cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreword: Cosmopolitanisms and the cosmopolitical

Before the scientific awareness of space as we know it, ‘cosmos’ was closest to what we would call the ‘globe’. Cosmos is neither ‘world’ nor the idea of many cultures coming together. To use ‘cosmopolitanism’ as a multidisciplinary project of forging identities that are not focused specifically on ethnic identities is excellent. We should, however, also attempt to look at the second part of the word ‘cosmopolitanism’, not as if it comes from the word ‘cosmopolis’ but as if it comes from cosmopolitheia. Politeia – Constitutions – is a book by Plato (1990). The title was mistranslated as Republic during the Renaissance, and no one corrected it. The res publica comes in only with the Romans. Plato’s book actually is called Constitutions – Politeia. It is well known that there is no particular favour shown there for what we call democracy. Most people today go back to Immanuel Kant (1963) when they wish to entertain new ideas of cosmopolitheia. Kant’s thinking of cosmopolitheia was connected to the rise of monopoly capitalist colonialism. As a result of the colonization brought about by the demands of the expansion of industrial capitalism, Kant’s generation of European intellectuals felt, as we do as a result of the network society attendant upon capitalist globalization, that they had access to a world. Goethe talks about Weltliteratur – world literature. Kant trumps Plato, who only knew the city-state, because his contemporary Europeans had the world. From politheia we advance to cosmopolitheia, from mere constitutionality to world governance. Kant’s idea of cosmopolitheia could really not go beyond the nation-state having its own colonial states. But we cannot rebut this through mere regionalism: by showing the Europeans that there were lived cosmopolitanisms in Asia and theorizing them. That gesture legitimizes Euro-teleology by reversal. As a result, people will patronize you and not take you seriously when you are not there. I was invited to Nepal in December 2011 because in South Asian studies, India is the 800-lb gorilla in the room. My hosts were not interested in Nepal studies; there is already important Nepal studies in existence. And they were not interested in South
Variational theory of bubbly media with a distribution of bubble size—I. Liquids

Abstract Hamilton's principle is used to derive two models for a bubbly liquid containing bubbles of different sizes. In the first model, the bubbly liquid is treated as a mixture of a liquid and several bubble “continua”, each consisting of bubbles of a different size. In the second model, the bubbly liquid is treated as a mixture of a liquid and a bubble continuum with a prescribed continuous distribution of bubble sizes. The theories are linearized and used to calculate the phase velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves.
Partially hydrolized ribonuclease with enzymic activity

Abstract Crystalline ribonuclease (RNase) was digested with crystalline carboxypeptidase untreated with di iso propylfluorophosphate. The elution patterns of the digested RNase from Amberlite IRC-50 (XE-64) were found to be constant unless inactivation occurred during the digestion period. The quantitative differences between the elution patterns of fully-active and partially-inactivated RNase (measured by protein determination) correlated with the per cent inactivation of the enzyme (measured by RNase assay). With approximately 70% of the enzymic activity remaining, RNase may be divested of 3 of its 9 moles of valine, 3 to 4 of the 12 moles of alanine, at least 1 of the 15 moles of aspartic acid 1.3 of the 3 moles of phenylalanine, 1.5 of the 2 moles of leucine, 2 of the 3 moles of isoleucine and 2 to 4 of the 4 moles of histidine. The liberation of both leucine residues in the RNase molecule is not clearly related to enzyme inactivation, whereas the liberation of 1 of the 4 histidine residues and 1 or 2 of the 3 isoleucine residues appears to be associated with inactivation of the enzyme. From these data, and from the partial structural formula of the RNase molecule made available by the work of Hirs, Moore and Stein , it is estimated that the major portion of the RNase molecule is not essential for its catalytic activity, under the conditions of these experiments, and that the “active center” of this enzyme is located relatively closer to the C-terminal end of the molecule.
The mammalian DNA polymerase delta--proliferating cell nuclear antigen--template-primer complex: molecular characterization by direct binding.

Three direct assays, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-band mobility shift, agarose gel electrophoresis-band mobility shift, and nitrocellulose filter binding, were established to study complexes formed among mammalian DNA polymerase delta (pol delta), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and synthetic oligonucleotide template-primers. In all contexts, complex formation requires simultaneous presence of pol delta, PCNA, and template-primer. Moreover, we showed in one such assay that the complex formed contains each molecular component. Nuclease protection experiments demonstrate that complex formation protects template from degradation by DNase I. The mass determined for the pol delta.PCNA.template-primer complex was about 267 kDa, consistent with the participation of one molecule of pol delta, two or three molecules of PCNA and one molecule of template-primer. PCNA alone behaved as a trimer (mass determined to be about 87 kDa). Complex could be manipulated enzymologically. Measurement of off rates demonstrates directly that PCNA stabilizes the pol delta.template-primer complex.
Premeiotic Mitosis in Maize: Evidence for Pairing of Homologues

