cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canagliflozin-associated diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report

Canagliflozin is a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor approved for the management of diabetes. We report the presentation and management of two cases of canagliflozin associated diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and discuss the mechanism of canagliflozin associated DKA. Patient 1, a 55 year old woman maintained on canagliflozin for diabetes mellitus II presented to the emergency department (ED) with 24 hours of nausea and vomiting. She was diagnosed with DKA featuring hypotension, hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis. A second 54 year old man also maintained on canagliflozin for diabetes mellitus I presented to the ED with 24 hours of nausea and vomiting. He was diagnosed with DKA with similar manifestations as patient 1. Both patients underwent massive volume resuscitation and intravenous insulin therapy with resolution of ketosis and acidosis. By inhibiting SGLT-2, canagliflozin promotes glucosuria, which in turn can produce up to a 10% decrease in total plasma volume rendering patients maintained on canagliflozin susceptible to dehydration. Inhibition of SGLT-2 also leads to glucagon secretion, which in the volume deplete individual, can exacerbate DKA. Physicians should be aware of the rapid onset of DKA in patients maintained on canagliflozin after just minor additional fluid losses.
School Health Administration: A Proposed Model of Organization within the School Setting

(1982). School Health Administration. Health Education: Vol. 13, Health Education in the Community, pp. 22-24.
The Manuscript as an Ambigraphic Medium: Hoccleve’s Scribes, Illuminators, and Their Problems

AbstractThis essay argues that late medieval manuscript producers were both aware of and at times troubled by the ontological ambiguity of the medium in which they worked. Nelson Goodman’s aesthetic philosophy provides an apt framework for characterizing this ambiguity, which rests on the manuscript’s dual status as both an allograph and an autograph. Embodying features of both, the manuscript demands a third category, which I term the “ambigraph.” Through an examination of manuscripts of Hoccleve’s Regiment of Princes, I demonstrate how both scribes and illuminators struggled with a self-referential text that presents itself as both an original document and the performance of a script. When called upon by the text they copied to produce pictorial evidence of Chaucer’s likeness, scribes and illuminators left behind evidence in both word and image of their perturbation at this brief, as well as their reluctance and refusal to fulfill it. These exertions, I argue, offer a practical theorization of a premode...
Regional microglia are transcriptionally distinct but similarly exacerbate neurodegeneration in a culture model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) while neighboring ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons are relatively spared. Mechanisms underlying the selective protection of the VTA and susceptibility of the SN are still mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of balance between astrocytes and microglia in the susceptibility of SN DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Previously established methods were used to isolate astrocytes and microglia from the cortex (CTX), SN, and VTA, as well as embryonic midbrain DA neurons from the SN and VTA. The transcriptional profile of isolated microglia was examined for 21 canonical pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR with and without MPP+ exposure. Homo- and heterotypic co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes were established, and the effect of altering the ratio of astrocytes and microglia in vitro on the susceptibility of midbrain DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin MPP+ was investigated. We found that regionally isolated microglia (SN, VTA, CTX) exhibit basal differences in their cytokine profiles and that activation of these microglia with MPP+ results in differential cytokine upregulation. The addition of microglia to cultures of SN neurons and astrocytes was not sufficient to cause neurodegeneration; however, when challenged with MPP+, all regionally isolated microglia resulted in exacerbation of MPP+ toxicity which was alleviated by inhibition of microglial activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that isolated VTA, but not SN, astrocytes were able to mediate protection of both SN and VTA DA neurons even in the presence of exacerbatory microglia; however, this protection could be reversed by increasing the numbers of microglia present. These results suggest that the balance of astrocytes and microglia within the midbrain is a key factor underlying the selective vulnerability of SN DA neurons seen in PD pathogenesis and that VTA astrocytes mediate protection of DA neurons which can be countered by greater numbers of deleterious microglia.
Inhibition of worker mating by queens in a sweat bee, Lasioglossum zephyrum

About 18 percent ofLasioglossum zephyrum workers mate in the field. In the laboratory female mating receptivity varied with age and caste: 1) sixty-nine percent of bees less than 3 days old mated when kept isolated from other females, 2) in six-bee colonies all of the queens, but only 7,7 percent of their workers, mated, 3) in queen removal experiments involving 10 colonies, all the replacement queens mated (these same individuals were not receptive to mating as workers), 4) in one colony of 5 bees, consecutive queen removal showed that each of the four bees identified as the queen mated, while none of the remaining workers did so. The results indicate that queen inhibition governs behavior of the workers even outside the nest. The inhibition may involve more than differences in ovarian size.
The Status of the Physician

