cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ammonium nitrate fertility levels influence flavour development in hydroponically grown 'Granex 33' onion

High levels of nitrogen (N) fertility have been shown to influence bulb flavour characteristics in onion (Allium cepa L). To test the effects of lower levels of N fertility on onion bulb flavour, ‘Granex 33’ onions were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse with varying solution N levels. Eleven levels were tested by increasing the concentration of NH4NO3 in solutions from 20 to 140 mg l−1 N. Mature plants were harvested and evaluated for plant leaf and bulb fresh weights (FWs), bulb soluble solids content (SSC), bulb total pyruvic acid, bulb total sulphur (S), and bulb sulphate (SO42−). To determine the effect of N on the flavour biosynthetic pathway of onion, total and individual S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxides and related peptide intermediates were also tested. Leaf and bulb FWs responded quadratically to N concentration, as did total bulb S. Bulb SO42− and SSC, though significantly influenced by N concentration, did not respond with a meaningful trend. Bulb pyruvic acid increased linearly with N level increases, as did (+)-S-propyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide. Total precursors, (+)-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide, and trans-(+)-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide responded quadratically to N levels. At lower N levels, trans-(+)-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide content was highest relative to the other precursors. However, at elevated N levels, (+)-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide accumulated in the highest concentrations. Peptide intermediates 2-carboxypropyl glutathione and γ-glutamyl propenyl cysteine sulphoxide responded linearly and quadratically respectively to increasing N fertility levels. Nitrogen fertility levels can influence flavour intensity and quality and should be considered when growing onions for flavour attributes. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of Supervisory Control Strategies for Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains Through Dynamic Programming

This paper compares the optimal fuel and electricity costs associated with two supervisory control strategies for a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) using dynamic programming. One strategy has no restrictions on engine fuel usage and the second is restricted to fuel usage only after the battery is depleted below a certain threshold. Both strategies are optimized using deterministic dynamic programming (DDP) to ensure a fair comparison. The DDP algorithm is implemented using a backward-looking powertrain model. Such an approach resolves the computational issues arising because of: 1) the interpolations required to obtain value function estimates and 2) the characterization of constraints through penalty functions. The primary conclusion is that there is no significant difference in the optimal performance of the two control strategies for the series PHEV except when gasoline is unreasonably cheap . This result contrasts sharply with previous controller performance results for parallel and power-split PHEVs where the two strategies' performance is shown to differ for any gasoline price and driving distance. The reason for the contrast is the flexibility of engine operation in a series PHEV. The results are examined for different relative fuel and electricity prices and trip lengths.
A piglet model for studying Candida albicans colonization of the human oro-gastrointestinal tract

Pigs from a variety of sources were surveyed for oro-gastrointestinal (oro-GIT) carriage of Candida albicans . Candida albicans -positive animals were readily located, but we also identified C. albicans -free pigs. We hypothesized that pigs could be stably colonized with a C. albicans strain of choice, simply by feeding yeast cells. Piglets were farrowed routinely and remained with the sow for 4 days to acquire a normal microbiota. Piglets were then placed in an artificial rearing environment and fed sow milk replacer. Piglets were inoculated orally with one of three different C. albicans strains. Piglets were weighed daily, and culture swabs were collected to detect C. albicans orally, rectally and in the piglet's environment. Stable C. albicans colonization over the course of the study did not affect piglet growth. Necropsy revealed mucosally associated C. albicans throughout the oro-GIT with the highest abundance in the esophagus. Uninoculated control piglets remained C. albicans -negative. These data establish the piglet as a model to study C. albicans colonization of the human oro-GIT. Similarities between oro-GIT colonization in humans and pigs, as well as the ease of working with the piglet model, suggest its adaptability for use among investigators interested in understanding C. albicans –host commensal interactions.
Inconsistency in Clinical Measurements Can Be Improved Through Training: Comment on “Standardizing Training for Psoriasis Measures”

This quote has been attributed to W. Edwards Deming, an American whose ideas revolutionized Japanese manufacturing after World War II. For most of my practice lifetime, trust of patients and insurers in physicians placed doctors in an almost God-like status. However, the times and expectations have changed; the public's and payer's perceptions of physicians have moved substantially away from perceiving physicians in this former light. Physicians, including those of us who practice dermatology, also now increasingly must foster and maintain trust with data. The challenges this presents are substantial: to create and maintain a data-driven practice culture in medicine, particularly in dermatology.
Biochemical genetics of the Culex pipiens complex—III. α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

