cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust throughput and routing for mobile ad hoc wireless networks

Flows transported across mobile ad hoc wireless networks suffer from route breakups caused by nodal mobility. In a network that aims to support critical interactive real-time data transactions, to provide for the uninterrupted execution of a transaction, or for the rapid transport of a high value file, it is essential to identify robust routes across which such transactions are transported. Noting that route failures can induce long re-routing delays that may be highly interruptive for many applications and message/stream transactions, it is beneficial to configure the routing scheme to send a flow across a route whose lifetime is longer, with sufficiently high probability, than the estimated duration of the activity that it is selected to carry. We evaluate the ability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows across robust routes by introducing the robust throughput measure as a performance metric. The utility gained by the delivery of flow messages is based on the level of interruption experienced by the underlying transaction. As a special case, for certain applications only transactions that are completed without being prematurely interrupted may convey data to their intended users that is of acceptable utility. We describe the mathematical calculation of a network's robust throughput measure, as well as its robust throughput capacity. We introduce the robust flow admission and routing algorithm (RFAR) to provide for the timely and robust transport of flow transactions across mobile ad hoc wireless network systems.
QUANTIFYING BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY BY TAXONOMIC COMPLETENESS: ITS UTILITY IN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL ASSESSMENTS

Water resources managers and conservation biologists need reliable, quantitative, and directly comparable methods for assessing the biological integrity of the world's aquatic ecosystems. Large-scale assessments are constrained by the lack of consistency in the indicators used to assess biological integrity and our current inability to translate between indicators. In theory, assessments based on estimates of taxonomic completeness, i.e., the proportion of expected taxa that were observed (observed/expected, O/E) are directly comparable to one another and should therefore allow regionally and globally consistent summaries of the biological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. However, we know little about the true comparability of O/E assessments derived from different data sets or how well O/E assessments perform relative to other indicators in use. I compared the performance (precision, bias, and sensitivity to stressors) of O/E assessments based on five different data sets with the performance of the indicators previously applied to these data (three multimetric indices, a biotic index, and a hybrid method used by the state of Maine). Analyses were based on data collected from U.S. stream ecosystems in North Carolina, the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, Maine, and Ohio. O/E assessments resulted in very similar estimates of mean regional conditions compared with most other indicators once these indicators' values were standardized relative to reference-site means. However, other indicators tended to be biased estimators of O/E, a consequence of differences in their response to natural environmental gradients and sensitivity to stressors. These results imply that, in some cases, it may be possible to compare assessments derived from different indicators by standardizing their values (a statistical approach to data harmonization). In situations where it is difficult to standardize or otherwise harmonize two or more indicators, O/E values can easily be derived from existing raw sample data. With some caveats, O/E should provide more directly comparable assessments of biological integrity across regions than is possible by harmonizing values of a mix of indicators.
Central capacity limits in consistent mapping, visual search tasks: Four channels or more?☆

Abstract The issue of limits in central processing capacity is of long-standing interest to psychologists. Some behaviors appear to draw on limited resources, others appear to have no resource limits. The existence of behaviors which do not compete for limited resources is suggested by the results from visual search experiments which keep constant the mapping of stimuli to responses. Behavior in such experiments is referred to as automatic detection. Results are reported which suggest, unlike the above, that resources are really quite limited in consistent mapping, visual search tasks. The results from this study (and other studies) are in agreement with a model of visual information processing behavior which assumes that the maximum number of cognitive comparison operations which can be executed simultaneously is restricted to somewhere in the neighborhood of four (the exact number depending on the subject). The model makes a strong prediction about the relation between the rate of stimulus presentation and accuracy, a prediction which is supported by the results. It is tentatively proposed that the steady-state, limited-channel model developed here may provide the beginnings of an integrated treatment of certain key results from subitizing and iconic memory experiments as well as visual search experiments.
The Drifting of Baptist Youths to Other Denominations in Delta State: Causes and Panacea

The research examined causes and panacea of the drifting of Baptist youths to other church denominations in Delta State. Moreover, the main aim of the study was to sensitize the Baptist youth of the need to remain in the Baptist church. In order to achieve this, the survey research method was explored as a methodology. Questionnaires were used to sample opinion of Baptist youths in Delta State using the cluster sampling methods in some cities and towns of Delta State. The research showed that some Baptist youths in Delta State were gradually drifting to other church denominations like the Pentecostal church and that this is happening more in the campus due to lack of strong Baptist campus ministries in tertiary institutions. However, lack of constant willingness for economic empowerment, insensitivity of the church leadership to youth’s spiritual and physical needs were also identified as the causes of the drift. Due to the problems that have been identified, this research work recommended that establishment of strong campus ministries, bridging the gap between the ancient and modern in the Baptist church and positive branding of the Baptist church by members especially parents could be helpful in tackling the problem of Baptist youth’s drifts to other church denominations. This work was concluded on the presupposition that when all the tiers of Baptist leadership and memberships in Nigeria, especially in Delta State see the drift of the Baptist youths as a challenge that calls for: prayers, training and retraining through discipleship programmes, more radical campus Baptist youth ministries and the drifting youths to believe Baptist biblical practices and retracing their steps, the problem will be surmounted by the Baptist family.
1,4,10,19,25,41,55,60,67,69‐Decakis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,4,10,19,25,41,55,60,67,69‐decahydro(C70‐D5h)[5,6]fullerene

