cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spherical deformation of compliant substrates with semiconductor device islands

conventional methods on flat foil substrates, into a spherically shaped cap after the device fabrication process. In contrast to rolling, with spherical deformation, the surface is in tension on both the concave and convex sides of the substrate and thinning the substrate cannot be used to reduce the strain. Because inorganic semiconductor materials are brittle, the uniform layers of device materials crack during the substrate deformation. Thus, spherical deformation is fundamentally more difficult than cylindrical deformation because the deformation inherently involves stretching the substrate and devices on it, independent of the substrate thickness. In this article, Sec. II explains our approach to plastically deform thin foil substrates into spherical dome shapes. Section III demonstrates that by patterning device materials into isolated islands, ‘‘hard’’ device islands can remain crack free after deformation. Finally, Sec. IV discusses that the strain distribution in the device islands for two different substrate structures, and why patterning brittle materials into islands suppresses fracture in the devices.
CORAL-LIKE MICROFOSSILS FROM THE LOWER CAMBRIAN OF CALIFORNIA

A distinctive new group of longitudinally septate, bilaterally symmetrical, phosphatic, tubular microfossils, the Paiutiida n. ord., have been discovered to occur in archaeocyathid-bearing carbonate units of the Lower Cambrian Campito and Poleta formations, White Mountains, Inyo County, California. Possible anthozoan affinity is suggested for the organisms that once occupied these coral-like microfossils. The tubules are solitary, commonly cylindrical, and rarely exceed a maximum of 1 mm in diameter, or 5 mm in length. A thin epitheca-like layer may be present, and the exterior tubule surface is smooth or weakly annulate. The tubule wall is 0.02-0.05 mm thick and composed of fluorapatite. Tubules are characterized by the presence of longitudinal septa; septal number (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 septa) and morphology are variable. The pattern of septal arrangement is bilateral, and septal insertion may be cyclic as in scleractinian corals. With the exception of the cardinal septum, septa are inserted as pairs. Septa or septal pairs may also appear to be eliminated during ontogeny. This may result from discontinuous secretion of skeletal material as suggested by the recognized variation in septal shape, number, and continuity. Through all growth stages, the tubule lacks 1) an analogue to the counter septum, 2) mural pores, 3) any axial structures, 4) dissepiments and 5) continuous septal grooves associated with the primary septa. Although fundamental compositional and structural differences in skeletal morphology exist among the several Cambrian coral-like groups, and between the later evolved skeleton-secreting anthozoan orders, the basic coral architectural plan is recognizable. It is suggested that all of the groups stem from a common Precambrian ancestral form, but that each arose iteratively from later evolved anemone stocks. Thus, fossils assigned to the new order Paiutiida are included in the subphylum Cnidaria, and questionably assigned to the class Anthozoa. Subclass-level assignment remains uncertain due to the unique compositional and morphological characteristics of the paiutiid skeleton. Paiutitubulites variabilis n. gen., n. sp., and P. durhami n. sp. are characterized by the presence of well-developed secondary septa (secondary as defined herein); Cambrotubulites trisepta n. gen., n. sp. and specimens assigned to the genus lack secondary septa. These genera and forms ques- tionably assigned to them are characterized by the absence or weak development of septal grooves, which is a diagnostic feature of the Paiutitubulitidae n. fam. The Paiutitubulitidae is defined to exclude problematical tubules displaying a septal arrangement pattern that is convergent upon that of cnidarian groups that appear to display tetrameral symmetry. These problematical specimens are considered as a separate species, and familial-level classification is uncertain pending further study, although assignment to the Paiutiida is unquestioned.
Remodeling Tissue Interfaces and the Thermodynamics of Zipping during Dorsal Closure in Drosophila

Dorsal closure during Drosophila embryogenesis is an important model system for investigating the biomechanics of morphogenesis. During closure, two flanks of lateral epidermis (with actomyosin-rich purse strings near each leading edge) close an eye-shaped opening that is filled with amnioserosa. At each canthus (corner of the eye) a zipping process remodels the tissue interfaces between the leading edges of the lateral epidermis and the amnioserosa. We investigated zipping dynamics and found that apposing leading edge cells come together at their apical ends and then square off basally to form a lateral junction. Meanwhile, the purse strings act as contractile elastic rods bent toward the embryo interior near each canthus. We propose that a canthus-localized force contributes to both bending the ends of the purse strings and the formation of lateral junctions. We developed a thermodynamic model for zipping based on three-dimensional remodeling of the tissue interfaces and the reaction dynamics of adhesion molecules in junctions and elsewhere, which we applied to zipping during unperturbed wild-type closure and to laser or genetically perturbed closure. We identified two processes that can contribute to the zipping mechanism, consistent with experiments, distinguished by whether amnioserosa dynamics do or do not augment canthus adhesion dynamics.
The Psychology of Human Resources Development: A Consequent of Radical Cultural Change in America