1. 1. Three electrophoretically separable isozymes of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase are observed in extracts of adult mosquitos (Culex pipiens). 2. 2. The tissue distribution and ontogeny of these isozymes is examined and discussed with changing functional requirements of the various tissues. 3. 3. The adult and larval isozymes were partially purified, and found to be similar with respect to molecular weight, pH optimum. 4. 4. The adult and larval α-GPDH isozymes differ with respect to Km (dihydroxyacetone phosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and thermal stability.
BRG1 co-localizes with DNA replication factors and is required for efficient replication fork progression

For DNA replication to occur, chromatin must be remodeled. Yet, we know very little about which proteins alter nucleosome occupancy at origins and replication forks and for what aspects of replication they are required. Here, we demonstrate that the BRG1 catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF-related complexes co-localizes with origin recognition complexes, GINS complexes, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen at sites of DNA replication on extended chromatin fibers. The specific pattern of BRG1 occupancy suggests it does not participate in origin selection but is involved in the firing of origins and the process of replication elongation. This latter function is confirmed by the fact that Brg1 mutant mouse embryos and RNAi knockdown cells exhibit a 50% reduction in replication fork progression rates, which is associated with decreased cell proliferation. This novel function of BRG1 is consistent with its requirement during embryogenesis and its role as a tumor suppressor to maintain genome stability and prevent cancer.
Implantable cardiac arrhythmia devices—Part II: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and implantable loop recorders

Implantable cardiac devices have become firmly entrenched as important therapeutic tools for a variety of cardiac conditions. The second part of this two-part review discusses the contemporary use and follow-up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and the implantable loop recorder. The ICD has become the standard therapy for protecting patients against sudden cardiac death. Two recent trials, the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial II (MADIT II) and the Sudden Cardiac Death Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HEFT), demonstrated that the ICD is associated with a significant survival benefit for patients with reduced ejection fraction (< 0.30-0.35), particularly if heart failure symptoms are present. The ICD has an important role in the management of other conditions associated with a high risk for sudden death, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, and Brugada syndrome. The implantable loop recorder has become an important diagnostic tool for the patient with unexplained syncope.
Influence of 5f electrons on structure and bonding in the actinide-hydrogen intermetallics

Abstract The physicochemical properties of the early actinide (through Pu) hydrides present a fascinating electronic picture that is unique in the periodic table. Complex phases form for the Th + H and U + H systems that are found with no other metals. In the Pa + H system, simple body-centered cubic, C15 Laves and A15 phases can form, dependent on temperature and composition. The phase transformations appear to be magnetically-driven, as a result of the decoupling of the metallic 5f electron bonding that occurs during hydriding; the C15 phases contain two kinds of Pa atoms — the one sublattice being still fully f-bonded and the other magnetic. This is a unique situation in solid state physics which defies a valence description. A similar situation obtains for A15 β-UH 3 structure. It can be shown that the parent metals themselves exhibit electronegativities not unlike those of the mid-3d transition metals (e.g., Fe) because the valence electrons are tied up in metallic bonding. However, under the driving force for hydriding, the lattices can open up, decoupling the f-bonding and inducing magnetism. The systems then aggressively form very stable hydrides typical of highly-electro-positive metals. Beyond uranium the trivalent metallic state is favored and rare-earth-like hydrides are found for Np + H and Pu + H. Nevertheless, the solid-state and transport properties are markedly different than for the rare-earth hydrides, showing that the latent influence of the 5f electrons is still strong.
Cardiovascular serial literature: Characteristics, productive journals, and abstracting/indexing coverage

Two groups of journals were identified as potential sources for cardiovascular (c–v) information. The first group consists of 78 c–v specialty journals, identified as cardiovascular from the title. These 78 emanate from 24 countries, with about one-half of the specialty journals being published by 28 national and international societies. The second group of journals is composed of those journals used by grantees of the National Heart Institute (NHI) to publish their findings. In fiscal 1967, 5,860 papers, appearing in 789 journals, were reported to NHI. Taking the grantees of NHI as being representative of U.S. c–v researchers, it was found that the specialty journals were not the most quantitatively fertile sources of c–v information–only about 14% of American c–v papers were published there. The remaining 86% of the literature was widely dispersed throughout 766 nonspecialty c–v journals. The extent of bibliographic control by the major indexing and abstracting services was found to be more extensive for the top-ranking journals in the NHI sample than for the group of c–v specialty journals.
Conformational perturbation due to an extra adenosine in a self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotide duplex.

