cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Engineering for Myocardial Regeneration

In this chapter, we describe an in vitro method for the formation of contractile 3-D cardiac muscle, which we have termed cardioids. Cardioids are formed from the spontaneous delamination of a confluent monolayer of primary cardiac myocytes. One of the most attractive features of the cardioid model is that isolated cardiac cells self-organize to form 3-D cardiac muscle. This eliminates the need for synthetic scaffolding material in the contractile region of cardioids and allows cardioids to exhibit uninhibited contractions. Cardioids have been shown to exhibit several physiologically relevant metrics of function. Cardioids can be electrically stimulated to generate active force and can be electrically paced at frequencies of 1–7 Hz. In addition, cardioids are responsive to calcium and various cardio-active drugs. The cardioid model has several potential applications in basic research and may provide viable cardiac tissue for clinical applications.
The FIU Nature Preserve: Achieving Biological Conservation Through Diversification of Stakeholders

Abstract Many institutions of higher education have sustainability initiatives; however, not all consider the importance of proximity to nature in the psychological well-being of their associated human community. Florida International University (FIU) is near the Florida Everglades, and, thus, is strategically positioned to educate the community about South Florida's rich natural history. In the past, the FIU Nature Preserve was underutilized, under-managed, and even dangerous. With minimal visitation, investment, and administrative support, its future looked dim. By enhancing the facility to appeal to a larger target-audience and expanding educational programming for a wider array of participants, a dramatic increase in visitation took place. Visitation grew from <1000 people a year in 2010, to 30,586 in 2015. These changes led the university to invest in and protect this forested park, which has long served as an important outdoor classroom for the FIU community.
Human prosthetic joint infections are associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs): implications for infection persistence†

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of joint arthroplasty surgery typified by biofilm formation. Currently, mechanisms whereby biofilms persist and evade immune-mediated clearance in immune competent patients remain largely ill-defined. Therefore, the current study characterized leukocyte infiltrates and inflammatory mediator expression in tissues from patients with PJI compared to aseptic loosening. CD33+HLA-DR-CD66b+CD14-/low granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) were the predominant leukocyte population at sites of human PJI compared to aseptic tissues. MDSCs inhibit T cell proliferation, which coincided with reduced T cells in PJIs compared to aseptic tissues. IL-10, IL-6, and CXCL1 were significantly elevated in PJI tissues and have been implicated in MDSC inhibitory activity, expansion, and recruitment, respectively, which may account for their preferential increase in PJIs. This bias towards G-MDSC accumulation during human PJI could account for the chronicity of these infections by preventing the pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial actions of immune effector cells. Clinical Significance: Animal models of PJI have revealed a critical role for MDSCs and IL-10 in promoting infection persistence; however, whether this population is prevalent during human PJI and across distinct bacterial pathogens remains unknown. This study has identified that granulocytic-MDSC infiltrates are unique to human PJIs caused by distinct bacteria, which are not associated with aseptic loosening of prosthetic joints. Better defining the immune status of human PJIs could lead to novel immune-mediated approaches to facilitate PJI clearance in combination with conventional antibiotics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Culturally Effective Care for Refugee Populations: Interprofessional, Interactive Case Studies

Introduction Within health sciences education literature, the majority of reported student experiences with refugee populations are limited to traditional, professionally independent, elective cour...
Evaluating Saccade-Bounded Eye Movement Features for the User Modeling

This paper presents a foundation for an extensive framework expanding the use of eye movements as a source for user modeling. This work constructs a model of human oculomotor plant features during user's interactions with the goal of better interpreting user gaze data related to resource content. This work also explores the anatomical reasoning behind incorporating additional gaze features, the integration of the additional features into an existing interest modeling architecture, and a plan for assessing the impact of the addition of the features. The paper concludes with few observations regarding the promises of using OPF in a user modeling framework in studying search behavior.
Baculovirus Actin-Based Motility Drives Nuclear Envelope Disruption and Nuclear Egress.

Viruses that replicate in the host cell nucleus face challenges in usurping cellular pathways to enable passage through the nuclear envelope [1]. Baculoviruses are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect lepidopteran insects and are tools for protein expression, cell transduction, and pest management [2-4]. The type species Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) shares with other pathogens an ability to assemble host actin monomers (G-actin) into actin filaments (F-actin) to drive motility [5]. During early infection, actin-based motility in the cytoplasm speeds AcMNPV transit to the nucleus and passage through nuclear pores, enabling nuclear ingress [6, 7]. During late infection, AcMNPV assembles F-actin within the nucleus [8], which is essential for virus production [9, 10]. However, the function of nuclear F-actin is poorly understood [11], and its mechanistic role in AcMNPV infection was unknown. We show that AcMNPV mobilizes actin within the nucleus to promote egress. AcMNPV nucleocapsids exhibit intranuclear actin-based motility, mediated by the viral protein P78/83 and the host Arp2/3 complex. Viral motility drives transit to the nuclear periphery and is required for viruses to enter protrusions of the nuclear envelope. Moreover, actin polymerization is necessary for viral disruption of nuclear envelope integrity during egress. In the cytoplasm, viruses use actin-based motility to reach the plasma membrane to enable budding. Our results demonstrate that pathogens can harness actin polymerization to disrupt the nuclear envelope. Employing actin for nuclear envelope disruption may reflect viral appropriation of normal functions of nuclear actin in nuclear envelope integrity, stability, and remodeling.
Haustral fold segmentation of CT colonography using ridge line detection

