cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate carcinoma tissue proteomics for biomarker discovery

BACKGROUND The advent of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has had a profound impact on the diagnosis and treatment of prostate carcinoma. However, the use of PSA levels alone for screening for prostate carcinoma was compromised by the variations in the amount of PSA produced by the benign prostatic tissue specimens. Proteins were involved in various pathways that determine the behavior of a cell. Therefore, information regarding proteins may reveal drug targets and/or markers for early detection. METHODS The authors used surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to determine the protein profiles from fresh tissues of the prostate. Laser capture microdissection was performed to isolate pure populations of cells. RESULTS The authors identified a protein with an average m/Z of 24,782.56 ± 107.27 that was correlated with the presence of prostate carcinoma. Furthermore, using laser capture microdissection, they demonstrated that the origin of this protein, which the authors designated PCa-24, was derived from the epithelial cells of the prostate. PCa-24 expression was detected in 16 of 17 (94%) prostate carcinoma specimens but not in paired normal cells. In addition, this protein was not expressed in any of the 12 benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens that were assayed. CONCLUSIONS PCa-24 may be useful a marker for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:2576–82. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Green's Function Integrals in Undergraduate Electromagnetics

Coverage of the evaluation of the Green's function integrals in a sample of engineering electromagnetics textbooks is surveyed. An analysis of the evaluation of such integrals useful for teaching this topic in undergraduate electromagnetics is presented.
Raman Spectral Investigation of the Complex Species of Ferric Chloride in Concentrated Aqueous Solution

Raman spectra of concentrated aqueous solutions of ferric chloride were recorded in the spectral range 50 to 500 cm−1. In near-saturated solutions, spectra show a four-line pattern typical of the tetrahedral FeCl4− complex: 390 cm−1 (w); 335 cm−1 (vs, p); 135 cm−1 (w); 110 cm−1 (s). At lower concentrations a new species dominates the spectrum, showing characteristic Raman lines at 318 cm−1 (s, p) and 165 cm−1 (vw). Conventional investigations of spectral changes with concentration of Fe(III) and chloride, coupled with group theoretical arguments, indicate that the stoichiometry of the complex must be FeCl3 or lower. Of the several symmetries that a FeCl3 complex might assume (C2v, C3v, D2h (dimer), and D3h), the D3h trigonal bipyramid structure FeCl3·2H2O with three equatorial chloride ligands and two axial waters is most compatible with the spectral evidence.
Late-Onset Pathological Gambling: Clinical Correlates and Gender Differences

Age at illness onset has significant clinical implications for psychiatric disorders. Prior research has not systematically examined age at illness onset and its relationship to the clinical characteristics of pathological gambling (PG). Among a sample of 322 consecutive subjects with current DSM-IV PG, those with late-onset (at or after age 55 years) PG were compared to those with earlier onsets (at or prior to age 25, 26-54 years old) on measures of PG severity, co-occurring disorders, social and legal problems, and family history. Forty-two (13.4%) subjects reported onset of PG at or after age 55 years, 63 (19.6%) reported onset prior to age 25 years, and the majority (n=217; 67.4%) reported onset between the ages of 26 and 54 years. The late-onset group were less likely to declare bankruptcy (p=.029) or have credit card debt attributable to gambling (p=.006). Late-onset PG subjects were significantly more likely to have an anxiety disorder (p<.001) and significantly less likely to have a father (p=.025) or a mother (p=.048) with a gambling problem. Exploratory analyses identified an age-by-gender interaction with respect to treatment-seeking, with more pronounced age-related shortening in the duration between problem onset and treatment seeking observed in men. Age at onset of PG is associated with multiple important clinical features. Long durations of PG prior to treatment-seeking indicate the need for improved prevention efforts among individuals with early PG onset. Late-onset PG is relatively common and has distinct clinical characteristics suggesting that this population might benefit from unique prevention and treatment strategies.
Cardiovascular effects of angiotensin‐II in chickens

Abstract 1. Mature WL cockerels with permanent cannulae in brachial artery and vein were restrained in an isolated sling. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. When the chickens were habituated to the sling, injections began. In each experiment the cockerels were injected intravenously 6 times at 6 min intervals. 2. In the first experiment 6 injections of 0.5 nmol[Aspl,Val5]ANG‐II/kg body weight were given. 3. In the second experiment oxytocin (OT) antagonist ([d(GH2)5‐O‐Me‐Tyr2,Thr4,Tyr9,Orn8]VT) at a dose of 2 nmol/kg, was injected for the first 3 and 0.5 nmol ANG‐II/kg for the last 3 injections. Such OT‐antagonist pretreatment completely abolishes the vasodepressor (VDP) response to neurohypophysial pep‐tides in chickens. 4. Injections of ANG‐II resulted in a biphasic effect on BP, an initial brief fall followed by a prolonged rise. During the hypotensive phase, tachycardia developed which turned into bradycardia as the hypertensive phase appeared. No tachyphy‐laxis of the...
Sports Medicine: The Defensible ‘Alternative’

