cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible parking requirements for office developments: New support for public parking and ridesharing

The author examines new, flexible parking requirements in several U.S. cities and Canada. Flexible requirements provide relaxations in zoning code specifications for off-street parking in return for developer commitments to ridesharing measures, support of transit or in-lieu fees for public parking. Issues examined include whether developers take advantage of flexible requirements, whether agreements with developers lead to agreed-upon action, and whether actions lead to desired results. Based on experiences of several cities, implications and cautions are drawn for local planners. The first caution relates to cities using flexible requirements to collect in-lieu fees in support of public parking. Where cities delay providing parking, inflation may make it difficult to provide the desired parking supply. Or, developers may not choose to pay the fee, such as in the case where cities grant relaxations for other measures more attractive than paying the fees. Other implications relate to flexible requirements in support of ridesharing or transit. Developers will not necessarily take advantage of relaxations tied to support of these modes. Generally, developers will take the least-cost ways to gain relaxations. They may choose to provide the parking where transit or ridesharing measures are too costly or complex. Or, they may take relaxations easier to obtain than those for ridesharing and transit. Finally, even where developers do agree to ridesharing measures, the measures may not be effective. On the other hand, developer-sponsored actions have proven effective in some cities where tight or expensive parking prevails, or where neighborhood residents have organized against office commuters parking on neighborhood streets, or where other economic or community variables favor ridesharing and transit.
Male recombination and mosaics induced inDrosophila melanogaster by feeding

Contrary to earlier reports, outcrosses to a number of natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster have shown that low levels of male recombination can occur, often associated with chromosome breakage, mutator activity, sterility, and unique chromosome rearrangements. We have been able to induce low levels of male recombination and complex, genetic mosaics by feeding an inbred laboratory control strain with homogenates of a strain that shows male recombination and of a laboratory wild type strain. This supports other evidence that the factor inducing male recombination, and presumably the asociated chromosome breakage, may be an infective agent.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME INSULATING BRICK

An investigation of eleven types of insulating brick was made. Physical properties determined included bulk density, porosity, transverse and crushing strength, pyrometric cone equivalent, volume shrinkage at 2300°F, 2500°F, and 2700°F, load deformation at elevated temperatures, and resistance to spalling. A study of the relation between permeability and pressure differential through the various insulating brick is included in the report. Suggestions for classifying the various types of insulating brick into groups and a critical discussion of formulas for permeability are also given.
Development of an intelligent enzyme indicator for dynamic monitoring of the shelf-life of food products

Abstract This work describes the development of a new smart time–temperature indicator, whose operating principle is based on the reaction between starch and iodine and the subsequent acting of an amylase on this complex, causing discoloration at a rate dependent on time and temperature of the medium. Laboratory simulations, manufacturing plant tests, and points of sale evaluated various enzyme concentrations in the TTI prototypes. The results showed that the color response of the indicators was visually interpreted as adaptive to measurement using colorimeter. Due to the possibility of defining the shelf-life of TTIs by varying enzyme concentrations, the indicators can be easily adapted to control the temperature conditions in the production chain of many perishable foods in a cheap, easy and accurate form. Industrial relevance Temperature control during the distribution and storage of perishable products is often flawed, with conditions other than those recommended by the manufacturer. The difficulty in knowing the temperature history to which a food has been exposed to makes it difficult to predict its true shelf-life. An innovative alternative to dynamically ensure the validity of food can be the use of a smart time–temperature indicator (TTI). However, the success of the industrial application of TTIs depends on the simplicity, cost and reliability during operation, characteristics that have not yet been jointly observed in the indicators available in the market. In this perspective, it is part of the development of this work, which aims to develop a new TTI that presents a favorable combination of efficiency, reliability and viability. Thus, the aim is to contribute to the commercial acceptance of the concepts of smart packaging and in the establishment of regulation standards of usage, providing benefits to the conservation of a wide variety of foods.
Purification and properties of dehydroascorbic acid reductase of peas (Pisum sativum).

Abstract Dehydroascorbic acid reductase in pea seeds was purified by fractional precipitation from the pressed pea juice. The preparation was lyophilized and used in the study of some of its properties. The reductase was very unstable at the higher temperatures. At 40 °C. or higher, the enzyme was very rapidly inactivated. It exhibited a maximum activity at pH 6.9. Orthophosphate activated the enzyme; the highest activity was at 0.4 M ; and at 10 −3 M or lower concentrations, there was no activation. Arsenate activated the enzyme somewhat but was not as effective as orthophosphate. Cysteine and thioglycolic acid used as substrates did not replace glutathione as hydrogen donors. Dehydro- d -araboascorbic acid and 1,2,3-triketocyclopentane were reduced by the system but at markedly slower rates than with dehydro- l -ascorbic acid. High NaCl and KCl concentrations inhibited the enzyme action. Addition of dihydrocozymase to the reductase system did not increase the reduction of dehydro- l -ascorbic acid.
Monoclonal antibodies as targeted therapy in hematologic malignancies in older adults.

