cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mg-induced Enhancement of ZnO Optical Properties via Electrochemical Processing

Electrochemical deposition was used to fabricate polycrystalline ZnO thin films in solutions containing zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine. All samples showed intense UV photoluminescence (PL) near the band edge in addition to weak broad bands due to defects. When the source solution was slightly doped with Mg2+ ions, the defect induced emission was significantly suppressed while the UV peak position and intensity remained the same. Auger electron spectroscopy revealed no Mg contents in the films within the detection limit. A possible growth mechanism was proposed, based on the chemical reactivity of Mg and Zn, to interpret the observed PL data, which is supported by samples grown in Ca-doped solutions.
Involvement of kappa-opioids in the mouse cerebellar adenosinergic modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination.

Using rotorod performance as the test response, possible modulation and co-modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination by the cerebellar κ-opioid and adenosine A 1 receptors was studied. A dose-related accentuation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination was observed after direct cerebellar microinfusion of three κ-opioid receptor agonists: U-50488, U-62066, and bremazocine. On the contrary, significant and dose-related attenuation of ethanol's motor impairment was produced by intracerebellar nor-binaltorphimine, a κ-opioid receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the accentuation by κ-agonists was virtually abolished by κ-antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. Therefore, the accentuation and attenuation by κ-opioid receptor agonists/antagonist, respectively, was through specific κ-opioid receptors. Pretreatment with the intracerebellar adenosine A 1 -selective agonist, N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine, further enhanced the ethanol-induced motor incoordination and its accentuation by intracerebellar κ-opioid receptor agonists. Ethanol-induced motor incoordination was markedly attenuated by intracerebellar pertussis toxin (PTX) pretreatment, suggesting an involvement of PTX-sensitive G protein in the expression of motor incoordinating effect of ethanol. Additionally, the intracerebellar PTX also markedly attenuated the accentuation by κ-opioid agonists of ethanol-induced motor impairment, suggesting participation of PTX-sensitive GTP-binding G protein (G l , G o ) in the κ-opioid modulation of ethanol's motor impairment. It also confirms that κ-opioid receptors are linked to PTX-sensitive G protein. The functional similarity between κ-opioid and adenosine A, receptors in increasing ethanol's motor incoordination, together with their anatomical co-localization primarily on the axons and axonal terminals of the cerebellar granule cells, suggests a possible common catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase as the basis of modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination by both receptor mechanisms.
Discussion of Competitive Costs of Disclosure by Biotech IPOs

Guo, Lev, and Zhou (hereafter, GLZ) provide an interesting study of the relation between product-level disclosures and the proprietary costs of disclosure by examining a sample of 49 biotech initial public offerings (IPOs) with 265 unique products. One appealing feature of the study is that much of the analysis is conducted at the product level instead of at the more traditional firm level. Rather than using firmwide measures of disclosures such as Association of Investment Management and Research (AIMR) scores or annual report rankings, the authors measure the amount of disclosure for each product, thereby circumventing some of the difficult empirical issues associated with estimating firm-level proprietary cost measures. GLZ show that product-related disclosures are positively associated with (1) the existence of a patent or patent application, (2) the stage of development of the product, and (3) the presence of venture capital backing, and the disclosures are negatively associated with the level of retained ownership. GLZ also examine the relation between their disclosure score and measures of
Putting the "M" back in the Maternal and Child Health Bureau: reducing maternal mortality and morbidity.

Maternal mortality and severe morbidity are on the rise in the United States. A significant proportion of these events are preventable. The Maternal Health Initiative (MHI), coordinated by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau at the Health Resources and Services Administration, is intensifying efforts to reduce maternal mortality and severe morbidity in the U.S. Through a public–private partnership, MHI is taking a comprehensive approach to improving maternal health focusing on five priority areas: improving women’s health before, during and beyond pregnancy; improving the quality and safety of maternity care; improving systems of maternity care including both clinical and public health systems; improving public awareness and education; and improving surveillance and research.
Kiloelectronvolt Particle-Induced Emission and Fragmentation of Polystyrene Molecules Adsorbed on Silver: Insights from Molecular Dynamics

Polystyrene oligomers adsorbed on Ag{111} have been used as a model system for a molecular dynamics study of polyatomic fragment ejection from large organic adsorbates on metals. The simulation of the interaction between the incident 500 eV Ar atoms and the sample predicts the nature and kinetic energy of the characteristic fragments observed in the low-mass range of the experimental polystyrene secondary ion mass spectrum (SIMS). This agreement confirms that characteristic molecular fragments can be the result of a collisional emission process. Moreover, the results indicate that the ejection of intact molecules occurs frequently. To understand the mechanisms of emission of fragments and parent molecules, a representative set of trajectories has been analyzed in detail. The ejection of characteristic fragments is primarily due to the direct interaction between the primary particle and the organic adsorbate. In contrast, desorption of intact molecules is induced by collision cascades in the sample surface. The emission of energetic intact molecules is best explained by a cooperative uplifting mechanism in which substrate atoms with similar momenta push the molecule upward. For comparison to the 500 eV bombardment conditions, simulations conducted with 5 keV primary particles show that large-scale simultaneous motions in the substrate may also occur, inducing the emission of many silver atoms and organic molecules in a single high action event.
High-energy damping by particle-hole excitations in the spin-wave spectrum of iron-based superconductors

