cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Tem Plan View Sections on Specific Devices Using the Tripod Polisher

Plan view or “top down” sections of specific sites for TEM analysis can be prepared by mechanically polishing the specimen with the Tripod Polisher. This technique produces plan view sections with a large area available for TEM analysis that encompasses the specific site. Because the sample is mechanically polished, the problem of surface topography due to non uniform thinning is minimized.
There is no correlation between erectile dysfunction and dose to penile bulb and neurovascular bundles following real-time low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose We evaluated the relationship between the onset of erectile dysfunction and dose to the penile bulb and neurovascular bundles (NVBs) after real-time ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials One hundred forty-seven patients who underwent prostate brachytherapy met the following eligibility criteria: ( 1 ) treatment with 125 I brachytherapy to a prescribed dose of 160 Gy with or without hormones without supplemental external beam radiation therapy, ( 2 ) identification as potent before the time of implantation based on a score of 2 or higher on the physician-assigned Mount Sinai Erectile Function Score and a score of 16 or higher on the abbreviated International Index of Erectile Function patient assessment, and ( 3 ) minimum follow-up of 12 months. Median follow-up was 25.7 months (range, 12–47 months). Results The 3-year actuarial rate of impotence was 23% (34 of 147 patients). An additional 43% of potent patients (49 of 113 patients) were using a potency aid at last follow-up. The penile bulb volume receiving 100% of the prescription dose (V 100 ) ranged from 0–0.05 cc (median, 0 cc), with a dose to the hottest 5% (D 5 ) range of 12.5–97.9 Gy (median, 40.8 Gy). There was no correlation between penile bulb D 5 or V 100 and postimplantation impotency on actuarial analysis. For the combined right and left NVB structures, V 100 range was 0.3–5.1 cc (median, 1.8 cc), and V 150 range was 0–1.5 cc (median, 0.31 cc). There was no association between NVB V 100 or V 150 and postimplantation impotency on actuarial analysis. Conclusion Penile bulb doses are low after real-time ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy. We found no correlation between dose to either the penile bulb or NVBs and the development of postimplantation impotency.
Posterior Lumbar Vein Off the Retrohepatic Inferior Vena Cava: A Novel Anatomical Variant With Surgical Implications

Purpose: Resection of tumors involving the inferior vena cava requires vascular control of posteriorly draining lumbar veins to ensure a bloodless field. Surgical texts and atlases assert that lumbar veins do not insert into the inferior vena cava superior to the renal hilum. However, at our institution we have encountered patients undergoing inferior vena cava tumor thrombectomy who have a posterior lumbar vein cephalad to the renal veins. Since this represents an unrecognized source of hemorrhage, we investigated the frequency of a superior lumbar vein in cadaveric dissection.Materials and Methods: Retroperitoneal cadaveric dissection of the inferior vena cava was done to assess the frequency of a lumbar vein draining into the inferior vena cava cephalad to the renal veins.Results: Of the 49 cadaveric dissections performed 19 (38.8%) showed a single posterior lumbar vein between the diaphragm and the renal hilum. Of these 19 cadavers 15 (78.9%) were male. This vein was located an average ± SD of 7.4 ± 0...
Bioinformatics and the Undergraduate Curriculum

Recent advances involving high-throughput techniques for data generation and analysis have made familiarity with basic bioinformatics concepts and programs a necessity in the biological sciences. Undergraduate students increasingly need training in methods related to finding and retrieving information stored in vast databases. The rapid rise of bioinformatics as a new discipline has challenged many colleges and universities to keep current with their curricula, often in the face of static or dwindling resources. On the plus side, many bioinformatics modules and related databases and software programs are free and accessible online, and interdisciplinary partnerships between existing faculty members and their support staff have proved advantageous in such efforts. We present examples of strategies and methods that have been successfully used to incorporate bioinformatics content into undergraduate curricula.
Consistency of overlapping batch variances

When the simulation point estimator is the sample variance, its standard error can be estimated using batch variances, which are analogous to batch means for the standard error of the sample mean. We suggest a modification to the definition of OBV for analytical tractability and to improve its statistical properties. We discuss conjectures about when overlapping batch variances (OBV) is consistent. In particular, we argue that OBV seems likely to be consistent (almost) whenever overlapping batch means (OBM) is consistent. Both the definition modification and the consistency conjecture seem relevant to all overlapping batch statistics (OBS) estimators where the point estimator can be interpreted as the mean of a related stochastic process.
Robust Classification Under Sample Selection Bias

In many important machine learning applications, the source distribution used to estimate a probabilistic classifier differs from the target distribution on which the classifier will be used to make predictions. Due to its asymptotic properties, sample reweighted empirical loss minimization is a commonly employed technique to deal with this difference. However, given finite amounts of labeled source data, this technique suffers from significant estimation errors in settings with large sample selection bias. We develop a framework for learning a robust bias-aware (RBA) probabilistic classifier that adapts to different sample selection biases using a minimax estimation formulation. Our approach requires only accurate estimates of statistics under the source distribution and is otherwise as robust as possible to unknown properties of the conditional label distribution, except when explicit generalization assumptions are incorporated. We demonstrate the behavior and effectiveness of our approach on binary classification tasks.
Self-Evaluation Processes: Motives, Information Use, and Self-Esteem