Abstract Background: Biological agents are proving to be increasingly useful and exciting additions to the antineoplastic armamentarium, but many clinicians are unfamiliar with the properties of these types of agents. Objectives: This review focuses on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that are used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Our goal was to provide the reader with information on trials that led to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of commonly used MAbs in hematologic malignancies, including their mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics, with specific emphasis on use in elderly patients; we also present data on toxicities and precautions to be aware of when administering these drugs. Methods: Materials for this review were gathered based on a computerized literature search (English-language articles only) using the PubMed database covering the period January 1998 to December 2005. Search terms used included the following: elderly, monoclonal antibodies , and neoplasms . Results: Alemtuzumab is a recombinant DNA-derived, humanized MAb directed against the CD52 B-cell antigen. It is indicated for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in patients who have been treated with alkylating agents and who have failed to respond to fludarabine therapy. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is an MAb conjugated with a cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic, calicheamicin. It has been approved for use in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first relapse who are aged ≥60 years and who are not considered candidates for other cytotoxic chemotherapy. Rituximab, one of the first MAbs approved by the FDA for use in human cancers, is an antibody directed against the CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes. It is extensively used in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, such as CLL, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), such as follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions: It is noteworthy that while there have been a number of studies using these agents in the younger population, there continues to be a paucity of clinical trials targeting the elderly patient in particular; this continues to be an area of research interest. More clinical studies of these agents—conducted specifically in elderly patients with CLL, NHL, AML, and other hematologic malignancies—are needed.
Status epilepticus: a new rodent model.

Abstract Kindling, the phenomenon of producing a persistently seizure-prone area of brain by administering repetitive low intensity electrical stimulation, has recently undergone intensive investigation. The most commonly used interstimulus interval in these experiments has been 24 h. We have found, using an interstimulus interval of one minute, that it is possible to produce long-term self-sustained seizures (SSS) in mice via hippocampal electrode placements. These results suggest an animal model for the clinically-defined syndrome of status epilepticus. Effective stimulus parameters for the production of SSS were a 1.0 sec, 400 μA (constant current) train of 60 c/sec 1 msec biphasic square wave pulses. The intertrain interval was 60 sec. With stimulating electrodes located in hippocampal subfields CA2, CA3, CA4 or in the dentate gyrus a slowly developing form of SSS (Non-Lethal SSS) was seen. This form of seizure was characterized by a slow (100–130 stimulation) increase in the intensity and duration of afterdischarge. Behaviorally the major manifestations of Non-Lethal SSS were automatisms or stereotyped behaviors (repetitive grooming, chewing, etc.) and behavioral arrest. These animals displayed performance deficits to an inhibitory avoidance task 24–48 h after the cessation of SSS. Electrode placements in subfield CA1 of hippocampus generally resulted in a more quickly (40–50 stimulations) developing form of SSS (Lethal SSS). Behaviorally these mice exhibited both preconvulsive and convulsive motor activities. All CA1-stimulated animals died in convulsion within 1 h of the onset of SSS. Non-Lethal SSS is discussed as a model for psychomotor status epilepticus. Lethal SSS is discussed as a model for convulsive status epilepticus.
Visceral Adipose Tissue and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Adipose tissue has been recognized as an endocrine organ. Cytokines released from adipose tissue not only influence lipid metabolism, they also affect multiple organ systems such as the immune and nervous systems, and of interest in this review, the cardiovascular system. While there are multiple depots of adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue appears to be the most metabolically active. This fat depot has been linked to dysfunction of the vascular endothelium with the subsequent development of atherosclerosis and incident cardiovascular events. In this regard and within the last two years, several studies have examined the effect of visceral adipose tissue on subclinical and clinical CVD outcomes. This review highlights these findings and focuses on the associations between visceral adipose tissue and ethnicity, risk factors, vascular changes, clinical effects and cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Two Citations: An Early Whitman Article and an Early Reprinting of "Death in the School-Room"

Adds two new citations to Whitman scholarship: an early anonymous article entitled "Our Boston Literary Letter: Whittier, Whitman, Emma Lazarus," and a newly discovered reprinting of Whitman's story "Death in the School-Room (a Fact)" in an 1841 issue of Salem Gazette.
Genotoxic Effects of High-Energy Iron Particles in Human Lymphoblasts Differing in Radiation Sensitivity

