cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of arsenic inclusions in fish

Adult green sunfish were exposed to aqueous solutions of arsenic as sodium arsenate and sacrificed at regular intervals for morphological and analytical procedures including scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), and conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM). The CTEM and HVEM data indicated that the inclusion is not associated with the nucleous and that it is composed of bead-like subunits arranged linearly to form a structure which twists and coils throughout the nucleus. The use of specimen preparation procedures eliminating osmium tetroxide post-fixation, as well asen bloc and post-stains, allowed visualization of the inclusion despite reduction in contrast compared to specimens prepared by standard methods. Therefore, prior to STEM and XRMA analyses, it was assumed that this unusual morphological entity represented an arsenic deposit which initiated some cytotoxic reaction and subsequent preferential staining in the standard osmium-fixed, stained specimens. The XRMA and STEM data verify the presence of arsenic within the arsenic inclusion; in addition, the ratio of the arsenic K photopeak to the sulfur photopeak was 6 to 1—perhaps indicative of a direct association between arsenic and sulfur-rich protein molecules. The possibility was also considered of arsenate substitution for phosphate on deoxyribonucleic acid.
Serologic Immunodiagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis

Two sensitive methods, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for detecting antibodies to Aspergilus were used to study serial specimens from patients with histologically proven invasive aspergillosis for measurement of conversion from negative to positive immunoprecipitin reactions and changes in ELISA titers during immunosuppression. Sera from 12 granulocytopenic patients without invasive aspergillosis served as controls. Positive CIE reactions were demonstrated in 70% of patients with clinically suspected aspergillosis. In addition to a greater sensitivity (80%) of ELISA, the serial determination of antibody response by Elisa allowed for separation of seropositive patients into two groups. A serial rise in ELISA titer appeared to correlate with histologically documented recovery from infection, whereas those with declining or persistently intermediate titers were found to have disseminated aspergillosis at autopsy. Thus, serial antibody determination by ELISA was valuable as both a diagnostic and prognostic tool.
Air Flow and Particle Trajectories around Aircraft Fuselages. IV: Orientation of Ice Crystals

Abstract The equations of motion for an ice crystal moving around a body are simplified and used to obtain the preferred angular orientation of the crystals with respect to the body. It is shown that the calculated orientation angles are in good agreement with those measured by under-wing probes, and that the major cause of the preferential orientation of columns is the vortex generated at the tips of finite wings. It is also shown that a preferred orientation can be found in data obtained using fuselage-mounted probes, but there the agreement between the calculated and observed angles is not as good.
Comparison of the magnetic properties of glass from Luna 20 with similar properties of glass from the Apollo missions

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made on four glass spherules and fragments from the Luna 20 fines; two at 300°K and two from 300°K to 4°K. From these data the magnetic susceptibility extrapolated to infinite field, the magnetization at low fields and also the saturation magnetization at high fields, the Curie constant, the Weiss temperature, and the temperature-independent susceptibility were determined. Using a model previously proposed for the Apollo specimens, the Curie constant of the antiferromagnetic inclusions and a zero field splitting parameter were calculated for the same specimens. The data show the relatively low concentration of iron in all forms in these specimens. In addition, the Weiss temperature is lower than that measured for the Apollo specimens, and can be attributed almost entirely to the ligand field distortion about the Fe 2+ ions in the glassy phase. The data further suggest that the Luna 20 specimens cooled more slowly than those of the Apollo missions, and that some of the antiferromagnetic inclusions in the glass may have crystallized from the glass during cooling.
Determinants of apamin and d-tubocurarine block in SK potassium channels

Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels show a distinct pharmacology. Some, but not all, are blocked by the peptide toxin apamin, and apamin-sensitive channels are also blocked by d-tubocurarine. Cloned SK channels (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel) recapitulate these properties. We have investigated the structural basis for these differences and found that two amino acid residues on either side of the deep pore are the primary determinants of sensitivity to apamin and differential block by d-tubocurarine. Therefore, the pharmacology of SK channels compared with other potassium channels correlates with structural differences in the outer pore region. However, introduction of a tyrosine residue in the position analogous to that which determines sensitivity to external tetraethylammonium for voltage-gated potassium channels endows SK channels with an equivalent tetraethylammonium sensitivity, indicating that the outer vestibules of the pores are similar. The pharmacology of channels formed in oocytes coinjected with SK1 and SK2 mRNAs, or with SK1-SK2 dimer mRNA, show that SK subunits may form heteromeric channels.
Steroid hormones and leiomyomas

The sex steroid hormones play an important role in myoma maintenance and growth as evidenced by clinical, molecular, biological, and pharmacological models. It is hoped that the next phase of research will elucidate better the mechanisms through which these hormones modulate myoma growth and how they interact with the as yet unidentified other factors that play a role in myoma development and growth.
Evidence that glutathione participates in the induction of a stress protein

A step in the induction of a 30- to 35-kD stress protein may be the reaction of chemical inducers with glutathione. Effective inducers are sulfhydryl reagents. Further, a comparison of three reagents, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, diethylmaleate, and N-ethylmaleimide, indicates that the first two, which have considerable selectivity for glutathione, are strong inducers of the stress protein but the third, which is much more reactive with protein sulfhydryls, is either a poor or ineffective inducer. A decrease in cellular glutathione does not appear to be inductive, however. An increase in modified glutathione remains as a possible signal for the induction of this stress protein.
Clinic children with poor peer relations: Who refers them and why?

