cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing knowledge: technology, culture, and social inequality at work

Research on the restructuring of work has tended to neglect the autonomous effects that symbolic or cultural influences can have on the utilization of new technologies. This article draws on fieldw...
Financial systems, growth, and volatility : searching for the perfect fit

This paper builds on recent research examining the impact of finance on growth, looking at the effect of the financial system on volatility in gross domestic product per capita and consumption per capita growth. It also examines the impact of credit on the composition of growth. The findings show that financial development smooths growth in gross domestic product and consumption per capita, but only up to a point. At high levels of credit, further credit is positively associated with volatility even after controlling for the quality of institutions and periods of financial crises. In large financial systems, finance may not help individuals smooth consumption volatility. The threshold at which finance's effect may be volatility enhancing may be lower than previously thought. In terms of the impact on growth, total credit (and credit to firms) has a nonlinear relationship, with rising credit supporting higher growth up to a point, beyond which the additional impact of finance on growth is negative. This can be explained by finance flowing into less productive activities (or drawing other resources into less productive activities). In addition, household credit is negatively related to manufacturing sector growth, although credit to firms has a positive relationship to manufacturing growth. This may be explained by the fact that much of household credit is used to finance the consumption (including imports) of goods and services broadly (not just manufacturing sector goods) or investment in housing.
Ultrastructural Differences in Human Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

The differences in type I and type II muscle fibers are further emphasized by ultrastructural studies. Type I fibers have features consistent with their predominant activity pattern, that is, endurance activity associated with aerobic metabolism. Type II fibers have features that emphasize their contribution to activity with greater dependence on anaerobic metabolism. These differences in features underscore the necessity of specificity in exercise and rehabilitation.
Diastereoselective B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Reductive Carbocyclization of Unsaturated Carbohydrates

A B(C6F5)3-catalyzed method for the selective conversion of unsaturated carbohydrates to cyclopentanes and cyclopropanes is disclosed. Catalyst activation of tertiary silanes generates the ion pair [(C6F5)3B–H][ROSi2] whose components synergistically activate C–O bonds for diastereoselective C–C bond formation. Sila-THF cations are invoked as key intermediates facilitating carbocyclizations. Complex chiral synthons are thereby obtained in a single pot.
Inference under Stability of Risk Preferences

We leverage the assumption that preferences are stable across contexts to partially identify and conduct inference on the parameters of a structural model of risky choice. Working with data on households’deductible choices across three lines of insurance coverage and a model that nests expected utility theory plus a range of non-expected utility models, we perform a revealed preference analysis that yields household-speci…c bounds on the model parameters. We then impose stability and other structural assumptions to tighten the bounds, and we explore what we can learn about households’risk preferences from the intervals de…ned by the bounds. We further utilize the intervals to (i) classify households into preference types and (ii) recover the single parameterization of the model that best …ts the data. Our approach does not entail making distributional assumptions about unobserved heterogeneity in preferences.
Level spacing distributions and the Airy kernel

Scaling level-spacing distribution functions in the “bulk of the spectrum” in random matrix models ofN×N hermitian matrices and then going to the limitN→∞ leads to the Fredholm determinant of thesine kernel sinπ(x−y)/π(x−y). Similarly a scaling limit at the “edge of the spectrum” leads to theAiry kernel [Ai(x)Ai(y)−Ai′(x)Ai(y)]/(x−y). In this paper we derive analogues for this Airy kernel of the following properties of the sine kernel: the completely integrable system of P.D.E.'s found by Jimbo, Miwa, Mori, and Sato; the expression, in the case of a single interval, of the Fredholm determinant in terms of a Painleve transcendent; the existence of a commuting differential operator; and the fact that this operator can be used in the derivation of asymptotics, for generaln, of the probability that an interval contains preciselyn eigenvalues.
Honoring the Past and Looking to the Future: Updates on Seminal Behavior Therapy Publications on Current Therapies and Future Directions

This is the introduction to the second of two special issues in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. The goal of this issue is to pay tribute to prior seminal Behavior Therapy publications on current therapies and future directions, to provide an updated review of important topics covered by these papers, and to make recommendations for the future. Each invited paper in this issue highlights a particular Behavior Therapy publication's contribution to our understanding and also provides an updated review or meta-analysis on the topic of the original paper. The topics covered here include review papers on current therapies such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, youth and family psychotherapy, unified protocols, and third-wave therapies. In addition, we include a review paper on implementation science, and meta-analyses on individualized psychotherapy, and culturally adapted interventions. With the two 50th anniversary issues of Behavior Therapy, we hope to inspire additional research and discussion.
Stereocilia morphogenesis and maintenance through regulation of actin stability

