cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renoprotective effects of antihypertensive drugs

Regardless of the specific antihypertensive agent used, the most important aspect of the management of the patient with coexistent hypertension and renal disease is adequate control of the blood pressure. The current JNC VI recommendation is for a reduction to a target blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg, or to a lower value of 125/75 in patients with greater than 1 g proteinuria per day. Impaired renal sodium excretion leading to extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) expansion is the most clinically important mechanism leading to renal parenchymal hypertension. Sodium restriction and loop diuretics constitute the cornerstone of effective antihypertensive therapy. Control of blood pressure in patients with chronic renal disease may be difficult without measures that address ECFV. JNC VI recommends the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with hypertension and chronic renal disease to control hypertension and to slow progressive renal failure. ACE inhibitors have been found by clinical trials to be useful agents in the settings of established insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) nephropathy, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) nephropathy, IDDM patients with normal blood pressures and microalbuminuria, NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria and normal renal function, and a variety of nondiabetic renal diseases, especially in the setting of significant proteinuria. Calcium antagonists are effective for treating hypertensive patients with chronic renal impairment but have not been studied as intensively as ACE inhibitors with regard to their ability to slow the progression of renal insufficiency independently of their blood-pressure-lowering effects. The initial results for calcium antagonists and for combination calcium antagonist-ACE inhibitor therapy have been promising. The angiotensin II antagonists have theoretical advantages for use in renal impairment, and seem to have similar renal hemodynamic and antiproteinuric effects to ACE inhibitors, but further clinical study is needed.
Tocopherols in foods and fats

Methods are now available for the determination of all the specific tocopherol forms found in nature. Although the greatest interest centers on alpha-tocopherol, much information has been gathered on the amounts of individual tocopherols in foods and fats contributing to the human diet. This paper summarizes and discusses the recent literature on the tocopherols in natural, processed and prepared foods. Alpha-tocopherol, although the most widely distributed, is in many instances not the predominant form. In a number of important tocopherol sources, e.g., soybean oil, much larger amounts of gamma-tocopherol are found. The levels of tocopherols are variable, but the evidence suggests that the identities of the specific forms are characteristic of the source. In cereal grains the further observation may be made that the related tocol-tocotrienol pairs tend to be found together. Processing and preparation almost invariably reduce the tocopherol content, sometimes to insignificant levels.
Effects of random wave surface fluctuation on response of offshore structures

This paper seeks to determine the effects of free surface fluctuation on the response of an offshore structure in a random wave field. The structure is idealized as a massless uniform vertical column fixed at the sea bed carrying a concentrated mass at its top. The waves are linear, Gaussian, stationary and longcrested with narrow-band spectrum. The wave forces are computed using the Morison equation. It is shown that free surface fluctuation reduces structural response, more so in shallower than in deeper water, especially when the sea is high and when the structure is susceptible to dynamic action.
Use of fluorescein in testing the union of parabiotic rats.

Summary1. Two methods, one using free fluorescein and the other protein bound fluorescein, were employed to test the capillary anastomosis between rats united in parabiosis. Free fluorescein was demonstrable by galvanometer readings on the abdominal skin of the recipient in fewer than half of the experiments. Protein bound fluorescein, on the other hand, was uniformly detected in the heart blood of both donor and recipient over a period ranging from 4 1/2 to 24 1/2 hours. Precipitation tests were also positive in demonstrating the presence of protein bound fluorescein in heart blood. 2. Parabionts tested by either method showed no adverse effects from the treatment and were in good condition for subsequent investigations. By testing a group of parabionts with protein bound fluorescein one could determine the adequacy of the parabiotic union prior to further experimentation.
Statistical analysis of optimum Fenton oxidation conditions for landfill leachate treatment.

Abstract Optimal operating conditions observed by peer reviewed publications for Fenton oxidation of raw and biological and coagulation treated leachates were reviewed and statistically analyzed. For the first-stage Fenton oxidation, the optimal pH range of 2.5–4.5 was observed for raw and coagulation treated leachates with a median pH of 3.0, whereas, for biologically treated leachate the optimum pH range was 2.5–6.0 with a median pH of 4.2. Theoretically, the optimal ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ should be the ratio of rate constants of the reactions between OH radical with Fe2+ and H2O2, which is approximately 11; however, for leachate treatment, a median optimum relative dose of 1.8 (w/w) (3.0 M/M) was observed. Biologically treated leachate showed relatively lower optimum ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ doses (median: 0.9 w/w) as compared to raw (median: 2.4 w/w) and coagulation treated (median: 2.8 w/w) leachate. Median absolute doses of H2O2 and Fe2+ were 1.2 mg H2O2/mg of initial COD (COD0) and 0.9 mg Fe2+/mg COD0, respectively and raw leachate required higher reagent doses compared to pretreated leachates. A universal Fenton oxidation relationship between COD removal efficiency (η) and COD loading factor (LCOD) for landfill leachate treatment was developed. As LCOD increases from 0.03 to 72.0, η varies linearly as η = 0.733 L COD - 0.182 . This robust linear relationship between LCOD and η holds for Fenton oxidation of raw as well as biological and coagulation treated leachates. The relationship was validated using Leave-one-out cross validation technique and errors in predicting η using LCOD were evaluated by applying Monte Carlo Simulation. As a result, the relationship can be used as a universal equation to predict Fenton treatment efficiency for a given COD0 loading in the range of 0.03–72.0 for landfill leachate treatment.
Molecular cloning of a plasma membrane Ca2 + ATPase (PMCA) from Y-organs of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and determination of spatial and temporal patterns of PMCA gene expression

