cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction and measurement of gap water vapor conductance for roots located concentrically and eccentrically in air gaps

Water movement between a root and the soil depends on the hydraulic conductances of the soil, the root, and the intervening root-soil air gap (Lgap) created as roots shrink during soil drying. To measure Lgap, segments of young cylindrical roots of Agave deserti about 3 mm in diameter were placed concentrically or eccentrically within tubes of moistened filter paper at a known water potential. As the width of the air gap between the filter paper and a concentrically located root was made smaller, measured Lgap increased less than did predicted Lgap based on isothermal conditions. For gaps of the size expected in the soil during water loss from roots (e.g., 10% of the root radius), the underprediction was about 70% and was primarily caused by a lowering of the root surface temperature accompanying water evaporation. As a root segment was eccentrically moved toward the filter paper, the measured Lgap increased. For the most eccentric case of touching the filter paper, the measured Lgap was 2.4-fold greater than for the concentric case, compared with an infinite Lgap predicted if the water potential were constant around the root surface. When a root touched soil with a water potential of -1.0MPa, Lgap estimated using a graphical method increased about 2.3-fold and the overall conductance of the root-soil system increased by 31% compared with the concentric case. For markedly eccentric locations of roots in air gaps, Lgap, which can be the principal conductance initially limiting water loss from roots to a drying soil, can be about 60% of the value predicted for the concentric isothermal case.
Spondyloarthritis Associated with Acne Conglobata, Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp: A Review with Illustrative Cases

To review and highlight the association of acne conglobata, hidradenitis suppurativa, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp with inflammatory arthritic conditions, we report five illustrative patients with this association, and a review of the literature. All our patients were African-American males, and their skin disease present before the onset of arthritis. Both asymmetric peripheral arthritis and axial disease can occur. The arthritis is usually insidious and lacks association with rheumatoid factor and HLA-B27. Imaging of peripheral joints can reveal erosions, periosteal bone reaction and new bone formation. When the axial skeleton is involved, imaging can reveal sacroiliitis, syndesmophyte formation. NSAIDs, oral and intra-articular steroids, DMARDs and TNF alpha antagonists have all been used with success. Controlled trials with larger numbers of patients are needed to assess which treatment options are the most effective for this group of patients.
Non-silver paste method for making thermal contact to substrates for high T/sub c/ film growth

The authors describe a procedure for using thin layers of gold foil to make thermal contact between insulating substrates and Haynes alloy heater blocks. This method has several advantages over using silver paste compounds to improve the thermal contact. Samples are easily removed from the metal blocks after heating up to 850 degrees C, and no prebake process is required prior to sample loading into the deposition chamber since no organic binder is used. Because only a thin layer (1- mu m thick) of gold foil is required, the method is extremely economical. Thermal contact resistance measurements performed using MgO substrates demonstrate that this technique promotes thermal contact between the substrate and heater block comparable to silver paste. These measurements are presented along with a design for a fixture capable of holding wafers up to 0.75 in diameter. >
Seasonal Inactivity of the Desert Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata luteola, at the Species' Southwestern Range Limit in Arizona

At its southwestern range limit in southeastern Arizona, the Desert Box Turtle Terrapene ornata luteola, takes refuge in subterranean mammal burrows, primarily those of the Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys spectabilis, from November through June. I inferred temporal and physiological characteristics of turtles in burrows from temperatures collected with miniature data loggers buried in the soil and attached to turtles from August 2001 through June 2003. In the fall, entrance into hibernation varied among individual turtles and between years from 18 October to 6 December. Mean daily body temperatures at the beginning of hibernation were about 14-188C. From December through February, body temperatures averaged about 98C and were slightly less than and highly correlated with the 30-cm soil temperature. By April, body temperatures of turtles approached levels exhibited by surface-active turtles (minimum approximately 188C for moving turtles) but turtles did not emerge from burrows until the summer monsoons began about three months later. Thus, the five-month hibernation period of T. o. luteola was contiguous with a three-month estivation period for a total annual period of subterranean refuge of about eight months. Except for extending into warm months, the annual inactive period of T. o. luteola in southeastern Arizona was not remarkably different from that in other parts of the species' range. In arid southeastern Arizona, populations of Terra- pene ornata, primarily a prairie-adapted form (Legler, 1960; Dodd, 2001), are at the species' southwestern range limit and may be active for only a few weeks out of the year. In seasonally cold or dry environments, reptiles commonly spend a substantial portion of the year awaiting favorable weather in hibernation or estivation (Gregory, 1982). Furthermore, in areas such as southeastern Arizona, contiguous periods of cold and hot dry seasons may produce an extended period of weather conditions unfavorable for surface activity. With low annual reproductive output and the lowest field metabolic rates reported for any reptile, Terrapene have the potential to be highly successful in unpredict- able resource environments (Penick et al., 2002). Legler (1960) hypothesized that extreme southwestern pop- ulations of T. ornata, formally recognized as Terrapene ornata luteola, were likely to be physiologically adapted for living in rigorous arid environments. However, activity and thermal biology of T. o. luteola during the activity season in southeastern Arizona did not differ substantially from that in more central prairie portions of the species' range (Plummer, 2003). In this paper, I show that certain temporal and thermal aspects of hibernation of T. o. luteola in southeastern Arizona are also not exceptional; however, hibernation is followed by an estivation period that results in a major portion of the annual cycle being spent inactive in underground refugia.
Enhanced electron scattering due to the ion acoustic instability

