cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Back to the Future: Historical Materialism, Diaspora Politics, and the Limits of Novelty

It has become almost obligatory for any published analyses of diasporas in global politics to begin with a section that offers conceptual clarification. Building on what is by now several decades of scholarship on the subject, authors generally commence with a nod toward the fact that diaspora is a “contested” concept. They then move on to a more or less systematic accounting of their understanding of this concept, using it as a springboard to explain specific aspects of diaspora politics, be it the emergence of diaspora networks working almost seamlessly across borders to effect changes in their “homeland” or, more recently, the involvement of states in institutionalizing their relationship with their diasporas. Notwithstanding the copious attention devoted to parsing out the subtleties and nuances of this concept, it is however striking that much of the scholarship on the role of diasporas in global politics has converged around a curious and curiously flattening account of what it means. Curious, because regardless of their initial point of departure, the analyses often ultimately veer toward some sort of celebration of the potential of diasporas. On the one hand, there are the more mainstream narratives that add diasporas to the burgeoning mix of nonstate/civil society actors challenging and pushing entrenched state actors in the direction of a more liberal global order (Shain and Barth 2003; Darieva 2011). On the other hand, there are more self-consciously “critical” narratives that hail diasporas for exposing the limitations of the nation-state form, the inherent instability of the hyphen that connects the nation to the territorial state, thereby challenging us—the students of IR, presumably—to rethink the realm of the international (Appadurai 1996). Forming two distinct poles of a rather limited spectrum, these narratives are united by the celebratory overtones coloring their attempts to understand contemporary international relations through …
Photoneutron Cross-Section Resonances in O 16

The cross section for the reaction O/sup 16/( gamma ,n)O/sup 15/ was measured from the threshold to 60 Mev using bremsstrahlung from the Iowa State University 70-Mev synchrotron. The O/sup 15/ radioactivity yield curve was measured and the relative cross section extracted using least-structure analysis. Three activation curves were measured in each of two separate experiments in which different samples, beam geometries, and energy control systems were used. (C.E.S.)
Technical communication from 1850–1950: Where have we been?

As the discipline of technical communication undergoes increasing scrutiny by scholars and teachers and as the discipline continues to evolve with advancements in technology, we should pause to consider some foundational, historical issues that led to the formation of a technical communication pedagogy in the first place. This piece evaluates shifts in an engineering curriculum from roughly 1850 to 1960 that made possible the development of a technical communication curriculum.
Real rational curves are not “unit speed”

We prove that it is impossible to parameterize any real plane curve, other than a straight line, by rational functions of its arc length. The proof extends in a straightforward manner to real space curves of any dimension d ⩾ 3.
Stability of the quantum spin Hall effect: Effects of interactions, disorder, and Z 2 topology

The stability to interactions and disorder of the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE) proposed for time-reversal-invariant two-dimensional systems is discussed. The QSHE requires an energy gap in the bulk and gapless edge modes that conduct spin-up and spin-down excitations in opposite directions. When the number of Kramers pairs of edge modes is odd, certain one-particle scattering processes are forbidden due to a topological ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ index. We show that in a many-body description, there are other scattering processes that can localize the edge modes and destroy the QSHE: the region of stability for both classes of models (even or odd number of Kramers pairs) is obtained explicitly in the chiral boson theory. For a single Kramers pair, the QSHE is stable to weak interactions and disorder, while for two Kramers pairs it is not; however, the two-pair case can be stabilized by either finite attractive or repulsive interactions. For the simplest case of a single pair of edge modes, it is shown that changing the screening length in an edge with screened Coulomb interactions can be used to drive a phase transition between the QSHE state and the ordinary insulator.
Evaluating environmental protection in post-Hurricane Katrina plans in Mississippi

Immediately following Hurricane Katrina, the Mississippi Governor's Commission for Recovery, Rebuilding and Renewal provided planning teams to work with coastal communities to prepare long-range rebuilding plans followed by further community-initiated plans. Eighteen months after Katrina, this paper examines the degree to which environmental protection has been incorporated into the long-range plans developed in Harrison County, Mississippi. This study finds that environmental protection has not been adequately integrated into the plans. It concludes by offering recommendations on how these communities can improve their plans relative to environmental protection measures as they move into their next phase of planning.
Renal inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 increases in calcium oxalate stone-forming patients

Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy-chain proteins bind to the protease inhibitor bikunin and to hyaluronan, stabilizes extracellular matrix in various tissues, and also inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro . In both normal and stone-forming patients, we found heavy chain 3 and hyaluronan in the interstitial matrix of the kidney. Osteopontin was found in the collecting duct, thin loop of Henle, and urothelial cells. In stone formers, heavy chain 3 was also present in collecting duct, thin loop, and interstitial cells. Heavy chain 3 and osteopontin colocalized in plaque matrix and urothelial cells. Within individual plaque spherules, heavy chain 3 was found in the matrix layer while osteopontin was located along the crystal–matrix interface. Bikunin was present only in the collecting duct apical membranes and the loop cell cytoplasm of stone formers colocalizing with osteopontin and heavy chain 3. Widespread heavy chain 3 was only present in stone formers, whereas osteopontin was similarly expressed in normal and stone-forming subjects except for its localization in plaques of the stone formers. This is consistent with studies linking inter-α-trypsin inhibitor components to human stone disease, although their role is still unclear. Heavy chain 3 may also play a role in stabilizing hyaluronan in the renal interstitial matrix.
Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941. By Michael David‐Fox. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 396. $55.00.)

