cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methotrexate-related neurotoxicity

A 17-year-old girl with history of acute lymphoblasticleukemia (ALL) presented with acute aphasia and right-sideweakness 1 week after starting treatment with intravenousmethotrexate. MRI showed a focal area of increased signalon diffusion-weighted imaging (Fig. 1) with low signal onADC images (Fig. 2) consistent with reduced diffusion inthe left centrum semiovale in nonvascular distribution.Chemotherapy for ALL has a high incidence of acuteneurotoxicity, especially with methotrexate. High-dosetreatment, intrathecal treatment, young age and concomitantradiation therapy are risk factors. Methotrexate has a directneurotoxic effect and causes cytotoxic edema, although theexactpathophysiologyofmethotrexateneurotoxicityisunclear[1]. There is predilection for involvement of the periven-tricular white matter. Patients present with encephalopathy andstroke-like symptoms. Early detection is possible withdiffusion-weighted imaging with FLAIR and subsequent T2hyperintensity developing over time [1]. Patients often recoverfrom methotrexate-induced neurotoxic events despite whitematter changes on MRI [2].References
Relations between perceptions of environmental features and physical activity.

Summary.—Studies have examined associations between environmental features and physical activity, but there has been no exploration of adult perceptions about the influence environmental features have on physical activity. This study assessed associations between perceptions of environmental features and physical activity. 305 women and 229 men (18–91 years of age) were interviewed in their homes. Questions elicited self-report data on physical activities they performed in their neighborhood (sidewalks near home) and perceptions about neighborhood environmental features. Women (86.4%) were more likely than men (79.3%) to be active in their neighborhoods and view the features as influential. The influences features were perceived to have on physical activity were associated with activity performed in the neighborhood, but perceptions of the conditions of features were not. Interviewers of adults about relationships between environmental features and physical activity should consider perceptions about the i...
Pathways to industrial environmental improvement in the East Asian newly industrializing economies

After the adoption of ‘grow first clean up later’ environmental strategies, governments in the East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) turned to environmental ‘clean-up’ by enacting landmark environmental legislation, creating command and control environmental agencies and promulgating tough air and water emissions standards. Available evidence suggests there is wide variability in the performance of these new environmental regulatory agencies. Most attribute this variability to differences in ‘political will’. However, why have some governments among the East Asian NIEs been able to muster the ‘political will’ to impose duties on industrial polluters while others have not? This paper answers this question by summarizing a larger study (Rock, 2002) which examines the ‘politics of industrial pollution’ control in six East Asian NIEs. Each case study is based on extensive interviews, the collection of data on the effectiveness of pollution management policies, and the integration of both with the political economy literature on each economy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Master's of Economics Programs: Comparing Canada and the United States

This paper compares various characteristics of terminal Master's of Economics programs in Canada and the United States. As far as we know this is the first published paper to present results from a survey of Canadian Master's programs in Economics. Using a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test we find that there are significant differences between the Canadian and U.S. programs. All of the Canadian Master's of Economics programs in our sample are in public institutions and the vast majority of their programs are located in colleges of Arts and Sciences. Canadian programs seem to have higher admission standards, and are more likely to offer teaching and research assistantships. A higher percentage of the graduates of Canadian programs are placed in careers in government, while U.S. programs place a higher percentage of their graduates in the private sector. In addition to these and other statically significant differences, the paper also illustrates that in a large number of areas the Canadian and U.S. programs are similar.
A double-blind randomized trial of fish oil to lower triglycerides and improve cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.

Objectives To determine the efficacy of 4 g/day fish oil to lower triglycerides and impact lipoprotein particles, inflammation, insulin resistance, coagulation, and thrombosis. Study design Participants (n = 42, age 14 ± 2 years) with hypertriglyceridemia and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Results Baseline lipid profile was total cholesterol 194 (5.4) mg/dL (mean [SE]), triglycerides 272 (21) mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 39 (1) mg/dL, and LDL cholesterol 112 (3.7) mg/dl. LDL particle number was 1614 (60) nmol/L, LDL size was 19.9 (1.4) nm, and large very low-density lipoprotein/chylomicron particle number was 9.6 (1.4) nmol/L. Triglycerides decreased on fish oil treatment but the difference was not significant compared with placebo (−52 ± 16 mg/dL vs −16 ± 16 mg/dL). Large very low-density lipoprotein particle number was reduced (−5.83 ± 1.29 nmol/L vs −0.96 ± 1.31 nmol/L; P P > .05); no other group differences were seen. Conclusions In children, fish oil (4 g/day) lowers triglycerides slightly and may have an antithrombotic effect but has no effect on LDL particles.
Design and function of closed seawater systems for culturing loliginid squids

