cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Radial and Latitudinal Gradients of Cosmic Ray Intensity During the Decreasing Phase of Sunspot Cycle 21

This study over a 4-year period (1981–84) during the decreasing phase of sunspot cycle 21 utilizes data from spacecraft Voyagers 1 and 2 and the earth-orbiting satellite IMP-8 to estimate the radial and latitudinal cosmic ray intensity gradients. The detector threshold on the Voyagers is ⩾ 70 MeV/nuc and that on IMP-8 ⩾ 35 MeV/nuc. Note that the contribution to the intensities between 35 and 70 MeV being only ⩽ 0.1% of the intensity integral > 70 MeV, is not significant; thus the detector thresholds are considered to be identical for the present study. The position of Voyager 1 (2) at the beginning of 1981 is given by r ≈ 10 AU (8AU), λ ≈ -5° (-5°), and that at the end of 1984 is given by r ≈ 22 AU (16 AU), λ = +25° (0°) where r is the radial distance and λ is the heliolatitude. The heliolongitude separation between the two spacecraft changed from ∼ 4° to ∼ 26° during the interval. A comparison of 26-day means of the cosmic ray intensity registered at the two Voyagers indicates that the data is consistent on the average with a long-term zero latitudinal gradient. The principal result obtained from a comparison of Voyager data with IMP-8 (at 1 AU) is that the radial gradient over this period decreased at the rate of ∼ 0.4% per AU per year, reaching a value of ∼ 2.0%/AU between 1 and 16 AU and a value of ∼ 0.6%/AU between 16 and 22 AU. If this decrease continues through 1987, both Voyagers would be located outside the principal cosmic ray modulation region at solar minimum at ≲ 22 AU.
Neuregulin-Heparan-sulfate Proteoglycan Interactions Produce Sustained erbB Receptor Activation Required for the Induction of Acetylcholine Receptors in Muscle

Neuregulins bind to and activate members of the EGF receptor family of tyrosine kinases that initiate a signaling cascade that induces acetylcholine receptor synthesis in the postsynaptic membrane of neuromuscular synapses. In addition to an EGF-like domain, sufficient for receptor binding and tyrosine auto-phosphorylation, many spliced forms also have an IG-like domain that binds HSPGs and maintains a high concentration of neuregulin at synapses. Here, we show that the IG-like domain functions to keep the EGF-like domain at sufficiently high concentrations for a sufficiently long period of time necessary to induce acetylcholine receptor gene expression in primary chick myotubes. Using recombinant neuregulins with and without the IG-like domain, we found that IG-like domain binding to endogenous HSPGs produces a 4-fold increase in receptor phosphorylation. This enhancement of activity was blocked by soluble heparin or by pretreatment of muscle cells with heparitinase. We show that at least 12–24 h of neuregulin exposure was required to turn on substantial acetylcholine receptor gene expression and that the erbB receptors need to be kept phosphorylated during this time. The need for sustained erbB receptor activation may be the reason why neuregulins are so highly concentrated in the extracellular matrix of synapses.
Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with papilledema in a boy six years of age; report of a case associated with moniliasis and the celiac syndrome and a brief review of the literature.

A case is reported of a boy with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, moniliasis and the celiac syndrome. Moniliasis developed at the age of 16 months and was apparently cured promptly but evidence of C. albicans infection was found at several subsequent visits. At the age of 5 years he began to pass loose stools and at 5 10/12 years was diagnosed as having the celiac syndrome. At 6 6/12 years he entered hospital in severe tetany and was found to have hypoparathyroidism. The bones were normal by roentgenogram and no intracranial calcification was observed. While he was in the hospital bilateral papilledema developed, then receded, apparently in response to therapy for the hypoparathyroidism. Treatment consisted of calcium gluconate intravenously and large doses of calcium gluconate, water-soluble vitamin D, AT-10 and creamalin® by mouth, as well as a high protein, low fat, low phosphorous diet. The stools became normal shortly after this diet was started. Brief reference is made to his brother in whom moniliasis developed at the age of 17/12 years and the celiac syndrome at about 3 years. At 9 years he still has no evidence of hypoparathyroidism. The four other siblings are well. The 22 previously reported cases of papilledema associated with hypoparathyroidism and the seven previously reported cases of moniliasis associated with hypoparathyroidism are briefly reviewed.
Stability of the 1,3-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines: Substituent effects on the acid catalyzed hydration and oxidation reactions

1,3-Substituted-1,4-dihydropyridines easily add water to the 5,6-double bond in acid catalysis resulting in 6-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. The influence of various substituents in position C-5 and C-6 over the hydration of 1-methyl-1,4-dihydromethylnicotinate, used as a model compound, was investigated in the framework of the AM1 molecular orbital approximation. Since the rate-limiting step of the reaction is a proton transfer from the acidic species to the C-5 position of the substrate, calculated proton affinities (PA) were used as reactivity indexes. The results, in agreement with experimental evidences, indicated that electron-donating (+I) substituents increase the PA and destabilize 1,4-dihydropyridines towards hydration, while electron-withdrawing (−I) groups have the opposite effect. Calculated vertical ionization potentials (Ip) indicate that similary +I groups facilitate the one-electron oxidation, while −I groups stabilize the molecules toward this reaction. Several molecular properties derived from the principle of maximum hardness were also used for the investigation of the stability of the dihydropyridines. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Channel Design for Early Intervention Services: Is There a Role for Brokers?

