cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies in south central Puerto Rico

The intermediate lavas and pyroclastic rocks of south central Puerto Rico have been subjected to about four kilometers of burial. Despite shallow burial the mineralogy of these rocks has systematically readjusted. The degree of metamorphism is proportional to permeability; secondary phases appear in greater quantities in porous pyroclastics. In lavas, plagioclase and olivine phenoerysts contain a progressive sequence of alteration phases reflecting temperature and pressure conditions during alteration. The generalized sequence of appearance of secondary phases from low to high rank is as follows: 1. analcime, celadonite, chlorite, and sericite; 2. laumontite and albite; 3. prehnite; 4. pumpellyite; 5. epidote; 6. actinolite. Assemblages containing analcime, heulandite, celadonite, and laumontite belong to the zeolite facies. Remaining assemblages belong to the prehnite-pumpellyite facies. During alteration two major thresholds were crossed. First, calcium-aluminum silicates formed from materials released by decomposition of calcium feldspar. Second, clinopyroxene was decomposed in a process that added considerable mafic material to the reacting system, and made bulk rock compositions approximately equivalent to the composition of the reacting system. Comparison with other regions of similar metamorphic rank and composition indicates that zonation of such sequences on the basis of individual mineral occurrences, especially epidote, is justified only for local regions where the behavior of volatiles was uniform.
Nested Case-Control Study of Tumors of the Hemopoietic and Lymphatic Systems among Workers in the Meat Industry

Workers in the meat industry are exposed to viruses that cause leukemia and lymphoma in cattle and chickens, and also to carcinogenic chemical agents. This case-control study, nested in a cohort of members of a meatcutters' union in Baltimore, Maryland, investigated whether occupational exposures are associated with death from tumors of the hemopoietic and lymphatic systems. Cases of these tumors represent all deaths which occurred in the cohort between 1949 and 1980. Excess risks of tumors of the hemopoietic and lymphatic systems were observed throughout the meat industry, except in meatpacking plants. Slaughtering activities involving heavy exposure to oncogenic viruses were strongly associated with these tumors, especially with lymphomas. Thus, elevated risks were observed for butchers who killed animals (odds ratio (OR) = 5.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-27.0); workers in chicken-slaughtering plants (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 0.8-13.1); and workers in cattle/sheep/pig abattoirs (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 0.8-9.5). Among supermarket workers, wrapping meat (mainly a female activity) was associated with increased risk of tumors of the hemopoietic and lymphatic systems (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.0-14.3), with the odds of both lymphomas and tumors of the myeloid stem cell being elevated. On the other hand, meatcutting in supermarkets (almost exclusively a male activity) was associated with multiple myeloma; the odds ratio for men was 18.0 (95% CI 1.6-207.5), with no myeloma cases being recorded in women. These associations persisted after limited control for exposures outside the industry that have also been observed to be associated with excess risk, such as exposure to pesticides, working/living on pig farms, and exposure to X-rays. The findings provide evidence that workers in the meat industry may be at elevated risk of tumors of the hemopoietic and lymphatic systems. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to identify more conclusively which exposures play an etiologic role in the occurrence of the different histologic types of these tumors.
Changing the conventional rules: Surveying homeless people in nonconventional locations

Abstract This paper describes the feasibility, validity, and cost‐effectiveness of supplementing surveys of shelter clients with surveys of people from nondwelling places (e.g., public places such as bus stations, parked cars and trucks, and abandoned buildings), nonresidential service locations (e.g., soup kitchens, day programs, health clinics), and other residential settings (e.g., jails, hospitals, group homes). The purpose of these supplements is to develop a more accurate estimate of how many homeless people there are, what their needs are, and the extent to which their needs are being met. The essential feature of these attempts involves systematic searches on a sample basis for homeless persons in these places. Reviewing ten studies that have attempted such surveys in the past decade and four that are now attempting to do so, this paper examines the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each approach and when each would be most appropriate. Particular attention is paid to the feasibility and...
Novel compounds from Piper methysticum Forst (Kava Kava) roots and their effect on cyclooxygenase enzyme.

Milled Piper methysticum roots were extracted sequentially with hot water and methanol. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibitory assay directed purification of the methanol extract yielded bornyl esters of 3,4-methylenedioxy cinnamic acid (1) and cinnamic acid (2), pinostrobin (3), flavokawain B (4), and 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (5). The structures of compounds 1−5 were accomplished by spectral experiments. The aqueous extract contained previously reported kava lactones, as confirmed by TLC analysis. Compounds 3 and 5 were isolated for the first time from kava kava roots. Compound 4 showed the highest COX-I inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL. All the compounds tested gave good COX-I and moderate COX-II enzyme inhibitory activities at 100 μg/mL. This is the first report of COX-I and -II inhibitory activities for compounds 1−5. Keywords: Piper methysticum; kava kava; cyclooxygenase; bornyl ester; cinnamic acid; pinostrobin; flavokawain
Schooling and changes in the inequality in male and female Earnings in the United States Over the 1970s

