cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical cost-effective choices: Ambulatory general anesthesia

To determine cost-effectiveness, we need to determine the value obtained for the price paid. Several points emerge. We need to identify specific recovery goals as our benefits, looking at early, intermediate, and late phases of recovery. Benefits such as effects on nausea may be specific to the procedure, duration, and site of practice. Time savings in the OR or recovery areas do not generate cost savings unless utilization actually increases or staffing actually decreases. Recovery care protocols that mandate a specific duration of stay in the PACU can negate any intraoperative or postoperative benefit differences generated by an anesthetic agent. Most of all, it is difficult to assign a dollar value to a very important benefit: patient satisfaction. Each of us, in our practices, must identify cost-effective choices for ambulatory anesthesia. Determining prices is simple. This we can and should do. Determining value, however, is more complicated and it is in this direction our work must lie.
The Solidus Boundary in the GaP ‐ InP Pseudobinary System

The solidus boundary in the system was determined by a technique which uses the electron microprobe to analyze the solid phase of compositions equilibrated in the solid‐liquid phase field. The boundary shows the substantial positive deviation from ideal behavior found in a number of other analogous III – V systems. Vegard's law for the relation between lattice parameter and composition holds for this system.
Joint sparse and low-rank model for radio-frequency interference suppression in ultra-wideband radar applications

This paper presents a simple adaptive framework for robust separation and extraction of multiple sources of radio-frequency interference (RFI) from raw ultra-wideband (UWB) radar signals in challenging bandwidth management environments. RFI sources poses critical challenges for UWB systems since (i) RFI often occupies a wide range of the radar's operating frequency spectrum; (ii) RFI might have significant power; and (iii) RFI signals are difficult to predict and model due to the non-stationary nature as well as the complexity of various communication devices. Existing techniques for RFI suppression either employ filtering (notching) which introduces other harmful side-effects such as side-lobe distortion and target-amplitude reduction or RFI modeling/estimation/tracking which requires complicated narrow-band modulation models or even direct RFI sniffing. We explore in this paper a joint sparse and low-rank model for the separation and then suppression of RFI signals from UWB radar data via modeling RFI as low-rank components in a joint optimization framework. The proposed framework is completely adaptive with highly time-varying environments, does not require any prior knowledge of the RFI sources (other than the low-rank assumption), and is capable of processing already-contaminated radar directly. Both simulated data and real-world data measured by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) UWB synthetic aperture radar (SAR) confirm that our RFI suppression technique successfully recovers UWB radar signals corrupted by high-powered RFI signals.
Cardiac Restricted Overexpression of Caveolin-3 Prevents Arrhythmia, Ventricular Hypertrophy and Cardiac Dysfunction in Aging Mice

Prolongation of the repolarization action potential duration (APD) and altered Ca2+ signaling are associated with aging related cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. However the mechanism of age dependent alteration in calcium signaling and arrhythmia is not known. Caveolin 3 (Cav3), a muscle-specific scaffolding protein of caveolae, is known to regulate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ signaling in cardiomyocytes. To investigate the role of Cav3 in the cardiac aging, we used 4 and 24-month old WT type mice and age matched cardiac restricted Cav3 overexpresser (Cav3OE) mice. The 24-months aged WT mice developed ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. A significant reduction in the ejection fraction and fractional shortening confirmed impaired cardiac function in 24-months aged mice. Western blot analysis showed reduced Cav3 expression (50%) in the ventricular myocytes of 24-months old WT mice as compared to 4-months adult mice. In contrast, cardiac specific Cav3OE mice had normal cardiac function with no detectable fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy at 24-months, which was similar to 4-months adult WT or Cav3OE mice. Whole-cell patch clamp analysis showed significantly increased APD50 (44.89±8ms) and APD90 (66.5±11ms) (n=6) in the ventricular myocytes of 24-month aged mice compared to 4-months adult mice (APD50: 8.9±2ms; APD90: 17.88±6ms; n=6). A re-expression of the ICa,T (−2.1±1pA/pF) observed in ventricular myocytes from 24-months aged WT mice suggested possible cause for altered Ca2+ signaling and induction of ventricular hypertrophy. In contrast, ventricular myocytes from 24-months aged Cav3OE showed a normalized action potential (APD50:11±3ms; APD90:47.5±6ms; n=8) and negligible ICa,T (−0.3± 0.5 pA/pF). We conclude that a reduced Cav3 expression in aged ventricle contributes to arrhythmia, altered Ca2+ signaling via re-expressed ICa,T and cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac specific overexpression of Cav3 prevents aging induced arrhythmia, cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy.
Personality Traits and Psychological Factors in Voice Pathology: A Foundation for Future Research

