cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Down syndrome critical region.

Since the early 1970’s numerous attempts have been made to learn whether specific segments of chromosome 21, when triplicated, are responsible for the clinical condition Down syndrome (DS). Studies were reported in which positive or negative clinical diagnoses of DS were made in the presence of partial trisomy of one or another segment of the chromosome. The distal half of the long arm of 21 (21q22) possesses most of the gene transcribing sites of the chromosome. It was this region that was thought to contain loci essential to production of the clinical syndrome. Subsequent studies identified subregions of this band as “minimal” or “critical” sites necessary and sufficient to produce the clinical condition. A major problem with these assignments was that different investigators defined different critical/minimal regions. In 1994 evidence was presented in which regions of most of the long arm of chromosome 21 were said to contribute to the DS phenotype. Soon after, a report described a child with DS and partial tetrasomy of the short arm and proximal long arm of 21, segments clearly distinct from the previously identified critical areas. Thus the clinical diagnosis of DS can be made in the presence of partial aneuploidy of nearly all segments of chromosome 21. It must be concluded that no evidence exists that individual loci on 21 are singularly responsible for specific phenotypic abnormalities in DS. Without exception, each of the clinical findings associated with DS is a multifactorial trait. The analysis of each trait in DS should thus be similar to analyses of the same traits in the general population with a focus on the way aneuploidy affects expression of multifactorial characteristics.
Interpreting and Acting on PRO Results in Clinical Practice: Lessons Learned From the PatientViewpoint System and Beyond.

Introduction We have used several methods to aid in the interpretation of patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores, and to suggest recommendations for acting on them, both within the PatientViewpoint system and in work done since. Methods for interpreting pro scores For identifying possibly concerning change scores, PatientViewpoint uses questionnaires' minimally important differences or score worsening >½ SD. For poor scores in absolute terms, PatientViewpoint primarily uses distributions based on normative data (eg, worst quartile, >2 SD from the mean). To advance methods for score interpretation, we explored using needs assessments to identify health-related quality-of-life scores associated with unmet needs and requiring follow-up. We also investigated the ability of PRO scores to predict patients' most bothersome issues. Methods for addressing pro results To develop suggestions for addressing issues identified by PRO questionnaires, we conducted a targeted literature review, interviewed experts from different disciplines, developed draft recommendations based on the literature and interviews, and finalized the recommendations in a consensus meeting with all experts. Discussion The needs assessment method requires strongly correlated content in the needs assessment and health-related quality-of-life questionnaire. Additional research is needed to explore using the worst scores in absolute terms to identify patients' most bothersome issues. The approach described for developing suggestions for addressing PRO results focuses on local resources and is best-suited for a local context. Key points A combination of pragmatic solutions and exploratory research can inform interpreting and acting on PRO scores.
Elemental Characterization of Neutron-Irradiated Tungsten Using the GD-OES Technique

In reactor-relevant fusion divertor conditions, tungsten (W) will be used as an armor material due to its excellent thermal properties. It will be exposed to impurities from numerous sources, inclu...
Sensitive detection of type G botulinum neurotoxin through Endopep-MS peptide substrate optimization

Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that are one of the most poisonous substances. In order to respond to public health emergencies, there is a need to develop sensitive and specific methods for detecting botulinum toxin in various clinical matrices. Our laboratory has developed a mass spectrometry-based Endopep-MS assay that is able to rapidly detect and differentiate BoNT serotypes A–G by immunoaffinity capture of toxins and detection of unique cleavage products of peptide substrates. To improve the sensitivity of the Endopep-MS assay for the detection of BoNT serotype G, we report here the optimization of synthetic peptide substrates through systematic substitution, deletion, and incorporation of unnatural amino acids. Our data show that the resulting optimized peptides produced a significant improvement (two orders of magnitude) in assay sensitivity and allowed the detection of 0.01 mouseLD50 toxin present in buffer solution.
Visualizing and Describing Fine-grained Categories as Textures

We analyze how categories from recent FGVC challenges can be described by their textural content. The motivation is that subtle differences between species of birds or butterflies can often be described in terms of the texture associated with them and that several top-performing networks are inspired by texture-based representations. These representations are characterized by orderless pooling of second-order filter activations such as in bilinear CNNs and the winner of the iNaturalist 2018 challenge. Concretely, for each category we (i) visualize the "maximal images" by obtaining inputs x that maximize the probability of the particular class according to a texture-based deep network, and (ii) automatically describe the maximal images using a set of texture attributes. The models for texture captioning were trained on our ongoing efforts on collecting a dataset of describable textures building on the DTD dataset. These visualizations indicate what aspects of the texture is most discriminative for each category while the descriptions provide a language-based explanation of the same.
Nonvolatile Spintronic Memory Cells for Neural Networks

