cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Effects in Transfer-Function Measurements of Large Nuclear Reactor Power Systems

The importance of spatial effects in proposed transfer-function measurements in large, fast reactors was investigated. A general theoretical formulation of space-dependent transfer-functions is derived which includes the effects of input and output device spatial characteristics. A quantitative indication of spatial effects is given by numerical simulation of measured transfer-functions in a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR). An approximate method of solution using the Galerlkin's procedure was developed in conjunction with the investigation.
Variance estimation in nonlinear autoregressive time series models

Abstract This paper considers the variance estimation in nonlinear autoregressive time series models. The estimator, based on the residuals, is shown to be consistent (with n rate) for the error variance. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator is obtained to be normal.
Benzathine penicillin in the prophylaxis of streptococcal skin infections: A pilot study*

The value of intramuscular benzathine penicillin (Bicillin) for the prophylaxis of streptococcal skin infections was examined in a population in which this problem has been endemic for a number of years. Seventy-eight children from 18 families were enrolled in this controlled pilot study and received in a double-blind fashion a single intramuscular injection of either Bicillin or placebo followed in 6 weeks by the opposite of the first injection. Dosage of Bicillin was 600,000 units in children 6 years of age or younger and 1.2 million units in those 7 years or older. During the immediate weeks after injection the prevalence and incidence of skin lesions were reduced in children who had received Bicillin when compared to those who had received a placebo injection. In the 6 week follow-up period after each injection, the overall frequency of lesions was reduced 38 per cent after Bicillin administration, and the duration of protection in individual children ranged from 3 to 6 weeks (mean interval of 4 weeks). However, 18 per cent of children experienced a breakthrough within 5 weeks; the majority of these were 6 years of age or younger. Less protection in younger children may have reflected an influence of age or inadequacy of dosage of the Bicillin.
The subject‐person of adult education in the crisis of modernity

The philosophical and theoretical background of this article is the recent debate in conventional education, highlighting problems with the subject‐person of education (e.g., Oelkers, 1987). This debate has its origins in the questioning by philosophers of the project of modernity, of its future (e.g., Habermas, 1985; Wellmer,1985), and of its subject‐person (e.g., Frank et ah, 1990). The philosophy of education is affected by this debate primarily for two reasons: first, the subject‐person is at the core of the project of modernity and therefore of the inseparably linked idea of conventional education. Second, modernity is in itself an educational project (e.g., Oelkers, 1983), for, if education fails to bring forth the enlightened and emancipated subject‐person, modernity also fails. Therefore, if there is today, as is generally admitted, a crisis of modernity, conventional education and its conception of the subject‐person, as well as the corresponding learning model are inevitably affected. This also ...
ALTRUISM IN MENDELIAN POPULATIONS DERIVED FROM SIBLING GROUPS: THE HAYSTACK MODEL REVISITED.

A group-selection model is presented in which each group is initiated by a single fertilized female and persists for several generations before dispersal. Maynard Smith (1964) concluded that altruism could not plausibly evolve under these circumstances. I show that his conclusion is an artifact of a simplifying assumption that amounts to a worst-case scenario for group selection. When the standard donor-recipient equations for altruistic behavior are used in Maynard Smith's model, Mendelian populations derived from sibling groups are often more favorable for the evolution of altruism than are the sibling groups themselves. In general, long-term and large-scale aspects of population structure may at times be important in the evolution of altruistic and other group-advantageous behaviors.
Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-Isomerase Activity in the Corpus Luteum of the Pregnant Rhesus Monkey*

The activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase was evaluated in the corpus luteum (CL) and a composite tissue consisting of follicles and interstitium at various times during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Enzyme activity was estimated in vitro by the rate of [4-14C]pregnenolone conversion to [414C]progesterone by 600 × g tissue supernatant. At 21–22 days, 49–52 days and 155–159 days of gestation, CL weights were 86 mg, 36 mg and 58 mg, respectively. By contrast enzyme activity (dpm/g tissue × min) in this organ did not vary during early pregnancy, 13.8 (21–22 days), 14.5 (49–52 days), but thereafter increased significantly, 56.3 (155–159 days). Comparable alterations in enzyme activity were noted in the remaining tissue, although activity throughout was lower than in the CL. Changes in enzyme specific activity (dpm/mg protein × min) paralleled the changes in enzyme activity. The increase in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the CL may explain the elevated progestin ...
Macronutrient Distribution in ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry

This study was developed to determine the nutrient distribution within a ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) blueberry. Rooted cuttings were potted into 3.8-liter containers and placed into a completely randomized design on a covered bench. Plants were divided evenly into three groups for low, high, and control fertilization. At the end of the growing season, sample plants were each divided into leaves, upper stems, lower stems, trunk, root ball, and fine roots, and were then dried. Mineral analysis was preformed and mineral distribution determined. Approximately 25% of nitrogen found in blueberry plants was located in the leaves, with the remaining 75% being distributed evenly throughout the more woody partitions. Phosphorus was more evenly distributed, yet the highest concentration was also found in the leaves (0.14% P). Potassium was found at a much higher concentration in the leaves (0.79% K). Mineral distribution varied very little with the rate of fertilization, but varied greatly across pla...
Kinetic Regulation of β3 Integrin Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Abstract Tyrosine phosphorylation of β3 integrins is a permissive stage in the activation of αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 in platelets and leukocytes, respectively. In this study we demonstrated direct phosphorylation of β3 integrins as a result of interaction with soluble monomeric ligand, and we characterized the differential kinetics of β3 phosphorylation as a consequence of α subunit pairing. We found that β3 phosphorylation is initiated by RGD peptide binding in a dose-dependent and saturable fashion with αIIbβ3 becoming phosphorylated and dephosphorylated more rapidly than αvβ3. Site mapping of phosphate incorporation reveals significant phosphorylation at Tyr-747 in both β3 integrin species with incorporation at Tyr-759 found at significant levels only in αIIbβ3. Mutation of cytoplasmic β3 tyrosine residues in a transfection model prevents cell adhesion via these integrins. These data demonstrate that recognition of ligand is sufficient to induce β3 tyrosine phosphorylation and suggests that this event is regulated by the α subunit pairing of β3.
Relationship between intercepted radiation, net photosynthesis, respiration, and rate of stem volume growth of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii stands of different densities

Abstract Intercepted radiation, net photosynthesis, foliar respiration, stem respiration, and foliar nitrogen concentrations were measured to determine how changes in physiology that occur with increasing stand density affect the rate of stem volume growth. Intensively managed Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) and Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) stands in their third and fourth growing seasons planted at densities of 740, 2220, and 3700 trees ha−1 on the lower coastal plain of the southeastern United States were sampled. During the third growing season, stem volume growth was not proportional to stocking density with smaller increases in stem volume growth occurring as stand density is increased. The proportion of radiation intercepted by the canopies during the period of maximum leaf area was linearly related to the rate of stem volume growth. Stem respiration was greater for the trees planted at 740 trees ha−1 than for trees at the other densities on a stem surface area basis, but not on a stem volume basis. Foliar respiration and net photosynthesis were not different between the trees growing at different densities even though foliar nitrogen concentration decreased with increasing stocking density. One difference between the species was that the specific leaf area (m2 kg−1 of leaf) of P. elliottii was significantly lower than P. taeda, with the result that area-based comparisons of foliar gas exchange were similar between P. taeda and P. elliottii, but on a mass basis, P. elliottii gas exchange was lower than P. taeda. For both species, specific leaf area increased with increasing stocking density. These results indicate that differences in net photosynthesis or respiration rates among stocking densities, or between species, were minimal and did not explain differences in stand growth rates. Instead, growth was well correlated with intercepted radiation and trees in the different density treatments appeared to modify their leaf morphology to improve canopy light interception.
Benign nerve sheath myxoma: Light and electron microscopic features of two cases

Abstract Two new cases of the rare benign nerve sheath myxoma (NSM) are presented. The light microscopic findings are compared with previously reported cases. In addition, the ultrastructural features of three constituent cell types are described. The lesion is confirmed as a neural sheath neoplasm, and its similarities to other myxomas are discussed.
Climate science: The heat is on in Antarctica

The Antarctic Peninsula has long been thought to be the only part of Antarctica that has warmed in recent decades. Careful detective work confirms that West Antarctica is also warming rapidly.
Contributions of advective and diffusive oxygen transport through multilayer composite caps over mine waste

The relative contributions of four mechanisms of oxygen transport in multilayer composite (MLC) caps placed over oxygen-consuming mine waste were evaluated using numerical and analytical methods. MLC caps are defined here as caps consisting of earthen and geosynthetic (polymeric) components where a composite barrier layer consisting of a geomembrane (1-2 mm thick polymeric sheet) overlying a clay layer is the primary barrier to transport. The transport mechanisms that were considered are gas-phase advective transport, gas-phase diffusive transport, liquid-phase advective transport via infiltrating precipitation and liquid-phase diffusive transport. A numerical model was developed to simulate gas-phase advective-diffusive transport of oxygen through a multilayer cap containing seven layers. This model was also used to simulate oxygen diffusion in the liquid phase. An approximate analytical method was used to compute the advective flux of oxygen in the liquid phase. The numerical model was verified for limiting cases using an analytical solution. Comparisons were also made between model predictions and field data for earthen caps reported by others. Results of the analysis show that the dominant mechanism for oxygen transport through MLC caps is gas-phase diffusion. For the cases that were considered, the gas-phase diffusive flux typically comprises at least 99% of the total oxygen flux. Thus, designers of MLC caps should focus on design elements and features that will limit diffusion of gas-phase oxygen.
Taylor vortex flow with suction

Abstract Perturbation methods are used to study the bifurcation of Couette flow to Taylor vortices in the presence of a small amount of suction flow through the inner cylinder. Taylor vortex flow is described as a small amplitude expansion of the velocity and pressure near the critical Gortler parameter. The suction flow modifies the critical Gőrtler number, stabilizing the original Couette flow.
A 10-year experience of pediatric brachytherapy.

