cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Caring and the Law, Jonathan Herring

Jonathan Herring, in his book Caring and the Law, contends that the law does not properly recognize the importance of caring, and, instead, tends to isolate, disregard, or undermine both those who provide care and the relationships where caring occurs. Herring tackles this problem using the philosophical theory of the ethics of care to analyze the legal system.One of his overarching concerns is that, in both the United States and England, where the book was published, we tend to view both health law and bioethics through a lens that values autonomy above all.In this book, Herring takes on a formidable task, or, rather, a series of formidable tasks. In the first three chapters of this book, he defines the philosophical concept of the ethics of care, and he does so from the perspective of a lawyer, directly confronting highly fraught philosophical and legal issues that can arise within this ethical framework. The remaining six chapters endeavor to cover an extraordinary breadth of specific legal areas where the ethics of care has work it can do. These areas range from structuring state support systems for the disabled, to family law, torts, international human rights, and rationing of healthcare. While the focus of the book is on the law in England, there are enough similarities to the United States to make this an interesting tour de force for readers in this country, oftentimes pointing out conflicts and problems that easily can escape a legal mind unaccustomed to focusing on caring as a legal issue.
HCO3- absorption in rabbit outer medullary collecting duct: role of luminal carbonic anhydrase.

Membrane-bound luminal carbonic anhydrase (CA) IV, by catalyzing the dehydration of carbonic acid into CO2 plus water, facilitates H+ secretion in the renal outer medullary collecting duct from the...
Radical Proposal for Educational Pluralism and The State’s Educational Neutrality Policy

Currently, in institutionalized education, the balance between global and local forces is skewed in favor of the global through the State (and University) monopoly on educational philosophy. We think that the local has to be prioritized over the global in the balance of these forces. In our view, this promotion should occur both in depth (through open pedagogical experimentation and democratization, defining local values, creating a global dialogue), AND in breadth (through providing opportunities for students and parents to join and financially afford it). We propose that education has to be separated from the State. In our proposal, the State should focus on providing financial access to K-12 education for all citizens through redistribution of taxes while constraining itself through pedagogical neutrality: accepting any educational philosophy for public funding. In our paper, we will consider some of many diverse concerns raised by our colleagues in response to our radical proposal of the State’s educational neutrality, organized in a question-answer format.
Charge It

This article discusses various aspects of future power systems, commonly referred to as smart grids, including resilience, energy storage, renewable energy harvesting, and environmental impacts.
Nonlinear Effects of Inlet/Strake Length and Vertical Tail Geometry on the Longitudinal Stability of a 5 th -Generation Aerial Target Configuration

The Fifth-Generation Target Study (5GTS) was a conceptual design task for a large target drone aircraft capable of representing key 5 th -generation fighter signature and performance attributes. The target drone’s intended uses are to test air-to-air and surfaceto-air missiles, and to ensure that modern tracking systems are capable of identifying and targeting 5th generation fighters. A delta-winged 5GTS design exhibited a non-linear pitching moment curve when tested with long inlet/strake structures sticking out ahead of the wings. Tests in the United States Air Force Academy’s (USAFA) subsonic wind tunnel revealed that this undesirable behavior disappeared when vertical tails were relocated or canted inward and also when inlet length was reduced. Flow visualization in the USAFA water tunnel showed that leading edge vortices shed from the nose chines, inlet lips, and wing leading edges remained separate from each other and interacted negatively with the vertical tail when the inlet/strakes were relatively large. However, when inlet/strake length was reduced to a critical value, the three separate vortices interacted positively by merging into a single vortex centered well away from the vertical tails.
The curative effect of monosiaotetrahxosyl ganglioside in treatment of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and serum MMP-9 levels after treatment

To observe the curative effect of monosiaotetrahxosyl ganglioside(MG1) in treating neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy(HIE),and the effect of the treatment on serum MMP-9 level.Seventy-two cases of neonatus suffered from HIE were randomly divided into two groups(36 in each group).One group was treated with brain protein hydrolysate(control group) and another was treated with brain protein hydrolysate combined GM1(observation group).The NBNA assessment,serum MMP-9 level,CT results and total clinical curative effect were observed before and after the treatment.After the treatment,NBNA assessment and CT results were significantly improved while MMP-9 level was descended in both groups(P 0.05).However,NBNA assessment was higher while MMP-9 levels were lower in observation group than that of controls(P0.05).The total curative effect of combined therapy was 94.44% that was significantly higher than control group(72.22%)(P0.05).Combined MG1 and brain protein hydrolysate has satisfactory curative effect in the treatment of HIE.It can further reduce the release of MMP-9 to protect nerve damage.
Assembling patient-centered medical homes--the promise and price of the infrastructure principles.