A new spintronic nonvolatile memory cell analogous to 1T DRAM with non-destructive READ is proposed. The cells can be used as neural computing units. A dual-circuit neural network architecture is proposed to leverage these devices against the complex operations involved in convolutional networks. Simulations based on HSPICE and MATLAB were performed to study the performance of this architecture when classifying images as well as the effect of varying the size and stability of the nanomagnets. The spintronic cells outperform a purely charge-based implementation of the same network, consuming $\approx ~100$ -pJ total energy per image processed.
An online alcohol and risky sex prevention program for college students studying abroad: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

This study protocol describes a proposed randomized controlled trial that builds upon a successful pilot intervention study to address problematic and dangerous drinking among young adult college students studying abroad in foreign environments. Despite universities and colleges citing alcohol misuse as the most concerning issue for their students abroad, most institutions offer no empirically-based prevention efforts tailored to this at-risk population. The proposed intervention attempts to fill a major gap for the nearly 333,000 students completing study abroad programs each year by using empirically-based and theoretically-informed risk and protective factors to correct misperceived peer drinking norms and promote cultural engagement abroad. In addition to preventing heavy and problematic drinking, the intervention seeks to prevent risky sexual behaviors (e.g., sex without a condom) and experience of sexual violence victimization, which are strikingly common among study abroad students and have the potential for lasting physical and psychological effects upon return home. We will conduct a randomized controlled trial of an intervention with a sample of 1200 college students studying abroad from approximately 50 US universities and colleges. The brief, online intervention is text and video based and contains evidence-based components of personalized normative feedback to correct students’ misperceived drinking norms, content to promote engagement with the cultural experience abroad and address difficulties adjusting to life in the foreign environment, and tips and strategies to prevent risky sexual behaviors and sexual violence victimization abroad. Participants will complete online surveys at five time points (predeparture, first month abroad, last month abroad, 1-month post-return, and 3-months post-return) to assess for intervention effects on drinking behavior, drinking consequences, risky sex, and sexual violence outcomes. We will examine whether the mechanisms targeted by the intervention (changes in perceived norms, engagement in the cultural experience abroad) serve as mediators of intervention efficacy. The proposed study has the potential to fill an important gap in the research literature and provide empirical support for an online accessible, brief, and targeted approach that can easily be distributed to study abroad students to help prevent heavy alcohol use and sexual risk abroad. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03928067
Use of the esa resistance index to guide dosing for anaemia management

Background Identifying erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) resistance is important for treating reversible causes, reaching target haemoglobin levels with minimal dosing, avoiding adverse effects and reducing costs. The resistance index (RI, dose/kg weight/g haemoglobin/dl) is reportedly superior to absolute or weight-based dosing. Objectives With the growing number of ESA classes and medications, our goal was to develop methodology to establish RI ranges in otherwise healthy haemodialysis patients as a structured approach to identify remediable causes of anaemia. Design We retrospectively studied anaemia management with darbepoetin in 100 chronic haemodialysis patients and a subgroup of 48 without identifiable conditions that impair erythropoiesis. Data included inflammatory and bone marrow conditions, medications with hematologic effects, catheter use, iron, parathyroid and dialysis measures. Results The haematologically healthy group was aged 57.1 ± 1.9 SEM years, 33% diabetic, with haemoglobin 10.4 ± 0.2 g/dl. The darbepoetin RI (DRI) values were 0.05 ± 0.01, absolute dose 38.5 ± 3.5 mcg/week and weight-based 0.50 ± 0.05 mcg/kg. Regression analyses included iron saturation, ferritin, parathyroid hormone and urea reduction ratio. DRI was superior to other dosing approaches based on the distribution of results (kurtosis) and discordance between the measures that occurred in 17% of patients at haemoglobin target. Conclusions We demonstrate the value of determining the RI for use with expanding ESA choices, using as an example how DRI values can be established for healthy haemodialysis patients so as to guide dosing. When elevated, the RI can trigger evaluation for remediable factors causing hyporesponsiveness even when haemoglobin goals have been reached.
Silicon Nanocrystals as Signal Transducers in Ionophore-Based Fluorescent Nanosensors

Abstract Colloidal silicon crystallites in the size range of 1−12 nm, also referred to as “silicon nanocrystals” have unique optical properties that include high quantum efficiency, size-dependent emission spanning the visible to near-infrared range, and robust photostability. These features, combined with silicon’s high earth-abundance and good biocompatibility, make them an attractive option to serve as signal transduction elements in bioanalytical sensors. In this study, we combine silicon nanocrystals with a sodium-selective ionophore and a charge balancing additive in polymeric nanosensors to create a Silicon Nanocrystal NanoSensor (SiNC-NS). The SiNC-NS responded to sodium through a decrease in fluorescence intensity without the inclusion of a pH-sensitive absorbing dye which is normally included in analogous sensors for signal gating, leading to a sensor design with more photostable components. The SiNC-NS has a biologically relevant dynamic range of 4–277 mM Na+, is selective against potentially interfering cations, and a reversible response between 0 and 2 M Na+ for at least three cycles. This work shows the first sodium-responsive silicon nanocrystal-based sensor, the first use of silicon nanocrystals in polymeric nanosensors, and demonstrates an intriguing ionophore-mediated response in silicon nanocrystals to be explored further in the future.
Is less always more? Conservation, efficiency and water education programs

