cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of T-Wave Abnormalities Associated with Myocardial Infarction Using a Theoretic Model

The physiological basis of serial T-wave abnormalities associated with myocardial infarction was studied. After coronary artery ligation in dogs, ventricular functional refractory periods (FRPs) were measured at five to eight epicardial, intramural, and endocardial sites. FRPs measured during acute ischemia shortened an average of 26 msec. FRPs measured 24 to 72 hr after coronary ligation were 24 msec longer at ischemic than at nonischemic sites. Alterations of recovery times were analyzed in terms of a repolarization model which related the form of the action potential downstroke to the form of the T wave of the body surface ECG. Observed FRPs were used to infer action potential duration and T waves were derived. Shortening FRPs in the anterolateral wall of the ventricle increased the amplitude of derived T waves in the X lead and caused T-wave inversion in the Z lead. Prolonging FRPs in the same area caused T-wave inversion in lead X and increased T amplitude in lead Z. The form of derived T waves qualitatively corresponded to serial T-wave abnormalities seen in patients with myocardial infarction.
Practical Characterization Of 0.5 μm Optical Lithography

This paper establishes the characterization techniques that are needed to repeatedly fabricate submicron structures which are below the resolution specifications of an optical system. A two-parameter system is defined, consisting of a material or photosensitive component and an optical component, which represents the major contributors to process variability. Statistical inference and correlation analysis are used to estimate the effects and extent of the individual components on the total lithographic system. The photosensitive component, consisting of the photoresist, films and related chemistry, is shown to substantially represent the variability in the final linewidth of 0.5 μm structures. Positive and negative photoresist systems are compared and analyzed for run-to-run and within-run variability utilizing photoresist speed-point analysis. The optical component is explained by using a two-dimensional aerial image model which takes as input the numerical aperture, wavelength, coherence, aberrations and experimentally measured effects. A method for quantitatively measuring flare or background exposure is introduced.
The Heirs of Socrates

It seems as though in ancient philosophy there are no permanently lost causes. Until recently few scholars have taken seriously the defensibility of the sceptical Academy's claim to be philosophically in the tradition of Plato, or the tenability of the Stoic theory of knowledge. Now both are centres of philosophical debate: the issues are seen to be more complex, historically and philosophically, than has been assumed, and we have been woken from our dogmatic slumbers to find fierce debate over a sceptical Plato and a sophisticated Stoic epistemology.1 Anna Maria loppolo's book2 covers the epistemological debate between Stoics and Sceptics in the third and second centuries BC, and thus has much to contribute on both these issues. Although she concludes with a chapter on Carneades, Ioppolo's main focus is the attack on Zeno's early brand of Stoicism by Arcesilaus, the head
Discounting in children: The role of social knowledge

Abstract This paper reviews the development of discounting in children. It is organized around the issue of the influence of the social knowledge base. In addition, the possible role of general reasoning biases in young children is explored. Most of the evidence regarding the knowledge base concerns knowledge about other people's manipulative intent and use of rewards. Considerable evidence supports the role of social knowledge in discounting, but much of the evidence is indirect. Several empirical and theoretical weaknesses are identified, and a task analysis serves to integrate the findings and more specifically identify the processes involved in discounting or failing to discount.
Nutrients in fruit increase fertility in wild-caught females of large and long-lived Euphaedra species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Fruit-feeding butterflies can experience a more nutrient rich adult diet than nectar-feeding species, and can be expected to use these nutrients for egg production. Here we compare life span, and reproduction parameters of wild-caught females of large and long-lived species on either a sucrose or a mashed banana diet. With small sample sizes per species, but rich longitudinal data for each individual, we examined the longitudinal reproduction pattern, egg size and hatchability of these butterflies in captivity. Diet significantly affected mortality in captivity in a time-dependent manner. On average, we found that butterflies fed mashed banana laid 1.855 times more eggs than those fed sugar. They laid significantly more eggs when they laid and conserved egg size with age while butterflies fed sucrose showed significantly declining egg sizes. Egg hatchability was not significantly affected by diet. Long pre-oviposition periods, significantly smaller first eggs, and absence of age at capture effects on intensity of reproduction indicate low reproduction rates in the field that are due to low food availability. With our small sample sizes, we did not detect significant differences between the species in their response to the diet treatments.
Time-averaged flow over a hydrofoil at high Reynolds number

At high Reynolds number, the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a lifting surface is a rich blend of fluid dynamic phenomena. Here, boundary layers formed at the leading edge develop over both the suction and pressure sides of the lifting surface, transition to turbulence, separate near the foil's trailing edge, combine in the near wake, and eventually form a turbulent far-field wake. The individual elements of this process have been the subject of much prior work. However, controlled experimental investigations of these flow phenomena and their interaction on a lifting surface at Reynolds numbers typical of heavy-lift aircraft wings or full-size ship propellers (chord-based Reynolds numbers, investigated.
Prediction of the long-term creep compliance of general composite laminates

