cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of Prephenate dehydratase from Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Prephenate dehydratase has been purified 10,000-fold from the crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The procedure takes advantage of the dissociation of the enzyme to a 55,000-dalton form in the presence of the negative effector, phenylalanine, and its association to a 210,000-dalton form in the presence of the positive effector, methionine. These two forms of the enzyme were separated from the bulk of the other proteins present in the crude extracts by gel filtration alternately in the presence of the two effectors. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic analysis showed the enzyme is composed of apparently identical 28,000-dalton polypeptides.
Religiosity as a Predictor of Successful Post-Treatment Abstinence for African-American Clients

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the role of religiosity as a predictor of post-treatment abstinence. A sample of 96 African-American clients receiving community-based outpatient alcoholism treatment were interviewed at treatment entry and three months later. Achieving complete abstinence was predicted from client gender and 17 other predictors, including 6 substance-related factors, 7 psychosocial and health variables, and 4 religiosity/spirituality measures. Bivariate analyses showed that abstainers drank less prior to treatment, had more prior formal treatment and AA involvement, practiced their religion more regularly, and scored higher on measures of both spirituality and extrinsic religiosity. In addition, women were more likely to achieve abstinence. Forward entry binary logistic regression revealed that, controlling for client gender and pre-treatment consumption, only regular practice of one's religion/faith significantly predicted abstinence. Recommendations include (1) the need...
Sensitivity of propagation and extinction of large hydrocarbon flames to fuel diffusion

Abstract Detailed flame simulations require the use of both chemical kinetics and molecular transport. Compared to kinetics, notably less work has been done to assess the validity of transport properties and their effect on the results of flame simulations. In the present study, transport parameters were proposed for n -alkanes up to tetradecane and 1 -alkene up to dodecene, based on the correlations of corresponding states. The effect of molecular diffusion was illustrated by considering the phenomena of propagation and extinction for flames of n -dodecane, a main component of surrogates of practical jet fuels. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the reaction rates and binary diffusion coefficients and the relative importance of chemical kinetics and transport properties on flame propagation and extinction was quantified. The effect of carbon number on the extinction of non-premixed n -alkane flames was addressed also based on transport effects.
Electric potential in cylindrical syncytia and muscle fibers

The model developed in an earlier paper using two coupled partial differential equations for calculating the intracellular and extracellular electric potentials in a syncytium is applied here to cylindrical geometry. Eigenfunction expansions are obtained for the potentials resulting from an intracellular point source of current. The required orthogonality relations for the two sets of coupled radial eigenfunctions are derived. The model is applied to the structure composed of the interior and the transverse tubules of a muscle fiber. Asymtotic expansions for ζ and β→0 are obtained, where ζ is the product of the effective intracellular resistivity, the fiber radius and the outer surface membrane admittance per unit area, and β is the ratio of the effective intracellular resistivity to that of the tubular lumen. Earlier results from the distributed circuit model of a muscle fiber are recovered when ζ and β are small, and for a nerve axon when β=0.
Should time from cardiac arrest until call to emergency medical services (EMS) be collected in EMS research

Because of the difficulty and cost of collecting the time from collapse to placing the 911 call in instances of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and because of the potential noise and bias that might be inherent in such data, a simulation study was conducted to quantitate the impact that such data might have on estimates of the relationship between time from collapse to defibrillation and probability of survival. In the absence of bias, an underestimate of the slope on the order of 20% to 30% might be expected. However, in the presence of bias, the impact on the slope estimate is unpredictable. The most likely bias would tend to cause an overestimate of the slope. It is suggested that unless the time from collapse to placing the 911 call can be obtained accurately and without bias, it is probably not worthwhile to do so.
Stock prices and the effective exchange rate of the dollar

The literature on the relation between stock prices and exchange rates is very poor and includes few studies that have argued that exchange rate changes do effect stock prices.By relying on the portfolio approach to exchange rate determination, it is argued that a change in stock prices could also have an impact on exchange rates, i.e. there could be a two-way relationship between exchange rates and stock prices. Granger concept of causality as well as cointegration technique are employed to support this conjecture. The empirical results show that there is bidirectional causality between stock prices measured by S&P 500 index and the effective exchange rate of the dollar, at least in the short-run. The cointegration analysis reveals that there is no long-run relationship between two variables.
Physical and functional interactions between Escherichia coli MutY and endonuclease VIII.