It is popular among modern scholars in the humanities to describe "myths" or "metaphors" that guide our lives and actions. The corporate literature calls these "paradigms." Whatever the terminology, people more or less consciously use these types of mental structures to interpret events, set priorities, and interact with others. The metaphors that underlie sports medicine emphasize health, functional capacity, and human performance, and our ability to enhance and preserve these throughout life. They appeal to patients in much the same way "complementary and alternative" therapies do; yet sports medicine is supported by the same scientific foundation as other medical disciplines.
The Great Lakes Urban Coastal Observing System (GLUCOS): Results of First Deployments in Coastal Lake Michigan

The UWM Great Lakes WATER Institute is developing an underwater observatory designed for scientific studies of physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Michigan and similar large lakes. GLUCOS, the Great Lakes Urban Coastal Observing System, is a buoy-based sensor network that will support research on the interactions between Milwaukee Harbor and the lake, and other processes in coastal Lake Michigan. The initial system configuration will consist of two large (Endurance) buoys designed to be deployed in fixed positions to gather long (up to 1 year) time series of data, and five smaller (Pioneer) buoys designed for rapid deployment over shorter periods of time (up to 2 months). The more transportable Pioneer buoys can be easily deployed in different array geometries to support changing scientific requirements in a single field season. The Pioneer buoy components of GLUCOS have been built and field tested, both individually and as a multi- buoy array in Lake Michigan near Milwaukee Harbor. The current design of the Pioneer buoys and the results of the Pioneer field tests are the subjects of this paper.
Beliefs about the appropriate age for initiating toilet training: are there racial and socioeconomic differences?

Objective To examine racial and socioeconomic differences in parental beliefs about the appropriate age at which to initiate toilet training. Study design A cross-sectional survey of 779 parents visiting child health providers in 3 clinical sites in Washington, DC and the surrounding metropolitan area completed a self-report survey. The main outcome variable was parental beliefs about the appropriate age at which to initiate toilet training. Using multiple linear regression, differences in beliefs were assessed in relation to race, family income, parental education, parental age, and age of the oldest and youngest children. Results Among respondents, parents felt that the average age at which toilet training should be initiated was 20.6 months (±7.6 months), with a range of 6 to 48 months. Caucasian parents believed that toilet training should be initiated at a significantly later age (25.4 months) compared with both African-American parents (18.2 months) and parents of other races (19.4 months). In the multiple regression model, factors predicting belief in when to initiate toilet training were Caucasian race and higher income. Conclusions Race and income were independent predictors of belief in age at which to initiate toilet training. More research is needed to determine what factors contribute to toilet training practices in diverse populations.
Decolonizing an informal empire: Argentina, Great Britain, and the United States, 1930–1943

The key to understanding how the relationship between Argentina and Great Britain changed during the decade after 1930 lies in the evolution of the British economy and the shifting configuration of political forces within the British Commonwealth of nations after World War I that made it impossible for Great Britain to maintain the old imperial relationship with Argentina. The purpose of Argentine foreign policy during the 1930s was to buy time to alter the internal structure of dependence and allow Argentina greater flexibility in world affairs. Until the structure of the economy could be Changed, primary product exports were vital to the national interest. First the Argentines tried to salvage some portion of their relationship with Great Britain and the market stability they needed in the Roca‐Runciman Pact (1933). Next, they turned to the U.S. for help, but with no success. By 1943, the British and Argentine economies were no longer structurally compatible and the U.S. had declined to accommodate Arge...
Intrabulbar associational system in the rat olfactory bulb comprises cholecystokinin-containing tufted cells that synapse onto the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells.

The intrabulbar associational system (UAS) originates from tufted cells whose axons terminate in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) on the opposite side of the same olfactory bulb. The postsynaptic targets of the IAS are unknown. Subpopulations of tufted cells contain different neuropeptides and transmitters but it is not known if tufted cells forming the IAS are homogeneous with respect to neurotransmitters. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to identify thepostsynaptic targets of the IAS and to determine the major transmitter in this intrabulbar circuit. Biocytin anterograde tracing revealed that the axons of superficially situated tufted cells coursed directly to the IPL where they turned abruptly to run ventrally and dorsally to terminate in the IPL on the opposite side of the olfactory bulb. WGAapoHRP-Au retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochernistry for CCK revealed that all tufted cells retrogradely labeled by WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the IPL were immunoreactive for CCK Anterograde transport of biocytin combined with postembedding immunocytochemical goldlabeling for GABA demonstrated that labeled IAS axons terminate predominantly, if not exclusively, on GABAergic granule cell dendrites in the IPL. These results confirm that the IAS arises from tufted cells and is topographically organized. We further demonstrate that tufted cells forming the IAS use the neuropeptide CCK as a transmitter. In addition, we show that the postsynaptic targets of the CCKergic IAS are the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells coursing through the IPL toward the EPL. As CCK is generally an excitatory neuropeptide, we suggest that the IAS functions to excite topographically discrete populations of granule cells. This action may lead to inhibition of equally discrete populations of mitral/tufted cells. Thus, the IAS may be an intrabulbar inhibitory circuit that coordinates topographically organized neural networks in the olfactory bulb. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The high school "Junior Theme" as an adolescent rite of passage.

