cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invasive adenocarcinoma with bronchoalveolar features: A population-based evaluation of the extent of resection in bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma

Objective We used a population-based data set to assess the association between the extent of pulmonary resection for bronchoalveolar carcinoma and survival. The reports thus far have been limited to small, institutional series. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988–2007), we identified patients with bronchoalveolar carcinoma who had undergone wedge resection, segmentectomy, or lobectomy. The bronchoalveolar carcinoma histologic findings were mucinous, nonmucinous, mixed, not otherwise specified, and alveolar carcinoma. To adjust for potential confounders, we used a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results A total of 6810 patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the sublobar resections (wedge resections and segmentectomies), lobectomy conferred superior 5-year overall (59.5% vs 43.9%) and cancer-specific (67.1% vs 53.1%) survival ( P Conclusions Using a population-based data set, we found that anatomic resections for bronchoalveolar carcinoma conferred superior overall and cancer-specific survival rates compared with wedge resection. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma’s propensity for intraparenchymal spread might be the underlying biologic basis of our observation of improved survival after anatomic resection.
Dependence of the rate of an interfacial Diels-Alder reaction on the steric environment of the immobilized dienophile: an example of enthalpy-entropy compensation.

This paper describes a physical organic study of the relationship between the rate for an interfacial Diels−Alder reaction and the steric environment around the reacting molecules. The study used as a model reaction the cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) presenting benzoquinone groups surrounded by hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiolates. The accessibility of the quinone was varied by preparing monolayers from hydroquinone-terminated alkanethiols of different lengths [HS(CH2)n-HQ, n = 6−14] and a hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiol [HS(CH2)11-OH] of constant length. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the rate of the reaction by monitoring the decay of the redox-active quinone. The second-order rate constant showed a modest change as the position of quinone was varied relative to the hydroxyl groups of the monolayer. For monolayers wherein the quinone groups were extended from the interface, the rate constants oscillated near 0.20 M-1 s-1 with an even−odd dependence on the l...
In phage λ, cos is a recombinator in the red pathway

Among λ particles carrying chromosomes that have failed to replicate during a lytic cycle cross there is a high frequency of Red-mediated recombination near the right-hand end. Earlier work has shown that this recombination is dependent on cos (cohesive end site), the packaging origin of λ. In contrast to the prediction of the break-copy model proposed earlier, we find a high recombination rate near cos even when only one of the two participating parents has a functional cos at that locus. The exchange is accompanied by loss of the stimulating cos in the recombination product, irrespective of the marker configurations: a+b+cos− rather than a+b+cos+ is produced in the cross a+b−cos− × a−b+cos+ as well as in the cross a+b−cos+ × a−b+cos−. Further analyses of these and earlier data allow the formulation of a detailed model for cos-stimulated, Red-mediated genetic exchange. In this model, cos stimulates exchange by virtue of being a double-strand cut site. The model has several features like that proposed for yeast. This role of cos in the Red pathway contrasts with the role of cos in the RecBC pathway, in which cos serves as an entry site for a recombinase that stimulates exchanges far from cos.
Internal medicine house officers’ attitudes and experience with patients who overstep patient–physician boundaries

Maintenance of appropriate social boundaries is an essential aspect of patient care. Given limited clinical experience, house officers may be especially vulnerable to such transgressions. We studied the frequency of patients’ transgressions of boundaries and house officer responses to these transgressions. An online survey was administered to internal medicine house officers at the University of Michigan Health System that addressed the frequency of patient–physician boundary transgressions, house officer responses to transgressions, and the perceived need for education regarding transgressions. The frequency of reported patient transgressions of various boundaries during the past 6 months ranged from 0 to more than 30. The most common reported incident was being called by their first name, and the least common incidents included patients engaging/attempting to engage in sexual contact and attempting to give expensive gifts. Most respondents denied the need for education regarding appropriate boundaries w...
Arabidopsis actin-related protein ARP5 in multicellular development and DNA repair

Abstract Actin-related protein 5 (ARP5) is a conserved subunit of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex in yeast and mammals. We have characterized the expression and subcellular distribution of Arabidopsis thaliana ARP5 and explored its role in the epigenetic control of multicellular development and DNA repair. ARP5-specific monoclonal antibodies localized ARP5 protein to the nucleoplasm of interphase cells in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum . ARP5 promoter–reporter fusions and the ARP5 protein are ubiquitously expressed. A null mutant and a severe knockdown allele produced moderately dwarfed plants with all organs smaller than the wild type. The small and slightly deformed organs such as leaves and hypocotyls were composed of small-sized cells. The ratio of leaf stomata to epidermal cells was high in the mutant, which also exhibited a delayed stomatal development compared with the wild type. Mutant plants were hypersensitive to DNA-damaging reagents including hydroxyurea, methylmethane sulfonate, and bleocin, demonstrating a role for ARP5 in DNA repair. Interestingly, the hypersensitivity phenotype of ARP5 null allele arp5-1 is stronger than the severe knockdown allele arp5-2 . Moreover, a wild-type transgene fully complemented all developmental and DNA repair mutant phenotypes. Despite the common participation of both ARP4 and ARP5 in the INO80 complex, ARP4- and ARP5-deficient plants displayed only a small subset of common phenotypes and each displayed novel phenotypes, suggesting that in Arabidopsis they have both shared and unique functions.
Pre- and postnatal exposure to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: I. Effects on breeding ability and sperm fertilizing ability in male mice

