cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticle effects in bacteria: Association, uptake, mutagenicity, co-mutagenicity and DNA repair inhibition

Due to their unique properties, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is expanding; these same properties may affect their potential risk to humans. However, standard methods for genotoxicity assessment may not be adequate for NPs; altered tests reported here have been developed to address perceived inadequacies. The bacterial reverse mutation assay is an essential part of the battery of tests to determine genotoxicity. The utility of this test for assessing NPs is currently questioned, due to negative results seemingly caused by failure of particle uptake. To probe uptake issues, we examined the physical state in different media, dose and time dependent association, uptake and mutagenicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. The NPs suspended in water were characterized using dynamic light scattering, NP tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. NP association with bacteria was assessed by flow cytometry. Association was found to be time and dose dependent, with maximal association by 60 min. Therefore mutagenicity was assessed after a 60 min pre-incubation in a miniaturized assay demonstrating enhanced sensitivity. To assess potential indirect effects on bacterial mutagenicity, the effect of TiO2 NPs on the action of standard mutagens or on DNA repair capability was also investigated. TiO2 NPs did not affect mutant yields in standard strains of S. typhimurium or E. coli, including those detecting oxidative damage, using the modified methods. Nor did TiO2 NPs affect the action of standard mutagens or DNA excision repair capability. Despite particle association with the bacteria, subsequent analysis using electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy indicated that the NPs were not internalized. This work demonstrates that additional studies, including flow cytometry, are valuable tools for understanding the action of NPs in biological systems.
Practice as a psychotherapeutic variable: An experimental analysis within single cases ☆

THE PREVAILING research strategy of Experimental Psychology and Experimental Psychiatry is to assign groups of initially similar subjects to different experimental conditions and to use statistical tests to determine the significance of obtained differences following completion of the experiment. Although this is a perfectly appropriate design, it can not always be used. In clinical research the number of comparable subjects available for study is often limited; thus excessive reliance on conventional between groups designs and inferential statistics may be stifling worthwhile investigation. An alternative approach is the experimental analysis of single cases, where the subject serves as his own control and different experimental conditions are compared within rather than between subjects. CHASSAN and his associates working in the area of clinical psychopharmacologyl-5 have shown that precise measurement and sophisticated singlecase experiments are not only possible but have certain ethical and methodological advantages over traditional group designs. A similar argument, however, has yet to be adequately made for psychotherapy research. Although SHAPIRO 6.7 has worked in this area, his research program can be criticized because stress is placed on correlative rather than on experimental analysis, and on subjective self-rating scales rather than on objective, publicly observable measures. Recent developments in behavior therapy have overcome these deficiencies. In neurotic disorders behavior therapy attempts to directly train the patient to do what he is initially unable to do, e.g. in a case of claustrophobia, to stay in an enclosed space for progressively longer periods of time; in a case of agoraphobia to walk and stay alone in open and crowded places for progressively longer periods of time; in a case of obsessive hand washing, to handle increasingly dirty or otherwise ‘dangerous’ items for progressively longer periods of time, etc. In previous studies, we have arranged graduated training tasks to achieve these ends and have experimentally investigated the effects of special incentives or reinforcement,s+g feedback of precise information regarding subject’s performance,10 and different
Tubular carcinoma of the breast: Cytologic features in fine-needle aspirations and application of monoclonal anti-α-smooth muscle actin in diagnosis

Twenty fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) of histologically proven tubular carcinoma of the breast (TCB) were reviewed, and the staining distribution of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) was evaluated to see if this improved FNA sensitivity. In 18 cases, the aspirates were cellular, consisting predominantly of epithelial cells arranged in cohesive tubular structures that appeared angular or twisted. Single epithelial cells were present in varying numbers in 14 cases (70%). Cribriform fragments corresponding to in situ ductal carcinoma were noted in 9 cases (45%). Individual, bare nuclei were present in seven cases (35%). The initial cytologic diagnoses were 10 carcinomas, eight suspicious for carcinoma, and two cases were misinterpreted as fibroadenoma. In 8 of 14 cases, the epithelial fragments stained negatively for SMA, whereas in six cases some fragments (<10%) stained positively. These findings were in contrast to a reticulated staining pattern noted in almost all of the epithelial fragments in nine fibroadenomas and three fibrocystic changes. Eighteen well-differentiated invasive ductal carcinomas stained negatively, whereas four had occasional positively staining fragments. We conclude that TCB displays distinct cytomorphologic features that can be recognized or at least suggested by FNA. Awareness of the cytologic characteristics—angulated tubular structures with or without single epithelial cells—coupled with mammographic/ultrasound findings, is necessary to avoid a misdiagnosis. Alpha-smooth muscle actin staining may help in selected cases. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BRIDGE SIZE AND CLEARANCE TIME OF SINGLE-POINT URBAN INTERCHANGE

