cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Template Synthesis of Subnanometer Gold Clusters in Interfacially Cross-Linked Reverse Micelles Mediated by Confined Counterions

A cationic surfactant with a triallylammonium headgroup was cross-linked photochemically in the presence of a hydrophilic dithiol in the reverse micelle (RM) configuration. The interfacially cross-linked reverse micelles (ICRMs) are unusual templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Our previous work indicated that the ICRMs could extract anionic metal salts such as tetracholoroaurate into the hydrophilic interior, and the entrapped aurate was reduced without externally added reducing agent to form subnanometer luminescent gold clusters [Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y. ACS Nano2011, 5, 2637–2646]. In this work, the bromide counterions were established as the reducing agent in the template synthesis. The reduction of tetrachloroaurate was proposed to happen through ligand exchange on the aurate by the bromide ions, reductive elimination of halogen, and disproportionation of the Au(I) intermediate. The size of the gold clusters could be tuned rationally by the water-to-surfactant ratio (W0) and the reducing agent. Monodisp...
The comparison of alkalinity and ORP as indicators for nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

Abstract Selection of an easy-to-measure, well-correlated surrogate parameter is critical for ensuring the effective operation of a nitrification/denitrification process on a real-time basis. The study aimed at investigating alkalinity as a reliable indicator for effluent nitrogen concentration under a series of operational conditions (chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+, hydraulic retention time) and under allylthiourea (ATU, a chemical inhibited nitrification) shock. The accuracy of alkalinity indication was compared with redox potential (ORP) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Although both ORP and alkalinity exhibited clear variations in a SBR cycle, alkalinity presented a better indication than ORP, especially when there was a progressive decease in nitrification/denitrification efficiency. Effluent alkalinity exhibited a linear reverse correlation with nitrogen concentration (Alk = −4.26[N] + 180, R2 = 0.92), with alkalinity lower than 100 mg/L indicating insufficient denitrification, while alkalinity higher than 200–250 mg/L indicating insufficient nitrification. Furthermore, alkalinity difference between influent and effluent (ΔAlk), which reflected an overall result of alkalinity consumption in nitrification and alkalinity production in denitrification, was studied as another indicator. ΔAlkinf.-eff. decreased with better denitrification (ΔAlk = 6.99[N] + 22, R2 = 0.82) but increased with better nitrification (ΔAlk = −5.54[N] + 126, R2 = 0.76). The strong correlations of alkalinity with effluent nitrogen concentration, and ΔAlkinf.-eff. with nitrification/denitrification efficiency demonstrate that both alkalinity and ΔAlkinf.-eff. can be used as indicators in nitrification/denitrification processes. In addition, the benefits and problems of alkalinity, ORP and pH indications for nitrogen removal were comprehensively compared in the paper.
Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: a meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of stress management interventions in occupational settings. Thirty-six experimental studies were included, representing 55 interventions. Total sample size was 2,847. Of the participants, 59% were female, mean age was 35.4, and average length of intervention was 7.4 weeks. The overall weighted effect size (Cohen's d) for all studies was 0.526 (95% confidence interval = 0.364, 0.687), a significant medium to large effect. Interventions were coded as cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, organizational, multimodal, or alternative. Analyses based on these subgroups suggested that intervention type played a moderating role. Cognitive-behavioral programs consistently produced larger effects than other types of interventions, but if additional treatment components were added the effect was reduced. Within the sample of studies, relaxation interventions were most frequently used, and organizational interventions continued to be scarce. Effects were based mainly on psychological outcome variables, as opposed to physiological or organizational measures. The examination of additional moderators such as treatment length, outcome variable, and occupation did not reveal significant variations in effect size by intervention type.
Thermodynamics of element partitioning: (1) Systematics of transition metals in crystalline and molten silicates and (2) Defect chemistry and "the Henry's law problem"

Abstract The distribution of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni among olivine, orthopyroxene, calcic clinopyroxene and liquid can be described by exchange reactions of the form: M (phase A) + Mg (phase B) = M (phase B) + Mg (phase A). The thermochemical data predict the observed partitioning within the limits of error of both sets of data when assumptions of ideal solid solution are used, except for Mn-Mg exchange. Because ΔS and ΔV for these exchange reactions are generally small, K D varies relatively little with temperature and pressure, although individual ion distribution coefficients (D values) are more sensitive to these variables and to changing liquid composition. Trace elements present at the ppm level can enter crystals in normal lattice sites, can participate in point defect equilibria and can enter various defect sites present metastably in the crystal as a result of its P,T history. Metastable defect equilibria, in which the number of sites (grain boundaries, surfaces, intergrowths, etc.) is fixed, can lead to enhanced trace element solubility in the crystal at very low concentrations and thus to apparent deviations from Henry's law.
Buildup to detonation in solid high explosives during plane shock initiation: Some comparisons

