cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale materials for hyperthermal theranostics

Recently, the use of nanoscale materials has attracted considerable attention with the aim of designing personalized therapeutic approaches that can enhance both spatial and temporal control over drug release, permeability, and uptake. Potential benefits to patients include the reduction of overall drug dosages, enabling the parallel delivery of different pharmaceuticals, and the possibility of enabling additional functionalities such as hyperthermia or deep-tissue imaging (LIF, PET, etc.) that complement and extend the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy and surgery. This mini-review is focused on an emerging class of nanometer-scale materials that can be used both to heat malignant tissue to reduce angiogenesis and DNA-repair while simultaneously offering complementary imaging capabilities based on radioemission, optical fluorescence, magnetic resonance, and photoacoustic methods.
Erroneous classification of neuronal activity by the respiratory modulation index

Failure to record respiratory activity in the mesencephalon of the chronic cat led us to analyze the formula (the respiratory modulation index, RMI) used by Hugelin and his colleagues to discriminate respiratory neurons. Using computer simulations, we compared RMI with the analysis of variance (F) and the non-parametric Friedman's test (chi 2). Samples were drawn repeatedly from simulated distributions of neuronal activity and were allocated to successive bins representing the respiratory cycle. Allocations of bins were made randomly so that only a chance relationship existed between the simulated activity and respiratory cycle. These simulations revealed that the RMI erroneously yields values indicative of a respiratory relationship and does so as a function of sample size and the variability and shape of the distribution of non-respiratory activity. Although some of the simulated conditions violated assumptions of the F test and, to a lesser degree, the chi 2, these statistics erred at rates close to the chosen 5% level. When respiratory activity was stimulated, chi 2 and F were more sensitive than RMI in detecting the relationship. We conclude that the high incidence of respiratory activity reported by the Hugelin group is based upon a faulty statistic and is highly questionable.
The small polyp at flexible sigmoidoscopy : An historical perspective on why practices still vary

Current practices vary regarding the approach to small polyps discovered during screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. The most common practice is to perform colonoscopy whenever any adenoma is detected, a strategy that generally uses biopsy of polyps ≤ 5 mm in size. However, data suggest that tubular adenomas 1 cm in size, or with high-grade dysplasia. At the other end of the spectrum, another school of thought advocates screening colonoscopy, recognizing that most patients with advanced proximal adenomas do not have polyps in their distal colon. Advocates of this approach use any excuse to perform colonoscopy, whether it be a positive fecal occult blood test, minor symptoms, or small polyp at flexible sigmoidoscopy, even if hyperplastic. This review describes the history of the controversy regarding management of findings at flexible sigmoidoscopy, the data pertinent to the controversy, and the basis for the three approaches described above, all of which are currently within the standard of medical care.
On the scale of mantle heterogeneity

Abstract A data set comprising 3313 residuals measured from digital records of 429 earthquakes is analyzed for the heterogeneity of the Earth's mantle. The smoothed SS residuals reveal a large pattern of heterogeneity and agree well with the major tectonic features on the Earth's surface and the residual patterns predicted by upper mantle and whole mantle models. The spectrum of SS residuals indicates that the heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle, which probably reflects the patterns of mantle convection, is dominated by long-wavelength features. Our analysis of the power of SS residuals as a function of harmonic degree shows a distinct difference in the rate of decrease of the power below and above degree 8. The rate is first slower than l −1 , and then it exceeds l −2 . This is also true for SS residuals predicted for model SH 425.2 and Love wave phase velocities at 100 s measured by other researchers. This indicates that there is a preference for features with dimensions larger than 2500–3500 km. We find that the power spectrum of the velocity anomalies associated with the subducted slabs is two orders of magnitude lower for 1 ≤ l ≤ 8 than that of velocity anomalies obtained by inversion of waveform data. For the ocean basins, correlation of the SS residuals with the square root of age of the oceanic lithosphere is highly significant. However, the age correlation predicts only 10% of the variance. This means that the thermal signature of the spreading center represents only a small fraction of the thermal anomalies introduced into the upper mantle by convection.
Development of pH-Responsive Fluorescent False Neurotransmitters

We introduce pH-responsive fluorescent false neurotransmitters (pH-responsive FFNs) as novel probes that act as vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) substrates and ratiometric fluorescent pH sensors. The development of these agents was achieved by systematic molecular design that integrated several structural elements, including the aminoethyl group (VMAT recognition), halogenated hydroxy-coumarin core (ratiometric optical pH sensing in the desired pH range), and N- or C-alkylation (modulation of lipophilicity). Of 14 compounds that were synthesized, the probe Mini202 was selected based on the highest uptake in VMAT2-transfected HEK cells and desirable optical properties. Using Mini202, we measured the pH of catecholamine secretory vesicles in PC-12 cells (pH approximately 5.9) via two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Incubation with methamphetamine led to an increase in vesicular pH (pH approximately 6.4), consistent with a proposed mechanism of action of this psychostimulant, and eventually to redistribution of vesicular content (including Mini202) from vesicles to cytoplasm. Mini202 is sufficiently bright, photostable, and suitable for two-photon microscopy. This probe will enable fundamental neuroscience and neuroendocrine research as well as drug screening efforts.
Radiations of 6.7-Day U 237

