cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FS3: A sampling based method for top-k frequent subgraph mining

Mining labeled subgraph is a popular research task in data mining because of its potential application in many different scientific domains. All the existing methods for this task explicitly or implicitly solve the subgraph isomorphism task, which is computationally expensive, and thus they suffer from the lack of scalability problem when the graphs in the input database are large. In this work, we propose FS3, which is a sampling-based method. It mines a small collection of subgraphs that are most frequent in the probabilistic sense. FS3 performs a Markov chain Monte Carlo MCMC sampling over the space of a fixed-size subgraphs such that the potentially frequent subgraphs are sampled more often. Besides, FS3 is equipped with an innovative queue manager. It stores the sampled subgraph in a finite queue over the course of mining in such a manner that the top-k positions in the queue contain the most frequent subgraphs. Our experiments on the database of large graphs show that FS3 is efficient and obtains subgraphs that are the most frequent among the subgraphs of a given size.
Lack of Association Between Bacteriuria and Symptoms in the Elderly

In a study of bacteriuria in elderly (mean age 85 years, range 69 to 101), mostly middle- and upper-class Jewish subjects, attempts were made to determine if bacteriuria without dysuria is otherwise asymptomatic. Seventy-two subjects (59 women and 13 men) without dysuria were questioned about other urinary symptoms (incontinence, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, flank pain, fever) and symptoms indicating a lack of well-being (anorexia, difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in staying asleep, fatigue, malaise, weakness) when they were with and without bacteriuria. Twenty-two subjects had bacteriuria that resolved spontaneously; bacteriuria subsequently developed in 24 nonbacteriuric subjects; and 26 subjects had bacteriuria that resolved with antimicrobial therapy. Subjects occasionally reported urinary symptoms (especially incontinence) and commonly reported symptoms indicating a lack of well-being when they were with and/or without bacteriuria. However, no differences in symptoms were found when bacteriuric subjects were compared with themselves when they were nonbacteriuric. Thus, bacteriuria without dysuria in the elderly appears to be asymptomatic.
The Psychosocial and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Related Disorders

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its related conditions are a public health problem of unprecedented proportions due to the debilitating and fatal nature of the disease, the sociocultural implications related to contagion, and its initial appearance in certain socially stigmatized groups. The ability of patients to tolerate the consequences of the disease depends on their psychological ability to cope based on emotional strength and the availability of social support. The psychological and social impact of AIDS may result in psychiatric symptoms similar to those seen in other life-threatening diseases, including anxiety, depression, and delirium. Neurologic complications are frequent, the commonest being an encephalopathy and dementia that is poorly understood. It is difficult in the early stages of AIDS to separate reactive depression and psychomotor retardation from symptoms associated with central nervous system complications. Guidelines are needed to manage the psychological problems posed by AIDS and its related conditions.
Coordinated Two Mode Grasp in the Quadriplegic Initiated by Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation

Abstract Electrical stimulation of selected paralyzed forearm and hand muscles in C5 and C6 spinal cord injury patients provides control of two types of functional hand movement. Chronically indwelling percutaneous coiled wire electrodes were used to stimulate the muscles. Control of the muscles is open loop, using coordination algorithms tailored to each individual subject. Personal stimulation devices have been provided to the patients to enable them to obtain functional use of their paralyzed extremity.
Moving Beyond the Assumed: Improving Fistula Success Rates.

Vascular access is the lifeline for patients undergoing hemodialysis, and yet, our understanding of the basic biology of access success is, at best, rudimentary. Observational data show that arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are associated with the lowest hospitalization rates, mortality, and costs
Relationship between radiation dose and microbleed formation in patients with malignant glioma.

Cranial irradiation is associated with long-term cognitive changes. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) have been identified on susceptibility-weighted MRI (SWI) in patients who have received prior cranial radiation, and serve as radiographic markers for microvascular injury thought to contribute to late cognitive decline. The relationship between CMB formation and radiation dose has not previously been quantified. SWI was performed on 13 patients with stable WHO grade III-IV gliomas between 2 and 4 years after chemoradiotherapy to 60 Gy. The median age at the time of treatment was 41 years (range 25 – 74 years). CMBs were identified as discrete foci of susceptibility on SWI that did not correspond to vessels. CMB density for low ( 45 Gy) dose regions was computed. Twelve of 13 patients exhibited CMBs. The number of CMBs was significantly higher for late (>3 years from treatment) compared to early (<3 years) timepoints (early median 6 CMBs; late median 27 CMBs; p = 0.001), and there were proportionally more CMBs at lower doses for late scans (p = 0.006). 88% of all CMBs were observed in regions receiving at least 30 Gy, but the CMB density within medium and high dose regions was not significantly different (p = 0.33 and p = 0.9, respectively, for early and late time points). CMBs predominantly form in regions receiving at least 30 Gy, but form in lower dose regions with longer follow-up. We do not observe a clear dose–response relationship at doses above 30 Gy. These findings provide important information to assess the risk of late microvascular sequelae from cranial irradiation.
A 10MHz 5-to-40V EMI-regulated GaN power driver with closed-loop adaptive Miller Plateau sensing

