cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obligate role of CXCR3 chemokine receptor for trafficking of effector CD8 T cells in the tumor microenvironment (46.14)

Trafficking of tumor-reactive T cells across vascular checkpoints is a critical juncture in the effector phase of cancer immunity although this step is largely unexplored. We recently showed that poor trafficking of blood-borne CD8 effector T cells across tumor microvascular checkpoints is a significant obstacle to antitumor immunity. This bottleneck can be overcome by preconditioning regimens using systemic thermal therapy (STT, 39.5 ± 0.5°C, 6 h) that promotes E/P-selectin and ICAM-1-dependent trafficking of adoptively transferred CD8 T cells and subsequent lysis of tumor targets. Here we investigated the chemokine receptor requirements for trafficking of tumor-specific OT-I CD8 T cells across microvascular barriers in B16-OVA murine melanoma. We identified a non-redundant role for CXCR3, but not CXCR4, in T cell trafficking to tumors under both homeostatic and STT conditions using CXCR3-deficient OT-I T cells. Parallel results were observed by intravital microscopy whereby CXCR3 was necessary for T cells to undergo chemokine-dependent transition from rolling to firm arrest in tumor vessels of STT-pretreated mice. Taken together, these studies provide the first evidence that CXCR3 is obligatory for T cell trafficking across tumor vascular gateways and support strategic use of therapies to augment chemokine-dependent delivery of immune cells for the treatment of cancer. Supported by the NIH (CA79765, CA085183), and the Jennifer Linscott Tietgen Family Foundation.
Measuring the van der Waals forces between a Rydberg atom and a metallic surface.

We have observed the deflection of Rydberg atoms towards a metallic surface by the van der Waals force. Cs and Na atoms in states of principal quantum number n were sent between two parallel gold-coated mirrors, spaced by a gap w (2.1 \ensuremath{\mu}m\ensuremath{\le}w\ensuremath{\le}8.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m). We measured the value ${n}_{m}$ at which the transmission cuts off and from the variation of ${n}_{m}$ versus w, we obtained a measure of the atom-surface interaction. For $12lnl30$ this interaction is 3--4 orders of magnitude larger than for ground-state atoms, and it obeys the scaling laws of the Lennard-Jones model.
Silicon gate technology

Abstract This paper describes the technology and characteristics of insulated-gate field-effect transistor integrated circuits using deposited polycrystalline silicon as the gate electrode. After a brief outline of the characteristics of the silicon gate technology, some of the basic properties of the silicon-silicon dioxide-silicon system, the processing steps for the fabrication of silicon-gate devices, and the electrical characteristics of the devices obtained will be reviewed. A comparison between silicon gate technology and standard technology will be carried out, using the 3705, an eight-channel multiplexer switch with decoding logic. Design considerations for silicon gate technology and some design examples will be given.
Effect of Addition of Varying Amounts of Urea on Preservation of High Moisture Alfalfa Hay

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of uniformly adding urea (.8, 1.3, 1.5, and 2.6%) to alfalfa hay at baling (Experiment 1) or on the top surface of bales (1kg per bale or 2.1% of DM) subjected to water and rain damage (Experiment 2). Addition of≥1.3% urea to high moisture alfalfa hay (24 to 26%) effectively lowered bale temperatures, nonenzymatic browning, visible mold, and chitin content from those of high moisture, untreated hay. During 5 mo of storage, ADF and NDF in untreated hay increased considerably, but changes were much less when≥1.3% urea was added. Urea disappeared rapidly from hays, and, by 36 d after harvest, urea was detectable only at the 2.6% addition. Urea-treated hays, fed as 60% of diet, were eaten readily by late lactation cows; differences were not significant among treatments in DMI, milk yield, milk composition, or digestion coefficients of DM, ADF, and NDF. Urea on the top surface of hay subjected to water damage prevented heating and molding observed in untreated hay. Addition of urea to high moisture alfalfa hay resulted in higher nutritional quality through reduced heating, molding, and lower structural carbohydrate content compared with control, high moisture hay.
Alterations in afferent pathways from the urinary bladder of the rat in response to partial urethral obstruction

