cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African-American Children at Church: Adults' Perspectives on Spiritual Socialization

In describing to me her own spiritual socialization as a child, Sister Ima stressed the central role of adult church members: I gathered my spirit from them. I saw what they did. I saw them pray. I saw what they were going through. I saw them read the Bible. I saw them sing, and they would sing joyously! In this chapter, African-American adults reflect, in their own words, upon the meaning of spiritual socialization in their own lives and in the lives of their children and students. Their reflections provide an important context for interpreting adults' socialization practices at First Baptist Church. Indeed, a growing body of literature in cultural psychology describes the complex ways in which individuals' belief systems provide a frame of reference within which they interpret experience, and formulate goals and strategies for socialization (e.g., Goncu, 1999; Goodnow & Collins, 1990; Harkness & Super, 1996; Haight, Parke & Black, 1997). As we will see in this chapter, adults' beliefs may be described as childsensitive and growth-oriented. Adults were sensitive to children's emotional needs and relative immaturity. For example, they valued positive adult–child relationships as a prerequisite for effective socialization. Adults also expressed the importance for African-American children and youth to behave in a mature and highly competent fashion in order to survive and develop in neighborhoods and schools that they perceived to be racist.
Perspectives in Partial Differential Equations, Harmonic Analysis and Applications: A Volume in Honor of Vladimir G. Maz′ya’s 70th Birthday

Capacity, Carleson measures, boundary convergence, and exceptional sets by N. Arcozzi, R. Rochberg, and E. Sawyer On the absence of dynamical localization in higher dimensional random Schrodinger operators by J. Bourgain Circulation integrals and critical Sobolev spaces: Problems of optimal constants by H. Brezis and J. Van Schaftingen Mutual absolute continuity of harmonic and surface measures for Hormander type operators by L. Capogna, N. Garofalo, and D.-M. Nhieu Soviet-Russian and Swedish mathematical contacts after the war. A personal account by L. Garding Generalized Robin boundary conditions, Robin-to-Dirichlet maps, and Krein-type resolvent formulas for Schrodinger operators on bounded Lipschitz domains by F. Gesztesy and M. Mitrea A local $Tb$ theorem for square functions by S. Hofmann Partial differential equations, trigonometric series, and the concept of function around 1800: A brief story about Lagrange and Fourier by J.-P. Kahane Quantitative unique continuation, logarithmic convexity of Gaussian means and Hardy's uncertainty principle by C. E. Kenig Boundary Harnack inequalities for operators of $p$-Laplace type in Reifenberg flat domains by J. L. Lewis, N. Lundstrom, and K. Nystrom Waves on a steady stream with vorticity by M. Lilli and J. F. Toland On analytic capacity of portions of continuum and a question of T. Murai by F. Nazarov and A. Volberg The Christoffel-Darboux kernel by B. Simon A saint-Venant principle for Lipschitz cylinders by M. E. Taylor Wavelets in function spaces by H. Triebel Weighted norm inequalities with positive and indefinite weights by I. E. Verbitsky The mixed problem for harmonic functions in polyhedra of $|mathbb{R}^3$ by M. Venouziou and G. C. Verchota.
Risk Stratification of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Multi-racial Perspective

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and a major international health problem, with an estimated 3.7 million deaths occurring annually, accounting for approximately 15%–20% of all deaths worldwide. The implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) is an effective treatment of SCD and has had a major impact on outcomes. However, this therapy has been largely used in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. A changing epidemiology of SCD with fewer patients having marked reductions in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has renewed the focus on identifying other high risk populations. This article summarizes the current understanding of the diverse clinical, genetic, racial, electrocardiographic and imaging techniques available to detect patients most at risk. Despite many identified risk factors, no single predictor has been shown to have sufficient predictive value to be used to guide preventative therapy and reduce mortality. More recent effort has been directed towards combining markers to define a risk profile for identifying high risk cohorts.
Designing templates for cellular neural networks using particle swarm optimization

Designing or learning of templates for cellular neural networks constitutes one of the crucial research problems of this paradigm. In this work, we present the use of a particle swarm optimizer, a global search algorithm, to design a template set for a CNN. A brief overview of the algorithms and methods is given. Design of popular templates is performed using the search algorithm described.
The Politics of Policing: Ensuring Stakeholder Collaboration in the Federal Reform of Local Law-Enforcement Agencies

