cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of charge redistribution on delivered energy of supercapacitors with constant power loads

This paper experimentally investigates the impact of charge redistribution on the amount of energy delivered by supercapacitors connected to constant power loads. A set of eight constant power discharge experiments is designed and performed for four supercapacitor samples. It is revealed that the delivered energy increases when the discharge power decreases and therefore Peukert's law applies, which can be explained using an RC ladder circuit model characterizing the porous electrode structure of supercapacitors. This paper also demonstrates the feasibility of predicting the supercapacitor discharge time during a constant power discharge process using Peukert's law. Two fitting functions are adopted to determine the Peukert constant. Results show that the prediction error can be significantly reduced if Peukert's law is utilized, or equivalently, the charge redistribution characteristic is taken into account.
Maximal exercise testing of mentally retarded adolescents and adults: reliability study.

Few data are available regarding maximal exercise testing of mentally retarded individuals. No data are available on the reliability of maximal exercise testing of mentally retarded individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of graded exercise testing of mentally retarded adolescents and adults. The testing was conducted at two geographically different centers. At Center A, 14 mentally retarded adolescents (11 boys, three girls) with Down syndrome, who were educable or trainable, were recruited from a nonresidential school. The subjects completed two Balke-Ware treadmill protocols until exhaustion. The treadmill time and heart rate (HR) were recorded. The time between tests was approximately one week. At Center B, 21 mentally retarded adults (14 women, seven men means IQ = 56) were recruited from local workshops and group homes. These subjects completed a treadmill walking protocol, with metabolic measurements, until exhaustion. The time between tests varied from one to four months. At Center A, the subjects achieved a mean treadmill time of 8.72min on test one and 8.84min on test two (means HR = 174 and 175bpm, respectively). The reliability coefficient between the two tests was .94. At Center B, the subjects achieved a mean V0(2)max of 27.2mL.kg-1.min-1 on test one and 26.9mL.kg-1.min-1 on test two. The reliability coefficient was .93. These data show that maximal exercise testing is reliable for these populations of mentally retarded individuals, exhibiting similar values to their nonretarded peers.
Ileal Pouch Complications

The ileal pouch-anal procedure is currently the procedure of choice for patients with inflammatory bowel disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, and other conditions undergoing total proctocolectomy. Preoperative assessment of potential risk factors and planning that reduces postoperative complications improves early and consequently long-term outcomes. Prompt management of postoperative complications is required since these influence subsequent pouch function and retention. When pouch failure occurs, pouch salvage is often possible. The best surgical option chosen should be individualized based on the preference of the patient and the anticipated functional outcomes and quality of life for a particular procedure and its potential alternatives.
Very simple expert systems: an application of judgment analysis to political risk analysis

A recent study of expert judgments of political riskiness (Mumpower, Livingston, & Lee, in press) contributes both to the continued development of a psychology of expert judgment, as well as to the field of expert systems. (Much of the present paper was adapted from this source.) Judgment analysis provides a yet unrecognized means for developing what are in essence very simple expert systems. Moreover, current efforts in the field of expert systems could be profitably informed by the accumulated results and experience of many years of research by students of the psychology of expert judgment.
An integrated software package to classify human respiratory diseases

The Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) is a commercially available instrument for performing forced oscillation, to diagnose and monitor human respiratory diseases. IOS is a patient-friendly and objective pulmonary function testing device that measures pressure/flow at the mouth to calculate the spectral components of respiratory system impedance (Z). Our research group has demonstrated that the augmented RIC (aRIC) model, a modification of our extended RIC (eRIC) model, provides physiologically meaningful estimates of small and large airway resistive, inertive, and elastic components. Due to the high dimensionality of the IOS data and the wide range of model parameters that may distinguish between health and disease states, neuro-fuzzy approaches have been proven to be very helpful in classification of pulmonary diseases. This paper introduces an integrated software package that classifies asthma, small airways impairment (SAI), mild SAI, and normal airway function based on aRIC model parameters and a high performance neuro-fuzzy clustering algorithm; and once fully implemented will present classification results in a clinician-friendly 3-D graphical user interface. IOS data from 112 children asthmatic and non-asthmatic children 7-15 years of age were used for this study.
A Geometric Approach to Phase Resetting Estimation Based on Mapping Temporal to Geometric Phase