Afferent pathways from the urinary bladder were examined with axonal tracing techniques in normal female Wistar rats and in those with partial urethral ligation. Following injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the bladder wall, HRP was detected in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion cells and in afferent projections to the L6-S1 spinal cord at sites in laminae I, II, V-VII, and X known to receive visceral afferent input. Partial urethral ligation (6 weeks) produced a sixfold increase in bladder weight and altered the morphology of bladder afferent pathways. Changes included an increase in the average cross-sectional area of labelled neuronal profiles in L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglia in obstructed (766 +/- 378 microns 2, P less than 0.001) compared to control rats (528 +/- 189 mu 2). The cross-sectional area of the largest profiles also increased by approximately 40%. The mean number of labelled dorsal root ganglion cell profiles was similar in ligated (837 +/- 198) and control (883 +/- 352) groups. When compared to control animals the obstructed animals exhibited a 60% increase in the area of the labelled afferent terminal field in the intermediolateral region of the L6-S1 spinal cord. This increased labelling was even more remarkable given that the volume of tracer per bladder weight injected into the hypertrophied bladder was 87% less than controls. These results provide evidence that bladder afferents project to regions of the spinal cord known to regulate micturition and that these afferents can undergo morphological alterations and/or changes in axoplasmic transport in response to urethral ligation. Changes may occur in response to increased target organ mass, increased neural activity, or alterations in the levels or activity of neurotrophic factors.
A Risk Profile Predicting Psychological Distress in Vietnamese Amerasian Youth

Abstract The relationship between risk factors and psychological distress was examined in 161 Vietnamese Amerasian youth. Background factors such as a history of missing school, frequent hospitalizations, and previous refugee camp experience distinguished those with higher levels of anxiety and depression. This study provides support for attempts to link specific risk factors with increased levels of psychological distress in immigrant populations. Confirmation of the predictive power of these risk factors awaits completion of a longitudinal study following the Ameriasians as they resettle in the United States.
Electrodeposition of Magnetic Materials

A discussion of the electrodeposition of alloys of the Ni-Fe-Co system is presented. Solutions from which these metals are deposited are described and the role of their constituents discussed. The various applications for these deposited materials is reviewed pointing out their advantages and shortcomings. A detailed description of the electrodeposited thin film is given.
SEDMIN - Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet for calculating fine-grained sedimentary rock mineralogy from bulk geochemical analysis

Normative mineralogical calculations from bulk geochemistry of sedimentary rocks are problematic because of variable depositional environments, particle hydraulics and sedimentary source systems. The development of SEDMIN, a Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet solution, is a practical attempt for a computational routine focusing specifically on smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, illite and the ambiguous sericite within various pelitic sedimentary lithologies. While in essence a mathematical approach, the use of statistical evaluation of empirical lithogeochemical data combined with modal analytical procedures yields reasonable geochemical associations, more precise chemical phases and revised procedural allotment paradigms. Thus, an algorithm using TiO2 as a key to the normative calculation of kaolinite is proposed. Incorporating additional parameters, such as LOI (Loss-on-ignition) in conjunction with carbon, sulfur, carbonate and sulfate, provides that clay phases can be more accurately determined than from bulk oxides alone. Even when presented with atypical sample data, the spreadsheet solution is able to accurately predict predominant clay minerals. Besides some drawbacks, the likely benefit from SEDMIN is the incorporation of results in classification norms and diagrams indicative of sedimentary lithologies. The ”SEDMIN Sedimentary Mineral Calculator.xlsx” spreadsheet can be freely downloaded from http://earthscienceeducation.net/SEDMINSedimentaryMineralCalculator.xlsx .
Reconstitution in vitro of MSP-based filopodium extension in nematode sperm

The major sperm protein (MSP) motility system in nematode sperm is best known for propelling the movement of mature sperm, where it has taken over the role usually played by actin in amoeboid cell motility. However, MSP filaments also drive the extension of filopodia, transient organelles composed of a core bundle of MSP filaments, that form in the late in sperm development but are not found on crawling cells. We have reconstituted filopodial extension in vitro whereby thin bundles of MSP filaments, each enveloped by a membrane sheath at their growing end, elongated at rates up to 17 microm/min. These bundles often exceeded 500 microm in length but were comprised of filaments only 1 microm long. The reconstituted filopodia assembled in the same cell-free sperm extracts that produced MSP fibers, robust meshworks of filaments that exhibit the same organization and dynamics as the lamellipodial filament system that propels sperm movement. The filopodia and fibers that assembled in vitro both had a membranous structure at their growing end, shared four MSP accessory proteins, and responded identically to agents that alter MSP-based motility by modulating protein phosphorylation. However, filopodia grew three- to four-fold faster than fibers. The reconstitution of filopodial extension shows that, like the actin cytoskeleton, MSP filaments can adopt two architectures, bundles and meshworks, each capable of pushing against membranes to generate protrusion. The reconstitution of both forms of motility in the same in vitro system provides a promising avenue for understanding how the forces for membrane protrusion are produced.
Analytical expressions for coherent anti-stokes raman spectral (CARS) profiles

Abstract Analytical expressions are presented that allow the calculation of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra (CARS) of gas phase molecules with nonoverlapping lines. The results of the evaluation of Kataoka-Teets and Yuratich convolution integrals are given for six cases: scanning and multiplex CARS where the pump and Stokes laser intensity spectral profiles are Gaussian, Lorentzian, and the mixed configuration of Lorentzian pump and Gaussian Stokes profiles. Useful approximations to these expressions are discussed.
Formaldehyde and tumors in hamster respiratory tract