(Fam Med 2008;40(1):11-2.) The principles of the patientcentered medical home (PCMH) reflect the type of care we provide to patients and the practice infrastructure that supports our work. The care principles are personal physician, physician-directed medical practice, whole-person orientation, and coordinated care, while the infrastructure principles include coordinated care, quality and safety, enhanced access, and payment for added value. I believe that we have been achieving the care principle of the PCMH at a reasonably acceptable level. We can always improve, but that core part of the PCMH is quite well established. The infrastructure principles are the least well developed and offer the greatest promise but also at the greatest price. The promise that could be realized from enhancing practices to meet the PCMH infrastructure principles is higher reimbursement through a three-part payment structure that as proposed includes (1) per member per month prospective payment component for care coordination, (2) visit-based fee-for-service component, and (3) performancebased component for achievement of quality and efficiency (www.pcpcc. net/node/14). This reimbursement structure is consistent with the PCMH principle of payment for added value: Payment appropriately recognizes the added value provided to patients who have a PCMH. The payment structure should be based on the following framework: (1) It should reflect the value of physician and nonphysician staff patient-centered care management work that falls outside of the faceto-face visit. (2) It should pay for services associated with coordination of care both within a given practice and among consultants, ancillary providers, and community resources. (3) It should support adoption and use of health information technology for quality improvement. (4) It should support provision of enhanced communication access such as secure e-mail and telephone consultation. (5) It should recognize the value of physician work associated with remote monitoring of clinical data using technology. (6) It should allow for separate fee-for-service payments for face-to-face visits. (Payments for care management services that fall outside of the face-to-face visit, as described above, should not result in a reduction in the payments for face-to-face visits.) (7) It should recognize case mix differences in the patient population being treated within the practice. (8) It should allow physicians to share in savings from reduced hospitalizations associated with physician-guided care management in the office setting. (9) It should allow for additional payments for achieving measurable and continuous quality improvements (www.pcpcc.net/node/14). The price of the infrastructure principles is the substantial investment of financial and human capital that practices must take to qualify for the added reimbursement. Fulfilling these principles is far from easy, as we are learning from the TransforMED project (www.transformed.com/):
An ethnographic portrait of translingual/transcultural navigation among immigrant children and youth: voices during Sunday school at a Latino Church

ABSTRACTThis ethnographic study aims to foreground the voices of 34 first through twelfth graders who belong to first-generation immigrant families from Mexico and Central America and attend Nueva Vida Church (fictitious name) in a Midwestern US city. They insightfully reflect upon their language, culture and citizenship during Sunday school class focus groups, and as we listen to their honest conversations, we note themes that emerge as they live their translingual, transcultural and transnational lives: their perceptions of their own language use and fluency, the use of ‘Spanglish’, language and family relationships, thoughts about language, culture and identity, linguistic agency, their decision-making processes, and so on. The study illuminates the unique set of skills and understandings possessed by these young people as they make meaning across and through cultures, languages and national ties. This study aims to turn up the volume on these immigrant voices and illuminate the process through which c...
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Actinomycins Y6–Y9 and Zp from Streptomyces sp. Strain Gö-GS12

Four new Y-type actinomycin analogues named Y6-Y9 (1-4) were isolated and characterized from the scale-up fermentation of the Streptomyces sp. strain Go-GS12, as well as actinomycin Zp (5), which was, for the first time, isolated as a natural product. Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the cumulative analyses of NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. The 4-hydroxythreonine on the β-ring of 1 uniquely undergoes both a rearrangement by a 2-fold acyl shift and an additional ring closure with the amino group of the phenoxazinone chromophore, and the α-rings of 4 and 5 contain a rare 5-methyl proline. Compounds 2-5 showed potent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria that correlated with cytotoxicity against representative human cell lines. The combination of a β-ring rearrangement and additional ring closure in 1 rendered this actinomycin significantly less potent relative to the nonrearranged comparator actinomycin Y5 and other actinomycins.
Challenges of Mapping Digital Collections Metadata to Schema.org: Working with CONTENTdm

As digitized materials stored in content management systems become more prominent as a mode of resource access, the library community is experimenting with linked data to make these collections available in new ways. Applying Schema.org semantics to curated digital collections allows for enhanced search engine discovery, as well as the dissemination of metadata in ways that can connect resources across the internet. This paper shares the challenges encountered when mapping unique digital collections metadata to Schema.org semantics, and lessons learned from experimentation on CONTENTdm collections metadata at both the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana Library and OCLC.
Treatment Settings for Older Age Bipolar Disorder: Inpatient, Partial Hospitalization, Outpatient, Models of Integrated Care

