cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rapid test for sulfate ingress into concrete

A rapid test, based on electrochemical polarization, is described for the ingress of sulfate into concrete. The influence of cement type, water/cement ratio and the presence of supplementary cementitious materials on the initial current delivered and total charge accumulated over six hours was investigated. The results correlate with the sulfate penetration depth determined from two year ponding experiments.
Robotic Grasping of Novel Objects

We consider the problem of grasping novel objects, specifically ones that are being seen for the first time through vision. We present a learning algorithm that neither requires, nor tries to build, a 3-d model of the object. Instead it predicts, directly as a function of the images, a point at which to grasp the object. Our algorithm is trained via supervised learning, using synthetic images for the training set. We demonstrate on a robotic manipulation platform that this approach successfully grasps a wide variety of objects, such as wine glasses, duct tape, markers, a translucent box, jugs, knife-cutters, cellphones, keys, screwdrivers, staplers, toothbrushes, a thick coil of wire, a strangely shaped power horn, and others, none of which were seen in the training set.
The Spotify Paradox: How the Creation of a Compulsory License Scheme for Streaming On-Demand Music Services Can Save the Music Industry

The digitalization of digital media has repeatedly forced Copyright Law to address cutting edge issues of Law. The Digital Performance in Sound Recordings Act extended compulsory licenses to digitally broadcast media. Notwithstanding the complications intrinsic to this provision, the Act stopped short of creating a compulsory license for interactive and on demand services. Streaming services like Spotify, Rdio and now Google Play All-Access are transforming music distribution. Yet these companies are subject to a rate-hike cliff, whereby labels and copyright owners can license content to upstart distributors for relatively little compensation, only to subsequently raise these rates as distributional platforms begin to become profitable. To combat this phenomenon, a compulsory rate should be extended to interactive digital webcasters, and should be structured so as to incentivize both parties to negotiate for a fair rate, outside of the compulsory one.
Sequence and structure of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from glycine max

The gene encoding a key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was cloned from soybean (Glycine max). The purpose was to obtain a molecular probe to study the organization of this gene family in soybean and to examine novel regulatory mechanisms present in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway of this system. A soybean genomic library was constructed in the bacteriophage vector lambda Charon 35. A PAL cDNA clone from Phaseolus vulgaris was used in screening the library, and two PAL genes were isolated. One gene was sequenced entirely and analyzed by sequence homology to the PAL2 gene of Phaseolus vulgaris. Genomic analysis indicates that PAL sequences of Glycine max exist as a small gene family consisting of only two to three members. The representative PAL gene sequenced (PAL1) has a coding region of 2142 basepairs divided among two exons. The single intron is 1519 basepairs and splits the 131st codon.
High dimension action spaces in robot skill learning

Table lookup with interpolation is used for many learning and adaptation tasks. Redundant mappings capture the important concept of "motor skill," which is important in real, behaving systems. Few robot skill implementations have dealt with redundant mappings, in which the space to be searched to create the table has much higher dimensionality than the table. A practical method for inverting redundant mappings is important in physical systems with limited time for trials. We present the "Guided table Fill In" algorithm, which uses data already stored in the table to guide search through the space of potential table entries. The algorithm is illustrated and tested on a robot skill learning task both in simulation and on a robot with a flexible link. Our experiments show that the ability to search high dimensional action spaces efficiently allows skill learners to find new behaviors that are qualitatively different from what they were presented or what the system designer may have expected. Thus the use of this technique can allow researchers to seek higher dimensional action spaces for their systems rather than constraining their search space at the risk of excluding the best actions.
Grief Transformed: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo

In Argentina during the years 1976–1983 the military assumed power, employing oppression, torture, death, and disappearance to intimidate the citizenry. A group of mothers, who met while searching ...
Distribution and regulation of apical Cl/anion exchanges in surface and crypt cells of rat distal colon

Na depletion inhibits electroneutral Na-Cl absorption in intact tissues and Na/H exchange in apical membrane vesicles (AMV) of rat distal colon. Two anion (Cl/HCO3 and Cl/OH) exchanges have been id...
Multinuclear NMR studies of alkali ions in nonaqueous solvents

Nuclear magnetic resonance of alkali elements is a very sensitive probe of the immediate chemical environment of an alkali ion in solutions and can be used to study ion-ion, ion-solvent and ion-ligand interactions. In particular, this technique has been used to determine contact ion pair formation constants, to compare solvating abilities of different solvents and to study the thermodynamics of complexation reactions of alkali ions with macrocyclic polyethers (crowns) and diazapolyoxamacrobicyclic ligands (cryptands) in nonaqueous solvents.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the dragonfly genera Libellula, Ladona, and Plathemis (Odonata: Libellulidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and 16S rRNA sequence data.

