cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electro-leaf, a biomimicry system to estimate in-canopy airflow in fruit crops

We develop a system to estimate airflow in-canopy.The sensor mimics a real leaf which oscillates randomly under the air turbulence.Results show differences in airflow as a function of the air speed.Results show differences in airflow as a function of the canopy size. This paper proposes a method, based on an array of sensors, to estimate in-canopy airflow in fruit orchards and vineyards. These sensors, called electro-leaves, mimic a real leaf which oscillates randomly under the air turbulence coming from an air-assisted sprayer. These oscillations are sampled at 700Hz and processed in order to detect peaks of movement. The value of these peaks could be used as a reference to make adjustments to the operating parameters of the sprayer, with the aim of improving spray deposition and reducing drift. Results show that the electro-leaves estimate different airflows as a function of the air volume, the tractor forward speed and the canopy sizes. Also, the detected airflow is highly correlated with the wind speed measured by an ultrasonic and a vane anemometer.
Suburban safety net service providers and the Latino community

Within the last forty years, the Latino population in the United States has increased incrementally. Moreover, in the most recent decade, Latinos have been found to migrate with relative speed and number to suburban spaces. Poverty is also on the rise in suburban communities. Thus, the demographic landscape of suburbia is shifting and consequently, requires shifts in the provision of resources, particularly by the safety net provider community. This study examines the scope of safety net providers in suburban Chicago to reveal the extent to which they are prepared to provide services to the suburban, low income, Latino population. Data reveals that differences exist across the suburban safety net provider community in how they choose to serve the Latino population. Recommendations to improving service delivery to this clientele are provided.
Social media and the National Labor Relations Board

This chapter addresses the increasingly important issue of how the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA or Act) applies to postings by employees on social media. It argues that in large part the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or Board) has correctly applied the age-old concept of protected concerted activity to new technological meeting places. The legal concepts at issue are founded in long-standing precedent. This chapter buttresses the claim that Board regulation of social media policies is consistent with past-practice and precedent by analogy to Board precedent governing employer policies on solicitation and distribution and on the wearing of insignia, which are similar to the social media policies currently being regulated. Despite differences in the use of an electronic meeting place from that of the water cooler, slight changes to the current doctrine, such as a clear explanation of when employees’ activity is for mutual aid and protection, would place the Board on even sounder footing.
Weight Loss Decreases Magnetic Resonance Elastography Estimated Liver Stiffness in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Author(s): Patel, Niraj S; Hooker, Jonathan; Gonzalez, Monica; Bhatt, Archana; Nguyen, Phirum; Ramirez, Kimberly; Richards, Lisa; Rizo, Emily; Hernandez, Carolyn; Kisseleva, Tatiana; Schnabl, Bernd; Brenner, David; Sirlin, Claude B; Loomba, Rohit
SHOCK COMPRESSION OF DUPONT DETASHEET AT LOW STRESS

The nonreactive shock response of DuPont Detasheet™ has been determined up to a stress of 3 GPa. The equilibrium and viscoplastic response have been observed using high time resolution PVDF stress-rate gauges.
CHAPTER 192 – Phosphodiesterase Families

Regulation of the intracellular levels of cGMP or cAMP, both in the resting state and in response to stimuli, is therefore critical for the proper functioning and survival of many organisms. The levels of a cyclic nucleotide in the cell are determined by the relative rates of synthesis by the cyclases, adenylate cyclase, and guanylate cyclase and degradation by the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Although the generation of cyclic nucleotide signals in many systems has been the subject of intense study, the understanding of the mechanism by which these signals are terminated by the PDEs is, in most cases, still in its infancy. With the advent of molecular biology, there has been a virtual explosion of new information, including the cloning of the previously known and many new PDE genes, as well the identification of a number of new splice variants. Nucleotide sequence data for the PDEs have also allowed for the organization of them into gene families according to homology. As more data emerge regarding the distribution, characteristics, and roles of the many PDE isozymes, it is clear that the regulation of cyclic nucleotide signaling by PDEs is far more complex than could have been imagined when they were first studied in the 1960s.
Spillover Bias in Diversity Judgment

Abstract Diversity research has long assumed that individuals’ perceptions of diversity are accurate, consistent with normative theories of judgments in economics and decision theory. We challenge this assumption. In six experiments, we show that when there is more diversity along one dimension (e.g., race, clothing color), people also perceive more diversity on other dimensions (e.g., gender, skill) even when this cannot reflect reality. This spillover bias in diversity judgment leads to predictable errors in decision making with economic incentives for accuracy, and it alters support for affirmative action policies in organizations. Spillover bias in diversity judgment may help explain why managerial decisions about groups often appear to be suboptimal and why diversity scholars have found inconsistent associations between objective diversity and team outcomes.
Importance of whole-plant biomass allocation and reproductive timing to habitat differentiation across the North American sunflowers.

