cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization of Honeys from the Tiaret Region of Algeria

Honey is an organic product with a multiple physicochemical and biological properties. Microbiological analysis (total search germs, coliforms and fecal coliforms, spores of sulfite-reducing, Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus and research yeasts) showed that the samples studied contain no spores or coliform and fecal coliform. The physicochemical analyzes (water content, Hydroxymethylfurfural: HMF, pH and free acidity, conductivity electrical and ash) showed that all samples meet International standards with the exception of one sample showed an HMF content (42.05 mg/kg) which is slightly above the European norm but still consistent with the Codex Alimentarius. The result of analyzes show that different honeys produced in this region are of good hygienic and market qualities.
Females can solve the problem of low signal reliability by assessing multiple male traits.

Male signals that provide information to females about mating benefits are often of low reliability. It is thus not clear why females often express strong signal preferences. We tested the hypothesis that females can distinguish between males with preferred signals that provide lower and higher quality direct benefits. In the field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps , females usually prefer higher male chirp rates, but chirp rate is positively correlated with the fecundity benefits females will receive from males only for males that have experienced low quality diets. We paired females with muted males that were maintained on low or high nutrition diets, during the interactions we broadcast a replacement high chirp rate, and we observed whether females mated with the assigned male. Females were more likely to mate when paired with low nutrition males. These results suggest that females have evolved assessment mechanisms that allow them distinguish between males with preferred signals that provide high quality benefits (low nutrition males with high chirp rates) and males with preferred signals that provide low quality benefits (high nutrition males with high chirp rates).
Inorganic fouling mitigation by salinity cycling in batch reverse osmosis

Abstract Enhanced fouling resistance has been observed in recent variants of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination which use time-varying batch or semi-batch processes, such as closed-circuit RO (CCRO) and pulse flow RO (PFRO). However, the mechanisms of batch processes' fouling resistance are not well-understood, and models have not been developed for prediction of their fouling performance. Here, a framework for predicting reverse osmosis fouling is developed by comparing the fluid residence time in batch and continuous (conventional) reverse osmosis systems to the nucleation induction times for crystallization of sparingly soluble salts. This study considers the inorganic foulants calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium carbonate (calcite), and silica, and the work predicts maximum recovery ratios for the treatment of typical water sources using batch reverse osmosis (BRO) and continuous reverse osmosis. The prediction method is validated through comparisons to the measured time delay for CaSO4 membrane scaling in a bench-scale, recirculating reverse osmosis unit. The maximum recovery ratio for each salt solution (CaCO3, CaSO4) is individually predicted as a function of inlet salinity, as shown in contour plots. Next, the maximum recovery ratios of batch and conventional RO are compared across several water sources, including seawater, brackish groundwater, and RO brine. Batch RO's shorter residence times, associated with cycling from low to high salinity during each batch, enable significantly higher recovery ratios and higher salinity than in continuous RO for all cases examined. Finally, representative brackish RO brine samples were analyzed to determine the maximum possible recovery with batch RO. Overall, the induction time modeling methodology provided here can be used to allow batch RO to operate at high salinity and high recovery, while controlling scaling. The results show that, in addition to its known energy efficiency improvement, batch RO has superior inorganic fouling resistance relative to conventional RO.
What provides a better value for your time? The use of relative value units to compare posterior segmental instrumentation of vertebral segments.

Abstract Background Context Relative value units (RVUs) are a compensation model based on the effort required to provide a procedure or service to a patient. Thus, procedures that are more complex and require greater technical skill and aftercare, such as multilevel spine surgery, should provide greater physician compensation. However, there are limited data comparing RVUs with operative time. Therefore, this study aims to compare mean (1) operative times; (2) RVUs; and (3) RVU/min between posterior segmental instrumentation of 3–6, 7–12, and ≥13 vertebral segments, and to perform annual cost difference analysis. Methods A total of 437 patients who underwent instrumentation of 3–6 segments (Cohort 1, current procedural terminology [CPT] code: 22842), 67 patients who had instrumentation of 7–12 segments (Cohort 2, CPT code: 22843), and 16 patients who had instrumentation of ≥13 segments (Cohort 3, CPT code: 22844) were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Mean operative times, RVUs, and RVU/min, as well as an annualized cost difference analysis, were calculated and compared using Student t test. This study received no funding from any party or entity. Results Cohort 1 had shorter mean operative times than Cohorts 2 and 3 (217 minutes vs. 325 minutes vs. 426 minutes, p .05). A $112,432.12 annualized cost difference between Cohorts 1 and 2, a $176,744.76 difference between Cohorts 1 and 3, and a $64,312.55 difference between Cohorts 2 and 3 were calculated. Conclusion The RVU/min takes into account not just the value provided but also the operative times required for highly complex cases. The RVU/min for fewer vertebral level instrumentation being greater (0.08 vs. 0.05), as well as the $177,000 annualized cost difference, indicates that compensation is not proportional to the added time, effort, and skill for more complex cases.
Estimates of Cochlear Compression from Measurements of Loudness Growth