Molecular phylogenetic relationships among members of the odonate genus Libellula (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae) were examined using 735 bp of mitochondrial COI and 416 bp of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Considerable debate exists over several relationships within Libellula, as well over the status of two putative genera often placed as subgenera within Libellula: Ladona and Plathemis. Parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of the separate and combined data sets indicate that Plathemis is basal and monophyletic and that Ladona is the sister clade to the remainder of Libellula sensu stricto (s.s.) (all species within the genus Libellula, excluding Plathemis and Ladona). Moreover, two European taxa, Libellula fulva and L. depressa, were found to occupy a sister group relationship within the Ladona clade. Relationships within Libellula s.s. are less well resolved. However, monophyletic lineages within the genus are largely consistent with morphologically based subgeneric classifications. Although tree topologies from each analysis differed in some details, the differences were in no case statistically significant. The analysis of the combined COI and 16S data yielded trees with overall stronger support than analyses of either gene alone. Several analyses failed to support the monophyly of Libellula sensu lato due to the inclusion of one or more outgroup species. However, statistical comparisons of topologies produced by unconstrained analyses and analyses in which the monophyly of Libellula was constrained indicate that any differences are nonsignificant. Based on morphological data, we therefore reject the paraphyly of Libellula and accept the outgroup status of Orthemis ferruginea and Pachydiplax longipennis.
The Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase-Akt-mTOR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-Akt-mTOR pathway is a central signal transduction pathway that regulates many critical aspects of normal and cancer physiology, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell morphology and migration, protein synthesis, and integration of metabolism. In breast cancer, somatic mutations that activate the pathway occur in more than 50% of tumors, underscoring the potentially broad impact of targeting the pathway for therapy. A vast body of preclinical data demonstrates the efficacy of pathway inhibition on tumor growth, and evidence also shows that activation of the pathway occurs in models of acquired resistance to hormonal therapy. This preclinical work led to the investigation of allosteric mTOR inhibitors, everolimus and temsirolimus, in metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The recent BOLERO-2 trial comparing everolimus plus exemestane versus placebo plus exemestane in women with resistance to nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors demonstrated a 6-month improvement in progression-free survival and led to FDA approval of everolimus for this indication in the United States. This landmark trial is the first demonstration of significant clinical benefit using drugs targeting this pathway in breast cancer. Many questions remain about the role of everolimus and other pathway-targeting drugs in clinical development in breast cancer treatment. This article reviews the role of the PI3-kinase-Akt-mTOR pathway in breast cancer biology and the clinical trial evidence available to date.
Impact of Urbanization on Tri-Trophic Interactions in an Endemic Scrub Community

ABSTRACT Human-mediated disturbances have altered every ecosystem on the planet and these changes may have important consequences for biodiversity and community structure. We tested how the degree of urbanization impacts a tri-trophic interaction among the Florida scrub endemic plant Palafoxia feayi, a gallmaking midge, and the associated parasitoid wasps. A combination of field surveys and laboratory rearings were used to determine whether habitat disturbance associated with housing development (e.g., land clearing, fire suppression) was correlated with changes in plant architecture, gallmaker abundance, or parasitoid diversity. We found significant differences in the number of side branches of plants at urban sites, and that the number of galls per plant increased with both the number of side branches and plant height. More parasitoids were found in galls collected from urban sites, but parasitoid diversity was unchanged by urbanization. We conclude that although urbanization influenced plant architectu...
Direct Integration Algorithms for Efficient Nonlinear Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridges

AbstractReinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges are essential lifeline structures, especially in California, which has numerous active faults at which earthquakes are common occurrences. Accurate seismic structural analysis is important to ensure their safety. The most suitable analytical simulation method for this purpose is nonlinear time-history analysis (NTHA). However, one of the main challenges for NTHA is related to the convergence of the numerical solution, which usually arises at high levels of nonlinearity. Inherent lack of high degrees of redundancy of the bridge systems and the need for their continuous functioning in the aftermath of an earthquake require accurate modeling and robust numerical solutions for the response investigation of these important structures. This paper presents solutions to the problems of convergence encountered in NTHA of RC highway bridges during the use of direct integration algorithms. The considered numerical integration algorithms include two that are explicit, ...
Abstract 4408: Molecular mechanisms underlying cancer pain: Application of cellular models

