cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined scalar-vector method for the analysis of diffractive optical elements

We present a hybrid diffraction model for the efficient analysis of diffractive optical elements. This model uses a scalar-based approximation over those regions of the boundary that satisfy the scalar criteria and a vector-based solution over those that do not. In analyzing diffractive optical elements (DOEs) it becomes necessary to use a vectorbased model as the feature sizes within the DOE profile approach the scale of the illumination wavelength. However, in many instances only certain regions of a profile contain such small-scale features. In these cases it is inefficient to perform a vector-based analysis over the entire profile. Therefore, we have developed a method that allows for the concatenation of scalar- and vector-based solutions. This is achieved by simply assigning the surface field values according to the scalar approximation over those regions of the profile that satisfy the scalar criteria, and using the the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to determine the surface fields over those regions that contain small-scale features. In combination these methods create a surface profile that can be propagated to any plane, or region, of interest. In the course of this paper we discuss the formulations of scalar diffraction theory, the FDTD method, and the method for propagating the concatenated boundary fields.
Secondary depression: a comparison among subtypes

Forty-five patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for secondary depression were assessed by St. Louis criteria, and by demographic, illness history, REM latency and dexamethasone suppression test measures. Fully one-third of the RDC secondary sample met St. Louis criteria for primary depression; only age at onset and length of illness discriminated St. Louis primary from secondary depression. RDC depressed patients secondary to alcoholism were compared to those secondary to nonsubstance abuse disorders (excluding schizophrenia). The subgroup with a history of alcoholism reported less severe depression and were preponderantly male. Neither dexamethasone response nor REM latency differentiated the RDC secondary subtypes. Little support was found to validate separation of the RDC secondary subtypes studied.
FDG PET for the Detection of Bone Metastases: Sensitivity, Specificity and Comparison with Other Imaging Modalities

A literature review was performed of studies reporting sensitivity and specificity of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2010. PET was found to have higher sensitivity for the detection of osseous metastases when compared to CT, skeletal scintigraphy, whole body MRI and combined conventional imaging modalities. A potential exception is when comparing PET with bone scan in the setting of blastic metastases. PET may be a better indicator of active bony metastases. The efficacy of PET can be increased with fused anatomic imaging.
Nanoparticle Spectroscopy: Birefringence in Two-Dimensional Arrays of L-Shaped Silver Nanoparticles

We present theoretical models and experiments demonstrating nanoparticle optical birefringence. The experiments use polarization optical methods to describe the birefringence properties of two-dimensional arrays of L-shaped silver nanoparticles. These particles have two major resonances with perpendicular polarization directions. The beam depolarization at incident angles intermediate to the resonance polarization directions is explained with a model based on a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculation for both arrays and single particles. The maximum relative phase retardation is observed between the two overlapping dipole resonance wavelengths, and experimentally it is about 30°. While the FDTD models predict a larger effect of up to 105°, this might be due to the statistical variation of nanoparticle shapes in the experimental arrays. The arrays were fabricated by electron beam lithography, and the size of particles was ∼145 and ∼155 nm in nominal total edge length, 63 nm arm width, and 30 nm he...
The role of household and business credit in banking crises.

Private credit expansions are an important predictor of subsequent banking crises. We revisit that result with a new dataset from developed and developing countries that decomposes private credit into household credit and enterprise credit. We argue that household credit growth raises debt levels without much effect on long-term income. Rapid household credit expansions generate vulnerabilities that can precipitate a banking crisis. Enterprise credit expansions can have the same effects but it is tempered by the associated increase in income. Our estimates show that household credit expansions have been a statistically and economically significant predictor of banking crises. Enterprise credit expansions are also associated with banking crises but their effect is weaker and less robust.
Diagnostic classification of intrinsic functional connectivity highlights somatosensory, default mode, and visual regions in autism

Despite consensus on the neurological nature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), brain biomarkers remain unknown and diagnosis continues to be based on behavioral criteria. Growing evidence suggests that brain abnormalities in ASD occur at the level of interconnected networks; however, previous attempts using functional connectivity data for diagnostic classification have reached only moderate accuracy. We selected 252 low-motion resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) including typically developing (TD) and ASD participants (n = 126 each), matched for age, non-verbal IQ, and head motion. A matrix of functional connectivities between 220 functionally defined regions of interest was used for diagnostic classification, implementing several machine learning tools. While support vector machines in combination with particle swarm optimization and recursive feature elimination performed modestly (with accuracies for validation datasets <70%), diagnostic classification reached a high accuracy of 91% with random forest (RF), a nonparametric ensemble learning method. Among the 100 most informative features (connectivities), for which this peak accuracy was achieved, participation of somatosensory, default mode, visual, and subcortical regions stood out. Whereas some of these findings were expected, given previous findings of default mode abnormalities and atypical visual functioning in ASD, the prominent role of somatosensory regions was remarkable. The finding of peak accuracy for 100 interregional functional connectivities further suggests that brain biomarkers of ASD may be regionally complex and distributed, rather than localized.
Using Driver Performance Measures to Estimate Workload

