cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymerization by oxidative coupling. III. Mechanistic type in the copper–amine catalyzed polymerization of 2,6‐dimethylphenol

Since the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-disubstituted phenols through copper–amine catalysis represents a novel polymerization reaction, particular interest attaches to the question of mechanistic type, i.e., stepwise or chain reaction. In the oxidation of 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of copper(I) chloride in pyridine solvent, the dependence of the degree of polymerization on the extent of reaction corresponds to a stepwise reaction of the type where polymer growth occurs through reaction of polymer molecules with each other, as well as with the monomer. The reaction is thus formally analogous to a bifunctional polycondensation. The isolation of low intermediate polymers from the reaction mixture and the facile polymerization of these intermediates or the synthetic dimer or trimer in the absence of monomer supports this view. Comparison of the infrared spectra of the intermediates with the model compounds supports the poly(1,4-phenylene ether) structure, and the absorbance in the hydroxyl region indicates one hydroxyl group per molecule. Partially oxidized reaction mixtures also yielded small amounts of the compound 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5,3′,5′-tetramethyldiphenyl, the precursor of the tetramethyldiphenoquinone formed as by-product on complete oxidation. A study of the rates of oxygen absorption in the polymerization of the monomer, dimer, trimer, and intermediate polymer showed little dependence on the degree of polymerization from the dimer upward.
Fatigue growth of multiple-cracks near a row of fastener-holes in a fuselage lap-joint

The fatigue growth of multiple cracks, of arbitrary lengths, emanating from a row of fastener holes in a bonded, riveted, lap joint in a pressurized aircraft fuselage is studied. The effects of residual stresses due to a rivet misfit, and of plastic deformation near the hole, are included. A Schwartz-Neumann alternating method which uses the analytical solution for a row of multiple colinear cracks in an infinite sheet (the crack-faces being subject to arbitrary tractions), is developed to analyze this MSD problem on a personal computer. It is found that for a range of crack lengths, a phenomena wherein the shorter cracks may grow faster than longer cracks may exist.
Clinical characteristics of 95 patients with ocular adnexal and uveal lymphoma: treatment outcomes in extranodal marginal zone subtype.

Abstract Background Lymphoma rarely presents in the ocular adnexa but is usually extranodal marginal zone (ENMZ) lymphoma when it does. Involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) is the standard of care for unilateral disease, but the optimal management of more extensive disease is unclear. Patients and Methods We retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 95 patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) or uveal lymphoma treated or diagnosed at our institution. All patients identified were included in the risk factor analysis for progression-free survival (PFS). The initial treatment-related outcomes were assessed for ENMZ OAL only (n = 62). Results With a median follow-up of 32 months, significant risk factors for PFS after initial treatment were age (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.74), female gender (hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.00), and a history of lymphoma (hazard ratio, 2.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-4.78). In ENMZ, IFRT was associated with improved PFS (median, 5.4 years; P Conclusion The results of the present study have confirmed IFRT as the standard for unilateral ENMZ OAL. Single-agent rituximab was an effective agent for bilateral ocular or systemic ENMZ OAL, particularly for systemic control, but ocular progression should be closely monitored. Combined modality therapy should be studied further in bilateral and systemic ENMZ OAL.
North American plate dynamics

Deformation within the North American plate in response to various tectonic processes is modeled using an elastic finite element analysis. The tectonic processes considered in the modeling include ridge forces associated with the normal thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere, shear and normal stresses transmitted across transforms, normal stresses transmitted across convergent boundaries, stresses due to horizontal density contrasts within the continent, and shear tractions applied along the base of the plate. Model stresses are calculated with respect to a lithostatic reference stress state. Shear stresses transmitted across transform boundaries along the San Andreas and Caribbean are small, of the order of 5-10 MPa. Also, compressive stresses of the order of 5-10 MPa transmitted across the major transforms improve the fit to the data. Compressive stresses across convergent margins along the Aleutians and the Middle America trench are important.
Setting the Agenda of the UN Security Council

Although the primary responsibility for maintaining international security is conferred on the UN Security Council, not all domestic conflicts come to the agenda of this organization. Why do some domestic disputes enter the Council’s agenda while others do not? This paper examines the determinants of the agenda and resolutions of the Security Council by focusing on civil wars between 1946 and 1999. I find strong empirical support for the power-politics argument that the Council’s agenda reflects the interests of the permanent members. Domestic disputes in countries that are alliance partners and former colonies of permanent members are less likely to come to the agenda, while the Council is more inclined to intervene in conflicts where permanent members have already become involved. This result suggests that permanent members have a significant influence on the Council’s decision making process even before the voting takes place. However, I also find that international norms have some influence on the Council’s agenda setting. Intrastate conflicts that escalated into international wars by involving third parties tend to enter the agenda more frequently than those that did not, suggesting that the Council is more likely to intervene in conflicts if it is given justification for the involvement.
Growth hormone and liver mitochondria: time course of effects on respiration and fatty acid composition in hypophysectomized rats.

