cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fertility variation among the U.S. foreign stock population in 1900

In the late nineteenth century, the United States population included alarge number of first andsecond generation immi? grants from European countries, often with relatively high fertility levels. This article investigates the degree to which fertility behavior changed as a result of social structural characteristics of the environment such as urbanization and children's role, the diffusion of fertility values and information from the native population, and the role of cultural values or resistance to change. On the whole, little evidence is found that adaptation was culturally unique, although groups maintained distinctive fertility levels over generations. Substantial evidence suggests that immigrant women modified their fertility behavior as a consequence of social structural factors and contact with the native U.S. population. In recent years, a large amount of research has focused on the basic patterns and causes of the European fertility decline which occurred on a large-scale basis toward the end of the nineteenth century. Various studies have shown that most continental countries main? tained relatively constant levels of marital fertility for some period in the nineteenth century, and then sizable but variable declines occurred for many countries after 1870 (Coale, 1970; van de Walle and Knodel, 1980). While many social, economic and cultural char? acteristics of areas have been related to fertility patterns, little consensus has emerged on the major causes of the European transition. Unfortunately, little attention has been devoted to late nineteenth century changes in the reproductive behavior of the sizable numbers 1 This research has been supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, "U.S. Fertility in 1900". I am grateful to Timothy Armstrong,
New hybrid physical vapor deposition/organometallic chemical vapor deposition route to high Tc superconducting Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O thin films

High Tc superconducting Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O thin films have been prepared by a novel hybrid technique that combines electron beam evaporation with organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Multilayer thin films of Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O are prepared by sequential evaporation of BaF2, CaF2, and Cu sources onto single‐crystal MgO (100) or yttria‐stabilized zirconia substrates followed by annealing in a water vapor‐saturated oxygen atmosphere. Thallium is then incorporated in these films in either of two ways: (1) OMCVD using thallium(cyclopentadienide) as the source or (2) vapor diffusion using bulk Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O superconductor as the source. The resultant films are single phase, consisting predominantly of Tl1Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox with crystallite Cu‐O planes preferentially oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Resistivity measurements indicate superconducting onset temperatures above 120 K with zero resistance by 104 K. By eliminating the water vapor in the initial anneal, fluoride (originating from the Ba and Ca sourc...
THE INFLUENCE OF A COST-BENEFIT FUNCTION ON THE SUPPLY OF ECONOMIC CRIMES: A SPECIFIC TEST OF THE PROFIT MAXIMIZING THESIS

ABSTRACT Most utilitarian theories assume that people are rational and tend to favor activities which maximize profits and minimize losses. Hence, when the gains associated with illegal behavior outweigh the costs, the volume of crime is expected to increase. Most macro-social research based on this perspective examines the effects of only one piece of information that informs the decision to violate the law, namely the probability of experiencing negative sanctions. To the extent that prospective offenders simultaneously consider both the gains and losses associated with selecting a particular course of action, the failure to take into account gains accrued from illegal activities in analyses of criminal behavior is likely to produce an omitted variable bias. Moreover, utilitarian theories of crime specifically discuss the effects of the gains from crime relative to costs. Hence, properly specified models should include cost-benefit functions. The present study seeks to extend previous macro-social resea...
Designing a national restaurant inspection disclosure system for New Zealand.

The World Health Organization estimates that up to 30% of individuals in developed countries become ill from contaminated food or water each year, and up to 70% of these illnesses are estimated to be linked to food service facilities. The aim of restaurant inspections is to reduce foodborne outbreaks and enhance consumer confidence in food service. Inspection disclosure systems have been developed as tools for consumers and incentives for food service operators. Disclosure systems are common in developed countries but are inconsistently used, possibly because previous research has not determined the best format for disclosing inspection results. This study was conducted to develop a consistent, compelling, and trusted inspection disclosure system for New Zealand. Existing international and national disclosure systems were evaluated. Two cards, a letter grade (A, B, C, or F) and a gauge (speedometer style), were designed to represent a restaurant's inspection result and were provided to 371 premises in six...
Role of the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor EDG-1 in PDGF-Induced Cell Motility

EDG-1 is a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP). Cell migration toward platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which stimulates sphingosine kinase and increases intracellular SPP, was dependent on expression of EDG-1. Deletion of edg-1 or inhibition of sphingosine kinase suppressed chemotaxis toward PDGF and also activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac, which is essential for protrusion of lamellipodia and forward movement. Moreover, PDGF activated EDG-1, as measured by translocation of beta-arrestin and phosphorylation of EDG-1. Our results reveal a role for receptor cross-communication in which activation of a GPCR by a receptor tyrosine kinase is critical for cell motility.
Mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular channel - Experimental and numerical velocity distributions