Using a degenerate double-exchange model, we investigate the spin excitation spectra of iron pnictides. The model consists of local spin moments on each Fe site, as well as itinerant electrons from the degenerate $d_{xz}$ and $d_{yz}$ orbitals. The local moments interact with each other through antiferromagnetic $J_{1}$-$J_{2}$ Heisenberg interactions, and they couple to the itinerant electrons through a ferromagnetic Hund coupling. We employ the fermionic spinon representation for the local moments and perform a generalized random-phase approximation calculation on both spinons and itinerant electrons. We find that in the $\left(\pi,0\right)$ magnetically-ordered state, the spin-wave excitation at $\left(\pi,\pi\right)$ is pushed to a higher energy due to the presence of itinerant electrons, which is consistent with a previous study using the Holstein-Primakoff transformation. In the paramagnetic state, the particle-hole continuum keeps the collective spin excitation near $\left(\pi,\pi\right)$ at a higher energy even without any $C_{4}$ symmetry breaking. The implications for recent high temperature neutron scattering measurements will be discussed.
Women Chiefs and Post War Reconstruction in Sierra Leone

This paper examines the role of women chiefs in post war reconstruction in Sierra Leone, particularly the connection between women chiefs with the movement for women’s equality and economic empowerment. Contrary to scholarship which views culturally based traditional structures, including chieftaincy, as counterproductive to progressive change, I argue that traditional women chiefs have contributed to the movement for gender justice and gender equity and could be key to shaping and promoting both an agenda and an ideology for women’s social and political advancement on a local level. The study is based on fieldwork conducted in Sierra Leone from 1982 to 2012 and includes semi-structured interviews with women chiefs and other key players before, during, and after the war, as well as sources such as newspaper articles, journal and book publications and archival materials.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE IN NZB/NZW F1 MICE : I. BINDING OF FLUORESCEIN-LABELED ANTINUCLEOSIDE ANTIBODIES IN LESIONS OF LUPUS-LIKE NEPHRITIS

For the past 3 years NZB and NZW mice have been maintained by sister-brother matings from English breeder stock. NZB/NZW F1 hybrids developed lupus-like nephritis during the 6th to 7th month and few survived beyond the 8th month. Renal tissues of these animals were examined with fluorescein-labeled antinucleoside sera, specific for thymine and cytosine, for the presence of denatured DNA in GCW, and with labeled antibody to mouse IgG for the presence of excess host globulin in the same areas. The following results have been obtained: (a) All 51 hybrids, over 5 months of age, had an excess of mouse globulin in GCW. 40 animals between the ages of 5 and 12 months showed, in the same areas, antigens which bound one or both of the antinucleoside antibodies. (b) Renal tissues of 19 NZB mice, 5–19 months old, and 27 NZW mice, 2–18 months old, were examined. Excess host globulin was seen in GCW of 13 NZB and 20 NZW animals. The tissues of only two old NZB mice, 14 months of age, bound antinucleoside antibody but none of the other animals did. The association of rapidly fatal lupus-like nephritis in NZB/NZW F1 mice with denatured DNA and mouse globulin in GCW supports the hypothesis involving this antigen-antibody complex in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Some Perceived Properties of the Difference Between Leaders and Non-Leaders

(1959). Some Perceived Properties of the Difference Between Leaders and Non-Leaders. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 49-56.
Earthquake-Induced Structures in Sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California

The 9 February 1971 earthquake in the San Fernando Valley damaged the Lower Van Norman Dam severely enough to warrant draining the reservoir. In March 1972 the sediment deposited on the reservoir floor was examined to determine whether the 1971 earthquake had induced sediment deformation and, if so, what types. A zone of deformational structures characterized by small-scale loads and slightly recumbent folds associated with the 1971 earthquake was discovered, in addition to two older zones of load structures. Each of the zones has been tentatively correlated with an historic earthquake.
Incomplete inversion of D-leucine and D-valine.

