cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HeMem: Scalable Tiered Memory Management for Big Data Applications and Real NVM

High-capacity non-volatile memory (NVM) is a new main memory tier. Tiered DRAM+NVM servers increase total memory capacity by up to 8x, but can diminish memory bandwidth by up to 7x and inflate latency by up to 63% if not managed well. We study existing hardware and software tiered memory management systems on the recently available Intel Optane DC NVM with big data applications and find that no existing system maximizes application performance on real NVM. Based on our findings, we present HeMem, a tiered main memory management system designed from scratch for commercially available NVM and the big data applications that use it. HeMem manages tiered memory asynchronously, batching and amortizing memory access tracking, migration, and associated TLB synchronization overheads. HeMem monitors application memory use by sampling memory access via CPU events, rather than page tables. This allows HeMem to scale to terabytes of memory, keeping small and ephemeral data structures in fast memory, and allocating scarce, asymmetric NVM bandwidth according to access patterns. Finally, HeMem is flexible by placing per-application memory management policy at user-level. On a system with Intel Optane DC NVM, HeMem outperforms hardware, OS, and PL-based tiered memory management, providing up to 50% runtime reduction for the GAP graph processing benchmark, 13% higher throughput for TPC-C on the Silo in-memory database, 16% lower tail-latency under performance isolation for a key-value store, and up to 10x less NVM wear than the next best solution, without application modification.
Multi-objective optimization for sensor placement: An integrated combinatorial approach with reduced order model and Gaussian process

Abstract We develop a novel sensor placement method that maximizes monitoring performance while minimizing deployment cost. Our method integrates a reduced order model and multi-objective combinatorial optimization. We first decompose the spatio-temporal state field to be monitored by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and we use the Gaussian Process to model the uncertainty in each POD mode. Next, we develop a lazy greedy (LG)- ∊ -constraint optimization to derive the Pareto-optimal sensor configurations. We further design a branch and bound algorithm to calculate the global optimum and validate the correctness of select configurations on the LG-derived Pareto frontier. We evaluate and benchmark our algorithm in computational experiments based on the temperature dataset of the Berkeley Intel Lab. The computational results demonstrate that our algorithm places sensors at locations of large magnitude in the POD modes, and that our method achieves better state estimation accuracy and smaller reconstruction errors compared with alternative methods.
The celebrity talk show: Norms and practices

Abstract Celebrity talk shows are a major but relatively unexplored form of broadcast talk. This article examines the norms and practices of celebrity talk show interviewing through a comparative analysis of journalistic or news interviewing. Data are drawn from four popular celebrity talk shows and three news interview programs in the U.S. The paper identifies two norms that guide talk show interactions and distinguish them from news interviews. The first norm is personalization, which allows hosts to use their own experiences and interests as a resource for questioning and responding to their guests. The second is congeniality, which fosters a predominantly friendly interviewing environment that enables guests to present both themselves and the product they are there to promote in a positive light. Although the paper is primarily concerned with elucidating these interactional norms and their implementation, it also addresses the mix of occupational concerns and market pressures that they reflect, and broader implications for the changing media landscape.
Modular Fortran 90 Implementation of a Parallel Atmospheric General Circulation Model

In this paper we present software engineering aspects of a parallel atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM) currently nearing completion at the NASA Data Assimilation Office. The code is scienti fically closely related to the current Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS 2.x) GCM. The new software design, however, is a radical departure from the previous Fortran 77 code, using Fortran 90 derived data types and modules to compartmentalize the implementation.In order to reduce turnaround time needed to facilitate scientific development, the GEOS 3.x implementation uses a message-passing paradigm. This allows the performance to scale consistently to a large number of processors on both an Origin 2000 and a Cray T3E. The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) is used for portability.The modularity and performance of the parallel GEOS 3.x code allow faster development of scientific improvements such as variable resolution grids and a new land surface model which are key to keeping the GCM competitive with other leading models.
Neutral-scalar-meson theory in the static limit

The scattering of a neutral scalar meson from a spinless nucleon is investigated in the limit when the nucleon mass becomes very large in comparison with the meson mass. The calculation proceeds from the fixed momentum-transfer dispersion relation by expansion in a convergent power series. The expansions are restricted to small meson laboratory energy ω and small momentum transfer. It is found that even in the static limit the direct and crossed nucleon-pole terms causeS- andP-wave scattering to be equally important. This is in contradiction to the standard neutral scalar static model. The contradiction is resolved by noting that in the standard model the renormalized coupling constant vanishes; if this requirement is imposed theP-wave vanishes and theS-wave equation is the usual Low equation for the model. The relevance of these observations to earlier work of Barger and Kazes, Schlitt, and Huang and Low is discussed.
Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Soil and Environmental Sciences

