cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric atlas fracture: a case of fracture through a synchondrosis and review of the literature.

Objective and importance Although uncommon, atlas fractures occur in the pediatric population. We present an illustrative case of a patient with a fracture through a synchondrosis of the atlas, and we review previous reports of pediatric first cervical vertebral fractures. The clinical and radiographic findings are described. In addition, we describe the use of magnetic resonance imaging in characterizing a pediatric atlas fracture. Clinical presentation A 6-year-old boy who fell from a tree onto his vertex presented with neck pain, cervical muscle spasm, and head tilt. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated a fracture through a left anterior synchondrosis with surrounding edema. In the literature, 10 cases of pediatric atlas fracture have been reported. Intervention Treatment of pediatric atlas fractures consists of rigid bracing such as a Minerva jacket. All of the cases of isolated C1 fracture in children, except the patient originally described by Sir Geoffrey Jefferson, survived and recovered with full function. Surgery is rarely indicated for isolated atlas fractures. Conclusion The classic clinical presentation, combined with an appropriate injury scenario, should alert the clinician to the possibility of a pediatric atlas fracture and should prompt rapid evaluation with imaging studies to establish a diagnosis. When the injury is appropriately diagnosed and treated, an excellent outcome can be expected.
Interaction between a Normal Shock Wave and a Turbulent Boundary Layer at High Transonic Speeds. Part I: Pressure Distribution

Asymptotic solutions are derived for the pressure distribution in the interaction of a weak normal shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer. The undisturbed boundary layer is characterized by the law of the wall and the law of the wake for compressible flow. In the limiting case considered, for ‘high’ transonic speeds, the sonic line is very close to the wall. Comparisons with experiment are shown, with corrections included for the effect of longitudinal wall curvature and for the boundary-layer displacement effect in a circular pipe.
The olivo-cerebellar system: a key to understanding the functional significance of intrinsic oscillatory brain properties

The reflexological view of brain function (Sherrington 1906) has played a crucial role in defining both the nature of connectivity and the role of the synaptic interactions among neuronal circuits. One implicit assumption of this view, however, has been that CNS function is fundamentally driven by sensory input. This view was questioned as early as the beginning of the last century when a possible role for intrinsic activity in CNS function was proposed by Thomas Graham Brow (Brown 1911; Brown 1914). However, little progress was made in addressing intrinsic neuronal properties in vertebrates until the discovery of calcium conductances in vertebrate central neurons leading dendritic electroresponsiveness (Llinas and Hess 1976, Llinas and Sugimori 1980a and b) and subthreshold neuronal oscillation in mammalian inferior olive (IO) neurons (Llinas and Yarom 1981; Llinas and Yarom 1981).This happened in parallel with a similar set of findings concerning invertebrate neuronal system (Marder and Bucher 2001). The generalization into a more global view of intrinsic rhythmicity, at forebrain level, occurred initially with the demonstration that the thalamus has similar oscillatory properties (Llinas and Jahnsen 1982) and the ionic properties responsible for some oscillatory activity were, in fact, similar to those in the IO (Jahnsen and Llinas 1984; Llinas 1988). Thus lending support to the view that not only motricity, but cognitive properties, are organized as coherent oscillatory states (Pare, deCurtis et al. 1992; Singer 1993; Hardcastle 1997; Llinas, Ribary et al. 1998; Varela, Lachaux et al. 2001).
Activation of ferritin synthesis and induction of changes in fine structure in HeLa cells in vitro: implications for protein synthesis.

Activation of Ferritin Synthesis and Induction of Changes in Fine Structure in Hela Cells In Vitro: Implications for Protein Synthesis
Identification of the ferrioxamine B receptor, FoxB, in Escherichia coli K12.

The photoreactivep-azidobenzoyl analog of ferrioxamine B was used to show that ferrioxamine-B-mediated iron transport is separate and distinct from coprogen-mediated iron transport inEscherichia coli. Photolysis of this analog inhibited uptake of [59Fe]ferrioxamine B but not [59Fe]coprogen or [59Fe]ferrichrome. Conversely, photolysis of thep-azidobenzoyl analog of coprogen B inhibited uptake of [59Fe]coprogen but not [59Fe]ferrioxamine B or [59Fe]ferrichrome. Photolabeling of outer membranes withp-azidobenzoyl-[59Fe]ferrioxamine B resulted in the labeling of two iron-regulated peptides with molecular masses of about 66 and 26 kDa. Expression of these peptides was increased when ferrioxamine B was the sole iron source. Both peptides were present in outer membrane preparations of thefhuF mutant H1717, but the 66 kDa peptide was not inducible. These results are evidence for an outer membrane receptor inE. coli unique for linear ferrioxamines.
Analog resonances in isospin-forbidden deuteron channels