A Lenard-Balescu type collision operator is derived that accounts for the ion acoustic convective instabilities in plasmas whereby interactions between electrons and excited waves lead to enhanced thermal fluctuations and electron scattering relative to the conventional Coulomb level. The presheath region of an ion sheath, present near the boundary of nearly all plasmas, is considered as a particular example of the theory to demonstrate enhanced electron transport ubiquitous in low temperature plasmas. Enhanced scattering by the convective instabilities near plasma boundaries may lead to population of the otherwise truncated tail of the Maxwellian electron velocity distribution near an ion sheath.
The Cougar Project: a work-in-progress report

We present an update on the status of the Cougar Sensor Database Project, in which we are investigating a database approach to sensor networks: Clients "program" the sensors through queries in a high-level declarative language (such as a variant of SQL). In this paper, we give an overview of our activities on energy-efficient data dissemination and query processing. Due to space constraints, we cannot present a full menu of results; instead, we decided to only whet the reader's appetite with some problems in energy-efficient routing and in-network aggregation and some thoughts on how to approach them.
Response of NAI (Tl) to X-Rays and Low Energy Gamm Rays

A thorough investigation of the response of NaI(Tl) in the region below 50 kev was made using a continuous distribution of X-rays from a tungsten target as well as monoenergetic gamma rays from radioactive sources. The results of this investigation agree well with those of Engelkemeir.1 The investigation also showed that below 20 kev NaI(Tl) is sensitive to surface treatment. Above 20 kev the response is independent of surface treatment as long as the surface is free of moisture. An electron response curve is shown which, when used with the decay scheme of the excited iodine atom, predicts the observed nonlinear response NaI(Tl) to low energy X-and)?-rays.
Video views and reviews: creating a thread with respect to the invasion of animal viruses.

In previous columns I have mentioned using conceptuallyrelated research articles and videos as the basis for seminaror journal club discussions. Here I review material thatmight be used for such purposes that deals with the infectionpathways taken by three different animal viruses. Thecomparative study would be useful for discussions involv-ing intermediate and advanced undergraduates, but given abit of background, introductory students could readilyappreciate the first two movies. Before discussing the videos,I first describe the ‘‘thread’’ I followed in selecting theseresearch records, and, as always, I appreciate hearing yourreactions to these reviews and your suggestions of otherpeer-reviewed videos for possible review as educationalmaterial.I began preparing this article by scanning the AnnotatedVideo Collection from The Journal of Cell Biology Web site(www.jcb.org), which contains brief descriptions of researchvideos organized by cellular categories. For their timelinessand broad interest, I selected videos from the ‘‘Pathogenesis’’section that characterized the intracellular behavior of thehuman immunodeficient virus (HIV) in host cells (McDonaldet al., 2002). I then explored more recently published articlesthat cited that paper, which I found appended to the end ofthe paper. The list was prepared by HighWire Press (theservice that helps The Journal of Cell Biologyand other journalspublish online) with online links to each paper. I used one ofthese links to reach a study in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, USA (PNAS) by Lakadamyali et al.(2003), which contained videos depicting the endosomalpathway followed by the influenza virus. Making use of theHighWire citation list appended to the PNAS article, I foundan excellent review of viral entry mechanisms (Smith andHelenius, 2004), which although lacking video recordscontained an extensive bibliography. A search of the Smithand Helenius bibliography uncovered an earlier article fromthe Helenius lab containing numerous video records thatdocument the involvement of actin and dynamin on entry ofthe SV-40 virus into host cells (Pelkmans et al., 2002). Thesethree articles present a contemporary view of the infectionpathways taken by three different animal viruses, and myonline search producing this thread took less than an hour.The thread could be expanded easily to encompass a broadercomparative study of virus invasion mechanisms, and itcould be updated routinely in future years by searching forresearch articles that cite the review by Smith and Helenius(2004). A similar bibliographic strategy could be used forestablishing other discussion threads.
Serotonin facilitates long-term depression induction in prefrontal cortex via p38 MAPK/Rab5-mediated enhancement of AMPA receptor internalization.