In order to fully penetrate the values and conduct of the ancient Greek physician, it is necessary to examine first certain fundamental elements of his historical setting. Thus I have selected three areas of initial inquiry which hold the key to comprehending the cultural framework within which the ancient physician practiced his craft. These three areas are best introduced in the form of three questions. First, who was the Greek physician? Second, what were some of the leading theories of health and disease that guided his care of patients? And third, what were the dominant attitudes and theories of his culture regarding death and the afterworld?
Playing to learn game design skills in a game context

This interactive session presents early research findings resulting from a game simulation currently called Gamestar Mechanic through which 70 middle and high school-age players learn to design video games. Gamestar Mechanic is an RPG (Role-Playing Game) style online game through which players "take on" the behaviors characteristic of professional game designers (e.g., designing games, accounting for variability change within a game's system, critiquing games). Reflecting on and practicing design can lead, we believe, to skills that are crucial for success in the modern, high-tech, global world. Game design is but a start in learning to think of complex interactions among variables, people, and technology, but it is also a domain that can help others reflect on complex interactions among systems. Early findings are showing that the pedagogical design of Gamestar Mechanic has the potential to help participants develop understanding of technical concepts particular to game design, systems-thinking skills, and other behaviors associated with the domain.
Basal forebrain cholinergic system: a functional analysis.

Describing the function of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) is complicated by the fact that both anatomical and neurochemical criteria define the system. Ideally, functions would be described for only the cholinergic cells in only this brain area. As will be indicated below, for technical reasons, functional analyses of the BFCS have not often achieved this goal. For example, studies examining the behavioral consequences of lesions in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and medial septal area (MSA), two areas of the BFCS, have often used a neurotoxin such as ibotenic (IBO) acid to produce the lesion. Although IBO clearly destroys many cholinergic cells, it is not specific for just the cholinergic system, and destroys noncholinergic cells also. Determining the extent to which the behavioral consequences of these lesions depend upon the destruction of the cholinergic cells, as compared to the noncholinergic cells, is very difficult. Likewise, measures of sodium dependent high affinity choline uptake (HACU) in the frontal cortex (FC), a projection area for cholinergic cells in the NBM, is complicated by the fact the FC has intrinsic cholinergic neurons.
PET/CT as a predictor of survivals in patients with ovarian cancer following first line therapy

1490 Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation between PET/CT parameters and survivals of patients with ovarian cancer following first line therapy. Methods: From 2002 to 2007 Emory Healthcare database revealed 30 patients with ovarian cancer of stage IIIC and IV performed PET/CT for the restaging. PET/CT within 2 weeks following completion of chemotherapy were excluded. Demographics of patients, CA125, updated follow-up status including treatments were abstracted from medical records. We defined PET/CT parameters as 1. PET/CT positivity, maximum SUV (SUVmax), 3. volume of tumor with SUVmax, 4. total volume of tumor, 5. local or diffuse distribution of tumor foci, and 6. type of metastasis (local or peritoneal seeding without vs. with lymphatic and/or hematogenous metastasis). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET/CT for diagnosis of recurrent ovarian cancer were 96.29%, 88.23%, and 93.18%. Overall survival (OS) was 29.87 - 47.91 months with 95% confidence interval (mean: 38.89; SD: 4.62). PET/CT parameters revealed no statistical significant correlation with OS. However, SUVmax showed a tendency of correlation with OS when divided at a cut-off value of SUVmax (SUVmax: 15) (p = 0.325). Also, local or diffuse distribution of tumor foci and type of metatasis showed a tendency of correlation with OS (p = 0.210 and p = 0.339). Conclusions: In our study, PET/CT as a restaging was not a statistically significant prognostic factor. However, of PET/CT parameters SUVmax, distribution of tumor foci, and type of metastasis showed the tendency of correlation with OS. Further study with a large number of patients should be needed.
The Evolution of Societal Values: A Historical Perspective of the Role of Sustainability in the Practice of Economics

The history of economic thought embodies the evolving, dynamic, and varied cultural influences on economic systems both at a point in time and over time. It provides a context from which one can understand the theories that have simultaneously influenced, and have been influenced by observed cultural norms of behavior. It is more than an accounting of past economic theories; it is a resource that enables an understanding of the role and responsibility of social values in observed economic outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of economic thought from its normative qualitative foundation to the positive quantitative attribution observable in present practice, and details specific religious and moral sentiments that have influenced social norms.
Cation-Π Interactions in Biochemistry: A Primer