The sections in this article are Introduction Sampling Methods Attenuated Total Reflection Diffuse Reflection Transmission Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Using Molecular Probes to Study Environmental Particles Water Oxyanions Organic Probe Molecules Organic Cations Organic Anions Neutral Organic Compounds IR and Raman Studies of Humic Substances Summary
Gene Structure and Organization

The sequence of the human genome enables a delineation of genes and analysis of their structural properties and organization in the context of the chromosome. Keywords: gene; genome; transcript; intron; exon
REVIEW OF THE POTENTIAL OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN FOR ADDRESSING ENERGY SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

AbstractNuclear energy has the potential to exert a major positive impact on energy security and climate change by coupling it to the transportation sector, primarily through hydrogen production. I...
An in vitro model for induction of immunological unresponsiveness to turkey γ-globulin in primed mouse spleen cells: I. The secondary in vitro response and induction of unresponsiveness

Abstract Spleen cells from mice previously immunized with turkey γ-globulin (TGG) were shown to give a vigorous secondary response in vitro when challenged in Mishell-Dutton cultures with TGG covalently coupled to pig erthrocytes (TGG-PRBC). However, 90–100% of the response could be abrogated by the incorporation of soluble TGG (sTGG) into the culture medium at concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml. Unresponsiveness, as measured by the absence of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in cultures receiving sTGG, was found to be antigen specific in that these cultures were still able to give normal PFC responses to sheep or burro erythrocytes. Spleen cells incubated with sTGG for short periods of time were shown to remain unresponsive after removal of sTGG from the culture and addition of TGG-PRBC. A 1-hr exposure period resulted in greater than 70% Unresponsiveness and a complete unresponsive state required only 8 hr of exposure. In contrast to the continued Unresponsiveness of sTGG-treated cells in vitro, spleen cells incubated with sTGG for 24 hr were fully responsive to an immunogenic challenge with alum-precipitated TGG when they were transferred into irradiated syngeneic mice. These data suggest that the readily induced unresponsive state in cultures of TGG primed cells may involve either a reversible antigen blockade of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes or a peripheral inhibition of reactive cells by suppressor lymphocytes.
Nature-Based Therapy: Its Potential as a Complementary Approach to Treating Communication Disorders

Nature-based therapy (NBT) has been incorporated into the practice of many medical and mental health professions. Occupational therapists, physical therapists, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and to a lesser extent, speech-language pathologists have used NBT practices as a complementary means of treating a variety of physical, emotional, and cognitive disorders. This article includes a description of NBT and the three types that comprise the practice and a review of the literature demonstrating the use of NBT in the general population and, more specifically, with individuals with neurogenic communication disorders. It concludes with a discussion of directions for future research of NBT.
Schwarz-Pick Systems of Pseudometrics for Domains in Normed Linear Spaces

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on Schwarz–Pick systems of pseudometrics for domains in normed linear spaces. The chapter presents an elementary account of systems of assigning pseudometrics to domains in normed linear spaces so that the Schwarz–Pick inequality holds for any holomorphic mapping of one domain into another and so that the pseudometric assigned to the open unit disc of the complex plane is the usual Poincare metric. The chapter focuses on the Caratheodory and Kobayashi systems of pseudometrics. Of all systems, these assign the smallest and largest pseudometrics, respectively, to a given domain. The chapter begins with the definition of an infinitesimal Finder pseudometrica, which is used to measure lengths of curves, and construct an associated pseudometric called the integrated form of ∝. The chapter presents examples on the Caratheodory–Reiffen–Finsler (CRF)-pseudometrics, which are a Schwarz–Pick system. These pseudometrics are used together with the contraction mapping theorem to obtain the Earle–Hamilton fixed point theorem and a corresponding inverse function theorem. The chapter also discusses the basic properties of Schwarz–Pick systems and provides a sufficient condition for the completeness of a domain with respect to a pseudometric assigned to it by such a system. By considering differentiability of pseudometrics, it is shown that the Caratheodory pseudometric, the infinitesimal CRF-pseudometric, and its integrated form all assign the same lengths to curves.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock Propagation in High Strength Ceramics

High-strength ceramics are being developed for light-weight armors. Atomistic simulations of shock damage are performed to determine modes of energy absorption and failure through cracking under hypervelocity impact.
Load management for scaling up Internet services

As the global Internet traffic increases, many popular sites are often unable to serve their TCP/IP workload, particularly during peak periods of activity. For example, Web servers for sports events are often swamped by requests during and after games. To address this problem, many sites allocate multiple server hosts to concurrently handle the incoming requests. To support workload sharing, they need a method to distribute the requests among the servers. Since network traffic is self-similar, with waves of heavy traffic at peak times, this requires dynamic feedback control. In this presentation we analyse several solutions to this scaling problem (client-based and DNS-based), and show some of their deficiencies. We then present our preferred method, which is based on IP packet forwarding and is transparent to both clients and servers. We implemented a TCP/IP load-management tool, NetDispatcher, that enables scalable, heterogeneous TCP/IP server clusters that can handle millions of TCP connections per hour. NetDispatcher does not perform any TCP/IP header translations. Hence, outgoing server-to-client packets need no processing and can follow a separate network route to the clients, resulting in improved bandwidth utilization and lower latency. Netdispatcher transparently handles server failures. NetDispatcher failures are handled by a shadow node without loosing active connection.
Comparison of total body urea production potential with total body carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS-1) activity in newborn piglets infused with alanine at 50% of resting energy expenditure for 36 hours

