cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental address space isolation technique for SNA networks

The integration of computer networks has led to increasingly large and complex configurations. This integration has resulted in concern for the availability of resources for the merged networks. An experimental technique called TRAP has been developed as a way to minimize the constraints on such networks. It allows address space isolation between interconnected networks. This paper discusses the technique and its fundamental process of network address translation.
Expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and correlation with preoperative embolization of meningiomas.

Object. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in meningioma tumorigenesis and growth. The production of VEGF is regulated by hypoxia inducible factor—1α (HIF-1α), especially under conditions of hypoxia. In this study, the authors examine the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in meningiomas, with a special emphasis on conditions of hypoxia, such as preoperative embolization, and on in vitro studies in cultured cells. Methods. Meningiomas obtained in 142 patients were studied using immunohistochemical methods to detect HIF-1α and the results were correlated with the extent or lack of preoperative embolization and expression of VEGF. Primary meningioma cell cultures were established and cell culture experiments were performed using a hypoxia chamber to stimulate HIF-1α and VEGF production. Expression of HIF-1α in primary meningioma cell cultures was measured using immunoblot assays. The VEGF secretion was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Half of the meningiomas studied we...
First trimester topical tretinoin and congenital disorders

We used information from the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Washington, USA, to evaluate the risk of birth defects in mothers exposed to topical tretinoin--a retinoid preparation used to treat acne--in the first trimester of pregnancy. We identified 215 women who delivered live or stillborn infants at Group Health Cooperative hospitals and who were exposed to topical tretinoin early in pregnancy, and 430 age-matched nonexposed women who delivered live or stillborn infants at the same hospitals. The prevalence of major anomalies among babies born to the exposed women was 1.9% and among babies born to the nonexposed women was 2.6%. The relative risk estimate for having a baby with a major congenital anomaly for exposed versus nonexposed women was 0.7 (95% CI 0.2-2.3). We conclude that topical tretinoin is not associated with an increased risk for major congenital disorders.
Nuclear transition probability, B(E2), for 0g.s.+ – 2first+ transitions and deformation parameter, β2*

Adopted values for the reduced electromagnetic transition probability, B(E2)ex, from the ground to the first-excited 2+-state of even-even nuclei are given in Table I. Values of β2, the quadrupole deformation parameter, and of T, the mean life of the 2+ state, are also listed there. Table II presents the data on which Table I is based, namely the experimental results for B(E2)ex values with quoted errors. The literature has been covered to January 1965. The ratio of the value of β2 to values expected from the single-particle model is presented graphically as a function of neutron number. As an indication of the extent of collective features in nuclear structure, this ratio seems a better measure than the value of β2 itself.
Quantitation of acrolein-protein adducts: Potential biomarker of acrolein exposure

Acrolein, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous environmental toxic pollutant. Because of potential human exposure, there is a need for a sensitive, reliable, and specific method to monitor acrolein exposure. Acrolein is a potent electrophile and reacts with proteins mainly through Michael addition reaction, leading to acrolein–protein adducts (APA). The present study aimed to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the quantitation of APA in biological samples. Antibody to acrolein–keyhole limpet hemocyanin adduct was raised in rabbits, and the specificity of the antibody was determined by ELISA using acrolein–albumin adduct (AAA) or native albumin. A dose-dependent response was observed with AAA, but no immunoreactivity with native albumin. Further, lack of cross-reactivity of anti-acrolein antibody with formaldehyde–, malondialdehyde–, or 4-hydroxynonenal–albumin adducts indicates its specificity for acrolein. For the competitive ELISA, 1:16,000 diluted antiser...
Simulation of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet and Associated Clouds by General Circulation Models

Abstract The low-level jet frequently observed in the Great Plains of the United States forms preferentially at night and apparently influences the timing of thunderstorms in the region. The authors have found that both the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts general circulation model and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model simulate the low-level jet rather well, although the spatial distribution of the jet frequency simulated by the two GCMs differs considerably. Sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that the simulated low-level jet is surprisingly robust, with similar simulations at much coarser horizontal and vertical resolutions. However, both GCMs fail to simulate the observed relationship between clouds and the low-level jet. The pronounced nocturnal maximum in thunderstorm frequency associated with the low-level jet is not simulated well by either GCM, with only weak evidence of a nocturnal maximum in the Great Plains.
Segmentation and Filtering into Neighborhoods as Processes of Percolation and Diffusion: Stochastic Processes (Randomness) as the Null Hypothesis:

A set of models is reviewed in which orderly urban phenomena are accounted for in terms of noise (randomness, stochastic processes): segmentation as a process of runs in random processes (percolati...
Demand and supply of hydrogen as chemical feedstock in the U.S.A.

