cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of calcium chloride gel treatment in dairy cows on incidence of periparturient diseases

Objective To determine effect of prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with a calcium chloride gel on serum calcium concentration in the immediate postpartum period and incidence of parturient paresis, retained fetal membranes, and displacement of the abomasum. Design Randomized controlled trial. Animals 204 Holstein cows. Procedure Cows were paired according to parity, whether they had previously had parturient paresis, and expected calving date. Cows in the treatment group received doses of calcium chloride gel 12 hours before expected calving, at calving, and 12 and 24 hours after calving. Cows in the control group did not receive calcium chloride gel. Results Compared with concentration in the control cows, mean serum calcium concentration in cows treated with calcium chloride gel was significantly increased on postcalving days 1 and 2. The increase was significant only in cows that were third parity or greater. Calcium chloride gel treatment also resulted in significantly reduced incidence of parturient paresis, parturient hypocalcemia, and displaced abomasum. The incidence of parturient paresis was lower in cows that received the precalving dose of calcium chloride gel (0/39) than in cows that did not receive the precalving dose (5/63). Clinical implications Results suggest that periparturient prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with an oral calcium chloride gel may be beneficial and that treatment would be most effective for cows of third parity or greater. Administration of a precalving dose of calcium chloride gel is necessary to reduce the incidence of parturient paresis, but postcalving treatment alone has other beneficial effects.
Reelin Downregulation as a Prospective Treatment Target for GABAergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

1 Reelin is a Protein Synthesized Almost Exclusively in GABAergic Neurons During Embryonic and Adult Life 342 2 Corticolimbic GABAergic Neurons Secrete Reelin, Which is Important in Modulating CNS Neuronal Plasticity 343 3 Dendritic Postsynaptic Densities and Spines Are Principal Targets of Extracellular Matrix Reelin 344 4 Electrophysiological and Behavioral Action of Reelin 345 5 Reelin Signaling Pathways and the Translation of Dendritic mRNAs 347 6 Reelin Defi ciency Plays an Important Role in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia 349 7 Molecular Basis for Reelin Downregulation in SZ Psychosis 350 7.1 Analysis of the Reelin Promoter in Genomic DNA 350 7.2 Analysis of the 5’ UTR 350
Effects of Caregiver and Decedent Characteristics on CAHPS Hospice Survey Scores

Abstract Context The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) Hospice Survey assesses the care experiences of hospice patients and their families. Public reporting of hospice performance on these survey measures began in February 2018. Objectives Develop an appropriate case-mix adjustment (CMA) model to allow for fair comparisons between hospices. Methods We analyzed CAHPS Hospice Survey data reflecting experiences of 915,442 patients who received care from 2513 hospice programs between April 2015 and March 2016. Decedent and caregiver characteristics were identified for inclusion in CMA based on their variation across hospices (as measured by intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs]) and how predictive they were of responses to survey questions (as assessed by linear regression). Results The final CMA model included decedent age, payer for hospice care, primary diagnosis, length of final episode of hospice care, caregiver age, caregiver education, relationship to decedent, survey language/language spoken at home, and response percentile. The characteristics that varied most across hospices were language (ICC = 0.48 for Spanish survey or home language) and payer for hospice care (ICC = 0.42 for Medicare only; ICC = 0.35 for Medicare and private insurance). The characteristics that were most predictive of caregivers' survey responses were payer for hospice care, caregiver education, and survey language/language spoken at home. Lack of appropriate adjustment would incorrectly rank hospices by 1.2–5.4 percentile points. Conclusion To ensure fair comparisons across hospices, CAHPS Hospice Survey measure scores should be adjusted for several caregiver and decedent characteristics.
Advances in Understanding the Pathophysiology of Lacunar Stroke: A Review.

Importance Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world, and nearly one-third of ischemic strokes are lacunar strokes (LSs) or small subcortical infarcts. Although smaller in size, they create large problems, leaving many patients with intellectual and physical disabilities. Because there are limitations in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of LS, the development of novel therapies has been slow. Observations When the termlacunewas described in the 1800s, its underlying pathophysiological basis was obscure. In the 1960s, C. Miller Fisher, MD, performed autopsy studies that showed that vessels supplying lacunes displayed segmental arteriolar disorganization, characterized by vessel enlargement, hemorrhage, and fibrinoid deposition. For these pathologic changes, he coined the termlipohyalinosis. Since that time, few attempts have been made to reconcile this pathologic description with modern mechanisms of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). During the past 6 years, progress has been made in understanding the clinical mechanisms, imaging characteristics, and genetic basis of LS. Conclusions and Relevance Questions persist regarding the order of events related to the initiation and progression of CSVD, how LS is related to other sequelae of CSVD, and whether LS is part of a systemic disease process. The relative roles of aging, oxidative stress, mechanical stress, genetic predisposition, and other vascular risk factors should be further studied, especially in the era of widespread antihypertensive use. Although understanding of endothelial dysfunction has increased, future work on the role of media and adventitial dysfunction should be explored. Recent advances in mapping the brain vasculome may generate new hypotheses. The investigation of new therapeutic targets, aimed at reversing CSVD processes and promoting neural repair after LS, depends upon further understanding these basic mechanisms.
Versatile Synthetic Route to Cycloheximide and Analogues That Potently Inhibit Translation Elongation