This study evaluated the impact of the modality of distractor tasks and the difficulty of the driving task on driver control over a vehicle. Driving is a task with a close link between visual infor...
Suppression of α-galactosyl epitopes synthesis and production of the natural anti-Gal antibody: a major evolutionary event in ancestral Old World primates

Abstract Humans, apes and Old World monkeys (catarrhines) differ from other mammals in that they do not synthesize α-galactosyl epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on cell surface glycoprotein and glycolipid molecules. In contrast these primates produce large amounts of a natural antibody, anti-Gal, which interacts specifically with α-galactosyl epitopes. It is suggested that these differences between catarrhines and other mammals are the result of a major evolutionary selective process which occurred in ancestral Old World primates during the Miocene and which led to the inactivation of the α1, 3galactosyltransferase gene. In New World monkeys, prosimians (lemurs) and non-primate mammals this gene codes for the enzyme synthesizing α-galactosyl epitopes. The potential causes for this gene inactivation, the possible relationship of this genetic event to the fossil record and some of the clinical outcomes of this evolutionary event are discussed.
X-Ray Photoelectron and Auger Electron Spectra of Cadmium Thin Films

The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and Auger electron spectra (AES) are measured for Cd thin films deposited on microscopic glass slides by thermal evaporation at a pressure of 10−8 Torr. The deconvolution procedure is utilized with appropriate error control and response function for resolution and enhancement of the spectral lines. The binding energies of the valence and core orbitals are determined and the MNN transitions for the AES analyzed. The results of the present study indicate a reasonable agreement with the results for Cd metal. Rontgen-Photoelektronspektren (XPS) und Auger-Elektronenspektren (AES) werden in dunnen, bei einem Druck von 10−8 Torr mittels thermischer Verdampfung auf Mikroskop-Glastragern aufgebrachten Cd-Schichten gemessen. Ein Entfaltungsverfahren mit geeigneter Fehlersteuerung und Responsefunktionen fur Auflosung und Verstarkung der Spektrallinien wird benutzt. Die Bindungsenergien der Valenz- und Rumpforbitale werden bestimmt und die MNN-Ubergange fur die AES analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen eine vernunftige Ubereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen fur Cd-Metall.
Microbial Contamination of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Products: Incidence and Clinical Sequelae

Abstract Microbial contamination of hematopoietic stem cell products is a rare but potentially fatal complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We report the incidence of contaminated products and describe the clinical outcomes for 35 patients at the University of Minnesota who received contaminated products from January 1990 to December 2004. In total, 2935 products were infused for 2863 transplants during this time, 36 of which 36 (1.2%) were contaminated. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the predominant species isolated on culture of the hematopoietic stem cell products. Patients received prophylactic antibiotics before infusion of the contaminated product based on the organism identified from culture and antibiotic sensitivities, if known. After transplantation, blood cultures from 2 patients grew the same pathogen as in the infused contaminated product, including 1 patient who had blood cultures positive for Pseudomonas cepacia. All patients who received contaminated products had benign post-transplantation courses except for the patient with Pseudomonas bacteremia, who ultimately died from complications. These results suggest that, although rare, microbial contamination of stem cell products does occur and there must be ongoing efforts by physicians and laboratory personnel to minimize the risk for introduction of contaminants. Prophylactic antibiotics are useful for certain contaminants; however, caution must be exercised when gram-negative contaminated products are administered.
Disseminated fusariosis during acute myelogenous leukemia induction treatment.

![Figure][1] A 20-year-old white female was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. She underwent standard induction treatment: 7 days of cytarabine and 3 days of daunorubicin (7+3) chemotherapy. She developed neutropenic fever on the eighth day of induction and was started on broad-
Remediating hazardous waste robotically using a high-level control system and real-time sensors

Robotics technology is being developed to assist in remediating high-level radioactive wastes stored in large tanks at the Department of Energy's Hanford, Washington facility. Remediation activities will likely employ a remotely controlled long reach manipulator, capable of extending over 40 feet from its base, to deploy remediation end-effectors and sensors. Waste inside the tanks consists of hazardous vapor, liquid, sludge, solidified crystal, and various steel pipes and miscellaneous hardware. On November 10 - 12, 1992, a demonstration by Sandia National Laboratories of environmental sensor scanning and robot manipulated steel pipe cutting was performed on a tank mockup located at the Hanford facility. This paper describes the Sandia developed technology implemented at this demonstration.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
550 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ Integrated Logic Circuits using 6H-SiC JFETs