The author of this study is one of the leading scholars on early Soviet culture, and this volume makes important contributions to that field. Unfortunately, lax and sloppy editing undercut this boo...
Two-dimensional atomic sheets for heterogeneous flexible high-frequency and low-power nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional atomic sheets have emerged as near ideal nanomaterials to overcome the long running challenge of achieving Si CMOS like performance on soft substrates at scales that can be suitable for large integration. For instance, the high mobility and velocity accessible in monolayer graphene affords GHz analog transistor devices while the large bandgap of graphene’s semiconducting analogues (MoS2 and similar dichalcogenides) naturally lead to near ideal digital transistors with high on/off current ratio and low subthreshold slope while sustaining mobilities much larger than organic semiconductors or amorphous bulk semiconductors. Together, these physically similar atomic layers with vastly different electronic properties can serve as the electronic platform for low-power digital, high-speed mixed-signal, and high-frequency analog transistor building blocks for flexible nanoelectronic systems. Here we report GHz graphene transistors operating in the microwave frequency range, and address mobility and contact resistance extraction in semiconducting atomic sheets. Further progress on heterogeneous integration of graphene and 2D semiconducting crystals can enable future flexible nanosystems.
Performance of optimal trade-off and distance-classifier circular filters for rotation invariance

We evaluated the performance of circular optical trade-off SDF (OTSDF) and distance classifier correlation filters (DCCFs) as rotation-invariant correlation filters. Because the filters are designed using different parameters we compared the filter's performance in terms of an equivalent effect of probability of error. The use of OTSDF and DCCF filters as circular filters allows their calculation to be greatly simplified when compared to using rotated views of an object to create filters. We found that both types of filters can be used for rotation-invariant object recognition in a noisy environment. In addition, the filters generated were real-valued so they may be implemented on a variety of spatial light modulators.
Synthesis of macrolide prostaglandin analogs

Abstract Prostaglandin analogs of the E- and F2α-functional type, which are constrined to conformations in which the side-chains are close in space and specifically aligned in the terminal portions by covalent bonding, have been synthesized. These analogs are 1, (ω-1)-macrolides. The syntheses proceed from aldehyde intermediate I via the Emmon's condensation with dimethyl n-(dimethyl-t-butyl-silyloxy) 2-oxoalkylphosphonate anions (IIa or b). The macrolide closures were performed using 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide. For the synthesis of 9-ketoprostaglandin macrolides, a free 9-hydroxy is available for oxidation after macrolide closure, so long as the 9-position is protected as the acetate rather than benzoate. Chiroptical data revealed that the conformations of the macrolide prostaglandins are unchanged (relative to the natural uncosntrained prostaglandins) in the vicinity of the five-membered ring and the allyl alcohol unit by the formation of the macrolide linkage.
Graphene decoration with metal nanoparticles: Towards easy integration for sensing applications

A simple and versatile method for the decoration of CVD grown graphene with metal nanoparticles is presented. The mechanism of nanoparticle formation is galvanic displacement resulting in physically adsorbed clusters. The single layer graphene obtained by this method can be easily transferred. Integration onto a gas sensing transducer is presented as proof of concept.
Two-photon sequential absorption spectroscopy of the E(0+) state of iodine monofluoride

Abstract The energy levels of a new state of iodine monofluoride lying 5 eV above the ground state have been measured using the two-photon sequential absorption technique. Eleven vibrational levels of the state were measured. A vibrational and rotational analysis gives the spectroscopic constants as T e = 41291.96 cm −1 , ω e = 248.76 cm −1 , ω e χ e = 0.4951 cm −1 and B e = 0.12920 cm −1 . The state has 0 + character, and dissociates to I + + F − in the diabatic approximation.
Molecular Characterization of Mouse Lens Epithelial Cell Lines and their Suitability to Study RNA Granules and Cataract Associated Genes

