cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microglia: Newly discovered complexity could lead to targeted therapy for neonatal white matter injury and dysmaturation.

This Commentary is stimulated by a recent report by Hammond et al. [1] which utilized break-through molecular techniques to characterize microglia in multiple regions of developing brain. The work delineated a heretofore unrecognized complexity in microglial phenotypes that has implications for normal brain development, disease, dysmaturation and potential therapies. In particular the work has special relevance to the fundamental basis of the neurological disability in very premature infants, i.e., a combination of initial cerebral white matter injury (WMI), and especially, the subsequent dysmaturation involving both white matter and neuro-axonal structures [2, 3]. In the following I will discuss first the development of microglia in brain, their critical role in the genesis of both the white matter injury (WMI) and of the subsequent dysmaturation in premature brain, the pioneering new work of Hammond et al. re: microglial phenotypes, and the implications of the new data for targeted therapy in the premature infant.
Do personal values affect perceptions of the hospitality performance

Abstract With the sharing economy and the mainstream hotel industry battling it out to deliver authentic experiences, there is a renewed emphasis on the concept of hospitality, and how it should be integral to both product strategy and marketing communications. A key facet of this this study examines the relationships between personal values and two measures of service evaluation namely, hospitality performance (HOSPERF) and customer satisfaction. Findings show that personal values have distinctive relationships with HOSPERF and customer satisfaction. Also, HOSPERF adds significant variance to the model and confirms its role as a strong antecedent of customer satisfaction. Findings present a compelling case for the inclusion of HOSPERF as a measure of service evaluation in addition to customer satisfaction in hospitality-based experiences. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Lowering Gestational Diabetes Risk by Prenatal Weight Gain Counseling.

Purpose: Excess weight gain during pregnancy is at epidemic proportions, and pregnancy complications are also on the rise. We sought to determine whether better weight gain counseling of expectant mothers will improve obstetric outcomes. Methods: Our historic control study design included 2 years of preintervention data, then 6 months of physician and staff training in prenatal weight gain counseling in accordance with 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines, and finally, 2 more years of data collection for postintervention outcomes. Seven family medicine residency clinics monitored 1571 continuity prenatal cases. Counseling recommendations were noted and the following outcomes were analyzed: gestational age, birth weight, route of delivery, and the incidences of hypertension and gestational diabetes. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for demographic variables and body mass index at enrollment. Results: Institute of Medicine congruent counseling increased from 10% to 63% (P Conclusions: Improved weight gain counseling of prenatal patients by physicians did reduce the pregnancy complication of gestational diabetes. This occurred even though the trend toward less excess weight gain was not statistically significant.
Structures of Multimeric Proteins by NMR

Recent advances in NMR methodology, in particular the increase in resolution afforded by the advent of three- and four-dimensional NMR (see Clore & Gronenborn, 1991 for a review) have permitted the structures of proteins in the 15-25 kDa range to be solved in solution. In this paper we discuss the extension of these methods to multimeric proteins and illustrate these with regard to the solution structures of two dimers (interleukin-8; Clore et al., 1990; and human macrophage inflammatory protein 1β(3; Lodi et al., 1994) and a tetramer (the oligomerization domain of p53; Clore et al., 1994, 1995a,b)
Curved waveguides in silicon written by a shaped laser beam

We demonstrate, for the first time, the direct writing of curved optical waveguides in monocrystalline silicon with curve radii from 2 mm to 6 cm. The bending loss of the curved waveguides is measured and a good agreement with theoretical values is found. Raman spectroscopy measurements suggest the formation of inhomogeneous amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the laser-modified region. This direct laser-writing method may advance fabrication capabilities for integrated 3D silicon photonic devices.
A stochastic scan strategy for grain structure control in complex geometries using electron beam powder bed fusion

Abstract Spatial control of microstructure within a three-dimensional component has been a dream of materials scientists for centuries. However, limitations in traditional manufacturing processes prevent detailed control over the distribution of microstructures in a single part. Here, we demonstrate the ability to control grain structure and crystallographic texture during metal additive manufacturing for arbitrary cross-sections of a practical size, with profound implications for the design and optimization of next-generation products. The key to this advance is a new geometry agnostic scan path algorithm that manipulates the spatial distribution of solidification conditions. Utilizing a fundamental understanding of solidification dynamics and a model of the heat transfer during processing, we have designed this algorithm to manipulate the natural competition between epitaxial dendrite growth and grain nucleation. With this algorithm, we successfully controlled the grain structure of Ni-based superalloy IN718 in the shape of the Mona Lisa.
Pet Caretaking and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older US Adults