Male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to 10 ppm of formaldehyde (H2CO) 5 times/week for lifetime. Survival of the treated animals was reduced relative to unexposed controls. No tumors were observed in histologic sections of respiratory tract tissues from either unexposed or treated animals. Only a minimal increase in hyperplastic and metaplastic areas was observed in nasal epithelium of exposed animals. However, there was evidence that H2CO could serve as a cofactor in the incidence of respiratory tumors induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Animals were exposed once per week to 30 ppm H2CO (5 h/day) for lifetime. No tumors were observed in the respiratory tract of the H2CO-only control group exposed to this regimen. Hamsters receiving exposures to H2CO at 2 days prior to each of 10 weekly DEN injections had a higher number of tracheal tumors/tumor-bearing animal at autopsy than those receiving DEN alone.
Dynamic laser light scattering in the study of aggregated proteins and in a DNA fragment containing a bend

We have employed dynamic laser light scattering to investigate the solution behavior of RecA protein from Escherichia coli. RecA is essential for genetic recombination, in vivo, and is the central catalytic protein component of the analogous strand exchange reaction that occurs in vitro between strands of duplex DNA and a homologous single strand. In solution RecA exists in a variety of aggregated forms with sizes and distributions that strongly depend on magnesium concentration, pH, and temperature. With increases in [MgCl2], temperature or addition of sub-stoichiometric amounts of short duplex DNAs, larger aggregates of RecA are formed. In contrast, increasing pH from 7.3 to 9.0 results in formation of protein aggregates with overall smaller dimensions. Our measurements have also revealed the initial aggregation state of RecA and MgCl2 induced aggregation depends on the protein preparation procedure. If extreme care is not taken a significant amount of very large, irreversible aggregates contaminate the preparation. These protein species do not display appreciable amounts of magnesium or temperature induced aggregation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An ultra-low power hardware accelerator architecture for wearable computers using dynamic time warping

Movement monitoring using wearable computers has been widely used in healthcare and wellness applications. To reduce the form factor of wearable nodes which is dominated by battery size, ultra-low power signal processing is crucial. In this paper, we propose an architecture that can be viewed as a hardware accelerator and employs dynamic time warping (DTW) in a hierarchical fashion. The proposed architecture removes events that are not of interest from the signal processing chain as early as possible, deactivating all remaining modules. We consider tunable parameters such as sampling frequency and bit resolution of the incoming sensor readings for DTW to balance the power consumption and classification precision trade-off. We formulate a methodology for determining the optimal set of tunable parameters and provide a solution using Active-set algorithm. We synthesized the architecture using 45nm CMOS and illustrated that a three-tiered module achieves 98% accuracy with a power budget of 1.23µW, while a single level DTW consumes 6.3µW with the same accuracy. We furthermore propose a fast approximation methodology that runs 3200 times faster while introducing less than 3% error over the original optimization for determining the total power consumption.
Maturation of the antioxidant system and the effects on preterm birth.

Summary The study of the interplay of the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with their related antioxidant enzymes at the maternal–placental–fetal interfaces during normal and abnormal pregnancy is in its ‘infancy’. Our understanding of the role of antioxidant systems during fetal and neonatal development is constantly changing with research better defining the biological roles of these highly reactive species and the maintenance of optimal oxidant/antioxidant balance. The antioxidant enzyme system is upregulated during the last 15% of gestation, a timeframe when non-enzymatic antioxidants are also crossing the placenta in increasing concentrations. These developmental changes provide for the transition from the relative hypoxia of intrauterine development to the oxygen-rich extrauterine environment. Preterm birth is associated with an increased oxidant burden which places these infants at much higher risk of injury. This is especially true since studies have failed to reveal significant induction of antioxidants in response to the increased generation of these reactive species. Improved understanding of these relationships will be necessary for the development of rational treatments aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes and reducing the burden of oxidative stress to premature newborns.
Patterns of changes of tumour temperatures during clinical hyperthermia: Implications for treatment planning, evaluation and control

The patterns of changes in tumour temperatures were studied at selected times throughout 104 hyperthermia sessions. Temperature change patterns were analysed in the context of the known patterns of change of the applied power. First, of 69 extracranial treatments analysed, 74% indicated relatively flat temperatures at constant applied power during a major portion of the treatment, thereby indicating that during that time there were no major changes in any of the physical or physiological tissue parameters which contribute to the ability of the tumour tissue to remove energy (Pattern 1). Second, after reaching an initial steady state, approximately 14% of these extracranial treatments showed either steadily decreasing temperatures at constant power, or constant temperatures at steadily increasing applied power, thereby indicating that the tumour's ability to remove energy was steadily increasing in time following the initial steady state (Pattern 2). Finally, after reaching an initial steady state, the rem...
A study to optimize the potential impact of residential building energy audits