The discovery of cytosolic RNA granule (RG) component proteins associated with human cataract has initiated investigations on post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression control in the lens. Application of established mouse lens epithelial cell lines (LECs) can provide rapid insights on RG function in lens cells, especially because mouse mutants in several RG components are not available. However, although these LECs represent potential reagents for such analyses, they are uncharacterized for lens gene expression or RG formation. Therefore, a detailed molecular and cellular characterization of three permanent mouse LECs 17EM15, 21EM15 and αTN4 is performed in this study. Comparative analysis between microarray gene expression datasets on LEC 21EM15 and iSyTE lens tissue demonstrates that 30% of top 200 iSyTE identified lens-enriched genes are expressed in these cells. Majority of these candidates are independently validated to either have lens expression, function or linkage to cataract. Moreover, analysis of microarray data with genes described in Cat-Map, an online database of cataract associated genes and loci, demonstrates that 131 genes linked to cataract loci are expressed in 21EM15 cells. Furthermore, gene expression in LECs is compared to isolated lens epithelium or fiber cells by qRT-PCR and by comparative analyses with publically available epithelium or fiber-specific microarray and RNA-seq (sequencing) datasets. Expression of select candidate genes was validated by regular and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of lens epithelium-enriched genes Foxe3, Pax6, Anxa4 and Mcm4 is up-regulated in LEC lines, compared to isolated lens fiber cells. Moreover, similar to isolated lens epithelium, all three LECs exhibit down-regulation of fiber cell-expressed genes Crybb1, Mip and Prox1 when compared to fiber cells. These data indicate that the LEC lines exhibit greater similarity to lens epithelium than to fiber cells. Compared to non-lens cell line NIH3T3, LECs exhibit significantly enriched expression of transcription factors with important function in the lens, namely Pax6, Foxe3 and Prox1. In addition to these genes, all three LECs also express key lens- and cataract-associated genes, namely Dkk3, Epha2, Hsf4, Jag1, Mab21l1, Meis1, Pknox1, Pou2f1, Sfrp1, Sparc, Tdrd7 and Trpm3. Additionally, 21EM15 microarrays indicate expression of Chmp4b, Cryab and Tcfap2a among others important genes. Immunostaining with makers for Processing bodies (P-bodies) and Stress granules (SGs) demonstrates that these classes of RGs are robustly expressed in all three LECs. Moreover, under conditions of stress, 17EM15 and αTN4 exhibit significantly higher numbers of P-bodies and SGs compared to NIH3T3 cells. In sum, these data indicate that mouse LECs 21EM15, 17EM15 and αTN4 express key lens or cataract genes, are similar to lens epithelium than fiber cells, and exhibit high levels of P-bodies and SGs, indicating their suitability for investigating gene expression control and RG function in lens-derived cells.
Spatiotemporal pulse propagation in multimode fibers

Nonlinear wave propagation in multimode optical fibers will be introduced. Recent theoretical and experimental progress on intense pulse propagation in multimode fibers will be reviewed, with an emphasis on spatiotemporal aspects of the wave propagation.
Protein kinases in hepatoma, and adult and fetal liver of the rat. I. Subcellular distribution.

Abstract Comparison of the subcellular distribution of protein kinases in hepatoma, adult and fetal liver showed that nuclei of growing tissues contain a 3 to 5 times higher percentage of the activity in whole homogenate than nuclei of adult liver. The cytoplasmic protein kinase in hepatoma and fetal liver was stimulated by cAMP ∗∗ only half as much as that in adult liver. The nuclear activity was unresponsive to cAMP in all three tissues. Subfractionation of nuclei gave a final preparation that was more active with endogenous substrate than with added histone as phosphate acceptor. The hepatoma nuclei contained latent activity that could be unmasked in the presence of Triton X-100, those of adult and fetal liver did not. A partial resolution of the nuclear activity on DEAE-cellulose is reported.
Archie: a tool for detecting, monitoring, and preserving architecturally significant code

The quality of a software architecture is largely dependent upon the underlying architectural decisions at the framework, tactic, and pattern levels. Decisions to adopt certain solutions determine the extent to which desired qualities such as security, availability, and performance are achieved in the delivered system. In this tool demo, we present our Eclipse plug-in named Archie as a solution for maintaining architectural qualities in the design and code despite long-term maintenance and evolution activities. Archie detects architectural tactics such as heartbeat, resource pooling, and role-based access control (RBAC) in the source code of a project; constructs traceability links between the tactics, design models, rationales and source code; and then uses these to monitor the environment for architecturally significant changes and to keep developers informed of underlying design decisions and their associated rationales.
Vestigialization of an allosteric switch: genetic and structural mechanisms for the evolution of constitutive activity in a steroid hormone receptor.

