cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of autonomic response patterns: Rationale and methods

This report briefly summarizes the results of eighteen years of research on the measurement of autonomic functions in human subjects during rest, and presents a discussion of hypotheses and methodology for the study of autonomic response patterns. Most of the report is devoted to a discussion of instrumentation and methods of measurement employed in current investigations. The following variables are measured: electrical resistance of palmar skin; respiration rate; finger, face, and axillary temperatures; heart rate, potentials and rhythms; changes in finger and leg blood volume; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; stroke volume of the heart; pupillary diameter; stomach and lower bowel motility; salivary output; and selected muscle action potentials. Most responses are amplified and recorded continuously and simultaneously by means of chopper type Offner amplifiers. Pupillary diameter and systolic and diastolic blood pressure are time sampled; the former by means of a Bolex motion picture camera, the latter by means of a Gilson automatic blood pressure recorder. Stomach motility is recorded continuously by means of a new method—a magnetometer which remotely detects the movements of a small ingested magnet. Lower bowel motility is recorded by a bipolar electrode.
Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in commercial mushroom compost

Summary One hundred and thirty-three isolates of Aspergillus spp. were collected from commercial mushroom houses. Aflatoxins were detected in three samples of compost. Seventy-three per cent of the isolates produced aflatoxins in liquid media. Aflatoxins were produced on sterilized and pasteurized compost plus the components of compost including rye grain, corn cobs and commercial spawn; 24°C was a more favourable temperature for aflatoxins than 14°C. Aflatoxin production varied with isolate, substrate and temperature and ranged from no aflatoxins to all four aflatoxins B1, B2, GI and G1.
Multiple equilibrium shapes of partially constrained menisci: A quasi-static mechanism for instability of a coating bead

Abstract The upstream meniscus of an extrusion coating bead operating in the capillary limit is modelled as a cylindrical meniscus that pins to the die and inte
Water activity and equilibrium freezing temperatures of aqueous NH4HSO4 solutions from −30 to 25°C

One mechanism of cirrus cloud formation is homogeneous ice nucleation within ammoniated sulfuric acid particles. An important constraint on ice formation is the (NH4)2SO4-H2SO4-H2O phase diagram. In the completed laboratory work, the NH4HSO4-H2O phase diagram is determined over the domain relevant to the troposphere. The H2O vapor pressures of aqueous NH4HSO4 solutions are measured from −30 to 25°C, and the compositions of the aqueous phase in equilibrium with a solid phase (i.e., ice or letovicite) are determined at several temperatures. Below 25°C and above 42 wt% NH4HSO4(aq), the first solid to form from supersaturated NH4HSO4(aq) is (NH4)3H(SO4)2(S), not NH4HSO4(s). Supercooling of nearly 20 K is required to initiate letovicite formation for 100 mL samples. The results of this study are in good agreement with the calculations of Clegg et al. [1998].
Symmetrical clusters of carbon atoms: The C24 and C60 molecules

Abstract We report ab initio and AM1 calculations on C 24 in octahedral symmetry, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis. The beats of formation and first ionization potentials of C 24 and C 60 are computed.
Control of mercury pollution

When a 203Ng(NO3)2 solution was kept at 25 degrees C in glass or polypropylene containers, 50 and 80% of original radioactivity was adsorbed to the containers' walls after 1 and 4 days, respectively. However, no loss in radioactivity was observed if the solution was supplemented with HgCl as carrier (100 mug Hg2+/ml) and stored in either container for 13 days. When 203Hg2+ was dissolved in glucose basal salt broth with added carrier, levels of 203Hg2+ in solution (kept in glass) decreased to 80 and 70% of original after 1 and 5 days and decreased even more if stored in polypropylene (60 and 40% of original activity after 1 and 4 days, respectively). In the absence of carrier, decreases of 203Hg2+ activities in media stored in either container were more pronounced due to chemisorption (but) not diffusion. The following factors affecting the removal of mercurials from aqueous solution stored in glass were examined: type and concentration of adsorbent (fiber glass and rubber powder); pH; pretreatment of the rubber; and the form of mercury used. Rubber was equally effective in the adsorption of organic and inorganic mercury. The pH of the aqueous 203Hg2+ solution was not a critical factor in the rate of adsorption of mercury by the rubber. In addition, the effect of soaking the rubber in water for 18 hr did not show any statistical difference when compared with nontreated rubber. It can be concluded that rubber is a very effective adsorbent of mercury and, thus, can be used as a simple method for control of mercury pollution.
Continuous Bromocriptine Therapy in Menstrual Migraine

This investigation assessed the effects of an open, prospective trial of adjunctive continuous bromocriptine therapy on the frequency of refractory, disabling menstrual migraine. It compared continuous bromocriptine with previously optimal baseline therapy and cyclic perimenstrual bromocriptine use. The subjects were 24 women with disabling migraines that occurred exclusively or at least 50% of the time within 3 days before or after the onset of menstruation despite treatment. We added bromocriptine 2.5 mg three times a day to their existing regimen and compared menstrual migraine frequency during the first year with the year prior to bromocriptine. Eighteen of the 24 women experienced a 25% or greater decline in migraine frequency. Migraine frequency declined by 72% overall (p < 0.01). Three women did not tolerate bromocriptine, and three did not benefit. None of the women had a 10% or greater increase in headaches. Continuous bromocriptine therapy was also significantly more effective than intermittent bromocriptine use (p < 0.05). Continuous bromocriptine therapy appears to benefit menstrual migraine.
Activation of transcription factor AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in aniline-induced splenic toxicity.

