, required to avoid the sort of circularity about which Schnieder complains. The second is that our analysis does not involve the alleged circularity.
Two-dimensional superconductor-insulator transition in bulk single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.38

We use a magnetic field to tune a highly anisotropic single crystal of oxygen-deficient YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) with a transition temperature of 2 K through the superconductor-insulator transition. The sheet resistance scales with temperature, 0.05≤T≤1.0 K, and field, 0≤H≤94 kOe, in a manner predicted by a theory for quantum phase transitions in disordered two-dimensional superconductors.
GFP-tagged regulatory light chain monitors single myosin lever-arm orientation in a muscle fiber.

Myosin is the molecular motor in muscle-binding actin and executing a power stroke by rotating its lever arm through an angle of ∼70° to translate actin against resistive force. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged human cardiac myosin regulatory light chain (HCRLC) was constructed to study in situ lever arm orientation one molecule at a time by polarized fluorescence emitted from the GFP probe. The recombinant protein physically and functionally replaced the native RLC on myosin lever arms in the thick filaments of permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers. Detecting single molecules in fibers where myosin concentration reaches 300 μM is accomplished using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. With total internal reflection fluorescence, evanescent field excitation, supercritical angle fluorescence detection, and CCD detector pixel size limits detection volume to just a few attoliters. Data analysis manages both the perturbing effect of the TIR interface on probe emission and the effect of high numerical aperture collection of light. The natural myosin concentration gradient in a muscle fiber allows observation of fluorescence polarization from C-term GFP-tagged HCRLC exchanged myosin from regions in the thick filament containing low and high myosin concentrations. In rigor, cross-bridges at low concentration at the end of the thick filament maintain GFP dipole moments at two distinct polar angles relative to the fiber symmetry axis. The lower angle, where the dipole is nearly parallel to fiber axis, is more highly populated than the alternative, larger angle. Cross-bridges at higher concentration in the center of the thick filament are oriented in a homogeneous band at ∼45° to the fiber axis. The data suggests molecular crowding impacts myosin conformation, implying mutual interactions between cross-bridges alter how the muscle generates force. The GFP-tagged RLC is a novel probe to assess single-lever-arm orientation characteristics in situ.
Veilig op de ok

Op de operatiekamer kom je soms rare dingen tegen. Veel bloed, veel modder, spullen op plekken waar ze eigenlijk niet horen. Aan veel van deze dingen kun je wennen. Maar sommige dingen vergeet je nooit meer.
Rotational vertebral artery occlusion-series of 9 cases.

BACKGROUND: Rotational vertebral artery syndrome (RVAS) is a rare entity about which previously published studies are mostly limited to individual case reports. OBJECTIVE: To report our decade-long experience with this syndrome in 9 patients with compression ranging from the occiput to C6. METHODS: We utilized a posterior approach for lesions rostral to C4 and an anterior approach for lesions at or caudal to C4. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of a minimally invasive posterior cervical approach. Patient profile, operative indications, surgical approach, operative findings, complications, and long-term follow-up were reviewed and discussed. RESULTS: Average follow-up was 47 months. All procedures provided excellent outcomes by Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. The anterior approach had significantly less blood loss (187.5 mL vs 450 mL, P = .00016) and shorter hospitalization length (2 days vs 4.5 days; P = .0001) compared with the far-lateral approach. There was one complication of cervical instability in the far-lateral approach cohort. As an alternative to the far-lateral surgery, a minimally invasive approach resulted in shorter hospitalization (2 days) and less blood loss (10 mL) while avoiding the complication of cervical instability. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the safety, efficacy, and durability of 3 surgical approaches for RVAS. Proper examination, preoperative imaging, and surgical planning were necessary for a satisfactory outcome.
A biochemical screen for GroEL/GroES inhibitors.

Abstract High-throughput screening of 700,000 small molecules has identified 235 inhibitors of the GroEL/GroES-mediated refolding cycle. Dose–response analysis of a subset of these hits revealed that 21 compounds are potent inhibitors of GroEL/GroES-mediated refolding (IC50
Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization

For nearly 6000 years the Ohio and Mississippi valleys sustained cultures whose architecture rivaled the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt. Yet the history and archaeology of these early North Americans have been largely ignored and in some cases forgotten. This text recovers the heritage of the earliest North American peoples and reveals the sophistication and complexity of their early cities and offers reasons why history has until recently refused to credit fully the accomplishments of Native Americans.
Stress induced facilitation of opiate catalepsy in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a standard low dose of opiate (10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate). 2. 2. Experimental subjects received one of two stressful procedures (tail pinch, floor cooling) while control subjects were not disturbed. 3. 3. Using motor activity as an index of catalepsy, both stressful procedures prolonged the syndrome. 4. 4. Stress may therefore affect this opiate mediated process.
Independent prediction of naphthalene transport and biodegradation in soil with a mathematical model

