cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Rab9 Effector Required for Endosome-to-TGN Transport

Rab9 GTPase is required for the transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors from endosomes to the trans -Golgi network in living cells, and in an in vitro system that reconstitutes this process. We have used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact preferentially with the active form of Rab9. We report here the discovery of a 40-kD protein (p40) that binds Rab9–GTP with roughly fourfold preference to Rab9–GDP. p40 does not interact with Rab7 or K-Ras; it also fails to bind Rab9 when it is bound to GDI. The protein is found in cytosol, yet a significant fraction (∼30%) is associated with cellular membranes. Upon sucrose density gradient flotation, membrane- associated p40 cofractionates with endosomes containing mannose 6-phosphate receptors and the Rab9 GTPase. p40 is a very potent transport factor in that the pure, recombinant protein can stimulate, significantly, an in vitro transport assay that measures transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors from endosomes to the trans -Golgi network. The functional importance of p40 is confirmed by the finding that anti-p40 antibodies inhibit in vitro transport. Finally, p40 shows synergy with Rab9 in terms of its ability to stimulate mannose 6-phosphate receptor transport. These data are consistent with a model in which p40 and Rab9 act together to drive the process of transport vesicle docking.
Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work with Groups

ABSTRACT This paper describes the application of ethical principles of social work to practice with groups. Inadequate attention has been given to the subject, as indicated by a review of relevant literature. Several interrelated ethical issues that have importance for effective group work are discussed. They include the fiduciary relationship, equal access to services, informed consent, confidentiality, self determination, appropriate termination, and professional competence.
Transcription mapping of mouse adenovirus type 1 early region 3

Abstract Early region 3 (E3) of mouse adenovirus type 1 was analyzed using S1 nuclease protection and primer extension assays, cDNA sequencing, and genomic sequencing. We present the genomic sequence from 79 to 83 map units of the viral genome, the precise ends and splice sites of the E3 mRNAs, and the predicted protein sequence encoded by the mRNAs. Three major classes of early mRNAs were identified; all were approximately 1 kb long, consisted of three exons, and shared 5′ and 3′ ends. The three classes had alternative splicing at the junction between the second and third axon. The three proteins predicted by the three mRNAs were slightly similar to the E3 19K glycoprotein of human adenovirus type 3; the longest of the three was the most similar. Open reading frames corresponding to late proteins were also identified in the translated mouse adenovirus type 1 DNA sequence. In mouse adenovirus, as in the human adenoviruses, L4 overlaps E3, and L5 starts just downstream of the E3 region.
Problem-Based, Cooperative Learning in the Engineering Classroom

Hydraulic engineering, a junior/senior-level course, is typically taught in a lecture-based format. Lecturing as a singular teaching technique has repeatedly been shown to be ineffective. Lecturing does not advance problem-solving skills, does not require creative or critical thinking, and does not prepare students for the types of problems they will face as professional engineers. In this study, two teaching techniques, problem-based learning (PBL) and cooperative learning (CL), were used to enhance learning in the hydraulic engineering course. The goals of PBL are to provide the student with an active role in learning and to allow the student to take responsibility for learning. The goals of CL are to have students work in teams, thereby learning from both each other and the instructor, and to teach students to work together cooperatively in small groups. Methods of developing teams, projects, and other assignments were explored. The course was assessed midterm and at the end of the semester. As a result, some changes were made midsemester and other recommendations are made for the future.
Climate change and the Water Framework Directive: cost effectiveness and policy design for water management in the Swedish Mälar region

This paper calculates the impacts of climatic change on cost effective nutrient management under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for the eutrophic Malar lake and Stockholm archipelago in south-eastern Sweden. This is carried out for two types of targets: actual nutrient reduction targets and water quality targets as suggested by WFD. Stochastic programming is applied where climatic changes are modelled as impacts on the mean and variability in nutrient loads and water quality. The results indicate significant impacts on abatement costs and associated nutrient policy design for both targets. Climatic change may under favourable conditions ‘solve’ the water quality problem by achieving the predetermined target without any need for policy instruments, but can also generate large increases in cleaning costs and required charge/subsidy schemes for the same target. The results also point to the importance of target setting, where water quality targets are more robust than nutrient reduction targets with respect to achievement under different climate change impacts.
Self-employment dynamics and self-employment trends: a study of Canadian men and women, 1982–1998

