cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of an Immobilized Oxalate-Oxidase Method in Urine: Problems Solved and Methods Compared

Experience with the Olthius method for urinary oxalate has been unsatisfactory (1). We found intermittent spuriously-elevated urinary results that did not fit clinically; we found a relatively slow laboratory turn-around time; and we found that the method was not sensitive enough to measure plasma oxalate.
Market-based and resilient coordinated Microgrid planning under uncertainty

This paper describes an approach to address Microgrid expansion planning problem in order to help Community Microgird (COMG) Companies to decide whether invest on installation Microgird in generation and transmission expansion planning. This approach is developed in the scope of the implementation of electricity markets that eliminated the traditional centralized planning and leads to competition of COMGs, Generation Companies (GENCOs), and Transmission Companies (TRANSCOs) for power delivery. The developed model aims at maximizing the expected revenues of COMGs, TRANSCOs, and GENCOs while ensuring the cost-effective and safe operation of the power system and incorporating uncertainty, with satisfying reliability and demand requirement. Due to the long planning horizon, distribution system is subjected to uncertainty including load growth and component outages. In this regard, the stochastic programming approach is adopted to decompose planning problem into master problem and subproblem. Master problem maximizes the profit of COMG's, GENCO's and TRANSCO's and the subproblem minimizes the short-term operation cost by considering uncertainty to enhance the resiliency of system. The numerical example is presented to analyze the effectiveness of the adding Microgrid.
Dr Brady and the History of England

The Earl of Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion appeared to have answered neoclassical critics once and for all by repairing the weakness in English historiography. However, Englishmen recognized that only two or three decades of their history — and to many the Civil War represented perhaps the most disgraceful part of it — had been narrated in the manner of the greatest historians of ancient and modern times. As long ago as the early sixteenth century, Polydore Vergil had written a general history of England, and during Clarendon’s own lifetime both Samuel Daniel and John Milton attempted to write, according to humanist protocols, the history of England, from earliest times to modern ones.1 This Chapter will examine the general histories of England written in the half century following Clarendon’s death, roughly from the year 1675 to about 1725. In the second quarter of the eighteenth century, the expansion of audiences for history and the emergence of foreign-born historians would present different challenges to the writing of Livian history, to be considered separately in Chapter 6.
Sleep Disorders in Children with Epilepsy

Sleep and behavior disorders in 55 children with epilepsy (mean age 10 years; range 4-16 years) were compared with those in their non-epileptic siblings of the same ages and sex ratio and correlated with epilepsy-specific factors, in a study at Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
On Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis of Distribution Circuit's Photovoltaic Hosting Capacity

A high penetration of residential photovoltaic (PV) panels can potentially cause a number of operational issues in the distribution circuit, necessitating the requirement to determine the largest PV generation, a distribution circuit can accommodate. This paper presents a Monte Carlo-based hourly stochastic analysis framework to determine a circuit's PV accommodation limit or PV hosting capacity. First, a mathematical formulation of the hosting capacity problem for bus overvoltage concerns is presented, followed by the proposed analysis approach. In the proposed approach, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the scenarios of probable PV locations and sizes while the hourly analysis framework is used to include the daily variations in load and PV generation. Next, a method to evaluate the percentage accuracy of the hosting capacity results is presented. The sensitivity of PV hosting results to multiple parameters related to both feeder characteristics and simulation method are evaluated as well. The utility of the proposed framework is presented using an actual 12.47-kV distribution circuit. In sum, by presenting a PV hosting analysis method, accuracy assessment framework, and sensitivity analysis approach, this paper provides a thorough understanding of the PV hosting capacity problem.
Small RNA Modifications: Integral to Function and Disease

Small RNAs have the potential to store a secondary layer of labile biological information in the form of modified nucleotides. Emerging evidence has shown that small RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) harbor a diversity of RNA modifications. These findings highlight the importance of RNA modifications in the modulation of basic properties such as RNA stability and other complex physiological processes involved in stress responses, metabolism, immunity, and epigenetic inheritance of environmentally acquired traits, among others. High-resolution, high-throughput methods for detecting, mapping and screening these small RNA modifications now provide opportunities to uncover their diagnostic potential as sensitive disease markers.
Design of a multifiber light delivery system for photoacoustic-guided surgery