The membrane potential is the most commonly traced quantity in both numerical simulations and electrophysiological experiments. One quantitative measure of neuronal activity that could be extracted from membrane potential is the firing period. The phase resetting curve (PRC) is a quantitative measure of the relative change in the firing period of a neuron due to external perturbations such as synaptic inputs. The experimentally recorded periodic oscillations of membrane potential represent a one-dimensional projection of a closed trajectory, or limit cycle, in neuron’s multidimensional phase space. This chapter is entirely dedicated to the study of the relationship between the PRC and the geometry of the phase space trajectory. This chapter focuses on systematically deriving the mappings σ=σ(φ, μ) between the temporal phase φ and the geometric phase σ when some parameters μ are perturbed. For this purpose, both analytical approaches, based on the vector fields of a known theoretical models, and numerical approaches, based on experimentally recorded membrane potential, are discussed in the context of phase space reconstruction of limit cycle. The natural reference frame attached to neuron’s unperturbed limit cycle, γ breaks the perturbation of control parameter μ into tangent and normal displacements relative to the unperturbed γ. Detailed derivations of PRC in response to weak tangent and normal, perturbations of γ are provided. According to the geometric approach to PRC prediction, a hard, external perturbation forces the figurative point to cross the excitability threshold, or separatrix, in the phase space. The geometric method for PRC prediction detailed in this chapter gives accurate predictions both for hard inhibitory and excitatory perturbations of γ. The geometric method was also successfully generalized to a more realistic case of a neuron receiving multiple inputs per cycle.
Runtime Verification - 17 Years Later

Runtime verification is the discipline of analyzing program executions using rigorous methods. The discipline covers such topics as specification-based monitoring, where single executions are checked against formal specifications; predictive runtime analysis, where properties about a system are predicted/inferred from single (good) executions; specification mining from execution traces; visualization of execution traces; and to be fully general: computation of any interesting information from execution traces. Finally, runtime verification also includes fault protection, where monitors actively protect a running system against errors. The paper is written as a response to the ‘Test of Time Award’ attributed to the authors for their 2001 paper [45]. The present paper provides a brief overview of what lead to that paper, what has happened since, and some perspectives on the future of the field.
Exploration of sexual dimorphism and inter-individual variability in multivariate parameter spaces for a pharmacokinetic compartment model

Abstract Pharmacokinetic models are particularly useful to study the underlying and complex physiological mechanisms contributing to clinical differences across patient subgroups or special populations. Unfortunately, the inherent variability of biological systems and knowledge gaps in physiological data limit confidence in model predictions for special populations. Sourcing data to reflect the desired physiologies can be resource intensive, particularly for a larger model. Thus, a critical step in model development for special populations involves an in-depth analysis of model inputs, which can be guided by Monte Carlo simulations. Such an approach enables the generation of parameter values by stochastic sampling that are subsequently restricted to the combinations that describe biologically plausible or target model output. Our approach utilized a published pharmacokinetic compartmental model to demonstrate how sampling in conjunction with global sensitivity analysis can be used to explore sexual dimorphism and inter-individual variability in multivariate parameter spaces for differentiation of model input and behavior across phenotypes. Despite limiting the model output to relatively narrow ranges, male and female phenotypes were associated with wide variability in both individual parameter values and combinations of parameters. Through an integrated approach using a support vector machine, principal component analysis and global sensitivity analysis, our approach revealed that specific combinations of parameters gave rise to a certain phenotype, while individual parameters influenced the shape of plasma concentration profile. Augmenting analysis of the model input with global sensitivity analysis enabled an understanding of both sexual dimorphism and inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. While the current study revealed how model input could be separated by sex for a simple compartment model, the approach could be extended to other patient factors, such as age or disease, and to a more complex physiologically-based model that describes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination with more detail.
Value ascriptions: rethinking cognitivism

This paper focuses on value as ascribed to what can be desired, enjoyed, cherished, admired, loved, and so on: value that putatively serves as ground for evaluating such attitudes and for justifying conduct. The main question of the paper is whether such value ascriptions are property ascriptions as traditional cognitivism claims. The paper makes the case that although the linguistic evidence favors traditional cognitivism over non-cognitivism about evaluative language, the main tenet of cognitivism is best restated as the thesis that evaluative terms are linguistically encoded classificatory devices. This opens up the theoretical possibility, for even inflationists about properties, to embrace cognitivism without inviting any metaphysical worries about the properties ascribed in evaluative language.
Batatasenol, a Major Triterpenol from Sweet Potato Skins

Sweet potatoes (the tuber of Ipomoea batatas) are a major food crop globally. The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) is a serious pest of this important crop. The triterpenol, boehmerol, has previously been found in the skin of the tuber where, as its acetate ester, it has been shown to signal oviposition by the weevil. A new triterpenol, batatasenol, was identified in two varieties of sweet potatoes, 'Covington' and 'Purple Stokes'. In the 'Covington' variety, batatasenol was practically the only triterpenol present in the skins. In the 'Purple Stokes' variety, batatasenol was present along with boehmerol and several minor triterpenols. Based on the structures of the co-occurring compounds, it is proposed that their biosynthesis involves an epoxysqualene cyclase which can carry out both all-chair and B-boat cyclizations.
Promoting Sustainable Government Regulation: What We Can Learn From California:

This article describes and explains why the state of California has long played a leadership role in adopting innovative and stringent environmental standards. It argues that critical roles have be...
Problematizing Helps! A Classroom Study of Computer-Based Guidance for Invention Activities.

