cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on methods for setting confidence limits

I discuss a number of issues which arise when computing confidence limits by frequentist or Bayesian methods. I begin with a reminder why P(hypothesis data) cannot be determined if the only input is the ‘objective’ data. I then discuss confidence intervals, with emphasis on the ‘unified approach’ based on likelihood-ratio ordering, and related methods. A number of issues arise, including conditioning, nuisance parameters, and robustness. For Bayesian methods, important issues are the prior and goodness-of-fit. I conclude with a list of items on which I think physicists from many points of view can agree. 1. PROLOGUE For most of this talk1, I assume familiarity with the ‘required reading’ for this workshop. But first, let’s review the root of the problem as I often explain it to students. (Imagine an oral exam.) Suppose you have a particle ID detector. You take it to a test beam and measure: P(counter says particle is ) = 90% P(counter says not particle is ) = 10% P(counter says particle is not ) = 1% P(counter says not particle is not ) = 99% Then you put the detector in your experiment. You select tracks which the detector says are pions. Question: What fraction of these tracks are pions? Answer: Cannot be determined from the given information! The missing information is the pion fraction in the particles incident on the detector: the initial P( ). Bayes’s theorem then tells us that P(particle is counter says ) P( ) P(counter says particle is ). All this makes total sense with the frequentist definition of P. Now suppose you look for a Higgs boson (H) at LEP and you do all the work to know: P(H signature there is H) = 90% P(no H signature there is H) = 10% P(H signature there is no H) = 1% P(no H signature there is no H) = 99% There is no problem defining these P’s with the frequentist definition of P. Then you do the experiment, and you have a Higgs signature. Question: What is the probability that you found the Higgs? Answer: Cannot be determined from the given information! The missing information is the analog of P( ): the ‘prior’ probability that there is a Higgs: P(H). Again Bayes’s theorem then tells us that P(particle is H H signature) P(H) P(H signature particle is H). * E-mail address: cousins@physics.ucla.edu I attempt to preserve the conversational nature of the talk in this writeup.
Multiple Dimensions on Multiple Goals

The Rand McNally Places Rated Almanac (1985) seeks to score 329 cities on nine different criteria.1 It tries to handle the multidimensionality problem by giving a rank order from 1 to 329 to each city on each criterion and then adding the nine rank orders in order to give each city a total score. In 1985, Pittsburgh received the highest total score.
From Content to Context: The Evolution and Growth of Data Quality Research

Research in data and information quality has made significant strides over the last 20 years. It has become a unified body of knowledge incorporating techniques, methods, and applications from a variety of disciplines including information systems, computer science, operations management, organizational behavior, psychology, and statistics. With organizations viewing “Big Data”, social media data, data-driven decision-making, and analytics as critical, data quality has never been more important. We believe that data quality research is reaching the threshold of significant growth and a metamorphosis from focusing on measuring and assessing data quality—content—toward a focus on usage and context. At this stage, it is vital to understand the identity of this research area in order to recognize its current state and to effectively identify an increasing number of research opportunities within. Using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to analyze the abstracts of 972 peer-reviewed journal and conference articles published over the past 20 years, this article contributes by identifying the core topics and themes that define the identity of data quality research. It further explores their trends over time, pointing to the data quality dimensions that have—and have not—been well-studied, and offering insights into topics that may provide significant opportunities in this area.
Impact of Leak Size, Pipe Wall Thickness, Water Pressure, and Leak Orientation on Autogenous Metallic Pipe Leak Repair

The effectiveness of autogenous metallic (iron and copper) pipe leak repair as a function of leak size, pipe wall thickness, water pressure, and leak orientation was examined at water pressures up ...
The Most Predictable Criterion with Fallible Data

Hotelling’s canonical correlation is the Pearson product moment correlation between two weighted linear composites from two sets of variables. The two composites constitute a set of canonical variates, namely, a criterion variate and a predictor variate. Many statistical analyses in psychometrics deal with fallible data that contain measurement errors. A method of obtaining canonical correlations from the true-score covariance matrix is presented and contrasted with Meredith’s method for which the disattenuated canonical correlations are obtained from the correlation matrix of fallible data. Illustrations are presented with modified data from two seminal papers.
Square Root Implicit Kalman Filtering