Cycloheximide (CHX) is an inhibitor of eukaryotic translation elongation that has played an essential role in the study of protein synthesis. Despite its ubiquity, few studies have been directed towards accessing synthetic CHX derivatives, even though such efforts may lead to protein synthesis inhibitors with improved or alternate properties. Described here is the total synthesis of CHX and analogues, and the establishment of structure-activity relationships (SAR) responsible for translation inhibition. The SAR studies aided the design of more potent compounds, one of which irreversibly blocks ribosomal elongation, preserves polysome profiles, and may be a broadly useful tool for investigating protein synthesis.
Vascular Laser and Light Treatments

This chapter provides an overview of vascular targeting light treatments applied to treatment of commonly encountered cutaneous vascular lesions, specifically port wine birthmarks (PWBs), infantile hemangiomas (IHs), and telangiectasias. Evidence-based recommendations are provided regarding light-based treatment effectiveness, preoperative evaluation, treatment techniques, safety, and postoperative management. We also discuss device and drug combinations which have been utilized including photodynamic therapy or laser in combination with antiangiogenic agents for PWBs and beta-blockers with lasers for IHs. This chapter provides a practical, concise, and evidence-based guide for the utilization of vascular-specific laser treatments available today.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: The linchpins of modern immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized our approach to cancer treatment in the past decade. While monoclonal antibodies to CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 have produced remarkable and durable responses in a subset of patients, the majority of patients will still develop primary or adaptive resistance. With complex mechanisms of resistance limiting the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy, it is critical to develop combination approaches to allow more patients to benefit from immunotherapy. In this review, I approach the current landscape of ICI research from the perspective of sarcomas, a rare group of bone and soft tissue cancers that have had limited benefit from checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy, and little investigation of biomarkers to predict responses. By surveying the various mechanisms of resistance and treatment modalities being explored in other solid tumors, I outline how ICIs will undoubtedly serve as the critical foundation for future directions in modern immunotherapy.
Modulation of DNA double-strand break repair through ATM - dependent and - independent ERK signaling

3520 We have shown that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) affect ERK signaling in both positive and negative fashion suggesting a bi-modal mechanism of regulation that likely affects DSB repair and cell survival. Low levels of DSBs resulted in ATM-dependent ERK phosphorylation (activation) whereas high levels resulted in dephosphorylation (inactivation) by an as of yet unidentified phosphatase. Dephosphorylation occured in a DSB dose-dependent and ATM-independent fashion. CDC25A is a phosphatase important for cell cycle progression through G1/S and G2/M. CDC25A is positioned downstream of the ATM→CHK2/CHK1 arm of the DSB signaling pathway. In response to DSBs, ATM phosphorylates CHK2, which in turn phosphorylates CDC25A and triggers its degradation by the proteasome resulting in cell cycle arrest. Recently, a new role for CDC25A was revealed after it was shown it binds to and negatively regulates RAF; when CDC25A is inhibited or degraded ERK is activated. To investigate the possibility that CDC25A modulates ERK signaling through ATM→CHK2→CDC25A→RAF→MEK→ERK and affects DSB repair, we used a novel CDC25A inhibitor, NCS95397, which does not cause DNA damage, and examined its effect on ERK signaling and DSB repair. We found that treatment of human glioma cells with NSC95397 resulted in a ∼2-fold increase in ERK phosphorylation comparable to that seen after low levels of DSBs (equivalent to ≤2 Gy of radiation). The MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 completely inhibited ERK activation by NSC 95397, suggesting that NSC95397 acts upstream of MEK1/2 in line with its role as a CDC25A inhibitor acting through RAF. Furthermore, we found that NSC95397 modulated DSB repair and homologous recombination in particular. These preliminary results show that inhibition of CDC25A, mimicking CDC25A degradation in response to DSBs, stimulates ERK signaling and affects DSB repair, suggesting a potential link between ATM signaling and the ERK survival pathway.
An Advanced Apparatus for Integrating Nanophotonics and Cold Atoms

Integrating nanophotonics with cold atoms permits the exploration of novel paradigms in quantum optics and many-body physics. We realize an advanced apparatus which enables the delivery of single-atom tweezer arrays in the vicinity of photonic crystal waveguides.
Views from Turtle Island: Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Mormon Entanglements