The serotonin system in prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critically involved in the regulation of cognition and emotion. To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying its physiological actions, we investigated the role of serotonin in regulating synaptic plasticity in PFC circuits. We found that tetanic stimuli coupled to bath application of serotonin induced long-term depression (LTD) at excitatory synapses of PFC pyramidal neurons. This effect was mediated by 5-HT2A/C receptors and was independent of NMDA receptor activation. A group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist blocked the LTD induction by serotonin + tetani, and co-application of a group I mGluR agonist and serotonin, but not application of either drug alone, induced LTD without tetani. The effect of serotonin on LTD was blocked by selective inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not p42/44 MAPK. Biochemical evidence also indicated that serotonin and a group I mGluR agonist synergistically activated p38 MAPK in PFC slices. The serotonin-facilitated LTD induction was prevented by blocking the activation of the small GTPase Rab5, as well as by blocking the clathrin-dependent internalization of AMPA receptors with postsynaptic injection of a dynamin inhibitory peptide, while it was unaffected by manipulating the cytoskeleton. Interestingly, in animals exposed to acute stress, the LTD induction by serotonin + tetani was significantly impaired. Taken together, these results suggest that serotonin, by cooperating with mGluRs, regulates synaptic plasticity through a mechanism dependent on p38 MAPK/Rab5-mediated enhancement of AMPA receptor internalization in a clathrin/dynamin-dependent manner. It provides a potential mechanism underlying the role of serotonin in controlling emotional and cognitive processes that are mediated by synaptic plasticity in PFC neurons.
Nuclear pre-mRNA 3′-end processing regulates synapse and axon development in C. elegans

Nuclear pre-mRNA 3′-end processing is vital for the production of mature mRNA and the generation of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). However, the roles and regulation of this event in cellular development remain poorly understood. Here, we report the function of a nuclear pre-mRNA 3′-end processing pathway in synapse and axon formation in C. elegans. In a genetic enhancer screen for synaptogenesis mutants, we identified a novel polyproline-rich protein, Synaptic defective enhancer-1 (SYDN-1). Loss of function of sydn-1 causes abnormal synapse and axon development, and displays striking synergistic interactions with several genes that regulate specific aspects of synapses. SYDN-1 is required in neurons and localizes to distinct regions of the nucleus. Through a genetic suppressor screen, we found that the neuronal defects of sydn-1 mutants are suppressed by loss of function in Polyadenylation factor subunit-2 (PFS-2), a conserved WD40-repeat protein that interacts with multiple subcomplexes of the pre-mRNA 3′-end processing machinery. PFS-2 partially colocalizes with SYDN-1, and SYDN-1 influences the nuclear abundance of PFS-2. Inactivation of several members of the nuclear 3′-end processing complex suppresses sydn-1 mutants. Furthermore, lack of sydn-1 can increase the activity of 3′-end processing. Our studies provide in vivo evidence for pre-mRNA 3′-end processing in synapse and axon development and identify SYDN-1 as a negative regulator of this cellular event in neurons.
The effect of occlusal discrepancies on periodontitis. I. Relationship of initial occlusal discrepancies to initial clinical parameters.

Background: A causal relationship between occlusal discrepancies and periodontal disease has been postulated in the past. However, animal studies and clinical studies have not been able to clearly demonstrate or rule out this potential relationship. Methods: The records from a private practice limited to periodontics were reviewed to find patients who had complete periodontal examination records, including occlusal analysis, that were recorded at least 1 year apart. Patients who fit these criteria were divided into a group who had none of the recommended treatment (untreated n = 30), those that had only nonsurgical treatment (partially treated n = 18), and a control group that had complete all recommended treatment (surgically treated n = 41). The data for each tooth of each patient, including occlusal status, were placed in a database and analyzed using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method to test for associations between initial occlusal discrepancies and various initial clinical parameters...
Differential induction of Fos in the female rat brain following different amounts of vaginocervical stimulation: modulation by steroid hormones

