cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spaceflight results in reduced mRNA levels for tissue-specific proteins in the musculoskeletal system

The purpose of the present study in growing rats was to investigate the effects of short-term spaceflight on gene expression in bone and muscle and on cortical bone histomorphometry. Two experiments were carried out; Physiological Systems Experiments 1 and 2 were 4- and 10-day flights, respectively. Radial bone growth in the humerus was unchanged during the 4-day flight and decreased during the 10-day flight. Expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was unchanged in biceps, calvarial periosteum, and long-bone periosteum after spaceflight. Similarly, no changes in ribosomal RNA levels were observed in long-bone or calvarial periosteum after spaceflight. In contrast, spaceflight decreased steady-state mRNA levels for actin in muscle (4-day flight). Osteocalcin (both spaceflights) and the prepro-alpha 2[I] chain of type I precollagen (10-day flight) mRNA levels were decreased in long-bone and calvarial periosteum after spaceflight. These results indicate that the effects of spaceflight on the musculoskeletal system include decreased expression of some muscle- and bone-specific genes as well as decreased bone formation. Interestingly, detectable reductions in gene expression for bone matrix proteins preceded histological evidence for decreased bone formation.
Motivating, Rewarding and Bonding in the Organizational Hologram

There is no way an organization can hope to achieve and maintain combined congruency in a dynamically complex milieu unless it is able to motivate ordinary people to perform in extraordinary ways. This occurs when the Associates are rewarded and bonded to the organization. The capacity of an organization to be efficiently adaptable depends upon its Associates electing to contribute to the success of the firm and willingness to undergo changes themselves. This will not occur unless the organization manages its human assets and resources with the same zeal, talent and persistence with which it manages its other resources.
Kant’s Thesis about being Anticipated by Suarez?

In this paper I shall attempt to clarify a notion in Kant’s philosophy which is much discussed today, by referring back to the doctrine of Suarez, an historically influential representative of traditional ontology. I shall try to give a rational account of the Suarezian doctrine of possibility and reality by making explicit those assumptions which make it comprehensible and which were still, after some important modifications, the presuppositions underlying Kant’s thesis that being is obviously not a real predicate or (a predicate which stands for) something real but merely the positing of a thing.1
In utero exposures to environmental organic pollutants disrupt epigenetic marks linked to fetoplacental development.

While the developing fetus is largely shielded from the external environment through the protective barrier provided by the placenta, it is increasingly appreciated that environmental agents are able to cross and even accumulate in this vital organ for fetal development. To examine the potential influence of environmental pollutants on the placenta, we assessed the relationship between polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p- chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) and several epigenetic marks linked to fetoplacental development. We measured IGF2 / H19 imprint control region methylation, IGF2 and H19 expression, IGF2 loss of imprinting (LOI) and global DNA methylation levels in placenta ( n = 116) collected in a formative research project of the National Children’s Study to explore the relationship between these epigenetic marks and the selected organic environmental pollutants. A positive association was observed between global DNA methylation and total PBDE levels ( P < 0.01) and between H19 expression and total PCB levels ( P = 0.04). These findings suggest that differences in specific epigenetic marks linked to fetoplacental development occur in association with some, but not all, measured environmental exposures.
Dayahead Electricity Pricing for a Heterogeneous Microgrid Under Arbitrary Utility and Cost Structures

In this paper, we consider the dayahead load and supply allocation problem in an electrical microgrid, which consists of a system manager, consumers, and suppliers. We do not impose any mathematical, operational, and economic assumptions on the consumers and suppliers other than restricting them to have a finite number of load and supply schedules. For example, a consumer can have arbitrary forms of flexibilities in its demand, such as deferrability or intermittence, and the user can choose from a set of predetermined load allocations that represent these flexibilities. Thus, our system model can accommodate heterogeneous user requirements and constraints in the same problem formulation. Under this system model, we formulate a welfare maximization problem, and derive a distributed primal–dual pricing algorithm. In our algorithm, the system manager generates prices for the load and supply allocations of the users, and given these prices, the users independently choose the schedules to their best operational and economic interests. Furthermore, the pricing algorithm incentivizes the users so that their decisions benefit the system performance, and it achieves the optimal load and supply allocation. Finally, we study the algorithm’s performance via simulations and demonstrate how the demand-side flexibilities are utilized for the system’s benefit.
Isotope Separation in Optically Pumped Thomson Discharges1

