cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the determinant antigens of viable cells: II. Demonstration of altered antigenic reactivity of HEp-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus☆☆☆

Abstract We reported previously that HEp-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) for 2 hours fail to produce plaques (i.e., they are “killed”) following exposure to rabbit anti-uninfected cell serum (A-UCS) and complement (C′). We have extended these studies and have found that new antigens appear on the surface of cells infected in vitro with this virus for 24 hours or longer. Cells infected for 2 hours or for 24 hours and sensitized with A-UCS were killed on incubation with C′. A-UCS lost its activity following absorption with uninfected cells. Cells infected for 2 or 24 hours were killed on incubation with C′ and rabbit anti-infected cell serum (A-ICS). However, A-ICS absorbed with uninfected cells killed 24-hour, but not 2-hour, infected cells. Therefore, A-ICS contained a new lytic antibody lacking in A-UCS. In other experiments, attempts were made to determine the source of the new antigen. A-ICS absorbed with uninfected cells and then passed through a CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O column charged with virus showed diminished ability to neutralize virus and to kill with C′, 2-hour or 22-hour infected cells. However, the purity of virus placed on the column was uncertain. The new antigen could thus be a subunit of the virus contained or bound by the cell membrane or it could be a new or altered component of the uninfected cell.
Convex optimization of antenna power control for wireless cellular systems

Interference is the major limiting factor in the performance of wireless cellular systems, introducing an error floor and restricting the number of users. Antenna power control is an important method to mitigate interference, but current ad hoc power control schemes cannot at the same time be optimal, fast and able to accommodate many practical constraints. We formulate the general power control problem for both CDMA and FDMA systems, and transform it into a convex optimization problem with efficient algorithms. For the widely used propagation model, the convex optimization formulation optimizes the quality of service and controls interference in an optimal, fast and versatile way.
Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.

Abstract The degradation of some proto-oncogene and lymphokine mRNAs is controlled in part by an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. It was shown previously (G. Brewer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2460-2466, 1991) that two polypeptides (37 and 40 kDa) copurified with fractions of a 130,000 x g postribosomal supernatant (S130) from K562 cells that selectively accelerated degradation of c-myc mRNA in a cell-free decay system. These polypeptides bound specifically to the c-myc and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3' UTRs, suggesting they are in part responsible for selective mRNA degradation. In the present work, we have purified the RNA-binding component of this mRNA degradation activity, which we refer to as AUF1. Using antisera specific for these polypeptides, we demonstrate that the 37- and 40-kDa polypeptides are immunologically cross-reactive and that both polypeptides are phosphorylated and can be found in a complex(s) with other polypeptides. Immunologically related polypeptides are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The antibodies were also used to clone a cDNA for the 37-kDa polypeptide. This cDNA contains an open reading frame predicted to produce a protein with several features, including two RNA recognition motifs and domains that potentially mediate protein-protein interactions. These results provide further support for a role of this protein in mediating ARE-directed mRNA degradation.
Melatonin effects on luteinizing hormone in postmenopausal women: a pilot clinical trial NCT00288262

In many mammals, the duration of the nocturnal melatonin elevation regulates seasonal changes in reproductive hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH). Melatonin's effects on human reproductive endocrinology are uncertain. It is thought that the same hypothalamic pulse generator may both trigger the pulsatile release of GnRH and LH and also cause hot flashes. Thus, if melatonin suppressed this pulse generator in postmenopausal women, it might moderate hot flashes. This clinical trial tested the hypothesis that melatonin could suppress LH and relieve hot flashes. Twenty postmenopausal women troubled by hot flashes underwent one week of baseline observation followed by 4 weeks of a randomized controlled trial of melatonin or matched placebo. The three randomized treatments were melatonin 0.5 mg 2.5–3 hours before bedtime, melatonin 0.5 mg upon morning awakening, or placebo capsules. Twelve of the women were admitted to the GCRC at baseline and at the end of randomized treatment for 24-hour sampling of blood for LH. Morning urine samples were collected twice weekly to measure LH excretion. Subjective responses measured throughout baseline and treatment included sleep and hot flash logs, the CESD and QIDS depression self-ratings, and the SAFTEE physical symptom inventory. Urinary LH tended to increase from baseline to the end of treatment. Contrasts among the 3 randomized groups were statistically marginal, but there was relative suppression combining the groups given melatonin as contrasted to the placebo group (p < 0.01 one-tailed, Mann-Whitney U = 14.) Similar but not significant results were seen in blood LH. There were no significant contrasts among groups in hot flashes, sleep, depression, or side-effect measures and no significant adverse effects of any sort. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that melatonin suppresses LH in postmenopausal women. An effect related to the duration of nocturnal melatonin elevation is suggested. Effects of melatonin on reproductive endocrinology should be studied further in younger women and in men. Larger studies of melatonin effects on postmenopausal symptoms would be worthwhile.
Fuzzy model tuning for intrusion detection systems