This letter reports the design, fabrication, and electrical characteristics of inverter, NAND, and NOR logic circuits using 6H-silicon carbide (SiC) depletion-mode junction field-effect transistors. All circuits function with high performance at temperatures from 25 °C to 550 °C. The core inverter has an outstanding dc characteristic transfer function with a steep slope, including a gain of >; -20 up to 500 °C, and a logic threshold that is well centered in the logic swing. NOR and NAND gates were likewise tested in this temperature range, and dynamic characteristics are presented. This SiC technology provides a platform for applications demanding reliable digital circuits at temperatures higher than 300 °C, well beyond the capability of silicon technology.
Evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni retinoid X receptor (SmRXR1 and SmRXR2) activity and tissue distribution

Recently, we reported the identification of cDNA's encoding retinoid X receptor (RXR) homologues in Schistosoma mansoni. RXRs are known to be involved in the regulation of genes important for homeostasis and development. Previous studies indicated that SmRXR1 plays a role in the regulation of the female-specific gene, p14. Herein, we report that SmRXR2 also binds to cis-elements present in the p14 upstream region when evaluated in yeast reporter strains. SmRXR2 shows a pattern of recognition of cis-sequences present in the p14 gene upstream region different than SmRXR1. However, the SmRXR2 C (DNA binding) domain binds promiscuously in electrophoretic mobility shift assays to cis-elements of the p14 upstream region. The SmRXRs differ in their ability to activate transcription. The N-terminal A/B domain of SmRXR1 is necessary and sufficient for autonomous transcription activation function (AF) in yeast. SmRXR2 does not exhibit an equivalent autonomous AF. SmRXR1 and SmRXR2 fail to dimerize when investigated both in the yeast two-hybrid system and in immunoprecipitation experiments. In situ hybridization experiments using paraffin sections of adult worms demonstrate that SmRXR1 and SmRXR2 exhibit both common and unique cell type distribution which indicates that SmRXR1 and SmRXR2 both play a role in regulating gene expression in certain cells, yet each plays a distinct role in modulating the expression of genes in other cell types. Both SmRXR1 and SmRXR2 localize to vitelline cells. These studies provide a solid basis for improving our understanding of RXRs and their importance in female-specific gene regulation.
Begin with a Text: Teaching the Poetics of Medicine

This paper suggests that the purpose of humanities teaching within medical education should be primarily to teach and promote the informed, attentive, critical, and precise reading of the multiple texts that constitute medicine as a discursive field—in short, a poetics of medicine. This claim is illustrated by reconsidering Margaret Edson’s play Wit, not as it is often used in medical education, as a cautionary tale about unprofessional behavior or as a way to inculcate “humanistic skills,” but as an analysis of the relationships between texts and feelings—or cognition and emotion, or science and art. This reading is illustrated by comparing the poetics of Wit with those of two other texts representing ovarian cancer: a scientific paper in Oncology and a clinical case conference in JAMA.
Queueing models, block hessenberg matrices and the method of neuts

We introduce a numerical method to compute the stationary probability vector of queueing models whose infinitesimal generator is of block Hessenberg form. It is shown that the stationary probability vector is equal to the first column of the inverse of the coefficient matrix. Furthermore, it is shown that the first column of the inverse of an upper (or lower) Hessenberg matrix may be obtained in a relatively small number of operations. Together, these results allow us to define a powerful algorithm for solving certain queueing models. The efficiency of this algorithm is discussed and a comparison with the method of Neuts is undertaken. A relationship with the method of Gaussian elimination is established and used to develop some stability results.
Utilization of TiO2 deposited on glass plates for removal of metals from aqueous wastes

Abstract Glass plates coated with TiO2 were used in a photocatalytic process to collect mercury, lead, copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions containing individual metals and mixtures. Stripping voltammetry, verified to achieve 1–10ppb detection limits, was used to show that individual metals at concentrations of 1000 to 5200 ppb were reduced to undetectable levels in 3 to 55 min. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid as complexing agent was used when appropriate, since it could quantitate all four metals under study in one run although it was less sensitive. It was demonstrated that 100 mL solutions containing 10 ppm of each of the four metals could be treated with a 10 cm2 TiO2-coated plate to leave undetectable metal concentrations in one hour. Stripping voltammetry using carbon electrodes coated with mercury films was estimated to generate daily about 1.1 L of aqueous waste containing 0.1 ppm of each metal. The results indicate the feasibility of assembling an apparatus capable of treating the waste generated by stripping voltammetry to render the latter suitable for routine on-site analyses without environmental concern. Data were also obtained to show the effectiveness in treating silver containing solutions, indicating suitability of the photocatalytic process in treating photographic processing wastes.
Organization-based self-esteem and well-being: empirical examination of a spillover effect

