cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Emotions and Socialization-Related Learning in the Context of Educational Change

Teachers are the foundation of educational reform efforts, yet their contributions to the process of designing and implementing mandated change like No Child Left Behind remains misunderstood. Mandated change not only can challenge teachers’ professional identity, but can also increase demands for teacher performance improvement, accountability, and nonteaching duties, frequently with insufficient accommodation for time. Reform efforts often lack clear direction. The ambiguity about what precisely is required and when in combination with perceptions of insufficient time leads to a wide range of emotional reactions from teachers. As ambiguity and time constraints increase, the likelihood of negative emotional reactions such as anxiety, frustration, and anger increase. Negative emotions deter the teacher motivation and proactive socialization-related learning (i.e., information seeking) required for adapting successfully to said change, reducing the likelihood that the change effort will succeed. The chapter explores the link between teacher emotions, socialization-related learning, and adaptation in the context of reform and presents recommendations for improving practice.
Gold nanorods coupled with upconverting nanophosphors for targeted thermal ablation and imaging of bladder cancer cells(Conference Presentation)

NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ upconverting nanophosphors (UCNPs) are robust and stable nanoparticles that absorb near-infrared (NIR) photons and emit green and red visible photons through energy transfer upconversion. This mechanism provides UCNPs several advantages as a bioimaging agent over traditional fluorescence imaging agent in that NIR excitation allows high-contrast imaging without autofluorescence and that they can be used for deep-tissue imaging. However, additional surface modification of UCNPs is necessary for them to be biocompatible. We use an amphiphilic polymer (poly(maleic anhydride-alt-octadecene) (PMAO) and a hetero-functional polyethylene glycol with amine and thiol ends (NH2-PEG-SH)) to make the UCNPs water-soluble. This reaction yields a carboxylic group that allows functionalization with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (aEGFR), which provides specific binding of UCNPs to EGFR-expressing bladder cancer cells. Additionally, the thiol ends of the PEGylated UCNPs are able to bind with gold nanorods (AuNRs) to create UCNP-AuNR complexes. The localized surface plasmon of the AuNR then allow localized heating of HTB9 bladder cancer cells, enabling in situ cell killing upon detection by UCNP fluorescence. Here, we report a successful synthesis, surface modification and conjugation of aEGFR functionalized UCNP-AuNR complexes and in vitro imaging and thermal ablation studies using them. Synthesis and surface modification of UCNP-AuNR complexes are confirmed by electron microscopy. Then, a combination of brightfield, NIR confocal fluorescence, and darkfield microscopy on the UCNP-AuNR treated bladder cancer cells revealed successful cancer targeting and imaging capabilities of the complex. Finally, cell viability assay showed that NIR irradiation of UCNP-AuNR conjugated cells resulted highly selective cell killing.
Computing the Laplace eigenvalue and level of Maass cusp forms

Abstract Let f be a primitive Maass cusp form for a congruence subgroup Γ 0 ( D ) ⊂ SL ( 2 , Z ) and λ f ( n ) its n-th Fourier coefficient. In this paper it is shown that with knowledge of only finitely many λ f ( n ) one can often solve for the level D, and in some cases, estimate the Laplace eigenvalue to arbitrarily high precision. This is done by analyzing the resonance and rapid decay of smoothly weighted sums of λ f ( n ) e ( α n β ) for X ≤ n ≤ 2 X and any choice of α ∈ R , and β > 0 . The methods include the Voronoi summation formula, asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions, weighted stationary phase, and computational software. These algorithms manifest the belief that the resonance and rapid decay nature uniquely characterizes the underlying cusp form. They also demonstrate that the Fourier coefficients of a cusp form contain all arithmetic information of the form.
Orthogonal Nanoparticle Size, Polydispersity, and Stability Characterization with Near-Field Optical Trapping and Light Scattering

Here we present and demonstrate a new technique for simultaneously characterizing the size, polydispersity, and colloidal stability of nanoparticle suspensions. This method relies on tracking each nanoparticle’s motion in three spatial dimensions as it interacts with the evanescent field of an optical waveguide. The motion along the optical propagation axis of the waveguide provides insight into the polydispersity of a nanoparticle suspension. Horizontal motion perpendicular to the propagation axis gives the diffusion coefficient and particle size. In the direction normal to the surface, statistical analysis of the scattered light intensity distribution gives a map of the interaction energy landscape and insight into the suspension stability. These three orthogonal measurements are made simultaneously on each particle, building up population level insights from a single-particle rather than ensemble-averaged basis. We experimentally demonstrate the technique using polystyrene spheres obtaining results con...
HERMES: A high-level policy language for high-granularity enterprise-wide secure browser configuration management