The conformation of an oligodeoxynucleotide pentadecamer, d(CGCGAAATTTACGCG), self-complementary except for an additional adenosine nucleotide at position 11, has been investigated with nmr spectroscopy. This oligomer was found to exist predominantly in the duplex form in solution rather than in the hairpin loop form, as observed previously for an analogous 13-mer sequence. Nuclear Overhauser effects indicate that the B-form conformation is disrupted by the extra A base, which forms a wedge within the duplex, producing a bent junction and an overall S-like structure. A downfield-shifted phosphate resonance was assigned using a two-dimensional 1 H- 31 P correlation method, and was found to be P12-13. This and other results indicate that the extra A causes conformational distortions at some distance along the duplex structure.
Boundary value problems for differential-algebraic equations

This paper shows how certain regularization methods can be used to determine the solution structure of linear differential systems subject to linear constraints and boundary conditions. Attention is restricted to the relatively straightforward index-one problems and to certain index-two problems, where endpoint jumps are related to the underlying boundary layer structure of the corresponding singular perturbation problems.
Our recovery journey: two stories of change within Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust's journey of developing more recovery-focused services from two perspectives: that of the Trust project lead for recovery and that of a Recovery College Student and Peer Support Worker. Design/methodology/approach – First person, narrative account from the Trust project lead for recovery and that of a Recovery College Student and Peer Support Worker. Findings – Reflective account describing process and progress made towards establishing a Recovery College and Peer Support Worker Posts in Clinical Teams. Originality/value – An original viewpoint on the process of developing more recovery-focused services.
Microbiomes are true to type

Large assemblages of bacteria are turning up in the strangest of places, but perhaps none is more interesting than the communities that inhabit the human body. The compositions of these microbiota are far from random: only some bacteria are able to thrive in the host environment, and ecological interactions preclude many of all possible combinations of co-occurring species. Because the makeup of a microbial community dictates how it functions, hosts preferentially accommodate those bacterial cohorts that supply properties beneficial to their own health and physiology. Despite these factors, which serve to restrict the composition of bacterial communities, the gut microbiota remains one of the most complex assemblages surveyed to date. The microbiome is dominated by just a few bacterial phyla—mostly Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes, which together typically constitute 90% of the classifiable gut flora (1)—but surveys of human populations have revealed substantial variation among gut microbial communities at finer taxonomic levels. Arumugam et al. (2) proposed that human gut microbiomes can be grouped into multiple classes, termed “enterotypes,” based on the relative abundances of the resident bacterial genera. In PNAS, Wang et al. (3) adopt an experimental approach and provide strong evidence that alternative enterotype structures in the gut are ancient features of mammalian microbiomes driven by dietary variation.
Pseudotumor Cerebri Associated With Cyclosporine Use

Purpose An 11-year-old boy had a one-month history of horizontal diplopia. Three years earlier, he had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation complicated by graft versus host disease. Methods The patient had esotropia and bilateral optic disk edema. A magnetic resonance imaging scan disclosed no intracranial lesion. The opening pressure of the lumbar puncture was 500 mm of water. Pseudotumor cerebri secondary to cyclosporine was diagnosed. Results The patient improved with resolution of his esotropia and diplopia within five days of discontinuing his cyclosporine. The optic disk edema resolved within three months. Conclusion Cyclosporine must be added to the list of medications with a known association with pseudotumor cerebri.
Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783-1784

Two years before Johann David Schopf (1752-1800) published his Beytrage … (1787), Franz Joseph Marter (1753-1827) sent letters from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, and East-Florida to Ignaz von Born, describing plants, animals, and geological features of the newly independent states. These letters were speedily printed in Physikalische Arbeiten … in Vienna (1785). A last letter sent from the Bahamas appeared in the same periodical in 1786.Marter's geological observations are translated and analyzed here for the first time. His descriptions of various rocks along the Schuylkill River, upstream from Philadelphia (granites, limestones, marble quarries, widespread weathered iron ores), and his interpretation of the fossiliferous sandstones in the Appalachian mountains are very similar to those by Schopf. So are Marter's observations of shell banks, either exposed in ditches many miles from the sea, or in cliffs at Yorktown, Virginia, and Wilmington, North Carolina, as well as his description of granit...
Degenerative joint disease in hunter–gatherers and agriculturalists from the Southeastern United States

This study examines degenerative joint disease of the major appendicular joints in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists from northwestern Alabama. Arthritis is highest at the shoulder, elbow, and knee and lower at the hip and ankle. There are virtually no sex differences in the hunter-gatherer group, but in the agriculturalists, males have more severe osteoarthritis than females. The hunters-gatherers have a somewhat greater prevalence of arthritis than the agriculturalists, but the differences are rarely significant. The similarity in osteoarthritis levels over time conflicts with biomechanical evidence, which indicates an increase in usual activities in the agricultural period. Several possible reasons for this are explored, including the suggestion that arthritis is a response to intensive or infrequent activities. Whatever the cause, it is clear that biomechanical data and osteoarthritis are responding to different factors and do not equally represent the level of usual activities.
Late Paleozoic Foreland Deformation in Northern Mexico: Paleogeographic and Tectonic Implications: ABSTRACT