Powerful carbon monoxide (CO) gas lasers are used to prepare mixtures of vibrational-mode-excited CO gas in optical absorption cells, by resonance absorption of the laser radiation. The CO in such cells has high vibrational mode energy content, O[0.1] eV per molecule, while the translational-rotational mode energies remain low. In isotopic mixtures containing 13CO and 12CO, it has been shown that the heavier-weight component contains considerably more vibrational energy. Data and theory for this effect are reviewed. The vibrationally excited CO gas ionizes by an associative mechanism, to yield positive molecular ions consisting of species represented by the general chemical form of (CO)2Cn+, where n can be a small integer, 0<n<15.Ad.c. electric potential is applied to plate electrodes positioned on either side of the optically pumped gas. It is found that copious amounts of the positive ions are collected on the negative electrode within minutes. In a related series of experiments, the vibrational mode of liquid phase mixtures of 13CO and 12CO is excited by the same laser pumping technique. At the low translational mode temperature (88 K) of the liquid mixture, the disequilibrium between the vibrational mode energy content of the two isotopic components is extreme. Measurements show almost all energy going into the heavy component. The kinetic mechanisms for these isotopically selective effects are analyzed and discussed. We discuss the potential of both the gas and liquid phase processes for the physical separation of species enriched in the stable rare isotopes, notably 13C, I7O, and 18Q
Carcinogenicity of long-term feeding of cycad husk to rats.

SummaryGuamanians eat the fleshy husk of the seeds of the cycad, Cycas circinalis, which is indigenous to Guam. The fresh husk is eaten to relieve thirst. The dried husk is eaten as candy. The kernel of this seed is soaked in water, sun dried, and ground for preparation as an ingredient in foods. This processed kernel was not toxic or carcinogenic in contrast to unprocessed kernels. Since the husk is consumed without cooking or processing other than drying, and since the husk is reported to be eaten primarily by children, it is imperative to evaluate the safety of this food. The acute toxic effects have already been studied whereas the carcinogenic properties of the husk have not. For this reason rats were fed diets containing 0.5-2.0% of the dry husk for prolonged periods. Malignant tumors were found in the liver and kidney of experimental animals. Metastatic tumors were found in the pancreas, spleen, and lung.
Action of Antibiotics in Stimulating Growth of Poultry 1. Effect of Feeding Lysed E. Coli and Fecal Preparations

Abstract A NUMBER of investigators have attempted to correlate the growth stimulation effect from feeding antibiotics with the presence or level of specific intestinal bacterial populations within the digestive tract of poultry or animals. Thus far, such efforts have not proven particularly fruitful in explaining the exact mechanisms of action of antibiotics. Johansson et al. (1948) and Johansson and Sarles (1949) studied the gut microflora change in the presence of bacitracin and penicillin and found that the ceca are an important site for the synthesis of B-vitamins and probably other unknown nutritional entities. They concluded that antibiotic growth stimulation appeared to be related to the presence of particular organisms in the digestive tract. Rhodes et al. (1954) showed that coliform organisms accumulated in the ceca of antibiotic-fed birds. However, Dixon and Thayer (1951) demonstrated that growth responses could occur with penicillin and aureomycin in chicks whose ceca had been removed. Several …
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Thermally Stable Jet Fuels JP-7, JP-TS and JP-900

The thermal decomposition kinetics of JP-7, JP-TS and JP-900 were studied, motivated by the need of the hypersonic vehicle community for a fuel that has a high degree of thermal stability. Decomposition reactions were performed at 375, 400, 425 and 450 °C in stainless-steel ampule reactors. In all cases, the pressure before decomposition was 34.5 MPa (5000 psi). Decomposition as a function of time at each temperature was quantified by analyzing the thermally stressed liquid phase using gas chromatography. These results were used to determine global first-order rate constants that approximate the overall decomposition rate of of each fuel. For JP-7, these first-order rate constants ranged from 1.79 × 10–5 s–1 at 375 °C to 3.02 × 10–4 s–1 at 450 °C. For JP-TS, the rate constants had values between 1.74 × 10–5 s–1 at 375 °C to 2.70 × 10–4 s–1 at 450 °C. For JP-900, the rate constants ranged from 1.03 × 10–5 s–1 at 375 °C to 3.60 × 10–4 s–1 at 450 °C. At all temperatures studied, these three fuels have simila...
Changes of RNA editase ADAR1 during mouse primary lymphocyte proliferation

Aim To explore the changes of ADAR1 activity during mouse primary lymphocytic proliferation. Methods ① Synthetic dsRNA substrate labeled with 32 p-ATP was prepared by in vitro transcription using pBluescriptSK (+/-) vector containing a gene of α-tropomyosin; ② Lymphocytes were isolated from mouse spleen and lymph nodes, incubated in RPMI1640 with or without IL-2/ConA. The cells were harvested at different time points, and whole-cell extract was prepared so that the ADAR1 activities could be detected; ③The production of inosine in the synthetic dsRNA incubated with whole-cell extract was measured by TLC and radioautogram; ④Lymphocytic proliferation rate was detected by MTT colorimetry. Results ADAR1 activity was increased from 30 hours of incubation and reached higher level around 72 hours, which was consistent with the cell's proliferation curve. Conclusion Increased ADAR1 acitivity is first found during lymphocytic proliferation. ADAR1 might play an important role in the lymphocytic function.
Identifying barriers to diversity in law enforcement agencies

Despite numerous reasons that have been hypothesized, recruitment of African Americans and other ethnic minorities would seem to have much to do with the methodologies and marketing practices used ...
Are physical therapy clinical instructors teaching the Institute of Medicine core competencies? An exploratory investigation using student perceptions.

