cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job Demands and Work Ability at Older Ages

Workers' ability to delay retirement depends partly on the demands of their jobs. Matching occupational characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to Current Population Survey respondents, this study finds that 7% of American workers held highly physically demanding jobs in 2006 and 35% held highly cognitively demanding jobs. The share of the workforce in physically demanding jobs fell by about one-sixth between 1971 and 2006, while the share in cognitively demanding jobs increased by more than one-third. The decline in physically demanding occupations will likely improve employment prospects for older adults, but the growth in cognitive demands may limit options for some older workers.
Polymerized whole ragweed: An improved method of immunotherapy

A single-blind study compared the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde-treated polymerized ragweed with nonpolymerized monomeric ragweed. These studies are an extension of those previously reported for polymerized AgE using a readily available ragweed preparation containing all ragweed antigens. Nineteen ragweed-sensitive patients were randomized into 2 groups; 10 received the polymerized form and 9 received the monomeric form. Four parameters were followed: serum-specific IgE against antigen E, total blocking antibody against antigen E, local and systemic reactions to injection therapy, and symptom score indices. Pretreatment levels of antigen E--specific IgE and blocking antibody activity were similar in both groups. After a total of 15,000 protein nitrogen units (PNU) had been given, blocking antibody activity in the monomer group rose from a mean of 170 ng AgE bound per ml to a mean of 2,813. The rise in blocking antibody activity in the polymer group was from a mean of 181 ng AgE bound per ml to 1,574. At 15,000 PNU, blocking antibody activity levels were not statistically different in the 2 groups. After 1 year of treatment, no consistent decrease in postseasonal specific IgE rise could be shown in either group. Forty times less erythema and 15 times less induration were found with polymerized ragweed. There were 7 systemic reactions with the monomer and none with the polymer. Both groups experienced symptomatic improvement with treatment.
Out-of-hospital rapid sequence intubation: is this really the "success" we envisioned?

Abstract [Wang HE, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital rapid sequence intubation: is this really the "success" we envisioned? Ann Emerg Med. August 2002;40:168-171.]
A single injection of D-amphetamine facilitates improvements in motor training following a focal cortical infarct in squirrel monkeys

Background. There is growing interest in the use of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) as a pharmacological treatment to supplement rehabilitative therapy following stroke. Based on the success of earlier anim...
Modulated transmission spectroscopy of gaseous chemi-excited Ca and Sr monoxides.

Low pressure dilute diffusion flames of the metal-oxidation (M + N2O) and chain reaction (M + N2O + CO) types have been studied in absorption by means of modulated intracavity resonance spectroscopy. The measurements obtained were comparable in sensitivity to the intracavity dye laser technique but were of lower spectral resolution. The modulation experiment which is described herein has the advantage of measuring linearly and in real time the transmission factor γ free from adverse anomalous dispersion effects. It is therefore well suited to the determination of electronic state densities. In these measurements, the ground states of CaO and SrO were not detected, but the excited 1π and 3π states absorbed measurably and as a function of CO content in the flames.
The SERS phenomenon in light of recent excitation profile measurements

Abstract We have recently reported on the measurements of the ultra high vacuum (UHV) surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) excitation profile for pyridine and CO on two different kinds of silver surfaces prepared in situ (ref.1). The curves all show a maximum and the peak positions depend both on the adsorbed molecule and the preparation of the silver surface. The optical spectra of these systems have also been measured using an oscillating beam spectrometer which compares the difference in the reflected light at two adjacent areas with and without the adsorbed molecules. The SERS phenomenon investigated in UHV is viewed in light of these results.
Distance to the convex hull of the unitary orbit with respect to unitary similarity invariant norms

Let A B be Hermitian matrices. Denote by co the convex hull of the unitary orbit of B. We determine the matrices BM and Bm in co such that for all X∊ co and all unitary similarity invariant norms ∣∣sdot;∣∣, ie., those norms ∣∣sdot;∣∣ satisfying ∣∣UXU ∗∣∣=∣∣X∣∣ for any Hermitian X and unitary U. As a result, we can easily compute the quantities and A particular case of these results answers a question raised by Dr. Y. Nakamura.
Launching Interdisciplinary Programs as College Signature Areas: An Example

Increasingly administrators are concerned with inspiring and supporting faculty members in the creation of interdisciplinary programs in response to research and funding shifts and public need. This article presents an initative undertaken at the University of Colorado Denver, demonstrating a method for identifying and launching a set of signature interdisciplinary programs for a diverse college environment that overcomes hesitancy and hindrances at the individual, departmental, and institutional levels.
Uniform electron gas at finite temperatures