This work explores light delivery optimization for photoacoustic-guided minimally invasive surgeries, such as the endonasal transsphenoidal approach. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to study three-dimensional light propagation in tissue, comprising one or two 4-mm diameter arteries located 3 mm below bone, an absorbing metallic drill contacting the bone surface, and a single light source placed next to the 2.4-mm diameter drill shaft with a 2.9-mm diameter spherical drill tip. The optimal fiber distance from the drill shaft was determined from the maximum normalized fluence to the underlying artery. Using this optimal fiber-to-drill shaft distance, Zemax simulations were employed to propagate Gaussian beams through one or more 600 micron-core diameter optical fibers for detection on the bone surface. When the number of equally spaced fibers surrounding the drill increased, a single merged optical profile formed with seven or more fibers, determined by thresholding the resulting light profile images at 1 / e times the maximum intensity. We used these simulations to inform design requirements, build a one to seven multifiber light delivery prototype to surround a surgical drill, and demonstrate its ability to simultaneously visualize the tool tip and blood vessel targets in the absence and presence of bone. The results and methodology are generalizable to multiple interventional photoacoustic applications.
Malcolm X and the New Politics of Pan-African Nationalism

“You know, I’m glad I’ve been the first to establish official ties between Afro-Americans and our blood brothers in Africa.”Malcolm X made this short but compelling remark just a day before his assassination on the 25th of February, 1965. We know that the statement belonged to an era of tremendous change, both in Malcolm’s personal life and in the lives of African people throughout the Diaspora. Unfortunately, we cannot know Malcolm’s precise thoughts at the exact time of his comment, or his reflections on the specific international dynamics that prompted it. Nonetheless, the full weight of this statement can be appreciated in terms of its relationship to the political transformations that were unfolding across the African Diaspora. The aim of this paper is to explore this relationship by examining the significance of Malcolm X’s thoughts and leadership for what might be viewed as a new era in the Pan-African movement. Specifically, I raise two questions: First, how might we situate Malcolm X and his contributions to African unity within the historical evolution of Pan-Africanism? Second, and more central to the essay, how did he contribute to the contemporary emergence of Pan-African nationalism? The analysis begins by outlining the basic theoretical claims that comprise Pan-African nationalism. A content analysis is then employed in order to identify Malcolm X’s contributions to Pan-African nationalism and its manifestations in the three diasporic flashpoints. The essay concludes by locating the implications of this for the manner in which the Pan-African movement must now be understood and practiced.
Meta-analysis: Nicotine replacement therapy is effective for reducing smoking

Source Citation Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lancaster T. The effect of nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation. Tobacco Addiction Module of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [up...
RECALCITRANT CARPAL TUNNEL: The Hypothenar Fat Pad Flap

Open decompression of the median nerve generally is so effective that little is mentioned of the surgical treatment options for recalcitrant or unrelieved carpal tunnel syndrome. The hypothenar fat pad flap has been shown to be a reliable local source of well-vascularized adipose tissue that can be used for coverage of the median nerve during re-exploration of recurrent or persistent idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. The hypothenar fat pad flap is a technically simple procedure that allows the fat pad to be mobilized easily and placed across the palm as a barrier between the nerve and the radial leaf of the transverse carpal ligament, effectively preventing median nerve readherence. This flap hopefully will improve the tissue environment for the median nerve, permitting it to have normal excursion during wrist motion. Our results to date have been better than previously described for other techniques. We believe the hypothenar fat pad flap should be considered in the hand surgeon's armamentarium for recalcitrant idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.
Accelerated Roles for Parametric Optimality

Based on the new notion of the generalized second-order \((\phi ,\eta ,\omega ,\rho ,\theta ,\tilde{m})\)-invexity, a set of higher order parametric necessary optimality conditions and several sets of higher order sufficient optimality conditions in a semi-infinite framework for a discrete minmax fractional programming problem are planned to be established in this chapter.
Postpartum depression screening and pelvic floor symptoms among women referred to a specialty postpartum perineal clinic.

Background Postpartum depression and pelvic floor disorders are both common conditions that affect women; however, the association between the 2 has yet to be determined. Objective The aims of our study are to: (1) determine the prevalence of a positive postpartum depression screen in a specialty postpartum perineal clinic, and (2) identify risk factors for postpartum depression in this population. Study Design A retrospective chart review was performed of 294 women referred to a specialty postpartum perineal clinic at the University of Michigan from March 30, 2012, through May 3, 2016. Women who completed a new patient intake form, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, were included. The prevalence of a positive Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screen (≥10) was determined. Bivariate analyses were used to compare demographics, delivery characteristics, referral indications, and postpartum pelvic floor symptoms between women with and without a positive Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screen. Significant variables identified in the analyses were then used to perform logistic regression to identify factors independently associated with a positive Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screen. Results In all, 15.6% (46/294) of women had a positive postpartum depression screen. Average age was 30.6 ± 4.8 years, average body mass index was 28.9 ± 5.06 kg/m2, 68.0% (200/294) were Caucasian, 79.6% (234/294) were primiparous, and 86.0% (245/285) were breast-feeding. Using multivariable logistic regression, women with a positive postpartum depression screen had higher odds of being non-Caucasian (adjusted odds ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–5.832; P = .01), having a history of depression and/or anxiety (adjusted odds ratio, 2.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–6.24; P = .01), having been referred for pain (adjusted odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–5.49; P = .01), and reporting urinary incontinence during and after pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio, 3.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.57–9.25; P = .003). Conclusion Urinary incontinence during and after pregnancy and referral for pain were pelvic floor symptoms independently associated with a positive postpartum depression screen in women referred to a specialty perineal clinic. Therefore, consideration should be given to depression screening in women presenting with perinatal urinary incontinence and persistent postpartum pain, as these women may be at increased risk of developing postpartum depression.
Conversational Query Understanding Using Sequence to Sequence Modeling