In this article, we describe the characteristics, structure, and uses of HERMES. HERMES is a high-level security policy description language. Its characteristics are: (1) enable the specification of organizational domain knowledge in a hierarchical manner; (2) enable the specification of security policies at desired granularity levels within the organizational IT and OT infrastructure; (3) enable security policies to be automatically instantiated into security configurations; (4) it is human-centered and designed for ease of use; (5) it is application and device independent. We show an example of using HERMES to write a high-level policy and show examples of how such policy can be instantiated into a domain and device, user and role, application and action specific security configuration. We also describe the integration of HERMES within the HiFiPol:Browser policy management system. We believe HERMES is a necessary step toward securing the client side of the web ecosystem and prevent or mitigate the current onslaught of web browser-based attacks, such as phishing.
Dithiothreitol activity by particulate oxidizers of SOA produced from photooxidation of hydrocarbons under varied NO x levels

Abstract. When hydrocarbons (HCs) are atmospherically oxidized, they form particulate oxidizers, including quinones, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs). These particulate oxidizers can modify cellular materials (e.g., proteins and enzymes) and adversely modulate cell functions. In this study, the contribution of particulate oxidizers in secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) to the oxidative potential was investigated. SOAs were generated from the photooxidation of toluene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, isoprene, and α-pinene under varied NOx levels. Oxidative potential was determined from the typical mass-normalized consumption rate (reaction time t = 30 min) of dithiothreitol (DTTt), a surrogate for biological reducing agents. Under high-NOx conditions, the DTTt of toluene SOA was 2–5 times higher than that of the other types of SOA. Isoprene DTTt significantly decreased with increasing NOx (up to 69 % reduction by changing the HC ∕ NOx ratio from 30 to 5). The DTTt of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and α-pinene SOA was insensitive to NOx under the experimental conditions of this study. The significance of quinones to the oxidative potential of SOA was tested through the enhancement of DTT consumption in the presence of 2,4-dimethylimidazole, a co-catalyst for the redox cycling of quinones; however, no significant effect of 2,4-dimethylimidazole on modulation of DTT consumption was observed for all SOA, suggesting that a negligible amount of quinones was present in the SOA of this study. For toluene and isoprene, mass-normalized DTT consumption (DTTm) was determined over an extended period of reaction time (t = 2 h) to quantify their maximum capacity to consume DTT. The total quantities of PANs and organic hydroperoxides in toluene SOA and isoprene SOA were also measured using the Griess assay and the 4-nitrophenylboronic acid assay, respectively. Under the NOx conditions (HC ∕ NOx ratio: 5–36 ppbC ppb−1) applied in this study, the amount of organic hydroperoxides was substantial, while PANs were found to be insignificant for both SOAs. Isoprene DTTm was almost exclusively attributable to organic hydroperoxides, while toluene DTTm was partially attributable to organic hydroperoxides. The DTT assay results of the model compound study suggested that electron-deficient alkenes, which are abundant in toluene SOA, could also modulate DTTm.
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in two passerines with differing migration strategies.

Abstract Various anthropogenic activities have resulted in concentration of heavy metals and contamination of surrounding environments. Historically, heavy metal contamination at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina has resulted from accidental releases of stored waste generated from nuclear weapon production in the early 1950s. Songbirds inhabiting and using resources from these areas have the potential to bioaccumulate metals but there is limited information on metal concentration levels in areas suspected of contamination as well as uncontaminated sites. Nonlethal tissues samples from avian blood and feathers provide a reliable approach for determining the bioavailability of these pollutants (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn). The objectives of this study were to survey terrestrial heavy metal contamination at the SRS on potentially bioavailable contaminated (PBC) sites through blood and feather samples from resident Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and migratory Great Crested Flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus) and quantify sex-specific concentrations within species. Samples were collected in April to June of 2016. Cardinals had lower blood concentrations of Hg (β = − 0.17, 85% CL = − 0.26, − 0.09) and Se (β = − 0.33, 85% CL = − 0.50, − 0.16) than flycatchers. Cr feather concentrations were less in cardinals (β = − 1.46, 85% CL = − 2.44, − 0.49) and all feathers of both species from reference locations had significantly less Zn (β = − 67.92, 85% CL = − 128.71, − 7.14). Results indicate flycatchers were exposed to differing heavy metal levels during feather formation on their wintering grounds as compared to their recent exposure (through bloods samples) on their breeding grounds. Sex of individuals did not have a significant impact on bioaccumulation in either species. Overall, metal concentration levels in both species indicate minimal risk for acute toxicity; however, there is limited research on wild passerine populations with similar concentration levels. Therefore, further research on reproductive success of these birds should be explored.
An Image Analysis of Sky-Localization Maps of Gravitational-Wave Transients

We extend earlier work by Essick et al. [1,2] with a study of similarities among sky localization maps corresponding to gravitational-wave transients. Earlier in 2016, the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) announced the first direct observation of gravitational waves from binary black holes [3,4]. Motivated by the fact that multiple detection and localization algorithms are invoked in the search for gravitational waves [5], we introduce image-processing methods which allow us to quantify the relatedness of sky maps corresponding to the same astrophysical events. Such approach may lead to improvement in background rejection in the searches of gravitational-wave transients. We present our method and its prospects for improving the efficiency in the astrophysical signal identification.
Information transmission during the trial: The role of punitive damages and legal costs