It has been argued that personality, emotions, and psychological problems contribute to or are primary causes of voice disorders and that voice disorders in turn create psychological problems and personality effects. This article (a) briefly reviews the literature surrounding the role of psychological and personality processes in individuals with functional dysphonia (FD), vocal nodules (VN), and spasmodic dysphonia (SD); (b) provides an overview of recent concepts in personality and trait structure; and (c) summarizes the fundamental tenets of a theoretical synthesis proposed by Roy and Bless (2000) to explain the dispositional bases of FD and VN. This theory links FD and VN to the signal sensitivities and behavioral response biases of neurotic introverts and neurotic extraverts, respectively. In a companion article, the merits of the Roy and Bless theory are evaluated.
Antidirected Hamiltonian circuits in tournaments

Abstract In this paper we prove that every tournament T n with n = 2 k ≥ 28 vertices has an antidirected Hamiltonian circuit as was conjectured by Grunbaum [3]. We also investigate the number of distinct antidirected Hamiltonian paths and circuits in T n and obtain upper bounds for these numbers.
Lorentz transformations that entangle spins and entangle momenta

Simple examples are presented of Lorentz transformations that entangle the spins and momenta of two particles with positive mass and spin $1∕2$. They apply to indistinguishable particles, produce maximal entanglement from finite Lorentz transformations of states for finite momenta, and describe entanglement of spins produced together with entanglement of momenta. From the entanglements considered, no sum of entanglements is found to be unchanged.
Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy potential for studies of complex dynamic cellular processes: single cell bacterial lysis.

The potential of laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to study complex and dynamic cellular processes was investigated on the model of single E. coli cells lysed (1) from “outside” with egg white lysozyme and (2) from “within” by temperature-induced temperate bacteriophage λcI857. The two lysis processes differed in the final outcome (incomplete vs complete cell lysis) as revealed by the dynamic laser light scattering and exhibited distinctive dynamic Raman spectra changes. The technique enabled for the first time at the cellular level to observe and quantify real time interaction of lysozyme with E. coli cells, “visualize” a side effect of the process due to the presence of EDTA, and correlate the process of cell wall disruption, as evidenced by the onset and development of asymmetric speckle scattering patterns, with release/escape of intracellular material (ribosomes, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) quantified by the intensity changes of Raman signatures. Raman spectra changes observed during the ly...
Failure of antigen-stimulated γδ T cells and CD4+ T cells from sensitized cattle to upregulate nitric oxide and mycobactericidal activity of autologous Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages

The function of γδ T cells during ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is presently unknown. An ex vivo system was used to test the hypothesis that γδ T cells are capable of activating Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-(M. paratuberculosis)-infected macrophages. Peripheral blood-derived macrophages were infected in vitro with live M. paratuberculosis, and autologous LN-derived γδ T cells or CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with infected macrophages for 48 h, at which time bacterial survival as well as production of nitrites and IFN-γ was evaluated. Incubation of M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages with autologous γδ T cells did not result in reduced intracellular bacterial viability compared to infected macrophage cultures without added T cells. IFN-γ production by-infected cultures containing added γδ T cells was not enhanced compared to that of infected macrophages alone. Although infection of macrophage cultures caused increased production of nitrites at both post-infection day (PID) 0 and PID 60, the addition of γδ T cells did not further increase nitrite production. In contrast, addition of PPD-stimulated CD4+ T cells obtained at PID 60 to M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages resulted in significantly increased IFN-γ production compared to cultures without added T cells or cultures containing unstimulated CD4+ T cells or unstimulated or antigen-stimulated γδ T cells. However, the increased production of IFN-γ by co-cultures containing PPD-stimulated CD4+ T cells did not result in increased bacterial killing or increased production of nitrites compared to cultures without added T cells. In additional in vitro experiments, M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, but not uninfected macrophages, were unable to increase nitrite production when stimulated with recombinant IFN-γ. Taken together, the data suggest that (1) γδ T cells do not produce significant IFN-γ and do not significantly increase NO production from M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages in vitro, (2) the production of significant IFN-γ by antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells from infected calves is insufficient to enhance mycobacterial killing or nitrite production by infected macrophages, and (3) macrophages may have an impaired NO response following intracellular M. paratuberculosis infection, even in the presence of significant concentrations of IFN-γ.
Effect of Ibuprofen and Indomethacin on the O2 Supply/Consumption Balance in Ischemic Rabbit Myocardium

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if differences in the cardioprotective abilities of ibuprofen and indomethacin were due to their differing abilities to alter the O2 supply/consumption ratio in the ischemic myocardium. Experiments were done on 21 anesthetized open-chest rabbits. Regional flow (using radioactive microspheres), O2 extraction, O2 consumption, and O2 supply/consumption ratio were determined 1 hr after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in controls and animals given iv 10 mg/kg ibuprofen or iv 3 mg/kg indomethacin. Myocardial blood flow was depressed in the occluded region compared to the nonoccluded region after occlusion for all treatments. O2 extraction in the occluded region was elevated compared to the nonoccluded region for all treatments after occlusion. No differences in O2 consumption were noted between any treatment within the occluded or nonoccluded regions. The O2 supply/consumption ratio was lower in the occluded region compared to the nono...
Mitochondrial alterations in livers of Sod1−/− mice fed alcohol