Vaginocervical stimulation (VCS), produced either by copulation with intromission or by manual stimulation of vagina and cervix with a glass rod, induces neuroendocrine and behavioral responses that are critical for female reproduction in many species. We and others have shown that Fos mRNA and protein are induced within different estrogen-concentrating and -non-concentrating regions of the female rat brain following copulation with intromission and manual VCS. In the present study, we investigated the amount of distributed VCS required to induce Fos immunoreactivity within estrogen-concentrating regions of the medial preoptic area, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventromedial hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and mesencephalic central gray, and whether estrogen and progesterone could alter the threshold or pattern of induction. Ovariectomized rats were administered estradiol benzoate (10 micrograms) 48 h and progesterone (500 micrograms) 4 h before receiving either 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 manual VCSs with a lubricated glass rod. Ovariectomized hormone control rats received injections of the sesame oil vehicle 48 and 4 h before VCS. All rats were sacrificed 75 min after the first VCS. Fos immunoreactivity was induced differentially by VCS within the different regions, and the hormones either augmented, inhibited, or had no effect on the induction. These data demonstrate that cells within different estrogen-concentrating regions of the female rat brain are differentially sensitive to VCS, and that steroid hormones can either increase or decrease the amount of Fos induced by different amounts of VCS. Different brain regions may participate in gating the sensory information of VCS into different behavioral and neuroendocrine events.
Improving Text Simplification Language Modeling Using Unsimplified Text Data

In this paper we examine language modeling for text simplification. Unlike some text-to-text translation tasks, text simplification is a monolingual translation task allowing for text in both the input and output domain to be used for training the language model. We explore the relationship between normal English and simplified English and compare language models trained on varying amounts of text from each. We evaluate the models intrinsically with perplexity and extrinsically on the lexical simplification task from SemEval 2012. We find that a combined model using both simplified and normal English data achieves a 23% improvement in perplexity and a 24% improvement on the lexical simplification task over a model trained only on simple data. Post-hoc analysis shows that the additional unsimplified data provides better coverage for unseen and raren-grams.
Management of Male Infertility.

While 85% of couples are able to conceive after one year of protected intercourse, approximately 15% of couples are unable to initiate a pregnancy without some form of assistance or therapy. These patients are said to be "primarily infertile." In approximately one-third of these couples, a male factor appears to be singularly responsible, and in an additional 20% both a male and a female factor can be identified. Therefore, a male factor is at least partly responsible for difficulties in conception in roughly 50% of these couples. It has been shown that the longer a couple remains subfertile, the worse their chance for an effective cure. In addition, many couples experience significant apprehension and anxiety after only a few months of failure to conceive. For these reasons, unduly prolonged unprotected intercourse should not be advocated before workup of the male is instituted. Although it has often been recommended that clinical evaluation be delayed until 12 months of unprotected intercourse has passed, we believe that the initial screening of the male should be considered whenever the patient presents with the chief complaint of infertility. This initial evaluation, however, should be rapid, noninvasive, and cost-effective. The most important part of the management of male infertility is the correct diagnosis. The use of standard techniques for evaluating medical problems in general, such as complete history, physical examination, and laboratory tests is essential for this purpose.
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE-BASED AMPLIFICATION (NASBA) IN MOLECULAR BACTERIOLOGY: A PROCEDURAL GUIDE

As a means of assessing gene expression and RNA structure/function, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) involves an isothermic series of reactions using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RT), RNase H, T7 RNA polymerase, transcript-specific primers and associated cofactors to amplify large amounts of target RNA. NASBA offers greater speed, sensitivity and versatility compared to other RNA analyses (e.g., RT-PCR, RNase protection assays and Northern blotting). NASBA allows for target RNA detection by real-time chemistries, such as SYBR dyes or molecular beacon probes, an advantage in minimizing contamination considering the closed-tube format of this approach. NASBA has been utilized in diagnostic bacteriology for clinical, environmental and food applications. NASBA kits are currently available for RNA amplification and analyses, a market primarily aimed at the clinical microbiology arena. This article will overview the background and application of NASBA, followed by protocols commonly used for bacterial diagnostics and genomic studies in various experiments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Although not a truly new laboratory method for nucleic acid analysis, NASBA has gained a popular following in recent years in the scientific literature. A diverse array of life science applications for NASBA have developed due to the advent of real-time detection methods. The field of molecular bacteriology has witnessed a plethora of reports on the use of NASBA in fields ranging from molecular and clinical diagnostics to food microbiology and environmental monitoring. NASBA offers very high speed and sample throughput capabilities, with the sensitivity of real-time detection chemistries, without necessarily having to confirm or validate signal/amplicon identity. What follows is both a background on the uses of NASBA in bacteriology, as well as a procedural guide on preparing target RNA for subsequent RNA analysis by NASBA. This paper is written from a benchtop pedagogical standpoint and so makes a suitable reference for those learning or teaching NASBA to others.
Using simulation and Markov modeling to select data flow threads

