cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum cascade laser integrated with metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic antenna

In the near field region, optical antennas can generate local hot spots with high energy density. It can be very useful in increasing the photon-matter interactions for bio-sensing applications. There are several important bio-molecules having signature frequency (vibrational resonance) matching the mid infrared region of the optical spectrum. Thus mid-infrared antenna integrated with Quantum cascade laser (QCL) is highly desirable as it is currently considered to be one of the most efficient mid-infrared laser sources with a huge gamut of commercial applications. Here, we present a novel metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) based plasmonic nanorod antenna integrated on the facet of a room temperature working Quantum Cascade Laser. Simulations showed that at an optimized SiO2 thickness of 20nm, the antenna can generate a local electric field with intensity 500 times higher than the incident field intensity. Further, it can increase the number of regions with local hot spots due to a higher number of geometrical singularities or sharp edges present in the MDM structure. This feature can be extremely useful, especially for bio-sensing applications. All device structures have been optimized based on 3d finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) numerical simulations. The antenna was fabricated on the facet of QCL using focused ion beam (FIB). The integrated plasmonic QCL has been measured using an apertureless mid-infrared near field scanning optical microscopy (a-NSOM). The measurement set-up is based on an inverted microscope coupled with a commercially available Atomic Forced Microscopy (AFM). We have experimentally found that such integrated nano antenna can generate a very narrow optical spot size, much below the diffraction limit, with high power density that matches well with the simulation results.
Sample size and the detection of means: a signal detection account.

Using statistical theory as a basis, Kareev (e.g., 1995) claimed that people’s ability to correctly infer the existence of a population correlation should be greater for small than for large samples. Simulations by R. B. Anderson, Doherty, Berg, and Friedrich (2005) identified conditions favoring small samples but could not determine whether such an advantage was due to sampling skew, variance, or central tendency displacement. In the present study, we investigated theoretical effects of sample size(n) on the detection of population means under circumstances in which sampling variance is unconfounded with skew or central tendency displacement. The results demonstrate an extremely limited, criterion-specific, small-sample advantage that was attributable ton-related sampling variance and that occurred only with highly conservative, suboptimal criterion placement.
SEM Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Effects in an Analog to Digital Converter (AD571)

The considered investigation is concerned with the study of the total-dose degradation mechanisms in an IIL analog to digital (A/D) converter. The A/D converter is a 10 digit device having nine separate functional units on the chip which encompass several hundred transistors and circuit elements. It was the objective of the described research to find the radiation sensitive elements by a systematic search of the devices on the LSI chip. The employed technique using a scanning electron microscope to determine the functional blocks of an integrated circuit which are sensitive to ionizing radiation and then progressively zeroing in on the soft components within those blocks, proved extremely successful on the AD571. Four functional blocks were found to be sensitive to radiation, including the Voltage Reference, DAC, IIL Clock, and IIL SAR.
Maximum amplification of blade response due to mistuning in multi-degree-of-freedom blade models

This paper focuses on the determination and study of the maximum amplification of the steady state forced response of bladed disks due to mistuning. A general multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is adopted for each blade/disk sector and optimization techniques are used to maximize a weighted quadratic norm of the response of the degrees-of-freedom of blade 1 (overall response of blade 1). First, a mathematical optimization effort is conducted in which the resonant mistuned mode shape(s) (1 for engine orders 0 and N/2 where N is the number of blades, 2 otherwise) is selected to maximize the overall response of blade 1. The form of these optimum mode shapes is derived for all weighting matrices. The specific mode shapes are also derived for two particular weights the first one of which depends on the tuned bladed disk mass matrix and for which the overall response is akin to the kinetic energy. A closed form solution is also derived when the analysis focuses solely on the response of a specific degree-of-freedom or a specific stress component. In these cases, the ratio of the corresponding overall response to its tuned counterpart, i.e. the amplification factor, is found to be the product of two terms. The first one is an amplification obtained by tuned variations of the blade properties/mode shapes and thus is referred to as the modal amplification factor. The second term is an amplification obtained by proper mistuning. Interestingly, the modal amplification factor may take on very large values while a representative value of the largest mistuned factor is often the Whitehead limit of (1 + N)/2 as in the single-degree-of-freedom per blade model. The above formulation and results are readily extended to the optimization of the blade alone response (as opposed to blade and disk sector). Numerical optimization efforts were also undertaken on both a two-degree-of-freedom per blade disk model and a 24-blade blisk reduced order model. The results of these computational efforts not only confirm the assumptions and findings of the theoretical developments but also demonstrate that substantially larger amplification factors can be obtained with a general natural frequency mistuning as opposed to Young’s modulus mistuning. Finally, an amplification due to mistuning (no tuned amplification) slightly larger than the Whitehead limit was obtained with relative variations in blade alone frequencies less than 0.5%.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of Solvent Composition on the Assembly and Relaxation of Triblock Copolymer-Based Polyelectrolyte Gels