Abstract Water scarcity and stress are not new phenomena for many regions around the world. Problems are exacerbated by growing populations, changing weather patterns and reduced water supplies, associated with longer run climatic change. To help mitigate the problems, consumer conservation programs, including education programs directed at outdoor water use, have been created. We analyze the impact of one such program - the “WaterSmart” workshop offered by the largest water utility in New Mexico located in the southwestern United States. The utility's objective was for residential customers to water to their landscape needs. We find the program's impact varied by time, weather, and customer type. The program reduced average household water use, with impacts decaying quickly up to a two-month lag. Further, while water use declined under mild drought conditions, it increased during extreme drought. Finally, water use always increased for low-usage households. These findings suggest that the program increased residential outdoor water use efficiency, while the conservation impact depended on weather conditions and household characteristics. This suggests that water shortages in the short run could be ameliorated or exacerbated, depending on conditions, as the trade-offs between efficient maintenance of urban vegetation and water saving are considered.
Gail Mary Killian Sound Recordings, 1971–1985

After Gail Mary Killian was born in 1953, in Taunton, Massachusetts, she was whisked away to a hospital an hour north, in Boston. She had Down syndrome. Her parents did not see her for a week, and ...
Effects of Feeding Mycoplasma bovis to Neonatal Bull Calves

Mycoplasma bovis has been identified as the etiologic agent in a variety of bovine diseases. Transmission of M. bovis may occur by direct contact, environmental exposure, vertical transmission at parturition, and often involves fomites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding viable M. bovis as manifest through body site colonization, clinical disease and animal health. The hypothesis of this study was feeding M. bovis in milk replacer would result in body site colonization and decreased animal health.
Monodactylous Longitudinal Melanonychia: A Sign of Bowen's Disease in Skin of Color.

Introduction Monodactylous longitudinal melanonychia (LM) may represent both benign and malignant dermatologic disorders. However, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCis) is not commonly considered in this setting. Case presentation In this report, we present 2 cases of SCCis of the nail matrix in patients with skin of color who presented with monodactylous LM involving the lateral aspect of the nail. Conclusion These cases suggest that SCCis should be included in the differential diagnosis for monodactylous LM, especially when involving the lateral nail plate in darker skin.
Cambridge Confirmation of the Neoclassical Inversion

The Cambridge oral tradition on monetary theory (originated by Alfred Marshall and developed by his students)1 is generally supposed to have been classical in conception. Eprime Eshag’s review (1963, p. 1) of Cambridge monetary theory begins with the following statement:
4 – Transportation of slurries

Transportation of slurries is the most important application of fluid flow techniques in the mineral processing industry. Whenever solid materials are in particulate form, transportation in the form of a slurry is possible. When the carrier fluid is water, the method is referred to as hydraulic transportation, and when the carrier fluid is air, it is referred to as pneumatic transportation. There are two broad classifications for hydraulic transportation depending on whether the particles in the slurry can settle under the influence of the gravitational field or whether they are held more or less permanently in the suspension because of the rheological properties of the slurry itself. Slurries in these two classes are referred to as settling or heterogeneous and nonsettling or homogeneous respectively. Nonsettling slurries usually exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, while settling slurries reflect the rheological properties of the pure carrier fluid.
Protection of ribosomal RNA from kethoxal in polyribosomes: Implication of specific sites in ribosome function

In an attempt to probe the topography of 5 S, 16 S and 23 S RNAs in a functionally engaged ribosome, polysomes were probed using the structure-sensitive, guanine-specific reagent kethoxal. Reactivities of guanine residues at 38 specific ribosomal RNA sites in polysomes were compared with their corresponding reactivities in vacant 70 S ribosomes. No polysome-specific protection was seen for 5 S RNA. In 16 S RNA, positions 530, 693 or 1079, 966, 1338 and 1517 showed protection in polysomes; all of these sites have highly conserved primary and secondary structures, and include several methylated nucleotides. In 23 S RNA, polysome protection is seen at positions 277, 1071, 1475 or 2112, 2116 and 2751. We attribute polysome-specific protection either to direct contact of transfer RNA and/or messenger RNA with the protected sites or to tRNA and/or mRNA-induced changes in ribosome conformation involving the protected sites.
Common Sense: A Contemporary Defense

