cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shoshonitic volcanism in the Northern Mariana Arc: 1. Mineralogic and major and trace element characteristics

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of samples dredged from 23 submarine volcanic edifices in the northern Mariana and southern Volcano arcs define two distinct rock series. The central and northern Mariana Arc (to 23°N) and the northern Volcano Arc (north of Iwo Jima) are characterized by plagioclase-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-titantomagnetite bearing subalkaline rocks, including both low-K and medium-K series. The northern Mariana Arc and southern Volcano Arc, from 23°N to Iwo Jima, are erupting rocks of a shoshonitic series with phenocrysts of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and biotite. These rocks are less saturated than those of the subalkaline provinces and are substantially enriched in Ba (400–900 ppm), Sr (600–1000 ppm), K2O (1–4.5%), and K2O/Na2O (0.4–1.2) relative to the subalkaline lavas. Ba/Y and Ba/Zr increase by a factor of 3 to 4 in the shoshonitic rocks, but K/Rb, Ba/Sr, and K/Ba are relatively constant throughout the arc. There is no relationship between degree of enrichment and volcano volume or degree of fractionation: seamounts and islands within each province have the same range of compositions. Much of the intra-edifice variation in lava composition can be modeled by 10–70% crystallization of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, with smaller amounts of olivine, orthopyroxene, and titanomagnetite, or by accumulation of 10–40% phenocrysts, dominantly plagioclase. The differences between parental lavas in the alkalic and subalkalic provinces require melting of two distinct mantle sources. The occurrence of this enriched mantle in the northern Marianas may be a consequence of the propagation of the Mariana Trough spreading center into the Volcano Arc.
Alteration of neuronal synaptic complement during regeneration and axonal sprouting of rat spinal cord

Abstract Spinal cord hemisection results in limited regeneration of nerve fibers and the sprouting of intact nerve fibers proximal to the site of lesion. Electron microscopically the nerve fibers form new synaptic complexes. The following study was undertaken in the rat to determine the synaptic profile of neurons during the regenerative process. The spinal cords of 40 rats were hemisected at vertebral segment T-2 and 5 animals per group (in addition to 5 normals) were utilized 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days posthemisection. Tissue was prepared by the Rasmussen technique for the light microscopic demonstration of boutons. In addition, five animals had the cord hemisected and the spinal cord tissue was prepared for electron microscopy 40 days postoperatively. Bouton counts were made on perikaryon and primary dendrite (of the same neuron) of neurons in lamina IV, lamina VII, and on motoneurons. Statistical analysis of counts from coded material was carried out utilizing a polynomial regression, analysis of variance, and a Neuman-Keuls a posteriori analysis. The number of boutons on the perikaryon of neurons on the operated side demonstrated a significant decrease in boutons at 10–20 days postoperative followed by a significant increase in boutons at 30 days to levels below normal innervation. This reinnervation was followed by a significant secondary loss of boutons from 30 to 60 days. This trend of bouton alteration was repeated (with minor variations) on the perikaryon of neurons on the unoperated side of the spinal cord. This general trend was repeated on the primary dendrite on both operated and unoperated side of the spinal cord. However, the number of boutons on primary dendrite usually returned to normal. The regenerated boutons (30 days) frequently contained granular vesicles (predominantly 900 A). The boutons that degenerated 30–60 days had all combinations of synaptic vesicles. This is an indication that former and new synaptic complexes were degenerating. The alteration of boutons on perikaryon and primary dendrite following hemisection suggests: that there is a critical period of initial denervation (0–20 days); that reinnervation occurs within the first 30 days; and that a secondary denervation occurs after 30–60 days. This recombination of neuronal circuits may represent an accelerated view of a dynamic continuum which imparts information to denervated neurons about altered neuronal circuitry adding a further dimension to the plasticity of the adult nervous system.
The unimportance of being random

This note “fleshes in” and generalizes an argument suggested by W. Salmon to the effect that the addition of a requirement of mathematical randomness to his requirement of physical homogeneity is unimportant for his “ontic” account of objective homogeneity. I consider an argument from measure theory as a plausible justification of Salmon's skepticism concerning the possibility that a physically homogeneous sequence might nonetheless be recursive and show that this argument does not succeed. However, I state a principle (the Generalized Salmon Thesis) that is intuitively plausible and reflects this skepticism. The principle entails that one should be just as certain that the limit of such an infinite sequence is irrational as one is certain that the sequence is not computable. But I claim that this consequence is acceptable.
Mental rubbernecking to negative information depends on task context