Purpose : The purpose of this project was to review the brachytherapy experience in the pediatric population at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (JCRT) with respect to efficacy and morbidity. Methods and Materials : Treatment outcome was reviewed for 18 children between the ages of 6 months and 23 years who received 19 implants between 1982 and 1992 at JCRT. Fourteen children received permanent Iodine-125 seed implants placed in the operative tumor bed at the time of resection. Two children received stereotactically placed afterloaded high-activity I-125 seed brain implants, and one child received a high-activity I-125 brain implant followed by a permanent I-125 seed brain implant 3 years later. One girl received a temporary Iridium-192 volume implant for a vulvar rhabdomyosarcoma. Among the 15 permanent I-125 implants, the cases included five primary brain tumors, one metastatic brain tumor, six sarcomas, and one each of the following : suprarenal neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. All patients underwent surgery and most patients (15 out of 18) received external beam radiotherapy to a field that included the implant. Results : The median follow-up from the time of diagnosis for patients who remain alive is 55 months (range 24 to 119 months), and the median follow-up from the time of implant is 46 months (15 to 60 months). Disease was controlled in the area of the implant in 13 of 17 evaluable cases. Two patients experienced treatment-related morbidity ; one patient developed severe desquamation related to an adriamycin recall reaction, and one patient died of postoperative complications. Conclusion : Despite the heterogeneous mix of cases, the use of brachytherapy in this pediatric population resulted in several cases of long-term disease control, and the overall morbidity was very low. Therefore, in properly selected pediatric cases, brachytherapy appears to be an efficacious adjunct to multimodality cancer management.
Use of earth-radiation budget measurements for understanding climate change

Setting the baseline for the greenhouse effect, quantification of the water-vapor feedback, validation of longwave radiation models, determination of the trend in the clear sky albedo of the ocean, and determination of the role of clouds in climate are considered. A summary of cloud radiative forcing estimates is presented, and it is noted that the longwave cloud forcing is essentially the greenhouse effect of the clouds, and that the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has to be increased by a factor of 250 to equal the cloud greenhouse effect. It is pointed out that the short-wave cloud forcing is due to the enhancement of the albedo of the planet by clouds. The decrease in the solar absorption of 48.4 W/sq m by clouds is found to be larger than its greenhouse effect by about 50 pct.
Comparison of top quark hadronization and decay rates

Abstract The relative rates of top quark hadronization and decay are investigated for the reaction e + e − → t t . A simple model is used in which hadronization becomes important when the top quarks are separated from one another by more than a distance Λ−1, of order 1 fm. In this model, hadronization occurs before decay for any center-of-mass energy s which satisfies s⩾4m t 2 1+ 200 MeV Λ 2 m t m 0 6 (i−w) 4 (1+2w) 2 , where m 0 ≡[ 16 2 π(0.2 GeV ) G F ] 1 3 =107 GeV , and w≡ M W 2 m t 2 . This energy is just above threshold for mt = 100 GeV but for mt = 150 GeV increases to 700 GeV.
Examining the Effects of Scholarships on Retention in a Fine Arts College

One of the challenges facing enrollment managers is developing strategies to use merit financial aid awards to maximize student retention. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship ...
Use of Piecewise Regression Models to Estimate Changing Relationships in Fisheries : Response to Comment

Brenden and Bence (Comment, this issue) reexamined the use of piecewise nonlinear regression to estimate variable size-related mortality rates as reported in Maceina (2007). We agree with them that...
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Integration of Medical Nutrition Therapy and Pharmacotherapy

Abstract It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that medical nutrition therapy (MNT), as a part of the Nutrition Care Process, should be the initial step and an integral component of medical treatment for management of specific disease states and conditions. If optimal control cannot be achieved with MNT alone and concurrent pharmacotherapy is required, the Association promotes a team approach and encourages active collaboration among registered dietitians (RDs) and other health care team members. RDs use MNT as a cost-effective means to achieve significant health benefits by preventing or altering the course of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, disorders of lipid metabolism, heart failure, osteoporosis, celiac disease, and chronic kidney disease, among other diseases. Should pharmacotherapy be needed to control these diseases, a team approach in which an RD brings expertise in food and nutrition and a pharmacist brings expertise in medications is essential. RDs and pharmacists share the goals of maintaining food and nutrient intake, nutritional status, and medication effectiveness while avoiding adverse food–medication interactions. RDs manipulate food and nutrient intake in medication regimens based on clinical significance of the interaction, medication dosage and duration, and recognition of potential adverse effects related to pharmacotherapy. RDs who provide MNT using enhanced patient education skills and pharmacotherapy knowledge are critical for successful outcomes and patient safety.
A State-Dependent Riccati Equation Approach to Atmospheric Entry Guidance

