cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser–Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils

Unlike the familiar Phanerozoic history of life, evolution during the earlier and much longer Precambrian segment of geological time centred on prokaryotic microbes1. Because such microorganisms are minute, are preserved incompletely in geological materials, and have simple morphologies that can be mimicked by nonbiological mineral microstructures, discriminating between true microbial fossils and microscopic pseudofossil ‘lookalikes’ can be difficult2,3. Thus, valid identification of fossil microbes, which is essential to understanding the prokaryote-dominated, Precambrian 85% of life's history, can require more than traditional palaeontology that is focused on morphology. By combining optically discernible morphology with analyses of chemical composition, laser–Raman spectroscopic imagery of individual microscopic fossils provides a means by which to address this need. Here we apply this technique to exceptionally ancient fossil microbe-like objects, including the oldest such specimens reported from the geological record, and show that the results obtained substantiate the biological origin of the earliest cellular fossils known.
Women in Substance Use Treatment

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the differences between women with children in substance use treatment who are involved in Child Protective Services (CPS+) and those who are not involved (CPS-). Using a sample of all alcohol and other drug (AOD) clients (N = 6,023) receiving substance use treatment over a three-year period (1997-99), the study found that CPS+ women were more likely to be younger, have more children, have been arrested less often, be mandated to receive treatment, to have an unsatisfactory exit status or be transferred to another treatment program at discharge. CPS+ women were also more likely to have attended outpatient or day treatment for the AOD treatment. This study points out that there may be specific risk factors in place for a subgroup of women with children in AOD treatment.
The Interaction of 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with Creatine Kinase EVIDENCE FOR COOPERATIVITY OF NUCLEOTIDE BINDING

Abstract Creatine kinase has one tight binding site (Kd = 310 µm) per subunit for 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with an enhancement of fluorescence of ≃100 and a blue shift of the emission maximum of 30 nm. Nucleotide substrates non-competitively interact with the dye-binding site causing a 50% decrease in the fluorescence of the bound dye and a concomitant red shift of the emission maximum of 7 nm, while guanidino substrates alone do not affect the fluorescence of the bound dye. The fluorescence of the bound dye is used to determine the dissociation constants of nucleotide substrates from the enzyme in the presence or absence of other substrates or effectors, i.e. divalent metal ion or creatine. In the absence of a small planar anion, the presence of creatine or magnesium (or both) have no significant effect on the Kd of ADP from the enzyme, while in the presence of the nitrate anion creatine induces a drastic tightening and a negative cooperativity in the binding of ADP. With MgADP, the tightening of binding and the cooperativity are further accentuated. Modified inactive forms of the enzyme do not show the tightening nor the cooperativity of ADP or MgADP binding. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the small planar anion (e.g. nitrate) is acting as an analog of a planar phosphoryl group, thus mimicking the transition state of the enzyme-substrate complex, and further suggest that two of the distinguishing features of this transition-state complex are a substantial interaction between the two protomeric subunits and the formation of a ligand from the protein to the divalent metal ion.
Chapter 4 Cognition and spatial perception: Production of output or control of input?

Perhaps the most widely-accepted account of the relationship between cognition and spatial perception is von Holst and Mittelstaedt's efference-copy hypothesis (1950) . This hypothesis proposes that organisms use copies of top-down motor commands ( i.e. efference copies) to discriminate bottom-up afference into exafference ( i.e. , world movement) and reafference ( i.e. , self-movement). Such disambiguated inputs afford both perceptual constancy and the generation of effective behavioral outputs. Implicit within this approach is the assumption that shifts in spatial perception associated with a particular action occur after the execution of the action due to the transfer delays of the nervous system and the time it takes to compare the resultant afference to efference-copies. Data are presented which challenge this notion by revealing that both body and object perception contain anticipatory ( i.e. , pre-action) content. These findings are used to reveal certain conceptual inadequacies within the efference-copy approach to cognition and spatial perception. In its place, an alternative theory will be proposed, which accounts for the anticipatory content of spatial perception by claiming that (1) intentions are resident within spatial perception, (2) intentions are anticipatory specifications, not of output, but of input, and (3) that the behaviors utilized to attain these specified inputs are, themselves, controlled inputs.
Chapter 15 Biotransformation and excretion: Mechanistic studies: Deuterium isotope effects as a probe of the catalytic properties of the cytochromes P450

Publisher Summary This chapter describes deuterium isotope effects as a probe of the catalytic properties of the cytochromes P450. Enzymatically mediated reactions in general, unlike most simple chemical reactions, involve a number of binding and de-binding steps that can contribute to the overall rate of the reaction. The overall effect of these additional partial rate limiting steps is to lower, or mask, the experimentally observable deuterium isotope effect, ( k H / k D )obs, relative to the deuterium isotope effect associated specifically with the bond breaking step. The cytochromes P450 are unusual in that most of the energy required for activation of the system does not directly involve substrate but rather involves the generation of the highly reactive perferryloxy heme (oxene) species. However, substrate binding can play a major role as the regioselective determinant of oxidative attack on the substrate. A major complication in using deuterium isotope effects to study enzymatically mediated reactions is the fact that under most circumstances, the observed isotope effect for the reaction is rarely equal to the intrinsic isotope effect associated with the bond breaking step.
Guarding Against Fiscal Risks in Hong Kong Sar