The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the principal features of an exciting new field concerned with developing HUMAN resources in organizational settings, i.e., aiming at maximizing employees' pertinent talents, productivity and well-being in the service of organizations. The Psychology of Human Resources Development has arisen of practical necessity from the array of functions and employee services commonly performed by personnel departments since the beginning of this century and their more recent consequents, departments of human resources development. These services and functions in turn were further stimulated by the growing social turbulence subsequent to the early 1960's and the economic prosperity of the 1980's. Upon close examination, however, the sophisticated deployment of these functions and services actually necessitated substantial psychological knowledge and that of allied disciplines. Moreover, in the current, rapidly emerging arena of global competition among businesses, it is clear at present that America's economic fate will turn importantly upon how well business organizations can promote and effectively utilize the intelligence and skill of its workforce. To this end, and those previously stated, it is the mission of the Psychology of Human Resources Development to explore any tactical methods and related subject matters within the purview of ethical decorum that are helpful in promoting the development of employee abilities and general well-being for organizations' strategic ends.
State Legislative Proposals Following Schiavo: What are They Thinking?

This symposium paper for the Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review describes and evaluates state legislative proposals following the controversy surrounding the removal of Terri Schiavo's feeding tube. Proposals to alter end-of-life decision-making standards have been introduced in at least twelve state legislatures. They appear designed to address the following perceived problems with the law that was applied in Ms. Schiavo's case: (1) concern that the evidence regarding Ms. Schiavo's wish to refuse treatment was weak or insufficient; (2) concern that despite family disagreement over the proper course of action, life-sustaining treatment was withdrawn; (3) frustration over the limited role for government officials in challenging the court decisions to allow the feeding tube to be removed; and (4) concern that the removal of feeding tubes causes individuals to starve to death. The proposals either require stronger evidence (such as a writing) of a patient's wish to refuse artificial nutrition and hydration than is required by existing law or prohibit the removal of artificial nutrition and hydration when family members disagree. Many of the proposals provide for an enhanced role of government officials in challenging the removal of life-sustaining treatment. In the main, supporters of these proposals have justified them as providing patients needed protection from surrogate decisions that do not accurately reflect patient choice. They are hailed in large part as protecting, rather than limiting, patient choice. This paper argues that they would in fact accomplish the latter, that a stronger presumption in favor of life is purchased at the expense of patient liberty. Moreover, there is good reason to believe that supporters of these changes to end-of-life law have a different agenda in mind altogether - to change the culture surrounding end-of-life decision-making so that, while the law may still allow people to direct that treatment be refused, more people will choose treatment, and thus life, than do now. Thus, the National Right to Life Committee's draft model act (introduced as legislation in a number of states) must be considered together with its Will to Live document, a living will-type document designed for individuals to express their wishes in favor of continued life support, particularly nutrition and hydration. The calls for legislative change together with the drive to encourage people to execute the Will to Live are evidence of what the author terms a larger movement against starvation, in which patient choice, patient interests, and the interests of families are severely subordinated to the preservation of life.
Why Capital Punishment Violates the Constitutional Law of the United States

I explain in this paper why we are warranted in concluding that capital punishment — punishing a criminal by killing him — is both "cruel" and "unusual" within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment’s ban on "cruel and unusual punishments" and therefore violates the constitutional law of the United States. In setting the stage for that explanation, I discuss the internationally recognized human right not to be subjected to any punishment (or other treatment) that is "cruel, inhuman or degrading.". When I turn to the question of the original understanding of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment, I discuss the important work of John Stinneford, explaining why I concur in Stinneford’s conclusion about the original understanding of "cruel" but dissent from his conclusion about the original understanding of "unusual."
The palmaris brevis--a reconsideration of its anatomy and possible function.

1. An amplified description of the anatomy of the palmaris brevis muscle based on dissections of ten cadaver hands is reported. Specific details regarding its shape, attachments, its bipartite structure with separate innervation to each part, and presence of tendons are noted. 2. Structural boundaries of the pisohamate tunnel (loge of Guyon) are described, based on these dissections. 3. The function of the palmaris brevis is believed to be to protect the ulnar nerve and artery from overlying pressure. Contraction of the muscle appears to prevent displacement of the hypothenar pad by the pressure produced by gripping hard objects. As a result this pad of soft tissue is maintained over the ulnar neurovascular bundle and the risk of trauma to the nerve and artery from prolonged pressure is minimized. 4. In view of this possible function, we believe that in the surgical approach to this region the integrity of the palmaris brevis should be preserved.
Strain Relaxation in SiGe Thin Films Studied by Low-Energy Electron Microscopy

