cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Entrepreneurial Judgment With Venture-Specific Experience

Research summary This study advances research on entrepreneurial cognition by investigating how entrepreneurial judgment evolves during new venture creation. We conceptualize entrepreneurial judgment as a cognitive process in the minds of entrepreneurs that operates on the causal map—i.e., a knowledge structure concerning what factors they believe will help the chances of profitability under uncertainty. At the time of initial epiphany, entrepreneurs construct cognitive causal maps, which guide resource allocation decisions. Over time, venture-specific experience accumulates and entrepreneurial judgment evolves in response to their observations. Using a dataset of 524 nascent entrepreneurs, we find that entrepreneurs with more venture-specific experiences have more selective judgments, and they have stronger conviction in those judgments. We also find that perceived uncertainty and cognitive dispositions of the individuals affect entrepreneurial judgment. Managerial summary Entrepreneurs often have to exercise judgment due to limited information and resources when creating new businesses. Because they cannot effectively make progress in all aspects of a new venture at once, entrepreneurs choose the important success factors to focus on. Our findings suggest that it is important to understand the cognitive mechanisms underpinning their judgments. As entrepreneurs gain more experience with the venture, their chosen set of success factors narrows and their confidence increases. Additionally, their self-efficacy and decisiveness encourage them to make stronger judgments. This may imply a precarious scenario because of the risk of overconfidence in their judgments. Similarly, investors are also advised to check if the entrepreneur's conviction is supported by accumulated experience in the context of the venture. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
SU-F-T-614: Comparison of Pinnacle and Monaco Dose Calculations of SBRT Treatments

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, compare and investigate the differences of SBRT treatment plans on dose calculation and plan metrics between Pinnacle and Monaco treatment planning systems (TPS). Methods: 14 previously treated patients’ files were exported from the Pinnacle treatment planning system to Monaco. All of the treatment plans were created in Pinnacle and delivered on a Varian Novalis with the HD120 multi-leaf collimator. The plans were recalculated within Monaco using a Monte-Carlo algorithm. From the calculated dose distributions, the PITV, R50, conformity and homogeneity indices were computed and used for SBRT plan evaluation. Dose volume histogram comparison and OAR dose statistics were also used for the comparison. Results: The mean PITV for Monaco increased 7% over Pinnacle, while the standard deviation increased from 0.047 to 0.076. The Homogeneity Index increased from 1.32 to 1.35. The Target Coverage decreased slightly from 0.98 to 0.97. The standard deviations for Homogeneity Index and Target coverage varied insignificantly by less than 0.2%. Conclusion: The PITV increasing shows that the prescription dose volume increases, since the PTV will not change between treatment planning systems. This indicates that the more accurate dose near density change interfaces from Monaco shows the original planning has the dose shifted away from the isocenter. The homogeneity index increases shows that there is more of a change between the minimum and maximum doses within the PTV so the target coverage decreases.
Achieving Sustainable Mine Waste Management Practices through Capacity Building of Stakeholder Engagement the Case of the Zambian Minerals Industry

Sustainable mine waste management is a matter that is always at the centre stage of the mining industry. This is because there has been a challenge in achieving sustainable mine waste management practices in the mining sector. It’s a known fact that mining operations respect no boundaries and it is therefore important that every mining company directs its efforts towards the achievement of a sustainable mine waste management practice regardless of the geographical location. Despite the development of mine waste management practices which in most cases present good engineering designs on how mine waste should be disposed, achievement of a sustainable mine waste management practice in most cases has been a challenge. This is because there is always a demand from the communities and other stakeholders like governments and local authorities within which mining operations take place.This study, thus, endeavoured to focus mining companies towards capacity building in the area of stakeholders’ engagement if sustainable mine waste management practice is to be achieved from commencement of any mining operation to the time of closure without incurring huge added costs.
Unexplained increases in serum vancomycin concentration in a morbidly obese patient.

Summary Introduction To report a case of increases in vancomycin concentrations without additional vancomycin doses being given. Case study A 64 year-old morbidly obese female received three total doses of vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis and for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Subsequent vancomycin concentrations from the patient’s central venous catheter (CVC) demonstrated increasing drug levels from 27.1 to 45.9 mcg/mL despite no additional vancomycin being given and proper line flushing prior to sample collection. There is no clear explanation for the increase in the patient’s vancomycin concentration. Drug leaching from the CVC, enterohepatic recycling, drug redistribution from adipose or other tissues, and assay cross-reactivity with other medications are all potential explanations for the increased vancomycin concentrations. Conclusion This case report describes an unexplained increase in vancomycin concentrations and reinforces both the fallibility of laboratory testing and that unusual circumstances do occur. Several potential causes are hypothesised with CVC drug leaching being the most likely. Nurses and other healthcare providers with similar scenarios should consider a peripheral blood sample to rule out the potential for CVC drug leaching as a possible explanation.
Issues in collaborative online international learning