The life cycle of loliginid squids has been completed in recirculating seawater systems. Two systems were required: a 2 m diameter circular culture tank (CT) with adjoining 2 m circular filter tank (3000 liters total volume of natural seawater) for culture of hatchlings, 1–60 days old; and a 6 × 2·6 × 1 m raceway culture tank (RW) with a smaller adjoining rectangular filter tank (14 850 liters total volume of artificial seawater) for the grow-out of adults. Both systems were equipped with temperature control apparatus, modular filter units (particle filters and activated carbon), foam fractionators, biological filters (crushed oyster shell) and UV sterilizers. The systems carried low bioloads, < 1·0 g/m3 and as high as 0·8 kg/m3, respectively. Water quality was excellent: NH4N was below 0·01 mg/liter in the CT and 0·10 mg/liter in the RW: NO2N was below 0·01 mg/liter in the CT and 0·03 mg/liter in the RW; NO3N was below 12 mg/liter in the CT and below 50 mg/liter in the RW; and pH was above 8·0 in both systems. The design of the systems proved to be behaviorally and physiologically suitable for squids and two species grew to adult size and produced viable young. These systems are compared to other squid maintenance and rearing systems and marine recirculating seawater systems.
β-Endorphin: Characteristics of binding sites in the rat brain

Stereospecific binding of human β-endorphin to rat membrane preparations is described for the first time using [3H-Tyr27]-βh-endorphin as the ligand. The binding is time dependent and saturable with respect to βh-endorphin with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.3 nM. Sodium ion (100 mM) elevates this value to 2.5 nM but has no effect on the total number of binding sites present in the membrane preparation. The ability of certain β-endorphin analogs, opiate agonists as well as antagonists to inhibit the binding of βh-endorphin, is presented.
CEO perspective: Entrepreneurship with a point of view

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share the perspective of the founder and CEO of Edible Arrangements, Tariq Farid, while exploring the importance of life stories and authenticity to successful leadership and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was based on a structured interview format. Tariq Farid's responses were used to guide and inform the discussion. Findings – This paper presents the views of a successful Pakistani‐American. It found that a person's life stories and early socialization provide meaning and self‐awareness that are important to their success as a leader and an entrepreneur. Originality/value – This paper offers the perspective of a CEO of a multinational corporation with first‐hand experience and knowledge of being a successful and innovative entrepreneur. His perspectives are valuable to the discussion on the influence of life stories, being authentic and the role of South Asian values and upbringing in honing leadership and entrepreneurship qualities.
Congruence join semidistributivity is equivalent to a congruence identity

We show that a locally finite variety is congruence join semidistributive if and only if it satisfies a congruence identity that is strong enough to force join semidistributivity in any lattice.
Injury risk of a 6-year-old wheelchair-seated occupant in a frontal motor vehicle impact--'ANSI/RESNA WC-19' sled testing analysis.

Abstract Children with disabilities are transported on a daily basis to schools and developmental facilities. When they travel, they often remain seated in their wheelchairs in vehicles. To study injury risk of pediatric wheelchair users in motor vehicle crashes, three of the same pediatric manual wheelchairs were sled impact tested with a seated Hybrid III 6-year-old ATD using a 20g/48km/h frontal crash pulse. The sled test results were compared to kinematic limitations and injury criteria specified in the ANSI/RESNA WC-19, FMVSS 213 and FMVSS 208. All sled test results were below the limits specified in the ANSI/RESNA WC-19 standard and FMVSS 213. All tests exceeded the N ij limit of 1 specified in FMVSS 208, and one test exceeded the limit of peak neck tension force. Chest deflection resulting from one of three tests was at the limit specified in FMVSS 208. Our results suggest that children with disabilities who remain seated in their wheelchairs in vehicles may be at risk of neck injury in a frontal impact motor vehicle crash. However, limitations in the biofidelity of the Hybrid III ATD neck raise concern as to the translatability of these findings to the real world. Additional studies are needed to investigate the influence of neck properties and ATD neck biofidelity on injury risk of children who travel seated in their wheelchairs.
Chover-type laws of the iterated logarithm for weighted sums

In this paper, a Chover-type law of the iterated logarithm is established for the weighted sums of independent and identically distributed random variables with a distribution in the domain of attraction of a stable law.
The effect of exposure to a subacute concentration of parathion on the general locomotor behavior of the goldfish.

Organophosphate compounds are a group of wide spectrum pesticides which enter the environment in great quantity (COPPAGE and MATTHEWS, 1974), especially since the ban of many of the ubiquitous chlorinated hydrocarbons. The organophosphates affect normal cholinergic neural transmission by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (CORBETT, 1974). This effect has been well established in vivo as well as in isolated tissues of various animals, including fish, at both lethal and subacute concentrations (GUILBAULT et al~, 1972; MAZUR and BODANSKY, 1946; WEISS, 1958, 1959).
Analysis of a partially coherent optical correlator in the presence of phase defects at the input plane

Abstract The effects of phase defects at the input plane of an optical correlator on the performance of the system under partially coherent illumination is investigated. The correlation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is evaluated as the criterion for the performance of the optical system. We study the effects of both spatially and temporally partially coherent illumination on the distorted correlation signal. It is shown that the output SNR can be increased by relaxing the coherence requirements of the system. The SNR dependence on noise variation is also investigated. It is found that the correlator becomes less sensitive to noise variations under partially coherent illumination.
Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla.