The purpose of this study was to compare risk factors for dementia in pet caretakers and non-pet caretakers in adults aged 50 years and older, and to examine the association between pet caretaking ...
END DEPTH UNDER ZERO-INERTIA CONDITIONS

The terminal depth and velocity conditions for flow in an open channel ending in a free overfall are investigated under the assumption that inertial effects are everywhere negligible. When inertial terms are retained, as in the Saint-Venant or varied-flow equations, these terminal conditions are both at critical. When not only the inertial terms but the depth-gradient term too is dropped, depth and velocity at the brink of the overfall are at normal. Under the zero-inertia assumption, end depth is found to be zero and the velocity correspondingly infinite. This notion is tested in a series of steady-flow comparisons with results obtained from the varied-flow equation. The results of the zero-inertia assumption lie close to those of the varied-flow equation, when the flow conditions are characterized by low Froude numbers. In application to the problem of discharge from a lake into a channel ending in an overfall, the traditional trial-and-error solution is replaced by a new direct solution read off from a graph.
Genomic disorders: complexity at multiple levels.

A report on the 7th Wellcome Trust Genomic Disorders conference held at the Homerton College, Cambridge, UK, April 10-12, 2013.
Translation of oogenetic mRNA in sea urchin eggs and early embryos. Demonstration of a change in translational efficiency following fertilization.

Abstract Two independent methods were used to measure the rate of ribosome transit along the average mRNA strand in both unfertilized eggs and zygotes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus at 16.5°C. The first method provided a direct measurement of ribosome transit times for the synthesis of the weight-average newly released polypeptide (MW = 50,000 in eggs and zygotes). The second method yielded elongation rates for different size classes of nascent peptide chains, from which transit times were calculated. The transit time for unfertilized eggs (the average value based upon measurements made by both methods) is 43 min, which is shortened to 17 min within 30 min after fertilization. Translational efficiencies were calculated by dividing the number of ribosomes on an average-sized polysome by the average ribosome transit times. The translational efficiency for protein synthesis in unfertilized eggs is 0.23 polypeptides completed per mRNA strand per minute, which increases to 0.58 molecules completed per strand per minute in the zygote. These data indicate two- to threefold increase in translational efficiency shortly after fertilization.
Combined Modalities in the Treatment of an Unresponsive Patient with Adult Status Asthmaticus

We present a 42-year-old woman with status asthmaticus who required mechanical ventilation and a combination of maneuvers, including barbiturate coma, general anesthesia, high-dose steroids, bronchoscopic pulmonary toilet, and helium-oxygen ventilation, resulting in successful extubation and eventual hospital discharge. This case report illustrates the possible role of combination therapy in the management of severe asthma exacerbation.
Minimum-weight robot arm for a specified fundamental frequency

The problem of designing a minimum-weight one-link flexible manipulator for a given fundamental vibration frequency is investigated. The optimum design problem is investigated. The optimum design problem is formulated by using the variational method. Iteration schemes are developed for solving the nonlinear Euler equations derived from variational calculus in various situations. Numerical analysis shows that the weight of a flexible manipulator can be reduced significantly through the optimal distribution of mass and stiffness. >
‘The problem of delimitation’: parataxis, bureaucracy, and Ecuador's popular and solidarity economy

What happens when an alternative economy becomes subject to a state bureaucratic apparatus? The question is posed in the context of a state project in Ecuador to institutionalize a so-called ‘economia popular y solidaria’ (or EPS). This ‘popular and solidarity economy’, part of a project of ‘post-neoliberal’ state transformation, invites questions about how to delimit its boundaries. This article offers an ethnographically informed account of the expert knowledge forms and bureaucratic techniques of Ecuadorian state actors charged with institutionalizing the EPS. I argue that in descriptions of the EPS, officials deploy an open-ended aesthetic (which I term ‘parataxis’); in response to everyday bureaucratic demands to identify existing EPS practitioners, however, officials rely on techniques of provisional delimitation. The case promises insight into alternative economic imaginaries and the post-neoliberal turn in Latin America and it raises questions central to the anthropology of the state about the intersection of expert knowledge and bureaucratic practice.
Knowledge discovery from structured mammography reports using inductive logic programming.