ABSTRACT Parents or caregivers of children with disabilities are responsible for making important choices about who will provide developmental services to their child. Unfortunately, the demands of this decision often occur when the parent is least prepared to make an objective and reasoned decision. Potential conflict of interest issues among channel members are also common at this time. The use of a broker seems to offer a practical resolution to this problem. The broker would be informative, neutral, and helpful. As a result, children with disabilities should benefit from being placed with the most appropriate service provider.
Miniaturized Electrochemical Flow Cells

Several novel types of miniaturized electrochemical flow cells are described. The flow cells are fabricated in fluorinated ethylene propylene using a novel technique where channels with inner diameters down to 13 microm are integrated with electrodes. The channel is formed by shrinking and simultaneous melting of a heat shrink/melt tubing around a channel template (a tungsten wire) and electrodes followed by removal of the channel template. The technique allows incorporation of different electrode materials of different sizes. The electrode configuration consists of one or two working electrodes inside the channel and a counter electrode located in the channel outlet reservoir. Electrode configurations with different channel and working electrode sizes, different electrode materials including carbon fibers, glassy carbon rods, poly(tetrafluoroethylene)/carbon composite material, and platinum wires, and different arrangements have been assembled. Hydrodynamic voltammograms in dual-electrode (generator-collector) experiments indicate good potential control for cells with 25-microm channels, while there is some iR drop in cells with 13-microm channels. Cells prepared with a cylindrical working electrode tangent and perpendicular to a flow channel show a flow rate dependence consistent with thin-layer cell behavior. Electrode areas can be made in the range of 10(-10)-10(-8) m2.
Geologic mapping using thermal images

Thermal radiance data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite has been used to measure surface reflectance data and to provide additional material composition information through remote sensing. The primary goal was to investigate the utility of HCMM data for geologic applications. Three techniques were used for displaying and combining thermal and visible near infrared (VNIR) data for two desert areas in southern California (Trona and Pisgah): color additive composites (CAC) for day and night IR and day VNIR, principal components, and calculation of thermal inertia images. The HCMM thermal data were more effective than Landsat data in producing separation of compositionally different areas including volcanic and intrusive rocks. The satellite CAC data produced an image for a 1 x 2 degree area, and the color picture was enlarged to a scale of 1:250,000. Playa composition, moisture content, presence of standing water, and vegetation cover were displayed in a variety of colors according to physical characteristics. Areas such as sand dunes were not distinguishable because of the coarse 500-mm HCMM resolution. HCMM thermal data have shown a new dimension to geologic remote sensing, and future satellite missions should allow the continued development of the thermal infrared data for geology.
Bushranging in fact and legend

(1964). Bushranging in fact and legend. Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand: Vol. 11, No. 42, pp. 206-221.
Economic evaluations of multiple rotation sric biomass plantations

Abstract A series of short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) Populus plantations involving four management strategies (control, fertilization, irrigation, and fertilization-irrigation) were evaluated in tandem with alternate harvesting and storage strategies to determine the least cost method for supplying biomass to an ethanol conversion facility. The plantations were based on Populus hydrid NE-388, a tree spacing of 0.6 m × 0.8 m, and a rotation length of four years. First rotation yields from the various strategies ranged from 33 to 42 oven-dry metric tonne per hectare (Mg(OD) ha−1). An average yield increase of 12% was realized from the second rotation coppice plantations. The control strategy had the lowest production costs for the two rotations, averaging 532 Mg−1 (OD). Harvesting and storage requirements nearly doubled the final costs, with the least cost system having an average total cost of $66 Mg−1 (OD). Over 50% of the total cost originated from equipment and material inputs, with labor costs representing nearly 30% of the total and land the final 20%.
VA paradigm shift in care of veterans with limb loss.