The calculated rate of urea production [U(p); mmol urea/(h. kg(0. 75))], based on urinary urea-N (UUN) excretion and changes in total body urea-N, was compared with the calculated total body V(max) of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS-1) of 24 neonatal piglets from four treatments as follows: 6 h baseline control (n = 8), 18 h of alanine intravenously (IV) at 50% of resting energy expenditure (REE; n = 4), 36 h of alanine IV at 50% of REE (n = 6), or 36 h of glucose IV at 50% of REE (n = 6). The following significant increases from baseline were seen in piglets infused with alanine for 36 h: 1) UUN excretion [10.6 +/- 5.9 mg N/(h. kg(0.75)) to 53.2 +/- 11.1]; 2) BUN concentrations (9.1 +/- 3.0 mmol urea N/L to 51.2 +/- 7.0); 3) calculated urea production [0.34 +/- 0.21 mmol urea/(h. kg(0.75)) to 2.39 +/- 0.53]; and 4) CPS-1 V(max) [2.0 +/- 0.81 mmol citrulline/(h. kg (0.75)) to 4.4 +/- 1.5], (P < 0.05). With the exception of CPS-1 activity, significant decreases from baseline were seen in these values in piglets infused with glucose for 36 h (P < 0.05). Comparison of calculated urea production with calculated total body CPS-1 V(max) at baseline, 18 or 36 h after the start of infusion of alanine or glucose revealed a positive relationship (slope = 0.263; P < 0.002). At all enzyme activities, infusion of alanine resulted in a significant increase in the rate of urea production compared with controls (P < 0.001). Total body CPS-1 activity varied from 1.8 to 5.8 times that of urea production, suggesting that CPS-1 did not limit urea production.
Mismatch between diurnal home ranges and roosting areas in the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina): Possible role of habitat and breeding stage

ABSTRACT The behavior of roosting birds has received little attention from ornithologists, despite its importance for understanding the complete avian circadian cycle. We examined the spatial arrangement of roosts in relation to diurnal home ranges for the declining Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) on its breeding grounds in coastal Virginia, USA. To our knowledge, this is the first broad description of roosting ecology for a North American migratory passerine during the breeding season. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether roost sites and diurnal use areas overlapped. Secondly, using LiDAR, we tested the hypothesis that birds roosted at sites with higher local vegetation density than random points. Lastly, we explored the effect of nest status on the roosting patterns of pairs. We tracked 37 radio-tagged males to construct 95% kernel diurnal home ranges. In 10 home ranges we also tagged the female mates. Both sexes were tracked at night to roosting locations. Of 74 male roosts, ...
Language, religion and the politics of difference

Language and religion are arguably the two most socially and politically consequential domains of cultural difference in the modern world. Yet there have been very few efforts to compare the two in any sustained way. I begin by aligning language and religion, provisionally, with ethnicity and nationhood, and by sketching five ways in which language and religion are both similar to and similarly intertwined with ethnicity and nationhood. I then identify a series of key differences between language and religion and draw out their implications for the political accommodation of cultural heterogeneity. I show that religious pluralism tends to be more intergenerationally robust and more deeply institutionalised than linguistic pluralism in western liberal democracies, and I argue that religious pluralism entails deeper and more divisive forms of diversity. The upshot is that religion has tended to displace language as the cutting edge of contestation over the political accommodation of cultural difference – a striking reversal of the longer-term historical process through which language had previously displaced religion as the primary focus of contention.
Convergence rates in symmetric neural networks with Glauber dynamics

In numerical experiments with randomly-generated, symmetrically-interconnected networks of N McCulloch-Pitts neurons, the median convergence time (t"5"0) is found to increase with size roughly according to the relation t"5"0 = (N6)ln(2N)sweeps of the asynchronous (Glauber) dynamics. An exact treatment of the stochastic model has yet to appear, though some reports seem to confirm Hopfield's casual observation, that the convergence time is roughly four sweeps (irrespective of N).
Acetylcholinesterase in singly and multiply innervated muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. II. Effects of denervation.