Experiments were performed to test the ability of a mathematical model to predict naphthalene transport and biodegradation. Pseudomonas putida G7, a model bacterial strain capable of degrading naphthalene, was added to a column packed with the soil that had been pre-equilibrated with naphthalene. Model prediction for transport and degradation were based on predetermined parameters that described naphthalene desorption kinetics and the utilization of naphthalene by the test bacterium. However, initial prediction for naphthalene biodegradation was high, and the formation of cell aggregates is advanced as a plausible explanation. Access of substrate to cells in the interior of an aggregate would be restricted. When the numerical simulation was conducted with a factor to account for cell aggregation, it successfully described the experimental data. Thus, with a single adjustable parameter (an average effectiveness factor), the model predicted macroscopic responses of naphthalene in soil-columns where naphthalene was subject to transport and biodegradation.
Environmental information in a recent bone assemblage: roles of taphonomic processes and ecological change

Abstract Taphonomic processes have the potential to obscure or enhance original associations between paleoenvironments and organisms through selective destruction, post-mortem transport, and time-averaging. Ecological changes through time in habitat utilization by living organisms also can blur distinctions between faunas or floras associated with particular habitats. If taphonomic processes affect habitat specificity in bone assemblages, then this should be revealed in time sequences of remains from particular habitats. We analyzed Recent surface bone in six habitats of Amboseli National Park, Kenya, to determine whether taxonomic composition varied with the degree of taphonomic alteration (as indicated by bone weathering stage). The dataset consisted of 1362 separate bone occurrences classified according to their state of weathering. These bone occurrences represented 27 mammalian taxa from bush, openwood, densewood, lakebed, plains, and swamp habitats. The distinctiveness of the bone assemblages was measured by the quantified Dice coefficient, which accounts for both the presence or absence of taxa and their relative proportions. The differences among the weathering stage subsamples were compared with known environmental changes at Amboseli over the estimated time period of bone accumulation (15–25 years). Habitat distinctiveness based on the bone assemblages was lower in subsets with higher weathering stages, although not all habitats showed this to the same degree, and open habitats (e.g., plains, lakebed) generally remained distinct from closed habitats (densewood, bush). The greatest change in the similarity among habitats occurred between weathering stages 2 and 3, which corresponds to deaths between 1969 and 1973, a period of woodland retreat and expansion of open habitats in the park. We attribute the loss of environmental resolution in the weathered bone subsamples primarily to time-averaging and the shifting of habitat boundaries. The time period represented by these bone assemblages is small compared to the time-averaged paleosol or land surface assemblages in the fossil record, suggesting that ecological fluctuations can compromise interpretations of habitat heterogeneity in fossil assemblages. Our study indicates that it is probably the magnitude of ecological changes rather than time per se that limits resolution. If distinct paleohabitats can be supported based on time-averaged fossil evidence, however, this implies that ecological fluctuations were not sufficient to homogenize these distinctions over the period of time-averaging.
Fish Scale Evidence for Rapid Post Glacial Colonization of an Atlantic Coastal Pond

Fish scales from the sediment of Allamuchy Pond, New Jersey, USA, indicate that fishes were present in the pond within 400 years of the time of the first deposition of organic material, at approximately 12,600 yrs BP. The earliest of the scales, from a white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, appears in sediment dated 12,260 +/- 220 yrs BP. Presence of scales in sediment deposited before I 0,000 yrs BP indicates that Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, sunfish, Lepomis sp., and yellow perch, Perca flavescens, also were early inhabitants of the pond. The timing of the arrival of each of these fishes suggests that they migrated out from Atlantic coastal refugia. A minnow scale, referred to Phoxininae, was also retrieved; it could not be matched to any cyprinid currently found in northeastern North America. The species present historically in this pond are from five families found currently in ponds throughout the Northeast and sugoest that the lentic palaeo-enviromnent was similar to present mid-elevation or high-latitude lentic systems.
Functional and Epigenetic Studies Reveal Multistep Differentiation and Plasticity of In Vitro-Generated and In Vivo-Derived Follicular T Helper Cells

Summary Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells provide critical help to B cells for germinal center (GC) formation. Mutations affecting SLAM-associated protein (SAP) prevent GC formation because of defective T cell-B cell interactions, yet effects on Tfh cell differentiation remain unclear. We describe the in vitro differentiation of functionally competent "Tfh-like" cells that expressed interleukin-21, Tfh cell markers, and Bcl6 and rescued GC formation in SAP-deficient hosts better than other T helper (Th) cells. SAP-deficient Tfh-like cells appeared virtually indistinguishable from wild-type, yet failed to support GCs in vivo. Interestingly, both Tfh-like and in vivo-derived Tfh cells could produce effector cytokines in response to polarizing conditions. Moreover, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells could be reprogrammed to obtain Tfh cell characteristics. ChIP-Seq analyses revealed positive epigenetic markings on Tbx21 , Gata3 , and Rorc in Tfh-like and ex vivo Tfh cells and on Bcl6 in non-Tfh cells, supporting the concept of plasticity between Tfh and other Th cell populations.
The embryonic development of the temnocephalid flatworms Craspedella pedum and Diceratocephala boschmai