This paper studies an incomplete information model in which a preventable accident occurred. The judge determining punitive damages observes the firm's (defendant) investment decisions, but is uninformed about the firm's experience adopting safety measures. Our model allows firms to file an appeal if the judge's verdict is incorrect, which the judge may accept or reject. We identify under which conditions a separating equilibrium exists where the firm's investment decisions signal its type to the judge, who responds with a correct verdict, thus avoiding future appeals. Our paper also finds conditions under which a pooling equilibrium exists whereby the firm's investment in precaution conceals its type from the judge, who can respond with an incorrect verdict thus giving rise to appeals. Furthermore, we show that the separating equilibrium is more likely to arise if the percentage of revenue that defendants are required to pay in punitive damages decreases, if the punitive-to-compensatory ratio increases, and if the legal cost of filing an appeal increases.
Reduced renal sympathetic nerve activity contributes to elevated glycosuria and improved glucose tolerance in hypothalamus-specific Pomc knockout mice.

Abstract Objective Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-specific pro-opiomelanocortin deficient (Arc Pomc −/− ) mice exhibit improved glucose tolerance despite massive obesity and insulin resistance. We demonstrated previously that their improved glucose tolerance is due to elevated glycosuria. However, the underlying mechanisms that link glucose reabsorption in the kidney with Arc Pomc remain unclear. Given the function of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in controlling sympathetic outflow, we hypothesized that reduced renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in Arc Pomc −/− mice could explain their elevated glycosuria and consequent enhanced glucose tolerance. Methods We measured RSNA by multifiber recording directly from the nerves innervating the kidneys in Arc Pomc −/− mice. To further validate the function of RSNA in glucose reabsorption, we denervated the kidneys of WT and diabetic db/db mice before measuring their glucose tolerance and urine glucose levels. Moreover, we performed western blot and immunohistochemistry to determine kidney GLUT2 and SGLT2 levels in either Arc Pomc −/− mice or the renal-denervated mice. Results Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that basal RSNA was decreased in Arc Pomc −/− mice relative to their wild type (WT) littermates. Remarkably, both WT and db/db mice exhibited elevated glycosuria and improved glucose tolerance after renal denervation. The elevated glycosuria in obese Arc Pomc −/− , WT and db/db mice was due to reduced renal GLUT2 levels in the proximal tubules. Overall, we show that renal-denervated WT and diabetic mice recapitulate the phenotype of improved glucose tolerance and elevated glycosuria associated with reduced renal GLUT2 levels observed in obese Arc Pomc −/− mice. Conclusion Hence, we conclude that Arc Pomc is essential in maintaining basal RSNA and that elevated glycosuria is a possible mechanism to explain improved glucose tolerance after renal denervation in drug resistant hypertensive patients.
Ideology and Vote Choice in U.S. Mayoral Elections: Evidence from Facebook Surveys

City elections in the U.S. are widely thought to be low-information contests decided by non-ideological factors. This consensus casts doubt on the possibility of electoral accountability in cities, and renders recent evidence of municipal responsiveness puzzling. However, our knowledge of how voters actually behave in local elections is severely limited by a lack of individual-level survey data collected from local contests. Using three such original surveys, I re-examine the role of ideology in mayoral elections, recruiting samples of local voters via geotargeted Facebook advertisements. In two large cities, I find ideology is a powerful and independent predictor of vote choice. Using a panel design, I find voters learn the relative ideological positions of candidates over the course of a campaign, and that learning causally impacts vote choice. The effect of ideology also replicates in a conjoint experiment fielded to a sample of small-city voters in another region. Electoral accountability is thus a plausible explanation for ideological responsiveness in U.S. cities, and the methodological tools introduced here can now be applied to a variety of questions about local voter behavior.
Prophylactic Cholecystectomy at Time of Surgery for Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Does Not Increase Postoperative Morbidity

Prophylactic cholecystectomy at time of surgery for small bowel neuroendocrine tumor (SBNET) has been advocated, as these patients often go on to require somatostatin analogue therapy, which is known to increase risk of cholestasis and associated complications. Little is known regarding patterns of adoption of this practice or its associated morbidity. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2008–2014) was queried to identify patients who underwent SBNET resection. The risk differences of morbidity and mortality associated with performance of concurrent cholecystectomy were determined with multivariable adjustment for confounders. Among 1300 patients who underwent SBNET resection, 144 (11.1%) underwent concurrent cholecystectomy. Median age of patients undergoing cholecystectomy was 62 years [interquartile range (IQR) 52–69 years], and 75 were male. They more commonly had disseminated cancer (36.1 vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001) or SBNET located in duodenum (10.4 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.045) without difference in other baseline characteristics. Operative time was significantly longer in the cholecystectomy group (median 172 vs. 123 min, p < 0.001). Rate of postoperative morbidity was not significantly different between cholecystectomy and no-cholecystectomy groups (11.8 vs. 11.1%, p = 0.79). After adjustment for confounding, the risk difference of morbidity attributable to cholecystectomy was + 0.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) − 4.9 to + 5.6%]. Mortality within 30 days was not significantly different between cholecystectomy and no-cholecystectomy groups (1.4 vs. 0.6%, p = 0.29). Concurrent cholecystectomy at time of resection of SBNET is not associated with higher morbidity or mortality yet is performed in a minority of patients. Prospective study can identify which patients may derive benefit from this approach.
Equimodular limit periodic continued fractions

