cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameterized and Approximation Algorithms for the MAF Problem in Multifurcating Trees

We study parameterized algorithms and approximation algorithms for the maximum agreement forest problem, which, for two given leaf-labeled trees, is to find a maximum forest that is a subgraph of both trees. The problem was motivated by the research in phylogenetics. For parameterized algorithms, while the problem is known to be fixed-parameter tractable for binary trees, it was an open problem whether the problem is still fixed-parameter tractable for general trees. We resolve this open problem by developing an O(3 k n)-time parameterized algorithm for the problem on general trees. Our techniques on tree structures also lead to a polynomial-time approximation algorithm of ratio 3 for the problem, giving the first constant-ratio approximation algorithm for the problem on general trees.
Adolescent parents and medical decision-making

The growing phenomenon of teenage pregnancy introduces the problem of who should serve as surrogate decision makers for the children of adolescent parents. The justifications which sanction society's grant of presumptive decision making authority for adult parents, and the rationales and empirical evidence supporting a central role for adolescents who wish to make medical decisions regarding their own care, together suggest that older adolescent parents should be viewed as the presumptive decision makers for their children. There is, however, empirical evidence that adolescent parents lack the cognitive abilities of childless adolescents of the same age and that many exhibit lower levels of emotional stability, sensitivity to infant needs, and social adjustment. These deficiencies, where present, undermine the very justifications for allowing adolescents to make medical decisions for their children. These findings are strong enough to justify a greater level of watchfulness over the competency and decisions of those adolescents who wish to make decisions for their children, but not definitive enough to conclude that, as a group, they be presumed incapable of making those decisions.
Leveraging automatic speech recognition in cochlear implants for improved speech intelligibility under reverberation

Despite recent advancements in digital signal processing technology for cochlear implant (CI) devices, there still remains a significant gap between speech identification performance of CI users in reverberation compared to that in anechoic quiet conditions. Alternatively, automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have seen significant improvements in recent years resulting in robust speech recognition in a variety of adverse environments, including reverberation. In this study, we exploit advancements seen in ASR technology for alternative formulated solutions to benefit CI users. Specifically, an ASR system is developed using multicondition training on speech data with different reverberation characteristics (e.g., T 60 values), resulting in low word error rates (WER) in reverberant conditions. A speech synthesizer is then utilized to generate speech waveforms from the output of the ASR system, from which the synthesized speech is presented to CI listeners. The effectiveness of this hybrid recognition-synthesis CI strategy is evaluated under moderate to highly reverberant conditions (i.e., T 60 = 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0s) using speech material extracted from the TIMIT corpus. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of multi-condition training on performance of the ASR system in reverberation, which consequently results in substantial speech intelligibility gains for CI users in reverberant environments.
Electronic clinical laboratory test results data tables: lessons from Mini-Sentinel.

Purpose Developing electronic clinical data into a common data model posed substantial challenges unique from those encountered with administrative data. We present here the design, implementation, and use of the Mini-Sentinel Distributed Database laboratory results table (LRT). Methods We developed the LRT and guided Mini-Sentinel data partners (DPs) in populating it from their source data. Data sources included electronic health records and internal and contracted clinical laboratory systems databases. We employed the Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes (LOINC®) results reporting standards. We evaluated transformed results data using data checks and an iterative, ongoing characterization and harmonization process. Results Key LRT variables included test name, subcategory, specimen source, LOINC, patient location, specimen date and time, result unit, and unique person identifier. Selected blood and urine chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and influenza tests were included. Twelve DPs with outpatient test results participated; four also contributed inpatient test results. As of September 2013, the LRT included 385,516,239 laboratory test results; data are refreshed at least quarterly. LOINC availability and use varied across DP. Multiple data quality and content issues were identified and addressed. Conclusion Developing the LRT brought together disparate data sources with no common coding structure. Clinical laboratory test results obtained during routine healthcare delivery are neither uniformly coded nor documented in a standardized manner. Applying a systematic approach with data harmonization efforts and ongoing oversight and management is necessary for a clinical laboratory results data table to remain valid and useful. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR studies of hydrofluorocarbon-zeolite interactions

Abstract A 19 F and 27 Al NMR study of the reaction of hydrofluorocarbon-134 with the zeolites NaX and NaY is reported. 134 decomposes on NaX at 250°c, and tetrahedral aluminum fluoride species are observed. On hydration, the tetrahedral aluminum fluoride species disappear and octahedral Al species become visible. At these temperatures, 134 does not react with the NaY framework.
REACH - Realtime crowd tracking using a hybrid motion model