Abstract Existing data indicate that a stage-specific increase in intracellular free Ca 2 + stimulates ecdysteroid production by crustacean molting glands (Y-organs). The concentration of Ca 2 + in cytosol is controlled mainly by proteins intrinsic to the plasma membrane and to the membranes of organelles. Several families of proteins are involved, including Ca 2 + channels, Ca 2 + pumps (ATPases), and Ca 2 + exchangers. The family of Ca 2 + pumps includes plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs). As a step toward understanding the involvement of calcium signaling in regulation of ecdysteroidogenesis, we used a PCR-based cloning strategy (RT-PCR followed by 3′- and 5′-RACE) to clone from Y-organs of the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) a cDNA encoding a putative PMCA. The 4292 base pair (bp) cDNA includes a 3510 bp open reading frame encoding a 1170-residue protein (Cas-PMCA). The conceptually translated protein has a relative molecular mass of 128.8 × 10 3 and contains all signature domains of an authentic PMCA, including ten transmembrane domains and a calmodulin binding site. The predicted membrane topography of Cas-PMCA is as expected for an authentic PMCA protein. A phylogenetic analysis of nonredundant amino acid sequences of PMCA proteins from different species showed Cas-PMCA clusters with other arthropod PMCA proteins. An assessment of tissue distribution showed the Cas-PMCA transcript to be broadly distributed in both neural and non-neural tissues. Studies using quantitative real-time PCR revealed stage-specific changes in Cas-PMCA abundance during the molting cycle, with peak expression occurring during premolt stage D2, a pattern consistent with the hypothesis that Cas-PMCA functions to maintain cellular Ca 2 + homeostasis in Y-organs.
Comparative Anatomy and Histology of Selected Systems in Larval and Adult Phyllophaga anxia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The anatomy and histology of digestive, nervous, respiratory, and reproductive systems in 3rd-stage (full grown) larvae of Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) are compared with the same systems of adults. Despite what appear to be major anatomical differences, a study of microanatomy has revealed that the digestive systems of larvae and adults are quite similar. The nervous systems of larvae and adults are characterized by concentration of all ganglia of the ventral nerve cord in the pro- and mesothoracic segments. Metameric nodes are present in the tracheal trunks of larvae, but not in those of adults. Many air sacs, which are not present in larvae, are associated with trachaea of adults. Primordial gonadal tissues are present in 3rd-stage larvae; however, meiosis does not begin until the pupal stadium. Adults do not become sexually mature until they are about 10 months old, at which time they leave the soil, after overwintering, then mate and oviposit.
Ultrafast Radiation Heat Transfer In Laser Tissue Welding and Soldering

Laser tissue welding and soldering with use of short laser pulses are proposed. The transient radiation heat transfer in the picosecond time scale is numerically investigated for the first time using the discrete ordinate method for cylindrical geometries. The numerical method developed incorporates the propagation of radiation with the speed of light. The temporal radiation fields of tissue cylinders under the irradiation of short laser pulses are obtained. The use of short laser pulses for tissue welding and soldering is found to have reduced thermal damage to the healthy tissue and improves the uniformity of heating in the tissue closure region in both the depth and radial directions. The addition of absorbing solders in tissue soldering results in a well-confined radiation energy deposition field in the proximity of the solder-stained region and lessens the outgoing radiative heat flux at the laser incident surface. Comparisons of radiation heat transfer are made between the spatially square-variance ...
Teachers' resistance to the use of school-based interventions

Abstract This article focuses on consulting with teachers about the use of school-based interventions for the control and prevention of learning and adjustment problems. In the past, it has been assumed that teachers would want to use an intervention simply because it works (i.e., the intervention is effective in producing behavior change). However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that a teacher's decision to use an intervention is based upon a wide array of factors. Accordingly, this paper describes four factors that have been linked to teachers' decisions to utilize and to continue utilizing an intervention: effectiveness, time and resources required, theoretical orientation of the intervention, and ecological intrusiveness. Because they are recommended widely by school psychologists and because they sometimes lack acceptance among teachers, behavioral interventions represent a major focus of this review.
Larval photoresponses of the polyclad flatworm Maritigrella crozieri (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) (Hyman)

