cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a novel spontaneous carvacrol nanoemulsion against Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on contaminated mung bean and alfalfa seeds

Outbreaks of foodborne illness from consumption of sprouts have been linked to contaminated seeds prior to germination. Due to the long sprouting period at ambient temperatures and high humidity, germinating seeds contaminated with low pathogen levels (0.1logCFU/g) can result in sprouts with high numbers (≥10(8)CFU/g) of pathogens. Currently, the recommended treatment method involves soaking seeds in 20,000ppm (2%) calcium hypochlorite prior to germination. In this study, an alternative treatment involving soaking seeds in a carvacrol nanoemulsion was tested for its efficacy against Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (ATCC BAA-1045) or EGFP expressing E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 42895) contaminated mung bean and alfalfa seeds. The antimicrobial treatment was performed by soaking inoculated seed batches in the spontaneous nanoemulsion (4000 or 8000ppm) for 30 or 60min. The spontaneous nanoemulsion was formed by titrating the oil phase (carvacrol and medium chain triglycerides) and water-soluble surfactant (Tween 80®) into sodium citrate buffer. Following treatment, the numbers of surviving cells were determined by suspending the seeds in TSB and performing plate counts and/or Most Probable Number (MPN) enumeration. Treated seeds were sprouted and tested for the presence of the appropriate pathogen. This treatment successfully inactivated low levels (2 and 3logCFU/g) of S. Enteritidis and E. coli on either seed types when soaked for either 30 or 60min at nanoemulsion concentrations corresponding to 4000 (0.4%) or 8000 (0.8%) ppm carvacrol. Inoculated alfalfa seeds treated with 4000ppm nanoemulsion, required a 60min treatment time to show a similar 2-3 log reduction. Complete inactivation was confirmed by germinating treated seeds and performing microbiological testing. Total sprout yield was not compromised by any of the tested treatments. These results show that carvacrol nanoemulsions may be an alternative antimicrobial treatment method for mung bean and alfalfa seeds.
Fourier transform IR measurements of thermal infrared sky radiance and transmission

Precise relative measurements of sky continuum and line emission and absorption have been made using FTIR spectroscopy. During conditions of horizontally uniform air composition, measurements of the variation of the spectral radiance with elevation angle sample an air column that varies simply as the cosecant of the elevation angle. In spectral regions that are optically thin, an extrapolation to zero air mass can be used to accurately determine instrumental background. An ambient temperature black body reference furnishes an accurate measurement of the instrumental spectral response. The excess sky emission above instrumental background relative to the local black body reference spectrum thus provides a calibrated sky radiance spectrum. This spectrum can be used to calculate the atmospheric transmission. As a test, transmission spectra have been directly obtained with the full moon as a backlighting source, and are in excellent agreement with the sky radiance derived transmission spectra. For spectral regions dominated by water, the continuum emission has been measured for paths involving the entire atmospheric column. Reasonable agreement with previous laboratory measurements of the continuum strength is obtained.
Particle motions in large-amplitude wave fields

Abstract We calculate the trajectories of particles in two-dimensional model flows typifying atmospheric or oceanic eddy motions. Rather than restricting the flows to be weak (but solutions to the relevant dynamics), we have considered motions where the streamfunction is only a kinematic model resembling the actual flows but the amplitude can be large so that flow speeds can greatly exceed the phase speed. For steadily propagating disturbances, there is an equivalent one-dimensional Lagrangian motion problem and we have applied results from analyses of such to periodic channel waves and isolated circular eddies. We show that the mean Lagrangian drift rate in periodic channel waves is very sensitive to the initial position and may be either prograde or retrograde. Large volumes of the fluid may be “trapped” to translate along with the wave. The wave drift depends on the phase velocity relative to the Eulerian mean flow and peaks at about 1/3 of the transient Eulerian speed at geophysically relevant amplitu...
Light extinction and protein in lens

Abstract The content of soluble, high molecular weight colloidal, and insoluble proteins in aging and cataractous human lenses has been related to their light absorption properties. Absorbance in eye lenses was strongly related to insoluble protein content. This protein fraction contained the greatest amount of yellow pigment and exhibited the greatest non-tryptophan fluorescence, while the high molecular weight colloidal material had lesser color and fluorescence, and the soluble proteins had little. This information plus implications that similar protein chains are present in all three of these fractions, as indicated by polyacrylamide gel profiles of sulfonated protein fractions in urea, may support the concept that with aging and in certain cataracts, a pigmented and fluorescent substance formed in the lens binds to the crystallins and may serve as a crosslink between them.
Corrosion behavior of coated steels and Mn‐ and Co‐alloyed steels for separator materials on the cathode side in molten carbonate fuel cells