UNLABELLED The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has recommended instituting clinical education reforms to ensure all health profession graduates acquire five core competencies; providing patient-centered care, working in interdisciplinary teams, employing evidence-based practice, applying quality improvement and utilizing informatics. The IOM has identified 28 specific skills associated with these competencies. This qualitative, exploratory study was conducted to begin to examine the extent to which physical therapy clinical instructors provide students with instruction the students perceived as promoting the acquisition of these skills. METHODS Two groups of physical therapy students enrolled in a 3-year DPT program (7 on a first-year clinical education experience and 17 on a final year experience) maintained journals describing the types of learning activities used by clinical instructors to promote the acquisition of the competencies. The authors employed NVivo qualitative data analysis software to code the journal entries using 28 codes derived from the skills associated with the five core competencies. RESULTS Of the 327 coded learning activities, just over 50% were related to skills associated with providing patient-centered care (21.4%) and working in interdisciplinary teams (30.0%). The remaining 49.6% of the learning activities cited by students were related to skills associated with employing evidence-based practice (18.3%), applying quality improvement (16.5%) and utilizing informatics (13.8%). DISCUSSION Based on student perceptions, physical therapy clinical instructors are providing learning activities that allow students to acquire skills associated with all five of the IOM competencies. However, students reported the least emphasis on instruction pertaining to the competencies of applying quality improvement and utilizing informatics. CONCLUSION This study supports the need for the profession of physical therapy to delineate formal and explicit clinical education instructional content and strategies to promote students' acquisition of the IOM core competency skills.
The principal structures of physiology: what and where are they? The case of Barcroft's Architecture.

He was approaching physiology from an unusual angle, ‘‘not from that of mere structure, whether the structure of organs or of chemical formulae, but from the principles of function.’’ In that way, the monograph differed from the generality of physiological texts in which the systems are considered, for the most part, independently of each other. It differed also in that its primary object was not to convey information but to assist thinking about known physiological processes. To do this, the circle must be completed by using information obtained from experiments. In this case the experiments were often Barcroft’s own. The reader therefore gathers information and thinks about interacting processes at one and the same time. Barcroft did not make any theoretical fuss about any of this, regarding it as the obvious way to proceed.
Cucurbit Seed Development and Production

The assistance of I-Mo Fu to create Figs. 1 and 3 and Mel Oluoch to create Figs. 5–6 is greatly appreciated. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by Virginia Tech or the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. seed vigor, germination, seed aging, fruit development
Huntington’s Disease-Induced Cardiac Disorders Affect Multiple Cellular Pathways

Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, inherited, progressive, and fatal neurological disorder resulting from expanded polyglutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein. While HD is predominately characterized as a disease of the central nervous system, mortality surveys and epidemiological studies reveal heart disease as one of the leading causes of death in HD patients. Emerging evidence supports a link between HD and cardiovascular disease, such as cardiac amyloidosis (accumulation of aggregates in the heart). Experimental animal and clinical studies have attempted to explain the mechanisms of HD-induced cardiac pathology in the association of protein misfolding, autophagic defects, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. HD is increasingly understood as a complex disease with peripheral components of cardiac and skeletal muscle pathophysiology. While the discovery of these linkages and apparent pathological markers is promising, the mechanism of HD-induced cardiac pathology and the nature of its cell autonomy remain elusive. Further study of the wide-ranging cardiac function in HD patients is needed. This review highlights published literature on the pathological factors associated with HD-induced cardiac amyloidosis and other cardiovascular diseases, and addresses gaps in this expanding area of study. Through comprehensive experimental and clinical studies, potential drugs can be tested to attenuate and/or ameliorate HD-induced cardiac pathology and mortality.
Treatment of Tibia Malunion with Circular External Fixation

A 33-year-old man presents with the complaint of a long-standing right ankle deformity due to a missed physeal injury sustained around age 11 or 12 that had resulted in a distal tibial deformity. He tolerated this deformity for over 15 years until he recently began noticing increasing problems with his gait and balance as well as an occasional sensation of his ankle giving way. He presented with the question of whether or not anything could be done for this chronic but worsening problem. Multiple options were discussed and he elected to proceed with correction of his tibial malunion using computer-assisted circular ring external fixation.
Donghak (Eastern Learning), Self-cultivation, and Social Transformation: Towards diverse curriculum discourses on equity and justice

