cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional/physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of ground meat from broilers reared under different photoperiods.

Long photoperiods are used in the broiler industry to maximize animal performance, though the impact on meat quality remains poorly understood. The current study evaluated the impact of photoperiod on functional/physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of meat through broiler processing. Ross 308 broilers (n = 432) were randomly assigned to 4 photoperiod treatments (hours in L = light, D = dark): 20L:4D, 18L:6D, 16L:8D, or 12L:12D with 6 pens per treatment. At 42 D of age, 2 broilers per pen (n = 12 per treatment) were harvested under standard conditions. Broiler tenderloin (M. Pectoralis minor) and leg muscles were removed at 1 D postmortem and frozen/stored at -40°C. After 24 h thawing at 2°C, the samples were deboned, ground, and formed into patties in 3 independent batches. Photoperiod had no impact on pH, water-holding capacity, textural profile, meat emulsion activity index, and thiol content (P > 0.05). The patties from 12L:12D and 16L:8D had lower CIE b∗ (yellowness) values than 18L:6D and 20L:4D (P < 0.05), whereas 12L:12D had lower chroma (color intensity) values than other treatments (P < 0.05). The meat from 20L:4D exhibited lower sarcoplasmic protein solubility than other treatments (P < 0.05), whereas both 20L:4D and 18L:6D exhibited lower total protein solubility than 12L:12D (P < 0.05). Higher transmission values (indication of protein denaturation) were observed in 20L:4D than in other treatments (P < 0.05), whereas 12L:12D also maintained lower values than both 18L:6D and 16L:8D (P < 0.05). There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between photoperiod and display storage on 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, where the patties from 12L:12D maintained less lipid oxidation compared with the patties from other treatments. Results of this study suggest photoperiod has limited impact on meat quality attributes, though rearing broilers with a 12L:12D lighting schedule may be beneficial in reducing protein denaturation and improving lipid stability.
On the Foundations of the Poetry of Life

Let me begin with an attempt to justify, at least in principle, what I am about to do. To put it briefly (though negatively), I would say that my purpose here is neither to consider Hopkins’s poetry in general nor even to examine what he accomplished in some of his poems. Rather, what I propose to present is a metaphysical analysis in outline, if by “metaphysical” one understands what pertains to the lived conditions that render possible either actually experienced facts or accessible phenomena.
Type- IV sacrococcygeal teratoma presenting as acute urinary retention in a one year old child

Abstract Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most common neoplasm occurring in neonatal age group. It is classified in to 4 types depending on its anatomical extent. Type IV is the least common type, confined to intrapelvic position without any visible component outside. Due to its hidden location it offers diagnostic challenge and presents late with its mass effects on rectum and rarely on urinary bladder, with resultant constipation and urinary retention. Herein, we present a one year old female child who presented in Emergency Department with acute urinary retention due to urinary bladder displacement by type IV SCT.
Fetal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis and Dural Sinus Malformation.

Abstract Background Fetal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) and dural sinus malformation (DSM) are rare types of fetal cerebral venous pathology that are becoming increasingly recognized as fetal imaging advances. Fetal DSMs are a common source of fetal CSVT, although CSVT may occur without a DSM. The literature on these disorders is limited. Methods Cases of fetal CSVT and DSM were identified retrospectively through a query of the Indiana University Health fetal imaging archive from 2007 to 2021. Results Seven cases were identified, all of whom were alive at birth. A DSM was present in six. Treatments after birth included enoxaparin sodium (3), embolization (3), and shunt placements (1). Five cases had documented regression or complete resolution of the thrombus and/or malformation. One was lost to follow-up, one died from complications of hydrocephalus at nine months, one was receiving physical and occupational therapy at last follow-up at three months, one had concern for autism and mild gait abnormality at 21 months, two had concern for speech delay (18 months and 24 months), and one had normal development at most recent follow-up (four years). Conclusions Positive short-term outcomes may occur for some cases of fetal CSVT and DSM. However, risk factors and best treatments are not clear, and long-term outcome data are limited. There is a need for further study.
Defining a Role for Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Memory-Guided Decisions About Visual Motion

This chapter shows how sensory information is represented and used in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) during memory for visual motion tasks in which monkeys compare two motion stimuli separated by a delay and report whether a current stimulus is the same or different from another held in working memory. Spiking activity during such tasks showed direction selectivity for behaviorally relevant motion. During the delay, many neurons showed anticipatory modulations as well as transient stimulus selective activity which appeared at different times in different neurons, suggesting distributed representation of remembered stimuli. Many neurons showed response modulation by the remembered stimulus and their activity was highly predictive of the animals' behavioral report. These data show that LPFC neurons subserves all stages of sensory working memory, shedding light on top-down influences this region may be providing to the upstream sensory neurons during such tasks.
Treatment effect of 16 patients with chronic lymphatic filariasis.

