cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on surface quality and machinability of Ti-6Al-4V rotated parts fabricated by low-speed wire electrical discharge turning

This paper firstly focused on analyzing the characteristics of surface damage in low-speed wire electrical discharge machining (LS-WEDM) and introducing the multiple cutting strategy into the LS-WEDT to improve the surface quality and minimize surface defects. Surface and sub-surface damages of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) workpiece produced in LS-WEDT are discussed, which includes craters, cracks, surface alloying, surface composition, micro-hardness, and white layer. Experimental results indicated that the craters produced in LS-WEDTed surface are extended and very shallow. Although TC4 material has poor thermal conductivity, cracks can completely disappear by decreasing peak current in LS-WEDT, which differs from LS-WEDM. Comparing with LS-WEDMed surfaces, debris adhering on LS-WEDTed surface is very few due to good flushing condition and point contact discharge mechanism. The foreign elements of oxygen and copper are detected on LS-WEDTed surface, but the contents are less than LS-WEDMed surface. The micro-hardness of the heat-affected zone is much lower than substrate and the discontinuous white layer is obtained in LS-WEDT. The LS-WEDTed surface machined after finishing trim cut (FTC) is very smooth with invisible craters, and the white and heat-affected layers’ thickness are greatly reduced. Finally, practical machining is carried out via fabrication of the rotated micro-part and taper pin with diameter of 40 μm.
Salmonella Species' Persistence and Their High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Flooded Man-Made Rivers in China

Man-made rivers, owing to proximity to human habitats, facilitate transmission of salmonellosis to humans. To determine the contamination situation by Salmonella in flooded man-made rivers and thereafter the exposure risk to public health, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species and their antimicrobial resistance in such rivers, as well as the relationship between the incidence of local infectious diarrhea cases and the number of Salmonella isolates from patients. After a heavy flood, 95 isolates of 13 Salmonella serotypes were isolated from 80 river water samples. The two most prevalent serotypes were Typhimurium and Derby. Eight Salmonella serotypes were newly detected after the flood. Overall, 50 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and/or cefotaxime and carried at least blaTEM. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Rissen, and Indiana were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carried at least one of blaOXA and blaCTX-M-like genes. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Agona, Rissen, and Indiana were resistant to ciprofloxacin and had gyrA mutations. Isolates of Typhimurium, Derby, and Indiana were concurrently ciprofloxacin resistant and ESBL producing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis illustrates the circulation of two dominant clones of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates among patients, river, and food. High prevalence of various highly pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serotypes shows that man-made rivers are prone to heavy contamination with Salmonella, and as a result put public health at greater risk.
ENERGY CALCULATION SLIDE RULES FOR SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES

ABSTRACT As part of a Department of Energy sponsored program, a simplified energy analysis method was developed for site-built, single-family houses consisting of a set of slide rules with interchangeable tabs, plus a user's manual with additional tables for optional correction terms. Together these two items allow users to estimate the energy savings and to determine the effectiveness of a large range of conservation measures for houses built anywhere in the United States. The technical foundation for the slide rules is a large data base of over 10,000 computer simulations created using the D0E-2.1A energy simulation code. We analyzed this data base and reduced it to sets of tables showing the incremental savings due to various conservation measures for different house types in different locations. The slide rules are graphic representations of these tables, and permit users to recreate the data base by simply aligning the appropriate tabs. The slide rule calculates changes in energy use as a function of building characteristics, equipment efficiency and location recreating the results of a complex state-of-the-art analytical procedure without substantially sacrificing accuracy or requiring special technical knowledge. Current research efforts are aimed at improving the simplified calculation procedure and transforming it from a slide rule to a computerized format. This computerized version will be more powerful and flexible, and can be used both as a research tool by energy and policy analysts, and as a non-technical energy calculation tool by architects, home builders, home owners, and others in the building industry.
Reflections on a Career in Student Affairs

AbstractThe author provides a personal and professional reflection on her 40-plus-year career in higher education and student affairs within the perspective of current national events. She outlines the new challenges and responsibilities that the 2016 election and the ongoing aftermath create for the profession and proposes three guideposts for scholars and practitioners: the preeminence and urgency of the academic mission, remarking thresholds, and affirming peace
Donor financing of human resources for health, 1990–2016: an examination of trends, sources of funds, and recipients

