cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfacial structure of air-water two-phase flow in a relatively large pipe

Miniaturized four-sensor conductivity probes are used to study flow structure development in air-water bubbly flow, cap-bubbly flow, and transition to slug flow. The measurements are performed at three different elevations in a vertical round pipe with an inner diameter of 101.6 mm. The time-averaged local void fraction, interfacial velocity, and bubble number frequency are measured by the conductivity probes. Also, the interfacial area concentration and averaged bubble Sauter mean diameter are obtained. A detailed representation of the flow structure is revealed by investigating the acquired data. Furthermore, comparisons of the data at three elevations demonstrate the development of the interfacial structure along the flow direction due to bubble interactions and hydrodynamic effects. This may provide the community with a better knowledge about two-phase flow in a relatively large pipe. In addition, these data can also serve as an experimental database for investigation of the interfacial area transport in large-pipe two-phase flow.
The War On Fraud and Error in the Food Stamp Program: An Evaluation of Its Effects in the Carter and Reagan Administrations

President Carter proclaimed a war on fraud and error in the food stamp program as part of a more general concern with the mismanagement of social programs. He succeeded in reversing the increase in the number of households classified as receiving both too many and too few food stamps, and he also increased the percentage of eligible households that actually received stamps. An even more visible war against fraud and abuse was pursued in the first Reagan administration. This resulted in a decrease in the number of cases being paid too much, but no such decrease in the number paid too little. The percentage of eligible households receiving food stamps also decreased, and there was a rapid increase in the number of fraud cases detected and prosecuted. However, conflicts emerged in the first Reagan term between federal and state governments about who should bear the financial costs of the war on error and fraud. The second Reagan term resulted in few changes in error and fraud compared to what was found at th...
Design of nonthrombogenic polymer surfaces for blood-contacting medical devices.

Although significant progress has been made in the design of blood-compatible polymers in the past decades, there is no ideal polymer surface which is comparable with a natural endothelial surface in
Modification of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by the 2′,3′-dialdehyde derivatives of NAD, NADH, NADP, and NADPH

The 2',3'-dialdehyde nicotinamide ribose derivatives of NAD (oNAD) and NADH (oNADH) have been prepared enzymatically from the corresponding 2',3'-dialdehyde analogs of NADP and NADPH. Pig heart NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase requires NAD as coenzyme but binds NADPH, as well as NADH, ADP, and ATP, at regulatory sites. Incubation of 1-3 mM oNAD or oNADH with this isocitrate dehydrogenase causes a time-dependent decrease in activity to a limiting value 40% that of the initial enzyme, suggesting that reaction does not occur at the catalytic coenzyme site. Upon varying the concentration of oNAD or oNADH from 0.2 to 3 mM, the inactivation rate constants increase in a nonlinear manner, consistent with reversible binding of oNAD and oNADH to the enzyme prior to covalent reaction. Inactivation is accompanied by incorporation of radioactive reagent with extrapolation to 0.54 mol [14C]oNAD or 0.45 mol [14C]oNADH/mol average enzyme subunit (or about 2 mol reagent/mol enzyme tetramer) when the enzyme is maximally inactivated; this value corresponds to the number of reversible binding sites for each of the natural ligands of isocitrate dehydrogenase. The protection against oNAD or oNADH inactivation by NADH, NADPH, and ADP (but not by isocitrate, NAD, or NADP) indicates that reaction occurs in the region of a nucleotide regulatory site. In contrast to the effects of oNAD and oNADH, oNADP and oNADPH cause total inactivation of the NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, concomitant with incorporation, respectively, of about 3.5 mol [14C]oNADP or 1.3 mol [14C]oNADPH/mol average subunit. Reaction rates exhibit a linear dependence on [oNADP] or [oNADPH] and protection by natural ligands against inactivation is not striking. These results imply that oNADP and oNADPH are acting in this case as general chemical modifiers and indicate the importance of the free adenosine 2'-OH of oNAD and oNADH for specific labeling of the NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The new availability of 2',3'-dialdehyde nicotinamide ribose derivatives of NAD, NADH, NADP, and NADPH may allow selection of the appropriate reactive coenzyme analog for affinity labeling of a variety of dehydrogenases.
Haplosporidium tumefacientis sp. n., the etiologic agent of a disease of the California sea mussel, Mytilus californianus Conrad.