At least three motives guide self-evaluation: accuracy, self- enhancement, and self-improvement. To satisfy these motives, self-evaluation may utilize different information sources. Self-esteem may also moderate self- evaluation strategies. Participants evaluated the frequency and usefulness of eight types of information for meeting the three motives in two life domains: academics and social life. Personal standards information was reported to be used more frequently than objective or social comparison information and also perceived as most useful for meeting all three motives. Individuals low in self- esteem reported using more social comparison information than those high in self-esteem, especially upward social comparison information. Individu- als with high self-esteem reported using personal standards information more often than they used social comparison information, while individuals with low self-esteem relied equally often on these two types of information. Dis- cussion focuses on the role social comparison information may have for those with unstable self-concepts.
Electromagnetic effects induced by the Space Station

Several mechanisms that can cause electric (E) and magnetic (B) field contaminations of the Space Station environment are described. The level of E and B fields generated by some of these mechanisms, such as the motion of the vehicle across the ambient magnetic field B/sub 0/ and the 20-kHz leakage currents and charges, can be controlled by proper design considerations. On the other hand, there are some mechanisms that are inherent in the interaction of large vehicles with the plasma, and their contributions to E and B fields probably cannon be controlled; these include plasma waves in the wake and ram directions and the effects of the volume current generated by the ionization of the neutrals. The interaction of high-voltage solar cell arrays with plasma is yet another rich source of E and B fields, and it is probably uncontrollable. Wherever possible, quantitative estimates of E and B are given. >
Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in surficial sediment, trapped settling material, and suspended particulate material in Lake Michigan, USA

A unique time series of surface sediment, trapped settling material, and suspended particulate material polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) samples were collected at a 45-m deep site off Grand Haven (MI, USA) over a 14-month period. Both concentrations and congener distributions remained constant for the sediments, although there were seasonal and interannual variability in the other matrices. Trapped settling material and suspended particulate material PCB concentrations were substantially lower (50%) in 1997 than in the samples from December 1997 through July 1998. The cause could not be determined from the data collected, but there were some very large storms during the winter-spring period of 1998, resulting in major sediment resuspension throughout the southern basin. Observed seasonal variation in PCB concentration and congener distribution on particles likely was due to the changes in particle composition. These include particle size and the source of particles (such as the amount of resuspended sediment in trapped settling material), and the role of diagenesis of the organic matter on particles.
Case Study Teaching.

This chapter describes the history of case study teaching, types of cases, and experimental data supporting their effectiveness. It also describes a model for comparing the efficacy of the various case study methods.
Biophysical signatures of noncovalent aggregates formed by a glucagonlike peptide‐1 analog: A prototypical example of biopharmaceutical aggregation

ABSTRACT: LY307161 is a 31 amino acid analog of glucagonlike peptide-1(7-37)OH susceptible to physical instability associated with pharmaceutical processing. Orthogonal biophysical studies were conducted to explore the origins of this physical instability and to distinguish pharmaceutically desirable states of this aggregating peptide from undesirable ones. Equilibrium sedimentation analysis established that LY307161 exists as a monomer at pH 3, and reversibly self-associates in the pH range 7.5–10.5. Causative factors for physical instability related to lyophilization conditions were investigated. Solution pH, acetonitrile content, and concentration of the peptide prior to lyophilization each impacted physicochemical properties of the resultant powders. A comparative study of two powder samples exhibiting physicochemically disparate properties established that LY307161 forms soluble noncovalent aggregates. FT-IR analyses in the solid and solution states identified a prominent band at 1657–1659 cm −1 attributed to α-helix structure. Noncovalent soluble aggregate exhibited characteristic bands at 1615 and 1698 cm −1 indicative of intermolecular β-sheet structure. An agitation-induced, precipitated solid form of LY307161 exhibited a different FT-IR signature indicative of a conformationally distinct species. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, together with dynamic light scattering measurements and dye-aggregate complexation, provided additional insights into the distinctions between aggregated and native LY307161. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Explanation in Legal Scholarship: The Inferential Structure of Doctrinal Analysis

This paper aims to understand the logic that underlies a familiar type of legal scholarship, in which the author purports to explain or render intelligible some legal doctrine or area of law in terms of an end or rationale. Loosely speaking, the argument is that some doctrine is "all about" some end. This form of argument is familiar but undertheorized, so this paper draws from the philosophy of science, particularly the notion of inference to the best explanation (IBE), to clarify the underlying rhetorical strategy of doctrinal legal scholarship. One way of making IBE arguments with reference to legal doctrine might be to employ Dworkin's method of seeking coherence with a political community's moral principles. Many legal scholars deny that they are methodologically indebted to Dworkin, but the burden may be on them to articulate a non-moral sense in which their proposed explanation is the best one. Criteria from IBE argments in the natural sciences, such as simplicity, consilience, fruitfulness, and even explanatory "loveliness" may therefore play a role in evaluating theoretical legal arguments.
Absorption, carrier lifetime, and gain in InAs-GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors

Quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are being studied extensively for mid-wavelength and long-wavelength infrared detection because they offer normal-incidence, high-temperature, multispectral operation. Intersubband absorption, carrier lifetime, and gain are parameters that need to be better characterized, understood, and controlled in order to realize high-performance QDIPs. An eight-band k/spl middot/p model is used to calculate polarization-dependent intersubband absorption. The calculated trend in absorption has been compared with measured data. In addition, a Monte-Carlo simulation is used to calculate the effective carrier lifetime in detectors, allowing the calculation of gain in QDIPs as a function of bias. The calculated gain values can be fitted well with experimental data, revealing that the gain in these devices consists of two mechanisms: photoconductive gain and avalanche gain, where the latter is less dominant at normal operating biases.
Beyond First Impressions: The Effects of Repeated Exposure on Consumer Liking of Visually Complex and Simple Product Designs

This article presents an experiment examining the effects of stimulus complexity on consumers' aesthetic preferences. The results suggest that preferences for visually complex product designs tend to increase with repeated exposure, while preferences for visually simple product designs tend to decrease with repeated exposure. In addition, the results suggest thatperceived complexity partially mediates the exposure-preference relationship. The authors discuss implications of these findings for market researchers conducting aesthetic product design concept tests, as well as more basic research on the affective impact of repeated exposure.
Precise localization and nucleotide sequence of the two mouse mitochondrial rRNA genes and three immediately adjacent novel tRNA genes

Abstract The complete DNA sequence of the ribosomal RNA region of mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA has been determined. Genes for the small (12S) and large (16S) rRNAs have been precisely located by direct sequencing of the termini of the two mature rRNAs. A comparison of the lengths (956 and 1582 nucleotides) and terminal sequences of the mature rRNAs with the DNA coding sequences indicates that mouse mt rRNAs are not spliced. Computer analysis of the complete DNA sequence has identified three potential transfer RNA genes. A gene for phenylalanine tRNA is located immediately adjacent to the 5′ end of the 12S rRNA gene, a valine tRNA gene occupies the entire region between the 12S and 16S rRNA genes and a leucine tRNA gene is located immediately adjacent to the 3′ end of the 16S gene. Hybridization of 32 P-labeled, tRNA-sized mtRNA to selected DNA restriction endonuclease fragments from the rRNA region confirms the existence of small, abundant mtRNAs transcribed from these DNA sequences. All three tRNA genes and both rRNA genes are transcribed from the heavy strand of mtDNA. The mt rRNA sequences exhibit notable homologies to other rRNAs and, in particular, to those of E. coli. Within the 3′ terminal 50 nucleotides, the mouse mt 12S rRNA contains a potential 10 bp hairpin structure and a sequence of 15 consecutive nucleotides common to the RNA of the small ribosomal subunit in all systems, but does not contain the mRNA binding site (ACCUCC) found in E. coli and corn chloroplast rRNAs. The mt tRNA genes do not have the 3′ terminal CCA sequence encoded in the DNA, nor do they contain any intervening sequences. Two of the three tRNAs would lack many features which are known to be strictly conserved in all other nonorganelle tRNAs which have been sequenced. The fact that all the genes in this region are directly contiguous with at most one intervening nucleotide suggests that the entire region is transcribed into a polycistronic precursor RNA which is processed by endonucleolytic cleavages. The organization of the genes of the rRNA operon of mouse mtDNA, when compared to the organization of rRNA and tRNA genes in bacterial or eucaryotic nuclear genomes, provides evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis of the biogenesis of mammalian mitochondria.
High-level macro-modeling and estimation techniques for switching activity and power consumption

We present efficient techniques for estimating switching activity and power consumption at the register-transfer level (RTL), using a combination of macro-modeling for datapath blocks, and control logic analysis techniques based on partial delay information. Previous work on estimating switching activity and power at the RTL has ignored the presence of glitches at various datapath and control signals. We demonstrate that glitches can form a significant component of the switching activity at signals in typical RTL circuits. In particular, for control-flow intensive designs, we show that the controller substantially affects the activity and power consumption in the datapath due to the presence of glitches at control signals. Since the final implementation of the controller is not available during high-level design iterations, we develop techniques that estimate glitching activity at control signals using control expressions and partial delay information. For datapath blocks that operate on word-level data, we construct piecewise linear models that capture the variation of output glitching activity and power consumption with various word-level parameters like mean, standard deviation, spatial and temporal correlations, and glitching activity at the block's inputs. For RTL blocks that operate on bit vectors that need not have an associated word-level value, we present accurate bit-level modeling techniques for glitching activity as well as power consumption. This allows us to perform accurate power estimation for control-flow intensive circuits, where most of the power consumed is dissipated in non-arithmetic components like multiplexers, registers, vector logic operators, etc. Experimental results on several RTL designs demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed estimation techniques. Our RTL power estimator produced estimates that were within 7% of those produced by an in-house power analysis tool on the final gate-level implementation, while being over 50/spl times/ faster than its gate-level counterpart.
Gains from manipulating social choice rules