Acknowledgements Preface 1. The common sense tradition 2. Common sense and reliability I 3. Common sense and reliability II 4. Reid, reliability, and Reid's wrong turn 5. Moore, skepticism, and the external world 6. Chisholm, particularism, and methodism 7. Common sense and a priori epistemology 8. Particularism, ethical skepticism, and moral philosophy Conclusion Selected bibliography Index.
Testosterone Autoregulation of Its Biosynthesis in the Rat Testis: Inhibition of 17α‐Hydroxylase Activity

Using the in vitro perfused rat testis, the effects of testosterone (T) on its own biosynthesis, and in particular on the inhibition of specific steroidogenic step(s) in the biosynthetic pathway from cholesterol to T, were examined. Rat testes perfused in vitro for 1 hour with medium containing 1.5 microM T secreted significantly less T than control testes in response to physiologic or maximal luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation. To locate the site(s) of this rapid inhibition, the effects of arterial T infusion on steroidogenesis by testes also infused with pregnenolone (PREG), progesterone (PROG), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-PROG), or androstenedione (ADIONE) were measured by summing all the possible reaction products from each substrate. This approach allowed us to examine the effect of T in situ on the reactions: LH-stimulated PREG secretion; PREG to PROG; PROG to 17-PROG; 17-PROG to ADIONE; and ADIONE to T. Only PROG to 17-PROG (17 alpha-hydroxylase activity) was inhibited by arterial T infusion. A kinetic examination of the PROG to 17-PROG reaction demonstrated that the specific inhibition by T was competitive. The apparent km for PROG in this system was 16.0 microM, whereas the apparent ki of T was 1.6 microM, indicating a relatively high degree of sensitivity of the reaction to T. Taken together, these data confirm that T is able to regulate its own synthesis and indicate that this autoregulation is the result of rapid, specific inhibition by T of 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity.
Robust Algorithms for Object Localization

Model-based localization, the task of estimating an object‘s pose from sensed and corresponding model features, is a fundamental task in machine vision. Exact constant time localization algorithms have been developed for the case where the sensed features and the model features are the same type. Still, it is not uncommon for the sensed features and the model features to be of different types, i.e., sensed data points may correspond to model faces or edges. Previous localization approaches have handled different model and sensed features of different types via sampling and synthesizing virtual features to reduce the problem of matching features of dissimilar types to the problem of matching features of similar types. Unfortunately, these approaches may be suboptimal because they introduce artificial errors. Other localization approaches have reformulated object localization as a nonlinear least squares problem where the error is between the sensed data and model features in image coordinates (the Euclidean image error metric). Unfortunately, all of the previous approaches which minimized the Euclidean image error metric relied on gradient descent methods to find the global minima, and gradient descent methods may suffer from problems of local minima. In this paper, we describe an exact, efficient solution to the nonlinear least squares minimization problem based upon resultants, linear algebra, and numerical techniques. On a SPARC 20, our localization algorithm runs in a few microseconds for rectilinear polygonal models, a few milliseconds for generic polygonal models, and one second for generalized polygonal models (models composed of linear edges and circular arcs).
Disulfide cross-linking of caldesmon to actin.

Abstract Treatment of a solution of actin and smooth muscle caldesmon with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in the formation of a disulfide cross-link between the C-terminal penultimate residue Cys-374 of actin and Cys-580 in caldesmon's C-terminal actin-binding region. Therefore, these 2 residues are close in the actin-caldesmon complex. Since myosin also binds to actin in the vicinity of Cys-374 and since caldesmon inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity by the reduction of myosin binding to actin, then the inhibition might be by caldesmon sterically hindering or blocking myosin's interaction with actin. [Ca2+]Calmodulin, which reverses the inhibition of the ATPase activity, decreases the yield of the cross-linked species, suggesting a weakening of the caldesmon-actin interaction in the cross-linked region. It is possible to maximally cross-link one caldesmon molecule/every three actin monomers, in the absence or presence of tropomyosin, clearly ruling out an elongated, end-to-end alignment of caldesmon on the actin filament in vitro, and raising the possibility that the N-terminal part of caldesmon projects out from the filament. Reaction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-modified actin with caldesmon leads to the same disulfide cross-linked product between actin and caldesmon Cys-580, enabling the specific labeling of the other caldesmon cysteine, residue 153, in the N-terminal part of caldesmon with a spectroscopic probe.
A Review of “The Accidental Librarian”

In her latest book, Pamela MacKellar seeks to provide an overview of librarianship to “accidental librarians,” whom she defines as “those without a formal education in library and information scien...
Topological graph theory foundations of design and control in multidimensional discrete systems

It is possible to consider finite or locally finite sets or systems in some integer analogs of the Euclidean spaces with only integer coordinates and parametrization. Thus all the properties of such systems could be described using finite squeezes of integers, and they could be saved in computer memory for computer aided systems analysis, control and design. All such systems are finitely connected, and they can be considered as digital topological graphs and trees, which are subspaces of some integer product spaces, Alexandroff spaces, primitively derived spaces, or other subclass of primitively path connected spaces. Connectivity, local connectivity and order relation in such spaces are the major topics of this paper. Digital topological graphs and trees are especially important because of their widespread applications. >
Morphologic and transport properties of natural organic floc.