$ref: $jnl: $au: $fn:J. S. $sn:Akin $eau: $au: $fn:I. $sn:Garfinkel $eau: $chti:The quality of education and cohort variation in black-white earnings ditferentials: comment $title:American Economic Review $vol:70 $year:1980 $fp:186 $lp:191 $ejnl: $bk: $au: $fn:G. $sn:Becker $eau: $title:The Economics of Discrimination $pub: $name:University of Chicago Press $cty:Chicago. $year:1957 $epub: $ebk: $jnl: $au: $fn:A. H. $sn:Beller $eau: $chti:The impact of equal opportunity policy on sex differentials in earnings and occupations $title:American Economic Review $vol:72 $year:1982a $fp:171 $lp:175 $ejnl: $jnl: $au: $fn:A. H. $sn:Beller $eau: $chti:Occupational segregation by sex: determinants and changes $title:Journal of Human Resource $vol:17 $year:1982b $fp:371 $lp:192 $ejnl: $jnl: $au: $fn:B.R. $sn:Bergmann $eau: $chti:The effect on white income of discrimination in employment $title:Journal of Political Economy $vol:6 $year:1971 $fp:294 $lp:313 $ejnl: $jnl: $au: $fn:A. S. $sn:Blinder $eau: $chti:Wage discri...
International Comparisons of Survival on Dialysis: Are They Reliable?

Sharp discrepancies between reported survivals on maintenance hemodialysis in the United States compared with Europe and Japan have provoked broad criticism of the American system of treating irreversible uremia. Although this negative view of renal therapy in the United States is supported by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), consensus conferences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and numerous social critics of the American health care system, the contention has not been sustained by appropriate statistical analysis. The United States has the world's highest treatment rate for incident kidney failure - double that in Europe. This is mainly due to universal acceptance for uremia therapy. In comparisons with Japan, studies have not taken into account unique aspects of Japanese health care and genetic differences between sampled cohorts of studied kidney patients. In fact, no properly conducted analysis has found that the quality of uremia therapy in the U.S. has been inferior to that of anywhere else. While the allegation may yet be proven true, thus far there is no scientific basis for indicting dialysis in the United States as lacking in quality or quantity when ranked with other industrialized nations.
Moral and ethical decisions: to be or not to be. The 39th Walter J. Zeiter Lecture.

Abstract Strax TE. Moral and ethical decisions: to be or not to be. The 39th Walter J. Zeiter Lecture. Throughout history, some societies have short-changed the weak, the elderly, and children with disabilities. In this lecture, I will explore some of the sad statistics related to dealing with people with disabilities, as well as attitudes toward, and treatments of, children and young adults with disabilities during the past 70 years. I will follow this with some suggestions for change in our society's attitudes toward this vulnerable population.
Separation of principal stresses by SOR technique over arbitrary boundaries

A computerized method is presented that generates a grid mesh within the digitized boundary of a photoelastic specimen as it appears in the single viewing through an overhead polariscope. The second-order partial differential equation for the first linear invariant of stress which satisfies the Laplace equation is solved from the boundary values for the digitized domain by the finite-difference method. Connectivity and the weighting functions that are required for the iterative solution of the systems of linear equations are generated from the digitized information along the boundary. Isochromatic values at each nodal point within the boundary are estimated from the digitized fringe patterns by a scanning technique, and the individual values of principal stresses are determined. To enhance convergence, the method of successive over relaxation is applied with an optimum accelerating factor determined in the course of the solution process. The accuracy and the speed of the solution are tested with three different examples.
The gas-phase reactions of localized and delocalized carbanions with aryl halides: Competition between attack on the π-system and the periphery

Abstract The gas-phase reactions of a series of polyfluorobromobenzenes with stabilized carbanions (substituted benzyl and phenyl anions) were studied in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The carbanions were formed via collision-induced decarboxylation of appropriate carboxylate precursors that were generated in an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The systems show two types of reactivity. Attack on the π-system leads to nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (S N Ar) with the loss of bromide or fluoride anions. Alternatively, attack on the periphery leads to proton transfer or nucleophilic attack on bromine (S N 2@Br), each of which leads to a new phenyl anion. The two types of nucleophiles present different reactivity. The phenyl anion nucleophiles mainly undergo proton transfer reactions, presumably due to their more localized charge as well as destabilizing steric interactions in the S N Ar transition states. The benzyl anions offer more diverse reactivity and greater competition among the entire set of possible reaction pathways. Thermodynamic factors have some control over the measured rate constants and branching ratios, but the preference for bromide vs. fluoride loss in the S N Ar processes does not show a discernable correlation with structural features in the substrates. In addition, there is evidence suggesting non-statistical behavior in the reactions.
Carbon Monoxide Production during the Oxygenation of Cobalt Complexes of Linear Tetrapyrroles. Formation and Characterization of CoII(tetraethylpropentdyopent anion)2