To optimize the classic design trade-off between EMI noise and power efficiency in GaN power drivers at 10MHz and beyond, a closed-loop adaptive Miller Plateau sensing (AMPS) technique is proposed. In order to mitigate long delays and low accuracy issues in conventional Miller Plateau (MP) sensing approaches, an emulated MP tracking (EMPT) technique is adopted to achieve instant MP start point sensing. An isolated negative voltage sensor is designed for the EMPT to avoid considerable leakage current and enhance reliability without increasing circuit complexity. A noise-isolated feedback link ensures the closed-loop regulation accuracy by blocking the switching noise between HV and LV operation domains. Fabricated in a 0.35μm BCD process, the design achieves EMI reduction of 19.23dBμV in Band B ( 30MHz).
Static and Dynamic Measures of Human Brain Connectivity Predict Complementary Aspects of Human Cognitive Performance.

In cognitive network neuroscience, the connectivity and community structure of the brain network is related to measures of cognitive performance, like attention and memory. Research in this emerging discipline has largely focused on two measures of connectivity – modularity and flexibility – which, for the most part, have been examined in isolation. The current project investigates the relationship between these two measures of connectivity and how they make separable contribution to predicting individual differences in performance on cognitive tasks. Using resting state fMRI data from 52 young adults, we show that flexibility and modularity are highly negatively correlated. We use a Brodmann parcellation of the fMRI data and a sliding window approach for calculation of the flexibility. We also demonstrate that flexibility and modularity make unique contributions to explain task performance, with a clear result showing that modularity, not flexibility, predicts performance for simple tasks and that flexibility plays a greater role predicting performance on complex tasks that require cognitive control and executive functioning. The theory and results presented here allow for stronger links between measures of brain network connectivity and cognitive processes.
Impact of Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Location on Induction Machines Parameters Through FE Computations

This paper studies the effect of the location of stator inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults on the squirrel-cage induction machine (IM) model parameter's. The ITSC location can be affected in three different ways, however we studied two of them: the physical placement for a fixed number of turns fault and the variation of the number of turns short-circuited. Both different cases will influence the rotating magnetic field shape in the air gap and thus the stator and rotor parameters. Two investigations are conducted, the former one is a finite element analysis (FEA) of the four location cases of equal severity factor ITSC in the IM phase “a.” The latter is a theoretical and mathematical analysis, where the ITSC is modeled by a step-down auto-transformer in the faulty circuit. The results of the FEA corroborate that different locations impact the IM parameters. However, the effect is not substantial and the theoretical model indicates how the parameters vary with the fault. Moreover, a comparative study of two IM damaged models that present different approach to the stator leakage inductance is performed. The asymmetric mathematical model is presented, simulated, and experimentally compared.
Measurements Of Ultrasmall Displacements

Techniques for resolving small transverse distances are compared with those for resolving small longitudinal displacements. As the desired resolution becomes finer, there comes a point where both problems are best solved by switching to the transform domain. Techniques for measuring displacement can be divided into those used for nonoscillatory versus oscillatory motions. Examples are described for achieving X/105 for the former and X/109 for the latter. Fundamental limitations are discussed.
Regulatory Spillovers in Common Audit Markets

We find that Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) had two significant effects on the audit market for nonpublic entities. The first short-run effect stems from inelastic labor supply coupled with an audit demand s...
Variation in Position Effect Variegation Within a Natural Population

Changes in chromatin state may drive changes in gene expression, and it is of growing interest to understand the population genetic forces that drive differences in chromatin state. Here, we use the phenomenon of position effect variegation (PEV), a well-studied proxy for chromatin state, to survey variation in PEV among a naturally derived population. Further, we explore the genetic architecture of natural variation in factors that modify PEV. While previous mutation screens have identified over 150 suppressors and enhancers of PEV, it remains unknown to what extent allelic variation in these modifiers mediate interindividual variation in PEV. Is natural variation in PEV mediated by segregating genetic variation in known Su(var) and E(var) genes, or is the trait polygenic, with many variants mapping elsewhere in the genome? We designed a dominant mapping study that directly answers this question and suggests that the bulk of the variance in PEV does not map to genes with prior annotated impact to PEV. Instead, we find enrichment of top P-value ranked associations that suggest impact to active promoter and transcription start site proximal regions. This work highlights extensive variation in PEV within a population, and provides a quantitative view of the role naturally segregating autosomal variants play in modifying PEV—a phenomenon that continues to shape our understanding of chromatin state and epigenetics.
The Central American Peace Process: The Role of International Organizations

