cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flow visualization and superposition rheology study of shear-banding wormlike micelle solutions

In this paper, we use rheometry and flow visualization to study the dynamics of the interface between shear bands in a wormlike micellar solution sheared between concentric cylinders, i.e., in a Taylor-Couette (TC) cell, and to evaluate the stress diffusion coefficient and the stress correlation length in the Johnson-Segalman model. Two wormlike micellar solutions are studied: an aqueous solution of CTAB-NaNO3 and a solution of CPCl-NaSal in brine. These systems are highly elastic, exhibit Maxwellian behavior in linear viscoelasticity experiments, and shear banding in nonlinear experiments [S. Lerouge, et al., Soft Matter, 2008, 4, 1808-1819, M. A. Fardin, et al., Soft Matter, 2012, 8(39), 10072-10089, P. Ballesta, et al., J. Rheol., 2007, 51, 1047]. A large, custom-built, computer controlled TC cell allows us to rotate both cylinders independently and to visualize the flow in the r-z plane using a CCD camera. At low shear rates, the flow is stable and the fluid appears homogeneous throughout the gap between the cylinders. Above a critical shear rate, a shear banding transition occurs. This manifests itself in the formation of two distinct bands in the r-z plane, with an interface between the two bands. For sufficiently high ramp speeds, multiple steps of interface evolution are identified, as noted by Radulescu, Lerouge, and others [O. Redulescu, et al., Europhys. Lett., 2003, 62, 230, S. Lerouge, et al., Soft Matter, 2008, 4, 1808-1819]. We quantify the interface travel using direct visualization and use this measure, as well as superposition rheometry [P. Ballesta, et al., J. Rheol., 2007, 51, 1047], to determine the stress diffusion coefficient D and the stress correlation length ζ in the Johnson-Segalman model. These parameters are evaluated at different temperatures, shear rates, and gap sizes. We find that the stress diffusion coefficient and the stress correlation length exhibit a strong dependence on the gap of the Taylor-Couette cell for both shear-banding systems. For the CTAB-NaNO3 system, we report a linear dependence of the stress diffusion coefficient on temperature for the parameter range considered. In addition, we find that for this system, the stress diffusion coefficient is independent of shear rate. For the CPCl-NaSal system, we observe the same color changes in the sample reported by others on extended light exposure; however, we find that different histories of light exposure do not affect the measured stress diffusion coefficient.
Mapping convection in the mantle

Long-period (100-250 sec.) Love and Rayleigh waves are used to map heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy in the upper mantle. Spherical harmonic descriptions of anisotropy up to l = m = 3 and 2θ are derived. Azimuthal anisotropy obtains values as high as 1½%. There is good correlation of fast Rayleigh wave directions with upper mantle return flow directions derived from kinematic considerations. This is consistent with the a-axis of olivine being aligned in the flow direction. The main differences between the flow models and the Rayleigh wave azimuthal variation maps occur in the vicinity of hotspots. Hawaii, for example, appears to perturb the return flow. There is strong correlation of the geoid and surface wave velocity at l = 4 and 5. Slow regions at this scale are associated with geoid highs and high heat flow, consistent with upwelling convective flow or with isostatically compensated regions of low density. The correlation of azimuthal anisotropy with upper mantle return flow directions, rather than with plate directions, suggests that part of the return flow is in the upper mantle and this, in turn, implies a low viscosity channel.
Low dose suramin as a chemosensitizer of bladder cancer to mitomycin C.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We have reported that acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors expressed in solid tumors induce broad-spectrum chemoresistance and their nonspecific inhibitor suramin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri) at nontoxic concentrations enhances the activity of chemotherapeutic agents. In the current study we evaluated whether low dose suramin enhances tumor sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC) (Bristol-Myer Squibb Co., Wallingford, Connecticut). Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional histocultures of RT4 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland) xenograft tumors and tumors from patients with bladder cancer were treated with MMC with or without 20 μM suramin. For in vivo studies mice bearing RT4 tumors received physiological saline, MMC (3 mg/kg), suramin (10 mg/kg) or MMC/suramin combination every 3 or 4 days. Two MMC schedules were studied, namely subtherapeutic (3 treatments) and therapeutic (6 treatments) schedules. Results: Suramin enhanced MMC activity in xenograft and patient tumor histocultures by greater than 2-fold. The chemosensitization effect was observed in all patient tumors (2 superficial and 9 muscle invading lesions). In animals tumors in the control and suramin groups increased to approximately 3 to 5 times the initial size. The subtherapeutic MMC schedule retarded tumor growth but did not produce tumor shrinkage, whereas the therapeutic MMC schedule reduced tumor size by 27%. The addition of suramin enhanced MMC activity. Respective tumor sizes were 40% and 63% of the sizes after subtherapeutic and therapeutic MMC alone (p Conclusions: Low dose suramin enhanced the in vitro and in vivo activity of subtherapeutic and therapeutic MMC without enhancing host toxicity, thus, providing proof of concept for evaluating low dose suramin as a chemosensitizer with MMC in bladder cancer.
Thiamin deficiency impairs endotoxin-induced increases in hepatic glucose output

