cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract SY09-01: Control of class III PI 3-kinase in autophagy and cancers

Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process involved in the turnover of cellular components, mediates normal homeostasis during development and protects multicellular eukaryotes from neurodegeneration, cancer and other diseases. However, the mechanisms regulating autophagy under normal nutritional conditions most frequently encountered by cells in organisms under physiological conditions remain unknown. Our recent studies highlight an important role of class III PI 3-kinase in regulating autophagy. First, we show that phosphorylation of Vps34 by Cdk1 and Cdk5 negatively regulate type III PI 3-kinase and production of PI3P in mitotic cells and in neurodegeneration. Second, we show that multiple growth factors negatively regulate the activity of type III PI 3-kinase. In an image-based genome-wide human siRNA screen, we show that upregulation of autophagy by only 14 (6.4%) of the identified hit genes was accompanied by downregulation of activity of mTORC1, an essential regulator of starvation-induced autophagy. On the other hand, we found that 110 (50.2%) of the hit genes, including a group of growth factors and cytokines, regulate autophagy by targeting the type III PI 3-kinase. These cytokines inhibit the type III PI 3-kinase through multiple pathways. Third, we show that ROS may have a general signaling function in autophagy. We uncovered a large group of genes (117, or 54% of all genes tested) whose knockdown led to vesicular translocation of LC3-GFP in the absence but not the presence of antioxidant, suggesting that ROS are required for the induction of autophagy. Finally, using a small-molecule inhibitor that promotes the degradation of class III PI 3-kinase, we show that successful targeting this pathway can lead to selective cancer cell death. Our study suggests that the type III PI 3-kinase integrates diverse signals to regulate cellular levels of autophagy. Thus, autophagy and cell proliferation may represent two alternative cell fates that are regulated in a mutually exclusive manner, implicating autophagy as a common tumor suppression mechanism downstream of multiple signaling pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY09-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY09-01
Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenomas, and carcinomas: differential expression of p27Kip1 protein.

The histologic spectrum of proliferative parathyroid lesions (hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma) often overlap, and differentiation between these lesions may at times be difficult. p27kip1 (p27) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that helps regulate the transition from the G1 to the S phase of
The Myth of Rationality: Development Planning Reconsidered:

The classical model of rational planning is fundamentally flawed. It assumes widespread consensus on goals, causal theory sufficiently developed as to permit prediction, and effective instrumental ...
Transplanted terminally differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells are accepted by immune mechanisms similar to self-tolerance

The exact nature of the immune response elicited by autologous-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) progeny is still not well understood. Here we show in murine models that autologous iPSC-derived endothelial cells (iECs) elicit an immune response that resembles the one against a comparable somatic cell, the aortic endothelial cell (AEC). These cells exhibit long-term survival in vivo and prompt a tolerogenic immune response characterized by elevated IL-10 expression. In contrast, undifferentiated iPSCs elicit a very different immune response with high lymphocytic infiltration and elevated IFN-γ, granzyme-B and perforin intragraft. Furthermore, the clonal structure of infiltrating T cells from iEC grafts is statistically indistinguishable from that of AECs, but is different from that of undifferentiated iPSC grafts. Taken together, our results indicate that the differentiation of iPSCs results in a loss of immunogenicity and leads to the induction of tolerance, despite expected antigen expression differences between iPSC-derived versus original somatic cells.
Role of phospholipase A inhibition in amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in rats

Amiodarone is effective in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. In man its clinical use is associated with the accumulation of phospholipid-rich multilamellar inclusions in various tissues including lung, liver and others. This report presents evidence showing that amiodarone is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal phospholipase A from rat alveolar macrophages, J-744 macrophages and rat liver. When compared with other cationic amphiphilic agents which are known to produce phospholipidosis, amiodarone is one of the most potent inhibitors yet discovered. The subcellular localization of amiodarone has been determined in lung and its distribution was consistent with a lysosomal localization. It is hypothesized that amiodarone causes cellular phospholipidosis by concentrating in lysosomes and inhibiting phospholipid catabolism.
Suppression of tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabotrica undecimpunctata) populations and damage by vermicomposts

Summary The effects of food waste vermicompost on populations of adult striped cucumber beetles ( Acalymma vittatum) and spotted cucumber beetles ( Diabotrica undecimpunctata ) on cucumbers and larval hornworms on tomatoes ( Manduca quinquemaculata) were evaluated in both greenhouse and field experiments as well as damage caused. In the field, cucumber and tomato plants were grown, with two different application rates (1.25 and 2.5 t ha −1 ) of food waste vermicompost or inorganic fertilizer, in a complete randomized block design field experiment. All treatments were balanced for NPK. Field cucumber beetle populations were suppressed significantly on cucumber plants treated with food waste vermicompost at both application rates, compared with those on plants treated only with inorganic fertilizer. In the greenhouse, cucumber and tomato plants were grown in a soil-less medium MetroMix 360 (MM360) substituted with 0%, 20% or 40% food waste vermicompost, and exposed to standardized pest attacks in nylon mesh cages. In the greenhouse, both the 20% and 40% vermicompost substitution rates decreased damage by cucumber beetles to cucumber foliage and hornworms to tomato foliage significantly.
Specification and Analysis of Attribute-Based Access Control Policies: An Overview

