cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol changes the brain lipidome and transcriptome differentially in the adolescent and the adult

Exposing the adolescent brain to drugs of abuse is associated with increased risk for adult onset psychopathologies. Cannabis use peaks during adolescence, with largely unknown effects on the developing brain. Cannabis' major psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alters neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial signaling. Therefore, multiple cellular and signaling pathways are affected with a single dose of THC. The endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are members of an interconnected lipidome that includes an emerging class of AEA structural analogs, the lipoamines, additional 2-acyl glycerols, free fatty acids, and prostaglandins (PGs). Lipids in this lipidome share many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, yet have diverse signaling properties. Here, we show that acute THC drives age-dependent changes in this lipidome across 8 regions of the female mouse brain. Interestingly, most changes are observed in the adult, with eCBs and related lipids predominately decreasing. Analysis of THC and metabolites reveals an unequal distribution across these brain areas; however, the highest levels of THC were measured in the hippocampus (HIPP) in all age groups. Transcriptomic analysis of the HIPP after acute THC showed that like the lipidome, the adult transcriptome demonstrated significantly more changes than the adolescent. Importantly, the regulation of 31 genes overlapped between the adolescent and the adult, suggesting a conserved transcriptomic response in the HIPP to THC exposure independent of age. Taken together these data illustrate that the first exposure to a single dose of THC has profound effects on signaling in the CNS.
Optimal Packet Aggregation Scheduling in Wireless Networks

One of the most critical emerging problems for 5G and Internet of Things is the handling of machine-to-machine communication. Wireless sensor networks are deployed every day, resulting in a more distributed infrastructure, where the communication and processing are handled by energy, bandwidth, and processing constrained devices. Aggregation of multiple packets flowing over the same path increases spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and resource utilization. We address the problem of determining the optimal waiting time to maximize the utility within the network. We provide a general framework, where the utility function is user-defined for each individual application stream and packet. This allows the user to optimize for energy, delay, or expiration rate in the resolution of individual streams. Our algorithm calculates the optimal time for any given condition on-the-fly and can adapt to changing conditions with low computational complexity. We provide an optimal multi-hop distributed and scalable under congestion versions of our algorithm. Our simulations in ns3 show that we outperform state-of-the-art policies by 1.55x in terms of information freshness. Our solution reduces average power consumption by more than 60 percent. Our congestion-aware solution shows constant performance with increasing congestion levels, whereas state-of-the-art solutions degrade by up to 70 percent under the same conditions.
Robot Hand-Eye Coordination Based on Fuzzy Logic

Hand-eye coordination of a robot system is a classical problem in robotic vision, which mathematically can be described as an ill-posed inverse mapping problem. Different techniques have been developed to solve this inverse mapping problem, but most of the reported work has a common limitation that is the relative position between the given robot and the camera must be fixed once the calibration is finished. However, very often in real-world applications this may not be realistic either due to the random disturbances to the system or due to the need of repositioning the camera or moving the robot base to a new position in order to perform a required task. In this case, usually a lengthy re-calibration process has to be carried out. In this paper, we describe our technique which eliminates the need of re-calibration for the vertical position change of the camera. Our technique is based on the integration of the utilization of a close form mathematical formulation and fuzzy logic. Using the fuzzy logic technique, we are able to deal the unknown amount of vertical changes of the camera position. Using image processing technique to estimate the distance change of the image land marks, we derived a fuzzy reasoning model which allows us to calculate the inverse mapping matrix. The algorithm and fuzzy reasoning system have been developed and implemented in a 6-degree-of-freedom robot system. Experiments were conducted and the result confirmed our design.
Characterization of Toxicosis in Sheep Dosed with Blossoms of Sacahuiste (Nolina microcarpa)

To characterize more fully sacahuiste (NoZina microcarpa Watson) toxicosis in sheep and to evaluate benefits of supplemental Zn, sheep were dosed intraruminally with sacahuiste blossoms. In Trial 1, eight fine-wool sheep (47 k 2 kg BW) were fed alfalfa hay at 1% of BW daily and dosed intrarumi- nally with inflorescences amounting to 1% of BW daily, in three portions per day, for 10 d. Four sheep were dosed intraruminally with aqueous ZnS04 (30 mg of Znf'kg B W) daily for 3 d before initial sacahuiste dosing and on alternate days thereafter, and four sheep were untreated with Zn. Toxicosis was evident within 24 h after initial sacahuiste dosage, involving inappetence, depression, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, creatine kin- ase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransfer- ase, and y-glutamyl transpeptidase). One sheep (un- treated with Zn) died on d 3. Aqueous ZnS04 alleviated inappetence and suppressed elevation of serum urea N and creatinine but did not suppress other changes in serum clinical profiles. In Trial 2, sacahuiste inflorescenses were ruminally dosed into 12 fine-wool wethers (29 _+ 2 kg BW) in amounts equalling 0, .25, 50, and .75% of BW per day, and chopped alfalfa hay was provided at 1.75% of BW per day for 14 d. Sacahuiste inflorescenses dosed at .75% of BW elicited severe toxicosis within 24 h, and dosage at .50 or .25% of BW per day increased (P = .12) serum bilirubin. Ruminal fluid pH, mean particle retention time, and particulate passage rate were nd affected (P > .lo) by sacahuiste, but ruminal fluid passage rate increased 1.6-fold (P c .lo) and ruminal fluid volume decreased by 60% (P < .lo) in sheep given inflorescenses amounting to 50% of BW daily. Sacahuiste inflorescenses dosed intraruminally at .75% of BW per day elicited ruminal impaction with severe hepatotoxicosis, and dosages amounting to 50% or .25% of BW per day caused similar trends.
Reliability and validity of the 24-hour recall.

