cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiferromagnetic defect structure in LaNi O 3 -δ single crystals

The origins of the metal-insulator and magnetic transitions exhibited by perovskite rare-earth nickelates, R${\mathrm{NiO}}_{3}$ (where $R$ is a rare-earth element), remain open issues, with charge disproportionation, magnetic interactions, and lattice response across multiple length scales being among the many possible origins. Recently, growth of single crystals of ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$, which is the only member of these compounds that remains metallic in its ground state, has been reported, opening a new chapter in the investigation of the perovskite nickelates. Here, using a combination of magnetometry, heat capacity, and neutron scattering on as-grown and purposely reduced $\mathrm{LaNi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ crystals, we show that both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases with a N\'eel temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}152 K and a Curie temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}225 K can be induced by reduction of the oxygen content. Transmission electron microscopy shows that these phases are characterized by ordered oxygen vacancy defect structures that exist as dilute secondary phases in as-grown crystals despite growth in partial oxygen pressures up to at least 130 bar. The demonstration of antiferromagnetism resulting from oxygen vacancy ordered structures implies that stoichiometry must be explicitly considered when interpreting the bulk properties of $\mathrm{LaNi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals; accordingly, the implications of our results for putative oxygen-stoichiometric ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$ are discussed.
Thoughts about librarians as defined by Mark Plaiss.

Discussion du role et des qualites des bibliothecaires, en particulier dans le domaine medical
The Emergence of Community Models in Computational Neuroscience: The 40-Year History of the Cerebellar Purkinje Cell

The previous chapter in this volume considers the 20-year development of technology supporting the reuse and reproducibility of computational models. This chapter considers the specific case of the 40-year history of modeling cerebellar Purkinje cells, resulting in the emergence of one of the first “community models” in computational neuroscience. The chapter traces the model-based progress in understanding the relationship between Purkinje cell structure and function, as well as the implications of those results for our understanding of the function of this cell and the cerebellum in general. Using the history of Purkinje cell modeling as an example, the chapter also identifies the importance of the development of community models as a base for the eventual establishment of a quantitative understructure for neuroscience as a whole.
Quantitative Risk/Benefit Assessment: Where Are We?

Pharmaceutical sponsors use a variety of approaches to make important benefit/risk decisions about their products internally. Benefit/risk assessment is equally important when regulators evaluate a product for marketing approval and payers evaluate it for reimbursement decision. Once a product receives marketing authorization, it is critical to communicate pertinent benefit and risk information to patients and health-care providers. All of the above can be made easier by the use of a common framework. In this paper, we review where we are in benefit/risk assessment. This includes endeavors by academic institutions, regulators, and the pharmaceutical industry. Despite concerns about quantitative benefit/risk assessment expressed by some, we argue that without a way to quantitatively incorporate the relative importance of factors impacting benefit/risk assessment, it will be hard to bring transparent decisions to questions such as “does the benefit of this product outweigh the risk.”
Religious disengagement and stigma management by African-American young adults

This study examines religious disengagement among African-American young adults through a communicative lens. Drawing on in-depth interviews, we unpack the tensions between organizational and insti...
Addressing the leaky pipeline through mentoring and support: a personal perspective

Materials research is poised to play a pivotal role in addressing the grand challenges faced by society, from engineering better medicines to providing accessible clean water and renewable energy. However, complex problems require diverse teams. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the diversity gap in materials science and engineering, especially for women.
College Faculty Member Grief Over Deaths of Current and Former Students

This article is an autoethnographic exploration of college faculty grief. Over a career, a college teacher is likely to encounter deaths of current and former students. The rich connections that can develop in a faculty-student relationship can make for strong grief. Issues that can complicate faculty grief include regrets that might be unique to faculty-student relationships and information about the deceased that the faculty member feels obligated to keep confidential and cannot mention while processing their grief with others. Faculty members may rarely have the benefit of attending funeral or memorial services for students and former students, but with the deaths of current or recent students, a faculty member is likely to have colleagues and students who knew the deceased with whom to talk. With deaths of students from long ago, a faculty member is likely to be limited to processing grief with people who never knew the deceased.
An investigation of p53 in skeletal muscle aging.