Mixed convection in a rectangular channel (width/height = 2) with bottom-heated and top-cooled sections is studied by laser Doppler anemometry in nitrogen at Ra = 22,200 and Re = 18.75, 36, and 54. At the lower Re values, symmetry breaking is observed in steady but spatially oscillating flows that prevail over a certain distance from the leading edge of the differentially heated section. Further downstream, unsteady flows are found even for Re = 18.75. Numerical models are used to investigate the effects of adiabatic, conducting (with a conductive-convective heat transfer coefficient), and perfectly conducting side walls; channel tilts and Prandtl number dependence. Good agreement between calculations and experiment is obtained for longitudinal convective roll velocities. The transverse velocities are found to be independent of Re.
Expression of the proto-oncogene eIF4E in inflammation of the oral cavity

Abstract Objective: eIF4E (4E) is elevated in 100% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and in premalignant lesions of the larynx. However, it is not elevated in normal mucosa. In this study, we hypothesize that 4E is not significantly elevated in inflammation unlike its expression in premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. Study Design: Biopsies from the oral cavity were divided into 5 groups: (1) normal mucosa, (2) chronic inflammation, (3) mild dysplasia from leukoplakic lesions, (4) mild dysplasia in surgical margins of patients with HNSCC, and (5) HNSCC. Immunohistochemical qualitative analysis was then performed. Results: None of the 15 specimens in group 1 and 100% of the 15 specimens in group 5 expressed 4E. Of the 29 specimens in group 2 only 4/29 (13%) overexpressed 4E compared with 10/31 (32%) in group 3 and 9/21 (42%) in group 4. There was a significant difference between groups 2 and 3 and groups 2 and 4 (P
Further investigation into the secrets of successful and unsuccessful mediators

Stephen B. Goldberg, of Chicago, brings Alternatives' readers up to date with his survey research on mediation room dynamics. With collaborator and coauthor Margaret L. Shaw, of New York, the research pinpoints why representatives of disputing parties believe they succeeded in mediation. Then, the authors detail a second follow-up study that asked the same group why mediations fail. Their analysis provides concrete preparation steps for mediation parties and advocates, grounded in the practical results their surveys reveal.
Computers in NMR. IV. Strategies in developing high-dynamic-range fourier transforms

Abstract It is found that the rewriting of the Fourier transform to scale data only when arithmetic overflow occurs, rather than before each pass, results in a twofold increase in the available dynamic range. A single-word floating-point format is also proposed to maintain the greatest dynamic range, but at the cost of some precision in the shorter-word-length computers. As the large line becomes broader, the dynamic range is less affected by the transform itself. It is also found that a 128-point sine look-up table is sufficient for all transforms studied when linear interpolation is used.
Purification of DNA from the intracellular symbiotes of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract DNAs from the endosymbiotes of two species of grain weevils, Sitophilus oryzae and S. zeamais, were separated from host-weevil DNA and purified by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. Endosymbiote DNA was identified by hybridization with a probe of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli. Estimations of the CsCl buoyant densities of symbiote DNAs of S. oryzae and S. zeamais were similar ( ϱ = 1.712 and 1.714, respectively) corresponding to a mole per cent guanine + cytosine (GC%) of ≈52–55%. The GC%s of host-weevil DNAs were ≈33%.
Neurobehavioral Factors Associated with Referral for Learning Problems in a Community Sample Evidence for an Adaptational Model for Learning Disorders

We evaluated community general education (CGE; n = 178), community special education (CSE; n = 30) and hospital-referred (HR, n = 145) children (ages 7-6 to 11-11) prospectively over a 2-year period. During this period, 17 CGE children were referred for evaluation (community referred; CR). Prior to referral, CR children performed more poorly than community-nonreferred (CNR) children on cognitive ability, academic achievement, attention problems, and information processing. CR group performance was equivalent to that of CSE and HR groups, but HR children showed poorer academic achievement. Referred children performed more poorly on all measures than nonreferred, whether they met formal diagnostic criteria for a learning disorder or not. Learning disorders may be better conceptualized as a context-dependent problem of functional adaptation than as a disability analogous to physical disabilities, raising questions about the validity of using psychometric test scores as the criterion for identification.
Image enhancement using a human visual system model