Global self-esteem is believed to be a major determinant of both subjective and eudaimonic (psychological) well-being (Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542; Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069). This relationship is termed a spillover effect because it is believed that self-esteem “spills over” onto general well-being. In light of the dominant role that work plays in the lives of many people, we asked whether there is also a spillover effect of self-esteem formed around one’s work and organizational experiences (viz., organization-based self-esteem) on general well-being. Building from disposition theory we posited a positive relationship between organization-based self-esteem and well-being. Drawing upon evidence from two field studies, involving focal participant an...
Pyrenesulfonyl azide as a fluorescent label for the study of protein‐lipid boundaries of acetylcholine receptors in membranes

Acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) enriched membrane fragments from Torpedo californica electroplax were labeled by in situ photogenerated nitrenes from a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, pyrene-1-sulfonyl azide. Preferential photolabeling of membrane proteins, mainly AcChR, has been achieved and there is a pronounced exposure of the 48,000 and 55,000 molecular weight subunits of AcChR to the lipid environment of the membrane core. Covalent attachment of the photogenerated fluorescence probe does not perturb the α-neurotoxins' binding properties of membrane-bound AcChR or the desensitization kinetics induced by prolonged exposures to cholinergic agonists. Non-covalent photoproducts can be conveniently removed from labeled membrane preparations by exchange into lipid vesicles prepared from electroplax membrane lipids. Fluorescence features of model pyrene sulfonyl amide derivatives, such as fine vibrational structure of emission spectra or fluorescence lifetimes, are highly sensitive to the solvent milieu. The covalently bound probe shows similar fluorescence properties in situ. PySA photoproducts have great potential to spectroscopically monitor neurotransmitter induced events on selected AcChR subunits exposed to the hydrophobic environment of membranes.
ApplianceReader: A Wearable, Crowdsourced, Vision-based System to Make Appliances Accessible

Visually impaired people can struggle to use everyday appliances with inaccessible control panels. To address this problem, we present ApplianceReader - a system that combines a wearable point-of-view camera with on-demand crowdsourcing and computer vision to make appliance interfaces accessible. ApplianceReader sends photos of appliance interfaces that it has not seen previously to the crowd, who work in parallel to quickly label and describe elements of the interface. Computer vision techniques then track the user's finger pointing at the controls and read out the labels previously provided by the crowd. This enables visually impaired users to interactively explore and use appliances without asking the crowd repetitively. ApplianceReader broadly demonstrates the potential of hybrid approaches that combine human and machine intelligence to effectively realize intelligent, interactive access technology today.
The principle of uniform solution (of the paradoxes of self-reference)

Graham Priest (1994) has argued that the following paradoxes all have the same structure: Russell's Paradox, Burali-Forti's Paradox, Mirimanoff's Paradox, K6nig's Paradox, Berry's Paradox, Richard's Paradox, the Liar and Liar Chain Paradoxes, the Knower and Knower Chain Paradoxes, and the Heterological Paradox. Their common structure is given by Russell's Schema: there is a property 0 and function 3 such that (1) w = {xIO(x)) exists, and (2) if y is a subset of w, then
The regulation of splanchnic glucose production in subjects with low insulin response--a compensatory mechanism in prediabetes?

. Splanchnic exchange of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and individual amino acids was measured in 22 healthy non-obese men with normal glucose tolerance. Ten of the subjects had a diminished insulin response to glucose infusion and formed the group of low insulin responders. Basal insulin levels were significantly reduced in the latter group. In spite of this, the splanchnic glucose output was 45 per cent lower than in the controls. During the infusion of 2 mg glucose/kg/ min. for 45 min., a significant elevation of the arterial insulin concentration was observed only in the control group. However, splanchnic glucose output decreased more rapidly and to a greater extent in the low insulin responders despite significantly reduced insulin levels. The uptake of gluconeogenic precursors was similar in both groups. No differences were noted in the arterial glucagon levels. These findings are taken to indicate that hepatic sensitivity to endogenous insulin is augmented in low insulin responders, thereby providing a mechanism for maintaining normal glucose tolerance in the presence of subnormal insulin secretion.
P/Halley - Effects of time-dependent production rates on spatial emission profiles