A large and significant difference was found between mean recalled and mean observed intakes of both hilocalories and protein in the two groups of children studied.
Temperature Measurements: Comparison of Different Thermometer Types for Patients With Cancer.

Background Accurate temperature measurement in patients with cancer is critical. Many patients are neutropenic; therefore, fever represents an oncologic emergency, and, in many cases, it can be the only indication of a life-threatening infection. Although oral thermometers most closely represent true core temperature, patients may have barriers to oral thermometry. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of two alternative, noninvasive thermometers (tympanic and temporal artery) by comparing them to an oral thermometer. Methods A method-comparison study design was used. Each participant received three temperature measurements. The dependent variable was the difference in temperature between the test thermometers and the oral thermometer. Findings The results suggest that neither of the test thermometers accurately represented core temperature, particularly in febrile patients. Both the tympanic and temporal artery thermometers became less accurate as oral temperature increased.
Educational Achievement and Attainment Differences Among Minorities and Immigrants

The U.S. student population is increasingly comprised of racial/ethnic minority and immigrant students. Drawing on national-level data, we document the gaps in educational achievement and attainment for minority and immigrant students that are apparent at all levels of education, from early education through postsecondary schooling. These achievement gaps reflect, in part, the broader racial and ethnic hierarchy of the U.S., but the experiences of immigrant-origin minority students additionally contribute to the complexity of racial and ethnic stratification in education. Though research shows that socioeconomic status accounts for much of the differences in achievement, factors such as schools and teachers, peer relationships, and neighborhoods and communities may also contribute to the variation in academic outcomes.
Memory pointers and identity

In this chapter we examine the role and use of memory pointers—objects or photos that people believe will help them remember a particular experience—in how people establish and verify their identities. People’s experiences are central to their identities (e.g., attending college, special trips), but it is not only the actual experiences one has; possibly more important are the memories of these experiences. Since people generally believe in the importance of experiences to their identities over time, people purposefully invest in memory pointers, tangible reminders that will help them cue these memories later on, both for themselves and to be shared with others. People believe that memory pointers are more effective at triggering memories when they are specific to a particular experience or setting (e.g., a shirt with the dorm logo versus a shirt with the college logo), and thus they are better able to verify and shape one’s identity. This demand for specificity may explain why people take so many photos, as photos are inherently linked to the particular time and place when they were taken. Taking photos as memory pointers can further yield the added benefit of increasing engagement with the experience that is being photographed, which amplifies positive experiences and also heightens one’s visual memories of the experience. When memory pointers are acquired with the intention to share them with others, people select different types of pointers than if they intend to use these memory pointers only for themselves. For example, photo albums to be shared may include more staged pictures of people who are smiling, while albums for oneself may include more candid moments. As a whole, this chapter highlights the importance of memory pointer acquisition and usage in people’s desire to verify their identities over time.
Threading Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy in a Flipped College Spanish Course

This chapter explored self-regulation and self-efficacy in a flipped college Spanish course. Through a pre-post survey and focus-group interview with students, this study found that students managed to set goals, manage their time, used learning strategies, and self-evaluated their learning. The findings also suggested that students were more aware and confident of their self-efficacy in relation to speaking and writing as well as cultural awareness. Significance of threading self-regulation and self-efficacy strategies in the flipped approach are shared.
Low-Pressure CO2 Capture Using Ionic Liquids to Enable Mars Propellant Production

Room-temperature ionic liquids offer a potential technological approach for propellant production on Mars using in situ resources. These unique salts can be employed to preferentially capture carbo...
Norm-Referenced Language Test Selection Practices for Elementary School Children With Suspected Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Standardized norm-referenced tests are an important aspect of language assessment for school-age children. This study explored the language test selection practices of school-based speech-l...
Ethical Advance and Ethical Risk - A Mengzian Reflection