Both GO (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine) and hoU (5-hydroxyuracil) are highly mutagenic because DNA polymerase frequently misincorporates adenine opposite these damaged bases. In Escherichia coli, MutY DNA glycosylase can remove misincorporated adenine opposite G or GO on the template strand during DNA replication. MutY remains bound to the product that contains an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. Endo VIII (endonuclease VIII) can remove oxidized pyrimidine and weakly remove GO by its DNA glycosylase and β/δ-elimination activities. In the present paper, we demonstrate that Endo VIII can promote MutY dissociation from AP/G, but not from AP/GO, and can promote β/δ-elimination on the products of MutY. MutY interacts physically with Endo VIII through its C-terminal domain. MutY has a moderate affinity for DNA containing a hoU/A mismatch, which is a substrate of Endo VIII. MutY competes with Endo VIII and inhibits Endo VIII activity on DNA that contains a hoU/A mismatch. Moreover, MutY has a weak adenine glycosylase activity on hoU/A mismatches. These results suggest that MutY may have some role in reducing the mutagenic effects of hoU.
Isopropanol Ingestion: A Report Of Six Episodes With Isopropanol and Acetone Serum Concentration Time Data

The disposition of isopropanol and its major metabolite acetone were observed in six isopropanol ingestion episodes among five patients. Serum admission isopropanol and peak acetone concentrations ranged from 16.5 to 220 mg/dL and 141 to 585 mg/dL respectively. Ingestions ranged from 120 to 300 mL of 70% isopropanol with concomitant ethanol ingestion in two episodes. The isopropanol and acetone apparent half-lives ranged from 2.9 to 16.2 hours (h) and 7.6 to 26.2 h respectively. Two episodes of isopropanol ingestion were observed within a 9 month period in patient one. Isopropanol terminal elimination rate constants were 0.043 and 0.085 per hour (per h) with no marked difference in acetone terminal elimination rate constants (0.025 and 0.033 per h). Discrepancy between the two isopropanol elimination rate constants reflected concomitant ethanol abuse with the first ingestion. Reductions in isopropanol and acetone half-lives were also noted among patients requiring ventilatory support.
How we do it: keeping paediatric patients motivated during the cochlear implant rehabilitative process

Cochlear implantation of very young children is a daunting prospect for the clinicians who must program, or map, their speech processors, or who provide other rehabilitative services. The limited communication skills, short attention span and non-compliant behaviour of young children challenge the most seasoned and skilled rehabilitation professionals. This article reviews some of the techniques that can be utilized to increase the likelihood of successful rehabilitation sessions. These techniques involve the structure of the rehabilitation sessions themselves, the selection of developmentally appropriate materials and procedures, and reinforcement options. The article also includes some specific activities designed to maintain a child's interest over a prolonged period of time. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis after prolonged residence in Antarctica.

SUMMARY The human population which lives and works in polar environments has been increasing steadily over the last 15 years. Very little is known about how these residents adjust to their environment. Cold adaptation in man is a poorly understood phenomenon. Euthermic mammals maintain body temperature during cold exposure via non-shivering thermogenesis, a process which is hormonally mediated. We studied prospectively the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in 17 euthyroid men before, during and after assignment to duty in the Antarctic. Serum total and free T4 levels fell slightly but not significantly after very prolonged Antarctic residence. Serum total and free T3 decreased significantly from basal levels of 170 ± 3 ng/dl and 388 ± 19 pg/ dl to 155 ±5 ng/dl and 319±14 pg/dl respectively after Antarctic duty. Serum T3 levels increased after 42 weeks of polar living, the end of the observation period, but the change did not attain statistical significance. The integrated TSH response to TRH administration increased by 50% to 734 ± 58 μIU.min/ml over warm climate basal response levels of 456 ± 33 μIU.min/ml by the end of the study. The daily circadian rhythm of serum Cortisol was maintained throughout the study period. The alterations in thyroid hormones which we describe, are apparently related to the chronic cold exposure which our subjects experienced in this polar environment.
Broadband Quadrature Hybrid Design Using Metamaterial Transmission Line and Its Application in the Broadband Continuous Phase Shifter

This paper presents a broadband quadrature hybrid which makes use of the broadband power division properties of conventional Wilkinson power splitters along with broadband phase difference achieved using metamaterial based delay lines. The bandwidth of the 90degplusmn5deg phase difference and 0.48 dB power difference between the outputs of the Wilkinson power splitter and metamaterial delay line combination is 67%. The full four-port coupler is formed employing an additional combiner. A phase/power difference between the hybrid outputs of 90degplusmn10deg and 1.2 dB, respectively, are observed over the same 67% bandwidth. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed broadband quadrature hybrid, a continuous phase shifter which is based on the vector sum method is tested.
Reactive nano-epoxy matrix and the UHMWPE fiber composites for cosmic radiation shielding