An accelerated viscoelastic characterization procedure for use with polymer-based composite materials is presented which employs short term test data obtained using unidirectional specimens to predict the long term viscoelastic behavior of general composite laminates. This procedure is here illustrated using the Schapery (1966, 1969) nonlinear theory as the required viscoelastic constitutive model, as well as classical lamination theory for the lamination scheme. The technique is applied to T300/5208 graphite/epoxy.
Illicit markets, violence, warlords, and governance: West African cases

It is commonly assumed that wartime leaders of illicit commercial networks engage in exploitative behavior and lack popular support. Evidence from West Africa suggests otherwise. Some wartime leaders use their commercial activities in post-conflict situations to build political support among demobilized fighters. Wartime leaders may then use these relationships to launch successful electoral campaigns and to protect themselves from political marginalization or even prosecution for their wartime activities. These developments represent the emergence of new forms of governance outside the framework of imported notions of reform and state-building.
On measurement facilities in packet radio systems

The growth of computer networks has proven both the need for and the success of resource sharing technology. A new resource sharing technique, utilizing broadcast channels, has been under development as a Packet Radio system and will shortly undergo testing. In this paper, we consider that Packet Radio system, and examine the measurement tasks necessary to support such important measurement goals as the validation of mathematical models, the evaluation of system protocols and the detection of design flaws. We describe the data necessary to measure the many aspects of network behavior, the tools needed to gather this data and the means of collecting it at a central location; all in a fashion consistent with the system protocols and hardware constraints, and with minimal impact on the system operation itself.
Spike Glycoprotein-Mediated Fusion in Biliary Glycoprotein-Independent Cell-Associated Spread of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection

The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) spike glycoprotein mediates attachment of the virus to the MHV receptor, the murine biliary glycoprotein (BGP) carcinoembryonic antigen. Monoclonal antibody CC1 directed against BGP specifically inhibited infection of DBT, Sac-, GT1-7, and OBL21 cells by wild-type MHV-4 and the neuron-adapted variant OBLV60. Binding to this receptor was necessary to establish infection by cell-free MHV; however, the presence of BGP was not required for infection by cell-associated virus. Cell-associated infectious induced syncytium formation on Vero and BHK cells, which lack murine BGP; this activity was not inhibited by monoclonal antibody CC1. Antibody CC1 also did not prevent syncytium formation on DBT cells, which bear BGP. In infectious center assays, the MHV-4 variant OBLV60, which exhibits acid-dependent fusion, spread to cells lacking BGP only when exposed to acidic media. Therefore, spike-mediated fusion was required for BGP-independent spread of MHV infection. Furthermore, BGP-independent, cell-associated spread of MHV-4 was prevented by monoclonal antibodies 5A13.5 and 5B19.2 directed against the spike glycoprotein, but not by other neutralizing and nonneutralizing anti-spike antibodies. Expression of spike glycoprotein by recombinant vaccinia virus resulted in fusion of BGP-negative cells; monoclonal antibodies 5A13.5 and 5B19.2 strongly inhibited spike-mediated fusion in this assay.
Contaminant gas Generation as Product of Degraded Ammonia during Biofiltration

Biofiltration technology is widely utilized for treatment of ammonia gas, with one of its potential detrimental by-products being nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. The present work intends to provide the relation between ammonia elimination capacity during biofiltration and nitrous oxide generation as product of incomplete denitrification. Four laboratory scale tubular biofilters in up flow mode (3 replicates receiving humidified air and ammonia and 1 control receiving only humidified air) will be studied and compared for three levels of ammonia volumetric loadings (4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 g m-3 h-1). Trends from the obtained ammonia and nitrous oxide relation in the laboratory will be evaluated for significance of nitrous oxide production under varied ammonia loadings.
Inorganic chemistry: Traps for cations.

A single-molecule anion made of 132 molybdenum atoms forms a spherical oxide cage that can bind several cations. Different cations have distinct binding modes and produce a wide range of architectures within the cage.
Water vapor diffusion in model tablet systems: I. Design of a diffusion apparatus

Abstract A diffusion apparatus was constructed to investigate the diffusion of water vapor through model tablet systems. The apparatus consisted of three main components; a humidification system; a flow-through diffusion cell; and a modified gas Chromatographie system which served as the detector. The system was qualified using compressed high density polyethylene powder as an ideal non-reactive porous barrier. Results from preliminary investigations suggested that the donor and receptor compartments of the diffusion cell were well mixed. Results from studies examining the effect of surface area, compact thickness, water vapor concentration in the donor compartment and particle size of the HDPE powder were consistent with a model of Fickian Diffusion through a porous barrier. Subsequently, the pore structure of the HDPE samples was determined using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The pore size distribution of the samples was in the range where normal gaseous diffusion was expected. Thus, the apparent diffusivity of water vapor through the HDPE samples was controlled exclusively by sample porosity and was independent of pore size.
Probing local polar structures in PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT relaxor ferroelectrics with neutron and x-ray scattering