On one view of ethical development, someone not yet virtuous can reliably progress by engaging in what meaningfully resembles virtuous conduct. However, if the well-intended conduct is psychologically demanding, one's character, precisely because one is not yet virtuous, may worsen rather than improve. This risk of degradation casts doubt on the developmental view. I counter the doubt through one interpretation and one application of the Mengzi 孟子. In passage 2A2, invoking the image of a farmer who “helped” the crop grow by pulling the sprouts, Meng Ke 孟軻 cautions, “do not help it grow.” I defend a novel interpretation: do not advance with a naive negligence about your psychophysiological constitution. I also show how to advance with realistic care by pointing out an overlooked application of a much-discussed cultivation technique illustrated in Mengzi 1A7: ethical reflection can conciliate one with one’s ongoing or past advanced action, lowering the action’s risk of degradation.
Bridging Information Worlds: Talking to Northern Students and Southern Scholars About Global Inequities in Scholarly Communication

The topic of global inequities in scholarly communication is complex and may be viewed from different perspectives depending upon multiple variables, including where you live in the world. This “Report from the Field” presents the author’s experiences and reflections on facilitating formal discussions of this topic at the Monteverde Institute (MVI) in Costa Rica. The Monteverde Institute (MVI) is a Costa Rican non-profit organization that provides infrastructure and support for education abroad programs focused on community engaged scholarship, as well as support for both international and locally based researchers who focus their study in the area. Its middle vantage point provides unique advantages for engaging multiple constituencies in conversations about the inherent inequalities of our current scholarly information universe from both Global North and Global South perspectives. This report focuses on the author’s experiences and reflections on discussions about equity issues in scholarly access and production, with North American students as well as local researchers and community members in Latin America that took place between 2017-2019. The richness of engagement with this topic was facilitated by the opportunities afforded by the ability to hear multiple perspectives, backgrounds, and lived realities in this single space.
Mental Representations of Military Veterans: The Pictures (and Words) In Our Heads

There has been much popular and academic discussion concerning the public’s mental “pictures” of US military veterans, a group afforded symbolic capital but also stereotyped by American society. Nevertheless, we have little empirical research concerning how the public thinks about military veterans. The present study helps to fill the void by examining two mental representations of military veterans among 1,047 respondents to a survey of US adults. First, it examines semantic representations of veterans, employing a priming task to see which words Americans most often associate with veterans. Second, it employs a visual imagery approach to better understand the “pictures in our heads” of veterans, asking respondents to imagine veterans and describe their race, gender, age, and from whence those images came, focusing on mass media and personal experience.
Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction in COVID-19.

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cardiovascular injury, but left ventricular (LV) function is largely preserved. We aimed to evaluate for subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 through myocardial strain analysis. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who underwent echocardiography. Traditional echocardiographic and global longitudinal strain (GLS) values were compared with prior and subsequent echocardiograms. Results: Among 96 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 with complete echocardiograms, 67 (70%) had adequate image quality for strain analysis. The cohort was predominantly male (63%) and 18% had prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Echocardiograms were largely normal with median [IQR] LV ejection fraction (EF) 62% [56%, 68%]. However, median GLS was abnormal in 91% (-13.5% [-15.0%, -10.8%]). When stratified by CVD, both groups had abnormal GLS, but presence of CVD was associated with worse median GLS (-11.6% [-13.4%, -7.2%] vs -13.9% [-15.0%, -11.3%], p=0.03). There was no difference in EF or GLS when stratified by symptoms or need for intensive care. Compared to pre-COVID-19 echocardiograms, EF was unchanged, but median GLS was significantly worse (-15% [-16%, -14%] vs -12% [-14%, -10%], p=0.003). Serial echocardiograms showed no significant changes in GLS or EF overall, however patients who died had stable or worsening GLS, while those who survived to discharge home showed improved GLS. Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 had evidence of subclinical cardiac dysfunction manifested by reduced GLS despite preserved EF. These findings were observed regardless of history of CVD, presence of COVID-19 symptoms, or severity of illness. Funding Sources: Partially supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant 5T32HL079891, as part of the UCSD Integrated Cardiovascular Epidemiology Fellowship. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Disclosures: There are no relationships with industry relevant to this manuscript. The authors report no relationships that could be construed as a conflict of interest.
DETERMINANTS OF THE SIZE OF THE NETWORK OF SOCIAL RELATIONS IN A VILLAGE IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