The development of large mammography databases provides an opportunity for knowledge discovery and data mining techniques to recognize patterns not previously appreciated. Using a database from a breast imaging practice containing patient risk factors, imaging findings, and biopsy results, we tested whether inductive logic programming (ILP) could discover interesting hypotheses that could subsequently be tested and validated. The ILP algorithm discovered two hypotheses from the data that were 1) judged as interesting by a subspecialty-trained mammographer and 2) validated by analysis of the data itself.
Face-to-Face's Pretty Side: Arguing for Co-Location and Against Offshore Outsourcing for Maintaining Innovation in the United States

As the American industry experiences offshoring of more and more jobs in different industries, consideration must be given to the effects on knowledge transfer and the implications they bring on the organization. This note examines the relationship between geographical co-location of organizations and the ensuing ease of transfer of tacit knowledge. It considers a simple model of cost-benefit considerations for co-location benefits against the alternative of offshore-outsourcing. It argues that factors such as diversity and the benefit of tacit knowledge transfer should guide policy formulation that favors keeping organizations co-located with the United States.
Sorry, I'm Late; I'm Not in the Mood: Negative Emotions Lengthen Driving Time

A considerable amount of research has shown that anger degenerates driving performance [e.g., 1, 2, 3], but little research has empirically shown other affective effects on driving. To investigate angry and sad effects on driving, we conducted a driving simulation study with induced affective states. In cognitive psychology, there is the "sadder but wiser" phenomenon, but given that driving is a complex, dynamic task that engages not only basic cognitive processes, but also other critical elements such as decision making, action selection, and motor control, it might result in different outcomes. Thirty-two participants were induced into sad, angry, or neutral affective states and asked to complete a driving task using a medium fidelity driving simulator. Measures included driving performance, subjective mood ratings, and a NASA-TLX workload index. Results showed that participants in the angry and sad conditions took significantly more time to complete the driving task compared to the neutral condition.
LARS: a locally aware reputation system for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located. The nodes are often battery powered and may behave selfishly to preserve power. A promising mechanism to deal with node selfishness is to use reputation methods. In this paper, we discuss some general issues with current reputation methods that are used to mitigate selfish node behavior and propose a simple and efficient Locally Aware Reputation System (LARS) for which the reputation of the nodes is derived by using direct observation. LARS is flexible and can deal with both extreme selfishness and selective selfishness.
Estimation of body fat from skinfold thicknesses in middle‐aged and older men and women: A multiple component approach

The relationship of skinfold thicknesses and body density to body fatness was assessed, and skinfold prediction equations were developed for the estimation of body fatness determined from measures of body density, total body water, and bone mineral in a sample of 91 males and 116 females aged 34-84 years. For a given skinfold thickness, adjustment for individual deviations in the water and bone mineral fractions of the fat-free body assumed constant by traditional body composition models resulted in absolute reductions in overstimates of body fatness from 4.5 to 1.9% in females and from 2.8 to 1.7% in males for every 15 year increase in age. Percentage fat from density, water, and bone was estimated from skinfold thicknesses with SEEs of 2.9% in males and 3.8% in females. When compared to percentage fat from our multicomponent-derived criterion, percentage fat from body density and a two-component model resulted in individual errors ranging from underestimates of 5.6% fat to overestimates of 14.0% fat. The multicomponent prediction equations presented herein should produce more valid estimates of body composition in middle-aged and older men and women than equations based on two-component models. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lamellar phases in mixtures of low molecular weight alkanols and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)

Partial phase diagrams showing the domains of existence of a transparent, viscous, lamellar-structured (D)-phase that transforms reversibly into fluid single phase solutions at high temperature are presented for the system: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), two low molecular weight alcohols, and water with and without additives. At constant temperature and with a fixed amount of surfactant, the size and location of this phase in the phase diagram depends upon three composition variables: i) the ratio of concentrations of medium chain alcohol to long chain alcohol (R), ii) the ratio of concentrations of medium chain alcohol to surfactant (R′), and iii) the concentrations of small amounts (up to 10 % by weight) of additives such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and dimethylformamide, as well as NaBr. Small-angle x-ray scattering measurements of these mixtures reveal a lamellar structure. The observed lamellar repeat distances range from 60 A to 290 A and depend upon the ratiosR andR′ and the concentration of the additives. The mechanical and structural properties of theseD-phases can be tuned by adjustingR andR′. TheD-phase-to-isotropic transition temperature can be varied from near room temperature to above 80 °C by adjustingR andR′.
Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease

Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease is a rare but distinct entity, to be distinguished from nodal Hodgkin's disease and from lymphomas involving the lung secondarily. Sixty-one cases have now been reported in the world's literature. This lymphoma affects women more frequently than men, and typically involves the superior portions of the lungs. Radiologically, it appears as a solitary mass or multinodular disease; inhomogeneity or cavitation of these lesions are common. Since the presentation of this disease is nonspecific, and as noninvasive tests are rarely revealing, diagnosis requires an open thoracotomy and lung biopsy. Factors which correlate with a poorer prognosis include "B" symptoms, bilateral disease, multilobe involvement, penetration of the pleura, and cavitation. The staging and treatment of these lymphomas according to the extent of pulmonary involvement are recommended, as radiotherapy or combination chemotherapy may be effective in appropriately selected patients.
Microstructure coarsening during static annealing of 60Sn40Pb solder joints: II eutectic coarsening kinetics