Previous studies implicated the transcriptional regulator p53 as a potential mediator of age-related skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effect of a...
A FRCC method based on rapid voltage response for LVRT recovery of D-PMSG

One of the main problems of large-scale wind power access to the power system is the fault ride-through (FRT) ability of wind turbine generator (WTG) at present. A fast-reactive current control (FR...
Spectral Uncertainty Propagation for Generalized Stochastic Hybrid Systems with Applications to a Bouncing Ball

In this paper, we propose two numerical approaches to propagate the uncertainty of a hybrid system according to its Fokker-Planck equation, which is generalized for stochastic hybrid systems and expressed as an integro- partial differential equation. The first approach is to convert the Fokker-Planck equation into an ordinary differential equation through discrete Fourier transform; the second is to split the equation into the continuous evolution part and the discrete transition part, to solve them independently, and to combine them using the splitting technique. We apply the two proposed methods to the classic bouncing ball model, and validate them by comparing with a Monte Carlo simulation. In this numerical example, we demonstrate computational benefits of the proposed methods over the Monte Carlo method.
Solvency II and sovereign credit risk: Additional empirical evidence and some thoughts about implications for regulators and lawmakers

Abstract Techniques of time series analysis are used to examine 30 year government bond yields in Germany, France, Italy and Spain. The empirical evidence reported here seems to imply that fixed income markets have reacted to the recent economic and financial crisis in Europe by starting to price in a significant possibility of government debt defaults – which means that all of a sudden sovereign credit risk (and possibly even redenomination risk) have become of some importance in the process of determining government bond prices. Given that long-term fixed income securities are an important asset class for European life insurers the findings reported here could be of some importance for regulators and lawmakers because the newly introduced Solvency II insurance regulation framework ignores these risks with regard to the calculation of solvency capital requirements. Therefore, further work to improve the new regulatory regime might still be needed.
Synergistic effects of fructose and glucose on lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults.

Abstract Background Fructose consumption increases risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. It is assumed that the effects of free sugars on risk factors are less potent because they contain less fructose. We compared the effects of consuming fructose, glucose or their combination, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods Adults (18–40 years; BMI 18–35 kg/m2) participated in a parallel, double-blinded dietary intervention during which beverages sweetened with aspartame, glucose (25% of energy requirements (ereq)), fructose or HFCS (25% and 17.5% ereq) were consumed for two weeks. Groups were matched for sex, baseline BMI and plasma lipid/lipoprotein concentrations. 24-h serial blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. Primary outcomes were 24-h triglyceride AUC, LDL-cholesterol (C), and apolipoprotein (apo)B. Interactions between fructose and glucose were assessed post hoc. Findings 145 subjects (26.0 ± 5.8 years; body mass index 25.0 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed the study. As expected, the increase of 24-h triglycerides compared with aspartame was highest during fructose consumption (25%: 6.66 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [1.90 to 11.63], P = 0.0013 versus aspartame), intermediate during HFCS consumption (25%: 4.68 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [−0.18 to 9.55], P = 0.066 versus aspartame) and lowest during glucose consumption. In contrast, the increase of LDL-C was highest during HFCS consumption (25%: 0.46 mmol/L 95% CI [0.16 to 0.77], P = 0.0002 versus aspartame) and intermediate during fructose consumption (25%: 0.33 mmol/L 95% CI [0.03 to 0.63], P = 0.023 versus aspartame), as was the increase of apoB (HFCS-25%: 0.108 g/L 95%CI [0.032 to 0.184], P = 0.001; fructose 25%: 0.072 g/L 95%CI [−0.004 to 0.148], P = 0.074 versus aspartame). The post hoc analyses showed significant interactive effects of fructose*glucose on LDL-C and apoB (both P Conclusion A significant interaction between fructose and glucose contributed to increases of lipoprotein risk factors when the two monosaccharides were co-ingested as HFCS. Thus, the effects of HFCS on lipoprotein risks factors are not solely mediated by the fructose content and it cannot be assumed that glucose is a benign component of HFCS. Our findings suggest that HFCS may be as harmful as isocaloric amounts of pure fructose and provide further support for the urgency to implement strategies to limit free sugar consumption.
Electrodiagnostic testing in acute facial palsy: Outcomes and comparison of methods

Objective To study the relationship between various electrodiagnostic modalities in acute facial palsy. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Patients One-hundred and six patients who presented with traumatic or non-traumatic acute facial paralysis (House-Brackmann, HB, grade 6/6) between 2008 and 2017 and underwent acute electrodiagnostic testing. Intervention Electroneurography (ENoG) using nasolabial fold (NLF) or nasalis muscle (NM) methods, and volitional electromyography (EMG) in all patients. Main outcome measures Percent degeneration of ipsilateral facial nerve compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) on NLF- and NM-ENoG, presence or absence of muscle unit potentials (MUPs) on EMG. Results Extent of facial nerve degeneration measured by NLF- and NM-ENoG were highly correlated (r = 0.85, P < .01) on each test and on serial testing. NLF- and NM-ENoG concordantly diagnosed ≥90% degeneration in 44 patients (80%), of whom 32 patients were diagnosed to have 100% degeneration by both methodologies. Absence of MUPs on EMG was 63% sensitive and 92% specific for ≥90% degeneration on ENoG, with a positive predictive value of 90%. For patients with Bell's palsy, percent degeneration on ENoG was also correlated to HB score at 1 year. Surgical decompression resulted in mean HB scores of 2.2 and 3.0 for patients with Bell's palsy and trauma, respectively. Conclusions NM-ENoG may be a valid and comparable method to NLF-ENoG for predicting the recovery of facial nerve function in acute paralysis. Absence of MUPs on EMG is a specific measure of severe degeneration and highly predictive of candidacy for surgical decompression. Level of evidence Level 3.
Species-Spanning Echocardiography: Cardiovascular Insights from Across the Animal Kingdom