Neural regulation of mature normal fast twitch muscle of the chicken suppresses high activity, extrajunctional localization, and isozyme forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) characteristic of embryonic, denervated and dystrophic muscle. Normal adult slow tonic muscle of the chicken retains intermediate levels of activity and embryonic isozyme forms but not extrajunctional activity; it is not affected by muscular dystrophy. The hypothesis that neural regulation of the AChE system is lacking in slow tonic muscle and thus not affected by dystrophy was tested by denervating the fast twitch posterior latissimus dorsi and slow tonic anterior latissimus dorsi muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. Extrajunctional AChE activity and embryonic isozyme forms increased, then declined, in both muscles. The results suggest that control of AChE is qualitatively similar in slow tonic and fast twitch muscle of the chicken.
EXTRACELLULAR CULTIVATION OF THE LEISHMANIAL BODIES OF SPECIES BELONGING TO THE PROTOZOAN GENUS LEISHMANIA.

Abstract Extracellular cultivation of the intracellular stage of Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, and L. brasiliensis is reported. Leptomonad to leishmania transformation and the subsequent growth and multiplication of the leishmania in a cell-free medium occurred as a result of the gradual adaptation of the cultural forms to progressively increased incubation temperatures. After acclimatization in blood-agar cultures, first at 28 °C, and then at 32 °C, the leptomonads, when incubated at 34 °C, underwent morphological transformation to leishmaniae and continued to multiply. Details of methodology, comparative morphological data, and leishmaniae population growth curve analyses are presented.
Predicting Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity 6–11 Months in Advance

Abstract A surprisingly strong long-range predictive signal exists for Atlantic-basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity. This predictive skill is related to two measures of West African rainfall in the prior year and to the phase of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation of zonal winds at 30 mb and 50 mb, extrapolated ten months into the future. These predictors, both of which are available by 1 December, can be utilized to make skillful forecasts of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity in the following June-November season. Using jackknife methods to provide independent testing of datasets, it is found that these parameters can be used to forecast nearly half of the season-to-season variability for seven indices of Atlantic seasonal tropical cyclone activity as early as late November of the previous year.
URANIUM TRANSPORT IN THE WALKER RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA

Abstract During the summer of 1976 waters from tributaries, rivers, springs and wells were sampled in the Walker River Basin. Snow and sediments from selected sites were also sampled. All samples were analyzed for uranium and other elements. The resulting data provide an understanding of the transport of uranium within a closed hydrologic basin as well as providing a basis for the design of geochemical reconnaissance studies for the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States. Spring and tributary data are useful in locating areas containing anomalous concentrations of uranium. However, agricultural practices obscure the presence of known uranium deposits and render impossible the detection of other known deposits. Uranium is extremely mobile in stream waters and does not appear to sorb or precipitate. Uranium has a long residence time (2500 years) in the open waters of Walker Lake; however, once it crosses the sediment-water interface, it is reduced to the U(IV) state and is lost from solution. Over the past two million years the amount of uranium transported to the terminal point of the Walker River system may have been on the order of 4 × 10 8 kg . This suggests that closed basin termini are sites for significant uranium accumulations and are, therefore, potential sites of uranium ore deposits.
Devonian landscape heterogeneity recorded by a giant fungus

The enigmatic Paleozoic fossil Prototaxites [Dawson 1859][1] consists of tree-like trunks as long as 8 m constructed of interwoven tubes <50 mm in diameter. Prototaxites specimens from five localities differ from contemporaneous vascular plants by exhibiting a carbon isotopic range, within and between localities, of as much as 13‰ δ13C. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry highlights compositional differences between Prototaxites and co-occurring plant fossils and supports interpretation of isotopic distinctions as biological rather than diagenetic in origin. Such a large isotopic range is difficult to reconcile with an autotrophic metabolism, suggesting instead that, consistent with anatomy-based interpretation as a fungus, Prototaxites was a heterotroph that lived on isotopically heterogeneous substrates. Light isotopic values of Prototaxites approximate those of vascular plants from the same localities; in contrast, heavy extremes seen in the Lower Devonian appear to reflect consumption of primary producers with carbon-concentrating mechanisms, such as cryptobiotic soil crusts, or possibly bryophytes. Prototaxites biogeochemistry thus suggests that a biologically heterogeneous mosaic of primary producers characterized land surfaces well into the vascular plant era. [1]: #ref-10
Experimental demonstration of self-collimation in a 3D photonic crystal

We present our experimental demonstration of self-collimation inside a three-dimensional (3D) simple cubic photonic crystal at microwave frequencies. The photonic crystal was designed with tailored dispersion property and fabricated by a high precision computer-controlled machine. The self-collimation modes were excited by a grounded waveguide feeding and detected by a scanning monopole. Self-collimation of electromagnetic waves in the 3D photonic crystal was demonstrated by measuring the 3D field distribution, which was shown as a narrow collimated beam inside the 3D photonic crystal whereas a diverged beam in the absence of the photonic crystal.
Thermally stable hybrid organic/inorganic resonant cavities

