cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 – Ohm's Law: Electric Current Is Driven by Emf, and Limited by Electrical Resistance

Electric current—the flow of electric charge—is indispensable to modern society. When Ohm's law applies, resistance (R) depends on the geometry of the object and the type of material but not on the current or electromotive force (emf). For wires, where the electrodes are attached at the ends, R is proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. Thus, overall, R is inversely proportional to the linear dimension. When an overall voltage difference △ V is applied between two terminals connected to an ohmic material, leading to a total current I through the material, Ohm's law in its overall, or global, form applies. This chapter provides the local form of the Ohm's law . If the connections to an object change, the resistance will change. When resistors are connected in series, the voltage across the equivalent resistance is the sum of the voltages across each resistor and when in parallel, the current through the equivalent resistance is the sum of the currents through each resistor. emf is measured by potentiometers. The chapter discusses voltaic cells in detail.
Life Satisfaction in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

We provided evidence regarding the reliability and validity of measures of assets and life satisfaction (LS) for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We identified levels of LS within this population, compared these levels to those of typically developing adolescents, and described the relation between assets and LS. Forty-six adolescents with ASD and their caregivers completed questionnaires assessing LS and assets. Preliminary support was provided for the internal consistency reliability and validity of these measures in adolescents with ASD. Youth with ASD reported moderate to high levels of LS; these were lower than those of typically developing peers. Age moderated the relation between self-reported LS and some assets. Implications were discussed within the context of Schalock's (J Disabil Policy Stud 14:204-215, 2004) emerging disability paradigm.
Recruitment and Department Expansion

The healthcare paradigm has shifted more in the past 5 years than in the prior 50 years. Expansion into the communities, buying of small and large private practices, and complete hospital mergers and consolidation have led to an ever-expanding “footprint” of academic medical centers. In the old days, an academic program typically would recruit when there was need for a specific subspecialist at the main hospital (the “mecca”) or if there was a perceived need for a subspecialist or generalist at a satellite clinic in a surround community. Now, there has been a major shift as the typical urban medical center is often overcrowded with limited availability for new recruits to have dedicated operating room time. On the other hand, satellite hospitals and mergers often provide department chairs with an easier pathway allowing immediate operating room availability for new recruits. This chapter will provide the reader with one chairman’s perspective on recruitment and department expansion based on my first 3 years in this role.
ATYPICAL PRESENTATION OF NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN A YOUNG BENGALI WOMAN

Women presenting with atypical symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) are more likely to be discharged without a diagnosis rather than be treated for ACS. A 25-year-old Bengali female with history of non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus presented with non-exertional retrosternal chest pain
Spectrum of Diversity in Today’s Infectious Diseases Workforce: It’s Much Broader and Brighter Than You Think

The spectrum of inclusion, diversity, access, and equity among the Infectious Diseases (ID) workforce is ever-growing, ever-evolving, and continuously benefiting from the contributions made by the unique differences among our workforce which make us stronger, smarter, and better prepared to respond to whatever emerging ID challenge we will encounter next.
Bacteriophage delivering hydrogels reduce biofilm formation in vitro and infection in vivo

Implanted orthopedic devices become infected more frequently than any other implanted surgical device. These infections can be extremely costly and result in significant patient morbidity. Current treatment options typically involve the long term, systemic administration of a combination of antibiotics, often followed by implant removal. Here we engineered an injectable hydrogel capable of encapsulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage and delivering active phage to the site of bone infections. Bacteriophage retain their bacteriolytic activity after encapsulation and release from the hydrogel, and their rate of release from the hydrogel can be controlled by gel formulation. Bacteriophage-encapsulating hydrogels effectively kill their host bacteria in both planktonic and biofilm phenotypes in vitro without influencing the metabolic activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Bacteriophage-encapsulating hydrogels were used to treat murine radial segmental defects infected with P. aeruginosa. The hydrogels achieved a 4.7-fold reduction in live P. aeruginosa counts at the infection site compared to bacteriophage-free hydrogels at 7 days postimplantation. These results support the development of bacteriophage-delivering hydrogels to treat local bone infections.
A Review of the Empirical Laws of Basic Learning in Pavlovian Conditioning

Contemporary learning research has provided multiple paradigms that have benefited not only researchers in the field, but also applied theorists and practitioners. However, the emphasis on theory development has made the learning literature almost impenetrable to nonexperts. In the present paper, we attempt to summarize not the different theoretical perspectives that have been proposed to explain different instances of learning, but the empirical relationships that testing of such theories has uncovered. Because the empirical relationships we summarize here hold across preparations and species, we suggest that such relationships should be understood as the empirical laws of basic learning. The focus of our review is the Pavlovian conditioning tradition, but most of these relationships also apply to instrumental learning and causality learning. We hope that the relatively novel organization we present here helps researchers and practitioners to directly incorporate these empirical principles into their current theoretical framework, whatever it may be.
Community Well-being and Mexican Interstate Migration in the United States