Abstract Study of the 14 CO 2 output upon incubating d -leucine-1- 14 C and valine-1- 14 C with rat liver and kidney slices for 10 and 20 min showed that more was produced from them than from their l isomers. In the intact fasted animal, the l -amino acid yielded about as much 14 CO 2 in 4 hr as the d -amino acid did. When it was provided as a component of a complete amino acid mixture, it produced markedly less 14 CO 2 , its d isomer only slightly less. Mitochondrial-peroxisomal fractions of rat kidney tissue yielded more CO 2 from d -leucine-1- 14 C than from its l isomer in 20 min of incubation, but still more from their common α-keto analog. The data suggest that inversion of d -leucine and d -valine is begun by d -amino acid oxidase, but reamination of the α-keto intermediate is largely prevented by its oxidative decarboxylation as formed. In the intact animal gastrointestinal and tissue retention and urinary loss appear to be of relatively minor influence.
“Hear Me Tonight”: Ralph Abernathy and the Sermonic Pedagogy of the Birmingham Mass Meeting

This article reconstructs the Birmingham civil rights mass meetings of 1963 as one setting for reengaging the theoretical tensions between canonized and marginalized rhetorics. I consider how Ralph Abernathy's May 3rd speech epitomizes one way blacks used religious oratory to destabilize the boundaries that proponents of standardized writing have traditionally attributed to African-American discursive strategies. After summarizing the history of the mass meetings from Montgomery to Birmingham, I advance the claim that during his speech Abernathy functions as a folk preacher and a “revisionist historian.”
On regular polynomial endomorphisms of ℂ2 without bounded critical orbitswithout bounded critical orbits

We study conditions involving the critical set of a regular polynomial endomorphism f∶ℂ2↦ℂ2 under which all complete external rays from infinity for f have well defined endpoints.
Morphea after bromocriptine therapy.

: A 57-year-old man developed morphea while taking bromocriptine. This drug is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid, one of a class of drugs that is associated with fibrotic disorders. Other agents known for such association are serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and p-adrenergic blockers. A common pathogenesis to link these agents to fibrosis remains uncertain.
Higgs bosons in the standard model: The minimal one doublet and extended alternatives

Abstract I present a brief review of the theory and phenomenology of several alternatives for the Higgs boson sector of the Standard Model.
A random walk method for alleviating the sparsity problem in collaborative filtering

Collaborative Filtering is one of the most widely used approaches in recommendation systems which predicts user preferences by learning past user-item relationships. In recent years, item-oriented collaborative filtering methods came into prominence as they are more scalable compared to user-oriented methods. Item-oriented methods discover item-item relationships from the training data and use these relations to compute predictions. In this paper, we propose a novel item-oriented algorithm, Random Walk Recommender, that first infers transition probabilities between items based on their similarities and models finite length random walks on the item space to compute predictions. This method is especially useful when training data is less than plentiful, namely when typical similarity measures fail to capture actual relationships between items. Aside from the proposed prediction algorithm, the final transition probability matrix computed in one of the intermediate steps can be used as an item similarity matrix in typical item-oriented approaches. Thus, this paper suggests a method to enhance similarity matrices under sparse data as well. Experiments on MovieLens data show that Random Walk Recommender algorithm outperforms two other item-oriented methods in different sparsity levels while having the best performance difference in sparse datasets.
Agreement of 3d-ssfp and echocardiography for aortic root dimensions

Background Respiratory navigated, ECG-gated, 3D-isotropic steady state free precession (3D-SSFP) is increasingly utilized in pediatric aortopathy. This is particularly true in adolescents as acoustic windows become limited. The agreement between echocardiography (ECHO) and 3D-SSFP obtained measurements cou ld be influence by imaging plane, timing (systole versus diastole) and image quality. With 3D-SSFP the image quality is generally superior when acquisition is timed to diastole. As diastolic measurements are utilized as standard practice in adult aortopathy decision-making, whereas systolic diameters are standard in pediatric practice, examining the agreement between diastolic 3D-SSFP and ECHO (both systole and diastole) has merit. This study examined this question retrospectively.
Identification of the subgenomic mRNAs that encode 6-kDa movement protein and Hsp70 homolog of Beet yellows virus.

A tandem arrangement of the genes encoding the approximately 6-kDa hydrophobic protein (p6) and Hsp70 homolog (Hsp70h) is conserved among the members of the Closterovirus genus. It was not known, however, if these movement proteins are expressed from one or two subgenomic (sg) RNAs. Here we employ RNA ligase-mediated RACE to show that the Beet yellows virus (BYV), a prototype Closterovius, produces separate sgRNAs encoding p6 and Hsp70h. This result is further supported by generation of the recombinant BYV in which the truncated variants of these sgRNAs are resolved by Northern analysis. The 5'-termini of the p6 and Hsp70h sgRNAs are localized to BYV nucleotides G-9402 and A-9467, respectively. Each of the sgRNAs was generated in vitro and found to direct the expected product upon translation in wheat germ extract. Inactivation of the first start codons in these sgRNAs abolished translation of the each product. The polyclonal antibodies raised to synthetic C-terminal peptides of p6 and Hsp70h specifically recognized corresponding translation products, as well as p6 and Hsp70h produced in BYV-infected plants. Taken together with the previous work, our data demonstrate that expression of the BYV genome involves the formation of as many as seven sgRNAs.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA : IV. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF THE "SPONTANEOUS" DISEASE.