Skilled health professionals are a critical component of the effective delivery of lifesaving health interventions. The inadequate number of skilled health professionals in many low- and middle-income countries has been identified as a constraint to the achievement of improvements in health outcomes. In response, more international development agencies have provided funds toward broader health system initiatives and health workforce activities in particular. Nonetheless, estimates of the amount of donor funding targeting investments in human resources for health activities are few. We utilize data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s annual database on development assistance for health. The estimates in the database are generated using data from publicly available databases that track development assistance. To estimate development assistance for human resources for health, we use keywords to identify projects targeted toward human resource processes. We track development for human resources for health from 1990 through 2016. We categorize the types of human-resources-related projects funded and examine the availability of human resources, development assistance for human resources for health, and disease burden. We find that the amount of donor funding directed toward human resources for health has increased from only $34 million in 1990 to $1.5 billion in 2016 (in 2017 US dollars). Overall, $18.5 billion in 2017 US dollars was targeted toward human resources for health between 1990 and 2016. The primary regions receiving these resources were sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. The main donor countries were the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. The main agencies through which these resources were disbursed are non-governmental organizations (NGOs), US bilateral agencies, and UN agencies. In 2016, less than 4% of development assistance for health could be tied to funding for human resources. Given the central role skilled health workers play in health systems, in order to make credible progress in reducing disparities in health and attaining the goal of universal health coverage for all by 2030, it may be appropriate for more resources to be mobilized in order to guarantee adequate manpower to deliver key health interventions.
Metastatic Cancer in the Breast

Although metastatic tumor to the breast is rare, with published reports between 0.2% and 3%, the diagnoses must be considered because patients with metastatic disease to the breast do not usually benefit from mastectomy, and delays in diagnosis contribute to the poor prognosis associated with most metastases to the breast from an extramammary location. Clinical history and presentation is of paramount importance and in many cases may be the only clue in recognizing metastases to the breast from an extramammary location. The morphologic evaluation of the tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin on microscopic examination may offer pertinent clues, such as atypical morphology for a primary breast carcinoma or pigment within the tissue, possibly suggesting a melanoma. Immunohistochemistry is a powerful tool in helping to distinguish between a primary breast carcinoma and a metastatic tumor from an extramammary location. Molecular profiling has promising potential in the workup of a carcinoma in the breast which is suspected to be of metastatic origin. This chapter will review the current literature on the epidemiology, differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic workup of metastatic cancer to the breast.
Accuracy improvement of dynamic sensors using higher order sliding mode observers

In this paper, a dynamic sensor accuracy is improved by reconstructing the true sensor input signal from the dynamically distorted measurement corrupted by exogenous signals using higher order sliding mode observers (HOSMO). The proposed technique is used to estimate the true sensor signal thereby improving the transient response and driving the steady state error to zero in finite time. A case study on reconstructing an input of the planar metal-polymer composite sensor illustrates the efficiency of the proposed techniques.
How ESKD complicates the management of diabetic foot ulcers: The vital role of the dialysis team in prevention, early detection, and support of multidisciplinary treatment to reduce lower extremity amputations.

Diabetic foot ulcers do not heal as well in ESKD as in the absence of kidney failure, and rates of recurrent foot ulcers, as well as lower extremity amputation, are higher. This review of the literature highlights the vital role of the dialysis team in prevention, early detection, and support of treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Our review has five goals-(a) increase nephrologists' understanding of the high morbidity and mortality associated with chronic foot ulcers and (lower extrimity) LE amputations in ESKD; (b) promote nephrologists' understanding of grading systems for diabetic foot ulcer severity, in order to expedite communication with local diabetic foot experts; (c) promote collaboration between nephrologists and infectious disease specialists regarding the dose, route, and delivery logistics of intravenous antibiotics for infected chronic foot ulcers, in particular in the presence of osteomyelitis and other deep-seated infections; (d) increase the awareness of dialysis nurses, technicians, dietitians, social workers and administrators regarding evidence-based and multidisciplinary approaches to patients' diabetic foot ulcers; (e) encourage the application of published works integrating patient-centered diabetic foot education into the dialysis setting to reduce lower extremity amputations.
Starting points for finding toxicology resources

Abstract As the number of toxicology-related resources (articles, books, computational tools, databases, educational materials, etc.) has grown, so too has the amount of literature describing these resources. This chapter aims to provide readers with a select list of periodicals, databases, and online guides as starting points to finding and learning about toxicology-related resources. In addition, the chapter includes a curated bibliography of articles that describe specific resources as well as considerations when designing toxicology data and information systems
The Central Role of Interbacterial Antagonism in Bacterial Life

The study of bacteria interacting with their environment has historically centered on strategies for obtaining nutrients and resisting abiotic stresses. We argue this focus has deemphasized a third facet of bacterial life that is equally central to their existence: namely, the threat to survival posed by antagonizing bacteria. The diversity and ubiquity of interbacterial antagonism pathways is becoming increasingly apparent, and the insidious manner by which interbacterial toxins disarm their targets emphasizes the highly evolved nature of these processes. Studies examining the role of antagonism in natural communities reveal it can serve many functions, from facilitating colonization of naive habitats to maintaining bacterial community stability. The pervasiveness of antagonistic pathways is necessarily matched by an equally extensive array of defense strategies. These overlap with well characterized, central stress response pathways, highlighting the contribution of bacterial interactions to shaping cell physiology. In this review, we build the case for the ubiquity and importance of interbacterial antagonism.
Systemic dendrimer-drug nanomedicines for long-term treatment of mild-moderate cerebral palsy in a rabbit model