Stereocilia are actin-based protrusions on auditory and vestibular sensory cells that are required for hearing and balance. They convert physical force from sound, head movement or gravity into an electrical signal, a process that is called mechanoelectrical transduction. This function depends on the ability of sensory cells to grow stereocilia of defined lengths. These protrusions form a bundle with a highly precise geometry that is required to detect nanoscale movements encountered in the inner ear. Congenital or progressive stereocilia degeneration causes hearing loss. Thus, understanding stereocilia hair bundle structure, development, and maintenance is pivotal to understanding the pathogenesis of deafness. Stereocilia cores are made from a tightly packed array of parallel, crosslinked actin filaments, the length and stability of which are regulated in part by myosin motors, actin crosslinkers and capping proteins. This review aims to describe stereocilia actin regulation in the context of an emerging "tip turnover" model where actin assembles and disassembles at stereocilia tips while the remainder of the core is exceptionally stable.
REPAIR OF FRACTURES IN THE ELDERLY – THE BIG LIE

Current dogma is that a programme of anatomic repositioning with rigid internal fixation of fractures will lead to successful healing. Failures are attributed to failures in technique, not in instruments, implants, or concepts. Current basic science research shows that in the osteoporotic skeleton, bone trabeculae, once lost, are not replaced. This is true in fractures. In a series of cases, the author will show that lost bone is indeed not replaced, and the unsuccessful clinical outcome is caused by adherence to concepts that do not solve the problem of fracture repair in the elderly. Five specific case examples will be shown to demonstrate this problem. Despite an abundance of bone graft substitutes, bone morphogenic protein preparations, and cancellous bone autografting, the problem of dependable fracture repair in the elderly skeleton still needs to be solved.
Discovery of ferromagnetism with large magnetic anisotropy in ZrMnP and HfMnP

ZrMnP and HfMnP single crystals are grown by a self-flux growth technique, and structural as well as temperature dependent magnetic and transport properties are studied. Both compounds have an orthorhombic crystal structure. ZrMnP and HfMnP are ferromagnetic with Curie temperatures around 370 K and 320 K, respectively. The spontaneous magnetizations of ZrMnP and HfMnP are determined to be 1.9 μB/f.u. and 2.1 μB/f.u., respectively, at 50 K. The magnetocaloric effect of ZrMnP in terms of entropy change (ΔS) is estimated to be −6.7 kJ m−3 K−1 around 369 K. The easy axis of magnetization is [100] for both compounds, with a small anisotropy relative to the [010] axis. At 50 K, the anisotropy field along the [001] axis is ∼4.6 T for ZrMnP and ∼10 T for HfMnP. Such large magnetic anisotropy is remarkable considering the absence of rare-earth elements in these compounds. The first principle calculation correctly predicts the magnetization and hard axis orientation for both compounds, and predicts the experimental...
Inverse-designed all-dielectric optical diode

The objective-first inverse-design algorithm is used to design an ultra-compact all-dielectric optical diode. Based on silicon and air only, this optical diode relies on asymmetric spatial mode conversion between the left and right ports. The first even mode incident from the left port is transmitted to the right port after being converted into an odd mode. On the other hand, same mode incident from the right port is reflected back by the optical diode dielectric structure. The convergence and performance of the algorithm are studied, along with a transform method that converts continuous permittivity medium into a binary material design. The optimal device is studied with full electromagnetic simulations to compare its behavior under right and left incidences, in 2D and 3D settings as well. A broadband optical diode is reported with a large ratio between the two transmission directions. This illustrates the potential of the objective-first inverse-design method to design ultra-compact broadband photonic devices.
The Pitchfork Bifurcation

We present the development of a new theory of the pitchfork bifurcation, which removes the perspective of the third derivative and a requirement of symmetry.
Shining Light on Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots: Understanding the Interplay among Precursor Conversion, Nucleation, and Growth

InP quantum dots have emerged as an exciting class of phosphors for displays and energy-efficient solid state lighting. Unfortunately, the synthesis of these materials has lagged behind that of related II-VI and IV-VI materials. It is becoming increasingly apparent that this may be due, in many cases, to the inability to control quantum dot nucleation and crystallization using precursor conversion kinetics. In this perspective, recent work on understanding the nucleation and growth of InP from the perspective of nonclassical nucleation models is discussed. In particular, the recent discovery that kinetically persistent magic-size nanoclusters build up during the high temperature synthesis of this material will be highlighted. Isolation and complete structural characterization of one such InP nanocluster has offered unprecedented insight into the structure and surface chemistry of InP and its deviation from how we think about quantum dot structure and composition based on models built for II-VI materials. ...
Introduction to peptide synthesis.

