cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
William Herschel and the "Front-View" Telescopes

William Herschel is rightly regarded as one of the greatest telescope makers in history. His instruments vastly exceeded in aperture and light-gathering power all those that came before his time, and established the reflecting telescope as a formidable instrument of astronomical research. To understand his research successes – and the limits of his success – we must understand the performance of his telescopes.
Gilat-Raubenheimer Methods for k-Space Integration

Application of the Gilat-Raubenheimer method to the density of states and its energy derivatives and to the photoemission distribution is discussed. Some estimates of the errors involved in the method are supplied, and a discussion of a polynomial interpolation scheme is given.
Propargylic CH activation using a Cu(II) 2-quinoxalinol salen catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Abstract The oxidation of alkynes to α,β-acetylenic carbonyls was achieved using only 1 mol% of a Cu(II) 2-quinoxalinol salen catalyst with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. These reactions proceed under mild conditions (70 °C) with excellent selectivity, producing yields up to 78%, and were used on a variety of alkyne substrates to produce the desired corresponding α,β-acetylenic ketones. In addition, these reactions can be run under aqueous conditions using a sulfonated version of the 2-quinoxalinol salen with good yields, reducing the need for volatile organic solvents.
Wear of Ceramics and Metals

The principal wear modes likely to occur in MEMS will be briefly described. Wear is a material’s response to the stresses occurring in a moving mechanical contact. The local contact stresses depend on the surface topography, which is usually modified by the wear processes, and by plastic or elastic deformation of contacting asperities. In metals, the contact stresses are roughly equal to the hardness of the softer material, wear occurs by plastic deformation and fatigue. The amount of material removed is roughly proportional to the contact load, sliding distance and inversely proportional to the hardness. In ceramics, three main wear modes occur, depending on the contact load: microfracture on a sub-grain scale at low loads, grain-boundary fatigue at intermediate loads and macroscopic fracture at high loads. (The latter is unlikely in MEMS). Wear is also influenced by chemical reactions of the sliding materials with the environment or with each other. Such reactions are often accelerated by friction, in which case they are called tribochemical. Tribochemical reactions can increase wear, when they increase fracture rates; they can decrease wear when they produce a smooth surface or a soft reaction product and reduce contact stresses; or they can produce a lubricating layer that decreases friction and wear. When dissimilar materials slide against each other, the softer material usually wears more and is transferred to the harder surface, except when the latter wears by tribochemical reaction. Practical examples are presented.
Optimal Multicomponent Distillation Column Sequencing: Software and Case Studies

Abstract Distillation is one of the most widely used unit operation for separations in chemical and petrochemical industries. It is well-known that the number of distillation configurations available for the separation of an n-component mixture increases combinatorially with n. In this article, we describe a tool we have developed that screens through the entire search space to identify a handful of distillation configurations that are attractive for an application. Towards our goal, we formulate a novel Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program (MINLP) using Underwood’s method to estimate the vapour duty in each column. The MINLP formulation is integrated with DISTOPT: an easy-to-use in-house visualization software that takes feed properties as input, solves the optimization problem, and displays attractive configurations pictorially. The capabilities of the developed tool are illustrated with two case studies.
Cognitive Processing and Item Difficulty

In Chapter 2 we reviewed some of the models that have been proposed for the solution of analogy items. One family of models emphasizes the process for solving an analogy. The other emphasizes the knowledge or data structures and their contents needed to solve the problem. These two emphases reflect the fact that cognitive models are based on the metaphor of thinking as computing, and computational problems, in general, can be analyzed in terms of algorithms (i.e., processes) and data structures.
Removal of micron-sized microplastic particles from simulated drinking water via alum coagulation

Abstract Microplastics are being recognized as an emerging pollutant entering wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Microplastics are often defined as having a dimension less than 5 mm, however much smaller plastic particles have been identified in the environment. While a few studies have addressed the effectiveness of traditional water treatment processes for the removal of microplastics in the mm-size range, additional investigations that study the behavior of smaller plastic particles during water treatment are needed. The results of this work confirm that conditions which are suitable for the removal of a conventional oxide colloid, kaolin, are also effective for the removal of a model plastic sphere (density 1.3 g/cm3, 1–5 µm diameter). Coagulation using alum at concentrations between 5 and 10 mg/L Al produced water with turbidity less than 1.0 NTU from solutions containing 5 mg/L microspheres with an initial turbidity of 16 NTU. Although the presence of 20 mg/L of surfactant in solution shifted the microsphere zeta potential, it did not impair microsphere coagulation at low alum doses and all solutions showed a gradual trend toward higher residual NTU at higher alum dose. Evidence from floc photos and zeta potential measurements point to sweep flocculation as the dominant mechanism for microsphere removal for the conditions of this study. The dispersion of polyethylene microfibers (density 0.96 g/cm3, 5 µm diameter cut to 0.1 mm lengths) in water was strongly influenced by surfactants yet the fibers were still effectively removed via coagulation. Further experimentation with other plastics and solution conditions is needed to enhance understanding of the effectiveness of traditional water treatment processes for microplastic removal.
Improving middle and high latitude cloud liquid water path measurements from MODIS