After 2 to 5 years of treatment for chronic lymphatic filariasis, the mean attack frequency of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis decreased to one per year. The circumference of lower limb lymphedema and ankle edema decreased by an average of 0.5 cm and 1.4, respectively. Two patients with stage Ⅲ lymphedema converted to stageⅡ. Treatment for chronic lymphatic filariasis patients had an obvious effect.
A survey of office management of urinary tract infections in childhood.

Responses to a written questionnaire by family physicians and pediatricians in private practice concerning their evaluation and management of suspected childhood urinary tract infections have been compared to the standards employed by a university pediatric department, which include documentation by culture, radiographic evaluation, and treatment. The survey reveals that 50% of physicians who responded made this diagnosis without cultures in the office setting. Criteria for ordering radiographic studies, choice of antibiotics, and indications for referral to a urologist differed from the standards. The implications of failure to discover correctable genitourinary abnormalities and of unnecessary drug or hospital utilization, and the place of peer review and continuing medical education in the private practice setting are discussed.
Spectroscopy of Heavy Ions Using the Beam-Foil Technique

The application of beam-foil spectroscopy to highly-stripped heavy ions will be discussed. Transitions observed in the near ultraviolet between states of high principal quantum number and orbital angular momentum l have been fully resolved. For such transitions involving non-closed electron cores, the number of transitions within a given n-n′ system is greatly increased (up to 25 transitions have been resolved in some cases) and we present some analyses in the case of vanadium ions.
Visualization of nuclear decay activity for forensics and jurisprudence

Visualization can play an important role in the successful prosecution of smugglers of interdicted nuclear materials. Nuclear forensics (the tracing of the source of interdicted materials) is grounded in the science of radioactive decay and those scientific databases which have been developed over the past century on nuclear materials properties. However in a court of law and when working with nontechnical law enforcement officials, the process of nuclear isotope decay over time needs to be carefully explained. Most visual presentations of the decay process are static, and those few available dynamic visualization efforts are incomplete. This poster presents new methods for describing and visualizing the dynamics of radioactive decay which capture the radioisotope interaction between initial isotopic state (e.g. some fixed amount of Uranium or Plutonium) and subsequent daughter isotopes which appear and follow their own separate process of nuclear decay. As an example, temporal sequenced pie charts can vividly display quantitative decay amounts over time periods from months to millennia. Multiple approaches to visualize the radioactive decay process are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
Error-energy analysis of hardware logarithmic approximation methods for low power applications

This paper presents an overview of methods for combinational, base-two logarithmic approximation using Mitchell's algorithm, piecewise-linear/quadratic error compensation schemes, and direct approximation. Optimization methods are used for computing linear segments for each compensation scheme including Hamming weight minimization and pattern recognition of segment slopes for multiplier-less error compensation. A novel, near-zero-average error quadratic compensation scheme is also presented. A test chip was fabricated in a commercial 130nm technology including fifteen base-two logarithm approximations and each was evaluated for its standalone accuracy, measured energy, delay, and area in order to determine the best classes of approximation for low-energy and high-accuracy operation. A system-level evaluation of these methods was performed using a software model of a keyword detection speech pipeline to predict the impact of inaccurate logarithmic approximation on the detection accuracy of keywords across various noise levels.
The ABCs of HOT: Basic Forms of a History of Thought Course

While the undergraduate History of Economic Thought course is alive and well, it will be increasingly taught by faculty who are not historians of economics. This paper provides resources—sample syllabi, information on texts, and advice on course construction—for the non-specialist. A supporting Excel workbook, HOTResources.xls available at , contains many links that enable easy access to resources.
Strategies for Scope Taking

Standard theories of scope are semantically blind. They employ a single logicosyntactic rule of scope assignment (quantifying in, Quantifier Raising, storage, or type change, etc.) which roughly speaking “prefixes” an expression a to a domain D and thereby assigns scope to it over D, irrespective of what α means, and irrespective of what operator β may occur in D: (1) The semantically blind rule of scope assignment: $$ \alpha \left[ {_D \ldots \beta \ldots } \right] \Rightarrow \alpha $$ scopes over β There are two basic ways in which (1) turns out to be incorrect: the resulting interpretation may be incoherent, or the resulting interpretation may be coherent but not available for the string it is assigned to.
The human amygdala in social judgment

Studies in animals have implicated the amygdala in emotional1,2,3, and social4,5,6, behaviours, especially those related to fear and aggression. Although lesion7,8,9,10, and functional imaging11,12,13,14, studies in humans have demonstrated the amygdala's participation in recognizing emotional facial expressions, its role in human social behaviour has remained unclear. We report here our investigation into the hypothesis that the human amygdala is required for accurate social judgments of other individuals on the basis of their facial appearance. We asked three subjects with complete bilateral amygdala damage to judge faces of unfamiliar people with respect to two attributes important in real-life social encounters: approachability and trustworthiness. All three subjects judged unfamiliar individuals to be more approachable and more trustworthy than did control subjects. The impairment was most striking for faces to which normal subjects assign the most negative ratings: unapproachable and untrustworthy looking individuals. Additional investigations revealed that the impairment does not extend to judging verbal descriptions of people. The amygdala appears to be an important component of the neural systems that help retrieve socially relevant knowledge on the basis of facial appearance.
Clashing Diagnostic Approaches: DSM-ICD Versus RDoC