In computed tomographic colonography, colonic/haustral folds often serve as important anatomic landmarks for various tasks, such as virtual endoscopic navigation, tenia coli extraction, prone/supine registration, and polyp matching. In this paper, we present an automatic fold segmentation method based on the negative ridge line detection method. Because haustral folds meet the normal colon wall at negative ridge lines, automatic fold segmentation can be achieved by taking the negative ridge lines as fold boundaries. Preliminary results on patient data are very promising.
Gene Networks, Epigenetics and the Control of Female Puberty

Puberty is a major developmental milestone set in motion by the interaction of genetic factors and environmental cues. The pubertal process is initiated by an increased pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus. Although single genes have been identified that are essential for puberty to occur, it appears clear now that many genes controlling diverse cellular functions contribute to the process. The polygenic nature of the neuroendocrine complex controlling puberty has prompted two important questions: are these genes functionally connected and, if they are, is their activity subject to a dynamic level of control independent of changes in DNA sequence? In this article we will discuss emerging evidence suggesting that the onset of puberty is controlled at the transcriptional level by interactive gene networks subjected to epigenetic regulation. At least two modes of epigenetic regulation provide coordination and transcriptional plasticity to these networks: changes in DNA methylation and differential association of histone modifications to genomic regions controlling gene activity. Architecturally, puberty-controlling networks are endowed with “activators,” which move the process along by setting in motion key developmental events, and “repressors,” which play a central role in preventing the untimely unfolding of these events.
Completion, termination and transition

What is your life after school going to look like? Completing your science or engineering graduate studies and moving on to a career is one of the many processes you will go through. Be positive and enthusiastic about the future. If you are prepared and take advantage of available opportunities, you should have a rosy professional career.
Association of new opioid continuation with surgical specialty and type in the United States

Abstract Background The consequences of opioids—including post-surgical prescriptions—remain a critical public health issue. We sought to determine how procedure type and subspecialty group influence new opioid use after procedures. Methods We analyzed 2011–2015 IBM MarketScan Research Databases to identify opioid-naive adults prescribed opioids for single surgical procedures. We defined new opioid continuation (primary outcome) a priori as receipt of prescription opioids between 90 and 180 days after the procedure. Results Among 912,882 individuals, new opioid continuation was higher for non-operating room compared to operating room procedures (13.1% versus 9.2%; aOR 1.61; 95% CI 1.59–1.64) and higher for subspecialties including colorectal surgery (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.26–1.43) and cardiovascular surgery (aOR 1.30; 95% CI 1.12–1.50) compared to urology as a referent. New opioid continuation was also associated with perioperative opioid prescription dosage, days’ supply, preoperative receipt, and multiple prescriptions. Conclusions Opioids prescriptions associated with non-operating room surgical exposures appear to confer higher risk regarding conversion to new long-term opioid use.
Lewis base-complexed magnesium dithiolenes

The first magnesium-based dithiolene, 2, was prepared by reaction of the lithium dithiolene radical, 1˙, with 2-mesitylmagnesium bromide. Reaction of 2 with N-heterocyclic carbenes (in toluene) gave a carbene-stabilized magnesium monodithiolene complex, 3. Complex 3, in turn, is readily converted to a THF-solvated magnesium bis-dithiolene dianion, 4, via partial hydrolysis in polar solvents (i.e., THF/CH3CN). Compounds 2, 3 and 4 have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized and probed by DFT computations.
Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidences From China

Background: Intrinsic motivation and organizational commitment are closely related variables in organizational behavior (OB) studies. Literatures in OB have shown strong empirical support on this correlation based on the data from North America. But international empirical evidences are very limited, especially for the eastern cultural countries, such China. Objective: This study analyzes and compares the relation between intrinsic motivation and organizational commitment in two countries, the US and China. The three components of organizational commitment proposed by Meyer and Allen are examined separately. Method: 330 samples are collected in the US and China, and analyzed using partial least square (PLS) based structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the SEM analysis are compared between the countries. Results: Intrinsic motivation is positively associated with affective commitment and normative commitment in both the US and China. Intrinsic motivation is also positively associated with continuance commitment in the US, but not in China. The PLS bestfitting curve also shows the relation between intrinsic motivation and the three components of organizational commitment are non-linear, and very different between the US and China. Conclusion: Employees motivated by the enjoyment of their job will have high levels of commitment to their organization. Unlike employees in the US, employees in China do not regard the loss of enjoyment of their job as a cost associated with leaving an organization.
Bat-wing Denim Dress

