cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporate Leadership and Inherited Beliefs about Gender Roles

Some U.S. firms have women directors and executives, while many do not. We seek to explain this heterogeneity. Using U.S. Census data from 1900, we find that firms in regions with populations originating from countries with more gender-egalitarian beliefs have more women executives and directors, and more women chairing important board committees. These same regions also have more women in the labor market and in STEM occupations, and lower gender-pay gaps. Our findings show that regional differences in beliefs about gender roles are persistent and have significant impacts on corporate leadership and the labor market.
Measurements of charm, bottom, and Drell-Yan via dimuons in p+p and p+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV with PHENIX at RHIC

Abstract Dilepton spectra are a classic probe to study ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. At RHIC energies, the dimuon continuum is dominated by correlated pairs from semi-leptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons and the Drell-Yan process. The dimuon spectra contain information on heavy flavor angular correlations, which can constrain the relative contributions from different heavy flavor production mechanisms. Studying heavy flavor correlations in p+Au collisions may provide further insight on cold nuclear matter effects. Measurements of the Drell-Yan cross-section can provide constraints to PDFs, as well as further our understanding in initial state interactions in p+Au collisions. In this talk, we report measurements of μμ pairs from charm, bottom, and Drell-Yan in p+p and p+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . A further shape analysis is applied to the heavy flavor pair correlations to extract the relative contributions to heavy flavor production mechanisms.
An Adaptive Impedance Matching Transmitter for a Wireless Intraoral Tongue-Controlled Assistive Technology

A robust wireless communication is critical for wireless intraoral devices since it is adversely affected by the external radio frequency (RF) interference and impedance variations of the transmitter (Tx) antenna in the dynamic mouth environment. We present a three-band (27 MHz, 433 MHz, and 915 MHz) Tx with an adaptive antenna impedance matching system for a wireless intraoral tongue controlled assistive technology (AT), the intraoral tongue drive system (iTDS), to establish a robust wireless link between the intraoral device and an external receiver (Rx). With a built-in super-regenerative receiver (SR-Rx), the Tx can switch the carrier frequency to avoid RF interference without the users’ involvement. The upper two bands, 433 MHz and 915 MHz, are equipped with adaptive matching networks and a matching algorithm to automatically correct impedance variations of the Tx antenna without any assistance from off-chip components. The Tx chip was fabricated in a 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process. Measurement results show the tuning range of the proposed network can cover up to VSWR = 4 with 4.7 dB and 3.8 dB output power improvement at 433 MHz and 915 MHz, respectively.
Iteration Methods with Multigrid in Energy for Eigenvalue Neutron Diffusion Problems

AbstractIn this paper we present nonlinear multilevel methods with multiple grids in energy for solving the k-eigenvalue problem for multigroup neutron diffusion equations. We develop multigrid-in-...
The Impact of Minor-Groove N2-Alkyl-2′-deoxyguanosine Lesions on DNA Replication in Human Cells

Endogenous metabolites and exogenous chemicals can induce covalent modifications on DNA, producing DNA lesions. The N2 of guanine was shown to be a common alkylation site in DNA; however, not much is known about the influence of the size of the alkyl group in N2-alkyldG lesions on cellular DNA replication or how translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases modulate DNA replication past these lesions in human cells. To answer these questions, we employ a robust shuttle vector method to investigate the impact of four N2-alkyldG lesions (i.e., with the alkyl group being a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl group) on DNA replication in human cells. We find that replication through the N2-alkyldG lesions was highly efficient and accurate in HEK293T cells or isogenic CRISPR-engineered cells with deficiency in polymerase (Pol) ζ or Pol η. Genetic ablation of Pol ι, Pol κ, or Rev1, however, results in decreased bypass efficiencies and elicits substantial frequencies of G → A transition and G → T transversion mutation...
Applications of high power lasers

The use of computer generated, reflection holograms in conjunction with high power lasers for precision machining of metals and ceramics was investigated. The Reflection holograms which were developed and made to work at both optical wavelength (He-Ne, 6328 A) and infrared (CO2, 10.6) meet the primary practical requirement of ruggedness and are relatively economical and simple to fabricate. The technology is sufficiently advanced now so that reflection holography could indeed be used as a practical manufacturing device in certain applications requiring low power densities. However, the present holograms are energy inefficient and much of the laser power is lost in the zero order spot and higher diffraction orders. Improvements of laser machining over conventional methods are discussed and addition applications are listed. Possible uses in the electronics industry include drilling holes in printed circuit boards making soldered connections, and resistor trimming.
12 – Active Indexing