Online communication enables international and intercultural cooperation of students without a need for costs and logistics connected with traveling. However, if the learning should be effective, it is necessary to built the online courses with regards to cultural barriers and differences. This article focuses on issues connected with course design for courses that include at international collaboration. It reviews a few cases of international collaborative courses from literature and personal experiences of the author to demonstrate how these issues influence learning process. Then the focus shifts onto general course design recommendations for building international online courses, ending with a practical list of issues and areas to focus on.
Aluminum Alloys with Tailored TiB 2 Particles for Composite Applications

TiB2 particles are dispersed into aluminum alloys to improve their mechanical properties. The TiB2 particles are produced in situ by chemical reactions of a mixture of K2TiF6 and KBF4 salts with aluminum and are subsequently dispersed in the aluminum alloys as reinforcement. Through adjusting the processing chemistry by adding different alloying elements, TiB2 particles can be tailored to desired morphologies and sizes. The results are discussed in view of interfacial energy and heterogeneous nucleation of aluminum grains in solidification.
Microstructural Modeling of Pitting Corrosion in Steels Using an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Method

Two microscale numerical models are developed in this work using a moving-mesh approach to investigate the growth process of pitting in different iron phases and the corrosion prevention capability of polyaniline (PANi) on steels. The distributions of corrosion potential and current in the electrolyte-coating-steel system are computed to evaluate the anti-corrosion ability of PANi. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach was used to accomplish the continuous remesh process as was needed to simulate the dynamic growing forefront of the modeled pitting domain. Experimental validation of the numerical models was conducted using the technique of scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). The SKPFM-scanned surface topography and Volta potential difference exhibit comparable results to and thereby prove the numerical results. The potential distribution in the electrolyte phase of the validated models shows that the corrosion pit grows faster in the epoxy-only-coated steel than that in the PANi-primer-coated steel over the simulation time; also, the corrosion pit grows faster in the ferrite phase than in the cementite phase. The simulation results indicate that the epoxy-only coating lost its anti-corrosion capability as the coating was penetrated by electrolyte, while the PANi-based coating can still protect the steel from corrosion after the electrolyte penetration. The models developed in this work can be used to study the mechanisms of pitting corrosion as well as develop more effective corrosion prevention strategies for general metallic materials.
Effect of Statin Therapy on the Progression of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. A Secondary Analysis of the HALT PKD Trials.

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) commonly results in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), yet a long-term treatment that is well tolerated is still lacking. In a small randomized trial in children and adolescents pravastatin administration for 3 years was associated with reduced renal cyst growth, but no large trial has tested the effect of statins in adults. Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the HALT PKD trials to compare outcomes of participants who never used statins with those who used statin for at least 3 years. Because statins were not randomly allocated we used propensity score models with inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for imbalances between the groups. For subjects in Study A (preserved renal function, n=438) relevant outcomes were percent change in total kidney and liver volume and the rate of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); for those in Study B (reduced renal function, n=352) we compared time to the composite endpoint of death, ESRD or 50% decline in eGFR. Follow-up was 5-8 years. Results: There was no difference in any outcome between the 2 groups. However, limitations of this analysis are the small number of statin users in Study A, different statin drugs and doses used, non-randomized allocation and advanced disease stage in Study B. Conclusions: Although this post-hoc analysis of the HALT PKD trials does not demonstrate a benefit of statin therapy, conclusions remain preliminary. A larger randomized trial in young people with ADPKD is necessary to answer the question whether statins can slow renal cyst growth and preserve kidney function.
Deposition of Bead Arrays With Variable Diameter by Self-Focusing of Electrohydrodynamic Jets

