cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dominance and Age in Bilingualism.

The present article examines the relationship between age and dominance in bilingual populations. Age in bilingualism is understood as the point in development at which second language (L2) acquisition begins and as the chronological age of users of two languages. Age of acquisition (AoA) is a factor in determining which of a bilingual's two languages is dominant and to what degree, and it, along with age of first language (L1) attrition, may be associated with shifts in dominance from the L1 to the L2. In turn, dominance and chronological age, independently and in interaction with lexical frequency, predict performance on naming tasks. The article also considers the relevance of critical-period accounts of the relationships of AoA and age of L1 attrition to L2 dominance, and of usage-based and cognitive-aging accounts of the roles of age and dominance in naming.
The Yeast GTPase Mtg2p Is Required for Mitochondrial Translation and Partially Suppresses an rRNA Methyltransferase Mutant, mrm2

The assembly of ribosomes involves the coordinated processing and modification of rRNAs with the temporal association of ribosomal proteins. This process is regulated by assembly factors such as helicases, modifying enzymes, and GTPases. In contrast to the assembly of cytoplasmic ribosomes, there is a paucity of information concerning the role of assembly proteins in the biogenesis of mitochondrial ribosomes. In this study, we demonstrate that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTPase Mtg2p (Yhr168wp) is essential for mitochondrial ribosome function. Cells lacking MTG2 lose their mitochondrial DNA, giving rise to petite cells. In addition, cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mgt2-1 allele are defective in mitochondrial protein synthesis and contain lowered levels of mitochondrial ribosomal subunits. Significantly, elevated levels of Mtg2p partially suppress the thermosensitive loss of mitochondrial DNA in a 21S rRNA methyltransferase mutant, mrm2. We propose that Mtg2p is involved in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. Consistent with this role, we show that Mtg2p is peripherally localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and associates with the 54S large ribosomal subunit in a salt-dependent manner.
Semiparametric modeling

In this paper, a semiparametric modeling approach is introduced as a paradigm for addressing model error arising from unresolved physical phenomena. Our approach compensates for model error by learning an auxiliary dynamical model for the unknown parameters. Practically, the proposed approach consists of the following steps. Given a physics-based model and a noisy data set of historical observations, a Bayesian filtering algorithm is used to extract a time-series of the parameter values. Subsequently, the diffusion forecast algorithm is applied to the retrieved time-series in order to construct the auxiliary model for the time evolving parameters. The semiparametric forecasting algorithm consists of integrating the existing physics-based model with an ensemble of parameters sampled from the probability density function of the diffusion forecast. To specify initial conditions for the diffusion forecast, a Bayesian semiparametric filtering method that extends the Kalman-based filtering framework is introduced. In difficult test examples, which introduce chaotically and stochastically evolving hidden parameters into the Lorenz-96 model, we show that our approach can effectively compensate for model error, with forecasting skill comparable to that of the perfect model.
Experiments and Modeling of Uranium Uptake by Amidoxime-Based Adsorbent in the Presence of Other Ions in Simulated Seawater

Seawater contains uranium at an average concentration of 3.3 ppb, as well as a variety of other ions at either overwhelmingly higher or similar concentrations, which complicate the recovery of uranium. This report describes an investigation of the effects of various factors such as uranium speciation and presence of salts including sodium, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate, as well as trace elements such as vanadium on uranium adsorption kinetics in laboratory experiments. Adsorption models are also developed to describe the experimental data of uranium extraction from seawater. Results show that the presence of calcium and magnesium significantly slows down the uranium adsorption kinetics. Vanadium can replace uranium from amidoxime-based adsorbent in the presence of sodium in the solution. Results also show that bicarbonate in the solution strongly competes with amidoxime for binding uranium, and thus slows down the uranium adsorption kinetics. Developed on the basis of the experimental findings, the ...
Archivists and Librarians: A Common Mission, A Common Education

IN TODAY'S SOCIETY, programs and services are often evaluated in terms of the "bottom line." The bottom line for archivists and librarians is not profit or loss but our ability to provide information to those who need it. Although the material we handle varies in format, our basic goals have been to collect, organize, conserve, and provide access to information. In spite of this similarity of goals, archivists and librarians have traditionally regarded themselves as two separate professions. But the common ground remains and is becoming increasingly important as the problem of handling ever-growing amounts of information requires cooperative efforts to develop systems for providing information effectively and efficiently. In developing new education guidelines, the Society of American Archivists (SAA) should seek to create a program that will provide archivists with a comprehensive professional education. The framework for such a program exists already in graduate library schools. Given their common goals and problems, archivists and librarians can be educated most effectively together. We must examine what has separated them and work at designing a single professional program that can meet the needs of both archivists and librarians. In 1977 SAA approved education guidelines to establish minimum standards for beginning archivists. We believe that these guidelines are too narrowly conceived in relation to the larger problem of information control and therefore fail to direct archives education in the most effective manner. In their present form, the guidelines will result in continued separation of archivists from their colleagues in information management, the librarians and information scientists.*
Analysis techniques for nanometer digital integrated circuits