The single-point urban interchange (SPUI) is a relatively new type of diamond interchange. Its reported advantages are improved operational efficiency, improved safety, and reduced right-of-way requirements as compared to other interchange forms. This paper focuses on the efficiency and right-of-way requirement issues by examining the relationships among the various SPUI design elements. In particular, constraints placed on the SPUI geometry by the bridge-abutment locations and offset left-turn paths made it possible to develop a geometric model relating turn radius, cross-section width, number and width of turn lanes, and skew angle to bridge length and clearance path length. A sensitivity analysis using the geometric model developed in this paper indicates that skew angle, cross-road median width, and ramp-major road clearance distance have a significant effect on the length of the bridge and the duration of the all-red clearance interval. An illustrative application of the model indicates that it can be used to develop relationships among SPUI design elements that yield the most cost-effective design.
The Relationship of Language to the Formation of Concepts

Consider W. v. Orman Quine’s distinction between meaning and reference. Determination of meaning in terms of physical description is not feasible. The question remains whether the occurrence of those words that have reference can be fully accounted for by some objective description of physical phenomena. A reductionist semantic theory would answer this affirmatively. It would hold that the lexicon of a natural language has a set of primitive terms whose reference is exhaustively describable in terms of physical specifications (i.e. sensory terms such as red, hard, square), and that the rest of the lexicon is in turn describable in terms of these “primitive words”.
The mutual influence of aircraft aerodynamics and ship hydrodynamics in theory and experiment

As early as 1784, sharp-eyed engineers and scientists noted striking similarities between the dynamics of seagoing vessels and aerial vehicles. By the early twentieth century, naval engineers and scientists were developing and designing airplanes and dirigibles using empirical principles derived from naval architecture. Several key researchers in aerodynamics began their career as naval architects (David A. Taylor, William F. Durand and Jerome C. Hunsaker) and carried out their experiments in ship testing facilities. By the 1930s, however, the transfer of knowledge was irrevocably reversed as empiricism gave way to more fundamental, physics-based research. The rapid evolution of complex aircraft systems and flight envelopes led to new theoretical developments in aerodynamics and maneuvering, which quickly found their way into naval ship design. The theoretical and experimental results for airfoils, rigid airships and fixed-wing aircraft developed by Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore von Karman, Max M. Munk and Hilda M. Lyon were employed in the hydrodynamic development of surface ships and submarines. This paper examines how the ideas, concepts and data from one discipline influenced the other and explores the processes by which that knowledge was transferred between disciplines.
Selective Uncoupling of P120 ctn from E-Cadherin Disrupts Strong Adhesion

p120ctn is a catenin whose direct binding to the juxtamembrane domain of classical cadherins suggests a role in regulating cell–cell adhesion. The juxtamembrane domain has been implicated in a variety of roles including cadherin clustering, cell motility, and neuronal outgrowth, raising the possibility that p120 mediates these activities. We have generated minimal mutations in this region that uncouple the E-cadherin–p120 interaction, but do not affect interactions with other catenins. By stable transfection into E-cadherin–deficient cell lines, we show that cadherins are both necessary and sufficient for recruitment of p120 to junctions. Detergent-free subcellular fractionation studies indicated that, in contrast to previous reports, the stoichiometry of the interaction is extremely high. Unlike α- and β-catenins, p120 was metabolically stable in cadherin-deficient cells, and was present at high levels in the cytoplasm. Analysis of cells expressing E-cadherin mutant constructs indicated that p120 is required for the E-cadherin–mediated transition from weak to strong adhesion. In aggregation assays, cells expressing p120-uncoupled E-cadherin formed only weak cell aggregates, which immediately dispersed into single cells upon pipetting. As an apparent consequence, the actin cytoskeleton failed to insert properly into peripheral E-cadherin plaques, resulting in the inability to form a continuous circumferential ring around cell colonies. Our data suggest that p120 directly or indirectly regulates the E-cadherin–mediated transition to tight cell–cell adhesion, possibly blocking subsequent events necessary for reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and compaction.
A Hybrid Framework for Free-Surface Flows With Irregular Solid Boundaries