This paper examines high school research projects as an adolescent transitional episode that demarks acquisition of a capacity for prolonged creative effort. Whereas tests of courage are important in many subsistence societies, in ours a valued quality of adulthood is the ability to think and act on one's own. Self-report data from 154 students working on a “Junior Theme” are employed to illustrate the psychological significance of this kind of “rite.” The students report a range of emotional states that are well out of their normal school experience. Many go through a process of personal involvement and self-searching that resembles an identity quest. As a result of the project students feel they have acquired a new status, one that separates them from the uninitiated and puts them closer to the status and power of an autonomous adult.
Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis

Twenty-one obsessive-compulsive patients were treated by continuous exposure to discomfort-evoking stimuli and complete prevention of discomfort-reducing rituals. Inventories and evaluation scales were used by an independent assessor and by the patient to measure outcome. For most variables no change occurred during the pretreatment period; a marked improvement was observed after therapy and at follow-up. About two-thirds of the patients became asymptomatic after treatment. Differences between checkers and washers, as well as conditions influencing synchrony between obsession and compulsion, are briefly considered.
Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis

Secondary causes of bone loss are not often considered in patients who are diagnosed as having osteoporosis. In some studies, 20% to 30% of postmenopausal women and more than 50% of men with osteoporosis have a secondary cause. There are numerous causes of secondary bone loss, including adverse effects of drug therapy, endocrine disorders, eating disorders, immobilization, marrow-related disorders, disorders of the gastrointestinal or biliary tract, renal disease, and cancer. Patients who have undergone organ transplantation are also at increased risk for osteoporosis. In many cases, the adverse effects of osteoporosis are reversible with appropriate intervention. Because of the many treatment options that are now available for patients with osteoporosis and the tremendous advances that have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the condition, it is important that medical disorders are recognized and appropriate interventions are undertaken. This article provides the framework for understanding causes of bone loss and approaches to their management.
Reality versus extrapolation: an academic perspective of cancer risk regulation.

(1996). Reality Versus Extrapolation: An Academic Perspective of Cancer Risk Regulation. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 28, No. 1-2, pp. 181-195.
Successful Autologous Cord Blood Transplantation in a Child with Acquired Severe Aplastic Anemia

Over 400 cases of pediatric SAA occur annually in the United States. A growing number of children with SAA may have had their stem cells harvested through cord blood collection. We describe a nine-yr-old male with SAA treated successfully with an autologous cord blood transplant following immunoablative chemotherapy. With the increasing number of people cryopreserving autologous cord blood, the use of autologous cord blood in the treatment of SAA might be considered as initial therapy. This case serves to discuss approaches to preparative therapy as well as the potential complications in this growing cohort of patients.
The Unity of Peace and Socialism? The World Peace Council on a Cold War Tightrope Between the Peace Struggle and Intrasystemic Communist Conflicts

The paper explores the theoretical unity between socialism and peace that motivated the communist-dominated World Peace Council (WPC) in the Cold War. Within the broad WPC spectrum, intrasystemic conflicts were tangibly expressed around the Hungarian events of 1956. With growing differentiation in world communism, especially Sino-Soviet conflict, tensions escalated when Warsaw Treaty states marched into Czechoslovakia in 1968. Instrumentalization of peace councils to serve state and party interests provides a second analytical focus on the link between peace and socialism. As Third World states emerged and national liberation movements consolidated political ideologies, the concept of just war acquired new meaning within anti-imperialist discourse. Examples are the Arab-Israeli wars, unconditional advocacy of armed struggle, and Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. The World Peace Council danced a tightrope during the Cold War between Soviet security interests, systemic ambitions, and underlying communist postulates.
Completion of a Programmable DNA-Binding Small Molecule Library.