The growth of loudness can be measured by matching the loudness of a pure tone to that of a multi-tone complex. This method was originally used by Fletcher and Munson (1933) and has been used more recently by Buus et al. (1998). If the tones in the complex are equally loud and separated in frequency far enough that they do not mask each other, then the ratio of the loudness of the complex to the loudness of each component will be equal to the number of components. This empirical fact can be used to construct a relative loudness function without any additional assumptions about the form of this function. We have obtained loudness growth measurements using four-tone complexes with one-octave separation between equally-loud components. We assume that these four-tone complexes are four times as loud as any of their components. We consider loudness to be an intensity-like variable, so that a four-fold increase in loudness is equivalent to 6 dB. Therefore, we estimate cochlear compression by determining the number of dB (of physical intensity) required to achieve a four-fold increase in loudness and dividing that number by the corresponding 6-dB increase (in perceptual intensity).
Electrodiagnostic Assessment in Suspected Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is thought to be caused by entrapment of the tibial nerve at the ankle. This article reviews the pertinent anatomy, pathology, and suspected causes of this disorder. The historical development of electrodiagnostic techniques used in diagnosing this condition and normal values from several studies are presented. Controversies in the literature are also discussed.
Analysis of Physician Variation in Provision of Low-Value Services.

Importance Facing new financial incentives to reduce unnecessary spending, health care organizations may attempt to reduce wasteful care by influencing physician practices or selecting more cost-effective physicians. However, physicians’ role in determining the use of low-value services has not been well described. Objectives To quantify variation in provision of low-value health care services among primary care physicians and to estimate the proportion of variation attributable to physician characteristics that may be used to predict performance. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective analysis included national Medicare fee-for-service claims of 3 159 834 beneficiaries served by 41 773 generalist physicians from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013 (data were analyzed in 2016 through 2018). Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the extent of variation in service use across physicians within their region and provider organization, adjusted for patient clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and sampling variation. The proportion of variation attributable to physician characteristics that may be used to predict performance (age, sex, academic degree, professorship, publication record, trial investigation, grant receipt, pharmaceutical or device manufacturer payment, and panel size) was estimated via additional regression analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual count per beneficiary of 17 primary care–associated services that provide minimal clinical benefit. Results Among the 3 159 834 beneficiaries (58.3% women; mean [SD] age, 73.2 [11.0] years) served by 41 773 physicians (74.9% men; mean [SD] age, 48.0 [10.1] years), the mean annual rate of low-value services was 33.1 services per 100 beneficiaries. Considerable variation across physicians within the same region was found (SD, 8.8 [95% CI, 8.7-8.9]; 90th:10th percentile ratio, 2.03 [95% CI, 2.01-2.06]) and across physicians within the same organization (SD, 6.1 [95% CI, 6.0-6.2]; 90th:10th percentile ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.60-1.63]). The corresponding rates at the 10th percentile of physicians within region and within organization respectively were 21.8 and 25.3 services per 100 beneficiaries. Observable physician characteristics accounted for only 4.4% of physician variation within region and 1.4% of physician variation within organization. Conclusions and Relevance Physician practices may substantially contribute to low-value service use, which is prevalent even among the least wasteful physicians. Because little variation is predicted by measured physician characteristics, direct measures of low-value care provision may aid organizational efforts to encourage high-value practices.
Identifying barriers to physical activity among African American women with asthma

Objective: African American Women (AAW) are disproportionately impacted by both physical inactivity and asthma. The aims of this study were to: 1) understand barriers to physical activity among AAW...
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis in Children

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children, especially in Western countries, with a worldwide prevalence estimated between 3 and 12% in the general pediatric population, with peaks of 70% in obese children. NAFLD pathogenesis is not fully understood, but it is known that many risk factors, both environmental and genetic, contribute to the development and progression of liver injury, which can eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The only treatment approved is weight loss through diet and physical activity, but it is very difficult to obtain an optimal compliance by children and their families. Some different pharmacological approaches, such as insulin sensitizers, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, have been studied, but the results are not univocal, and their applicability is actually limited in the pediatric population. Many other therapeutic strands are currently under investigation, especially in view of the new pathogenetic findings.
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based practice in medical nutrition therapy for kidney stones involves staying up-to-date on evidence-based practice guidelines. However, because there are limited practice guidelines in this area, it may be necessary to search and evaluate the primary literature to make practice decisions. Searching the literature starts with writing a question in PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) format. Search results are then evaluated based on the study design, with randomized controlled trials considered to provide the best evidence. When primary literature is unavailable, strategies are reviewed for practitioners to systematically collect outcomes from their own practice in order to advance knowledge in this area.
Recent Barriers to Effective Treatment of Asthma in Older Adults and Strategies to Address Them