Background and Aims Trait-based plant ecology attempts to use small numbers of functional traits to predict plant ecological strategies. However, a major gap exists between our understanding of organ-level ecophysiological traits and our understanding of whole-plant fitness and environmental adaptation. In this gap lie whole-plant organizational traits, including those that describe how plant biomass is allocated among organs and the timing of plant reproduction. This study explores the role of whole-plant organizational traits in adaptation to diverse environments in the context of life history, growth form and leaf economic strategy in a well-studied herbaceous system. Methods A phylogenetic comparative approach was used in conjunction with common garden phenotyping to assess the evolution of biomass allocation and reproductive timing across 83 populations of 27 species of the diverse genus Helianthus (the sunflowers). Key Results Broad diversity exists among species in both relative biomass allocation and reproductive timing. Early reproduction is strongly associated with resource-acquisitive leaf economic strategy, while biomass allocation is less integrated with either reproductive timing or leaf economics. Both biomass allocation and reproductive timing are strongly related to source site environmental characteristics, including length of the growing season, temperature, precipitation and soil fertility. Conclusions Herbaceous taxa can adapt to diverse environments in many ways, including modulation of phenology, plant architecture and organ-level ecophysiology. Although leaf economic strategy captures one key aspect of plant physiology, on their own leaf traits are not particularly predictive of ecological strategies in Helianthus outside of the context of growth form, life history and whole-plant organization. These results highlight the importance of including data on whole-plant organization alongside organ-level ecophysiological traits when attempting to bridge the gap between functional traits and plant fitness and environmental adaptation.
Field-Modulation Devices in Graphene Nanostructures

In this chapter, we discuss the futuristic device applications of electronic-structure modulation due to an external electric field in a tutorial fashion. Such an electric field can be applied in the stacking direction for a bilayer graphene and in the width direction for armchair graphene nanoribbons (acGNR) and zigzag graphene nanoribbons (zzGNR). We first present a tutorial on the electronic-structure of various forms of graphene. After discussing the relevant theoretical models, we discuss the electric field modulation of bilayer graphene in the presence of strain and misalignment. Then we present the electric field modulation results of acGNRs with pristine and rough edges. We further discuss the modulation in zzGNRs with periodic edge roughness. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of such an electronic-structure modulation in electronics, photonics, plasmonics, etc.
Predicting Information Seeking Intentions from Search Behaviors

It has been shown that people attempt to accomplish a variety of intentions during the course of an information seeking session, and there is reason to believe that these different information seeking intentions can benefit from system support tailored to each such intention. We address the problem of predicting the presence of such intentions during an information seeking session, through analysis of observable user search behaviors. We present results of a study of 40 participants, each working on two different journalism tasks, which investigated how their search behaviors could indicate their intentions. Using 725 query-segments captured from this study, we demonstrate that information seeking intentions can be predicted with a simple classification model using a linear combination of search behavior features that can be logged with a browser plug-in.
An Integrated Tutorial on InfiniBand, Verbs, and MPI

This tutorial presents the details of the interconnection network utilized in many high performance computing (HPC) systems today. “InfiniBand” is the hardware interconnect utilized by over 35% of the top 500 supercomputers in the world as of June, 2017. “Verbs” is the term used for both the semantic description of the interface in the InfiniBand architecture specifications, and the name used for the functions defined in the widely used OpenFabrics alliance implementation of the software interface to InfiniBand. “Message passing interface” is the primary software library by which HPC applications portably pass messages between processes across a wide range of interconnects including InfiniBand. Our goal is to explain how these three components are designed and how they interact to provide a powerful, efficient interconnect for HPC applications. We provide a succinct look into the inner technical workings of each component that should be instructive to both novices to HPC applications as well as to those who may be familiar with one component, but not necessarily the others, in the design and functioning of the total interconnect. A supercomputer interconnect is not a monolithic structure, and this tutorial aims to give non-experts a “big-picture” overview of its substructure with an appreciation of how and why features in one component influence those in others. We believe this is one of the first tutorials to discuss these three major components as one integrated whole. In addition, we give detailed examples of practical experience and typical algorithms used within each component in order to give insights into what issues and trade-offs are important.
Abstract 16148: Human Cardiac Development and Function Requires Proper Distribution of Transcriptional Complexes

Cell identity and function require accurate transcription factor localization and dysregulation of this process can result in human disease. Heterozygous mutations in GATA4, a cardiogenic transcrip...
Affecting the Study of Religion: Schaefer, Animality, and Affect Theory

Editor's introduction to the Bulletin for Study of Religion 46.3-4 (2017), an issue focused on affect theory. Included in this issue is an exchange over a recent emoji with religious signification.
Controlled Gas Uptake in Metal-Organic Frameworks with Record Ammonia Sorption.