Title 42 U.S.C. 14141 authorizes the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) to seek injunctive relief against local police departments to eliminate a pattern or practice of unconstitutional conduct by local law-enforcement agencies. Rather than initiate lawsuits to reform these agencies, DOJ's current strategy is to negotiate reforms using a process that involves only DOJ representatives, municipality officials, and police management officials. While there are many benefits of negotiating the reforms, the current process completely excludes important stakeholders directly impacted by the reforms including community members, who are the consumers of police services, and the rank-and-file police officers, whom the reforms may adversely impact. The exclusion of these groups is not only inconsistent with general norms of democratic inclusion, but it is also inconsistent with the paradigm of community policing that emphasizes the benefits of police-community partnerships. Ultimately, this exclusion undermines the legitimacy of the reforms, thereby threatening the implementation and permanence of the reforms. This article advocates that in order to ensure broader stakeholder participation in the context of its enforcement of 14141, DOJ should formally adopt the paradigm of regulatory negotiation, a process that has been used successfully in administrative rulemaking. Applying the regulatory negotiation model to police reform has important implications such as greater cooperation among those implementing the reforms and the creation of innovative solutions to address police misconduct that are specifically tailored to the respective jurisdiction abstract text here.
A new lightweight key exchange protocol with provable security for securing cloud-assistec. Mobile communications

This paper introduces a new lightweight key exchange (KE) protocol which can be suitably implemented on resource-constrained smart devices to protect the privacy of communications in mobile networks. The most attractive features of this new KE protocol are provable security and lightweight. The security of this new KE protocol is based on the known impossibility of finding the unique values for variables in a system of equations when the number of variables are more than the number of equations. This new KE protocol imposes low computational load and the low memory consumption make this new KE protocol to be suitably implemented in the resource-constrained devices. The basic KE scheme provides key agreement between two parities with the desired feature of Key Confirmation (KC), Implicit Key Authentication (IKA), and know-key security (KK).
The problem of preventing pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury.

Pressure ulcers are one of the most complex and challenging problems in all of healthcare and are a common and costly secondary complication of living with a spinal cord injury (SCI).1 Controversy ...
Facilitated Gas Transport in Liquids

The subject of carrier-mediated or “facilitated” gas transport in liquid film membranes has been an active field of research the past 15–20 years. It refers to the enhancement of gas transport attributable to reversible reaction of physically dissolved gas with non-volatile, diffusible solutes. The underlying physics are analogous to those governing gas absorption with chemical reaction. However, the two processes differ insofar as the membrane process has been primarily operated in the steady-state, and without the occurrence of irreversible reactions.
Equilibrium states and structure factor of concentrated colloidal dispersions in optimized random phase approximation

In this work, the expression for correlation function of the concentrated dispersion of colloidal particles is calculated in optimized random phase approximation. We assume the time-averaged structure and thermodynamic states determined by the screened Coulomb pair potential and hard-sphere interaction between identical spherical colloidal particles immersed into electrolyte solution. The pair potential beyond the shortest separation of hard spheres obeys three models: a) equilibrium regime of charge regulation of particle, b) fixed potential on the surface of particle c) fixed charge of particle. Behavior of structure factor and corresponding correlation function shows increasing dispersion structure, eventually exhibiting solid-like state as we transfer from a) to the c) potential model.
THE ROLE OF FLAVINS IN HYDROXYLASE REACTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role of flavins in hydroxylase reactions. The mechanism of hydroxylation has been investigated using two enzyme systems, p -hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and melilotate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas spp., as well as two model systems. A comparison of the rate of reduction of the enzyme flavin in the presence and absence of melilotate is shown. The analogues which have been investigated simulated many of the characteristics of p -hydroxybenzoate, such as spectral perturbations on binding, but none of the previously investigated analogues mimic the effector role. The data may be compared to the fluorescence titration of p -hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase with p -hydroxybenzoate monitoring the quenching of flavin fluorescence upon formation of the enzyme- p -hydroxybenzoate complex. The nature of the active oxygen produced during the hydroxylation phase of the catalytic cycle is of great interest.
Saving What We Love at Any Cost: The Rhetoric of Heroic Medicine as Diversion

Discussion of the worldwide corporate development of biotechnologies is sometimes diverted through the introduction of images of heroic medical intervention, exemplified by the statement, “I would do anything to save my daughter.” Such heroic images seem to justify virtually any deployment of resources and nearly any health or environmental risk. But it is instructive for future public discussions to examine the use of such images, and to note that those advocating a prominent role for biotechnologies in an expanding global economy welcome such diversionary patterns. Our responsibility to do our own thinking is beset by conditions that may lead us astray. In a time burdened by profound worry—crushing inequalities among the world's peoples, an ecological crisis, and threat of nuclear war—it is tempting to avert our eyes when we are faced with grave new dangers. Moreover, in our increasingly visual culture, images have come to function as a facsimile of and substitute for real thinking. If we are to have significant discussions about the potential of biotechnology, we must not only be wary of promises of economic growth but must also be mindful of sources of diversion and the appeals of image-thinking. We should strive to become more critical of our own ways of thinking, thus opening the discussion to a fuller consideration of what needs to be saved.
A Statistical Framework for Incorporating Sand Boil Observations in Levee Risk Analysis