This study investigated the effects of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on the reproductive performance and in vitro sperm fertilizing ability of male mice. C57BL/6J female mice (F-0) were fed diets containing 0, 3, or 30 ppm TCB for 2 weeks before pairing with nontreated males for a 10-day breeding period. Females were continued on their treatment diet throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Male offspring (F-1) were given the same diet as their dams throughout this study. F-1 males at 7 and 17 weeks of age were mated to nontreated B6D2-F1 female mice. Body weight, litter size, and survival indices of offspring sired by F-1 males were recorded. Sperm fertilizing ability of F-1 males at 9 and 19 weeks of age was examined in vitro using eggs collected from nontreated B6D2-F1 females. Sperm motion analysis was performed at the same time. When 7- and 17-week-old F-1 males were mated to nontreated females, no differences in fecundity, litter size, sex ratio, or survival indices among any of the treatments were observed. However, sperm fertilizing ability of 30 ppm-treated F-1 males at 19 weeks of age was less than that of the control mice. Testes weights were greater in 3-week-old, 30 ppm-treated mice.
Networked tank gunnery skill training based on haptic interaction

This paper introduces networked tank gunnery skill training based on haptic interaction. “Hand in hand” training mode is implemented by constructing a networked haptic display system. A teacher and a trainee can respectively manipulate his own haptic device to realize skill transferring. In this process, the trainee can experience the teacher's motor skill and can be corrected by the teacher. A local network is built to connect two haptic devices and computers. Two modes for tank gunnery skill training are designed in this system: haptic guidance and realtime correction. A prototype system is established to testify the effectiveness of such a new type “Hand in hand” training system.
Results of laser tissue soldering in vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy: experience in the rat animal model.

AbstractThe use of microsurgical techniques (vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy) for vasectomy reversal has now enabled surgeons to perform both procedures with certainly acceptable success rates. However, these operations are technically demanding and require special training in microsurgery.Purpose: A new method of performing these procedures using laser tissue soldering is described and results are evaluated. Laser tissue soldering is different from laser welding in that it involves the laser activation of a protein solder with a dye specific for the specific wavelength of laser light; therefore, surrounding tissue is not affected by the laser.Materials and Methods: Ten rats underwent bilateral vasovasostomy and eleven underwent bilateral epididymovasostomy. In each rat, a sutured anastomosis was performed on one side while laser tissue soldering was performed on the other. Animals were sacrificed after one month and anastomoses were evaluated for patency and presence of sperm granulomas. Histologic ...
Effect of ethephon on growth and water status of Striga-susceptible genotypes of pearl millet.

Abstract Growth and water status of seedlings of two Striga -susceptible genotypes (‘Dimbi’ and ‘Faki Abiad’) and one check genotype (‘KM83-2028’) of pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) treated with ethephon were measured to determine if genotypes varying in susceptibility to Striga responded differently to the ethylene-releasing compound. Plants were sprayed with ethephon and grown in pots of soil which was watered or allowed to dry. Under watered conditions, the dry weight, amount of water used, and plant water potential of the two susceptible genotypes were not affected by treatment with ethephon, but the dry weight, amount of water used, and plant water potential of the check genotype were reduced by ethephon. Under water-stressed conditions, these differences were not evident. In well-watered plants, ethephon lowered the osmotic potential of Faki Abiad and KM83-2028, but had no effect on the osmotic potential of Dimbi. Under water-stressed conditions, ethephon lowered the osmotic potential of Dimbi, but raised the osmotic potential of Faki Abiad and KM83-2028. Under both water regimes, the stomatal resistance of Faki Abiad and KM83-2028 was unchanged, but ethephon decreased the stomatal resistance of Dimbi. In all genotypes, ethephon decreased height, decreased leaf length, increased leaf width, and increased the angle between the leaf and the culm. The results suggested that a screen for susceptibility to Striga in pearl millet might be possible by using applications of ethephon.
Spike trains and signaling modes of neurons in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus

Intracellular recordings were used to examine the action potential firing modes of cells in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in vitro. We compared the effects of altered membrane voltage on patterns of action potential trains evoked by direct current injection and by retinal afferent (synaptic) stimulation. The results confirm that LGN cells in the ferret can fire action potentials in the “burst” and “tonic” modes that have been described previously for other species. At depolarized membrane potentials, LGN neurons respond to sustained depolarization with short-latency trains of action potentials whose frequency is directly proportional to the amount of current injected. At hyperpolarized membrane potentials, LGN cells enter burst mode, in which depolarizing inputs are differentiated into brief high-frequency discharges whose latency varies with membrane potential. We also observed a “mixed” mode, in which LGN cell responses to synaptic or injected currents within a narrow range of membrane potentials reflect aspects of both burst and tonic firing simultaneously. Thus a striking consequence of the interplay among voltage-dependent membrane conductances in thalamic cells is wide variability in length, duration, and latency of spike discharges elicited by identical stimuli. These results also suggest that the concept that LGN cells display only two active response modes must be expanded to include varying amounts of delay and the possibility of mixed discharges.
Recovery of CAP threshold and amplitude in chickens following kanamycin ototoxicity.

Chickens were given a dose of kanamycin (400 mg/kg/d × 10 d) which destroyed hair cells over the basal 37–58% of the basilar papilla. Afterwards, the threshold and amplitude of the compound action potential were measured at recovery times ranging from 2 days to 10–20 weeks post-kanamycin treatment. At 2 days post-treatment, the thresholds at 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz were elevated 40–60 dB while the thresholds at 250 and 500 Hz were elevated only 25 dB. By 10–20 weeks post-treatment, the threshold at 250 and 500 Hz had completely recovered whereas a residual threshold shift of 5 dB to 25 dB was present between 1000 to 4000 Hz. The maximum amplitude of the compound action potential was also reduced by more than 60% at all frequencies at 2 days post-treatment; however by 10–20 weeks post-treatment, the amplitude of the compound action potential had completely recovered at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz. By contrast, the amplitude of the compound action potential at 4000 Hz was still reduced by more than 50% of its normal value 10–20 weeks post-treatment. The results of the present study indicate that the time course of recovery of the compound action potential is extremely slow and may lag behind the regeneration of hair cells by many weeks. The permanent deficits observed at the high frequencies could conceivably be due to functional deficits in regenerated hair cells, their afferent synapses or the loss of cochlear ganglion cells.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology, July 29–31, 1993, Snowmass, Colorado

i\t l Clinic, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Oh oj\tDivision of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Hospital and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California; ^Section of Fediatric Dermatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and §Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Somatic crossing over in Glycine max (L.) Merrill: Induction of somatic crossing over and specific locus mutations by methyl methanesulfonate

Abstract The effect of the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was studied on the induction of somatic crossing over and point mutations on leaves of Glycine max using the gene y11 in combination with, or without its incompletely dominant allele, ψ11. The three types of spots, viz., twins or doubles (dark green-yellow), dark greens (resembling ψ11 ψ11 phenotype) and yellows (resembling y11y11 phenotype) increase generally in parallel to each other at 0.00625% MMS concentration, or at higher concentrations. MMS becomes less effective as germination advances during the first 24 hr and its effectiveness appears to have no relationship with the onset of DNA synthesis. This holds for both the frequency of spots on the ψ11y11 as well as y11y11 leaves. The spot frequency on the lower surface of leaves, with a larger number of embryonic cells, is only about one-third of all the spots present on the two surfaces. MMS induces a substantial number of mutations of the gene y11 → ψ11 as revealed by light green spots on y11y11 leaves. It is more effective than methyl ethanesulfonate (MES), methyl butanesulfonate (MBS), and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS). The order of decreasing effectiveness in the soybean system under study appears to be MMS > MES > MBS (≧ EMS ). This system responds to these compounds in a manner similar to other well analyzed biological systems which further confirms the usefulness of the soybean strains as test systems for new mutagens.
α-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have a significant impact on the lifestyle of older men. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the most effective surgical therapy for this condition but an increasing number of patients are electing conservative medical therapy. Alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors are the 2 categories of drug therapy currently available for BPH. Use of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in the treatment of BPH is based on their ability to prevent the neural stimulation which induces prostate smooth muscle contraction, producing lower urinary tract symptoms. Several studies have demonstrated that alpha-receptors predominate in the prostatic stroma, capsule and bladder neck. Initial work focused on the use of phenoxybenzamine, a nonspecific alpha-blocker, in the treatment of BPH. While results were promising, significant adverse effects and concern over potential mutagenicity have resulted in a lack of use of this medication for this indication. Subsequent attention was directed towards the short-acting alpha-specific antagonist prazosin. Results conflicted regarding whether an actual sustained improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms could be achieved with this medication, and because of twice daily dosing compliance issues were a drawback. Thus, the mainstay in pharmacological treatment of BPH over the past decade has been 2 once-a-day alpha-specific antagonists, doxazosin and terazosin. Over 75% of all prescriptions written for BPH are for one of these 2 medications. Despite their tremendous success in both decreasing urinary symptoms and increasing urinary flow rates, systemic adverse effects can be bothersome. Recently, efforts have focused on use of alpha1A-urospecific antagonists such as tamsulosin and alfuzosin in an attempt to achieve similar clinical results as doxazosin and terazosin without systemic adverse effects. Thus far, results are promising, but long term studies must be done to determine whether pharmacological uroselectivity is actually clinically relevant.
Altered expression of myocilin in the brain of a mouse model for phenylketonuria (PKU)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) mutations resulting reduced enzyme levels lead to accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) in brain, if Phe diet is not restricted. Patients with PKU show neurophysiological abnormalities including demyelination and cognitive defect. How PAH defect causes events seen in PKU is not obvious. Therefore, expression analysis was performed in the brain of a mouse model for PKU. Microarray expression profile of the brain showed lower expression of myocilin (Myoc) in the PKU mouse. Reduced expression of Myoc was further confirmed by one-step real-time RT-PCR. Western blotting analysis of the brain using equal quantities of protein showed a thin band in PKU compared to a prominent band in the wild type brain. In addition, expression of genes associated with transcription was found to be altered in the PKU mouse brain as observed by microarray analysis. These data suggest that PAH defect alters other genes expression likely to contribute neurophysiological abnormalities seen in the mouse, if documented also in patients with PKU.
Equilibrium space charge distribution in a quadrupole ion trap.