The eutectic coarsening kinetics for 60Sn40Pb solder joints annealed at 50°C to 150° C was determined to be of the form $$\bar D^n - \bar D_o^n = K_o \exp ( - Q/RT)t$$ where \(\bar D\) is the mean linear intercept phase size, \(\bar D_o \approx 1.0\) μm the as-reflowed phase size, n=4.1±0.15, Q=39.8±0.8 kJ/mole, Ko≈1×10−23−4.5×10−23 m4/s, and t the time. The magnitude of the phase size exponent, n, and the parameters, Ko and Q, are in accord with the models by Senkov and Myshlyaev and by Ardell for phase coarsening controlled by grain boundary or interfacial solute diffusion. The phase shape factor did not have a significant influence on the coarsening kinetics.
The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review

Aims. To examine the effectiveness of brief behavioral interventions adapting the principles and techniques of Motivational Interviewing (MI) to four behavioral domains: substance abuse, smoking, HIV risk and diet/exercise. Design. We conducted a systematic review of 29 randomized trials of MI interventions. Data on methodological quality were extracted and tabulated. Between-group behavior change effect sizes and confidence intervals were calculated for each study. Findings. Due to varying intervention time lengths, targeted problem behaviors, settings and interventionists' backgrounds and skill levels, outcomes were not combined meta-analytically. Sixty per cent of the 29 studies yielded at least one significant behavior change effect size. No significant association between length of follow-up time and magnitude of effect sizes was found across studies. There was substantial evidence that MI is an effective substance abuse intervention method when used by clinicians who are non-specialists in substance abuse treatment, particularly when enhancing entry to and engagement in more intensive substance abuse treatment treatment-as-usual. Data were inadequate to judge the effect of MI in the other domains. Client attribute-treatment interactions were understudied and the sparse and inconsistent findings revealed little about the mechanism by which MI works or for whom it works best. Conclusion. To determine more effectively how well MI works in domains other than substance abuse and for whom it works best in all domains, researchers should study MI with risk behaviors other than substance abuse, while examining both interactions and the theoretical components of MI.
Propagation of angular errors in two-axis rotation systems

Two-Axis Rotation Systems, or “goniometers,” are used in diverse applications including telescope pointing, automotive headlamp testing, and display testing. There are three basic configurations in which a goniometer can be built depending on the orientation and order of the stages. Each configuration has a governing set of equations which convert motion between the system “native” coordinates to other base systems, such as direction cosines, optical field angles, or spherical-polar coordinates. In their simplest form, these equations neglect errors present in real systems. In this paper, a statistical treatment of error source propagation is developed which uses only tolerance data, such as can be obtained from the system mechanical drawings prior to fabrication. It is shown that certain error sources are fully correctable, partially correctable, or uncorrectable, depending upon the goniometer configuration and zeroing technique. The system error budget can be described by a root-sum-of-squares technique with weighting factors describing the sensitivity of each error source. This paper tabulates weighting factors at 67% (k=1) and 95% (k=2) confidence for various levels of maximum travel for each goniometer configuration. As a practical example, this paper works through an error budget used for the procurement of a system at Sandia National Laboratories.
Prostaglandins and the rat seminal vesicle: Effects of mating and adrenergic stimulation

Abstract The concentrations of PGE, PGF, and 6-keto-PGF1α were increased in rat seminal vesicle tissue following mating activity. Likewise, synthesis of PGE and PGF was stimulated by epinephrine (3 × 10−7to 3 × 10−6 M) in tissues and media from in vitro incubations of intact rat seminal vesicles. The in vitro stimulation was inhibited by phentolamine, an α-adrenoreceptor blocking agent. Carbamylcholine (2 × 10−6 M) and bradykinin (1 × 10−6 M) had no effect on PGE or PGF synthesis, even though both compounds stimulated contractility of the rat seminal vesicle at these concentrations. These data suggest that mating and adrenergic stimulation increase prostaglandin synthesis in] the rat seminal vesicle, probably through an α-adrenergically mediated mechanism.
Human efficiency for detecting Gaussian signals in non-Gaussian distributed lumpy backgrounds using different display characteristics and scaling methods

