cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffuseness of the Nuclear Surface from S-Wave Strength Functions

The S-wave strength function data are analyzed to find the diffuseness for the nuclei near 3S and 4S strength function giant resonances. The calculations are performed as a function of atomic weight, using a deformed optical model potential for two values of the diffuseness parameter a in the Saxon-Woods potential, a = 0.52 F and a = 0.30 F. The comparison of the data with the calculations indicates the value of a to be (0.5 plus or minus 0.1) F, for the nuclei of both the 3S and 4S giant resonances. The result for the 4S giant resonance is in disagreement with that of Vogt. The reason for the disagreement is discussed. (auth)
Histone acetylation at the human β-globin locus changes with developmental age

To delineate the relationship between epigenetic modifications and hemoglobin switching, we compared the pattern of histone acetylation and pol II binding across the β-globin locus at fetal and adult stages of human development. To make this comparison possible, we introduced an external control into experimental samples in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Using this common standard, we found that the locus control region (LCR) was acetylated to the same level at all stages, whereas acetylation levels at the individual gene regions correlated with the state of transcription. In the active genes, the promoters were less acetylated compared with the coding regions. Furthermore, all globin promoters were acetylated to a similar level irrespective of the state of transcription. However, after correction for the loss of nucleosomes, the level of acetylation per histone at the active γ and β promoters was 5- to 7-fold greater than that at the inactive e promoter. Although the histone acetylation level within the LCR was developmentally stable, pol II binding in fetal erythroblasts was 2- to 3-fold greater than that in adult erythroblasts. These results demonstrate that dynamic changes in histone acetylation and pol II take place as the human β-globin gene region undergoes its developmental switches.
Light-dependent anion transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract A rapid centrifugation technique is described which provides direct measurements of transient anion movements in illuminated chloroplasts. The results obtained by the technique are consistent with proposed mechanisms of chloroplast anion transport in which light-induced proton uptake determines the movement of other ions in chloroplasts. 1. 1. Direct measurements of weak acid anion transport (succinate, phosphate) during illumination support the hypothesis that proton association with weak acid anions within the chloroplasts produces concentration gradients of the uncharged weak acid species and results in net anion efflux. 2. 2. Influx of dissociated anion (Cl − ) occurs in the presence of dissociated cations (Na + , K + ) and weak base cations (NH 4 + ). In both instances Cl − influx is presumably necessary to maintain charge balance across the membrane during proton uptake. Both the direction and quantity of anion transport in illuminated chloroplasts are predictable from the principles of charge balance and pH-dependent shifts in weak acid concentrations. Sufficient quantities of osmotically active ions are transported to account for the observed volume changes in grana by osmotic mechanisms.
Towards the design of complex evolving networks with high robustness and resilience

Abstract Network design and optimization research has traditionally been focused on networks where the designers have direct control over the nodes and their connectivity. However there is increasing importance of social, economic and technical networks whose structures are not under the direct control of the designers, but evolve as a result of decisions and behaviors of individual self- directed entities. These networks are endogenous in nature, where the local characteristics and behaviors of nodes affect the overall structures. The structure of a network affects its properties, and the properties affect the system's performance. Hence, the problem of designing such endogenously evolving networks involves determining the node-level characteristics and behaviors through appropriate incentives to achieve the desired system-level performance. In this paper, our goal is to illustrate the problem of designing endogenously evolving networks, and to present a specific illustrative example. We perform a conceptual exploration of the problem, present the current state of the art and identify research gaps. The illustrative example involves designing an endogenous network with two objectives, robustness to random node failure and resilience to targeted attack, considering specific node-level characteristics, additional attractiveness, as the design variables. The impact of the design variables on the performance of the network, and potential applications are discussed.
Common Lyapunov functions for families of commuting nonlinear systems

Abstract We present constructions of a local and global common Lyapunov function for a finite family of pairwise commuting globally asymptotically stable nonlinear systems. The constructions are based on an iterative procedure, which at each step invokes a converse Lyapunov theorem for one of the individual systems. Our results extend a previously available one which relies on exponential stability of the vector fields.
Comment on the asymptotics of a distribution-free goodness of fit test statistic.