Traumatic limb loss results in pain and discomfort in addition to the loss of an important part of the body and its function. The mental health challenges accompanying limb loss include issues of frustration and body image, role in life, and feelings of not being whole. Many servicemembers and veterans with limb loss need to prove to themselves that they can still accomplish physical feats, such as those with lower-limb loss returning to running or those with upper-limb loss working with tools. If our servicemembers and veterans let these activities go, they again feel a loss. Therefore, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) services are available to help individuals meet their physical and recreational goals, whether they be running, walking, or mastering complex upper-limb activities. Veterans with limb loss need ongoing clinical care, prosthetic devices, and mobility assistance. As their prosthetic devices are repaired, replaced, and updated, they need corresponding education and training. Too often in the past, the VA has taken a narrow view of amputation care, focusing only on managing prosthetic devices. Prosthetic care is one small but important aspect of the complex rehabilitation partnership between the veteran with limb loss and the VA. To assess the current veterans' perspective in this complex rehabilitation partnership, the VA Health Services Research and Development (HSRD rapid medical evacuation; early life-saving techniques; state-of-the-art surgery; and comprehensive, holistic rehabilitation care. DOD's specialized centers were designed to achieve the highest level of physical, psychological, and emotional function in servicemembers with limb loss. This paradigm shift is a major reason many servicemembers with limb loss elect to continue their military career. The editorial by Barbara Sigford, MD, former Director of the VA National Program for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, describes the "Paradigm shift for VA amputation care" [2]. Planning by VA clinicians to improve care for those with limb loss began in 2006 and was the basis for discussion and collaboration between VA and DOD colleagues during the Expert Panel meeting. …
Complex intermolecular interactions maintain a stable linkage between the photoreceptor connecting cilium axoneme and plasma membrane

Microtubule-membrane cross-linkers in motile and nonmotile cilia are supramolecular structures, held together by strong interactions between the constituent molecules. We have characterized these interactions in the photoreceptor connecting cilium, where cross-linkers co-fractionate and maintain their in situ location after Triton X-100 extraction of axonemes. In bovine photoreceptor cells, the transmembrane assemblage that is cross-linked to the connecting cilium axoneme contains three high molecular mass glycoconjugates of 425, 600, and 700 kDa (Horst et al., 1987). The relative amounts of the three glycoconjugates, as judged from band intensity in electrophoretograms, depend strongly on sample treatment prior to electrophoresis. The electrophoretic pattern was reproducible after several weeks of storage of the axoneme fraction in extraction buffer containing 50% sucrose. Removal of sucrose from the buffer by dialysis eliminated the 600 kDa and 700 kDa, and decreased the detected amount of the 425 kDa glycoconjugate. When samples were incubated in Laemmli sample buffer at increasing temperatures (23 degrees, 60 degrees, 95 degrees C), a gradual reduction in the intensity of the three bands was observed. The quantitative reduction of high molecular mass glycoconjugates was accompanied by the appearance of novel protein species of lower molecular mass, as detected by lectin and antibody overlays of axonemal transblots. These results suggest that the previously characterized cross-linker glycoconjugates are complex, SDS-resistant multi-molecular conglomerates. We have further used fluorescent lectins to monitor the presence of glycoconjugates on whole-mounted axonemes, in conditions aimed to selectively solubilize the cross-linkers. The cross-linker complexes could not be dissociated from the axoneme by incubation with buffers containing 1 M of either Na2SO4 or NaI. The results indicate that the connecting cilium-specific cross-linker complexes are bound via high-affinity interactions to both axoneme and overlying plasma membrane.
Female adolescents at high, moderate, and low risk of exposure to HIV: Differences in knowledge beliefs, and behavior☆

Abstract Purpose: To examine differences in the beliefs and behaviors of female adolescents at varying degrees of probable risk for HIV transmission. Methods: A clinically-based, ethnically diverse sample of 696 sexually active female adolescents was recruited from urban and suburban general adolescent, family planning, and public health clinics. Subjects were categorized into four risk status groups on the basis of their history of IV drug use, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and probable risk of contact with an infected individual (living in a high-risk geographic location, sexual promiscuity, sex with male homo/bisexuals). Results: Females in the highest risk group showed high rates of substance use, anal intercourse, and intentions to have future risky sexual partners. A second high-risk group reported high rates of STDs, inconsistent condom use, and less AIDS knowledge. Conclusion: Different subsets of higher risk adolescents may require different intervention strategies.
Production of Hydrogen from Glucose as a Biomass Simulant: Integrated Biological and Thermochemical Approach

Hydrogen production from biomass was investigated using an integrated biological and thermochemical process. Glucose was used as a biomass surrogate and was first converted to ethanol in a fermentation process. The fermentation experiments were carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation broth was then used in aqueous phase reforming (APR) over a platinum-based catalyst. An economic analysis of the proposed process demonstrates the economic viability of producing hydrogen from biomass using fermentation combined with APR. The average production yield of hydrogen was ∼25%. The hydrogen obtained from APR of the fermentation broth was compared against the yield from a feed containing 5% ethanol in water. While the catalyst was stable for an extended time on stream during APR of ethanol, very rapid deactivation was observed during APR of fermentation broth. Different catalyst characterization techniques, including XRD, BET surface area, and ICP-AES, were employed to investigate the causes of catalyst deactivation. Although the analysis suggested similar catalyst changes in both cases, and the exact deactivation mechanism could not be concluded, these techniques helped to eliminate some mechanisms while suggesting other possible deactivation routes. Nanofiltration of the fermentation broth was shown to remove the impurities leading to deactivation.
Toxicity of Commercially Available Household Cleaners on Cockroaches, Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana

Abstract Experiments to determine the toxicity of commercially available dishwashing liquids (Palmolive®, Dawn® and Joy®) and household cleaners (409®, Fantastik®, Fantastik® Orange, Dawn® Power Dissolver, and Greased Lightning®) against cockroaches were conducted with two application techniques, spray and immersion. All brands and formulations of dishwashing liquids and cleaners tested were equally as toxic to adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), achieving 92-100% mortality at 1% dishwashing liquid solution and 83-100% mortality with 100% cleaner solution via an immersion application. The Palmolive® dishwashing liquid LC50 was 0.54% against adult German cockroaches with a spray application and 0.56% with an immersion application. Contact sprays were not effective against adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.). However, dishwashing liquid immersion applications resulted in a 0.24% LC50. Mortality of German cockroach nymphs compared to adults was tested by contact spray and i...
What's Wrong with Perfect? Clinical Perspectives on Perfectionism and Underachievement:

Good, better, best. Never let it rest, Til your good is better And your better best.This familiar rhyme from generations past was used by parents and teachers to motivate children. Children may, in fact, internalize its message towards reasonable excellence, or may interpret it in a manner that causes them to never feel good enough unless they're “the best”. Parents and teachers want children to strive for excellence. It is attainable and provides a sense of accomplishment. Excellence is advantageous whether it involves children's school grades, figure skating, music, art, gymnastics, written work, or almost any skill. Striving for perfection in an area of expertise can represent a healthy development of talent. However, when perfectionism becomes pervasive and compulsive, it goes beyond excellence. It leaves no room for error. It provides little satisfaction and much self-criticism because the results never feel good enough to the doer. Perfection is impossible for children who apply unrealizable high st...
Development and validation of an algorithm to recalibrate mental models and reduce diagnostic errors associated with catheter-associated bacteriuria

Overtreatment of catheter-associated bacteriuria is a quality and safety problem, despite the availability of evidence-based guidelines. Little is known about how guidelines-based knowledge is integrated into clinicians’ mental models for diagnosing catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). The objectives of this research were to better understand clinicians’ mental models for CA-UTI, and to develop and validate an algorithm to improve diagnostic accuracy for CA-UTI. We conducted two phases of this research project. In phase one, 10 clinicians assessed and diagnosed four patient cases of catheter associated bacteriuria (n= 40 total cases). We assessed the clinical cues used when diagnosing these cases to determine if the mental models were IDSA guideline compliant. In phase two, we developed a diagnostic algorithm derived from the IDSA guidelines. IDSA guideline authors and non-expert clinicians evaluated the algorithm for content and face validity. In order to determine if diagnostic accuracy improved using the algorithm, we had experts and non-experts diagnose 71 cases of bacteriuria. Only 21 (53%) diagnoses made by clinicians without the algorithm were guidelines-concordant with fair inter-rater reliability between clinicians (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.35, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) = 0.21 and 0.50). Evidence suggests that clinicians’ mental models are inappropriately constructed in that clinicians endorsed guidelines-discordant cues as influential in their decision-making: pyuria, systemic leukocytosis, organism type and number, weakness, and elderly or frail patient. Using the algorithm, inter-rater reliability between the expert and each non-expert was substantial (Cohen’s kappa = 0.72, 95% CIs = 0.52 and 0.93 between the expert and non-expert #1 and 0.80, 95% CIs = 0.61 and 0.99 between the expert and non-expert #2). Diagnostic errors occur when clinicians’ mental models for catheter-associated bacteriuria include cues that are guidelines-discordant for CA-UTI. The understanding we gained of clinicians’ mental models, especially diagnostic errors, and the algorithm developed to address these errors will inform interventions to improve the accuracy and reliability of CA-UTI diagnoses.
Erbium-doped intrinsic fiber sensor for cryogenic temperature measurement

Abstract A fluorescence-based temperature sensor based on Er-doped fiber for use in the cryogenic temperature ( T ) region (77 ≤ T ≤ 273 K) as well as having been demonstrated for the high temperature region (273 ≤ T ≤ 1200 K) is discussed and its performance reported. Good stability and sensitivity is seen, with a range of such fibers, showing a precision in the measurement of ± 5 K. The configuration is simple, employing commercial doped fiber and readily available laser diode sources and photodiode detectors, and the results obtained are compared with those using alternative approaches.
Protein Disorder in Dynein Regulation by Dynactin and NudE