The radiations of ${\mathrm{U}}^{237}$ have been studied using a magnetic lens beta-ray spectrometer and scintillation spectrometers for betas and gammas singly and in coincidence. A beta with an end-point energy of 245\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 kev was found along with evidence for the existence of a lower energy component. Gammas of energy 27, 43, 59, 165, 207, 269, 334, 370, and 430 kev were found, and probably a gamma of 102 kev. The decay scheme constructed gives a total decay energy for this isotope of 551\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 kev.
Characterization of CVD carbon films for hermetic optical fiber coatings

Abstract Thin carbon films are being studied as hermetic coatings for optical fibers used in harsh environment applications. This work details an experimental study of pyrolytic carbon films grown in a cold walled chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. The films are grown from methane, acetylene, propane and butane precursors on stationary 3-mm quartz rods. Results are presented at 15 and 600 torr, total pressure for substrate temperatures between 1050 and 1750 K. Hydrocarbon precursor gas concentrations are varied between 10 and 100% in N 2 dilutant. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) shows mostly carbon composition, with trace levels of Cr and O 2 impurities. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) reveal small amounts of SiC at the carbon–glass interface, but could not resolve a continuous transition layer. The thickness, microstructure and surface roughness are analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). ESEM reveals an increase in deposition rate with temperature and concentration for all hydrocarbon species and a noticeable change in surface morphology with deposition temperature and hydrocarbon species. Raman spectroscopy is used to relate film microstructure to deposition conditions, providing non-intrusive evaluation of crystalline size and hermetic properties.
Remarks on the consumer problem under incomplete preferences

This article revisits the standard results of demand theory when the preference relation is a continuous preorder that admits an equicontinuous multi-utility representation. We study the consumer problem as the constrained maximization of a continuous vector-valued utility mapping, and show how to rederive those results. In particular, we provide a link between the literature on vector optimization and the analysis of the consumer problem under incomplete preferences.
Vascular Dilation, Tachycardia, and Increased Inotropy Occur Sequentially with Increasing Epinephrine Dose Rate, Plasma and Myocardial Concentrations, and cAMP.

Background While epinephrine infusion is widely used in critical care for inotropic support, there is no direct method to detect the onset and measure the magnitude of this response. We hypothesised that surrogate measurements, such as heart rate and vascular tone, may indicate if the plasma and tissue concentrations of epinephrine and cAMP are in a range sufficient to increase myocardial contractility. Methods Cardiovascular responses to epinephrine infusion (0.05-0.5mcgkg −1 min −1 ) were measured in rats using arterial and left ventricular catheters. Epinephrine and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA techniques. Results The lowest dose of epinephrine infusion (0.05mcgkg −1 min −1 ) did not raise plasma epinephrine levels and did not lead to cardiovascular response. Incremental increase in epinephrine infusion (0.1mcgkg −1 min −1 ) elevated plasma but not myocardial epinephrine levels, providing vascular, but not cardiac effects. Further increase in the infusion rate (0.2mcgkg −1 min −1 ) raised myocardial tissue epinephrine levels sufficient to increase heart rate but not contractility. Inotropic and lusitropic effects were significant at the infusion rate of 0.3mcgkg −1 min −1 . Correlation of plasma epinephrine to haemodynamic parameters suggest that as plasma concentration increases, systemic vascular resistance falls (EC50=47 pg/ml), then HR increases (ED50=168 pg/ml), followed by a rise in contractility and lusitropy (ED50=346 pg/ml and ED50=324 pg/ml accordingly). Conclusions The dose response of epinephrine is distinct for vascular tone, HR and contractility. The need for higher doses to see cardiac effects is likely due to the threshold for drug accumulation in tissue. Successful inotropic support with epinephrine cannot be achieved unless the infusion is sufficient to raise the heart rate.
Determination of ranitidine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of ranitidine in plasma. Ranitidine was extracted with acetonitrile by adding it to the plasma and then salting it out with potassium carbonate. The chromatographic column was 5-μm ODS silica, the mobile phase being acetonitrile-7 mM triethylammonium ion in phosphoric acid (pH 3.00) (30:70 v/v). The ranitidine peak was monitored at a wavelength of 315 nm, the retention time for ranitidine being 4.6 min. A limit of detection of 3 ng ml−1 was obtained for a 100-μl injection of ranitidine. The method was found to be reproducible with a relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.8–5.3% (n = 5) over the concentration range 25–80 ng ml−1 in plasma. The ranitidine concentration was determined in 18 different patients' plasmas. Ranitidine and its metabolites ranitidine S-oxide, ranitidine N-oxide and desmethylranitidine, were also studied for chromatographic resolution from each other. It was shown that a group of common drugs did not interfere with ranitidine determination.
Calculating NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancements without adjustable parameters: the spin-3/2 complex Cr(III)(AcAc)3

NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (NMR-PRE) produced by the electron spin S = 3/2 complex Cr(III)(acac)3 (acac = acetylacetonato) has been simulated by spin dynamic (SD) simulation methods in order to test current theory of NMR-PRE. This system provides a particularly demanding test of theory, since the Zeeman and zero field splitting (zfs) contributions to the electron spin Hamiltonian are of comparable magnitude in the range of magnetic field variation of the data, and Brownian reorientation of both the zfs tensor and the interspin vector play important roles in the relaxation mechanism. For Cr(III)(acac)3, all of the sensitive parameters of theory were known from independent experiments, so that a calculation was possible without variation of parameters. The R1 field dispersion profile (fdp), reported by Wang et al. (J. Magn. Reson. 1987; 73: 277), exhibit a single pronounced dispersive feature between 0.23 and 2.1 T. SD simulations showed that this feature results physically from the change in spatial quantization of the electron spin motion that occurs in the intermediate regime of field strengths where the Zeeman and zfs energies are comparable. Thus, the observed R1 dispersion for Cr(III)(acac)3 has a qualitatively different physical origin than the dispersions of Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan theory, where R1 dispersions result from Zeeman breaking of level degeneracies. The shape of the experimental fdp suggests that the point-dipole approximation is invalid for Cr(III)(acac)3 due to delocalization of electron spin density onto the π-system of the acac ligand. After accounting for the altered geometry, good agreement with experiment was obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for Amelioration of Steroid-Mediated Immunosuppression by Ascorbic Acid

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine if supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) would ameliorate the immunosuppression induced by exogenous Cortisol (COL). Supplemental AA was provided in the diets at levels of 0 and 1000 ppm. Administration of COL significantly lowered plasma AA at both 0 and 10 days postimmunization, and AA supplementation elevated plasma AA at both times. Cortisol-treated chicks exhibited significantly reduced agglutinins to sheep red blood cells but not to Brucella abortus. Supplemental AA significantly ameliorated the immunosuppression associated with exogenous COL and may serve as an antiimmunosuppressive agent in the chicken.
Experiments on Tropical Stratospheric Mean-Wind Variations in a Spectral General Circulation Model

Abstract A 30-level version of the rhomboidal-15 GFDL spectral climate model was constructed with roughly 2-km vertical resolution. In common with other comprehensive general circulation models, this model fails to produce a realistic quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. A number of simulations were conducted in which the zonal-mean winds and temperatures in the equatorial lower and middle stratosphere were instantaneously perturbed and the model was integrated while the mean state relaxed toward its equilibrium. The time scale for the mean wind relaxation varied from somewhat over one month at 40 km to a few months in the lower stratosphere. This is similar to the time scales of observed QBO wind reversals. The wind relaxations in the model also displayed the downward phase propagation characteristic of QBO wind reversals, and mean wind anomalies of opposite sign to the imposed perturbation appear at higher levels. In the GCM, however, the downward propagation is clear only abov...
A generalization of the log-series distribution

A new generalized logarithmic series distribution (GLSD) with two parameters is proposed.The proposed model is flexible enough to describe short-tailed as well as long-tailed data.Some recurence relations for its probabilities and the factorial moments are presente.These recurrence relations are utilized to obtain the minimum chi-square estimators for the parmaters.Maximum likelihood estimators and some other estimators based on first few moments and probabilities are also suggested.Asymptotic relative efficiency of some of these estimators is also obtained and compared.Two test statistics based on the minimum chi-square estimators fo testing some hypotheses regarding the GLSD are proposed.The fit of the model and the application of the test statistics are exemplified by some data sets.Finally, a graphical method is suggested for differentiating between the ordinary logarithmic series distribution and the GLSD.
Maintaining the exchangeability assumption for a two-group permutation test in the non-randomized setting

