cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three ideas to advance our research base.

We always say we should advance to our future on an evidence-based path. We have been talking about evidence-based librarianship (EBL) since at least 2000. The goal of evidence-based practice in both medicine and librarianship is to improve professional decision making [1]. EBL improves librarianship by incorporating evidence into daily practice. In 2000, Eldredge wrote: Every day health sciences librarians, like their colleagues in other health care specialties, make numerous decisions. These decisions range from the critical to the mundane...EBL offers a possible framework for making these decisions under conditions of uncertainty by providing a system for evaluating different forms of research evidence. [2] We can probably all agree that EBL is essential, that it is based on good research, and that venues such as the Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) are important for communicating good research. That is why, as a big stakeholder in research, I present three ideas that might strengthen our EBL path even more.
The Republican Revival

The crucial assumption of liberalism, as understood by it modern defenders, is that citizens will never relinquish their different and permanently incommensurable conceptions of the good.1 This denigration of reasoned argument as a source of consensus2 has led to a self-styled “republican revival” which reasserts the value of reason in politics.3 Many clauses of the United States Constitution exist, on this argument, largely to prevent private interests from exercising undue influence on public policy.4 The Constitution’ s republican roots seem to offer a basis for transcending society’s diversity in pursuit of the common good, developed through a public process of collective self-determination.5
Identification and location of closely spaced mining events

Abstract A useful tool for grouping similar seismic events (such as mine blasts) is demonstrated. This tool can be combined with others in a case-based approach to automatically identify and locate the thousands of low-magnitude industrial explosions that are detected yearly by regional seismic stations. A hierarchical cluster analysis method (complete linkage), using the maximum value of the cross-correlation function as a measure of similarity between event pairs was applied to identify distinct groups of events. The cross-correlation functions were computed between envelopes of the signals recorded on the vertical channel of the central sensor of the FINESA array. The method was applied to events recorded between 4 November 1990 and 28 June 1991 by the FINESA array and located in an active mining district north of St. Petersburg, Karelia (Russia). One hundred forty-four events were classified into 21 distinct groups. Because ground-truth about event location was lacking in this study, we used mine locations given in the Helsinki bulletin (Uski et al. , 1992) and determined from SPOT™ photos to verify the event grouping. For two groups, none of the events was reported in the Helsinki bulletin. For eleven groups of events, at least one event of each group was located at a mine in the Helsinki bulletin; the other events of the groups had either a consistent location, had an automatic location, or were not reported in the bulletin. For eight other groups, the Helsinki bulletin gave two to three different mines as locations for events in the group. Because of this discrepancy, we did not rely on the Helsinki bulletin to associate mines with groups of events. An attempt was also made to associate groups of events with mines using SPOT™ photos. Direct information must be obtained about the exact event location and shooting practices of the mining operations to gain a better understanding of the causes underlying an event classification and to assign each of the defined groups of events to a particular mine.
Care of Patients at the End of Life: Advance Care Planning

Advance directives are legal documents that give instructions about how to provide care when patients develop life-threatening illnesses and can no longer communicate their wishes. Two types of documents are widely used-a living will and a durable power of attorney for health care. Most states also authorize physician orders for life-sustaining treatment. Physicians should encourage patients, particularly those with severe chronic or terminal conditions, to prepare advance directives. Medicare now reimburses billing codes for advance care consultations. Directions regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial ventilation often are included in advance care plans, and use of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) also should be addressed, particularly for patients with advanced dementia. Evidence shows that in such patients, ANH does not prolong survival, increase comfort, or improve quality of life. Given the lack of benefit, physicians should recommend against use of ANH for patients with dementia. Finally, physicians should encourage use of hospice services by patients whose life expectancy is 6 months or less. Although Medicare and most other health care insurers cover hospice care, and despite evidence that patient and family satisfaction increase when hospice services are used, many patients do not use these services.
The Power of Optimization from Samples

We consider the problem of optimization from samples of monotone submodular functions with bounded curvature. In numerous applications, the function optimized is not known a priori, but instead learned from data. What are the guarantees we have when optimizing functions from sampled data? In this paper we show that for any monotone submodular function with curvature c there is a (1 - c)/(1 + c - c^2) approximation algorithm for maximization under cardinality constraints when polynomially-many samples are drawn from the uniform distribution over feasible sets. Moreover, we show that this algorithm is optimal. That is, for any c < 1, there exists a submodular function with curvature c for which no algorithm can achieve a better approximation. The curvature assumption is crucial as for general monotone submodular functions no algorithm can obtain a constant-factor approximation for maximization under a cardinality constraint when observing polynomially-many samples drawn from any distribution over feasible sets, even when the function is statistically learnable.
Sustainment maturity levels and health assessment metrics to drive supportability

Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRLs) have been utilized by the Department of Defense (DoD) and government contractors over the past several years to ascertain the health of a program in terms of technology and manufacturing readiness. More recently, the DoD's Defense Acquisition University (DAU) implemented another tool used to measure the progress of defense programs in implementation of the supportability and sustainment strategies, referred to as Sustainment Maturity Levels (SMLs). SMLs have been adopted by Raytheon Missile Systems to help identify the maturity level of the supportability and sustainment disciplines at the various stages and lifecycle of the program and product.
Verification of the Variational Asymptotic Beam Section (VABS) Analysis for Initially Curved and Twisted Beams

The Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) is a powerful mathematical method to construct asymptotically correct models of dimensionally reducible structures. VAM is used to rigorously split a general three-dimensional nonlinear elasticity problem into a twodimensional linear cross-sectional analysis and a one-dimensional nonlinear beam analysis. This operation results in the replacement of a three-dimensional model with a reducedorder model in terms of an asymptotic series of certain small parameters inherent to the structure. Variational Asymptotic Beam Section (VABS) is an engineering software package that uses the VAM to perform a generalized cross-sectional modeling of any initially twisted and curved anisotropic beam having arbitrary cross-sectional geometry, with transverse shear and Vlasov re nements. Several cases of veri cation are presented. The capabilities of VABS to recover point-wise three-dimensional stress elds is demonstrated for an orthotropic cantilever and veri ed against known solutions from anisotropic elasticity theory. Next, a numerical veri cation of results for initially twisted and/or curved beams is provided by comparing values of one-dimensional variables extracted from three-dimensional nite-element analyses with results from a one-dimensional, nonlinear beam analysis (using cross-sectional constants from VABS). Next, a form of veri cation is proposed for beams with either initial curvature or twist by using two di erent modeling approaches { one based on curvilinear coordinates and the other on piecewise Cartesian coordinates. Excellent correlation of results between the two approaches indicates the correct modeling of e ects of initial curvature and twist in both cross-sectional and global beam analyses. Finally, numerical examples are shown to highlight the importance of including curvature measures in the cross-sectional modeling by comparing with nite-element results.
Molecular phylogenetics of swimming crabs (Portunoidea Rafinesque, 1815) supports a revised family-level classification and suggests a single derived origin of symbiotic taxa

Portunoidea is a diverse lineage of ecologically and economically important marine crabs comprising 8 families and 14 subfamilies. Closely related portunid subfamilies Caphyrinae and Thalamitinae constitute some of this group's greatest morphological and taxonomic diversity, and are the only known lineages to include symbiotic taxa. Emergence of symbiosis in decapods remains poorly studied and portunoid crabs provide an interesting, but often overlooked example. Yet the paucity of molecular phylogenetic data available for Portunoidea makes it challenging to investigate the evolution and systematics of the group. Phylogenetic analyses, though limited, suggest that many putative portunoid taxa are para- or polyphyletic. Here I augment existing molecular data-significantly increasing taxon sampling of Caphyrinae, Thalamitinae, and several disparate portunoid lineages-to investigate the phylogenetic origin of symbiosis within Portunoidea and reevaluate higher- and lower-level portunoid classifications. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on sequences of H3, 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and CO1 for up to 168 portunoid taxa; this included, for the first time, molecular data from the genera Atoportunus, Brusinia, Caphyra, Coelocarcinus, Gonioinfradens, Raymanninus, and Thalamonyx. Results support the placement of all symbiotic taxa (Caphyra, Lissocarcinus, and two Thalamita) in a single clade derived within the thalamitine genus Thalamita. Caphyrina Paulson, 1875, nom. trans. is recognized here as a subtribe within the subfamily Thalamitinae. Results also support the following taxonomic actions: Cronius is reclassified as a thalamitine genus; Thalamonyx is reestablished as a valid genus; Goniosupradens is raised to the generic rank; and three new genera (Zygita gen. nov., Thranita gen. nov., and Trierarchus gen. nov.) are described to accommodate some Thalamita s.l. taxa rendered paraphyletic by Caphyrina. A new diagnosis of Thalamitinae is provided. Results also support a more conservative classification of Portunoidea comprising three instead of eight extant families: Geryonidae (Geryonidae + Ovalipidae; new diagnosis provided), Carcinidae (Carcinidae + Pirimelidae + Polybiidae + Thiidae + Coelocarcinus; new diagnosis provided) and Portunidae. Finally, 16s rRNA data suggests family Brusiniidae might not be a portunoid lineage.
American Media Coverage of the Rise of Hitler, an Indicator of Depression-Era American Isolationism or of a False Assessment of the Rise of the Chancellor?