Abstract In this paper we report the result of a set of computer experiments carried out to enhance digital images. We use a special line weight function (LWF) which is a combination of zero- and second-order Hermite functions. We are motivated by the physiological evidence reported in R. A. Young, Spatial Vision 2(4), 273–293 (1987), that visual receptive fields are shaped like the sum of a Gaussian function and its Laplacian. This function can also be derived mathematically when the contrast sensitivity experiments in psychophysics are posed as an eigenvalue problem (A. L. Stewart and R. Pinkham, Biol. Cybernetics 64, 373–379 (1991). Analyses of the edge location error show that the proposed function has extremely good localization capability (i.e. the points marked by the operator is as close as possible to the center of the true edge). We also show that the LWF does not detect phantom edges which do not correspond to significant image intensity changes.
Robust fully automated shimming of the human brain for high-field 1H spectroscopic imaging.

Although a variety of methods have been proposed to provide automated adjustment of shim homogeneity, these methods typically fail or require large numbers of iterations in vivo when applied to regions with poor homogeneity, such as the temporal lobe. These limitations are largely due to 1) the limited accuracy of single evolution time measurements when full B0 mapping studies are used, and 2) inaccuracies arising from projection-based methods when the projections pass through regions where the inhomogeneity exceeds the order of the fitted parameters. To overcome these limitations we developed a novel B0 mapping method using multiple evolution times with a novel unwrapping scheme in combination with a user-defined ROI selection tool. We used these methods at 4T on 10 control subjects to obtain high-resolution spectroscopic images of glutamate from the bilateral hippocampi. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The interaction of iodine with lecithin micelles

Abstract The concentration of I 3 − has been found to increase, upon the addition of lecithin to solutions of iodine in both polar and nonpolar solvents. This increase in concentration has been studied as a function of lecithin concentrations in the various solvents. The I 3 − concentrations, for given lecithin concentrations, vary for non-polar and polar solvents and for lecithins having double bonds and no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains. Break points in the plots of I 3 − concentration (as measured spectrophotometrically) vs lecithin concentration were found. Where data from other experimental studies is available, these break points have been found to occur at the critical micelle concentration of the lecithin in the appropriate solvent; where other techniques reveal that lecithin has no critical micelle concentration in a particular solvent, no break points are observed. These results are discussed insofar as they might relate to the effect of iodine in increasing lipid electrical conductivity.
A comparison of five approaches to measurement of anatomic knee alignment from radiographs.

Summary Objective The recent recognition of the correlation of the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA) with femur–tibia angle (FTA) on a standard knee radiograph has led to the increasing inclusion of FTA assessments in OA studies due to its clinical relevance, cost effectiveness and minimal radiation exposure. Our goal was to investigate the performance metrics of currently used methods of FTA measurement to determine whether a specific protocol could be recommended based on these results. Methods Inter- and intra-rater reliability of FTA measurements were determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of two independent analysts. Minimal detectable differences were determined and the correlation of FTA and HKA was analyzed by linear regression. Differences among methods of measuring HKA were assessed by ANOVA. Results All five methods of FTA measurement demonstrated high precision by inter- and intra-rater reproducibility (ICCs≥0.93). All five methods displayed good accuracy, but after correction for the offset of FTA from HKA, the femoral notch landmark method was the least accurate. However, the methods differed according to their minimal detectable differences; the FTA methods utilizing the center of the base of the tibial spines or the center of the tibial plateau as knee center landmarks yielded the smallest minimal detectable differences (1.25° and 1.72°, respectively). Conclusion All methods of FTA were highly reproducible, but varied in their accuracy and sensitivity to detect meaningful differences. Based on these parameters we recommend standardizing measurement angles with vertices at the base of the tibial spines or the center of the tibia and comparing single-point and two-point methods in larger studies.
SU-E-T-130: Improved Accuracy for Stereotactic Radiotherapy: An Image-Based Method for Submillimeter Alignment of Linear Accelerator Table Rotation About MV Isocenter