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of perinatal/neonatal brain injury, including cerebral palsy (CP). Therapeutics mitigating neuroinflammation potentially provide an effective strategy to slow the disease progression and rescue normal brain development. Building on our prior results which showed that a generation-4 hydroxyl poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer could deliver drugs specifically to activated glia from systemic circulation, we evaluated the sustained efficacy of a generation-6 (G6) hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer that showed a longer blood circulation time and increased brain accumulation. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that has high plasma protein binding properties and poor brain penetration, was conjugated to G6-PAMAM dendrimer-NAC (G6D-NAC). The efficacy of microglia-targeted G6D-NAC conjugate was evaluated in a clinically relevant rabbit model of CP, with a mild/moderate CP phenotype to provide a longer survival of untreated CP kits, enabling the assessment of sustained efficacy over 15 days of life. G6D-NAC was conjugated and characterized. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory assays were performed in BV-2 microglial cells. The efficacy of G6D-NAC was evaluated in a rabbit model of CP. CP kits were randomly divided into 5 groups on postnatal day 1 (PND1) and received an intravenous injection of a single dose of PBS, or G6D-NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg), or NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg). Neurobehavioral tests, microglia morphology, and neuroinflammation were evaluated at postnatal day 5 (PND5) and day 15 (PND15). A single dose of systemic ‘long circulating’ G6D-NAC showed a significant penetration across the impaired blood-brain-barrier (BBB), delivered NAC specifically to activated microglia, and significantly reduced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in both the cortex and cerebellum white matter areas. Moreover, G6D-NAC treatment significantly improved neonatal rabbit survival rate and rescued motor function to nearly healthy control levels at least up to 15 days after birth (PND15), while CP kits treated with free NAC died before PND9. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to activated microglia in neonatal brain injury can ameliorate pro-inflammatory microglial responses to injury, promote survival rate, and improve neurological outcomes that can be sustained for a long period. Appropriate manipulation of activated microglia enabled by G6D-NAC can impact the injury significantly beyond inflammation.
Diagnostic and clinical utility of the wireless motility capsule in children: A study in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders

BACKGROUND The wireless motility capsule (WMC) evaluates gastrointestinal motility and transit simultaneously. We evaluated the utility of the WMC in children with functional gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS Study in children comparing WMC transit and motility parameters between those with upper (UGI) or lower (LGI) gastrointestinal symptoms, nuclear medicine gastric emptying time (NMGET) and/or a colonic radiopaque marker (CROM) study. KEY RESULTS We prospectively recruited 57 children (median age 16.45y, range 8.78-17.8y, 44 Female) and 50 completed the study (24 UGI/26 LGI). We found no association between WMC study interpretation, motility and transit parameters and symptoms. WMC and NMGET interpretation agreement observed in 24/34 (70%) (κ = 0.351, p = 0.026) and with CROM in 17/21 (81%) patients (κ = 0.576, p = 0.007). WMC detected abnormal gastric transit in 41% vs. 24% with NMGET (p = 0.04) and abnormal colon transit in 62% vs. 71% of patients by CROM (p = 0.01). We found significant correlation (r = 0.574, p = 0.01) and no difference in median colon transit (p = 0.421) by WMC and CROM. A single WMC motility parameter, mean peak amplitude, was associated with NMGET (p = 0.04), none with CROM. Capsule retention >5 days (n = 9, all passed <2 weeks) was associated with prolonged colon transit, not with symptoms, age and gender. CONCLUSIONS WMC is well tolerated in children as young as 8 years old. We found no association between WMC and symptoms, fair agreement with NMGET and strong agreement with CROM. WMC increases the yield of finding gastrointestinal transit abnormalities. Capsule retention in children is associated to prolonged colon transit. Larger studies are needed to further validate these findings.
Dispositional gratitude and mental health in the U.S. veteran population: Results from the National Health and Resilience Veterans Study.