[1] The morphology, entrainment, and settling of suspended aggregates ("floc") significantly impact fluxes of organic carbon, nutrients, and contaminants in aquatic environments. However, transport properties of highly organic floc remain poorly understood. In this study detrital floc was collected in the Florida Everglades from two sites with different abundances of periphyton for use in a settling column and in racetrack flume entrainment experiments. Although Everglades flocs are similar to other organic aggregates in terms of morphology and settling rates, they tend to be larger and more porous than typical mineral flocs because of biostabilization processes and relatively low prevailing shear stresses typical of wetlands. Flume experiments documented that Everglades floc was entrained at a low bed shear stress of 1.0 x 10 -2 Pa, which is considerably smaller than the typical entrainment threshold of mineral floc. Because of similarities between Everglades floc and other organic floc populations, floc transport characteristics in the Everglades typify the behavior of floc in other organic-rich shallow-water environments. Highly organic floc is more mobile than less organic floc, but because bed shear stresses in wetlands are commonly near the entrainment threshold, wetland floc dynamics are often transport-limited rather than supply limited. Organic floc transport in these environments is therefore governed by the balance between entrainment and settling fluxes, which has implications for ecosystem metabolism, materials cycling, and even landscape evolution.
Extraterritorial Intellectual Property Enforcement in the European Union

This paper was prepared for the 2011 ABILA International Law Weekend – West volume of the Southwestern Journal of International Law. It addresses extraterritorial enforcement of intellectual property rights in the European Union. The maximum length of the paper was set by the Journal. The problems associated with extraterritorial enforcement of intellectual property rights in the European Union (the “EU”) may be divided into three categories: enforcement of unitary EU-wide rights, enforcement of multiple national rights, and enforcement of rights based on one national law with extraterritorial effects on activities in other countries. Although these are three distinct categories of problems, they are interconnected; problems in one category may exacerbate problems in another category, and solutions developed in one category may contribute to the resolution of problems in another category. This article briefly reviews the three categories of problems and demonstrates the interrelatedness of solutions that have been developed or will have to be developed to address the problems.
Making sense of eigenvalue–eigenvector relationships: Math majors’ linear algebra – Geometry connections in a dynamic environment

Abstract The present qualitative case study on mathematics majors’ visualization of eigenvector–eigenvalue concepts in a dynamic environment highlights the significance of student-generated representations in a theoretical framework drawn from Sierpinska's (2000) modes of thinking in linear algebra. Such an approach seemed to provide the research participants with mathematical freedom, which resulted in an awareness of the multiple ways that eigenvalue–eigenvector relationships could be visualized in a manner that widened students’ repertoire of meta-representational competences ( diSessa, 2004 ) in coordination with their preferred modes of visualization. Students’ expression of visual fluency in the course of making sense of the eigenvalue problem Au = λu associated with a variety of matrices occurred in different, yet not necessarily hierarchical modes of visualizations that differed from matrix to matrix: (i) synthetic/analytic mode manifested in the process of detecting eigenvectors when the sought eigenvector and the matrix-applied product vector were aligned in the same/opposite directions; (ii) analytic arithmetic mode manifested in the case of singular matrices (in the determination of the zero eigenvalue) and invertible matrices with nonreal eigenvalues; (iii) analytic structural mode, though rarely occurred, manifested in making sense of the trajectory (circle, ellipse, line segment) of the matrix-applied product vector and relating trajectory behavior to matrix type. While the connection between the thinking modes ( Sierpinska, 2000 ) and the concreteness–necessity–generalizability triad ( Harel, 2000 ) was not sharp, math majors still frequently implemented the CNG principles, which proved facilitatory tools in the evolution of students’ thinking about the eigenvalue–eigenvector relationships.
What Do We Know About Resilience in Older Adults? An Exploration of Some Facts, Factors, and Facets

As the field of gerontology has become better established and developed more historical perspective and interdisciplinary depth, we can note a progression in thinking about concepts and theories of aging, what the experience of getting older means, and how it can be shaped as a process (e.g. Bengtson et al. 2008). Conceptual theses generate antitheses resulting in syntheses and new directions for research. So it is with the development of the concept of resilience with respect to older adults. Just as early research characterizing “normal” aging led to the excitement and enthusiasm surrounding the concept of “successful” aging, so, too, has this latter concept given way to the more recent concept of “resilience” in aging.
A morphological study of the human prepubertal and pubertal larynx