Understanding conversations is crucial to enabling conversational search in technologies such as chatbots, digital assistants, and smart home devices that are becoming increasingly popular. Conventional search engines are powerful at answering open domain queries but are mostly capable of stateless search. In this paper, we define a conversational query as a query that depends on the context of the current conversation, and we formulate the conversational query understanding problem as context-aware query reformulation, where the goal is to reformulate the conversational query into a search engine friendly query in order to satisfy users» information needs in conversational settings. Such context-aware query reformulation problem lends itself to sequence to sequence modeling. We present a large scale open domain dataset of conversational queries and various sequence to sequence models that are learned from this dataset. The best model correctly reformulates over half of all conversational queries, showing the potential of sequence to sequence modeling for this task.
Travel distance influences readmissions in colorectal cancer patients-what the primary operative team needs to know.

Abstract Background Many colorectal cancer patients receive complex surgical care remotely. We hypothesized that their readmission rates would be adversely affected after accounting for differences in travel distance from primary/index hospital and correlate with mortality. Materials and methods We identified 48,481 colorectal cancer patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. Travel distance was calculated, using Google Maps, and SAS. Multivariate negative binomial regression was used to identify factors associated with readmission rates. Overall survival was analyzed, using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard. Results and conclusions Thirty-day readmissions occurred in 14.9% of the cohort, 27.5% of which were to a nonindex hospital. In the colon and rectal cancer cohorts, readmissions were 14.5% and 16.5%, respectively. Rectal cancer patients had an increase in readmission by 13% (incidence rate ratios [IRR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.21). Factors associated with readmission were male gender, advanced disease, length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, hospital volume, Charlson score, and poverty level (P
Writing, Self-Reflection, and Medical School Performance: The Human Context of Health Care

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Finding ways to improve communication and self-reflection skills is an important element of medical education and continuing professional development. This study examines the relationship between self-reflection and educational outcomes. Methods: We correlate performance in a preclinical course that focuses on self-reflection as it relates to contextual elements of patient care (Human Context of Health Care), with educational measures such as overall grade point average, clinical clerkship scores, and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores. Results: Student performance in Human Context of Health Care correlated with MCAT-Verbal scores, MCAT-writing sample scores, clerkship grades, and overall medical school grade point average (R = 0.3; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Writing and self-reflection skills are often neglected in undergraduate medical curricula. Our findings suggest that these skills are important and correlate with recognized long-term educational outcomes.
The mechanism and prevention of aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome

When Marfan published the first report of what came to be known as “Marfan syndrome” in 1896, he emphasized primarily the ocular and skeletal abnormalities (9). The major cardiovascular components of the disease were described by Etter and Baer in 1943 (1, 5). Marfan syndrome occurs in patients who are heterozygous for a mutation that alters one or more components of the extracellular matrix (12, 22). It has been shown that in Marfan syndrome the elastic fibers ordinarily prominent in the aortic media appear disorganized and fragmented. This defect, presumably induced by biochemical changes, renders the aorta susceptible not only to dilatation, but also to dissection (22) which eventually leads to the demise of 90% of those who suffer from this disease.
Contemporary Soviet Philosophy: Definitions and Description

Contemporary Soviet philosophy is a part of the contemporary philosophic scene. As such, it has roots in the philosophic tradition and stands in a certain relationship to other movements in contemporary philosophy. More immediately, contemporary Soviet philosophy is an integral part of contemporary Communism. We will, therefore, begin with a series of definitions designed to situate philosophy within the over-all world- view of Communism, followed by a consideration of the remote — or “classical” — sources of this philosophy, and its more immediate derivation from Soviet philosophy prior to 1947.
Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) catalyzes the last step of betaine synthesis in chenopods: Betaine aldehyde + NAD(P) + H2O ⇄ Betaine + NAD(P)H + H+ BADH exists in spinach leaves as two isozymes: a major stromal form and a minor cytosolic form. A rare fast electrophoretic variant of the stromal enzyme was found by a germplasm survey; the variant enzyme differed from the common form in charge but not size. F1 hybrids between the variant and prevalent types showed a three-banded pattern. The F2 and BC1 ratios of parental to F1-hybrid phenotypes were 1:2:1 and 1:1, respectively, suggesting that 4: (a) stromal BADH is a dimer; (b) alleles of a single nuclear BADH gene encode subunits that associate randomly into homo- and heterodimers.
Leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis: Insights from animal and human studies