We calculate the free energy of the quantum uniform electron gas for temperatures from near 0 to 100 times the Fermi energy, approaching the classical limit. An extension of the Vashista-Singwi theory to finite temperatures and a self-consistent compressibility sum rule is presented. Comparisons are made to other local-field correction methods, as well as recent quantum Monte Carlo simulation and classical map-based results. Accurate fits to the exchange-correlation free energy from both theory and simulation are given for future practical applications.
Burr hole cover for ventriculoperitoneal shunts and ventriculostomy: Technical note

In patients who have undergone intracranial procedures, bone gaps or burr holes often result in small but undesirable scalp or skin depressions. The authors designed a burr hole cover for hydrocephalus shunt system or external ventricular drainage, which is shaped to alleviate the deformity of the burr hole by filling the bone defect and allowing the passage of the ventricular catheter. The specifications of this device and its clinical application are described.
Landscape unit based digital elevation model development for the freshwater wetlands within the Arthur C. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Southeastern Florida

The hydrologic regime is a critical limiting factor in the delicate ecosystem of the greater Everglades freshwater wetlands in south Florida that has been severely altered by management activities in the past several decades. “Getting the water right” is regarded as the key to successful restoration of this unique wetland ecosystem. An essential component to represent and model its hydrologic regime, specifically water depth, is an accurate ground Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) supplies important hydrologic data, and its products (including a ground DEM) have been well received by scientists and resource managers involved in Everglades restoration. This study improves the EDEN DEMs of the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, also known as Water Conservation Area 1 (WCA1), by adopting a landscape unit (LU) based interpolation approach. The study first filtered the input elevation data based on newly available vegetation data, and then created a separate geostatistical model (universal kriging) for each LU. The resultant DEMs have encouraging cross-validation and validation results, especially since the validation is based on an independent elevation dataset (derived by subtracting water depth measurements from EDEN water surface elevations). The DEM product of this study will directly benefit hydrologic and ecological studies as well as restoration efforts. The study will also be valuable for a broad range of wetland studies.
Thermodynamic properties of microcrystalline precipitates in simple alloys

Abstract The thermodynamic functions were computed for spherical precipitate clusters using a simple model alloy. The heat capacity per atom at low temperatures is significantly smaller for small clusters than for large clusters. The free energy of formation of clusters indicates the possibility of formation of metastable clusters. These clusters would have about 79 atoms in f.c.c. alloys and 65 atoms in b.c.c. This size corresponds to diameters of 10–15 A, the size range of the first metastable precipitate in Guinier-Preston precipitation. No metastable clusters having fewer than 100 atoms were found for h.c.p. alloys.
Deep Sequencing of Protease Inhibitor Resistant HIV Patient Isolates Reveals Patterns of Correlated Mutations in Gag and Protease

While the role of drug resistance mutations in HIV protease has been studied comprehensively, mutations in its substrate, Gag, have not been extensively cataloged. Using deep sequencing, we analyzed a unique collection of longitudinal viral samples from 93 patients who have been treated with therapies containing protease inhibitors (PIs). Due to the high sequence coverage within each sample, the frequencies of mutations at individual positions were calculated with high precision. We used this information to characterize the variability in the Gag polyprotein and its effects on PI-therapy outcomes. To examine covariation of mutations between two different sites using deep sequencing data, we developed an approach to estimate the tight bounds on the two-site bivariate probabilities in each viral sample, and the mutual information between pairs of positions based on all the bounds. Utilizing the new methodology we found that mutations in the matrix and p6 proteins contribute to continued therapy failure and have a major role in the network of strongly correlated mutations in the Gag polyprotein, as well as between Gag and protease. Although covariation is not direct evidence of structural propensities, we found the strongest correlations between residues on capsid and matrix of the same Gag protein were often due to structural proximity. This suggests that some of the strongest inter-protein Gag correlations are the result of structural proximity. Moreover, the strong covariation between residues in matrix and capsid at the N-terminus with p1 and p6 at the C-terminus is consistent with residue-residue contacts between these proteins at some point in the viral life cycle.
Density profile of an SNC model Martian interior and the moment-of-inertia factor of Mars