In this note, we develop a new two-group bootstrap-permutation test that utilizes the tail-extrapolated quantile function estimator for the bootstrap component. This test is an extension of the standard two-group permutation test, that through its construction is defined to meet the exchangeability assumption, and thus it guarantees that the type I error is appropriately bounded by definition. This methodology is particularly useful in the non-randomized two-group setting for which the exchangeability assumption for the traditional two-group permutation test is untestable. We develop some theoretical results for the new test, followed by a simulation study and an example.
Mantle cell lymphoma presenting as acute appendicitis.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Most cases of appendicitis associated with lymphoma reported in literature are in patients with Burkitt's or large B-cell lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma only makes up 4% of all lymphoma cases in the U.S. We report a case of a patient with mantle cell lymphoma presenting with acute appendicitis. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 75 year old male with a history of left cervical lymphadenopathy biopsied to be mantle cell lymphoma presented with right lower abdomen pain for 3 days. An outpatient CT scan revealed acute appendicitis. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed without any complication. The histologic examination showed mantle cell lymphoma occluding the lumen of appendix. DISCUSSION Typically, appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the lumen of appendix by fecalith or lymphoma. A previously reported case of a patient with mantle cell lymphoma who developed appendicitis received chemotherapy before appendectomy. The author could not determine how mantle cell lymphoma contributed to appendicitis because the lumen of appendix was not occluded by the lymphoma, likely from cytoreduction from chemotherapy. We have a patient with mantle cell lymphoma before the patient received chemotherapy who presented with appendicitis. The appendiceal specimen shows the lumen filled with mantle cell lymphoma. CONCLUSION This is a rare case of mantle cell lymphoma causing obstruction of appendiceal lumen and subsequently appendicitis, unaffected by chemotherapy.
Blood prostaglandin A (PGA) levels in normal human subjects.

Abstract Blood prostaglandin A levels were measured in ten healthy subjects under different conditions of collection and storage. Plasma levels ranged from 1.20 to 1.81 ng/ml (M ± SE = 1.50 ± 0.10) in 5 females to 1.23 to 1.68 ng/ml (1.45 ± 0.09) in 5 males, when centrifuged and frozen immediately after collection. Storate at 4°C for varying times up to 24 hours and at 22°C (room temperature) up to 4 hours did not affect mean plasma concentrations significantly, but increased the range obtained to 1.00 to 2.47 ng/ml for both male and female groups. Serum concentrations differed in males and females and were lower than corresponding mean plasma values for males and higher for females. Mean serum concentrations were 1.77 ± 0.08 ng/ml in females and 1.18 ± 0.05 ng/ml in males and did not change significantly up to 24 hours of storage at 4°C. These results suggest that prostaglandin A assayed in both plasma and serum under the conditions described is stable and should allow for greater flexibility in sampling under different experimental conditions.
Fourier analysis of bivalve outlines: Implications on evolution and autecology

Fourier analysis of shape provides a unique means of studying morphologic variation of bivalves, especially in terms of their evolution and autecology. Amplitude spectra resulting from analysis may be refined, summarized, and further evaluated by a series of statistical measures designed to extract the maximum amount of information from outline features. Root mean square error comparison of harmonics, combined with a modified analysis of variance design and Snedecor's F-test, permits identification of significant amplitudes. Intra- and interspecific variation may be expressed as variance about mean power estimates derived from significant amplitudes for each species. Variance estimates of 14 species of heterodont bivalves indicate that venerid bivalves show considerably more intraspecific shape variability than do tellinid species. In both groups, however, species characterized by more elongate shells show less intraspecific variability. Evolutionary and environmental implications of interspecific shape variance in bivalves suggest that future comprehensive examination of specimens, collected in situ, may be fruitful.
Measuring the impact of lifecycle costs, technological obsolescence, and flexibility in the selection of FMS design

Abstract Selecting an appropriate FMS requires consideration of many factors for successful implementation and operation. Primary factors are the system's flexibility, lifecycle cost, and competitive ability over time. This paper proposes a quantitative measure for comparing alternative FMS designs with respect to these three criteria. The model captures the effect of these three factors in a single measure.
Poverty, Development, and Women: Why Should We Care?

Healthy, prosperous nations require healthy women and newborns. Young girls and women in resource-poor nations suffer the greatest ill-health consequences from low status, denial of basic human rights, and poverty. Poverty and poor health result in poor economic development. The Millennium Development Goals call for immediate efforts to reduce poverty, improve health, especially of girls and women, and foster development in the world's poorest nations.
Neurologic complications of hepatitis C.