We previously demonstratedmental rubbernecking during the simple cognitive act ofrefreshing a just activated representation. Participants saw two neutral and one negative word presented simultaneously and, 425 msec later, were cued to mentally refresh (i.e., think of) one of the no-longer-present words. They were slower to refresh a neutral word than the negative word (Johnson et al., 2005, Experiment 6A). The present experiments extended that work by showing mental rubbernecking when negative items were sometimes the target of refreshing, but not when negative items were present but never the target of refreshing, indicating that expectations influence mental rubbernecking. How expectations might modulate the impact of emotional distraction is discussed.
Cognitive correlates of the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern

The present study investigated the relationship between the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern and two measures of self-relevant cognitions: Ellis's (1962) irrational beliefs, and private and public self-consciousness (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). The Type A pattern was found consistently to be negatively correlated with a belief in the value of avoiding problems and responsibilities. For males, the Type A pattern was also correlated with irrational beliefs about self-standards for achievement and perfectionism. For females, the Type A pattern was correlated with private self-consciousness and beliefs involving overreaction to frustration and anxious overconcern about potential problems. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship of these cognitive variables to the behavioral components of the Type A pattern and the implications of such relationships for potential cognitive interventions.
Vulnerability of Spotted Bass to Angling in Kansas Streams

In 1996 and 1998, standardized angling was conducted on four streams to determine the vulnerability of stock-length (≥ 180 mm) spotted bass (Micropterus puntulatus) to angling. Block nets were used...
Impact of Zernike cross-term on linewidth control

Recent introduction of phase measurement interferometer (PMI), to measure wavefront aberrations brought about rapid reduction of residual aberrations in stepper and scanner projection lenses. Zernike sensitivity method (ZSM) is useful to capture and to understand the lens aberrations impact on the imaging performances, and to guide the improvements in patterning performance of the projection tools. In this paper we present ZSM for CD-Focus curve capable of precisely predicting CD at any focus position. We found that cross-term interactions of several Zernike combinations impact ZSM for CD-Focus. We present an example of V-H difference for which the cross-term interactions dominate. Aerial image simulation results presented here are illustrated by corresponding to experimental results.
The finite inseparability of the first-order theory of diagonalisable algebras

In a recent paper, Montagna proved the undecidability of the first-order theory of diagonalisable algebras. This result is here refined — the set of finitely refutable sentences is shown effectively inseparable from the set of theorems. The proof is quite simple.
Prolegomena to a future phenomenology of morals

Moral phenomenology is (roughly) the study of those features of occurrent mental states with moral significance which are accessible through direct introspection, whether or not such states possess phenomenal character – a what-it-is-likeness. In this paper, as the title indicates, we introduce and make prefatory remarks about moral phenomenology and its significance for ethics. After providing a brief taxonomy of types of moral experience, we proceed to consider questions about the commonality within and distinctiveness of such experiences, with an eye on some of the main philosophical issues in ethics and how moral phenomenology might be brought to bear on them. In discussing such matters, we consider some of the doubts about moral phenomenology and its value to ethics that are brought up by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and Michael Gill in their contributions to this issue.
Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance.

This study examined job stressors and coworker social support in relation to both psychological strains and performance. One hundred and ninety-eight door-to-door bookdealers, employed on a seasonal basis, completed self-report measures of job stressors, psychological strains, coworker social support, and job performance. Performance data were also obtained from company records. Results indicated that stressors predicted both psychological strains and one of the two measures of performance. The strongest predictor was a job-specific measure of chronic stressors. Social support predicted psychological strains, although it was only weakly related to performance. There was no evidence that social support moderated the effects of any of the stressors. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a chiral binaphthyldisulfide: A potentially useful reagent for catalytic asymmetric synthesis

Abstract Diels Alder cycloaddition/oxygen-atom-extrusion provides the means to unite two naphthylene fragments and affords a highly functionalized, racemic binaphthyl iodide. Resolution of a derived thiol then furnishes, after appropriate manipulation, enantiomerically pure binaphthyldisulfide precatalysts.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Sheet Steel Texture and Formability: Comparison with Neutron Diffraction and Mechanical Measurements

Ultrasonic measurements were made on a set of thin steel sheets, using the lowest-order shear horizontal mode (SH0-mode) and lowest-order symmetric Lambwave mode (S0-mode). The velocities of these modes were measured as a function of angle relative to the sheet rolling direction. From the data reduction it is, in theory, possible to (1) partially characterize the texture of the sheet, and (2) predict the plastic strain ratio (r-value). The plate texture can be completely characterized by quantities known as orientation distribution coefficients (ODCs). The lowest-order ODCs can be obtained from our measurements; these were compared with ODCs measured by neutron diffraction, with good agreement for the dominant ODC. The r-value is a commonly used measure of sheet formability. It is typically measured mechanically with uniaxial tension specimens subjected to large plastic strain. Therefore, the r-value test is destructive and time consuming. We found a good correlation between S0-mode velocity measurements and\(\bar r\), the average in-plane r-value. Consequently, the use of noncontacting electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) may offer an online nondestructive measurement of sheet formability.
Investigation of Enhanced Free Volume in Nanosilica-Filled Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) by 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy

The gas permeability of poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) containing nanoparticulate fumed silica increases with increasing filler content. This unusual phenomenon is explored using 129Xe NMR spectroscopy to examine the effect of filler on the free volume of the PTMSP host matrix. The 129Xe NMR chemical shift decreases regularly with increasing fumed silica concentration, consistent with an increase in the average size of free volume elements or cavities through which molecular transport can occur. A relationship between the chemical shift and gas permeability in the filled polymer is reported.
Development of a Traumatic Brain Injury Bioreactor

An in-vitro system was developed to mimic the impact deceleration and strain associated with concussive injuries. Similar in concept to a full scale crash test, the bench top concussive bioreactor can deliver decelerations from 0–250 g and biaxial strains from 5–25% to cells in culture. We are not aware of another system like this. From cellular testing, an injury threshold of 100g combined with 10% strain was identified. These values appear consistent with human brain injury data.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Calcium oscillations in T-cells: mechanisms and consequences for gene expression

[Ca(2+)](i) (intracellular Ca(2+) concentration) oscillations play a central role in the activation of T-lymphocytes by antigen. Oscillations in T-cells are absolutely dependent on Ca(2+) influx through store-operated CRAC channels (Ca(2+)-release-activated Ca(2+) channels), and evidence suggests that they arise from delayed interactions between these channels and Ca(2+) stores. Their potential functions have been explored by creating controlled [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations with pulses of Ca(2+) entry or pulses of Ins(1,4,5)P(3). Oscillations enhance both the efficiency and specificity of signalling through the Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), Oct/Oap and nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) in ways that are consistent with each factor's Ca(2+) dependence and kinetics of activation and deactivation. These studies show how [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations may enhance signalling to the nucleus, and suggest a possible cellular mechanism for extracting information encoded in oscillation frequency.
Mass spectrometric method for determining the uronic acid epimerization in heparan sulfate disaccharides generated using nitrous acid.

Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) regulate a host of biological functions. To better understand their biological roles, it is necessary to gain understanding about the structure of HS, which requires identification of the sulfation pattern as well as the uronic acid epimerization. In order to model HS structure, it is necessary to quantitatively profile depolymerization products. To date, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods for profiling heparin lyase decomposition products have been shown. These enzymes, however, destroy information about uronic acid epimerization. Deaminative cleavage using nitrous acid (HONO) is a classic method for GAG depolymerization that retains uronic acid epimerization. Several chromatographic methods have been used for analysis of deaminative cleavage products. The chromatographic methods have the disadvantage that there is no direct readout on the structures producing the observed peaks. This report demonstrates a porous graphitized carbon (PGC)...
Synthesis and characterization of a silarylene–siloxane–diacetylene polymer and its conversion to a thermosetting plastic

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a linear silarylene–siloxane–diacetylene polymer 1 and its conversion to a highly cross-linked thermoset 4 are discussed. The linear polymer was prepared via polycondensation of 1,4-bis(dimethylaminodimethylsilyl)butadiyne, [(CH 3 ) 2 N–Si(CH 3 ) 2 –CC–CC–(CH 3 ) 2 SiN(CH 3 ) 2 ], 2 with 1,4-bis(hydroxydimethylsilyl)benzene 3 . Conversion to a thermoset 4 occurs through the diacetylene groups above 300 °C. The thermoset was observed to exhibit long-term thermo-oxidative stability up to 350 °C in air as determined by thermogravimetric analysis.
L -infinity interdistance selection by parametric search

Abstract The selection problem asks for the k th largest or smallest element in a set S . In general, selection takes linear time, but if the set is constrained so that some relations between elements are known, sublinear-time selection is sometimes possible. We present an algorithm that selects the k th largest or smallest element from a Cartesian sum in O ( n log n ) time and extend this result to select L ∞ -interdistances in R d in O( d n log d −1 n ) time. The algorithm is based on a general technique o f Megiddo and improved by Cole, and it is the first algorithm for a multidimensional interdistance selection problem with an O( n log O (1) n ) running time.
Fat incites tanycytes to neurogenesis

Tanycytes in the hypothalamic median eminence have now been found to form a metabolically sensitive neurogenic niche in the brain. In adult mice, tanycytes give rise to hypothalamic regulatory neurons in response to a high-fat diet.
Individual differences in visual comparison processes

Two experiments are reported in which subjects compared the shape of two successively presented random visual forms. The first stimulus in the pair was one of five “standard” shapes, and the second stimulus was either the same as the standard or different by virtue of a perturbation in shape or an overall reflection. Marked individual differences were found in reaction time for the same-different comparison. For one type of subject “same” responses were faster than “different” responses, speed of “different” responses was unaffected by similarity of the test shape to the standard, and error rates and reaction times were not systematically related. For the other type of subject, “different” responses were generally faster than “same” responses, “different” reaction time decreased as the standard shape and the test shape became increasingly dissimilar, and error rates and reaction times were positively correlated. Implications of these individual differences for models of the same-different comparison process are discussed.
Resting metabolic rates of obese women after rapid weight loss.