The predictions of two models for the initiation process are compared with results of experimental studies of initiation of detonation by sustained shock waves in the two high explosives, PBX-9404 (HMX-based) and PBX-9502 (TATB-based). First, critical examination of the model known as single-curve buildup is made. Several comparisons are made with experimental results for the two explosives. The model describes the observed shock trajectories moderately well, although it has some limitations. These are manifested by an examination of the relation between input pressure and distance-of-run to detonation. Second, the data are also compared with the solution for a model which assumes that the initiation process is a self-similar flow. The model can fit the experimental shock trajectory reasonably well, but difficulties are encountered in attempting to complete the solution for the entire flow field. For PBX-9404, published pressure-time profiles are examined for self-similar character. The measured profiles show substantial disagreement with the similarity model.
Different Strategies Adopted by Kb and Ld to Generate T Cell Specificity Directed against Their Respective Bound Peptides

Mouse T cell clone 2C recognizes two different major histocompatibility (MHC) ligands, the self MHC Kb and the allogeneic MHC Ld. Two distinct peptides, SIY (SIYRYYGL) and QL9 (QLSPFPFDL), act as strong and specific agonists when bound to Kb and Ld, respectively. To explore further the mechanisms involved in peptide potency and specificity, here we examined a collection of single amino acid peptide variants of SIY and QL9 for 1) T cell activity, 2) binding to their respective MHC, and 3) binding to the 2C T cell receptor (TCR) and high affinity TCR mutants. Characterization of SIY binding to MHC Kb revealed significant effects of three SIY residues that were clearly embedded within the Kb molecule. In contrast, QL9 binding to MHC Ld was influenced by the majority of peptide side chains, distributed across the entire length of the peptide. Binding of the SIY-Kb complex to the TCR involved three SIY residues that were pointed toward the TCR, whereas again the majority of QL9 residues influenced binding of TCRs, and thus the QL9 residues had impacts on both Ld and TCR binding. In general, the magnitude of T cell activity mediated by a peptide variant was influenced more by peptide binding to MHC than by binding the TCR, especially for higher affinity TCRs. Findings with both systems, but QL9-Ld in particular, suggest that many single-residue substitutions, introduced into peptides to improve their binding to MHC and thus their vaccine potential, could impair T cell reactivity due to their dual impact on TCR binding.
Purification and Use of Glycomacropeptide for Nutritional Management of Phenylketonuria

Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot metabolize phenylalanine (Phe) and must adhere to a low-Phe diet in which most dietary protein is provided by a Phe-free amino acid formula. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is the only naturally occurring protein that does not contain Phe, and is of interest as a source of protein for dietary management of PKU. However, commercially available GMP contains too much Phe from residual whey proteins and does not contain adequate levels of all the indispensable amino acids to provide a nutritionally complete protein. The aim of this study was to increase purity of GMP and develop a mass balance calculation for indispensable amino acid supplementation of GMP foods. Cation exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration/diafiltration, and lyophilization were used at the pilot plant scale to decrease Phe. Enough purified GMP (5 kg) was manufactured to provide 15 PKU subjects with a 4-d diet in which the majority of protein was from GMP foods. A mass balance was used to supplement GMP foods so that all indispensable amino acids met or exceeded the daily recommended intake. GMP foods were tested in a human clinical trial as a replacement for the traditional amino acid formula. Nutritionally complete GMP foods created with high purity GMP provide individuals with PKU with more options to manage PKU, which may lead to improved compliance and quality of life.
ARTIFICIAL BAITS FOR TRAPPING CRAWFISH (Procambarus spp.): FORMULATION AND ASSESSMENT

Eleven experimental crawfish (Procambarus spp.) baits, a commercial bait (Purina), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were evaluated. Experimental baits consisted of attractant (fish solubles, menhaden [Brevoortia patronus] meal, and crawfish waste, alone or in combination), binder (wheat flour and wheat middlings), and carrier (rice bran and sugarcane bagasse). Baits were field tested two consecutive days each week from 9 January through 27 May 1984. Total number and total weight (±l g) of crawfish caught in each trap were recorded. Mean number and weight of crawfish caught for each cent of bait used was determined. The level of fish solubles (0, 5, 10%) in a bait did not significantly (P> 0.05) affect mean number and weight of crawfish caught. Mean number and weight of crawfish caught increased significantly (P 0.05) in mean number and weight caught.
Elucidating atomization mechanisms by simultaneous mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry

Mechanisms responsible for atomization of selenium in graphite furnaces and for stabilization that occurs when nickel is added to selenium are investigated by mass analyzing, in real-time, the gaseous species from furnaces heated in vacuum and in atmospheric pressure environments. For the latter case, the analysis is done on a molecular beam formed from free-jet expansion of gases from the furnace. The apparatus for doing this is described. Results from the two experimental techniques, when compared, indicate that the primary loss of selenium at low temperatures is from thermal dissociation of selenium dicarbide. Secondary losses are due to vaporization of the dimer and the oxides. Nickel nitrate inhibits formation of the dicarbide, the dimer and the oxides. Mechanisms that are responsible for these findings are postulated.
The active role of corpse engulfment pathways during cell competition.