The presence of leptomeningeal inflammation (LMI) in MS was first identified in 2004 and multiple subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of immune cell collections in the meninges of a subset of MS patients. Pathologically, LMI can range from disorganized immune cell collections in the meninges of patients with relapsing remitting (RRMS) or primary progressive MS (PPMS) to well-organized ectopic lymphoid follicles in secondary progressive MS (SPMS). The presence of LMI has been linked to worse pathological (increased cortical demyelination and neuroaxonal damage) and clinical (earlier age at onset, more rapid progression, shorter time to death) outcomes. Recent studies have also demonstrated the ability of specific MRI sequences to detect areas of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement (LME) which may correspond pathologically to areas of LMI. We summarize findings from both pathological and radiological studies of LMI in MS. We also provide a brief overview of LMI in animal models of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) and ongoing clinical trials attempting to target LMI. Future research will help clarify the role of LMI in MS disease progression, identify the mechanisms through which LMI may contribute to MS pathology and test new approaches to target LMI.
Insights into the excited state dynamics of Fe(ii) polypyridyl complexes from variable-temperature ultrafast spectroscopy.

In an effort to better define the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with excited state dynamics in first-row transition metal-based chromophores, variable-temperature ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine activation parameters associated with ground state recovery dynamics in a series of low-spin Fe(II) polypyridyl complexes. Our results establish that high-spin (5T2) to low-spin (1A1) conversion in complexes of the form [Fe(4,4′-di-R-2,2′-bpy′)3]2+ (R = H, CH3, or tert-butyl) is characterized by a small but nevertheless non-zero barrier in the range of 300–350 cm−1 in fluid CH3CN solution, a value that more than doubles to ∼750 cm−1 for [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine). The data were analyzed in the context of semi-classical Marcus theory. Changes in the ratio of the electronic coupling to reorganization energy (specifically, Hab4/λ) reveal an approximately two-fold difference between the [Fe(bpy′)3]2+ complexes (∼1/30) and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (∼1/14), suggesting a change in the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with ground state recovery between these two types of complexes. These experimentally-determined ratios, along with estimates for the 5T2/1A1 energy gap, yield electronic coupling values between these two states for the [Fe(bpy′)3]2+ series and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ of 4.3 ± 0.3 cm−1 and 6 ± 1 cm−1, respectively, values that are qualitatively consistent with the second-order nature of high-spin/low-spin coupling in a d6 ion. In addition to providing useful quantitative information on these prototypical Fe(II) complexes, these results underscore the utility of variable-temperature spectroscopic measurements for characterizing ultrafast excited state dynamics in this class of compounds.
Overview of the Current Status of Design Review

This chapter aims to discuss salient results of a literature review in the field of design review for the purpose of this study. The discussion introduces readers to the field of design review by focusing on the field’s goals, participants, methods, procedures, practices, standards, policies, and rules. A brief history of design review and several successful sample cases in the United States are included for illustrative purposes.
Constructing confidence sets after lasso selection by randomized estimator augmentation