We have analyzed the embryonic development of the temnocephalid flatworms Craspedella pedum and Diceratocephala boschmai, using a combination of fuchsin-labeled whole-mount preparation, histology, and transmission electron microscopy. Following the staging system recently introduced for another flatworm species (Mesostoma lingua), we can distinguish eight morphologically defined stages. Temnocephalids produce eggs of the neoophoran type in which a small oocyte is surrounded by a layer of yolk cells. Cleavage takes place in the center of the yolk mass (stages 1-2) and results in an irregular, multilayered disc of mesenchymal cells that moves to the future ventral egg pole (stage 3). Organ primordia, including those of the brain, pharynx, male genital apparatus, sucker, and epidermis "crystallize" within this disc without undergoing gastrulation movements (stage 4). An invagination of the epidermal primordium pushes the embryo back into the center of the yolk ("embryonic invagination"). As a result, organogenesis begins while the embryo is invaginated (stage 5). The brain differentiates into an outer cortex of cell bodies that surround a central neuropile. Precursor cells of the epidermis, pharynx, and protonephridia become organized into epithelia. During stage 6, the embryonic primordium everts back to the surface, where organogenesis and cell differentiation continues. Epidermal cells fuse into a syncytium that expands around the yolk. Myoblasts initially do not spread out in the way epidermal cells do; they remain concentrated in two narrow, longitudinal bands that extend along the sides of the embryo. Three pairs of axon tracts extending posteriorly from the brain follow the bands of myoblasts. Stages 7 and 8 are characterized by the appearance of eye pigmentation, brain condensation, and the formation of tentacles and a sucker that bud out from the epidermis of the anterior and posterior end, respectively. Comparison of morphogenesis in temnocephalids with observations in other flatworm taxa suggests a phylotypic stage for this phylum of invertebrates.
Recent Developments and Evolving Techniques of Mitral Valve Reconstruction

Abstract Experiences with 1,000 patients undergoing mitral valve reconstruction at New York University over the past 18 years are summarized. A continuing follow-up (98% complete) demonstrated that 88% of patients are free from recurrent insufficiency 10 years after the operation. Reconstruction is feasible in nearly 90% of patients with mitral valve prolapse, with an operative mortality near 2%. Accordingly, operation is now recommended at an early stage with the first sign of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, while the patient is still in sinus rhythm. Most operations have been done with the Carpentier techniques of segmental resection with annuloplasty and insertion of a Carpentier ring. Recently, two other repair techniques and a minimally invasive operative approach have been evaluated. A triangular resection of a prolapsing anterior leaflet has been done in more than 100 patients with excellent results. Also, a posterior "folding plasty" has been employed in more than 40 patients with a large redundant posterior leaflet, minimizing the need for annular plication. A minimally invasive approach to the mitral valve has now been employed in 130 patients over the past year, using a right mini-thoracotomy and the Port-Access (Heartport, Inc, Menlo Park, CA) approach. This technique employs catheters introduced through femoral vessels to institute cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. The operative approach and techniques for mitral valve reconstructive operations continue to evolve, with excellent results and improved patient benefits.
Phase-sensitive image amplification with elliptical Gaussian pump.

We numerically analyze phase-sensitive parametric amplification and de-amplification of a multimode field representing a multi-pixel text image. We optimize pumping configuration and demonstrate that ~10-dB gain is achievable with relatively moderate ~10-kW total pump peak power available from compact pump sources.
Electro-Hydraulic Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels: Deformation and Microstructural Characterization