The density profile of an SNC model Martian interior is calculated from the results of previous experimental work that determined the modal mineralogy of the model mantle up to Martian core-mantle boundary pressures. The moment-of-inertia factor of Mars is calculated as a function of core composition and crustal thickness using the SNC model mantle density profile as a constraint. Two sets of calculations are performed. In the first, the bulk composition of the planet is not constrained to a C1 chondrite composition. Assuming a Martian crust density of 2.7–3.0 g/cm3, a crust thickness of 25–150 km, and the core composition proposed by Dreibus and Wanke, Fe 14 wt% S, the calculated moment-of-inertia factor ranges from 0.367 to 0.357. These models include a perovskite-bearing zone in the Martian interior. Considering core compositions ranging from pure Fe to pure FeS changes the moment-of-inertia factor by only ±0.001, but at higher S abundances, core size increases, such that the depth of the core-mantle boundary is shallower than the depth of perovskite stability. In the second set of calculations, the bulk composition of the planet is constrained to a C1 composition requiring a crust thickness of 180–320 km, assuming a crust density of 2.7–3.0 g/cm3. The calculated moment-of-inertia factor is 0.354 and a perovskite-bearing layer is absent from the Martian interior. As it is unlikely that the thickness of the Martian crust is greater than 100 km, the bulk composition of Mars cannot be constrained to a C1 chondrite composition as proposed by the Dreibus and Wanke model (G. Dreibus, H. Wanke, Meteoritics 20 (1985) 367–382). In order to determine if the Martian mantle is more iron-rich than the Earth's mantle, we may need not only an improved estimate of the moment-of-inertia factor of Mars, but also tighter constraints on Martian crust thickness and density. The absolute degree of iron-enrichment, however, cannot be specified without also knowing the size of the Martian core. A moment-of-inertia factor of less than 0.342 is not geochemically feasible, because it requires that the mantle of Mars contains no iron.
Effect of culture conditions on microRNA expression in primary adult control and COPD lung fibroblasts in vitro

In vitro cell cultures, including lung fibroblasts, have been used to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis. However, culture conditions may affect miRNA expression. We examined whether miRNA expression in primary adult lung fibroblasts varies with cell density or passage in vitro and whether culture conditions confound the identification of altered miRNA expression in COPD lung fibroblasts. Primary adult control and COPD lung fibroblasts were cultured until passage 3 or 8, after which cells were further cultured for 3 or 7 d (low vs. high density). Then, cells at low density were cultured with serum-free media, and those at high density were cultured with serum-free media in the absence or presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) for 24 h. RNA was extracted to perform miRNA microarray from which 1.25-fold differential expression and 10% false discovery rate were applied to identify “invariant” and “variant” miRNA for the various culture conditions. Of the 2226 miRNAs evaluated, 39.0% for cell density, 40.7% for cell passage, and 29.4% for both conditions were identified as “invariant” miRNAs. Furthermore, 38.1% of the evaluated miRNAs were “invariant” for cell passage with IL-1β and TNF-α. Differentially expressed miRNAs between control and COPD lung fibroblasts were identified with and without IL-1β and TNF-α, and of these, 32 out of the 34 top-ranked miRNAs exceeded the differences due to culture conditions. Thus, culture conditions may affect miRNA expression of adult human lung fibroblasts. Nevertheless, in vitro cultures can be used to assess differential miRNA expression in COPD lung fibroblasts.
The biomicroscope and Vickers image splitting eyepiece applied to the diurnal variation in human central corneal thickness.

SUMMARY To summarize, it is found that the human cornea thins approximately 7% throughout the waking hours in air. Assuming the corneal constants given by Gullstrand for his schematic eye No. 1, a 7% decrease in corneal thickness would represent a decrease of only 0·00385 diopters in the refractive power of the human cornea.
Effects of anionic lipid and ion concentrations on the topology and segmental mobility of colicin Ia channel domain from solid-state NMR.

Channel-forming colicins are bacterial toxins that spontaneously insert into the inner cell membrane of sensitive bacteria to form voltage-gated ion channels. It has been shown that the channel current and the conformational flexibility of colicin E1 channel domain depend on the membrane surface potential, which is regulated by the anionic lipid content and the ion concentration. To better understand the dependence of colicin structure and dynamics on the membrane surface potential, we have used solid- state NMR to investigate the topology and segmental motion of the closed state of colicin Ia channel- forming domain in membranes of different anionic lipid contents and ion concentrations. Colicin Ia channel domain was reconstituted into membranes with different POPG and KCl concentrations. 1 H spin diffusion experiments indicate that the protein contains a small domain that inserts into the hydrophobic center of the 70% anionic membrane, similar to when it binds to the 25% anionic membrane. Measurements of C-H and N-H dipolar couplings indicate that, on the sub-microsecond time scale, the protein has the least segmental mobility under the high-salt and low-anionic lipid condition, which has the most physiological membrane surface potential. Measurement of millisecond time scale motions yielded similar results. These suggest that optimal channel activity requires the protein to have sufficient segmental rigidity so that entire helices can undergo cooperative conformational motions that are required for translocating the channel-forming helices across the lipid bilayer upon voltage activation.
A FILTER-PASSING VIRUS OBTAINED FROM DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI

An invisible, filter-passing virus, pathogenic for the guinea pig, and capable of cultivation on special media for at least seven generations, has been isolated from a tick of the species Dermacentor andersoni. One of two monkeys (Macacus rhesus) inoculated became infected, and in one rabbit the result was negative. The virus has been transmitted from infected guinea pigs to ticks as also in one instance by tick feeding from an infected tick to a guinea pig The presence of the virus in the tick is more easily demonstrated by the inoculation of guinea pigs with a suspension of the tick viscera. Continuous high fever (104.5–106.5°F.) and enlargement of the spleen are the chief symptoms of the infection in guinea pigs. After the febrile attack the guinea pigs are not susceptible to reinoculation with the cultured virus but are subject to infection with the virus of spotted fever, and vice versa.
Heterogeneous Riemannian Manifolds

We solve Ambrose's Problem for a generic class of Riemannian metrics on a smooth manifold, namely, the class of heterogeneous metrics.
Dispersion forces in wetting

tA simple, analytically tractable, model is used to obtain wetting phase diagrams for insulators on insulating and metallic substrates. The phase diagrams are consistent with the general rule that if the vapor phases of A and B are dilute and dispersion forces allow wetting of A on B then, wetting of B on A is not allowed.
EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE TISSUE ZINC DISTRIBUTION AND REPRODUCTION IN THE FOWL.

Abstract SEVERAL reports have recently appeared showing the effect of zinc-deficient diets upon reproduction in the fowl, but few data are available showing the effect of these diets upon tissue zinc concentrations. Kienholz et al. (1961), reported a decrease in the zinc content of egg yolks from hens receiving suboptimal amounts of dietary zinc combined with excess dietary calcium. A later report by these workers (Kienholz et al., 1962), stated that most body tissues analyzed had a normal zinc content when the diet contained 10 p.p.m. zinc. Since quantative data on tissue zinc concentration as influenced by diet were unavailable, an experiment was undertaken to provide these data. PROCEDURE Five female and one male Single Comb White Leghorns, six months of age, were assigned to each experimental diet. The semipurified diets used were: (1) a casein basal ration containing 4.0% calcium, (2) this basal ration with 60 p.p.m. zinc added, (3)…
Governance of State Wildlife Management: Reform and Revive or Resist and Retrench?

Governance of state wildlife management has been under scrutiny with respect to its ability to change to reflect the values, norms, and cultural beliefs of contemporary society. This article reviews the existing model of governance for state wildlife management; outlines concerns about this model in light of a changing social context; discusses alternative approaches; and offers considerations for how governance could be reformed to meet societal needs.
Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks

Forward head and rounded shoulder posture (FHRSP) is theorized to contribute to alterations in scapular kinematics and muscle activity leading to the development of shoulder pain. However, reported differences in scapular kinematics and muscle activity in those with forward head and rounded shoulder posture are confounded by the presence of shoulder pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare scapular kinematics and muscle activity in individuals free from shoulder pain, with and without FHRSP. Eighty volunteers were classified as having FHRSP or ideal posture. Scapular kinematics were collected concurrently with muscle activity from the upper and lower trapezius as well as the serratus anterior muscles during a loaded flexion and overhead reaching task using an electromagnetic tracking system and surface electromyography. Separate mixed model analyses of variance were used to compare three-dimensional scapular kinematics and muscle activity during the ascending phases of both tasks. Individuals with FHRSP displayed significantly greater scapular internal rotation with less serratus anterior activity, during both tasks as well as greater scapular upward rotation, anterior tilting during the flexion task when compared with the ideal posture group. These results provide support for the clinical hypothesis that FHRSP impacts shoulder mechanics independent of shoulder pain.
Measured velocity and temperature profiles near flames spreading over a thin combustible solid

To explore the flame-spread mechanism over thin solid-fuel sheets, the gas velocity and temperature profiles in the vicinity of spreading flames over paper at three different angles have been examined by using particle tracer techniques and fine-wire thermocouples. The gas flow in the vicinity of a spreading flame, which depended on the inclined angle, was found to be closely related to the heat-transfer phenomena to the unburnt material. In front of the pyrolysis region of a vertical downward spreading flame, the heat transfer to the unburnt material was confirmed to take place mainly through the gas phase. More than 80% of the heat needed for initiation of the pyrolysis reaction in this case was transferred within 0.1 cm in front of the pyrolysis region. In the case of a flame spreading downward at 30° from horizontal, a small vortex was occasionally observed in front of the leading edge of the bottom flame. The repeated appearance of this vortex was considered to increase the heat flux to the unburnt material and, thus, the flame-spread rate. In the case of a flame spreading horizontally, the heat was found to be transferred to the unburnt material mainly from underheath, where the gas was flowing in the same direction as the flame spread. Further discussion on gas behavior points out that, even near its leading edge, the characteristics of the flame were far from those of a premixed flame.
The influence of mediators of intracellular trafficking on transgene expression efficacy of polymer–plasmid DNA complexes