Older people with bipolar disorder are frequent users of health services across the care continuum. The high rates of comorbidity and other complexities that accompany older age bipolar disorder further strain the already under-resourced mental health system. Challenges facing the geriatric mental health service system include workforce limitations, care fragmentation, and caregiver burden. Studies of older adults with bipolar disorder indicate a comparatively high rate of psychiatric hospitalization with longer lengths of stay than younger adults and greater risk for outcomes that are the focus of healthcare cost containment such as rapid rehospitalization. Emerging models of care focus on enhancing the integration of physical and mental health services, collaborative care in which care managers aid in coordination of services, and delivery of care in settings that are outside of the clinic via home-based care or novel mobile technologies. These innovations could reduce the factors that produce substantial excess morbidity, mortality, and cost of care in managing older adults with bipolar disorder.
Clinical aspects: urticaria

Urticaria is characterised by itchy and sometimes painful swellings of the skin or mouth due to transient plasma leakage. It has a spectrum of clinical presentations but is invariably short-lived and resolves without permanent damage. Superficial swellings known as wheals may be white initially due to intense edema with a surrounding red neurogenic flare but become pink as they mature. Wheals may vary in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters across. Deeper swellings called angioedema are often large and poorly defined. They may be pale rather than pink and last longer. Wheals and angioedema can occur in the same individual at the same time. A distinction between them may not be obvious as one may merge with the other. At the very severe end of the spectrum urticaria may occasionally lead to anaphylactic shock and is nearly always a feature of anaphylaxis.
Abnormalities of the Electrical Axis

The axis is the direction in the frontal plane of the net vector of electrical activity, whether the P wave, QRS complex, or T wave. However, “axis” usually refers to the QRS axis. As previously noted, the axis can be measured by determining the lead in which the sum of the areas over and under the baseline is zero. The vector is thus perpendicular to this lead and must be in one of two directions. By examining the lead at right angles to this lead and noting whether the complex in question is largely positive or largely negative in that lead, one can easily determine the direction of the axis. In some cases, no realistic estimate of the axis in the frontal plane can be made, and the axis is said to be indeterminate.
Navigating identity: Experiences of binary and non-binary transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) adults

Background: Emerging research and colloquial dialogues increasingly point to an uptick in non-binary gender identity endorsement, however research has failed to parallel this increase. For example, existing literature often conflates gender identity with sexual orientation, lumping TGNC people under the LGBTQ umbrella, thus rendering the "T" silent in the process. Further, extant research adheres to a binary (i.e., dichotomous male/female) conceptualization of gender, thus excluding individuals who identify as genderqueer, gender non-conforming, or otherwise non-binary as well as those who do not identify with the construct of gender at all (e.g., agender). Method: This qualitative investigation utilized individual interviews with 15 TGNC adults. Data analysis employed two data-driven phases, first identifying themes consistent across the 15 transcripts to identify nuances in TGNC identity formation often missed by theory-driven models and second, establishing similarities and differences between binary and non-binary narratives. Results: Results indicated that various helpful and challenging factors played a stronger role than chronology, physical transition, or activism across all participants which contrasts findings in extant literature. Further, while binary and non-binary narratives were similar in many regards, several noteworthy distinctions emerged. For example, the concepts of "passing or blending", intersections of gender identity with sexual orientation, and navigating identity presentation and disclosure were described differently for binary and non-binary participants. Conclusions: Historically, the "T" in "LGBTQ" has often been rendered silent. These results indicate that non-binary narratives have been rendered doubly silent. Given the increasing preponderance of non-binary identifications and the unique needs and experiences of non-binary participants, it is crucial that professional and lay communities alike begin to take two steps moving forward: 1) explicitly acknowledge the existence of non-binary TGNC identities and 2) work to achieve fluency regarding the unique needs and experiences of this population.
Insulin resistance is a significant determinant of sarcopenia in advanced kidney disease.

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients display significant nutritional abnormalities. Insulin is an anabolic hormone with direct effects on skeletal muscle (SM). We examined the anabolic actions o...
Why Does It Feel So Good to Care for Others and for Myself?: Neuroendocrinology and Prosocial Behavior

Abstract This chapter explores research investigating the role of hormones in empathy, compassion, and self-compassion. The results of translational research ranging from rodent studies to human clinical trials suggest that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin are highly conserved across species and critical in the expression of many forms of prosocial behavior, particularly empathy and compassion. Recent research has begun to investigate the potential role of these neuroendocrine systems in self-compassion as well.
Innervation of the thick ascending limb of Henle