A psychophysical study to measure human efficiency relative to the ideal observer for detecting a Gaussian signal at a known location in a non-Gaussian distributed lumpy background was conducted previously by the author. The study found that human efficiency was less than 2.2% while the ideal observer achieved 0.95 in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. In this work, a psychophysical study was conducted with a number of changes that substantially improve upon the previous study design. First, a DICOM-calibrated monitor was used in this study for human-observer performance measurements, whereas an uncalibrated LCD monitor was used in the prior study. Second, two scaling methods to display image values were employed to see how scaling affects human performance for the same task. Third, a random order of image pairs was chosen for each observer to reduce any correlations in human performance that is likely caused by the fixed ordering of the image pairs in the prior study. Human efficiency relative to the ideal observer was found to be less than 3.8$% at the same performance level of the ideal observer as above. Our variance analysis indicates that neither scaling nor display made a significant difference in human performance on the tasks in the two studies. That is, we cannot say that either of these factors caused low human efficiency in these studies. Therefore, we conclude that using highly non-Gaussian distributed lumpy backgrounds in the tasks may have been the major source of low human efficiency.
Total Synthesis of the Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fumonisin B1

The first total synthesis of the sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor fumonisin B1 has been achieved. This convergent synthesis utilizes oxonia Cope rearrangements to prepare two key homoallylic alcohols, which are then functionalized to the primary components A and B for cross-coupling. Other highlights of our approach include a new and efficient synthesis of the diprotected tricarballylic acid C and a global deprotection strategy as the final step.
Resonance energy transfer methods of RNA detection

Quantitation of RNA is important in diagnostics, environmental science, and basic biomedical research. RNA is considered a signature for pathogen identification, and its expression profile is linked with disease pathogenesis, allowing for biomarker identification. RNA-based diagnostics is an emerging field of research. This expansion of interest in studying RNA has generated demand for its accurate and sensitive detection. Several methods have therefore been developed to detect RNA. Resonance energy transfer methods of RNA detection are highly promising in terms of simplicity and high sensitivity. In this review, we have focused on the latest developments in resonance energy transfer methods of RNA detection that utilize various probe designs. The probe designs discussed here are molecular beacons, quenched autoligation probes, and linear oligonucleotide probes. Resonance energy transfer methods based on both fluorescence and bioluminescence detection are discussed.
India–China Initiatives in Multilateral Fora Two Case Studies

This article reflects on the experience of India's engagement with China in two multilateral forums: the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Forum for Regional Economic Cooperation, formerly known as the ‘Kunming Initiative’, and the China-India-Russia Academic Trilateral Conference. Though both forums are so-called ‘Track Two’ ventures, the dynamics of the two exercises are rather different. As of now, the ‘Trilateral’ is rated relatively successful in so far as it has shown more substantial progress from ‘Track Two’ to ‘Track One’. Tracing these brief histories, this article argues that academic cooperation should be seen to have value in and of itself, and not merely as the mechanism that propels a speculative, academic exercise into state-to-state policy.In social science terms, the two exercises afford very different challenges, which are still to be realised in effective academic collaboration and a substantive agenda of research. In particular, the BCIM framework commends a perspective on transna...
Substrate-Dependent Control of ERK Phosphorylation Can Lead to Oscillations

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) controls cellular processes by phosphorylating multiple substrates. The ERK protein can use the same domains to interact with phosphatases, which dephosphorylate and deactivate ERK, and with substrates, which connect ERK to its downstream effects. As a consequence, substrates can compete with phosphatases and control the level of ERK phosphorylation. We propose that this effect can qualitatively change the dynamics of a network that controls ERK activation. On its own, this network can be bistable, but in a larger system, where ERK accelerates the degradation of a substrate competing with a phosphatase, this network can oscillate. Previous studies proposed that oscillatory ERK signaling requires a negative feedback in which active ERK reduces the rate at which it is phosphorylated by upstream kinase. We argue that oscillations can also emerge even when this rate is constant, due to substrate-dependent control of ERK phosphorylation.
Weak antiferromagnetism in the metallic phases of layered cuprates

Abstract The theory of the metal–insulator transition in layered cuprates is used to explain the phenomenon of weak antiferromagnetism observed by neutron diffraction in YBCO. Since the transition is a result of appearance of carriers due to oxygen doping, their concentration can be inhomogeneous leading to patches of antiferromagnetic and nonmagnetic metallic phases. The concentration of dopant atoms in the patches is described by a Gaussian distribution, which defines the average staggered magnetization of the substance. It is assumed that although the magnetic periodicity is defined by the location of copper atoms, and hence, is the same in all patches of a single-crystalline sample, the directions of the staggered magnetization are random. Only, when the concentration of magnetic patches reaches the percolation threshold, 1/2, the direction becomes ordered through the whole sample. Comparison with experimental data suggests that the effectiveness of the dopant, defined, as an average increase of carriers per an additional dopant atom is smaller than 1.
A simplified technique to fabricate a custom milled abutment