Background:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common and chronic disorder with numerous extrahepatic manifestations. We review the neurologic complications in this article.Review Summary:Neurologic complications can involve the peripheral or the central nervous system. The most frequently report
Microscope-integrated micromanipulator based on multiple VCSEL traps

The compactness of VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers) provides them the ability to meet the demands of current biochip technologies. In earlier research, optical trapping of live biological cells and microspheres based on VCSEL array has been realized in the form of parallel static traps on a translation stage. In microfluidic systems (lab-on-a-chip devices), the background flow introduces complexity and uncertainty in velocity and force analysis on target microparticles, making the capability of transporting biological objects without moving sample highly desirable. Moreover independently controllable traps offer more flexibility in microparticle manipulation. In this paper, a microscope-integrated VCSEL trapping system capable of independent control and batch processing of microparticles is devised and demonstrated. Optical design considerations for keeping stable trapping performance while multiplexing are addressed. Both a single optical trap and a trap array can be controlled independently by tilting mirror while their relative depth can be adjusted without power loses in optical system. In the micromanipulator, a single VCSEL trap serves as a collector and distributor, while a VCSEL array provides the carrier for synchronous processing and small range shift. Potential improvement based on two independently controlled VCSEL arrays is discussed and related applications are investigated.
Properties of phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O thin films and device structures

The properties of phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O polycrystalline and epitaxial thin films are described. The as-deposited (Zn,Mg)O:P films are n type with high electron carrier density. High resistivity is induced in the films with moderate temperature annealing, which is consistent with suppression of the donor state and activation of the deep acceptor. The resistivity of the as-deposited and annealed film is an order of magnitude higher than similar samples with no Mg, consistent with a shift in the conduction band edge relative to the defect-related donor state. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of annealed metal/insulator/P-doped (Zn,Mg)O structures in which the (Zn,Mg)O is polycrystalline exhibit p-type polarity. In addition, multiple polycrystalline devices comprising n-type ZnO/P-doped (Zn,Mg)O thin-film junctions display asymmetric I–V characteristics that are consistent with the formation of a p-n junction at the interface, although the ideality factor is anomalously high.
Influence of hypertension on postischemic cerebrovascular obstruction

Abstract Rabbit brains were subjected to 15 minutes of complete ischemia, then perfused with carbon black either immediately after the ischemic period, or following 7 1 2 or 15 minutes of reestablished cerebral blood flow at either normotensive or hypertensive blood pressures. The vascular obstruction seen immediately after 15 minutes of ischemia decreased significantly after 7 1 2 or 15 minutes of normotensive-restored blood flow. A further significant decrease was seen when blood flow was reestablished at hypertensive levels as compared with normotensive levels of similar duration. Prolonged reflow (120 minutes) at normotensive levels was no more effective than 15 minutes of hypertensive reflow in reversing vascular obstruction. These findings are discussed in terms of a mechanism for reversing the obstruction, and the possible value of hypertensive therapy in acute episodes of cerebral ischemia is mentioned.
An Application of Pattern Recognition Techniques to Side Scan Sonar Data

This paper summarizes a study designed to determine if computer-aided pattern recognition techniques could be applied to the data of side scanning sonar. The technique presented is based on the hypothesis that variations in backscatter of sound energy from different ocean bottoms may be described in terms of changes in the texture and tone of side scanning sonar images. Measures of texture and tone are derived from first order statistics of the spatial variation of bottom returns. The pattern recognition classification algorithm known as "adaptive sample set constrution" is implemented for use with side scanning sonar data. The results are presented for application of the algorithm to the classification of two sand and one mud bottom type.
Circuit applications based on solution-processed zinc-tin oxide TFTs

Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) have been extensively studied for circuit applications, such as inverters [1], oscillators [2], and memory devices [3]. Most of the AOS-based TFTs used in the circuits are processed with high-vacuum systems even though solution-based processes have the advantages of easy processing, low fabrication cost and potential for large coverage area. In this paper, we demonstrate circuits based on solution-processed zinc-tin oxide (ZTO) TFTs, including inverters, ring oscillators and amplifiers. Performance uniformity and circuit functionality have been achieved with solution-based processing technique.
Influence of partial defoliation of green pepper on the senescence, growth, and nitrate reductase of the remaining leaf

Removal of all but one leaf from pepper plants prevented the senescence of the remaining leaf and caused increases of approximately 140, 200, and 200%, respectively in leaf area, weight, and nitrate reductase activity. Development of the fruit (fresh and dry weight increases) was only approximately 65% of that of fruit on control plants.
Dialysis: ESA responsiveness and outcomes in patients on hemodialysis.

Whether erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) administered in high doses could be harmful is a subject of intense interest. A recent trial has studied the relationship between hemoglobin level, ESA dose and outcomes in Japanese patients on hemodialysis. Here, we review the findings and the possible impact on clinical anemia treatment.
Differential Accumulation and Degradation Of Anthocyanins In Red Norland Periderm is Dependent On Soil Type And Tuber Storage Duration