The presence of sand boils near the toe of a levee indicates that backward erosion piping, an internal erosion process, has initiated at a given location. As a primary failure mechanism for levees, backward erosion piping is commonly evaluated as part of levee risk analysis. Currently, sand boil observations are subjectively incorporated into risk analyses through expert judgement. This study presents an approach in which sand boils are statistically assessed as point pattern data. Results indicate that density estimates may provide a convenient means to compute initiation probabilities for backward erosion piping, and cluster analysis may provide a means of estimating characteristic levee segment lengths. Further research is needed to explore the generality of these concepts under various geologic conditions.
A complex-variable virtual crack extension finite element method for elastic-plastic fracture mechanics

Abstract The virtual crack extension (VCE) approach for computing the energy release rate using a complex-variable finite element method (ZFEM) is extended to nonlinear materials undergoing plastic deformation. The method consists of performing a numerical derivative of the potential energy with respect to a crack extension via the complex Taylor series expansion method (CTSE). ZFEM does not depend on the existence of a strain energy density and does not require contour or domain integrals. As a result, ZFEM overcomes the contour path dependency and monotonic loading limitations of the J-integral in elastic-plastic fracture problems. The nonlinear fracture analysis capability is demonstrated using material models based on the deformation and incremental theory of plasticity and using a loading/unloading cycle. Under monotonic loading, the ZFEM method remains robust at all levels of plasticity and its results are of the same accuracy as those provided by the ASTM standards and the saturated J-integral value. Moreover, when unloading the elasto-plastic material, the J-integral contours provide erroneous energy release rate values, whereas ZFEM results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by finite differencing.
Strategies for Tomorrow's Hospitality Workforce

The hospitality industry has been facing serious labor shortages, especially in the food service area. As the proportion of younger workers shrinks, alternative sources of employees have to be sought to alleviate the labor shortage. The authors review alternative sources for facing the labor shortage and discuss strategies to attract the largest and potentially viable segment for the hospitality industry the older worker.
High Temperature Organic Electronics

The emerging breakthroughs in space exploration, smart textiles, and novel automobile designs have increased technological demand for high temperature electronics. In this snapshot review we first discuss the fundamental challenges in achieving electronic operation at elevated temperatures, briefly review current efforts in finding materials that can sustain extreme heat, and then highlight the emergence of organic semiconductors as a new class of materials with potential for high temperature electronics applications. Through an overview of the state-of-the art materials designs and processing methods, we will layout molecular design principles and fabrication strategies towards achieving thermally stable operation in organic electronics.
Reclaiming the Commons: Law, Rhetoric, and C.S. Peirce’s Pragmatic Philosophy:

This dissertation provides a pragmatic legal framework based on the rhetorical theory and philosophy of C.S. Peirce. It then analyses lower level judicial opinions that have come out of four contemporary movements for economic justice: Occupy Wall Street, Climate, Reparations, and Labor. Throughout, it identifies rhetorical arguments for reclaiming the commons from privatization.
Enhanced Wallace Tree Multiplier via a Prefix Adder

At the end of all fixed point multiplications is one last long addition that needs to be performed. In this paper, we show how the choice of this last adder has significant effect on the delay of the multiplier, in terms of time complexity. It is shown here that using a prefix adder for the final addition, causes the multiplication delay to increase as $\mathrm{O}({log}[N])$, as compared to the $\mathrm{O}(N)$ delay if a ripple carry adder is used instead. Simulations using spectre by Cadence, for 8,16,32, and 64 bit Wallace tree based multipliers, show that using a prefix adder instead of a ripple carry adder reduces the multiplier’s latency by up to 66% at the cost of minimal increase in power consumption.
Prevalence of extracardiac birth defects and genetic conditions in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and association with hospital utilization and mortality

Purpose: Up to 30% of patients with congenital heart disease have associated extracardiac birth defects and/or genetic conditions (BDGC), and the presence of these may influence therapies and outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of BDGC in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and evaluate the associations between specific BDGC and hospital mortality and post-Stage I mortality. Method: We included patients from the Pediatric Health Information System database from 1999-2018 with an ICD9 or ICD10 code for HLHS, no codes for conflicting congenital heart disease, …
Ocean Surface Flux Algorithm Effects on Earth System Model Energy and Water Cycles