This study seeks to analyze the response of the US media to the rise of Hitler, a process which occurred during the Great Depression, in the 1930s. At a time when the attention of the country was focused on domestic economic problems, assessment of the rise of a leader who became such a prominent figure is an interesting topic worthy of analysis. While his rise could not be wholly ignored, one can imagine that it would probably have been spoken of more in a less tense domestic climate. Overall, this study shows that the rise of the Fuhrer was not described in as critical of a way as should be expected of a democratic nation, especially one that would go on to fight, in an extremely bloody and protracted manner, this man and all he represented.
Gynecologic cancer survivor preferences for long-term surveillance

With ongoing healthcare reform and shrinking numbers of oncologists, appropriate triaging of gynecologic cancer survivor care is crucial. Input from patients is a necessary part of this task. The objective of this study was to assess the preferences of gynecologic cancer survivors for surveillance after the completion of treatment. A 38-item questionnaire was developed and launched in conjunction with the Foundation for Women’s Cancer (FWC). All women who registered as gynecologic cancer survivors with the FWC were invited to participate. Patients were asked about physician preferences for multiple symptoms and diagnoses, and when they felt comfortable transferring care out of their oncologists’ offices. Analyses were performed with chi-square and logistic regression. Six hundred twenty four patients completed the questionnaire. Sixty six percent had ovarian cancer, and 86% were primarily treated by a gynecologic oncologist. Fifty seven percent of the respondents reported being unwilling to see a physician other than their oncologist for survivorship care at any time. Women age > 60 years were less willing to leave their oncologists for survivorship care at any time compared to younger women (OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.03–2.27], p = 0.03). Ovarian cancer survivors were also more likely to report a desire to stay with their oncologists compared with uterine cancer survivors (p < 0.001). With few exceptions, respondents preferred management of non-oncologic medical problems by their oncologists. Gynecologic cancer survivors prefer that their oncologists remain heavily involved in survivorship care. Reconciling patient needs with physician and financial constraints will be a challenge as the survivor population continues to grow.
Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in medical professionals: a higher burden?

OBJECTIVES: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and dyspepsia cause significant healthcare resource utilization and greatly affect quality of life; therefore, a tendency exists to self-treat in lieu of formal diagnosis. Although their prevalence is established in the general population, their prevalence in physicians remains unknown. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of GERD and dyspepsia symptoms in a sample of medical professionals by level of training. METHODS: An anonymous, computer-based questionnaire was distributed to medical students, residents/fellows, and attending physicians at our institution. The survey included symptom-based questions for GERD (Reflux Disease Questionnaire); quality-of-life questionnaire for dyspepsia (Nepean Dyspepsia Index [NDI]), and the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI). We calculated scores based on the validated system from each questionnaire and used appropriate statistical analysis to evaluate associations between symptomatology and training level (medical students, residents/fellows, and attending physicians). RESULTS: Overall, there were 327 respondents (155 medical students, 127 residents/fellows, 45 attending physicians), of whom 52% were women, 56% were white non-Hispanic, 19% were Hispanic, and 74% were born in the United States/Canada. A total of 21% reported previously diagnosed GERD/dyspepsia, and 42% reported previously or currently using a medication for GERD/dyspepsia, with significantly higher use of proton pump inhibitors in attending physicians than in medical students and residents/fellows (P < 0.01). Higher median total scores for the NDI (P = 0.01) and GCSI (P < 0.01) in medical students exist compared with residents/fellows and attending physicians, with no significant differences for the Reflux Disease Questionnaire among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of diagnosed GERD/dyspepsia in our sample was comparable to the general population, medication use was higher. Self-treatment with prescription medications increased with training. Median NDI and GCSI scores were inversely related to training level, which may reflect self-treatment in medical professionals with advanced training. Further study of GERD/dyspepsia in medical professionals is warranted.
The influence of oocyte maturity and embryo quality on pregnancy rate in a program for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