Ammonia is a vital commodity in our food supply chain, but its toxicity and corrosiveness require advanced protection and mitigation. These needs are not met efficiently by current materials, which suffer from either low capacity or low affinity for NH3. Here, we report that a series of microporous triazolate metal–organic frameworks containing open metal sites exhibit record static and dynamic ammonia capacities. Under equilibrium conditions at 1 bar, the materials adsorb up to 19.79 mmol NH3 g–1, more than twice the capacity of activated carbon, the industry standard. Under conditions relevant to personal protection equipment, capacities reach 8.56 mmol g–1, 27% greater than the previous best material. Structure–function relationships and kinetic analyses of NH3 uptake in isostructural micro- and mesoporous materials made from Co, Ni, and Cu reveal stability trends that are in line with the water substitution rates in simple metal–aquo complexes. Altogether, these results provide clear, intuitive descri...
Evaluation of Nonpathogenic Surrogate Bacteria as Process Validation Indicators for Salmonella enterica for Selected Antimicrobial Treatments, Cold Storage, and Fermentation in Meat

Prerigor lean and adipose beef carcass tissues were artificially inoculated individually with stationary-phase cultures of five nonpathogenic Escherichia coli cultures that had been previously identified as surrogates for E. coli O157:H7 or a mixture of five Salmonella strains in a fecal inoculum. Each tissue sample was processed with microbial interventions comparable with those used in the meat industry. The log reductions of the E. coli isolates were generally not statistically different from the salmonellae inoculum within a specific treatment. Inoculation experiments were also conducted with ground beef stored at either 4 or −20°C. When compared with the Salmonella inoculum, at least three of the five E. coli strains survived in a manner that was not statistically different from the salmonellae. The E. coli strains and the Salmonella mixed culture were also inoculated into summer sausage batter, and the population enumerated both before and after fermentation. Four of the E. coli strains showed a low...
34. Laparoscopic-Assisted Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis

Laparoscopic proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is indicated most commonly for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Antibiotics, steroids if indicated, and DVT prophylaxis are used preoperatively. The patient is carefully positioned after induction of general anesthesia. Four port sites, one of which is the planned ileostomy site, are selected. Proctocolectomy proceeds with sigmoid, descending, ascending, and transverse mobilization. This is followed by rectal dissection with transection at the level of the pelvic floor, then mesenteric transection, exteriorization, and resection at the terminal ileum with preservation of the ileocolic pedicle. A 15-cm pouch is fashioned, a stapled anastomosis is created at the top of the anal sphincter, and a proximal loop ileostomy is formed. Patients are advanced from clear liquids to solids by postoperative day (POD) 2, and are discharged between PODs 3 and 4. Potential complications include ureteral injury, ileus, bowel obstruction, high output ileostomy, and pouch leak. Patients can expect to have four to six bowel movements per day after closure of the loop ileostomy, and satisfaction is generally high.
Stretchable and Degradable Semiconducting Block Copolymers

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a class of highly stretchable and degradable semiconducting polymers. These materials are multi-block copolymers (BCPs) in which the semiconducting blocks are based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit flanked by furan rings and the insulating blocks are poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). The combination of stiff conjugated segments with flexible aliphatic polyesters produces materials that can be stretched >100%. Remarkably, BCPs containing up to 90 wt% of insulating PCL have the same field-effect mobility as the pure semiconductor. Spectroscopic (ultraviolet-visible absorption) and morphological (atomic force microscopic) evidence suggests that the semiconducting blocks form aggregated and percolated structures with increasing content of the insulating PCL. Both PDPP and PCL segments in the BCPs degrade under simulated physiological conditions. Such materials could find use in wearable, implantable, and disposable electronic devices.
Multi-Agent Distributed Coordination and Control For Aerial Systems

This paper considers distributed multi-agent coordination and control to enable autonomy, tactical-level awareness, cognizance and swarm capabilities of autonomy-capable cyber-physical aerial systems. In complex dynamic environments, distributed algorithms and protocols should ensure robustness to communication and control constraints, such as bandwidth, data rate, latencies, throughput, uncertainties, etc. Decentralized coordination and control of networked nodes are researched. We solve problems in collaborative control, data management and networking of interdependent multi-agent systems. Unmanned aerial systems should ensure autonomy and cyberspace compliance. Adaptive collaborative control between agents and agents-pilot imply high-level hierarchy, distribution, micro- and macro-level decision-making, awareness, continual assurance, etc. Our results contribute to a cyclic observation-orientation-decision-action strategy in adversarial unstructured environments. We research, develop, integrate, test and evaluate practical techniques which are aimed to enable multi-domain aerial capabilities. This paper contributes to information-centric swarm solutions, researches algorithms, performs formative designs, and, experimentally validates fundamental and applied findings.
Mission-driven research for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering.