Purpose: Accurate alignment of the linear accelerator table with radiation isocenter is critical for several radiotherapy applications, including stereotactic radiotherapy. We developed a computerized image‐based method to align the table rotation axis and the MV isocenter to sub‐millimeter accuracy, and observed that alignment was stable over time. Methods: An 8 mm ball‐bearing was placed within 0.2 mm of average radiation isocenter using an existing digital star shot alignment methodology. Electronic portal imaging device (EPID) images were acquired between table rotation of −90° to 90° in 30° intervals. A Matlab script was developed to calculate the center of rotation as well as the necessary adjustment to move the table rotational axis to MV isocenter. Adjustment was applied via torque to screws at the linac base. Stability of rotational alignment was measured with 37 measurements over 320 days on two linacs (Linac‐A, Elekta Synergy S; Linac‐B, Elekta Synergy). Results: Linac‐A initially had table alignment inaccuracy greater than 2 mm with respect to MV isocenter. After adjustment, error was significantly decreased from 2.11+/−0.11 to 0.40+/−0.12 mm. This adjustment was stable over the course of 15 measurements over 231 days. Linac‐B was not adjusted but tracked from time of commissioning with 20 measurements over 320 days. No discernible shift in couch characteristics was observed (mean error 1.40+/−0.25 mm). The greater variability for Linac‐B may relate to the interchangeable two‐piece couch, which allows more lateral movement than the one‐piece Linac‐A couch. Conclusion: Sub‐millimeter isocenter alignment was achieved by applying a precision correction to the linac table base. The alignment on two linear accelerators was durable over the course of ten months as assessed by our computerized EPID method. Further investigation on other radiotherapy tables is warranted as this method can significantly improve the quality of stereotactic radiation and other precision techniques.
Polarization of astronomical maser radiation

The polarization of maser radiation when the source is permeated by an aligned magnetic field is derived for arbitrary angular momenta of the transition states. This generalization is made possible by an analysis of the structure of the propagating waves in a frame aligned with the magnetic axis. The key elements in determining the polarization properties are the assumption of independent and incoherent pump and loss processes for all magnetic sublevels, and the beaming of maser radiation. These solutions are shown to be the most general ones for the dominant rays (those propagating along the longest chords through the source) of steady state beamed masers with arbitrary spins in the relevant domains of parameter space. The beamed nature, and polarization properties, of astronomical maser radiation are established during the unsaturated growth phase, when an increase in overall source dimension results in proportionate tightening of the beaming factor Omega/4(pi). 22 refs.
Intervals in matroid basis graphs

An interval in a graph is a subgraph induced by all the vertices on shortest paths between two given vertices. Intervals in matroid basis graphs satisfy many nice properties. Key results are: (1) any two vertices of a basis graph are together in some longest interval; (2) every basis graph with the minimum number of vertices for its diameter is an interval, indeed a hypercube. (1) turns out to be a simple case of a theorem in Edmonds' theory of matroid partition.
ResourceExchange: Latency-Aware Scheduling in Virtualized Environments with High Performance Fabrics

Virtualized infrastructures have seen strong acceptance in data center systems and applications, but have not yet seen adoptance for latency-sensitive codes which require I/O to arrive predictability, or response times to be generated within certain timeliness guarantees. Examples of such applications include certain classes of parallel HPC codes, server systems performing phonecall or multimedia delivery, or financial services in electronic trading platforms, like ICE and CME. In this paper, we argue that the use of high-performance, VMM-bypass capable devices can help create the virtualized infrastructures needed for the latency-sensitive applications listed above. However, to enable consolidation, problems to be solved go beyond efficient I/O virtualization, and include dealing with the shared use of I/O and compute resource, in ways that minimize or eliminate interference. Toward this end, we describe ResEx -- a resource management approach for virtualized RDMA-based platforms which incorporates concepts from supply-demand theory and congestion pricing to dynamically control the allocation of CPU and I/O resources of guest VMs. ResEx and its mechanisms and abstractions allow multiple 'pricing policies' to be deployed on these types of virtualized platforms, including such which reduce interference and enhance isolation by identifying and taxing VMs responsible for resource congestion. While the main ideas behind ResEx are more general, the design presented in this paper is specific for InfiniBand RDMA-based virtualized platforms due to the use of asynchronous monitoring needed to determine the VMs' I/O usage, and the methods to establish the trading rate for the underlying CPU and I/O resources. The latter is particularly necessary since the hypervisor's only mechanism to control I/O usage is by making appropriate adjustments in the VM's CPU resources. The experimental evaluation of our solution uses InfiniBand platforms virtualized with the open source Xen hyper visor, and an RDMA-based latency-sensitive benchmark, BenchEx, based on a model of a financial trading platform. The results demonstrate the utility of the ResEx approach in making RDMA-based virtualized platforms more manageable and better suited for hosting even latency-sensitive workloads. ResEx can reduce the latency interference by as much as 30% in some cases as shown.
Ultrasonography and Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) consists of two related conditions: pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Objective testing for VTE is crucial because the clinical diagnosis is nonspecific and insensitive, and the consequences of a missed diagnosis are serious. The purpose of this review is to discuss the utility of venous ultrasonography as the foundation for diagnosis of acute lower extremity DVT. The effectiveness and practicality of venous ultrasonography as a stand-alone examination versus theoretically attractive, but perhaps less practical, combined approaches of ultrasonography with clinical probability assessment and D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of acute DVT is also addressed. Finally, the role of venous ultrasonography in a diagnostic algorithm for suspected PE is discussed.
Elastic Wave Propagation in Laminated Composites Using the Space-Time Least-Squares Formulation in h,p,k Framework