In this chapter we model the interstate migration flows of Mexicans in the United States in the period of 2011–2015. Our theoretical rationale and modeling are mainly grounded in sociological human ecology. Our research fills two important voids in the demographic literature analyzing migration streams. First, virtually all prior analyses of U.S. interstate migration streams have focused on the migration flows of all persons, that is, without regard to their race or ethnicity or other characteristics. Our research here analyzes the migration flows of Mexicans. According to data from the annual American Community Surveys of 2011 through 2015, there were an estimated nearly 440,000 Mexicans living in one of the 49 contiguous U.S. states and the District of Columbia who had migrated to that state from another U.S. state or the District 1 year earlier. In our chapter we describe the interstate migration flows of these Mexicans, and we model the variation in their flows with a basic gravity model and with a human ecological model.
MEXILETINE: A TREATMENT FOR ALL CAUSE ACQUIRED QT INTERVAL PROLONGATION

Prolongation of QT interval on electrocardiogram (EKG) can be acquired or congenital. It is associated with ventricular arrhythmias and can be particularly lethal in the setting of Torsades de Pointes. Mexiletine, a class 1b antiarrhythmic, is a blocker of the late sodium current which has shown QT
School Pathways to the Juvenile Justice System

School policies have increasingly criminalized students for common developmentally appropriate behaviors, such as talking back, public displays of affection, or repeated tardiness. Although their b...
Psychosocial collaboration fosters connection in times of isolation.

“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world: indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.”—Margaret Mead.1(p.79)Home offices set, coffees brewed, and minds ...
Persistence of Activist Short-Sellers’ Performance

We examine whether activists exhibit persistent cross-sectional performance differences in identifying targets to short. We find no evidence of performance persistence using target returns, consistent with Ljungqvist and Qian (2016), but document that the current target is more likely to delist if the activist had a greater percentage of past targets that delist. Investors recognize this persistent aspect of performance by reacting more to short campaigns initiated by activists with more past targets that delisted. Furthermore, we find that the performance persistence in identifying targets that delist is greater when activists are inexperienced. The evidence is consistent with activists’ facing greater incentives to establish a reputation early in their careers, and provides support for Benabou and Laroque (1992)’s dynamic reputation model.
Abstract 17474: End-Stage Renal Disease is Associated With Increased Complications From Watchman Implantation: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis From National Readmission Database

Introduction: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with increased complications due to oral anticoagulation (OAC) use for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial appendag...
Agency and Accountability in the Academic Reading of International Graduate Students Using English as an Additional Language

This grounded theory study explores the academic English reading practices of six English-as-an-additional-language students from China and Japan in a graduate course in their first semester at a U.S. university. Academic reading is an understudied yet foundational literacy practice for graduate students. Data include classroom observations of the graduate course during one semester, individual interviews with six students and the course instructor, and the collection of documents. Drawing on the analytic lenses of agency and accountability, the findings show that while the requirements established by the instructor and syllabus explicitly or implicitly held students accountable for the work, students also responded strategically to the course’s accountability structure. They agentively made choices about how to engage with the readings in terms of the purposes for which they read and how much time they spent on the readings.
Self-Organization in the Cell

Molecular self-organization under the constraints of the heritable cell structure constitutes the physical-chemical basis of life. Leading to establishment of the focal, centered, and directional internal structure of the typical cell, non-equilibrium self-assembly of cytoskeletal filaments underlies cellular transport and motility functions. Self-organization of the orientational order of actin filaments in the cell cortex is considered using a formalism that shares dynamical features with molecular quasi-species theory. Focal arrangement of microtubules is treated both as a primordial, intrinsic property arising from tubulin polymerization and as a result of an autocatalytic effect brought about by polymerization nucleation in a system with microtubule-dependent intracellular transport. Finally, a Turing-type diffusional instability is considered in a model of cell signaling that leads to formation of a polar (directional) cellular organization.
The Role of Oxygen Exposure on the Performance of All-Vapor-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells with CuPC Hole Transport Layers

Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells were made using an all-vapor process, including two-step close space vapor transport-processed MAPI and evaporated copper phthalocyanine (CuPC). Solar cells fabricated entirely in a nitrogen glovebox had poor performance due to s-shaped J-V curves and fill factors (FF) 2 was flowed into the evaporator during CuPC deposition, had significantly improved performance with reduced or eliminated s-shaped behavior and improved FF up to 71%. Parallel contact conductivity measurements show that exposure to dry air, deposition with oxygen, and MoO x capping layers all increase the conductivity of the CuPC. SCAPS simulations show that increasing hole concentration consistent with oxygen doping effects can explain the J-V behavior of the solar cells.
The Fraught History of Psychiatry and Christianity

This chapter draws from a wide range of primary and secondary source literature to illustrate how Christians, physicians and otherwise, have understood the spiritual dimension of “madness.” Beginning with the New Testament and extending to the present day, it explores the way Christian physicians and clergy have understood mental illness and its treatment. Even early on, the church understood that psychological distress could be a natural phenomenon with a spiritual dimension. Many also held that supernatural forces could influence mental states. The origins of more recent tensions date to the emergence of the nineteenth-century philosophical naturalism as a factor in psychiatric thinking. In the twentieth century, as psychotherapy became a more significant part of psychiatric care, there emerged a potential conflict between the role of the psychiatrist and the role of clergy. As psychiatric research has become more multidisciplinary, new attention has been given to the role of spirituality, Christian and otherwise, in behavioral healthcare.
A retrospective longitudinal study and comprehensive review of adult patients with glycogen storage disease type III

Abstract Introduction A deficiency of glycogen debrancher enzyme in patients with glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) manifests with hepatic, cardiac, and muscle involvement in the most common subtype (type a), or with only hepatic involvement in patients with GSD IIIb. Objective and methods To describe longitudinal biochemical, radiological, muscle strength and ambulation, liver histopathological findings, and clinical outcomes in adults (≥18 years) with glycogen storage disease type III, by a retrospective review of medical records. Results Twenty-one adults with GSD IIIa (14 F & 7 M) and four with GSD IIIb (1 F & 3 M) were included in this natural history study. At the most recent visit, the median (range) age and follow-up time were 36 (19–68) and 16 years (0–41), respectively. For the entire cohort: 40% had documented hypoglycemic episodes in adulthood; hepatomegaly and cirrhosis were the most common radiological findings; and 28% developed decompensated liver disease and portal hypertension, the latter being more prevalent in older patients. In the GSD IIIa group, muscle weakness was a major feature, noted in 89% of the GSD IIIa cohort, a third of whom depended on a wheelchair or an assistive walking device. Older individuals tended to show more severe muscle weakness and mobility limitations, compared with younger adults. Asymptomatic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was the most common cardiac manifestation, present in 43%. Symptomatic cardiomyopathy and reduced ejection fraction was evident in 10%. Finally, a urinary biomarker of glycogen storage (Glc4) was significantly associated with AST, ALT and CK. Conclusion GSD III is a multisystem disorder in which a multidisciplinary approach with regular clinical, biochemical, radiological and functional (physical therapy assessment) follow-up is required. Despite dietary modification, hepatic and myopathic disease progression is evident in adults, with muscle weakness as the major cause of morbidity. Consequently, definitive therapies that address the underlying cause of the disease to correct both liver and muscle are needed.
Variants of Human Cytomegalovirus

Antigenic variations of human cytomegaloviruses were first detected by cross-neutralization tests. Weller et al. (1960) reacted sera from two babies (named Davis and Esp.) with isolates from themselves, with isolates from each other, and with AD169, an isolate from adenoids (Rowe et al., 1956). The homologous serum—virus pairs produced the highest titer. Serum from Davis did not neutralize the Esp. and AD169 isolates, whereas it neutralized the Davis isolate at a high dilution (Table 8.1). The Davis and AD169 strains were designated types 1 and 2, representing the most diverse strains, and Esp. and Kerr isolates were designated type 3. The Kerr isolate (not shown in the table) appeared to be closely related to the Esp. strains. These type designations have not been generally accepted.
The Kalman filter for two-dimensional stable and unstable atmospheres

The NASA Earth Observing System project will represent a 100-fold increase in the amount of data available to be used in conjunction with numerical weather and climate prediction models. As a consequence, better data assimilation schemes than the current, widely used Optimal Interpolation (OI), or modified versions of it, are required. The two most promising methods for data assimilation are the adjoint method and the extended, nonlinear Kalman filter (KF). Routine implementation of the KF would require computational resources much beyond the ones available at present, and consequently, seeking approximations to this method is an active area of research. Related to the need of finding streamlined, efficient algorithms for the KF are questions about the filter's performance in the presence of strong nonlinear instabilities. We study these problems in the linear context by implementing a KF for two simple two-dimensional (2-D) systems. A linear shallow-water model is used to simulate a one-layer, barotropic atmosphere, and a two-layer, linear shallow-water model is used to simulate a baroclinic atmosphere. Under certain conditions both systems develop instabilities resembling their nonlinear equivalent as observed in the real atmosphere. In the presence of such barotropic and baroclinic linear instabilities, forecast errors grow exponentially for cases where no update with observations is made. When the model is updated by using the KF for data assimilation, results show that the filter is able of keeping the errors bounded, even when only a very small number of observations are available. Sequential estimation theory gives a way of comparing the KF with OI. A comparison of these data assimilation methods, for the one-layer barotropically unstable problem, shows that, for some observational patterns, OI fails to keep the errors from growing exponentially, whereas the KF keeps the errors bounded. One approach to obtain a KF algorithm for routine applications is the banded approximation for the forecast error covariance matrix. We implement this approximation for our 2-D shallow-water models and results show that the banded approximation is a reasonably good approximation only when the model error covariance matrix is assumed to be diagonal.
Motivations and practice-area preferences of pharmacists interested in pursuing a Pharm.D. degree through a nontraditional program

Pharmacists' interest in a proposed nontraditional Pharm.D. program, motivations for wanting to pursue a Pharm.D. degree, and practice-area preferences were surveyed. Questionnaires were mailed to 12,621 pharmacists in Illinois and Arizona. Information sought included current position and practice area, number of job and career changes, preferred practice area, and interest in enrolling in a proposed nontraditional Pharm.D. program described in a cover letter. For pharmacists indicating an interest, information was sought on motivations for wanting to pursue a Pharm.D. degree expected support from employers, and preferred practice areas after obtaining a Pharm.D. degree. The response rate was 28.8%. A total of 1119 respondents (31.9%) indicated that they would or probably would enroll in the proposed Pharm.D. program. These pharmacists gave improving their clinical skills and improving the quality of their work as reasons for wanting to enroll, and half indicated that their current practice area would be their preferred area after they completed a Pharm.D. degree. Almost three quarters (72%) of hospital pharmacists; more than 60% of home health care or consultant independent, and managed care pharmacists; and 21% of pharmacists in chain pharmacies stated a preference to stay in their current practice area after obtaining a Pharm.D. degree. Eight variables were useful in predicting whether respondents would prefer to remain in their current practice area, including tuition assistance or reimbursement from employers, satisfaction with current position, and number of years in current position. Respondents who were interested in pursuing a Pharm.D. degree through the nontraditional program described to them were motivated by a desire to improve their clinical skills and the quality of their work and the opportunity to open doors to new careers.
Exposure to family planning messages and modern contraceptive use among men in urban Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal: a cross-sectional study

Family planning (FP) researchers and policy makers have often overlooked the importance of involving men in couples’ fertility choices and contraception, despite the fact that male involvement is a vital factor in sexual and reproductive health programming. This study aimed to assess whether men’s exposure to FP demand-generation activities is associated with their reported use of modern contraceptive methods. We used evaluation data from the Measurement, Learning & Evaluation project for the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (URHI) in select cities of three African countries (Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal) collected in 2012/2013. A two-stage cluster sampling design was used to select a representative sample of men in the study sites. The sample for this study includes men aged 15–59 years who had no missing data on any of the key variables: 696 men in Kenya, 2311 in Nigeria, and 1613 in Senegal. We conducted descriptive analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the associations of interest. All analyses were weighted to account for the study design and non-response rates using Stata version 13. The proportion of men who reported use of modern contraceptive methods was 58 % in Kenya, 43 % in Nigeria, and 27 % in Senegal. About 80 % were exposed to at least one URHI demand-generation activity in each country. Certain URHI demand-generation activities were significantly associated with men’s reported use of modern contraception. In Kenya, those who participated in URHI-led community events had four times higher odds of reporting use of modern methods (aOR: 3.70; p < 0.05) while in Senegal, exposure to URHI-television programs (aOR: 1.40; p < 0.05) and having heard a religious leader speak favorably about FP (aOR: 1.72; p < 0.05) were associated with modern contraceptive method use. No such associations were observed in Nigeria. Study findings are important for informing future FP program activities that seek to engage men. Program activities should be tailored by geographic context as results from this study indicate city and country-level variations. These types of gender-comprehensive and context-specific programs are likely to be the most successful at reducing unmet need for FP.
Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) possess six MHC-E families that are conserved among macaque species: implication for their binding to natural killer receptor variants.

MHC loci encode highly polymorphic molecules involved in the presentation of self and non-self peptides to cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. Although variable, MHC-E genes are well conserved among primates and provide signals to natural killer cells. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed MHC-E alleles of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), a nonhuman primate used for HIV pathogenesis and vaccine studies. Among a group of seven macaques, the characterization of eight Mane-E alleles revealed an increased number of polymorphic sites compared with human HLA-E alleles. Phylogenetic analyses of MHC-E alleles from pig-tailed macaque, rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) demonstrated that the three macaque species shared six families of macaque MHC-E alleles and indicated that these families existed in the common ancestor 5.5 million years ago. Polymorphic Mane-E sites were not concentrated within the peptide-binding pockets, but were distributed throughout the entire ORF. The peptide-binding domain of Mane-E is similar to its human analogue, and peptide substrates theoretically capable of binding to Mane-E molecules were found in the leader sequence of classical Mane-A and -B molecules. Additionally, the polymorphic amino acids located in the α1 and α2 domains of Mane-E molecules have side chains expected to be oriented toward solvent and away from the peptide-binding groove, suggesting that some of them (positions 19, 73, 79 and 145) might be available for interaction with polymorphic receptors of natural killer cells.
Diffusion-time-resolved ion-beam-induced charge collection from stripe-like test junctions induced by heavy-ion microbeams

Abstract To design more radiation-tolerant integrated circuits (ICs), it is necessary to design and test accurate models of ionizing-radiation-induced charge collection dynamics. A new technique, diffusion-time-resolved ion-beam-induced charge collection (DTRIBICC), is used to measure the average arrival time of the diffused charge, which is related to the average time of the arrival carrier density at the junction. Specially designed stripe-like test junctions are studied using a 12 MeV carbon microbeam with a spot size of ∼1 μm. The relative arrival time of ion-generated charge and the collected charge are measured using a multiple parameter data acquisition system. A 2-D device simulation code, MEDICI, is used to calculate the charge collection dynamics on the stripe-like test junctions. The simulations compare well with experimental microbeam measurements. The results show the importance of the diffused charge collection by junctions, which is especially significant for single-event upsets (SEUs) and multiple-event upsets (MEUs) in electronic devices. The charge sharing results also indicate that stripe-like junctions may be used as position-sensitive detectors with a resolution of ∼0.1 μm.
A CHIEF IS A CHIEF BY THE WOMEN? THE NAZARETHA CHURCH, GENDER, AND TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY IN MTUNZINI, SOUTH AFRICA, 1900–48*

In a historiography that paints relations between chiefs and women as antagonistic, the history of the Nazaretha Church in Mtunzini, South Africa in the early twentieth century sheds light on conditions that allowed chiefs and women to find common ground. During the era of segregation, Mtunzini was, on one hand, subject to relatively less interference from white government officials, but, on the other, ravaged by social and economic change. In this context, the Nazaretha Church flourished thanks to the support of many chiefs and women. The religious community not only proposed new answers to related questions about health, healing, and morality, but it also afforded chiefs and women important social options amid rural decline and challenges to traditional authority.
T. Kishi and N. Iwata: Varenicline for smoking cessation in people with schizophrenia: systematic review meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of efficacy of a smoking cessation treatment must be drawn from smoking cessation trials. It is inappropriate to include trials intended to test the effect of varenicline on cognitive performance and other important biomarkers of schizophrenia in a meta-analysis of efficacy of varenicline for smoking cessation. Further, Table 1 in the meta-analysis erroneously reports that all participants in the Shim study reported a desire to quit smoking and drinking. Participants in this trial were not required to express desire or intention to try to quit smoking to be enrolled and were excluded from participation if they had an alcohol use disorder [4]. Importantly, if only studies of varenicline added to smoking cessation interventions in smokers with schizophrenia who wanted to quit smoking had been included in the meta-analysis, the conclusion would be that varenicline is both effective for smoking cessation at the end of the treatment and well tolerated. Thus, the published literature, when appropriately compiled, does not support the conclusions drawn in this paper. This is of high importance, as recent reports have found that varenicline is underused in smokers with psychotic disorders [7], despite the continued epidemic of smoking in people with psychotic disorders, with disastrous public health consequences [8]. The erroneous conclusions of this meta-analysis, that varenicline is ineffective but well tolerated in smokers with schizophrenia, will likely contribute to underuse of this medication. On the other hand, a meta-analysis on the potential adverse effects of varenicline that would demonstrate the lack of a substantially different side effect profile in schizophrenia patients as compared to those in the general population and, within those with schizophrenia, the lack of a signal for greater neuropsychiatric adverse events between those assigned to drug and those assigned to placebo, would be entirely relevant and could use all of these double-blind, Dear Prof. Dr. Falkai,
T-cell receptor signals direct the composition and function of the memory CD8+ T-cell pool.

SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) nucleates a signaling complex critical for T-cell receptor (TCR) signal propagation. Mutations in the tyrosines of SLP-76 result in graded defects in TCR-induced signals depending on the tyrosine(s) affected. Here we use 2 strains of genomic knock-in mice expressing tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations to examine the role of TCR signals in the differentiation of effector and memory CD8+ T cells in response to infection in vivo. Our data support a model in which altered TCR signals can determine the rate of memory versus effector cell differentiation independent of initial T-cell expansion. Furthermore, we show that TCR signals sufficient to promote CD8+ T-cell differentiation are different from those required to elicit inflammatory cytokine production.
Polymer-zeolite composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

