cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1577 ALDOSTERONE METABOLISM AND Na TRANSPORT

Recent studies have demonstrated that aldosterone (aldo) is transformed into a number of metabolites by nuclei and plasma membranes of mammalian kidney cells (J. Steroid Biochem. 19:1205, 1983). In mammalian kidney, aldo not only promotes Na+ reabsorption but also secretion of K+ and H+. most probably reflecting functions of several cell types. In order to study the effects of transformation on Na+ transport alone, aldo metabolism was examined in a more elemental Na+ transporting aldo responsive epithelia, the toad urinary bladder (Bufo marinus). After depletion or endogenous aldo, bladders were incubated with 3H aldo for either 1 or 5 hrs. Tissues were analyzed for aldo metabolites using high resolution HPLC. In separate experiments, Na+ transport was assessed by the short circuit current (SSC) technique. After 1 hr of 3H aldo exposure (a latent period prior to an aldo induced rise in SCC) tissues transformed about 10% of the labelled hormone into a polar mono-sulfated aldo and a variety of 5-α reduced aldo products including 5α dihydroaldo (DHA); 3α,5α tetrahydroaldo (THA); and 3β, 5α THA. 5α DHA possess significant antinatriuretic activity in kidney and toad bladder. Following a 5 hr tissue incubation (a time of peak aldo rise in SCC). about 25% of the 3H aldo was converted into the same compounds as in the 1 hr study. The spironolactone, K-canrenoate (3.5 × 10−4M) inhibited aldo (10−7M) stimulated SCC by 56±6% (p<0.001; n=6) and eliminated 3H aldo metabolism at both 1 & 5 hrs. K-canrenoate had no effect on either basal or vasopressin stimulated rise in SCC. We conclude that aldo metabolic transformation begins prior to aldo induced increases in Na+ transport. Both the generation of aldo metabolites and the increase in Na+ transport can be selectively inhibited by K-canrenoate. We speculate that one or more of these aldo metabolites may mediate or regulate aldo action in this tissue.
Robust analysis of biomarker data with informative missingness using a two-stage hypothesis test in an HIV treatment interruption trial: AIEDRP AIN503/ACTG A5217.

Abstract Clinical trial AIN503/A5217 investigates whether a period of early treatment with antiretroviral therapy might lower the viral setpoint in subjects recently infected with HIV-1. We consider two statistical issues. First, even under the null hypothesis control arm subjects are more likely than treatment arm subjects to be missing final outcome data because of disease progression. The analysis must adjust for this missing data, or it may be unacceptably biased. Second, comparing outcomes between treatment and control arms at identical times post-randomization gives different information than comparing outcomes at the same amount of time off-therapy, as measured post-randomization. This may make interpretation of results problematic. We formulate the null hypothesis of the study as exchangeability under a time-shift between arms, which we call “time delay” between the study arms. This captures clinically relevant information, and allows us to formalize a two-stage hypothesis test in which stage one is a comparison between arms at identical times post-randomization, and stage two is a comparison between arms at identical times off-therapy, as measured post-randomization. Importantly, within this framework we can show that the two-stage test can be adjusted for the missing data using a simple worst-rank substitution.
Low temperature polymer infiltration for rapid tooling

Common infiltration methods used in rapid tooling have certain limitations viz., cracks, distortion and shrinkage caused by high temperature infiltration. Poor surface quality is also a limitation of conventional infiltration techniques. The high temperatures involved in conventional infiltration techniques make the process more expensive, complex and difficult to control. To overcome these difficulties, as well as to generate tooling for a small batch production, a low temperature polymer infiltration method has been developed in conjunction with existing rapid tooling techniques. Based on the curing principles of polymer materials, several infiltration materials were selected and their mechanical and chemical characteristics were investigated. To determine the necessary amount of polymer materials and infiltration height in the sintered mold an infiltration model is derived and results compared with experimental data. Testing results have shown significant improvements in the thermal resistance and mechanical properties of the rapid tool as a result of the resin infiltration.
A Method for Eliminating the Contribution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Studies of Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis in Crown Gall Tumors.

A procedure is described that permits the use of radiotracer methods for examining crown gall tumors in the presence of the initiating agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens. On the basis of sensitivity testing using the disc diffusion technique and the minimum inhibitory concentration procedure and incorporation of radioactive phosphorus into nucleic acids, it was determined that A. tumefaciens was most sensitive to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and methacycline. It was further demonstrated that nucleic acid synthesis in tumor tissue from four representative plants including tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), Bryophyllum daigremontiana (Hamet and Perrier), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.) was unaffected by a concentration of tetracycline (50 μg/ml) which completely inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in the bacterium. On this basis a procedure is described which first eliminates surface contamination and then uses tetracycline to nullify the contribution of A. tumefaciens in radioactive studies using tumors initiated by this bacterium.
Uncoordinated firing rate changes of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during behavioral task performance