In a recent article Jennrich and Satorra (Psychometrika 78: 545–552, 2013) showed that a proof by Browne (British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 37: 62–83, 1984) of the asymptotic distribution of a goodness of fit test statistic is incomplete because it fails to prove that the orthogonal component function employed is continuous. Jennrich and Satorra (Psychometrika 78: 545–552, 2013) showed how Browne’s proof can be completed satisfactorily but this required the development of an extensive and mathematically sophisticated framework for continuous orthogonal component functions. This short note provides a simple proof of the asymptotic distribution of Browne’s (British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 37: 62–83, 1984) test statistic by using an equivalent form of the statistic that does not involve orthogonal component functions and consequently avoids all complicating issues associated with them.
The core theory of subjunctive conditionals

Conditional probability and selection-function approaches to chancy subjunctive conditionals are compared in a simple and transparent setting. They are seen to be alternative ways of calculating the same quantity. This unification extends from core cases to more peripheral cases.
Power control in ad hoc networks: an overview

In this paper, a brief overview of the power control problem will be presented along with different directions in power control design. In addition, a new approach to power control design inspired from control theory will be introduced. In this approach, linear quadratic control will be utilized to determine the transmission power of each node in the network. The system states will represent the signal quality and the error between the signal-to-interference level and the desired target. The necessary modifications to the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer to incorporate the proposed power control algorithm will be described.
Metallocene Allyl Reactivity in the Presence of Alkenes Tethered to Cyclopentadienyl Ligands

The reactions of the yttrium metallocene allyl complex [(C5Me4)SiMe2(CH2CHCH2)]2Y(C3H5), 1, with ethylene, trimethylaluminum, and hydrogen have been examined to determine how the olefins tethered t...
Residual based tests for cointegration in dependent panels

Abstract In the paper, we propose residual based tests for cointegration in general panels with cross-sectional dependency, endogeneity and various heterogeneities. The residuals are obtained from the usual least squares estimation of the postulated cointegrating relationships from each individual unit, and the nonlinear IV panel unit root testing procedure is applied to the panels of the fitted residuals using as instruments the nonlinear transformations of the adaptively fitted lagged residuals. The t -ratio, based on the nonlinear IV estimator, is then constructed to test for unit root in the fitted residuals for each cross-section. We show that such nonlinear IV t -ratios are asymptotically normal and cross-sectionally independent under the null hypothesis of no cointegration. The average or the minimum of the IV t -ratios can, therefore, be used to test for the null of a fully non-cointegrated panel against the alternative of a mixed panel, i.e., a panel with only some cointegrated units. We also consider the maximum of the IV t -ratios to test for a mixed panel against a fully cointegrated panel. The critical values of the minimum, maximum as well as the average tests are easily obtained from the standard normal distribution function. Our simulation results indicate that the residual based tests for cointegration perform quite well in finite samples.
Ile-177 and Ser-180 in the S1 segment are critically important in Kv1.1 channel function.

Ile-177 and Ser-180 are conserved residues in the first transmembrane segment (S1) of theShaker, Shab, Shaw, and Shalsubfamilies of voltage-gated K+ channels. Here we report that the mutation of these residues in Kv1.1 to leucine, proline, or arginine abolished the expression of outward potassium currents inXenopus oocytes. Co-injection of these mutant cRNAs and wild type Kv1.1 cRNA into Xenopus oocytes exerted a potent dominant negative effect resulting in the suppression of Kv1.1-encoded currents. Transient transfection experiments of COS-7 cells revealed that the S1 mutants directed the synthesis of Kv1.1 polypeptides. Quantitative co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that most of the S1 mutants co-assembled and formed both homo- and heteromultimeric complexes. Furthermore, the mutated polypeptides could reach the plasma membranes of transfected Sol8 cells. We conclude that mutations of Ile-177 and Ser-180 do not interfere with either the assembly of multimeric channel complexes or the targeting of these complexes to the plasma membrane. It is likely that these residues are involved in helix-helix interactions that are critical to the proper functioning of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Social networks and alcohol consumption among first generation Chinese and Korean immigrants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area

Hofstetter, C., Clapp, J., Allem, J., Hughes, S., Li, Y., Irvin, V., Daly, A., Kang, S., & Hovell, M. (2014). Social networks and alcohol consumption among first generation Chinese and Korean immigrants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3 (4), 245-255. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.188 Aims: To test hypotheses involving mechanisms of reinforcement of alcohol behaviors operating in social networks. Design: Telephone interviews conducted by professional interviewers in Mandarin or Korean or English with first generation Chinese (from Mainland or Taiwan) and Korean immigrants residing using a dual frame stratified sampling design. Combined probability and non-probability approaches for sampling due to the widespread use of cell phones. Interviews were conducted in language of preferences with over 95% of interviews in Korean or Mandarin. Setting: Residents of three counties with the largest proportions of eligible residents (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Bernardino) were included. Participants: Adult residents (21 and over) stratified by gender who could be reached by telephone constituted the sample. Measures: Measures included frequency/amount alcohol consumption drawn from NIAAA standard, a “relax, socialize, have fun with” name generator was used to identify alters. Reinforcers within networks were measured by participant reports of amount of alter drinking, drunkenness, and encouragement to drink, acculturation, and demographic variables were measured by self report. Findings: Using a random effects approach and controlling for other variables, including drinking in the network, acculturation, Korean/Chinese origin, and demographics, source of immigration, network context, as was and sampling frame, encouragement to drink in the network was related to drinking ( P <.05). Conclusions: Studies of social networks in relation to health behaviors should include measures of actions within networks, especially reinforcers of behaviors, in order to understand the functioning and consequences of networks.
Evolutionary study of web spam: Webb Spam Corpus 2011 versus Webb Spam Corpus 2006