As technology has scaled into nanometer regime, manufacturing variations have emerged as a major limiter of performance (timing) in VLSI circuits. Issues related to timing are addressed in the first part of the dissertation. Statistical Static Timing Analysis (SSTA) has been proposed to perform full-chip analysis of timing under uncertainty such as manufacturing variations. In this dissertation, we propose an efficient sparse-matrix framework for a path-based SSTA. In addition to an efficient framework for doing timing analysis, to improve the accuracy of the timing analysis one needs to address the accuracy of: waveform modeling, and gate delay modeling. We propose a technique based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) that accurately models the waveform in a timing analyzer. To improve the gate delay modeling, we propose a closed form expression based on the centroid of power dissipation. This new metric is inspired by our key observation that the Sakurai-Newton (SN) delay metric can be viewed as the centroid of current. In addition to accurately analyzing the timing of a chip, improving timing is another major concern. One way to improve timing is to scale down the threshold voltage (V th). But scaling down increases the subthreshold leakage current exponentially. Sleep transistors have been proposed to reduce leakage current while maintaining performance. We propose a path-based algorithm to size the sleep transistor to reduce leakage while maintaining the required performance. In the second part of dissertation we address power grid and thermal issues that arise due to the scaling of integrated circuits. In the case of power grid simulation, we propose fast and efficient techniques to analyze the power grid with accurate modeling of the transistor network. The transistor is modeled as a switch in series with an RC and the switch itself is modeled behaviorally. This model allows more accurate prediction of voltage drop compared to the current source model. In the case of thermal simulation, we address the issue of ignoring the nonlinearity of thermal conductivity in silicon. We found that ignoring the nonlinearity of thermal conductivity may lead to a temperature profile that is off by 10°C.
Therapeutic In Vivo Photochemistry: Photochemical Toxicity Studies in Humans

Information obtained by studies of phototherapy and photochemotherapy is reviewed and some of the advantages and disadvantages of using in vivo photochemistry to treat disease are examined. Selective in vivo photochemistry is used to treat a variety of diseases. Study of the dosimetric aspects of these treatments and quantitative analysis of acute risks are instructive to individuals interested in photochemical toxicity in humans. Results from prospective short-term and long-term clinical trials are especially instructive because the model used is the intact living human. These studies provide important data about toxic, allergic, and carcinogenic aspects of photochemical toxicity, which could not be obtained in routine animal toxicity experiments. Work done to develop, explain, or improve these treatments also provides insight into molecular mechanisms of photon-induced cell injury and the sequelae of that injury.
Nuchal ligament reconstructions in diplodocid sauropods support horizontal neck feeding postures

AbstractHistorically, sauropods have been largely perceived as having vertical, ‘S’-curved necks which were hypothesised to allow them to feed from the canopy of trees. Within the past two decades, this popular perception has been questioned, resulting in a debate over neck posture. The osteological differences between sauropods with horizontal neck posture (Diplodocus), and less horizontally inclined necks (Brachiosaurus) suggest differing life and feeding styles. One differing vertebral feature between these polarised bauplans is the bifurcated neural spine. Regardless of the spine condition, sauropods with and without bifurcated spines have been reconstructed exhibiting the same neck posture. Corroborating histology and morphology in extant taxa highlights the presence of modified vertebral ligaments associated with bifurcated spines. Using these extant taxa to better understand the biomechanics of bifurcated spines, this study proposes alternative soft tissue reconstructions. Previous depictions had t...
Differential Lectin Staining of Central and Peripheral Zones of the Prostate and Alterations in Dysplasia

Histochemical staining with a battery of ten lectins demonstrated differences in lectin binding patterns between seminal vesicle, prostatic central and peripheral zones, and foci of prostate intraductal dysplasia, a putative premalignant lesion. Lectin binding patterns of seminal vesicle and central zone of the prostate were identical except for a single lectin, supporting the concept that these two structures have a common embryologic origin from the wolffian duct. Three of the lectins that bound to central zone were not bound in peripheral zone, indicating a biologic difference between these two regions of the prostate. Dysplasia foci showed markedly reduced binding with all lectins, consistent with impaired processing of glyco-conjugates. Lectin binding patterns appear to have value as sensitive markers of differences in terminal differentiation of closely related tissues and of early impairment of differentiated function in lesions that are precursors to carcinoma. Specific patterns of lectin binding provide information on the differential carbohydrate composition of the regions of the prostate.
DETECTION OF CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA IN EARLY AND LATE STAGE HUMAN MALIGNANCIES