In the presence of dioxygen, four cobalt complexes of linear tetrapyrroles, Co(OEB) (OEB is the trianion of octaethylbiliverdin), [CoII(OEBOx)]I3 (OEBOx is the monoanion of the oxidized form of octaethylbiliverdin), CoII(OEFB) (OEFB is the octaethylformylbiliverdin dianion), and CoII(OEBOMe) (OEBOMe is the dianion of octaethylmethoxybiliverdin) form the bischelate cobalt(II) complex of the anionic dipyrrole, tetraethylpropentdyopent anion, CoII(TEPD)2. Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are formed when CoII(TEPD)2 is produced by the thermal reactions between CoII(OEFB) or Co(OEB) and O2. Three different crystal morphologies of CoII(TEPD)2 have been analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In each case the cobalt atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of the two propentdyopent ligands in a pseudotetrahedral fashion. In each morphology, a common tab/slot intermolecular C−H···O hydrogen bond interaction that involves the methine C−H unit and two adjacent C−H units of the flanking ethyl groups a...
Metallogenic evolution of convergent margins: Selected ore deposit models

Abstract Metallogenic patterns in convergent margin arcs are related to thickness of the arc crust and its petrologic evolution, which are themselves linked by a positive correlation between average silica content of arc rocks and average thickness of arc crust. In general, tin, mercury, antimony and fluorine are most abundant in areas of thickest crust. Although the composition of ore deposits is strongly controlled by deep crustal and mantle features, the actual form and type of many ore deposits is controlled by upper crustal features, particularly the relative abundance of carbonate and silicate country rock. For instance, epithermal precious metal deposits are commonly associated with subaerial, silicic volcanism, which generally forms in the later stages of arc evolution. Deposits of this type will be absent if arc volcanism is terminated prematurely or removed if subduction of thickened or hot oceanic crust causes extreme uplift and consequent erosion of the upper parts of the arc. Similarly, chimney-manto limestone replacement lead–zinc–silver deposits are common only in terranes with extensive thick limestone units, which are commonly formed in shallow shelf environments. Several important types of convergent margin deposits remain poorly understood. Acid-sulfate deposits in primitive oceanic volcanic arcs are associated with bimodal volcanic suites that appear to have formed at an early stage in the evolution of the arc. Alkaline porphyry copper deposits are closely associated with calc-alkaline porphyry copper deposits, commonly in the same volcanic arc, although they appear to have formed farther back from the trench or during periods of oblique subduction or arc reversal. Massive iron oxide deposits and related base and precious metal mineralization are closely associated with silicic magmas that form during later stages of arc evolution. In addition to tectonic and petrologic factors, metallogenic patterns probably reflect global forcing mechanisms, the most important of which are global seawater anoxia and plate reorganizations. Global anoxia produces deep water environments that favor sedex mineralization and can promote subsurface ore deposition where anoxic bottom waters recharge underlying aquifers. Plate reorganizations can lead to ore deposition by providing extensional environments in the upper crust and possibly by facilitating partial melting of oceanic crust that has been modified by earlier subducting slabs.
Immunology: Hepatitis A virus link to atopic disease

Atopic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, are caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Here we show that infection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) may protect individuals from atopy if they carry a particular variant of the gene that encodes TIM-1 (also known as HAVcr-1) — the cell-surface receptor used by HAV to infect human cells1. Exposure to HAV is associated with poor hygiene, large family size and attendance at day-care centres, all factors that are also inversely associated with atopy2,3,4,5,6. Our discovery indicates that interaction between HAV and TIM-1 genotype may contribute to the aetiology of atopic diseases, and provides a mechanism to account for the hygiene hypothesis.
The synaptic organization of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the opossum

The motor nucleus of the opossum trigeminal nerve consists of a main body and a small dorsomedial cell cluster. The cell bodies form a unimodal population with areas that range from 150–2700 μm2. Golgi impregnations reveal that each neuron has three to six primary dendrites which radiate in all planes from the cell body. Within 300 μm from the soma, the primary dendrites divide into secondary branches and these, in turn, bifurcate into thinner distal dendrites. The overall diameter of the dendritic tree often extends as much as 1 mm, with a rare branch leaving the confines of the nucleus to enter the neighboring reticular formation. Somatic and dendritic spines are often present and are either sessile or complex appendage forms. The perikarya and initial dendritic trunks of trigeminal neurons are contacted by four types of presynaptic terminals which cover more than 40% of the membrane. Most endings are 1–3 μm long and contain either spherical (S) or pleomorphic (P) synaptic vesicles. Another, less common, type of bouton is marked by large dense-core (DC) vesicles. Approximately 8% of the terminals on trigeminal cell bodies are large (2–5 μm) with spherical synaptic vesicles and are always associated with a subsynaptic cistern (C-boutons). These terminals very often interdigitate with adjacent synaptic endings. S-, P-, and C-boutons synapse on the dendritic tree of trigeminal neurons in the following characteristic pattern: proximal dendrites (greater than 5 μm in diameter) are contacted by all three types of terminals; intermediate-sized dendrites (between 2.5 and 5.0 μm in diameter) are most often contacted by S-boutons although P-boutons are also present; and small, distal dendrites (less than 2.5 μm in diameter) are almost always contacted by S- boutons. Both S- and P-boutons contact spines. In order to determine the ultrastructural identity of some of the major afferent systems to the trigeminal motor nucleus, adult opossums were subjected to two different types of lesions. Three and 5 days subsequent to lesions which destroyed most of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, degenerating terminals containing spherical vesicles were found. These endings were S-boutons on more distal parts of the dendritic tree while on the cell body and proximal dendrites they were C-boutons. Seven days after a mesencephalic lesion, expanded glial processes approximated the trigeminal cell membrane. Two days subsequent to lesions which transected commissural fibers from the contralateral trigeminal complex, degenerating S- and P-boutons were found in contact with intermediate and distal parts of the trigeminal dendritic tree.
Strength: a relevant link to functional performance in the neurodegenerative disease of adrenomyeloneuropathy.

