cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous neonatal evaluation in the delivery room by pulse oximetry

The pulse oximeter, a noninvasive and continuous monitor of arterial oxygenation that is reliable in adults, children, and infants, was evaluated for use in neonates in the delivery suite. One hundred newborn infants, weighing 850 to 5,230 g each, delivered vaginally or by cesarean section with general or epidural anesthesia were studied. After delivery, each infant was placed in a radiant warmer, and a pulse oximetry probe was placed on the right hand. Hemoglobin saturation was then recorded for 15 minutes. Initial pulse oximetry values were obtained in less than one minute after cord clamping in 43% of infants, less than two minutes in 81 %, and less than three minutes in 98%. Average arterial oxygen saturation was 59% at 1 minute (43 infants), 68% at 2 minutes (81), 82% at 5 minutes (98), and 90% at 15 minutes (91). Oxygen saturation was less than 30% in 12 neonates and less than 50% in 26 neonates at some time during the 15-minute monitoring period. Oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between neonates delivered vaginally or by cesarean section, regardless of the presence or type of anesthetic used. Arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry showed a statistically significant relationship when compared with the traditional Apgar scoring system. Pulse oximetry was found to be very useful in objectively judging the adequacy of resuscitative efforts, as well as in identifying children who had marked arterial desaturation during the early neonatal period.
A method of autonomous mobile robot navigation by using fuzzy control

It is necessary for an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) to describe schemes of monitoring the status and procedures of suitable processes. This paper presents a sensor-based navigation method using fuzzy control, of which the purpose is to construct an expert knowledge for efficient and better piloting of AMR. This method provides a function of tracing a planned path by sensing distances of an AMR and its difference angle from the planned path, and a function of avoiding stationary and moving obstacles by sensing free area distances ahead of the AMR. Fuzzy control is also used to select suitable rules (tracing a path/avoiding obstacles) according to a situation, which is derived from sensor information by using fuzzy control. The effectiveness of established rules and the effect of fuzzy control on AMR navigation is discussed through simulations.
Universality and exactness of Schrödinger geometries in string and M-theory

We propose an organizing principle for classifying and constructing Schrodinger-invariant solutions within string theory and M-theory, based on the idea that such solutions represent nonlinear completions of linearized vector and graviton Kaluza-Klein excitations of AdS compactifications. A crucial simplification, derived from the symmetry of AdS, is that the nonlinearities appear only quadratically. Accordingly, every AdS vacuum admits infinite families of Schrodinger deformations parameterized by the dynamical exponent z. We exhibit the ease of finding these solutions by presenting three new constructions: two from M5 branes, both wrapped and extended, and one from the D1-D5 (and S-dual F1-NS5) system. From the boundary perspective, perturbing a CFT by a null vector operator can lead to nonzero β-functions for spin-2 operators; however, symmetry restricts them to be at most quadratic in couplings.
The 2000–2001 Financial Crisis in Turkey: A Crisis for Whom?

In this paper, we study the consequences of the 2000–2001 financial crisis in Turkey to identify the impacts of the crisis on capital and labor. We uncover three significant empirical effects of this crisis. First, international capital benefited from the crisis by increasing both its total assets in Turkey and its income flows from these assets, while large domestic financial capitalists also increased their profits in the aftermath of the crisis. Second, industrial capital benefited via a repression of labor. Third, the attempt to ‘remedy’ the economy by imposing structural changes furthered the interests of capital in general.
Adaptive algorithms for the rejection of sinusoidal disturbances with unknown frequency

Abstract Two algorithms are presented for the rejection of sinusoidal disturbances with unknown frequency. The first is an indirect algorithm where the frequency of the disturbance is estimated, and the estimate is used in another adaptive algorithm that adjusts the magnitude and phase of the input needed to cancel the effect of the disturbance. A direct algorithm that uses the concept of a phase-locked loop is also presented in which frequency estimation and disturbance cancellation are performed simultaneously. Approximate analyses are presented for both schemes and the results are found useful for the selection of the design parameters. Simulations are given which demonstrate the validity of the analytical results and the ability of the algorithms to reject sinusoidal disturbances with unknown frequency. The indirect algorithm is found to have a larger capture region for the parameter estimates, whereas the direct algorithm has superior convergence properties locally about the optimum parameter estimates
Radical Cystectomy for Elderly Patients With Bladder Carcinoma. An Updated Experience With 404 Patients