The study aims basically at identifying the determinants of the size ofthe network of social relations in a village in fayoum governorate. This wasundertaken through: describing the levels of size of the network of socialrelations, determining the correlation relationship between the studiedvariables and the levels of size of the network of social relations for ruralpeople, identifying the relative contribution of the studied independentvariables in explaining the total variance of the size of the network of socialrelations for rural people levels, and finally identifying the most importantproblems facing the rural People and suggestions to face these problems fromthe view point of respondents.systematic random sample of (377) Heads of households for ruralpeople were selected from in algharaq, munsha'atan eabd almajid, algharaqqabli and danial villages in Etsa district, Fayoum governorate. A number ofcomplementary statistical measures and techniques were utilized in theanalysis of the collected data including: Pearson's correlation coefficient, Chisquare test, Step wise multiple regression, in addition to Percentages,Arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, Range and Frequencies to present anddescribe data.The most important findings of the study were as follobout (22.0%) ofrespondents had a low-level of size of the network of social relations, (41.4%) of them had a moderate level and finally (36.6 %) of them had a high levelof size of the network of social relations. and four of the independentvariables had significant positive effects on the size of the network of socialrelations level of respondents. These variables were: degree of openness to theoutside world, degree of communicative ability, gender, and attention to socialissues and problems.
Prototypical examples of stratified shear flow

Stratification effects on turbulence are examined in some fundamental shear flows. The differences between unbounded flows and those with walls are indicated. The role of the gradient Richardson number is assessed. Detailed results on turbulence energetics, transport and mixing are presented.
From boudoir to bordello: sexually transmitted diseases and travel.

This chapter reviews the clinical syndromes and epidemiology of the most commonly encountered sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as the clinical and behavioral aspects of travel and sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemiology. Long-term travelers such as expatriates are at increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and STIs. Sexual intercourse with commercial sex workers (CSWs) is very common among travelers, expatriates, and military personnel and is one of the major risk factors for HIV and other STDs. A study of Hong Kong residents found that condom use was higher when they used CSWs in Hong Kong (91%) than when they used CSWs from mainland China (66%) and that self-reported STD rates were four times higher in those who had traveled to the mainland, 33% of travelers to the mainland had used services of CSWs, and 11% had used these services on the most recent trip. Several review papers have addressed special problems facing HIV-infected travelers. A major concern for all HIV-infected travelers is the risk for opportunistic infections. Persons who are sexually active with multiple partners should have periodic screening for STDs, especially gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV, at least on an annual basis.
Dynamic Decision Makers, Classification of Types of

A dynamic decision problem is one that requires a sequence of decisions in a setting where pay-offs and alternatives available for later decisions depend on earlier choices. Analysis of data from dynamic behavioral experiments can shed light on the nature of the different types of dynamic decision makers in the population. Keywords: decision rule; heterogeneity; experiment; personality; cooperation
The transcriptional role of PML and the nuclear body

The PML gene encodes a tumour suppressor protein associated with a distinct subnuclear domain, the nuclear body. Various functions have been attributed to the PML nuclear body, but its main biochemical role is still unclear. Recent findings indicate that PML is essential for the proper formation of the nuclear body and can act as a transcriptional co-factor. Here we summarize the current understanding of the biological functions of PML and the nuclear body, and discuss a role for these intra-nuclear structures in the regulation of transcription.
Bile salt kinetics in cystic fibrosis: influence of pancreatic enzyme replacement.

Bile acid kinetics was investigated by stable isotope dilution technique in 6 children (ages 3/sup 1///sub 2/ months to 4/sup 1///sub 2/ years) with previously untreated cystic fibrosis. All of the patients had clinical and laboratory evidence of malabsorption, normal intestinal mucosal function, as judged by glucose absorption, intestinal histology, disaccharidase levels, and normally functioning gallbladders. The children were maintained on a constant diet throughout the study period; fat intake averaged 4.2 g per kg per day. Before administration of pancreatic enzyme replacement, fat excretion equalled 50 +- 4% (mean +- SE) of intake and was reduced to 20 +- 1.0% of intake after therapy. Total bile acid pool size nearly doubled during enzyme replacement from 379 +- 32 ..mu..moles per kg to 620 +- 36 ..mu..moles per kg with secondary bile acids comprising 57% of the total pool before therapy and 40% after therapy. The data indicate that both primary and secondary bile acids are conserved within the enterohepatic circulation during enzyme therapy, and that the mechanism for the regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis is intact in cystic fibrosis. However, the demonstration that large amounts of bile acid continue to be excreted during therapy suggests that interruption ofmore » the enterohepatic circulation continues and that deficiencies of the intraluminal phase may persist during enzyme therapy in this disease.« less
Sub-Doppler light amplification by coherence in rubidium atoms

Summary form only given. We report the observation of steady-state, sub-Doppler light amplification by coherence in Doppler-broadened /spl Lambda/-type Rb atomic systems. Qualitative understanding of the experimental observation can be inferred from a theoretical analysis of a three-level /spl Lambda/-type system including the effect of the Doppler broadening.
Thucydides as a Resource for Teaching Ethics and Leadership in Military Education Environments