Although the potent effects of cation−π interactions for stabilizing protein structure and binding ligands to proteins have been reported in the chemical literature for over two decades, there are no undergraduate biochemistry textbooks covering this important noncovalent attractive force. In an attempt to remedy this situation, this primer describes what cation−π interactions are, provides biochemical examples of cation−π interactions that supplement the protein structure and ligand binding topics of a traditional one-semester biochemistry course, and offers exercises and worked out solutions on cation−π interactions derived from the biochemical literature. In addition, instructions are provided for using the online molecular visualization tools FirstGlance and JSmol viewer to identify cation−π interactions in proteins and for calculating cation−π stabilization energy with the online CaPTURE program.
Personal-Organizational Processes in Workplace Health Promotion: Understanding Wellness Program Participation in China

Around the world, there has been a noticeable increase in demand for workplace health promotion (WHP). Research has demonstrated the beneficial outcomes of WHP program participation, yet scholars lack an all-encompassing framework that captures why employees do or do not participate in these initiatives, especially in non-Western contexts. To show the role of two personal–organizational processes—perceived organizational support and organizational identification—in predicting WHP program participation, we collected survey data from 204 employees at a Chinese company with a wellness program. Results suggest that organizational identification mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and employees’ participation in WHP programs. Besides contributing to the WHP literature in non-Western countries, this study opens up new opportunities to explore the relationship between other personal-organizational processes and their relationship to WHP.
Hybrid Microgrid Controller Analysis and Design for a Campus Grid

Microgrids with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) have proved to be a propitious alternative to the traditional distribution systems. This is due to the increased resiliency, efficiency and reliability offered by these grids. This paper discusses the design and operation of a microgrid and its associated controller for the Clemson University main campus. The virtual inertia has been emulated in the microgrid to make it closely resemble the one emulating a synchronous generator. A coordination controller has been developed for the systematic dispatch of Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The microgrid has been sized to perform both grid-connected and two days of islanding operation. The designed grid exhibits a nearly seamless transition from the grid-connected mode to the islanded mode and vice versa. The system also successfully satisfies the IEEE Std 1547.4. A business case has also been developed for the proposed microgrid that suggests its implementation due to economic viability.
Research problems and opportunities in NoC-based side channel attacks and defenses: lessons learned from cache-based side channels

We are entering a new era of computer architecture, where security and privacy are playing an increasingly important role. However, recent attacks such as Spectre, Meltdown and various side channel attacks have shown how vulnerable modern computer hardware is. It is urgent to address security problems related to every hardware component, including the network-on-chip. In this talk, I will focus on discussing research problems and opportunities related to NoC-based side channel attacks. I will start with a brief introduction on side channel attacks and the threats posed by side channel attacks that exploit the network-on-chip, including latency-based and bandwidth-based ones. Next, I will briefly review existing defense solutions against NoC-based side channel attacks. Existing work focuses on blocking or limiting interference of the NoC traffic across different security domains. Finally, I will conclude my talk by describing potential research directions towards designing secure NoCs and secure hardware processors.
National Lipid Association Scientific Statement on the use of icosapent ethyl in statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides and high or very-high ASCVD risk.

Abstract Representatives from the National Lipid Association (NLA) participated in the development of the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Multisociety Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol, which reaffirmed that lifestyle changes and statin treatment are therapeutic cornerstones for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction. It also updated prior recommendations to incorporate newer data demonstrating ASCVD risk reduction with ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors as adjuncts to statin therapy for patients at high and very-high ASCVD risk. The 2018 Guideline was finalized shortly before full results were available from a randomized, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes trial [Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT)] that examined the effects of icosapent ethyl (IPE) 4 g/d on major adverse cardiovascular events in selected high- or very high-risk, statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides. The primary outcome variable of first major adverse cardiovascular event (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization and hospitalization for unstable angina) was reduced by 25% (95% confidence interval 17%–32%, P
Physical activity and peak oxygen consumption are associated with walking in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a prevalence of nearly 1 million adults in the United States. MS results in declines in physical activity and peak oxygen consumption that might be independently associated with declines in walking performance. Therefore our purpose was to evaluate the association between physical activity and peak oxygen consumption with walking performance in individuals with MS. Methods Fifty individuals with MS between the ages of 18–70 yrs. (Female: 38; 46 ± 12 yrs.; BMI: 28.5 ± 6.4; EDSS: 3.3 [IQR: 2.5–4]) performed a maximal incremental cycle test to assess peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and wore an accelerometer for one week to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Subjects further completed a timed 25-foot walk test (T25FW) and 6-minute walk (6MW) to measure walking performance. Results MVPA and VO2peak were correlated with 6MW and T25FW (p Conclusion Both higher MVPA and VO2peak were associated with better walking performance and in a combined model physical activity, but not peak oxygen consumption, remained an independent contributor to walking performance in individuals with MS. These results suggest that improving MVPA is a potential target for interventions to improve walking performance in persons with MS.
Electro-Optical Measurement of Electric Fields for Pulsed Power Systems