Deformation in north-central Mexico reflects the existence of an actively evolving foreland basin during the late Paleozoic. The Pedregosa and Orogrande basins formed the northern extensions of this north-northwest-trending foreland basin, which was flanked on the north and west by several large block uplifts. Deformation along the southeastern margin of the basin, in Coahuila, is postulated to represent part of a foreland fold-thrust belt, while structures in Chihuahua and adjacent parts of New Mexico and Texas are related to basement-involved block uplifts. The unconformities, sedimentation patterns and deformation styles of several localities in Chihuahua, southern New Mexico, and west Texas indicate similar, but not necessarily time-equivalent, deformational histories Uplift began in Late Mississippian and culminated between latest Pennsylvanian (in the north) and Late Permian (in the south). The geographic distribution and sequential timing of deformation are consistent with our knowledge of the Ouachita system in the U. S. The distribution of the fold-thrust belt and basement-involved uplifts of the Ouachita foreland in northern Mexico is not only similar to other parts of the Ouachita system but also to portions of the Laramide in the northern Rocky Mountains. These similarities and the distribution of late Paleozoic calc-alkaline igneous rocks in the region suggest that a subduction zone and associated magmatic arc were present in eastern Mexico during the late Paleozoic. End_of_Article - Last_Page 262------------
A numerical study of sequential and simultaneous hydraulic fracturing in single and multi-lateral horizontal wells

Abstract Horizontal well hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology can help to develop low permeability oil and gas resources. Today, industry uses simultaneous and sequential fracturing as a means to fracture single or multiple (Zipper Frac) horizontal wells as an efficient way to produce oil/gas. In zipper fracturing two or more parallel wells are fractured simultaneously or sequentially to achieve the maximum stimulated reservoir volume. In order to achieve optimum stimulated rock volumes and fracture networks, one must understand the effect of various rock and fluid properties on stimulation to minimize the risk of unwanted fracture geometries. This paper describes the development and application of a 2D coupled displacement discontinuity numerical model for simulating fracture propagation in simultaneous and sequential hydraulic fracture operations for single and multiple parallel wells. The sequential fracturing model considers two different boundary conditions for the previously created fractures. A constant pressure boundary condition along the fracture surface is considered when the flow back is restricted between the stages and a joint model is used when fractures are propped. A series of examples are presented to study the effect of fracture spacing on expected stimulated zone. It is found that fracture path is not only affected by fracture spacing but also by the boundary conditions on the previously created fractures.
Concentric intermediate filament lattice links to specialized Z-band junctional complexes in sonic muscle fibers of the type I male midshipman fish

Abstract Type I male midshipman fish produce high-frequency hums for prolonged durations using sonic muscle fibers, each of which contains a hollow tube of radially oriented thin and flat myofibrils that display extraordinarily wide (∼1.2 μm) Z bands. We have revealed an elaborate cytoskeletal network of desmin filaments associated with the contractile cylinder that form interconnected concentric ring structures in the core and periphery at the level of the Z bands. Stretch and release of single fibers revealed reversible length changes in the elastic desmin lattice. This lattice is linked to Z bands via novel intracellular desmosome-like junctional complexes that collectively form a ring, termed the “Z corset,” around the periphery and within the core of the cylinder. The junctional complex consists of regularly spaced parallel ∼900-nm-long cytoskeletal rods, or “Z bars,” interconnected with slender (3–4 nm) plectin-positive filaments. Z bars are linked to the Z band by plectin filaments and on the opposite side to a dense mesh of desmin filaments. Adjacent Z bands are linked by slender filaments that appear to suspend sarcotubules. We propose that the highly reinforced elastic desmin cytoskeleton and the unique Z band junctions are structural adaptations that enable the muscles’ high-frequency and high-endurance activity.
The pharmacokinetics of furosemide in anaesthetized horses after bilateral ureteral ligation

The pharmacokinetics of furosemide were investigated in anaesthetized horses with bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL) with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) premedication with phenylbutazone. Horses were administered an intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose of furosemide (1 mg/kg) approximately 60-90 min after BUL. Plasma samples collected up to 3 h after drug administration were analysed by a validated high performance liquid chromatography method. Median plasma clearance (CLp) of furosemide in anaesthetized horses with BUL was 1.4 mL/min/kg. Apparent steady state volume of distribution (Vd(ss)) ranged from 169 to 880 mL/kg and the elimination half life (t1/2) ranged from 83 min to 209 h. No differences in plasma concentration or kinetic parameter estimates were observed when phenylbutazone was administered before furosemide administration. BUL markedly reduces the elimination of furosemide in horses and models the potential effects that severe changes in kidney function may have on drug kinetics in horses.
Self-poisoning with over-the-counter hypnotics.