Since at least the middle of the past century, one overarching model of psychiatric classification has reigned supreme, namely, that of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (herein referred to as DSM-ICD). This DSM-ICD approach embraces an Aristotelian view of mental disorders as largely discrete entities that are characterized by distinctive signs, symptoms, and natural histories. Over the past several years, however, a competing vision, namely, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative launched by the National Institute of Mental Health, has emerged in response to accumulating anomalies within the DSM-ICD system. In contrast to DSM-ICD, RDoC embraces a Galilean view of psychopathology as the product of dysfunctions in neural circuitry. RDoC appears to be a valuable endeavor that holds out the long-term promise of an alternative system of mental illness classification. We delineate three set...
Genetic Analysis of Isometric Growth Control Mechanisms in the Zebrafish Caudal Fin

The body and fins of the zebrafish grow rapidly as juveniles and slower as they reach maturation. Throughout their lives, the fins grow isometrically with respect to the body. Growth of individual fin rays is achieved by the distal addition of bony segments. We have investigated the genetic control of mechanisms that initiate new segments or control size of newly initiated segments. We find that both segment initiation and segment length are regulated during fin growth in wild-type fish. We examined the growth properties of lof and sof fin length mutants for effects on the number and length of fin ray segments. Fins of lof mutants continue to grow rapidly even after wild-type fin growth slows, resulting in positive allometric growth and additional fin ray segments. We suggest that lof mutants bypass mechanisms that limit segment initiation. Isometric growth is retained in sof mutants, resulting in shorter fins one-half the length of wild-type fins. The primary defect in sof mutants is that fin ray segments are shorter than wild-type segments, although segment number is also diminished. Double mutants for sof;lof reveal that segment length and segment number are controlled in different pathways. Our findings suggest that the lof gene product regulates segment initiation and the sof gene product regulates segment length.
Dynamic rehabilitation of facial nerve injury: a review of the literature.

Introduction Given the morbidity caused by facial nerve paralysis, there have been consistent approaches to treatment over the past 20 years in reanimation of the facial nerve. Treatment depends on accurate clinical examination, a good understanding of the anatomic course, and appropriate diagnostic tests. There are various options when it comes to dynamic facial nerve reanimation that range from nerve grafting, nerve anastomosis, crossover techniques and muscle transfer to microneurovascular muscle flaps, and—recently—potentially new concepts with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. The various dynamic facial nerve treatment modalities are discussed. Methods and Results A comprehensive review of the literature was performed detailing various techniques used for dynamic rehabilitation following facial nerve injury and their known results and complications. Conclusions Currently, techniques have been attempted to achieve adequate dynamic facial reanimation of the paralyzed facial nerve. Despite the advances that have occurred in the last few years, it has been classically very difficult to achieve a House-Brackmann grade better than grade III. Outcomes are improving. Ultimately, the approach depends on the surgeon's experience.
Micromechanical Viscoelastic Characterization of Fibrous Composites

An efficient computational algorithm is proposed to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of fibrous composites. A repeating unit cell (RUC) based on a pre-determined fiber packing is assumed to rep...
Dopant-Induced Nanoscale Electronic Inhomogeneities in Ca2 xSrxRuO4

Ca(2-x)Sr(x)RuO4 single crystals with 0.1 < or = x < or = 2.0 have been studied systematically using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). In contrast with the well-ordered lattice structure, the local density of states at the surface clearly shows a strong doping dependent nanoscale electronic inhomogeneity, regardless of the fact of isovalent substitution. Remarkably, the surface electronic roughness measured by STM and the inverse spectral weight of quasiparticle states determined by ARPES are found to vary with x in the same manner as the bulk in-plane residual resistivity, following the Nordheim rule. For the first time, the surface measurements--especially those with STM--are shown to be in good agreement with the bulk transport results, all clearly indicating a doping-induced electronic disorder in the system.
The Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) mother-infant dyad

There is considerable inter-generic and inter-specific variation in the mode and quality of the mother-infant relationship. Although the Nilgiri langur mother-infant dyad resembles that reported for most colobids, there are important differences. The Nilgiri and south Indian langur mother-infant pattern resemble each other more than each resembles the north Indian pattern. The Nilgiri langur mother-infant relationship differs from the north Indian pattern (especially) in the relative disinterestedness the Nilgiri langur mother exhibits for her infant, the earlier onset of weaning, the limited period of infant transferring, and the limited amount of mother-infant social interaction.
Air-Launching Earth to Orbit: Effects of Launch Conditions and Vehicle Aerodynamics