BACKGROUND: The development of minimally-invasive methods to detect and monitor tumors continues to be a major challenge in oncology. We used digital PCR-based technologies to evaluate the ability of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to detect tumors in 640 patients with various cancer types. In particular we studied the plasma of 14 medulloblastoma, 13 WHO grade 2-3 glioma and 14 WHO grade IV astrocytoma cases for levels of ctDNA. METHODS: The basis of our approach is to differentiate DNA shed by normal cells from DNA derived from tumor cells. In order to distinguish the two populations of cell-free DNA, we first identify a tumor-specific alteration. We then query for that exact mutation in matching plasma from the same patient to generate a personalized tumor biomarker. Only DNA derived from the tumor will harbor the genetic alteration. We initially use targeted, exomic, or whole genome sequencing to identify sequence or structural alterations in tumor tissues of 410 individuals. DNA was extracted from less than 5 ml of plasma in each case. The majority of plasma samples were queried for levels of ctDNA using a high fidelity next-generation sequencing approach coined Safe-SeqS. RESULTS: We found that at least one tumor-specific mutant molecule could be identified in 75% of patients with advanced ovarian, colorectal, bladder, gastroesophoageal, pancreatic, breast, melanoma, hepatocellular and head and neck cancers, but in less than 50% of primary brain, renal, prostate, or thyroid cancers. Approximately 40% of medulloblastoma and 10% of low or high grade glioma cases had detectable levels of ctDNA. In patients with localized non-CNS tumors, ctDNA was detected in 73%, 57%, 48% and 50% of patients with colorectal cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast adenocarcinoma, respectively. Finally, we assessed whether ctDNA could provide clues into the mechanisms underlying resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blockade in 24 colorectal cancer patients who objectively responded to therapy but who subsequently relapsed. Twenty-three (96%) of these patients developed one or more mutations in genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that ctDNA is a sensitive, specific and robust biomarker that can be used for a variety of clinical and research purposes in patients with several multiple different types of cancer. For individuals with CNS neoplasms, alternate strategies may need to be developed in order to detect cell-free tumor derived DNA at levels that are clinically meaningful. ABSTRACT CATEGORY: Neuropathology & Tumor Biomarkers.
Inflatable rock bolt bond strength versus rock mass rating (RMR): A comparative analysis of pull-out testing data from underground mines in Nevada

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish confidence in anticipated minimum bond strength for inflatable rock bolts by comparing the bond strength to variable geotechnical conditions using the rock mass rating (RMR) system. To investigate a correlation between these parameters, the minimum bond strength of pull-out tested inflatable rock bolts was compared to the RMR of the rock in which these bolts were placed. Bond strength vs. RMR plots indicate that expected minimum bond strength is positively correlated with RMR; however, the correlation is not strong. Cumulative percent graphs indicate that 97% of pull-out tests result in a minimum bond strength of 3.3 and 1.7 ton/m in RMR ⩾ 45 and
Integrating self-affirmation with health risk messages: effects on message evaluation and response

This study tested a new method of using self-affirmation theory to increase adaptive responses to health risk messages. Participants' self-concepts were affirmed via text integrated with risk messages (public service announcements/PSAs) rather than by methods used in most previous studies that have limited applicability for campaigns employing mediated messages. Participants were exposed to health risk PSAs either including or not including affirming text to examine relative effects on message evaluation and adaptive responses. The moderating effect of personal relevance of the behavior on responses was also examined. Participants exposed to PSAs with integrated, affirming text (affirmed participants) reported more positive attitudes toward the PSA, greater self-efficacy, and greater intention to reduce risky behavior than participants exposed to messages without affirming text (non-affirmed participants). Compared to non-affirmed participants, affirmed participants also reported weaker perceptions of risk severity and equivalent perceptions of susceptibility. The personal relevance of the behavior did not moderate any effects of self-affirmation. Implications for health campaigns that employ mass-mediated messages are discussed.
Affective Processing in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder and Offspring of Bipolar Parents

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by biased processing of emotional information. However, little research in this area has been conducted in youth with BD and at-risk individuals. The goal of this study was to determine whether children with BD displayed comparable or more severe manifestations of this bias relative to offspring of parents with BD. Materials and methods: The sample (n = 57 children and adolescents) included 18 individuals with BD (age: 13.63 ± 2.99; 8 females), 16 offspring of parents with BD (age: 11.83 ± 2.96; 9 females) and 23 healthy controls (HC) (age: 12.789 ± 3.087; 8 females). All participants performed the Affective Go/No-Go (AGN) and the Rapid Visual Processing (RVP) tasks of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Results: Relative to HC, individuals with BD responded faster to correct trials and committed an elevated number of commission errors across all affective conditions of the AGN task. By contrast, BD offspring showed ...
Loophole for snowball Earth.