The corrosion behavior and the electrical resistivity of the oxide scale that forms on alternative materials for bipolar plates in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) were investigated. Commercial stainless steels (SS) containing cobalt (Haynes 556) and manganese (Nitronic 30, Nitronic 50, and Nitronic 60) were tested under cathodic MCFC conditions Additionally, 316LSS coated with cobalt by thermal spraying was studied. Oxide-scale resistivity measurements were coupled with observations of microstructural/compositional changes over time. All tested materials formed multilayered oxide scales. The composition of these phases was the key factor in determining the interfacial electrical resistivity. The high cobalt content of Haynes 556 (18 wt%) did not decrease its electrical resistivity or improve its corrosion resistance. Thus, Co-containing stainless steels, such as Haynes 556, do not appear to be candidate bipolar plate materials for MCFCs. In contrast, the cobalt coating on 316L SS did lead to improved corrosion resistance. The Nitronic alloys formed Mn-containing oxide scales, which appear to have a beneficial effect on lowering the resistivity of the oxide scale. The corrosion resistance of these Mn-containing stainless steels was greater than that of 316LSS, the present bipolar plate material.
Paradigm-oriented distributed computing using mobile agents

We describe the implementation underlying an environment for distributed computing that uses the concept of well-known paradigms. The main advantage of paradigm oriented distributed computing is that the user only needs to specify application-specific sequential code, while the underlying infrastructure takes care of the parallelization and distribution. The main features of the proposed approach, called PODC, which differentiate it from other approaches, are the following: (1) it is intended for loosely-coupled network environments, not specialized multiprocessors; (2) it is based on an infrastructure of mobile agents; (3) it supports programming in C, rather than a functional or special-purpose language, and (4) it provides a Web based interactive graphics interface through which programs are constructed, invoked, and monitored. The three paradigms presently supported in PODC are the bag-of-tasks, the branch-and-bound and genetic programming. We describe their implementation and performance within the mobile agent based PODC environment.
Radar antenna pattern design for platform motion compensation

Motion compensation techniques for coherent detection systems aboard a moving platform are discussed. Many radar and sonar systems are designed to detect moving targets within a volume of space and to reject returns from fixed objects. This can be achieved with some type of velocity (Doppler) filtering such as the moving target indicator (MTI). When the detection system is on a moving platform, both temporal and spatial processing techniques are needed to maintain good system performance. This paper presents a method for designing optimal (LMS) array correction patterns which, when used in conjunction with the primary receive pattern, minimize the effects of platform morion on the canceled clutter residue.
Verner Suomi (1915–1995)

Verner Edward Suomi passed away in Madison, Wisconsin, on Sunday, July 30, after a long battle with heart disease. Internationally recognized as the father of satellite meteorology, Suomi invented many satellite instruments that led to a better understanding of the Earth and its atmosphere. He succeeded in conducting the first American meteorological experiment ever from a satellite platform in 1959, in which he measured the Earth radiation budget with white and black heat sensing radiometers. This was followed by planetary investigations with similar instruments for Venus and Jupiter space probes. Suomi's most influential invention was the spin-scan camera, which enabled geostationary weather observations. This technology is still used worldwide today. He also founded the Space Science and Engineering Center, where many of his inventions were created and systems were established to process the data into information. In a eulogy, University of Wisconsin Provost John Wiley commented, “Verner Suomi was a giant of modern science. His inventions were simple and elegant, and their consequences are ubiquitous. Anyone looking at a satellite image of Earth on the evening weather is looking at the product of a rare mind.”
Transcription coactivators p300 and CBP are necessary for photoreceptor-specific chromatin organization and gene expression

Rod and cone photoreceptor neurons in the mammalian retina possess specialized cellular architecture and functional features for converting light to a neuronal signal. Establishing and maintaining these characteristics requires appropriate expression of a specific set of genes, which is tightly regulated by a network of photoreceptor transcription factors centered on the cone-rod homeobox protein CRX. CRX recruits transcription coactivators p300 and CBP to acetylate promoter-bound histones and activate transcription of target genes. To further elucidate the role of these two coactivators, we conditionally knocked out Ep300 and/or CrebBP in differentiating rods or cones, using opsin-driven Cre recombinase. Knockout of either factor alone exerted minimal effects, but loss of both factors severely disrupted target cell morphology and function: the unique nuclear chromatin organization seen in mouse rods was reversed, accompanied by redistribution of nuclear territories associated with repressive and active histone marks. Transcription of many genes including CRX targets was severely impaired, correlating with reduced histone H3/H4 acetylation (the products of p300/CBP) on target gene promoters. Interestingly, the presence of a single wild-type allele of either coactivator prevented many of these defects, with Ep300 more effective than Cbp. These results suggest that p300 and CBP play essential roles in maintaining photoreceptor-specific structure, function and gene expression.
Impact ionization in InAs/AlSb field effect transistors