The author presents a hybrid continuum-particle framework (HyPAM) consisting of three components. The first is a second-order interface tracking method: the Polygonal Area Mapping (PAM) method [Zhang and Liu 2008. J. Comput. Phys. 227(8):4063–4088], which represents material areas explicitly as piecewise polygons and utilizes polygon-clipping algorithms from computational geometry. In addition to its mesh-topology independence, the PAM method is free of numerical diffusion and tracks interfaces with or without singularities naturally and accurately. Both numerical experiments and theoretical analyses show that the PAM method is superior to existing VOF methods. The second component is a hybrid formulation for free-surface flows [Zhang and Liu 2009. J. Comput. Phys. 228(4):1312–1342]. A graph-based algorithm decomposes the water phase into a continuum zone and a particle zone, where the Euler equations and the free fall of rigid bodies are used as the governing equations, respectively and separately. The third component is the Explicit Jump Approximation (EJA) method for handling irregular solid boundaries in viscous flows [Zhang and Liu 2010. J. Comput. Phys. in press]. An analysis shows that the widely-used linear and quadratic ghost-cell approaches (GCA) are inconsistent and first-order accurate, respectively. As a remedy, the jump corrections at the solid-fluid interface are explicitly approximated and incorporated into the discretization of the Laplacian operator to obtain second-order convergence. Further developments of HyPAM include a fourth-order Navier-Stokes solver with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), incorporating a particle method, and multi-material three-dimensional interface tracking.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
How do single homeotic genes control multiple segment identities

Each of the homeotic genes of the bithorax complex of Drosophila defines the identities of more than one body segment. The mechanisms by which this occurs have been elusive. In a recent report, Castelli-Gair and Akam analyze in detail the control of parasegment 5 and parasegment 6 identities by the bithorax complex gene Ubx. Their results indicate that differences in the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Ubx are critical in determining differences between these parasegments. However, dose effects observed by others indicate that parasegment-specific differences in the level of Ubx expression are also important. For the other BX-C genes, parasegment-specific expression of protein isoforms, or combinatorial control dependent on the expression patterns of other spatially restricted regulators, may also play a role.
Sex differences in primary process thinking and flexibility in problem-solving in children.

The relationship between primary process thinking and flexibility in problem-solving was investigated. Specifically, it was hypothesized from psychodynamic theory that primary process integration on the Rorschach (Holt's scoring system) would be positively related to the capacity to shift problem-solving strategies on the Luchins' water-jar test. The Rorschach and water-jar test were individually administered to 47 third grade children. The hypothesis was confirmed for boys in that the Adaptive Regression score on the Rorschach was significantly related to performance on Luchins' water-jar test (r = .64, df = 16, p < .01). This relationship remained significant when IQ was partialed out (r = .59, df = 16, p < .01). There was no relationship between primary process integration and flexibility in problem solving for girls (r = .02, df = 26, NS). These results and sex differences were replicated with a second sample of children. Consistent sex differences also were found in the amount of primary process material expressed. Girls showed a significantly smaller percentage of primary process material than boys. Primary process integration was also related to Iowa test achievement scores, independent of IQ. This finding is consistent with previous studies.
AFFINITY CLEAVAGE AT THE METAL-BINDING SITE OF PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE

Chicken liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was rapidly inactivated by micromolar concentrations of ferrous sulfate in the presence of ascorbate at pH 7.4. Omitting ascorbate or replacing the Fe2+ with Mn2+ or Mg2+ gives no inactivation. Mn2+, Mg2+, or Co2+ at 100-fold molar excess over Fe2+ offered complete protection from Fe2+/ascorbate-induced inactivation. The substrates PEP and GTP, but not OAA, GDP, or CO2, offered full protection from inactivation. The addition of 5 mM EDTA stopped further inactivation of the enzyme. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the inactive enzyme no longer binds Mn2+ but still had high affinity for GTP indicating that the inactivation process was specific for the metal site. A decrease in cysteine content was observed over time following PEPCK treatment with Fe2+ and ascorbate. The apparent first-order rate constant for free sulfhydryl loss (0.085 +/- 0.005 min-1) is similar to the apparent first-order rate constant for inactivation (0.067 +/- 0.005 min-1). Amino acid composition analysis revealed that cysteic acid was generated upon Fe2+/ascorbate addition to PEPCK. Native chicken liver PEPCK has an Mr of 67 kDa. SDS-PAGE of the inactivated enzyme showed the presence of two new bands at 31.7 and 35.3 kDa indicating that PEPCK was specifically cleaved at a single site. The rate of cleavage was slower than the rate of inactivation and fully inactivated enzyme was only 50% cleaved. The Fe2+/ascorbate-catalyzed inactivation was not solely due to protein cleavage. The protein fragments generated by cleavage were separated by C4 reverse phase HPLC. The cleavage exposed a new N-terminus which was identified to be the 35.3 kDa C-terminal half of PEPCK. Sequencing of the fragments indicated that the site of cleavage was between Asp296 and Ile297. These results indicate that Asp296 is involved in metal chelation. This agrees with previous studies [Hlavaty, J. J., & Nowak, T. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 3389-3403] that suggested that Asp295 and Asp296 are involved in metal binding.
The Influence of Temperature and Moisture on the Overwintering Mortality of the Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, in Western Washington (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