The Colorado College Energy Audit and Retrofit Program is a non-profit organization that teaches students the science and mechanics involved in energy audits and retrofit work through service–learning and community-based research projects. This approach represents a “win–win” scenario where the college contributes to maximize learning and minimize costs to the community. The method of identifying homes for energy audits has evolved from responding to homeowner requests to a proactive approach aimed at targeting older low-income neighborhoods and working with existing neighborhood associations. Recent work on the Mill Street Neighborhood in Colorado Springs, Colorado is presented in which a sample of homes (N = 14) received thermal audits, complete with blower door tests and Energy-10 computer modeling. The results are tabulated, analyzed, and extrapolated over the entire 145 homes in the neighborhood. The normally distributed ACHn values and the skewed distributions of Raver values and building sizes are discussed. A method of identifying unusual occupant behavior, relative to the building quality, is presented where the Home Heating Index is compared to a Building Thermal Performance Index (Raver/ACHn). Estimates from extrapolation of the data predict that an investment of $146,500 USD in retrofit materials will yield a total annual neighborhood savings in energy, utility costs and GHG emissions of 9.1 × 106 kBtu (9.6 × 109 kJ), $64,000 USD and 555 US tons (5.0 × 105 kg), respectively, providing a simple payback time of 2.3 years. This efficient method of neighborhood energy audits provides data that could support neighborhood renewal grant proposals to purchase materials for follow-up retrofits and supports municipal demand-side management programs.
Audible Atrial Sounds in Atrial Flutter Modulating an Aortic Regurgitant Murmur: Echocardiographic and Phonocardiographic Correlates

The findings in a patient with atrial flutter whose audible atrial sounds uniquely modulated an aortic regurgitant murmur are presented, with phonocardiographic and echocardiographic correlates, which suggest a ventricular origin for these sounds.
SPHEROSOMES AND MITOCHONDRIA IN THE LIVING FUNGAL CELL

A B S T R A C T Study of living hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect., Fomes annosus (Fries) Cooke, CeratocystMs fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam, and Mycotypha microspora Fenner with phase contrast revealed that these fungi have spherosomes similar to those in vascular plants. The spherosomes are conspicuous in the hyphal tip, suggesting some function other than fat synthesis. It may be that the Woronin bodies reported by other workers are spherosomes. Mitochondria in these fungi are highly pleomorphic and exhibit saltatory movement. They often interact with nuclei in a manner suggesting close membrane contact.
Cutback Management and the Paradox of Publicness

Cutback management in the public sector poses unique problems. More than 30 years ago, Charles Levine illustrated these problems by discussing the paradoxes of cutback management in public organizations. Building on Levine's work on cutback management and developments in publicness theory, the author provides a contemporary perspective on cutback management. He asserts that publicness creates paradoxical tensions in diff erent domains such as organizational goals, employee motivation, and organizational performance. Th ese tensions need to be embraced in both theoretical discussions of and practical engagement with cutback management. Instead of a short-term, reductionist approach to cutback management, a holistic and long- term perspective is necessary.
First-principles determination of the effects of intermolecular interactions on the electronic transport through molecular monolayers

We extend our previous development of electron transport through one-dimensional (1D) molecular junctions to two-dimensional (2D) monolayers. Our methodology calculates the tunneling current through a single molecule that is embedded in an infinite 2D monolayer of such molecules self-assembled on gold and covered on top also with gold. In this way, the intermolecular interactions that take place between neighboring molecules are fully accounted for within the accuracy of the density-functional theory. As application examples, we study monolayers of nitro substituted oligo phenylene-ethynylene (nitroOPE) dithiol molecules. Monolayers with the packing density observed experimentally are compared against others with lower density, in which the intermolecular interactions are negligible. Additionally, two different adsorption sites (hollow and atop) are considered for the nitroOPE. The results show that the effect of the intermolecular interactions on the tunneling current depends heavily on the adsorption site of the molecule. Hollow-site-adsorbed monolayers undergo a dramatic reduction in current due to the intermolecular interactions, whereas the change in atop-site-adsorbed monolayers is minimal.
FAS-Mediated Apoptosis and Its Relation to Intrinsic Pathway Activation in an Experimental Model of Retinal Detachment