In this paper, numerical simulation of one-dimensional elastic wave propagation in periodically laminated composites using space-time least-squares finite element processes in h, p, k mathematical framework in [1, 2, 3, 4] is presented. It is demonstrated that in space-time coupled processes, if one uses time marching procedure to simulate the evolution in which the solution is computed for a space-time strip for one increment of time, then time marched, the space-time local approximations of class C0 and degree p in time yield global differentiability of order p in time for the space-time strip. However, the inter-strip global differentiability in time remains limited by the global differentiability of the local approximations in time. Four different space-time least-squares finite element formulations are presented here and their merits and drawbacks, convergence rates, and their ability to incorporate single material physics as well as bi-material interface macro physics of wave propagation, transmissi...
Disciplining children: characteristics associated with the use of corporal punishment.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the Social Situational Model of Family Violence through an examination of characteristics associated with the use of ordinary and severe corporal punishment as measured by the Parents-Child Conflict Tactics Scales. Method: Logistic Regression used to examine the validity of the model using data from a national sample conducted by the Gallup Organizations. Results: Those with fewer resources (lower income, lower educational attainment) were more likely to be use severe corporal punishment. In addition, those who had been more likely to be socialized into the use of violence were also more likely to use severe corporal punishment. Conclusions: The social situational model of family violence was supported suggesting that increased efforts be made to give these parents the resources they need to implement alternative discipline strategies.
Theoretical basis for the determination of the molecularity of drug-receptor reactions and affinity of agonists.

Abstract According to tue occupation theory of drug-receptor reactions the biological response is a function of the number of receptors occupied by drug molecules. It is generally assumed that the reaction is a bi-molecular one involving one molecule of drug and one molecule of receptor. In the present paper this assumption regarding the stoichiometry is generalized to n molecule; of drug reacting with m molecules of receptor. The method is derived for the determination of m and n and the consequences examined as related to the major theories of receptor occupation theory. It is shown that the value of m significancy alters the estimation of both the affinity constant of the drug-receptor complex and the number of ‘spare’ receptors. The significance of independent and dependent effects is also discussed.
Convex polyhedra of doubly stochastic matrices: II. Graph of Ωn

Abstract Properties of the graph G(Ω n ) of the polytope Ω n of all n × n nonnegative doubly stochastic matrices are studied. If F is a face of Ω n which is not a k -dimensional rectangular parallelotope for k ≥ 2, then G ( F ) is Hamilton connected. Prime factor decompositions of the graphs of faces of Ω n relative to Cartesian product are investigated. In particular, if F is a face of Ω n , then the number of prime graphs in any prime factor decomposition of G ( F ) equals the number of connected components of the neighborhood of any vertex of G ( F ). Distance properties of the graphs of faces of Ω n are obtained. Faces F of Ω n for which G ( F ) is a clique of G(Ω n ) are investigated.
Photoconduction in aromatic hydrocarbons

Photoconduction has been observed in single crystals of benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl and pyrene using the pulse technique. Experimental procedures have been found for the purification and crystal growth of the materials that produce specimens whose charge carrier lifetimes are sufficiently long to allow the measurement of drift mobilities, and thus to determine the number of charge carriers producedp er pulse. A single-photon generation mechanism was observed onlyin pyrene. The other materials exhibited a photogeneration mechanism that depended quadratically on light intensity and was determined to be exciton-exciton collision ionization
Studies on KIT-6 Supported Cobalt Catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