Abstract Phototaxis by larvae of the flatworm Maritigrella crozieri was used to determine spectral sensitivity, the ontogeny of the phototactic pattern, and the lowest light intensity to induce a directional response (intensity threshold). Adult M. crozieri live in shallow water with the tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata and have a planktonic larval phase lasting longer than 3 weeks. The primary spectral sensitivity maximum was at 500 nm, which is probably an adaptation to the spectrum available underwater at twilight. The phototactic threshold changed with age, as dark-adapted, 1-week-old larvae had a threshold (1.84×1017 photons m−2 s−1) an order of magnitude higher than that of 3-week-old larvae. Flatworm larvae are relatively insensitive to light as compared to other invertebrate larvae. Young larvae were positively phototactic at high light intensities and negative at low, a pattern typical of a predator avoidance shadow response. In contrast, older larvae were only positively phototactic, which would be useful for transport to shallow-water adult habitats.
Olanzapine, a novel atypical antipsychotic, reverses d-amphetamine-induced inhibition of midbrain dopamine cells.

This study compared the ability of the novel atypical antipsychotic olanzapine with that of clozapine to reverse thed-amphetamine-induced inhibition of substantia nigra (A9) and ventral tegmental area (A10) dopamine (DA) cells. Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from A9 and A10 DA cells in anesthetized rats. When administered alone, neither olanzapine nor clozapine altered the firing rate of A9 or A10 DA cells. Administration ofd-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, IV, decreased the firing rate of A9 and A10 DA cells. Olanzapine completely reversed the inhibitory effects ofd-amphetamine on A10 DA cells (ED100=0.18 mg/kg, IV) and on A9 DA cells (ED100=1.0 mg/mg, IV). Clozapine completely reversed the inhibitory effects ofd-amphetamine on A10 DA cells (ED100=3.8 mg/kg, IV), but only partially reversed the effects ofd-amphetamine on A9 DA cells at the highest dose tested (8.0 mg/kg, IV). Thus, olanzapine, like clozapine, was more potent in reversing the effects ofd-amphetamine on A10 than A9 DA cells. In addition, olanzapine was more potent than clozapine in the reversal ofd-amphetamine effects on A9 and A10 DA cells. These results indicate that olanzapine and clozapine have similar effects on DA unit activity and predict that olanzapine should have an atypical antipsychotic profile in man.
On Estimating Insolation over the Ocean

Abstract The results of two studies that reported procedures for estimating insulation at sea are summarized. The insulation under clear skies may be computed reliably with a formula derived from the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, using a transmission coefficient of 0.7, or with a formula derived by Lumb. For estimating the reduction of insolation by clouds, the factor 1−0.62C+0.0019α is suggested, where C is cloud amount in tenths and α is noon solar attitude. Random errors of estimate within 95% confidence limits are less than 10% for mean monthly data and are about ±20% for weekly periods.
Communication-minimizing 2D convolution in GPU registers

2D image convolution is ubiquitous in image processing and computer vision problems such as feature extraction. Exploiting parallelism is a common strategy for accelerating convolution. Parallel processors keep getting faster, but algorithms such as image convolution remain memory bounded on parallel processors such as GPUs. Therefore, reducing memory communication is fundamental to accelerating image convolution. To reduce memory communication, we reorganize the convolution algorithm to prefetch image regions to register, and we do more work per thread with fewer threads. To enable portability to future architectures, we implement a convolution autotuner that sweeps the design space of memory layouts and loop unrolling configurations. We focus on convolution with small filters (2×2-7×7), but our techniques can be extended to larger filter sizes. Depending on filter size, our speedups on two NVIDIA architectures range from 1.2× to 4.5× over state-of-the-art GPU libraries.
A process quality model for the analysis, improvement and control of supply chain systems

A manufacturing supply chain is an integrated set of business functions, encompassing all activities from raw material acquisition to final customer delivery. Delivering the right product at the right time in the right amount are essential objectives of efficient and effective supply chain systems. Thus measures must be taken to ensure that all operational components of the supply chain system are operating efficiently. This research examines quality measurement in a supply chain process by developing the process quality model to be used in the assessment, improvement and control of a manufacturing supply chain system.
Laparoscopy or Thoracoscopy for Achalasia

Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder of unknown etiology. Typical manometric findings include aperistalsis of the esophageal body coupled with elevated pressure and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing. Medical treatments consist of pneumatic dilatation or injections of botulinum toxin. Surgical treatment consists of Heller's myotomy with or without an antireflux procedure. Relief of dysphagia symptoms can be achieved in 85% to 94% of patients undergoing surgical treatment. In the past decade, the minimally invasive approach for the treatment of achalasia has been proven feasible, safe, and effective. We review the role of thoracoscopy and laparoscopy and address controversies in the management of patients with achalasia.
ON SLIP SURFACE AND SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT The method of variational calculus is applied to obtain the shape of slip surface and the corresponding normal stress distribution. For a horizontal slope of uniform soil, a logarithmic spiral surface of angle φ is found to be the most critical surface. This contradicts the report made earlier by Spencer (1969). The results also emphasize the correctness of the log-spiral failure mechanism assumed in the upper bound method of limit analysis.
DNA Gridiron Nanostructures Based on Four-Arm Junctions

Engineering wireframe architectures and scaffolds of increasing complexity is one of the important challenges in nanotechnology. We present a design strategy to create gridiron-like DNA structures. A series of four-arm junctions are used as vertices within a network of double-helical DNA fragments. Deliberate distortion of the junctions from their most relaxed conformations ensures that a scaffold strand can traverse through individual vertices in multiple directions. DNA gridirons were assembled, ranging from two-dimensional arrays with reconfigurability to multilayer and three-dimensional structures and curved objects.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Full-Scale FRP Bridge Beams Prior to Construction

Two innovative hybrid bridges having conventional reinforced concrete slabs combined with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) beams have been designed and built in the Corpus Christi District. The first structure had two spans each of 30 feet and the second structure length is 50 feet; the width of each bridge is 32 feet. The first hybrid structure was designed by researchers at the University of Texas at Austin working closely with Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the second was designed by researchers at the University of Texas in Arlington and the University of South Carolina. For both bridge structures, beams were nondestructively evaluated at the manufacturing facility using Acoustic Emission (AE) as the primary evaluation method. This article presents a description of the structures and the methods and results of the nondestructive evaluation (NDE). AE testing proved to be a useful tool for helping to establish the fitness for service of the FRP beams prior to implementation and for identif...
Persistent Problems Demand Consistent Solutions: Evaluating Policies to Mitigate Occupational Segregation by Gender:

This study focuses on two grant programs administered by the Women’s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor: the Non-Traditional Employment for Women (NEW) program and Women in Apprenticeships in N...
A functional role for Anopheles gambiae Arrestin1 in olfactory signal transduction

Insect sensory arrestins act to desensitize visual and olfactory signal transduction pathways, as evidenced by the phenotypic effects of mutations in the genes encoding both Arr1 and Arr2 in Drosophila melanogaster. To assess whether such arrestins play similar roles in other, more medically relevant dipterans, we examined the ability of Anopheles gambiae sensory arrestin homologs AgArr1 and AgArr2 to rescue phenotypes associated with an olfactory deficit observed in D. melanogaster arrestin mutants. Of these, only AgArr1 facilitated significant phenotypic rescue of the corresponding Drosophila arr mutant olfactory phenotype, consistent with the view that functional orthology is shared by these Arr1 homologs. These results represent the first step in the functional characterization of AgArr1, which is highly expressed in olfactory appendages of An. gambiae in which it is likely to play an essential role in olfactory signal transduction. In addition to providing insight into the common elements of the peripheral olfactory system of dipterans, this work validates the importance of AgArr1 as a potential target for novel anti-malaria strategies that focus on olfactory-based behaviors in An. gambiae.
Study of Reactions Induced in Be 9 by 46-MeV Protons

Reactions induced by the bombardment of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ by 46-MeV protons have been studied. Angular distributions have been measured for ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,p){\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ (elastic scattering), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Be}}^{9*}$ (2.43-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ (ground state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8*}$ (2.90-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8*}$ (16.93-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8*}$ (17.64-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8*}$ (18.15-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8*}$ (19.05-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,t){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ (ground state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,t){\mathrm{Be}}^{7*}$ (4.55-MeV state), ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,t){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ (6.51-MeV state), and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,t){\mathrm{Be}}^{7*}$ (10.79-MeV state).
The role of seasonal and diel changes in mixed-layer depth on carbon and chlorophyll distributions in the Arabian Sea