PURPOSE. To determine whether the FAS-mediated apoptosis pathway becomes activated in the retina after retinal detachment and to investigate the temporal relationship between the activation of the FAS-pathway and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway involving caspase-9 and cytochrome c. METHODS. Experimental retinal detachments were created in Brown-Norway rats by injecting 10% hyaluronic acid into the subretinal space. Retinal tissue was harvested at 2, 4, 8, 24, 72, and 168 hours after creation of the detachment. Immunoprecipitation was performed to assess for FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex formation, and activation of caspase-8 and BID (a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins) was assessed by Western blot analysis. A caspase-9 activity assay and immunoprecipitation of the caspase-9/cytochrome c complex were performed at these same time points. Specific pathway inhibition was performed with the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHD.fmk or neutralizing antibodies against either the FAS-receptor or FAS-ligand. Transcription levels of FAS and intrinsic pathway intermediates were assessed as a function of time after retinal detachment by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS. Retinal detachment resulted in the time-dependent formation of the FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex that preceded the peak of caspase-9 activity and caspase-9/cytochrome c complex formation. Cleavage of caspase-8 and truncation of BID were also observed. Injection of zLEHD.fmk into the subretinal space of a detached retina resulted in decreased caspase-9 activity, as did injection of anti-FAS-receptor antibody into either the subretinal space or the vitreous. Retinal detachment resulted in the transcriptional upregulation of the FAS-receptor, FAS-ligand, caspase-8 and BID, but not caspase-9 and cytochrome c. CONCLUSIONS. The FAS-mediated apoptosis pathway becomes activated and transcriptionally upregulated after retinal detachment. The peak of FAS activation precedes that of the intrinsic pathway, and inhibition of FAS activation can decrease caspase-9 activity.
Some simple models for nonlinear age-dependent population dynamics

Abstract This paper presents two simple models for nonlinear age-dependent population dynamics. In these models the basic equations of the theory reduce to systems of ordinary differential equations. We discuss certain qualitative aspects of these systems; in particular, we show that for many cases of interest periodic solutions are not possible.
WARRANTING QUALITY OF STEEL BRIDGE COATING

Civil infrastructure systems, particularly the highway and bridge systems, have become a focal point of attention both nationally and among researchers. Because many of the nation’s bridges have been identified by the Federal Highway Administration as deficient, more attention needs to be given to the quality of bridge coatings, which act as inhibitors of bridge deterioration. This paper represents an extended study by the authors to establish and implement contract warranties for steel bridge coatings. First, the earlier activities in warranting the quality of bridge coatings are reviewed. Next, the writers focus on the basic categories of a steel bridge coating warranty, especially the warranty period and defects for which the contractor is held responsible. The paper further illustrates the functioning of a hybrid model for nondestructive quality assessment of steel bridge coatings. The model provides objective and quantitative analysis to improve the coating quality assessment process. This approach prevents potential conflicts that might arise between the state Department of Transportation and the bridge-coating contractors during the warranty implementation.
Societal Integration and Age-Standardized Suicide Rates in 21 Developed Countries, 1955-1989

Abstract Gender-specific age-standardized suicide rates for 21 developed countries over seven 5-year periods (1955–59 . . . 1985–89) form the two dependent variables. Durkheim's theory of societal integration is the framework used to generate the independent variables, although several recent theories are also examined. The results from a MGLS multiple regression analysis of both male and female rates provide overwhelming support for a multidimensional theory of societal integration and suicide, as first suggested by Durkheim.
BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF THE MELANOPHORE HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND12

DURING A STUDY of the effect of melanophore hormone preparations upon the oxygen consumption of rats (I), it was found that an accurate assay of the hormone was necessary. Since no established, reliable method for determining its potency has been described, and in view of the recent interest in this hormone, it seemed essential to devise a dependable method and to establish a unit of activity. The hypophysectomised frog was chosen as a test object for the assay, since this preparation has been shown to give a specific response to the melanophore hormone (2). It was found that this subject is somewhat more sensitive than the normal, light-adapted frog, in that skin darkening could be obtained in the hypophysectomised frog with oses that were too small to affect the latter. Furthermore, the response is more reliable in the operated animal, because less control of environmental conditions needs to be exercised. It also seems more physiologic to test the hormone on an intact animal rather than on the isolated...
Enhanced mRNA Content in Response to Amino Acid Starvation for a 73-kDa Protein of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Biosynthesis of several rat liver proteins is enhanced by amino acid deprivation of cultured hepatocytes or hepatoma cells. One of these proteins, MP-73, was synthesized at a rate 2- to 3-fold greater when cells were incubated for 3-9 h under conditions of amino acid deprivation versus amino acid supplementation. Immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies prepared against MP-73 localized it to the inner mitochondrial membrane. MP-73 appears to be a hydrophobic, integral membrane protein. MP-73 antibody was used to identify a partial cDNA (NS3.2) of approximately 2 kb. A probe prepared from pNS3.2 identified a transcript in rat Fao hepatoma cells of approximately 4.4 kb that was increased in abundance by more than 20-fold following amino acid starvation of the cells.
Influence of Ph on the Molecular Stability of the Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Protein (Eastern Strain)

study of the purification and properties of this material. The specific heavy component has been isolated from chick embryos diseased with the virus,2 and a sequence for consistently separating it from a lighter heavy component3 present in both normal and diseased embryos has been reported.4 The specific heavy component behaves as a protein and exhibits the properties of the Eastern strain virus. With it is concentrated
Separation of functional subpopulations of murine and human lymphoid cells on colloidal silica density gradients. I. Preparation of the Ludox AM® gradient material and characterization of separation capacities