The last decade has seen broad exploratory research into stratospheric aerosol (SA) geoengineering, motivated by concern that reducing greenhouse gas emissions may be insufficient to avoid significant impacts from climate change. Based on this research, it is plausible that a limited deployment of SA geoengineering, provided it is used in addition to cutting emissions, could reduce many climate risks for most people. However, “plausible” is an insufficient basis on which to support future decisions. Developing the necessary knowledge requires a transition toward mission-driven research that has the explicit goal of supporting informed decisions. We highlight two important observations that follow from considering such a comprehensive, prioritized natural-science research effort. First, while field experiments may eventually be needed to reduce some of the uncertainties, we expect that the next phase of research will continue to be primarily model-based, with one outcome being to assess and prioritize which uncertainties need to be reduced (and, as a corollary, which field experiments can reduce those uncertainties). Second, we anticipate a clear separation in scale and character between small-scale experimental research to resolve specific process uncertainties and global-scale activities. We argue that the latter, even if the radiative forcing is negligible, should more appropriately be considered after a decision regarding whether and how to deploy SA geoengineering, rather than within the scope of “research” activities.
Deep learning PM2.5 concentrations with bidirectional LSTM RNN

A better understanding of spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 micrometer) concentrations in a continuous space-time domain is critical for risk assessment and epidemiologic studies. Existing spatiotemporal interpolation algorithms are usually based on strong assumptions by restricting the interpolation models to the ones with explicit and simple mathematical descriptions, thus neglecting plenty of hidden yet critical influencing factors. In this study, we developed a novel deep-learning-based spatiotemporal interpolation model, which includes the bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) as the main ingredient. Our model is able to take into account both spatial and temporal hidden influencing factors automatically. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time of applying the bidirectional LSTM RNN in the spatiotemporal interpolation of air pollutants concentrations. We evaluated our novel method using a dataset that contains daily PM2.5 measurements in 2009 over the contiguous southeast region of the USA. Results demonstrate a good performance of our model. We also conducted simulations to explore the properties of spatiotemporal correlations. In particular, we found the temporal correlation is stronger than the spatial correlation.
Bleeding After Free Flap-Based Breast Reconstruction: A NSQIP Analysis.

Background Despite limited oncologic benefit for women without an increased risk for breast cancer, the rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) have increased. Patients undergoing CPM are more likely to undergo bilateral and immediate breast reconstruction. This study assessed the relationship between the timing and laterality of free flap-based breast reconstruction and the risk of postoperative bleeding complications. Methods Women undergoing postmastectomy free-flap based breast reconstruction from 2010 to 2015 were identified using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) dataset. Patients were categorized according to reconstructive laterality and timing. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess the risk of postoperative bleeding and complications across reconstructive procedures. Results Of the 4,133 patients undergoing free flap-based breast reconstruction, 12% ( n = 494) experienced postoperative bleeding complications. Bilateral immediate reconstruction was associated with the highest incidence of bleeding (16.6%, n = 188), followed by bilateral delayed (12.8%, n = 58), unilateral immediate (10%, n = 142), and unilateral delayed reconstruction (9.4%, n = 106). Among patients undergoing immediate reconstruction, bilateral, rather than unilateral, reconstruction was associated with a significantly elevated risk of bleeding complications (RR [rate ratio] = 1.58; 95% CI [confidence interval] =1.19, 2.10; p = 0.0002). Furthermore, immediate bilateral reconstruction was associated with a significantly higher rate of return to the operating room (RR =1.39; 95% CI =1.06, 1.82; adjusted p = 0.009) when compared with a unilateral procedure. Conclusion Patients undergoing immediate bilateral free flap-based breast reconstruction may be at an increased risk for experiencing acute postoperative bleeding complications and a return to the operating room. Patients undergoing CPM and considering immediate reconstruction should be counseled regarding the increased morbidity of a bilateral reconstructive procedure.
Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase and 2-Oxoadipate Dehydrogenase Both Generate Superoxide/H2O2 in a Side Reaction and Each Could Contribute to Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria

According to recent findings, the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (hOGDHc) could be an important source of the reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria and could contribute to mitochondrial abnormalities associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, and Parkinson's disease. The human 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (hE1a) is a novel protein, which is encoded by the DHTKD1 gene. Both missence and nonsense mutations were identified in the DHTKD1 that lead to alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-oxoadipic aciduria, a metabolic disorder with a wide variety of the neurological abnormalities, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q, an inherited neurological disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Recently, the rare pathogenic mutations in DHTKD1 and an increased H2O2 production were linked to the genetic ethiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE), a chronic allergic inflammatory esophageal disorder. In view of the importance of hOGDHc in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and hE1a on the L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine and L-tryptophan degradation pathway in mitochondria, and to enhance our current understanding of the mechanism of superoxide/H2O2 generation by hOGDHc, and by human 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex (hOADHc), this review focuses on several novel and unanticipated recent findings in vitro that emerged from the Jordan group's research. Most significantly, the hE1o and hE1a now join the hE3 as being able to generate the superoxide/H2O2 in mitochondria.
Safe automated refactoring for intelligent parallelization of Java 8 streams

Streaming APIs are becoming more pervasive in mainstream Object-Oriented programming languages. For example, the Stream API introduced in Java 8 allows for functional-like, MapReduce-style operations in processing both finite and infinite data structures. However, using this API efficiently involves subtle considerations like determining when it is best for stream operations to run in parallel, when running operations in parallel can be less efficient, and when it is safe to run in parallel due to possible lambda expression side-effects. In this paper, we present an automated refactoring approach that assists developers in writing efficient stream code in a semantics-preserving fashion. The approach, based on a novel data ordering and typestate analysis, consists of preconditions for automatically determining when it is safe and possibly advantageous to convert sequential streams to parallel and unorder or de-parallelize already parallel streams. The approach was implemented as a plug-in to the Eclipse IDE, uses the WALA and SAFE analysis frameworks, and was evaluated on 11 Java projects consisting of ?642K lines of code. We found that 57 of 157 candidate streams (36.31%) were refactorable, and an average speedup of 3.49 on performance tests was observed. The results indicate that the approach is useful in optimizing stream code to their full potential.
Fostering CHANGE: Lessons from implementing a multi-country, multi-sector nutrition-sensitive agriculture project

Using agriculture to improve nutrition is an approach growing in popularity, with programs becoming increasingly complex and multisectoral. While there is an active line of research assessing the impacts of such programs, little has been written about the process of successfully implementing them. As such, this paper uses a multisectoral nutrition-sensitive agriculture program implemented in four African countries as a case study to address key challenges in and lessons learned from implementation. We highlight the overall flexibility of nutrition-sensitive agriculture but also the need to adapt certain aspects to the particular context, as well as the opportunities for cross-context learning (and the limits to this). Integrating rigorous evaluation into such complex programs and forging diverse cross-sectoral partnerships offer both rewards and challenges, upon which we reflect. Main lessons learned from the program include the importance of carefully sequencing interventions, retaining flexibility in implementation, allowing for considerable time for cross-sector integration and coordination, and considering community impacts when designing research.
SP0016 The spondyloarthropathies as a paradigm for the induction of an autoimmune response by bacteria

The spondyloarthropathies (SpA) comprise ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis (ReA) or Reiter’s syndrome, arthritis/spondylitis with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis/spondylitis with psoriasis. The main link between each other is the association with HLA-B27, the same pattern of peripheral joint involvement with an asymmetrical arthritis predominantly of the lower limbs, and the possible occurrence of sacroiliitis, spondylitis, enthesitis and uveitis. Bacteria play a central role in the pathogenesis of the SpA. This is most obvious in ReA which is triggered by preceding bacterial infections of the urogenital or gastroenteral tract. In arthritis/spondylitis associated with IBD a causative role of gut bacteria is also assumed which can stimulate the cellular immune sytem because the breakage of the gut barrier. Because between 20–50% of HLA-B27-positive patients with ReA or IBD move on to AS a causative or triggering role of bacteria can also be assumed in AS. Due to more recent studies using new imaging techniques such as MRI and immunohistological investigations it can now be assumed that the immunopathology of SpA occurs typically at the interphase of bone and cartilage and that synovitis is only a secondary event. Although at the moment it cannot be excluded that bacteria or pieces of bacteria persist in these structures this seems to be unlikely. Thus, an autoimmune response triggered by a bacterial infection seems to be more likely. Cartilage derived proteins such as aggrecan could be, according to studies in animal models of SpA and to studies in SpA patients, a primary target of this autoimmune response. Such a response could be due to cross-reactivity with a bacterial antigen. This possible course of events leading to a chronic immune response in SpA has to be proven in the near future. The identification of target antigens would offer the possibility to switch off the antigen-specific immune response as a new exciting treatment option.
Percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of the overactive bladder in children: Is it effective?