Purpose To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. Materials and Methods A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm × 2.5 cm (4 cm3) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. Results Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. Conclusion This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:467–472. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tensions in nineteenth century Russo‐American diplomacy: The ‘Jewish question’

A la fin du XIX e siecle, la Russie connait une severe vague d'antisemitisme qui conduit nombre de ses habitants a emigrer aux Etats-unis. Pour la premiere fois en 1871, un citoyen americain juif est maltraite lors d'un pogrom a Odessa. La diplomatie americaine de Saint-Petersbourg enjoint le Tsar d'ameliorer la vie des hebreux
Spime builder: a tangible interface for designing hyperlinked objects

Ubiquitous computing is fostering an explosion of physical artifacts that are coupled to digital information -- so-called Spimes. We introduce a tangible workbench that allows for the placement of hyperlinks within physical models to couple physical artifacts with located interactive digital media. A computer vision system allows users to model three-dimensional objects and environments in real-time using physical materials and to place hyperlinks in specific areas using laser pointer gestures. We present a working system for real-time physical/digital exhibit design, and propose the means for expanding the system to assist Design for the Environment strategies in product design.
Oxidative and hydrolytic stability of boron nitride — A new approach to improving the oxidation resistance of carbonaceous structures

Abstract Boron nitride (BN), derived from borazine oligomers, was examined as a means of enhancing the oxidation resistance of carbon fiber-carbon matrix composites (CC). To clarify the widely held impression that BN suffers from a hydrolytic instability, a systematic investigation of the accelerated hydrolysis of BN at 700 °C was carried out. These results showed that the stability to moisture was directly related to the degree of crystalline perfection. A similar argument was found to hold with respect to resistance of BN toward air oxidation. Based on these data, processing conditions were designed to yield a very stable BN with an interlayer spacing of d(002) = 3.35 A. A number of different schemes were employed to test the ability of BN to impart high-temperature oxidation stability to carbon fiber composites. These included: BN coatings on CC composites, infiltration of BN into porous CC, BN as the matrix in a carbon fiber lay-up (C-BN), and BN fiber-BN matrix composites (BN-BN). In all cases, incorporation of BN was shown to improve the oxidation resistance, with the BN-BN composite exhibiting the highest stability in air.
Saudi Arabia's response to cyber conflict: A case study of the Shamoon malware incident

This is a progress report on a case study of cyber-security at mega-size companies and its importance to the financial and operational well-being of the company. Our investigation focuses specifically on Saudi Aramco, the world's largest oil company. The company was the target of a severe cyber-attack on August 15, 2012 that paralyzed their business network for several months. We analyze the company's response to the attack and examine its current policies with regard to cyber-security. Our goal is to answer the main research question: How the Saudi Government, the primary stakeholder of Saudi Aramco, reacted and responded to the attack and how this response conforms to current cyber-security standards. The objective is to develop a best-practices benchmark of cyber-security that provides guidelines to be utilized by Saudi Aramco and similar companies.
Pseudopotential and the binding energy of aluminium

Abstract When the conduction-band-core exchange is treated in Kohn-Sham approximation, when the improved estimate of v opw is employed, and when the band structure energy is calculated with the model potential of Animalu, the pseudopotential formalism of Harrison gives a binding energy of Al that is in very good agreement with the experimental value.
Band calculations for mixed-valent systems

Abstract A general overview of applications of band theory to mixed-valent and other anomalous f-electron systems is presented. Emphasis is placed on reviewing local density calculations, although calculations which merge local density with Anderson model or Fermi liquid techniques are also discussed.
Incremental growth and diagenesis of skeletal parts of the lamnoid shark Otodus obliquus from the early Eocene (Ypresian) of Morocco

Abstract In contrast to ubiquitous extinct shark teeth, elasmobranch skeletons are composed principally of cartilage, a vertebrate tissue that rarely preserves in the fossil record. In a notable exception, shark vertebral centra are secondarily ossified during ontogeny and therefore more prone to fossilization. When they are found in conjunction with taxonomically diagnostic teeth, these centra preserve a record of incremental growth that potentially can be used for macroevolutionary and ontogenetic studies. Consisting of bone (hydroxyapatite mineral phase), however, fossilized centra are prone to diagenesis. The extent of diagenesis is reported here for associated vertebral centra of the extinct lamnoid shark, Otodus obliquus , from the early Eocene (Ypresian) of Morocco, using gross x-radiographic, and FT-IR techniques. These centra demonstrate significant diagenesis, with the existing secondary mineral consisting of francolite (carbonate fluorapatite). Nevertheless, the physical incremental growth bands consisting of alternating dark–light couplets are preserved in the centra. Carbonate δ 18 O values across the growth axis of three centra indicate that a proxy signal is archived and interpreted to represent winter/summer seasonal growth for each dark–light couplet band. Given these results, the 19 physical growth bands counted for each of three centra of the same individual represent annuli, i.e., annular growth couplets, and represents a maximum age for this individual when it died. Despite claims to the contrary, pervasive in the literature, once diagenesis is understood, then oxygen isotope analyses of bone carbonate provide important data that can be used to interpret the paleobiology of incremental growth in fossilized vertebrate skeletal tissues. Nevertheless, because diagenesis is present and probably pervasive in fossilized bone, all such incremental studies should use both physical (e.g., x-radiographic and FT-IR) and stable isotopic techniques in order to better understand the paleobiology of extinct vertebrates.
A study of aeroelastic stability for the model support system of the National Transonic Facility