This inquiry aims to advance curricular discourses on equity and social transformation by reviewing Korea’s indigenous philosophy and religion, Donghak [東學 Eastern Learning]. I explicate the ways i...
Preparation of the Nurse for Coronary Care in the 80’s

The role of the nurse in the hospital setting has undergone significant changes during the past two decades, evolving from a generalized to a highly specialized set of role expectations. As health care has become more complex and specialized, so has the role of the nurse. The forerunner in this change was the recovery room nurse, who cared for patients during the immediate post-operative period of stabilization and recovery from anesthesia. As advances continued to be made in new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, intensive care units were established for those patients with more serious and complex illnesses (1). Nurses who staffed the intensive care units assumed even greater responsibilities than the recovery room nurse and gained their expertise through on-the-job learning or continuing education.
Sensitivity of Rain-Rate Estimates Related to Convective Organization: Observations from the Kwajalein, RMI, Radar

AbstractGround radar rainfall, necessary for satellite rainfall product (e.g., TRMM and GPM) ground validation (GV) studies, is often retrieved using annual or climatological convective/stratiform Z–R relationships. Using the Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), polarimetric S-band weather radar (KPOL) and gauge network during the 2009 and 2011 wet seasons, the robustness of such rain-rate relationships is assessed through comparisons with rainfall retrieved using relationships that vary as a function of precipitation regime, defined as shallow convection, isolated deep convection, and deep organized convection. It is found that the TRMM-GV 2A53 rainfall product underestimated rain gauges by −8.3% in 2009 and −13.1% in 2011, where biases are attributed to rainfall in organized precipitation regimes. To further examine these biases, 2A53 GV rain rates are compared with polarimetrically tuned rain rates, in which GV biases are found to be minimized when rain relationships are developed for eac...
The ethics of unbreakable encryption: Rawlsian privacy and the San Bernardino iPhone

Inspired by the 2016 case of the encrypted Apple iPhone used by alleged terrorists in the San Bernardino, Calif. attack, this paper explores the question of whether the use of completely unbreakable encryption online or off-line would be considered ethical by the political philosopher John Rawls. Rawls is widely acknowledged as having played an important role in how we perceive freedom and liberty in Western democracies today, and his work on justice, fairness and liberty appears to be a great source of knowledge for politicians, policy-makers and activists. Several recent events and threats to national security of a technological nature have raised ethical questions about the relationship between state and citizen and how technological power should be divided between these two parties, particularly when it comes to the right to privacy. However, in contrast with a wide-spread perception of Rawls’ work, this article shows that there are cases in which Rawls’ principles actually place a limitation on liberty in these matters. This paper presents a thought experiment in which it becomes clear that Rawls’ advocacy for liberty did not extend to cases in which social cooperation in a well-ordered society would be obstructed. Based on a study of Rawls’ work, the author concludes that whereas Rawls would consider strong encryption both necessary and ethical, completely unbreakable encryption would be considered a violation of social cooperation and thus indefensible for Rawls.
A new approach to data center infrastructure monitoring and management (DCIMM)

We propose a new approach to real-time monitoring and management of data center infrastructure using low-power wireless sensors. This system enables monitoring and optimization of parameters such as power, temperature, humidity, airflow, among others. Given the mission critical nature of data centers, the monitoring system must be reliable and deployed through a non-invasive process. This paper describes a monitoring system that collects data to help users make more informed decisions, reduce downtime and cost of operations, improve efficiency, perform energy audits, plan space usage, and develop predictive behavior models.
FaceDate: a mobile cloud computing app for people matching

This paper presents FaceDate, a novel mobile app that matches persons based on their facial looks. Each FaceDate user uploads their profile face photo and trains the app with photos of faces they like. Upon user request, FaceDate detects other users located in the proximity of the requester and performs face matching in real-time. If a mutual match is found, the two users are notified and given the option to start communicating. FaceDate is implemented over our Moitree middleware for mobile distributed computing assisted by the cloud. The app is designed to scale with the number of users, as face recognition is done in parallel at different users. FaceDate can be configured for (i) higher performance, in which case the face recognition is done in the cloud or (ii) higher privacy, in which case the face recognition is done on the mobiles. The experimental results with Android-based phones demonstrate that FaceDate achieves promising performance.
December 2016: Industry Is Looking for a Way out of Stagnation

December data on Russian industry encourages cautious confidence. Upward trend of the actual demand goes with rather hopeful projections of its change, growth of stocks of finished products needed for the onset of economic growth and securing output growth rates to be around zero.
U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth

Abstract Background Alternative methods for consuming cannabis (e.g., vaping and edibles) have become more popular in the wake of U.S. cannabis legalization. Specific provisions of legal cannabis laws (LCL) (e.g., dispensary regulations) may impact the likelihood that youth will use alternative methods and the age at which they first try the method – potentially magnifying or mitigating the developmental harms of cannabis use. Methods This study examined associations between LCL provisions and how youth consume cannabis. An online cannabis use survey was distributed using Facebook advertising, and data were collected from 2630 cannabis-using youth (ages 14–18). U.S. states were coded for LCL status and various LCL provisions. Regression analyses tested associations among lifetime use and age of onset of cannabis vaping and edibles and LCL provisions. Results Longer LCL duration (OR vaping : 2.82, 95% CI: 2.24, 3.55; OR edibles : 3.82, 95% CI: 2.96, 4.94), and higher dispensary density (OR vaping : 2.68, 95% CI: 2.12, 3.38; OR edibles : 3.31, 95% CI: 2.56, 4.26), were related to higher likelihood of trying vaping and edibles. Permitting home cultivation was related to higher likelihood (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.48) and younger age of onset (β: −0.30, 95% CI: −0.45, −0.15) of edibles. Conclusion Specific provisions of LCL appear to impact the likelihood, and age at which, youth use alternative methods to consume cannabis. These methods may carry differential risks for initiation and escalation of cannabis use. Understanding associations between LCL provisions and methods of administration can inform the design of effective cannabis regulatory strategies.
Electrochemical Deposition of Conformal and Functional Layers on High Aspect Ratio Silicon Micro/Nanowires

Development of new synthetic methods for the modification of nanostructures has accelerated materials design advances to furnish complex architectures. Structures based on one-dimensional (1D) silicon (Si) structures synthesized using top-down and bottom-up methods are especially prominent for diverse applications in chemistry, physics, and medicine. Yet further elaboration of these structures with distinct metal-based and polymeric materials, which could open up new opportunities, has been difficult. We present a general electrochemical method for the deposition of conformal layers of various materials onto high aspect ratio Si micro- and nanowire arrays. The electrochemical deposition of a library of coaxial layers comprising metals, metal oxides, and organic/inorganic semiconductors demonstrate the materials generality of the synthesis technique. Depositions may be performed on wire arrays with varying diameter (70 nm to 4 μm), pitch (5 μ to 15 μ), aspect ratio (4:1 to 75:1), shape (cylindrical, conica...
Clinical utility of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in strabismus surgery: Prospective observational study

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in measuring the distance from the limbus to the insertion of primary and previously operated horizontal rectus muscles. Materials and Methods: This was prospective observational study; we did AS-OCT preoperatively and measured the distance from angle of anterior chamber to muscle insertion using the caliper tool provided in the software. We calculated limbus-insertion distance by adding 1 mm to the angle-insertion distance. We compared this value with intraoperative measurement obtained with surgical caliper. Results: Totally 35 muscles were evaluated, including 12 previously operated muscles. 88.6% of the measurements were within the 1 mm difference considered clinically acceptable. Bland– Altman plots showed good agreement between the two methods. Conclusions: AS-OCT can image the horizontal rectus muscle insertions well and provide good reliability and accuracy in measurement of the limbus-insertion distance.
End-of-Life and Bereavement Care in Pediatric Intensive Care Units

Most childhood deaths in the United States occur in hospitals. Pediatric intensive care clinicians must anticipate and effectively treat dying children's pain and suffering and support the psychosocial and spiritual needs of families. These actions may help family members adjust to their loss, particularly bereaved parents who often experience reduced mental and physical health. Candid and compassionate communication is paramount to successful end-of-life (EOL) care as is creating an environment that fosters meaningful family interaction. EOL care in the pediatric intensive care unit is associated with challenging ethical issues, of which clinicians must maintain a sound and working understanding.
Selective laser melting of fiber-reinforced glass composites

Abstract A selective laser melting (SLM) process is developed for manufacturing of a novel glass fiber-reinforced glass (GRFG) composite material. Experiments using a continuous wave fiber laser are conducted for demonstrating this SLM process using borosilicate S-glass fibers and fine soda lime glass powders, which have distinct glass transition temperatures. During laser scanning, fine glass powders turn into viscous flow. The molten glass flows through and encapsulates the relatively solid fibers, which are not fused due to their relatively higher glass transition temperature. Upon cooling, a compacted GRFG composite forms with a high volume ratio of intact and well-encapsulated glass fibers.
Medicare Spending and Potential Savings on Brand-Name Drugs With Available Generic Substitutes Excluded by 2 Large Pharmacy Benefit Managers, 2012 Through 2015.

This study uses Medicare Part D drug utilization and spending data to estimate potential Part D program and beneficiary savings on brand-name medications excluded by pharmacy benefit managers for which generic substitutes are available.
Near-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance of Ca F 2 : Yb 3 +

We have observed discrete resonances for fluorine nuclei near ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ impurities in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. Angular dependences are reported and some general features of the near-nuclei magnetic-resonance method are briefly discussed.
Counseling our aging population: A training program for pharmacy students on hearing loss.