The time course of the effects of GH on state 3 respiration and fatty acid composition of liver mitochondria was investigated up to 48 h after an injecton of bovine GH to hypophysectomized rats. The respiratory rate increased significantly by 12 h, whereas the docosahexaenoic acid level, the total unsaturation index, and the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid of total phospholipids increased as early as 4 h after the hormone injection. A linear association was found between the respiratory rate and the three measures of fatty acid composition. It is concluded that the hormonal effects on respiration may be partly mediated through changes in fatty acid composition, which have an additive effect on increased synthesis of proteins and respiratory chain components. (Endocrinology 119: 250–252,1986)
Activation of profibrinolysin by antigen-antibody reaction and by anaphylactoid agents; its relation to complement.

The activation of profibrinolysin in sensitized guinea pig serum when mixed in vitro with the homologous antigen was confirmed with a more accurate and more reliable method than the one previously used. A study was made of some of the conditions required for obtaining maximum activation. Profibrinolysin activation was also induced in normal guinea pig serum by addition of certain "anaphylactoid" agents such as peptone, tween 20, morphine, octylamine, octadecylamine, and 48/80. The specific antigen and the anaphylactoid agents produce activation only when added to whole, fresh, unheated serum. Profibrinolysin activation by these agents, as opposed to activation by streptokinase, seems to require the intervention of a kinase system (serofibrinokinase) inactivated by fractionation of serum and by heating to 56°C. Whenever serum was submitted to treatments which caused fractionation, fixation or inhibition of complement, serofibrinokinase was also inactivated. Under the conditions investigated the behavior of this kinase was indistinguishable from that of complement.
Determinants of mortality and loss to follow-up among adults enrolled in HIV care services in Rwanda.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV however high rates of loss to follow-up (LTF) and mortality have been documented in HIV care and treatment programs. METHODS: We analyzed routinely-collected data on HIV-infected patients >/= 15 years enrolled at 41 healthcare facilities in Rwanda from 2005 to 2010. LTF was defined as not attending clinic in the last 12 months for pre-ART patients and 6 months for ART patients. For the pre-ART period sub-distribution hazards models were constructed to estimate LTF and death to account for competing risks. Kaplan-Meier (KM) and Cox proportional hazards models were used for patients on ART. RESULTS: 31033 ART-naive adults were included 64% were female and 75% were WHO stage I or II at enrollment. 17569 (56%) patients initiated ART. Pre-ART competing risk estimates of LTF at 2 years was 11.2% (95%CI 10.9-11.6%) and 2.9% for death (95%CI 2.7-3.1%). Among pre-ART patients male gender was associated with higher LTF (adjusted sub-hazard ratio (aSHR) 1.3 95%CI 1.1-1.5) and death (aSHR 1.7 95%CI 1.4-2.1). Low CD4 count (CD4 /= 350 aSHR 0.2 95%CI 0.1-0.3) and higher WHO stage (WHO stage IV vs. stage I aSHR 0.4 95%CI 0.2-0.6) were protective against pre-ART LTF. KM estimates for LTF and death in ART patients at 2 years were 4.4% (95%CI 4.4-4.5%) and 6.3% (95%CI 6.2-6.4%). In patients on ART male gender was associated with LTF (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.4 95%CI 1.2-1.7) and death (AHR1.3 95%CI 1.2-1.5). Mortality was higher for ART patients >/= 40 years and in those with lower CD4 count at ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Low rates of LTF and death were founds among pre-ART and ART patients in Rwanda but greater efforts are needed to retain patients in care prior to ART initiation particularly among those who are healthy at enrollment.
Modeling of Thermal Spalling During Electrical Discharge Machining of Titanium Diboride

Erosion in electrical discharge machining has been described as occurring by melting and flushing the liquid formed. Recently, however, thermal spalling was reported as the mechanism for machining refractory materials with low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion. The process is described in this paper by a model based on a ceramic surface exposed to a constant circular heating source which supplied a constant flux over the pulse duration. The calculations were based on TiB{sub 2} mechanical properties along a and c directions. Theoretical predictions were verified by machining hexagonal TiB{sub 2}. Large flakes of TiB{sub 2} with sizes close to grain size and maximum thickness close to the predicted values were collected, together with spherical particles of Cu and Zn eroded from cutting wire. The cutting surfaces consist of cleavage planes sometimes contaminated with Cu, Zn, and impurities from the dielectric fluid.
Ocean Radiant Heating. Part I: Optical Influences