Electrohydrodynamic processes were used for direct-writing of bead arrays with controllable bead sizes. Experiments were conducted to align layers of bead-on-string structures in an effort to create three-dimensional patterns. The results show that the jet focuses on previously deposited droplets allowing for the selective deposition of material over already deposited patterns. Jet attraction to already deposited solutions on the substrate is attributed to the charge transport at the liquid ink-metal collector interface and the dielectric properties of the water/poly(ethylene oxide) solution under an electric field. The deposition process consists of 3 steps: (1) deposition of a layer of bead-on-string structures, (2) addition of extra volume to the beads by subsequent passes of the jet, and (3) evaporation of the solvent resulting in an array of beads with varying sizes. Patterns with up to 20 passes were experimentally obtained. The beads’ height was seen to be independent of the number of passes. The process reported is a simple, fast, and low-cost method for deposition of bead arrays with varying diameters.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Single pass laser cold-wire welding of thick section AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Extending applications of thick section aluminum alloy plates in various industrial market segments such as ground transportation, railcar, and aerospace necessitates the development of advanced welding technologies to ensure high integrity welds for a successful joining of components. Conventional arc welding processes of thick aluminum plates are associated with large groove preparation, multi-pass welding, and high heat input. Therefore, developing high energy density process, such as laser welding for joining of thick aluminum plates, can increase weld penetration depth and production rate, while reducing the heat input and eliminating large groove preparation. In the present work, single pass laser cold-wire welding of 4.8 mm thick AA6061-T6 aluminum plates was carried out in the butt joint configuration using a disk laser with a maximum output power of 10 kW. The effect of laser welding parameters such as welding speed, continuous-wave (CW) and pulse-wave (PW) modes on weld integrity, microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties was evaluated. Porosity, underfill, and excessive penetration were observed as the main imperfections in the fusion zone (FZ). However, the underfill depth and excessive penetration height in the joints manufactured at different welding conditions met the specifications of ISO 13919 standard which sets production guidelines. Increasing the welding speed from 3 to 4.5 m/min leads to less porosity, as detected by radiography, possibly due to the stability of the keyhole at a higher welding speed. Less softening in the fusion zone was observed in PW mode compared to CW mode welds which can be due to less specific point energy in PW mode and consequently less metal evaporation from FZ during laser welding. The transverse tensile test was also performed and fracture surface analysis indicated the fracture path outside the fusion zone close to the fusion line.Extending applications of thick section aluminum alloy plates in various industrial market segments such as ground transportation, railcar, and aerospace necessitates the development of advanced welding technologies to ensure high integrity welds for a successful joining of components. Conventional arc welding processes of thick aluminum plates are associated with large groove preparation, multi-pass welding, and high heat input. Therefore, developing high energy density process, such as laser welding for joining of thick aluminum plates, can increase weld penetration depth and production rate, while reducing the heat input and eliminating large groove preparation. In the present work, single pass laser cold-wire welding of 4.8 mm thick AA6061-T6 aluminum plates was carried out in the butt joint configuration using a disk laser with a maximum output power of 10 kW. The effect of laser welding parameters such as welding speed, continuous-wave (CW) and pulse-wave (PW) modes on weld integrity, microstructure...
Hiding Amongst the Clouds: A Proposal for Cloud-based Onion Routing

Internet censorship and surveillance have made anonymity tools increasingly critical for free and open Internet access. Tor, and its associated ecosystem of volunteer traffic relays, provides one of the most secure and widely-available means for achieving Internet anonymity today. Unfortunately, Tor has limitations, including poor performance, inadequate capacity, and a susceptibility to wholesale blocking. Rather than utilizing a large number of volunteers (as Tor does), we propose moving onion-routing services to the “cloud” to leverage the large capacities, robust connectivity, and economies of scale inherent to commercial datacenters. This paper describes Cloud-based Onion Routing (COR), which builds onion-routed tunnels over multiple anonymity service providers and through multiple cloud hosting providers, dividing trust while forcing censors to incur large collateral damage. We discuss the new security policies and mechanisms needed for such a provider-based ecosystem, and present some preliminary benchmarks. At today’s prices, a user could gain fast, anonymous network access through COR for only pennies per day.
Caught in the “Akt”: Cross-talk between EphA2 and EGFR through the Akt-PIKfyve axis maintains cellular sensitivity to EGF

Activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and Eph receptor often exerts opposing effects on cell functions. In this issue of Science Signaling, Stallaert et al reveal how cells maintain sustained response to EGF stimulation by replenishing EGFR at the plasma membrane and how conflicting signals from the EphA-ephrin system and EGFR are integrated to coordinate cellular responses, including cell migration and proliferation.
A primitive triatomine bug, Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar

Abstract The present study describes a primitive kissing bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar. The fossil, which is described as Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa gen. et sp. nov., contains a predominance of features of the Triatominae as well as some characters of the Reduviinae and is considered an intermediate fossil representing an early progenitor of the Triatominae. Based on the present distribution of the Triatominae and recent studies indicating that Burmese amber fossils could have originated in Gondwana, it is proposed that Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa is a Gondwanan lineage that evolved in the mid-Cretaceous. The specimen contains developing trypanosome flagellates in its hindgut, suggesting that early triatomines could have been vectoring pathogenic protozoa to vertebrates some 100 Ma.
In Memoriam: America Remembers Gladstone