We addressed the role of thiamin, a cofactor for several enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, in the glucose metabolic response to endotoxin. Characterized by hyperglycemia, increased hepatic glucose production exceeding elevated rates of whole-body glucose utilization, this response is mediated by hormones and cytokines and is dependent on the immune and nutritional status of the host. We hypothesized that a thiamin-deficient state would impair the metabolic response to endotoxin. Rats were fed a thiamin-deficient or control diet for 6 wk before in vivo assessment of glucose kinetics. In control rats, Escherichia coli endotoxin increased the rate of glucose appearance (+76%), disappearance (+70%), and metabolic clearance (+50%). Thiamin deficiency resulted in increased plasma glucose (18%) and lactate (3- to 4-fold) as well as in a 30% decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon (2.6-fold) and corticosterone (3.6-fold). Thiamin deficiency inhibited the endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia and the rise in hepatic glucose production, glucose utilization, and metabolic clearance rate.
A carbon nanotube optical rectenna

A metal–insulator–metal architecture in which one metal is replaced by vertically aligned carbon nanotube antennae is used to convert light into direct current.
Charter Schooling, Race Politics, and an Appeal to History

Through a discussion of the current race politics of charter schooling and a brief, empirical examination of a community-based charter school that I helped to found in California, the public school community control movement in New York City in the late 1960s, and the African American independent school movement and the Council of Independent Black Institutions (CIBI) in the 1970s, I argue that a full understanding of the race politics of charter schooling requires a look at the historical roots of African American school choice. I find that history helps us better understand the complex dynamics of race and school choice. We can understand that African American parent and educator commitment to desegregated schooling is complex and certainly not unwavering; that the distinction between public and private in public education is quite murky; that the definition of community for purposes of building schools is complicated; and that strange bedfellows in African American education are nothing new. I appeal to the history of African American school choice to complicate the current public and scholarly debate on race and charter schooling.
FUNGI FROM SALT LAKES. I. A NEW SPECIES OF CLAVARIOPSIS

The problem of generic disposition of this fungus raised a basic taxonomic question. Saccardo (13) described the genus Heliscus in very broad terms, including all those forms bearing spores in which the main axes develop several divergent processes. Specifically, he stated: "Conidia cylindracea, apice clavi ad instar polygono capitata. . ." (14). This generic description easily could include Clavariopsis, which was described at a later date by De Wildeman (3). However, according to Ingold (6), one should not include Clavariopsis and Heliscus in the same genus simply on the basis of spore shape because Clavariopsis produces aleuriospores and Heliscus produces phialospores. The genus Clavariopsis, therefore, is emended to include only those forms, within existing generic limits, which are aleuriosporous. Heliscus is emended to include those forms, within existing generic limits, which are phialosporous. Clavariopsis is a genus containing two described species, C. aquatica De Wildeman (3) and C. brachycladia Tubaki (15). Several other undescribed spore forms are possible members of the genus (5, 7, 8). All the above fungi have been isolated from fresh-water habitats.
The effect of disconfirming an expectancy of time-out from shock in the double runway

In a double-runway apparatus using shock escape as the reinforcement, Lambert & Hammond (in press) showed that the Amselian frustration effect (FE) manifests itself as a marked slowing down in the second runway, when an expected relief from shock is not forthcoming. The present experiment was performed to determine if an animal builds up a particular expectancy of timeout from shock and what the effect might be of disconfirming this expectancy by giving a substantially shorter period of shock relief. The “reversed FE” again appeared when a particular expectancy of timeout from shock was disconfirmed. Also, Runway 1 speeds were seen to decrease when this frustration treatment was introduced.
Geographies of media and communication I: Metaphysics of encounter

Media and communication are attracting increasing amounts of attention from geographers but the work remains disorganized and lacks a unifying paradigm. This progress report suggests a new paradigm...
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS : IV. ANTIGENS OF RICKETTSIAE AND MUMPS VIRUS