The snowball Earth hypothesis posits an ice-covered planet. New climate simulations of ‘snowball’ conditions allow ice-free equatorial oceans that may be crucial for a theory about early animal evolution.
Introduction: Exploring Semiotic Remediation

Exploring Semiotic Remediation as Discourse Practice offers a new synthesis of current (and sometimes long-established) theoretical and research trajectories, arguing for a fully realized dialogic approach to semiotic practices-in-the-world. Taking up semiotic remediation as practice draws attention to ‘the diverse ways that humans’ and nonhumans’ semiotic performances (historical or imagined) are re-represented and reused across modes, media, and chains of activity’ (Prior, Hengst, Roozen, and Shipka, 2006, p. 734). For current studies of language, discourse, literacy, new media, and sociocultural activity, the key terms in the title of this volume — semiotic, remediation, and discourse practice — represent an argument for particular ways to address a pressing question: How do we understand semiotics/multimodality theoretically and investigate it methodologically? We have chosen semiotic rather than multimodal because semiotic signals our broad interest in signs across modes, media, channels, and so on, whereas multimodal depends on a definition of mode, which has not yet been clarified in the literature and seems to suggest exclusions (mode, for example, as opposed to medium). Remediation points to ways that activity is (re)mediated — not mediated anew in each act — through taking up the materials at hand, putting them to present use, and thereby producing altered conditions for future action.
Multi-instrument comparison and compilation of non-methane organic gas emissions from biomass burning and implications for smoke-derived secondary organic aerosol precursors

Abstract. Multiple trace-gas instruments were deployed during the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4), including the first application of proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for laboratory biomass burning (BB) measurements. Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) was also deployed, as well as whole-air sampling (WAS) with one-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. This combination of instruments provided an unprecedented level of detection and chemical speciation. The chemical composition and emission factors (EFs) determined by these four analytical techniques were compared for four representative fuels. The results demonstrate that the instruments are highly complementary, with each covering some unique and important ranges of compositional space, thus demonstrating the need for multi-instrument approaches to adequately characterize BB smoke emissions. Emission factors for overlapping compounds generally compared within experimental uncertainty, despite some outliers, including monoterpenes. Data from all measurements were synthesized into a single EF database that includes over 500 non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) to provide a comprehensive picture of speciated, gaseous BB emissions. The identified compounds were assessed as a function of volatility; 6–11 % of the total NMOG EF was associated with intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs). These atmospherically relevant compounds historically have been unresolved in BB smoke measurements and thus are largely missing from emission inventories. Additionally, the identified compounds were screened for published secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields. Of the total reactive carbon (defined as EF scaled by the OH rate constant and carbon number of each compound) in the BB emissions, 55–77 % was associated with compounds for which SOA yields are unknown or understudied. The best candidates for future smog chamber experiments were identified based on the relative abundance and ubiquity of the understudied compounds, and they included furfural, 2-methyl furan, 2-furan methanol, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene. Laboratory study of these compounds will facilitate future modeling efforts.
The Pilot Study

A three-year pilot study informed the design of the study reported in Chapters 5, 6, and 7. The pilot analyzes /ai/ for 27 Detroit AAE speakers (Section 4.1). In addition, the patterning of /e/ and /ae/ is described in Section 4.2 for five of the Detroit AAE speakers, five Detroit Appalachian English speakers, and five Midwestern Whites (Anderson and Milroy 2001a,b; Anderson 2002). I conducted ethnographic interviews (described in Section 5.1) with 20 of the African American speakers and 2 of the Appalachian White speakers. Data for the seven additional African Americans comes from a corpus of conversations between Detroit inner city African American mothers and their children, provided by speech pathologists Holly Craig and Julie Washington at the University of Michigan. Data from three additional Appalachian White and all of the Midwestern White speakers was collected by Susan Frekko, a linguistic anthropology graduate student at the University of Michigan. The research site for this study was described in detail in Chapter 3. Data collection procedures are those used in the main study, and are discussed in Section 5.2.
Large Databases for Health Services Research in Endocrine Surgery