"Polar nano-regions" (PNR) are nanometer sized local polar structures found in relaxor ferroelectric materials. They play key roles in understanding many relaxor properties. Here I will discuss some of our recent work using neutron scattering and x-ray diffraction to probe the properties of the PNR in two prototypical lead based perovskite relaxor systems Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN), and their solid solutions with PbTiO3 (PT). The local atomic structures in the PNR are rather complicated, consisting of polarizations/atomic shifts along both 110 and 100 directions. These different (components of) local polarizations respond differently to external electric fields along [001] or [111] directions; and are associated with phonons of different polarizations (T1 and T2 phonon modes). Our work also indicates that the PNR are dynamic at high temperatures well above the Curie temperature TC, and gradually freeze with cooling. A significant portion of the PNR has already become static before a long-range polar order can be established in the bulk. The short-range polar order in the PNR is quite robust, and persists when the system is cooled (with or without external electric field) into the ferroelectric phase. Because of the frustration between charge neutrality and lattice strain in relaxor systems, the low temperature phase of these relaxor materials usually does not have perfect long-range order, but rather a phase where both short-range and long-range polar orders coexist and compete.
Functional Properties of Heterogeneous Human Asialo-C4 and Its Isotypes C4A and C4B

Abstract The fourth component of human complement (C4) is encoded at two separate but closely linked loci within the MHC on the short arm of chromosome 6. Thus, there are two types of C4 protein in most individual and pooled normal human sera (NHS): C4A and C4B. Incubation of individual sera, pooled NHS, or purified heterogeneous C4 (C4A/C4B) with bacterial sialidase at 37°C increased C-mediated hemolysis of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes 1.54- to 1.93-fold. Comparative studies of Tmax of human C2, using asialo-C4 or buffer-treated C4 on {ieEAC1gp} and extrapolation to time 0 indicated a z value 4-fold higher with asialo-C4. This indicated that more hemolytically active {ieC42} complexes are available with sialidase-treated C4 compared to untreated C4. There was no appreciable difference in the % 125I-C4 bound to {ieEAC1gp} (sialidase- or buffer-treated). Sera from two different blood donors with C4A3 phenotype (C4BQ0), two different donors with C4B1 phenotype (C4AQ0), and serum from an individual heterozygous deficient at both C4A3 and C4B1 regions (A3, AQO; B1, BQ0) were investigated. The C4 allotypes, purified from these sera, were treated with sialidase; the C4A3 was enhanced in hemolytic assays by sialidase-treatment (1.52- to 2.3-fold), whereas the C4B1 allotype was not enhanced. Fluorometric determinations revealed that approximately the same percentage of sialic acid was released from sialidase-treated C4A3 and C4B1. Therefore, the increase in hemolytic titer observed after treatment of NHS or purified heterogeneous C4 with sialidase is a property of C4A3 but not a property of C4B 1.
The smoking cessation process: Longitudinal observations in a working population.

Abstract Background . Few prospective studies have investigated variables related to the smoking cessation process in nonvolunteer samples. Methods . Smoking history, behavioral intentions, degree of addiction, and demographic characteristics were examined over a 2-year period as predictors of four behavioral outcomes related to smoking cessation-participation in a smoking cessation program, attempting to quit, relapse, and success in quitting-in 802 working adults who were daily smokers at baseline. Change in behavioral intentions over the 2-year period was also examined. Results . Sixty-four percent of smokers made a serious quit attempt in the 2-year study period, 16% succeeded in quitting, and an additional 9% shifted from daily to occasional smoking. Stated intention to quit at baseline was a powerful and consistent predictor of three of the behavioral outcomes, but several demographic and smoking-related variables were differentially associated with these three outcomes. Conclusions . Study findings indicate that smoking cessation is a dynamic process in which a majority of smokers are actively engaged. Smoking pattern and sociodemographic characteristics are predictors of whether smokers will participate in programs, make quit attempts, and succeed in quitting. Intention to quit is related to smoking outcomes in a manner that would be predicted by the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change.
Coping strategies of high school students in an International Baccalaureate program