This dress was a response to a challenge of avoiding traditional seam placement and incorporating technology into the designing or making of the garment. The idea emerged from my associating the denim fabric with western wear and from the nontraditional seam placement challenge. Vintage western shirts have “bat-wing” shaped yoke seams with scallops and points similar to those in this dress. The pieces were laser cut, then seams and edges were topstitched with the golden hued thread found on most blue jeans today. The contrast color of the thread emphasizes the unique shapes of the seam lines and neckline. The denim was left raw, or unwashed, to maintain the crisp hand and uniform dark color. The designing and patternmaking were done exclusively using V-Stitcher, a 3D visualization program. This was a risk I assumed since I had not previously executed an original design exclusively using V-Stitcher.
Statistical design of experiments for production and purification of vanillin and aminophenols from commercial lignin

Lignin is a complex polyphenolic substance that collectively represents the largest renewable source of aromatic carbon on Earth. Despite low yield and purity from depolymerized lignin, bio-derived vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a desirable molecule in the food/beverage and fragrance industries. To maximize vanillin yield from commercially-available softwood lignin, a series of oxidation reactions were conducted using a Box-Behnken statistical design. By varying time, temperature and O2 pressure, optimal conditions were selected using the Response Surface Method, and a maximum vanillin yield of 5.3 wt% was achieved. Flash chromatography of depolymerized lignin was investigated by comparing anion exchange and reversed-phase resins and fractions were characterized by GC-MS, GPC-HPLC, FT-IR and NMR. Anion exchange separations using 1M NaCl as the sole mobile phase reached a vanillin purity of 55 wt %. Lastly, the vanillin mixture was reacted via reductive amination, and facile acid-base work up led to the formation of 4-((diethylamino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol at 94.3 wt % purity. The aminophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents, ionic liquids and benzalkonium salts.
Automated Measurements of Muscle Mass Using Deep Learning Can Predict Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Liver Disease.

INTRODUCTION There is increasing recognition of the central role of muscle mass in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with liver disease. Muscle size can be extracted from computed tomography (CT) scans, but clinical implementation will require increased automation. We hypothesize that we can achieve this by using artificial intelligence. METHODS Using deep convolutional neural networks, we trained an algorithm on the Reference Analytic Morphomics Population (n = 5,268) and validated the automated methodology in an external cohort of adult kidney donors with a noncontrast CT scan (n = 1,655). To test the clinical usefulness, we examined its ability to predict clinical outcomes in a prospectively followed cohort of patients with clinically diagnosed cirrhosis (n = 254). RESULTS Between the manual and automated methodologies, we found excellent inter-rater agreement with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.957 (confidence interval 0.953-0.961, P < 0.0001) in the adult kidney donor cohort. The calculated dice similarity coefficient was 0.932 ± 0.042, suggesting excellent spatial overlap between manual and automated methodologies. To assess the clinical usefulness, we examined its ability to predict clinical outcomes in a cirrhosis cohort and found that automated psoas muscle index was independently associated with mortality after adjusting for age, gender, and child's classification (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION We demonstrated that deep learning techniques can allow for automation of muscle measurements on clinical CT scans in a diseased cohort. These automated psoas size measurements were predictive of mortality in patients with cirrhosis showing proof of principal that this methodology may allow for wider implementation in the clinical arena.
The Design of a Chemically Milled and Adhesive-Bonded Airborne Indicator Unit

This paper describes the use of chemical milling and adhesive bonding for construction of strong, lightweight, reliable chassis for airborne electronics equipment. Also included is an addendum describing results of vibration tests carried out for airborne equipment.
Low-Power and Low-Noise Millimeter-Wave SSPLL With Subsampling Lock Detector for Automatic Dividerless Frequency Acquisition

An 8.8-mW, low-noise, 40.5-GHz frequency synthesizer is proposed. The synthesizer system consists of a subsampling phase-locked loop (SSPLL) with 100-MHz crystal reference, a 900-MHz high-frequency-reference (HFR) PLL, and a novel subsampling lock detector (SSLD). The SSLD keeps monitoring the locking status of the SSPLL by sampling the SSPLL output with the HFR 900-MHz reference and automatically controls the SSPLL for frequency acquisition if it loses lock or locks to a wrong 100-MHz harmonic. This is done without using a power-consuming divider-based frequency-locked loop in conventional SSPLL. Due to the relatively low-frequency operation and moderate noise requirement of HFR, as well as the low-power SSLD, the proposed system achieves low power consumption and jitter simultaneously. The measured results show 8.8-mW power consumption and 228-fs rms jitter with in-band and out-band phase noises of −96.6 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset and −106.9 dBc/Hz at a 10-MHz offset, respectively.
Landscape of Pediatric Biobanking: Challenges and Current Efforts