The deformation behavior and texture evolution during forming of an advanced high-strength steel (DP600 grade) were characterized. The deformation history of DP600 during electro-hydraulic forming (EHF) was quantified using a unique experimental capability developed at PNNL. The texture evolution during quasi-static and high-strain-rate deformation was determined using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The deformation history of EHF formed steel sheets shows an amplification of the strain-rate, relative to free-forming conditions, when the forming was carried out inside a conical-die. This strain-rate amplification was attributed to the focusing action of the conical die. The undeformed DP600 sheet was found to possess a {111} fiber texture in the sheet-normal direction. Quasi-static deformation was found to strengthen the pre-existing texture whereas high-rate forming using EHF had a lesser influence. The results of this work demonstrate the unique capability to correlate deformation history during high-strain-rate metal forming processes with the corresponding microstructural evolution. It is expected that results of this work can help fill-in the gaps in our understanding of high-rate forming processes, leading to development of accurate and validated numerical models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Retinoic acid enhances monoclonal antibody WE3 reactivity in the regenerate epithelium of the adult newt.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally expressed in the wound epithelium during adult newt limb regeneration. Experiments were designed to determine whether retinoic acid (RA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered by intraperitoneal injection, would enhance the temporal appearance of the WE3 antigen. RA given on days 1 or 4 after amputation, when the WE3 antigen is not yet detectable, resulted in moderate reactivity to mAb 2 days after injection and strong reactivity throughout the wound epithelium 4 days after injection. DMSO alone had no enhancing effect. RA also caused limb skin epidermis to exhibit reactivity to mAb WE3, initially near the amputation level, but then also more proximally. By 4 and 6 days after RA injection, epidermis of the flank, eye lid, and unamputated hind limbs also became strongly reactive to mAb WE3. Outer layers of skin epidermis were shed, resulting in an epidermis only one or two cells thick. Epidermis of newts given DMSO alone remained non-reactive to mAb WE3. When RA was given on days 7 and 10 after amputation, when a low level of mAb WE3 reactivity is already present in the wound epithelium, a considerable enhancement of mAb WE3 reactivity occurred through the next few days. No such enhancement was seen with DMSO alone. RA also greatly increased mAb WE3 reactivity in the wound epithelium of denervated limbs, in which case the wound epithelial reactivity to mAb WE3 is normally low. Retinol palmitate also increased mAb WE3 reactivity. The results raise the possibility that the WE3 antigen is a component of most if not all retinoid target tissues in newts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of particles falling from flights on volumetric heat transfer coefficient in rotary dryers and coolers

Abstract In analyzing the volumetric heat transfer coefficient in rotary dryers and coolers, a correction factor is introduced to evaluate the influence of falling particles surrounding a single falling particle on the heat transfer coefficient between the air stream and the single particle. It is shown that the correction factor is close to unity when the average number of particles falling in rotary dryers and coolers is relatively small, indicating that the falling particles are in good contact with the air stream; the correction factor becomes less than unity as the average number of falling particles increases because of insufficient contact between the particles and the air.
Adult neurogenesis is functionally associated with AD-like neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is predominantly characterized by progressive neuronal loss in the brain. It has been recently found that adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of AD patients is significantly enhanced, while its functional significance is still unknown. By using an AD-like neurodegeneration mouse model, we show here that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was neurodegenerative stage-dependent. At early stages of neurodegeneration, neurogenesis was significantly enhanced and newly generated neurons migrated into the local neuronal network. Up to late stages of neurodegeneration, however, the survival of newly generated neurons was impaired so that the enhanced neurogenesis could not be detected anymore. Most interestingly, these dynamic changes in neurogenesis were correlated with the severity of neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus, indicating that neurogenesis may work as a self-repairing mechanism to compensate for neurodegeneration. Therefore, to enhance endogenous neurogenesis at early stages of neurodegeneration may be a valuable strategy to delay neurodegenerative progress.
Paying Not to Go to the Gym

How do consumers choose from a menu of contracts? We analyze a novel dataset from three U.S. health clubs with information on both the contractual choice and the day-to-day attendance decisions of 7,752 members over three years. The observed consumer behavior is difficult to reconcile with standard preferences and beliefs. First, members who choose a contract with a flat monthly fee of over $70 attend on average 4.3 times per month. They pay a price per expected visit of more than $17, even though they could pay $10 per visit using a 10-visit pass. On average, these users forgo savings of $600 during their membership. Second, consumers who choose a monthly contract are 17 percent more likely to stay enrolled beyond one year than users committing for a year. This is surprising because monthly members pay higher fees for the option to cancel each month. We also document cancellation delays and attendance expectations, among other findings. Leading explanations for our findings are overconfidence about future self-control or about future efficiency. Overconfident agents overestimate attendance as well as the cancellation probability of automatically renewed contracts. Our results suggest that making inferences from observed contract choice under the rational expectation hypothesis can lead to biases in the estimation of consumer preferences.
The Influence of Hyaluronic Acid and Other Substances on Tensile Strength of Healing Wounds

Balazs and Holmgren (1) demonstrated that the growth of chicken heart fibroblasts in tissue culture can be inhibited by substances extractable with water from 6 to 10 day old healing wounds of rats. They present suggestive evidence that the inhibitory effect is due to the presence of water-soluble mucopolysaccharides with metachromatic staining properties. It occurred to us that similar substances might be used to inhibit excessive fibroblastic activity in keloids. It was decided, as a preliminary step, to test the effect of mucopolysaccharides and other substances on cutaneous healing in guinea pigs. Inasmuch as hyaluronic acid is one of the principal water-soluble mucopolysaccharides in human skin, and because its antagonist, hyaluronidase, is readily available, these two substances were used first. Tensile strength of linear wounds produced by surgical incision was used as a quantitative measure of the effective laying down of fibers in both sutured and unsutured wounds. It was during the early stages of this study that Cornbleet (2) presented his results in the use of hyaluronidase in the treatment of keloids. This promised to give added significance to our approach.
North Atlantic oceanography as possible cause of Antarctic glaciation and eutrophication