We present a novel, real-time algorithm to extract the trajectory of each pedestrian in moderately dense crowd videos. In order to improve the tracking accuracy, we use a hybrid motion model that combines discrete and continuous flow models. The discrete model is based on microscopic agent formulation and is used for local navigation, interaction, and collision avoidance. The continuum model accounts for macroscopic behaviors, including crowd orientation and flow. We use our hybrid model with particle filters to compute the trajectories at interactive rates. We demonstrate its performance in moderately-dense crowd videos with tens of pedestrians and highlight the improved accuracy on different datasets.
Sex determination in the fern Ceratopteris

The fern Ceratopteris richardii produces only one type of spore, yet each can develop as a male or a hermaphrodite gametophyte. The determinant of sex is the pheromone antheridiogen, which is secreted by the hermaphrodite and promotes the development of males from sexually undertermined gametophytes. Recent analyses of sex determination mutants have defined a hypothetical network of at least eight interacting genes that are involved in specifying sex. Among these are the two major sex-determining genes, TRA1 and FEM1 , which are required for promoting the development of female and male traits, respectively. Each also negatively regulates the expression of the other, so that the sex of the gametophyte depends on which of the two genes is expressed first. Antheridiogen activates a signal transduction pathway, defined by the HER genes, which affects the sex of the gametophyte by regulating the activity of TRA1 . The cloning of the sex-determining genes identified by mutation should allow many new questions in plant development and evolution to be addressed.
Joint equalization and coding for on-chip bus communication

In this paper we propose using joint equalization and coding to improve on-chip communication speeds by signaling at rates beyond the rate governed by RC delay of the interconnect. Operating beyond the RC limit introduces intersymbol interference (ISI). We mitigate the effects of ISI by employing equalization. The proposed equalizer employs a variable threshold inverter whose switching threshold is modified as a function of past output of the bus. We demonstrate even higher speed-ups by combining equalization with crosstalk avoidance coding. Specifically, simulation results for a 10-mm 32-bit bus in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS technology show that 1.28/spl times/ speed-up is achievable by equalization alone and 2.30/spl times/ speed-up is achievable by joint equalization and coding.
Thermal Spray Processing of Nanoscale Materials II—Extended Abstracts*

Volume 10(1) March 2001—147 Institute, Canada), and C. Moreau (National Research Council, Canada). This conference was successful in assessing the most recent understanding concerning the science and technology of thermally sprayed nanocrystalline coatings. Special attention was paid to understanding the in-flight characteristics of particles as well as testing methods that allow critical analysis of deposit versus bulk material properties. It was also very encouraging to see the active participation of many junior researchers at this meeting, the majority of whom received traveling fellowships from our sponsors. The web site http://DOL1.eng.sunysb.edu/ MTL/ quebec-uef/, shows some of the participants and social interactions. The next workshop in this series is titled “Novel Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured Coatings for Protection against Degradation” and is scheduled for Aug. 12–19, 2001 in Davos, Switzerland. The field of nanoscale materials has demonstrated much growth over the last decade. The field of thermal spray has contributed to this growth in terms of powder manufacture, equipment and processing technologies, and the development of coatings and deposits. There is no doubt that thermal spray is a core technology that is underutilized in this emerging area. This series of conference has been sponsored by The Engineering Foundation, New York, NY, e-mail: engfnd@aol.com, http://www.engfnd.org. The first conference was held in Davos, Switzerland, Aug. 3–8, 1997, and the abstracts published in JTST, vol. 7 (3)(1998), pp. 411–41. The second conference, which is reported in this article, was held in Quebec City, PQ, Canada, August 15–10. The Conference Co-Chairs were C.C. Berndt (SUNY at Stony Brook), E.J. Lavernia (University of California, Irvine), L. Kabacoff (Office of Naval Research, United States), M.L. Trudeau (Hydro-Quebec Research Thermal Spray Processing of Nanoscale Materials II—Extended Abstracts*
Outcome of Early Revascularization Surgery in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Objectives To compare morbidity and mortality of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery within 24 hours with those who had surgery delayed >24 hours. Background Patients with ST-elevation MI are currently managed by emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). If PCI is unsuccessful, or if there is severe coronary artery disease not amenable to PCI, CABG is considered. If the patient is clinically stable, surgeons wait several days before performing surgery, as very early surgery carries a prohibitive risk. Methods One hundred and eighty-four patients with acute ST elevation MI (STEMI) who had undergone CABG were divided into two groups based on their surgery timing ( 24 hours). Mortality and complication rates were studied between the two groups by Fischer test. Time-to-event analyses were performed for five primary variables: all-cause mortality, cardiac events, congestive heart failure, stroke, and renal failure. Results At one month post-CABC, all-cause mortality was noted in 10.6% of patients who had CABG within 24 hours of STEMI diagnosis, compared with 8.9% in patients who had CABG after 24 hours (P = 0.3). Cardiac events including re-exploration, atrial fibrillation, graft occlusion, and arrhythmias requiring shock occurred in 17.1% versus 13.9% between the two groups, respectively (P = 0.68). One year post-coronary artery bypass surgery, there was no difference in individual or combined events between the two groups. Conclusions In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who required emergency coronary artery bypass surgery, there was no difference in procedure complications or mortality between early (within 24 hours) or later (more than 24 hours). That was noted at one month and one year after the index myocardial infarction. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:14–23)
Test results from a tactical grade IMU using fiber optic gyros and quartz accelerometers