Optimal care of older adults with asthma requires recognition of unique barriers present in this age group. Some of these barriers include medical comorbidities (such as cardiac disease, depression, and obesity), caregiver roles, menopause, transportation difficulties, financial concerns, use of complementary/alternative medicine, and decreased perception of breathlessness. While the first step is to recognize such barriers, this chapter will also discuss ways in which the practitioner can address such problems, thereby improving the care of older adults with asthma.
Evoked potentials as a translatable biomarker to track functional remyelination.

Abstract Enhancing remyelination is a key therapeutic strategy for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. To achieve this goal, a central challenge is being able to quantitatively and longitudinally track functional remyelination, especially with translatable biomarkers that can be performed in both preclinical models and in the clinic. We developed the methodology to stably measure multi-modal sensory evoked potentials from the skull surface over the course of months in individual mice and applied it to a genetic mouse model of oligodendrocyte ablation and demyelination. We found that auditory and somatosensory evoked potential latencies reliably increased over time during the early phase of the model and recovered spontaneously and almost completely during a later phase. Histological examination supported the interpretation that the evoked potential latency changes dynamically reflect changes in CNS myelination. Specifically, we found reduction of myelination in corresponding brain regions at the time that sensory evoked potentials were maximally impacted. Importantly, we also found that myelination levels recovered when evoked potential latencies recovered. Other changes known to associate with demyelination were also observed at the time of delayed evoked potentials, including the emergence of white matter vacuoles and increased markers for activated microglia and macrophages; these changes also fully reversed by the time that evoked potentials recovered. Our results support the hypothesis that skull-surface recorded evoked potential latencies can dynamically track CNS myelination changes. The methods developed here allow for longitudinally tracking functional myelination changes in vivo in preclinical rodent models with a quantitative biomarker that can also be applied clinically and will facilitate translational development of CNS remyelinating therapies.
Problems of organic growth.

IN a recent article1, Von Bertalanffy developed a complete theory relating growth to metabolism, sex, etc. The basic formula “which contains no hypothetical elements’ on which the theory rests is given as with the explanation ”In words: the change in body weight y is given by the difference between synthesis and destruction of building materials; according to general physiological experience, these processes will be proportional to some powers, n, m, respectively, of the body weight; η and x. are constants of anabolism and catabolism".
Adopt-A-Store: An Innovative & Immersive Experiential Pedagogy for Visual Merchandising Design

An experiential learning approach for an Introductory Visual Merchandising studio project was considered ideal for its flexibility in allowing the learner to gain practical experience while also facilitating critical thinking, decision making, and problem-solving skills. Students were asked to obtain permission from a local retailer in order to conduct store audits and create conceptual design solutions. Students focused on all interior aspects of merchandising, from lighting to point-of-purchase displays. This project provided visual merchandising design and fashion merchandising students a unique opportunity to partner with existing retailers and learn about daily retail operational planning, observe the impact of design and managerial decisions on customer behaviors, and design a custom display fixture reflecting the design and purpose of the store. Student feedback and quality of work suggest that this project provides a unique and valuable experience for students to study store design and retailing decision making as conducted in the real world.
Mechanical properties of additively manufactured metal lattice structures: Data review and design interface

Abstract With the ever-increasing resolution of metal additive manufacturing processes, the ability to design and fabricate cellular or lattice structures is readily improving. While there are few limits to the variety of unit cell topologies that can feasibly be manufactured, there is little known about the effect that the underlying unit cell topology has on lattice structure mechanical performance. Increased knowledge of lattice structure performance based on the unit cell topology can aid in appropriate unit cell selection to achieve desired lattice structure mechanical properties. The objective in this work is to compile metal additively manufactured lattice structure characterization data found in the literature into Ashby-style plots that can be used to differentiate unit cell topologies and guide unit cell selection. Data gathered from literature encompasses over 69 papers describing 18 different unit cell topologies. Data on mechanical properties such as the effective modulus, Poisson’s ratio, yield strength, buckling strength, and plateau strength, of lattice structures from analytical models based on mathematical derivations, finite element analysis, and experimental characterization was gathered and synthesized. In total, nearly 1650 data points for experimental and finite element analysis were compiled along with a variety of analytical models for 18 different unit cell topologies. The process of gathering the data from the literature along with the assumptions used to compile the data are discussed. A graphical user interface and database were developed that allows for comparison of different lattice structure mechanical properties based on their unit cell topology. The Lattice Unit-cell Characterization Interface for Engineers (LUCIE) provides a simple format to guide engineers, scientists, and others towards understanding the relationships of the unit cell topology and the lattice structure mechanical properties, with the intent of guiding appropriate unit cell selection. Three cases studies are shown for using LUCIE to differentiate unit cell topologies for improved understanding of experimental and simulation-based results (Case Study 1), to identify unit cell topology options for reducing weight while maintaining yield stress or increasing yield stress without reducing weight (Case Study 2), and for quickly narrowing multiple options to an appropriate unit cell topology (Case Study 3).
An epigenome-wide association study of early-onset major depression in monozygotic twins.