The objective of this review is to present comparative echocardiography as a source of insights for human cardiovascular medicine. We present echocardiographic examples of high impact human cardiovascular pathologies, including valvular, vascular, conduction, and myocardial disorders, in a wide range of species in varying environments. Unique features associated with comparative echocardiographic assessments are linked to human cardiology, including natural animal models of resistance and vulnerability. The cardiovascular vulnerabilities and strengths of other species can be a source of invaluable insights for human healthcare professionals. Echocardiography is playing a key role in bridging human and veterinary cardiology. Consequently, species-spanning echocardiography can deliver novel insights for human medicine.
Brief of Legal Ethics Scholars In Support of State's Motion for New Trial

In 2018, the Conviction Integrity Unit (“CIU”) of St. Louis City Circuit Attorney Kimberly Gardner’s office began a review of Lamar Johnson’s case. According to the CIU Report, the CIU initiated a joint investigation into the facts of the case and Johnson’s claim of innocence and constitutional error with Johnson’s post-conviction counsel, the Midwest Innocence Project. While much of the new, material evidence of Johnson’s actual innocence had been discovered before the CIU began its review, the CIU nonetheless conducted a thorough review of the Circuit Attorney’s files from the case, interviewed Mr. Johnson, as well as the previously unidentified, true second perpetrator. In addition to the significant evidence of actual innocence presented to the CIU by Mr. Johnson’s post-conviction attorneys, the CIU’s investigation produced additional evidence of prosecutorial and police misconduct. The Circuit Attorney of St. Louis City filed a Motion for New Trial based on newly discovered evidence that Lamar Johnson was innocent and had been denied a fair trial because of extensive state misconduct. The Circuit Court for the Circuit of St. Louis City dismissed the motion on the grounds that the motion was untimely and the court could find no other statutory authority allowing the Court to set aside Johnson’s conviction even if he is innocent and was wrongly convicted. Before so ruling, however, the court expressed skepticism about whether it was proper for the Circuit Attorney even to file the new trial motion, and appointed the Attorney General to “appear on behalf of the State.” Aug. 23, 2019 Order (“Order”) (stating that “the appointment of the Attorney General was necessary to protect the integrity of the legal process”). Among other things, the court expressed concern that the Circuit Attorney had a conflict of interest because the alleged prosecutorial misconduct was committed by a former employee of her office. Amici filed this brief to assure this Court that, in seeking to rectify the wrongful conviction of an innocent person whose trial was marred by prosecutorial misconduct, the Circuit Attorney has acted consistently with her duty to seek justice and in accordance with the highest traditions of a prosecutor’s office.
Renal tubular dilation and fibrosis after unilateral ureter obstruction revealed by relaxometry and spin-lock exchange MRI.

We evaluated the use of quantitative MRI relaxometry, including the dispersion of spin-lock relaxation with different locking fields, for detecting and assessing tubular dilation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). C57BL/6 J and BALB/c mice that exhibit different levels of tubular dilation and renal fibrosis after UUO were subjected to MR imaging at 7 T. Mice were imaged before UUO surgery, and at 5, 10 and 15 days after surgery. We acquired maps of relaxation rates and fit the dispersion of spin-lock relaxation rates R1ρ at different locking fields (frequencies) to a model of exchanging water pools, and assessed the sensitivity of the derived quantities for detecting tubular dilation and fibrosis in kidney. Histological scores for tubular dilation and fibrosis, based on luminal space and positive fibrotic areas in sections, were obtained for comparison. Histology detected extensive tubular dilation and mild to moderate fibrosis in the UUO kidneys, in which enlargement of luminal space, deposition of collagen, and reductions in capillary density were observed in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. Relaxation rates R1 , R2 and R1ρ clearly decreased in these regions of UUO kidneys longitudinally. While R1 showed the highest detectability to tubular dilation and overall changes in UUO kidneys, Sρ , a parameter derived from R1ρ dispersion data, showed the highest correlation with renal fibrosis in UUO. While relaxation parameters are sensitive to tubular dilation in UUO kidneys, Sρ depends primarily on the average exchange rate between water and other chemically shifted resonances such as hydroxyls and amides, and provides additional specific information for evaluating fibrosis in kidney disease.
Phylogeography of an endemic California silkmoth genus suggests the importance of an unheralded central California province in generating regional endemic biodiversity