Abstract This paper is a summary of the presentations and discussions of the workshop on “Supply and Demand of Hydrogen as Chemical Feedstock,” held at the University of Houston, 12–14 December 1977. Projections are made for the demand and supply of hydrogen as chemical feedstock in the U.S.A. Industrial sectors considered are petroleum refining, ammonia synthesis, methanol production, isocyanate manufacture, edible oil processing, coal liquefaction, fuel cell electricity generation, and direct iron reduction. Presently, almost all the hydrogen required is produced by the reforming of natural gas or petroleum fractions. Specific needs and emphasis are recommended for future reseach and development to produce hydrogen from other sources, such as coal and nonfossil systems, to meet the requirements of these industrial sectors. The research described in this paper was carried out for and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Energy Storage Systems. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, acted as technical monitor.
Comparative shoulder kinematics during free standing, standing depression lifts and daily functional activities in persons with paraplegia: Considerations for shoulder health

Comparative shoulder kinematics during free standing, standing depression lifts and daily functional activities in persons with paraplegia: considerations for shoulder health
Cell-intrinsic role for NF-kappa B-inducing kinase in peripheral maintenance but not thymic development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mice.

NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK, MAP3K14) is a key signaling molecule in non-canonical NF-κB activation, and NIK deficient mice have been instrumental in deciphering the immunologic role of this pathway. Global ablation of NIK prevents lymph node development, impairs thymic stromal development, and drastically reduces B cells. Despite altered thymic selection, T cell numbers are near normal in NIK deficient mice. The exception is CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are reduced in the thymus and periphery. Defects in thymic stroma are known to contribute to impaired Treg generation, but whether NIK also plays a cell intrinsic role in Tregs is unknown. Here, we compared intact mice with single and mixed BM chimeric mice to assess the intrinsic role of NIK in Treg generation and maintenance. We found that while NIK expression in stromal cells suffices for normal thymic Treg development, NIK is required cell-intrinsically to maintain peripheral Tregs. In addition, we unexpectedly discovered a cell-intrinsic role for NIK in memory phenotype conventional T cells that is masked in intact mice, but revealed in BM chimeras. These results demonstrate a novel role for NIK in peripheral regulatory and memory phenotype T cell homeostasis.
Beyond distributive justice in health reform.

Enough.? Clearly, more needs to be done to elucidate what specific health care services are basic; however, the overlap between liberalism and communitarianism points to a way of introducing the good back into medical ethics and devising a principled way of distinguishing basic from discretionary health care services. Perhaps using this progress in political philosophy we can begin to address Dan's challenge, begin to discuss the goods and goals of medicine.
Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep With Reduced Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Therapeutic Implications

OBJECTIVE Severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with poorer glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. It is not known whether obstructive events during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have a different metabolic impact compared with those during non-REM (NREM) sleep. Treatment of OSA is often limited to the first half of the night, when NREM rather than REM sleep predominates. We aimed to quantify the impact of OSA in REM versus NREM sleep on hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS All participants underwent polysomnography, and glycemic control was assessed by HbA 1c . RESULTS Our analytic cohort included 115 subjects (65 women; age 55.2 ± 9.8 years; BMI 34.5 ± 7.5 kg/m 2 ). In a multivariate linear regression model, REM apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was independently associated with increasing levels of HbA 1c ( P = 0.008). In contrast, NREM AHI was not associated with HbA 1c ( P = 0.762). The mean adjusted HbA 1c increased from 6.3% in subjects in the lowest quartile of REM AHI to 7.3% in subjects in the highest quartile of REM AHI ( P = 0.044 for linear trend). Our model predicts that 4 h of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use would leave 60% of REM sleep untreated and would be associated with a decrease in HbA 1c by approximately 0.25%. In contrast, 7 h of CPAP use would cover more than 85% of REM sleep and would be associated with a decrease in HbA 1c by as much as 1%. CONCLUSIONS In type 2 diabetes, OSA during REM sleep may influence long-term glycemic control. The metabolic benefits of CPAP therapy may not be achieved with the typical adherence of 4 h per night.
Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics

Variation in German:. Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics. Stephen Barbour and Patrick Stevenson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 308 pp. $17.95 (cloth)
Diffusion of rifampin and vancomycin through a Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm.