Studies using large, publicly available databases are providing new insights into treatment effects and comparative effectiveness in endocrine surgery. While observational studies using retrospective data have unique strengths, such as large sample sizes and a real-world context, they also have important limitations. This chapter reviews nine large databases that contain information on patients with endocrine diseases, many of whom may receive endocrine surgery. For each database, we provide a summary of the source of the data, a description of the outcomes that are available, a general description of covariates for which controls can be constructed, the primary strengths and limitations of the database, and a few examples of important research questions that has been addressed using the data. These descriptions may give investigators insights into the usefulness and appropriateness of such data for undertaking health services research.
Development of resistance to BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 and demonstration of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells.

e15263 Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer related death in part due to limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. As such, there is ...
Assessing academic preparedness of business school interns

Internships are typically viewed as beneficial for students, employers, and universities. While it is often noted that universities benefit from student internships, the literature regarding this aspect is more limited. This study seeks to address this limitation, by exploring one particular posited benefit - curriculum feedback. To do this, employers and student interns are both surveyed to assess academic preparedness. A single, comprehensive item was used, along with discipline-specific items based on a taxonomy of learning. Given this effort is associated with a college of business, five core academic disciplines were explored - accounting, economics, finance, marketing, and operations management.
Early-morning administration of short-acting beta blockers for treatment of winter depression.

Propranolol, 60 mg or less, was administered daily between 5:30 and 6:00 a.m. to 33 patients with winter depression. After open treatment with a mean dose of 33 mg/day, 24 patients (73%) met the remission criteria; 23 completed double-blind continuation or placebo substitution. Subjects who continued to receive propranolol had a mean increase in Hamilton depression score of 3.5, whereas patients switched to placebo had an increase of 11.2; the difference was statistically significant. These findings are consistent are consistent with the hypothesis that duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion is the critical seasonal time cue in humans
Error sources in basal yield stress inversions for Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, derived from residual patterns of misfit to observations

The basal interface of glaciers is generally not directly observable. Geophysical inverse methods are therefore used to infer basal parameters from surface observations. Such methods can also provide information about potential inadequacies of the forward model. Ideally an inverse problem can be regularized so that the differences between modeled and observed surface velocities reflect observational errors. However, deficiencies in the forward model usually result in additional errors. Here we use the spatial pattern of velocity residuals to discuss the main error sources for basal stress inversions for Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland. Synthetic tests with prescribed patterns of basal yield stress with varying length scales are then used to investigate different weighting functions for the data-model misfit and for the ability of the inversion to resolve details in basal yield stress. We also test real-data inversions for their sensitivities to prior estimate, forward model parameters, data gaps, and temperature fields. We find that velocity errors are not sufficient to explain the residual patterns of real-data inversions. Conversely, ice-geometry errors and especially simulated errors in model simplifications are capable of reproducing similar error patterns and magnitudes. We suggest that residual patterns can provide useful guidance for forward model improvements.
Three-Dimensional Microprocessor Design

Three-dimensional integration provides many new exciting opportunities for computer architects. There are many potential ways to apply 3D technology to the design and implementation of microprocessors. In this chapter, we discuss a range of approaches from simple rearrangements of traditional 2D components all the way down to very fine-grained partitioning of individual processor functional unit blocks across multiple layers. This chapter also discusses different techniques and trade-offs for situations where die-to-die communication resources are constrained and what the computer architect can do to alter a design deal with this. Three dimensional integration provides many ways to reduce or eliminate wires within the microprocessor, and this chapter also discusses high-level design styles for converting the wire reduction into performance or power benefits.
DOUBTING THOMAS: ACTION AND BELIEF REVISION

ABSTRACT There are two basic issues concerning the relationship between action and belief: 1) belief, or more specifically knowledge, governing action, and 2) action affecting belief. We investigate the latter issue by introducing a belief theory which is closely related to the action model. To facilitate the belief revision problem, a frame-axiom-like law is introduced along with the notion of a belief hierarchy. The belief theory is formalized using the modal logic Z and its reflective reasoning scheme.
Issue a boil-water advisory or wait for definitive information? A decision analysis.

Objective Study the decision to issue a boil-water advisory in response to a spike in sales of diarrhea remedies or wait 72 hours for the results of definitive testing of water and people.
Arteritis and fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating occult Candida meningitis: unusual presentation in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

We report the case of an 11-month-old child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, who despite treatment for systemic candidiasis developed undetected Candida meningitis. This uncommon manifestation of candidiasis was accompanied by basilar granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis of meninges with arteritis, vascular invasion by fungi, and terminal subarachold hemorrhage. To our knowledge, this constellation of findings has not been reported previously in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Regulation of Death Receptor-Induced Apoptosis by NF-κB and Interferon Signaling Pathways

