cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power distribution synthesis for analog and mixed-signal ASICs in RAIL

The authors present new power distribution synthesis techniques that can handle realistic analog and mixed-signal performance concerns. The key ideas are to employ asymptotic waveform evaluation techniques to reduce complex macro, substrate, and package electrical models to accurate, low-order analytical expressions that can be quickly evaluated by a simulated annealing optimizer that selects and sizes the power bus topology while accommodating DC, AC, and transient constraints. RAIL, a new tool for power distribution, is used for this purpose. Experimental results demonstrate the importance of optimizing both topology selection and sizing, and the critical need to include transient as well as DC constraints during synthesis.
Natural homogeneous coordinates

The natural homogeneous coordinate system is the analog of the Cartesian coordinate system for projective geometry. Roughly speaking a projective geometry adds an axiom that parallel lines meet at a point at infinity. This removes the impediment to line-point duality that is found in traditional Euclidean geometry. The natural homogeneous coordinate system is surprisingly useful in a number of applications including computer graphics and statistical data visualization. In this article, we describe the axioms of projective geometry, introduce the formalism of natural homogeneous coordinates, and illustrate their use with four applications. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 678–685 DOI: 10.1002/wics.122 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Native Grass and Forb Response to Pre-Emergent Application of Imazapic and Imazapyr

ABSTRACT: Grassland restoration attempts to rehabilitate and/or re-create biologically diverse native plant communities using a variety of management techniques including seeding, burning, grazing, and most recently using herbicides. Herbicides are an important tool for suppressing weed competition for initial seedling growth and removing exotic species in native plant communities. Little information is available on which species of native plants can endure a pre-emergent application of the imidazolinone herbicides. In spring 2006, we initiated a study testing responses of three native grasses and three native forbs to pre-emergent treatments of 0.035 kg ai/ha imazapic, 0.07 kg ai/ha imazapic, and 0.07 kg ai/ha imazapyr. Seedling establishment was monitored at 5 and 14 months after treatment and weed cover was monitored at 2.5, 5 and 14 months after treatment. There were no differences in the number of seedlings found in the untreated plots compared to all the herbicide-treated plots and there were no dif...
Cloud Computing for Mobile Users

Cloud computing heralds a new era of computing where application services are provided through the Internet. Cloud computing can enhance the computing capability of mobile systems. Is cloud computing the ultimate solution for extending battery lifetimes of mobile systems?
The Brauer group of a toric variety associated to a finite distributive lattice

Abstract Associated to a finite distributive lattice L is a projective variety V ( L ). It is shown that the cohomological Brauer group of V ( L ) is trivial.
Scalable and Distributed Processing of Scientific XML Data

A seamless and intuitive search capability for the vast amount of datasets generated by scientific experiments is critical to ensure effective use of such data by domain specific scientists. Currently, searches on enormous XML datasets is done manually via custom scripts or by using hard-to-customize queries developed by experts in complex and disparate XML query languages. Such approaches however do not provide acceptable performance for large-scale data since they are not based on a scalable distributed solution. Furthermore, it has been shown that databases are not optimized for queries on XML data generated by scientific experiments, as term kinship, range based queries, and constraints such as conjunction and negation need to be taken into account. There exists a critical need for an easy-to-use and scalable framework, specialized for scientific data, that provides natural-language-like syntax along with accurate results. As most existing search tools are designed for exact string matching, which is not adequate for scientific needs, we believe that such a framework will enhance the productivity and quality of scientific research by the data reduction capabilities it can provide. This paper presents how the MapReduce model should be used in XML metadata indexing for scientific datasets, specifically TeraGrid Information Services and the NeXus datasets generated by the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) scientists. We present an indexing structure that scales well for large-scale MapReduce processing. We present performance results using two MapReduce implementations, Apache Hadoop and LEMO-MR, to emphasize the flexibility and adaptability of our framework in different MapReduce environments.
Future Air Force Tactical Communications

During the 1980's, many improvements will be made in the Air Force's ability to communicate in a battlefield environment. Programs like JTIDS, SEEK TALK, TRI-TAC, and the Ground Mobile Forces satellite communications terminals will improve the security, jam resistance, connectivity, and capacity of today's Air Force tactical communications. Even after these programs have been implemented, however, some important problem areas will remain, especially in our ability to resist a determined enemy's electronic warfare and physical attacks. This paper first describes today's Air Force tactical communications requirements and capabilities, and then summarizes the current problem areas. Currently planned programs to solve these problems are described for aircraft voice, aircraft data, ground-to-ground interconnections, and sensor/weapon data links. The problem areas that will remain after the implementation of these programs are then discussed. Some important technological opportunities are identified that hold promise for overcoming some of the projected problem areas in the 1990's. In addition, some system approaches are suggested for exploiting these technological opportunities, and for improving our use of older technologies. These system approaches emphasize reduced-information-rate operation, adaptive network techniques, network management/control, packet switching, and joint-Service, interoperable, common-user systems.
Index allocation in vector quantisation for noisy channels