Background. With progressive abnormalities in leg strength, tone, and sensation, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is a differential diagnosis for multiple sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraparesis. A...
Articulated Concrete Block Stability Assessment for Embankment-Overtopping Conditions

AbstractArticulated concrete block (ACB) revetment systems are widely used for channel lining and embankment protection. Current approaches for prediction of ACB system stability use a moment stability analysis with a ratio of the boundary shear stress to critical shear stress to account for all hydrodynamic forces, which results in the exclusion of the flow velocity. Two embankment-overtopping laboratory data sets for a given ACB system were initially evaluated using the current industry-accepted design method. A new stability analysis method, termed the shear and velocity stability assessment method, was developed for ACB systems with embankment-overtopping flow, which uses a moment stability analysis in which hydrodynamic forces are computed using both boundary shear stress and flow velocity. A database was developed that included overtopping tests for three ACB systems with varying embankment slopes and lengths. The current design methodology accurately predicted stability for 67% of the tests and the...
Body Composition of Olympic Speed Skating Candidates

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the body composition of speed skaters who were candidates for the 1980 United States Olympic Team. Subjects were 19 males between 16 and 27 years of age. Most subjects had just completed three months of intensive dry-land training. Seven skinfold fat, 11 circumference, and seven diameter sites were measured. Body density was determined by underwater weighing. Study of the speed skaters (mean ± standard deviation) gave the following results: height, 176 ± 8 cm; body weight, 69.6 ± 7.0 kg; body density, 1.081 ± 0.006 g/ml; and relative fat, 7.6 ± 2.6%. The eight speed skaters who were selected for the Olympic Team were significantly older, taller, and heavier in total body weight and fat free weight (FFW) than the non-Olympians. Thus, years of training and greater FFW may help differentiate international caliber male speed skaters. Data on Olympic speed skating candidates from 1968 showed them to be of similar age (20.1 yr) and height (176 cm), but ...
Molecular Imaging of EGFR Expression in Live Cancer Cells Using Immunotargeted Nanoparticles

Using molecular imaging of immunolabeled plasmonic nanoparticles bound by cell surface receptors, we compare epidermal growth factor receptor expression, an indicator of cancerous activity, of both human epithelial carcinoma and brain tumor cell lines.
Compensation technique for the design of wideband surface-acoustic-wave filters using multistrip couplers

The letter describes a technique which can be used to compensate for losses in amplitude response induced by beam profile reshaping by a multistrip coupler when used with weighted surface-acoustic-wave transducers having large time-band-width products. This is achieved by analytically modifying the conventional weighting of the transducers. Experimental results from two filter designs employing this technique are presented.
A dosage-dependent role for Spry2 in growth and patterning during palate development.

Abstract The formation of the palate involves the coordinated outgrowth, elevation and midline fusion of bilateral shelves leading to the separation of the oral and nasal cavities. Reciprocal signaling between adjacent fields of epithelial and mesenchymal cells directs palatal shelf growth and morphogenesis. Loss of function mutations in genes encoding FGF ligands and receptors have demonstrated a critical role for FGF signaling in mediating these epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. The Sprouty family of genes encode modulators of FGF signaling. We have established that mice carrying a deletion that removes the FGF signaling antagonist Spry2 have cleft palate. We show that excessive cell proliferation in the Spry2-deficient palate is accompanied by the abnormal progression of shape changes and movements required for medially directed shelf outgrowth and midline contact. Expression of the FGF responsive transcription factors Etv5, Msx1, and Barx1, as well as the morphogen Shh, is restricted to specific regions of the developing palate. We detected elevated and ectopic expression of these transcription factors and disorganized Shh expression in the Spry2-deficient palate. Mice carrying a targeted disruption of Spry2 fail to complement the craniofacial phenotype characterized in Spry2 deletion mice. Furthermore, a Spry2-BAC transgene rescues the palate defect. However, the BAC transgenic mouse lines express reduced levels of Spry2. The resulting hypomorphic phenotype demonstrates that palate development is Spry2 dosage sensitive. Our results demonstrate the importance of proper FGF signaling thresholds in regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and cellular responses necessary for coordinated morphogenesis of the face and palate.
Ocean margin drilling—A multifaceted picture