Abstract The effects of changes in the mixed-layer depth on the distribution of particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a were examined in the Arabian Sea during the Northeast Monsoon (January and December), Spring Intermonsoon (February–March), and Southwest Monsoon (July and August) of 1995. POC distributions were derived from profiles of beam attenuation calibrated with POC, and chlorophyll a distributions were derived from calibrated fluorescence profiles. Depth of the seasonal mixed layer (Δσ of 0.125 kg m−3 from surface density) increased with distance offshore during both monsoons, especially in the southern Arabian Sea where the range was 10–80 m nearshore to 80–120 m offshore. The deepest seasonal mixed layers occurred during the Northeast Monsoon. During the Spring Intermonsoon the seasonal mixed layer was only 10–40 m. Variations in the depth of the diel mixed layer (Δσ of 0.03 kg m−3 from surface density) were up to 90 m during the Northeast Monsoon, but were seldom over 20 m during the Southwest Monsoon. During the Spring Intermonsoon when mixed layers and diel variations in the mixed layer were small, nutrients became depleted, producing oligotrophic conditions plus a strong deep chlorophyll a maximum (>2 mg chl m−3) below the mixed layer. The chlorophyll a maximum was centered at ∼50 m, which is significantly beneath the effective depth of satellite color sensing. When mixing is active throughout the diel cycle, particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll distributions are quite uniform within the mixed layer. Nighttime increases in mixed layer depths can mix POC and chlorophyll a produced during the day downward and can entrain new nutrients to enhance primary production. Although mixing from diel variations may be effective in redistributing components within the mixed layer and may be an important mechanism for removing particles from the mixed layer, regional upwelling of nutrients and diatom blooms appear to dominate over diel mixed layer dynamics in the production and export of carbon in the Arabian Sea.
Contrast and Construction in a Parameter‐Setting Model of L2 Acquisition

There is an emerging awareness in the field of L2 acquisition regarding the contributions made by both Contrastive Analysis (CA) and Creative Construction (CC) theories of L2 acquisition. CA theories indicate that the L1 experience is important in L2 acquisition, and CC theories indicate that principles of acquisition independent of this experience are also integral to L2 learning. Reconciliation of these two aspects within a principled, empirically-based theory of L2 acquisition has been difficult (cf. Eckman 1977, 1984; Zobl 1980; Andersen 1983, 1984; Gundel and Tarone 1983; Liceras 1983; Rutherford 1983, 1984; White 1985). This paper argues that the parameter-setting model of Universal Grammar (UG) (proposed by Flynn 1983a, b, 1987) for L2 acquisition provides the scaffolding necessary for an integration of these two components within one explanatory account. Consistent with CC, L2 learners within this model use principles of UG isolated in L1 acquisition in the construction of the L2 grammar; however, when values of parameters associated with these principles differ between the L1 and the L2, learners assign a new value to cohere with the values for the new target language. The L1 experience counts in determining whether such a new assignment of a parametric value is necessary. This aspect of the model is consistent with a traditional CA theory of L2 learning. Empirical support for this model is provided by a study that investigates the role of the head-initial/head-final parameter (Stowell 1981) in adult L2 acquisition of pronoun anaphora. Two groups of adults — L1 speakers of Spanish, a head-initial language and L1 speakers of Japanese, a head-final language — were studied in their elicited production of English, a head-initial language. Results indicate that both groups of learners use the head-initial/head-final parameter as a source of structural organization for the L2. Results also indicate that Japanese speakers (L1 ≠ L2) are sensitive, from early stages of acquisition, to the mismatch in head-direction in English and Japanese, and that they assign new values to this parameter to cohere with the target L2 value. These speakers are thus argued to have the head-initial/head-final parameter set in two different ways. Parameters of acquisition in the two cases correspond to those isolated for L1 acquisition of English; however, the point at which this similarity is observed depends upon the degree of correspondence between the two languages.
A Call to Action: Responding to Large-Scale Disasters, Catastrophes, and Traumas

The ascendance of large-scale disasters, catastrophes, and traumas as a concentrated focus of academic inquiry in counseling psychology is timely, and this special issue and subsequent investigations represent welcome areas of scholarship. The observations and comments herein salute the authors for responding to a post-Katrina discovery by counseling psychology of the heretofore localized and less than systematic responses to large-scale disasters, catastrophes, and traumas. Extensions to and invited elaborations on the collective observations of this team of authors are offered for consideration. This article also doubles as an invitation to counseling psychologists to put into action programs, procedures, policies, and political advocacy aimed at tapping and sustaining the hope and resilience of national and international communities forced to reconcile sudden and life-changing devastation.
Creating Partisan “Footprints”: The Influence of Parental Religious Socialization on Party Identification

Objective No studies in the American context consider the influence of parental religious socialization on the development of individuals’ party identifications (PIDs). This study attempts to fill the gap. The theory posits that parental religious socialization plays an important developmental role in shaping a child's PID. However, the precise relationship between a parent's religion and the child's PID may vary over time and across generations in response to changing religio-partisan conflicts. Methods The expectations are tested using child-parent pairs from the Youth–Parent Socialization Panel Study. Conventional bivariate and multivariate techniques are employed to estimate a child's seven-point PID. Measures of parental religious belonging, beliefs, and behaviors, as well as a parent's PID, other parental sociodemographic controls, and measures of a child's religion are included in the multivariate models. Results In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, a pre-Boomer parent's religious belonging and to a very limited extent religious behavior are more influential for the Baby Boomer child's PID than religious beliefs. However, for the younger generation included in the study, in the 1990s, a Baby Boomer parent's religious beliefs become more influential to his or her post-Boomer child's PID than does the parent's religious belonging or behavior. Conclusions The findings imply an important and evolving role of parental religious socialization in shaping individuals’ PIDs.
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROTON-PROTON SCATTERING MATRIX FROM COULOMB INTERFERENCE