American reactions to Gladstone’s death in 1898 became the catalyst for an enormous outpouring of mourning across the United States. His Christian devotion was a prominent theme among those who eulogized him, whether in sermons or published articles. This chapter also demonstrates the numerous ways Gladstone was celebrated as a liberal statesman and internationalist. Some compared him to Lincoln. Peterson also reveals how the statesman was frequently invoked as a model for Anglo-American relations. In an ethos of heightened calls for a formal alliance between the United States and Great Britain—fueled by the Spanish-American War—his record on transatlantic relations came into sharper focus. Gladstone was remembered as the embodiment of Anglo-Saxon progress and a figure whose memory could unify the English-speaking world.
Correlated decision making across multiple phases of olfactory guided search in Drosophila

Abstract All motile organisms must search for food, often requiring the exploration of heterogeneous environments across a wide range of spatial scales. Recent field and laboratory experiments with the fruit fly, Drosophila, have revealed that they employ different strategies across these regimes, including kilometer scale straight-path flights between resource clusters, zig-zagging trajectories to follow odor plumes, and local search on foot after landing. However, little is known about the extent to which experiences in one regime might influence decisions in another. To determine how a flies’ odor plume tracking during flight is related to their behavior after landing, I tracked the behavior of individually labelled fruit flies as they explored an array of three odor emitting, but food-barren, objects. The distance flies travelled on the objects in search of food was correlated with the time elapsed between their visits, suggesting that their in-flight plume tracking and on-foot local search behaviors are interconnected through a lossy memory-like process.
A History of a Ruling Paradigm in the Earth and Planetary Sciences That Guided Research for Three Decades: The Giant Impact Model for the Origin of the Moon and the Earth-Moon System

The giant impact model (GIM) which features a mars-mass planetoid impacting on an earth-like planet and the Moon forming from the debris of the collision has been the favored model of lunar origin since the Kona Conference in 1984. This model is a CATASTROPHIC model in that it is over 3000 times more energetic than the energy dissipated in the Moon during a typical lunar capture scenario. The early versions of the GIM featured lunar-sized bodies impacting on the primitive Earth and the debris from the collisions eventually formed the body of the Moon. These models, however, could not account for the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system. That is why a large, single-body impactor was necessary. This single-body impactor scenario was also purported to account for the major element chemistry of the Moon. Other investigators related some of the isotopic ratios from lunar rocks to the isotopic ratios from rocks of the Earth’s upper mantle, which in a GIM scenario would be the source region for some of the collisional debris that formed the Moon. However, the GIM modelers could never develop an explanation for the generation of a lunar magnetic field. Most investigators agree that there are two eras of lunar rock magnetization to be explained. The first era is registered in the complex remanent magnetic pattern recorded in the primitive lunar anorthositic crust which formed about 4.5 Ga ago. The second era is registered in the lunar basalts and associated breccias which are related to the origin of lunar basalts. This lunar basalt magnetism suggests an exponentially decreasing magnetic field strength from about 3.95 Ga to about 3.6 Ga. Any successful model for lunar origin must explain these two eras of lunar magnetism. All versions of the GIM as well as the Synestia model have NO explanation for these two major eras of lunar rock magnetization.
Experimental and Computational Analysis of CO2 Addition Reactions Relevant to Copper-Catalyzed Boracarboxylation of Vinyl Arenes: Evidence for a Phosphine-Promoted Mechanism

An experimental and computational mechanistic investigation of the key carboxylation step in copper(I)-catalyzed boracarboxylation of vinyl arenes is presented here. Catalytically relevant intermed...
Experimental Validation of Crosstalk Minimization in Metallic Barriers with Simultaneous Ultrasonic Power and Data Transfer

For systems that require complete metallic enclosures, it is impossible to power and communicate with interior electronics using conventional electromagnetic techniques. Instead, pairs of ultrasonic transducers can be used to send and receive elastic waves through the enclosure, forming an equivalent electrical transmission line that bypasses the Faraday cage effect. These mechanical communication systems introduce the possibility for electromechanical crosstalk between channels on the same barrier, in which receivers output erroneous electrical signals due to ultrasonic guided waves generated by transmitters in adjacent communication channels. To minimize this crosstalk, this work investigates the use of a phononic crystal/metamaterial machined into the barrier via periodic grooving. Barriers with simultaneous ultrasonic power and data transfer are fabricated and tested to measure the effect of grooving on crosstalk between channels.
Existence of Rotating Stars with Variable Entropy

We model a rotating star as a compressible fluid subject to gravitational forces. In most of the mathematical literature the entropy is considered to be constant. Here we allow it to be variable. We consider a star that steadily rotates differentially around a fixed axis, say the $z$-axis. We prove the existence of a family of such stars with small angular velocity $\omega$ and small entropy $s$ and with an equation of state $p=Ke^s\rho^\gamma$. Our analysis reduces to a hyperbolic equation for the entropy coupled to an elliptic equation for the density, together with a mass constraint.
Kalecki's Principle of Increasing Risk and Keynesian Economics