Cell competition was first described in imaginal discs of genetically-mosaic Drosophila. In extreme cases, cell competition can replace entire compartments with the descendants of a single cell. We recently identified five genes that are required by wild type epithelial cells to kill neighboring Minute cells during cell competition. These draper, wasp, phosphatidyl-serine receptor, MBC/DOCK180 and Rac1 genes, were each previously implicated in the engulfment of apoptotic corpses. The results draw attention to the active, killing role of engulfing cells during cell competition. Here we discuss the contributions of these engulfment genes to Minute competition in more detail, and compare Minute competition with competition between cells expressing different levels of Myc, or of Warts pathway genes. We also speculate about how cell interactions at clone boundaries may initiate cell competition.
The Roles of the Hadley Circulation and Downward Control in Tropical Upwelling

Abstract Several idealized models of tropical upwelling are presented in order to clarify the roles of the nonlinear Hadley circulation and extratropical wave driving. In particular, it is shown that the Hadley circulation and wave-driven circulation interact to determine the nature of tropical upwelling. The authors explain several observed features such as maximum upwelling in the summer subtropics and the annual variation of the upwelling.
Plasmodium dipeptidyl aminopeptidases as malaria transmission blocking drug targets

The Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei genomes each contain three dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (dpap) homologs. dpap1 and -3 are critical for asexual growth, but the role of dpap2, the gametocyte-specific homolog, has not been tested. If DPAPs are essential for transmission as well as asexual growth, then a DPAP inhibitor could be used for treatment and to block transmission. To directly analyze the role of DPAP2, a dpap2-minus P. berghei (Pbdpap2Δ) line was generated. The Pbdpap2Δ parasites grew normally, differentiated into gametocytes, and generated sporozoites that were infectious to mice when fed to a mosquito. However, Pbdpap1 transcription was >2-fold upregulated in the Pbdpap2Δ clonal lines, possibly compensating for the loss of Pbdpap2. The role of DPAP1 and -3 in the dpap2Δ parasites was then evaluated using a DPAP inhibitor, ML4118S. When ML4118S was added to the Pbdpap2Δ parasites just before a mosquito membrane feed, mosquito infectivity was not affected. To assess longer exposures to ML4118S and further evaluate the role of DPAPs during gametocyte development in a parasite that causes human malaria, the dpap2 deletion was repeated in P. falciparum. Viable P. falciparum dpap2 (Pfdpap2)-minus parasites were obtained that produced morphologically normal gametocytes. Both wild-type and Pfdpap2-negative parasites were sensitive to ML4118S, indicating that, unlike many antimalarials, ML4118S has activity against parasites at both the asexual and sexual stages and that DPAP1 and -3 may be targets for a dual-stage drug that can treat patients and block malaria transmission.
The usage of pregnancy tests in one health district.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the total number of pregnancy tests performed and the proportion that are repeated in one health district. To relate these results to the number of conceptions. DESIGN Collection of data related to the numbers of pregnancy tests performed from all sources. Surveys of women booking for antenatal care or undergoing nonroutine obstetric ultrasound examination. SETTING One health district in the south of England. RESULTS About five pregnancy tests were performed for each proven pregnancy. Nearly two-thirds of tests were purchased over the counter, the remainder being carried out by hospital laboratories and pregnancy advisory services. Very few women had their pregnancy diagnosed on clinical grounds alone and a small number of ultrasound examinations were apparently performed in lieu of chemical tests. Repeated testing was more likely in primiparous women (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Chemical pregnancy tests appear to be trusted more than clinical examination for the diagnosis of pregnancy by women and doctors. When there is no medical urgency, women who want formal confirmation of pregnancy should be advised that home testing kits will provide the quickest results.
The Five-Minute Rule 20 Years Later: and How Flash Memory Changes the Rules: The old rule continues to evolve, while flash memory adds two new rules.

In 1987, Jim Gray and Gianfranco Putzolu published their now-famous five-minute rule for trading off memory and I/O capacity. Their calculation compares the cost of holding a record (or page) permanently in memory with the cost of performing disk I/O each time the record (or page) is accessed, using appropriate fractions of prices for RAM chips and disk drives. The name of their rule refers to the break-even interval between accesses. If a record (or page) is accessed more often, it should be kept in memory; otherwise, it should remain on disk and read when needed.
FRAP analysis of the stability of the microtubule population along the neurites of chick sensory neurons