Rickettsiae of epidemic typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been microscopically localized and identified in smears of exudates and tissue sections from infected cotton rats by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. Epidemic typhus has also been identified in smears from single infected human body lice. Mumps virus antigen has been microscopically localized in the parotid of the experimentally infected monkey by the same method. The antigenic material, probably active virus, was found in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Such infected acini were scattered irregularly throughout the gland. Some antigen could be seen in the lumens of the parotid ducts and small amounts were present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the ducts.
THE TEST RESULT OF NON-BOUNDLESS TRIELECTRODE PROFILING METHOD IN F FIELD

The non-boundless trielectrodo profiling method is a new type of DC resistivity explorating method for directly locating the boundary range of reservoir on ground surface, which is based on the resistivity difference between the reservoir and adjacent rocks, its theretical basis is the eqipotential surface being normal to the current lines from place to place. The field test results of thenon- boundless trielectrode section method was implemented in Xinjiang, the test results show that this method can effectively determine those reservoirs being obvious resistivity differences with adjacent rocks and their scales large enough relative to the depth, can more accurately locate their boundary range, determine the buried depth of the hydrocarbon layers, and can more accurately differentiate the oil/water interface of single oil-sandstone in the complicated anomalys, too. This test accumulates valuable experiences for the method being popularized and applied in Xinjiang and other regions, and has displayed its good prospects for popularization and application.
Hormonal and renal interaction in body fluid regulation in the newborn infant.

At birth, the kidney must assume the responsibility for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Despite its anatomic and functional immaturity, the kidney responds appropriately to the normal physiologic demands. The kidney regulates body fluids through the mechanisms of sodium and water transport, concentration and dilution, and glomerulotubular balance, and autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. These renal mechanisms require the integration of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, kallikrem-kinin-prostaglandin systems, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), and the sympathetic nervous system.
The role of more than 40 years of improvement in protein A chromatography in the growth of the therapeutic antibody industry

Protein A chromatography has been used as the mAb capture step in the majority of FDA submissions. In this study, the performance of protein A chromatography, as indicated by capacity, operational flow rate, and productivity (rate of mAb production per liter of resin) was examined over its full history to gain insights into the reasons for its consistent use. Protein A productivity and capacity have increased 4.3 and 5.5% a year, respectively, since 1978. In contrast, protein A operational flow rate increased between 1978 and 2001 and then remained constant or declined as further improvements provided only marginal benefits. The productivity of protein A resin and also the mAb bioreactor titer (14% growth) rapidly improved starting in about 1990 to economically provide material for clinical trials. Technology improvement is typically driven by product sales. The sales of protein A resin, as indicated by sales of protein A ligand (21% growth), have closely paralleled the sales of mAbs (20% growth). Both increased rapidly in 2000 after the first major mAb therapeutics were approved and the markets were developed. It is likely that alternatives to protein A chromatography have not been implemented because of the order of magnitude improvement in protein A performance. Protein A membrane adsorbers and monoliths have higher productivity than packed columns due to their short bed heights and high operational flow rates. These devices are not currently practical for large-scale manufacturing but may represent a format for future improvements in protein A productivity. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1193-1202, 2016.
Delineation of proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of the membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin

The membrane-anchored serine proteases prostasin (PRSS8) and matriptase (ST14) initiate a cell surface proteolytic pathway essential for epithelial function. Mice expressing only catalytically inactive prostasin are viable, unlike prostasin null mice, indicating that at least some prostasin functions are non-proteolytic. Here we used knock-in mice expressing catalytically inactive prostasin (Prss8(Ki/Ki)) to show that the physiological and pathological functions of prostasin vary in their dependence on its catalytic activity. Whereas prostasin null mice exhibited partial embryonic and complete perinatal lethality, Prss8(Ki/Ki) mice displayed normal prenatal and postnatal survival. Unexpectedly, catalytically inactive prostasin caused embryonic lethality in mice lacking its cognate inhibitors HAI-1 (SPINT1) or HAI-2 (SPINT2). Proteolytically inactive prostasin, unlike the wild-type protease, was unable to activate matriptase during placentation. Surprisingly, all essential functions of prostasin in embryonic and postnatal development were compensated for by loss of HAI-1, indicating that prostasin is only required for mouse development and overall viability in the presence of this inhibitor. This study expands our knowledge of non-proteolytic functions of membrane-anchored serine proteases and provides unexpected new data on the mechanistic interactions between matriptase and prostasin in the context of epithelial development.
Renovation of a mechanical engineering senior design class to an industry-tied and team-oriented course