Kalecki was one of an important generation of Cambridge economists. Here, Tracy Mott's impressive book examines the relationship of Kalecki's economics to different economic areas and its relationship to major alternative schools, such as Keynes and Marx. Mott looks at Kalecki's 'principle of increasing risk' and how it gives the way in which the reproduction and expansion of wealth can bring a coherent unity to economic analysis. In so doing, it makes sense out of the fundamental conclusions of Keynesian economics on the underemployment of labour and capital.
State: Anthropological Aspects

Modern statehood is a mode of political organization of ‘society’ in which the state is the primary agent charged with building its representation. The nation has become the preferred form for this representation, law, the principal means used to anticipate the conduct of its subjects (citizens) and develop normative frameworks (policies) to direct change, and democracy, the dominant form of self-representation. The scope of the state now goes beyond traditional activities such as war and the production of laws that regulate the exercise of power over territoriality and commerce to extend to the generation of forms of subjectivity in people.
Generalized H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// control: general formulas

This paper presents a solution to a control problem with H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// design specifications. Under a minimal set of assumptions, the authors give formulas for solving the problem of finding a controller such that an upper bound for the generalized H/sub 2/ norm of a closed loop transfer matrix, and the H/sub /spl infin// norm of some other closed loop transfer matrix, are jointly below specified levels. Both full-information/state feedback and output feedback problems are considered. The numerical implementation of the authors' formulas requires a standard algebraic Riccati equation solver and a linear matrix inequality solver.
Digital Representation of Materials Grain Structure

Recent initiatives to accelerate the insertion of materials and link the materials design and systems design processes have called for the advancement of microstructure–property relationships. To achieve these goals, the development of digital microstructure models in conjunction with computational methods for simulating material response is a necessity. There have been significant advancements in the collection and representation of microstructure, which coupled with computational power increases, has yielded microstructure models with increasing complexity and accuracy. It is the emphasis of this chapter to discuss the state-of-the-art methods and current limitations in the field of microstructure representation. Specific focus will be paid to the areas of: experimental data collection, feature identification, mesh generation, quantitative characterization, and synthetic structure generation. In presenting the status of the field, the key links to other fields that must be developed will also be addressed wherever possible.
The Cumulative Effect of Natural Support Strategies and Social Skills Instruction on the Integration of a Worker in Supported Employment.

The effectiveness of a natural support strategy, co-worker instruction with social skills instruction, on increasing the integration of a worker with developmental disabilities in a supported employment setting was examined in this study. The intervention consisted of three phases: (1) teaching a non-disabled co-worker instructional skills and having the non-disabled co-worker then teach the worker with a disability a new job task; (2) having the non-disabled co-worker encourage other non-disabled co-workers to interact with the participant; and (3) teaching a series of appropriate conversational exchanges to the participant. Integration data were collected using direct observation, social validation and global measures. Results demonstrated that the intervention strategy increased the social integration of the participant. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Indirect Cannibalism by Crèche-aged American White Pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) Chicks

At nesting colonies of American White Pelicans ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ), many chicks die from siblicide, severe weather, and disease; this results in carcasses available for scavenging by conspecifics (i.e., indirect cannibalism). Indirect cannibalism has not been reported previously for this species. We describe five cases of creche-aged American White Pelican chicks consuming or attempting to consume dead younger chicks at two nesting colonies in the northern plains of North America. Cannibalism in the American White Pelican appears to be rare and likely plays no role in the species’ population ecology or dynamics; however, it might be an important survival strategy of individual chicks when food resources are limited.
The Influence of Depressive Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Vietnam-Era and Afghanistan/Iraq-Era Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) co-occurs frequently with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and both disorders are linked to suicidal ideation. An emergent literature examines suicidal ideation in U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq-era veterans. Little research, however, has studied the role of PTSD and comorbid MDD on suicidal ideation across service eras. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of depression on suicidal ideation in Afghanistan/Iraq-era and Vietnam-era veterans with PTSD. The sample included 164 Vietnam and 98 Afghanistan/Iraq veterans diagnosed with PTSD at a VA outpatient PTSD Clinic. Using structured interviews, 63% of the Vietnam sample and 45% of the Afghanistan/Iraq sample were diagnosed with comorbid current MDD. Measures included self-report assessments of PTSD and depressive symptoms and the Personality Assessment Inventory. Results of analyses suggested that in veterans of both eras, PTSD, MDD, and their interaction were significantly related to suicidal ideation (PTSD: η2 = .01; MDD: η2 = .10; PTSD × MDD: η2 = .02). For veterans reporting greater depressive symptoms, there was a stronger relationship between PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation. These results suggest that veterans from both eras display a similar clinical presentation and highlight the need to consider depressive symptoms when assessing veterans with PTSD. Future research should examine suicidal ideation and behaviors as they change over time in these two cohorts.
Functional Causal Mediation Analysis With an Application to Brain Connectivity