Earth system models parameterize ocean surface fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum with empirical bulk flux algorithms, which introduce biases and uncertainties into simulations. We investigate the atmosphere and ocean model sensitivity to algorithm choice in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). Flux differences between algorithms are larger in atmosphere simulations (where wind speeds can vary) than ocean simulations (where wind speeds are fixed by forcing data). Surface flux changes lead to global scale changes in the energy and water cycles, notably including ocean heat uptake and global mean precipitation rates. Compared to the control algorithm, both COARE and University of Arizona (UA) algorithms reduce global mean precipitation and top of atmosphere radiative biases. Further, UA may slightly reduce biases in ocean meridional heat transport. We speculate that changes seen here, especially in the ocean, could be even larger in coupled simulations.
Ce Que Nous Apprend La Stufenbaulehre Sur Le Concept De Droit De Kelsen (How Merkl’s Stufenbaulehre Informs Kelsen’s Concept of Law)

The English version of this article can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2425384French Abstract: A bien des egards, on serait tente de voir a l’œuvre deux concepts de droit concurrents dans la theorie de Kelsen, l’un fonde sur l’element de contrainte, l’autre refletant le processus de creation du droit. Il n’en est pourtant rien. Ces deux concepts sont en fait incorpores dans un meme concept de droit. Ce sont en realite deux points de vue qui se combinent dans un concept de droit unique lequel reflete a la fois l’acte de creation et l’element de contrainte cree. Dans cette entreprise, la Stufenbaulehre et, avec elle, l’appareil conceptuel qu’elle fournit, sont essentiels pour comprendre le concept de droit de Kelsen.English Abstract: For many reasons, it seems that Kelsen’s legal theory uses two competing concepts of law, one turning on coercion, the later concept reflecting the process of law creation. But this is not the case. Actually the two concepts are incorporated into a single concept of law. Here we face with two points of view which are combined in a single concept of law that reflects both process and coercion. In such an enterprise, the Stufenbaulehre and the conceptual machinery that can be drawn from it is central to our understanding of Kelsen’s concept of law.
UNS3D Near-Field Predictions for the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop

This paper presents the results of turbulent flow simulations prepared for the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop. Solutions were prepared for two geometries that exhibited shock–plume inter...
Too Close to Eat? Solidarity with Animals, Animal Welfare and Antibiotic Use.

Meat consumption is influenced by a variety of factors including feelings of affinity towards farm animals. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between solidarity with animals, a...
Firearms: Accessibility, Lethality, and Risk Factors When a Firearm is Present in the Home

Data on gun violence in the home is concerning. Most accidental shooting deaths of children occur in the home when children play with a loaded gun when their parents are not home (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Gun violence: Facts and statistics; 2020). People who have access to firearms are at twice the risk of homicide and more than three times the risk of suicide than those who do not own or have access to a gun (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Gun violence: Facts and statistics; 2020). About 90% of police suicides involve a firearm, usually an officer’s service weapon (Johnson, The 12 deadliest hours of the day; 2019, Heyman et al., The Ruderman white paper on mental health and suicide of first responders; 2018). Furthermore, a police officer is more likely to take his/her own life than dying in the line of duty (Heyman et al., The Ruderman white paper on mental health and suicide of first responders; 2018). This makes it challenging to protect police officers from their own weapons during times of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues that lead to suicidal thoughts. However, there are proactive measures officers, their families, and police agencies can take to reduce both accidental shooting deaths and suicide.
Management of Disease in Women with Diabetes

Diabetes management in women consists of controlling cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and for selected women, aspirin use. Better glycemic control reduces microvascular disease incidence. Screening for comorbidities such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy followed by appropriate treatment can lead to effective disease-specific therapies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, photocoagulation and prophylactic footcare.
Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and signal transduction: fine‐tuning of autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans homeostasis

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway used to degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This homeostatic ability makes autophagy an important pro-survival mechanism in response to several stresses, such as nutrient starvation, hypoxia, damaged mitochondria, protein aggregation and pathogens. However, several recent studies have highlighted that autophagy also acts as a pro-death mechanism. What on the surface seem like conflicting roles of autophagy may be explained by the fact that the decision between pro-survival and pro-death is determined by the level of activation. A better understanding of autophagy signaling pathways will be helpful to elucidate how the level of autophagy is precisely regulated under different conditions and eventually how the final outcome is decided. In this review, we briefly discuss the pro-survival and pro-death roles of autophagy, and then discuss the mechanism by which autophagy is regulated, mainly focusing on death-associated protein kinase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Interactions with examples

Statistical approaches for assessing the effect of a set of explanatory variables on a response variable often involve estimation of joint or interaction effects. This article provides a historical perspective on interaction effects from both an effects model and a cell means model perspective. Factorial designs are presented as an effective means of conducting studies where interaction effects are estimable. The assessment of presence or absence of interaction effects is demonstrated with both statistical hypothesis testing and graphical techniques. An example from the commercial automotive industry provides an illustration of interaction effects. Keywords: analysis of variance; cell means; nonadditive models; main effects
Misconceptions About Sleep