Pain is a major complaint in cancer patients. Little is known about the mechanisms leading to or maintaining cancer pain. This study is aimed to develop novel cellular models to study cancer pain. Isolated primary afferent sensory neurons were employed as a model system in order to produce cancer pain microenvironment in the presence of chemotherapeutic agents and cancer cells. Ca2+ imaging in sensory neurons showed increased [Ca2+]i within cancer pain microenvironment, suggesting a direct activation of sensory neurons. As a critical step in the initiation and transmission of pain cascades, release of pain neurotransmitters such as substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide from primary afferent sensory neurons was studied and found to be significantly enhanced. As a result of sensory neuron activation, intracellular signaling transduction involving several major protein kinases was activated. For example, sub-apoptotic concentrations of paclitaxel (≤ 10 nM) potently elicit [Ca2+]i spikes, leading to PKA and PKC activation, and substance P release from primary afferent neurons. Moreover, AKAP150 was identified as a molecular mechanism synchronizing and transducing the activation of PKA to PKC. Our results reveal the presence of a specific cellular signaling pathway involving Ca2+/PKA/AKAP150/PKC(e, βII, & Δ), independent of apoptosis, mediating pain neurotransmitter release and, ultimately, neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel. Developing cellular models of cancer pain and identifying biomarkers/pathways may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer pain. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4408. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4408
Surface Modification and Radiation-Induced Segregation

Large changes in the distributions of alloying components have been observed in a wide variety of alloys during ion bombardment. This metastable, radiation-induced segregation (RIS) results from the preferential transport of alloying components by defect fluxes. Since the number of radiation-induced defects can exceed the number of implanted ions by several orders of magnitude, RIS can be highly efficient in modifying near-surface alloy compositions. In this paper, the general features of RIS are described. Aspects which are pertinent to the modification of materials by ion beams are emphasized. Examples are given of surface modifications which utilize RIS effects.
Phospholipase C δ4 regulates cold sensitivity in mice.

KEY POINTS The cold- and menthol-activated transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels are thought to be regulated by phospholipase C (PLC), but neither the specific PLC isoform nor the in vivo relevance of this regulation has been established. Here we identify PLCδ4 as the key PLC isoform involved in regulation of TRPM8 channels in vivo. We show that in small PLCδ4(-/-) TRPM8-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons cold, menthol and WS-12, a selective TRPM8 agonist, evoked significantly larger currents than in wild-type neurons, and action potential frequencies induced by menthol or by current injections were also higher in PLCδ4(-/-) neurons. PLCδ4(-/-) mice showed increased behavioural responses to evaporative cooling, and this effect was inhibited by a TRPM8 antagonist; behavioural responses to heat and mechanical stimuli were not altered. We provide evidence for the involvement of a specific PLC isoform in the regulation of cold sensitivity in mice by regulating TRPM8 activity. ABSTRACT The transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channel is a major sensor of environmental low temperatures. Ca(2+) -induced activation of phospholipase C (PLC) has been implied in the regulation of TRPM8 channels during menthol- and cold-induced desensitization in vitro. Here we identify PLCδ4 as the key PLC isoform involved in regulation of TRPM8 in sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We identified two TRPM8-positive neuronal subpopulations, based on their cell body size. Most TRPM8-positive small neurons also responded to capsaicin, and had significantly larger menthol-induced inward current densities than medium-large cells, most of which did not respond to capsaicin. Small, but not medium-large, PLCδ4(-/-) neurons showed significantly larger currents induced by cold, menthol or WS-12, a specific TRPM8 agonist, compared to wild-type (WT) neurons, but TRPM8 protein levels were not different between the two groups. In current-clamp experiments small neurons had more depolarized resting membrane potentials, and required smaller current injections to generate action potentials (APs) than medium-large cells. In small PLCδ4(-/-) neurons, menthol application induced larger depolarizations and generation of APs with frequencies significantly higher compared to WT neurons. In behavioural experiments PLCδ4(-/-) mice showed greater sensitivity to evaporative cooling by acetone than control animals. Pretreatment with the TRPM8 antagonist PBMC reduced cold-induced responses, and the effect was more pronounced in the PLCδ4(-/-) group. Heat and mechanical sensitivity of the PLCδ4(-/-) mice was not different from WT animals. Our data support the involvement of PLCδ4 in the regulation of TRPM8 channel activity in vivo.
Classification of Vitreous Seeds in Retinoblastoma: Correlations with Patient, Tumor, and Treatment Characteristics.