This paper investigates the use of state-dependent Riccati equation control for closed-loop guidance of the hypersonic phase of atmospheric entry. Included are a discussion of the development of the state-dependent Riccati equations, their outgrowth from Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory, a discussion of the closed-loop nonlinear system’s closed-loop stability and robustness from both a theoretical and practical viewpoint. An innovative use of sum-of-squares programming is used to solve the state-dependent Riccati equation with application of a state-dependent Riccati equation derived guidance algorithm to a high mass, robotic Mars entry example. Algorithm performance is compared to the Modified Apollo Final Phase algorithm planned for use on the Mars Science Laboratory.
IN VIVO RELEASE OF CYANIDE FROM SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE

Brain cytochrome oxidase activity was measured after the in vitro addition of potassium cyanide (KCN) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Activity of cytochrome oxidase was sensitive to KCN; however, this activity was unaffected by SNP. In SNP- and KCN-treated animals brain cytochrome oxidase activities were measured. At 3 min after SNP injection, inhibition of the enzymatic activity was the same as 1 min after KCN injection. Time to death for SNP-treated animals was longer than for KCN-treated animals. These data suggest that cyanide was released in vivo from SNP and that time was necessary for this release to occur.
Vibration of DNA polymer in viscous solvent

The problem of viscous damping of vibrating DNA polymer in solution is solved in the low-amplitude limit for all acoustic branches of the spectrum. The acoustic spectrum covers the microwave region of frequencies. Analytic solutions are obtained for a model describing the DNA polymer as a smooth circular cylinder. Numerical solutions are presented for a model describing the DNA polymer as a twisted cylinder of elliptical cross section. The amount of mass loading is determined for both models and the damped spectrum for the mass-loaded oscillator is calculated. The viscous damping is found to be a strong function of frequency, singular at very low frequencies for all modes except the torsional mode of the circular cylinder. All acoustic modes are overdamped, implying that the observation of well-defined resonances in DNA requires either highly structured water on the molecular level or very dry material.
Crohn's disease of the duodenum with spontaneous reflux into the pancreatic duct.

A patient with Crohn's disease which involved the duodenum presented with recurrent pancreatitis. His upper gastrointestinal series demonstrated spontaneous reflux of barium into the pancreatic duct. The literature is reviewed and a probable mechanism for this very unusual occurence is suggested.
Effects of the Shearing Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens on the Corneal Endothelium

A consecutive group of 67 patients (70 eyes) with senile cataract underwent extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a Shearing posterior chamber intraocular lens. After two years of follow-up, there was an 11% + 2% decrease in central cell density (P
Bidirectional 3R Repeater for GE-PON Systems

We have developed a bidirectional 3R repeater for GE-PON systems that increase the system budget by 33dB. It's also suitable for multiple repeating, and we successfully demonstrated 50km CWDM transmission between two repeaters.
Spawning by walleye (Sander vitreus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in the Detroit River: Implications for spawning habitat enhancement

Few active fish spawning grounds have been found in channels connecting the Great Lakes. Here, we describe one near Belle Isle in the Detroit River, part of the channel connecting lakes Huron and Erie. There, in 2005, we collected 1,573 fish eggs, cultured them, and identified the hatched larvae as walleye (Sander vitreus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Walleye spawning peaked during the week of April 12–19; white sucker spawning peaked on May 10. Average areal rate of egg deposition by walleye and white sucker at this spawning ground in 2005 was 346 and 25 eggs/m2, respectively. Our environmental measurements showed that bottom substrates on this spawning ground were largely sand, not optimal for fish reproduction. We hypothesize that reproduction of these fish at this spawning ground could be enhanced by adding rock and gravel substrates for protection of deposited fish eggs and suggest that reproduction by walleye in the Detroit River may add resilience to production of walleye in western Lake Erie.
Psychodynamic ego-state therapy for eating disorders.