An important factor influencing the pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) appears to be the number of embryos transferred to the uterus. In this study, the influence of oocyte maturity and embryo quality on pregnancy rate was assessed in patients undergoing IVF-ET. Ovarian hyperstimulation was performed by human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG [n=29]), clomiphene citrate (CC)/hMG (n=81), and hMG/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH [n=13]) protocols. Oocyte maturity was graded on a scale from 1 to 5 based on the morphology of the ooplasm, cumulus mass, corona radiata, and membrana granulosa cells. Embryos were graded according to the symmetry of the blastomeres and the presence or absence of fragmentation. Mature preovulatory oocytes yielded the highest fertilization rates. No differences were found among the protocols in terms of fertilization rate, embryo quality, or pregnancy rate. When all protocols were combined, patients who conceived had a significantly higher number of embryos transferred than those who did not conceive (3.6±0.1 [mean±SEM] versus 2.7±0.1). When embryo quality was compared, there was no difference in the number of "B" embryos transferred between patients who conceived and those who did not (1.2±0.2 versus 1.2±0.1), but the patients who conceived had significantly more "A" embryos transferred (1.6±0.3 versus 0.8±0.1). These data suggest that the treatment protocol did not determine embryo quality. Furthermore, the increase in pregnancy rates seen with an increase in embryos transferred is the result of the transfer of more "A" embryos.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF HAEMIN CHROMOPROTEINS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular spectra of various common hemin chromoproteins, their derivatives, and related compounds such as the hemochromes. It presents a study in which a graphic-mathematical analysis has been made of the absorption spectra of hemin chromoproteins. The spectrum may be conveniently subdivided into four regions, in which individual maxima have a 500-fold difference in density. The most frequently examined region is the visible, the location of α and β bands. The spectra in the near infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of all the derivatives examined are fundamentally similar, and represent the summational effect, which can be expressed mathematically, of the α and β bands and bands numbers 3 to 11 of an equally spaced frequency distributed series. The chapter also discusses the special significance of α and β bands, the contributions of porphyrin and protein, and the influence of coordinating ligands.
Spin Observables in High Energy Electron Scattering

The electromagnetic probe has long been an important tool for studying nucleon and nuclear structure and dynamics. High energy electron scattering can probe distances of less than 1 fm where quark degrees of freedom are expected to play an observable role. A new generation of medium energy accelerators, operating CW with energies of 0.5 – 6 GeV, has recently come into operation. These enhanced capabilities, particularly the 100% duty factor and kinematic reach, will dramatically improve our ability to carry out coincidence studies. Storage ring facilities at MIT-Bates and NIKHEF make possible unique studies with thin polarized and unpolarized internal nuclear targets at relatively high luminosity.
Circadian rhythm in the cardiovascular system: considerations in non-invasive electrophysiology

Most cardiovascular activities show a circadian rhythm, as do electrophysiological phenomenon. Under the influence of both external stimuli and endogenous homoeostatic mechanisms, cardiac electrophysiological properties change diurnally and enable the cardiovascular system adapt to rest-exercise cycles. According to recent reports, almost all non-invasive electrophysiological phenomena, such as electrocardiographic indices, cardiac refractoriness and conduction, pacing and defibrillation threshold, heart rate variability indices, and even Q-T dispersion and T-wave alternans, show diurnal variability. Furthermore, many of these changes are clinically significant and may affect results of some diagnostic studies. These characteristics of the cardiovascular system require us keep in mind the "time" factor any time we analyze electrophysiological results and make clinical decisions.
The Involvement of Schizophrenic Insanity Acquittees in the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems

This article described the mental health and criminal justice involvement of a large group of schizophrenic insanity acquittees and the program designed to manage and treat these individuals. Most insanity acquittees in our system are chronically mentally ill individuals who fit well into the psychosocial rehabilitation models that have developed over the past 15 years. In addition, the use of conditional release and monitored care in the community appears to be the most realistic approach to this group of individuals who show a high degree of involvement with the mental health and criminal justice service systems. This research has continued implications for the development of outpatient civil commitment and for the attempt to give people as much liberty as they are capable of handling while being realistic about their capacities to survive in the community.
Structure-Activity Relationships in Metal-Binding Pharmacophores for Influenza Endonuclease.

Metalloenzymes represent an important target space for drug discovery. A limitation to the early development of metalloenzyme inhibitors has been the lack of established structure–activity relationships (SARs) for molecules that bind the metal ion cofactor(s) of a metalloenzyme. Herein, we employed a bioinorganic perspective to develop an SAR for inhibition of the metalloenzyme influenza RNA polymerase PAN endonuclease. The identified trends highlight the importance of the electronics of the metal-binding pharmacophore (MBP), in addition to MBP sterics, for achieving improved inhibition and selectivity. By optimization of the MBPs for PAN endonuclease, a class of highly active and selective fragments was developed that displays IC50 values <50 nM. This SAR led to structurally distinct molecules that also displayed IC50 values of ∼10 nM, illustrating the utility of a metal-centric development campaign in generating highly active and selective metalloenzyme inhibitors.
Necrotizing fasciitis: A review of three clinical encounters