Abstract The California Floristic province is a biodiversity hotspot. Understanding the phylogeographic patterns that exist in this diverse region is essential to understanding its evolution and for guiding conservation efforts. Calosaturnia is a charismatic silkmoth genus endemic to large portions of the region with three described species, C. mendocino, C. walterorum, and C. albofasciata. We sampled all three species from across their ranges, sequenced 1463 bp of mitochondrial COI and 1941 bp of nuclear DNA from three genes, and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence times within the lineages. All three species show pronounced evidence of isolation and, in two cases, secondary reconnection. An unexpected monophyletic mtDNA lineage was found in the Central Coast region, in a region thought to represent an intergrade between C. mendocino and C. walterorum. Our genetic data also significantly revise previous hypotheses as to which species occur in which regions, suggesting that historical ecological changes around four Ma ago isolated some lineages, and a secondary isolation event two Ma ago led to isolation of populations both in the Central Coast region and the southern Sierra Nevada. Our results add to a currently under-appreciated pattern suggesting that coastal Central California is not a transition zone between Northern and Southern California Floristic Province faunas but rather its own unique, periodically isolated, biogeographic region. They also suggest cryptic diversity may be present in many other currently unrecognized groups. Additional research should focus on this central California region because many species may be highly restricted in range and in need of conservation attention.
Evaluating Burn Recovery Outcomes in Children with Neurodevelopmental Symptoms.

Neurodevelopmental symptoms (NS) including attention and behavioral problems, developmental delays, intellectual disabilities and learning problems are prevalent in children with burn injuries. The presence of NS may predispose children to poorer burn injury recovery outcomes compared to children without these symptoms (non-NS). The Multi-Center Benchmarking Study (MCBS) monitored recovery outcomes in children with burn injuries in real time utilizing the Burn Outcomes Questionnaire (BOQ). The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the long term burn recovery outcomes in NS patients versus non-NS patients from the MCBS population. This study assessed parent-reported BOQ outcomes in a sample of 563 patients aged 5 to 18 years who were admitted for burn injuries to a pediatric burn center. A subsample of patients had reported NS (n=181). Analyses compared BOQ outcomes within the NS subsample and the non-NS subsample (n=382) across three longitudinal points post-discharge. The prevalence rate of NS was 32.1% in the full sample. Findings revealed statistically significant improvement in the recovery curves in all five BOQ subscales for the non-NS group and all subscales except for Compliance for the NS group across all longitudinal points. When compared to non-NS patients, NS patients had significantly poorer burn recovery outcomes on the Satisfaction and Compliance subscales. Although it is important to educate all clinicians, parents, and children on burn prevention efforts, targeted education is necessary for children with NS since they may be at greater risk for burn injury as well as worse recovery outcomes.
Primary Care Physician Adherence to Telepsychiatry Recommendations: Intermediate Outcomes from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: To compare clinical recommendations given by psychiatrists and the adherence to these recommendations by primary care physicians (PCP) following consultations conducted by asynchronous t...
The Apple among the Trees: To Abraham (PBodmer 30) and the Apple at the Sacrifice of Isaac

The poem from the Bodmer Papyrus (PBodmer 30) To Abraham contains a number of perplexing phrases and images—one in particular is the ambiguous word μῆλον, which appears in no other known text on the Sacrifice of Isaac. In this poem Abraham, in place of his son Isaac, chooses the μῆλον. I contribute to our understanding of how the poem works by demonstrating what μῆλον signifies in this context. I argue that the poem deliberately uses the ambiguous word μῆλον precisely because it can mean both sheep and apple. Moreover, when the apple is understood in the context of patristic interpretations of Song of Songs 2:3 (one of the few places μῆλον appears in the Septuagint), it becomes clear that the apple that Abraham chooses in place of his son points typologically to Christ and the meal Abraham prepares anticipates the Eucharist.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights: Unpaid Care Work and Women's Human Rights

In this report unpaid care work is positioned as a major human rights issue. Focusing on women caregivers, particularly those living in poverty, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights argues that heavy and unequal care responsibilities are a major barrier to gender equality and to women’s equal enjoyment of human rights, and, in many cases, condemn women to poverty. Therefore, the failure of States to adequately provide, fund, support and regulate care contradicts their human rights obligations, by creating and exacerbating inequalities and threatening women’s rights enjoyment. The report analyses the relationship between unpaid care and poverty, inequality and women’s human rights; clarifies the human rights obligations of States with regard to unpaid care; and finally provides recommendations to States on how to recognize, value, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work. Ultimately, it argues that State policies should position care as a social and collective responsibility, in particular through improving women’s access to public services, care services and infrastructure.
Giant intracranial aneurysm embolization with a yield stress fluid material: Insights from CFD analysis

The endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms remains a challenge, especially when the aneurysm is large in size and has irregular, non-spherical geometry. In this paper, we use computational fluid dynamics to simulate blood flow in a vertebro-basilar junction giant aneurysm for the following three cases: (1) an empty aneurysm, (2) an aneurysm filled with platinum coils, and (3) an aneurysm filled with a yield stress fluid material. In the computational model, blood and the coil-filled region are treated as a non-Newtonian fluid and an isotropic porous medium, respectively. The results show that yield stress fluids can be used for aneurysm embolization provided the yield stress value is 20 Pa or higher. Specifically, flow recirculation in the aneurysm and the size of the inflow jet impingement zone on the aneurysm wall are substantially reduced by yield stress fluid treatment. Overall, this study opens up the possibility of using yield stress fluids for effective embolization of large-volume intracranial aneurysms.
Preceramic Polymers for Use as Fiber Coatings

Polymeric precursors to Si-C-O, SI-B-N and Si-C were evaluated for use as ceramic interfaces in ceramic matrix composites. Use of the preceramic polymers allows for easy dip coating of fibers from dilute solutions of a polymer, which are then pyrolyzed to obtain the ceramic. SCS-0 fibers (Textron Specialty Materials, Lowell, MA) were coated with polymers from three systems: polysilsesquioxanes, polyborosilazanes and polycarbosilanes. The polysilsesquioxane systems were shown to produce either silicon oxycarbide or silicon oxynitride, depending on the pyrolysis conditions, and demonstrated some promise in an RBSN (reaction-bonded silicon nitride) matrix model system. Polyborosilazanes were shown, in studies of bulk polymers, to give rise to oxidation resistant Si-B-N ceramics which remain amorphous to temperatures of 1600 C, and should therefore provide a low modulus interface. Polycarbosilanes produce amorphous carbon-rich Si-C materials which have demonstrated oxidation resistance.
Structures of genes nasA and nasB, encoding assimilatory nitrate and nitrite reductases in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.

Klebsiella pneumoniae can use nitrate and nitrite as sole nitrogen sources during aerobic growth. Assimilatory nitrate and nitrite reductases convert nitrate through nitrite to ammonium. We report here the molecular cloning of the nasA and nasB genes, which encode assimilatory nitrate and nitrite reductase, respectively. These genes are tightly linked and probably form a nasBA operon. In vivo protein expression and DNA sequence analysis revealed that the nasA and nasB genes encode 92- and 104-kDa proteins, respectively. The NASA polypeptide is homologous to other prokaryotic molybdoenzymes, and the NASB polypeptide is homologous to eukaryotic and prokaryotic NADH-nitrite reductases. The narL gene product positively regulates expression of the structural genes for respiratory nitrate reductase, narGHJI. Surprisingly, we found that the nasBA operon is tightly linked to the narL-narGHJI region in K. pneumoniae, even though the nitrate assimilatory and respiratory enzymes serve different physiological functions. Images
Medicaid State Plan personal care services: trends in programs and policies.

Policymakers face mounting pressures from consumer demand and the 1999 Olmstead Supreme Court decision to extend formal (paid) programs that deliver personal care to the elderly, chronically ill, and disabled. Despite this, very little is known about the largest program that delivers personal care: the Medicaid State Plan personal care services (PCS) optional benefit. This paper presents the latest available national program (participant and expenditure) trend data (1999–2002) on the Medicaid PCS benefit and findings from a national survey of eligibility and cost control policies in use on the program. The program trends show that, over the study period, the number of states providing the Medicaid PCS benefit grew by four (from 26 to 30), and national program participation, adjusted for population growth, increased by 27%. However, inflation-adjusted program expenditures per participant declined by 3% between 1999 and 2002. Findings from the policy survey reveal that between 1999 and 2002 there was a marked decline in the range of services provided, and by 2004, almost half the programs operated a cap on the hours of services provided.
Identification of a novel mutation in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) gene in a child with neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Genetic alterations of the UGT1A1 gene result in Crigler-Najjar (CNS) and Gilbert's (GS)-Syndromes, two autosomal recessive conditions characterized by non-hemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. While GS is characterized by mild hyperbilirubinemia, CNS is classified as follows: type I (CNS-I), often associated with irreversible neurological damage due to total deficiency of the UGT1A1 enzyme activity, and type II (CNS-II) where a minimal level of UGT1A1 enzyme activity is maintained. In this context, differential diagnosis of CNS forms needs to be supported by clinical molecular laboratory, in order to correlate biochemical findings to specific genetic mutations. Our paper describes in detail the peculiar clinical feature found in a child with severe neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, where DNA analysis showed a new compound heterozygosis determined by two mutations, a known (c.508_510delTTC) and a novel mutation (c.1099C>T) giving a genotype compatible with clinical picture of CNS-II. This novel genotype extends the spectrum of known UGT1A1 mutations, which, in our opinion, could be higher than that currently reported in the literature. Finally, genetic analysis may also be helpful for patients' management.
Theoretical studies of five-membered ring ketene acetals