Measurements were made from ten Caucasian male and ten Caucasian female cadaveric larynges ranging in age from 9 to 18 years. The sample was divided into prepubertal and pubertal groups of each sex, respectively. Each specimen was dissected and measured according to a specified protocol so that data on linear and angular dimensions of the laryngeal cartilages and the weight of each cartilage were obtained. Results from this study highlighted differences in the developmental morphology of the circumpubertal larynx. With few exceptions, pubertal laryngeal measurements were significantly larger than prepubertal counterparts in both sexes. No clear sexual dimorphism was found between male and female prepubertal larynges though measurements of the prepubertal female larynx were closer to adult counterparts in size and weight than were those in the male. Thus the female larynx requires less growth per unit time to reach maturity than the male. By puberty, clear sexual dimorphism was evident in the larynx. Linear and weight measurements of the pubertal male larynx were significantly larger than in the female. Though the angle of the thyroid laminae was not significantly different in pubertal male and female cartilages, the thyroid eminence was clearly more prominent in the male. The vocal folds in both sexes reached essentially their adult length by puberty; however, the absolute length of the male vocal folds had increased by over two times that of the female.
Change in lexical retrieval skills in adulthood

We conducted multivariate random-effect analyses on longitudinal data from 238 adults, ranging in age from 30 to 94, who were tested on five lexical tests over a period of 20 years to examine (a) the relations between lemma and lexeme retrieval as manifested in different tests of lexical retrieval and (b) changes in lexical processing during older adulthood. This study documents differing profiles of age-related decline in lexical retrieval determined by task demand, gender, education, and underlying cognitive skills. The tasks that required retrieval of unique lexical items (Boston Naming Test and Action Naming Test) yielded significant age-related decline that became more rapid in older age, distinguishing them from tasks that allowed for the retrieval of various lexical items. Findings support a cascaded progression of lemma and lexeme retrieval during word production.
Endogenous formation of coalitions in a model of a race

Abstract This paper examines the endogenous formation of coalitions among symmetric firms who are racing to innovate a new product or process. The probability of success depends on a coalition’s research intensity, which in turn depends on the R&D of member firms. Forming joint ventures allows firms to maintain a higher research intensity and increase their probability of success. We characterize the equilibrium coalition structure when the innovation is drastic as well as non-drastic and examine its variation with respect to input spillovers and imperfect appropriability of benefits. We also compare equilibrium and efficient coalition structures.
The numerical evaluation of expressions involving complete elliptic integrals

Formulas involving the complete elliptic integrals K, E, and II occur in the calculation of standards of inductance and mutual inductance, in the calculation of the magnetic field components of coils, and in the calculation of the force between coils. Other examples are found in such fields as hydrodynamics, electrostatics, and in certain applications of conformal mapping. The elliptic integrals may appear explicitly in the formulas or the computer may have to evaluate a complicated integral expression which is recognized as elliptic in nature, but in which K, E, and II do not appear. Especial attention will here be paid to the procedure to be adopted for reducing such expressions to the standard forms.
Extending the Curriculum: Home Learning Tasks.

(1977). Extending the curriculum: Home learning tasks. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 16, Home/School Relations, pp. 2-6.
Why Does Voting Get So Complicated? A Review of Theories for Analyzing Democratic Participation

The purpose of this article is to present a sample from the panoply of formal theories on voting and elections to Statistical Science readers who have had limited exposure to such work. These abstract ideas provide a framework for understanding the context of the empirical articles that follow in this volume. The primary focus of this theoretical literature is on the use of mathematical formalism to describe electoral systems and outcomes by modeling both voting rules and human behavior. As with empirical models, these constructs are never perfect descriptors of reality, but instead form the basis for understanding fundamental characteristics of the studied system. Our focus is on providing a general, but not overly simplified, review of these theories with practical examples. We end the article with a thought experiment that applies different vote aggregation schemes to the 2000 presidential election count in Florida, and we find that alternative methods provide different results.
Two-dimensional DEPT JCH)-resolved 13C NMR spectrum editing

Abstract An experimental method has been developed for editing 2D J(CH)-resolved 13C NMR spectra obtained by the DEPT technique. The method involves the automated acquisition of three phase-comparable 2D data matrices using disk interactive software with the proton polarization transfer pulses θ = π 6 , π 2 , and 5 π 6 rad. Two software methods have been investigated for the automated construction of J-resolved subspectra from simple linear combinations of the data matrices. In a first approach, a sequence of microprograms has been used to combine the matrices by sequential handling of files. In a more efficient approach, a Pascal program was used to compute the CH2 and CH3 2D subspectra within a single compound statement. The methods have been tested by generation of CH, CH2, and CH3 2D J-resolved subspectra from methyl 2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-α- d -man-nopyranoside.
Design and analysis of perfect terahertz metamaterial absorber by a novel dynamic circuit model