Background: Necrotizing fasciitis is a potentially lethal soft tissue infection characterized by rampant necrosis and destruction of subcutaneous tissues. Current estimates of necrotizing soft tissue infections in the United States are 4.3 infections per 100,000 of the population. Although the incidence of necrotizing soft tissue infections has decreased in the last decade, the toxic and lethal nature of the disease process lends utmost importance to accurate diagnosis and immediate management. The purpose of this review article is to report three cases of necrotizing fasciitis and provide literature review in regards to hallmark characteristics, predisposing risk factors and treatment optimization. Case: The first case depicts a newly diagnosed 43-year-old male HIV patient with necrotizing fasciitis infection characterized by Klebsiella, Serratia and anaerobic bacteria cultures. The second case describes the course of a 71-year-old male diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis in the setting of a complicated anal fistula characterized by B. fragilis, S. anginosus and Prevotella species. The third and final case describes the course of a 44-year-old female diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis in the setting of Ludwig’s Angina characterized by Klebsiella and Dubliensis species. Treatment was initiated with extensive wound debridement, multiple washouts and broad antibiotic regimens in all three cases. Additional hyperbaric oxygen therapy was administered in the third case. Conclusions: These case reports illustrate the range of severity and settings in which necrotizing fasciitis can occur. Significant morbidity and mortality rates are associated with a delay in treatment initiation. Given this, it is of utmost importance to develop and maintain a high clinical acumen for necrotizing soft tissue infections.
Right ventricular remodeling in response to volume overload in fetal sheep

Adaptation of the fetal heart to changes in cardiac load allows the fetus to maintain adequate blood flow to its systemic and placental circulations, which is necessary for the well-being of the fe...
The emergence of the formal category “symmetry” in a new sign language

Logical properties such as negation, implication, and symmetry, despite the fact that they are foundational and threaded through the vocabulary and syntax of known natural languages, pose a special problem for language learning. Their meanings are much harder to identify and isolate in the child’s everyday interaction with referents in the world than concrete things (like spoons and horses) and happenings and acts (like running and jumping) that are much more easily identified, and thus more easily linked to their linguistic labels (spoon, horse, run, jump). Here we concentrate attention on the category of symmetry [a relation R is symmetrical if and only if (iff) for all x, y: if R(x,y), then R(y,x)], expressed in English by such terms as similar, marry, cousin, and near. After a brief introduction to how symmetry is expressed in English and other well-studied languages, we discuss the appearance and maturation of this category in Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL). NSL is an emerging language used as the primary, daily means of communication among a population of deaf individuals who could not acquire the surrounding spoken language because they could not hear it, and who were not exposed to a preexisting sign language because there was none available in their community. Remarkably, these individuals treat symmetry, in both semantic and syntactic regards, much as do learners exposed to a previously established language. These findings point to deep human biases in the structures underpinning and constituting human language.
Abstract WMP55: HIV Viral Load and Stroke Risk

Background: Among people living with HIV (PLWH), elevated plasma HIV RNA (viral load, [VL]), indicative of increased inflammation, may be associated with greater risk of stroke. Methods: Among adul...
A hybrid method and unified analysis of generalized finite differences and Lagrange finite elements

Abstract Finite differences, finite elements, and their generalizations are widely used for solving partial differential equations, and their high-order variants have respective advantages and disadvantages. Traditionally, these methods are treated as different (strong vs. weak) formulations and are analyzed using different techniques (Fourier analysis or Green’s functions vs. functional analysis), except for some special cases on regular grids. Recently, the authors introduced a hybrid method, called Adaptive Extended Stencil FEM or AES-FEM (Conley et al., 2016), which combines features of generalized finite differences and Lagrange finite elements to achieve second-order accuracy over unstructured meshes. However, its analysis was incomplete due to the lack of existing mathematical theory that unifies the formulations and analysis of these different methods. In this work, we introduce the framework of generalized weighted residuals to unify the formulation of finite differences, finite elements, and AES-FEM. In addition, we propose a unified analysis of the well-posedness, convergence, and mesh-quality dependency of these different methods. We also report numerical results with AES-FEM to verify our analysis. We show that AES-FEM improves the accuracy of generalized finite differences while reducing the mesh-quality dependency and simplifying the implementation of high-order finite elements.
What do daily reports add to the picture? Results from a photography intervention designed to increase positive emotion

Although meta-analytic reviews highlight the small average impact of positive psychology interventions (PPIs), it is often unclear how or why interventions succeed. A pilot study of Picture This! –...
Wrestling-related concussions and closed head injuries predominantly occur in high school age athletes.