Cyclic ketene acetals are a class of organic molecules characterized by a nucleophilic exo-methylene carbon attached to a carbon with two adjacent O, N, or S atoms. We have carried out a systematic computational study of a series of five-membered cyclic acetals like 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane and its OS, SS, NO, NS, and NN analogs as well as all the protonated species. The calculations were performed at the MP2 level using a triple zeta plus polarization basis set. The nucleophilicity was discussed in terms of geometrical factors, calculated atomic charges, calculated chemical shifts, and proton affinities. All the six neutral species were strong nucleophiles. The NN analog was predicted to be the strongest and the SS analog the weakest nucleophile.
Bipolar and antisocial disorders among relatives of ADHD children: parsing familial subtypes of illness

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial disorder that is highly comorbid with conduct disorder and sometimes co-occurs with bipolar disorder. This pattern of comorbidity is also seen among relatives of ADHD probands. A growing literature suggests that ADHD with antisocial comorbidity may be nosologically distinct from other forms of ADHD. A similar pattern has been observed for ADHD and bipolar disorder. Given these results, along with the observed comorbidity between conduct and bipolar disorders, we used data from our study of 140 ADHD and 120 control families to determine if conduct and bipolar disorders in ADHD boys should be considered alternative manifestations of the same familial disorder. The probands and their relatives were examined with DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and were assessed for cognitive, achievement, social, school, and family functioning. Our results provide fairly consistent support for the hypothesis that antisocial- and bipolar-ADHD subtypes are different manifestations of the same familial condition. As predicted by this hypothesis, there was a significant three-way association between variables assessing the family history of each disorder. Moreover, when families were stratified into bipolar, antisocial, and other types, few differences emerged between the bipolar and antisocial families.
A Cross-National Comparison of Consumer Research Measures

The impact of three factors that affect the psychometric rigor of cross-national consumer research comparisons is measured in this study. Conclusions are also drawn about the interactions among these factors and the resultant deterioration in the psychometric quality of the data.
Autonomic areas of rat brain exhibit increased Fos-like immunoreactivity during opiate withdrawal in rats

We sought to identify the brain areas that might contribute to the increased autonomic activity seen during morphine withdrawal by mapping neuronal expression of c-fos protein (Fos) and Fos-related antigens. Rats were implanted with morphine pellets or placebo pellets over a 5 day regimen and injected on day 6 with either saline or naltrexone (100 mg/kg). After a standard PAP immunocytochemical protocol, Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LIR) was observed in medullary nuclei including the NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract), caudal (CVL) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). Although some Fos-LIR was seen in these areas in control rats (either morphine-implanted, saline injected, or placebo-implanted, saline or naltrexone injected), a significantly higher number of Fos-LIR-positive cells in NTS, CVL and RVL were seen after morphine withdrawal. Large numbers of Fos-like immunoreactive cells were also seen in the A5 area, the parabrachial nuclei of the pons and the locus coeruleus. Increased Fos-LIR was also detected in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the amygdala of morphine withdrawn rats. The Fos-LIR was co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in many of the cells in caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla, A5 and locus coeruleus. These data support the conclusion that autonomic areas in brain and noradrenergic/adrenergic cells in these areas are activated during morphine withdrawal and may contribute to the autonomic symptoms of opiate withdrawal.
Preprocessing of compressed digital video based on perceptual quality metrics

The objective of pre-processing is to eliminate information of least visual significance prior to encoding, in order to achieve best overall performance of a video compression system. We formulate the pre-processing problem in an operational rate-distortion framework, with the aim of maximizing the visual quality of the compressed video, as well as the coding efficiency of the system. Rather than filtering the original video, our novel approach consists of filtering the motion compensated error signal. This offers a significant computational advantage over other pre-filtering methods without sacrificing effectiveness. The proposed method selects the parameters of a pre-filter in conjunction with the selection of the quantization scales of the encoder. We incorporate a perceptual quality metric in the optimization process, in order to maximize the visual quality of the compressed video for given rate constraints. Our approach is developed for motion-compensated block-based discrete cosine transform coders, which form the basis of several video coding standards. We use the visual quality metric that was proposed by Watson, which was developed for such coders, based on the discrete cosine transform decomposition. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulation results, carried out within the framework of MPEG-2 video compression.
Dudley Allen Sargent: The Man and His Philosophy

(1984). Dudley Allen Sargent: The Man and His Philosophy. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 61-64.
On the Numerical Solution of the Dynamically Loaded Hydrodynamic Lubrication of the Point Contact Problem

The transient analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication of a point-contact is presented. A body-fitted coordinate system is introduced to transform the physical domain to a rectangular computational domain, enabling the use of the Newton-Raphson method for determining pressures and locating the cavitation boundary, where the Reynolds boundary condition is specified. In order to obtain the transient solution, an explicit Euler method is used to effect a time march. The transient dynamic load is a sinusoidal function of time with frequency, fractional loading, and mean load as parameters. Results include the variation of the minimum film thickness and phase-lag with time as functions of excitation frequency. The results are compared with the analytic solution to the transient step bearing problem with the same dynamic loading function. The similarities of the results suggest an approximate model of the point contact minimum film thickness solution.
Expanding criteria for living kidney donors: what are the limits?