In order to study microtubule turnover in elongating neurites, chick embryo sensory neurons were microinjected with x-rhodamine tubulin, and after 6-12 hours, short segments along chosen neurites were photobleached at multiple sites. Previous studies [Lim et al., 1989; 1990] indicated that recovery of fluorescence (FRAP) in neurites occurs by the dynamic turnover of stationary microtubules. In all cases, distal bleached zones recovered fluorescence faster than bleached zones more proximally located along the same neurites. Bleached zones at growth cones completely recovered in 30-40 minutes, while bleached zones located more proximally usually recovered in 50-120 minutes. In the most proximal regions of long neurites, recovery of fluorescence was often incomplete, indicating that a significant fraction of the microtubules in these regions were very stable. These studies indicate that there are differences in microtubule stability along the length of growing neurites. These differences may arise from the combined effects of 1) modifications that stabilize and lengthen microtubules in maturing neurites and 2) the dynamic instability of the distally oriented microtubule plus ends.
ESTIMATING FINITE SAMPLE CRITICAL VALUES FOR UNIT ROOT TESTS USING PURE RANDOM WALK PROCESSES:A NOTE

. Finite sample critical values currently available for the augmented Dickey-Fuller test are commonly obtained via simulations using ARIMA (0, 1, 0) processes. An implicit but critical assumption is that the possible presence of nuisance nonunit roots in general processes does not affect the finite sample size property of the test. The validity of this assumption, though always presumed, has not been verified. This study shows that the use of ARIMA (0, 1, 0) processes for computing the critical values is not so restrictive as it may seem. By estimating empirical size curves as a function of nuisance root parameters, results of Monte Carlo analysis suggest that the empirical test size is not sensitive to nuisance autoregressive (AR) and moving-average (MA) roots over a wide range of their values, except only when the AR or MA root is near unity. The results support, though not unqualifiedly, the reliability and usefulness of finite sample critical values estimated based on simple ARIMA (0, 1, 0) processes.
Disadvantages of minimal techniques for surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis

Purpose of reviewControversy exists over the best surgical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis. Minimally invasive sinus technique is a conservative approach in which simple ventilation of the lower sinuses is thought to cure even severe pathologic disease. Recent articles have suggested short-term
Mouse brain synaptosomal sodium channels: activation by aconitine, batrachotoxin, and veratridine, and inhibition by tetrodotoxin.

Abstract 1. 1. Batrachotoxin, veratridine and aconitine, activators of the voltage-dependent sodium channel in excitable cell membranes, increase the rate of 22 Na + uptake by mouse brain synaptosomes. 2. 2. Batrachotoxin was both the most potent ( K 0.5 , 0.49 μ M) and most effective activator of specific 22 Na + uptake. Veratridine ( K 0.5 , 34.5 μ M) and aconitine ( K 0.5 , 19.6 μ M) produced maximal stimulations of 22 Na + uptake that were 73% and 46%, respectively, of that produced by batrachotoxin. 3. 3. Activation of 22 Na + uptake by veratridine was completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin ( I 50 , 6 nM), a specific blocker of nerve membrane sodium channels. 4. 4. These results identify appropriate conditions for measuring sodium channel-dependent 22 Na + flux in mouse brain synaptosomes. The pharmacological properties of mouse brain synaptosomal sodium channels described here are distinct from those previously described for sodium channels in rat brain synaptosomes and mouse neuroblastoma cells.
Mission effectiveness analysis of an aircraft attacking passive targets

Abstract A sortie model involving a single aircraft attacking an arbitrary number of independent and identical passive targets is developed. Mathematical expressions for the probability of the various events associated with the sortie are obtained. Recursive relations are developed for obtaining several system characteristics. The results are used to formulate a cost related measure of effectiveness which can be used to determine the most economic sortie time of the aircraft for a given number of targets. A numerical example is provided.
Estrogen dependence of the periovulatory plasma prolactin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in normal women

Abstract It has been previously reported that GnRH is capable of inducing a PRL response in intact and castrated men treated with estradiol benzoate for 8–9 days. To further support the hypothesis of an estrogen-dependence of the PRL response to GnRH, GnRH was administered, either as a bolus or as a continuous infusion, to 45 normal women during various phases of their menstrual cycles. Synthetic GnRH (100 μg intravenous bolus) elicited a significant increase (mean 175%) in circulating PRL levels in nine women studied during the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle (days 14–17). Similarly, GnRH infusion (0.2 μg/min × 3 h) induced a PRL response (mean 148%) in six women studied during the same period. In contrast, saline infusion induced a modest decrease (37%) in plasma PRL levels in five women studied during the periovulatory period. No significant changes in circulating PRL levels were found after GnRH administration as a bolus or a continuous infusion, in 13 women during the late follicular phase (days 10–13) and in 12 women during the midluteal phase (days 21–24). Synthetic GnRH elicited the expected increase in gonadotropin levels during all phases of the cycle studied. The maximal response was found for both LH and FSH during the periovulatory phase of the cycle. In conclusion, the data confirm that GnRH is capable of stimulating a PRL response in humans and again suggest that this response is estrogen-dependent. Finally, a temporal correlation between the midcycle gonadotropin peak and the positive PRL response to exogenous GnRH has been established.
Numerical solution of the time‐dependent schrödinger equation with coulomb interactions