A successful instructional method is to engage learners with exploratory problem-solving before providing explanations of the canonical solutions and foundational concepts. A key question is whether and what type of guidance will lead learners to explore more productively and how this guidance will affect subsequent learning and transfer. We investigate this question through the design and study of the Invention Coach, an adaptive, computer-based learning environment that problematizes students’ understanding as they invent fundamental physics equations. Problematizing guidance (Reiser Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(3), 273–304, 2004), which encourages learners to grapple with domain complexity, is well-suited to the goals of Invention. However, there are few examples of technology-based learning environments that were explicitly designed to problematize and scant research on their efficacy. In an experimental study, 199 middle schoolers worked with either motivational, task + motivational, or problematizing + task + motivational guidance versions of the Coach while inventing. Students who engaged with the problematizing Coach were better able to transfer their knowledge to novel domains in the short term, and their transfer gains were comparable to those provoked by human tutors. While students in the problematizing condition were less likely to invent the correct solutions, they engaged in more targeted and efficient exploration of the solution space and were less likely to report experiences of difficulty. Findings suggest that problematizing guidance has the potential to effectively support exploratory problem-solving, when the goal is to facilitate productive exploration and transfer from subsequent instruction. The work also has implications for the design of problematizing guidance.
The Photochemistry of Methyl Halides Adsorbed on Pt(111)

We report that photochemistry of methyl halides adsorbed on Pt (111) is observable and that a significant fraction of the photoproducts is, at low temperatures, held at the surface. The evidence favors dissociation of the C-X bond to form CH3 and X.
Risk factors for endemic Acinetobacter Baumannii colonization: A case-case study.

Background Acinetobacter baumannii causes increasingly resistant nosocomial infections worldwide. Although some patients are already colonized with A baumannii on hospital admission, others become colonized with endemic strains that are more likely to be antibiotic-resistant. Colonization increases risk of infection and transmission to others. This study aimed to identify risk factors for colonization with endemic compared to sporadic A baumannii among hospitalized patients. Methods The study population were patients colonized with A baumannii at a single medical center during a 17-month period of active surveillance. Endemic A baumannii (cases) had a repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) type that occurred 10 or more times during the surveillance period. Cases carrying 1 of the 5 endemic REP types were matched to comparison cases (controls) carrying sporadic strains by facility and time. Results There were 69 cases with REP-1, and 64 with REP-2-5. After adjustment, each unit increase in Schmid score was associated with a 70% increase in REP-1 carriage (P = .04) and a 50% increase in REP-2-5 (P = .07). Days in the intensive care unit prior to colonization, longer length of stay, immunosuppression, and the Charlson comorbidity index were not significantly associated with carriage of endemic strains. Conclusions Following best practices for antibiotic stewardship and hygiene will help minimize the emergence and persistence of A baumannii strains adapted to the health care environment.
Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase: What the Established, the Intriguing, and the Novel Reveal About a Key Cellular Redox Switch.

Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now widely recognized as central mediators of cell signaling. Mitochondria are major sources of ROS. Recent Advances: It is now clear that mitochondrial ROS are essential to activate responses to cellular microenvironmental stressors. Mediators of these responses reside in large part in the cytosol. Critical Issues: The primary form of ROS produced by mitochondria is the superoxide radical anion. As a charged radical anion, superoxide is restricted in its capacity to diffuse and convey redox messages outside of mitochondria. In addition, superoxide is a reductant and not particularly efficient at oxidizing targets. Because there are many opportunities for superoxide to be neutralized in mitochondria, it is not completely clear how redox cues generated in mitochondria are converted into diffusible signals that produce transient oxidative modifications in the cytosol or nucleus. Future Directions: To efficiently intervene at the level of cellular redox signaling, it seems that understanding how the generation of superoxide radicals in mitochondria is coupled with the propagation of redox messages is essential. We propose that mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is a major system converting diffusion-restricted superoxide radicals derived from the electron transport chain into highly diffusible hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This enables the coupling of metabolic changes resulting in increased superoxide to the production of H2O2, a diffusible secondary messenger. As such, to determine whether there are other systems coupling metabolic changes to redox messaging in mitochondria as well as how these systems are regulated is essential.
Interferometric SAR for Wetland Hydrology: An Overview of Methods, Challenges, and Trends

Since 2000, interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) has been an effective tool to map 2D water-level changes beneath vegetated wetlands with a high spatial resolution and centimetric accuracy. In the last two decades, SAR images obtained from different wavelengths and polarization modes have been tested across various wetland systems, and InSAR-derived water-level-change maps have improved our understanding of wetland hydrology and hydraulics. In this article, we discuss the feasibility and challenges of applying InSAR to wetland areas, present a comprehensive review of InSAR applications for hydraulic and hydrologic analysis, and discuss future trends.
Fluocinolone acetonide (0.19 mg) intravitreal implant reduces treatment burden and improves practice resource utilisation for patients with diabetic macular oedema.