A number of synthetic peptides are significant commercial or pharmaceutical products, ranging from the dipeptide sugar-substitute aspartame to clinically used hormones, such as oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and calcitonin. This unit provides an overview of the field of synthetic peptides and proteins, including their purification. It discusses selecting the solid support and common coupling reagents. Additional information is provided regarding common side reactions and synthesizing modified residues.
What Explains Incumbent Success? Disentangling Selection on Party, Selection on Candidate Characteristics, and Office-Holding Benefits

What Explains Incumbent Success? Disentangling Selection on Party, Selection on Candidate Characteristics, and Office-Holding Benefits
Percolation in the secrecy graph

The secrecy graph is a random geometric graph which is intended to model the connectivity of wireless networks under secrecy constraints. Directed edges in the graph are present whenever a node can talk to another node securely in the presence of eavesdroppers, which, in the model, is determined solely by the locations of the nodes and eavesdroppers. In the case of infinite networks, a critical parameter is the maximum density of eavesdroppers that can be accommodated while still guaranteeing an infinite component in the network, i.e., the percolation threshold. We focus on the case where the locations of the nodes and eavesdroppers are given by Poisson point processes, and present bounds for different types of percolation, including in-, out- and undirected percolation.
Auditors’ comfort with uncertain estimates: More evidence is not always better

Abstract Prior research generally presumes that auditors are more comfortable with better-supported management estimates because more support reduces the chance of misstatement; however, information processing theory suggests that auditor comfort is only increasing in evidential support to the extent that they need more support to be confident in their beliefs. Once auditors are confident, more support can make them less comfortable because it presents a potential challenge to their beliefs. I investigate this notion using an experiment with experienced auditors. I find that when estimate uncertainty is extreme, auditors are more comfortable with more evidential support; however, I find that when estimate uncertainty is moderate, auditors are more comfortable with less evidential support. Consistent with processing theory, further analyses reveal that more support provided in the moderate uncertainty condition did not change auditors' confidence in their estimates but was perceived to make their estimates more difficult to defend. These findings highlight how auditors’ desires and needs to defend their judgments impact how they evaluate evidential support early in the audit process.
High energy polarimetry of prompt GRB emission

Abstract [Evidence] of polarized γ -ray emission (> 50 keV) from Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) has been accumulated in recent years. Measurements have been reported with levels in the range of 30–80%, typically with limited statistical significance. No clear picture has yet emerged with regards to the polarization properties of GRBs. Taken at face value, the data suggest that most GRBs have a relatively large level of polarization (typically, > 50%), which may suggest synchrotron emission associated with an ordered magnetic field structure within the GRB jet. But these results are far from conclusive. Here, we review the observations that have been made, concentrating especially on the instrumental issues and the lessons that might be learned from these data.
Learning from untrusted data

The vast majority of theoretical results in machine learning and statistics assume that the training data is a reliable reflection of the phenomena to be learned. Similarly, most learning techniques used in practice are brittle to the presence of large amounts of biased or malicious data. Motivated by this, we consider two frameworks for studying estimation, learning, and optimization in the presence of significant fractions of arbitrary data. The first framework, list-decodable learning, asks whether it is possible to return a list of answers such that at least one is accurate. For example, given a dataset of n points for which an unknown subset of αn points are drawn from a distribution of interest, and no assumptions are made about the remaining (1 - α)n points, is it possible to return a list of poly(1/α) answers? The second framework, which we term the semi-verified model, asks whether a small dataset of trusted data (drawn from the distribution in question) can be used to extract accurate information from a much larger but untrusted dataset (of which only an α-fraction is drawn from the distribution). We show strong positive results in both settings, and provide an algorithm for robust learning in a very general stochastic optimization setting. This result has immediate implications for robustly estimating the mean of distributions with bounded second moments, robustly learning mixtures of such distributions, and robustly finding planted partitions in random graphs in which significant portions of the graph have been perturbed by an adversary.
Assembly of proteasome subunits into non-canonical complexes in vivo.

Proteasomes exist in all domains of life. In general, they are comprised of a compartmentalized protease whose activity is modulated by one or more regulatory complexes with which it interacts. The quaternary structure of this compartmentalized protease, called the 20S proteasome, is absolutely conserved and consists of four heptameric rings stacked coaxially. The rings are made of structurally related α and β subunits. In eukaryotes, assembly factors chaperone the α and β subunits during 20S biogenesis. Here we demonstrate that proteasome subunits can assemble into structures other than the canonical 20S proteasome in vivo. Specifically, the yeast α4 subunit forms high molecular weight complexes whose abundance increases when proteasome function is compromised. Results from a disulfide crosslinking approach are consistent with these complexes being ring-shaped. Though several eukaryotic α subunits can form rings when expressed recombinantly in bacteria, this is the first evidence that such non-canonical complexes exist in vivo.
Some additional evidence on the interplay between corruption, tax policy and firm entry using US states

ABSTRACTThe effects that corruption and tax policy have on entrepreneurship and firm growth have been often studied in the literature. This current article adds to that literature by evaluating how the interaction effect between corruption and tax policy influences firm entry at the US state level, using a panel data set of all 50 US states between 2001 and 2014. Overall, the findings are consistent with the literature and suggest that while high levels of corruption and relatively burdensome tax policy have a negative effect on firm entry, high levels of corruption tend to dampen the negative effects associated with relatively high tax rates. Potential policy implications are discussed within this article.
THE USE OF CIRCULAR EXTERNAL FIXATORS FOR CORRECTION OF GENU VALGUM IN CHILDREN WITH HURLER SYNDROME

The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of four children with genu valgum secondary to Hurler Syndrome treated with circular external fixators (frames) for angular correction. We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiographic records of four children with Hurler Syndrome and genu valgum treated with frames. Three children had simultaneous bilateral tibial corrections. The fourth child had unilateral femoral correction. The mean age of the children was 14 years at application of frame. Mean duration of frame was 113 days for the tibial frames, and the femoral frame remained in-situ for 150 days. Correction was assessed clinically, and radiologically with x-rays and CT scannograms, with excellent results in all four cases. The complexities of each individual case necessitated specific and individualised treatment for each child. Complications included further deformities arising in treated and un-treated long-bones both during and after application of frame. Prior to the introduction of bone marrow transplantation, the average life expectancy of children with Hurler Syndrome was seven years. With bone marrow transplantation, affected children are now living much longer, and many develop characteristic long bone deformities in their lower limbs. These deformities are progressive and can be multifocal and polyostotic. Managament can be extremely challenging, and prior reports of management with hemiepiphysiodesis with staples and 8-plates have been mixed. We believe that this is the first series of circular frame lower limb reconstruction in children with Hurler Syndrome. The flexibility and adaptability of frames confers a unique advantage in the management of these complex deformities.
EL ESTUDIO DE LA CULTURA POLÍTICA

Tras realizar una revision cronologica y comparada de la teoria de la cultura politica, el politologo Gabriel Almond sostiene que la teoria que se mantiene en la actualidad "no es el conjunto dominante de ideas familisticos. infertil y denominada "inconsciente" de la decada del cuarenta, sino mas bien una teoria que pone de relieve el nivel cognoscitivo, las actitudes y las expectativas influidas por la estructura y el desempeno del sistema politico y la economia". Como antecedente a esta afirmacion, el autor senala que la teoria de la cultura politica en su version moderna surgio del derrumbe de la democracia de Weimar y del surgimiento del nazismo. · "El esfuerzo por mostrar una solucion intelectual a este tragico enigma historico, provino principalmente de las ciencias sociales norteamericanas, que luego se enriquecio con la creatividad de los academicos alemanes refugiados del Nacional Socialismo."
The Carnol process system for CO2 mitigation and methanol production

Abstract The feasibility of an alternative CO 2 mitigation system and a methanol production process is investigated. The Carnol system has three components: (i) a coal-fired power plant supplying flue gas CO 2 , (ii) a process which converts the CO 2 in the presence of He from natural gas to methanol, (iii) use of methanol as a fuel component in the automotive sector. For the methanol production process alone, up to 100% CO 2 emission reduction can be achieved; for the entire system, up to 65% CO 2 emission reduction can be obtained. The Carnol system is technically feasible and economically competitive with alternative CO 2 -disposal systems for coal-fired power plants. The Carnol process is estimated to be economically attractive compared to the current market price of methanol, especially if credit can be taken for carbon as a marketable coproduct.
Optimization-based residential load scheduling to improve reliability in the distribution grid

Despite the recent rapid adoption of rooftop solar PV for residential customers, islanded operation during grid outages remains elusive for most PV owners. In this paper we consider approaches to improve the reliability of electricity supply in the context of a residential microgrid, consisting of a group of residential customers each with rooftop solar PV, that are connected to the distribution network via a single point of common coupling. It is assumed that there is insufficient PV generation at all times to meet the electricity demand within the residential microgrid. Three optimization-based algorithms are proposed to improve the reliability of electricity supply to each residential customer, despite variability and intermittency of the solar resource and periods of infrequent and sustained power outages in the electricity grid. By means of a case study we show that the majority of residential customers achieve greater reliability of uninterrupted electricity supply when connecting to the residential microgrid in comparison to operating in isolated self-consumption mode.
The effectiveness of photovoltaic solar cells as an electrical power source for space vehicles

The general characteristics of a solar cell are reviewed and the effect of these characteristics on solar panel design and the performance of the cell in the space environment are discussed. The design considerations for solar panel structures are presented along with the flight acceptance testing and type approval testing to which the panel is subjected. The relative effectiveness of solar panels on Earth orbiters, Lunar probes and interplanetary flights are shown. Specific design details of the Ranger (lunar) and Mariner (Venus and Mars) type solar cell power supplies are presented. Flight data on Ranger III is presented.
Competition in Online Markets: When Banks Compete, Do Consumers Really Win?