ABSTRACTIn this work, an industry-based and team-oriented education model was established based on a traditional mechanical engineering (ME) senior design class in order to better prepare future engineers and leaders so as to meet the increasing demand for high-quality engineering graduates. In the renovated curriculum, industry-sponsored projects became the most important course component and critical assessment tool, from which problem-solving skills as well as employability skills of the ME students can be fully developed. Hands-on experiences in finite element analysis (FEA) modelling and simulation were also added into the renovated curriculum to promote the application of FEA on engineering design and assessment. Evaluation of the renovated course was conducted using two instruments and the results have shown that the course made the ME senior students more prepared for their future career and a win–win model was created between the industry partner and the ME programme through it. Impact of the ren...
Temperature-Dependent Friction and Wear of MoS 2 /Sb 2 O 3 /Au Nanocomposites

The temperature-dependent friction and wear of magnetron-sputtered MoS2/Sb2O3/Au nanocomposites was investigated in the range −150 to 150 °C using macroscale experiments. We investigate the origin of recent reports suggesting the existence of a relatively high friction (µ ~ 0.2) transition for these nanocomposites at temperatures below −20 °C, contrasting with the characteristic ultra-low friction behavior (µ < 0.01) for pure and composite MoS2 films in vacuum and inert gas environments at room temperature. We present evidence suggesting that the ability to form and maintain basally oriented low-friction surface films is increasingly compromised with decreasing temperature, and show that low friction is achievable at cryogenic temperatures.
The Evolution of Pedagogy for Non-Traditional Students at a UK Higher Education Institution

The chapter will critically examine the evolution of pedagogy from a traditional ‘blended learning' approach driven by classroom teaching with some virtual activities, to a more student driven learning experience, where the classroom activities support the learning experience. It will include the use of the ‘carpe diem' framework (Armellini & Jones, 2008) as part of a challenge to the original pedagogic approach of teacher-led learning, and the move to a student-centred pedagogy, which is more inclusive of learning technologies and the unique challenges faced by work-based learning students. This chapter will offer a critical interrogation of the relationship between the notions of traditional teaching and higher education students, with emerging learning and teaching innovations for work-based students via more rounded understanding of blended learning and will conclude that knowledge and support of the diversity of staff and student experience, skills, motivations and capabilities is critical to sustainable and effective student-led, technologically rich approaches for this diverse group of students.
Corrosion behavior of friction stir blind riveted Al/CFRP and Mg/CFRP joints exposed to a marine environment

Abstract This paper investigated the corrosion behavior of Al/CFRP (carbon fiber-reinforced plastic) and Mg/CFRP FSBR (friction stir blind riveting) joints after six-month exposure to a marine environment. It was found that Mg in the Mg/CFRP joint experienced severe uniform corrosion in most regions but not inside the crevice. Severe corrosion occurred on Al in the coupled regions due to crevice corrosion and/or galvanic corrosion. Magnesium carbonate-hydrates were identified by several characterization techniques (FTIR, XRD and XPS) as the corrosion products formed on Mg in both coupled and un-coupled regions; and dawsonite and bayerite were found on Al in the coupled regions.
The Wrong Solution to the Teacher Shortage.

In recent years, researchers and policymakers have told us again and again that severe teacher shortages confront schools. They point to a dramatic increase in the demand for new teachers resulting from two converging demographic trends: increasing student enrollments and increasing numbers of teachers reaching retirement age. Shortfalls of teachers, they say, are forcing many school systems to lower their standards for teacher quality (National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 1997). Comments Copyright © 2003 by Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Reprinted by Permission. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development is a worldwide community of educators advocating sound policies and sharing best practices to achieve the success of each learner. To learn more, visit ASCD at www.ascd.org. Reprinted from Educational Leadership, Volume 60, Issue 8, May 2003, pages 30-33. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/126
Regulation of Immature Myeloid Cell Differentiation by PEBP2/CBF, MYB, C/EBP and ETS Family Members

The differentiation potential of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell becomes stochastically restricted until unipotent progenitors arise (Till and McCulloch 1980).
Caretaker perception of child vulnerability predicts behavior problems in NICU graduates.

This study explores parental perception of child vulnerability (PPCV) and parent overprotection (POP) and their relationship to neonatal medical problems, child development and behavior. Participants included 90 lower income parents of NICU graduates ages 22–81 months consecutively enrolled at a high-risk neonatal developmental follow-up clinic. Parents completed the Child Vulnerability Scale (CVS), the Parent Protection Scale (PPS) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) regarding their children. Step-wise regression analysis revealed the CVS as the sole predictor of child behavior, accounting for 13% of the variance in the CBCL Total T-score (R2 = .13, $be = .86, p < .006). Neonatal medical problems, Child DQ, and most parental demographic variables did not correlate with CVS or PPS scores. A significant correlation between CVS and the separation subscale of the PPS was noted (r = .31, p < .01). We conclude that NICU graduates perceived vulnerable by their caretakers have significant behavioral difficulties compared to those perceived as not vulnerable. Future research should address early parental antecedents of PPCV, the persistence of PPCV, and its effects on behavioral outcomes.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Neurodevelopment of Schizophrenia