An algorithm is provided to give the set of all maximal sequential partitionings for a data-flow graph. Selecting an optimal partitioning from this set is incomputable. The authors explore two heuristics for selecting a partitioning: typical instance simulation and Markov analysis. In the two programs they tried, Markov heuristic selected the same partitionings as typical-instance simulation. Selecting a different partitioning had little impact on the execution time. However, using the worst-case maximal partitionings improved execution time by 33% and 18%, respectively, over the nonpartitioned programs. Using the best-case partitionings improved execution time by 39% and 20%, respectively. >
88Sr+ Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standard

The electric quadrupole shift is an important source of systematic uncertainty in several single-ion optical frequency standards. In this paper, we review the electric quadrupole shift cancellation method based on the Zeeman spectrum of the clock transition. The method is demonstrated with an actual frequency measurement of the 5s 2S1/2-4d 2D5/2 transition of 88Sr+. This cancellation method also removes shifts from the tensor part of the Stark effect. Further analysis of the data provides an evaluation of the micromotion shifts which are then applied to correct the observed ion clock frequency. Recent improvements to our probe laser system and the observation of Fourier-transform limited linewidths of 5 Hz at 445 THz are also reported.
Improved Detection of Metastatic Melanoma by T2*-Weighted Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The imaging features of metastatic melanomas are distinctive due to the presence of melanin and the propensity for hemorrhage. Both hemorrhage and melanin can produce T1-weighted hyperintensity and T2*-weighted signal intensity loss. We hypothesized that T2*-weighted images would improve detection of metastatic melanoma. METHODS: The T2* and T1 characteristics of 120 newly detected metastatic brain lesions from 31 patients with malignant melanoma were compared with those of 120 brain metastases from 23 patients with lung cancer. RESULTS: Melanoma metastases were 5 times more likely to demonstrate prominent T2*-related signal intensity loss (susceptibility effect) than were lung metastases (42% vs 8%; P .01), and 4.5 times more likely to demonstrate T1 hyperintensity (55% vs 12%; P .01). Patients with melanoma had lesions that were either hypointense on T2*-weighted images, hyperintense on T1 images, or both, in 71% (85/120), compared with 19% (23/120) of lung carcinoma metastases (P .01). Melanoma lesions were 16 times more likely than lung cancer lesions to show combined T2* related signal intensity loss and T1 hyperintensity (P .01). Remarkably, 8 melanoma lesions (7%) in 3 patients were detectable principally on the T2*-weighted sequences, whereas no lung cancer lesion was detected solely on susceptibility images. We found a direct correlation between melanin content and T1 hyperintensity but no correlation between T2* intensity and melanin. CONCLUSION: T2*-weighted images improve lesion detection in patients with melanoma metastases, and in conjunction with T1-weighted sequences, can suggest melanoma as the etiology of an intracranial mass. This sequence should be employed for evaluation of possible brain metastasis in patients without a known primary malignancy and in studies for melanoma staging.
Nature and Intensity of Selection Pressure on CRISPR-Associated Genes

ABSTRACT The recently discovered CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system is present in almost all archaea and many bacteria. It consists of cassettes of CRISPR repeats that incorporate spacers homologous to fragments of viral or plasmid genomes that are employed as guide RNAs in the immune response, along with numerous CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that encode proteins possessing diverse, only partially characterized activities required for the action of the system. Here, we investigate the evolution of the cas genes and show that they evolve under purifying selection that is typically much weaker than the median strength of purifying selection affecting genes in the respective genomes. The exceptions are the cas1 and cas2 genes that typically evolve at levels of purifying selection close to the genomic median. Thus, although these genes are implicated in the acquisition of spacers from alien genomes, they do not appear to be directly involved in an arms race between bacterial and archaeal hosts and infectious agents. These genes might possess functions distinct from and additional to their role in the CRISPR-Cas-mediated immune response. Taken together with evidence of the frequent horizontal transfer of cas genes reported previously and with the wide-spread microscale recombination within these genes detected in this work, these findings reveal the highly dynamic evolution of cas genes. This conclusion is in line with the involvement of CRISPR-Cas in antiviral immunity that is likely to entail a coevolutionary arms race with rapidly evolving viruses. However, we failed to detect evidence of strong positive selection in any of the cas genes.
Race, Poverty, and the Crime-Centered Response to Domestic Violence: A Comment on Linda Mills’s Insult to Injury: Rethinking Our Responses to Intimate Abuse

Linda Mills (2003) criticizes our current crime-centered approach to domestic violence. I share her concern that this approach is harmful for women (or at least, for some women). I disagree, however, with Mills’s analysis and with the reform proposal that flows from that analysis. As I describe in this essay, Mills focuses mostly on psychological harms rather than material and social conditions. The result is to diminish the importance of power in understanding the phenomenon of domestic violence, the political position of the battered women’s movement, and the design of an appropriate response.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Policy Statement on Medicaid Reform