Abstract Background and purpose Hearing loss affects approximately one-third of adults age 61–70 and >80% of those older than 85 years. This can impede the ability to hear medication administration instructions, leading to poor adherence and unnecessary disease progression and complications. The study purpose was to educate students on hearing loss and identify program impact. Educational activity and setting An online program for advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students was developed to train students how to counsel patients with hearing loss to improve medication understanding and adherence. The purpose of the training program was to provide background on hearing loss, increase understanding of the impact hearing loss, and to prepare students to counsel this population. A link from SurveyMonkey was provided upon training program completion. Findings Ninety-two students completed the survey. Prior to training, Discussion and summary It is crucial to prepare students to better understand this population in order to meet their needs. This program enhanced students’ knowledge of hearing loss and increased their understanding of communication barriers.
Moral Responsibility, Voluntary Control, and Intentional Action

Many theorists writing about moral responsibility accept that voluntary control is necessary for responsibility. Call such theorists volitionists. Recently, volitionism has been called into question by theorists I call nonvolitionists. Yet neither volitionists nor nonvolitionists have carefully articulated a clear volitionist thesis, nor have they sufficiently explained the concept of voluntary control that somehow seems connected to volitionism. I argue that attempts to explain the volitionist thesis, voluntary control, and their relation are more problematic than have previously been recognized. Instead, I recommend understanding volitionism in terms of intentional actions and omissions. This understanding has several benefits. It clarifies the debate and its parameters, it avoids the problematic notion of voluntary control while relying on the clearer notion of intentional action, and it highlights that the debate between volitionists and nonvolitionists essentially concerns the nature and scope of obligations. As a result, understanding volitionism in terms of intentional actions and omissions can help breathe new life into the volitionist debate.
Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of patients with paroxysmal intra-His block with narrow QRS complexes.

Background Atrioventricular (AV) block is usually due to infranodal disease and associated with a wide QRS complex; such patients often progress to complete AV block and pacemaker dependency. Uncommonly, infranodal AV block can occur within the His bundle with a narrow QRS complex. Objectives The aims of this study were to define clinical/echocardiographic characteristics of patients with AV block within the His bundle and report progression to pacemaker dependency. Methods We retrospectively identified patients with narrow QRS complexes and documented intra-His delay or block at electrophysiology study (group A) or with electrocardiogram-documented Mobitz II AV block/paroxysmal AV block (group B). Clinical, electrophysiological, and echocardiographic variables at presentation and pacemaker parameters at the last follow-up visit were evaluated. Results Twenty-seven patients (19 women) were identified (mean age 64 ± 13 years; range, 38–85 years). Four patients who had Conclusion Patients who present with syncope and narrow QRS complexes with intra-His delay or Mobitz II paroxysmal AV block with narrow QRS complexes rarely progress to pacemaker dependency and require infrequent pacing. This entity is more common in women, with a higher prevalence of aortic and/or mitral annular calcification. If confirmed by additional studies, single-chamber pacemaker may be sufficient.
Mechanical Anisotropy Assessment in Kidney Cortex Using ARFI Peak Displacement: Preclinical Validation and Pilot In Vivo Clinical Results in Kidney Allografts

The kidney is an anisotropic organ, with higher elasticity along versus across nephrons. The degree of mechanical anisotropy in the kidney may be diagnostically relevant if properly exploited; however, if improperly controlled, anisotropy may confound stiffness measurements. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of acoustic radiation force (ARF)-induced peak displacement (PD) measures for both exploiting and obviating mechanical anisotropy in the cortex of human kidney allografts, in vivo . Validation of the imaging methods is provided by preclinical studies in pig kidneys, in which ARF-induced PD values were significantly higher ( $p , Wilcoxon) when the transducer executing asymmetric ARF was oriented across versus along the nephrons. The ratio of these PD values obtained with the transducer oriented across versus along the nephrons strongly linearly correlated ( $R^{2} = 0.95$ ) to the ratio of shear moduli measured by shear wave elasticity imaging. On the contrary, when a symmetric ARF was implemented, no significant difference in PD was observed ( $p > 0.01$ ). Similar results were demonstrated in vivo in the kidney allografts of 14 patients. The symmetric ARF produced PD measures with no significant difference ( $p > 0.01$ ) between along versus across alignments, but the asymmetric ARF yielded PD ratios that remained constant over a six-month observation period post-transplantation, consistent with stable serum creatinine level and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in the same patient population ( $p> 0.01$ ). The results of this pilot in vivo clinical study suggest the feasibility of 1) implementing symmetrical ARF to obviate mechanical anisotropy in the kidney cortex when anisotropy is a confounding factor and 2) implementing asymmetric ARF to exploit mechanical anisotropy when mechanical anisotropy is a potentially relevant biomarker.
Engaging Beneficiaries In Medicaid Programs That Incentivize Health-Promoting Behaviors