To assess the efficacy and durability of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of the overactive bladder in children. Twenty patients with a mean age of 7 ± 3.3 years were included in the study. Subjective success was found in 12 patients (60%) who considered their situation to be better and requested to continue therapy to maintain the response which was considered as a therapeutic success, while eight patients (40%) patients chose not to continue therapy because they did not have symptomatic improvement. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation is an effective, minimally invasive method for treatment and is easily applied to induce improvement in overactive bladder symptoms and objective urodynamic changes with negligible side effects.
Safety and/or Sovereignty? European Skies After the Icelandic Volcano Crisis

Abstract The 2010 eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull led to an unprecedented cessation of European air traffic. Since the crisis, European air regulators have aggressively advocated for accelerated implementation of the second phase of the Single European Sky reforms, which would effectively eliminate national borders in air travel by delegating sovereign air traffic management to multilateral entities. However, this Comment argues that, contrary to the official version of events, this cure-more centralized decision-making-contributed to the crisis's escalation in the first place. A better solution, with greater legitimacy under existing European Union and United Nations agreements, is to maintain a system of national air traffic management while empowering private carriers to make cancellation decisions with input from outside agencies as requested. National sovereignty should be respected in air traffic regulation not just because of its historic relevance, but because the practical costs of the loss of sovereignty in air traffic management can be impermissibly high. In short, there should not be a tradeoff in European aviation between innovations in safety and maintaining the sovereignty of individual nations. Table of Contents I. Introduction 230 II. The Current Legal Framework 232 A. Early Multilateral Air Traffic Management 233 B. Eurocontrol and the Development of a Modern Air Traffic Management Infrastructure 237 C. Single Sky Reforms and die Role of Nations in the European Vision ..... 240 III. The Framework In Motion: The Icelandic Volcano 243 A. The Beginnings of a Crisis 244 B. The Ash Cloud's Ascent 246 C. The Crisis In Earnest 247 IV. Europe's Future Under a Single Sky 251 A. The Blame Game 251 B. The Second Phase of Single Sky 254 C. Conflict Between Single Sky Goals and the Legal Reality 257 V. A False Choice Between Safety and Sovereignty? 262 A. Sovereign Air Traffic Management and the Single Sky 265 B. Return to Chicago: Sovereignty as a Solution to Air Traffic Management 267 VI. Conclusion 270 I. INTRODUCTION The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull,1 an ice cap volcano on the soudiern tip of Iceland, led to an unprecedented shutdown of air traffic in twenty-five European states, adversely impacting millions of air travel passengers around die world and leading to billions of dollars in economic losses.2 To European authorities, the crisis illuminated the chaotic state of European air traffic regulation, and the necessity of further integration of European air traffic management under the second Single European Sky (SES-II) package of reforms to prevent future air traffic crises. …
The potential for developing new antimicrobial resistance from the use of medical devices containing chlorhexidine, minocycline, rifampicin and their combinations: a systematic review.

Background Catheter infections remain one of the most persistent adverse events causing significant morbidity, economic impact and mortality. Several strategies have been proposed to reduce these infections including the use of catheters embedded with antibiotics and/or antiseptics. One reoccurring challenge is the fear that antimicrobial medical devices will induce resistance. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for induced antimicrobial resistance caused by exposure to antimicrobial medical devices. Methods Four electronic databases [MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scopus] were screened for studies published between 1983 and 2019 regarding assessment of microbial resistance with use of medical devices containing chlorhexidine, minocycline, rifampicin or combinations thereof. Development of new resistance, selection for tolerant organisms and 'no change in resistance' were assessed. Results Forty-four publications, grouped by study type and stratified by drug assessed, were included for analyses. The majority of studies found no change in resistance after exposure to antimicrobial medical devices (13 in vitro, 2 in vivo, 20 clinical). Development of new resistance was commonly reported with the use of rifampicin as a single agent and only reported in one study assessing the minocycline/rifampicin combination (M/R); however, the increase in MIC was well below clinical relevance. Conclusions Emergence of new resistance to combinations of M/R, minocycline/rifampicin/chlorhexidine (M/R/CH) and chlorhexidine/silver sulfadiazine (CHXSS) was rare. No clinical trials confirmed its occurrence and some refuted it. The risk of development of new resistance to these antimicrobial combinations appears more fear-based than substantiated by clinical and experimental evidence but warrants continued surveillance.
Long-term outcomes and clinicogenomic correlates in recurrent, metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Abstract Background Little is known about the long-term impact of local and systemic therapies for recurrent/metastatic (R/M) adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), or the clinical significance of molecular alterations. Methods We identified 72 R/M cases among 123 ACC patients from our institution. We report long-term outcomes, predictors of recurrence and survival, and the impact of sequential cancer-directed therapy among R/M patients. We integrate genomic data for 36 sequenced ACC patients. Results Median overall survival (OS) from initial diagnosis was 35.1 ys (95%CI: 25.8–37.3) for R/M ACC patients. 10-y OS among R/M patients was 84.7%, worse for patients with extra-pulmonary metastatic disease (p = 0.02). Only initial disease stage predicted recurrence (OR 1.69, p = 0.03). Longer time to first R/M treatment predicted improved survival (p Conclusions Underlying disease biology remains the strongest predictor of outcomes in R/M ACC. Shorter time to R/M therapy predicts poor outcomes. Molecular alterations are prognostic, and PI3K mutations identify an intermediate-risk ACC subgroup.
Endoscopic management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction

Abstract Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a clinical entity characterized by postprandial vomiting, epigastric abdominal pain, bloating or discomfort, early satiety, and eventually weight loss. GOO may not be clinically evident until high-grade obstruction occurs due to the unique ability of the stomach to distend significantly to accommodate large volumes. GOO is caused by mechanical gastroduodenal obstruction or motility disorders and can be divided into 3 major categories: benign mechanical, malignant mechanical, and motility disorders. Treatment options include surgical interventions such as resection or bypass surgery, and endoscopic procedures such as enteral stenting and endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy.
The role of attachment security in error self-monitoring: Is a social component necessary?

Abstract We describe results from an empirical study of neural correlates associated with avoidant and anxious attachment. Participants were given a task designed to produce a high rate of errors while their brain waves were measured using electroencephalography (EEG). In the current study, we examined the relationship of anxious and avoidant attachment to the Error Related Negativity (ERN), an event related potential (ERP) waveform that is thought to be linked to response-error monitoring and emotional-regulation monitoring, using multiple regression analysis. Thirty-three participants completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) measure of attachment security and then performed a simple flanker task while EEG was recorded. We found that individuals high in avoidance showed a reduced ERN during this task, despite the lack of social or emotional cues in the task. Thus individuals who are more avoidantly attached are demonstrating less self-monitoring via a perceptual correlate of error detection during a task that elicits error-commission, even in situations devoid of social content.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Fibromyalgia: Results of an Online Survey.

Abstract Background Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition which may negatively impact various aspects of patients' lives. Many people with fibromyalgia look to complementary and alternative medicine treatments for symptom relief. Aims The three main objectives of this study were to examine self-reported complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with fibromyalgia, to determine associations between the use of complementary and alternative medicine treatments and patients’ self-reported quality of live and self-reported pain levels. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Web-based. Participants/Subjects Adults over the age of 18 years who had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Methods Patients with fibromyalgia responded to an online questionnaire regarding the following: treatments (complementary and alternative medicine, prescription and over-the-counter medications), quality of life (Quality of Life Scale-16), assessment of current pain (visual analog scale), and demographic information. Results Approximately 66% of the respondents used complementary and alternative treatments. Vitamins, massage therapy, and meditation were the most commonly used complementary and alternative therapies. Results indicated respondents using a combination of complementary and alternative medicine and pharmacologic treatments (prescription or over-the-counter) had significantly higher quality of life versus those using pharmacologic treatments alone, p = .011. Similarly, respondents using only complementary and alternative medicine treatment reported significantly lower pain levels versus those using pharmacologic treatment alone, p = .046. Conclusions The study suggests that a large proportion of fibromyalgia patients use complementary and alternative medicine, and these treatments may offer beneficial effects to these patients. Integration of complementary and alternative medicine into conventional treatment regimens may provide opportunities for a holistic treatment approach and greater symptom relief for fibromyalgia patients. This approach is timely, as controlled substances are increasingly difficult for patients with fibromyalgia to access.
Diagnosed concussion is associated with increased risk for lower extremity injury in community rugby players.