Students who are enrolled in academically challenging curricula face a multitude of stressors related to increased academic demands in addition to the developmental and biological challenges that are normative to adolescence. This article presents results of a qualitative study conducted to uncover the coping styles of students in a rigorous curriculum and determine which strategies are associated with varying levels of psychopathology (specifically, low and above-average anxiety). Forty-eight students from an International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program participated in eight focus groups, in which participants were grouped by level of anxiety. Following transcription analysis using grounded theory methodology, researchers identified coping strategies and the frequency of these approaches; active problem-solving and avoidance of demands were reported most often among all IB students in this investigation. Students with above-average levels of anxiety discussed seeking social support more often, whereas students with low anxiety more frequently discussed avoiding demands, reducing one's workload, and seeking positive emotions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of Care Seeking in Women with Urinary Incontinence

Aims To determine predictors of health care utilization in women with urinary incontinence (UI) from the population to specialty care.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Behavior of Fe(CN)63−/4− and Cytochrome c in Direct Electrochemistry Using a Film Electrode Thin-Layer Transmission Cell

We report on the design and performance of a thin-layer electrochemical cell optimized for use with optically transparent film electrodes in combination with UV/vis and IR transmission spectroscopic measurements. The cell allows for measurements under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The direct, unmediated electron transfer, as assessed by the current transient, and the corresponding optical response observed for the Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) couple were in good agreement with theoretical predictions for voltammetry and optical absorption by an analyte confined in a thin layer. Chronoamperometric and spectroscopic measurements of Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) on gold mesh electrode revealed fast kinetics strongly influenced by the electrolyte concentration. Maximal apparent rates exceeding 2 s(-1) in 1 M KCl were observed optically. The direct kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of cytochrome c was compared with several electrode materials using the cell. The results showed heme ligand-dependent changes in the protein-electrode interactions. Mid-UV/visible spectral changes upon redox transitions in native cytochrome c and its cyanide derivative, as well as dissociation of the ferrous cytochrome c-CN complex, are reported.
The participant effect: Mortality in a community-based study compared to vital statistics

The 20-year mortality experience of the community-based Evans County Heart Study population is compared to local, regional and national vital statistics. Deficit mortality occurred in the study population at younger ages while at older ages mortality was similar to or greater than vital statistics. This was particularly true for white and nonwhite males, whose mortality patterns were statistically significantly different from Evans Co. vital statistics (p < 0.005). Nonwhite/white mortality ratios in the study were close to those observed in local vital statistics, particularly for males. Sex mortality ratios in the study population were lower than in vital statistics due to a stronger participant effect (lower mortality) in males. Evans Co. was an area of particularly high mortality for whites in the period 1960–1980 compared to other parts of Georgia and the U.S. Results of this study are similar to other reports of participant effects in epidemiologic follow-up studies; implications for bias in estimates of population levels of disease and of disease/exposure relationships are discussed.
Maintaining ethical standards for a computer security curriculum

Many undergraduate courses in Networking and Computer Security have adopted curricula involving sensitive security related details such as the hands-on use of network probing tools and password crackers, specific examples of virus and worm related code, and intimate details of security flaws such as buffer overflows. This paper looks at the ethical and legal issues involved in colleges and universities sponsoring such curricula.
Feedback by Any Other Name Is Still Interactivity: A Reply to Roelofs (2004).

In his comment, A. Roelofs claimed that a feedforward-only theory of spoken word production (WEAVER++) can account for certain basic facts of spoken word production that B. Rapp and M. Goldrick (2000) argued could not be accounted for by feedforward-only theories. Rapp and Goldrick argued that to account for these facts, mechanisms such as feedback and cascading activation are required. In this reply, the authors discuss difficulties with Roelofs's argumentation and point to recent relevant empirical evidence. The authors conclude that Roelofs failed to disprove Rapp and Goldrick's claims and, furthermore, failed to provide strong evidence of the specific feedback characteristics in WEAVER++.
Peace: Sri Lanka's impossible dream?

(1997). Peace: Sri Lanka's impossible dream? South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 20, Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka, pp. 3-21.
Characterization of non-length-dependent small-fiber sensory neuropathy.

Introduction: Non–length-dependent small-fiber sensory neuropathy (NLD-SFSN) is not as well characterized as length-dependent small-fiber sensory neuropathy (LD-SFSN). Methods: Sixty-three patients with NLD-SFSN were compared with 175 patients with LD-SFSN for their demographics and disease associations. Results: Age was younger in those with NLD-SFSN (45.5 ± 13.1 years) than in those with LD-SFSN (55.1 ± 11.4 years, P < 0.001). Forty-six of 63 (73.0%) patients were women in the NLD-SFSN group, whereas 84 of 175 (48.0%) were women in the LD-SFSN group (P < 0.001). Disease associations were identified in 26 of 63 (41.3%) patients with NLD-SFSN, including diabetes or prediabetes in 10 (15.9%), connective tissue diseases in 6 (9.5%), thyroid dysfunction in 4 (6.3%), sarcoidosis in 3 (4.8%), vitamin B12 deficiency in 2 (3.2%), and paraproteinemia in 1 (1.6%). Immune-mediated conditions were present in 9 of 63 (14.3%) patients with NLD-SFSN and 6 of 175 (3.4%) patients with LD-SFSN (P = 0.012). Conclusions: NLD-SFSN is more common in women, presents at a younger age, and is more likely to be associated with immune-mediated conditions than LD-SFSN. Muscle Nerve 45: 86–91, 2012
Photoelectrolysis of water to hydrogen in p-SiC/Pt and p-SiC/ n-TiO2 cells