The role of solvent selectivity has been explored extensively with regard to its role in the phase behavior of block copolymer assemblies. Traditionally, thermally induced phase separation is employed for generating micelles upon cooling a block copolymer dissolved in a selective solvent. However few amphiphilic, polyelectrolyte-containing block copolymers demonstrate a thermally accessible route of micellization, and solvent exchange routes are frequently employed instead. Here, we describe the use of mixed solvents for obtaining thermoreversible gelation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(methacrylic acid)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA–PMAA–PMMA) triblock copolymers. One solvent component (dimethyl sulfoxide) is a good solvent for both blocks, and the second solvent component (water) is a selective solvent for the polymer midblock. Rheological frequency sweeps at variable solvent compositions and temperatures demonstrate an adherence to time–temperature–composition superposition, so that chang...
Back to the futures: incremental parallelization of existing sequential runtime systems

Many language implementations, particularly for high-level and scripting languages, are based on carefully honed runtime systems that have an internally sequential execution model. Adding support for parallelism in the usual form -- as threads that run arbitrary code in parallel -- would require a major revision or even a rewrite to add safe and efficient locking and communication. We describe an alternative approach to incremental parallelization of runtime systems. This approach can be applied inexpensively to many sequential runtime systems, and we demonstrate its effectiveness in the Racket runtime system and Parrot virtual machine. Our evaluation assesses both the performance benefits and the developer effort needed to implement our approach. We find that incremental parallelization can provide useful, scalable parallelism on commodity multicore processors at a fraction of the effort required to implement conventional parallel threads.
Enhanced fano-like phonon resonance in heavily doped graphene

A large enhancement in the intensity of in-plane optical phonon is observed in heavily doped graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. This enhancement is due to the strong electron-phonon interaction in graphene.
Comparison of Work of Breathing on High Gas Flow and Demand Valve Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Systems

Using on-line computer analysis, the work of breathing (WOB) was measured in ten normal subjects breathing through four continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) circuits. Two systems (Emerson ventilator) and MGH elastic loaded reservoir bag (ELRB) were high continuous flow systems and two (Puritan-Bennett MA2 and Bourns Bear ventilators) were demand valve circults. Mean values for the WOB were similar with either of the two continuous high flow systems (Emerson 0.41 ± .21 kg*m*L -1 ; ERLB 0.49 ± .29 kg*m* min -1 ) and significantly lower than with the two demand valve systems (MA-2 0.89 ± .40 kg*m*min -1 ; Bourns .71 ± .30 kg*m*minr -1 ).
Non-linear optical measurements using a scanned, Bessel beam

Oftentimes cells are removed from the body for disease diagnosis or cellular research. This typically requires fluorescent labeling followed by sorting with a flow cytometer; however, possible disruption of cellular function or even cell death due to the presence of the label can occur. This may be acceptable for ex vivo applications, but as cells are more frequently moving from the lab to the body, label-free methods of cell sorting are needed to eliminate these issues. This is especially true of the growing field of stem cell research where specialized cells are needed for treatments. Because differentiation processes are not completely efficient, cells must be sorted to eliminate any unwanted cells (i.e. un-differentiated or differentiated into an unwanted cell type). In order to perform label-free measurements, non-linear optics (NLO) have been increasingly utilized for single cell analysis because of their ability to not disrupt cellular function. An optical system was developed for the measurement of NLO in a microfluidic channel similar to a flow cytometer. In order to improve the excitation efficiency of NLO, a scanned Bessel beam was utilized to create a light-sheet across the channel. The system was tested by monitoring twophoton fluorescence from polystyrene microbeads of different sizes. Fluorescence intensity obtained from light-sheet measurements were significantly greater than measurements made using a static Gaussian beam. In addition, the increase in intensity from larger sized beads was more evident for the light-sheet system.
Scaphoid Fracture Fixation with an Acutrak(®) Screw.

We report a case of fixation of a scaphoid fracture using an Acutrak® screw. This screw is cannulated and headless, which allows it to be implanted below the surface of the bone. It uses the same concept of variable thread pitch as the Herbert screw, but unlike the Herbert screw, is fully threaded, with continuously varying pitch along its length. This variable pitch creates constant compression across a fracture as the screw is advanced, and gives the screw its unique appearance. This feature may improve internal holding power, as well as allow a fracture or osteotomy site to lie anywhere along the length of the screw.
Histopathologic evaluation of the effects of new root canal sealers on monkey pulps

Abstract Thirty-six pulpotomy preparations were made in the teeth of rhesus monkeys. Two experimental root canal sealers and a control sealer were placed in randomly selected anterior and posterior teeth of both arches. The experimental formulations were modifications of Rickert's (Kerr) sealer ∗ in which radiopaque glass spherules were substituted for the silver particles. The over-all pulpal response to the experimental products after 1-, 3-, and 8-week intervals was in the moderate range and was comparable to the commercial Rickert's sealer used as the control. Histologically, the pulpal reaction was characterized by a thin zone of necrosis walled off by connective tissue with a few inflammatory cells adjacent to this zone. Small areas of response dentine were seen along the lateral walls of the pulp and in small amounts underlying the exposure after 8 weeks.
Metabolism of amino acids by the atrophied soleus of tail-casted, suspended rats