It is shown that a measurement of the p-p scattering parameters at very small angles and angles close to pi where Coulomb interference is important will directly determine the coefficients of the scattering matrix. Since the coefficients are known functions of the phase shifts, such measurements may rule out some of the phase-shift solutions and may provide a unique set of phase shifts. (auth)
A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon

Hundreds of highly conserved distal cis-regulatory elements have been characterized so far in vertebrate genomes. Many thousands more are predicted on the basis of comparative genomics. However, in stark contrast to the genes that they regulate, in invertebrates virtually none of these regions can be traced by using sequence similarity, leaving their evolutionary origins obscure. Here we show that a class of conserved, primarily non-coding regions in tetrapods originated from a previously unknown short interspersed repetitive element (SINE) retroposon family that was active in the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and terrestrial vertebrates) in the Silurian period at least 410 million years ago (ref. 4), and seems to be recently active in the 'living fossil' Indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. Using a mouse enhancer assay we show that one copy, 0.5 million bases from the neuro-developmental gene ISL1, is an enhancer that recapitulates multiple aspects of Isl1 expression patterns. Several other copies represent new, possibly regulatory, alternatively spliced exons in the middle of pre-existing Sarcopterygian genes. One of these, a more than 200-base-pair ultraconserved region, 100% identical in mammals, and 80% identical to the coelacanth SINE, contains a 31-amino-acid-residue alternatively spliced exon of the messenger RNA processing gene PCBP2 (ref. 6). These add to a growing list of examples in which relics of transposable elements have acquired a function that serves their host, a process termed 'exaptation', and provide an origin for at least some of the many highly conserved vertebrate-specific genomic sequences.
Tough and stiff composites with simple building blocks

From bone to dentin to nacre, biomaterials are structurally advanced composites with superior toughness and significant stiffness, based on simple building blocks. Here, using a series of molecular mechanics models with bioinspired topologies, we propose design mechanisms rooted in the simplest mechanical interactions—perfectly brittle linear elastic—which are shown to be sufficient to achieve superior toughness at high stiffness in biological composites. In a two-phase composite system, we show that by adapting the elastic constitutive laws of the matrix phase and by tuning the interactions of the constituents we can realize materials with a large range of combinations of toughness and stiffness. Notably, this can be achieved without changing the fracture energy of the individual composite components. Through a systematic analysis and the development of a simple model, we unveil basic design principles that lead to fundamental insights into the mechanics of natural composites for applications in a range of engineering disciplines.
ON cone bipolar cell axonal synapses in the OFF inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina

Analysis of the rabbit retinal connectome RC1 reveals that the division between the ON and the OFF inner plexiform layer (IPL) is not structurally absolute. ON cone bipolar cells make noncanonical axonal synapses onto specific targets and receive amacrine cell synapses in the nominal OFF layer, creating novel motifs, including inhibitory crossover networks. Automated transmission electron microscopic imaging, molecular tagging, tracing, and rendering of ~400 bipolar cells reveals axonal ribbons in 36% of ON cone bipolar cells, throughout the OFF IPL. The targets include γ-aminobutyrate (GABA)-positive amacrine cells (γACs), glycine-positive amacrine cells (GACs), and ganglion cells. Most ON cone bipolar cell axonal contacts target GACs driven by OFF cone bipolar cells, forming new architectures for generating ON-OFF amacrine cells. Many of these ON-OFF GACs target ON cone bipolar cell axons, ON γACs, and/or ON-OFF ganglion cells, representing widespread mechanisms for OFF to ON crossover inhibition. Other targets include OFF γACs presynaptic to OFF bipolar cells, forming γAC-mediated crossover motifs. ON cone bipolar cell axonal ribbons drive bistratified ON-OFF ganglion cells in the OFF layer and provide ON drive to polarity-appropriate targets such as bistratified diving ganglion cells (bsdGCs). The targeting precision of ON cone bipolar cell axonal synapses shows that this drive incidence is necessarily a joint distribution of cone bipolar cell axonal frequency and target cell trajectories through a given volume of the OFF layer. Such joint distribution sampling is likely common when targets are sparser than sources and when sources are coupled, as are ON cone bipolar cells.
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia in a Cat