Children who have poor peer relationships are at high risk for developing psychopathology in adulthood. Schools can provide an essential link between these children and mental health services by proper identification and referral. The role of schools in the referral process was evaluated for 298 boys and 98 girls seen at a child guidance clinic. Half of these referrals were made by schools, but referral because of poor peer relationships was unusual. It is suggested that teachers learns to attend more closely to children's social functioning as an important identifier of children at risk.
Oral contraceptive use and adenocarcinoma of cervix

The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix in the USA more than doubled between the early 1970s and the mid 1980s among women under 35 years of age. It was suggested that this increase was due to the introduction of oral contraceptives in the early 1960s. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix diagnosed in women born after 1935 was identified between 1977 and 1991 from the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program. Data from personal interviews of 195 cases and 386 controls (matched on age, race, and neighbourhood) were analysed. Information on medical, sexual, contraceptive, and reproductive history, previous cervical smears, and sexually transmitted diseases was collected. Compared with never use, ever use of oral contraceptives was associated with twice as great a risk of adenocarcinoma of the cervix (adjusted odds ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.8). The highest risk was observed for oral contraceptive use for more than 12 years (4.4, 1.8-10.8). No additional increased risk was found for early age at start of oral contraceptive use, use before age 20 or before first pregnancy, time since first use, time since last use, or particular formulations, once total duration of use had been accounted for.
Coherent Phonon States and Long-Range Order in Two-Dimensional Bose Systems

At any finite temperature, the correlation function $〈{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}(\mathcal{r})\ensuremath{\psi}(0)〉$ of a two-dimensional Bose system is known to approach zero as the separation $\mathcal{r}$ approaches infinity. This paper is devoted to supporting the point of view that superfluid phenomena may still persist in such a system. To describe the low-temperature behavior of a condensed two-dimensional Bose system, we use a coherent-state representation of the low-lying phonon excitations. The expectation of the particle field operator $〈\ensuremath{\psi}(\mathcal{r})〉$ in a coherent phonon state of the system is shown to be a well-defined function. This function has only small fluctuations in its magnitude and, therefore, it is possible to make the usual arguments for superfluid behavior based on the existence of the condensate wave function. The large phase fluctuations of the function, when the coherentphonon states are collected into the thermal ensemble, give rise to the spatial decay of the correlation function or reduced density matrix $〈{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{+}(\mathcal{r})\ensuremath{\psi}(0)〉$. It is concluded that two-dimensional Bose systems are superfluid at sufficiently low temperatures, even in the inifinite-volume limit. An analogous argument would indicate the possibility of superconductivity in a two-dimensional Fermi system.
Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, Philip Augustus, and the Papal Power

POPE Innocent III won some notable victories over the princes of his day, as when he forced Philip Augustus to reinstate, at least ostensibly, his rejected queen and when he overcame King John's opposition to the papal appointment of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. But the ordinary exercise of the papal power was often based on inadequate or biased information, was often attenuated by the distance between the pope and the matters handled, and hence, was not always so effective. The very energies of a pope like Innocent III could magnify these handicaps in that his readiness to exert his authority led him into situations in which his power was being used more by others than by himself. A quarrel between Philip Augustus and his vassal, Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, provides an example of such a situation. In 1197, after having sworn liege-homage to the king the year before, Baldwin rebelled and began a struggle that was to last until 2 January 1200. During those years Philip Augustus tried to use ecclesiastical authority against his rebellious vassal, and Baldwin maneuvered to frustrate that attempt and indeed to turn the ecclesiastical authority against Philip himself. The result was a fascinating picture of these two gifted manipulators batting back and forth the authority of the church while Pope Innocent III made a half-hearted and vain attempt to keep up with the game. The years of Baldwin's rule in Flanders, from 1194 to 1202, were eventful years throughout Europe.' Emperor Henry VI died in 1197; and as three candidates arose to succeed him Germany was subjected to seventeen years of civil war. At the same time all Christendom felt the energies of Pope Innocent III as he pursued the two great objectives of his reign: the control of the papal estates (through the procurement of a pliable emperor) and the organization of a great crusade. And while the English kings Richard and John fought to maintain their continental empire against the steady pressure of Philip Augustus, the various powers of the west formed a complex of interlocking alliances which involved each one of them in the fortunes of the others. Count Baldwin held Flanders as a fief of the French crown; he held lands of the emperor; he was sought after by the pope to take part in the crusade. But in 1197 his closest attachment lay across the Chaninel. Any Flemish ruler was bound to England by strands of English wool and by the feudal bonds which united a number of Flemish nobles to the kings of England.2 Moreover, both Flemish and English rulers had now the common concern of withstanding the encroachments of Philip Augustus, who had already ac-
Differential sensitivity of the SWV and C57BL/6 mouse strains to the teratogenic action of single administrations of cadmium given throughout the period of anterior neuropore closure.