In both the field and the laboratory, the “hardened off” adults of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins were found more resistant to cold, wet conditions than the teneral adults, pupae, or larvae. Though the hardened off adults could withstand prolonged exposure at −14°C, they did not survive thawing and refreezing at this temperature. At −1°C, adult beetles could be alternately frozen and thawed without serious effect. In temporary storage, more adults survived at 4½°C than at −1°C or +1°C. Some adults were able to withstand up to 1000 hours of submergence in water at + 4½°C, and at room temperature some lived up to 256 hours. Recovery time was related to the length of submergence. Laboratory findings were related to field experiences to explain, in part, why the Douglas-fir beetle has difficulty in attaining and maintaining high populations in the north-coastal part of its range.
Effect of Hypoxic Preconditioning on Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in the Immature Rat 1904

Hypoxic preconditioning in the immature rat has been shown to reduce the brain damage resulting from a subsequent hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) insult. The mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect has not yet been determined. To investigate this, Wistar rat pups were
Free fatty acids enhance breast cancer cell migration through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and SMAD4

Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer and is associated with increased plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs). We and others have demonstrated that FFA induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in a variety of cells. Emerging evidence supports elevation of PAI-1 as a prognostic marker for breast cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that FFAs might increase expression of PAI-1 in breast cancer cells and facilitate breast cancer progression. Secreted PAI-1 was higher in invasive and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells compared with less invasive and non-metastatic Hs578T cells. Utilizing FFAs with different saturation and chain lengths, we demonstrated that linoleic acid induced expression of PAI-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Linoleic acid also induced in vitro migration of MDA-MB-231. By contrast, other FFAs tested had little or no effect on PAI-1 expression or migration. Linoleic acid-induced breast cancer cell migration was completely inhibited by virally expressed antisense PAI-1 RNA. Furthermore, increased expression of PAI-1 by FFAs was not detected in the SMAD4-deficient MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cells. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay confirmed that linoleic acid-induced expression of PAI-1 was mediated, at least in part, by SMAD4 in MDA-MB-231 cells. That linoleic acid induces PAI-1 expression in breast cancer cells through SMAD4 provides a novel insight into understanding the relationships between two migration-associated molecules, FFAs, and PAI-1.
Leveraging visual feedback from social signal processing to enhance clinicians' nonverbal skills

Nonverbal communication between patients and clinicians affects the delivery of empathic patient-centered care and patient outcomes. To be effective communicators, clinicians must appropriately encode, decode, and regulate nonverbal cues, such as speech rate, pitch, facial expression, and body language. Yet, few efforts to develop tools for enhancing clinician communication have focused on nonverbal aspects of the clinical encounter. To address this gap, we describe a novel solution that both uses social signal processing technology (SSP) to capture nonverbal cues in real time and displays instant visual feedback. In this paper, we examine the theoretical underpinnings of nonverbal cues and their critical role in clinical encounters. We then describe opportunities for capturing nonverbal cues with SSP and explore visual designs for feeding back those social signals to enhance clinicians' nonverbal communication.
Gate-Controlled Spin-Orbit Quantum Interference Effects in Lateral Transport

In situ control of spin-orbit coupling in coherent transport using a clean $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ two-dimensional electron gas is realized, leading to a gate-tunable crossover from weak localization to antilocalization. The necessary theory of 2D magnetotransport in the presence of spin-orbit coupling beyond the diffusive approximation is developed and used to analyze experimental data. With this theory the Rashba contribution and linear and cubic Dresselhaus contributions to spin-orbit coupling are separately estimated, allowing the angular dependence of spin-orbit precession to be extracted at various gate voltages.
Regression-Based Techniques for Estimating Fluoride in Surface Enamel in Large Study Groups

A technique is described for the estimation of fluoride (F) in enamel samples of varying weight. The data are used to derive a generalized relationship of F to sample weight that permits the adjustment of any observed F value to the "expected" value at a standaidized weight.
Urolume urethral wallstent in the treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia

Neuropathic voiding dysfunction with detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) is a common complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis. Sphincterotomy has been recommended for treatment of DSD if the patient lacks the ability to do intermittent self catheterization. We report our preliminary results of the Urolume urethral wallstent for the treatment of DSD in 10 patients. The insertion technique proved simple, with a short hospital stay and low morbidity; however, its long term safety has not yet been established.
Optimal recycle/reuse policies for minimizing the wastes of pulp and paper plants∗

Abstract The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic and generally applicable methodology for the optimal design of recycle/reuse process networks for reducing the emission of hydrogen sulfide from pulp and paper plants. The problem is formulated as an optimal synthesis task with the objective of minimizing the total annualized cost of the processes used for the waste minimization task while satisfying all environmental requirements. A systematic procedure is developed in which tradeoffs between cost and waste reduction are established. A key tool for this procedure is the recently developed technique of synthesizing mass‐exchange networks. This approach allows for the simultaneous screening of all potential hydrogen sulfide recovery technologies. Such separation technologies includes those employing internal (process) resources as well as external resources. Internal resources correspond to mass‐separating agents that are available in a pulp‐and‐paper plant which can be used for the removal/recov...
The Utilization by the Chick of Protein-Bound as Compared to Free Dietary Lysine