Abstract Signaling mechanisms in aniline-induced fibrogenic and/or tumorigenic response in the spleen are not known. Previous studies have shown that aniline exposure leads to iron accumulation and oxidative stress in the spleen, which may cause activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and regulate the transcription of genes involved in fibrosis and/or tumorigenesis. To test this, male SD rats were treated with 0.5 mmol/kg/day aniline via drinking water for 30 days, and activation of transcription factor AP-1 was determined in the splenocyte nuclear extracts (NEs). AP-1 DNA-binding activity in the NEs of freshly isolated splenocytes from aniline-treated rats increased in comparison to the controls, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). AP-1 binding was also determined in the NEs of cultured splenocytes (2 h and 24 h), which showed even a greater increase in binding activity at 2 h. The specificity of AP-1 binding for relevant DNA motifs was confirmed by competition EMSA and by supershift EMSA using antibodies specific to c-Jun and c-Fos. To further explore the signaling mechanisms in the AP-1 activation, phosphorylation patterns of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were pursued. Aniline exposure induced increases in the phosphorylation of the three classes of MAPKs: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK 1/2), and p38 MAPKs. Furthermore, TGF-β1 mRNA expression showed a 3-fold increase in the spleens of aniline-treated rats. These observations suggest a strong association among MAPK phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, and enhanced TGF-β1 gene expression. The observed sequence of events subsequent to aniline exposure could regulate genes that lead to fibrogenic and/or tumorigenic response in the spleen.
Aggression and the Risk for Suicidal Behaviors among Children

Two subtypes of aggression—reactive and proactive—were examined to see how they relate to suicidal behaviors among young children admitted for acute psychiatric inpatient care. The children and their parents completed self-report questionnaires/interviews. Regression analyses revealed that depressed girls who scored higher on reactive aggression reported more suicidal behaviors; whereas proactive aggression did not relate to suicidal behaviors for either boys or girls.
Processing effects in production of composite prepreg by hot melt impregnation

The hot melt impregnation process for producing composite prepreg has been studied. The role of the exit die is highlighted by operating without impregnation bars. Experimental results show that when a fiber two is pulled through a resin bath and then through a wedge shaped die, the total resin mass fraction and the extent of resin impregnation in the two increase with the processing viscosity. The penetration of resin into a fiber bundle is greater when the resin viscosity is higher. This trend is unchanged over a range of two speeds up to the breaking point. A theoretical model is developed to describe the effect of processing conditions and die geometry on the degree of impregnation. Calculations with this model indicate that for a given die geometry, the degree of impregnation increases from 58% to 90% as the ratio of the clearance between the two and the die wall, to the total die gap is decreased from 0.15 to 0.05. Physical arguments elated to the effective viscosity of the prepreg show that the clearance ratio is independent of the two speed, but decreases as the ratio of the effective shear viscosity of the prepareg to the resin viscosity increases. This provides a connection between the experimental results obtained with varying resin viscosity and the computational results obtained with varying clearance values at the die inlet.
Control modes of the ST7 disturbance reduction system flight validation experiment

The Space Technology 7 (ST7) experiment will perform an on-orbit system-level validation of two specific Disturbance Reduction System technologies: a gravitational reference sensor employing a free-floating test mass and a set of micronewton colloidal thrusters. The ST7 Disturbance Reduction System (DRS) is designed to maintain the spacecraft's position with respect to a free-floating test mass to less than 10 nm/√Hz over the frequency range of 1 to 30 mHz. This paper presents the overall design and analysis of the spacecraft drag-free and attitude controllers. These controllers close the loop between the gravitational sensors and the micronewton colloidal thrusters. There are five control modes in the operation of the ST7 DRS, starting with the attitude-only mode and leading to the science mode. The design and analysis of each of the control modes as well as the mode transition strategy are presented.
On the Value of Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Systematics to Orchid Conservation: Implications for China’s Yachang Orchid Reserve