With over 2.5 hours a day spent browsing websites online [1] and with over a billion pages [2], identifying and detecting web spam is an important problem. Although large corpora of legitimate web pages are available to researchers, the same cannot be said about web spam or spam web pages.
Cotherapy in psychodynamic group psychotherapy: An approach to training

Cotherapy in a training relationship with a senior therapist/supervisor and a trainee/junior leader is presented. A structured training year with planned sessions for the junior leader to lead the group alone, as well as intensive supervision, is described. The training relationship is seen as evolving into an egalitarian, collegial working relationship. An incidental benefit of this cotherapy approach is that additional opportunities are provided for group members to work through attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with attachment, interpersonal relationship (autonomy and affiliation), separation, and loss. Potential drawbacks and applications are also noted.
A paramagnetic molecular voltmeter.

Abstract We have developed a general electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method to measure electrostatic potential at spin labels on proteins to millivolt accuracy. Electrostatic potential is fundamental to energy-transducing proteins like myosin, because molecular energy storage and retrieval is primarily electrostatic. Quantitative analysis of protein electrostatics demands a site-specific spectroscopic method sensitive to millivolt changes. Previous electrostatic potential studies on macromolecules fell short in sensitivity, accuracy and/or specificity. Our approach uses fast-relaxing charged and neutral paramagnetic relaxation agents (PRAs) to increase nitroxide spin label relaxation rate solely through collisional spin exchange. These PRAs were calibrated in experiments on small nitroxides of known structure and charge to account for differences in their relaxation efficiency. Nitroxide longitudinal ( R 1 ) and transverse ( R 2 ) relaxation rates were separated by applying lineshape analysis to progressive saturation spectra. The ratio of measured R 1 increases for each pair of charged and neutral PRAs measures the shift in local PRA concentration due to electrostatic potential. Voltage at the spin label is then calculated using the Boltzmann equation. Measured voltages for two small charged nitroxides agree with Debye–Huckel calculations. Voltage for spin-labeled myosin fragment S1 also agrees with calculation based on the p K shift of the reacted cysteine.
Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Speed Estimation and Vehicle Classification Using Single-Loop Measurements

Traffic speed and length-based vehicle classification data are critical inputs for traffic operations, pavement design and maintenance, and transportation planning. However, they cannot be measured directly by single-loop detectors, the most widely deployed type of traffic sensor in the existing roadway infrastructure. In this study, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based approach is developed to estimate more accurate traffic speeds and classified vehicle volumes using single-loop outputs. The estimation procedure consists of multiple iterations of parameter correction and validation. After the GMM is established to empirically model vehicle on-times measured by single-loop detectors, the optimal solution can be initially sought to separate length-based vehicle volume data. Based on the on-time of the separated short vehicles from the GMM, an iterative process will be conducted to improve traffic speed and classified volume estimation until the estimation results become statistically stable and converge. T...
Tunneling through indirect-gap semiconductor barriers.

Tunneling-current measurements in ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{GaAs}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructures under hydrostatic pressure show that nonresonant tunneling occurs preferentially through the lowest potential barrier, while resonant tunneling is determined solely by a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-point profile. For fixed voltages, the low-temperature current through a 100 \AA{}-40 \AA{}-100 \AA{} structure with ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.60}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.40}$As barriers increased with pressure, up to 11 kbar. The rate of increase showed an abrupt rise at \ensuremath{\sim}4 kbar, which is attributed to tunneling through a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ barrier. This interpretation is consistent with a rapid increase of the tunneling current in AlAs-GaAs-AlAs, even at low pressures. On the other hand, a negative-resistance feature associated with resonant tunneling via quantum-well states, shifted smoothly to lower voltages with pressure, indicating that the energy of the confined states is established by a pressure-dependent $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-point profile.
Benchmarks for excellence—: Cornell's management-development program

Abstract Rather than create separate courses for such critical skills as effective communication and working with groups, Cornell's redesigned master's degree program requires students to achieve specific performance benchmarks.
Consequences of recurrent gene flow from crops to wild relatives