The title compound, C80F30, is one of seven isomers of C70(CF3)10 that have been isolated. The C2-symmetry fullerene mol­ecule has an idealized D5h C70 core with the ten CF3 groups arranged on a `pole-to-pole' para-meta-para-para-para-para-para-meta-para (pmp5mp) ribbon of edge-sharing C6(CF3)2 hexa­gons. There are no cage Csp3—Csp3 bonds. There are intra­molecular F⋯F contacts between pairs of CF3 groups on the same hexa­gon that range from 2.560 (3) to 2.876 (3) A. Two CF3 groups are disordered with almost equal occupancies.
Inhibition of carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover by U-50,488H in rat hippocampus — involvement of GTP-binding protein

Abstract The effect of U-50,488H, a selective kappa-opioid agonist, on carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) turnover response in rat hippocampal slices was examined. U-50,488H which stimulates PI turnover response in this preparation (Periyasamy and Hoss, 1990, Life Sci. 47, 219), inhibited carbachol-stimulated PI turnover in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 33±9.0 μM. The inhibitory effect of U-50,488H was not blocked by the kappa-selective antagonists, e.g., nor-binaltorphimine (10 μM), and MR2266 (10 μM), or tetrodotoxin (1 μM) suggesting that the effect of U-50,488H was mediated neither through the kappa-receptors nor through the release of an endogenous neurotransmitter(s). A Lineweaver-Burke plot of the stimulation of PI turnover by carbachol in the presence and absence of U-50,488H showed that the Km was not changed (11.4±3.4 and 11.5±2.6 μM) whereas the Vmax was reduced from 3849±460 to 1534±31 cpm indicating that the inhibition was non-competitive. U-50,488H also inhibited guanosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate (Gpp[NH]p)-stimulated PI turnover in rat hippocampal membranes in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 33±12 μM. However, U-50,488H had no effect on exogenously added phospholipase-C-stimulated PI turnover. In receptor binding studies. U-50,488H displaced the non-selective muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 4.5±1.5 μM. A Scatchard plot of [3H]QNB binding in the presence and absence of U-50,488H showed that the Kd was changed from 883±250 to 364±147 pM whereas the Bmax remained the same (1.66±0.16 and 1.65±0.18 pmol/mg protein) suggesting that the inhibition was competitive. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of U-50,488H on carbachol-stimulated PI turnover was mediated through the interaction with the G-protein but not through kappa-receptors or release of neurotransmitter(s).
Finite Element Modeling of Large Turbine Generators; Calculations Versus Load Test Data

In support of EPRI Program 1288-1, Improvement in Accuracy of Prediction of Electrical Machine Constants, generator parameters at load have been calculated by the finite element method, in two dimensions. These calculated parameters are compared with test data obtained under EPRI Program RP 997-2, Determination of Synchronous Machine Stability Study Constants. An iterative procedure was used to match the calculated terminal voltage with the test value, for a given armature current and power factor. The test/calculated values for field current, the various angles, and Xq are then compared. Good agreement in all the above parameters is obtained for six diverse load points. Reactances are also compared. Considerable saturation effect is found, and is confirmed by test data in the case of X4. The results of this systematic comparison are judged to be a confirmation of the power of the finite element method.
Wind Disturbance by a Vertical Cylinder in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Abstract The velocity distribution in the neighborhood of a cylindrical obstacle was measured over the frozen surface of Lake Mendota, Madison, Wis. Non-dimensional isotach patterns were constructed depicting the velocity distribution at two levels within the atmospheric surface layer. Differences in the vertical shear between the two levels is seen to affect the nature of the patterns. Wind speed reductions of 6% are noted upwind of the cylinder and in excess of 40% downwind. The upwind pattern is fairly well represented by the potential solution; the more complex downwind pattern is asymmetrical. Large vertical components of the velocity were computed.
Mothers' Perspectives About Reproductive Health Discussions With Adolescent Daughters With Diabetes