aAssociate Clinical Professor, Department of Continuing Education. bAssociate Professor, Department of Clinical Dentistry. cPrivate practice, Pasadena, Calif. (J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:416-417) There are multiple techniques to create custom abutments, some more difficult to use than others for replicating the exact shape and form of the accepted provisional restoration. Techniques include the use of (1) “add-to” abutments, premachined abutments to which gold or porcelain is added, (2) “preparable” abutments, referring to the preparation of abutments that have been manufactured in a bulk material, such as porcelain or titanium, (3) computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD-CAM) abutments, using a computer program to custom mill an abutment, and (4) copy milling, using a scanner and computerassisted manufacturing.1,2 With copy milling, an abutment is typically contoured in wax, then scanned to create the abutment. Creating a wax replica of the provisional restoration is time-consuming and may not exactly replicate the transitional contours of the provisional restoration. This article presents a simplified technique to create a custom abutment replicating the exact transitional contours from the provisional restoration in titanium, alumina, or zirconia using a scanner and computer-assisted manufacturing. The abutment can be produced for multiple implant systems such as Nobel Biocare (Nobel Biocare USA, Yorba Lin1 Provisional restoration for maxillary right central incisor fabricated with transitional contours to support transitional tissues. da, Calif ), ITI (Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland), Astra (Astra Tech AB, Molndal, Sweden), Zimmer (Zimmer Dental, Carlsbad, Calif ), and other external hex implants replicating the hex design of a Branemark implant.
Genetic design and optimization of military antennas

Genetic and evolutionary optimization techniques have been used in military antenna research and design at many levels, ranging from electrically-small antenna element design to broadband applications and array-pattern control. In this paper, we summarize in-house work in these areas, conducted at the Antenna Technology Branch of the Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate. In particular, we highlight areas where differences in modeling and simulation techniques have proven crucial in avoiding premature convergence and obtaining a valid optimal solution.
The mechanism of nucleotide induced calcium translocation across sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes: Evidence for a non-translocated intermediate pool of calcium

Our previous data suggested that, in cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments, GTP hydrolysis occurs by an alternative enzyme cycle of the Ca2+ ATPase which is insensitive to (Ca2+) and does not involve an acyl phosphate intermediate. Despite this, GTP induces the incorporation of calcium into a membrane pool that is not translocated to the vesicular lumen. The present study suggests that this GTP-induced intermediate calcium pool is identical to a modulable component of the calcium translocation process in that: it has an identical pH sensitivity; the initial incorporation of calcium in response to GTP eliminates the initial rapid burst and lag component of the typical ATP-induced calcium uptake curve when ATP is added during GTP-induced calcium accumulation. Instead, the addition of ATP during GTP-induced calcium accumulation results in the prompt onset of the linear phase of calcium translocation; GTP-induced calcium accumulation directly affects the pH sensitivity of subsequent ATP-induced calcium accumulation. We suggest that the intermediate calcium pool is in series with calcium translocation and is the site of the pH sensitivity observed in calcium flux.
Ultrasonic Measurements of Nonextremal Fermi-Surface Parameters in Bi at 9.3 GHz

The origin of oscillations in the rotation pattern of 9.3-GHz ultrasound in Bi is discussed. The oscillations are shown to be associated with nonextremal Fermi-surface cross sections. In addition, anomalous quantum oscillations are reported. These may be $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\ne}0$ transitions.
Inhibitory effect of cysteine on Streptomyces griseus phage reproduction.

SummaryThe inhibitory effect of cysteine in the S. griseus phage-host system involved a sulfhydryl effect, which at a concentration of 50 μg/ml caused a 75% decrease in phage yield. A relatively short exposure time of 20 minutes during the early portion of the latent period was sufficient to produce near maximum inhibition. Presence of homoserine, methionine, threonine, or isoleucine did not alleviate the effect. The data obtained favor an interference mechanism whereby phage protein biosynthesis is inhibited through disulfide bond cleavage.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the conceptual HBV rainfall-runoff model: implications for parameter estimation.

Summary HBV is a conceptual hydrological model extensively used in operational hydrological forecasting and water balance studies. In this paper, we apply the HBV model on the 1924 km 2 semi-humid Leaf River catchment near Collins, Mississippi. We analyze individual sensitivity of the parameters by calibrating the model using the Multi-Objective Shuffled Complex Evolution (MOSCEM) algorithm, perform Monte-Carlo based identifiability analysis and investigate the dynamic behavior of the parameters using the Dynamic Identifiability Analysis (DYNIA) approach in reference to the hydrological process in the catchment. The sensitivity analysis using two objective measures showed that there are distinct groups of parameters that control total runoff volume errors and errors from the high-flow series. The DYNIA analysis revealed that parameters have specific periods where they show higher identifiability and play a crucial role in representing the predicted stream flow. Temporal changes of parameter optima were observed due either to inadequacies in the model structure or possible time-varying catchment response subject to unsteady hydrodynamic and hydroclimatic conditions.
THE APPLICATION OF MICROPUNCTURE TECHNIQUES TO ANALYSIS OF RENAL FUNCTION : A PERSONAL VIEW