Concern about gene flow from crops to wild relatives has become widespread with the increasing cultivation of transgenic crops. Possible consequences of such gene flow include genetic assimilation, wherein crop genes replace wild ones, and demographic swamping, wherein hybrids are less fertile than their wild parents, and wild populations shrink. Using mathematical models of a wild population recurrently receiving pollen from a genetically fixed crop, we find that the conditions for genetic assimilation are not stringent, and progress towards replacement can be fast, even for disfavoured crop genes. Demographic swamping and genetic drift relax the conditions for genetic assimilation and speed progress towards replacement. Genetic assimilation can involve thresholds and hysteresis, such that a small increase in immigration can lead to fixation of a disfavoured crop gene that had been maintained at a moderate frequency, even if the increase in immigration is cancelled before the gene fixes. Demographic swamping can give rise to 'migrational meltdown', such that a small increase in immigration can lead to not only fixation of a disfavoured crop gene but also drastic shrinkage of the wild population. These findings suggest that the spread of crop genes in wild populations should be monitored more closely.
Organ distributions and clearance studies of 99m technetium-labeled corynebacterium parvum in patients with leukemia

Abstract The clearance, metabolism and localization of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) labeled with 99m technetium ( 99m Tc) given intravenously was studied in various leukemia patients to develop the method and to evaluate reticuloendothelial systems (RES) function. A computer program was utilized to characterize the clearance. C. parvum 0.05 mg was labeled aseptically with 10 mCi of 99m Tc with a reducing agent. It was injected intravenously over 5 s and clearance was characterized over the next 60 min. The low dose of C. parvum did not cause any symptoms. The blood or plasma clearance time ( t 1 2 ) was in the range of 0.65 to 1.96 min, in eight patients. By whole body imaging, the distribution of C. parvum was found mainly in the liver, and to a much lesser extent in the spleen, lungs, and bone marrow. Nonparticulate 99m Tc (which was not sedimented by centrifugation of blood samples at 3000 rpm for 30 min) appeared rapidly in the blood after i.v. injection accounting for more than half of the radioactivitu in a few minutes. In vitro incubation of 99m Tc labeled C . parvum with saline, whole blood, serum or leukocytes revealed that the release of free 99m Tc resulted from the combined action of serum and leukocytes. The rapid clearance will limit the utility of this preparation in characterizing RES function in man and its modification by disease or therapy.
Childhood conditions that predict survival to advanced ages among African–Americans

This paper investigates the social and economic circumstances of childhood that predict the probability of survival to age 85 among African-Americans. It uses a unique study design in which survivors are linked to their records in U.S. Censuses of 1900 and 1910. A control group of age and race-matched children is drawn from Public Use Samples for these censuses. It concludes that the factors most predictive of survival are farm background, having literate parents, and living in a two-parent household. Results support the interpretation that death risks are positively correlated over the life cycle.
Effects of milk on enamel solubility.

Abstract A reproducible method for comparing the effects of treatment with milk products on the acid solubility of enamel surfaces is described. Using this method it was found that treatment with cows' milk reduced solubility by more than 20 per cent, regardless of whether it was raw or pasteurized whole or skim milk. Reconstituted whole and reconstituted skim milk gave similar reductions. Similar depressions of solubility followed treatment with cream or whey. Butter gave low and inconsistent reductions. No difference was found in the solubility effects of reconstituted dry skim milk obtained from twenty-three locations in the United States. Tests showed that the protective agent in milk reacts rapidly with the enamel and resists washing. That it is protein in nature is indicated by the finding that the full solubility reduction is given by treatment with casein solutions and mostly removed by washing with a protein solvent.
Stem cell transplantation and other novel techniques for promoting recovery from spinal cord injury

A number of potential approaches aim to optimize functional recovery after spinal cord injury. They include minimizing the progression of secondary injury, manipulating the neuroinhibitory environment of the spinal cord, replacing lost tissue with transplanted cells or peripheral nerve grafts, remyelinating denuded axons, and maximizing the intrinsic regenerative potential of endogenous progenitor cells. We review the application of stem cell transplantation to the spinal cord, emphasizing the use of embryonic stem cells for remyelinating damaged axons. We speculate that harnessing the potential of endogenously born stem cells already present in the spinal cord represents an important therapeutic target. We also discuss the potential application of peripheral nervous system reconstruction to recovery from spinal cord injury. The principles of peripheral nerve regeneration and concepts of nerve grafting are reviewed. Particular attention is given to peripheral nerve allotransplantation for repairing extensively injured tissue when autologous donor nerve material is scarce. The potential role of nerve transfers for reconstructing the injured spinal cord, particularly the cauda equina and lumbosacral plexus, are also described.
A Functional Perspective on the Embryology and Anatomy of the Cerebral Blood Supply