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore mothers' perspectives about reproductive health (RH) discussions with their adolescent daughters with diabetes.Methods This study of mothers used a sequential explanatory mixed-method design with 2 phases. Phase 2, the focus of this report, was a qualitative descriptive study using open-ended semistructured telephone interviews. Ten mothers from a larger study sample were selected by purposeful sampling. Qualitative content analysis techniques were used to analyze the interview transcripts.Results The following 4 themes describing mothers' perspectives about RH discussions with their adolescent daughters with diabetes were identified: (1) maternal awareness, (2) maternal knowledge, (3) triggers for initiating RH discussions, and (4) maternal fears/concerns. Several mothers were aware of their daughters' sexual activity and were aware that their daughters should preplan a pregnancy. They knew that an unplanned pregnancy may have detrimental effects on their d...
Explicit cross-property correlations for porous materials with anisotropic microstructures

Abstract Explicit correlations between two groups of anisotropic effective properties—conductivity and elasticity—are established for porous materials with anisotropic microstructures (non-randomly oriented pores of non-spherical shapes). In the present work, the correlations are derived in the framework of the non-interaction approximation. The elasticity tensor is expressed in terms of the conductivity tensor in the closed form. These results are based on the possibility to represent, with good accuracy, the fourth rank tensor of elastic compliances in terms of a certain second rank symmetric tensor and a unit tensor. Applications to realistic microstructures, containing mixtures of diverse pore shapes are discussed.
Delay Time Studies in a Channel Electron Multiplier

Delay time and gain for a Bendix 4028 Channeltron was studied during accelerated life tests. The results are presented along with a suggestion for delay compensation. Novel means for synchronous stimulation of the multiplier and for measurement of the output charge are presented.
Links between neuroticism, emotional distress, and disengaging attention: Evidence from a single-target RSVP task

Anxiety and depression are often associated with attention control deficits, but few studies have explored whether neuroticism can account for these links. In the present study, undergraduate students (n=146) completed self-report measures of neuroticism, worry, anxious arousal, and anhedonic depression and also completed a visual attention task in which they were asked to identify a red target letter embedded within a rapid sequence of items. Neuroticism was associated with detection of the target when it was preceded by a distracter with which it shared a feature in common (a green letter). Specifically, these distracters produced longer attentional blinks in individuals with elevated levels of neuroticism. In contrast, target detection was not significantly associated with worry, anxious arousal, or anhedonic depression. We discuss the implications of this link between neuroticism and attention for cognitive models of emotional distress and disorders.
Multi‐Product Quality Competition: Impact of Resource Constraints

We study a multi-product firm with limited capacity where the products are vertically (quality) differentiated and the customer base is heterogeneous in their valuation of quality. While the demand structure creates opportunities through proliferation, the firm should avoid cannibalization between its own products. Moreover, the oligopolistic market structure puts competitive pressure and limits the firm’s market share. On the other hand, the firm has limited resources that cause a supply-side fight for adequate and profitable production. We explicitly characterize the conditions where each force dominates. Our focus is on understanding how capacity constraints and competition affect a firm’s productmix decisions. We find that considering capacity constraints could significantly change traditional insights (that ignore capacity) related to product-line design and the role of competition therein. In particular, we show that when the resources are limited, the firm should offer only the product that has the highest margin per unit capacity. We find that this product could be the diametrically opposite product suggested by the existing literature. In addition, we show that for intermediate capacity levels, whereas the margin per unit capacity effect dominates in a less competitive market, proliferation and cannibalization effects dominate in a more competitive market.
The Formative Years of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education 1930-1938

It is nearly impossible for a meaningful professional organization to exist and function effectively unless most of its members know something of its heritage, its history. The American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education (AAKPE) is exactly three-quarters of a century old. It is imperative for its members—Fellows—to know something of the Academy's “roots.” It also may be more than merely interesting for non-Academy members, the tens of thousands of welleducated, dedicated professional men and women in our schools and universities, to take special pride in a portion of their history, an Academy 75 yeas old, an American health, physical education, recreation, and dance heritage history of one and one-half century—and a European history that harkens back 25 centuries. Much pride is taken by the AAKPE members in their relatively brief existence, one filled with service, teaching, research, and fellowship.
Conductance of metallic carbon nanotubes dipped into metal

We calculate the conductance variation of several metallic carbon nanotubes as their end is being dipped into a liquid metal electrode, where experiments have shown an achievable conductance close to ${2e}^{2}/h.$ The calculated conductance for a (40,40) nanotube indicates that the current flows almost entirely through the \ensuremath{\pi} mode, and not the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ mode. The calculation also predicts that for narrower nanotubes $(\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{nm}$ in diameter), in a ``weak coupling'' regime, the saturation of both $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ modes should be observable. An experiment is proposed to verify this point.
Cloud-Based Execution to Improve Mobile Application Energy Efficiency

Cloud offloading--a popular energy optimization technique--executes a mobile application's energy-intensive functionality via a cloud-based server. To maximize efficiency, systems must determine the functionality to offload at runtime, which will require innovation in both automated program transformation and systematic runtime adaptation.
Forecasting methods and practices of academic textbook publishers