Publisher Summary In image information retrieval, an important issue is how to index image objects, so that the visual objects can be accessed quickly and certain actions can be performed automatically. This chapter introduces the active index for content-based image information retrieval. The dynamic nature of the active index is its most important characteristic. The main applications of the active index are to prefetch image and multimedia data, and to facilitate similarity retrieval. The experimental active index system is also described in the chapter. The fundamental building block of an active cell is an index cell (IC). In implementing the experimental active index system, each cell is provided with an internal memory. Theoretically, the internal memory and the internal state together define the true state of the index cell. In practice, it is more convenient to have an internal working memory, so that the cells can cope with different situations flexibly.
Tomato seed value chain analysis and seed conditioning among seed companies in Uganda

Tomatoes increase nutritional food security and income among Ugandan smallholder farmers who have limited access to high quality seed. The objective of this study was to analyze the current tomato ...
Locked into Emissions: How Mass Incarceration Contributes to Climate Change:

The phenomenon of mass incarceration has dramatically altered the economic and infrastructural landscape of the United States. These changes have numerous implications regarding the use of fossil f...
Pilot Study of a Self-Administered Hypnosis Intervention for Functional Dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a chronic disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract that currently lacks substantially effective therapy options. AIMS To evaluate the feasibility and potential impact on FD symptoms and well-being of a fully automated gut-directed hypnosis intervention delivered via audio recordings. METHODS FD patients were enrolled at a single medical center and given access to a password-protected website where they completed 7 bi-weekly audio-recorded hypnosis sessions over a 3-month period. Study questionnaires including the Patient assessment of upper gastrointestinal symptom severity index, Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index, the Visceral Sensitivity Index, and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) were completed online pre-treatment, mid-treatment, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Of 23 enrolled patients (18 females; mean age = 38 years), 96% completed the entire treatment program and 3-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses showed significant improvement at both end of treatment and 3-month follow-up in dyspepsia severity and quality of life, as well as in gut-specific anxiety and psychological distress. 68% of treatment completers reported that their FD symptoms were improved. Improvement in FD severity was significantly positively correlated with baseline PAGI-SYM total scores and BSI Global Severity Index scores. CONCLUSIONS The fully automated hypnosis audio treatment program, which requires no therapist or clinician involvement, demonstrated excellent feasibility and resulted in significant improvement in FD symptoms, quality of life and emotional well-being. The results indicate that the intervention has high potential as adjunctive therapy for FD and warrants further investigation in a randomized controlled trial.
Multistate life table with duration dependence: an application to Hungarian female marital history.

Multistate life table methods have been recognized as an excellent tool in the analysis of many types of transitions. Yet demographers have never been completely satisfied with the Markovian assumption and have stressed the importance of population heterogeneity. In marital status analysis, for example, the time spent in the current status is thought to be of first importance in determining transitions, but computational problems linked to the introduction of duration prevented any estimation of the bias in life table calculations arising from its omission. Building on recent developments in multistate demography, and using data from the 1984 Hungarian microcensus, this paper analyzes the impact that the introduction of duration-specific transitions has on the results of a multistate life table analysis of marital dissolution. The results show that the inclusion of duration has its greatest impact on the distribution of the stationary population between ages 25 and 35.
Junction characteristics of silicon solar cells.

Precise values of the reverse saturation currents in solar cells and magnitudes of the diffusion and recombination components have been obtained. The recombination current as well as leakage current due to shunting are shown to be nonuniform across the cell and to be responsible for up to 30% loss in efficiency for the average cell in a Jupiter-type environment. Models are given demonstrating the effect of recombination and shunting currents on dark and light characteristics of solar cells.
Adolescent Non-Coital Sexual Activity: Comparisons of Virgins and Non-Virgins

This study examined non-coital sexual activity among youth who did and did not experience adolescent sexual intercourse. A sample of 148 female and 57 male participants (ages 18 to 21) from 4 Midwestern public and private colleges and a metropolitan Planned Parenthood agency completed an anonymous questionnaire about their sexual activity during adolescence. Items included sexual behaviors, risk taking, psychosocial motivations and reactions, influences, and demographic factors. Findings revealed that non-coital sex was common among both virgins and non-virgins, and the rates (including those for oral sex) were similar for males and females. Among virgins, total abstainers (from all interactional sexual intimacy) came from a lower socioeconomic status, had fewer social/dating opportunities, lacked a viable relationship, and had lower grades. Two subgroups of virgins, those who came close to intercourse and those who did not, differed only on social/dating opportunities; of those who came close but did not...
The structure of the leaf and peristome of Holomitriopsis laevifolia (Broth.) H. Robins. illustrated with scanning electron microscopy

The vegetative and sporophytic features of Holomitriopsis that distinguish this genus from Schistomitrium and from Leucobryum are discussed and illustrated using scanning electron microscopy.
Attosecond timing jitter characterization of mode-locked lasers using optical heterodyne techniques