Cytoplasmic dynein is a multi-subunit protein complex responsible for retrograde transport of diverse cellular cargoes along microtubules. Dynein is comprised of heavy chains responsible for motor activity, and intermediate chain (IC) and light chains for cargo attachment and regulation. Dynein light chain LC8 is conserved across species and its binding promotes dimerization and stabilization of IC but its effect on dynein regulation remains unclear. Dynein activity is regulated by other proteins such as dynactin, which is essential for most dynein activities; and NudE, which functions in targeting dynein to the kinetochores. LC8, dynactin subunit p150Glued and NudE coiled-coil domain all bind the disordered N-terminal domain of IC. Using NMR and ITC on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster constructs, we show that the N-terminal helix of IC is a single α-helix (SAH) instead of a dimeric coiled-coil as predicted. NMR titrations map the exact residues of IC involved in binding to both p150Glued and NudE and the accompanying changes in structure and dynamics, while ITC experiments identify the domains of IC necessary for full binding affinity. In yeast, p150 and NudE both bind the IC SAH domain, and both interactions are enhanced when LC8 is present. In Drosophila, p150 and NudE both bind to the SAH domain but p150 also binds to a second site on IC, a nascent helix separated from the SAH domain by a 4-residue linker. A dimeric IC formed by cross-linking IC chains has increased affinity to p150 but similar affinity to NudE, indicating that bivalency causes differential effects on binding regulatory proteins, and illustrating intriguing species variation in dynactin binding to IC. These studies illustrate the importance of multiple techniques to elucidate interplay of order and disorder in providing both structural and functional versatility for complicated systems.
Medical Management of Adult Transsexual Persons

Gender identity disorder (GID), or transsexualism, is an increasingly recognized medical condition with an expanding body of medical literature to support the use of established therapeutic guidelines. Transsexualism can be effectively managed through exogenous cross-sex hormone administration used to induce development of desired sex characteristics, as well as use of other agents, such as aldosterone antagonists, aimed at decreasing physical characteristics of the undesired sex. Many complications can arise with the use of the available therapies, and these must be considered before determining the appropriate course of action. This review describes methods, including both pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions, for effective medical management of both male and female adults with GID. In addition, specific goals of therapy as well as safety aspects with long-term use of pharmacotherapeutic agents are discussed. This review also discusses some special considerations for treating patients with significant, yet common, comorbid diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and viral hepatitis, as these conditions may complicate the clinical course and preclude some patients from using certain therapies. Pharmacist involvement in the management of transsexualism can be extremely beneficial to patients and other health care providers. Pharmacists can help determine the appropriate therapy, optimize dosages, monitor for adverse effects, and educate patients on what to expect during their therapy. Pharmacists should become knowledgeable about guidelines and current literature on transsexualism, understand the monitoring parameters for safe and effective therapy, and establish themselves as partners in the collaborative management of this disorder.
Topology-guided design and syntheses of highly stable mesoporous porphyrinic zirconium metal-organic frameworks with high surface area.

Through a topology-guided strategy, a series of Zr6-containing isoreticular porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), PCN-228, PCN-229, and PCN-230, with ftw-a topology were synthesized using the extended porphyrinic linkers. The bulky porphyrin ring ligand effectively prevents the network interpenetration which often appears in MOFs with increased linker length. The pore apertures of the structures range from 2.5 to 3.8 nm, and PCN-229 demonstrates the highest porosity and BET surface area among the previously reported Zr-MOFs. Additionally, by changing the relative direction of the terminal phenyl rings, this series replaces a Zr8 cluster with a smaller Zr6 cluster in a topologically identical framework. The high connectivity of the Zr6 cluster yields frameworks with enhanced stability despite high porosity and ultralarge linker. As a representative example, PCN-230, constructed with the most extended porphyrinic linker, shows excellent stability in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 0 to ...
ALLEVIATION OF THE SILICIDE PEST IN A COATING FOR THE PROTECTION OF REFRACTORY METALS AGAINST HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION.

Abstract Studies of the mechanisms of protection and failure of a modified disilicide coating for a 90Ta-10W alloy have evolved a simple method for alleviating the suicide pest by a preoxidation treatment.
Optimizing separation parameters in capillary isoelectric focusing

Several modifications have been developed for capillary isoelectric focusing (IEF) to improve separation and detection of proteins. A basic compound was incorporated into the ampholyte mixture to block the segment between the monitor point and capillary end during focusing, enabling detection of basic proteins during mobilization. Use of a low-pI zwitterionic mobilization agent increased mobilization efficiency of the acidic region of the pH gradient, improving detection of acidic proteins. Mobilization with a neutral-pI zwitterion selectively mobilized neutral and basic proteins with improved resolution. Observation of colored proteins in glass capillaries mounted on thermosensitive liquid crystal was used to determine the heat generation patterns along the capillary and the effect of salt on the IEF process. The presence of salt in the sample resulted in long focusing and mobilization times. Incorporation of a non-ionic detergent in the sample plus ampholyte mixture reduced precipitation and improved reproducibility in capillary IEF of γ-globulins.
Many-Site Interactions and Correlations in Disordered Binary Alloys