Cosmic radiation shielding properties are important for spacecraft. Hydrogenous materials such as polyethylene have been shown effective against galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have advanced mechanical and physical properties, which are very valuable for NASA missions. Unfortunately, poor interface in the UHMWPE fiber/polymer matrix hinders the structural integrity of the composites, and restricts the effectiveness of radiation shielding for practical applications. Fiber treatment methods can not only incur an extra cost for manufacturing the composite structures, but also may sacrifice intrinsic properties of the fibers. In our study, we fabricated a reactive nano-epoxy matrix with reactive graphitic nanofibers, which showed enhanced mechanical (including strength, modulus and toughness) and thermal properties (higher T g , stable CTE, and higher ageing resistant), as well as wetting and adhesion ability to UHMWPE fibers. 1 GeV/nucleon 35 Cl ions, high energy ions for the complex GCR heavy ion radiation field, was used for the radiation tests. The results showed that the radiation shielding property was not reduced by the addition of graphitic nanofibers. The studies indicated that the UHMWPE fiber/nano-epoxy will have potential in manufacturing more durable space composites and structures.
Genetic Control of Blood Pressure by More than One Pair of Alleles

Summary and ConclusionThis experiment was designed to determine whether the genetic differences in blood pressure found between the A/J and BALB/cJ and between the A/J and SWR/J strains were due to different loci in the BALB/cJ and SWR/J strains or due to different alleles carried at the same locus. It was found that after four generations of selection the mean blood pressure of the SWR/J was exceeded by 7 mm Hg in males and 17 mm Hg in the females. The results could not be due to different alleles at the same locus since the selected genotype would be the same as the SWR/J genotype at that locus and should not have a more elevated blood pressure than the SRW/J strain. Since the blood pressure in the selected line exceeded that of the SRW/J, each of the two strains (BALB/J and SWR/J) must have contributed different alleles at more than one locus to the original gene pool in the F1 and F2. It is also concluded on the basis of genetic selection theory, that the difference between mean systolic blood pressur...
Weak neutral current and β radiolysis effects on the origin of biomolecular chirality

The possibility of a connection between the parity non-conserving weak interactions and the handedness of biomolecules has received recent attention1. Although the asymmetric effects of the weak interactions in molecules have been estimated to be very small2–9, Kondepudi and Nelson (KN)10–13 have shown that autocatalytic chemical systems that spontaneously break chiral symmetry14–19 can effectively amplify systematic chiral perturbations as small as those produced by weak neutral currents2–4,20, despite the simultaneous presence of larger randomly fluctuating chiral perturbations, and hence provide a mechanism for producing the observed homochirality of biomolecules. I show here, in the light of new estimates of the asymmetric decomposition of racemic mixtures by β radiation9, that the chiral selection parameter due to β radiolysis can be up to six orders of magnitude larger than that resulting from weak neutral currents. This suggests that β radiolysis is more likely to be the selector of biomolecular chirality than weak neutral currents.
Reactivity of Bulged Bases in Duplex DNA with Redox-active Nickel and Cobalt Complexes

The square-planar, macrocyclic complex NiCR (CR=(2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaenato)) as well as CoCl 2 have been investigated as catalysts for the site-specific oxidation of bulged T, C, and A nucleotides in duplex DNA oligomers. Previous studies of NiCR using KHSO 5 as oxidant indicated that this combination of reagents successfully probes the accessibility of N7 of guanine residues in non-canonical DNA and folded RNA structures. In the present study, the order of reactivity of bulged bases in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with NiCR/KHSO 5 is shown to be G>C>T∼A. Although the nickel complex generates a less-reactive oxidant than does cobalt, its selectivity for bulged bases is much greater, rendering it a useful probe of exposed Cs and Ts in addition to Gs in DNA and RNA structure.
UMA-based wireless and mobile video delivery architecture

In this paper we propose a conceptual model for describing the network conditions under which the multimedia data is being transmitted, as well as the modality of the device which receives the data. We present an architecture for adaptation of multimedia data to such wireless network conditions and device capabilities, under constraints imposed by user preferences and multimedia content, to ensure effective, meaningful, and acceptable delivery of video data to mobile users. The adaptability is achieved through careful application of a combination of off-line and on-line reductions to the video streams. In doing so, we make use of the concept of descriptor schemes for describing the content of video data, and its lendability to different kinds of reductions [1]. The architecture consists of an MPEG-7 server in the fixed network, and an MPEG-7 player on the mobile host. In addition, an encoder/decoder layer is used to perform physical frame bit reductions on transcoded video frames. The server also maintains index structures and a programmable two-dimensional matrix of reductions. An offline packager module is included with the server, which packages all the MPEG-7 data with the video when the video is first registered with the database.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Spies Dilemma: A Cold War Case Study on East German Espionage

Set during the immediate years after the creation of the Berlin Wall, this case study focuses on the East German Ministry for State Security (MfS) and its secret police force known as the Stasi. Students, acting as West German spies working in East Berlin, recover secret documents used by the East German government in its efforts to maintain power, control, and stability over both its citizens and Western Europe. This activity uses higher-level Bloom's taxonomy as students evaluate, compare, and contrast documents for importance and relevance. Each document represents measures commonly used by Eastern Bloc nations throughout the Cold War, providing students with creative insight on how domestic and foreign espionage played a vital role in the struggle between Soviet communism and American democracy. This lesson is an example of how to use the case study approach.
Paleoclimatic significance of Mid-Cretaceous floras from the middle Clarence Valley, New Zealand