Gibbard–Satterthwaite analysis is extended by examining the size of the potential gains that can be achieved from manipulation.
An Advanced Collaborative Framework for Micro Assembly

This paper discusses the development of an advanced information modeling approach linked to the use of virtual and physical resources to support the rapid assembly of micro devices. An enterprise (engineering) modeling language (eEML) is used to create this information model. An advanced micro assembly work cell is described which is interfaced to the information model and VR based assembly environment.
The influence of environmental water on the hydrogen stable isotope ratio in aquatic consumers

Aquatic food webs are subsidized by allochth- onous resources but the utilization of these resources by consumers can be difficult to quantify. Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen (deuterium:hydrogen; dD) potentially distin- guish allochthonous inputs because dD differs between terrestrial and aquatic primary producers. However, appli- cation of this tracer is limited by uncertainties regarding the trophic fractionation of dD and the contributions of H from environmental water (often called ''dietary water'') to consumer tissue H. We addressed these uncertainties using laboratory experiments, field observations, modeling, and a literature synthesis. Laboratory experiments that manipu- lated the dD of water and food for insects, cladoceran zooplankton, and fishes provided strong evidence that tro- phic fractionation of dD was negligible. The proportion of tissue H derived from environmental water was substantial yet variable among studies; estimates of this proportion, inclusive of lab, field, and literature data, ranged from 0 to 0.39 (mean 0.17 ± 0.12 SD). There is a clear need for additional studies of environmental water. Accounting for environmental water in mixing models changes estimates of resource use, although simulations suggest that uncertainty about the environmental water contribution does not sub- stantially increase the uncertainty in estimates of resource use. As long as this uncertainty is accounted for, dD may be a powerful tool for estimating resource use in food webs.
Deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers for linear elasticity

Extensions of deflation techniques previously developed for the Poisson equation to static elasticity are presented. Compared to the (scalar) Poisson equation (J. Comput. Phys. 2008; 227(24):10196–10208; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2010; DOI: 10.1002/nme.2932; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Biomed. Engng 2010; 26(1):73–85), the elasticity equations represent a system of equations, giving rise to more complex low-frequency modes (Multigrid. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2000). In particular, the straightforward extension from the scalar case does not provide generally satisfactory convergence. However, a simple modification allows to recover the remarkable acceleration in convergence and CPU time reached in the scalar case. Numerous examples and timings are provided in a serial and a parallel context and show the dramatic improvements of up to two orders of magnitude in CPU time for grids with moderate graph depths compared to the non-deflated version. Furthermore, a monotonic decrease of iterations with increasing subdomains, as well as a remarkable acceleration for very few subdomains are also observed if all the rigid body modes are included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Axiom of Determinacy implies dependent choices in L (R)

We prove the following Main Theorem: ZF+AD+V=L(R)⇒DC. As a corollary we have that Con(ZF+AD)⇒Con(ZF+AD+DC). Combined with the result of Woodin that Con(ZF+AD)⇒Con(ZF+AD+¬AC^ω) it follows that DC (as well as AC^ω) is independent relative to ZF+AD. It is finally shown (jointly with H. Woodin) that ZF+AD+¬DC_R, where DC_R is DC restricted to reals, implies the consistency of ZF+AD+DC, in fact implies R^# (i.e. the sharp of L(R)) exists.
Coverage and Connectivity Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks [33,34] have inspired tremendous research interest in since the mid-1990s. Advancement in wireless communication and microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) have enabled the development of low-cost, lowpower, multifunctional, tiny sensor nodes that can sense the environment, perform data processing, and communicate with each other untethered over short distances. A typical wireless sensor network consists of thousands of sensor nodes, deployed either randomly or according to some predefined statistical distribution, over a geographic region of interest. A sensor node by itself has severe resource constraints, such as low battery power, limited signal processing, limited computation and communication capabilities, and a small amount of memory; hence it can sense only a limited portion of the environment. However, when a group of sensor nodes collaborate with each other, they can accomplish a much bigger task efficiently. One of the primary advantages of deploying a wireless sensor network is its low deployment cost and freedom from requiring a messy wired communication backbone, which is often infeasible or economically inconvenient. Wireless sensor networks ensure a wide range of applications [2], starting from security surveillance in military and battlefields, monitoring previously unobserved environmental phenomena, smart homes and offices, improved healthcare, industrial diagnosis, and many more. For instance, a sensor network can be deployed in a remote island for monitoring wildlife habitat and animal behavior [25], or near the crater of a volcano to measure temperature, pressure, and seismic activities. In many of these applications the environment can be hostile where human
Inversion Based Multibody Control - Launch Vehicle with Fuel Slosh