An approximate method for obtaining the pair and higher-order correlation functions specifying the site-occupancy correlations in disordered substitutional binary alloys of arbitrary composition is described. The method is easily generalized from the usual pairwise interaction model to alloys with multi-site interactions. The value of $\frac{1}{z}$, where $z$ is the number of sites interacting with a given site, is used as a parameter of smallness to obtain a set of quasilinear equations which may be solved numerically for the correlation functions. The long range of the interatomic interactions found in many alloys would make $\frac{1}{z}$ seem a good expansion parameter. The validity of the solution is discussed. We use the method in a numerical analysis to investigate the effect of three-site interactions in a disordered face-centered-cubic binary alloy with a nearest-neighbor pair interaction and a "nearest-neighbor-triangle" triplet interaction. A simple analytic solution for a corresponding idealized meanfield situation is also carried out. An enlightening result is that the mean-field solution and the more realistic computer solution have similar general features. We also compare our solution with others for a choice of parameters in which comparison is possible.
Overeating, dietary selection patterns and sucrose intake in growing rats.

Abstract Weanling rats were allowed access to food for either 5 hours or 24 hours per day. Within each food availability condition one group had access to a complete diet and one group had access to the complete diet and a 32% solution of sucrose. Caloric intake and rates of growth were considerably higher in the 24 hour access groups. The availability of sucrose led to a small (10–15%) but consistent elevation in caloric intake in the ad lib condition but did not influence growth in either food availability condition. Absolute levels of sucrose intake and the proportion of calories taken from the sucrose solution were consistently higher in the ad lib group and increased with increases in body size for both groups. Dilution of the chow component or the sucrose component of the diet did not alter dietary selection patterns in either food availability condition. It appears that access to a palatable carbohydrate solution can lead to overeating in the rat but these solutions do not induce the rat to select imbalanced diets that compromise growth.
The influence of point defects on the floatability of cassiterite, III. The role of collector type

Abstract While electrostatic attraction between mineral and collector is an underlying mechanism for the flotation of cassiterite with the collectors studied here, a number of other mechanisms, often determining, are superimposed on this basic mechanism. Other mechanisms such as the hydrophilic effect which controls the ease of water removal from the surface during collector attachment, electron transfer between collector and mineral, chelation, activation, chemisorption and doping also appear to be operating. In sum, these mechanisms produce the following general order of flotation of cassiterite with the collectors tested: Fe 3+ -doped > undoped > Sb 5+ -doped SnO 2 The Fe 3+ -doped cassiterite typically floats at about one-tenth the collector concentration required to float the Sb 5+ -doped material.
Translocation of carrier-free 85Sr, 137Cs and 106Ru in woody plants

Abstract Carrier-free solutions of 137 Cs and 106 Ru were applied to the foliage of three genera of woody shrubs ( Ceanothus, Adenostoma and Quercus ) and subsequent translocation into untreated portions of the plants was measured. In all cases the bulk of the retained dose remained with the directly treated material. The results indicate that in these genera foliarly applied 137 Cs is no more mobile than Sr while 106 Ru is considerably less mobile than either. In another series of experiments the distribution of 85 Sr, 137 Gs and 106 Ru between the root, the old growth and the new growth was determined after incorporation of the isotopes into Ceanothus and Adenostoma via their root systems. 137 Cs and especially 106 Ru were largely retained in the root. A relatively large fraction of the retained dose of 85 Sr was found in the shoot. In both series of experiments a preferential movement of 137 Cs into new growth was observed.
Natural Color Preserved in Sectioned Green Plant Tissue

Tissues of green plants when mounted after sectioning usually appear very artificial and lifeless. This paper reports a method of retaining the chloroplasts in natural colors and appearance.
Information systems research with an attitude

Attitudes have been uniquely defined by each discipline that uses them and information systems (IS) research is no exception. While traditional IS research looks at attitudes toward a behavior, consumer research pursues attitudes towards objects. This study applies concepts from marketing to formalize and operationalize Attitude consistent with the marketing perspective as involvement, including both cognitive and emotional evaluations. This broader, consumer-oriented conceptualization is empirically validated within a well established nomological network of technology acceptance constructs. Our study offers researchers a new rationale for the inclusion of an attitude measure in IS Research.
Changes in ventilation and oxygen consumption during acute hypoxia in sedated newborn piglets.