Major depression (MD) is a debilitating mental health condition with peak prevalence occurring early in life. Genome-wide examination of DNA methylation (DNAm) offers an attractive complement to studies of allelic risk given it can reflect the combined influence of genes and environment. The current study used monozygotic twins to identify differentially and variably methylated regions of the genome that distinguish twins with and without a lifetime history of early-onset MD. The sample included 150 Caucasian monozygotic twins between the ages of 15 and 20 (73% female; Mage = 17.52 SD = 1.28) who were assessed during a developmental stage characterized by relatively distinct neurophysiological changes. All twins were generally healthy and currently free of medications with psychotropic effects. DNAm was measured in peripheral blood cells using the Infinium Human BeadChip 450 K Array. MD associations with early-onset MD were detected at 760 differentially and variably methylated probes/regions that mapped to 428 genes. Genes and genomic regions involved neural circuitry formation, projection, functioning, and plasticity. Gene enrichment analyses implicated genes related to neuron structures and neurodevelopmental processes including cell–cell adhesion genes (e.g., PCDHA genes). Genes previously implicated in mood and psychiatric disorders as well as chronic stress (e.g., NRG3) also were identified. DNAm regions associated with early-onset MD were found to overlap genetic loci identified in the latest Psychiatric Genomics Consortium meta-analysis of depression. Understanding the time course of epigenetic influences during emerging adulthood may clarify developmental phases where changes in the DNA methylome may modulate individual differences in MD risk.
Large-density (>50 cm−3) heliospheric plasma sheets recorded by the Wind spacecraft between 1995 and 2017

A survey of previous studies of the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS) suggests a bimodal distribution for the occurrence of the HPS peak plasma density. While the majority of HPS events have a peak density smaller than ~30 cm−3, there is evidence that large density (>50 cm−3) HPS events can exist. A bimodal distribution would suggest a two-source scenario for the HPS observed at 1 AU. In this study we focus on large density HPS events. We survey the solar wind data acquired from the Wind spacecraft between 1995 and 2017 and identify 108 large-density HPS events with a distribution peak at 55 cm−3, confirming the bimodal distribution. We also find that 80 (74%) of these large-density HPS events are associated with interplanetary shocks. The yearly occurrence of these large-density HPS events nearly follows the yearly occurrence of interplanetary shock. This result suggests that large-density HPS events are likely caused by compression of interplanetary shocks within 1 AU.
The Challenges and Opportunities of Sustaining Academia-Sponsored Community Service Programs for Latinx Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has widely affected existing academia-sponsored community service initiatives. Little is known about the strategies to sustain these initiatives during a public health crisis ...
The Effect of Acute and Chronic Thermotherapy on Type 2 Diabetic Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression and Inflammatory Markers.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic illness associated with resistance to or defective insulin secretion. This study investigates the effects of thermotherapy on cell viability, gene expression and inflammation in skeletal muscle cell lines. Methods: Healthy and T2D human skeletal muscle cell lines (HSMM and D-HSMM, respectively) were subjected to acute or chronic thermo-therapy (AT or CT, respectively). CT consisted of a 30 min exposure to 40 °C, three times a week for three weeks; AT was a one-time exposure. Results: A significant decrease in D-HSMM cell viability percentage followed AT; however, no significant change occurred in CT. HSMM yielded the highest elevations of genes following CT. In D-HSMM, both treatments yielded gene upregulation. Both treatments significantly down-regulated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in HSMM. AT significantly decreased IL-1β, IL-6 and upregulated IL-10 and TNF-α levels in D-HSMM, while CT yielded a reduction in IL-4, TNF-α and an upregulation of IL-6 and IL-10. Conclusions: An increase in gene expression indicates actin activity and cellular responses, suggesting an increase in transcriptional regulation. The upregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 in D-HSMM negatively correlated with a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β, indicating improved adverse inflammatory effects associated with the disease.
77232 The role of the bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) family of proteins in head and neck cancer tumorigenic phenotype