Background Sports-related concussions (SRC) and closed head injuries (CHI) have recently garnered national attention given mounting concern for long-term neurological sequelae resulting from repetitive head trauma. Despite historically dangerous techniques in wrestling that involve impacts to the head, there is a paucity of epidemiologic data in regard to wrestling-related concussions (WRCs) in the United States (USA). Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried (2000-2018) to report national estimates and demographic characteristics of patients 6-25 years of age presenting to US emergency departments (EDs) with WRCs and CHIs. Results The average annual number of patients presenting to US EDs with WRCs or CHIs was 3465 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2489-4441). Over one-third of patients were between 15 (17.7%; 95% CI: 15.8%-19.7%) and 16 (17.0%; 95% CI: 14.9%-19.1%) years of age, which comprised the peak age groups during which such head injuries were sustained. The vast majority of patients were male (96.3%; 95% CI: 94.8%-97.7%). Lastly, 6.2% (95% CI: 4.3-8.2%) of patients did not present to the ED on the same day that the injury was sustained. Conclusions Due to the unique nature and culture of the sport, wrestlers may be more likely to attribute SRC or CHI symptoms to normal training-related fatigue, which can lead to underreporting or delayed diagnosis. It is therefore imperative that appropriate safety initiatives and concussion awareness campaigns be implemented in youth wrestling to decrease the incidence of SRCs at local and national levels.
Is the prefrontal cortex organized by supramodal or modality-specific sensory demands during adolescence?

Abstract Attention is inherently biased towards the visual modality during most multisensory scenarios in adults, but the developmental trajectory towards visual dominance has not been fully elucidated. More recent evidence in primates and adult humans suggests a modality-specific stratification of the prefrontal cortex. The current study therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neuronal correlates of proactive (following cues) and reactive (following probes) cognitive control for simultaneous audio-visual stimulation in 67 healthy adolescents (13–18 years old). Behavioral results were only partially supportive of visual dominance in adolescents, with both reduced response times and accuracy during attend-visual relative to attend-auditory trials. Differential activation of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex for processing incongruent relative to congruent stimuli (reactive control) was also only observed during attend-visual trials. There was no evidence of modality-specific prefrontal cortex stratification during the active processing of multisensory stimuli or during separate functional connectivity analyses. Attention-related modulations were also greater within visual relative to auditory cortex, but were less robust than observed in previous adult studies. Collectively, current results suggest a continued transition towards visual dominance in adolescence, as well as limited modality-specific specialization of prefrontal cortex and attentional modulations of unisensory cortex.
Microscope-Assisted Arterial Anastomosis in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes.

Background Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has expanded the availability of liver transplant but has been associated with early technical complications including the devastating complication of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), which has been reported to occur in 14% to 25% of LDLT using standard anastomotic techniques. Microvascular hepatic artery reconstruction (MHAR) has been implemented in an attempt to decrease rates of HAT. The purpose of this study was to review the available literature in LDLT, specifically related to MHAR to determine its impact on rates of posttransplant complications including HAT. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science. Case series and reviews describing reports of microscope-assisted hepatic artery anastomosis in adult patients were considered for meta-analysis of factors contributing to HAT. Results In all, 462 abstracts were screened, resulting in 20 studies that were included in the meta-analysis. This analysis included 2,457 patients from eight countries. The pooled rate of HAT was 2.20% with an overall effect size of 0.00906. Conclusion Systematic literature review suggests that MHAR during LDLT reduces vascular complications and improves outcomes posttransplant. Microvascular surgeons and transplant surgeons should collaborate when technical challenges such as small vessel size, short donor pedicle, or dissection of the recipient vessel wall are present.
Clinical-pathological study of the infant and fetal mortality for a ten-year period at the chicago lying-in hospital☆

Abstract A summary of the probable causes of all stillbirths and infant deaths at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital for a ten-year period is found in Table III. Interference with the circulation of the fetus while it is still in utero appears to cause more deaths than any other condition. With death occurring before the onset of labor this is most commonly premature placental detachment; with death during labor it is most often cord prolapse or entanglement; and in death after birth it is most often placenta previa. In actual numbers premature placental detachment occurred with one and one-half times the frequency of the other conditions. Second in importance is prematurity, although it is highly probable that this should rank first because the combination of a harmful maternal complication and prematurity is doubtless more likely to result in a fatality after birth than would be the same complication acting on an infant at term. The fetuses who die before the onset of labor and the majority of those dying during labor cannot be considered to have died because of prematurity. The total number of prematures who die without specific lesions and whose deaths are probably due to inadequate development make up 25.6 per cent of deaths after birth, but only about 12 per cent of the total mortality. Birth trauma accounts for 13 per cent of the deaths. Included with the infants showing specific intracranial hemorrhage are 31 infants who either were not subjected to autopsy or who exhibited no gross bleeding, but in whom there was difficulty in effecting delivery or in whom there was clinical evidence of trauma in the infant after birth. Major malformations are almost equal to trauma as a cause of death. In deaths occurring in the neonatal period, malformations are second only to prematurity as a causative factor. Infections are not common during this period, and the few which are found consist almost entirely of pneumonia. Erythroblastosis, syphilis, and a few miscellaneous conditions make up the remainder of the conditions producing death.
Variable transforming activity of nonglucosylated and fragmented T4 DNA.