KIT-6 molecular sieve was used as a support to prepare cobalt catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using an incipient wetness impregnation method to produce cobalt loadings of 15 and 25 wt%. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission election microscopy (STEM), extended X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. The catalytic properties for FTS were evaluated using a 1L CSTR reactor. XRD, pore size distribution, and STEM analysis indicate that the KIT-6 mesostructure remains stable during and after cobalt impregnation and tends to form smaller cobalt particles, probably located inside the mesopores. The mesoporous KIT-6 exhibited a slightly higher cobalt dispersion compared to amorphous SiO2 supported catalyst. With the higher Co loading (25 wt%) on KIT-6, partial structural collapse was observed after the FTS reaction. Compared to an amorphous SiO2 supported cobalt catalyst, KIT-6 supported cobalt catalyst displayed higher methane selectivity at a similar Co loading, likely due to diffusion effects. KIT-6 molecular sieve was used as a support to prepare cobalt catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using an incipient wetness impregnation method to produce cobalt loadings of 15 and 25 wt%. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission election microscopy (STEM), extended X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). The catalytic properties for FTS were evaluated using a 1L CSTR reactor. The mesoporous KIT-6 exhibited a slightly higher cobalt dispersion compared to amorphous SiO2 supported catalyst. With the higher Co loading (25 wt%) on KIT-6, partial structural collapse was observed after the FTS reaction. XRD, pore size distribution, and STEM analysis indicate that the KIT-6 mesostructure remains stable during and after cobalt impregnation and tends to form smaller cobalt particles, probably located inside the mesopores. Compared to an amorphous SiO2 supported cobalt catalyst, KIT-6 supported cobalt catalyst displayed higher methane selectivity at a similar Co loading, likely due to diffusion effects.
Origin, course, and laterality of spinocerebellar axons in the North American Opossum, Didelphis virginiana

Spinocerebellar axons have been studied extensively in placental mammals, but there have been no full reports on their origin, laterality, or spinal course in any marsupial. We have used the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) to obtain such information and to ask whether any spinocerebellar neurons innervate both the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum through axonal collaterals. To identify spinal neurons that project to the cerebellum, we employed the retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) from the anterior lobe, the main target of spinocerebellar axons. In some cases, cerebellar injections of FG were combined with hemisections of the rostral cervical or midthoracic spinal cord, so that laterality of spinocerebellar connections could be established. To determine whether single neurons project to both the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe, injections of Fast Blue (FB) into the anterior lobe were combined with injections of Diamidino yellow (DY) or rhodamine B dextran (RBD) into the posterior lobe, or vice versa. Following injections of FG into the anterior lobe, neurons were labeled throughout the length of the spinal cord, which differed in laminar distribution and laterality of their projections. Among other areas, neurons were labeled in the central cervical nucleus, the nucleus centrobasalis, Clarke's nucleus, the dorsal horn dorsal spinocerebellar tract area, the spinal border region, and Stilling's nucleus. When anterior lobe injections of FB were combined with injections of RBD or DY into the posterior lobe, or vice versa, some double-labeled neurons were present in all major spinocerebellar groups. Cerebellar injections of FG also retrogradely labeled spinocerebellar axons, allowing us to document their locations in the gray matter as well as within the periphery of the lateral and ventral funiculi at all spinal levels. A few spinocerebellar axons also were found in the dorsal funiculus (a dorsal column-spinocerebellar tract), which appeared to originate from neurons in the dorsal part of Clarke's nucleus from the ninth thoracic segment to the first lumbar segment. Our results indicate that spinocerebellar axons in the marsupial opossum are generally comparable in origin, course, and laterality to the same axons in the placental mammals studied to date.
Tweet this: A uses and gratifications perspective on how active Twitter use gratifies a need to connect with others

Twitter is an Internet social-network and micro-blogging platform with both mass and interpersonal communication features for sharing 140-character messages, called tweets, with other people, called followers. Hierarchical OLS regression of survey results from 317 Twitter users found that the more months a person is active on Twitter and the more hours per week the person spends on Twitter, the more the person gratifies a need for an informal sense of camaraderie, called connection, with other users. Controlling for demographic variables does not diminish this positive relationship. Additionally, frequency of tweeting and number of @replies, public messages between Twitter users, mediate the relationship between active Twitter use and gratifying a need for connection. Results are discussed in light of uses and gratifications theory.
The prediction of short-stay psychiatric inpatients

In a study of 252 consecutive, non-repeating psychiatric admissions at a community hospital, patients who were hospitalized for six days or less were identified. Using the Severity of Psychiatric Illness, these cases were predicted with both a sensitivity and specificity of about 75 %. Short-stay patients were more acutely suicidal, had greater substance abuse complications, tended to be resistant to the treatment program, and had lower levels of family involvement. Programming and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
The spectral composition of fluxes and variances over land and sea out to the mesoscale