Medicaid programs are increasingly adopting incentive programs to improve health behaviors among beneficiaries. There is limited evidence on what incentives are being offered to Medicaid beneficiar...
Local and social: entrepreneurs, information network effects, and economic growth

Information is an essential input to the entrepreneurial process. Information based on the trials of past entrepreneurial projects can be particularly useful as it reveals details about the local market, benefiting subsequent ventures. Through a formal model of entrepreneurial search characterized by information flows and networks, we hypothesize a diminishing returns relationship between entrepreneurial information, in the form of births and deaths of entrepreneurial projects and economic benefits in the form of employment growth. We leverage the natural experiment contexts of regional economies to explore the role of information as it varies across market scale. In addition, given that networks, an important channel for information, are most powerful and effective in localized settings, we use the regional socio-demographic variation to explore the role of networks defined by gender. We indeed find statistically and economically significant evidence for the information-growth relationship in terms of both market scale and gender, with larger positive employment effects in less dynamic markets and less-networked market contexts. After building the empirical case for the importance of information flows and networks, we conclude with policy implications with particular attention to broadening and deepening entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Arts Incubators as Policy Tools: Outputs, Outcomes, and Policy Targets

Literature suggests that arts incubators serve cultural, economic, and community development functions by supporting individual artists, nonprofit arts organizations, and creative industries entrepreneurs. The outputs of arts incubators include new arts-based businesses, showings of incubated artwork, individual artists with enhanced business planning capacity, and more. When arts incubators are used as policy tools, the desired outcomes include community economic development, increased community vibrancy, community cultural development, and individual artist economic stability and sustainability. Tracking the targets of arts incubator enterprises provides insight into their use as policy tools. This essay explores the arts incubator landscape in the US and provides examples of outputs and policy outcomes (both desired and realized) for arts incubators.
Ecological Fallacy and Aggregated Data: A Case Study of Fried Chicken Restaurants, Obesity and Lyme Disease.

Interdisciplinary approaches are merited when attempting to understand the complex and idiosyncratic processes driving the spillover of pathogens from wildlife and vector species to human populations. Public health data are often available for zoonotic pathogens but can lead to erroneous conclusions if the data have been spatially or temporally aggregated. As an illustration, we use human Lyme disease incidence data as a case study to examine correlations between mammalian biodiversity, fried chicken restaurants and obesity rates on human disease incidence. We demonstrate that Lyme disease incidence is negatively correlated with mammalian biodiversity, the abundance of fried chicken restaurants and obesity rates. We argue, however, that these correlations are spurious, representing both an ‘ecologic fallacy’ and Simpson’s paradox, and are generated by the use of aggregated data. We argue that correlations based on aggregated data across large spatial scales must be rigorously examined before being invoked as proof of disease ecology theory or as a rationale for public health policy.
Multi-resolution Super Learner for Voxel-wise Classification of Prostate Cancer Using Multi-parametric MRI

While current research has shown the importance of Multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa), further investigation is needed for how to incorporate the specific structures of the mpMRI data, such as the regional heterogeneity and between-voxel correlation within a subject. This paper proposes a machine learning-based method for improved voxel-wise PCa classification by taking into account the unique structures of the data. We propose a multi-resolution modeling approach to account for regional heterogeneity, where base learners trained locally at multiple resolutions are combined using the super learner, and account for between-voxel correlation by efficient spatial Gaussian kernel smoothing. The method is flexible in that the super learner framework allows implementation of any classifier as the base learner, and can be easily extended to classifying cancer into more sub-categories. We describe detailed classification algorithm for the binary PCa status, as well as the ordinal clinical significance of PCa for which a weighted likelihood approach is implemented to enhance the detection of the less prevalent cancer categories. We illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach over conventional modeling and machine learning approaches through simulations and application to in vivo data.
Complicated acute type B aortic dissection: update on management and results.

