cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF WAVE GROUPING ON BREAKWATER STABILITY

It has been found that certain sequences of waves, such as occurring within well defined wave groups, can cause greater damage to rubble mound structures, than equally high individual waves dispersed throughout a wave train. It has therefore been necessary to develop a new wave synthesizing technique, which allows control of the phasing of the wave frequencies, so that a similar degree of wave grouping can be produced in the laboratory as is expected to occur at a particular location in the prototype. Also, during the course of this investigation, an attempt was made to simulate the strength of concrete armour units to the correct model scale. The breaking of armour units, due to their rocking or being displaced, resulted in a much higher percentage of damage, than would have been possible to predict from tests with commonly used model armour units.
LOW-FREQUENCY FLOWFIELD UNSTEADINESS DURING AIRFOIL STALL AND THE INFLUENCE OF STALL TYPE

The flow past stalled airfoils is generally unsteady and can result in large force fluctuations. This paper addresses the relationship between airfoil stall type and the level of large-scale unsteady flow at stall. A total of 12 airfoils, encompassing different stalling characteristics were tested over a large angle of attack range at a Reynolds number of 300,000. Timedependent lift data, wake hot-film data and flow visualization data were acquired. The time-dependent lift data were low-pass filtered with a 20 Hz cut-off to remove unwanted contributions to the fluctuating lift (Clrms) from model and lift-balance resonances. The results show that airfoils having trailing-edge stall experience minimal lift fluctuations at stall (Clrms 0.08). The fluctuating lift spectra for the latter two stall types contained distinct low-frequency peaks, indicating the large-scale unsteadiness associated with these stall types.
A Survey of Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Producing an Exocellular Nigeran-Protein Complex

(1980). A Survey of Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Producing an Exocellular Nigeran-Protein Complex. Mycologia: Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 637-640.
Negative regulation of Par-4 by oncogenic Ras is essential for cellular transformation

Oncogenic variants of the cellular Ras protein are often associated with different types of human cancers. However, the mechanisms by which oncogenic Ras induces transformation are not fully established. Expression of the transcriptional repressor Par-4 was down-regulated by oncogenic Ras via the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Restoration of Par-4 levels by abrogation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway with the MEK-inhibitor PD98059 or by ectopic Par-4, that acted to inhibit ERK expression and activation, was sufficient to suppress oncogenic Ras-induced transformation. These findings identify Par-4 as a novel target that has to be down-modulated by oncogenic Ras for successful transformation.
Abstract 2005: Modulation of tumor suppressor gene DNA-methylation by quercetin and dietary indoles

Epidemiological and preclinical research provide strong evidence for the anticancer properties of bioactive dietary compounds abundantly found in fruits, vegetables and other fiber-rich food stuff. However, the mechanisms by which nutritional intake of such dietary compounds prevent oncogenesis is largely unknown. We hypothesize that synergistic activities of different dietary compounds through epigenetic mechanisms underlie some of the chemopreventive functions of the dietary compounds. We undertook a preliminary study to examine the effects of Quercetin, Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) and diindolylmethane (DIM) on promoter methylation profiles of selected genes known to be suppressed by methylation in colorectal cancer. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid, while I3C and DIM are dietary indoles, DIM being a derivative of I3C. The genes queried in this study were p16INK4a, E-cadherin (CDH1), and IGFBP7. p16INK4a is a cell cycle regulator silenced in up to 40-50% of colorectal carcinomas. E-cadherin is a tumor suppressor and metastasis regulator protein the loss of which promotes wnt-signaling, which is dysregulated in the majority of colorectal cancers. IGFBP7 has recently been identified as a p53-responsive gene frequently silenced in colorectal and gastric cancers. In this study, RKO colorectal cancer cells were treated with the three dietary compounds, vehicle (DMSO), or the demethylating compound 5-azacytidine. DNA was harvested and bisulfite converted. Methylation of the gene promoters was examined by methylation-specific PCR using primer sets that amplify only methylated DNA. Gel electrophoresis and Real-time PCR were used to assess the relative abundance of methylated DNA in control and treated samples. Preliminary results show that the dietary compounds can reverse the methylated-promoter phenotype, with the indole compounds having higher potency compared to quercetin especially in demethylating the CDH1 gene promoter. Further experiments will elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which the compounds modulate gene methylation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2005. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2005
Protease-activated receptors in hemostasis