Polymer-mediated gene delivery is an attractive alternative to viral vectors, but is limited by low efficacies of transgene expression. We report that polymers possess differential efficacies for transfecting closely related human prostate cancer cells, which correlates with dramatically different intracellular fate of nanoscale cargo in these cells. Sequestration of nanoscale cargo (27 nm quantum dots and 150-250 nm polyplexes) at a single location near the microtubule organizing compartment (MTOC) in PC3-PSMA human prostate cancer cells correlated with lower polymer-mediated transgene expression compared to PC3 cells, which showed distributed localization throughout the cytoplasm. We show, for the first time, that treatment with the histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor tubacin, which acetylates tubulin of microtubules in the cytoplasm, abolished quantum dot and polyplex sequestration at the perinuclear recycling compartment/microtubule organizing center (PNRC/MTOC) and increased polymer-mediated transgene expression by up to forty-fold compared to cells not treated with the HDAC6 inhibitor drug. Treatment with the class I and II HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) demonstrated similar levels of transgene expression enhancement. These results indicate that mediators of intracellular trafficking can be employed to modulate nanoparticle fate and enhance the efficacy of nanoscale therapeutics in cells. Simultaneous use of high-efficacy polymers along with mediators of intracellular trafficking is an attractive synergistic strategy for enhancing polymer-mediated transgene expression.
Effects of audiovisual motion coherence on multisensory processing

Frequently, the presentation of stimuli from two sensory modalities results in behavioral benefits, including improvements in the detection and accuracy of responses and a speeding of response times. Although these benefits have been shown using both simple and complex multisensory stimulus pairs, they have not been extended to the domain of motion coherence. We developed auditory motion stimuli to parallel the varying motion coherence levels of random dot kinematograms (RDKs) by simulating the motion of a broadband noise within a static uncorrelated broadband noise. Using these auditory stimuli and visual RDKs at varying levels of motion coherence, we tested the behavioral gains associated with multisensory pairs. Both the accuracy and timing of responses to unisensory (i.e., auditory alone, visual alone) stimuli versus multisensory stimuli were assessed at four different levels of motion coherence: 10%, each individual’s threshold, average threshold for our population, 70%. In addition, responses were assessed for congruently or incongruently moving stimuli (i.e., the auditory and visual motion either moved in the same direction or opposite directions). We found that maximum gains in multisensory performance (e.g., greater response accuracy and more race-model violations) were seen at threshold levels of motion coherence; levels at which the unisensory cues have maximum ambiguity. This study further reinforces the utility of multisensory integration for weakly effective stimuli, and expands the multisensory toolbox to include motion stimuli used in the examination of sensory processing in clinical populations including autism and schizophrenia.
Pneumotharax due to Filaroides osleri infestation in the dog

This article describes the occurrence of Filaroides osleri infestation in a 11/2 year-old male Miniature Schnauzer dog in which the presenting sign was recurrent pneumothorax, Diagnosis was made by direct visualization of the lesions caused by the parasite at bronchoscopic examination. Successful treatment consisted of endobronchial removal of the obstructing nodules. The unusual presenting signs exhibited by the dog are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the disease. Resume. Cet article decrit l'apparition d'infestation ‘Filaroides’ osleri dans un chien Schnauzer-nain mâle âge d'un an et demi dans lequel le signe apparent se traduisait par un pneumothorax periodique. On a fait le diagnostique par une observation visuelle directe des lesions causees par le parasite a l'examen bronchoscopique. Le traitement qui a reussi a consiste en l'enlevement endobronchique des nodules obstructifs. Les signes rares montres par le chien sont discutes a la lumiere de la connaissance actuelle de la maladie. Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel beschreibt das Vorkommen des Befalls ‘Filaroides osleri’ in einem Kleinschnauzer Hund, der eineinhalb Jahre alt ist, in dem das sichbare Zeichen, wiederkehrender Pheumathode war. Die Diagnose wirt von director Sichtbarmachung der Verletzungen gemacht, die vom Parasit in bronchoscopisher Untersuchung verursachten. Die gluckliche Behandlung bestand aus inner bronchialer Abtrennung der verstopfenden Knotchen. Die aussergewohnliche Zeichen vorzeigten vom Hund, werden im Lichte vom laufenden Wissen der Krankheit besprochen.
Dextroamphetamine infusions in normals result in correlated increases of plasma β-endorphin and cortisol immunoreactivity

Abstract Stress induces behavioral and hormonal alterations. In experimental and clinical studies, amphetamine administration may simulate or potentiate such effects. The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in the modulation of stress effects. Dextroamphetamine, 0.3 mg./kg. and placebo were infused on separate days in a double-blind cross over design to eight normal volunteers. At 30 minutes post infusion, plasma β-endorphin immunoreactivity was significantly (p
Indoor Environmental Quality Related to Occupant Satisfaction and Performance in LEED-certified Buildings