The overlap of accumulations of autoradiographic grains (AAGs) on profiles of the thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) was measured in autoradiograms of sections from rat kidneys with monoaminergic nerves labeled by means of tritiated norepinephrine. The amount of AAG overlap was used as an indirect means of quantifying innervation along the TALHs of superficial, mid-cortical, and juxtamedullary nephrons. The density of innervation along the TALH showed nephron heterogeneity; the juxtamedullary nephrons with a high pre- and postjuxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) TALH density of innervation and the upper and midcortical nephrons with high TALH innervation densities at the level of the JGA. The pre-JGA TALH of the juxtamedullary nephrons had a significantly higher (P less than 0.001) density of innervation than the midcortical or superficial nephrons. The TALHs of juxtamedullary nephrons were found to have substantially more innervation than the TALHs of the other nephrons. For all three populations of nephrons, the pre-JGA TALH had the greatest amount of innervation. Neural regulation of TALH function would occur mainly along the pre-JGA and level of the JGA TALH. This regulation would increase TALH NaCl reabsorption (decrease luminal NaCl concentration) and therefore influence 1) the urinary concentrating mechanism, and 2) renin secretion viamore » the macula densa mechanism. The innervation of the TALH was predominantly associated with the vasculature of the TALH's own nephron. However, innervation associated with medullary ray capillary beds from deeper nephrons was observed on pre-JGA TALHs from superficial and midcortical nephrons.« less
A Glimpse of Things to Come: Featured Abstracts from the 18th National Conference on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control

Great ventures are invariably a blend of tradition and innovation. Tradition is a cornerstone of identity, and without it, there is no clearly defined role, no unique character, no reliability. But in a constantly changing world, tradition without innovation is a cumbrous burden. Innovation allows a great venture to keep pace with the currents of change, to remain great and timely. The annual Chronic Disease Conference is such a venture. Spanning 18 years, the conference has given rise to an array of traditions. It is tradition for the conference to address timely, compelling public health issues. It is tradition for the conference to encompass the breadth and depth of matters relating to preventing chronic disease. It is tradition for content to be shaped by the thoughtful reflection of invited luminaries and the insightful advances conveyed within abstracts submitted for competitive review. Conference traditions are now to be enhanced by a well-timed innovation: the launch of Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy has created a unique capacity to publish select conference abstracts concurrently with the conference. The efficiencies of electronic publication allow for identifying, selecting, and editing these submissions as the conference itself undergoes final preparation. The 21 most meritorious abstracts from this year's conference appear within this issue of Preventing Chronic Disease. This innovation will itself count among the traditions that define the character, content, and excellence of the Chronic Disease Conference for years to come. Advantages of this effort are considerable. E-journal readers unable to attend the February conference may nonetheless gain an appreciation for the work of their colleagues. Virtual networking will enhance conference networking, and individuals not accustomed to attending the meeting may be enticed to do so. Publication is the ultimate "carrot and stick" of academic advancement. Those among us who must be calculating in our use of time now have an added incentive to submit our best work to the Chronic Disease Conference for consideration. The caliber of abstracts the conference planners are privileged to review has always been excellent, and the promise of publication is motivation to ever greater excellence. With topics ranging from nutrition in schoolchildren to stroke in the elderly, from secondhand smoke to homelessness, the abstracts that follow provide a window to the dynamic work, rigorous science, dedicated effort, and passion for public welfare that so richly furnish the Chronic Disease Conference. They provide, as well, a glimpse of things to come. Preventing Chronic Disease will from now on reward the most laudable of our submissions with online publication. The content of the abstracts directs our efforts and imaginations to the best of innovations in public health practice and to advances in our collective capacity to prevent chronic disease.
The Leading Edge of Pedagogical Innovation: A Portrait of National Winners of the US Professors of the Year Competition, 1981–2015

The past fifty years have witnessed a sea-change in teaching and learning in higher education. In a general shift of emphasis from teaching to learning, best symbolized by Robert Barr and John Tagg...
RelB-BLNK axis: a novel determinant of cell fate