The balance sheet on the role of the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS) in the Central American peace process is a positive one. It would be hard to imagine the relative peace Central America has come to experience without the contribution of these two international organizations. All wars and conflicts eventually end, but without the UN and the OAS, peace would have been pushed far into the future with potentially disastrous impact on the lives of hundreds of thousands of Central Americans.
Safety of intravenous tobramycin in combination with a variety of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives:Previous studies have examined renal safety of once daily intravenous tobramycin in individuals with cystic fibrosis. This has been mainly in combination with ceftazidime in an adolescen...
A novel algorithm to improve specificity in ovarian cancer detection.

Abstract Background Measurement of autoantibodies (AAbs) to tumor associated antigens has been proposed to aid in the early detection of ovarian cancer with high specificity. Here we describe a multiplex approach to evaluate selected peptide epitopes of p53 protein, and propose a novel approach to increase specificity and potentially sensitivity for discrimination between healthy women and women with cancerous masses. Materials and methods 20-mer overlapping peptide epitopes of p53, generated by mapping the complete p53 sequence, were evaluated in a multiplex immunoassay for their detection of serum AAbs in patients with ovarian cancer, using Luminex technology. AAbs to the selected peptides and to p53 full length protein were then detected in a multiplex immunoassay evaluating 359 sera from healthy women and 285 sera from patients with early and late stage ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels were measured in all p53 AAb-positive sera. Results We considered the AAb results together to identify sera where both the full length protein and at least one selected peptide epitope were positive and chose cutoffs that reduced false positives from these AAbs to 1/359 samples, improving specificity. Using this combined approach, we could identify 7 AAb-positive patients that were negative for CA-125 (concentrations below 35 IU/mL); this represents 26% of the p53 positive patients in the total population. Conclusion By detecting p53 AAbs in CA-125-negative sera, we demonstrated that combining measurement of AAbs to the full length p53 protein and one or more selected epitopes can potentially improve sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cancer detection.
Chemoepitaxial guiding underlayers for density asymmetric and energetically asymmetric diblock copolymers

Currently, high χ block copolymers (BCPs) are being investigated as a method to extend optical lithography due to their ability to microphase separate on small size scales. Typically, BCPs with larger Flory–Huggin’s χ parameters are composed of more dissimilar homopolymers. However, having dissimilar blocks changes how BCPs interact with their guiding underlayers. Several BCPs are simulated annealing on chemoepitaxial guiding underlayers using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model to explore the effect that either energetic asymmetry or density asymmetry in the BCP have on the pattern registration. It is found that in varying the background region composition four regimes can be found. Minor variations in pinning stripe width are shown to have little effect on the window where well-aligned vertical lamellae form. For BCPs without an energetic mismatch, incommensurate films have the largest window for well-aligned vertical lamellae. However, with an energetic mismatch, the defectivity has a more complicated dependence on film thickness. Two different mixed lamellae (ML) morphologies can form depending on the film volume fraction and the relative compressibilities of the two blocks. It is found that more preferential background regions can be used when the BCP is transitioning between the two ML morphologies. This transition volume fraction shifts for a density asymmetric BCP, likely due to a difference in compressibilities of the two blocks.
Wasserstein Introspective Neural Networks

We present Wasserstein introspective neural networks (WINN) that are both a generator and a discriminator within a single model. WINN provides a significant improvement over the recent introspective neural networks (INN) method by enhancing INN's generative modeling capability. WINN has three interesting properties: (1) A mathematical connection between the formulation of the INN algorithm and that of Wasserstein generative adversarial networks (WGAN) is made. (2) The explicit adoption of the Wasserstein distance into INN results in a large enhancement to INN, achieving compelling results even with a single classifier - e.g., providing nearly a 20 times reduction in model size over INN for unsupervised generative modeling. (3) When applied to supervised classification, WINN also gives rise to improved robustness against adversarial examples in terms of the error reduction. In the experiments, we report encouraging results on unsupervised learning problems including texture, face, and object modeling, as well as a supervised classification task against adversarial attacks. Our code is available online1.
Short-run pain, long-run gain? Recessions and technological transformation