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) detects ongoing intrusive activities in information systems. However, an IDS usually suffers high false alarm especially in a dynamically changing environment, which forces continuous tuning on its detection model to maintain sufficient performance. Currently, the manually tuning work greatly depends on the user to work out and integrate the tuning solution. We have developed an automatically tuning intrusion detection system (ATIDS). The experimental results show that when tuning is not delayed too long, the system can achieve about 20% improvement compared with the system without model tuner. But the user can only control whether the tuning should be performed by sending/blocking feedbacks. To give the user more powerful but intuitive control on the tuning, we develop a fuzzy model tuner, through which the user can tune the model fuzzily but yield much appropriate tuning. The results show the system can achieve about 23% improvement.
Preoperative Evaluation and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Technique for Skeletally Immature Patients in Tanner Stages 2 and 3

Background: Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients carries the risk of adverse sequelae.Purpose: 1) To provide clinical and radiographic methods to identify skeletally immature patients with significant remaining lower limb growth. 2) To provide a method for calculating the percent area lesion created by a 6-mm distal femoral physeal tunnel. 3) To present a method of partial transphyseal intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bipolar graft fixation in these patients. 4) To report on clinical, functional, and radiographic results at skeletal maturity.Methods: Fourteen adolescents with symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament instability who were identified as being in Tanner stages 2 and 3 underwent partial transphyseal intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the use of hamstring tendon grafts (transphyseal only in the femur and through the epiphysis in the tibia).Results: At skeletal maturity, 10 patients were asymp...
Committee on Chemistry of Natural Waters, 1939–40

The membership of this Committee is as follows: I. A. Dennison, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.; C. S. Scofield, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.; D. G. Thompson, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.; Prof. T. G. Thompson, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and C. S. Howard (Chairman), United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. The Committee arranged for the presentation of the following five papers at the 1940 Spring meeting: (1) Salt-water intrusion in the Connecticut River, by C. S. Howard, United States Geological Survey; (2) Salinity-movement and its causes in the Delaware River Estuary, by William D. Mason and Wallace R. Pietsch, Sun Oil Company; (3) Salinity of, lower Savannah River in relation to tidal action and stream-flow, by William L. Lamar, United States Geological Survey; (4) Corrosion of ferrous and nonferrous metals and the behavior of metallic coatings in tidal marsh, by I. A. Dennison, National Bureau of Standards; (5) The contamination of underground waters by salt water near Parlin, New Jersey, by H. C. Barksdale, United States Geological Survey.
Discrepancies between in vitro activity of and in vivo response to antimicrobial agents

The correlation between in vitro antimicrobial activity and the in vivo response to antimicrobial therapy is affected by multiple host factors, the site and nature of the infection, and the pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial and its penetration into areas of infection. In certain instances, discrepancies are also caused by methodologically-related variables of in vitro susceptibility tests. Examples of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo response to antimicrobial are discussed.
Adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in colon cancer lines and dermal fibroblasts and the effects of cholera toxin and epidermal growth factor

The intracellular concentration and rate of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis, as measured by adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, were measured in dermal fibroblast cultures, colon cancer lines, and cells cultured from colonic epithelium and colonic adenomas. Dermal fibroblasts had higher AC activity and intracellular cAMP levels than the colon cancer lines (p less than 0.05). Benign colonic epithelial cultures (mucosa and adenomas) had AC levels similar to those found in dermal fibroblasts. To characterize further these observed differences, similar measurements were made in cultures incubated in cholera toxin (CT) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). CT stimulated AC activity and cAMP accumulation in both cancers and fibroblasts. EGF had no effect on AC activity in cancers or fibroblasts, and no effect on cAMP concentration in cancer, although EGF incubation did increase intracellular cAMP in fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts from colon cancer-prone patients had AC activity and cAMP concentration not significantly different, though greater, than fibroblasts from healthy individuals. Therefore, although the product of the oncogene associated with colon cancer has been shown to be an activator of AC in yeast, in human colon cancer, AC activity and intracellular cAMP concentration were much lower than in dermal fibroblasts. This difference was so great that AC activity and intracellular concentration of cAMP might be biochemical markers that can be used to differentiate colon cancer from benign cells in tissue culture.
Factors which influence the accuracy of corrosion rate determination of implant materials

This study has revealed several factors which influence the accuracy and interpretation of electrochemical test results with surgical implant materials. These include variation between corrosion rate determination methods, IR drop, diffusional effects, and inherent statistical variations. The AC impedance method (ACI) is particularly useful for studying electrochemical mechanisms, measuring IR drop, and separating stress-enhanced ion release effects into components related to current density and surface area changes. This method can also measure true surface area even of irregular objects and can detect changes in area caused by cracking or surface plastic deformation. The corrosion rate method which is most accurate, in an absolute sense, must be determined by chemical analysis of the electrolyte.
Time and frequency domain tests of some U. S.—Canadian relationships under an autoregressive filter