Abstract The rates of photoelectrolysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen in p-SiC/Pt cells were found to depend on the surface treatment of p-SiC by aqua-regia-HF solution and also on electrocatalytic Pt metal islet deposition. The limiting currents were not dependent on the surface treatments by aqua-regia-HF solution or Pt metal islet deposition. The optimum etching time and Pt electrodeposition time were found to be 3 min and 5 s , respectively. The electrode potential under illumination of intensity was 50 mW cm −2 and at open circuit condition was found to be 1.25 V Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and was not dependent on the surface treatments. The photocurrent onset potential was found to be dependent on surface treatments. The surface treatments by etching and Pt metal islet electrodeposition shifted the onset potential, ΔE maximum by 0.27 V . The maximum photocurrent density of 0.135 mA cm −2 at 00 V SCE −1 was obtained on aqua-regia-HF etched and Pt metal islet deposited p-SiC surface. The photoconversion efficiency was found to be 0.17% at an applied potential of 0.45 V and the corresponding total conversion efficiency was 0.27%. The bandgap energy was found to be 2.92 eV for the p-SiC sample. The flat band potential of 1.42 V SCE −1 and the donor density of 3.8×10 18 cm −3 was found from the Mott–Schottky plots at AC frequency range between 600 and 1000 Hz . The p-SiC/n-TiO2 cells were found to photosplit water without the use of any external applied potential with maximum photocurrent density of 0.05 mA cm −2 and the corresponding efficiency of 0.06%. The low cell photocurrent density and the photoconversion efficiency for the p-SiC/n-TiO2 self-driven system for the water-splitting reaction were due to high bandgap energies of both semiconductors and high recombination of photo-generated carriers mainly in the covalent bonded p-SiC.
Comment on: Ising models on hyperbolic graphs

New proofs are given for Propositions 1 and 2 of C. C. Wu,J. Stat. Phys. 50:251 (1996). The propositions involved upper and lower bounds on the critical temperature for these models. Besides being more direct than the previous proofs, the new proofs improve both bounds.
Diversification Decisions in Agriculture: The Case of Agritourism in Kansas

The thesis of this paper is that diversification decisions may be described by a three-stage sequential framework. The framework begins with the choice between on-farm and off-farm investments and ends with the selection of activities that decision-makers believe would be more effective in addressing their needs. The paper tests this thesis using data collected from participants in an agritourism workshop in Kansas. The test begins at the framework’s second stage, where decision-makers decide between intensifying current operations to take advantage of scale and/or size economies, and diversifying to deploy slack resources in other businesses. The third stage involves the selection of alternative enterprises to meet decision-makers’ desired objectives. It is hypothesized that the second stage decision choice is defined by decisionmakers’ demographic characteristics and their motivational factors. Demographic characteristics, such as age and education, also serve as proxies for decision-makers’ embedded capabilities. The results show that for this case study, all demographic characteristics but gender are statistically significant, with education exhibiting the highest positive impact on the decision to diversify at the second stage. Economics was also determined to be a positive motivating factor in the intention to choose marketing, tourism and fishing and hunting enterprises at the third stage. However, personal satisfaction was a positive motivating factor for all enterprises except fishing and hunting. The impact of community as a motivation for any of these enterprises was split. It was negative for marketing and positive for accommodation and food service and statistically insignificant for tourism and fishing and hunting. The study provides an empirical foundation for exploring the diversification decision process and choices among smallholder producers as well as challenging policymakers to carefully determine how these decisions and choices actually get made given people’s situations and characteristics. .
DISCOVER: Assessing and Developing Problem Solving.

Discovering Intellectual Strengths and Capabilities while Observing Varied Ethnic Responses (DISCOVER) is an on-going program of research and development that began in 1987. The primary goal of the...
Native Speakers and Fieldworkers

Having decided what language to work on and having arrived at the field site, the fieldworker must find native speakers to work with. Here are seven basic questions that s/he should consider when looking for speakers: 1. When should I begin looking for and hiring native speakers for fieldwork? 2. What is the role of each native speaker in my project? 3. What characteristics should the native speakers have? 4.How many speakers should I work with? 5. How do I maintain good relations with the native speakers I hire? 6. Do I have the needed permissions to work with native speakers? 7. What are my obligations towards speakers, and can I fulfill them?
Identifying Event Impacts by Monitoring the News Media