Basal ganglia circuits make key contributions to decision making. Distributed, synchronous feedforward inhibition of striatal medium spiny neurons by fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons (FSIs) has been argued to be important for the suppression of unwanted actions, and a deficit in FSIs has been found in human patients with Tourette syndrome. However, no studies have yet examined how striatal FSIs change their activity during behavioral tasks. Here I describe 36 presumed striatal FSIs recorded in rats during well practiced performance of a radial maze win-stay task. Although most FSIs showed robust task-related activity, the temporal patterns of firing rate change were highly idiosyncratic. In contrast to other classes of striatal neurons, FSIs showed little or no coordinated population response to major task events such as instruction cues or rewards. Even when multiple FSIs were recorded simultaneously from the same local region of striatum, firing rate changes were dissimilar, and no clear evidence for synchronous firing was found using cross-correlograms (18 FSI pairs examined). These results suggest that FSIs play a more complex role in the information processing achieved by striatal microcircuits than supposed by current theoretical models.
1H-n.m.r. investigation of conformational features of cyclic, penicillamine-containing enkephalin analogs.

Conformational features of a series of cyclic, penicillamine-containing enkephalin analogs, all of which display selectivity for the delta opioid receptor, were studied by 1H n.m.r. in aqueous solution. Comparison of chemical shifts, coupling constants, and temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shifts suggests different conformational features among the analogs, some of which can be related to the different primary sequences of these peptides. The observation that some of the analogs display disparate individual conformational features while exhibiting similar opioid potency and receptor selectivity suggests that such analogs may share a similar overall topography or at the least maintain the same relative orientations of key portions of the molecule.
Multivariate statistical process control for continuous monitoring of networked early warning fire detection (EWFD) systems

Abstract Sensor array networks provide much information concerning an environment if the data is adequately used. However, monitoring large networks of sensor arrays can be data intensive. Multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) methods allow monitoring of an entire system at a supervisory level. These methods are demonstrated for fire detection using the early warning fire detection (EWFD) system. The EWFD system comprised of four sensors that included photoelectric and ionization smoke detectors, as well as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors. Fourteen sensor arrays were distributed in 10 compartments and passageways throughout the ex-USS SHADWELL, the advanced damage control fire research platform of the Naval Research Laboratory. Data was collected for a series of smoldering and flaming fire sources as well as nuisance sources in different compartments over two decks. The network of sensor responses, location and temporal data are used to identify events, determine source location and monitor fire rate of growth. Hotelling’s statistic and the Q-statistic are employed initially for event detection. Subsequently, contribution plots are used to determine source location, rate of growth and to discriminate between actual fires and their byproducts in adjacent compartments. The response times of the MSPC method are compared to the commercial smoke detectors co-located with the EWFD systems. MSPC is shown to be an efficient method for continuous monitoring of EWFD systems.
Public acceptance as a determinant of management strategies for bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging U.S. wildlife

When bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is detected in free-ranging wildlife populations, preventing geographic spread and the establishment of a wildlife reservoir requires rapid, often aggressive response. Public tolerance can exert a significant effect on potential control measures available to managers, and thus on the success of disease management efforts. Separate outbreaks of bTB in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in two midwestern states provide a case study. In Minnesota, bTB was first discovered in cattle in 2005 and subsequently in deer. To date, 12 beef cattle farms and 26 white-tailed deer have been found infected with the disease. From 2005 to 2008, disease prevalence in deer has decreased from 0.4% (SE = 0.2%) to <0.1% and remained confined to a small (<425 km 2 ) geographic area. Deer population reduction through liberalized hunting and targeted culling by ground sharpshooting and aerial gunning, combined with a prohibition on baiting and recreational feeding, have likely been major drivers preventing disease spread thus far. Without support from cattle producers, deer hunters and the general public, as well as politicians, implementation of these aggressive strategies by state and federal authorities would not have been possible. In contrast, Michigan first discovered bovine bTB in free-ranging deer in 1975, and disease management efforts were not instituted until 1995. The first infected cattle herd was diagnosed in 1998. Since 1995, disease prevalence in free-ranging deer has decreased from 4.9% to 1.8% in the ∼1500 km 2 core outbreak area. Culture positive deer have been found as far as 188 km from the core area. Liberalized harvest and restrictions on baiting and feeding have facilitated substantial reductions in prevalence. However, there has been little support on the part of hunters, farmers or the general public for more aggressive population reduction measures such as culling, and compliance with baiting and feeding restrictions has been variable and often problematic. We compare and contrast the Minnesota and Michigan outbreaks with respect to temporal, social, economic, and logistical factors that shape public attitudes toward aggressive disease control strategies, the limitations these factors place on management, and the implications for bTB eradication from wildlife reservoirs in the U.S.
Dielectronic recombination of heliumlike ions.