Prostate cancer (PCa), the second leading cause of male cancer deaths in the United States, is most frequently treated with radiation therapy (RT). We screened 786 FDA-approved compounds to identify drugs that can radiosensitize PCa cells while radioprotecting non-cancer prostate epithelial cells and identified Betamethasone (BET) as a lead compound with these properties. BET increases ROS levels in PCa cells (high oxidized redox state) but not in normal prostate epithelial cells (low oxidized redox state). Remarkably, BET has an opposite effect on RelB, a non-canonical redox-sensitive NF-κB pathway. BET suppresses the expression of RelB and RelB target genes including MnSOD and survivin in PCa cells, while it induces expression of RelB and MnSOD in non-cancer cells. The differential effects of BET are, in part, attributable to the intrinsic differences in the cellular redox states of normal versus PCa cells. Intriguingly, RNA seq and ChIP assays identify B-cell linker protein (BLNK) as a novel RelB transcription regulator that is differentially regulated by BET in normal and cancer cells. Proximity-ligation assays and knockdown of BLNK confirm that RelB-BLNK possibly interact in the nuclear compartment. BET/RT treatments that target disruptions of RelB and BLNK expressions reverse the survival of PCa cells but not of normal prostate epithelial cells. Our study is the first to establish that the RelB-BLNK mediated NF-κB non-canonical pathway is a novel mechanism to regulate the differential responses to radiation therapy of normal prostate epithelial and prostate cancer cells. The results of this study fill in a critical gap in scientific knowledge of how the differences in redox conditions of normal and tumor cells trigger differential responses to pro-oxidants. They will facilitate the translation of therapeutic approaches that use prooxidants to push cancer cells into oxidative stress overload but stimulate adaptive responses in normal cells to selectively enhance RT efficacy.
Novel High-Power Microwave Circulator Employing Circularly Polarized Waves

A novel four-port circulator is presented which uses an inline ferromagnetic element to allow for transmission or reflection depending on the sense of the incident circularly polarized wave. This configuration has been shown to reduce the dependency on ferrite anisotropy and support higher power, low rf loss, operation. An analytic analysis of this device is presented alongside corroborating cold test data of the first prototype. High-power operation was performed at 2.856 GHz, with input power levels up to 8 MW for $3.5~\mu \text{s}$ in a pressurized nitrogen environment. The results from this research not only demonstrate ability to eliminate the use of greenhouse insulators, such as SF6, but also provide conceptual groundwork for a new class of ultrahigh power (50 MW+) nonreciprocal networks including circulators, isolators, phase shifters, and rf switches.
Performance of Larger-Volume 40 × 40 × 10- and 40 × 40 × 15-mm³ CdZnTe Detectors

The dimension of $20\times 20\times15$ mm3 has been selected as standard pixelated CdZnTe detector size for many years. Energy resolution of 0.31% full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 662 keV for single-pixel events was achieved in one of the best direct-attachment detectors based on VAD_UM v2.2 application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Energy resolution under 0.40% was obtained for most of the direct-attachment detectors. The consistent good performance drives the desire to build larger crystals. The increment of size is beneficial in many aspects, such as higher detection efficiency, better imaging performance, better spectroscopic resolution, and potentially lower cost. This article presents the performance of recently delivered $40\times 40\times10$ and $40\times 40\times15$ -mm3 CdZnTe crystals manufactured by Redlen Technology and Kromek Group. The result will be analyzed and the feasibility of mass producing $40\times40$ -mm2 crystals will be discussed.
The Long-Term Effects of Marketing Organic Products

Demand for organic foods has been increasing in many product categories. Prior studies report that consumers are willing to pay premium prices for organic products, but little is known about their role in supermarket competition. In this study, we investigate long-term cross-chain impacts of marketing organic and conventional products. Our findings reveal that prices of conventional products generate more store traffic than do prices of organic products. On the other hand, in response to a price increase for organic products, consumers tend to switch to conventional products within a retail chain rather than to other retail chains.
The current and future roles of artificial intelligence in pediatric radiology

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad and complicated concept that has begun to affect many areas of medicine, perhaps none so much as radiology. While pediatric radiology has been less affected than other radiology subspecialties, there are some well-developed and some nascent applications within the field. This review focuses on the use of AI within pediatric radiology for image interpretation, with descriptive summaries of the literature to date. We highlight common features that enable successful application of the technology, along with some of the limitations that can inhibit the development of this field. We present some ideas for further research in this area and challenges that must be overcome, with an understanding that technology often advances in unpredictable ways.
Monitoring of Opioid Analgesic Use and Its Effects in Acute Care

There has been a dramatic rise in deaths attributed to opioid use in the last decade, and with the recognition of prescription opioids as a significant contributor, the use of opioids in healthcare has become heavily scrutinized. However, despite a renewed interest in opioid sparing multimodal pain management strategies, opioids remain the most effective pain modality for severe acute pain. Also, with national guidelines emphasizing analgo-sedation (treat pain first), opioids are the cornerstone of sedation and analgesia practices in intensive care units. However, in the absence of appropriate cardiorespiratory monitoring, the side-effect profile of opioids can have dire consequences. Over the past decade, opioid consumption and adverse event prevention have been studied extensively with new technologies emerging to assist clinical decision making. Algorithms and protocols have been standardized taking many factors into consideration prior to subjectively determining if a verbal or nonverbal patient has adequate pain control. We here present an overview of the technology available to monitor opioid use and overdose, algorithms for various grades of sedation, personnel expertise, and certification required to safely administer opioids in acute care setting and methods to identify at-risk patient groups.
Correction to: Anterior versus posterior spinal fusion for Lenke type 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.