Using an equilibrium dialysis chamber, we evaluated the penetration of vancomycin, rifampin, or both through a staphylococcal biofilm to simulate treatment of an infected biomedical implant. A biofilm of ATCC 35984 (slime-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis; vancomycin MIC and MBC, 1 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively; rifampin MIC and MBC, 0.00003 and 0.00025 micrograms/ml, respectively) was established on the inner aspect of the dialysis membrane (molecular mass exclusion, 6,000 kDa). Serum containing vancomycin (40 micrograms/ml), rifampin (20 micrograms/ml), or a combination of both was introduced into the inner chamber of the dialysis unit (in direct contact with the biofilm), and serum alone was added to the outer chamber. Rifampin and vancomycin concentrations in both chambers were determined over a 72-h period. In the absence of rifampin, the concentration of vancomycin in the outer chamber exceeded the MBC for the organism after 24 h, and the MBC increased to nearly 8.0 micrograms/ml by 72 h, demonstrating that therapeutic levels of vancomycin can penetrate a staphylococcal biofilm. However, viable bacteria were recovered from the biofilm after 72 h of treatment with no apparent increase in the MIC or MBC of vancomycin. Similarly, concentrations of rifampin exceeding the MBC were detected in the outer chamber after 24 h of treatment, but viable organisms were recovered from the biofilm after 72 h of treatment. In this case, the rifampin MBCs for surviving organisms increased from 0.00025 to > 128 micrograms/ml. The combination of agents prevented the development of resistance to rifampin, improved the perfusion of vancomycin through the biofilm, and decreased the penetration of rifampin but did not sterilize the membrane. These observations provide evidence that bactericidal levels of vancomycin, rifampin, or both can be attained at the surface of an infected implant. Despite this, sterilization of the biofilm was not accomplished after 72 h of treatment. Images
Inhibitory circuits in sensory maps develop through excitation

Inhibitory and excitatory connections are equal partners in determining neuronal response properties. Although the development and plasticity of excitatory networks have been heavily studied, little is known about how inhibitory circuits develop. In a recent study, Gunsoo Kim and Karl Kandler have shown that, as in the development of excitatory circuits, synapse elimination and strengthening are important processes for the development of well-organized inhibitory circuits.
Adaptive Control Algorithm for Flutter Suppression

Adaptive control of wing/store flutter was investigated and successfully demonstrated in wind tunnel tests in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The complete adaptive control algorithm was exercised. It provided flutter suppression during varying flight conditions for a single store configuration.
Failure notifications: a useful extension to the object programming model

Object oriented system design and development methods have proven useful in building large and complex systems. Since real time, dependable systems tend to be large and complex systems it is natural to use object oriented methods for building such systems. Unfortunately, the object oriented programming paradigm and the languages that support it were not designed with real time or fault tolerant system in mind. It is therefore important to look at ways in which the object model can be extended to simplify the construction of real time, fault tolerant systems. The paper proposes extending the object model to include failure notifications. A case is made for the need for such failure notifications and the advantages of having such notifications.
Course of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Five-Year Outcomes

Purpose To describe the 5-year outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design Prospective, multicenter, observational study. Participants A total of 503 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. Methods Follow-up every 3 months with medical history, ophthalmologic examination, laboratory testing, and retinal photographs. Participants were classified as having previously diagnosed CMV retinitis and immune recovery (CD4+ T cells ≥100 cells/μl), previously diagnosed retinitis and immune compromise, and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis (diagnosis Main Outcome Measures Mortality, retinitis progression (movement of the border of a CMV lesion ≥½ disc diameter or occurrence of a new lesion), retinal detachment, immune recovery uveitis (IRU), and visual loss ( Results Overall mortality was 9.8 deaths/100 person-years (PY). Rates varied by group at enrollment from 3.0/100 PY for those with previously diagnosed retinitis and immune recovery to 26.1/100 PY for those with newly diagnosed retinitis. The rate of retinitis progression was 7.0/100 PY and varied from 1.4/100 PY for those with previously diagnosed retinitis and immune recovery to 28.0/100 PY for those with newly diagnosed retinitis. The rate of retinal detachment was 2.3/100 eye-years (EY) and varied from 1.2/100 EY for those with previously diagnosed retinitis and immune recovery to 4.9/100 EY for those with newly diagnosed retinitis. The rate of IRU was 1.7/100 PY and varied from 1.3/100 PY for those with previously diagnosed retinitis and immune recovery at enrollment to 3.6/100 PY for those with newly diagnosed retinitis who subsequently experienced immune recovery. The rates of visual loss to Conclusions Despite the availability of HAART, patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis remain at increased risk for mortality, retinitis progression, complications of the retinitis, and visual loss over a 5-year period. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Colic in breast-milk-fed infants: treatment by temporary substitution of Neocate infant formula.