Protease signaling in cells elicits multiple physiologically important responses via protease-activated receptors (PARs). There are 4 members of this family of G-protein-coupled receptors (PAR1-4). PARs are activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to reveal a tethered ligand. The rate-limiting step of PAR signaling is determined by the efficiency of proteolysis of the N terminus, which is regulated by allosteric binding sites, cofactors, membrane localization, and receptor dimerization. This ultimately controls the initiation of PAR signaling. In addition, these factors also control the cellular response by directing signaling toward G-protein or β-arrestin pathways. PAR1 signaling on endothelial cells is controlled by the activating protease and heterodimerization with PAR2 or PAR3. As a consequence, the genetic and epigenetic control of PARs and their cofactors in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions have the potential to influence cellular behavior. Recent studies have uncovered polymorphisms that result in PAR4 sequence variants with altered reactivity that interact to influence platelet response. This further demonstrates how interactions within the plasma membrane can control the physiological output. Understanding the structural rearrangement following PAR activation and how PARs are allosterically controlled within the plasma membrane will determine how best to target this family of receptors therapeutically. The purpose of this article is to review how signaling from PARs is influenced by alternative cleavage sites and the physical interactions within the membrane. Going forward, it will be important to relate the altered signaling to the molecular arrangement of PARs in the cell membrane and to determine how these may be influenced genetically.
Cutlassfishes of the Genus Lepidopus (Trichiuridae), with Two New Eastern Pacific Species

Three of the five known species ofLepidopus occur in the eastern Pacific.Lepidopus manis sp. nov. is described from a single specimen from the Galapagos Islands. The holotype ofL. xantusi Goode et Bean, 1895, supposedly from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, is shown to be conspecific withL. caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788). The species heretofore reported under the nameL. xantusi is described, and namedL. fitchi sp. nov. It ranges from Oregon to the Gulf of California and occurs disjunctly in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. A key to the described species ofLepidopus is given and certain morphological features ofL. caudatus are described. Geographic variability ofL. caudatus andL. fitchi is discussed.
Hybrid Biomaterial with Conjugated Growth Factors and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ectopic Bone Formation

Bone is a highly vascularized tissue and efficient bone regeneration requires neovascularization, especially for critical-sized bone defects. We developed a novel hybrid biomaterial comprising nanocalcium sulfate (nCS) and fibrin hydrogel to deliver mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), to promote neovascularization and bone formation. MSC and growth factor(s)-loaded scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously into mice to examine their angiogenic and osteogenic potential. Micro CT, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and histological analysis were used to evaluate bone formation, while immunohistochemistry was employed to assess neovessel formation. The presence of fibrin preserved the nCS scaffold structure and promoted de novo bone formation. In addition, the presence of bone morphogenic protein 2-expressing MSC in nCS and fibrin hydrogels improved bone regeneration significantly. While FGF9 alone had no significant effect, the combination FGF9 and VEGF conjugated in fibrin enhanced neovascularization and bone formation more than 4-fold compared to nCS with MSC. Overall, our results suggested that the combination of nCS (to support bone formation) with a fibrin-based VEGF/FGF9 release system (support vascular formation) is an innovative and effective strategy that significantly enhanced ectopic bone formation in vivo.
Some inhibitory effects of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine, an adenosine analog, on nucleotide metabolism in ascites tumor cells.

Xylosyl adenine (XA) was found to prolong the survival time of mice bearing TA3 or Ehrlich ascites cell tumors. Experiments with either TA3 or Ehrlich cells demonstrated that XA markedly inhibited the incorporation of 14C-labeled adenine or glycine into both RNA and DNA. XA was relatively rapidly converted in vivo and in vitro to the triphosphate (XATP). XA was as effective as adenosine as a feedback inhibitor of purine synthesis. XATP was found to be profoundly inhibitory to the formation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). This effect on the PRPP supply appeared to be the most likely explanation for the inhibitory effects on RNA and DNA synthesis, and for the inhibition of cell growth.
Kinetics and absolute bioavailability of atenolol

Twelve healthy volunteers received four single doses of atenolol (25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral solutions and a 50-mg intravenous infusion), each dose separated by at least one week. Blood and urine assayed for atenolol by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Kinetic analysis of the intravenous data indicates a three-compartment model with elimination from the central compartment. The mean (+/- SD) terminal elimination half-life is 6.06 +/- 2.02 hr, the mean volume of the central compartment is 0.173 L/kg, and 94.1 +/- 8.0% of the intravenous dose is excreted in the urine. The mean value of the plasma clearance is 10.7 +/- 1.27 L/hr and of the renal plasma clearance, 10.4 +/- 1.14 L/hr. The mean absolute bioavailability for the 25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral doses is 0.52 +/- 0.18, 0.54 +/- 0.12, and 0.58 +/- 0.16, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration varies as a linear function of dose. Time to mean maximum plasma concentration (3.0 hr) and the time for half of the bioavailable dose to be absorbed (2.0 hr) do not differ significantly with dose. The mean renal plasma clearance after oral doses (9.49 +/- 1.6 L/hr) is in the same range as renal clearance after intravenous doses.
Assessing Voltage Fluctuations and Lamp Flicker Using RMS Voltages