Abstract Reduced energy expenditure associated with reduced energy intake has been used as an explanation for resistance to weight loss in obese patients. Decreases in serum T3 concentrations and body cell mass induced by restriction of energy intake may contribute to the reduced energy needs. In the present study, mean resting metabolic rate (RMR) was reduced by 9.4% after 5 weeks of a very low energy diet (472 Cal/day) in six obese women, and the mean serum T3 concentration decreased 46%. However, the lowest RMR values measured were similar in these subjects (mean, 1328 Cal/day; range, 1110-1578 Cal/day) to RMR values of lean women (n = 19; mean, 1241 Cal/day; range, 938-1450 Cal/day) and moderately overweight women ingesting ad libitum diets (n = 8; mean, 1335 Cal/day; range, 1064-1533). Decreases in total body potassium (10%) and 24-h urinary creatinine excretion (23%) suggested that there was a substantial loss of body cell mass during weight loss, whereas nitrogen balance suggested that changes in b...
Bioenergetic Dysfunction in Endothelial Cells Precedes Cell Death due to Hemin: Implications for Hemolytic Anemias

 Hemolysis due to hemolytic anemias, drug toxicity or injury is associated with increased oxidative stress and damage to vascular cells.  Due the close proximity of endothelial cells in the lumen of blood vessels, these cells are particularly sensitive to damage incurred during heme release.  Hemin promotes lipid peroxidation of unsaturated lipids such as arachidonic acid (AA). An important antioxidant known to inhibit lipid peroxidation is in α-tocopherol (Vitamin E).  Excess lipid peroxidation has been correlated to pathology. In addition, a deficiency in Vitamin E has been found in patients with hemolytic anemia, which exacerbates the damage due to lipid peroxidation. Hypothesis: Heme toxicity in endothelial cells occurs following mitochondrial dysfunction and excess lipid peroxidation. Methods
Survival of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos and fry in streams of different acid sensitivity in Shenandoah National Park, USA

Shenandoah National Park receives more atmospheric sulfate loading than any other USA national park. pH has been gradually declining in low-ANC streams for more than 10 years. We have completed four 1-to-3 month-long field bioassays in three streams differing in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), using a total of 18,000 hatchery brook trout eyed-eggs through fry. In three of the four bioassays, embryos/fry showed poorer survivorship in the low-ANC stream, compared to the high-ANC stream. Substantial mortalities occurred under different hydrological conditions, including steady rain plus significant rain events (fall 1992), low rainfall followed by a significant rain event (spring 1993), and steady light rain and snowmelt with no large rain events (spring 1994). In a fourth bioassay (fall 1993), poor survivorship occurred in all three streams due to drought conditions. Trout placed in the intermediate-ANC stream showed variable survivorship, in two bioassays as high as in the high-ANC stream, and in one bioassay as poor as in the low-ANC stream. Baseflow ANC in the intermediate-ANC stream is 40–100 ueq/L, and pH never falls below 6.0. However, during episodes, pH in this stream sometimes fluctuates rapidly in the range of 6.0 to 7.0, and this fluctuation itself may be a source of physiological stress.
On an Armenian Word List from the Cairo Geniza

This study deals with a short text on a small piece of paper, a conversational glossary, found in the Cairo Geniza. It is likely to be nearly a millennium old, and consists of a list of twenty Judaeo-Arabic words and phrases with their equivalents in Armenian written in Hebrew script. It suggests that members of the two communities met in a convivial setting, possibly a Barekendan (Mardi Gras) party where an official was parodied as a goat in effigy— a custom encountered in other Armenian celebrations of the holiday at Lvov in the 16th century; and Tiflis, in the 19th. The other words in the list reflect economic and cultural realia of the 11th-13th centuries.
Complete denture prosthodontics for the radiation patient

The increased use of radiation therapy for the control of oral cancer necessitates that all dentists concerned with the rehabilitation of oral cancer patients be familiar with this treatment modality. Radiologic equipment, the rationale for their use, and the sequelae to oral treatment are discussed. Misconceptions have developed concerning the advisability of prescribing complete dentures following radiation therapy. However, clinical experience in the Maxillofacial Unit at the University of California, San Francisco, indicates that most radiation patients can wear complete dentures. The need to follow sound prosthodontic techniques is advocated, along with a few modifications related specifically to the radiation patient. Patient cooperation and meticulous care during and following the placement of dentures are stressed to minimize the risk of tissue necrosis and to preserve the well-being of the patient.
Reassessment of lymphocytic atypia in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides.