Honeywell has been under contract with the US Air Force to develop a very small tactical grade fiber optic gyro (FOG) IMU. This paper covers program requirements, the FOG IMU description and test results. The unit is 25 cu. inches in volume and has a gyro performance specification of 1-10 deg/hr over the full military temperature range. The unit has been designed with cost the most important parameter in a tradeoff with performance in the specified range. The design approach to the FOG's includes the use of non-polarization maintaining fiber and a unique signal processing approach to minimize the number of components. The use of allied signal quartz vibrating beam accelerometers provides for small size and low cost with tactical performance. Test results over environment evaluate the stability of the gyro and accelerometer parameters through repeated calibrations.
Raynaud's phenomenon in a child presenting as oxygen desaturation during transfusion with cold blood.

Summary We report a case of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) triggered by transfusion of cold blood to a pediatric burn patient under general anesthesia. The child was febrile so a decision was made to not use a blood warmer. When the blood was rapidly administered the child suddenly developed ‘desaturation’. The child was placed on 100% oxygen, adequate ventilation assured, and the color of his oral mucosa assessed as ‘pink’. Placement of the oximeter on the opposite hand revealed 100% saturation. To our knowledge, this is the first case of apparent RP reported in a pediatric patient triggered by transfusion of cold blood.
An intelligent control architecture for expert process control

An intelligent control system architecture is proposed that employs multiple knowledge sources including procedural algorithms, rule-based methods, reasoning mechanisms and process knowledge for complex process control. The architecture is based on the blackboard control model which enables expert systems to flexibly select their own control strategies at different levels of abstraction for multitask problem-solving in process control. Control knowledge sources and a control blackboard are included so that the control plan can be modified dynamically according to the state of the process. Expert control systems can improve their behavior dynamically by adapting to an environment with large uncertainty or contingencies. >
Solution structure of r(gaggacug):d(CAGTCCTC) hybrid: implications for the initiation of HIV-1 (+)-strand synthesis.

Abstract The three-dimensional solution structure of the hybrid duplex r(gaggacug):d(CAGTCCTC) has been determined by two-dimensional NMR, distance geometry (DG), restrained molecular dynamics (rMD) and NOE back-calculation methods. This hybrid, consisting of a purine-rich RNA strand and a pyrimidine-rich DNA strand, is related to the polypurine (+)-strand primer formed after (−)-strand DNA synthesis and RNase H degradation of the viral RNA strand and contains the site of a specific cleavage by reverse transcription (RT) RNase H at the end of the HIV-1 polypurine tract. This polypurine primer is an important intermediate in the formation of virally encoded double-stranded DNA prior to HIV-1 retrovirus integration. The correct processing of this primer is vital in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1) retrovirus. The structure of the r(gaggacug):d(CAGTCCTC) hybrid, as determined in solution by NMR, is intermediate between canonical A-type and B-type double helices, and has mixed structural characteristics. It is quantitatively different from the previously determined solution structures of other RNA-DNA hybrids, particularly in the width and shape of the major groove, which is wider than the major groove of other hybrids and is close to the dimension of the major groove of B-type DNA duplexes. The structure of this hybrid duplex contains a prominent bend in the double helix with a magnitude and direction similar to the bend in Okazaki fragments. The structural features of the present duplex may explain the unique interactions of this sequence with HIV-1 RT during both (−)-strand and (+)-strand DNA synthesis.
Spinal deformity after resection of cervical intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children

Objective Progressive spinal deformity after cervical intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT) resection requiring subsequent fusion occurs in many cases among pediatric patients. It remains unknown which subgroups of patients represent the greatest risk for progressive spinal deformity.
The role of the cholinergic nervous system in memory consolidation.

Arecoline hydrobromide (2 mg IV), a cholinergic agonist, facilitates the recall of words that have been organized and encoded immediately prior to drug treatment. While the number of groups of words and the total number of words recalled are increased, words within recalled structures are unaffected by cholinergic stimulation. The findings define a role of the cholinergic nervous system in memory consolidation.
High-risk prostate cancer: the role of radical prostatectomy for local therapy