This report describes a unique modification of an isopycnic density gradient system utilizing as a separating menstrum colloidal silica (Ludox AM). The primary advantages of this preparation are: (1) It is chemically defined, allowing extremely reproducible cell separation employing different lots of material; (2) the physical parameters (pH, density, salt concentration) of the final gradient suspension can be manipulated over a wide range of values, allowing for the separation of many different biological materials; (3) it allows separation of very large numbers of lymphoid cells with greater than 95% recovery of applied cells; (4) separated cellular subpopulations can be easily washed free of silica and cellular function is retained. This paper is a report of the preparation and functional characteristics of the gradient material as it relates to the separation of very large numbers of lymphoid cell subpopulations in both mouse and man. Subpopulations of murine and human lymphocytes separated by this gradient material were assayed for IgM synthesis, T-cell mediated cytotoxicity, and lymphokine production.
THE ROLE OF VERTICAL MOTIONS IN OZONE-WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS

Abstract The relative importance of horizontal advection and vertical motion in producing the day-to-day changes in total ozone amount is calculated, and the manner in which these two factors combine to produce the well-known ozone-weather relationships is explained. The calculations show that at most one third of the range of daily values is attributable to vertical motions, the remainder presumably being the result of horizontal advection.
Interaction between benzo[a]pyrene and mouse skin in organ culture.

Abstract An in vitro method for studying the interaction between tritiated benzo[ a ]pyrene ([ 3 H]BP) and intact mouse skin was investigated. [ 3 H]BP was applied to the epidermal surface of the skin floating on medium, and radioactivity in the medium was measured periodically. After 48-h incubation, about 45% of the radioactivity was in the medium; of this amount, about 80% accumulated during the first 24 h. Incubation temperature, metabolic inhibitors, and the amount of BP applied caused pronounced effects on accumulation; slight to moderate effects were noted for the type and volume of medium and vehicle used. Results of the temperature and inhibitor experiments indicated that accumulation of radioactivity depended on cell viability. About 80% of the radioactivity in the medium was water soluble, showing that biotransformation of BP by skin cells occured. We are using the skin organ culture method to help understand the interaction of mammalian skin with hydrocarbon mixtures. A study of these interactions may lead to metabolic, cytotoxic, and macromolecular-binding profiles that characterize a carcinogenic mixture of hydrocabons.
Expanding Western Definitions of Shamanism: A Conversation with Stephan Beyer, Stanley Krippner, and Hillary S. Webb

Where has the Western attraction to the study and practice of shamanic techniques brought us? Where might it take us? In what ways have our Western biases and philosophical underpinnings influenced and changed how shamanism is practiced, both in the West and in the traditional cultures out of which they emerged? Is it time to stop using the umbrella term “shamanism” to refer to such diverse cross-cultural practices? What are our responsibilities, both as researchers and as spiritual seekers? In this conversation, researcher-authors Stephan Beyer, Stanley Krippner, and Hillary S. Webb discuss their work in field and consider some of the ramifications of the Western world's intellectual and spiritual fascination with shamanic practices. Special attention is paid to the language used to describe these techniques and their practitioners, the developing relationship between researchers and cultural participants, and the ethical implications of merging what are often very distinct worldviews.
September 11 and the Adaptation Failure of U.S. Intelligence Agencies

In January 2000, alQaida operatives gathered secretly in Malaysia for a planning meeting. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was watching. Among the participants was Khalid al-Mihdhar, one of the hijackers who would later help to crash American Airlines flight 77 into the Pentagon. By the time the meeting disbanded, the CIA had taken a photograph of al-Mihdhar, learned his full name, obtained his passport number, and uncovered one other critical piece of information: alMihdhar held a multiple-entry visa to the United States.' It was twenty months before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. George Tenet, the director of central intelligence (DCI), later admitted that the CIA should have placed al-Mihdhar on the State Department's watch list denying him entry into the United States.2 It did not until August 23, 2001, just nineteen days before the terrorist attacks and months after al-Mihdhar had entered the country, obtained a California motor vehicle photo identification card (using his real name), and started taking flying lessons. The case of Khalid al-Mihdhar provides a chilling example of the subtle yet powerful effects of organization-that is, the routines, structures, and cultures that critically influence what government agencies do and how well they do it. Why did the CIA take so long to put this suspected al-Qaida operative on the State Department's watch list, especially given Director Tenet's earlier declaration that the United States was "at war" with al-Qaida, and when U.S. intelli-
The Role of Doctoral Advisors: A Look at Advising from the Advisor’s Perspective