We demonstrate timing jitter characterization of mode-locked lasers with attosecond-resolution using optical heterodyne techniques. The measured integrated jitter for a free-running mode-locked Er:Yb:glass laser was found below 20 as from 10 kHz to 5 MHz.
Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions

If the boundary of a computational domain coincides with a true physical boundary, an appropriate boundary condition can generally be derived from physical principles and can be implemented in a numerical model with relative ease. It is, for example, easy to derive the condition that the fluid velocity normal to a rigid boundary must vanish at that boundary, and if the shape of the boundary is simple, it is easy to impose this condition on the numerical solution. More serious difficulties may be encountered if the computational domain terminates at some arbitrary location within the fluid. When possible, it is a good idea to avoid artificial boundaries by extending the computational domain throughout the entire fluid. Nevertheless, in many problems the phenomena of interest occur in a localized region, and it is impractical to include all of the surrounding fluid in the numerical domain. As a case in point, one would not simulate an isolated thunderstorm with a global atmospheric model just to avoid possible problems at the lateral boundaries of a limited domain. Moreover, in a fluid such as the atmosphere there is no distinct upper boundary, and any numerical representation of the atmosphere’s vertical structure will necessarily terminate at some arbitrary level.
Adjustment of electrolytes and water following premature birth; with special reference to edema.

Many premature infants are born with an edema which is probably the expression of a physiologic mechanism common to all and intensified in some. Clinical observation has shown this to be a disabling condition and prejudicial to survival. Measures which assist its removal, if otherwise safe, may be advantageous even to prematures in whom edema is not severe enough to be visible. Conversely, procedures likely to augment an edema already present might tend to produce it in nonedematous babies. This investigation has shown an association between manifest edema, an increased breakdown of body protein, and relatively large amounts of Na and K in the urine. All these changes characterize the phase between birth and feeding. Whether or not edema is present, K is rapidly reaccumulated when feeding is begun, and its replenishment reaches an amount considerably above that present at birth. Disappearance of the edema is accompanied by losses of Na and Cl. These alterations occur whether or not water is administered and are ultimately proportional to the amount of edema originally present. Edema usually clears in a day or two but may occasionally persist for a week or more. The time of its disappearance, like the mechanism of its presence, is governed by unknown, perhaps endocrinologic factors. It could not be "washed out" of the body by an increased water intake in the one infant subjected to that procedure. There is every reason to believe its presence would be increased or prolonged by administration of sodium-containing solutions. On the other hand, since K appears to be present in relative insufficiency at premature birth, we propose to investigate the possible advantages of providing added K in early feedings. The clinical implications of the N balances are not clear. In this clinic, the problem is at present met by allowing no intake whatever for as long as four days after birth, the time being governed by the degree of edema. The excess body water and much of the excess Na are usually removed during this phase. Reduction of body weight by as much as 20% may occur, and the concentration of extracellular fluid becomes significantly increased. On the other hand, danger from aspiration is avoided, and when intake is ultimately begun, the organism is no longer encumbered by edema. Should it be possible in the future to facilitate readjustment of body chemistry by early oral administration of specially designed solutions, the resultant advantages would still have to be weighed against the aspiration hazard.
Assessing Goodness of Fit in Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The author identifies 3 main purposes of conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). and their different requirements on goodness-of-fit assessment. For a better understanding of fit indices, he...
Physiological energetics and biogeographic range limits of three congeneric mussel species

Closely related species with different physiological tolerances and distributions make ideal systems for documenting range shifts in response to a changing climate. Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus, and M. galloprovincialis are sibling species of marine mussels with distinct biogeographical ranges that are correlated with sea surface temperatures. We determined the scope for growth of these three species at a range of temperatures to determine if energetics could predict their distributions. Scope for growth (SFG) represents energy available for growth and/or reproduction above that necessary for maintenance requirements. The SFG of M. galloprovincialis, the species known to inhabit the warmest habitats, was shifted towards warmer temperatures compared to the other two species, remaining positive until nearly 30 °C. M. edulis, a cold-temperate species, maintained a positive SFG up to 23 °C. M. trossulus, a boreal species, generally was not able to maintain a positive SFG above 17 °C. The warm end of each species' range correlated strongly with the point at which that species' SFG became negative in summer and fall. Energetics at cold temperatures did not predict the cold end of the species' ranges, as there was no clear SFG advantage to explain the dominance of M. trossulus in cold habitats. As sea surface temperatures continue to warm with climate change, the energetics of these three species provide a basis for developing mechanistic models predicting future distribution and productivity changes in mussel populations.
Ontogeny of expression of the genes for steroidogenic enzymes P450 side-chain cleavage, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase, and P450 aromatase in fetal mouse gonads.