Objective Patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME) are known to have significantly greater medical treatment burden than patients with non-DME. Frequent injections and office visits can have a substantial impact on patient adherence and quality of life. This analysis assesses the impact of the 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implant (or injection) on treatment burden and practice resource utilisation in patients with DME. Methods and analysis This study is a single-centre retrospective chart review of 30 eyes (23 patients) that received a single FAc implant. Data was collected for a 12-month period pre-injection and post-injection of the FAc implant. Primary outcomes included the frequency of injections and ophthalmology office visits. Secondary outcomes included visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and central subfield thickness (CSFT). Results The injection frequency significantly decreased from one injection every 2.6 months pre-injection to one injection every 8.8 months post-injection of the FAc implant (p Conclusions The FAc implant significantly decreased the treatment burden and improved practice resource utilisation while maintaining or improving VA and CSFT. IOP events were mostly well-controlled with drops and no eyes required incisional glaucoma surgery.
Combined-evidence analyses of ultraconserved elements and morphological data: an empirical example in iguanian lizards.

Genomic datasets generated by next-generation sequencing are increasingly prevalent in phylogenetics, but morphological data are required to phylogenetically place fossils, corroborate molecular hy...
Establishing thresholds for achievement of clinically significant satisfaction at two years following shoulder arthroplasty: the patient acceptable symptomatic state

Abstract Background The patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) represents clinical improvement following surgery that patients deem as satisfactory; however, thresholds for achieving this clinical benchmark have not yet been established beyond 1 year following primary and reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Methods A prospectively maintained registry was retrospectively queried for patients undergoing either a primary TSA or RTSA at a single institution between November, 2015 and October, 2017. All patients completed the ASES, SANE, and Constant patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores at the 2-year time point. PASS threshold scores were calculated using anchor-based methodology with subsequent calculation of achievement rates. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify demographic and clinical variables associated with the likelihood of PASS achievement. Results A total of 93 TSA (mean age 61.4 ± 8.5 years, 32.3% female) and 111 RTSA (mean age 70.0 ± 8.1 years, 51.4% female) patients met final inclusion criteria. One-hundred sixty-five patients (80.8%) responded to the binary anchor question as “satisfied” regarding their surgical outcome. The PASS cutoffs for ASES, SANE, and Constant were 81.7, 85.7, and 24.0, respectively (AUC > 80%), with PASS achievement rates ranging from 50.7% to 59.9% for the entire study population and 66.7% to 83.3% for a risk-stratified subgroup. Patients undergoing TSA had a significantly higher PASS achievement rate relative to RTSA (P = .010) for ASES. Independent risk factors for decreased PASS achievement included lower preoperative PRO score, prior shoulder surgery, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, workers’ compensation status, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Conclusion The majority of patients reach the PASS benchmark by 2 years after shoulder arthroplasty, with an optimal subgroup of risk-stratified patients achieving PASS at a rate greater than 80% for ASES. Patients undergoing TSA have a higher likelihood of reaching the PASS than patients undergoing RTSA, independent of other variables. Lower baseline outcome scores, prior shoulder surgery, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle are associated with lower PASS rates after TSA. Worker's compensation status and comorbid DM are predictive of reduced PASS rates after RTSA. Primary diagnosis and glenoid morphology did not have a significant impact on the rate of achieving the PASS. This information is valuable for patient selection and counseling prior to shoulder arthroplasty. Level of Evidence Level III; Prognostic Study; Retrospective Case Series.
Short-lived metal-centered excited state initiates iron-methionine photodissociation in ferrous cytochrome c

The dynamics of photodissociation and recombination in heme proteins represent an archetypical photochemical reaction widely used to understand the interplay between chemical dynamics and reaction environment. We report a study of the photodissociation mechanism for the Fe(II)-S bond between the heme iron and methionine sulfur of ferrous cytochrome c. This bond dissociation is an essential step in the conversion of cytochrome c from an electron transfer protein to a peroxidase enzyme. We use ultrafast X-ray solution scattering to follow the dynamics of Fe(II)-S bond dissociation and 1s3p (Kβ) X-ray emission spectroscopy to follow the dynamics of the iron charge and spin multiplicity during bond dissociation. From these measurements, we conclude that the formation of a triplet metal-centered excited state with anti-bonding Fe(II)-S interactions triggers the bond dissociation and precedes the formation of the metastable Fe high-spin quintet state.
Third-party punishment promotes fairness in children