We discuss the accuracy requirements for measuring mesoscale (roughly horizontal scales > 10 km or 5 to 10 times the planetary boundary-layer (PBL) depth) fluxes in the convective PBL, and the ability of current research aircraft to achieve this accuracy. We conclude that aircraft equipped with inertial nagivation systems capable of 10 km. We also develop a simple model based on observed thermal structure to explain the phase angle between vertical velocity and the along-wind horizontal velocity as a function of height, which shows good agreement with the observed phase angle in AMTEX.
Behavior of Injured and Uninjured Children and Their Parents in a Simulated Hazardous Setting

Compared the behavior of parents and their previously injured children with parents and their uninjured children in unstructured play and distracted parent conditions. Injured children were more disruptive, more active, and had more contacts with hazards, whereas uninjured children had more appropriate behavior. Parents of injured children had lower rates of play activities. Observable classes of parent and child behaviors amenable to change were associated with a history of child injury. Further study is needed to assess the use of safe and unsafe behavior as proxy measures for injuries and to identify functional classes of safe and unsafe behavior for which active strategies can be developed to prevent children's injuries. Language: en
CO laser for precision frequency measurements in the mid infrared

Novel features in the design of a CW CO laser are described. The laser system allows selection of a large number of individual laser frequencies with sufficient stability to be used in precise frequency interval measurements in the 50 THz range. This system will be used to bridge the frequency gap between the NRC strontium ion standard and a stabilized commercial 1.5 /spl mu/m laser.
Density and Group Size Effects on Caged Hens of Two Genetic Stocks Differing in Escape and Avoidance Behavior

Abstract Hens of two moderately inbred White Leghorn stocks, known to differ significantly in escape and avoidance behavior, were compared for productivity traits, nervousness, and feather loss when housed four or eight per cage at densities of 348 (high), 464 (medium), and 580 (low) cm2/bird. Differences were found between stocks in sexual maturity, egg production traits, body weights, nervousness, and feather loss. The more nervous strain lost more feathers. Highest density housing depressed performance and increased nervousness and feather loss, but differences were generally lacking between the medium and lowest density housing. Group size effects were not detected for productivity traits, but hens kept in groups of eight had increased nervousness and feather loss. No interactions were detected between stocks and density, stocks and group size, or density and group size.
The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences

We investigate the origin and the validity of common beliefs regarding “the hot hand” and “streak shooting” in the game of basketball. Basketball players and fans alike tend to believe that a player’s chance of hitting a shot are greater following a hit than following a miss on the previous shot. However, detailed analyses of the shooting records of the Philadelphia 76ers provided no evidence for a positive correlation between the outcomes of successive shots. The same conclusions emerged from free-throw records of the Boston Celtics, and from a controlled shooting experiment with the men and women of Cornell’s varsity teams. The outcomes of previous shots influenced Cornell players’ predictions but not their performance. The belief in the hot hand and the “detection” of streaks in random sequences is attributed to a general misconception of chance according to which even short random sequences are thought to be highly representative of their generating process.
Promise Fulfilled? An EBSCO Discovery Service Usability Study

Discovery tools are the next phase of library search systems. Illinois State University's Milner Library implemented EBSCO Discovery Service in August 2010. The authors conducted usability studies on the system in the fall of 2010. The aims of the study were twofold: first, to determine how Milner users set about using the system in order to better inform customization choices, which in turn would create better search experiences, and second, to find out whether discovery tools fix the problems of federated search. With federated search technology, users often felt frustrated by the search experience. Some reasons for the frustration included a desire for better ways to determine the relevancy of search results and for more information about the material included in the records. The authors determined that while many federated search problems were solved, some issues persisted. Overall, the move to EBSCO Discovery Service at Milner Library has been a positive experience for its users.
Cell size, macromolecule composition, nuclear number, oxygen consumption and cyst formation during two growth phases in unagitated cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii.