Amino acid metabolism was investigated in atrophied soleus muscle from rats subjected to six days of tail-cast, hindlimb suspension. The fresh-frozen unloaded muscle showed higher concentrations of tyrosine and glutamate but lower amounts of aspartate, glutamine, ammonia, and a lower ratio of glutamine to glutamate than normal muscle. The atrophied muscle also showed faster in vitro production of alanine and tyrosine, and slower utilization of glutamate and aspartate. Despite a greater activity of glutamine synthetase, synthesis of glutamine was slower in the soleus muscle of suspended rats than in control muscle. Provision of ammonium chloride and/or glutamate showed that this slower synthesis of glutamine in the atrophied soleus probably was due to limiting amounts of free ammonia and not of glutamate. Flux through AMP deaminase was probably slower as demonstrated by the maintenance of a greater pool of total adenine nucleotides and by the slower release of nucleosides by the incubated soleus muscle of suspended v control rats. The extensor digitorum longus muscles of suspended animals showed greater glutamine production, glutamine synthetase activity, and aspartate utilization than control muscles. Data from muscles of intact, adrenalectomized and adrenalectomized, cortisol-treated rats suggested that the greater glutamine synthetase activity was mediated possibly by higher circulating glucocorticoid hormones and a greater response of the soleus muscle to these hormones. Glutamine synthesis in skeletal muscle may be regulated primarily by the availability of ammonia, which is associated with the degradation of adenine nucleotides, and secondarily by the amount of glutamine synthetase and glutamate in the tissue.
Bone marrow aspirate injection for treatment of critical limb ischemia with comparison to patients undergoing high-risk bypass grafts.

Objective Bone marrow cell therapy (BMCT) for patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a potential treatment in candidates with poor options for standard revascularization procedures. Whereas clinical trials are ongoing, there are few comparative data to assess its efficacy compared with bypass. Methods Patients with poor revascularization options underwent BMCT between 2011 and 2013. Outcomes were compared with those of a cohort of CLI patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass thought to be at high risk for graft failure (tissue loss, a tibial target, and a previous endovascular treatment or bypass). BMCT patients underwent harvest of bone marrow that was then concentrated and injected intramuscularly into the ischemic limb. Results There were 20 BMCT patients and 35 high-risk bypass patients. All BMCT patients had either rest pain (80%) or tissue loss (80%). The majority (65%) had a prior intervention (bypass, 30%; endovascular, 58%) compared with high-risk bypass patients, all of whom had previous revascularization attempts (bypass, 43% [P = .35]; endovascular, 77% [P = .14]). Mean follow-up was 773 days after BMCT and 972 days after high-risk bypass. All patients tolerated BMCT without issues or complications. A second BMCT treatment was performed in 21% because of clinical deterioration. Wound healing occurred in 75% at 1.5 years, including patients receiving second injections, all of which resolved. Rest pain improved in 87.5% of patients. Pain completely resolved in 58% at 1.5 years. Ankle-brachial index improvement was 0.23 (±0.25). Three BMCT patients went on to amputation. One-year freedom from major amputation or death was 78% for BMCT vs 69% for high-risk bypass (P = .60). Conclusions BMCT is a potential option in CLI patients who are not candidates for bypass or endovascular intervention. Limb salvage is unexpectedly high in this population with few other options.
Surface morphology of GaAs(001) grown by solid- and gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to characterize the surface of homoepitaxial GaAs(001) films deposited on GaAs(001) substrates miscut 0.2° towards [110]. Films are grown using solid-source (A 4 ) and gas-source (AsH 3 ) arsenic at temperatures ranging from 500 to 650°C. The surface morphology of GaAs(001) is found to be extremely sensitive to growth temperature - for both solid- and gas-source molecular beam epitaxially grown films. Further, the presence of arsenic hydrides (hydrogen) reduces the surface roughness in the multilayer growth mode.
Dayglow holes may reveal comet influx

Two controversial papers in the April issue of Geophysical Research Letters by a group from the University of Iowa offer a new picture of the earth's upper atmosphere and the source of water on the earth and other planets. Louis A. Frank and colleagues John B. Sigwarth and John D. Craven proposed that the earth may be seeing an influx of as many as 20 small comets per minute, each weighing perhaps 100 tons. Since comets contain a great deal of water ice, such a phenomenon could add significant amounts of water to the earth's atmosphere in a short time.
Lipid composition of twenty-two species of Antarctic midwater zooplankton and fish