While many in the oceanographic community enthusiastically look forward to the Ocean Margin Drilling (OMD) program, others are not sure that the science to be gained will be worth the commitment to such an expensive, technology-intensive venture. The program was 7 years in the planning at the National Science Foundation (NSF), calls for a total cost of about $700 million over the next decade, and is to last through 1989. OMD was envisioned at the NSF as the next step after the enormously successful Glomar Challenger Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Now winding down, DSDP is scheduled to continue through 1981 and taper off in 1982. A proposal has been submitted that would extend Challenger operations through 1983.
Calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of hypertension.

Calcium channel antagonists are widely used antihypertensive agents. Their popularity among primary care physicians is not only due to their blood pressure-lowering effects, but also because they appear to be effective regardless of the age or ethnic background of the patients. The first available calcium channel antagonists utilized immediate-release formulations which, although effective in patients with angina pectoris, were not approved by the US FDA for use in hypertension. When long-acting once-daily formulations were approved in this indication, the short-acting preparations — which had by then become generic and inexpensive — retained some residual unapproved use for hypertension. An observational case-controlled trial, based on such usage, noted that these agents were associated with a greater risk of myocardial infarctions than conventional agents such as diuretics and β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Further case-controlled trials showed, in fact, that the dangers of calcium channel antagonists were confined to the short-acting agents and that approved long-acting agents were at least as well tolerated and effective as other antihypertensive drugs. Cardiovascular outcomes during treatment with calcium channel antagonists have been examined in randomized, controlled trials. Compared with placebo, the calcium channel antagonists clearly prevented strokes and other cardiovascular events and reduced mortality. The effects of these agents on survival and clinical outcomes were similar to those with other antihypertensive drugs. There is a slight tendency for the calcium channel antagonists to be more effective than other drug types in preventing stroke, but slightly less effective in preventing coronary events. These observations extend to high-risk patients with hypertension including those with diabetes mellitus. Even so, patients with evidence of nephropathy should not receive monotherapy with calcium channel antagonists. Such patients are optimally treated with angiotensin receptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors, although addition of other drugs, including calcium channel antagonists, is often required to achieve the tight blood pressure control necessary to provide adequate renal protection. Calcium channel antagonists have a highly acceptable tolerability profile and careful reviews of available data have shown that their use is not associated with increased bleeding or promotion of tumor formation. It is now recognized that reduction of blood pressure in patients with hypertension to levels often <130/85mm Hg should be undertaken in presence of other cardiovascular risk factors or evidence of end organ damage. Because of this important concept, calcium channel antagonists, like the other antihypertensive drug classes, are progressively being prescribed less often as monotherapy, but more typically as part of combination regimens.
Increased Expression of Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase by Carotenoid and Retinoid Replacement in Drosophila Opsin Promoter Fusion Stocks

Abstract Drosophila promoter fusion stocks containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene fused to a 2·8 kb DNA fragment from the Rh1 opsin promoter were carotenoid deprived from egg to adult, and then adults were replaced by feeding carrot juice. CAT activity, determined by radiometric assay, was low in deprived flies; it increased rapidly during the first 3 days of replacement and then declined back to the control level. Retinoic acid increased peak CAT activity as much as carrot juice and more than β-carotene, all-trans retinol or all-trans retinal. These findings suggest that vitamin A serves not only as rhodopsin's chromophore but also influences Rh1 opsin gene transcription. Three stocks with various deletions in the Rh1 opsin promoter lacked the carrot juice-dependent elevation of CAT activity. All three deletions include the region from -701 to -488, suggesting that this region may contain a vitamin A-responsive DNA sequence.
Utilizing Dynamic Stability to Orient Parts

The intent of this research is to study the dynamic behavior of a solid body resting on a moving surface. Results of the study are then used to propose methods for controlling the orientation of parts in preparation for automatic assembly. Two dynamic models are discussed in detail. The first examines the impacts required to cause reorientation of a part. The second investigates the use of oscillatory motion to selectively reorient parts. This study demonstrates that the dynamic behaviors of solid bodies, under the conditions mentioned above, vary considerably with small changes in geometry or orientation.
Clozapine and prazosin slow the rhythm of head movements during focused stereotypy induced by d-amphetamine in rats.