Orchid classification has undergone a series of significant changes during the past decade as molecular phylogenetic studies have examined relationships at all taxonomic levels in the family. Today, the 750 genera and 25,000 species of Orchidaceae are organized into five subfamilies, the two largest of which (Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae) are further divided into 19 tribes and 43 subtribes. Whereas some of these groups are relatively small in terms of total species numbers, and may be of little horticultural or medicinal value, they are especially important for understanding orchid evolution and may deserve to be conserved for this reason alone. The question of which orchids to conserve is a complex one, but the science of systematics, including taxonomy and phylogenetics, has an undeniable role to play in answering that question. Among the many ways that phylogenetic trees can assist biologists in setting conservation priorities are by: 1) guiding taxonomists in naming species, which is essential for creating checklists within floras, monographs, and inventories; 2) discovering overlooked, rare or cryptic species that deserve recognition and protection; 3) determining whether or not a taxon is actually a species or simply a variant or hybrid; 4) predicting species that may be of value to humans for economic value; 5) identifying species that may have particularly important scientific value for better understanding the biology of plants. In the same way that we cannot protect all habitats, we may not be able to save every orchid species. Priorities must be established. The Yachang Orchid Reserve has been recognized as important not only because of the number of individual orchid plants that grow there, but also because of its great orchid diversity. Diversity is a product of evolution by natural selection, and the science of phylogenetics has a role to play in better understanding that process.
Five-Order-of-Magnitude Reduction of the Triplet Lifetimes of N-Heterocycles by Complexation to a Trinuclear Mercury Complex

The complexation of N-methylcarbazole and N-methylindole by trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylene mercury (1), which can be readily observed in CH2Cl2 solution, leads to the formation of [1.N-methylindole] (2) and [1.N-methylcarbazole] (3) as solid adducts. The solid-state photoluminescence spectra of these adducts show intense emission bands attributed to monomer phosphorescence of N-methylindole and N-methylcarbazole, respectively, with microsecond lifetimes. Remarkably, the triplet lifetimes of the heterocycles in 2 and 3 are shortened by 5 orders of magnitude when compared to those of the free heterocycles. These results are rationalized by invoking the combined external and internal spin-orbit coupling perturbation provided by the mercury and nitrogen atoms.
The 19thCentury Mr Anaesthesia

Abstract ‘In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs’ William Osler. (c) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
Highlights of the fourth ACCP Task Force on Antithrombotic Therapy

The Fourth ACCP Task Force on Antithrombotic Therapy met in Tucson, Arizona in March of 1995. These conferences began in 1985 because there were so many uncertainties at that time with regard to the indications, dosage, duration of therapy, and selection of antithrombotic agents for a wide variety of very common thromboembolic diseases. They have been held every 3 years since then. In our first publication in 1986, we had very few Grade A recommendations because there were very few Level 1 randomized clinical trials. At our Fourth Consensus Conference, held in 1995, we were able to evaluate a large number of Level 1 studies that allowed us to increase the number of Grade A recommendations.
Functional Impairment Is a Risk Factor for Knee Replacement in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study

Background Debilitating pain associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) often leads patients to seek and complete total knee arthroplasty (TKA). To date, few studies have evaluated the relation of functional impairment to the risk of TKA, despite the fact that OA is associated with functional impairment.
Contributions of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2/H+

The major objective of this review is to evaluate existing information and reach conclusions regarding whether there is interaction between Pco2/H+ stimulation of carotid (peripheral) and intracran...
Recent Advances in Understanding Of Organic Inhibitors

Abstract Present methods of studying inhibition are described and future fields for investigation are outlined. Comparison is made of the inhibiting and other properties of amines and imines; the i...
StarBRITE: The Vanderbilt University Biomedical Research Integration, Translation and Education portal

StarBRITE is a one-stop, web-based research portal designed to meet the day-to-day needs of the Vanderbilt University and Meharry Medical College research community during the planning and conduct of research studies. StarBRITE serves as the main online location for research support addressing issues such as identification and location of resources, identification of experts, guidance for regulatory applications and approvals, regulatory assistance, funding requests, research data planning and collection, and serves as a central repository for educational offerings. To date, there have been more than 590,038 StarBRITE hits by more than 6582 cumulative users. We present here StarBRITE design objectives, details about technical infrastructure and system components, status report and activity metrics for the first 2.75-years of operation, and a report of lessons learned during organizing, launching and refining the portal.
Cell competition leads to a high level of normal liver reconstitution by transplanted fetal liver stem/progenitor cells.