Tarling1 suggested that ice ages may occur when continental blocks occupy polar positions, isolating the pole from oceanic influences, and when nearby seas are available to provide moisture for the build-up and maintenance of polar ice caps. Such conditions gradually became established in the Southern Hemisphere where the present ice age began 13 Myr ago2. The Cenozoic circum-Antarctic geographic and oceanographic evolution has been recently summarised by Kennett3. I report here that circum-Antarctic palaeogeography and palaeoceanography alone were insufficient to lead to the Antarctic glaciation. A model is presented that suggests that the final triggering events took place in the North Atlantic.
Psychopathic Traits and Attitudes Associated With Self-Reported Sexual Aggression in College Men

The relationships among psychopathic personality traits, rape-supportive attitudes, and self-reported sexual aggression were examined in a sample of 191 college men. It was hypothesized that participants who reported severe sexually aggressive acts (i.e., coerced intercourse) would endorse items indicating more extreme psychopathic traits than those who reported only less severe acts. In addition, we expected that psychopathic traits would play a unique role in severe sexual aggression, above the contribution of rape-supportive attitudes. Results were strongly supportive of the first hypothesis; however, there was no evidence that traits and attitudes contribute to sexually aggressive behavior in different ways. The discussion considers similarities and differences in the contribution of traits and attitudes to the development of sexually aggressive behavior.
The Spread of a Reinvading Species: Range Expansion in the California Sea Otter

The spread of the California sea otter population provides excellent material for studying the spread of an invading species because the data are not confounded by spread in multiple spatial dimensions. We analyze data on the range expansion of the California sea otter within the context of a classical mathematical model incorporating growth, diffusion, and advection. Classical theory predicts that population fronts will form, that asymptotic rates of advance will be constant within homogeneous habitat, and that these asymptotic rates are given by twice the square root of the product of two factors, the intrinsic rate of increase and the diffusion coefficient. These patterns were observed in the historical data for range expansion of the otter, and the central remaining problem is explaining the observed differences in the rate of spread between the northern and southern fronts. Our analysis suggests that advection plays, at most, a minor role in those differences and, moreover, that estimated differences...
Electrochemically modulated liquid chromatographic separations of inorganic anions.

Abstract Inorganic anion retention on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase is investigated by electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography (EMLC). Through various combinations of the potential applied ( E app ) to the PGC packing and/or changes in the composition (sodium salts of tetrafluoroborate, sulfate, and fluoride) and concentration (10, 25, and 50 mM) of an aqueous mobile phase, conditions for the separation of two different inorganic anion mixtures (iodate, bromide, nitrite, and nitrate or iodate, bromate, and chlorate) are developed. Results show that retention was affected by both variables, with the analyte retention factor, k ′, changing in a few cases by as much as a factor of ca. six. Moreover, plots of ln k ′ are linearly dependent on both E app and ln [SE], where [SE] is the supporting electrolyte concentration. Based on these findings, insights into the retention mechanism are briefly discussed by drawing on the theory for ion exchange chromatography.
Homogeneity, selection, and the faithfulness condition

The faithfulness condition (FC) is a useful principle for inferring causal structure from statistical data. The usual motivation for the FC appeals to theorems showing that exceptions to it have probability zero, provided that some apparently reasonable assumptions obtain. However, some have objected that, the theorems notwithstanding, exceptions to the FC are probable in commonly occurring circumstances. I argue that exceptions to the FC are probable in the circumstances specified by this objection only given the presence of a condition that I label homogeneity, and furthermore that this condition typically does not obtain in the FC's intended domain of application.
Arterial wall thromboxane: Dominance after surgery predisposes to thrombosis