Abstract Three years of measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on Aqua satellite has been used to develop a new approach to quantify the well-known, yet unresolved zonal bias in MODIS LWP of marine clouds. This new method utilizes two parameters: the solar zenith angle and cloud heterogeneity index, both of which are available for each MODIS pixel. Comparisons with collocated satellite and ground-based microwave measurements in carefully screened clouds shows that this new approach can effectively remove this large first order MODIS LWP bias. Applying this new approach to MODIS pixel level data collocated along the CloudSat footprint suggests annually averaged MODIS LWP overestimation gradually increases at higher latitudes and can reach over 50 g/m2 at latitudes greater than around 500. This overestimation can exceed 100 g/m2 for seasonal or monthly averages. MODIS LWP measurements were also reprocessed over land and snow/ice regions by eliminating data points with optical depth of 150, which indicates significant 3D bias. This reduces the average LWP by over 100 g/m2 in polar regions. The new and improved MODIS LWP dataset can be used to study related cloud processes and to constrain model simulations, especially in polar regions where observational dataset is limited and contain large uncertainties.
On the asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on the trade flows of India with each of its fourteen partners

In this paper, we assess the impact of exchange rate volatility on India’s exports to and imports from each of its 14 largest trading partners. We find evidence of short-run asymmetric effects in a...
Pessimism and the Novel: Fiction and the “As-If”

This chapter analyzes late nineteenth-century fiction by Guy de Maupassant, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Henry Ceard, Teodor de Wyzewa, and Edouard Rod. These writers deepen the interrelation between philosophical reflection and literature in terms of engaging pessimism, not through romans a these, but rather by inciting thought through a mise-en-situation of characters, providing a testing ground for how to live well given a desirable but impossible resignation. By stripping characters and plot down to a bare minimum, these narratives draw readers into the drama of interpreting pessimist thought and action and how best to follow the consequences of resignation while still living in the world and avoiding the stasis of a mystical resolution or a stagnant, dogmatic nihilism. The tools of pessimism provide the basis for questions rather than a predetermined set of answers, a productive restlessness that drives the way in which we negotiate the boundaries between fiction and lived experience.
Latinx Mothers’ Perception of Grandparents’ Involvement in Children’s Physical Activity

Using a questionnaire survey, this study examined Latinx mothers’ (n = 72) perception of Latinx grandparents’ involvement in children’s physical activity. Data were collected about a specific child...
A simplified model of elastic column buckling under constant lateral force restraint

Buckling of a column under pre-load restraint has been found to differ from the conventional bifurcation problems and thus requires better understanding. To this end, a simple model consisting of two collinear rigid bars connected by a rotational spring, resting on a smooth surface, loaded by an axial force and restrained by a constant force at the common joint is investigated. The energy method is adopted to establish the equilibrium and stability conditions. The post-buckling response of the simple system indicates that the load-restrained buckling problem is a snap-through problem. The minimum possible buckling force and the buckling force based on the Maxwell construction are found to increase with the restraining force, and can be approximated by power-law functions. It is further shown that an energy barrier exists for the snap-through to occur and the buckling force depends on the perturbation energy. Sensitivity of this system to initial geometric imperfections is also investigated, and an energy barrier is also found to exist for the buckling of systems with imperfection amplitudes smaller than a certain critical value. The characteristic imperfection amplitude depends on the restraining force and, interestingly, transforms the snap-through problem into an eigenvalue problem identical to the conventional one, i.e., the one without imperfection and restraining force.
Vitamin D Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Mitochondrial Health

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for the maintenance of skeletal muscle and bone health. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present in muscle, as is CYP27B1, the enzyme that hydroxylates 25(OH)D to its active form, 1,25(OH)D. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that vitamin D may play an important role during muscle damage and regeneration. Muscle damage is characterized by compromised muscle fiber architecture, disruption of contractile protein integrity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Muscle regeneration is a complex process that involves restoration of mitochondrial function and activation of satellite cells (SC), the resident skeletal muscle stem cells. VDR expression is strongly upregulated following injury, particularly in central nuclei and SCs in animal models of muscle injury. Mechanistic studies provide some insight into the possible role of vitamin D activity in injured muscle. In vitro and in vivo rodent studies show that vitamin D mitigates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, augments antioxidant capacity, and prevents oxidative stress, a common antagonist in muscle damage. Additionally, VDR knockdown results in decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity and ATP production, suggesting that vitamin D is crucial for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity; an important driver of muscle regeneration. Vitamin D regulation of mitochondrial health may also have implications for SC activity and self-renewal capacity, which could further affect muscle regeneration. However, the optimal timing, form and dose of vitamin D, as well as the mechanism by which vitamin D contributes to maintenance and restoration of muscle strength following injury, have not been determined. More research is needed to determine mechanistic action of 1,25(OH)D on mitochondria and SCs, as well as how this action manifests following muscle injury in vivo. Moreover, standardization in vitamin D sufficiency cut-points, time-course study of the efficacy of vitamin D administration, and comparison of multiple analogs of vitamin D are necessary to elucidate the potential of vitamin D as a significant contributor to muscle regeneration following injury. Here we will review the contribution of vitamin D to skeletal muscle regeneration following injury.
FARA in Focus: What Can Russia's Foreign Agent Law Tell Us About America's?