Although a few methods have been developed recently for building confidence intervals after model selection, how to construct confidence sets for joint post-selection inference is still an open question. In this paper, we develop a new method to construct confidence sets after lasso variable selection, with strong numerical support for its accuracy and effectiveness. A key component of our method is to sample from the conditional distribution of the response $y$ given the lasso active set, which, in general, is very challenging due to the tiny probability of the conditioning event. We overcome this technical difficulty by using estimator augmentation to simulate from this conditional distribution via Markov chain Monte Carlo given any estimate $\tilde{\mu}$ of the mean $\mu_0$ of $y$. We then incorporate a randomization step for the estimate $\tilde{\mu}$ in our sampling procedure, which may be interpreted as simulating from a posterior predictive distribution by averaging over the uncertainty in $\mu_0$. Our Monte Carlo samples offer great flexibility in the construction of confidence sets for multiple parameters. Extensive numerical results show that our method is able to construct confidence sets with the desired coverage rate and, moreover, that the diameter and volume of our confidence sets are substantially smaller in comparison with a state-of-the-art method.
Altered Expression and Function of Hepatic Transporters in a Rodent Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common form of inherited polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and is a leading cause of kidney failure. Fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidneys of patients with ADPKD, and cysts often form in their liver and other organs. Previous data have shown that bile acids are increased in the liver of polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, a rodent model of PKD; these changes may be associated with alterations in liver transporter expression and function. However, the impact of PKD on hepatic transporters has not been characterized. Therefore, this preclinical study was designed to investigate hepatic transporter expression and function in PCK compared with wild-type (WT) Sprague-Dawley rats. Transporter gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were quantified by Western blot and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis in rat livers. Transporter function was assessed in isolated perfused livers (IPLs), and biliary and hepatic total glutathione content was measured. Protein expression of Mrp2 and Oatp1a4 was decreased 3.0-fold and 2.9-fold, respectively, in PCK rat livers based on Western blot analysis. Proteomic analysis confirmed a decrease in Mrp2 and a decrease in Oatp1a1 expression (PCK/WT ratios, 0.368 ± 0.098 and 0.563 ± 0.038, respectively; mean ± S.D.). The biliary excretion of 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, a substrate of Oatp1a1, Mrp2, and Mrp3, was decreased 28-fold in PCK compared with WT rat IPLs. Total glutathione was significantly reduced in the bile of PCK rats. Differences in hepatic transporter expression and function may contribute to altered disposition of Mrp2 and Oatp substrates in PKD.
Sport as high culture in the USA

This study seeks to theoretically and empirically advance our understanding of sport and cultural capital in the USA by testing if social class patterns of four types of sport participation (fitnes...
Tobacco Screening and Treatment of Patients With a Psychiatric Diagnosis, 2012–2015

Introduction Smoking disproportionately affects individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. Providers can play a role in reducing tobacco-related morbidity among people with a psychiatric diagnosis by routinely screening and treating all patients for tobacco use. This study seeks to identify rates of tobacco screening, counseling, and medication orders during outpatient visits with adults who have a psychiatric diagnosis. Methods Data from the 2012–2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were examined to calculate the proportion of visits with people who have a psychiatric diagnosis that included tobacco screening, counseling, or smoking-cessation medications. Logistic regression was used to identify patient and visit factors associated with tobacco screening and treatment. All analyses were conducted in 2018. Results Seventy-two percent of visits included tobacco screening, 23% of visits with tobacco users included cessation counseling, and 4% of visits with tobacco users included a cessation medication order. Visits were more likely to include tobacco screening if they were for a nonpsychiatric condition, were >30 minutes, or were with a primary care physician (p Conclusions There is still room for improvement in providing equitable treatment for people with psychiatric conditions for smoking, particularly in nonprimary settings.
AKI—A Relevant Safety End Point?

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common outcome evaluated in clinical studies, often as a safety end point in a variety of cardiovascular, kidney disease, and other clinical trials. AKI end points that include modest increases in serum creatinine levels from baseline may not associate with patient-centered outcomes such as initiation of dialysis, sustained decline in kidney function, or death. Surprisingly, data from several randomized controlled trials have suggested that in certain settings, the development of AKI may be associated with favorable outcomes. AKI safety end points that are nonspecific and may not associate with patient-centered outcomes could result in beneficial therapies being inappropriately withheld or never developed for commercial use. We review several issues related to commonly used AKI definitions and suggest that future work in AKI use more patient-centered AKI end points such as major adverse kidney events at 30 days or other later time points.
Heterogeneous water provision in Dar es Salaam: The role of networked infrastructures and alternative systems in informal areas:

Urban waterscapes in developing world cities are notoriously fragmented, resembling archipelagos rather than continuous networks. Graham and Marvin’s concept of splintering urbanism links the colla...
An Automated Algorithm Incorporating Poincaré Analysis Can Quantify the Severity of Opioid-Induced Ataxic Breathing.