When administered to mice during gestation, the heavy metal, cadmium, is known to induce malformations of the neural tube, craniofacial region, limbs, trunk, viscera, and axial skeleton that vary in scope and severity among inbred strains of mice. Two strains, C57BL/6 and SWV, were previously shown to differ in their susceptibility to exencephaly induced by many teratogenic treatments, including sodium 2-ethylhexanoate, hyperthermia, valproic acid, and carbon dioxide, with the SWV strain being consistently more sensitive than the C57BL/6 strain. These findings support the observation of Finnell et al. ([1988] Teratology 38:313-320) of shared hierarchies of relative susceptibility to exencephaly induced by biochemically distinct teratogens, and suggest that the SWV strain would also be more sensitive to exencephaly induced by cadmium. In the present study, pregnant mice from the two strains were exposed to single i.p. injections of cadmium chloride at 4 mg/kg-BW on day 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, or 9.0 of gestation. Fetuses were removed by cesarean section on day 18 of gestation and scored for malformations. The C57BL/6 strain was observed to be more sensitive than the SWV strain to the induction of exencephaly by cadmium on days 6.5, 7.0, and 8.0, with mean litter percentages of 3.6%, 88.3%, and 62.2%, respectively, compared to 0.0%, 4.1%, and 27.7% for the SWV strain. This finding provides evidence in contrast to the hypothesis of shared hierarchies of sensitivity to teratogen-induced exencephaly. Data on a number of other cadmium-induced malformations are also presented.
Developmental gene expression of procollagen III in bovine extraembryonic membranes during early pregnancy

A major secretory protein produced by bovine chorioallantoic membranes, in vitro, was previously identified as the carboxyl-propeptide of alpha-1 type III collagen. In the present study, the protein and gene expression of procollagen III by bovine chorioallantois between days 17 and 45 of pregnancy was investigated. In addition, differential usage of multiple transcription termination sites by chorioallantois was examined. Two-dimensional PAGE of proteins synthesized and released by whole conceptuses or isolated chorioallantoic membranes into culture medium demonstrated that the C-terminal of procollagen III was not detectable before day 21 of pregnancy and concentrations increased thereafter. Developmental gene expression was determined by Northern blot analysis using a probe (A) that preceded all five polyadenylation sites of the previously sequenced clone 9.22. Procollagen III mRNA expression was undetectable at day 17, low on day 20, and increased through day 36. Two major transcripts of 5.9 and 4.9 kb were identified, the latter of which was expressed more prominently. A second probe (B), which terminated between poly-A sites 2 and 3, was designed to identify transcripts that terminated at poly-A site 1 or 2. This probe bound to the 5.9-kb mRNA only. Two additional procollagen III cDNA clones were isolated from our bovine conceptus cDNA library and sequenced. One, designated 9.29, terminated at poly-A site 5. The other, designated 11.7, terminated at poly-A site 2, indicating that the bovine conceptus uses these stop sites in procollagen III transcription. Results from this study demonstrate that procollagen III gene and protein expression coincide with the development of the allantois, which progressively fuses with the chorion forming the chorioallantois placenta. In addition, multiple termination sites are used in procollagen III transcription.
Theory of two-dimensional quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets with a nearly critical ground state.

We present the general theory of clean, two-dimensional, quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets which are close to the zero-temperature quantum transition between ground states with and without long-range N\'eel order. While some of our discussion is more general, the bulk of our theory will be restricted to antiferromagnets in which the N\'eel order is described by a three-vector order parameter. For N\'eel-ordered states, ``nearly critical'' means that the ground-state spin stiffness, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$, satisfies ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\ll}J, where J is the nearest-neighbor exchange constant, while ``nearly critical'' quantum-disordered ground states have an energy gap, \ensuremath{\Delta}, towards excitations with spin 1, which satisfies \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\ll}J. The allowed temperatures, T, are also smaller than J, but no restrictions are placed on the values of ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ or ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T/\ensuremath{\Delta}. Under these circumstances, we show that the wave vector and/or frequency-dependent uniform and staggered spin susceptibilities, and the specific heat, are completely universal functions of just three thermodynamic parameters. On the ordered side, these three parameters are ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$, the T=0 spin-wave velocity c, and the ground-state staggered moment ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$; previous works have noted the universal dependence of the susceptibilities on these three parameters only in the more restricted regime of ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$. On the disordered side the three thermodynamic parameters are \ensuremath{\Delta}, c, and the spin-1 quasiparticle residue scrA. Explicit results for the universal scaling functions are obtained by a 1/N expansion on the O(N) quantum nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model, and by Monte Carlo simulations. These calculations lead to a variety of testable predictions for neutron scattering, NMR, and magnetization measurements. Our results are in good agreement with a number of numerical simulations and experiments on undoped and lightly doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Cause of casualty and drinking patterns: an emergency room study of unintentional injuries