Introduction T HE purpose of this study is to determine the benefits of airlaunching expendable or reusable launch vehicles (LV) by using quantitative methods. Air-launch vehicles consist of at least two stages, a carrier aircraft and a rocket-powered LV. The carrier aircraft can be either subsonic or supersonic capable and can even include balloons. Air launch is one of the leading concepts that can meet today’s launch requirements of both responsive and low cost. Previous work in this area has identified nonquantitative benefits and drawbacks of air-launch methods.1 In this Note, many different air-launch scenarios associated with different release, launch conditions, and vehicle aerodynamics are modeled and simulated using trajectory optimizations. The trajectory optimization is conducted using POST, a numerical integration program based on the three-degree-of-freedom equations of motion of a flight vehicle.2 More than 160 simulations were conducted in which launch altitude, speed, and flight-path angle were varied, and the effect of adding a wing was also modeled.
Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Social Media

ABSTRACT The advent of Internet-based social media technologies has enabled travelers to quickly and conveniently share their travel experiences. Shared information on social media sites is recognized as an important information source which may influence travel decision making for potential travelers. This study tests a conceptual framework which examines why travelers share their travel experiences on social media based on the social influence theory and its three conceptual foundations—identification, internalization, and compliance. Data were collected using an online survey and the research model was tested with 543 respondents who were social media users. Results showed that identification and internalization are critical determinants that positively increase actual travel-experience sharing on social media as mediated by perceived enjoyment. Our research extends prior literature on social media by identifying specific determinants that can impact travel-experience sharing. Suggestions are provided ...
Pseudomorphism in xonotlite and tobermorite with Co2+ and Ni2+ exchange for Ca2+ at 25°C

Abstract Exchange of Co 2+ and Ni 2+ for Ca 2+ in xonotlite and tobermorite was investigated at 25°C. We show here for the first time that all the Ca 2+ in xonotlite and tobermorite can be stoichiometrically exchanged with Co 2+ or Ni 2+ . For example, 92.8 and 92.6% of the total Ca 2+ present in zonotlite and tobermorite respectively, were exchanged by Co 2+ . This type of almost complete exchange of Ca 2+ by Co 2+ or Ni 2+ did not result in the destruction of the crystal morphology of xonotlite and tobermorite which suggested a pseudomorphism. Studies of the kinetics of Co 2+ exchange by xonotlite and tobermorite showed that the exchange is slow and total exchange of Ca 2+ by Co 2+ takes place in about 4–5 days. The Co 2+ or Ni 2+ exchange for Ca 2+ is slow because of the necessity to break Ca-O bonds from the xonotlite and tobermorite structures. Partial Ca 2+ exchange with Co 2+ did not lead to a loss of all crystallinity while total exchange led to amorphization as detected by XRD.
Interventional nutrition for renal disease

Interventional nutrition plays a central role in the management of renal diseases in veterinary medicine. Most of the clinically observable abnormalities produced by the disruption of renal function are influenced by dietary intake of calories, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, protein, or acid load. Further, the kidney is susceptible to self-perpetuating injury, an inherent property of this organ, and the extent of this injury can be modified by adjustments in dietary intake of phosphorus and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The response of each animal with renal insufficiency to the disease and to nutritional intervention varies dramatically, and individualized therapy is required; the only constant nutritional characteristic of renal insufficiency is inappetance and loss of body weight. Successful interventional nutrition must take all of these principles into account.
The International Reference Ionosphere – Status 2013

Abstract This paper describes the latest version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. IRI-2012 includes new models for the electron density and ion densities in the region below the F-peak, a storm-time model for the auroral E-region, an improved electron temperature model that includes variations with solar activity, and for the first time a description of auroral boundaries. In addition, the thermosphere model required for baseline neutral densities and temperatures was upgraded from MSIS-86 to the newer NRLMSIS-00 model and Corrected Geomagnetic coordinates (CGM) were included in IRI as an additional coordinate system for a better representation of auroral and polar latitudes. Ongoing IRI activities towards the inclusion of an improved model for the F2 peak height hmF2 are discussed as are efforts to develop a “Real-Time IRI”. The paper is based on an IRI status report presented at the 2013 IRI Workshop in Olsztyn, Poland. The IRI homepage is at IRImodel.org .
Adiabatic connection for kinetics

A new hybrid Hartree−Fock−density functional (HF-DF) model called the modified Perdew−Wang 1-parameter model for kinetics (MPW1K) is optimized against a database of 20 forward barrier heights, 20 r...
The structural adaptations in compressed articular cartilage by microscopic MRI (μMRI) T2 anisotropy