Background Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is traditionally recognized by assessment of respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, and mental status. Although an irregular or ataxic breathing pattern is widely recognized as a manifestation of opioid effects, there is no standardized method for assessing ataxic breathing severity. The purpose of this study was to explore using a machine-learning algorithm for quantifying the severity of opioid-induced ataxic breathing. We hypothesized that domain experts would have high interrater agreement with each other and that a machine-learning algorithm would have high interrater agreement with the domain experts for ataxic breathing severity assessment. Methods We administered target-controlled infusions of propofol and remifentanil to 26 healthy volunteers to simulate light sleep and OIRD. Respiration data were collected from respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) bands and an intranasal pressure transducer. Three domain experts quantified the severity of ataxic breathing in accordance with a visual scoring template. The Krippendorff alpha, which reports the extent of interrater agreement among N raters, was used to assess agreement among the 3 domain experts. A multiclass support vector machine (SVM) was trained on a subset of the domain expert-labeled data and then used to quantify ataxic breathing severity on the remaining data. The Vanbelle kappa was used to assess the interrater agreement of the machine-learning algorithm with the grouped domain experts. The Vanbelle kappa expands on the Krippendorff alpha by isolating a single rater-in this case, the machine-learning algorithm-and comparing it to a group of raters. Acceptance criteria for both statistical measures were set at >0.8. The SVM was trained and tested using 2 sensor inputs for the breath marks: RIP and intranasal pressure. Results Krippendorff alpha was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.95) for the 3 domain experts. Vanbelle kappa was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99) for the RIP SVM and 0.96 (0.92-0.98) for the intranasal pressure SVM compared to the domain experts. Conclusions We concluded it may be feasible for a machine-learning algorithm to quantify ataxic breathing severity in a manner consistent with a panel of domain experts. This methodology may be helpful in conjunction with traditional measures to identify patients experiencing OIRD.
Optimized prediction of cognition based on brain morphometry across the adult life span.

Abstract We mapped out the combined and unique contributions of 5 different biomarkers for 2 cognitive outcomes in cognitively healthy adults. Beside associations of biomarkers with cognition in the full experimental sample, we focused on how well any such associations would persist in held-out data. Three hundred thirty-five cognitively normal participants, 20–80 years older, were included in the study. Z-scores were computed for fluid reasoning and vocabulary. The following imaging data were included: regional brain volume, regional thickness, fractional anisotropy of white-matter tracts, volumes of select deep gray-matter regions, and global white-matter hyperintensity. Volume accounted for most of the variance in both cognitive domains. In out-of-sample data, fluid reasoning was best predicted by volumes, but vocabulary by the combination of all modalities. Although the predictive utility was better overall for older participants, the information gleaned relative to null models was less for older participants. An optimized set of brain biomarkers can thus predict cognition in out-of-sample data, to various degrees, for both fluid and crystallized intelligence.
A relational analysis of enterprise obligations and carbon majors for climate justice

A coherent theory of climate justice must answer the question of “who owes what to whom, and why?” This paper considers the human rights responsibilities of business enterprises for climate injustice. I first introduce a relational approach to legal analysis, drawing upon the work of diverse theorists who confront the dominant yet unacknowledged prevalence of the bounded autonomous individual of liberal thought in diverse areas of law and policy, and offer a method for reinterpretation and transformation of law in the Anthropocene. I then examine the 2018 Principles on Climate Obligations of Enterprises, drafted by a sub-group of the legal experts responsible for the 2015 Oslo Principles. Ultimately, I argue that a coherent theory of justice in the Anthropocene is dependent upon relational insights which enable us to tell old stories in new ways, and so reveal the interconnectedness and interdependence of all beings, while accounting for power and difference. Una teoria coherente sobre justicia climatica debe responder la pregunta de “?Quien debe que a quien, y por que?” Este articulo trata sobre las responsabilidades que tienen las empresas sobre derechos humanos por injusticia climatica. Primero, se presenta un enfoque relacional sobre el analisis juridico, basandonos en el trabajo de diversos teoricos que se enfrentan a la prevalencia dominante –aunque no reconocida– del individuo autonomo pero limitado del pensamiento liberal en varias areas de derecho y politicas, y se propone un metodo de reinterpretacion y transformacion del derecho en el Antropoceno. Despues, examinamos los Principios sobre Obligaciones de las Empresas respecto al Cambio Climatico, bosquejadas en 2018 por un subgrupo de los expertos juristas responsables de los Principios de Oslo de 2015. Finalmente, se aduce que una teoria coherente de la justicia en el Antropoceno depende de visiones relacionales que nos permitan relatar viejas historias de formas nuevas, y revelar asi la interconectividad e interdependencia de todos los seres, al tiempo que se explican asi el poder y la diferencia. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1139
A Mixed-Methods Examination of Factors Related to HPV Vaccination Promotion in Private Dental Settings, Iowa, 2019.