Purpose To evaluate the patient, disease, and tumor characteristics of the 3 morphologically distinct groups of vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma presenting for treatment with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC): dust (class 1), spheres (class 2), and clouds (class 3) in primary and recurrent vitreous seeds. Design Retrospective cohort study of patients treated for vitreous seeds at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between May 2006 and March 2015. Participants A total of 135 eyes with active vitreous seeds, presenting for primary treatment with OAC or with recurrent vitreous disease. Methods Vitreous seeds were classified into 3 groups: dust, spheres, and clouds. Indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, ultrasonography, and ultrasonic biomicroscopy were used to locate and evaluate the extent of retinal and vitreous disease. Patient and disease characteristics (age, laterality of disease, treatment status) were compared among classification groups. A 2-tailed Fisher exact test and paired Student t test were used for statistical analysis. Main Outcome Measures Age of patient, laterality of disease, location of retinal disease, extent of vitreous disease, and treatment status. Results Primary treated disease: Patients with eyes containing class 3 (cloud) vitreous seeds were significantly older than patients with class 1 or 2 seeds ( P P P P P P = 0.01) and in patients with bilateral disease ( P Conclusions The 3 classes of vitreous seeds have distinct clinical characteristics associated with the age of patient, laterality of disease, and extent and location of tumor-producing seeds. Furthermore, recurrent vitreous seeds appear to have a unique clinical profile compared with seeds receiving primary treatment.
The dynamic role of social media during Hurricane #Sandy

Social media has introduced a key ingredient, and a potentially unfamiliar variable, into the practice of crisis communication. In this paper, the authors critically assess the social media milestones related to Hurricane Sandy according to situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) (Coombs, 2007). Further, we discuss the crisis lifecycle of Hurricane Sandy with regard to the potential implementation of the STREMII model of social media crisis management, a proposed model originated through this research application. This original model develops from lessons and best practices discovered in historical and contemporary cases of social media crises and crisis management. The researchers acknowledge potential limitations and describe steps for further development of the model through research, all the while recognizing the powerful and paradoxical role of social media in the crisis management process. In reflection of Hurricane Sandy, further qualitative and quantitative examinations of crisis events are encouraged to evaluate the STREMII model continually in the dynamic social media climate and across the vast facets of crisis communication. Hurricane Sandy is analyzed as a crisis case to introduce the STREMII model.STREMII, a model for social media communication, is discussed related to Coomb's SCCT.The dark and bright side uses of social media during Hurricane Sandy are examined.Various crisis lifecycles are linked to the STREMII model.Next steps for utilizing STREMII for crises and natural disasters are presented.
On the growth disparity of Larix principis-rupprechtii under different altitude

Based on Larix principis-rupprechtii in Yangebai Forestry Centre of Mulan National Forestry Administration Bureau,the growth mode of Larixprincipis rupprechtii was established through field survey,measurement and analysis in terms of DBH,tree height and stem volume.T-test also was adopted in analyzing the growth disparities of the Larix principis-rupprechtiis under two different altitudes.It was concluded that the Larix principis-rupprechtii had a better growth performance at an attitude around 1 400 mthan around 1 700 m,with straighter stem of the former than that of the latter.Therefore,the altitude around 1 400 mis supposed to be suitable for Larix principis-rupprechtii to live in Yangebai Forestry Centre of Mulan National Forestry Administration Bureau.
Microalbuminuria: accuracy or economics.

VER THE PAST several years, it has become clear that the determination of the presence of small but excessive amounts of albumin in the urine of patients with diabetes or hypertension is a harbinger of serious future renal and/or cardiovascular complications. The accurate determination of microalbuminuria gives the clinician an opportunity to intervene, to slow or to halt the development of these complications. In 1983, Keen and Chlouverakis first developed a radioimmunoassay for albumin that allowed the quantification of previously undetectable levels of urinary albumin excretion (UAE). 1 This radioimmunoassay is performed using 125 Ilabeled crystalline human albumin and antihuman albumin antibodies. With this assay, UAE rates as low as 1 µg/min could be detected and quantified. 2 In healthy normal adults, UAE rates vary but average 4 to 6 µg/min, with less than 10% of normal adults having UAE rates exceeding 12 µg/min. 3 A consensus group has defined microalbuminuria as a UAE of 20 to 200 µg/min or 30 to 300 mg/24 hr. 4 The clinical term ‘‘proteinuria’’ is applied when UAE rates exceed 200 µg/min or 300 mg/24 hr. Many factors can alter UAE transiently, such as water loading, hyperglycemia, urinary tract infections, extreme physical exercise, or uncontrolled hypertension or congestive heart failure. 5,6 Most studies have suggested that microalbuminuria measurements be repeated three times to ensure accuracy. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of progressive renal disease has best been defined in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (DM). The prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with type I DM is approximately 30%. 7 Numerous studies have demonstrated that 75% to 100% of patients with microalbuminuria progress to proteinuria and declining renal function. 7-9 Indeed, although data from large clinical trials are lacking, the number of overall studies available (both clinical and histologic) would support the view that microalbuminuria in patients with type I DM represents early diabetic nephropathy. Patients with microalbuminuria have been found to have higher elevations in their mean arterial blood pressure and greater degrees of mesangial expansion compared with patients with type I DM and
Self-Deception and Needs