Third-party punishment can promote fair behavior. However, the mechanisms by which this happens are unclear. Third-party punishment may increase fair behavior by providing direct feedback, helping shape the behavior of those punished, or through an influence on reputation, by encouraging the transgressor to behave appropriately before a third-party audience. Investigating whether and how third-party punishment leads to fairness in children during middle childhood-a key developmental period in the emergence of fairness-presents an ideal context in which to explore these 2 mechanisms. Six to nine-year-old children (N = 121) allocated resources between themselves and a partner in a forced-choice dictator game. In the Direct Feedback condition, a third party punished if the child chose the less fair option. In the Reputation condition, a third party merely observed the child. In the Baseline condition, no third party was present. We find that the Direct Feedback condition increased fairness relative to the other conditions, especially among younger children. These results highlight an important link between third-party punishment and fairness in children and, more broadly, help clarify the mechanisms through which third-party punishment can influence fair behavior and thereby human cooperation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Face enumeration on simplicial complexes

In this chapter we survey many exciting developments on the face numbers of simplicial complexes from the past two decades. We focus on simplicial complexes whose geometric realizations are (homology) manifolds, as well as manifolds with additional combinatorial structure such as balanced manifolds or flag manifolds. The discussed results range from the Upper Bound Theorem for manifolds to the balanced Generalized Lower Bound Theorem for balanced polytopes.
Retention of concurrent conditional discriminations in rats with ibotenate lesions of hippocampus

We studied the effects of removing the hippocampus on the retention of appetitive Pavlovian conditional discrimination. In Experiment 1, rats were trained preoperatively on two concurrent conditional discrimination problems in which a stimulus (i.e., a facilitator) signaled the reinforcement of another stimulus (i.e., a target). The results indicated that performance was poorer when a “trace” interval separated the facilitator and target than when the facilitator overlapped with the target. Data obtained from transfer and probe trials yielded results compatible with the idea that the problems were solved using “if-then” rules rather than by either direct associations between facilitators and reinforcement or unique configurai associations. In Experiment 2, half of the rats had the hippocampus removed using multiple injections of small amounts of ibotenic acid, and after recovery all rats were tested for retention of the preoperatively learned conditional discriminations. In contrast with previous reports, the results in this study showed that lesions of the hippocampus did not disrupt conditional performance. Thus, rather than supporting the hypothesis that the hippocampus plays an important role in the control of conditional behaviors, our results indicate that the structure is not necessary for the performance of complex Pavlovian conditional discriminations.
Morphological evidence of mechanoreceptive gravity perception in a water flea - Daphnia magna

Hair-like structures or setae located in the basal membrane of the swimming antennae of the water flea, D. magna, were observed by scanning electron microscopy and compared to mechanoreceptors in the Higher Order Crustacea. Similarities in anatomy, size, attachment, number, length, and orientation support the hypothesis that the setae are rheoceptive mechanoreceptors which mediate gravity perception through deflection by water currents during the sink phase of hop-and-sink swimming behavior.
Workload of a Media-Enhanced Classroom Server

We characterize a workload of media-enhanced classrooms. Such classrooms include equipment for presenting multimedia streams and for capturing streams of information (audio, video and notes) during a lecture. We present detailed quantitative performance measurements of one media-enhanced classroom system, Classroom 2000. We characterize the workload from the point of view of a server that supports multiple classrooms. The workload includes server bandwidth, network bandwidth and server storage requirements. We identify patterns in user behavior, and demonstrate how the number of simultaneous study sessions varies with time of day and with the proximity of a specific date to exams.
A Space Station/Payload Pointing System Simulation using TREETOPS

A rigid body model of NASA's Space Station (SS)/Payload Pointing System (PPS) was built and simulated using the multi-body, large angle simulation package TREETOPS [1]. The name TREETOPS refers to the class of structures which may be simulated by the program, ie., those having a tree topology. SS/PPS data from a previous feasibility study (conducted by NASA Goddard Space Flight Space Center [2]) utilizing the Multi Optimal Differential Equation Language (MODEL) [3] was used as a test case to evaluate the built-in dynamical formulation capabilities of TREETOPS. The simulation results showed close agreement with GSFC demonstrating the validity of the nonlinear, large angle, multi-degree of freedom TREETOPS models.
Toward a Better Understanding of College Athletic Donors: What Are the Primary Motives?