A simple model provides a basis for evaluating the ion spatial distribution in a uadrupole (Paul) ion trap and its effect on the total potential (trap potential plus space charge 3 acting on ions in the trap. By combining the pseudopotential approximation introduced by Dehmelt 25 years ago with the assumption of thermal equilibrium (leading to a Boltzmann ion energy distribution), the resulting ion spatial distribution (for ions of a single mass-to-charge ratio) depends only on total number of ions, trap pseudopotential, and temperature. (The equilibrium assumption is justified by the high helium bath gas pressure at which analytical quadrupole ion traps are typically operated.) The electric potential generated by the ion space charge may be generated from Poisson’s equation subject to a Boltzmann ion energy distribution. However, because the ion distribution depends in turn on the total potential, solving for the potential and the ion distribution is no longer a simple boundary condition differential equation problem; an iterative procedure is required to obtain a self-consistent result. For the particularly convenient operating condition, (az= -8qU/mϱ02Ω2, and qz=-4qVmϱ02Ω2, where U and V are direct current and radiofrequency (frequency, ω) voltages applied to the trap, m/q is ion mass-to-charge ratio, and ϱ0 is the radius of the ring electrode at the z=0 midplane], both the pseudopotential and the ion distribution become spherically symmetric. The resulting one-dimensional problem may be solved by a simple optimization procedure. The present model accounts qualitatively for the dependence of total potential and ion distribution on number of ions (higher ion density or lower temperature flattens the total potential and widens the spatial distribution of ions) and pseudopotential (higher pseudopotential increases ion density near the center of the trap without widening the ion spatial distribution).
The potential of rapid solidification in oxide-dispersion-strengthened copper alloy development

Abstract The feasibility of producing yttria (Y 2 O 3 )-dispersion-strengthened copper by internal oxidation of rapidly solidified CuY alloys was investigated. Alloys containing about 1 at.% Y were prepared via conventional solidification, supersonic gas atomization and splat-quenching techniques. The spacing of the CuY intermetallic phase was found to depend on the solidification velocity as λV ″ = constant, where n increased from about 0.4 to about 0.6 as the solidification rate increases. Y 2 O 3 particles were produced by the oxidation of the yttrium present in the intermetallic phase, which was tentatively identified as Cu 7 Y. Specimens internally oxidized at 873 or 1123 K revealed that a relatively uniform distribution of fine Y 2 O 3 dispersoids was produced in the splat-quenched material. On the contrary, the Y 2 O 3 particles in the conventionally cast and gas-atomized powders were largely confined to the prior interdendritic segregate, presumably because of insufficient refinement in the scale of the cast microstructure. Selected-area diffraction pattern analysis of Y 2 O 3 particles in the splats indicated an {100} Y 2 O 3 |{100} Cu and 〈100〉 Y 2 O 3 |〈100〉 Cu orientation relationship with the copper matrix.
The ‘Provincial Party’ and the Megalopolises: London, Paris, and New York, 1850–1910

The venerable but underdeveloped assumption that modern urbanization is comprehensible in terms of social struggles for control of great cities' dominant institutions and its corollary that these struggles, in turn, helped shape further urbanization may still bear fruitful suggestions. Abundant evidence, moreover, makes exploration of this proposition eminently feasible in respect to London, Paris, and New York while as the foremost of the world's megalopolises they were acquiring their modern technical and social characteristics between the 1850s and, let us say, 1910. Notwithstanding the uniqueness of many developments in each of them, the complex social conflicts and the roughly similar climates of opinion often marking their evolutions, encourage certain comparisons among them. Such comparisons, hopefully, may illuminate some of the lingering consequences of the megalopolitan middle classes having to protect their new power not only against the potentialities of the working classes but also against the forces of provincialism operative inside as well as outside of their urban bailiwicks.
Retinoblastoma expression in thyroid neoplasms.