Silica optical microcavities experience linewidth broadening and resonant frequency instability as a result of their high Q factors. One of the causes is the thermo-optic effect or temperature induced changes in refractive index. For many telecommunications and biodetection applications, it is critical to have a stable, temperature independent, resonant frequency. In this research, silica microtoroid resonators are coated with two different polymers: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). The hybrid device has minimal thermal response with proper film thicknesses depending on the polymers because the positive dn/dT of silica is balanced by the negative dn/dT of the polymer. The results follow theoretical predictions based on finite element method simulations.
A Finite-Element Analysis of Errors in Three-Flat Tests Caused by Rotation Dependent Flat Deformations

Rotation of wedged flats as part of three-flat test procedures leads to rotation angle dependent deformations. We estimate the magnitude of the deformations and the effect on the test uncertainty using finite element modeling.
Almost) optimal parallel block access to range queries

This guarantee is true for any number of dimensions. Subsequent to this work, Bhatia et al. [4] have proved that such a performance bound is essentially optimal for this kind of scheme, and have also extended our results to the case where the number of disks is a product of the form k1*k2* … *kt where the kts need not all be 2.
Inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the anal and perianal regions

Abstract The anus is the last 4 cm of the gastrointestinal tract, which extends from the anorectal ring to the anal verge. The perianal region is defined as a circular area about 6 cm from the anal verge. The anus, a region by nature in daily conflict with the passage of stool, is the site of a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
Effects of camptothecin on RNA synthesis in L1210 cells

Abstract Using a slowly dividing line of the L1210 murine leukemia, effects of camptothecin on formation of different RNA species were examined. At low levels, the drug inhibits synthesis of 45-S RNA and appearance of cytoplasmic 28-S RNA. At higher levels, camptothecin inhibits appearance of cytoplasmic 18-S RNA and slows appearance of cytoplasmic 4-S RNA. Methylation of ribosomal and 4-S RNA is not prevented by the drug. The predominant RNA species synthesized in the presence of high concentrations of camptothecin is a 23-S nucleoplasmic product with an unusual base composition.
Aging of oily soils on textiles. Chemical changes upon oxidation and interaction with textile fibers

Aging of unsaturated oily soils on textile materials produces yellow compounds that are difficult to remove by washing. To investigate changes that occur in oily soils when aged, the aging of squalene and artificial sebum were studied. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, infrated spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography studies showed that oily soils were oxidized upon aging, forming low molecular weight products that also polymerized to higher molecular weight compounds with prolonged aging. The oxidation products contained hydroxyl, carbonyl, or ester groups. Oxidation compounds with yellow chromophores appeared to be mostly those of the 1000–2500 molecular weight fraction; though in earlier, stages of aging, lower molecular weight fractions also contained chromophores. By using glucose as a model compound of cellulose, it was found that yellow oxidation products of aged squalene were covalently bound to the substrate. Because the aging of oily soils is a free-radical oxidation process, oxidation products having chromophores are thought to attach to the cotton substrate through radical coupling. Oily soils also showed possibilities of chemical bonding with nylon but not with polyester.
Aldose reductase localization in dog retinal mural cells

The selective degeneration of retinal mural cells, a hallmark of early human diabetic retinopathy, has also been reported to occur in both diabetic and galactose-fed dogs. By employing antibodies raised against purified dog lens aldose reductase the presence of aldose reductase can be immunohisto-chemically demonstrated in the cytoplasm of mural cells but not endothelial cells of dog retinal vessels isolated by trypsin digestion. This immunohisto-chemical staining is similar to that observed with isolated human retinal vessels.
Quantitative Analysis of Acquisition of a Conditional Discrimination

When the center one of three keys was illuminated with one of six stimuli, 40 pecks produced white light on both side keys. Three of the six stimuli set the conditions for reinforcement of a subseq...
Characterization of the dinuclear metal center of Pyrococcus furiosus prolidase by analysis of targeted mutants

Abstract Prolidases are dipeptidases specific for cleavage of Xaa-Pro dipeptides. Pyrococcus furiosus prolidase is a homodimer having one Co-bound dinuclear metal cluster per monomer with one tightly bound Co(II) site and the other loosely bound ( K d 0.24 mM). To identify which Co site is tight-binding and which is loose-binding, site-directed mutagenesis was used to modify amino acid residues that participate in binding the Co1 (E-313 and H-284), the Co2 site (D-209) or the bidentate ligand (E-327). Metal-content, enzyme activity and CD-spectra analyses of D209A-, H284L-, and E327L-prolidase mutants show that Co1 is the tight-binding and Co2 the loose-binding metal center.
Epidural Analgesia in Hepatic Resection