Self-deception with regard to one’s life: with regard to what one is, but especially with regard to what one has done and what one is doing. There is a temptation to say that we deceive ourselves in this way because there is some deep need in us to do so. This suggestion does not serve as an explanation, although it looks as though it does. It does not explain anything.
Conquest and stability

This chapter discusses conquests of Mughal emperors namely, Babur, Humayun and Akbar. The emperor Humayun encountered massive difficulties in his efforts to retain and expand Babur's conquests in India. The source of one of his major problems was another of Babur's legacies. Akbar's changing strategic foci are reflected in the four successive sites, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, and Agra, adopted as royal capitals. Bairam Khan, a dominant member of Humayun's nobility, assumed the role of protector or regent for the young Akbar. A Mughal army under Asaf Khan, an Uzbek noble, invaded the kingdom in 1564. The Rajput queen, Rani Durgavati of the Candela lineage, died commanding her armies in a futile defense. The sieges of Chitor and Ranthambor were spectacular public events. The fall of these great forts demonstrated the reality of Mughal power for every warrior in North India. The Lahore, Agra, Allahabad, Ajmer quadri lateral formed a protective framework for Mughal imperial power.
Mother and child temperament as interacting correlates of parenting sense of competence in toddlerhood

We examined mother and child temperament as correlates of mothers' perceptions of the parenting role and considered whether mother and child traits combine to relate to parenting beliefs. Participants were 107 mothers of 21- to 27-month-old toddlers (53 males). Mothers reported their own and their toddlers' temperament and their own parenting sense of competence. Consistent with past work, both maternal and child traits were independently associated with parenting sense of competence. Mother and child negative emotionality were associated with less parenting sense of competence, and child sociability was associated with more parenting sense of competence. Relations between child activity level and parenting beliefs were mixed, with child activity level associated with less efficacy, but more interest, in parenting. Some of the relations between child temperament and maternal parenting beliefs also varied depending on mothers' temperament. Child low negative emotionality and high sociability were associated with more parenting sense of competence only when mothers also shared these traits. Child shyness was associated with more parenting sense of competence only among mothers who were more sociable. Findings underscore the importance of considering parenting beliefs in the context of both mother and child temperament traits. Highlights We examined child and maternal traits in relation to parenting efficacy, satisfaction, and interest in mothers of toddlers. Child negativity, activity, sociability, and shyness were related to mothers' parenting beliefs, and some of these associations varied depending on mothers' temperament. Research that considers both mother and child traits in relation to parenting self-perceptions may ultimately inform interventions to promote positive parenting beliefs and optimal child development.
Molecular Targeted Fluorescence-Guided Intraoperative Imaging of Bladder Cancer Nodal Drainage Using Indocyanine Green During Radical and Partial Cystectomy

Optical imaging is a relatively inexpensive, fast, and sensitive addition to a surgeon’s arsenal for the non-invasive detection of malignant dissemination. Optical cameras in the near infrared spectrum are able to successfully identify injected indocyanine green in lymphatic channels and sentinel lymph nodes. The use of this technology is now being used in the operating room to help with lymph node dissection and improve the prognosis of patients diagnosed with muscle invasive bladder cancer. Indocyanine green has the potential for many more applications due to its versatility. In the future, there is a potential to use it for lymphangiography during nephroureterctomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma, adrenal surgery for partial or radical adrenalectomy. Further investigations at multiple centers will validate this technique and its efficiency.
Designing, Conducting, and Analyzing Empirical Studies

LED08 is concerned with the role of diagrams in communication between engineers. Evaluation is at the heart of an engineering approach to designing and/or selecting diagrams that are well-suited to a particular task. In this talk I will survey several methods for conducting empirical studies of such diagrams, discuss approaches to analysis, review several studies that we have conducted, and summarize the lessons learned in the process.
Abbreviated MRI Protocols: Wave of the Future for Breast Cancer Screening.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of abbreviated breast MRI protocols for improving access to screening for women at intermediate risk. CONCLUSION. Breast MRI is not a cost-effective modality for screening women at intermediate risk, including those with dense breast tissue as the only risk. Abbreviated breast MRI protocols have been proposed as a way of achieving efficiency and rapid throughput. Use of these abbreviated protocols may increase availability and provide women with greater access to breast MRI.
Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cancer stem cells: potential as therapeutic targets