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a new generation of access control techniques. It enables fine-grained access control by using various attributes of authorization elements, facilitates collaborative policy administration within a large enterprise or across multiple organizations, and allows for decoupling of access control policies from application logic. Nevertheless, ABAC-based systems can be very complex to manage. High expressiveness of ABAC specifications also increases the possibility of having defects. Therefore testing and verification are important for assuring that ABAC policies are specified and enforced correctly. This paper presents an overview of the existing work on specification, dynamic testing, and static verification of ABAC policies. It not only summarizes the up-to-date research progresses, but also provides an understanding about the limitations and open issues of the existing work. It is expected to serve as useful guidelines for future research.
Relationship between the instability waves and noise of high-speed jets

The relationship between the instability waves and noise of hot jets at moderate supersonic Mach number is investigated. The relative importance of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves and the supersonic instability waves as sources of noise is considered. The results show that, for the range of Mach number and jet-to-ambient temperature ratio considered, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves have much higher total amplification and higher phase speed.
Conversion of a Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain kinase from skeletal muscle to a Ca2+-independent form

Abstract The Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase of rabbit skeletal muscle was converted to a Ca2+-independent form by limited proteolysis with α-chymotrypsin. The conditions prevailing during proteolysis are important and the loss of Ca2+-dependence was achieved best by hydrolysis of the Ca2+-calmodulin-kinase complex. The lack of Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependence was found using both myosin and isolated light chains as substrates. The specific activity of the Ca2+-independent form (Mr approximately 65,000) was similar to that of the native enzyme, i.e., 2 to 5 μmol phosphate transferred min−1 mg−1 kinase. The 65,000-dalton fragment was phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and approximately 0.8 moles phosphate were incorporated per fragment.
Interaction analysis for MIMO nonlinear systems based on a fuzzy basis function network model

This paper describes an interaction analysis method for a general multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear system based on its fuzzy rule-based model. Most real-world multivariable systems are nonlinear, complex and time varying. The multiple system input-output variables interact and sometime even fight against each other, causing significant challenges for system control and optimization. Especially in many practical applications, the accurate quantitative system model is not available or difficult to obtain, which subsequently makes it impossible to analyze the system multivariable interaction characteristics. In this paper, the nonlinear MIMO system is first modeled by fuzzy basis function networks (FBFN) based on a set of linguistic IF-THEN rules or data. The multivariable interaction property is analyzed locally around the operating point based on the relative gain Array (RGA), which is systematically formulated using the system steady-state gain values. Two simulation examples of chemical distillation columns illustrate the system interaction degree obtained by the proposed method is in a sufficient accuracy compared with the result calculated from the system explicit mathematical model, which indicates the applicability of the proposed method as an alternative way to derive the system multivariable interaction when the system mathematical model is not available.
Effects of suppressing the urge to drink on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies

Abstract Previous work has shown that attempts to deliberately suppress a given thought is associated with heightened accessibility of thought-related information both during and following suppression (Wegner, 1994, Psychological Review, 101, 34–52). This study examined whether attempts to suppress the urge for alcohol would similarly be associated with heightened accessibility of alcohol-related information. Heavy social drinkers were exposed to the sight and smell of their usual alcoholic beverage either under instructions to suppress their urge to drink alcohol or without such instructions. Following this task, participants were asked to make timed judgments about the applicability of a series of alcohol outcome expectancies. Results supported the view that suppression increases the accessibility of information in memory. Those in the Suppression condition were faster to endorse alcohol outcome expectancies following exposure to alcohol cues than those in the Control condition. Findings are discussed in terms of cognitive strategies for regulating alcohol use and patterns of restrained drinking.
Simulation of resonance hyper-Rayleigh scattering of molecules and metal clusters using a time-dependent density functional theory approach