It is well known that fetal androgens are required for male sexual differentiation, and it is thought that fetal ovaries are not steroidogenically active. However, molecular details, such as which steroidogenic enzymes are present in fetal testes and which enzymes are absent in fetal ovaries, have not been established. The pattern of expression of the genes that encode four of the steroidogenic enzymes necessary for androgen and estrogen production was examined during fetal development in mouse gonads. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc), 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4-isomerase (3 beta HSD), P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (P450c17), and P450 aromatase (P450arom) was determined before ovaries and testes were distinguishable (13 days postconception) and during sexual differentiation (15, 17, and 20 days postconception) using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). A PCR assay for Sry was used to determine gender on da...
The Role of Information and Computer Technology for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Facial Expression Wonderland (FEW)

AbStrAct Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs). Significant deficitsin the children with ASD include lack of social communicationskills and cognitive dysfunction. This paper reviews and evaluates the influence of different kinds of InformationandComputer Technology (ICT) applications that facilitate intervention and training for children with ASD. This paper also presents a novel design prototype, Facial ExpressionWonderland(FEW), to train the children with ASD based on the progres-sive levels of training under a given background context. This prototype is designed to improve the ability of the ASD children in facial expression recognition. (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In addition, most ASD children have certain ex-tent of mental retardation. Typically, in daily life these children lack social communication skills to interact with others and are often seen as social outcasts. For instance, ASD children, like most children, might not have eye contact with others during an inter-person conversa-tion. Others could misinterpret this manner as rude behavior when meeting these children for the first time. Additionally, they are highly
Eagle syndrome: an incidental finding in a trauma patient: a case report.

Abstract Background Eagle syndrome is a rare condition characterized by an elongated styloid process that occasionally irritates or disrupts adjacent anatomical structures. Although this is well known in the literature, it is rarely on the forefront of the clinician's mind. In the trauma patient, awareness of Eagle syndrome and knowledge of the anatomy associated with it may help differentiate symptoms secondary to acute injury from the chronic symptoms of this syndrome. Objectives To review the diagnostic and treatment modalities related to Eagle syndrome and its associated anatomical structures germane to the trauma patient. Case Report A 42-year-old African American man presented with neck, face, head, and back pain after being assaulted. The patient noted that he had a long history of foreign body sensation on the right side of his neck with occasional difficulty swallowing. On physical examination, the patient was found to have a solitary, 1-cm laceration in the left parietal scalp. The physical examination was unremarkable other than scalp hematoma and laceration. Computed tomography scans of the head, face, and cervical spine were negative for acute injury other than a small scalp hematoma, and a markedly enlarged right styloid process, measuring approximately 8 cm, with ossification of the stylohyoid ligament to the level of the hyoid bone. Conclusion In the trauma patient, awareness of Eagle syndrome and knowledge of the anatomy associated with it may help differentiate symptoms secondary to acute injury from the chronic symptoms of this syndrome.
MORTALITY OF JUVENILE DAMSELFISH: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSING PROCESSES THAT DETERMINE ABUNDANCE

We examined the effects of variation in intra- and intercohort density on the magnitude and form of per capita juvenile mortality rates of three species of damselfish (Dascyllus spp.) at Moorea, French Polynesia. Patterns of mortality over a 2-wk period were estimated from daily counts of new settlers and of the next older age class (<1 mo old) following a natural settlement pulse to standard amounts of suitable microhabitat. Two spatial scales were explored: among 11 lagoon sites dispersed evenly around the 60-km perimeter of the island and among microhabitats within a site. For each species at both spatial scales, per capita mortality rates of new settler cohorts increased monotonically with density, whereas those of the next older cohort were density independent. Intra- and especially intercohort processes induced density-dependent mortality in new settler cohorts. Despite experimental densities that were only 15–25% of ambient, ∼50% of the spatial variance in settler abundance was reduced by density-dependent mortality in 2 wk. The relative contributions of primary recruitment limitation and subsequent density-dependent loss in setting the average abundance of 2-wk-old recruits were estimated to be ∼70% and ∼12%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that density-dependent mortality may only occur for a brief period immediately after settlement of at least some reef fishes and that its influence can be relatively large at comparatively low densities. These results have major implications for current assessments of the relative importance of the processes that drive abundance and dynamics of species with demographically open populations.
Clinical nurse specialists' perceptions of work patterns, outcomes, desires, and emerging trends.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored clinical nurse specialists’ (CNSs’) perceptions of work patterns, outcomes, desires, and emerging trends in practice. BACKGROUND: Clinical nurse specialists transform patient care toward high-quality, cost-effective outcomes, but the role includes multiple dimensions contributing to role confusion. METHODS: Using qualitative methods, 12 CNSs were interviewed for perceptions of their role in healthcare today. Data reduction and confirmability strategies were used in data analysis. RESULTS: Work patterns included office activities, patient rounds, working with nurses, attending meetings, and supporting quality improvement initiatives. Outcomes included safer patient care, getting patients the resources they need, transforming nurses, and meeting the quality metrics. An emerging trend was increased involvement in research. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical nurse specialists perceive the role to be important in driving change and transforming nursing care towards high-quality clinical outcomes.
Ligand induced stabilization of the melting temperature of the HSV-1 single-strand DNA binding protein using the thermal shift assay

We have adapted the thermal shift assay to measure the ligand binding properties of the herpes simplex virus-1 single-strand DNA binding protein, ICP8. By measuring SYPRO Orange fluorescence in microtiter plates using a fluorescence-enabled thermal cycler, we have quantified the effects of oligonucleotide ligands on the melting temperature of ICP8. We found that single-stranded oligomers raise the melting temperature of ICP8 in a length- and concentration-dependent manner, ranging from 1°C for (dT)5 to a maximum of 9°C with oligomers ⩾10 nucleotides, with an apparent Kd of <1μM for (dT)20. Specifically, the results indicate that ICP8 is capable of interacting with oligomers as short as 5 nucleotides. Moreover, the observed increases in melting temperature of up to 9°C, indicates that single-strand DNA binding significantly stabilizes the structure of ICP8. This assay may be applied to investigate the ligand binding proteins of other single-strand DNA binding proteins and used as a high-throughput screen to identify compounds with therapeutic potential that inhibit single-strand DNA binding. As proof of concept, the single-strand DNA binding agent ciprofloxacin reduces the ligand induced stabilization of the melting temperature of ICP8 in a dose-dependent manner.
In situ measurements of the spectral emittance of coal ash deposits

Abstract The spectral emittance of deposits left by bituminous and sub-bituminous coals under oxidizing conditions have been measured in situ . Pulverized coal is injected into a down-fired entrained-flow reactor. Ash accumulates on a probe in the reactor effluent and radiation emitted by the ash layer is recorded using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Values for the spectral emissive power emitted by the ash and the surface temperature of the ash are extracted from these data. These results are then used to calculate the spectral emittance of the deposit. The spectral emittances of ash deposits formed by burning Illinois #6 (bituminous) coal and Powder River Basin (sub-bituminous) coal were measured between 3000 and 500 wavenumbers. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the bituminous coal has a constant value of approximately 0.46 between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers. Between 2200 and 1200 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of the deposit increases from approximately 0.47 to approximately 0.61. Between 1200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance is relatively constant at 0.61. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the sub-bituminous coal is also relatively constant between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers at a value of 0.29. Between 2200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of deposits from the sub-bituminous coal increases from approximately 0.29 to 0.55. Differences between these spectral emittance measurements and those measured ex situ illustrate the importance of making in situ measurements. Band emittances were calculated using the measured spectral emittances, and band emittances of the deposits are reported as functions of temperature.
Value and Value‐Judgements in Economics: Rugina's Contribution

I first met Professor Rugina in 1974 at the annual meeting of the History of Economics Society in Cambridge, Massachusetts. On that occasion, he proposed that one session of future meetings be devoted to the problem of values and value‐judgements in economics. I supported that proposition, and a lasting friendship was struck.
Locus control regions: coming of age at a decade plus.

Abstract The β-globin locus control region (LCR) is the founding member of a novel class of cis -acting regulatory elements that confer high level, tissue-specific, site-of-integration-independent, copy number-dependent expression on linked transgenes located in ectopic chromatin sites. Knowledge from β-globin and other LCR studies has shed light on our understanding of the long-range interaction between enhancers and promoters, the relationship between chromatin conformation and transcriptional regulation, and the developmental regulation of multiple gene loci. After over a decade of investigation and discovery, we take a retrospective look at the β-globin LCR and other LCRs, summarize their properties and review models of LCR function.
Multi-material microstereolithography.

We have previously described the development of a microstereolithography (µSL) system using a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) for dynamic pattern generation and an ultraviolet (UV) lamp filtered at 365 nm for crosslinking a photoreactive polymer solution. The µSL system was designed with x–y resolution of approximately 2 µm and a vertical (z) resolution of approximately 1 µm (with practical build limitations on vertical resolution of approximately 30 µm due to limitations on controlling UV penetration in z). The developed µSL system is capable of producing real three-dimensional (3D) microstructures, which can be employed in applications such as microfluidics, tissue engineering, and various functional microsystems. Many benefits will potentially be derived from producing multiple material microstructures in µSL, and one particular application area of interest is in producing multi-material microscaffolds for tissue engineering. In the present work, a method for multi-material µSL fabrication was developed using a syringe pump system to add a material to a small, removable vat designed specifically for the multi-material µSL system. Multi-material fabrication was accomplished using a material changeover process that included manually removing the vat, draining the current material, rinsing the vat, returning the vat to the system, and finally dispensing a prescribed volume in the vat using the syringe pump. Layer thicknesses of approximately 30 µm were achieved using this process. To demonstrate this system, several multi-material microstructures were produced to highlight the capability of this promising technology for fabricating 3D functional, multi-material microstructures with spatial control over placement of both material and structure.
Boundary Layer Control for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Using a Secondary-Flow Path System