PURPOSE To review and compare clinical and radiologic outcomes between anterior spinal fusion (ASF) and posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for the treatment of Lenke type 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS A systematic review was performed according to Preferred reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All level I-III evidence studies investigating the clinical and radiologic outcomes of ASF and PSF for the treatment of Lenke type 5 AIS were included. RESULTS Nine studies (285 ASF patients, 298 PSF patients) were included. ASF was associated with a significantly lower number of levels fused compared with PSF (p < 0.01) with similar immediate and long-term coronal deformity correction (p = 0.16; p = 0.12, respectively). PSF achieved a better correction of thoracic hypokyphosis in one study and lumbar hypolordosis in three studies. PSF was associated with a significant shorter length of stay (LOS) compared with ASF (p < 0.01). One long-term study demonstrated a significantly higher rate of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) with PSF compared with ASF. There were no significant differences in major complication or re-operation rates. CONCLUSION For the treatment of Lenke type 5 AIS, there is moderate evidence to suggest that ASF requires a lower number of instrumented levels to achieve similar immediate and long-term coronal deformity correction compared with PSF. There is some evidence to suggest that PSF may achieve better thoracic and lumbar sagittal deformity correction compared with ASF. There is some evidence to suggest a higher incidence of PJK at long-term follow-up with PSF compared with ASF. ASF is associated with a longer post-operative LOS compared with PSF.
Neural Tissue Motion Impacts Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics at the Cervical Medullary Junction: A Patient-Specific Moving-Boundary Computational Model.

Central nervous system (CNS) tissue motion of the brain occurs over 30 million cardiac cycles per year due to intracranial pressure differences caused by the pulsatile blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) motion within the intracranial space. This motion has been found to be elevated in type 1 Chiari malformation. The impact of CNS tissue motion on CSF dynamics was assessed using a moving-boundary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the cervical-medullary junction (CMJ). The cerebellar tonsils and spinal cord were modeled as rigid surfaces moving in the caudocranial direction over the cardiac cycle. The CFD boundary conditions were based on in vivo MR imaging of a 35-year old female Chiari malformation patient with ~150–300 µm motion of the cerebellar tonsils and spinal cord, respectively. Results showed that tissue motion increased CSF pressure dissociation across the CMJ and peak velocities up to 120 and 60%, respectively. Alterations in CSF dynamics were most pronounced near the CMJ and during peak tonsillar velocity. These results show a small CNS tissue motion at the CMJ can alter CSF dynamics for a portion of the cardiac cycle and demonstrate the utility of CFD modeling coupled with MR imaging to help understand CSF dynamics.
Privacy sensitive location information systems in smart buildings

Increasing automation of buildings enables rich information streams about the activities of building users to reach networked computer systems. Privacy concerns typically cause this information to be accessible only by building managers and security personnel. However, if appropriate privacy mechanisms can be implemented, then it is possible to deploy location information systems that can contribute to the convenience and efficiency of users. This paper describes a three step approach to privacy-sensitive release of location information collected by building sensors. These steps entail defining an ownership model, defining environment events to be monitored, and creating a sharing model. These steps are described mathematically and then validated through a case study for a system called Janus's Map which provides a location information system for the card reader, door, and occupancy sensors of a modern smart building.
Graph cuts framework for kidney segmentation with prior shape constraints

We propose a novel kidney segmentation approach based on the graph cuts technique. The proposed approach depends on both image appearance and shape information. Shape information is gathered from a set of training shapes. Then we estimate the shape variations using a new distance probabilistic model which approximates the marginal densities of the kidney and its background in the variability region using a Poisson distribution refined by positive and negative Gaussian components. To segment a kidney slice, we align it with the training slices so we can use the distance probabilistic model. Then its gray level is approximated with a LCG with sign-alternate components. The spatial interaction between the neighboring pixels is identified using a new analytical approach. Finally, we formulate a new energy function using both image appearance models and shape constraints. This function is globally minimized using s/t graph cuts to get the optimal segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed technique gives promising results compared to others without shape constraints.
EMG controlled soft robotic glove for assistance during activities of daily living