An important goal in molecular evolution is to understand the genetic and physical mechanisms by which protein functions evolve and, in turn, to characterize how a protein's physical architecture influences its evolution. Here we dissect the mechanisms for an evolutionary shift in function in the mollusk ortholog of the steroid hormone receptors (SRs), a family of biologically essential transcription factors. In vertebrates, the activity of SRs allosterically depends on binding a hormonal ligand; in mollusks, however, the SR ortholog (called ER, because of high sequence similarity to vertebrate estrogen receptors) activates transcription in the absence of ligand and does not respond to steroid hormones. To understand how this shift in regulation evolved, we combined evolutionary, structural, and functional analyses. We first determined the X-ray crystal structure of the ER of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgER), and found that its ligand pocket is filled with bulky residues that prevent ligand occupancy. To understand the genetic basis for the evolution of mollusk ERs' unique functions, we resurrected an ancient SR progenitor and characterized the effect of historical amino acid replacements on its functions. We found that reintroducing just two ancient replacements from the lineage leading to mollusk ERs recapitulates the evolution of full constitutive activity and the loss of ligand activation. These substitutions stabilize interactions among key helices, causing the allosteric switch to become “stuck” in the active conformation and making activation independent of ligand binding. Subsequent changes filled the ligand pocket without further affecting activity; by degrading the allosteric switch, these substitutions vestigialized elements of the protein's architecture required for ligand regulation and made reversal to the ancestral function more complex. These findings show how the physical architecture of allostery enabled a few large-effect mutations to trigger a profound evolutionary change in the protein's function and shaped the genetics of evolutionary reversibility.
On the attraction between linear chain molecules and the many-body problem

The van der Waals energy between two identical parallel chains of harmonic oscillators, varying between two and twenty polarizable units on both chains, is analyzed in some detail. The treatment takes account of nonadditive many-body interactions to all orders within the dipolar approximation, and includes the major contributions from dipole–quadrupole and quadrupole–quadrupole couplings. It is shown that for large interchain separations the many-body effects play an important role, but at short distances the exact energy is very nearly the same as the pairwise additive energy, provided the latter is calculated on the basis of the unperturbed polarizability units. The apparent absence of nonadditive forces at short distances is shown to result largely from cancellation of three- and four-body forces; at large separations the four-body forces dominate the three-body. It is concluded that simple limiting formulas designed for large separations or their macroscopic analogs give results which are much too large when applied to Drude chains at equilibrium distances, and it is suggested that great caution ought to be exercised in applying such formulas to real molecular systems. The contributions from dipole-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole couplings are found to be small for the cases considered.
Development and Evaluation of a Standard Weight (Ws) Equation for Blue Catfish

Abstract Using a data set composed of 33 populations from six states, we employed the regression-line-percentile technique to develop a standard weight equation for blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus and validated it with an independent data set composed of 43 populations from 10 states. The equation is log10Ws = −6.067 + 3.400 log10TL, where Ws is standard weight in grams and TL is total length in millimeters. The English-unit equivalent (pounds and inches) is log10Ws = −3.950 + 3.400 log10TL. The equation is valid for blue catfish 160 mm (approximately 6 in) TL and longer. Relative weight (Wr) values computed with this equation did not exhibit any systematic length bias.
Dopant-dependent oxidation behavior of α-SiAlON ceramics

Oxidation behavior of α-SiAlON ceramics doped with Yb, Y, Nd, Ca and Li to the same general molecular formulation was studied at 1000°–1300°C in dry oxygen. Oxidation resistance of α-SiAlON ceramics increased in order of Li, Ca, Nd, Y, and Yb dopants. Oxide layers grown on Nd-, Y-, and Yb-doped samples were dense and crack-free whereas those formed on Ca- and Li-doped samples were porous. The dopant-dependent oxidation behavior of α-SiAlON ceramics can be attributed to the effect of the dopants on refractoriness of grain boundary phases and oxide layers as well as to the associated changes in the rate of grain boundary diffusion of dopants and oxygen diffusion in the oxide layers.
Layered TaSiN as an oxidation resistant electrically conductive barrier

TaSiN films deposited as layered TaN–SiN structures of various compositions have been examined for their oxidation resistant properties during annealing in oxygen at annealing conditions commonly used to prepare perovskite dielectrics. The films have been characterized by Rutherford backscattering analysis (RBS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical resistivity measurements. Films with less than 15 at.% Si showed some resistance to oxidation after annealing for 1 min at 650 °C but became fully oxidized after longer anneals. Increasing the Si content up to 28 at.% increasingly improved the oxidation resistance of the alloys to the point where the films resisted complete oxidation for up to 5 min at 700 °C. For alloys with greater than 28 at.% Si, no oxidation could be detected by RBS or electrical measurements for anneals up to 5 min at 700 °C. Furthermore, these high Si content alloys were still conductive with resistivities of near 1000 μΩ cm. It was also found that TaSiN and lead lanthanum titanate (PLT) interact strongly during annealing, and another nonoxidizing barrier metal, such as Pt, is required between the two materials if TaSiN is to be used as an electrode/barrier with lead-based perovskites.
Team learning: Implications for the classroom teacher and school psychologist