Abstract FISHER and Johnson (1956) reported a higher lysine requirement for maintaining egg production with free amino acid diets than is recommended with practical rations, although more recent work (Johnson and Fisher, 1958) has since shown that when a better balance of amino acids is attained, the requirement is no longer elevated. For the determination of a lysine requirement for growth, basal diets are commonly employed in which the proteins supply greatly different portions of this amino acid toward the requirement with consequently highly variable contributions of free lysine. Although an equally efficient utilization of the two lysine forms is generally assumed, experimental evidence is lacking. Supplementation with the two lysine forms (free and protein-bound) results in two types of diet which are not strictly comparable. They differ in protein content, in amino acid pattern, and their efficiency might be specifically affected by unknown components contained in the protein source. An …
Phenanthrene kinetics in blue crab from dietary sources

Abstract The disposition of many PAHs have been intensively studied. 1–3 However, many questions need to be examined on the fate of low-level PAH assimilation. Included among these are models of bioaccumulation and transport. In this study sexually mature male and female blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) were administered known doses of 14 C-phenanthrene by gavage. Accumulation from the gut and elimination from the whole body were determined for single and multiple dose studies. The data were applied to models describing absorption site kinetics and fluctuations in body burden. 3–7 For both sexes absorption and elimination follow first-order kinetics. Elimination of phenanthrene in male crabs declines as a single first-order rate process while in the female crabs a biexponential pattern indicates two phases of elimination, not a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. 8 No storage of phenanthrene should occur except for recent exposures. However, a stepwise accumulation of metabolites occurs with successive dosing.
Stereoselective synthesis of stable isotope labeled L-α-amino acids: The enzymatic preparation of 13C-labeled L-glutamic acids†

We have developed methods for the preparation of L-glutamic acid, isotopically labeled with 13C, using commercially available purified enzymes. The procedure is sufficiently versatile that L-glutamic acid may be labeled at any carbons or any combination of carbons using 13C-labeled pyruvate, acetate and bicarbonate as isotopically labeled precursors. Using the strategy outlined, we have demonstrated the methodology using as an example the preparation of millimolar quantities of L-[1-13C], L-[4-13C], L-[5-13C] and L-[1,3,4-13C3]glutamic acid in a one-pot incubation. We also outline methods for the preparation of 13C-labeled L-malate and citrate.
Photochemistry of compounds in the constrained medium cellulose—part 8. Long-range electron transfer from excited pyrene to Cu(II) cation

Abstract Steady state spectroscopic techniques and laser flash photolysis have been used to investigate the photo-induced electron transfer from pyrene to cupric ions in cellophane films. The data indicate that the rate constant k(r) as a function of reactant separation r is given by k(r)=5×1011exp(-0.61r)s-1at 20°C. The rate constant decreases by a factor of 5 over the temperature range 20°C to -60°C which is attributed to a change of the adsorbed water in the cellophane; it then remains almost constant to 77 K.
Expression of PPAR, RXR isoforms and fatty acid transporting proteins in the rat and human gastrointestinal tracts

Abstract Dietary fatty acid (FA) absorption across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is of critical importance for sustenance, however, excessive FA absorption has also been linked to metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. The expression of isoforms that regulate the dietary FA absorption are not as well characterized in the GI tract as they are elsewhere. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR α , β, and γ) and 9- cis -retinoic acid receptors (RXR α , β, and γ) are nuclear hormone transcription factors that control FA homeostasis, in part through the regulation of expression of membrane-bound FA transporting proteins. The present study was designed to elucidate the expression of PPAR and RXR isoforms and FA transporting proteins (FABPpm and FAT/CD36) in the rat and human GI tracts using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed rat GI expression of all the PPAR and RXR isoforms, FABPpm and FAT/CD36. PPAR α , PPARβ, PPARγ, RXR α , FABPpm, and FAT/CD36 isoforms exhibited ubiquitous expression in human GI tract, whereas RXRβ was not detected. RXRγ was observed in a majority of the human GI samples. These results provide a physiological foundation for rational drug design and drug delivery for the mitigation of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders to normalize intestinal FA absorption.
Multinomial Processing Tree Models for Discrete Choice