Self-employment has risen dramatically in Canada, accounting for a disproportionate share of job growth since the 1980s. Using hitherto unexploited information on labour force transitions from sixteen waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances between 1982 and 1998, we show that the changes in transition patterns underlying these increases were very different for women and men. For women, most of the increase in self-employment is attributable to an increase in retention rates in self-employment. For men, most is attributable to a decrease in the stability of paid employment. Self-employment thus rose both in secularly improving (women's) and deteriorating (men's) labour markets. JEL Classification: J23, J63 Dynamique et tendances du travail autonome: une etude des hommes et des femmes au Canada, 1982–1998. Le travail autonome a augmente dramatiquement au Canada et a ete une source relativement importante de la croissance des emplois dans les annees 1980. En utilisant des donnees qu'on n'avait pas utilisees auparavant sur seize transitions dans l'experience de travail (donnees obtenues par les Enquetes sur les finances des consommateurs entre 1982 et 1998), les auteurs montrent que les changements dans les patterns de transition qui soustendent cet accroissement dans le travail autonome sont tres differents pour les hommes et les femmes. Pour les femmes, le gros de l'accroissement est attribuable a un accroissement du taux de retention d'emploi dans le travail autonome. Pour les hommes, le gros de l'accroissement est attribuable a un declin dans la stabilite de l'emploi remunere. Le travail autonome croit donc a la fois dans les secteurs ou le marche du travail a le vent dans les voiles (pour les femmes) et dans ceux ou le marche du travail se deteriore (pour les hommes).
Plasma Astrophysics: Kinetic Processes in Solar and Stellar Coronae, Second Edition

A collision-less plasma is an ionized fluid that is so hot and tenuous that interactions between individual particles are unimportant. In such a plasma, electric and magnetic fields mediate interactions among particles, and fundamental physics is addressed by kinetic theories that describe not only the spatial and temporal variations of the medium, but also its velocity-space properties. The outer corona of our Sun and the outer coronae of many stars are collision-less plasmas. Thus, the preface of Plasma Astrophysics begins. “This textbook is intended as an introduction to the physics of solar and stellar coronae, emphasizing kinetic plasma processes.” But the content extends well beyond the stated purview. In fact, many plasmas of the universe are collision-less, including many space plasmas—those that are subject to in situ measurements by spacecraft—and a wide variety of astrophysical plasmas. Thus, although the parameters and phenomena that characterize the collision-less plasmas of space, the solar corona, and astrophysics are often very different, the physics in each case derives from the same fundamental kinetic plasma theory.
Aggression and Tantrums in Children with Autism: A Review of Behavioral Treatments and Maintaining Variables

Aggression and tantrums are common co-occurring problems with autism. Fortunately, positive developments in the treatment of these challenging and stigmatizing behaviors have been made recently with psychologically-based interventions. Evidence-based methods employ behavior modification, which is also often described as applied behavior analysis and has been at the forefront of these developments. Conceptually, researchers in the field note that many of the factors maintaining these challenging behaviors are communication related. A treatment that produces functionally equivalent reinforcement yet is socially appropriate has been proposed as a major thrust of intervention. In this article research-based treatments are reviewed for aggression and tantrums, the particular behaviors that have been effectively treated are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of the intervention strategies are critiqued. A rationale for why these methods may prove to be an alternative to pharmacological interventions is pre...
Survival and cover‐seeking response of northern bobwhites and mourning doves dosed with aldicarb

Survival and cover-seeking responses of wild northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) dosed with aldicarb were investigated. Acute toxicity range-finding tests were conducted to establish optimum dose levels for subsequent dose–release activities. Estimated median lethal dose values derived for doves and bobwhites were 0.82 and 1.48 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Wild mourning doves and northern bobwhites were orally administered aldicarb or a vehicle blank and monitored for 7 d posttreatment to determine survival and cover-seeking response. Doves receiving the highest aldicarb concentration (1.07 mg/kg bodyweight) had a significantly lower survival rate than did controls. However, when mortalities attributable to acute toxicity were removed from the analysis, there were no differences in daily survival rates among treatment groups. All bobwhite treatment groups had lower survival rates than controls. When acute mortalities were removed from the survival analysis, the 1.36-mg/kg bodyweight treatment group still had a significantly lower survival rate than controls. Postdose observations of behavior indicate that mourning doves and northern bobwhites receiving a lethal dose of aldicarb are limited in their cover-seeking ability due to the rapid onset of physical impairment associated with this compound.
Arsenite adsorption on galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS)

Arsenite, As(III), sorption on galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS) was investigated as a function of solution composition and characterized using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Adsorption conformed to a Langmuir isotherm except at the highest surface loadings, and it was not strongly affected by changes in ionic strength. Arsenite sorbed appreciably only at pH 5 for PbS and pH 4.5 for ZnS, behavior distinct from its adsorption on other substrates. Arsenite adsorption on PbS and ZnS resulted in the conversion from As-O to As-S coordination. Arsenite does not adsorb through ligand-exchange of surface hydroxyl or sulfhydryl groups. Rather, it forms a polynuclear arsenic sulfide complex on ZnS and PbS consistent with the As3S3(SH)3 trimer postulated by Helz et al. (1995) for sulfidic solutions. This complex was unstable in the presence of oxidizing agents and synchrotron light—it quickly converted to As(V), which was largely retained by the surface. These data illustrate the complexity of As(III) adsorption to even simple sulfide minerals. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd
Solving ODEs and DDEs with residual control

We first consider the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with Runge-Kutta methods that have continuous extensions. For some methods of this kind we develop robust and inexpensive estimates of both the local error and the size of the residual. We then develop an effective program, ddesd, to solve delay differential equations (DDEs) with time- and state-dependent delays. To get reliable results for these difficult problems, the code estimates and controls the size of the residual. The user interface of ddesd makes it easy to formulate and solve DDEs, even those with complications like event location and restarts.
VIRUS AS A MUTAGENIC AGENT IN MAIZE.

Evidence indicating that barley-stripe-mosaic virus has a mutagenic effect on maize is presented. The frequency of deficiencies of marker genes in F 1 seeds was significantly greater from pollinations involving viruis-infected males than from healthy controls. A small percentage of F 2 ears, involving virus-infected P 1 males, exhibited marked ratio distortions for marker genes. Such distortions persisted in subsequent back-cross generations.
Bite forces after open or closed treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures

Abstract Purpose: This study compared maximum voluntary bite forces in patients who received either open or closed treatment for fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Patients and Methods: One hundred fifty-five patients (127 male, 28 female) with unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process (91 treated closed and 64 treated open) were included in this study. Maximum voluntary bite forces were measured at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years after fracture. At each trial, unilateral maximum voluntary bite force was measured at 4 different tooth positions bilaterally using a standard transducer. Electromyography (EMG) of the masseter muscles was also recorded during the bite force measurements, and ratios of the working/balancing side EMG were calculated. Analysis of the data was performed using standard statistical methods. Results: The only significant difference between the 2 samples was in the level of fractures on the condylar process. No patients treated open had fractures of the “head” of the condylar process, whereas there were 11 in the group treated closed. No differences were observed in maximum voluntary bite forces between the 2 treatment groups at any time period, or were there correlations between bite force magnitude and location of the fracture, displacement of the fracture, or any other variable studied. Both groups showed a significant recovery of maximum bite force from the 6-week to the 6-month testing session. For both groups, working/balancing EMG ratios were significantly greater when subjects were biting on the side opposite the fracture. When biting on that side, the working/balancing EMG ratios were higher in the closed treatment group, but the difference did not reach significance. Conclusions: Maximum voluntary bite forces in patients treated for mandibular condylar process fractures do not differ significantly when treatment is open or closed. Neuromuscular adaptations to the fractured mandibular condylar process occur in both groups. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Mapping the domains of ignorance and knowledge in gifted education

A profusion of problems plagues the field of gifted education. In spite of several excellent conceptual models, its practice is still too often characterized as fragmented, random, and largely based on folk wisdom. Research in the field lacks direction, uses largely positivist methodologies, involves researchers from too few disciplines, and is rarely successfully translated into practice. There is a constant swinging on the political pendulum between equity and excellence where gifted education is either loved or hated. The field is in the middle of a major paradigm shift which threatens stability and links gifted education necessarily with general education and its major and continuing restructuring. And there has been considerable loss of political, economic, and social support. Such difficulties suggest that a major stock taking is in order. To do so, a process model is suggested borrowed from the field of medicine. Based on Kerwin's Map of Ignorance, a Map of Knowledge and Ignorance is offered with s...
Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs

Results are reported for the embryotoxicity of 42 environmental contaminants applied externally to mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs including crude and refined petroleum, and commercial formulations of herbicides and insecticides. Many of the petroleum pollutants were embryotoxic and moderately teratogenic and had $$LD_{50^S } $$ of 0.3 to 5 μl per egg (∼6–90 μg/g egg). The most toxic was a commercial oil used for control of road dust followed by South Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude, no. 2 fuel oil, bunker C fuel oil, and industrial and automotive waste oil. Prudhoe Bay crude, unused crankcase oil, aviation kerosene, and aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures were less toxic ( $$LD_{50^S } $$ of 18 to over 75 μl) and less teratogenic. The $$LC_{50^S } $$ of herbicides and insecticides in aqueous emulsion were measured by egg immersion; the most toxic were paraquat and trifluralin ( $$LC_{50^S } $$ of about 1.5 Ibs/A; 1.7 kg/ha). Propanil, bromoxynil with MCPA, methyl diclofop, prometon, endrin, sulprofos, and parathion were toxic ( $$LC_{50^S } $$ of 7 to 40 Ibs/A; 7.8–44.8 kg/ha), whereas 2,4-D, glyphosate, atrazine, carbaryl, dalapon, dicamba, methomyl, and phosmet were only slightly toxic or not toxic ( $$LC_{50^S } $$ of 178 to over 500 Ibs/A; 199–560 kg/ha). Pesticides in nontoxic oil vehicle applied by microliter pipet were up to 18 times more toxic than when applied in water vehicle, which was probably due to better penetration of the pesticide past the eggshell and its membranes. Teratogenic effects and impaired embryonic growth are reported and results discussed in terms of potential hazard at field levels of application. A discussion is provided on the effects of pollutants on the eggs of other species of birds under laboratory and field conditions.
A Time-Based Approach to Stochastic Modeling of Intracellular Signaling Events

This paper presents a modeling framework for an intracellular signaling network based on formalisms derived from the fundamental concepts in probability theory. Cellular behavior is mediated by a network of intracellular protein activations that originate at the membrane in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors. Multiple protein signal transductions occur concurrently through diverse pathways triggered by different extracellular cues. Through crosstalk, these pathways intersect at various node proteins. The state of a particular node protein is dependent on the binding order of molecules from various pathways. The probability of a particular binding order is evaluated using state dependent transduction time probabilities associated with each pathway. In this way, the probability of the cell to be in a given internal state is tracked and used to gain insight into the cell’s phenotypic behavior. A simulation example illustrates the approach. Future work will incorporate the proposed method into the development of a feedback control strategy for the development of an in silico control design of endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Self-partitioning neural networks for target recognition

In this paper, we present a method for quantifying the degree of non-cooperation that exists among the target members of the neural network training set. Both the network architecture and the training algorithm are taken into consideration while computing non-cooperation measures. Based on these measures the network automatically partitions into several identical networks and each partition learns a subset of the targets. The partitioning takes place only when necessary and when needed the computation for partitioning is minimal. Each network is simple with only one hidden layer and currently has only one node in the output layer. A fusion network combines partial results to produce the final response. Simulation results indicate that the method is robust and capable of self organization to overcome the ill effects of non-cooperating targets in the training set, thereby reducing training time significantly.
Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 Mice by Photobiomodulation Induced by 670 nm Light

Background The approved immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially effective. It is thought that the combination of immunomodulatory and neuroprotective strategies is necessary to prevent or reverse disease progression. Irradiation with far red/near infrared light, termed photobiomodulation, is a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Data suggests that near-infrared light functions through neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We sought to investigate the clinical effect of photobiomodulation in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Methodology/Principal Findings The clinical effect of photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light was investigated in the C57BL/6 mouse model of EAE. Disease was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) according to standard laboratory protocol. Mice received 670 nm light or no light treatment (sham) administered as suppression and treatment protocols. 670 nm light reduced disease severity with both protocols compared to sham treated mice. Disease amelioration was associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion/Significance These studies document the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation with 670 nm light in the EAE model, in part through modulation of the immune response.
Interactive Media for Diabetes Self-Management: Issues in Maximizing Public Health Impact

Background . Diabetes self-management presents a series of challenging tasks, and primary care, where the majority of cases of adult diabetes are treated, is hard-pressed to address these issues given competing demands. This article discusses how interactive media (IM) can be used to support diabetes self-management. Methods. Following a brief review of the literature, the 5 As framework for enhancing the effectiveness of health behavior counseling and the RE-AIM model for estimating and enhancing public health impact are used to frame discussion of the strengths and limitations of IM for diabetes shared decision making and self-management support.Results. Data and lessons learned from a series of randomized trials of IM for diabetes self-management education are summarized around 2 key issues. The first is enhancing patient engagement in decision making and includes enhancing user experience and engagement, improving quality of care, and promoting collaborative action planning and follow-up. The second i...
Getting beyond screening for frailty in older patients with cancer.

Prevention, detection and management of geriatric syndromes and frailty, or risk factors for these, are the cornerstones of Geriatrics and Geriatric Oncology. In older patients, functional level varies widely — from robust and able to tolerate cancer treatment, to frail and unable to tolerate even minor interventions without life-threatening consequences. At either end of the spectrum, treatment decisions are clear, but the identification of persons at risk for functional decline and frailty, where interventions or treatment modifications are needed, is where geriatrics is going to make the biggest impact on oncology. The concept of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) includes a multidisciplinary assessment to detect geriatric syndromes and frailty and, most importantly, to determine when interventions are needed. This methodology has been successfully applied to patients with cancer, but is not necessary in all and, because it is time-intensive, is not feasible in most clinical settings. Brief tools to screen for frailty in patients with
Agents of History: Autonomous agents and crypto-intelligence

World War II research into cryptography and computing produced methods, instruments and research communities that informed early research into artificial intelligence (AI) and semi-autonomous computing. Alan Turing and Claude Shannon in particular adapted this research into early theories and demonstrations of AI based on computers’ abilities to track, predict and compete with opponents. This formed a loosely bound collection of techniques, paradigms, and practices I call crypto-intelligence. Subsequent researchers such as Joseph Weizenbaum adapted crypto-intelligence but also reproduced aspects of its antagonistic precepts. This was particularly true in the design and testing of chat bots. Here the ability to trick, fool, and deceive human and machine opponents was a premium, and practices of agent abuse were admired and rewarded. Recognizing the historical genesis of this particular variety of abuse can help researchers develop less antagonistic methodologies.
Squeezing in “shadowed-like” negative binomial state

Abstract In this reply to the comment of de Lima et al. [Phys. Lett. A 229 (1997) 411] it is pointed out that squeezing exists in the “shadowed-like” negative binomial state.
Wood/polymer/nanoclay composites, environmentally friendly sustainable technology: A review

A review with 71 references of recent literature regarding wood/polymer, polymer/clay and wood/polymer/clay nanocomposites.
Spontaneous synchronization in large pendulum arrays

Experiments on mechanical oscillator arrays show that complete inphase synchronization can emerge in a matter of minutes, even for fairly large arrays started from random initial conditions. At the same time, one expects complete inphase synchronization to become increasingly difficult to observe as array size grows. We explore the conditions under which inphase synchronization prevails with the help of a simple, somewhat stylized, iterative map model which embodies the problem’s key dynamical features.
Photoluminescence and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of a Bis(bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II)-Porphyrin Complex

Abstract The photoluminescence (PL) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of [H2(MPy3,4DMPP)Ru(bpy)2Cl](PF6), where H2MPy3,4DMPP = meso-tris-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-mono-(4-pyridyl)porphyrin and bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, are reported in acetonitrile. The compound has a complex absorbance spectrum with bands characteristic of both the porphyrin and ruthenium moieties. PL emission maxim are observed at 655 nm when excited at the maximum absorption intensity corresponding to the porphyrin Soret π → π∗ band, and around 600 nm when excited at wavelengths corresponding to Ru(dπ)–bpy (π∗) MLCT transition. The photoluminescence efficiency (ϕem) of the 655 nm emission is 0.039 and that of the free porphyrin is 0.69 compared to Ru(bpy) 3 2 + at 0.042. [H2(MPy3,4DMPP)Ru(bpy)2Cl](PF6) displays complex electrochemical behavior, with one electrochemically reversible RuII–RuIII oxidation and two quasi-reversible waves at more cathodic potentials corresponding to the porphyrin moiety. Oxidative ECL was generated using the coreactant tri-n-propylamine (TPrA). ECL efficiencies (ϕecl) were 0.14 for [H2(MPy3,4DMPP)Ru(bpy)2Cl]+ and 0.099 for H2MPy3,4DMPP using Ru(bpy) 3 2 + as the standard (ϕecl = 1). ECL intensity was linear with respect to concentration from 1 to 0.001 μM. The ECL intensity peaks at potentials corresponding to oxidation both the ruthenium and porphyrin moieties as well as TPrA, indicating that multiple pathways for formation of the excited state are possible. However, an ECL spectrum shows a band similar in energy and shape to that of the Soret emission (655 nm for the PL and 656 nm for the ECL, respectively), indicating the same excited state is formed in each experiment.
Hepatic resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases: A fifteen-year experience with ninety-six patients

Abstract Background. The role of liver resection for hepatic metastases from noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine (NCNN) cancers is unknown. This study examines a large, single institutional experience of hepatic resection for NCNN metastases. Methods. Records of 96 patients who underwent liver resection for metastatic NCNN cancer from 1980 to 1995 at a single institution were reviewed. Survival after liver resection in this cohort of patients is reported, and factors predictive of survival are analyzed. Results. Resection was performed for liver metastases from genitourinary primary tumors (n = 34), soft tissue primary tumors (n = 41), and metastases from other primary cancers (n = 21). Extent of liver resection included wedge (n = 32), lobectomy (n = 44), and extended hepatic lobectomy (n = 20). No operative deaths occurred. Overall survival rate after resection at 1, 3, and 5 years was 80%, 45% and 37%, respectively (median survival, 32 months), with 12 actual 5-year survivors. There was no difference in survival according to the type of liver resection, bilateral versus unilateral disease, or resection of extrahepatic disease. Disease-free interval of less than 36 months before discovery of liver metastases, curative resection, and primary tumor group (genitourinary was greater than soft tissue, which was greater than gastrointestinal) were predictors of a significantly better survival by multivariate analysis. Conclusions. Primary tumor type, disease-free interval, and curative resection predict those patients who benefit from hepatic resection. Hepatic resection for patients with NCNN metastasis has value in carefully selected patients.
EFFECTS OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO AND TARGET ACCELERATION UPON THREE MEASURES OF RANGE TRACKING PERFORMANCE.