Infant colic is a common problem characterized by excessive crying and fussing. We examined whether colic symptoms of exclusively breast-milk-fed infants would be improved by temporary substitution of Neocate, an amino acid-based infant formula, for breast milk. Six infants with colic were studied using Barr-type infant behavior diaries for a 3-5 d baseline period while they continued exclusive breast-milk-feeding, followed by a 4-8 d intervention period of exclusive Neocate feeding. All infants showed improvement in distressed behavior during intervention; five of the six improved within 1-2 d. For the period after 1 d of Neocate feeding, the total recorded crying and fussing time was reduced by an average of 42%, representing a decrease of 1.0 to 3.1 h daily. A significant difference was found between cry and fuss time at baseline versus during exclusive Neocate use. Concurrent with Neocate intervention, mothers strictly avoided all milk and dairy products. After colic symptoms improved, infants were reintroduced to breast milk, which was reasonably well tolerated in four of the six infants. Two infants had rapid recurrences of crying and fussing upon return to breastfeeding and required an additional period of Neocate feedings before subsequent reintroduction to breastfeeding. All infants exhibited colic symptoms when directly or indirectly challenged with bovine IgG (BGG), suggesting that BGG may play an etiologic role in colic. We propose that a brief intervention with Neocate, coupled with strict maternal avoidance of milk and dairy products under direct supervision of a lactation consultant, may be an effective treatment for colic in some breast-milk-fed infants.
Evidence for early acquisition of visual organization ability: A developmental study

This study presents normative data on the Hooper Test of Visual Organization for 434 normally developing children within the context of adequate confrontation naming, as measured by the Boston Naming Test. Age and gender differences were observed. Children's capacity to identify common objects from fragmented visual information approached borderline adult levels by the age of 6. The boys attained adult performance levels by age 12, but the girls did not reach these adult levels at any age. This suggests that visual organization ability may have a longer developmental course in girls than in boys. A reordered Children's version of the Hooper is proposed based on item analyses of the 218 boys' responses.
Design and simulation of RIPS: an advanced robot control system

The design and simulation of RIPS, a robotic instruction processing system, are discussed. The authors are building a prototype version of RIPS which will be used as a general research tool to study problems of robot control. The architecture of RIPS is geared for robot control, yet the system is general and fully programmable and does not assume any manipulator characteristics. There is sufficient computing capacity to address any of several important automation problems such as force control, multiple manipulator coordination, or manufacturing cell-level control. Simulations show that using RIPS to control a Stanford manipulator with the computed torque method gives an update rate of 255 mu s. This simulation includes all interprocessor communication as well as the computing time necessary for equation evaluation. >
Acinar Cell Carcinoma of Rat Pancreas: Mechanism of Deregulation of Cholesterol Metabolism

The mechanism of deregulation of cholesterol metabolism was studied in fast and slow growing nude mouse tumors and cancer cells in culture derived from azaserine-induced rat pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma. The tumors showed a loss of feedback control of the de novo synthesis of cholesterol, probably due to a loss of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on plasma membranes or to a defect in the binding and internalization of LDL in the cancer cells. The hexosemonophosphate shunt pathway is stimulated in the cancer cells, presumably because of an increased demand for NADPH in cholesterol synthesis and for ribose phosphate in DNA synthesis. The uncontrolled de novo synthesis of cholesterol is one of the factors responsible for the high rate of cell proliferation in the tumors.
Kirchhoff's Laws as a Finite Volume Method for the Planar Maxwell Equations

Beginning with Maxwell's equations for the (H1,H2,E) polarized mode in an inhomogeneous planar medium, we derive a finite volume method that we recognize as Kirchhoff's laws for a corresponding circuit consisting of inductors, capacitors, and resistors. This association automatically gives local charge and energy conservation. The method is implemented and used to find the steady-state solution for two test problems. By comparison with the exact solution for the homogeneous medium problem, the method is shown to be linearly convergent.
Identification and cloning of a granule autoantigen (carboxypeptidase-H) associated with type I diabetes.

Using serum from a prediabetic patient as a probe, we screened 0.5 × 106 recombinants from a rat islet λgt11 expression library. One plaque-producing antigen reactive with this prediabetic serum was identified, subcloned, and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence reveals that the clone encodes a 136-amino acid fragment of carboxypeptidase-H (enkephalin convertase). Carboxypeptidase-H is a molecule expressed within islet secretory granules and neurendocrine cells. The patient whose antibodies recognize this recombinant molecule (termed DG-1) was negative for anti-DG-1 antibodies in 1984, developed the antibodies by 1986, and remained positive until the development of diabetes in 1988. To date, serum from 5 of 20 cytoplasmic islet cell antibody-positive relatives reacted with the expressed protein, while none of 14 control sera reacted. On Western blotting, the initial patient's serum used for the screening reacts with a 52-kDa antigen corresponding to the mol wt of the membrane form of carboxypeptidase-N. Th...
Uniform Approximation by Rational Functions Having Restricted Denominators.