Quantifying the effect of voltage fluctuations in power systems using a flickermeter is documented in IEC 61000-4-15. Modern digital implementations of a flickermeter take continuous time voltage samples as inputs to a software processing algorithm which ultimately calculates the short-term flicker severity P st . While this process is perfectly suited for real-time measurement applications, it is less useful for off-line applications typically encountered during planning studies or any other application where continuous time sample data are not available. Because rms values are typically produced as a result of planning calculations and cycle-be-cycle rms values are much easier to store over long time periods for later use in off-line evaluations, it is appropriate to consider the performance of the flickermeter algorithm with rms voltage inputs so that additional applications can be considered. The analytical evaluation of flickermeter performance with rms voltage inputs is presented in this paper. The conclusion is that the flickermeter algorithm performs accurately with these inputs provided that the fluctuation frequency is low, but becomes inaccurate for higher frequency fluctuations. This analytical conclusion is supported by both simulation and field test results at three sites.
Reconstruction of Pin Power and Burnup Characteristics from Nodal Calculations in Hexagonal-Z Geometry

A reconstruction method is developed for recovering pin burnup characteristics from fuel cycle calculations performed in hexagonal-z geometry using the nodal diffusion option of the DIF3D/REBUS-3 c...
Canadian monetary thought and policy in the 1920's

During the decade of the twenties, monetary theory and policy became a major focal point in the economic literature of the Western world. Although central-banking machinery had long since been in operation in England, France, and Germany, and the Federal Reserve System had been established in the United States about six months prior to the outbreak of the First World War, it remained for the post-war world to see the emergence of centralized monetary control in a recognized and accepted form. The experience during the war in the techniques and dangers of large-scale financial operations, together with the unprecedented post-war inflation of currency in Germany, left a vivid impression with economists, bankers, politicians, and business men. As a result, there occurred in the following years a lively discussion both of the workings of monetary and banking systems and of their implications for policy. The discussion soon became a definite controversy in terms of adherence to, and dissent from, the philosophy of “monetary orthodoxy.” To some extent, it was a continuation of the split which had grown out of the English Bullion Report of 1810 and had centered around the Banking and Currency Schools. There was, indeed, much debate over issues which had previously inspired the able analysis of such pioneers as Thornton, Tooke, and Overton. But there was a great deal more than that. Investigation was directed towards the most challenging problems of monetary theory, and policy recommendations took on a tone of urgency matched only by their infinite variety.
Incidental Findings on Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Images

Myocardial perfusion SPECT plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, providing a noninvasive tool to monitor ischemia and infarction. The findings can have a profound impact on diagnosis and management in these patients. However, incidental noncardiac findings on myocardial perfusion SPECT images can also affect management. These noncardiac subtleties are most often detected on the rotating raw SPECT images, which are often overlooked. The intent of this pictorial essay is to illustrate several subtle noncardiac abnormalities within nuclear cardiac imaging that can have an impact on patient management and follow-up.
P94 ‘element’ary, my dear watson

A baby girl was born at 34+5 weeks gestation, weighing 2.5 kg, to non-consanguineous Caucasian parents. Antenatally her mother had prolonged rupture of membrane and Group B Streptococcus on vaginal swab. Her mother received antibiotics during labour. After delivery, the infant had a dose of vitamin K. Two hours later, she was commenced on benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for neonatal sepsis as she was found to be hypotensive. Femoral pulses were present. She received 10 ml/kg fluid bolus and was admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Two hours later, she became jaundice. Bilirubin level was above the exchange transfusion threshold. Phototherapy was started. Direct Coombs test was negative. At 13 hours of age, she was hypotensive again, with temperature of 38°C. She was bleeding more than usual from her umbilical vessels when lines were inserted. Dopamine was commenced. Cranial ultrasound was unremarkable. Echocardiography showed a small patent ductus arteriosus. Clotting results were deranged, hence, she received further doses of vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Albumin was 14 g/L, but liver enzyme levels were normal. She was hypoglycaemic and thrombocytopenic. Her urine output was poor. Creatinine was 169micromol/L and sodium 125 mmol/L. Aciclovir and fluconazole were added. Due to ongoing hypotension, adrenaline, noradrenaline and hydrocortisone were commenced. She was transferred to the liver centre paediatric intensive care unit. She was intubated and ventilated after platelet transfusion. Ultrasound abdomen showed slight heterogeneity of the liver parenchyma. Acute liver failure workup was sent. She was started on vasopressin for ongoing hypotension, 20% dextrose infusion, furosemide infusion, with ongoing need for clotting products. Antibiotics were rationalised to cefotaxime, metronidazole, aciclovir and ambisome. While she was about to have MRI abdomen, she developed pulmonary haemorrhage, requiring tranexemic acid and recombinant Factor VIIa. MRI abdomen was abandoned. Lip biopsy revealed deposition of stainable iron in the salivary gland epithelium, confirming the diagnosis of neonatal haemochromatosis. Liver transplant was considered but was clinically too unstable. She was not suitable for haemofiltration due to ongoing bleeding concerns. Exchange transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulins had minimal effect on her clinical condition. Intensive care was withdrawn and she passed away.
Ecological and evolutionary approaches to managing honeybee disease