The electric field strength between the cathode and anode (i.e., the voltage) of a pulsed power machine is one of the most important operating parameters of the device. However, to date, accurate and precise voltage measurements on these high energy pulsed power systems have proved difficult if not virtually impossible to perform. In many cases, the measurements to be performed take place in an environment cluttered with electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequency interference (RFI), and electron pollution, and there is the potential for electrical discharge (or arcing), there is limited physical access, or the measurement area is deemed unsuitable due to radiation safety concerns. We report on an electro-optical-based approach to measuring strong, narrow-pulse-width electric fields that requires no interfering metallic probes or components to disturb the field to be measured. Here we focus on device theory, operating parameters and a laboratory experiment.
Writing the 2019 ACS Exam for Chemical Health and Safety

This commentary describes the construction of the 2019 ACS Exam for Chemical Health and Safety. A particular and unique challenge in this process was the lack of a standardized curriculum in chemic...
Analyzing California’s framework for estimating greenhouse gas emissions associated with retail electricity sales

Abstract Accurately attributing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the electric power sector is critical to measuring progress towards climate policy goals. We evaluate a new methodology adopted by the California Energy Commission to calculate the GHG emissions intensity of retail electricity providers. In the long run, the new regulations better align with the physical nature of grid operation than did past practices, but policymakers should monitor a set of potential challenges as market structures evolve.
Integrating crowdsourcing and active learning for classification of work-life events from tweets

Social media, especially Twitter, is being increasingly used for research with predictive analytics. In social media studies, natural language processing (NLP) techniques are used in conjunction with expert-based, manual and qualitative analyses. However, social media data are unstructured and must undergo complex manipulation for research use. The manual annotation is the most resource and time-consuming process that multiple expert raters have to reach consensus on every item, but is essential to create gold-standard datasets for training NLP-based machine learning classifiers. To reduce the burden of the manual annotation, yet maintaining its reliability, we devised a crowdsourcing pipeline combined with active learning strategies. We demonstrated its effectiveness through a case study that identifies job loss events from individual tweets. We used Amazon Mechanical Turk platform to recruit annotators from the Internet and designed a number of quality control measures to assure annotation accuracy. We evaluated 4 different active learning strategies (i.e., least confident, entropy, vote entropy, and Kullback-Leibler divergence). The active learning strategies aim at reducing the number of tweets needed to reach a desired performance of automated classification. Results show that crowdsourcing is useful to create high-quality annotations and active learning helps in reducing the number of required tweets, although there was no substantial difference among the strategies tested.
Docable: evaluating the executability of software tutorials

The typical software tutorial includes step-by-step instructions for installing developer tools, editing files and code, and running commands. When these software tutorials are not executable, either due to missing instructions, ambiguous steps, or simply broken commands, their value is diminished. Non-executable tutorials impact developers in several ways, including frustrating learning experiences, and limiting usability of developer tools. To understand to what extent software tutorials are executable---and why they may fail---we conduct an empirical study on over 600 tutorials, including nearly 15,000 code blocks. We find a naive execution strategy achieves an overall executability rate of only 26%. Even a human-annotation-based execution strategy---while doubling executability---still yields no tutorial that can successfully execute all steps. We identify several common executability barriers, ranging from potentially innocuous causes, such as interactive prompts requiring human responses, to insidious errors, such as missing steps and inaccessible resources. We validate our findings with major stakeholders in technical documentation and discuss possible strategies for improving software tutorials, such as providing accessible alternatives for tutorial takers, and investing in automated tutorial testing to ensure continuous quality of software tutorials.
Do people have an ethical obligation to share their health information? Comparing narratives of altruism and health information sharing in a nationally representative sample