The manifestations of mycosis fungoides in its early stage may mimic clinically and histologically those of many benign inflammatory dermatoses. Therefore, the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides remains a major challenge for dermatologists and dermatopathologists. For many years, it has been proposed that atypical lymphocytes within the epidermis constitute one of the diagnostic features in mycosis fungoides. Presence of dermal atypical lymphocytes remains controversial as a diagnostic criterion. We reassessed the feasibility of applying lymphocytic atypia within epidermis and dermis as diagnostic criteria discriminating between mycosis fungoides and spongiotic dermatitis. Thirty cases of mycosis fungoides and 30 cases of spongiotic dermatitis were retrieved from archival hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections. Punch biopsy sections were examined by light microscopy; epidermal and dermal lymphocytes were photographed at 1000 × (oil immersion). A total of 92 ektachrome slides (35 mm) were developed, coded, and ordered randomly. For each slide, cells were interpreted as typical or atypical lymphocytes by seven pathologists. Atypical epidermal lymphocytes were judged to be present in 9 ± 2 out of 16 (56%) cases of mycosis fungoides photographed as compared with 8 ± 3 out of 16 (50%) in spongiotic dermatitis. Dermal lymphocytic atypia was thought to be present in 14 ± 6 out of 30 (47%) patients with mycosis fungoides. Thirteen ± 6 out of 30 (43%) patients with non-mycosis fungoides also displayed dermal lymphocytic atypia. No statistical significance was observed in these comparisons (t test, P > .05). Furthermore, atypia of lymphocytes was deemed to be present in 41, 38, 59, 70, 23, 47, and 40 out of 92 slides examined by the investigators, suggesting that observer variation is a very significant factor in our present study. We conclude that it is not possible to distinguish mycosis fungoides from spongiotic dermatitis merely based on lymphocytic atypia within epidermis or dermis.
Effects of pure sugar vs. mixed starch fructose loads on food intake.

Abstract Using a within-subject design, we gave subjects three different 520–530 kcal preloads in the form of puddings in a randomized fashion at weekly intervals. The puddings contained either 50 g of fructose or glucose as the sole carbohydrate source in a protein and fat mixture, or 50 g fructose plus 15 g of starch. Food intake was assessed 2.25 h after the preload was completed. Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose and insulin. When the preload contained fructose alone as the sole source of carbohydrate, subjects ate significantly fewer calories and less fat than when the preload contained glucose alone. When starch was added to the fructose preload, there was no significant reduction in calorie and fat intake. Effects on food intake paralleled the rise in plasma insulin levels produced by the different preloads. Implications for use of fructose as an adjunct to weight control efforts are discussed.
Automatic Runner Balancing of Injection Molds Using Flow Simulation

The objective of this paper is to present a methodology for automatically balancing multi-cavity injection molds with the aid of flow simulation. After the runner and cavity layout has been designed, the methodology adjusts runner and gate sizes iteratively based on the outputs of flow analysis. This methodology also ensures that the runner sizes in the final design are machinable. To illustrate this methodology, two examples are used wherein a 20-cavity mold and a 3-cavity mold are modeled and filling of all the cavities at the same time in both cases is achieved. In the case of the 20-cavity mold, the effect of changes in the processing conditions on the balance of the flow is also studied using a 3 3 -factorial test. The examples indicate that the described methodology can be used effectively to balance runner systems for multi-cavity molds.
Kernel approaches for differential expression analysis of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics data

Background Data generated from metabolomics experiments are different from other types of “-omics” data. For example, a common phenomenon in mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics data is that the data matrix frequently contains missing values, which complicates some quantitative analyses. One way to tackle this problem is to treat them as absent. Hence there are two types of information that are available in metabolomics data: presence/absence of a metabolite and a quantitative value of the abundance level of a metabolite if it is present. Combining these two layers of information poses challenges to the application of traditional statistical approaches in differential expression analysis.
Loading paths to joint propagation during a tectonic cycle: an example from the Appalachian Plateau, U.S.A.