The management of high-risk prostate cancer can pose a unique challenge to the urologic oncologist. High-risk prostate cancer remains a real entity, especially in the inner-city urban population centers with high-risk ethnic groups. Although the role of radical prostatectomy is well defined for localized, low-to-intermediate-risk prostate cancer, its role in high-risk disease is more controversial. This is compounded by a lack of a universally accepted definition for ‘high-risk’ disease and the stage migration that has occurred in prostate cancer in the PSA era, rendering some historical perspectives less relevant. However, what has been accepted is the role of multimodal therapy in the management of this challenging group of patients. This article offers the reader an up-to-date detailed review of this topic, with specific emphasis on the role of radical prostatectomy in this clinical setting, including surgical considerations and outcomes. The advantages in terms of accurate pathologic staging with radi...
Human dignity and ideal society

(1971). Human dignity and ideal society. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 305-316.
Box-bisection for solving second-degree systems and the problem of clustering

Box-bisection is a method for solving nonlinear systems. Space is subdivided into boxes of smaller and smaller diameter, and each subbox is tested for the existence of solutions by a test that either eliminates it from further consideration or marks it for subdivision. Simple bisection uses a test for the exclusion of subboxes, but no test that guarantees the existence of a unique solution in a subbox. Using this simple bisection, we show that the passed boxes tend to cluster in geometrical configura- tions whose number is stable under subdivision. This implies for many problems that the work required to do simple bisection may be prohibitive. However, improvements may be possible by grouping clusters and dynamically redefining the box proportions. The restriction to second-degree systems is sufficient to display this behavior.
Magnetic resonance imaging features in melanoma.

Abstract T 1 and T 2 relaxation time shortening secondary to paramagnetic compounds has been described in melanoma. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the signal behavior of melanoma involved in various body areas using short TR, TE and long TR, TE sequences. Twenty-seven sites of melanoma were evaluated with MR using T 1 -weighted and T 2 -weighted techniques. Using fat and muscle signal intensities as references tissues, lesions were graded into high, low or intermediate intensity categories for each of the sequences. Four signal patterns emerged. The typical pattern characterized by high signal on T 1 -weighted images and low singal on T 2 -weighted images reflected T 1 and T 2 shortening. The other pattern categories comprised of lesions demonstrating low signal T 1 -weighted images and high signal on T 2 -weighted images, high singal on both T 1 - and T 2 -weighted images and lesions showing intermediate signal on either T 1 - or T 2 -weighted images. We observed a tendency away from the typical signal pattern in extraocular melanoma cases with only one of 14 demonstrating this pattern. Moreover, only seven of thirteen ocular melanomas exhibited such behavior. Possible explanations for this finding as well as the existence of a variety of MR appearances to melanoma are offered. We conclude that while signal patterns showing T 1 and T 2 shortening are typical of melanoma, the absence of these does not exclude the diagnosis.
Qualitative analysis of 1st- and 2nd-order nonlinear networks

The paper presents several circuit-theory approaches for analysing the qualitative behaviour of nonlinear networks containing one or two energy-storage elements. The main concept consists in the transformation of a dynamic-network problem into an equivalent resistive-network problem. In particular, it is shown that any 1st-order nonlinear network can be analysed by obtaining the solution waveforms of an associated resistive constant-slope network. For 2nd-order autonomous nonlinear networks, it is shown that their isoclines are identical to the transfer-characteristic plots of an associated resistive isocline network. Many qualitative properties are shown to be derivable from this network. The classical approach for finding singular points, separatrices, and limit cycles is shown to have simple circuit-theory interpretations. The paper concludes with the presentation of three symmetry theorems useful for analysing 2nd-order nonlinear networks.
Bile sequestrant therapy alters the compositions of low-density and high-density lipoproteins

Bile sequestrant resins are used to lower the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma because this may ameliorate atherosclerosis. Yet the levels and compositions of all the lipoproteins may affect atherogenesis. We have previously shown alterations in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism in response to one of these agents, colestipol HCl. Here we report the effects of colestipol on the composition of low-density and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Eighteen subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia were studied during baseline, diet, and drug periods lasting 2–3 mo. Lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B were measured, and indices of lipoprotein composition were calculated. Colestipol produced significant changes in all lipoproteins. VLDL-triglyceride rose transiently, the magnitude and duration both correlated with pretreatment values (r = 0.84 and 0.76, respectively, both p < 0.001). Low-density (density 1.006–1.063) lipoprotein cholesterol fell below the dietary mean by 28%, but low-density triglyceride fell by only 13% and apolipoprotein B by 17%. Thus, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratios decreased (1.9 versus 1.6, p < 0.005). Low-density and very-low-density cholesterol/apoprotein B ratios also decreased significantly. Thus, all the apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins had less cholesterol relative to apolipoprotein B. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged, although transient increases in high-density lipoprotein triglyceride occurred. Apolipoprotein A-I levels remained constant (∼105 mg/dl), but A-II levels fell (from 55 to 45 mg/dl); therefore, A-IA-II ratios rose (2.0 versus 2.5, p < 0.001). Thus, alterations in the composition of both high-density and low-density lipoproteins occurred. Colestipol produced changes in lipoprotein composition that may have effects on atherogenesis independent of its effects on lowering plasma cholesterol. Further studies will be needed to determine whether or not these changes are beneficial.
EPR Spectra from “EPR-Silent” Species: High-Field EPR Spectroscopy of Aqueous Chromium(II)