Changes in Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption during Acute Hypoxia in Sedated Newborn Piglets
Silicon CMOS-integrated nano-photonics for computer and data communications beyond 100G

Five criteria that are usually considered by IEEE standards committees for development of next generation standards are broad market potential, distinct identity, and compatibility, as well as technical and economic feasibility. We consider these criteria separately and show that the new emerging large-volume markets loosely defined as Computercom will demand new standards and new technologies. We discuss how the balance between single-channel bit rate, and number of wavelength multiplexed and spatially multiplexed optical channels can help to satisfy the need for huge total bandwidth, while keeping cost low and power efficiency high. Silicon CMOS-integrated photonics holds promise to become a technology of choice for wide deployment of low-power and cost-effective optical interconnects for these new markets, and to become a single solution addressing distances spanning from just a meter to 10km.
Neural circuitry of emotional face processing in autism spectrum disorders.

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with severe impairments in social functioning. Because faces provide nonverbal cues that support social interactions, many studies of ASD have examined neural structures that process faces, including the amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and superior and middle temporal gyri. However, increases or decreases in activation are often contingent on the cognitive task. Specifically, the cognitive domain of attention influences group differences in brain activation. We investigated brain function abnormalities in participants with ASD using a task that monitored attention bias to emotional faces. Methods: Twenty-four participants (12 with ASD, 12 controls) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study while performing an attention cuing task with emotional (happy, sad, angry) and neutral faces. Results: In response to emotional faces, those in the ASD group showed greater right amygdala activation than those in the control group. A preliminary psychophysiological connectivity analysis showed that ASD participants had stronger positive right amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex coupling and weaker positive right amygdala and temporal lobe coupling than controls. There were no group differences in the behavioural measure of attention bias to the emotional faces. Limitations: The small sample size may have affected our ability to detect additional group differences. Conclusion: When attention bias to emotional faces was equivalent between ASD and control groups, ASD was associated with greater amygdala activation. Preliminary analyses showed that ASD participants had stronger connectivity between the amygdala ventromedial prefrontal cortex (a network implicated in emotional modulation) and weaker connectivity between the amygdala and temporal lobe (a pathway involved in the identification of facial expressions, although areas of group differences were generally in a more anterior region of the temporal lobe than what is typically reported for emotional face processing). These alterations in connectivity are consistent with emotion and face processing disturbances in ASD.
Effect of hemicellulase addition during enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia

Abstract The focus of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing cellulase with hemicellulase during enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) under a range of conditions. SAA was performed using 15% aqueous ammonia for 8 or 24 h at temperatures of 40 or 60 °C. The combined effect of cellulase and hemicellulase loadings on glucose yield during enzymatic hydrolysis was modeled for each pretreatment condition. Glucose yields greater than 85% of theoretical were achieved for pretreatment at 40 °C for 24 h and for 60 °C for 8 h. Hemicellulase supplementation was not sufficient to achieve these glucose yields at lower severity SAA pretreatment. High severity SAA pretreatment also led to low yields despite improved delignification.
Moving towards problems assignments with reduced goal-specificity in introductory STEM courses

Are solving standard end-of-chapter problems found in typical STEM textbooks an effective way of helping students to become better problem solvers? For instance, does it encourage students to choose more expert-like strategies during the solution process? Does it help students gain better conceptual understanding of the content material? Research shows that the answer to the above questions is negative. Studies on expert-novice differences and on cognitive processing suggest that the potential reason is the goal-specificity of traditional problems. Solving problems without a specifically defined goals (reduced goal-specificity problems) leads to higher learning outcomes than solving problems with a specifically well-defined goal, usually specified as a specific goal state that has to be reached (e.g., finding numerical value of a specified variable). We have designed and incorporated a set of reduced goal-specificity physics problems in an algebra-based physics course for engineering technology students at Queensborough Community College. Such problems ask students to find numerical values of as many variables as they can rather requiring determination of numerical values of specific goal variables. The implications of the implementation have been evaluated in a quasi-experimental control-group design study. It is the first time that such problems are created and embedded as an integral part of a college level science course (an ecological setting). We discuss here the implications of the implementation as well present examples of how to turn goal-specific end-of-chapter problems into reduced goal-specificity problems.
Movement and habitat use of the snapping turtle in an urban landscape

In order to effectively manage urban habitats, it is important to incorporate the spatial ecology and habitat use of the species utilizing them. Our previous studies have shown that the distribution of upland habitats surrounding a highly urbanized wetland habitat, the Central Canal (Indianapolis, IN, USA) influences the distribution of map turtles (Graptemys geographica) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) during both the active season and hibernation. In this study we detail the movements and habitat use of another prominent member of the Central Canal turtle assemblage, the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. We find the same major upland habitat associations for C. serpentina as for G. geographica and T. scripta, despite major differences in their activity (e.g., C. serpentina do not regularly engage in aerial basking). These results reinforce the importance of recognizing the connection between aquatic and surrounding terrestrial habitats, especially in urban ecosystems.
Early Experiences Accelerate Maturation of the 24-Hour Adrenocortical Rhythm