Field effect transistors (FETs) made from InAs/AlSb quantum wells have demonstrated excellent microwave performance ( fi = 93Ghz for a 0.5/spl mu/m gate length). However, a serious fundamental problem has plagued even our best InAs/A1Sb devices (and others reported in the literature): almost all devices show very poor drain I-V characteristics, with undesirably high drain conductances that increase rapidly with increasing drain voltage, leading to a pronounced turnup at very low voltages. The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate that the enhancement in drain conductance is caused by a feedback mechanism initiated by holes generated during the impact ionization of hot electrons in the InAs channel.
"Why be normal?": Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls

The introduction of practice theory into sociolinguistics is an important recent development in the field. The community of practice provides a useful alternative to the speech-community model, which has limitations for language and gender researchers in particular. As an ethnographic, activitybased approach, the community of practice is of special value to researchers in language and gender because of its compatibility with current theories of identity. An extension of the community of practice allows identities to be explained as the result of positive and negative identity practices rather than as fixed social categories, as in the speech-community model. The framework is used here to analyze the linguistic practices associated with an unexamined social identity, the nerd, and to illustrate how members of a local community of female nerds at a US high school negotiate gender and other aspects of their identities through practice. (Community of practice, gender, discourse analysis, identity, social construction, social practice, speech community, adolescents, nerds)*
Teaching Standards–Based Group Work Competencies to Social Work Students An Empirical Examination

Objectives: Accreditation standards and challenges in group work education require competency-based approaches in teaching social work with groups. The Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups developed Standards for Social Work Practice with Groups, which serve as foundation competencies for professional practice. However, there has been no empirical publication about using them in teaching. This pilot study tested a microskills teaching approach to improve competency in the Standards. Methods: The mixed-methods study used a preexperimental, pretest–posttest design involving 123 diverse baccalaureate and master’s students in introductory group work courses. Student responses about the experience were also collected. Results: There were significant, substantial increases in students’ perceived importance of and confidence in using the Standards. Confidence gain scores were significantly associated with performance in role-plays. Comments about the assignments were highly favorable and id...
PROBLEM INVESTIGATIONS IN HIGH-HAZARD INDUSTRIES: CREATING AND NEGOTIATIONAL LEARNING

High-hazard or high-reliability organizations are ideal for the study of organizational learning processes because of their intense mindfulness regarding problems. We examine 27 problem investigation teams at 3 nuclear power plants whose task was to report to management about causes and corrective actions and thereby contribute to organizational learning and change. Questionnaires were given to team members and manager recipients of the team reports, and team reports were coded regarding their analyses and recommendations. Our results showed variable depth and creativity in the reports, with better reports associated with more team training and experience, and more diversity of work experience. Ratings of report quality, individual learning, and plant changes by team members and managers suggested that reports were only partially effective as boundary objects to reach shared understanding and negotiate action plans. Team members rated their reports more favorably when they had better access to information and found generic lessons for the plant and failed barriers that could have prevented problems. Managers rated reports more favorably when the teams had more investigation experience, better access to information, and stronger corrective actions.
Predicted Structure and Domain Organization of Rotavirus Capping Enzyme and Innate Immune Antagonist VP3

Rotaviruses and orbiviruses are nonturreted Reoviridae members. The rotavirus VP3 protein is a multifunctional capping enzyme and antagonist of the interferon-induced cellular oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway. Despite mediating important processes, VP3 is the sole protein component of the rotavirus virion whose structure remains unknown. In the current study, we used sequence alignment and homology modeling to identify features common to nonturreted Reoviridae capping enzymes and to predict the domain organization, structure, and active sites of rotavirus VP3. Our results suggest that orbivirus and rotavirus capping enzymes share a domain arrangement similar to that of the bluetongue virus capping enzyme. Sequence alignments revealed conserved motifs and suggested that rotavirus and orbivirus capping enzymes contain a variable N-terminal domain, a central guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain that contains an additional inserted domain, and a C-terminal guanylyltransferase and RNA 5′-triphosphatase domain. Sequence conservation and homology modeling suggested that the insertion in the guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain is a ribose-2′-O-methyltransferase domain for most rotavirus species. Our analyses permitted putative identification of rotavirus VP3 active-site residues, including those that form the ribose-2′-O-methyltransferase catalytic tetrad, interact with S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and contribute to autoguanylation. Previous reports have indicated that group A rotavirus VP3 contains a C-terminal 2H-phosphodiesterase domain that can cleave 2′-5′ oligoadenylates, thereby preventing RNase L activation. Our results suggest that a C-terminal phosphodiesterase domain is present in the capping enzymes from two additional rotavirus species. Together, these findings provide insight into a poorly understood area of rotavirus biology and are a springboard for future biochemical and structural studies of VP3. IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are an important cause of severe diarrheal disease. The rotavirus VP3 protein caps viral mRNAs and helps combat cellular innate antiviral defenses, but little is known about its structure or enzymatic mechanisms. In this study, we used sequence- and structure-based alignments with related proteins to predict the structure of VP3 and identify enzymatic domains and active sites therein. This work provides insight into the mechanisms of rotavirus transcription and evasion of host innate immune defenses. An improved understanding of these processes may aid our ability to develop rotavirus vaccines and therapeutics.
An efficient algorithm for environmental coverage with multiple robots