Hairpin pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamides are programmable oligomers that bind the DNA minor groove in a sequence-specific manner with affinities comparable to those of natural DNA-binding proteins. These cell-permeable small molecules have been shown to enter the nuclei of live cells and downregulate endogenous gene expression. We complete here a library of 27 hairpin Py-Im polyamides, which bind seven-base-pair sequences of the general form 5′-WWGNNNW-3′ (where W=A or T, N=W, G, or C). Their equilibrium association constants (K_a) range from K_a=1×10^8 to 4×10^(10) M^(−1) with good sequence specificity. A table of binding affinities and sequence contexts for this completed 27-member library has been assembled for the benefit of the chemical biology community interested in molecular control of transcription.
Timing- and Termination-Sensitive Secure Information Flow: Exploring a New Approach

Secure information flow guarantees the secrecy and integrity of data, preventing an attacker from learning secret information (secrecy) or injecting untrusted information (integrity). Covert channels can be used to subvert these security guarantees, for example, timing and termination channels can, either intentionally or inadvertently, violate these guarantees by modifying the timing or termination behavior of a program based on secret or untrusted data. Attacks using these covert channels have been published and are known to work in practiceâ as techniques to prevent non-covert channels are becoming increasingly practical, covert channels are likely to become even more attractive for attackers to exploit. The goal of this paper is to understand the subtleties of timing and termination-sensitive noninterference, explore the space of possible strategies for enforcing noninterference guarantees, and formalize the exact guarantees that these strategies can enforce. As a result of this effort we create a novel strategy that provides stronger security guarantees than existing work, and we clarify claims in existing work about what guarantees can be made.
Transient modeling of electromechanical relays. Part I: armature type overcurrent relay

An electromechanical, armature type 50 relay is modelled in EMTP/ATP using TACS. Mechanical, magnetic, and electrical characteristics are represented in the form of simple mathematical models that can provide a useful tool for studying the dynamic responses of the armature type 50 devices and incorporating them into a power system transient analysis. This paper is the first part of a summary report by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) of work on relay modeling sponsored by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). It presents the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program/Alternative Transient Program (EMTP/ATP) model for armature type 50 instantaneous overcurrent relays that compares with actual tests performed on the devices on a power system simulator (PSS).
Comparative Analysis of Conventional Papanicolaou Tests and a Fluid-Based Thin-Layer Method

Results.—Use of ThinPrep showed a greater than 100% increase in the detection rate of squamous intraepithelial lesions (1.3%‐3.4% in period 1 and 1.3%‐2.9% in period 2), which was statistically significant after correcting for selection bias. We also found a significant decrease in the false-negative proportion (57% in period 1 and 35% in period 2). There was a marked improvement (233%) in the detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in high-risk cases and a decrease in the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance to squamous intraepithelial lesion ratio from 3.1 to 1.5 in period 2. Conclusion.—ThinPrep is better than the conventional Papanicolaou test in detecting squamous intraepithelial lesions and is a superior screening test in detection of precancerous changes of the cervix. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:200‐204)
Development and characterization of a cell line that stably expresses an estrogen-responsive luciferase reporter for the detection of estrogen receptor agonist and antagonists.

Recently several advisory committees (EDSTAC, ICCVAM) haverecommendedthat stable estrogen-dependent geneexpression assays be developed for screening chemicals for estrogenic activity becauseofthehighdegreeofspecificityoftheresponseandpotential for use in a high-throughput mode. In this paper we describe a specific,sensitiveassaydevelopedforscreeningchemicalsforestrogenicandantiestrogenicactivities.T47Dhumanbreastcancercells, which naturally express estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta, were stably transfected with a triplet ERE (estrogen-responsive elements)‐promoter‐luciferase reporter gene construct. The transformed cells were named T47D-KBluc. These cells are sensitive to the potent estrogens, 17b-estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, and diethylstibesterol, and well-characterized weaker environmental estrogens like genistein, HPTE (an estrogenic pesticide metabolite),and4-nonylphenol.TheEC50forestradiolwasabout0.01nM, reaching maximal induction at 0.1 nM. The antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, was able to completely inhibit the induction of luciferase expression by 0.1 nM estradiol at 10 nM, with an IC50 of 1 nM. In addition,wewereabletoreplicate,inthisinvitroassay,theobservation that low concentrations of cadmium were able to induce estrogen-dependent gene expression, an effect that was completely inhibited by the potent antiestrogen ICI 182,780. The potent glucocorticoidreceptor agonist,dexamethasone,was withouteffect asan ERagonistatconcentrationsupto10nM,whereasthepotentandrogen,dihydrotestosterone(DHT),showednoinductionatconcentration of 50 mM, but was a partial agonist at high concentrations of 0.2 mM and above. In summary, we have developed a specific, sensitive estrogen-responsive gene expression assay in a stable cell line that could possibly be adapted for high throughput screening of large numbers of chemicals for estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity.Inaddition,hereinwealsoprovidekeyprotocolrecommendations necessary to identify and eliminate common problems encountered in in vitro screening for estrogenicity.
Studies of relativistic wave−particle interactions in plasma-based collective accelerators