Total lipids, hydrocarbons, wax esters, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids were determined for 22 major biomass species of zooplankton and fish in an Antarctic mesopelagic community that were collected in 1982 and 1983. Lipid levels were similar to levels in more temperate mesopelagic species. Total lipid concentration was depth related, with all lipid-rich species being collected at depths greater than 230 m. Wax ester content in copepods (60 to 70% of the total lipid) was generally higher than in subtropical species. Lipids indicated three predator-prey relationships (Parandania boecki-Atolla wyvillei, Thysanoessa macrura-Calanoides acutus andEurythenes gryllus-Atolla wyvillei). These were confirmed by gut content analyses. The mesopelagic fishBathylagus antarcticus, Pleuragramma antarcticum, andProtomyctophum bolini stored most lipid intramuscularly, whereasElectrona antarctica andGymnoscopelus nicholsi contained extensive stores in subcutaneous lipid sacs. The intramuscular lipids inP. antarcticum and the subcutaneous lipid sacs ofE. antarctica were primarily wax esters, possibly used for increased buoyancy or long-term energy storage. Unlike the odd-carbon preference of aliphatic hydrocarbons which typifies terrestrial plants and temperate marine organisms, even-carbon chain-length paraffins predominate in 80% of the Antarctic species analyzed. Although the source of these even-carbon n-alkanes cannot be determined from our data, their dominance in the species analyzed suggests that an unusual biochemical pathway may be responsible for their synthesis in this ecosystem.
Ethanol does not stimulate guanine nucleotide-induced activation of phospholipase C in permeabilized hepatocytes.

Abstract Guanine nucleotides are thought to mediate the interaction of the receptors for calcium-mobilizing hormones and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. In the present study the characteristics of guanine nucleotide-dependent phospholipase C activation were studied in [ 3 H]inositol-labeled permeabilized hepatocytes. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs guanosine 5′- O -(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS) and guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate stimulated the production of inositol phosphates by phospholipase C. The effect was concentration-dependent with half-maximal and maximal stimulation occurring with 0.6 and 10 μ m GTPγS, respectively. The guanine nucleotide-induced stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown was selective for phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate over phosphatidylinositol (4)-phosphate. The individual inositol phosphates formed after maximal GTPγS exposure were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate was rapidly produced, followed by the formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. Ethanol is known to activate hormone-sensitive phospholipase C in intact rat hepatocytes. Ethanol (0.3 m ) was ineffective in altering the characteristics of GTPγS-stimulated phospholipase C activation, in both digitonin-treated and sonicated hepatocytes. The metabolism of the various inositol phosphate isomers was unaffected by ethanol. The findings demonstrate the potential for the use of permeabilized hepatocytes in the analysis of phospholipase C activation by guanine nucleotides. Ethanol does not activate phospholipase C by altering this process.
Formation of alumina-chromia-chromium composites by a partial reduction reaction

Abstract Metal-ceramic matrix composites were formed by the partial reduction of Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 solid solutions to form Cr metal particles in an Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 matrix which had a lower Cr 2 O 3 concentration. In Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 solid solutions containing 10 and 25 wt.% Cr 2 O 3 , the microstructures produced by reduction are different from that expected from simple models of internal reduction or oxide scale formation. Grain boundary diffusion of individual grains. Small Cr particles were then observed to coarsen along some, but not all, grain boundaries by concomitant process known as ‘discontinuous coarsening’. The mechanisms controlling microstructural evolution in this system were examined.
Developments in a new treatment of exchange effects in the theory of radioactive decay

We present some new developments in a treatment of exchange effects in radioactive decay published recently by us. By altering slightly the definition of the parent nucleus wave function in our expression for the radioactive decay width GAMMA, we find that the transformation of the volume integral expression for GAMMA to the surface integral expression becomes rigorous. We discuss also how the optical model wave functions that appear in our expressions must be defined in a new manner which will lead to much larger predictions for GAMMA. (AIP)
Transgenic techniques to delineate cell-specific effects of β2-adrenergic receptors in the lung

Many, if not most, of the different cell types within the lung have been shown to express beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)ARs) on the cell surface. beta(2)ARs have thus been implicated in the regulation of many aspects of lung function. However, the physiologic and therapeutic relevance for many of these cell-specific responses has been difficult to establish because of confounding effects that result from the simultaneous activation of receptors on multiple cell types in an in vivo environment. It has been recognized in in vitro models that overexpression of G-protein-coupled receptors such as the beta(2)ARs can increase the number of spontaneously active receptors (R*) and thereby promote autonomous signal transduction or enhanced agonist sensitivity. With transgenic techniques, high levels of receptor expression and activation can also be attained in vivo. By further using cell-specific promoters to direct expression, it is possible to express beta(2)ARs in select cell types of a heterogeneous organ such as the lung. In this manner, activation of receptor signaling is limited to the targeted cell. Promoter-directed transgenesis can therefore be a useful tool to delineate cell-specific beta(2)AR-mediated effects in the lung.
Effects of cytoskeletal prestress on cell rheological behavior.