Resonance hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) of molecules and metal clusters have been simulated based on a time-dependent density functional theory approach. The resonance first-order hyperpolarizability (β) is obtained by implementing damped quadratic response theory using the (2n + 1) rule. To test this implementation, the prototypical dipolar molecule para-nitroaniline (p-NA) and the octupolar molecule crystal violet are used as benchmark systems. Moreover, small silver clusters Ag 8 and Ag 20 are tested with a focus on determining the two-photon resonant enhancement arising from the strong metal transition. Our results show that, on a per atom basis, the small silver clusters possess two-photon enhanced HRS comparable to that of larger nanoparticles. This finding indicates the potential interest of using small metal clusters for designing new nonlinear optical materials.
A Clinical and Economic Evaluation of Endoscopic Ultrasound for Patients at Risk for Familial Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background and Aims: Approximately 10% of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is familial. Approximately 50% of 1st-degree relatives (FDRs) have endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) findings of chroni
Aspiration for acute empyema in adult

Abstract An adult patient very ill with pneumonia and empyema was cured by aspirations of three pockets of pus. After each aspiration a quantity of air equal to the quantity of pus removed, was injected into the cavities.
Expression and phosphorylation of the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein in mammalian cells

Movement of Listeria monocytogenes within infected eukaryotic cells provides a simple model system to study the mechanism of actin-based motility in nonmuscle cells. The actA gene of L. monocytogenes is required to induce the polymerization of host actin filaments [Kocks, C., Gouin, E., Tabouret, M., Berche, P., Ohayon, H. & Cossart, P. (1990) Cell 68, 521-531; Domann, E., Wehland, J., Rohde, M., Pistor, S., Hartl, M., Goebel, W., Leimeister-Wachter, M., Wuenscher, M. & Chakraborty, T. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 1981-1990]. In this study, an in-frame deletion mutation within the actA gene was constructed and introduced into the L. monocytogenes chromosome by allelic exchange. This mutation resulted in a decrease (3 orders of magnitude) in virulence for mice. In tissue culture cells, the actA mutant was absolutely defective for the nucleation of actin filaments and consequently was impaired in cell-to-cell spread. Antiserum raised to a synthetic peptide encompassing the proline-rich repeat (DFPPPPTDEEL) of ActA was used to characterize the expression of the ActA protein. The ActA protein derived from extracellular bacteria migrated as a 97-kDa polypeptide upon SDS/PAGE, whereas the protein from infected cells migrated as three distinct polypeptides, one that comigrated with the 97-kDa extracellular form and two slightly larger species. Treatment of infected cells with okadaic acid resulted in decreased amounts of all forms of ActA and the appearance of a larger species of ActA. Phosphatase treatment of ActA immunoprecipitated from intracellular bacteria resulted in conversion of the larger two species to the 97-kDa form. Labeling of infected cells with 32Pi followed by immunoprecipitation showed that the largest molecular form of ActA was phosphorylated. Taken together, these data indicate that ActA is phosphorylated during intracellular growth. The significance of the intracellular modification of ActA is not known, but we speculate that it may modulate the intracellular activity of ActA.
Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Species in Coal- and Petroleum-Derived Products by Ammonia Chemical Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry†

A coal-derived light distillate and a petroleum-derived residuum have been studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry using both low-pressure ammonia chemical ionization and low-voltage electron impact ionization. A mass calibration mixture for use with ammonia chemical ionization has been developed. Selective ionization of the basic nitrogen-containing compounds by ammonia chemical ionization and compound type characterization of the resulting quasi-molecular species has been demonstrated. Several homologous series of N-containing compounds were identified in a basic extract by electron impact ionization and compared with quasi-molecular analogs identified by ammonia chemical ionization.
Accuracy of Blood Glucose Estimation by Children with Diabetes: An Investigation of Repeated Practice with Growth Curve Modeling

This study used growth curve modeling to explore whether practicing the task of estimating blood glucose levels would increase accuracy in children with type 1 diabetes. It was predicted that accuracy would improve with practice and that younger, anxious, poorly adjusted children would improve most. 43 attendees at a diabetes summer camp participated. Their mean age was 13.4 yr. (SD = 1.6). All were Euro-American, and 22 were girls. Change in accuracy was best represented by a quadratic function, and this model fit the data well. Overall, participants' accuracy improved initially and then deteriorated. Results indicate that older children were more likely to improve and then deteriorate. Younger children were more likely to improve and sustain those improvements. Results indicate that practicing the task of estimating is not an effective way to increase accuracy and may be contra-indicated. These results can help guide research and clinical use of glucose estimation in children.
Polyoma virus proteins: a description of the structural proteins of the virion based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide analysis.

Abstract Examination of the protein components of highly purified polyoma virions by electrophoretic separation in SDS-polyacrylamide gels has revealed the presence of three previously undetected protein bands. Two of these, designated P3a and P4a, were not found in lysates of infected cells and may represent modified products of their respective doublet partners, P3b and P4b. The third, P6a, along with P5, P6b, and P7 are electrophoretically indistinguishable from protein bands present in the nuclear fraction of both infected and uninfected cells, and represent the virion counterparts of the host cell histones. Comparisons of the major nonhistone proteins, P2, P3, and P4, by tryptic peptide analyses have shown that P3 and P4 are closely related, but that P2 appears to be independently coded.
Molecular cloning of the promoter for rat hepatic neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase: evidence for transcriptional regulation by sterols.

Abstract Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase is a key enzyme in regulating hepatic free cholesterol. Using the CEH specific cDNA sequence in the 5′-untranslated region as a primer, we amplified and cloned 1.3 Kb of promoter sequence upstream of the ATG initiation codon. Analysis of the sequence revealed the presence of a consensus GC-box, which can bind the positive transcription factor Sp1, 35 bases upstream from the transcription start site. Transcriptional regulation by agents perturbing cholesterol metabolism was studied in HepG2 cells by transient transfection assays of the promoter activity in deletion constructs linked to the luciferase reporter gene. Three functional sterol response sequences were identified at positions -92, -160, and -280 of the CEH promoter. The sterol response sequence at position -92 was shown to bind SREBP-2. Therefore, the CEH gene is similar to other genes involved in regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, in that it appears to be transcriptionally regulated by sterols.
Genomic Organization of Zebrafish microRNAs

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate cell movement, specification, and development. Expression of miRNAs is highly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Based on direct cloning, sequence conservation, and predicted secondary structures, a large number of miRNAs have been identified in higher eukaryotic genomes but whether these RNAs are simply a subset of a much larger number of noncoding RNA families is unknown. This is especially true in zebrafish where genome sequencing and annotation is not yet complete. We analyzed the zebrafish genome to identify the number and location of proven and predicted miRNAs resulting in the identification of 35 new miRNAs. We then grouped all 415 zebrafish miRNAs into families based on seed sequence identity as a means to identify possible functional redundancy. Based on genomic location and expression analysis, we also identified those miRNAs that are likely to be encoded as part of polycistronic transcripts. Lastly, as a resource, we compiled existing zebrafish miRNA expression data and, where possible, listed all experimentally proven mRNA targets. Current analysis indicates the zebrafish genome encodes 415 miRNAs which can be grouped into 44 families. The largest of these families (the miR-430 family) contains 72 members largely clustered in two main locations along chromosome 4. Thus far, most zebrafish miRNAs exhibit tissue specific patterns of expression.
Applicability of hydrogen peroxide in brown tide control - culture and microcosm studies.

Brown tide algal blooms, caused by the excessive growth of Aureococcus anophagefferens, recur in several northeastern US coastal bays. Direct bloom control could alleviate the ecological and economic damage associated with bloom outbreak. This paper explored the effectiveness and safety of natural chemical biocide hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for brown tide bloom control. Culture studies showed that H2O2 at 1.6 mg L−1 effectively eradicated high density A. anophagefferens within 24-hr, but caused no significant growth inhibition in the diatoms, prymnesiophytes, green algae and dinoflagellates of >2–3 μm cell sizes among 12 phytoplankton species tested over 1-week observation. When applied to brown tide bloom prone natural seawater in a microcosm study, this treatment effectively removed the developing brown tide bloom, while the rest of phytoplankton assemblage (quantified via HPLC based marker pigment analyses), particularly the diatoms and green algae, experienced only transient suppression then recovered with total chlorophyll a exceeding that in the controls within 72-hr; cyanobacteria was not eradicated but was still reduced about 50% at 72-hr, as compared to the controls. The action of H2O2 against phytoplankton as a function of cell size and cell wall structure, and a realistic scenario of H2O2 application were discussed.
Applications of Laplace transform methods to airfoil motion and stability calculations

This paper reviews the development of generalized unsteady aerodynamic theory and presents a derivation of the generalized Possio integral equation. Numerical calculations resolve questions concerning subsonic indicial lift functions and demonstrate the generation of Kutta waves at high values of reduced frequency, subsonic Mach number, or both. The use of rational function approximations of unsteady aerodynamic loads in aeroelastic stability calculations is reviewed, and a reformulation of the matrix Pade approximation technique is given. Numerical examples of flutter boundary calculations for a wing which is to be flight tested are given. Finally, a simplified aerodynamic model of transonic flow is used to study the stability of an airfoil exposed to supersonic and subsonic flow regions.
Axon fasciculation in the developing olfactory nerve

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons exit the olfactory epithelium (OE) and extend toward the olfactory bulb (OB) where they coalesce into glomeruli. Each OSN expresses only 1 of approximately 1,200 odor receptors (ORs). OSNs expressing the same OR are distributed in restricted zones of the OE. However, within a zone, the OSNs expressing a specific OR are not contiguous - distribution appears stochastic. Upon reaching the OB the OSN axons expressing the same OR reproducibly coalesce into two to three glomeruli. While ORs appear necessary for appropriate convergence of axons, a variety of adhesion associated molecules and activity-dependent mechanisms are also implicated. Recent data suggest pre-target OSN axon sorting may influence glomerular convergence. Here, using regional and OR-specific markers, we addressed the spatio-temporal properties associated with the onset of homotypic fasciculation in embryonic mice and assessed the degree to which subpopulations of axons remain segregated as they extend toward the nascent OB. We show that immediately upon crossing the basal lamina, axons uniformly turn sharply, usually at an approximately 90° angle toward the OB. Molecularly defined subpopulations of axons show evidence of spatial segregation within the nascent nerve by embryonic day 12, within 48 hours of the first OSN axons crossing the basal lamina, but at least 72 hours before synapse formation in the developing OB. Homotypic fasciculation of OSN axons expressing the same OR appears to be a hierarchical process. While regional segregation occurs in the mesenchyme, the final convergence of OR-specific subpopulations does not occur until the axons reach the inner nerve layer of the OB.
Efficacy of ganciclovir and cidofovir against human cytomegalovirus replication in SCID mice implanted with human retinal tissue

For immunocompromised hosts, human cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be a serious problem. For evaluation of antivirals used to treat CMV retinitis, we have used severe combined immunodeficient mice as hosts for human retinal tissue implanted in the eye and subsequently infected with CMV. Treatment with ganciclovir or cidofovir resulted in a significant suppression of CMV replication.
Synthetic phosphopeptides are substrates for casein kinase II.

Casein kinase II is a protein serine/threonine kinase that exhibits a preference for acidic substrates. Previous studies have demonstrated that a glutamic acid 3 amino acids C-terminal (+3) to a serine or threonine is required for phosphorylation. To examine the ability of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues to serve as specificity determinants for casein kinase II, phosphopeptides containing either of these phosphoamino acids in the +3 position were synthesized and tested as substrates. Phosphopeptides containing phosphoserine in the +3 position were readily phosphorylated. In contrast, corresponding phosphothreonine-containing peptides were very poorly phosphorylated. These results imply that prior phosphorylation of substrate proteins on serine, but not threonine residues, may be important in regulating their phosphorylation by casein kinase II.
An electric circuit theory approach to finite difference stability

One of the major difficulties involved in the numerical solution of partial differential equations of the parabolic or hyperbolic type by means of finite difference approximations is the tendency of the solution to be unstable under certain conditions. If instability exists, a small error (e.g., round-off error) arising at some point in the computation procedure, tends to become larger and larger as the computation progresses, until the error terms completely overshadow the desired solution, making it worthless. Some finite difference approximations appear to be stable under any condition; others are always unstable; while some are stable only if the spacing intervals satisfy certain requirements.
No go on neutrals? An interhemispheric account of semantic category priming.

In a divided-visual-field priming paradigm, participants made manual lexical decisions performing either go no-go responses, or yes-no responses, to related prime-target word pairs that were nonassociated, category members (DEER-PONY). Half of each response group received unrelated (ATTIC-PONY) baselines and half received neutral (BLANK-PONY) baselines. In the go no-go response, small but reliable priming was obtained in both target visual fields and there was a reliable slowing of response time in the right visual field/left hemisphere for participants receiving the neutral baseline. In the yes-no response, greater priming was obtained from a neutral baseline, as compared to an unrelated baseline. We show that under appropriate conditions priming for these stimuli occurs in both visual fields. We also report that cross-visual-field advantages emerged as cognitive task load increased across combinations of baseline and response variables. We conclude that task load may be as important a factor in priming ...
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors to treat chronic rumination of mental retardates.

Abstract Food rumination is a maladaptive, life-threatening behavior observed among infants and institutional populations for the mentally retarded. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (IRT > N ) was experimentally studied as a method of reducing this behavior. Two mentally retarded clients emitted reduced rumination behaviors after implementation of the differential reinforcement procedure.
Conversational Aspects of the Speech of Language-Disordered Children: Revision Behaviors

Revision behaviors in the speech of language-disordered children were investigated. Subjects were 12 children, four at each of Brown’s language Stages I, II, and III. During the taping of a one-hour spontaneous language sample from each child, one of the experimenters pretended 20 times not to understand and asked “What?”. The relationship between the child’s original utterance and his response to “What?” was analyzed. The results indicated a significantly greater use of revisions than repetitions or no responses at each stage and a pattern of revision behavior that was uniform across stages and qualitatively different from the previously reported patterns of normal children. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of language disorder and its implications for pragmatic theories of language.
Further investigations of the electron micsoscopic examination of human hair naturally infected by Microsporum gypseum

The partially keratinized root-end of the hair as well as the fully keratinized shaft had been invaded by the hyphae of Microsporum gypseum. Throughout most of the hair the hyphae were aligned parallel to the long axis of the cells, which was also, approximately, the long axis of the fiber; the exceptions were in the zone of keratinization where a few hyphae were aligned concentrically around the cuticle and transversely through the cortex. The hyphae were composed of many segments separated by conspicuous cross walls, some of which contained small central pores. Many of the segments were empty and some had collapsed. The hyphae, in the zone of keratinization, numbered 70 in one hair and 120 in another. Although this massive fungal invasion had considerably distorted the cells and the hair as a whole, nevertheless it had not destroyed their keratinous components, i.e. the trichohyaline of the inner root sheath, the amorphous keratin of the cuticle, and the fibrous keratin of the cortex. The distinctive fe...
Upper‐ocean response to Hurricane Ivan in a 1/25° nested Gulf of Mexico HYCOM

[1] A 20-layer, 1/25° nested Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) has been employed to examine the evolving three-dimensional ocean response to Hurricane Ivan during 14–16 September 2004. Results from several combinations of numerical experiments with and without assimilation of satellite-altimetry sea-surface height (SSH) are being analyzed and compared for the September 2004 hurricane period. A comparison of simulated zonal and meridional velocities using data assimilation shows improved agreement with profiler observations. The amplitude of the cold wake (∼6°C) produced by these simulations compared reasonably well with the observed changes in SST before and after the storm; however, the region of extreme cooling varied depending on the simulated location of the warm core eddy (WCE) that had detached from the Loop Current (LC). While the simulated location of the WCE and LC in the assimilation runs agree better with satellite altimetry, the storm-induced SST cooling was 40%–50% greater than the observed cooling. Overall, ∼64% of the cooling was due to vertical mixing caused by turbulence generated from strong shear-stress across the base of the mixed layer. Vertical advection (upwelling) caused a significant portion of cooling (23.4%) in those runs that included data assimilation; a three fold increase from the nonassimilative runs (7%). This enhanced upper-ocean cooling was caused primarily by the prestorm thermal stratification; a shallower thermocline (∼40 m) and a stronger upper-thermocline temperature gradient compared with the nonassimilative runs. In all the experiments the air-sea exchange was a small component of the mixed-layer heat budget which overall accounted for ∼4%.
Docetaxel-Induced Mitotic Arrest in Epithelium of Gallbladder: A Hitherto Unreported Occurrence

Chemotherapeutic agents that bind tubulin cause mitotic arrest, which may be seen histologically. Such mitotic arrest has been reported to occur in the skin, alimentary canal, lungs, liver, bone marrow, endometrium, breasts, or in ascites following treatment with paclitaxel, vincristine, colchicine, podophyllotoxin, or maytansine. Mitotic arrest as a result of docetaxel, a taxane that binds tubulin, has yet to be reported. Mitotic arrest in the gallbladder has also yet to be reported. We recently encountered a case of dramatic mitotic arrest as a result of docetaxel, involving the gallbladder of a 66-year-old man with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma. Strikingly abundant bizarre mitoses initially prompted a diagnosis of primary carcinoma. Carcinoma was eventually excluded based on the absence of dysplasia in all cells at interphase and the history of recent administration of docetaxel. This is the first case of mitotic arrest involving docetaxel or the gallbladder. Awareness of this phenomenon is necessa...
Redesigning the engineering curriculum to meet the challenge of teaching communication and thinking skills

The writing-across-the-curriculum (WAC) model is described. The goal of WAC programs is to involve all disciplines in helping students develop language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking). By integrating language skills through all departments during all four years, teachers can increase students' learning ability, improve their communication skills, and enhance their cognitive and emotional growth. It is suggested that WAC offers (1) a well-researched understanding of the theoretical links among developing language skills, learning subject matter, and developing the cognitive maturity demanded of practicing engineers, and (2) approaches to redesigning curricula that encourage change by demonstrating ways to sequence and design assignments and courses that require little extra teaching effort while maximizing student learning. The theory and practical application of WAC are discussed. >
Engineered Proteins for Biomaterials

A molecular adaptor for interfacing environmentally sensitive, soluble polymers and antibody molecules has been developed. The gene coding for the minimally sized, 55 amino acid IgG binding domain from protein G has been constructed by total gene synthesis. This domain is thermally stable, exhibits a highly reversible folding and unfolding equilibrium, and recognizes IgG and Fab molecules with high affinity. These properties make the protein G domain a potentially useful adaptor for non-covalent immobilization of antibodies to soluble polymers and hydrogels. Engineered single-chain Fv antibody fragments have also been constructed and a method for expanding the usefulness of the protein G adaptor to these molecules is proposed. The engineered antibodies also provide a model system for developing general immobilization strategies aimed at maximizing binding affinities and therapeutic responses. The overall goal is to develop optimized engineering designs for functionally optimized antibody-material hybrids.
Sudden loss of vision: Purtscher retinopathy in multiple myeloma