Honeybee declines are a serious threat to global agricultural security and productivity. Although multiple factors contribute to these declines, parasites are a key driver. Disease problems in honeybees have intensified in recent years, despite increasing attention to addressing them. Here we argue that we must focus on the principles of disease ecology and evolution to understand disease dynamics, assess the severity of disease threats, and control these threats via honeybee management. We cover the ecological context of honeybee disease, including both host and parasite factors driving current transmission dynamics, and then discuss evolutionary dynamics including how beekeeping management practices may drive selection for more virulent parasites. We then outline how ecological and evolutionary principles can guide disease mitigation in honeybees, including several practical management suggestions for addressing short- and long-term disease dynamics and consequences.
Development of a Positron Emission Tomography Radiotracer for Imaging Elevated Levels of Superoxide in Neuroinflammation

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to play a major role in the proinflammatory, M1-polarized form of neuroinflammation. However, it has been difficult to assess the role of ROS and their role in neuroinflammation in animal models of disease because of the absence of probes capable of measuring their presence with the functional imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). This study describes the synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [18F]ROStrace, a radiotracer for imaging superoxide in vivo with PET, in an LPS model of neuroinflammation. [18F]ROStrace was found to rapidly cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and was trapped in the brain of LPS-treated animals but not the control group. [18F]ox-ROStrace, the oxidized form of [18F]ROStrace, did not cross the BBB. These data suggest that [18F]ROStrace is a suitable radiotracer for imaging superoxide levels in the central nervous system with PET.
Reconstitution of RNA Polymerase I Upstream Activating Factor and the Roles of Histones H3 and H4 in Complex Assembly

Abstract RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires four separate factors that recruit Pol I to the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex. Upstream Activating Factor (UAF) is one of two multi-subunit complexes that regulate pre-initiation complex formation by binding to the ribosomal DNA promoter and by stimulating recruitment of downstream Pol I factors. UAF is composed of Rrn9, Rrn5, Rrn10, Uaf30, and histones H3 and H4. We developed a recombinant Escherichia coli -based system to coexpress and purify transcriptionally active UAF complex and to investigate the importance of each subunit in complex formation. We found that no single subunit is required for UAF assembly, including histones H3 and H4. We also demonstrate that histone H3 is able to interact with each UAF-specific subunit, and show that there are at least two copies of histone H3 and one copy of H4 present in the complex. Together, our results provide a new model suggesting that UAF contains a hybrid H3–H4 tetramer-like subcomplex.
Political Campaigns and Open-Minded Thinking

This article argues that campaigns do more than shape the electoral choices that citizens make. Campaigns also encourage citizens to engage in open-minded thinking. Analyses of the Senate Election Study show that intense campaigns chip away at pro-incumbent biases, motivating citizens to acknowledge pros and cons regarding the candidates. These gains in open-minded thinking appear among both more- and less-educated citizens. Intense campaigns provide citizens with the motivation to engage in open-minded thinking regarding candidates for public office. As such, electoral campaigns, as recurring national and subnational conversations about politics, can fulfill an important social function by pulling citizens into open-minded thinking.
The making of a “bad” public: Ethnonational mobilization in post-communist Bulgaria

Depuis quelques annees, un corps de litterature en sciences sociales a suggere une connexion intime entre les institutions et processus de la sphere publique, d'une part, et le nationalisme moderne, d'autre part. Cet article s'inscrit dans cette litterature en cherchant a specifier sous quelles conditions la rhetorique nationale est une strategie efficace dans la sphere publique moderne. Le succes de la mobilisation nationaliste est subordonne a la capacite d'un public nationaliste de lier de facon convaincante ses revendications aux ideeaux universalistes et democratiques qui sont au fondement meme de la sphere publique
Soil and Litter Community: Nematodes and Microarthropods

Many small-to-minute invertebrates permanently inhabit desert soil throughout the year. They include protozoans and possibly rotifers as well as enchytraeid worms—taxa we shall have to ignore owing to our nearly total ignorance about them in arid environments. Instead, we shall emphasize the fauna we do know something about, namely the free-living nematodes, a great variety of mostly prostigmatid mites, and the Collembola (Fig. 37).
Robotic manipulators and the product of exponentials formula