There is a story that has been told and retold in Indigenous communities. In this oral tradition, Seneca farm hands, acquaintances of Joseph Smith, tutored him on the basics of the Gaiwi:yo, the Word taught by the prophet Handsome Lake. They thought “what the white people need to do is to take the best of their Christian heritage and traditions and stuff that come out of their European ways and mix it with the Indigenous ways of the people who have lived on this land for a long time.” To facilitate the launching of a new religion for the settlers who had come to Turtle Island (a Haudenosaunee [Iroquois] name for North America), the farm hands melted down some gold they had received as payment from the British for their role in the War of 1812. On tablets of gold they inscribed the Gaiwi:yo in “picture writing,” buried them, and invited the incipient Mormon seer to find and interpret these records with a Christian emphasis “so that your people will tune into it.”
Yeast-based screening of cancer mutations in the DNA damage response protein Mre11 demonstrates importance of conserved capping domain residues

DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are initiated to prevent mutations from being passed on in the event of DNA damage. Mutations in DDR proteins can contribute to the development and maintenance of cancer cells, but many mutations observed in human tumors have not been functionally characterized. Because a proper response to DNA damage is fundamental to living organisms, DDR proteins and processes are often highly conserved. The goal of this project was to use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for functional screening of human cancer mutations in conserved DDR proteins. After comparing the cancer mutation frequency and conservation of DDR proteins, Mre11 was selected for functional screening. A subset of mutations in conserved residues was analyzed by structural modeling and screened for functional effects in yeast Mre11. Yeast expressing wild type or mutant Mre11 were then assessed for DNA damage sensitivity using hydroxyurea (HU) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The results were further validated in human cancer cells. The N-terminal point mutations tested in yeast Mre11 do not confer sensitivity to DNA damage sensitivity, suggesting that these residues are dispensable for yeast Mre11 function and may have conserved sequence without conserved function. However, a mutation near the capping domain associated with breast and colorectal cancers compromises Mre11 function in both yeast and human cells. These results provide novel insight into the function of this conserved capping domain residue and demonstrate a framework for yeast-based screening of cancer mutations.
Fiscal Policy for the Crisis

Spilimbergo, Antonio; Symansky, Steve Symansky; Blanchar, Olivier; Cottarelli, Carlo.December, 2008.Fiscal policy for the crisis,Reports,Washingot,D.CIMF,IMF staff position note,37
The Legacy of William Shockley: Racism and Ableism in STEM

William Shockley is memorialized in the names of several scientific terms, including "Shockley-Queisser limit" and "Shockley-Read-Hall recombination," which we frequently reference in photovoltaics. Shockley was a racist and a eugenicist who published prolifically in support of racist policies and racist ideas, including forced sterilization for those with lower IQ, a test result he correlated with Blackness. One step in purging the foundations of eugenics, racism and ableism, from modern science is to remove the names of their proponents from places of honor, including scientific terms.
Microdevice for directional axodendritic connectivity between micro 3D neuronal cultures.

Neuronal cultures are widely used in neuroscience research. However, the randomness of circuits in conventional cultures prevents accurate in vitro modeling of cortical development and of the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. A basic feature of cortical circuits that is not captured in standard cultures of dissociated cortical cells is directional connectivity. In this work, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based device that achieves directional connectivity between micro 3D cultures is demonstrated. The device consists of through-holes for micro three-dimensional (μ3D) clusters of cortical cells connected by microtrenches for axon and dendrite guidance. The design of the trenches relies in part on the concept of axonal edge guidance, as well as on the novel concept of specific dendrite targeting. This replicates dominant excitatory connectivity in the cortex, enables the guidance of the axon after it forms a synapse in passing (an “en passant” synapse), and ensures that directional selectivity is preserved over the lifetime of the culture. The directionality of connections was verified morphologically and functionally. Connections were dependent on glutamatergic synapses. The design of this device has the potential to serve as a building block for the reconstruction of more complex cortical circuits in vitro.
An SRAM Compiler for Monolithic-3-D Integrated Circuit With Carbon Nanotube Transistors

This article presents monolithic-3-D (M3D) SRAM arrays using multiple tiers of carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors. The compiler automatically generates single-tier 2-D SRAM subarrays and multitier 3-D SRAM subarrays with different tiers for cells and peripheral logic. Moreover, the compiler can integrate multiple subarrays of different dimensions to generate larger capacity SRAM arrays. The compiler is demonstrated in a commercial-grade M3D process design kit (PDK) with two tiers of carbon nanotube transistors (CNFETs). Simulations show that the M3D CNT SRAM design can improve the properties of memory compared to the 2-D CNT SRAM design. In a 32-kB memory implementation, the M3D design can reduce footprint, latency, and energy by 33%, 10%, and 19%, respectively. The compiler is used to show the feasibility of fine-grain logic and SRAM stacking in M3D technology.
Imaging Radiotherapy-Induced Cherenkov Emission in Color.