Eight signal-to-noise ratios and four target accelerations were systematically varied in an attempt to determine functional relationships between these parameters and measures of time-on-target, frequency of target loss and the average duration of each loss on an A-scope compensatory tracking task. Nine Si were required to maintain a triangular pulse in the center of a stationary notch by manipulating a velocity controlled handwheel. The results indicated that visual noise had a pronounced effect upon time-on-target, but the effects of target acceleration were negligible. However, target acceleration had a pronounced effect upon frequency of losing target track and both parameters affected average duration of a loss. The results are discussed in terms of analyzing system performance.
Use of computer simulations for quantitation of 31P ISIS MRS results

The difficulties in quantitation of in vivo 31P spectra are exacerbated by the fact that, in general, coils with inhomogeneous B1 fields are used with in vivo samples. A general method for quantitation of in vivo 31P MRS results obtained with the ISIS localization method was developed using computer simulations. The simulation calculates the preparation of the sample magnetization throughout the sample by the ISIS pulse sequence, as well as the sensitivity of signal reception. The calculation accounts for both the B1 field and the B0 gradients applied to the sample. The sensitivity of the experiment is expressed by integration of the simulated signal over the sample, assuming a homogeneous sample. The primary advantage of this approach is that a separate localization experiment on a phantom of known concentration is not required each time parameters of the localization experiment, such as dimensions or location of the localized volume, are altered. In addition, the simulations indicate the degree of contamination (signal from outside of the localized volume) that occurs, and provide a means of comparing different executions of the ISIS experiment. Experiments were performed on phantoms to verify the simulations, and experimental results on human brain and liver are reproduced to show that this approach provides reasonable estimates of metabolite levels in terms of molar concentrations.
Electroencephalographic inverse localization of brain activity in acute traumatic brain injury as a guide to surgery, monitoring and treatment

Objective To inverse-localize epileptiform cortical electrical activity recorded from severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using electroencephalography (EEG).
Relative Deprivation, Wage Differentials and Mexican Migration

This paper constructs and tests a model that incorporates relative deprivation into the migration decision. Relatively deprived individuals view their situations as less than a community standard. Another innovation of this paper is the utilization of a cluster approach to wage differentials. This cluster method takes account of individual characteristics while avoiding the severe multicollinearity problems inherent in the standard wage equation approach. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, relative deprivation is found to be a significant motivating factor in domestic migration decisions. The results also suggest that Mexico-US migration may be increasing relative deprivation in Mexican communities. For policymakers, the results indicate that policies attempting to slow domestic rural-to-urban migration must address both relative and absolute outcomes in communities. Investments in communities that raise aggregate incomes, but increase relative deprivation, could result in an increase in migration out of the community, not in a decrease as intended.
Intramammary Infections in Primigravid Heifers Near Parturition

Mammary secretion from 32 primigravid heifers was obtained aseptically to determine frequency of bacterial isolation and incidence of intramammary infection near parturition. Quarter samples were collected 14 and 7 days prior to expected parturition, at parturition, and 7 and 14 days postparturition. Analysis of culture data indicated that 77.1% of samples were bacteriologically negative, and 15.7% contained coagulase negative staphylococci, 4.4% streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, 3.8% coliforms, .8% coagulase positive staphylococci, and .1% Corynebacterium bovis. Frequency of bacterial isolation was highest in samples obtained prior to and at parturition. Thirty-five of 128 quarters were infected at parturition. Twenty-six of the 35 infections were caused by coagulase negative staphylococci, 4 by streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, 4 by coliforms, and 1 by coagulase positive staphylococci. Twenty infections were observed during the early postpartum period. Coagulase negative staphylococcal infections decreased markedly. However, the number and type of primary pathogen infections during early lactation were similar to those at parturition.
Exoelectrogenic bacteria that power microbial fuel cells

The use of microbial fuel cells to generate electrical current is increasingly being seen as a viable source of renewable energy production. In this Progress article, Bruce Logan highlights recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms used by exoelectrogenic bacteria to generate electrical current and the important factors to consider in microbial fuel cell design. There has been an increase in recent years in the number of reports of microorganisms that can generate electrical current in microbial fuel cells. Although many new strains have been identified, few strains individually produce power densities as high as strains from mixed communities. Enriched anodic biofilms have generated power densities as high as 6.9 W per m2 (projected anode area), and therefore are approaching theoretical limits. To understand bacterial versatility in mechanisms used for current generation, this Progress article explores the underlying reasons for exocellular electron transfer, including cellular respiration and possible cell–cell communication.
Siting and evacuation strategies for mobile drilling units in hurricanes

Abstract Experience with Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs) in recent hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) has indicated the need to reassess where and how these units are sited. During hurricane Andrew (1992), several of these units moved significant distances (up to 150 km) from their original locations. In several instances there were collisions with platforms and pipelines. Also, in the case of hurricanes weather conditions can deteriorate rapidly, and timely decisions are critical to allow proper securing and evacuation of MODUs. This is particularly crucial in areas with high storm intensity and low predictability. The primary objective of this research was to develop an analytical model to evaluate MODU’s movements in response to the combined load effects of hurricane winds, waves and currents, then use a Monte-Carlo simulation process to evaluate the probability of collisions between the MODU and surrounding large facilities. The computer simulation program was developed, and has been used to investigate alternative siting strategies. The strategies investigated include location of the MODU relative to nearby facilities, capacities of the mooring systems, and incorporation of intentional ‘weak links’ in the mooring system to cause either the mooring to the anchor connections to break, or the anchors to drag. The results of the parametric studies of alternative siting and mooring strategies are summarized. The second objective of this research was to use probabilistic risk analysis techniques to develop a computer model to help evaluate operation and evacuation systems for MODUs. Results from the evacuation simulation model are intended to assist in developing decision criteria for securing and evacuating MODUs.
Physical characteristics of diblock polyacetylene copolymers: processability-conductivity correlation

The physical properties of polyacetylene diblock copolymers containing polystyrene (PS) or polyisoprene (PI) blocks of various compositions are studied using electron spin resonance, resonance Raman scattering, and room temperature conductivity measurements. This study is performed to investigate the processability-conductivity correlation in these materials and their viability as conducting systems.
Shortened cortical silent period in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: Evidence for widespread cortical excitability

The purpose of this study was to compare cortical inhibition in the hand region of the primary motor cortex between subjects with focal hand dystonia (FHD), adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD), and healthy controls. Data from 28 subjects were analyzed (FHD n = 11, 53.25 ± 8.74 y; AdSD: n = 8, 56.38 ± 7.5 y; and healthy controls: n = 941.67 ± 10.85 y). All subjects received single pulse TMS to the left motor cortex to measure cortical silent period (CSP) in the right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle. Duration of the CSP was measured and compared across groups. A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant group effect (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed significantly longer CSP duration in the healthy group vs. AdSD group (p < 0.001) and FHD group (p < 0.001). These results suggest impaired intracortical inhibition is a neurophysiologic characteristic of FHD and AdSD. In addition, the shortened CSP in AdSD provides evidence to support a widespread decrease in cortical inhibition in areas of the motor cortex that represent an asymptomatic region of the body. These findings may inform future investigations of differential diagnosis as well as alternative treatments for focal dystonias.
Visual outcome of accelerated fractionated radiation for advanced sinonasal malignancies employing photons/protons

Abstract Purpose To investigate the visual outcomes of patients with advanced sinonasal malignancies treated with proton/photon accelerated fractionated radiation (AFR). Patients and methods Between 1991 and 2001, AFR was used to treat 36 patients with advanced stage primary ( n =33) or recurrent ( n =3) nasal or paranasal malignant tumors. Full ophthalmologic follow-up was documented. The median dose to the gross tumor volume (GTV) was 69.6 CGE (range 60.8–77). Visual complications were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) and the late effects of normal tissue (LENT) scoring systems. The median follow-up was 52.4 months (range 17–122.8). Results Thirteen patients developed late visual/ocular toxicity. Cataracts were LENT grade 1 and 3 in 2 patients and 1 patient, respectively. One LENT grade 1 vascular retinopathy and 1 optic neuropathy were also observed. Three and five patients presented with nasolacrimal duct stenosis (CTC grade 2, 2 patients; CTC grade 3, 1 patient) and dry-eye syndrome (CTC grade 1, 1 patient; CTC grade 2, 4 patients), respectively. The 3- and 5-year probability of LENT/CTC grade ⩾2 visual toxicity were 15.8±6.7% and 20.7±7.8%, respectively. Conclusions AFR for locally advanced nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors enables delivery of 70 CGE to the tumor with acceptable ophthalmologic complications.
Dynamics of nutrient uptake strategies: lessons from the tortoise and the hare