Abstract The author describes a method for teaching Thucydides to military officers in the context of professional military education which integrates military ethics. Using the ‘Great Books’ method of classroom discussion, the author's experience of teaching Thucydides for five years at the United States Army War College suggests that this is a highly effective method of exploring a wide range of topics in military ethics.
The role of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase in the interleukin-1-induced activation of the HPA axis: Dependence on the route of injection

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and to elevate cerebral concentrations of tryptophan and the norepinephrine catabolite, 3-methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG). Eicosanoids have been shown to be involved in a number of the effects of IL-1, but their role in the activation of the HPA axis is controversial. We studied the effects of various cyclo- and lipoxygenase inhibitors on the neurochemical and HPA responses to IL-1. Pretreatment of mice with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin (10–25 mg/kg) or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg) failed to prevent the elevations of plasma corticosterone, or hypothalamic MHPG or tryptophan that followed intraperitoneally (IP) administered IL-1. Similar results were obtained with the nonspecific oxygenase inhibitor, BW 755C, and the lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW A4C. However, the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac, did attenuate the IL-1-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone and the neurochemical changes. To resolve the conflicting data on the effect of indomethacin on the IL-1-induced elevation of plasma concentration, we studied the effects of indomethacin on the response to IL-1 injected intravenously (IV). By contrast with the response to IP IL-1, that to IV IL-1 was attenuated by indomethacin. Time course of the HPA response to IL-1 is more rapid following IP injections than IV, therefore we assessed the effects of IV IL-1, earlier than that to IP IL-1. Forty min following IP IL-1, the corticosterone response to IL-1 was markedly attenuated. This suggests that more than one mechanism is involved in the HPA response to IL-1. The more rapid one, predominant in the case of IV injections, is sensitive to cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, whereas the slower one is not.
FANCM: A Landing Pad for the Fanconi Anemia and Bloom's Syndrome Complexes

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Deans and West (2009) reveal the molecular basis of the phenotypic similarities between Fanconi Anemia (FA) and Bloom's Syndrome, identifying FANCM as the anchor for both FA and Bloom's complexes at the site of the DNA interstrand crosslink.
Strategies for Reducing Risks from Introductions of Aquatic Organisms: An Aquaculture Perspective

Abstract The use of exotic organisms presents considerable potential for aquaculture systems in the United States; however, the development of the positive aspects must be balanced with efforts to incorporate a functional protocol over the controlled entry of promising species. The process should include requirements for import permits, examination of potential conflict with native fauna, and a period of efficacy testing. These should all be accomplished with adequate safeguards to prevent escape and naturalization. Reproductive control considerations should be a prime requisite of the initial testing period in closed or open systems.
Comparison of Cumulative Average to Unit Learning Curves: A Monte Carlo Approach

Cumulative average and unit cost learning curve methodologies dominate current learning curve theory. Both models mathematically estimate the structure of costs over time and under particular conditions. While cost estimators and industries have shown preferences for particular models, this article evaluates model performance under varying program characteristics. A Monte Carlo approach is used to perform analysis and identify the superior method for use under differing programmatic factors and conditions. Decision charts are provided to aide analysts' learning curve model selection for aircraft production and modification programs. Overall, the results indicate that the unit theory outperforms the cumulative average theory when more than 40 units exist to create a prediction learning curve or when the data presents high learning and low variation in the program; however, the cumulative average theory predicts unit costs with less error when few units to create the curve exists, low learning occurs, and h...
Preparation, crystal structure, and unusually facile redox chemistry of a macrocyclic nitrosylrhodium complex.

The reaction between NO and L2(H2O)Rh2+ (L2 = meso-Me6-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) generates a sky-blue L2(H2O)RhNO2+, a {RhNO}8 complex. The crystal structure of the perchlorate salt features a bent Rh−N−O moiety (122.1(11)o), short axial Rh−NO bond (1.998(12) A) and a strongly elongated Rh−OH2 (2.366(6) A) trans to NO. Acidic aqueous solutions of L2(H2O)RhNO2+ are stable for weeks, and are inert toward oxygen. The complex is oxidized rapidly and reversibly with Ru(bpy)33+, kf = (1.9 ± 0.1) × 105 M−1 s−1, to an intermediate believed to be L2(H2O)RhNO3+. This unprecedented {RhNO}7 species has a lifetime of about 90 s at room temperature at pH 0. The reverse reaction between L2(H2O)RhNO3+ and Ru(bpy)32+ has kr = (1.5 ± 0.4) × 106 M−1 s−1. The kinetic data define the equilibrium constant for the L2(H2O)RhNO2+/Ru(bpy)33+ reaction, K = kf/kr = 0.13, and yield a reduction potential for the L2(H2O)RhNO3+/2+ couple of 1.31 V. Both the redox thermodynamics of L2(H2O)RhNO3+/2+ and the kinetics of the reacti...
Surface characterization of ion beam modified graphite