Background With the emergence of new health information technologies, health information can be shared across networks, with or without patients’ awareness and/or their consent. It is often argued that there can be an ethical obligation to participate in biomedical research, motivated by altruism, particularly when risks are low. In this study, we explore whether altruism contributes to the belief that there is an ethical obligation to share information about one’s health as well as how other health care experiences, perceptions, and concerns might be related to belief in such an obligation. Methods We conducted an online survey using the National Opinion Research Center’s (NORC) probability-based, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Our final analytic sample included complete responses from 2069 participants. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine how altruism, together with other knowledge, attitudes, and experiences contribute to the belief in an ethical obligation to allow health information to be used for research. Results We find in multivariable regression that general altruism is associated with a higher likelihood of belief in an ethical obligation to allow one’s health information to be used for research (OR = 1.22, SE = 0.14, p = 0.078). Trust in the health system and in care providers are both associated with a significantly higher likelihood of believing there is an ethical obligation to allow health information to be used (OR = 1.48, SE = 0.76, p<0.001; OR = 1.58, SE = 0.26, p<0.01, respectively). Conclusions Belief that there is an ethical obligation to allow one’s health information to be used for research is shaped by altruism and by one’s experience with, and perceptions of, health care and by general concerns about the use of personal information. Altruism cannot be assumed and researchers must recognize the ways encounters with the health care system influence (un)willingness to share one’s health information.
Spitzer IRS spectra of a large sample of Seyfert galaxies: a variety of infrared SEDs in the local AGN population

We are conducting a large observing program with the Spitzer Space Telescope to determine the mid-to-far infrared spectral energy distributions of a well-defined sample of 87 nearby, 12 micron-selected Seyfert galaxies. In this paper we present the results of IRS low-resolution spectroscopy of a statistically representative subsample of 51 of the galaxies (59%), with an analysis of the continuum shapes and a comparison of the Seyfert types. We find that the spectra clearly divide into groups based on their continuum shapes and spectral features. Some spectral features are clearly related to a starburst contribution to the IR spectrum, while the mechanisms producing observed power-law continuum shapes, attributed to an AGN component, may be dust or non-thermal emission. The infrared spectral types appear to be related to the Seyfert types. Principal component analysis results suggest that the relative contribution of starburst emission may be the dominant cause of variance in the observed spectra. We find that Sy 1's have higher ratios of IR/radio emission than Sy 2's, as predicted by the unified model if the torus is optically thick in the mid-IR. However, smooth-density torus models predict a much larger difference between type 1's and 2's than observed in our sample. Our observations may be consistent with clumpy torus models containing a steep radial distribution of optically thick dense clumps. (Abridged)
Universal features of gravitational waves emitted by superkick binary black hole systems

We use numerical relativity to study the merger and ringdown stages of ``superkick'' binary black hole systems (those with equal mass and antiparallel spins). We find a universal way to describe the mass and current quadrupole gravitational waves emitted by these systems during the merger and ringdown stage: (i) The time evolutions of these waves are insensitive to the progenitor's parameters (spins) after being normalized by their own peak values. (ii) The peak values, which encode all the spin information of the progenitor, can be consistently fitted to formulas inspired by post-Newtonian theory. We find that the universal evolution of the mass quadrupole wave can be accurately modeled by the so-called Backwards One-Body (BOB) model. However, the BOB model, in its present form, leads to a lower waveform match and a significant parameter-estimation bias for the current quadrupole wave. We also decompose the ringdown signal into seven overtones, and study the dependence of mode amplitudes on the progenitor's parameters. Such dependence is found to be insensitive to the overtone index (up to a scaling factor). Finally, we use the Fisher matrix technique to investigate how the ringdown waveform can be at least as important for parameter estimation as the inspiral stage. Assuming the Cosmic Explorer, we find the contribution of ringdown portion dominates as the total mass exceeds $\ensuremath{\sim}250\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. For massive binary black hole (BBH) systems, the accuracy of parameter measurement is improved by incorporating the information of ringdown---the ringdown sector gives rise to a different parameter correlation from inspiral stage; hence, the overall parameter correlation is reduced in full signal.
Composition of the microbiomes from spinach seeds infested or non-infested with Peronospora effusa or Verticillium dahliae

The worldwide distribution of plant seeds can disseminate beneficial and plant pathogenic microorganisms. This phenomenon is of particular concern where seed production is geographically isolated f...
A Weighted Sample Framework to Incorporate External Calculators for Risk Modeling

Personalized risk prediction calculators abound in medicine, and they carry important information about the effect of prognostic factors on outcomes of interest. How to use that information in order to analyze local datasets is a pressing question, and several recent proposals have attempted to pool information from external calculators to local datasets using parameter sharing approaches. Here, we adopt a weighting approach using convex optimization in order to transfer information. Rather than directly modeling parameters, we instead pool information on a per-sample basis. In particular, we develop prediction-guided analyses, along with an attendant inferential strategy, for incorporating information from the external risk calculator. We also supplement this analytical approach with an exploratory technique using trees to describe what we term as ‘calculator-guided observations.’ In addition, the optimization problem itself can yield insights on the potential transferability of the external calculator to the local dataset. The methodology is illustrated by simulation studies as well as an application of risk calculators to the prediction of sentinel lymph node positivity in melanoma.
Opioid Overdose Mortality Trends in Wisconsin, 2004-2019