SUMMARYThe last premeiotic mitosis was studied in sporogenous tissue of maize anthers. This division is poorly synchronized and of short duration (relative to the premeiotic interphase). In these mitotic cells homologous chromosomes appear closely paired side by side at metaphase. It is not clear whether such association is initiated at the prophase of this division (from a heretofore random distribution), but observable homologous association seems to begin in this material at about mid-prophase and to be maximal at metaphase. It is also visible at anaphase.
Explicit exponential method for the integration of stiff ordinary differential equations

A new procedure for the integration of both stiff and nonstiff ordinary differential equations is presented. This new approach, which is applicable to general nonlinear systems, is fully explicit, requires little computer memory, and is very easy to program. It does not require computation of a Jacobian matrix or the solution of algebraic equations. The new algorithm has much better stability properties than the classical explicit methods and is generally much more efficient than these methods for stiff problems. The new approach automatically partitions the dependent variables at every step into stiff and nonstiff groups, and subsequently integrates each accordingly, using a nonstiff method for the nonstiff variables and a new explicit exponential method for the stiff variables. The algorithm blends these approximations appropriately. Because of the automatic partitioning, the new algorithm is entirely suitable for both stiff and nonstiff problems.
Investigations on the heat transport capability of a cryogenic oscillating heat pipe and its application in achieving ultra-fast cooling rates for cell vitrification cryopreservation.

Abstract Theoretically, direct vitrification of cell suspensions with relatively low concentrations (∼1 M) of permeating cryoprotective agents (CPA) is suitable for cryopreservation of almost all cell types and can be accomplished by ultra-fast cooling rates that are on the order of 10 6–7 K/min. However, the methods and devices currently available for cell cryopreservation cannot achieve such high cooling rates. In this study, we constructed a novel cryogenic oscillating heat pipe (COHP) using liquid nitrogen as its working fluid and investigated its heat transport capability to assess its application for achieving ultra-fast cooling rates for cell cryopreservation. The experimental results showed that the apparent heat transfer coefficient of the COHP can reach 2 × 10 5 W/m 2 ·K, which is two orders of the magnitude higher than traditional heat pipes. Theoretical analyzes showed that the average local heat transfer coefficient in the thin film evaporation region of the COHP can reach 1.2 × 10 6 W/m 2 ·K, which is approximately 10 3 times higher than that achievable with standard pool-boiling approaches. Based on these results, a novel device design applying the COHP and microfabrication techniques is proposed and its efficiency for cell vitrification is demonstrated through numerical simulation. The estimated average cooling rates achieved through this approach is 10 6–7 K/min, which is much faster than the currently available methods and sufficient for achieving vitrification with relatively low concentrations of CPA.
Sequence of an expressed human β-tubulin gene containing ten Alu family members

Abstract The complete sequence of a functionally expressed human beta-tubulin gene (5 beta) is presented. The amino acid sequence encoded by this gene constitutes a distinct isotype, differing from a previously described human beta-tubulin sequence at 21 positions throughout the polypeptide chain. The beta-tubulin coding sequence in 5 beta is interrupted by three intervening sequences of 1014, 117 and 4826 nucleotides. The largest of these contains ten members of the Alu family of middle repetitive sequences. Together, these regions account for sixty percent of this intervening sequence. Two of the Alu elements are juxtaposed head to tail, and share the same flanking direct repeat. The ten Alu sequences are substantially divergent, both from each other and from an Alu consensus sequence, and several contain deletions of up to half the entire sequence.
Illustrating the Practice of Statistics as a Stepping Stone to Statistical Engineering

This article presents some of the realities of the practice of statistics -- looking at the bigger picture, data quality issues, developing an appropriate statistical model, and designing follow-on studies.
Real-time empirical bayes manufacturing process monitoring for censored data

Because of the current work in manufacturing electronics which links high-speed test sets to host computers, it is now possible to collect and analyse measurements seconds after a product is tested. However, some of the actual measurements may often not be collected. This paper describes a technique to monitor right-censored, left-censored or both right- and left-censored manufacturing data. Also, the technique is applicable to ‘interval’ censored data; data that is censored when it occurs in an interval, with uncensored observations above and below the interval. This ‘interval’ censoring can occur when automatic test equipment cannot transmit data and test at the same time. To increase production volume through the test area, measurements are often collected only when a test fails. The method described is designed to monitor a manufacturing process in real-time with the goal of identifying process changes as they occur. An empirical Bayes model of the process response parameters is developed for the situation when censoring is present. Estimates for the model are developed, a strategy for implementing the model is given and an example is presented which illustrates its use to monitor a process.
Spectral fidelity of gappy data