Abstract The isospin-forbidden deuteron decay of isobaric analog resonances is examined and estimates of the contributions of a number of different deuteron escape mechanisms are given. The dominant contributions are found to be associated with the coupling of the deuteron to isospin-allowed proton channels. Non-statistical compound effects are small.
Crystallography of Fluted Fracture in Near-α Titanium Alloys

The fracture topography of two-phase titanium alloys is generally complex and reflects features of the underlying microstructure, including crystallographic orientation. This article describes the correlation between crystallographic orientation and the elongated dimples, more commonly known as flutes, that are often observed on fracture surfaces of α and near-α titanium alloys and other hcp metals. The correlations are made by employing quantitative tilt fractography and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).
Hunger is the best spice: effects of starvation in the antennal responses of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus.

Abstract Blood-sucking insects strongly rely on olfactory cues to find their vertebrate hosts. As in other insects with different lifestyles, it has been shown that endogenous and exogenous factors modulate olfactory responses. The triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of Chagas disease and a classical model for studies of physiology and behavior. In this species, the behavioral response to host-derived odorants is modulated by both the time of the day and the starvation. Here I investigated the peripheral neural mechanisms underlying these modulatory effects. For this, I measured the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of insects towards different concentrations (from 0.5% to 75% vol/vol) of an attractive host-odorant, ammonia. I tested the responses of starved and fed animals during the middle of the day (when insects are inactive and aggregated in refuges) and at the beginning of the night (when insects become active and search for hosts). Regardless of the time of the day and the starvation status, EAG responses systematically increased with odorant concentration, thus accurately reflecting the response of olfactory receptor cells. Interestingly, the EAG responses of starved insects were larger than those of fed insects only during the night, with larger differences (6–7 times) observed at low–middle concentrations. This study is the first reporting modulation of sensory responses at the neural level in triatomines. This modulation, considering that triatomine hosts are mostly diurnal and are also potential predators, has an important adaptive value, ensuring that insects search for hosts only when they are hungry and at appropriate times.
Polychromatic X-Ray Microdiffraction Studies of Mesoscale Structure and Dynamics

Polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction is an emerging tool for studying mesoscale structure and dynamics. Crystalline phase, orientation (texture), elastic and plastic strain can be nondestructively mapped in three dimensions with good spatial and angular resolution. Local crystallographic orientation can be determined to ∼0.01° and elastic strain tensor elements can be measured with a resolution of ∼10−4 or better. Complete strain tensor information can be obtained by augmenting polychromatic microdiffraction with a monochromatic measurement of one Laue-reflection energy. With differential-aperture depth profiling, volumes tens to hundreds of micrometers below the surface are accessible so that three-dimensional distributions of crystalline morphology including grain boundaries, triple points, second phases and inclusions can all be mapped. Volume elements below 0.25 µm3 are routinely resolved so that the grain boundary structure of most materials can be characterized. Here the theory, instrumentation and application of polychromatic microdiffraction are described.
Dephosphorylation of Human Cyclin-dependent Kinases by Protein Phosphatase Type 2Cα and β2 Isoforms *

We previously reported that the activating phosphorylation on cyclin-dependent kinases in yeast (Cdc28p) and in humans (Cdk2) is removed by type 2C protein phosphatases. In this study, we characterize this PP2C-like activity in HeLa cell extract and determine that it is due to PP2Cβ2, a novel PP2Cβ isoform, and to PP2Cα. PP2Cα and PP2Cβ2 co-purified with Mg2+-dependent Cdk2/Cdk6 phosphatase activity in DEAE-Sepharose, Superdex-200, and Mono Q chromatographies. Moreover, purified recombinant PP2Cα and PP2Cβ2 proteins efficiently dephosphorylated monomeric Cdk2/Cdk6 in vitro. The dephosphorylation of Cdk2 and Cdk6 by PP2C isoforms was inhibited by the binding of cyclins. We found that the PP2C-like activity in HeLa cell extract, partially purified HeLa PP2Cα and PP2Cβ2 isoforms, and the recombinant PP2Cs exhibited a comparable substrate preference for a phosphothreonine containing substrate, consistent with the conservation of threonine residues at the site of activating phosphorylation in CDKs.
Strabismus surgery for internuclear ophthalmoplegia with exotropia in multiple sclerosis.