The doctoral advisor is said to be one of the most important persons—if not the single most critical person—with whom doctoral students will develop a relationship during their doctoral degree programs (Baird 1995). However, we have limited knowledge regarding how doctoral advisors see their roles and responsibilities as advisors. Therefore, through in-depth interviews, we explored the perceptions of 25 exemplary doctoral advisors, who have graduated a large number of doctoral students, about their roles and responsibilities as advisors. We conclude this article with implications for doctoral education.
Salt Spray Accumulation and Heathland Plant Damage Associated with a Dry Tropical Storm in Southern New England

Abstract Tropical cyclonic storm systems can have profound impacts on coastal plant communities both through direct mechanical damage and indirect factors, such as flooding or salt spray. Storms with high wind and low rainfall are especially likely to cause high salt spray accumulation on plants growing in close proximity to the ocean. I measured salt spray accumulation on a common coastal heathland plant species, Myrica pensylvanica, during normal growing-season conditions and following Tropical Storm Floyd. At both sampling times, salt spray accumulation was highest in areas closest to the ocean and salt decreased as distance from the ocean increased. Salt spray accumulation on leaves following the tropical storm was twice the salt spray accumulation during normal growing-season conditions. I also found higher necrosis on leaves following the tropical storm, particularly at distances farther from the ocean. These results suggest that even minor cyclonic storms could have an impact on coastal plants in N...
BILATERAL CRYPTORCHIDISM AFTER SURGERY: PSYCHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AT LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP

Published case studies suggest an association of cryptorchidism with psychopathology. To provide behavioral data for a psychiatrically unbiased sample, a study of all cases with bilateral cryptorchidism operated here between 1963 and 1970 was initiated; cases with additional congenital malformations or with mental retardation were excluded. Psychological follow-up of the first 10 cases took place an average of 6 years, 8 months after surgery and consisted of psychological tests and questionnaires and systematic semi-structured interviews which were taped and rated on behavioral scales. Distribution of social class was unbiased. Mean Wechsler IQ was 103.4. The Cornell Index, a questionnaire measure of psychopathology, gave an average score of 7.80 (normal) with 3 patients being in the borderline range. From behavior ratings, only one patient could be classified as clearly psychopathologic. The group showed normal sexual orientation and low normal sex activity. Gender role behavior and gender identity were normal in 9 patients, borderline in one. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychopathology in patients with corrected cryptorchidism is low.
Cenozoic volcanism of the Candelaria region, Nevada

Tertiary rocks of the Candelaria-Mina region of the western Great Basin (Fig. 1) occur in five distinct sequences, each separated by a known or probable regional unconformity. One sequence, the upper Oligocene tuff of the Candelaria Hills, is of particular interest because of its remarkable lateral variations in constitution and thickness in the Candelaria Hills. Such variations point clearly to local differential subsidence during deposition about 25 to 22 m.y. B.P. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary is assumed to be 22.5 m.y. and the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, 5.1 m.y. (Berggren, 1972). The succession, ages, and general characteristics of the five Cenozoic sequences are set forth in Table 1. Principal emphasis was placed on the upper Oligocene tuff sequence in the central Candelaria Hills (Figs. 2 and 3). This area had previously been mapped in reconnaissance by Ferguson and others (1954).
Removal of haze and noise from a single image

Images of outdoor scenes often contain degradation due to haze, resulting in contrast reduction and color fading. For many reasons one may need to remove these effects. Unfortunately, haze removal is a difficult problem due the inherent ambiguity between the haze and the underlying scene. Furthermore, all images contain some noise due to sensor (measurement) error that can be amplified in the haze removal process if ignored. A number of methods have been proposed for haze removal from images. Existing literature that has also addressed the issue of noise has relied on multiple images either for denoising prior to dehazing 1 or in the dehazing process itself. 2, 3 However, multiple images are not always available. Recent single image approaches, one of the most successful being the "dark channel prior", 4 have not yet considered the issue of noise. Accordingly, in this paper we propose two methods for removing both haze and noise from a single image. The first approach is to denoise the image prior to dehazing. This serial approach essentially treats haze and noise separately, and so a second approach is proposed to simultaneously denoise and dehaze using an iterative, adaptive, non-parametric regression method. Experimental results for both methods are then compared. Our findings show that when the noise level is precisely known a priori, simply denoising prior to dehazing performs well. When the noise level is not given, latent errors from either "under"-denoising or "over"-denoising can be amplified, and in this situation, the iterative approach can yield superior results.
Collection assessment in academic libraries: Institutional effectiveness in microcosm

Abstract Institutional effectiveness, which can be defined as the process of planning, evaluating, and revising programs on a continual basis, has become a primary criterion in accrediting academic institutions. In the academic library, the collection management and development policy, ongoing collection assessment, and the revision of policy reflects the institutional effectiveness cycle in microcosm. Collection assessment in regional and program accreditation is fundamental. This paper discusses the applications of collection assessment and its role in the accreditation process. Quantitative and qualitative methods of assessment are reviewed, emphasizing the role of each in improving library collections and, by extension, contributing to the effectiveness of the academic institution.
HELIX-UP: relaxing program semantics to unleash parallelization