Evidence from leaf-margin analysis and vegetational physiognomy indicates that a mid-Cretaceous flora from the South Island of New Zealand grew at a mean annual temperature of 10 degrees C. This compares with an identical estimate derived from a coeval flora in northern Alaska. Both floras grew at about the same latitude and in coastal plain settings. This study provides the first direct comparison of non-marine near-polar climates in the pre-Tertiary record.
A simplified method for determining the number of independent slip systems in crystals

A novel method for determining the number of independent slip systems for any family or a combination of families of slip systems is proposed, which is more direct than previous approaches. This technique makes it possible to easily determine, from the known operative slip systems, if the material is slip-system-deficient. The method also makes it possible to determine if twinning may contribute additional deformation modes.
Microstructural and Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Magnesium-Calcium Alloy for Orthopedic Implants

Magnesium-Calcium (Mg-Ca) alloy is an emerging metallic biomaterial for manufacturing biodegradable orthopedic implants. However, very few studies have been conducted on mechanical properties of the bi-phase Mg-Ca alloy, especially at the high strain rates often encountered in manufacturing processes. The mechanical properties are critical to design and manufacturing of Mg-Ca implants. The objective of this study is to study the microstructural and mechanical properties of Mg-Ca0.8 (wt %) alloy. Both elastic and plastic behaviors of the Mg-Ca0.8 alloy were characterized at different strains and strain rates in quasi-static tension and compression testing as well as dynamic split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing. It has been shown that Young’s modulus of Mg-Ca0.8 alloy in quasi-static compression is much higher than those at high strain rates. Yield strength and ultimate strength of the material are very sensitive to strain rates and increase with strain rate in compression. Strain softening also occurs at large strains in dynamic compression. Furthermore, quasi-static mechanical behavior of the material in tension is very different from that in compression. The stress-strain data was repeatable with reasonable accuracy in both deformation modes. In addition, a set of material constants for the internal state variable plasticity model has been obtained to model the dynamical mechanical behavior of the novel metallic biomaterial.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Growth and structural characterization of Ni/Co superlattices.

Ferromagnetic/ferromagnetic Ni/Co superlattices have been grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Al[sub 2]O[sub 3](11[bar 2]0) substrates. X-ray diffraction and surface analysis techniques (low-energy electron diffraction and Auger-electron spectroscopy) show that the superlattices grow epitaxially, both Ni and Co in the fcc structure, and with the (111) direction normal to the surface. The superlattices are single crystalline in the growth direction, have an approximately square chemical modulation wavelength, and show four different types of in-plane domains. The lattice parameters measured in the (111) direction are consistent with Co and Ni maintaining their bulk lattice parameters. In the plane of the superlattice, the two materials are lattice matched.
Reduction studies on benzaza[3.3.3]propellanc derivatives†

Sodium borohydride reduction of 3-methyl-2,3-dioxo-7,8-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellan-6-one (1b) gave 2,4-dioxo-3-methyl-7,8-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellan-6-ol, while lithium aluminum hydride reduction gave 3-methyl-7,8-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellan-6-ol, which on oxidation, gave the corresponding ketone. This ketone formed the corresponding thioketal upon reaction with 1,2-ethanedithiol. Raney nickel desulfurization of the thioketal provided 3-methyl-6,7-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellane. The same compound was also obtained in poor yield by forming the thioketal of Ib followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction and Raney nickel desulfurization of the product. Desulfurization of the thioketal of Ib gave 2,4-dioxo-6,7-Benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellane.
Characterization of human E4BP4, a phosphorylated bZIP factor

In this report we described the isolation of transcription factor E4BP4 by lambda gt11 expression cloning using a probe containing the CRE/ATF-like sequence located between -2764 bp and -2753 bp in the upstream regulatory region for the human IL-1 beta gene. DNaseI protection, gel mobility shift analysis, and cotransfection studies were performed to investigate the binding and functional properties of E4BP4 using IL-1 beta promoter sequences. By DNaseI footprinting, a protection pattern was generated over the CRE/ATF-like site and the flanking sequences by bacterially produced E4BP4. Competition experiment by gel shift assay indicated that E4BP4 bound specifically to CRE/ATF-like site, not NF kappa B-like site. In cotransfection studies, E4BP4 repressed promoter activity and this repression was mediated through the CRE/ATF-like site. Mutational analysis of E4BP4 suggested that the DNA binding as well as repression activities required leucine heptad repeat domain. Analysis of E4BP4 produced in Escherichia coli and Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus indicated that baculovirus produced protein showed enhanced binding to the CRE/ATF-like site compared to the E. coli-produced protein. Analysis of posttranslational modifications indicated that E4BP4 produced in Sf9 cells was phosphorylated and this phosphorylation was important for the DNA binding activity of E4BP4.
Formation of ethyl nitrite in vivo after ethanol administration