Abstract Dispositional gratitude may be linked to positive mental health outcomes, yet population-based data on this association are lacking. Military veterans are an ideal population in which to examine this question given high rates of psychiatric morbidities and efforts to promote psychological resilience in this population. Data were analyzed from a nationally representative sample of 3151 U.S. veterans. Veterans were separated into three groups based on an assessment of level of dispositional gratitude: high gratitude (weighted 79.8%), moderate gratitude (9.6%), and low gratitude (10.5%). Multivariable analyses examined the associations between level of dispositional gratitude, and measures of mental health and psychosocial variables. A “dose-response” association was observed between levels of dispositional gratitude and odds of psychiatric morbidities. Higher dispositional gratitude was associated with decreased risk for lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), social phobia, nicotine dependence, and suicide attempts, and decreased risk for current PTSD, MDD, generalized anxiety disorder, and suicidal ideation (odds ratio range = 0.16–0.65). Higher dispositional gratitude was additionally associated with resilience-promoting characteristics such as optimism, curiosity, purpose in life, perceived social support, and religiosity/spirituality (Cohen's d range = 0.11–0.73). Dispositional gratitude is prevalent in U.S. veterans, is negatively associated with psychiatric morbidities, and may help promote psychosocial factors linked to resilience in this population. Stratification of veterans with low, moderate, and high dispositional gratitude may help identify those who are at increased risk for psychiatric illness and in need of additional support.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Taylor Flow in Microreactors:Investigating the Effect of Surface Tension and Contact Angle on the Heatand Mass Transfer

Microfluidics technology offers high efficiency of heat and mass transfer and low safety hazards compared to conventional multiphase processes. The multiphase flow in the microchannels is usually characterized as Taylor flow that includes elongated microbubbles , separated by liquid slugs. In the current study, we employ OpenFOAM CFD package to investigate the effect of the surface tension and the contact angle on the interfacial surface area and transport yield in microscale systems. The results show that contact angle can significantly affect the surface area and the bubble size while the surface tension does not change these parameters in the system. Moreover, in lower contact angle, the flow may turn into bubbly flow, affecting $K_L$, mass transfer coefficient in the liquid phase. Findings of the current study can improve the mass transfer coefficient in microreactors while avoiding thermal runaways, hot spots and other safety issues of conventional reactors.
How US law will evaluate artificial intelligence for covid-19.

Daniel E Ho and colleagues explore the legal implications of using artificial intelligence in the response to covid-19 and call for more robust evaluation frameworks
A stochastic quantum program synthesis framework based on Bayesian optimization

Quantum computers and algorithms can offer exponential performance improvement over some NP-complete programs which cannot be run efficiently through a Von Neumann computing approach. In this paper, we present BayeSyn, which utilizes an enhanced stochastic program synthesis and Bayesian optimization to automatically generate quantum programs from high-level languages subject to certain constraints. We find that stochastic synthesis can comparatively and efficiently generate a program with a lower cost from the high dimensional program space. We also realize that hyperparameters used in stochastic synthesis play a significant role in determining the optimal program. Therefore, BayeSyn utilizes Bayesian optimization to fine-tune such parameters to generate a suitable quantum program.
Virtual Sensoring of Motion Using Pontryagin's Treatment of Hamiltonian Systems

To aid the development of future unmanned naval vessels, this manuscript investigates algorithm options for combining physical (noisy) sensors and computational models to provide additional information about system states, inputs, and parameters emphasizing deterministic options rather than stochastic ones. The computational model is formulated using Pontryagin's treatment of Hamiltonian systems resulting in optimal and near-optimal results dependent upon the algorithm option chosen. Feedback is proposed to re-initialize the initial values of a reformulated two-point boundary value problem rather than using state feedback to form errors that are corrected by tuned estimators. Four algorithm options are proposed with two optional branches, and all of these are compared to three manifestations of classical estimation methods including linear-quadratic optimal. Over ten-thousand simulations were run to evaluate each proposed method's vulnerability to variations in plant parameters amidst typically noisy state and rate sensors. The proposed methods achieved 69-72% improved state estimation, 29-33% improved rate improvement, while simultaneously achieving mathematically minimal costs of utilization in guidance, navigation, and control decision criteria. The next stage of research is indicated throughout the manuscript: investigation of the proposed methods' efficacy amidst unknown wave disturbances.
The Coming Out Experiences of Gifted, LGBTQ Students: When, to Whom, and Why Not?:

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the coming out experiences of gifted LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning or queer) alumni from a residential gifted high...
The Paths to Connectedness: A Review of the Antecedents of Connectedness to Nature.

Abstract Although many philosophers and environmental psychologists agree that progress toward a more ecologically conscious society depends upon individuals developing a sense of connectedness to nature, such agreement is of limited use if we do not understand how connectedness forms. The purpose of this review is to delineate the state of the psychological literature concerning the antecedents of connectedness to nature. The literature review is organized into three main sections: (1) situational contexts that influence connectedness; (2) individual difference predictors, such as demographic group membership, personality, or beliefs; and (3) internal psychological states that may explain psychological processes that result in connectedness. Major critiques of the extant literature and future directions are presented in a discussion following the body of the review. The primary implications highlighted by the review are a greater need for theories delineating the formation of connectedness, a greater focus on process, and increased differentiation between similar antecedents of connectedness. Keywords: Connectedness to Nature, Contact with Nature, Self, Antecedents, Literature Review.
Commuting in the USSR.