In 2012, the Russian government passed Russia’s first-ever Foreign Agent Law, a key part of Vladimir Putin’s push to limit foreign influence in Russia during his 3rd term as president. American and other western analysts described the law as an attempt to destroy his opposition and stymie civil society; after the law’s passing, many NGOs were forced to close. Interestingly, the Russian government pushed back, arguing that it had modeled the Foreign Agent Law after the American Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) passed in 1938. Indeed, on their face the Laws seem similar. Their implementation, however, has differed. While Russia has actively used its Law, the U.S. Department of Justice launched only a single criminal prosecution under the Act from 1990 to 2010. However, since Russian interference in the 2016 American Presidential Election, DOJ prosecutors have turned once again to FARA, and brought more cases between 2016–2019 than they had in the past 50 years combined. As a result, a renewed focus on the Act raises fresh questions about its scope and effects from a civil liberties perspective. Comparing FARA to its Russian counterpart, we see that the Russian law contains significantly more substantive limitations on the functioning of “foreign agents” than does FARA. However, both laws are broad and can sweep in legitimate civil society groups that should not be labeled “foreign agents” in light of the purposes of each Act. Thus, DOJ discretion is the main barrier stopping America from replicating aspects of the negative Russian experience. Given that First Amendment rights are at stake, this reliance on the DOJ is insufficient. With lessons from this comparison in mind, Congress should amend FARA to narrow its breath and clarify its scope.
New research progress on synthesis and properities of eco-friendly insulating gas heptafluoroisobutyronitrile((i-C 4 F 7 N))

As global climate change intensifies, higher requirements are imposed on the insulation and environmental performance of eco-friendly gases for electrical insulation. Although SF6 gas has excellent insulating properties and arc-quenching capabilities, it has been classified as one of the greenhouse gases in the Kyoto protocol. At present, SF 6 emissions have been restricted. Many researchers and academic institutions are committed to the research and development of SF 6 replacement gas in order to achieve the development of green energy. The GWP of heptafluoroisobutyronitrile($i-C_{4}F_{7}N$) is only 2210, which is far lower than that of SF 6 . The gas $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ as a potential and alternative gas for SF 6 has attracted academics’ attention. Recently, GE has built a 420 kV $i-C_{4}F_{7}N/CO_{2}$ GIL. In the first part, this review briefly introduced the background of insulating gases and the discovery of $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$. Then it broadly covers the new progress on the preparation of $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ in the second part. Methylperfluoroisobutyrate, perfluoroisobutyryl acid, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropro-pylene and perfluoro(4-methylpent-2-ene) can be used as the initial starting material to synthesize $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$. In the third part, the review presented the new research progresses on dielectric properties of $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ and $i-C_{4}F_{7}N/CO_{2}$ gas mixture. The pure $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ shows a dielectric strength which is approximately twice that of SF 6 . In addition, experimental study indicates that the dielectric strength of the $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ gas mixture with 18–20% $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ can be achieved similar to that of pure SF 6 . Further, it reviews the research progress on the insulation properties of the $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ gas mixture over the past 3 years. They have a great influence on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electrical industry and the application of $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ in industry. In the last part, the research progress on dissociative ionization dynamics of dielectric gas $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ was described. Furthermore, the decomposition products and mechanism of the environmentally friendly insulating gas $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$, $i-C_{4}F_{7}N/CO_{2}$ or $i-C_{4}F_{7}N/N_{2}$ gas mixture under different experimental conditions (temperature or discharge) are reviewed. Besides, the achievements on the main decomposition pathways of $i-C_{4}F_{7}N$ and the enthalpy of each path at different temperatures were described.
Decision analysis and public policy

Utilitarianism has two sorts of applications, corresponding to Harrod’s (1936) distinction between act- and rule-utilitarianism. It can be used to make individual decisions, and it serves to justify rules. An applied discipline called decision analysis (Keeney, 1992; Raiffa, 1968; von Winterfeldt & Edwards, 1986; Watson & Buede, 1987) has developed to deal with these decisions in a way that is close to utilitarianism.
Three-dimensional visualization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Purkinje cell dendrites