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to ascertain whether ethyl nitrite could be detected in vitro from the reaction of ethanol with peroxynitrite, as well as after administration of ethanol to mice. Ethyl nitrite analyte was determined by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with headspace analysis with the use of a solid-phase microextraction device. Peroxynitrite was allowed to react with ethanol under a variety of conditions in vitro. Ethyl nitrite was generated when peroxynitrite was allowed to react with ethanol. Male, inbred short-sleep mice were injected intraperitoneally with either ethanol [5.2 g/kg; 15.0% (weight/volume) ethanol in saline] or a 50:50 mixture of deuterium-labeled ethanol (D 5 -ethanol) and ethanol. Blood samples, as well as whole brain and liver sections, were obtained from mice 30 min later for determination of ethanol, D 5 -ethanol, ethyl nitrite, and deuterium-labeled ethyl nitrite (D 5 -ethyl nitrite). Time courses for the appearance of ethyl nitrite in blood samples, as well as in whole brain and liver sections, obtained from mice were carried out. After ethanol administration, ethyl nitrite was detected and quantitated in mouse blood, brain, and liver. A small fraction of ethyl nitrite was present. When a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and D 5 -ethanol was given to animals, both ethyl nitrite and D 5 -ethyl nitrite were found in blood and brain in approximately the same ratio as that of ethanol and D 5 -ethanol. The level of D 5 -ethyl nitrite in liver was more than twice that of ethyl nitrite, indicating a possible isotope effect in the metabolism of ethyl nitrite. Ethyl nitrite is a new metabolite of ethanol in vivo. The mechanism of ethyl nitrite formation is most likely the reaction of ethanol with peroxynitrite generated in vivo from nitric oxide.
Investigation of rolling contact fatigue in a head-hardened rail

Abstract A laboratory metallurgical analysis of head-hardened rails, removed from a heavy haul site at various stages of life, has enabled a study to be made of the incidence of rolling contact fatigue cracks and the role played by the white etching layer. It is shown that the cracks occurring down the center of the rail are associated with white etching layer formed very early on in the life of the rail. As the traffic carried accumulated, the extent of the white layer and the population of cracks were reduced as the white layer was removed by a spalling wear mechanism. Some of the cracks penetrated beyond the white layer-pearlite interface and grew to a depth that was not always removed during normal rail maintenance grinding. These observations would explain why some head-hardened rails have had to be removed from track after only 200 million gross tons of traffic as a result of severe spalling to a depth of 3 mm.
RNA Helicase A Mediates Association of CBP with RNA Polymerase II

The coactivator CBP has been proposed to stimulate the expression of certain signal-dependent genes via its association with RNA polymerase II complexes. Here we show that complex formation between CBP and RNA polymerase II requires RNA helicase A (RHA), a nuclear DNA/RNA helicase that is related to the Drosophila male dosage compensation factor mle. In transient transfection assays, RHA was found to cooperate with CBP in mediating target gene activation via the CAMP responsive factor CREB. As a mutation in RHA that compromised its helicase activity correspondingly reduced CREB-dependent transcription, we propose that RHA may induce local changes in chromatin structure that promote engagement of the transcriptional apparatus on signal responsive promoters.
Serial-Position Effects on a Free-Recall Task in Bilinguals

In this study, we examined mechanisms that underlie free-recall performance in bilinguals' first language (L1) and second language (L2) through the prism of serial-position effects. On free-recall tasks, a typical pattern of performance follows a U-shaped serial-position curve, where items from the beginning of the list (the primacy effect) and items from the end of the list (the recency effect) are recalled with higher accuracy than items from the middle of the list. The present study contrasted serial-position effects on the free-recall task in Korean-English bilinguals' L1 vs. L2 and examined the relationship between an independent working memory (WM) measure and serial-position effects in bilinguals' two languages. Results revealed stronger pre-recency (primacy and middle) effects in L1 than in L2, but similar recency effects in the two languages. A close association was observed between WM and recall performance in the pre-recency region in the L1 but not in the L2. Together, these findings suggest that linguistic knowledge constrains free-recall performance in bilinguals, but only in the pre-recency region.
Public Education Expenditures, Taxation, and Growth: Linking Data to Theory