Background Opioid-related mortality in Wisconsin by race differs from national trends: Black Wisconsinites are nearly twice as likely as Whites to die by opioid overdose. These trends warrant further study by other demographic factors on the state level. Methods We characterize trends in mortality due to opioid overdose in Wisconsin using CDC WONDER data for 2004-2019 by race, age, and sex. ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision) codes were selected per national guidelines for identifying opioid-related overdose deaths. Results Opioid overdose mortality increased 415% during the study period. Black or African American and American Indian or Alaska Native populations had consistently higher risk than White populations, with an older age distribution. Conclusion We identify inequities in opioid overdose mortality that have persisted over time in Wisconsin. Different age distributions by race may indicate different pathways to overdose and require further investigation to guide upstream mitigation strategies.
AutoStyle: automatic style transfer from image collections to users' images

Stylizing photos, to give them an antique or artistic look, has become popular in recent years. The available stylization filters, however, are usually created manually by artists, resulting in a narrow set of choices. Moreover, it can be difficult for the user to select a desired filter, since the filters' names often do not convey their functions. We investigate an approach to photo filtering in which the user provides one or more keywords, and the desired style is defined by the set of images returned by searching the web for those keywords. Our method clusters the returned images, allows the user to select a cluster, then stylizes the user's photos by transferring vignetting, color, and local contrast from that cluster. This approach vastly expands the range of available styles, and gives each filter a meaningful name by default. We demonstrate that our method is able to robustly transfer a wide range of styles from image collections to users' photos.
Effects of ad-valorem taxes on location decision under free entry Cournot oligopoly

This paper examines the impact of the ad-valorem commodity tax as a policy device on output and location decisions of undifferentiated oligopolistic firms with free entry. It shows that: (1) When the distance between the plant location and the output market is held constant, the optimum location for the oligopolistic firm would be independent of the ad-valorem tax if the production function is homothetic, and (2) when the distance between the plant location and the output market is a decision variable, the optimum location for the oligopolistic firm will move closer to the output market if the demand function is linear or concave. These results are significantly different from the conventional results based on the monopolistic location model. It indicates that the effect of an ad-valorem tax on the location decision of oligopolistic firms crucially depend upon the shape of demand function.
Chapter 6 Amorphous ferromagnets

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses amorphous ferromagnets. The terms “amorphous solid” and “amorphous glass” are generally accepted to mean not crystalline on any significant scale. Simple amorphous solids have random structures but with differing degrees of short-range order depending on the nature of their atomic bonding. Amorphous metals in which nearest neighbor central forces dominate, form structures similar to the random packing of hard spheres. The principal order present is imposed by the roughly constant separation of nearest neighbors. In the past few years, there has been a literary explosion of both theoretical and experimental results on amorphous magnetic alloys. Many series of alloys have now been reported composed of the transition metal alloys with a wide variety of metalloids. The chapter describes the preparation of amorphous metallic solids, the resultant atomic structures, and the experimental methods, which are used to obtain structural information. The chapter also discusses the magnetic properties and their origin.
Functional and metabolic responses of isolated hearts to acidosis : effects of sodium bicarbonate and carbicarb

To investigate the mechanisms by which acidosis depresses cardiac function, a Langendorff isolated, perfused rat heart preparation was studied using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Isolated hearts were subjected to normal perfusion conditions or moderate or severe metabolic acidosis. Acidosis resulted in dose-dependent decreases in O2 consumption (VO2), rate of developed ventricular pressure (dP/dt), intracellular pH (pHi), and the tissue concentration of creatine phosphate (PCr) after 30 min. Acidosis did not affect ATP concentration but resulted in significant increases in the concentrations of total and monovalent inorganic phosphate (Pi and Pim). When metabolic determinants of the change in dP/dt with acidosis were examined, changes in pHi, extracellular pH, and tissue concentrations of Pi and Pim all correlated significantly with the change in dP/dt. In a second set of experiments using the severe acidosis model, normal saline, 1 M sodium bicarbonate, and the experimental buffer Carbicarb (1 ml/kg body wt) were infused in a crossover manner at 20-min intervals. None had significant effects on tissue concentrations of ATP, PCr, Pi, or PCr/Pi. Administration of bicarbonate resulted in an increase in VO2 without significant effects on pHi or dP/dt. In contrast, Carbicarb effected little change in VO2 but resulted in sustained increases in pHi and decreases in Pim and marked increases in dP/dt. These data suggest that the decrease in cardiac function that occurs during acidosis may be related to the metabolic consequences of reductions in pHi and that a buffer that causes intracellular alkalinization may cause functional improvement in this model.
Professional Burnout and its Relation to Job Characteristics, Satisfaction, and Control