Summary Objectives To detect structural adaptations of collagen fiber matrix in compressed articular cartilage in individual sub-tissue zones by microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) at 23μm in-depth resolution. Design Each of the six beagle humeral cartilage specimens was placed in a specially built nonmetallic compression device inside an in-situ rotation device, and was imaged four times at 7T: without and during static compression, and at two orientations: 0° and 55°. Proton intensity images and quantitative T 2 maps were constructed and analyzed. Results Upon compression at 55° (the magic angle), rather than appearing homogenous, T 2 -weighted intensity images of cartilage showed a distinct laminar appearance and the T 2 profiles exhibited two distinctive peaks. At both 0° and 55° orientations, lower values of T 2 were observed in compressed tissue. A significant correlation was established between changes in tissue T 2 at 55° and a thickness reduction due to compression. At a mean of 20% strain value, modifications in cartilage structure were studied at each histological zone. We found that the percentage of superficial zone was significantly doubled, the percentage of radial zone was significantly decreased by 10%, and no significant change in the transitional zone. Conclusions External loading can induce a new kind of laminar appearance at the magic angle. μMRI T 2 anisotropy can be used to analyze the zone-specific alterations in collagen fibril organization in articular cartilage in response to mechanical compression.
Immunity: it's in our bones.

Accumulating data suggest that the bone marrow is a reservoir for memory CD8 + T cells. In this issue of Immunity, Mazo et al. (2005) show that bone marrow CD8 + T cells are predominantly CCR7 + /CD62L + "central memory" cells and describe specific signals that mediate their constitutive recruitment from the blood.
Understanding understanding poetry

This paper resulted from a Modern Language Association panel on the study of literature with computers. The letter which invited me to join that panel suggested that I explain either (1) what the English question-answering system on which I am working at IBM would "do to" Donne's Valediction or (2) what an ideal, future version of our system might do. I very nearly declined the invitation by return mail because the answer to both questions is clearly "nothing." In this respect our computer system is no different from any other natural language understanding system that now exists or is likely to exist in the forseeable future. After jotting down my thoughts on the matter, however, I decided that there were some points worth making and that a characterization of natural language understanding systems might be in order. Let me make clear at the outset that I will limit
Exploring repeated measures data sets for key features using Principal Components Analysis

Abstract Repeated measures data sets are a very common data structure in marketing, ranging from weekly household purchase data obtained via supermarket scanners, household penetration rates for products over time, panel survey questionnaire responses, etc. In many circumstances, it is desirable to glean key features of the data without having to run a formal model and/or perform a large number of exploratory analyses. Such features of interest may include defining market segments, identifying change points (a sudden shift in aggregate behavior), and, in general, identifying “typical” behavior patterns. In this research, we apply an exploratory approach for analyzing repeated measures data sets, initially considered by Tucker [Psychometrika 23 (1958) 19] and fully explicated in Jones and Rice [Am. Stat. 46 (1992)], that utilizes Principal Components Analysis (as its core), regression, and simple bivariate plots. It is clearly our intention, via the algorithm provided, that a user can read this manuscript and then sit down at his or her computer and implement the approach immediately. We first demonstrate our approach on simulated data, therefore providing a “blueprint” for users of this approach, i.e. we simulate different types of structural variation and provide the corresponding principal component rotation curves, and how to glean features from them. Our approach is then applied to a data set on cumulative penetration rates for a set of durable products.
Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care.

Objectives. We examined gender differences in sociodemographic, military service, and mental health characteristics among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. We evaluated associations between these sociodemographic and service characteristics and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses.Methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, we used univariate descriptive statistics and log binominal regression analyses of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data on 329 049 OEF and OIF veterans seeking VA health care from April 1, 2002, through March 31, 2008.Results. Female veterans were younger and more likely to be Black and to receive depression diagnoses than were male veterans, who were more frequently diagnosed with PTSD and alcohol use disorders. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD and depression diagnoses among women but not among men.Conclusions. Consideration of gender differences among OEF and OIF ve...
The relation between urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and the ratio of tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids placed in the stomach.

Abstract We assayed 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in urine samples (3- or 6 1 2 - hr collection) after individual rats received 6–8 ml of water, of amino acids in solution, or of glucose by stomach tube. Tryptophan (Trp) solutions caused dose-related increases in urinary 5-HIAA; these were blocked when animals received carbidopa, and inhibitor of peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The concurrent administration of a large neutral amino acid (LNAA; valine or isoleucine) with oral Trp, in high doses probably sufficient to compete with Trp for transport into gut cells, blocked the Trp-induced rise in urinary 5-HIAA. Concurrent administration of glycine (not a LNAA) in equivalent doses did not. Pretreatment with pyridoxine blocked the Trp-induced rise in urinary 5-HIAA but not that in brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). These observations confirm the previous suggestion1 that while brain serotonin synthesis depends on the plasma Trp/LNAA ratio (which varies inversely with the proportion of protein to total calories in the diet), gut serotonin synthesis depends largely on the Trp/LNAA ratio in the dietary protein itself (and, probably, within the gut lumen postprandially). The range of molar Trp/LNAA ratios at which free LNAAs significantly diminish the effects of ingested Trp on gut serotonin synthesis (as reflected by urinary 5-HIAA) is similar to the range found in dietary proteins.
Analytical approximations in multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by aligned dielectric spheroids.