Hong Kong SAR's government faces the dual challenges of volatile revenue and medium term spending pressures arising from a rapidly aging population. Age-related spending pressures raise long-run sustainability concerns, while revenue volatility creates risks to service provision, possibly entailing sudden tax changes, or even requiring new borrowing. After describing the risks associated with aging, the paper uses value at risk techniques to measure the value of the unanticipated risks posed by volatile revenue. The paper also describes the self-insurance value of Hong Kong SAR's traditionally high fiscal savings (reserves), and the impact alternate policy choices could have on revenue volatility.
Conjugative Transposons: Transmissible Resistance Islands

The features of conjugative transposons are similar enough to those of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) to raise the question whether some PAIs are actually conjugative transposons. This chapter reviews the features associated with conjugative transposons and other transmissible integrated elements. Conjugative transposons do not fit neatly into any of the traditional categories of mobile elements such as transposons, bacteriophages, and plasmids; instead, they combine features of all of them. The mechanisms of integration and excision are less well established for Bacteroides conjugative transposons. The types of lambdoid integrase genes found so far on most conjugative transposons are not easy to spot in BLAST searches and must be checked at the amino acid level for the conserved amino acid signature. The transfer regions of conjugative transposons appear to be stripped-down versions of the transfer regions of conjugative plasmids. The authors found the same thing in the Bacteroides conjugative transposons: the transfer region is less than 16 kbp, and there are few homologs to known plasmid transfer genes. Excision and transfer of at least some of the conjugative transposons are stimulated by the antibiotic tetracycline. The Bacteroides conjugative transposons can also act in trans to trigger excision and circularization of unlinked and apparently unrelated integrated elements called nonreplicating Bacteroides units (NBUs).
Efficacy of cryospray ablation for the treatment of chronic radiation proctitis in a pilot study

Aim Radiation proctitis, a common condition associated with radiotherapy for the treatment of pelvic cancers, is characterized by difficult to manage rectal pain and bleeding. Cryotherapy is a novel technique, previously used in the treatment of vascular ectasias in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of cryospray application in the treatment of radiation proctitis. Methods This is a prospective case-series pilot study. Ten patients with symptomatic chronic radiation proctitis were consecutively enrolled over a 2-year period. Baseline clinical data were collected and an endoscopic score was calculated based on the density of ectasias and circumferential involvement. Subjects underwent up to four cryospray ablation treatment sessions at approximately 4-week intervals or until resolution of the proctitis. The endpoints of the study were endoscopic and clinical improvement in radiation proctitis. Results Ten patients (nine males and one female) with a mean age of 74 ± 7 years underwent cryospray treatment; sessions ranged from one to four (six patients had one session, three patients had two sessions, and one patient underwent four sessions). Endoscopic score significantly decreased from a mean of 10.2 ± 3.0 to 4.0 ± 2.8 (P = 0.016). Rectal pain significantly decreased from a mean of 3.1 ± 3.0 to 1.2 ± 1.7 (P = 0.042) and rectal bleeding improved in 86% (six out of seven) of patients. Nine patients reported improvement in overall well-being. No major complications were encountered. Conclusions Cryotherapy is an effective method in the management of chronic radiation proctitis with minimal complications.
Building self-adapting services using service-specific knowledge

With the advances in middleware and Web services technologies, network sendees are evolving from simple client-sender applications to self-configuring services that can compose primitive components distributed in the Internet into a value-added service configuration that provides rich functionalities to users. A resulting research problem is how to continuously adapt such composite service configurations at run time in order to cope with the increasingly dynamic and heterogeneous network environments and computing platforms. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptation architecture that allows service developers to specify their service-specific adaptation knowledge as "externalized" adaptation strategies. These adaptation strategies are used by a general, shared adaptation framework to perform run-time adaptation operations that automatically incorporate service-specific knowledge. In addition to the strategies, we also identify another aspect of adaptation knowledge that is not addressed by previous solutions: adaptation coordination. Our framework provides integrated support for the specification and execution of both aspects of developers' adaptation knowledge.
Application of bifurcation and continuation methods for the analysis of power system dynamics

This paper presents the basic bifurcation phenomena of structure-preserving power system model. For a given load increase scenario, all possible bifurcations are systematically traced via a continuation algorithm in the MATLAB environment. At each bifurcation point, invariant subspace parametric sensitivity (ISPS) is applied to find the parameters that are responsible for a given instability.
Patent trends as a technological forecasting tool