Abstract Examination of large numbers of two species of marine mussels—the California sea mussel, Mytilus californianus Conrad, and the Bay mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus—revealed the presence of tumefactions (swellings) in the digestive gland (“liver”) and kidney of the California mussel. Microscopic examination demonstrated that a haplosporidian parasite was responsible for the diseased condition. The parasite was found to be an undescribed species of Haplosporidium and was therefore described and named Haplosporidium tumefacientis sp. n. It is the first member of the genus (as recently redefined) reported from a mollusk. Certain histochemical reactions of the parasite are described as well as the negative results from culture and infection experiments.
Differential effects of substrates on three transport modes of the Na+/K+-ATPase

Abstract With a purified Na + /K + -ATPase preparation reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles, Na + /K + , Na + /Na + , and uncoupled Na + transport were studied using three nucleotides and five substrates of the K + -phosphatase reaction that this enzyme also catalyzes. for Na + /K + exchange, CTP was half as effect as ATP and GTP one-twentieth; of the phosphatase substrates only carbamyl phosphate and 3- O -methylfluorscein phosphate produced significant transport and at merely 1% of the rate with ATP. For Na + /Na + exchange, comparable rates of transport were produced by ATP, CTP, carbamyl phosphate and acetyl phosphate, although the actual rate of transport with ATP was only 2.4% of that for Na + /K + exchanges; slower rates occurred with GTP (69%), 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphate (51%), and nitrophenyl phosphate (33%). Ony umbelliferone phosphate was ineffective. For uncoupled Na + transport results similar to those for Na + /Na + exchange were obtained, but the actual rate of transport was still slower, 1.4% of that for Na + /K + exchange. Thus, not only nucleotides but a variety of phosphatase substrates (which are phosphoric acid mixed anhydrides) can phosphorylate the enzyme at the high-affinity substrate site to form the E 1 P intermediate of the reaction sequence. Oligomycin inhibited Na + /K + exchange with ATP by half, but with carbamyl phosphate not at all; with CTP the inhibition was intermediate, one-fourth. By contrast, oligonycin inhibited Na + /Na + exchange by one-fifth with all three substrates. A quantitative, steady-state kinetic model accounts for the relative magnitudes of Na + /K + and Na + /Na + exchanges with ATP, CTP, and carbamyl phosphate as substrates, as well as the extents of inhibition by oligomycin. The model requires that even when Na + substitutes for K + a slow step in the reaction sequence is the E 2 to E 1 conformational transition.
Endogenous production, exogenous delivery and impact-shock synthesis of organic molecules: an inventory for the origins of life

The contribution of organic-rich comets, carbonaceous asteroids, and interplanetary dust particles and of impact shock-synthesized organics in the atmosphere to the origin of life on earth is studied and quantitatively compared with the principal non-heavy-bombardment sources of prebiotic organics. The results suggest that heavy bombardment before 3.5 Gyr ago either produced or delivered quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources.
Comparison of casting ability of castable ceramic and type III gold

Abstract This study compared the property of castability of a castable ceramic to an American Dental Association-certified type II casting alloy. A wax pattern was made with a manifold-type structure from which monofilament lines projected approximately 5 to 6 mm. The diameter of the nylon lines ranged from 132 μm to 1270 μm. Each pattern was invested and cast according to the manufacturer's specifications. Each casting was divested and measured for length of casting of the monofilament on a measuring microscope. The castable ceramic and type II gold cast completely at diameters of 1270 μm and 724 μm, but only type II gold cast completely at the 152 μm and 132 μm diameters.
Dynamical Oscillation and Propulsion of Magnetic Fields in the Convective Zone of a Star. IV. Eruption to the Surface

It was shown in the previous paper that the heat accumulating beneath the azimuthal field in the convective zone of the sun initiates a Rayleight-Taylor instability, causing tongues of gas to intrude upward into the field. The present paper works out the conditions in an intruding tongue of gas, showing that it penetrates all the way through the field, emerging into the atmosphere above with a specific entropy significantly in excess of the ambient value. The entropy is large enough that the gas rises to the visible surface in 10 to the 6th s or less, where it produces a bipolar magnetic region. Once the eruption to the surface has carried away the accumulated hot gas below the field, there remains only the general downdraft which retracts the magnetic flux from the surface in a characteristic time of 10 to the 7th s.
Putting People Back Into Science: Using Historical Vignettes

Current science education research reports that students do not embrace an understanding of the nature of science. Furthermore, few curriculum materials emphasize the nature of science. This paper suggests an effective technique for including the nature of science in existing courses. Using Wandersee's story form model, historical vignettes describe brief episodes from the lives of scientists. They are designed to take only about ten minutes of class time, provide content information, and promote examination of the nature of the scientific enterprise by generating discussion. They help students connect the present and past, show the evolution of the ideas they are learning, and make the information more interesting.
Reduction clitoroplasty and vaginal construction in a single operation

A single-stage operation is described which employs the technical aspects for reduction clitoroplasty and primary vaginal construction, using the preputial skin to form the vagina.
The Distinctions of False and Fuzzy Memories.