ics under consideration were fully actuated. The dynamics we consider in this paper, are that of a critically underactuated system. The dynamic inversion-based nonlinear control algorithm presented in this paper will account for the coupled dynamics of interconnected rigid bodies. Specifically, the controller regulates engine angle of a vehicle by operating on the engine gimbal torque in the presence of fuel slosh. The controller uses an estimate of the slosh dynamics provided by a reduced-order observer. We compare the performance / stability improvements offered by high-fidelity controllers (those designed for a multi-body vehicle including slosh) over low-fidelity controllers (those designed for a multi-body vehicle but without regard for slosh dynamics). We use the proposed design procedure to simulate a controller that can actively damp slosh using additional thrusts.
Termination of Larval Diapause-Like Condition in Attagenus megatoma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) by Low Temperature

The period of suppressed growth and development that occurs in the latter half of the larval stage of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.), was significantly shortened when 4.5-month-old larvae were held for 6, 8, or 10 weeks at 15°C and subsequently maintained at 26°C. Periods of 2 or 4 weeks at 15°C were not effective in terminating this dispause-like condition. The low-temperature treatments were effective with both fed and starved larvae. However, cooling of starved larvae at 4°C was detrimental to subsequent diapause development. Since growth was nil at 15°C, morphogenesis and diapause development are apparently separate processes in this dermestid beetle. Diapause development proceeded faster after cooling, but also took place in larvae held at a constant temperature and in continuous darkness.
Finite Element Analysis of the Fiber Twist Test

Interface and torsional shear stresses in the fiber twist test (FTT) were computed using the ABAQUS finite element program. Interface stress singularities were compared with an elasticity solution for the torsion of a fiber embedded in an elastic half space. Single fiber composite systems having perfectly bonded interfaces and fiber/matrix shear modulus ratios of G{sub f}/G{sub m} = 1--3 were considered. The decay rates and depths of the interface shear stress {delta}{sub r{theta}} and the torsional shear stress {delta}{sub Z{theta}} in the fiber and matrix were evaluated for each G{sub f}/G{sub m} ratio.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Behavior Problems

A community-based cohort of 829 school-aged, 8-11 year-old, children was studied at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, to assess the behavioral outcomes of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), ranging from primary snoring to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Effect of hypothalamic lesions on steroid-induced atrophy of adrenal cortex in the dog.

Summary1. Normal dogs, dogs with lesions of the median eminence, and dogs with lesions elsewhere in the brain were subjected to left adrenalectomy, then treated with hydrocortisone for 14 days and their right adrenals removed. Some of the animals received 50 mg of hydrocortisone for a day and the remainder received 6.25 mg every other day. 2. Normal dogs showed a 20% decrease in adrenal weight and histologic atrophy on the larger steroid dose, while the smaller dose produced no weight change, being just sufficient to prevent the expected compensatory adrenal hypertrophy. 3. Dogs with destruction of the median eminence of the hypothalamus show no atrophy of the left adrenal removed one month after their lesions were produced, and the same degree of decline in adrenal weight after administration of the larger dose of steroid as the controls. On the other hand, they show a 9% decrease in adrenal weight on the smaller dose of hydrocortisone. 4. Dogs with hypothalamic lesions sparing the median eminence show e...
Roles of Capsid-Interacting Host Factors in Multimodal Inhibition of HIV-1 by PF74

ABSTRACT The viral capsid of HIV-1 interacts with a number of host factors to orchestrate uncoating and regulate downstream events, such as reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and integration site targeting. PF-3450074 (PF74), an HIV-1 capsid-targeting low-molecular-weight antiviral compound, directly binds to the capsid (CA) protein at a site also utilized by host cell proteins CPSF6 and NUP153. Here, we found that the dose-response curve of PF74 is triphasic, consisting of a plateau and two inhibitory phases of different slope values, consistent with a bimodal mechanism of drug action. High PF74 concentrations yielded a steep curve with the highest slope value among different classes of known antiretrovirals, suggesting a dose-dependent, cooperative mechanism of action. CA interactions with both CPSF6 and cyclophilin A (CypA) were essential for the unique dose-response curve. A shift of the steep curve at lower drug concentrations upon blocking the CA-CypA interaction suggests a protective role for CypA against high concentrations of PF74. These findings, highlighting the unique characteristics of PF74, provide a model in which its multimodal mechanism of action of both noncooperative and cooperative inhibition by PF74 is regulated by interactions of cellular proteins with incoming viral capsids. IMPORTANCE PF74, a novel capsid-targeting antiviral against HIV-1, shares its binding site in the viral capsid protein (CA) with the host factors CPSF6 and NUP153. This work reveals that the dose-response curve of PF74 consists of two distinct inhibitory phases that are differentially regulated by CA-interacting host proteins. PF749s potency depended on these CA-binding factors at low doses. In contrast, the antiviral activity of high PF74 concentrations was attenuated by cyclophilin A. These observations provide novel insights into both the mechanism of action of PF74 and the roles of host factors during the early steps of HIV-1 infection.
The Development and Application of a High Temperature Spacer DCG-150