The effects of (56)Fe particles and (137)Cs gamma radiation were compared in TK6 and WTK1 human lymphoblasts, two related cell lines which differ in TP53 status and in the ability to rejoin DNA double-strand breaks. Both cell lines were more sensitive to the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of (56)Fe particles than to those of gamma rays. However, the mutagenicity of (56)Fe particles and gamma rays at the TK locus was the same per unit dose and was higher for gamma rays than for (56)Fe particles at isotoxic doses. The respective RBEs for TK6 and WTK1 cells were 1.5 and 1.9 for cytotoxicity and 2.5 and 1.9 for clastogenicity, but only 1 for mutagenicity. The results indicate that complex lesions induced by (56)Fe particles are repaired less efficiently than gamma-ray-induced lesions, leading to fewer colony-forming cells, a slightly higher proportion of aberrant cells at the first division, and a lower frequency of viable mutants at isotoxic doses. WTK1 cells (mutant TP53) were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of both gamma rays and (56)Fe particles, but showed greater cytogenetic and mutagenic damage than TK6 cells (TP53(+)). A deficiency in the number of damaged TK6 cells (a) reaching the first mitosis after exposure and (b) forming viable mutants can explain these results.
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Proteins

Although 13C has a natural abundance of only 1.1% and gives inherently much weaker nuclear magnetic resonance signals than does does 1H, it has been found that 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of aqueous solutions of naturally occurring proteins can be observed. A spectrum of hen's egg white lysozyme, an enzyme of molecular weight approximately 14 300, containing 129 amino acid residues, has been partially analyzed by comparison with a computer-simulated spectrum.
High-resolution steady-state cerebral blood volume maps in patients with central nervous system neoplasms using ferumoxytol, a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle.

Cerebral blood volume (CBV) measurement complements conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to indicate pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS). Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion imaging is limited by low resolution and distortion. Steady-state (SS) imaging may provide higher resolution CBV maps but was not previously possible in patients. We tested the feasibility of clinical SS-CBV measurement using ferumoxytol, a nanoparticle blood pool contrast agent. SS-CBV measurement was analyzed at various ferumoxytol doses and compared with DSC-CBV using gadoteridol. Ninety nine two-day MRI studies were acquired in 65 patients with CNS pathologies. The SS-CBV maps showed improved contrast to noise ratios, decreased motion artifacts at increasing ferumoxytol doses. Relative CBV (rCBV) values obtained in the thalamus and tumor regions indicated good consistency between the DSC and SS techniques when the higher dose (510 mg) ferumoxytol was used. The SS-CBV maps are feasible using ferumox...
Monitoring trauma and intensive care unit resuscitation with tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation

The purpose of the present review is to review our experience with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in shock resuscitation and predicting clinical outcomes. The management of critically ill patients with goal-oriented intensive care unit (ICU) resuscitation continues to evolve as our understanding of the appropriate physiologic targets improves. It is now recognized that resuscitation to achieve supranormal indices is not beneficial in all patients and may precipitate abdominal compartment syndrome. Over the years, ICU technology has provided physicians with specific physiologic parameters to guide shock resuscitation. Throughout this time, the tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) monitor has emerged as a non-invasive means to obtain reliable physiologic parameters to guide clinicians' resuscitative efforts. StO2 monitors have been shown to aid in early identification of nonresponders and to predict outcomes in hemorrhagic shock and ICU resuscitation. These data have also been used to better understand and refine existing resuscitation protocols. More recently, use of NIRS technology to guide resuscitation in septic shock has been shown to predict outcomes in high-risk patients. StO2 is an important tool in identifying high-risk patients in septic and hemorrhagic shock. It is a non-invasive means of obtaining vital information regarding outcome and adequacy of resuscitation.
Interactive Effects of Mosquito Control Insecticide Toxicity, Hypoxia, and Increased Carbon Dioxide on Larval and Juvenile Eastern Oysters and Hard Clams

Mosquito control insecticide use in the coastal zone coincides with the habitat and mariculture operations of commercially and ecologically important shellfish species. Few data are available regarding insecticide toxicity to shellfish early life stages, and potential interactions with abiotic stressors, such as low oxygen and increased CO2 (low pH), are less understood. Toxicity was assessed at 4 and 21 days for larval and juvenile stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, using two pyrethroids (resmethrin and permethrin), an organophosphate (naled), and a juvenile growth hormone mimic (methoprene). Acute toxicity (4-day LC50) values ranged from 1.59 to >10 mg/L. Overall, clams were more susceptible to mosquito control insecticides than oysters. Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae, whereas resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae. Mortality for both species generally increased with chronic insecticide exposure (21-day LC50 values ranged from 0.60 to 9.49 mg/L). Insecticide exposure also caused sublethal effects, including decreased swimming activity after 4 days in larval oysters (4-day EC50 values of 0.60 to 2.33 mg/L) and decreased growth (shell area and weight) in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days (detected at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/L). Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and a combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia caused mortality in larval clams and increased resmethrin toxicity. These data will benefit both shellfish mariculture operations and environmental resource agencies as they manage the use of mosquito control insecticides near coastal ecosystems.
An inverse approach to determining myocardial material properties