Governments around the world have taken a prominent role in financing education. While justifications for this involvement are varied, a common motivation is that education expenditures are a key to sustained economic growth. Economic theory provides a foundation for this belief. Many papers in the endogenous growth literature have formalized a link between public education expenditures, human capital accumulation, and long-term growth. While theory assigns public education expenditures a key role in growth, empirical support for the link is mixed. As highlighted by Blankenau and Simpson ( 004), the disconnect between theory and data can be reconciled by taking a closer look at the theory. In nearly every model where growth is fueled by public education expenditures, a nonmonotonic relationship between expenditures and growth can arise. Public education spending increases growth while taxes may decrease growth, leaving the net effect ambiguous. Thus, economic theory shows that to identify the growth effects of expenditures, one must account for any offsetting effects of the requisite taxation. Most empirical investigations of these effects do not explicitly control for the method of finance, however. In contrast, we make the relationship between expenditures, taxation, and growth central to our analysis. We estimate a
Correlation of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase activity and the synthesis of pterins in Drosophila melanogaster.

The enzyme guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTP cyclohydrolase), which in bacteria is known to be the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of pteridines, has been discovered in extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Most of the enzyme (80%) is located in the head of the adult fly. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila has revealed the presence of a relatively small peak of activity at pupariation and a much larger peak that appears at about the time of eclosion. Enzyme activity declines rapidly as the fly ages. Analyses for the production of the typical pteridine pigments of Drosophila have indicated that the small peak of GTP cyclohydrolase activity evident at pupariation coincides with the appearance of isoxanthopterin, sepiapterin, and pterin, and the larger peak at eclosion roughly corresponds to the accumulation of drosopterin as well as to the appearance in larger amounts of pterin and sepiapterin. These observations strongly suggest that in Drosophila, like bacteria, GTP cyclohydrolase is involved in the biosynthesis of pteridines. Analyses of a variety of zeste mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have shown that these mutants all contain GTP cyclohydrolase equal approximately to the amount found in the wild-type fly. These observations do not support the suggestions made by Rasmusson et al. (1973) that zeste is the structural locus for GTP cyclohydrolase.
Partial seizures are associated with early increases in signal complexity.

Objectives: Partial seizures are often believed to be associated with EEG signals of low complexity because seizures are associated with increased neural network synchrony. The investigations reported here provide an assessment of the signal complexity of epileptic seizure onsets using newly developed quantitative measures. Methods: Using the Gabor atom density (GAD) measure of signal complexity, 339 partial seizures in 45 patients with intracranial electrode arrays were analyzed. Segmentation procedures were applied to determine the timing and amplitude of GAD changes relative to the electrographic onset of the seizure. Results: Three hundred and thirty out of 339 seizures have significant complexity level changes, with 319 (97%) having an increase in complexity. GAD increases occur within seconds of the onset of the partial seizure but are not observed in channels remote from the focus. The complexity increase is similar for seizures from mesial temporal origin, neocortical temporal and extra-temporal origin. Conclusions: Partial onset seizures are associated with early increases in signal complexity as measured by GAD. This increase is independent of the location of the seizure focus. Significance: Despite the often predominant rhythmic activity that characterizes onset and early evolution of epileptic seizures, partial seizure onset is associated with an early increase in complexity. These changes are common to partial seizures originating from different brain regions, indicating a similar seizure dynamic.
The interdependence of the term structure of eurocurrency interest rates

Abstract This paper investigates the interdependence of the term structure of Eurocurrency interest rates. Our results suggest that when the central banks of Switzerland and West Germany increased their intervention in foreign exchange markets after the October 1979 monetary policy regime change in the USA, a significant relationship developed between short-term Eurodollar interest rates and long-term Euromark and Swiss Eurofranc interest rates. Common cross- country exchange-rate expectation errors are exploited to improve the efficiency of the estimates using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions.
Enterprise Zones in the United States: Lessons From International Experience

A criticism of the potential use of the enterprise zone concept in the U.S. is presented. Following from the new inter national division of labor and its exploita tion by capitalist economies, an analysis of the distributional impacts of platform economies is outlined. Enterprise zones appear to be a deleterious policy for the U.S for three reasons: (1) wages in the U.S cannot be cut so low so that workers could compete with their counterparts in Third World economies; (2) they are part of the problem of economies in industrial nations, i.e., they are a planned means by which the costs of production can be reduced; and (3), there will be social and political resistance to substantial reduc tions in wages, legal protection, and bla tant control by outsiders.
Taste-aversion learning in three species of ruminants