A high temperature spacer,DCG-150,was developed using a high molecular weight suspension agent,diatomaceous earth and a weighting material,for the effective displacement of cement in deep wells.This space was stable at 150 ℃ and its densities were adjustable between 1.1-1.8 g/cm3.Filter loss of the spacer can be controlled less than 50 mL.The spacer had good compatibility with cement slurries and drilling fluids,improving the displacement of cementing slurries.The application of this spacer in 15 wells in Daqing oilfield was satisfactory.
Multi-Round Anonymous Auction Protocols

SUMMARY Auctions are a critical element of the electronic commerce infrastructure. But for real-time applications, auctions are a potential problem – they can cause significant time delays. Thus, for most real-time applications, sealed-bid auctions are recommended. But how do we handle tie-breaking in sealed-bid auctions? This paper analyzes the use of multi-round auctions where the winners from an auction round participate in a subsequent tie-breaking second auction round. We perform this analysis over the classical first-price sealed-bid auction that has been modified to provide full anonymity. We analyze the expected number of rounds and optimal values to minimize communication costs.
Dynamical Processes in Random Media

A large number of percolation problems have now been thoroughly studied [1]. Most of these problems are either static in nature, such as cluster topology and structure, or of a steady-state type, such as electrical conductivity or diffusion on percolating clusters. In this paper, I discuss some aspects of dynamical percolation problems which appear to exhibit new and rich phenomena. Various portions of this work were performed in collaboration with L. de Arcangelis, A. Coniglio, H.J. Herrmann, J. Koplik and D. Wilkinson. I also thank Schlumberger-Doll Research for their support and hospitality during a leave where portions of this work were performed.
Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective C–H Arylation of Cyclic and N,N-Dialkyl Benzamides with Boronic Acids by Weak Coordination

We disclose a general method for selective ortho-C–H arylation of cyclic and N,N-dialkyl benzamides with boronic acids enabled by versatile ruthenium(II) complexes. This method features a general C–H arylation of ubiquitous aromatic tertiary benzamides by weak O-coordination. The transformation is characterized by its operational simplicity, the use of inexpensive, air-stable Ru(II) catalysts, scalability, and wide substrate scope. The reaction proceeds with high monoarylation selectivity to furnish valuable tertiary amide biaryls. Most crucially, the method provides the long-sought alternative to the classic directed-ortho-metalation (DoM) strategy, obviating the need for cryogenic conditions and strong lithium bases.
Reengineering Fuzzy XML into Fuzzy Database Models

Since the simplicity and flexibility of eXtensible Markup Language (XML), it has become the lingua franca for data exchange on the Web. Also, in order to deal with imprecise and uncertain information in many real-world applications, fuzzy XML has been extensively investigated as introduced in Chap. 3. However, XML brings some limitations, e.g., it may be difficult to store various data in a semantics way because of the semi-structured characteristic of XML. As we have known, fuzzy databases such as fuzzy relational databases and fuzzy object-oriented databases can store a large set of semantic information. Therefore, there is an increasing need to reengineer fuzzy XML into fuzzy database models, which may satisfy the needs of storing fuzzy XML data in fuzzy databases. In this chapter, we focus on reengineering fuzzy XML into fuzzy database models, including fuzzy UML data models, fuzzy relational database models, and fuzzy object-oriented database models.
Infantile Spasms and Biotinidase Deficiency

Two patients who developed infantile spasms at 1 month of age and were found to have biotinidase deficiency are reported from the Hacettepe Children’s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
Faraday rotation measurement with the SMAP radiometer

Faraday rotation is an issue that needs to be taken into account in remote sensing of parameters such as soil moisture and ocean salinity at L-band. This is especially important for SMAP because Faraday rotation varies with azimuth around the conical scan. SMAP retrieves Faraday rotation in situ using the ratio of the third and second Stokes parameters, a procedure that was demonstrated successfully by Aquarius. This manuscript reports the performance of this algorithm on SMAP. Over ocean the process works reasonably well and results compare favorably with expected values. But over land, the inhomogeneous nature of the scene results in much noisier, and in some case unreliable, estimates of Faraday rotation.
Silk Road: The market beyond the reach of the state