A probability sample of 1494 adult casualty patients sampled in four hospitals in a single Californian county were breathalyzed and interviewed regarding the cause of injury, drinking prior to the injury, quantity and frequency of usual drinking, frequency of drunkenness and prior alcohol-related accidents. In the total sample, 9% were positive on the breathalyzer (4% were at or above 0.10), 17% reported drinking within 6 h prior to the injury, and 29% reported heavy drinking during the last year. Overall, 15% reported a prior alcohol-related accident and this was significantly greater among heavy drinkers than other drinkers. Cause of casualty (fall, cutting/piercing, motor vehicle accident, other collision, fire, other cause) in relation to alcohol consumption variables was analyzed separately in gender- and age-specific categories. Few significant associations were found between drinking variables and individual causes of injury. While these findings may be due to the relatively small number of cases for some causes, as well as to other variables not examined here including severity and type of injury, such baseline exploratory data are important in furthering our understanding of alcohol's involvement in casualty occurrence and point to the need for additional research on alcohol and causes of injury.
Double-stub impedance matching algorithm

The use of wireless communication systems is becoming more prevalent in the military. In addition, these systems are located in environments where the antennas experience an ever changing load environment. This is especially true for sea-based antennas which float on top of or are mounted near the surface of the water. This paper presents an algorithm which efficiently controls a double-stub impedance matching network (IMN) for matching an antenna with an unknown load.
Dissociation of dimethyl ether at high temperatures

Abstract The decomposition of dimethyl ether (CH 3 OCH 3 ) has been investigated behind incident shock waves in a diaphragmless shock tube using laser schlieren densitometry, LS ( T = 1500–2450 K, P = 57 ± 4, 125 ± 5 and 253 ± 12 Torr). The LS density gradient profiles were simulated and excellent agreement was found between the simulations and experimental profiles. Rate coefficients for CH 3 OCH 3 → CH 3 O + CH 3 were obtained. They showed strong fall-off, and at the lower end of the experimental temperature range are close to the low pressure limit. First order rate coefficient expressions were determined over 1500 T k 57Torr = (3.10 ± 1.0) × 10 79 T −19.03 exp(−54417/ T ) s −1 , k 125Torr = (1.12 ± 0.3) × 10 83 T −19.94 exp(−55554/ T ) s −1 and k 253Torr = (1.02 ± 0.3) × 10 73 T −17.09 exp(−51500/ T ) s −1 . The effect of a roaming channel for decomposition of dimethyl ether was assessed and the best agreement was obtained with 1% dissociation of DME via the roaming path.
Using remote sensing imagery to determine the impact of land cover changes on potential runoff for the Mid-Cibolo Creek watershed, Texas

Land cover changes within watersheds have the potential to produce dramatic changes in surface hydrology, namely runoff, in the event of storms. The Mid-Cibolo Creek watershed in south-central Texas has experienced extensive land-cover change in the past two decades due to mass residential development and land clearing in the wake of urban growth along the I-35 corridor. This study determined land-cover changes within the basin using supervised classification to classify land cover from LANDSAT images for the years 1986 and 1999. Changes in runoff volume were then calculated using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff equation for a series of rainfall scenarios. The results showed that an overall increase in impervious cover and decrease in natural vegetative cover has occurred leading to larger runoff volumes for all storm scenarios. The findings are important for watershed scale urban expansion and land clearing practices as current methods suggest that flood risk is increased.
Choosing Wisely: Changing Clinicians, Patients, or Policies?