Abstract Chronic alcohol consumption induced liver injury in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-deficient mice ( Sod1 −/− ), with extensive centrilobular necrosis and inflammation and a reduction in hepatic ATP content. Mechanisms by which ethanol decreased ATP in these mice remain unclear. We investigated alterations in mitochondria of Sod1 −/− mice produced by chronic ethanol treatment. These mitochondria had an increase in State 4 oxygen consumption with succinate and especially with glutamate plus malate compared to mitochondria from pair-fed Sod1 −/− mice or mitochondria from wild-type mice fed dextrose or ethanol. This uncoupling was associated with a decrease in ADP/O and respiratory control ratios, a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced mitochondrial permeability transition, and decreased aconitase activity. Total thiols and uncoupling protein 2 levels were elevated in the pair-fed Sod1 −/− mitochondria, perhaps an adaptive response to oxidant stress. However, no such increases were found with the ethanol-fed Sod1 −/− mitochondria, suggesting a failure to develop these adaptations. The mitochondria from the ethanol-fed Sod1 −/− mice had elevated levels of cleaved Bax, Bak, Bcl-xl, and adenine nucleotide translocator. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed increased association of Bax and Bak with the adenine nucleotide translocator. ADP-ATP exchange was very low in the ethanol-fed Sod1 −/− mitochondria. These results suggest that ethanol treatment of Sod1 −/− mice produces uncoupling and a decline in Δψ, swelling, increased association of proapoptotic proteins involved in the permeability transition, and decreased adenine nucleotide translocator activity, which may be responsible for the decline in ATP levels and development of necrosis in this model of alcohol-induced liver injury.
Self‐consistent field calculations on 2‐aminomethyl‐3‐carboxymethyl pyrrole, a substrate analog of PBG deaminase evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Ab-initio self-consistent field calculations are undertaken in order to investigate the possibilities for intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 2-aminomethyl-3-carboxymethyl pyrrole, an analog of porphobilinogen. The structure which features a hydrogen bond between the carboxyl hydrogen and the nitrogen of the aminomethyl substituent shows a decrease in energy of 4 kcal/mol compared to the most stable structure which does not exhibit such bonds.
Joint imaging with primary reflections and deep water multiples

A ray equation based Kirchhoff depth migration is used to image primary reflections and deep water multiples recorded on an ocean bottom hydrophone (OBH). The resulting image of the subbottom sediments is shown to be improved by inclusion of the deep water multiple in the imaging process. Field data acquired jointly by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and University of Texas Institute for Geophysics at Austin consisting of an OBH (2300 m depth) recording a 10,800 cubic inch airgun array, are used to illustrate the feasibility of this technique. Images are obtained from both the primary reflections and energy which has undergone an additional path through the water column. Comparison of these images reveal an excellent correlation of reflectors with the predicted polarity reversal observed in the multiple's image. Synthetic data are used to examine the difficulties in identifying the true path of the water column multiple. For flat layered media there are two different multiple paths, one which reflects beneath the source and one which reflects over the receiver, which have identical travel times when the seafloor is approximately horizontal. They do not however have the same amplitude and it can be shown that their amplitudes differ sufficiently to allow a reliable image to be extracted from the energy which reflects over the receiver (receiver multiple). The difference in amplitude between this receiver multiple and the primary reflection is mostly due to geometric spreading and attenuation in the water column. This is usually small enough to allow observation of most primary events in the receiver multiple. While conventional seismic imaging techniques utilize only primary reflected energy we have shown that for an on bottom recording geometry energy reflecting from the free surface may also be used to image the subsurface. As a final step the image obtained from the multiple is corrected for the r phase shift from the free surface and added to the image from the primary reflection. The final image shows both extended lateral coverage and increased signal to noise.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitation of microgram amounts of protein in SDS-mercaptoethanol-tris electrophoresis sample buffer

Abstract We have investigated the utilization of a previously published dye-binding protein quantitation method for the analysis of proteins solubilized in SDS, mercaptoethanol-tris electrophoresis sample buffer. Although there is a direct relationship between the amount of protein applied and the absorbance of Coomassie blue G for BSA standard curves, complicated protein mixtures such as whole cell homogenates of tissue culture cells show more complicated functions. Apparently, components present in whole cell homogenates altered the dye-binding phenomenon to the extent that absolute values of the total amount of protein of such a mixture cannot be obtained by comparison to standard curve. However, over a relatively wide range of protein concentrations, the dye-binding method can provide a relative value for the amount of total protein present in a given complex protein mixture solubilized in SDS-mercaptoethanol electrophoresis buffer.
Thermotropic behavior of binary mixtures of diplamitoylphosphatidylcholine and glycosphingolipids in aqueous dispersions