Abstract Ibuprofen reduces early occlusion and surface thrombogenicity of small-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts in sheep. The following experiments were designed to determine the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition by ibuprofen on long-term patency and arterial wall and graft neointima prostaglandin synthesis. Crossover PTFE grafts (internal diameter 4 mm) were interposed between the carotid arteries of 18 sheep. Nine animals were used as controls, and nine received ibuprofen, 10 mm/kg intravenously, 1 hour prior to surgery and then every 8 hours for the duration of the experiment. Grafts were removed either when they became occluded or routinely at 60 days. Arterial segments adjacent to anastomoses were removed at graft insertion and at graft removal for assay of arterial wall production of the prostaglandins 6-keto-PGF 1α and thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ). There was no difference in patency between control animals (four out of nine) and ibuprofen-treated (five out of nine) animals. Arterial segments removed before the administration of ibuprofen produced 2.59 ± 1.48 nM/mg protein/20 min of 6-keto-PGF 1α and 2.59 ± 1.38 nM/mg protein/20 min of TxB 2 . A single dose of ibuprofen reduced the levels of 6-keto-PGF 1α to 0.30±0.12 nM/mg protein/20 min and the levels of TxB 2 to 0.78 ± 0.41 nM/mg protein/20 min (p 1α to 1.69 ± 0.86 nM/mg protein/20 min, whereas TxB 2 levels remained unchanged at 2.54 ± 1.23 nM/mg protein/20 min. Ibuprofen reduced 6-keto-PGF 1α to 0.68 ± 0.18 and TxB 2 to 0.77 ± 0.24 nM/mg protein/20 min, respectively (p 2 (TxA 2 ) and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) from arachidonic acid. Furthermore, TxA 2 is produced in greater amounts than PGI 2 in all animals with occluded grafts. We conclude that the production of TxA 2 by the vessel wall and an alteration in the ratio of PGI 2 to TxA 2 , with dominance of TxA 2 , may explain the failure of ibuprofen to improve long-term patency in these experiments. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:314-9.)
Abstract 3928:In vivoERK1/2 reporting demonstrates the association and timing of ERK1/2 pathway reactivation and acquired resistance to RAF inhibitors.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Patients with V600 mutant BRAF positive metastatic melanoma are now treated with the RAF inhibitor, vemurafenib (Zelboraf), as a first line therapy. Although most patients treated with vemurafenib have tumor shrinkage, other patients exhibit disease progression. Furthermore, most patients who initially respond to the drug eventually develop acquired resistance to vemurafenib. Disease progression while on vemurafenib frequently correlates with ERK1/2 pathway reactivation but previous studies have been unable to precisely monitor the temporal changes in ERK1/2 activity. Here, we establish a cell-based ERK1/2 reporter system that provides quantitative analysis of RAF inhibitor action in mutant BRAF melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. This system was utilized to show that the RAF inhibitor, PLX4720, effectively targets the ERK1/2 pathway in vivo and that ERK1/2 reactivation is associated with tumor re-growth. Levels of ERK1/2 reactivation varied substantially between tumors and were associated with several different molecular changes. These data present a new system from monitoring in vivo efficacy of ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors and identifying mechanisms of in vivo acquired resistance. Citation Format: Kevin J. Basile, Ethan V. Abel, Neda Dadpey, Andrew E. Aplin. In vivo ERK1/2 reporting demonstrates the association and timing of ERK1/2 pathway reactivation and acquired resistance to RAF inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3928. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3928
2.2- and 3.5-micron polarization measurements of the Becklin-Neugebauer object in the Orion Nebula.

Independent measurements of the Becklin-Neugebauer (BN) object in the Orion Nebula yield large values of linear polarization in wavelength bands centered at 2.2 and 3.4 microns. The 10 to 15% polarization at 2.2 microns of the BN object is larger than any yet measured for an extraterrestrial object. The large polarization probably originates from the scattering of the radiation by dust grains.
Extracellular amino acid effects on milk protein synthesis and intracellular amino acid pools with bovine mammary cells in culture.

Abstract Increases in free intracellular amino acids are associated with increased protein synthesis. Responses in synthesis of ( β -casein and ( β -lactoglobulin and of intracellular amino acid pools to graded concentrations of amino acids in the medium were observed. Mammary tissue from two Holstein cows was dispersed and cultured for 18h with Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 1, 3, 5, or 7 times the basic concentration of amino acids. Synthesis of ( β -casein and ( β -lactoglobulin increased with concentration of amino acids in the medium. Intracellular pools of amino acids not provided by the medium (serine, proline, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, ornithine) generally decreased with increased concentrations of amino acids in the medium, the exception being ornithine which increased with extracellular amino acids. Lysine, histidine, tyrosine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, arginine, and threonine intracellular pools increased with increased amino acids in medium. Intracellular cystine responded with a small linear increase to increased amino acids in the medium, while intracellular tryptophan and methionine did not respond, indicating potential limitations from these amino acids.
H5N1 influenza virus and the safety of plasma products

BACKGROUND: The ever-increasing number of human H5N1 influenza virus infections may enable these viruses to acquire the ability to spread effectively among humans and potentially to cause a pandemic. Recently, more systemic virus dissemination was reported during H5N1 virus infection of humans, resulting in significant virus concentrations also in the blood. The observation has raised concerns about the safety of labile blood products for transfusion and consequentially also for plasma derivatives. To confirm the safety margins of plasma products, dedicated virus inactivation processes used during their production were investigated for their effectiveness in inactivating this virus of recent concern. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Virus inactivation by steps commonly used during the manufacture of plasma derivatives, such as pasteurization for human albumin, solvent/detergent treatment for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), vapor heating for factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity, and incubation at low pH for IVIG, were investigated with a reassortant strain of H5N1 influenza virus. RESULTS: The results show that H5N1 influenza behaves as expected for lipid-enveloped viruses; that is, the virus is effectively inactivated by all the commonly used virus inactivation procedures tested. CONCLUSION: The safety margins of plasma derivatives against the theoretical transmission of H5N1 influenza virus are very substantial.
Dispelling the Myths of Parallel Computing