We survey a number of problems in atomic physics which reduce to the solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is two or three dimensions. Direct numerical techniques are discussed in two stages, the construction of propagators and discretization in space. Under the latter heading, finite element methods are emphasized.
A Jurisprudence for Punishing Attempts Asymmetrically

Working in the long shadows of Jeremy Bentham and informed by the brilliance of Kant, Herbert Hart analogized the original principles of Anglo-American criminal law to a marketing program in which players can (more or less) balance the benefits associated with proposed (mis)conduct against potential burdens (here, not least, the deprivation of personal liberty). “Consider the law not as a system of stimuli,” he asserted, but as “what might be termed a choosing system, in which individuals can find out, in general terms at least, the costs they have to pay if they act in certain ways.” The idea of law as dependent upon choosing clearly wasn’t new a generation ago; it had served as a necessary stipulation (if not a construction) of the
The gas‐phase kinetics of the reaction of 1,1‐difluoroiodoethane with hydrogen iodide: The C–I bond dissociation energy in 1,1‐difluoroiodoethane

The kinetics of gas-phase reaction of CH3CF2I with HI were studied from 496 to 549K and have been shown to be consistent with the following mechanism: A least squares treatment of the data gave where θ = 2.303 RT kcal/mole. The observed activation energy E1 was combined with E2 = 0 ± 1 kcal/mole to yield The result, combined with data for several CI bond dissociation energies, leads us to conclude that the C(sp3)I bond is relatively insensitive to F for H substitution and that the C(sp2)–I bond has considerable double-bond character.
The Language of Written Language: An Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue includes five articles dealing with selected aspects of writing disorders, crafted by key contributors to the literature on written language. Articles addressing definitional issues and diagnostic questions, assessment strategies, selected neurodevelopmental components of written expression, the manifestation of writing problems in children and young adults, direct intervention, training for elementary teachers in the early grades in the area of literacy, and brain-behavior linkages are presented. This introduction provides an overview of these articles tied to specific issues confronting the field of written language. Some thoughts and directions for the future are articulated.
Delamination buckling instability near a circular hole in laminated composite plates

The motivation for the present study stems from the importance of delamination buckling as a viable mode of failure in laminated composite plates. This part of the study focuses on the prediction of the buckling loads and modes of unilaterally constrained rectangular plates. The laminated plates were modeled along the lines of classical lamination plate theory. Due to the out-of-plane thickness ratio of the delaminated near surface plies to that of the sublaminate (parent), the sublaminate was modeled as an infinitely rigid foundation which constrained the plate's out-of-plane response t o be of one sign. The foundation was modeled as extensional springs exhibiting a nonlinear force-displacement relationship such that its stiffness as well as the plate's buckling mode sign can be controlled in a continuous fashion allowing the simulation of a rigid and tensionless foundation. Preliminary investigations of the buckling loads and modes of rectangular plates attached to such foundations and subjected to a uniform inplane stress field showed the validity of this model for the cases investigated and compared t o previous exact results reported in the literature.
Inclusion tuning of nonlinear optical materials: SHG of organic guests in molecular sieve hosts

Abstract The use of inclusion for the development of new nonlinear optical materials is reviewed and a study of the relative intensities of second harmonic generation (SHG) in sorbate complexes of p-nitroaniline (NA) and 2-methyl-p-nitroaniline (MNA) in molecular sieve hosts is presented. An SHG signal ten times larger than that of any previously reported organic or organometallic inclusion complex is observed. NA in ALPO-5 complexes gave a maximum SHG of 630 (relative to quartz) at 13 wt.% NA. Pure NA has no SHG signal. With MNA in ALPO-5 (13 wt.%) the SHG signal is equal to that of the ALPO-5 hosts. X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the inclusion nanocomposites. Hydrogen bonding is found to play an important role in SHG production for NA.
Determination of the plane of bilateral symmetry in the teleost fish, Oryzias latipes

Gravitational factors appear to influence the establishment of bilateral symmetry in amphibia, birds, elasmobranchs, chondrostean fishes, and teleostean fishes. Correlations between the plane of symmetry and the planes of the first or second cleavage have similarly been noted. Evidence is presented indicating that neither the direction of gravity nor the first or second cleavage planes can be correlated with the orientation of bilateral symmetry in the Japanese ricefish, Oryzias latipes. An alternative explanation for the previous data supporting a gravitational influence in teleostean fishes is offered.
Maternal correlates of infant temperament ratings and of infant-mother attachment: a longitudinal study