Blase N. Polite, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Jennifer J. Griggs and Sandra L. Wong, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Beverly Moy, Massachusetts General Hospital; Christopher Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Nefertiti C. duPont, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Gina Villani, Ralph Lauren Center for Cancer Care and Prevention, New York, NY; and Michael T. Halpern, RTI International, Washington, DC.
Co-Teaching a Joint Graduate Practicum in Community and Applied Developmental Psychology

A graduate practicum combining community psychology and applied developmental psychology perspectives is described. Through classroom and practicum components, we attempted to provide clinical/ community and developmental psychology students with an appreciation of the importance of incorporating and integrating community constructs (e.g., primary prevention and competence building) and developmental constructs (e.g., life-span orientation and developmental processes), as well as constructs common to both (e.g., systems-based analyses), in designing applied interventions. Evaluation data indicated the course was generally successful in increasing the value of conceptual frameworks, knowledge bases, and professional skills of community and applied developmental psychology for both clinical/community and developmental psychology students. Implications for graduate training and the promotion of integrationism in psychology are considered.
Assessing the fidelity of the Kin KeeperSM prevention intervention in African American, Latina and Arab women

Background: We evaluated a randomized controlled treatment, utilizing Community Health Workers (CHW) to deliver breast and cervical cancer education intervention to African American, Latina, and Arab women in Detroit and Dearborn, Michigan. The main objectives of the study are to: (1) examine fidelity and consistency of treatment delivery and (2) assess qualitative elements of the intervention. Methods: We surveyed 305 women who received the intervention and 16 CHWs Survey included questions regarding the treatment integrity, treatment received, and training provided. Surveys included both quantitative and questions. Results: The intervention group (n = 305) was made up of 48% Black, 11% Latina, and 41% Arab women. Almost all (≥ 90%) women agreed that they received the treatment in the way that it was intended. Sixteen CHWs responded affirmatively as well. Conclusions: Both participants and CHWs indicated that the program was mutually rewarding, indicating that there was “cross fertilization and cross benefit” of working with each other. These benefits served to endorse and confirm that CHWs are a very important mechanism in increasing health literacy in the community and referring underserved individuals to health providers. Second, with strong treatment fidelity the Kin KeeperSM program and has the potential to be replicated for a number of diseases in a variety of venues especially for those facing health disparities.
Cavum Septum Pellucidum in Retired American Pro-Football Players

Abstract Previous studies report that cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is frequent among athletes with a history of repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as boxers. Few studies of CSP in athletes, however, have assessed detailed features of the septum pellucidum in a case-control fashion. This is important because prevalence of CSP in the general population varies widely (2% to 85%) between studies. Further, rates of CSP among American pro-football players have not been described previously. We sought to characterize MRI features of the septum pellucidum in a series of retired pro-football players with a history of repeated concussive/subconcussive head traumas compared with controls. We retrospectively assessed retired American pro-football players presenting to our memory clinic with cognitive/behavioral symptoms in whom structural MRI was available with slice thickness ≤2 mm (n=17). Each player was matched to a memory clinic control patient with no history of TBI. Scans were interpreted by raters bl...
Postpartum depression: what pediatricians need to know.

1. Linda H. Chaudron, MD, MS* 1. *Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology; Director, Women’s Mental Healthcare, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the range of symptoms and severity of postpartum depression (PPD). 2. Delineate the appropriate, validated screening tools for detecting PPD. 3. List the percentage of women in whom PPD is detected within the current standard of practice. 4. Describe the effects of PPD on maternal-infant interactions and parental attitudes and behaviors. 5. Characterize the method of determining optimal treatment of PPD. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health problem, each year affecting 10% to 20% of new mothers. Many of these women and their children experience short- and long-term adverse consequences. Despite an increasing awareness of the effects of maternal depression on children’s health and welfare, it remains unrecognized and poorly understood by women and clinicians alike. Because pediatricians encounter mothers repeatedly during the postpartum year, it is important that they recognize PPD and appropriately educate and refer mothers for evaluation and treatment. PPD describes a heterogeneous group of depressive symptoms and syndromes that occurs during the first year following birth. The American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders -IV (DSM IV) uses the term “postpartum” more specifically to describe symptoms of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or brief psychotic disorder beginning within 4 weeks of delivery. The psychiatric postpartum experiences usually are divided into three categories: “maternal blues,” PPD, and postpartum psychosis. The DSM IV does not apply “postpartum” to other psychiatric illnesses. However, anxiety disorders, such as panic, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias, can have an initial onset or exacerbation in the postpartum period. Maternal blues or postpartum mood reactivity is considered a “normal” emotional experience for women in the immediate postpartum period. It is estimated that 50% to 80% of new mothers experience transient symptoms of depressed mood, at times alternating with elated moods, irritability, increased crying …
Costly Resistance to Parasitism: Evidence From Simultaneous Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Resistance and Fitness in Tribolium castaneum