The three-dimensional organization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in Purkinje cell dendrites in the chick cerebellum was investigated to assess the connectivity between its various components. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the SER within portions of Purkinje cell dendrites were performed from serial sections through the cerebellar molecular layer. In addition, semithick and thick sections (0.25-1 micron) of chick cerebellum in which the endomembrane system had been selectively stained were examined with an intermediate high-voltage electron microscope. Three-dimensional information was extracted from thick sections using stereo pairs and tomographic reconstructions from single axis tilt series. In contrast to its discontinuous appearance in thin sections, in both the three-dimensional reconstructions and selectively stained thick sections the endoplasmic reticulum formed a highly interconnected network of tubules and cisterns extending throughout the dendritic shaft and into the spines. Several distinct morphological domains of endoplasmic reticulum were noted, including the hypolemmal cisternae, the endomembranes associated with the dendritic spines, and the tubular and cisternal endoplasmic reticulum in the dendritic shaft. In older chicks (aged 2 weeks), stacks of endoplasmic reticulum were also noted within the dendritic shaft. All elements of the SER within the dendritic shaft and spine appeared to be continuous with one another. The results of this study strongly suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum forms a complicated network that may be part of a single endomembrane system within Purkinje cell dendrite.
Femtosecond Activation of Reactions: The Concepts of Nonergodic Behavior and Reduced-Space Dynamics

In this paper, we discuss recent experiments and perform classical trajectory calculations on a model system to illustrate these concepts for a unimolecular dissociation reaction.
Increasing Productivity in the Fluid Milk Processing Sector Through Changes in Market Organization and Structure

It is well recognized that a number of factors, basically technological in nature but having significant economic effects, have made feasible a drastic restructuring of the fluid milk industry. This is the economic outgrowth of developments that have been shifting the economies of scale in processing sharply to the right, that have all but eliminated home route delivery, that have improved quality and shelf life of the product, and that have provided methods for handling and moving milk over wide areas at low costs.
WRNIP1 is a key regulator of antigen-specific Treg cells. (IRC4P.480)

It is well documented that, both Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and antigen-expanded Foxp3lo/- Treg play critical roles in regulating immunity and autoimmunity, as well as in preventing autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms and genes responsible for modulating function of these Treg still remain incompletely understood. WRNIP1 (Werner helicase-interacting protein 1) was identified as a protein that interacts with WRN, the Werner syndrome responsible gene product, and may participate in DNA synthesis, damage and repair. Here, we report an unexpected finding that WRNIP1 plays an important role in regulating the function of autoantigen-expanded Foxp3lo/- Treg. Down regulation of WRNIP1 in these Treg significantly increased their proliferation and reduced activation-induced cell death. More importantly, WRNIP1-downregulated Treg showed markedly enhanced suppressive function in vitro, partly due to an increased production of IL-10 and TGF-β. These Treg also significantly improved their ability in preventing diabetes development in NOD mice. To understand how WRNIP1 regulates Treg function, we found that elevated Foxo1 expression may contribute to the enhanced Treg function through promoting IL-10 and TGF-β production. These studies demonstrate that WRNIP1 negatively regulates Treg function and suggest previously undisclosed molecular pathways and targets for improving Treg-mediated immune tolerance to treat autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes.
Seasonality, capital inflexibility, and the industrialization of animal production

Among prominent recognized features of the industrialization of animal production over the past half century are growth in the stock of inflexible, or use-dedicated capital, as an input in production, and growth in productivity. Less recognized is a trend toward aseasonal production. We record the deseasonalization of animal production in the US and European countries over the past 70 years. We also suggest that A) lower seasonality can precede or Granger-cause increased productivity due to increased capital intensity, and B) productivity improvements can Granger-cause lower seasonality. Process A) should be more likely earlier in the industrialization process. For US dairy production, our empirical tests find some evidence that process A) operated early in the 20th Century while process B) operated in more recent times.
Teaching thermodynamics to middle school students: What are appropriate cognitive demands?