Spatial profiles of C2, CN, NH2, and O(D-1) in Comet P/Halley taken on 1986 March 1.54 and 2.55 and April 14.32 and 15.30 clearly show the effect of the 7 day periodic variation seen in photometric observations. With a time-dependent model based upon the light curve and employing standard scale lengths for each species reduced to the appropriate heliocentric distance, we are able to reproduce the highly variable profiles for all species. We computed the phase lag and amplitude correction between the actual gas production at the nucleus and the temporal/spatial filter imposed by the finite aperture photometry. For early March we find a phase lag and amplitude correction of 12 hr and -9 percent, respectively, whereas in mid-April the values are 6 hr and -27 percent. The same phase lag and amplitude correction work equally well for all four species despite their wide variation in photochemical lifetimes for production and decay. The same model integrated over circular apertures is able to reproduce the entire published March and April photometric light curves for C2. Our results require the use of the 7.60 day period for the March data as opposed to the 7.37 day period that is relevant for the April data, in agreement with the published analysis of the photometric data. Our results will help to reconcile the placement of active areas on the surface of Halley's comet with various remote observations and spacecraft images of the nucleus.
Enhanced Tethered-Particle Motion Analysis Reveals Viscous Effects

Tethered-particle motion experiments do not require expensive or technically complex hardware, and increasing numbers of researchers are adopting this methodology to investigate the topological effects of agents that act on the tethering polymer or the characteristics of the polymer itself. These investigations depend on accurate measurement and interpretation of changes in the effective length of the tethering polymer (often DNA). However, the bead size, tether length, and buffer affect the confined diffusion of the bead in this experimental system. To evaluate the effects of these factors, improved measurements to calibrate the two-dimensional range of motion (excursion) versus DNA length were carried out. Microspheres of 160 or 240 nm in radius were tethered by DNA molecules ranging from 225 to 3477 basepairs in length in aqueous buffers containing 100 mM potassium glutamate and 8 mM MgCl2 or 10 mM Tris-HCl and 200 mM KCl, with or without 0.5% Tween added to the buffer, and the motion was recorded. Different buffers altered the excursion of beads on identical DNA tethers. Buffer with only 10 mM NaCl and >5 mM magnesium greatly reduced excursion. Glycerol added to increase viscosity slowed confined diffusion of the tethered beads but did not change excursion. The confined-diffusion coefficients for all tethered beads were smaller than those expected for freely diffusing beads and decreased for shorter tethers. Tethered-particle motion is a sensitive framework for diffusion experiments in which small beads on long leashes most closely resemble freely diffusing, untethered beads.
Feminist Perspectives on 9/11

In this article I offer a feminist analysis of September 11, 2001 and its aftermath. I demonstrate how gendered discourses are used in this and other conflict situations to reinforce mutual hostilities. I suggest that men’s association with war–fighting and national security serves to reinforce their legitimacy in world politics while it acts to create barriers for women. Using the framework of a post–9/11 world, I offer some alternative models of masculinity and some cultural representations less dependent on the subordination of women. Often in times of conflict women are seen only as victims. I outline some ways in which the women of Afghanistan are fighting against gender oppression and I conclude with some thoughts on their future prospects.
Nuclear reaction cross sections of 16O + 16O obtained by γ-ray detection

Abstract The partial production cross sections for reaction residues produced by the fusion of 16 O with 16 O have been measured at E c . m = 9–30 MeV by detecting the characteristic γ-rays with a Ge(Li) detector. The dominant products are 24 Mg and 27 A1 corresponding to 2α and αp emission from the compound nucleus, respectively. The total γ-producing cross sections σ R were also derived by summing the partial cross sections after correction for the observed (average) γ-ray angular distributions. The trend in the total cross sections is very similar to the trends derived from an optical model or a statistical-evaporation model calculation. The partial production cross sections were compared with other experimental results at 11.9 MeV and 30 MeV and with the results of the statistical-model calculation. It is concluded that the treatment of angular momentum in the calculation is inadequate for describing the partial cross sections. Structure in the partial and total cross section excitation functions is observed with minima occurring at E c.m. = 27, 24, 20, 17.5, and possibly 15 MeV. Some of this structure is well established by the statistical accuracy of the data and most, but perhaps not all of it, is correlated in the various channels. This structure is compared with that observed in another experiment and some of its implications are discussed.
Effect of Ambient Atmosphere on Flame Spread at Microgravity

The effects of atmosphere composition on the rate of opposed-flow flame spread (Sf ) over thin solid fuel beds at microgravity (μg) were measured and compared to earth gravity (lg) results and theoretical predictions. Two modifications to standard atmospheres were considered. First, the effects of sub-flammability-limit concentrations of a gaseous fuel (CO or CH4) were measured and compared to an existing theoretical model that was extended to ug conditions. The agreement between the model and experiment is reasonable considering the simplicity of the model. Notably, both model and experiment show that the effect of added gaseous fuel is greater at μg than lg. Secondly, the effect of diluent type on Sf -was studied by comparing results using He, N2, Ar, CO2 and SF6 diluents. It was found that, in agreement with prior studies in N2 diluent, for He, N2 or Ar diluents, Sf was larger at 1g than μg. In contrast, for CO2 diluent, Sf was slightly lower at 1g than at μg and for SF6 diluent, Sf was much lower at 1...
Graph colorings and recursively bounded Π10-classes