Etude approfondie des fractions continues periodiques limites equimodulaires de types −K(−1/b n ) et K(a n /1). Theoremes de convergence
Fast Consensus Against Noise in a Large-Scale Multi-Agent System with Distributed Proportional-Retarded (PR) Controllers

We investigate stability, fast consensus, and noise sensitivity in a large-scale multi-agent system (MAS) with agents controlled by Proportional-Retarded (PR) controllers. The controller, originally developed for SISO systems, uses a time delay to implement a retarded control term capable of reproducing the dynamic features of a derivative action but being insensitive to high-frequency signals. The main contribution of this paper provides an explicit stability condition for the closed-loop system in terms of PR protocol parameters and Lambert $W$ functions and assesses the utility of PR controllers against noise in MAS over standard PD controllers.
Fast Lifting for 3D Hand Pose Estimation in AR/VR Applications

We introduce a simple model for the human hand skeleton that is geared toward estimating 3D hand poses from 2D keypoints. The estimation problem arises in AR/VR scenarios where low-cost cameras are used to generate 2D views through which rich interactions with the world are desired. Starting with a noisy set of 2D hand keypoints (camera-plane coordinates of detected joints of the hand), the proposed algorithm generates 3D keypoints that are (i) compliant with human hand skeleton constraints and (ii) perspective-project down to the given 2D keypoints. Our work considers the 2D to 3D lifting problem algebraically, identifies the parts of the hand that can be lifted accurately, points out the parts that may lead to ambiguities, and proposes remedies for ambiguous cases. Most importantly, we show that the finger-tip localization errors are a good proxy for the errors at other finger joints. This observation leads to a look-up-table-based formulation that instantaneously determines finger poses without solving constrained trigonometric problems. The result is a fast algorithm running super real-time on a single core. When hand bone-lengths are unknown our technique estimates these and allows smooth AR/VR sessions where a user's hand is automatically estimated in the beginning and the rest of the session seamlessly continued. Our work provides accurate 3D results that are competitive with the state-of-the-art without requiring any 3D training data.
Exploring Physical, Nonphysical, and Discrimination-Based Victimization among Transgender Youth in California Public Schools

Research has shown elevated rates of peer victimization among transgender youth in schools, placing them at risk of an array of negative social and psychological outcomes well into adulthood. We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015–2016 California Healthy Kids Survey to examine rates of physical victimization (physical acts such as being pushed or shoved) and nonphysical victimization (nonphysical acts such as having mean rumors spread about them) and discriminatory peer bullying (any act of bullying based on gender, perceived lesbian or gay identity, and race) among transgender and nontransgender youth. In addition, this study explored the intersection of race and transgender identity and associations with victimization. Chi-square tests and logistic regression results indicated that transgender youth reported significantly higher rates of physical and nonphysical victimization and discriminatory peer bullying than nontransgender peers. Logistic regression results also revealed that disparities in race-based discriminatory peer bullying between transgender and nontransgender youth were greater among Latinx students than White students. The study’s findings illustrate the need for schools to create affirming environments for racially diverse transgender youth.
In search of θ-(Pu,Zr) in binary Pu–Zr: Thermal and microstructural analyses of Pu − 30Zr alloy

Abstract The existing Pu–Zr binary phase diagrams report the stability of the compound θ-(Pu,Zr) in the low temperature region between 300 and 0 °C. Furthermore, the current understanding is that θ-(Pu–Zr) is thermodynamically favored over the metastable δ-(Pu,Zr) phase. In an effort to shed light on the phases formed in Pu–Zr binary alloys and reduce uncertainties in the poorly defined boundary between the θ-(Pu,Zr), (θ+δ), δ-(Pu,Zr), and (θ+α-Zr) regions, Pu − 30Zr (in wt.%, equivalent 53 at.%) alloys were subjected to microstructural characterization, annealing, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicate that the alloy is composed of δ-(Pu,Zr) matrix, with a number of smaller, randomly distributed α-Zr precipitates. The phase transition temperatures (determined based on the DSC data) and phases identified in Pu − 30Zr alloys (based on crystallographic data) compare well to those predicted by the phase diagrams with the exception of the θ-(Pu–Zr) phase. Our data indicates that θ-(Pu–Zr) is metastable and can be observed only within a small temperature window (100–300 °C). The consecutive heating cycles remove θ-(Pu–Zr) from the system, and no traces of θ-(Pu–Zr) remain at room temperature, as evidenced by microstructural characterization. This calls for reevaluation of the binary Pu–Zr phase diagram, with particular attention paid to the existence of θ-(Pu–Zr) and its stability.
Metachronous Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Patient Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes.

ObjectivesIdiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) is a distressing condition that can significantly affect quality of life. Unilateral ISSNHL, occurring first in 1 ear and then the co...
Reaction of the ant Novomessor albisetosus Mayr to intruders in the nest area (Hymenoptera: Formicidæ)

Intruders were placed in the territory of a colony of the antNovomessor albisetosus Mayr. The colony attacked non-resident adults (N. albisetosus, Novomessor cockerelli) most violently, but threatened nestmates removed for three and for thirty-five days andN. cockerelli most often (=>40% of their respective groups). Mortality of former nestmates rose steadily with increasing time absent from the nest; all non-resident adults (includingPogonomyrmex badius) were killed. Many residents did not participate in attacks; recruitment from the nest was insignificant. Foreign congeneric adults evoked least investigation. Colonists transported foreign callows and pupae most often and longest; nestmates absent from the nest for three days were groomed more than other groups. Intruders reacted to residents by curling or flattening their bodies, investigation, flight or attack.
Parallel Concatenation Codes with Polar Component Codes for Incremental Redundancy Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest Functionality

This article develops a novel method for construction of parallel concatenation codes with Polar Codes as component code. These parallel concatenation codes are similar to the Turbo codes in construction. Actually, it is a combination of the idea of parallel concatenation codes and the coding essential of the Polar codes. The codeword bits of the initial transmission are based on Polar codes in 5 th Generation mobile communication system (5G). The codeword bits of the re-transmission can come from codeword bits from the parallel concatenation codes. The component codes can be identical to the Polar codes in the initial transmission. The generation matrix of this kind of parallel concatenation codes construction is based on that of Polar codes in 5G. The flexible code rate of Incremental Redundancy Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (IR-HARQ) is implemented without increasing hardware complexity (i.e., the maximum mother code length, N max ). The numerical experiments indicate that it has the similar performance with that of the optimal Polar codes under the same codeword bits length and code rate.
Antibiotics and the developing intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory environment: a randomized trial of preterm infants

Abstract Antibiotic use in neonates can have detrimental effects on the developing gut microbiome, increasing the risk of morbidity. A majority of preterm neonates receive antibiotics after birth without clear evidence to guide this practice. Here microbiome, metabolomic, and immune marker results from the Routine Early Antibiotic use in SymptOmatic preterm Neonates (REASON) study are presented. The REASON study is the first trial to randomize symptomatic preterm neonates to receive or not receive antibiotics in the first 48 hours after birth. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples collected longitudinally for 91 neonates, the effect of such antibiotic use on microbiome diversity is assessed. The results illustrate that type of nutrition shapes the early infant gut microbiome. By integrating data for the gut microbiome, stool metabolites, stool immune markers, and inferred metabolic pathways, an association was discovered between Veillonella and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These results suggest early antibiotic use may impact the gut-brain axis with the potential for consequences in early life development, a finding that needs to be validated in a larger cohort.
Joint engagement is a potential mechanism leading to increased initiations of joint attention and downstream effects on language: JASPER early intervention for children with ASD

Background Social communication interventions benefit children with ASD in early childhood. However, the mechanisms behind such interventions have not been rigorously explored. This study examines the mechanism underlying a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention, JASPER (Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement, and Regulation), delivered by educators in the community. Specifically, the analyses focus on the mediating effect of joint engagement on children's initiations of joint attention (IJA) skills and whether IJA postintervention are associated with later gains in children's receptive and expressive language. Methods One hundred seventy-nine children, age 2-5 years, were randomized to immediate JASPER treatment or waitlist (treatment as usual) control. Independent assessors blinded to time and treatment coded children's time jointly engaged and IJA during a 10-min teacher-child interaction at baseline, exit, and follow-up. Age-equivalent receptive and expressive language scores from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning were collected at baseline and follow-up. Mediation analyses with linear mixed models were used to explore the potential mediating effect of joint engagement on IJA. Results Joint engagement significantly mediated 69% of the intervention effect on young children's IJA and IJA predicted improvements in standardized language scores. Conclusions Small but sustained changes in child-initiated joint engagement improved IJA, a core challenge in children with ASD, which in turn led to improvements in language.
Geometry of abstract learned knowledge in the hippocampus