Resistance to current chemotherapeutic or radiation-based cancer treatment strategies is a serious concern. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are typically able to evade treatment and establish a recurrent tumor or metastasis, and it is these that lead to the majority of cancer deaths. Therefore, a major current goal is to develop treatment strategies that eliminate the resistant CSCs as well as the bulk tumor cells in order to achieve complete disease clearance. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are important for maintenance and differentiation of stem cells as well as normal development. There is expanding evidence that ALDH expression increases in response to therapy and promotes chemoresistance and survival mechanisms in CSCs. This perspective will discuss a paper by Cojoc and colleagues recently published in Cancer Research, that indicates ALDHs play a key role in resistance to radiation therapy and tumor recurrence in prostate cancer. The authors suggest that ALDHs are a potential therapeutic target for treatment prostate cancer patients to limit radiation resistance and disease recurrence. The findings are consistent with work from other cancers showing ALDHs are major contributors of CSC signaling and resistance to anti-cancer treatments. This perspective will address representative work concerning the validity of ALDH and the associated retinoic acid signaling pathway as chemotherapeutic targets for prostate as well as other cancers.
The Professional Sequence and High-Impact Teaching: Skills, Methods, and Internships

Long and Bailey first discuss how one course in Family Studies at Central Michigan University, the Skills and Methods course, focuses on skill development. Next, they describe the three-course sequence culminating in the Internship course. They explain the relationship between high-impact practices with the development of professional skills. Specifically, they address high-impact elements including, spending considerable amounts of time on meaningful tasks, faculty and student peers interacting about substantive matters, students experiencing diversity through contact with people who are different than themselves, students receiving frequent performance feedback, activities that have applications to different settings on/off campus, and authentic connections with peers, faculty, community, and/or the university and how these elements equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary in a work environment that is ever changing.
Isolation and characterization of novel degradation products of Doxofylline using HPLC, FTIR, LCMS and NMR

Forced degradation of Doxofylline (DFL) in different stress (base and peroxide) conditions gave rise to two potential unknown impurities. These unknown degradation products DFL DEG-I and DFL DEG-II were evaluated using a new-reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where it was eluted at 0.44 and 1.09 relative retention times to DFL peak. DFL DEG-I and DFL DEG-II were isolated using preparative HPLC from degradation mixtures. The structure of DFL DEG-I and DFL DEG-II were elucidated using high resolution MS, multi-dimensional NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques, and characterized. The stereochemistry of the enantiomers in DFL DEG-II has further been investigated using computational techniques. To the best of our knowledge, DFL DEG-I and DFL DEG-II are novel impurities and not reported elsewhere.
Nasal Injuries in Sports.

Nasal trauma is a common consequence of athletic competition. The nasal bones are the most commonly fractured facial bone and are particularly at risk during sports participation. Acute management of trauma to the nose includes thorough evaluation of all injuries and may require immediate management for repair of facial lacerations, epistaxis control, or septal hematoma drainage. Nasal fractures can often be addressed with closed reduction techniques; however, in the setting of complex nasal trauma, an open approach may be indicated. Using appropriate treatment techniques, posttraumatic nasal sequelae can be minimized; most patients report satisfactory long-term nasal form and function.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Male Escorts' Construction of the Boyfriend Experience: How Escorts Please Their Clients

ABSTRACTThe current study examines the ways that male escorts provide highly desired services for male clients. Building on the “girlfriend experience” identified in the female prostitution literature, the authors discuss the corollary experience of the “boyfriend experience” and identify and examine the components of the boyfriend experience that are central to the social construction of the experience. Data is drawn from 627 online reviews of male escorts written between 2015 and 2016. Following data collection, analytic induction, using a 3-step coding process, is used to identify themes. The authors argue that the boyfriend experience is constructed out of perceptions of companionship, authenticity, and passion in both social and sexual interactions. Reviews emphasize the importance of intimacy, socialization, and emotional connections experienced between customer/escort and show that such are commonly more important and valued than sexual gratification.
A new species of Paratus Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Liocranidae, Paratinae) from India

Paratus Simon, 1898 is a small and ill-defined liocranid genus distributed in the Oriental region (World Spider Catalog 2017) at altitudes of 27 (present data) to 2020 metres (Guchengshan [Zhao & Peng 2013]). Simon (1898) proposed this genus for a single female from Sri Lanka (Kandy) described as Paratus reticulatus Simon, 1898. Since the original description of the genus (Simon 1898) failed to provide diagnostic illustrations, the genus, after its erection, received no significant taxonomic treatment and remained dormant for a period of 103 years, until Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) re-examined and provided a detailed, illustrated redescription of the type of P. reticulatus, placing Paratus among ‘Liocraninae s.l. incertae sedis’. Marusik et al. (2008) revised, rediagnosed the genus, and assigned it into a newly proposed subfamily, Paratinae Marusik, Zheng & Li, 2008. The genus currently comprises five nominal species, two of which are known from both sexes, two only from males, and one only from the female (World Spider Catalog 2017). In this paper we describe a new species of Paratus from southern India, known from both sexes. Additionally the distribution of all known Paratus spp. is mapped.
The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity

Stress, injury, and disease trigger glucocorticoid (GC) elevation. Elevated GCs bind to the ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR). While GRs are in every cell in the nervous system, the expression level varies, suggesting that diverse cell types react differently to GR activation. Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. While general nervous system plasticity is essential for adaptation and learning and memory, stress-induced plasticity is often maladaptive and contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders and neuropathic pain. In this brief review, we describe the evidence that stress/GCs activate GR to promote cell type-specific changes in cellular plasticity throughout the nervous system.
Characterization and Origin of Brines from the Bakken-Three Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, USA

Abstract Brine (also referred to as ‘produced water’) samples were collected from 28 wells producing oil from the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Bakken and Three Forks Formations in the Williston Basin of eastern Montana and western North Dakota. The samples were analyzed for major ions, trace metals, stable isotopes, and strontium isotopes. The brines in these formations are highly saline with total dissolved solids averaging 308 g/L, almost ten times the salinity of modern seawater. Relative to modern seawater, the brines are enriched approximately 10 to 20 times in [Na], [K], [Cl], and [Br]. Greater enrichments of 100 to 400 times in [Li], [B], [Sr] and [Rb], and 2,000 to 10,000 times in [Cs] and [Ba] are probably due to water-rock interaction (WRI). WRI is further indicated by 87Sr/86Sr values typically between 0.710 and 0.711—considerably larger than marine values of 0.7081 to 0.7083 during this depositional interval. Bakken Formation sediments were deposited in a stratified water column with salinity increasing with depth. The deeper water may have been saturated in calcium carbonate and possibly gypsum, but there is no evidence that halite saturation had been attained. Therefore, brines may have been introduced into the Bakken Formation from the underlying Devonian Prairie Formation or from the overlying Charles Formation before these brines were diluted or replaced by meteoric water. Alternatively, salinity of the native pore water was increased by membrane filtration driven by overpressuring within the Bakken Formation.
Controlled environments for cyber risk assessment of cyber-physical systems

Cyber risk assessment of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) without damaging it and without contaminating it with malware is an important and hard problem. Previous work developed a solution to this problem using a control component for simulating cyber effects in a CPS model to mimic a cyber attack. This paper extends the previous work by presenting an algorithm for semi-automated insertion of control components into a CPS model based on Discrete Event Systems (DEVS) formalism. We also describe how to use this algorithm to insert a control component into Live, Virtual, Constructive (LVC) environments that may have non-DEVS models, thereby extending our solution to other systems in general.
Prevalence of nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among schoolchildren of Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Introduction: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin and vancomycin, inducible clindamycin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of S. aureus among children of Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: School-going children of age group of 5–15 years were identified and selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two nasal swabs were collected from each child as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and transported to laboratory. Swabs were cultured on mannitol salt agar and 5% blood agar and incubated for 18–24 h at 37°C. Identification was done as per routine laboratory protocol. Detection of MRSA was done through cefoxitin 30 μg discs and D-zone test. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of S. aureus by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method along with MIC for oxacillin and vancomycin was performed simultaneously according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 300 children, 140 (46.67%) were found to be nasal carriage for S. aureus, among which MRSA was found to be 23 (7.67%). All S. aureus and MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin with MIC 4 μg/ml. Resistance to penicillin and co-trimoxazole was highest, whereas all were sensitive to linezolid. MRSA showed 100% susceptibility to linezolid, followed by gentamicin (91.4%) and tetracycline (87%). Conclusion: With the risk involved in transmission of infection, steps for identifying the carriers and its eradication should be carried out. Rational use of antibiotics should be given preference too.
Anesthesia for Aortic Surgery

Diseases of the aorta requiring surgical intervention can be some of the most complex cases the anesthesiologist can be called upon to manage. Many factors influence the anesthetic management of these cases. The anatomic location of the dissection or aneurysm must be considered when planning the type and location of invasive monitors. The surgical plan can require deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), single lung ventilation or other specialized techniques. This chapter will briefly review the disease states and surgical treatments of thoracic aortic dissections and aneurysms, followed with the anesthetic management of these cases.
Effect of Methionine Sulfoximine on the Induction of Nitrate Reductase and Metabolic Nitrate Pool Size in Barley Roots