An index allocation algorithm for vector quantisation coding through noisy channels is presented. By applying this index allocation scheme, the mean square error of the communication system due to channel noise can be reduced remarkably without introducing any redundancy. Furthermore, the scheme is rather simple in computation. The experimental results for a Gaussian memoryless source and a Gauss-Markov source are provided.
Manifold Identification of Dual Averaging Methods for Regularized Stochastic Online Learning

Iterative methods that take steps in approximate subgradient directions have proved to be useful for stochastic learning problems over large or streaming data sets. When the objective consists of a loss function plus a nonsmooth regularization term, whose purpose is to induce structure (for example, sparsity) in the solution, the solution often lies on a low-dimensional manifold along which the regularizer is smooth. This paper shows that a regularized dual averaging algorithm can identify this manifold with high probability. This observation motivates an algorithmic strategy in which, once a near-optimal manifold is identified, we switch to an algorithm that searches only in this manifold, which typically has much lower intrinsic dimension than the full space, thus converging quickly to a near-optimal point with the desired structure. Computational results are presented to illustrate these claims.
Do hypnotic drugs cause cancer, like cigarettes?

Do hypnotic drugs cause cancer, like cigarettes? Daniel F. Kripke Viterbi Family Sleep Center, Scripps Clinic, W-207 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA Corresponding author: Daniel F. Kripke, M.D. 8437 Sugarman Drive La Jolla, CA 92037 email: dkripke1@san.rr.com telephone: 858-222-2934 KEY WORDS: sleep, hypnotics, cancer, mortality, FDA
Preclinical in vitro characterization of anti-CTLA4 therapeutic antibody CP-675,206.

3801 Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) are overexpressed in many cancer types compared to normal tissue. The presence of both uPA and uPAR in cancer tissue may potentially be exploited in cancer therapy for specific and targeted activation of prodrugs. We have constructed a modified form of anthrax protective antigen, PrAg-U2, in which a furin activation site is shifted with an uPA cleavage site. PrAg-U2 administered together with the fusion protein FP59, consisting of lethal factor residues 1–254 and the ADP ribosylation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, constitutes a potent and uPA-activity dependent cytotoxic drug (OTP-001). In vitro binding of pro-uPA to uPAR is necessary for the cytotoxicity of OTP-001 (Liu et al., J. Biol. Chem, 276:17976–84, 2001) and local administration of OTP-001 in mice with transplanted tumors had a potent antitumor effect (Liu et al., PNAS, 100:657–62, 2003). The aim of the present studies was i) To examine the antitumor effect of OTP-001 after systemic administration, ii) To find the optimal ratio between the two components PrAg-U2 and FP59, iii) To define the “therapeutic window” of OTP-001. Five separate in vivo experiments were performed with three different transplanted tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma, T241 fibrosarcoma and B16 melanoma. In all studies, C57BI/6J mice where transplanted with 10 6 tumor cells. When the tumors had reached a volume of approximately 50 mm 3 , a dose range of OTP-001 was administered systemically to the mice at day 0, 3, and 6. Different ratios of PrAg-U2 and FP59 were tested. Tumor sizes were obtained by daily recording of two orthogonal diameters during the growth phase. All experiments unequivocally demonstrated that OTP-001 has significant antitumor effect after systemic administration in mice with transplanted B16, T241 or Lewis lung tumors. These studies showed that OTP-001 displays a clear dose-response relationship with regard to anti-tumor effect and systemic toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity appears to be due to mucosal reactions in the gut. The anti-tumor effect was most pronounced with a ratio of the two components PrAg-U2 and FP59 of 25:1. Intraperitoneal administration of 30 μg PrAg-U2 and 1.2 μg FP59 day 0, day 3 and day 6 was found to have minimal toxic effects and still had a significant antitumor effect.
Analytical-numerical computation of infiltration.