(1976). Time and frequency domain tests of some U. S.—Canadian relationships under an autoregressive filter. Applied Economics: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 165-178.
THE EFFECT OF THE HYDROGEN ION ON THE PROTOPLASM OF THE ROOT HAIRS OF WHEAT

In modern experiments with nutrient solutions in which phosphates are provided as either potassium mono-hydrogen or potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, it has been found by several writers that in fairly high concentrations these phosphates are injurious. Hoagland ('I7), Duggar ('20), and Salter and Mcllvaine ('20), indeed, found that if the concentration of plhosphate was increased to but a slight extent, its injurious effect was marked. Since phosphorus is essential for the growth of plants, and is actually a constituent of protoplasm, it is not at once clear why its influence should so suddenly change from beneficial to harmful as its concentration is increased in the culture solution. The unquestioned nutritive value of the phosphate ion and of the potassium ion directs attention to the other component of the salt, the hydrogen ion. A logical first step in determining the nature of the harmful effect might be to ascertain by inspection whether it is general or local; to see if any particular cells behave or develop differently in solutions containing a large amount of phosphate than in solutions in which the concentration is lower. For this purpose seedlings of spring wheat (Triticum vulgcare), "Marquis" strain, were grown in solutions selected from Shive's ('I5) "optimal" group. The total osmotic pressure of each of these solutions was calculated by Shive to be about I.75 atmospheres. Since the lime-magnesium ratio has been thought to influence the growth of plants,' solutions were chosen in which this ratio was practically constant. The compositions and hydrogen-ion concentrations of the solutions employed are shown in table i. The hydrogen-ion concentrations were determined colorimetrically with a colorimeter of the form described by Bock and Benedict ('I8). The indicator used in these experiments was tetrabromphenolsulphonephthalein (brom-phenol blue), prepared according to the directions of Clark ('2I). The buffer solutions used were mixtures of potassium hydrogen phthalate and hydrochloric acid, and of potassium hydrogen phthalate and sodium hydroxide (Clark, '2I); they were standardized by titration with dibromthymolsulphonephthalein (brom-thymol blue) against standardized hydrochloric acid obtained from the LaMotte Chemical Products Company of Baltimore, Maryland. Baker's "analyzed" chemicals were used for the culture solutions, which were made up from single-salt stock solutions drawn from covered
Sperm motion analysis

This paper presents a computerized technique for quantitative analysis of the movement characteristics of spermatozoa. Stored video images of spermatozoa are digitized at a fixed time interval. The digital images are stored as a sequence of frames in a microcomputer. The analysis of the sequence comprises two main tasks: finding the location of the centroid for each sperm and tracking them over the entire sequences. Information from the motion of each moving cell will be used for tracking. Experimental results are presented to show the merits of the proposed algorithm for tracking.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunit expression in the cuneate nucleus of adult squirrel monkeys during peripheral nerve regeneration

The primate somatosensory neuroaxis provides an excellent model system with which to investigate adult neural plasticity. Here, we report immunohistochemical staining data for AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunits in the cuneate nucleus of adult squirrel monkeys 1 and 5 months after median nerve compression. This method of nerve injury allowed the investigation of the way in which patterns of receptor correlates change during peripheral nerve regeneration. These results are compared to cortical data collected within the same animals. As observed in the cortex, the pattern of subunit staining in the brainstem 1 month after nerve compression suggests that the sensory deprived nucleus enters a state of reorganization. That is, the expression of GluR2/3 AMPA receptor subunits is significantly increased, while GABA α1 and GABABR1b receptor subunits are significantly decreased. Five months after nerve injury, the pattern of subunit expression is again very similar to that observed in the infragranular layers of cortex. At this later time we observe a significant increase in GluR2/3 and GABABR1a, with no change in GABAAα1, and a significant decrease in GABABR1b. Together these results suggest that during reorganization and recovery from injury the brainstem and cortex are governed by homogeneous mechanisms of plasticity.
FEEDING ECOLOGY OF HYBRID STRIPED BASS (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) IN CULTURE PONDS

A study of the relative importance of food organisms utilized by hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) was conducted at the Dennis Wildlife Center in Bonneau, South Carolina. Objectives were to determine the food items of major importance and to document the availability, utilization and preference of zooplankton by one- to five-week-old hybrid striped bass. We collected twenty-five plankton samples and 300 hybrids from each of five 0.2 ha culture ponds. The dominant taxa of net zooplankton in decreasing order of occurrence were Bosmina, Daphnia and Cyclopidae. Dominant genera of zooplankton in hybrid stomachs in decreasing order of occurrence were Cyclops, Daphnia and Bosmina. Selectivity indices calculated for the three most important taxa of zooplankton showed that hybrid striped bass preferentially selected Cyclops and Daphnia and avoided Bosmina. Insect larvae and ostracods were other food items found in many stomachs.
Influence of phosphate and copper on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils.