Abstract Recent empirical evidence suggests that skill-biased technological change accelerated during the Great Recession. We use a neoclassical growth framework to analyze how business cycle fluctuations interact with a long-run transition towards a skill-intensive technology. In the model, the adoption of new technologies by firms and the acquisition of new skills by workers are concentrated in downturns due to low opportunity costs. As a result, shocks lead to deeper recessions, but they also speed up adoption of the new technology. Our calibrated model matches both the long-run downward trend in routine employment and key features of the Great Recession.
High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation Use and Severe Pediatric ARDS in the Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipient.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in the pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant patient has not been established. We sought to identify current practice patterns of HFOV, investigate parameters during HFOV and their association with mortality, and compare the use of HFOV to conventional mechanical ventilation in severe pediatric ARDS. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a multi-center database of pediatric and young adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant subjects requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for critical illness from 2009 through 2014. Twelve United States pediatric centers contributed data. Continuous variables were compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test or a Kruskal-Wallis analysis. For categorical variables, univariate analysis with logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: The database contains 222 patients, of which 85 subjects were managed with HFOV. Of this HFOV cohort, the overall pediatric ICU survival was 23.5% (n = 20). HFOV survivors were transitioned to HFOV at a lower oxygenation index than nonsurvivors (25.6, interquartile range 21.1–36.8, vs 37.2, interquartile range 26.5–52.2, P = .046). Survivors were transitioned to HFOV earlier in the course of mechanical ventilation, (day 0 vs day 2, P = .002). No subject survived who was transitioned to HFOV after 1 week of invasive mechanical ventilation. We compared subjects with severe pediatric ARDS treated only with conventional mechanical ventilation versus early HFOV (within 2 d of invasive mechanical ventilation) versus late HFOV. There was a trend toward difference in survival (conventional mechanical ventilation 24%, early HFOV 30%, and late HFOV 9%, P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: In this large database of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant subjects who had acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for critical illness with severe pediatric ARDS, early use of HFOV was associated with improved survival compared to late implementation of HFOV, and the subjects had outcomes similar to those treated only with conventional mechanical ventilation.
The breakdown of international treaties

The past few years have witnessed the rise of anti-globalization sentiments in which certain treaties have succumbed to domestic political backlash. But why are particular treaties susceptible to breakdown while others tend to be more resilient? Paradoxically, this Article argues that the fragility of treaties follows a peculiar logic: treaties are most vulnerable to breakdown or withdrawal if they were originally negotiated in the absence of social conflict among domestic groups. The reason is that having been negotiated and ratified with hardly any political struggle, consensus treaties often lack the support of battle-hardened special interest groups who are willing and able to defend such treaties against downstream political threats. This Article uses the contemporary backlash against both bilateral investment treaties and the Rome Treaty establishing the International Criminal Court to illustrate the vulnerability of consensus treaties. By contrast, treaties negotiated amidst intense political disagreement, such as the GATT/WTO framework governing international trade, have exhibited remarkable resilience over time. On a more speculative note, both the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) were likely rendered politically fragile by the first generation of consensus investment treaties entered into by the United States. Finally, it concludes by recommending measures to counteract the tendency of consensus treaties to collapse by making them more politically sustainable.
Information Acquisition Under Resource Limitations in a Noisy Environment.

We introduce a theoretical model of information acquisition under resource limitations in a noisy environment. An agent must guess the truth value of a given Boolean formula φ after performing a bounded number of noisy tests of the truth values of variables in the formula. We observe that, in general, the problem of finding an optimal testing strategy for φ is hard, but we suggest a useful heuristic. The techniques we use also give insight into two apparently unrelated, but well-studied problems: (1) rational inattention (the optimal strategy may involve hardly ever testing variables that are clearly relevant to φ) and (2) what makes a formula hard to learn/remember.
A red cell preservation strategy reduces postoperative transfusions in pediatric heart surgery patients.