Academic textbook publishers use a variety of methods and sources in forecasting sales. The study described in this article evaluates the quality of information available, the variety of industry practices, and the adequacy of the forecasts obtained. It also recommends ways of improving the quality of information used in forecasting.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in high-risk family medicine patients

Background The Adult Treatment Panel III guideline recommends a low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) goal of Methods To define this category and to determine eligibility for an LDL-C goal of Results Twenty-seven patients did not have LDL-C measurements and were excluded. Using the 5 definitions, we discovered that prevalence as "very high risk" was 10.8% (atherosclerotic vascular disease [AVD] plus smoking), 19.1% (AVD plus diabetes), 21.5% (AVD plus metabolic syndrome plus uncontrolled hypertension or smoking), 47.1% (AVD plus metabolic syndrome), and 67.2% (All AVD), P P =.13). Conclusion Classifying patients as "very high risk" is highly variable depending on individual definitions, but this does not appear to alter the rates of attaining an LDL-C goal of
Device physics: electrical solitons come of age.

Individual packets of light energy, known as optical solitons, have long been the darlings of communications engineers. Finally, their electrical siblings are getting a look in — and could become the new favourites.
Sodium Cation Affinities of Commonly Used MALDI Matrices Determined by Guided Ion Beam Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The sodium cation affinities of six commonly used MALDI matrices are determined here using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The collision-induced dissociation behavior of six sodium cationized MALDI matrices, Na+(MALDI), with Xe is studied as a function of kinetic energy. The MALDI matrices examined here include: nicotinic acid, quinoline, 3-aminoquinoline, 4-nitroaniline, picolinic acid, and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid. In all cases, the primary dissociation pathway corresponds to endothermic loss of the intact MALDI matrix. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield zero and 298 K Na+−MALDI bond dissociation energies (BDEs), or sodium cation affinities, after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-neutral collisions, the kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* and MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory are used to characterized the structures and energetics for these systems. The calculated BDEs exhibit very good agreement with the measured values for most systems. The experimental and theoretical Na+−MALDI BDEs determined here are compared with those previously measured by cation transfer equilibrium methods.
Renal Hemodynamics and Plasma Renin Activity after Renal Artery Constriction in Conscious Dogs

Renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity were studied during acute and chronic renal artery constriction produced by an externally controlled snare in conscious dogs. Renal vascular resistance immediately decreased, then increased to a level above control after approximately 1 hour, and continued to increase until the second day after constriction. Total renal flow rate was unchanged in the first hour, decreased in the second hour, and decreased further between the first and the second day after constriction. Renal artery pressure distal to the snare increased after the initial stenosis but remained below the control level. Changes in renal artery pressure were dependent primarily on renal vascular resistance rather than on aortic blood pressure. Analysis of 133Xe-clearance curves showed that the fractional weight of and the fractional flow to the fastest-clearing compartment decreased after the first hour and decreased further between the first and the second day after constriction. Plasma renin acti...
A freeze-etch study of the phototactic zoospores of Phlyctochytrium sp., a marine fungus

The major difference between freeze-etched illuminated and non-illuminatedPhlyctochytrium zoospores was in the plasmalemma. The illuminated spores had abundant 15–18 nm freeze fracture particles on the PF surface of the plasmalemma in a region external to the rumposomal complex. Non-illuminated spores show fewer and smaller (6–12 nm) freeze fracture particles on the PF surface of the plasmalemma external to the rumposomal complex. Both illuminated and non-illuminated zoospores have rumposomal complexes, nuclear caps, mitochondria, nuclei, and a variety of cytoplasmic vesicles. The nuclear pores were not randomly distributed over the surface of the zoospore nucleus. Micrographs of nuclei in developing sporangia indicate pore formation in the region of the nuclear pockets.
Human tumor membrane vesicles modified to express glycolipid-anchored IL-12 by protein transfer induce T cell proliferation in vitro: A potential approach for local delivery of cytokines during vaccination

Administration of soluble human interleukin-12 (hIL-12) has been shown to induce a potent anti-tumor response. However, the use of soluble hIL-12 is hindered by its cytotoxicity when systemically administered and the difficulty of transferring multiple genes into primary tumor cells. In this study, we developed a membrane-anchored hIL-12 and expressed it on tumor membrane vesicles to deliver and confine IL-12 to the vaccination site. We constructed a glycolipid-anchored hIL-12 (GPI-hIL-12) by fusing the coding region of p35 and p40 subunits of hIL-12 with the GPI-signal sequence of CD59 at the C-terminal ends. The two subunits were processed correctly and expressed as a GPI-anchored disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein on the cell surface. GPI-hIL-12 cells induced proliferation of activated T cells and augmentation of allogeneic T cell generation in an MLR assay. Purified GPI-hIL-12 was efficiently intercalated onto isolated tumor cell membrane vesicles prepared from various human tumor cell lines. Further, the incorporation of GPI-hIL-12 onto tumor membrane vesicles induced proliferation of T cells and the release of IFN-γ by activated T cells. Notably, GPI-hIL-12 enhanced the proliferative response initiated by CD80, a principal costimulatory molecule for T cell activation. These studies suggest that tumor membrane vesicles modified with GPI-anchored cytokines can be used to create potent immunogenic tumor vaccines for use in human immunotherapy. Since protein transfer can be used to modify tumor membrane vesicles obtained from surgical specimens, this approach offers a useful alternative to gene therapy as a means of developing cancer vaccines.
Differential regulation of HSC70, HSP70, HSP90α, and HSP90β mRNA expression by mitogen activation and heat shock in human lymphocytes