Assessing the potential property and social impacts of an event, such as tornado or wildfire, continues to be a challenging research area. From financial markets to disaster management to epidemiology, the importance of understanding the impacts that events create cannot be understated. Our work describes an approach to fuse information from multiple sources, then to analyze the information cycles to identify prior temporal patterns related to the impact of an event. This approach is then applied to the analysis of news reports from multiple news sources pertaining to several different natural disasters. Results show that our approach can project the severity of the impacts of certain natural disasters, such as heat waves on droughts and wild fires. In addition, results show that specific types of disaster consistently produce similar impacts when each time they occur.
Fractures of the hand associated with riding the mechanical bull

Presented are the cases of four patients who sustained similar dominant hand injuries while riding a mechanical bull apparatus. The injuries included fractures of the second metacarpals as well as of the index finger phalanges. The mechanism of injury in each case occurred not from striking or catching the injured hand on the bull or by falling off the apparatus, but secondary to the extreme torque forces applied to the extremity during the severe gyrations.
Cingulate white matter neurons in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Background Increased neuronal density in prefrontal, parietal, and temporal white matter of schizophrenia subjects is thought to reflect disordered neurodevelopment; however, it is not known if this cellular alteration affects the cingulate cortex and whether similar changes exist in bipolar disorder. Method Eighty-two postmortem specimens (bipolar 15, schizophrenia 22, control 45) were included in this clinical study. Densities for two neuronal markers, neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and neuregulin 1 alpha (NRG), were determined in white matter up to 2.5 mm beneath the anterior cingulate cortex; density of NeuN immunopositive neurons (NeuN+) was also determined for a subset of cases in prefrontal cortex. Changes during normal development were monitored in a separate cohort of 14 brains. Results Both the schizophrenia and bipolar cohorts demonstrated a twofold increase in NeuN+ density in cingulate white matter; this effect could be attributed to ∼25% of cases that exceeded the second standard deviation from control subjects. Similar changes were observed in prefrontal cortex. In contrast density of NRG expressing neurons was unaltered. Cases with increased NeuN+ densities in two-dimensional (2-D) counts also showed a pronounced, > fivefold elevation in NeuN+ nuclei per cubic millimeter. Additionally, the developmental cohort demonstrated a 75% decline in NeuN+ neuronal density during the first postnatal year but was stable thereafter. Conclusions Increased neuronal density in white matter of cingulate cortex in schizophrenia provides further evidence that this alteration occurs in multiple cortical areas. Similar changes in some cases with bipolar illness suggest that the two disorders may share a common underlying defect in late prenatal or early postnatal neurodevelopment.
Conjuring Abraham, Martin and John: Memory and news of the Obama presidential campaign

In an era when most presidential candidates have come from well-established roots in mainstream society, Barack Obama broke the mold as an African-American growing up in a single-parent family, and at the time of the 2008 campaign, he was a relative newcomer to the American political machinery. As the subject of intense national scrutiny when his candidacy gained stock, Obama’s background posed a problem for journalists whose job it was to quickly observe the presidential campaign and present it within a framework that resonated with their audiences. This article’s argument suggests that when faced with atypical subjects that do not fit into an existing frame of reference journalists turn to a strategy to produce news that feels resonant and familiar. Through collective memory, references to the past help guide understandings about news of the present. By doing so, journalists can secure their ongoing roles as the storytellers of a culture.
Transect sampling to enhance efficiency of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) monitoring in corn.

Crop monitoring for adult corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, remains the best means to assess fields at risk from this pest if replanted to corn, Zea mays (L.). Improvements in sampling methodology, including the development of a sequential sampling plan, have reduced the minimum sampling time required to make a management decision to 20 min or less per field per visit. However, many growers and crop consultants still find this time commitment a constraint to repeated scouting. A common currently used sampling method involves systematically covering most of the field following a “W” pattern. The feasibility of replacing the current sampling pattern with a simpler and less time-consuming transect (straight line) pattern was assessed. When sampling methods were compared, computer simulations demonstrated that treatment decisions based on transect sampling would have an acceptably low error rate averaging 10% over a range of realistic corn rootworm densities (0–2 adults per plant). This error rate represented a decrease in accuracy of <1% compared with systematic sampling. Field trials using transect, systematic, and random sampling in each field were used to compare the categorization of adult corn rootworm densities into “above” or “below” threshold with a sequential sampling plan. Efficiency measured in time to reach a decision, number of corn plants evaluated, and time divided by plants observed were compared between sampling methods. The three methods did not differ significantly in the number of plants evaluated or in the categorization of corn rootworm populations. Transect sampling resulted in a significantly shorter time divided by plants observed (38 s), than either systematic (78 s), or random sampling methods (166 s). Based on these results transect sampling reduces sampling time 51% compared with systematic sampling and thus could be used to reduce total sampling times substantially.
Randomized psychosocial interventions for breast cancer: impact on life purpose.