Abstract This paper considers approximation of continuous functions on a compact metric space by generalized rational functions for which the denominators have bounded coefficients and are bounded below by a fixed positive function. This lower bound alleviates numerical difficulties, and in some applications (e.g., digital filter design) has a useful physical interpretation. A “zero in the convex hull” characterization of best approximations is developed and used to prove uniqueness and de la Vallee Poussin results. Examples are given to illustrate this theory and its differences with the standard theory, where the denominators are merely required to be positive. A modified differential correction algorithm is presented and is proved to always converge at least linearly, and often quadratically.
Theory And Tests Of The Conjoint Commutativity Axiom For Additive Conjoint Measurement

Abstract The empirical study of the axioms underlying additive conjoint measurement initially focused mostly on the double cancellation axiom. That axiom was shown to exhibit redundant features that made its statistical evaluation a major challenge. The special case of double cancellation where inequalities are replaced by indifferences–the Thomsen condition–turned out in the full axiomatic context to be equivalent to the double cancellation property but without exhibiting the redundancies of double cancellation. However, it too has some undesirable features when it comes to its empirical evaluation, the chief among them being a certain statistical asymmetry in estimates used to evaluate it, namely two interlocked hypotheses and a single conclusion. Nevertheless, thinking we had no choice, we evaluated the Thomsen condition for both loudness and brightness and, in agreement with other lines of research, we found more support for conjoint additivity than not. However, we commented on the difficulties we had encountered in evaluating it. Thus we sought a more symmetric replacement, which as Gigerenzer and Strube (1983) first noted, is found in the conjoint commutativity axiom proposed by Falmagne (1976, who called it the “commutative rule”) . It turns out that, in the presence of the usual structural and other necessary assumptions of additive conjoint measurement, we can show that conjoint commutativity is equivalent to the Thomsen condition, a result that seems to have been overlooked in the literature. We subjected this property to empirical evaluation for both loudness and brightness. In contrast to Gigerenzer and Strube (1983) , our data show support for the conjoint commutativity in both domains and thus for conjoint additivity.
Survival of five species of captive marine mammals

Survival in captivity was calculated for 1,707 bottlenose dolphins (BD), 72 killer whales (KW), 73 white whales (WW), 3,090 California sea lions (CSL), and 47 Steller sea lions (SSL) based on data in the Marine Mammal Inventory Report (MMIR) of the NMFS. Mean annual survival rates (ASRs) between 1988 and 1992 were 0.951, 0.937, and 0.954 for BD, KW, and WW, respectively, and 0.952 and 0.969 for CSL and SSL, respectively. These estimates represent significant increases in survival for both BD and CSL over the last 5 yr. Using all of the MMIR data (1940–1992), the ASR of BD calves (< 1 yr of age) was significantly less than the ASR of non-calves (0.666 vs.948, 0.001). Similarly, the ASR of CSL pups (< 1 yr of age) was significantly less than survival of non-pups (0.858 vs.962, 0.001). Survival of captive-born CSL was significantly higher than those born in the wild (0.962 vs.945, 0.003), but the difference was not significantly different for BD (0.948 vs.944, 0.60). For non-calf BD and KW, captive animals survived at a slightly lower rate (BD 0.944 vs.961, = 0.07; KW 0.938 vs.976, 0,001) than animals in the wild (BD: Wells and Scott 1990, KW: Olesiuk 1990). Survival of captive non-pup SSL was slightly higher (0.968 vs.930) than animals in the wild (York 1994, life-table analyses). Survival rates were significantly different among institutions for BD calves and non-calves, CSL pups and non-pups, and SSL non-pups.
Design analysis of capacitor-start, capacitor-run single-phase induction motors

Capacitor-start, capacitor-run single-phase induction motors are analyzed by means of rotating field theory using the method of symmetrical components. The approach is based on the current ratio gamma , relating the backward and forward rotating components of the main and auxiliary-phase winding currents. Since the losses of such a machine are greatly dependent upon the elliptic shape of the rotating field, such an analysis in terms of gamma will be of value for any efficiency optimization. The dependency of the efficiency on the run capacitor's capacitance is investigated. Since the parameters of the equivalent circuit are slip, temperature, and saturation-dependent, a computer program is developed which determines in an iterative manner the performance of such machines. A large number of tests are performed for a 4-pole, 2 Hp, 115/230 V motor. The experimental data corroborate the calculated characteristics which show that the maximum efficiency is reached for a nonzero but small value of gamma . >
Hot Spots and Hot Moments of Dissolved Organic Carbon Export and Soil Organic Carbon Storage in the Shale Hills Catchment