In recent years, the hypothesis that disturbances of brain development during gestation may contribute to the risk of adult schizophrenia has gained momentum. This hypothesis was, in part, given new impetus by our finding in 1988 that exposure to influenza during the second trimester of gestation increased the risk for adult schizophrenia (Mednick, Machon, Huttunen & Bonett). In this introductory chapter, we provide: a review of the evidence that supports the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental process underlying schizophrenia, a brief introduction to the individual chapters included in this volume, and a concluding section regarding our hopes for the future of the multidisciplinary approach to understanding the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia.
Rewards in Sports Programs

(1937). Rewards in Sports Programs. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 289-334.
Polyamines and uremia.

In 1678, Antony Van Leeuwenhoek described the deposition of colorless crystals, later to be identified as spermine (SPM) phosphate, in seminal fluid. SPM is one of the aliphatic cations called polyamines (PAs) found in all living things. (See Table 1) The diamine putrescine (PTC) proved to be an essential growth factor for mutant Hemophilus parainfluenza. In mammals, increased biosynthesis of PAs, including spermidine (SPD), was detected during both normal and pathological tissue growth. Increased amount of SPM, SPD, and PTC were found in blood and urine under these circumstances. The nature and regulatory functions of PAs and the enzymes controlling their production and metabolic degradation are beginning to be understood.
Andre Delbecq’s Aristotelian and Ignatian Praxis Based Epistemology and Theory Building

Andre Delbecq was a scholar who combined high level praxis based theory building with important spiritual and religious foundations. Delbecq’s Aristotelian and Ignatian praxis based epistemology an...
A biopsy-needle compatible varifocal multiphoton rigid probe for depth-resolved optical biopsy.

In this work, we report a biopsy-needle compatible rigid probe, capable of performing three-dimensional (3D) two-photon optical biopsy. The probe has a small outer diameter of 1.75 mm and fits inside a gauge-14 biopsy needle to reach internal organs. A carefully designed focus scanning mechanism has been implemented in the rigid probe, which, along with a rapid two-dimensional MEMS scanner, enables 3D imaging. Fast image acquisition up to 10 frames per second is possible, dramatically reducing motion artifacts during in vivo imaging. Equipped with a high-numerical aperture micro-objective, the miniature rigid probe offers a high two-photon resolution (0.833 × 6.11 μm, lateral × axial), a lateral field of view of 120 μm, and an axial focus tuning range of 200 μm. In addition to imaging of mouse internal organs and subcutaneous tumor in vivo, first-of-its-kind depth-resolved two-photon optical biopsy of an internal organ has been successfully demonstrated on mouse kidney in vivo and in situ.
A comparative scanning electron microscopic analysis of the human cerebral ventricular system. I. The third ventricle.

A scanning electron microscopic analysis of the adult human third ventricular wall revealed ultra-architectural differences between dorsal and ventral portions. In the brains of thirteen and sixteen week old human fetuses regional differences in the surface organization of lining ependyma were more sharply defined than those of the adult. Alterations in the luminal surfaces of ependyma may reflect differences in the functional capacity of various ventricular areas. The potential role of certain ependyma (tanycytes) and their putative participation in neuroendocrine events is discussed.
The Brauer group of the moduli stack of elliptic curves over algebraically closed fields of characteristic 2

Abstract We prove that the Brauer group of the moduli stack of elliptic curves M 1 , 1 , k over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic 2 is isomorphic to Z / ( 2 ) . We also compute the Brauer group of M 1 , 1 , k where k is a finite field of characteristic 2.
How perceptions of incivility and social endorsement in online comments (Dis) encourage engagements

While the powerful role of partisan identity in provoking incivility has been pointed out, relatively little attention has been directed toward incivility that also occurs among individuals who sha...
Otolaryngologists and their role in vaccination for prevention of HPV associated head & neck cancer.