We demonstrate the use of low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) as a tool for studying dis-location formation in low-Ge-content SiGe films on Si(001) and silicon-on-insulator. Compared to TEM, sample preparation for LEEM consists only of conventional surface cleaning. Yet, because of its sensitivity to local variations in surface strain on Si(001), LEEM can detect dislocations at the earliest stages of strain relaxation. In identically prepared SiGe films, the typical dislocation extends over the entire viewable region of several hundred microns in SiGe/Si, but is less than 100 microns in SiGe/SOI. In addition, dislocation cross-slip and threading segments are common in SiGe/SOI, but virtually non-existent in SiGe/Si. We have also observed dislocation formation in real-time during high temperature annealing. Preliminary results appear to demonstrate dislocation multiplication and blocking at a perpendicular glide plane. The applicability of LEEM to strain relaxation in other Si-based systems will be discussed.
Optical Negative Index Metamerials with Low Losses: Nature-Inspired Methods for Optimal Design

The performance of an optical negative index metamaterial is optimized by simulated annealing, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization methods. While these methods yield very similar designs, the particle swarm optimization shows the best performance.
Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignancy.

The skin may show nonspecific or nonmalignant signs of internal malignancy and thus be a clue to its early diagnosis. Infections which do not respond properly to treatment, pruritus, erythemas, hemorrhagic phenomena, abnormal pigmentations and trophic changes may be manifestations of internal malignant disease. Conditions related specifically to carcinoma include Bowen's disease, Paget's disease and acanthosis nigricans. Internal lymphomatous disease may be indicated by prurigo, pyoderma, viral infections and exfoliative dermatitis.
Visual Scenes Are Categorized by Function

How do we know that a kitchen is a kitchen by looking? Traditional models posit that scene categorization is achieved through recognizing necessary and sufficient features and objects, yet there is little consensus about what these may be. However, scene categories should reflect how we use visual information. We therefore test the hypothesis that scene categories reflect functions, or the possibilities for actions within a scene. Our approach is to compare human categorization patterns with predictions made by both functions and alternative models. We collected a large-scale scene category distance matrix (5 million trials) by asking observers to simply decide whether two images were from the same or different categories. Using the actions from the American Time Use Survey, we mapped actions onto each scene (1.4 million trials). We found a strong relationship between ranked category distance and functional distance (r=0.50, or 66% of the maximum possible correlation). The function model outperformed alternative models of object-based distance (r=0.33), visual features from a convolutional neural network (r=0.39), lexical distance (r=0.27), and models of visual features. Using hierarchical linear regression, we found that functions captured 85.5% of overall explained variance, with nearly half of the explained variance captured only by functions, implying that the predictive power of alternative models was due to their shared variance with the function-based model. These results challenge the dominant school of thought that visual features and objects are sufficient for scene categorization, suggesting instead that a scene’s category may be determined by the scene’s function.
Nuclear Modification of Quarkonium Production in p + Pb Collisions at the LHC

We make a systematic study of the modifications of J/ψ and ϒ(1S) production in p+Pb collisions at sNN=5 TeV at the LHC. We compare the uncertainties in the EPS09 shadowing parameterization to the calculated mass and scale uncertainties obtained employing the EPS09 NLO central set. We study the dependence of the results on the proton parton density and the choice of the nuclear modifications. We check whether the results obtained are consistent at leading and next-to-leading order. We determine whether the calculated AA results can be factorized into the convolution of results from pA and Ap collisions. The calculations are compared to the available ALICE and LHCb nuclear modification factors, RpA(y) and RpA(pT), as well as the forward-backward asymmetries, RFB(y) and RFB(pT).
[Efficiency of multi-round fluorescence in situ hybridization and its influencing factors in preimplantation genetic diagnosis].