Abstract Nonglucosylated and fragmented T4 DNA shows a gene-specific variation in transformation efficiency.
The dynamics of steady, partial‐depth intrusive gravity currents

Abstract Experiments of intrusive gravity currents generated by lock exchange offer insights into atmospheric and oceanic flows. However, whereas many previous investigations have considered the full‐depth’ lock exchange problem, in which the intermediate density fluid initially spans the entire channel depth, less is known about ‘partial‐depth’ releases, which represent a more appropriate analogue to environmental flows where the inceptive, localized interfacial mixing is relatively weak and/or the upper and lower ambient layers are of significant vertical expanse. Here, we consider this circumstance using a combination of experimental, (two‐dimensional) numerical and analytical techniques with a particular focus on equilibrium flow for which there is no auxiliary concentration or dilution of the active scalar, and the interface ahead of the intrusion remains approximately horizontal. In this case, the initial (steady) speed of propagation, U, can be well‐predicted by adapting a shallow‐water model for g...
Attorney Expertise, Litigant Success, and Judicial Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals

In the U.S. legal system, litigants frequently retain counsel to represent their interest in civil cases, particularly when the stakes are high. Scholarly work and anecdotal evidence suggest that variation in the quality of advocacy has the potential to affect litigant success. We examine the relationship between attorney characteristics, case outcomes, and judicial voting in products liability decisions of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Our analysis found some differences in the levels of experience and specialization of counsel, representing defendants and plaintiffs and that counsel expertise was, at times, related to litigant success. In a multivariate model of decision making, judge were less likely to support the position of plaintiffs when they were represented by counsel appearing for the first time before the circuit. When defendants were represented by attorneys who did not specialize in relevant areas of the law, judges were more likely to decide in favor of the plaintiff. These finding suggest that those attorneys who do not meet a minimum threshold of expertise will be less likely to find judicial support for their client than other attorneys. Such attorneys may be less successful as a result of their lack of familiarity with the law and appellate process or because they make poor choices regarding the likelihood of success on appeal.
Predictors of Physical Activity Patterns Across Adulthood: A Growth Curve Analysis

Activity level is a core but understudied individual difference. Understanding patterns of physical activity over long periods may be key to understanding why some individuals develop healthy lifestyles. The present study transformed qualitative information from the Terman Life Cycle Study to examine patterns of leisure time physical activity across four decades (1936-1972). Activities were converted into metabolic equivalent (MET) ratings, and then activity patterns, individual variation, and child and adult personality predictors of differing trajectories were examined using growth curve modeling. For overall activity, a quadratic model fit best, with decelerating decline as people aged. Males were consistently more active than females. Much individual variation was present, but childhood energy and sociability, and adult extraversion and neuroticism predicted average activity levels and change. Results suggest that physical activity needs to be understood within the context of the individual's personality and long-term trajectory, not merely current motivations.
Low-dose streptozotocin induces sustained hyperglycemia in Macaca nemestrina.

The potential for using macaques to create a nonhuman primate diabetic model was investigated. The significant objectives were to determine a) prognosis of STZ induced permanent beta cell destruction in nonhuman primates, and b) the potential to use STZ treated animals in a model of autoimmune diabetes by following adoptively transferred lymphocytes into MHC identical macaques.Beta cell impairment was achieved by a single intravenous, low dose (1CMH) mg/kg body weight) streptozotocin injection in a majority of pigtailed macaques (Macaco nemestrina). Multiple injections, even at low doses at close intervals affected liver and kidney functions in addition to beta cell destruction. Abnormal IVGTT were observed in all streptozo-tocin-treated animals, in some within a week to 10 days. The fasting blood glucose levels rose from <70 mg/dl in pre-STZ stage to above 400 mg/dl in severely diabetic macaques. Histological evidence suggests loss of beta cells when animals were euthanized within two to four weeks post-...
Influence of total-body x-irradiation upon tissue mast cell number.

Summary1. Mast cell counts were made on the cheek pouches of hamsters subjected to total-body X-irradiation. 2. Following irradiation there is a marked increase in the number of atypical mast cells accompanied by a reduction in the total number of mast cells. 3. Repopulation of the cheek pouch with mast cells is relatively slow, being incomplete even at the end of 33 days.
Educational outreach activities for Landsat-7

Abstract The goal of the Landsat-7 educational program is to bring applications of Landsat data into K–16 classrooms. The educational strategy of the Landsat Science Team Office relies on collaborating with preexisting education programs in NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), as well as initiating new projects. Several current Landsat-based education products and programs are described that address science and geography education content for various grade levels. Current and future program developments using Landsat data are also identified for the K–16 classroom.
Thiol dependent isomerization of all-trans-retinoic acid to 9-cis-retinoic acid.