Retinoblastoma (Rb) mutation in thyroid neoplasia has been identified in a few molecular studies; however, the utility of Rb immunohistochemistry in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid lesions has not been documented in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The present study investigated Rb immunohistochemistry in a series of 111 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded benign and malignant thyroid lesions. All of the major histologic subtypes were included to detect any heterogeneity in Rb-1 expression that might influence the diagnostic utility of this technique or further elucidate the pathogenesis of thyroid neoplasia among the categories. Altogether, 34 follicular adenomas, 9 follicular carcinomas, 7 Hurthle cell adenomas, 5 Hurthle cell carcinomas, 23 papillary carcinomas (8 of which were follicular variants), 4 insular carcinomas, 4 anaplastic carcinomas, 6 medullary carcinomas, and 19 nodular goiters were analyzed. Avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry was performed using the Dako Rb-1 clone. Pronase digestion was introduced into the epitope retrieval protocol to eliminate false-positive cytoplasmic staining. Nuclear immunoreactivity was assessed as positive if 10% or more of thyroid epithelial nuclei stained positively, and conversely as negative. The majority of benign non-Hurthle thyroid lesions, whether hyperplastic or neoplastic, retained Rb nuclear immunopositivity in most cells (51 of 53 cases [96%]). Conversely, malignant thyroid neoplasms lacked Rb immunoreactivity in the majority (42 of 51 cases [82%]), including all papillary carcinomas (23 of 23) and almost all follicular carcinomas (8 of 9 [89%]). Virtually all Hurthle cell neoplasms were negative (11 of 12 [92%]), whether benign or malignant. In conclusion, Rb immunohistochemistry can aid in the distinction between benign and malignant thyroid lesions in conjunction with morphology. This seems to be most applicable to the often problematic differentiation between follicular adenoma and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (P <.0001; sensitivity and specificity, 100%) or minimally invasive follicular carcinoma (P =.0007; sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 100%).
New Limits on Sterile Neutrino Mixing with Atmospheric Neutrinos

Abstract We present new limits on mixing between active and sterile neutrinos using more than 11 years of atmospheric data from the Super-Kamiokande experiment. Super-K observes neutrinos over a wide range of energies and path lengths, allowing us to search for sterile neutrino signatures that are independent of theoretical ambiguities such as the precise new mass splitting or the number of sterile neutrinos. We place limits on the mixing between a new sterile mass state and the muon and tau flavor states. The muon-sterile mixing, in this context, is analogous to searches for muon neutrino disappearance at short baselines while the tau-sterile mixing can only be observed at long baselines.
Disconnection of parietal and occipital access to the saccadic oculomotor system.

The experiment explored the networks through which signals arising from visual areas of cortex control saccadic eye movements. Electrical stimulation of the inferior parietal and the occipital cortex (here termed the “posterior eye fields”) normally evokes saccadic eye movements. We replicated previous reports that these evoked eye movements ceased after large tectal ablations. This initial finding suggested that the “posterior eye fields” depended on a single route of access to the saccade generator, one descending through the superior colliculus (SC). On closer examination, the critical lesion appeared to be one which removed the SC and cut efferents from the frontal eye field (FEE) coursing nearby. Subsequently we confirmed that eye movements evoked from the posterior eye fields ceased after cooling the SC, or cutting its efferents- but only when one of these procedures was combined with FEF ablation. Thus, visual signals from the occipital and inferior parietal cortex have more than one, but perhaps only two routes of access to the oculomotor system. One passes through the superior colliculus, the other through the frontal eye field. Ancillary experiments revealed that inferior parietal and FEF ablations, alone or combined, do not disrupt saccades evoked from the occipital lobe. Striate and prestriate areas can therefore use their own direct input to the SC or to the basal ganglia to drive saccadic eye movements.
Use of vocalic cues to consonant voicing and native language background: The influence of experimental design