Clozapine is an efficacious, symptom-ameliorating, atypical antipsychotic drug with few extrapyramidal side effects. Clozapine has been reported either not to affect or to increase d-amphetamine-induced stereotypy, a behavior that is blocked by typical antipsychotic drugs. This work used a high-resolution measurement system to reassess clozapine’s effects on d-amphetamine-induced focused stereotypy (FS) in rats. A force-plate actometer permitted the quantitation of the rhythm and vigor of movements during FS. Eight rats received a sensitizing series of doses of 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate, and this dosing regimen induced head movements with a rhythm near 10 Hz. Thirty minutes after d-amphetamine treatment, rats received acute clozapine (2.5–10.0 mg/kg), followed by eight, daily clozapine injections (5.0 mg/kg) given with d-amphetamine on days 2, 5, and 8. Effects of acute doses of the α1-noradrenergic antagonist prazosin (0.5–2.0 mg/kg) on the d-amphetamine response were also examined. Clozapine dose-dependently slowed the near 10-Hz rhythm and reduced the vigor of the d-amphetamine-induced FS. Clozapine significantly lengthened the duration of the FS phase, but the rhythm remained slowed. No evidence for tolerance to clozapine’s rhythm-slowing effects was seen in the subchronic phase. Prazosin dose-dependently reduced the near 10-Hz rhythm induced by d-amphetamine, but prazosin did not lengthen the FS phase. The results show that clozapine diminished the rhythm and vigor of d-amphetamine-induced stereotyped head movements but, at the same time, lengthened the duration of the expression of the stereotypy. α1 antagonism is a likely contributor to the rhythm-modulating effects of clozapine.
The ubiquinol:cytochrome c2c oxidoreductase of Chromatium vinosum

Abstract Chromatophore membranes isolated from the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum exhibit a quinol:cytochrome c2(c) oxidoreductase activity that is sensitive to two specific inhibitors of cytochrome bc1 complexes, antimycin A and myxothiazol. Digests of C. vinosum DNA hybridize to probes constructed from portions of the pet(fbc) operons that code for the cytochrome bc1 complexes of the photosynthetic purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Despite the fact that it has not yet proven possible to isolate a detergent-solubilized, purified cytochrome bc1 complex from C. vinosum, these new results, when combined with spectroscopic and kinetic data available from the literature, indicate that this purple sulfur bacterium contains a cytochrome bc1 complex similar in structure to the well-characterized complexes found in purple non-sulfur bacteria. Equine cytochrome c and cytochromes c2 isolated from the purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas viridis all function as effective electron acceptors from the C. vinosum cytochrome bc1 complex. In contrast, HiPIP (high-potential iron protein) isolated from two purple sulfur bacteria, C. vinosum and Chromatium tepidum, are reduced only at low rates by quinol in the presence of C. vinosum membranes and their reduction is not inhibited by either antimycin A or myxothiazol. These observations support the hypothesis that a protein structurally related to cytochrome c2, rather than HiPIP, is the physiological electron acceptor for the C. vinosum cytochrome bc1 complex. Although it has not yet proven possible to purify the putative C. vinosum cytochrome c2 to homogeneity, we report here that digests of C. vinosum DNA hybridize with probes constructed from portions of the cycA genes coding for cytochromes c2 from Rb. capsulatus, Rps. viridis and Rb. sphaeroides. These DNA hybridization results provide further support for the hypothesis that a cytochrome c2-like protein is present in C. vinosum.
Thematic processing in sentences and texts

Abstract Since many of the semantic relations that exist between clauses in complex sentences also exist between sentences in texts, a description of complex sentence processing should generalize to sentence processing in texts. This paper explores the usefulness of such a generalization for describing the online processing of sentences in narratives. Four experiments on the processing and retention of isolated complex sentences showed that connectives that signal a disruption in the causal and temporal order of propositions influence on-line processing and recall. Four additional experiments on the processing and retention of sentences in narratives showed that causal/ temporal relations within complex sentences and between sentences affect sentence reading time, and the immediate and long term memory organization of propositions. The results sugge partially independent processing systems for both isolated complex sentences and sentences in texts. One set of processes operates on superficial information to obtain a literal propositional representation; another operates on propositional information to obtain a thematic representation of the sentence or text. In general, factors that obscure the thematic relevance of a clause or sentence also indirectly affect the processing of propositional meaning.
Mathematics preparation for medical school: do all premedical students need calculus?

Background: The premedical student confronts a disparate set of required and recommended courses from the various medical schools to which the student might apply. Summary: Students may feel compelled to take courses such as calculus even though most medical schools do not require it and even though it may not be related to either undergraduate academic plans or the core academic needs of the typical future physician. Conclusions: Basic mathematical knowledge—a knowledge of algebra, statistics, and overall numeracy—are each more important for most future physicians than is the traditional calculus course.
Characterization of cDNAs encoding the p44 and p35 subunits of human translation initiation factor eIF3.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a large multisubunit complex that plays a central role in the initiation of translation. It binds to 40 S ribosomal subunits resulting in dissociation of 80 S ribosomes, stabilizes initiator methionyl-tRNA binding to 40 S subunits, and is required for mRNA binding. eIF3 has an aggregate molecular mass of ∼600 kDa and comprises at least 10 subunits. The cDNAs encoding eight of the subunits have been cloned previously (p170, p116, p110, p66, p48, p47, p40, and p36). Here we report the cloning and characterization of human cDNAs encoding two more subunits of human eIF3, namely eIF3-p44 and eIF3-p35. These proteins are immunoprecipitated by affinity-purified anti-eIF3-p170 antibodies, indicating they are components of the eIF3 complex. Far Western analysis shows that eIF3-p44 interacts strongly and specifically with the eIF3-p170 subunit, and weakly with p116/p110, p66, p40, and itself. eIF3-p44 contains an RNA recognition motif near its C terminus. Northwestern blotting shows that eIF3-p44 binds 18 S rRNA and β-globin mRNA. Possession of cloned cDNAs encoding all 10 subunits of eIF3 provides the tools necessary to elucidate the functions of the individual subunits and the structure of the eIF3 complex.
Whistler mode illumination of the plasmaspheric resonant cavity via in situ injection of ELF/VLF waves