Background Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disabling condition affecting up to 40% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Management of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (BINO) with exotropia in MS has been controversial because of the uncertain course of MS. Diplopia associated with INO severely impacts the patient's quality of life and, therefore, treatment should be considered. Methods Three patients (ages 28, 62, and 82 years) who had BINO with exotropia and disabling diplopia secondary to MS underwent bilateral medial rectus resections with either unilateral or bilateral adjustable lateral rectus recession(s). Alignment was measured preoperatively and postoperatively, and symptoms were recorded. Results Preoperative exotropia ranged from 40Δ to 64Δ for distance fixation and from 50Δ to 70Δ for near fixation. Preoperatively, all patients had diplopia at distance and near fixation. Immediately after surgery, patients were adjusted to 10Δ to18Δ ET at distance fixation with the expectation of an exotropic drift. None of the patients had a tropia at distance and near fixation 6 months after surgery, with single vision in primary position and reading. Two patients had a 2-year follow-up examination; 1 required a small amount of base-in prism for comfortable reading. Conclusions Three patients who had BINO with exotropia secondary to MS all benefited from surgery. Surgery should be considered as an option for symptomatic patients who have BINO with exotropia caused by MS.
Biblically based parenting and child-parent relationship training: common ground for helping religious clients

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the interface between biblically based parenting and an empirically validated parenting model. Specifically, the authors compared the relationship between Child-Parent Relationship Training's (CPRT) theoretical tenets and values espoused by families utilising biblically based parenting practices. The authors propose that certain constructs of CPRT, from theoretical tenets to techniques, interface with important biblically based parenting values of many religious families. The authors purport that this common ground will allow clinicians to utilise the foundational ideas and practical techniques of the CPRT model for specific work with religious clients seeking biblically based parenting education.
Dilatancy in Starch Solutions Under Low Acid Aseptic Processing Conditions

A rheological characterization of 2.72, 3.14, and 3.59% (g dry starch/ 100g water) waxy maize starch solutions was conducted at 121.1°C. The two highest concentrations are increases over those previously examined. Flow behavior indexes ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 in this study, and results indicate the shear-thickening behavior observed was due to dilatancy instead of time-dependent thickening caused by on-going pasting.
RoboOligo: software for mass spectrometry data to support manual and de novo sequencing of post-transcriptionally modified ribonucleic acids

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA), transfer RNA and other biological or synthetic RNA polymers can contain nucleotides that have been modified by the addition of chemical groups. Traditional Sanger sequencing methods cannot establish the chemical nature and sequence of these modified-nucleotide containing oligomers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the conventional approach for determining the nucleotide composition, modification status and sequence of modified RNAs. Modified RNAs are analyzed by MS using collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID MS/MS), which produces a complex dataset of oligomeric fragments that must be interpreted to identify and place modified nucleosides within the RNA sequence. Here we report the development of RoboOligo, an interactive software program for the robust analysis of data generated by CID MS/MS of RNA oligomers. There are three main functions of RoboOligo: (i) automated de novo sequencing via the local search paradigm. (ii) Manual sequencing with real-time spectrum labeling and cumulative intensity scoring. (iii) A hybrid approach, coined 'variable sequencing', which combines the user intuition of manual sequencing with the high-throughput sampling of automated de novo sequencing.
Potential Habitat of Acropora spp. on Reefs of Florida, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands☆

Elkhorn and staghorn corals (Acropora palmata, Acropora cervicornis) were listed in 2006 as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The goal of this study was to create model potential-habitat maps for A. palmata and A. cervicornis, while identifying areas for possible re-establishment. These maps were created using a database of reported field observations in combination with existing benthic habitat maps. The mapped coral reef and hardbottom classifications throughout Florida, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Island reef tracts were used to generate potential-habitat polygons using buffers that incorporated 95% and 99% of reported observations of Acropora spp. Locations of 92% of A. palmata observations and 84% of A. cervicornis observations coincided with mapped coral reef or hard-bottom habitat throughout the study area. These results indicate that potential habitat for A. palmata is currently well defined throughout this region, but that potential habitat for A. cervicornis is more variable and has a wider range than that for A. palmata. This study provides a novel method of combining data sets at various geographic spatial scales and may be used to inform and refine the current National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration critical habitat map.
Gender composition of occupation and industry and working women's alcohol consumption.

Objective: This article examines the impact of the gender compositions of occupation and industry on women workers' consumption of alcoholic beverages. Method: A sample of 11,783 currently working women, aged 21 to 65, was obtained from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The gender compositions of three-digit occupational and industrial categories were calculated based on a 1% sample of the 1990 census and attached to the NHIS sample. A set of regression analyses tests the relationship between gender composition of occupation or industry and drinking behavior, such as the likelihood of being a drinker and the level of alcohol consumption among the drinkers, and reported levels of stress. Results: When the demographic background variables are controlled for, the percentage of men within each occupational classification is positively correlated with stress levels. Curvilinear relationships were found between percentage of men in both industry and occupation and the likelihood of drinking in t...
Influence of preservation or perfusion of intraoperatively identified spinal cord blood supply on spinal motor evoked potentials and paraplegia after aortic surgery