What cognitive demands foster understanding of thermodynamics for middle school science students? We successively modified the cognitive demands of a 13-week thermodynamics curriculum for four cohorts of 100-200 eighth graders while maintaining the same basic experiments and real-time data collection software. When comparing posttest performance across four versions, we found two- to fourfold increases in understanding when (a) students actively predicted outcomes and reconciled results, and (b) students used a heat-flow model of thermodynamics to integrate their experimental results. We argue that the curriculum must explicitly motivate students to construct understanding, and that middle school students benefit from what we call “pragmatic models” of scientific concepts.
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Analogues I. PREPARATION OF THE 8-CARBON AND 7-CARBON COMPOUNDS

Abstract The 8-carbon and the 7-carbon analogues of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid were necessary in order to study some of the structural requirements of N-acetylneuraminic acid in its role as substrate for certain enzymes. The 8-carbon analogue of N-acetylneuraminic acid was synthesized by the alkaline condensation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-lyxose and di-tert-butyloxaloacetate. This same 8-carbon compound and the 7-carbon analogue of N-acetylneuraminic acid were isolated after acid hydrolysis of Collocalia mucoid which had been modified by periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction. The two analogues could also be detected when periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction were applied to crystalline β-methoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester.
Human glycosylation disorders

Over the past 20 years, clinical disorders of glycosylation have expanded to include over 50 recognized defects in the network of glycobiologic pathways. In parallel, more cases have been recognized by astute clinicians increasing both the number of known affected individuals as well as the breadth of clinical features attributed to these disorders. The descriptions of affected individuals may include a functional adult with cognitive impairments, a developmentally normal child with significant gastrointestinal symptoms, a severely ill infant or a fetus with hydrops fetalis. These clinical cases have led to the recognition of gene mutations affecting different enzymes and transporters active in the interconnected synthetic pathways of the myriad of oligosaccharides with essential roles in human development and biology.
Sex Roles within Marriage

ALONG WITH the multitudinal eco » nomic, political, and social changes that have occurred in U.S. society over the past two decades, there also has been con siderable change in the role of husband and wife within the nuclear family. Al though traditional sex role norms are still of great influence and alternative models are not readily available nor widely ac cepted, new realities, nonetheless, require certain changes in family functioning. The women's movement, effective contracep tion, and increased financial pressures contribute to changes in family structure and family roles. Perhaps the single most significant structural change is women's entry into the labor force. Statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Employment Standards Administration indicate that women's par ticipation in the labor force has increased systematically, with 53 percent (43,904,000) of all women over age 20 employed full time and with women as a group mak ing up 43.5 percent of the labor force.1 In view of this fact, as well as other social and political changes, there is ideological pressure to develop new and'more egali tarian modes of household organization. The pressure for change is based on the idea that egalitarian sex roles in the domestic arena are less constricting and more adaptive to couples' present needs. Generally, recent studies show that household tasks are still highly special ized according to traditional sex role norms: wives take major responsibility for washing dishes, cooking, and child care; men service the car, mow the lawn, and move heavy furniture.2 Decision making also is divided according to gender: men make decisions regarding major financial issues and their own jobs: women make decisions regarding children and house hold issues. Decision making, however, has never appeared as sex segregated as task allocation, and recent data suggest an even greater movement toward egalitar ian decision making within marriage.3 The impact of wives' employment on the division of household responsibilities and decision making is an area of considerable interest to social scientists. However, there Susan Lavinsky Krausz It is generally accepted that cultural var iables have a significant impact on the distribution of responsibilities and decision making in the home. In contrast, the im pact of psychological variables on the dis tribution of tasks and decision making is less clear. In this regard, Blood and Wolfe posited the "resource theory," which sug gests that the partner who brings more resources to the marriage will have greater power in the relationship and, thereby, control the organization of responsibilities and decision making.7 Social psychologists also have addressed the relationship between self-esteem and equitable outcomes.8 The findings of this research suggest that a person's sense of personal worth represents a significant input into social relationships and affects the outcomes that an individual believes
Cutting Edge: Immunity and IFN-γ Production during Listeria monocytogenes Infection in the Absence of T-bet

The T-box transcription factor T-bet is an important regulator of IFN-γ production in all cell types and is considered to be essential for the generation of CD4 Th1 T cells. IFN-γ in turn plays a critical role in immunity to many infectious agents. In this study, we demonstrate that T-bet is not required for host resistance to primary Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection. In the innate immune phase, control of LM replication, serum IFN-γ, and numbers of IFN-γ-producing NK cells were similar in T-bet-deficient and control mice. In the adaptive immune phase, there was no defect in bacterial clearance or in the numbers of LM-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cells in T-bet-deficient mice and only a modest, although significant, reduction in the numbers of Th1 CD4 T cells and IFN-γ secretion by CD4 T cells. Thus, host resistance and the generation of IFN-γ-producing cells in response to LM infection are not substantially compromised in the absence of T-bet.
Directionally nondifferentiable metric projection

A closed convex set inR2 is constructed such that the associated metric projection onto that set is not everywhere directionally differentiable.
Politics and Foreign Relations