Passive myocardial material properties have been measured previously by subjecting test samples of myocardium to in vitro load-deformation analysis or, in the intact heart, by pressure-volume relationships. A new method for determining passive material properties, described in this paper, couples a p-version finite element model of the heart, a nonlinear optimization algorithm and a dense set of transmural measured strains that could be obtained in the intact heart by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiofrequency tissue tagging. Unknown material parameters for a nonlinear, nonhomogeneous material law are determined by solving an inverse boundary value problem. An objective function relating the least-squares difference of model-predicted and measured strains is minimized with respect to the unknown material parameters using a novel optimization algorithm that utilizes forward finite element solutions to calculate derivatives of model-predicted strains with respect to the material parameters. Test cases incorporating several salient features of the inverse material identification problem for the heart are formulated to test the performance of the inverse algorithm in typical experimental conditions. Known true material parameters can be determined to within a small tolerance and random noise is shown not to affect the stability of the inverse solution appreciably. On the basis of these validation experiments, we conclude that the inverse material identification problem for the heart can be extended to solve for unknown material parameters that describe in vivo myocardial material behavior.
Ras oncogene and the acquisition of metastasizing properties by rectal adenocarcinoma.

To gain a better understanding of the biologic development of rectal adenicarcinomas, the authors evaluated the level ofras gene protein product (p21) in the available material of 74 Dukes'B adenocarcinomas, 64 Dukes' C adenocarcinomas, and 60 lymph-node metastases resected at the University of Chicago Medical Center between 1965 and 1981. Pathologic slides and archival paraffin blocks were retrieved for confirmation of the original diagnosis and measurement of p21 content. P21 titers were obtained using the RAP-5 monoclonal antibody in a semiquantitative immunohistochemical assay. Titer was expressed as the highest dilution giving definitive staining using the avidinbiotin peroxidase method. The analysis indicated that a higher percentage of Dukes' stage C rectal adenocarcinomas had high (≥1∶40,000) p21 titers than Dukes' B adenocarcinomas (68.8vs. 51.4 percent, respectively,P<0.05). In view of recent data suggesting thatras oncogene expression confers invasive and metastatic capabilities to NIH 3T3 cells, the authors believe this study offers evidence that overexpression ofras oncogene with overproduction of p21 protein product may be an important prerequisite for the acquisition of metastatic capabilities in the early stages of colon cancer.
Comment on "test of nonequilibrium thermodynamics in glassy systems: the soft-sphere case".

In this Comment, I show that the free energy expression for a glass proposed by La Nave et al. [Phys. Rev. E 68, 032103 (2003)] cannot be correct since it violates the second law of thermodynamics.
Trimellitic anhydride-induced airway syndromes: Clinical and immunologic studies

Abstract This report describes a spectrum of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a biologically reactive chemical used in the plastics industry. Fourteen workers who had worked on a unit which synthesized TMA were evaluated by clinical and immunologic methods. Respiratory syndromes induced by TMA inhalation included asthma and rhinitis of the immediate type, late onset asthma with systemic symptoms, and airway irritation. TMA was shown to couple rapidly to human serum albumin, forming an immunoreactive hapten-protein complex. The workers' immunologic reactivity to this complex could be quantitated and correlated with the three respiratory syndromes. The asthma-rhinitis syndrome was mediated by IgE antibody specific for the TMA hapten. The syndrome of late onset asthma with systemic symptoms was accompanied by elevated levels of TMA-specific IgG antibody. Rheumatoid factor in high titer was found in one worker with IgE-mediated asthma and in two workers with asthma of late onset. Lymphocyte reactivity of TMA-HSA was demonstrated in three workers representative of the three clinical syndromes. Leukocyte histamine release was demonstrated to TMA-HSA in one worker with high levels of IgE antibody specific for TMA-HSA who had severe symptoms of acute rhinitis and asthma.
Imaging Using Alternate Point Spread Functions: Lenslets with Pseudo-Random Phase Diversity

An optical imaging system's resolution can often be limited by the detector array instead of the optics. We present alternate non-impulse like optical point spread functions that overcome the distortions introduced by the detector array.
The effect of a scheduled telephone intervention on outcome after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial

Abstract Bell KR, Temkin NR, Esselman PC, Doctor JN, Bombardier CH, Fraser RT, Hoffman JM, Powell JM, Dikmen S. The effect of a scheduled telephone intervention on outcome after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial. Objective To measure the effectiveness of a scheduled telephone intervention offering counseling and education to people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) on behavioral outcomes compared with standard follow-up at 1 year postinjury. Design Two-group randomized, prospective clinical trial throughout the first year after injury. Setting Subjects' homes via telephone in an urban-rural catchment area from a level I trauma center. Participants Subjects (N=171; age range, 18–70y) with a primary diagnosis of TBI who were discharged from an acute rehabilitation unit. They were randomly assigned to the telephone intervention (n=85) or to standard follow-up (n=86) groups at discharge. Of these, 79 participated in the intervention and completed the outcome assessment (3 withdrew; 3 were lost to follow-up), and 78 participated in usual care and completed the outcome assessment (8 were lost to follow-up). Interventions Subjects were randomly assigned to receive telephone calls at 2 and 4 weeks and 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months after discharge. The calls consisted of brief motivational interviewing, counseling, and education, plus facilitating usual care or usual care alone through follow-up appointments and therapy prescriptions. Main outcome measures A composite outcome was used as the primary endpoint on an intent-to-treat basis. Secondary analyses were conducted with individual measures, including the FIM instrument, Disability Rating Scale, Community Integration Questionnaire, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, Functional Status Examination, Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Brief Symptom Inventory, EuroQol, and Modified Perceived Quality of Life scale. The primary analysis was a blocked Mann-Whitney U test. Results At 1-year follow-up, those who had received scheduled telephone intervention fared significantly better on the primary composite outcome index ( P =.002). In addition, this group fared better on specific composites such as functional status ( P =.003) and quality of well-being ( P =.006). There were no significant differences on vocational status ( P =.08) or community integration status ( P =.13). Conclusions Scheduled telephone counseling and education resulted in improved overall outcome, particularly for functional status and quality of well-being, when compared with usual outpatient care. Telephone counseling shows promise as a low-cost, widely available rehabilitation intervention for TBI.
Investigation of Plume Dynamics with Ultrafast Hard X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Results on plume dynamics of pulsed laser ablation of metal thin films in helium at ambient pressure studied with ultrafast hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy/imaging are presented. The x-ray absorbing plume propagated at 4x102 m/sec.
Thin-layer chromatography diskette storage of high performance liquid chromatographic effluents with off-line laser-induced fluorescence detection

The concept of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) "chemical diskette" is demonstrated whereby high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) effluents are delivered and stored along a linear path on a TLC surface. The time coordinate normally associated with the HPLC chromatogram is transformed therefore to a spatial coordinate on the solid matrices. After the HPLC analytes have been deposited on the TLC in a pre-determined pattern as controlled by a computer, the pattern can be retraced and interrogated by various spectroscopic methods. In the present demonstration, the analytes are detected by fluorescence where an optical fiber carries the laser beam for excitation. The LC/TLC diskette method was experimentally implemented by replacing the pen of a high resolution digital x-y recorder with the outlet tube of a microbore HPLC column. The writing rate and pattern of the LC effluent on the TLC plate were controlled by the x-y recorder as driven by a microcomputer. After removal of the LC solvent, the adsorbed analytes on the TLC surface were interrogated by retracing the pattern with the He-Cd laser irradiation as carried by the optical fiber on the pen holder. Other fibers on the same holder collect and transmit the fluorescent emission to the detection system. The detection limits were in the low femtomole range for two amino acids derivatized by naphthalenedialdehyde. Also, it was possible to detect di-derivatized lysine, which was not quenched as in the solution phase, on the TLC surface.
Detergency evaluation. III. Adjustment of Terg-O-Tometer and launderometer wash test methods to produce comparable soil removal data

It was demonstrated that the average soil removal values for the four 10-minute wash Launderometer method could probably be essentially duplicated by a single 3-minute Terg-O-Tometer wash and one 2-minute rinse. The 3-minute Terg-O-Tometer method did not result in the same comparative rating of four detergents, but a series of tests with several other detergents using a 5-minute wash and a 5-minute rinse (using for comparison purposes a standard detergent) resulted in quite effective ratings. Of 13 detergents tested over a period of time, the two test methods provided soil removal values identical within a 95% confidence limit.
Formation of parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flowers and aborted flowers in tomato under moderately elevated temperatures

Abstract Incidence of parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flowers and flower abortion in tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were compared under optimal temperature (OT, 28/22°C day/night) and chronic, mild high temperature conditions (HT, 32/26°C). Seeded fruits were found only under OT conditions, where 37±9% of all flowers developed into seeded fruit. However, flower aborted was also higher under OT, with an additional 24±7% of flowers aborted under optimal temperature conditions, compared to only 4±1% of flowers aborted under HT conditions. Under HT, most flowers (53±8%) developed into parthenocarpic fruit, and the remainder (43±7%) stayed on the plant as undeveloped flowers. A slow transition of undeveloped flowers to parthenocarpic fruit was also observed under HT. Factors determining whether flowers abort, develop parthenocarpically, remain on the plant without developing further, or develop into seeded fruit were discussed in relation to carbohydrate availability and the presence of seeded fruit on the vine.
The role of eye movement signals in dorsal and ventral processing