The purpose of this study was to identify whether the indoor environmental quality design criteria: office layout, office furnishing, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting, acoustics, and cleanliness and maintenance in relation to the overall workspace for LEED-acreditation, could significantly affect occupants’ perception of their overall workspace satisfaction and their work performances. Occupants’ self-assessed satisfaction and performances were measured and these were correlated with occupants’ satisfaction and performances in their overall workspaces in 15 LEED-certified buildings in the US. The findings showed office furnishing quality has a significant impact on occupants’ satisfaction and performances; and indoor air quality affected only the occupants’ performances
Sexual Self-Concept and Sexually Abused Males: Early Data on the Development of a Scale

ABSTRACT This article describes the early development and psychometric piloting of the Sexual Self-Concept Scale for Sexually Abused Males, a one-dimensional measure assessing the gender-based self-perceptions of males with histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). A sample of 459 males with histories of CSA completed a demographic survey and responded to a pool of items using a Likert-type scale. Strong and promising evidence was rendered for face validity, content validity, convergent validity, criterion validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, internal consistency and item-total correlations. The scale may be used by helping professionals and clients to identify beliefs, emotions and behavior emanating from CSA with respect to gender-based sexual self-concept, design interventions to modify or ameliorate such effects, and to mark progress across phases of treatment.
Two views of collapse

We need realism, not positivity, to learn lessons from past societal demises, urges Jared Diamond.
Pyrithiamin is a competitive inhibitor of ATP:thiamin pyrophosphotransferase (EC 2.7.6.2) from dark-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Ransom II] seedling axes

Abstract ATP:thiamin pyrophosphotransferase (TPT, EC 2.7.6.2) activity from dark-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Ransom II] cotyledons and embryonic axes was monitored at 24-h intervals from initial water imbibition to 96 h post imbibition. TPT activity increased to a maximum by 48 h in both axes and cotyledons, but was consistently higher in axes. The specific activity of TPT isolated from light-greened axes was approximately 65% above dark-grown controls. No difference was detected between similarly treated cotyledons. TPT purified 132-fold from 48 h dark-grown axes had apparent Km values of 10−6 and 10−5 M for thiamin and GTP, respectively, while apparent Km values for ATP, UTP and CTP were 10−2 M. Pyrithiamin was a competitive inhibitor of soybean TPT with a Ki equivalent to the apparent Km for thiamin.
ANXIETY AND PERSONAL CONTROL EFFECTS IN BIRACIAL DYADS

Surnrt~7y.-36 black and 36 white junior high school boys participated in a biracial group task. Based on initial testing on the task the subjects were paired with a partner of the opposite race. One third were paired with a slower partner, one third with a faster partner, and one third with a partner of approximately equal ability. However, debilitating anxiety among some of the bladc students affected their performance on the initial cask so that the performance biracially was confounded. The implications of this anxiety and its changes over time are, discussed briefly. During the past decade several researchers have found that black students in competition with whice students in the U.S. exhibit self-deprecating or selfdisparaging behaviors, that is, they disparage and devalue their own performance relative to white students' performance. Such behavior has occurred even when the black students were made to display equal ability with their white partners, when the black and white participants were matched for IQ and other background factors, and when bonuses were promised for good biracial team work (see Baxter, 1973; Berger & Tedeschi, 1969; Cohen & Roper, 1772; Katz, 1967, 1968, 1974b; Watson, 1970). Yet few of these researchers have examined the personality correlates that accompany such self-disparaging attitudes or behaviors. In particular, the locus of conrrol variable and anxiety have been shown to be related to student academic performance, particularly that of black students (Coleman, et al., 1766; Gurin, et al., 1967; Gurin, 1970; Jacobson, 1975; Rotter, 1766). Katz has also noted that "situations in which Negroes and Whites [come] face to face can have detrimental effects upon the intellectual performance of Negro youth" (Katz, 1974b; p. 257; 1767). More specifically he suggests that anxiety over anticipated approval, disparagement or rejection by whites may produce this impairment. Katz and Cohen (1962) were successful in reducing the black students' inhibitions by constructing experiments in which social threats were reduced. Feld and Lewis (reported in Katz, 1974a) also found high levels of anxiety among blacks in racially isolated schools. Thus both the locus of control variable and anxiety should be related ro black students' performance in biracial situation^.^
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of flurtamone in sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) and peanut (Arachis hypogea)