The purpose of the current paper is to help improve our understanding of v^^hy people donate money to athletic support groups, which motivations are most prevalent among donors, and how motivations differ across three schools. Four thousand one hundred and thirty-seven responses (from 1,579 athletic support group donors at three universities) to an open-ended question about donor motivation were content analyzed. Results suggest that primary motives include supporting and improving the athletic program, receiving tickets, helping student-athletes, deriving entertainment and enjoyment, supporting and promoting the university (non-athletic programs), receiving membership benefits, repaying past benefits received, helping and enhancing the community, and psychological commitment. Comparisons to past research efforts (and comparisons among the three schools) are discussed and directions for future research are offered.
Clarifying Education for Freedom

At first glance, Jarrod Hanson’s essay appears to be a fairly straightforward overview of competing notions of freedom and political systems. On a closer look, one comes to appreciate that Hanson has carefully chosen these basic comparisons to reveal complex and significant differences in the ways teachers might teach for freedom. Hanson’s title, “Broadening Education for Freedom,” does not truly reflect the content of his essay or the admirable intent of his main aim. While he does explore multiple definitions of freedom and political systems, his purpose does not seem to be to broaden our understanding of or approaches to educating for freedom. Instead, he calls for a clearer and more distinct relationship between the way teachers understand democracy and the way they educate for freedom. While he preserves some room for multiple definitions and connections, his project is actually one of narrowing and making more precise, rather than broadening. And this project, one of clarity and reflection, is a welcomed addition to current work in civics education.
Natural Final Causality and Providence in Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas articulated an understanding of nature that sought to maintain together the integrity of created causality and God's providential ordering of the cosmos. Developing and combining Aristotelian and Neoplatonic approaches to nature and to final causality, Thomas formulated a horizontal or linear final causality wrapped within a larger vertical or circular final causality. This formulation balanced two seemingly opposed principles. First, that natures operate through intrinsic principles toward determinate ends. Second, that non-cognitive agents must be directed toward an end extrinsically. Aquinas balanced these two principles by situating the first within the second such that God creates and directs natures toward determinate ends through divinely bestowed principles intrinsic to those natures. In this way, Aquinas's understanding of providence underlies his approach to nature.
Computer Science: a Breadth-first Approach with PASCAL

Problem--Solving Concepts. Elements of the Pascal Language. Computer Logic and Architecture. Modules and Control Structures. Operating Systems. Arrays. Data Communications. String Processing. Software Engineering. Data Structures. Databases. Dynamic Lists. Programming Languages. Recursive Algorithms. Searching and Sorting Algorithms. Numerical Algorithms. Theoretical Perspectives in Computing. Artificial Intelligence. Appendices. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.
On the cometary hydrogen coma and far UV emission

Cometary hydrogen observations are reviewed with emphasis on observations of comet Bennett. The results are theoretically interpreted and a brief summary of ultraviolet observations other than Lyman alpha is given.
Affine Projection Algorithm

This chapter contains sections titled: Instantaneous Approximation Computational Cost Least-Perturbation Property Affine Projection Interpretation
Multiple signaling pathways of V1-vascular vasopressin receptors of A7r5 cells.

We explored the nature and time course of the multiple signal transduction pathways for V1vascular vasopressin (AVP) receptors of A7r6 aortic smooth muscle cells in culture by using radioligand binding techniques, intracellular calcium monitoring, and polyphosphoinositide and phospholipid analyses. V1-vascular AVP receptors of A7r5 cells were characterized by the agonist radioligand [3H]AVP and the antagonist radioligand [3H]d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP. Affinity and capacity of agonist but not antagonist binding were modulated by MgCl2 and aluminum fluoride, suggesting that the receptors are coupled to a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. In fura-2-loaded A7r5 cells, AVP induced within seconds a dose-dependent increase of free intracellular Ca++ ([Ca++]i) consisting of a rapid transient spike and a sustained increase lasting for 3–5 min. The baseline [Ca++]i was 136 ± 18 nm, the maximum [Ca++]i response to AVP was 1,582 ± 297 nm, and AVP ED50 was 1.87 ± 0.15 nm. Diverse experiments performed with EGTA, 1,2-bis(...
Selected applications of geometry to low-dimensional topology

Manifolds and smooth structures The Euler number Foliations The topological classification of simply-connected 4-manifolds Donaldson's theory Fake $\mathbf R^4$'s.
How Do Nerve Cells Compute? [review of Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons (Koch, C.; 2004)]

Javier E. Hasbun reviews Christof Koch's Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons.
Surface activity, film formation, and emulsifying properties of milk proteins.