A one-dimensional periodic domain is chosen over which four physical variables are presumed to be known exactly at 72 equally spaced points. Nineteen experiments are then designed with differing numbers of observing points thus yielding variable gaps in the data. Utilizing trigonometric functions as a basis, Gram-Schmidt functions are generated with orthogonal properties over the non-equally spaced point domain. The quality of the Fourier coefficients for each allowed scale is assessed for the different experiments in terms of the true Fourier coefficients. Results indicate that accuracy in scale coefficients deteriorates rapidly for scales less than twice the maximum gap in the domain, regardless of point density elsewhere in the domain. Furthermore, for the addition of observations in a gappy region, the most spectral fidelity will be achieved by minimizing the largest resulting gaps. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00670.x
A CT promoter element binding protein: definition of a double-strand and a novel single-strand DNA binding motif

Numerous genes contain promoter elements that are nuclease hypersensitive. These elements frequently possess polypurine/polypyrimidine stretches and are usually associated with altered chromatin structure. We have previously isolated a clone that binds a class of CT-rich promoter elements. We have further characterized this clone, termed the nuclease-sensitive element protein-1, or NSEP-1. NSEP-1 binds both duplex CT elements and the CT-rich strand of these elements in a 'generic' sequence specific manner and has overlapping but distinct single-and double-strand DNA binding domains. The minimal peptide region sufficient for both duplex and single-strand DNA binding includes two regions rich in basic amino acids flanking an RNP-CS-1 like octapeptide motif. Deletion analysis shows that the single-strand DNA binding activity is mediated by the RNP-CS-1 like octapeptide motif and is the key peptide region necessary for single-strand binding. NSEP-1's affinity for CT rich promoter elements with strand asymmetry in addition to its double- and single-strand DNA binding properties suggests that it may be a member of a class of DNA binding proteins that modulate gene expression by their ability to recognize DNA with unusual secondary structure.
Evaluating sources of query expansion terms

This study investigates the effectiveness of retrieval systems and human users in generating terms for query expansion. We compare three sources of terms: system generated terms, terms users select from top-ranked sentences, and user generated terms. Results demonstrate that overall the system generated more effective expansion terms than users, but that users' selection of terms improved precision at the top of the retrieved document list.
Computationally Efficient, Fully Coupled Multiscale Modeling of Materials Phenomena Using Calibrated Localization Linkages

Most modern physics-based multiscale materials modeling and simulation tools aim to take into account the important details of the material internal structure at multiple length scales. However, they are extremely computationally expensive. In recent years, a novel data science enabled framework has been formulated for effective scale-bridging that is central to practical multiscaling. A salient feature of this new approach is its ability to capture heterogeneity of fields of interest at different length scales. In this approach, the computations at the mesoscale are handled using a novel data science approach called materials knowledge systems (MKS). The MKS approach has enjoyed tremendous success in building highly accurate and computationally efficient metamodels for localization (i.e., mesoscale spatial distribution of a macroscale imposed field such as stress or strain rate) in simulating a number of different multiscale materials phenomena. MKS derives its accuracy from the fact that it is calibrated to results from previously established numerical models for the phenomena of interest, while its computational efficiency comes from the use of fast Fourier transforms. The current capabilities and the future outlook for the MKS framework are expounded in this paper.
Organometallic compounds with interligand resonance

R. B. King* Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601 (Received 18 August 1969) Within the last two years compounds of the type (Cs~)2Mo(NO)Y (Y = I, 1 CH3, 1 and cr-CsH52) have been prepared. These compounds pose an interesting structural dilemma since in order to give the molybdenum atom the rare gas configuration indicated by their diamagnetism, one of the Tr-cyclopentadlenyl rings must be bonded to the molybdenum atom thru all five carbon atoms (a pentahapto 3 Iigand) and the other Tr-cyclopentadienyl ring must be bonded to the molybdenum atom thru only three carbon atoms (a trihapto 3 ligand). The recently reported 4 structural determination on the a--cyclopentadlenyl derivative (C5Hs)2Mo(NO)(o--CsHs) was of particular interest since it showed the two polyhapto cyclopentadlenyl rings to be equivalent with three carbon atoms of each ring close enough to the metal atom to engage in the usual type of bonding ( ~'2.3 to 2.4 ~k) but with the remaining two carbon atoms of each ring appreciably further from the metal atom ( '2 .6 )~) but still close enough to engage in bonding oF some type. I would like to point out that these structural .data on this ~-cyclopentadienyl derivative (CsHs)2Mo(NO)(o--CsHs)can be explained if this compound is considered to bearesonance hybrid I (Y= ~-C5FI5) of structures where the two polyhapto cyclopentadienyl rings interchange roles as trlhapto and pentahapto rings. The two carbon atoms of each cyclopentadienyl ring that are -~2.6 ,~ from the metal atom would correspond to the two carbon atoms not bonded to the metal atom in the canonical structure with that ring as the trihapto llgand. This type of interligand resonance is a new phenomenon in organometalllc chemistry.
The crush analysis of vehicle structures