Hippocampal neurons encode physical variables1–7 such as space1 or auditory frequency6 in cognitive maps8. In addition, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans have shown that the hippocampus can also encode more abstract, learned variables9–11. However, their integration into existing neural representations of physical variables12,13 is unknown. Here, using two-photon calcium imaging, we show that individual neurons in the dorsal hippocampus jointly encode accumulated evidence with spatial position in mice performing a decision-making task in virtual reality14–16. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction13 showed that population activity was well-described by approximately four to six latent variables, which suggests that neural activity is constrained to a low-dimensional manifold. Within this low-dimensional space, both physical and abstract variables were jointly mapped in an orderly manner, creating a geometric representation that we show is similar across mice. The existence of conjoined cognitive maps suggests that the hippocampus performs a general computation—the creation of task-specific low-dimensional manifolds that contain a geometric representation of learned knowledge. The hippocampus geometrically represents both physical location and abstract variables on a neural manifold in mice performing a decision-making task in virtual reality.
Bioinductive Collagen Implant Augmentation for the Repair of Chronic Lower Extremity Tendinopathies: A Report of Two Cases

In this report, we present two cases of refractory chronic lower extremity tendinopathies treated with collagen bioinductive implant augmentation: a 20-year-old male football player with chronic patellar tendinopathy and a 40-year-old active female with chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy. We demonstrate that bioaugmentation may represent an effective strategy in the surgical treatment of chronic tendinopathies. Both patients were able to return to their pre-injury activity levels at an accelerated rate.
Assessment of psychiatric comorbidities and serotonergic or noradrenergic medication use on blood pressure using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

In this study, the authors aimed to assess both nighttime and daytime blood pressure (BP) variability using 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in persons with and without psychiatric conditions and with or without selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) treatment. In this retrospective study, patients who underwent psychiatric evaluation and ABPM within 6 months of each other between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2017 were identified using billing data. Participants were divided into three groups-participants with no psychiatric diagnosis and no psychiatric medicine (-Diagnosis/-Medication), those with psychiatric diagnosis and on SSRIs/SNRIs (+Diagnosis/+Medication), and psychiatric diagnosis but no psychiatric medications (+Diagnosis/-Medication). Day and nighttime systolic and diastolic BPs were compared between groups controlling for relevant variables using multivariable linear regression models. A total of 475 participants met inclusion criteria including 135 in the -Diagnosis/-Medication group, 232 in the +Diagnosis/+Medication group, and 108 in the +Diagnosis/-Medication group. In adjusted multivariable analysis, the +Diagnosis/+Medication group had higher nighttime systolic BP (median 120 vs 110 mm (Hg); p = .01) and nighttime diastolic BP (median 68 vs 63 mm (Hg); p = .006) as compared to -Diagnosis/-Medication. No statistically significant differences in BPs between the -Diagnosis/-Medication and +Diagnosis/-Medication groups were observed, after adjustment. Use of SSRIs/SNRIs was associated with significantly higher nocturnal systolic and diastolic BP among patients with psychiatric diagnosis using SSRIs/SNRIs but not associated with psychiatric diagnosis without SSRI/SNRI use. SSRIs/SNRIs use may be associated with higher BP levels and this merits future prospective studies using ABPM to assess day and nighttime BP changes with SSRIs/SNRIs use.
Problems in Operator Theory

Odds and ends Basic operator theory Operators on $AL$- and $AM$-spaces Special classes of operators Integral operators Spectral properties Some special spectra Positive matrices Irreducible operators Invariant subspaces The Daugavet equation Bibliography Index.
Thinking About Development: The Lived Reality of Globalization

The case is presented for a more human vision of development which would mean a different attitude to globalization. The philosophy of John Macmurray goes beyond traditional dualism of body and mind and the dialectic of Hegel both of which influence much current theorizing to give priority to action over thinking. He challenges contemporary orthodoxy by emphasizing the personal and thus raises questions about the value of scientific knowledge for solving the problems of globalization. The strategy of writing development "under erasure" as introduced by Jacques Derrida emphasizes its problematic status. Thus we do have tools to reflect on what is meant by progress and economics and efficiency, and thus reconsider what we might be doing or destroying if we are trying to impose change on the "underdeveloped" of the world. tells us: "All meaningful knowledge is for the sake of action, and all meaningful action for the sake of friendship" p. 15. The thinking of Howard Richards and associates, and his account of a specific development project in Chile P.P.H. are offered to illustrate this new way of approaching these issues, as it becomes possible to move away from the impersonal conception of efficiency towards the ultimate value of the personal. Thus we can perhaps come to see our future in terms of what we can do to try to build community community from the local to the global.
Turnover of galactolipids incorporated into chloroplast envelopes: An assay for galactolipid: Galactolipid galactosyltransferase