Diseases that manifest themselves in the pediatric age group frequently have a more diverse spectrum of abnormalities and a greater rarity than diseases that are primarily seen in adults. The compl...
Nutrition and Obesity in the Pathogenesis of Youth-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Its Complications

Since the 1980s, there has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in pediatric populations, in large part driven by sedentary lifestyles and changing dietary patterns with more processed foods. In parallel with the rise in pediatric obesity in the general population, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Adiposity has been implicated in a variety of mechanisms both potentiating the risk for type 1 diabetes as well as exacerbating long-term complications, particularly cardiovascular disease. Treatment options targeting the unique needs of obese pediatric patients, both before and after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, are limited. In this review, we discuss the history of the epidemiology of the obesity epidemic in the context of pediatric type 1 diabetes, highlight the possible role of obesity in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and review the concept of "double diabetes". The impact of obesity at and after diagnosis will be discussed, including noted differences in clinical and biochemical markers, lipid abnormalities, and long-term cardiovascular complications. Finally, we will review the existing literature on pharmacologic and nutritional interventions as potential treatment strategies for youth with coexisting type 1 diabetes and obesity.
A Least-Cost Method for Prioritizing Battery Research

A methodology has been developed for identifying the combination of battery characteristics which lead to least-cost electric vehicles. Battery interrelationships include specific power vs. specific energy, peak power vs. specific energy and DOD, cycle life vs. DOD, cost vs. specific energy and peak power, and volumetric and battery size effects. The method is illustrated for the "second car" mission assuming lead/acid batteries. Reductions in life-cycle costs associated with future battery research breakthroughs are estimated using a sensitivity technique. A research prioritization system is described.
Data Communication Applications of Incremental Signal Processing

From the standpoint of VLSI implementation, the ideal architecture for digital signal processing devices is one which exhibits a high degree of modularity, along with a low degree of interconnectivity between modules. Such a structure not only permits concurrent localized processing, but also avoids the ‘bottleneck’ problem of time-sharing and communicating data to and from a single, high-speed arithmetic ’ processor. Of course, this “parallel processing” approach can be applied to conventional digital signal processing, where typically 8- to 12-bit words are used to represent signal and filtering parameters, but the circuit complexity of multipliers is a deterrent to implementing a large-order system in this manner. Another major problem is simply the amount of chip area that must be devoted to the 8- to 12-bit data buses. These Problems are alleviated i n direct proportion to the amount of reduction in word length that can be accomplished by alternative methods of encoding the signal and system parameters.
Pre-processing Issues in Arabic OCR

Pre-processing of scanned documents is a necessary first step in the process cycle of any document processing application. While pre-processing methods are generally language independent, the effectiveness of downstream OCR processes can often be improved by language/script specific adaptations, particularly in the case of non-Latin scripts such as Arabic and Indic scripts. In this chapter, we present some techniques that have proven effective for the pre-processing of handwritten Arabic documents.
Neonatal Biomarkers of Inflammation: Correlates of Early Neurodevelopment and Gait in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Children.

Objective Neonatal biomarkers of inflammation were examined in relation to early neurodevelopment and gait in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm children. We hypothesized that preterm infants exposed to higher levels of neonatal inflammation would demonstrate lower scores on Bayley Scales of Infant Toddler Development, 3rd ed. (BSID-III) and slower gait velocity at 18 to 22 months adjusted age. Study Design A total of 102 VLBW preterm infants (birthweight [BW] ≤ 1,500 g, gestational age [GA] ≤ 32 weeks) admitted to neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] were recruited. Neonatal risk factors examined were GA at birth, BW, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, sepsis, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and total bilirubin over first 2 postnatal weeks. At 18 to 22 months, neurodevelopment was assessed with BSID-III and gait was assessed with an instrumented mat. Results Children with neonatal CRP ≥ 0.20 mg/dL (n = 52) versus Conclusions Associations between low-level neonatal inflammation and neurodevelopment suggest early biomarkers that may inform neuroprotective treatment for preterm children.
Finite difference operators on unstructured triangular meshes

A new form of the Laplace operator is derived which is shown to be second-order accurate when calculated at mesh triangle nodes if the cells corresponding to the nodes have a high degree of symmetry. It is demonstrated that the Laplace operator directly derived from Stokes' integral theorem is only zeroth-order accurate on these same cells. The construction of gradient and Laplace operators on unstructured triangular grids are discussed from the variational point of view. Two discrete representations of the Laplacian are compared to each other, and conclusions are drawn regarding their accuracy on a pointwise basis. Finally, geometric relations valid on arbitrary polygons are given for completeness in an appendix.
Three-dimensional, multifluid, high spatial resolution MHD model studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars

[1] Our newly developed 3‐D, multifluid MHD model is used to study the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. This model is based on the BATS‐R‐US code, using a spherical grid and a radial resolution equal to 10 km in the ionospheric regions. We solve separate continuity, momentum, and energy equations for each ion fluid and run our model for both solar minimum and maximum conditions. We obtain asymmetric densities, velocities, and magnetic pileup in the plane containing both the direction of the solar wind and the convective electric field. These asymmetries are the result of the decoupling of the individual ions; therefore, our model is able to account for the respective dynamics of the ions and to show new physical processes that could not be observed by the single‐fluid model. Our results are consistent with the measured bow shock and magnetic pileup locations and with the Viking‐observed ion densities. We also compute the escape fluxes for both solar minimum and solar maximum conditions and compare them to the single‐fluid results and the observed values from Mars Express.
Financial innovation and the money supply

The financial system is constantly changing as a result of new regulations and laws as well as technological advances. Fitting all of these financial innovations into monetary theory and explaining their ramifications for monetary policy is a challenging and important task. Financial innovations such as Eurodollar markets, N.O.W. accounts, electronic funds transfer system, and growing Federal Funds Market will have an effect on all schools of monetary theory. This book carefully analyzes the historical development of many financial innovations and their relationship to traditional monetary theory. In addition, the book explores the empirical literature on how innovations are related to money supply and money demand.
Java Virtual Machine

The Java Virtual Machine is the software implementation of a "CPU" designed to run compiled Java code. Using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) makes it possible to develop additional syntaxes for expressing the problems you want to solve and gives more control over the performance of your application. This text is a comprehensive programming guide for the Java Virtual Machine. Providing an overview and reference of the JVM, it enbles users to create their own implementations of the JVM or write their own compilers that create Java object code. The book is divided into two sections: the first includes information on the semantics and structure of the JVM; the second is a reference of the JVM instructions, or "opcodes." The programming guide includes numerous examples written in Java assembly language. A Java assembler is provided with the book, so the examples can all be compiled and executed. The reference section offers a complete description of the instruction set of the VM, and the class file format including a description of the byte-code verifier.
Promoting computer science, engineering, and related programs with scholarships and student support services

Women nationally comprise about 20% of information technology professionals. Only 9% of American engineers are women. This paper describes efforts, through the National Science Foundation's Computer Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Scholarships program, to increase the number of graduates, especially women and other under-represented groups, in these fields at The Community College of Baltimore County in Maryland. From fall 2001 through fall 2003, scholarship awards, generally of $3,125 per year, were made to 73 full-time students. Criteria included 2.5 Grade Point Average, and verified unmet financial need. The average awardee received the scholarship for two semesters. Half of these awards were made to women. Faculty mentoring, and a required one-week summer experience for academic support, career and transfer information, and field trips to local businesses and government agencies were used to increase retention and success. Success rates for awardees are compared with those at the college and in the state
Gastroparesis secondary to a demyelinating disease: a case series

Background Gastroparesis has a number of etiologies. The main ones are secondary to a complication from diabetes mellitus, related to post vagotomy or post gastric surgical resections, or idiopathic when the etiology is unclear. Gastroparesis secondary to a demyelinating disease of the brain is unusual.
Optimum preemphasis in ultra-long-haul transmission systems

In a 40/spl times/10 Gb/s/spl times/2240 km system, we experimentally show the advantages of preemphasis scheme that ensures minimum variations of path-averaged power among the WDM channels between the clean-up dynamic gain-flattening filters.
Execution of distributed queries in the web environment

Database query processing is one of the fundamental issues in data engineering, particularly when more and more databases become distributed over the Internet in the last decade. There have been several approaches to the problem of distributed query processing (DQP), some were successful in the client-server environment but not so in an environment with heterogeneous and autonomous databases. The challenge relies on the nature of the Internet and the Web that pose many difficulties to the problem in hand. In this paper, we propose a model that uses an XML standard and its equivalent in-memory data structure to achieve data sharing, and invokes XML Web services in asynchronous mode to allow local database management systems to efficiently process local data. This approach, like XJoin, allows progress to be made even when data sources experience delays. It builds a layer on top of existing database management systems to minimize the complexity and cost for processing distributed queries that is critical for making such a method practical.
Stimulation of protein turnover by carbohydrate overfeeding in men.

The effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on protein metabolism was studied in 11 healthy men. Total urinary nitrogen output during 10 days of carbohydrate overfeeding (1,600 extra kcal/day) decreased...
Test skewness and kurtosis as functions of item parameters

Indexes of skewness and kurtosis for a test-score distribution are expressed in terms of item parameters. Both are shown to depend, in part, on item means, variances, and covariances. The index of skewness depends also on trivariances. A trivariance is a product moment involving first powers of deviation scores for three items. The index of kurtosis depends on quadrivariances, as well as trivariances. A quadrivariance is a product moment involving first powers of deviation scores for four items. Empirical data are presented for responses of groups of subjects to 25 triads and 25 tetrads of items from five tests.
Pigment pattern and depth-of-invasion analysis of skin lesions for malignant melanoma detection