For native speakers of English and several other languages, preceding vocalic duration andFi offset frequency are two of the cues that convey the stop consonant voicing distinction in wordfinal position. For speakers learning English as a second language, there are indications that use of vocalic duration, but notFl offset frequency, may be hindered by a lack of experience with phonemic (i.e., lexical) vowel length (the “phonemic vowel length account”: Crowther & Mann, 1992). In this study, native speakers of Arabic, a language that includes a phonemic vowel length distinction, were tested for their use of vocalic duration andF1 offset in production and perception of the English consonant-vowel-consonant forms pod and pot. The phonemic vowel length hypothesis predicts that Arabic speakers should use vocalic duration extensively in production and perception. On the contrary, experiment l repealed that, consistent with Flege and Port’s (1981) findings, they produced only slightly (but significantly) longer vocalic segments in their pod tokens. It further indicated that their productions showed a significant variation inFl offset as a function of final stop voicing. Perceptual sensitivity to vocalic duration andFl offset as voicing cues was tested in two experiments. In experiment 2, we employed a factorial combination of these two cues and a finely spaced vocalic duration continuum. Arabic speakers did not appear to be very sensitive to vocalic duration, but they were abort as sensitive as native English speakers toF1 offset frequency. In Experiment 3, we employed a one-dimensional continuum of more widely spaced stimuli that varied only vocalic duration. Arabic speakers showed native-English-like sensitivity to vocalic duration- Anexplanation based on tie perceptual anchor theory of context coding (Braida et al., 1984; Macmillan, 1987; Macmillan, Braida, & Goldberg, 1987) and phoneme perception theory (Schouten & Van Hessen, 2992) is offered to reconcile the apparently contradictory perceptual findings. The explanation does not attribute native-English-like voicing perception to the Ambit subjects. The findings in this study call fox a modification of the phonemic vowel length hypothesis.
Fixed Minerals, Scalar Politics: The Weight of Scale in Conflicts over the ‘1872 Mining Law’ in the United States:

In this paper, we seek to demonstrate the continued utility of research into the social production of scale in relation to the politics of natural-resource distribution, ownership, and control. While traditionally oriented toward sociospatial theory and urban governance, research has begun to convey the importance of scale as a discursive framing device at the center of multiple kinds of environmental politics. Our approach draws from recent literature to show the material-discursive ‘difference that nature makes’ in constituting the grounds of scalar struggle in mineral development. We argue that the fixity of certain natural-resource deposits and the concomitant local socioecological impact of extraction stands in stark contradiction to the multiscalar forces that vie over their development. Our central argument is that this contradiction ensures that struggles over natural-resource development are necessarily struggles over scale—the scale of ownership and the scale of distributional benefits and costs...
Analysis of variability in tensile ductility of a semi-solid metal cast A356 Al-alloy

Abstract Variability in the ductility of tensile test specimens of semi solid process cast A356 Al-alloy (Al-7 wt.% Si-0.5 wt.% Mg-base alloy) is examined. The variability in the ductility does not correlate to the global average microstructural parameters such as dendrite cell size, Si particle size, and amount of porosity in the three-dimensional microstructure. Tensile fracture surfaces contain micro-defects that are essentially residues of modifiers, fluxes, grain refiners, and mold release agents: the energy dispersive analysis shows presence of elements such as O, Na, K, C, Cl, Ca, Fe, Ti, and S in these defects. The fracture path preferentially goes through the regions containing the defects. Scanning electron microscopy, quantitative fractography was used to estimate the total area fraction of such defects in the fracture surfaces of the tensile test specimens. The percent tensile ductility e shows strong quantitative correlation with the area fraction of the defects f in the corresponding fracture surfaces, which can be represented by the following simple equation. e = e 0 [ 1 − f ] n In this equation, e0 and n are empirical constants. For the present data set, e0 is equal to 11.5% and n is equal to 41.66. Thus, the variability in the ductility can be decreased through a reduction in the amount of processing defects via better process control.
Baboon corpus luteum oxytocin: an intragonadal peptide modulator of luteal function.

Abstract Oxytocin concentrations were determined in baboon ( Papio anubis ) corpora lutea, and the effect of oxytocin on dispersed luteal cell progesterone production was evaluated. Oxytocin concentrations increased significantly from an early luteal phase value of 2.1 ± 1.1 ng/gm to a peak concentration of 18.1 ± 4.3 ng/gm wet weight in midluteal phase corpora lutea. Corpora albicantia and ovarian stroma had comparatively low oxytocin concentrations. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of corpora lutea extracts gave a peptide peak (retention time, 17.25 min) similar to a standard oxytocin peak. Plasma oxytocin levels, which were significantly higher in the ovarian vein draining a corpus luteum than in the contralateral side or the femoral vein, declined significantly after luteectomy. Oxytocin was localized by immunocytochemical methods in luteal cells. In the early luteal phase oxytocin (4 to 800 mU; 1 mU is equivalent to 2 ng) inhibited basal and human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production by dispersed luteal cells, but in the late luteal phase 200 to 800 mU oxytocin inhibited only human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone output. Oxytocin did not affect luteal cell progesterone production in the midluteal phase. Thus oxytocin is present in corpora lutea, can be localized in the luteal cells, is probably produced locally, and may modulate luteal cell progesterone production.
Perceived effort — Can it be considered gestalt?