This overview indicates that simple, reliable standardized methods for measuring emulsifying activity and for determining ES are not yet available. One of the major shortcomings of most of the current methods is the inability to detect very small fat globules (less than 0.5 micron), which may be very important in stable emulsions. Several of the methods are time consuming and destructive. To minimize the time required to evaluate emulsions, techniques that monitor instability under the influence of accelerated aging (increased temperature and gravitational field) have been used with varying degrees of success. These methods, e.g., centrifugation, are useful, but processes occurring during centrifugation or heating may not be characteristic of those occurring in a stored emulsion. Generally, there is no method that simultaneously determines changes in emulsions due to the aggregation coalescence, flocculation, creaming, of the droplets and/or oiling off. No single criterion of emulsion instability is sufficient to characterize all the changes occurring in the system. A nonintrusive technique that can monitor dynamic changes in emulsions is needed. Ideally, it should be simple, rapid, inexpensive, and applicable to both diluted and concentrated emulsions. Scientists must continue research to develop such a standard universal method for determining ES, because data from different laboratories cannot currently be validly compared. Reliable methods are also required to elucidate relationships between the physical properties of proteins as emulsifiers and their performance in food emulsions. There is a need for opportunities for systematic research to determine the interfacial behavior of food emulsifiers, particularly food proteins. Research to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption at an interface, the extent of unfolding, the degree of packing and polypeptide interactions in an interface during film formation, and information concerning the physical and mechanical properties of interfacial films is needed to describe emulsifying behavior of different proteins. The effects of components in the continuous and discontinuous phase, parameters of manufacture, and interactions between different types of surface-active materials that occur in food need to be studied.
Refined analysis of Raman excitation profiles for cis‐(CH)x and ‐(CD)x polymers

Model calculations are reported aimed at interpreting the Raman excitation profiles observed by Lichtmann et al. They refine earlier calculations by Siebrand and Zgierski based on displaced harmonic oscillators. A distribution of conjugation lengths is introduced and the dependence of the model parameters, in particular the resonant state energy, on this length is investigated. This, together with an allowance for vibrational frequency changes and non-Condon effects, yields a much improved fit to the observed profiles. The results suggest a narrow distribution of relatively short conjugation lengths (⩽20 double bonds), contrary to most earlier reported distributions based on the dispersion of Raman bands, but comparable to a distribution based on isomerization kinetics.
Finite-element method applied to EMC problems (PCB environment)

In a printed circuit board environment, the solution domain is highly inhomogeneous, and analytic expressions for design parameters are very difficult to obtain, even for the simplest configuration. The finite element method (FEM) offers an attractive alternative for solving the problem in all its aspects including the determination of parasitic effects. A problem of practical interest, related to crosstalk, is formulated to be solved using the FEM. The technique is first applied to obtain the field distribution, and then the field is used to calculate transmission line parameters of conducting tracks on printed circuit boards. FEM is used to solve a radiation problem in three dimensions. The solution is used to predict far-field radiation levels of electronic equipment from near-field measurements. >
Angiocardiographic studies of the Anuran double circulation

Angiocardiography was used to investigate cardiovascular flow patterns in the heart and great vessels of the bullfrog and the marine toad. In the frog, these studies revealed a completely selective distribution of right atrial blood to the pulmocutaneous arches. The selective distribution is affected, in part, by the ventricular trabeculae which maintain in the ventricle a separation of right and left atrial blood, by the sequential movement from the ventricle of first right and then left atrial blood, and by a sphincter-action at the point of division of the truncus arteriosus which effectively shunts right atrial blood into the pulmocutaneous circuit. Left atrial blood in the frog is initially distributed selectively to the systemic arches; late in ventricular systole, some left atrial blood enters the pulmonary circuit. In the toad, both left-to-right and right-to-left mixing appear to occur, but only after significant periods of selective distribution.
Balloon dilation valvuloplasty of bioprosthetic valves in extracardiac conduits.

Abstract Six patients, aged 8 to 20 years, with valved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits were catheterized for balloon dilation valvuloplasty of stenotic and calcified bioprosthetic valves. Conduit stenosis was severe in all cases, with peak-to-peak systolic pressure gradients of 62 to 100 mm Hg (mean 79 mm Hg) and right ventricular systolic pressures of 87 to 115 mm Hg (mean 100 mm Hg). Three patients had good results, with residual peak-to-peak systolic pressure gradients of 20, 25, and 35 mm Hg. In two other patients, repeated balloon rupture before full inflation occurred, and residual gradients were high (55 and 60 mm Hg). One patient had substantial proximal and distal conduit obstruction in addition to valvular stenosis, and balloon dilation valvuloplasty was not attempted. No complications occurred in five patients; one patient required iliac vein exploration to remove an avuised balloon fragment. Balloon dilation valvuloplasty can relieve bioprosthetic valve stenosis and postpone conduit replacement in some patients.
A Critical Analysis of the Behavioral Adaptation Explanation of the Probing Effect