As Otolaryngologists we have witnessed a rise in a new disease with human papilloma virus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). As of 2018, HPV associated OPSCC has surpas...
ROLE OF LOCAL GEOMETRY IN ROBUSTNESS OF POWER GRID NETWORKS

We introduce a novel approach to study robustness of a power grid network employing the tools of topological data analysis (TDA). This approach not only enables one to incorporate intrinsic network properties such as electrical conductance but more importantly also offers a systematic and comprehensive framework to study the role of topology in its functionality and robustness. This is achieved by viewing the network as a weighted graph, equipping it with a nested simplicial complex structure and extracting topological summaries in the form of the Betti numbers and persistent diagrams. These summaries are then used to characterize network vulnerability under critical conditions such as targeted attacks.
In vitro examination of poly(glycerol sebacate) degradation kinetics: effects of porosity and cure temperature

AbstractPoly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer that is of interest in biomedical applications. While a porous format is common for tissue engineering, PGS degradation has been p...
Understanding the Promises and Pitfalls of Outer Space Mining and the Need for an International Regulatory Body to Govern the Extraction of Space-Based Resources

Space exploration is about to undergo a monumental change and the global legal and regulatory infrastructure is massively unprepared. When the bulk of international space law was written, the Cold War was raging, and man had not even landed on the Moon yet. Now, thanks to advances in technology, a seismic shift has occurred which will see private industry leading the future of space exploration with national space agencies as partners, rather than the other way around as has been the status quo for decades. One of the most lucrative possibilities luring private firms to space is the opportunity to extract resources from a celestial body such as an asteroid, another planet, or the Moon. It is estimated that trillions of dollars’ worth of precious metals, liquids, and gasses exist on these bodies. A galactic resource race will soon be underway, and space-faring nations must take the lead to ensure that legal, economic, and environmental issues posed by such space exploration is hammered out before it is too late. I assert that if left to their own devices, firms will fail to follow the same standard of their fore-father government space agencies. As a result, we need an international agreement or body for the twenty-first century to govern and regulate the extraction of resources from outer space led by the great space hegemons.
Multipole and Metasurface Quantum Well Emitters

Semiconductor quantum wells underpin a great number of modern optoelectronics technologies. Here, we demonstrate directional photoluminescence arising from: 1) magnetic dipole transitions in layered two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite quantum wells and 2) phased array GaN quantum well metasurfaces.
Mode locking in a closed cavity gyrotron oscillator

Predictions of synchronous mode locking are reported for the first time in a closed-cavity free-electron device. Quasi-linear theory (correct through third order terms) indicates that mode locking is possible in a closed cavity gyrotron by modulating the velocity of the electron beam. A novel feature of this system is that the electrodynamic structure (the cavity with cylindrical cross-section) is dispersive. This results in a spectrum of unequally spaced TEi in modes. This is in contrast to previous mode locked devices (lasers) which have a nearly uniform frequency spacing between modes. In the gyrotron, it is possible to compensate for the structure by utilizing the dispersion of the electron beam (which is of the same order as that of the cavity). Here we demonstrate that subnanosecond radiation pulses at 16 GHz with power levels an order of magnitude above the time-averaged free-running multimode power should be possible from conventional gyrotron structures by mode locking the lowest eight TEi in modes.
Simulation-optimization model for water management in hydraulic fracturing operations

A combined simulation-optimization model was developed to minimize the freshwater footprint at multi-well hydraulic fracturing sites. The model seeks to reduce freshwater use by blending it with brackish groundwater and recovered water. Time-varying water quality and quantity mass balance expressions and drawdown calculations using the Theis solution along with the superposition principle were embedded into the optimization model and solved using genetic algorithms. The model was parameterized for representative conditions in the Permian Basin oil and gas play region with the Dockum Formation serving as the brackish water source (Texas, USA). The results indicate that freshwater use can be reduced by 25–30 % by blending. Recovered water accounted for 2–3 % of the total blend or 10–15 % of total water recovered on-site. The concentration requirements of sulfate and magnesium limited blending. The evaporation in the frac pit constrained the amount blended during summer, while well yield of the brackish (Dockum) aquifer constrained the blending during winter. The Edwards-Trinity aquifer provided the best quality water compared to the Ogallala and Pecos Valley aquifers. However, the aquifer has low diffusivity causing the drawdown impacts to be felt over large areas. Speciation calculations carried out using PHREEQC indicated that precipitation of barium and strontium minerals is unlikely in the blended water. Conversely, the potential for precipitation of iron minerals is high. The developed simulation-optimization modeling framework is flexible and easily adapted for water management at other fracturing sites.
Trade Patterns in Central America and the Dominican Republic

This paper explores international trade data, classified by technology-intensiveness and type of products, to identify stylized facts, strengths, and weaknesses of the trade patterns in the region of Central America and the Dominican Republic, between 1975 and 2016. I focus the analysis not only on the total export of the region but on its exports to the United States (main trade partner). I examine export concentration, comparative advantages, trade specialization, and relative quality of the export basket (characterizing zones with high tax incentives in the region, free zones). The main findings suggest that the region has made little progress in improving trade accounts. The gains in diversification are being lost, the comparative advantages have historically remained in traditional exports, and the region does not appear to export quality to the world. The model of tax incentives is not generating local spillovers, and the relative quality of exports, as well as the specialization patterns, revive the idea of adjusting promotion schemes for local industry and direct investment. It is time for a competitiveness agenda.
Multispecies discrimination of whales (cetaceans) using Hidden Markov Models (HMMS)