This study examined longitudinally correlates of mothers' ratings of their infant's temperament and of the infant-mother attachment relationship. Measures included Carey's Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire, child-rearing attitudes, psychophysiological responses to an unfamiliar infant's crying pre- and postdelivery, psychophysiological responses to the mother's own infant's crying, and assessments of infant-mother attachment. The results indicated that maternal ratings of infant temperament at 4 months were significantly related not only to concurrent cry responsiveness but also to cry responsiveness and child-rearing attitudes predelivery, as well as to the quality of attachment at 1 year. It is suggested that a differential response pattern of mothers of “easy” and of “difficult” infants, which affects the developing infant-mother bond, may in part originate in maternal dispositions existing prior to parenthood.
The Death of Distance Has Been Exaggerated

Columnist Charles Day describes what distance means to workers in knowledge-based economies.
An Evaluation of the Validity of Correlational Research Conducted in Organizations

Much of the research conducted in organizational settings uses correlational techniques to infer associations among variables of interest. This paper reviews some of the problems with this type of research and develops a checklist for judging the validity of the research methods and designs employed. A sample of published correlational studies is evaluated, using the checklist. In many cases these studies were found to have serious design problems. Potential remedies and responses to these problems are discussed.
Comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol (prostaglandin E1) with those of dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) for cervical ripening and induction of labor in a community hospital.

Abstract Objective: This clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol (prostaglandin E 1 ) and compared it with that of dinoprostone (prostaglandin E 2 ) for cervical ripening and induction of labor in a community hospital. Study Design: This study involved a retrospective analysis of 81 patients undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labor with prostaglandin E 2 from May 1, 1996, to May 1, 1997. A comparison prospective analysis of 145 patients undergoing the same procedure with prostaglandin E 1 from May 1, 1997 to May 1, 1998, was performed. Results: The mean time to delivery was significantly shorter with misoprostol (19.8 ± 10.4 hours) than with prostaglandin E 2 (31.3 ± 13.0 hours, P P P 2 (7.4% vs 0.7%, P 2 . There were 2 uterine ruptures and 1 dehiscence with prostaglandin E 1 in 3 patients with previous cesarean deliveries and 1 rupture in a patient without a history of uterine scarring. There was no difference in neonatal outcome, with the exception of a fetal death related to uterine rupture in the misoprostol group. Conclusions: Compared with prostaglandin E 2 , misoprostol is more effective in cervical ripening and induction of labor, is as safe for patients who do not have a history of cesarean birth, may carry a higher incidence of uterine rupture, and should not be used for patients attempting vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1551-9.)
Tyrosine phosphorylation of α-tubulin is an early response to NGF and pp60v-src in PC12 cells

Neuronal differentiation is accompanied by extensive reorganization of the cytoskeleton to initiate the extension of neuritic processes. We have used the rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line to examine the role of protein tyrosine kinase activity in the induction of these events. Immunoblotting with phosphotyrosine antibodies revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of α-tubulin in PC12 cells occurred within 10 min of nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. Tyrosine phosphorylation of α-tubulin also occurred on induction of pp60v-src expression in a PC12 cell line (PC12-B9) harboring an inducible v-src gene under transcriptional control of the mouse metallothionine I gene promoter. Two tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in NGF-and pp60v-src induced PC12 cells were identified as α-tubulin isoforms by comigration with α-tubulin on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and by immunoprecipitation with phosphotyrosine antibodies followed by immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody specific for α-tubulin. These results demonstrate that α-tubulin is an in vivo tyrosine kinase substrate, which is phosphorylated as an early event in the neuronal differentiation pathway of PC12 cells in response to NGF or pp60v-src. Tyrosine phosphorylation of α-tubulin could conceivably alter microtubule dynamics during induction of neurite extension.
SPECtra: a signal processing engineering curriculum

SPECtra is a technology-based comprehensive engineering educational delivery system for the study of digital processing (DSP). SPECtra introduces a number of DSP education innovations into the classroom, including a commitment to cooperative learning and a reliance on personal computer-based instructional (CBI) tools and technologies. This paper develops the SPECtra philosophy and methodology and then demonstrates its impact on two new graduate and undergraduate level DSP courses.
Relative Effects of Social Self-Control, Sensation Seeking, and Impulsivity on Future Cigarette Use in a Sample of High-Risk Adolescents

We used confirmatory factor analysis to compare convergence/divergence across self-report measures of social self-control, sensation seeking, and impulsivity in a sample of high-risk adolescents. In addition, we tested baseline social self-control as a predictor of cigarette use one year later, controlling for baseline cigarette use, impulsivity/sensation seeking, and demographic variables. Data were collected in 2004-2005 from 821 adolescents (M age = 16.3; SD = 1.36) enrolled in 14 continuation high schools in Southern California. Of the baseline sample, 566 students participated in a follow-up survey one year later. Results indicated that social self-control represents a unique dimension of self-control and is a salient predictor of future cigarette use.
“Meanings” toward Death: A TST Strategy:

This paper describes a new method for operationalizing attitudes toward death utilizing the Twenty Statements Test format and emphasizes the social and symbolic nature of these attitudes. A theoretical rationale and empirical data are presented. Responses to the “What is Death?” question were obtained from seventy-nine nurses. Seventeen categories were generated from a content analysis of these responses. Coding reliability checks produced substantial agreement. Subjects expressed varied and contradictory meanings toward death which included religious, nonreligious as well as favorable and unfavorable attitudes. The TST strategy is uniquely appropriate for tapping the social, symbolic, and contradictory meanings that are often held of death.
Egress admission control

Provisioning multiple service classes with different performance characteristics (e.g., throughput and delay) is an important challenge for future packet networks. However, in large-scale networks, individually managing each traffic flow on each of its traversed routers has fundamental scalability limitations, in both the control plane's requirements for signaling, state management, and admission control, and the data plane's requirements for per-flow scheduling mechanisms. In this paper, we develop a scalable technique for quality-of-service management termed egress admission control. In our approach, resource management and admission control are performed only at egress routers, without any coordination among backbone nodes or per-flow management. Our key technique is to develop a framework for admission control under a general "black box" model, which allows for cross traffic that cannot be directly measured, and scheduling policies that may be ill-described across many network nodes. By monitoring and controlling egress routers' class-based arrival and service envelopes, we show how network services can be provisioned via scalable control at the network edge. We illustrate the performance of our approach with a set of simulation experiments using highly bursty traffic flows and find that despite our use of coarse-grained system control, our approach is able to accurately control the system's admissible region under a wide range of conditions.
Target acquisition by a hands-free wireless tilt mouse

Today the effective use of computers (e.g. those with Internet browsers and graphical interfaces) involves the use of some sort of cursor control like what a mouse provides. However, a standard mouse is not always the best option for all users. There are currently many devices available to provide computer access to persons who do not have use of their arms or legs. There is no single solution as each device and application has to be tailored to each user's unique preferences and abilities. To provide a better option for users with spinal cord injuries or severe disabilities an inexpensive wireless head tilt mouse using an accelerometer has been designed and built and its targeting performance compared to traditional mouse devices to show feasibility. The head tilt mouse uses Bluetooth to communicate with the host computer. Software running on the host translates accelerometer readings into cursor movements and, currently, button presses into mouse clicks.
Malleable Model Coupling with Prediction

Achieving ultra scalability in coupled multiphysics and multiscale models requires dynamic load balancing both within and between their constituent subsystems. Interconstituent dynamic load balance requires runtime resizing -- or malleability -- of subsystem processing element (PE) cohorts. We enhance the Malleable Model Coupling Toolkit's Load Balance Manager (LBM) to incorporate prediction of a coupled system's constituent computation times and coupled model global iteration time. The prediction system employs piecewise linear and cubic spline interpolation of timing measurements to guide constituent cohort resizing. Performance studies of the new LBM using a simplified coupled model test bed similar to a coupled climate model show dramatic improvement ( 77%) in the LBM's convergence rate.
Cross-validation of interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy and optical coherence tomography

Computationally reconstructed interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy is coregistered with optical coherence tomography (OCT) focal plane data to provide quantitative cross validation with OCT. This is accomplished through a qualitative comparison of images and a quantitative analysis of the width of the point-spread function in simulation and experiment. The width of the ISAM point-spread function is seen to be independent of depth, in contrast to OCT.
Involvement of the Y-1 receptor subtype in the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion by neuropeptide Y in rats.

The present experiments were designed to investigate structure-function relationships, and identify the receptor subtype and postreceptor cellular mechanisms that mediate the ovarian hormone-dependent, excitatory, and inhibitory effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on LH release in female rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of NPY decreased plasma concentrations of LH in ovariectomized, hormonally untreated rats but stimulated LH release in ovariectomized rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate and progesterone. A similar dual response was also obtained after administration of NPY2-36. However, deletion of additional amino acids at the N terminus, as in NPY5-36, NPY11-36, NPY16-36, and NPY25-36, rendered the peptides inactive. An N-terminal fragment, NPY1-24-amide, and a discontinuous NPY analog, NPY1-4-epsilon-amino-caproic acid-25-36, similarly failed to influence LH release. The analog [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, a preferential agonist at the Y-1 NPY receptor subtype, also elicited the dual LH responses, but...
Improving the separability of a reservoir facilitates learning transfer

We use a type of reservoir computing called the liquid state machine (LSM) to explore learning transfer. The Liquid State Machine (LSM) is a neural network model that uses a reservoir of recurrent spiking neurons as a filter for a readout function. We develop a method of training the reservoir, or liquid, that is not driven by residual error. Instead, the liquid is evaluated based on its ability to separate different classes of input into different spatial patterns of neural activity. Using this method, we train liquids on two qualitatively different types of artificial problems. Resulting liquids are shown to substantially improve performance on either problem regardless of which problem was used to train the liquid, thus demonstrating a significant level of learning transfer.
Party Systems and Legislative Cohesion in Post-Communist Ukraine