Abstract Permanent ligation of arteries supplying blood to the spinal cord in operations for aortic aneurysm can lead to spinal cord ischemia, which can result in either paraparesis or paraplegia. This report describes a rapid method of intraoperative identification of those arteries that supply the spinal cord by use of an intrathecal platinum electrode to detect hydrogen in solution that has been injected into the aortic ostia. Preservation or perfusion of those identified arteries supplying the spinal cord may decrease the rate of postoperative neurologic complications. Of 28 porcine experiments with postoperative observation for 24 hours, there were 3 initial pilot experiments in which saline saturated with hydrogen was injected into the temporarily cross-clamped aorta. Twenty animals were then randomized to (1) preservation of only the vessels sequentially identified to supply blood to the spinal cord from T-13 to L-5 ( n = 10); (2) division of the vessels supplying the spinal cord ( n = 10). A further five animals underwent perfusion experiments wherein the identified cord arteries were perfused by a shunt, the other nonsupply arteries were divided, and the aorta was kept clamped for 45 minutes. Spinal motor evoked potentials were elicited with an intrathecal electrode and were highly sensitive for paralysis. Paralysis occurred in 0/3 pilot ( p p p
Traditional rationality vs. a tradition of criticism: A criticism of Popper's theory of the objectivity of science

This essay points out that Popper's theory of the objectivity of science is ambiguous: it is not clear whether it provides a guarantee of correct evaluations of theories or only a means of uncovering errors in such evaluations. The latter approach seems to be a more natural extension of Popper's fallibilist theory and is needed if his learning theory is adopted. But this leads to serious problems for a fallibilist theory of science.
Improved ductility of Ni3Si by microalloying with boron or carbon

The effects of boron and carbon additions on the tendency for intergranular fracture in trinickel silicide intermetallics are reported. Melt spinning of Ni77Si23 alloyed with 0.1 at. pet boron results in full bend ductility and complete transgranular fracture compared with brittle intergranular fracture for the unmodified compound. Alloying with 0.1 at. pet carbon also produces full bend ductility but a mixed mode failure (≈30 pct transgranular). For both carbon and boron additions, reducing the Ni concentration of the base compound results in a greater percentage of intergranular fracture. The boron solubility limit depends on the Ni concentration of the base compound. For Ni77Si23, the solubility limit is between 0.1 and 0.2 at. pet boron. For compounds with silicon concentrations of 23.5 and 24.0 at. pct, the solubility limit is less than 0.1 at. pct boron. Boron additions above the solubility limit result in Ni3B precipitates which degrade the bend ductility and increase the percentage of integranular fracture. Alloying with carbon above the solubility limit (<0.1 at. pct) produces graphite precipitation. For Ni77Si23, increasing the carbon concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 at. pct resulted in no change in the ductility. Auger examination of the grain boundary composition showed strong segregation of both boron and carbon. Enrichment in silicon concentration was also observed.
A commenting system to improve program readability

A Commenting System has been developed that will facilitate commenting in student programs. The need for a system such as this arose as a result of the departmental emphasis that is placed on well documented programs in all languages taught at East Tennessee State University. Due to the inadequate number of terminals and keypunches available to Computer Science students, they are more apt to minimize their comments or to insert them as an afterthought once the program is completed. The commenting system was developed as a team project in a Software Design course. The team was responsible for designing, coding, and implementing the system as part of their class assignment.The Commenting System is capable of easing the the task of documenting a program source listing when implemented by the programmer. The system will recognize certain predetermined keywords such as PURPOSE, VARIABLE DICTIONARY, or INPUT, and it will emphasize them appropriately within the margins and border them according to user specifications. System capabilities include producing a variable dictionary with user specified tab values, blocking comments in varying widths, or even completely ignoring a block of comments that the programmer has previously formatted. The Commenting System itself was written in FORTRAN, COBOL, PL/I, and IBM 360/370 ASSEMBLER languages.The Commenting System is presently being used on a trial basis in the Advanced Programming Techniques class being taught at East Tennessee State University.
Processing parameters and product properties of extruded beef with nonmeat cereal binders

Ground beef chuck was extruded with yellow corn flour, white corn flour and white corn flour with soy fibre acting as the nonmeat binders. Extrusion temperature was found to affect torque, specific mechanical energy, die temperature, die pressure, residence time, extrudate's visual appearance, expansion ratio, colour, and texture profile analysis. Extrudate's storage stability was not affected by either extrusion temperature nor cereal flour type. The additions of soy fiber did not significantly affect product properties nor processing variables. However, addition of yellow corn flour increased the extrudate's yellowness due to the presence of carotenoids.
Disequilibrium of unknown cause in older people