The manipulation of rigid bodies by manipulators which are motor driven kinematic chains is a fundamental aspect of robotics. In this paper, we discuss the kinematics of such processes and discuss the classification of kinematic chains using ideas from algebra and group theory. Earlier work on the role of Lie groups in mechanisms is contained in Herve [7], but the role of Lie algebras is not considered by this author. More relevant (but less group theoretic) is the extensive case-by-case analysis found in Pieper's thesis [9]. In fact, Pieper's work suggests an interesting and rather general problem in Galois theory which is directly related to manipulation. Also of interest is the well-known Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula for the derivative of a product of exponentials since such products are of fundamental importance in the study of kinematic programming.
CARTILAGE REPAIR WITH BONE MARROW IN A HYALURONAN-BASED SCAFFOLD

ABSTRACT The repair of osteochondral defects can be enhanced by providing structural support for the reparative activity. We hypothesize that the impregnation of specialized materials with autologous bone marrow will provide progenitor cells and cytokines to accelerate the healing response and, therefore, improve the quality of the repair. New Zealand White rabbits received bilateral, osteochondral defects on the femoral condyle. One leg received fibronectin-coated ACP™, a hyaluronan-based polymer, and the other fibronectin-coated, bone marrow-loaded ACP. Rabbits were sacrificed 3, 4, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery. The reparative tissue was assessed by histology. Both treatment groups presented similar appearance at 4, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery. Four weeks after surgery, the defects presented new bone filling the defect with a layer of hyaline cartilage on top that integrated well with the adjacent cartilage. At the 12 and 24-week time points the defects presented bone filling the defect area beyond the level of the tidemark and a layer of hyaline cartilage about half as thick as the adjacent normal cartilage. At the 3—week time point, the defects that received bone marrow-loaded implants presented more bone and the surface layer contained more cartilage. The early events of the regeneration process are accelerated by the inclusion of bone marrow; however, because the access to the marrow space is open in osteochondral defects, the medium- and long-term results obtained appeared to be similar.
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Receptor Levels Influence Virus-Induced Cytopathology

We developed human (HeLa) cell lines in which mouse hepatitis virus receptor (MHVR) levels could be regulated by addition of tetracycline. We used these cell lines to determine whether MHVR levels impact the degree of cytopathology induced by infection with the lytic MHV A59 strain. Two cultures were studied; HeLa-MHVRlo (less than 3,000 molecules per cell) and HeLa-MHVRhi (300,000 molecules per cell). Both supported synthesis of infective A59 virus. However, the MHVRlo cells showed no virus-induced cytopathology while the MHVRhl cells uniformly died within 14 hours after infection. This cell death was not related to virus-induced syncytium formation as it occurred even in subconfluent cells overlaid with fusion-blocking antiviral antibodies. MHV A59 spike proteins produced by vaccinia vectors also killed the MHVRhi cells within 12 hours postinfection—MHVRlo cells infected in parallel were intact as judged by trypan blue exclusion. Our current hypothesis is that the accumulation of intracellular complexes composed of spike and MHVR proteins leads to acute single cell lysis.
Glass Packaging for Beer–1965

(1965). Glass Packaging for Beer–1965. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 23, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1965, pp. 46-51.
Impact of Geomagnetic Disturbances on Power System Transient Stability

Geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) can potentially impose operational challenges on power systems and cause damage to essential grid assets through geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). The impacts of GICs on steady state voltage stability are now well-known. However, less is known about the impacts of GICs on power system transient stability, especially in the presence of contingencies. Using different metrics, this paper investigates the impacts of GMDs on power system transient stability by applying different single element contingencies to a 10k-bus synthetic network in the presence of time-invariant GMDs. Several case studies are presented as examples of the potential effects of GMDs. The results show that GMDs can alter power system transient margin. Therefore, relevant transient stability studies may need to be conducted to ensure secure power system operations under the effect of GMDs.
Interaction of the nitrogenase components of Anabaena cylindrica with those of Clostridium pasteurianum

Abstract The two components of the nitrogenase, the MoFe protein and the Fe protein, of Anabaena cylindrica were separated and partially purified. In the reconstituted enzyme, acetylene reduction of 400 nmole/min and ATP'ase activity of 1900 nmole/min based on MoFe protein were observed. Acetylene reduction based on Fe protein was 346 nmole/min. The MoFe protein of nitrogenase from A. cylindrica forms an active complex with the Fe protein of C. pasteurianum . The rate of acetylene reduction and hydrogen evolution by this heterologous complex based on MoFe protein is about 50% of that of the homologous system from A. cylindrica . The combination of the MoFe protein of C. pasteurianum and the Fe protein of A. cylindrica gave acetylene reduction of only 6 nmole/min/mg MoFe protein and an ATP'ase of only 50 nmole/min/mg MoFe protein. No N 2 reduction was detected.
Energy Cost Savings of Systems-Based Building Retrofits: A Study of Three Integrated Lighting Systems in Comparison with Component Based Retrofits