This paper shows how to develop new multinomial processing tree (MPT) models for discrete choice, and in particular binary choice. First it reviews the history of discrete choice with special attention to Duncan Luce’s book Individual Choice Behavior. Luce’s choice axiom leads to the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) paired-comparison model which is the basis of logit models of discrete choice used throughout the social and behavioral sciences. It is shown that a reparameterization of the BTL model is represented by choice probabilities generated from a finite state Markov chain, and this representation is closely related to the rooted tree structure of MPT models. New MPT models of binary choice can be obtained by placing restrictions on this representation of the BTL model. Several of these new MPT models for paired comparisons are described, compared to the BTL model, and applied to data from a replicated round-robin data structure.
Drosha Inclusions Are New Components of Dipeptide-Repeat Protein Aggregates in FTLD-TDP and ALS C9orf72 Expansion Cases

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are 2 neurodegenerative disorders that share clinical, genetic, and neuropathologic features. The presence of abnormal expansions of GGGGCC repeats (G4C2 repeats) in a noncoding region of the Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene is the major genetic cause of both FTLD and ALS. Transcribed G4C2 repeats can form nuclear RNA foci and recruit RNA-binding proteins, thereby inhibiting their normal function. Moreover, through a repeat-associated non-ATG translation mechanism, G4C2 repeats translation leads to dipeptide-repeat protein aggregation in the cytoplasm of neurons. Here, we identify Drosha protein as a new component of these dipeptide-repeat aggregates. In C9orf72 mutation cases of FTLD-TDP (c9FTLD-TDP) and ALS (c9ALS), but not in FTLD or ALS cases without C9orf72 mutation, Drosha is mislocalized to form neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum. Further characterization of Drosha-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum revealed colocalization with p62 and ubiquilin-2, 2 pathognomonic signatures of c9FTLD-TDP and c9ALS cases; however, Drosha inclusions rarely colocalized with TDP-43 pathology. We conclude that Drosha may play a unique pathogenic role in the onset or progression of FTLD-TDP/ALS in patients with the C9orf72 mutation.
Growth and Structure of Chemically Vapor Deposited Ge Nanowires on Si Substrates

Chemical vapor deposition by Au-catalyzed decomposition of GeH4 has been used to grow Ge nanowires on single-crystal silicon. The nanowires grow over the temperature range ∼320−380 °C under the con...
Growth of thick p-type SiC epitaxial layers by halide chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The halide chemical vapor deposition process for single-crystal SiC achieves growth rates over 200 μm/h at temperatures approaching 2000 °C. This work examines the conditions required to produce 80–100-μm-thick heavily p-type doped layers on 4H-SiC substrates by using boron trichloride and trimethylaluminum at high growth temperatures. Dopant incorporation as a function of the dopant concentration in the growth ambient was evaluated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The maximum Al and B concentrations achieved were 5×10 17 and 4×10 19 atoms/cm 3 , respectively. Low Al incorporation efficiency was attributed to the high growth temperature and reaction of Al with Cl to form volatile chloride species. Aluminum incorporation was consistent with incorporation as a simple solid solution, while B incorporation exhibited a much stronger interaction with the SiC matrix. Aluminum incorporation was found to be an order of magnitude higher on the Si-face of the substrate, while B incorporation was essentially the same on both the Si-face and C-face. Aluminum incorporation was increased by a factor of five as the C/Si ratio increased from 0.42 to 0.86, while boron incorporation showed no sensitivity to the C/Si ratio. The B concentrations measured by SIMS were of the same magnitude as the net acceptor concentrations estimated from capacitance–voltage measurements, indicating a significant fraction of the B dopant was activated.
What Not to Ask of Budget Processes: Lessons from George W. Bush’s Years

Budget reform requires goals that are both good public policy and achievable. The core purpose of budgeting is to consider and relate details and totals. Common demands for reform are dubious because they slight consideration of details. For this reason, too strict a definition of “balance” would be bad policy; the demand for balance over many decades is neither good policy nor realistic; and multiyear discretionary spending caps can be both bad policy and impractical. Concern about passing annual budget resolutions ignores the fact that the major reason for annual totals is no longer endorsed by policy makers and economists. Scorekeeping should be honest and accurate and often can be improved, but possible achievements are limited. Budget reforms will not make government accountable if the governing coalition is united in seeking to avoid that, and if neither the public nor elites demand it.
P03.05. The Yoga Empowers Seniors Study (YESS)