Abstract Patent indicators provide a very useful forecasting tool for decision makers in the public and private sectors. These tools are useable for Research and Development planning, for competition analyses, and for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away. Currently in the public and private sectors there are numerous indicators of performance for sales, finance and similar issues but no corresponding information on technological performance. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, has identified several families of indicators which can be extracted from patent data to measure corporate or national technological performance. These include measures such as: • Patent activity level of firms' intellectual property • Age of firms' technology bases • Relative legal/technological strength of firms and similar measures.
Growth of a post-Little Ice Age submarine fan, Glacier Bay, Alaska

A small Holocene fan is forming where Queen Inlet, a hanging valley, enters West Arm fjord, Glacier Bay, Alaska. Queen fan formed in the last 80 years following retreat of the Little Ice Age glacier that filled Glacier Bay about 200 yr BP. It was built mainly by a turbidite system originating from Carroll Glacier delta, as the delta formed in the early 1900s at the head of Queen Inlet. The Late Holocene Queen fan is comparable to large Pleistocene fans that formed in the Gulf of Alaska and differs from trough-mouth fans formed by cooler climate glacier systems.
Ice flow across a warm-based/cold-based transition at a glacier margin

Where polythermal glaciers have frozen margins that buttress otherwise temperate-based sliding ice, longitudinal compression can strongly influence ice-flow trajectory, and consequently sediment transport paths. Past efforts to model flow in the vicinity of a basal thermal transition (BTT) have generally relied on simplified boundary conditions or rheological idealizations, making these model results difficult to apply to real glacier termini. Herein, we present results of numerical simulations using a power-law rheology and with boundary conditions that better represent the frozen margin. Model results indicate that a transition to a non-sliding frozen margin causes a decline in surface velocity made possible by upward ice flow, implying either enhanced ablation for steady-state simulations or the formation of a surface bulge. Permitting ice loss by ablation combined with numerical smoothing of the basal slip transition subdues basal stress concentrations and thereby inhibits development of structural discontinuities such as thrust faults. Upward ice flow is accommodated by vertical extension up-glacier of the BTT. This strain regime can potentially account for key structural features in polythermal glacier termini without appealing to thrusting.
Ultrafast modulators based on nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides

Nonlinear photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides are being developed for ultrafast modulators. To enable phase velocity matching we have investigated one- and two-dimensional structures. Photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides based on epitaxial barium titanate (BTO) thin film in a Si 3 N 4 /BTO/MgO multilayer structure were fabricated by electron beam lithography or focused ion beam (FIB) milling. For both one- and two-dimensional PhCs, simulation shows that sufficient refractive index contrast is achieved to form a stop band. For one-dimensional Bragg reflector, we measured its slow light properties and the group refractive index of optical wave. For a millimeter long waveguide a 27 nm wide stop band was obtained at 1550 nm. A slowing of the light was observed, the group refractive indices at the mid band gap and at the band edges were estimated to be between 8.0 and 12 for the transverse electric (TE) mode, and 6.9 and 13 for the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. For TE optical modes, the enhancement factor of EO coefficient ranges from 7 to 13, and for the TM mode, the factor ranges from 5.9 to 15. Measurements indicate that near velocity phase matching can be realized. Upon realizing the phase velocity matching condition, devices with a small foot print with bandwidths at 490 GHz can be attained. Two-dimensional PhC crystal with a hexagonal lattice was also investigated. The PhCs were fabricated from epitaxial BTO thin film multilayers using focused ion beam milling. The PhCs are based on BTO slab waveguide and air hole arrays defined within Si 3 N 4 and BTO thin films. A refractive index contrast of 0.4 between the barium titanate thin film multilayers and the air holes enables strong light confinement. For the TE optical mode, the hexagonal photonic crystal lattice with a diameter of 155 nm and a lattice constant of 740 nm yields a photonic bandgap over the wavelength range from 1525 to 1575 nm. The transmission spectrum of the PhC waveguide exhibits stronger Fabry Perot resonance compared to that of conventional waveguide. Measured transmission spectra show a bandgap in the ΓM direction in the reciprocal lattice that is in agreement with the simulated results using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Compared to polarization intensity EO modulator with a half-wave voltage length product of 4.7 V•mm. The PhC based EO modulator has a factor of 6.6 improvement in the figure of merit performance. The thin film PhC waveguide devices show considerable potential for ultra-wide bandwidth electro-optic modulators as well as tunable optical filters and switches.
A study of strontium diffusion in plagioclase using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