Objective The present study sought to identify mediators underlying the effects of an education and a peer support intervention for women with breast cancer and to determine if the efficacy of a peer support intervention is moderated by cancer severity. Methods Participants included 180 patients with early stage (I or II) and 65 patients with late stage (IV) breast cancer. The study was originally planned as a 2 (early stage, late stage) × 3 (education intervention, peer support intervention, control condition) design; however, the education condition for the late stage cancer group was dropped, because of slow recruitment. Participants completed measures of well-being prior to being randomized (Time 1), then again 2 weeks after the group meetings ended (Time 2), and 6 months later (Time 3). Results Among the participants who had attended at least one group meeting, the education intervention predicted more life purpose and marginally predicted more perceived physical health at Time 2. The peer support intervention predicted more life purpose and less depressive symptoms at Time 2. Cancer severity did not moderate these effects. The effect of the peer support intervention on depressive symptoms was mediated by life purpose. None of the intervention effects were evident at Time 3. Conclusions Peer support interventions have positive short-term effects on well-being, among women with late and early stage breast cancer, and these effects are partially mediated by changes in life purpose. Education interventions have positive short-term effects on well-being among women with early stage breast cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sizing of Processing Arrays for FPGA-Based Computation

Computing applications in FPGAs are commonly built from repetitive structures of computing and/or memory elements. In many cases, application performance depends on the degree of parallelism ? ideally, the most that will fit into the fabric of the FPGA being used. Several factors complicate determination of the largest structure that will fit the FPGA: arrays that grow nonlinearly and in uneven step sizes, coupled structures that grow in different polynomial order, multiple design parameters controlling different aspects of the computing structure, and interlocked usage of different hardware resources. Combined with resource usage that depends on application-specific data elements and arithmetic details, these factors defeat any simple approach for scaling the computing structures up to the FPGA?s capacity. We present a formal analysis of maximizing FPGA utilization, with adaptations that simplify the optimization problem. We also report on design tools containing extensions that support automated sizing of FPGA-based computation arrays.
Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission overview

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission is part of NASA's Living With a Star Program, and is scheduled to launch in September, 2012. The fundamental goal of the mission is to provide an understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in space form or change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. The mission consists of two nearly-identical spacecraft launched into highly-elliptical Earth orbits, as well as the ground and data systems necessary to return and distribute science and housekeeping data and provide command and control of the space systems. The two spacecraft are launched aboard a single Atlas V 401 launch vehicle, and are placed in orbits that cause one spacecraft to lap the other approximately four times per year. This mission design enables an investigation of both spatial and temporal effects within the radiation belts using only two spacecraft, and the two year science mission will allow an investigation of all local time positions and interaction regions. Each spacecraft contains a suite of instruments to study ions, electrons and the local magnetic and electric fields. An overview of the RBSP mission will be presented, beginning with the science basis and goals for the mission. The driving mission requirements will be presented, and the unique engineering challenges of operating in the radiation belts will be discussed in detail. The implementation of both the space and ground segments will be presented, including a discussion of the challenges inherent with operating multiple spacecraft concurrently and working with a distributed network of science operation centers. The RBSP mission will enable characterization of the fundamental physics that drive the formation and evolution of the Earth's
Analytical methods for quantifying environmental connectivity for the control and surveillance of infectious disease spread

The sustained transmission and spread of environmentally mediated infectious diseases is governed in part by the dispersal of parasites, disease vectors and intermediate hosts between sites of transmission. Functional geospatial models can be used to quantify and predict the degree to which environmental features facilitate or limit connectivity between target populations, yet typical models are limited in their geographical and analytical approach, providing simplistic, global measures of connectivity and lacking methods to assess the epidemiological implications of fine-scale heterogeneous landscapes. Here, functional spatial models are applied to problems of surveillance and control of the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum and its intermediate snail host Oncomelania haupensis in western China. We advance functional connectivity methods by providing an analytical framework to (i) identify nodes of transmission where the degree of connectedness to other villages, and thus the potential for disease spread, is higher than is estimated using Euclidean distance alone and (ii) (re)organize transmission sites into disease surveillance units based on second-order relationships among nodes using non-Euclidean distance measures, termed effective geographical distance (EGD). Functional environmental models are parametrized using ecological information on the target organisms, and pair-wise distributions of internode EGD are estimated. A Monte Carlo rank product analysis is presented to identify nearby nodes under alternative distance models. Nodes are then iteratively embedded into EGD space and clustered using a k-means algorithm to group villages into ecologically meaningful surveillance groups. A consensus clustering approach is taken to derive the most stable cluster structure. The results indicate that novel relationships between nodes are revealed when non-Euclidean, ecologically determined distance measures are used to quantify connectivity in heterogeneous landscapes. These connections are not evident when analysing nodes in Euclidean space, and thus surveillance and control activities planned using Euclidean distance measures may be suboptimal. The methods developed here provide a quantitative framework for assessing the effectiveness of ecologically grounded surveillance systems and of control and prevention strategies for environmentally mediated diseases.
Effect of parasite-to-host egg ratio on egg rejection by a Brown-headed Cowbird host