Rats reared under 12-hour alternating periods of light and dark were killed at times corresponding to the times at which the maximum or minimum plasma corticosterone concentrations occur in mature animals. The characteristic 24-hour adrenocortical rhythm was first observed in rats 21 to 25 days old. In rats handled or stimulated with electric shock, the rhythm developed as early as 16 days.
A new class of “pseudofaults” and their bearing on plate tectonics: A propagating rift model

The pattern of magnetic anomaly offsets striking obliquely to the Blanco fracture zone near the Juan de Fuca spreading center appears to be incompatible with the rigid-plate hypothesis. Previous workers have thus called upon complex, or anomalous, mechanisms to explain the tectonic evolution of this area. According to the “propagating rift” model developed here, the basic observations that previous hypotheses have attempted to explain, i.e., the oblique trends of the fracture zones, are in fact misinterpretations. The previously proposed faults are instead “pseudofaults” consisting of en echelon sets of fracture zones frozen into progressively younger crust; these en echelon fracture zones have resulted from sequences of spreading center jumps propagating down the Juan de Fuca spreading center. Although the overall trends of the en echelon fracture zones are oblique to the Blanco transform fault, the strike of each individual fracture zone is quite different, and is compatible with transform motion between the rigid Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates.
Cytokines in the host response to Candida vaginitis: Identifying a role for non-classical immune mediators, S100 alarmins.

Abstract Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida albicans , affects a significant number of women during their reproductive years. More than two decades of research have been focused on the mechanisms associated with susceptibility or resistance to symptomatic infection. Adaptive immunity by Th1-type CD4 + T cells and downstream cytokine responses are considered the predominant host defense mechanisms against mucosal Candida infections. However, numerous clinical and animal studies have indicated no or limited protective role of cells and cytokines of the Th1 or Th2 lineage against vaginal infection. The role for Th17 is only now begun to be investigated in-depth for VVC with results already showing significant controversy. On the other hand, a clinical live-challenge study and an established animal model have shown that a symptomatic condition is intimately associated with the vaginal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) but with no effect on vaginal fungal burden. Subsequent studies identified S100A8 and S100A9 alarmins as key chemotactic mediators of the acute PMN response. These chemotactic danger signals appear to be secreted by vaginal epithelial cells upon interaction and early adherence of Candida . Thus, instead of a putative immunodeficiency against Candida involving classical immune cells and cytokines of the adaptive response, the pathological inflammation in VVC is now considered a consequence of a non-productive innate response initiated by non-classical immune mediators.
Estimation of Dispersion Parameters for Two‐Dimensional Plumes

An analytical method is developed whereby longitudinal and transversal dispersivities can be determined for a two-dimensional plume generated by slug tracer injection in a uniform ground-water flow field. One solution procedure requires concentration versus time data from two sampling wells through which the plume passes. A second solution procedure uses a least-squares method to obtain optimal parameter estimations when only one sampling well is available. Both methods are particularly useful since they do not require a priori knowledge of either the direction or magnitude of the pore velocity. Detailed example calculations illustrate the solution procedures and show that these methods are successful.
Structure evolution in electrorheological fluids flowing through microchannels

Enhanced knowledge of the transient behavior and characteristics of electrorheological (ER) fluids subject to time dependent electric fields offers the potential to advance the design of fast actuated hydraulic devices. In this study, the dynamic response of electrorheological fluid flows in rectilinear microchannels was investigated experimentally. Using high-speed microscopic imaging, the evolution of particle aggregates in ER fluids subjected to temporally stepwise electric fields was visualized. Nonuniform growth of the particle structures in the channel was observed and correlated to field strength and flow rate. Two competing time scales for structure growth were identified. Guided by experimental observations, we developed a phenomenological model to quantitatively describe and predict the evolution of microscale structures and the concomitant induced pressure gradient.
New β Lyrae and Algol Candidates from the Northern Sky Variability Survey

We have classified 409 objects in the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS) as new β Lyrae or Algol-type eclipsing binaries. These candidates have outside of eclipse magnitudes of ~10-13. Through automated Fourier analysis routines and some manual inspection, we list the period, eclipse depths, coordinates, an estimate of the time of primary eclipse, and the 2MASS colors for these candidates. This list of new β Lyrae type candidates greatly increases the number of known systems of this type. We have also identified 37 candidate low-mass, main-sequence pairs (M 1,2 < 1 M ☉, T < 5500 K) in the NSVS database. If confirmed, these systems will greatly increase the number of such low-mass systems known as well as help constrain atmospheric models for these types of stars.
Lactose Intolerance in a Calf

Lactose intolerance was identified as the cause of bovine neonatal diarrhea. Glucose and xylose oral absorptions were normal whereas lactose absorption was reduced relative to normal calves. Lactase deficiency is common in people but rarely reported in animals. The treatment of whole milk with lactase alleviated the diarrhea.