Abstract Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) were developed and implemented for the discrimination of 11 available Whales (Cetaceans). The primarily aims of the experiments were to explore the impact frame size and step size, feature vector size, and number of states for feature extraction and acoustic models on classification accuracy. Through the experiments using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) extracted from the vocalizations (7 ms frame size and 6 ms step size), HMMs containing 4 states with single underlying Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) yielded high classification accuracies ranging from 82.72% (9 classes) to 100.00% (1–3 classes), including discrimination of 84.11% (11 classes). From the results, the framework could be applied to the analysis of other marine mammals for the automatic classification and detection of vocalizations and species.
Enter Your Dinner Now!: Uncovering Persuasive Message Attributes in Tracking Reminders that Motivate Logging

Continuous tracking of information is critical for meaningful self-reflection and self-monitoring, but people often forget to log their information in tracking devices. Research indicates that tracking reminders can successfully remind people to log their information, yet, little is known about what make reminders (in)effective. We extend prior work by identifying message attributes in tracking reminders that people find most effective in motivating them to log. To address this overarching research goal, we conducted two online studies where participants evaluated and designed tracking reminders. In Study 1, participants (N = 135) evaluated a set of tracking reminders for different behaviors (e.g., breakfast, weight) from popular fitness tracking apps on several dimensions such as the persuasiveness of each reminder. We found that participants liked reminders that were straightforward, encouraging, goal specific, and positive. In Study 2, participants (N = 100) designed a reminder for different behaviors (i.e., breakfast, lunch, dinner, weight, and exercise) that would successfully motivate them to log. Through thematic analysis of participants' self-created reminders, we again found prominent message attributes that had emerged in Study 1 and also uncovered novel message attributes, including personalization, humor, and friend-like. Design implications are discussed in light of our findings.
Selecting SNPs to Identify Ancestry

An individual's genotypes at a group of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to predict that individual's ethnicity or ancestry. In medical studies, knowledge of a subject's ancestry can minimize possible confounding, and in forensic applications, such knowledge can help direct investigations. Our goal is to select a small subset of SNPs, from the millions already identified in the human genome, that can predict ancestry with a minimal error rate. The general form for this variable selection procedure is to estimate the expected error rates for sets of SNPs using a training dataset and consider those sets with the lowest error rates given their size. The quality of the estimate for the error rate determines the quality of the resulting SNPs. As the apparent error rate performs poorly when either the number of SNPs or the number of populations is large; we propose a new estimate, the Improved Bayesian Estimate. We demonstrate that selection procedures based on this estimate produce small sets of SNPs that can accurately predict ancestry. We also provide a list of the 100 optimal SNPs for identifying ancestry.
A case for nurse-midwives. A rural California county hospital tests feasibility of using nurse obstetric assistants in its maternity-newborn program.

Abstract Chronic shortage of physicians in a rural county hospital in California resulted in many deliveries in the county hospital being medically unattended. This led to the development in July, 1960, of a demonstration project calling for qualified nurse-midwives to provide maternity care services for all normal deliveries. Initially, the physicians were skeptical about the quality of care that could be provided by nurse-midwives. Their skepticism soon changed and they became staunch supporters of the program. Maternity patients also became enthusiastic about nurse-midwife services. Although there were only about 360 deliveries per year at the county hospital (60 per cent of all deliveries in the county), the neonatal mortality rate fell from 23.9 per 1,000 live births to 10.3 per 1,000 live births. Prematurity dropped from 11 per cent of all live births to 6.4 per cent.
An Ant Inspired Technique for Storage Area Network Design

Designing storage area networks is an NP-hard problem. Previous work has focused on traditional algorithmic techniques to automatically determine fabric requirements, network topology, and flow routes. This paper looks at the ability of an ant colony optimisation algorithm to evolve new architectures. For some small networks (10 hosts, 10 devices, and single-layered) we find that we can create networks which result in savings of several thousand dollars over previously established methods. This paper is the first publication, to our knowledge, to describe the successful application of this technique to storage area network design.
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of neonates with retinal hemorrhages.