To determine how soil type, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment, and storage affects color and anthocyanin accumulation of Red Norland potatoes, tubers were grown in sand or peat, with or without 2,4-D treatment, and measured at vine kill, harvest or after storage. Tubers grown in sand were less red and accumulated fewer anthocyanins than tubers grown in peat. 2,4-D treatment increased redness regardless of soil type. Redness loss varied greatly among tubers with storage. Tubers that lost color with storage had a two-fold reduction in anthocyanins, and a two-fold increase in benzoic and cinnamic acids compared to harvest, indicating chemical degradation of anthocyanidins via B-ring cleavage and autoxidation. Sand-grown potatoes did not exhibit greater cinnamic acids compared to peat-grown potatoes, suggesting that their color differences were due more to differences in biosynthesis than degradation during skin set. To improve Red Norland tuber color, research should focus on increasing biosynthesis of anthocyanins.
CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR MAPPING SEA ICE

La cartographie de la glace de mer dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent entraine des difficultes particulieres, car les vents, les marees, les courants et la temperature influent sur la croissance et la distribution des champs de glace. Ceux-ci ont fait l'objet d'un releve aerien execute tous les dix jours en cooperation avec l'ARC, par temps clair. Les caracteristiques des champs de glace, telles que concentration, inclinaisons, limites, chaines de pression et type de la glace, ont ete reportees sur des ebauches au millionieme. Pour utiliser efficacement ces donnees, un systeme de classification a ete mis au point; il indique graphiquement les types de glaces et les concentrations des champs de glace. Un schema partiel superposeaux graphiques apporte des renseignements supplementaires. Les cartes definitivesont ete executees a l'echelle de 35 milles au pouce.
X-RAY DETERMINATION OF PHONON DISPERSION IN VANADIUM.

Phonon frequencies along principal symmetry directions were measured in vanadium by means of thermal diffuse scattering of x rays. A polishing and annealing procedure was adopted which eliminated extra scattering associated with impurities. The dispersion curves have initial slopes in agreement with the measured elastic constants. We found no evidence of any irregularity at low frequencies in any of the dispersion curves and in the calculated frequency spectrum. A low-frequency peak in the frequency spectrum has been reported in two inelastic neutron-scattering experiments and was attributed to a Kohn effect. A Born-von K\'arm\'an model with seven-neighbor forces gave an adequate fit to the dispersion curves within experimental uncertainty. The derived interatomic force constants are not consistent with an axially symmetric model. The calculated frequency spectrum is in generally good agreement with the inelastic neutron determinations, but indicates the presence of more detailed structure. The high-energy tail observed in many experiments is not confirmed, nor does the $\frac{g(\ensuremath{\nu})}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}}$ curve exhibit any hump in the low-frequency region.
Water Treatment Revolution

The field of water treatment may appear lethargic on the surface with regard to change and adaptation of new technologies. But if you look deeper there is an apparent shift in how we in North America are thinking about water treatment, and new approaches are slowly being implemented. Certainly, recent regulations such as the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule are one reason we are starting to see major shifts in use of disinfectants and holistic thinking about implementation of multiple barriers for achieving various water quality goals. However, I believe a good part of this shift in thinking is the result of closer ties to our fellow water treatment warriors in other parts of the world. Yes, globalization has reached water treatment and it is a good thing. It is a two-way street with exchanges coming from both sides, but I believe that North America in particular has a lot to gain. From an academic standpoint, universities are pushing international collaborations at an unprecedented rate. What major research university does not have some kind of collaboration or exchange with Singapore in the works? We are not so naive as to think this is just another way to export our technology and engineering. Sure we have much to offer, but we also recognize that we have much to gain, learn, and exchange. Globalization is upon us, and it is a good thing with regard to public health and drinking water treatment. Look around and the problems are often the same. Decreasing fresh, pristine water resources are forcing regions of the world to implement some drastic levels of water treatment. The Middle East and arid regions are prime examples. Our European friends have been dealing with this issue for years and have adapted with an interesting array of water treatment options, historically quite unique from the traditions in North America. I have often wondered and discussed with my students how it came about that European water treatment can get away with using little to no chlorine residual, especially given the age of their infrastructure in some areas and the fact that many of the source waters major rivers that receive wastewater effluents and urban runoff are water quality compromised. What have they done to their water to make it potable? Perhaps the European response to dealing with the specific influent quality requires more of a philosophical interpretation. Biostability is one way to summarize the European water treatment philosophy. Install as many required technologies as possible to make the water biologically stable; is the apparent mantra in Europe. So we see bank filtration, granular activated carbon, membranes, oxidation technologies, ultraviolet light, biological filtration, and even slow sand filtration. These approaches are all in our North American water treatment toolbox, but they are under the heading of “alternative” or “advanced” treatment. Our philosophy in North America has veered more toward maintaining some disinfectant residual as the ultimate stopgap mea-
Family Support, Adolescent Individuation, and Drug and Alcohol Involvement

To better understand the psychosocial context of adolescent substance abuse, 1,938 students in Grades 9 through 12 were anonymously surveyed regarding their level of involvement with alcohol and dr...
The human use of information--I: Signal detection for the case of the signal known exactly