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have typically lower efficiency compared to their horizontal counterparts (HAWTs), but are attractive for places where taller structures are prohibited, as well as for regions where available wind speeds are lower. For HAWTs, the blades are always perpendicular to the incoming wind, providing a continuous thrust throughout the rotation. Contrary to HAWTs, VAWTs have advancing blades and retreating blades, where blades backtrack against the wind, causing lower efficiency. Hence, any modifications that can be made to improve the efficiency of VAWTs can be beneficial to the wind industry. Passive flow control permits the airfoil geometry to be modified by means of grooves or slots without requiring heavy mechanisms or actuators. Hence, this form of boundary layer control seems advantageous for wind turbines, so that minimal amount of maintenance is required, while complexity of the turbine is not significantly increased. Such modification changes the boundary layer over an airfoil reducing flow separation and reversed flow. This study introduces a new form of passive flow control: Secondary-flow control system, which works on the principle of mass removal, eliminating flow separation at different apparent angles of attack in a VAWT. CFD analysis is used to investigate passive flow control for the airfoils NACA8H12 and LS0417 in a three-bladed VAWT configuration. A secondary flow path is initially designed and optimized in a single airfoil configuration, and then used to adjust the wind turbine blade design. The effects of secondary-flow control system in a VAWT design configuration are investigated by comparison with the non-modified airfoil design. The CFD results indicate that secondary-flow path system can be used to modify and control the boundary layer for a wind turbine. It is believed that secondary-flow control system incorporated in VAWT design has potential for improving turbine efficiency. Further research should be conducted to optimize the secondary-flow path system according to the shape of the airfoil in a 3D VAWT configuration, so that blades interference can be captured.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A reassessment of post-depositional remanent magnetism: preliminary experiments with natural sediments

Abstract Realignment of magnetic grains below the sediment–water interface is thought to impart a post-depositional remanent magnetization (pDRM). However, there is little convincing evidence in the published literature that pDRM is the dominant mechanism by which sediments become magnetized. We report here preliminary results from two kinds of laboratory experiments designed to investigate whether post-depositional reorientation of magnetic particles is likely to occur in nature. In the first experiment, we monitored changes in the magnetization of natural sediments in response to changing laboratory fields. Our results are inconsistent with post-depositional reorientation of magnetic particles. In a second experiment, we put live worms in a multi-core tube with the original sediment–water interface intact. Remagnetization was only observed in samples taken from a mound of fecal pellets formed at the surface. These pellets had been suspended by a worm, and redeposited in the laboratory field. The other samples, which were not resuspended, but nonetheless bioturbated by the worms, showed no change in magnetization. Our preliminary results do not support the hypothesis that post-depositional reorientation occurs in natural, undisturbed sediments below the sediment–water interface.
Linear Codes and the Existence of a Reversible Hadamard Difference Set inZ2×Z2×Z45

Linear codes overGF(5) are utilized for the construction of a reversible abelian Hadamard difference set inZ2×Z2×Z45. This is the first example of an abelian Hadamard difference set in a group of order divisible by a primep?1 (mod 4). Applying the Turyn composition theorem, one obtains abelian difference sets and Hadamard matrices of Williamson type of order 4×54n×p4n11×?×p4nttwheren, n1, ?, ntare arbitrary non-negative integers and eachpiis a prime,pi?3 (mod 4).
Pseudo-Outbreak of Aspergillus niger Reinforces Need for Consistent Infection Control Practices in Construction