The potential for reductive dechlorination of the herbicide thiobencarb (TB) by microbes and its prevention in saturated anaerobic rice field soils was examined in laboratory microcosms. TB is effe...
Neutrino-“pasta” scattering: The opacity of nonuniform neutron-rich matter

Neutron-rich matter at subnuclear densities may involve complex structures displaying a variety of shapes, such as spherical, slablike, and∕or rodlike shapes. These phases of the nuclear pasta are expected to exist in the crust of neutron stars and in core-collapse supernovae. The dynamics of core-collapse supernovae is very sensitive to the interactions between neutrinos and nucleons∕nuclei. Indeed, neutrino excitation of the low-energy modes of the pasta may allow for a significant energy transfer to the nuclear medium, thereby reviving the stalled supernovae shock. The linear response of the nuclear pasta to neutrinos is modeled via a simple semiclassical simulation. The transport mean free path for $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ neutrinos (and antineutrinos) is expressed in terms of the static structure factor of the pasta, which is evaluated using Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.
Modern Attitudes toward Charity and Relief

The question that Mr. Tierney calls the perennial problem of poor relief, whether eligibility should be determined by need alone or by other considerations, has not yet been settled. It is true that once eligibility for certain types of aid has been established, we no longer inquire into the moral character of the recipients, or attempt to fix an order of preference among them. But the fact that some categories of need are recognized by law, while others are not (or at least are less fully recognized) indicates that we still regard some of the needy as more deserving of assistance than others. Helping the poor, however, is by no means the only aim of modern benevolence. Our social agencies engage in many activities and offer numerous services that have little to do with the economic situation of those who benefit from them; and both public and private decisions concerning welfare are influenced by factors other than need or worthiness.
Experimental Determination of Side Boundary Effects on Stress Intensity Factors in Surface Flaws

A technique consisting of stress-freezing photoelasticity coupled with a Taylor Series Expansion of the maximum local in-plane shearing stress known as the Taylor Series Correction Method (TSCM) is applied to the determination of stress intensity factors (SIF’s) in flat bottomed surface flaws of flaw depth/length ratios of approximately 0.033. Flaw depth/thickness ratios of approximately 0.20 and 0.40 were studied as were plate width/crack length ratios of approximately 2.33 and 1.25, the former of which corresponded to a nearly infinite width. Agreement to well within 10 percent was found with the Rice-Levy and Newman theories using a depth-modified secant correction and equivalent flaw depth/length ratios. The Shah-Kobayashi Theory, when compared on the same basis, was lower than the experimental results. Using a modified net section stress correction suggested by Shah, agreement with the Shah-Kobayashi Theory was greatly improved but agreement with the other theories was poorer. On the basis of the experiments alone, it was found that the SIF was intensified by about 10 percent by decreasing the plate width/crack length from 2.33 to 1.25.
Design and Implementation Experience of an Australian Prototype Catchment Information Exchange Program

Abstract Information access and exchange for catchment management is problematic. There are problems about how people use information in decision-making, who makes the decisions, and how information should be organized, located, and accessed to help decision makers. There is uncertainty about how catchment management organizations access, use, exchange, and spread information to people in their catchment. This paper outlines a solution to this problem. It is the second of two papers and presents the results of a research project reported earlier in Water International. This paper discusses how a prototype Catchment Information Exchange Program (CIEP) was developed as a result of the needs articulated by stakeholders and the outcomes of the research undertaken in two Australian field sites. The CIEP includes a Catchment Information System (CIS) which includes relational databases located on the Internet and CD-ROM. The paper also discusses issues and the lessons learned in the process of prototype design, ...
Real-time optical thermometry during semiconductor processing

The optical techniques used to monitor the temperature of wafers during semiconductor processing are surveyed. The physical principles underlying each method are described. Applications of each optical diagnostic are presented, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the probe. Most of these optical diagnostics have been implemented in research reactors to monitor wafer temperature during one or several types of thin-film processing, such as molecular beam epitaxy, rapid thermal processing, and plasma etching. Pyrometry is the workhorse of noninvasive optical probes of temperature, although it needs supporting models and optical measurements to improve accuracy. Other optical thermometric wafer diagnostics are very promising and are being developed intensively, particularly reflection interferometry, transmission spectroscopy, and various interferometry methods that directly measure the thermal expansion of the wafer.
Cigarette smoking, urinary acidity, and nicotine excretion under natural conditions.