A subset of heat shock proteins, HSP90 alpha, HSP90 beta, and a member of the HSP70 family, HSC70, shows enhanced synthesis following mitogenic activation as well as heat shock in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this study, we have examined expression of mRNA for these proteins, including the major 70-kDa heat shock protein, HSP70, in mononuclear cells following either heat shock or mitogenic activation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), ionomycin, and the phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. The results demonstrate that the kinetics of mRNA expression of these four genes generally parallel the kinetics of enhanced protein synthesis seen following either heat shock or mitogen activation and provide clear evidence that mitogen-induced synthesis of HSC70 and HSP90 is due to increased mRNA levels and not simply to enhanced translation of preexisting mRNA. Although most previous studies have focused on cell cycle regulation of HSP70 mRNA, we found that HSP70 mRNA was only slightly and transiently induced by PHA activation, while HSC70 is the predominant 70-kDa heat shock protein homologue induced by mitogens. Similarly, HSP90 alpha appears more inducible by heat shock than mitogens while the opposite is true for HSP90 beta. These results suggest that, although HSP70 and HSC70 have been shown to contain similar promoter regions, additional regulatory mechanisms which result in differential expression to a given stimulus must exist. They clearly demonstrate that human lymphocytes are an important model system for determining mechanisms for regulation of heat shock protein synthesis in unstressed cells. Finally, based on kinetics of mRNA expression, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that HSC70 and HSP90 gene expression are driven by an IL-2/IL-2 receptor-dependent pathway in human T cells.
Interfacial characteristics of composites fabricated by laminated object manufacturing

Abstract This paper examines interfacial issues that arise when fabricating ceramic (SiC/SiC) and polymer matrix (glass/epoxy) composites using a novel, fully automated rapid prototyping method called Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM). Discussed in this report are the three types of interfaces that are of concern in composites fabricated with the LOM system: interlaminar, particle–matrix in particulate composites, and fiber–matrix in fiber-reinforced composites. In order to obtain good interlaminar adhesion, it was necessary to address three issues: material preforms, LOM processing parameters, and high-temperature post-processing techniques. Developments in each of these areas led to the successful production of high-performance composites using the LOM process.
The guinea-pig isolated vas deferens: a method for increasing sensitivity to drugs.

A preparation of the guinea-pig vas deferens was developed in which it was opened along its length. It was sufficiently sensitive to obtain reproducible dose-response curves to acetylcholine, noradrenaline, histamine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and potassium chloride; it was more sensitive than the unopened vas deferens.
Phylogenetic Relationships in the Subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) Based on Ribosomal DNA

Relationships in the subfamily Bovinae were examined using restriction-endonuclease site mapping of nuclear-ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analysis of the data supports the monophyly of the tribe Bovini and a sister-group relationship between the tribes Bovini and Boselaphini. Two lineages exist within the Bovini, the buffaloes ( Syncerus and Bubalus ) and the cattle ( Bos and Bison ). Data are presented to support recent studies that suggest the genus Bos is paraphyletic with respect to the genus Bison and that the genera should be combined. A comparison of chromosomal and ribosomal-DNA data indicates that 2n = 60 and FN = 58 is the most likely ancestral condition for the Bovinae. Numerous Robertsonian events have occurred during the radiation of the group, particularly in the buffaloes. Phylogenies based on ribosomal DNA, morphology, and chromosomes are combined to give a hypothesis of evolution in the subfamily.
Numerical Simulations for Radiation Hydrodynamics. I. Diffusion Limit

A second order accurate finite difference scheme is proposed for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamical equations in a diffusion limit. The radiation hydrodynamical equations in the limit constitute a hyperbolic system of conservation laws plus radiative heat transfer. A Godunov scheme including linear and nonlinear Riemann solvers is proposed for the set of conservation laws. The scheme with the linear Riemann solver works well for relatively strong shocks. The nonlinear Riemann solver is specially designed for flows involving strong shocks. The radiative heat conduction is treated implicitly. The treatment possesses a number of advantages over typical implicit methods. The most notable are the second order accuracy in both space and time, quick damping of numerical errors when the size of time steps is large, iterative solver and the fast convergence, the accurate treatment for the nonlinearity, and the energy conservation. Numerical examples are given to show the features of the schemes.
Easily Constructed Microscale Spectroelectrochemical Cell