Background & Aims: A critical property of stem cells is their ability to repopulate an organ or tissue under nonselective conditions. The aims of this study were to determine whether we could obtain reproducible, high levels of liver repopulation by transplanted fetal liver stem/progenitor cells in normal adult liver and the mechanism by which liver replacement occurred. Methods: Wild-type (dipeptidyl peptidase IV [DPPIV+]) embryonic day (ED) 14 fetal liver cells underwent transplantation into DPPIV− mutant F344 rats to follow the fate and differentiation of transplanted cells. To determine the mechanism for repopulation, proliferation and apoptosis of transplanted and host liver cells were also followed. Results: Transplanted ED 14 fetal liver cells proliferated continuously for 6 months, differentiated into mature hepatocytes, and replaced 23.5% of total liver mass. The progeny of transplanted cells were morphologically and functionally indistinguishable from host hepatocytes and expressed unique liver-specific genes commensurate with their location in the hepatic lobule. Repopulation was based on greater proliferative activity of transplanted cells and reduced apoptosis of their progeny compared with host hepatocytes, coupled with increased apoptosis of host hepatocytes immediately adjacent to transplanted cells. This process, referred to as cell-cell competition, has been described previously in Drosophila during wing development. Conclusions: We show for the first time that cell-cell competition, a developmental paradigm, can be used to replace functional organ tissue in an adult mammalian species under nonselective conditions and may serve as a strategy for tissue reconstitution in a wide variety of metabolic and other disorders involving the liver, as well as other organs.
Chemical Control of Surfaces: From Fundamental Understanding to Practical Application

In the early days of the microelectronics industry, it became clear that even trace contaminants could have detrimental impact on the electronic properties of fabricated devices. This realization led to the development of the so-called RCA clean for silicon surfaces [], which uses sequential baths in basic and acidic hydrogen peroxide solutions, now known as SCA-1 and SCA-2, to oxidize organic materials, remove particulates, and bind metallic impurities. The detailed characterization of this process as well as its simplicity and economic viability soon led to its widespread industrial adoption. Although the RCA clean includes an optional etch in dilute HF between the two cleaning solutions to remove the native oxide layer, the overall process results in an extremely clean but electronically defective oxide-terminated and thus extremely hydrophilic silicon surface, which we now know is quite rough on an atomic scale [].
On the relationship of radar backscatter to wind speed and fetch

The physics of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the ocean surface has been an active area of research for a number of years. This paper contains the results of satellite and aircraft experiments to investigate the ability of active microwave radars to infer surface wind speeds remotely. Data obtained from the recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Skylab experiment are compared with surface wind speeds measured by low-flying aircraft and ships-of-opportunity and found to give useful estimates of the ocean wind field. Also investigated was the influence of varying wave height on radar measurements of wind speed by measuring the backscattering cross-section for constant wind speed but variable wave conditions. It is found that this effect is of little importance.
Cigarette Smoking: Implications for Psychiatric Illness

Psychiatry has been essentially uninterested in cigarette smoking and nicotine. However, it is the view of this author that both cigarette smoking and smoking cessation are highly relevant to the clinical psychiatrist in the care of patients and that they are potentially a source of important insights into psychopathology. To support that view, the author reviews the evidence that both major depression and depressive symptoms are associated with a high rate of cigarette smoking and that lifetime history of major depression has an adverse impact on smoking cessation. He also reviews the data available on the influence of cigarette smoking cessation on the course of major depression, the relationship between cigarette smoking and other psychiatric diagnoses, particularly schizophrenia, and the neuropharmacology that might underlie these associations. Finally, the implications of these relationships for psychiatry are discussed.
Determination of neutron exposure of AISI 304 stainless steel from a BWR top guide using retrospective dosimetry

Retrospective dosimetry was used to determine the accumulated neutron exposure of AISI 304 stainless steel removed from the top guide of a boiling water reactor located at the Oyster Creek nuclear power station. The material was removed from areas adjacent to cracks that were observed after ∼20 years of operation. Using the plant operational history and a variety of measurements of various radioisotopes or non-radioactive transmutation products produced by irradiation, it was possible to determine the integrated neutron fluence experienced by the cracked region and to specify the accumulated displacement dose. Dose estimates on two separate specimens adjacent to the cracks were found to average 1.5 ± 0.2 dpa, possibly reflecting some uncertainty in measurement but more likely suggesting a small gradient in neutron flux-spectra within the section from which the various analysis specimens were cut. This report demonstrates that it is possible to examine defective components lying outside of the core region and where neutron flux-spectra are not well known, and to use the induced transmutation products to determine the neutron exposure with some confidence by using the examined specimen as its own dosimeter.
Proton Radiobiology, Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy

This review briefly traces the historical developments of proton radiobiology, radiosurgery and radiotherapy for the benefit of young researchers and clinicians entering into this field. In prepari...
Novel Junction Engineering Scheme Using Combination of LSA and Spike-RTA

A novel junction engineering scheme using the combination of LSA and spike-RTA is demonstrated. Xj-Rs tradeoffs of BF2-SDE are investigated for several combinations of spike-RTA and LSA, and it is demonstrated that LSA-first process is effective for the control of the gate-SDE overlap with shallow and low-resistance SDE. This is because dopant impurities are highly activated first by LSA and diffuse by following spike-RTA keeping high-activation. This technology is promising for 45-nm node CMOS and beyond.
Deposition of H2-permselective SiO2 films