Author(s): Regnier, Cynthia; Mathew, Paul; Schwartz, Peter; Shackelford, Jordan; Robinson, Alastair; Walter, Travis | Abstract: Most building retrofit projects are still component-based in that they typically address only one piece or type of equipment at a time. Systems-based retrofits that seek to address multiple components in an integrated manner have the potential to provide significantly greater energy savings. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) partnered with several utilities to develop and evaluate three different integrated retrofit packages involving lighting systems: automated shading with daylight dimming controls, workstation-specific lighting with daylight controls, and task/ambient lighting with plug load occupancy controls. Specifically, our analysis sought to quantify the marginal benefits of these systems (energy savings as well as lighting performance and visual comfort) relative to component based approaches. The analysis was based on a combination of measured performance data from LBNL’s FLEXLAB® test facility and energy simulations. All three systems were compared to a simple fluorescent-to-LED retrofit, which represents the component-based approach. While the simple LED upgrade provides significant lighting energy savings of 63%, the systems yielded energy savings of 81-93%, which equates to additional savings of 49-82% over the simple LED upgrade (Table A-1).1 All systems tested provided satisfactory visual comfort as well, indicating good potential for market acceptance.
Shaping food safety perceptions: The influence of informational nudges

Abstract The study examines the influence, and potential confluence, of message framing and issue involvement on consumer food safety perceptions. We assess the impact of gain and loss-framed messages and issue involvement on perceptions of two food safety enhancing technologies, cattle vaccines against E. coli and direct-fed microbials. A survey with six information treatments was developed. Empirical results show that both loss-framed and gain-framed messages were persuasive in influencing safety perceptions of the two technologies under low issue involvement. Under high issue involvement, however, only the loss-framed message influenced consumers’ safety perceptions. High issue involvement also heightened concerns about foodborne infections.
The anatomy of efficient FFT and winograd convolutions on modern CPUs

Winograd-based convolution has quickly gained traction as a preferred approach to implement convolutional neural networks (ConvNet) on various hardware platforms because it could require fewer floating point operations than FFT-based or direct convolutions. In this paper, we analyze the theoretical performances of three methods (regular FFT-, Gauss-FFT-, and Winograd-based convolutions), as well as compare their highly optimized implementations on modern multi- and many-core CPUs. With all three implementations employing the same optimizations on modern CPUs, our experimental results with modern ConvNets show that the FFT-based implementations generally outperform the Winograd-based approach, which is contrary to the popular belief. To understand the results, we use a Roofline performance model to analyze the three implementations in detail, by looking at each of their computation phases and by considering not only the number of floating point operations, but also the memory bandwidth and the cache sizes. The performance analysis explains why, and under what conditions, the FFT-based implementations outperform the Winograd-based one, on modern CPUs.
White-Tailed Deer and an Invasive Shrub Facilitate Faster Carbon Cycling in a Forest Ecosystem

Abstract Forest soils sustain productivity and ecosystem function through nutrient cycling and by acting as a carbon stock. By retaining carbon, these soils delay its release into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. Forest disturbances may alter the ability of soil to recycle nutrients and decrease its potential to act as a carbon stock. In the Midwestern US, many forests are experiencing two simultaneous disturbances likely to permanently alter the soil ecosystem: invasion by the exotic shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and dense populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). To capture how these disturbances are impacting nutrient cycling, we measured potential soil enzyme activity and soil physicochemical properties in a fully factorial deer and honeysuckle removal experiment, where initial removal occurred three years prior to soil sampling. We measured β-glucosidase, phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities, which are associated with carbon cycling, and phosphatase activity which is associated with phosphorus cycling. We also measured soil pH, moisture, and texture to determine if honeysuckle and/or deer are changing the habitat of microorganisms, which may indirectly alter enzyme release. Using structural equation modeling, we then compared direct and indirect effects between combinations of honeysuckle and deer presence/absence, soil characteristics, and enzyme activities. Honeysuckle presence increased soil moisture and pH, but these relationships were weak. Additionally, deer presence directly increased phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities and altered the environment to be more conducive for phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities by decreasing pH. Neither deer nor honeysuckle presence altered β-glucosidase or phosphatase activity. Since we could detect changes in soil enzyme activity when deer were excluded independently of honeysuckle, it is likely that soil microorganisms can recover from overabundant deer within shorter time periods and thus the effect of deer may be reversible. In a Midwestern US forest invaded by both Amur honeysuckle and overabundant deer, removing or reducing deer presence could reduce C emissions, but more research is needed to further elucidate how honeysuckle alters nutrient cycling.
Decision Making Using Automated Estimates in the Classification of Novel Stimuli