Abstract Fuzzy-trace theory has recently been used to account for various types of “false memories” (Brainerd & Reyna, 1998, this issue). Although components of fuzzy-trace theory—in particular the distinction between gist and verbatim traces—overlap with distinctions made in other theories of memory, those in fuzzy-trace theory provide an illuminating account of the conditions under which semantic associates of previously seen items are erroneously recognized. However, the theory is less useful in explaining misinformation effects. Fuzzy-trace theory's differential success in accounting for these two types of errors follows from one of its central implications: whereas misinformation effects involve false memories, the erroneous recognition of related lures is due to a reliance on authentic, but underspecified, gist memories. As its name suggests, fuzzy-trace theory is best at explaining memory errors resulting from fuzzy traces. Consistent with this view, fuzzy-trace theory helps to explain another source of memory errors (verbal overshadowing of nonverbal memories) that may also be best characterized as resulting from a reliance on fuzzy, rather than false, memories.
Song type matching is an honest early threat signal in a hierarchical animal communication system.

Aggressive encounters between animals often involve significant amounts of signalling before or in lieu of physical fights. When, as is often the case, these apparent threat signals are neither inh...
Electron collisions with highly polar molecules: integrated and momentum transfer cross sections and conductivity integrals for KOH and CsOH

The authors report close-coupling calculations of the total integrated and momentum transfer cross sections for the scattering of electrons from KOH and CsOH in the energy range 0.01 to 10 eV. A cut-off dipole potential is used to account for the long-range interaction. The authors nominally chose the cut-off radius Rc such that the potential has a minimum in the vicinity of the nucleus nearest to the centre-of-mass (COM) of the molecule. The results for the total integrated and momentum transfer cross section exhibit oscillations about a mean value. The choice of a different value for Rc in additional calculations for KOH led to results for the mean value and amplitude which were virtually identical for k2<<1/(2rc)2. A simple semi-quantitative understanding of this behaviour is presented in the context of Fabrikant's effective-range theory (ERT). Analytical expressions are given for the interaction parameters (conductivity integrals) which may be used for calculating electrical properties of gas mixtures according to the popular algorithm of Demetriades and Argyropoulos (1966).
A behavioral science perspective in the comparative approach to the delivery of health care.

Abstract This paper, written from a national point of view (that of the United States) has international applicability. It focuses upon problems in the delivery of health care. By suggesting a behavioral science approach to such matters, it offers a better means of raising health levels than other discipline-bound efforts to date. The paper is divided into six parts. Part one addresses itself to the importance of a behavioral science perspective by critiquing several key references which bear directly on the health services system. Part two guides the reader to the available anthropological and sociological literature on health behavior. It comments on the inadequacy of each. Part three provides a description of the comparative approach to health behavior and suggests the extent to which methodological refinements have been made in recent years. Part four discusses the application of the comparative approach to the delivery of health care issue. Part five stresses the magnitude of the need for a behavioral science perspective requiring simultaneous attention to multiple disciplinary dimensions. Part six refers to the behavioral science perspective in specific program settings in the United States, suggesting that this approach will assume an indispensable role in the national effort of evaluation of the health care system. In conclusion, the point is made that a behavioral science perspective as applied to health evaluation adds the important dimension of viewing the medical care crisis as more than a question of availability and efficiency. It is more than the rendering of services in a medical context … the common spirit of the behavioral perspective is to protect the differing value profiles of all participants in the caring process and hence to demonstrate that it is the caring, in a human context, that is the central issue.
Fourth branchial pouch sinus: Principles of diagnosis and management

The fourth branchial pouch sinus is a congenital anomaly which most frequently manifests itself by recurrent episodes of neck abscess or acute suppurative thyroiditis. This lesion usually becomes symptomatic before the age of 10 years and is more common than has previously been suspected. It has been found on the left side in 93% of the 28 cases reported in the English literature. Barium swallow during periods of quiescence and nasopharyngoscopy have frequently been successful in identifying the presence of these embryological remnants. Definitive therapy consists of total excision of the sinus tract, which can be facilitated by direct endoscopic placement of a Fogarty catheter into the sinus lumen before surgical exploration. The embryological basis for the occurrence of these sinuses is discussed.
Endoscopic saphenous vein graft harvest for extracranial-intracranial bypass procedures.