Abstract The thermotropic behavior of mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with natural glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramide, phrenosine, kerasine, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, asialo-G M1 , sulfatide, G M3 , G M1 , G D1a , G T1b ) in dilute aqueous dispersions were studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry over the entire composition range. The pretransition of DPPC is abolished and the cooperativity of the main transition decreases sharply at mole fractions of glycosphingolipids below 0.2. All systems exhibit non-ideal temperature-composition phase diagrams. The mono- and di-hexosylceramides are easily miscible with DPPC when the proportion of glycosphingolipids in the system is high. A limited quantity (1–6 molecules of DPPC per molecule of glycosphingolipid (GSL) can be incorporated into a homogeneously mixed lipid phase. Domains of DPPC, immiscible with the rest of a mixed GSL-DPPC phase that shows no cooperative phase transition, are established as DPPC exceeds a certain proportion in the system. One negative charge (sulfatide) or four neutral carbohydrate residues (asialo-G M1 ) in the oligosaccharide chain of the glycosphingolipids results in phase diagrams exhibiting coexistence of gel and liquid phases over a broad temperature-composition range. Systems containing gangliosides show complex phase diagrams, with more than one phase transition. However, no evidence for phase-separated domains of pure ganglioside species is found. The thermotropic behavior of systems containing DPPC and glycosphingolipids correlates well with their interactions in mixed monolayers at the air/water interface.
Neural networks, artificial intelligence and computational reality

Abstract Artificial intelligence and, more recently, neural networks have been claimed to yield revolutionary advances in manufacturing. Jozsef Hatvany had the clearest view of the advantages and problems with AI in manufacturing. The situation with neural networks is similar and can benefit from an extension of Hatvany's analysis.
Correlations between fluid composition and deep-seated structural style in the footwall of the Simplon low-angle normal fault, Switzerland

Structural and fluid-inclusion analyses reveal a correlated change in structural style and fluid composition along strike in footwall mylonites of the Simplon low-angle normal fault of Switzerland. In the south, early postmylonitic structures are semibrittle shears and brittle faults; synkinematic fluid inclusions within the faults contain a carbonic component, whereas those in the shears lack CO 2 . To the north, early postmylonitic structures are extension veins and kinkbands and synkinematic fluid inclusions are aqueous. Entrapment conditions for all fluid inclusions are estimated to be >500 °C and >5 kbar. We speculate that different wetting characteristics of carbonic versus aqueous fluids influenced the mechanical behavior of the rocks. Nonwetting carbonic fluids locally increased fluid pressure and induced brittle failure, resulting in development of abundant, closely spaced brittle faults. In areas lacking carbonic fluids, ductile deformation continued to lower pressures and temperatures.
Comparative mineral chemistry and textures of SAFOD fault gouge and damage-zone rocks

Abstract Creep in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drillhole is localized to two foliated gouges, the central deforming zone (CDZ) and southwest deforming zone (SDZ). The gouges consist of porphyroclasts of serpentinite and sedimentary rock dispersed in a foliated matrix of Mg-smectite clays that formed as a result of shearing-enhanced reactions between the serpentinite and quartzofeldspathic rocks. The CDZ takes up most of the creep and exhibits differences in mineralogy and texture from the SDZ that are attributable to its higher shearing rate. In addition, a ∼0.2-m-wide sector of the CDZ at its northeastern margin (NE-CDZ) is identical to the SDZ and may represent a gradient in creep rate across the CDZ. The SDZ and NE-CDZ have lower clay contents and larger porphyroclasts than most of the CDZ, and they contain veinlets and strain fringes of calcite in the gouge matrix not seen elsewhere in the CDZ. Matrix clays in the SDZ and NE-CDZ are saponite and corrensite, whereas the rest of the CDZ lacks corrensite. Saponite is younger than corrensite, reflecting clay crystallization under declining temperatures, and clays in the more actively deforming portions of the CDZ have better equilibrated to the lower-temperature conditions.
Thermal measurement of Ostwald ripening kinetics in partially crystallized mixtures

Experiments were performed to measure the Ostwald ripening kinetics of partially crystallized solid-liquid mixtures. A precision thermometric system was constructed which was capable of measuring curvature dependent solid-liquid interfacial temperatures. Direct, in situ measurements of the interfacial temperatures of partially crystallized solid-liquid mixtures were then made over a range of volume fractions solid, ƒv (0.24 < ƒv < 0.87). Results show that power law coarsening kinetics were present, with a coarsening rate exponent, n, in the range 0.33 < n < 0.4 over all volume fractions studied. Theoretical modeling of the temperature of a thermal probe immersed in a solid-liquid mixture was undertaken to quantify the experimental approach. Theory shows that the thermometers employed in these experiments sensed a temperature reflecting the local distribution of curvature and not that representative of the average curvature of the two-phase coarsening medium. Since the theory employed here is based upon a solution to the diffusion equation, specific predictions can be made concerning the relationship of the mean temperature of a coarsening solid-liquid mixture to the mixture's interfacial morphology, as well as on experimental requirements needed to permit proper measurement of the mean temperature during coarsening.
Detection of Hidden Corrosion of Aircraft Aluminum Alloys by Magnetometry Using a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device