ABSTRACT The design and performance of an easily constructed cell for microscale spectroelectrochemical analysis are described. A cation exchange polymer film, Nafion, was used as a salt bridge to provide ionic contact between a small sample well containing a coiled-wire working electrode and separate, larger wells housing reference and auxiliary electrodes. The cell was evaluated using aqueous ferri/ferrocyanide as a test system and shown to be capable of relatively sensitive visible absorption measurements (path lengths on the order of millimeters) and reasonably rapid bulk electrolysis (∼5 min) of samples in the range of 1–5 µL volume. Minor alterations to the cell design are described that could allow for analysis of sub-microliter volumes, rapid multi-sample analysis, and measurements in the ultraviolet spectral region.
Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Early Proterozoic Supracrustal Rocks in the Southwestern United States

A revision of previous models of Proterozoic crustal accretion in the southwestern U.S. is presented, based on the more extensive data now available. Five Early Proterozoic predominantly volcanic supracrustal terranes are recognized, with ages of 1760-1800 Ma, 1730-1740 Ma, 1720 Ma, 1680-1700 Ma, and 1650 Ma. In some areas they are overlain by a sixth, comprised chiefly of quartzite-pelite. In the oldest three terranes mafic volcanic rocks of largely submarine origin are more abundant than felsic. In the 1680-1700 Ma and 1650 Ma terranes felsic rocks exceed mafics, volcanics are mixed submarine and subaerial, and non-volcanogenic sediments are important. Least mobile incompatible element distributions in basalts from the 1760-1800 Ma and 1720 Ma terranes are similar to those in basalts from evolved oceanic arcs and associated back-arc basins. Basalts from the other terranes resemble those from continental-margin arcs and associated back-arc basins at early stages of opening. Incompatible element ratios in...
A regulatory effect of ENSO on the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial upper ocean

[1] To investigate the role of ENSO in regulating the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial Pacific, perturbation experiments are conducted in pairs with a coupled model. In one experiment, ENSO is turned off while in the other experiment ENSO is kept on. Perturbations are introduced through either enhancing tropical heating or increasing subtropical cooling. In the absence of ENSO, the time-mean difference between the warm-pool SST (Tw) and the characteristic temperature of the equatorial thermocline (Tc) responds sensitively to either enhanced tropical heating or enhanced subtropical cooling. In the presence of ENSO, such a sensitivity to destabilizing forcing disappears. The lack of sensitivity in the response of Tw-Tc is linked to a stronger ENSO in response to the destabilizing forcing. ENSO in the model acts as a basin-scale heat “mixer” that enables surface heat to be transported to the depths of the equatorial thermocline. The study raises the question whether models with poor simulations of ENSO can give reliable predictions of the response of the time-mean climate to global warming.
QUALITATIVE METHOD FOR PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES.

Abstract A colorimetric method for the partial characterization of indole derivatives based on their differences in reactivity with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde has been described. The possible applications and the limitations of this method are discussed.
Revolution, Occupation, and Love: The 2011 Year in Cultural Anthropology

ABSTRACT What does anthropology have to offer for making sense of the events that have come to be known as the “Arab Spring”? In this article, I use this question to organize my discussion of the prominent scholarly conversations occurring in cultural anthropology for the year 2011. The topics I consider in this review are the critical study of secularism and liberalism; affect, intimacy, and care as registers of politics and economy; space, place, and time; and indigeneity. I will suggest that last year's publications, while by no means anticipating such revolutionary transformations, do offer us a rich body of conceptual approaches and methodological innovations for productively engaging the emergent conceptual and worldly horizons being associated with the “Arab Spring.”[secularism and liberalism, affect, place, indigeneity, Arab Spring]
Bias estimation for moving optical sensor measurements with targets of opportunity

Integration of space based sensors into a Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) allows for detection and tracking of threats over a larger area than ground based sensors [1]. This paper examines the effect of sensor bias error on the tracking quality of a Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) for the highly non-linear problem of tracking a ballistic missile. The STSS constellation consists of two or more satellites (on known trajectories) for tracking ballistic targets. Each satellite is equipped with an IR sensor that provides azimuth and elevation to the target. The tracking problem is made more difficult due to a constant or slowly varying bias error present in each sensor's line of sight measurements. It is important to correct for these bias errors so that the multiple sensor measurements and/or tracks can be referenced as accurately as possible to a common tracking coordinate system. The measurements provided by these sensors are assumed time-coincident (synchronous) and perfectly associated. The line of sight (LOS) measurements from the sensors can be fused into measurements which are the Cartesian target position, i.e., linear in the target state. We evaluate the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) on the covariance of the bias estimates, which serves as a quantification of the available information about the biases. Statistical tests on the results of simulations show that this method is statistically efficient, even for small sample sizes (as few as two sensors and six points on the (unknown) trajectory of a single target of opportunity). We also show that the RMS position error is significantly improved with bias estimation compared with the target position estimation using the original biased measurements.
Analysis of strain-hardening viscoplastic thick-walled sphere and cylinder under external pressure