Abstract Background The introduction of endoscopic harvest of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) for coronary artery bypass procedures over the past few years has reduced the morbidity and enhanced patient satisfaction associated with this procedure. This report introduces the use of the endoscopic SVG harvest for extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass procedures. Methods Endoscopic SVG harvest has been performed in more than 4000 patients at Duke University Medical Center from 1998 to 2003. We have performed 4 such procedures for EC-IC bypass, including 3 for the treatment of large or giant cerebral aneurysms and 1 for symptomatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. A 2-cm transverse incision is made to harvest 25- to 30-cm segment of SVG using a VasoView graft harvest system (Guidant Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Menlo Park, CA). Skin closure was performed using a 4-0 Vicryl subcuticular stitch. Results Endoscopic SVG harvest was possible in each of the 4 patients. No graft leaks were visualized microscopically with infusion pressure testing of the graft before graft anastomosis, and no postoperative graft harvest complications (infection, hematoma, dehiscence, etc) were encountered in either the immediate or long-term follow-up (mean, 14 months). Conclusions The use of endoscopic SVG harvest presents an attractive alternative to open SVG harvest for EC-IC bypass procedures. A high-quality long graft may be harvested with apparent decreased morbidity via this minimally invasive technique.
Extreme jack-up response: Simulation and nonlinear analysis methods

The nonlinear dynamic response of a jack-up structure under random wave loads is considered. For a simplified jack-up model, average behavior and variability in extreme forces and responses are found from simulation over many 6-h seastates. Weibull and Hermite analytical models of response extremes are also presented and evaluated. These models use shorter, less expensive simulations to estimate a limited number of response statistics, such as moments or parameters of the response peak distribution, and fit analytical models to estimate global extremes. Necessary simulation lengths are established both for direct simulation of extremes, and for analytical extreme models.
A Methodological Study of Conditioning and Extinction of an Avoidance Response Via Social Facilitation in Dogs

(1971). A Methodological Study of Conditioning and Extinction of an Avoidance Response Via Social Facilitation in Dogs. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 275-279.
Patterns of change in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease from 1983 to 2000.

The authors examined the pattern of use of psychiatric medication as prescribed by community physicians in 1,155 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) referred to the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center of Pittsburgh between April 1983 and July 2000. The use of antidepressants and of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics (SHA) increased over time, while the use of antipsychotics decreased. The increased use of antidepressants and decreased use of antipsychotics may reflect the growing evidence that newer antidepressants (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) can be used to treat not only mood-related disorders, but also abnormal behavior (e.g., aggression, agitation) and sleep disorders in AD. Although the use of SHA has a proven deleterious effect on patients with AD, their use has increased over the past two decades.
Crystal structures and thermodynamic investigations of NaSc(BH4)4 from first-principles calculations

The double cation borohydride NaSc(BH4)4 has a total H2 content of 12.67 wt.% and has been suggested as a potential candidate for hydrogen storage applications. This study reports first-principles calculations of the structure and reaction thermodynamics of NaSc(BH4)4. The calculations indicate that NaSc(BH4)4 is decomposed into a mixture of ScB2, NaBH4, and Na2(B10H10) with H2 release of 9.3 wt.% at 118 K at a partial pressure of H2 of 100 bar. Reactant compositions that can destabilize NaSc(BH4)4 were evaluated. This effort identified four destabilization reactions that are predicted to have reaction thermodynamics for hydrogen release within the temperature range of 78–109 K. Even though the reactions conclusively produce undesired compounds, such as refractory materials or kinetically stable B12H12-containing species, the thermodynamic study suggests a direction for improving the thermodynamics of double cation borohydride-based systems being actively considered for hydrogen storage applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of Family 9 Cellulases from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Bacteria

Cellulases containing a family 9 catalytic domain and a family 3c cellulose binding module (CBM3c) are important components of bacterial cellulolytic systems. We measured the temperature dependence of the activities of three homologs: Clostridium cellulolyticum Cel9G, Thermobifida fusca Cel9A, and C. thermocellum Cel9I. To directly compare their catalytic activities, we constructed six new versions of the enzymes in which the three GH9-CBM3c domains were fused to a dockerin both with and without a T. fusca fibronectin type 3 homology module (Fn3). We studied the activities of these enzymes on crystalline cellulose alone and in complex with a miniscaffoldin containing a cohesin and a CBM3a. The presence of Fn3 had no measurable effect on thermostability or cellulase activity. The GH9-CBM3c domains of Cel9A and Cel9I, however, were more active than the wild type when fused to a dockerin complexed to scaffoldin. The three cellulases in complex have similar activities on crystalline cellulose up to 60°C, but C. thermocellum Cel9I, the most thermostable of the three, remains highly active up to 80°C, where its activity is 1.9 times higher than at 60°C. We also compared the temperature-dependent activities of different versions of Cel9I (wild type or in complex with a miniscaffoldin) and found that the thermostable CBM is necessary for activity on crystalline cellulose at high temperatures. These results illustrate the significant benefits of working with thermostable enzymes at high temperatures, as well as the importance of retaining the stability of all modules involved in cellulose degradation.
Online Codebook Browsing and Conversational Survey Analysis

UC DATA has developed an automatic system for X-windows browsing of survey codebooks that links to an exploratory data analysis system, which can be used by undergraduates for secondary survey analysis and information discovery from microdata. The system uses multiple windows for displaying variable lists, codebook question text and marginal distributions, KWIC index subject access to questions; and specifying analysis parameters. The system is based upon a new machine-readable codebookformatbased on a standard generalized markup language (SGML) document-type definition (DTD) specialized for survey codebooks. Currently, more than 20 major microdata survey data sets, including the California Polls since 1980, the 1992 American National Election Study, the NCHS Health Interview Survey, and the 1990 Census PUMS 1% sample for California, have been installed into the system. The underlying analysis engine provides response times in seconds for up to 1 million observations.
Conclusions and Key Takeaways

The last chapters showed how fast the consumer goods industry develops. ECR as a concept has not yet come to an end. ECR is a tool to satisfy consumer needs, but it needs vertical cooperation, innovation and technological advancements.
Durability of glycemic control using U-500 insulin.