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Understanding the biology underpinning head and neck cancer invasion and metastasis could lead to novel targeted therapies that are both effective and tolerable for patients with this debilitating disease. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of epigenetic regulators has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of various cancers. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the majority of morbidity is due to invasion and metastasis, so there is special interest in understanding the development of these phenotypes in HNSCC cells. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Stable SCC9 knockdown cell lines were generated by infecting cells with a lentivirus encoding Cas9-KRAB and a lentivirus encoding gRNA targeting each of the candidate BET proteins: BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT. Knockdown was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Next, standard assays for proliferation (CellTiter-glo), invasion (Matrigel), and migration (scratch-wound healing assay) were performed for all candidate knockdowns and compared to a non-target control. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Proliferation assay results revealed that BRD4 knockdown had a significant negative effect on the proliferative capacity of SCC9 cells in vitro. Similarly, BRD4 knockdown SCC9 cell lines were less invasive and less migratory. Interestingly, knockdown of BRD2, BRD3, and BRDT had no effect on proliferation, invasiveness, or migration. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We have identified BRD4 as a key driver of the HNSCC tumorigenic phenotype. In the future, we plan to investigate the role of JQ1, a pan-BET inhibitor, on HNSCC cell phenotypes. Additionally, we will identify the downstream targets of BRD4, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for both HNSCC as well as other cancers more broadly.
Abstract 171: Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Extraction Fraction are Age-dependent in Children and Young Adults with and without Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are a high risk population for pediatric stroke. Young children with SCD have a higher stroke incidence than older children. Cerebral oxygen me...
NS5A Inhibitors

As a result of rapid advance medicinal chemistry, the time frame 2011–2012 has been an exciting one that has witnessed the release of the first direct acting antiviral agents (DAA). Multiple enzymatic and protein regions of the virus can serve as targets for these new drugs. One of the newest and most promising of these targets is the NS5A protein. The structure of this protein consists of three separate domains that are still under investigation as far as their function. Information, however, suggests that the NS5A acts within the context of a multi-protein complex. There has now been rapid and extensive the investigation of the use of a multitude of NS5A inhibitors from a variety of pharmaceutical companies. The activities and results of these various inhibitors in both preclinical as well as their clinical trials are examined during the course of this review.
Osteoma cutis in the distal digit of the foot

Abstract Osteoma cutis is a condition caused by bony growth within the skin or soft tissue of an individual. Most commonly seen after trauma or injury causing an inflammatory process leading to ossification within the tissue. However, osteoma cutis can also occur spontaneously with no past incident. The formation of bone is benign in nature and poses no malignant or cancerous threat to the patient. This condition is rarely found in the foot. In this case study we present a patient who was seen our clinic in 2018 with pain associated with a blister on her left second digit secondary to a five kilometer walk. The blister failed to heal and became a symptomatic palpable mass. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and pathological identification of an osteoma cutis was made. This case report serves to demonstrate the progression of an osteoma cutis as well as highlight the uncommon nature of this type of bone growth within the distal tuft of digits.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of postsurgical pain.

INTRODUCTION Postoperative pain is a distressful experience and remains to be a significant concern after surgery. Current agents either fail to prevent or minimize postoperative pain or cause a series of adverse effects, addiction, or abuse. Opioids have been the gold standard in the treatment of postoperative pain despite their well-described adverse effects. Many new agents with different mechanisms of action have been recently introduced to address this issue. AREAS COVERED This current review summarizes the list of new and emerging drugs investigated for their efficacy in controlling the postoperative pain and decreasing the need for rescue opioid use, adverse effect profile, abuse, and addiction potential. EXPERT OPINION Opioids have unrivaled analgesic efficacy. However adverse effects of opioids led to the search for better options. In mild pain most of the emerging drugs have been shown to control postoperative pain and decrease the use of rescue opioid, however fail to control pain after major surgeries causing severe pain. Specific agents such as Oliceridine, new local anesthetics, etc., are effective in controlling severe pain and hold a promise to replace opioids in the near future.
Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935-1950

1. Introduction: HUAC, Hollywood and the Evolution of the Red Menace 2. Land of the Free, Home of the Hysterical: American Communism and the Cultivation of "Red" Hysteria 3. Painting Them Red: Periodicals and the Proliferation of American Anti-Communism 1935-1950 4. The Communist Conundrum: Moderate Hollywood Communists and Why They Were Subject to the HUAC Inquisition 5. Communism on Camera: Ninotchka and the Cinematic Representation of the Communist Left 6. The Right to Remain Silent: Hollywood, Albert Maltz, and the Post-Hearing Resistance 7. The Red Raid in Retrospect: Reflections on HUAC's Hollywood Investigation on its Impact on the Evolution of McCarthyism
Beyond Quantum Mechanics: Insights from the Work of Martin Gutzwiller