Abstract In recent years, there has been a gradual development of a variety of numerical methods for treating vehicle component crush behavior. A significant portion of these methodologies involves the utilization of finite-element computer programs, while finite-difference techniques have generally received less attention. However, recent advances in finite-difference technology may change this picture. The present survey paper reports on the application of the MENTOR-III finite-difference computer program to a variety of vehicle crush analysis problems, many of which have not proven to be analyzable in any rigorous sense by alternate predictive methods.
A short account of the theory of lubrication. III. dimensional theory, with applications

The following explanation of dimensional analysis, including the theory of model experiments, may be of general interest outside the immediate field of lubrication problems, on account of the steadily increasing use of the dimensional method in almost every branch of engineering research. It has been found especially heipful in planning and interpreting experiments in elasticity, fluid dynamics, and heat transmission, where the conditions met in practice are sometimes far too complex for a purely mathematical solution; or even for a direct experimental solution by the orthodox procedure of varying each factor separately. The particular reasons leading up to the use of dimensional theory in lubrication may best be understood after reviewing, briefly, some of the results and limitations of the hydrodynamic theory.
Voluntary simplicity: The Great American Apparel Diet

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers’ motivations to participate in voluntary simplicity in the current market environment.Design/methodology/approach – Using established qualitative research methods, 834 individual autobiographies and blog entries from The Great American Apparel Diet (GAAD) are examined.Findings – Six general categories of internal and external motivations to engage in voluntary simplicity are identified. Findings expand marketers’ understanding of voluntary simplicity and the role of virtual communities inspiring behavior in the contemporary marketplace.Originality/value – This research is unique because it explores personal information shared in the blog entries of participants in the GAAD.
Finite-element analysis of time-dependent large-deformation problems

An updated Lagrangian finite-element formulation has been developed for time-dependent problems of soil consolidation involving finite deformations. Large plastic strains as well as rotations occur in such problems and nominal stress measures are introduced in the formulation to redefine stresses. This leads to corrective terms for equilibrium and yield violations in addition to geometric stiffening terms in the governing integral equations. The soil is considered to be either a linear elastic or an elastoplastic, critical-state material. Some simple numerical examples are studied to validate the formulation, followed by a detailed analysis of the problem of penetration of a pile into soil. The results of this problem are viewed with emphasis on the physical interpretation and practical significance.
Sensory nerve pathology in multifocal motor neuropathy

The nosological status of multifocal motor neuropathy remains controversial. The clinical and electrodiagnostic hall-marks suggest selective motor fiber involvement. In this study, we asked to what extent sensory nerves might be involved pathologically in multifocal motor neuropathy. Examination of sensory nerve biopsy specimens from 11 patients did reveal pathological findings in all, but they were very mild. An increased number of thinly myelinated, large-caliber fibers was the unifying feature common to each specimen. By electron microscopy, each biopsy specimen had thinly myelinated fibers surrounded by minor onion bulbs. Active demyelination, though scant, was seen in 3 nerves. Myelinated fiber density was normal. Subperineurial edema and inflammation were not present. We conclude that multifocal motor neuropathy is not an exclusively motor abnormality, although it appears to be so clinically and electrophysiologically. The frequent, albeit mild, pathological abnormalities in sensory fibers suggest that the demyelinating pathophysiology also affects sensory fibers, but to a lesser degree than motor fibers. Some investigators maintain that multifocal motor neuropathy is within the spectrum of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The very mild degree of sensory fiber involvement, the absence of inflammation or edema, and the distinctive clinical features support the concept of multifocal motor neuropathy as distinct from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
Modeling anthropogenically controlled secondary organic aerosols in a megacity: A simplified framework for global and climate models