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from watersheds and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage are intimately linked in the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, predictions of hot spots and hot moments of DOC and SOC in watersheds remain uncertain because of high spatiotemporal variability and changing controls. In this study, we investigated the linkage between SOC storage and landform units across the 7.9-ha Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) and its implications for potential hot spots of DOC. We also examined the trends of DOC in soil pore water along two hillslopes of contrasting soils and topography and the impacts of rainfall, stream discharge, and stream temperature on DOC export to identify possible hot moments. Based on the SOC distribution throughout the entire catchment, swales (particularly south-facing swales) were identified as hot spots because they exhibited significantly higher SOC storage and more active hydrology as compared to the rest of the catchment. Along the two hillslopes reported here, average soil pore water DOC concentrations were noticeably higher (35 ± 12%) along the swale as compared to the planar hillslope. Soil pore water DOC concentrations were elevated at the soil–bedrock interface at the ridgetop and at the Bw–Bt horizon interface in the valley floor, suggesting transport-driven hot spots along restrictive layer interfaces. Stream water DOC concentration at the catchment outlet averaged 6.2 ± 5.3 mg L−1 from May 2008 to October 2010, which was significantly correlated with stream discharge and stream water temperature. Transport-driven hot moments of stream water DOC were observed during the periods of snowmelt and late summer to early fall wet-up, which together contributed ∼55% of total stream water DOC exported in 2009. This reflected the control of DOC export by flushing (linked to discharge) and biological activity (related to temperature) and its variation during different seasons of a year. This study showcased the impacts of complex soil and topography interactions—coupled with changing weather and seasonal biological activity—on the spatiotemporal dynamics of DOC export in a temperate forested catchment and its link to SOC distribution.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and the collateral circulation: the story continues.

See related article, pages 1027–1036 The Greek philosopher Socrates once mused that the more one knows, the more one does not know. An extension of this philosophy could be applied to our knowledge of the myriad actions and effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It seems that the more we understand about VEGF, the less we really comprehend about this complicated many-faceted, growth factor/cytokine/morphogen/survival factor/permeability factor, protein! Originally VEGF was described as vascular permeability factor, a glycoprotein with a mass of 40 kDa, which induced macromolecular leakage in the circulation.1–4 At approximately the same time as the permeability effects were elucidated, the potent angiogenic activities of VEGF were also uncovered, leading to the suggestion that we name it vasculotropin.5–8 Since these reports in the late 1980s and early 1990s, publications related to the actions, signaling, and regulation of VEGF, have proliferated to now exceed 24 000. Although the initial isoforms described were of the VEGF-A family, the VEGF clan has since grown to 5 (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and PLGF),9 and new “offspring” continue to appear at the doorstep.10,11 The remaining discussion here focuses …
Mobility in ad hoc wireless networks: a villain or a friend?

Summary form only given. Ad hoc wireless networks are multi-hop networks in which mobile nodes cooperate to maintain network connectivity and perform various functions including routing. This talk focuses on two different views of mobility in ad hoc wireless networks. One view casts mobility as an undesirable feature. This view normally represents an ad hoc wireless network as a traditional graph model. Various mobility-deterred mechanisms have been proposed to counter the effect of node mobility, including proactive maintenance of link state information to ensure connectivity. Another view considers mobility as a desirable feature which can increase network capacity and even assist the routing process. Those so called mobility-assisted models include epidemic routing, infostations, and message ferrying. The author offers some of his own view on these two approaches and discusses some recent results on mobility-deterred mechanisms, including buffer zone and view consistency.
Effect of testosterone on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor gene expression in the hypophysectomized rat.

Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increase during puberty, concurrent with an increase in the levels of GH and the gonadal steroids. The relationship between the changes observed in IGF-I and testosterone (T) levels are not understood. This study was designed to determine whether T has a direct effect on IGF-I serum levels, liver IGF-I gene expression, and epiphyseal growth plate IGF-I and IGF-I receptor gene expression. Hypophysectomized castrated rats were divided into four groups of six animals. The T group was treated with sc T for 5 days. The GH group was treated with a single dose of GH. The GH plus T group was treated with T for 5 days and with GH on the last day of treatment. The control group was injected for 5 days with vehicle alone. Serum IGF-I levels in the T group were not significantly different from those in the control group, and the levels in the GH plus T group were not significantly different from those in the GH group. There was an 11-fold increase in liver IG...
Effects on sperm morphology by alleles at the pink-eyed dilution locus in mice.