As human eyes scan an image, each fixation captures high resolution visual information from a small region of that image. The resulting intermittent visual stream is sent along two visual pathways to the visual centers of the brain concurrently with eye movement information. The ventral stream (the what pathway) is associated with object recognition, while the dorsal stream (the where pathway) is associated with spatial perception. This research employs three experiments to compare the relative importance of eye movement information within these two visual pathways. During Experiment 1 participants visually examine (a) outdoor scenery images, and (b) object images, while their fixation sequences are captured. These fixation sequences are then used to generate sequences of foveated of images, in the form of videos. In Experiments 2 and 3 these videos are viewed by another set of participants. In doing so, participants in Experiment 2 and 3 experience the same sequence of foveal stimuli as those in Experiment 1, but might or might not experience the corresponding eye movement signals. The subsequent ability of the Experiment 2 and 3 participants to (a) recognize objects, and (b) locate landmarks in outdoor scenes provides information about the importance of eye movement information in dorsal and ventral processing.
Rate of reinforcement and session duration as determinants of within-session patterns of responding

Rats pressed levers for Noyes pellets or keys for sweetened condensed milk reinforcers delivered by multiple schedules. Session length and baseline rates of reinforcement were varied in two experiments. Rates of responding increased during the early part of the session and then decreased for both responses and reinforcers, as well as for all subjects and values of the independent variables. Changes in response rates across the session sometimes exceeded 500%. Respoiise rates peaked approximately 20 min after the beginning of the session, regardless of session duration, when subjects responded on a multiple variable interval 1-min variable interval 1-min schedule. The function was flatter for longer sessions than it was for shorter sessions. The function was flatter, more symmetrical, and peaked later for lower rates of reinforcement than for higher rates of reinforcement. The function appeared early in training, and further experience moved and reduced its peak. Variables related to reinforcement exerted more control over some aspects of this function than did variables related to responding. These within-session patterns of responding may have fundamental implications for experimental design and theorizing.
Secondary structure at the beginning of the poly(A) sequence of mouse β-actin messenger RNA

Abstract A portion of the β-actin mRNA of mammalian cells is believed to lack a poly(A) tail, because of its failure to bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose. S1 mapping and Northern blot analysis of this mRNA shows it to contain a poly(A) sequence of about 60 nucleotides. Only about 20–40 nucleotides are available for interaction with oligo(dT). The rest is masked, presumably by base-pairing with a poly(U) stretch present in the 3′ non-coding region of the mRNA. A similar configuration occurs in the bulk of the actin mRNA, which carries a poly(A) tail with sizes ranging from approximately 60 to 200 nucleotides.
X-ray lithography, from 500 to 30 nm: X-ray nanolithography

Proximity X-ray lithography (XRL), using wavelengths between 0.8 and 1.5 nm, provides a near-ideal match to the "system problem" of lithography for feature sizes from 500 to 30 nm, by virtue of "absorption without scattering" and recently developed mask technology. The effects of photoelectrons, at one time thought to be problematic, are now understood not to limit resolution. With experiments and simulations via Maxwell's equations, we show that useful resolution is not limited by diffraction until linewidths are below 50 nm. It is critically important to optimize the source spatial incoherence to eliminate the deleterious effects of high spatial frequencies. Mask architecture and patterning methods are presented which we believe are compatible with manufacturing at linewidths from 500 to 30 nm. Distortion due to mask frame flexing and absorber stress can now be eliminated. Elimination of distortion at the pattern generation stage remains the problem of greatest concern. We discuss a proposed method of spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography which could solve this problem. Our new interferometric alignment scheme has achieved 18-nm alignment at 3σ. We assert that projection XRL using multilayer mirrors at 13 nm can never match the present performance of proximity XRL. Applications of sub-100-nm XRL, including MOS, quantum-effect, and optoelectronic devices are discussed which illustrate the benefits of high resolution, process robustness, low distortion, low damage, and high throughput.
Closing the Gap The Impact of Professional Development on Faculty Attitudes Toward Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

This article reports on a yearlong case study on the impact of a faculty development program designed to improve learning opportunities for Latina women by encouraging the use of culturally respons...
Asteroids: spun in the sun.

Two asteroids have been observed gradually spinning faster and faster, and the hot tip is that sunlight is the cause. If so, this could give us a handle on the dynamics and evolution of the asteroid belt in general.
Speech enhancement using microphone array in moving vehicle environment

This paper proposes a robust speech enhancement method combining spectral subtraction and beamforming, which can be used as a preprocessor for speech recognition systems. Spectral subtraction is an effective method to reduce stationary additive noise from a single microphone signal. However, it has a major drawback, in that it introduces musical noise. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the proposed method improves existing spectral subtraction methods and reduces its residual noise using a microphone array.
Benefits and limitations of simulation in endoscopic training