Background Blood transfusion has well-documented adverse effects. As part of a blood conservation initiative at our center, we began routine use of cell saver for all congenital heart surgery performed on cardiopulmonary bypass since 2014. Aims This study aimed to compare transfusion rates prior to, and in the first and second year after this initiative. We hypothesized that cell saver use would decrease transfusion requirements in second year after use of the cell saver compared to the pre cell saver group. Methods Consecutive patients under 18 years undergoing congenital heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass were retrospectively analyzed as 3 one-year cohorts defined above. We excluded patients who required mechanical support or reoperation at index admission. Baseline characteristics, and use of blood intraoperatively and postoperatively were compared between groups. Results The 3 groups had similar baseline characteristics. Blood use was significantly lower in year 2 after cell saver initiation as compared to the pre cell saver group both intra- and postoperatively. The median difference in volume of intraoperative blood transfusion was lower by 138 mL/m2 (-266, -10 mL/m2 ) in year 2 when compared to the pre cell saver group. Similarly, the proportion of subjects requiring red blood cell transfusion postoperatively on day of surgery was lower by 10% (-15%, -6%). Conclusion Standardized use of cell saver significantly decreased perioperative blood use in children undergoing cardiac surgery at our center. A risk-adjusted transfusion threshold for children undergoing heart surgery needs to be developed to further decrease exposure to blood products and associated costs.
Predictors of Success Among High School Students in Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs

Research has shown that students in Advanced Placement (AP) classes and International Baccalaureate (IB) programs experience higher levels of stress compared to students in general education classe...
Romiplostim for the management of perioperative thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenic patients requiring invasive surgery have few options to improve their platelet count preoperatively. This is a single-centre, retrospective review of thrombocytopenic patients receiving the thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim perioperatively to allow for surgical interventions. Patient characteristics, romiplostim use, and surgical and safety outcomes (bleeding, thrombosis, transfusions) were collected and analysed. Forty-seven patients underwent 51 surgical procedures (ranging from total hip arthroplasty to open cardiac surgery) with romiplostim support. Thrombocytopenia aetiologies included immune thrombocytopenia, chronic liver disease, haematological malignancy, drug-related thrombocytopenia, and hereditary thrombocytopenia. Median (range) platelet counts improved, from 47 × 109 /l (9-120 × 109 /l) at romiplostim initiation to 164 × 109 /l (28-603 × 109 /l) at the time of surgery (P 100 × 109 /l in 79% of patients within 14 days. In 96% of cases, surgery proceeded on schedule without delay or cancellation. Four patients had bleeding events unrelated to thrombocytopenia and 1 patient developed deep venous thrombosis. Six patients required red cell transfusion and 3 patients required platelet transfusion perioperatively. In conclusion, romiplostim was effective in increasing platelet counts to allow surgery to proceed safely and on schedule. Bleeding and thromboembolic events were within acceptable limits for this surgical population.
Association of the US Department of Justice Investigation of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Devices Not Meeting the Medicare National Coverage Determination, 2007-2015.

Importance The US Department of Justice (DOJ) conducted an investigation into implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) not meeting the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services National Coverage Determination (NCD) criteria. Objective To examine changes in the proportion of initial primary prevention ICDs that did not meet NCD criteria following the announcement of the DOJ investigation at hospitals that reached settlements (settlement hospitals) and those that did not (nonsettlement hospitals). Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, longitudinal, serial cross-sectional analysis of 300 151 initial primary prevention ICDs among Medicare beneficiaries from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2015, at 1809 US hospitals in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ICD Registry, of which 452 hospitals (with 99 591 primary prevention ICDs) reached settlements with the DOJ. Exposures The DOJ investigation announcement in 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of initial primary prevention ICDs not meeting NCD criteria. Results In January 2007, the proportion of initial ICDs not meeting NCD criteria was 25.8% (95% CI, 24.7% to 26.8%) at settlement hospitals and 22.8% (95% CI, 22.1% to 23.5%) at nonsettlement hospitals (P Conclusions and Relevance From 2007 through 2015, the volume of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and the proportion of devices not meeting the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services National Coverage Determination criteria decreased at all hospitals with substantially larger decreases at hospitals that reached settlements in the US Department of Justice investigation. These patterns extended to implantable cardioverter-defibrillators placed in non–Medicare beneficiaries, which were not the focus of the US Department of Justice investigation.
Distributing the Green (Cards): Permanent Residency and Personal Income Taxes after the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Abstract We explore how permanent residency affects personal income tax participation and net personal income tax payments using variation from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which authorized the largest U.S. amnesty to date. We exploit the timing and geographic unevenness of IRCA's legalization programs alongside newly digitized data on personal income taxes in California, home to the majority of applicants. Green Cards induced the previously unauthorized to file state income tax returns at rates comparable to other California residents. While the new returns generated little additional revenue through the end of the 1990s, they did raise the incomes of families with children through new claims of the federal Earned Income Tax Credit.
Private Stateful Information Retrieval