As a nurse, I know to rely on primary care providers who understand my health risks and will talk with me about what tests and treatments I should avoid, as well as those I need. But what do people do who are not health professionals? Choosing Wisely (www.choosingwisely .org), an initiative of the American Board of InternalMedicine (ABIM)Foundation, is designed to spark conversations among patients, physicians, and other health professionals about appropriate tests and procedures (http://bit.ly/1st8yRt)—those “supported by evidence, not duplicative of other tests or procedures already received, free from harm, and truly necessary.” That sounds like common sense, but our system doesn’talwayssupportacommon-senseapproach. A May 2014 telephone survey of 600 primary care and specialist physicians, commissioned by the ABIM Foundation, found that 72% said that at least once a week, the average physician prescribes unnecessary tests or procedures; 47% said that patients request these services; and when the patient insists, even after a discussion of the low value of a test or procedure, 53% order it (http://bit.ly/1nMITz8). (The survey used a random sample of physicians in the American Medical Association’s Physician Masterfile. No response rate was reported. The margin of sampling error was ±4.0 percentage points.) Choosing Wisely proposes that reducing these low-value services is the responsibility of both the clinician and the patient. But will relying on the good intentions of clinicians and patients be sufficient to reduce the use of unnecessary, costly, and potentially harmful services?
Demonstration of droplet size and vaporization rate measurements in the near field of a two-phase jet with droplet lasing spectroscopy

Droplet lasing spectroscopy has been applied to the measurement of droplet size and evaporation rate in a spray. A single droplet, doped with laser dye, was injected along the centerline of a liquid spray. Filters were used to block the strong elastic-scattering signal. The lasing emission from the doped droplet could be detected against the background with mass loadings of liquid in the spray as high as 20%. An analysis of the spectrum of droplet lasing was used to evaluate the droplet diameter. The evaporation rate of the droplet was obtained from consecutive lasing spectra that were obtained from the same droplet. An error analysis of the drop size and drop evaporation measurements was carried out and showed that accurate measurements of evaporation rates were feasible.
A Scalable Parallel Algorithm for Large-Scale Protein Sequence Homology Detection

Protein sequence homology detection is a fundamental problem in computational molecular biology, with a pervasive application in nearly all analyses that aim to structurally and functionally characterize protein molecules. While detecting homology between two protein sequences is computationally inexpensive, detecting pairwise homology at a large-scale becomes prohibitive, requiring millions of CPU hours. Yet, there is currently no efficient method available to parallelize this kernel. In this paper, we present the key characteristics that make this problem particularly hard to parallelize, and then propose a new parallel algorithm that is suited for large-scale protein sequence data. Our method, called pGraph, is designed using a hierarchical multiple-master multiple-worker model, where the processor space is partitioned into subgroups and the hierarchy helps in ensuring the workload is load balanced fashion despite the inherent irregularity that may originate in the input. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that our method scales linearly on all input sizes tested (up to 640K sequences) on a 1,024 node supercomputer. In addition to demonstrating strong scaling, we present an extensive study of the various components of the system and related parametric studies.
Public Health Consequences of Heavy Metals in Dump Sites

Metals differ from most synthetic organic chemicals in that their clinical manifestations are well known and methods for their measurement in the body are generally well established. Since metals are ubiquitous, special care should be taken to identify the source, whether dump site or not. Isotopic ratios may be used for lead. Time of exposure may be highly variable so estimates will be necessary of integrated "dose-commitment." Transmission to man will follow many pathways. The contamination of children's hands and clothing by dust may be an important route. Because effects are so different, the chemical species (e.g., organic versus inorganic forms) of each metal must be identified. Exposure assessment requires identification of suitable indicator media, usually blood in the case of lead, urine with cadmium and inorganic mercury, and blood or hair with regard to methylmercury. Human head hair may have considerable potential, as it may provide a recapitulation of past exposures. The first health complaints associated with most metals are usually nonspecific. The complex social, political, and legal issues strongly indicate the need for objective tests for health effects. Most important is the identification and measurement of the critical effect, i.e., an effect that alerts the public health authorities that further exposure should cease. For example, in the case of lead, the critical effect is hematologic; with cadmium it is the presence in urine of abnormally high concentration of small molecular weight protein; and with mercury no early objective test has yet been devised.
High-speed InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor utilizing nonalloyed contact on n + -InP contacting layers

We have demonstrated a high-speed InP/lnGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor with nonalloyed TiPtAu contacts on n+-InP emitter and collector contacting layers. The use of SiBr4 as a silicon doping source enabled the formation of low resistance (pc <2 × 10−6Ω. cm2), nonalloyed TiPtAu contacts to the heavily doped (n = 2 × 1019 cm−3) InP contacting layers. A device with a 3 × 10 Μm2 emitter contact exhibited excellent dc characteristics and had ƒT = ƒmax = 107 GHz. Emitter and collector resistances are compared to a device with InGaAs contacting layers.
Sidewall Leakage in Hydraulic Conductivity Testing of Asphalt Concrete Specimens

Asphalt specimens with irregular sidewalls can require special testing considerations when measuring hydraulic conductivity in a flexible wall permeameter. The hydraulic conductivity of laboratory prepared, dense asphalt concrete with high asphalt cement content (6–8.5% asphalt cement) was measured in the laboratory. Hydraulic conductivities were found to be excessive and were shown to be caused by sidewall leakage. Applying a thin layer of silicone vacuum grease to the sides of the asphalt specimens arrested the sidewall leakage, thereby permitting more accurate measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of the asphalt concrete.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel C14-C3’BzN–Linked Macrocyclic Taxoids