The interaction of externally injected charged particles (electrons) with plasma waves moving with a phase velocity that is very close to the speed of light is examined. Such plasma waves form the basis of at least three collective accelerator schemes: the plasma beat wave accelerator (PBWA), the plasma wake-field accelerator (PWFA), and the laser wake-field accelerator (LWFA). First, the electron trapping threshold, energy gain and acceleration length are examined using a 1-D model. This model elucidates how the final energies of the injected test electrons depend upon their injection and extraction phases and phase slippage. Phase energy diagrams are shown to be extremely useful in visualizing wave-particle interactions in 1-D. Second, we examine, using a two-dimensional model, the effects of radial electric fields on focusing or defocusing the injected particles depending upon their radial positions and phases in the relativistically moving potential well. Finally, we extend the model to 3-D so that the effect of injected particles' emittance on the acceleration process may be determined. This simple 3-D model will be extremely useful in predicting the electron energy spectra of several current experiments designed to demonstrate ultrahigh gradient acceleration of externally injected test particles by relativistic plasma waves.
Rethinking Criminal Justice Responses to Intimate Partner Violence

Insult to Injury: Rethinking Our Responses to Intimate Abuse is Linda G. Mills’s indictment of the overly criminal-justice–reliant response to domestic violence in the United States. Mills advocates a single, new intervention in domestic violence cases to replace the current system of arrests, prosecution, and jail time. (About civil orders of protection, the work is curiously silent.) In this essay, I will argue that although Mills makes some thoughtprovoking points and some accurate criticisms of our current response to domestic violence, her own particular view of domestic violence causation leads her to misread history and oversimplify what is developing into a provocative, serious, and complicated debate about the public response to domestic violence. In her brief against mandatory arrest policies and overreliance on arrest and prosecution, Mills astonishingly presents her case as if she were the lone prophet in the wilderness. As most readers of Violence Against Women are aware, the effectiveness of criminal justice approaches and the issue of mandatory arrest in particular have been extensively discussed by a variety of noted scholars, researchers, and activists. Miller (1989, 2000) has discussed mandatory arrest policies and their effects on women of color and poor women. Early on, Zorza (1994) analyzed the implications of arrest and prosecution of batterers, as have Buzawa and Buzawa (1993, 1996). In a recent survey of the literature on the effectiveness of the criminal justice response, Iovanni and Miller (2001) concluded that the system has only a limited ability to keep women safe due to the fact that the problem has its roots in the structured, gendered inequality in society. Coker’s (2000) survey of the research literature also led her to conclude that for significant numbers of poor women of color, the benefits of mandatory
Provisioning service differentiation in ad hoc networks by modification of the backoff algorithm

An ad hoc network is a rapidly deployable wireless network that has no centralized control mechanism. Mobile devices in an ad hoc network request a variety of data types, including text and multimedia data. Different types of data need to be treated with different qualities of service. The implementation of service differentiation in wireless networks is very difficult because of device mobility and wireless channel contention. A backoff algorithm is used for resolving contention. Modification of the conventional backoff algorithm allows the design of several classes of flows. This paper specifies three types of flow classes: gold, silver, and bronze. Simulation results illustrate that the gold class flows receive almost up to their requested target bandwidth and the silver class flows are treated with reasonably high bandwidth allocation compared to the bronze class flows.
Survey of integrated-circuit-oscillator phase-noise analysis

This tutorial distills the salient phase-noise analysis concepts and key equations developed over the last 75years relevant to integrated circuit oscillators. Oscillator phase and amplitude fluctuations have been studied since at least 1938 when Berstein solved the Fokker-Planck equations for the phase/amplitude distributions of a resonant oscillator.
Pediatric endurance and limb strengthening for children with cerebral palsy (PEDALS) – a randomized controlled trial protocol for a stationary cycling intervention

In the past, effortful exercises were considered inappropriate for children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) due to concern that they would escalate abnormalities including spasticity and abnormal movement patterns. Current scientific evidence indicates that these concerns were unfounded and that therapeutic interventions focused on muscle strengthening can lead to improved functional ability. However, few studies have examined the potential benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness exercises in this patient population. The rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of a stationary cycling intervention for children with CP are outlined here. Sixty children with spastic diplegic CP between the ages of 7 and 18 years and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels of I, II, or III will be recruited for this study. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an intervention (cycling) or a control (no cycling) group. The cycling intervention will be divided into strengthening and cardiorespiratory endurance exercise phases. During the strengthening phase, the resistance to lower extremity cycling will be progressively increased using a uniquely designed limb-loaded mechanism. The cardiorespiratory endurance phase will focus on increasing the intensity and duration of cycling. Children will be encouraged to exercise within a target heart rate (HR) range (70 – 80% maximum HR). Thirty sessions will take place over a 10–12 week period. All children will be evaluated before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the intervention period. Primary outcome measures are: knee joint extensor and flexor moments, or torque; the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM); the 600 Yard Walk-Run test and the Thirty-Second Walk test (30 sec WT). This paper presents the rationale, design and protocol for Pediatric Endurance and Limb Strengthening (PEDALS); a Phase I randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a stationary cycling intervention for children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
Polylactosaminoglycan modification of a small integral membrane glycoprotein, influenza B virus NB