Training in the performance of endoscopic procedures has traditionally been given in the endoscopy suite under the supervision of a guiding physician. This approach typically results in a significant learning curve, showing enhanced cognitive skills and "hand–eye" coordination. Recent developments in medical simulation seem promising with regard to the possibility of training outside the endoscopy suite, thereby minimizing potential patient discomfort and being less stressful for both the trainee and the supervising physician. Various types of simulators are available and have been promoted as an educational tool to accelerate the training curve and to provide objective measures of procedural competency. The purpose of this paper is to review the studies performed using various simulators, comparing computer-based endoscopic simulators, animal models, and mechanical simulators with traditional endoscopy training, and to recognize the place for simulation training in a residency or fellowship program.
Digital Consumer Networks and Producer-Consumer Collaboration: Innovation and Product Development in the Digital Entertainment Industry

This paper examines new forms of collaboration between producers and consumers that are emerging in the digital entertainment space. Taking the case of the video-game industry, we show how firms have successfully engaged in outsourcing parts of their game design and development process to digital consumer networks. Applying economic analysis, we explore the potential benefits to both producers and consumers. We also discuss implications with respect to copyright enforcement on firm strategy for innovation. We finally indicate potential research areas in producer-consumer collaboration for innovation in general and in the music and moving image industries in particular, the value of digital consumer networks, as well as the effect of outsourcing to consumers on social surplus and the boundary of the firm
Model Based Fault Detection of Freeway Traffic Sensors

This paper presents a model based fault detection and exclusion scheme that implements a decision logic to automatically identify faulty or mislocated freeway traffic sensors in the presence of unknown on-ramp and off-ramp flows. The algorithm is deployed within the framework of a suite of software tools, named TOPl, which models traffic flow via a macroscopic model, calibrates the model based on available data and runs simulations to evaluate various operational strategies such as ramp metering, demand management, incident management, etc. TOPl has been used to model various freeways in California, such as Interstate 80, Interstate 210, Interstate 880 and Interstate 680. Two main difficulties with data collection on California freeways were found to be missing ramp flow and faulty mainline data, which decrease the accuracy of the model and increase the time and effort invested in model calibration. The former of these difficulties has been previously addressed by an iterative learning algorithm that estimates the missing ramp flows and the latter is tackled by the method presented in this work.
Mother–Daughter Communication About Sex and Sexual Intercourse Among Middle- to Upper-Class African American Girls

This study investigated linkages between various dimensions of mother— daughter communication about sex and sexual intercourse in a sample of 274 middle- to upper-income African American adolescent girls, drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Logistic regression analysis revealed that girls who reported closer relationships with their mothers were less likely to have had sexual intercourse. They were more likely to report a history of sexual intercourse when their mothers communicated frequently about sexual topics and when daughters perceived their mothers as being more approving of premarital sex. Daughters were less likely to be sexually active when their mothers reported more discussions related to the negative consequences of premarital sex and to delaying sexual intercourse for moral reasons. The implications of these findings for upwardly mobile African American families are discussed.
Adenosine A2a and A2b Receptors in Cultured Fetal Chick Heart Cells : High- and Low-Affinity Coupling to Stimulation of Myocyte Contractility and cAMP Accumulation

Adenosine exerts pronounced biological effects in the heart cell. The role of multiple adenosine receptor subtypes in regulating the heart cell function is not known. Ventricular cells cultured from chick embryos 14 days in ovo were used to study a novel feature of heart cell regulation by the stimulatory adenosine receptors. The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor pathway was first inactivated by pertussis toxin treatment of the cultures, and the effects of adenosine agonists and antagonists on the heart cell contractile amplitude, measured via an opticovideo motion detection system, and on the modulation of cAMP level were determined. Adenosine and N-ethyladenosine-5'-uronic acid (NECA), capable of activating both the adenosine A2a and A2b receptors, caused a greater increase in the contractile amplitude than did the A2a-selective agonist 2-[4-(2-carboxythyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoa denosine (CGS21680). NECA caused a biphasic increase in cAMP, which became monophasic in the presence of the A2a receptor-selective antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine, whereas the CGS21680-induced cAMP response was monophasic. Blocking with 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine abolished most of the CGS21680-elicited contractile or cAMP response while attenuating only part of the adenosine- or NECA-stimulated responses. Blocking with the A2b-selective antagonists 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine or alloxazine caused a more pronounced inhibititon of the contractile or cAMP response by adenosine or NECA than by CGS21680. Affinity of the A2a receptor was 60-fold higher than that of the A2b receptor. These data demonstrate that a functional A2b receptor is expressed on the heart cell and is capable of mediating augmentation of cardiac myocyte contractility and that adenosine A2a and A2b receptors, with greatly different affinity, coexist and are coupled to the same functional responses. Taken together, the data suggest a novel feature of heart cell regulation, where the high-affinity A2a receptor can play an important modulatory role in the presence of a low level of adenosine, whereas the low-affinity A2b receptor becomes functionally important when the adenosine level is high.
Effect of postweaning diet on ovarian development and fertility in replacement beef heifers.