Field studies of fowl cholera on two commercial poultry farms are described. One farm, previously free of cholera, was studied during an active epidemic, which occurred during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida recovered, both from "autopsy" and from "healthy carriers" proved generally similar, and to be of the "fluorescent" or "intermediate" colony type, which is of relatively high virulence. After the subsidence of the epidemic, these strains tended to disappear. The second flock consisted of a small group of birds which had survived an epidemic of cholera the previous year, and in which the infection was prevailing in endemic form. No deaths occurred during the period of observation, but the number of birds with localized lesions and the number of carriers increased to a high level during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida were apparently of the "blue" colony form, although some, as shown by their acid and serum agglutination reactions, resembled the "intermediates." These strains appeared to be spreading rather than dying out. The individual fowls differed in their response to the presence of infection; some showed localized lesions, others were carriers, while still others seemed entirely refractory.
A statistical practical methodology of statewide traffic pattern grouping and precision analysis

Traffic data in general and traffic volume in particular are collected to determine the use and performance of the roadway system. Due to budget limitations, traffic volume cannot be counted day by...
A Method for Extracting Phase Change Kinetics from Dilatation for Multistep Transformations: Austenitization of a Low Carbon Steel

This article describes the development of a method for determining phase change kinetics for multistep diffusion limited solid-state transformations from dilatation data. Since each step in a multistep reaction proceeds at a different rate, and the volume changes for the transformations are, in general, not equal, determination of the reaction kinetics from the dilatation data is not straightforward. Thus, a model is developed for the phase change process in which the transient dilatation is calculated based on the fractional extent of the various phases present. In this way, kinetic parameters are determined that allow the best match to the experimental data. However, both random and systematic experimental errors make reproduction of the experimental dilatation difficult. Therefore, a self-calibration process is developed that uses portions of the dilatation data to obtain the density variation of the various phases with temperature to help correct for experimental uncertainties. This procedure also enables the model to be used in situations where accurate property data are not available. The model and procedures are applied to the formation of austenite in a pearlite/ferrite low carbon steel where the pearlite and ferrite regions transform at different rates. A single kinetic parameter set allows reproduction of transformation transients of significantly different heating rates. These parameters can then be used to describe the austenitization for any time-temperature path. Excellent agreement between the model and experimental data is shown.
Atypical presentation of intracochlear schwannoma in a child

Intracochlear schwannoma (ICS) is a rare tumor that can cause significant hearing loss. Previous clinical reports on ICS have described this disease in adults. We present a pediatric patient with left-sided ICS who initially presented with a mild conductive hearing loss. We demonstrate the progression of the hearing loss over a span of several years through serial audiograms, as well as the process of diagnosis and treatment. This rare and unique case demonstrates that ICS can be found in young children.
Effects of stimulus sequence on event-related potentials and reaction time during target detection in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Objectives : To examine evoked potentials and behavior as a function of stimulus sequence in an auditory target detection paradigm in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods : Evoked potentials and reaction times were collected from 12 healthy elderly controls and 10 patients with mild AD. Subjects pressed a response button to high-pitched target tones ( P =0.20) that were randomly intermixed with low-pitched frequent tones. We measured pre-stimulus readiness potential (RP), event-related potentials (P50, N100, P200, N200 and P300), and reaction time as a function of the stimulus sequence. Results : AD subjects performed at comparable levels of accuracy as controls, but had significantly increased reaction times. Grand averaged potentials in AD showed a significant reduction of the amplitude of the RP, and an increase of P300 latency. Both controls and AD showed speeding of reaction time, increases in RP amplitude, and decreases in P300 latency as a function of the number of frequents preceding the target. Sequential changes of other components (P200 and N200) were found in controls but not AD. Conclusions : AD patients have systematic changes of both RT and certain of the evoked potential components as a function of stimulus sequence. Moment-by-moment changes in target expectancy are largely preserved in AD, even though overall performance and evoked potential measures of expectancy (RP) and stimulus classification (P300 latency) are abnormal.
Isolation of Caenorhabditis elegans mutants lacking alcohol dehydrogenase activity.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the genes encoding this enzyme have been studied intensively in a broad range of organisms. Little, however, has been reported on ADH in the free-living nematodeCaenorhabiditis elegans. Extracts of wild-typeC. elegans contain ADH activity and display a single band of activity on a native polyacrylamide gel. Reaction rate for alcohol oxidation is more rapid with higher molecular weight alcohols as substrate than with ethanol. Primary alcohols are preferred to secondary alcohols.C. elegans is sensitive to allyl alcohol, a compound that has been used to select for ADH-null mutants of several organisms. Allyl alcohol-resistant mutant strains were selected from ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized nematode populations. ADH activity was measured in extracts from eight of these strains and was found to be low or nondetectable. These results form a basis for molecular and genetic characterization of ADH expression inC. elegans.
Second opinions, and becoming a care manager

Abstract After an unsuccessful period of orthodontic treatment (by another provider), state-of-the-art methods are used to gain a patient’s trust. Diagnostic set-ups and digital imaging techniques help the patient feel confident enough to accept a comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment plan. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:126-33)
Inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad in the setting of HIV: magnetic resonance imaging findings in six patients.