[1] Numerical ray tracing indicates that the in situ injection of whistler mode waves of 1 kHz to 4 kHz can be used to illuminate the inner radiation belts and slot region. These results were derived by using the Stanford VLF Ray Tracing Program to simulate sources placed at a total of six points in the inner magnetosphere: L = 1.5, L = 2.0, and L = 2.5 at two geomagnetic latitudes, the equator and a latitude of 20° along each field line. The results demonstrate that an in situ source, by varying the frequency of the injected waves, can illuminate L shells both higher and lower than the source site, with wave frequencies below (above) the local lower hybrid resonance, f LHR , moving to higher (lower) L shells. Accounting for the limitations that would be imposed by a practical antenna immersed in the magnetospheric medium restricts the radiating wave frequency, f, to 0.9 f LHR < F < (f LHR + 1 kHz), and the wave normal angle at injection to no farther than 3° from the resonance cone. Even after accounting for these restrictions, it requires only three in situ sources placed at the above locations to illuminate 1.4 ≃ L ≃ 2.7, which comprises the bulk of the inner radiation belt.
A simple approach to cardinal Lagrange and periodic Lagrange splines

Abstract We derive via a simple formula an explicit expression for the cardinal Lagrange spline as a combination of decreasing null splines and a polynomial correction term near the origin. Many qualitative properties, new and old, are obtained as immediate consequences. The periodic analogue is also discussed. The method is much simpler than those in the previous work of Nilson, ter Morsche, Reimer, and the author, and is readily generalized to cardinal L-splines.
Predictors of family caregivers' physical and psychological health following hospitalization of their elders.

Objective: To identify characteristics present at the time of elders' (≥75 years of age) hospitalization that predicted caregivers' self-reported physical and psychological health 1 year later. Design: A prospective observational cohort study of 104 family caregivers followed for 1 year from the time of their elders' hospitalization. Setting: Urban community hospital with academic affiliation. Subjects: Caregivers of patients enrolled in an evaluation of inpatient interdisciplinary geriatric assessment who provided care for the entire year of follow-up and who participated in all interviews. Main Outcomes: Self-reported physical and psychological health. Results: Caregivers' baseline self-reported physical health (AOR = 21.8; 95% CI = 4.65–102), the impact of caregiving on their social and leisure time activities (AOR = 9.93; 95% CI = 1.71–57.8), and their relationship to their elders (AOR = 6.50; 95% CI = 1.20–35.2) were all significantly associated with self-reported physical health at follow-up. Caregivers' baseline self-reported health (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI = 1.11–12.5), whether or not they had additional current caregiving responsibilities (AOR = 6.67; 95% CI = 1.89–25.0), and the interaction of perceptions of caregiving and the adequacy of family help were significant predictors of psychological health at follow-up, adjusted for baseline psychological health. Conclusion: Information available at the time of elderly patients' admission to the hospital can help to differentiate those caregivers at risk for future physical and psychological distress from those who are likely to continue doing well.
Endometrial Leukocytes Are Altered Numerically and Functionally in Women with Implantation Defects

PROBLEM: A significant cohort of women with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) also suffer from reduced fertility. The finding that neither exogenous hormones nor donor eggs correct the infertility suggests that the problem involves an inherent endometrial defect. METHOD OF STUDY: Endometrial leukocyte populations in women with ATD were quantitated by immunohistochemistry. A semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to examine the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the endometrial samples. RESULTS: A significant increase in the endometrial T-cell population was observed in women with ATD compared to controls. The relative abundance of IL-4 and IL-10 was decreased in women with ATD compared to controls, whereas IFN-γ was increased. No difference was noted in the abundance of TGF-β1. The source of cytokine production for IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ was the endometrial leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Both the leukocyte numbers and cytokine expression profile were altered significantly in a well-defined group of women with implantation defects.
Penetration tests on the DS-2 Mars microprobes: penetration depth and impact accelerometry