Tasks such as street mapping and security surveillance seek a route that traverses a given space to perform a function. These task functions may involve mapping the space for accurate modeling, sensing the space for unusual activity, or searching the space for an object. In many cases, the use of multiple robots can greatly improve the performance of these tasks. We assume a prior map is available, but it may be inaccurate due to factors such as occlusion, age, dynamic objects, and resolution limitations. In this work, we address the NP-hard problem of environmental coverage with incomplete prior map information using k robots. To utilize related algorithms in graph theory, we represent the environment as a graph and model the coverage problem as a k-Rural Postman Problem. Using this representation, we present a graph coverage approach for plan generation that can handle graph changes online. Our approach proposes two improvements to an existing heuristic algorithm for the coverage problem. Our improvements seek to equalize the length of the k paths by minimizing the length of the maximum tour. We evaluate our approach on a set of comparison tests in simulation.
Power Analysis Attacks of Modular Exponentiation in Smartcards

Three new types of power analysis attacks against smartcard implementations of modular exponentiation algorithms are described. The first attack requires an adversary to exponentiate many random messages with a known and a secret exponent. The second attack assumes that the adversary can make the smartcard exponentiate using exponents of his own choosing. The last attack assumes the adversary knows the modulus and the exponentiation algorithm being used in the hardware. Experiments show that these attacks are successful. Potential countermeasures are suggested.
Structure Discovery in Sequentially Connected Data

Much of current data mining research is focused on discovering sets of attributes that discriminate data en tities into classes, such as shopping trends for a particular demographic group. In contrast, we are working to develop data mining techniques to discover patterns consisting of complex relationships between entities. Our research is particularly applicable to domains in which the data is event driven, such as counter-terrorism intelligence analysis. In this paper we describe an algorithm designed to operate over relational data received incrementally. Our approach includes a mechanism for summarizing discoveries from previous data increments so that the globally best patterns can be computed by examining only the new data increment. We describe a method by which relational dependencies that span across temporal increment boundaries can be efficiently resolved so that additional pattern instances, which do not reside entirely in a single data increment, can be discovered.
Effect of oxygen on vinyl acetate polymerization

Various conflicting reports in the literature regarding the effect of oxygen on the stability of vinyl acetate (VA) toward polymerization led us to reexamine this topic using both isothermal stability tests and quasi-adiabatic calorimetry. Both commercial VA stabilized with 5–20 ppm by weight of hydroquinone (HQ) and purified, unstabilized VA exhibit lower stability to thermally initiated polymerization (at 50–120°C) in the presence of oxygen than in its absence. However, when stabilized with 3–5 ppm of HQ, both air-saturated and oxygen-free VA exhibit adequate thermal stability at normal transport and storage temperatures (25–50°C). Oxygen destabilization of VA is probably caused by the relatively low stability of VA polyperoxide rather than by the oxidation of acetaldehyde impurity to peroxyacetic acid. The length of VA polymerization induction periods is about −0.4 order in oxygen partial pressure.
Programming complex psychophysiologic experiments with punched paper tape: a methodological approach.

Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity.
The NIF DISCO Framework: Facilitating Automated Integration of Neuroscience Content on the Web

This paper describes the capabilities of DISCO, an extensible approach that supports integrative Web-based information dissemination. DISCO is a component of the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), an NIH Neuroscience Blueprint initiative that facilitates integrated access to diverse neuroscience resources via the Internet. DISCO facilitates the automated maintenance of several distinct capabilities using a collection of files 1) that are maintained locally by the developers of participating neuroscience resources and 2) that are “harvested” on a regular basis by a central DISCO server. This approach allows central NIF capabilities to be updated as each resource’s content changes over time. DISCO currently supports the following capabilities: 1) resource descriptions, 2) “LinkOut” to a resource’s data items from NCBI Entrez resources such as PubMed, 3) Web-based interoperation with a resource, 4) sharing a resource’s lexicon and ontology, 5) sharing a resource’s database schema, and 6) participation by the resource in neuroscience-related RSS news dissemination. The developers of a resource are free to choose which DISCO capabilities their resource will participate in. Although DISCO is used by NIF to facilitate neuroscience data integration, its capabilities have general applicability to other areas of research.
Feed Restriction During the Growing Period, Forced Molt, and Egg Production