Objective To describe MR imaging findings of inflammation of Hoffa’s fat pad as a cause of nonspecific knee pain in the HIV-infected population.
Localization of hCAP‐18 on the surface of chemoattractant‐stimulated human granulocytes: analysis using two novel hCAP‐18‐specific monoclonal antibodies

The well-described antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human cathelici- din antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP-18) derive in part from the ability of its proteolytic fragment, LL-37 (a.k.a. CAP-37), to associate with activated immune and epithelial cells during inflammation. We now show a stable association between hCAP-18 and the cell surface of formyl-Met-Leu- Phe (fMLF)-stimulated neutrophils using two novel hCAP-18-specific mAb, H7 and N9, which recognize a single 16-kDa band, identified by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry as hCAP-18. Phage display analysis of epitope- binding sites showed that both mAb probably recognize a similar five amino acid sequence near the C terminus of the prodomain. Immuno- blot analysis of degranulated neutrophil superna- tants resulted in mAb recognition of the 14-kDa prodomain of hCAP-18. Subcellular fraction- ation of unstimulated neutrophils on density gra- dients showed expected cosedimentation of hCAP-18 with specific granule lactoferrin (LF). fMLF stimulation resulted in an average 25% release of specific granule hCAP-18, with 15% of the total cellular hCAP-18 recovered from culture media, and 10% and 75%, respec- tively, codistributing with plasma membrane alka- line phosphatase and specific granule LF. Surface association of hCAP-18 on fMLF-stimulated neu- trophils was confirmed by immunofluorescence mi- croscopy and flow cytometry analysis, which also suggested a significant up-regulation of surface hCAP-18 on cytochalasin B-pretreated, fully de- granulated neutrophils. hCAP-18 surface associa- tion was labile to 10 mM NaOH treatment but resistant t o1MN aCl andalso partitioned into the detergent phase following Triton X-114 solubiliza- tion, possibly suggesting a stable association with one or more integral membrane proteins. We con- clude that fMLF stimulation promotes redistribu- tion of hCAP-18 to the surface of human neutro- phils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82: 161-172; 2007.
Metabolite of 4-Amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroylglutamic Acid (Methotrexate)

4-Amino-4-deoxy-N 10 -methylpteroylglutamic acid (methotrexate; MTX) is rapidly metabolized by rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. The MTX metabolite, on oxidative cleavage with permanganate, yields a simple pteridine having the spectrophotometric and chromatographic properties of 2,4-diamino-7-hydroxy-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis of the latter at 70° slowly converts it to 2-amino-4,7-dihydroxy-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid. The nonpteridine moiety of the MTX metabolite is identical with the nonpteridine moiety of MTX. The biological properties of the MTX metabolite are compatible with those of a 2,4-diamino derivative of pteroylglutamate. In view of these findings, the structure, 4-amino-4-deoxy-7-hydroxy-N 10 -methylpteroylglutamic acid (7-hydroxy-MTX), is proposed for the MTX metabolite.
Periodicity and Correlation Properties of d -FCSR Sequences

A d-feedback-with-carry shift register (d-FCSR) is a finite state machine, similar to a linear feedback shift register (LFSR), in which a small amount of memory and a delay (by d-clock cycles) is used in the feedback algorithm (see Goresky and Klapper [4,5]). The output sequences of these simple devices may be described using arithmetic in a ramified extension field of the rational numbers. In this paper we show how many of these sequences may also be described using simple integer arithmetic, and consequently how to find such sequences with large periods. We also analyze the “arithmetic cross-correlation” between pairs of these sequences and show that it often vanishes identically.
A Diet High in Fruits and Low in Meats Reduces the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas

Recent evidence suggests overall dietary patterns, rather than specific dietary components, may be a better predictor of colorectal adenomas or cancers. Using cluster analysis, we aimed to assess the association between dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas and whether adjusting for total energy consumption prior to creating clusters affects this relation. Data from a case-control study of 725 individuals undergoing a colonoscopy were utilized. Cases (n ¼ 203) had $1 adenoma on colonoscopy, and controls (n ¼ 522) were those who had no adenomas. Dietary data were obtained from an FFQ. Daily intake for 18 different food groups was calculated. The values were transformed into Z-scores. Participants werefirst clustered without energy adjustment, then again based on their consumption per 1000 kcal (4187 kJ). There was no association between dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas without energy adjustment prior to creating dietary clusters, as clusters formed as a by-product of energy consumption. After adjusting for energy consumption, 3 distinct clusters emerged: 1) high fruit-low meat cluster; 2) high vegetable-moderate meat cluster; and 3) high meat cluster. After adjusting for potential confounders, the high vegetable-moderate meat cluster (odds ratio [OR] 2.17: [95% CI] 1.20‐3.90) and high meat cluster (OR 1.70: [95% CI] 1.04‐2.80) were at significantly increased odds of having had an adenoma compared with the high fruit-low meat cluster. A high-fruit, low-meat diet appears to be protective against colorectal adenomas compared with a dietary pattern of increased vegetable and meat consumption. J. Nutr. 137: 999‐1004, 2007.
Acute high-fat diet paradigms link galanin to triglycerides and their transport and metabolism in muscle