We have measured \ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\ge}1 dielectronic-recombination cross sections for the heliumlike ions ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{26+}$, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{40+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{54+}$. We observed the x rays emitted during dielectronic recombination by ions in an electron-beam ion trap and obtained cross sections from a calibration based upon radiative recombination. The results generally agree well with theoretical predictions.
Microstructure of calcium hydroxide depleted portland cement paste I: Density and helium flow measurements

Abstract Hydrated portland cement contains both free and combined Ca(OH)2 together with C-S-H. Removal of the Ca(OH)2 in controlled amounts, first by leaching with an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2 and then with water, allows the role of C-S-H to be studied. Helium pycnometric and inflow measurements were made on unleached, leached, and overleached material. Leaching of the free Ca(OH)2 did not alter the C-S-H material and did not change any physical properties. Possible engulfing of C-S-H by Ca(OH)2 is not effective in preventing helium or water flow. Overleaching to the extent that 50% of the CaO was removed from the cement broke down CaO2 sheets, causing ready access of helium to collapsed interlayer positions. Evidence of a change in the orientation of interlayer water was observed.
End-point determination in EDTA decalcification using ammonium oxalate.

(1981). Notes on Technic: End-Point Determination in Edta Decalcification Using Ammonium Oxalate. Stain Technology: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 48-49.
Curved helix segments can uniquely orient the topology of supertwisted DNA

To show that DNA containing sharp sequence-directed curvature can preferentially establish ends of supertwisted domains, a highly curved DNA from Crithidia fasciculata was cloned into two sites separated by 28% in pBR325. When this construct (pJGC2) was examined by electron microscopy, 63% of the supercoiled molecules were branched with three or more arms, and the remaining molecules appeared as linear interwound rods. The distance between the tips of two of the arms for the branched molecules measured within 2% of 28% of the DNA contour for 32% of the pJGC2 molecules, as contrasted with only 6.6% for the poorly branched pBR325 DNA. When one of the curved segments in pJGC2 was replaced by a highly curved fragment from SV40, similar results were obtained.
Terminology applicable to palatal lift prostheses.

Abstract Current teminology relevant to palatal lift prostheses has been characterized as imprecise, inappropriate, and misleading. More appropriate words and terms derived from standard English usage and applied with specific reference in other scientific disciplines have been suggested.
Contribution of ExsA–Regulated Factors to Corneal Infection by Cytotoxic and Invasive Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Murine Scarification Model

PURPOSE The exoenzyme S regulatory protein ExsA regulates a type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro, cytotoxic strains use this system to secrete exotoxin (Exo)U and ExoT causing cytotoxicity and inhibiting their phagocytosis by epithelial cells. Invasive P. aeruginosa secrete ExoT and ExoS, but exsA mutation has little impact on their short-term interactions with epithelia. In the present study, the contribution of these ExsA-regulated proteins toward corneal infections in vivo was investigated. METHODS After anesthesia, the left cornea of C57BL/6 mice was scratch injured and then inoculated with cytotoxic (PA103) or invasive (PAK) P. aeruginosa or with isogenic mutants in exsA-related genes. Inocula of 10(3) to 10(6) bacteria/5 micro L were used, and at least five animals were assigned to each experimental group. Corneal disease was quantified at regular intervals for 14 days in masked fashion with two different scoring systems. RESULTS For the cytotoxic strain, mutation of either exoU or exoT alone had little effect on virulence, whereas simultaneous mutation of both exoT and exoU or of exsA resulted in a significantly reduced capacity to cause corneal disease. Complementation of the double exoUexoT mutant with exoU alone restored bacterial colonization levels (>3-log increase) and disease severity to wild-type levels. Complementation with exoT alone increased colonization ( approximately 3-log increase) and increased virulence to almost the same levels as wild-type or exoU-complemented infections. Virulence of the invasive strain was not reduced by mutation of exsA or of genes encoding the ExsA-regulated secreted proteins. CONCLUSIONS ExsA contributed to corneal virulence of only cytotoxic P. aeruginosa, with contributions made by both ExoU and ExoT to bacterial survival and disease severity. This differs from cytotoxic P. aeruginosa virulence in the lung, which is ExoU-dependent.
Inheritance of potato chip color at the 24-chromosome level

Potato chip color is an important trait in determining quality and acceptability of cultivars for processing. Therefore, the genetics of potato chip color is important in varietal breeding. The use of 2xS. tuberosum Group Tuberosum haploid × 2x wild species hybrids provides disomic inheritance for genetic analysis of chip color. Two hundred forty haploid-species hybrids representing crosses between 15 haploids and 10 species were evaluated for potato chip color after 21 days reconditioning (18 to 20C) following 6 months at 4C. Phenotypic variation for chip color was found among the haploid-species hybrids. Crosses between good, medium, and poor performing clones were made in all combinations and 136 families were obtained. Progeny were evaluated for reversion resistance (chipping direct from 10C storage) and reconditioning (chipping from 4C after tuber warming) chip color. Variation for chip color was found among the progeny for each trait. Significant correlations between reversion resistance and reconditioning were found. Yet, the use of at least two chip tests (one for reversion resistance and one for reconditioning) is more informative than the use of one test and subsequent predictions made, regarding the other trait. A three locus hypothesis for both reversion resistance and reconditioning is proposed for the inheritance of each trait. One dominant allele at each of the three loci is necessary for good chipping. One or two loci may be common to both characteristics. Good chipping 2x hybrids that produce 2n pollen can be used to transfer this trait to the 4x level through use of 4x × 2x crosses.
A Numerical Investigation of Blood Damage in the Hinge Area of BMHV

Bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs) have been widely used to replace native valves. Unfortunately, the design of bileaflet MHVs produces flow fields that may cause damage to blood elements, especially at the hinge area. The objectives of this study are to analyze the flow properties around the hinge area and through the valve, to further understand the cause of blood damage and provide improved designs to reduce the adverse hemodynamic effects of valves that cause platelet activation and damage blood elements. An important part of this improvement is to understand the hemodynamic effects produced by different valve designs, and how the surrounding flow fields affect thromboembolic formation. The hemodynamics of the valve flow is characterized by complex spatial and temporal three-dimensional structures that arise from the pulsatility of the flow, the complexity of the geometry and the flow-dependent motion of the valve leaflets. High fidelity simulations of the valve flow fields throughout the cardiac cycle is required to improve and refine existing valve designs so as to ultimately develop bileaflet MHVs with minimal thromboembolic complications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Stellar bars in disk galaxies: from banyans to butterflies?

Abstract We provide a non-linear orbit analysis of an evolving self-consistent model galaxy consisting of a two-component disk (stars+gas) and a live halo. We find that dynamical instabilities become milder in the presence of the gas component, and that the stability of planar and 3D stellar orbits is strongly affected by the related changes in the gravitational potential – both are destabilized with the gas accumulation at the center. This results in the overall weakening of the stellar bar and its dissolution on the time scale of a few 10 9 years.
Witt rings and matroids

The study of Witt rings of formally real fields in the algebraic theory of quadratic forms has led to a particularly good understanding of the finitely generated torsion free Witt rings. In this paper, we work primarily with a somewhat more general class of rings which can be completely characterized by (binary) matroids. The different types of standard constructions and invariants coming from algebra and from combinatorics lead to previously unstudied problems for both areas; in particular, there are new invariants for Witt rings and new constructions for matroids with many open questions.
Pulsating and hydrodynamic instabilities at large Lewis numbers

The dynamic behavior of freely propagating premixed flames with large Lewis numbers was computationally simulated using a sixth-order central difference scheme and nonreflective boundary conditions. Results in the linear stage of the instability growth show that the growth rate dramatically decreases with increasing Lewis number and that the large activation energy excites the pulsating instability and increases the growth rate of the hydrodynamic instability. In the nonlinear growth stage, there exist regimes of stable cell propagation, periodic pulsating cellular flames, and irregular pulsating cellular flames as the activation energy is increased. Characteristics of these regimes were further studied for the effects of Lewis number on the flame front structure in the regime of stable cell propagation, the effects of flame pulsation on the flow and flame cell structure in the regime of periodic pulsating cellular flame, and the complex pattern formation in the regime of irregular pulsating cellular flame. It is further demonstrated that unsteady pulsating flames can propagate faster than the adiabatic flame when the local stretch rate is positive, implying that models based on quasi-steady flame propagation may not correctly predict the behavior of unsteady flames with large Lewis numbers.
Educational neuroimaging: a proposed neuropsychological application of near-infrared spectroscopy (nIRS).

OBJECTIVE To provide a description of an emerging neuroimaging methodology, near-infrared spectroscopy (nIRS), and a potential educational application of the unique aspects of this technology. SUMMARY nIRS is documented for its potential as a personal, portable, brain imaging system that may prove useful for cerebral monitoring in applied settings such as home, school, and work. The basis of nIRS brain imaging is reviewed, with summary descriptions of optical and neurovascular issues as well as a brief comparison to other brain imaging methodologies. Recent developments in nIRS technology are discussed, including ongoing validation efforts and potential applications for neuropsychologists. We describe one potential application of nIRS (i.e., educational neuroimaging) as an illustration of the use of nIRS technology and the potential expansion of the neuropsychologist's role in the educational setting. CONCLUSION nIRS holds the potential of opening new clinical questions and opportunities for neuropsychologists, and may provide a low-cost means of repeatable, neurovascular monitoring in nonmedical settings.
Reinforcing and neural activating effects of norharmane, a non-nicotine tobacco constituent, alone and in combination with nicotine.