Persistent neutropenia (0-0.6 X 10(9) neutrophils/l) was documented during a 10-month period in a 4-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat that was presented for anorexia and depression. Salient abnormalities detected on physical examination were fever (40.3 degrees C), dehydration, and gingivitis. The cat was neutropenic (0.5 X 10(9) neutrophils/l) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for feline leukemia virus was negative. A bone marrow aspirate showed decreased numbers of mature granulocytic cells. In vitro bone marrow cultures for colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) were performed comparing bone marrow from the patient with that of a normal cat. The patient had fewer CFU-GM than the control. The number of CFU-GM increased when bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of 10(-5) and 10(-6) mol/l of hydrocortisone, but the cat did not respond to oral prednisolone therapy. The pathogenesis of the neutropenia in this cat remains obscure, but resembles the chronic idiopathic neutropenia syndrome of man.
Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders

Schizophrenia and autism both feature significant impairments in social cognition and social functioning, but the specificity and mechanisms of these deficits remain unknown. Recent research suggests that social cognitive deficits in both disorders may arise from dysfunctions in the neural systems that underlie social cognition. We explored the neural activation of discrete brain regions implicated in social cognitive and face processing in schizophrenia subgroups and autism spectrum disorders during complex social judgments of faces. Twelve individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 12 paranoid individuals with schizophrenia (P-SCZ), 12 non-paranoid individuals with schizophrenia (NP-SCZ), and 12 non-clinical healthy controls participated in this cross sectional study. Neural activation, as indexed by blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast, was measured in a priori regions of interest while individuals rated faces for trustworthiness. All groups showed significant activation of a social cognitive network including the amygdala, fusiform face area (FFA), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) while completing a task of complex social cognition (i.e. trustworthiness judgments). ASD and P-SCZ individuals showed significantly reduced neural activation in the right amygdala, FFA, and left VLPFC as compared to controls and in the left VLPFC as compared to NP-SCZ individuals during this task. These findings lend support to models hypothesizing well-defined neural substrates of social cognition and suggest a specific neural mechanism that may underlie social cognitive impairments in both autism and paranoid schizophrenia.
Statistical clock skew modeling with data delay variations

Accurate clock skew budgets are important for microprocessor designers to avoid hold-time failures and to properly allocate resources when optimizing global and local paths. Many published clock skew budgets neglect voltage jitter and process variation, which are becoming dominant factors in otherwise balanced H-trees. However, worst-case process variation assumptions are severely pessimistic. This paper describes the major sources of clock skew in a microprocessor using a modified H-tree and applies the model to a second-generation Itanium-M processor family microprocessor currently under design. Monte Carlo simulation is used to develop statistical clock skew budgets for setup and hold time constraints in a four-level skew hierarchy. Voltage jitter through the phase locked loop (PLL) and clock buffers accounts for the majority of skew budgets. We show that taking into account the number of nearly critical paths between clocked elements at each level of the skew hierarchy and variations in the data delays of these paths reduces the difference between global and local skew budgets by more than a factor of two. Another insight is that data path delay variability limits the potential cycle-time benefits of active deskew circuits because the paths with the worst skew are unlikely to also be the paths with the longest data delays.
Phototransistor image sensor in silicon on sapphire

We present a back-illuminated 32 x 32 pixel image sensor in 0.5-mum silicon-on-sapphire process. The imager performs "snap-shot" image acquisition and analog readout at a continuous rate of thousands of frames/s and consumes as little as 250 muW. Each pixel consists of a phototransistor and a memory capacitor in 40 mum x 40 mum with a fill factor of 43%. The image sensor is suited for hyper-spectral imaging at high speeds.
Problems and Issues of Diversity in the United States

Problems and Issues of Diversity in the United States. Larry. Naylor. ed. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1999. vii. 215 pp., bibliography, index.
Core-shell germanium-silicon nanoparticle structure for high κ nonvolatile memory applications

This paper presents a new germanium-silicon core-shell nanoparticle structure for nonvolatile memory applications. This core-shell can help to passivate Ge dots from oxidation, create more favorable interface between nanoparticle and high K dielectric materials and improve device performance.
Investigation of internal processes in organic light-emitting devices using thin sensing layers

Abstract Systematic studies are a prerequisite for a detailed understanding of the internal processes in organic semiconductors and devices, which is of great importance for optimizing organic light-emitting diode performance. Devices based on small molecules are especially well-suited for introducing thin layers (
An adaptive detection system for Raman spectral peaks at low signal‐to‐noise ratios