A new approach based on psychodynamic theory explores the use of ego states to explain causation as well as outline a treatment approach for eating disorders.
Carnitine Deficiency of Human Skeletal Muscle with Associated Lipid Storage Myopathy: A New Syndrome

In a rare myopathy muscle fibers contained myriad lipid-filled vacuoles. Homogenates of the patient's muscle oxidized fatty acids more slowly than normal (11 controls). Addition of carnitine increased the oxidation rate with the patient's muscle to the level attained by the controls with carnitine. In five separate muscle samples from the patient the mean carnitine level was less than 20 percent of that observed in 42 controls. Carnitine palmityl transferase and palmityl thiokinase levels in the patient's muscles were not depressed. The present case represents the first recognized instance of carnitine deficiency in human skeletal muscle.
The effects of bacterial plaque extracts on organ cultures of fetal rat masticatory mucosa. II. Electron microscopy

. Organ cultures of fetal rat masticatory mucosa inoculated with pooled extracts from bacterial plaque were examined by electron microscopy. In contrast to controls, the test group exhibited pronounced tissue and cellular degeneration, e.g., abnormally wide intercellular spaces, disruption of the basal lamina, vacuolation of the cytoplasm and degeneration of various cytoplasmic organelles.
Conditionals Right and Left: Probabilities for the Whole Family

The fact that the standard probabilistic calculus does not define probabilities for sentences with embedded conditionals is a fundamental problem for the probabilistic theory of conditionals. Several authors have explored ways to assign probabilities to such sentences, but those proposals have come under criticism for making counterintuitive predictions. This paper examines the source of the problematic predictions and proposes an amendment which corrects them in a principled way. The account brings intuitions about counterfactual conditionals to bear on the interpretation of indicatives and relies on the notion of causal (in)dependence.
Fum3p, a 2-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Required for C-5 Hydroxylation of Fumonisins in Fusarium verticillioides

Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins produced by several agriculturally important Fusarium species. The B series fumonisins, FB(1), FB(2), FB(3), and FB(4), are fumonisins produced by wild-type Fusarium verticillioides strains, differing in the number and location of hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon backbone. We characterized the protein encoded by FUM3, a gene in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster. The 33-kDa FUM3 protein (Fum3p) was heterologously expressed and purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells expressing the Fum3p converted FB(3) to FB(1), indicating that Fum3p catalyzes the C-5 hydroxylation of fumonisins. This result was verified by assaying the activity of Fum3p purified from yeast cells. The C-5 hydroxylase activity of purified Fum3p required 2-ketoglutarate, Fe(2+), ascorbic acid, and catalase, all of which are required for 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The protein also contains two His motifs that are highly conserved in this family of dioxygenases. Thus, Fum3p is a 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase required for the addition of the C-5 hydroxyl group of fumonisins.
Missing link: Integrated individual leadership development, employee engagement, and customer value‐added improvement

Long-term care is a key public issue that affects all of us in some way at some time of our lives. Nowhere is performance improvement and quality management more imperative. Through an 8-month field study and follow-up case study, we discuss how using an integrated approach to individual leadership development, employee engagement, and customer value-added improvement might provide the missing link toward sustaining and growing organizational culture change in a very demanding environment.
Infrared Target Tracking with AM-FM Consistency Checks

Challenging infrared data sequences such as the well-known AMCOM closure sequences are characterized by highly nonstationary evolutionary target and clutter signatures, poor target-to- clutter ratios, and complex kinematics arising from both the target motion and the motion of the sensor platform itself. In such cases, track consistency checks can provide a valuable means for detecting an imminent track loss. In this paper, we consider a simple target model with a correlation-based detection process and a straightforward SIR particle filter track processor. We show that the performance of the track processor can be dramatically improved by incorporating modulation domain consistency checks to identify failure in the correlation-based detection process. This strategy results in a robust dual-domain tracker that, despite the simplicity of its state model, delivers superior tracking performance against the very difficult AMCOM sequences.
Neighborhood Social Context and Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposures Associated with Child Cognitive Test Scores

Childhood cognitive and test-taking abilities have long-term implications for educational achievement and health, and may be influenced by household environmental exposures and neighborhood contexts. This study evaluates whether age 5 scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R, administered in English) are associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and neighborhood context variables including poverty, low educational attainment, low English language proficiency, and inadequate plumbing. The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health enrolled African-American and Dominican-American New York City women during pregnancy, and conducted follow-up for subsequent childhood health outcomes including cognitive test scores. Individual outcomes were linked to data characterizing 1-km network buffers around prenatal addresses, home observations, interviews, and prenatal PAH exposure data from personal air monitors. Prenatal PAH exposure above the median predicted 3.5 point lower total WPPSI-R scores and 3.9 point lower verbal scores; the association was similar in magnitude across models with adjustments for neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood-level low English proficiency was independently associated with 2.3 point lower mean total WPPSI-R score, 1.2 point lower verbal score, and 2.7 point lower performance score per standard deviation. Low neighborhood-level educational attainment was also associated with 2.0 point lower performance scores. In models examining effect modification, neighborhood associations were similar or diminished among the high PAH exposure group, as compared with the low PAH exposure group. Early life exposure to personal PAH exposure or selected neighborhood-level social contexts may predict lower cognitive test scores. However, these results may reflect limited geographic exposure variation and limited generalizability.
The role of digital libraries in moving toward knowledge environments