The number of commuters in the USSR is estimated to have reached 10–12 million in 1970. Commuting remains understudied by Soviet scholars because of a lack of agreement on its role in relation to migration and other forms of mobility, and inadequacies in available data sources. Analysis of 1970 sample census data show rural commuting to be relatively most important in the western areas of the country and least important in Siberia and Central Asia. While in absolute terms, the largest numbers of commuters are found in large cities, there is some evidence that commuting is relatively more important in small cities. Over 90 percent of commuter movements employ public transportation and the growth in number of commuters has been largely accommodated by an increase in bus routes and capacities. Commuting distances have become extended and many commuters must now spend a substantial time in daily travel. In-commuters are not representative of the labor force but are biased toward young, low-skilled workers, oc...
Ensuring data confidentiality in cloud computing: an encryption and trust-based solution

With the rapid development of cloud computing, more users are attracted by its powerful and cost-efficient computation capability. However, whether CSPs can effectively protect CSUs’ data confidentiality remains a challenging issue. In this work, we aim at ensuring data confidentiality in the cloud environment by enabling CSUs to (1) encrypt their sensitive data and perform data correctness verification from time to time, (2) evaluate the trustworthiness of CSP, and (3) determine whether to allow CSPs to perform diverse computation services according to their trust values. The proposed solution, which integrates the encryption and trust based techniques, has achieved the above design goals.
BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF CHILD AUTO RESTRAINTS

This paper presents the anatomical considerations and general principles of occupant restraint in the car crash environment with emphasis on the protection of the child auto occupant. Design criteria and typical performance problem areas in child restraint systems are discussed.
Evaluating ISA support and hardware support for recursive data layouts

Recursive data layouts for matrices (two dimensional arrays) have been proposed to ameliorate the poor data locality caused by traditional layouts like row-major and column-major [3][12]. However, recursive data layouts require non-traditional address computation which involves bit-level manipulations that are not supported in current processors. As such, a number of software-based address computation techniques have been developed ranging from table-lookup based techniques to arithmetic-and-logic-operation based techniques. This effectively creates a tradeoff of extra computation for locality. In this paper, we design the appropriate instruction set architecture (ISA) support and hardware support to achieve address computation for recursive data layouts. Our technique captures the benefits of locality of the sophisticated data layouts while avoiding the cost of software-based address computation. Simulations reveal that our hardware approach improves the performance of matrix multiplication by factors ranging 30% to 59% over software-computed Morton-ordered indexing, especially at larger matrix sizes.
Four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint. II Invariant distribution of quantized field oscillators and questions on infinities

The foundation of the quantum field theory is changed by introducing a new universal probability principle into field operators: one single inherent and invariant probability distribution P(/k/) is postulated for boson and fermion field oscillators. This can be accomplished only when one treats the four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint. Special relativity is too restrictive to allow such a universal probability principle. A radical length, R, appears in physics through the probability distribution P(/k/). The force between two point particles vanishes when their relative distance tends to zero. This appears to be a general property for all forces and resembles the property of asymptotic freedom. The usual infinities in vacuum fluctuations and in local interactions, however complicated they may be, are all removed from quantum field theories. In appendix A a simple finite and unitary theory of unified electroweak interactions is discussed without assuming Higgs scalar bosons.
Practical statistical correlation of an RF absorber lined chamber and open area EMI test site

The inadequacy of deterministic methods to correlate measurements from a radio frequency (RF) semianechoic absorber lined chamber and open area test site is discussed. An alternate method for statistically estimating correlation is given, based on a large number of measurements of computing products typically tested at the facilities being correlated. Statistical correlation is shown as a chamber enhancement that increases electromagnetic interference (EMI) testing productivity. >
Isolation of lipid droplets from cells by density gradient centrifugation.

Lipid droplets are organelles found in most mammalian cells, as well as in various plant tissues and yeast. They are composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a membrane monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol in which specific proteins are embedded. This unit provides protocols for isolating lipid droplets from mammalian cells by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of High Humidity and Wet Marinade Methods for Pasteurization of Jerky

The USDA FSIS meat and poultry jerky compliance guidelines recommend a high humidity or liquid immersion pasteurization step before drying. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high humidity (>90%) or wet marinade pasteurization on jerky characteristics (water activity, moisture/protein ratio, total aerobic plate count [TAC]) and sensory properties. Jerky pasteurized by nonmarinade method A (76.6 degrees C dry bulb, 54.4 degrees C oven wet bulb temperature for 1 h) had highest sensory scores for spice intensity and interior cured color (redness), and generally lower TACs than jerky from marinade pasteurization methods. Jerky pasteurized by method B (54 degrees C for 121 min in marinade) had higher TACs than other methods. Approximately 2-log reduction in TAC was observed using marinade pasteurization in the smokehouse to internal temperature of 60 degrees for 12 min (method C), or in hot marinade to internal temperature of 70 degrees C before drying (method D), but jerky was less spicy and somewhat darker than jerky from method A. Extruded jerky (1.5-cm thickness) was similar to intact jerky for spice flavor intensity and interior redness, but required longer drying time to reach the target Aw of 0.85. Marinade pasteurization by methods C or D was feasible, and may be a preferred alternative for some processors, since monitoring of oven humidity during pasteurization is not necessary.
Changes in Vertical Phytoplankton Distribution in Response to Natural Disturbances in a Temperate and a Subtropical Lake