Purpose/Objective(s) In the last decade, Cherenkov imaging has been demonstrated as a useful clinical technique both for real-time surface dose visualization during patient treatment and for various high-resolution QA measurements. However there remains much work to be done in the development of Cherenkov-based in vivo dosimetry. In this work, the concept of in vivo color Cherenkov imaging is introduced. It is hypothesized that Cherenkov images with sensitivity to the spectral quality of Cherenkov emission induced inside tissue can provide increased information about tissue composition as opposed to monochromatic, red-weighted images used in prior work. Materials/Methods A custom Color Cherenkov camera was created from three time-gated intensified CMOS cameras, each with varying spectral sensitivity of the photocathode, and sharing one imaging lens. A dichroic mirror assembly allowed for incoming Cherenkov light signals to be redirected according to wavelength to the appropriate camera resulting in three raw image stacks for each acquisition. These images were then reconstructed into three-channel color images via color calibration, summed, and background subtracted. In vivo color Cherenkov images of three right-sided breast patients were acquired for one treatment fraction each as part of an IRB-approved clinical trial. These images were interpreted alongside images of liquid tissue-simulating phantoms that matched tissue optical properties. Variations in oxygenation and blood volume were mimicked in this way, and the data was used to interpret the clinical images. Impacts on Cherenkov emission spectra from tissue under these various conditions were also estimated. Results The presence of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood in tissue has a visible impact on the color of Cherenkov emission, leading to a redder hue due to decreased attenuation of red wavelengths by oxyhemoglobin, similar to erythema or blush of tissue. This was verified in the tissue phantoms. Variations in blood concentration produce a strong blue-red trend in color space (R2 = 0.96), as verified by detailed analysis. Color Cherenkov images of right breast radiotherapy treatments displayed pink regions across the breast coincident with the treated area for all three patients, and the variations in color were interpreted relative to the phantom data. Conclusion This first investigation of color Cherenkov imaging uncovered the natural relationship between tissue composition and the spectral quality of emitted Cherenkov light. The correlation between blood content and color will be translated in future work to in vivo sensing of variations in fat and fibroglandular content in irradiated tissues. These findings will allow for the correction of Cherenkov images to produce accurate in vivo surface dose maps during patient treatments.
A Pixel-Level Method for Multiple Imaging Sensor Data Fusion through Artificial Neural Networks

Multiple image sensor data fusion is the combination of two or more images from different imaging sensors to improve the performance over each individual image sensor. This paper presents a new pixel-level method of data fusion from multiple image sensors for non-destructive inspection. With this method the images from different sensors were processed and classified using artificial neural networks. The classified images were then fused to produce a resultant image that categorized better than any of the individually classified images. This method was applied to identify the corrosive spots on the aircraft panel specimens. In this application, ultrasonic and eddy current image data ran though artificial neural network classifiers to identify the corroded spots on the same aircraft panel specimen as compared with the benchmark X-ray image. The result indicated that the image data fusion consistently enhanced artificial neural network corrosion detection with eddy current and ultrasonic image data individually in overall and in low corrosion pixels, which are 90 percent of all corrosion pixels, with the improvements over the artificial neural network classification rates of the eddy current image by 12.6% and 12.21% in average for low corrosion and overall corrosion classification, respectively, and over the artificial neural network classification rates of the ultrasonic image by 28.88% and 32.18% in average for low corrosion and overall corrosion classification, respectively. This pixel-level method for multiple imaging sensor data fusion is expected to solve problems of non-destructive inspection in various areas. Key words: Multisensor Data Fusion; Imaging Sensor; Pixel Level; Artificial Neural Networks; Non-Destructive Inspection
Drosophila gastrulation: analysis of cell shape changes in living embryos by three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy.

The first event of Drosophila gastrulation is the formation of the ventral furrow. This process, which leads to the invagination of the mesoderm, is a classical example of epithelial folding. To understand better the cellular changes and dynamics of furrow formation, we examined living Drosophila embryos using three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy. By injecting fluorescent markers that visualize cell outlines and nuclei, we monitored changes in cell shapes and nuclear positions. We find that the ventral furrow invaginates in two phases. During the first ‘preparatory’ phase, many prospective furrow cells in apparently random positions gradually begin to change shape, but the curvature of the epithelium hardly changes. In the second phase, when a critical number of cells have begun to change shape, the furrow suddenly invaginates. Our results suggest that furrow formation does not result from an ordered wave of cell shape changes, contrary to a model for epithelial invagination in which a wave of apical contractions causes invagination. Instead, it appears that cells change their shape independently, in a stochastic manner, and the sum of these individual changes alters the curvature of the whole epithelium.
An interdisciplinary undergraduate seminar: “Death and dying in psychology and theater”

