cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of systolic time intervals in detecting abnormal left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease.

Abstract Sixty-six consecutive patients with a history of previous myocardial infarction and 48 patients with angina pectoris without evidence of previous myocardial infarction, all of whom had diagnostic coronary arteriography and left ventriculography, were studied in a prospective analysis of the accuracy of noninvasively determined systolic time intervals as a measure of global left ventricular performance. Forty-one patients who were evaluated for atypical chest pain and found to have normal coronary arteries and left ventricular performance served as control subjects. Six methods of statistical analysis were employed in assessing the accuracy of systolic time intervals in relation to the left ventricular ejection fraction: (1) analysis of variance, (2) cumulative distribution analysis, (3) correlation, (4) sensitivity and specificity, (5) percent agreement, and (6) logistic regression analysis. These tests permitted comparison between the systolic time intervals and the angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction. Analysis of variance revealed identical discriminating power for the ratio of the preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/ LVET) and left ventricular ejection fraction in separating the normal group and patients without previous myocardial infarction from the patients with previous myocardial infarction. The preejection period and left ventricular ejection time corrected for heart rate were less discriminating than left ventricular ejection fraction or PEP/LVET. The cumulative distribution plots for the left ventricular ejection fraction and PEP/LVET in the three groups of patients were remarkably similar. The correlation of PEP/LVET and left ventricular ejection fraction for all three groups of patients was 0.84. The sensitivity and specificity of the PEP/LVET in relation to the left ventricular ejection fraction were 88 and 96 percent, respectively. The overall agreement between the two measures in detecting the prevalence of abnormality in global left ventricular performance in subgroups of patients was 92 percent. By logistic regression analysis the two measures had equal capacity in discriminating the patients with previous myocardial infarction from the control group. The multiple strategies of comparison employed in this study document the close relation of measures of the timing of the left ventricular contraction cycle by systolic time intervals and estimates of the extent of left ventricular contraction by ejection fraction in patients with coronary artery disease. It is concluded that these measures afford independent and complementary methods of defining the presence of abnormal left ventricular performance in the resting supine patient with coronary artery disease.
Toxicity Profile of Epichlorohydrin

A series of tests was conducted to obtain a profile of the toxicity of epichlorohydrin since this compound finds a number of industrial applications, including synthesis of some epoxy resins which may be formulated into certain biomedical materials. These included acute toxicity by the oral, intraperitoneal, dermal, and inhalation routes; toxicity to mouse fibroblast cells in culture; and hemolytic activity against rabbit blood. Irritancy activity was determined in rabbits by the intradermal, topical (dermal), ophthalmic, and muscle implant methods. Cardiovascular activity of the compound was investigated in rabbits. Alteration of pentobarbital sleeping time in mice was determined following administration by inhalation and intraperitoneal injection. Cumulative and subacute toxicity studies in rats were also conducted. In general, the compound proved to be quite toxic and very irritating in the systems employed.
Error performance analysis for reliability-based decoding algorithms

The statistical approach proposed by D. Agrawal and A. Vardy (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.46, pp.60-83, Jan. 2000) to evaluate the error performance of the generalized minimum distance (GMD) decoding is extended to other reliability based decoding algorithms for binary linear block codes, namely Chase-type, combined GMD and Chase-type, and ordered statistic decoding. In all cases, tighter and simpler bounds than previously proposed ones have been obtained with this approach.
Assimilation of Ice Concentration in an Ice–Ocean Model

Abstract Ice concentration is a critical parameter of the polar marine environment because of the large effect sea ice has on the surface albedo and heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. Simulations of the energy exchange processes in models would benefit if the ice concentration were represented more accurately. Reanalysis simulations that use historical wind and temperature fields may develop erroneous ice concentration estimates; these can be corrected by using observed ice concentration fields. The ice concentration assimilation presented here is a new method based on nudging the model ice concentration toward the observed concentration in a manner that emphasizes the ice extent and minimizes the effect of observational errors in the interior of the pack. The nudging weight is a nonlinear function of the difference between the model and the observed ice concentration. The simulated ice extent is improved with the assimilation of ice concentration but is not identical to the observed exte...
Structural characterization of borate esters in which sodium acts as a support to the structural framework

The borate ester derivatives of phenol, trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol and mandelic acid have been prepared from NaBH4 and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The product from the reaction with phenol appears as a crystallographic disorder of [(THF)2Na{B(OPh)3H}]2 (1) and [(THF)2Na{B(OPh)(OH2)H}]2 (2). Both compounds are dimeric with bridging borate groups linking the Na cations. The reaction with trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol in DMSO yields the infinite polymer, [(DMSO)Na{B(O2C6H10)2}]∞ (3), in which the Na cations link [B(O2C6H10)2]− anions. The unusual 5-coordinate geometry of the sodium is completed by the coordination of a disordered DMSO molecule. In a similar manner, mandelic acid reacts to form an infinite lattice [Na(py)2][B{O2CC(O)Ph}2] (4), in which each sodium is coordinated to three [B{O2CC(O)Ph}2]− anions, one through two interactions involving the alkoxide and carboxylate groups of a chelate mandelic acid, and two interactions involving the carboxylate groups of adjacent anions. The role of the Group 1 cation in supporting the structural framework of the borate anions is discussed.
Promoting “Minds-On” Chamber Music Rehearsals

www.mej.sagepub.com C hamber music provides myriad opportunities to develop students' ability to think like professional musicians while engaged in the authentic task of working closely with and learning from peers. Unfortunately, the potential for musical growth inherent in chamber music participation is often unrealized due to either a lack of teacher guidance and support or by too much teacher involvement in decisions about rehearsal content and musical interpretation. As a result, students are engaged in "hands-on" rather than "minds-on" learning.1 This article includes a description of an initial large-group approach to chamber music and related activities that support minds-on learning based on the concept of cognitive apprenticeship. Specific strategies on a continuum from more to less assistance are used by the teacher to help students become independent musicians. Four of these strategies are modeling; coaching or giving guided practice and immediate feedback; scaffolding or structuring practice and giving periodic suggestions; and fading, whereby the teacher gives increasingly less assistance with the ultimate goal of students working independently.2 These activities can help maximize student learning and engagement when playing in a chamber music ensemble and at the same time foster an interest in lifelong chamber music participation. Initial Large-Group Chamber Music Experience
Inhaled ultrafine particulate matter affects CNS inflammatory processes and may act via MAP kinase signaling pathways.

In addition to evidence that inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM) can increase cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, the brain may also constitute a site adversely effected by the environmental presence of airborne particulate matter. We have examined the association between exposure to PM and adverse CNS effects in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice exposed to two levels of concentrated ultrafine particulate matter in central Los Angeles. Mice were killed 24 hr after the last exposure and brain, liver, heart, lung and spleen tissues were collected and frozen for subsequent bioassays. There was clear evidence of aberrant immune activation in the brains of exposed animals as judged by a dose-related increase in nuclear translocation of two key transcription factors, NF-kB and AP-1. These factors, are involved in the promotion of inflammation. Increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also found consequent to particulate inhalation suggesting that glial activation was taking place. In order to determine the mechanism by which these events occurred, levels of several MAP kinases involved in activation of these transcription factors were assayed by Western blotting. There were no significant changes in the proportion of active (phosphorylated) forms of ERK-1, IkB and p38. However the fraction of JNK in the active form was significantly increased in animals receiving the lower concentration of concentrated ambient particle (CAPs). This suggests that the signaling pathway by which these transcription factors are activated involves the activation of JNK.
Infection impairs insulin-dependent hepatic glucose uptake during total parenteral nutrition.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) markedly augments net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) and hepatic glycolysis in the presence of mild hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This increase is impaired by ...
Multiple Populations of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins in Hawaiian Waters

Understanding gene flow and dispersal patterns is important for predicting effects of natural events and anthropogenic activities on animal populations. In Hawaii, most species of odontocetes are managed as single populations. Recent exceptions include false killer whales, spinner dolphins, and common bottlenose dolphins, for which studies have shown fidelity to individual islands or groups of islands. Our study focused on pantropical spotted dolphins. We analyzed mitochondrial control region and 11 microsatellite loci from 101 individuals from 4 areas: Hawaii, Maui/Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai/Niihau. We examined F ST, F' ST, R ST, Jost's D, and ΦST and used TESS to estimate number of populations and assignment probabilities. Our results support genetic differentiation among Hawaii, Maui/Lanai, and Oahu and suggest that pantropical spotted dolphins near Kauai/Niihau are likely transient and in low numbers. Between island regions, F ST for microsatellites ranged from 0.016 to 0.045 and for mtDNA, from 0.011 to 0.282. F ' ST, ranged from 0.098 to 0.262 for microsatellites and 0.019 to 0.415 for mtDNA. R ST and ΦST showed similar results to F ST for microsatellites and mtDNA respectively, and Jost's D fell between F ST and F ' ST. TESS supported 3 populations, and greatest mean assignment probability by island region ranged from 0.50 to 0.72. The private alleles method indicated migration rates among regions from 1.49 to 3.45, and effective population size of the island of Hawaii was estimated to be 220. There was no strong evidence to support sex-biased dispersal or group fidelity. Considering this study in the larger context of other odontocete population studies and studies of connectivity, we suggest genetic differentiation may be mediated by behavior adapted to differing habitat types and niches.
Integrating MOOCS into Traditional Higher Education: The Emerging “MOOC 3.0” Era

Beginning in 2012, the US higher education community became aware of an emerging educational innovation called massive open online courses, or MOOCs. As more and more elite institutions offered MOO...
Compensatory Strategies for Reducing Interpersonal Discrimination: The Effectiveness of Acknowledgments, Increased Positivity, and Individuating Information

Previous research has revealed, across a number of contexts, that stigmatized individuals are the recipients of interpersonal discrimination (e.g., M. R. Hebl, J. B. Foster, L. M. Mannix, & J. F. Dovidio, 2002). Such discrimination has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in the workplace, both for stigmatized individuals and for organizations as a whole (see, e.g., E. B. King, J. L. Shapiro, M. R. Hebl, S. L. Singletary, & S. Turner, 2006; C. O. Word, M. P. Zanna, & J. Cooper, 1974). The current research examines 3 individual-level compensatory strategies aimed at reducing interpersonal discrimination. Results reveal that compensatory strategies are successful in reducing interpersonal discrimination in job application contexts and that such strategies uniquely benefit stigmatized individuals.
Experimental Investigation of Limit Cycle Oscillations in an Unstable Gas Turbine Combustor

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the characteristics of limit cycle oscillations in an unstable gas turbine combustor simulator. This investigation was performed to improve the current understanding of the nonlinear processes controlling these oscillations. Such an understanding is needed in order to predict instability amplitudes, to aid in correlating data, and to develop and optimize active control methodologies. The paper first describes an analysis of the statistical and temporal features of the limit cycle pressure oscillations, and discusses the role of system nonlinearities upon these oscillations. Next, it discusses the important role that the combustor inlet velocity plays in determining the amplitude of the limit cycle oscillations. The paper also presents data illustrating the characteristics of the combustor's transition from stable to unstable operation, and shows that these characteristics can be used to predict the occurrence of nonlinear phenomenon (e.g., hysteresis) that are often observed in unstable combustors. Finally, it is shown that inherent noise in the system can strongly affect the limit cycles, and may even be responsible for causing the combustor to become unstable under nominally stable conditions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results on the current understanding of self-excited, combustion driven oscillations in lean, premixed gas turbine combustors.
Administration of Recombinant Heat Shock Protein 70 Delays Peripheral Muscle Denervation in the SOD1(G93A) Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

A prominent clinical feature of ALS is muscle weakness due to dysfunction, denervation and degeneration of motoneurons (MNs). While MN degeneration is a late stage event in the ALS mouse model, muscle denervation occurs significantly earlier in the disease. Strategies to prevent this early denervation may improve quality of life by maintaining muscle control and slowing disease progression. The precise cause of MN dysfunction and denervation is not known, but several mechanisms have been proposed that involve potentially toxic intra- and extracellular changes. Many cells confront these changes by mounting a stress response that includes increased expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). MNs do not upregulate Hsp70, and this may result in a potentially increased vulnerability. We previously reported that recombinant human hsp70 (rhHsp70) injections delayed symptom onset and increased lifespan in SOD1G93A mice. The exogenous rhHsp70 was localized to the muscle and not to spinal cord or brain suggesting it modulates peripheral pathophysiology. In the current study, we focused on earlier administration of Hsp70 and its effect on initial muscle denervation. Injections of the protein appeared to arrest denervation with preserved large myelinated peripheral axons, and reduced glial activation.
The Colorblind, Multicultural, and Polycultural Ideological Approaches to Improving Intergroup Attitudes and Relations

Scholars have long explored the colorblind and multicultural ideological approaches to improving intergroup attitudes and relations. Polyculturalism, a newly studied ideological approach, focuses on the past and current interactions and connections among different racial and ethnic groups. Drawing on cross-disciplinary work, we critically examine the various forms that each of these ideological approaches has taken across studies, and their implications for intergroup attitudes and relations among racially and ethnically diverse children, adolescents, and adults. Although each ideological approach has been examined in several ways (often combining different forms of each approach), there is sufficient comparative work to draw some conclusions. We propose that a combined ideological approach be implemented in educational settings that maximizes the strengths and positive intergroup consequences of colorblindness, multiculturalism, and polyculturalism, while minimizes the weaknesses and negative intergroup consequences of each approach.
Genetic Structure of Reticulitermes flavipes and R. virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Colonies in an Urban Habitat and Tracking of Colonies Following Treatment with Hexaflumuron Bait

Abstract Colony and population genetic structure was determined for Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) collected from Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System monitoring stations at an apartment complex in Raleigh, NC. Once in each of 2000, 2001, and 2002, samples of termites were collected from monitoring stations just before the installation of bait tubes containing 0.5% hexaflumuron. Twenty workers from each sample were genotyped at five microsatellite loci. Comparison of worker genotypes among samples provided unambiguous colony associations. Analysis of worker genotypes within colonies coupled with estimates of F-statistics and nestmate relatedness showed that three fourths (30) of the 41 R. flavipes colonies and all three of the R. virginicus colonies were simple families headed by pairs of outbred monogamous reproductives. The remaining R. flavipes colonies were extended families, apparently headed by a few neotenic reproductives. Most colonies appeared to be ...
ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AND O3 ALTER THE FLOW OF 15N IN DEVELOPING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides–Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (−15%) and N (−29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor O3 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and O3 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that O3 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0–8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.
Color Temperatures of Red Giants and their Relation to the Effective Temperature

Color temperatures of red giant stars can be calibrated in terms of effective temperature if the colors are measured at wavelengths of minimal discrete absorption and nearly equal continuous opacity. The problem, of selecting suitable wavelengths in the complex spectra of M stars is discussed; measurements in the near infrared are recommended for early M stars, and the inclusion of a measurement at 4.00 µm is very helpful for stars later than about M5. Color temperatures based on infrared continuum points appear to confirm the new scale of effective temperatures derived by Ridgway et al., in that line-blanketed models of those effective temperatures are able to reproduce the observed color temperatures. A program of direct measurements of absolute infrared monochromatic fluxes is now in progress.
A Fanatical Fifth Column: The Media’s Argument for Japanese Internment

In the time leading up to and following Pearl Harbor, American media perpetuated a myth about Japanese American citizens: they were a part of a fifth column. Scholars aiming to understand the conditions that led to Japanese internment cite the media’s unfounded portrayal of Japanese persons as traitors. However, this scholarship focuses on the historical context of internment, and as a result, significant examination of the media’s role is neglected. A close analysis of the media’s language reveals why such an unfounded myth was persuasive and how societal acceptance of it led to the internment of American citizens.
The Role of Incentives in Facilitating the Integration of an Online Learning System into Pedagogical Practices: A Human Performance Technology Perspective

This paper summarized findings from an empirical study that evaluated the effectiveness of a technology incentive project, MEET, on facilitating the adoption of a web technology CCC Confer among college instructors. Results show that teachers' technology adoption can be facilitated by providing certain incentives. A number of strategies were essential to the effectiveness of this incentive project: (1) Involving teachers in the decision-making process to make the technology integration project meaningful to them; (2) Helping teachers to develop a well-designed plan with realistic goals and a feasible implementation outline; (3) Building a collegial community from where teachers can learn from peers, obtain support from their social-networks, and work collaboratively; (4) Leading with strong leadership to ensure high morale, sufficient resources and support that are indispensible to the successful implementation of a technology project; and (5) Proving timely support to help teachers remove roadblocks. Restraining factors included insufficient critical appraisal, the absence of collaborative projects, and few face-to-face meetings. Specific implications for technology integration are discussed.
Minor ischemic stroke: Triaging, disposition, and outcome

Abstract Background: Two-thirds of patients with stroke have mild deficits. The optimal triaging of these patients remains unclear. It is crucial to stratify patients based on who needs inpatient vs outpatient evaluation in a cost-effective manner. Methods: We reviewed the current literature (randomized trials, retrospective studies, case series, and case reports) on minor ischemic stroke and extrapolated evidence-based opinions and future directions on the management of minor ischemic stroke. Results: We provide evidence-based opinions and future directions on the approach to triaging patients with mild deficits based on the early risk of stroke recurrence, feasibility of outpatient diagnostic evaluation, and disabling deficits needing inpatient evaluation by physical and occupational therapy. Conclusions: Outpatient evaluation of patients with nondisabling minor stroke is potentially cost-effective after excluding large artery atherosclerosis and ensuring a rapid access outpatient evaluation. Larger studies on the cost-effectiveness and safety of this approach are necessary.
Does Carbohydrate Challenge Testing Predict Clinical Response in Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Objectives Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is considered a frequent cause of abdominal symptoms in patients with surgically altered intestinal anatomy or dysmotility conditions and is recognized as a contributing factor in the exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Diagnostic testing can be used to detect the condition. Methods The study group comprised patients who had breath hydrogen and methane lactulose challenge testing. All of the patients were treated with antibiotic regimens that have shown benefit for SIBO. The lactulose challenge was administered orally at 15 g. Hydrogen and methane in expired air were measured and hydrogen values were recorded as the hydrogen plus twice the methane result. Breath tests were analyzed for positivity based on single and multiple criteria of fasting baseline elevation, early rise, and second peak hydrogen rise. Global improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms was assessed by telephone contact or record review. Results One hundred participants (78 women) were included in the analysis. The mean age was 51 years. A total of 15% of participants did not meet any criteria on breath testing for SIBO; 73% had a fasting baseline elevation >10 ppm; and 19% had an increase of >20 ppm above baseline in the first 20 minutes, 48% had a 20-ppm increase in the first 60 minutes, and 32% had a second increase, reflecting a colon peak. Overall, 74% responded to a course of antibiotics, determined by reported improvement in more than half of the symptoms within 3 months. In total, 67% (10/15) of the subjects who tested negative for SIBO, by all criteria, had a favorable response to antibiotics. Among those with positive hydrogen increases, 76.3% with 1 criterion responded, 66.7% with 2 criteria responded, 84.6% with 3 responded, and 76.9% with 4 responded. After antibiotic treatment, 88.7% (47/53) of those who had diarrhea reported improvement, 63.3% (19/30) with constipation reported improvement, and 74.3% (52/70) with baseline bloating experienced improvement. Sixty-five of the 82 patients with pain or discomfort reported improvement (79.3%). Of those treated with a rifaximin regimen, 74.2% (49/66) reported a response to treatment. Twenty of 28 (71.4%) treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate experienced a clinical response. Conclusions These data suggest that the response to antibiotic therapy in patients with suspected SIBO is not predicted by carbohydrate SIBO testing results and bring into question the value of such testing.
Molecular characteristic study of Coxsackievirus B1 from the samples of aseptic meningitis patients in Zhejiang during 2008-2009

Objective:To confirmed the cause of the aseptic meningitis and clarified the molecular characteristic of pathogen in Zhejiang during 2008-2009.Methods:The virus were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) samples of the suspected cases by Hep-2 and RD cell lines.The RNAs of the isolated viruses were extracted and followed by RT-PCR to amplify VP1 gene,which was then sequenced,and the phylogenetic and homology trees were also constructed.Results:4 out of 11 CSF samples were positive of isolated of Coxsackievirus B1(CVB1).The complete VP1 gene of CVB1 virus strains from Zhejiang(ZJ/CVB1) was 834 nt without any insert or deletion,which encoded 278 amino acid(aa).The identity of VP1 gene in nt and aa among 4 sequenced were separately 96.3%～99.9% and 100%.The Shandong strain(SD/168/06) had the highest identity of VP1 gene which the ZJ/CVB1 compared with the BLAST program,the identity was 98.7%.The identity of VP1 gene of ZJ/CVB1 and prototype strain(Cnno-5/86)was 78.9%.The phylogenetic tree indicated that ZJ/CVB1 had maximum similarity with SD/168/06.They all lied in the CVB1 Clade 3.Conclusion:The virus isolation identified that the pathogen of the aseptic meningitis in Zhejiang was caused by enterovirus CVB1.There was no obviously difference among ZJ/CVB1 strains in 2008-2009.There was the most genetic relationship between ZJ/CVB1 and SD/168/06.
Analysis of the epidemics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anyang city in 2007-2011

Objective To discuss and analyze the epidemiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in Anyang city from 2007 to 2011 and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of TB.Methods All data were from the disease surveillance information reporting and management system,one subsystem of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CCDC),and population data from the basic information system of CCDC.Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data.χ2test was used for count data,the resalt of P0.05 was considered to be ata tistically significant.Results The average annual incidence rate of TB was 91.10/100 000 in Anyang city from 2007 to 2011,in which the lowest incidence occurred in 2011(76.31/100 000)and the highest in 2009(101.35/100 000),there was a significant difference in incidence between years(P0.05).The average incidence was different in different counties annually,ranging from 46.88/100 000 to 108.34/100 000,significant difference was found in incidence between counties(P0.05).The patients were mainly from the rural-urban fringe.The peak onset usually occurred from March to May every year.The highest incidence occurred in the group of sixty years old(185.89/100 000)and the group of seventy years old(207.89/100 000),the lowest in the group below ten years old(2.80/100 000),and the male:female ratios was 1.94:1.79.93% of the cases were farmers,followed by students,accounting for 8.95%.Conclusions To control the incidence of TB in Anyang city in a relatively low level,the monitoring and centralized management of patients with TB should be strengthened by specified departments.
The roles of requests and promises in child patient management.

It is typical for some to assess the misbehavior of children in the dental appointment to be exclusively for reasons of fear. Such an assessment is offered in this paper to be naive. Fear certainly can be a predictor of avoidance behavior, but avoidance behaviors are often found in child dental patients who are remarkably well acquainted with dentistry and who know that the procedures that lay ahead for them are in no way painful or fearful at all. In the case of a recalcitrant child patient, the mechanism by which human beings get things done with other human beings, requests and promises, does not work because of the child's aversion to adult authority. It is submitted that there are children who are poor promisers, because of a background discourse that they have with themselves that makes it difficult for them to interface effectively, i.e. by making effective promises, with other people. Since the dentist is a requester and the dental appointment works by requests, these children are reliably problem patients. They cannot make commitments to cooperate. Four types of children have been described who by a misdirected goal of their childhood, which they have absorbed early, are reliable predictors of misbehavior and avoidance behavior during dental appointments. The internalized goal makes cooperation with a requesting adult difficult. This fact is often seen perhaps in the dental office first, because in our society today very few requests are made of our preschool children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Residency and Movement of Juvenile Chinook Salmon at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Tidal Marsh of the Columbia River Estuary

AbstractUse of the Columbia River estuary by juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is garnering more attention as managers look to improve salmon survival through estuary restoration. Studies have shown that juvenile salmon are abundant in shallow-water habitats within the Columbia River estuary, but information on how juveniles exploit specific estuarine habitats is lacking. We used a combination of physical marks and PIT tag technology to record residence time, movement, and growth of juvenile Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha, particularly subyearlings, within an emergent marsh of the Columbia River estuary during 2005, 2006, and 2008. We documented marsh-scale residency and movement within the marsh complex and channel-scale residency and movement within two small secondary channels. Many juvenile Chinook Salmon remained in the marsh for 2–4 weeks and increased in FL by 10–20 mm, with an average growth rate of 0.53 mm/d. Chinook Salmon entered secondary channels most frequently in late afternoon and o...
Ontogenetic regulatory mechanisms, heterochrony, and eccentricity in dendrasterid sand dollars

Posterior eccentricity has evolved independently in three lineages of northern Pacific sand dollars; it is best known in the genus Dendraster. In these forms, the anterior areas of the aboral surface are much more highly developed than the posterior areas; consequently, the apical system is located posteriorly, rather than centrally. This morphology is linked to an unusual and highly successful mode of suspension-feeding. The evolution of eccentricity appears to be related to reg- ulatory mechanisms found in many non-eccentric sand dollars, such as Echinarachnius parma. During the ontogeny of this form, the growth rates of the ambulacra and interambulacra are correlated with their position along the longitudinal axis. Early in ontogeny, the anterior areas develop at a faster rate than the posterior areas; later in ontogeny, this relationship is completely reversed. Normally, these two phases of unequal growth counterbalance each other, and the mature test appears symmetrical. However, if the balance between the two phases were upset, eccentricity would naturally ensue. In fact, aberrant Recent and fossil Echinarachnius with the predicted anteriorly- and posteriorly-eccentric morphologies actually do exist. Posterior eccentricity is apparently pro- duced by retention of the earlier unequal growth pattern, which favors anterior development. This represents trait neoteny; however, since the retained trait is a regulatory mechanism that controls growth rates over the entire aboral surface, the morphological effects are particularly profound. Thus, the seemingly bizarre morphology of Dendraster can be derived by a change in the timing of an existing regulatory mechanism. This may help to explain the sudden appearance of Dendraster in the fossil record and the absence of transitional forms. The unusual suspension-feeding behavior of Dendraster may have been derived from a righting response that is common among other sand dollars.
History of landscape ecology in the United States

This book analyzes the emergence of landscape ecology, its current status as a new integrative science, and how distinguished scholars in the field of landscape ecology view the future regarding new challenges and career opportunities. Over the past thirty years, landscape ecology has utilized development in technology and methodology (e.g., satellites, GIS, and systems technologists) to monitor large temporal-spatial scale events and phenomena. These events include changes in vegetative cover and composition due to both natural disturbance and human cause changes that have academic, economic, political, and social manifestations. There is little doubt, due to the temporal-spatial scale of this integrative science, that scholars in fields of study ranging from anthropology to urban ecology will desire to compare their fields with landscape ecology during this intellectually and technologically fertile time. History of Landscape Ecology in the United States brings to light the vital role that landscape ecologists will play in the future as the human population continues to increase and fragment the natural environment. Landscape ecology is known as a synthesized intersection of disciplines; but new theories, concepts, and principles have emerged that form the foundation of a new transdiscipline
Exploring the ocean for hydrothermal venting: New techniques, new discoveries, new insights

Abstract Enumerating active hydrothermal fields on the seafloor has been a challenge since their discovery almost 40 years ago. High-temperature hydrothermal fields are readily discoverable, primarily by detecting mineral-laden plumes, but low-temperature, particle-poor vent fields resist discovery. Decades of exploration for vent fields have covered, though often cursorily, about one-third of the global lengths of both oceanic spreading ridges (OSRs) and volcanic arcs, identifying some 630 active vent fields. About 80% of these fields are on OSRs, and the spatial frequency of those fields is currently estimated as ∼0.5–5/100 km, generally increasing with spreading rate. Over the last decade, however, a few detailed surveys have added sensors capable of detecting ephemeral chemical tracers (oxidation-reduction potential) in addition to standard sensors that detect quasi-conservative optical tracers (such as light backscattering). This approach has revealed a new view of the distribution of venting fields along fast-spreading (>55 mm/yr) OSRs. Studies of four such ridge sections totaling 1470 km length suggest that the present inventory of vent fields may underestimate the true global population of vent fields on fast-spreading OSRs by a factor of 3–6. This increase implies that ridge axes are unexpectedly “leaky” reservoirs, from which hydrothermal fluids escape at far more sites than presently assumed; that the supply of dissolved hydrothermal iron, which may be fertilizing the primary production of the Southern Ocean, is higher than now calculated; and that present estimates of recoverable sulfide tonnage from ridge axes may be too low. Along slow-spreading ridges, which account for 60% of the global OSR length and 86% of known sulfide tonnage, expansive axial valleys present special exploration challenges that will not be easily overcome.
Hydrogen peroxide activated quinone methide precursors with enhanced DNA cross-linking capability and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells

Quinone methide (QM) formation induced by endogenously generated H2O2 is attractive for biological and biomedical applications. To overcome current limitations due to low biological activity of H2O2-activated QM precursors, we are introducing herein several new arylboronates with electron donating substituents at different positions of benzene ring and/or different neutral leaving groups. The reaction rate of the arylboronate esters with H2O2 and subsequent bisquinone methides formation and DNA cross-linking was accelerated with the application of Br as a leaving group instead of acetoxy groups. Additionally, a donating group placed meta to the nascent exo-methylene group of the quinone methide greatly improves H2O2-induced DNA interstrand cross-link formation as well as enhances the cellular activity. Multiple donating groups decrease the stability and DNA cross-linking capability, which lead to low cellular activity. A cell-based screen demonstrated that compounds 2a and 5a with a OMe or OH group dramatically inhibited the growth of various tissue-derived cancer cells while normal cells were less affected. Induction of H2AX phosphorylation by these compounds in CLL lymphocytes provide evidence for a correlation between cell death and DNA damage. The compounds presented herein showed potent anticancer activities and selectivity, which represent a novel scaffold for anticancer drug development.
Cost-effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II receptor blockers as first-line treatment in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a rare kidney disorder impacting ∼1:2,500 individuals among the general US population. Hypertension is a significant predictor of...
Meterology at the crossroads of change

Featured here is the keynote address that was presented at the 73rd Annual AMS Meeting. The discussion of meteorology focuses on global aspects of climate change. Means of more completely observing and understanding climate change are identified. The author also presents recommendations of remedial action that should be pursued to ameliorate the effects of present climate change and to identify, control, and prevent future problems.
Does Working Memory Impact Functional Outcomes in Individuals With ADHD: A Qualitative and Comprehensive Literature Review.

Objective: Working Memory (WM) is a domain of executive functioning often impaired in individuals with ADHD. Although assumed to cause difficulties across functioning, the scope of impairments from...
Clinical Assessment of Ocular Torsion

Abnormal ocular torsion is often missed by indirect ophthalmoscopy because of disorientation or inattention to the normal relationship of the optic disc and fovea. The fovea should be level within ...
Research in Social Media: Data Sources and Methodologies

This paper examines both the opportunities and limitations in the use of social media for accounting research. Given the dynamic nature of social media and the richness of the context, there are opportunities for researchers to directly observe communication and information exchanges, typically within the context of an observable social network. The paper provides an overview of the characteristics of four commonly used social network sites (SNSs): Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and StockTwits. The data collection details, opportunities, and limitations are set out. The paper also provides illustrative examples of codes that a researcher might employ to extract information from the SNSs. To provide a comparison of accounting-relevant interactions, the paper measures the extent of posts on StockTwits, Twitter, and Facebook for a random sample of corporate announcements.
Characterization of Si-Membrane TES Bolometer Arrays for the HIRMES Instrument