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, enables the physiologic culling of excess cells during embryonic development as well as the selective attrition of cells for tissue remodeling, regeneration, and homeostasis. The vertebrate immune system uses apoptosis to delete lymphocytes with inoperative or auto-reactive receptors from its repertoire, and to reverse clonal expansion at the end of an immune response. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells induce apoptosis of target cells during innate and adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, or transplanted tissues. The altruistic demise of cells in response to cellular stress or injury or genetic errors, serves to preserve genomic integrity and constitutes an important mechanism of tumor surveillance. Given the crucial role of apoptosis in such a diverse array of physiological functions, it is no surprise that aberrations of this process underlie a host of developmental, immune, degenerative, and neoplastic disorders. This appreciation has fuelled frenetic investigation of the molecular determinants and regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis (1). The molecular execution of cell death involves activation of members of a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspases). One mechanism of activating caspases, termed the extrinsic pathway, is triggered by engagement of cell surface death receptors by their specific ligands (2). In this chapter, we review our current understanding of the molecular determinants of death receptor-induced apoptosis, and identify the key regulators of these death-signaling pathways. We also highlight the enormous promise of targeting death receptors or their regulatory circuits for treatment of human cancers.
Grain-Size Specific Suspended Sediment Transport and Flow Resistance in Large Sand-Bed Rivers

Grain-size specific suspended sediment transport can be computed, given the mean velocity and concentration profiles, by integration of the sediment flux over the flow depth: $${q_{si}} = \int_\delta ^h {u{C_i}dy} $$ (1) where u is flow velocity, C i is volume concentration of grain-size i, δ is the top of the bedload layer, and h is the flow depth. Einstein (1950) used the standard logarithmic velocity profile and Rouse suspended sediment profile to develop the first grain-size specific suspended sediment transport predictor. The Rouse profile requires the nearbed concentration, and Einstein used his bedload predictor to provide this boundary condition. Also, the logarithmic velocity profile requires the near-bed velocity (or roughness height) as a boundary condition. Since Einstein, several advancements have been made in the solution of (1). Most of these have focused on the prediction of the near-bed concentration, for both uniform sediment and mixtures (see Garcia and Parker, 1991, for a review). Other researchers have focused on the roughness height, particularly in the presence of dune bedforms, and density stratification effects (Smith and McLean, 1977, McLean, 1991, 1992). This research follows along these lines, and has been driven by the desire to model large, low-slope, sand-bed rivers. Modifications to existing relations for near-bed concentration and roughness height are proposed which extend their validity to the range of interest.
Islam and Science: The Intellectual Career of Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi

In examining the work of eminent fourteenth century Iranian Shiite scholar Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi, this book is the first rigorous attempt to explain the cross-fertilization of scientific and religious thought in Islamic civilization. Nisaburi did not consider himself a scientist alone, being commissioned by his patrons to work in a variety of fields. Islam and Science examines in detail the relationship between the metaphysics of Nisaburi's science, and statements he made in his Qur'an commentary and in other non-scientific writings. Sources suggest that Nisaburi was inspired to begin his scientific career by the inclusion of basic science in a religious (madrasa) education. By mid-career, he had found methodological similarities between theoretical astronomy and Islamic jurisprudence. Morrison concludes that while Nisaburi believed science could give one a taste of God's knowledge, he realised that the study of science and natural philosophy alone could not lead him to a spiritual union with God. Only Sufi practice and Sufi theory could accomplish that. Morrison's work is remarkable in synthesizing the history of Islamic science with other areas of Islamic studies. It will be of interest to students and scholars of religion and the history of science, as well as readers with a more general interest in Middle Eastern studies. Winner of the Iranian World Prize for Book of the Year in Islamics Studies 2009
The consequences of increasing block tariffs on the distribution of residential electricity subsidies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract This study evaluates the distribution of electricity subsidies to residential customers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2016 that results from the current increasing block tariff (IBT) structure. Customer billing data supplied by the electricity utility were matched with socioeconomic information collected from a survey of 987 households, and used with a utility-specific estimate of the costs of electricity service to estimate household-specific subsidies. The analysis differentiates between primary customers, who own an electricity account, and nonprimary customers, who pay a primary account holder, and presents the first detailed analysis of the incidence of subsidies provided to households with private versus shared electricity connections. Results show that households in the poorest quintile received 7% of the total subsidy, while households in the wealthiest quintile received 37%. The majority of households with shared connections were in poorer quintiles, and 80% in the poorest quintile were nonprimary customers. The regressive outcomes of the IBT structure are explained by two of its attributes: (1) the volumetric rates in all tariff blocks are substantially below the total average cost of delivery of the service; and (2) there is only a moderate association between electricity consumption and household wealth.
Response envelope analysis for quantitative evaluation of drug combinations.