Abstract Normal tissue development requires that cells alter their mechanical behavior in different microenvironments to carry out their diverse functions. During cell spreading, migration, invasion and mitosis, cells exhibit a high degree of deformability, exhibiting almost a fluid-like behavior, whereas within quiescent differentiated tissues, cells must behave like an elastic solid to maintain their structural integrity in the face of an applied mechanical stress. A growing body of experimental evidence suggests that rheological properties of adherent cells depend on pre-existing tensional stress (“prestress”) borne by the cytoskeleton. This prestress results from the action of tensional forces borne by actin microfilaments, transmitted over intermediate filaments and resisted by both extracellular matrix adhesions and internal microtubules. Observations that the prestress influences mechanical properties of the cell are intimately related to the cellular tensegrity model. This model depicts the cytoskeleton as an interconnected network of cables that carry pre-existing tension that is balanced by compression-bearing struts and by anchoring forces of the substrate. This paper offers a brief survey of the basic concept of cellular tensegrity model, comparison of model predictions with experimental data obtained from rheological measurements on living cells, and comparison with other models that have been used in studies of rheology of cells.
Sensing Error for a Mobile Robot Using Line Navigation

The use of a contrasting line for the visual navigation of autonomous mobile robots in a factory environment is developed. Minimum and maximum linewidths are determined analytically by considering sensor geometry, field of view, and error conditions present in the system. The effects of these error conditions on the width of the line, as seen in the image plane, determines the optimal linewidth. Numerical examples using typical sensor parameters are given.
The cloacal gland complex of the Japanese quail.

Chez les cailles japonaises, le complexe glandulaire du cloaque est en fait localise dans la levre dorsale du cloaque et non de l'anus. Il existe un complexe glandulaire similaire et tres petit du cote ventral. La glande active se colore intensement avec le reactif periodique «acide Schiff», avec la fuchsine aldehyde, avec le bleu d'alciane et metachromatiquement avec le bleu de toluidine. Ceci indique la presence d'une secretion de glycomucoproteines. Le liquide transparent secrete est transforme en masse blanche mousseuse au contact des bacteriesE. coli etProteus mirabilis, presentes en quantites equivalentes dans le proctodeum. Les gaz emis consistent probablement en H2 et CO2, ce dernier peut agir comme tampon et stabiliser le pH de la secretion autour de la valeur 6,5.
Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits ultraviolet B-induced signal transduction.

Inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6) has an effective anticancer action in many experimental models in vivo and in vitro. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is believed to be responsible for many of the carcinogenic effects related to sun exposure, and alteration in UVB-induced signal transduction is associated with UVB-induced carcinogenesis. Here we report the effects of InsP6 on UVB-induced signal transduction. InsP6 strongly blocked UVB-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-kappaB transcriptional activities in a dose-dependent manner. InsP6 also suppressed UVB-induced AP-1 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA binding activities and inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (Erks) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs). Phosphorylation of p38 kinases was not affected. InsP6 also blocked UVB-induced phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha, which is known to result in the inhibition of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. InsP6 does not block UVB-induced phosphotidylinositol-3' (PI-3) kinase activity, suggesting that the inhibition of UVB-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activities by InsP6 is not mediated through PI-3 kinase. Because AP-1 and NF-kappaB are important nuclear transcription factors that are related to tumor promotion, our work suggests that InsP6 prevents UVB-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription activities.
Dynamics of cellular homeostasis: Recovery time for a perturbation from equilibrium

In the collecting ductin vivo, the principal cell encounters a wide range in luminal flow rate and luminal concentration of NaCl. As a consequence, there are substantial variations in the transcellular fluxes of Na+ and Cl−, conditions which would be expected to perturb cell volume and cytosolic concentrations. Several control mechanisms have been identified which can potentially blunt these perturbations, and these entail cellular regulation of the luminal membrane Na+ channel and peritubular membrane K+ and Cl− channels. To illustrate the impact of these regulated channels, a mathematical model of the principal cell of the rat cortical collecting duct has been developed, in which ion channel permeabilities are either constant or regulated. In comparison to the model with fixed permeabilities, the model with regulated channels demonstrates enhanced cellular homeostasis following steady-state variation in luminal NaCl. However, in the transient response to a cytosolic perturbation, the difference in recovery time between the models is small. An approximate analysis is presented which casts these models as dynamical systems with constant coefficients. Despite the presence of regulated ion channels, concordance of each model with its linear approximation is verified for experimentally meaningful perturbations from the reference condition. Solution of a Lyapunov equation for each linear system yields a matrix whose application to a perturbation permits explicit estimation of the time to recovery. Comparison of these solution matrices for regulated and non-regulated cells confirms the similarity of the dynamic response of the two models. These calculations suggest that enhanced homeostasis by regulated channels may be protective, without necessarily hastening recovery from cellular perturbations.
Studies on the quantitative antagonism of analgesics by naloxone and diprenorphine