Direct methanol fuel cells require membranes with the dual properties of high proton conductivity and low methanol crossover. Such membranes have a high selectivity, that is a high ratio of proton conductivity to methanol permeability. This research reports such a membrane made of polyvinylalcohol and loaded with mordenite, a proton conducting, methanol impermeable zeolite. Protons travel directly through both the polymer and zeolite phases, but methanol has a more tortuous path around the zeolite particles. The composite membranes show up to twenty times higher selectivity than Nafion, the current benchmark. The improved behavior, a result of the proper tailoring of the polymer and dispersion phase, is predicted using Maxwell's theory for diffusion in composite media.
Comparison of sub-coulomb stripping and analog resonance results in 93Zr

Abstract The 92 Zr(d, p) 93 Zr reaction, leading to states in 93 Zr which are parents of analog states observed in 92 Zr(p, p) elastic scattering, has been studied for incident deuteron energies below the Coulomb barrier. For each of the parent states the reduced normalization has been extracted, and these have been compared with the reduced normalizations calculated for the analog resonances on the basis of various analog resonance theories.
Virtual Teams and Multiple Media: Structuring Media Use to Attain Strategic Goals

Work environments have grown substantially more complex over the years. Teams are increasingly distributed, and presented with a variety of different communication technologies, e.g., e-mail, instant messaging, cellular phones, pagers, and intranet applications, for use in distributed collaborative activities. Further, individuals often belong to multiple teams concurrently. This study explores how virtual team members structure their use of multiple media to attain strategic goals in complex work environments. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze data gathered from forty interviews of information technology workers. Our results indicate that there are two primary structures individuals employ when making use of multiple media: sequential and concurrent. Sequential combinations are of three types: redundant, serial, or complementary, while concurrent combinations are of two types: independent or complementary. Further, individuals strategically use multiple media to accomplish specific communication goals beyond simply transmitting the message, such as message acknowledgement, enhancement of mutual understanding, and participation in multiple communication interactions. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
On the generic inefficiency of differentiable market games

It is shown that a differentiable market game remains generically inefficient when its strategic outcome function is perturbed smoothly. The proof is based on Thom's transversality theorem and removes any restriction regarding the dimension of the strategy spaces. A converse result is that almost all efficient market games that are competitive are characterized by Bertrand-like non-differentiabilities. Finally a synthesis between the Cournot-and-Bertrand-type approaches to Walrasian equilibrium, as recently developed in the literature, is suggested.
Plasmid (pKM101)-mediated Weigle reactivation in Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2: genetic dependence, kinetics of induction, and effect of chloramphenicol.

Abstract In Escherichia coli K12 the reactivation of UV-irradiated phage in UV-irradiated cells (Weigle reactivation) is inhibited if the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol is present during the post-irradiation incubation. In contrast, in E. coli K12 or Salmonella typhimurium LT2 containing the plasmid pKM101 the kinetics of the W-reactivation response were not affected by chloramphenicol. Under the conditions used, protein synthesis was >99% inhibited and no preferential synthesis of plasmid-coded proteins was apparent in the residual protein synthesis. This increased capacity to reactivate irradiated phage decayed over 2 h if the cells were allowed to grow but was relatively stable if they were incubated in 10 mM MgSO 4 . Whereas the capacity of UV-irradiated bacteria with or without pKM101 to carry out W-reactivation had largely decayed by the end of a 2 h post-irradiation incubation in minimal-glucose with chloramphenicol, the capacity to synthesize high levels of the recA protein had not. Post-irradiation treatment with chloramphenicol did not abolish the UV-protective effect of pKM101 or R46. pKM101-mediated W-reactivationi s recA + -dependent in S. typhimurium and recA + lexA + -dependent in E. coli K-12. The inefficiency of S. typhimurium LT2 relative to E. coli in carrying out W-reactivation is not due to the presence of the cryptic plasmid in the LT2 strains. Two possible models are discussed.
Prey Selection of Walleye Fry in an Experimental System

Abstract Five genera of invertebrates were fed to walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) for 51 days after hatching to document the genera and sizes of invertebrates selected by the fish during their early development. The cladoceran Moina brachiata was selected for; the copepod Cyclops vernalis was initially eaten in the same proportion as available, but later selected for when M. brachiata was not available; and the cladocerans Daphnia magna and D. pulex and the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi were selected against. The rotifer Brachionus sp. was not eaten. As the walleyes grew they selected for progressively larger cladocerans but not for progressively larger C. vernalis. Significantly more organisms were eaten by walleyes collected at 1100 hours than by those collected at 2300 hours initially, but significantly fewer after 15 days of feeding.
MembraneSolvent-Solute Interaction in a Model Permeation System

In this study, methyl- and propylparaben flux from various alcohol donors through polydimethylsiloxane membranes was investigated. Flux from saturated alcohol vehicles was markedly increased relative to water and glycol systems. The uptake of neat alcohol, a measure of solvent membrane interaction, gave a good rank order correlation to the flux data for a particular paraben. The major influence of the alcohols was an increase in membrane solubility of paraben, with a smaller effect on the diffusion coefficient. High paraben donor solubility indirectly reduced the solvent–membrane interaction leading to attenuated flux. Paraben membrane solubility was influenced by the amount of alcohol sorbed from saturated systems and the affinity of the paraben for the alcohol. This conforms to the concept of imbibed alcohol molecules being organized into clusters. The alteration in barrier properties of the membrane was found to require the presence of sorbed alcohol and was reversible upon removal of the solvent.
Prolactin release following electrical stimulation of the brain in female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

Different regions of the hypothalamus were electrically stimulated in anesthetized adult female turkeys. Plasma levels of prolactin (Prl) were measured before (−20, 0 min), during (5, 10, 20, 30 min), and after (5, 15, 30, 60, 90 min) a 30-min period of electrical stimulation. In turkeys with electrode placements in the regions of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, inferior hypothalamus, and the median eminence, the onset of stimulation increased plasma Prl within 5 min (P < 0.05) and the maximum level was reached by the end of the 30-min stimulation period. The termination of hypothalamic stimulation was followed by decreased plasma Prl to prestimulation levels. In a subsequent study plasma Prl was measured in hens at different stages of the reproductive cycle, following electrical stimulation in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Ventromedial stimulation induced increases in plasma Prl in laying, photorefractory, and incubating turkeys; however, the relative change in the maximal Prl level was greater in incubating (21-fold) than in either laying (3.5-fold) or photorefractory (5-fold) turkeys. We conclude that Prl release in the female turkey can be affected by electrical stimulation of selected hypothalamic areas and that stimulation-induced Prl release in the ventromedial hypothalamus is enhanced in incubating turkeys.
Are Correlation Filters Useful for Human Action Recognition

It has been argued in recent work that correlation filters are attractive for human action recognition from videos. Motivation for their employment in this classification task lies in their ability to: (i) specify where the filter should peak in contrast to all other shifts in space and time, (ii) have some degree of tolerance to noise and intra-class variation (allowing learning from multiple examples), and (iii) can be computed deterministically with low computational overhead. Specifically, Maximum Average Correlation Height (MACH) filters have exhibited encouraging results~\cite{Mikel} on a variety of human action datasets. Here, we challenge the utility of correlation filters, like the MACH filter, in these circumstances. First, we demonstrate empirically that identical performance can be attained to the MACH filter by simply taking the~\emph{average} of the same action specific training examples. Second, we characterize theoretically and empirically under what circumstances a MACH filter would become equivalent to the average of the action specific training examples. Based on this characterization, we offer an alternative type of filter, based on a discriminative paradigm, that circumvent the inherent limitations of correlation filters for action recognition and demonstrate improved action recognition performance.
Deprenyl treatment attenuates long-term pre- and post-synaptic changes evoked by chronic methamphetamine

Abstract Deprenyl, used clinically in Parkinson's disease, has multiple pharmacological effects which make it a good candidate to treat neurotoxicity. Thus, we investigated deprenyl's ability to attenuate methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. We also examined deprenyl's effect in changing markers associated with psychostimulant sensitization. A potential therapeutic effect on either pathological domain would be a boon in developing novel treatments for methamphetamine abuse. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were split into 6 groups. Three groups received a 7-day saline minipump with saline, 0.05 or 0.25 mg/kg SC deprenyl injections given for 10 days before, during and 5 days after the 7-day saline minipump implant. Similarly, 3 groups received methamphetamine pumps (25 mg/kg/day) with escalating daily injections of methamphetamine (0–6 mg/kg) in addition to the minipump treatment. These rats also received saline, 0.05 or 0.25 mg/kg deprenyl injections given before, during and the 7-day minipump treatment. Rats were killed on day 28 of withdrawal and brain samples taken. HPLC analysis for dopamine and 3,4-Dihydroxy-Phenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) revealed a loss of dopamine in the caudate and accumbens which was partially reversed by high dose deprenyl. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the midbrain was unaffected by methamphetamine, suggesting that dopamine neurotoxicity was localized to the caudate. Western blot analysis of the caudate after methamphetamine revealed little change in Alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazole Propionic Acid (AMPA) GluR1 or N-Methyl- d -Aspartate (NMDA) NR2B subunits, or their phosphorylation state. However, methamphetamine increased levels of GluR1 and its phosphorylation state in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and these increases were attenuated by deprenyl. Methamphetamine also increased levels of PFC NR2B subunit, but these increases were not attenuated by deprenyl. We suggest that deprenyl may be effective in reducing the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine and may also attenuate changes in prefrontal AMPA receptor function, presumably more associated with addiction rather than neurotoxicity.
Factors Associated with Treatment Failure in Vertebral Osteomyelitis Requiring Spinal Instrumentation