The need to evaluate potential living kidney donors is more pressing than ever before. Evaluating the potential medical risks to individual donors presents both medical and ethical questions related to quantitative hazards of donor nephrectomy. These include conditions commonly associated with age, such as the decline in glomerular filtration rate, the rise in arterial pressures, and weight gain. The “normal” ranges for many of these characteristics are changing as their importance as predictors of cardiovascular risk is reevaluated and the duration of exposure for a lifetime is considered. Many older donors in good health favor donating a kidney to a spouse, despite the presence of elevated blood pressure or even impaired glucose tolerance. The Mayo Kidney/Pancreas transplant program established an “extended criteria workgroup” to address these issues on an individual basis. Our program now stratifies medical criteria based upon age, allowing more liberal criteria for older donors. As a result, we accept treated hypertension in white donors, emphasizing the importance of informed consent and the need for vigilant follow-up. Our greatest concern relates to the development of obesity, particularly in younger individuals. Many of the long-term results of kidney donation are likely to hinge upon future behavior, including smoking, weight management, and medical follow-up care. Older donors are more likely to have established behavior patterns, an element that makes them better candidates in many respects. Studies to closely track the impact of donor nephrectomy in the current era with changing population demographics and expectations are essential.
Syndecan-2 Regulates Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling *

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has multiple functions including increasing extracellular matrix deposition in fibrosis. It functions through a complex family of cell surface receptors that mediate downstream signaling. We report here that a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-2 (S2), can regulate TGF-β signaling. S2 protein increased in the renal interstitium in diabetes and regulated TGF-β-mediated increased matrix deposition in vitro. Transfection of renal papillary fibroblasts with S2 or a S2 construct that has a truncated cytoplasmic domain (S2ΔS) promoted TGF-β binding and S2 core protein ectodomain directly bound TGF-β. Transfection with S2 increased the amounts of type I and type II TGF-β receptors (TβRI and TβRII), whereas S2ΔS was much less effective. In contrast, S2ΔS dramatically increased the level of type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII), betaglycan, whereas S2 resulted in a decrease. Syndecan-2 specifically co-immunoprecipitated with betaglycan but not with TβRI or TβRII. This is a novel mechanism of control of TGF-β action that may be important in fibrosis.
Do school disciplinary policies have positive social impacts? Examining the attenuating effects of school policies on the relationship between personal and peer delinquency

Abstract Purpose Empirical research has yet to demonstrate that strict school disciplinary policies deter student misconduct. However, underlying the null and negative effects observed in prior research may be competing social impacts. What is missing from prior research is an acknowledgement that the deviance amplification effects of criminogenic risk factors may be partially offset by the general deterrence effects of strict school sanctions. Methods Using data from the school administrator questionnaire, the in-school interview, and the in-home interview from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study employs logistic hierarchical models to investigate whether strict school sanctions condition the relationship between personal and peer smoking, drinking, and fighting. Results Results indicate that the effects of peer smoking, drinking, and fighting on corresponding respondent delinquency are attenuated in schools with strict sanction policies for these behaviors. Conclusions Results suggest that school policies can aid in preventing crime in unanticipated ways, for example, by reducing the crime-inducing effects of having delinquent peers. Prior research may therefore be unintentionally discounting the general deterrence effects of school disciplinary policies by neglecting the moderating mechanisms through which these policies operate.
The dilemma of establishing effective pharmacy staffing levels

As new and enhanced pharmacy practice models are implemented to meet the complex needs of patients in health systems, it is imperative to establish the staffing and the skill levels of pharmacy generalists and specialists within our organizations. Specialty care such as that provided by pediatric,
Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of KWAJEX: Model Sensitivities and Comparisons with Satellite and Radar Observations

Abstract Three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations of a mesoscale region around Kwajalein Island during the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) are performed. Using observed winds along with surface and large-scale thermodynamic forcings, the model tracks the observed mean thermodynamic soundings without thermodynamic nudging during 52-day simulations spanning the whole experiment time period, 24 July–14 September 1999. Detailed comparisons of the results with cloud and precipitation observations, including radar reflectivities from the Kwajalein ground validation radar and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud amounts and radiative fluxes, reveal the biases and sensitivities of the model’s simulated clouds. The amount and optical depth of high cloud are underpredicted by the model during less rainy periods, leading to excessive outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and insufficient albedo. The simulated radar reflectivities tend to be excessive, especially in the upper troposphe...
The accreditation of graduate educational programs in orthopedic surgery