Abstract This case report describes the development of an interdisciplinary course entitled Death in Psychology and the Theater. The course, conceived as a method of using dramatic literature to illustrate psychological concepts involved in death, dying, grief bereavement, suicide, and AIDS, was team-taught by two professors in psychology and theater arts. This article discusses planning for the course, course content, processes used in the course, assignments given, and student and, faculty reactions to the course, which attest to the ability of undergraduate students to utilize dramatic literature as an aid to understanding psychological principles.
Good and poor readers' use of graphic aids cued in texts and in adjunct study materials

Abstract Most school texts do not provide cues that explicitly direct readers to turn their attention to the graphic aids accompanying the prose. This study investigated the possibility of compensating for the absence of these cues with the use of adjunct study material. Specifically, the study attempted to determine the relative effects of explicit textual cues and adjunct study material on good and poor readers' comprehension of texts, attention to graphic aids, and recall of information displayed in graphic aids. These effects were investigated with two expository passages each accompanied by two graphic aids. One graphic aid displayed information that was redundant to the text; the other graphic aid displayed information that was nonredundant but related to the text. Good and poor eighth-grade readers studied these passages with or without explicit textual cueing and using adjunct study material. The findings confirmed the results of earlier research supporting the utility of explicit textual cues to graphic aids. The findings also indicated that in the absence of these cues adjunct study material can be used effectively with both good and poor readers to turn their attention to graphic aids in texts.
SYSTEMS THEORY AND RESEARCH IN THE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: THE CORRESPONDENCE PROBLEM

The principle of correspondence specifies that a necessary condition for the acquistion of valid scientific knowledge is that correctly applied analytic techniques be inherently capable of revealing the theoretical properties under examination. The problem raised in the present paper is whether traditional analytic techniques are capable of providing evidence for or against systems hypotheses, no matter how well they are employed. Traditional univariate as well as multivariate and structural equation analytic techniques are examined to determine the extent to which they are capable of revealing two selected properties: feedback and holism. The general problem of correspondence is discussed and recommendations are offered for correspondence analysis for (1) other conceptualizations of systems, (2) other systems properties, and (3) other analytical techniques.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THE EXTENSIVE MARGIN

Trade barriers can lead to the disappearance of products and impose huge costs. Allowing for the realistic possibility that imported products are substituted by domestic varieties this paper finds that the cost of protection that allows for disappearance of products, the ‘Romer cost,’ is higher below a tariff threshold. This threshold depends on the substitutability of domestic for foreign products. This is important for developing countries where inferior technology leads to poor substitutability and traditional calculations underestimate the cost. Analysis of new varieties trade after the Indian liberalization supports the findings in the context of a developing country.
Cationic nanogels based on diethylaminoethyl methacrylate

Abstract The effect of polymer composition and polymerization parameters such as comonomers, crosslinking ratio, and polymerization method, on the surface characteristics, surface chemistry, and swelling response of crosslinked 2-(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (DEAEM) and polyethylene glycol monoethyl ether monomethacrylate (PEGMMA) nanogels was studied. A novel inverse emulsion polymerization method was developed, which formed latex nanoparticles on the order of 100–400 nm. The properties of these nanogels were compared to microparticles synthesized via solution polymerization. The new polymerization method allowed the incorporation of PEG surface tethers of lengths 400 Da up to 2000 Da. Surface tethers successfully decreased the ζ-potential of these nanogels from 70 mV to 30 mV in acidic conditions and from −60 mV to 2 mV in basic media. Nanogels swelled from 100 nm in basic media to 800 nm in acidic media due to the protonation of the tertiary amine on DEAEM.
Successful use of a passive integrated transponder (PIT) system for below-ground detection of plethodontid salamanders

Context Passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology allows for permanent and unambiguous marking of animals and has recently been adapted for locating tagged individuals in the field with portable detection systems. Aims We seek to assess the effects of PIT tagging on the growth and survival of plethodontid salamanders in the laboratory and to evaluate the effectiveness of this method for subterranean detection of salamanders in the field. Methods In a laboratory experiment, we assigned 36 Plethodon shermani to either a PIT tag or control group and compared survival and growth rates over the course of 9 weeks. For the field study, we implanted six Plethodon metcalfi with PIT tags and conducted surveys so as to determine their below-ground positions with a portable detector. Key results We found no effect of PIT tagging on either growth or survival in the laboratory. In the field, PIT telemetry resulted in an overall detection efficiency of 44%, with nighttime surveys yielding a greater detection efficiency than daytime surveys. This technique provided a significant improvement over traditional hand-capture because detected salamanders were rarely visible on the ground surface. Key conclusions Our study indicates that even these relatively small-bodied salamanders (range: 2.14–5.18 g) are capable of bearing PIT tag implants and confirms the results of previous studies that found no effect of PIT tagging on the health or survival of amphibians. This study further demonstrates that the use of a portable PIT detector can be an effective method for locating below-ground salamanders. Implications Because of the small size and long lifespan of PIT tags, we believe portable PIT detectors can provide researchers with an unprecedented level of detail for studies of the movement behaviour, spatial ecology and management of species that are small or otherwise challenging to detect and monitor with other techniques.
Is there less to social anxiety than meets the eye? Emotion experience, expression, and bodily responding