Schachter and his colleagues (4) showed that ingesting chemical agents which alkalinize or acidify the urine ~roduces changes In smoking behavior. The underlying mechanism was assumed to be the different~al urlnary excretion rates for nicotine under varying conditions of acidity. Nicotine, a powerful alkaloid, is excreted more rapidly when urine is highly acidic than when it is alkaline (3). Smokers tend to consume more cigarettes under acidic urinary conditions, supposedly to replenish nicotine that is being depleted more rapidly from the bloodstream. Although the pattern of findings in all studies to date clearly supports the links between urinary acidity, nicotine excretion, and smoking behavior, no study has demonstrated these links under naturally occurring conditions, that is, without altering urinary acidity by ingesting alkalinizing or acidifying agents. Procedare.-Forty males who smoked at least 20 cigarettes daily volunteered. Within one hour of morning rising, they provided serum samples, then collecred urine for 3 hr., and for the following 21 hr. We tested both samples, then combined the totals into 24-hr. samples. To estimate cigarette consumption, we used self-report of the previous day's consumption, and we measured the amount of carboxyhemoglobin (COHB) in the blood serum. Serum COHB indicates the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood, which, in rurn, provides a highly accurate indicator of smoking activity ( 1). We thus had urine samples throughout the day, but blood samples were earlymorning. Urine was tested for pH, tiuatable acidity (a linear measure of acidity, in contrast ot pH which is logarithmic), nicotine and cotinine (the first-pass metabolite of nicotine) content. Nicotine and cotinine amounts were combined to estimate the total amount of nicotine which entered the body and was excreted by the urine. Result1 and discus~ion.-Table 1 conrains the Pearson product-moment correlations. Titratable acidity of the urine was significantly correlated (p < .01) with nicotine/ cotinine excretion at all sample intervals. Urinary pH showed the same relationships but not as clearly, with the results significant at only the .05 level. None of the correlations between urinary acidity and daily cigarette consumption or serum COHB reached significance, even though most were in the expected direction. The correlation between urinary acidity and nicotine excretion confirms that urinary acidity is associated with increase in nicotine excretion under natural conditions. Factors commonly affecting urinary acidity are diet, stress, alcohol consumption, and unknown individual physiological variables. The best measure of urinary acidity in exploring this relationship seems to be titratable acidity rather than the more commonly used pH.
Video-radiography of the velopharyngeal portal using the towne's view.

Summary The Towne's projection expands the dimensions of video-radiographic evaluation of velopharyngeal function. Patient position is less complicated. A complete view of the sphincter is obtained in a single view. The technique, which has been used in 25 patients, is described with its merits, limitations, and indications.
Self-regulation and autonomy in problem- and project-based learning environments:

Investigations of the relationships between contexts in which learning occurs and students’ behaviours, cognitions and motivations may further our understanding of how instruction is related to stu...
The Clouds of the Middle Troposphere: Composition, Radiative Impact, and Global Distribution

The clouds of the middle troposphere span the temperature range where both ice and liquid water in a supercooled state can exist. However, because one phase tends to dominate, of the two midlevel cloud types, altostratus are deep ice-dominated, while altocumulus are shallow water-dominated, mixed-phase clouds with ice crystal virga typically trailing below. Multiple remote sensor examples of these cloud types are given to illustrate their main features, and the radiative consequences of the different cloud microphysical compositions are discussed. Spaceborne radar and lidar measurements using the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites are analyzed to determine the global distributions of cloud frequencies and heights of these clouds. It is found that together these little-studied clouds cover ~25% of the Earth’s surface, which is about one-third of the total cloud cover, and thus represent a significant contribution to the planet’s energy balance.
Capacity analysis of the mass storage system

Performance of the IBM 3850 Mass Storage System (MSS) is analyzed with a view toward workload planning. Simple analytical models are discussed. The notion of staging capacity of the MSS is defined and analyzed. The main result is a set of staging capacity curves that define the processing ability of the MSS to stage and destage data to support concurrent execution of the user programs.
Electrical aging characteristics of 15 kV EPR cable under the multi-stress conditions

Extensive interest has been focused on aging phenomena of polymeric power cables. Aging of polymeric power cables is a significant subject of investigation during the last few decades. Despite the great achievements in aging mechanisms by single aging stress, much less is known about the aging phenomena and related aging mechanisms of cables under multi-stress aging conditions. The accelerated electrical aging of 15 kV Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) power cables under multi-stress conditions was conducted. The test conditions and results were summarized in this paper. The experiment aims at obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the accelerated aging phenomena of EPR cable insulation and the impacts from different aging factors. The study also fulfills the need to assess the long-term reliability of the EPR cables used in the similar environment.
Cross-Metathesis of Vinyl Halides. Scope and Limitations of Ruthenium-Based Catalysts