Abstract Objectives A pilot and two studies were conducted to examine the uniqueness of three dimensions of perceived effort, i.e., sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative, and to discern how these dimensions are perceived during engagement in two physically demanding tasks. Method Adult participants were exposed to the sensation of physical effort via two exhaustive tasks: a handgrip squeezing task ( n = 35 ) and a stationary cycling task ( n = 13 ) . Perceptual sensations representing three dimensions of effort (sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative) were measured at regular intervals for the duration of the two tasks. Results Perceptual sensations were perceived distinctly, and altered differently during time and effort accumulation. Sensory-discriminative and cognitive-evaluative sensations were initially perceived to be slight, but increased gradually with increasing task intensity; cognitive-evaluative sensations were felt more strongly than sensory-discriminative sensations during both tasks. Motivational-affective sensations were moderately perceived from the start, and ratings remained relatively stable for the duration of the tasks. Conclusion Perceptual sensations of effort are determined by the task characteristics, and their distinct nature necessitates further research. To study the dependence of perceived effort on one physiological index is an oversimplification of the psychophysiological construct. Accordingly, a single-item measure of effort, such as Borg's RPE scale, is insufficient to capture the whole range of perceptual sensations that people experience when exercising or being physically active.
Release of Adrenal Catecholamines by Angiotensin II

Several recent investigations have presented indirect evidence that angiotensin stimulates the release of adrenal medullary catecholamines. The following work was undertaken in an attempt to show in vivo angiotensin stimulation of the adrenal medulla by analysis of plasma catecholamines. Mongrel dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital, were infused for 10 min with doses of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 µg per kg per min of angiotensin or injected with single doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg per kg. Blood samples were taken from the inferior vena cava (above the outflow from the adrenal veins) at the peak of the pressor responses to single doses or during and after the infusions. The samples were fluorometrically analyzed for epinephrine and norepinephrine. It was found that angiotensin produced an increase in circulating catecholamines. Epinephrine was significantly increased by infusions of 0.05 and 0.1 µg per kg per min and all three injected doses. Plasma norepinephrine was significantly increased also except with the 0.5 µg per kg injected dose of angiotensin. Angiotensin infusion of 0.025 µg per kg per min did not cause a detectable change in circulating catecholamine levels. In the infusion experiments, norepinephrine was more transiently increased than epinephrine. These results show that various pressor doses of angiotensin stimulate release of adrenal catecholamines.
A Single Amino Acid Difference within the α-2 Domain of Two Naturally Occurring Equine MHC Class I Molecules Alters the Recognition of Gag and Rev Epitopes by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus-Specific CTL

Although CTL are critical for control of lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus, relatively little is known regarding the MHC class I molecules that present important epitopes to equine infectious anemia virus-specific CTL. The equine class I molecule 7-6 is associated with the equine leukocyte Ag (ELA)-A1 haplotype and presents the Env-RW12 and Gag-GW12 CTL epitopes. Some ELA-A1 target cells present both epitopes, whereas others are not recognized by Gag-GW12-specific CTL, suggesting that the ELA-A1 haplotype comprises functionally distinct alleles. The Rev-QW11 CTL epitope is also ELA-A1-restricted, but the molecule that presents Rev-QW11 is unknown. To determine whether functionally distinct class I molecules present ELA-A1-restricted CTL epitopes, we sequenced and expressed MHC class I genes from three ELA-A1 horses. Two horses had the 7-6 allele, which when expressed, presented Env-RW12, Gag-GW12, and Rev-QW11 to CTL. The other horse had a distinct allele, designated 141, encoding a molecule that differed from 7-6 by a single amino acid within the α-2 domain. This substitution did not affect recognition of Env-RW12, but resulted in more efficient recognition of Rev-QW11. Significantly, CTL recognition of Gag-GW12 was abrogated, despite Gag-GW12 binding to 141. Molecular modeling suggested that conformational changes in the 141/Gag-GW12 complex led to a loss of TCR recognition. These results confirmed that the ELA-A1 haplotype is comprised of functionally distinct alleles, and demonstrated for the first time that naturally occurring MHC class I molecules that vary by only a single amino acid can result in significantly different patterns of epitope recognition by lentivirus-specific CTL.
Polarimetric imaging of multi-index of refraction biological phantoms utilizing efficient molecular optical imaging techniques

The purpose of this study is to introduce the potential of novel molecular imaging techniques assessing their performance utilizing multi-index of refraction targets, i.e. composite targets made from optically different media, immersed into biological liquid solutions doped with optically active molecules. The outcome of this study is that using polarimetric imaging in conjunction with novel contrast agents boosts the image quality.
Media, tourism, environment, and cultural issues in Australia: A case study of a study abroad program

A multidisciplinary study abroad program developed by a U.S. journalism school and cosponsored by a college of agriculture and natural resources interweaves the themes of mass media, tourism, environment, and cultural issues in Australia. This article traces the development and evolution of the faculty-led program and discusses its curriculum, logistics, and challenges.
A time redundancy approach to TMR failures using fault-state likelihoods