An approximate, analytical-numerical solution has been developed for one-dimensional, vertical infiltration of water into soil. The soil diffusivity is assumed to vary either exponentially or as a power law; however, other analytical formulations can also be accommodated. The solution is physically based, involving parameters related to the soil properties, and is valid for “short times” of infiltration. Its center piece is a simple, rapid, and sufficiently accurate solution for the sorption process. This solution is of the similarity type and the moisture gradient is given in analytical form. The remaining integration of the initial value problem is performed numerically to obtain the moisture distribution. Comparisons with exact numerical solutions are used to test the accuracy of the solution. The influence of gravity is accounted for approximately, following Philip’s theory, by an additive series term, that is determined numerically from the integration of a linear ordinary differential equation. Sorptivity is expressed completely analytically, thus providing a simple, and physically rational, algebraic relationship for the cumulative infiltrated volume and the infiltration rate.
ON POSITIVE METHODOLOGY, ETHICS, AND POLEMICS IN DETERRENCE RESEARCH

and the role of positive research, and point out what I consider the basic deficiencies in Beyleveld's analysis. My approach to criminal behaviour rests in essence on the following general premises: (a) human beings respond to incentives; (b) offenders are human beings; therefore (c) offenders respond to incentive. I consider the first generalisation to be a good approximation for the study of human behaviour in general, and the second to be a good starting-point for studying criminal behaviour. I do not see, however, the basic strength of my approach to criminal activities as deriving from the plausibility of these two general isations or from their logical derivative as summarised in my third statement, but from the fact that it can be tested against, and rejected by, empirical evidence. This, I submit, is the basic merit of any positive analysis whether applied to natural or human phenomena. The hypothesis that offenders respond to incentives has not been automatically treated in my empirical research as an integrating assumption of general applicability, but has first been developed systematically in order to derive its various logical ramifi cations or behaviourial propositions, and then tested empirically to see if it could be accepted as a plausible mechanism to explain observed criminal behaviour. It is this general analytical issue, not capital punishment, which has been the focus of my reaserch, as is best summarised in articles by me which receive no mention in Beyleveld's critique.1 What I term the " economic approach to crime " has been tested by me and by others in connection with a wide variety of offences ranging from auto-theft and violations of anti-trust laws to skyjacking and murder. My own findings have been replicated and corroborated by other researchers using independent data sets from the United States, Great Britain and Canada. The evidence examined has included aggregate time series data as well as cross-sectional statistics at the state, S MSA, and city levels from different time periods and different geographical regions.2 The evidence from all of these studies is not inconsistent with a detailed set of implications derived
Determination of Energy Minima for Dissimilar Metal Interfaces

Relative orientations which correspond to minimum energy can be found by particle rotation methods, both for particles on free surface and particles inside a solid. For common fcc metals (Ni,Ag,Cu,Ag) the minimum energy orientations predicted by Embedded Atom Method calculations correspond well with experimental observations. Epitaxial studies of growth on (001)Cu and (111)Cu show the observed orientation relationships of vapor deposited Ag and Au are consistent with EAM calculations and the limited particle rotation experiments available.
Geology, Foundation of the City

The history of civilization reveals that Man's destiny is controlled by geology. Rivers provide water, food, transportation, construction materials, and protection. Waterfalls provide sites where power can be developed. Flooding delivers new sediment to the croplands and destroys Man's structures. The right combination of geology and climate develop fertile soil profiles, which support a successful agricultural base for the economy. Mountainous terrains are usually underdeveloped when compared to the “flat lands” because the geologic processes are more hostile and the soils are poorly developed. It took population pressure or the automobile and a modern “leisure” society to bring Man to the mountains in great numbers. The existence of such natural resources as gold, silver, or coal produce short-lived, boom cities in the mountains that decline as soon as the resource is depleted. The successful modern city was originally sited because a balance of geologic factors related to agricultural commodities, water supply, transportation, and natural resources exists. Cheap energy, following industrialization introduced suburban living and caused the city to expand into areas having unfavorable and hazardous geologic conditions or into areas containing the resources necessary for the city's growth. Thus, modern cities face a conflict: the need to grow versus exposure to unfavorable or hazardous natural processes. If this conflict is to be resolved, and modern Man is to be provided with a safe place to live and work, it is imperative that physical constraints and opportunities be defined so that geology once again is the foundation of the city.
Moving beyond the status quo in reducing racial and ethnic disparities in children's health.