A 53-year-old man presented with acute, severe loss of vision in both eyes. Three days earlier, he had noticed a painless deterioration of his vision, which had progressed until he could no longer read a newspaper using either eye. On examination, the patient’s best corrected visual acuity was 20/
Resolving Multiple Visions of Nature, Science, and Religion

I argue for the centrality of the concepts of biophysical and human nature in science-and-religion studies, consider five dif- ferent metaphors, or "visions," of nature, and explore possibilities and challenges in reconciling them. These visions include (a) evolu- tionary nature, built on the powerful explanatory framework of evo- lutionary theory; (b) emergent nature, arising from recent research in complex systems and self-organization; (c) malleable nature, indicat- ing both the recombinant potential of biotechnology and the post- modern challenge to a fixed ontology; (d) nature as sacred, a diffuse popular concept fundamental to cultural analysis; and (e) nature as culture, an admission of epistemological constructivism. These mul- tiple visions suggest the famous story of the blind men and the el- ephant, in which each man made the classic mistake of part-whole substitution in believing that what he grasped (the tail, for example) represented the elephant as a whole. Indeed, given the inescapability of metaphor, we may have to admit that the ultimate truth about the "elephant" (nature, or the reality toward which science and religion point) is a mystery, and the best we can hope for is to confess the limitations of any particular vision.
Plasmon resonance enhanced multicolour photodetection by graphene

Graphene has the potential for high-speed, wide-band photodetection, but only with very low external quantum efficiency and no spectral selectivity. Here we report a dramatic enhancement of the overall quantum efficiency and spectral selectivity that enables multicolour photodetection, by coupling graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. We show that metallic plasmonic nanostructures can be integrated with graphene photodetectors to greatly enhance the photocurrent and external quantum efficiency by up to 1,500%. Plasmonic nanostructures of variable resonance frequencies selectively amplify the photoresponse of graphene to light of different wavelengths, enabling highly specific detection of multicolours. Being atomically thin, graphene photodetectors effectively exploit the local plasmonic enhancement effect to achieve a significant enhancement factor not normally possible with traditional planar semiconductor materials.
Language preference and non‐traumatic low back disorders in washington state workers' compensation

Background Workers in the United States with limited English proficiency likely perform more hazardous work, experience higher rates of work-related injury and illness, and have worse disability outcomes. Methods We conducted a descriptive study of employment characteristics, timeliness and utilization of workers' compensation (WC) insurance benefits, cost and occupational health outcomes for Washington State WC state fund, non-traumatic low back disorders (LBD) claimants by language preference. Results A greater proportion of Spanish language preferring (SLP) LBD claims filed were accepted and resulted in lost work time than English language preferring (ELP) LBD claims. There were significant differences in the demographic, employment, and occupational characteristics between the SLP and ELP compensable claimant populations. The SLP LBD compensable claimants had greater time loss duration, greater medical and total claim costs, more use of physical therapy and vocational services than the ELP LBD compensable claimants. With the exception of the timeliness for providing the first time loss payment, the time periods for provision of insurance benefits did not differ between the SLP and ELP populations. SLP compensable claimants received less back surgery and had comparable permanent partial disability payments to the ELP population. Employers were more likely to protest the acceptance of a SLP compensable than one in an ELP LBD compensable claim. Conclusion For those injured workers accessing the Washington State WC system, we observed differences based on language preference for pre-injury, and workers compensation outcomes. Further research is needed to explain the observed differences. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:204–215 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three-dimensional particle cracking damage development in an Al–Mg-base wrought alloy

Experiments have been performed to quantitatively characterize the three-dimensional (3-D) microstructural damage due to cracking of Fe-rich intermetallic particles in an Al/Mg-base extruded 5086(O) alloy as a function of strain under uniaxial compression and tension. The 3-D number density and average volume of the cracked particles are estimated using the unbiased and efficient large area disector (LAD) stereological technique. In each specimen, the two-dimensional (2-D) number fraction of cracked particles is significantly lower than the corresponding 3-D number fraction. Therefore, the conventional 2-D damage measurements considerably underestimate the true 3-D damage due to particle cracking in this alloy. Comparison of the 3-D damage data on the 5086(O) alloy and earlier data on 6061(T6) alloy reveals that at all tensile/compressive stress levels higher than the yield stress of both alloys, the 3-D number fraction of cracked Fe-rich intermetallic particles in the 5086(O) alloy is significantly lower than its corresponding value in the 6061(T6) alloy. Therefore, the 5086(O) alloy is less prone to damage progression due to particle cracking compared to the 6061(T6) alloy. In both the alloys, significant rotations of the Fe-rich intermetallic particles occur during deformation under uniaxial compression. These rotations tend to align the particles along the direction of induced tensile stretch. The particle rotations in turn affect the progression of damage due to particle cracking. For deformation under uniaxial compression, the average volume of cracked Fe-rich particles increases with the increase in the strain. These observations are explained on the basis of the particle rotations. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A study of informational support exchanges in medhelp alcoholism community