Abstract Based on the timing of joint propagation during the history of burial, lithification, deformation and denudation of clastic rocks within sedimentary basins, four types of joints may be distinguished: tectonic, hydraulic, unloading and release. Tectonic and hydraulic joints form at depth prior to uplift in response to abnormal fluid pressures, whereas unloading and release joints form near the surface in response to thermal-elastic contraction accompanying erosion and uplift. Tectonic joints are distinguished from hydraulic joints in that tectonic compaction is a mechanism for achieving abnormal pore pressures leading to the propagation of the former whereas compaction by overburden loading leads to the abnormal pore pressures in the latter case. The orientation of unloading joints is controlled by either a residual or contemporary tectonic stress whereas the orientation of release joints is controlled by a rock fabric. Examples of some of these joints are found within the Devonian Catskill Delta of the Appalachian Plateau, New York. During the Alleghanian Orogeny tectonic joints (cross-fold joints) formed under abnormal pore pressure as indicated by the observation that joints propagated in the siltstones before they developed in shales and by the cross-cutting relationships of folds, cleavage and joints. This sequence is compatible with oil company hydraulic fracture data which show that the least principal stress within sandstone layers is less than that in the intercalated shale layers. Plumose structures indicate that the joints within siltstones propagated as discontinuous rupture events each of which affected less than a meter of bed length. The discontinuous rupturing is compatible with models for natural hydraulic fracturing. Release joints (strike joints) post-date the Alleghanian Orogeny as indicated by abutting relationships within the deeper parts of the Devonian clastic section. Unloading joints are orthogonal to the contemporary tectonic stress field.
The structure and dynamics of Abies magnifica forests in the southern Cascade Range, USA

Abies magnifica (Red fir) forests in the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada of California are composed of groups, or patches, of even-sized individuals that form structurally complex stands. Patches may be even-aged, resulting from synchronous post-disturbance establishment, or multi-aged, reflecting continuous recruitment of seedlings moderately tolerant of shade. We analyze the population structure (i.e. age, size, and spatial patterning) of A. magnifica, and associated A. concolor, White fir, and reconstruct the disturbance history of two mature to old-growth A. magnifica forests in order to determine the relationship between disturbance and forest structure. Within both stands examined, the distributions of A. magnifica seedlings, saplings, and small understory trees were clumped, with clump sizes corresponding to the area of canopy gaps. Gaps were created by frequent wildfire (mean fire return interval of 41 yr) and by windstorms. Severe fire initiated mass establishment of Abies magnifica, whereas gaps created by windthrow released already established individuals. Low inten- sity fire stimulated little recruitment, but Red fir established continuously during fire-free intervals. Thus, the complex age and structures of Red fir forests reflect both episodic and continuous recruitment, as determined by the type and severity of natural disturbance.
A comparative effectiveness analysis of visual field outcomes after projected glaucoma screening using SD-OCT in African American communities

Purpose To assess the impact on visual function of community glaucoma screening in an African American population using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Using a Monte Carlo microsimulation model with a 10-year time horizon, we analyzed the efficacy of SD-OCT screening on visual field outcomes in a population of African Americans who are not otherwise seeking office-based care. Outcomes included classification of visual field severity, quality-adjusted life years, and direct health care costs. Results Assuming a 60% follow-up rate, screening decreased the prevalence of undiagnosed glaucoma from 75% to 38%, and decreased the prevalence of severe visual field loss in patients with glaucoma from 29.1% to 23.9%. Conversely, screening increased the prevalence of mild visual field loss in patients with glaucoma from 9.2% to 18.7%. From initial screening through confirmatory eye examination, the screening program ("screen only") cost $98 per screened individual, and $2561 per new diagnosis of glaucoma. When considering the costs of initial screening though the resultant treatment, the screening program ("screen and treat") had an average annual cost of $79 and $2138, respectively, over a 10-year time period. The cost of one quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained by screening, including management and treatment, in comparison with opportunistic case finding, ranged from $46,416 to $67,813. Conclusions Our findings suggest that community SD-OCT screening in an African American population will minimize glaucoma-related visual morbidity. Ideally, strategies to maximize treatment efficacy through improved medication adherence and improved compliance with follow-up should be identified and implemented before instituting a screening program.
Sustainability Issues of Functionally Obsolete Bridges

Abstract Interest in long-term durability and sustainability of bridges has challenged the development of modern bridge management. The structural condition and performance of bridges have drawn much economic and engineering attention. In comparison, the effective functionality of bridges is another major sustainability concern, affecting their safety, mobility, and life span. To reach cost-effective planning and systematic management, consideration of functionally obsolete bridges is essential. This article discusses the critical aspects of evaluation, traffic mobility, and congestion cost of functionally obsolete bridges. A methodology was developed for bridge functional obsolescence evaluation. Actual bridge inventory and conditions databases were studied to compile practical data that generates focused insight for decision-making. A forecast was developed to predict the number of functionally obsolete bridges in the future. Practical cost components of traffic congestion were discussed to facilitate c...
Development of lanthanum ferrite SOFC cathodes