Many older people complain of a sense of unsteadiness when standing or walking and many are fearful of falling. The cause of this disequilibrium is often difficult to determine even after thorough clinical evaluation. To better understand the pathogenesis of this symptom in a community-dwelling population, we studied 26 patients > 75 years old who complained of disequilibrium in whom no cause was evident after clinical evaluation. Each patient and each of 26 age-matched controls underwent a comprehensive evaluation that included a history and examination, a questionnaire, functional scales, a gait and balance scale, mini-mental state testing, audiometry, visual acuity, visual tracking, rotational vestibular testing, and quantitative posturography. Although none had Romberg's sign, patients tended to sway more and do poorer on semiquantitative gait and balance testing than did controls. Patients showed few differences from controls for most other measurements. However, 7 patients, designated Group V, had profoundly reduced vestibular function. In the remaining 19 patients (Group D), the average vestibular function was still significantly lower than controls. Sway velocity measured with posturography was increased in the patients compared with controls, particularly in Group V patients. Measures of vestibular function correlated with increased sway velocity both in Group D alone and among all study participants. Quantitative measurement of vestibular function should be considered in older people complaining of disequilibrium, particularly if the cause is not apparent after the initial evaluation.
Repression of the Integrated Papillomavirus E6/E7 Promoter Is Required for Growth Suppression of Cervical Cancer Cells

The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is an important regulator of viral E6 and E7 gene expression. E2 can repress the viral promoter for E6 and E7 expression as well as block progression of the cell cycle in cancer cells harboring the DNA of “high-risk” HPV types. Although the phenomenon of E2-mediated growth arrest of HeLa cells and other HPV-positive cancer cells has been well documented, the specific mechanism by which E2 affects cellular proliferation has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E2-induced growth arrest of HeLa cells requires the repression of the E6 and E7 promoter. This repression is specific for E2TA and not E2TR, a BPV E2 variant that lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain. We demonstrate that expression of HPV16 E6 and E7 from a heterologous promoter that is not regulated by E2 rescues HeLa cells from E2-mediated growth arrest. Our data indicate that the pathway of E2-mediated growth arrest of HeLa cells requires repression of E6 and E7 expression through an activity specified by the transactivation domain of E2TA.
Rule‐based mass spectrum prediction and ranking: Applications to structure elucidation of novel marine sterols

A novel, computer aided approach to the interpretation of mass spectra is documented by its application to a series of recently isolated marine sterols. The method consists of construction of biosynthetically plausible candidate structures, prediction of their major mass spectral fragmentation paths using class-specific rules derived from a training set of known compounds, and a system of ranking candidate structures based on a comparison of the predicted and observed spectra.
Research Note: Effect of Age on the Yolk to Albumen Ratio in Chicken Eggs

Abstract The effect of age on the yolk:albumen (Y:A) ratio was studied for eggs obtained from Hy-Line® W36 and Arbor Acres hens. Albumen weight was more closely associated with egg weight (EW) than yolk weight for both commercial layers and broiler breeder hens. A small positive relationship between EW and Y:A ratio was found. A significant increase in Y:A ratio was evident in older flocks from both breeds.
Colloidal Silica Films for High-Capacity DNA Probe Arrays

The use of arrays of immobilized DNA “probes” for high-throughput analysis of genomic samples is expanding rapidly. The detection sensitivity of these arrays depends on the quantity and density of immobilized probe molecules as well as on the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleic acid hybridization. We have prepared and investigated substrates with a porous, “three-dimensional” surface layer as a means of increasing the surface area available for the synthesis or immobilization of oligonucleotide probes, thereby increasing the number of available probes and the amount of detectable bound target per unit area. Surfaces with pores 5 nm and larger were created by spin-coating colloidal suspensions of silica particles, followed by thermal curing. DNA arrays were synthesized on the resulting surfaces by photolithographic patterning, and the performance on the high-capacity substrates was compared to that on standard flat glass surfaces. The colloidal silica films created via this route show equivalent perform...
Interlayer interactions in Pd/Pd(1.2-at.t% Fe) multilayers

A set of multilayer films of 20-\AA{} Pd(1.2-at. % Fe)/L \AA{} Pd with different values of the thickness, L, of the Pd spacer layer were prepared on Si(111) substrates. X-ray diffraction showed that the films have a predominantly Pd(111) texture. The dependence of the magnetization and the magnetic susceptibility on temperature was measured. Considering the multilayer (ml) film with L=200 \AA{} as a two-dimensional one (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{2\mathrm{D}}$), the interlayer coupling strength ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ of the rest of the ml films (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{3\mathrm{D}}$) could be obtained from a mean-field equation relating ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{3\mathrm{d}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{2\mathrm{d}}$, and ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$. This ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ decreases monotonically with increasing L, and it increases with increasing temperature for all the ml's. The order of ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ is a few ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ eV/moment pair, which is in a reasonable range from many other ml systems.
Link budget analysis and characterization for ingestible capsule antenna