The equivalents of pA2 values were determined for morphine, pentazocine and etorphine using the antagonists, naloxone and diprenorphine, and the writhing analgesic assay. The apparent pA2 values for pentazocine-naloxone and etorphine-naloxone were significantly lower than that for morphine-naloxone. Similarly, the apparent pA2 value for morphine-diprenorphine was significantly higher than those for pentazocine-diprenorphine and etorphine-diprenorphine. The slopes of the pAX plots of pentazocine and etorphine with both antagonists were greater than unity whereas those of morphine with the antagonists were close to the theoretical slope of -1.0. It is suggested that different analgesics may have different binding functions with the analgesic receptor. The possibility of the existence of different receptors for certain analgesics cannot be excluded.
Chromomagnetism and quasiparticles at finite temperature

Abstract The necessity for chromomagnetically charged quasiparticles in QCD is discussed. It is shown numerically that such quasiparticles are present in pure continuum QCD. Some effects of the gas of quasiparticles are conjectured.
Transbronchial Biopsy and Needle Aspiration

Transbronchial biopsy and transbronchial needle aspiration greatly increase the utility of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of a variety of disease processes. Transbronchial needle aspiration has brought into focus the importance of good cytopathologic support. The addition of histologic specimens (for light and electron microscopy) with the newer large-bore needles may further increase the utility of transbronchial needle aspiration. Both techniques are limited, in part, by the lack of distal tip deflection of the sampling instrument for steering accurately to peripheral masses. Tip deflection may have been partly responsible for the good yields reported for the double-hinged curet on small nodules, although the bronchographic map was also a factor. A steerable brush was described several years ago, but it was somewhat difficult to accurately maneuver, and long-term results were never reported. As yet, no easy answer is available for this problem. In the future, new generations of ultrathin bronchoscopes may permit much more accurate placement of sampling devices in the periphery of the lung and will represent an exciting diagnostic advance.
Computation of unsteady transonic aerodynamics with steady state fixed by truncation error injection

A novel technique is introduced for efficient computations of unsteady transonic aerodynamics. The steady flow corresponding to body shape is maintained by truncation error injection while the perturbed unsteady flows corresponding to unsteady body motions are being computed. This allows the use of different grids comparable to the characteristic length scales of the steady and unsteady flows and, hence, allows efficient computation of the unsteady perturbations. An example of typical unsteady computation of flow over a supercritical airfoil shows that substantial savings in computation time and storage without loss of solution accuracy can easily be achieved. This technique is easy to apply and requires very few changes to existing codes.
A family history method for DSM-III anxiety and personality disorders

Abstract A family history method for DSM-III anxiety and personality disorders (FHPD) was validated by direct interview of 182 relatives. The categories of "any anxiety disorder," "panic disorder," and "any personality disorder" achieved sensitivities and specificities equivalent to currently accepted psychiatric family history methods. The family history results for the DSM-III dramatic and anxious personality disorder clusters showed good specificities, but only fair sensitivities. It is possible these cluster sensitivities could be improved in the future by using less stringent criteria. The FHPD is designed so that it can easily be integrated into the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria format and scoring.
Semiconductors at IBM: physics, novel devices, and materials science

Work on semiconductor physics, devices, and materials science carried on at IBM in the last twenty-five years is reviewed. Topics covered include hot electrons, inversion layers, the injection laser, electroluminescence, the Gunn effect, MESFETs, solar cells, superlattices, and amorphous materials and effects.
A simple positive/negative surface ionization source

A versatile, spherical-geometry, self-extraction surface ionization source has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. The source utilizes direct-surface ionization to form either positive or negative ion beams resulting from interactions between highly electropositive or electronegative atoms or molecules and a spherical-sector surface ionizer maintained at{approximately}1100{degrees}C. For positive ion generation, the surface ionizer is chosen to be a high-work-function metal such as Mo, Ta, or W; while for negative ion formation, a LaB{sub 6} surface ionizer is selected. The design features and performance of the source for each of these modes of operation are discussed in this report.
STUDIES ON SEEDS: II. Origin and Degradation of Lipid Vesicles in Pea and Bean Cotyledons

At least two kinds of lipid vesicles are present in pea and bean cotyledons which can be recognized at seed maturity on the basis of whether they do or do not interassociate into lipid vesicle sheets. Those that do interassociate into sheets are also characterized by (a) their association with plastids or plasma membranes during dormancy, and (b) the unique transformation into flattened saccules that they undergo during the first few days of seed germination. These interassociated (or composite) lipid vesicles have been found in only a few seeds and may be restricted to certain classes of plants and/or certain states of cellular development. Lipid vesicle-to-saccule transformation is predominantly confined to the germinating seed. However, some lipid vesicle-derived saccules are already present in some cells even before the seed reaches maturity. These partially transformed vesicles and saccules remain unchanged over dormancy, and then resume their transformation when the seed is germinated. This suggests that some stages of seed germination are already underway before the seed reaches maturity and are only resumed at seed germination. The lipid vesicles that do not interassociate into sheets (i.e., the simple lipid vesicles) are present in all tissues at all states of cellular development. These vesicles do not undergo any conspicuous structural changes during development.
State-Level Locational Determinants of Biotechnology Firms