The perceived objective of price comparison sites is to aggregate price quotes from several firms. They are expected to reduce consumers' search costs and lead to more competitive markets. In this paper, I examine the difference in the prices consumers pay on comparison sites relative to traditional shopping methods. Using a unique data set, a mortgage firm's pricing strategies on Lendingtree.com, a price comparison site, and in traditional markets are examined. The results indicate that lendingtree.com and traditional consumers pay the same price on average. The presumed benefits from lower search cost on lendingtree.com do not result in lower mortgage prices.
Mutually enhancing test generation and specification inference

Generating effective tests and inferring likely program specifications are both difficult and costly problems. We propose an approach in which we can mutually enhance the tests and specifications that are generated by iteratively applying each in a feedback loop. In particular, we infer likely specifications from the executions of existing tests and use these specifications to guide automatic test generation. Then the existing tests, as well as the new tests, are used to infer new specifications in the subsequent iteration. The iterative process continues until there is no new test that violates specifications inferred in the previous iteration. Inferred specifications can guide test generation to focus on particular program behavior, reducing the scope of analysis; and newly generated tests can improve the inferred specifications. During each iteration, the generated tests that violate inferred specifications are collected to be inspected. These violating tests are likely to have a high probability of exposing faults or exercising new program behavior. Our hypothesis is that such a feedback loop can mutually enhance test generation and specification inference.
Who Follows the Unethical Leader? The Association Between Followers’ Personal Characteristics and Intentions to Comply in Committing Organizational Fraud

The role of followers in financial statement fraud has not been widely examined, even though these frauds typically involve collusion between followers and destructive leaders. In a study with 140 MBA students in the role of followers, we examined whether two follower personality traits were associated with behavioral intentions to comply with the demands of an unethical chief executive officer (CEO) to be complicit in committing financial statement fraud. These personality traits are (1) self-sacrificing self-enhancement (SSSE), a form of maladaptive narcissism characterized by seemingly altruistic behaviors that are actually intended to boost self-esteem and (2) proactivity, a trait characterized by behaviors reflecting efforts to positively change one’s environment. As predicted, follower SSSE was positively associated with follower behavioral intentions to comply with CEO pressure to commit fraud, while follower proactivity was negatively associated with fraud compliance intentions. Also as predicted, follower SSSE interacted with follower proactivity, such that followers high in SSSE and high (low) in proactivity reported greater intentions to resist (comply with) pressure from the unethical CEO to commit fraud compared to low-SSSE followers. Implications for future research and corporate governance are discussed.
GETTING OUT WELL FIXED COMPONENTS: JUST CALL OSCAR

Over a four year period of time, 142 consecutive hip revisions were performed with the use of an extended proximal femoral osteotomy. Twenty patients had insufficient follow up or were followed elsewhere and were excluded from the review. The remaining 122 revisions included 83 women and 39 men. Average age at time of revision was 63.8 (26–84) years. Indications for revision were aseptic loosening (114), component failure (4), recurrent dislocation (2), femoral fracture (1) and second stage re-implantation for infection (1). The extended proximal femoral osteotomy gave easy access to the distal bone-cement or bone prosthesis interface in all cases. It allowed neutral reaming of the femoral canal and implantation of the revision component in proper alignment. Varus remodeling of the proximal femur secondary to loosening was handled with relative ease implementing the osteotomy. Average time from the beginning of the osteotomy procedure to the complete removal of prosthesis and cement was thirty-five minutes. There were no non-unions of the osteotomised fragments at an average post-op follow up of 2.6 years with no cases of proximal migration of the greater trochanteric fragment greater than 2mm, there was evidence of radiographic union of the osteotomy site in all cases by 3 months. Stem fixation with bone ingrowth was noted in 112 (92%) of 122 hips, stable fibrous fixation was seen in 9 (7%) and 1 stem was unstable and was subsequently revised. However, there was an incidence of 7% perforation rate of the femoral canal distal to the osteotomy site during cement removal. This was most prevalent where there was greater than 2cm of cement plug present which was well bonded. When OSCAR was used instead of hand tools or power reamers, there were no perforations in 51 cases. There has been no failure of fixation with fully porous coated stems inserted in the canals where OSCAR had removed cement. Also, the use of OSCAR has allowed us to shorten the osteotomy, thus allowing a longer, intact isthmus to remain so that shorter stems can be used. We highly recommend the use of OSCAR in conjunction with the extended osteotomy for removal of well-fixed distal cement beyond the extended osteotomy site.
On the Selection and Evolution of Regulatory DNA Motifs