PROJECT: Upon review of the positive Aspergillus niger cultures, it was evident that the patients were dispersed throughout the hospital. Cases were reviewed with Infectious Disease who agreed that these patients did not appear to have clinical evidence of disease. Construction was occurring at this time only in the laboratory. Infection Control and Infectious Disease inspected the laboratory with the lab supervisor. In the plating area of Bacteriology, a veil of heavy dust was found on the walls, ceiling vent and outside the laminar flow hood. Upon inspection of the construction site, the door was observed to be open to the laboratory, a slit was apparent in the gauze that covered the vent dispelling air out into the laboratory and uncovered equipment was being transferred out of the construction area. Environmental Services was asked to wet mop the entire plating area including walls. The construction supervisor was informed of positive sputum cultures and of compliance concerns involving the construction area. Construction was halted in this area until the construction crew could effectively vacuum, seal the vent and replace the sticky door mats with wet mats to absorb more dust. The supervisor also sealed the door proximal to the laboratory and instructed flow to occur through a distal door for the remaining construction period. Environmental cultures were collected. Twenty-one patient’s sputum cultures were contaminated with Aspergillus niger. There have been no further positive Aspergillus niger cultures after above actions were taken. The last false positive culture occurred on December 13, 2006.
915 DEFICIENCY OF HELPER T CELLS IN TRANSIENT HYPOGAMMA-GLOBULINEMIA

Ten infants with transient hypogammaglobulinemia were studied to define the cellular basis of their IgG deficiency. The number of circulating B cells were assessed by direct immunofluorescence and was normal in all 10 children. The capacity of mononuclear cells to secrete IgG and IgM following in vitro stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was assessed using a reverse hemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. Cells from all 10 children were deficient in their capacity to generate IgG PFC (1004 ± 543/106 cells vs. 6542 ± 5614/106 cells for normal controls; p<0.0]) but not IgM PFC. T cells and their subsets were enumerated using monoclonal antibodies to T cells (T8), helper/inducer T cells (T4), and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (T8). All ten patients were found to be selectively deficient in T4+ cells (19.6 ± 5.1% vs. 37 ± 4% for normal controls; p <.01) but not in T3+ cells or T8+ cells. The capacity of the patients' mononuclear cells to release T cell helper factor (a polyclonal B cell activator) following stimulation with PWM and tetanus toxoid antigen was markedly decreased compared to normal controls. Coculture of patients' and parental lymphocytes did not result in suppression of IgG synthesis (mean observed value 134 ± 59% of expected value). These results suggest that a deficiency of helper T cells underlies the IgG deficiency in transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.
Hybrid vehicle potential assessment. Volume 7. Hybrid vehicle review

Review of hybrid vehicles built during the past ten years or planned to be built in the near future is presented. An attempt is made to classify and analyze these vehicles to get an overall picture of their key characteristics. The review includes onroad hybrid passenger cars, trucks, vans, and buses.
FREQUENCY OF MILK EXPRESSION BY MOTHERS OF PREMATURE NEONATES AND MILK PRODUCTION

Although many mothers delivering prematurely wish to provide expressed milk for their infants, their milk volume is reported to be low. We therefore investigated the relationship between frequency of expression and milk output in 25 healthy mothers of premature infants(GA27to37wks). Mothers expressed milk from day 5 to day 11 postpartum based on card selection, either ⩾4 times/day or ⩽3 times/day using an electric pump. Based on a second card selection, milk expression was either maintained at the same frequency or changed to the opposite frequency for a second week. On days 11 and 18 all milk expressed was quantitated. Of the 25 mothers studied, 9 changed expression frequency from ⩾4 times/day to ⩽3 times/day or vice versa, while 9 expressed at the same frequency both weeks. Of the 7 remaining women, 5 withdrew because their infants began directly nursing and 2 because they chose not to complete the study. Milk production by the 9 mothers who alternated from frequent to infrequent expression(5) or vice versa(4) demonstrated that frequent expression was associated with a significantly (p<.02) greater milk volume than infrequent expression. Of the 9 mothers who expressed at the same frequency both weeks (1 frequent, 8 infrequent), all had a decline in milk production from week 1 to week 2. The 1 frequent expresser produced the largest milk volumes (651ml and 424ml respectively) in this group. Thus, a low cost, noninvasive method of enhancing milk production by mothers of non-nursing, prematurely delivered infants is to encourage frequent milk expression.
Short-Term Exposure To Jp-8 Jet Fuel Results in Longterm Immunotoxicity:

Chronic exposure to jet fuel has been shown to have adverse effects on human liver function, to cause emotional dysfunction, to cause abnormal electroencephalograms, to cause shortened attention spans, and to decrease sensorimotor speed. Due to the decision by the United States Air Force to implement the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is both critical and necessary. Exposure to potential environmental toxicants such as JP-8 may have significant effects on host systems beyond those readily visible (i.e., physiology, cardiology, respiratory, etc.); e.g., the immune system. Previous studies have shown that short-term, low concentration JP-8 exposure had significant effects on the immune system, which should have serious consequences for the exposed host in terms of susceptibility to infectious agents. If these alterations in immune function were long-lasting, it might also result in an increased likelihood of development and/or progression of cancer, as well as autoimmune disease. In the current study, mice were exposed for 1 h/day for 7 days to a moderate (1000 mg/m3) and a high (2500 mg/m3) concentration of aerosolized JP-8 jet fuel to stimulate occupational exposures. One to 28 days after the last exposure the mice were analyzed for effects of the exposure on their immune systems. It was observed that decrease in viable immune cell numbers and immune organ weights found at 24 h after exposure persisted for extended periods of time. Further, JP-8 exposure resulted in significantly decreased immune infection, as analyzed by mitogenesis assays, which persisted for up to 4 weeks post-exposure. Thus, short-term exposure of mice to JP-8 jet fuel caused significant toxicological effects on the immune system, which were long-lasting and persistent. It appears that the immune system may be the most sensitive indicator of toxicological damage due to JP-8 exposure. Such long-term changes in immune status may have significant effects on the health of the exposed individual.
Social Mechanisms and Causal Inference