Oscillations of wind-tunnel models have been observed during testing in the National Transonic Facility. These oscillations have been the subject of an extensive investigation. As a part of this effort, a study of the aeroelastic stability of the model support structure has been performed. This structure is mathematically modelled as a wing and conventional flutter analysis is performed. The math model implemented both experimentally and numerically obtained modal characteristics. A technique for illustrating the flutter boundary for wind tunnels is demonstrated. Results indicate that the classical flutter boundary is well above the operating envelope of the facility. However, the analysis indicates a damping-dependent instability is present which is inherent in the design. One possible modification in the design has been evaluated which eliminates the predicted instability.
Exploring nonmarket values for the social impacts of environmental policy change

Although the majority of contingent valuation studies have been for environmental goods, the method can be applied to public goods in general. Further, a specific environmental policy may generate both positive and negative nonmarket values. This exploratory study investigates the presence of nonmarket values for maintaining the status quo land use and avoiding social impacts from an environmental policy change. The test case, grazing reform on federal lands in New Mexico, was chosen because of the complexity of the public debate. By switching the traditional perspective, we demonstrate the need to accommodate multi-dimensionality in nonmarket research into controversial policies.
Theory and experiment of In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As/sub y/P/sub 1-y/ and In/sub 1-x-y/Ga/sub x/Al/sub y/As long-wavelength strained quantum-well lasers

We present a comprehensive model for the calculation of the bandedge profile of both the In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As/sub y/P/sub 1-y/ and In/sub 1-x-y/Ga/sub x/Al/sub y/As quantum-well systems with an arbitrary composition. Using a many-body optical gain model, we compare the measured net modal gain for both material systems with calculations from the realistic band structure including valence band mixing effects. Calibrated measurements of the side light spontaneous emission spectrum based on its fundamental relation to the optical gain spectrum give values for the radiative current density. These measurements allow us to extract the relationship between total current density and carrier density. A fit of this relation yields values for the Auger coefficient for each material system.
An out-of-plane (e, 2e) spectrometer using a movable electron gun

A coplanar (e, 2e) spectrometer has been modified to make out-of-scattering plane measurements of ejected electron angular distributions. During an experiment, the electron detectors are fixed and the gun moves on the surface of a cone. This special geometry yields the full 360° (e, 2e) angular distribution of electrons ejected into a plane normal to the scattered electron direction. The modifications are compact and fit inside the existing vacuum chamber.
The solid particle erosion behavior of steel as a function of microstructure

Abstract The effects of the microstructure of two ductile steels on their behavior under solid particle erosion were determined. The steels chosen allowed microstructural changes to be made without drastically changing their hardness, which is reported to be a direct function of erosion resistance. The steels used were plain carbon 1075 steel in coarse pearlite, fine pearlite and spheroidized forms and plain carbon 1020 steel in three spheroidized conditions. Single-particle and multiple-particle erosion tests were conducted using SiC particles 240μm in diameter, angles of impingement of 15°, 30° and 90° and velocities of 30.5 m s −1 (100 ft s −1 ) and 61 m s −1 (200 ft s −1 ). Both surface and subsurface analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy. In the room temperature erosion tests the spheroidized microstructure of the 1075 steel eroded less than did either of the two pearlitic microstructures. It was found that the pearlitic steels exhibited cracking at the eroded surface as well as beneath it and that this caused greater material removal. The spheroidized structure showed no surface cracking; however, cracking did occur at a depth of approximately 20μm below the surface. The carbide particle spacing in the 1020 spheroidized steel also had a measurable effect on the erosion rate. The hardness of the various microstructures had an inverse relation to the erosion rate.
The Mechanisms of Metal Corrosion Caused by Recurrent Surface Water Spots