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and scanning Auger electron microscopic (SAM) techniques were used to study graphite surfaces modified by the ion beams of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon and methane gases with varying energies from 0.2 to 1 kV. A wide variety of various surface functional groups consisting of C—O, C—N and N—O was produced in a short period of time. Relative abundances of these functionalities were analyzed and correlated with the experimental parameters. The results indicated that ion species and energy are the dominant factors in the formation of surface functionalities and that variation of the radiation time from 1 to 20 minutes, produces a marginal contribution to the concentrations of these surface groups. The effect of ion radiation onto existing surface functionalities was also examined. The ion beam process yields a uniform distribution of the implant elements throughout the modified surface.
STAMMESART IN DER NEUEREN DEUTSCHEN DICHTUNG

DIE Gliederung unserer Universitaten in Abteilungen fordert von vielen Vertretern fremder Sprachen die Verbindung von Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturgeschichte, zwei Richtungen, die einander so fern stehen, wie zwei Geisteswissenschaften es nur irgend vermogen. Es ware logischer und leichter, etwa historische Grammatik der germanischen und der klassischen Sprachen oder deutsche und franz6sische Literaturgeschichte in einer Hand zu vereinigen als germanische Sprachwissenschaft und deutsche Literatur. Grammatik und Dichtung sind ein ungleiches Paar, und nur selten wird es gelingen, sie an einander zu fesseln, ohne dass eines oder das andre zu Schaden kommt.
Field and laboratory selection of Medicago plant introductions for resistance to the clover root curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Taproots of Medicago sativa L. plant introductions grown in field nurseries for 2 yr were evaluated for injury by larvae of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus (F.). Most plants had ≈20-25% of the taproot surface injured by larvae, but PI 183060 and PI 183263 averaged <10%. Half-sibling progenies of plants with <10% taproot injury were infested with clover root curculio eggs in the laboratory and grown in cone containers for 5 wk. Significantly less taproot injury was found on PI 183060, PI 183263, and PI 183404, and larval survival was lower on PI 315456-3, compared with the control. Half-sibling progeny and hand-pollinated crosses of other plant introductions that had low amounts of tap root feeding were seeded in an advanced nursery. Progeny of PI 464719 × PI 445871 had significantly less taproot injury than the control. Choice tests for antixenosis to adult feeding on 1st trifoliate in the greenhouse showed that PI 494661 and PI 516906 had significantly less feeding than the control. Overall, there was no correlation between adult feeding in the greenhouse and larval injury to the taproot in the field. Evaluating alfalfa plant introductions in the field for 2 yr followed by evaluation of their half-sibling progenies is a useful strategy for identifying sources of resistance to taproot injury by the clover root curculio.
Metrology characterization for self-aligned double patterning

Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP) scheme is considered as one of the most promising lithographic techniques to meet the challenges for aggressive flash 32 nm semiconductor technology node and beyond. Monitoring the SADP stages implies the necessity to use metrology methods that meet advanced technology nodes requirements. One important growing metrology factor is the Line Edge Roughness (LER). This factor is most relevant due to the unique processing of the outer vs. inner edges in the SADP process. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the right metrics to tightly monitor SADP process, including the roughness behavior of the features on SADP layers, and seek correspondence of LER characteristics between SADP sequential process stages. Additional element of this study will be to examine the performance of CD-SEM roughness analysis on small features, with the usage of improved LER measurement method that takes into account the contribution of SEM imaging noise to the obtained LER values.
Attractor Sets and Quasi-Geostrophic Equilibrium

Abstract The attractor set of a forced dissipative dynamical system is for practical purposes the set of points in phase-space which continue to be encountered by an arbitrary orbit after an arbitrary long time. For a reasonably realistic atmospheric model the attractor should be a bounded set, and most of its points should represent states of approximate geostrophic equilibrium. A low-order primitive-equation (PE) model consisting of nine ordinary differential equations is derived from the shallow-water equations with bottom topography. A low-order quasi-geostrophic (QG) model with three equations is derived from the PE model by dropping the time derivatives in the divergence equations. For the chosen parameter values, gravity waves which are initially present in the PE model nearly disappear after a few weeks, while the quasi-geostrophic oscillations continue undiminished. The states which are free of gravity waves form a three-dimensional stable invariant manifold within the nine-dimensional phase spac...
Children's perceptions of others' understanding of moral transgressions: who should know better and why