Abstract The distribution and magnitude of the magnetic field resulting from hidden corrosion of Al 2024-T3 (UNS A92024) alloy plates in solutions containing different concentrations of chloride (Cl−) ion were measured using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, with no electrical or mechanical connections intruding on the sample. The magnetic field strength resulting from hidden corrosion occurring on the bottom surface of a 3-mm (0.118-in.) Al 2024-T3 plate in 3.5% (35,000 ppm) sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was measured as a function of distance between the SQUID pickup coils and the top surface of the sample. Results showed magnetic field strength decreased with increasing distance from the top of the sample, approaching the background value at a distance of 13 mm (0.512 in.). When the SQUID pickup coils were located 2 mm (0.079 in.) above the top surface of a sample consisting of a stack of aluminum plates, it was possible to detect hidden corrosion on the bottom surfac...
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF DYNAMIC MODE SWITCHING IN INTERFACIAL-TENSION-DRIVEN CONVECTION NEAR A CODIMENSION-TWO POINT

The container geometry's effect on flow patterns that form near the onset of interfacial-driven convection were studied. Numerical studies indicate that the flow patterns at the onset of convection should be steady, while experiments showed a dynamic switching between two different flow patterns, or modes. This phenomenon is a function of the container's radius over height (aspect ratio), and it is believed to result from the coexistence of energy states. Unsteady convection has significant implications in liquid encapsulated crystal growth where the aspect ratios are ever changing due to the solidification process.
Conformational Changes Combined with Charge-Transfer Interactions Are Essential for Reduction in Catalysis by p-Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase†

p-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase that catalyzes a reaction in two parts: reduction of the enzyme cofactor FAD by NADPH in response to binding p-hydroxybenzoate to the enzyme and reaction of reduced FAD with oxygen to form a hydroperoxide, which then oxygenates p-hydroxybenzoate. Three different reactions, each with specific requirements, are achieved by moving the position of the isoalloxazine ring in the protein structure. In this paper, we examine the operation of protein conformational changes and the significance of charge-transfer absorption bands associated with the reduction of FAD by NADPH when the substrate analogue, 5-hydroxypicolinate, is bound to the enzyme. It was discovered that the enzyme with picolinate bound was reduced at a rate similar to that with p-hydroxybenzoate bound at high pH. However, there was a large effect of pH upon the rate of reduction in the presence of picolinate with a pKa of 7.4, identical to the pKa of picolinate bound to the enzyme. The ...
Multiple scales analysis of wave–wave interactions in a cubically nonlinear monoatomic chain

The interaction of waves in nonlinear media is of practical interest in the design of acoustic devices such as waveguides and filters. This investigation of the monoatomic mass–spring chain with a cubic nonlinearity demonstrates that the interaction of two waves results in different amplitude and frequency dependent dispersion branches for each wave, as opposed to a single amplitude-dependent branch when only a single wave is present. A theoretical development utilizing multiple time scales results in a set of evolution equations which are validated by numerical simulation. For the specific case where the wavenumber and frequency ratios are both close to 1:3 as in the long wavelength limit, the evolution equations suggest that small amplitude and frequency modulations may be present. Predictable dispersion behavior for weakly nonlinear materials provides additional latitude in tunable metamaterial design. The general results developed herein may be extended to three or more wave–wave interaction problems.
Use of Spinach, Radish, and Perennial Ryegrass to Assess the Availability of Metals in Waste Foundry Sands

Plant uptake is a major pathway by which toxic metals can enter the food chain. In this laboratory study we grew spinach, radish, and perennial ryegrass on sand blends containing 50% waste foundry sand (WFS) to assess the availability of Al, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. The WFSs utilized in this study were from aluminum, iron, and steel foundries. Although there were differences in the amounts of metals accumulated by the various plant species, excessive amounts of heavy metals were not taken up, regardless of WFS treatment. In spinach and radish, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were found to be within or close to the sufficiency range for agronomic crops. In ryegrass cuttings at 27, 57, and 87 days, Cu and Zn were within sufficiency ranges, but plants were Fe deficient and contained elevated concentrations of B, Mn, and Mo. Data from this study will be useful for state regulatory agencies interested in developing beneficial use regulations for WFSs.
A probabilistic construction of model validation