A clinical instrument called a "Nevoscope" is used to image skin-lesions. The lesion is transilluminated by a fiber-optic annular ring light source that directs light into the skin area surrounding the lesion and thus forming a virtual source just beneath the lesion. Mirrors uniformly spaced around the lesion and tilted at various angles, provide orthographic projections of the skin lesion. Additional views are obtained by rotating the mirror assembly. These multiple views are used in a direct 3-D reconstruction of the lesion to estimate its depth of penetration. A pigment pattern analysis is performed on the direct view. This includes both color and texture segmentation. In this paper, we present preliminary results of our 3-D reconstruction and pigment pattern analyses of some lesions.
Reaction of an introverted carboxylic acid with carbodiimide

Abstract The reaction of carboxylic acids with carbodiimides is reviewed, and an ‘introverted’ carboxylic acid is proposed as a means of trapping reactive intermediates along the reaction pathway. The introverted acid is a cavitand with the carboxylic function directed toward the floor of the cavity. Its reaction with diisopropyl carbodiimide gives a covalent adduct that is either the elusive O -acylisourea or the commonly encountered N -acylurea.
Resilience Mitigates the Negative Effects of Adolescent Internet Addiction and Online Risk Exposure

We cannot fully protect adolescents from experiencing online risks; however, we can aim to better understand how online risk experiences impact teens, factors that contribute to or prevent teens from exposure to risk, as well as factors that can protect teens from psychological harm in spite of online risk exposure. Through a web-based survey study of 75 adolescents in the US, we develop and empirically validate a theoretical model of adolescent resilience in the presence of online risks. We show evidence that resilience is a key factor in protecting teens from experiencing online risks, even when teens exhibit high levels of Internet addiction. Resilience also neutralizes the negative psychological effects associated with Internet addiction and online risk exposure. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of design solutions that foster teen resilience and strength building, as opposed to solutions targeted toward parents that often focus on restriction and risk prevention.
Purification and properties of exophthalmos-producing substance.

Abstract Crude thyrotropin, prepared by the acetone fractionation procedure of Ciereszko, has been employed as starting material in the chromatographic purification of exophthalmos-producing substance. A procedure has been described which results in a 30-fold purification of exophthalmos-produeing substance. The material obtained, however, still retained low thyrotrophic activity. The exophthalmos-produeing substance had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.04 S , and its molecular weight, determined by the Archibald approach to equilibrium, was 40,500.
Physiology and morphology of projection neurons in the antennal lobe of the male moth Manduca sexta

1. We have used intracellular recording and staining, followed by reconstruction from serial sections, to characterize the responses and structure of projection neurons (PNs) that link the antennal lobe (AL) to other regions of the brain of the male sphinx mothManduca sexta. 2. Dendritic arborizations of the AL PNs were usually restricted either to ordinary glomeruli or to the male-specific macroglomerular complex (MGC) within the AL neuropil. Dendritic fields in the MGC appeared to belong to distinct partitions within the MGC (Figs. 2, 3). PNs innervating the ordinary glomeruli had arborizations in a single glomerulus (uniglomerular) (Figs. 6, 7, 9, 11, 12A) or in more than one ordinary glomerulus of one AL (multiglomerular) (Figs. 12B, C, 14, 15), or in one case, in single glomeruli in both ALs (bilateral-uniglomerular) (Fig. 16). One PN innervated the MGC and many or all ordinary glomeruli of the AL (Fig. 13). 3. PNs with dendritic arborizations in the ordinary glomeruli and PNs associated with the MGC typically projected both to the calyces of the ipsilateral mushroom body and to the lateral protocerebrum, but some differences in the patterns of termination in those regions have been noted for the two classes of PNs (Figs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 16). One PN conspicuously lacked branches in the calyces but did project to the lateral protocerebrum (Fig. 14). The PN innervating the MGC and many ordinary glomeruli projected to the calyces of the ipsilateral mushroom body and the superior protocerebrum (Fig. 13). 4. Crude sex-pheromone extracts excited all neurons with arborizations in the MGC, although some were inhibited by other odors (Figs. 3, 4). One P(MGC) was excited by crude sex-pheromone extract and by a mimic of one component of the pheromone blend but was inhibited by another component of the blend (Fig. 5). 5. PNs with dendritic arborizations in ordinary glomeruli were excited (Figs. 7, 8, 10) or inhibited (Figs. 9, 11) by certain non-pheromonal odors. Some of these PNs also responded to mechanosensory stimulation of the antennae (Figs. 10, 11, 15, 16). 6. The PN with dendritic arborizations in the MGC and many ordinary glomeruli was excited by crude sex-pheromone extracts and non-pheromonal odors and also responded to mechanosensory stimulation of the antenna (Fig. 13).
Sulforaphane Potentiates the Efficacy of 17-Allylamino 17-Demethoxygeldanamycin Against Pancreatic Cancer Through Enhanced Abrogation of Hsp90 Chaperone Function