To the Editor.— It was with interest that we read the article on obstructive apnea in human infants by van Someren and Stothers.1 We would, however, like to correct some of the misconceptions concerning our work. We did not find that "the only difference between `near miss SIDS infants9 and control groups was an increased frequency of short 3- to 6-second periods of mixed and obstructive apnea in the high risk group." As written in Pediatrics,2 we found that "the total number of mixed and obstructive apnea greater than 3 seconds during total sleep time, between 3 weeks and 4½ months statistically differentiated the two groups."
A collaboration based community to track idea diffusion amongst novice programmers

Computer science is a collaborative effort, as evidenced by the proliferation of open source software and code-collaboration websites. Computer science education should introduce students to programming in an environment where collaboration is encouraged. We prototyped an integrated development environment (IDE) with connectivity to a remote database to encourage students to engage in what Etienne Wenger calls a "community of practice" [1]. This approach is based on insights from Monroy-Hernandez' work on remixing in Scratch [2] with needs identified from a range of existing open source community models [3,4,5].
Intrauterine contraception. Considerations for special populations...and more.

This article provides information about how intrauterine devices (IUDs) can be used in special populations. The special populations include: pelvic inflammatory disease sexually transmitted infection nulliparity adolescence poor surgical candidates HIV infection postpartum/lactation postabortion ectopic pregnancy uterine fibroids breast considerations cancer smoking obesity disabilities endocrine conditions gastrointestinal conditions cardiovascular disease neurologic conditions and perimenopause. It states that the noncontraceptive benefits of IUDs may provide additional treatment options to women with a variety of conditions.
Limitations of the H-bridge multilevel STATCOMs in compensation of current imbalance

In this paper we investigate limitations of H-bridge multilevel STATCOMs in the compensation of current imbalance in industrial applications. In either star or delta topology of the STATCOM converters, the zero sequence injection is used to balance power flows (i.e. to balance dc bus capacitor voltages) in the arm converters. In imbalanced situations the compensation capability of the current imbalance is limited by the level of the required zero sequence injection.
Temperature adaptation of Entamoeba histolytica and its effect on virulence.

Cabrera and Porter (1958) found that the maximum culture temperatures for three strains of Entamoeba histolytica (UC, 201 and 202) were 41.0, 41.0, and 41.3”C and the minimum were 32.0, 32.0, and 31.7”C. In the present investigation, by progressive gradual elevation of the culture temperature, these three strains grown in Ringer-Egg-Locke (REL) medium were adapted to 42”C, and one of them to 42.5”C. Similarly, by lowering the temperature, all three strains were adapted to continuous cultivation at 30°C and one of them to 29°C. The adaptation of E. histolytica to high and low temperatures presented a very logical question: Are these adapted strains similar in behavior to the unadapted ones? To find the answer to this question a detailed study of the adapted strains compared with the unadapted strains was undertaken.
Growth and Movement of Spot Inoculated Rhizobium meliloti on the Root Surface of Alfalfa

Inoculum droplets of approximately 10 nanoliter volume and containing about 10 Rhizobium meliloti cells were placed onto the root surface of alfalfa seedlings in plastic growth pouches at either the root tip, the position of the smallest emergent root hairs, or at a site midway between these points. The droplets were initially confined to an area of about 0.2 square millimeter at the point of application. By 48 and 96 hours after inoculation, the inoculum bacteria and their progeny were distributed over several centimeters of the root between the initial site of deposition and the growing root tip, reaching densities of 10(3) to 10(4) bacteria per centimeter near the site of initial deposition and decreasing exponentially from that point toward the root tip. Graphite particles deposited on the root surface close to the growing tip were similarly distributed along the root length by 48 and 96 hours, suggesting that passive displacement by root cell elongation was primarily responsible for the spread of bacteria. A nonmotile mutant of R. meliloti colonized alfalfa roots to the same extent as the wild type and was usually distributed in the same manner, indicating that bacterial motility contributed little under these conditions to long distance spread of the bacteria. However, when applied in low numbers, R. meliloti mutants defective in motility or chemotaxis were considerably less efficient in initiating nodules near the point of inoculation than the wild type. This implies that motility and/or chemotaxis contribute significantly to local exploration for suitable infection sites. Almost all nodules on the primary root formed within a few millimeters of the spot-inoculation site, indicating that, under our experimental conditions, movement and multiplication of R. meliloti on the root surface were not sufficient to maintain an adequate population in the infectible region of the root during root growth.
On generalized Leibniz triangles and q-Gaussians

Abstract Generalized Leibniz triangles have been used in nonextensive statistical mechanics as theoretical models that yield q-Gaussians ( q 1 ) as attractors. We study such triangles from a probability point of view. Our results show that one can get any distribution on [ 0 , 1 ] (or any distribution that has a compact support, after a linear transform) from such triangles, including q-Gaussians with q 1 . Next we propose conceptual models that are triangular arrays of row-wise exchangeable random variables and yield q-Gaussians for q 1 and q ⩾ 1 as attractors, via laws of large numbers and central limit theorems, respectively.
Histopathologic correlates of a positive bone scan