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer rates are rising, particularly in males, although rates of other HPV-related cancers are decreasing. Although the HPV vaccine is safe and effective, vaccination rates remain below the Healthy People 2030 goal of 80% coverage. Engaging dental providers, who have experience with patient education and oropharyngeal cancer, may prove useful in efforts to increase vaccination rates. Our research explores dental providers' (dentists, dental hygienists) willingness to participate in continuing education about HPV, educate parents of adolescents, recommend the vaccine for adolescents, and refer parents to medical providers. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach and conducted a survey with dental hygienists and semistructured interviews with dental providers. We produced frequencies and descriptive statistics for all variables and used regression modeling to explore factors related to willingness to promote the HPV vaccine. We used a deductive approach to code interview transcripts. Results Regression models using survey data (n = 470) showed that after controlling for demographic and practice-level characteristics, higher levels of willingness were associated with thinking that parents would act on a recommendation and thinking that engaging in HPV promotion is within the scope of practice. Interview data reflected willingness of dental providers to work on HPV vaccination, but revealed barriers (eg, time, knowledge) that need to be addressed. Discussion Overall, dental providers expressed a willingness to participate in HPV vaccine promotion, and future efforts should focus on addressing barriers to doing so. Engaging dental providers in HPV vaccine recommendation and referral can help prevent future HPV-related cancers.
Winning by Learning? Effect of Knowledge Sharing in Crowdsourcing Contests

Crowdsourcing is a new way for online crowds to get involved in a company’s research and development process. Businesses can host public contests on online platforms (such as Kaggle, Topcoder, and ...
Influence of spanwise flexibility on steady and dynamic responses of airfoils vs hydrofoils

There is growing interest in using lighter and more flexible foils with active and/or passive smart actuation mechanisms to increase efficiency and maneuverability. For efficient operations, airfoils and hydrofoils tend to have an effective aspect ratio greater than two, which permits spanwise flexibility depending on the choice of material and architectural design. The fluid density plays an important role in the steady and dynamic performance, including the governing hydroelastic instability mechanism. To understand the influence of spanwise flexibility, we examine the response of a rectangular cantilevered foil as a canonical proxy for more complex lift generating devices. This research aims to investigate the influence of key geometric, material, and flow parameters on the steady and dynamic responses of the spanwise flexible airfoils vs hydrofoils. The results are obtained using an inviscid frequency- and time-domain fluid-structure interaction model that accounts for flow-induced bend-twist coupling terms and are compared with inviscid theory results without the flow-induced bend-twist coupling terms. The results show that the flow-induced bend-twist coupling effects impact the natural frequencies and damping coefficients, and such effects grow with increasing fluid density and flow speed. Hence, the flow-induced bend-twist coupling effects are more critical for hydrofoils than airfoils, particularly for the twisting mode. Ignoring the flow-induced bend-twist coupling terms leads to an incorrect prediction of flutter speed and over-prediction of the damping, which is dangerous because the actual vibrations and dynamic load amplification may be higher than the prediction, which could lead to accelerated fatigue. The results demonstrate that flexible hydrofoils have much lower natural frequencies and higher damping coefficients than airfoils due to higher fluid inertial and damping forces, both of which are proportional to the fluid density. While all components of the fluid forces are proportional to the fluid density, the fluid damping forces grow with the velocity, and the fluid disturbing forces grow with velocity square. Therefore, divergence tends to be the governing instability mode for hydrofoils, while flutter is typically the governing instability mode for airfoils. The maximum aero/hydro-elastic bending and twisting deformations are limited by the corresponding reduced stable velocity to avoid divergence or flutter.
Finite Amplitude Response of Circular Plates Subject to Dynamic Loading

The nonlinear equations describing axisymmetric finite amplitude response of a thin elastic clamped edge circular plate to pulse loading are solved by finite difference techniques for the case of a spatially uniform load which time- wise is represented as a step function. Damping of the plate is considered.
Effects of estrogens on domestic fowl and applications in the poultry industry.

Publisher Summary Domestic birds have been important research tools from the earliest days of endocrinology. With the advent of potent and inexpensive materials and economically feasible methods of administration, endocrinology has, in turn, served the poultry industry; endocrine treatments have been developed to enhance the quality of poultry meat and to improve the economy of poultry enterprises. Effects of estrogen administration to birds include several alterations in blood and liver biochemistry, mostly related to the normal requirements of egg production: (1) Stimulation of lipogenesis; (2) Increases in blood levels of nonultrafilterable calcium and phosphorus fractions and phosphatase, and with synergistic action of androgen, hyperossification of the skeleton; (3) Increased blood levels of various protein fractions, with evidence of more rapid protein synthesis and storage in the liver; (4) Increased blood levels of riboflavin, vitamin A, and biotin, but decreased citric acid levels; (5) Increased anti-thrombin activity and decreased percentage total red-cell volume. Estrogen administration depresses the testes by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin production; the mature ovary is relatively more resistant to exogenous estrogens. Effects on other endocrine organs have not been unequivocally determined.
Effects of Land‐Use Change on the Carbon Balance of Terrestrial Ecosystems