1he and Carl Schmidt wondered if observations could be made on the small vessels in the frog's kidney similar to those by August Krogh on the capillaries of the frog's tongue. They found that these vessels and other structures of the frog's kid­ ney could be visualized easily, and made observa­ tions following application of adrenal in and other substances. In 1921 , Richards saw Robert Cham­ bers puncture individual cells with a micropipette and suggested to Joseph T. Wearn, who had just come to work in his laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow , that he use a micropipette to apply adrena­ lin to individual glomerular arterioles. Wearn countered with a suggestion , why not puncture Bowman's capsule, collect some glomerular fluid and determine its chemical composition? Their ini­ tial publication, with description of methods and presentation of results by Wearn and Richards in 1924, is one of the most important single contribu­ tions to renal physiology.2 They presented evi­ dence for the first time that the initial step in urine formation was the process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus and that reabsorption of certain sub­ stances takes place in the renal tubule. These re­ sults and others from the Richards laboratory have stood the test of time. There followed a series of reports providing a comprehensive picture of the quantitative aspects of glomerular and tubular function in the amphibian kidney. Richards and colleagues recognized that it was necessary to conduct similar studies on the mam­ malian kidney. Because of the technical difficulties involved, they postponed experiments in the mam
Lake morphometry controls the remobilization and long-term geochemical imprint of distal tephra deposition

Deposition of distal tephra-fall deposits in lake systems with low watershed sediment fluxes can represent large geochemical anomalies in sediment elemental composition. We examine the persistence of compositional effects of fallout from the 7.63 kyr BP Mt. Mazama caldera-forming event and other tephra deposits in the micro-laminated abyssal sediments of Pettit Lake, central Idaho, which received ~50 kg m−2 of Mazama tephra-fall material. Persistent post-depositional dominance of the Mazama material is reflected in elemental composition and grain size distribution and is related to lake hypsometry and the presence of a large in-lake sediment reservoir subject to remobilization. Decoupling of recycled clastic mineral material with Mazama compositional affinity from both biogenic matter and from clastic material derived from within the watershed is shown by coherence between dated primary tephras and a radiocarbon chronology.
The role of depression and sex differences in attributions related to problematic social situations

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that a group of depressed subjects would tend to make more internal and stable attributions of causality in potentially problematic social situations than would a group of nondepressed subjects. A group of 215 undergraduate psychology students were divided into depressed ( n = 30) and nondepressed ( n = 185) groups on the basis of the results on the Beck Depression Inventory. Each subject was presented a series of 12 brief vignettes depicting potentially problematic social situations. After reading each vignette, subjects rated them as to internal/external causality and along a stable/unstable dimension. Although the results provide support for the hypothesis, the need to replicate the findings with non-student populations was emphasized prior to generalizing the results to more general depressive populations.
Separation of Acetylenic Prostaglandin Isomers as Cobalt Complexes

Abstract Previously inseparable acetylenic prostaglandins have been separated as their cobalt complexes. This methodology appears to be of broader utility.
Prospects of identifying the sources of the Galactic cosmic rays with IceCube

The Milagro detector has identified several TeV gamma-ray sources with fluxes consistent with typical cosmic-ray generating supernova remnants interacting with the interstellar medium. In this contribution we show that IceCube, a kilometer-scale neutrino detector under construction at the South Pole, can provide incontrovertible evidence of cosmic-ray acceleration in these sources by detecting neutrinos. The sensitivity is maximal if only events with energies above about 40 TeV are considered where the atmospheric neutrino background is largely reduced.
Reasons for refraining from criminal activity

In order to establish the relative importance of reasons for not engaging in illegal activities, respondents were administered a questionnaire containing a list of possible factors that could account for not committing crimes, and were then asked to rank them. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed the underlying structure of these factors. Specifically, respondents tended to structure their reasons based on the formality/informality of a negative consequence and the relative seriousness of a sanction.
The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and related compounds on the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.