This paper presents further developments, characterization and initial evaluation of a recently developed assistive soft robotic glove for individuals with hand pathologies. The glove technology utilizes a combination of elastomeric and inextensible materials to create soft actuators that conform to the user's hand and can generate sufficient hand closing force to assist with activities of daily living. User intent (i.e. desire to close or open hand) is detected by monitoring gross muscle activation signals with surface electromyography electrodes mounted on the user's forearm. In particular, we present an open-loop sEMG logic that distinguishes muscle contractions and feeds the information to a low-level fluidic pressure controller that regulates pressure in pre-selected groups of the glove's actuators. Experiments are conducted to determine the level of assistance provided by the glove by monitoring muscle effort and mapping the pressure distribution during a simple grasping task when the glove is worn. Lastly, quantitative and qualitative results are presented using the sEMG-controlled glove on a healthy participant and on a patient with muscular dystrophy.
Analysis of ACAM Data for Trace Gas Retrievals during the 2011 DISCOVER-AQ Campaign

To improve the trace gas retrieval from Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) during the DSICOVER-AQ campaigns, we characterize the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the ACAM measurement. From the standard deviations of the fitting residuals, the SNRs of ACAM nadir measurements are estimated to vary from ~300 at 310 nm to ~1000 in the blue spectral region; the zenith data are noisier due to reduced levels of illumination and lower system throughput and also show many more pixels with abrupt anomalous values; therefore, a new method is developed to derive a solar irradiance reference at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) from average nadir measurements, at instrument spectral resolution and including instrument calibration characteristics. Using this reference can significantly reduce fitting residuals and improve the retrievals. This approach derives an absolute reference for direct fitting algorithms involving radiative transfer calculations and thus can be applied to both aircraft and ground-based measurements. The comparison of ACAM radiance with simulations using coincident ozonesonde and OMI data shows large wavelength-dependent biases in ACAM data, varying from ~−19% at 310 nm to 5% at 360 nm. Correcting ACAM radiance in direct-fitting based ozone profile algorithm significantly improves the consistency with OMI total ozone.
Evaluation of negation phrases in narrative clinical reports.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Automatically identifying findings or diseases described in clinical textual reports requires determining whether clinical observations are present or absent. We evaluate the use of negation phrases and the frequency of negation in free-text clinical reports. METHODS: A simple negation algorithm was applied to ten types of clinical reports (n=42,160) dictated during July 2000. We counted how often each of 66 negation phrases was used to mark a clinical observation as absent. Physicians read a random sample of 400 sentences, and precision was calculated for the negation phrases. We measured what proportion of clinical observations were marked as absent. RESULTS: The negation algorithm was triggered by sixty negation phrases with just seven of the phrases accounting for 90% of the negations. The negation phrases received an overall precision of 97%, with "not" earning the lowest precision of 63%. Between 39% and 83% of all clinical observations were identified as absent by the negation algorithm, depending on the type of report analyzed. The most frequently used clinical observations were negated the majority of the time. CONCLUSION: Because clinical observations in textual patient records are frequently negated, identifying accurate negation phrases is important to any system processing these reports.
The effect of 0°C and 2, 4-DNP on the uptake of micellar fatty acid, on the extraction of absorbed lipid during electron microscopy processing, and on the ultrastructure of everted jejunum

Rat everted jejunal sacs were subjected during in vitro uptake of linoleic acid-1-14C either to a normal condition (37°C) in which most of the fatty acid is synthesized to glycerides, or to metabolic inhibitors (0°C, 2, 4-DNP) in which most of the fatty acid taken up by the tissue remains as fatty acid. The extraction of these lipids during processing of the everted sacs for electron microscopy was then measured. The data demonstrate a correlation between the amount of lipid remaining as fatty acid in the tissue and the extraction of the lipid by the aqueous fixative. Similarly, a correlation was demonstrated between the amount of absorbed lipid synthesized to glycerides and the extraction of the lipid by the organic solvents, mainly propylene oxide and Araldite. The inhibition of fatty acid uptake and the ultrastructural swelling that occurred in the metabolically inhibited rat intestine have not been previously reported. Our results are described and discussed with respect to the pertinent literature on the subjects.
What Do You Say to Teasers? Parent and Child Evaluations of Responses to Teasing