Abstract Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death. Although the health risks are well known, cessation rates remain low. Whereas behavioral and neuroanatomical studies on tobacco addiction conventionally use nicotine, there is evidence that other constituents, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, may be important factors for modeling smoking. The aims of the present study were therefore to determine whether norharmane, a tobacco constituent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor, is self-administered alone and/or in combination with nicotine, and to evaluate the neural mechanisms underlying acquisition of self-administration of the two drugs. Sprague–Dawley rats were catheterized and allowed to intravenously self-administer either saline, nicotine (7.5 μg/kg/inj), norharmane (0.25 or 2.5 μg/kg/inj), alone or combined together (7.5 + 2.5 μg/kg/inj) for five days at fixed ratio (FR)1, two days each at FR2 and FR5, and one day at progressive ratio. Animals acquired self-administration of norharmane alone (2.5 μg/kg/inj), and the reinforcing effects of nicotine and norharmane were additive. For neuroanatomical analyses, rats self-administered the same treatments for six days at FR1, then brains were collected and processed by in situ hybridization for cfos mRNA expression. Treatment-specific profiles of regional cfos expression and correlations between cfos mRNA levels and behavioral responding were observed. Thus, not only was norharmane behaviorally reinforcing but, when combined with nicotine, resulted in patterns of neural activation distinct from that of norharmane or nicotine alone. This suggests that non-nicotine constituents can have central activating effects independent of nicotine, further substantiating the need for their inclusion in preclinical investigations of tobacco dependence.
Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Mortality From All Causes and Diseases of the Circulatory System Among Adults in the United States

Background—Recently, the American Heart Association developed a set of 7 ideal health metrics that will be used to measure progress toward their 2020 goals for cardiovascular health. The objective of the present study was to examine how well these metrics predicted mortality from all causes and diseases of the circulatory system in a national sample of adults in the United States. Methods and Results—We used data from 7622 adults ≥20 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2002 and whose mortality through 2006 was determined via linkage to the National Death Index. For the dietary and glycemic metrics, we used alternative measures. During a median follow-up of 5.8 years, 532 deaths (186 deaths resulting from diseases of the circulatory system) occurred. About 1.5% of participants met none of the 7 ideal cardiovascular health metrics, and 1.1% of participants met all 7 metrics. The number of ideal metrics was significantly and inversely related to ...
Optimization of a Turbofan Inlet Duct using a Genetic Algorithm and CFD

u Local velocity at any point in a grid ∆ Distance between two grid nodes in a grid space ∆ Time step Courant number N Total number of grid points in a grid surface s Average static density for a grid surface ’ Average total density for a grid surface ’REF Reference total density Static density at any nodal point ‘i’ in the grid surface Ps Average static pressure for a grid surface P’ Average total pressure for a grid surface P’REF Reference total pressure Static pressure at any nodal point ‘i’ in the grid surface Ts Average static temperature for a grid surface T’ Average total temperature for a grid surface T’REF Reference total temperature Static temperature at any nodal point ‘i’ in the grid surface
The Himalayas: Barrier and conduit for gene flow

The Himalayan mountain range is strategically located at the crossroads of the major cultural centers in Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Although previous Y-chromosome studies indicate that the Himalayas served as a natural barrier for gene flow from the south to the Tibetan plateau, this region is believed to have played an important role as a corridor for human migrations between East and West Eurasia along the ancient Silk Road. To evaluate the effects of the Himalayan mountain range in shaping the maternal lineages of populations residing on either side of the cordillera, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA variation in 344 samples from three Nepalese collections (Newar, Kathmandu and Tamang) and a general population of Tibet. Our results revealed a predominantly East Asian-specific component in Tibet and Tamang, whereas Newar and Kathmandu are both characterized by a combination of East and South Central Asian lineages. Interestingly, Newar and Kathmandu harbor several deep-rooted Indian lineages, including M2, R5, and U2, whose coalescent times from this study (U2, >40 kya) and previous reports (M2 and R5, >50 kya) suggest that Nepal was inhabited during the initial peopling of South Central Asia. Comparisons with our previous Y-chromosome data indicate sex-biased migrations in Tamang and a founder effect and/or genetic drift in Tamang and Newar. Altogether, our results confirm that while the Himalayas acted as a geographic barrier for human movement from the Indian subcontinent to the Tibetan highland, it also served as a conduit for gene flow between Central and East Asia.
The Effect of the Iraq War on Foreign Bank Lending to the MENA Region

This paper examines whether a large geopolitical event, such as the war in Iraq, can affect foreign bank lending from developed countries to emerging markets. Using country-level data, the paper analyzes the effects of economic shocks and the Iraq war on the availability of foreign bank credit to five countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The war has had a nonuniform effect on foreign banks: Although the war has led to higher U.S. lending, it has also discouraged British and Italian banks from lending to the region. Implications concerning the stability and reliability of foreign bank credit in the face of increased geopolitical risks are identified and discussed.
40 $\mu{\rm m}$ Flip-Chip Process Using Ag–In Transient Liquid Phase Reaction