Abstract The effects of increased turbidity and epilimnetic phosphorus concentration on the distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a due to short-term disturbances (siltation and humic-stained runoff) were studied in Dunham Pond, CT and Lake Annie, FL. Both stratified systems exhibited similar responses. Well-developed deep chlorophyll layers decreased in intensity and epilimnetic chlorophyll-a increased as a result of the disturbances. The observed similar phytoplankton responses from a temperate dimictic lake and a subtropical monomictic lake are consistent with published theory relating the occurrence of deep chlorophyll maxima with trophic status in stratified lakes.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GROWTH CONES AND AXONS OF CULTURED NERVE CELLS

Dorsal root ganglion nerve cells undergoing axon elongation in vitro have been analyzed ultrastructurally. The growth cone at the axonal tip contains smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, neurofilaments, occasional microtubules, and a network of 50-A in diameter microfilaments. The filamentous network fills the periphery of the growth cone and is the only structure found in microspikes. Elements of the network are oriented parallel to the axis of microspikes, but exhibit little orientation in the growth cone. Cytochalasin B causes rounding up of growth cones, retraction of microspikes, and cessation of axon elongation. The latter biological effect correlates with an ultrastructural alteration in the filamentous network of growth cones and microspikes. No other organelle appears to be affected by the drug. Removal of cytochalasin allows reinitiation of growth cone-microspike activity, and elongation begins anew. Such recovery will occur in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and in the absence of exogenous nerve growth factor. The neurofilaments and microtubules of axons are regularly spaced. Fine filaments indistinguishable from those in the growth cone interconnect neurofilaments, vesicles, microtubules, and plasma membrane. This filamentous network could provide the structural basis for the initiation of lateral microspikes and perhaps of collateral axons, besides playing a role in axonal transport.
Adjuvant Embolization with N-butyl Cyanoacrylate in the Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Outcomes, Complications, and Predictors of Neurologic Deficits

Background and Purpose—The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency, severity, and predictors of neurological deficits after adjuvant embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Methods—From 1997 to 2006, 202 of 275 patients with arteriovenous malformation received embolization before microsurgery (n=176) or radiosurgery (n=26). Patients were examined before and after endovascular embolization and at clinical follow-up (mean, 43.4±34.6 months). Outcome was classified according to the modified Rankin Scale. New neurological deficits after embolization were defined as minimal (no change in overall modified Rankin Scale), moderate (modified Rankin Scale ≤2), or significant (modified Rankin Scale >2). Results—Two hundred two patients were treated in 377 embolization procedures. There were a total of 29 new clinical deficits after embolization (8% of procedures; 14% of patients), of which 19 were moderate or significant. Postembolization deficits resolved in a significant number of patients...
Attenuation of skeletal muscle reperfusion injury with intravenous 12 amino acid peptides that bind to pathogenic IgM.

Background The injury sustained by reperfused skeletal muscle is inflammatory and is initiated by binding of pre-formed IgM to involved tissue, followed by local complement activation and further inflammation. A clone of natural IgM has been described that initiates this injury, suggesting that specific antigens are exposed on ischemic tissues that act as ligands for this pathogenic antibody. In these experiments, we examine the properties of short peptide sequences, and their homologues, that bind to the antigen-combining site of this pathogenic IgM clone. Methods A 12-mer phage display library was biopanned with the pathogenic IgM clone and then negatively selected against an inactive natural IgM clone. All 8 clones that bound specifically to the pathogenic IgM had closely related amino acid sequences. P8 is the clone that bound most avidly. Tissue lysates from ischemic tissue were reacted with pathogenic IgM, and immune complexes isolated and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Bands were excised and sequenced, identifying non-muscle myosin as the protein reacting with pathogenic antibody in ischemic gut and glycogen phosphorylase as the counterpart in ischemic skeletal muscle. Both proteins contain sequence homologous to P8; N2 and GP1 are the natural 12-mers homologues that are contained within non-muscle myosin and glycogen phosphorylase, respectively. Wild-type C57/Bl6 mice, divided into groups receiving saline, P8, N2, GP1, or a random peptide at the start of the experiment, were subjected to 2 hours of tourniquet induced hind limb ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Muscle was assessed for injury with histology and for immune activation with histochemistry. Results Intravenous administration of P8, N2, and GP1 led to significant attenuation of muscle injury (13 ± 1.8 injured fibers/50 counted, 12 ± 0.81, 8.0 ± 0.73 respectively) after reperfusion injury compared to animals receiving saline (26 ± 2.3) or the same mass of a random peptide (22 ± 2.3), P less than .05. This level of protection from injury is comparable to that seen in the absence of antibody altogether. As well, P8-treated animals exhibited a marked decrease in deposition of IgM (as well as C3) in comparison to saline treated controls. Conclusions Specific peptide blockade of an injury-inducing IgM clone decreased the local consequences of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in wild-type animals that have the full repertoire of IgM specificities. This indicates that the antibodies that initiate reperfusion injury have specificity only for P8-related antigens. This could also indicate that the variety of relevant ischemic antigens is quite restricted.
Prospective evaluation of gastric acid secretion and cobalamin absorption following gastric bypass for clinically severe obesity.