The phosphine-free “second-generation” Blechert/Hoveyda−Grubbs catalyst Ru(═C(H)C6H4-o-O-i-Pr)(H2IMes)Cl2 (H2IMes = 4,5-dihydro-1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene) and Piers catalyst [Ru(═CHPCy3)(H2IMes)Cl2]BF4 (Cy = cyclo-C6H11) for olefin metathesis effected cross-metathesis (CM) of vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethene with several unhindered terminal and internal alkenes in up to 95% yield (5 mol % catalyst). In most cases, 1,2-dichloroethene was more successful than vinyl chloride. Ring-opening CM of cyclooctene provided greater yields than CM: with vinyl chloride, 93% yield; with 1,2-dichloroethene, >95%. Other common Ru-based catalysts failed to effect CM under similar conditions, but instead underwent rapid decomposition. The dimeric ruthenium-monochloromethylidene complex [Ru(═CHCl)(H2IMes)Cl(μ-Cl)]2 was isolated as a thermally unstable intermediate. CM reactions with 1,2-dibromoethene afforded 22% CM product in the best case; halide exchange with the catalyst was significant. CM reactions involving...
Titanium diboride coatings and their interaction with the substrates

Abstract This study is the continuation of an experimental investigation of the chemical vapor deposition of titanium diboride (TiB2) on metallic substrates using the hydrogen reduction of TiCl4 and BCl3 at 1 atm and at temperatures between 850 and 1050 °C. To obtain a coating we found that the substrate had to meet the following requirements: (1) it had to withstand the deposition temperature without detrimental transformation; (2) it had to be chemically inert to the byproducts of the reaction (mostly HCl); (3) its thermal expansion coefficient had to match reasonably well with that of TiB2. Requirement (3) may be partially circumvented by using a ductile intermediate coating such as copper or nickel. Substrates meeting these requirements were tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, WC, TiC, Kovar and some high chrome steels. Coatings on these substrates were examined by metallographic techniques, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe. The structures and the degree of interdiffusion were determined. In most cases intermediate borides of the type M3B and M2B were formed. The hardness of the coatings was 3333 ± 310 kg mm−2 (VHN50). Coatings of TiB2 have already been used successfully on letdown valves in a bench-scale coal liquefaction reactor at Sandia Laboratories.
Perceived Frontal Size as a Determiner of Perceived Binocular Depth

(1960). Perceived Frontal Size as a Determiner of Perceived Binocular Depth. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 119-131.
Children of diabetic mothers; electrocardiographic studies in the newborn.

Summary In the belief that the adrenal hyperplasia often seen in the children of diabetic mothers is associated with hyperfunction of the adrenal glands and that it may disturb the electrolyte balance and thereby also disturbs cardiac function, 15 children of diabetic mothers were examined. The investigation included an analysis of serial electrocardiograms traced in the neonatal period. In 4 cases the serum potassium was also determined. Abnormal electrocardiograms were seen in 11 cases. The electrocardiographic changes resembled those seen in hypopotassemia. The cause of this disturbance of the electrolyte metabolism is discussed.
Changes in the degree of polarization through a paraxial focus

We study the effect on the degree of polarization as unpolarized light passes though a stressed optical element and propagates through a paraxial focus.
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: Review of the literature, clinical and immunologic features of 11 new cases, and long-term follow-up

The clinical and immunologic features of 11 patients with transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy are reported and compared with those of the 16 patients previously reported. Seven were re-evaluated three to ten years after infancy. Two groups were identified: six who were found by screening relatives of patients with other types of immunodeficiency and five whose sera were sent because the patients were having frequent or unusual infections. Those in the first group had no significant health problems during early infancy or childhood. In the second group recurrent infection was a problem during early infancy but not in later years; the latter patients also frequently had other health problems. Serum immunoglubulin concentrations were entirely normal at the last evaluation in five of the six THI patients with immunodeficient relatives. In the second group, the concentrations of one or more immunoglobulin classes, although greatly increased, were still below the normal range. All 11 patients were found to be capable of synthesizing antibodies to human type A and B erythrocytes and to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, usually by 6 to 11 months of age, and well before immunoglobulin concentrations became normal. Lymphocyte studies in vitro showed no abnormalities in the percentages of cells in the different subpopulations or in their responses to the mitogens. None of the patients was given immune serum globulin replacement therapy and none experienced serious infections during their period of follow-up. The finding of only 11 cases of THI among over 10,000 patients whose sera were sent for immunoglobulin studies over a 12-year period suggests that this is not a common entity.
Using Parent-Child Interaction Therapy to Develop a Pre-Parent Education Module

Abstract The current study examined outcomes related to a pre-parent education module based on two sessions from the Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) treatment protocol. The study included 300 undergraduate non-parents aged 19 to 25 who were enrolled in psychology courses at a large state university. Student knowledge of positive parenting skills and demonstration of effective behavioral parenting skills were examined through a self-report measure and an analog behavior observation. Exposure to the pre-parent education module resulted in significant increases in scores on a PCIT content quiz and frequency of praise during the role-play behavior observation from pre- to post-test. The results of this study suggest that undergraduate non-parents are open, and able, to learn about parenting strategies during a classroom-based parent education module. These findings highlight the feasibility of teaching parenting skills as a preventive strategy during pre-parenthood.
Management of Cataract in Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy

We developed two techniques to combine vitrectomy with cataract extraction. In technique 1, we used the lens fragmenter to break up cataractous lenses with 1+ to 2+ nuclear sclerosis. The vitrophage removed the lens and opaque vitreous body through a single pars plana incision. In technique 2, if the knife did not penetrate the nucleus (in the presence of 3+ or more nuclear sclerosis), we removed the lens through a corneal incision and immediately performed a vitrectomy with a vitrophage through a corneal incision and immediately performed a vitrectomy with a vitrophage through the pars plana. In ten consecutive patients, we used these techniques successfully to remove ca((taractous lenses in patients undergoing vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage.
Electronic books: a call for effective business models

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assert that, in an effort to more effectively match users' needs to purchases and extend the buying power of library budgets for e‐books, libraries should use a profiled purchase on demand option to supplement their current practices.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews usage patterns for print and e‐books, business models for e‐books and comments on the benefits of using a patron‐driven acquisitions model.Findings – Circulation of the print collection is slowly declining, with only 20 per cent of the collection circulating in 2009. Large purchased collections of e‐books statistics are roughly the same but those purchased through Patron‐Driven Acquisitions are assured use.Originality/value – The discussion of current business models for e‐books illustrates some challenges libraries face in transitioning from print to electronic. Patron‐driven models allow libraries to help users at point of need and manage scarce resources.
CD and 13Cα‐NMR studies of folding equilibria in a two‐stranded coiled coil formed by residues 190–254 of α‐tropomyosin

Synthesis and CD and (13)C(alpha)-NMR studies in a near-neutral saline buffer are reported for a 65-residue peptide ((190)Tm(254)) comprising residues 190-254 of the alpha-tropomyosin chain. CD on a version disulfide cross-linked via the N-terminal cysteine side chains indicates that this dimer is highly helical and melts near 48 degrees C. The CD is independent of peptide concentration, showing that association of (190)Tm(254) stops at the two-strand level. Similar studies on the reduced version show much lower helix content at low temperature, melting points below room temperature, and the expected concentration dependence. The observed melting temperature of the reduced peptide is far below (by 27 degrees C) that expected from an extant analysis of calorimetry data on parent tropomyosin that designates (190)Tm(254) as an independently melting "cooperative block." This disagreement and the pronounced nonadditivity seen when data for (190)Tm(254) are combined with extant data for other subsequences argue decisively against the concept of specific independently melting blocks within the tropomyosin chain. The data for (190)Tm(254) also serve to test recent ideas on the sequence determinants of structure and stability in coiled coils. Analysis shows that some ideas, such as the stabilizing effect of leucine in the d heptad position, find support, but others--such as the destabilizing effect of alanine in d, the dimer-disfavoring effect of beta-branching in d and its dimer-favoring effect in a, and the dimer-directing effect of asparagine in a--are more questionable in tropomyosin than in the leucine zipper coiled coils. (13)C(alpha)-NMR data at two labeled sites, L228(d) and V246(a), of (190)Tm(254) display well-separated resonances for folded and unfolded forms at each site, indicating that the transition is slow on the NMR time scale and thus demonstrating the possibility of obtaining thermodynamic and kinetic information on the transition at the residue level.
Analyze that: puzzles and analysis of algorithms

The paper advocates a wider use of puzzles and puzzle-like games in teaching the analysis of algorithms. It discusses many specific examples---from classic puzzles of recreational mathematics to newly popular job interview brainteasers---which illustrate all major aspects of algorithm analysis.
Anomalies and adaptation in the analysis and development of prepaging policies

Abstract In “Analysis and Development of Demand Prepaging Policies,” Horspool and Huberman (1987) showed that it is possible to design prefetching memory policies that preserve a “stack” inclusion property, much like least recently used ordering, allowing them to simulate these policies for all sizes of memory in a single pass through a reference trace. We believe that the details of Horspool and Huberman's algorithms introduce unexpected anomalous properties, however. In particular, their policies are not properly timescale relative: events that occur on a timescale that should only matter to some sizes of memory, adversely affect replacement decisions for memories of very different sizes. Slight changes to the algorithms can restore timescale relativity and make them much better behaved. In addition, we would like to point out that Horspool and Huberman's algorithms actually simulate adaptive policies, which may explain some of their unexpectedly positive results. This view suggests that properly timescale-relative inclusion-preserving policies can be used to systematically evaluate adaptive memory management schemes.
The Political Economy of Western Water Finance: Cost Allocation and the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project