Objective To investigate the efficiency of multi-round fluorescense in situ hybridization (FISH) and its influencing factors in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).Methods A total of 48 couples accepted PGD because of various reasons:24 with Robertsonian translocations,16 with reciprocal translocations,2 with pericentric inversions,one with advanced maternal age who had a previous liveborn of Down syndrome,3 suffered from sex chromosome abnormalities and 2 repeated spontaneous miscarriages.After 72 retrieval cycles,432 cleavage stage embryos with more than six cells were biopsied on day three.Only intact nuclei (396) were hybridized in order to verify the chromosomal status of the individual embryos.If previous FISHs failed to give conclusive results while the nuclei remained undamaged,the nuclei were hybridized once again.A total of 870 times of hybridization were conducted to 396 nuclei.Signal identification rates of each round as well as the influence of different probes to the hybridization efficiency were compared.Factors leading to unconelusive FISH results were analyzed as well.Results Five hundred and thirty five out of 870 hybridizations gave identifiable signals (61.5％).The second and third round FISH showed the best signals with an identification rate of 71.8％ and 77.4％,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the first round (52.8 ％,P＜0.01) 、the fourth round (55.8 ％,P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the fifth round (54.5％,P＜0.05) and the the sixth round (27.3％,P＜0.01).The identification rate of centromere specific probe signals (CEP group) was 80.3 ％ and the former three rounds in this group got the best qulity of signals with an identification rate of 85.7％,85.1％ and 88.0％,respectively,which was significantly higher than that of the latter three rounds.The identification rate of other probe was much lower than with the CEP probe (55.2％ vs.80.3％,P＜0.01) and the best quality of signal in this group was achieved in the fifth round (72.7 ％),followed by the second round (66.1％) and the third round (63.8 ％).The identification rate of the first round (50.3 ％) and the sixth round (22.2 ％)were significantly lower compared with the second round (P＜0.01).During the 6 rounds of FISH,335 hybridizations did not give conclusion results (38.5％,335/870).The main cause of unidentification was weak signals (20.9 ％,182/870).Other common factors included background interference (7.6 ％,66/870)and failed hybridization (6.1％,53/870).Rare causes included nucleus damage (1.8％,16/870),nucleus loss (1.1 ％,10/870) and signal split/overlap (0.9 ％,8/870).Conclusion Multi-round FISH can improve the utility of single nucleus in PGD and the former three rounds have the highest efficiency.The hybridization effect of CEP is better than other probe.Poor signal quality is the common cause of unidentification results. Key words: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis; Multi-round fluorescense in situ hybridization; hybridization efficiency
The Effect of Noncovalent Interactions on the HOR, ORR, and HER on Ru, Ir, and Ru0.50Ir0.50 Metal Surfaces in Alkaline Environments

The role of noncovalent interactions in the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Ru, Ir, and Ru0.5Ir0.5 electrodes is studied in alkaline solution containing K+, Li+, and Ba2+ cations. We found that noncovalent interaction between hydrated cations and covalently bonded OHad increases in the same order as specific charge density of the corresponding cation (K+ < Li+ < Ba2+). This interaction is also found to cause an increase in the density of OHad·····M n+(H2O) x clusters in the compact part of double layer. The trend in interaction strengths is inversely proportional to the activity of the HOR and ORR, which suggests that the clusters “block” the metal active sites necessary for the adsorption of H2 and O2. In the case of the HER, however, we demonstrate that the activity is directly proportional to the strength of these noncovalent interactions. To explain this behavior, we suggest that the hydrated cations affect the rate of the water dissociation step which increases in the order K+ < Li+ < Ba2+.
Commutators of Morrey Potentials

In this chapter, we will briefly study the commutator operators (by multiplication) on the Morrey space of potentials. So given an operator T (from say L p into L q , some p and q), its commutator by multiplication by function b(x) is given by $$\displaystyle{ [b,T]f\; =\; b(x) \cdot Tf(x) - T(b \cdot f)(x) }$$ provided all the terms make sense; e.g., when \(b \in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). One of the first results on such operators, say on the Lebesgue classes, was due to Coifman-Rochberg-Weiss [CRW] 1976, though their investigations were very much influenced by A.P. Calderon and his commutator operators on Lipschitz curves; see [To] for some discussion of this. But before we get to the results, here are some time lines:
Performance Boost Framework in UNIX Kernel for Cloud Applications

Volcanic growth of expanding business and increasing market dimensions lead to need for high performing applications particularly in this internet era. Forrester predicts performance and availability should not to be taken lightly. To fight this onslaught, a business organisation no longer can just accelerate current practices and rely on human intelligence. The company's software also needs to be autonomic. One key aspect for a software to be considered as autonomic is its ability to analyse the system conditions and invoke appropriate actions to optimise the performance and thereby maintaining user satisfaction. Gone are those days where a system would have about five or ten features embedded into the kernel which would have about few hundred services to serve the application requirements. With growing data center it will be impossible to maintain the performance of an application or a system one by one. This clearly dictates the need for automation. In this paper I will discuss about a performance boost framework in UNIX kernel which shall enable the applications take appropriate actions immediately. I shall also provide a demonstration of how this is achieved in a UNIX platform and deployed into distributed cloud environment.
Toward Explaining the Transformative Power of Talk about, around, and for Writing.