Background Randomized trials show equivocal benefit of epidural analgesia (EA) for patients undergoing abdominal operations. Partial hepatectomy is often performed using low central venous pressure anesthesia to reduce intraoperative blood loss. We examined effects of pain management strategy on blood pressure, transfusion, and complications in patients undergoing hepatic resection with either EA or IV analgesia (IVA). Study Design Data on patients undergoing hepatectomy from 2001 to 2004 at Emory University Hospital were analyzed according to route of perioperative pain management. Patient and treatment factors were analyzed for associations with transfusion and morbidity. Results From 2001 through 2004, 367 patients underwent elective partial hepatectomy at Emory University Hospital. EA patients were more likely to be older, men, and with malignancy. There were no differences between the groups in extent of resection, operative time, blood loss, or starting hematocrit level. The EA group had lower mean arterial pressure in recovery (86.6±14.0 mmHg versus 94.5±13.2 mmHg, p 2, starting hematocrit 300 minutes, blood loss>1 L, and use of EA were associated with increased numbers of patients receiving packed red blood cells. Complications and length of stay were similar for both groups. Conclusions Epidural analgesia was independently associated with increased risk of packed red blood cell transfusion after hepatectomy. EA did not appear to minimize complications or shorten hospital stay. Caution should be exercised when considering EA use in hepatic resection.
SU-C-141-04: Robustness of 4DCT and 4DCBCT Object Volume Measurement with a Motion-Capable Lung Phantom That Mimics Realistic Patient Tumor Trajectories

Purpose: Accurate volume estimation for time-resolved fan-beam CT (4DCT) and cone-beam CT (4DCBCT) is critical to planning and verification of many motion-sensitive radiotherapy applications, including stereotactic lung radiotherapy. We used a 4D torso phantom to acquire realistic respiratory images with 4DCT and 4DCBCT, and compared object size estimation of the two modalities. Methods: A torso phantom consisting of a water-filled sphere surrounded by foam pellets was driven by a motion device capable of reproducing patient respiratory traces. Ten typical respiratory traces were imaged along with static and sinusoidal cases with clinically-relevant 4DCT and 4DCBCT techniques. 4DCT images were reconstructed in ten phases at 512×512×104 voxels and 0.977×0.977×2.50 mm3/voxel (GE Advantage). 4DCBCT images were reconstructed in ten phases at 128×205×205 voxels and 2.00×2.00×2.00 mm3/voxel (Elekta XVI). Objects were contoured in MIM 5.6.3 using threshold segmentation and volumes compared between image phases. Results: Reference object size was 7.03 mL and 7.01 mL for the static CT and CBCT acquisitions, respectively. When averaged over all phases, 4DCT volume was 6.78+/−0.72 mL; however, variation between phases was large and significant in Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests (2.68--10.96 mL, p<0.001). 4DCBCT showed reduced accuracy of object volume estimation relative to the static case and 4DCT in paired sign-rank tests (μ =9.08+/−0.07 mL, p<0.001); however, 4DCBCT greatly improved consistency of estimation, as no significant differences were detected between phases (8.47--9.10 mL, p=0.4). Conclusion: Variation in object volume between respiratory phases was dramatically inferior for 4DCT versus 4DCBCT, possibly due to fan-beam CT interplay effects or superiority of diaphragm sorting versus a linear surrogate. Consequently, radiotherapy planning or gating on individual phases of 4DCT datasets has potential to cause significant error. 4DCBCT did overestimate object size relative to 4DCT due to partial volume effects. As such, higher-resolution 4DCBCT presets should be investigated for patient verification imaging.
Concept Attainment, Generalization, and Retention through Observation and Verbal Coding.

Abstract Observationally induced acquisition, generalization, and retention of a novel clustering concept were studied in second-graders. All children earned zero scores in baseline (which were maintained by the no-modeling controls), demonstrating initial ignorance of the concept. No extrinsic reinforcers were promised or dispensed. In separate groups, a model accompanied performance of correct responses with no verbalization, with provision of a weak verbal code, a strong verbal code, or the strong code plus a rule to guide correct response. Concept acquisition and generalization to new stimuli were found, and were partially retained at retesting after several weeks delay. Strength of immediate concept attainment and generalization were related to amount and saliency of information verbally coded by the model, but more complex results were obtained with the retention data.
Comparing gas - phase and grain - catalyzed H(2) formation

Because H2 formation on dust-grain surfaces completely dominates gas-phase H2 formation in local molecular clouds, it is often assumed that gas-phase formation is never important. In fact, it is the dominant mechanism in a number of cases. In this paper, I briefly summarize the chemistry of gas-phase H2 formation and show that it dominates for dust-to-gas ratios less than a critical value Dcr. I also show that Dcr is simple to calculate for any given astrophysical situation and illustrate this with a number of examples, ranging from H2 formation in warm atomic gas in the Milky Way to the formation of protogalaxies at high redshift.
Laser-tissue interactions