Private information retrieval (PIR) is a fundamental tool for preserving query privacy when accessing outsourced data. All previous PIR constructions have significant costs preventing widespread use. In this work, we present private stateful information retrieval (PSIR), an extension of PIR, allowing clients to be stateful and maintain information between multiple queries. Our design of the PSIR primitive maintains three important properties of PIR: multiple clients may simultaneously query without complex concurrency primitives, query privacy should be maintained if the server colludes with other clients, and new clients should be able to enroll into the system by exclusively interacting with the server. We present a PSIR framework that reduces an online query to performing one single-server PIR on a sub-linear number of database records. All other operations beyond the single-server PIR consist of cryptographic hashes or plaintext operations. In practice, the dominating costs of resources occur due to the public-key operations involved with PIR. By reducing the input database to PIR, we are able to limit expensive computation and avoid transmitting large ciphertexts. We show that various instantiations of PSIR reduce server CPU by up to 10x and online network costs by up to 10x over the previous best PIR construction.
Deep Recurrent Level Set for Segmenting Brain Tumors

Variational Level Set (VLS) has been a widely used method in medical segmentation. However, segmentation accuracy in the VLS method dramatically decreases when dealing with intervening factors such as lighting, shadows, colors, etc. Additionally, results are quite sensitive to initial settings and are highly dependent on the number of iterations. In order to address these limitations, the proposed method incorporates VLS into deep learning by defining a novel end-to-end trainable model called as Deep Recurrent Level Set (DRLS). The proposed DRLS consists of three layers, i.e., Convolutional layers, Deconvolutional layers with skip connections and LevelSet layers. Brain tumor segmentation is taken as an instant to illustrate the performance of the proposed DRLS. Convolutional layer learns visual representation of brain tumor at different scales. Brain tumors occupy a small portion of the image, thus, deconvolutional layers are designed with skip connections to obtain a high quality feature map. Level-Set Layer drives the contour towards the brain tumor. In each step, the Convolutional Layer is fed with the LevelSet map to obtain a brain tumor feature map. This in turn serves as input for the LevelSet layer in the next step. The experimental results have been obtained on BRATS2013, BRATS2015 and BRATS2017 datasets. The proposed DRLS model improves both computational time and segmentation accuracy when compared to the classic VLS-based method. Additionally, a fully end-to-end system DRLS achieves state-of-the-art segmentation on brain tumors.
Thirty Years of Current Account Imbalances, Current Account Reversals and Sudden Stops

In this paper I analyze the anatomy of current account adjustments in the world economy during the last three decades. The main findings may be summarized as follows: (a) Major reversals in current account deficits have tended to be associated to sudden stops' of capital inflows. (b) The probability of a country experiencing a reversal is captured by a small number of variables that include the (lagged) current account to GDP ratio, the external debt to GDP ratio, the level of international reserves, domestic credit creation, and debt services. (c) Current account reversals have had a negative effect on real growth that goes beyond their direct effect on investments. (d) There is persuasive evidence indicating that the negative effect of current account reversals on growth will depend on the country's degree of openness. More open countries will suffer less in terms of lower growth than countries with a lower degree of openness. (e) I was unable to find evidence supporting the hypothesis that countries with a higher degree of dollarization are more severely affected by current account reversals than countries with a lower degree of dollarization. And, (f) the empirical analysis suggests that countries with more flexible exchange rate regimes are able to accommodate the shocks stemming from a reversal better than countries with more rigid exchange rate regime.
Many-body chaos and energy dynamics in holography

Recent developments have indicated that in addition to out-of-time ordered correlation functions (OTOCs), quantum chaos also has a sharp manifestation in the thermal energy density two-point functions, at least for maximally chaotic systems. The manifestation, referred to as pole-skipping, concerns the analytic behaviour of energy density two-point functions around a special point ω = iλ, k = iλ/vB in the complex frequency and momentum plane. Here λ and vB are the Lyapunov exponent and butterfly velocity characterising quantum chaos. In this paper we provide an argument that the phenomenon of pole-skipping is universal for general finite temperature systems dual to Einstein gravity coupled to matter. In doing so we uncover a surprising universal feature of the linearised Einstein equations around a static black hole geometry. We also study analytically a holographic axion model where all of the features of our general argument as well as the pole-skipping phenomenon can be verified in detail.
Evaluation of the Team Workload Questionnaire (TWLQ) in a Team-Choice Task.

Objective:The present study was designed to evaluate the team workload questionnaire (TWLQ) in a task that was distinct from the task used to create it.Background:The TWLQ was created from workload...
Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase expression by Helicobacter saguini, an enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from cotton top tamarins with chronic colitis.