This article provides an initial approach for capturing moments of talk about, around, and for writing to explain why writing groups and writing conferences are so often considered “transformative” for the people involved. After describing the widespread and yet disparate transformations so often attributed to collaborative writing talk, I introduce applied conversation analysis (CA) as a method for getting at what is often difficult to identify, document, and explain: the intricacies of moments that underlie, if not directly account for, transformations. At the core of this article, I present a case study of a writer, Susan, and tutor, Kim, and analyze their talk and embodied interactions around writing. In particular, two sequences of their talk—the first an example of “troubles telling,” or attending to a reported trouble (Jefferson, 1981, 1984, 1988) and the second an enactment of humor that names asymmetrical power relations (Holmes, 2000)—illustrate the ways in which building affiliative relationships might allow for naming and poking fun at, if not restructuring, power relations. Further, self-reports from interview data indicate how the occasions of talk between Susan and Kim mark shifts in thinking about themselves, their writing, and their commitments—shifts that can be attributed to their relational, affiliative interactions and that provide supporting evidence for the transformative power of collaborative writing talk. “You write down your world and then you read it to other people and they affirm you for it.” —member of the Tenderloin Women Writers Workshop (as cited in Gere, 1994, p. 76)
Humanity's Collective Ownership of the Earth and Immigration

In my 2012 book On Global Justice, I argued that humanity’s collective ownership of the earth should be central to reflection on the permissibility of immigration. Other philosophers have recently offered accounts of immigration that do without the kind of global standpoint provided by collective ownership. I argue here that all these attempts fail. But once we see how humanity’s collective ownership of the earth can deliver a genuinely global standpoint on immigration, we must also consider two alternative ways of offering such a standpoint. First, some have argued that any given generation should be regarded as inheriting both the natural and the societal wealth of humanity. The second alternative invokes ethno-geographic communities characterized by particular land-use patterns. This approach would deliver a global standpoint on immigration by determining which community gets to select the land-use pattern for a given location. I argue that thinking about immigration from the standpoint of collective ownership of the earth is superior to both of those alternatives. While advancing a standpoint from which to think about questions of immigration/migration, this article also offers explanations to situate its themes in the current philosophical debate and cover quite a range of topics in the debate about immigration. No prior acquaintance with On Global Justice is presupposed here.
Colloidally Assembled Zinc Ferrite Magnetic Beads: Superparamagnetic Labels with High Magnetic Moments for MR Sensors

Magnetic particles are widely used as labels in magnetoresistive sensors. To use magnetic particles as labels, several important characteristics should be considered, such as superparamagnetism, a high magnetic moment per particle (m), facile surface functionalization and biomolecule immobilization, colloidal stability, and analyte specificity. In this paper, we describe the preparation of magnetic labels with a high m, using colloidal assemblies of superparamagnetic zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZFNPs, ∼9 nm). Also, several properties of these particles are compared with those of commercially available magnetic beads, Dynabeads and TurboBeads. The colloidally assembled zinc ferrite magnetic beads (ZFMBs, ∼160 nm) were synthesized by assembling ZFNPs via an emulsion-based assembly approach. While retaining superparamagnetism at room temperature, the m of ZFMBs is ∼4000× higher than that of the constituent ZFNPs. Surface functionalization with a layer of polyacrylic acid stabilized the ZFMBs in aqueous solution and enabled conjugation with streptavidin via carbodiimide linking chemistry. The streptavidinated ZFMBs can be suspended in aqueous buffer for ≥24 h, whereas 1.05 μm Dynabeads and 30 nm TurboBeads undergo ballistic deposition and instantaneous aggregation in solution, respectively. Finally, the streptavidinated ZFMBs were employed as labels in an immunoassay for the detection of osteopontin, a potential pancreatic cancer marker, proving superior to the commercial particles in terms of limit of detection and dynamic range. We expect that the work presented in this article can be extended to other biological applications, especially where superparamagnetic particles with a high m and colloidal stability are needed.
Lessons from a Successful Data Warehousing Project Management

This article provides an overview of project management aspects of a data warehouse application implementation. More specifically, the article discusses the project's implementation, challenges faced, and lessons learned. The project was initiated with an objective to redesign the procurement data pipeline of a data warehouse. The data flows from enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to enterprise data warehouse (EDW) to reporting environments. This project was challenged to deliver more quickly to the consumers with improved report performance, and reduced total cost of ownership (TCO) in EDW and data latency. Strategies of this project include providing continuous business value, and adopt new technologies in data extraction, transformation and loading. The project's strategy was also to implement it using some of the agile principles. The project team accomplished twice the scope of previous project in the same duration with a relatively smaller team. It also achieved improved quality of the products, and increased customer satisfaction by improving the reports' response time for management.
Vorticity Interactions with a Free Surface