Novel macrocyclic paclitaxel congeners were designed to mimic the bioactive conformation of paclitaxel. Computational analysis of the “REDOR-Taxol” structure revealed that this structure could be rigidified by connecting the C14 position of the baccatin moiety and the ortho position of C3′N-benzoyl group (C3′BzN), which are ca. 7.5 A apart, with a short linker (4−6 atoms). 7-TES-14β-allyloxybaccatin III and (3R,4S)-1-(2-alkenylbenzoyl)-β-lactams were selected as key components, and the Ojima−Holton coupling afforded the corresponding paclitaxel-dienes. The Ru-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of paclitaxel-dienes gave the designed 15- and 16-membered macrocyclic taxoids. However, the RCM reaction to form the designed 14-membered macrocyclic taxoid did not proceed as planned. Instead, the attempted RCM reaction led to the occurrence of an unprecedented novel Ru-catalyzed diene-coupling process, giving the corresponding 15-membered macrocyclic taxoid (SB-T-2054). The biological activities of the novel...
Are work-related conditions less common or were their definitions changed?

Changes in OSHA recordkeeping regulations appear to explain the reported decreasing rates of occupational injury and illness in the US Counting how much and determining under what circumstances diseases occur are the basic principles upon which preventive health programmes are built. The lack of accurate surveillance information leads to the inability to allocate appropriate resources, the inability to initiate and prioritise targeted interventions, and the inability to evaluate the effectiveness of those interventions. The paper by Friedman and Forst1 in this issue (see page 454) highlights the complexity of answering on what first appear to be relatively simple questions: (1) how many occupational injuries and illnesses occur each year? and (2) are the rates of occupational injuries and illnesses changing over time? The problem they address is how the rules and definitions of recording what is an occupational injury or illness may change the quantitative measures of those conditions. Although the data they examine are specific to the US, the issue they address is of concern for surveillance systems in all countries. Theoretically, surveillance of work-related injuries and illnesses has a potential advantage over reporting systems for non-work-related conditions, because the employer could be an additional reporting source that complements …
Sequential detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis spores using magnetoelastic biosensors.

Abstract Multiple phage-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors were simultaneously monitored for the detection of different biological pathogens that were sequentially introduced to the measurement system. The biosensors were formed by immobilizing phage and 1 mg/ml BSA (blocking agent) onto the magnetoelastic resonator’s surface. The detection system included a reference sensor as a control, an E2 phage-coated sensor specific to S. typhimurium, and a JRB7 phage-coated sensor specific to B. anthracis spores. The sensors were free standing during the test, being held in place by a magnetic field. Upon sequential exposure to single pathogenic solutions, only the biosensor coated with the corresponding specific phage responded. As the cells/spores were captured by the specific phage-coated sensor, the mass of the sensor increased, resulting in a decrease in the sensor’s resonance frequency. Additionally, non-specific binding was effectively eliminated by BSA blocking and was verified by the reference sensor, which showed no frequency shift. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visually verify the interaction of each biosensor with its target analyte. The results demonstrate that multiple magnetoelastic sensors may be simultaneously monitored to detect specifically targeted pathogenic species with good selectivity. This research is the first stage of an ongoing effort to simultaneously detect the presence of multiple pathogens in a complex analyte.
Is Multiphoton Dissociation of Molecules a Statistical Thermal Process

We present here a phenomenological model calculation that exhibits the realistic qualitative behavior of multiphonon excitation and dissociation of polyatomic molecules. It is also used to show that at least theoretically multiphonon excitation of molecules is not equivalent to thermal heating.
Voices from a Haunting Past: Ghosts, Memory, and Poetry in Ruth Klüger's weiter leben. Eine Jugend (1992)

This article focuses on the poetry Ruth Kluger wrote after 1945 and included in her highly acclaimed autobiography weiter leben. Eine Jugend (1992). The article addresses the poems' function within the text and offers a reading of weiter leben as haunted. Kluger's autobiography echoes with the voices of the dead, particularly the ghosts of her brother and father who were murdered during the Holocaust, and also those of the living. Her poems constitute the initial textual anchors from which the writing of traumatic loss and the recollection of her agonizing past proceed. By refl ecting and commenting on the relationship between the dead and the living, memory and history, poetry and autobiography, Kluger locates weiter leben at the intersection of debates about the appropriate narrative form of Holocaust history.
Parathyroid hormone uses both adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C to regulate acid production in osteoclasts