The biotechnology industry has experienced remarkable growth since its inception, and growth prospects are strong for the remainder of the decade. In this article, the authors develop a formal model to discern factors affecting the location of biotechnology firms. The number of biotechnology firms per million residents in 1990, in each of the 50 states, is used as the dependent variable. Explanatory variables include traditional business-climate variables thought to influence firm location, as well as a set of variables hypothesized to specifically affect location in the biotechnology industry. In the estimation procedure, the authors separate variables that (a) affect the probability that a state has a biotechnology industry from those that (b) affect the number of biotechnology firms in a state, conditional on the state having such an industry.
On the Evolution of Colleges and Universities.

Generating knowledge for various constituents and for society has always defined colleges and universities. Recent decades, though, have witnessed shifts in knowledge production and consumption. Research-oriented higher education institutions have developed closer linkages to for-profit firms, which have sought to exploit and commercialize academic know-how. In practical terms, these linkages can serve as an additional revenue stream for institutions that have seen declining state support in many national contexts. More broadly, collaboration with industry has come to mean that entrepreneurialism increasingly defines the work of universities. To what extent, though, does entrepreneurialism characterize the next stage of evolution for higher education? This paper applies ecological logic and literature on resource constraints to work on the innovation-driven, entrepreneurial university. I hope to suggest that, in spite of its increasing salience, the entrepreneurial university need not represent an evolutionary inevitability.
Predictions for cooling a solid to its ground state

A major goal of quantum computing research is to drain all quanta (q) of thermal energy from a solid at a positive temperature T0 > 0, leaving the object in its ground state. In 2010 the first complete success was reported when a quantum drum was cooled to its ground state at T0 = 20mK. However, current theory, which is based on the Bose-Einstein equation, predicts that temperature T → 0 as q → 0. We prove that this discrepancy between experiment and theory is due to previously unobserved errors in low temperature predictions of the Bose-Einstein equation. We correct this error and derive a new formula for temperature which proves that T → T0 > 0 as q → 0. Simultaneously, the energy decreases to its ‘supersolid’ ground state level as q → 0. For experimental data our temperature formula predicts that T0 = 9.8mK, in close agreement with the 20mK experimental result. Our results form a first step towards bridging the gap between existing theory and the construction of useful quantum computing devices. 1. Background. In 2009-2010 Park and Wang [7], Schliesser et al [12], Groblacher et al [4], and Rocheleau et al [10] used laser cooling techniques to cool solids to temperatures where the number of remaining quanta (q) are 63, 37, 30 and 4, respectively. In 2010 O’Connell et al [6] achieved complete success in reducing the number of quanta in a quantum drum to zero at T0 = 20mK. The key to their breakthrough was to use a ceramic wafer whose natural frequency, 6GHz., is much higher than frequencies in previous studies. In 2011 Teufel et al [14, 15] reduced the number of quanta in a drumlike membrane to ‘less than one.’ They claim that their device remains in the ground state for 100 microseconds, significantly longer than the 6 nano second result in [6]. Theoretical investigations [14, 15] have focused on the assumption that the Bose-Einstein equation q = 1 exp ( hν kT ) − 1 (1.1) for a single atom represents the behavior of the entire solid. Here k is Boltzman’s constant, h is Planck’s constant, ν is frequency and T > 0 is temperature. In particular, 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 82B10.
Management of congenital lung lesions.

The prenatal diagnostic hallmarks, natural history, and management of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung and pulmonary sequestration are reviewed. Large lung tumors may disappear partially on serial prenatal sonography, suggesting that improvement can occur occasionally during fetal life. The fetus with a lung mass but without hydrops has an excellent chance for survival with maternal transport, planned delivery, and postnatal evaluation and surgery. The finding that fetuses with hydrops are at very high risk for fetal or neonatal death has led to successful fetal thoracoamniotic shunt placement or fetal surgical resection.
Raman studies of quenched cyclohexane: A plastic crystal glass

Abstract By rapidly quenching the plastic crystal cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) to 77 K we obtain a “plastic crystal glass” i.e. the rotational disorder is frozen in. Raman active vibrational spectra of the glass yield sharp lines, for reasons discussed. The spectra are compared to the equilibrium spectra obtained by slow cooling. We also follow the annealing of the glass as a function of time at different temperatures. The time dependence is consistent with the production of nuclei of the equilibrium crystal without growth of these nuclei
On the Attention — Demand Value of Rorschach Stimuli