Sperm head morphology was analyzed in all genotypic combinations for alleles dark pink-eye (pd) and p-sterile alleles, p6H, pbs (p -black-eyed sterile) and p25H. Three of these, p6H, pbs and p25H, were radiation induced; homozygotes and heterozygotes of these three alleles are male sterile, whereas pd/— genotypes are fertile. Sperm heads were examined by light microscopy and assigned to one of five classes: A. normal and near-normal, B. triangulate and oblate, C. spatulate, D. elongate, and E. filamentous. Males of each sterile genotype had grossly abnormal sperm and each sterile genotype differed from all other sterile genotypes and from fertile genotypes in at least one class, except p6H/p6H compared to pbs/pbs. Frequency distribution profiles (1) revealed a complex pattern of allelic interaction and do not support a deletion-complementation hypothesis, (2) do not show simple bimodality, which might suggest post-meiotic (haploid) gene expression, and (3) together with unpublished breeding data, show that p25H is not a remutation of p6H.
Harnessing Whales: The Role Of Shadow Price Disclosure In Money Market Mutual Fund Reform

The money market mutual fund industry is experiencing a sea change. Thanks, in large part, to their role in the 2008 market break, U.S. securities regulators have targeted money market funds for a structural overhaul. Runs on money market funds by institutional investors in the wake of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy weakened the short-term credit market to the point of collapse. The resulting intervention of the Federal Reserve and the Treasury may have saved the economy from further damage but came at such a perceived cost that legislation now forbids it. Both the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) believe restructuring is necessary. Their only question appears to be exactly what form the product will take. One of the elements being considered in the reform effort will be increased disclosure of money market fund shadow prices. The regulators have posited that more frequent and more available disclosure of fund shadow prices will lead to more discipline being exerted on the fund industry, especially by the institutional market. A revamped disclosure regime, however, has been in effect since monthly shadow price disclosures were imposed by the SEC in December 2010. This study looks at the impact of those 2010 disclosure regulations on different sectors of the market. It seeks to identify a correlation between shadow prices and changes in assets for both retail and institutional funds. The authors assess the findings of the study and discuss the implications of those findings for the impending regulatory restructuring.
African-American History: Origins, Development, and Current State of the Field

Over the past three decades, African American history has matured as a scholarly field within United States history. Under the impact of the modern Civil Rights and Black Power Movements, studies of black life and history proliferated. Black history stimulated as well as drew suste nance from larger trends in American histo riography, which emphasized the study of American society "from the , bottom up" (1). Despite the vital impact of what was sometimes re ferred to as the "new social history," scholars soon found this approach wanting, particularly its gender bias and insufficient attention to the ways that class and race unfolded within particular historical contexts. This scholarship nonetheless deepened our knowledge of life at the bottom, while slowly revamping our understanding of life in the middle, at the top, and between and within the sexes. A brief assessment of the origins, development, and current state of the field suggests the gradual ascent of a new African American synthesis. In a 1986 historiographical essay, John Hope Franklin argued that every generation of historians has the opportunity to write its own history and that it was obliged to do so. According to his calculations, four genera tions of unequal length characterized the development of Afro-American history. With some modifications, particularly dur ing the nineteenth century, this essay builds upon Franklin's general periodization (2). The first generation emerged before the Civil War and persisted through the 1890s. The nineteenth century pioneers included Robert Benjamin Lewis, William Wells
Free Banking as a Monetary Gauge

Selgin's Theorem -- that a free banking system operating on a fixed supply of commodity reserves acts to stabilize total nominal spending per year -- provides an analytical bridge between this alternative regime and conventional monetary theory. For a system of competing banks subject to stochastic spending decisions on the part of an interacting pool of depositors, I disaggregate Selgin's analysis according to transaction size, and examine the effect on the probability distribution for daily redemption demand at a representative bank. This leads to a generalized theorem involving nominal spending and total transaction number, which in turn suggests an econometric gauge that can assess current monetary policy by reference to a free banking-theoretic ideal. A simple equity/bond trading strategy derived from this gauge, and optimized using US historical data over 1983-2014, is seen to significantly outperform (in-sample) a static equity investment. I also discuss implications of this work for economic scenario generation in the context of portfolio theory and for the design of a cryptocurrency like bitcoin but that could be configured to stabilize more complicated macro variables like nominal spending, rather than money supply.
Computational Studies of the Electronic Structures of Copper-Doped CdSe Nanocrystals: Oxidation States, Jahn–Teller Distortions, Vibronic Bandshapes, and Singlet–Triplet Splittings

The electronic structures of copper-doped CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. Comparison of the electronic structures of Cu+- and Cu2+-doped NCs indicates that only the Cu+ ground state is consistent with the experimental absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of copper-doped NCs, Cu2+-doped NCs being characterized by low-energy charge-transfer and d–d excited states that quench visible PL. In the luminescent metal-to-conduction-band charge-transfer (MLCBCT) excited state of the Cu+-doped CdSe NCs, the photogenerated hole is calculated to be localized at the copper dopant. Strong electron–phonon coupling in this MLCBCT excited state causes substantial geometric distortion along totally symmetric and Jahn–Teller nuclear coordinates, with a correspondingly large excited-state nuclear reorganization energy. This excited-state nuclear reorganization causes the broad PL band shape and large PL Stokes shift observed experimentally. Singlet and triplet ...
What Do Buyers Want From Their Relationships With Optical Buying Groups? The Role of Embeddedness, Switching Costs, and Commitment