Mediation analysis is often used in the behavioral sciences to investigate the role of intermediate variables that lie on the causal path between a randomized treatment and an outcome variable. Typically, mediation is assessed using structural equation models (SEMs), with model coefficients interpreted as causal effects. In this article, we present an extension of SEMs to the functional data analysis (FDA) setting that allows the mediating variable to be a continuous function rather than a single scalar measure, thus providing the opportunity to study the functional effects of the mediator on the outcome. We provide sufficient conditions for identifying the average causal effects of the functional mediators using the extended SEM, as well as weaker conditions under which an instrumental variable estimand may be interpreted as an effect. The method is applied to data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of thermal pain that sought to determine whether activation in certain brain region...
A microscopic theory of brittle fracture in deformable solids: A relation between ideal work to fracture and plastic work

A criterion is developed for brittle fracture of a crystalline solid which is capable of being plastically deformed. The theory starts with the experimental fact that during extension of a brittle crack, energy is consumed not only by bond stretching and breaking, but also by dislocation emission from the crack tip. The latter is the “plastic work”. γp, which in the present theory depends on the ideal work of fracture. An empirical relationship between stress and dislocation velocity is employed to calculate the work connected with dislocation emission; then an approximation of the dynamics of bond stretching is made. Combination of the two allows the development of a Griffith-type thermodynamic fracture criterion which is applicable to any deformable solid. This theory contains all the basic features of ductile vs brittle behavior of solids, regardless of whether the brittle mode is transgranular cleavage or intergranular fracture. As a consequence, a relationship between γp and γ is obtained which enables one to estimate γ from measurements of local fracture stress. The use of this is illustrated in the form of estimates of reductions in γ due to segregation of several impurities, calculated from measured local integranular fracture stresses in experimental steels.
The Effect of Text Orientation, Visual Meridian, and Inter-Character Spacing on Word Identification in the Retinal Periphery

Previous research has demonstrated that the masking effects of flankers about a target in the peripheral retina are not isotropic. Rather, regions of lateral interaction are ellipsoid in shape with the major axis oriented radially along a meridian through the fovea. This finding leads to the counterintuitive prediction that horizontal text positioned to the right of fixation might be read more slowly than similarly positioned text oriented diagonally or vertically. Similarly, vertically oriented text above fixation might be read more slowly than horizontally or diagonally oriented text above fixation. We investigated the effect of text orientation and inter-character spacing on word identification in the retinal periphery. Text was presented by rapid serial visual presentation. Words were centered 3° from fixation along four visual field meridians (VM) (right horizontal, upper-right diagonal, vertical, and upper-left diagonal). Regardless of VM identification, performance was best for horizontal text, dec...
RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS AND HYPOXIC EPISODES DURING INHALATION INDUCTION WITH ISOFLURANE IN CHILDREN

We have studied the incidence of respiratory complications and hypoxic episodes during inhalation induction with isoflurane in 75 healthy unpremedicated children. Problems occurred less frequently when 4% isoflurane in oxygen was used from the outset than with traditional techniques using nitrous oxide and a gradually increasing inspired vapour concentration. The improved results observed with the former method may be secondary to more rapid uptake of vapour so that the second stage of anaesthesia characteristic of anaesthetic ethers is shortened considerably.
Should women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix be treated surgically

Objective The purpose of this article is to objectively evaluate the merits of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of women with early stage carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Design Retrospective review of the literature. Results Surgery and radiotherapy are both utilized in the treatment of women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Either surgery or radiotherapy can be used in the treatment of patients with early stage disease (carcinoma in situ, stages Ia to IIa). However, moderate controversy surrounds the issue of standard therapy for women with stages Ib and IIa cervical cancer. There is no evidence that both treatments should be utilized together for that group. Quality of life and survival outcomes are excellent for women with early stage cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Women with stages Ib2 and IIa disease should receive primary radiotherapy rather than surgery in order to avoid the possibility of also requiring postoperative irradiation and its associated costs and complications. The standard treatment for women with advanced stages (IIb, III, and IVa) of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is radiotherapy; surgical therapy is not utilized for these women. Adjuvant chemotherapy has not demonstrated a survival advantage and remains experimental. Conclusion Surgery and radiotherapy are utilized in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Selection criteria should be developed to guide individualized patient treatment.
Development of LC-IMS-CID-TOFMS techniques: analysis of a 256 component tetrapeptide combinatorial library