Strontium chemical diffusion has been measured in plagioclase of three intermediate compositions (between An23 and An67) under anhydrous, 1-atmosphere conditions. A strontium oxide-aluminosilicate powder mixture was used as the diffusant source material, with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) used to measure diffusion profiles. Over the temperature range 725–1075°C, the following Arrhenius relations were obtained for diffusion normal to (001) (D in m2 s−1): Oligoclase (An23): log D = (−6.07 ± 0.58) + (−273 ± 13 kJ mol−1)/RT. Andesine (An43): log D = (−6.75 ± 0.33) + (−265 ± 8 kJ mol−1)/RT. Labradorite (An67): log D = (−7.03 ± 0.37) + (−268 ± 8 kJ mol−1)/RT. In the labradorite, diffusion of Sr normal to (010) was somewhat slower (by ~0.7 log units) than diffusion perpendicular to (001). The activation energy for diffusion normal to (010) appears to follow a trend similar to that observed for diffusion perpendicular to (001). In oligoclase, diffusion normal to (001) also appears to be somewhat faster than diffusion normal to (010), but the differences are less pronounced than in labradorite. No significant crystallographic anisotropy was noted in the andesine. The results show a clear trend of increasing Sr diffusivity with decreasing An content of the plagioclase. Profiles of Ca and Na, measured with RBS and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) respectively, indicate that Sr is exchanging with both of these species in the plagioclase. In each feldspar composition, decreases in Ca and Na in the near-surface region are nearly proportional to their bulk concentrations, indicating that there is no significant substitutional preference of Sr for either cation in those feldspars investigated. NRA measurements of Al, showing a corresponding uptake of Al and Sr, suggest that a coupled exchange, possibly Sr+2 + Al+3 → Na+1 + Si+4, is taking place when Sr exchanges with Na. Chemical diffusion of Sr in calcic plagioclase is dominated by Sr+2 → Ca+2 exchange.
A modified plastic culture flask for microscopic observation of fungi

A plastic culture flask modified for the direct microscopic observation of fungi is described. The use of this flask allows for in situ observation of fungal morphology and monitoring of development of different stages of fungal growth. The flask provides a safe, rapid, and inexpensive culture technique for the clinical laboratory.
DETERMINANTS OF KNOWLEDGE FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECT ON INNOVATION

Knowledge flows within and across countries may have important consequences for both productivity and innovation. We use data on 1.5 million patents and 4.5 million citations to estimate knowledge ...
Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to children: When, where, why, and how

Despite recent recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics that strongly encourage disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to school-age children, health care providers vary widely in their actual disclosure practices. Concrete guidelines for accomplishing disclosure are not currently available. Nondisclosure can result in a variety of problems, including anxiety, depression, phobias, and exclusion from peer support groups and medical camps. This article reviews the available literature on disclosure of HIV infection to children and describes the disclosure process used in a large, urban pediatric HIV clinic.
The treatment of cluster headache with relaxation and thermal biofeedback.

Eleven patients with episodic cluster headache were assessed and offered a treatment program consisting of 8 weeks of training in abbreviated progressive relaxation followed by 12 sessions of thermal biofeedback. Four dropped out before treatment began. Of the seven who completed the full treatment regimen, three (27% of initial sample) reported some degree of improvement when their next cluster bout occurred. In no one was the disorder eliminated.
Model independent relations for baryons as solitons in mesonic theories

Abstract We derive model-independent relations for SU(2) and SU(3) chiral solitons. These relations depend only on the soliton picture of baryons and therefore are a test of the 1/ N expansion. In the two-flavor case we discuss the magnetic moment and the electric quadrupole transition of the Δ. In SU(3) we discuss magnetic moments, including SU(3) breaking effects and 1/ N corrections.
Regulation of Calcium-sensitive Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 by Angiotensin II in Endothelial Cells ROLES OF Yes TYROSINE KINASE AND TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP-2

Calcium-sensitive tyrosine kinase Pyk2 has been implicated in the regulation of ion channels, cellular adhesion, and mitogenic and hypertrophic reactions. In this study, we have investigated the regulation of Pyk2 by angiotensin II (Ang II) in pulmonary vein endothelial cells. We found that the Ang II-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2, which requires the activity of Src family kinase, was specifically regulated by the Src family kinase member, Yes kinase. Moreover, we identified for the first time the constitutive association of Pyk2 with an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. SHP-2 interacts with Pyk2 through a region other than its SH2 domains. Pyk2 can be dephosphorylated in vitro in SHP-2 immunoprecipitates and in intact cells expressing an NH(2) terminus-truncated form of SHP-2, which lacks the two SH2 domains but has an enhanced phosphatase activity. Ang II activates the endogenous SHP-2. Finally, the SHP-2-mediated dephosphorylation of Pyk2 correlates with the negative effect of SHP-2 on the Ang II-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. Thus, the balance of Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to Ang II is controlled by Yes kinase and by a tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in endothelial cells.
Nucleoside composition of Heloderma venoms

Abstract Venoms of Heloderma horridum and Heloderma suspectum were analyzed for the possible presence of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, inosine, and uridine were found in μg quantities. These amounts are much smaller than those seen in many elapid or viperine venoms, but greater and more varied than those found in crotaline venoms. While their contribution to the hypotension induced by Heloderma venoms may be minor, venom nucleosides nonetheless act in concert with kallikreins/hemorrhagins, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5′-nucleotidase, helodermin, helospectins, helothermine, and serotonin. The use of nucleosides as toxins is therefore a generalized squamate strategy, rather than the exclusive province of snakes. Both Heloderma venoms were found to be devoid of NADase and phosphodiesterase activities. Enzymes to release endogenous purines in the prey, are not significant components of Heloderma venoms.
Degradable Cross-Linkers and Strippable Imaging Materials for Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography

The ability to produce tough, cross-linked networks that can, if necessary, be rendered soluble by an external stimulus such as acid or heat is highly desirable for a number of applications. An acetal containing diacrylate, 2,2-di(acryloyloxy-1-ethoxy)propane (ADA) (1), was synthesized by transketalization with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. Its photopolymerization kinetics were measured by real-time FT-IR and its degradation in acidic organic solvents was evaluated. Additionally, a diacrylate cross-linker containing a thermally labile Diels−Alder (DA) linkage (2) was synthesized and its reversibility was evaluated using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The DA cross-linker (2) and ADA (1) were evaluated for use in Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL). Finally, a dimethacrylate cross-linker containing a thermally labile urethane-oxime linkage (10) was synthesized. Its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and reversibility were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
20 Watt CW All-Solid-State 589-nm Sodium Beacon Excitation Source Based on Doubly Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation in LBO

A doubly resonant sum-frequency ring containing an LBO crystal, pumped by 1064 nm and 1319 nm continuous-wave Nd:YAG injection-locked ring lasers, produced a 20 W diffraction-limited, single-frequency, 589-nm beam. A 12 W circularly polarized beam produced a 7.2-magnitude guidestar.
Awareness, understanding, and functionalism

Analyse des concepts de contenu minimal et d'etat intentionnel de la pensee dans le cadre de la theorie fonctionnaliste de la subjectivite. L'A. montre q'une analyse a la troisieme personne des etats phenomenaux ne rend compte ni de l'intentionnalite ni de l'asymetrie des acces au contenu de la pensee
Life-threatening thrombocytopenia complicating antithymocyte globulin therapy for acute kidney transplant rejection. Evidence of in situ immune complex formation on the platelet surface.

Une observation. La thrombocytopenie est due a des complexes immuns; anticorps humains anti-cheval reagissant avec les anticorps de cheval anti-plaquettes
The relationship of poison center contact and injury in children 2 to 6 years old

Study objective: To determine if children from households that call a poison center are at increased risk of nonpoisoning injury. Design: A blinded and controlled telephone survey of two groups of households with children between 2 and 6 years old: case households identified by a poison center as having requested information regarding a possible poisoning in a child in this age group in 1989, and control households that did not contact the poison center. The control group was matched by telephone area code and prefix; the last four digits were chosen by random digit dialing. Types of participants: Children from 2 to 6 years old. Measurements and main results: One hundred twenty-nine households identified by the poison center and 136 control households completed the telephone interview. The number of children 2 to 6 years old in these households was 190 in the 129 poison control households and 209 in the 136 nonpoison control households. There were 45 injuries among the 190 children in the poison control group and 31 injuries among 209 children in the nonpoison control group. The annual rate of injuries per child was significantly greater in the poison control group (23.7%) than in the nonpoison control group (14.8%) ( P Conclusion: Children 2 to 6 years old in households that contact a poison center for a possible poison exposure in a child in this age group are at increased risk of injury.
Analysis of the performance of the quantum wire resonant tunneling field-effect transistor

Abstract We develop a theory of a resonant tunneling through a quantum wire placed in transverse electric field and show that transistor action can be caused via the electric-field-induced changes of the symmetry of electron wavefunctions. We evaluate the current–voltage characteristics, transconductance and speed of the proposed device and show how they can be further improved by means of bandgap engineering.
Counseling of patients prior to penile implant surgery

Despite the success of medical therapies for many patients with erectile dysfunction, a significant population of men will require penile prosthesis implants to regain their sexual function. Although patient satisfaction rates for penile implant surgery are among the highest of all therapies, proper patient selection and detailed preoperative counseling are still of the utmost importance. Physicians can maximize patient and partner satisfaction while helping to restore their sexual function and intimacy by letting them know what to expect during preoperative and postoperative periods, discussing the potential adverse events and expected changes, allowing adequate time to address concerns, and ensuring a detailed and documented informed consent.
A control model for tibial cortex neovascularization in the bone chamber.