A complete quantum solution provides all possible knowledge of a system, whereas semiclassical theory provides at best approximate solutions in a limited region. Nevertheless, semiclassical methods based on the work of Martin Gutzwiller can provide stunning physical insights in regimes where quantum solutions are opaque. Furthermore, they can provide a unique bridge between the quantum and classical worlds. We illustrate these ideas with an account of a theoretical and experimental attack on the paradigm problem of the hydrogen atom in strong magnetic and electric fields.
Discourse Communities and the Language of Pain

Pain is a private and subjective experience that when communicated, is limited by a language that requires the speaker to transform the internal into the external through the use of modifiers, metaphors, and metonymies. This language of pain is then implemented in many discussions between doctor and patient, friends and family members, and many other discourse communities with varied motivations. In the present article, I will be discussing at some length, the differences between these communities, their motivations, and the ways they discuss and describe the sensation we as English speakers refer to as pain.
O jornalismo e os novos meios de comunicação social

Este artigo e uma tentativa de contextualizar as consequencias da digitalizacao online do jornalismo, com uma tonica particular para a natureza em constante mutacao do trabalho dos jornalistas e da industria mediatica. E aqui oferecida uma perspectiva sobre a formacao dos jornalistas online, acentuando a contextualizacao das mudancas e desafios trazidos pela mudanca do jornalismo para um ambiente online. Para alem disto, este artigo tenta identificar as tendencias e desenvolvimentos mais influentes na transicao das industrias mediaticas offline para industrias criativas online ou integradas, tal como assinalado pelo esbatimento das fronteiras entre producao e consumo online. O resultado esperado seria uma nova visao sobre o significado que o trabalho mediatico tem para os profissionais mediaticos de hoje (e de amanha).
Uncovering Hidden Structure in Bond Futures Trading

This study uncovers trading styles in the transaction records of US Treasury bond futures.It uses transaction-by-transaction data from the Commodity Futures Trading Commissions' (CFTC)Computerized Trade Reconstruction (CTR) records. The data set consists of 30 million transaction - thecomplete US T-bond futures market for 3 years. Each transaction record consists of time (by theminute), price, volume, buy/sell, and an identifier of the specific account.We use statistical clustering techniques to group together trades that are similar. Two sets ofassumptions have to be made: (1) What is a trade? We define a trade to begin when an account opensa position, and to end when its position size returns to zero. We describe each trade by several trade-specificvariables (e.g., length of trade, maximum position size, opening move, long or short) and severalexogenous, market-specific variables (e.g., price, volatility, trading volume). (2) What process generatedthe data? We assume a mixture of Gaussians. An observed trade is interpreted as a noisy realization ofone of the mixture components. This paper assumes identity covariance matrices. Furthermore, eachtrade is fully assigned to a single cluster. We compare this approach to diagonal and to full covariancestructure with probabilistic assignments.Trade profit was held back in the clustering process. It turns out that the clusters differ significantlyin their profit and risk characteristics. Using conditional distributions, we summarize featuresof profitable trading styles and contrast them with losing strategies. We find that profitable styles tendto hold trades longer, trade at higher volatility, and trade earlier in the contracts. We also show howsome clusters uncover "technical" traders. Using the information about the individual accounts, theassignments of accounts to clusters are described by entropy, and the transitions of a given accountthrough clusters is modeled by a first order Markov model.
e‐Commerce Recommender Systems

Recommender systems are a vital part of the way today's information society deals with information overload. Recommender systems help e-commerce retailers to choose items to display based on customers' preferences, help users personalize search, and help streaming services create customized playlists. This entry describes multiple kinds of recommender systems and how they work. It also explains their historical and intellectual context, shows how they might affect users, and discusses current challenges. Keywords: computer-mediated communication; computer science; digital media; human-computer interaction; information overload; information systems
The Cost of Payment

The objective of the payment operation is to efficiently expend funds for materials received into the library, and in so doing, to create a record of payment and all related financial transactions. This process demands strict internal accounting and administrative controls. Effective implementation of these controls is designed to safeguard library assets, but can also promote operational efficiency and reduce costs. The Acquisitions librarian who understands the application of accounting and administrative controls and utilizes the products of the control systems will be better able to organize payment operations for maximum utilization of resources.
Receptor‐Mediated Events in the Microcirculation