Independent optical shops (or independents) are increasingly being squeezed out by competition from first, warehouse clubs and superstores such as Walmart and Costco which have the means to penetrate the low and middle markets at a national level and second, from direct marketers such as 1-800-Contacts entering the industry with low online pricing. The increasing commodization and price competition in certain segments of the optical market (e.g., contact lens) has made it even more difficult for independents to co-exist with these competitors. Compounded by their inability to offer lower prices comparable to the larger chains as well as the lack of individual negotiating power with manufacturers, many small independents have turned to buying groups (sometimes called cooperatives or purchasing alliances) to help drastically reduce product acquisition costs and to stay competitive as independent entities.
Is childhood obesity linked to lymphoma

1369 Objectives Childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly in the last few decades. Recent epidemiologic studies are suggestive that obesity is linked with certain cancers. This study was designed to evaluate whether an association between childhood obesity and lymphoma exists. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 43 pediatric patients (17 females and 26 males, ages 2-17 years) imaged by PET-CT study at Loma Linda University Medical Center between August 1, 2013 and July 31, 2014. 13 patients underwent repeat scans during this time, resulting in 56 total exams performed on pediatric patients. Patients’ gluteal subcutaneous fat (in cm) was measured bilaterally by tabulating the largest thickness perpendicular from the skin surface to the iliac bone. The two sides were then averaged. In addition, patients’ height (cm) and weight (kg) were used to calculate body mass indices (BMI) for these patients. Standard BMI values were used (underweight if Results The patients with lymphoma (mean age 13.8) had both increased gluteal subcutaneous fat (mean 6.2) and BMI (mean 26.3) when compared to the other patients undergoing PET-CT examinations. Using only initial scans (prior to the initiation of therapy) also showed increased gluteal subcutaneous fat (mean 5.7). The other patients were younger in age (mean 9.1) and had lower gluteal subcutaneous fat (mean 3.5) and BMI (mean 18.7). These patients had the following diagnoses: paraneoplastic syndrome (1); mediastinal germinoma (1); hepatoblastoma (2); post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (4); tonsillar cancer (1); neuroblastoma (2); leukemia (1); melanoma (1); osteosarcoma (2); adrenal gland cancer (1); rhabdomyosarcoma (1); and chondrosarcoma (1). Conclusions The children with lymphoma fall into the overweight category by BMI and have increased gluteal subcutaneous fat thickness on PET-CT images. In comparison, the children with other malignancies are within the normal weight category by BMI. The results suggest that a link between childhood obesity and lymphoma does exist.
A study of voltage stability improvement by static var compensators in the electric power system including wind farms

Due to the stochastic and intermittent characteristic of wind power, large-scale wind farm integration has a great impact on the power system stability. The study on application of static var compensator(SVC) in the wind power integration into a power grid was presented. Based on a number of wind farms integration into the region grid, the effect of installing SVC in the major load bus of the grid was analyzed. The results of simulation prove that SVC can improve the voltage quality, transmission capability and transient voltage stability under different level of wind farm output.
An Empirical Study on the Employment Elasticity of Service Industry in Megalopolis: Taking Beijing City as an Example

Based on the research of the 1979-2012 annual growth rate of Beijing services production value and service sector employment growth comparison,as well as Beijing services employment elasticity among various industries and service employment elasticity analysis,it has been found that Beijing services and its ability of absorbing employment growth are in the downward trend. However,the employment services among industries have different capacities to absorb employment. In general,transportation,storage and postal services,information transmission,computer services and software industry,the financial sector and the real estate industry,these four sectors have the highest of sector employment elasticity.
Effect of a Clostridium species upon cecal size of gnotobiotic mice.

SummaryAn anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus has been isolated from the cecal contents of conventional mice. This organism causes reduction in size of the enlarged cecum usually associated with axenic mice. It has been identified as Clostridium difficile. A combination of 2 strains of Bacteroides isolated from cecal contents of conventional mice was also effective in this respect.
Sequence-based Class Tagging for Robust Transcription in ASR

We present a method of modeling non-lexical vocabulary items such as numbers, times, dates, monetary amounts and address components that avoids the data sparsity and out-of-vocabulary problems of written-domain language models. Like previous approaches, we use a class-based language model and efficient finite-state class grammars during run-time decoding. We mitigate the problem of context-independent replacement of class items by employing a contextual sequence labeling model to identify which class instances should be replaced, leaving others to appear in their original form. Applied to the task of general voice-search audio transcription, our method achieves 10% relative error reduction (on the numeric error rate metric) compared to the previous system (based on a verbalizer transducer). On a numeric entity recognition task, our method achieves a 23% relative error reduction on the same metric. In both cases, word error rate remains the same or is reduced.