Focus Area: Integrative Approaches to Care The Yoga Empowers Seniors Study (YESS) was an intervention development study (IDS) that used biomechanical investigation (high-speed cameras, force platforms, and musculoskeletal modeling) to quantify the physical demands of yoga performance by older adults. Secondarily, the YESS used physical-performance testing, muscle-performance testing, and flexibility and balance assessments to quantify the efficacy and safety of a 32-week yoga program for ambulatory seniors. The yoga program was divided into introductory and intermediate phases, each lasting 16 weeks. The participants (N=24; mean 70.7 years of age) learned the associated yoga poses (asanas) from a yoga instructor with expertise working with seniors. In order to quantify the physical demands of the program, the participants performed the asanas at the termination of each phase while instrumented for biomechanical analysis. Follow-up physical performance and balance assessments were conducted at the end of each phase in order to determine the efficacy of the program. Outcome measures included biomechanical indices of the physical demands associated with yoga (joint range-of-motion, joint moments), measures of muscular and functional performance (stair climb, chair stand, gait, strength, and static and dynamic balance), adherence, and safety. Data from the IDS will be used to develop evidenced-based yoga prescriptions, which we postulate will be associated with fewer musculoskeletal side effects compared to non–evidence-based yoga programs. We also postulate that evidenced-based tailoring of yoga for seniors will enhance adherence and efficacy.
Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food using real-time multiplex PCR assays targeting the stx1, stx2, wzyO157, and the fliCh7 or eae genes.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen, and foods of bovine origin and fresh produce have been linked to outbreaks. Real-time multiplex PCR assays were developed to detect E. coli O157:H7 in different foods. Apple cider and raw milk (25 ml) and ground beef and lettuce (25 g) were inoculated with 2 or 20 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli O157:H7 380-94 and subjected to enrichment in RapidChek E. coli O157:H7 broth at 42°C. One milliliter of the enrichments was removed at 8 and 20 h, and following DNA extraction, real-time multiplex PCR assays targeting the stx1, stx2, and wzyO157 genes in combination with probes and primers targeting either the fliCh7 or the eae genes were performed using OmniMix HS beads and the SmartCycler. The sensitivity of the real-time multiplex PCR assay was about 225 CFU/PCR. E. coli O157:H7 was detected (fluorescent signal generated for all gene targets) in apple cider, raw milk, lettuce and ground beef samples inoculated with 2 or 20 CFU/g or 25 ml after both 8 and 20 h of enrichment. Enrichments of uninoculated food samples were negative using the multiplex PCR targeting the stx1, stx2, wzyO157, and eae genes; however, using the assay targeting the stx1, stx2, wzyO157, and fliCh7 gene combination, a positive result was always obtained for the fliCh7 gene using uninoculated ground beef enrichments. Use of other primer sets targeting the fliCh7 gene gave similar results. The real-time multiplex PCR assays targeting the stx1, stx2, eae, and wzyO157 or the fliCh7 genes are sensitive and specific and can be used for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food, except that the fliCh7 gene may not be a suitable target for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef.
Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: the mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning.

Abstract Objective: To examine attachment style and coping strategies as potential mediating variables between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and psychological and interpersonal functioning, in an attempt to explain variability in extent of disorder and level of functioning. Method: Eighty adolescent females, aged 14–16 years, answered questions regarding abuse history, attachment style, coping with an interpersonal stressor, depression and trauma symptomatology, and conflict with a best friend. Results: Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that attachment style mediates the effects of CSA and child abuse and neglect on coping and psychological distress. The indirect effects of CSA and other abuse through attachment accounted for most of the effects on coping and psychological distress. Avoidant and cognitive coping strategies also served as mediators in the models, accounting for most of the effects of the other variables on interpersonal conflict. Conclusions: The findings indicate that attachment style and coping strategies influence psychological and interpersonal functioning, mediating the direct effects of CSA and other types of child abuse and neglect. These results have implications for therapeutic intervention with children and adolescents who have experienced child abuse.
An experimental approach to the psychoanalytic theory of dreams and conflicts

Summary We have presented a method for the implantation of conflict using structural-conflict models. This method of hypnotic implantation is followed by a free-associative interview in which the interviewer has no knowledge of the implanted conflict. The subject, who may or may not recall a hypnotically induced dream, then dreams in a Dream Laboratory which enables the research group to collect several dreams of the night of the experiment. The data are then utilized for studying: o 1. the problems of consensus 2. the method of clinical inference 3. the teaching of focal conflict formulation 4. the comparison of hypnotic and night dreams 5. the influence of implanted conflict on early memories 6. the differential effect of male and female interviewers on the interview 7. the interrelationship of the artificially induced conflicts with the subject's own naturally occurring conflicts The advantages of a technique which stimulates the subject to focus on certain areas of his current experiences, and further triggers unconscious processes which unite with these experiences, are clearly of great value in studying psychological mechanisms of dreaming and conflict formation.
Cutting balloon angioplasty of the popliteal and infrapopliteal vessels for symptomatic limb ischemia