Patients with vertebral osteomyelitis may require instrumentation for spinal stabilization. Determining the optimal duration and type of antimicrobial therapy for these patients is challenging. The aim of this study was to examine risk factors for treatment failure, in particular antimicrobial duration, in a cohort of patients requiring spinal instrumentation for vertebral osteomyelitis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients with vertebral osteomyelitis who had spinal instrumentation between January 2002 and January 2012 at the University of Maryland Medical Center. The primary outcome measure was treatment failure >4 weeks postoperatively. We identified 131 patients with vertebral osteomyelitis requiring spinal instrumentation, 94 of whom had >4 weeks of follow-up and were included in the primary analysis. Treatment failure occurred in 22 of the 94 patients (23%) at a median of 4 months after surgery. Among patients who failed therapy, 20 of 22 failed within 1 year of surgery. Cervical and thoracic infection sites and the presence of negative cultures were associated with fewer treatment failures. Addition of rifampin and the use of chronic suppressive antimicrobials did not affect treatment failure rate. Twenty-three percent of patients with spinal instrumentation for vertebral osteomyelitis experienced treatment failure. Treatment failure almost always occurred within the first year of spinal instrumentation.
Microwave effects on energy metabolism of rat brain.

Rat brain was exposed to 591-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves at 13.8 or 5.0 mW/cm2 to determine the effect on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) levels. On initiation of the in vivo microwave exposures, fluorimetrically determined NADH rapidly increased to a maximum of 4.0%-12.5% above pre-exposure control levels at one-half minute, than decreased slowly to 2% above control at three minutes, finally increasing slowly to 5% above control level at five minutes. ATP and CP assays were performed on sham- and microwave-exposed brain at each exposure time. At 13.8 mW/cm2, brain CP level was decreased an average of 39.4%, 41.1%, 18.2%, 13.1%, and 36.4% of control at exposure points one-half, one, two three, and five minutes, respectively, and brain ATP concentration was decreased an average of 25.2%, 15.2%, 17.8%, 7.4%, and 11.2% of control at the corresponding exposure periods. ATP and CP levels of rat brain exposed to 591-MHz cw microwaves at 5mW/cm2 for one-half and one minute were decreased significantly below control levels at these exposure times, but were not significantly different from the 13.8 mW/cm2 exposures. For all exposures, rectal temperature remained constant. Heat loss through the skull aperture caused brain temperaturemore » to decrease during the five-minute exposures. This decrease was the same in magnitude for experimental and control subjects. Changes in NADH, ATP, and CP levels during microwave exposure cannot be attributed to general tissue hyperthermia. The data support the hypothesis that microwave exposure inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain function, which results in decreased ATP and CP levels in brain.« less
Explicit local buckling analysis of rotationally-restrained orthotropic plates under uniform shear

Abstract The explicit closed-form local buckling solution of in-plane shear-loaded orthotropic plates with two opposite edges simply supported and other two opposite edges either both rotationally restrained or one rotationally restrained and the other free is presented. Based on the boundary condition of the other two opposite edges, two types of plates are considered: the RR (both the edges rotationally restrained) and RF (one edge restrained and the other free) plate elements. Different plate buckled shape functions are proposed, and the approximate explicit expressions for the buckling loads are derived using the Rayleigh–Ritz method for the plate with the generic rotationally-restrained (R) boundary conditions which can be reduced to two extreme cases, i.e., simply supported (S) and clamped (C). The accuracy of the derived explicit solutions is verified by comparing the predictions with the existing solutions and numerical finite element analysis, and excellent agreements are obtained. The effects of material and boundary restraining parameters on the local shear buckling behavior of the plate elements are discussed. The derived explicit formulas for the shear buckling loads are straightforward, efficient and reliable for preliminary engineering design and analysis of composite structures under primarily shear-dominant loading conditions.
Molecular dynamics simulation and thermodynamic modeling of the self-assembly of the triterpenoids asiatic acid and madecassic acid in aqueous solution.

The self-assembly behavior of the triterpenoids asiatic acid (AA) and madecassic acid (MA), both widely studied bioactive phytochemicals that are similar in structure to bile salts, were investigated in aqueous solution through atomistic-level molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. AA and MA molecules initially distributed randomly in solution were observed to aggregate into micelles during 75 ns of MD simulation. A “hydrophobic contact criterion” was developed to identify micellar aggregates from the computer simulation results. From the computer simulation data, the aggregation number of AA and MA micelles, the monomer concentration, the principal moments of the micelle radius of gyration tensor, the one-dimensional growth exhibited by AA and MA micelles as the aggregation number increases, the level of internal ordering within AA and MA micelles (quantified using two different orientational order parameters), the local environment of atoms within AA and MA in the micellar environment, and the total, hydro...