Abstract The rhythmical activity of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, was stimulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine and by lysergic acid diethylamide at very low concentrations. The effect was peripheral and was not mediated through the central ganglion. Other amines also stimulated rhythmical activity, the most potent being the indolamines. Bromolysergic acid diethylamide, and other analogues such as yohimbine, harmine, and dopamine depressed rhythmical movement and antagonized the stimulant action of 5-hydroxytryptamine and lysergic acid diethylamide. Evidence which suggests the presence of tryptamine receptors in the trematode is discussed.
The potential effects of climate change on U.S. forests: a review

Human-induced changes in climate are likely to affect U.S. domestic forests and the eco- nomic systems which rely on them. This paper reviews current knowledge of how changes in temper- ature and precipitation could affect tree species, forest ecosystems, and the forest products sector of the economy. The various types of models used to predict change and the results they calculate are exam- ined. Models currently project both increases and decreases in the range of various species and ecosys- tems, and similar results for changes in the productivity, biomass and growth of forests in response to changes in climate. Results vary with the models used, the species or ecosystem studied, and the spe- cific condition of the forest in question. The science of forests and global change is reviewed with regard to plant responses to enhanced CO2 environments and forests' response to other bioclimatic and indirect factors, such as insect predation, fire, climatic variation and ozone. Three studies of the eco- nomic effects of climate change on forests, which project a range of losses and benefits to the economy, are compared. Economic results vary directly with the results of the forest growth and productivity models which were employed as inputs. No one model can provide a complete answer, and current knowledge and models are limited in various ways which point to areas where further research could provide benefits.
Predicting truck driver turnover

Abstract We propose a decision tool for truckload carriers that can help control driver turnover rates. Our approach is to use an existing econometric method, along with the drivers’ work data, to predict the quit probability of each driver on a weekly basis, so that carriers can identify a subset of drivers who are “about to quit” in a timely manner. Empirical results from two case studies indicate that our approach does a nice job of predicting driver exits, and that it may become a useful management decision tool. Our method was recently adopted by two US truckload carriers.
Science Instruction at the Secondary Level: Implications for Students with Learning Disabilities

Designing appropriate content area instruction for secondary students with learning disabilities is a challenging endeavor. Even if these students are mainstreamed into algebra, history, or science classes, special educators are likely to expect only a minimal grasp of the material. To go beyond this, to teach higher order thinking through these subjects, would be regarded by most practitioners as too labor-intensive. The authors of this article argue that, through a comprehensive revision of traditional materials, secondary students with learning disabilities can learn content area subjects--earth science and introductory chemistry, particularly--in an integrated manner. These students can achieve a firm understanding of the subject, as well as learn how to solve complex, domain-specific problems. For this kind of integrated instruction to be feasible, the curriculum must be designed and field-tested by professional curriculum developers.
Gas turbine disk-blade attachment crack

Evaluation of a gas turbine disk revealed a crack in the blade attachment area. The subsequent effort to understand the origin of this crack led to a series of analyses that included computing the stresses on the attachment, characterization of fatigue crack growth, and a model for fretting fatigue crack growth. These elements were brought together to simulate the conditions that led to the cracking. It is concluded that the crack was probably caused by fretting fatigue induced by the stresses related to normal takeoff and landing cycles and exacerbated by aircraft maneuvers, and that short periods of blade resonance may have contributed to the cracking. If material had not been removed from the attachment surface of the disk by service-induced wear, it is likely more cracks would have been found.
Intelligence and the Epistemics of Interpersonal Acumen: Testing Some Implications of Gardner's Theory.

Abstract Gardner (1985) theorized a developmental trajectory leading to qualitative changes in the ability to read motives or intentions, which we viewed as implying stages (or levels) of interpersonal acumen in adults. To test this idea, we conceptualized graduated levels of action-intention combinations ranging from least to most cognitively taxing according to particular end-state skills described by Gardner. In a set of studies using varied formats, we found that, if adult subjects mastered one combination in the hierarchy, they also tended to master combinations implying more primitive skills; if they failed a task, they generally failed at combinations implying more complex skills. We were able to find no substantial relationships between task performance and surrogate indices of verbal and mathematical IQ or standard tests of interpersonal reactivity, interpersonal trust, need for cognition, and self-monitoring. Although tentative, this finding was consistent with Gardner's view of interpersonal intelligence as independent of g -ocentric facets of intellectual potential and different from personality. We isolated a set of self-described markers of high and low scorers, which also seemed consistent with Gardner's intuitions. We conclude by noting some limitations of this investigation.
Letter Detection in Multiple-Meaning Words: One Lexical Entry or Two?

Abstract The methodology of Reicher (1969) was used to perform three experiments to determine whether the number of word meanings has an effect on letter-detection performance. Performance was hypothesized to be superior on multiple-meaning words (i.e., ambiguous words such as bank) than on single-meaning words (i.e., unambiguous words such as cause), because ambiguous words may possess a separate lexical entry for each distinct meaning. Results from each experiment revealed the standard word superiority effect (WSE, better letter detection in words than in nonwords). However, there was no reliable difference between performance with ambiguous and unambiguous words in any experiment. Implications of these results are discussed.