BACKGROUND The role of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has evolved and is now firmly established as a mainstay of therapy for acute complicated type B aortic dissection (acTBAD). However, several important issues remain unresolved including the optimal timing, sizing, graft selection, coverage length and utilization of adjunctive therapies to address false lumen perfusion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a contemporary perspective on the management and results for TEVAR of acTBAD. METHODS All TEVAR patients (N.=159) with acTBAD from a single high-volume, academic medical center were analyzed. Comparative results across time-dependent cohorts (2005-2009 [N.=43] vs. 2010-2014 [N.=56] vs. 2015-2020 [N.=60]) are presented. RESULTS 30-day mortality was 13%(N.=21) with a trend towards improvement over time (2005-2009, 18% vs. 2010-2020, 12%; P=0.1). Similarly, incidence of postoperative complications also declined: 2005-2009, 70% vs. 2010-2020, 36%(P-trend=0.08). One and 2-year freedom from aorta-related reintervention was 78±7% and 73±9% and did not differ across cohorts (log-rank P=0.5). Respective one and 5-year survival was 75±3% and 64±7%, but significantly improved with time (log-rank P<0.001). The corresponding one and five-year freedom from aorta-related mortality was 82±4% and 78±7% but did not change during the study interval (log-rank P=0.3). CONCLUSIONS Outcomes for TEVAR of acTBAD continue to improve over time. This time-dependent analysis delineates how results have changed due to increasing experience, technologic evolution, and maturation of the peer reviewed evidence. These results along with the evidence-based review provided herein, provide an update on the management and results of TEVAR of acTBAD while highlighting specific controversies unique to the management of this challenging clinical problem.
Are motorcycles really "donorcycles"? Examining organ donation rates between unhelmeted and helmeted motorcyclists.

Abstract Introduction: Motorcycles are colloquially referred to as “donorcycles” among medical staff. However, the actual impact of helmet laws and helmet use on organ donation is unknown. Michigan’s 35-year-old universal helmet law (UHL) was repealed in April 2012 and replaced by a partial-helmet law. We hypothesized that there would be an increase in organ donation rates from unhelmeted motorcyclist fatalities. Methods: Michigan's Gift of Life Michigan organ donation database was queried from April 2008 through May 2015 in conjunction with the Michigan Trauma Quality Improvement Program database from the same time period. All in-hospital motorcycle crash fatalities were examined. Results: A three-fold increase was found in the rate of organ donation for unhelmeted motorcyclists compared to helmeted motorcyclists (p = 0.006). Motorcycle crash fatalities tended to be younger in age after the UHL repeal with an average age of 32.8 years versus 40.8, however, this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.071). Additionally, there was no significant difference in organ donation rates pre-UHL repeal (2008–2012) versus post-repeal (2012–2015). Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate an increased rate of organ donation among unhelmeted motorcyclist fatalities compared to helmeted rider fatalities. There was no significant increase in the rate of organ donation following the Michigan UHL repeal. However, we identified that some motorcycle crash fatalities were from illegally unhelmeted riders in the past, prior to the repeal. Practical Application: Unhelmeted motorcyclists are three times more likely than helmeted riders to become organ donors, possibly due to the well documented increase in severe traumatic brain injuries in this population. From a public health perspective, helmets should be required for all motorcyclists and efforts to advocate in favor of helmet legislation should be supported by trauma systems and health professionals.
Study Abroad and School Psychologists’ Perceptions of Intercultural Competence

This study investigated perceived influence of study abroad experiences on intercultural competence in school psychologists and school psychologists-in-training. This exploratory descriptive qualitative analysis involved semi-structured interviews with a purposively sampled group (n = 20) of school psychologists (n = 10) and school psychology graduate students (n = 10) who studied abroad during their undergraduate or graduate programs. Participants responded to questions about their study abroad experience, how it affected them, what they learned about other cultures, and how it affected their career or career preparation. Four themes were identified: (1) awareness of cultural similarities and differences; (2) recognition of privilege; (3) development of empathy; and (4) shaping of professional practice. Participants reported that their study abroad experiences had a positive impact on their perceived intercultural competence. Implications for school psychology training programs and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Measuring the Impacts of Everyday Police Proactive Activities: Tackling the Endogeneity Problem

To examine how the practice of daily proactivity affects and responds to changes in crime at micro geographic and temporal scales. Police calls for service and automated vehicle location data from a large suburban jurisdiction were used to create comprehensive measures of police proactivity. Panel data and the generalized method of moments framework were applied to tease out the endogenous relationships between crime and police proactivity and understand the unique impact of proactive patrol and crime upon one another. Daily police proactivity in this locality was highly stable at micro places, although police did intensify their activities very briefly in response to recent changes in crime. In turn, increases in proactive patrol generated immediate increases in crime reporting, followed by fleeting residual deterrent effects that were weaker and less robust. The patterns remained relatively consistent when varying the units of analysis or focusing on hot spots with different profiles of proactivity, but the deterrent effects appeared more sensitive to model specification. Of all measures of proactivity, patrols of medium length and non-traffic enforcement activities were associated with stronger evidence of crime reduction effects. Short-term adjustments in hot spot patrols appear to produce both reporting effects and temporary residual deterrent effects as measured through calls for service and police vehicle location data. Police could potentially enhance and prolong their deterrence by adopting more deliberate strategies with their daily proactive behaviors, including making their proactive activities more targeted and sustained.