The basis of peanut tolerance to the bleaching herbicide flurtamone was examined. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-flurtamone were examined in peanut at 6, 24, and 48 h after root application. Differences in 14C-flurtamone uptake over time were not detected. Approximately 40% of the absorbed 14C-flurtamone was in the leaves at 6 h after treatment; 60% was metabolized to polar products 41% of absorbed 14C in 6 h; 40% of this moved from roots to shoots; and 60% of this did not co-chromatograph with the parent; 9.8% of applied 14C-flurtamone was altered in leaf tissue. The levels of metabolized flurtamone increased with time after treatment (75% and 83% of applied 14C-flurtamone metabolized at 24 and 48 h, respectively). Parent 14C-flurtamone was detectable with Rt of 7 min and unknown metabolites with an Rt of 3.3, 4.4, and 5.6 min, respectively, was detected in leaf tissue at 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment.
Density of polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene latex particles

Abstract The accurate determination of particle diameters from light scattering by means of functions derived from the Mie theory requires that the density of the particles be known very accurately since it enters the evaluation of both refractometric and scattering data. For this reason the densities of a series of monodisperse polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene latices were determined by using differential pycnometry introducing a few new features into this technique. It is shown that the technique, as used, should be capable of giving, with suitable systems, seven significant figures for the particle density. Such a high accuracy could not be aimed for in the three-component system used nor was it needed, the actual uncertainty occurring in the fifth figure. The data, apart from satisfying the purpose stated, showed that the density varies only a little with the particle diameter within the colloidal range.
Boron–carbide barrier layers in scandium–silicon multilayers

Scandium–silicon (Sc/Si) multilayer structures show promise to efficiently reflect 45–50-nm wavelength X-rays at normal incidence. Barrier layers have been added at each interface to minimize the formation and growth of silicide compounds that broaden interfaces and, consequently, cause a change in the layer spacing and loss of reflectivity. Although tungsten (W) is an effective diffusion barrier, its high absorption causes a loss of reflectivity. We now evaluate the use of another refractory material for the barrier layer, boron carbide (B4C), which is a stable ceramic. The multilayer microstructure and its stability are evaluated using microscopy and diffraction methods. It is found that the use of B4C enhances the thermal stability of Sc/Si multilayers to an extent equivalent that offered by W barrier layers with only a few percent reduction in the reflectivity.
Taxonomy for science and engineering indicators: a reassessment

Science policy researchers and scientists themselves know reflexively that differences among scientific fields matter. However, sets of government-sponsored science and engineering (S&E) indicators are quite general and in most instances do not report differences among fields. We evaluate the current limitations of S&E indicators, identifying particular data needs about scientific fields. We suggest developing a disaggregated, flexible S&E classification. We argue that disaggregating S&E indicators through faceted analysis or webbed or networked databases will enable users to account for specialization, interdisciplinarity and emerging fields, and to adapt the S&E indicators across databases, making indicators more useful for international comparison.
Some Applications of the Monthly Median Refractivity Gradient in Tropospheric Propagation

A consistent correlation has been found between the monthly median values of 100mc transmission loss and an atmospheric parameter ?N which is determined from standard radiosonde observations. ?N is defined as the difference between the refractivity at the earth's surface and at one kilometer above the earth's surface. ?N is determined from the midpoint of the propagation path and is taken to represent an effective gradient of the refractive index. It is found to yield correlation coefficients with transmission loss of about 0.7 even in the far scattering region. This correlation is also used to derive estimates of the annual, geographic, and terrain variances of the transmission loss. Six-year average values of ?N are presented for the United States and can be used as an aid in the prediction of the annual cycle of 100 mc transmission loss. The possibility of using surface observations of N for times of day other than the radiosonde observation hours is examined and found to be encouraging. One of the major conclusions is that the observed dependence of transmission loss upon ?N is five times greater than that indicated by standard propagation theory.
The effect of tenure on auditor realization rates

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test whether the realization rate on audit engagements increases with auditor tenure in competitive markets, suggesting the presence of initial audit lowballing. Design/methodology/approach – Using regression analysis, we test this hypothesis with fee- and cost-related data from a sample of local governments audited by a single audit firm. Based on representations of the firm, we classify the audit market for the 127 cities, counties and school districts in our sample as competitive and the audit market for the 93 special district audits as non-competitive. Findings – As hypothesized, we find that in the competitive market, the realization rate on audit engagements increases with auditor tenure but does not do so in the non-competitive audit market. Research limitations/implications – We cannot identify the specific engagements which were subject to a competitive bidding process, so we rely on the auditor’s representation of competitiveness by entity type. Origina...
Atomism, Atheism, and the Spontaneous Generation of Human Beings: The Debate over a Natural Origin of the First Humans in Seventeenth-Century Britain