Neovascularization across a gap defect in a rabbit tibial cortex was monitored using the optical bone chamber implant (BCI). Cortical bone growing by apposition as trabeculae was observed weekly as it penetrated a slit into a tissue space in vivo and in situ. Each rabbit was viewed weekly with an intravital microscope from 3 to 8 weeks postimplantation. The constant field of view was the slit-gap tissue space, which was 100 μm thick and 2 mm in diameter. Vessels were imaged with epi-illuminated fluorescence microscopy as they carried FITC-dextran 70 that had been injected into an aural vein. Observations were videotaped and photographed. Videotape frames were analyzed with a digital image processing system to obtain measures of vessel length per unit volume (L/V) of fibroblastic granular tissue and trabeculae, caliber C, and flow velocity u, all as functions of time. Observations supported the conclusions that (1) neovascularization precedes neo-osteogenesis, (2) major vessels tend to align with the tibial axis, (3) bone apposition-generated destruction of fibrous granular tissue vessels stimulates fibrous granular tissue angiogenesis, which keeps its L/V constant, (4) L/V in trabeculae increases with time, and (5) blood supply (Q) and nutrient exchange in healing trabeculae are not positively correlated. Thus, O2 supply to the trabeculum cannot be predicted from Q alone because the nutrient exchange area is not constant. It was noted that an increase in the potential nutrient exchange area occurred in both fibrous granular tissue and osseous vessels and the volume fraction of blood decreased in the fibrous granular tissue and remained constant in the trabeculae
Careers in Education and Research

In our consideration of Education and Research as a career in the dairy industry, it would seem best that attention be directed only to that work in a university, college, or department which offers studies in dairying. I t must be recognized that some educational, or teaching, duties are involved in nearly all careers which a dairy major may contemplate. Some students in dairy production anticipate work in vocational agriculture. But here, no research duties are involved; we shall not consider this fteld of education. Extension work revolves almost exclusively around educational, or teaching, duties with farmers or dairy processors, along with many activities of a demonstrational nature, but seldom is a worker in this career in dairying able to devote much attention to formal research projects. Thus Extension, which is an excellent and satisfying type of work, would seem beyond the scope of my topic. Furthermore, a dairy-trained man in Foreign Service or in dairy production or manufacturing often confronts situations that involve teaching, but these are contemplated under other topics of our program today. Finally, a career in dairy production or in dairy manufacturing, as we shall be told later, offers a multiplicity of specific choices. Among these is research work for some commercial concern. This can be highly frui tful and rewarding for the properly trained dairy student, but, again, it is considered beyond the scope of my assigned topic to delve into these opportunities in so-called commercial research.
Nanomechanical Properties of Facial Sutures and Sutural Mineralization Front

The mechanical properties of craniofacial sutures have rarely been investigated. Three facial sutures-the pre-maxillomaxillary (PMS), the nasofrontal (NFS), and the zygomaticotemporal (ZTS)-and their corresponding sutural mineralization fronts in 8 young New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to nano-indentation with atomic force microscopy as a test of the hypothesis that they have different mechanical properties. The average elastic modulus of the PMS was 1.46 +/- 0.24 MPa (mean +/- SD), significantly higher than both the ZTS (1.20 +/- 0.20) and NFS (1.16 +/- 0.18). The average elastic moduli of sutural mineralization fronts 30 micro m away were significantly higher than their corresponding sutures and had the same distribution pattern: the PMS (2.07 +/- 0.24 MPa) significantly higher than both the ZTS (1.56 +/- 0.29) and NFS (1.71 +/- 0.22). Analysis of these data suggests that facial sutures and their immediately adjacent sutural mineralization fronts have different capacities for mechanical deformation. The elastic properties of sutures and sutural mineralization fronts are potentially useful for improving our understanding of their roles in development.
Creating classrooms that students experience as communities

Although prior research has shown sense of community in schools to be related to many positive student characteristics, effective interventions that can create or enhance this sense have not been demonstrated. In this paper we describe a comprehensive elementary school program, implemented by teachers, that was successful in creating a sense of community in the classrooms, as perceived by students. The program was implemented in three elementary schools in a suburban school district; three additional schools in the same district served as a comparison group. The program, which emphasized cooperative learning, the importance of democratic and prosocial values, student autonomy and self-direction, and a child-centered approach to teaching and classroom management, was experienced by a cohort of students from kindergarten through Grade 4, and by a subset of that cohort through Grade 6. Sense of community was assessed—by questionnaire—in Grades 4, 5, and 6; various student outcomes were assessed via questionnaire and interview. Results indicated that the program was successful in heightening students’ sense of community, and that the sense of community—by itself and in combination with program status—related positively to a number of student outcomes. There was also suggestive evidence that students who experienced their classroom as a community attempted to abide by its norms and values, and that the authority structure of the classroom was an important determinant of students’ experience of community and of some of its observed effects.
Fractures and Dislocations Along the Pediatric Thumb Ray

The pediatric hand thumb is vulnerable to injury for several reasons. Young children inadvertently place their thumbs in vulnerable positions, such as doors and drawers. Adolescents participate in sporting recreational events, such as skiing, bike riding, or motorcycle riding, that require the thumb to participate in firm grasp. Skiing or biking mishaps frequently result in injury to the thumb. In children, fractures and fracture-dislocations are more common than true dislocations, because the bone is more fragile than the ligaments.
AN investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa

Abstract Interannual variations in African rainfall are examined using rotated principal component analysis (PCA) applied to anomalies from the annual mean as well as seasonal anomalies. The rotated PCA loading patterns suggest several “preferred” continental-scale rainfall anomaly patterns. The dominant features of year-to-year variations in African rainfall appear to be the high spatial coherence of rainfall anomalies over large portions of the continent. In addition, several dipole regions, that is, adjacent regions which tend to experience rainfall anomalies of opposite sign, are found and discussed. One dipole region, the sub-Saharan region, appears to have a relationship with a characteristic Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly pattern during boreal summer. During austral summer, the tendency for a large-scale dipole pattern in southeast Africa is apparent, as is an association of this pattern with the warm and cold phases of the El Nin/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Normalized rainfal...
Comparative infrared and Raman spectroscopy of energetic polymers

Infrared and Raman spectra of three energetic polymers, nitrocellulose, glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), and polyvinyl nitrate (PVN), are presented and compared. The bands are assigned to predominant characteristic motions by comparison to similar materials and the literature. The Raman spectra of PVN and GAP, even with 785 nm excitation, are partially obscured by native fluorescence. The inhomogeneous broadening evident in these spectra has implications for use of these energetic polymers in ultrafast spectroscopic studies of shock-induced chemistry.
Evolutionary and Biotechnological Implications of Robust Hydrogenase Activity in Halophilic Strains of Tetraselmis

Although significant advances in H2 photoproduction have recently been realized in fresh water algae (e.g. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), relatively few studies have focused on H2 production and hydrogenase adaptations in marine or halophilic algae. Salt water organisms likely offer several advantages for biotechnological H2 production due to the global abundance of salt water, decreased H2 and O2 solubility in saline and hypersaline systems, and the ability of extracellular NaCl levels to influence metabolism. We screened unialgal isolates obtained from hypersaline ecosystems in the southwest United States and identified two distinct halophilic strains of the genus Tetraselmis (GSL1 and QNM1) that exhibit both robust fermentative and photo H2-production activities. The influence of salinity (3.5%, 5.5% and 7.0% w/v NaCl) on H2 production was examined during anoxic acclimation, with the greatest in vivo H2-production rates observed at 7.0% NaCl. These Tetraselmis strains maintain robust hydrogenase activity even after 24 h of anoxic acclimation and show increased hydrogenase activity relative to C. reinhardtii after extended anoxia. Transcriptional analysis of Tetraselmis GSL1 enabled sequencing of the cDNA encoding the FeFe-hydrogenase structural enzyme (HYDA) and its maturation proteins (HYDE, HYDEF and HYDG). In contrast to freshwater Chlorophyceae, the halophilic Tetraselmis GSL1 strain likely encodes a single HYDA and two copies of HYDE, one of which is fused to HYDF. Phylogenetic analyses of HYDA and concatenated HYDA, HYDE, HYDF and HYDG in Tetraselmis GSL1 fill existing knowledge gaps in the evolution of algal hydrogenases and indicate that the algal hydrogenases sequenced to date are derived from a common ancestor. This is consistent with recent hypotheses that suggest fermentative metabolism in the majority of eukaryotes is derived from a common base set of enzymes that emerged early in eukaryotic evolution with subsequent losses in some organisms.
Effects of Buspirone on Anxiety Levels and Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Chronic Airflow Obstruction and Mild Anxiety

The objective of this study was to determine if buspirone would alleviate anxiety and improve exercise tolerance of anxious patients with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). Eleven male patients with mild to moderate anxiety and CAO completed this study comparing buspirone, 10 to 20 mg given three times a day, with placebo. Patients were evaluated with State Trait Anxiety Inventory, spirometry, 12-min walk, incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer to symptom limitation and measurement of dyspnea with a modified Borg scale at exercise levels and the end of each 2 min on 12-min walk. There were no significant differences in anxiety scores, work load, maximum oxygen consumption per minute, maximum expired volume per minute, PETCO2, PETO2, 12-min walking distance or dyspnea scores after 6 weeks of buspirone or placebo therapy. We conclude that administration of buspirone has no significant effect on anxiety levels, exercise capabilities or peto2 or petco2 in patients with CAO and mild anxiety.
Radio-iodine induced athyroid joint disease in mice of different strains.

Radiothyroidectomy carried out after weaning inhibited the development of degenerative joint disease occurring in old mice. This effect was attributed to the retardation of growth and development of the articular cartilage caused by thyroid deficiency. This interpretation seemed to be correct, since radiothyroidectomy performed in adult mice of strain DBA did not prevent osteoarthritic lesions from appearing in old age. In addition, however, in DBA mice severe articular changes were observed which were quite characteristic and thought to be due to lack of thyroid hormone (Silberberg and Silberberg 1954). The aim of the present experiments was to extend the previous investigations to mice of a strain which differs biologically in many respects from strain DBA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-five male mice of the closety inbred strain C57BL raised in our laboratory and kept on a stock diet of Purina Laboratory Chow and water ad libitum received 400mg of radio-iodine, I131, at the age of six months.
Toward the development of prochelators as fluorescent probes of copper-mediated oxidative stress