The development and evaluation of graduate medical education in the United States from the late 19th century to the present are founded on the structure, role, and function of the accrediting bodies (the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Residency Review Committees). The general and specific requirements for accreditation of orthopedic programs, the processes for accreditation of existing and new residency programs, and the current status of fellowship accreditation are continuously under evaluation.
Reactive intermediates and their toxicological significance

Many chemicals that cause toxicity do so via metabolism to biologically reactive metabolites. However, the nature of the interaction between such reactive metabolites and various cellular components, and the mechanism(s) by which these interactions eventually lead to cell death are poorly understood. The relative importance of macromolecular alkylation (covalent binding), lipid peroxidation, alterations in thiol, calcium and energy homeostasis are discussed with reference to specific toxicants. It is concluded that the cytotoxic effects of reactive metabolites are a consequence of simultaneous and/or sequential alterations in several cellular processes. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between these alterations and cell death.
Effect of aphids and the surrounding landscape on the abundance of Coccinellidae in cornfields

Abstract We determined how the composition and patchiness of eastern South Dakota agricultural landscapes surrounding cornfields and the abundance of aphids in cornfields affected the abundance of adult coccinellids in cornfields. Four species of Coccinellidae were common in cornfields during the three-year study. Five variables describing the composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding cornfields (% of pasture/grassland, % of wooded land, % of Conservation Reserve Program land, % of wetland, and boundary density) and abundance of aphids in the cornfields were used as predictor variables to construct stepwise multiple regression models to describe the abundance of each species of coccinellid in the cornfields. Regression models explained for 8–45% of the variation in abundance of adult Coccinellids depending on species. Abundance of aphids entered into regression models for three of the four species. The regression coefficient for aphid abundance was positive in models for two species, but was negative in the model for C. maculata . Each of the five landscape variables was included in a regression model for one or more coccinellid species. Results are discussed in relation to the biology and ecology of the species of Coccinellidae that inhabit cornfields in eastern South Dakota.
Temporal and Spectral Reconstruction Algorithms for X-ray CT

ABSTRACT X-ray CT imaging of dynamic physiological processes entails the reconstruction of volumetric images of objects with x-ray attenuation properties that vary over time and energy. We show how the same algebraic model can be used to represent both temporal and spectral information. This model enables the formulation of algorithms capable of recovering information in either dimension. These dimensions can also be combined to develop algorithms that recover both dimensions simultaneously. We present such an algorithm, describe its implementation, and test it in simulations. Keywords: CT, reconstruction, temporal, spectral 1. INTRODUCTION X-ray CT is widely used for anatomical imaging. In a conventional CT scan, the result is a volumetric image with a single value at each point in the volume, the attenuation coefficient. This value roughly corresponds to the average electron density at a point over the course of the scan. It does not account for the changes in composition that might occur during the scan, nor does it account for the non-uniform distribution of the energy of the photons produced by the x-ray tube and received by the detector. To acquire temporal information, it is possible to record another signal during the course of the scan to track moving objects. For example, an ECG can monitor cardiac motion. This signal can be used during the scan to time the acquisition of x-ray projections to coincide with distinct ph ases of the heart (prospective gating), or the projections can be acquired at a constant rate and the signal can be used after the scan to allocate the projections to different phases (retrospective gating). These gating strategies enable the reco nstruction of volumes with attenuation coefficients that are functions of time. Retrospective gating offers a shorter scan time and reduced technical complexity, but when the temporal volumes are reconstructed with conventional recons truction algorithms based on filtered backprojection (FBP), the results are afflicted by streaking artifacts
A pilot study to enhance preventive asthma care among urban adolescents with asthma.

Background. Low-income, minority teens have disproportionately high rates of asthma morbidity and are at high risk for nonadherence to preventive medications. Objective. To assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an innovative school-based asthma program to enhance the delivery of preventive care for 12–15 year olds with persistent asthma. We hypothesized that this intervention would () be feasible and acceptable among this population and () yield reduced asthma morbidity. Design/methods. Subjects/setting: Teens with persistent asthma and a current preventive medication prescription in Rochester, NY. Design: Single group pre-post pilot study during the 2009–2010 school year. Intervention: Teens visited the school nurse daily for 6–8 weeks at the start of the school year to receive directly observed therapy (DOT) of preventive asthma medications; 2–4 weeks following DOT initiation, they received three counseling sessions (one in-home and two via telephone) using motivational interviewing (M...