We describe a procedure to assess the predictive accuracy of process models subject to approximation error and uncertainty. The proposed approach is a functional analysis-based probabilistic approach for which we represent random quantities using polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs). The approach permits the formulation of the uncertainty assessment in validation, a significant component of the process, as a problem of approximation theory. It has two essential parts. First, a statistical procedure is implemented to calibrate uncertain parameters of the candidate model from experimental or model-based measurements. Such a calibration technique employs PCEs to represent the inherent uncertainty of the model parameters. Based on the asymptotic behavior of the statistical parameter estimator, the associated PCE coefficients are then characterized as independent random quantities to represent epistemic uncertainty due to lack of information. Second, a simple hypothesis test is implemented to explore the validation of the computational model assumed for the physics of the problem. The above validation path is implemented for the case of dynamical system validation challenge exercise.
The Charrette Ada compiler

The Charrette Ada compiler is a working compiler for a substantial subset of the preliminary Ada language. The Ada source program is translated into an equivalent program in an intermediate implementation language. The result of the compilation process is machine language generated for this intermediate program.This paper provides a brief overview of the compiler with special attention given to the primary translation phase. Emphasis is placed on the transformation of Ada type and subtype information and the representation of objects. The translation of several interesting statement and expression forms is also outlined.
A Principal-Agent Analysis of U.S. Courts of Appeals Responses to Boerne V. Flores:

Using principal-agent theory, Brent found that support for claimants before the U.S. Courts of Appeals in religious free exercise cases declined following the Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith and rose again following congressional passage of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). The present study attempts to determine how the Courts of Appeals responded to the Supreme Court's decision in Boerne v. Flores that RFRA was unconstitutional. A multivariate analysis controlling on political and case-fact variables reveals that support for free exercise claimants did decline again following the Boerne decision. The Supreme Court apparently succeeded in reestablishing itself as the relevant principal in free exercise cases.
Inhibition and disinhibition of return: evidence from temporal order judgments.

In the present study the temporal order judgment (TOJ) task was used to investigate whether or not inhibition of return (IOR) affects perceptual processing. Previous failures to obtain IOR in the TOJ task have been taken to suggest that IOR does not affect perceptual processing (e.g., Maylor, 1985). The present study showed that IOR is modulated by the temporal disparity between successive targets as well as the relative order in which they appear at cued and uncued locations. Consequently, IOR affects TOJs in some conditions but not in others. The selective occurrence of IOR in the TOJ task provides converging support for the notion that IOR does affect perceptual processing, and also accounts for the previous failures to observe IOR in the TOJ task. Moreover, these and other results suggest that inhibitory processing at the cued location can be disinhibited when stimulation occurs at other locations.
Glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity in lymphocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease and normal controls.

As GARS activity has been shown to be a sensitive measure for chromosome 21, we have compared its activity in lymphocytes from patients with AD to that of normal controls, to detemine whether a dosage effect exists in AD. Increased activity would suggest that increased chromosome 21 material is present in AD as in DS. Potentially this might further localize the gene for AD, and could serve as a potential early diagnostic marker for the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of GARS activity in AD patients
Many-body theory of impurities in metals and alloys. The wolff model: A case study

A new selfconsistent method is formulated for the study of the many-electron dynamics in metals containing isolated elastic and/or magnetic defects. Our study of the Wolff model reveals the presence of a new Kondo regime in which moment localization is absent with the consequent delocalization of many-body fluctuations. Approximate many-body eigenstates are obtained in two diagonalizing steps. First, the usual mean-field (Hartree-Fock) problem is solved. Second, the many-body hamiltonian describing fluctuations about the average state is diagonalized. This latter step requires the Haydock-Heine-Kelly recursion method for obtaining effective one-dimensional hamiltonians which we diagonalize, approximately, by Tomonaga-Luttinger boson procedures requiring only elementary algebraic manipulations.
Animal Models of Interferon Signature Positive Lupus.

Human lupus is strongly associated with a gene expression signature characterized by over-expression of type I interferon-regulated genes. A strong interferon signature is not seen in the standard mouse models of lupus, despite considerable evidence for the involvement of toll-like receptor (TLR)-driven interferon production. In contrast, pristane-induced lupus exhibits a prominent TLR7-dependent interferon signature. Importantly, genetic disorders with dysregulated interferon production in both humans and mice cause severe autoinflammatory diseases but not the typical manifestations of lupus suggesting that interferon over-production by itself is insufficient to cause SLE. Murine single-gene models suggest that lupus-like disease may result from abnormalities in B cell activation and the clearance of dead cells. Pristane may mimic human SLE by causing interferon production along with synergistic abnormalities affecting clearance of apoptotic cells and activation of B cell signaling.
Sulfane Sustains Vascular Health Insights Into Cystathionine γ–Lyase Function