Abstract The boundary value problems of thick-walled sphere and cylinder, made from an isotropic strain-hardening viscoplastic material, and subjected to external pressure are analyzed. Closed-form solutions are presented for some particular values of the material constants. Apart from the instrinsic utility of these solutions in micromechanical modeling of hot isostatic pressing of porous metals, these solutions are also useful for testing the accuracy of numerical computational schemes which employ the constitutive equations for the solution of a much larger class of boundary value problems.
Shock-tube studies of silicon-compound vapors

Test gas mixtures containing SiO, SiO2, Si2, and SiH were produced in a shock tube by processing shock waves through a mixture of SiCl4 + N2O + Ar, SiH4 + Ar, or SiH4 + O2 + Ar. Absorption spectra of the test gases were studied photographically in the reflected shock region using a xenon flash lamp as the light source in the range of wavelengths between 250 and 600 nm. SiO was found to be a dominant species in the vapors produced by the SiCl4 + N2O and SiH4 + O2 mixtures. Spontaneous combustion was observed in the SiH4 + O2 + Ar mixture prior to the shock arrival, and the resulting solid SiO2 particles evaporated behind the shock wave. Spectral absorption characteristics of SiO, SiO2, Si2, and SiH were determined by studying the test gases.
Red Wine Consumption Not Associated With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Red wine contains polyphenol antioxidants that inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) development in animal studies. We investigated the effect of red wine intake on risk of CRC in the California Men's Health Study (CMHS). CMHS is a prospective, multiethnic cohort of middle-aged men who were members of the Kaiser Permanente (KP) California Health Plans and completed study questionnaires between 2002-2003. Incident CRC were identified from the health plan cancer registries through the end of 2007 (n = 287). To properly account for potential confounding by previous endoscopy screening, we restricted the primary analyses to CMHS men continuously enrolled in KP between 1998-2002 (n = 43,483 and CRC = 176). We used multivariable Cox regression to adjust for important confounders. We did not find an inverse association between moderate red wine intake and risk of CRC. The hazard ratio for consuming >/=1 drink/day (average = 2 drinks/day) was 1.16, 95% confidence intervals 0.56-2.40. There was no linear dose-response. The lack of clear association for red wine intake was consistently observed when we stratified the analyses by CRC stage at diagnosis and cancer site (colon or rectum). Moderate red wine consumption was not associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer in this population of middle-aged men.
The X-Y Antenna Mount for Data Acquisition from Satellites

Earth-orbiting satellite programs demand optimum performance from automatic tracking antenna systems. Certain criteria such as maximum drive shaft rates and best satellite data transmission conditions are considered in the design of the antenna mount. This paper describes the advantages of using an X-Y antenna mount for performing data acquisition and satellite tracking functions. Maximum shaft rates of two-axis mounts are compared under similar satellite pass conditions, and the relative advantages of using an X-Y mount are discussed. A discussion of several of the general design considerations of the servo-control system is presented, and a discussion relating the error constants to the output rates is given. A few salient features describing the advantages of the X-Y mount, from the servo drive system designer's viewpoint, are also presented. The paper concludes with a brief description of NASA's 85-ft parabolic X-Y antenna located at the Data Acquisition Facility at Gilmore Creek, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Histamine H-1 binding site on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) infiltrate the sites of allergic reactions and may respond to histamine, one of the major mediators of allergy. In order to characterize histamine interactions with PMN, the binding of [3H]pyrilamine was studied. Human PMNs bind [3H]pyrilamine in a specific, saturable, and reversible fashion and demonstrate specificity (H-1 antagonists > histamine > H-2 antagonists) for the competitive binding agents studied. Human PMNs have a homogeneous population of H-1 receptors of moderate affinity (Kd=52 nM) in large number (265 × 103/cell) which do not demonstrate cooperativity. Thus PMNs attracted to sites of allergic inflammation have H-1 binding sites which may respond to histamine stimulation.
FSM-based model for spatio-temporal event recognition for HCS

Extraction of quantitative information about spatio- temporal events happening in cells is the key to understanding biological processes. In this paper we present a finite state machine (FSM)-based model for specification and identification of spatio-temporal events at the single-cell level. Cells are modeled as objects with specific attributes such as color, size, shape, etc., and events are modeled in terms of the specific values of attributes of participating objects along with the spatial relationships between these objects. Results for a time-lapse apoptosis screen are presented where the extra information provided by per cell-based analysis is used to compensate for experimental artifacts. The model is general and is applicable to other cell-based studies also.
Idealized Hot Spot Experiments with a General Circulation Model