A common hypothesis is that federal water agencies pursue continued appropriations with little consideration of national economic efficiency. In the mid-1980s, faced with a vote on a supplemented municipal and industrial water repayment contract on the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project, the Bureau of Reclamation confirmed this hypothesis. Through modifications in cost allocation procedures, the bureau shifted costs from municipal and industrial water to hydropower and irrigation. The result of this action was retention of the irrigation purpose in the Bonneville Unit, which would have been unjustified under previous cost allocation procedures.
Virtual Clinical Education: Going the Full Distance in Nursing Education

Abstract Clinical experience remains the foundation of practice disciplines such as nursing. Multiple factors such as shortage of nursing faculty and increasingly competitive clinical sites have encouraged nurse educators to seek alternative pedagogies to supplement traditional hands on clinical practice. Standardize patients and clinical simulation scenarios have evolved as reliable tools to enhance clinical education. However, their high costs and resource intense nature often limit their use. Distance education is an effective and accepted educational modality in our ever-changing, highly technical world. However, many distance education courses are limited to presenting didactic content and lack the capability to offer skills-based clinical education. Virtual reality experience is an interactive Internet-based approach to providing clinical education in a safe, nonthreatening environment that offers increased access and flexibility to the learner. This article explores the benefits and challenges of the virtual reality experience approach to supplement clinical practice and nursing.
Culture of algae and other micro-organisms in deuterium oxide.

THERE can be no doubt that algae forced to grow autotrophically in high concentrations of deuterium oxide are confronted with a difficult situation. Nevertheless, recent statements that moderate concentrations of deuterium oxide stop cell division in Chlorella 1, that the growth of Chlorella is “extremely slow, sporadic and unpredictable”2 at high concentrations of deuterium oxide, and that autotrophic growth of Chlorella is “inhibited completely in 90 per cent heavy water”3 must have only very limited validity. It is in fact entirely feasible to culture several species of algae autotrophically in 99.6 per cent deuterium oxide and at a growthrate such that they become a practical source of fully deuterated compounds4.
ENERGY-CONSERVING GAITS FOR POINT-FOOT PLANAR BIPEDS: A FIVE-DOF CASE STUDY

We propose a general method for designing energy-conserving gaits for point-foot planar bipeds. The method relies on satisfying specific boundary conditions for joint trajectories of the biped. These boundary conditions ensure that potential and kinetic energies of the biped are the same at the beginning and end of each step and there is no impact, i.e, no energy loss, at the time of swing-foot touchdown. The mechanical energy required by the gait over each step is therefore zero from the principle of work and energy. To illustrate the procedure for designing energy-conserving gaits, the proposed method is applied to a general five-dof biped.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Interaction between clopidogrel and proton-pump inhibitors.

The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines recommend initiating a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding if patients are receiving concomitant therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin. Recently, concern has been raised regarding the ability of PPIs to decrease the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. To date, there are 16 studies that evaluated the outcomes of using clopidogrel with a PPI. One of the studies has shown that adding lansoprazole to clopidogrel has no effect on the concentration of clopidogrel’s inactive metabolite. The eight clinical trials that studied the effect of using PPIs and clopidogrel together on platelet function testing have shown differing effects between PPIs. Concurrent omeprazole and clopidogrel use was shown to decrease the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in three studies; whereas pantoprazole, lansoprazole and esomeprazole have been shown to have no significant effect on the antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. Six ot...
Gentile Da Fabriano, St. Nicholas, and an Iconography of Shame

The article concentrates on Gentile da Fabriano's 1425 painting of St. Nicholas Providing Dowries for the Three Daughters. It identifies the activity of one daughter who is undressing her father (removing his shoes and hose) and the gestures of two others, one removing a head-covering and the other undressing, as signs of the social incompetence of the father: he has lost his authority over his family and moral corruption ensues. These iconographical innovations coincide with the establishment of the municipal dowry fund in Florence, where the painting was made. It is argued that the new signs of shame about the inability to provide dowries were part of the intensified discourse on honor and marriage which occurred at this time.
Evaluating the impact of performance goals on dispatching decisions in emergency medical service

Most emergency medical service systems measure performance based on the coverage level for a given response time threshold, i.e., the proportion of 911 calls responded to within a fixed timeframe. The ultimate goal of emergency medical service systems is to save lives, which suggests that it might be worthwhile to consider using performance measures more closely tied to patient outcomes. This paper examines how the goal of maximizing coverage for different response time thresholds impacts patient survival rates in the context of emergency medical dispatch. Results illustrated using real-world data from Hanover County, Virginia indicate that dispatching ambulances to maximize an eight minute response time threshold simultaneously maximizes patient survival. A sensitivity analysis over different ambulance location configurations and call arrival rates confirms that seven and eight minute response time thresholds are robust. These results corroborate previous results that consider the decision context of loc...