Dennis P. Andrulis, PhD, MPHa During the 1990s, increasing attention was focused on longstanding racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care. New research and experiences from the front lines documented the extent of these differences, their costs to individuals and society, and the role the health care system plays in perpetuating them. As evidence continued to mount, policymakers, practitioners, and others intensified their interest in improving the knowledge base, skills, communication, and training around care for diverse popu lations. Since then, these and other cultural competence efforts have grown from typically small, isolated programs into more sophisticated and potentially far-reaching initiatives whose value has been strongly reaffirmed in a series of reports and recommen dations, including those from the Institute of Medicine (IOM),1 the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health,2 The Agency for Health Re search and Quality,3 the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services cultural compe tence/disparities health plan language that was part of the 2003 Quality Assurance/ Performance Improvement requirements,4 numerous state issuances, and specific pro grams undertaken by providers. In many ways, having acknowledged the considerable body of evidence attesting to racial and ethnic disparities, the field is moving beyond documentation to seek and implement models and strategies to reduce them. To date, however, health care professionals and research have not tended to focus specifically on how to reduce racial and ethnic disparities affecting families and children. Such inatten tion exists in spite of the growing documentation that rates for certain conditions, such as asthma, are disproportionately higher among minority children.5 The consequences of these disparities can be profound, affecting activities of daily living, schooling, and other areas. The purpose of this article is to use information from research and other work emerging from the field of cultural competence and disparities reduction to suggest directions for research, practice, and service settings to address the needs of children. It presents 1990 and 2000 data from our project that profiled the nation's 100 largest cities and their suburban areas (defined as the metropolitan statistical areas [MSAs] sur rounding these cities) for families, children, and maternal/infant health to describe a subset of racial/ethnic disparities.6 Using these indicators and other research to docu ment progress as well as significant, continuing challenges, this article identifies four dimensions that contribute to racial/ethnic disparities: biologic/genetic factors, access, quality of care, and language and communication. Recommendations for future direc tions to address these dimensions are intended to guide practitioners and their health care settings as well as research focused on reducing disparities and improving cultural competence for this patient population.
Analysis and Diagnosis of Rotor System for One Domestic 300MW Turbine Unit

The phenomenon of vibration going-up rapidly was found in the unit during the medium speed and the high speed soaking periods in the first minor maintenance’s startup of a domestic 300MW turbine unit. This article describes in detail both the rotor system vibration test analysis and the measures taken in order to eliminate the rubbing vibration and make the unit put into grid smoothly.
Group Projects in Social Work Education: The Influence of Group Characteristics and Moderators on Undergraduate Student Outcomes

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of group size, group formation, group conflict, and division of labor on student outcomes in a group project for a sample of 112 BSW research seminar students at a large university in the Midwest. Students completed surveys on their experiences with the group project at the end of the semester. Multiple regression was used along with analysis of student comments and answers to open-ended questions. Group size was not associated with outcomes. Instructor input into group formation was related to higher self-assessment of student performance. Greater division of labor predicted greater learning, whereas more group conflict predicted less learning; less conflict occurred when students divided tasks in the most equitable way possible. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed, along with suggestions for improving the group project experience, including preventative measures to reduce conflict.
Multiscale Computation. Needs and Opportunities for BER Science

The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a scientific user facility managed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), conducted a one-day workshop on August 26, 2014 on the topic of “Multiscale Computation: Needs and Opportunities for BER Science.” Twenty invited participants, from various computational disciplines within the BER program research areas, were charged with the following objectives; Identify BER-relevant models and their potential cross-scale linkages that could be exploited to better connect molecular-scale research to BER research at larger scales and; Identify critical science directions that will motivate EMSL decisions regarding future computational (hardware and software) architectures.
Special considerations in the evaluation and management of breast cancer in men.

Abstract Breast cancer in men is relatively uncommon but its incidence has been rising. Traditionally, the management of breast cancer in men is based on extrapolation from clinical trials of breast cancer in women, due to the much more extensive data available in women with this disease. There are, however, unique characteristics that distinguish breast cancer in men and these should be taken into consideration when managing this patient population. Breast cancer in men is more frequently estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) positive, and less frequently HER2 amplified. Lobular carcinoma, which accounts for 10–15% of breast cancers in women, is exceptionally rare in men. Genetic risk factors, particularly BRCA2 mutations, are increasingly recognized as a key risk factor for breast cancer in men and genetic testing is now routinely recommended for all men diagnosed with breast cancer. Tamoxifen remains the gold standard endocrine therapy for breast cancer in men, but other endocrine agents such as the aromatase inhibitors (AI) and fulvestrant are increasingly being used. While superior to tamoxifen in postmenopausal women, the use of AIs for adjuvant therapy in men with breast cancer may not be optimal since the physiology of hormonal regulation in men resembles that of premenopausal rather than postmenopausal women. Emerging areas of investigation include the role of genomic risk stratification to gain further insight into the biology of breast cancer in men, the study of the androgen receptor (AR) as a therapeutic target, and the role of gonadal suppression in the management of the disease. There is clearly a more consorted effort to study breast cancer in men as a unique disease in order to have a better understanding of its biology and we are likely to witness further advances that will help us better manage this unique disease situation.
Modeling the Effects of Horizontal Positional Error on Classification Accuracy Statistics