Metamaterial terahertz absorbers composed of a frequency selective layer followed by a spacer and a metallic backplane have recently attracted great attention as a device to detect terahertz radiation. In this work, we present a quasistatic dynamic circuit model that can decently describe operational principle of metamaterial terahertz absorbers based on interference theory of reflected waves. The model comprises two series LC resonance components, one for resonance in frequency selective surface (FSS) and another for resonance inside the spacer. Absorption frequency is dominantly determined by the LC of FSS while the spacer LC changes slightly the magnitude and frequency of absorption. This model fits perfectly for both simulated and experimental data. By using this model, we study our designed absorber and we analyze the effect of changing in spacer thickness and metal conductivity on absorption spectrum.
The feeling of realness: Evil and meaning making.

Abstract Many acts of violence and oppression are committed in the name of moral righteousness and other “higher” principles. I try to understand this phenomenon in the context of the events of September 11. I argue that a “feeling of realness” underlies the ability of humans to feel so morally righteous that they are willing to kill and oppress others. I discuss the role of reflectivity in transcending the feeling of realness to make morally complex decisions, and briefly discuss the role of the feeling of realness in other aspects of reactions to the events of September 11.
Diet for a Small Primate: Insectivory and Gummivory in the (Large) Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus)

A 17 month field study of unprovisioned patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus) in Laikipia, Kenya, using both ad libitum and scan sampling techniques, revealed that the diet of patas monkeys consists primarily of gum of Acacia drepanolobium, arthropods (both free-living and concentrated in the swollen thorns of A. drepanolobium), and other animals. This type of diet is normally found only in smaller-bodied primates. Results from vegetational transects suggest that the larger-bodied patas monkey can subsist on such a diet because gum and arthropods are relatively easily found in their habitat, thereby minimizing search time. Patas monkeys also spend more time moving and less time feeding (while not moving) than other Old World primates. The characteristic long limbs of patas may have evolved in response to feeding on small, nonusurpable, and widely distributed foods, in which access to foods is maximized while time and energy spent in terrestrial travel between food sites are minimized.
Electroconvulsive Therapy-Induced Transient T-Wave Inversions on ECG

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), regarded as safe, well tolerated, and one of the most effective treatments for depression, is used frequently in patients with underlying coronary artery disease. ECT has been associated with ST depression and arrhythmias probably due to increased myocardial demand in patients with coronary artery disease. This report describes a case of transient new T-wave inversions in precordial leads V2 and V3 and flattening of T waves in leads III, V3, V4, V5, and a VF after two courses of ECT in a patient with minimal cardiac risk factors, normal echocardiogram, and normal pre-ECT electrocardiogram (ECG). These T-wave changes may represent increased sympathetic activity induced by ECT. Previous prospective studies of 26 and 21 patients undergoing serial ECT found only one new T-wave inversion and no pathologic Q waves on serial ECGs, suggesting that this is a rare finding.
Risk Factors for Cytomegalovirus Infection after Human Marrow Transplantation

The records of 545 patients were reviewed for risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after marrow transplant. CMV infection occurred among 36% of seronegative patients and 69% of seropositive patients. Among seronegative patients, significant risk factors for CMV infection included positive serology of the marrow donor (relative rate, 2.3) and the use of granulocyte transfusions from seropositive donors (relative rate, 2.5). Among both seronegative and seropositive patients, the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) significantly increased the risk of CMV infection (average relative rate, 1.8) and of subsequent CMV pneumonia (average relative rate, 2.6). CMV excretion and viremia were each associated with subsequent pneumonia, but the positive predictive values were low. One-third of long-term survivors excreted CMV at greater than 250 days after transplantation. The only risk factor for late excretion was CMV infection that occurred in the first 150 days after transplantation. In contrast to the effect of acute GVHD on CMV infection, CMV infection did not increase the risk of either acute or chronic GVHD.
Improved accuracy of echocardiographic endocardial borders by spatiotemporal filtered Fourier reconstruction: description of the method and optimization of filter cutoffs.