Abstract An assay for the measurement of galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase activity in chloroplast envelopes is presented. For this assay, [ 14 C]galactose-labeled monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and sodium desoxycholate (in the molar ratio 1:10) are sonicated together, and the resulting suspension is resonicated with the chloroplast envelopes (in the molar ratio total galactolipids/sodium desoxycholate = 0.6). The incorporated monogalactosyl diacylglycerol is readily converted into di-, tri-, tetra- and, presumably, pentagalactosyl diacylglycerol. The galactosyltransferase activity shows a broad pH optimum of 5.9–7.0, it is still active at temperatures as low as 4°C and is stimulated by Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . The detergent-modified envelopes show a reduced incorporation of UDP[ 3 H]Gal, which results, however, in a quite normal pattern of 3 H-Iabeled galactolipids. The rate of conversion of the incorporated [ 14 C]monogalactosyl diacylglycerol was not influenced by the presence or absence of UDP[ 3 H]Gal. Evidence is supplied for the absence of UDPgalactose:monogalactosyl diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity in our system. Incorporation of [ 14 C)digalactosyl diacylglycerol into the envelopes yields labeled tri- and tetragalactosyl diacylglycerol and also monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. The possibility of reversed galactolipid: galactolipid galactosyltransferase activity is discussed. Incorporated monogalactosyl monoacylglycerol is converted partly into a compound which is presumably digalactosyl monoacylglycerol.
New Ford Midrange Diesel Trucks

When Ford decided to offer a midrange diesel engine family in medium trucks, it was recognized that the power-train had to be considered as a complete system in order to assure optimum compatibility. This paper describes how program objectives were established and the necessary validation programs for the truck, engine, and the chassis were conducted. /GMRL/
Survival and aging of spermatozoa: A review

Both confirmatory and disputive evidence is presented on the hypothesis that spermatozoa aging in the female tract lose their ability to contribute to normal embryonic development before losing their capacity for fertilization. Studies of spermatozoa aging in female rats and guinea pigs have demonstrated no coincident increases in pre or postimplantation losses while other studies in rabbits have demonstrated such a relationship. One such study found that spermatozoa aging of 29 hours resulted in post implantation losses of 47% compared with 27% in controls. Another study observed an increase in chromosome anomalies at 30 hours aging. While the duration of fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa in the female tract varies widely within mammalian species spermatozoa generally maintain their motility much longer than their ability to fertilize ova. In mammals with estrus cycles and in induced ovulators the fertilizing life of spermatozoa is approximately equal to or greater than the maximum time between insemination and ovulation. Among mammals length of spermatozoan survival differs in different regions of the reproductive tract. In women the acidic vaginal milieu (pH 3 to 4) seems to limit spermatozoan life in the vagina. Hexosamines and carbohydrates in free or polysaccharide forms may contribute to the extended longevity of spermatozoa in the cervix. Estrogen (exogenous and endogenous) appears enhance spermatozoan survival in cervical secretions. Upon their deposition in the female reproductive tract spermatozoa are subjected to increased temperature changes in pH and great dilution and leukocyte invasion in the oviducts and uterus. Spermatozoa become highly motile. Capacitation and increased metabolism of spermatozoa may also limit survival. It is suggested that the ability of the spermatozoan aged in the male tract to contribute to a loss and a postimplantation loss. Aging in the male tract has been associated with an incidence of chromosomnomalies. Further study is required to determine wheter spermatozoan aging contributes significantly to reproductive failure in man.
Power Analysis and Optimization Techniques for Energy Efficient Computer Systems

Reducing power consumption has become a major challenge in the design and operation of today's computer systems. This chapter describes different techniques addressing this challenge at different levels of system hardware, such as CPU, memory, and internal interconnection network, as well as at different levels of software components, such as compiler, operating system and user applications. These techniques can be broadly categorized into two types: Design time power analysis versus run-time dynamic power management. Mechanisms in the first category use analytical energy models that are integrated into existing simulators to measure the system's power consumption and thus help engineers to test power-conscious hardware and software during design time. On the other hand, dynamic power management techniques are applied during run-time, and are used to monitor system workload and adapt the system's behavior dynamically to save energy.
Chemistry of the Colloidal Group II-VI Nanocrystal Synthesis

In the last two decades, the field of nanoscience andnanotechnology has witnessed tremendous advancement in the synthesis andapplication of group II-VI colloidal nanocrystals. The synthesis based onhigh temperature decomposition of organometallic precursors has becomeone of the most successful methods of making group II-VI colloidalnanocrystals. This method is first demonstrated by Bawendi and coworkersin 1993 to prepare cadmium chalcogenide colloidal quantum dots and laterextended by others to prepare other group II-VI quantum dots as well asanisotropic shaped colloidal nanocrystals, such as nanorod and tetrapod.This dissertation focuses on the chemistry of this type of nanocrystalsynthesis. The synthesis of group II-VI nanocrystals was studied bycharacterizing the molecular structures of the precursors and productsand following their time evolution in the synthesis. Based on theseresults, a mechanism was proposed to account for the 2 reaction betweenthe precursors that presumably produces monomer for the growth ofnanocrystals. Theoretical study based on density functional theorycalculations revealed the detailed free energy landscape of the precursordecomposition and monomerformation pathway. Based on the proposedreaction mechanism, a new synthetic method was designed that uses wateras a novel reagent to control the diameter and the aspect ratio of CdSeand CdS nanorods.
A uniform process alternator for arbitrary topologies