Abstract. A simplified parameterization for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in polluted air and biomass burning smoke is tested and optimized in this work, towards the goal of a computationally inexpensive method to calculate pollution and biomass burning SOA mass and hygroscopicity in global and climate models. A regional chemistry-transport model is used as the testbed for the parameterization, which is compared against observations from the Mexico City metropolitan area during the MILAGRO 2006 field experiment. The empirical parameterization is based on the observed proportionality of SOA concentrations to excess CO and photochemical age of the airmass. The approach consists in emitting an organic gas as lumped SOA precursor surrogate proportional to anthropogenic or biomass burning CO emissions according to the observed ratio between SOA and CO in aged air, and reacting this surrogate with OH into a single non-volatile species that condenses to form SOA. An emission factor of 0.08 g of the lumped SOA precursor per g of CO and a rate constant with OH of 1.25 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 reproduce the observed average SOA mass within 30 % in the urban area and downwind. When a 2.5 times slower rate is used (5 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) the predicted SOA amount and temporal evolution is nearly identical to the results obtained with SOA formation from semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic vapors according to the Robinson et al. (2007) formulation. Our simplified method has the advantage of being much less computationally expensive than Robinson-type methods, and can be used in regions where the emissions of SOA precursors are not yet available. As the aged SOA/ΔCO ratios are rather consistent globally for anthropogenic pollution, this parameterization could be reasonably tested in and applied to other regions. The evolution of oxygen-to-carbon ratio was also empirically modeled and the predicted levels were found to be in reasonable agreement with observations. The potential enhancement of biogenic SOA by anthropogenic pollution, which has been suggested to play a major role in global SOA formation, is also tested using two simple parameterizations. Our results suggest that the pollution enhancement of biogenic SOA could provide additional SOA, but does not however explain the concentrations or the spatial and temporal variations of measured SOA mass in the vicinity of Mexico City, which appears to be controlled by anthropogenic sources. The contribution of the biomass burning to the predicted SOA is less than 10% during the studied period.
Theoretical X-ray and Auger transition rates, X-ray wavelengths, Auger-electron energies, fluorescence yields and nonradiative branching ratios for doubly excited helium-like neon

Abstract X-ray wavelengths, Auger energies, transition rates, and fluorescence and Auger yields are calculated for doubly excited states of helium-like neon with configurations nl nl'. The values of n and n' considered range from 2 to 4 with all allowed values of l and l'. Computations have been performed in the intermediate coupling scheme with inclusion of configuration-interaction effects.
The effect of perfluorochemical artificial blood on lipoprotein metabolism in rats.

Abstract Experiments were performed to evaluate the utility of a perfluorochemical emulsion as an artificial blood substitute for studies of lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Perfusing the liver of fed rats with perfluorochemical emulsion FC-34 at the same rate as a 20% red blood cell (RBC) perfusate, there was comparable oxygen uptake; however, there was a greater release of glucose and production of lactate than in RBC perfused livers. Under the stimulation of a low level of free fatty acid, there was less free fatty acid uptake and less triglyceride secretion in emulsion perfused livers. The lipoprotein secreted contained similar apoprotein, but there was a lower triglyceride to cholesterol ratio in the emulsion perfused liver. In addition to these moderate metabolic alterations, the uptake of radiolabeled chylomicron remnants by the perfused liver was almost completely suppressed when the perfluorochemical emulsion was used as an oxygen carrier. In vivo the presence of the perfluorochemical emulsion (5% of blood volume) decreased the rate of clearance of chylomicron remnants, β-very-low-density lipoprotein (β-VLDL) and cholesterol-rich high-density lipoprotein (HDL c ), but not of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In the presence of the emulsion, the degradation of 125 I remnants, but not of [ 125 I]LDL, by rat hepatoma cells was inhibited. The perfluorochemical emulsion did not inactivate lipoprotein lipase. The perfluorochemical emulsion did not change the triglyceride concentration or apoprotein composition of chylomicron remnants when they were incubated with the perfluorochemical emulsion at 37°C for 1 hour and reisolated. The detergent used to solubilize the fluorocarbon FC-43, Pluronic F-68, did not affect the removal of chylomicron remnants in vivo. These results suggest that perfluorochemical emulsion specifically affects the interaction between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their receptors.
The photochemistry and photophysics of all-trans-1,4-diindanylidenyl-2-butene, a rigid analogue of all-trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

all-trans-1,4-Diindanylidenyl-2-butene (ttt-stiff-5-DPH), a torsionally constrained analogue of all-trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (ttt-DPH), was synthesized and studied in order to evaluate the role of phenyl–vinyl torsional motions in the photophysical and photochemical responses of the DPH chromophore. Spectroscopic and photoisomerization measurements reveal that the behavior of the rigid DPH analogue is very similar to that of the parent DPH. This similarity is obtained despite the fact that the alkyl substitution from the five-membered rings selectively lowers the energy of the 1 1Bu* state, leading to inversion of the order of the 1 1Bu* and 2 1Ag* energy levels in hydrocarbon solvents. In stiff-5-DPH, as in DPH, an increase in solvent polarity enhances terminal over central bond photoisomerization. Analyses of fluorescence and photoisomerization quantum yields show that, as in DPH, the torsional relaxation channel on the singlet excited state manifold is inefficient, falling far short of accounting for all radiationless decay. Significant (∼50 and 80% of all singlet decay in Bz and AN, respectively), photochemically unproductive, radiationless decay channels exist in both molecules. Competing one bond photoisomerizations give the two major photoproducts: tct-stiff-5-DPH and ctt-stiff-5-DPH. They were isolated in pure form and were spectroscopically characterized. Biacetyl-sensitization was used to study the behavior of the stiff-5-DPH triplet state. As in the parent DPH, stiff-5-DPH triplets undergo relatively efficient concentration dependent geometric photoisomerization.
Attention Allocation and Incidental Recognition of Emotional Information in Dysphoria