Abstract Bean showed that the k-colorings of a recursive graph is always a recursively bounded Π10-class. The main theorem of this paper proves the converse of Bean's result. That is, we show that for any recursively bounded Π10-class C and any k ⩾ 3, there exists a highly recursive graph G such that up to a permutation of colors there is an effective 1:1 degree preserving correspondence between the k-colorings of G and the elements of C . We also discuss other combinatorial problems whose solutions are recursively bounded Π10-classes and the possibility of their representing an arbitrary Π10-class.
Adult celiac disease and the henoch-schonlein syndrome

The patient in the case presented experienced two different disease entities, each involving the small intestine at different times during a period of 20 years. The original episode was diagnosed as Henoch-Schonlein syndrome based upon classic history, and physical and laboratory findings. Although the original intestinal abnormalities returned to normal radiologically within 3 months, an abnormal small bowel study was again demonstrated some 10 years later. A diagnosis of adult celiac disease was made at that time based on biopsy and a favorable clinical and histologic response to gluten restriction. Chronic changes in the small bowel following an episode of Henoch-Schonlein syndrome have not been reported in the literature. The association of these two disease entities in the same patient has also not been previously reported. Although a hereditary metabolic defect has been suggested as responsible for the development of gluten sensitivity, the question is raised as to whether other factors may initiate this process.
Multimethod assessment of commercial nisin preparations

Nisin is a GRAS preservative effective against several Gram-positive organisms including Listeria monocytogenes. Commercial preparations are usually fermentation products containing 2.5% pure nisin along with insoluble material which, in this study, was found to influence the quantification and activity of nisin under different conditions. Commercially available samples of nisin were tested for efficacy using various methods, such as well diffusion, time to turbidity, and GUS (where a reporter compound is induced in response to nisin). SDS-PAGE detected a single peptide band, corresponding with the molecular weight of nisin. Protein quantified using the Bradford method indicated that the carrier of some samples was proteinaceous. Though the activity of commercially available nisin preparations is indicated on the label, end users should determine the effect of changing their source of nisin.
Basic Structure Doctrine: Some Reflections

This paper concerns itself with an invention in the Indian constitutional law by the Indian Supreme Court during mid-70s, that of "Basic structure doctrine". This paper dissects the Kesavananda case that comprises of 11 separate judgments in all were delivered running to about 600 pages in the AIR manual. The paper uses various elements of the case like the reasons for the respective stands taken by each individual judgment, idiosyncrasies of the individual judges, their view of nature of Indian democracy and polity, their understanding of Indian constitutionalism, the relationship of various organs of the government under the Indian constitution, consciousness & potential of the judicial branch in our constitutional set-up and the possible roles that our judiciary plays as an important partner with the parliament in the process of nation-building. While studying the doctrine of basic structure this researcher proposes various models by which the doctrine may be identified and evaluated. The three models used to analyze the doctrine are Basic Structure and the theory of Originalism, Basic Structure as balancing tool, and Basic Structure as a tool of development. The tools are used to analyze some of the shortcomings of the basic structure doctrine in the context of underdeveloped societies and proposes a divergent and progressive approach in judicial application of constitutional principles.
Growth Inhibitory Effect of Low Fat Diet on Prostate Cancer Cells: Results of a Prospective, Randomized Dietary Intervention Trial in Men With Prostate Cancer

Purpose: A high fat Western diet and sedentary lifestyle may predispose men to prostate cancer through changes in serum hormones and growth factors. We evaluated the effect of a low fat diet on serum factors affecting prostate cancer cell growth by performing a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We randomized 18 men with prostate cancer who did not receive prior therapy to a low fat (15% kcal), high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet or a Western (40% kcal fat) diet for 4 weeks. Fasting serum was collected at baseline and after the intervention to measure prostate specific antigen, sex hormones, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I and II, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, lipids and fatty acids. LNCaP cells (ATCC®) were cultured in medium containing pre-intervention and post-intervention human serum to assess the in vitro effect of the diet on prostate cancer cell proliferation.Results: Subjects in each group were highly com...
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN AGRICULTURE: DISCUSSION