The structure of the carbohydrate components of NB, the small integral membrane glycoprotein of influenza B virus, was investigated. The carbohydrate chains of NB are processed from the high-mannose form (NB18) to a heterogeneous form of much higher molecular weight, designated NBp. Selection of this carbohydrate-containing form of NB with Datura stramonium lectin, its susceptibility to digestion by endo-beta-galactosidase, and determination of the size of NBp glycopeptides by gel filtration chromatography suggested that the increase in molecular weight is due to processing to polylactosaminoglycan. Investigation of the polypeptides produced by influenza B/Lee/40 virus infection of several cell types and another strain of influenza B virus suggested that the signal for modification to polylactosaminoglycan is contained in NB. Expression of mutants of NB lacking either one or both of the normal N-terminal sites of asparagine-linked glycosylation indicated that both carbohydrate chains are modified to contain polylactosaminoglycan. NBp and a small amount of unprocessed NB18 are expressed at the infected-cell surface, as determined by digestion of the surfaces of intact cells with various endoglycosidases. Unglycosylated NB, expressed either in influenza B virus-infected cells treated with tunicamycin or in cells expressing the NB mutant lacking both N-linked glycosylation sites, was expressed at the cell surface, indicating that NB does not require carbohydrate addition for transport.
Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in the U.S.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship of the carbon Kuznets curve. We discuss two potential flaws in past carbon Kuznets curve studies: one, the potential misspecification of energy consumption as a control variable; and, two, the use of vector error correction models as an empirical specification. Given these potential flaws we estimate a dynamic ordinary least squares model of monthly carbon dioxide emissions, personal income, and energy production in the U.S. from 1981 to 2003. Our results suggest that economic growth drives emissions intensities, not absolute emissions as is often implied in past studies.
Geological data bases combine

In a move designed to eliminate overlap and increase coverage of scholarly publications, three major institutions have agreed to pool their resources in compiling a common geological bibliographic data base. The American Geological Institute (AGI), the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) will begin producing a joint bibliographic record in 1981, according to information furnished by AGI. The associations will retain their present reference resources—AGI's GeoRef, BRGM's Geode, and the geology sections of CNRS's Pascal—but each will contain all citations in the joint data base. French and English will be the primary languages. Coverage will include all materials previous indexed by the individual reference services.
Spreadsheet table transformations from examples

Every day, millions of computer end-users need to perform tasks over large, tabular data, yet lack the programming knowledge to do such tasks automatically. In this work, we present an automatic technique that takes from a user an example of how the user needs to transform a table of data, and provides to the user a program that implements the transformation described by the example. In particular, we present a language of programs TableProg that can describe transformations that real users require.We then present an algorithm ProgFromEx that takes an example input and output table, and infers a program in TableProg that implements the transformation described by the example. When the program is applied to the example input, it reproduces the example output. When the program is applied to another, potentially larger, table with a 'similar' layout as the example input table, then the program produces a corresponding table with a layout that is similar to the example output table. A user can apply ProgFromEx interactively, providing multiple small examples to obtain a program that implements the transformation that the user desires. Moreover, ProgFromEx can help identify 'noisy' examples that contain errors.To evaluate the practicality of TableProg and ProgFromEx, we implemented ProgFromEx as a module for the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. We applied the module to automatically implement over 50 table transformations specified by endusers through examples on online Excel help forums. In seconds, ProgFromEx found programs that satisfied the examples and could be applied to larger input tables. This experience demonstrates that TableProg and ProgFromEx can significantly automate the tasks over tabular data that users need to perform.
Studies With Whitefly Parasites of Southern California: I. Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Studies on the biology of Encarsia pergandiella Howard, a solitary, arrhenotokous endoparasite, revealed that fertilized eggs, which give rise to females, are deposited in whitefly nymphs preferably in second, third or fourth instar, while unfertilized eggs, which give rise to males, are deposited in Encarsia larvae at whose expense they develop. The parasite adults were observed to feed on body fluids of whitefly nymphs. Both sexes have a pupal and three larval stages, and development from egg to adult at approximately 75° F. takes 15 days for the females and 13 to 14 days for the males. Mean longevity of the females at constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied. Actual mean fecundity at 75 ± 4° F. was 48.5 eggs per female, all of which were deposited during the first 70% of her life, provided hosts were abundant. Field observations revealed that E. pergandiella was present throughout the year, reaching highest numbers in the spring and summer. The parasite does not have an obligatory period of dormancy for all of its individuals. E. pergandiella was not able to prevent whiteflies from causing heavy damage to plants. The reason may be in the discrepancy between the rate of increase of the whitefly and the parasite.
Toward understanding analogical mapping and ideological cataloguing in the brain: Poster paper