Abstract Radiative transfer calculations are used to quantify the effects of physical and biological processes on variations in the transmission of solar radiation through the upper ocean. Results indicate that net irradiance at 10 cm and 5 m can vary by 23 and 34 W m−2, respectively, due to changes in the chlorophyll concentration, cloud amount, and solar zenith angle (when normalized to a climatological surface irradiance of 200 W m−2). Chlorophyll influences solar attenuation in the visible wavebands, and thus has little effect on transmission within the uppermost meter where the quantity of near-infrared energy is substantial. Beneath the top few meters, a chlorophyll increase from 0.03 to 0.3 mg m−3 can result in a solar flux decrease of more than 10 W m−2. Clouds alter the spectral composition of the incident irradiance by preferentially attenuating in the near-infrared region, and serve to increase solar transmission in the upper few meters as a greater portion of the irradiance exists in the deep-...
Brazilian Sesiidae in the collection of the Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany (Lepidoptera)

Specimens of Brazilian Sesiidae on loan from the University of Saarlandes, Saarbrucken, Germany (IGUS) were examined, including seven of B. Zukowskys types in the Marten Collection in the IGUS. The types are redescribed and illustrated. Three new species (Carmenta leptosoma sp. nov., C. plaumanni sp. nov. and C. splendens sp. nov.) are described, with adults and genitalic structures illustrated; C. semitrista (Zuk.) is designated a new synonym of angarodes Meyrick; and Carmenta asema is a comb. nov. for Synanthedon asema Zuk.
The Shifting Landscape for Student Loans

Recent discussions of student loan policy ignore the the relationship between risk and social class. Students with weaker academic records and more modest family resources are at higher risk of failing to complete their studies and of being unable to repay their loans. Thus, those who study at for-profit institutions, which enroll large shares of high-risk students, are especially likely to be delinquent in repaying loans. In general, loan defaults are highest among former students with modest loan balances who did not complete degree programs. Yet many policy proposals focus on borrowers with higher balances whose greater academic credentials and higher incomes make it less difficult for them to repay their loans. These proposals are popular because they offer immediate relief while pushing the substantial costs of repayment onto future taxpayers.
Using the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool to Guide Quality Improvement

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are intended to protect those who participate in research. However, because there is no established measure of IRB quality, it is unclear whether these committees achieve their goal. The IRB Researcher Assessment Tool is a previously validated, internally normed, proxy measure of IRB quality that assesses 45 distinct IRB activities and functions. We administered this instrument to a sample of investigators and IRB members at a large urban VA Medical Center. We describe a systematic approach to analyze and interpret survey responses that can identify the IRB activities and functions most in need of quality improvement. The proposed approach to empirical data analysis and presentation could inform local initiatives to improve the quality of IRB review.
AB0986 Pooled safety data from elderly arthritis patients in 21 clinical trials

Background Approximately one half of adults aged ≥65 years in the United States report having doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used by the elderly to manage arthritis pain. While these drugs are effective, the risk-benefit profile needs to be individualized for each patient. Data are needed for the elderly population. Objectives The objective of this pooled analysis was to compare the adverse event (AE) profile of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAID celecoxib and nonselective NSAIDs as reported by elderly patients with arthritis aged ≥65 years. Methods This was an age-defined subgroup analysis of safety data in patients aged ≥65 years with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis from 21 randomized, parallel-group trials. Selected trials had a duration of ≥2 weeks and at least 1 celecoxib 200-400 mg/d and 1 nonselective NSAID (naproxen, ibuprofen, or diclofenac) arm at prescription doses. The analysis included all reported AEs, including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and hepatic AEs. Results A total of 9461 patients aged ≥65 years at the time of study enrollment were categorized into celecoxib 200 mg total daily dose (TDD) (n=3287), 400 mg TDD (n=2585), naproxen (n=1104), ibuprofen (n=151), and diclofenac (n=2334) groups. Overall, AEs were less frequently reported in the celecoxib groups (44.8% 200 mg TDD, 46.1% 400 mg TDD) than in the nonselective NSAID groups (naproxen 58.6%, ibuprofen 62.9%, diclofenac 48.8%). Most frequently reported AEs were related to the digestive system, with fewer being reported by celecoxib-treated patients (19.4% 200 mg TDD, 21.0% 400 mg TDD) than by those receiving naproxen (33.6%), ibuprofen (30.5%), and diclofenac (24.2%). Cardiovascular AEs were rarely reported in all groups ( Conclusions The overall incidence of AEs in this pooled analysis of elderly arthritis patients was lower in celecoxib-treated patients than in patients treated with naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac. The results of this analysis should be taken into account when treating elderly patients with arthritis. Disclosure of Interest M. Noyes Essex Employee of: Pfizer Inc, R. Zhang Employee of: Pfizer Inc, S. Mallen Employee of: Pfizer Inc
Command Governor-Based Adaptive Control of an Autonomous Helicopter