Abstract An experiment was conducted to examine postmolt laying performance of White Leghorn hens that had been subjected to feed restriction from 8 to 20 weeks of age. During the postmolt period, birds in all forced-molt (FM) groups consistently had higher percent hen-day egg production than the control birds. Within the FM groups, birds that had previously been restricted fed during the growing period at the rate of 70% of the control group's consumption (R70 -FM) consistently had higher percent hen-day egg production during most of the postmolt period than the nonrestricted fed birds (Ad lib.-FM). Significant (P
Timing constraints for wave-pipelined systems

Wave-pipelining is a timing methodology used in digital systems to achieve maximal rate operation. Using this technique, new data are applied to the inputs of a combinational block before the previous outputs are available, thus effectively pipelining the combinational logic and maximizing the utilization of the logic without inserting registers. This paper presents a timing constraint formulation for the correct clocking of wave-pipelined systems. Both single- and multiple-stage systems including feedback are considered. Based on the formulation of this paper, several important new results are presented relating to performance limits of wave-pipelined circuits. These results include the specification of distinct and disjoint regions of valid operation dependent on the clock period, intentional clock skew, and the global clock latency. Also, implications and motivations for the use of accurate delay models and exact timing analysis in the determination of combinational logic delays are given, and an analogous relationship between the multi-stage system and the single-stage system in terms of performance limits is shown. The minimum clock period is obtained by clock skew optimization formulated as a linear program. In addition, important special cases are examined and their relative performance limits are analyzed. >
Dynamic behavior of a biphasic cartilage model under cyclic compressive loading

It is well known that dynamic mechanical loads can stimulate the biosynthetic activity of articular cartilage. Studying the mechanical environment of chondrocytes under dynamic loading conditions can help to explain this mechano-biological phenomenon in articular cartilage. In this study, the linear biphasic theory was used to examine the dynamic mechanical behavior of articular cartilage under a cyclic compressive force. We first studied the dynamic confined compression of a cartilage disk as a simplified one-dimensional model and then investigated the role of the relatively impermeable subchondral bone structure on the dynamic behavior of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Under an assumption of articular cartilage as a biphasic composite structure of a porous elastic solid matrix and interstitial fluid, the porous ECM of the articular cartilage was repeatedly compressed and expanded during the loading-unloading phases of the cyclic compressive force. One interesting finding of this study was the oscillating positive (supra-ambient)-negative (sub-ambient) hydrostatic pressure within the cartilage ECM under cyclic compressive loading. The pattern of the dynamic behavior of the cartilage ECM strongly depended on the loading frequency and the primary diffusion characteristic time, tau d. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies (Guilak et al., 1990 Adv Biomech. ASME, 225-228; Mow et al., 1990, Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints, pp. 215-260.
Biology of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts

Despite their importance in fibrosis, the origin of fibroblasts and the genesis of the various subpopulations characterized by distinct phenotypes remain unclear. Various studies have described distinct and relatively stable phenotypes in fibroblasts isolated from lung tissue undergoing remodeling, which were not present in the normal intact tissue. This indicates a process by which these distinct fibroblast subpopulations could arise de novo from resident lung progenitors or precursor cells and/or be recruited from distal organs, such as the bone marrow. Evidence for these possibilities is reviewed, but there is as yet incomplete understanding of the precise precursor cells and the potential interrelationships between the various phenotypes, especially as to how they relate to the distinct myofibroblast phenotype. Moreover, the complexity of the mechanism for the genesis of these phenotypes, such as the myofibroblast, is highlighted by the multilevel regulation of the differentiation process, with evidence for the importance of multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. Future studies into these various unsettled areas are essential to provide further insights that may help provide the pathway for novel translational approaches.
Instability of an anisotropic power-law fluid in a basic state of plane flow