Abstract Previous short-term studies evaluating U-500 insulin have reported improvements in glycemic control but with significant weight gain. This study was performed to examine the glycemic durability of U-500 insulin in highly insulin resistant subjects, and to determine if weight gain was continuous with use. Patients using U-500 insulin provided consent for chart reviews for up to 3 years prior to and 3 years after use of U-500 insulin. Charts were reviewed for physical and metabolic data from 53 subjects using U-500 insulin of which 20 used U-500 insulin for 3 years. Use of U-500 insulin led to an approximate 1% decrease in HbA1c within 3–6 months of use which was sustained for up to 3 years. Patients required increased insulin doses (by ∼80%) over the first 6–12 months with a corresponding weight gain (∼10 lbs) and a spike in hypoglycemia symptoms, but then insulin doses and body weight, as well as glycemic control and hypoglycemic symptoms, stabilized over subsequent follow up. Use of U-500 insulin in a clinical diabetes practice leads to sustained improvements in glycemic control following a period of insulin titration and weight gain. Despite the weight gain, glycemic control was sustained for up to 3 years.
Evaluation of bacterial kill when modelling the bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetic profile of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against parC-containing isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Objectives: The increasingly recognized prevalence of first-step parC mutants in Streptococcus pneumoniae and the development of de novo resistance while on fluoroquinolone therapy are of concern. Previous work by our group demonstrated the ability of moxifloxacin, but not levofloxacin, to eradicate parC mutants. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether these fluoroquinolone antibiotics provided equivalent bacterial kill when similar AUC/MICs were examined. Methods :A nin vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations following oral administration of levofloxacin 500 mg once daily and moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily in older adults. In addition, a range of AUC/MICs were also modelled, including levofloxacin 750 mg once daily. Five different S. pneumoniae containing first-step parC mutations and one isolate without mutations were tested for 48 h and time–kill curves were constructed. Samples at 0, 24 and 48 h were collected for phenotypic and genotypic profiling. HPLC was used to verify that target exposures were achieved. Results: The isolate without a parC mutation displayed a 4 log reduction in cfu after treatment with levofloxacin 500 mg and did not select for resistance. In all five isolates containing first-step parC mutations, resistance emerged within 48 h with a 16-fold increase in MIC and the acquisition of a gyrA mutant. Increasing the exposure of levofloxacin to 750 mg dose still led to 16-fold increase in MIC at 48 h in two of the four isolates containing parC mutations. On the other hand, moxifloxacin 400 mg sustained bacterial killing against the two isolates tested without the selection of resistant mutants. It appears that the critical AUC/MIC necessary to prevent the acquisition of resistance for levofloxacin is 200 and 400 for moxifloxacin. Conclusions: Due to suboptimal exposures, once-daily oral regimens of levofloxacin at both 500 and 750 mg inconsistently led to bactericidal activity and the frequent acquisition of a second-step gyrA mutation in S. pneumoniae isolates already containing a first-step parC mutation. Conversely, once-daily moxifloxacin 400 mg provides exposures that vastly exceed the apparent efficacy breakpoint and did not select for second-step mutants until exposures were decreased 4-fold. As a result of these data and the emerging literature involving mutations in the pneumococcus, caution should be exercised when the respiratory fluoroquinolones are used to treat patients infected with S. pneumoniae suspected of having parC mutations.
Judiceratops tigris, a New Horned Dinosaur from the Middle Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana

North America hosted a diverse assemblage of horned dinosaurs from the late Campanian until the end of the Cretaceous, but comparatively little is known about earlier horned dinosaurs. This paper reports on previously undescribed ceratopsian remains from the middle Campanian beds of the Judith River Formation of Montana, which represent the oldest known chasmosaurine. The Judith River chasmosaur shows a combination of characters not seen in any previously described ceratopsid. The parietal has a broad median bar, a rounded caudal margin, and highly reduced epiparietals. Episquamosals are enlarged anteriorly but decrease in size posteriorly, and imbricate as in centrosaurines. The postorbital horns are moderately elongate, inclined anterolaterally, and have an unusual teardrop-shaped cross section. The unique combination of characters seen in the Judith River chasmosaurine precludes referral to any previously known genus, and it is therefore described as a new genus and species, Judiceratops tigris. The addition of Judiceratops to the dinosaurian fauna of North America underscores the diversity of horned dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous, which results from a combination of high diversity within faunas, a high degree of endemism, and rapid faunal turnover.
DIRECTED EVOLUTION: SELECTION OF THE HOST ORGANISM