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an essential molecular chaperone that regulates the stability of a wide range of oncogenic proteins, is a promising target for cancer therapeutics. We investigated the combination efficacy and potential mechanisms of sulforaphane, a dietary component from broccoli and broccoli sprouts, and 17-allylamino 17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an Hsp90 inhibitor, in pancreatic cancer. MTS assay demonstrated that sulforaphane sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to 17-AAG in vitro. Caspase-3 was activated to 6.4-fold in response to simultaneous treatment with sulforaphane and 17-AAG, whereas 17-AAG alone induced caspase-3 activity to 2-fold compared to control. ATP binding assay and coimmunoprecipitation revealed that sulforaphane disrupted Hsp90-p50Cdc37 interaction, whereas 17-AAG inhibited ATP binding to Hsp90. Concomitant use of sulforaphane and 17-AAG synergistically downregulated Hsp90 client proteins in Mia Paca-2 cells. Co-administration of sulforaphane and 17-AAG in pancreat...
6 Does temperature restrict the latitudinal distribution of symbiotic zooxanthellae within the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima? Experiments with symbiodinium californium in culture

The intertidal anemone Anthopleura elegantissima hosts two species of symbiotic zooxanthellae with different latitudinal distributions within the anemone host. One of these species, Symbiodinium muscatinei, occurs in anemones from southern California to Washington, while the other species, Symbiodinium californium, is restricted to California and is not found in Oregon or Washington. To investigate if temperature restricts the latitudinal distribution of S. californium, thermal optima and limits to growth and photosynthesis were determined by culturing zooxanthellae at a range of temperatures (5–30 C). Mean growth rates (r) were highest between 15 and 28 C (0.21–0.26 d−1) and extremely low at 5, 10, and 30 C (0.02–0.03 d−1). Light-saturated maximum photosynthesis (Pmax) increased with temperature between 20 and 30 C (2.93 to 13.18 pg C cell−1·h−1, respectively). The effect of temperature on cell motility and cell volume was assessed by culturing zooxanthellae at 10, 20, and 30 and determining% motility over a 24-hour period. Cell volumes were also calculated. No apparent change in% motility was observed with respect to time of day. Percent motility and cell volumes were greatest at 10 C (60% and 820 mm3, respectively). S. californium exhibited a dramatic reduction in growth (−89%) and photosynthesis (−64%) at temperatures within the range of average coastal sea temperatures in Oregon and Washington (8–17 C) than at higher temperatures (20–30 C). The results strongly suggest that the latitudinal distribution of S. californium is restricted by its reduced ability to grow or photosynthesize at low temperatures. Comparative studies exploring thermal thresholds of S. muscatinei are needed to conclusively demonstrate the role of temperature in determining the latititudinal distribution of both zooxanthellae in A. elegantissima.
Experimental tests of a laminar mixing theory

A recently developed analysis of the laminar mixing of two steady two-dimensional flows is subjected to a comparison with two different sets of experimental data. The theory considers the mixing beyond the trailing edge of a thin partition, accounts for the initial boundary layers, and allows broad dissimilarities in the two Mach numbers and total temperatures. Earlier comparisons produced good agreement between this theory and numerical and experimental results for wakes and base flows. In this paper, the theory is compared with the measured flowfield of a mixing layer separating two isothermal streams at nominal Mach numbers 3 and 2.3. A second experiment is also reported here, in which a Mach 8 flow merges with a colder Mach 3 stream. In both cases the agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory. a a ' b ' Cn M Mc Me P ' Re ' Reei ReXr S
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous barium nitrate at temperatures from (278.15 to 393.15) K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes Vφ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,φ were determined for aqueous solutions of barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 at molalities m=(0.0025 to 0.2) mol · kg−1, at T=(278.15 to 393.15) K, and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. Our Vφ values were calculated from densities obtained using a vibrating-tube densimeter, and our Cp,φ values were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter. Our results were fitted to functions of m and T and compared with values from the literature.
A stability-oriented approach to improving BGP convergence

This paper shows that the elimination of fault-agnostic instability, the instability caused by fault-agnostic distributed control, substantially improves BGP convergence speed. To this end, we first classify BGP convergence instability into two categories: fault-agnostic instability and distribution-inherent instability; secondly, we prove the impossibility of eliminating all distribution-inherent instability in distributed routing protocols; thirdly, we design the grapevine border gateway protocol (G-BGP) to show that all fault-agnostic instability can be eliminated. G-BGP eliminates all fault-agnostic instability under different fault and routing policy scenarios by (i) piggybacking onto BGP UPDATE messages fine-grained information about faults to the nodes affected by the faults, (ii) quickly resolving the uncertainty between link and node failure as well as the uncertainty of whether a node has changed route, and (iii) rejecting obsolete fault information. We have evaluated G-BGP by both analysis and simulation. Analytically, we prove that, by eliminating fault-agnostic instability, G-BGP achieves optimal convergence speed in several scenarios where BGP convergence is severely delayed (e.g., when a node or a link fail-stops), and when the shortest-path-first policy is used, G-BGP asymptotically improves BGP convergence speed except in scenarios where BGP convergence speed is already optimal (e.g., when a node or a link joins). By simulating networks with up to 115 autonomous systems, we observe that G-BGP improves BGP convergence stability and speed by an order of magnitude.
Sex Differences in Competition-Cooperation Behavior of Children at Two Age Levels.