Abstract Objectives To determine (1) the association between lifetime diagnosed concussion and lower extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSI) among community rugby union players and (2) the sex specific risk of LE-MSI given concussion history among males and females. Design Retrospective survey. Methods 1037 (59.0% male, (612/1037), age: 31.6 ± 11.3 years) rugby players (10.1 ± 8.1 years played) completed an online survey to ascertain injury history. A chi-squared test of association was performed between concussion and LE-MSI; significant outcomes were followed-up with an odds ratio. A binary logistic regression with any LE-MSI (yes/no) as the outcome and concussion (yes/no) and sex (male/female) as predictors was performed to determine if there was a sex by concussion interaction. Results There was an overall significant association between concussion and any LE-MSI(χ(1) = 13.055, p Conclusions Community rugby players with a history of concussion are >2× more likely to also experience an LE-MSI than those without a history of concussion. There were no differences in the odds of LE-MSI between males and females with a history of diagnosed concussion. In line with current World Rugby injury prevention programs, future research should aim to reduce LE-MSI incidence to maximize player safety and wellness through targeted injury prevention and teams should utilize a conservative return to play protocols following concussion.
High-density electron doping of SmNiO 3 from first principles

Recent experimental work has realized a new insulating state of samarium nickelate $({\mathrm{SmNiO}}_{3})$, accessible in a reversible manner via high-density electron doping. To elucidate this behavior, we use the first-principles density functional theory $(\mathrm{DFT})+U$ method to study the effect of added electrons on the crystal and electronic structure of ${\mathrm{SmNiO}}_{3}$. First, we track the changes in the crystal and electronic structure with added electrons compensated by a uniform positive background charge at concentrations of $\frac{1}{4}$, $\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{3}{4}$, and 1 electrons per Ni. The change in electron concentration does not rigidly shift the Fermi energy; rather, the added electrons localize on ${\mathrm{NiO}}_{6}$ octahedra causing an on-site Mott transition and a change in the density of states resulting in a large gap between the occupied and unoccupied Ni ${e}_{g}$ orbitals at full doping. This evolution of the density of states is essentially unchanged when the added electrons are introduced by doping with interstitial H or Li ions.
Does communication between neurosurgeons and anesthesiologists improve preoperative efficiency

Abstract Background Suboptimal communication can lead to preventable preoperative delays. In our study, we aimed to identify factors delaying surgery in the immediate preoperative period. Our outcomes of interest were the anesthesia release to incision time (RIT) and preoperative expectations of neurosurgery and anesthesia providers. Additionally, we introduced new communication goals prior to induction, to examine the impact on preoperative efficiency. Methods The study is a prospective cohort analysis evaluating communication in the immediate preoperative period. In 42 consecutive cranial neurosurgical cases, a questionnaire was given to neurosurgical and anesthesia providers, and their responses were recorded. Halfway through this study, a formal pre-induction checklist was implemented that included expected duration of surgery, expected blood loss, surgical positioning, and intraoperative medication requirements. Results Comparing the cohorts before and after implementing the checklist, no difference in release to incision time was observed. However, the difference in estimated procedure time was significantly decreased after implementation of the formal pre-induction checklist. Further, there was a trend towards better agreement in estimated blood loss, although results did not achieve statistical significance. These delays all demonstrated a statistically significant decrease after the new communication goals were executed. Conclusion While no statistically significant change in release to incision time was uncovered during our study, there was evidence that communication between teams improved after implementation of the checklist. Additionally, we observed less discrepancy in estimated case length and blood loss, suggesting focused communication goals aligned expectations of the neurosurgical and anesthesia teams.
Predictors of Arterial Stiffness in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Individuals with type 1 diabetes have increased arterial stiffness compared to age-matched healthy controls. Our aim was to determine which hemodynamic and demographic factors predict arterial stiffness in this population. Research Design and Methods: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was examined in 41 young adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes without microvascular complications. Two ordinary least squares regression analyses were performed to determine multivariate relationships between cfPWV [loge] and: 1) age, duration of diabetes, sex, and HbA1c, and 2) augmentation index (AIx), mean arterial pressure, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and heart rate. We also examined differences in macrovascular outcome measures between sexes. Results: Age, sex, and FMD provided unique predictive information about cfPWV in these participants with type 1 diabetes. Despite having similar cardiovascular risk factors, males had higher cfPWV compared to females but no differences were observed in other macrovascular outcomes (including FMD and AIx). Conclusions: Only age, sex, and FMD were uniquely associated with arterial stiffness in adolescents and adults with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. Females had less arterial stiffness and similar nitric-oxide dependent endothelial function compared to males. Larger, prospective investigation is warranted to determine the temporal order of and sex-differences in arterial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes.
Long time finite dimensionality in charged fluids

We consider long time dynamics of solutions of 2D periodic Nernst–Planck–Navier–Stokes systems forced by body charges and body forces. We show that, in the absence of body charges, but in the presence of fluid body forces, the charge density of the ions converges exponentially in time to zero, and the ion concentrations converge exponentially in time to equal time independent constants. This happens while the fluid continues to be dynamically active for all time. In the general case of body charges and body forces, the solutions converge in time to an invariant finite dimensional compact set in phase space.