ABSTRACT American Robins (Turdus migratorius) typically eject parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs from their nests. In order to successfully remove parasitic eggs, robins must first differentiate between their eggs and foreign eggs, and then remove the foreign egg(s). Our primary objectives were to determine (1) whether the robins reject cowbird eggs because they are in the minority (“discordancy hypothesis”) or because robins have learned the appearance of their own eggs regardless of whether they form the majority of eggs in the nest (“true egg recognition hypothesis”); and (2) whether the robin's ability to recognize its eggs and reject parasitic eggs was affected by the parasite-to-host egg ratio. We added artificial cowbird eggs to robin nests to create 3 treatments: (1) a majority of robin eggs, (2) an equal number of robin and cowbird eggs, and (3) a majority of cowbird eggs. Parasite-to-host egg ratios were between 1:3 and 3:1. Robins ejected all cowbird eggs at 88% of nests (51 o...
A longitudinal study of kidney structure and function in adults

Background. Although kidney size is commonly measured in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), its relationship with kidney function is poorly understood. We conducted this longitudinal study to better understand the relationship between kidney size and function. Methods. We retrospectively studied 178 kidneys measured by ultrasound in 93 patients with CKD who did not have autosomal polycystic kidney disease. Renal function was measured using estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A mixed model that accounted for repeated measurements or nested observations was used for statistical analysis. Results. In cross-sectional analyses, the following independent variables emerged as predictors of kidney size: estimated GFR along with its squared term, height, age and interactions of each of these two independent variables with aetiology of CKD. In longitudinal analyses over a median follow-up of 3.7 years, after accounting for predictors of baseline kidney size such as aetiology, height and estimated GFR, we found that kidney atrophy occurred at a rate of 0.072 cm/year (SD 0.016, P = 0.007). This atrophy was ‘blunted’ with declining GFR. Each 1 mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year greater decline in eGFR abrogated kidney atrophy by 0.015 cm/year (P = 0.024). Conclusion. Although in cross-sectional surveys kidney size is directly related to function, the longitudinal relationship between form and function is inverted. Since the rate of change in GFR determines kidney atrophy, we conclude that kidney size is a determinant of renal prognosis.
Practical Steps to Community Engaged Research: From Inputs to Outcomes

For decades, the dominant research paradigm has included trials conducted in clinical settings with little involvement from communities. The move toward community engaged research (CEnR) necessitates the inclusion of diverse perspectives to address complex problems. Using a relationship paradigm, CEnR reframes the context, considerations, practical steps, and outcomes of research.
ESKD, Transplantation, and Dialysis in Lupus Nephritis

Kidney disease resulting from systemic lupus erythematosus accounts for 1.9% of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population in the United States. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus nephritis (LN) who progress to ESKD in the United States are mostly female (81%) and of African ancestry (49%), with a mean age of 41 years at initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The incidence of ESKD in patients with LN steadily increased between 1982 and 1998 because RRT was offered more readily to LN patients in the United States. However, it appears to have plateaued in the early 2000s, and recently decreased, with approximately 3.26 incident cases per million patient-years during the biennium period of 2009 to 2010. When LN patients approach ESKD, patients and providers must choose among the RRT options available. The trend of the RRT used to support LN ESKD patients is not guided by the lower mortality seen with the use of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis (>85% versus 73% survival during 5 years of follow-up evaluation, respectively). Less than 4% of LN ESKD patients have pre-emptive kidney transplantation. Although the survival of LN ESKD patients who begin with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are similar (77% versus 79% during 3 years of follow-up evaluation, respectively), more than 80% of patients begin with hemodialysis and less than 15% begin with peritoneal dialysis in the United States.
Alkali segregation and matrix concentrations in thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 at targeted interfaces characterized in 3-D at the nanoscale

Recently, the highest laboratory efficiencies of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells have been achieved by introducing alkali impurity atoms, namely K and Na. This contribution will discuss a novel technique used to target grain boundaries with known structure to relate quantified K and Na segregation to matrix elements concentrations. We used this technique to select from roughly 20 grain boundaries with known misorientations, extracted from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) micrographs, and then chemically analyzed them in 3-D using atom probe tomography (APT). The grain boundaries analyzed exhibited a correlation of K and Na segregation to matrix elements concentrations and grain boundary misorientations. Alkali metal segregation at the interface of CuS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 is also discussed.