Abstract The mechanisms of metal corrosion by recurrent water spots containing ppm concentrations of corrosive ions such as chloride ions were studied using uncoated and chromate conversion coated 6061-T6 aluminum alloys. Temperature cycling between −65 and 131 F (−53 and 55 C) or between −65 and 160 F (−53 and 71 C) drastically reduced the corrosion resistance of the coating to the recurrent water spot corrosion. The test results are presented in terms of the pit initiation cycles and the rate of pit nucleation. The theoretical analysis of the recurrent water spot corrosion indicates that two corrosion mechanisms, the bulk concentration effect and the peripheral concentration effect, were responsible for the observed corrosion patterns, which were quite different from those caused by the differential aeration reaction.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL PROTEINS: ALFALFA LEAF PROTEIN

Functional properties of protein concentrates from alfalfa leaves (ALP) prepared by several methods were determined. Minimum solubilities occurred around pH 3.5–4; sodium chloride 0.05–0.2M had little effect on minimum solubility. Extraction of the lipids from ALP with acetone decreased solubility slightly; increased the bulk density (2-3-fold); and reduced water and fat absorption capacities by 50% compared to the controls. Both emulsifying activities and emulsion stabilities of ALP samples were generally better than those of soy protein concentrate but poorer than those of soy sodium proteinate i.e., average of 57, 48 and 87 and 60, 50 and 90%, respectively. Emulsifying capacity of ALP samples were reduced following acetone extraction.
Serotonin release in lateral and medial hypothalamus during feeding and its anticipation

In the present experiments we extend previous findings that established a relationship between feeding behavior and hypothalamic serotonin as measured by in vivo microdialysis. The new result is hypothalamic release of serotonin in anticipation of eating when the animal sees and smells food. We have now verified brain serotonin peaks in four different ways: 1) a serotonergic reuptake blocker (fluoxetine 1 or 10 microM) in the perfusion medium raised basal levels of serotonin, 2) every sample was oxidized at two potentials using a dual potentiostat to confirm the voltage characteristics of each peak, 3) serotonin peaks were reduced by the selective serotonin cell body agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), thus helping confirm that most of the serotonin observed in these experiments was neuronal in origin, and 4) lateral and medial hypothalamic microdialysis probes were used simultaneously to monitor the degree of diffusion from one to the other. The results show that extracellular serotonin increases at both sites during preingestive events as well as during eating, but not afterwards.
The development of the Purkinje cell in the cerebellar cortex of the opossum

The development of the Purkinje cell in the cerebellar cortex of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, was analyzed by using Golgi preparations and electron microscopy. The maturation process of the Purkinje cell was observed to occur in five stages: the immature stage, the perisomatic den-drite stage, the perisomatic spine stage, the main dendrite stage, and the adult stage. These stages were first defined by Hendelman and Aggerwal (′80), using Golgi preparations of immature mouse cerebellum. Each of the five stages of Purkinje cell development, as observed in electron micrographs, is characterized by distinct synaptic relationships and cytological features. During the first or immature stage (postnatal (PN) 19-32), the Purkinje cells have long apical processes which may be involved in the early migration of these neurons. Few boutons make synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells during the early part of this first stage; synapses are more frequent by the end of the immature stage. The second or perisomatic dendrite stage (PN 33-44) is characterized by numerous somatic processes which have the cytological characteristics of dendrites. All synaptic contacts present during this stage form asymmetric contacts and contain round vesicles. The shape of the terminals and their postsynaptic location were used to tentatively distinguish different types of terminals. During the third or perisomatic spine stage (PN 45-60) the Purkinje cell has numerous somatic spines and the dendritic tree is achieving its mature form. Most synaptic terminals observed during this period have asymmetric junctions and contain spherical vesicles; both the perisomatic spines and the dendritic shafts and spines are the postsynaptic sites of these terminals. Another type of bouton has pleomorphic vesicles and forms indistinct symmetric junctions directly on the cell body. The fourth stage, the main dendrite stage (PN 61-77), is characterized by the loss of the perisomatic spines. Terminals on the soma contain pleomorphic vesicles and form symmetric synapses. The thorns of the primary and secondary dendrites and the more distal dendritic spines are postsynaptic to boutons with spherical vesicles and asymmetric junctions. The adult stage or the mature stage (PN 78-adult) is characterized by the appearance of adult synaptic relationships. These data suggest that although olivary axons are present in the cerebellum by PN 14 (King et al., ′82), synaptogenesis does not ensue until the latter part of the immature stage (PN 26-32). During the subsequent stages of Purkinje cell development, synaptic formation and remodeling proceeds until the adult structure and synaptic relationships are achieved about PN 78–80.
Measures of spatial structure in samples of genotypes for multiallelic loci.