E-patients searching for online health information may seek support from the peers in health social media platforms especially when they cannot find the relevant information from authoritative Web sites. Many health social media sites have different ‘architectural elements' to support the user communication. We seek to understand the relationship between social support and Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) formats by comparing the social support types exchanged across multiple CMC formats (forums, journals, and notes) within the same community using descriptive content analysis on three months of data from MedHelp Alcoholism support community to find informational support (i.e. advice, opinions, and personal experiences, etc.). Forums are used for asking general questions related to Alcoholism. Notes are used for maintaining relationships rather than the main source for seeking information. Journal comments are similar to notes, which might indicate that journal readers consider the author as a friend. These descriptive results suggest that users may be initially attracted to the community forums for information seeking yet continue to engage in the online community due to relationships strengthened through journal or note formats.
Vascular Disruption in Combination with mTOR Inhibition in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an angiogenesis-dependent and hypoxia-driven malignancy. As a result, there has been an increased interest in the use of antiangiogenic agents for the management of RCC in patients. However, the activity of tumor-vascular disrupting agents (tumor-VDA) has not been extensively examined against RCC. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the tumor-VDA ASA404 (DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, or vadimezan) in combination with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) against RCC. In vitro studies were carried out using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in vivo studies using orthotopic RENCA tumors and immunohistochemical patient tumor-derived RCC xenografts. MRI was used to characterize the vascular response of orthotopic RENCA xenografts to combination treatment. Therapeutic efficacy was determined by tumor growth measurements and histopathologic evaluation. ASA404/everolimus combination resulted in enhanced inhibition of endothelial cell sprouting in the 3-dimensional spheroid assay. MRI of orthotopic RENCA xenografts revealed an early increase in permeability 4 hours posttreatment with ASA404, but not with everolimus. Twenty-four hours after treatment, a significant reduction in blood volume was observed with combination treatment. Correlative CD31/NG2 staining of tumor sections confirmed marked vascular damage following combination therapy. Histologic sections showed extensive necrosis and a reduction in the viable rim following combination treatment compared with VDA treatment alone. These results show the potential of combining tumor-VDAs with mTOR inhibitors in RCC. Further investigation into this novel combination strategy is warranted.
Optimal robust classifiers

Qualitatively, a filter is said to be ''robust'' if its performance degradation is acceptable for distributions close to the one for which it is optimal, that is, the one for which it has been designed. This paper adapts the signal-processing theory of optimal robust filters to classifiers. The distribution (class conditional distributions) to which the classifier is to be applied is parameterized by a state vector and the principle issue is to choose a design state that is optimal in comparison to all other states relative to some measure of robustness. A minimax robust classifier is one whose worst performance over all states is better than the worst performances of the other classifiers (defined at the other states). A Bayesian robust classifier is one whose expected performance is better than the expected performances of the other classifiers. The state corresponding to the Bayesian robust classifier is called the maximally robust state. Minimax robust classifiers tend to give too much weight to states for which classification is very difficult and therefore our effort is focused on Bayesian robust classifiers. Whereas the signal-processing theory of robust filtering concentrates on design with full distributional knowledge and a fixed number of observation variables (features), design via training from sample data and feature selection are so important for classification that robustness optimality must be considered from these perspectives-in particular, for small samples. In this context, for a given sample size, we will be concerned with the maximally robust state-feature pair. All definitions are independent of the classification rule; however, applications are only considered for linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, for which there are parametric forms for the optimal discriminants.
A Newly Discovered Illustrated Manuscript of Chrétien de Troyes' Yvain and Lancelot in the Princeton University Library

CHRETIEN de Troyes was the most widely imitated poet of his age. Today he is not only the best known of the old French bards but at times the most highly esteemed or, as is as often the case, the most greatly maligned.1 As the first continental chronicler of the matiere de Bretagne, Chretien has both been praised for the beauty of his rhyme and condemned as the emasculator of the image of French chivalry. Indeed such extravagant claims have been made for and against his work that one is reasonably surprised to learn that his major poems have been preserved for us in only slightly more than thirty manuscript copies, of which an even smaller number are decorated.2