For thousands of years, libraries have allowed humanity to collect and organize data and information, and to support the discovery and communication of knowledge, across time and space. Coming together in this Internet Age, the world's societies have extended this process to span from the personal to the global, as the concepts, practices, systems, and services related to Library and Information Science unfold through digital libraries. Scientists, scholars, teachers, learners, and practitioners of all kinds benefit from the distributed and collaborative knowledge environments that are at the heart of the digital library movement. Digital libraries thus encompass the dimensions in the 5S Framework: Societies, Scenarios, Spaces, Streams, and Structures. To clarify this approach, we explain the role of meta-models, such as of a minimal digital library (DL), and of more specialized (discipline-oriented) DLs, such as archeological DLs. We illustrate how suitable knowledge environments can be more easily prepared as instances of these meta-models, resulting in usable and useful DLs, including for education, computing, and archaeology.
WHY JOIN A CURRENCY UNION? A NOTE ON THE IMPACT OF BELIEFS ON THE CHOICE OF MONETARY POLICY

We argue that a fixed exchange rate can be an optimal choice even if a policy maker could commit to the first-best monetary policy whenever the private sector's beliefs reflect incomplete information about the policy maker's dependability. This model implies that joining a currency area may be optimal for its impact not on the behavior of the policy maker, but on the beliefs of the private sector. Monetary policies are evaluated using a new Keynesian model of a small open economy solved under imperfect policy credibility. We quantify the minimum distance between announced policy and the private sector's beliefs that is necessary for a peg to perform better than an independent monetary policy when the policy maker can commit to the first-best policy.
Serotonin and Nitric Oxide Regulate Metamorphosis in the Marine Snail Ilyanassa obsoleta

Several neuroactive compounds have been implicated as playing roles in the circuitry that controls larval metamorphosis in marine molluscs. For the caenogastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta, results of neuroanatomical studies suggest that the production of nitric oxide (NO) increases throughout the planktonic stage and that NO production is necessary for the maintenance of the larval state, especially as it becomes metamorphically competent. Bath application or injection of exogenous serotonin (5HT) can initiate metamorphosis in competent larvae, and exogenous NO can inhibit such serotonergically-induced metamorphosis. Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can also trigger larval metamorphosis. The production of endogenous NO appears to decrease concurrently with the initiation of metamorphosis, but the specific interactions between serotonergic and nitrergic neurons are unknown. Evidence in support of NO acting to up-regulate the enzyme guanylyl cyclase (GC) is still equivocal. Thus, we do not yet know if NO exerts its effects through the actions of cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) or by a cGMP-independent mechanism. The ubiquity of nitrergic signalling and its significance for developing molluscan embryos and larvae are still the subject of speculation and require further investigation.
The Social Context and Meaning of Virginity Loss among African American and Puerto Rican Young Adults in Hartford

We describe virginity loss experiences of inner-city minority youth to understand the meaning attributed to first sex and the social and structural factors that contribute to early sexual debut. We interviewed 62 18-25-year-old African American and Puerto Rican Hartford men and women about their sexual and romantic life histories. Transcripts were coded in ATLAS.ti and analyzed for themes about virginity and sexual debut. We found different conceptions of virginity as a stigma to be lost, a normal part of growing up, and a gift to be given. The normative experience was consensual, early, and unplanned sexual debut. Inner-city minority youth have similar feelings, motivations, and experiences of sexual debut as non-ethnic youth reported in the literature except they are far younger. We discuss structural factors that affect inner-city sexual scripts for early sexual debut and identify it as a health inequity.
RESTRAINT-INDUCED fra-2 AND c-fos EXPRESSION IN THE RAT FOREBRAIN: RELATIONSHIP TO STRESS DURATION

The protein product of the fra-2 gene (Fra-2), a fos-family member, can compete with Fos protein for partic- ipation in activating protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complexes and each protein can contribute different trans- activational consequences to an AP-1 complex. To date, there is limited characterization of fra-2 mRNA expression in the rat forebrain. We examined basal and restraint-in- duced mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) of fra-2 in the rat forebrain and compared its temporal-spatial pattern to c-fos. In contrast to the very low basal expression of c-fos, fra-2 basal expression was moderately high throughout cor- tex and some subcortical structures, including prominent basal expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nu- cleus (PVN). Restraint-induced fra-2 expression was quanti- fied in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral septum (LS) and PVN. Maximal fra-2 gene induction in the PFC and LS was delayed (60 min) after restraint onset with respect to c-fos (15 min), whereas in the PVN, fra-2 mRNA increased within 15 min of restraint. Additionally we compared c-fos and fra-2 gene expression in rats given shorter or longer restraint durations, but equal total time from stress onset to sample collection, to determine the extent to which the kinetics of gene induction matched that of a hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis hormone response. Rats given 45 min recovery after 15 min restraint showed less c-fos expression in the PVN, less fra-2 expression in the prelimbic and infralimbic PFC, and no difference in the LS compared with rats re- strained for 60 min. Thus, the expression of both genes was sensitive to stressor duration, but this sensitivity varied with brain region. Differential basal and stress-induced expres- sion patterns of the fra-2 and c-fos genes are likely to have important functional consequences for AP-1 transcription factor dependent regulation of neural plasticity. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.
Who are we? Ethnography of technical communicators