The anatomy of the arterial system supplying blood to the brain can influence the development of arterial disease such as aneurysms, dolichoectasia and atherosclerosis. As the arteries supplying blood to the brain develop during embryogenesis, variation in their anatomy may occur and this variation may influence the development of arterial disease. Angiogenesis, which occurs mainly by sprouting of parent arteries, is the first stage at which variations can occur. At day 24 of embryological life, the internal carotid artery is the first artery to form and it provides all the blood required by the primitive brain. As the occipital region, brain stem and cerebellum enlarge; the internal carotid supply becomes insufficient, triggering the development of the posterior circulation. At this stage, the posterior circulation consists of a primitive mesh of arterial networks that originate from projection of penetrators from the distal carotid artery and more proximally from carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. These anastomoses regress when the basilar artery and the vertebral arteries become independent from the internal carotid artery, but their persistence is not uncommon in adults (e.g., persistent trigeminal artery). Other common remnants of embryological development include fenestration or duplication (most commonly of the basilar artery), hypoplasia (typically of the posterior communicating artery) or agenesis (typically of the anterior communicating artery). Learning more about the hemodynamic consequence that these variants may have on the brain territories they supply may help understand better the underlying physiopathology of cerebral arterial remodeling and stroke in patients with these variants.
Matching elastic contours

An optimal method to match elastic contours is proposed. The method is based on dynamic programming and on some ideas borrowed from stereo matching, where occlusions correspond to contour regions that have no match after the deformation. The matching between two circles of different sizes and centers is shown. One may consider this experiment as the matching between two images of an inflating balloon. The algorithm produces uniform matches along the perimeter despite the large difference in size of the two contours. The matching of the inner and outer walls of the heart left ventricle is also shown. This matching can give diagnostic information for the heart wall. Because of the restricted search space, the DP matching algorithm is very fast, matching two contours of 500 points in a few milliseconds. >
Fourth order partial differential equations on general geometries

We extend a recently introduced method for numerically solving partial differential equations on implicit surfaces M. Bertalmio, L.T. Cheng, S. Osher, G. Sapiro. Variational problems and partial differential equations on implicit surfaces, J. Comput. Phys. 174 (2) (2001) 759-780] to fourth order PDEs including the Cahn-Hilliard equation and a lubrication model for curved surfaces. By representing a surface in R N as the level set of a smooth function, ?, we compute the PDE using only finite differences on a standard Cartesian mesh in R N . The higher order equations introduce a number of challenges that are of less concern when applying this method to first and second order PDEs. Many of these problems, such as time-stepping restrictions and large stencil sizes, are shared by standard fourth order equations in Euclidean domains, but others are caused by the extreme degeneracy of the PDEs that result from this method and the general geometry. We approach these difficulties by applying convexity splitting methods, ADI schemes, and iterative solvers. We discuss in detail the differences between computing these fourth order equations and computing the first and second order PDEs considered in earlier work. We explicitly derive schemes for the linear fourth order diffusion, the Cahn-Hilliard equation for phase transition in a binary alloy, and surface tension driven flows on complex geometries. Numerical examples validating our methods are presented for these flows for data on general surfaces.
Resolving multiple occluded layers in augmented reality

A useful function of augmented reality (AR) systems is their ability to visualize occluded infrastructure directly in a user's view of the environment. This is especially important for our application context, which utilizes mobile AR for navigation and other operations in an urban environment. A key problem in the AR field is how to best depict occluded objects in such a way that the viewer can correctly infer the depth relationships between different physical and virtual objects. Showing a single occluded object with no depth context presents an ambiguous picture to the user. But showing all occluded objects in the environments leads to the "Superman's X-ray vision" problem, in which the user sees too much information to make sense of the depth relationships of objects. Our efforts differ qualitatively from previous work in AR occlusion, because our application domain involves far-field occluded objects, which are tens of meters distant from the user. Previous work has focused on near-field occluded objects, which are within or just beyond arm's reach, and which use different perceptual cues. We designed and evaluated a number of sets of display attributes. We then conducted a user study to determine which representations best express occlusion relationships among far-field objects. We identify a drawing style and opacity settings that enable the user to accurately interpret three layers of occluded objects, even in the absence of perspective constraints.
Rental Harmony: Sperner's Lemma in Fair Division

(1999). Rental Harmony: Sperner's Lemma in Fair Division. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 10, pp. 930-942.
Predicting Interfacial Contact Conductance and Gap Formation of Investment Cast Alloy 718

Investment casting foundries increasingly rely on numerical simulations of their casting processes to enhance quality and reduce costs. An important aspect of numerical simulations is the interfacial heat transfer between the solidifying metal and the mold. Most codes use the concept of a contact conductance to model this heat transfer. The contact conductance varies during solidification as the mold expands and the metal shrinks, leading to the formation of a gap and significantly reduced contact conductance. Very little data are available for the estimation of contact conductance, particularly for the superalloys used in the aerospace industry. This paper reports on experimental and numerical results for the determination of contact conductance for an axisymmetric casting of alloy 718. The heat transfer code TOPAZ2D, in conjunction with an inverse method is used for the numerical simulation of this inverse heat transfer problem. The effects of variation of mold properties, mold thickness, and mold thermocouple locations on contact conductance are considered. The predicted gap widths are compared to actual measurements. Finally, the applicability of the technique is discussed.
Prostate position late in the course of external beam therapy: patterns and predictors.