The study of vorticity interactions with a free surface is concerned with the dynamics of a vorticity field bounded by a deformable surface. The surface deforms to satisfy the conditions that the tangential stress be equal to zero and the normal stress be equal to a constant at all times. The form of the vorticity field is arbitrary. For example, the vorticity field can be distributed, as in a shear flow, or concentrated, as in a vortex ring. The free-surface stress conditions are satisfied on the external side of the surface, which is the side opposite that of the vorticity field. Hence, the free surface is actually a boundary of the fluid domain containing the vorticity field; the effect of the dynamic evolution of fluid on the external side of the surface is negligible. Because the surface is free to deform during the interaction with the vorticity, its position in space evolves with time. The interaction is characterized by both the vorticity and the flux of vorticity at the free surface, the deformation of the free surface, and the dynamic behavior of the vorticity field.
The Microbe: The Basics of Structure, Morphology, and Physiology as They Relate to Microbial Characterization and Attribution

This chapter is meant to (1) review classical methods used to characterize and classify microbes and (2) introduce new molecular methods used in microbial characterization. The fundamental composition of microbes is discussed as well as their importance in classification of microbes into genus and species. Classical microbiological methods in general seek to define the common features of specific bacterial groups as a means of classification and identification of microbes. Thus, the focus was to describe the common features which discriminated closely related groups of organisms. In contrast, the newer molecular methods often seek to expand the classification of microbes not only as a means to organize microbial phylogeny but also to differentiate signatures between microbes identified within a species in greater detail. Molecular biology tools are used both as an adjunct to established methods and as replacement for classical methods for detection, discrimination, or identification of bacterial and viral species.
Scientific Management in Central Eastern Europe — Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland

The history of Scientific Management (SM) in Central and Eastern (CE) Europe was partly determined by the different levels or lack of industrialization in the different regions. The pre-W.W.I Austro-Hungarian empire included most of modern Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the Southeastern part of Poland, the German empire included the western part of Poland, and the Czarist Russian empire included part of Eastern Poland. In the Austro-Hungarian empire, the reigning Habsburgs chose to industrialize the Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia, which had the raw material resources to support industrialization, rather than the Austrian and Hungarian regions of their empire. In practice, the Hungarian lands were ruled by the Hungarian nobles and recognized as the Greater Kingdom of Hungary. Some industry developed around Budapest, which had good transportation facilities, but other parts of Hungary did not have the resources to support industry. The Slovak part of Czechoslovakia, also dominated by the Hungarians, was kept agricultural, as well as the portion of Poland (Galicia) ruled by the Hungarians. The western part of Poland, under the domination of the Germans, began to industrialize as Germany moved towards industrialization. This part of Poland had plentiful natural resources. Russia was also just beginning to industrialize and the eastern half of Poland had a chance to follow suit.
Effect of Seed Sources and Rates on Productivity of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties at Kersa, Eastern Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted with the objectives of evaluating the effect of seeds sources, seed rates and varieties on yield and yield related traits and to determine seed quality of different sources of bread wheat varieties. This experiment consisted of laboratory and field experiments. The laboratory experiment was laid out as Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications in factorial arrangement of two (Digalu and Qulqulluu) wheat varieties and 10 seed sources conducted at Haramaya University Seed Science and Technology laboratory. The analysis of experiments showed that the interaction of seed source and variety had significant effect on all physical and physiological seed quality parameters. The field experiment was laid out as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in factorial arrangement of two varieties, three seed sources (seeds obtained from Haramaya University, Kersa Local Seed Business Project and Farmers), and three seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg ha -1 ). The highest grain yield of (5.652 t ha -1 ) and (5.162) recorded on plants seed obtained from Kersa Local Seed Business Project seed source and seed sown at the seed rate of 150 kg ha -1 , respectively. Thus, Qulqulluu variety seed obtained from Kersa Local Seed Business Project and seed rate of 150 kg ha -1 could be used to increase productivity of wheat. However, it is necessary to conduct the experiments considering more number of seed sources, seed rates and varieties at major wheat growing areas for more than one cropping seasons to make conclusive recommendation. Keywords : Germination, Grain Yield, Physical Purity, Seed Vigour DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-3-01
BLAST WAVE PHYSICS: Conspiracy or coincidence? An amusing footnote to the saga of Manhattan Project espionage

(2008). BLAST WAVE PHYSICS: Conspiracy or coincidence? An amusing footnote to the saga of Manhattan Project espionage. Journal of Intelligence History: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. i-vii.
Killing the Creator in “Metalhead”

This chapter offers a close textual analysis of the Black Mirror (2011–) episode “Metalhead” and situates this analysis in the broader nested contexts of similar dystopian and horror films as well as the meaning of Black Mirror as a whole in the context of early-twenty-first-century social and cultural anxieties. I consider the ways in which Charlie Brooker, the episode’s writer, and David Slade, its director, use various science fiction and horror elements such as wide shots that showcase the barren, post-apocalyptic landscape, refutal of human agency, and stalking sequences that highlight female-victim vulnerability in this rather typical “rise of the machines” story. The result is a narrative that thoroughly critiques increasing human interaction with technology and leaves the viewer with a nihilistic sense of the future while simultaneously refusing the possibility of change. True to the thematic arc of Black Mirror as a whole, Metalhead not only examines but also indicts a burgeoning human addiction to technological interventions in our everyday lives; further, this episode reflects our own fears of being replaced or worse, made obsolete.
Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation Involves Dysregulated Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction

In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), as infected individuals continue to have longer lifespans, there is also an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Inflammation is one of the underlying features of HAND, with the role of viral proteins and antiretroviral drugs implicated in this process. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral products and cART. The current study was undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying cART-mediated activation of microglia. Herein we chose a combination of three commonly used drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC), and dolutegravir (DTG). We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to this cART cocktail induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which subsequently resulted in impaired lysosomal functioning involving elevated pH and decreased cathepsin D (CTSD) activity. cART exposure of microglia resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by a time-dependent increase of autophagy markers, with a concomitant defect in the fusion of the lysosomes with the autophagosome. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which cART impairs lysosomal functioning, resulting in dysregulated autophagy and increased neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at lysosome protection could likely be envisioned as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cART-mediated microglia activation, which in turn, could thus be considered as adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HAND pathogenesis.
Sexual function, menopausal symptoms, depression and cancer worry in women with BRCA mutations

OBJECTIVES Assess sexual function, menopausal symptoms, and depression in women with BRCA mutations associated with oophorectomy and menopause status. METHODS Women age 40 and older with BRCA mutations completed a questionnaire with validated measures of sexual activity, menopausal symptoms, depression, and cancer worry. These measures were compared between those with intact ovaries and those who had undergone pre- or post-menopausal risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). RESULTS Of the 244 women, 21 had intact ovaries and 223 had undergone RRSO. Women with intact ovaries had less menopausal symptoms (Menopausal Symptom Checklist (MSCL) score 14 versus 23, P = .01) but more cancer worry than women who had undergone RRSO (median Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) score 5 versus 4, P < .0001) with no significant difference in sexual activity or function. Compared with women with postmenopausal RRSO, women with premenopausal RRSO were more likely to be sexually active (56.3% versus 42.0%, P =.04) but had similar sexual functioning, including frequency, pleasure and discomfort. Women with premenopausal RRSO were also more likely to report menopausal symptoms (MSCL score 26 versus 19, P = .04) and depression (PHQ-8 score 4 versus 2, P < .001). Factors associated with sexual activity included younger age, lower BMI, living with a partner, and lower depression scores. Higher current depression score was associated with history of depression and more menopausal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Risk-reducing surgery decreases cancer risk and worry in women with BRCA mutations. Among women undergoing oophorectomy, factors such as age and history of depression were related to reduced sexual activity and increased depression, but menopausal status was not related.
Developing Multimedia Social Impact Entertainment Programming on Healthy Ageing for Hispanics in the United States

Social impact entertainment programming has roots in the development communication strategy known as entertainment-education. Social impact entertainment programming has gained traction in recent years in the United States, with media studios and corporations now operating social impact divisions and academic centres studying the effects of mass media projects designed to inspire change. There is a gap in the literature, however, of formative research conducted to describe the development and design of these programs. This gap contributes to a lack of information not only to replicate this work, but also a weakness in understanding underlying theoretical mechanisms required to foster positive change across emerging social and behaviour change communication strategies. This article analyses qualitative interviews to understand the creation of a social impact entertainment program on healthy ageing for Hispanics on Univision, the U.S.-based Spanish-language network. Healthy ageing cuts across the sustainable development goals and is a health priority for diverse, global populations as more people are living longer. The study concludes that media professionals were compelled by higher-value inclinations; the process of creating tailored healthy ageing content included strategy and research integration; and materials included television, digital, social media, and community events. Implications for development communication practitioners and scholars are discussed.
Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Eating or skipping breakfast for weight interests scientific and lay communities. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes in humans. Methods: Six databases were searched for obesity- and breakfast-related terms (final search: 02 JAN 2020). Studies needed to isolate eating versus skipping breakfast in randomized controlled trials. Mean differences were synthesized using inverse variance random effects meta-analysis for each outcome. Positive estimates indicate higher outcomes in breakfast conditions (e.g., weight gain). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, secondary baseline habit-by-breakfast assignment analysis, and study duration cumulative analysis were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Ten articles (12 comparisons; 6d-12wk) were included. Conditions included recommendations to eat versus skip breakfast, or provision of some or all meals. 95% confidence intervals of all main analyses included the null value of no difference for each outcome: body weight (0.17 kg [-0.40,0.73], k=12, n=487, I 2 =74.5), BMI (0.07 kg/m 2 [-0.10,0.23, k=8, n=396, I 2 =54.1), body fat percentage (-0.27% [-1.01,0.47], k=6, n=179, I 2 =52.4), fat mass (0.24 kg [-0.21,0.69], k=6, n=205, I 2 =0.0), lean mass (0.18 kg [-0.08,0.44], k=6, n=205, I 2 =6.7), waist circumference (0.18 cm [-1.77,2.13], k=4, n=102, I 2 =78.7), waist:hip ratio (0.00 [-0.01,0.01], k=4, n=102, I 2 =8.0), sagittal abdominal diameter (0.19 cm [-2.35,2.73], k=2, n=56, I 2 =0.0), and fat mass index (0.00 kg/m 2 [-0.22,0.23], k=2, n=56, I 2 =0.0). Subgroup analysis showed only one statistically significant result. The interaction effect for BMI (–0.36[-0.65,-0.07]) indicates assignment to conditions consistent with baseline habits had lower BMI. Leave-one-out analysis did not indicate substantial influence of any one study. Conclusions: There was no discernible effect of eating or skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric measures when pooling studies with substantial design heterogeneity and sometimes statistical heterogeneity. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42016033290 .
Investigating movement and population genetic structure of Parnassius clodius butterflies in Grand Teton National Park