To compare the effects of acute exposure to dietary fat to those of chronic exposure, Sprague-Dawley rats were given a high-fat diet (50% fat) or moderate-fat diet (25% fat) for 1 day, 2 h or 3 weeks. With measurements of various parameters, the high-fat diet for 21 days produced the expected changes of: (1) a significant increase in total caloric intake and dissected fat pad weights; (2) a rise in leptin and the metabolites, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids and glucose; (3) an increase in muscle beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) and adipose lipoprotein lipase (aLPL) activity, along with a decrease in LPL activity in muscle (mLPL); and (4) elevated galanin (GAL) expression and peptide levels in the anterior region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), with no change in the arcuate nucleus. The acute 1-day or 2-h high-fat diet similarly increased circulating lipids, HADH activity and PVN GAL mRNA but stimulated rather than suppressed mLPL activity. These effects occurred in the absence of a change in total caloric intake, fat pad weights, and adipose-related measures, suggesting that they resulted more from the rise in dietary fat from 25% to 50% than from increased adiposity or hyperphagia. Moreover, PVN GAL mRNA in the different groups was consistently and positively correlated with the specific measures of TG levels and both HADH and mLPL activity, linking it to metabolic processes related to the transport and capacity for oxidation of TG in muscle, rather than adipose tissue.
Influence of Wind on Dynamics and Flushing of Shallow Estuaries

Observations of two small estuaries in Cape Cod, U.S.A. indicate large variations in salinity structure that are forced by variations in along-estuary wind stress. During onshore winds, the estuarine circulation is reduced, and the along-estuary salinity gradient increases as freshwater accumulates. During offshore winds, the surface outflow is enhanced, freshwater is flushed out of the estuary, and the along-estuary salinity gradient becomes weak. Constrictions block the wind-induced flushing, resulting in strong salinity fronts across the constrictions. The residence time of one of the estuaries varies by more than a factor of three in response to variations in wind-induced flushing. The other estuary has little variation of flushing associated with winds, due to a constriction at the mouth that inhibits the wind-induced exchange. The strong influence of winds on the flushing of these estuaries is due in part to their shallow depths, which accentuates the influence of wind stress relative to the effects of the horizontal density gradient. In addition, the residence times of the estuaries are comparable to the time scale of wind forcing, allowing large changes in water properties during wind events.
BugNet: Continuously Recording Program Execution for Deterministic Replay Debugging

Significant time is spent by companies trying to reproduce and fix the bugs that occur for released code. To assist developers, we propose the BugNet architecture to continuously record information on production runs. The information collected before the crash of a program can be used by the developers working in their execution environment to deterministically replay the last several million instructions executed before the crash. BugNet is based on the insight that recording the register file contents at any point in time, and then recording the load values that occur after that point can enable deterministic replaying of a programýs execution. BugNet focuses on being able to replay the applicationýs execution and the libraries it uses, but not the operating system. But our approach provides the ability to replay an applicationýs execution across context switches and interrupts. Hence, BugNet obviates the need for tracking program I/O, interrupts and DMA transfers, which would have otherwise required more complex hardware support. In addition, BugNet does not require a final core dump of the system state for replaying, which significantly reduces the amount of data that must be sent back to the developer.
User-controlled physics-based animation for articulated figures

We present a physics based system for the guided animation of articulated figures. Based on an efficient forward dynamics simulator we introduce a robust feedback control scheme and a fast two stage collision response algorithm. A user of our system provides kinematic trajectories for those degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the figure they want direct control over. The output motion is fully generated using forward dynamics. The specified motion trajectories are the input to a control system which computes the forces and torques that should be exerted to achieve the desired motion. The dynamic controllers, designed based on the Model Reference Adaptive Control paradigm, continuously self adjust for optimal performance in trajectory following. Moreover, the user is given a handle on the type and speed of reaction of the figure's controlled DOFs to sudden changes in their desired motion. The overall goal of our system is to provide a platform for generating and studying realistic, user controlled motion at interactive rates. We require minimal user involvement in specifying non intuitive parameters.
Triiodothyronine Increases Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Gene Transcription and Amplifies Endothelin-dependent BNP Gene Transcription and Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene expression is a well documented marker of hypertrophy in the cardiac myocyte. Triiodothyronine (T3), the bioactive form of thyroid hormone, triggers a unique form of hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes that accompanies the selective activation or suppression of specific gene targets. In this study, we show that the BNP gene is a target of T3 action. BNP secretion was increased 6-fold, BNP mRNA levels 3-fold, and BNP promoter activity 3–5-fold following T3 treatment. This was accompanied by an increase in myocyte size, sarcomeric organization, and protein synthesis. Of note, several of the responses to T3 synergized with those to the conventional hypertrophic agonist endothelin. The response to the liganded thyroid hormone receptor (TR) was mediated by an unusual thyroid hormone response element located between −1000 and −987 relative to the transcription start site. Both TR homodimers and TR·retinoid X receptor heterodimers associated with this element in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Protein fragments harboring the LXXLL motifs of the coactivators GRIP1 and SRC1 or TRAP220 interacted predominantly with the TR·retinoid X receptor heterodimeric pair in a ligand-dependent fashion. Both TR homodimers and heterodimers in the unliganded state selectively associated with glutathione S-transferase-nuclear receptor corepressor fragments harboring one of three receptor interaction domains containing the sequence (I/L)XX(I/V)I. These interactions were dissociated following the addition of T3. Collectively, these findings identify the BNP gene as a potential model for the investigation of TR-dependent gene regulation in the heart.
Hydrolysis of tert-butyl formate: Kinetics, products, and implications for the environmental impact of methyl tert-butyl ether