Abstract The authors state that the school psychologist's handling of behavioral and academic problems may be improved if more attention were directed to various instructional methods which would bring him into greater contact with normal classroom activities. Team learning could be used jointly by the classroom teacher and school psychologist toward this goal.
A highly flexible tool for large scale computational problems in applied physics

Abstract A software package is described, the Simulation Generator (SimGen), which automatically constructs a computer simulation from a high level description of a physical problem. SimGen constructs a simulation by (i) parsing the input file, (ii) generating by symbolic manipulation the functions which are needed for a Newton method solution of the problem, and (iii) interfacing the computer generated code to an appropriate solution module. Executing the simulation solves the equations specified in the input file. The choice of numerical representation of the problem (e.g. type of finite difference scheme for a coupled set of nonlinear partial differential equations) is left to the user. Emphasis in the design of this software has been placed on generality and flexibility. The calculation of the elements of the Jacobian matrix, which is needed by Newton's method, is discussed. The syntax of the input file is well suited to specifying large sets of discrete equations. To show the ease and flexibility of the approach a semiconductor simulation is presented.
The role of the SV40 ST antigen in cell growth promotion and transformation

The simian virus 40 small-t (ST) antigen plays a key role in permissive and nonpermissive infections, increasing virus yields in lytic cycles of primate cells and enhancing the ability of large-T (LT) to transform rodent or even human cells. In the absence of ST, tumors in rodent model systems appear primarily in lymphoid and other proliferative tissues and transformation is reduced in several in vitro systems. The functions of ST largely reflect its binding and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A, although a recently described dnaJ domain also contributes to its biology. The dnaJ domain is present in LT and a third early gene product, the 17kT protein, for which a potential role in transformation deserves further evaluation.
Vancomycin analogs: Seeking improved binding of d-Ala-d-Ala and d-Ala-d-Lac peptides by side-chain and backbone modifications.

Abstract In order to seek vancomycin analogs with improved performance against VanA and VanB resistant bacterial strains, extensive computational investigations have been performed to examine the effects of side-chain and backbone modifications. Changes in binding affinities for tripeptide cell-wall precursor mimics, Ac 2 - l -Lys- d -Ala- d -Ala ( 3 ) and Ac 2 - l -Lys- d -Ala- d -Lac ( 4 ), with vancomycin analogs were computed with Monte Carlo/free energy perturbation (MC/FEP) calculations. Replacements of the 3-hydroxyl group in residue 7 with small alkyl or alkoxy groups, which improve contacts with the methyl side chain of the ligands’ d -Ala residue, are predicted to be the most promising to enhance binding for both ligands. The previously reported amine backbone modification as in 5 is shown to complement the hydrophobic modifications for binding monoacetylated tripeptides. In addition, replacement of the hydroxyl groups in residues 5 and 7 by fluorine is computed to have negligible impact on binding the tripeptides, though it may be pharmacologically advantageous.
Complete human rDNA repeat units isolated in yeast artificial chromosomes.

Abstract Human ribosomal DNA has been inferred to be organized in tandem repeat units of 44 kb, of which only 13 kb is transcribed into preribosomal RNA. Unfortunately, it has remained difficult to examine the intact repeat structure directly, because even a single repeat unit is too large to be accommodated in conventional cloning systems. Here we report the isolation of intact repeat units using yeast artificial chromosomes as a cloning tool. With a spacer sequence specific to human ribosomal DNA used as a probe, 27 clones were identified among 17,000 YACs (about 0.7 genomic equivalent of total human DNA). Fourteen clones contained only a small portion of rDNA; the other 13 contained most or all of the rDNA repeat unit, and 8 of those were studied in further detail. They contained 1 to 1.5 repeat units of rDNA with all of the expected EcoRI and HindIII fragments. These clones provide possible starting material for the analysis of expression of a single unit of rDNA. Unexpectedly, however, only the four smaller clones (70 to 90 kb) were completely composed of standard rDNA sequences; four larger clones (up to 950 kb in length) contained additional “non-rDNA” sequences, at either one or both ends of the repeat unit. Analysis of these atypical rDNA clones suggests that their inserts either are scattered in the genome or are localized in a nucleolar organizer region that is more complex than previously recognized.
High-contrast Coronagraphic Techniques

The direct detection of very faint companions to bright stars requires the development of effective high-contrast detection techniques, and the past decade has seen remarkable conceptual and instrumental progress in this area. New coronagraphic and interferometric techniques are regularly being deployed for on-sky tests and observations, and extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) systems will soon enable the exploitation of novel coronagraphic approaches. This paper provides an overview of coronagraphic high-contrast techniques, as well as a brief summary of the current state of affairs and future possibilities.
Precise Reduction of Dorsal Septal Cartilage in Rhinoplasty: No. 12 Blade With Bayonet Forceps