Much of the literature on legislative party cohesion argues that parties are essential exist in order to help individual legislators achieve their preferred policies. In addition, parties can offer legislators unique electoral resources that help them overcome election challenges. Yet, in systems where parties are weakly institutionalized, would we expect the variation among parties to explain variation in individual legislator cohesion? Using data from the first three post-Communist convocations of the Ukrainian Supreme Rada, I show that even while Ukraine suffered from many of the ills associated with a weakly institutionalized party system, differences in party systems in constituencies led to differences in the levels of individual deputy cohesion. Consequently, there is evidence that even in a weakly institutionalized party system, parties and the party system mattered for legislative behavior.
Does Performance Vary Within the Same Hospital When Separately Examining Different Patient Subgroups

Background Surgical quality programs, such as the American College of Surgeons NSQIP, provide reports based on specialty or procedure, with patients aggregated together. It is unknown whether hospital performance differs by patient subgroup (eg cancer vs noncancer patients), masking opportunities for improvement. Our objectives were to determine whether performance differs within a given hospital for 6 contrasting patient subgroups and to identify the percentage of hospitals with greater than chance differences in performance. Study Design Using the American College of Surgeons NSQIP data, adults undergoing lung resection, esophagectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, colectomy, and proctectomy (2005 through 2012) were divided into 6 contrasting subgroups (elderly vs nonelderly, white vs nonwhite, obese vs nonobese, renal insufficiency vs normal renal function, cancer vs noncancer, emergency vs nonemergency). The main end point was serious morbidity or mortality. Observed to expected ratios were constructed using hierarchical models and compared using paired t -tests (eg observed to expected for cancer cases compared with noncancer). Variation in performance differences was assessed using a randomization test and z -tests for proportions. Results From 433 hospitals, 221,518 patients were included. Overall quality differed for elderly vs nonelderly, renal insufficiency vs normal renal function patients, cancer vs noncancer, and emergency vs nonemergency (p Conclusions Hospital performance within a given hospital varies by patient subgroup. Quality programs can consider separate reports for these subgroups to identify opportunities for quality improvement.
Insulin independence following isolated islet transplantation and single islet infusions.

ObjectiveTo restore islet function in patients whose labile diabetes subjected them to frequent dangerous episodes of hypoglycemic unawareness, and to determine whether multiple transplants are always required to achieve insulin independence.Summary Background DataThe recent report by the Edmonton g
Catecholamine release after spinal cord section.

SummaryCervical spinal cord section causes an immediate rise in CF, MABP, and HR. The increase in these cardiovascular parameters is due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, as indicated by the diminished response after treatment with sympatholytic agents, Hexameton and Guanethidine, and by the rise in blood catecholamines.
Karyotypes and Karyotypic Variation of North American Vespertilionid Bats

Karyotypes of 32 species of North American vespertilionid bats are described. Individual, population, subspecific, specific, and generic karyotype variation are discussed. The use of karyotypes as a taxonomic tool and phylogenetic indicator in bats is discussed.
Addition compounds of alkali metal hydrides—XIX: Rapid reaction of trialkylboranes with lithium aluminum hydride in the presence of triethylene-diamine. A facile and quantitative synthesis of lithium trialkylborohydrides, including derivatives with exceptionally large steric requirements

Abstract Trialkylboranes react rapidly with lithium alumimum hydride (LAH) in diethyl ether in the presence of triethylenediamine (TED) at 0° to form the corresponding lithium triakylborohydrides and aluminum hydride. The aluminum hydride precipitates out of solution as its triethylenediamine adduct. The reaction is applied to a wide variety of triakylboranes. Consequently, the present reaction provides a general, convenient synthesis of lithium trialkylborohydrides including those with exceptionally large steric requirements.
Pathogenic Diagnosis of Hand-foot-mouth Disease,Pingdingshan City,2012-2013

Objective To understand the infection type and etiological characteristics of HFMD in Pingdingshan city,2012-2013,so as to provide scientific basis for HFMD control and prevention.Methods Feces or throat swab specimens were collected from clinically diagnosed cases with HFMD.The real-time fluorescent RT-PCR was used to detect Enterovirus,Enterovirus 71(EV71)and Coxsackievirus A16(CA16).Results Among the 658 cases,510(77.51% )cases were Enterovirus positive.The main pathogen of HFMD in 2012 and 2013 was EV71(52.35% ) and CA16(32.25% )respectively.91.79% of the confirmed cases were less than 4 years old.The ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1.Conclusion EV71 and CA16 are the major pathogens of HFMD in Pingdingshan city,HFMD has obvious difference in season and population,measures of prevention and control should be taken for specific populations during the epidemic season.
Effect of inter-element spacing on scan-range of microstrip-patch, and microstrip-dipole reflectarrays

In this work, we have demonstrated that a tight coupling between array elements can be used to realize wide-scanning reflectarrays. Furthermore, it has been shown that microstrip dipole is better than microstrip patch in terms of scan range for the same inter-element spacing.