The mutation and selection of regulatory DNA sequences are presented as an ideal model system of molecular evolution where genotype, phenotype, and fitness can be explicitly and independently characterized. In this theoretical study, we construct an explicit model for the evolution of regulatory sequences, making use of the known biophysics of the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA sequences, under the assumption that fitness of a sequence depends only on its binding affinity to the regulatory protein. The model is confined to the mean field (i.e., infinite population size) limit. Using realistic values for all parameters, we determine the minimum fitness advantage needed to maintain a binding sequence, demonstrating explicitly the "error threshold" below which a binding sequence cannot survive the accumulated effect of mutation over long time. The commonly observed "fuzziness" in binding motifs arises naturally as a consequence of the balance between selection and mutation in our model. In addition, we devise a simple model for the evolution of multiple binding sequences in a given regulatory region. We find the number of evolutionarily stable binding sequences to increase in a step-like fashion with increasing fitness advantage, if multiple regulatory proteins can synergistically enhance gene transcription. We discuss possible experimental approaches to resolve open questions raised by our study.
Investigating the Magnetic Imprints of Major Solar Eruptions with SDO/HMI High-Cadence Vector Magnetograms

The solar active region photospheric magnetic field evolves rapidly during major eruptive events, suggesting appreciable feedback from the corona. Previous studies of these "magnetic imprints" are mostly based on line-of-sight only or lower-cadence vector observations; a temporally resolved depiction of the vector field evolution is hitherto lacking. Here, we introduce the high-cadence (90~s or 135~s) vector magnetogram dataset from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) that is well suited for investigating the phenomenon. These observations allow quantitative characterization of the permanent, step-like changes that are most pronounced in the horizontal field component ($B_h$). A highly structured pattern emerges from analysis of an archetypical event, \texttt{SOL2011-02-15T01:56}, where $B_h$ near the main polarity inversion line increases significantly during the earlier phase of the associated flare with a time scale of several minutes, while $B_h$ in the periphery decreases at later times with smaller magnitudes and a slightly longer time scale. The dataset also allows effective identification of the "magnetic transient" artifact, where enhanced flare emission alters the Stokes profiles and the inferred magnetic field becomes unreliable. Our results provide insights on the momentum processes in solar eruptions. The dataset may also be useful to the study of sunquakes and data-driven modeling of the corona.
The convolution algebra

For L a complete lattice L and $$\mathfrak {X}=(X,(R_i)_I)$$ a relational structure, we introduce the convolution algebra $$L^{\mathfrak {X}}$$ . This algebra consists of the lattice $$L^X$$ equipped with an additional $$n_i$$ -ary operation $$f_i$$ for each $$n_i+1$$ -ary relation $$R_i$$ of $$\mathfrak {X}$$ . For $$\alpha _1,\ldots ,\alpha _{n_i}\in L^X$$ and $$x\in X$$ we set $$f_i(\alpha _1,\ldots ,\alpha _{n_i})(x)=\bigvee \{\alpha _1(x_1)\wedge \cdots \wedge \alpha _{n_i}(x_{n_i}):(x_1,\ldots ,x_{n_i},x)\in R_i\}$$ . For the 2-element lattice 2, $$2^\mathfrak {X}$$ is the reduct of the familiar complex algebra $$\mathfrak {X}^+$$ obtained by removing Boolean complementation from the signature. It is shown that this construction is bifunctorial and behaves well with respect to one-one and onto maps and with respect to products. When L is the reduct of a complete Heyting algebra, the operations of $$L^\mathfrak {X}$$ are completely additive in each coordinate and $$L^\mathfrak {X}$$ is in the variety generated by $$2^\mathfrak {X}$$ . Extensions to the construction are made to allow for completely multiplicative operations defined through meets instead of joins, as well as modifications to allow for convolutions of relational structures with partial orderings. Several examples are given.
A study of convergence and mapping in preliminary vehicle design

In this paper, we investigate the issue of convergence in multi-objective optimisation problems developed for vehicle analyses when using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) to determine the set of Pareto optimal automobile configurations. Additionally, given a Pareto set for a multi-objective problem, the mapping between the performance and design space is studied to determine new automobile design configurations for a given set of performance specifications. The advantage of this study is that the automobile's design information is obtained without having to repeat system analyses. The tools developed in this paper are applied both to a simple multi-objective optimisation problem to illustrate the methodology and to a preliminary vehicle design framework to develop a Technical Feasibility Model (TFM) for use in the early stages of automobile design.
Antipsychotic Use in Dementia: A Systematic Review of Benefits and Risks From Meta-Analyses

Background:The purpose of this review is to evaluate the data on the use of antipsychotics in individuals with dementia from meta-analyses.Methods:We performed a literature search of PubMed, MEDLIN...
A Unifying Bayesian Optimization Framework for Radio Frequency Localization