The problem of human origins, of how and when the first humans appeared in the world, has been addressed in a variety of ways in western thought. In the seventeenth century the predominant explanation for the origin of the world and the beings that inhabit it, especially human beings, was based on the biblical account of creation. It was almost universally accepted that humans had been created by a supernatural agent using supernatural means. But alternative explanations for the production of the first humans did exist, according to which the first humans were produced by nature through some form of spontaneous generation. Seventeenth-century proponents of this view differed in their conceptions of how spontaneous generation worked, but all relied heavily upon mechanisms first proposed in antiquity. Some followed the example ofAristotle and other early Greek philosophers, who had described how matter, when subjected to the correct conditions, could produce living beings.' Others were influenced by the modifications made to these ideas by medieval Islamic phi-
Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Extent, methods and outcomes

Shellfish reef restoration to support ecological services has become more common in recent decades, driven by increasing awareness of the functional decline of shellfish systems. Maximizing restoration benefits and increasing efficiency of shellfish restoration activities would greatly benefit from understanding and measurement of system responses to management activities. This project (1) compiles a database of northern Gulf of Mexico inshore artificial oyster reefs created for restoration purposes, and (2) quantitatively assesses a subset of reefs to determine project outcomes. We documented 259 artificial inshore reefs created for ecological restoration. Information on reef material, reef design and monitoring was located for 94, 43 and 20% of the reefs identified. To quantify restoration success, we used diver surveys to quantitatively sample oyster density and substrate volume of 11 created reefs across the coast (7 with rock; 4 with shell), paired with 7 historic reefs. Reefs were defined as fully successful if there were live oysters, and partially successful if there was hard substrate. Of these created reefs, 73% were fully successful, while 82% were partially successful. These data highlight that critical information related to reef design, cost, and success remain difficult to find and are generally inaccessible or lost, ultimately hindering efforts to maximize restoration success rates. Maintenance of reef creation information data, development of standard reef performance measures, and inclusion of material and reef design testing within reef creation projects would be highly beneficial in implementing adaptive management. Adaptive management protocols seek specifically to maximize short and long-term restoration success, but are critically dependent on tracking and measuring system responses to management activities. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Chronic developmental lead exposure increases the threshold for long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo

Abstract Chronic developmental lead (Ph) exposure has been long associated with cognitive dysfunction in children and animals. In an attempt to more directly relate the behavioral observations of impaired cognitive ability to Pb-induced effects on neuronal activity, we utilized the long-term potentiation (LTP) model of neural plasticity to assess synaptic function. Male rats were chronically exposed to 0.2% Pb 2+ -acetate through the drinking water of the pregnant dam, and directly through their own water supply at weaning. As adults, field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. LTP threshold was determined by applying a series of stimulus trains of increasing intensities. Baseline testing of dentate gyrus field potentials indicated that input/output functions, maximal response amplitudes, and threshold currents required to evoke a population spike (PS) did not differ for control and Pb-exposed animals. Despite similarities in baseline synaptic transmission, Pb-exposed animals required a higher train intensity to evoke LTP than controls. With maximal train stimulation, however, control and Pb animals exhibited comparable levels of potentiation. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of LTP induction are preferentially impaired by Pb exposure. Although baseline synaptic transmission was not altered in Pb-exposed animals, decreases in glutamate release following high K + perfusion and reductions in paired pulse facilitation have been reported in the intact animal. Pb-induced reductions in calcium influx through voltage-sensitive or N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent channels may mediate increases in LTP threshold. It is possible that the threshold changes in the induction of LTP reported here contribute to cognitive impairments associated with Pb exposure.
Aspects of Numerical Analysis for Unsteady Flows in Aircraft Engines

This paper reviews a few select topics of high-fidelity numerical simulations for unsteady flows in the turbomachinery components of aircraft engines. Topics include the high- performance computing and flow solver, role of unsteady flow analysis in engine design and development, interrogation and interpretation of the unsteady flow physics. A cost-effective low-speed preconditioning formulation is discussed. A faster alternative algorithm to dual- time stepping scheme is provided. Loss auditing techniques and deterministic stress modeling are discussed as well. Highlights of numerical analysis for inlet distortion transfer and generation in the engine compression components are presented. A brief elaboration of challenges and outlook of high-fidelity numerical analysis is also included in the paper.
Solution of large complex problems in computational electromagnetics using higher order basis in MOM with parallel solvers

In this paper, a general purpose parallel electromagnetic (EM) solver is presented for complicated EM scattering and radiation problems. The parallel algorithm has been designed for multiple platforms and is presented here on four typical operating systems with different hardware, which include IA32 with Windows, IA64 with Windows and EM64T with Linux and Windows operating systems and a DELL PowerEdge 1855 Blade Cluster and Itanium II server in hardware. Techniques have been successfully developed to solve the problem of access to more than 2 GB RAM per process. Since there is no commercial parallel ScaLAPACK solver available for Itanium 2 with Windows Operating System, we also developed ScaLAPACK solver which is presented in this paper. Numerical results shown in this paper indicate that the parallel solver can be run across multiple platforms to solve complicated EM problems very efficiently.