Abstract For an implicitly defined discrete system, two new implementations of the Implicit Kalman Filter are proposed. They are based on the well-known idea of propagating the factors of the error covariance matrix, rather than the covariance matrix itself. Resulting algorithms are the numerically stable and more accurate realizations of the Implicit Kalman Filtering approach.
A Prospective 2½ Year Experience with Echocardiographic Evaluation of Prematures with Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Our purpose was to use echocardiography (echo) to follow the magnitude of left to right (L-R) shunt through the patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) of prematures with respiratory distress syndrome of graded severity. This was a cooperative study of the Univ. of Ariz. and Univ. of Calif. Institutional data were statistically similar except as noted. One hundred and ninety-eight studies were performed on 83 patients. No child was catheterized. Thirteen required surgery. Echo measurements included left atrial dimension (LAD) in X and Y axis, aortic size (AO), and echo determined velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf). The ratio of LAD: AO (LAAR) and Vcf was computed for all. Fortyfive children were followed serially; 2 2 had biaxial LAD. Normal Vcf and LAAR for this age is 1.51±04 (SE) and.77±. 01. For the entire ductus group Vcf=1.86±.04(p <.01) and LMR=1.19±.02(p <.01). For those operated, pre-operative Vcf was 2.11.17. Calif, preop LAAR was 1.06 ±.07(5 patients) and Ariz. preop LAAR was 1.70±15 (8 patients). After surgerv, Ariz. LAAR fell to.96±.05(p <.01) and Vcf fell to 1.6± 2.
MICROPROCESSORS IN THE HOSPITAL - COMMUNICATION FOR THE ACUTELY DISABLED

ABSTRACT A microcomputer interfaced system was utilized previously to aid the chronically handicapped by improving communication and environmental control. This system was adapted to acutely disabled hospitalized patients. A series of modifications of the system are detailed and observations from bedside trials are discussed. Conclusions regarding additional directions for development and changes are described.
The Upper Room: A University-Archdiocesan Partnership to Develop Leaders for Catholic Schools

In Renewing Our Commitment to Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools in the Third Millennium, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB; 2005) calls on Catholic colleges and universities to work with diocesan educational leaders to prepare leaders for Catholic schools. In response, the Creighton University Education Department and the Archdiocese of Omaha’s Catholic Schools Office formed a task force that held a series of meetings in the “Upper Room” on Creighton’s campus to create a framework for leadership in Catholic schools and develop a preparation program that fulfills the framework. This article describes the task force process, framework development, and the Catholic School Leadership graduate certificate that resulted. The article concludes with observations related to the Omaha experience and thoughts about what comes next.
Capacitive Interfaces for Monolithic Integrated Sensors

Surface micromachining has become an established technology for inertial sensing. Compatibility with standard IC fabrication processes enables monolithic integration of the sensing element and interface electronics for reduced size and power dissipation, simplified packaging, and increased functionality. The need to resolve sub-Angstrom displacements poses a challenge on the interface. Capacitive pickups are attractive since they do not require special processing and because of their dual function as sensor and electrostatic actuator. The principles and practical considerations for capacitive sensor interfaces are discussed along with circuit examples including a precision sensor with a 3×10-12m/rt-Hz position measurement noise floor.
Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Mission-oriented wireless sensor networking

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to The First ACM Annual International Workshop on Mission-Oriented Wireless Sensor Networking -- ACM MiSeNet'12. The first edition of this year's workshop is the premier forum for presentation of research results and experience reports on leading edge issues of mission-oriented wireless sensor networks, including models, systems, applications, and theory. The mission of the workshop is to understand the major technical and application challenges as well as exchange and discuss scientific and engineering ideas related to architecture, protocols, algorithms, and application design in mission-oriented wireless sensor networks, and identify new directions for future research and development. ACM MiSeNet gives researchers and practitioners a unique opportunity to share their perspectives with others interested in the various aspects of mission-oriented wireless sensor networking. The call for papers attracted 18 submissions from Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and the United States. The program committee accepted 9 papers that cover a variety of topics, including mobility models in participatory sensing, architecture design for highly-scalable and low duty-cycle sensor networks, middleware for resource and mission oriented sensor networks, and fault tolerance. In addition, the program includes a keynote speech by Professor Sajal K. Das on the challenges and future directions of cyber-physical and networked sensor systems. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and developers in the area of missionoriented wireless sensor networking.
Progesterone signaling during pregnancy in the lab opossum, Monodelphis domestica