Dorsal reduction is an important maneuver in many rhinoplasty procedures. Most surgeons performing an open technique reduce the dorsal cartilaginous septum independent of the upper lateral cartilage.1,2 In this Letter to the Editor, I would like to present a technique for dorsal septal cartilage reduction that yields consistent and precise results. This method utilizes a bayonet forceps in conjunction with a No. 12 scalpel blade. Bayonet forceps are incorporated for the dual purpose of stabilizing the cartilage and providing a “track” to guide the blade to a straight incision path. A No. 12 blade is utilized because its unique concave cutting surface permits the cartilage incision with a motion that occurs in the same vector as the long access of the septum. This technique is described in the context of open rhinoplasty.3,4 In most cases, less than 5 mm of dorsal reduction is needed, and the bone is reduced …
Implementing Intelligence-Led Policing: An Application of Loose-Coupling Theory

Abstract Purpose This research is intended to inform a knowledge gap in the literature and present the first national findings related to intelligence-led policing adoption among state and local agencies. Specific practices are identified to inform scholars and practitioners regarding intelligence-led policing behaviors. Methods Original survey research from a federally-funded project is gleaned to explore intelligence-led policing adoption through a loose-coupling theoretical perspective. Negative binomial and logistic regression models are employed to identify predictive relationships. Results Agencies nationwide appear to be closely following the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan recommendations to enhance information sharing. Consistent with the Department of Homeland Security’s Target Capabilities List is also observed. Agency size appears to have a significant effect on key organizational information sharing behaviors. The findings are tempered due to limitations in the research design. Conclusions Local agencies appear to be tightly-coupled with the recommendations put forth in the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan in their efforts to adopt intelligence-led policing. Agency size appears to enhance adoption across most dependent metrics. This research progresses the limited evidence base and progress regarding this emerging policing philosophy.
Mushroom spent straw: a potential substrate for an ethanol-based biorefinery

Rice straw (RS) is an important lignocellulosic biomass with nearly 800 million dry tons produced annually worldwide. RS has immense potential as a lignocellulosic feedstock for making renewable fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. However, because of its natural recalcitrance, RS needs thermochemical treatment prior to further biological processing. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a leading biomass pretreatment process utilizing concentrated/liquefied ammonia to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass at moderate temperatures (70–140°C). Previous research has shown improved cellulose and hemicellulose conversions upon AFEX treatment of RS at 2:1 ammonia to biomass (w/w) loading, 40% moisture (dwb) and 90°C. However, there is still scope for further improvement. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosics is an important biological pretreatment method that has not received much attention in the past. A few reasons for ignoring fungal-based pretreatments are substantial loss in cellulose and hemicellulose content and longer pretreatment times that reduce overall productivity. However, the sugar loss can be minimized through use of white-rot fungi (e.g. Pleutorus ostreatus) over a much shorter duration of pretreatment time. It was found that mushroom spent RS prior to AFEX allowed reduction in thermochemical treatment severity, while resulting in 15% higher glucan conversions than RS pretreated with AFEX alone. In this work, we report the effect of fungal conditioning of RS followed by AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The recovery of other byproducts from the fungal conditioning process such as fungal enzymes and mushrooms are also discussed.
Large-signal characteristics of a wide-band dielectric-loaded gyro-TWT amplifier

The bandwidth of a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWT) has been significantly increased by partially filling the interaction waveguide with dielectric to reduce the circuit's dispersion. The proof-of-principle experiment was designed for X-band, and employs the fundamental mode of rectangular waveguide loaded with dielectric slabs along the narrow sidewalls. The amplifier yields a peak output power of 55 kW with 11% efficiency, 27 dB saturated gain, and an unprecedented untapered gyro-TWT constant-drive bandwidth of 11% and saturated bandwidth exceeding 14%. The single-stage amplifier is completely zero-drive stable. The 95-kV 5-A electron beam was produced by a single-anode magnetron injection gun with p/sub /spl perp////spl upsi//sub z/=0.6, as determined by the EGUN code, and /spl Delta//spl upsi//sub z///spl upsi//sub z/=4%, determined as the best fit to the gyro-TWT large-signal simulation data. Simulation studies predict that by lowering the velocity spread to /spl Delta//spl upsi//sub z///spl upsi//sub z/=2%, the amplifier performance will be further enhanced to a constant-drive bandwidth of 20% with 15% efficiency.
Minimal functional brain differences between older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment during the stroop

This investigation compared the neural correlates of inhibition in normal older adults (OAs) and OAs with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). It was hypothesized the MCI group would require a greater amount of resources for inhibition, and therefore display greater functional activation in specific regions of interest (ROIs). Twenty-six OAs without and 17 with MCI completed the Stroop task during functional neuroimaging, and completed additional out-of-scanner neuropsychological measures. During inhibition, there were minimal functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) differences found between groups in a priori specified ROIs and with post-hoc multiple regression analyses. However, these minimal differences did not survive corrected thresholds. Robust differences were found with several tasks of a neuropsychological screening battery. The results of this study suggest only very minimal group differences in fMRI activation during inhibition which may not reliably identify MCI, and this condition may be best detected by traditional neuropsychological techniques.
Cell density and proliferation modulate collagen synthesis and procollagen mRNA levels in arterial smooth muscle cells.