High-field (up to 14.5 T) multifrequency (∼90−440 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been used to probe the non-Kramers, S = 2, Cr2+ ion in frozen aqueous solution, in the presence and absence of the glassing agent, glycerol. Solutions with both chloride and sulfate counterions were investigated. Detailed analysis based on a combination of analytical and full-matrix solutions to the spin Hamiltonian for an S = 2 system gave zero-field splitting parameters D = −2.20(5) cm-1, E = 0.0(1) cm-1, and g⊥ ≈ g∥ = 1.98(2), independent of solvent system and counterion. These results are in agreement with an early single-crystal EPR study of CrSO4·5H2O; however, the present study allows unequivocal determination of the sign of D and shows that in solution [Cr(H2O)6]2+ is a perfectly axial system (tetragonally elongated), as opposed to solid CrSO4·5H2O, which showed a measurable E value, indicative of slight orthorhombic distortion as seen in its crystal structure. HF-EPR data is combined with...
"All our kids get better jobs tomorrow": the north american free trade agreement in the New York Times

This investigation examines over 300 articles in The New York Times from 1993 that concern the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In constructing a critical analysis of The Times's discou...
Do EFL Teachers Have Careers

The terms career and profession are increasingly common in discussions of EFL/ESL teaching. Yet little is known about the working lives of teachers in this field. It is time to gather empirical data on teachers' lives in various contexts and to examine whether in fact these lives can best be conceptualized in terms of careers and profession or whether other theoretical approaches might be more fruitful. The present article describes a study based upon life history interviews with 17 EFL teachers in Poland. In light of a range of substantive and theoretical problems with applying existing teacher career models to an EFL context, the study employed an innovative analysis based on the theory of language of Mikhail Bakhtin. Bakhtin describes language as heteroglossic, or comprising multiple, competing discourses that are in ongoing, dynamic dialogue with one another. In the present study, the interview transcripts are treated as discourse, and the central question is: What discourses do teachers draw on in discursively constructing their lives? The analysis reveals that in teachers' discursive presentations of their lives, teachers' life-story narratives do not appear to be present. Rather, teachers' stories reflect dynamic and nonunitary identities that interact discursively in complex ways with a range of other discourses from the social, economic, and political context. The implications of this situation for the field of EFL/ESL are considered.
Flexible Parylene-based Microelectrode Technology for Intraocular Retinal Prostheses

We present the first single metal layer flexible microelectrode arrays designed for intraocular implantation that utilize parylene C as their primary structural and insulating material. These electrodes are fabricated as a key component of an intraocular retinal prosthesis comprising a radio-frequency coil for power and data transfer, a packaged high lead-count telemetry-recovery and driving application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and a high-density epiretinal stimulating microelectrode array for the treatment of retinal degenerative blindness in humans. Electrochemical tests have demonstrated that these thin-film platinum electrodes perform as necessary for neuronal stimulation. A novel bioconformal MEMS geometry for a complete intraocular system with capsular retaining-wings that enables all the components of the system to be implanted and retained within the lens capsule and vitreous cavity of the eye is also presented. The efficacy of this geometry when compared with a previous model without capsular retaining-wings has been verified by surgical implantation in animal models.
Determining Modes, Nodes and Volume Elements for Stationary Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Problem Past a Three-Dimensional Body

In this paper we show that every solution of the three-dimensional exterior Navier-Stokes boundary-value problem, corresponding to a given non-zero, constant velocity at infinity (flow past a body) and belonging to a very general functional class, , can be determined by a finite number of parameters. Our results extend the analogous classical results by Foias & Temam [6, 7], and by Jones & Titi [14] for the interior problem. This extension is by no means trivial, in that all fundamental tools used in the case of the interior problem – such as compactness of the Sobolev embeddings, Poincare's inequality, and the special basis constituted by eigenfunctions of the Stokes operator – are no longer available for the exterior problem. An important consequence of our results is that any solution in is uniquely determined by the knowledge of the associated velocity field only ``near'' the boundary. Just how ``near'' it has to be depends only on the Reynolds number and on the body.
SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses, 2: isotopes and abundances in Hawaiian melt inclusions