The interactions of laser radiation with animal tissue have become a vast field of study. The detailed chemical behavior of the photons with the tissue, while scientifically a fascinating topic for investigation, is difficult to study experimentally. We have used synthetic polymers and small molecules in the condensed phase as models for the study of non-linear photochemistry of all organic systems. While such extrapolations should always be used with caution, they have been helpful in suggesting new strategies for tissue ablation which may be adaptable to experiments in vivo. —In etching and ablation by pulsed ultraviolet lasers, the power density at the surface of the polymer or tissue is critical in determining the threshold for ablation and the etch depth per pulse at photon fluxes greater than the threshold. This has been explained by a mechanism in which a single chromophore is excited to high electronic levels by the successive absorption of two or more photons. Recent experiments have been directed towards the use of pairs of laser pulses with a preset time interval separating them in order to couple the multi-photon excitation process to the excited states of the chromophores in the solid in an optimum fashion. The initial results suggest that a certain amount of “tuning” of the laser pulse to suit the ablation kinetics of the substrate is not only possible but may be useful in practical applications of UV laser: tissue interactions.
Playing the Lynx: Creating The Writer's Complex as a Virtual Writing Center for Students at a Distance

This article describes the thinking and learning that lie behind the creation of an online writing center, The Writer's Complex. We discuss the construct of informative and facilitative hypertext. ...
Evolutionary roots of intuitive parenting: Maternal competence in chimpanzees

Intuitive parenting behaviours have been shown to be universal in humans and appear to be based on psychobiological preadaptedness. This study is an exploration of the evolutionary roots of intuitive parenting through naturalistic observation of mother chimpanzees' interaction with their very young infants. Maternal competence is demonstrated initially through the behaviours of carrying the newborn infant and allowing the infant to nurse. Very early mother-infant interactions include play, 'exercise',cradling and grooming. Chimpanzee mothers also assess their offspring's behavioural state and muscle tone through visual inspections and movement of legs, arms, fingers and toes. Chimpanzee mothers and infants, as early as 2 weeks of age, spend some time in mutual gaze.Neonatal chimpanzees are capable of sustained face-to-face interactions, as these were observed in nursery-reared chimpanzee interactions with human adults; however, it appears that chimpanzee mothers encourage mutual gaze with their infants for only brief durations. Chimpanzees with good maternal competence exhibit sensitive responsivity to infants' communicatory signals. Thus the results of this study support the claim that there are evolutionary and comparative foundations of intuitive parenting evident in the maternal behaviour and maternal competence of chimpanzees.
Influence of austenitizing temperature on fracture toughness of a low manganese austempered ductile iron (ADI) with ferritic as cast structure

Abstract An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austenitizing temperature on the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of an unalloyed and low manganese ADI and with an as cast (solidified) ferritic structure. The investigation also examined the influence of austenitizing temperature on the fracture toughness of this material. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from a nodular cast iron without any alloying elements (e.g. nickel, molybdenum or copper) and with very low manganese content and with an as cast (solidified) ferritic structure. These were then austenitized at several temperatures ranging from 871°C (1600°F) to 982°C (1800°F) and then austempered at a constant austempering temperature of 302°C (575°F) for a fixed time period of 2 h. Microstructure was characterized through optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Tensile properties and plane strain fracture toughness of all these materials were determined and correlated with the microstructure. Fracture surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope to determine the fracture mode. The results of this investigation indicate that the austenitizing temperature above 982°C (1800°F) has a detrimental effect on the fracture toughness of this material. Both volume fraction of austenite and its carbon content increased with austenitizing temperature. The strain hardening exponent of this material was found to increase with increase in the austenitic carbon content i.e. ( X γ C γ ) 1/2 where X γ is the volume fraction of austenite and C γ is the carbon content of austenite. A Hall–Petch type relationship was found to exist between yield strength and mean free path of dislocation motion, d in ferrite. A model for fracture toughness of ADI has been developed. Present test results indicate good agreement with the model.
Accumulation rate and mixing of shelf sediments in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Abstract The distribution of excess 210Pb in 31 sediment cores was used to determine modern (last 100 yr) mass accumulation rates and the depth of sediment mixing on the continental shelf between Pacifica and Monterey, California, USA. Apparent mass accumulation rates average 0.27 g cm−2 yr−1 and range from 0.42 g cm−2 yr−1 to 0.12 g cm−2 yr−1. Accumulation rates were highest at mid-shelf water depths (60–100 m) adjacent to major rivers and near the head of the Ascension submarine canyon. Cores from water depths of less than 65 m had low, uniform 210Pb activity profiles and sandy textures. The uppermost 5–13 cm of 15 cores had uniform 210Pb activity profiles above a region of steadily decreasing 210Pb activity. This phenomenon was attributed to sediment mixing. The thickness of this upper layer of uniform 210Pb activity decreased southward from 13 cm, west of Pacifica, to less than 5 cm, near Monterey Canyon. This southward decrease may be attributed to shallower bioturbation in the southern study area. Integrated excess 210Pb activities were generally higher where sedimentation rates were high. They were also higher with increasing distance from major rivers. Thus, sedimentation rate alone does not explain the distribution of integrated excess 210Pb in this study area. Excess 210Pb in the seafloor is controlled by other factors such as sediment texture, the atmospheric deposition rate of 210Pb, and the residence time of sediment particles in the water column.
Wavenumber Dependent Investigation of the Terrestrial Infrared Radiation Budget with Two Versions of the LOWTRAN5 Band Model.