In large-scale, remotely operated systems of autonomous vehicles, human operators’ situation awareness will depend on their use of multiple information sources which may include target classification estimates provided by the system. This experiment assessed to what degree participants relied on a likelihood estimate to assist in the classification of novel stimuli in varying levels of uncertainty. Participants were trained to classify two sets of novel visual stimuli, then classified variations of the stimuli with the aid of an estimate displaying the likelihood of belonging to either group. The results showed that participants were able to integrate the automated estimate into their classification responses, and as the level of uncertainty increased, the average reliance on the automated estimate also increased. The findings show that training participants to identify new stimuli, then presenting participants with a likelihood estimate in conjunction with the visual stimuli may facilitate situation awareness in conditions of uncertainty.
High-Risk Medication Prescriptions in Primary Care for Women Without Documented Contraception.

Introduction: During pregnancy, women may be exposed to teratogenic medications resulting in a risk of complications and poor maternal-fetal outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prescription of teratogenic medications in women of childbearing age and the associated prescription of contraception in the primary care setting. Methods: The use of high-risk, potentially teratogenic, medications was retrospectively evaluated in women of childbearing age (13 to 45 years old) at 2 family medicine practices. Charts were reviewed for medication use and whether patients received a form of birth control (medication, sterilization, or postmenopausal) with the teratogenic medications. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the age-adjusted association between receiving a teratogenic medication and contraception. A subgroup analysis excluding ondansetron was also performed. Results: A total of 3,956 nonpregnant women were included with 988 (25%) prescribed at least 1 high-risk medication. The most commonly prescribed high-risk medications were ondansetron (n = 724, 73%) and lisinopril (n = 195, 20%). More than half (55%) of the women prescribed a high-risk medication were without a form of birth control. When ondansetron was excluded, 10% of the population was prescribed at least 1 high-risk medication with 62% also without a form of birth control. Women less than 25 years of age had decreased odds of receiving contraception when prescribed a teratogenic medication (adjusted odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.66). Conclusion: In a family medicine setting, 25% of women of childbearing age were prescribed a high-risk medication with over half not having evidence of contraception management. Interestingly, younger age women had lower odds of receiving contraceptive management when prescribed high-risk medications. Prescribers should be aware of and counsel on the risks of teratogenic medications and regularly evaluate reproductive plans for patients.
Review of Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power and Violence in Brazilian History

Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power and Violence in Brazilian History, by Lamonte Aidoo, Duke University Press, 2018.
Language and Reading Outcomes in Fourth-Grade Children With Mild Hearing Loss Compared to Age-Matched Hearing Peers

Purpose There is ambiguity in the clinical and research communities regarding whether children with mild bilateral hearing loss (MBHL) are at risk for delays. The goal of the current article is to expand the evidence base surrounding outcomes for the current generation of children with MBHL. Method Using independent-samples t tests, we compared children with MBHL to same-age peers with normal hearing (NH) on measures of vocabulary, morphological awareness, listening comprehension, and reading. We completed regression analyses to explore the foundational linguistic skills that influenced reading abilities in both groups. For the children with MBHL, we examined whether hearing aid (HA) dosage was associated with individual differences in language scores. Results Group comparisons indicated that children with NH significantly outperformed children with MBHL on tests of morphological awareness and listening comprehension. There were no differences in vocabulary size or reading achievement; however, children with MBHL displayed significant differences in the factors that accounted for variability in reading scores compared to children with NH. HA dosage was significantly associated with variation in listening comprehension scores, but not vocabulary, reading, or morphological awareness. Conclusions The current results provide evidence that children with MBHL are at risk for persistent language deficits by 4th grade, particularly in aspects of language that involve form. Reading skills in children with MBHL appear to be commensurate with same-age hearing peers. Consistent use of well-fit HAs supports listening comprehension, although the amount of benefit from HAs may be reduced for children with higher unaided hearing levels.
The Genetic Basis for Salivary Gland Barriers to Arboviral Transmission