Numerous species are responding to warming climate by shifting distributions northward and poleward. Butterflies have been instrumental in documenting such climate-induced range shifts. Parnassius clodius is a montane butterfly found throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in metapopulations of disconnected dry, gravelly sagebrush meadows. Dispersal among metapopulations will likely strongly determine whether the species can move in response to changing climate. We collected P. clodius in 41 study sites spread throughout the GYE for which we also have occupancy data. Future analysis of genotyping-by-sequencing data for these 209 samples will help describe population structure across the landscape and identify potential landscape features that are barriers to movement for this species. Featured photo by U. S. Forest Service - Pacific Northwest Region on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/U7HmLm
Upper body peripherally inserted central catheter in pediatric single ventricle patients.

Background There is risk of stenosis and thrombosis of the superior vena cava after upper extremity central catheter replacement. This complication is more serious among patients with single ventricle physiology, as it might preclude them from undergoing further life-sustaining palliative surgery. Aim To describe complications associated with the use of upper extremity percutaneous intravenous central catheters (PICCs) in children with single ventricle physiology. Methods A single institution retrospective review of univentricular patients who underwent superior cavopulmonary anastomoses as their stage 2 palliation procedure from January 2014 until December 2018 and had upper body PICCs placed at any point prior to this procedure. Clinical data including ultrasonography, cardiac catheterization, echocardiogram reports and patient notes were used to determine the presence of thrombus or stenosis of the upper extremity and cervical vessels. Data regarding the presence and duration of upper extremity PICCs and upper extremity central venous catheter (CVC), and use of anticoagulation were recorded. Results Seventy-six patients underwent superior cavopulmonary anastomoses, of which 56 (73%) had an upper extremity PICC at some point prior to this procedure. Median duration of PICC usage was 24 d (25%, 75%: 12, 39). Seventeen patients (30%) with PICCs also had internal jugular or subclavian central venous catheters (CVCs) in place at some point prior to their superior cavopulmonary anastomoses, median duration 10 d (25%, 75%: 8, 14). Thrombus was detected in association with 2 of the 56 PICCs (4%) and 3 of the 17 CVCs (18%). All five patients were placed on therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparin at the time of thrombus detection and subsequent cardiac catheterization demonstrated resolution in three of the five patients. No patients developed clinically significant venous stenosis. Conclusion Use of upper extremity PICCs in patients with single ventricle physiology prior to super cavopulmonary anastomosis is associated with a low rate of catheter-associated thrombosis.
Thin Film Enabled Engineered Substrate for Miniaturized Antennas with Improved Bandwidth

This paper presents a novel engineered substrate enabled by patterned Permalloy (Ni 80 Fe 20 , Py) thin films for the development of miniaturized antenna with improved bandwidth. The perspective substrate is implemented with multiple layers of 100 nm thick Py thin film patterns embedded on arbitrary microwave substrate, and each Py layer consists of an array of Py patterns with a dimension of $15\mu\mathrm{m}\times 40\mu\mathrm{m}$ and $5\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ gaps among them to suppress the magnetic loss. An equivalent permeability of 2.398 is achieved for engineered substrate embedding with 10 layers of Py thin films. A simple patch antenna has been implemented on the engineered substrate to demonstrate the efficacy of designing miniaturized antenna with improved bandwidth, compared to antenna on regular substrate, results show that the developed antenna on engineered substrate has a size reduction of 47.3% and an improved bandwidth of 49.6%.
Pattern Recognition of the Seismic Demands for Tall Pier Bridge Systems

An essential and emerging task in the area of performance-based seismic assessment of bridges is to improve the estimation of the seismic demands. Existing research proved that the bridge column is...