The accumulation of radioactive tracer is associated with specific histological changes. Awareness of these changes permits a more specific interpretation of a positive bone scan, especially when correlating the radionuclide image with the plain radiographs. Increased uptake in the flow phase of an imaging study usually corresponds to differentiated vascular spaces. In the blood pool phase, tracer accumulation is caused by neovascularity, a feature of reactive granulation tissue or neoplastic angiogenesis. In the delayed phase, tracer uptake is attributable to osteoid production. With plain radiographic correlation, the manner of osteoid deposition—remodeling, endochondral, reactive, or neoplastic—can be determined. The knowledge of these histological features may help the nuclear radiologist make the correct diagnosis.
Mask prototyping for ultradeep x-ray lithography: preliminary studies for mask blanks and high-aspect-ratio absorber patterns

The use of hard X-ray energies for ultra-deep X-ray lithography requires a thorough re-investigation of all issues associated with the LIGA technology materials issues and processes, in particular for the manufacture of high-energy-X- ray masks. Calculations were performed to compare various mask blanks in particular thick Kapton R and thinned silicon blanks. Absorber pattern formation schemes have been investigated using UV contact printing or X-ray lithography with SU8 photoresist. SU8 photoresist also offers an improved X-ray sensitivity over PMMA resist. Resist patterns over 500 micron deep with aspect ratio over 10 and vertical sidewalls were achieved in SU-8, allowing the use of medium energy range X-rays to obtain high quality patterns of much greater resist thickness.
Teaching Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Model from Geographic Education:

Effective teachers have three kinds of knowledge : knowledge about the subject matter they are teaching, knowledge of general instructional strategies and knowledge of specific strategies for teaching a particular subject matter. With knowledge of the world expanding at an exponential rate understanding of effective educational practice being continually modified and refined, teachers must regularly update their knowledge about content and pedagogy
A comparison of two methods of establishing Bahiagrass test plots

The objective of this study was to determine how well a 12-plantplot establishment method that saves at least 1 yr and supplies other useful information in a field-yield trial could evaluate 10 bahiagrass entries (Paspalum notatum Flugge), established by the conventional seeded-plot method. The 12-plant-plot-test can indicate if a selection is apomictic (uniform) or sexual (variable) in its mode of reproduction, suggest the extent to which it will «breed true» and produce seed the first year-not supplied by the seeded-plot method
Relaxation, imagery, and neuroimmunomodulation.

Thirty undergraduates screened for high absorption ability were randomly assigned to three conditions. The first condition consisted of relaxation alone (progressive muscle relaxation and focused breathing). The second one combined this same relaxation training with mental imagery of the immune system. The third condition served as an alertness or mild arousal control; in a vigilance task subjects discriminated between tones presented in variable inter-trial intervals. Subjects reported trial levels of tension and daily stress. Before and after the protocols, which lasted about 1 hour, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), cortisol and catecholamines (saliva and plasma), mood states, and power motivation were assessed. Afterwards, subjects doing relaxation alone and with imagery had a higher level of SIgA than did the vigilance task control group, with a large effect size. When the influence of plasma cortisol was controlled, this immune effect size increased by half, mainly by doubling the SIgA level after relaxation alone. SIgA was significantly and negatively correlated with saliva norepinephrine. The saliva and plasma levels for the neuroendocrine variables appear to be independent. Yet some saliva measures (e.g., epinephrine) did correspond highly with other plasma measures (e.g., norepinephrine).
Thermal Conductivity in Ceramic‐Metal Laminates

Thermal conductivity measurements were made on a forsterite-stainless steel laminate series. Values were measured parallel and perpendicular to the laminas and then compared with results calculated from electrical analogy relations. Thermal conductivity values measured parallel to the laminas were approximately 12% higher than calculated values. Thermal conductivity values measured perpendicular to the laminas were approximately 10% lower than calculated values. Interfacial conductivity in the laminates was considered as measured perpendicular to the laminas, but a value consistent for all laminates measured was not obtained.
Application Of X-Ray Focussing Optics To A Synchrotron Based X-Ray Microprobe