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) infect mosquito salivary glands and then escape to saliva prior to virus transmission. Arbovirus transmission from mosquitoes can be modulated by salivary gland infection barriers (SGIBs) and salivary gland escape barriers (SGEBs). We determined the influence of SGIBs and SGEBs by estimating the quantitative genetic contributions of Aedes aegypti half-sib families (Mapastepec, Mexico) infected with three dengue 2 (DENV2), two chikungunya (CHIKV), and two Zika (ZIKV) genotypes. We determined virus titer per salivary gland and saliva at seven days post-infection and virus prevalence in the half-sib population. CHIKV or ZIKV genotypes did not present SGIB, whereas DENV2 genotypes showed low rates of SGIB. However, virus titer and prevalence due to additive genetic factors in the half-sib family displayed a significant narrow-sense heritability (h2) for SGIB in two of the three DENV2 genotypes and one CHIKV and one ZIKV genotype. SGEBs were detected in all seven virus strains: 60-88% of DENV2 and 48-62% of CHIKV or ZIKV genotype infections. SGEB h2 was significant for all CHIKV or ZIKV genotypes but not for any of the DENV2 genotypes. SGIBs and SGEBs exhibited classical gene-by-gene interaction dynamics and are influenced by genetic factors in the mosquito and the virus.
An uncertainty framework for i-Tree eco: A comparative study of 15 cities across the United States

Abstract Uncertainty information associated with urban forest models are beneficial for model transparency, model development, effective communication of model output, and decision-making. However, compared with the extensive studies based on the applications of urban forest models, little attention has been paid to the uncertainty of the output from these models. In this study, bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulation were employed to explore the uncertainty of i-Tree Eco. We assess the uncertainties associated with input data, sampling methods and models throughout the processes of urban forest structure and function quantification, and we propagate and aggregate the three sources of uncertainty to derive an estimator of total uncertainty. The uncertainty magnitude is expressed as the coefﬁcient of variation. By applying the uncertainty framework to a network of 15 cities across the United States, we find that the average magnitude of total uncertainty across 15 cities is 12.3 % for leaf area, 13.4 % for carbon storage, 11.1 % for carbon sequestration, 40.7 % for isoprene emissions, and 25.0 % for monoterpene emissions. For leaf and carbon estimators, the total uncertainty is primarily driven by sampling uncertainty; the magnitudes of all three sources of uncertainty are comparable across 15 cities. In contrast, input, sampling, and model uncertainties all contribute to the total uncertainty for isoprene and monoterpene emission estimators, and there are large variations in these three sources of uncertainty across the 15 cities. An analysis of a regression-based approach to estimate input and model error indicated only moderate improvements over using averages across sites when estimating total uncertainty.
Microbial endophytes: evolution, diversity, community functions, and regulation

Abstract Microbial endophytes are important contributors to the ecological success of plants. We review these interactions as mutualisms and present discussions on our current state of understanding regarding components of these interactions. We present evidence of endophyte evolution overall and at the cellular level, while heavily emphasizing endophytes of the fungal family Clavicipitaceae as models for endophytes—at least as models of endophytic fungi. However, some discussion is made of other fungal groups along with bacteria. This is particularly important because in nature plants are colonized by communities of endophytic microbes, not single species of endophytes. We also include life cycle variations and modes of plant colonization both within and among several plant organs. The resulting plants and endophytic microbial communities are successful in terms of their having varied geographic patterns and distributions, and with respect to how their endophytic species are organized and regulated within them. Since endophytic organisms and their hosts are evolutionarily distant, we presented some information on how the two partners within the symbiosis might signal one another, which may be related to using quorum sensing and inhibitions. Since very little about quorum sensing is known in fungi, we use bacteria as models for how such mechanisms for regulation and control of important biochemical pathways and developmental processes that might occur in planta partnerships. Continued research along these lines may substantiate this hypothesis and may develop into other approaches for mycotoxins produced by endophytes.
A Review of “The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea”

Park Chung Hee's eighteen-year reign (1961–1979) is among the most important events in modern Korea. Under Park's heavy-handed leadership, South Korea went from an agrarian backwater to an industri...
An Integrative Review of Knowing the Patient

Purpose The purpose of this article is to characterize the concept knowing the patient as reflected in the contemporary nursing literature and to consider implications for nursing practice. Organizing Construct A literature review was conducted to identify primary source publications concerned with knowing the patient within the nursing discipline. Methods Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were queried using the phrase knowing the patient to identify relevant peer-reviewed literature from 1996 through 2013. Findings The review produced 21 publications; knowing the patient was the topic of inquiry in only 5 of these. Knowing the patient emerged as a finding in 16 investigations and was described as affecting nurses’ ability to provide safe care, develop positive relationships, and engage in expert practice. Patterns identified across studies were illustrated in a model representing the process of knowing the patient, including factors of the nurse's internal environment, information practices to develop knowledge and create meaning, and the nurse's response. The process of knowing the patient occurs within the context of relationship with the patient and in an environment that is temporal in nature. Conclusions While knowing the patient continues to be a prominent concept in the nursing literature, practice environments may not provide the conditions necessary to support the process, particularly temporal factors of time availability, sustained contact, continuity, and consistency. Clinical Relevance Findings inform the development of professional practice models that support knowing the patient.