(1979). Self-Poisoning with Over-the-Counter Hypnotics. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 151-158.
Effect of anisotropy, SIA orientation, and one-dimensional migration mechanisms on dislocation bias calculations in metals

Abstract Swelling in metals exposed to neutron irradiation has long been known to be enhanced by the preferential absorption of interstitials rather than vacancies, by dislocations. A common measure of this preference is called the dislocation bias factor and is computed from the ratio of the capture efficiency of interstitials to that of vacancies, by dislocations. Bias factors calculated through analytical and numerical means have been known to be approximately an order of magnitude larger than those expected by empirical swelling data. While this discrepancy has been justified by some in the past, it has remained an issue of debate among many. A major issue that has not been explored, however, is the effect of the numerous assumptions and approximations in previous studies. In this study, we explore the effect of three major assumptions of past studies. First, anisotropy in the displacement fields of both point-defects and dislocations is accounted for in our calculations. This relieves the assumption that self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) are centers of dilatation in isotropic media. Secondly, since SIAs have energetically-preferred orientations in dislocation stress fields, we use a spatially dependent elastic dipole tensor that accounts for preferred orientations. Lastly, since SIAs are known to undergo fast one-dimensional (1-D) migration in the Burgers direction in the vicinity of dislocations, we specify a fraction of SIAs to migrate one-dimensionally using a modified SIA diffusion tensor. These attributes are implemented into a combined finite-element method (FEM) rate-theory (RT) approach to calculate dislocation bias factors in body-centered cubic iron and face-centered cubic copper. In copper, we observe a significant increase in the bias when anisotropy and preferred SIA orientations are considered. In iron, our results show a drastic decrease in the bias when anisotropy and 1-D SIA motion are implemented, but these effects are countered when preferred SIA orientations are considered.
Antecedents and consequences of residential choice and school transfer

This article examines the antecedents and consequences of residential choice and school transfers within one of the eight largest urban school districts in Texas. This study is based on survey data from a representative sample of parents of K-12 students enrolled in this district. In addition to demographic characteristics of the family, the parent decision-making model of Schneider, Teske, & Marschall (2000) was examined to determine if aspects of this model were useful in understanding the school choices made at the beginning of the school year and the parents' motivation to move to another school at the end. The results provide some support for the view that residential choice is related to enhanced achievement and satisfaction; while, within-district transfers were used more by better educated White parents who did not qualify as low income. Parents' motivation to move their children to another school was greater when they perceived the school as less receptive to their involvement and their children as less successful in school.
Localization of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase in human erythrocyte membranes

The location of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 2',3'-phosphodiesterase in human erythrocyte membranes was determined. This was accomplished by comparing the enzyme's accessibility with that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic surface marker) and acetylcholinesterase (external marker) in sealed and unsealed ghosts and normal and inverted membrane vesicles. The results showed that 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, meets several criteria for an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane location: (1) the enzyme was accessible to substrate in unsealed ghosts and inside-out vesicles but not in sealed or right-side-out vesicles, (2) latent activity in sealed ghosts could be exposed with detergent (Triton X-100), (3) activity in unsealed ghosts was gradually sequestered during resealing and could be re-exposed with detergent, and (4) the enzyme was susceptible to trypsin proteolysis only in unsealed ghosts. These results demonstrate that the active site of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase faces the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and that the enzyme may not span the lipid bilayer of the membrane. The localization of the phosphodiesterase on the inner membrane surface of erythrocytes suggests that the similar enzyme of myelin may be embedded within the major dense line of the compact lamellae.
Inflammatory bowel disease-associated thromboembolism: a systematic review of outcomes with anticoagulation versus catheter-directed thrombolysis.

Background: Thromboembolism (TE) is a common extraintestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is being increasingly used to treat TE but often evokes fears of hemorrhagic complications (HCs) in patients with IBD. We reviewed clinical outcomes with anticoagulation (AC) and CDT in IBD patients with TE. Methods: Published cases of IBD patients with TE were identified by a PubMed search. Cases were divided into two groups based on treatment modality: AC alone or CDT. Pretreatment variables and treatment-related outcomes were compared between treatment groups. Results: Fifty-two cases of IBD-associated TE were identified. Thirty-five cases were treated with AC alone and 17 with CDT. There were no significant differences in pretreatment variables. Patients treated with CDT tended to be more likely to achieve complete or partial symptomatic (P = 0.02) and radiologic resolution (P = 0.06). Gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI HCs tended to occur more frequently with CDT, although these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.44 and 0.15, respectively). Conclusions: CDT and AC both appear to be well tolerated by IBD patients with TE. CDT may be used preferentially in patients with life-threatening TE, while AC may be preferable in patients with less clinically significant TE or patients at higher risk for bleeding. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results and more definitively identify the best therapeutic approach for patients with IBD-associated TE. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Shark Pit Organs: Response to Chemicals