Professor Patrick Madden presents his (agnostic) take on parallel computing. We believe that having an agnostic view allows us to focus on the deficiencies of the systems we are building, so we can improve on them.
Crystal structure of Er4O2(OH)8·HNO3

Abstract Hydrothermal aging of freshly precipitated, hydrous oxide gels of six of the lanthanides, dysprosium through lutetium, and yttrium has produced an isostructural series of compounds distinctly different from the lanthanide trihydroxides and oxyhydroxides. Relatively large crystals of the erbium compound with a chemical composition corresponding to Er4O2(OH)8·HNO3 have been grown and the structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. These crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with two formula units in the unit cell. Least squares refinement on 15 reflections yielded a = 9.338(3) A , b = 16.369(3) A , c = 3.608(1) A , β = 101.16(2)°. The unit cell contains eight erbium atoms, two of which are 9-coordinated to hydroxyl groups with an average bond distance of 2.44(4) A. The remaining six erbium atoms are 7-coordinated with five hydroxyls at an average distance of 2.35(5) A and two oxygens at an average distance of 2.24(2) A. The two HNO3 molecules randomly assume two 50% occupancy orientations in holes resulting from the bent nature of the erbiumoxygenhydroxide structure. The final refinement on 1187 reflections gave R = 3.01%.
Active wavelength control for external cavity quantum cascade laser

We present an active wavelength control method which ensures that all wavelength-selective elements of an external cavity semiconductor laser are spectrally aligned and the diffraction grating equation accurately predicts the laser operating frequency.
Void wave propagation phenomena in two-phase flow (Kern award lecture)

This paper presents a detailed linear and nonlinear analysis of void wave phenomena in two-phase flow. A state-of-the-art, one-dimensional two-fluid model was used as the basis for this analysis. It is shown that void wave dispersion is strongly influenced by phasic slip. In particular, the smaller the slip the more dispersion occurs. It has also been found that nonlinear wave forms, such as shocks and solitons, may occur. Moreover, the virtual mass force was found to be an important parameter in the modeling of void waves. It is shown that void wave analysis is an excellent means of assessing the closure assumptions used in two-fluid models. It is also implied that carefully taken void wave data are needed for this purpose.
Behavioural‐communications treatment of marital interaction: Negative behaviours

The present investigation assessed the effectiveness of a behavioural-communications marital intervention package focused solely upon negative behaviours. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated via two independent, within-subject multiple base-line designs. Four target behaviours, selected on the basis of clinical and laboratory assessment, were sequentially and cumulatively introduced over the course of an eight-week treatment programme. Multimodal assessment techniques included self-report, spouse-report, and direct observations of laboratory-based interactions. While slight differences occurred between measurement systems, all results attested to the efficacy of the therapeutic package. One-year follow-up data continued to indicate maintenance of treatment gains over time. These findings were discussed with regard to decelerative targets of intervention, and recommendations were made for continued investigations in the area.
Results and future plans of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

Abstract The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with the unique capability of studying the low-recycling regime by coating nearly 90% of the first wall with lithium in either solid or liquid form. Several grams of lithium are evaporated onto the plasma-facing side of the first wall. Without lithium coatings, the plasma discharge is limited to less than 5 ms and only 10 kA of plasma current, and the first wall acts as a particle source. With cold lithium coatings, plasma discharges last up to 20 ms with plasma currents up to 70 kA. The lithium coating provides a low-recycling first wall condition for the plasma and higher fueling rates are required to realize plasma densities similar to that of pre-lithium walls. Traditional puff fueling, supersonic gas injection, and molecular cluster injection (MCI) are used. Liquid lithium experiments will begin in 2012.
Loop Ileostomy Closure After Restorative Proctocolectomy: Outcome in 1,504 Patients

Routine use of a temporary loop ileostomy for diversion after restorative proctocolectomy is controversial because of reported morbidity associated with its creation and closure. This study intended to review our experience with loop ileostomy closure after restorative proctocolectomy and determine the complication rates. In addition, complication rates between handsewn and stapled closures were compared. Our Department Pelvic Pouch Database was queried and charts reviewed for all patients who had ileostomy closure after restorative proctocolectomy from August 1983 to March 2002. A total of 1,504 patients underwent ileostomy closure after restorative proctocolectomy during a 19-year period. The median length of hospitalization was three (range, 1–40) days and the overall complication rate was 11.4 percent. Complications included small-bowel obstruction (6.4 percent), wound infection (1.5 percent), abdominal septic complications (1 percent), and enterocutaneous fistulas (0.6 percent). Handsewn closure was performed in 1,278 patients (85 percent) and stapled closure in 226 (15 percent). No significant differences in complication rates and length of hospitalization were found between handsewn and stapled closure techniques. Our results demonstrated that ileostomy closure after restorative proctocolectomy can be achieved with a low morbidity and a short hospitalization stay. In addition, we found that complication rates and length of hospitalization were similar between handsewn and stapled closures.
Estimation of smolt-to-adult return percentages for Snake River Basin anadromous salmonids, 1990-1997