We introduce an alternator with uniform processes that executes in a process graph of arbitrary topology. In general, alternators are free from deadlock, protect against simultaneous execution of the critical sections of dependent processes, and after a finite number of executions provide a high degree of concurrency and some degree of fairness (deterministically or stochastically). Because this alternator has uniform processes, strong fairness and concurrency are properties obtained after a finite number of steps with an arbitrary probability, due to the possibility of symmetry in states. The size of the state space and the periodicity of critical section execution are dependent upon the initial state. The worst case size of the state space utilized and period between critical sections executions depend upon the diameter of the graph of processes. An important value of alternators is their capacity for transforming systems correct under serial (interleaving) semantics to systems correct under concurrent or maximal (power set) semantics. This property is based upon a graph of processes representing the alternator in which the vertices are processes and the edges are dependencies between processes.
Recovery of heart rate variability and ventricular repolarization indices following exercise.

Background: There is a heightened risk of sudden cardiac death related to exercise and the postexercise recovery period, but the precise mechanism is unknown. We have demonstrated that sympathoexcitation persists for ≥45 minutes after exercise in normals and subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study is to determine whether this persistent sympathoexcitation is associated with persistent heart rate variability (HRV) and ventricular repolarization changes in the postexercise recovery period. Methods and Results: Twenty control subjects (age 50.7 ± 1.4 years), 68 subjects (age 58.2 ± 1.5 years) with CAD and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and 18 subjects (age 57.6 ± 2.4 years) with CAD and depressed LVEF underwent a 16-minute submaximal bicycle exercise protocol with continuous ECG monitoring. QT and RR intervals were measured in recovery to calculate the time dependent corrected QT intervals (QTc), the QT–RR relationship, and HRV. QTc was dependent on the choice of rate correction formula. There were no differences in QT–RR slopes among the three groups in early recovery. HRV recovered quickly in controls, more slowly in those with CAD-preserved LVEF, and to a lesser extent in those with CAD-depressed LVEF. Conclusion: Despite persistent sympathoexcitation for the 45-minute recovery period, ventricular repolarization changes do not persist for that long and HRV changes differ by group. Additional understanding of the dynamic changes in cardiac parameters after exercise is needed to explore the mechanism of increased sudden cardiac death risk at this time.
Antiadhesive effect of fibrinogen: a safeguard for thrombus stability

The recruitment of phagocytic leukocytes to sites of vessel wall injury plays an important role in thrombus dissolution by proteases elaborated on their adhesion. However, leukocyte adhesion to the fibrin clot can be detrimental at the early stages of wound healing when hemostatic plug integrity is critical for preventing blood loss. Adhesion of circulating leukocytes to the insoluble fibrin(ogen) matrix is mediated by integrins and occurs in the presence of a high concentration of plasma fibrinogen. In this study, the possibility that soluble fibrinogen could protect fibrin from excessive adhesion of leukocytes was examined. Fibrinogen was a potent inhibitor of adhesion of U937 monocytoid cells and neutrophils to fibrin gel and immobilized fibrin(ogen). An investigation of the mechanism by which soluble fibrinogen exerts its influence on leukocyte adhesion indicated that it did not block integrins but rather associated with the fibrin(ogen) substrate. Consequently, leukocytes that engage fibrinogen molecules loosely bound to the surface of fibrin(ogen) matrix are not able to consolidate their grip on the substrate; subsequently, cells detach. This conclusion is based on the evidence obtained in adhesion studies using various cells and performed under static and flow conditions. These findings reveal a new role of fibrinogen in integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion and suggest that this mechanism may protect the thrombus from premature dissolution.
Development of a flow-injection fluorescence method for estimation of total polycyclic aromatic compounds in asphalt fumes.

Traditionally, measurements of specific polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) have been attempted as an estimate of asphalt fume exposure. However, asphalt fumes contain numerous alkyl substituted PACs, including PACs containing heteroatoms of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Many of these compounds coelute precluding the resolution of the individual compounds resulting in ambiguous data. Moreover, many researchers believe that some observed health hazards are associated with PACs overall and not just a few select PACs. Therefore, NIOSH method 5800 was developed to evaluate total PACs as a chemical class in asphalt fumes. Asphalt fume samples were collected on a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) filter backed by an XAD-2 sorbent tube. The samples were extracted with hexane; then, a cyano-solid-phase-extraction column was used to remove the polar compounds while the aliphatic and aromatic compounds were eluted with hexane. An equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to the hexane extract, causing the aromat...
Prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia detected by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography, and its association with new coronary events at 40-month follow-up in elderly diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) than nondiabetic patients. The prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia was found to be increased in diabetic patients by some investigators,1,2 but not by others.3,4 We report the results from a prospective study determining the prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia and the incidence of new coronary events associated with silent ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with CAD.