Nerve fibers from pit organs and canal neuromasts are distinguished by the nature of their electrophysiological response to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Pit organs respond to touch but have a relatively high threshold compared with canal neuromasts. They respond readily to sodium and potassium chloride solutions, the rate of discharge increasing with the concentration of the solution. Order of effectiveness with 1 molar solutions of monovalent cations is as follows: potassium, rubidium > sodium, ammonium > cesium, lithium. Anions are ineffective. Divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium are inhibitory. Responses to acid, sugar, and quinine are either very slight or inhibitory.
Low density lipoprotein interaction with artery derived proteoglycan: the influence of LDL particle size and the relationship to atherosclerosis susceptibility

Abstract An in vitro binding system was used to determine whether increases in LDL particle size and altered LDL chemical composition accompanying increased plasma cholesterol concentrations result in greater association of LDL with artery proteoglycan (PG) and whether the binding is related to atherosclerosis. LDL isolated from hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and resistant Show Racer pigeons was complexed to purified White Carneau pigeon aorta-derived high molecular weight PG under conditions whereby PG monomers were saturated. Using LDL of molecular weight > 5.0 × 10 6 daltons from both pigeon breeds, an inverse correlation between LDL size and the number of LDL particles bound per μG PG was demonstrated ( r = 0.87, P r = 0.67, P
Molecular simulation of phase coexistence: Finite-size effects and determination of critical parameters for two- and three-dimensional Lennard-Jones fluids

The subject of this paper is the investigation of finite-size effects and the determination of critical parameters for a class of truncated Lennard-Jones potentials. Despite significant recent progress in our ability to model phase equilibria in multicomponent mixtures from direct molecular simulations, the accurate determination of critical parameters remains a difficult problem. Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations with systems of controlled linear system size are used to obtain the phase behavior in the near-critical region for two- and three dimensional Lennard-Jones fluids with reduced cutoff radii of 3, 3.5, and 5. For the two-dimensional systems, crossover of the effective exponent for the width of the coexistence curve from mean field (β = 1/2 in the immediate vicinity of the critical point to Ising-like (β= 1/8) farther away is observed. Critical parameters determined by fitting the data that follow Ising-like behavior are in good agreement with literature values obtained with finite-size scaling methods. For the three-dimensional systems, no crossover to mean field-type behavior was apparent. Extrapolated results for the critical parameters are consistent with literature estimates for similar fluids. For both two- and three-dimensional fluids, system size effects on the coexistence curves away from the critical point are small, normally within simulation statistical uncertainties.
Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado

Abstract. The D/H isotope ratio is used to attribute boundary layer humidity changes to the set of contributing fluxes for a case following a snowstorm in which a snow pack of about 10 cm vanished. Profiles of H2O and CO2 mixing ratio, D/H isotope ratio, and several thermodynamic properties were measured from the surface to 300 m every 15 min during four winter days near Boulder, Colorado. Coeval analysis of the D/H ratios and CO2 concentrations find these two variables to be complementary with the former being sensitive to daytime surface fluxes and the latter particularly indicative of nocturnal surface sources. Together they capture evidence for strong vertical mixing during the day, weaker mixing by turbulent bursts and low level jets within the nocturnal stable boundary layer during the night, and frost formation in the morning. The profiles are generally not well described with a gradient mixing line analysis because D/H ratios of the end members (i.e., surface fluxes and the free troposphere) evolve throughout the day which leads to large uncertainties in the estimate of the D/H ratio of surface water flux. A mass balance model is constructed for the snow pack, and constrained with observations to provide an optimal estimate of the partitioning of the surface water flux into contributions from sublimation, evaporation of melt water in the snow and evaporation from ponds. Results show that while vapor measurements are important in constraining surface fluxes, measurements of the source reservoirs (soil water, snow pack and standing liquid) offer stronger constraint on the surface water balance. Measurements of surface water are therefore essential in developing observational programs that seek to use isotopic data for flux attribution.
Race and the Probability of Arrest

Although blacks are arrested disproportionately for most types of violent crimes, disagreement persists as to the extent to which official arrest data are indicative of differential offending behavior or selection bias on the part of law enforcement personnel. Using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), we assess the effect of an offender's race on the probability of arrest for 335,619 incidents of forcible rape, robbery, and assault in 17 states during 1999. The baseline model for these comparisons is the equiprobability hypothesis that relative to violation frequency as reported by crime victims, the likelihood of arrest for white and black offenders is roughly equal. Multivariate logistic regression results show that the odds of arrest for white offenders is approximately 22% higher for robbery, 13% higher for aggravated assault, and 9% higher for simple assault than they are for black offenders. An offender's race plays no noteworthy role in the likelihood of arrest for the crime of forcible rape. These findings suggest that the disproportionately high arrest rate for black citizens is most likely attributable to differential involvement in reported crime rather than to racially biased law enforcement practices.
Gastrointestinal tract perforation with charcoal peritoneum complicating orogastric intubation and lavage.