and Langham bothpresent insightfid discussions of the causes andconsequences of industrialization in agriculture,Their discussions address industrialization asdefined by the Council of Food, Agriculture, andResource Econormcs (CFARE). According toCFARE, industrialization includes two components,increased consolidation of Farms and mcreascdverticaI coordination witlun the marketmg channelsfor food and fiber, Davis and Langham focusprimarily on the causes and consequences ofincreasing consolidation of Farms,while Dmbenstottfocuses on the causes and consequences of verticalcoordination. This definition of industrializationshould be expanded to include consolidation offirms that provide inputs and services to agricultureand consolidation of firms that handle and processagricultural products.Drabenstott and Daws and Langhamcorrectly point out that while the terminologiesassociated with “industrialization” may be new tothe profession, certainly the trends of farmconsolidation and increasing usc of verticalcoordination are not new to agriculture. They notethat the level of public policy Interest is increasing,Drabenstott suggests that attention has been focusedon mdustrialization due to its acceleration. It islikely that the increased level of interest stems froma variety of sources, including taxpayers’ concernsregarding government spending on agriculturalprograms and publicly funded research. Whileconsumers desire a safe, abundant, and diversesource of food at low prices, as taxpayers, they alsodesire an efficient usc of taxthe provision of this source,dollars in facilibtingThe issues of marketpower and separation of the management functionfrom labor at the Farm level each have importantimplications for market, environmental, and ruraldevelopment pohcics, According to Padberg, “Mostof the rationale for laws providing facilitatingfitnctlons for fm’rncommodities and food productswere wrlttcn before 1950,,,Given the structuralchanges in the food industry among producers,handlers, processors, distributors and consumers, arepolicies intended to insure orderly marketing stillvalid?” (foreword).Using CFARE’S definition ofindustriahzation, dlversc levels of industrializationhave taken place across various segments ofagriculture. As measured by vertical coordination,Drabenstott notes that while the broiler industry isalmost completely industrialized, grains show httlemovement toward formal vertical coordination at thefarm level, Still other industries, such as the porkindustry, exhibit signs of increased verticalcoordination taking hold. The North Carolina porkindustty serves as a case in point, where a newplant will have the capacity to process about 8percent of U.S. hog production (lIun). Drabenstotthnks the lack of private vertical coordination ince]lain crops, such as grams, to the presence ofcommodity programs that provide “governrncntcontracts”. He suggests that if programs for crops,such as grains, arc cut, the necessity for othermechanisms to coordinate and stabilize productionwill increase.
Optimal Filtering in the Salamander Retina

The dark-adapted visual system can count photons with a reliability limited by thermal noise in the rod photoreceptors - the processing circuitry between the rod cells and the brain is essentially noiseless and in fact may be close to optimal. Here we design an optimal signal processor which estimates the time-varying light intensity at the retina based on the rod signals. We show that the first stage of optimal signal processing involves passing the rod cell output through a linear filter with characteristics determined entirely by the rod signal and noise spectra. This filter is very general; in fact it is the first stage in any visual signal processing task at low photon flux. We identify the output of this first-stage filter with the intracellular voltage response of the bipolar cell, the first anatomical stage in retinal signal processing. From recent data on tiger salamander photoreceptors we extract the relevant spectra and make parameter-free, quantitative predictions of the bipolar cell response to a dim, diffuse flash. Agreement with experiment is essentially perfect. As far as we know this is the first successful predictive theory for neural dynamics.
Proteins and Nucleic Acids in Prebiotic Evolution

The “central dogma” of molecular biology, as set forth by Watson and Crick in 1953 (1), and by Crick in 1958 (2), allows for the bidirectional transfer of genetic information between DNA and RNA, as well as from RNA to protein. Nevertheless, it came as no little surprise to many when Temin (3) and Baltimore (4) reported RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity from viruses. That genetic information can, in fact, flow from RNA to DNA has now been solidly incorporated within the framework of the “central dogma” (5), and has resulted in a great deal of excitement in several areas, notably cancer research (6). The discovery that RNA can serve as a template for the synthesis of DNA, however, has not altered the major prohibitory tenets of the “central dogma,” namely, that genetic information cannot flow from proteins to nucleic acids, nor from proteins to proteins. Other work presented in this volume by Lipmann, however, demonstrates that information does flow from proteins to polypeptides in contemporary systems.
An evaluation of Si and SiGe base bipolar transistors for high frequency and high speed applications-basic transport and design

Charge carrier transport in pseudomorphically strained Sio.aGeo.2 grown on (001)Si has been modeled to understand the small signal performance of the SiGe base double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT). Minority carrier electron and majority carrier hole mobilities and diffusion coefficients are determined for the base by Monte Carlo calculations. The effects of strain are accounted for with altered bandstructure and scattering rates which are input to the Monte Carlo. The small signal behavior of the DHBT is calculated using a device model based on drift - diffusion transport equations with the Monte Carlo calculated mobilities and diffusion coefficients as inputs. The results are compared to those of silicon bipolar transistors.
In vitro induction of infection-related hyphal structures in plant pathogenic fungi.