Between February 2011 and October 2013, Silk Road operated the largest and most sophisticated anonymous online marketplace for illegal drugs. More than a business venture, it was designed for anarcho-capitalist resistance to state power. The primary research question of this inquiry is: Can a stable market, defying the state, emerge under conditions of online anonymity? The article shows that Silk Road was built on a contradiction. On the one hand, strong cryptographic anonymity was embraced because it facilitated hiding from the state. On the other hand, the very same cryptographic anonymity made it difficult to impose rules and create a stable market. Silk Road sought to cultivate subcultural norms to ensure proper behavior in face of anonymity but they were not strong enough to control the behavior enabled by its architecture.
Cholesterol and Caffeine Modulate Alcohol Actions on Cerebral Arteries and Brain

Excessive alcohol consumption constitutes a major public health problem and a risk factor for neurological disease. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge on modulation of alcohol effects on cerebral arteries and brain function by two common dietary components: caffeine and cholesterol. Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant, which is often mixed with alcohol. Caffeine–alcohol mixtures confer feelings of wakefulness and seem to counteract the loss of cognitive function driven by alcohol consumption. Mixing caffeine with alcohol has been proposed as neuroprotective, with mechanisms including enhanced generation of nitric oxide in cerebral arteries. However, caffeine masks several signs of alcohol intoxication and increases health risks associated with alcohol intake. Cholesterol is a key lipid component of Western diets. While cholesterol modulation of alcohol effects on cognition and behavior remains unstudied, both decreased and increased cholesterol levels in the cerebral artery wall protect against alcohol-induced vasoconstriction. Possible mechanisms of this protection are discussed.
The Hemodynamic Effects of Aortic Insufficiency in Patients Supported With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Abstract Background The impact of aortic insufficiency (AI) on the morbidity and mortality of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients remains controversial. This study's aim was to assess the hemodynamics of LVAD patients with at least mild AI, at baseline and in response to device speed changes. Methods and Results Asymptomatic LVAD patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent a hemodynamic and echocardiographic ramp study. Hemodynamics at rest and in response to device speed changes were compared between patients with at least mild AI at their baseline speed and patients without AI. Fift-five patients were enrolled in the study, and 42% had AI. The AI group had higher baseline central venous pressure (11 ± 5 vs 8 ± 5 mm Hg; P = .03), higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (16 ± 6 vs 12 ± 6 mm Hg; P = .02) and lower pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPI) (2.3 ± 1.3 vs 3.6 ± 2.4; P = .01). Cardiac index (CI) increased and PCWP decreased in both groups by similar degrees during the ramp study. AI worsened in 78% of patients during the ramp study. Conclusions LVAD patients with at least mild AI have increased filling pressures and reduced PAPI. Normalization of filling pressures can be achieved by increasing LVAD speed; however, this concomitantly worsens AI severity. The long-term hemodynamic consequences of this approach are unknown.
Rhyolite Use during the Fluted Point Period in New England and Southern Québec

ABSTRACTFine-grained volcanic materials, often simply called rhyolites, appear frequently in the chipped stone assemblages of fluted point sites throughout New England and the Maritime provinces of...
Deformation of the Douglas till, northwestern Wisconsin

The bed-deformation model asserts that a glacier can move by pervasively shearing its bed to strains sufficiently large to account for most glacier motion (>100). Although commonly invoked, this hypothesis has never been unequivocally tested using the geologic record. In this study, laboratory fabric-strain calibrations are used to evaluate strain magnitude and shear direction in the Douglas till of northwestern Wisconsin and to thereby test elements of the bed-deformation hypothesis. The Douglas till is a clay-rich basal till deposited by a late-Wisconsinan advance of the Superior lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet. This till contains unusual pebble fabrics that lie transverse (NW-SE) to the regional ice-flow direction (NE-SW), as indicated by flutes. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) was measured along eight vertical profiles through the Douglas till at 0.2 m intervals, and AMS fabrics were computed from principal directions of magnetic susceptibility. Sand-particle fabrics and microshear orientations were also measured in one of these profiles. AMS data were interpreted using results of ring-shear experiments, which demonstrated that strong, flow-parallel fabrics (steady-state S1 eigenvalue of 0.83) develop in the Douglas till at a shear strain of ~20. AMS fabrics are generally strong (63% of S1 ≥ 0.83), indicating that most of the till has been sheared to a strain ≥ ~20. Sand-particle and AMS fabrics were similarly oriented, and microshears indicate fabric development was subglacial, rather than in shearing basal ice. Major variations in fabric orientation and strength occur laterally over distances of a few meters and with depth over decimeters, indicating that the till
Imaging of the Critically Ill Patient

For reasons of cost-effectiveness, time savings, and, most importantly, patient safety, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are being performed more frequently in the intensive care unit (ICU) at the patient’s bedside. This development is not surprising, because the transport of patients to other areas of the hospital, the “road trip,” may be associated with risks that should not be undertaken without a judicious assessment of the risk:benefit ratio of the test. Some of the adverse events that have occurred during these transports include delays in the administration of medication, equipment malfunction, malposition of the patient’s endotracheal tube, and cardiopulmonary arrest.1,2 Although the implementation of a specially trained ICU transport team has been shown to reduce these complications, there is a trend to avoid the risks altogether by doing as much imaging in the ICU as possible.1,3,4 To that end, the following includes a discussion of the most commonly performed imaging procedures in the intensive care environment.
5 – UNSATURATED FLOW