Abstract Using a concept proposed by Stehman and Czaplewski (1997), we implemented spatially-explicit Monte Carlo simulations to test the effects of manually introduced horizontal positional error on standard inter-rater statistics derived from twelve classified high-resolution images. Through simulations we found that both overall and kappa accuracies decrease markedly with increasing error distance, varying greatly across distances relevant to practical application. The use of ground reference sites falling solely in homogeneous patches significantly improves inter-rater statistics and calls into question the use of kernel-smoothed data in one-time accuracy assessments. Our simulations offer insight into the scale of both structural and cover type heterogeneity across our landscapes, and support a new method for minimizing the effects of positional error on map accuracy. We recommend that analysts use caution when applying traditional accuracy assessment strategies to categorical maps, particularly when working with high-resolution imagery.
Shear strengths of FCC-FCC cube-on-cube interfaces

Abstract This work employs in-situ transmission electron microscopy based nanopillar compression of physical vapor deposited multilayers to measure the interfacial shear strengths of model Ag-Pd, Ag-Au, Ag-Ni, Ag-Cu, and Cu-Ni (111) oriented cube-on-cube interfaces. The experimental trends are primarily rationalized by considering the coherency regimes. Coherent interfaces shear via slip transmission across them. Pillars containing semi-coherent interfaces with 5% shear locally and their interfacial shear strength decreases with increasing misfit.
Abstract 2453: The role of p21 in the toxicity of mitomycin C and decarbamoylmitomycin C

The mitomycins are a family of antitumor antibiotics made by Streptomyces. One member of this family, mitomycin C (MC), is currently used to treat certain cancers. Its mode of action has been extensively examined. In comparison, 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) has not been the object of such intense investigation. It has recently been found to form similar or identical adducts with DNA as mitomycin C (MC). In particular, DMC generates a unique stereoisomeric interstrand crosslink (beta isomer, β-ICL). Although the DNA-adducts of both drugs share common structural features, the biochemical responses to the two drugs are different. In particular, contrary to MC, the DNA-adducts generated by DMC treatment (β-ICL) rapidly activate a p53-independent signal transduction pathway. Thus, the study MC-DMC provides an ideal model for identifying structural features determining the cell signaling outcome in the presence or the absence of a functioning p53 pathway. In particular, we are interested in correlating MC and DMC-adducts structures with the role of p21 in the toxicity of the α-ICL and β-ICL. In this report, we present the following preliminary results 1) Synthesis of the beta DNA monoadduct of DMC via post-oligomerization methods 2) Role of p21 in the upstream p53-independent signaling pathway in response to MC/DMC and the α-ICL. Citation Format: Elise Champeil, Shu-Yuan Cheng, Bik Tzu Huang, Jiwon Seo. The role of p21 in the toxicity of mitomycin C and decarbamoylmitomycin C. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2453. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2453
Case-Motivated Movement in Inuit

Inherent case assignment—that is, selection of a K by a governing lexical head —appears to be rare in Inuit. Typically, the case of a nominal argument is predictable on the basis of the general structural principles discussed in chapter 1.
A Review of Tenure for Black, Latino, and Native American Faculty in Academic Medicine.

Objectives Tenure policies in US medical schools have been under scrutiny for decades while black/African American, Latino, and Native American faculty continue to be underrepresented in medicine. As medical institutions seek to improve diversity, tenure continues to be a major retention tool. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to investigate the role that tenure plays in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMM) faculty in academic medicine. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Education Resources Information Center for articles relating to URMM faculty and tenure. Articles published in the last 20 years, in English, that discussed recruitment or retention of women, URMM faculty, and tenure in academic medicine, and were of high quality based on data were included in the study. Narrative reviews, opinion, editorials, and letters to the editor were excluded. Results Of the 1038 articles we reviewed, 23 met the criteria for inclusion. Tenure was associated with leadership, higher salaries, and comfort in the work environment. URMM faculty comprised the lowest percentage of tenured faculty in academic medicine, with the highest percentage pertaining to white men. Conclusions More research needs to be done to determine whether tenure status can improve the number of URMM faculty in academic medicine. Tenure may provide URMM faculty the benefits that they need to progress in their careers and remain in academic medicine.
The dynamics of intrathecal bolus and cerebrospinal solute transport