This paper characterizes and analyses the link budget requirements for the conformal capsule antenna in the medical capsule imager system. A link budget is developed for the capsule system based on certain parameters (frequency, SAR, power limitations) and it is shown that using the present antenna system; a reliable communication link can be developed for indoor communication for bio-telemetry applications. The polarization diversity exhibited by the conformal capsule antenna is tested and compared to simple dipole design. Due to diverse polarization, a reliable link is obtained irrespective of the capsule location and orientation and this study is discussed in detail.
Cell Identity Mediates the Response of Arabidopsis Roots to Abiotic Stress

Little is known about the way developmental cues affect how cells interpret their environment. We characterized the transcriptional response to high salinity of different cell layers and developmental stages of the Arabidopsis root and found that transcriptional responses are highly constrained by developmental parameters. These transcriptional changes lead to the differential regulation of specific biological functions in subsets of cell layers, several of which correspond to observable physiological changes. We showed that known stress pathways primarily control semiubiquitous responses and used mutants that disrupt epidermal patterning to reveal cell-layer-specific and inter-cell-layer effects. By performing a similar analysis using iron deprivation, we identified common cell-type-specific stress responses and revealed the crucial role the environment plays in defining the transcriptional outcome of cell-fate decisions.
Mono- and poly-nuclear complexes of copper(II) with linear and branched bis-β-diketonato ligands

Abstract The coordination of copper(II) with tetradentate bis-β-diketonato ligand (L 2 ) has been systematically investigated. Two series of dinegative ligands were considered: one with terminally linked connecting chains, CH 3 COCHCOCH 2 (CH 2 ) n CH 2 COCHCOCH 3 , (linear ligands; n = 4, 6, 8) and the other with centrally linked chains, (CH 3 CO) 2 C(CH 2 )innC(COCH 3 ) 2 (branched ligands; n = 6, 8, 10, 12). All complexes contained square planar, magnetically dilute [CuO 4 ] coordination entities, similar to those formed by mono-β-diketonates. In the solid complexes of the linear and short-chain (n = 6, 8) branched ligands, the [CuO 4 ] entities were linked to form polymeric species, whereas monomeric species (for n = 12) or a monomer-polymer mixture (for n = 10) was obtained.
Vibrational spectroscopy of polyatomic materials: Semiempirical calculations of anharmonic couplings and infrared and Raman linewidths in naphthalene and PETN crystals

We have developed a computational approach that yields anharmonic vibrational couplings in molecular crystals. The approach is based on anharmonic vibrational potential-energy surface reconstruction starting from a normal-mode vibrational basis. The method was implemented for semiempirical Hamiltonians with periodic boundary conditions, with applications to crystalline naphthalene and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. For each material, we predicted infrared and Raman linewidths, and vibrational anharmonic couplings associated with up- and down-conversions, as well as pure-dephasing processes. Comparison is made to experimental data for Raman linewidths and averaged anharmonic couplings; reasonable agreement is obtained, suggesting that implementation of the method within a first-principles electronic structure framework is warranted.
Specificity of auditory-guided visual perceptual learning suggests crossmodal plasticity in early visual cortex

Sounds modulate visual perception. Blind humans show altered brain activity in early visual cortex. However, it is still unclear whether crossmodal activity in visual cortex results from unspecific top-down feedback, a lack of visual input, or genuinely reflects crossmodal interactions at early sensory levels. We examined how sounds affect visual perceptual learning in sighted adults. Visual motion discrimination was tested prior to and following eight sessions in which observers were exposed to irrelevant moving dots while detecting sounds. After training, visual discrimination improved more strongly for motion directions that were paired with a relevant sound during training than for other directions. Crossmodal learning was limited to visual field locations that overlapped with the sound source and was little affected by attention. The specificity and automatic nature of these learning effects suggest that sounds automatically guide visual plasticity at a relatively early level of processing.
Mechanism of multiple dielectric loss peaks in dilute solution

It has long been recognized that the detailed selection rules describing the dielectric loss spectrum of a macromolecule in solution depend on the manner in which the individual polar groups are attached to the structure. As many as three distinct loss peaks may appear, due to contributions respectively from (1) long-range dipoles whose magnitude and direction are proportional to the overall dimensions of the molecule; (2) dipoles rigidly attached to the chain but without long-range correlation; and (3) dipoles on flexible side chains. In addition, there is the Kirkwood-Shumaker mechanism of “proton polarizahility.” Theoretical and experimental examples of the above generalities are discussed.
The association between cesarean birth and outcome in vertex presentation: Relative importance of birth weight, Dubowitz scores, and delivery route☆