Abstract Ion microprobe measurements of the concentrations of H2O, CO2, F, S and Cl and the isotopic composition of hydrogen are reported for populations of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from five lava samples from the Hawaiian volcanoes Loihi, Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Koolau. After reheating of the melt inclusions and correction for the effects of post-entrapment modification, the melt inclusions have MgO contents ranging from 8.9% to 15.1% and averaging 11%, significantly higher in MgO than most submarine glasses. The melt inclusions show large ranges in H2O (0.03–0.84 wt.%), CO2 (5–862 ppm), F (308–1000 ppm), S (156–3330 ppm) and Cl (8 ppm to 1.11 wt.%), accompanied by large ranges in δD (−165‰ to +40‰). Laboratory reheating experiments on Loihi inclusions show that diffusive loss of hydrogen can occur from olivine-hosted melt inclusions on hour- to day-long time scales via proton diffusion through olivine, with consequent positive shifts in the D/H ratios of the residual hydrogen in the melt inclusion. Most melt inclusions from subaerial Kilauea and Mauna Loa samples have signatures of low H2O (0.05–0.2 wt.%) and high δD (up to +40%) compared to published analyses of submarine glasses, suggesting diffusive H loss during slow cooling of inclusions shortly after eruption. Koolau melt inclusions have the lowest δD values yet measured in oceanic basalts (−61‰ to −165‰). Shallow-level degassing produces a H2O–δD relationship in most Koolau melt inclusions which can be explained by open-system (Rayleigh) degassing with a vapor-melt D/H fractionation factor of 1.024, similar to previous estimates. Shallow degassing is also indicated in some inclusions by parallel depletions in H2O and S, but degassed melt inclusions from all volcanoes display a wide range in CO2 concentrations, indicating kilometer-scale vertical convection of melts within Hawaiian magma reservoirs. The measured δ13C of three CO2-bearing melt inclusions from Koolau volcano are depleted (−12‰ to −29‰) and correlated with δD, possibly consistent with open-system degassing of CO2-rich magmas and subsequent mixing with less-degassed magmas. Assimilation of seawater-derived components is indicated in a small number of melt inclusions which exhibit high Cl and Cl/K ratios, with an extreme example from Loihi (1.11 wt.% Cl, 0.48 wt.% H2O, δD=−118‰). A subset of melt inclusions have escaped the confounding effects of H diffusion, shallow degassing and crustal contamination, and provide evidence for heterogeneity of D/H ratios in the Hawaiian mantle, which appear to correlate with published radiogenic (Sr, Nd, Pb, Os) and oxygen isotope data. If the apparent Hawaiian δD variability can be confirmed to be a source signature, then the Hawaiian D/H data indicate that heterogeneities within the Hawaiian plume are required to be large in scale (tens of kilometers) and/or young in age (
High-frequency operation of surface-acoustic-wave muiltielectrode transducers

The operation of transducers with more than two electrodes per electrical period is disussed. When two different structures are used for input and output transducers, the frequency responses can be made to overlap at one desired band of frequencies, while reducing other surface-and bulk-wave responses.
Questions from an analysis of ethnic distributions in the former Yugoslavia

Ethnic diversity in the former Yugoslavia, measured as informational entropy increased in most regions at the level of the naselje, the opstina, and the region, 1961-1991 (no useful data for Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo in 1991). Vojvodina is the most diverse region, Slovenia the least. An exception to the increase is Kosovo-Metohija, where diversity decreased 1961-1981 driven by already serious interethnic conflict. There is some diminution of the increase in diversity in some regions in 1991, possibly because of refugee flows in anticipation of the impending violence. This rather broad and steady increase in diversity leads to questions about the view that pre-existing ethnic hatreds among broad segments of the population led to the ethnic fracturing and collapse of Yugoslavia. Instead it suggests that this fracturing may instead have been the result of competition between political leaders, stimulated by serious economic difficulties, leading them to emphasize ethnicity in their search for popular support. From this the authors support the view that the collapse of Yugoslavia was from the top downward, not from the bottom upward.
On-chip bioorthogonal chemistry enables immobilization of in situ modified nanoparticles and small molecules for label-free monitoring of protein binding and reaction kinetics

Efficient methods to immobilize small molecules under continuous-flow microfluidic conditions would greatly improve label-free molecular interaction studies using biosensor technology. At present, small-molecule immobilization chemistries require special conditions and in many cases must be performed outside the detector and microfluidic system where real-time monitoring is not possible. Here, we have developed and optimized a method for on-chip bioorthogonal chemistry that enables rapid, reversible immobilization of small molecules with control over orientation and immobilization density, and apply this technique to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies. Immobilized small molecules reverse the orientation of canonical SPR interaction studies, and also enable a variety of new SPR applications including on-chip assembly and interaction studies of multicomponent structures, such as functionalized nanoparticles, and measurement of bioorthogonal reaction rates. We use this approach to demonstrate that on-chip assembled functionalized nanoparticles show a preserved ability to interact with their target protein, and to measure rapid bioorthogonal reaction rates with k2 > 103 M−1 s−1. This method offers multiple benefits for microfluidic biological applications, including rapid screening of targeted nanoparticles with vastly decreased nanoparticle synthetic requirements, robust immobilization chemistry in the presence of serum, and a continuous flow technique that mimics biologic contexts better than current methods used to measure bioorthogonal reaction kinetics such as NMR or UV-vis spectroscopy (e.g., stopped flow kinetics). Taken together, this approach constitutes a flexible and powerful technique for evaluating a wide variety of reactions and intermolecular interactions for in vitro or in vivo applications.
Case study of R&D efficiency in an ATP joint venture