The usefulness of digitized echocardiographic borders in quantitative regional left ventricular function analysis has been limited by the wide reported range for normal wall motion with this technique. We postulated that random error in endocardial border positioning is a major cause of this limitation. To test this hypothesis, we traced the endocardial borders field by field from 17 complete echocardiographic cycles in six dogs. These cycles showed a great deal of random movement, with each endocardial point reversing its motion an average of 18.5 times per cardiac cycle. Spatiotemporal Fourier analysis of these sequences demonstrated that most of the valid information on endocardial motion was contained in the first four temporal harmonics and the first seven spatial harmonics and that beyond these points the Fourier transform has the spectral characteristics of noise. Reconstruction of these 17 cycles eliminating all Fourier components above the sixth temporal and eighth spatial harmonics reduced the mean number of endocardial reversals per cycle to 2.3 (p less than .00001). To derive the optimal temporal and spatial cutoffs, we compared reconstructions of each of the 17 cycles with three M mode echocardiograms obtained simultaneously with the cross-sectional images. Fourier cutoffs were varied between two and 20 harmonics and demonstrated that the optimal temporal cutoff was 5.5 harmonics and optimal spatial cutoff 6.9. With optimal filtering, the correlation between ventricular diameter derived from the M mode and from the cross-sectional images was r = .965, compared with .877 for the M mode vs unfiltered cross-sectional data (p less than .0001). We conclude that two-dimensional filtered Fourier reconstruction significantly improves the accuracy of traced echocardiographic borders. This technique should be useful in the postprocessing of endocardial borders extracted by automated edge detection schemes and should also be applicable to cardiac images derived from modalities other than echocardiography.
Isoform-Selective Substrates of Nitric Oxide Synthase

Because of the double-edged nature of NO, the development of isoform-selective NOS substrates is a highly desirable goal. Given the striking similarity in the heme active sites of the three NOS isoforms, it presents an challenging problem. Several N-aryl-N‘-hydroxyguanidines have recently been shown as substrates that are selective for iNOS over nNOS. Here, we report the first success that 3 is a good substrate for nNOS (70% activity of NOHA, Km ≈ 40 ± 6 μM) over iNOS.
Investigating the relationships between boredom proneness, paranoia, and self-consciousness

The relationships among boredom proneness, paranoia, and self-consciousness were examined in the present study. Undergraduate students from a Midwestern university (N=107) completed the Boredom Proneness Scale, the Paranoia Scale, and the Self-Consciousness Scale. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that paranoia was significantly related to boredom proneness, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness and self-reflectiveness. Due to the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between paranoia and boredom proneness, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness and self-reflectiveness, a stepwise hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine which construct was the strongest predictor of paranoia. The results of the stepwise analysis indicated that boredom proneness was the strongest overall predictor of paranoia. Additionally, boredom proneness significantly correlated with private self-consciousness, and self-reflectiveness, but not general self-consciousness nor public self-consciousness. Independent t-tests revealed that male participants had significantly higher paranoia and boredom proneness means than the female participants.
The Infra Red Spectra of Glandless Cottonseed Meals of Varying Nutritional Value

Abstract Research in developing cottonseed meals which would be suitable for use at unrestricted levels in rations for the monogastric animal has shown that glandless meats could be converted from a good to an excellent source of protein by heating with added water prior to extraction with hexane (14.5% added water and heated for 10 minutes at 82°C. and 20 minutes at 107°C.) or by extracting the meats with a mixed solvent of hexane, acetone and water (44:53:3 v./v.) (Johnston and Watts, 1964). Extracts from the meats used in preparing these meals proved not to be detrimental when assayed by recombining the meals and their extracts and testing the extracts separately by feeding them with another source of protein (Johnston and Watts, 1964). These data and the fact that the gossypol content of the seeds was negligible (0.00 percent free and 0.04 percent total), led to the hypothesis that the…
A Friction Model Describing Limit Cycles in Positioning Servos

In this paper we describe a novel model for servo positioning systems. Non-linear representations of friction, backlash, controllers, and process dynamics are integrated into a model having a closed-loop configuration where unwanted oscillations, such as hunting (stick-slip) and resonant frequencies, are reproduced. This continuous model contains the different types of friction (Coulomb, Stribeck, and viscous) and the dynamics of a digital controller with a standard configuration. A case study consisting of a gun mount driven by hydraulic actuators is analyzed. Real data is used for the identification and validation of the mathematical representation. Empirically obtained static friction values are used for tuning the model at low speeds. An excellent matching is accomplished between the model and the real response. The model also reproduces the dependence of the resonant frequencies to the rotating velocity that is generally observed in this type of feedback system. The model can be a powerful tool for t...
Class D β-Lactamases: A Reappraisal after Five Decades

Despite 70 years of clinical use, β-lactam antibiotics still remain at the forefront of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The major challenge to these life-saving therapeutics is the presence of bacterial enzymes (i.e., β-lactamases) that can hydrolyze the β-lactam bond and inactivate the antibiotic. These enzymes can be grouped into four classes (A–D). Among the most genetically diverse are the class D β-lactamases. In this class are β-lactamases that can inactivate the entire spectrum of β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems).Class D β-lactamases are mostly found in Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The active-sites of class D β-lactamases contain an unusual N-carboxylated lysine post-translational modification. A strongly hydrophobic active-site helps create the conditions that allow the lysine to combine with CO2, and the resulting carbamate is stabilized by a number of hydrogen bonds. The car...