The effect of the obstetrician's choice for delivery route on infant outcomes was studied in 17,260 mothers in labor, with the fetus alive at the onset of labor, in vertex presentation, and without major congenital anomalies. At birth weight categories, stratified by 500 gm increments, there was no improvement in intrapartum and neonatal mortality or in neonatal morbidity associated with the cesarean birth route. The major dependent variables important in neonatal outcome were birth weight and neonatal maturity. The association between cesarean section delivery and outcome in vertex presentations is limited. This information documents the need for prospective randomized and controlled studies with respect to proposed changes in birth route for the very low-birth weight fetus.
The use of 2,4-dinitro-5-fluoroaniline in the determination of protein structure on a micro scale

Abstract 2,4-Dinitro-5-fluoroaniline was reacted with various amino acids and proteins. The N -2,4-dinitro-5-aminophenyl (DNAP) derivatives of twenty amino acids were prepared and three solvent systems which can effect their separation on thin-layer chromatograms were developed. DNAP insulin was prepared and it was shown that N -terminal amino acids can be determined starting with 50 μg of this derivative or 100 μg of insulin. The color of DNAP amino acids can be intensified on thin-layer chromatograms by first exposing the chromatograms to nitrogen dioxide fumes and then spraying with a solution of β-naphthol and triethylamine in benzene; this permits the detection of as little as 0.1 μg (about one nanomole) of DNAP amino acid.
Spectrophotometric study of the determination of boron by the carminic acid method

Carminic acid has been investigated critically as a reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of boron. A new ultraviolet spectrophotometric method and two improved visible spectrophotometric methods have been developed. The composition of the complex and the effect of experimental variables have been evaluated. In 95% sulfuric acid medium the boron:carminic acid ratio was 1∶1 and in a sulfuric acid-acetic acid medium this ratio was 1∶2. The sensitivities for methods employing the 95% sulfuric acid medium are 1.5×10−3 and 7.0×10−4 μg of boron/cm2 when absorbance measurements are made at 615 nm and 300 nm, respectively. A sensitivity of 3.8×10−4 μg of boron/cm2 is obtained using a sulfuric acid-acetic acid solution and measuring the absorbance at 548 nm.
Molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy in myotonic dystrophies

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) are multisystemic diseases that primarily affect skeletal muscle, causing myotonia, muscle atrophy, and muscle weakness. DM1 and DM2 pathologies are caused by expansion of CTG and CCTG repeats in non-coding regions of the genes encoding myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) and zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) respectively. These expansions cause DM pathologies through accumulation of mutant RNAs that alter RNA metabolism in patients' tissues by targeting RNA-binding proteins such as CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) and Muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1). Despite overwhelming evidence showing the critical role of RNA-binding proteins in DM1 and DM2 pathologies, the downstream pathways by which these RNA-binding proteins cause muscle wasting and muscle weakness are not well understood. This review discusses the molecular pathways by which DM1 and DM2 mutations might cause muscle atrophy and describes progress toward the development of therapeutic interventions for muscle wasting and weakness in DM1 and DM2. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
Changes in plasma thyroxine levels during and after spontaneous metamorphosis in a natural population of the green frog, Rana clamitans.

Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in a spontaneously metamorphosing population of green frog, Rana clamitans, tadpoles. In accordance with species previously studied, a sharp rise in plasma T4 was seen at metamorphic climax, followed by a decline at final transformation. Unlike other species studied thus far, T4 levels were also moderately high in growing tadpoles (stages X–XIII). These early elevated levels may be due to daily rhythmicity in thyroid secretion coupled with the restricted hours of blood collection used in this study.
Approximate development of trimmed patches for surface tessellation

Abstract This paper presents a method for constructing an auxiliary planar domain of triangulation for tessellating trimmed parametric surface patches. By minimizing a mapping error function, an approximate locally isometric mapping between a given trimmed parametric surface patch and its triangulation domain is constructed. In this way the shape of triangular elements on the triangulation domain is approximately preserved when mapped into three-dimensional space. We also provide an efficient method to achieve a good initial guess for the minimization of the mapping error function. Furthermore, our proposed method guarantees a homeomorphism between a triangulation domain and parametric space/given surface patch by robustly removing the possibility of self-intersection on the developed surface net. Practical application of the proposed algorithm can include the formation of ship hulls, ducts, shoes, clothing and automobile parts as well as the surface meshing procedure.
Elders and the criminal justice system

The proportion of older people in society today is greater than ever before and growing faster than any other segment of the population. The population aged 65 and over numbered 43.1 million in 201...
The battle of Turin, 1933–1936: Carlo Rosselli, Giustizia e Libertà, OVRA and the origins of Mussolini's anti‐Semitic campaign