This paper presents an application of a recently developed command governor-based adaptive control framework to a high-fidelity autonomous helicopter model. This framework is based on an adaptive controller, but the proposed command governor adjusts the trajectories of a given command in order to follow an ideal reference system (capturing a desired closed-loop system behavior) both in transient-time and steady-state without resorting to high-gain learning rates in the adaptation (update) law. The high-fidelity autonomous helicopter is a six rigid body degree of freedom model, with additional engine, fuel and rotor dynamics. Non-ideal attributes of physical systems such as model uncertainty, sensor noise, and actuator dynamics are modeled to evaluate the command governor controller in realistic conditions. The proposed command governor adaptive control framework is shown to reduce attitude error with respect to a standard adaptive control scheme during vehicle maneuvers.
Final Technical Report: Increasing Prediction Accuracy.

PV performance models are used to quantify the value of PV plants in a given location. They combine the performance characteristics of the system, the measured or predicted irradiance and weather at a site, and the system configuration and design into a prediction of the amount of energy that will be produced by a PV system. These predictions must be as accurate as possible in order for finance charges to be minimized. Higher accuracy equals lower project risk. The Increasing Prediction Accuracy project at Sandia focuses on quantifying and reducing uncertainties in PV system performance models.
Advances in Research into Relationship Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Therapeutic Laparoscopy

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease represents a spectrum of histopathologic abnormalities, the prevalence ofwhich may be as high as 24% of the population of theUnited States. The fundamenta derangement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is insulin resistance, a key component of the metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes mellitus hypertriglyceridemia, essential hypertension, low circulating high-density lipoprotein, and obesity.those component Close relationship with fatty liver The natural history of fatty liver disease is not always benign, and causality for cirrhosis and chronic liver disease is well-founded in the literature. Treatment strategies are limited and, at present, are primarily focused on weight loss include therapeutic laparoscopy and use of insulin sensitizing agents, including the thiazolidenediones.
Detrimental Effects of Not Using International Reference Materials to Calibrate Cystatin C Assays.

To the Editor: Current clinical practice guidelines recommend measuring serum cystatin C (CysC)1 and using the CKD-EPI 2012 CysC-based equations to report estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to evaluate chronic kidney disease in situations where eGFR based on serum creatinine is inaccurate. These conditions include individuals with early-stage kidney disease or low muscle mass, children, and the elderly (1). Despite the introduction of ERM-DA471/IFCC international reference materials in 2010, widespread use of CysC has been compromised by lack of agreement among commercial assays. A report of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2014 CYS survey showed substantial variability among results by participating laboratories using different methods (2). For example, with CysC target values of 0.96 and 2.37 mg/L, method-specific mean values varied by 29% and 36%, respectively (2). The BN II (Siemens) assay was used in the original study that developed and validated the CKD-EPI 2012 CysC-based equations (3). However, it is not widely appreciated (even by experts in the field) that the BN II CysC results in that study were not directly traceable to …
ON THE DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE MULTIBODY SYSTEMS USING COMPONENT MODES

ABSTRACT Interest has increased in the dynamic modeling of multibody interconnected flexible mechanical systems, e.g. high-speed flexible mechanisms, robot manipulators, and space deployable structures. To ensure satisfactory performance of such systems, their dynamic behavior, including inertia coupling between different members, must be taken into consideration in the system design. A nonlinear dynamic model comprising a set of differential and algebraic equations is developed. This model is written in the Lagrangian form with a mixed set of reference and local generalized coordinates. The generalized eigenvalue problem that accounts for the centrifugal stiffening effect is formulated and solved for the modal characteristics of the flexible components. The local elastic coordinates are then defined by a truncated set of modal coordinates. Numerical examples are presented to evaluate the effect of modal changes on the dynamic behavior of flexible rotating members.
Why Nato Endures: Rivalry and Community in Interstate Alliances Prior to the Second World War

The world changes every day, but one feature that appears throughout recorded history is the formation of alliances by states pursuing goals that they cannot achieve on their own. “Alliances are central to international relations: they are the primary foreign policy means by which states increase their security.” As a tool of statecraft, alliances are so pervasive that “every state must have an alliance policy, even if its purpose is only to avoid alliances.” The sheer number and variety of alliances available for study, however, has proven something of an embarrassment of riches for scholars. Much of what is known about alliances is the product of case studies or historical accounts. Numerous attempts have been made to synthesize the findings of these studies, but the results have been less than impressive. The large number of cases and the use of essentially impressionistic techniques for gathering evidence have meant that for every potential proposition derived from historical and/or case studies, usually one and often several exceptions can be found. Indeed, there is a kind of schizophrenic quality to the literature on alliances. NATO, for example, is often cited for its contribution to solving the Franco-German quarrel, for creating a zone of peace in Western Europe, and for extending eastward that zone of peace by accepting new members. Yet alliances are also often seen as hotbeds of conflict, joining together members with antagonistic interests who are as likely to fight each other as cooperate.
Diving and Underwater Life Support