Abstract Initiation of cylindrical structures by buckling or necking in an anisotropic power-law fluid is treated for general plane flow. The principal axis of anisotropy, x ′, in the stiffest direction in shortening or extension may be viewed as the trace of a foliation or lamination. Plane-flow constitutive relations between components of rate of deformation, D ′ x x and D ′ x y , and of deviatoric stress, s ′ x x and s ′ x y , for the fluid are D ′ x x = B ( Y ′ 2 ) [ ( n − 1 ) / 2 ] s ′ x x and D ′ x y = a 2 B ( Y ′ 2 ) [ ( n − 1 ) / 2 ] s ′ x y , where Y ′ 2 = ( s ′ x x ) 2 + a 2 ( s ′ x y ) 2 is an anisotropic invariant, a 2 is the anisotropy parameter, and n is the stress exponent. We determine the rate of amplification of wavelength components in the deflection of the foliation, θ , from a mean orientation parallel to x . Linearly independent, or non-interacting normal modes have a periodic, band-like form θ ( x , y ) ≅ ∂ ζ / ∂ x = − ( λ A ) sin [ λ ( x − v y ) ] , where ζ is the height of a foliation trace above its mean plane, v =tan β , where β is the angle between the normal to mean foliation and the axial surface, positive clockwise , and L =2π/ λ is the foliation-parallel wavelength. Evolution of a component may be followed through a finite bulk deformation provided θ remains ≪1. The growth rate of slope, λA, is independent of L . Components with axial plane normal to the foliation ( β =0) are strongly amplified in foliation-parallel shortening. If n >>1, internal necking (boudinage) occurs in foliation-parallel extension for components with axial plane inclined at a large angle to the foliation normal. In combined shortening and shear, the most rapidly growing component has an axial plane that dips steeply in the direction of shear. For n >1, maximum instability occurs for combined foliation-parallel shear and shortening rather than pure shortening. Weak instability is present in foliation-parallel shear. This anisotropic nonlinear fluid approximates the behavior of an isotropic power-law medium containing preferentially oriented but anastomosing slip surfaces, or that of a rock in which a stiffer component of lenticular form is embedded in a softer matrix.
Automatic dimension inference and checking for object-oriented programs

This paper introduces UniFi, a tool that attempts to automatically detect dimension errors in Java programs. UniFi infers dimensional relationships across primitive type and string variables in a program, using an inter-procedural, context-sensitive analysis. It then monitors these dimensional relationships as the program evolves, flagging inconsistencies that may be errors. UniFi requires no programmer annotations, and supports arbitrary program-specific dimensions, thus providing fine-grained dimensional consistency checking. UniFi exploits features of object-oriented languages, but can be used for other languages as well. We have run UniFi on real-life Java code and found that it is useful in exposing dimension errors. We present a case study of using UniFi on nightly builds of a 19,000 line code base as it evolved over 10 months.
C-reactive protein and the vascular endothelium: implications for plaque instability.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a member of the pentraxin family, is the prototypic marker of inflammation. Recently data have emerged to suggest that CRP is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease and is additive to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the Framingham 10-year risk score (FRS) ([
Putting All of Your Eggs in the Same Basket? Endogenous Information Asymmetry and Portfolio Bias

Observed portfolios are concentrated in asset classes which comove strongly with the non-financial income of investors. As an explanation, I propose a framework of endogenously generated information asymmetry, where rational agents optimally choose to focus their limited attention on risk factors that drive both their non-financial income and some of the risky asset payoffs. In turn, the agents concentrate their portfolios in assets driven by those factors. The paper also shows that exogenous information asymmetry cannot deliver the result and that a theory of endogenous information asymmetry is key for an information based explanation of portfolio bias. JEL Codes: F3, G11, G15, D8, D83
Health Insurance Premiums and Medical Care Utilizations of the Elderly

The paper exploits a policy experiment in Taiwan to identify the effect of health insurance premium on health, medical care utilization, and the living arrangement of the elderly. Using a nationally representative sample and a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach, I find that elderly individuals who are eligible to receive insurance premium subsidy make an additional outpatient visit per month compared to ineligible individuals. The estimated effect, however, is smaller for individuals with at least a college degree. Effects on inpatient care, health, and living arrangements are not precisely measured.
Stresses in Ring Stiffeners in Cylinders

Results of experimental work and approximate theoretical investigations; derivation of approximate working formulas to determine stresses in ring stiffeners; both pure bending of cylinder and bending caused by transverse local loading are considered; transverse loading is limited to loading of distributed nature and does not include any concentrated loads applied to either stiffeners or shell.
Principles for the Strategic Design of Supply Chains

I review principles and methods of global supply chain design from a variety of viewpoints, with special emphasis on processes that have been used successfully in practice. The perspective is focused on the practitioner who is interested in an overview of the key concepts and application of supply chain design within a global context.
Water conservation through facilitation on residential landscapes