Abstract Idealized experiments are conducted using a GCM coupled to a 20-m slab ocean model to examine the short-term response to an initial localized positive equatorial SST anomaly, or “hot spot.” A hot spot is imposed upon an aquaplanet with globally uniform 28°C SST, insolation, and trace gas concentrations designed to mimic tropical warm pool conditions. No boundary condition or external parameter other than the Coriolis parameter varies with latitude. A 15-member ensemble is initiated using random atmospheric initial conditions. A 2°C equatorial warm anomaly is switched on, along with ocean coupling (day 0). Enhanced deep convection rapidly develops near the hot spot, forcing an anomalous large-scale circulation that resembles the linear response of a dry atmosphere to a localized heating, as in the Gill model. Enhanced convection, the anomalous large-scale circulation, and enhanced wind speed peak in amplitude at about day 15. Enhanced latent heat fluxes driven primarily by an increase in vector me...
Review of the effects of fatigue on performance of laboratory tasks

Fatigue has been cited as a causal factor in industrial, medical and transportation accidents. A common theme in the accident analyses has been the lack of knowledge about fatigue effects. What types of tasks are most susceptible to fatigue? How are the effects manifested? To answer these questions this article reviews the basic research on fatigue effects on performance of laboratory tasks. Tasks were categorised as vigilance, cognitive or psychomotor. Fatigue (as induced by sleep loss) consistently degrades vigilance performance regardless of task. Decrements include increased reaction time and decreased accuracy. For cognitive tasks, however, some researchers have reported increased time and decreased accuracy associated with fatigue, but not on all tasks or not consistently. For example, categorisation tasks show both decrements and no effects. Similar inconsistency exists for math (decrements and no decrements) and logical reasoning. However, fatigue consistently degrades tracking performance either performed alone or in a battery of tasks. In summary the research supports that at least in some cases of fatigue, humans cannot ‘see straight’, cannot ‘think straight’, cannot ‘do anything right’, cannot ‘seem to pay attention’ and cannot ‘lift a finger’.
Educating (More and More) Students Experiencing Homelessness: An Analysis of Recession-Era Policy and Practice

Rates of student homelessness have increased dramatically throughout the United States in recent years, yet there has been a dearth of scholarly analysis devoted to key organizations’ engagement of the issue. Given that the federal McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act has taken on a central, but underexamined role in shaping this engagement, this article analyzes the policy’s shaping of school, district, and community responses to conditions of homelessness. Focusing on issues of policy specificity, authority, power, consistency, and stability, the article suggests that McKinney–Vento has had a positive, yet limited influence on schools and students. For more widespread and effective implementation of the policy, it is suggested that appropriate, consistent, and strategically managed funding and interorganizational collaboration are critical. These implications for research, policy, and practice are framed as being especially relevant amid the recession era, during which the crisis of homelessness in th...
Observability of switched linear systems in continuous time

We study continuous-time switched linear systems with unobserved and exogenous mode signals. We analyze the observability of the initial state and initial mode under arbitrary switching, and characterize both properties in both the autonomous and non-autonomous cases.
A chondroitinase-ABC and TGF-β1 treatment regimen for enhancing the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered fibrocartilage

The development of functionally equivalent fibrocartilage remains elusive despite efforts to engineer tissues such as knee meniscus, intervertebral disc and temporomandibular joint disc. Attempts to engineer these structures often fail to create tissues with mechanical properties on a par with native tissue, resulting in constructs unsuitable for clinical applications. The objective of this study was to engineer a spectrum of biomimetic fibrocartilages representative of the distinct functional properties found in native tissues. Using the self-assembly process, different co-cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes were seeded into agarose wells and treated with the catabolic agent chondroitinase-ABC (C-ABC) and the anabolic agent transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) via a two-factor (cell ratio and bioactive treatment), full factorial study design. Application of both C-ABC and TGF-β1 resulted in a beneficial or positive increase in the collagen content of treated constructs compared to controls. Significant increases in both the collagen density and fiber diameter were also seen with this treatment, increasing these values by 32 and 15%, respectively, over control values. Mechanical testing found the combined bioactive treatment to synergistically increase the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the engineered fibrocartilages compared to controls, with values reaching the lower spectrum of those found in native tissues. Together, these data demonstrate that C-ABC and TGF-β1 interact to develop a denser collagen matrix better able to withstand tensile loading. This study highlights a way to optimize the tensile properties of engineered fibrocartilage using a biochemical and a biophysical agent together to create distinct fibrocartilages with functional properties mimicking those of native tissue.