Recent improvements in ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques have made it possible to incorporate nano-flow liquid chromatography and collision induced dissociation techniques. This combination of approaches provides a new strategy for detailed characterization of complex systems—such as, combinatorial libraries. Our work uses this technology to provide a detailed analysis of a tetrapeptide library having the general form Xxx1-Xxx2-Xxx3-Xxx4 where Xxx1=Glu, Phe, Val, Asn; Xxx2=Glu, Phe, Val, Tyr; Xxx3=Glu, Phe, Val, Thr; and Xxx4=Glu, Phe, Val, Leu—a system that is expected to contain 256 different peptide sequences. The results corroborate the presence of many expected peptide sequences and indicate that some synthetic steps appear to have failed. Particularly interesting is the observation of a t-butyl protecting group on the tyrosine (Tyr) residue. It appears that most Tyr containing peptides that have this t-butyl group attached favor formation of [2M+2H]2+ dimers, which can be readily distinguished from [M+H]+ monomers based on differences in their gas-phase mobilities. In this case, we demonstrate the use of the mobility differences between [2M+2H]2+ and [M+H]+ ions as a signature for a failure of a synthetic step.
Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship Between Stakeholder Management Models and Firm Financial Performance

Little empirical work has been done on the effect of stakeholder management on corporate performance. In this study, we contributed to stakeholder theory development by (1) deriving two distinct stakeholder management models from extant research, (2) testing the descriptive accuracy of these models, and (3) including important variables from the strategy literature in the tested models. The results provide support for a strategic stakeholder management model but no support for an intrinsic stakeholder commitment model. Implications of these findings for management practice and future research are discussed.
Ecology and nutrition of invasive Caulerpa brachypus f. parvifolia blooms on coral reefs off southeast Florida, U.S.A.

Abstract Coral reefs off southeast Florida have experienced an unprecedented succession of invasive chlorophyte blooms over the past two decades, most recently the non-native Caulerpa brachypus f. parvifolia. To better understand the ecology and nutrition of the C. brachypus invasion, we monitored benthic cover, water column dissolved inorganic nutrients, tissue C:N:P ratios and stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) of C. brachypus and native chlorophytes (Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa verticillata, Caulerpa mexicana, Codium isthmocladum) quarterly at two reef sites – the Princess Anne (PA) and North Colonel's Ledge (NCL) – in 2003–2004. The PA site was influenced by stormwater discharges from the Lake Worth inlet whereas NCL was farther distant from these discharges. Between winter and spring of 2003, C. brachypus became the dominant benthic chlorophyte, expanding to >60% cover at both PA and NCL. Following cold temperatures (13 °C) associated with strong upwelling and high nitrate concentrations (21 μM) at NCL in July 2003, C. brachypus cover decreased, suggesting that upwelling can stress growth of this tropical alga. Mean ammonium (0.60 μM), nitrate (2.7 μM) and DIN (3.2 μM) concentrations were high for coral reef environments. Low mean C:N ratios of ∼13 in C. brachypus at both PA and NCL indicated little, if any, N-limitation compared to higher C:N ratios (up to 24) and greater N-limitation in native chlorophytes. Despite a relatively high mean SRP concentration (0.21 μM), mean N:P ratios of ∼39 in C. brachypus and other chlorophytes at PA and NCL suggested that these blooms were P-limited. Multiple lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land-based nutrient sources fueled the C. brachypus invasion. First, more persistent blooms of C. brachypus at PA compared to NCL correlated with significantly lower tissue C:P and higher δ15N values (wet season) at PA, the site most directly influenced by land-based stormwater runoff. Second, C:N, C:P, and δ15N values of C. brachypus correlated with seasonal patterns of rainfall and stormwater runoff. Third, δ15N values of C. brachypus and other chlorophytes decreased at NCL following strong upwelling in July 2003, confirming that upwelled nitrate was not the cause of the elevated δ15N values observed in these blooms. Lastly, the mean δ15N values of C. brachypus and other chlorophytes off southeast Florida (+4.9‰) were in the range of sewage nitrogen and significantly higher than values (+1.2‰) for reference chlorophytes in the Abacos, Bahamas, an area that experiences relatively little sewage input.
Shrimp diseases and current diagnostic methods.