Options for lower limb percutaneous revascularization are limited especially for complex vessel obstruction. Cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA) has been described in the coronary literature as effective for complex disease. We analyzed our peripheral vascular database and report procedural outcomes along with the clinical success at a mean of 1-year follow-up in 73 patients with symptomatic lower limb ischemia undergoing CBA. CBA was successfully completed in all 73 patients (93 vessels; 100%) with predilation necessary in 4% of vessels. Severe intimal dissection or inadequate hemodynamic result necessitated in adjunctive stenting in 20%. There were no incidents of vessel perforation or surgical target vessel revascularization. One patient (1.5%) died during the periprocedural period due to renal failure. After mean follow-up of 1 year (6-21 months), 89.5% of threatened limbs were salvaged. CBA is a safe and feasible option for the treatment of popliteal and infrapopliteal vessels.
Modern lacustrine stromatolites, Walker Lake, Nevada

Abstract The Walker River drainage basin occupies about 10,000 km2 in western Nevada and parts of California and is essentially a closed hydrologic system which drains from the crest of the Sierra Nevada in California and terminates in Walker Lake, Nevada. Walker Lake trends north and is about 27.4 km long and 8 km wide with water depths exceeding 30.5 m. The lake is situated in an asymmetric basin with steep alluvial fans flanking the western shoreline (Wassuk Range) and more gentle but areally more extensive alluvial fans flanking the eastern shoreline (Gillis Range). Exposed lake terraces and the present shoreline of Walker Lake record a sequence of Pleistocene and Holocene stromatolitic and tufaceous carbonate deposits. Small generalized and columnar stromatolites, frequently encrusted on exposed coarse-grained clasts or bedrock, are present along parts of the nearshore margin of Walker Lake and at elevated lake stands. Columnar stromatolites as much as 4 cm high are subcylindrical to club shaped discrete, and laterally linked at the base with local branching. These digitate stromatolites start as wavy, generalized stromatolites which are vertically transitional to small, laterally linked cabbage heads with laminae which thicken over the crests. Although algal structures are not well preserved in the older stromatolites, recent precipitation of low magnesium calcite occurs as smooth encrustations and as tiny mounds which are consistently associated with a diverse, seasonally variable, green and blue-green algal community including Cladophora glomerata, Ulothrix (cf. aequalis), Gongrosira, Schizothrix, Amphithrix janthina, Calothrix, Homeothrix, Spirulina, Anabaena, Lyngbya, and Entophysalis. Cladophora glomerata and a species of Ulothrix, which are the two most abundant algae within the Walker Lake stromatolite community, are known to condition semi-alkaline lake water by the removal of CO2 from bicarbonate during photosynthesis. Such conditioning results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate, which is trapped and bound by an understory of green and blue-green algae. The occurrence of stromatolites in highly siliciclastic lakes seems to be restricted to shoreline and nearshore environments, and can be used to locate ancient lake margins.
Diode laser measurements of temperature-dependent line parameters for water vapor near 820 nm

Abstract Air- and self-broadening coefficients and relative line strenghts for 8–10 low-J lines in the (2 1 1) vibrational band of water vapor have been accurately measured over the T = 330–540 K range using an 817–824 nm GaAlAs diode laser. The technique of wavelength modulation with third-harmonic line locking and second-harmonic detection was used to derive the line parameters with accuracies of several percent from measurements with absorptivities as low as 2 x 10 -3 . The linewidths and temperature coefficients are in good agreement with theoretical calculations and with recent measurements in the (2 2 1) and (3 0 1) bands. Absolute line strenghts have been derived from measurements on two of the lines and are found to be 21 ±4% higher than the values listed in the 1991 HITRAN compilation.
CD4 cell-secreted, posttranslationally modified cytokine GIF suppresses Th2 responses by inhibiting the initiation of IL-4 production

GIF suppresses initiation of Th2 differentiation. (A and B) CD4+CD25− cells purified from GIF+/+ and −/− mice were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. IL-4 (A) and GATA-3 (B) mRNA were measured by quantitative real time PCR. The level of L32 mRNA in each sample was arbitrarily set to 1 × 106 units, and values are relative to this. Columns and error bars represent the mean ± SD. (C) The reporter CD4 cells from 4get knockin GIF−/− mice were labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, mixed with CD4+CD25− cells from either GIF+/+ or −/− mice at 1:4 and stimulated for indicated times with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Levels of IL-4 mRNA were assessed by the expression of enhanced GFP (eGFP). Dot plots are gated on Alexa Fluor 633+ cells. eGFP+ cells are enclosed and numbers beside rectangles indicate percentage in the reporter populations. (D) GIF+/+ and −/− CD4 cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 3 or 24 h, and nuclear (Nuc) and cytosolic (Cyt) fractions were prepared. Levels of NFATc2, NFATc1, NF κB p50, and JunB were examined by immunoblotting. Lamin B, control nucleus-specific protein, is shown. (E) GIF−/− CD4 cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 24 h in the presence or absence of 500 ng/ml modified or unmodified mouse GIF. Nuclear extracts were examined for NFATc2, NFATc1, NF κB p50, and JunB by immunoblotting. Data are representative of at least 2 independent experiments.