Deception researchers interested in the effects of interrogative probing repeatedly have documented that probed sources are rated as more honest than nonprobed sources. This finding has been labeled “the probing effect.” The commonly accepted explanation for the probing effect is the behavioral adaptation explanation (BAE). The BAE posits that probing causes message sources to strategically adapt behavioral cues so as to appear “honest.” This behavioral adaptation subsequently causes message recipients to perceive probed sources as truthful. Across several published studies and convention papers, researchers have claimed empirical support for the BAE. This report documents three problems with the BAE that, taken together, suggest that the BAE cannot account for the probing effect.
Deployment of a Class 2 tensegrity boom

Tensegrity structures are special truss structures composed of bars in compression and cables in tension. Most tensegrity structures under investigation, to date, have been of Class 1, where bars do not touch. In this article, however, we demonstrate the hardware implementation of a 2 stage symmetric Class 2 tensegrity structure, where bars do connect to each other at a pivot. The open loop control law for tendon lengths to accomplish the desired geometric reconfiguration are computed analytically. The velocity of the structure's height is chosen and reconfiguration is accomplished in a quasi-static manner, ignoring dynamic effects. The main goal of this research was to design, build, and test the capabilities of the Class 2 structure for deployment concepts and to further explore the possibilities of multiple stage structures using the same design and components.
Idea Generation in Groups: A Basis for Creativity in Organizations

Abstract Knowledge or idea exchange is an important function of groups in organizations. Much research has demonstrated that idea sharing in groups involves relatively inefficient processes. Some of these processes are briefly summarized. It is proposed that there are conditions under which idea sharing in groups can be productive. One important factor is the extent to which group members carefully process the ideas exchanged in the group ( attention ). Another is the opportunity for group members to reflect on the ideas after the exchange process ( incubation ). These factors were examined by using a “brainwriting” paradigm. Evidence was obtained for enhanced performance of sharing groups in comparison to nonsharing or nominal groups both during the idea-generation session and in a second individual idea-generation session. This study suggests that, under the right conditions, the idea exchange process in groups may be an important means for enhancing creativity and innovation in organizations.
Foxp3 controls autoreactive T cell activation through transcriptional regulation of early growth response genes and E3 ubiquitin ligase genes, independently of thymic selection.

Abstract To elucidate the mechanisms of autoreactive T cell activation and expansion, we used endogenous viral superantigens (VSAg)-reactive T cells as a model of self-antigens in two strains of Foxp3-mutant mice. These two strains, together with wild-type mice, provided us with an advantage to simultaneously study the positively and negatively selected as well as rescued autoreactive T cells. We show here that while both VSAg-reactive and non-VSAg-reactive T cells are equally activated in Foxp3-mutant mice, only the VSAg-reactive T cells are preferentially expanded independently of their selected states in the thymus. The T cell activation appears to be controlled by Foxp3 through transcriptional regulation of early growth response (Egr) genes Egr-2 and Egr-3, and E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase genes Cblb, Itch and GRAIL, subsequently affecting degradation of two key signaling proteins, PLCγ1 and PKC-θ. Physiologically, the positively, but not negatively selected VSAg-reactive T cells are spontaneously activated without significant expansion. The results suggest that autoreactive T cell activation is controlled by Foxp3 through transcriptional regulation of early growth response genes and E3 ubiquitin ligase genes, independently of thymic selection.
Pleural Diseases, 4th Edition

By Richard W. Light. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001; 432 pp; $115.00
Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma

The cloning of the genes encoding cancer antigens has opened new possibilities for the treatment of patients with cancer. In this study, immunodominant peptides from the gp100 melanoma-associated antigen were identified, and a synthetic peptide, designed to increase binding to HLA-A2 molecules, was used as a cancer vaccine to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. On the basis of immunologic assays, 91% of patients could be successfully immunized with this synthetic peptide, and 13 of 31 patients (42%) receiving the peptide vaccine plus IL-2 had objective cancer responses, and four additional patients had mixed or minor responses. Synthetic peptide vaccines based on the genes encoding cancer antigens hold promise for the development of novel cancer immunotherapies.
Application of compressed sensing in full-field structural health monitoring

Embedded sensors are used in layers of composite structures to provide local damage detection. The presence of these sensors causes material and geometric discontinuities which in turn causes unwanted peaks of stress and strain with consequences on stiffness reduction. Often several of these sensors are embedded in structures aggregating the adverse effects of discontinuities to degrade the structural integrity. Structural damage is a sparse phenomenon and the mechanical metrics are smooth functions with few spikes near the location of damage. This sparsity and spikiness can be exploited to reduce the number of embedded sensors in composite structures. The goal of this paper is to adapt the compressed sensing theory and detect damage using far fewer sensors than conventionally possible. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, we performed a numerical experiment on a rectangular plate with a center hole, and have shown that the 2D strain-field can be recovered from few samples of discrete strain measurements acquired by embedded sensors.