Collagen synthesis and procollagen mRNA levels were determined and compared in (1) sparse, rapidly proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMC); (2) postconfluent, density-arrested SMC; and (3) sparse, nonpro-liferating (mitogen-deprived) rabbit arterial SMC. Collagen synthesis per SMC was decreased by 70% in postconfluent versus proliferating cells. However, relative collagen synthesis, expressed as the percentage of total protein synthesis, increased from 3.7% in sparse cultures to approximately 7% in postconfluent cultures. Slot blot analyses demonstrated that the relative steady state α 1(I) and α 1(III) procollagen mRNA levels were also increased in postconfluent cultures when compared to sparse cultures. As with collagen synthesis per cell , the mRNA levels per cell for types I and III procollagen in postconfluent cells, determined by densitometry of blots, were likewise approximately half that found in sparse, proliferating cells. In a separate study to determine if cell-cell contact was necessary for eliciting these changes in collagen synthesis, we determined collagen synthesis in mitogen-deprived and proliferating SMC cultures at low density. Mitogen-deprived cultures synthesized only 10% the amount of collagen produced (per cell) by proliferating cultures in 10% fetal bovine serum. Relative collagen synthesis in proliferating and nonproliferating cultures was 5.0 and 8.3%, respectively. These results demonstrate elevated collagen synthesis, per cell, by proliferating cultures compared with nonproliferating cultures, regardless of whether cells were rendered quiescent by density arrest or by mitogen deprivation. Results also suggest a pretranslational mechanism for the regulation of collagen synthesis in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells.
Cycling of radium and barium in the Black Sea

Abstract We report the first data for the concentrations of Ba and 226 Ra in rivers draining into the Black Sea. For Ba, concentrations are in the range 215–405 nM L -1 ; for 226 Ra, concentrations are in the range 0.4–4 Bq m -3 . These are dissolved concentrations and do not represent additional inputs due to desorption from fluvial particles. We also report new data for the concentrations of Ba and 226 Ra in Black Sea surface waters from 1991 to 1995. Earlier studies documented significant reductions in the concentrations of these elements in Black Sea surface waters for the periods 1957–1988 (Ra) and 1975–1988 (Ba). During the period 1988–89 to 1995, Ba concentrations followed the earlier trend and decreased by an additional 35%. On the other hand, 226 Ra concentrations reversed the trend and increased by about 60% from 1988 to 1995. The reason for the recent divergence in behavior of these two elements is unknown.
A possible mechanism of regulation of rat prostate function by testosterone.

Abstract 1. 1. The hypothesis that testosterone stimulates cation transport in the rat ventral prostate was tested. 2. 2. Uptake K+ by minced prostate tissue was significantly stimulated by testosterone (10−7 M) and inhibited by ouabain (0.5 mM). The androgen was not effective on liver mince or kidney cortex slices. 3. 3. Brief (15 min) pretreatment of prostate microsomes with various concentrations of testosterone (10−8–10−6 M) showed that the steroid maximally stimulated Na++K+)-dependent, ouabain-sensitive ATPase, but not Mg2+-dependent, (Na++K+)-independent ATPase. Analogues of testosterone including 19-nortestosterone, 17β-hydroxyl-5α- and 5β-androstan-3-one and 3α-hydroxy-5α- and 5β-androstan-17-one were ineffective to slightly inhibitory. 4. 4. It is suggested that the elements of the plasma membrane which, on hormonal stimulation, cause accelerated sodium pump activity may be the hypothetical receptors regulating prostatic growth and function; that this regulation is attributable to the metabolic pace-setting action of the Na+-pump apparatus.
Identifying key parameters and trends in civil violence: a sub-regional, agent-based simulation approach using GIS

This work extends a popular agent-based simulation model of civil violence and analyses the effects of these extensions within the test-case region of Iran. First, a macro-level model of civil violence using geographic information science methods and real-world transportation network data is modelled and introduced. A detailed experimental design analyses the sensitivity of the modelled outbreak of civil violence on road network structures. Next, we use individual agent location to develop a personal legitimacy value for each agent of the system and model this legitimacy as a function of agent movement through the region. The resulting models indicate that the occurrence of civil violence in the derived simulations is very sensitive to network composition and connectivity of a given sub-region and identify a small number of behavioural outbreak trends to which sub-regions can be classified. We also show that regional legitimacy can have a marked effect on central authority agent distribution and movement.
“To thine own self(ves) be true”: Reflexive insights for etic self theory from consumers’ emic constructions of the self