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to discuss diving and underwater life support systems. Diving and underwater life support systems include submarines, underwater habitats, hyperbaric chambers, one-atmosphere diving suits, diving bells, and diver breathing equipment such as self-contained breathing apparatus, semi-closed breathing apparatus, closed-circuit breathing apparatus, and surface supplied breathing equipment. Diving systems allow divers, submariners, and aquanauts to live and work underwater and to view and record underwater phenomena through the use of underwater video cameras and acoustic devices. Pressure vessels are used to house divers, store-breathing gases, and enclose electronic and photographic equipment. To sustain life under the sea, the breathing mixture is often altered because of effects of high pressure requiring gas mixtures such as helium and oxygen, hydrogen and oxygen, and helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. The temperature, carbon dioxide, trace contaminant gases, and moisture content of the environment inside the habitat, submarine, and diving bell must be maintained within an acceptable range.
Layered Structures and Disordered Polyanionic Nets in the Cation-Poor Polar Intermetallics CsAu1.4Ga2.8 and CsAu2Ga2.6

Gold intermetallics are known for their unusual structures and bonding patterns. Two new compounds have been discovered in the cation-poor part of the Cs–Au–Ga system. Both compounds were obtained directly by heating the elements at elevated temperatures. Structure determinations based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed two structurally and compositionally related formations: CsAu1.4Ga2.8 (I) and CsAu2Ga2.6 (II) crystallize in their own structure types (I: R3, a = 11.160(2) A, c = 21.706(4) A, Z = 18; II: R3, a = 11.106(1) A, A, c = 77.243(9) A, Z = 54) and contain hexagonal cationic layers of cesium. This is a unique structural motif, which has never been observed for the other (lighter) alkali metals in combination with Au and post transition elements. The polyanionic part is characterized in contrast by Au/Ga tetrahedral stars, a structural feature that is characteristic for light alkali metal representatives, and disordered sites with mixed Au/Ga occupancies that occur in both str...
Sagittal Fractures of the Palate: A New Method of Treatment:

A new technique is described for stabilizing complex vertical fractures of the maxilla. Advantageous use of the comminuted fracture pattern of the maxillary buttresses allows the maxilla to be divi...
Abstract: The Effect of Online Daily Deal Promotions on Consumer Discounting of Discounts

This research sheds light on the theoretical mechanism behind consumer discounting of discounts and extends it to the online daily deal context. Based on advertising and behavioral pricing research, we develop and empirically test a conceptual model of the effects of discount level and daily deal promotion presence on consumer perceptions of discount credibility, the extent of discounting of discounts, and change in purchase intentions for brands with average reputations (study 1) and high reputations (study 2).
A call for action: Why anthropologists can (and should) join the discussion on climate change through education

Anthropologists, human biologists, and researchers in related fields have been investigating the human-environment interaction and its effects on health for decades. While there have been numerous studies from the medical- and health-sectors pointing to the connection between climate change and health needs, as well as studies advocating for the incorporation of appropriate curricula addressing these needs in medical schools and health-professional programs, this connection is not being systematically taught to our future healthcare professionals. Here, we first briefly summarize research highlighting the interaction between environment and health; we follow this with discussion about why this interaction is important for current and future medical professionals to understand, particularly in light of the current issues of climate change. We specifically address how anthropologists and human biologists have contributed to the literature on marginal environments and climate change, and how anthropological research may be incorporated in health-oriented and medical classrooms to aid in this discussion. Through interdisciplinary collaboration between anthropologists, human biologists, medical-health professionals, and researchers in other fields, we can learn from our past and play a part in piecing together our future health care issues and needs.
Views of Current and Future Technology

This installment of Notes from the Community covers smart assistants, AI, autonomous vehicles, user interfaces, striking views of our future, and outrageous designer strollers.
The gas-phase structure of the asymmetric, trans-dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), formed by dimerization of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), from rotational spectroscopy and ab initio quantum chemistry.