Emotions are widely held to involve changes in experiential, behavioural, and physiological systems. It is not clear, however, just how tightly coupled these changes are during emotional responding. To examine this issue, we induced social anxiety in 47 high trait social anxiety (HTSA) and 50 low trait social anxiety (LTSA) participants using an impromptu speech paradigm. We assessed anxiety experience, behaviour, perceived physiological activation, and actual physiological activation. HTSA participants felt more anxious, perceived greater physiological activation, and exhibited more anxiety behaviour than LTSA participants. Unexpectedly, the two groups did not differ in objectively measured physiological responding. Internal analyses indicated that for both HTSA and LTSA participants, anxiety experience was associated with perceived physiological activation, but not with actual physiological responding. These results suggest that anxiety experience and perceived physiological activation may be less tight...
EFFECTS OF PRUNING THE ROOTS OF GAS-INJURED TREES

TRE.ES IN the vicinity of illuminating gas leaks in the soil may die rapidly, as indicated by a sudden wilting and drying of all the foliage, or they may succumb more or less gradually over one or more years. This latter type of injury may first involve uppermost twigs, the branches on one side, or a large branch or two, while -the remainder of the tree appears to be unaffected. Such unequal injury to the top of a tree frequently results in a tree of little value. In other cases, the damage may be minimized by judicious pruning. When one side or a few branches are killed, questions arise as to the manner in which this localization of injury occurs and whether a practice such as root pruning would be a benefit. Stone in the bulletin by Start, Stone, and Fernald (1908) stated that "if symptoms of gas poisoning were discovered in only one root, and the poisoning has not extended to the tree trunk, amputation of the root is the best remedy." He also claimed that the cutting of tree roots under a roadbed when regrading was done or curbing was placed saved many trees from iiijury by gas. Fernow (1910) also recommended root pruning for trees detected in the early stages of gas poisoning. To secure evidence of the effect of root pruning as a means of aiding gas-injured trees, small oak trees were subjected to illuminating gas in water until definite symptoms of injury were produced. The most affected distal portions of the tap and fibrous roots were then pruned off, the trees were repotted in soil, and the appearance of the tops and roots was observed during the following two years. EXPERIMENTAL. -A fairly uniform group of thirty, twoand three-year-old red and black oak trees that had been grown in pots was divided into three lots of ten trees each. The roots were washed free of soil and placed in gassing chambers consisting of clean, one-gallon cans, such as are used for varnish. Holes were cut in one side to admit the roots of ten trees. The foliaged tops were sealed off from the roots by plastic clay molded around the stems. The roots stood in' 3 cm. of water into which measured volumes of illuminating gas were passed. Coke oven gas of the New Haven Gas Light Company was used. A complete analysis of this gas was given in a previous paper (Deuber, 1936). The content of illhminants was 3.00 per cent, carbon monoxide 8.70 per cent, and hydrocyanic acid was absent, according to the factory analyses. One cubic foot of this gas was passed into tlle water of the gassing chamber containing the first lot of trees; 17.2 cubic feet of gas during four hours into the water of the second lot; and 24.5 cubic feet in seven hours to the third lot together with a flow of 0.58 cubic feet of gas per hour for the next four
Inactivating Mutations in ESCO2 Cause SC Phocomelia and Roberts Syndrome: No Phenotype-Genotype Correlation

The rare, autosomal recessive Roberts syndrome (RBS) is characterized by tetraphocomelia, profound growth deficiency of prenatal onset, craniofacial anomalies, microcephaly, and mental deficiency. SC phocomelia (SC) has a milder phenotype, with a lesser degree of limb reduction and with survival to adulthood. Since heterochromatin repulsion (HR) is characteristic for both disorders and is not complemented in somatic-cell hybrids, it has been hypothesized that the disorders are allelic. Recently, mutations in ESCO2 (establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2) on 8p21.1 have been reported in RBS. To determine whether ESCO2 mutations are also responsible for SC, we studied three families with SC and two families in which variable degrees of limb and craniofacial abnormalities, detected by fetal ultrasound, led to pregnancy terminations. All cases were positive for HR. We identified seven novel mutations in exons 3–8 of ESCO2. In two families, affected individuals were homozygous—for a 5-nucleotide deletion in one family and a splice-site mutation in the other. In three nonconsanguineous families, probands were compound heterozygous for a single-nucleotide insertion or deletion, a nonsense mutation, or a splice-site mutation. Abnormal splice products were characterized at the RNA level. Since only protein-truncating mutations were identified, regardless of clinical severity, we conclude that genotype does not predict phenotype. Having established that RBS and SC are caused by mutations in the same gene, we delineated the clinical phenotype of the tetraphocomelia spectrum that is associated with HR and ESCO2 mutations and differentiated it from other types of phocomelia that are negative for HR.
Automated Pilot Plant for Removing Radiostrontium from Milk