We consider the problem of estimating an RF-device’s location based on observations, such as received signal strength, from a set of transmitters with known locations. We survey the literature on this problem, showing that previous authors have considered implicitly or explicitly various metrics. We present a Bayesian optimization framework that unifies these works and shows how to optimize the location estimation with respect to a given metric. We demonstrate how the framework can incorporate a general class of algorithms, including both model-based methods and data-driven algorithms such fingerprinting. This is illustrated by re-deriving the most popular algorithms within this framework. Furthermore, we propose using the error-CDF as a unified way of comparing algorithms based on two methods: 1) stochastic dominance and 2) an upper bound on error-CDFs. We prove that an algorithm that optimizes any distance-based cost function is not strictly stochastically dominated by any other algorithm. This suggests that in lieu of the search for a universally best localization algorithm, the community should focus on finding the best algorithm for a given well-defined objective.
Financial Crisis, Corporate Governance, and Bank Capital

In the aftermath of the 2007–8 crisis, senior policymakers and the media have blamed excessive risk-taking undertaken by bank executives, in response to their compensation incentives, for the crisis. The inevitable follow-up to this was to introduce stronger financial regulation, in the hope that better and more ethical behaviour can be induced. Despite the honourable intentions of regulation, such as the Dodd–Frank Act of 2010, it is clear that many big banks are still deemed too big to fail. This book argues that by restructuring executive incentive programmes to include only restricted stock and restricted stock options with very long vesting periods, and financing banks with considerably more equity, the potential of future financial crises can be minimized. It will be of great value to corporate executives, corporate board members, institutional investors and economic policymakers, as well as graduate and undergraduate students studying finance, economics and law.
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF MORBID OBESITY ON MINIMALLY INVASIVE TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT PATIENTS

Introduction Rapid recovery protocols after joint replacement have been implemented widely to decrease hospital length of stay (LOS). Minimally-invasive total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA) may facilitate rapid recovery for patients. Increased complications and LOS have been documented in morbidly obese TKA patients. The objective of the current study was to retrospectively evaluate the impact of morbid obesity on MIS-TKA patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients that underwent MISTKA at a high volume orthopedic center between August 2012 and September 2015 (N = 4173). All surgeries were performed by one of six fellowship trained surgeons utilizing the same implant. MISTKA was performed utilizing a mid-vastus approach under tourniquet. All patients experienced rapid recovery protocols utilizing multi-modal pain management pathways, same day physical therapy, and absence of CPM machines. We evaluated patient age, gender, operative time, LOS, and 90-day readmission for morbidly obese (BMI≥40; n = 597), and non-morbidly obese (BMI<40; n = 3576) patients. Statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab 16 Statistical Software. Results Morbidly obese patients had significantly higher mean LOS (1.74 days) compared to non-morbidly obese patients (1.62 days, p=0.035), and significantly higher 90-day readmissions (12.45% and 6.65% respectively, p= 0.001). In patients over the age of 65, with BMI under 40, females had significantly higher mean LOS than males (1.70 and 1.47 days respectively, p< 0.001). And in non-morbidly obese patients under the age of 65, females still experienced significantly higher mean LOS compared to males (1.35 and 1.11 days respectively, p<0.001) Conclusions Our findings indicate that despite implementation of rapid recovery protocols, morbidly obese patients experienced significantly higher LOS than non-morbidly obese patients. Compared to their male counterparts, non-morbidly obese female patients had significantly higher LOS.
Fermionic localization of the schwarzian theory

The SYK model is a quantum mechanical model that has been proposed to be holographically dual to a 1 + 1-dimensional model of a quantum black hole. An emergent “gravitational” mode of this model is governed by an unusual action that has been called the Schwarzian action. It governs a reparametrization of a circle. We show that the path integral of the Schwarzian theory is one-loop exact. The argument uses a method of fermionic localization, even though the model itself is purely bosonic.
Preparing Engineering Students for the Global Sourcing Environment

Abstract —Globalization and rapid changes in modern product development and realization are creating gaps in engineering education systems around the world. The global economy has changed the way that engineering firms design, develop, and produce their products. Companies need to evaluate many options available worldwide, not just locally. The current trends are only likely to continue as the world economy becomes more competitive, interdependent, and characterized by global relationships among supply chain partners. This paper presents a plan for preparing engineering students for the new global sourcing environments and product realization processes. Infusions of supply chain management and project management skills into the curriculum are recommended, as well as use of university-industry partnerships, course portfolios, and study abroad programs.
Tie Goes to the Runner: The Physics and Psychology of a Close Play