Abstract Purpose: To examine prostate and seminal vesicles position late in the course of radiation therapy and to determine the effect and predictive value of the bladder and rectum on prostate and seminal vesicles positioning. Methods and Materials: Twenty-four patients with localized prostate cancer underwent a computerized tomography scan (CT1) before the start of radiation therapy. After 4–5 weeks of radiation therapy, a second CT scan (CT2) was obtained. All patients were scanned in the supine treatment position with instructions to maintain a full bladder. The prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum were contoured. CT2 was aligned via fixed bony anatomy to CT1. The geometrical center and volume of each structure were obtained and directly compared. Results: The prostate shifted along a diagonal axis extending from an anterior–superior position to a posterior–inferior position. The dominant shift was to a more posterior–inferior position. On average, bladder and rectal volumes decreased to 51% (±29%) and 82% (±45%) of their pretreatment values, respectively. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) revealed that bladder movement and volume change and upper rectum movement were independently associated with prostate motion ( p = 0.016, p = 0.003, and p = 0.052 respectively). Conclusion: Patients are often instructed to maintain a full bladder during a course of external beam radiation therapy, in the hopes of decreasing bladder and small bowel toxicity. However, our study shows that large bladder volumes late in therapy are strongly associated with posterior prostate displacement. This prostate displacement may result in marginal miss.
Player evaluation using win probabilities in sports competitions

One type of sports competition between two teams consists of a sequence of plays where the winner is the team with the most points scored. A win probability is a calculation during the game which expresses the likelihood of the home team winning the contest. Win probabilities are helpful in understanding the ebb and flow of the game, and in assessing which plays had the largest impact on the outcome of the contest. This article reviews the definition, construction, and application of win probabilities in a number of sports including the use of this concept in measuring the contribution of individual players. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:316–325. doi: 10.1002/wics.1358 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Magnetic fields and polarization in AGN jets

In the literature there is now a wealth of images of AGN in both linear and circular polarization at milliarcsecond resolution of many sources at multiple epochs and wavelengths. This review is a broad overview of our current state of knowledge of the polarization properties of AGN jets, and of what we can infer about the structure of their magnetic fields and the distribution of Faraday rotating material, and also what is premature to infer. We suggest that while many of the observations of transverse rotation measure gradients may be correct, they have in general been observed with neither enough resolution nor sensitivity to be incontrovertible. Fortunately, this could be remedied using the new broad-band receivers on the VLBA. We also argue that while a transverse rotation measure gradient is a strong indicator of a toroidal component of magnetic field, it does not necessarily imply a helical magnetic field. In jets where the dominant field component appears to be parallel to the jet, it more likely consists of sheared loops or compressed random fields that are not vector ordered. Finally, we draw attention to the power of imaging in all four Stokes parameters at multiple frequencies to constrain the three-dimensional magnetic field structure and the particle content of jets and measure fundamental physical properties. The linear polarization of the radio emission from AGN jets (assumed to be synchrotron radiation) tells us about the structure and order of the magnetic field. Especially on parsec scales, these are intimately related to the launching, acceleration and collimation of the jets (see the review by D. Meier, these proceedings). Monitoring reveals the evo- lution of the magnetic field, and the formation and dissi- pation of shocks. Faraday rotation measurements are an important diagnostic of thermal electrons (and lower en- ergy relativistic electrons) inside and outside the jet, and have revealed a torroidal component of the magnetic field in some sources. Observations of circular polarization can tell us about the positron fraction in the relativistic electron population and the vector-ordering of the magnetic field. The latter then permits an estimate of the net magnetic flux in the jet, and hence (because it is a conserved quantity) the magnetic flux at the central black hole-accretion disk system. It should be noted that none of the physical pa- rameters listed in this paragraph can be gleaned from total intensity images. With the advent of the VLBA in 1993, polarimetry at milliarcsecond resolution came of age. Earlier polariza- tion results, and some of the first polarization results from the VLBA, were discussed in the 1997 Annual Reviews article by Zensus (1). A conference celebrating the 10th birthday of the VLBA (2) featured 18 papers devoted to the polarization properties of AGN on parsec scales. These in- cluded observations of rotation measures, transverse gra-
Jeffrey Rohlfs' 1974 Model of Facebook: An Introduction