Retinal hemorrhages occur frequently in association with abusive head trauma.1 The injuries are venous [See table in the PDF] in origin and, as such, are similar to the retinal hemorrhages which frequently occur in full-term neonates after vaginal delivery. Because retinal hemorrhages in child abuse frequently are associated with intracranial bleeding, we questioned the possibility of a relationship between parturitional retinal hemorrhages and concurrent intracranial injuries. To answer this question we designed a prospective study in which we performed magnetic resonance imaging on 10 randomly selected full-term neonates in whom the presence of retinal hemorrhages was confirmed on fundascopic examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist.
Psychological Hardiness and Adjustment to Life Events in Adulthood

Data were collected from 88 persons who had lost their jobs and 227 persons whose youngest child had left home to explore the impact of psychological hardiness on personal distress, adjustment, and coping strategies. Analyses controlling for numerous sociodemographic factors as well as NEO Neuroticism and Extroversion suggested that the interaction between overall hardiness and the experience of differential life events influenced the use of planful problem solving and positive reappraisal as coping mechanisms, as well as influencing levels of positive affect. In addition, a main effect for overall hardiness on several coping strategies, positive affect, and life satisfaction was obtained. Findings also suggested that job loss was a more stressful experience for adults in this study than was the empty nest. These data indicate that hardiness may mediate responses to life events that differ in terms of their predictability and anticipatory nature.
Searching for lean production in semiconductors: New process introduction

Some preliminary results of research on new process introduction in semiconductors are presented. Data and present descriptive data on trends in manufacturing improvement drawn from the authors' current sample are discussed. The qualitative evidence on interfirm differences in management and performance in new process introduction is reviewed. An exploratory empirical model of new process introduction and manufacturing improvement is presented. Results are summarized and some directions for further research are suggested. >
Change Blindness, Psychology of

Change blindness is the tendency to fail to detect changes in a stimulus array while actively exploring it. This happens when the perception of the motion that typically accompanies stimulus change is prevented or disrupted. Keywords: change blindness; mental representation; visual perception; working memory; attention; eye movements; visual cognition
Recent work on an RF ion thruster

Preliminary results of an RF ion thruster using an immersed coupler in an argon discharge are presented. Conventional ion accelerator optics are used to extract an ion beam. An account is given of the operation of an unoptimized thruster over a range of input powers, propellant flow rates, frequencies, and magnetic field strengths. It is noted that lifetime and overall efficiency factors have not yet been extensively investigated. The results obtained establish the feasibility of this approach and the potential for future improvements. The conical coil employed to couple RF power into the discharge is placed inside the discharge vessel. The discharge is self-sustained by 100-150 MHz RF power at low environmental pressures (approximately 0.00001 torr). The ion extraction is accomplished by conventional accelerator grid optics from an unoptimized 8 cm diameter ion thruster.
Finding Time and Buffer Preserving Routes in Gaussian Intermittent Networks

Intermittent networks (IntNET) are networks where all the links in a path may not be available concurrently. Finding routes on such a network is hard. No trivial extension of classical routing protocols is known to provide a correct solution. In this paper, we present a constraint resource planning (CRP) based advanced route computation and scheduling algorithm for IntNET. The algorithm computes routes achieving near minimum delay and also achieve the bound on minimum intermediate buffer requirements. It was difficult previously to deploy such advanced routing. However, this design is suitable for the new IETF traffic engineering extensions that now enable such advanced externally computed route to be injected into a MPLS infrastructure.
Family and Peer Influences on Adjustment Among Chinese, Filipino, and White Youth

> Background; Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research. > Objectives: To test and compare a theoretical model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. >Methods: Data were utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample is composed of 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino, and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretical model for each ethnic group separately followed by multiple-group analyses. > Results: The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples, and was deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretical model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple-group analyses of the theoretical model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another. > Discussion: Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed toward incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing and validating findings from this study.
“A House of Freaks”: Performance and the Grotesque in McCullers's The Ballad of the Sad Café

“Whenever I'm asked why Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks,” Flannery O'Connor remarked, “I say it is because we are still able to recognize one. To be able to r...
Small satellite radiation budget instrumentation

ABSTRACTA major diagnostic in understanding the response of the Earth's climate to natural or anthropogenicchanges is the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere. Two classes of measurements may be undertaken: (1) a monitoring of the radiation balance over decade-long time-scales, and (2) measurements designed to provide a sufficiently complete data set to validate or improve models. This paper discusses some of the important ingredients in obtaining such data, and presents a description of some candidate instrumentation for use on a small satellite.1. INTRODUCTIONThe highest priority near-term scientific and policy-related issue for the U. S. Global Change Re-search Program (USGCRP)1 is to understand the anthropogenic effects on the climate. It is recog-nized a priori, that the climate is affected greatly by many factors, most notably the effects of watervapor and clouds, and the interaction of the oceans and atmosphere. Furthermore, local phenomenamay have consequences for the earth as a whole.