Abstract A number of studies have been conducted concerning compositional/microstructural modifications of a Sr-doped lanthanum ferrite (LSF) cathode and protective Sm-doped ceria (SDC) layer in an anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Emphasis was placed on achieving enhanced low temperature (700–800 °C) performance, and long-term cell stability. Investigations involved manipulation of the lanthanum ferrite chemistry, addition of noble metal oxygen reduction catalysts, incorporation of active cathode layer compositions containing Co, Fe and higher Sr contents, and attempts to optimize the ceria barrier layer between the LSF cathode and YSZ electrolyte.
Model for a First-Order Phase Transition to a Metallic Condensed State

A model for a first-order phase transition in an electron-hole gas is presented. It serves as a mean-field-theory description of the condensation of electron-hole droplets observed in highly excited germanium and silicon at liquid-helium temperatures. In this quantum model the Hartree-Fock exchange term provides the long-range attraction and the Pauli exclusion principle the short-range repulsion. Comparison is made with other mean-field theories, with other theoretical calculations on the electron-hole drop, and with the experimental data.
Reactions near the burning surface of double- base propellants

Reaction heat for flameless combustion of double- base propellant using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, noting pressure effects
Sonography of the biliary tract in infants and children.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary system are particularly well suited for investigation with sonography. As such, sonography has completely supplanted oral cholecystography in the evaluation of these disorders. Because it is easy to perform and does not expose the patient to radiation or contrast agents, sonography is being used more often in children to diagnose disorders of the gallbladder and biliary tract. Many of the sonographic signs of these diseases (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis) are well established in adults and are the same in children. However, the circumstances under which these diseases occur and their different causal factors are different in children and adults. This article reviews the distinctive aspects of gallbladder-biliary tract disease in children, concentrating on the role that sonography plays in its evaluation and therapy.
Using Pauling's Expanded Bond Order Concept in Determination of Bond Lengths in Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Having Numerous Fixed Single and Double Bonds

An amended Pauling bond order equation based on the number of Kekule ( K ) and Dewar (DS) resonance structures is prs = ( K [G – (ers )] + 0.03DS[G – (ers )])/( K [G] + 0.03DS[G]) which reliably predicts the bond order of conjugated hydrocarbons.
HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATIONS IN A BAFFLED BUBBLE COLUMN: AIR-WATER-GLASS BEAD SYSTEM

Measurements of heat transfer coefficient between an immersed surface and surrounding two- and three-phase dispersions have been conducted as a function of gas velocity in a cylindrical bubble column equipped with either a single axial tube or a seven-tube bundle at 309 K. Gas holdup is also measured under the same conditions. In particular, the systems that have been investigated are air-water and air-water-glass beads. For the latter system, glass beads of three different sizes (50-143 μm) have been used and slurry concentration has been varied up to thirty percent by weight. It is observed that the seven-tube bundle configuration leads to higher heat transfer coefficient and gas holdup values over the entire air velocity range than the single axial tube arrangement. The influence of particle size and slurry concentration is nominal at least as long as it is less than ten weight percent. The presence of solids in the column lowers the gas holdup and raises the heat transfer coefficient. These qualitativ...
Characteristics of search spaces for identifying optimum thresholds in change detection studies.

This study explores the characteristics of spectral change search spaces with a range of factors that may influence binary change detection performance—type of change-enhanced features, number of change-enhanced features, sample size, and land cover change information. An automated calibration model based on an exhaustive search technique was used to create search spaces (i.e., Kappa-threshold surfaces) using single or multiple change-enhanced images. The major characteristics of the search spaces found in this research were: (1) the Kappa-threshold surfaces using single change-enhanced images were unimodal in form but contained small "pits"; (2) the search spaces using multiple change-enhanced images were a combination of "hills," and the optimum thresholds were found either where the tops of hills met or in the middle of the top of one hill; (3) the range in ideal thresholds was typically small compared to the domain of threshold values; (4) the surface was generally skewed toward the direction of no ch...
The Growth of for-Profit Higher Education Implications for Teacher Education

The article examines the recent growth of for-profit higher education in the United States with a special emphasis on teacher education. Recent increased interest in for-profit education accompanied by the availability of venture capital has focused discussion and debate on this growing segment of American education. Supporters of for-profit education point to the benefits that accrue from competition in a free market scenario, most importantly, the improvement of education and potential reduction in costs. Educators argue that public schools and universities play a critical role in a democratic society by providing education for citizenship and access to opportunity—functions rarely addressed by for-profit firms. At the higher education level, for-profit universities are beginning to offer teacher education programs specifically designed to meet state requirements only. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these developments for traditional colleges and universities.
Supporting digital signatures in mobile environments