The present study examined children's perceptions of other children's ability to make moral judgements. Preschool, kindergarten, first- and second-grade children rated the permissibility of moral transgressions for a same-age peer, a younger child and an older child. Children also were asked why the transgressions were wrong. Preschool and kindergarten children rated transgressions equally wrong for a same-age peer, a younger and an older child, whereas first and second graders rated transgressions for a same-age peer and an older child as more wrong than for a younger child. Preschoolers stated they did not know why the transgressions were wrong for a younger child, while kindergarten children reasoned that a younger child did not know the rules. First and second graders reasoned that a same-age peer and an older child should know ‘better’, but a younger child would not know ‘better’. Results suggest that children's perceptions of others' moral knowledge is related to children's ability to coordinate domains of social knowledge when making judgements of others' moral transgressions.
Plastic Fiber Optics. III: Off-Axis Transmission Characteristics

Output intensity patterns and total throughput for plastic fiber optic systems were measured as a function of input direction. For increasingly oblique input, the output pattern approached a conical shell and total throughput decreased. The decrease of total throughput was faster than expected from geometrical considerations and was interpreted in terms of loss at reflection from the core-sheath interface. Analysis indicated (a) that the reflection loss was of the order of 10(-4) for angles of incidence >/= 70 degrees , (b) that interface quality was high and imperfections contributed relatively little to this loss except for angles of incidence near 90 degrees , and (c) that this loss was principally due to sheath penetration at internal reflection for most angles of incidence greater than the critical angle. The effective absorption coefficient of the sheath derived from this analysis was larger than the absorption coefficient measured for bulk sheath polymer.
An investigation of retail shopping situations

Previous situational influence research has focused primarily on consumption/usage behavior leaving many unanswered questions with respect to the nature of this influence on shopping/purchase behavior. The present study, in an application of Magnusson’s interactionist framework, investigates the relationship between the extent to which events that may occur while shopping for clothes are encountered and affective and behavioral reactions to these events. The results reveal that when confronted with disconfirmed expectations regarding various aspects of a shopping situation, consumers are flexible and adapt their behavior to the situation.
A developmentally regulated Streptomyces endoribonuclease resembles ribonuclease E of Escherichia coli

We report that the Streptomyces species S. lividans and S. coelicolor, morphologically complex gram-positive soil bacteria, contain a developmentally regulated endoribonuclease activity (here named RNase ES) that functionally and immunologically resembles Escherichia coli RNase E. In Streptomyces cells, RNA I - the antisense repressor of replication of ColE1-type plasmids - is cleaved at sites attacked by RNase E. A Mg2+-dependent endonuclease that produces RNase E-like cleavages in RNA I and 9S ribosomal RNA was identified in S. lividans cell extracts. A Streptomyces peptide migrating at 70kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels binds to RNase E substrates and reacts with three separate anti-RNase E monoclonal antibodies; the endonucleolytic cleavage activity co-purified with the immunoreactive 70 kDa peptide. We show that RNase ES activity is regulated during the Streptomyces life cycle: activity increased as cells progressed from exponential growth to stationary phase in liquid culture, or from mycelial growth to sporulation on solid media. While mutations that interfere with S. coelicolor development late in its life cycle did not prevent this developmentally associated increase in RNase ES activity, the increase was blocked by a mutation (bldA) that interferes early with both morphological and physiological differentiation.
Influence of breast and formula feeding on hepatic concentrations of apolipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNAs

We tested the hypothesis that breast and formula feeding differentially affect hepatic mRNA concentrations for LDL receptor (LDL-R) and apolipoproteins A-I, B and E in infant baboons during the preweaning period. The mRNA concentrations were measured in liver biopsies obtained prior to weaning at 14 weeks from 43 baboons that were either breast-fed (n = 17) or fed formulas with a high (n = 12) or low (n = 14) polyunsaturated/saturated (P:S) fat ratio. Breast-fed baboons had 99% higher LDL-R mRNA concentrations compared with infants fed formulas, but there were no differences among breast and formula-fed baboons in mRNA concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I, B or E. The fatty acid P:S ratio of the formulas did not affect hepatic LDL-R or apolipoprotein mRNA concentrations. These results suggest that breast-feeding increases LDL-R gene expression even though breast milk is higher in cholesterol and saturated fat compared with formulas.
STUDIES OF MEMBRANE FORMATION IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS III. Lipid Incorporation into Various Cellular Membranes of Logarithmic Phase Cultures

When 1- 14 C-palmitic acid is used to pulse label logarithmic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis , radioactivity appears in lipids of the various membrane types at vastly differing rates. The microsomes and postmicrosomal supernatant attain a high specific radioactivity within 1 min, while the membranes enveloping the cilia require several hours to reach the microsomal level. A similar pattern is obtained when the tracer is sodium 1- 14 C-acetate or 8,9- 3 H-hexadecyl glycerol. In all fractions the phosphonolipid incorporates radioactivity from 14 C-palmitate much less rapidly than do the other major phospholipids. The patterns of labeling suggest that new lipids are transported from a cytoplasmic site of synthesis to points of membrane fabrication throughout the cell.
Laterality and modality-specific effects of chronic pain