A flip-chip interconnect process at 180°C using the silver-indium (Ag-In) binary system is reported. An array of 50 × 50 flip-chip joints with 100 μm pitch and 40 μm joint diameter was fabricated. Each joint has the column structure of Ag/(Ag)/Ag2In/(Ag) that connects the silicon (Si) chip to the copper (Cu) substrate. The joint height is approximately 50 μm. In this structure, Ag2In is a dominating intermetallic compound in the Ag-In system with melting temperature of 660°C. (Ag) is a solid solution phase of Ag with In composition up to 20 at.%. It has a solidus temperature range of 695 to 962°C depending on In composition. In long-term operation, (Ag)/Ag2In/(Ag) is expected to gradually convert to a single (Ag) phase, which is more reliable. Thus, the flip-chip joints will get better in use. In fabrication, 50 × 50 Ag columns were made on Si wafer coated with chromium (Cr) and gold (Au). The Cu substrate was electroplated with Ag(10 μm)/In(5 μm)/Ag(thin). Si chips with Ag columns were bonded to Cu substrates at 180°C for 5 min. No flux was used. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images show that all 50 Ag columns in one row are well bonded to the Cu substrate without visible voids or cracks. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data indicate that the resulting column structure is Ag/(Ag)/Ag2In/(Ag). The process temperature of this new interconnect method is 80 °C below the typical reflow temperature of tin-based lead-free solders.
Carbon supported and unsupported Pt–Ru anodes for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells

A comparative study of the use of supported and unsupported catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells has been performed. The effect of catalyst loading, fuel concentration and temperature dependence on the anode, cathode and full fuel cell performance was determined in a fuel cell equipped with a reversible hydrogen reference electrode. Although the measured specific activities of supported catalysts were as much as 3-fold greater than the unsupported catalysts, membrane electrode assemblies prepared with supported catalysts showed no improvement with loadings above 0.5 mg/cm 2 . Fuel cells utilizing 0.46 mg/cm supported catalyst electrodes performed as well as unsupported catalyst electrodes with 2 mg/cm 2 . The temperature dependence and methanol concentration dependence studies both suggest increased methanol permeation through the thinner supported catalyst layers relative to the unsupported catalyst layers.
Congruences for Han's generating function

For an integer t ≥ 1 and a partition λ, we let Ht(λ) be the multiset of hook lengths of λ which are divisible by t. Then, define aeven t (n) and aodd t (n) to be the number of partitions of n such that |Ht(λ)| is even or odd, respectively. In a recent paper, Han generalized the Nekrasov-Okounkov formula to obtain a generating function for at(n) = aeven t (n)− aodd t (n). We use this generating function to prove congruences for the coefficients at(n).
The Quest for a Logic Capturing PTIME

The question of whether there is a logic that captures polynomial time is the central open problem in descriptive complexity theory. In my talk, I will review the question and the early, mostly negative results that were obtained until the mid 1990s, and then move on to positive results about capturing polynomial time on specific classes of graphs. This will include recent results on definability in fixed-point logic and graph structure theory. Finally, I will dicuss stronger logics and propose directions for further research.The purpose of this accompanying note is to give the basic definitions in detail, state the main results, mention some open problems, and give a list of references.
LinkIT: privacy preserving record linkage and integration via transformations

We propose to demonstrate an open-source tool, LinkIT, for privacy preserving record Linkage and Integration via data Transformations. LinkIT implements novel algorithms that support data transformations for linking sensitive attributes, and is designed to work with our previously developed tool, FRIL (Fine-grained Record Integration and Linkage), to provide a complete record linkage solution. LinkIT can be also used as a stand-alone secure transformation tool to link string records. The system uses a novel embedding technique based on frequent variable length grams mined from original records with differential privacy, and utilizes a personalized threshold for performing linkage in the embedded space. Compared to the state-of-the-art secure transformation method [16], LinkIT guarantees stronger privacy with better scalability while achieving comparable utility results.
Limitations of amniography in the prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida

A fetus with an open, noncystic myelomeningocele was detected at the 22nd week of gestation in a woman monitored for advanced maternal age. The lesion could not be demonstrated on amniography. In 13% of published reports amniography failed to detect significant spina bifida lesions. This false-negative rate seems related to the noncystic nature of some neural tube defects at midgestation.
Forecasting seasonal outbreaks of influenza

Influenza recurs seasonally in temperate regions of the world; however, our ability to predict the timing, duration, and magnitude of local seasonal outbreaks of influenza remains limited. Here we develop a framework for initializing real-time forecasts of seasonal influenza outbreaks, using a data assimilation technique commonly applied in numerical weather prediction. The availability of real-time, web-based estimates of local influenza infection rates makes this type of quantitative forecasting possible. Retrospective ensemble forecasts are generated on a weekly basis following assimilation of these web-based estimates for the 2003–2008 influenza seasons in New York City. The findings indicate that real-time skillful predictions of peak timing can be made more than 7 wk in advance of the actual peak. In addition, confidence in those predictions can be inferred from the spread of the forecast ensemble. This work represents an initial step in the development of a statistically rigorous system for real-time forecast of seasonal influenza.
Complement-dependent inflammation and injury in a murine model of brain dead donor hearts.