Those of us working in the field of technical communication today have come from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds. Arriving at technical communication by circuitous paths, we have each brought with us a large bag of assumptions, theories, practices, methods, prejudices, predilections, and attitudes. Almost none of us over thirty originally set technical communication as our career goal. Young professionals with degrees "in field" are just starting to enter the workplace in significant numbers. They represent a different mindset, having intentionally selected the career field and formally studied it. Though they have learned at the feet of "self-taught" professionals, they regard themselves and their careers quite differently. This Idea Market is designed to gather the stories of technical communicators: what field of study they started out in, how they came into technical communication what they know and how they know it. A questionnaire to be completed for this ethnographic survey of technical communication is presented.
Charge transport and device parameters from noise measurements

A select number of examples where measurements of number fluctuation noise, carrier multiplication noise and velocity fluctuation noise can be used to determine electronic transport or device parameters are presented. >
Escherichia coli Cellulitis in Children With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

Although Streptococcus pneumoniae is traditionally considered the preponderant bacterial pathogen in children with nephrotic syndrome, recent data suggest an increase of infections with encapsulated gram-negative organisms. We report two children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in relapse who developed spontaneous Escherichia coli cellulitis. The organism was recovered from the cellulitis tissue aspirate of one, and from the blood of the other. Both patients responded to appropriate antibiotic therapy. Initial treatment of sepsis, peritonitis or spontaneous cellulitis in nephrotic patients should include broad spectrum antibiotic coverage pending results of appropriate cultures.
PITTING CORROSION ON ZIRCONIUM - A REVIEW.

Abstract A review is presented on the pitting corrosion of zirconium and Zr alloys when immersed in aqueous solutions at temperatures less than 100 C. The electrochemical methods (potentiokinetic, potentiostatic, and scratch) used to evaluate pitting susceptibility are described briefly. Zirconium is susceptible to pitting in halide solutions with chloride ions being the most aggressive, followed by bromide, and finally iodide. The effect of chloride ion content on the pitting potential of Zr is presented. Cations (e.g., Fe3+) can markedly increase the corrosion potential of Zr, but they do not affect the protection potential (Epp). To control pitting on Zr, the effects of inorganic inhibitors and alloying are reviewed. The nitrate ions are more effective in raising the pitting potential of Zr to more noble potentials than the sulfate ions. Niobium additions increase the pitting potential more effectively than Ti when alloying contents are less than 10 Wt%. The addition of Mo (2 and 4 Wt% Mo) to Zr-Nb all...
Miniature Fuel Processors for Portable Fuel Cell Power Supplies

Miniature and microscale fuel processors that incorporate novel catalysts and microtechnology-based designs are discussed. The novel catalyst allows for methanol reforming at high gas hourly space velocities of 50,000 hr-1 or higher while maintaining a carbon monoxide levels at 1% or less. The microtechnology-based designs extremely compact and lightweight devices. The miniature fuel processors, with a volume less than 25 cm3, a mass less than 200 grams, and thermal efficiencies of up to 83%, nominally provide 25 to 50 watts equivalent of hydrogen, which is ample for the portable power supplies described here. With reasonable assumptions on fuel cell efficiencies, anode gas and water management, parasitic power loss, the energy density was estimated at 1700 Whr/kg. These processors have been demonstrated with a CO cleanup method and a fuel cell stack. The microscale fuel processors, with a volume of less than 0.25 cm3 and a mass of less than 1 gram, are designed to provide up to 0.3 watt equivalent of power with efficiencies over 20%.
Serum testosterone-based luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist redosing schedule for chronic androgen ablation: a phase I assessment

Objectives. To assess the potential for using the serum testosterone level as the guide for redosing depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist and to characterize the duration of castrate level testosterone after the last 22.5-mg leuprolide injection repeatedly administered for the control of prostate cancer. Methods. Informed consent was obtained from 32 men with prostate cancer (Stage T3N± M± or greater) treated with 3-month (22.5-mg) leuprolide acetate injection. Serum testosterone and prostate-specific antigen levels were obtained every 28 days beginning on the 90th day after the last 22.5-mg leuprolide injection. The duration of action was the calculated interval, in months, between the last injection and the first noncastrate serum testosterone (greater than 0.2 ng/mL) value. Results. The median duration of castrate level testosterone was 6.0 months (SE ± 0.15; upper and lower quartile 5.3 and 7.0, respectively). Prostate cancer biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) activity at enrollment and when the castrate testosterone threshold of 0.2 ng/mL was exceeded remained stable, with no significant change observed during this interval (P = 0.52). A significant association was observed between an increasing duration of castration after LHRH agonist injection and advancing patient age (P = 0.03) and increasing duration of hormonal therapy (P = 0.05). Conclusions. These results suggest that using the serum testosterone level to guide in redosing of long-acting LHRH agonist may provide a novel, effective, and economical method to administer hormonal ablative therapy in patients with prostate cancer. These observations have important implications for product dosing and the design and interpretation of neoadjuvant and intermittent androgen ablative trials.
Domain Walls As Probes Of Gravity