We report the first experimental gas-phase observation of an asymmetric, trans-N2O4 formed by the dimerization of NO2. In additional to the dominant 14N216O4 species, rotational transitions have been observed for all species with single 15N and 18O substitutions as well as several multiply substituted isotopologues. These transitions were used to determine a complete substitution structure as well as an r0 structure from the fitted zero-point averaged rotational constants. The determined structure is found to be that of an ON–O–NO2 linkage with the shared oxygen atom closer to the NO2 than the NO (1.42 vs 1.61 A). The structure is found to be nearly planar with a trans O–N–O–N linkage. From the spectra of the 14N15NO4 species, we were able to determine the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for each specific nitrogen atom. The equilibrium structure determined by ab initio quantum chemistry calculations is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined structure. No spectral evidence of the predicted asymmetric, cis-N2O4 was found in the spectra.
Development and Use of Online Prelaboratory Activities in Organic Chemistry to Improve Students' Laboratory Experience.

Online prelaboratory videos and quizzes were prepared for all experiments in CHEM 231, Organic Chemistry I Laboratory. It was anticipated that watching the videos would help students be better prepared for the laboratory, decrease their anxiety surrounding the laboratory, and increase their understanding of the theories and concepts presented. Moreover, the videos were implemented to increase consistency across the different laboratory sections of the course. The videos consisted of voice-over Powerpoints with photographs of laboratory glassware set up, explanation/description of laboratory procedures, and important safety considerations and waste disposal instructions. Students watched the videos at home before they came to the lab to conduct their experiment. Following their implementation, students completed a postlab survey to evaluate the effectiveness of the videos on their preparation for lab and on their understanding of the concepts and theories of the experiments. Students reported that the vide...
GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF DISTINCT SULFATE PERMEASE SPECIES IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

ABSTRACT. Sulfate uptake in Neurospora crassa occurs by an active transport system which is subject to an intricate and complex set of regulatory signals. This organism posesses two distinct sulfate permeases, one of which predominates in the mycelial stage while a second form is the only one present in conidiospores. The synthesis of both of these sulfate permeases is repressed by a metabolite derived from methionine. The synthesis of both permease species, as well as a number of related enzymes of sulfur metabolism, is also controlled by at least two unlinked regulatory genes, which involve both positive and negative signals. Superimposed upon the genetic and metabolic controls, the biosynthesis of the distinct permease isozymes is also subject to developmental regulation during spore germination and outgrowth.
Abstract 14926: What’s Missing? LVAD Patient and Caregiver Experiences With End-of-Life Planning

Introduction: The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) continues to increase in patients with advanced heart disease. LVADs can extend and improve quality of life; nevertheless, some patients will ultimately die with the device in place. End-of-life (EOL) planning should begin before implantation and include specific plans related to device deactivation and EOL services such as palliative care (PC) or hospice. Poor device management at EOL may contribute to a decreased quality of death for patients and distress for family members. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the post-implantation experiences of patients with LVADs and their caregivers including: conversations about device deactivation, use of hospice services, and whether device deactivation occurred prior to death. Methods: Patient-caregiver dyads (n=35) participated in a longitudinal study on the EOL needs of advanced heart failure patients living with an LVAD. During qualitative interviews, dyads were asked about their knowledge of device deactivation as part of advance care planning and their experiences with EOL services. After patients died, caregivers (n=6) were interviewed about device deactivation and EOL services prior to death. Chart reviews were conducted to determine use of EOL services. Results: The majority of patients and caregivers had no discussions with health care providers concerning device deactivation at the time of implantation, throughout the illness trajectory, or as patients were actively dying. Only 60% of the patients (21/35) received a PC consult prior to implantation. Of the 6 LVAD patients who died, two were deactivated prior to death and three had PC or hospice only during the terminal admission (days to hours prior to death). Only one patient had ongoing PC and hospice support throughout the EOL. Conclusions: Discussions concerning device deactivation should ideally occur at the time of implantation and continue through the EOL. PC services should be available throughout the trajectory. EOL services should transition with patients and caregivers across episodes of care. Current practice is less than optimal. By achieving these goals, healthcare providers can improve the quality of the death experience for patients and caregivers.
Grain-based Support Architecture Design for Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Supporting the overhang section, restraining the model deformation or warping, minimizing the residual stress and controlling the cooling rate are some common functions of support structure in multiple additive manufacturing (AM) process. Since it needs to be removed at the post processing stage of fabrication, it is a considerable waste in terms of material, energy and time employed for their construction. Hence, it is advantageous to minimize the amount of support which eventually can improve the overall efficiency of the AM process. In this paper, a novel support architecture design methodology is proposed considering the amount of support volume, maximum contact interface, lower fabrication time, and ease of fabrication. First, the support needed points on the object surface are identified considering their normal direction. The points are clustered with a weighted algorithm considering their uniform curvature and location. Afterward, each cluster of points is segmented iteratively into closed-convex regions i.e. grain boundary, considering the geometric factors such as aspect ratio, fill factor, and contour area to ensure the ease of fabrication and supportability. These convex grains are the model-support interface segments. Finally, self-supported slanting and pillar support structures are generated that minimizes support material consumption and consequently saving build time. The proposed research is implemented on free-form objects and the results are evaluated with the available support generator software.
Covalent Enzyme Inhibition through Fluorosulfate Modification of a Noncatalytic Serine Residue