Previous investigations indicated that thresholds to nonpainful tactile stimuli were elevated in chronic-pain patients when compared with pain-free individuals (Seltzer & Seltzer, 1986; Seltzer et al., 1988). The present study attempted to determine whether thresholds to tactual and visual stimuli also were elevated by chronic pain. Furthermore, lateralization of the pain effect on tactile thresholds was assessed by obtaining thresholds from both left and right arms. A decrease in tactile sensitivity to nonpainful stimuli in chronic-pain patients was confirmed, but laterality of the effect was not demonstrated. Visual thresholds were not significantly affected by chronic pain. The data in the present study, taken together with other data, support the proposition that pain does not affect right hemispheric processes more than left hemispheric processes.
Structure and metastability of N-lignocerylgalactosylsphingosine (cerebroside) bilayers.

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction have been used to study hydrated N -lignocerylgalactosylsphingosine (NLGS) bilayers. DSC of fully hydrated NLGS shows an endothermic transition at 69–70°C, immediately followed by an exothermic transition at 72–73°C; further heating shows a high-temperature ( T c = 82°C), high-enthalpy ( ΔH = 15.3 kcal/mol NLGS) transition. Heating to 75°C, cooling to 20°C and subsequent reheating shows no transitions at 69–73°C; only the high-temperature (82°C), high-enthalpy (15.3 kcal/mol) transition. Two exothermic transitions are observed on cooling; for the upper transition its temperature (about 65°C) and enthalpy (about 6 kcal/mol NLGS) are essentially independent of cooling rate, whereas the lower transition exhibits marked changes in both temperature (30 → 60°C) and enthalpy (2.2 → 9.5 kcal/mol NLGS) as the cooling rate decreases from 40 to 0.625 Cdeg/min. On reheating, the enthalpy of the 69–70°C transition is dependent on the previous cooling rate. The DSC data provide clear evidence of conversions between metastable and stable forms. X-ray diffraction data recorded at 26, 75 and 93°C show clearly that NLGS bilayer phases are present at all temperatures. The X-ray diffraction pattern at 75°C shows a bilayer periodicity d = 65.4 A , and a number of sharp reflections in the wide-angle region indicative of a crystalline chain packing mode. This stable bilayer form converts to a liquid-crystal bilayer phase; at 93°C, the bilayer periodicity d = 59.1 A , and a diffuse reflection at 1 4.6 A −1 is observed. The diffraction pattern at 22°C represents a combination of the stable and metastable low-temperature bilayer forms. NLGS exhibits a complex pattern of thermotropic changes related to conversions between metastable (gel), stable (crystalline) and liquid-crystalline bilayer phases. The structure and thermotropic properties of NLGS are compared with those of hydrated N -palmitoylgalactosylsphingosine reported previously (Ruocco, M.J., Atkinson, D., Small, D.M., Skarjune, R.P., Oldfield, E. and Shipley, G.G. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 5957–5966).
Special education services and school performance in a regional cohort of low-birthweight infants at age nine.

Summary Previous research has shown that low birthweight is a predictor of several adverse educational outcomes, including special educational placement, by middle school age. Most low-birthweight follow-up studies that have extended to school age have focused on very small infants – < 1500 or < 1000 g; less is known of the school age outcomes for infants with only moderately low birthweight (1500–2000 g). This study examines the prevalence of special educational placement and the relationship of such placement to grade retention, verbal and performance scores on tests of general intelligence, reading and maths achievement scores and classroom hyperactivity among low-birthweight children. In a regional birth cohort of 1105 infants born between 1984 and 1987 and weighing 500–2000 g, 868 children were available for follow-up at age nine. Information on special education placement as well as grade retention, intelligence, academic achievement and classroom behaviour was available on 645 (74% completion rate). Nearly a third of the cohort was classified as needing special education. Special education placement followed a birthweight gradient, occurring among 29.3% of children with birthweights 1500–2000 g, among 32.5% in children 1000–1500 g and 49.4% in children < 1000 g. Among children in special education, a similar birthweight gradient was found for maths achievement and hyperactivity, but not for reading achievement or IQ scores. Among children not in special education, only maths achievement showed such a decline with birthweight. A substantial proportion of low-birthweight children, including those of moderate low birthweight, receive special education services, although the need is greatest among those with the lowest birthweights. Maths achievement declined with birthweight regardless of educational placement. The medical and social risk factors that accompany low birthweight and may account for these findings, require further study.