This paper summarizes the technical accomplishments and presents selected measures of research efficiencies and early stage economic impacts of the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Research Joint Venture Project. The project was cost-shared by the Advanced Technology Program and carried out by a group of seven companies, with participation by Sandia National Laboratories. The period considerred in this case study is from mid-1991 through mid-1996, the time during which the research was conducted.
Electroluminescence from novel porous silicon p-n junction devices

The electroluminescent properties of various porous silicon pn junction devices have been investigated. Devices were fabricated by constant current anodization method as well as a novel method developed for anodizing heavily doped pn junctions. The constant current anodized devices show electroluminescence only under reverse bias condition. The light emission mechanism in these devices is believed to be similar to the hot electron relaxation mechanism observed in a surface-treated crystalline silicon pn junction diode at breakdown. The pn junctions fabricated by the novel anodization technique show electroluminescence under forward bias condition. The light emission mechanism in these devices is believed to be due to electron-hole injection in the silicon quantum wires.
An assessment of the exposure impact of arena advertising displays and implications for leisure events planners.

An assessment of both the exposure potential and the realized effects that advertising displays in arenas receive through live and/or pre-recorded media coverage of sponsored events are reported in this study. Results of a content analysis of various sports events show significant exposure time (up to five total minutes during a 15-minute segment) for arena displats placed within the camera angeles of broadcast coverage. Results from an experiment show significant differences among five sports events tested acorss various measures of advertising effects (e.g., recall, top-of-mind awareness). Results raise implications for both events sponsors and policymakers.
COUMARIN DYE AS A FLUORESCENCE SENSOR FOR METHANOL VAPOR

The sol-gel method has been employed in the fabrication of mesoporous composite films consisting of a nonionic surfactant, Pluronic P123, as the organic component, and silica as the inorganic component. The hybrid nature of these films resulted in their having an internal structure consisting of nanometer size self-assembled organic mesostructures surrounded by a silica framework. These films served as the host matrix for the laser dye coumarin 481 (C481) and an energy transfer complex formed between C481 and J-aggregated meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP). Upon exposure to methanol vapor, a rapid and reversible decrease in fluorescence intensity occurs for films containing C481 alone as well as containing both C481 and TSPP. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies suggest that the decrease in fluorescence intensity is primarily due to an excited state interaction between methanol and C481; while, additionally, morphological changes within the film appear to play a role for films containing both C481 and TSPP.
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Heterogeneous and Multifactorial Disorder

Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined by a heart rate increment of 30 beats/min or more within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension; the standing heart rate is often 120 beats/min or higher. POTS manifests with symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion and excessive sympathoexcitation. The pathophysiology of POTS is heterogeneous and includes impaired sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction, excessive sympathetic drive, volume dysregulation, and deconditioning. POTS is frequently included in the differential diagnosis of chronic unexplained symptoms, such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia, chronic fatigue, chronic dizziness, or unexplained spells in otherwise healthy young individuals. Many patients with POTS also report symptoms not attributable to orthostatic intolerance, including those of functional gastrointestinal or bladder disorders, chronic headache, fibromyalgia, and sleep disturbances. In many of these cases, cognitive and behavioral factors, somatic hypervigilance associated with anxiety, depression, and behavioral amplification contribute to symptom chronicity. The aims of evaluation in patients with POTS are to exclude cardiac causes of inappropriate tachycardia; elucidate, if possible, the most likely pathophysiologic basis of postural intolerance; assess for the presence of treatable autonomic neuropathies; exclude endocrine causes of a hyperadrenergic state; evaluate for cardiovascular deconditioning; and determine the contribution of emotional and behavioral factors to the patient's symptoms. Management of POTS includes avoidance of precipitating factors, volume expansion, physical countermaneuvers, exercise training, pharmacotherapy (fludrocortisone, midodrine, β-blockers, and/or pyridostigmine), and behavioral-cognitive therapy. A literature search of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 1990, to June 15, 2012, was performed using the following terms (or combination of terms): POTS; postural tachycardia syndrome, orthostatic; orthostatic; syncope; sympathetic; baroreceptors; vestibulosympathetic; hypovolemia; visceral pain; chronic fatigue; deconditioning; headache; Chiari malformation; Ehlers-Danlos; emotion; amygdala; insula; anterior cingulate; periaqueductal gray; fludrocortisone; midodrine; propranolol; β-adrenergic; and pyridostigmine. Studies were limited to those published in English. Other articles were identified from bibliographies of the retrieved articles.
Web based analysis