The effect of methionine sulfoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, on the induction of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and metabolic NO3 - pool size in roots of 8-day-old intact barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was studied. Enzyme activity was induced at different NO3 - concentrations (0 to 100 mM) in the presence or absence of 0.25 mM MSO and assayed in vitro. Metabolic NO 3 − pool concentration was determined using the minus NO 3 − in vivo assay. In the absence of MSO, induction of NRA plateaued at 0.1 mM external NO 3 − , even though total NO 3 − concentration in roots increased with increasing external NO 3 − . Treatment with MSO enhanced the induction of NRA above 0.1 mM external NO 3 − . Thus, in roots supplied with MSO at 100 mM NO3 -, the level of the enzyme activity was 70 to 80% higher than in roots not supplied with MSO, even though total NO 3 − concentration in MSO-treated roots was 20 to 30% lower. Induction of NRA also plateaued after 6 h of exposure to 100 mM NO 3 − ; whereas in the presence of MSO, NRA continued to increase up to 24 h. Glutamine, supplied exogenously or accumulated internally by inhibiting its assimilation, had no effect on the induction of NRA. Metabolic NO 3 − concentration in roots treated with MSO at 100 mM NO 3 − was higher than in those not treated with MSO. In contrast, MSO had no effect on metabolic NO 3 − concentration in roots induced with 0.1mM NO 3 − . Metabolic NO 3 − concentration remained constant between the 6 and 24 h induction period. However, MSO treatment almost doubled the metabolic NO 3 − concentration during the same period. The results indicate that the metabolic NO 3 − pool is saturated at 0.1 mM exogenous NO 3 − and the enhancement of NRA by MSO induced with NO 3 − concentrations greater than 0.1 mM may be due to increased availability of NO 3 − in the metabolic pool.
Translation of Country-Specific Programs and Survey Error: Measuring the Education Level of Immigrants

The difficulty of translating country-specific programs for use in surveys has been well documented. Questions about educational attainment offer a good illustration of this difficulty, particularly amongst Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States, who come from a variety of countries where education systems are different in both name and structure. This article presents results from cognitive testing of Spanish education-level questions in the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. We conducted two iterative rounds of testing with 46 Spanish-speaking respondents from 11 different countries. Respondents had differing interpretations of the Census Bureau’s education-level categories because they differed, either in meaning or by the terms used, from the categories in their countries of origin. For example, Mexican-origin respondents interpreted ‘ escuela secundaria, ’ or ‘high school,’ to correspond to nine years of schooling, while in the U.S. completing high school corresponds to 12 years of schooling. This type of misinterpretation could result in upward biases in reports of educational levels. We discuss various approaches tested to deal with this type of response error.
Dysregulation of IL-33/ST2 signaling and myocardial periarteriolar fibrosis

Microvascular dysfunction in the heart and its association with periarteriolar fibrosis may contribute to the diastolic dysfunction seen in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) prevents global myocardial fibrosis in a pressure overloaded left ventricle by acting via its receptor, ST2 (encoded by the gene, Il1rl1); however, whether this cytokine can also modulate periarteriolar fibrosis remains unclear. We utilized two approaches to explore the role of IL-33/ST2 in periarteriolar fibrosis. First, we studied young and old wild type mice to test the hypothesis that IL-33 and ST2 expression change with age. Second, we produced pressure overload in mice deficient in IL-33 or ST2 by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). With age, IL-33 expression increased and ST2 expression decreased. These alterations accompanied increased periarteriolar fibrosis in aged mice. Mice deficient in ST2 but not IL-33 had a significant increase in periarteriolar fibrosis following TAC compared to wild type mice. Thus, loss of ST2 signaling rather than changes in IL-33 expression may contribute to periarteriolar fibrosis during aging or pressure overload, but manipulating this pathway alone may not prevent or reverse fibrosis.
Anti-Racist Change: A Conceptual Framework for Educational Institutions to Take Systemic Action:

To achieve racial equity in education not only do individuals’ mindsets need to be shifted to a more anti-racist ideology, but the institutions in which they work need to make profound anti-racist ...
The Channel Matters: Self-disclosure, Reciprocity and Social Support in Online Cancer Support Groups

People with health concerns go to online health support groups to obtain help and advice. To do so, they frequently disclose personal details, many times in public. Although research in non-health settings suggests that people self-disclose less in public than in private, this pattern may not apply to health support groups where people want to get relevant help. Our work examines how the use of private and public channels influences members' self-disclosure in an online cancer support group, and how channels moderate the influence of self-disclosure on reciprocity and receiving support. By automatically measuring people's self-disclosure at scale, we found that members of cancer support groups revealed more negative self-disclosure in the public channels compared to the private channels. Although one's self-disclosure leads others to self-disclose and to provide support, these effects were generally stronger in the private channel. These channel effects probably occur because the public channels are the primary venue for support exchange, while the private channels are mainly used for follow-up conversations. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our work.