These are good times for the field of U.S. foreign relations history, as Thomas W. Zeil er 's lucid essay makes clear. Not as good as they could be, but let's not be too finicky. Job openings are up, books are winning major prizes and generating heated interpretive debates, and the field's organizational home, the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (shafr), is in robust health. No less important, one detects in recent years a greater willingness on the part of social and cultural historians?long ascendant in the discipline in the United States?to tolerate and even embrace the propositions at the heart of diplomatic history: that high politics matters, that top-down approaches are worthy and important, and that the projection of American power and influence abroad over the past two plus centuries needs serious and sustained study. Perhaps as sure a sign as any of the field's resurgence was the decision by the editors of the distinguished Ox ford History of the United States series to publish a volume on foreign relations. George C. Herring's magisterial From Colony to Superpower is currently the only book in the series written on topical rather than temporal lines. Thus what stands out in this survey of the "state of the field" is the health of the field. Zeiler is an enthusiast, and although it would have been helpful to get more details on some of his suggestions?he calls, for example, for "pulling the mainstream a bit back toward considerations of the state," but does not really develop the point?there can be no denying the basic thrust of his essay: we are seeing an extraordinary amount of imaginative, useful work being done by histo rians employing widely varying categories of analysis. This is all to the good. U.S. foreign relations is very much a Janus-faced field, looking outward as well as inward.1 But it is the outward that is getting the lion's share of attention these days. Interna tional history is all the rage, as Zeiler duly notes. The approach is hardly new?it is worth recalling that Samuel Flagg Bemis, Ernest R. May, and other giants in the field were writ ing international history half a century and more ago. But only in recent years has it be
Analysis of Coordination Degree of Land Utilization in Coal-Mining Area

Coal-mining area coordinated development is an assignment for study in recent years. The article, through constructing comprehensive evaluation index system and coordination degree model, comes to the land utilization coordination degree and order degree in coal mine areas. It not only reflects quantitatively present situations of land use in coal-mining area and existing problems, but also points out the index of order parameter that affects system coordination. It is of great significance for the development of coal-mining area.
Lateral motion of membrane proteins and biological function

Within the last twelve years, and especially within the last seven, there has been an explosion of research activity in the subject of lateral motion of membrane proteins. Several excellent reviews have appeared that summarize many aspects of this work (Webb, 1978; Cherry, 1979; Jacobson, 1980; Edidin, 1981; Jacobson & Wojcieszyn, 1981 ; Peters, 1981; Schlessinger & Elson, 1981 ; Webb, Barak, Tank & Wu, 1982). Attention has focused predominately upon: (i) quantitative measurement of diffusion rates for a variety of cell surface proteins, cell types, and physiological states; (ii) what these rates might imply about membrane structure and dynamics; and (iii) development of techniques for lateral mobility measurement. Ultimately, however, the importance of lateral motion of membrane proteins hinges on its functional role in the life of a cell. Although hypotheses on this subject abound, surprisingly few have been experimentally supported. This review discusses cases where experimental evidence points toward a central biological role for lateral motion of certain proteins in cell membranes. In the Appendix, some of the relevant mathematics of two dimensional diffusional collisional kinetics are reviewed. The results allow one to judge whether an observed biochemical reaction or clustering rate can be accounted for by lateral diffusion.
Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: Assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation

Abstract Debate on the magnitude of Cretaceous extinctions and timing of modern bird origins has sharply coalesced over the past two decades into contested models, gradualistic or explosive. Molecular clocks, bolstered by phylogenetic, biogeographic, and vicariance models, support an Early Cretaceous origin for birds and mammals over 100 million years ago. Yet, although numerous new Chinese fossils of archaic ornithurine birds have been discovered in the Jehol Biota of the Early Cretaceous of China, none shows close affinity to modern neornithines; it is not until the latest Cretaceous when some fossils show more advanced ornithurine morphology, and are possibly Neornithes. In contrast to mass survival scenarios, most paleontological evidence appears to support an explosive radiation following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction event, closely paralleling the geometry of mammal evolution. Gradualistic models ignore recent evidence of cataclysmic worldwide events following the impact event. How could mass survival of the environmentally sensitive birds have occurred following cosmopolitan environmental destruction, when other terrestrial vertebrates, particularly ectotherms, suffered dramatic loss? Given the paucity and scrappy nature of avian fossils immediately prior to and after the K–Pg boundary, it is prudent to use mammalian and other biotic evolution in the Paleogene as a guidepost for avian evolution. Our continued inability to produce a veracious phylogeny of higher avian taxa is likely related to a Paleogene explosive burst or ‘big bang’ evolution of bird and mammal evolution, resulting in short ordinal internodes.
Activation of divalent cation influx into S. cerevisiae cells by hypotonic downshift.

Subjecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to a hypotonic downshift by transferring cells from YPD medium containing 0.8 m sorbitol to YPD medium without sorbitol induces a transient rapid influx of Ca2+ and other divalent cations into the cell. For cells grown in YPD at 37°C, this hypotonic downshift increases Ca2+ accumulation 6.7-fold. Hypotonic downshift-induced Ca2+ accumulation and steady-state Ca2+ accumulation in isotonic YPD medium are differentially affected by dodecylamine and Mg2+. The Ca2+-influx pathway responsible for hypotonic-induced Ca2+ influx may account for about 10–35% of Ca2+ accumulation by cells growing in YPD. Ca2+ influx is not required for cells to survive a hypotonic downshift. Hypotonic downshift greatly reduces the ability of S. cerevisiae cells to survive a 5-min exposure to 10 mm Cd2+ suggesting that mutants resistant to acute Cd2+ exposure may help identify genes required for hypotonic downshift-induced divalent cation influx.
Alterations in fear response and spatial memory in pre- and post-natal zinc supplemented rats: remediation by copper.

The role of zinc in the nervous system is receiving increased attention. At a time when dietary fortification and supplementation have increased the amount of zinc being consumed, little work has been done on the effects of enhanced zinc on behavior. Both zinc and copper are essential trace minerals that are acquired from the diet; under normal conditions the body protects against zinc overload, but at excessive dosages, copper deficiency has been seen. In order to examine the effect of enhanced metal administration on learning and memory, Sprague Dawley rats were given water supplemented with 10 ppm Zn, 10 ppm Zn + 0.25 ppm Cu, or normal lab water, during pre- and post-natal development. Fear conditioning tests at 4 months showed significantly higher freezing rates during contextual retention and extinction and cued extinction for rats drinking water supplemented with zinc, suggesting increased anxiety compared to controls raised on lab water. During the MWM task at 9 months, zinc-enhanced rats had significantly longer latencies to reach the platform compared to controls. The addition of copper to the zinc supplemented water brought freezing and latency levels closer to that of controls. These data demonstrate the importance of maintaining appropriate intake of both metals simultaneously, and show that long-term supplementation with zinc may cause alterations in memory.
Synthesis and optical spectroscopy of oligo(1,6-heptadiynes) with a single basic structure prepared through adamantylimido-based molybdenum Wittig and metathesis chemistry.

Linear oligoenes of 1,6-heptadiynes (derived from dialkyl dipropargylmalonates) with a single basic structure and up to 23 conjugated double bonds were synthesized through Wittig-like reactions bet...
Model of dynamic charge density wave break-up in an applied temperature gradient

Abstract We examine theoretically the high-velocity dc dynamics of a charge density wave (CDW) condensate subjected to a uniform longitudinal temperature gradient. The condensate is treated within an elastic medium model where internal strain and carrier conversion are treated explicitly. For sufficiently large temperature gradients, the CDW breaks up into a series of N coexisting subdomains with independent phase velocities. N scales directly with the magnitude of the temperature gradient and with the length of the crystal. Unusual dynamical asymetries are also predicted depending on the relative directions of heat and electrical current flow through the CDW crystal.
Ultrafast probes of charge transfer states in organic photovoltaic materials

Abstract Recent efforts to develop spectroscopic probes capable of directly examining charge transfer states in organic photovoltaic materials are reviewed. We describe ultrafast solvatochromism assisted vibrational spectroscopy that takes advantage of the sensitivity of vibrational modes to their local molecular environments in order to examine charge transfer states at electron donor/acceptor interfaces. By measuring the formation and subsequent loss of charge transfer states in real time, it is possible to investigate the mechanisms of their formation and to provide insight into how molecular structure affects the rate and efficiency of their dissociation to form separated charges.
Stress Exposure, Race, and Young Adult Male Crime

A recent revision of strain theory, Robert Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST), has stimulated research testing its principles, central of which is the notion that exposure to stressors is positively associated with criminal behavior. The present research extends prior scholarship in three important ways: (1) assessing the role that race and ethnicity play in understanding the stress-crime relationship, (2) testing GST principles on an underexamined group of crime prone individuals (i.e., young adults), and (3) examining the stress-crime association with a substantially more comprehensive set of measures of stressors than prior evaluations. Central to our findings is the result that racial differences in criminal involvement are largely reducible to exposure differences, with blacks typically exposed to significantly more stressful events over their lifetimes than members of other racial/ethnic groups.
Characterization of pancreatic lesions from MT-tgfα, Ela-myc and MT-tgfα/Ela-myc single and double transgenic mice