1555 Objectives The goals of our studies was to investigate the dynamics of in vivo transport of solutes administered to the CSF, evaluate the relevance of rodent models for intrathecal drug transport studies, and to develop methodologies for fully quantitative non-invasive studies of solute dynamics in the CSF. Methods Recombinant human enzymes, soluble polymers and nanoparticles were labeled with 124I or 89Zr and administered IT to rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Studies were carried out by PET. Dynamic imaging data (0-30 min post injection) and multiple whole-body images (over at least 48 hours) were acquired. Images were analyzed to determine the rates and patterns of the label spread in the CSF from the injection site. Results The initial solute distribution in the CSF greatly depended on the injected volume. Solutes injected in high volume translocate to cervical/basal cerebral area. In non-human primates, lumbar administration at 0.5 ml/kg resulted in the immediate delivery of >50% of the injected volume to the cerebral CSF. No evidence of directional solute flows anywhere in the CSF was found. Solute penetration into both white and gray matter from the CSF was found by 5 hours after the injection and confirmed by microscopy data. Systemic presence of the solutes was detected early after the injection. The data suggests size-dependent direct drainage from the CSF to the blood through the arachnoid granulations. No evidence of lymphatic drainage of CSF was found in monkeys in any region; in rats drainage was detected in deep anterior cervical area. The general patterns of solute transport in the CSF of rodents and monkeys were similar. Conclusions Hydrostatic compliance is the major factor of the initial distribution of the administered solute in the CSF compartment. CSF hydrodynamics plays the major role in the subsequent fast (head) and slow (spine) solute redistribution in the CSF. Rodent models are relevant and potentially scalable. Research Support NOH, DoD, Synageva Biopharma, Shire Inc., Neurophage Pharmaceuticals
The Role of Thoracic Surgery in the Therapeutic Management of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Introduction In most patients with NSCLC, the disease is diagnosed in an advanced stage, the prognosis is poor, and survival is typically measured in months. Standard therapeutic treatment regimens for patients with stage IV NSCLC typically include chemotherapy and palliative radiation. Despite newer regimens that may include molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the overall 5-year survival for stage IV disease remains low at 4% to 6%. Although therapeutic surgery is performed in a minority of cases, accumulating data suggest that thoracic surgery may play several beneficial roles for these patients. Methods In this narrative review, we summarize the literature on surgical intervention in the multimodality management of stage IV NSCLC, focusing on the potential evidence for and against therapeutic or curative intent procedures to affect outcomes for patients with oligometastatic disease and pleural metastasis. Results In selected patients, surgical resection can result in a 5-year survival rate of 30% to 50%, but this is heavily influenced by the presence of mediastinal nodal disease, which should be evaluated before therapeutic surgical procedures are undertaken. Additionally, diagnostic or palliative surgical procedures can play an important role in the personalized management of stage IV disease. These data suggest that for carefully selected patients with advanced stage NSCLC, surgical intervention can be an important component of combined modality treatment. Conclusions Given the advances in molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, further studies should focus on the possible use of surgery as a strategy of therapeutic "consolidation" for appropriately selected patients with stage IV NSCLC who are receiving combined modality care.
Assessment of Young Children’s Letter-Sound Knowledge: Initial Validity Evidence for Letter-Sound Short Forms:

The Letter-Sound Short Forms (LSSFs) were designed to meet criteria for effective progress monitoring tools by exhibiting strong psychometrics, offering multiple equivalent forms, and being brief a...
An empirical approach to the evaluation of defence contractor performance

Supplier assessment and selection is critical in the world of international logistics and supply chain management. Despite this criticality, related processes and methodologies are largely subjective and anecdotal. A more quantitative empirical approach is needed. Improving the way government agencies and commercial businesses select suppliers can clearly result in cost savings, better schedule adherence, and higher-quality products. A key aspect of supplier selection for large government projects is effective evaluation and use of suppliers’ past performance data. However, organisations continue to search for better ways to adequately assess and utilise that data. This study uncovers new ways to more effectively use the United States government’s primary supplier performance evaluation system, called the Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System. Based on the results of the study, a strong correlation has been shown to exist between contractors’ past and subsequent scores in terms of cos...
Vessel Wall Imaging Techniques

Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Atherosclerosis can occur in the aorta, carotid, and coronary arteries causing stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden death without prior symptoms. The culprit lesions are mainly caused from the rupture of the plaque surface which then triggers thrombotic complications. Thus, a challenge for imaging is to identify vulnerable plaques that are likely to rupture. Extensive pathological studies link plaque morphology and tissue composition as major contributors to plaque instability. Thus, raises the need for vessel wall imaging.
Pharmacological studies on prokinetic and laxative effects of trianthema portulacastrum linn