Various spatial autocorrelation statistics have been widely used both in theoretical population genetics and to study the spatial distribution of diploid genotypes in many plant and animal populations. However, previous simulation studies have considered only diallelic loci. In this paper, we use a large number of space–time simulations to characterize for the first time the parametric and statistical values of Moran's I-statistics for converted individual genotypes as well as for join- count statistics. A wide range of levels of dispersal and numbers of alleles and allele frequencies are modelled and the results reveal the different general effects of each of these factors on these statistics. We also examine the range of appropriate sampling designs and sizes for which predicted values can be interpolated for specific sampling schemes for any given population genetic field survey. Numbers of alleles and allele frequencies each affect some statistics but not others. The results indicate generally low standard deviations. The results also develop precise and efficient methods of estimating gene dispersal, based on the various autocorrelation measures of standing spatial patterns of genetic variation within populations. The results also extend these methods to loci with multiple alleles, typical of those studied through modern molecular methods.
Examples of structural evolution during sliding and shear of ductile materials

Abstract The focus of this paper is on structural changes, sometimes accompanied by composition changes, that develop adjacent to sliding interfaces in ductile materials. Examples of observations on sliding of crystalline and non-crystalline materials are compared with recent molecular dynamics simulations. Similarities between cases of sliding and localized shear are also noted.
Magnetic island widths due to field perturbations in toroidal stellarators

An explicit formulation is presented to determine widths of magnetic island separatrices generated by magnetic field perturbations in a general toroidal stellarator geometry. The method, which is based on a representation of three-dimensional flux surfaces by double Fourier series, allows rapid and accurate calculation of the island widths in real vacuum field configurations, without the need to follow field lines through numerical integration of the field line equations. The procedure does not involve any simplifying approximations and can be used for fields with multiple small perturbations. Numerical results of the island width obtained in the flux co-ordinate representation for the Advanced Toroidal Facility agree closely with those determined from Poincare puncture points obtained by following field lines. The effects of resonance coupling are analysed.
Oxidation of sodium salts of alduronic and glyculosonic acids by sodium peroxide

Abstract Because, in the presence of a large excess of alkaline hydroperoxides, aldoses are oxidized stepwise to formic acid, it was expected that alduronic acids would be degraded to formic acid and carbon dioxide by the mechanism previously proposed. However, in addition to the products expected, substantial yields of oxalic acid were found, indicating a second mechanism, proposed here. With alkali-metal hexuronates, one mechanism yields five moles of formic acid and one mole of carbon dioxide per mole of substrate, whereas the second mechanism yields four moles of formic acid and one mole of oxalic acid. The results show that, under highly alkaline conditions, the two mechanisms are of approximately equal importance. Oxidation of a D - xylo -5-hexulosonate begins with the cleavage of glycolic acid, and this is followed by degradation of the resulting tetruronic acid by the two mechanisms described for the degradation of hexuronic acids. With 2-hexulosonates, also, two reaction-mechanisms appear to be necessary to account for the products formed under highly alkaline conditions; the main reaction (80%) yields one mole each of carbon dioxide and pentonic acid per mole, whereas the other yields one mole of oxalic acid and four moles of formic acid. Under moderately alkaline conditions, both the alduronic acids and the 2-keto acids react almost entirely by the mechanism that yields carbon dioxide; no detectable amount of oxalic acid was found. In all cases, small amounts of unknown products, not further investigated, are formed. The following compounds were studied: sodium D -galacturonate, sodium D -glucuronate, potassium D -mannuronate, sodium D - lyxo -2-hexulosonate, sodium D - arabino -2-hexulosonate, calcium D - xylo -5-hexulosonate, and glyoxylic acid.
Time-dependent changes in myocardial structure following discrete injury in mice deficient of matrix metalloproteinase-3.

Abstract Myocardial scars from radiofrequency (RF) ablation can increase in size in the post-injury period, resulting in remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling following injury. However, the role of specific MMP types in RF scar enlargement remains unclear. One MMP type, MMP-3, degrades a wide range of ECM substrates and can activate other MMPs. This project examined LV remodeling in wild type (WT) and MMP-3 deficient ( mmp-3 –/– ) mice following RF injury. RF lesions (0.5 mm probe, 80 °C, 30 s) were created on the LV epicardium of WT (C57/BL6) and mmp-3 –/– mice and were terminally studied at 1 h, 3, 7, and 28 days post-RF ( n = 10 each). Heart mass indexed to tibial length (mg/mm) was similar in the WT and mmp-3 –/– mice at 1 h (8.1 ± 0.3 vs. 7.6 ± 0.3), but lower in the mmp-3 –/– mice at 28 days post-RF (11.9 ± 0.4 vs. 10.5 ± 0.4, P mmp-3 –/– mice at 3 days, but similar in the two groups at 28 days. Immunohistochemical localization showed fewer macrophages and lymphocytes at the scar border at 3 days in the mmp-3 –/– hearts, but similar staining for these cells in WT and mmp-3 –/– hearts at 7 and 28 days post-RF. Post-RF, the early increase in scar volume was accelerated in mmp-3 –/– mice and associated with abnormal inflammatory cell infiltration/migration to the area of injury. These findings define a mechanistic role for MMP-3 in RF scar expansion and provide a temporal window during which interruption of MMP-3 activation may impair post-RF myocardial wound healing.
Paleontological evidence of Paleozoic age for the Walden Creek Group, Ocoee Supergroup, Tennessee