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is widely known as a pungent toxic gaseous that has plagued humanity in various environmental conditions for centuries. However, H2S, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), is now recognized to be an important biological gasotransmitter that was previously believed to simply be an environmental toxin.1 H2S can be produced in the mammalian body by 3 enzymes: cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β synthase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase from the substrates cystathionine, homocysteine, cysteine, and mercaptopyruvate. Recently, the physiological importance of H2S in the cardiovascular system, particularly vascular growth and inflammatory regulation, has been recognized; however, information on the importance of endogenous H2S synthesis pathways and identification of critical enzymes has been less clear.2 In this issue of Circulation , 2 complementary articles examining endogenous H2S production and metabolism functions provide important insight into the role of CSE and H2S bioavailability for vascular pathophysiological responses during preeclampsia and atherosclerosis. The first article by Wang et al3 emphasizes the emergence of an important role for H2S in regulating placental vasculature dysfunction during preeclampsia by altering placental growth factor, soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1), and soluble endoglin (sEng) levels. The second article by Mani4 and colleagues provides important insight into the role of endogenous H2S production in modulating atherosclerosis, intimal proliferation, adhesion molecule expression (eg, intercellular adhesion molecule-1), oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. Articles see p 2514 and p 2523 Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related vascular disorder characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and peripheral edema. Although the exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, possible causes include systemic endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular growth and remodeling in the placenta.5 Human placenta expresses vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor (flt-1). According …
Analyzing internal-switching induced simultaneous switching noise

The internal-switching induced simultaneous switching noise (SSN) is studied in the paper. Unlike ground bounce caused by driving off-chip loading, both power-rail and ground-rail wire/pin impedances are important in evaluating internal SSN, and the double negative feedback mechanism should be accounted for. Based on the lumped-model analysis and taking into account the parasitic effects and velocity-saturation effect of MOS transistors, a novel analytical model is developed which includes both switching and non-switching gates. The proposed model is employed to analyze on-chip decoupling capacitance, wire/pin inductance effect and loading effect analytically. Good agreements with SPICE simulations are obtained for submicron technology.
The activation of major histocompatibility complex class I genes by interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1).

We have investigated the role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducible transcriptional activator, on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene transcription. IRF-1 alone is sufficient to trans-activate both transfected and endogenous class I genes and the effect of IRF-1 appears to be direct and sequence-specific. These data suggest that IRF-1 is involved in the IFN-γ mediated induction of MHC class I expression.
Radiometric Validation of Microwave Satellite Instruments Using the Npoess Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Microwave (NAST-M) Sensor

This paper outlines the results of two recent efforts to use the NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Microwave (NAST-M) airborne sensor to directly validate the microwave radiometers on a number of operational satellites. Radiance differences between the NAST-M sensor and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and the Microwave Humidity Sensor (MHS) were found to be less than 1 K for most channels. Comparison results for ocean underflights of the Aqua, NOAA, and MetOp-A satellites are shown.
PALLIATIVE AND END-of-LIFE CARE: Using a Standardized Patient Family FOR Gerontological Nurse Practitioner Students

Abstract This article describes an innovative approach to educating gerontological nurse practitioner students about the needs of patients and their families related to palliative and end-of-life care. By using a standardized patient family and creatively using resources from the End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC), this author maximized learning experiences for advanced practice students who will care for elderly individuals and their families. The goal of ELNEC is to strengthen nursing education to improve end-of-life care. Principles for developing and implementing a complex standardized patient scenario for graduate nursing students are offered.
Transient transcapillary exchange of water driven by osmotic forces in the heart.

Osmotic transient responses in organ weight after changes in perfusate osmolarity have implied steric hindrance to small-molecule transcapillary exchange, but tracer methods do not. We obtained osm...
Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho

Although numerous factors influence soil-water content, it is considered a key indicator of rangeland health. This paper investigates the effect of grazing on soil-water content using three treatments within the same soil association. The treatments, simulated holistic planned grazing (SHPG), rest-rotation (RESTROT), and total rest (TREST) applied stocking rates of 36, 6, and 0 animal days/hectare respectively. Soil-water content was measured continuously from 2006 to 2008 using 36 capacitance sensors. Statistical analyses revealed differences in percent volumetric-water content (%VWC) and in all treatments, the SHPG pasture had the highest %VWC. Mixed procedures models indicate strong environmental and treatment effects as explanatory variables for the observed difference in %VWC. Although results of vegetation cover analyses indicated no difference in percent shrub cover in the two production pastures (SHPG and RESTROT), percent litter cover differed in the latter years of this study. It was concluded that in addition to a variety of other factors, management decisions (grazing and rest) can have substantial influence upon soil-water content and that soil-water content can vary substantially as a result of animal impact and the duration of grazing.
Partitioning around roadblocks: tackling constraints with intermediate relaxations