Abstract In less than 30 yr, the penaeid shrimp culture industries of the world developed from their experimental beginnings into major industries providing hundreds of thousands of jobs, billions of U.S. dollars in revenue, and augmentation of the world's food supply with a high value crop. Concomitant with the growth of the shrimp culture industry has been the recognition of the ever increasing importance of disease, especially those caused by infectious agents. Major epizootics have plagued the world's shrimp culture industries. The most important diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp have had viral or bacterial etiologies, but a few important diseases have fungal and protozoan agents as their cause. Diagnostic methods for these pathogens include the traditional methods of morphological pathology (direct light microscopy, histopathology, electron microscopy), enhancement and bioassay methods, traditional microbiology, and the application of serological methods. While tissue culture is considered to be a standard tool in medical and veterinary diagnostic labs, it has never been developed as a useable, routine diagnostic tool for shrimp pathogens. The need for rapid, sensitive diagnostic methods led to the application of modern biotechnology to penaeid shrimp disease. The industry now has modern diagnostic genomic probes with nonradioactive labels for viral pathogens like IHHNV, HPV, TSV, WSSV, MBV, and BP. Additional genomic probes for viruses, for bacterial pathogens like NHP and certain Vibrio spp., and Microsporidia have also been developed. Highly sensitive detection methods for some pathogens that employ DNA amplification methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) now exist, and more PCR methods are being developed for additional agents. These advanced molecular methods promise to provide badly needed diagnostic and research tools to an industry reeling from catastrophic epizootics and which must become poised to go on with the next phase of its development as an industry that must be better able to understand and manage disease.
Hard collisions of spinning protons : Past, present and future

There will be a review of the history of polarized proton beams, and a discussion of the unexpected and still unexplained large transverse spin effects found in several high-energy proton-proton spin experiments at the ZGS, AGS and Fermilab. Next, there will be a discussion of present and possible future experiments on the violent elastic collisions of polarized protons at IHEP-Protvino's 70GeV U-70 accelerator in Russia and the new high-intensity 50GeV J-PARC facility being built at Tokai in Japan.
Break the rules, save the records: human rights archives and the search for justice in East Timor

How do distinctive historical experiences and political regimes shape human rights archives? How do those archives and those experiences in turn influence the way painful pasts are remembered or forgotten? And what can historical accounts tell us about the wisdom of prevailing norms and practices regarding the management and control of human rights records? This paper explores these questions through a close analysis of the history and politics of the principal archive documenting human rights abuse in East Timor. It underscores the work of archival studies scholars who argue that human rights archives are always in some degree shaped by the historical and political context in which they emerge and that conflicts over matters of content, mandate, and rules of access are virtually inevitable. Noting that such conflicts typically pit political authorities against victims and their advocates, it argues that successful human rights archival programs hinge critically on sensitive historical and political analysis and that, under certain conditions, human rights archivists should play a more active role in facilitating the pursuit of justice for victims of human rights abuse. It also makes the case for a move away from large, state-controlled archives toward multiple, smaller archives with varied mandates. Finally, it proposes the adoption of a new hierarchy of interest in the management of archives; away from the long-accepted principles of national sovereignty and inalienability, and in the direction of access to the survivors of human rights violations and their advocates.
Functional Allocation of Roles Between Humans and Automation for a Pairing Tool Used for Simultaneous Approaches

Aircraft operations on parallel runways continue to motivate research into tools that can improve capacity safely by defining and automating procedures. However, there is no formal process or automation tool today to assist the air traffic controller with pairing aircraft for simultaneous approaches. To address this need, a controller-based aircraft pairing tool to assist controllers in pairing and aligning aircraft for simultaneous arrivals to parallel runways 750 ft apart was developed. Two simulation studies conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center evaluated different stages of evolution of this tool. The respective roles of the controller and the automation tool were adjusted in the second experiment based on the results of the first experiment. Results indicate improvement on all dependent variables in the second study and suggest an implementation in a broader sense in light of the benefits provided by “adaptable” automation (Scerbo, 2001) where chan...
The Metaphysics of Personal Identity and Our Special Concern for the Future

: Philosophers have long suggested that our attitude of special concern for the future is problematic for a reductionist view of personal identity, such as the one developed by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons. Specifically, it is often claimed that reductionism cannot provide justification for this attitude. In this article, I argue that much of the debate in this arena involves a misconception of the connection between metaphysical theories of personal identity and our special concern. A proper understanding of this connection reveals that the abovementioned objection to reductionism cannot get off the ground. Though the connection I propose is weaker than the connection typically presupposed, I nonetheless run up against a conclusion reached by Susan Wolf in “Self-Interest and Interest in Selves.” According to Wolf, metaphysical theses about the nature of personal identity have no significance for our attitude of special concern. By arguing against Wolf's treatment of self-interest, I suggest that her arguments for this conclusion are misguided. This discussion leads to further clarification of the nature of the link between theories of personal identity and our special concern and, ultimately, to a better understanding of the rationality of this attitude.