Abstract To investigate subtle pregnancy-associated changes in the lab opossum, Monodelphis domestica, an induced ovulator, we compared pregnant with non-pregnant and pseudopregnant animals with regard to serum P4 levels and progesterone receptor (PR) expression. Using video-verified, time-mated lab opossums as sources of biological material, we compared ovaries, uteri and sera obtained on odd-numbered days of the 14.5-day pregnancy in this animal. Females that mated successfully but did not produce embryos were classified as pseudopregnant. P4 levels differed significantly between pregnant (N = 21) and either non-pregnant (N = 3) or pseudopregnant (N = 3) opossums, but not between the non-pregnant and pseudopregnant groups. A significant decline in serum P4 occurred between pregnancy days 3 and 5, coinciding with an elevated probability of pregnancy failure between days 5 and 9. PR was detected in the nuclei of uterine-gland epithelial cells on pregnancy days 5 and 7 as well as variably in the corpora lutea (CL) of animals on pregnancy days 3–11. PR expression in the CL suggests that P4 may be autostimulatory in lab opossums and that certain levels of this steroid are required during normal pregnancy. The significant day-3 drop in P4 may explain why pregnancy failure in this polyovular metatherian is likeliest to occur between days 5 and 9, an interval during which the extended period of blastocyst morphogenesis and expansion occurs. Taken together, these results suggest that P4 may have unrecognized signaling roles not only in pregnancy but perhaps embryonic development as well in the lab opossum.
Mechanical stimulation activates Drosophila eggs via Trpm channels

At fertilization, the terminally differentiated egg begins a new life as a totipotent zygote. Egg activation is an important process in this transformation to totipotency, as activation represents the time when immature oocytes develop from a state of cellular quiescence into one ready for embryogenesis. In PNAS, Hu and Wolfner demonstrate that the Trpm ion channel conducts a Ca2+ influx into eggs from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , to signal their activation (1). Eggs from insects including fruit flies, bees, and ants activate before fertilization when they are pushed out of the ovary. Independence of egg activation from fertilization in insect eggs allowed for the evolution of varied reproductive strategies ranging from parthenogenic reproduction, where females produce daughters with no male input, to sexual reproduction, where offspring are the result of maternal and paternal contributions (2). Other species also separate activation and fertilization. For example, eggs from zebrafish, an obligate sexual reproducer, activate as they are laid and transferred from the mother into the surrounding water (3). By contrast, egg activation is triggered by fertilization in organisms such as the mouse and human. Although the external signal that triggers egg activation differs among species, a wave of elevated intracellular Ca2+ is often the event … [↵][1]1Email: acarlson{at}pitt.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Development of Small Molecule Inhibitor of the AML1-ETO Oncoprotein.

Abstract Core binding factor (CBF) is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of RUNX1 (CBFa) and CBFb subunits which are essential for normal blood cell development. RUNX1 binds DNA and the affinity of this interaction is regulated by the binding of CBFb to the RUNX1 subunit. The RUNX1(AML1) gene is disrupted by a variety of chromosomal translocations, including t(8;21)(q22;q22), which produces the chimeric protein AML1-ETO associated with AML (M2 subtype). The AML1-ETO fusion protein is a dominant inhibitor of wildtype RUNX1-CBFb activity in vivo and functions as a transcriptional repressor of RUNX1-CBFb target genes, causing a blockage in normal hematopoietic development and predisposing for the development of leukemia. We have validated the importance of the RUNX1 Runt domain - CBFb interface as a potential therapeutic target by assessing the effect of mutations introduced into the Runt domain of AML1-ETO on AML1-ETO activity. Therefore, treatments targeting the AML1-ETO protein and blocking its interactions with CBFb are likely to be therapeutically beneficial. We initiated efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors of the RUNX1-CBFb interaction as possible therapeutics for the treatment of the associated leukemia. Based on the X-ray structures of the RUNX1 Runt domain in complex with CBFb and on mutagenesis data, the interaction areas for the virtual screening searches were defined. The computer program LUDI was utilized for virtual screening using CAP (Chemicals Available for Purchase) database of 70,000 commercially available compounds with drug-like properties. The resultant hits were subjected to further scoring and visual inspection of the potential interactions with the RUNX1 Runt domain to select compounds for experimental testing by FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). Experimental screening resulted in identification of six initial lead compounds that inhibit the interaction of RUNX1 with CBFb. These compounds were further optimized using standard medicinal chemistry approaches to increase their affinity and determine the structure-activity relationship (SAR). This resulted in a number of compounds with low micromolar affinity which effectively block the heterodimerization of CBF. These compounds represent the first small molecule inhibitors targeting RUNX1 and inhibiting its interaction with CBFb. They represent a good starting point for the development of a therapeutically useful inhibitor. Several approaches are being explored to modify these compounds to achieve selectivity towards AML1-ETO versus wild type RUNX1.
Backyard voices: How sense of place shapes views of large-scale energy transmission infrastructure

Abstract While scholars have assessed the drivers of public views of electricity generation infrastructure, attention to transmission infrastructure has been limited. Moreover, economic benefits are often wielded to garner public support in siting debates, but questions remain about what shapes local perceptions of economic impacts. We examine how the symbolic content and geographic scale of place sentiments shape residents’ interpretations and evaluations of proposed transmission infrastructure projects as a threat or an opportunity. We draw from in-depth interviews with public officials, residents, landowners, and stakeholders in communities along the routes of two proposed energy transmission projects in the American Midwest. Symbolic meanings, including but not limited to those reflecting economic identities, inform interpretation of project impacts and evaluations of the projects as threats or opportunities. Place meanings at the local, state, and national scales also help define the values through which respondents evaluate the projects.
Avascular Necrosis of the Scaphoid Preiser Disease