Rationale: Donor brain death (BD) is an unavoidable occurrence in heart transplantation and results in profound physiological derangements that render the heart more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury in the recipient and likely has negative long-term consequences to allograft survival. Objective: We developed a novel mouse model of BD and investigated the role of complement in BD-induced myocardial inflammation and injury. Methods and Results: BD was induced by inflation of a balloon catheter in the cranial cavity. BD in wild-type mice resulted in a significant increase in serum concentrations of the complement activation product complement component (C)3a, and immunohistochemical analysis of heart sections demonstrated C3 deposition on the vascular endothelium and surrounding myocytes. Following induction of BD in complement (C3)-deficient mice, cardiac troponin levels, and histological evidence of injury were significantly reduced compared to wild-type mice. C3 deficiency was also associated with reduced myocardial leukocyte infiltration and reduced or absent expression of P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. Conclusions: These data indicate an important role for complement in BD-induced inflammation and injury and suggest that a complement inhibitory strategy applied to the donor (in addition to the recipient) may provide graft protection.
A Cotton Ginning Problem

This paper examines the plant location problem of the cotton-processing industry. In recent years the industry has experienced an excess gin plant capacity. By considering the transportation requirements from the farms to the gins, the gin costs, and the gin capabilities, we develop a model to determine which gins should be used for this seasonal product. A case study is used to illustrate the analysis and emphasis is placed on alternative formulations of the model.
Comparing the Earnings of Cohabiting Lesbians, Cohabiting Heterosexual Women, and Married Women: Evidence from the 2000 Census

Using data from the 2000 Census, I tested the hypothesis that cohabiting lesbians have statistically different earnings from cohabiting and married heterosexual women. Cohabiting lesbians earn more than their heterosexual counterparts, even when differences in child-rearing status are considered. Furthermore, the results do not support differences in household specialization as an explanation for the lesbian earnings premium.
Quasi-phase-matching of momentum and energy in nonlinear optical processes

Quasi-phase-matching (QPM) has always been thought of as a purely spatial phenomenon. Now, scientists show that QPM can be extended to the temporal domain, introducing temporal and spatiotemporal modulations of the nonlinear susceptibility. This concept paves the way for the manipulation of light through nonlinear interactions, and may have unique applications in nonlinear optics.
Very High-p(T) Triggered Dihadron Correlations in PbPb Collisions at 2.76 TeV with CMS

Measurements of dihadron correlations triggered by very high-pT particles in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions are shown. The data set, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 150 μb−1, collected by the CMS detector is utilized. Long-range correlations are measured up to pT ~ 50 GeV/c. These correlations are driven by single-particle azimuthal anisotropies and characterized by the Fourier harmonics, vn. Once the V2 − v4 harmonic components are subtracted the associated particle yields on the near and away side of the jet-like correlations are studied. These measurements are done over a wide kinematic range in the associated and trigger particle pT and as a function of centrality. The data are compared to pp collisions at the same energy. A suppression of about 50% from the pp reference in the away-side associated yield is observed for passocT > 3 GeV/c. For lower momentums, passocT ~ 0.5 GeV/c, the yield is found to be enhanced significantly by up to a factor of 3–4 on the away-side. On the near side, there is some evidence of a moderate enhancement.
A vapor pressure equation from extended asymptotic behavior

The vapor pressure equation proposed here possesses several interesting features and does an excellent job representing data. The currently accepted theoretical behavior in the regions of the triple point and the critical point are intrinsic features of the expression. The equation is valid over the entire range from the triple point to the critical point and yet possesses only three adjustable constants. Results are presented for a small but chemically diverse set of compounds. This work represents an extension of the Churchill-Usagi correlation technique from heat transfer and fluid mechanics to thermodynamics.
The white Caucasian and ethnic minority cruise markets: Some motivational perspectives

There is substantial research that profiles the nature of tourists and the motivations that underlie their general travel behaviour. Travel research on racial and ethnic minority groups is very limited, however. Furthermore, hardly any work exists on the travel motivations of cruise tourists in general. Based on a survey of North American cruise passengers, this paper compares the motivations of white Caucasians and ethnic minority passengers for taking a cruise vacation. The results indicate that while there are many similarities, a number of important differences exist to warrant strategies for attracting more minority passengers to take cruise vacations.
Inductance based position encoding for sensorless SRM drives