Abstract onlyApplication of X -ray Focussing Optics To A Synchrotron Based X -Ray MicroprobeA.C. Thompson, J.H. Underwood, Y. WuCenter for X -ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720R.D. GiauqueApplied Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720K.W. JonesApplied Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973M.L. RiversUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637andR.G. FuternickThe Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121ABSTRACTA synchrotron radiation based x -ray microprobe allows the analysis of samples withhigher spatial resolution and better elemental sensitivity than is possible withlaboratory x -ray sources. In addition, the development of high efficiency x -ray mirrorsusing multilayer coated optical mirrors now permits the achievement of spot sizes of lessthan 100, m . Since samples to be studied in an x -ray microprobe do not have to beplaced in a vacuum, almost any sample can be conveniently analyzed. Examples of samplesthat can be studied are fluid inclusions in quartz rocks, blue -green algae filaments,"fox" marks on old documents and ink on old documents.In our system we use a pair of multilayer mirrors to focus the x -rays from asynchrotron source, a scanning stage and a Si(Li) detector to measure the fluorescent x-
Navigating large hierarchical space using invisible links

ABSTRACT To date, many web visualization applications have shown the usefulness of a hyperbolic tree. However, we have discoveredthat strict hierarchical tree structures are too limited. For many practical applications, we need to generalize a hyperbolictree to a hyperbolic space. This approach results in massive cross-links in a highly connected graph that clutter the display.To resolve this problem, an invisible link technique is introduced. In this paper, we describe the navigation in a largehyperbolic space using invisible links in some detail. We have applied this invisible link method to three data miningvisualization applications: e-business web navigation for URL visits, customer call center for question-answer service, andweb site index creation.Keywords: Invisible Link, Navigation, Hierarchical Space, Cycles, Cross Links. 1. INTRODUCTION To date, many web visualization applications have shown the usefulness of hyperbolic trees [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8]. Hierarchies,such as organization charts or directory structures can be represented in a hyperbolic tree. Also, there are other applications,such as navigating E-Business URL paths and file system links in which relationships need to be linked from differentbranches of a tree. For example, we can map an e-business application's structure including URL's and their subsequentlinks into a hyperbolic space. But we cannot put all the URL links into a strict directed tree. Usually there are several cross-links, and they might even form cycles. In a customer support web application, hyperbolic trees can be used to organizelarge numbers of questions and answers in a hierarchical structure. It is still sometimes necessary for an answer to link to aset of questions/answers in another group that does not directly belong to the hierarchical hyperbolic tree. To expand its usein a wide variety of visual navigation applications, it is necessary to generalize a hyperbolic tree into a hyperbolic space.A common method for visualizing all connected nodes in a hyperbolic space is to draw lines. This introduces many linesand intersections. Also, there are broken lines for far away nodes that are off the screen. As illustrated in Figure 1 ,
The Steroid Hormone Dehydroepiandrosterone InhibitsCYP1A1 Expression in Vitro By a Post-transcriptional Mechanism

The adrenal steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a potent inhibitor of mammary carcinogenesis induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), though its mechanism is unclear. We examined the effect of DHEA on the expression of the carcinogen-activating enzyme cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in MCF-7 human breast epithelial carcinoma cells. DHEA inhibited the increase in CYP1A1 enzyme activity that occurs when MCF-7 cells are exposed to the PAH dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, DHEA did not directly inhibit enzyme activity as it had no effect when added to the cells after induction by DMBA or TCDD. We observed that the increase of CYP1A1 mRNA in MCF-7 cells caused by DMBA or TCDD was inhibited by DHEA in a concentration-dependent manner. However, DHEA did not inhibit CYP1A1 promoter-driven transcription, indicating that it did not affect the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which regulates transcription of the CYP1A1 gene. Actinomycin D chase experiments showed that DHEA caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in CYP1A1 mRNA levels, indicating that DHEA inhibits CYP1A1 expression by decreasing CYP1A1 mRNA stability. These data demonstrate that DHEA inhibits PAH-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression and enzyme activityin vitro by a post-transcriptional mechanism. This regulation of the expression of carcinogen-activating enzymes may be responsible for the chemopreventive activity of DHEA and may be one of its physiologic functions in vivo.
Localization of the Stimulatory Feedback Effect of Estrogen on Ovulation in the Rat

The sites of the ovulation-inducing action of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone were studied by intracranial implantation of the crystalline steroids at those times in the rat estrous cycle when systemic administration of the steroids has been shown to advance ovulation (the “Everett effect”). When acute implantation was used, the surgical procedures themselves disrupted the cycle, so a 2-stage operation was adopted with the actual intracranial insertion of the steroid being executed without trauma or anesthesia. Using various experimental paradigms, EB or progesterone implanted in the preoptic, anterior or medial hypothalamic areas did not significantly advance ovulation, by comparison with cholesterol-implanted controls. Implants of estrogen in the pituitary were also ineffective in animals showing 4-day cycles, as also were progesterone implants in that location in 4- or 5-day cyclers. However, intrapituitary implantation of EB on diestrus-2 advanced ovulation by 1 day in 10 of 12 5-day cyclers ...
Structural basis for L27 domain‐mediated assembly of signaling and cell polarity complexes