Irreversible enzyme inhibitors and covalent chemical biology probes often utilize the reaction of a protein cysteine residue with an appropriately positioned electrophile (e.g., acrylamide) on the ligand template. However, cysteine residues are not always available for site-specific protein labeling, and therefore new approaches are needed to expand the toolkit of appropriate electrophiles (“warheads”) that target alternative amino acids. We previously described the rational targeting of tyrosine residues in the active site of a protein (the mRNA decapping scavenger enzyme, DcpS) using inhibitors armed with a sulfonyl fluoride electrophile. These inhibitors subsequently enabled the development of clickable probe technology to measure drug-target occupancy in live cells. Here we describe a fluorosulfate-containing inhibitor (aryl fluorosulfate probe (FS-p1)) with excellent chemical and metabolic stability that reacts selectively with a noncatalytic serine residue in the same active site of DcpS as confirme...
Forecasting of the performance of the shipboard electric power system on the basis of the artificial neural network

To date, the main limiting factor in development of forecasting systems based on mathematical methods of data processing, which in most cases is reduced to solving linear deterministic multiparameter problems, is the performance of a computer. Therefore, considerable attention is paid to development and research of neural network methods for solving such problems, which is explained by the inherent massively parallel processing of information that allows building high-performance computing systems. In connection with this, the aim of this work is development of a system for predicting the SEPS performance on the basis of an artificial neural network implemented by the architecture of a multilayer perceptron. The problem of parameter normalization is solved, caused by the fact that the SEPS mode is characterized by parameters of different physical nature that have different dimensions. The task of training an artificial neural network is also solved. As a learning method, the back propagation algorithm is chosen. For the formation of a rational training sample used in the learning of an artificial neural network, mathematical methods of temporary extrapolation are used. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the value of the mean absolute error on the test set is 3.8 %. This allows to judge the possibility of using an artificial neural network to solve the problems of predicting the SEPS state.
Basic biology and clinical behavior of renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounted for over 31,000 new cases of cancer and led to approximately 12,000 deaths in the United States in 2001.1Nearly one-third of RCC cases present with metastatic disease and approximately 30% of those treated for localized disease eventually relapse.2Renal cell carcinoma occurs twice as often in men and most commonly occurs during the fifth through seventh decades of life, but has been reported in younger patients.2
A Rare Case of Native Mitral Valve Bacillus Cereus Endocarditis Culminating Into a Cerebrovascular Infarction

We report a case of a 56-year-old man who presented initially with a sudden onset of right-sided facial droop and weakness, aphasia, and confusion with no associated fever, chills, syncope, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, odontalgia, palpitations, cough, or dyspnea. Code stroke was called and the patient received tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) with subsequent resolution of his symptoms. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed left frontal punctate cortical restricted diffusion consistent with subacute to acute infarction. Transesophageal echocardiogram showed a severely thickened anterior mitral valve leaflet with a shaggy echodensity consistent with a vegetation. Blood cultures grew Bacillus cereus sensitive to clindamycin, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin. He was initially treated with ampicillin, clindamycin, and vancomycin and was eventually maintained solely on vancomycin. He had complete return of his neurological function and was discharged on intravenous antibiotic to complete a 6-week course.
Persistence of West Nile Virus Infection in Vertebrates

This chapter reviews the experimental evidence for persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) in vertebrates. Results of studies in monkeys, hamsters, and birds all indicate that WNV can produce an asymptomatic persistent infection in immune competent vertebrates. In the case of hamsters, the most thoroughly studied model, the infected animals develop a persistent renal infection with chronic shedding of WNV in their urine. Similar reports with a diverse group of other flaviviruses suggest that persistent infection is not a rare phenomenon and that it may be a general characteristic of viruses in this genus.
Comparison of enrichment schemes for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica

Discussion: Considering the effect of sample weight on the detection of Salmonella bacteria (Davies et al., 2000), we cannot directly compare the three enrichment media used herein. However, we suggest the use of M1 whenever possible to obtain large amounts of fecal material (10g). Furthermore, the use of direct enrichment of swine feces in SC is discouraged. The coupling of RV to PCR was significantly superior (P<0.01) than either TT or SC. Indeed, RV has been successfully used for PCR purposes in poultry-related samples (Oliveira et al., 2002). The best results of M1 (which used RV as enrichment broth) for isolation of Salmonella could indicate that this broth yielded higher numbers of Salmonella organisms, which could also explain the superior PCR results for RV. However, selective enrichment media may have different inhibitory properties to PCR. In fact, tetrathionate broth has been suggested to inhibit PCR (Stone et al., 1994). Our results indicate that RV broth may be successfully coupled to PCR after a simple boilingcentrifugation technique for DNA extraction. This is of great importance considering the cost-benefit ratio of this procedure.
TRANSPORT RELATED PROPERTIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLARITY OF AN ESTABLISHED EPITHELIAL CELL LINE OF RENAL ORIGIN