Competitive or cooperative behaviors of children were observed in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 7- to 9-year-old boys and girls played a board game with same- or opposite-sex partners under instructions which stressed either group or individual performance. Girls' behavior varied as a function of both instructions and partner sex. Girls playing the game with boys showed more highly competitive behavior than did girls who played the game with girls. Boys were highly competitive under all conditions. In Experiment 2, preschool children were observed in a similar game. For both sexes, children who played the game with opposite-sex partners were more competitive and obtained fewer rewards than those who interacted with same-sex partners. Thus, with development, boys show a change from selective competitiveness to a very general tendency to compete, while girls show a consistent tendency to vary their game behavior according to situational cues such as those provided by instructions or the sex of a game partner.
New product procurement behavior of us supermarket chains: Implications for food and agribusiness suppliers

The introduction of new products to US supermarket chains represents a strategic area of business conduct with significant economic implications for agribusiness companies, food manufacturers and retailers, and consumers. Development of new products by manufacturers and their subsequent evaluation by retailers absorbs enormous resources in the grocery distribution system. This research examined new product buying practices in the top 200 US supermarket chains. Typical findings show the reasons that nearly 70% of all newly introduced products are rejected by buyers and never make it to store shelves and approximately one-half of newly accepted products are removed from stores within 1 year. This study demonstrates that a food or agribusiness firm must first understand the standard procedures, wants and needs, of the key “gatekeeper” buyer before focusing on the final consumer. ©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Feeding Value of Wet Corn Gluten Feed for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Twenty Holstein cows just past peak of lactation were arranged in 4×4 Latin squares to evaluate wet corn gluten feed. Each period was 4 wk during which animals were fed for ad libitum consumption of four experimental diets of corn silage, concentrate, and wet corn gluten feed in the following ratios of dry matter: 1) 50:50:0; 2) 50:30:20; 3) 50:20:30; and 4) 50:10:40. Linear decreases of dry matter intake (kg/day) and digestibility (%) were observed when wet corn gluten feed was increased in the diet: 1) 24.0, 74.1; 2) 23.3, 71.5; 3) 22.2, 68.9;and4) 21.5, 69.3. Hemicellulose and ether extract fractions of wet corn gluten feed underwent extensive digestion. Although milk yield (kg/day) was depressed linearly by additions of wet corn gluten feed to the diet: 1) 30.5, 2) 29.9, 3) 28.1, and 4) 28.1, yield of 4% fat-corrected milk remained unchanged: 1) 25.4, 2) 25.2, 3) 24.5, and 4) 24.8 due to increasing milk fat percentage: 1) 2.86, 2) 2.97, 3) 3.15, and 4) 3.21. Milk solids-not-fat percentage and yield and milk protein percentage and yield were depressed linearly by addition of wet corn gluten feed to the diet. Molar percentage of ruminal acetate was increased, whereas propionate decreased when increasing amounts of wet corn gluten feed were fed to the cows. Up to 50 to 60% of the concentrate mixture in corn silage-based rations of lactating dairy cows can be replaced with wet corn gluten feed with little detrimental risk to animal production and health.
Impact ionization across the conduction‐band‐edge discontinuity of quantum‐well heterostructures

Impact ionization across the band-edge discontinuity of quantum-well heterostructures is studied theoretically. A heterolayer structure of alternating Al(x)Ga(1-x)As and GaAs layers is considered where the GaAs layers are heavily doped with donors. Thus a large number of electrons is confined to the quantum-well region. Incident electrons are heated up by applied electric fields and collide with the electrons confined in the well regions. Both the ionization rate as a function of the incident energy, and average ionization rates are computed. Device applications of such multiple quantum-well structures and the possibility of a complete analog to the conventional photomultiplier are discussed.
The effects of work schedule and employment status on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full versus part time employees

Abstract Theoretical explanations for the differences in organizational commitment and job satisfaction between full versus part time employees were deduced. With the intent of resolving inconsistencies in the research, these deductions were empirically tested. Whereas full time employees were hypothesized to hold higher commitment than part time workers when these groups worked a preferred schedule, full time employees were hypothesized to hold lower organizational commitment and job satisfaction than part time workers when these groups worked an unpreferred schedule. The results supported the hypotheses among temporary employees but only partially supported the hypotheses among permanent workers. Implications are discussed.