In a dense medium, the failure to properly take into account multiple-scattering effects could lead to significant errors. This has been demonstrated in the past from extensive theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies of electromagnetic wave scattering by densely packed dielectric spheres. Here, electromagnetic wave scattering by densely packed dielectric spheroids with aligned orientation is studied analytically through quasi-crystalline approximation (QCA) and QCA with coherent potential (QCA-CP). We assume that the spheroids are electrically small so that single-particle scattering is simple. Low-frequency QCA and QCA-CP solutions are obtained for the average Green’s function and the effective permittivity tensor. For QCA-CP, the low-frequency expansion of the uniaxial dyadic Green’s function is required. The real parts of the effective permittivities from QCA and QCA-CP are compared with the Maxwell–Garnett mixing formula. QCA gives results identical to those with the mixing formula, while QCA-CP gives slightly higher values. The extinction coefficients from QCA and QCA-CP are compared with results from Monte Carlo simulations. Both QCA and QCA-CP agree well with simulations, although qualitative disagreement is evident at higher fractional volumes.
New high-pressure phases of ice.

An ionic model has been used in conjunction with classical constant-pressure molecular-dynamics calculations to explore the properties of possible high-pressure phases of ice. Around 100 GPa, the model is found to convert from the symmetric hydrogen-bonded cuprite structure (ice X) to a fully ordered antifluorite structure. On heating, the new phase, ice XI, becomes a fast-ion proton conductor.
Organic photosensitizers with catechol groups for dye-sensitized photovoltaics

Abstract We have carried out a study on a number of organic dyes to identify photosensitizers for dye-sensitized photovoltaic applications with well matched redox potentials and good absorption characteristics. Triphenylmethyne, anthraquinone and xanthene dyes with catechol groups were chosen as the most promising dyes for fabrication of nanocrystalline TiO 2 based dye-sensitized photovoltaic (DSPV) cells using a liquid electrolyte. From our study, a xanthene dye, 9-phenyl-2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-fluorone is found to be efficient photosensitizer in DSPV cells compared to other dyes when a liquid electrolyte is used. Redox potentials, absorption and photovoltaic properties of these dyes are presented. Two possible ways of electron transfer, namely direct charge transfer via formation of strong charge transfer complexes and the conventional excited state electron injection through the HOMO–LUMO energy level matching are discussed.
Effect of solvent removal technique on the matrix characteristics of polylactide/glycolide microspheres for peptide delivery

Abstract Porous salmon calcitonin (sCT)-loaded PLGA microspheres (size range 35–140μm) of varying matrix characteristics were prepared by an aqueous emulsification process using either a temperature gradient (Tmp) or dilution (Dil) of the continuous phase (CP). The Tmp technique resulted in microspheres with a hollow internal core and a porous wall. The core size and thickness of the porous wall were dependent on the temperature gradient used. A rapid ramp of temperature from 15 to 40°C resulted in a large core and a thin wall, while a gradual temperature rise resulted in a smaller core. The Dil technique produced microspheres with a uniform, honeycomb like pore structure without a core, pore size being dependent on the dilution volume used. The specific surface area was higher and bulk density lower for microspheres prepared by the Tmp technique while there was no significant difference in the peptide load (3.2–4.5%) between both techniques. A rapid removal of CH2C12 was observed in case of the Tmp technique while the Dil technique facilitated a slower and gradual CH2C12 removal. Residual CH2Cl2 was approximately
Reduction of Hepatic Tetrahydrofolate and Inhibition of Exhalation of 14CO2 Formed from [Dimethylamino-14C]Aminopyrine in Nitrous Oxide-Treated Rats