In recent years, a voluminous amount of genomic data has been generated for several plant pathogenic fungi. Multiple studies have utilized these genomic data to advance our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis. However, not all plant pathogenic fungi share the same infection strategies, and several genes have been identified that are crucial for plant pathogen esis in one fungus, but dispensable in others. In order for data on biological relevance to keep pace with accumulating genomic data, new biological assays need to be developed for several pathogenic fungi. Accordingly, we have developed an in vitro assay that allows us to monitor morphological changes in hyphal development as the head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum infects wheat. Using previously frozen detached wheat glumes, we are able to monitor both subcuticular and intercellular hyphal development of F. graminearum. The method described takes only 3–5 days from inoculation to microscopic observation (depending on time point) and does not require any elaborate laboratory equipment or supplies. This method could be adapted for different necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens, on their host tissue types, in order to characterize their hyphal differentiation in vitro.
Response to Reactions to Major Contribution: Multicultural Clinical Supervision and Benchmarks

The authors responded to the commentaries on the Major Contribution, “Multicultural Clinical Supervision and Benchmarks: Empirical Support Informing Practice and Supervisor Training.” The commentaries provided a structure of consensus, critical questions, and requests for additional elaboration. The commentators advocated for the urgent need to move forward translating clinical supervision, a distinct professional competency, directly into training and practice in the United States. They also agreed on the essential multicultural framework and the imperative for empirical research to provide validation for the Competency Benchmarks as a developmental training schema. The authors also provided responses with regard to future directions for supervision and training parameters.
Use of Prestige® LP Artificial Cervical Disc in the spine

This article describes the Prestige LP Artificial Cervical Disc, a new motion-sparing medical device designed for use in the cervical spine to treat symptomatic degenerative disc disease in patients who have failed conservative care. This technology allows for the maintenance of normal cervical spinal motion. As such, this motion-sparing technology has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of this disease. In addition to allowing restoration of the normal spinal motion, this new device does not require bone graft or as long a recovery time as needed for fusion of the joint. Owing to these features, motion-sparing devices may replace the standard fusion technique currently employed in many patients to reduce pain after degeneration of the disc of the neck.
Frequency comb generation by four-wave mixing: the role of fiber dispersion

Optical frequency comb generators (OFCGs) are important for a number of applications in optical communications. They enable difference-frequency measurements and frequency calibration over a several THz range as well as low-chirp short-pulse synthesis. A fiber-optic comb generator (F-OFCG) was recently demonstrated that utilizes four-wave mixing (FWM) in an optical fiber to expand a modulated CW lightwave into a frequency comb. The standard OFCG design encloses a sinusoidally driven electro-optic modulator (EOM) within an optical cavity resonant on the input laser frequency and all-modulation sidebands. The F-OFCG eliminates the demands of a high-finesse, resonant cavity. It requires no active controls to lock the cavity to the laser frequency and allows continuous tuning of the comb frequency spacing. As indicated by coupled-wave simulations, interference among FWM interactions is the principle mechanism governing F-OFCG sideband generation. By means of the varying phase mismatches, positive dispersion draws the different FWM interactions into phase. Their constructive addition yields strong resultant nonlinear polarizations, which drive comb expansion. Conversely, negative dispersion pulls FWM interactions out of phase such that the low resultant nonlinear polarizations deter comb expansion. Widest F-OFCG bandwidths are achieved using dispersion-mapped fiber links.
Keynote talk I: Building a high-assurance unpiloted air vehicle

Summary form only given. A drone autopilot is a complex software artifact that includes operating systems, networking, and sensor systems. With support from DARPA, Galois is addressing the challenge of building an open-source high-assurance autopilot that is resistant to security attacks and software faults. We are tackling the problem by borrowing from a suite of formal-methods-inspired technologies such as strongly-typed domain-specific languages for embedded control systems, software model-checking, and runtime-verification. Just over one year in, we have designed two new languages and compilers and have a provisional autopilot developed. I will describe how we have achieved low-cost high-assurance software, and I will elaborate on the challenges ahead and the open problems we do not yet know how to address. For more information related to the autopilot, see smaccmpilot.org.
Technical service records on public display in an integrated environment

When I was asked to speak on the topic of “Technical Service Records on Public Display in an Integrated Environment,” I made it clear that the University of Arizona Library does not yet have a totally integrated system and, therefore, I could not address the topic from the perspective of the integrated environment. However, I explained that we do display technical service on-order, in-process records to the public in several public service areas, but the environment is not completely integrated. Thus, the contribution of the University of Arizona Library to today’s discussion of in-process files on display to the public is to explain how we achieve this feat without the aid of an integrated library system and to discuss the results achieved. In order to begin this explanation, I will briefly describe what systems we use and how they interface (or do not) with one another. Second, I will discuss the use of technical service records in both public and technical services areas and the consequences derived from this use.