This short essay, forthcoming in Competition Policy International, summarizes and evaluates Jeffrey Rohlfs' 1974 Bell Journal paper, "A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Telecommunications Service." Rohlfs' work helped create a large literature on markets with network externalities in which demand decisions have long-lasting consequences, a literature that has informed competition policy. But Rohlfs assumed that demand-side decisions did NOT have long-lasting consequences. Social networking and internet-based markets of this sort are increasingly important but have not been extensively studied. While they may post interesting antitrust challenges, they are almost certainly not the challenges to which the post-Rohlfs literature pointed.
Associations among adult attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and infant-mother attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers

Associations among adolescent attachment organization, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment organization were examined prospectively in 74 teenaged mother-infant dyads. Pregnant teenagers' attachment organizations predicted both sensitivity and infant-mother attachments. Mothers classified autonomous (F) in the prenatal period showed higher levels of sensitivity at both 3 and 9 months than mothers classified dismissing (Ds), preoccupied (E), or unresolved (U). Correspondence between maternal attachment (F vs. Ds/E/U) and infant attachment (secure [B] vs. avoidant [A]/resistant [C]/disorganized [D]) was observed in 58 of 74 (78%) dyads. Exact 4-group (Ds/E/F/U and A/B/C/D) agreement was observed in 50 of 74 (68%) families. In contrast, associations between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment were not significant, leading to questions about the processes that link attachment representations, maternal behavior, and infant attachment in adolescent mothers.
Successes and risks of gene therapy in primary immunodeficiencies.

Abstract Several primary immunodeficiencies are under consideration for gene therapy approaches because of limitations of current standard treatment. Many primary immunodeficiencies are caused by defects in single genes expressed in blood cells; thus addition of a correct copy of the gene to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can generate immune cells with restored function. HSCs can be removed from a patient, treated outside the body, and reinfused. In the last decade, significant improvements have been made in transferring genes by means of retroviruses to HSCs in vitro, and gene therapy trials for patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) and adenosine deaminase–deficient severe combined immunodeficiency have restored immune competence. Gene therapy is actively being pursued in other immunodeficiency disorders, including chronic granulomatous disease and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. However, enthusiasm for the correction of XSCID by means of gene therapy has been tempered by the occurrence of 2 cases of leukemia in gene therapy recipients caused by insertion of the retroviral vector in or near the oncogene LMO2 . The likelihood of retroviral insertional mutagenesis was estimated to be very low in the past on the basis of theoretic calculations and the absence of observed malignancies in animal studies and early clinical trials. Emerging new findings on retroviral integration both in the patients with XSCID and experimental animals now indicate that the insertion of retroviral sequences into the genome carries significant risk. Understanding the magnitude of risk is now a priority so that safety can be improved for future gene therapy clinical trials.
Comparison of cytological features of myxopapillary ependymomas on crush preparations.

Myxopapillary ependymoma (ME) is a rare neoplasm found predominantly in the sacro-coccygeal region in adults and is characterized by its distinct epithelial and stromal components. From 1990 to April 2008, a total of 10 ME cases were recorded at our institution. Six out of 10 cases underwent frozen section examination with concomitant crush preparations, which forms the basis of this study. The clinical and cytologic findings in all six cases were reviewed. There were four males and two females. The age ranges from 15 to 36 years with a mean age of 27 years. The epithelial component of ME is strikingly similar for all six cases showing tumor cells appearing singly or in loose clusters, most with papillary branching. There was also presence of indistinct cell boundaries, tapered cytoplasmic prolongations, wispy/fragile cytoplasm, and uniform oval-to-fusiform shaped nuclei with an evenly distributed chromatin pattern. The stromal component was composed mainly of thick, metachromatic material and adenoid cystic-like areas. One case showed rosette-like structures. These aforementioned characteristics can be utilized to distinguish ME from other primary and metastatic tumors such as meningioma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, chordoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and germ cell tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The World Trade Organization's legitimacy crisis

Despite the successful launch of a new round of multilateral trade negotiations at Doha, the World Trade Organization faces a legitimacy crisis. Protests continue to rock major international economic meetings, and the WTO's role in globalization is being questioned by many observers. This paper examines the contours of this crisis and explores the possibility that the WTO's indirect ties to popular sovereignty – through national governments – provide an insufficient foundation for the trade regime's authority and central role in the emerging structure of global governance. Arguing that the WTO needs to re-establish its legitimacy based on wider links to the public around the world in whose name freer trade is pursued, the paper suggests that the WTO must also re-build its reputation for efficacy in a context where success is no longer measured exclusively in narrow economic terms. To be seen as serving the interests of the world community broadly, the trade regime needs to pursue its economic goals in a fashion that shows sensitivity to other important goals and values, such as poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and the promotion of public health. Long-term success further depends on the trade regime becoming embedded within a broader structure of global governance that provides ‘checks and balances’ and reinforces the legitimacy of international trade policy making.
Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: toward a unifying hypothesis