Background Helicobacter saguini is a novel enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from captive cotton top tamarins with chronic colitis and colon cancer. Monoassociated H. saguini infection in gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice causes typhlocolitis and dysplasia; however, the virulent mechanisms of this species are unknown. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is an enzymatic virulence factor expressed by pathogenic Helicobacter and Campylobacter species that inhibits host cellular proliferation and promotes inflammatory-mediated gastrointestinal pathology. The aim of this study was to determine if H. saguini expresses an enzymatically active GGT homologue with virulence properties. Experimental procedures Two putative GGT paralogs (HSGGT1 and HSGGT2) identified in the H. saguini genome were bioinformatically analysed to predict enzymatic functionality and virulence potential. An isogenic knockout mutant strain and purified recombinant protein of HSGGT1 were created to study enzymatic activity and virulence properties by in vitro biochemical and cell culture experiments. Results Bioinformatic analysis predicted that HSGGT1 has enzymatic functionality and is most similar to the virulent homologue expressed by Helicobacter bilis, whereas HSGGT2 contains putatively inactivating mutations. An isogenic knockout mutant strain and recombinant HSGGT1 protein were successfully created and demonstrated that H. saguini has GGT enzymatic activity. Recombinant HSGGT1 protein and sonicate from wild-type but not mutant H. saguini inhibited gastrointestinal epithelial and lymphocyte cell proliferation without evidence of cell death. The antiproliferative effect by H. saguini sonicate or recombinant HSGGT1 protein could be significantly prevented with glutamine supplementation or the GGT-selective inhibitor acivicin. Recombinant HSGGT1 protein also induced proinflammatory gene expression in colon epithelial cells. Conclusions This study shows that H. saguini may express GGT as a potential virulence factor and supports further in vitro and in vitro studies into how GGT expression by enterohepatic Helicobacter species influences the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
Subspace-Driven Output-Only Based Change-Point Detection in Power Systems

The use of phasor measurement units (PMU) has enabled monitoring the power system dynamics online. There are many PMUs installed, which will give a comprehensive view in real or near real time of the entire system. In general, there are many operating conditions of power systems, which requires different tools to analyze the synchrophasor data provided by PMUs. Changes in power system monitoring must be detected as quickly as possible, so that the system operators can choose a different tool for data analysis. Therefore, in this paper, changes in the working conditions of the power system are detected using a subspace state-space based change-point detection method. The detection algorithm proposed in this paper is sequential detection, which aims at both detection accuracy and detection speed. We have tested our proposed algorithm to detect many various kinds of changes in power system operations and verified that the algorithm is able to detect changes successfully, including very small ones in the system such as the low-amplitude forced oscillations buried in the system's ambient conditions in a real-time manner. The algorithm is tested in a set of real-world data to show its practical usage in large systems with imperfect data.
Location estimation and detection in wireless sensor networks in the presence of fading

Abstract In this paper, localization using narrowband communication signals are considered in the presence of fading channels with time of arrival measurements. When narrowband signals are used for localization, due to existing hardware constraints, fading channels play a crucial role in localization accuracy. In a location estimation formulation, the Cramer–Rao lower bound for localization error is derived under different assumptions on fading coefficients. For the same level of localization accuracy, the loss in performance due to Rayleigh fading with known phase is shown to be about 5dB compared to the case with no fading. Unknown phase causes an additional 1dB loss. The maximum likelihood estimators are also derived. In an alternative distributed detection formulation, each anchor receives a noisy signal from a node with known location if the node is active. Each anchor makes a decision as to whether the node is active or not and transmits a bit to a fusion center once a decision is made. The fusion center combines all the decisions and uses a design parameter to make the final decision. We derive optimal thresholds and calculate the probabilities of false alarm and detection under different assumptions on the knowledge of channel information. Simulations corroborate our analytical results.
Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs

Optical frequency combs are light sources that consist of many evenly-spaced lines. I will discuss recent developments in frequency combs based on terahertz quantum cascade lasers, which emit broadband comb light in a compact package. I will also discuss spectroscopic applications and short-term stability requirements.
Pengaruh Pelatihan, Disiplin Kerja & Gaya Kepemimpinan terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan Pada PT Federal Nittan Industries

Employees are social beings who become the main wealth for every company . They become planners, executors and controllers who always play an active role in realizing the company's goals. Every Company wants its employees to excel and work effectively. Thus need to be given training, applied work discipline , and supported by a good leadership style to increase employee work productivit y .The sample used for data collection in this study amounted to 134 employees of PT . Likert scale used by writer to change qualitative data in questionnaire become quantitative data. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the magnitude of the influence of Training (X1), work discipline (X2), leadership style (X3 ) to labor productivity (Y) of PT. Federal Nittan Industries . The calculation of the questionnaire results using a simple linear regression formula. All of the author's calculations were assisted by the SPSS version 20 program released by IBM. Based on the analysis and data processing according to the calculation of correlation coefficient can be seen that the Motivation of Performance has a very strong relationship that is equal to 0.961 and according to the calculation of the coefficient of determination, can be known quite large is 92.3%, then influence Motivation on Performance can be seen through simple linear regression that is Y = 2,670 + 0,901X .
Making sense of nothing