Cognitive models of depression posit that biased emotional processing contributes to the maintenance of depression. Specifically, depression has been associated with biased attention and memory for emotional information; however, few studies have examined relations between these processes. In the current study, stably dysphoric (n = 23) and non-dysphoric (n = 40) participants’ line of visual gaze was assessed while viewing a 2 × 2 array of emotionally valenced words. Incidental recognition of study stimuli was then assessed. Non-dysphoric individuals demonstrated an attentional bias for positive words, while dysphoric individuals lacked this bias. Further, fixation duration and time spent viewing positive stimuli mediated the association between dysphoria status and incidental recognition of positive words. Results suggest that a “protective bias” to focus on positive stimuli, typically observed among non-dysphoric individuals, is absent in dysphoria.
Chaotic atrial tachycardia in children

stent placement in an superior vena cava obstruction with a decreased gradient documented by TEE (Fig. 2). In 2 patients with multilevel LVOT obstruction, TEE confirmed transthoracic echocardiographic and angiographic findings but was superior to both in defining the nature of the stenoses. A 13-year-old girl had a gradient of 50 mm Hg in the LVOT at catheterization; TEE alone detected the presence of a muscular tunnel. In a 7-year-old girl with recurrent LVOT obstruction with a gradient of 40 mm Hg at catheterization, TEE demonstrated a fibromuscular ridge, a discrete membrane, and recurrent growth of atrioventricular valve tissue after complete atrioventricular canal repair. On the basis of these findings, no interventions were performed at the time of catheterization in these two patients. Conclusions. In this study, TEE performed in conjunction with cardiac catheterization provided crucial information regarding the atrial septum, postsurgical intraatrial obstructions of systemic and pulmonary venous connections, and the LVOT. This information may not be obtainable by transthoracic echocardiography or angiography. Our findings support the use of TEE to monitor the performance and success of these selected interventional catheterization procedures.
A Benefit-Risk Assessment of Agomelatine in the Treatment of Major Depression

Agomelatine is an antidepressant drug that is a synthetic analogue of the hormone melatonin. It stimulates the activity of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and inhibits the activity of serotonin 5HT2C receptor subtypes. The objective of this article is to critically review and evaluate the benefits and risks of agomelatine for the treatment of major depression. The published literature through April 2011 for articles relating to agomelatine, together with unpublished data on agomelatine available from the European Medicines Agency, the US FDA, US ClinicalTrials.gov and the Novartis Clinical Trial Results Database are reviewed. The antidepressant efficacy of agomelatine has been systematically assessed in ten short-term, placebo-controlled studies and three longer-term, placebo-controlled, relapse prevention studies. Five short-term trials demonstrated clinically modest, but statistically significant, benefits over placebo, although two of these studies reported opposite effects for 25 mg versus 50 mg doses. The other five short-term trials did not find agomelatine more effective than placebo, but in two of these studies the active control drug was more effective than placebo. A meta-analysis of six European trials demonstrated a small, statistically significant, marginally clinically relevant difference in efficacy favouring agomelatine over placebo. The only placebo-controlled study in elderly patients did not demonstrate a significant benefit for agomelatine. Agomelatine was shown to be more effective than placebo in one of three relapse prevention studies. Agomelatine was generally well tolerated compared with placebo. Its adverse effect profile is different to that of other antidepressant drugs, but its overall tolerability in studies with other antidepressants as active control drugs did not appear to be substantially better than the controls. Agomelatine is contraindicated in patients with impaired liver function and in patients taking drugs that potently inhibit cytochrome P450 1A2 metabolic enzymes. Because elevated liver enzymes are common, and there is a rare risk of more serious liver reactions, routine laboratory monitoring of liver function is recommended periodically throughout treatment. Based on this comprehensive review, agomelatine does not have clinically significant advantages compared with other antidepressant drugs, and it has certain limitations and disadvantages. Because of the unique pharmacology of agomelatine and its reported tolerability profile, it should only be considered as an alternative drug for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate other antidepressant drugs.
EVALUATING THE MORPHOSPECIES CONCEPT IN THE SELENASTRACEAE (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA)1

Isolates of the genera Monoraphidium Kom.-Legn., Ankistrodesmus Corda and Raphidocelis Hindak emend. Marvan et al. were cultured from two areas in Minnesota and North Dakota, USA. These isolates were identified to species level (when possible), using light microscopy and standard monographs and then characterized by 18S rDNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that in some cases, 18S rDNA sequences from these isolates were very similar, but not identical to the sequences of other isolates of the same morphospecies from different parts of the world. However, some isolates that were identified as the same species actually belong to different lineages within the Selenastraceae, whereas other isolates with identical or nearly identical 18S rDNA sequences possessed rather different morphologies. Overall, our data suggest that the application of a broad morphospecies concept to the Selenastraceae has resulted in an underestimation of the species diversity of this family and probably erroneous conclusions about the distribution of species.
Nonlinear observers: An application to the spread of an epidemic