The exhalation of 14CO2 after the administration of [dimethylamino-14C]aminopyrine to an organism is assumed to reflect the demethylation of aminopyrine by hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity. The formaldehyde formed as a result of the demethylation of aminopyrine is then sequentially oxidized to formic acid and CO2. The last step in the pathway, i.e., formate oxidation, is dependent upon tetrahydrofolate; thus, factors which alter hepatic tetrahydrofolate potentially may modify 14C-aminopyrine metabolism to 14CO2in vivo. Exposure of rats to nitrous oxide (N2O) produces a significant reduction in hepatic tetrahydrofolate as a result of the inhibition of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase activity (E.C. 2.1.1.13). In the present study, exposure of rats to N2O/O2 (1:1) for 4 hr prior to the administration of 14C-aminopyrine (40 or 400 Mmoles per kg) produced a 60% reduction in the peak rate of 14CO2 exhalation and a 45% decrease in the total 14CO2 exhaled within 2 hr. In control experiments, exposure of rats to nitrogen/O2 (1:1) produced no effect on 14C-aminopyrine metabolism to 14CO2. Administration of methionine (1.3 mmoles per kg) 30 min prior to 14C-aminopyrine administration reversed the inhibition of 14CO2 exhalation and reduction in hepatic tetrahydrofolate observed in N2O-exposed animals. Aminopyrine (400 pmoles per kg) administration to air-breathing rats did not affect the level of urinary formate, but exposure to N2O produced a 40-fold increase. Aminopyrine administration to N2O-exposed rats produced a 75% increase in urinary formate as compared to rats treated with N2O alone. The first-order rate constant for aminopyrine elimination from the plasma, apparent volume of distribution, apparent plasma clearance and the level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 were not affected by N2O exposure. N2O exposure inhibited 14CO2 exhalation after [N-methyl-14C]morphine administration to a similar degree as that observed after aminopyrine administration. These results indicate that factors which alter the level of hepatic tetrahydrofolate, e.g., nutritional status, N20 exposure or certain drugs, may modify the metabolism of 14C-amino-pyrine to 14CO2in vivo without affecting the demethylation of aminopyrine. Thus, such factors must be controlled when the exhalation of 14CO2 after 14C-aminopyrine administration to an organism is used as an in vivo measure of hepatic drug metabolism.
Revamping Professional Development for Technology Integration and Fluency

Despite federal legislation and national technology plans, making technology significant in K-12 classrooms has yet to happen. The difficulty lies in veteran teachers who struggle to gain technological fluency. Many identified barriers continue to prevail, not for lack of teachers' trying but because of the overwhelming nature of technology. Professional development programs should restructure how teachers acquire educational technology knowledge so that it complements and augments curriculum standards. The author introduces the notion of the knowledge broker, who becomes an intermediary between the veteran teacher (often the least knowledgeable about technology) and constantly changing technological innovations. The author discusses why knowledge brokers are needed to provide a different level of professional development to support traditional forms.
Membrane-cytoskeleton associations during myogenesis deviate from traditional definitions.

Abstract Plasma membrane-cytoskeleton associations involving four membrane proteins (A5, H58, H36, and 120) were studied in developing L8E63 rat skeletal muscle cells using immunofluorescence microscopy and photometry on the basis of three criteria: Tritoninsolubility, colocalization with cytoskeletal components, and sensitivity to cytoskeleton-directed drugs. The results presented demonstrate that there are developmental stagespecific associations between membrane proteins and the cytoskeleton during skeletal myogenesis. Several inconsistencies were found with traditional expectations of membrane-cytoskeleton associations. For example, although A5 is Triton-insoluble and sensitive to cytochalasin, its distribution generally does not correspond with any known cytoskeletal structure. Furthermore, the topography of A5 is dependent on the integrity of the plasma membrane. H36 and 120 are completely soluble in Triton and therefore by accepted definitions would not be expected to be associated with any cytoskeletal component. Yet H36 and actin codisrupt in the presence of cytochalasin, while I20, whose distribution does not correspond with microtubules, is uniquely sensitive to their disruption. These results demonstrate that (i) neither Triton-solubility nor colocalization alone predicts all membrane-cytoskeleton associations; some associations between the membrane and cytoskeleton are unstable in nonionic detergent; (ii) the native distribution of proteins in the membrane may not reflect their cytoskeletal associations; and (iii) the topography of some membrane proteins with no apparent association with the cytoskeleton may be greatly influenced by the cell cytoskeleton.
A psychophysical study of discomfort produced by repeated filling of the urinary bladder