Abstract Films of amorphous SiO 2 were deposited within the walls of porous Vycor tubes by SiH 4 oxidation in an opposing-reactants geometry: SiH 4 was passed inside the tube while O 2 was passed outside the tube. The two reactants diffused opposite to each other and reacted within a narrow front inside the tube wall to form a thin SiO 2 film. Once the pores were plugged the reactants could not reach each other and the reaction stopped. At 450°C and 0.1 and 0.33 atm of SiH 4 and O 2 , the reaction was complete within 15 min. The thickness of the SiO 2 film was estimated to be about 0.1 μ. Measurements of H 2 and N 2 permeation rates showed that the SiO 2 film was highly selective to H 2 permeation. The H 2 : N 2 flux at 450°C varied between 2000 and 3000. Thermal annealing at 600°C reduced somewhat that selectivity. Thermal annealing in the presence of H 2 O vapor decreased further the flux of H 2 and increased the flux of H 2 . Permeation of H 2 is believed to occur through an activated diffusion mechanism. Applications of such H 2 -permeable films to membrance reactors for equilibrium-limited reactions are discussed.
AGU donors and supporting members play role at Fall Meeting

More than 1800 of AGU's top donors attended the 2011 Fall Meeting, and many of them sought refuge in the newly improved donor lounges. To quietly recognize supporting members, the lounges offered quiet space to relax between sessions, enjoy refreshments, meet with other donors, or work. Supporting members and AGU donors of all levels played a bigger role than ever at the Fall Meeting. Through the generous support of longtime members and AGU supporters Bruce Tsurutani and Olga Verkhoglyadova, the Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize was announced at the meeting and will be awarded for the first time at the 2013 Fall Meeting.
Shadowing: pediatric heart surgery in El Salvador

In September 2009, the year before the author began medical school, he accompanied a team of doctors, nurses, and technicians from the nonprofit organization Heart Care International (HCI) on a trip to El Salvador. Founded in 1994 by the heart surgeon Robert Michler, HCI strives to provide care to children with congenital heart disease in developing countries. In addition to El Salvador, HCI has worked in Guatemala and the Dominican Republic, leaving behind lasting local programs and always looking to the future for new opportunities.
Scleredema: A review of thirty-three cases

A review of thirty-three cases of scleredema, with particular reference to clinical and histologic findings, revealed that the disease was often of insidious onset and the course was usually prolonged. A preceding respiratory tract infection was uncommon and usually did not indicate a short course. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of diabetes. Diabetes, when present, was typically the late-onset, insulin-dependent type and difficult to control. In many of these patients, the onset of scleredema was so subtle that it went unnoticed by the patient until pointed out by an examining physician.
Biochemical systems theory and metabolic control theory: 1. fundamental similarities and differences

Abstract Biochemical Systems Theory (BST) was developed in the late 1960s to explicate the integrated behavior of intact biochemical systems—specific dynamic behavior as well as general principles of design—in relation to the properties of their underlying molecular elements. This approach was used successfully in a number of biochemical and other biological applications throughout the 1970s and 1980s. A related approach, Metabolic Control Theory (MCT), was proposed in the mid 1970s. Its developments generally have followed without reference the analogous developments in BST, and its proponents have treated the two approaches as if they were unrelated. Detailed comparison of the fundamental structures of BST and MCT shows that, although there are some superficial differences, both in fact are based upon the same underlying formalism. Molecular descriptions in MCT comprise a special case of those in BST. Systemic descriptions differ with respect to the level of aggregation assumed. The aggregation at the level of net increase or net decrease of each system constituent found in BST is shown to produce the more revealing and useful theory, and results presented elsewhere [41] suggest that this level of aggregation also provides a more accurate description of the system. At this fundamental level, MCT represents a special case of BST, for the content and range of validity of BST are more inclusive than those of MCT.
The Role of Effortful Control in Mediating the Association Between Maternal Sensitivity and Children's Social and Relational Competence and Problems in First Grade

Research Findings: This study examined the extent to which maternal sensitivity in infancy and toddlerhood is associated with children's social and relational competence and problems in the early years of schooling as well as the extent to which this association is mediated by children's effortful control abilities. Data from 1,364 children (705 boys, 659 girls), their mothers, and teachers from the longitudinal National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were used. Maternal sensitivity was assessed by coding semistructured videos of mother–child interactions; effortful control was assessed by maternal report; and children's social competence, problems, and relationships with teachers and peers were assessed by school observations and teacher report. Structural equation models examined the extent to which there was an association between maternal sensitivity and children's social and relational competence and problems as well as the extent to wh...
Common stochastic trends in a system of Eurocurrency rates