Asessing the environmental fate of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has become a subject of renewed interest because of the large quantities of this compound that are being used as an oxygenated additive in gasoline. Various studies on the fate of MTBE have shown that it can be degraded to tert-butyl formate (TBF), particularly in the atmosphere. Although it is generally recognized that TBF is subject to hydrolysis, the kinetics and products of this reaction under environmentally relevant conditions have not been described previously. In this study, we determined the kinetics of TBF hydrolysis as a function of pH and temperature. Over the pH range of 5 to 7, the neutral hydrolysis pathway predominates, with kN = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 10−6/s. Outside this range, strong pH effects were observed because of acidic and basic hydrolyses, from which we determined that kA = (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10−3/(M·s) and kB = 1.7 ± 0.3/(M·s). Buffered and unbuffered systems gave the same hydrolysis rates for a given pH, indicating that buffer catalysis was not significant under the conditions tested. The activation energies corresponding to kN, kA, and kB were determined to be 78 ± 5, 59 ± 4, and 88 ±11 kJ/mol, respectively. In all experiments, tert-butyl alcohol was found at concentrations corresponding to stoichiometric formation from TBF. Based on our kinetics data, the expected half-life for hydrolysis of TBF at pH = 2 and 4°C (as per some standard preservation protocols for water sampling) is 6 h. At neutral pH and 22°C, the estimated half-life is 5 d, and at pH = 11 and 22°C, the value is only 8 min.
Relaxation of (CS2)2(-) to its global minimum mediated by water molecules: photoelectron imaging study.

The coexistence of several isomers of (CS 2 ) 2 - is examined via photoelectron imaging at 355 and 266 nm. Assisted by theoretical calculations, the bands in the photoelectron spectra are assigned to the CS 2 - ·CS 2 ion-molecule complex (C s symmetry, 2 A' electronic state) and two covalently bound dimer-anion structures: C 2v ( 2 B 1 ) and D 2h ( 2 B 3g ). The isomer distribution depends sensitively on the ion source conditions, particularly the presence of water in the precursor gas mixture. The intensity variation of the photoelectron bands suggests that the presence of water enhances the formation of the global-minimum C 2u ( 2 B 1 ) structure, particularly relative to the metastable (local-minimum) ion-molecule complex. This trend is rationalized with two assumptions. The first is that the presence of H 2 O at the cluster formation stage facilitates the nonadiabatic transitions necessary for reaching the global-minimum dimer-anion equilibrium when starting from the CS 2 -+ CS 2 asymptote. The second is that the initial clusters formed in the presence of water tend to have, on average, more internal energy, which is needed for overcoming the potential energy barriers separating the metastable equilibria from the global-minimum structure. As the covalent bonds are formed, excess solvent molecules are evaporated from the cluster, giving rise to stable (CS 2 ) 2 - dimer anions. In the (CS 2 ) n - , n ≥ 3, and (CS 2 ) 2 - (H 2 O) m , m > 0, clusters, the population of the covalent-dimer core structures diminishes drastically due to more favorable solvent interactions with the monomer-anion (i.e., CS 2 - ) core.
A Typology of Behavioral Adjustment in Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students

This study examined a typology of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors of 2,552 ethnically diverse early adolescents who attended sixth grade in public schools and lived in disadvantaged communities. Behavioral adjustment of adolescents was measured by teacher ratings using the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Although typologies of children based on the BASC have been available in the literature for the past decade, little research exists on typologies of adolescents using the same instrument. The present study extended into early adolescence previous classification works focusing on childhood. A series of cluster analyses supported a seven-cluster solution: well-adapted, average, adaptive skills deficits, internalizing problems, mildly disruptive, disruptive behavior problems, and severe problems. Results appear similar to prior investigations with unique features reflecting the high-risk characteristics of the current sample. Implications of this research are discussed with regard to preve...
Types and Functions of Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Antennal and Palpal Sensilla