Programs for developing replacement heifers are designed for heifers to calve at 2 yr of age and to extend their stayability in the herd and minimize feed cost. The experimental objective was to determine whether developing prepubertal heifers on less dietary energy and to a BW of 55% rather than 65% of mature BW at 14 mo of age would compromise ovarian development and reduce fertility. In a 3-yr study, 8-mo-old Angus (n = 60/yr) and composite MARC II (n = 60/yr) heifers were assigned equally by age, BW, and breed to receive either a low (LG) or high (HG) BW gain diet fed to achieve an ADG of either 0.45 or 0.8 kg/d from 8 to 15 mo of age, including the first 21 d of breeding, and then transferred to pasture. At 14 mo, heifers were housed with fertile bulls for 47 d. Estrus was monitored for 21 d. Within 12 h after detection of estrus, ovarian length and height, preovulatory follicle diam., and antral follicle count (AFC) were measured by transrectal ultrasonography. Corpus luteum (CL) volume and plasma progesterone concentration were measured 5 to 15 d after estrus. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment, breed, and year and their 2-way interactions as independent variables. At breeding, HG heifers were heavier than LG heifers (419.9 vs. 361.8 ± 7.5 kg; P 0.10). Pregnancy rate was 10% less (P < 0.01) for Angus vs. MARC II heifers. Developing beef heifers at a lesser ADG to a lighter BW (55% vs. 64% of mature BW) at breeding did not influence postweaning ovarian development or AFC or compromise pregnancy rate during the 47-d breeding period.
Effects of Oil Treating on Shell Egg Quality During Short Term Refrigerated Storage

Abstract INTRODUCTION OPTIMUM short term holding temperatures for retaining the interior qual-ity of shell eggs have been studied by many workers, Dawson and Hall (1954), Fry and Newell (1957), Parnell and Jaska (1958). The temperature usually recommended for short term storage periods has been around 45° to 55°F. The process of oiling shell eggs for long term storage has been used extensively for many years, Spamer (1931), and has been receiving renewed attention recently as a method of retaining quality during short holding periods, Swanson et al. (1958), Stadelman and Wilson (1958). These recent studies have considered the merits of various methods of applying the oil to the shell. This study was conducted to determine whether oiling shell eggs for subsequent short storage periods of one to 21 days would be of significant value if the eggs are to be held under the recommended refrigerated conditions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Six tests were…
General relation for the vector magnetic field of a circular current loop: a closer look

This paper presents a general theory for the fields generated by a circular current loop and compares it with existing theories. The existing, general, closed solution for the vector magnetic field may be expressed in a number of seemingly different but equivalent forms. These relations offer alternative closed-form solutions that may find various applications, including the characterization of Helmholtz coils. The paper provides alternative closed forms in both spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems. It employs Gauss's magnetic law to show that the alternative closed form is self-consistent and correct and also shows agreement with well-known solutions. Finally, it develops a new (or not readily found) tabulated mathematical identity.
Decision Neuroscience New Directions in Studies of Judgment and Decision Making

Investigations of decision making have historically been undertaken by different disciplines, each using different techniques and assumptions, and few unifying efforts have been made. Economists have focused on precise mathematical models of normative decision making, psychologists have examined how decisions are actually made based on cognitive constraints, and neuroscientists have concentrated on the detailed operation of neural systems in simple choices. In recent years, however, researchers in these separate fields have joined forces in an attempt to better specify the foundations of decision making. This interdisciplinary effort has begun to use decision theory to guide the search for the neural bases of reward value and predictability. Concurrently, these formal models are beginning to incorporate processes such as social reward and emotion. The combination of these diverse theoretical approaches and methodologies is already yielding significant progress in the construction of more comprehensive dec...
EFFECTIVE PARTNERING IN INNOVATIVE PROCURED MULTICULTURAL PROJECT

Effective partnering has been shown to improve projects in numerous ways including cost, schedule, safety, quality, and claims. However, partnering in a multicultural, multiphase environment has some additional challenges. This paper describes some lessons learned from the Tren Urbano project in San Juan, Puerto Rico, a $1.5 billion, 17.2-km heavy-rail project. The Tren Urbano Project has an innovative procurement strategy of turnkey with multiple primes, which combined with the multiphase, multicultural project environment presents additional challenges for providing an effective partnering environment. A system dynamics partnering model was built to demonstrate that the partnering effort in the Tren Urbano project was adequate for a traditional procured, limited culture project. However, for a project like Tren Urbano, a greater partnering effort is needed to achieve the same results.
Dose-related illusions and hallucinations with zaleplon.

To the Editor:Ms. A, a 20-year-old Caucasian woman who had a history of DSM-IV diagnoses of major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, reported insomnia characterized by difficu...