Summary The attention-demand value of the Rorschach stimuli was investigated by measuring free looking time elicited by each card. Reports of content were not given by Ss. There were significant differences between cards in amount of looking which they elicited. This was closely related to judged complexity of the cards (r = .78) and response productivity of the cards under normal administration of the Rorschach test (r = .72). A comparison of looking times under two instructions, non-defensive and defensive, showed that the instructional variable tended to produce greater differences in looking time for some cards than for others. Cards low in complexity showed relatively longer looking times under the defensive conditions.
The Seventy Faces of Peter's Confession: Matt. 16:16-17 in the History of Interpretation

In Matthew's version of Peter's confession, the disciple says to Jesus, “You are the Christ the Son of the living God,” and Jesus responds, “Blessed are you Simon son of Jonah, for flesh and blood have not revealed this to you but my Father in Heaven” (16:16-17). In the history of interpretation these two verses have been used in debates about the Trinity, Christology, revelation, and personal salvation. This intriguing history has not been properly documented by scholars, since reception histories have focused on the re-naming of Peter as “the rock” (vv. 18-19) and the feud between Protestants and Catholics over the papacy during the Reformation. This paper explores the forgotten exegesis of vv. 16-17 from the patristic to the modern period, organizing readers synchronically in terms of what they believe Peter meant by his confession (v. 16) as well as their explanation of why Jesus blessed Peter (v. 17). While primarily descriptive, the article shows how exegesis of Matt. 16:16-17 highlights theological debates unique to the time of each thinker, exposes the creativity of interpretive methods, and replicates the logic of larger theological systems in miniature.
Measurements of Planetary Radiation at Centimeter Wavelengths

Radiation from the planets, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter, has been measured at a wavelength of 3.15 cm using the Naval Research Laboratory 50-foot reflector and a narrow-band radiometer. The apparent blackbody temperatures for Mars and Jupiter derived from the radio measurements agree reasonably well with the results of infrared radiometric measurements. For the case of Venus, the apparent blackbody temperature derived from the 3.15-cm measurements is about a factor of two higher than the value derived from the infrared measurements. A measurement of the radiation from Venus at 9.4-cm wavelength was made using the same antenna. The apparent blackbody temperature derived from this measurement agreed well with the value derived from the 3.15-cm measurement, but the accuracy of the 9.4-cm result was low because of the small flux density of radiation and the small number of observations.
Enhanced hydrogen sensing employing electrodeposited palladium nanowires enclosed in anodized aluminum oxide nanopores

Palladium nanowire sensors have been limited to detecting small concentrations of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ). Upon excessive hydrogen uptake, tunneling currents fuse the nanowires creating a short circuit causing permanent failure. Here we demonstrate that electrodeposited palladium nanowires enclosed within single-step anodized aluminum oxide nanopores reliably detect hydrogen concentrations greater than four percent and do not suffer the mechanical and electrical failures of conventional self-supporting nanowires. Multiple cycling of molecular hydrogen at 100% concentration and long-term exposure to high concentration of hydrogen does not contribute to permanent short-circuit failure of the sensor.
The fundamental risk quadrangle in risk management, optimization and statistical estimation

Abstract Random variables that stand for cost, loss or damage must be confronted in numerous situations. Dealing with them systematically for purposes in risk management, optimization and statistics is the theme of this presentation, which brings together ideas coming from many different areas. Measures of risk can be used to quantify the hazard in a random variable by a single value which can substitute for the otherwise uncertain outcomes in a formulation of constraints and objectives. Such quantifications of risk can be portrayed on a higher level as generated from penalty-type expressions of “regret” about the mix of potential outcomes. A trade-off between an up-front level of hazard and the uncertain residual hazard underlies that derivation. Regret is the mirror image of utility, a familiar concept for dealing with gains instead of losses, but regret concerns hazards relative to a benchmark. It bridges between risk measures and expected utility, thereby reconciling those two approaches to optimization under uncertainty. Statistical estimation is inevitably a partner with risk management in handling hazards, which may be known only partially through a data base. However, a much deeper connection has come to light with statistical theory itself, in particular regression. Very general measures of error can associate with any hazard variable a “statistic” along with a “deviation” which quantifies the variable’s nonconstancy. Measures of deviation, on the other hand, are paired closely with measures of risk exhibiting “aversity”. A direct correspondence can furthermore be identified between measures of error and measures of regret. The fundamental quadrangle of risk developed here puts all of this together in a unified scheme.
Using Narratives in Healthcare Communication

Narratives convey feelings and communicate ideas that the listener needs to hear. As such, they make powerful tools in all endeavors of human interaction. The use of narratives has been especially successful in educational settings. The time has come for the patient narrative to take back its rightful place after having been displaced in the name of managed care and more efficient use of clinic visits. Modern medicine needs to learn to integrate the compassion and empathy gleaned from a patient's narrative with the knowledge and integrity needed to alleviate the patient's suffering and pain.