Abstract The removal of strontram-90 from milk by ion exchange resins has been programmed through the laboratory, pilot, and commercial scale plants. This paper presents the operation and results from an automated pilot plant, using ion exchange resins to remove strontium-90 from milk. The process involves adjusting the milk to 10 C, lowering the pH of the milk to 5.3 by in-line injection of an acid solution; passing the acidified milk through a filter and a properly charged (regenerated) ion exchange resin column for removal of the strontium-90; then readjusting the pH of the milk by in-line injection of a base solution. A series of 8-hr test runs was made with this automated pilot plant, using milk at environmental levels of strontium-90, to ascertain removal of strontium-90 and to evaluate the resin-treated milk for flavor. The removal of strontium-90 from the milk exceeded 90%. The treated milk compared favorably with the control when subjected to a panel for organoleptic evaluation. Available data from the commercial scale operation indicate compatibility with the pilot plant operation, and will be presented in a subsequent publication.
Extracellular volume, electrocardiogram and anion distribution in hibernating hamster ventricle.

The intracellular Cl concentration, [Cl]j, was found to be significantly larger and the extracellular volume (ECV), much smaller in ventricles of hibernating hamsters as compared to non-hibernators. The decreased ECV in ventricles of hibernators was consistent with an increased R wave component of the ECG, as well as a lower mean fraction tissue water, fH2O, of these tissues.
Seasonal changes in recovery of cryopreserved murine lymphocytes resemble endogenous rhythms of unfrozen cells

Abstract Seasonal changes in the resistance of C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes to cryopreservation stress were expressed in both the recovery of viable cells and the levels of responses of T and B lymphocytes to mitogens in vitro . Single cell suspensions in 10% Me 2 SO were cooled at 1 °C/min, the optimum velocity which was determined by using a range of cooling rates during January and May, the months of minimum and maximum recoveries of viable cells, respectively. After rapid thawing and washing, ethidium bromide-fluorescein diacetate staining delineated viable and nonviable cells. Cultures containing 0.5 × 10 6 viable cells were stimulated with the T lymphocyte mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and the B lymphocyte mitogen, lipopolysaccharide. Tritiated thymidine was added to each culture for the last 18 hr of the incubation period, and its incorporation by activated dividing cells was determined. Recoveries of viable cells were high from March through July and then declined to minimum levels in January and February. During the seasons of low recoveries, greater numbers of cells lysed in response to the freeze-thaw cycle. Activation of both T and B lymphocytes by mitogens was maximal in the spring and summer and then declined to only 40% of unfrozen control levels in October. The patterns of activation resembled those of the previously documented endogenous seasonal rhythms in levels of blastogenesis of unfrozen cells. These seasonal differences in cryopreservation properties of lymphocytes from inbred mice living under constant conditions reinforce the previously reported endogenous annual rhythmicity in cellular functions.
Alternative energy sources and technologies for the pulp and paper industry

Weyerhaeuser—together with Amoco Corporation, Carolina Power and Light, and Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation—carried out a feasibility study sponsored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute to assess the economic merits of expanding the use of biomass at its New Bern, North Carolina, facility to produce electric power and liquid fuels. Biomass gasification is expected to be a means for improving utilization of wood and process wastes while producing gas turbine fuel and reducing environmental impact. The team also assessed the technical merits and business potential of integrating a nominal 1000 ton/day biomass processing facility to produce ethanol at the New Bern plant. The primary objectives were to evaluate biomass as a source of electric power and liquid fuels within the context of a specific operating pulp mill and to assess the relative value of biomass-derived electric power and liquid fuel. An additional objective was to define the most cost-effective process for commercializing advanced biomass to energy technologies. This article describes the conditions that make these technologies potentially attractive, outlines the approach taken to develop comparative economics and economic sensitivities, presents results of the analysis, and suggests options for proceeding to commercialization of these advanced conversion technologies.
Multicategory ψ-Learning

In binary classification, margin-based techniques usually deliver high performance. As a result, a multicategory problem is often treated as a sequence of binary classifications. In the absence of a dominating class, this treatment may be suboptimal and may yield poor performance, such as for support vector machines (SVMs). We propose a novel multicategory generalization of ψ-learning that treats all classes simultaneously. The new generalization eliminates this potential problem while at the same time retaining the desirable properties of its binary counterpart. We develop a statistical learning theory for the proposed methodology and obtain fast convergence rates for both linear and nonlinear learning examples. We demonstrate the operational characteristics of this method through a simulation. Our results indicate that the proposed methodology can deliver accurate class prediction and is more robust against extreme observations than its SVM counterpart.
T cell–encoded CD80 and 4-1BBL induce auto- and transcostimulation, resulting in potent tumor rejection