In order to identify good animal models for investigating therapeutic and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer, we analyzed pancreatic lesions from several transgenic models and made a series of novel findings. Female MT-tgf alpha mice of the MT100 line developed pancreatic proliferation, acinar-ductal metaplasia, multilocular cystic neoplasms, ductal adenocarcinomas and prominent fibrosis, while the lesions in males were less severe. MT-tgf alpha-ES transgenic lines of both sexes developed slowly progressing lesions that were similar to what was seen in MT100 males. In both MT100 and MT-tgf alpha-ES lines, TGF alpha transgene was expressed mainly in proliferating ductal cells. Ela-myc transgenic mice with a mixed C57BL/6, SJL and FVB genetic background developed pancreatic tumors at 2-7 months of age, and half of the tumors were ductal adenocarcinomas, similar to what was reported originally by Sandgren et al 1. However, in 20% of the mice, the tumors metastasized to the liver. MT100/Ela-myc and MT-tgf alpha-ES/Ela-myc double transgenic mice developed not only acinar carcinomas and mixed carcinomas as previously reported but also various ductal-originated lesions, including multilocular cystic neoplasms and ductal adenocarcinomas. The double transgenic tumors were more malignant and metastasized to the liver at a higher frequency (33%) compared with the Ela-myc tumors. Sequencing of the coding region of p16ink4, k-ras and Rb cDNA in small numbers of pancreatic tumors did not identify mutations. The short latency for tumor development, the variety of tumor morphology and the liver metastases seen in Ela-myc and MT-tgf alpha/Ela-myc mice make these animals good models for investigating new therapeutic and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer.
Ambiguous chance constrained problems and robust optimization

In this paper we study ambiguous chance constrained problems where the distributions of the random parameters in the problem are themselves uncertain. We focus primarily on the special case where the uncertainty set ** of the distributions is of the form ** where ρp denotes the Prohorov metric. The ambiguous chance constrained problem is approximated by a robust sampled problem where each constraint is a robust constraint centered at a sample drawn according to the central measure **. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the robust sampled problem is a good approximation for the ambiguous chance constrained problem with a high probability. This result is established using the Strassen-Dudley Representation Theorem that states that when the distributions of two random variables are close in the Prohorov metric one can construct a coupling of the random variables such that the samples are close with a high probability. We also show that the robust sampled problem can be solved efficiently both in theory and in practice.
A catalog of retention times of a number of organic compounds

Summary The relative retention times of organic compounds on tri- m -tolyl phosphate and β,β′-oxydipropionitrile columns have been determined and tabulated. The method for the use of these tables has been suggested. Through the use of the two columns with subsequent reference to the data on the respective retention times, a wide variety of compounds can be tentatively identified.
NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS OF POWDER-LUBRICANT SLURRIES IN HYDROSTATIC AND SQUEEZE-FILM BEARINGS

This paper presents the result of pressure measurements made in hydrostatic and squeeze-film bearings lubricated with a powder-lubricant slurry. The powder lubricant was powdered graphite and the carrier fluid was ethylene glycol. Pressure measurements compared favorably with analytical predictions based on a power law rheological model. The behavior of ethylene glycol acting alone as a lubricant was also analyzed to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the graphite powder additive on pressure and flow rate. The hydrostatic bearing test showed that the addition of graphite powder into ethylene glycol can raise the load-carrying capacity of a lubrication system however pumping requirements are also raised. Squeeze-film bearing tests showed that the damping factor is increased with the addition of powdered graphite into the carrier fluid. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada May 17-20, 1993
Time to first cigarette: A potential clinical screening tool for nicotine dependence and cancer risk

Aims: Opioid peptides are implicated in processes related to reward and aversion; however, the how specific opioid peptides are involved remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the role nociceptin in behavioral responding for palatable and aversive tastants. Methods: A microstructural licking analysis of the effects of intracerebroventricular administerednociceptinon total licks, total bouts of licking, and lengths of licking bouts was conducted. Additionally, we compared these licking behaviors in wildtype and nociceptin receptor (NOP) knockout mice, to identify the role of endogenous nociceptin in these processes. We hypothesize that NOP knockout mice will show lower levels of licking behavior under normal conditions and will be irresponsive to the appetitestimulating effects of nociceptin administration. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA analyses show that NOP knockout mice generally emit fewer licks than wildtype mice when given access to sucrose solution. Furthermore, results from post-hoc analyses show nociceptin administration increases total number of licking bouts in wildtype mice in both chow sated and hungry states, an effect thatwas absent inNOPknockoutmice. Similar effects were seen for the non-caloric sweetener sucralose, but to a lesser degree. Hunger tended to increase total bouts of licking for sucrose in all mice, but also increased mean bout length in NOPknockoutmiceonly. Finally, adulterating sucrose solutionwith the bitter aversive tastant quinine produced similarly suppressive effects in both wildtype and NOP receptor knockout mice. Conclusions: Together, these results support our hypothesis, suggesting that endogenous nociceptin contributes to the positive incentive properties of palatable tastants. Further understanding of the contributions of opioid neurotransmission to hedonic processing may aid in developing appropriate treatment strategies for pathologies characterized by aberrant reward seeking and taking behaviors. Financial support: Grant #: DA024635, DA09359, and DA05010.