Failure to establish a majority among the processing modules in a triple modular redundant (TMR) system, called a TMR failure, is detected by using two voters and a disagreement detector. Assuming that no more than one module becomes permanently faulty during the execution of a task, Re-execution of the task on the Same HardWare (RSHW) upon detection of a TMR failure becomes a cost-effective recovery method, because 1) the TMR system can mask the effects of one faulty module while RSHW can recover from nonpermanent faults, and 2) system reconfiguration-Replace the faulty HardWare, reload, and Restart (RHWR)-is expensive both in time and hardware. We propose an adaptive recovery method for TMR failures by "optimally" choosing either RSHW or RHWR based on the estimation of the costs involved. We apply the Bayes theorem to update the likelihoods of all possible states in the TMR system with each voting result. Upon detection of a TMR failure, the expected cost of RSHW is derived with these likelihoods and then compared with that of RHWR. RSHW will continue either until it recovers from the TMR failure or until the expected cost of RSHW becomes larger than that of RHWR. As the number of unsuccessful RSHW's increases, the probability of permanent fault(s) having caused the TMR failure will increase, which will, in turn, increase the cost of RSHW. Our simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional reconfiguration method using only RHWR under various conditions. >
On stable crossing numbers

Results giving the exact crossing number of an infinite family of graphs on some surface are very scarce. In this paper we show the following: for G = Qn × K4.4, cry(G)-m(G) = 4m, for 0 ⩽ = m ⩽ 2n. A generalization is obtained, for certain repeated cartesian products of bipartite graphs. Nonorientable analogs are also developed.
Virtual gallery walk, an innovative outlet for sharing student research work in K-12 classrooms

This paper discusses a case study which aims to make research projects more engaging for middle school students by incorporating a variation to the traditional gallery walk workflow. The process begins by having the students conduct individual research on one of a finite list of topics and produce a poster that details what they have learned. We collect the research posters and transfer the media into the shared virtual world of second life, where a developer organizes the posters into a ldquovirtual museumrdquo of full-color high-quality panels displaying the studentspsila creations. Students return to the computer lab, log in to the virtual world, and explore the virtual gallery. This gives students the opportunity to learn more about the other topics from their peers in an engaging, interactive, and fun way. We evaluate the effectiveness of this workflow by injecting quizzes on the topic material before the research phase, after the research phase, and after using the virtual gallery walk. As virtual worlds are rarely utilized in K-12 classrooms, the virtual gallery walk is innovative as a vehicle for student learning and as a possible outlet for sharing the work with community of other students active within second life.
Data Prefetching and Data Forwarding in Shared Memory Multiprocessors

This paper studies and compares the use of data prefetching and an alternative mechanism, data forwarding, for reducing memory latency due to interprocessor communication in cache coherent, shared memory multiprocessors. Two multiprocessor prefetching algorithms are presented and compared. A simple blocked vector prefetching algorithm, considerably less complex than existing software pipelined prefetching algorithms, is shown to be effective in reducing memory latency and increasing performance. A Forwarding Write operation is used to evaluate the effectiveness of forwarding. The use of data forwarding results in significant performance improvements over data prefetching for codes exhibiting less spatial locality. Algorithms for data prefetching and data forwarding are implemented in a parallelizing compiler. Evaluation of the proposed schemes and algorithms is accomplished via execution-driven simulation of large, optimized, parallel numerical application codes with loop-level and vector parallelism. More data, discussion, and experiment details can be found in [1].
A real-time solution for the traveling salesman problem using a Boolean neural network

It is shown that the Boolean neural network can be used to solve NP-complete problems. The problem under consideration is the traveling salesman problem. The Boolean neural network is modified to include the iterative procedure for solving combinatorial optimization problems. An architecture that utilizes this modified Boolean neural network is proposed for solving this problem. The simulation results are found to be comparable to the simulated annealing algorithm, which is used as a test base. The results show a better variance as compared to simulated annealing. The modified Boolean neural network implementation involves lesser hardware complexity, good noise immunity and faster circuitry. >
Psychosocial Treatment for Schizophrenia

This article addresses issues affecting the progress of research on the psychological treatment of schizophrenia, including the need for comprehensive and long-term treatment, individual differences in treatment needs, the role of the patient in the treatment process, and the limitations imposed by information-processing deficits. Despite these issues, research on psychological treatment has made significant progress over the last decade. Controlled trials of social skills training, the most widely studied intervention for individual patients, suggest some beneficial effects, although the results are mixed. Recent interest in cognitive rehabilitation or teaching patients how to manage cognitive deficits holds promise, but the feasibility and efficacy of these approaches remain to be demonstrated. Family intervention programs aimed at educating relatives and helping them cope more effectively with the patient's illness have shown positive effects on the course of schizophrenia, although treatment gains appear to be modest and of uncertain durability. The results of controlled research on psychological treatment suggest that intervention may improve the outcome of schizophrenia, but that many patients may require long-term treatment due to the chronic nature of the illness. Future avenues of research include the timing of psychological treatment, the integration of individual and family approaches, the interaction between novel antipsychotic medications and response to psychological treatment, and the development of new interventions for patients who abuse drugs and alcohol or who are nonresponsive to existing treatments.