Motivation The concept of synergy between two agents, over a century old, is important to the fields of biology, chemistry, pharmacology and medicine. A key step in drug combination analysis is the selection of an additivity model to identify combination effects including synergy, additivity and antagonism. Existing methods for identifying and interpreting those combination effects have limitations. Results We present here a computational framework, termed response envelope analysis (REA), that makes use of 3D response surfaces formed by generalized Loewe Additivity and Bliss Independence models of interaction to evaluate drug combination effects. Because the two models imply two extreme limits of drug interaction (mutually exclusive and mutually non-exclusive), a response envelope defined by them provides a quantitatively stringent additivity model for identifying combination effects without knowing the inhibition mechanism. As a demonstration, we apply REA to representative published data from large screens of anticancer and antibiotic combinations. We show that REA is more accurate than existing methods and provides more consistent results in the context of cross-experiment evaluation. Availability and implementation The open-source software package associated with REA is available at: https://github.com/4dsoftware/rea. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spatial Planning Judgments and Computer Supported Collaborative Planning

The role of planning support systems has become closely aligned with the dominant theoretical paradigms – primarily collaborative planning and communicative rationality – within the field of urban ...
The Relationship Between Feeding Styles and BMI Z-score in Infants (P11-014-19)

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between infant feeding styles (the attitudes and behaviors parents use to direct their child's eating) and infant BMI z-score in a low-income, predominately non-Hispanic Black population. Parent-infant dyads were recruited during the infant's 6, 9, or 12 month well-child visits from two urban primary care clinics that primarily serve a Medicaid population (89%). Feeding styles were measured using the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ) and categorized into: pressuring, restrictive, responsive, or laissez-faire. Predominant feeding style was defined by selecting the style with the greatest deviation from the mean score of each style. Infant anthropometrics were extracted from the electronic medical record from birth through 18 months. Infant BMI z-scores were calculated based on WHO growth charts. Associations between feeding styles and BMI z-scores were examined using mixed models controlling for multiple measures per person, demographics and feeding covariates. Data from 198 dyads were analyzed for this study (Table 1). Parents identified as mothers (n = 196), non-Hispanic Black (n = 136), with a median age of 27 years (IQR 23.0 – 30.0). Half the infants were male (n = 99) with a median age at enrollment of 8.98 months [IQR 6.8-10.3]. Parent's predominant feeding style were (in descending order): Laissez-faire: 30%; Restrictive: 28%; Responsive: 23%; and Pressuring: 19%. Predominant feeding style at enrollment was not associated with BMI z-score between 0–18 months, but there was a significant sex differences in BMI z-score for the Laissez-faire and Restrictive feeding styles (Figure 1). Additionally, parents with higher education and a predominately Restrictive feeding style had children with higher BMI z-scores whereas parents with higher education and a Laissez-faire or Pressuring feeding style had children with lower BMI z-score (Figure 2). Parent's predominant feeding style during infancy in a low-income population is not associated with infant's BMI in the first two years of life, but some styles demonstrate differences by sex or parental education. Further studies are needed to better understand the modifiable factors for increased BMI in the first 2 years. NIH T32 Institutional grant.
Thyroid Eye Disease

The diagnosis and management of TED can be challenging for the clinician, given the diversity of clinical phenotypes. Treatment must be tailored to the severity and prognosis of the disease in each individual patient. All patients who smoke should be strongly encouraged to stop given that this is the most prominent modifiable risk factor. While most patients require only supportive measures, a significant minority requires medical and/or surgical intervention to reverse the disabling and vision-threatening features of the disease.
Validation of DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples using cattle fed known rations