Burnout scores for 104 professionals in the fields of college student personnel, health and mental health, administration and miscellaneous other professionals were correlated with ratings on 13 job characteristics, and ratings of satisfaction with, and control over, these characteristics. Results indicate significant positive correlations between the burnout scores and 10 of the 13 job characteristics. Significant positive correlations were found for burnout and all 13 items of job satisfaction. Significant negative correlations were found for 6 of the items where control was rated. Demographic variables of age, sex, marital status, employment status of spouse, dependents, number of hours worked, and being on call showed no significant correlations with burnout. Recommendations are made for continued research and theory building which take into account the concept of control over one's work environment.
How the mosquito (man) liberated Cuba.

Disease is a more efficient killer of armies than man, but military historians tend not to dwell on this fact, for fear of relegating human volition to a secondary role in the outcome of wars. Thus, studies of the Cuban War of Independence from 1895 to 1898 tell of thrilling machete charges and awe-inspiring battleships, but pay insufficient attention to the insects and microbes that really killed the Spanish army and prepared the ground for the liberation of Cuba. This essay argues that the mosquito and yellow fever did most of the work of freeing Cuba from Spanish military occupation. It also tells how the theory of a Cuban physician, Carlos Finlay, helped to liberate the island from yellow fever following the American occupation in 1898. In this way the essay unites two sundered histories that belong together, and then goes on to explain why the medical community ignored Finlay for almost 20 years, just time enough to allow Cubans to found a new nation.
The aggregation of basic polypeptide residues bound to heparin

The molecular basis for heparin interactions with proteins has been explored with L-lysine copolymer : heparin complexes, measuring the conformational change and charge neutralization which accompany the complexation, using optical methods. Previous studies had shown that the basic homopolypeptides (poly-L-lysine, poly-L-arginine) assume alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with numerous glycosaminoglycans (including heparin). Thus, the unique specificity for heparin in the anticoagulation system (which involves two or more lysine residues on the antithrombin molecule) is not paralleled by the findings with the basic homopolymers. Results with mixed polypeptides, poly(lysine : tyrosine, 1 : 1) and poly(lysine : phenylalanine, 1.4 : 1), show that these protein models assume different conformational forms upon complexation with heparin, the former shows a poly-L-lysine-like beta-structure circular dichroism spectrum and the latter an alpha-helical structure. The change in circular dichroism spectra increases with the addition of heparin until the ratio of positive to negative charge is about one. Dye-binding studies of the two copolymer systems reveal that the charged groups of both reactants are largely blocked in the polypeptide complexes at a calculated charge ratio equal to one. The data indicate that heparin interaction with the cationic polypeptides causes them to assume either the alpha-helical or beta-structure depending upon the nature of the neighboring uncharged amino acid and its proclivity for alpha-helix or beta-structure.
Ultrastable atomic force microscopy using laser-based, active noise cancelation

We achieved a 100-fold improvement in tip-sample stability by stabilizing the tip and the sample in 3D using laser light back-scattered off the apex of an AFM tip and a reference mark in the sample.
The Stratford Shakespeare Festival 2011

Review of Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor (directed by Frank Galati for the Stratford Shakespeare Festival) at the Festival Theatre, 20 July 2011 Review of Shakespeare's Richard III (dire...
Single molecule reconstitution of mRNA transport by a class V myosin

How a class V myosin transports mRNA is not well understood. Single-molecule reconstitution of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes from purified proteins and a localizing mRNA in budding yeast demonstrates that the mRNA is instrumental in ensuring a stable, processive transport complex, whereas the number of localizing elements ('zip codes') influences run length and frequency.
Parallel simulation of the Sharks World problem

The authors describe the design of a Maisie program to simulate the Shark's World problem and present the timings for both sequential and parallel executions of the model. The sequential implementation of Maisie used a single event-list and a global simulation clock. The parallel implementation was executed on a multicomputer architecture using a space-time simulation algorithm. Experimental results indicate that reasonable speedups may be achieved for a relatively small number of creatures; further, the speedups increased linearly as the number of creatures in the system was increased. For a configuration with 2048 creatures, the parallel implementation with 32 nodes and 32 sectors was better by a factor of almost five over the best sequential implementation. The performance of the space-time algorithm depends on a number of factors, including frequency of checkpointing, time-length for which multiple incarnations of an entity are created, and the algorithm used to detect the time up to which the simulation has converged. >
Amazing stability of the arginine-phosphate electrostatic interaction.