Abstract Teasing is a common and sometimes problematic event in childhood that has received little empirical attention. In the current study, target responses to teasing were manipulated by editing an ignore, empathy-inducing, humorous, or hostile reaction to a child's teasing into a videotaped story. Parents n = 117 and their children n = 147 rated these responses and gave information about their own teasing experiences. Parents and children both approved of the nonhostile responses more than the hostile response but disagreed on several of the open-ended items about their experiences with teasing. Response preferences varied by the child's gender and his or her experiences with teasing. Implications for parental advice about teasing are discussed.
Differences in the kinetics of T cell accumulations in C3HHeN (Bcg-resistant) and C57BL6 (Bcg-susceptible) mice infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Abstract The accumulation of various T cell subsets in Bcg-susceptible (C57BL/6) and -resistant ( C3H HeN ) strains of mice were compared following an intraperitoneal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Groups of mice from both strains were killed at 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 150 days after infection and lymphocytes were harvested from the peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), spleen, intestinal epithelial lymphocytes (IEL), lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and labelled with monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, γδ TCR, CD25, and CD44 for flow cytometric analysis. Uninfected C3H/HeN mice had higher proportions of CD4+ cells in the spleen, MLN, LPL, IEL and Peyer's patches, while uninfected C57BL/6 mice had higher proportions of CD8+ and/or γδ T cells. Significant increases in accumulation of CD8+ and γδ T cells were detected in the peritoneum and other tissues in both strains of mice after infection. Higher CD4/CD8 ratios were observed in most lymphoid tissues of C3H/HeN mice, while increased proportions of CD8+ and/or γδ T cells were present in C57BL/6 mice. These results indicate that significant differences in T cell profiles exist between these two strains of mice, both inherently and in response to infection with M. paratuberculosis. Innately lower levels of CD4+ cells and/or higher percentages of CD8+ and γδ T cells may play a role in the increased susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice to infection with M. paratuberculosis.
Characteristics of bird communities on surface mine lands in Pennsylvania

A variety of species was observed as either visitors, permanent, or summer residents on surface mines with different ecological adaptations. Passerine species were the most prevalent of the 25 families represented. Bird communities as well as individual species were correlated with the structure and species of vegetation on the mines. The composition of the bird communities changed in response to successional vegetation stages from grassland to forest communities.
Origin of delta-lactones in heated milk fat.

Abstract This investigation concerned attempts to isolate and elucidate the structure of the delta-lactone precursor in milk fat. By use of silica-gel chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gel filtration a fraction of milk fat was obtained which contained 2,100 ppm bound delta-decalactone and 8,000 ppm bound delta-dodecalactone. Based on molecular weight considerations, it was concluded that the delta-lactone precursor in milk fat is most likely a monohydroxy-acyl-triglyceride. Preparation of a polystyrene gel filtration column is described and its applicability to the fractionation of milk fat demonstrated.
Cognitive performance of children with renal disease.

Children (N = 14) with End Stage Renal Disease were compared pre- and post-hemodialysis session on measures of attention, problem solving and learning with 14 control subjects. In contrast to the findings for adult patients no significant differences were found between the End Stage Renal Disease and control subjects on any of the cognitive tasks employed nor were there any significant differences pre- to post-dialysis session for the group. The results were discussed in terms of the general efficiency of the hemodialysis regimen employed and other factors which might affect performance of these ill children.
Comparison of a combination diode laser and radiofrequency device (Polaris) and a long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser (Lyra) on leg telangiectases. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis.

Introduction: Several devices have been proposed for the treatment of leg telangiectases. For most of these devices the histologic changes induced in the dermis are not well characterized. Materials and methods: Three volunteers with class I–II red and blue 0.1–2.0 mm leg telangiectases were treated with the Lyra® (Laserscope, San Jose, CA, USA) and the Polaris® (Syneron Medical Ltd, Yokneam, Israel) devices to the left and right legs, respectively. Two 3‐mm punches were taken from either site 7 days after treatment. The specimens were routinely processed and also stained for elastic tissue and collagen tissue. Results: After treatment, specimens treated with both the Polaris and the Lyra showed intermediate‐sized vessels with complete thrombosis and extensive hemorrhage in both the dermis and subcutis. The overlying epidermis also evidenced damage characterized as focal full‐thickness necrosis. Special stains confirmed the damage to the vessels. All other skin structures were morphologically unremarkable...
Teaching Medical Students the Important Connection between Communication and Clinical Reasoning

BACKGROUND: Medical students are rarely taught how to integrate communication and clinical reasoning. Not understanding the relation between these skills may lead students to undervalue the connection between psychosocial and biomedical aspects of patient care.
Bisphenol A at concentrations relevant to human exposure enhances histamine and cysteinyl leukotriene release from bone marrow-derived mast cells

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA), a monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxide resin, acts as an endocrine-active compound and has been shown to enhance the inflammatory response to allergen challenge. Previous reports in rodents have demonstrated that perinatal BPA exposure alters airway inflammation following sensitization and challenge to ovalbumin in juvenile and adult offspring. Additionally, a high concentration of BPA has been shown to enhance mediator release in mast cell lines. This study aimed to determine if short-term BPA exposure, at levels relevant to human exposure, enhances mast cell release of histamine and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Primary murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) produced from the femurs of female C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with BPA or estradiol (E2) in vitro. It was observed that both BPA and E2 increased BMMC histamine release over a range of nanomolar concentrations (1–1000 nM). The estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 partially blocked the ability o...