Osteoclasts, isolated from the endosteum of 2.5- to 3-week-old chickens, were treated with acridine orange, a hydrogen ion concentration-sensitive fluorescent dye, in order to monitor changes in acid production. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor, alloxan, blocked parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated acid production. Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a membrane-permeant form of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, mimicked the PTH effect. Bisindolylmaleimide, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), blocked the initial stimulation (15, 30, and 60 min) of acid production by PTH but had no effect on long-term stimulation (120 min). Confocal microscopy of osteoclasts stained with fluorescein-conjugated bisindolylmateimide revealed a shift in location of PKC from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane region after treatment with parathyroid hormone. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that PTH regulation of acid production in osteoclasts involves both adenylate cyclase and PKC as effectors.
Recasting Genesis in Bronze: Ghiberti's Visual Exegesis in The Gates of Paradise

The bronze doors of Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455) on the east side of the Baptistery at Florence are composed of ten “Albertian Renaissance windows” that depict scenes from the Old Testament in stunning detail. From an art-historical perspective, these panels demonstrate a significant development in Renaissance art. Rather than depicting a single instant in a biblical narrative, Ghiberti's panels combine multiple scenes into one composite image that conveys critical elements of long and complex stories. In the first of these panels, Ghiberti illustrates God's creation of Adam and Eve, the act of disobedience at the tree, and the expulsion from the garden. Ghiberti's organization of these events, his rendering of the characters, and the various details he includes (and omits) provide a window into the mind of a sophisticated exegete. When modern biblical scholars peer through this window, we note that Eve emerges as the central figure, while Adam is a largely peripheral one. We also note how Ghiberti establishes the literary pericope for his visual exegesis in a way that generally accords with modern source-critical hypotheses about Genesis 1-3. Indeed, by illustrating certain elements of the creation story and excluding others, Ghiberti is practicing de facto source criticism. Furthermore, Ghiberti's portrayal of the various characters in the text presaged twentieth- and twenty-first-century feminist readings of Genesis 1-3, as well as modern literary-critical analysis and ethico-theological critiques.
Use of the cytomegalovirus antigenemia (CMV-Ag) assay for the detection of CMV in the blood of AIDS patients.

Direct specimen testing was performed on 186 peripheral blood specimens to identify the presence of antigen to cytomegalovirus (viz., the cytomegalovirus antigenemia (CMV-Ag) assay). Confirmatory t...
Expression of Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene 3 and other interleukin-12-related molecules by human intestinal epithelium

Antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, produce members of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) family that are important in initiating and maintaining cell-mediated immune responses. These include IL-12p35 and p19 that dimerize with IL-12p40 to form IL-12 (also termed IL-12p75) and IL-23, respectively, and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) protein (a protein related to IL-12p40), that forms a dimer with p28, termed IL-27. Intestinal epithelial cells, which are the initial site of contact between the host and enteric pathogens, can act as antigen-presenting cells, and are known to express mediators important in inflammatory and immune responses. In the current studies, we hypothesized that intestinal epithelial cells express members of the IL-12 family, which can function as an early signalling system important in mucosal immunity. Using in vitro and in vivo model systems of human intestinal epithelium, we demonstrate the regulated expression of EBI3, IL-12p35 and p19 by human intestinal epithelial cells. However, intestinal epithelial cells do not coexpress IL-12p40 or p28 that are required to generate heterodimeric IL-12p75, IL-23 and IL-27. To the extent that IL-12p35, p19 and EBI3 cannot form IL-12p75, IL-23 or IL-27 heterodimers in intestinal epithelial cells, these data suggest that those cells may express other, currently unknown, molecules that can associate with EBI3, IL-12p35 and/or p19 or, alternatively, intestinal epithelial cells may release IL-12-related molecules that by themselves, or in combination with other molecules in the mucosal microenvironment, mediate biological activities.
Accurate delay estimation model for lumped CMOS logic gates

Recently a novel slope delay model for timing verification in digital CMOS circuits has been presented by H.G. Yang and D.M. Holburn (see ibid vol.137, p.405-12, 1990). Three different classifications were made, based on the risetime (slope) of the input waveforms, as follows: quick-no effect of input risetime on the output voltage; intermediate-small effect of input risetime on the output delays; and slow-significant effect of input risetime on the output delays. In the analysis of the slow waveform, the input voltage to the inverter was taken as 0.5 (V/sub dd/-V/sub tn/+kt/sub 0/), because otherwise there is no analytic solution. This assumption is valid as long as the input voltage is rising. If this approximation is continued after the input voltage reaches V/sub dd/, then the current through the NMOS transistor is consistently underestimated, and the fall-time is overestimated. Hence, a more accurate representation of input waveform is necessary to obtain more reliable delay estimates.
Lack of specificity in accumulation of sterols byPhytophthora cactorum

The kinetics of sterol uptake inPhytophthora cactorum were examined. A Vmax of 4.81×10−5 μmol/min/mg dry wt and an average apparent Km of 18.0 μM were determined for both cholesterol and sitosterol accumulation. Selectivity for specific sterols was not apparent in the accumulation, esterification, or distribution of sterols byPhytophthora cactorum.
Some paradoxes in Kripke's interpretation of Wittgenstein