A rare complication of gastric decontamination occurred in a young woman undergoing treatment for tricyclic ingestion. After orogastric intubation and lavage, she developed an acute abdomen and underwent laparotomy. Charcoal was discovered throughout the peritoneum, but concurrent and subsequent efforts failed to localize a specific perforation site. Her hospital course was protracted and complicated by tenacious peritoneal charcoal deposition, persistent peritonitis, and adhesion and abscess formation. She underwent both percutaneous and open abscess drainage, oophrectomy, and small-bowel resection. She required total parenteral nutrition in addition to feeding jejunostomy. This present case constitutes the first report of the clinical consequences of charcoal peritoneum. Outright viscus perforation should be considered among potential complications of orogastric intubation and lavage in the poisoned patient. Methods to minimize risks of its occurrence are suggested.
Fundamental Structure of Input-Output Stability for Feedback Systems

An approach to the input-output stability of feedback systems is discussed. This approach incorporates the natural inverse operator model to describe these systems. Using this operator, the input-output stability problem is decomposed into five subproblems. One of these subproblems involves the causality of the input-output operator, a property not recognized in previous feedback system stability studies. Following the development of the model and the stability definition some general stability theorems are presented.
Chimeric Analysis of AcrA Function Reveals the Importance of Its C-Terminal Domain in Its Interaction with the AcrB Multidrug Efflux Pump

AcrAB-TolC is the major, constitutively expressed efflux protein complex that provides resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents in Escherichia coli. Previous studies showed that AcrA, a periplasmic protein of the membrane fusion protein family, could function with at least two other resistance-nodulation-division family pumps, AcrD and AcrF, in addition to its cognate partner, AcrB. We found that, among other E. coli resistance-nodulation-division pumps, YhiV, but not MdtB or MdtC, could also function with AcrA. When AcrB was assessed for the capacity to function with AcrA homologs, only AcrE, but not YhiU or MdtA, could complement an AcrA deficiency. Since AcrA could, but YhiU could not, function with AcrB, we engineered a series of chimeric mutants of these proteins in order to determine the domain(s) of AcrA that is required for its support of AcrB function. The 290-residue N-terminal segment of the 398-residue protein AcrA could be replaced with a sequence coding for the corresponding region of YhiU, but replacement of the region between residues 290 and 357 produced a protein incapable of functioning with AcrB. In contrast, the replacement of residues 357 through 397 of AcrA still produced a functional protein. We conclude that a small region of AcrA close to, but not at, its C terminus is involved in the interaction with its cognate pump protein, AcrB.
Stratocladistic analysis of paleocene carpolestidae (mammalia, plesiadapiformes) with description of a new late tiffanian genus

Abstract “Carpodaptes” jepseni is a morphologic intermediate between Carpodaptes and Carpolestes, with the number and position of cusps on p4 more consistent with placement in Carpodaptes but relative size of p4 more like Carpolestes. The type and only previously known specimen of “C.” jepseni, a partial dentary with p4–m2, is from Divide Quarry (Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age) in the Fort Union Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. New specimens of “C.” jepseni from Divide Quarry include a nearly complete dentary with p4–m3 and alveoli for all anterior teeth, and the first known upper dentitions with P1–M2 and an alveolus for C1. Specimens of Carpodaptes cygneus are also described from Divide Quarry, demonstrating the occurrence of two distinct carpolestid species at the same locality. Stratocladistic analysis of the thirteen known carpolestid species, using thirty-two morphologic characters and stratigraphic order, produced eight most-parsimonious phylogenetic trees associated with a single cladogram. The...
Polybenzopinacols. I. Photolytic coupling of aromatic diketones

Low molecular weight polybenzopinacols were obtained by the photolytic coupling of m- and p-dibenzoylbenzene and 4,4′-dibenzoyldiphenyl ether in isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran–isopropanol, benzene–isopropanol, and benzene–ethanol solutions. The polypinacols were soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, ether, and benzene. The inherent viscosities ranged from 0.06 to 0.14. Average molecular weight (Mn) data indicated that the polymers were mostly dimers and trimers.
Identification and characterization of a Salmonella typhimurium oxygen-regulated gene required for bacterial internalization