Abstract Taste-aversion learning was investigated in cattle, sheep and goats. Three types of taste-aversion tasks were investigated in sheep and goats: (1) learning to avoid a food associated immediately with apomorphine injection; (2) learning to avoid a food associated with apomorphine injection 30 min after ingestion of the feed; (3) learning to avoid one of three feeds when only that food is associated with apomorphine injection. Cattle and sheep were able to learn to avoid alfalfa pellets and cracked corn, i.e. they decreased their intake on subsequent exposures. Goats learned to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not cracked corn. Neither sheep nor goats could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets that were associated with apomorphine injection 30 min after ingestion. When offered oats and soybean meal for several days and then both those feeds and corn, sheep and goats learned to avoid the corn. Goats, but not sheep, learned to avoid alfalfa pellets when they were presented with soybeans and oats. This series of experiments confirms that ruminants can form aversions to food associated with illness, but there are constraints on the learning in that the illness must occur shortly after feeding in order for the ruminant to learn to avoid it. Apomorphine is a practical substance to use in teaching animals to avoid potentially dangerous plants before exposure to the plants in a pasture or range situation.
Micro-profiles of activated sludge floc determined using microelectrodes.

Abstract The microbial activity within activated sludge floc is a key factor in the performance of the activated sludge process. In this study, the microenvironment of activated sludge flocs from two wastewater treatment plants (Mill Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant and Muddy Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant, with aeration tank influent CODs of 60–120 and 15–35 mg/L, respectively) were studied by using microelectrodes. Due to microbial oxygen utilization, the aerobic region in the activated sludge floc was limited to the surface layer (0.1–0.2 mm) of the sludge aggregate at the Mill Creek plant. The presence of an anoxic zone inside the sludge floc under aerobic conditions was confirmed in this study. When the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bulk liquid was higher than 4.0 mg/L, the anoxic zone inside the activated sludge floc disappeared, which is helpful for biodegradation. At the Muddy Creek plant, with its lower wastewater pollutant concentrations, the redox potential and DO inside the sludge aggregates were higher than those at the Mill Creek plant. The contaminant concentration in the bulk wastewater correlates with the oxygen utilization rate, which directly influences the oxygen penetration inside the activated sludge floc, and results in redox potential changes within the floc. The measured microprofiles revealed the continuous decrease of nitrate concentration inside the activated sludge floc, even though significant nitrification was observed in the bulk wastewater. The oxygen consumption and nitrification rate analyses reveal that the increase of ammonia flux under aerobic conditions correlates with nitrification. Due to the metabolic mechanisms of the microorganisms in activated sludge floc, which varies from one treatment plant to another, the oxygen flux inside the sludge floc changes accordingly.
DENDROCLIM2002: A C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies ☆

Tree-ring chronologies are often calibrated against instrumental climate records using correlation and response functions. DENDROCLIM2002 uses bootstrapped confidence intervals to estimate the significance of both correlation and response function coefficients. Input and output file selection, as well as analytical options, are chosen from a user-friendly GUI. Final results are saved in ASCII format, and are plotted on screen using color-coded symbols. DENDROCLIM2002 is an extension of existing task-specific software, which is mostly MS-DOS based, and of available user-supplied code for statistical packages, such as SAS. In addition, DENDROCLIM2002 incorporates the ability to test for temporal changes of dendroclimatic relationships by means of evolutionary and moving intervals. This simple approach allows for a complete, dynamical representation of statistical relationships between climate and tree growth. An example using published dendroclimatic data is used to illustrate the analytical and graphical capabilities of the software.
The effect of interest on recall: An experiment

An experiment was conducted in an attempt to test the relationship between teacher lecture material, student interest and cognitive learning. Interest was manipulated in two videotapes through character identification. Character identification is one of the attributes suggested by Anderson, Shirey, Wilson and Fielding (1987) that could serve to increase student interest. Analyses indicate that the group viewing the video with easily identifiable characters scored higher on recall tests of lecture material. Additionally, it appears as if this increase was also related to an increase in the competence and meaningfulness dimensions of student interest.
Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements for a Baseline Shaped Film Cooling Hole

Film cooling on airfoils is a crucial cooling method as the gas turbine industry seeks higher turbine inlet temperatures. Shaped film cooling holes are widely used in many designs given the improved performance over that of cylindrical holes. Although there have been numerous studies of shaped holes, there is no established baseline shaped hole to which new cooling hole designs can be compared. The goal of this study is to offer the community a shaped hole design, representative of proprietary and open literature holes that serves as a baseline for comparison purposes. The baseline shaped cooling hole design includes the following features: hole inclination angle of 30° with a 7° expansion in the forward and lateral directions; hole length of 6 diameters; hole exit-to-inlet area ratio of 2.5; and lateral hole spacing of 6 diameters. Adiabatic effectiveness was measured with this new shaped hole and was found to peak near a blowing ratio of 1.5 at density ratios of 1.2 and 1.5 as well as at both low and moderate freestream turbulence of 5%. Reductions in area-averaged effectiveness due to freestream turbulence at low blowing ratios were as high as 10%.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Measuring and tailoring CTE within ULE glass