Digital signatures, like physical signatures, can verify that a specific user affixed their signature to a document and they can also verify that the document is the same as when the user affixed the digital signature. Digital signature systems (DSS) use public key cryptography methods to create digital signatures. The integrity of the digital signature is tied to the security of the user's private key. As long as the user's private key is secure, then only the user can affix their digital signature to a document. In this paper, we examine methods and risks involved in creating digital signatures on workstations other than the user's primary workstation. The challenge is to allow the user to create a digital signature, which requires their private key, at workstations where we cannot guarantee the key's security.
Regulation and dysregulation of epithelial Na + channels

Epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC) form a highly regulated pathway for the reabsorption of Na(+) from urine. This regulation can take place at a number of different levels, including synthesis of channel protein, trafficking of the protein between the surface and internal membranes, proteolytic cleavage and channel gating. This article reviews the role of these different modes of regulation under physiological conditions and considers the possible contributions of dysregulation of these processes in disease states, particularly hypertension.
Geomorphic and pedogenic evidence for bioturbation of artifacts at a multicomponent site in Licking County, Ohio, U.S.A.

The distribution of artifacts at the multi-component (Paleoindian through Middle Woodland) Munson Springs site (33Li251) is best explained by downward migration of objects through bioturbation processes rather than by a vertical sequence of occupation surfaces through a period of sediment accretion. At the noncultivated, 1800 m2, footslope site, the distribution of glacial diamict, loess, and drift- and bedrock-derived colluvium indicate widespread slope erosion during the late-glacial period with general backslope and footslope stability during the Holocene. Diagnostic Paleoindian artifacts were recovered from a BE soil horizon lying directly below fill material of a small (8 × 10 m) Early Woodland mound. Based on soil fine clay distribution, these artifacts lay about 30 cm below the premound land surface. Woodland artifacts are concentrated at depths of 10–20 cm immediately down slope from the mound. Soil horizonation and total and fine clay distributions within footslope profiles indicate no significant sediment accretion through the period of soil genesis and prehistoric site occupation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whole genome sequence analysis of circulating Bluetongue virus serotype 11 strains from the United States including two domestic canine isolates.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-transmitted pathogen that typically infects and causes disease in domestic and wild ruminants. BTV is also known to infect domestic canines as discovered when dogs were vaccinated with a BTV-contaminated vaccine. Canine BTV infections have been documented through serological surveys, and natural infection by the Culicoides vector has been suggested. The report of isolation of BTV serotype 11 (BTV-11) from 2 separate domestic canine abortion cases in the states of Texas in 2011 and Kansas in 2012, were apparently unrelated to BTV-contaminated vaccination or consumption of BTV-contaminated raw meat as had been previously speculated. To elucidate the origin and relationship of these 2 domestic canine BTV-11 isolates, whole genome sequencing was performed. Six additional BTV-11 field isolates from Texas, Florida, and Washington, submitted for diagnostic investigation during 2011 and 2013, were also fully sequenced and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the BT...
An Inflammatory Role for Nitric Oxide during Experimental Meningitis in the Rat

Nitric oxide (NO) functions as an intracellular messenger and an inflammatory mediator, depending on its concentration and cellular target. An enthusiastic, intensive and multi-disciplinary approach best characterizes the current research efforts focussed on understanding the diverse biological roles of NO. Physiological and pathological effects of NO have been described for the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, renal, endocrinological and central nervous systems1,2. Certainly, knowledge of the pathological effects of NO will facilitate the development potential therapeutic drugs applicable to a broad array of disease states.
Efficient targeting of foreign genes into the tobacco plastid genome

The pPRV plasmids are vectors for targeted insertion of foreign genes into the tobacco plastid genome (ptDNA). The vectors are based on the pUC119 plasmid which replicates in E. coli but not in plastids. The spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene and a multiple cloning site (MCS) are flanked by 1.8-kb and 1.2-kb ptDNA sequences. Biolistic delivery of vector DNA, followed by spectinomycin selection, yields plastid transformants at a reproducible frequency, approximately 1 transplastomic line per bombarded sample. The selected aadA gene and linked non-selectable genes cloned into the MCS are incorporated into the ptDNA by two homologous recombination events via the flanking ptDNA sequences. The transplastomes thus generated are stable, and are maternally transmitted to the seed progeny. The pPRV vector series targets insertions between the divergently transcribed trnV gene and the rps12/7 operon. The lack of readthrough transcription of appropriately oriented transgenes makes the vectors an ideal choice for the study of transgene promoter activity.