Kripke's skeptical interpretation of Wittgenstein's project in the Philosophical Investigations attributes to Wittgenstein a radical skepticism about the objectivity of rules and thus the meanings of words and the existence of language as well as a skepticism about the truth conditions underlying our alleged facts about the world. Kripke then contends that Wittgenstein solves this skeptical paradox by committing himself to what I shall call a Communitarian View of language. There are a number of difficulties with Kripke's interpretation of the project of the Philosophical Investigations. These include his evaluation of the notion of the rule, his interpretation of the private language arguments, his uses of the term “intention”, and his truncated reading of 201. In this paper I shall address and attack this interpretation of Wittgenstein as a questionable reading of the Philosophical Investigations, and I shall suggest some alternative interpretations of Wittgenstein's views which avoid both radical skepticism and a Communitarian View of language.
INTEGRATING RACE, PLACE AND MOTIVE IN SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY: LESSONS FROM A COMPARISON OF BLACK AND LATINO HOMICIDE TYPES IN TWO IMMIGRANT DESTINATION CITIES*

In this paper, we examine and compare the impact of social disorganization, including recent immigration, and other predictors on community counts of black and Latino motive-specific homicides in Miami and San Diego. Homicides for 1985 to 1995 are disaggregated into escalation, intimate, robbery and drug-related motives. Negative binomial regression models with corrections for spatial autocorrelation demonstrate that there are similarities and differences in effects of social disorganization and other predictors by motive-specific outcomes, as well as for outcomes across ethnic groups within cities and within ethnic groups across cities. Recent immigration is negatively or not associated with most outcomes. Overall, the study shows the importance of disaggregating homicide data by race/ethnicity and motive and demonstrates that predictions based on existing theories are qualified on local conditions.
Studying the potential impact of automated document classification on scheduling a systematic review update

Systematic Reviews (SRs) are an essential part of evidence-based medicine, providing support for clinical practice and policy on a wide range of medical topics. However, producing SRs is resource-intensive, and progress in the research they review leads to SRs becoming outdated, requiring updates. Although the question of how and when to update SRs has been studied, the best method for determining when to update is still unclear, necessitating further research. In this work we study the potential impact of a machine learning-based automated system for providing alerts when new publications become available within an SR topic. Some of these new publications are especially important, as they report findings that are more likely to initiate a review update. To this end, we have designed a classification algorithm to identify articles that are likely to be included in an SR update, along with an annotation scheme designed to identify the most important publications in a topic area. Using an SR database containing over 70,000 articles, we annotated articles from 9 topics that had received an update during the study period. The algorithm was then evaluated in terms of the overall correct and incorrect alert rate for publications meeting the topic inclusion criteria, as well as in terms of its ability to identify important, update-motivating publications in a topic area. Our initial approach, based on our previous work in topic-specific SR publication classification, identifies over 70% of the most important new publications, while maintaining a low overall alert rate. We performed an initial analysis of the opportunities and challenges in aiding the SR update planning process with an informatics-based machine learning approach. Alerts could be a useful tool in the planning, scheduling, and allocation of resources for SR updates, providing an improvement in timeliness and coverage for the large number of medical topics needing SRs. While the performance of this initial method is not perfect, it could be a useful supplement to current approaches to scheduling an SR update. Approaches specifically targeting the types of important publications identified by this work are likely to improve results.
Energy Life Cycle Assessment for the Production of Biodiesel from Rendered Lipids in the United States

The energy life cycle assessment for the production of biodiesel from rendered lipids in the United States is presented in this study. Three different scenarios were found eligible for analysis: (I) conversion to biodiesel, (II) rendering and conversion, and (III) farming, rendering, and conversion. The amounts of energy required in farming, meat processing, and baseline conversion to biodiesel were reviewed from the literature. The thermal energy and electricity used in rendering were surveyed from the U.S. rendering industry. For animal fats, scenario III resulted in a net energy ratio (NER, ratio of energy outputs to energy inputs) much lower than 1. In contrast, the NERs for scenarios I and II were both found to be >1. For scenario I, the NER was found to be >3.6, larger than the value typically reported for soybean oil (SBO) biodiesel. As for the waste SBO grease, the NER was found to be >1 for both applicable scenarios (I and II). To a limited extent, sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate change...
CITRIS and data and knowledge engineering: what is old and what is new?

We survey the issues involved in knowledge capture and representation for the humanities and outline the design of a modern information system, which will permit humanities researchers to easily publish, share, view and process data. This system takes advantage of recent advances in the capture, representation, indexing and search of text and media data, including representations of three-dimensional images and three-dimensional enhancements of two-dimensional images. We suggest the exploitation of modern networking technologies to make electronic publication accessible to non-technologists. Finally, we discuss the problem of privacy in data mining and outline possible solutions from the recent literature.