No consensus regarding optimal treatment or etiology of Preiser disease exists. We described the epidemiology,classification and treatment characteristics of 18 patients with Preiser disease. Patients with changes related to previoustrauma, and without radiographs were excluded. Based on the radiographs at diagnosis, we classified 13 scaphoids asHerbert Lanzetta stage II, four as stage III, and one as stage IV. In 12 patients nonspecific treatment was offered andonly two patients received surgical treatment. We found that chosen treatment is not associated with the severity ofHerbert Lanzetta stage and the outcome is not influenced by chosen treatment.Level of evidence: I
EUVL mask process development and verification using advanced modeling and characterization techniques

Mask technology is key to enabling the progression of advanced IC technology nodes into the realm beyond 7nm node logic. In particular, extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) relies heavily on the mask in order to achieve adequate process window (PW) and final yields. In the EUVL environment, mask process development and verification becomes increasingly more difficult and costly. The mask manufacture costs are driven by multiple factors including significantly more expensive mask blanks and increased ebeam write times. Wafer verification of mask process improvements is very difficult with the relatively low number of early adopters of EUVL and high cost associated with processing non-product wafers with that technology. It is therefore useful for mask manufacturers and wafer lithographers to collaborate to develop low cost mask process screening techniques as a precursor to committing valuable EUV exposure time for final verification. Previously, we demonstrated that by utilizing a toolkit of mask and wafer analytical techniques known as advanced mask characterization and optimization (AMCO) [2], we were able to predict wafer defectivity on 1D and 2D metal structures and optimize a mask process to enable 30nm pitch interconnect in a single exposure step using EUVL [1]. In this study, we use similar methodology to develop a mask process for beyond 7nm node logic contact and via layers. These structures pose a different set of challenges than the metal layer. Contact hole area loss, corner rounding (CR), and mask process-induced x-y error on asymmetric holes must be optimized to deliver the required capability. Additionally, sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) become relevant at this node. Resolving these on the mask is critical. Here, we describe the development of a mask process to overcome these challenges. We use advanced modeling techniques including AMCO to characterize the process improvements and predict wafer performance. Mask process improvements that are characterized include both physical mask process components as well as write data optimization techniques, i.e. mask process correction (MPC).
CHAPTER VIII – INCOMPLETENESS. UNDECIDABILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents two topics that are of the greatest importance in any inquiry into the general nature of formalized theories, namely, the topics of incompleteness and undecidability. A theory T is incomplete if there is a sentence A in the language of T such that neither A nor ∼A is a theorem of T; T is undecidable if there is no effective procedure for determining in each case whether a formula A stated in the language of T is a theorem of T. A theory is essentially undecidable if it is consistent and all consistent extensions of T (including T itself) are undecidable. General Undecidability Theorem states that if T is a consistent theory in which all recursive functions and relations are representable, then T is essentially undecidable. Any consistent theory in which all recursive functions and relations are representable is undecidable. The chapter presents a number of general theorems concerning decidability, undecidability, and essential undecidability.
Conflict About Conflicts: The Controversy Concerning Screens

In assessing the controversy about law firm screens, the American Law Institute should be guided by the inquiry about which proposal best serves the public. Is the public best served by larger and larger law firms with more turnover?
Estimating the association between mental health disorders and suicide: a review of common sources of bias and challenges and opportunities for US-based research.

The purpose of this review is to (1) illuminate prevalent methodological approaches and estimates of association between mental health diagnoses and suicide from the meta-analytic literature; (2) discuss key internal and external validity concerns with these estimates; and (3) highlight some of the unique attributes and challenges in US-based suicide research and opportunities to move the evidence base forward. Globally, there is considerable variability in measures of association between mental health disorders and suicide and a growing debate over methodological approaches to this research. A high suicide incidence makes the US an outlier, and the decentralized nature of US administrative data poses a unique challenge to data linkage that could otherwise advance this research. We offer methodological considerations for future research and discuss opportunities made possible by the recent expansion of the US National Violent Death Reporting System to a nationwide registry.
Personalized Modeling of Real-World Vocalizations from Nonverbal Individuals

Nonverbal vocalizations contain important affective and communicative information, especially for those who do not use traditional speech, including individuals who have autism and are non- or minimally verbal (nv/mv). Although these vocalizations are often understood by those who know them well, they can be challenging to understand for the community-at-large. This work presents (1) a methodology for collecting spontaneous vocalizations from nv/mv individuals in natural environments, with no researcher present, and personalized in-the-moment labels from a family member; (2) speaker-dependent classification of these real-world sounds for three nv/mv individuals; and (3) an interactive application to translate the nonverbal vocalizations in real time. Using support-vector machine and random forest models, we achieved speaker-dependent unweighted average recalls (UARs) of 0.75, 0.53, and 0.79 for the three individuals, respectively, with each model discriminating between 5 nonverbal vocalization classes. We also present first results for real-time binary classification of positive- and negative-affect nonverbal vocalizations, trained using a commercial wearable microphone and tested in real time using a smartphone. This work informs personalized machine learning methods for non-traditional communicators and advances real-world interactive augmentative technology for an underserved population.
Superconductivity in single crystals of ZrP 1.27 Se 0.73

Results are reported for single crystals of the PbFCl-type layered compound ${\mathrm{ZrP}}_{1.27}{\mathrm{Se}}_{0.73}$ that were produced using the iodine vapor transport method. Electrical transport, magnetization, and heat capacity measurements reveal disordered metallic behavior and the occurrence of bulk superconductivity, with a transition temperature $({T}_{c})$ of 7.1 K and an anisotropic orbitally limited upper critical field. $^{31}\mathrm{P}$ nuclear magnetic resonance measurements provide additional microscopic information, where the line shape, Knight shift, and spin-lattice relaxation data are consistent with the superconductivity originating from the corrugated Zr-P(2c)/Se plane. This suggests that the superconductivity first forms in the corrugated plane and the bulk superconductivity eventually occurs via coupling between the square planar layers. These data also show that either there are multiple superconducting gaps or there is a single gap that does not fully open across the entire Fermi surface. These results clarify the superconducting state in this material and will enable further measurements that require single-crystal specimens.
The Influence of the American Lawyers' Code of Conduct on ABA Rules and Standards

In 1980, the Kutak Commission published a Discussion Draft of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct (“Model Rules”). Out of concern that the Model Rules would not adequately reflect the views of practicing lawyers, or adequately protect the interests of clients, the Roscoe Pound American Trial Lawyers Foundation asked me to serve as Reporter for what became The American Lawyers’ Code of Conduct (“ALCC”). The ALCC was published in 1980 as a Public Discussion Draft. My work as Reporter was overseen by a commission on professional responsibility, which consisted of twenty-eight lawyers, judges, and non-lawyers. The Commission met to discuss drafts of provisions as they were being prepared, and made significant contributions. This essay was prompted by a comment in the Morgan and Rotunda casebook on Professional Responsibility that the ALCC “has not proved to be influential.” In fact, the American Bar Association (“ABA”) has adopted at least eight important provisions from the ALCC, usually using identical or similar language. The error in the Morgan and Rotunda casebook is understandable, however, because the ABA has taken thirteen to twenty-two years to adopt the ALCC provisions, and it has never acknowledged the ALCC as its source.
To decarbonize industry, we must decarbonize heat

Summary Industry is often termed “hard to decarbonize” because a vast, inhomogeneous array of processes comprise the sector. But developing new, decarbonized process heating technologies represents a single, broadly applicable pathway to eliminating a large portion of sectoral emissions—and approximately one-fifth of global CO2 emissions, overall. We begin this perspective with a brief review of the demand for and cost of industrial heat. Then, we highlight key challenges and R&D needs in developing zero-carbon industrial heating technologies. Technologies in four pathways are discussed: (1) zero-carbon fuels, (2) zero-carbon heat sources, (3) electrification of heat, and (4) better heat management. Finally, we identify cross-cutting challenges to the development and adoption of zero-carbon industrial heat technologies, the solution to any of which would constitute a significant breakthrough on the path to industrial decarbonization.
Towards multimodal assessment of surgical skills

The FLS program is being embraced internationally for training and credentialing surgeons. Manual skills assessment is performed during a proctored exam. In spite of its growing popularity, there are several major problems with the manual skills component of the FLS. Herein, we will summarize our efforts in establishing functional Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a fast and robust method to support this segment of the FLS program, especially leveraging recent development in Machine Learning. Moreover, we will report on the potential of using concurrent video stream towards enhanced multimodal surgical skill assessment.
Optimal Resource Allocations for Statistical QoS Provisioning to Support mURLLC Over FBC-EH-Based 6G THz Wireless Nano-Networks

One of most important techniques for enabling the sixth-generation (6G) mobile wireless network lies in how to efficiently guarantee various stringent quality-of-service (QoS) performance-metrics to support the emerging massive Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (mURLLC) in 6G. Correspondingly, finite blocklength coding (FBC) has been developed as an effective technique to significantly improve various QoS indices for mURLLC through implementing short-packet communications. On the other hand, Terahertz (THz) band wireless nano-communications have been widely envisioned as a promising 6G technique to efficiently support utra-high data-rate (up to 1 Tbps). One of the major constraints over THz-band nano-networks is the severely limited energy that can be accessed by nano devices. Towards this end, various novel energy harvesting (EH) mechanisms have been proposed to remedy the energy scarcity problem. However, how to accurately characterize the relationships among THz wireless channels, energy consumption, and EH models for FBC based nano communications remains a challenging problem to support statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning over FBC based 6G THz wireless nano-networks. To overcome these challenges, in this paper we propose optimal resource allocation policies to achieve the maximum $\epsilon $ -effective capacity in the THz band over FBC-EH-based nano-networks. Particularly, we establish nano-scale system models and characterize wireless channel models in the THz band using FBC. In order to support statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning, we formulate and solve the $\epsilon $ -effective capacity maximization problem under several different EH constraints for our proposed schemes. Simulation results are included, which validate and evaluate our proposed schemes in the finite blocklength regime.
Proactive Generation Redispatch to Enhance Power System Operation Resilience during Hurricanes

This paper proposes a proactive generation redispatch strategy to enhance the operational resilience of power grids during hurricanes. Enhancing the overall operation resilience is a mathematically involved problem accompanied with many challenges related to modeling and computation methods. Most previous resilience enhancement methods focus on reducing the amount of load curtailment during extreme events without proactively preparing the system for forecasted extreme events or considering the consequences after the occurrence of an event. Also, system operational cost is usually neglected resulting in higher costs for operational resilience enhancement strategies. In this paper, a multiobjective mixed integer linear programming optimization problem is formulated for generation redispatch to minimize load curtailments and operational costs for a one-day interval when a power system is subjected to a hurricane. System constraints (e.g., ramping rates, minimum up/down times, and transmission line constraints) and spatiotemporal properties of extreme events are considered in the optimization problem. The CPLEX solver is integrated with MATLAB to formulate and solve the optimization problem. Although the proposed method can be adapted to enhance power system resilience against different types of extreme events, the focus of this work is on improving the operational resilience of power grids against hurricanes. The IEEE 30-bus system is used to validate the proposed strategy under two levels of severity: low and extreme impacts. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving power grid operational resilience during the development of hurricanes.
Educate Back Better: A Perspective from Industry

COVID-19 has accelerated and scaled out remote education beyond our wildest imagination. How can we retain benefits, eliminate downsides, and build education better for the long-term future?
A review of interconnect materials used in emerging memory device packaging: first- and second-level interconnect materials

The main motivation of this review is to study the evolution of first and second level of interconnect materials used in memory device semiconductor packaging. Evolutions of bonding wires from gold (Au) to silver (Ag) or copper (Cu) have been reported and studied in previous literatures for low-cost solution, but Au wire still gives highest rating in terms of the performance of temperature humidity test, high temperature storage, and bond-ability, etc. However, a new bonding wire material, Au-coated Ag, is recently developed to be an alternative solution which gives comparable performance, but lower cost compared to Au wire. In the first section of the article, the influence of a variety of factors were reviewed, which includes reliability performance and interfacial reaction that determines the performance of Au-coated Ag to reach for developing high reliability of bonded devices. With respect to second-level interconnects, SAC305 and SAC302 solder alloys give a balance performance between temperature cycling testing and drop testing, which are widely used in many field applications, such as mobile, consumer and computer. SAC405 and LF35 are developed for specific requirements such as SAC405 owns better temperature cycling performance, whereas LF35 gives excellent drop performance compared to SAC305 or SAC302. However, with market demands on automotive electronics get strong in recent years, solder joint reliability is being reviewed and discussed, especially in temperature cycling performance. Typical solder alloys on Ni/Au surface finish were not designed for automotive application to fulfill the requirement of board level reliability. Hence, newly developed solder alloys with Sn/Ag/Cu/Bi/Ni elements and Cu-OSP substrate surface finishes will be reviewed in the second section of the article.
Long-Term Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of Kindergarten Acadience Reading with English Learners

Acadience Reading (AR) is a screener for early detection of reading problems in elementary students. Limited research exists, however, on its technical adequacy for evaluation of English Learners (...
Neonatal lead intoxication following maternal pica: A case report and review of the literature

Pica is a significant risk factor for lead exposure during pregnancy and may often go unrecognized. Lead exposure in the pregnant woman may be extremely toxic to the fetus due to unencumbered transport across the placenta. Long term neurological effects of in utero and neonatal lead exposure are largely unknown, and the efficacies of current therapies are controversial. We report a case of a pregnant woman with elevated blood lead levels secondary to pica that was not identified by a routine screening survey. Her full term baby girl had a blood lead level of 70.8 μg/dL. Neonatal therapy with double-volume exchange transfusion followed by a 3 day course of intravenous Edetate Calcium Disodium is described as well as the slow steady decline of her blood lead levels. Neurocognitive development to 18 months is also reported.
A pressor substance (hysterotonin) occurring in toxemia.

Abstract 1. 1. For the first time a pressor substance has been found to be present in patients with toxemia of pregnancy, and for this substance the authors have suggested the term “hysterotonin.” 2. 2. Hysterotonin has been found in highest concentration in the decidua and amniotic fluid. 3. 3. Hysterotonin seems to be a polypeptide formed by an enzymatic reaction, differing from any previously described polypeptide. No antidiuretic action can be ascribed to this pressor substance.
More on the Intersection of Law and Rhetoric (Book Review)

A review of Making the Case: Advocacy and Judgment in Public Argument (Kathryn M. Olson, Michael William Pfau, Benjamin Ponder & Kirt Wilson eds., Mich. State U. Press 2012), 260 pages.
Evolving digital circuits using particle swarm

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) motivated by the social behavior of organisms is proposed for evolution of combinational logic circuits. Results are presented to show that PSO based evolution of digital circuits are equivalent to or even with better solutions (with minimum number of logic gates) than that of a human designer and other genetic algorithm (GA) based techniques. This PSO based approach converges faster than other approaches reported in literature using genetic algorithms and as a result the computational intensity involved in hardware evolution is reduced. Examples taken from the literature are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed PSO approach.
To stay or not to stay: retention of Asian international faculty in STEM fields

The present study identifies characteristics of individuals and work settings that influence Asian international faculty members’ intentions to continue their employment in US research universities. Given the demand for researchers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields (STEM), the higher rate of turnover among untenured faculty, and the replacement costs associated with turnover in STEM, the sample is limited to assistant professors employed in these areas. Multinomial regression analyses are conducted to identify variables that “pull” and “push” uncertain faculty toward intentions stay and leave their current institutions. The results suggest that faculty who are more satisfied with time available for research and those who express stronger organizational commitment are more likely to say they will stay. Those dissatisfied with the fairness of work evaluations and believe tenure decisions are not merit-based, are more likely to say they will leave.
Allergic Reactions to Tattoo Pigment after Laser Treatment

BACKGROUND Cutaneous allergic reactions to pigments found in tattoos are not infrequent. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide) is the most common cause of allergic reactions in tattoos and is probably related to a cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of these case presentations is to describe a previously unreported complication of tattoo removal with two Q-switched lasers. RESULTS Two patients without prior histories of skin disease experienced localized as well as widespread allergic reactions after treatment of their tattoos with two Q-switched lasers. CONCLUSION The Q-switched ruby and neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers target intracellular tattoo pigment, causing rapid thermal expansion that fragments pigment-containing cells and causes the pigment to become extracellular. This extracellular pigment is then recognized by the immune system as foreign.
Spectral characteristics of iron‐bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2)

Abstract— Phyllosilicate alteration minerals are commonly found in low petrologic types of carbonaceous chondrites. Previous spectral studies have examined Mg-bearing phyllosilicates with limited success in matching the spectral properties of CM and CI chondrites. Transmission electron microscope and other analytical techniques suggest that Fe-bearing clays are more abundant in CI and CM chondrites than magnesian varieties. Here, we present the results of an examination of the reflectance spectra of Fe-phyllosilicates, including serpentines and berthierines, of which the latter were formerly known as septechlorites. We have measured the diffuse reflectance spectra of powdered samples from 0.3 to 25 μn. We find that these minerals provide a better spectral match to many of the features seen in CI and CM chondrites, and simple linear combinations of the spectra of both Fe- and Mg-phyllosilicates closely approximate the spectra of CM and CI chondrites.
The effects of induced anxiety on state-trait measures of anxiety in high, middle, and low trait-anxious individuals

The effects of induced anxiety on high (HA), middle (MA), and low (LA) trait-anxious individuals were investigated. Thirty male subjects were selected by MAS scores, and state-trait measures (cardiac rate; AACL Today and General) were obtained during premeasure (except for cardiac rate), resting, relaxation, induced arousal, and relaxation periods. The trait-anxious measure (AACL-G) differentiated between LA and HA groups and was unaffected by periods. State anxiety showed differential effects related to groups, measures, and periods: AACL-T and cardiac rate were higher during induced arousal than during either relaxation period, and the HA group was significantly higher than the LA group on both measures during induced affect. There were significant correlations between both measures during resting and induced arousal periods but not during relaxation periods.
Tail collagen aging in mice of thirteen different genotypes and two species: relationship to biological age.

Abstract Collagen aging rates were tested in mice of thirteen different genotypes and two species by measuring the breaking times of tail tendon fibers in a concentrated urea solution. Repeated on the same individuals, the results of this test indicated increased collagen age after only 1 month in 27 of 29 cases in two different experiments. Irradiated CBA mice and autoimmune susceptable NZB mice had normal collagen aging rates, as did a mutant with small body size ( lit/lit ) and two mutants with genetic anemias ( W/W V and an/an ). Tail collagen from CBA mice aged more rapidly than that from B6 mice or their F 1 hybrid during the latter halves of their lives. At advanced ages, collagen in female mice aged faster than collagen in males of most strains. These differences were not correlated with the mean lifespans of these animals, casting doubt on the hypothesis that collagen aging is a measurement of biological age. On the other hand, this test showed that tail collagen in wild-type Mus musculus aged about twice as rapidly as that in wild-type Peromyscus leucopus over the ages where both species were alive for comparison. This fits the hypothesis, because mice of the Peromyscus leucopus species live twice as long, however the difference is significant only in females because of the variability of Peromyscus males. Tail tendon collagen of mutant obese mice aged more rapidly than that of normal mice of the same strain. No differences in tail temperatures were detected, so accelerated collagen aging in obese mice may result from their very high insulin levels or other metabolic defects.
Nascent Astrocyte Particles Differ from Lipoproteins in CSF

Little is known about lipid transport and metabolism in the brain. As a further step toward understanding the origin and function of CNS lipoproteins, we have characterized by size and density fractionation lipoprotein particles from human CSF and primary cultures of rat astrocytes. The fractions were analyzed for esterified and free cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, albumin, and apolipoproteins (apo) E, AI, AII, and J. As determined by lipid and apolipoprotein profiles, gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy, nascent astrocyte particles contain little core lipid, are primarily discoidal in shape, and contain apoE and apoJ. In contrast, CSF lipoproteins are the size and density of plasma high-density lipoprotein, contain the core lipid, esterified cholesterol, and are spherical. CSF lipoproteins were heterogeneous in apolipoprotein content with apoE, the most abundant apolipoprotein, localized to the largest particles, apoAI and apoAII localized to progressively smaller particles, and apoJ distributed relatively evenly across particle size. There was substantial loss of protein from both CSF and astrocyte particles after density centrifugation compared with gel-filtration chromatography. The differences between lipoproteins secreted by astrocytes and present in CSF suggest that in addition to delivery of their constituents to cells, lipoprotein particles secreted within the brain by astrocytes may have the potential to participate in cholesterol clearance, developing a core of esterified cholesterol before reaching the CSF. Study of the functional properties of both astrocyte-secreted and CSF lipoproteins isolated by techniques that preserve native particle structure may also provide insight into the function of apoE in the pathophysiology of specific neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Crystallization behavior of amorphous NiTi alloys prepared by sputter deposition

Etude experimentale sur trois echantillons Ni 30 Ti 70 , Ni 56 Ti 44 et Ni 68 Ti 32 par diffraction de rayons X et microscopie electronique en transmission
Numerical solution of a third-order nonlinear boundary-value problem by automatic differentiation

We develop a simple numerical method for obtaining Taylor series approximation to the solution of a nonlinear third-order boundary-value problem. We use recursive formulas derived from the governing differential equation itself to calculate exact values of the derivatives needed in the Taylor series. Since we do not use difference formulas or symbolic manipulation for calculating the derivatives, our method requires much less computational effort when compared with the techniques previously reported in the literature. We will illustrate the effectiveness of our method with several test problems.
Discussion on theories of movement of ionospheric irregularities

Abstract This short note seems to answer the question as to whether there are any serious discrepancies in the velocity of irregularities between Kato's theory and Tsedilina's one. It is found that both theories reach the same result for linear weak irregularities and the difference is only superficial. But only Kato's theory is applicable to strong irregularities.
SPONTANEOUS HEART RATE AND GSR CHANGES AS RELATED TO MOTOR PERFORMANCE.

Spontaneous heart rate changes and spontaneous galvanic skin response (GSR) fluctuations were compared with motor performance on a task said to measure motor impulsivity in two identical experiments. With the use of a total of 64 male college students as subjects, the conclusion drawn from the experiment was that neither of the physiological measures related significantly to impulsive performance. This was true for both a complex motor task and for simple reaction time performance. It is argued that if there is a relationship between spontaneous autonomic activity and motor impulsivity as has been previously reported, the conditions under which this may be demonstrated must be quite specific. The present findings are interpreted as requiring limitations on the generalizability of the relationship previously reported. Heart rate, GSR, Impulsivity, Reaction time. (R. F. Docter)