L27 is a protein-binding domain that can assemble essential proteins for signaling and cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner. One of these protein complexes is the PATJ/PALS1/Crumbs tripartite complex, which is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. To reveal the structural basis underlining the obligate heterodimerization, we have determined the crystal structure of the PALS1-L27N/PATJ-L27 heterodimer complex. Each L27 domain is composed of three helices. The two L27 domains heterodimerize by building a compact structure consisting of a four-helix bundle formed by the first two helices of each L27 domain and one coiled-coil formed by the third helix of each domain. The large hydrophobic packing interactions contributed by all the helices of both L27 domains predominantly drive the heterodimer formation, which is likely to be a general feature of L27 domains. Combined with mutational studies, we can begin to understand the structural basis for the specificity of L27 binding pairs. Our results provide unique insights into L27 domain heterodimer complex, which is critical for cell polarization.
Morphine Modulation of Toll-Like Receptors in Microglial Cells Potentiates Neuropathogenesis in a HIV-1 Model of Coinfection with Pneumococcal Pneumoniae

Chronic drug users account for a third of all cases of AIDS in the United States and the progression to AIDS dementia is accelerated in opiate drug abusers. Clinically, microglial activation better correlates with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) than productive HIV-1 infection in the CNS. Moreover, pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common opportunistic infection in individuals with HAND. We show that coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae may be a contributing factor in the increased prevalence of HAND in the opioid-dependent population. To date, there have been no studies published implicating the Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the neurocognitive disorders associated with NeuroAIDS in the context of opportunistic infection. Our studies show for the first time, in a morphine-dependent model, synergistic increase and activation of TLR expression in the presence of HIV-1 protein TAT and S. pneumoniae with a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) levels. Furthermore, concurrent increases in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production leading to increased caspase 3 activation are also observed in both murine and human microglial cells. These effects are recapitulated with TLR 2, 4, and 9 cognate ligands (Pam3CSK4, LPS, and CpG) and significantly attenuated in TLR 2 and 4 knock-out mice and TLR2/4 double knock-out mice. Therefor, our findings clearly suggest for the first time that activation of TLRs on microglia cells by morphine and TAT in the context of S. pneumoniae infection may be a potential mechanism for the increased prevalence of HAND in HIV-infected opioid-dependent patients.
Comparison of three fracture sampling methods for layered rocks

Three methods of fracture data collection are tested against each other in layered dolomitic rocks to evaluate the effectiveness of each method in sampling fracture properties. The methods tested are the single scanline method (SSM), selection method (SM), and multiple scanline method (MSM). Finite element techniques were first used to build a base model with the exact locations, sizes and orientations of each fracture observed in the natural fracture network. Then, a second set of models were stochastically generated using statistics from each sampling technique. For each network, the overall fracture intensity was used to assess the effectiveness of each sampling technique in capturing the real fracture properties. Fracture network permeability was also calculated for each of two directions to evaluate the transmissive properties of the networks. Although all three methods produced good matches of relative intensity and permeability between natural and synthetic fractures, the results reveal that a well-placed scanline performed the best at recreating natural fractures. However, the results from one variation of the SSM were only slightly better than the results from both versions of the SM. In general, the SSM provides the best results but possibly at heavy costs in time and labor, whereas the SM gives comparable results with less expenditure of energy and time. Thus, the SM is an adequate technique and recommended for use at large outcrops or where time, access or budget constraints are a concern.
To Emphasize Openness

Although open source software has existed, in a sense, throughout the history of computing, it has only more recently become recognized as a valid means of producing professional-quality software. Although primarily conceived as a zero-cost alternative to commercial software, open source software also supports customization and verification as a result of the software being available to all users in human-readable form. The availability of free software supports both researchers with limited budgets and those who seek to confirm the findings of researchers or use similar methods in related research.
Problems of the geochemistry of sedimentary carbonate rocks

Abstract A comprehensive summary of the problems of the geochemistry of sedimentary carbonates and the work done on them would fill a volume of many hundreds of pages, and the accompanying bibliography would probably run into thousands of items. In the following article, therefore, no claim of completeness is made for the treatment of any of these problems. Rather, an attempt has been made to review briefly the aspects of the most significant problems of the geochemistry of sedimentary rocks that are not covered by the other papers of the Symposium. In general, each one is treated in the following manner: 1. (1) Significant contributions and ideas are outlined and the pertinent literature cited, especially recent summarizing papers. 2. (2) The current status of each problem is discussed. Where there are discrepancies in data or disagreement about processes an attempt is made to present all points of view. 3. (3) For most of the areas discussed some meaningful unsolved problems are mentioned, and 4. (4) Possible approaches or methods of attack are suggested for some of these problems.