The ensemble application of the mind-state indicator (MSI) and intention awareness (IA) methodologies in linguistic metaphors offers insights on how the brain finds meaning in abstract expressions. In particular, IA and MSI are jointly exploited to provide concepts for sentic computing that can catalogue and analogically map ideas similar to that of the human brain. Since metaphors convey similarities, using analogical metaphors yields sources and targets from which conceptual meanings can be derived. Sources relate to external experiences, while targets relate to mood states, or states of mind. Understanding such states of mind is crucial in identifying, examining, and mapping phrases. While targets reflect state of mind, IA is the key to the individual's actual state of mind. Computing metaphor targets and target moods and filtering semantic and sentic patterns of metaphors based on IA make it possible to associate a target with a source and, hence, perform analogically mapping.
Vaccines against tuberculosis: moving forward with new concepts.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), infects one-third of the world’s population. While most infected individuals develop latent TB, 5–10% of infected individuals develop active TB. In addition, although most infected people with latent TB remain asymptomatic, they have approximately 10% lifetime risk of developing into active TB. This results in approximately 8.8 million new cases of TB per year and 1.4 million deaths per year worldwide due to TB [1]. In addition, antibiotic treatment regimes for TB treatment are long and therapeutic strategies such as directly observed drug therapy require significant infrastructure. The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria along with increased incidence of HIV-associated TB further emphasizes the need for better vaccines against TB [1]. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is the only available vaccine for TB; however, the protective efficacy is variable and ranges from 0–80% in different geographical locations [2]. This review will briefly dis cuss possible reasons for failure of licensed TB vaccines, overview of TB vaccines in clinical trials and discuss new immune protective correlates that may provide some insights into future design of TB vaccines.
Consumer Self-Confidence in Wine Consumers: The Role of Knowledge-Based Factors

This study uses the Wine Self-Confidence Scale (WSCS) with a sample of 297 customers of ABC Fine Wine and Spirits, a Florida-based retailer, to examine aspects of self-confidence in wine purchasing. The results indicate that two knowledge-based self-confidence factors (information knowledge and persuasion knowledge) were predominant for these consumers. The study showed strong support for the WSCS, which was developed as a measure of self-confidence in wine buying by Olsen, Thompson, and Clarke (2003) and how these relate to reliance on personal experience.
New Survey for the Fire Ant Microsporidia Vairimorpha invictae and Thelohania solenopsae in Southern South America, with Observations on Their Field Persistence and Prevalence of Dual Infections

The exploration for the fire ant diseases Vairimorpha invictae Jouvenaz and Ellis (Microsporidia: Burenellidae) and Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen, and Hazard (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) was conducted from 2001 to 2005 in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Brazil. A total of 2,064 colonies were sampled from 262 sites. Three sites with high prevalence of pathogens were monitored periodically for the persistence of the infections. V. invictae occurred at 12% of the sites and in 10% of the colonies. Except for one infected colony in Bolivia, its distribution was restricted to the eastern part of the region surveyed. The highest occurrence was in Santa Fe Province. T. solenopsae presented a much wider distribution. It occurred at 25% of the sites and in 13% of the colonies. The highest occurrence was in Buenos Aires Province. This is the first report of T. solenopsae in the northwest, in the west, in central Argentina, and in Bolivia, and infecting S. interrupta (Santschi). Simultaneous infections were found at 4% of the sites and in 2.2% of the colonies. The periodical examination revealed high infection levels in most occasions. The prevalence of T. solenopsae ranged from 10 to 90% of the colonies, V. invictae from 0 to 60%, and dual infections from 0 to 50%. Each microsporidium exhibited a characteristic enzootic/epizootic wave. Successive epizootic levels observed in both infections provide a more constant pressure against fire ant populations. These diseases are promising classical biological control agents of the imported fire ants in the United States.
From differential transcription of ribosomal proteins to differential structure of ribosomes

About a decade ago, I observed that as the cell growth rate increases, mRNAs coding for ribosomal proteins are transcriptionally induced to varying degrees. This observation puzzled me as it defied my expectation that faster growing cells meet their demands for increased protein synthesis by simply inducing all ribosomal proteins to the same degree to make more ribosomes. These initial data were limited to mRNA levels and thus too indirect to make concrete conclusions about ribosomal structure and function. This commentary outlines my trajectory investigating this puzzle in search of more direct data.
Arbitrary, Natural, Other: J. G. Herder and Ideologies of Linguistic Will

ABSTRACTThis article argues for a more sophisticated reading of linguistic naturalism, and a new ecological understanding of language's continuous change, in J. G. Herder's Treatise on the Origin of Language. I make the case that Herder's rejection of linguistic “arbitrariness” (Willkurlichkeit) was part of a broader, characteristically Romantic effort to theorize a different kind of linguistic will, distributed among a group or collective. The article ends by suggesting that ideologies contributing to linguistic nationalism for which he is often held accountable actually embody habits of thought that Herder wrote precisely to unravel.
Anesthetic management for the patient with Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.