The pathophysiologic mechanism(s) responsible for cobalamin deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically severe obesity remains unexplained. Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor has been postulated, but decreased gastric acid secretion resulting in maldigestion and inadequate liberation of free cobalamin from its native protein-bound form is also possible. The aim of this study was to determine prospectively secretion of gastric acid and absorption of crystalline (free) and protein-bound cobalamin before and after gastric bypass. Eight patients (two men, six women) underwent orogastric intubation of the intact stomach preoperatively and the proximal gastric pouch postoperatively. Gastric acid secretion in the basal and stimulated (pentagastrin, 6 µg/kg) states was determined by a perfused, nonabsorbable marker technique to quantitate recovery of gastric secretion. Absorption of radiolabeled (57Co) crystalline and protein-bound cobalamin was assessed on separate days by 24-hr urinary excretion. After gastric bypass, acid secretion (juvysem) was markedly reduced in basal (9.1±3.6 vs 0.005±0.003 meq/hr;P=0.04) and stimulated (12.8±1.8 vs 0.008±0.003 meq/30 min;P=0.002) states. Absorption of crystalline cobalamin was decreased (15.8±2.5 vs 9.4±1.4%;P=0.08) to a lesser extent than was protein-bound cobalamin (5.9±1.0 vs 1.1±0.3%;P=0.004). In summary, gastric acid secretion from the gastric pouch is negligible after gastric bypass, and food-bound cobalamin is maldigested and subsequently malabsorbed presumably due to pouch achlorhydria. Decreased absorption of free cobalamin suggests decreased cobalamin-intrinsic factor complex formation. This study suggests that cobalamin deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass results both from inadequate digestion of food-bound cobalamin and from insufficient secretion of intrinsic factor.
Kinsey and Beyond: Past, Present, and Future Considerations for Research on Male Bisexuality

Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey and his colleagues left behind a legacy of work that has served as a foundation for scholars worldwide as they explore human sexual behavior, including bisexuality. To truly reflect on the extent to which Kinsey's work has influenced researchers' conceptualizations of male bisexuality, and considers past, current, and future directions for work in this area, this article reflects lessons learned through conversations with one of the original members of Kinsey's team, Dr. Paul Gebhard. These dialogues provided his perspectives on our contemporary treatment of bisexuality in research and the extent to which it has (not) taken full advantage of the frameworks provided by Kinsey's original work. The insights gained through these interactions, combined with a review of some of the past and current work on male bisexuality, offer valuable reference points for future research efforts.
Bonding and structures in silicon clusters : a valence-bond interpretation

Electronic-structure calculations using the ab initio generalized-valence-bond approach have been used to investigate the structure and bonding of silicon clusters ${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$--${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$. While several previous studies of the structures of these clusters have been presented, this is the first to provide an in-depth analysis of the bonding. The importance of including electronic correlation effects self-consistently in determining the cluster structures is emphasized. New geometrical structures are found for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ that have nearly identical energies to previously proposed structures. In addition, for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{6}$ we find the relative stabilities of two structures to be reversed from previous work, leading to a different ground state. It is found that these clusters exhibit bonding characteristics typical of both metals (charge density in interstitial regions) and covalent semiconductors (charge density between pairs of atoms). The insight gained regarding the bonding in the small clusters is used to predict the structures for larger ``magic-number'' silicon clusters containing 21, 25, 33, 39, and 45 atoms, whose positive ions are found experimentally to have significantly lower reactivities than the ions containing other numbers of atoms. These proposed cluster structures are based on 17-atom bulklike cores whose surfaces resemble those found in reconstructed silicon surfaces. The relationship of the bonding in the small clusters to the bonding at surfaces is also considered. The analogies are quite striking and strongly suggest that local-bonding considerations may be a critical component in understanding the structures and properties in both situations.
Hyperlacticacidemia in Man: Ethanol-Phenformin Synergism