Growth of Salmonella typhimurium in a low-oxygen environment induces the ability of these bacteria to enter mammalian cells. We have carried out a search for invasion genes that are expressed under low-oxygen conditions by using Tn5lacZY transcriptional fusions. Several noninvasive oxygen-regulated lacZY insertion strains have been identified. The invasion defect in one of these noninvasive S. typhimurium strains, BJ66, has been complemented by introduction of a cosmid (pBDJ125) from an S. typhimurium SL1344 gene bank. A 1.9-kb EcoRV DNA fragment subcloned from this cosmid, containing a single open reading frame (orgA), restores the ability of BJ66 to invade mammalian cells. Comparative searches of the GenBank and EMBL sequence data banks with the nucleotide sequence of the gene and deduced amino acid sequence of the protein reveal no significant similarities. Interestingly, hybridization of an orgA gene probe with a P22 chromosomal mapping library demonstrated that the orgA gene maps to a region on the chromosome between 57.5 and 60 min where other Salmonella invasion genes have been mapped. Other enteroinvasive bacteria (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Yersinia spp., and Listeria monocytogenes) lack sequences which cross hybridize to the probe. We have compared the virulence of S. typhimurium SL1344 and an isogenic orgA mutant in a mouse model of typhoid fever. The orgA mutant was as virulent as the wild-type strain was when inoculated intraperitoneally but is significantly reduced (> 60-fold) in its ability to cause disease by an oral route of infection.
The Internet — an electronic treasure trove

The Internet, a network of computers with distinctive software and hardware, interconnects millions of people world wide and offers tremendous amounts of information. Translators may benefit from the Internet throughout the translation process. The Internet is growing so fast that trying to find the right information is like looking for a needle in a haystack. This paper discusses some of the benefits of the Internet for the translator, and then points out various tools and guides which can be used to get the most out of the Internet.
Measurement of homonuclear proton couplings based on cross-peak nulling in CT-COSY.

A method in which 1H–1H scalar and dipolar couplings are obtained from the cross-peak nulling condition in a series of constant-time (CT) COSY spectra, as a function of the duration of the CT period, is described. The method is best suited for measurement of 1H–1H couplings in the range 5–20 Hz. It is shown, however, that results can be sensitive to cross-correlated relaxation effects. Also, artifactual resonances, resulting from strong coupling, can be quite pronounced in CT-COSY spectra, even when |JAB/(δA−δB)|<0.1. The experiments are demonstrated for the DNA dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2, both in isotropic solution and in a liquid crystalline phase.
Acquisitonal processes underlying illicit alcohol abuse in underage children: an observational learning model.

This study examined 25 boys and 35 girls in an elementary school and found illicit alcohol use occurred in 1 out of 5. Moreover, the frequency of weekly alcohol consumption among both the students'...
Endothelial microparticles correlate with high-risk angiographic lesions in acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Background: Endothelial Microparticles (EMP) are small fragments of endothelial cell membrane shed during apoptosis or activation. Our group has previously reported elevations of EMP in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), pre-eclampsia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and severe hypertension (HTN). In the present study, we evaluate the possible relationship between EMP levels and the angiographic severity and characteristics of coronary obstructive lesions. Methods: We studied a total of 43 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Fifteen had presented with acute myocardial infarction (MI), 20 with unstable anginas (UA), 5 with stable angina (SA) and 3 with congestive heart failure. Coronary angiography was reviewed and coronary lesions were classified using the Ambrose classification. Coronary stenoses were classified as high and low risk. High-risk included lesions with eccentric appearance (type II), presence of thrombi, or multiple irregularities. Low-risk lesions were defined as concentric or type I. Lesions were also analyzed by degree of stenosis and history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). EMP in plasma was assayed by flow cytometry. Results: EMP in eccentric type II or multiple irregular lesions (high-risk) were 2.5-fold higher than in type I or concentric (low-risk) lesions, p p =0.05). Mild stenosis (>20%– 45%), and five-fold higher than those without stenosis ( p p Conclusion: High EMP was associated with high-risk angiographic lesions including eccentric type II, multiple irregular, and lesions with thrombi. Mild to moderate stenosis was associated with higher EMP levels than severe stenosis. EMP may be a useful marker in detecting endothelial injury and risk of ACS as defined by angiography.
Fitting the log-linear rate to Poisson processes

Given a sample of repairable systems, the author models its failure behavior. Each system is assumed to be an independent realization of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with underlying log-linear intensity function. The author finds the maximum-likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters, presenting the likelihood function and its derivatives. Accurate starting values are obtained through a graphical method for the case of an increasing intensity. Finally, a set of real data is borrowed from R.E. Barlow and B. Davis (1978) to illustrate the techniques. >