Constraint satisfaction during partitioning and placement of VLSI circuits is an important problem, and effective techniques to address it lead to high-quality physical design solutions. This problem has, however, been cursorily treated in previous partitioning and placement research. Our work presented here addresses the balance-ratio constraint, and is a crucial first step to an effective solution to the general constraint-satisfaction problem. In current iterative-improvement mincut partitioners, the balance-ratio constraint is tackled by disallowing moves that violate it. These methods can lead to sub-optimal solutions since the process is biased against the movement of large cells and clusters of cells. We present techniques for an informed relaxation process that attempts to estimate whether relaxing the constraint temporarily will ultimately benefit the mincut objective. If so, then a violating move is allowed, otherwise it is disallowed. The violations are corrected in future moves so that the final solution satisfies the given constraint. On a set of ACM/SIGDA PROUD benchmark circuits with actual cell sizes, we obtained up to 38% and an average of 14.5% better cutsizes with as little as 13% time overhead using our techniques compared to the standard method of not allowing any relaxation.
Toxin variability during the cell cycle of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense

Cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense Balech were subjected to conditions that induced two synchronized divisions over a period of 48 h. Before, during, and after this interval, toxin content, toxin composition, and several other physiological parameters were monitored every 2 h for 94 h. Toxin production was discontinuous, induced by light, and always occurred during a defined time frame within the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Specific toxin production rates were positive for a period of ∼8-10 h in early G 1 and dropped to zero for the remainder of the interphase and mitosis. Analysis of toxin composition showed that cellular concentrations of all the saxitoxin derivatives followed a similar pattern of increase, stabilization, and decrease throughout one generation time. A putative sequence of interconversions between the derivatives could be established, with C2 as the first compound to appear. Division of a subset of the population during the first 24 h of the experiment and the ensuing total synchrony of the culture suggest the existence of two transition points in the cell cycle of this dinoflagellate. The first transition point, at the beginning of G 1 , is light-dependent and holds the cells in a G 0 -like period. The second block point at the end of G 1 is size-dependent and arrests the cells in G 1 . We propose a model of the cell cycle of A. fundyense in which progression through the cell cycle can be arrested at two different transition points located in G 1 and toxin production is induced by light during G,. The restriction of toxin production to a relatively short segment of the cell cycle provides a tool for comparing cells that are and are not synthesizing toxin.
Toward a Theory of Perceived Firm-Specific Human Capital

Strategy research suggests that firm-specific human capital is a source of sustained competitive advantage, at least in part because it may constrain employee mobility. However, it is also typically assumed that employees are reluctant to invest in firm-specific skills because such investments may come at the cost of developing general skills, thereby reducing their attractiveness in the labor market. This creates a theoretical paradox: Employee investment in firm-specific human capital is crucial for value creation and appropriation, yet there is believed to be global underinvestment in firm-specific skills. We argue that the logic behind this theory depends on the assumption that firm-specific human capital is accurately and objectively perceived among labor market participants and that relaxing this assumption significantly limits conclusions that can be drawn about competitive advantage. The key takeaway is that perceptions of firm specificity, even if inaccurate, can be more important than objective ...
Iterative Fourier approach for describing linear, multiple plane, coherent optical processors

In this paper it is shown that the formal mathematical description of a quite general, multiplane, coherent, optical processor can always be reduced to an iterative Fourier transform and multiply procedure. In orderto write the system description in this manner, only suitable notational changes are needed. The principaladvantage of this alternate form is that more tractable models result for system synthesis. In particular, one may investigate the feasibility of performing any given linear operation in an optical processor systemby exploring the realizability through simple Fourier trans form and multiply operations. Examples of current processors, including ambiguity functions, and advanced processor concepts are given.
APPROACHES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF THE LAMELLARINS AND RELATED NATURAL PRODUCTS. A REVIEW

(2005). APPROACHES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF THE LAMELLARINS AND RELATED NATURAL PRODUCTS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 411-445.
Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit

Preface Introduction: Explaining Dutch Abolition , Gert Oostindie The Long Goodbye: Dutch Capitalism and Antislavery in Comparative Perspective, Seymour Drescher The Dutch Case of Antislavery: Late Abolitions and Elitist Abolitionism, Maarten Kuitenbrouwer Dutch Antislavery Attitudes in a Decline-Ridden Society, 1750-1815, Angelie Sens An Economic Explanation of the Late Abolition of Slavery in Suriname, Edwin Horlings Suriname and the Abolition of Slavery, Alex van Stipriaan Same Old Song? Perspectives on Slavery and Slaves in Suriname and Curacao, Gert Oostindie, Abolitionism, the Batavian Republic, the British, and the Cape Colony, Robert Ross Slavery and the Dutch in Southeast Asia, Gerrit J. Knaap The Ideology of Free Labor and Dutch Colonial Policy, 1830-1870, Pieter C. Emmer Emancipations in Comparative Perspective: A Long and Wide View, Stanley L. Engerman Epilogue: Reflections, Seymour Drescher Index The Contributors