The effects of ethanol, phenformin, and ethanol plus phenformin on blood lactate concentrations and lactate metabolism were studied in 20 subjects. Lactate inflow, outflow and conversion to glucose were determined with the primed infusion of L—(+) lactate-U-14C for 8 hours. Resting mean blood lactate concentrations were 0.63 mM. Ethanol, phenformin, and ethanol plus phenformin increased blood lactate concentrations by 200, 150 and 500% to 1.27, 0.94 and 2.41 mm respectively. Following a single dose of phenformin (150 mg), blood lactate concentrations increased slowly to maximum values within 120–180 minutes and then declined. During the period in which lactate concentrations increased lactate inflow exceeded outflow. In contrast, ethanol produced hyperlacticacidemia by inhibition of lactate outflow rather than by increased inflow. When subjects who were pre-treated with phenformin received ethanol, increased blood lactate concentrations were accompanied by both increased lactate inflow and decreased outfl...
Level of inhospital care does not predict length of stay for patients admitted with congestive heart failure

Study objectives: Risk stratification for congestive heart failure (CHF) has focused on the decision to admit. Once this decision is made, little guidance is provided about what level of care a specific patient might require. There are significant cost differences between ICU, telemetry, and routine care, and appropriate disposition is a necessity in this age of increasing health care costs. We studied a cohort of patients with an emergency department (ED) discharge diagnosis of CHF to determine the effect of level of care and other variables on length of stay (LOS). Our hypothesis was that the higher the level of care, the sicker the patient and the longer the expected LOS. Methods: This was a retrospective review of hospital discharges at an urban facility including all patients with a primary ED discharge diagnosis of CHF ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 428). Age (10-year intervals), sex, ethnicity, comorbidities (secondary ED discharge diagnosis present in an aggregate ≥2%), and level of care were examined for their effect on LOS. Statistical significance was tested using Tukey's Studentized range test (HSD) on all main effects. A multivariate predictive model was then constructed. Results: There were 821 subjects in the cohort from July 2000 to June 2003 (59% men and 50% Latino). LOS was increased among Latinos (mean 6.3 days; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.5 to 7.0) versus blacks (mean 4.0 days; 95% CI 3.5 to 4.5; P =.0036). Level of care also modified the LOS, with those patients admitted to the surgical ICU for procedures having the longest LOS (mean 17.8 days; 95% CI 10.5 to 25.0). Comparing medical ICU to telemetry to routine revealed no significant difference in LOS (6.2 versus 6.5 versus 5.2 days). Comorbidities also were associated with a varied LOS (range: asthma, 3.2 days to atrial fibrillation, 8.5 days). Neither age nor sex modified the LOS. The final model demonstrated that a prolonged LOS was predicted by ethnicity (parameter estimate 0.96; 95% CI 0.35 to 1.57), comorbidity (parameter estimate 0.15; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.28), and level of care (parameter estimate 0.73; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.97). For the overall model, F was equal to 10.50 and P value was less than .0001. Finally, we grouped the different level of care locations into ED care only, routine care, telemetry care, and ICU. Even with this crude grouping, there remained no difference in the LOS between routine and telemetry care (5.71 days versus 6.54 days), although the ICU did show a statistically longer LOS, as was to be expected. Conclusion: There was no contribution to this model of LOS by or medical ICU level of care. Once the decision to admit a patient with CHF was made, further guidance appeared to be necessary to risk stratify with regard to level of care needed while in the hospital.
Writing patterns of the congenitally neurologically impaired adult

Abstract The writing patterns of two adults diagnosed as having congenital neurological impairment were submitted to linguistic analysis. The written work of these persons was found to contain errors incompatible with those of undereducated native speakers of English but somewhat analogous to errors of aphasics: tense, plural, and possessive endings are absent; articles and prepositions are absent or are used incorrectly; subordinating words are absent or incorrectly used. Yet the oral performance of these persons was syntactically unremarkable. It seems, therefore, that congenital neurological damage can affect the written performance while leaving the oral performance comparatively intact.
A tensor LEED analysis of the Rh(110)-p2mg(2 × 1)-2CO structure

The structural geometries of both the clean and CO covered Rh(110) surfaces have been determined by a LEED intensity analysis. The clean surface exhibits a top layer contraction of 0.09 ± 0.02 A and a second layer expansion of 0.03 ± 0.03 A relative to the bulk interlayer spacing. Upon the adsorption of 1 ML of CO the molecules are arranged in a zig-zag fashion along the [110] direction to produce the observed glide plane symmetry in the LEED pattern. The clean surface relaxations are removed and each CO bonds near a short bridge site with the CO molecular axis oriented approximately 24° from the surface normal. This bonding geometry results in a RhC bond length of 1.97 ± 0.09 A and a CO bond length of 1.13 ± 0.09 A.