We show that domain walls are probes that enable one to distinguish large-distance modified gravity from general relativity (GR) at short distances. For example, low-tension domain walls are stealth in modified gravity, while they do produce global gravitational effects in GR. We demonstrate this by finding exact solutions for various domain walls in the DGP model. A wall with tension lower than the fundamental Planck scale does not inflate and has no gravitational effects on a 4D observer, since its 4D tension is completely screened by gravity itself. We argue that this feature remains valid in a generic class of models of infrared modified gravity. As a byproduct, we obtain exact solutions for supermassive codimension-2 branes.
System Composer: technology for rapid system integration and remote collaboration

Sandia National Laboratories has developed an approach to the design, evaluation, deployment and operation of intelligent systems which is called System Composer. This toolkit provides an infrastructure and architecture for robot and automation system users to readily integrate system components and share mechatronic, sensor, and information resources over networks. The technology described in this paper provides a framework for real-time collaboration between researchers, manufacturing entities, design entities, and others without regard to relative location. An overview of the toolkit including its elements and architecture is provided along with examples of its use.
A Syndrome Resembling Relapsing Polychondritis In A Patient With Ulcerative Colitis

A 29-year-old woman had recurrent attacks over a 3-year period of cartilaginous inflammation involving principally the ears and nose. Other systemic manifestations included arthritis, episcleritis, iritis, retrobulbar neuritis, and an acute episode of ophthalmoplegia. The major symptoms were related to severe ulcerative colitis requiring colectomy. Postoperatively, fistula formation and recurrent ileitis resulted in progressive deterioration. Although the clinical picture was entirely consistent with typical cases of relapsing polychondritis, the only abnormality found in postmortem sections of cartilage was a curious cystic degeneration in the articular fibrocartilage of the sternoclavicular joint and in areas of the perichondrium of costal cartilage.
THE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) laser fusion experimental facility currently under construction at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). This paper describes the safety and environmental processes followed by NIF during the design and construction activities.
A Review of Taxation Regulatory Documents Adopted in the Period August-September 2014

A widespread controversy raised in the period under review regarding measures of tackling the effects of economic sanctions on Russia. In our opinion, decision-making should be based on a comprehensive analysis of potential effects of measures proposed by the Russian Government and/or experts. In the period of August to September 2014, the draft budget for 2015 and the planning period of 2016-2017 was drafted on the basis of long-lasting disputes in the Russian Government on the possibility of introducing a sales tax at up to 3% and the delegation of the authority to introduce the tax to the regions, increase in the VAT rate, introduction of a progressive income tax scale. Considering a possible recession, it was decided not to increase the tax burden of these taxes, which can lead to involuntary weakening of the effective demand. The projections to the draft budget included lifting of limits on the assessment base of contributions to the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (FCMIF) (federal budget expenditures on transfers to public social funds were slightly reduced by increasing the burden on manufacturers’ costs on contributions to the FCMIF, thereby making it less scarce as part of the draft for 2015 and 2016-2017 submitted to the State Duma).
Physique Correlates with Reproductive Success in an Archival Sample of Delinquent Youth

This study examines predictions from evolutionary psychology about relationships between physique and reproductive success using longitudinal data on 200 delinquent youth from Sheldon's (1949) soma...
Specific removal of alloreactive T-cells to prevent GvHD in hemopoietic stem cell transplantation: rationale, strategies and perspectives

Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a standard procedure for treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases. HSCT donors include HLA-identical siblings, matched or mismatched unrelated donors and haploidentical related donors. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), mediated by donor alloreactive T-cells in the graft, can be triggered by minor histocompatibility antigens in HLA-identical pairs, by alleles at loci not considered for MUD-matching or by the mismatched haplotype in haplo-HSCT. Therefore, removal of donor T-cells, that contain the alloreactive precursors, is required, but T-cell depletion associates with opportunistic infections and with reduced graft-versus-leukemia effect. Selective T-cell depletion strategies have been introduced, like removal of αβ T-lymphocytes and of naive T-cells, two subsets including the alloreactive precursors, but the ultimate goal is specific removal of alloreactive T-cells. Here we review the different approaches to deplete alloreactive T-cells only and discuss pros and cons, specificity, efficiency and efficacy. Combinations of different methods and innovative approaches are also proposed for depleting specific alloreactive T-cells with high efficiency.