Most of today's Web based solutions in the CAD/CAE arena are focused on the design and manufacturing part of the equation. As such, they are very focused on data security, sharing, and visualization. The processing of the data is still seen as mainly a desktop/client function. Analysis provides an opportunity to expand the role of the Web from a role of data sharing to one of distributed data processing. For analysis, data visualization is not a static function. Analysis runs can produce enormous results files that will burden even the fastest Web connections. Servers need to process this data into useable form for client requests. Also the Web provides an excellent distributed processing environment, which is crucial for design studies such as simple parametric studies, Design of Experiments (DOE), optimization, and probabilistic studies. Finally, the Web provides an excellent environment for team analysis.
The CO2 compensation point, hill activity and photorespiration

Abstract As a result of an examination of O2 exchange in Scenedesmus and Chlorella using mass spectrometry, a scheme is outlined which depends on accepting CO2 dependence for Hill activity in whole cells to explain changes in the CO2 compensation point related to O2 concentration. The scheme accommodates photorespiration and increased O2 consumption in the light not related to CO2 release.
Consistency between motor activity and perceived direction of rotation

Three experiments were conducted to test the proposition that engagement in motor activity in a given direction favors the perception of stimulus movement consistent with that direction. Ss simultaneously turned a crank and viewed a stimulus capable of apparent reversal of direction.Experiments 1A and 1B demonstrated that the perceived initial direction of rotation was more stable when it was consistent with the motor activity of the viewer than when it was inconsistent. Experiment 2 demonstrated that when Ss were instructed to perceive a particular direction of rotation for a period of time they tended to engage in motor activity consistent withthatdirection.The results were interpreted as supporting an efference theory of perception.
On the algebraic connectivity of graphs as a function of genus

Abstract We find an upper bound on the algebraic connectivity of graphs of various genus. We begin by showing that for fixed k ⩾ 1, the graph of genus k of largest algebraic connectivity is a complete graph. We then find an upper bound for noncomplete graphs of a fixed genus k ⩾ 1 and we determine the values of k for which the upper bound can be attained. Finally, we find the upper bound of the algebraic connectivity of planar graphs (graphs of genus zero) and determine precisely which graphs attain this upper bound.
Sequence analysis of a partial deletion of the human steroid sulfatase gene reveals 3 bp of homology at deletion breakpoints.

Abstract The majority of patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency have a deletion of the entire STS gene located on the distal short arm of the human X chromosome; however, two patients with partial gene deletions have been identified. We now report the sequences at the breakpoints of a deletion of the 3′ end of the STS gene. The deletion starts within intron 7 of the gene and extends over 150 kb downstream toward the centromere. Analysis of sequences flanking the deletion breakpoints revealed 3 bp of homology. The 3′ flanking sequence provides a new probe for isolation of YAC clones and for studying patients with deletions in this region of the X chromosome.
Justice and Climate Finance: Differentiating Responsibility in the Green Climate Fund

Institutional mechanisms for administering international climate finance constitute key components of an effect global climate regime, and the Green Climate Fund represents what promises to become the most important such mechanism. As the Fund begins to serve its function of transferring economic resources from developed to developing countries to support mitigation and adaptation activities, it faces several obstacles. Since contributions to the Fund by states or private parties are voluntary, they are not necessarily based on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change’s “common but differentiated responsibilities” principle. Its governing instrument also departs from UNFCCC principles. In addition, the Fund faces a significant ambition gap in pledges to fund its operations. By instantiating several informal means of applying climate justice norms to assessments of national contributions to climate finance, some of this resistance might be overcome, increasing support for the Fund and, with this, incr...
Nineteenth Century School Boards

Schools boards were first established during the Colonial era in the United States. In New England, school matters were originally addressed in town meeting. Boston established its first school boa...
Health care, education and the cost disease: A looming crisis for public choice

An economic specter haunts the democratic governments of the world’s most prosperous economies. The rising cost of health care and education casts a shadow over virtually every election, while increasing costs of other services play a part in the growth of the homeless population and the deteriorating sanitation of city streets. It will be shown here that both an explanation and a solution in principle are available. However, while the solution is, in one sense, simple and straightforward, in another it poses a problem of frightening magnitude for public choice. If the citizens of these countries are willing to do what is necessary for the supply of educational, health care and other related services to keep up with the expansion in overall economic output made possible by rising productivity, then, if my analysis is correct, a difficult choice will be required: either ever more of gross national product will have to be channeled through the public sector, with all the problems we know that to entail; or, alternatively, these services will have to be transferred to private enterprise, in fields where private business firms can hope to succeed only if granted an (improbably) immunity from the temptation of unwise governmental interference. This, is indeed, Scylla and Charybdis in spades.