Corning Incorporated is improving material and metrology in order to meet the requirements for both EUVL optics and photomask substrate applications. The EUV optics requirements present a unique challenge to the lens designer. The temperature of each optic in the system can experience a different thermal profile based upon the geometry of the element and the intensity of the beam at each element location. This places a need on the optical material for small variation in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) uniformity and the ability to achieve targeted optimum zero CTE cross-over temperatures. This paper addresses Corning’s ability to target specified CTE values as well as discusses a new metrology tool for measuring CTE variations within the glass. Past data suggested that index variation within the material were related to CTE variations. This correlation was investigated with the results presented here. This preliminary work suggests a new metrology tool with the capability of non-destructively measuring peak to valley (P-V) CTE variations to within 70 parts per trillion per degree Kelvin (ppt/K) at possible spatial frequencies in the micron range on thick or thin samples. This technique is vital for certifying photomasks and will be the foundation needed to reduce CTE variations in photomasks and optics to targeted values of less than 1 ppb/K for future EUVL needs.
Addressing the Language and Literacy Needs of Vulnerable Children Innovative Strategies in the Context of Evidence-Based Practice

Innovative language and literacy interventions—those that facilitate change in a way that is theoretically and conceptually different from historical trends—face interesting challenges in the age of evidence-based practice, in which policymakers and professionals endorse interventions that have undergone randomized clinical trials. The current push to use only interventions for which there is adequate scientific support can undermine the use of conceptually and theoretically well-grounded innovative approaches by practitioners. To provide the most powerful solutions for children and families requiring language and literacy interventions, we must be prepared to challenge science with our innovations, especially innovations that have demonstrated promise in observational, feasibility, and early efficacy studies.
Robustness of 3-D maximum likelihood reconstructions of viruses from cryo electron microscope images

A statistical method for computing 3-D reconstructions of virus particles from cryo electron microscope images and minimal prior information-particle symmetry and radii-is described and demonstrated numerically focusing on the robustness of the approach.
Effect of pig slurry solids on aeration efficiency and odour generation

Two laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in this study to determine the effect of slurry solids content on aeration efficiency and the odour generation potential for the treated slurry during post-aeration storage. Pig slurry with four total solids levels (0·5, 1·0, 2·0, and 4·0%) were used for both experiments. In the first experiment, the slurry was aerated and the oxygen transfer coefficient (OTC) for each solids level was determined. When the solids content increased from 0·5 to 4·0%, a reduction in OTC from about 0·59 to 0·15 min−1 was observed. However, no statistically significant differences in OTC were found between slurry with a 0·5% and 1·0% total solids content and between slurry with a 2·0% and 4·0% total solids content, while the difference was significant between these two solids groups. In addition to OTC, the oxygen-holding capacity of the aerated manure decreased significantly with increasing slurry solids content. In the second experiment, slurry with the same four solids categories was contained in Plexiglas columns and aerated at a dissolved oxygen level of 1 mg l−1 for 15 days. After aeration, the slurry was left in the columns to simulate long-term storage (180 days). The removal rates of volatile fatty acids (VFA), an odour indicator, by aeration were 98, 96, 67, and 31% for total solids content of 0·5, 1·0, 2·0, and 4·0%, respectively. During the entire storage period, the VFA concentrations for slurry with solids contents of 0·5% and 1·0% were consistently lower than 230 mg l−1, indicating that the chance for offensive odour to return was moderate. In contrast, the slurry in the two upper solids categories showed VFA levels consistently higher than 230 mg l−1 throughout the 180 day storage period. At the end of the storage, the odour detection threshold values were 531, 708, 812, and 1627 for slurry with solids content from 0·5 to 4·0%.
Development of chicken antibodies to bovine interferon alpha.

We have developed chicken polyclonal antibody to bovine interferon α (IFNα). Five hundred μg of recombinant bovine IFNα suspended with complete Freund' s adjuvant was used in the first immunization round. A suspension of the same amount of IFNα and incomplete Freund's adjuvant was used for all subsequent boosters. The antibody was purified from egg yolks using polyethylene glycol precipitation. The first reactive antibody appeared several weeks after the first immunization. The antibody is specific for IFNα in immunoblotting, it is also useful in ELISA and immunohistochemistry. This method provides a fast, cheap and efficient alternative to development of monoclonal antibodies to conserved mammalian antigens.
Essential testability guidelines for current technology

This paper addresses the testability considerations, both electrical and mechanical, and focuses on requirements of technologies in the 1990s. It provides practical insight into how printed circuit board should be designed to make them testable. Developing discipline in design-for-test practices will inherently provide major savings in time and money in the test development process, reducing overall product cost. >
An unusual case of pulmonary embolism.

Silicone pulmonary embolism is an unusual complication of cosmetic silicone injection. An accurate history is essential in considering this diagnosis. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy can provide confirmatory pathologic findings. We report a classic case of silicone pulmonary embolism in a