The sections in this article are: 1 Adrenergic Receptors 1.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 1.2 Transduction Mechanisms 1.3 β3-Adrenoceptor 1.4 Regulation 2 Dopamine Receptors 2.1 Transduction Mechanisms 3 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors 3.1 Physiological Action in the Microcirculation 3.2 Transduction Mechanisms 3.3 Regulation 4 Muscarinic Receptors 4.1 Transduction Mechanisms and Functional Responses 4.2 Muscarinic Receptors in the Microcirculation 4.3 Responses to ACh and Muscarinic Receptor 4.4 Muscarinic Regulation of the In Vivo Microcirculation 5 Ang II Receptors 5.1 The AT1 Receptor 5.2 The AT2 Receptor 5.3 AT4 Receptors and Other Peptide Products of ANG II 5.4 ANG II Receptors in the Microcirculation 5.5 Effects on Vessel Tone 5.6 Microvessel Density (MVD) and Structure 6 Arginine Vasopressin Receptors 6.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 6.2 Transduction Mechanisms 6.3 Regulation 7 Endothelin Receptors 7.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 7.2 Transduction Mechanisms 7.3 Regulation 8 Adrenomedullin/CGRP Receptors 8.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 8.2 Transduction Mechanisms 8.3 Regulation 9 Adenosine Receptors 9.1 Adenosine Receptors in the Microcirculation 9.2 Other Actions of Adenosine in the Microcirculation 10 Purinergic Receptors 10.1 Receptor Expression and Signal Transduction 10.2 Effects of Purines on the Microcirculation 11 Kinin Receptors 11.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 11.2 Transduction Mechanisms 11.3 Regulation 12 Histamine Receptors 12.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 12.2 Transduction Mechanisms 12.3 Regulation 13 Eicosanoid Receptors 13.1 Prostanoids 13.2 Transduction Mechanisms 13.3 Other Arachidonic Acid Metabolites 13.4 Physiological Effects of Eicosanoids in the Microcirculation 13.5 Permeability, Leukocyte Adhesion, and Platelet Aggregation 14 Growth Factor Receptors 14.1 Physiological Actions in the Microcirculation 14.2 Transduction Mechanisms 14.3 Regulation
Microwave applications of photonics circuits

Examples of the use of lightwave circuits to partition airborne systems are presented. The role of lightwave technology in future radar, communication, and electronic warfare system architectures is discussed, with particular reference to the fiber-optic guided missile and aircraft applications. The status of microwave bandwidth lightwave transmitter and receiver circuits operating 1 to 20 GHz is summarized. Laser-current-modulated transmitters are commercially available at 0.83 and 1.3 mu m for modulation frequencies 125 dB/Hz. LiNbO/sub 3/-based integrated optic modulators operating in the laboratory at 1.3 mu m can provide dynamic ranges >130 dB/Hz. Optical receivers are commercially available at 0.83 and 1.3 mu m with bandwidths to 10 GHz and dynamic range >130 dB/Hz. Laboratory receivers have operated to 20 GHz with similar performance. The noise floor of the optical portion of lightwave links is typically set by laser noise at a noise figure of about 40 dB. The cascaded noise figure of the link, including input and output amplifiers, is set by the gain and noise figure of the input amplifier, by the noise floor of the laser diode, and by the attenuation encountered through the active and passive optical components in the link. >
Interactive virtual representations, fractions, and formative feedback

In this study, we explore the potential benefits of formative feedback when students are constructing virtual representations of fractions. We find greater effects for feedback about the accuracy of students' responses to the questions they answer using the representations than for feedback about the accuracy of the representations themselves. The results suggest further study of the timing when students receive feedback about their representations and the ways to adapt feedback for different learners.
The growing challenges of corruption in China

The People's Republic of China has become a dominant part of the global marketplace, and many US and foreign companies are eager to enter the fast-growing, profitable Chinese marketplace. China does offer many exciting business opportunities and financial rewards. But companies also face significant business risks from long-standing business practices entrenched in the Chinese business culture. And those practices conflict with US laws and regulations. How can companies doing business with China achieve success and minimize business risks from corruption in China? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Urban Politics and Communality

This study considers some of the political implications of the so-called community question, in particular the relationship between communality and levels of participation in local politics. Communality is here understood as a cultural phenomenon residing in the action orientations and symbolic constructions of individuals. Original survey data are used to test the hypothesis that communality and participation are correlated positively. The findings do indeed confirm the hypothesis. Further, they suggest that so-called symbolic measures of communality predict the less demanding forms of participation better than do measures of social status, but the latter better predict the more demanding forms of participation. Finally, the results suggest that the communality-participation relationship persists when certain status characteristics are held constant, although the precise impact of such characteristics remains unclear.
SpaceStation©—Computer Simulation Tool Demonstrating Biological Systems