A newly discovered fossil assemblage including trilobite, ostracod, bryozoan, and microcrinoid fragments and agglutinated foraminifers has been found in the Wilhite Formation, Walden Creek Group, Ocoee Supergroup, in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. These fossils prove a Paleozoic age for the Walden Creek Group, which had been interpreted to be of Late Proterozoic age. The foraminiferal assemblage indicaes the Silurian as the older age limit for the Walden Creek Group. These findings make necessary a redefinition of the Ocoee sedimentary basin and reinterpretation of models of the evolution of the Blue Ridge structural province.
Formation of artificially-layered high-temperature superconductors using pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract Superlattice structures, consisting of SrCuO 2 , (Ca,Sr)CuO 2 , and BaCuO 2 layers in the tetragonal, ‘infinite layer’ crystal structure, have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Superlattice chemical modulation is observed for structures with component layers as thin as a single unit cell (∼ 3.4A˚), indicating that unit-cell control of (Ca,Sr)CuO 2 growth is possible using conventional pulsed-laser deposition over a wide oxygen pressure regime. X-ray diffraction intensity oscillations, due to the finite thickness of the film, indicate that these films are extremely flat with a thickness variation of only ∼ 20A˚over a length scale of several thousand angstroms. Using the constraint of epitaxy to grow metastable cuprates in the infinite layer structure, novel high-temperature superconducting structural families have been formed. In particular, epitaxially-stabilized(Ca,Sr)CuO 2 BaCuO 2 superlattices, grown by sequentially depositing on lattice-matched (100) SrTiO 3 from BaCuO 2 and (Ca,Sr)CuO 2 ablation targets in a PLD system, show metallic conductivity and superconductivity atT c (onset) ∼ 70 K. These results show that pulsed-laser deposition and epitaxial stabilization have been used to effectively ‘engineer’ artificially-layered thin-film materials.
NANOSTRUCTURED AND SURFACE POLYMERIZED IRON PARTICLES FOR MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS

A novel magnetorheological fluid, in which the surface of iron particles is coated with poly (butyl acrylate) by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), is investigated. The polymer coating procedure includes two steps, which are immobilization of initiator: 2-4(-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-ethytrichlorosilane (CTCS) on the iron particles surface and graft polymerization of butyl acrylate from the surface. The surface coating is characterized by FTIR and SEM. This magnetorheological fluid has controllable off-state viscosity and high shear yield stress. Coating polymer on the iron particles surface by ATRP can significantly reduce iron particles settling and improve stability of the MR fluid. Polymerization kinetics of bulk butyl acrylate are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition temperature is obtained using the step-scan DSC method. The molecular weight and conversion can be controlled by the molar ratio of monomer to initiator, reaction temperature and time. The reaction is first order determined by the plot of In (M/M0) against polymerization time. The overall activation energy is found to be 126kJ/mol by Kissinger's Method.
Unique and Highly Selective Anticytomegalovirus Activities of Artemisinin-Derived Dimer Diphenyl Phosphate Stem from Combination of Dimer Unit and a Diphenyl Phosphate Moiety

We report that the artemisinin-derived dimer diphenyl phosphate (DPP; dimer 838) is the most selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication among a series of artemisinin-derived monomers and dimers. Dimer 838 was also unique in being an irreversible CMV inhibitor. The peroxide unit within artemisinins' chemical structures is critical to their activities, and its absence results in loss of anti-CMV activities. Surprisingly, the deoxy dimer of 838 retained modest anti-CMV activity, suggesting that the DPP moiety of dimer 838 contributes to its anti-CMV activities. DPP alone did not inhibit CMV replication, but triphenyl phosphate (TPP) had modest CMV inhibition, although its selectivity index was low. Artemisinin DPP derivatives dimer 838 and monomer diphenyl phosphate (compound 558) showed stronger CMV inhibition and a higher selectivity index than their analogs lacking the DPP unit. An add-on and removal assay revealed that removing DPP derivatives (compounds 558 and 838) but not the non-DPP backbones (artesunate and compound 606) at 24 h postinfection (hpi) already resulted in dominant CMV inhibition. CMV inhibition was fully irreversible with 838 and partially irreversible with 558, while non-DPP artemisinins were reversible inhibitors. While all artemisinin derivatives and TPP reduced the expression of the CMV immediate early 2 (IE2), UL44, and pp65 proteins at or after 48 hpi, only TPP inhibited the expression of both IE1 and IE2. Combination of a non-DPP dimer (compound 606) with TPP was synergistic in CMV inhibition, while ganciclovir and TPP were additive. Although TPP shared structural similarity with monomer DPP (compound 558) and dimer DPP (compound 838), its pattern of CMV inhibition was significantly different from the patterns of the artemisinins. These findings demonstrate that the DPP group contributes to the unique activities of compound 838.
A theory of the Krakatoa tide gauge disturbances