Information on the molecular basis of resistance and the evolution of resistance is crucial to an understanding of the appearance, spread, and distribution of resistance genes and of the mechanisms of host adaptation in natural populations. One potential important genetic constraint for the evolution of resistance is fitness cost associated with resistance. To determine whether host resistance to parasite infection is associated with fitness costs, we conducted simultaneous quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of resistance to parasite infection and fitness traits using the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the tapeworm parasite (Hymenolepis diminuta) system in two independent segregating populations. A genome-wide QTL scan using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers revealed three QTL for beetle resistance to tapeworm infection. These three QTL account for 44–58% variance in beetle infection intensity. We identified five QTL for fecundity and five QTL for egg-to-adult viability, which accounted for 36–57% and 36–49%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance in fecundity and egg-to-adult viability. The three QTL conferring resistance were colocalized with the QTL affecting beetle fitness. The genome regions that contain the QTL for parasite resistance explained the majority of the variance in fecundity and egg-to-adult viability in the mapping populations. Colocalization of QTL conferring resistance to parasite infection and beetle fitness may result from the pleiotropic effects of the resistance genes on host fitness or from tight linkages between resistance genes and adverse deleterious mutations. Therefore, our results provide evidence that the genome regions conferring resistance to tapeworm infection are partially responsible for fitness costs in the resistant beetle populations.
Finite amplitude cellular convection

When a layer of fluid is heated uniformly from below and cooled from above, a cellular regime of steady convection is set up at values of the Rayleigh number exceeding a critical value. A method is presented here to determine the form and amplitude of this convection. The non-linear equations describing the fields of motion and temperature are expanded in a sequence of inhomogeneous linear equations dependent upon the solutions of the linear stability problem. We find that there are an infinite number of steady-state finite amplitude solutions (having different horizontal plan-forms) which formally satisfy these equations. A criterion for ‘relative stability’ is deduced which selects as the realized solution that one which has the maximum mean-square temperature gradient. Particular conclusions are that for a large Prandtl number the amplitude of the convection is determined primarily by the distortion of the distribution of mean temperature and only secondarily by the self-distortion of the disturbance, and that when the Prandtl number is less than unity self-distortion plays the dominant role in amplitude determination. The initial heat transport due to convection depends linearly on the Rayleigh number; the heat transport at higher Rayleigh numbers departs only slightly from this linear dependence. Square horizontal plan-forms are preferred to hexagonal plan-forms in ordinary fluids with symmetric boundary conditions. The proposed finite amplitude method is applicable to any model of shear flow or convection with a soluble stability problem.
Medical and surgical interventions for the prevention of preterm birth

Preterm birth is one of the most important problems in medicine today, with an alarming frequency and economic impact. This article reviews recent research findings, specifically addressing the following interventions: cerclage placement, detection and treatment of infections, progesterone administration, antibiotics in preterm labor and the use of tocolysis. The effectiveness of these interventions is presented in terms of the number needed to treat and number needed to harm. At present, most of our interventions fail to demonstrate benefit in terms of the prevention of preterm birth and improvement of neonatal outcomes. Use of progesterone may hold promise but whether we will develop effective interventions to reduce risks for all women remains to be seen.
Blend Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Polysulfone Bearing Benzimidazole Side Groups for DMFCs

Blend membranes consisting of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), which is an acidic polymer, and polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side groups (PSf-BIm), which is a basic polymer, have been prepared with various PSf-BIm contents (0-10 wt %). The blend membranes have been characterized by ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, liquid uptake, methanol permeability, and polarization measurements in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membranes with an optimum PSf-BIm content of ∼ 8 wt % exhibit electrochemical performance in DMFC better than that of plain SPEEK membrane due to an enhancement in proton conductivity through acid-base interactions and lower methanol crossover.
Related Areas and Specialties