Psychophysical studies were performed in 10 healthy, female volunteers using urinary bladder distension (UBD) as a visceral stimulus. Stimulus methodology was similar to that used clinically for obtaining cystometrograms with a fixed-rate (100 cc/min normal saline) filling of the urinary bladder, occasional pauses and simultaneous measure of bladder pressure using a catheter-transducer assembly. During bladder filling, subjects were asked to report sensations by verbal report and by using an electronic, hand-held, visual-analog-scale device. Sensations evoked by UBD were generally localized to the suprapubic region. UBD produced cardiovascular responses which increased with repeated trials. Sensation intensity increased with repeated UBDs as indicated by global pain ratings. Intravesical pressure and volume correlated with sensation intensity. The volume of distending fluid needed to produce a report of discomfort was highly variable from trial to trial and did not change significantly with repeated UBDs. The intravesical pressure which produced a report of discomfort was less variable and significantly decreased with repeated UBDs. The change in intravesical pressure and volume needed to produce discomfort was inversely correlated with initial intravesical pressure measures. Similar to findings in other organ systems, these findings demonstrate that repeated presentations of a visceral stimulus may lead to an increase in physiological and perceptual responses to pain.
Factors Affecting the Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride from Beads Coated with Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to investigate the release kinetics and mechanism involved in the transport of an ionizable drug through polymeric films applied to drug-loaded beads. The influence of factors such as drug loading and membrane thickness on release kinetics were also investigated. Beads containing propranolol hydrochloride were coated with either of two commercially available aqueous polymeric dispersions, Aquacoat® or Sure lease®, using the Wurster-Process. Analysis of the drug release data suggest that the drug release followed zero-order release kinetics. The plots of drug release constants versus the reciprocal of membrane thickness were found to be linear for both polymeric dispersions. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the dissolution medium was found to decrease the mass of drug released at any given time for both Aquacoat® and Surelease® coated beads. Hence, drug release from these spherical membrane reservoir systems appeared to be diffusion controlled accompanied by o...
Rotational analysis and upper-stage transitions of parallel absorption bands in benzene, sym-benzene-d3, benzene-d6 and pyridine

Abstract Parallel bands in the infrared spectra of benzene, sym -benzene- d 3 , benzene- d 6 and pyridine have been studied at a resolution of 0.3 cm −1 or slightly better. The rotational lines were readily resolved for the bands of benzene and pyridine and measured with a precision of about ± 0.04 cm −1 . Analysis of the data leads to values for the rotational constant B″ of 0.18965 ± 0.00010 and 0.19676 ± 0.00012 cm −1 for benzene and pyridine, respectively, and for the distortion constant D J of 1.2 and 0.5, both times 10 −8 cm −1 . These are in good agreement with values obtained from Raman and microwave spectra except for D J in pyridine, for which the infrared value is believed to be more nearly correct. The bands in sym -benzene- d 3 and benzene- d 6 were less cleanly resolved, but a value for B of 0.1733 ± 0.001 cm −1 for the former agrees reasonably well with the Raman value. The Q -branches of these bands have extensive structure due to upper-stage vibrational transitions (“hot bands”). The components of the Q -branches have been assigned in a plausible fashion on the basis of the observed intensities and those expected from the Boltzmann factors. A symmetrical grouping of certain of these components about the principal Q -branch is also pointed out.
Rates of forgetting in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract The present study evaluated rates of forgetting on verbal and nonverbal memory tests in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although children with ADHD are known to have poor organizational and attentional problems that may impair memory performance, we hypothesized that savings scores would remain intact, because poor recall reflects difficulty with initial learning versus memory per se. Fifty-seven children diagnosed with ADHD were administered tests of nonverbal memory (Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure) and verbal memory (Story Memory, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning) as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Subjects showed no evidence of rapid forgetting of information across the delay on either nonverbal memory (mean savings score=93%) or verbal memory (mean savings score=88%) tests. Cognitive remediation for children with ADHD should address ways to initiate and execute organizational strategies so that more information is lear...
Effects of TGF-β1 on alternative splicing of Superficial Zone Protein in articular cartilage cultures

Summary Objective Superficial Zone Protein (SZP) is expressed by the superficial zone chondrocytes and is involved in boundary lubrication of the articular cartilage surface. SZP protein expression is dependent on anatomical location and is regulated by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. The hypothesis of this study was that between load-bearing, and non-load-bearing locations, of the femoral medial condyle alternative splice isoforms of SZP are different, and regulated by TGF-β1. Methods Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we identified differentially expressed SZP alternative splicing. Using recombinant proteins of the N-terminal region produced from these isoforms, we identified differences in binding to heparin and the extracellular matrix. Results We identified a novel splice form of SZP (isoform E), lacking exons 2–5. Differences in alternative splicing were observed between anterior load-bearing locations of the femoral medial condyle (M1) compared to the posterior non-load-bearing location (M4). TGF-β1 increased splicing out of exons 4 and 5 encoding a heparin binding domain. The minimal induction time for changes in splicing by TGF-β1 at the M1 location was 1h, although this did change total SZP mRNA levels. Inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation inhibited TGF-β1 induced splicing, and SZP protein expression. Recombinant proteins corresponding to isoforms upregulated by TGF-β1 had reduced binding. The SZP dimerization domain is located within exon 3. Conclusions In conclusion, alternative splicing of SZP is regulated by TGF-β1 signaling and may regulate SZP interaction with heparin/heparan sulfate or other components in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage by splicing out of the heparin binding domain.
Complex landscape terms in Seri

The nominal lexicon of Seri is characterized by a prevalence of analytical descriptive terms. We explore the consequences of this typological trait in the landscape domain. The complex landscape terms of Seri classify geographic entities in terms of their material make-up and spatial properties such as shape, orientation, and merological relations. This analytical system of linguistic categorization opens up an intriguing window into the conceptualization of the landscape domain.