From numbers of juvenile salmonids (smolts) tagged between 1990 and 1997 with passive-integrated-transponder (PIT) tags and detections at downstream hydropower projects on the lower Snake and Columbia Rivers, we applied and adapted stratified tagrecapture methods to estimate the number of PIT-tagged smolts that experienced each possible detection history through the dams. Using adult detection recordsupon, return after 1–3 years of ocean residence, we estimated smolt-to-adult return (SAR) percentages for fish in detection-history categories that included downstream barge transport, migration in-river following detection, and migration in-river with no detection. We used bootstrap methods to estimate 95% confidence intervals for estimated SARs and ratios of SARs for selected detection-history categories. In general, though small numbers of returning adults and statistical uncertainty at various stages of the estimation procedure led to fairly imprecise SAR estimates, some general trends were evident. Adult return percentages for spring/summer yearling chinook salmon and steelhead were highest for fish transported from Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams but only slightly higher than for nondetected fish. Passage routes of nondetected fish (through spill and turbines) may represent optimal passage conditions. Once a juvenile fish is entrained in a bypass system ata “collectordam,” transporting the fish maximizes the probability of its eventual return as an adult.
Suprapubic prostatectomy: a 28 year review, 1942-1970.

This is a review of four series of 142 suprapubic prostatectomies each, covering the years 1942 to 1970. The early history of suprapubic prostatectomy is recounted to provide a background for judging the results since 1942. Since the first series, the age of the patients has risen progressively and there has been an associated rise in cardiovascular disease. The postoperative mortality has declined from 8.5% in the first series to 1.4% in the current series. This improvement seems related to improved hemostasis during surgery and improvements in drugs for treating infection and cardiovascular complications.
Infrared Emitted Intensity Measurements from Burning Aluminum Droplets in Solid Propellants

Infrared emitted intensities (absolute) were measured from burning aluminum droplets in aluminized composite solid propellants near the burning surface of the propellant from 1 to 50 atm. A high-speed, focal-plane array camera was used for mid-infrared imaging at a wavelength of 3.42 μm. At 1–5 atm high-resolution images were able to resolve three potentially important regions of infrared emission: molten metal, molten oxide cap on the droplet surface, and oxide smoke in the detached flame envelope. At this wavelength, which is of particular importance due to the strong influence of gas composition on oxide stoichiometry and emissivity, spectral intensities ranged from 0.2–3.6 W/m2 μm sr at 1 atm increasing to 2.0–5.5 W/cm2 μm sr at 50 atm. The large variation in emitted intensity at each pressure was attributed to variations in oxide cap emission and oxide smoke emission. Molten metal emission, which was relatively uniform over the droplet surface, corresponded well with fundamental predictions for an op...
Extra-articular ankle stabilization: a case series.

Maintenance of the foot at 90° to the lower leg following posterior calf lengthening or to prevent an equinus contracture in situations in which splint, cast, or external fixation is deemed inappropriate is a challenge. The author presents an observational case series involving 9 extra-articular ankle stabilizations performed in 9 consecutive patients. Each patient underwent his or her index surgery followed by percutaneous placement of 2 smooth 2.8-mm or larger diameter Steinmann pins extra-articular to the ankle joint. There were 6 men and 3 women with a mean age of 56.1 years (range, 31-73 years). Five patients had diabetes with peripheral neuropathy, 2 had critical limb ischemia, 1 had alcohol-induced neuropathy, 1 had lupus, and 1 was an active smoker. Eight patients had posterior calf lengthening, and 1 had open metatarsal fractures with severe soft-tissue disruption with an inability to use splint immobilization. Three patients had a transmetatarsal amputation, 2 patients had Chopart amputations, 2...
Assessment of a sequential extraction procedure for perturbed lead-contaminated samples with and without phosphorus amendments.

Sequential extraction procedures are used to determine the solid-phase association in which elements of interest exist in soil and sediment matrixes. Foundational work by Tessier et al. (Tessier, A.; Campbell, P. G. C.; Bisson, M. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 844−851) has found widespread acceptance and has been employed as an operational definition for metal speciation in solid matrixes. However, a major obstacle confronting sequential extraction procedures is species alteration of extracted metals before, during, and after separation of solids from solution. If this occurs, the results obtained from sequential extraction do not provide an accurate account of metal speciation within the matrix because the metal forms are altered from their field state. Many researchers dismiss this drawback since several sorption and precipitation processes are believed to occur at time scales much longer than any particular extraction step. This assumption may not be valid. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ...