cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nash Thesis revisited: An Economic Historian's View

In a series of influential studies, Gerald Nash has explored the impact of the Second World War on the social and economic development of the West. He has argued that the war transformed the American West from a mordant, economic colony of the East into a dynamic, pacesetting society. The driving forces of this transformation were expanding employment in military-related activities; government-financed investments in military installations and manufacturing capacity, especially in the basic metal industries; and rapid population growth. According to his seminal work, the war effort condensed four decades of development into four short years.' This paper challenges Nash's thesis concerning the crucial role of the war in transforming the economy of California, the largest state in the West. In 1940, its income and population were as large, or larger, than the rest of the West combined. And much of the war activity, especially aircraft production and shipbuilding, was concentrated in the urban areas of the state. Thus, California's experience is central to Nash's interpretation of the impact of the war on the West. Based on a long-term perspective on California's economic
Radiation therapy options for malignant pleural mesothelioma

The role of radiation therapy (RT) in the curative treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma remains undefined. No data clearly support treatment of unresected mesothelioma with definitive RT. Early reports showed that RT was associated with unacceptable toxicity, but recent limited data suggest that treatment with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) may be tolerable. Adjuvant RT after pleurectomy is also challenging, and similarly, no clear efficacy has been demonstrated. Some approaches, such as IMRT to the circumferential pleural envelope, appear feasible, but the fact that this approach does not address the disease in the fissures is problematic. The best setting in which to deliver RT is after extrapleural pneumonectomy, but the large and irregular target volume and multiple and adjacent sensitive normal structures make this complex. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center matched photon/electron technique is associated with acceptable efficacy and toxicity, but is limited in that it does not achieve complete coverage of the target volume to the prescription dose. The best dosimetry is achieved using IMRT, and this approach is the most promising to date. However, the toxicity profile can be severe, and the relevant predictive factors for complications are not fully understood. For these reasons, physicians should exercise caution, and IMRT after extrapleural pneumonectomy is probably best offered only by experienced teams or on protocol until further data have been gathered. New techniques such as helical tomotherapy and/or IMRT with the addition of electrons may also have a role in future treatment. RT can palliate symptoms provided the disease is confined to a tolerable radiation field.
Correlation of Ki-67 antigen expression with mitotic figure index and tumor grade in breast carcinomas using the novel “paraffin”-reactive MIB1 antibody

Tumor proliferation is inversely associated with survival in patients with breast carcinoma. Although the proliferation marker Ki-67 antigen correlates with mitotic figure count (MFC) in breast carcinoma (number of mitotic figures per high-powered field), the more precise association of Ki-67 antigen expression with mitotic figure index (MFI) (number of mitotic figures per tumor cells) and histologic grade remains incompletely defined, especially when using the new "paraffin"-reactive monoclonal antibody MIBI to mark the Ki-67 antigen. To determine the association of Ki-67 antigen expression with mitotic figure content we immunostained 50 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas with the MIB1 monoclonal antibody and correlated the results with MFC, MFI, and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade. The Ki-67 antigen-labeling index (K67LI) was the number of MIBI-positive cells/1,000 tumor cells, the MFI was the number of mitotic figures/1,000 tumor cells, and the MFC was the number of mitotic figures/10 high-powered fields. The K67LI correlated highly with the MFI (r = .76, P < .0001), MFC (r = .78, P < .0001), and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade (r = .73, P < .0001). In addition, analysis of variance showed that MFI was more precise than MFC in estimating K67LI and thus a more repeatable measure of tumor proliferation. Moreover, measurements made by MFI were as precise as those made by K67LI. Therefore, the correlation of K67LI with mitotic figure content was strong enough to suggest that a very carefully measured MFI provides an estimate of tumor growth fraction equivalent to the K67LI. However, which method is optimal for estimating tumor proliferation rate remains unclear.
The effect of glucose load on both cardiac and skeletal muscle FDG uptake

Abstract Background: The augmentation of the myocardial FDG uptake after a glucose load is very well established. However, the response of the skeletal muscle to the same glucose load has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study is to demonstrate an increased skeletal muscle FDG uptake after a standard oral glucose load. To this end, we compared myocardial and skeletal muscle FDG uptake in a group of fasted patients to that of a second group of patients who underwent FDG PET scanning following oral glucose load. Methods: We included 41 patients (20 Male, 21 Female; age:26–72 years) without any cardiac pathology who had whole body FDG PET scan after several hours of fasting (4–24) in the first group. In the second group, we included 9 patients (8M; 1F; age 52–80 years) who had cardiac FDG PET imaging following a 50 g of oral glucose load. PET images were acquired with a Phillips Allegro scanner. We calculated the standard uptake values (SUV= Cts/injected dose/pt weight) of myocardium, arterial blood and skeletal muscle for both groups using regions of interest over the left ventricular myocardium, left ventricular cavity and skeletal muscle. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t test. Results: The results for both groups are given in table below. * . Groups Heart SUV * Blood SUV Muscle SUV * Heart/Blood * Heart/Muscle Gp1 (n = 41) 4.8 ± 3.07 1.9 ± 0.64 0.88 ± 0.29 5.78 ± 3.70 2.54 ± 1.17 Gp2 (n = 9) 8.9 ± 5.25 2.39 ± 0.83 1.52 ± 0.50 6.62 ± 5.24 3.72 ± 1.70 * p There were statistically significant difference (p Conclusions: Both myocardial and skeletal muscle FDG uptake were higher in patients that received glucose load. However, the arterial concentration was similar. Skeletal muscle uptake could be used as an indicator of fasting status in patients undergoing FDG PET imaging.
Synthesis, X-ray crystal structures and linear and nonlinear optical characterization of a series of nickel(II) and copper(II) salicylaldiminato complexes

Abstract A series of nickel(II) and copper(II) salicylaldiminato complexes containing side arms with either potentially coordinating (OH) or non-coordinating (Cl) functional groups have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The Cu(II) complexes are square planar, but the Ni(II) complexes prefer octahedral coordination. Linear absorption spectra depend on the metal and on its coordination geometry, with the octahedral Ni(II) complexes being the most weakly absorbing at 532 nm and the square planar Cu(II) complexes being the most strongly absorbing at 532 nm. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of the complexes have been characterized using degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and Z-scan. Two different Z-scan experimental configurations were used, one of which employs a Gaussian beam in a tightly focused geometry while the other employs a top-hat beam and a more relaxed focus. The observed third-order optical nonlinearity is primarily due to transient thermal (photo-acoustic) effects associated with linear absorption in the samples. The dependence of the third-order nonlinear optical properties on the linear absorption means that the nonlinear optical properties vary substantially between the complexes even though they all contain the same chromophore. The hyperpolarizability of one of the complexes, γ = 1.3 × 10−30 esu, rivals the nonlinearities measured at 532 nm in expanded porphyrin and phthalocyanine complexes.
Philanthropic partnership for public health in India

In New Delhi on March 28 2006 the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh inaugurated the Public Health Foundation of India. The mission of this new private-public partnership is to establish half a dozen world-class Indian institutes of public health to benchmark quality standards for public-health education and to undertake health research for policy development. To meet Indias pressing need for improved public health Singh exhorted the foundation to produce managers of peoples health rather than simply clinicians to manage disease. The foundation will begin with a formidable initial capital of more than US$50 million from three sources: eight Indian philanthropists joining together to pool more than $20 million matched by $15 million each from the Indian Government and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (excerpt)
Phosphorus absorption translocation and secretion in nuphar luteum

Absorption, translocation, and subsequent secretion of phosphorus by Nuplm Zuteum was studied under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory studies showed that absorption rates (per gram dry weight of absorbing organ) differed with the absorbing organ (roots > submersed leaves > floating leaves). Uptake rates for submersed leaves gave a hyperbolic curve, saturating at high P concentrations. In the Chowan River, North Carolina, native plants were enclosed in chambers for 24 h while simultaneously exposing submersed leaves to %P and roots of the same plant to 32P. Translocation was bidirectional, with the acropctal pathway ( roots to leaves ) dominating. Translocation rates were affected more by seasons (summer > spring > winter) than were absorption rates by roots. Seasonal differences in translocation rates were significant (P < 0.05), but absorption rates for roots were not. About four times more P moved acropetally than basipetally during summer. Translocated P was secreted by roots and submersed leaves during summer only. The rooting habit of aquatic macrophytes varies from extremely sparse roots to highly developed root and rhizome systems (Sculthorpe 1967). Although some investigators have argued that roots function principally as organs of anchorage (Sutcliffe 1962; den H.artog and Segal 1964) and that foliar absorption is more important, the importance of roots to mineral nutrition of submersed and floating leaved plants may be proportional to the development of the root system. Here we compare the relative importance of roots, submersed leaves, and floating leaves in the phosphorus supply of Nuphar luteum (L) Sibthorpe and Smith, a plant with an extensive root and rhizome sys tern ( 82% of biomass). Our specific objectives were to detcrminc the sites and rates of I? absorption, directions of I? translocation, secretion by leaves and roots, and any seasonal effects on these processes. Few generalizations can be made from published studies on sites of absorption and pathways of nutrient movement through aquatic plants (McRoy and Barsdate 1970; ’ This research was supported by the Water Rcsources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina under grant B-0’79-NC to M. M. Brinson and G. J. Davis, and From funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of Interior. a Present address: Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville 32601. 3 To whom reprint requests should be sent. Bristow and Whitcombe 1971; Denny 1972; DeMarte and Hartman 1974; Nichols and Kccncy 1976). Seasonal studies are seldom attempted but could bc important in understanding Nuphur, whose submersed leaves persist year round and whose floating leaves are limited to the growing season ( April-October) in eastern North Carolina. The morphological complexity of Nuphar suggests that movement of P would not follow a simple bidirectional pathway as described by McRoy and Barsdate ( 1970) for Zostera marina.
Interactions between a NAC-Domain Transcription Factor and the Putative Small Protein Encoding DVL/ROT Gene Family

Plant development is a complex process that is regulated by the action of many gene products and small signaling molecules such as plant hormones. Recently, it has become clear that small protein signaling and regulatory molecules are important for many aspects of plant development. The DVL/ROT gene family encodes predicted small proteins that have been shown to play a role in Arabidopsis development. However, little is known about the genetic pathways in which these family members are active. Here, we show that many transcription factors are responsive to overexpression of a DVL/ROT family member. One of these transcription factors was NAC1. NAC1 was shown to genetically interact with a DVL/ROT family member, including through an unexpected epigenetic interaction.
Production of Mutations by Neutrons

IN experiments to determine the possibility of producing mutations by treatment with neutrons, adult males of Drosophila melanogaster were subjected to a neutron bombardment derived from a 485 gm. block of beryllium exposed to the γ-rays from 4 gm. of radium. It is known that beryllium thus exposed produces neutrons of two velocities, the fast ones having an energy of 0·60 million electron-volts and the slow of 0·16 million electron-volts. Fast neutrons were used in one series of experiments, the very slow ones being excluded by means of a cadmium plate. In a second series, the fast neutrons were slowed down by passage through paraffin, so that only slow neutrons were used. In a third series, serving as a control, paraffin was substituted for the beryllium block, so that the flies received no neutrons but did receive the same gamma radiation and secondary radiation from the radium source as in the first two series. In these three series, a thick lead block was used to remove most of the radium γ-radiation. Finally, in a fourth series, serving as a second kind of control, the flies were not irradiated artificially in any way.
Serological evidence of cross infection in a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic

Serological evidence of cross infection in a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic. This study provides serological as well as epidemiological evidence that a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic was spread by cross contamination. There were 74 patients and staff who developed HB-Ag-positive hepatitis during a 28-month hospital surveillance period. Twenty-six of these cases were intimately related to the dialysis unit (21 dialysis/transplant patients and five hospital staff) and 58 were not. Representative sera from each group of cases were further tested for HB-Ag subtype specificity. Thirteen of 14 dialysis/transplant patients had subtype ay whereas ten of 15 general hospital patients had the alternate phenotype ad . All four staff who had probably acquired their infection from dialysis/transplant patients were ay subtype. Eight of the dialysis/transplant patients had never received blood. Transfusion rate in the infected dialysis patients was one-third that of leukemic patients but the hepatitis rate was higher. Preuve serologique d'une contamination croisee dans une unite de dialyse par le virus B de l'hepatite. Ce travail apporte les preuves serologiques et epidemiologiques de la contamination croisee d'une unite d'hemodialyse par le virus B de l'hepatite. Soixante-quatorze malades et membres de l'equipe ont developpe une hepatite HB-Ag positive dans les 28 mois de la surveillance de l'hopital. Vingt-six de ces cas ont ete lies etroitement a la dialyse (21 malades de dialyse ou transplantation et 5 membres de l'equipe) et 58 ne l'etaient pas. Dans chaque groupe de cas le serum a ete etudie pour identifier les phenotypes de HB-Ag. Treize des 14 malades de dialyse ou transplantation avaient le phenotype ay alors que 10 parmi 15 des malades de l'hopital general avaient l'autre phenotype ad . Les quatre membres de l'equipe qui avaient probablement contracte leur infection a partir de malades de transplantation ou de dialyse avaient le phenotype ay . Huit des malades de dialyse ou de transplantation n'avaient jamais recu de sang. Le debit transfusions chez les malades en dialyse atteints par l'hepatite etait le tiers de celui des malades leucemiques mais l'incidence de l'hepatite a ete plus grande chez les premiers.
Revising the Power Generation Systems Curriculum: The 1000 MW Solution

Student interest in electric power generation is increasing as national and worldwide attention to energy grows. While a power plant or thermal design course was a staple of pre-1980s mechanical engineering education, such courses fell out of favor as the bio-info-nano revolution refocused academic programs. The relevant textbook literature also stagnated. There is now an opportunity to reinvent the curriculum for mechanical engineering courses focused on 21st Century electric power generation. This paper addresses developing appropriate content for and teaching of such courses. The overarching goal is for a broad spectrum of students to develop a working knowledge of the scientific and technical similarities, differences, and challenges associated with various electric power production technologies including engineering, design, analysis, economics, and appropriate consideration of sustainability and societal impact. A unifying motivational exercise advocated is to estimate and catalogue the resources, sizes, performance characteristics, and impact streams for generating 1000 MW(e) using each technology studied.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Heavy Axle Load Wheel-Rail Contact Stresses and Their Tread-Crown Curvature Relationships

This paper presents a theoretical/design analysis of wheel-rail contact stresses and geometries for U.S. freight cars of 70, 95, 100, and 125 ton freight capacities operating on various crown rails. After discussing various types of rail stresses, it is pointed out that the contact stresses are the major factor and the only parameter that enables a designer to improve or optimize the rail life and performance. In order to determine the most suitable diameters for the heavier cars, an engineering lower bound analysis of the contact has been completed. It uses in a two-dimensional Hertzian analysis, the field information of well worn-out wheel and rail contacts which are almost rectangular and of 1 in. width. The lower engineering bound values of maximum normal contact stresses for the 100 and 125 ton cars using wheels of diameters from 33 to 42 in. are given. This stress for the current 100 ton car with 36 in. diameter wheels is 98.35 ksi. To approach this value for the 125 ton car it is necessary to use 42 in. diameter wheels which is strongly recommended for the U.S. railroads. A Hertz theory based analysis of the contact stresses with varying wheel diameter, tread profile radius and rail crown radius for the 70, 95, 100, and 125 ton cars has been presented. Using the field information that the difference in radii of curvature of worn wheel and rail is approximately 5 in., choice of radii of rail and wheel profile curvatures is made so that the design radii difference is always 5 in. or more. Wheel diameter and wheel profile radius ranges used for this analysis were 33 to 44 in. and 15 to 35 in., respectively. The rail crown radius range was 10 to 30 in. It was concluded that a rail crown radius of 15 to 20 in. and wheel tread profile radius of 22 to 30 in. are good initial ranges for further analysis of design.
CLOMP: accurately characterizing OpenMP application overheads

Despite its ease of use, OpenMP has failed to gain widespread use on large scale systems, largely due to its failure to deliver sufficient performance. Our experience indicates that the cost of initiating OpenMP regions is simply too high for the desired OpenMP usage scenario of many applications. In this paper, we introduce CLOMP, a new benchmark to characterize this aspect of OpenMP implementations accurately. CLOMP complements the existing EPCC benchmark suite to provide simple, easy to understand measurements of OpenMP overheads in the context of application usage scenarios. Our results for several OpenMP implementations demonstrate that CLOMP identifies the amount of work required to compensate for the overheads observed with EPCC. We also show that CLOMP also captures limitations for OpenMP parallelization on SMT and NUMA systems. Finally, CLOMPI, our MPI extension of CLOMP, demonstrates which aspects of OpenMP interact poorly with MPI when MPI helper threads cannot run on the NIC.
Mitral valve surgery in the presence of leaflet restriction

The primary effects of active rheumatic carditis are annular dilatation and an inflammatory valvulitis. Dilatation of atrioventricular and semilunar valve annuli is common. Dilatation of the mitral annulus may be extremely marked and measure as much as twice the normal area. Thus, significant mitral annulus dilatation does not occur with the ventricular dilatation associated with congestive cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease and longstanding aortic regurgitation. The rheumatic process damages collagen fibres and the ground substance of connective tissue in the heart. Concentration of acute inflammatory cells to the region of insertion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve into the basal left ventricular myocardium has also been known. The failing diffusely diseased myocardium affected by acute rheumatic carditis has a tendency to dilate.
Feminist Performance as Feminist Historiography

Given performance history's disciplinary complexity, not to mention the complications of a “we” comprised by so many different scholars, Theatre Survey's question is, in one sense, unanswerable. In another sense, if I translate the question to what I can do (staying fully aware that others will propose answers different from mine), however, I can offer an answer from my position as a feminist performance historian and historiographer. My response to it is twofold. The argument I make here is for performance that foregrounds historiographical operations, making physical, gestural, emotional, and agonistic the processes that construct history out of the past. Concomitantly, I am arguing for history that overtly acknowledges the ways in which it is a performance of the past, but not the past itself. This dual approach is especially important in feminist accounts of the past because performance has historically been a crucial constituent of feminist theories and practices.
A Comparison of Validity Rates between Paper-and-Pencil and Computerized Testing with the MMPI-2

Although the use of computerized testing in psychopathology assessment has increased in recent years, limited research has examined the impact of this format in terms of potential differences in test validity rates. The current study explores potential differences in the rates of valid and invalid Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) protocols between computerized and paper-and-pencil administrations. Participants were 387 undergraduate students (157 men and 230 women) from a Midwestern university who completed either a computerized version or a paper-and-pencil version of the MMPI-2. Chi-square analyses revealed some important differences between administration modalities by gender. Overall, results indicated that although no differences existed in the computerized version, men were more likely to invalidate the paper-and-pencil version. Furthermore, although less likely overall to produce invalid MMPI-2 results, women were more likely to invalidate the paper-and-pencil version via random responding compared with the computerized version. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SINGLE- PARTICLE DIELECTROPHORETIC TRAPS

We present modeling and experiments demonstrating quantitative single-particle trapping using dielectrophoresis-based (DEP-based) particle traps. Using microfabricated thin-film gold quadropole-electrode structures, we have measured the minimum fluid flow needed to dislodge captured polystyrene beads under a given set of conditions. This flow has been compared to predictions made using models we have developed, and found to be in excellent agreement with experimental measurements with no fitted parameters. In addition, we have shown the utility of these modeling tools for analyzing arbitrary DEP-based traps. The model can now be used to design general DEP-based traps for microscale analysis systems.
The Impact of Online Assessment on Grades in Community College Distance Education Mathematics Courses

Abstract This study compared the impact of proctoring on the final course grades of community college students enrolled in distance education mathematics courses. The goal was to determine whether distance education students who are evaluated entirely online, in environments that are not proctored, receive grades that differ from distance education students who take proctored exams. In an analysis of 850 grades from a variety of distance education mathematics courses, 406 were given to students who were evaluated in a proctored environment, and the remaining 444 were a result of assessment that was conducted entirely in the online setting and was not proctored. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the grades that were earned in any of the individual courses. Also, no significant difference was found when the grades of the 406 students who took exams in person were compared with the 444 who were assessed entirely in an unsupervised online environment.
Improving the performance of Rosetta using multiple sequence alignment information and global measures of hydrophobic core formation.

This study explores the use of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) information and global measures of hydrophobic core formation for improving the Rosetta ab initio protein structure prediction method. The most effective use of the MSA information is achieved by carrying out independent folding simulations for a subset of the homologous sequences in the MSA and then identifying the free energy minima common to all folded sequences via simultaneous clustering of the independent folding runs. Global measures of hydrophobic core formation, using ellipsoidal rather than spherical representations of the hydrophobic core, are found to be useful in removing non-native conformations before cluster analysis. Through this combination of MSA information and global measures of protein core formation, we significantly increase the performance of Rosetta on a challenging test set. Proteins 2001;43:1–11. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Illusion of Distribution-Free Small-Sample Classification in Genomics

Classification has emerged as a major area of investigation in bioinformatics owing to the desire to discriminate phenotypes, in particular, disease conditions, using high-throughput genomic data. While many classification rules have been posed, there is a paucity of error estimation rules and an even greater paucity of theory concerning error estimation accuracy. This is problematic because the worth of a classifier depends mainly on its error rate. It is common place in bio- informatics papers to have a classification rule applied to a small labeled data set and the error of the resulting classifier be estimated on the same data set, most often via cross-validation, without any assumptions being made on the underlying feature-label distribution. Concomitant with a lack of distributional assumptions is the absence of any statement regarding the accuracy of the error estimate. Without such a measure of accuracy, the most common one being the root-mean-square (RMS), the error estimate is essentially meaningless and the worth of the entire paper is questionable. The concomitance of an absence of distributional assumptions and of a measure of error estimation accuracy is assured in small-sample set- tings because even when distribution-free bounds exist (and that is rare), the sample sizes required under the bounds are so large as to make them useless for small samples. Thus, distributional bounds are necessary and the distributional as- sumptions need to be stated. Owing to the epistemological dependence of classifiers on the accuracy of their estimated er- rors, scientifically meaningful distribution-free classification in high-throughput, small-sample biology is an illusion.
Direct-comparison judgments: When and why above- and below-average effects reverse.

Above-average and below-average effects appear to be common and consistent across a variety of judgment domains. For example, several studies show that individual items from a high- (low-) quality set tend to be rated as better (worse) than the other items in the set (e.g., E. E. Giladi & Y. Klar, 2002). Experiments in this article demonstrate reversals of these effects. A novel account is supported, which describes how the timing of the denotation of the to-be-judged item influences attention and ultimately affects the size or direction of comparative biases. The authors discuss how this timing account is relevant for many types of referent-dependent judgments (e.g., probability judgments, resource allocations) and how it intersects with various accounts of comparative bias (focalism, generalized-group, compromise between local and general standards [LOGE]).
Evaluation of the Renal Venous System on Late Arterial and Venous Phase Images with MDCT Angiography in Potential Living Laparoscopic Renal Donors

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to assess whether both renal arteries and renal veins can be evaluated using single-phase MDCT data sets alone to eliminate the need for both arterial and venous phase data sets. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred consecutive potential living renal donors who underwent 4-MDCT were evaluated. CT was performed with 120 mL of IV contrast material at an injection rate of 3 mL/sec. Both late arterial and venous phase acquisitions were obtained at 25 and 55 sec from the start of IV contrast injection, respectively. The number of the right and left renal veins and its anatomic variations were assessed by two reviewers. Late arterial phase images were evaluated initially, and then venous phase images were analyzed to assess opacification of the renal vein and to see whether venous phase data sets changed or added information about the venous anatomy as seen on late arterial phase images. RESULTS. The retroaortic left renal vein was found in two subjects, and the circumaortic left renal vein was detected in three subjects. The renal veins were adequately opacified on late arterial phase images in all subjects. There were six subjects who had a normal left renal vein with a small posterior branch coursing posterior to the aorta and draining into the inferior vena cava, which were difficult to differentiate from the lumbar vein or ascending lumbar vein; in three of these six subjects, the small posterior branch was opacified only on venous phase images. CONCLUSION. Late arterial phase images obtained at 25 sec after the start of contrast injection can reveal the renal vein anatomy except for a small posterior branch of the left renal vein difficult to differentiate from the lumbar or ascending lumbar vein, as seen in three subjects. The data suggest that venous phase imaging is not necessary for the evaluation of renal vein anatomy.
Who Moved My Data? A Backup Tracking System for Dynamic Workstation Environments

Periodic data backup is a system administration requirement that has changed as wireless machines have altered the fundamental structure of networks. These changes necessitate a complete rethinking of modern network backup strategies. The approaches of the 1980's and 1990's are no longer sufficient and must be updated. In addition to standard backup programs from vendors, specialized system administration tools are often needed. This paper examines one backup system and the major software components used to implement it. NCSA has developed a Backup Tracking System (BTS)[Note 1] to perform backup operations based on knowledge of the network and when each machine was last successfully backed up. BTS can chronologically list all computers: from those currently attached to the network through those that have ever been attached over the life of the BTS program. BTS also provides information about all backup operations including the time of last attempt, success state, amount backed up, etc. The BTS database also contains the date of the last successful backup for each machine and whether it has at least one VIP user (to be given preferred status during backups) or all non-VIP users.
A Theoretical Analysis of Medicaid Supplantation

Matching grants inevitably provide lower level governments with an incentive to relabel expenditures so that they become eligible for a match. The author terms such behavior supplantation. Anecdotes and some systematic empirical evidence suggests that supplantation may be widespread in Medicaid—the United States's largest intergovernmental matching grant program. The author develops a theoretical model of Medicaid supplantation. States supplant because it increases their access to resources. Supplantation is costly, however, because it requires states to justify their adherence to federal rules. Supplantation increases with the federal match rate and declines with federal scrutiny but does not change with the total state budget or the state's “taste” for legitimate Medicaid services. Somewhat surprisingly, legitimate Medicaid services risewith the level of supplantation because total state resources are increased. An exploratory normative analysis demonstrates that if supplantation is possible the first-b...
Inclusive gluon production in deep inelastic scattering at high parton density

We calculate the cross section of single inclusive gluon production in deep inelastic scattering at very high energies in the saturation regime, where the parton densities inside hadrons and nuclei are large and the evolution of structure functions with energy is nonlinear. The expression we obtain for the inclusive gluon production cross section is generated by this nonlinear evolution. We analyze the rapidity distribution of the produced gluons as well as their transverse momentum spectrum given by the derived expression for the inclusive cross section. We propose an ansatz for the multiplicity distribution of gluons produced in nuclear collisions which includes the effects of nonlinear evolution in both colliding nuclei.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis inhibition by milk whey as an indicator of mastitis.

Abstract Sixty milk whey samples prepared from quarters of five cows with a history of mastitis were tested for their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. The inhibitory activity was compared with milk SCC, electrical conductivity, pH, and the number of colony-forming bacteria in the milk. Milk whey contained factors that inhibited DNA synthesis in cultured lymphocytes. Inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis increased with the clinical severity of mastitis and with increased values of indirect indicators of mastitis. The increases in inhibition and electrical conductivity were delayed past the increases in SCC. Milk whey (10 µl) from quarters with clinical mastitis and from quarters with SCC >900,000 inhibited 96 to 100%, 84 to 100%, and 69 to 100% of DNA synthesis in 3-d cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with Concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin P, and pokeweed mitogen, respectively. The numbers of colony-forming bacteria correlated least with the inhibitory activity.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and left ventricular hypertrophy in children on dialysis.