In this paper, a sensorless control scheme for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives based on an inductance model is presented. The proposed sensorless method requires only active phase terminal measurements. It does not require external hardware and hence the reliability of the scheme is expected to be good while not adding to the system cost. Preliminary investigation shows that the proposed sensorless scheme can give position information with high resolution for speeds from standstill to several times the base speed of the motor. In this paper, the theoretical aspects of the proposed sensorless scheme are first described. Detailed simulation of the sensorless scheme using Matlab-Simulink is carried out and a comprehensive set of simulation results are presented in order to show the feasibility of the proposed method. Hardware aspects along with the implementation details of the sensorless scheme are discussed briefly.
Cell proliferation and morphological patterns in the hydroids Tubularia and Hydractinia

Morphogenesis has been extensively studied in many hydroids, both during normal growth (Kuhn, 1914; Berrill, 1961) and during regeneration (Tardent, 1963). Less is known about the patterns of cell proliferation underlying changes in tissue form. In several cases where cell division has been studied, surprisingly little direct correlation was found between areas of apparent morphological growth and patterns of cell proliferation (Overton, 1963; Crowell, Wyttenbach & Suddith, 1965; Shostak, Patel & Burnett, 1965; Wyttenbach, 1965; Campbell, 1967a, b). To explore further the relations between tissue growth and body form, I have examined histologically hydroids of two genera, Tubularia and Hydractinia, each of which has morphological pecularities. Tubularia possesses two whorls of tentacles and one whorl of gonophores, and thus has as many distinct hydranth regions as any hydroid. In the Hydractinia colony, four morphologically distinct polyp types are present.
Reactor Emissions and Equal Protection

A recent Army filmstrip, designed to explain military activities to civilians, described US employment of nuclear power as a “war against fear — fear of the unknown”. The only way to dispel anxiety regarding this new technology unleashed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reasoned the author of the presentation, was to give the public “invaluable first-hand knowledge of the effects of atomic energy”.1
A C. elegans model of electronic cigarette use: Physiological effects of e-liquids in nematodes

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have recently become very popular particularly among the younger generation. These nicotine delivery devices are viewed as a preferable alternative to more conventional forms of tobacco use and are thought to reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the third leading cause of death worldwide. However, there is very little data available on the consequences of e-cig use, though recently nicotine-independent inflammatory responses have been reported. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a soil nematode whose cell biology is remarkably well conserved with mammals. Here, we used C. elegans to test the physiologic effects of e-liquids used to refill e-cigs. Larval worms were exposed from hatching onwards to low concentrations (0.2 %) of e-liquids, distilled e-liquid vapor, propylene glycol (PG), or M9 buffer as a negative control. E-liquids tested included grape, menthol, and V2 Red “classic tobacco” flavors. Nicotine (48 ppm) was tested as a second level variable. Stereotypical physiological outputs were then measured, including developmental rate, fecundity, locomotion, lifespan, and the induction of canonical stress signaling pathways. A small but significant impairment of developmental rate and brood size was observed for PG and V2 Red treated worms compared to the negative control. Worms treated with e-liquids containing nicotine fared significantly worse than those that did not, but vaporization did not increase toxicity. Finally, both PG and V2 Red e-liquid induced an oxidative stress response in the absence of nicotine. PG exposure is sufficient to induce an oxidative stress response in nematodes, while nicotine is not. Both PG and nicotine independently influence physiologic measures of health and viability. The e-liquid flavorings did not significantly impact outcomes and there was no evidence for vaporization altering toxicity. These data suggest that the major physiologically significant component of e-liquids besides nicotine is likely the common solvent PG. We conclude that C. elegans are an appropriate model to rapidly assess parameters that may contribute to the basic cell biological effects of e-cigs.
Role of Plasminogen in Matrix Breakdown by Neoplastic Cells

Destruction of the extracellular matrix is often observed during tumor invasion, and proteolytic enzymes may participate actively in the degradation of matrix proteins. The present report elucidates the role of plasminogen in the degradation by tumor cells of an in vitro elaborated extracellular matrix. Matrices produced by rat smooth muscle cells in the presence of [3H]proline or [3H]fucose were used as substrates for human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080), mouse melanoma cells (B16F1), or human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD). All three cell lines degraded part of the glycoprotein compartment of the matrix. HT-1080 cells digested the matrices in a density-dependent manner, and while matrix glycoprotein degradation was plasminogen-dependent at the beginning of the experiment and at low cell densities, the zymogen was not essential for further glycoprotein digestion at high cell densities. Depletion of plasminogen from the growth medium resulted in a threefold reduction of matrix degradation by B16F1 cells showing a distinct plasminogen dependency at low cell numbers. RD cells digested only matrix glycoproteins, and this degradation was completely dependent on the presence of plasminogen at all cell densities. These results suggested that plasmin generated from plasminogen by a tumor cell-associated plasminogen activator may be most important for matrix hydrolysis at low cell densities, and while certain tumor cell lines showed a definite plasminogen-independent matrix degradation with increased cell numbers, other neoplastic cells hydrolyzed the matrix only in the presence of the zymogen at all cell densities.