Directed evolution has become a well-established tool for improving proteins and biological systems. A critical aspect of directed evolution is the selection of a suitable host organism for achieving functional expression of the target gene. To date, most directed evolution studies have used either Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host; however, other bacterial and yeast species, as well as mammalian and insect cell lines, have also been successfully used. Recent advances in synthetic biology and genomics have opened the possibility of expanding the use of directed evolution to new host organisms such as microalgae. This review focuses on the different host organisms used in directed evolution and highlights some of the recent directed evolution strategies used in these organisms.
Automated identification of installed malicious Android applications

Increasingly, Android smartphones are becoming more pervasive within the government and industry, despite the limited ways to detect malicious applications installed to these phones' operating systems. Although enterprise security mechanisms are being developed for use on Android devices, these methods cannot detect previously unknown malicious applications. As more sensitive enterprise information becomes available and accessible on these smartphones, the risk of data loss inherently increases. A malicious application's actions could potentially leave sensitive data exposed with little recourse. Without an effective corporate monitoring solution in place for these mobile devices, organizations will continue to lack the ability to determine when a compromise has occurred. This paper presents research that applies traditional digital forensic techniques to remotely monitor and audit Android smartphones. The smartphone sends changed file system data to a remote server, allowing for expensive forensic processing and the offline application of traditional tools and techniques rarely applied to the mobile environment. The research aims at ascertaining new ways of identifying malicious Android applications and ultimately attempts to improve the state of enterprise smartphone monitoring. An on-phone client, server, database, and analysis framework was developed and tested using real mobile malware. The results are promising that the developed detection techniques identify changes to important system partitions; recognize file system changes, including file deletions; and find persistence and triggering mechanisms in newly installed applications. It is believed that these detection techniques should be performed by enterprises to identify malicious applications affecting their phone infrastructure.
The Dynamics of Trust in a Supervisory Control Simulation

As automated controllers supplant human intervention in controlling complex systems, the operator's role changes from that of an active controller to that of a supervisory controller, interacting with the system by engaging different degrees of automatic and manual control. Because manual and automatic control have different capabilities and limitations, improperly allocating function between automatic and manual control can have negative consequences for system performance. The operator's decision to perform a task manually or automatically depends, in part, upon the trust the operators invest in the automatic controllers (Muir, 1989). Consequently, the factors influencing trust, as well as the dynamics of trust need to be identified.This research examines changes in operators' trust during an interaction with a simulated semi-automatic pasteurization plant. The results of this research show how trust develops as the operators interact with the system, as well as how trust changes in response to faults i...
“Just Having a Job” Career Advancement for Low-Wage Workers With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

This study examined career development and early employment experiences for four young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Researchers used a multiple-method, multiple case-study longitudinal design to explore career development within the context of family systems, high school and transition programs, adult services, and early and continued experiences in the labor market. Data sources included school and rehabilitation records, job observations, and interviews with young adults, family members, high school special education personnel, employers, and adult agency staff (N = 39). During the early career years, participants maintained stable employment, but earned annual wages well under the federal poverty line. Employment opportunities seemed to be influenced by family advocacy and expectations, school-based work experiences, job development services, and work environments.
A stratospheric “drain” over the maritime continent

Operational wind data are used to show that the time-averaged mass flux near the tropopause is downward over the maritime continent (Indonesia) region during both summer and winter. The air descends within a layer above the convective level of neutral buoyancy (despite mean upward motion below and above this layer) and must rise through the mean tropopause elsewhere, contradicting the common view that the entry occurs over strongly-convecting regions. Closing the energy budget in the sinking regions requires an energy sink; one possibility is that overshooting convective clouds are irreversibly injecting cold, heavy air at great heights.
Defective twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals

Coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) are widely described, both theoretically and experimentally, as perfect interfaces that play a significant role in a variety of materials. Although the ability of CTBs in strengthening, maintaining the ductility and minimizing the electron scattering is well documented, most of our understanding of the origin of these properties relies on perfect-interface assumptions. Here we report experiments and simulations demonstrating that as-grown CTBs in nanotwinned copper are inherently defective with kink-like steps and curvature, and that these imperfections consist of incoherent segments and partial dislocations. We further show that these defects play a crucial role in the deformation mechanisms and mechanical behaviour of nanotwinned copper. Our findings offer a view of the structure of CTBs that is largely different from that in the literature, and underscore the significance of imperfections in nanotwin-strengthened materials.
The Work Environments of Male and Female Professionals Objective and Subjective Characteristics