Background Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) concentrations associate with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and adverse outcomes in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. We hypothesized that similar associations are present in pediatric patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
Knowledge and usability of a trauma training system for general surgery residents

Abstract Background Resident work-hour restrictions challenge educators to supplement residents' surgical education. We evaluated a computer-based trauma surgery system's ability to increase residents' surgical knowledge. Methods Modules on thoracic and abdominal surgical approaches were evaluated. Surgical residents with 1 or more years of experience completed the pretest, an interactive module, the post-test, and a usability survey. Results Fifteen participants completed both modules. Thoracic module pretest and post-test scores were 56 ± 11 (mean ± standard deviation) and 90 ± 10, respectively (P Conclusions This novel computer-based trauma education training system improved residents' knowledge of anatomy, surgical incisions, exposures, and technique. As innovative didactic tools arise in postgraduate medical education, it is crucial to document their effects on educational processes, learning satisfaction, and knowledge outcomes.
Charitable Giving, Income, and Taxes: An Analysis of Panel Data

This study implies that taxes affect the level of contributions by way of a price effect and an income effect, each of which has two components, a transitory one and a persistent one. The findings suggest that persistent shocks in incomes have a larger impact on charitable donations than do their transitory counterparts. The most important behavioral aspect for considerations of tax policy is the persistent price effect, since transitory effects are passing. Through this effect tax reforms can have a long-lasting influence on charitable giving.
Computers --- The Key to Modern Manufacturing Scheduling

Manufacturing operations with poor scheduling plans are headed for trouble. Load capacity analysis is a technique for measuring the feasibility and desirability of proposed scheduling plans. Simply stated mathematically, load capacity analysis consists of a series of multiplications and additions, However, the numerous computations in a typical problem usually take more time than can be allowed. The paper describes an special purpose analog computer specifically designed to solve this problem in a matter of minutes.
Social TV Engagement Metrics: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis of Competing (Aspiring) Market Information Regimes

This paper examines the emergence of social TV analytics as an alternative to traditional television ratings. Drawing upon data from three of the leading providers of social TV analytics, this paper investigates the extent to which these measurement systems are providing comparable representations of audience engagement with individual television programs and networks. The findings suggest that, across most criteria, these services are providing largely incompatible representations of audience engagement with television. The paper then considers the implications of these findings for the possible institutionalization of social TV metrics as a supplement or alternative to traditional television ratings.
A case series of intracranial hypertension in patients with Turner syndrome, with and without growth hormone therapy

Intracranial Hypertension (IH) is a known side effect of GH therapy [1], but has many other aetiologies. Turner syndrome patients have growth failure related to loss of the SHOX transcription factor and so respond to high dose GH therapy. Turner patients also have a high incidence of middle ear disease that can cause intracranial hypertension via mastoiditis and venous sinus thrombosis. IH has been reported in Turner syndrome with no predisposing cause.
Should we customize PTV expansions for BMI? Daily cone beam computerized tomography to assess organ motion in postoperative endometrial and cervical cancer patients.

Abstract Aim A single-institution review assessing patient characteristics contributing to daily organ motion in postoperative endometrial and cervical cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Background The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group has established consensus guidelines for postoperative pelvic IMRT, recommending a 7 mm margin on all three axes of the target volume. Materials and methods Daily shifts on 457 radiation setups for 18 patients were recorded in the x axis (lateral), y axis (superior–inferior) and z axis (anterior–posterior); daily positions of the planning tumor volume were referenced with the initial planning scan to quantify variations. Results Of the 457 sessions, 85 (18.6%) had plan shifts of at least 7 mm in one of the three dimensions. For obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30), 75/306 (24.5%) sessions had plan shifts ≥7 mm. Odds of having a shift ≥7 mm in any direction was greater for obese patients under both univariate (OR 4.227, 95% CI 1.235–14.466, p = 0.021) and multivariate (OR 5.000, 95% CI 1.341–18.646, p = 0.016) analyses (MVA). Under MVA, having a BMI ≥ 30 was associated with increased odds of shifts in the anterior–posterior (1.173 mm, 95% CI 0.281–2.065, p = 0.001) and lateral (2.074 mm, 95% CI 1.284–2.864, p 0.000) directions but not in the superior–inferior axis (0.298 mm, 95% CI −0.880 to 1.475, p = 0.619) exceeding 7 mm. Conclusions Based on these findings, the standard planned tumor volume expansion of 7 mm is less likely to account for daily treatment changes in obese patients.
Consumer and Organoleptic Tests with Broilers Grown on Lindane-Impregnated Litter

Abstract EVER since the development and sale of various chemical compounds for the control of ectoparasites of poultry, research workers have been concerned with the effects of these materials on performance and on the processed products from such treated poultry. Marsden and Bird (1947) showed that DDT ingested by turkeys was stored and concentrated in the fat of the bird. Roberts and Peterson (1947) concluded that benzene hexachloride was not detrimental to poultry in any way. Rubin et al. (1947) reported the presence of DDT in both eggs and body fat of hens fed this material. Edgar and King (1948) tested several chemicals, including organic hydrocarbon insecticides, against the body louse. They stated that egg production was not affected. Neither could they find objectionable flavor or odor in eggs from hens treated with benzene hexachloride and sulfur. Telford (1947) found no evidence to indicate that a 1.27 percent gamma benzene hexachloride-fuel …
Factors affecting arterial calcification associated with atherosclerosis: A review