Previous efforts aimed at attributing discrete behavioral functions to cortical cholinergic afferents have not resulted in a generally accepted hypothesis about the behavioral functions mediated by this system. Moreover, attempts to develop such a unifying hypothesis have been presumed to be unproductive considering the widespread innervation of the cortex by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. In contrast to previous descriptions of the role of cortical acetylcholine (ACh) in specific behavioral phenomena (e.g., mediation of the behavioral effects of reward loss) or mnemonic entities (e.g., working or reference memory), cortical ACh is hypothesized to modulate the general efficacy of the cortical processing of sensory or associational information. Specifically, cortical cholinergic inputs mediate the subjects' abilities to detect and select stimuli and associations for extended processing and to allocate the appropriate processing resources to these functions. In addition to evidence from electrophysiological and behavioral studies on the role of cortical ACh in sensory information processing and attention, this hypothesis is consistent with proposed functions of the limbic and paralimbic networks in regulating the activity of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Finally, while the proposed hypothesis implies that changes in activity in cortical ACh simultaneously occur throughout the cortex, the selectivity and precision of the functions of cholinergic function is due to its coordinated interactions with the activity of converging sensory or associational inputs. Finally, the dynamic, escalating consequences of alterations in the activity of cortical ACh (hypo- and hyperactivity) on cognitive functions are evaluated.
On-Line Parameter Identification of Input Output Curves for Thermal Units

This paper presents a state-of-the-art methodology of On-line Input Output Curve Identification based on the Sequential Regression Technique implemented at the Energy Control Center of the Southern California Edison Company. The proposed method, which requires little computer storage and no matrix inversion, is highly suitable for On-line application. The advantage of this approach is the capability to keep tracking the state of the thermal unit by making the coefficients of the Input Output Curve continuously adaptive to the real characteristic of the unit.
Effect of combined chitosan-krill oil coating and modified atmosphere packaging on the storability of cold-stored lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets

Abstract Chitosan solutions (3%) incorporating 20% krill oil (w/w chitosan) with or without the addition of 0.1 μl/ml cinnamon leaf essential oil were prepared. Fresh lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) fillets were vacuum-impregnated with the coating solutions, vacuum or modified atmosphere (MA) (60% CO2 + 40% N2) packaged, and then stored at 2 °C for up to 21 days for physicochemical and microbial quality evaluation. Chitosan-krill oil coating increased total lipid and omega-3 fatty acid contents of the lingcod by about 2-fold. The combined chitosan coating and vacuum or MA packaging reduced lipid oxidation as represented in TBARS, chemical spoilage as reflected in TVBN, and microbiological spoilage as reported in total plate count (2.22–4.25 Log reductions during storage). Chitosan-krill oil coating did not change the colour of the fresh fillets, nor affect consumers’ acceptance of both raw and cooked fish samples. Consumers preferred the overall quality of chitosan-coated, cooked lingcod samples over the control, based on their firm texture and less fishy aroma.
Design of antireflective nanostructures and optical coatings for next-generation multijunction photovoltaic devices

The successful development of multijunction photovoltaic devices with four or more subcells has placed additional importance on the design of high-quality broadband antireflection coatings. Antireflective nanostructures have shown promise for reducing reflection loss compared to the best thin-film interference coatings. However, material constraints make nanostructures difficult to integrate without introducing additional absorption or electrical losses. In this work, we compare the performance of various nanostructure configurations with that of an optimized multilayer antireflection coating. Transmission into a four-junction solar cell is computed for each antireflective design, and the corresponding cell efficiency is calculated. We find that the best performance is achieved with a hybrid configuration that combines nanostructures with a multilayer thin-film optical coating. This approach increases transmitted power into the top subcell by 1.3% over an optimal thin-film coating, corresponding to an increase of approximately 0.8% in the modeled cell efficiency.
Verification of systems containing counters

Systems containing counters have very large and deep date spaces, and the verification of properties on these systems can be very expensive in terms of memory space and computation time. We present a technique to automatically duce the state space associated with the system on which some properties, that can ezpress both safeness and fairness constraints, have to be proved. In particular, we give a set of conditions upon which some counters can be reduced to three state, non-deterministic machines, and the controllers can be simplified by removing the redundancy induced by their interaction with the counters, so that the verification of tasks can be more easily performed.