The authors point out that the progress of an epidemic can be modeled by a mathematical process. In order to apply the required mathematical control engineering techniques, all the variables of the mathematical model describing the epidemic process have to be available from measurements. In the case where a variable or a parameter is not available for measurement, an observer has to be designed for estimating the unavailable state or parameter. For a nonlinear process, representing the spread of an epidemic, a nonlinear observer for estimating the rate at which susceptibles will develop the disease and become infective is proposed. The structure of the observer is simple and the simulations verify its good performance. Simulation results show good performance of the designed observer under noisy measurements and its ability to give an accurate estimate even in the case where the dynamical model is somewhat inaccurate. >
USE OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED MEAT IN GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Palatability of cooked patties from seven formulations of ground beef patties containing 0 −30% of added mechanically deboned beef was characterized. Frozen patties were broiled 9 min on an electric grill at 230°C to a “medium” degree of doneness and served to a 7-member trained panel. Mean panel ratings for overall acceptability were greater for patties containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% MDB than for the control (0% MDB). Patties containing 25 and 30% MDB had significantly lower flavor and acceptability ratings than control. As the percentages of added MDB increased, panel ratings for tenderness and juiciness increased. The amount of detectable connective tissue decreased significantly as the percentage of added MDB increased.
The Association of Type and Number of Chronic Diseases with Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the number and types of patients9 chronic diseases and being up to date for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. Methods: Data were abstracted from medical charts at 4 primary care clinics located in 2 rural Oregon communities. Eligibility criteria included being at least 55 years old and having at least 1 clinic visit in the past 2 years. Results: Of 3433 patients included, 503 (15%) had no chronic illness, 646 (19%) had 1, 786 (23%) had 2, and 1498 (44%) had ≥3 chronic conditions. Women with asthma/chronic lung disease and with cardiovascular disease were less likely to be up o date for mammography screening (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43–0.80), and those with chronic digestive disorders were more likely to be up to date for mammography (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03–1.66) compared with those without chronic conditions. Women with arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were less likely to be up to date for cervical cancer screening (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.21–0.68) compared with those without chronic conditions. Men with cardiovascular disease were less likely to be up to date for colorectal cancer screening (adjusted OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44–0.80), and women with depression were less likely to be up to date (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56–0.91) compared with men and women without chronic conditions. Conclusion: Specific chronic conditions were found to be associated with up-to-date status for cancer screening. This finding may help practices to identify patients who need to receive cancer screening.
Fast Dynamics in Glass-Formers: Relation to Fragility and the Kohlrausch Exponent

From the Raman spectra and related inferences from low temperature specific heat data, Sokolov and coworkers have established that the ratio of the quasielastic and vibrational contributions at low temperatures (5 {approximately} 10K) up to T{sub g} correlates well with the degree of fragility and {beta} of the glass-former. As pointed out by Sokolov (see his contribution in this Volume) such a correlation between the fast dynamics and structural {alpha}-relaxation at T{sub g} (i.e., m and {beta}) is intriguing, since at and below T{sub g}, the {alpha}-relaxation time {tau}{sub {alpha}} is more than twelve orders of magnitude longer than the quasielastic contribution and the boson peak. The authors show in this paper how the Coupling Model (CM) may provide an explanation for this correlation. 56 refs., 2 figs.
Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life With the Parental Opinions of Pediatric Constipation Questionnaire.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a caregiver-completed constipation condition-specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) instrument. Methods 410 caregivers of children aged 2-18 years completed the Parental Opinions of Pediatric Constipation (POOPC), the PedsQL Generic Core Scales, PedQL Family Impact Module, Pediatric Symptom Checklist, the Functional Disability Inventory, the Pediatric Inventory for Parents, and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the POOPC. Results Analyses yielded four factors called Parental Burden/Distress, Family Conflict, Difficulties with the Medical Team, and Worry about Social Impact that reflect problems in HRQL secondary to constipation and soiling, which were generally more strongly correlated with similar measures relative to a general measure of youth's psychosocial functioning. Conclusion The POOPC is a psychometrically sound measure, which may be useful to clinicians and researchers identifying domains of treatment needs for children and their families.
The active management of risk in nulliparous patients at term: An association between a higher preventive labor induction rate and a lower cesarean delivery rate

AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A HIGHER PREVENTIVE LABOR INDUCTION RATE AND A LOWER CESAREAN DELIVERY RATE JAMES NICHOLSON, AARON CAUGHEY, MORGHAN STENSON, LISA KELLAR, PETER CRONHOLM, IAN BENNETT, University of Pennsylvania, Family Practice and Community Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkley, Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco, California, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Family Medicine and Community Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: National primary cesarean delivery rates continue to increase. A recent study reported a lower cesarean delivery rate in nulliparous women exposed to a new method of care. We wished to examine the association between exposure to this new method of care and cesarean delivery rates in multiparous women. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and twenty-three sequentially delivered multiparous women that had been exposed to the Active Management of Risk in Pregnancy at Term (AMOR-IPAT) were identified. AMOR-IPAT used the risk profile of each woman to estimate an optimal time of delivery, and delivery by the upper limit of that gestational age range was encouraged by offering labor induction. Cervical ripening was used prior to induction in patients with a modified Bishops score !6. Random numbers techniques were used to identify three hundred and four women that had received standard treatment. Levels of salient birth outcomes in the two study groups were then determined and compared. Logistic regression was used to adjust for possible confounding. RESULTS: The active management group had a significantly higher labor induction rate (61% vs. 15.8%, OR 3.86 [2.87-5.19]) and a significantly lower cesarean delivery rate (0.8% vs. 9.9%, OR 0.08 [0.01-0.60]). Rates of thick meconium and major perineal trauma were also significantly lower in the active management group. No salient birth outcomes occurred at higher rates in the active management group. CONCLUSION: Multiparous women exposed to the active management of risk in pregnancy at term experienced better outcomes than those that received the standard of care. These findings conflict with the long-standing belief that labor induction promotes adverse outcomes. This discrepancy is perhaps explained by the use, in the active management group, of labor induction in a ‘‘preventive’’ rather than ‘‘indicated’’ mode. A randomized controlled study is needed to evaluate this new method of care.
An Emergent Theory of Altruism and Self-Interest.

The person of the counselor is at the center of counseling identity. Ethically, counselors are not to allow their needs or self-interests to impede the client’s growth (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007). If counselors allowed their self-interests to emerge unchecked, it could create situations in which the counselors’ needs took precedence over their client’s, thus creating a potentially harmful situation for the client. Client protection and welfare are critical to successful therapeutic outcomes; however, the manner in which the ethical standards for counselors are proffered may lead some counselors to conclude that they are required or expected to deny, diminish, or acknowledge any professional or personal gains (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2005). The counseling profession, through its ethical standards, may be sending a contradictory message (i.e., counselor wellness is important, yet clients’ needs are superior to counselors’ needs). These ethical codes and values may inadvertently communicate that the work of counselors is primarily steeped in self-sacrifice, which may lead to counselor burnout. Ignoring appropriate self-interest holds a variety of negative consequences for counselors, particularly those who work in community mental health settings (Bernard, 2006; Hill, 2004; Lambie, 2007; Myers, 2003; Myers, Sweeney, & White, 2002). Examples of these consequences include overriding unselfish concern, ignoring one’s stress level, frustration, job dissatisfaction, stress-related health problems, lowered work productivity, inability to cope with occupational stress, interpersonal conflict,
Microwave Dielectric Properties of Antiferroelectric Lead Zirconate

The dielectric properties of ceramic lead zirconate and rutile are presented at microwave frequencies. Several techniques are required to span the frequency range from 100 Hz to 26 GHz, and rutile is utilized as a reference material to determine the consistency between measurement methods. A significant relaxation was seen for lead zirconate. At 10 GHz, the dielectric constant decreased 20% from the 1-MHz value of 160, and the dielectric loss increased by more than 3 times the low-frequency value of 0.007.
The Octopus vulgaris estrogen receptor is a constitutive transcriptional activator: evolutionary and functional implications.

Steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens are important regulators of reproduction, physiology, and development in a variety of animal taxa, including vertebrates and mollusks. Steroid hormone receptors, which mediate the classic cellular responses to these hormones, were thought to be vertebrate specific, which left the molecular mechanisms of steroid action in invertebrates unresolved. Recently an estrogen receptor (ER) ortholog was isolated from the sea hare Aplysia californica, but the functional significance of the receptor was unclear because estrogens and other steroids are not known to be important in that species. Furthermore, the Aplysia ER was found to be a constitutive transcriptional activator, but it was unclear whether the estrogen independence of the ER was an Aplysia-specific novelty or a more ancient character general to the mollusks. Here we report on the isolation and functional characterization of the first ER ortholog from an invertebrate in which estrogens are produced and play an apparent role, the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. We show that the Octopus ER is a strong constitutive transcriptional activator from canonical estrogen response elements. The receptor does not bind estradiol and is unresponsive to estrogens and other vertebrate steroid hormones. These characteristics are similar to those observed with the Aplysia ER and support the hypothesis that the evolving ER gained constitutive activity deep in the mollusk lineage. The apparent reproductive role of estrogens in Octopus and other mollusks is unlikely to be mediated by the ER and may take place through an ancient, non-ER-mediated pathway. (Endocrinology 147: 3861–3869, 2006)