Raman spectroscopic techniques have made it possible to study adsorbed species on single metal crystals at submonolayer coverages. However, as the amount of coverage decreases, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) deteriorates. This paper describes an adaptive peak detector (APD), a data analysis system capable of detecting peaks at low SNRs. The basic APD consists of anadaptive linear predictor (ALP) followed by a variance estimator. This detector is robust in that its performance does not rely on a priori knowledge of the exact signal and noise statistics. An experiment was performed in which single Lorentzian peaks embedded in white Gaussian noise at low SNRs were presented to the APD. A dramatic improvement in the detectability of the peaks is demonstrated; the experimental results indicate that the APD is useful at SNRs as low as 0.3. ALP convergence is shown to be a function of the input variance and the length of the predictor. Practical APD implementation considerations are given, and implications for future studies of adsorbed species are discussed.
Sustainable roofing technology under multiple constraints: a decision-analytical approach

Recent efforts in the private and public sectors to move toward enhanced sustainability in the built environment have prompted the need to quantify and assess trade-offs among relevant sustainability metrics. Within the US military, for instance, many technological improvements are available to facilitate the achievement of net-zero goals for installations. These technologies must be assessed based on numerous performance criteria, and these technology selection decisions are difficult to make unaided. This paper seeks to demonstrate the use of decision-analytical techniques in which sustainable roofing technology alternatives (reflective, vegetated, or solar roofs) can be properly framed and assessed while evaluating the trade-offs between multiple performance criteria. Multi-criteria decision analysis methods are used to assess the impact of technology alternatives on sustainability framed within the popular concept of the triple bottom line (economic, societal, and environmental concerns). The framework developed in this paper can be applied to other sustainability technologies (energy, water, waste) or portfolios of numerous technologies.
Coastal ocean mixing and advection during Hurricane Sandy and Arthur

The Mid Atlantic Bight continental shelf has one of the largest summer temperature gradients in the world, with near bottom temperatures below 8C and peak surface temperatures over 28C. This is largely due to the summer Cold Pool, remnant winter water that is generated on the northern MAB and transported southward along the continental shelf in spring and early summer. During tropical cyclones that impact the MAB continental shelf, such as Hurricane Irene in 2011, shear driven mixing of Cold Pool water across the thermocline has the potential to cool the oceans surface and reduce storm intensity. In this study we compare coastal ocean advection and mixing processes during Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Arthur, an offshore tracking tropical cyclone in the summer of 2014, to demonstrate the range of potential storm impacts on the coastal ocean of the MAB. To perform this analysis we use data from advanced Slocum autonomous underwater glider deployments in each storm as well as the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS).
H-Y Antigen Mosaicism in the Gonad of a 46,XX True Hermaphrodite

To clarify the mechanism for the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the 46,XX true hermaphrodite, we studied a 20-year-old phenotypic male with gynecomastia and elevated serum concentrations of estradiol in whom an ovotestis was discovered upon scrotal exploration. Y chromosomal material could not be detected by fluorescent Y-body analysis or Giemsa-banding technics in cells cultured from peripheral blood, breast or forearm skin or the ovarian or testicular portions of the ovotestis. However, serologic testing, using the sperm cytotoxicity assay, revealed that cells cultured from the testicular portion of the ovotestis were H-Y antigen positive whereas cells cultured from the ovarian portion were H-Y antigen negative. These observations indicate that the ovotestis arises from an H-Y+/H-Y- mosaic primordium.
Characterization of oxygenated species at water/Pt(111) interfaces from DFT energetics and XPS simulations

Abstract Determining the atomic-scale structure of oxygenated species at water/Pt(111) interfaces under electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) conditions has been a significant, long-term challenge for both experimentalists and theorists. Numerous techniques have elucidated important information about this system, but significant uncertainties relating to the structure and hydration state of adsorbed oxygenated species remain. To resolve some of these questions, an approach based on careful calibration of Density Functional Theory (DFT)-determined energetics, as well as detailed simulation of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) signatures, is developed. The combined energetic and XPS analysis of various oxygenated species demonstrates that non-hydrated OH, which has been suggested, by analysis of O 1s core-level binding data from state-of-the-art XPS studies, to be an abundant surface species at water/Pt(111) interfaces during ORR, is in fact unlikely to exist at potentials relevant to ORR, although it might be found in other conditions. The OH is more likely to be present in a fully hydrated state, and the experimentally observed features can be assigned to other oxygen arrangements. This insight about the nature of OH binding at water-Pt interfaces has implications not only for the general understanding of electrified water/Pt interfaces, but also for the design of ORR catalysts with improved performance on the basis of first principles calculations.
Automatic Generation of Programming Feedback; A Data-Driven Approach.

Automatically generated feedback could improve the learning gains of novice programmers, especially for students who are in large classes where instructor time is limited. We propose a data-driven approach for automatic feedback generation which utilizes the program solution space to predict where a student is located within the set of many possible learning progressions and what their next steps should be. This paper describes the work we have done in implementing this approach and the challenges which arise when supporting ill-defined domains.