Who knows how many areas within the extensive rubric of forensic communication relate functionally to forensic phonetics. Certainly, there are several; I do know that the four I have selected to review in this chapter overlap my specialty areas and do so to a substantial degree. They include (1) language analysis for forensic purposes (both spoken and written language are included), (2) psychoacoustics and the related area of audiology, (3) the pirating of audio- and videotape recordings and (4) the area of computer crime. These four topics will be discussed in the order of descending relevance to forensic phonetics. I will include a few references for each so you can read further if you find that particular topic to be of interest to you. Please note however, that my descriptions will be a little superficial. After all, the areas discussed are somewhat tangential to the basic focus of this book; moreover, each is worthy of its own text. However, I hope that I can provide you with some insight as to their dimensions and boundaries—and, especially, how they interface with forensic phonetics.
FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL NAVICULAR

In the diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the carpal navicular more emphasis should be placed on the clinical signs and symptoms than on the roentgenographic findings. A negative initial roentgenographic examination does not necessarily rule out a fracture. Several variations from the usual technique have been employed when the ordinary posteroanterior view is negative for, or suspicious of, a fracture of this bone: 1. Exposures should be made with the hand in ulnar deviation. 2. Roentgenograms should also be taken with two exposures,—one with the tube shifted a little to the right, and the other with the tube shifted to the left. If, despite negative roentgenograms, clinical signs and symptoms exist, the part should be adequately immobilized. Sometimes, several weeks or even months later, subsequent roentgenographic examination may reveal the fracture site brought to light by the process of osteoporosis.
Large-Amplitude Multimode Response of Clamped Rectangular Panels to Acoustic Excitation

Abstract : A mathematical formulation and the solution procedure for rectangular panels under broadband random acoustic excitation are presented. Large-amplitude effect and multiple modes are included in the formulation. The generalized mass matrix and the generalized linear stiffness matrix using 15 terms in the assumed panel deflection function are derived. Subroutine programs that generate the mass and linear stiffness matrices have been developed. Continuing research efforts are outlined.
Nanoscale Energetics with Carbon Nanotubes

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with diameters below 1 nm prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and with diameters of 1.3 nm and higher prepared by laser ablation and carbon-arc techniques, were electrochemically functionalized with hydrogen and nitro groups, and chemically derivatized with 4-nitroaniline. Hydrogen adsorption on SWNTs was carried out in the presence or absence of electrodeposited catalytic nanoparticles of magnesium. SWNTs deposited on Teflon-coated membranes by vacuum filtration and lifted off as free-standing nanopaper, were used as the electrodes for electrochemical functionalization reactions. Hydrogen uptake on the nanotubes was characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and thermopower measurements. Electrochemically-induced functionalization with −NO2 groups on metallic, laser-synthesized SWNTs was clearly detected by Raman spectroscopy. Chemical functionalization was achieved on CVD-produced SWNTs by acidification to form −COOH groups followed by reaction with thionyl chloride and then with 4-nitroaniline. Photoacoustic effects that are likely to be precursors of photo-induced initiation of energetic reactions, were observed to occur at varying laser intensities for these materials in experiments using a pulsed Nd-YAG laser emitting at 532 nm.
A Parallelogram Law for Certain Lp Spaces

(1967). A Parallelogram Law for Certain Lp Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 140-147.
Searching for the Fourth Amendment at the Border: The Border Search Exception and Digital Devices

The Fourth Amendment allows for searches and seizures at international borders without suspicion of criminal activity. This is known as the “border search exception” to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. The power of the government to execute warrantless searches at the nation’s borders dates back to the First Congress. Border searches were initially premised on the idea that law enforcement needed to be able to prevent illegal aliens and contraband from entering the country. Recently, however, the border search exception has been applied to the search of travelers' digital media. The jurisprudence thus far suggests that customs officers may search any digital media without any individualized suspicion. Some courts have held that “forensic” searches of digital media require reasonable suspicion, but maintain that manual searches require no level of suspicion. The Supreme Court has not addressed the standard of suspicion necessary for a border search exception to the warrant requirement if the search applies to the content of digital media. In 2014, the Court held in Riley v. California that the search incident to arrest exception to the warrant requirement does not apply to the digital content stored on cell phones. In Riley, the Court determined that digital searches are categorically different from physical searches. This note argues that the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Riley should be applied to searches of digital media at the border. Warrantless searches of digital media at the border should be considered a violation of the Fourth Amendment, and there should be a new framework applied to seizing and searching digital media at borders. This note argues that Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) should be able to seize a digital device based on reasonable suspicion and secure the device so that information may not be wiped from the hard drive. However, with the exception of exigent circumstances, a CBP agent should not be able to search the content stored on a traveler’s digital device until a probable cause warrant is obtained. A warrantless data search should be considered objectively unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. This note further examines how two federal cases since Riley -- United States v. Saboonchi and United States v. Kim -- demonstrate that the United States government has recently gone to great lengths to avoid digital border search cases from reaching Courts of Appeals.