A model of the optical light detected following the merger of two neutron stars reveals polarization to be a unique probe of the geometry of the kilonova explosion that accompanied the gravitational waves.
Fast and Flexible Sequence Induction In Spiking Neural Networks Via Rapid Excitability Changes

Cognitive flexibility likely depends on modulation of the dynamics underlying how biological neural networks process information. While dynamics can be reshaped by gradually modifying connectivity, less is known about mechanisms operating on faster timescales. A compelling entrypoint to this problem is the observation that exploratory behaviors can rapidly cause selective hippocampal sequences to 'replay' during rest. Using a spiking network model, we asked whether simplified replay could arise from three biological components: fixed recurrent connectivity; stochastic 'gating' inputs; and rapid gating input scaling via long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE). Indeed, these enabled both forward and reverse replay of recent sensorimotor-evoked sequences, despite unchanged recurrent weights. LTP-IE 'tags' specific neurons with increased spiking probability under gating input, and ordering is reconstructed from recurrent connectivity. We further show how LTP-IE can implement temporary stimulus-response mappings. This elucidates a novel combination of mechanisms that might play a role in rapid cognitive flexibility.
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of mouse neocortical development

The development of the mammalian cerebral cortex depends on careful orchestration of proliferation, maturation, and migration events, ultimately giving rise to a wide variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. To better understand cellular and molecular processes that unfold during late corticogenesis, we perform single-cell RNA-seq on the mouse cerebral cortex at a progenitor driven phase (embryonic day 14.5) and at birth-after neurons from all six cortical layers are born. We identify numerous classes of neurons, progenitors, and glia, their proliferative, migratory, and activation states, and their relatedness within and across age. Using the cell-type-specific expression patterns of genes mutated in neurological and psychiatric diseases, we identify putative disease subtypes that associate with clinical phenotypes. Our study reveals the cellular template of a complex neurodevelopmental process, and provides a window into the cellular origins of brain diseases.
On the Difficulty of Co-Optimizing Morphology and Control in Evolved Virtual Creatures

The field of evolved virtual creatures has been suspiciously stagnant in terms of complexification of evolved agents since its inception over two decades ago. Many researchers have proposed algorithmic improvements, but none have taken hold and greatly propelled the scalability of early works. This paper suggests a more fundamental problem with co-evolving both the morphology and control of virtual creatures simultaneously one cemented in the theory of embodied cognition. We reproduce and explore in greater detail a previous finding in the literature: premature convergence of the morphology (compared to the convergence point of optimizing controllers), and discuss how this finding fits as a symptom of the proposed problem. We hope that this improved understanding of the fundamental problem domain will open the door for further scalability of evolved agents, and note that early findings from our future work point in that direction.
Anna: A KVS for Any Scale

Modern cloud providers offer dense hardware with multiple cores and large memories, hosted in global platforms. This raises the challenge of implementing high-performance software systems that can effectively scale from a single core to multicore to the globe. Conventional wisdom says that software designed for one scale point needs to be rewritten when scaling up by $10-100\times$ 10 - 100 × [1] . In contrast, we explore how a system can be architected to scale across many orders of magnitude by design. We explore this challenge in the context of a new key-value store system called Anna: a partitioned, multi-mastered system that achieves high performance and elasticity via wait-free execution and coordination-free consistency. Our design rests on a simple architecture of coordination-free actors that perform state update via merge of lattice-based composite data structures. We demonstrate that a wide variety of consistency models can be elegantly implemented in this architecture with unprecedented consistency, smooth fine-grained elasticity, and performance that far exceeds the state of the art.
Population and economics: a bioeconomic analysis.

The notion of optimal population is recast as a problem of optimal scale (population times per capita resource use). Bioeconomic limits to scale are considered, drawing on concepts from A.J. Lotka and N. Georgescu-Roegen. The ethical choice between many people at low resource use per capita versus fewer people at higher resource per capita transcends bioeconomics, but is unavoidable and highlights the issue of sufficiency as well as efficiency. A policy of increasing resource severance taxes and lowering income taxes, especially on lower incomes, is suggested as a way of serving both efficiency and sufficiency.