Several authors have claimed that mechanisms play a vital role in distinguishing between causation and mere correlation in the social sciences. Such claims are sometimes interpreted to mean that without mechanisms, causal inference in social science is impossible. The author agrees with critics of this proposition but explains how the account of how mechanisms aid causal inference can be interpreted in a way that does not depend on it. Nevertheless, he shows that this more charitable version of the account is still unsuccessful as it stands. Consequently, he advances a proposal for shoring up the account, which is founded on the possibility of acquiring knowledge of social mechanisms by linking together norms or practices found in a society.
The many flavors of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: insights from transgenic and inhibitor-based mouse models of disrupted one-carbon metabolism.

Mouse models that perturb homocysteine metabolism, including genetic mouse models that result in deficiencies of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, methionine synthase, methionine synthase reductase, and cystathionine β-synthase, and a pharmaceutically induced mouse model with a transient deficiency in betainehomocysteine methyl transferase, have now been characterized and can be compared. Although each of these enzyme deficiencies is associated with moderate to severe hyperhomocyst(e)inemia, the broader metabolic profiles are profoundly different. In particular, the various models differ in the degree to which tissue ratios of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine are reduced in the face of elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine, and in the distribution of the tissue folate pools. These different metabolic profiles illustrate the potential complexities of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia in humans and suggest that comparison of the disease phenotypes of the various mouse models may be extremely useful in dissec...
A novel version of the computer microscope for the quantitative analysis of biological structures: application to neuronal morphology.

Abstract Three-dimensional spatial information depicting neuronal trajectories has been acquired utilizing a video version of the computer-microscope. The data input system consisted of a closed-circuit TV camera which transferred the microscope image to a TV screen, upon which a digitized cursor was electronically generated. The position of the cursor, under manual control, was related to the X and Y coordinates of a data point. A multiple-turn potentiometer was attached to the fine-focus control for recording the third (Z) dimension. In addition, a topological identifier (code) was assigned to each data point for purposes of structuring the data. Appropriate computer (FORTRAN) programs utilized these data to provide graphic displays of the neuronal topology and to obtain statistical parameters which described the branching characteristics of the axons and dendrites.
Application of Bayesian model averaging in modeling long-term wind speed distributions

Accurate estimation of wind speed distribution is critical to the assessment of wind energy potential, the site selection of wind farms, and the operations management of wind power conversion systems. This paper proposes a new approach for deriving more reliable and robust wind speed distributions than conventional statistical modeling approach. This approach combines Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods. The derived BMA probability density function (PDF) of the wind speed is an average of the model PDFs included in the model space weighted by their posterior probabilities over the sample data. MCMC method provides an effective way for numerically computing marginal likelihoods, which are essential for obtaining the posterior model probabilities. The approach is applied to multiple sites with high wind power potential in North Dakota. The wind speed data at these sites are the mean hourly wind speeds collected over two years. It is demonstrated that indeed none of the conventional statistical models such as Weibull distribution are universally plausible for all the sites. However, the BMA approach can provide comparative reliability and robustness in describing the long-term wind speed distributions for all sites, while making the traditional model comparison based on goodness-of-fit statistics unnecessary.
Carbon/Phenolic Nanocomposites as Advanced Thermal Protection Material in Aerospace Applications

Ablative nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into phenolic resin and then impregnating them into rayon-based carbon fabric. MWCNT were blended into phenolic resin at 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% loadings using a combination of sonication and high shear mixing to insure uniform dispersion of MWCNT. The composite test specimens were tested by using an oxyacetylene test bed (OTB) applying a heat flux of 1000 W/cm2 for duration of 45 seconds. Composite specimens with 2 wt% MWCNT showed reduction in mass loss, recession in length, and in situ temperatures compared to control composites.
Tuberculosis IRIS: a mediastinal problem.

We present a case of a 39-year-old male patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) who developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) treatment. The inflammatory response resulted in mediastinal necrotic lymphadenopathy and subsequent perforation of the esophageal wall.