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a homogeneous model for active sugar transport in renal epithelia. The established renal epithelial cell line, LLC–PK1 forms monolayers of identically oriented polar cells linked by tight junctions, and is capable of transepithelial water transport, as evidenced by the hemicyst and dome formation. These structures are similar to those formed by the madin-darby canine kidney (MDCK) renal epithelial cell line, and are shown to be because of osmotically coupled water flow, driven by ouabain (OUA)-sensitive Na, K-ATPase. The chapter discusses that if such cells are cultured on porous filters clamped in Ussing-type chambers, measurable short circuit currents and potential differences exist across the cell sheet. It also demonstrates localization of the OUA binding sites to the antiluminal surface of the LLC–PK1 cells. Results discussed in the chapter show that cells grow in soft agar, but the colonies formed by MDCK cells are shown to be hollow spheres, not solid masses.
Experimental Validation of a Planar Free-Floating Emulator via Model-free Force-Feedback Control

The ability to emulate free-floating conditions on Earth within a laboratory is critical to advancing the science of on-orbit space robotics. Robotic Platforms (RPs) that recreate on-orbit motion of Space Robots (SRs) through Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation are currently used to fulfill this need. The authors recently proposed the use a force-feedback control scheme to emulate free-floating conditions. In this approach, forces and torques measured at the interface between a RP and a SR installed on the RP end-effector are driven to zero by controlling the RP motion. With no knowledge of the zero, first, and second mass moments of the SR, numerical results proved the viability of such an approach for a planar system. To perform an experimental validation of these results, a RP is developed that integrates a two-Degree-Of-Freedom (2-DOF) Cartesian manipulator with a six-axis Force-Torque (FT) transducer mounted on a rotational third joint. A planar 4-DOF manipulator is then used as SR, and it is mounted on the FT transducer. The SR is excited using sinusoidal inputs, and the two planar forces and the off-plane torque measured by the FT transducer are nullified using two force-feedback control strategies. Experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of minimizing the linear momentum error of the SR and thus represents a viable alternative to HIL simulation when no knowledge of the SR dynamic model is available.
Art and science: Intersections of art and science through time and paths forward.

EMBO Reports (2019) 20: e47061[OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] In the 19th century, the Spanish neurologist and pathologist Santiago Ramon y Cajal studied brain tissue and cells of the nervous system through a microscope. His observations not only led to important scientific discoveries, which eventually won him a Nobel Prize, but also to sketches that would adorn both the pages of textbooks and the walls of New York art galleries. The medieval mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci, once pondered a puzzle about an idealized rabbit population. His solution was an eponymous sequence of numbers that are now widely found in dentistry to photography and music composition. Ramon y Cajal and Fibonacci were simultaneously impactful to science and art. History is rife with many more examples of scientists who were also artists and who have contributed to both science and art in unique and often unexpected ways. > … Although artists and scientists are both driven to observe and create, they largely reside in different cultural spheres… Today, the relationship between art and science in our society is more complex: Although artists and scientists are both driven to observe and create, they largely reside in different cultural spheres—sometimes brought together serendipitously, other times intentionally. It is impossible to generalize relationships between art and science since neither is a fully defined nor homogenous category [1]. Instead, we present vignettes on the historical and contemporary relationship between visual art and science, and offer perspectives on the connection between the two with respect to their inputs (tools and processes) and their outputs (objects and communication of ideas). Finally, we propose ideas for how our society can cultivate these relationships and what might be gained from it. Art and science have coexisted, often indistinguishable from each other, across time and space. A wealth of … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEMBO%2BReports%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.15252%252Fembr.201847061%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F30591523%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=embor&resid=20/2/e47061&atom=%2Fembor%2F20%2F2%2Fe47061.atom
Abstract TP141: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes as a Modulator of Neuroinflammation Following Cortical Injury

In this study, we tested Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived exosomes as a therapeutic to enhance recovery in our established nonhuman primate model of cortical injury. After pretraining monkeys on fine ...
Applications of Advanced Analytics at Saudi Aramco: A Practitioners’ Perspective

The well-instrumented process industry collects vast amounts of structured and unstructured data from its assets in real time. Some of this data gets stored as conventional time series data, while ...