Invasive mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.) are destructive subterranean pests that cause significant economic losses for the turfgrass, sod and pasture industries. Their behavior suggests that they may sense insecticides applied to the soil, so we sought to examine and describe the antennal and palpal structures of S. vicinis Scudder, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, S. abbreviatus Scudder, and the native mole cricket, Neocurtilla hexadactyla Perty, by scanning and transmission electron micrography. The most abundant sensilla were antennal sensilla chaetica with mechanoreceptory and contact chemoreceptory functions. Each segment had olfactory sensilla basioconica and sensilla trichodea, sensilla coeloconica (with olfactory and thermo-hydroreceptory functions), and sensilla campaniformia (proprioreceptor). Sensilla on the mole cricket palps were non-pore or tip-pore, which suggests mechanoreceptory and contact chemoreceptory functions. Similar to other hemimetaboulous insects, mole cricket nymphs and adults have the same sensilla types. However, the number and size of antennomeres increased with each molt, allowing the antennae to accommodate more sensory sensilla as insects matured.
A Model of Traveller Acceptance of Mobile Technology

With the growing popularity of mobile technology, mobile communications are becoming an important channel for tourism organisations. This study builds upon a conceptual framework that explains the factors infl uencing tourist acceptance of mobile devices. To represent the uniqueness of mobile technology acceptance based on an extensive literature review on user technology acceptance, this study proposes two external variables (technology experience and trip experience) and two infl uential determinants (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use). These factors together determine user attitudes towards using mobile devices and, consequently, infl uence user intention and willingness to adopt mobile devices in the tourism context. The results of a confi rmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling showed that trip experience and technology experience positively infl uenced perceived performance and perceived ease of use, and the factors positively related to travellers’ attitudes towards using mobile devices and intention to use them within the tourism context. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coevolution of Fitness Predictors

We present an algorithm that coevolves fitness predictors, optimized for the solution population, which reduce fitness evaluation cost and frequency, while maintaining evolutionary progress. Fitness predictors differ from fitness models in that they may or may not represent the objective fitness, opening opportunities to adapt selection pressures and diversify solutions. The use of coevolution addresses three fundamental challenges faced in past fitness approximation research: 1) the model learning investment; 2) the level of approximation of the model; and 3) the loss of accuracy. We discuss applications of this approach and demonstrate its impact on the symbolic regression problem. We show that coevolved predictors scale favorably with problem complexity on a series of randomly generated test problems. Finally, we present additional empirical results that demonstrate that fitness prediction can also reduce solution bloat and find solutions more reliably.
A Validity Study: Attitudes towards Statistics among Japanese College Students

This cross-cultural study investigated the relationship between attitudes toward statistics (ATS) and course achievement (CA) among Japanese college students. The sample consisted of 135 male and 134 female students from the first two-year liberal arts program of a four-year college in Tokyo, Japan. Attitudes about statistics were measured using the Wise Attitudes Toward Statistics Scale (ATSS). A Japanese version of the ATSS was developed by a team of bilingual experts in Japanese studies and linguistics. The final course grade of the participants served as the measure of course achievement. Data analyses include factor analysis, reliability estimates for the ATSS, correlation analyses of CA, and the ATSS factor scores.
Hepatic Perfusion Therapy

Isolated hepatic perfusion uses the unique vascular supply of hepatic malignancies to deliver cytotoxic chemotherapy. The procedure involves vascular isolation of the liver and delivery of chemotherapy via the hepatic artery and extraction from retrohepatic vena cava. Benefits of hepatic perfusion have been observed in hepatic metastases of ocular melanoma and colorectal cancer and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Percutaneous and prophylactic perfusions are avenues of ongoing research.
Field Applications of Beauveria bassiana for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

A Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin isolate (Bb447), recovered from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in Brazil was applied to fire ant mounds in Florida pastures. Rice with Bb447 applied to the tops of mounds resulted in a maximum infection of 55% of the live ants sampled; 70% of the treated mounds remained active or formed active new mounds within 8 wk. Injections of conidial powder formulations of Bb447 in late fall and early summer resulted in peak infections of 60 and 52% of live ants sampled, respectively. All of the injected mounds remained active or formed active new mounds within 8 wk after treatment. Injection of Bb447 mixed with a hydrophobic silica carrier resulted in a 52% reduction in active mounds. Injection of the silica carrier alone resulted in a 41% reduction. Foraging by the red imported fire ant was reduced significantly in areas within which mounds were injected with fungal formulations, whereas foraging by other ant species increased in these areas.
The “Nothing” Element in King Lear

am" t 9HEREAS considerable scholarship has accumulated concerning the tragic figure of the King in The Tragedy of King Lear, comparatively little has been written on Cordelia as a tragic heroine. Yet I should think that the tragedy of Cordelia is indeed significant in the play.' A suitable analogy to it can be found in Sophocles' Antigone, wherein the heroine has a conflict between conscience and duty similar to the one which Cordelia presumably has. In order to specify Cordelia's role as the tragic heroine more fully, I shall discuss how the use of a running metaphor in the drama, namely the numerous references to nothing, contributes to an understanding of her position. The real commencement of the play as a tragedy is found in Cordelia's early answers to Lear's question regarding her love for him and in the latter's responses: