cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eight Recommendations for Policies for Communicating Abnormal Test Results

Article-at-a-Glance Background Health care organizations continue to struggle to ensure that critical findings are communicated and acted on in a timely and appropriate manner. Recent research highlights the risks of communication breakdowns along the entire spectrum of test-result abnormality, including significantly abnormal but nonemergent findings. Evidence-based and practical institutional policies must uphold effective processes to guide communication of abnormal test results. Eight recommendations for effective policies on communication of abnormal diagnostic test results were developed based on policy refinement at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Houston), institutional experience with test result management, and findings from research performed locally and elsewhere. Key Facets of Effective Policies Research findings on vulnerabilities in existing policies and procedures were taken into consideration. The eight recommendations are based on important refinements to the policy which clarified staff roles and responsibilities for test ordering, follow-up, and communication; defined categories of abnormal test results to guide appropriate follow-up action; and elaborated procedures for monitoring the effectiveness of test result communication and follow-up. Participation of key stakeholders is recommended to enhance buy-in from personnel and to help ensure the policies feasibility and sustainability. Conclusions The proposed recommendations for ensuring safe test-result communication may be potentially useful to a wide variety of institutions and health care settings. These practical suggestions, based on research findings and experiences with a previous policy, may be a useful guide for designing or amending policies for safe test-result communication in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
A Cell-Centered Finite Difference Method on Quadrilaterals

We develop a cell-centered finite difference method for elliptic problems on curvilinear quadrilateral grids. The method is based on the lowest order Brezzi-Douglas-Marini (BDM) mixed finite element method. A quadrature rule gives a block-diagonal mass matrix and allows for local flux elimination. The method is motivated and closely related to the multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) method. An advantage of our method is that is has a variational formulation. As a result finite element techniques can be employed to analyze the algebraic system and the convergence properites. The method exhibits second order convergence of the scalar variable at the cell-centers and of the flux at the midpoints of the edges. It performs well on problems with rough grids and coefficients, which is illustrated by numerical experiments.
CAVITATION-EROSION OF PLASMA-SPRAYED WC/Co

Cavitation-erosion is a major cause of failure of mechanical devices in fluid handling and marine engineering systems. Thermal sprayed coatings can play a valuable role in protecting a wide range of substrates from such attack. A study was carried out on the cavitation-erosion resistance of air plasma sprayed tungsten carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) coatings. Four different powder types were examined. The cavitation-erosion tests were carried out using an acoustic exponential horn operating at 20 kHz in distilled water. Weight-change and microstructure (as determined by scanning electron microscopy) were followed as a function of time. The goal of this program was to relate the cavitation-erosion resistance to powder composition and means of fabrication.
Endocrine-immune signaling as a predictor of survival: A prospective study in developing songbird chicks.

Abstract Immune function varies with an animal’s endocrine physiology and energy reserves, as well as its abiotic and biotic environment. This context-dependency is thought to relate to adaptive trade-off resolution that varies from one context to the next; however, it is less clear how state- and environmentally-dependent differences in endocrine-immune signaling relate to survival in natural populations. We begin to address this question in a prospective study on a free-living passerine bird, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), by capitalizing upon naturally-occurring variation in ectoparasitism in 12-day old chicks. We measured body mass, hematological gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as corticosterone (CORT) secretion at baseline and in response to 30 min of handling. We found that chicks with ectoparasites had smaller body mass and higher levels of IL-6 gene expression at this critical stage of post-natal growth and development. Mass and IL-6 were positively correlated, but only among parasitized chicks, suggesting that larger chicks mount stronger immune responses when necessary, i.e. in the presence of ectoparasites that are known to induce inflammation. IL-6 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with stress-induced CORT levels, suggesting that this proxy of inflammation may be co-regulated with or coordinated by glucocorticoids. More importantly, these endocrine-immune parameters predicted survival to fledging, which was positively associated with IL-6 mRNA abundance and, to a lesser degree, CORT reactivity. These results suggest a link between endocrine-immune interactions and performance in nature, and as a consequence, they shed light on the potentially adaptive, context-dependent interplay between body mass, immunity, and endocrine physiology during development.
A user-guided tool for semi-automated cerebral microbleed detection and volume segmentation: Evaluating vascular injury and data labelling for machine learning.

Abstract Background and purpose With extensive research efforts in place to address the clinical relevance of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), there remains a need for fast and accurate methods to detect and quantify CMB burden. Although some computer-aided detection algorithms have been proposed in the literature with high sensitivity, their specificity remains consistently poor. More sophisticated machine learning methods appear to be promising in their ability to minimize false positives (FP) through high-level feature extraction and the discrimination of hard-mimics. To achieve superior performance, these methods require sizable amounts of precisely labelled training data. Here we present a user-guided tool for semi-automated CMB detection and volume segmentation, offering high specificity for routine use and FP labelling capabilities to ease and expedite the process of generating labelled training data. Materials and methods Existing computer-aided detection methods reported by our group were extended to include fully-automated segmentation and user-guided CMB classification with FP labelling. The algorithm's performance was evaluated on a test set of ten patients exhibiting radiotherapy-induced CMBs on MR images. Results The initial algorithm's base sensitivity was maintained at 86.7%. FP's were reduced to inter-rater variations and segmentation results were in 98% agreement with ground truth labelling. There was an approximate 5-fold reduction in the time users spent evaluating CMB burden with the algorithm versus without computer aid. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient for inter-rater agreement was 0.97 CI[0.92,0.99]. Conclusions This development serves as a valuable tool for routine evaluation of CMB burden and data labelling to improve CMB classification with machine learning. The algorithm is available to the public on GitHub ( https://github.com/LupoLab-UCSF/CMB_labeler ).
Tutorials in Radiotherapy Physics: Advanced Topics with Problems and Solutions

The Topics Every Medical Physicist Should Know Tutorials in Radiotherapy Physics: Advanced Topics with Problems and Solutions covers selected advanced topics that are not thoroughly discussed in any of the standard medical physics texts. The book brings together material from a large variety of sources, avoiding the need for you to search through and digest the vast research literature. The topics are mathematically developed from first principles using consistent notation. Clear Derivations and In-Depth Explanations The book offers insight into the physics of electron acceleration in linear accelerators and presents an introduction to the study of proton therapy. It then describes the predominant method of clinical photon dose computation: convolution and superposition dose calculation algorithms. It also discusses the Boltzmann transport equation, a potentially fast and accurate method of dose calculation that is an alternative to the Monte Carlo method. This discussion considers Fermi–Eyges theory, which is widely used for electron dose calculations. The book concludes with a step-by-step mathematical development of tumor control and normal tissue complication probability models. Each chapter includes problems with solutions given in the back of the book. Prepares You to Explore Cutting-Edge Research This guide provides you with the foundation to read review articles on the topics. It can be used for self-study, in graduate medical physics and physics residency programs, or in vendor training for linacs and treatment planning systems.
An International Perspective on Professional Counselor Identity

Recent developments in technology and communication contributed to increased international collaboration in counseling practice, education, and research. The availability of information outlining t...
Rural energy systems in Indonesia

Publisher Summary This chapter presents rural energy systems prevalent in Indonesia. Given the magnitude of rural noncommercial energy consumption, attempts to diversify energy resources by encouraging people in rural areas to use nonconventional (noncommercial) energy sources will play a major role in efforts to reduce dependency on petroleum oil. To deal with rural energy demand, it is necessary to analyze rural energy problems and, by setting up biogas pilot projects, develop dung and agricultural waste as an alternative source of energy to prevent damage to the forests, soil, and water. Although biogas energy may be the easiest to apply, it must be remembered that the social factors, local customs, and economic constraints determine the success or failure of applying this technology. The residue remaining from the biogas production process, a microbe-assisted reaction, is a sludge consisting of a mixture of liquid and solid. The sludge can be used directly as manure, or the liquid and solid parts can be separated and the liquid used for fishery and the solid for agricultural manure. A calculation of biogas production costs is derived from investment depreciation cost plus variable costs, including the cost of labor and raw material (dung) required to produce biogas.
Heterometallic Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): The Advent of Improving the Energy Landscape

In this Perspective, we highlight how recent studies of heterometallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could lead to advances to the energy landscape. The ability to merge the inherent properties o...
1. ASSESSMENT OF WELLBEING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG RESIDENTS

Background Burnout is common among residents, occurring in 40-75% of trainees across multiple disciplines. Studies demonstrate that regular physical activity correlates with improved sense of well-being, increased empathy, decreased burnout and increased career satisfaction. Evidence suggest that the level of physical activity of physicians can be correlated directly with physician counselling patterns. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted at Monmouth Medical Center and included categorical residents from the following residency programs: Dentistry, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orthopedic Surgery, Pediatrics, Radiology and Surgery. Residents completed pre-participation questionnaire and PWBI questionnaire. All residents were provided a wearable physical activity tracker. The data were collected over the 3 months period. Results 83 residents participated in the study: 6 from Dentistry, 27 from Internal Medicine, 14 from Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8 from Orthopedic Surgery, 15 from Pediatrics, 4 from Radiology, and 9 from Surgery. Results of pre-participation questionnaire showed that 96% of residents believed that physical activity improves wellness, 77% counsel patients on physical activity, and 59% counsel patients on intensity of physical activity. 28% participants were identified as having risk of burnout using PWBI. Total of 45 residents (54%) uploaded their activity data during the study period. The average amount of steps by month per resident is presented on Figure. Step counts of residents in Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, & Obstetrics and Gynecology were similar, and averaged 5817 steps/day. The average amount of steps by residents in Radiology was 7345 steps/day and in Surgery was 7937 steps/day. However, it did not reach statistical significance in comparison with other specialties. There was weak negative correlation between PWBI and physical activity (r =-0.03) Conclusion Residents among multiple specialties in this study are not achieving CDC recommendations regarding physical activity level. More than a quarter of residents were identified as having risk of burnout using PWBI. Additional interventions designed to improve residents' physical activity and wellbeing should be encouraged
Truncated Itraconazole Analogues Exhibiting Potent Anti-Hedgehog Activity and Improved Drug-like Properties.

We conducted a structure–activity relationship study to explore simplified analogues of the itraconazole (ITZ) scaffold for their ability to inhibit the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. These analo...
Mathematical modeling of genetic pest management through female lethality with independently segregating alleles

Many novel genetic approaches are under development to combat insect pests, which continue to impose substantial burdens in the forms of transmission of vector-borne disease and the reduction of agricultural yields. One category of genetic pest management aims to suppress or locally eliminate a species through large, repeated releases of fertile males that carry a dominant lethal genetic construct to render all, or exclusively female, offspring unviable. In all strains that have been tested in the field, the genetic components are in a single construct inserted at a unique location in the genome. Other conditional female lethal strains have been developed with two components at independently segregating loci. It has been suggested that males from these strains only be used for a sterile release program as the components are not linked. Here, we use a population genetics model with density-dependence to evaluate the relative effectiveness of female killing approaches based on single- and multi-locus arrangements of the components. We find that, in general, the single-locus arrangement results in slightly faster population suppression, but the two-locus arrangement can eventually cause stronger suppression and cause local extinction with a smaller release size. Based on our results, there is no a priori reason that males carrying two or more independently segregating components need to be sterilized prior to release. In some cases, a fertile release would be more efficient for population suppression.
Rates of convergence for the continuum limit of nondominated sorting.

Nondominated sorting is a discrete process that sorts points in Euclidean space according to the coordinatewise partial order, and is used to rank feasible solutions to multiobjective optimization problems. It was previously shown that nondominated sorting of random points has a Hamilton-Jacobi equation continuum limit. We prove quantitative error estimates for the convergence of nondominated sorting to its continuum limit Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Our proof uses the maximum principle and viscosity solution machinery, along with new semiconvexity estimates for domains with corner singularities.
What is the Function of Reasoning? On Mercier and Sperber's Argumentative and Justificatory Theories

This paper aims to accessibly present, and then critique, Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber's recent proposals for the evolutionary function of human reasoning. I take a critical look at the main source of experimental evidence that they claim as support for their view, namely the confirmation or “myside” bias in reasoning. I object that Mercier and Sperber did not adequately argue for a claim that their case rests on, namely that it is evolutionarily advantageous for you to get other people to believe whatever you antecedently believe. And I give my own argument that this claim is false. I also critically look at their suggestion that reasoning has a justificatory function, functioning as a kind of reputation management tool. I argue this suggestion does not amount to a plausible evolutionary function.
Sensitivity to Change of Subdomain Question 6 of the Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form After Sling Removal for Pain.

Objective To determine the sensitivity to change of question 6 (Q6) of the modified short form version of the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) before and after synthetic sling removal (SSR). Methods Following IRB approval, a prospectively maintained database of mid-urethral sling (MUS) complications identified women with UDI-6 Q6 data before and after SSR. Q6 were compared pre- and postoperatively and against patient self-report of pain in women undergoing -SSR for pain (SSR-P) and in a control group when pain was not the primary indication for SSR (SSR-C). Women with missing pre-SSR or insufficient ( Results Between 2005 and 2017, 116 of 435 women referred to our institution met study criteria. Q6 scores were significantly (P Conclusion In women undergoing SSR for MUS-related complications, Q6 scores were correlated to self-reported pain and responsive to surgical intervention for pain relief.
Utility of the D-KEFS color word interference test as an embedded measure of performance validity after traumatic brain injury.

We sought to determine the accuracy of embedded performance measures for the D–KEFS Color Word Interference Test that were recently proposed by Eglit et al. In particular, we wanted to determine if...
Comparing temperature convergence of shocked thin films of tin and iron to a bulk temperature source

An outstanding challenge in developing a complete equation of state for materials at elevated pressure and temperature is a robust method of determining the bulk temperature state under dynamic conditions. In metals, the determination of bulk temperature states by optical pyrometry is complicated by the small optical depth and thermal conduction effects. These effects lead to observed temperatures differing by 20% or more from the bulk temperature state. In this work, we show the presence of thermal conduction effects in temperature measurements of tin and iron coatings during dynamic compression experiments. We demonstrate that tin, in contrast to iron, coatings can fail to converge to a bulk temperature source over the time scale of the experiment, requiring the experimenter to modify assumptions, design, or analysis. This work bounds thermal transport at shocked conditions.
Abstract PO-046: MethylationToActivity: A deep-learning framework that reveals promoter activity landscapes from DNA methylomes in individual tumors

Although genome-wide DNA methylomes have demonstrated their clinical value as reliable biomarkers for tumor detection, subtyping, and classification, their direct biological impacts at the individual gene level remain elusive. Here we present MethylationToActivity (M2A), a machine learning framework that uses convolutional neural networks to infer promoter activities based on H3K4me3 and H3K27ac enrichment, from DNA methylation patterns for individual genes. Using publicly available datasets in real-world test scenarios, we demonstrate that M2A is highly accurate and robust in revealing promoter activity landscapes in various pediatric and adult cancers, including both solid and hematologic malignant neoplasms. Citation Format: Justin Williams, Beisi Xu, Daniel Putnam, Andrew Thrasher, Chunliang Li, Jun Yang, Xiang Chen. MethylationToActivity: A deep-learning framework that reveals promoter activity landscapes from DNA methylomes in individual tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-046.
Older adults use a motor plan that is detrimental to endpoint control.

Here, we aimed to understand if older adults (OA) use a unique motor plan that is detrimental to endpoint control. We performed two experiments that used ankle ballistic contractions that reversed at the target. In Experiment 1, eight young adults (YA; 27.1 ± 4.2) and eight OA (73.3 ± 4.5) aimed to perform an ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion movement that reversed at 9° in 180 ms (target). We found that the coordination pattern (motor plan) differed for the two groups. OA used significantly greater soleus (SOL) activity to reverse the ankle movement than YA and exhibited greater tibialis anterior (TA) muscle activity variability (p 0.2; p < 0.01). Experiment 2 aimed to confirm that the OA motor plan was detrimental to endpoint control. Fifteen YA (20.5 ± 1.4) performed an ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion contraction that reversed at 30% MVC in 160 ms by using either a pattern that mimicked OA (High SOL) or YA (Low SOL). With the High SOL coordination pattern, YA exhibited impaired endpoint control and greater TA activation variability. These findings provide strong evidence that OA select a unique motor plan that is detrimental to endpoint control.
Classifying Drug Ratings Using User Reviews with Transformer-Based Language Models

ABSTRACT Social web contains a large amount of information with user sentiment and opinions across different fields. For example, drugs.com provides users’ textual review and numeric ratings of drugs. However, text reviews may not always be consistent with the numeric ratings. In this project, we built different classification models to classify user ratings of drugs with their textual review. Multiple supervised machine learning models including Random Forest and Naive Bayesian classifiers were built with drug reviews using TF-IDF features as input. Also, transformer-based neural network models including BERT, BioBERT, RoBERTa, XLNet, ELECTRA, and ALBERT were built for classification using the raw text as input. Overall, BioBERT model outperformed the other models with the overall accuracy of 87%. This research demonstrated that transformer-based classification models can be used to classify drug reviews and identify reviews that are inconsistent with the ratings. CCS CONCEPTS Computing methodologies → Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; • Applied computing → Document management and text processing. ACM Reference format Akhil Shiju and Zhe He. 2021. Classifying Drug Ratings Using User Reviews with Transformer-Based Language Models. XXXX
Assessment of tumor aggressiveness and response to neoadjuvant therapy of esophageal cancer with FDG-PET/CT-derived SUV and metabolic volumes

1726 Objectives: To evaluate tumor metabolic activity and metabolic volume as indicators of disease aggressiveness and response to neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Methods: Thirty-four patients (8 f and 26 m) with histologically confirmed esophageal cancer [8 Squamous cell (SCC) and 26 Adenocarcinoma (Adeno)] were retrospectively evaluated. The patients underwent PET-CT imaging before (80±31d) and after (30±23d) completion of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. The scans were performed 85.7±24.2 min after i.v. injection of 800.2±162.9 MBq of FDG. Images were evaluated visually and quantitatively with a 3 dimensional (3D) automated iterative threshold-based region growing program. The program generates 3D tumor regions from which measures of total metabolic volume (V), SUVmax (Sm) and SUVavg (Sa) of the entire tumor are obtained. Parameters before and after therapy were defined as V1 and V2; Sm1 and Sm2; Sa1 and Sa2, respectively. Change in metabolic volumes and SUV after therapy were also calculated (% V, % Sm and % Sa, respectively). ROC analysis was performed to define cut-off values indicative of the presence of nodal and distant metastatic disease, response to therapy and tendency for recurrence. Results: PET/CT detected all malignant lesions. Adenocarcinomas had higher Sm1 and Sa1 (18.4±14.4 and 7.4±3.5, respectively) than SCC (13.5±7.8 and 5.9±2, respectively) (P=NS). Visual analysis of PET detected regional nodal disease with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 91%, compared to 56% and 64% for CT. ROC analysis showed that a primary tumor Sm1 >11.0 identified nodal metastases with a sensitivity of 82.4% and a specificity of 81.8% (P=0.003). Moreover, the Sm1 showed a positive significant correlation with T-status (r=0.525, P=0.004), stage (r=0.415, P=0.023) and V1 (r=0.79, P=0.0001). PET/CT upstaged 17.6% (n=6) of the patients to M1a and M1b status. The % V had a positive linear correlation with % Sm (r=0.46, P=0.008) and % Sa (r=0.39, P=0.024). Pathologically-confirmed residual tumor viability after therapy was better characterized by an Sm2 of >4.3, with a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 85.7% (AUC = 0.81, P=0.02), than by V2 and % V. An Sa2 >3.7 showed the best sensitivity (90.9%) to identify those patients that recurred after therapy (AUC=0.78, P=0.015). Conclusions: The primary tumor SUVmax at baseline identifies disease in regional nodes, and correlates well with tumor invasiveness and extent. Response to therapy includes both a reduction in metabolic volume and in SUVmax, with the latter having the greatest accuracy for the assessment of residual tumor viability. On the other hand, a high SUVavg post-therapy is more indicative of the tumor capacity for recurrence
Nexus of Crime Rate, Misery Index and Urbanization in Pakistan

The co-existence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization has become an emerging challenge across the developing globe. The present research, primarily explores the economic and demographic factors affecting the crime rate in the country and also identify the co-incidence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization in Pakistan. The study based upon the annually time series data to be collected through the various secondary sources during 1973 to 2020. ARDL Bound testing technique have been used to determine the short run and long run association among the variables. The findings of the study exhibits the long run relationship connected with crime rate, misery index and urbanization. The results suggest that increasing misery index and widening urbanization largely contributes to magnify the crimes in Pakistan. The government may take suitable measures to improve the miserable situation and also demotivate the urbanization factor; so that the crime rate may decline in the country.
Shifty characters

In “Demonstratives”, David Kaplan introduced a simple and remarkably robust semantics for indexicals. Unfortunately, Kaplan’s semantics is open to a number of apparent counterexamples, many of which involve recording devices. The classic case is the sentence “I am not here now” as recorded and played back on an answering machine. In this essay, I argue that the best way to accommodate these data is to conceive of recording technologies as introducing special, non-basic sorts of contexts, accompanied by non-basic conventions governing the use of indexicals in those contexts. The idea is that recording devices allow us to use indexicals in new and innovative ways to coordinate on objects. And, given sufficient regularity in the use of indexicals on such devices, linguistic conventions will, over time, come to reflect this innovation. I consider several alternatives to this ‘character-shifting’ theory, but none is able to account for the data as well as the present proposal. Many face additional theoretical difficulties as well. I conclude by explaining how the character-shifting theory not only retains many of the virtues of Kaplan’s original semantics, but also coheres with a plausible view on the nature of semantic theorizing more generally.
Bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens.

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has emphasized the importance of technologies to rapidly detect emerging pathogens and understand their interactions with hosts. Platforms based on the combination of biological recognition and electrochemical signal transduction, generally termed bioelectrochemical platforms, offer unique opportunities to both sense and study pathogens. Improved bio-based materials have enabled enhanced control over the biotic-abiotic interface in these systems. These improvements have generated platforms with the capability to elucidate biological function rather than simply detect targets. This advantage is a key feature of recent bioelectrochemical platforms applied to infectious disease. Here, we describe developments in materials for bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens. The incorporation of host membrane material into electrochemical devices has provided unparalleled insights into the interaction between viruses and host cells, and new capture methods have enabled the specific detection of bacterial pathogens, such as those that cause secondary infections with SARS-CoV-2. As these devices continue to improve through the merging of hi-tech materials and biomaterials, the scalability and commercial viability of these devices will similarly improve.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON TWO WESTERN TRICHOSTEMA

Two species of Trichostema L. (Ajugoideae, Lamiaceae) from western states need nomenclatural clarification. Trichostema simulatum Jeps. occurs throughout northern California and southern Oregon. It was published by Willis Linn Jepson in his 1925 flora of California citing the type collection as “Klamathon, Copeland 3534, Type”. This is a conflation of the collector's name and the specimen number of the exsiccata West American Plants, in which the type specimen was distributed by C. F. Baker in 1903. Furthermore, an herbarium name, “Trichostema laetum Greene,” appears on most T. simulatum type material. This designation was never published and is a nomen nudum. Trichostema austromontanum F.H.Lewis occurs throughout the mountain ranges of southern California and Baja California. Originally published with two subspecies by Harlan Lewis in 1945, the three taxa have since been determined to be invalidly published because Lewis did not provide a species description, only subspecies descriptions. Herein, we provide a clarification on the type specimens of T. simulatum Jeps. as well as a valid publication of the species name T. austromontanum.
The population genetics of Drosophila robusta.

Publisher Summary Drosophila robusta, with few relatives, appears to be an old, conservative, and clearly isolated number of the fauna of the eastern deciduous forest of the United States. It breeds on a characteristic tree of this forest, the American Elm. The three major pairs of the V-shaped chromosomes occur in a number of alternate gene sequences, differing from one another by large inversions. Seventeen such arrangements are known from two or more localities; most are very widespread and one is a pericentric inversion. Geographically, the species shows clines in external morphology and gene arrangements; they are roughly parallel. The gene arrangements are sensitive to geographical change but the relation to specific ecological components is not always clear. Both morphological and cytological clines are steep with altitude and nowhere, are steps in the clines pronounced. Marginally, the species shades into homozygosity for gene arrangement.
Material and energy flows in the materials production, assembly, and end-of-life stages of the automotive lithium-ion battery life cycle

This document contains material and energy flows for lithium-ion batteries with an active cathode material of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}). These data are incorporated into Argonne National Laboratory's Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model, replacing previous data for lithium-ion batteries that are based on a nickel/cobalt/manganese (Ni/Co/Mn) cathode chemistry. To identify and determine the mass of lithium-ion battery components, we modeled batteries with LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} as the cathode material using Argonne's Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model for hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles. As input for GREET, we developed new or updated data for the cathode material and the following materials that are included in its supply chain: soda ash, lime, petroleum-derived ethanol, lithium brine, and lithium carbonate. Also as input to GREET, we calculated new emission factors for equipment (kilns, dryers, and calciners) that were not previously included in the model and developed new material and energy flows for the battery electrolyte, binder, and binder solvent. Finally, we revised the data included in GREET for graphite (the anode active material), battery electronics, and battery assembly. For the first time, we incorporated energy and material flows for battery recycling into GREET, considering four battery recycling processes: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, intermediate physical, and direct physical. Opportunities for future research include considering alternative battery chemistries and battery packaging. As battery assembly and recycling technologies develop, staying up to date with them will be critical to understanding the energy, materials, and emissions burdens associated with batteries.
Preparing Special Education Teachers for Teaching Mathematics and Science with Technology by Integrating TPACK Framework into the Curriculum: A Study of Teachers’ Perceptions

This study examined the development of Technological Pedagogical And Content Knowledge (TPACK) in mathematics and science of pre-service special education teachers via one course. The course focused on the three domains of knowledge related specifically to integrating instructional technology into mathematics and science teaching and learning namely, Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) and TPACK. The Survey of Pre-service Teachers’ Knowledge of Teaching and Technology developed by Schmidt et al (2009) was used to measure pre-service teachers’ perceptions of knowledge. A paired t-test revealed that upon completion of the course requirements, students perceived to have had significant gains in each of the domains of teacher knowledge addressed in the course - effect sizes were large (between .69 and 1.10). Further, significant gains were also found in the area of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) but with moderate effect size.
Power analysis of rotary clock

Rotary clock is a multi-gigahertz clock distribution technique based on the principle of wave propagation in transmission lines. In this paper, we perform the first quantitative investigation on the power dissipation of rotary clock designs. Specifically, we have developed a software tool based on the method of partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) that is capable of extracting the SPICE netlist from a layout specification of a rotary clock design. As a result, we are able to accurately estimate the frequency and power dissipation of the rotary clock design using SPICE simulations. Using our tool, we have uncovered the key power dissipation mechanisms of rotary clock and proposed several power reduction strategies. Furthermore, our power analysis has revealed that rotary clock designs can achieve power savings of up to 70% in comparison with conventional clock tree implementations.
Estimations of Uronic Acids as Quantitative Measures of Extracellular and Cell Wall Polysaccharide Polymers from Environmental Samples

The extracellular polysaccharide polymers can bind microbes to surfaces and can cause physical modification of the microenvironment. Since uronic acids appear to be the components of these extracellular films that are most concentrated in a location outside the cell membrane, a quantitative assay for uronic acids was developed. Polymers containing uronic acids are resistant to quantitative hydrolysis, and the uronic acids, once released, form lactones irreproducibly and are difficult to separate from the neutral sugars. These problems were obviated by the methylation of the uronic acids and their subsequent reduction with sodium borodeuteride to the corresponding alcohol while they were in the polymer and could not form lactones. This caused the polymers to lose the ability to adhere to their substrates, so they could be quantitatively recovered. The hydrolysis of the dideuterated sugars was reproducible and could be performed under conditions that were mild enough that other cellular and extracellular polymers were not affected. The resulting neutral sugars were readily derivatized and then were separated and assayed by glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The dideuterated portion of each pentose, hexose, or heptose, identified by combined capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, accurately provided the proportion of each uronic acid in each carbohydrate of the polymer. Examples of the applications of this methodology include the composition of extracellular polymers in marine bacteria, invertebrate feeding tubes and fecal structures, and the microfouling films formed on titanium and aluminum surfaces exposed to seawater.
p53 status is more likely than basal subtype to predict survival in African-American women with breast cancer

A63 Background. Outcome disparities for African-American (AA) women with breast cancer may in part be due to biologically aggressive tumors, including more frequent p53 and basal (i.e. negative status for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) tumor subtypes. We hypothesized that survival would be worse for AA women with either p53 or basal subtypes. Methods. Tumors from 182 consecutive underserved AAs were evaluated for p53 and basal subtypes with immunohistochemistry, on paraffin embedded tissue. Univariate analyses were performed with the use of a two-sided log-rank test and multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional-hazards model. Survival was computed by the Kaplan-Meier method and correlated with tumor subtype. Results. A total of 55 (30.2%) and 62 cases (34.1%) were found to have p53 and basal subtypes. Young age (p=0.032; odds ratio [OR]=0.97, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=0.943-0.997), high AJCC stage (p=0.0001; OR=3.38, 95% CI=1.768-6.454), high tumor grade (p=0.0001; OR=17.05, 95% CI=6.768-42.82) and positive p53 status (p=0.005; OR=2.54, 95%CI=1.315-4.887), were all significantly correlated with basal subtype. Adjustment for age and stage did not alter correlation of grade (p=0.0001; OR=14.05, 95%CI=5.69-37.05) and p53 status (p=0.007; OR=2.578, 95%CI=1.291-5.148) with basal subtype. At median follow-up of 40 months, univariate analyses showed that both p53 (p=0.033; Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.829, 95% CI=1.049-3.189) and basal (p=0.017; HR=1.9, 95% CI=1.126-3.27) subtypes were significantly correlated with worse survival. However after adjustment for age & stage, only p53 status (p=0.047; HR=1.755, 95% CI=1.007-3.061) remained significantly correlated with worse survival. Conclusions. Although as expected, p53 status was significantly correlated with basal subtype, only abnormal p53 expression was significantly correlated with poorer survival in multivariate analysis. These results suggest that p53 status is more likely than basal subtype to predict survival in AA women with breast cancer.
Lift Losses for Fin-Body Gaps in Transonic and Supersonic Speeds

An algebraic model is established to predict the fin-lift losses due to fin-body gaps for missiles and projectiles in transonic and supersonic speeds. The model is based on two distinct correlations, which were established based on wind-tunnel results. The first correlation and model is for transonic speeds (0.8 0.08) to complete the earlier work of Mikhail ("Fin Gaps and Body Slots: Effects and Modeling for Guided Projectiles," AIAA Paper 87-0447, Jan. 1985), which was only valid for (g/Z><0.08). The second correlation and model is for both small and large gaps at supersonic speeds (1.2 <M< 4). Both correlations use the physical parameters of the fin as well as the flow conditions. The results obtained using these two correlations are very satisfactory when compared with the data that they represent. There is no alternate approach in the literature that can predict these results. The correlations cover all shapes of fin planforms with moderate aspect ratios (0.5-4.0) and all heights of streamwise gaps. The present model includes viscosity and fin-support interference effects based on actual wind-tunnel measurements, which, of course, encompass both effects. The present analysis utilizes very simple algebraic models, which can be easily implemented in any fast aerodynamic prediction code. Eighteen cases were validated against experiments using the present two models.
Racial and geographic disparities in the patterns of care and costs at the end of life for patients with lung cancer in 2007-2010 after the 2006 introduction of bevacizumab.

Abstract Objectives To examine racial/ethnic and geographical disparities in cancer care and costs during the last 6 months of life for lung cancer decedents after the Food and Drug Administration's approval of expensive bevacizumab in October 2006. Methods We identified 37,393 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registries and Medicare linked databases who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer of all stages in 1991–2009 and died between July 2007 and December 2010. Results Overall, the proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy/targeted therapy (31.0%), bevacizumab (4.6%), growth factors (16.0%), surgery (2.8%), and hospice care (60.9) in the last 6 months of life was higher in whites than in other ethnic populations. Hospitalization rate was higher in blacks (83.2%) than in whites (76.0%) and others (78.0%). Those from metro areas had slightly higher percentages of receiving chemotherapy/targeted therapy, bevacizumab, growth factors, and hospice care, but had a higher hospitalization rate and lower emergency care visit. Mean total health care cost was $42,749 for the last 6 months of life in patients with lung cancer. Adjusted mean health care cost in the last 6 months of life was significantly higher in blacks or other ethnic population as compared to whites. Conclusion There were substantial racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in the types of cancer care and costs in the last 6 months of life among lung cancer decedents, regardless of the length of survival times and hospice care status. A clinical guideline may help the appropriate use of costly treatment modalities and minimize racial/geographic disparities.
The Economic Impact Of Imperial Germany

German political empire building had a decisive and powerful influence not only on the making, but also on the writing of economic history. The initial effect upon the history of economic history was negative rather than positive. The so-called “political historians” of the midnineteenth century were inspired by the contemporary struggle for the enhancement of the nation's political power and for constitutional liberty. The subsequent formation of Imperial Germany by “blood and iron,” instead of broadening the historical perspective and social vision of Droysen, Duncker, Hausser, Sybel, Treitschke, and the more docile among their followers, merely knocked out their liberalism and intensified and militarized their nationalism. In the new Reich they felt irritated and annoyed rather than roused and shaken by the grave economic conflicts and social disharmonies which grew out of the rapid industrialization of the German national economy and the narrow social class structure of the Imperial government and its Junker personnel. The hypnotic spell emanating from Bismarck's leadership accounted for the sterility of the political historians' response. Although the work of these academic civil servants greatly improved in technical perfection and thoroughness and extended the boundaries of factual knowledge, including knowledge not always worth knowing, it lost vigor and fertility and deteriorated into staleness and irksome monotony as to fundamental ideas and social ideals.
World Views and Their Influence on Psychological Theory and Research: Kuhn-Lakatos-Laudan

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates the ways in which the understanding concerning the functioning of rival scientific research programs in psychology has evolved along lines that are consistent with the philosophical evolution from Kuhn to Lakatos and Laudan. An often asked question about the possibility of compromise is addressed with respect to the rival mechanistic and organismic programs. Today the mechanistic and organismic positions are best interpreted as scientific research programs or traditions including hard cores, positive heuristics, and families of theories. These programs bring metaphysical and methodological commitments into the essential body of science and in so doing they exert a determining influence on theories, basic terms, and research strategies. Of the currently available world views, only mechanism and organicism seem adequate to form constituent parts of scientific research programs. The Lakatos and Laudan analyses provide an adequate interpretation for the rival relationship between the mechanistic and organismic programs. These analyses also provide a more adequate rational explanation for comparing these programs in the context of scientific progress. Compromises between the two programs must be suspect because, in fact, they tend to destroy the integrity of one or the other program.
Radiation Effects In Polarization-Maintaining Fibers

This paper reports the results of low dose rate (< 1 rad/hr) exposures of several different kinds of polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers. In addition, the relationship between stress and radiation sensitivity has been investigated using otherwise identical fibers in which varying levels of both symmetric and asymmetric stress have been induced by grinding the preform to varying depths.
Integration of multiple annotators by aggregating experts and filtering novices

Learning from noisy labels obtained from multiple annotators and without access to any true labels is an increasingly important problem in bioinformatics and biomedicine. In our method, this challenge is addressed by iteratively filtering low-quality annotators and estimating the consensus labels based only on the remaining experts that provide higher-quality annotations. Experiments on biomedicai text classification and CASP9 protein disorder prediction tasks provide evidence that the proposed algorithm is more accurate than the majority voting and previously developed multi-annotator approaches. The benefit of using the new method is particularly large when low-quality annotators dominate. Moreover, the new algorithm also suggests the most relevant annotators for each instance, thus paving the way for understanding the behaviors of each annotator and building more reliable predictive models for bioinformatics applications.
Direct Fluorination of Bioloqically Interesting Compounds Using N-Fluoro-3,5-Dichloropyridinium Triflate

Abstract N-fluoro-3,5-dichloropyridinium triflate was used for the direct fluorination of biologically important aromatic compounds.