Two versions of the LOWTRAN5 radiance code are used in a study of the earth's clear sky infrared radiation budget in the interval 30 per cm (333.3 microns) to 3530 per cm (2.8 microns). One version uses 5 per cm resolution and temperature dependent molecular absorption coefficients, and the second uses 20 per cm resolution and temperature independent molecular absorption coefficients. Both versions compare well with Nimbus 3 IRIS spectra, with some discrepancies at particular wavenumber intervals. Up and downgoing fluxes, calculated as functions of latitude, are displayed for wavenumbers at which the principle absorbers are active. Most of the variation of the fluxes with latitude is found in the higher wavenumber intervals for both clear and cloudy skies. The main features of the wavenumber integrated cooling rates are explained with reference to calculations in more restricted wavenumber intervals. A tropical lower tropospheric cooling maximum is produced by water vapor continuum effects in the 760-1240 per cm window. A secondary upper tropospheric cooling maximum, with wide meridional extent, is produced by water vapor rotational lines between 30-430 per cm. Water vapor lines throughout the terrestrial infrared spectrum prevent the upflux maximum from coinciding with the surface temperature maximum.
Seasonal and interannual variability of the Columbia River plume: A perspective enabled by multiyear simulation databases

[1] As integral capability within an end-to-end observatory for the Columbia River estuary-plume-shelf system, we routinely create simulation databases of 3-D baroclinic circulation with unstructured grid models SELFE (Semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian Finite Element) and ELCIRC (Eulerian-Lagrangian Circulation). Here, 1999―2006 SELFE simulations are used to study plume variability at multiple temporal scales: interannual, seasonal, and event scale. Time series of plume metrics, together with climatology and anomalies of surface salinity, suggest that simulations usefully capture key features of plume dynamics. In particular, simulations capture seasonal variability around two known trends: a coastally attached northward winter plume and a detached southward summer plume. Results show significant interannual variability of the plume orientation and extent, with potential implications on the variability of productivity in the system. An empirical orthogonal function analysis confirms that a bidirectional plume is prevalent in summer, showing that the result holds true regardless of interannual variability. Short-term bidirectional plumes, previously observed or modeled only in summer, can also occasionally develop in winter as a result of episodically strong upwelling-favorable winds. Across years, the predominantly coastal attached northward plume in late fall and winter is found to separate frequently from the coast, during wind relaxation events or weak wind reversals. Multiple skill scores are used to evaluate the quality of the simulations against earlier circulation databases and data. Analysis of root-mean-square error and bias suggests overall superiority of SELFE-generated over ELCIRC-generated simulation databases, but the generality of the conclusions is limited by (1) models not being the only difference between simulation databases and (2) no model prevailing across all error metrics.
Mechanisms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Induced Acute Lung Injury

ABSTRACT Systems biology offers considerable promise in uncovering novel pathways by which viruses and other microbial pathogens interact with host signaling and expression networks to mediate disease severity. In this study, we have developed an unbiased modeling approach to identify new pathways and network connections mediating acute lung injury, using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as a model pathogen. We utilized a time course of matched virologic, pathological, and transcriptomic data within a novel methodological framework that can detect pathway enrichment among key highly connected network genes. This unbiased approach produced a high-priority list of 4 genes in one pathway out of over 3,500 genes that were differentially expressed following SARS-CoV infection. With these data, we predicted that the urokinase and other wound repair pathways would regulate lethal versus sublethal disease following SARS-CoV infection in mice. We validated the importance of the urokinase pathway for SARS-CoV disease severity using genetically defined knockout mice, proteomic correlates of pathway activation, and pathological disease severity. The results of these studies demonstrate that a fine balance exists between host coagulation and fibrinolysin pathways regulating pathological disease outcomes, including diffuse alveolar damage and acute lung injury, following infection with highly pathogenic respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and 2003, and infected patients developed an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leading to pulmonary fibrosis and death. We identified sets of differentially expressed genes that contribute to ALI and ARDS using lethal and sublethal SARS-CoV infection models. Mathematical prioritization of our gene sets identified the urokinase and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways as the most enriched pathways. By infecting Serpine1-knockout mice, we showed that the urokinase pathway had a significant effect on both lung pathology and overall SARS-CoV pathogenesis. These results demonstrate the effective use of unbiased modeling techniques for identification of high-priority host targets that regulate disease outcomes. Similar transcriptional signatures were noted in 1918 and 2009 H1N1 influenza virus-infected mice, suggesting a common, potentially treatable mechanism in development of virus-induced ALI.