Electrostatic interactions between a basic epitope containing adjacent arginine residues and an acidic epitope containing a phosphorylated serine are involved in receptor heteromerization. In the p...
Carbon flow in the rhizosphere of ponderosa pine seedlings

Abstract The flow of photosynthetically-fixed carbon was followed in microcosms containing ponderosa pine seedlings using a 14CO2 pulse labeling technique. Plant and soil samples were harvested at the end of labeling and after a 1 week chase period to examine the movement of 14C from different root types into adjacent soil. The total and specific activity (SA) of C was determined in above-ground and below-ground plant fractions and in soil 0–2 mm. 2–5 mm and > 5 mm from coarse, fine or young roots. The SA of mycorrhizal tips and hyphal strands was also assessed. Microbial biomass C and 14C content was determined by the chloroform fumigation incubation technique in the non-rhizosphere soil. The highest SA in the plant was found in the young root tip region demonstrating that this was a strong sink for recent photosynthate. The fine roots with their associated short laterals and mycorrhizae contained > 25% of the 14C recovered in all plant fractions. The highest SA in the soil was found within 2 mm of the young root surface. Fine roots had the highest rate of C loss to the soil per unit C assimilated in the root segment. The large differences in C flow to the rhizosphere from roots of different morphology demonstrates the importance of differentiating root types in studies of C flux. The important role of mycorrhizal hyphae in redistribution of recently-fixed C in soil was illustrated by their high SA and the large percentage ( > 30%) of 14C recovered in non-rhizosphcre soil. The SA of the microbial biomass C in the non-rhizosphere soil decreased by over 50% during 1 week indicating a rapid turnover rate in this active fraction. The loss of recently-fixed C from pine roots by rhizodeposition and hyphal transport was an important energy source for the soil microbial community even in soil not directly adjacent to the root surface.
Sub-wavelength nanofluidics in photonic crystal sensors

We introduce a novel sensor scheme combining nano-photonics and nano-fluidics on a single platform through the use of free-standing photonic crystals. By harnessing nano-scale openings, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that both fluidics and light can be manipulated at sub-wavelength scales. Compared to the conventional fluidic channels, we actively steer the convective flow through the nanohole openings for effective delivery of the analytes to the sensor surface. We apply our method to detect refractive index changes in aqueous solutions. Bulk measurements indicate that active delivery of the convective flow results in better sensitivities. The sensitivity of the sensor reaches 510 nm/RIU for resonance located around 850 nm with a line-width of ~10 nm in solution. Experimental results are matched very well with numerical simulations. We also show that cross-polarization measurements can be employed to further improve the detection limit by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
Evolution of Metastable Defects in Intrinsic Layers of A-Si:H Solar Cells and Corresponding Thin Film Materials Characterized by Carrier Recombination Through Midgap States

Direct correlations have been obtained in the evolution of metastable defects in the intrinsic layers of protocrystalline p-i-n a-Si: H solar cells and corresponding thin film material by characterizing their carrier recombination through states located around midgap. For thin film material, this is carried out with photoconductivity measurements with illuminations from 1 to 10?6 sun; for solar cells, this is done with the Shockley-Reed-Hall recombination in the dark under low forward bias. Because these were carried out in the absence of isothermal annealing so as to characterize the actual creation kinetics, the contributions of different concentration in the "fast/soft" and "slow/hard" defect states could be reliably characterized. The changes in recombination exhibit regions with the extensively reported t1/3 dependence. However, when the recombination from just the metastable defects is separated out, their evolution exhibits an exponent very close to 0.5. This, however, is not the case for undiluted a-Si: H films, whose exponents are close to 0.7. The significance of these results for identifying possible causes that lead to their difference in the stability as well as on the various models proposed for SWE are discussed.
Effects of carbonate on hydroxyapatite formed from CaHPO(4) and Ca(4)(PO(4))(2)O.

Carbonated hydroxyapatites were formed via reactions in NaHCO3/NaH2PO4 solutions from a mixture of particulate tetracalcium phosphate (TetCP) and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (DCPA). Reactions were followed by determinations of pH and ion concentrations. The solids formed were analyzed by XRD and FTIR. Rates of heat evolution were established by isothermal calorimetry. Reactions in the absence of NaH2PO4 did not reach completion within 24 h. Constitution of reactants to achieve a DCPA-to-NaHCO3 ratio of 1, in conjunction with the presence of NaH2PO4 as a buffer, was found to be optimal for formation of apatite with no remaining reactant. The amount of carbonate incorporated in this apatite was 4–5 wt%. Calorimetry indicated the reaction mechanism to depend on the bicarbonate concentration in solution. The presence of NaH2PO4 was found to increase the reaction rate but decrease the extent of carbonate uptake.