Plants can have positive effects on each other in numerous ways, including protection from harsh environmental conditions. This phenomenon, known as facilitation, occurs in water-stressed environments when shade from larger shrubs protects smaller annuals from harsh sun, enabling them to exist on scarce water. The topic of this paper is a model of this phenomenon that allows search algorithms to find residential landscape designs that incorporate facilitation to conserve water. This model is based in botany; it captures the growth requirements of real plant species in a fitness function, but also includes a penalty term in that function that encourages facilitative interactions with other plants on the landscape. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, two search strategies–simulated annealing and agent-based search–were applied to models of different collections of simulated plant types and landscapes with different light distributions. These two search strategies produced landscape designs with different spatial distributions of the larger plants. All designs exhibited facilitation and lower water use than designs where facilitation was not included.
Enabling Semantics in an M2M/IoT Service Delivery Platform

Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications provide great opportunities to connect various devices, such as sensors and actuators, and to collect and process the gathered data. This in turn, enables the types of services making smart homes and intelligent transportation applications a reality. For applications or services from different verticals (e.g., smart home and smart transportation) to share and re-use information, and to collaborate with each other, interworking and interoperability have become essential. However, interworking and interoperability across verticals have not yet been fully addressed in the context of M2M/IoT. With the focus on sharing data between different applications and services, semantics is considered an ideal technique to provide a common base for interworking and interoperation. In this paper, a novel architecture is proposed for integrating semantics into an M2M/IoT service delivery platform (SDP). The proposed open architecture is flexible and extensible, as the semantics can be integrated in different ways with various types of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which allows the utilization of different types of protocols. A use case study is also provided to highlight how to utilize semantics service integrated into the M2M/IoT service platform for interworking and interoperability.
Operationalizing the Incentive Theory: Modernizing U.S. Bureaucracy to Effectively Predict and Prevent War

War is not an inevitable event that cannot be deterred. The majority of wars begin because the elite decision-makers of a nation choose to be aggressive, and do so in a deliberative process because they believe the incentives they would gain are worth the cost to their nation. Choosing aggressive war is a rational decision, or at least a reasoned decision, weighing the costs of war and the projected benefits gained. The idea that most regime leaders choose to begin wars because the incentives exceed their personal cost is a valuable understanding. Peaceful nations can prevent war if they can influence the regime elite’s decision-making process to ensure that these aggressive leaders do not perceive incentives to start a war. But for peaceful nations to implement the Incentive Theory, they must first understand it, gather the information necessary to analyze potential conflicts through the lens of the Incentive Theory, and formulate the government structures necessary to implement it. This article demonstrates how the United States can put the Incentive Theory to work to create a more peaceful world that can deter future acts of aggressive states and, perhaps, help prevent major wars.
Negotiation and experience: Space and place in religious pilgrimage:

This article examines the contribution of guiding to pilgrims’ negotiation of space and experience of place in religious pilgrimage. Written from an anthropological perspective and limited to selec...
Dimensionality of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in a Polytrauma Sample of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans: Findings From Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is commonly used as a screening instrument for symptoms of anxiety in clinical settings. The factor structure has been researched in a variety of different clinical...
Swirling Flow Structures and Flame Characteristics in a Lean-Premixed Combustor

The present work attempts to address unsteady flame dynamics in a lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustor, with attention focused on the effect of swirl on the flow development and combustion dynamics. The numerical analysis treats the conservation equations in three-dimensions, and takes into account finite-rate chemical reactions and variable thermophysical properties. Turbulence closure is achieved using a large-eddy simulation (LES) technique. A level-set flamelet library approach is used to simulate premixed turbulent combustion. Results indicate that when the inlet swirl number exceeds a critical value, a vortex-breakdown induced central toroidal recirculation zone is established in the downstream region. As the swirl number further increases, the recirculation zone moves upstream and merges with the wake recirculation zone behind the centerbody. Excessive swirl may cause the central recirculating flow to penetrate into the inlet annulus and lead to the occurrence of flame flashback. A higher swirl-number tends to increase the turbulence intensity and consequently the flame speed. As a result, the flame surface area is reduced. The net heat release, however, remains almost unchanged because of the enhanced flame speed. Transverse acoustic oscillations often prevail under the effects of strong swirling flows, as opposed to cases with weak swirl in which longitudinal modes dominate the wave motions. The ensuing effect on the flow/flame interactions in the chamber is substantial.
Attraction of Webbing Coneworm Males to Female Sex Pheromone