A theory of visual detection is developed, based on the model provided by the theory of signal detectability,2 and, more generally, by the theory of statistical decision. Two experiments are reported which test some predictions of the theory for the case of the signal-known-exactly. These experiments demonstrate that the human observer tends toward optimum behavior, where optimum behavior is defined as that behavior which maximizes the expected gain from the decision. Their results show the proportion of correct detections to be dependent upon the proportion of false alarms; they indicate that neural activity is a power function of signal intensity. The data also demand a re-evaluation of the threshhold concept. Predictions are made for the data obtained using two different methods of response, forced-choice end yes-no, and the internal consistency of the theory is demonstrated. The predictions of the theory are compared with contrasting predictions of conventional sensory theory; the data are also related to conventional theory.
Internal photon lines associated with the density matrix operator

Previous diagrammatic analyses of the density matrix are extended to incorporate quantum-electrodynamic processes fully by inclusion of the photon propagator and its complex conjugate. It is shown that eight fundamental time-ordered diagrams are necessary to describe radiative processes completely. For each of these, inclusion of the photon propagator permits, in addition to polarization, a direct calculation of electric field expectation values. Electric field correlations associated with the fundamental diagrams lead to a diagrammatic (quantum-electrodynamic) interpretation and derivation of the spontaneous emission limited linewidth associated with simulated emission as given by the Townes-Schawlow line narrowing formula. Stimulated Raman scattering, two-wave mixing, and parametric amplification are illustrative of the extension of these diagrammatic techniques to nonlinear optical phenomena. >
Longshore sand waves at Southampton Beach, New York: observation and numerical simulation of their movement

Abstract This paper describes measurements and numerical simulations of the movement of longshore sand waves observed at Southampton Beach, Long Island, New York. These large morphologic features are created by periodic opening of a small inlet and subsequent welding of its ebb shoal to the beach. Longshore sand waves are wave-like forms that maintain identity while moving along the shore and represent a simple type of collective sediment movement or largescale coastal behavior. Despite being described as early as 1939, few measurements of longshore sand waves have been made, and their dynamic behavior is not well understood. Eleven longshore sand waves were identified along Southampton Beach and have an average length of 0.75 km and an amplitude of 40 m. Migration speed was greatest under winter wave action and reached an average 1.09 km year −1 and yearly average speed including summer calms was a much lower 0.35 km year −1 . During a 16-month observation period, the longshore sand waves did not disperse during their steady migration westward in the direction of predominant wave incidence, and longer waves moved faster than those with smaller wavelengths. A numerical model of shoreline change including both standard particulate longshore sand transport and a component describing migration of a longshore sand wave is developed in which the velocity of the wave is related to the calculated longshore discharge of water. The model shows wave refraction to be an important mechanism contributing to the longevity of longshore sand waves, acting to retard the otherwise expected diffusion. Model calculations of the migration of a single longshore sand wave agree quantitatively with the observations.
Overriding the alkynophilicity of gold: catalytic pathways from higher energy Au(I)–substrate complexes and reactant deactivation via unproductive complexation in the gold(I)-catalyzed propargyl Claisen rearrangement

Computational and experimental analysis of unusual substituent effects in the Au-catalyzed propargyl Claisen rearrangement revealed new features important for the future development of Au(I) catalysis. Despite the higher stability of Au–alkyne complexes, they do not always correspond to the catalytically active compounds. Instead, the product emanates from the higher energy Au(I)–oxygen complex reacting via a low barrier cation-accelerated oxonia Claisen pathway. Additionally, both intra and intermolecular competition from other Lewis bases present in the system, for the Au(I) catalyst, can lead to unproductive stabilization of the substrate/catalyst complex, explaining hitherto unresolved substituent effects.
Telescope surface measurement with two feeds

A method is suggested where a reference feed is fixed at the telescope focus, and a second feed has a lateral offset and scans the focal plane. The telescope tracks a celestial radio source, and the receiver measures the phase difference at the two feeds and their (voltage) amplitude ratio. A set of coordinate transformations is applied, after which the surface deviations \sigma from a paraboloid can be obtained by a Fourier transform. The measuring error is discussed, and the best wavelength is found to be between 14 and 21 rms \sigma .
Community Workforce Agreements: A Tool to Grow the Union Market and to Expand Access to Lifetime Careers in the Unionized Building Trades

This paper profiles and explores variations in the nature and extent to which community workforce provisions have been effectively negotiated into Project Labor Agreements (PLAs). Community Workforce Agreements broadly aim to advance employment and career models for demographic groups underrepresented in the construction industry but have implications for coalition building and may facilitate a broader role for labor in long-term economic development. These arrangements are the focus of intense policy and research debate, where the issue of using PLAs on publicly funded projects has long been considered. However, the types of provisions regularly included in these PLAs, and the manner in which these provisions vary by geography, time, and size of the Building and Construction Trades Council, are not well understood. This paper profiles the most common provisions and their variability and briefly touches on outcome effects of these agreements to communities, using a content analysis of 185 negotiated agree...
On the Mixture Gaussian Copula to study the suitability of Diagnostic Tests

In this article, we develop a new copula “Mixture Gaussian Copula” to study the suitability of the diagnostic tests in the same manner as the ROC curves are used in similar studies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v14i2.6217
Evidence of selection for low cognate amino acid bias in amino acid biosynthetic enzymes

Summary If the enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of a given amino acid are repressed and the cognate amino acid pool suddenly depleted, then derepression of these enzymes and replenishment of the pool would be problematic, if the enzymes were largely composed of the cognate amino acid. In the proverbial 'Catch 22', cells would lack the necessary enzymes to make the amino acid, and they would lack the necessary amino acid to make the needed enzymes. Based on this scenario, we hypothesize that evolution would lead to the selection of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes that have a relatively low content of their cognate amino acid. We call this the 'cognate bias hypothesis'. Here we test several implications of this hypothesis directly using data from the proteome of Escherichia coli . Several lines of evidence show that low cognate bias is evident in 15 of the 20 amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Comparison with closely related Salmo- nella typhimurium shows similar results. Comparison with more distantly related Bacillus subtilis shows general similarities as well as significant differences in the detailed profiles of cognate bias. Thus, selec- tion for low cognate bias plays a significant role in shaping the amino acid composition for a large class of cellular proteins.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents

Children and adults with OCD have similar obsessions and compulsions, as well as a similar response to most psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic interventions. A large proportion of adults with OCD, perhaps as high as 80%, have their onset during childhood or adolescence. The prevalence estimate of OCD in children is at least 2-4% and an even larger number may have subclinical OCD. Recent gains in OCD research have consisted in differentiating normal ritualistic behavior in children from OCD symptoms, realizing a more systematic assessment of OCD symptoms in children, refuting the impression that OCD in children is a rare condition and developing psychological and pharmacologic treatment strategies. Controlled studies of the phenomenology of OCD in children have been conducted. The vast majority of children with OCD have concurrent neuropsychiatric disorders including mood, tic, other anxiety and neurologic disorders, as well as pervasive developmental disorders. Recent investigations show that risk ...
Scalable synthesis of 5,11-diethynylated indeno(1,2-b)fluorene-6,12-diones and exploration of their solid state packing

We report a new synthetic route to 5,11-disubstituted indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diones that is amenable to larger scale reactions, allowing for the preparation of gram amounts of material. With this new methodology, we explored the effects on crystal packing morphology for the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diones by varying the substituents on the silylethynyl groups.
Optimal microstructures for martensitic steels

A dislocation–density-based model for slip transmission at variant boundaries and a microstructural failure criterion accounting for variant cleavage planes have been developed to determine optimal variant distributions for significantly improved ductility, through increased slip transmission, and fracture toughness, through increased resistance to crack propagation, in martensitic steels with refined blocks and packets. A crystal plasticity framework, accounting for variant morphologies and orientation relationships that are uniquely inherent to lath martensite, and specialized finite-element methodologies using overlapping elements to represent evolving fracture surfaces are used for a detailed analysis of fracture nucleation and intergranular and transgranular crack growth. The results indicate that the block sizes, variant orientations, and distributions are the key microstructural characteristics for toughening mechanisms, such as crack arrest and deflection, and for desired ductility, delayed crack nucleation, and greater fracture toughness. This approach can be the basis for validated design guidelines for the desired optimal behavior of high-strength and toughness steels.
Finite-Element Analysis of Hepatic Cryoablation Around a Large Blood Vessel

Cryoablation is a minimally invasive ablation technique for primary and metastatic hepatic tumors. Inadequate freezing around large blood vessels due to the warm blood flow can lead to local recurrence, and thus, necessitates close application of a cryoprobe to the large blood vessels. In this study, we constructed a perfusion model with an ex vivo bovine liver and ablated the tissue around a large blood vessel with one or two cryoprobes applied to the side of the vessel. The finite-element computer model developed in our previous study was modified to include a blood vessel and its convective heat transfer to the vicinity of the blood vessel. We compared the predicted simulation results to those acquired from this ex vivo perfusion model. The results indicate that blood vessels act as a heat source and generate steep temperature profiles in the area next to the large blood vessel. After validation, the maximum allowable distance between the cryoprobe and the large blood vessel for successful cryoablation was presented. The results of this study should be considered when placing cryoprobes in the vicinity of large blood vessels.