Automatic generation of parallel code for general-purpose commodity processors is a challenging computational problem. Nevertheless, there is a lot of latent thread-level parallelism in the way sequential programs are actually used. To convert latent parallelism into performance gains, users may be willing to compromise on the quality of a program's results. We have developed a parallelizing compiler and runtime that substantially improve scalability by allowing parallelized code to briefly sidestep strict adherence to language semantics at run time. In addition to boosting performance, our approach limits the sensitivity of parallelized code to the parameters of target CPUs (such as core-to-core communication latency) and the accuracy of data dependence analysis.
Software balancing of multiple detectors during CT scanning

The general requirements for balancing of detectors in a multiple detectorCTscanner are discussed, and the specific requirements for software balancing using data acquired within the body section during the scan are outlned. A particular technique which can be implemented in a scanner employing a simultaneous translation and rotation of the source/detector package is presented. The technique produces an exact balancing of offset and gain factors, to within accuracy limits imposed by the statistical uncertainty due to noise in the measurements. However, the technique admits a redundancy of solutions with allows the statistical sample to be expanded to include virtually all data acquired during the scan, thereby suppressing detector imbalance artifacts to the same level as overall quantum noise in the image.
Effects of L-dopa alone and in combination with dopa decarboxylase inhibitors on the arterial pressure and heart rate of dogs.

Nach Vorbehandlung mitl-HMD (peripherer Hemmer der Dopa-Dekarboxylase) wird mitl-Dopa (25 und 50 mg/kg i.v.) Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz herabgesetzt.
Role of geometry in optothermal response of toroidal ultra-high-Q cavities

Ultra-high quality factor (UHQ) resonant cavities are able to store light for long periods of time, resulting in high circulating intensities. As a result, numerous nonlinear optical phenomena appear, such as radiation pressure oscillations and lasing. However, deleterious behaviors also occur, such as optothermal broadening of the resonant linewidth. The degree of distortion is directly related to the circulating power in the cavity, the material absorption, and the thermo-optic coefficient of the cavity material. Specifically, a portion of the circulating power is absorbed by the material and converted to heat. This thermal energy is able to induce a refractive index change in the cavity which is experimentally observed as a resonant wavelength change. This behavior has been observed in numerous cavities, but one interesting case is the toroidal cavity, as it has a particularly complex geometry providing multiple thermal transport pathways. To accurately capture this complex behavior, we have developed a COMSOL Multiphysics model which combines the thermal and optical components. The model uses the non-uniform optical mode profile as the heat source. As such, changes in device geometry and wavelength are inherently captured. To verify the modeling, we characterize the optothermal threshold for a series of toroidal cavities across a range of wavelengths and device geometries. Additionally, the thermal time constant of the structure is explored. Of note, the membrane thickness is shown to play a critical role in the optothermal behaviors.
Stress-Optical Coefficient of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(propylene oxide) Networks. Measurements

Stress-Optical Coefficient of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(propylene oxide) Networks. Measurements
Sifting out Methylated DNA with Synthetic Nanopores

Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA produces 5-methylcytosine, changing the protein binding affinity of the sequence, hence altering the organization and expression of the surrounding DNA. The pattern of methylation often silences genes, which physiologically orchestrates processes like differentiation, and pathologically leads to cancer. However, current methods for detecting methylation are either limited in resolution and sensitivity or are too expensive and time-consuming with current technology. Here, we report measurements of the permeation of methylated DNA through a synthetic nanopore, using an electric field to force single molecules to translocate one-at-a-time. For pores <3.0 nm in diameter_comparable to the DNA helix_we found an electric field threshold for permeation of methylated DNA that depends on the methylation pattern.Shown below are the results from a comparison of fully methylated and unmethylated versions of the BRCA1 and MS3 genomic DNA fragments(A). Using quantitative PCR, we measured the number of DNA molecules which translocated through a 1.8nm nanopore at a given voltage(B). Unmethylated MS3 and BRCA1 translocate above 3.77V and 3.61V, respectively while the thresholds for fully methylated MS3 and BRCA1 are 2.53V and 2.69V respectively.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Partial photoionization cross sections of molecular oxygen

Abstract Measurements of partial photoionization cross sections of O 2 for excitation energies between 20 and 45 eV are reported and compared to a calculation using the Stieltjes-Tchebycheff moment theory. Positive evidence is obtained for a predicted σ-type shape resonance between 1 and 2 eV above threshold in certain ionic-state cross sections. Implications for angular distribution of photoelectrons from an oriented O 2 are discussed.