Structured interviews were conducted with 1,115 male and 271 female professional employees of a major American corporation. Statistically significant gender differences were found in each of three objective job characteristics (job title, salary grade, and number of employees supervised), whereas few significant gender differences were found in subjective job characteristics (intrinsic and importance rewards, peer cohesion, staff support, role conflict, role ambiguity, and quantitative workload). Multiple regression equations were used to predict subjective job characteristics from objective job characteristics, personality factors, family circumstances, and educational attainment. The factors associated with subjective job characteristics were similar for men and women. For both men and women, personality factors were the strongest predictors, followed by objective job characteristics. Family-related variables and educational attainment were not strongly associated with subjective job characteristics for...
Intersections of Culture and Community: Developing a Critical Sense of Place in Social Studies Teacher Education

Teacher candidates often work with students of cultural backgrounds and in communities they have limited experience with prior to beginning their student teaching placements. Social studies teacher education courses that engage students in cross-cultural, experiential learning opportunities have the potential to better prepare teacher candidates to be culturally responsive and community conscious educators. Prior to beginning their field experience and student teaching, participants enrolled in a summer seminar course explored neighborhoods and public spaces that make up the school district they would be teaching in over the course of the next school year. Findings revealed how teacher candidates re-imagined areas of a city they had not previously entered and used their experiences to connect the spatial, historical, and cultural contexts of where students live to the social studies classroom.
Temporal based EEG Signals Classification for Talocrural and Knee Joint Movements using Emotive Head Set

Recent developments in Brain Computer Interfacing (BCI) and neuroprosthetics have played a vital role for disable people to expect better life quality. In this contribution Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals acquired from six healthy test subjects, are used for the offline analysis of BCI through classification of four lower limb movements including talocrural (ankle) joint dorsi-planter flexion and knee joint extension-flexion. Fourteen channel Emotive EPOC head set is used to acquire EEG signals from sensorimotor cortex area of brain, using a particular data acquisition timeline protocol. Features are extracted in time domain from raw EEG data. Power spectral density, variance, mean value and kurtosis features are applied on raw EEG signals. Multiple classification algorithms are implemented for discrimination of four lower limb movements within data set. The paper uses Quadratic discriminant analysis, Naive Bayes and Support vector machine classifiers to stratify the movement intent of lower limb. Maximum classification accuracies achieved through various classifiers are; 86.35% with average band power & QDA, 84.38% with mean value & QDA and 78.13% with power spectral density & Quadratic-SVM. The presented findings are optimistic in making the path easier towards the development of BCIs with rich EEG based control signals using noninvasive technology.
Oocyte Meiotic Spindle Assembly and Function

Gametogenesis in animal oocytes reduces the diploid genome content of germline precursors to a haploid state in gametes by discarding ¾ of the duplicated chromosomes through a sequence of two meiotic cell divisions called meiosis I and II. The assembly of the microtubule-based spindle structure that mediates this reduction in genome content remains poorly understood compared to our knowledge of mitotic spindle assembly and function. In this review, we consider the diversity of oocyte meiotic spindle assembly and structure across animal phylogeny, review recent advances in our understanding of how animal oocytes assemble spindles in the absence of the centriole-based microtubule-organizing centers that dominate mitotic spindle assembly, and discuss different models for how chromosomes are captured and moved to achieve chromosome segregation during oocyte meiotic cell division.
Multicore architectures

In this talk we will give an overview of recent developments in multicore architectures. We will discuss the basic architectural features of today's multicore microprocessors and illustrate those features with examples from current commercial machines from AMD, IBM, Intel, and SUN. We will examine how features have been added to simplify the task of programming these architectures. Hardware support for cache coherence is well-known, but we will also discuss transactional memory, a relatively recent proposal to simplify parallel programming, which has yet to be incorporated in any widely used architecture. Finally, we will look at trends in semiconductor technology to see how they may impact the future of multicore architectures.
Finite-element Time Discretizations for the Unsteady Euler Equations

This work examines finite-element time discretizations for the Euler equations and methods for the robust and efficient solution of these discretizations. Specifically, the spectralelement (SEMT) and discontinuous-Galerkin (DGMT) methods in time are derived and examined in detail. To solve the SEMT and DGMT Euler equations, the flexible variant of the Generalized Minimal Residual method (FGMRES), utilizing the full second-order accurate spatial Jacobian and complete temporal coupling of the chosen time discretization, is implemented. The FGMRES solver developed utilizes a block-colored Gauss-Seidel (BCGS) preconditioner augmented by a defect-correction process to increase its effectiveness. This preliminary examination of the SEMT and DGMT shows that these time discretization have promise for the solution of the unsteady Euler equations, but also that the behavior of the methods around discontinuities must be improved to make them broadly applicable to unsteady flow problems. The investigation conducted in this work indicates that SEMT, rather than DGMT, is likely the better time discretization for use in solution of the Euler equations.
Antiferromagnetism in MnxNi1-xCl2 ·nH2O