Many autotrophs vary their allocation to nutrient uptake in response to environmental cues, yet the dynamics of this plasticity are largely unknown. Plasticity dynamics affect the extent of single versus multiple nutrient limitation and thus have implications for plant ecology and biogeochemical cycling. Here we use a model of two essential nutrients cycling through autotrophs and the environment to determine conditions under which different plastic or fixed nutrient uptake strategies are adaptive. Our model includes environment-independent costs of being plastic, environment-dependent costs proportional to the rate of plastic change, and costs of being mismatched to the environment, the last of which is experienced by both fixed and plastic types. In equilibrium environments, environment-independent costs of being plastic select for tortoise strategies—fixed or less plastic types—provided that they are sufficiently close to co-limitation. At intermediate levels of environmental fluctuation forced by periodic nutrient inputs, more hare-like plastic strategies prevail because they remain near co-limitation. However, the fastest is not necessarily the best. The most adaptive strategy is an intermediate level of plasticity that keeps pace with environmental fluctuations, but is not faster. At high levels of environmental fluctuation, the environment-dependent cost of changing rapidly to keep pace with the environment becomes prohibitive and tortoise strategies again dominate. The existence and location of these thresholds depend on plasticity costs and rate, which are largely unknown empirically. These results suggest that the expectations for single nutrient limitation versus co-limitation and therefore biogeochemical cycling and autotroph community dynamics depend on environmental heterogeneity and plasticity costs.
Implications of Electronic Trading for Agricultural Prices

Electronic trading is expected to result in net prices which are more favorable to producer sellers and/or buyers of agricultural products than those generated in traditional trading systems. Lower transaction costs and reduction of market power imbalances account for the difference in net prices. Review of the evidence from actual electronic trading supports these hypotheses. The importance of balanced information availability and effective loss of power by one side of the market due to electronic trading suggests that the move to greater use of such systems must come from agricultural producers.
A phenomenological model for shear-thickening in wormlike micelle solutions

We present a simple phenomenological model to describe shear-thickening in a wormlike micelle solution. The solution is assumed to undergo a reaction above a critical shear stress, to form a gel-like phase. There is no flow within this "gel" phase, and it is insoluble in the solution. The amount of gel in the system is determined by a competition between a stress-dependent reaction rate, which creates gel, and a constant breakage rate, which destroys gel. We recover a re-entrant region in the stress-shear rate curve, which is only accessible under controlled stress conditions. When the apparent shear rate is fixed, the corresponding stress-shear rate relation is discontinuous. Our results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations of Pine et al.
Nonlinear spectroscopy of chromophore aggregates with entangled photon pulses

The response of the bacterial reaction center to entangled photons is com- pared with stochastic and chirped pulses. Nonlinear optical signals reveal how distribu- tions of exciton states may be controlled by quantum light.
Episcleral Osteocartilaginous Choristoma

Purpose/Method A 31-year-old woman had a hypertropia and an episcleral choristoma in the superotemporal quadrant of the globe. The choristoma was examined. Results/Conclusions Gross and histopathologic examination showed bone and cartilage components in the tumor, which refutes the previously accepted membranous growth pattern of episcleral osseous choristomas.
Infusing Educational Technology in Teaching Methods Courses: Successes and Dilemmas

AbstractIn this action research study, we describe the implementation of a program to infuse technology in general methods courses as a requirement of a teacher preparation program. Results from teacher candidate focus groups revealed successes and dilemmas of infusing technology into the courses. Candidates ably described prospective use of elements of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model (Mishra & Koehler, 2006), but were less confident of their ability to develop and implement content‐based lessons in which P–12 students employed technology to meet content and technology standards. Recommendations include continuing to fine‐tune the new courses, providing more resources for professional development (PD), and encouraging instructors to participate in more PD leading to greater modeling of hands‐on learning with a focus on content and pedagogical uses of technology.
Permutation invariant norms

Abstract A norm or seminorm on ∥ · ∥ on R n is permutation invariant if ∥ Px ∥ = ∥ x ∥ for all n × n permutation matrices P and for all x ∈ R n . We present a systematic study of permutation invariant seminorms. Their relations with other types of norms on matrices are discussed. In addition, we consider a special class of permutation invariant seminorms, the c - radii , defined and denoted by R c ( x ) = max {| c t Px | : P a permutation} for any given c ∈ R n . It is shown that R c are the building blocks of all permutation invariant seminorms. If the entries of c are not all equal and their sum is not 0, then R c is a norm on R n . For such R c , we study their norm properties and characterize their isometry groups.
β-Endorphin suppresses rat plaque-forming cell response by a non-opioid mechanism

Abstract The opioid peptide β h -endorphin 1–31 inhibited the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells when rat splenocytes, immunized in vivo, were cultured in vitro with the peptide. The opioid antagonist naloxone failed to reverse the β h -endorphin 1–31 suppression of the PFC response. Peptide fragments of β h -endorphin 1–31, other opioid peptides, and alkaloids had no effect on the response. These data indicate that β h -endorphin 1–31 suppresses antibody production or secretion by a specific, non-opioid receptor on the rat splenocytes.