Since physics is often a service course for college students, it is important to incorporate everyday examples in the curriculum that inspire students of diverse backgrounds and interests. In this regard, baseball has been a workhorse for the physics classroom for a long time, taking the form of demonstrations and example problems. Here, we discuss how baseball can help bridge the physical and social sciences in an introductory physics course by analyzing a close play at first base.
EARLY FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF CRUCIATE-RETAINING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY USING SMART TIBIAL INSERT TRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Soft tissue balance and alignment have long been known to play an essential role in the long-term success of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Until recently balance was confirmed based on intra-operative feel and experience. In this study we analyzed short-term outcomes of cruciate retaining TKA (CR-TKA) performed with a smart tibial trial device (STT), which provides real-time, intra-operative compartmental load and rotational congruency readings, to a comparable cohort of patients receiving conventional TKA where the same surgeon balanced the compartments based on feel and experience. Seventy patients received CR-TKA with STT and were matched to one-hundred and eighty non-STT consecutive controls using the same anesthesia, surgical approach, and post-operative rehabilitation and pain management protocol. Both groups were evaluated preoperatively and then post-operatively at three months and one year using Short Form 12 (SF12) and the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires. T-tests were used to compare average scores within each cohort, as well as between the two cohorts, for each time interval. The average age and BMI for the STT cohort were 70.9 ± 9.2 years and 29.8 ± 6.1 kg/m2. Operation length was seen to be 12.0 minutes greater for the STT cohort compared to the conventional cohort (p = 0.0012). The average difference in pressure between medial and lateral compartments was 8.30, 11.49, and 8.65 lbs at 10°, 45°, and 90° respectively. Only 10 cases had a difference greater than 15 lbs between compartments. At 3 months, the STT cohort had significantly higher average function scores on the WOMAC (p=0.046) and higher change from baseline pain scores on the WOMAC (p=0.0016). When scores were stratified into the top 50% and the bottom 50% and the coronal balance was compared, SF12 pain scores and WOMAC function scores at 1 year in the top 50% had greater coronal balance indicated by pressure differences ≤ 15 lbs (p<0.002) Given the results of this case-control study, we conclude that STT can indeed help the surgeon balance compartmental loads and femoral-tibial rotational congruency and lead to improved short-term physical and functional outcomes in primary CR-TKA.
Flux-Conservative Hermite Methods for Simulation of Nonlinear Conservation Laws

A new class of Hermite methods for solving nonlinear conservation laws is presented. While preserving the high order spatial accuracy for smooth solutions in the existing Hermite methods, the new methods come with better stability properties. Artificial viscosity in the form of the entropy viscosity method is added to capture shocks.
Pediatric refractive surgery.

Purpose of review Refractive surgery procedures have been performed on children since the early 1980s. This article will review this history as well as current thoughts on treating children with large refractive errors. Recent findings Pediatric refractive surgery has developed slowly as very few children fit the criteria for treatment. For this reason, practice patterns are varied and publications are rare. Publications in recent years have focused on intraocular procedures over laser refractive surgery. Summary Pediatric refractive surgery is an evolving field as surgeons try to find the best long-term treatments for these young patients.
Optimal bounds for sign-representing the intersection of two halfspaces by polynomials

The threshold degree of a function f: {0,1} n ? {?1,+1} is the least degree of a real polynomial p with f(x) ? sgnp(x). We prove that the intersection of two halfspaces on {0,1} n has threshold degree ?(n), which matches the trivial upper bound and solves an open problem due to Klivans (2002). The best previous lower bound was ?({ie73-1}). Our result shows that the intersection of two halfspaces on {0,1} n only admits a trivial {ie73-2}-time learning algorithm based on sign-representation by polynomials, unlike the advances achieved in PAC learning DNF formulas and read-once Boolean formulas.
Put them where? Towards guidelines for positioning large displays in interactive workspaces

Multiple large displays are being increasingly used in interactive workspaces to enhance individual and group work. However, little research has been conducted to determine whether various configurations of large displays impact users or their tasks differently. We show that such an impact exists, and take steps towards developing guidelines for how to effectively arrange large displays in interactive workspaces. For two large displays, we manipulated their physical separation, angle between them, and symmetry when facing each other and measured time on task, subjective workload, and satisfaction for application relocation tasks. From the results, we produced three useful guidelines: (i) displays can be separated on a horizontal plane up to a subtended visual angle of 45°, (ii) a display should not be placed behind a user, but if necessary, it should be offset relative to the user, and (iii) displays should be positioned at a 45° angle relative to each other rather than being orthogonal. As the use of large displays is increasing, these guidelines should have a broad, practical impact.
Practical secrecy-preserving, verifiably correct and trustworthy auctions

We present a practical protocol based on homomorphic cryptography for conducting provably fair sealed-bid auctions. The system preserves the secrecy of the bids, even after the announcement of auction results, while also providing for public verifiability of the correctness and trustworthiness of the outcome. No party, including the auctioneer, receives any information about bids before the auction closes, and no bidder is able to change or repudiate any bid. The system is illustrated through application to first-price, uniform-price and second-price auctions, including multi-item auctions. Empirical results based on an analysis of a prototype demonstrate the practicality of our protocol for real-world applications.