Most changes in land use affect the amount of carbon held in vegetation and soil, thereby, either releasing carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) to, or removing it from, the atmosphere. The greatest fluxes of carbon result from conversion of forests to open lands (and vice versa). Model-based estimates of the flux of carbon attributable to land-use change are highly variable, however, largely as a result of uncertainties in the areas annually affected by different types of land-use change. Uncertain rates of tropical deforestation, for example, account for more than half of the range in estimates of the global carbon flux. Three other factors account for much of the rest of the uncertainty: (1) the initial stocks of carbon in ecosystems affected by land-use change (i.e., spatial heterogeneity), (2) per hectare changes in carbon stocks in response to different types of land-use change, and (3) legacy effects; that is, the time it takes for carbon stocks to equilibrate following a change in land use. For the tropics, recent satellite-based estimates of deforestation are lower than previous estimates and yield calculated carbon emissions from land-use change that are similar to independently-derived estimates of the total net flux for the region. The similarity suggests that changes in land use account for the net flux of carbon from the tropics. For the northern mid-latitudes, the carbon sink attributed to land-use change is less than the sink obtained by other methods, suggesting either an incomplete accounting of land-use change or the importance of other factors in explaining the current carbon sink in that region.
Building the Minimal DFA for the Set of all Subwords of a Word On-line in Linear Time

Let a partial deterministic finite automaton be a DFA in which each state need not have a transition edge for each letter of the alphabet. We demonstrate that the minimal partial DFA for the set of all subwords of a given word w, |w| > 2, has at most 2|w| − 2 states and 3|w| − 4 transition edges, independently of the alphabet size. We give an algorithm to build this minimal partial DFA from the input w on-line in linear time.
Chapter 15: Regulation of Connexin43 by Tyrosine Protein Kinases

Publisher Summary Tyrosine protein kinases represent a large and functionally important class of signal transduction molecules involved in a wide variety of cellular regulatory mechanisms, including the control of cell growth and differentiation, the regulation of the cell cycle, cell shape and adhesion, cell metabolism, transcription, intracellular signaling, and the regulation of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Tyrosine protein kinases also regulate the function of gap junction channels that form between adjacent cells to permit the interchange of low molecular weight ions and regulatory molecules. This chapter describes the background in the investigation of the regulation of connexin43 (Cx43) function by tyrosine kinases. The main objective of the chapter is to update recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of Cx43 function by the tyrosine protein kinases. As such, it focuses on recent work describing the phosphorylation and regulation of Cx43 by nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, such as v-Src and c-Src, and the receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). The effects of activating receptors for insulin and other growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on Cx43 are also covered in the chapter. Because they may regulate the activity of endogenous tyrosine kinases, the effects of tyrosine phosphatases on Cx43 phosphorylation and function are discussed briefly.
Ba1−xPrxCo1−yFeyO3−δ as cathode materials for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Ba1−xPrxCo1−yFeyO3−δ (BPCF) perovskite oxides have been synthesized and investigated as cathode materials for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). Compared with those of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (SSCo) cathode materials, BPCF has a lower polarization resistance at decreased temperatures. In particular, Ba0.5Pr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ showed the lowest polarization loss among the different compositions as a cathode material for LT-SOFCs. The area specific resistance (ASR) of Ba0.5Pr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ as a cathode material is 0.70 and 0.185 Ω cm2 at 500 °C and 550 °C, respectively. The maximum power density of the cell BPCF/SDC/Ni–SDC with humidified hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant reaches 860 mW cm−2 at 650 °C.
Adult Immunization in University‐Based Primary Care and Specialty Practices

The purpose of this study was to assess vaccination status of adults in primary and specialty care practices in a retrospective review of medical records from 1997 to 2000 at one university medical center. Eligible patients were aged 50 and older and had two or more visits to primary and specialty care practices (N = 14,556). Outcomes were receipt of pneumococcal vaccine once, tetanus booster within 10 years, and influenza vaccine in 2 of the 3 years. Vaccination rates for patients aged 65 and older were 59% for pneumococcal, 51% for tetanus, and 32% for influenza. Asians, Latinos, and African Americans were more likely than whites to have received influenza, pneumococcal, or tetanus vaccinations. Patients seen in primary care (41%) or in both primary care and specialty practices (42%) were more likely to receive adequate vaccination than those in specialty practices (17%) (P<.001). For pneumococcal vaccinations, relative to patients receiving specialty care only, patients receiving primary care only had an adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 6.6 (95% confidence interval (Cl) = 5.6-7.7) and patients in both primary care and specialty care had an OR of 7.2 (95% CI = 6.2-8.3). For influenza, the corresponding ORs were 3.9 and 4.8, respectively, and for tetanus, 4.6 and 5.2. Patients who received care only from specialty practices were less likely than those with some primary care to receive adequate adult vaccinations. With the exception of Russian immigrants, the study did not find that racial and ethnic minorities had lower rates of vaccination than whites.