The self and related multiple self constructs while widely applied in many guises in consumption‐focused research may be surprisingly underdetermined or misconstrued. What has been missing in particular is a critical perspective assessing an emic view of consumers’ personal theories and narratives of the self. A study using written protocols was conducted to investigate these consumer perspectives and a hermeneutic thematic analysis was developed. Varying accounts of the self in terms of its definition, multiplicity, and related dialectical and reflexive consumption processes were found, suggesting that prior etic self theories ignored many nuances of consumers’ constructions of the self. Building on these accounts, an enhanced theoretical framework of the self emerges involving multiple personal constructions of the self, the reflexivity of the narrative of the self (theory of the self as a construct) with the narrative of oneself (identity construction) and a critical perspective on the discourses of se...
Non-Markovian Configurational Diffusion and Reaction Coordinates for Protein Folding

The non-Markovian nature of polymer motions is accounted for in folding kinetics, using frequency-dependent friction. Folding, like many other problems in the physics of disordered systems, involves barrier crossing on a correlated energy landscape. A variational transition state theory that reduces to the usual Bryngelson-Wolynes Kramers approach when the non-Markovian aspects are neglected is used to obtain the rate, without making any assumptions regarding the size of the barrier, or the memory time of the friction. The transformation to collective variables dependent on the dynamics of the system allows the theory to address the controversial issue of what are ``good'' reaction coordinates for folding.
Choline chloride effects on memory: Correlation with the effects of physostigmine

Abstract Choline chloride (2 g q.i.d.) and placebo were admin stered to nine young adults in a placebo-drug-placebo design. Subjects took memory tests at the end of both placebo periods and at the end of the choline period. All nine subjects had participated in a previous study in which 1.0 mg of physostigmine infused over a 1-hour period improved memory performance relative to performance during a saline infusion (Davis et al., 1978 b ). Choline had no significant effect on average performance either on a test of memory storage or on a test of memory retrieval. However, correlational analysis indicated that subjects who improved most when given physostigmine tended to show slight improvement when given choline. These results suggest that choline does not have substantial effects on memory but that there are small cognitive effects of choline in some subjects.
Motivation for change as a predictor of eating disorder treatment outcomes using a brief self-report YBC-EDS in a residential eating disorder population.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of a new brief self-report form of the Yale–Brown–Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC-EDS-BSR) in a transdiagnostic eating disorder population, and to determine the predictive ability of motivation for change and ego syntonic subscales on treatment outcome. Self-report measures of the YBC-EDS-BSR, eating pathology, depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive symptoms were collected from 164 individuals entering residential treatment. Of these, 107 individuals completed identical measures at discharge. The admission items on the YBC-EDS-BSR were examined for factor structure, and subscales were examined for internal, convergent and discriminant validity. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate predictive value of the motivation and ego syntonic subscales on two measures of treatment outcome. Results indicate that the YBC-EDS-BSR demonstrated a robust factor structure and good psychometric properties in this population. The predicted ego-syntonic subscale did not emerge as an independent factor. The motivation for change subscale significantly predicted treatment outcome on the EDE-Q and the EDI-3 Global Maladjustment Scale. The ego-syntonic items and other psychopathology measures had no predictive value on treatment outcome. Results suggest that motivation for change is a significant predictor of treatment outcome over and above baseline psychopathology.
Damage detection of bridgelike structures using neural networks

It is well known that the static and dynamic structural response of materials can indirectly indicate the health of structural systems. The changes in natural frequencies, mode shapes, and stiffness matrices due to damage are utilized for determination of occurrence, location and extent of damages. In recent years, many researchers have developed global damage detection algorithms using structural modal response. However most of these methods are off-line techniques based on frequency domain data. In this paper we have proposed real- time damage detection methods based on time domain data. In this method damages in the structure can be detected while the structure is kept on its regular use. The algorithm determines reduction in stiffness and/or damping of the structural elements, while assuming that the mass of the structure does not vary due to damage. This algorithm is based on the state space representation of the structure, which is identified from the time domain data. We have also determined a linear transformation matrix for converting the identified model into a state space representation based on physical coordinates of the structural system. The self-organization and learning capabilities of neural networks can be effectively used for structural damage detection purpose. In this paper a hybrid method for the damage detection has been proposed by combining the features of best achievable eigenvector method and neural network classification techniques for detection of location and extent of damage in the structural systems. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by using simple three-bar truss structure and a cantilever beam test article.
Traffic Model Evaluation of Ad Hoc Target Tracking Algorithms

Recent work in traffic planning uses differential equations and cellular automata to determine qualitative and quantitative characteristics of granular media flow. In this paper we describe a self-organizing framework for distributed target tracking built on ad hoc publish-subscribe data routing techniques. A cellular automata model of sensor network dynamics is derived and used to express the routing framework. Experimental evaluation is performed for alternative target-tracking algorithms using the framework. Evaluation uses discrete cellular automata models.