Abstract Diet composition of free-roaming animals has been persistently difficult to quantify. Fecal DNA (fDNA) metabarcoding is an emerging novel technology to reconstruct botanical composition of diets. Validation studies comparing fDNA metabarcodion to fed diets are lacking. A blind 6-week feeding study using 5 heifers (416–527 kg) fed different diets weekly with fecal samples collected from individuals 7 days after the introduction of each new diet was conducted. Diets were: (1) C3 grass hay (creeping meadow foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus)), (2) C4 grass hay (foxtail millet (Setaria italica), (3) C3 grass hay + C4 grass hay + alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) (equal 1/3 proportions dry matter, 17.0%, 30.5%, and 52.5% by crude protein contribution, respectively), (4) C3 grass hay + C4 grass hay + alfalfa hay (equal proportions) + minor component of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) leaves (fed at 25 grams per heifer per day equal to 0.29% by dry matter contribution; crude protein content unknown), (5) alfalfa hay + minor components of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) that included steams, leaves, and seed heads (varying proportions by dry matter ranging from 0.02 to 0.15% but 0.05%, 0.04%, and 0.01% by crude protein contribution), and (6) alfalfa hay. Single species diets were fed ad libitum. Diets with multiple forage species were fed at metabolic weight-based amounts with minor diet components introduced 2-3 days after major diet components. At the species level, fed diets and fDNA metabarcoding diets were dissimilar due to misidentification of major C3 and C4 diet components. For C3, A. arundinaceus was under the same Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) as Phleum pratense (not present in the C3 sourced hay), so blind identification was initially wrong. For C4, S. italica was identified as Setaria palmifolia, which does not grow in the region. Microscopic evaluation of seeds for both misidentifications verified the correct species identification and the fDNA error. Minor dietary components were detected in only 1 of 5 heifers for all species. Increasing the utility of fDNA metabarcoding for accurately determining the diet composition of free-roaming animals will necessitate: 1) improving the reference library of voucher species specimens, 2) understanding by technical and scientific staff that multiple species may be attributed to the same OTU, and 3) greater verification of fDNA metabarcoding results using field-derived plant composition data, especially in rangeland settings where plant diversity can be intrinsically high.
Children’s Career Development: The Building Blocks for Career Adaptability

Today’s world of exponential change, global connectedness, a deepening divide of “have” and “have-not,” and constant uncertainty means that tomorrow’s workers must be prepared to design their lives following indistinct and/or elusive maps while preparing for uncertain and insecure employment. This means that we can no longer wait to implement career development programming in high school and beyond, but instead must begin in early childhood to nurture children’s career development and adaptability. Towards this end, the first part of the chapter provides information on the importance of understanding career development as a lifelong process beginning in childhood. The second part considers influences on childhood career development through the lens of an ecological model and the third section discusses career adaptability. The fourth part of the chapter provides practical implications using both the ecological model and the 4Cs of career adaptability as organizing frameworks and is followed by a short concluding section.
How divine solidarity liberates

Many people have argued that God experiences the suffering of the oppressed, but does divine solidarity liberate? This article answers this question with incarnation-focused sketches of the doctrines of salvation, atonement and mission: God gives life and communion with God and neighbour (salvation) by living and communing with us in Jesus Christ (atonement); and God continues to give life and restore communion as the Spirit sent by the Father joins us to God and each other in Jesus Christ (mission). These doctrines are made explicitly liberationist by emphasising the sociopolitical dimensions and imperatives of life and communion with God and neighbour.
Validation of the picoAMH assay on the Dynex DS2 platform

Abstract Objectives Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is increasingly used as a biomarker of ovarian reserve in clinical practice, and is used both for management of fertility treatments and prediction of menopause. We sought to validate the newly FDA-approved Ansh Laboratories MenoCheck picoAMH ELISA on the Dynex-DS2 platform for clinical use in our obstetrics and gynecology center. Design Validation of the picoAMH ELISA on the Dynex-DS2 was performed according to CLSI guidelines. Intra- and inter-assay CV, assay linearity, and method comparison studies were carried out to verify assay precision and accuracy. The manufacturer’s reference range was verified using 26 volunteer samples, and interference for hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, and biotin was evaluated. picoAMH results were additionally correlated with antral follicle count by ultrasound. Results Intra- and inter-assay CV of the picoAMH assay on the DS2 was ≤4% and the assay was linear between concentrations of 0.0067–16.24 ng/mL (0.048–116.0 pmol/L) AMH. Method comparison was performed with the manufacturer’s laboratory and indicated good correlation, with Deming regression yielding slope of 0.928 and intercept of −0.0421. The assay displayed no significant interference from hemolysis (1000 mg/dL), lipemia (2000 mg/dL), conjugated bilirubin (66 mg/dL), or biotin (10,000 ng/mL). Measurement of AMH on the DS2 was also correlated with antral follicle count, with R = 0.7128. Conclusions Our results indicate that the picoAMH ELISA on the DS2 has good analytical performance suitable for clinical use.
Real time study of grain enlargement in zirconium under room-temperature compression across the α to ω phase transition

We report a synchrotron Laue diffraction study on the microstructure evolution in zirconium (Zr) as it undergoes a pressure-driven structural phase transformation, using a recently developed real time scanning x-ray microscopy technique. Time resolved characterizations of microstructure under high pressure show that Zr exhibits a grain enlargement across the α-Zr to ω-Zr structural phase transition at room-temperature, with nucleation and growth of ω-Zr crystals observed from initially a nano-crystalline aggregate of α-Zr. The observed grain enlargement is unusual since the enlargement processes typically require substantially high temperature to overcome the activation barriers for forming and moving of grain boundaries. Possible mechanisms for the grain enlargement are discussed.