SYNOPSIS. The size, composition and physiology of average cells have been studied in cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii during the phases of logarithmic growth and population growth deceleration (PGD). Most of the features examined were relatively constant during log phase, but had significant changes during PGD. Average cell volume increased about 60% and total dry mass about 15–20% during the latter period. Total protein content remained constant thruout both growth phases, but cytochrome oxidase doubled during PGD. DNA, RNA and glycogen levels began to change during late log phase. DNA decreased about 50% and RNA increased about 75%. Glycogen decreased 50% during the RNA build-up and then increased to a plateau above the log phase level. A final decrease in glycogen followed an increase in the relative numbers of cysts in late PGD. It was found that PGD begins when O2 becomes limiting and evidence that the subsequent changes in macromolecule composition are related to encystation is discussed.
Reciprocal Justice and Strategies of Exchange

Approche de la justice concue en termes de reciprocite et en situation d'echange direct. Etude du rapport entre justice et pouvoir et de l'influence des structures de pouvoir sur la formation des normes de justices et la perception de l'equite par les acteurs. A partir d'une simulation par ordinateur, les AA. tente d'evaluer les comportements des acteurs (resistance ou represailles) a l'usage strategique du pouvoir (recompense ou punition) et comment ces reactions influencent l'usage de strategies de pouvoir particulieres.
Prognostic and Mechanistic Factors Characterizing Seizure-Associated Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis

Background Crossed cerebellar diaschisis is a rare finding of hemispheric cerebellar depression following contralateral cerebral injury, hypothesized to result from excessive neuronal excitatory synaptic activity along cortico-pontine-cerebellar pathways. The phenomenon is typically observed following ischemic stroke, but has also been characterized during seizure activity—in particular, status epilepticus (SE). Neurological outcome has varied widely in published reports, with some patients achieving full neurologic recovery, while others experience persistent disability.
High-throughput synthesis of carbohydrates and functionalization of polyanhydride nanoparticles.

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12. The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices. The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17. Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).
Juvenile Delinquency Recidivism: Are Black and White Youth Vulnerable to the Same Risk Factors?:

ABSTRACT: Using large-sample, archival data from the state of South Carolina’s juvenile justice agency, we examine the question of race differences in predictors of repeat offending for a sample of approximately 100,000 youth who had been referred for criminal offenses. Independent variables relating to background, adverse parenting, mental health, school-related disabilities, and features of first offenses contributed to more than 25% of the variance in recidivism for both Black and White youth. Male gender, eligibility for free or reduced school lunch, diagnoses based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), placement in Child Protective Services, and school identification as having a classification of emotional or behavioral disorders or learning disabilities were all predictive of juvenile recidivism. In addition, early age of first offense, status offenses, and being prosecuted for a first offense were significant predi...
Reply to Parkes

to the editor: Please note that on page 973 of our manuscript ([1][1]) we outlined our justification for attempting to quantify the ventilatory equivalent of the hypercapnia that accompanied the afferent blockade. Surely, it is obvious that the accompanying hypercapnia must prevent some further
Close Linkage of the Genes serC (for Phosphohydroxy Pyruvate Transaminase) and serS (for Seryl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase) in Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Escherichia coli strain K28, isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, was found to be auxotrophic for serine. It was also temperature sensitive for growth as a result of producing an altered seryl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (EC 6.1.1.11, l-serine: tRNA ligase [AMP]). The auxotrophy was caused by a mutation in the structural gene for phosphohydroxy-pyruvate transaminase (serC), which was distinct from, but closely linked to, the structural gene for seryl-tRNA synthetase (serS). We conclude that the relevant genes are in the order gal-serS-serC-aroA.
The influence of resting membrane potential on the effect of verapamil on atria.

The negative inotropic effect of verapamil was examined in isolated rat and guinea-pig atria derived from reserpinized animals. If atria were depolarized by increasing the extra-cellular content of potassium by 20 mm, contractions ceased. Contractions could be restored by increasing the stimulus intensity or by adding catecholamines. In previous studies, developed tension in potassium-depolarized preparations treated with catecholamines has been found to be unusually sensitive to verapamil. The purpose of this study was to determine whether depolarization per se, fast channel inactivation, or catecholamine effects are responsible for the increased sensitivity of depolarized atria to verapamil. The experimental approach was to restore contractions in depolarized atria by increasing the intensity of electrical stimuli; catecholamines were not added. Verapamil diminished developed tension much more in atria bathed in elevated potassium than in atria bathed in normal potassium. On the other hand, the effectiveness of verapamil was not influenced if fast sodium channels were blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that membrane depolarization potentiates the ability of verapamil to decrease calcium influx during the action potential. This result does not require the presence of catecholamines and does not involve fast sodium channels. The influence of membrane depolarization on the effectiveness of verapamil may also be responsible for the previously described observation that verapamil decreases developed tension to a greater extent if the stimulating frequency (i.e. frequency of depolarization) is increased.