Abstract We describe the results of three separate sets of impact tests conducted during the development of the DS-2 Mars Microprobe mission. As well as indicating the promise of penetration to ∼0.5 m depth on Mars, these tests show the utility of accelerometer data in determining the penetration depth, the hardness of the surface material and the existence of layers, and the presence of coarse-grained material. Various lessons learned in instrumentation and operation, airgun testing and target characterization, and penetrator design for reliable separation, are discussed.
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3: A potential therapeutic target of lithium

Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is inhibited by the mood stabilizer lithium in two ways. First, lithium directly inhibits the enzyme. This direct inhibitory effect is amplified in vivo by an increase in the inhibitory phosphorylation of an N-terminal serine in GSK3, enabling low concentrations of lithium to significantly modulate GSK3. Inhibition of GSK3 by lithium has multiple effects on cellular functions due to the numerous substrates of GSK3, any of which may contribute to the mood stabilizing action of lithium. These include regulation of neural plasticity through changes in cellular architecture and remodelling events, regulation of gene expression through modulation of the activities of transcription factors, and regulation of cellular responses to stress and the ensuing modulation of cell survival. The manifold influences of GSK3 on the dynamics of neuronal function provide substantial support for the proposal that GSK3 may be a key target for the therapeutic actions of lithium.
Geography and Music: Making the Connection

Abstract This article explores the connections between geography and popular music and explores a variety of classroom techniques which examine song lyrics for their geographic content. Using the imagery and symbolism that song lyrics can create, classroom lesson ideas are offered in “perception” geography. Popular music remains an untapped source by which geographers can gain yet another insight to understanding human culture.
Enabling P2P Cooperative WMS Proxy Caching and Prefetching in an Educational Environment

Given the great demand and promise for educational use of GIS, real time access to massive remote geospatial datasets for pedagogical purposes would be immensely useful to educators and students. However, such access has remained elusive. In other work, we have demonstrated that a P2P distributed system of client-side proxies can address the challenges posed by the interactive, multiplicative, and exploratory nature of classroom GIS, and we described this system at a high level. In this paper, we present the details of several novel techniques that enable P2P cooperative caching and prefetching of OGC WMS data in an educational lab environment, via an implicit and flexible pyramid tiling scheme, a query smoothing heuristic, and statistical prediction. The techniques are standards-compliant and client-transparent, and provide dramatic improvement in user response times while reducing impact on remote WMS servers.
Multiband retardation control using multi-twist retarders

We introduce and demonstrate an approach to create highly chromatic retardation spectra across various wave­ lengths. The design approach is based on Multi-Twist Retarder (MTR) principle where multiple liquid crystal polymer layers are coated on top of each other on a single substrate. Previous MTRs have been applied to develop broadband achromatic retarders, but here we show that MTRs are quite flexible, and their retardation spectrum can be tuned to create arbitrary profiles. As a representative example, we show this tailorability by creating a retarder which produces approximately zero retardation in visible (500-900 nm) and half-wave retardation in near- infrared (1-2.7 μ m) wavelength region. This would provide enhancement in remote sensing, telecom, and spectroscopy systems where it is advantageous to have an optical element which affects only one band, but is largely transparent otherwise.
The rate of polygenic mutation.

By application of the neutral model of phenotypic evolution, quantitative estimates of the rate of input of genetic variance by polygenic mutation can be extracted from divergence experiments as well as from the response of an inbred base population to selection. The analytical methods are illustrated through a survey of data on a diversity of organisms including Drosophila, Tribolium, mice, and several crop species. The mutational rate of introduction of genetic variance (Vm) scaled by the environmental variance (VE) is shown to vary between populations, species, and characters with a range of approximately 10−4 to 5 × 10−2. Vm/VE for Drosophila viability is somewhat below this range, while hybrid dysgenesis may temporarily inflate Vm/VE beyond 10−1. Potential sources of bias and error in the estimation of Vm are discussed, as are the practical implications of the observed limits to Vm/VE for projecting the long-term response to selection and for testing adaptational hypotheses.
The impact of educational television on young children's reading in the context of family stress

Abstract This study examined the impact of educational media use on young children's (ages 2–5) reading and pre-reading skills in the context of various family stressors (lack of economic resources, family conflict, and maternal depression). We examined the utility of models positing that family stressors directly predict the quality of the home learning environment and educational media use, which then directly predict children's reading and pre-reading skills. Results indicated that all family stressors were negatively related to the quality of the home learning environment, which was in turn directly related to children's reading skills. However, only family conflict was negatively related to educational media use, though media use was positively related to reading skills. Moreover, the magnitude of the relationship between educational media use and reading skills was equal to that of the relationship between the quality of the home learning environment and reading skills. Results suggest that educational media use is less prone to disruption by family stressors than other influences on young children's reading and pre-reading skills.
Classification accuracy improvement of neural network classifiers by using unlabeled data

Classification accuracy improvement of neural network classifiers using unlabeled testing data is presented. In order to increase the classification accuracy without increasing the number of training data, the network makes use of testing data along with training data for learning. It is shown that including the unlabled samples from underrepresented classes in the training set improves the classification accuracy of some of the classes during supervised-unsupervised learning.