Pherocon 1C® traps baited with live Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich females caught more than 900 male moths in loblolly pine seed orchards at Greensboro, GA, and Georgetown, SC, from 28 May-18 June 1979. Up to 25 times as many moths were trapped in the upper than in the lower crowns of trees of 9 to 15m tall. Peak catch occurred on 6 June with an average of 25 moths per trap. Females attracted males between 2400 and 0200 h e.d.t. the first night after emergence. Only D. disclusa males were trapped, although other Dioryctria spp. were active in the orchards. Mating periodicity may be a species isolating mechanism for sympatric populations of Dioryctria spp. with overlapping moth emergence. Our field data show that female D. disclusa moths produce a sex pheromone and provide the first evidence of the usefulness of Dioryctria spp. pheromones for capturing male moths in the field. Pheromones offer a convenient, inexpensive, and specific survey technique for these forest insect pests.
Themes in Dali Woodcarving

Woodcarvings of DaLi architecture echo people's identity,status,concepts,ideals and the pursuit.Dali woodcarving preserves its tradition while absorbing cultural elements of the Han people.Recurring patterns have evolved out of the combination of the two styles.
Exploration of the Thanksgiving Education of College Students in Financial Difficulty and Financial Support under the New Situation

Financial assistance is an important part of college student administration.Implementation of financial assistance has very important significance to improve personality of college students and build a harmonious campus.Facing College students are mostly"Generation 90"the new situation,financial assistance occurred problems of financial difficulty and financial support students' lack of gratitude consciousness.It's an important issue of financing administration to how to improve"Generation 90"financial difficulty and financial support students' lack of gratitude consciousness.This paper analyses the reasons of"Generation 90"financial difficulty and financial support students' lack of gratitude consciousness and make a suggestion that financing administration should strengthen thanksgiving education of"Generation 90"financial difficulty and financial support students in college regard.
Influence of Cr~(3+) doping on structure and electrochemical properties of Li_(1.05)V_3O_8

The lithium-ion battery cathode material Li1.05CrxV3-xO8 (x=0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.1) were obtained by calcining the precursors and the influence of Cr3+ doping on structure, conductivity and electrochemical performance of Li1.05V3O8 were investigated. The results showed that Li1.05CrxV3-xO8 with different doping amount have well-developed crystal structures of layered Li1.05V3O8 and lengthened interlayer distance of (100) crystal plane. A small doped amount has no influence on the Li+ insertion-deinsertion process, but with increasing amount of Cr3+ doping, the one-step process of Li+ deinsertion transforms to the two-step one. Conductivity is improved due to small amount of Cr3+ doping and it tends to increase first then decrease with increasing doping amount as a result of coaction of defect theory and electrostatic attraction. The initial discharge capacity with Cr3+ doping at x=0.005 reaches 296.5 mAh·g-1, which is 7.35% larger than that of pure material, and average discharge voltage is increased about 0.1 V.
Statistical mechanics of biological networks

This paper outlines an approach to the topological analysis of large-scale biological networks. The approach uses concepts from statistical mechanics and information theory to develop automated analysis methods able to generate empirically testable hypotheses about the entities in the networks based on the topology of their connections.
Bis- and tris-phosphinostannane gold complexes featuring Au → Sn dative interactions: Synthesis, structures, and DFT calculations

Abstract As part of our interest in the coordination chemistry of heavy Group 14 elements, we have synthesized complexes of general formula [(o-(Ph2P)C6H4)2SnClPh]AuX (X = Cl (2-Cl), X = Br (2-Br), and X = I (2-I)) in which the chlorostanane unit acts as a σ-acceptor ligand toward gold. The existence of a Au → Sn dative bond is evidenced by a trigonal bipyramidal geometry about the tin atom as well as a distorted square planar geometry about the gold center. While the measured Au–Sn bond distances are crystallographically indistinguishable in this series, theoretical investigations reveal that the strength of the Au → Sn interaction increases in the order 2-I
Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Among Jewish Women: The Role of Religious Orientation and Spiritual Well-Being

Numerous psychological, cultural, and biological variables have been investigated in the etiology of eating disorders (EDs) and their risk factors such as body dissatisfaction and a preoccupation with weight and appearance. Despite its historical link to EDs, the role of religion has largely been ignored. Most studies investigating religious influences on ED symptoms use the terms religion and spirituality interchangeably and do not include Jewish women. Studies that have included Jewish women used a single variable (e.g., attendance at religious service) to measure religiosity, which does not adequately capture the nature of one’s religious beliefs and practices. In a sample of 301 adolescent and young Jewish women, this study assessed participants’ religious orientation and spiritual beliefs to elucidate the possible differential influences of these variables on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Results revealed that participants with an intrinsic religious orientation had consistently lower scores (indicating less pathology) on measures of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance as compared to those with an extrinsic, pro-religious, or anti-religious orientation. High levels of spiritual well-being were moderately associated with lower levels of body dissatisfaction but showed no association with disordered eating. Overall, these findings suggest that having an intrinsic religious orientation may confer protection from eating and body image disturbance.