A fluorescent sensor prochelator, FlamB (fluorescein hydrizido 2-imidophenylboronic ester), has been developed that selectively probes for copper under conditions of oxidative stress. High levels of hydrogen peroxide trigger the release of a boronic ester masking group from the prochelator to unveil a metal chelator, FlamS (fluorescein hydrizido 2-imidophenol), that provides a modest fluorescence increase in response to Cu2+ but not other metal ions. X-Ray crystal structures of FlamB, FlamS, and Cu-bound FlamS are all reported. The fluorescence turn-on results from opening of a fluorescein spirolactam ring upon Cu2+ binding to FlamS in aqueous solution. Oxidation of the aryl boronic ester of FlamB to the metal-binding phenol of FlamS proceeds in organic solvents. However, in aqueous solution a competing mechanism occurs due to hydrolytic instability of the masked prochelator. Hydrolysis of FlamB leads to formation of fluorescein hydrazide, which interacts with copper or H2O2 to produce fluorescein and a significant fluorescence increase.
Comprehensive pharmacokinetic studies and oral bioavailability of two Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimics, MnTE-2-PyP5+ and MnTnHex-2-PyP5+.

The cationic, ortho Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins (alkyl=ethyl, E, and n-hexyl, nHex) MnTE-2-PyP5+ (AEOL10113, FBC-007) and MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ have proven efficacious in numerous in vivo animal models of diseases having oxidative stress in common. The remarkable therapeutic efficacy observed is due to their: (1) ability to catalytically remove O2•− and ONOO− and other reactive species; (2) ability to modulate redox-based signaling pathways; (3) accumulation within critical cellular compartments, i.e., mitochondria; and (4) ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. The similar redox activities of both compounds are related to the similar electronic and electrostatic environments around the metal active sites, whereas their different bioavailabilities are presumably influenced by the differences in lipophilicity, bulkiness, and shape. Both porphyrins are water soluble, but MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ is approximately 4 orders of magnitude more lipophilic than MnTE-2-PyP5+, which should positively affect its ability to pass through biological membranes, making it more efficacious in vivo at lower doses. To gain insight into the in vivo tissue distribution of Mn porphyrins and its impact upon their therapeutic efficacy and mechanistic aspects of action, as well as to provide data that would ensure proper dosing regimens, we conducted comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) studies for 24 h after single-dose drug administration. The porphyrins were administered intravenously (iv), intraperitoneally (ip), and via oral gavage at the following doses: 10 mg/kg MnTE-2-PyP5+ and 0.5 or 2 mg/kg MnTnHex-2-PyP5+. Drug levels in plasma and various organs (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, brain) were determined and PK parameters calculated (Cmax, C24 h, tmax, and AUC). Regardless of high water solubility and pentacationic charge of these Mn porphyrins, they are orally available. The oral availability (based on plasma AUCoral/AUCiv) is 23% for MnTE-2-PyP5+ and 21% for MnTnHex-2-PyP5+. Despite the fivefold lower dose administered, the AUC values for liver, heart, and spleen are higher for MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ than for MnTE-2-PyP5+ (and comparable for other organs), clearly demonstrating the better tissue penetration and tissue retention of the more lipophilic MnTnHex-2-PyP5+.
Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: Outcomes from a randomized clinical trial

Background The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipoproteins have not been studied in a large contemporary group of smokers. This study was designed to determine the effects of smoking cessation on lipoproteins. Methods This was a 1-year, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effects of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Fasting nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy lipoprotein profiles were obtained before and 1 year after the target smoking cessation date. The effects of smoking cessation and predictors of changes in lipoproteins after 1 year were identified by multivariable regression. Results The 1,504 current smokers were (mean [SD]) 45.4 (11.3) years old and smoked 21.4 (8.9) cigarettes per day at baseline. Of the 923 adult smokers who returned at 1 year, 334 (36.2%) had quit smoking. Despite gaining more weight (4.6 kg [5.7] vs 0.7 kg [5.1], P P P P = .003) particles compared with continuing smokers. Significant changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and particles were not observed. After adjustment, abstinence from smoking ( P Conclusions Despite weight gain, smoking cessation improved HDL-C, total HDL, and large HDL particles, especially in women. Smoking cessation did not affect LDL or LDL size. Increases in HDL may mediate part of the reduced cardiovascular disease risk observed after smoking cessation.
A simplified 3-D time domain BEM for dynamic soil-structure interaction problems

Abstract The numerical treatment of the fundamental singular solutions of the Stokes' state of quiescent past and their implementation within the framework of a 3-D time domain BEM formulation for linear elastodynamics is discussed. Of particular interest are simplified time and space integrations of the above fundamental solutions. The accuracy as well as the efficiency of such simplified computations are tested through comparison studies against other more computationally intense BEM techniques on the basis of some benchmark SSI problems.