The important biological effector 9-cis-retinoic acid can be generated by liver microsomes or by bovine serum albumin in detergent. The mechanism of this isomerization reaction is the subject of these studies. The protein mediated isomerization process is shown to be thiol- and pH-dependent. Moreover, the retinoic acids are also isomerized by 1-dodecanethiol in the presence of detergents. This isomerization process is pH-dependent as well, with isomerization rates increasing with pH. The isomerization reactions are quenched with free radical traps, such as α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, suggesting that a thiol radical mechanism, rather than a thiolate anion-dependent mechanism, is implicated here. The pH dependence can be understood in terms of a thiol radical mechanism, because thiol radicals are produced from thiolate anions in the presence of oxygen. The facile thiol-mediated isomerization of the retinoic acids suggests that this could be a physiologically relevant mechanism for the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid from all-trans-retinoic acid.
Fracture energy release rate of adhesive joints

Abstract This study was directed towards developing a criterion for estimating the interface separation load for adhesive joints of two dissimilar materials, and comprised the evaluation of the strain energy release rate as such a criterion. A finite element model was used in which attention was focused on Mode I and II failures and a mixed mode failure of adhesive joints. Compact tension and shear specimens were tested to failure to produce conditions closely approaching Mode I and Mode II failure, respectively, and an open sandwich beam was used to produce mixed mode failure. For the compact specimens the variables tested were a range of interfacial crack lengths and epoxy thicknesses. The numerical finite element model uses the exprimental failure loads for the tested specimens to compute the strain energy release rate for the specimens. The results indicate that the strain energy release rate is essentially constant and independent of the initial crack length, the thickness of the adhesive and the type of load. It is concluded that the strain energy release rate can be considered as a material property and a criterion for interface separation for adhesive joints.
Resolving differences with angry people

Urban education administrators often face the challenge of dealing with angry parents, teachers, and superiors. Unfortunately, they often misunderstand the etiology of anger and mismanage these situations, which further exacerbates difficulties. This article presents a practical framework for understanding and successfully working with angry people. It focuses on the causes of anger, the negotiating process, trust building, problem solving, confrontation strategies, and deadlocks. It provides the reader with practical strategies which can be implemented in a variety of situations in which the urban administrator's aim is to reduce anger and seek a mutually satisfying resolution to the problems engendering anger.
Growth and characterization of graded AlGaN conducting buffer layers on n+ SiC substrates

GaN films on top of doped, graded AlGaN conducting buffer layers were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on n + SiC substrates. The effect of initial AlGaN composition and buffer layer doping level on the structural and morphological properties of these films and the conduction between these films and the substrate was investigated. A minimum resistance of 2 Ω was measured for vertical test structures.
A high-resolution quartz Čerenkov detector for relativistic heavy ion beams

Abstract A quartz-based Cerenkov beam detector with photomultiplier readout was constructed for relativistic heavy ion experiments. It was successfuly used to detect interactions of 2, 4 and 10.4 AGeV kinetic energy gold projectiles in Au targets. The charge resolution of 1.4 e for gold ions permits its use to form a minimum-bias first-level interaction trigger. Gain and charge resolution were very stable for a two month period, during which a total number of ∼10 11 gold ions passed through the detector.
Strategic Behavior and Development Sequences in Producer Service Businesses

Though it is widely recognized that the producer services are among the fastest growing industries in advanced economies, there is little research documenting development experiences of establishments within these industries. In this paper we address this topic by illustrating types of strategic behaviors exhibited by producer service firms and the effectiveness of these behaviors, developing a taxonomy of firm segments, and relating types of strategic behavior to this taxonomy. The paper is based on results from 444 in-depth interviews. Key variables addressed in the analysis are drawn from the industrial sociology and business strategy literature and include organizational structure, age, dynamics of client and geographic markets, and changes in services supplied.
Flexibilized Copolyimide Adhesives

Two copolyimides, LARC-STPI and STPI-LARC-2, with flexible backbones were processed and characterized as adhesives. The processability and adhesive properties were compared to those of a commercially available form of LARC-TPI. Lap shear specimens were fabricated using adhesive tape prepared from each of the three polymers. Lap shear tests were performed at room temperature, 177 C, and 204 C before and after exposure to water-boil and to thermal aging at 204 C for up to 1000 hours. The three adhesive systems possess exceptional lap shear strengths at room temperature and elevated temperatures both before and after thermal exposure. LARC-STPI, because of its high glass transition temperature provided high lap shear strengths up to 260 C. After water-boil, LARC-TPI exhibited the highest lap shear strengths at room temperature and 177 C, whereas the LARC-STPI retained a higher percentage of its original strength when tested at 204 C. These flexible thermoplastic copolyimides show considerable potential as adhesives based on this study and because of the ease of preparation with low cost, commercially available materials.