Background The current investigation on Trianthema portulacastrum Linn T portulacastrum was undertaken to provide the pharmacological basis for its medicinal use as a laxative Method T portulacastrum whole plant extract Tp Cr was studied for in vivo laxative activity on mice and effect on isolated tissues preparations to find the mechanistic basis Results and discussion Tp Cr dose dependently and mg kg increased both total and wet fecal output in mice similar to castor oil indicating the presence of the laxative effect In spontaneously contracting isolated rabbit jejunum Tp Cr mg ml caused pyrilamine sensitive spasmogenic effect which was reproducible in guinea pig ileum On activity guided fractionation only aqueous fraction exhibited the stimulant activity whereas the organic fractions caused an inhibitory effect on spontaneous and K mM induced contractions of rabbit jejunum without causing any stimulation Conclusion This investigation indicating that T portulacastrum whole plant possesses laxative activity possibly mediated through histaminergic mechanism provides the scientific basis for the medicinal use of T portulacastrum in constipation
Psoas and Paraspinous Muscle Measurements on Computed Tomography Predict Mortality in European Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and muscle attenuation (density) are negatively associated with mortality in European-derived populations. The present analyses assessed association between axial skeletal muscle density and muscle index with mortality in European Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Single-center observational study. Diabetes Heart Study. 839 European Americans with T2D. Computed tomography-measured psoas and paraspinous muscle mass index (cross sectional area/height2) and radiographic density (Hounsfield Units) were assessed in all participants. A Cox proportional hazards model was computed. The fully-adjusted model included covariates age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes duration, insulin use, hormone replacement therapy (women), prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, and coronary artery calcified atherosclerotic plaque mass score. Deaths were recorded in the National Death Index data through December 31, 2015. Participants included 428 women and 411 men with median (25th, 75th quartile) age 62.8 (56.1, 69.1) years and diabetes duration 8.0 (5.0, 14.0) years. After 11.9 (9.4, 13.3) years of follow-up, 314 (37.4%) of participants were deceased. In the fully-adjusted model, psoas muscle density (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81, plt;0.001), psoas muscle index (HR 0.82, p=0.008), and paraspinous muscle density (HR 0.85, p=0.003) were inversely associated with mortality. Paraspinous muscle index was not significantly associated with mortality (HR 0.90, p=0.08). Results did not differ significantly between men and women. In addition to established risk factors for mortality and CVD, higher psoas muscle index, psoas muscle density, and paraspinous muscle density were significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality in European Americans with T2D.
Determinants of Tangible Long-Lived Asset Impairments under US GAAP and IFRS

This paper explores determinants of tangible long-lived asset impairments under US GAAP and IFRS. Using a sample covering 26 countries, we document that US GAAP impairments are more related to macroeconomic factors consistent with the built-in delay in reporting impairments under two-step impairment testing and measuring the impairment loss at fair value. IFRS impairments are more associated with firm-specific factors consistent with measuring the impairment at value-in-use and a one-step impairment test. Results also indicate US GAAP impairments are more associated with reporting incentives, except for having private debt. Further, when enforcement is low, impairments are less (more) associated with economic factors (reporting incentives) for IFRS reporters.
Demonstration of a Passive IC Tamper Sensor Based on an Exposed Floating Gate Device in a Standard Logic Process

We present an embedded Flash (eFlash) memory-based powerless nonvolatile tamper sensor for efficiently detecting counterfeit ICs. By exposing the floating gate (FG) node of a logic-compatible eFlash cell to the environment, the proposed sensor can record any subtle physical event that affects the charge stored on the exposed FG. The proposed sensor is demonstrated in both 65-nm and 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ standard CMOS technologies. Extensive test results confirm that suspicious activities such as temperature charge injection, humidity rises, and increased dust particle density in the cavity can be recorded powerlessly using the proposed sensor.
The Lp boundedness of the Bergman projection for a class of bounded Hartogs domains

Abstract We generalize the Hartogs triangle to a class of bounded Hartogs domains, and we prove that the corresponding Bergman projection is bounded on L p if and only if p is in the range ( 2 n n + 1 , 2 n n − 1 ) .
Gender, self-regulation, and motivation.