Abstract This paper investigates the temporal relationship between interest rates on Eurodeposit instruments ranging in maturity from seven days to one year for seven different currency denominations over the 1986–1992 period. Multivariate tests of cointegration reveal strong evidence in favor of the presence of common factors in the univariate time-series representation of each Eurocurrency term structure. Specifically, the hypothesis of noncointegration was rejected in all seven Eurocurrency term structures of interest rates examined in this study. This is consistent with the hypothesis that each Eurocurrency term structure of interest rates possesses a cointegrating structure that prevents these rates from drifting too far apart from equilibrium so that profitable opportunities do not persist. The estimation of an error-correction model, which used this information (i.e., the cointegrating equilibrium error term), produced interest rate forecasts that outperformed the forecasts of a naive and a VAR model that ignore the cointegration of Eurodeposit rates. Finally, we examined the extent of interdependence among five maturities of seven-dimensional intercurrency Eurodeposit rate series and found a strong cointegrating structure across intercurrency Eurodeposit rates that forces convergence among these rates.
On the representation of coupled lossy transmission lines using transfer functions

Interconnections in computer systems must be treated as transmission lines rather than short circuits. Signal delays and crosstalk become more significant as transition times and geometric sizes decrease. The line is described by a model with frequency-dependent parameters, whereas the terminating networks are usually nonlinear and thus can be described in the time domain. One method for transient simulation of multiconductor lines expands the frequency-dependent variables into rational functions, which can then be simulated in the time domain. Algorithms for approximating this transfer function are presented. A nonlinear minimization method is described, it generates a polynomial ratio with poles located in the complex left half plane. >
Streamwise vortex production by pitched and skewed jets in a turbulent boundary layer

Weak longitudinal (streamwise) vortices produced by the interaction of simple, round wall jets with a two-dimensional flow comprising a turbulent boundary layer were studied experimentally. Like the jets used in the vortex generator jet (VGJ) method of stall control, the jets were pitched up at 45 deg and skewed relative to the freestream as they entered from the wall.
Neuroanatomical Characteristics of Geriatric Apathy and Depression: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Objective: Apathy is one of the most common late-life neuropsychiatric syndromes. The objective of our study was to examine the neuroanatomical correlates of apathy in older subjects with and without geriatric major depression (MDD). Methods: Eighty-four subjects (43 patients with MDD and 41 normal comparison subjects) underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric examination, physical examination, and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans on a 1.5T GE MRI scanner. Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale. MRI image analyses included cortical surface extraction, tissue segmentation, and cortical parcellation methods to measure the gray and white matter volumes in two prefrontal subregions: the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex. Results: The depressed group had smaller orbitofrontal gray matter volumes compared to the age-matched normal comparison group. The severity of apathy was associated with the decreased gray matter volume in the right anterior cingulate gray matter volumes using partial correlation and regression analyses after controlling for age, sex, and diagnosis. Conclusion: Apathy and depression were associated with different anatomical correlates in the prefrontal regions implicated in the regulation of cognition and emotion. Our findings offer new understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of apathy and depression in late life, and have broad implications for the neurobiology of behavior. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:386–394)
Intraspecific variation in aerobic metabolism and glycolytic enzyme expression in heart ventricles

A previous phylogenetic analysis among 15 taxa of the teleost fish Fundulus suggested that there should be thermal-adaptive differences in heart metabolism among populations. To test this hypothesis, the rate of oxygen consumption and the activities of all 11 glycolytic enzymes were measured in isolated heart ventricle from two populations of Fundulus heteroclitus. Heart ventricular metabolism is greater in a northern population versus a southern population of these fish. Analysis of the amount of glycolytic enzymes indicates that 87% of the variation in cardiac metabolism within and between populations is explained by the variation in three enzymes (pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase). These enzymes are the same three enzymes that were predicted to be important based on previously determined phylogenetic patterns of expression. Our data indicate that near-equilibrium enzymes, as well as classically defined rate-limiting enzymes, can also influence metabolism.
Adjustable model reference adaptive control

An adjustable model reference adaptive control strategy is proposed where both the controller and reference model parameters are adapted. Adaptive control laws for this structure implementing pole cancellation and replacement and avoiding the zero cancellation usually required by model reference adaptive control are developed from self-tuning adaptive algorithm modification.
Places Are Agent-Based

Like Issue C2, Issue C9 draws on (imports) one of the most important characteristics (areas of study) in complexity science: the idea that complex systems emerge out of the self-organizing, adaptive interactions amongst a set of rule-following agents.
The land ethic at the turn of the millennium

Aldo Leopold's land ethic has proved more complex and subtle than he envisioned. Never- theless, Leopold launched what, facing a new millennium, has proved urgent on the global agenda: an environmental ethics concerned in theory and practice about appropriate respect for values carried by the natural world and human responsibilities for the sustaining of these values. A blending of anthropocentric and biocentric values continues to be vital. These duties toward nature involve analysis of ecosystem integ- rity and evolutionary dynamism at both scientific and philosophical levels; any responsible environmental policy must be based on plausible accounts of ecosystems and a sustainable biosphere. Humans and this planet have entwined destinies. We now envision an Earth ethic beyond the land ethic.
Attraction and fecundity of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella, as influenced by methoxyfenozide-treated electrostatic powder

The attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), exposed to Entostat TM powder with or without the ecdysteroid agonist, methoxyfenozide, were investigated in a flight tunnel. Coating males with either Entostat TM powder alone or powder plus methoxyfenozide 1 or 24 h prior to flight tunnel assays did not influence the mean percentages of males successfully orienting to a femaleequivalent lure relative to unexposed control moths. The fecundity of females paired with males exposed to Entostat TM powder plus methoxyfenozide was significantly lower than that for females paired with unexposed males. This reduction in egg output was similar to that observed when methoxyfenozide-treated females were paired with untreated males, indicating that males can successfully pass methoxyfenozide to their partners during copulation. However, Entostat TM powder alone carried by male moths did not affect female fecundity after mating. Entostat TM powder has the potential to carry pesticides for
Challenge of preventive dentistry

Eight hundred and ten children, 6 to 14 years old, from three different cities in Indiana, differing principally in the fluo­ ride content of the communal water sup­ plies, received dental examinations. D if­ ferences in the incidence of caries were pronounced. The failure of children liv­ ing in a natural fluoride area to see the dentist at an early age, as is done in non­ fluoride areas, may have a harmful effect on the adult dentition. Dental schools should re-evaluate their teaching pro­ grams to prepare the young dental grad­ uate to meet the demands for dental service encountered in an area where multiple principles of preventive den­ tistry are practiced. More attention should be given to periodontal therapy and interceptive orthodontics.
Can metformin or rosiglitazone reduce metabolic side effects associated with atypical antipsychotics

When treating schizophrenia, the newer atypical antipsychotic medications (AAPs) are generally preferred for their minimal risk of extrapyramidal side effects and sedation as compared to typical an...
Peripheral neurostimulation techniques for primary headaches

Primary headaches are highly prevalent among the general population. Despite aggressive pharmacologic and behavioral therapies, primary headaches can become refractory leading to a challenging situation for the treating physician. For the past few decades, pain and headache specialists have incorporated the utilization of interventional approaches to the management of acute and chronic headaches with good results. Among these, peripheral neurostimulation techniques have become more popular due to their efficacy and safety profile. The most common sites for which peripheral stimulation can be applied for the treatment of headaches are the occipital, supraorbital and vagus nerves, and sphenopalatine ganglion. However, the evidence supporting these is variable; therefore further controlled studies are needed to standardize their practice. This article provides an overview of the most relevant data on peripheral stimulation in the management of primary headaches.
Socioenvironmental influences on children's fruit, juice and vegetable consumption as reported by parents: reliability and validity of measures

Quintiles Inc., PO Box 13979,Research Triangle Park, NC 27709–3979, USAAbstractObjective: To pilot test theory-based questionnaires to measure socioenvironmentalinﬂuences on children’s fruit, juice and vegetable (FJV) consumption as reported byparents.Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Parents of fourth to sixth grade students completed socioenvironmentalquestionnaires. The students completed food records (FRs) for 2 days in theclassroom.Subjects: Interviews were completed by 109 parents (17% African-American, 32%Hispanic-American and 51 Euro-American).Results: Student mean daily FJV intake was 2.1 servings. Principal componentsanalysesrevealedsubscalesmeasuringpositiveandnegativeparentingpractices;self-efﬁcacy for modelling and planning/encouraging FJV consumption, and making FJVavailable; encouraging, consequences and discouraging food socialization practices;negativehome,costandcanned/frozenfoodbarriers;mealplanning;childshopping;mother food preparation; and child lunch and dinner FJV preparation practices.Internal consistencies were adequate to high. Negative parent practices and negativehome FJV barriers were signiﬁcantly negatively correlated with child FJVconsumption variables. Planning/encouraging self-efﬁcacy was positively associatedwith fruit consumption, and childdinner FJV preparation was signiﬁcantly negativelycorrelated with child juice consumption.Conclusions: These questionnaires may provide important insights about therelationship between parent-reported socioenvironmental inﬂuences and children’sFJV consumption. Future work should test these questionnaires with largergroups ofparents and youths, with more reliable estimates of usual FJV intake, e.g. 7-day foodrecords, to obtain a detailed understanding of how parents inﬂuence what childreneat.Tests of modelsofrelationships among these variablesarewarranted,but shouldcontrol for possible confounding variables, e.g. socioeconomic status, gender of thechild, etc.KeywordsReliabilitySocioenvironmental inﬂuencesFruitVegetablesChildrenParentsChildren’s consumption of fruit, juice, vegetables anddietary fat do not meet recommended guidelines
Effects of wet corn gluten feed and yellow grease on digestive function of cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets

Abstract Twelve ruminally cannulated, English-crossbred steers (436 ± 16 kg) were used in a completely random experiment to evaluate the influence of dietary wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and yellow grease (fat) in steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on diet intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation characteristics. Treatments consisted of steam-flaked corn-based diets containing the following WCGF/fat combinations: (1) 0 g/kg WCGF/30 g/kg added fat (STD3), (2) 250 g/kg WCGF/0 g/kg added fat (WCGF0), and (3) 250 g/kg WCGF/30 g/kg added fat (WCGF3). Steers fed WCGF3 consumed more (P=0.01) dry matter (DM) than did those fed STD3 or WCGF0 (23.5 > 18.4 = 18.8 ± 0.9 g/kg of body weight (BW) daily, respectively). Organic matter intake was also greater (P≤0.02) for WCGF3-fed steers than steers fed STD3 and WCGF0 (22.1 > 17.7 = 17.8 ± 0.8 g/kg BW, respectively). Total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) were not different (P≥0.15) in the 3 groups. Digestion of aNDF was greater in cattle fed WCGF3 and WCGF0 than in those fed STD3 (1.6 = 1.3 > 0.8 ± 0.1 g/kg BW, respectively). Ruminal fluid dilution rate (0.075 > 0.057 = 0.052 ± 0.4/h for WCGF3, WCGF0, and STD3, respectively) and particulate passage rate (0.059 > 0.042 = 0.036 ± 0.4/h, for WCGF3, WCGF0, and STD3, respectively) increased (P 5.4 = 5.3 ± 0.1, respectively). Total ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) in WCGF0-fed steers tended to be less (P 0.9 ± 0.1, respectively). Supplementing 30 g/kg fat to a finishing diet containing 250 g/kg WCGF increased DM intake due to faster liquid and particle passage rates, and to increased total tract nutrient digested.
Physical and/or Spiritual Exclusion? Ecclesial Discipline in 1 Corinthians 5

When Paul asks for the incestuous man at Corinth to be handed over to Satan is he calling for mere physical expulsion from the community or is he calling for something more? We argue in this paper that the nature of the man's offense—i.e., an ostentatious display of sexual immorality that also receives theological justification from the perpetrator—demanded a harsher sentence beyond mere physical exclusion. Drawing on the book of Job, we show that the disciplinary practice Paul advocates in 1 Corinthians 5 is a spiritual practice that aims to remove the spiritual protection enjoyed by the incestuous man while he remained in the body of Christ, thereby exposing him to Satan's attacks. Paul's hope was that the affliction suffered by the man at the hands of Satan as a result of this exposure would lead to his repentance and ultimate salvation.
Homicide and Deterrence: The Japanese Case

This article uses the economic approach to examine the relationship between the Japanese homicide rate and penalty structures during the past half century. The empirical results give some support for the hypothesis that potential criminals are deterred by sanctions (proxies for the certainty and severity of punishment are inversely related to the homicide rate.) Virtually no support is found for the hypothesis that the decline in the Japanese homicide rate resulted directly from economic growth. The results indicate that, even after taking into account changes in the Japanese penalty structure, the single most important factor explaining the decline in homicide in Japan is the secular trend. This contrasts sharply with other industralized countries which have experienced secular trends toward higher homicide rates. Factors that caused Japan's secular trend to be so different from other industralized nations need further clarification and investigation.
Gender differences in diabetes self-management: a mixed-methods analysis of a mobile health intervention for inner-city Latino patients.

Background: The benefit of mobile health (mHealth) on diabetes management among low-income, inner-city patients is largely unknown, particularly for Latino patients. TExT-MED (Trial to Examine Text Message for Emergency Department Patients with Diabetes) is a text message-based program designed to improve disease knowledge, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among low-income, inner-city Latinos. In phase I, 23 patients participated in an acceptability and feasibility study. Contrary to our model, there was no increase in knowledge despite increases in self-efficacy and healthy behaviors. In phase II, we performed a mixed-methods analysis to understand how TExT-MED achieved these seemingly contradictory findings. Method: We performed a qualitative analysis of focus groups with patients from phase I. We explored patients’ receipt of health information from TExT-MED and other information sources. We used these qualitative findings to perform a mixed-methods analysis of the outcomes from phase I, reanalyzing the quantitative measures of self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge, and healthy behaviors. Results: We conducted two focus groups, one in English and one in Spanish. Through qualitative analysis, we found gender differences in information sources, dietary self-efficacy, and desired educational content. Applying this knowledge, we re-stratified phase I outcomes by gender and found differential changes in diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors. Men had increased self-efficacy while women showed increased knowledge. Conclusions:
Trends in cutaneous lymphoma epidemiology.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) have garnered tremendous interest among the basic science and epidemiologic communities. The potential viral, biochemical, or genetic origins of these cancers remain to be fully defined. Additionally, the reported incidence of these cancers has risen sharply over the past 15 years, which may be due to a combination of real increases in cases and improved access to and detection by medical practitioners. The primary source for analyses of incidence in the United States is the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The SEER program collects data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival at the population level, now covering approximately 26% of the US population. Data are derived primarily from hospitals, larger practices and health systems, and pathology laboratories.