A computer-based SpaceStation© simulation program written to introduce first-year college students to concepts in biological systems engineering was tested in two freshman engineering courses. The program modeled the interactions among a human crew, fish, microbes, and plants in a closed environment with fixed amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. Students were asked to rebalance the system after a significant percentage of the crew left or entered the station. The experience gained through working with the simulation helped the students discuss interactions within the system. The simulation and related discussion about the project were well-received by students. Presentations made by the students demonstrated creative involvement, awareness of interactions in biological systems, and increased awareness of the profession. The simulation developed only introductory levels of design skill in the students.
Modeling the benefits of pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) represents a phenotypically heterogeneous group of conditions that result from a number of genetic defects in the synthesis of type 1 collagen (1). The clinical expression is primarily that of bone fragility, but other tissues can also be involved, including teeth, ligaments, and joints. The clinical classification system devised by Sillence and colleagues (1) describes most cases of OI, but recent modifications to this system encompass additional forms of the disease. Phenotypes range from a mild form that may cause only a few childhood fractures with no deformity (type I) to the most severe form (type II), which is usually lethal in the perinatal period due to multiple fractures and marked bony deformities. Types III and IV are both associated with deformity and are the most difficult to manage clinically. Each phenotype results from one or more defects in collagen production, almost all inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. At least 200 disease alleles have been reported in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes, and qualitative collagen defects are found to alter the structure of type 1 collagen in all forms of the disease (2). However, the milder and most commonly seen clinical variants of OI result from premature stop codons, or out-of-frame RNA splicing defects that lead to a reduction in the absolute level of type 1 collagen α-1 RNA. Recently, two variants of OI (labeled types V and VI), which involve mutations affecting genes other than those encoding type 1 collagen chains, have been described (3, 4). The genetics of OI and the biochemical abnormalities of type 1 collagen associated with increased fracture risk have become increasingly well understood. However, the metabolic consequence of OI on the skeleton, as well as its contribution to fracture risk, still remains poorly characterized, in part because of the difficulty in evaluating skeletal homeostasis in children. For this reason, it was difficult to anticipate the effects of treating OI patients with pamidronate, an agent that has been employed as a means to reduce fractures and deformity (5, 6). Pamidronate would be expected to reduce bone remodeling but have no effect on collagen expression in OI patients or many of the immediate sequellae of incorporating mutant collagen chains into the bone matrix. Nevertheless, the elegant histomorphometric evaluations of iliac crest biopsies by Rauch et al. (7) in this issue of the JCI confirm the utility of this approach and begin to shed some light on the mechanisms by which pamidronate acts.
Vertical and radial profiles in tracheid characteristics along the trunk of Douglas-fir trees with implications for water transport

The main stems of three young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) trees were dissected to obtain samples of secondary xylem from internodes axially along the trunk and radially within each internode. From these samples, measurements were obtained of tracheid diameter, length, the number of inter-tracheid pits per tracheid, and the diameter of the pit membranes. In addition, samples were obtained along the trunks of three old growth trees and also a small sample of roots for measurement of tracheid diameter. A gradient was apparent in all measured anatomical characters vertically along a sequence among the outer growth rings. These gradients arose not because of a gradient vertically along the internodes, but because of the strong gradients present at each internode among growth rings out from the pith. Tracheid characteristics were correlated: wider and longer tracheids had more numerous pits and wider pits, such that total pit area was about 6% of tracheid wall area independent of tracheid size. A stem model combining growth rings in parallel and internodes in series allowed for estimates of whole trunk conductance as a function of tree age. Conductance of the stem (xylem area specific conductivity) declined during the early growth of the trees, but appeared to approach a stable value as the trees aged.
Water quality monitoring with online change-point detection methods

We develop an approach for water quality time series monitoring and contamination event detection. The approach combines affine projection algorithms and an autoregressive (AR) model to predict water quality time series. Then, we apply online change-point detection methods to the estimated residuals to determine the presence, or not, of contamination events. Particularly, we compare the performance of four change-point detection methods, namely, sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), cumulative sum (CUSUM), binomial event discriminator (BED), and online Bayesian change-point detection (OBCPD), by using residuals obtained from four water quality time series, chlorine, conductivity, total organic carbon, and turbidity. Our fundamental criterion for the performance evaluation of the four change-point detection methods is given by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve which is characterized by the true positive rate as a function of the false positive rate. We highlight with detailed experiments that OBCPD provides the best performance for large contamination events, and we also provide insight on the choice of change-point detection algorithms to consider for designing efficient contamination detection schemes.