The high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer instrument will fly onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s airborne stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy in 2019. It will provide astronomers with a unique observing window (25–122 $$\upmu \hbox {m}$$ ) for exploring the evolution of protoplanetary disks into young solar systems. There are two focal plane detector arrays for the instrument: a high-resolution ( $$\lambda / {\varDelta }\lambda \,=\,100{,}000$$ ) $$8\times 16$$ detector array, with a target noise-equivalent power, $$\hbox {NEP} \le 3 \hbox { aW}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ , and a low-resolution ( $$\lambda / {\varDelta }\lambda =600$$ –19,000) $$16\times 64$$ detector array with a target $$\hbox {NEP }\le 20\hbox { aW}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ . The detectors for both of these arrays are superconducting Mo/Au bilayer transition-edge sensor bolometers on suspended single-crystal silicon membranes. We present detector characterization results for both arrays, including measurements of thermal conductance in comparison with phonon transport models, and measurements of saturation power and noise.
Variations in Sedimentary Organic δ13C as a Proxy for Past Changes in Ocean and Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

Theory, laboratory studies, and ocean observations indicate that the δ13C of marine plankton biomass and sedimentary remains thereof can be used as a proxy for ambient molecular CO2 concentration, [CO2(aq)] in ocean surface waters. A compilation of in situ ocean data suggests that about 89% of the global δ13Corg variation within bulk plankton or seston can be explained by a simple negative linear response to ambient [CO2(aq)] with the slope of the best-fit line = -0.6 ‰ µM-1. With this model the standard error of the estimate of surface ocean [CO2(aq)] is ±2.0 µM when δ13Corg is specified. This residual variability may be largely due to effects on plankton δ13Corg imparted by changes in phytoplankton CO2 demand that are independent of [CO2(aq)]. Within this variability and within the current range of ocean [CO2(aq)] there are slight differences between this model and various proposed nonlinear fits to observed global data. While an inverse relationship that can be influenced by both CO2 demand as well as concentration is theoretically expected, it does not provide an improved fit to observations over the negative linear model. When applied to the sedimentary δ13Corg record, the latter model predicts that the approximate 80 µatms increase in atmospheric pCO2 during the last glacial-interglacial transition (as documented by ice core analyses) should have resulted in a 1–2 ‰ decrease in plankton δ13C. Indeed, changes of this direction and magnitude are evident in most low-latitude Pleistocene/Holocene sediment core profiles of δ13Corg thus far reported. However, some geographic and temporal differences in past plankton isotopic response are present and expected due to i) regional non-equilibrium between ocean and atmospheric [CO2], and ii) changes in phytoplankton CO2 demand.
Pregnancy-Related Androgen Excess

Pregnancy-related androgen excess and virilization almost always arise from conditions occurring during pregnancy. It is often stressful and challenging for the clinician because of the need for a timely diagnosis in order to estimate the likelihood of virilization of an unborn female fetus. Androgen excess in pregnancy is relatively rare; the two most common causes are gestational luteoma and hyperreactio luteinalis (theca-lutein cysts of the ovaries). Increases in androgen production in pregnant women may cause hirsutism and virilization of the mother and at times virilization of a female fetus. The risk to the fetus depends on a number of factors, including the onset of increased maternal androgen production, the severity of the increase, and the condition causing the increase. Luteoma should be suspected in women with unilateral or bilateral (47%) solid ovarian masses, whereas Krukenberg tumor remains a possibility, especially in those with bilateral lesions. The natural course of the luteoma is regression and disappearance of the lesion after delivery, and it appears that elevated cord levels of testosterone and/or androstenedione are necessary for virilization of a female fetus based on a few reported cases. Hyperreactio luteinalis should be suspected in pregnancies complicated by androgen excess with bilateral cystic ovaries noted on exam or ultrasound. This condition does not appear to put the female fetus at risk for virilization even in situations in which circulating maternal androgens are high. As with luteoma, these cysts normally regress after delivery and should not require surgical therapy. Consideration should always be given to exogenous hormone therapy in pregnancies complicated by androgen excess. Unilateral solid ovarian lesions in pregnancies complicated by androgen excess increase the risk of malignancy. Current management is mostly limited to evaluating the risk to the fetus rather than implementing intervention that may alter the course of the pregnancy.