Current data, reports, studies, and assessments demonstrate that achievement and educational attainment gaps once present between males and females in the United States have been eliminated in most cases and signiﬁcantly decreased in other cases (Wirt et al., 2004). In fact, females are doing as well as or better than males on many achievement and educational achievement indicators. Male-female differences in many important subject categories, including study skills, verbal-reading, math-computation, abstract reasoning, spatial skills, and natural sciences, are small (Willingham & Cole, 1997).
By Accident or Design? Shenzhen as a Global Hub for Digital Entrepreneurs

By 2019, the south China coastal city of Shenzhen was recognized worldwide as a digital technology powerhouse. The media branded it a second Silicon Valley. Shenzhen annually registered record numbers of patents under the international Patent Cooperation Treaty. Incubators and accelerators supported an exploding number of start-ups in such diverse fields as medical devices, new materials, robotics, and artificial intelligence. In its early years, from 1981–93, the city’s GDP grew at an astonishing average 40 percent a year; that rate slowed to a still-impressive 16.3 percent for 2001–05 before settling at annual growth of 10 percent or less. In 2017, GDP hit CN¥2.2 trillion ($338 billion), higher than countries like Portugal or Ireland and double its 2011 output.1 Shenzhen became headquarters to multiple billion-dollar companies, and to 65 percent of global smartphone brands. With 90 per- cent of its companies in private hands, Shenzhen held pride of place as China’s capital of private industry. Investment money poured into what had become China’s wealthiest city. Yet barely 40 years earlier, Shenzhen had been a backward area of fields, rice paddies, and fishing villages. How had China pulled off the seemingly impossible feat of building a world-class city in the blink of an eye? What accounted for its outsize expertise in digital technology? Why did entrepreneurs from China and abroad flock to live there? More specifically, how did government and public policies contribute to its status as a global mecca for digital entrepreneurs? Was Shenzhen a one-off, or might any government, through careful planning, create such a phenomenon?
Does Teacher Emotional Exhaustion and Efficacy Predict Student Discipline Sanctions

Teacher emotional factors influence the classroom environment. The purpose of the study was to examine the association of teacher emotional exhaustion and teacher efficacy with student office disci...
An energy-based model to assess multiaxial fatigue damage under tension-torsion and tension-tension loadings

Abstract A new energy-based fatigue life prediction model is proposed for arbitrary multiaxial constant loadings in this paper. First, a brief review for existing multiaxial fatigue models is given, especially focusing on energy-based models. It is observed that most multiaxial model formulation and validation are suitable for axial-torsional loadings, but may not be appropriate for biaxial tension-tension loading. One possible reason is the ignorance of hydrostatic stress-state difference under these two types of loadings. In view of this, a new model is proposed by including fatigue damage contributions of equivalent tensile energy, torsional energy, and hydrostatic energy. Next, a loading transformation is proposed to transfer a complicated three-dimensional loading to an effective loading for life prediction. Detailed discussion of different types of multiaxial loading and its relationship with the ratio of distortional energy and dilatational energy is given. The hysteresis energy can be calculated integrating the proposed model with the Garud cyclic plastic model, which is directly linked to the damage accumulation and fatigue life prediction. The proposed model is validated with extensive experimental data under both tension-torsion loadings and biaxial tension-tension loadings from open literature. Comparison with several widely used multiaxial model is also given to show the model performance with respect to different biaxial tension-tension loadings. Finally, concluding remarks and future work based on the investigated materials are discussed.
Nonhuman primate models for SARS-CoV-2 research: Consider alternatives to macaques.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly increased the demand for rhesus macaques, which might outstrip the supply for COVID-19 research and for other biomedical research studies. Baboons, another well-characterized research primate model, should be considered as a promising alternative for COVID-19 disease studies.
The impact of self-assessment, planning and goal setting, and reflection before and after revision on student self-efficacy and writing performance

Writing on-demand, text-based analytical essays is a challenging skill to master. Novice writers, such as the sixth grade US students in this study, may lack background knowledge of how to compose an effective essay, the self-efficacy skills, and the goal setting skills that will help with completing this task in accomplished ways. This sequential mixed-method study explored the impact of guiding a predominantly Redesignated English Learner group of students in a large, urban, low-SES school district in a timed, on-demand essay into a multiple draft process paper through a self-assessment, planning and goal setting, and reflection process as they revised this process paper over a three week period. Both treatment and comparison students completed a pre-test on demand writing assessment, a pre and post self-efficacy in writing survey, and a post-test on demand writing assessment. Students in both conditions were participating in a year-long writing intervention called The Pathway to Academic Success, developed and implemented by the UC Irvine site of the National Writing Project (UCI Writing Project), during the 2017–2018 school year and received identical training from their teachers on how to revise a pre-test essay. However, only the treatment group engaged in self-assessment, planning and goal setting, and reflection during this revision process. Students in the treatment condition demonstrated improved self-efficacy in the writing sub-domain of revision (p < .05) and had statistically significant greater gains on the post-test writing assessment (r = .57; p < .001). These results suggest that engaging students in a planned revision process that includes student reflection, planning, and goal setting before revision, and reflection and self-assessment after revision, positively impacts self-efficacy and writing outcomes.