To reject tumors, T cells must overcome poor tumor immunogenicity and an adverse tumor microenvironment. Providing agonistic costimulatory signals to tumor-infiltrating T cells to augment T cell function remains a challenge for the implementation of safe and effective immunotherapy. We hypothesized that T cells overexpressing selected costimulatory ligands could serve as cellular vehicles mediating powerful, yet constrained, anatomically targeted costimulation. Here, we show that primary human T cells expressing CD80 and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) vigorously respond to tumor cells lacking costimulatory ligands and provoke potent rejection of large, systemic tumors in immunodeficient mice. In addition to showing costimulation of bystander T cells (transcostimulation), we show the effect of CD80 and 4-1BBL binding to their respective receptors in the immunological synapse of isolated single cells (autocostimulation). This new strategy of endowing T cells with constitutively expressed costimulatory ligands could be extended to other ligand-receptor pairs and used to enhance any targeted adoptive transfer therapy.
A randomized test of a small-group interactive social norms intervention.

Social norms interventions are a common approach to addressing the problem of college student drinking. An increasingly popular but not yet well-validated social-norms-based intervention consists of providing normative feedback to students in small groups. Objective, Participants, and Methods: In this study, the authors used a randomized design to test an interactive form of small-group social norms correction with 502 first-year students during September and October 2001. Because the unit of random assignment was at the level of the classroom, the authors used hierarchical linear modeling to estimate variability. They investigated whether small-group interactive social norms correction could influence alcohol perceptions and behaviors above and beyond a noninteractive social norms education approach. Results: Results indicate that the approach has a fairly substantial influence on student perceptions; however, the findings do not support an influence of interactive small-group social norms correction on ...
Activation of Specific Apoptotic Caspases with an Engineered Small Molecule-Activated Protease

Apoptosis is a conserved cellular pathway that results in the activation of cysteine-aspartyl proteases, or caspases. To dissect the nonredundant roles of the executioner caspase-3, -6, and -7 in orchestrating apoptosis, we have developed an orthogonal protease to selectively activate each isoform in human cells. Our approach uses a split-tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease under small-molecule control, which we call the SNIPer, with caspase alleles containing genetically encoded TEV cleavage sites. These studies reveal that all three caspases are transiently activated but only activation of caspase-3 or -7 is sufficient to induce apoptosis. Proteomic analysis shown here and from others reveals that 20 of the 33 subunits of the 26S proteasome can be cut by caspases, and we demonstrate synergy between proteasome inhibition and dose-dependent caspase activation. We propose a model of proteolytic reciprocal negative regulation with mechanistic implications for the combined clinical use of proteasome inhibitors and proapoptotic drugs.
A strategy for testing hardware write block devices

There is a critical need in the law enforcement community to ensure the reliability of computer forensic tools. A capability is required to ensure that forensic software tools consistently produce accurate and objective test results. The goal of the Computer Forensic Tool Testing (CFTT) project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to establish a methodology for testing computer forensic software tools by development of general tool specifications, test procedures, and test sets. The results provide the information necessary for toolmakers to improve tools, for users to make informed choices about acquiring and using computer forensics tools, and for interested parties to understand the tools' capabilities. Our approach for testing computer forensic tools is based on well-recognized international methodologies for conformance testing and quality testing. This paper describes requirements and test assertions that make up a strategy for testing hardware write block devices.
A method for detecting tool wear on a CNC lathe using a doppler radar detector

Installing a non-contact in-process tool wear detection system on a computer numerical control lathe can help prevent product defects and improve product quality without impacting product cycle time. Many methods have been proposed for non-contact in-process tool wear detection. In particular, a recent international patent application describes a method for measuring the torque in a rotating axle using a high-frequency wireless transmitter/receiver and a vibrating string. The method has reportedly been used to detect cutting on a manual lathe. The authors present a new method for measuring tool wear using a high-frequency wireless transmitter/receiver alone, without a vibrating string. The high-frequency transmitter/receiver apparently responds to metal-metal contact noise rather than, or more strongly than, to signals generated by a vibrating string. The findings could help bring automated tool wear monitoring systems closer to the level of performance needed for practical use in industry.
Ion and water transference across “untreated” collodion membranes

Abstract Application of pressure to control membrane movement in an electrolysis experiment involving changes in volume of anode and cathode compartments is described. By this method, the transference number of water has been measured as a function of external electrolyte concentration. Ion transference also has been measured by the Hittorf's method as functions of both current density and external concentration. The results have been discussed from the standpoint of an existing membrane model.