Mounier-Kuhn 症候群は, 気管, 気管支の先天的異常があり, 気管, 気管支巨大症とも呼ばれる. 症状としては(1)長期にわたる咳嗽(2)気管分泌物排泄能の低下(3)感染の反復等があり, 本症例も慢性気管支炎と診断されていた. Mounier-Kuhn 症候群患者の麻酔管理に関する報告は見当たらず, 今回, 本症候群と診断され, 胸廓出口症候群の合併により, 第一肋骨切除術が施行された症例の麻酔管理を行なったので若干の考察を加えて報告する.
Mechano-Electrochemistry and Fuel-Forming Mechano-Electrocatalysis on Spring Electrodes

Each material, in principle, possesses a continuum of electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties that can be reversibly tuned by mechanical stress over its elastic range. As an initial test of this hypothesis we investigate stainless steel extension springs as electrodes. Stretching the springs reversibly doubles the heterogeneous rate constant for electron transfer to a redox species in solution, Ru(NH3)6Cl3, while the charge transfer rate through a surface film of Ni(II/III) oxy-hydroxide increases ∼4-fold. Straining the springs near their elastic limit in 1 M NaOH increases the electrcatalytic hydrogen evolution current by ∼50% and the oxygen evolution current by ∼300%. Thus, even the small elastic strain (∼0.1% lattice deformation) that can be applied by stretching a spring leads to significant and reversible increases in the rates of: 1) electron transfer to a redox couple in solution, 2) charge transport through a surface film, and 3) electrocatalysis.
The Cellular Transfer of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin in Man

Summary and Conclusion1. It has been possible to passively transfer in 12 consecutive instances cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity to tuberculin negative human recipients by means of an intradermal injection of viable leucocytes obtained from the blood of tuberculin positive human donors.2. The effort at the passive transfer of cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity was unsuccessful when the leucocytes used, in the transfer were obtained from tuberculin negative donors.3. The induced cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin is a transient phenomenon of 4 days to 3 months duration, which can be produced again in the same individual.4. The degree of induced hypersensitivity to tuberculin seems to bear a relationship to the dosage of leucocytes used and the degree of tuberculin hypersensitivity of the leucocyte donor.
Applied Behavior Analysis: A Foundation for Response to Intervention

For most individuals, the field of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) evokes thoughts related to the use of assessment procedures to evaluate the causes of aberrant behavior, the use of reinforcement to produce modifications in social behavior, and/or teaching of basic skills to individuals with disabilities. The principles of ABA, however, also apply to assessing the academic needs of students, selecting appropriate academic interventions, and evaluating individual students’ response to intervention (RTI). In this chapter, the authors describe ABA as a foundation of RTI models. The chapter begins with a description of differences between traditional assessment and behavioral assessment and how those differences necessitate a change in the manner by which schools determine why a student is struggling behaviorally and/or academically. The authors then discuss the fundamental principles of ABA and how those principles can guide schools in better selecting both behavioral and academic targets for change, selecting and developing appropriate interventions, and finally measuring intervention effectiveness.
An Immune Optimization Algorithm with Particle Swarm and Its application

This paper proposes an immune optimization algorithms with particle swarm in order to improve the convergent speed of common immune algorithms.The algorithm keeps the diversity strategy based on the antibodies survival expectation. Also,the crossover and variation are adopted to produce new antibodies. Based on this, the idea of partical swarm optimization is introduced. Partical swarm optimization is used to make the antibodies only follow the global extremum when the antibodies are renewed, and make the antibodies have a definite evolution direction.The algorithm proposed in the paper is used to optimize the typical multi-modal function.The simulation results show the validity of the algorithm. The method proposed is compared with the common immune algorithms.The results show that the new method can improve the convergent speed of the algorithm and has a better performance.
On lyrical Art of Han lin's poeties

The poetries of Han Lin have distinctively lyric feature,and it's decided by the author's inside qualities of a poet.The lyric fashion of Han Lin's poetries includes constructing imagery,using nimble rhetoric and expressing himself directly,etc.Because of loving ardently for life,sticking fast to sentiment and pursuing lofty ideal,the author possesses strong motives to express his emotion.So Han Lin's poetries can be classified as "writing with life".