We report low-temperature specific heat measurements on four samples with chemical formulas Mn x Ni 1- x Cl 2 · n H 2 O ( n =4 or 6). Their compositions range from x =0.88 to x =0.16. They all show fairly well-defined antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transitions in the liquid helium 4 region (1.68 K to 4.51 K). A simple random mean field theory fails to account for the variation of critical temperature with composition.
Lung damage in mice following intraperitoneal injection of butylated hydroxytoluene.

SummaryButylated hydroxytoluene was administered intraperitoneally to two strains of mice in the dose range 0.004-2.5 g/kg. Histological examination of the lung tissue revealed thickened interalveolar septa, congestion and a general pattern of tissue disorganization at doses of 0.25 g/kg and above. The observed effects are apparently reversible and have a threshold in the vicinity of 0.04 g/kg.
High Frequency Sound Radiation From Fans With Transonic Tip Speeds

This paper discusses the acoustic field generated by trailing edge noise sources in ducted fans with transonic tip speeds. A solution is developed for the sound field in the fan duct and the blade passages by assuming a high frequency limit. An analytical expression is derived for the amplitude of the acoustic modes in the blade passages. I. Introduction Most aero engine fans operate with tip speeds that are well into the transonic range. The presence of transonic flow complicates the coupling between sound generated downstream of the fan face and acoustic modes propagating upstream in the fan inlet duct. This paper will consider this problem, in the high frequency limit that is applicable to the fan noise sources of interest in large diameter high by pass ratio aero engines. In a previous study a numerical method was developed for the solution of Goldstein’s equation for sound propagation in non uniform flows [1]. The method was based on solving for the complex phase of the velocity potential in the high frequency limit, and ignored terms which were of order 1/ko 2 (where ko is the acoustic wavenumber). The Eikonal equation was solved on a specified grid to obtain a first order approximation to the real part of the phase, and the result was used in a second order equation to obtain the imaginary part of the phase. Accurate solutions were obtained for specific idealized examples, such as radiation from monopole and dipole sources. The paper also considered an idealized two dimensional trailing edge noise source, and was able to predict it’s radiated sound field in a subsonic flow. Some initial results were presented of a two dimensional problem which includes the primary effects of propagation from a source in a duct with non uniform flow. Of specific interest was the radial variation of the acoustic field as the sound propagated upstream through a blade passage. For simplicity a two dimensional model was considered in which the flow in the horizontal direction increases linearly from M=0.5 at the lower boundary to M=0.95 at the upper boundary. This model was proposed to illustrate the effects of the radial variation of the flow speed in a rotor blade passage. The study considered whether sources close to the lower boundary in slower flow generate more sound upstream than sources close to the outer boundary where the flow speed is almost sonic. The calculations showed that for the source in slower flow, the field upstream is stronger than the field downstream. In general however the modal structure gives a relatively uniform level across the duct. In contrast for the case when the source is in higher speed flow significant refraction effects were apparent. A caustic appeared in the direct field which gave a high level on the upper duct wall just upstream of the source. Interestingly this was manifested in the reflected field * Professor, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, Senior member of AIAA
Checkpoint Inhibitors and Other Immune Therapies for Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Treatment for relapsed/refractory (R/R) Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma remains challenging. The introduction of rituximab to B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) treatment significantly improved patients’ response rate and survival; however, approximately one third of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma, the most common B-NHL subtype, still have a relapse or become refractory after first-line therapy. More recently, antibody therapies and small-molecule inhibitors were approved for treating R/R lymphomas; these agents include brentuximab vedotin, ibrutinib, and idelalisib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immune therapies are emerging treatments currently being evaluated in various clinical trials for their efficacy against lymphoid malignancies. Striking results from these treatment modalities have been observed in solid tumors, and evidence is accumulating to support their use in various lymphomas. The most exciting results from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy have been seen in patients with R/R Hodgkin lymphoma, in whom the overall response rate has reached 60–80 %. Results in NHL are more similar to those seen in other solid malignancies, ranging between 20 and 40 %, depending on the histology. Formal approval of these drugs is being awaited, as are the results of combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitors and other treatment modalities, including conventional chemotherapy, small-molecule inhibitors, and other immune therapies. Although response rates have been promising, attention must be paid to the management of unique immune-related adverse events, which warrant close monitoring in some cases. Identification of biomarkers that predict response or severe adverse events using either the tumor specimen or peripheral blood would aid in selecting patients suited for these types of treatment as well as determining the ideal sequence of treatment within the realm of immune therapies.