Abstract This study draws attention to the intensity of the conflict between Carlo Rosselli and Giustizia e Liberta (the Italian liberal‐socialist anti‐Fascist organization) and the highest ranks of Italian Fascism, including Mussolini and OVRA ‐ the Fascist secret police ‐between 1933 and 1936. The activities of Rosselli and Giustizia e Liberta can be considered in the light of their secret attempts to organize the assassination of Mussolini and their efforts to disseminate broader anti‐Fascist sentiment in Italy. The militants of Giustizia e Liberta in Turin were key figures in the second of these operations. But the success of agents of OVRA in infiltrating Giustizia e Liberta resulted in three waves of arrests in Turin (in 1934, 1935 and 1936). However, Rosselli and GL showed a great capacity for recovery. By focusing on the struggle between Giustizia e Liberta and Fascism which had all the features of a civil war, and on the events in Turin in the period 1933–6, this research shows that the conflict ...
Control-structure interaction in precision pointing servo loops

The control-structure interaction problem is addressed via stability analysis of a generic linear servo loop model. With the plant described by the rigid body mode and a single elastic mode, structural flexibility is categorized into one of three types: (1) appendage, (2) in-the-loop minimum phase, and (3) in-the-loop nonminimum phase. Closing the loop with proportional-derivative (PD) control action and introducing sensor roll-off dynamics in the feedback path, stability conditions are obtained. Trade studies are conducted with modal frequency, modal participation, modal damping, loop bandwidth, and sensor bandwidth treated as free parameters. Results indicate that appendage modes are most likely to produce instability if they are near the sensor rolloff, whereas in-the-loop modes are most dangerous near the loop bandwidth. The main goal of this paper is to provide a fundamental understanding of the control-structure interaction problem so that it may benefit the design of complex spacecraft and pointing system servo loops. In this framework, the JPL Pathfinder gimbal pointer is considered as an example.
A Simpler, Affine-Invariant, Multivariate, Distribution-Free Sign Test

Abstract A simpler multivariate sign test is proposed that uses the transformation-retransformation approach of Chakraborty, Chaudhuri, and Oja together with a directional transformation due to Tyler. This produces a multivariate sign test that is practical to apply to data of any dimension, makes minimal assumptions about the underlying distribution, and has a small-sample distribution-free property over a broad class of population models. It is shown to perform very well in comparison to Hotelling's T 2 and other multivariate sign tests for heavy-tailed and skewed distributions.
Extension of the shell model with configuration interactions to nuclear reactions

Abstract An extension of the shell model to nuclear reactions in which composite projectiles are involved is studied within a simple model system which contains an infinitely heavy inert core nucleus. The formal as well as practical difficulties of the continuum shell model for the nucleon-heavy nucleus scattering are removed by the modified basis functions which can readily incorporate strong long-range correlations. The deuteron-nucleus channel and its coupling to the stripping channels are discussed in detail.
Silicate‐Containing Sodium Beta‐Alumina Solid Electrolytes

Sodium beta-alumina solid electrolytes were prepared containing up to 7.5 wt% SiO2 and their density, soda content, micro-structure, and ionic resistivity were studied. The resulting microstructures have glassy sodium ahminosilicate phases inhomogeneously distributed. The glassy phase collects preferentially at triple grain junctions, but occasionally penetrates along some grain boundaries as a thin layer (10 to 20 A). Alpha-alumina is also present, especially with high silica content and when the samples are not protected with β-alumina powder during sintering. The total specific ionic resistivity follows a dependence on silicate content typical of 2-phase mixtures.
Electrochemical polymerization at an electrode surface: Film formation of the Ni(II) complex of dibenzo [b,i] [1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene and the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene: Copolymerization and layered polymerization

Abstract The detailed mechanistic nature of the electropolymerization of metal complexes of 5,7,12,14- tetramethyldibenzo[ b , i ][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene has been investigated at electrode surfaces. Polymerization was not observed if the second oxidation wave in the cyclic voltammogram was not scanned. The quantity of film deposition was shown to vary as a function of the percentage of the second oxidation wave scanned. An upper limit for deposition of film was reached at +1.4 V versus SCE. Copolymerization of both copper(II) and nickel(II) 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo[ b , i ][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene showed no effect on the rate of polymerization due to the metal center. However, copolymerization of 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo- [ b , i ][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene copper(II) and dibenzo[ b , i ][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulene nickel(II) showed that the methyl groups decreased the polymerization rate by a factor of ∼6. Layered films of these complexes showed that the outer layer of film controls the redox properties at the electrode. Following the electrochemical features of ferrocyanide and 1,4-benzoquinone, it was possible to show that electrochemical activity through thinner films is possible but is inhibited by films that are at least 55 monolayers thick. Studies of effects on the electrochemical behavior of films due to the presence of fluoride, pyridine and cyanide were carried out.
The beacon openflow controller

Beacon is a Java-based open source OpenFlow controller created in 2010. It has been widely used for teaching, research, and as the basis of Floodlight. This paper describes the architectural decisions and implementation that achieves three of Beacon's goals: to improve developer productivity, to provide the runtime ability to start and stop existing and new applications, and to be high performance.