Abstract This paper summarizes evidence which indicates: 1.(1) That hypercholesterolemia may give rise to increased vitamin D 3 biosynthesis, which, in combination with dietary intake of vitamin D 2 in a calcific medium (milk), may give rise to excessive levels of vitamin D, 2.(2) That calcium intakes in the United States are generally in excess of the amount necessary to maintain balance, 3.(3) That there is widespread magnesium deficiency in the United States, 4.(4) That each of these conditions alone is sufficient to induce arterial calcification in laboratory animals, 5.(5) That arterial calcification induced by these conditions are mutually accentuated by one another.
Verification Guided Refinement of Flight Safety Assessment and Management System for Takeoff

Systems that make safety-critical decisions must undergo a rigorous verification and validation process to ensure automation decisions do not jeopardize the nominal safe state of operation. Flight safety assessment and management is a high-level decision-making system to reduce loss of control risk. This paper demonstrates how tools from formal verification can be used to guide the design of a takeoff flight safety assessment and management system implemented as a deterministic Moore machine. Finite state abstractions of simplified takeoff dynamics under different control authorities (i.e., pilot vs safety controller) are computed and composed with the Moore machine. By construction, the composition captures all behaviors of simplified takeoff dynamics. Then, a model checking tool analyzes whether this composition satisfies the takeoff safety requirements specified by federal aviation regulations. The results of model checking together with the abstraction are used to refine the Moore machine to ensure sa...
Molecular mechanisms of bacteria induced apoptosis

Interaction of mammalian cells with pathogenic bacteria results in a whole variety of responses in the infected cells including internalization or phagocytosis of the bacterium, release of cytokines, secretion of defensins or production of oxygen radicals. However, recent studies pointed out that many bacteria are able to trigger apoptosis in the host cell. The induction of apoptosis upon infection results from a complex interaction of bacterial proteins with cellular proteins finally mediating apoptosis. Thus, bacteria are able to activate several pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g. caspases, to inactivate anti-apoptotic proteins, e.g. NFκB or MAP-kinases, or to upregulate endogenous receptor/ligand systems, that induce apoptosis, on the surface of the infected cell. Host cell apoptosis very often serves the bacteria to attack the host and to gain access to the tissue. However, in some infections, apoptosis of mammalian cells significantly contributes to the host defense against the bacteria further indicating the role of apoptosis in host-pathogen interactions.
Merleau-Ponty’s Nonverbal Unconscious

Maurice Merleau-Ponty has long been recognized as one of the phenomenologists who took a direct interest in the psychoanalytic unconscious. His interest began early and coursed through his entire career. At each stage he developed his understanding of the unconscious further, always resistant to a literalist reading of the Freudian unconscious. With the Phenomenology of Perception he argued that the Freudian unconscious could be understood in terms of an expanded notion of consciousness in which the ambiguities and unattended aspects of pre-reflective life could cover the ground targeted by Freud ’s unconscious. Further development occurred in Merleau-Ponty’s courses at the Sorbonne, from 1949 to 1952, in which he carried out an intensive reading of the psychoanalytic literature. From his reading of Melanie Klein he took the notion of a primary symbolism in which the infant’s mental mechanisms and defences are at the same time mental and physical. Merleau-Ponty continued his study of psychoanalysis and the unconscious in his lectures at the College de France from 1952 to 1060, introducing the notion of oneiric consciousness, in which again, what we call the unconscious is present in the primary process, sleep-like dimension of ordinary conscious life. Finally, he brought all these together, and developed them further, in his final, posthumous The Visible and the Invisible. The unconscious remains non-verbal, silent, invisible – hiding in the crevices of ordinary thought, and providing its hidden framework (membrure).
Relaxation Methods for Constrained Matrix Factorization Problems: Solving the Phase Mapping Problem in Materials Discovery

Matrix factorization is a robust and widely adopted technique in data science, in which a given matrix is decomposed as the product of low rank matrices. We study a challenging constrained matrix factorization problem in materials discovery, the so-called phase mapping problem. We introduce a novel “lazy” Iterative Agile Factor Decomposition (IAFD) approach that relaxes and postpones non-convex constraint sets (the lazy constraints), iteratively enforcing them when violations are detected. IAFD interleaves multiplicative gradient-based updates with efficient modular algorithms that detect and repair constraint violations, while still ensuring fast run times. Experimental results show that IAFD is several orders of magnitude faster and its solutions are also in general considerably better than previous approaches. IAFD solves a key problem in materials discovery while also paving the way towards tackling constrained matrix factorization problems in general, with broader implications for data science.
Characterization of near-room-temperature thermal emitters

Engineered thermal emitters based on metamaterials have numerous energy and defense applications. We explore the subtleties of thermal emission characterization when the emitter temperature is close to the temperature of the measurement instrument.