A zone in subsurface where water and air coexist is called vadose zone, and flow in the vadose zone is called unsaturated flow. This chapter reviews steady-state and transient-state unsaturated flow in random porous media of multispace dimensions. Unsaturated flow processes play an important role to determine the pathway of a contaminant plume before it reaches the aquifer—particularly in semiarid and arid regions where the vadose zone is several tens to several thousands of meters thick. In an unsaturated system, flow equations are nonlinear because the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity depends on the pressure head. A steady-state flow is divided into two flow regimes—spatially nonstationary flow and gravity-dominated flow. The transient unsaturated flow in statistically nonhomogeneous porous media is described by the Richards equation. The approach of Kirchhoff transformation is also discussed in the chapter, which attempts to avoid or delay the linearization procedure required to formulate moment equations. Moment partial differential equations for transient, unsaturated flow in nonstationary media are presented in the chapter with several examples.
Ultrafine Powders of Oxide and Non-Oxide Ceramic Materials and Their Sinterability

Ultrafine powders of ceramic materials have been prepared by the decomposition of organometallic complexes, 1,2 thermal decomposition, 3,4 vapor deposition or pyrolysis of inorganic polymers. 5 Processes beginning with preparation of the necessary organometallic complexes from commercially available inorganic salts (using hydrolytic methods which have been fully developed) have already been shown to have numerous advantages over other techniques in the preparation of highly pure and homogenous ceramic powders. 6,7 Thus, we have synthesized our ceramic metal oxides, 8, 9, 10 as well as our nitrides 11,12 and carbides 13 by methods along these lines. In this article we will summarize some of the general characteristics of these processes for the preparation of ultrafine (<100A) and ultra- pure (99.99%) ceramic oxides, nitrides, and carbides, among which are A1203, Y203, zyttrite, Al203-Zr02 eutectic, mullite, various spinels, AIN, amorphous Si3N4, α-Si3N4 s’-sialon, and s’-SiC. We will also report on the sinterability of these materials at or below 1500°C.
Vatican I. The council and the making of the ultramontane church

With this book on Vatican I, Jesuit historian John O’Malley has completed the trilogy (initiated with What Happened at Vatican II, 2008, and continued Trent. What Happened at the Council, 2013) on ...
Influence of Cable Terminal Floating Potential Defect on Electric Field

To research the influence of floating potential defect on electric field distribution, an electric field simulation software applying the finite element method was adopted to establish a simulation model for computing the electric field distribution around the cable terminal. The influence of different lengths of defects on the maximum electric field are analyzed. Oscillation wave partial discharge test system was established. The results show that the maximum electric field intensity of the defect area increases with the increasing of the length of the metal plate first, then decreases, and finally increases. The maximum electric field intensity increases linearly with the changing of the cable core voltage, and the maximum electric field value exceeds the design value. Oscillatory wave test results show that floating potential defect can easily make electric field aberrant and lead to significant PD phenomenon, verifying that the electric field simulation result is correct.
Effects of Voltage and Temperature Variations on the Electrical Masking Capability of Sub-65 nm Combinational Logic Circuits

Single Event Transients (SETs) induced from radiation strikes on an integrated circuit (IC) can be masked electrically by logic gates while propagating through the circuit towards a storage element (e.g., flip-flop). With the continuous scaling of CMOS technology, there are simultaneous reductions in voltage, cell size, and internal capacitances that impact the properties of the gates. The combined impact causes a reduction in the electrical masking capability of the gates. The reduction in electrical masking means that transients are more likely to reach the storage elements. In addition, variations in voltage and temperature could enhance the propagation of transient towards the storage elements. This paper describes the effects of temperature and voltage variations on the electrical masking of sub-65 nm combinational logic circuits. The worst-case temperature increases the SET pulsewidth by 57.6%. The worst-case voltage increases the SET pulsewidth by 51.2%. The pulses are therefore less likely to be masked electrically.
Consultant Corner: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and abdominal aortic dissection are two causes of abdominal pain that have the potential to cause immediate and severe morbidity and mortality. AAA may range from asymptomatic to rapidly fatal. Emergency providers should be prepared to manage patients with decompensating aortic disease and should work to disposition them to early definitive care. Emergency providers should have contact information readily available for vascular surgery teams that can be rapidly mobilized in the event of an aortic catastrophe. Permissive hypotension for patients with aortic rupture can be lifesaving. Patients with a family history of AAA are predisposed to AAA, as are patients with peripheral arterial aneurysms. AAAs smaller than 5 cm in women and 5.5 cm in men are frequently managed nonoperatively.