Tide gauge disturbances detected at many places around the world after the explosive eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 cannot be explained as free ocean waves travelling by the shortest sea route from Krakatoa, but were clearly correlated with the air wave. Previous explanations of the way in which the air wave caused the tide gauge disturbances are shown to be unsatisfactory from the point of view of both theory and observation. It is suggested that these disturbances were in fact free waves generated by the air wave at major changes in depth in the ocean, notably the continental slope. This mechanism is investigated for both normal and oblique incidence of the air wave on a step. The tide gauge disturbances observed after the eruption of Krakatoa are shown to be consistent in arrival time, time scale and amplitude with the predictions of the theory. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb01935.x
Impact of smoking and smokeless tobacco on the risk of cancer of the head and neck

A case-control epidemiologic study was conducted to determine the relationship between quantities and types of tobacco and the risk of cancers of individual sites within the head and neck. Substantial variations were found to exist in the tobacco-associated risk for each site. The use of cigarettes was associated with an increased risk of cancers of all sites, except the salivary glands. Cancers of the floor of the mouth and larynx exhibited the highest cigarette-related risks. Cigar smokers experienced excess risks of cancers of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. Pipe smokers experienced elevated risks of cancer of the tongue, mouth, pharynx, and larynx. Among users of smokeless tobacco, increased risks of cancer of the mouth and gum, pharynx, and salivary glands were observed.
Optimization of PCR based detection of human papillomavirus DNA from urine specimens.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. Current screening requires a yearly pelvic exam and Pap smear. However, these procedures are impractical for screening all women at risk for disease. Urine sampling has been successfully utilized to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoreae (NG) infections and has been considered for HPV DNA detection by several investigators. However, no study to date has been performed to specifically optimize HPV detection in urine. Objectives: To compare handling and extraction techniques in order to optimize the HPV specific PCR system in urine specimens. Study design: Examination of 10 characteristics that may contribute to PCR inhibition in urine was performed utilizing 10SG mulitstixs. Five different DNA extraction methods were compared in spiked specimens and in 10 clinical specimens. After the optimal extraction technique was identified, concentration of the sample with and without prior dilution was compared to the original protocol. Lastly, specimen handling was compared between immediate processing, refrigerating overnight, or freezing overnight. Results and conclusions: the presence of protein in urine enhanced amplification while nitrites decreased amplification. Of the extraction methods tested, the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit demonstrated the best amplification from urine samples spiked with HPV DNA and clinical specimens. The addition of a dilution step and a concentration step before applying the Qiagen protocol further increased amplification of β-globin (from 50 to 63%) and the HPV L1 gene (from 13 to 33%). Lastly, refrigerating the specimens at 4 °C overnight appears to produce better amplification (62% β-globin and 17% HPV positive) than either immediate processing (46% β-globin and 13% HPV+) or freezing the specimen for 24 h prior to processing (46% β-globin and 10% HPV+). In these studies, amplification was low despite optimization. Additional improvements are required prior to clinical application of a urine-based HPV DNA detection system.
An inpatient rehabilitation program utilizing standardized care pathways after paracorporeal ventricular assist device placement in children

Background Structured rehabilitation programs in adults after ventricular assist device (VAD) placement result in improvements in physical function and exercise capacity, and have been shown to improve survival and accelerate post-transplant recovery. The objective of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of an acute inpatient rehabilitation program for children utilizing standardized, age-appropriate, family-centered care pathways after paracorporeal VAD placement in both the ICU and acute-care inpatient settings. Methods Between November 12, 2010 and March 15, 2013, 17 patients were referred to therapy after VAD implantation, 14 of whom were medically stable enough to participate. Beginning in the ICU, a structured physical and occupational therapy program was implemented utilizing novel age-appropriate, standardized care pathways for infants (age Results The median age was 1.1 (range 0.5 to 14.4) years in the 14 patients considered medically stable enough to participate in rehabilitation. Nine of them were female. Eight patients participated in the infant standardized care pathway (SCP) and 6 participated in the child SCP. Seven patients were on biventricular support. Twelve patients were transplanted and survived. Two patients died while awaiting transplantation. There were 1,473 total days on the VAD (range 40 to 229 days). The median time to extubation was 2 days (range 1 to 8) and the median ICU stay was 6.5 days (range 3 to 152). Eleven patients achieved all goals of the SCP, including all of the patients in the child group. For the infant group, 5 patients achieved all goals of the SCP (range 5 to 8), and all but 1 patient achieved at least 7 goals of the SCP. There were no adverse events related to therapy. Conclusions Standardized, family-centered inpatient rehabilitation care paths are safe for infants and children after paracorporeal device placement. Structured rehabilitation goals can be achieved by the majority of pediatric patients during VAD support. Early mobilization and inpatient rehabilitation in this cohort promotes normalization of function while awaiting cardiac transplantation.