BACKGROUND The authors evaluated the experiences at their institution with radical cystectomy and urinary diversion performed on elderly bladder carcinoma patients to determine whether age had an impact on the clinical or functional results for this group of patients. METHODS Between August 1971 and December 1996, 404 patients age 70 years or older (median age, 74 years) underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for invasive bladder carcinoma: 352 (87%) were ages 70-79 years and 52 (13%) were age 80 years or older. Data analyzed included the following: perioperative mortality; early (within 90 days after surgery) and late (more than 90 days after surgery) postoperative complications, related and unrelated to the urinary diversion; length of hospital stay; pathologic staging; and clinical outcome. These data were then compared with those for 762 patients younger than 70 years (median age, 61 years) who underwent the same procedure during the same time period. RESULTS The overall mortality rate for patients age 70 years or older was 2.8% (3.2% for those ages 70-79 years, 0% for those age 80 years or older), compared with 2% for patients younger than 70 years. The early complication rate for patients age 70 years or older was 32%, compared with 25% for patients younger than 70 years. Patients age 80 years or older had a similar early complication rate of 29%. Late postoperative complications occurred in 12.4% of patients age 70 years or older, compared with 22.8% of patients younger than 70 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to pathologic stage or length of hospital stay. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates for patients age 70 years or older were 60% and 53%, respectively, compared with 68% and 63%, respectively, for patients younger than 70 years (P = 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the groups when rates of disease recurrence were compared (P = 0.3627). The 5-year recurrence rate for patients age 70 years or older was 35%, compared with a 5-year recurrence rate of 31% for patients younger than 70 years. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that an aggressive, curative, radical surgical approach and urinary diversion may be a viable treatment strategy for properly selected elderly patients who are in generally good health and require definitive therapy for invasive bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:141-147. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Health care coverage and access for children in an urban state: The New York perspective

New York and the nation stand at the brink of an unprecedented opportunity to improve health care coverage and access for children. New York can continue to be a national leader in ensuring access to coverage and care for low-income children by combining eligibility expansions with effective outreach and enrollment efforts. Between half and three-quarters of a million children could benefit if these activities are successful. As monumental an accomplishment as that would be, however, three-quarters of the state's total uninsured population would remain without coverage. Successful advocacy for low-income children should serve as models for additional efforts to provide health care coverage to their parents and to other uninsured adults in the state. During a strong state economy and renewed interest in health care issues, the time is now to seize this momentum and fulfill New York's historic commitment to health care for all its citizens.
Essays and Multiple-Choice Tests as Predictors of College Freshman GPA.

The incremental validity of a short holistically scored expository essay for predicting freshman grade point average was explored in two samples. In one of the samples the essay was administered to incoming freshmen at state colleges as part of a basic skills assessment battery. In the second sample the essay was part of an achievement test that is one of the admissions tests used by highly selective colleges. In both samples, the essay added essentially nothing to what could be predicted from high school grade point average, Scholastic Aptitude Test scores, and a multiple-choice test of writing-related skills.
An abrupt change detection heuristic with applications to cyber data attacks on power systems

Abstract—We present an analysis of a heuristic for abruptchange detection of systems with bounded state variations. Theproposed analysis is based on the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) of a history matrix built from system observations. Weshow that monitoring the largest singular value of the historymatrix can be used as a heuristic for detecting abrupt changesin the system outputs. We provide sufﬁcient detectability condi-tions for the proposed heuristic. As an application, we considerdetecting malicious cyber data attacks on power systems andtest our proposed heuristic on the IEEE 39-bus testbed. I. I NTRODUCTION Fault detection and supervisory control are essential toensure that a dynamical system is operating in normalconditions. These monitoring mechanisms are of higherimportance for critical systems such as power systems. Anypropagation of faults in a power system may have severeconsequences in the electricity generation, transmission, ordistribution. To this end, Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition (SCADA) systems are designed for controllingand monitoring different parts of a power grid. Traditionally,within SCADA or other conventional supervisory control andmonitoring centers, the state of the system under study isestimated at every sample time. The condition of the systemis then tested by monitoring a metric based on the estimatedstate. An abrupt change in that metric is an indicator of theoccurrence of some malfunctioning in the system dynamics.A. Designated Data AttacksIn power systems, as an example, changes of the systemdynamics have been traditionally considered as a result ofmeter aging and malfunctioning, electrical breakdown, ornatural causes such as storm, lightening, etc. However, suchchanges might be the result of a designated cyber data attackto the system. In particular, with the emergence of smart gridsand its smart hardware and software components such assmart meters, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), intelligent
Organometallic “super reducing agents”. Electron transfer chemistry of photogenerated 19e− W(CO)5(L)− radicals

Abstract The existence of “19-valence electron radicals” has been a controversial issue in organometallic chemistry. The premise that photochemical excitation of [W2(CO)10]2− in the presence of donor solvents or phosphine ligands (L = THF, MeCN, 2-methyl THF, PEt3) leads to highly reducing 19e− L-W(CO)5− radicals was investigated by laser transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy in the UV-vis and IR regions and by electron transfer kinetics studies. Infrared transient absorption measurements were found to be well suited to the [W2(CO)10]2− system. The IR transient absorption spectrum at 1960 cm−1. The IR transient absorption spectrum at > 10 μs following the laser pulse is dominated by IR absorptions at ν(CO) = 1860 and 1816 cm−1. The significant lowering of ν(CO) energy in the first 10 μs is assigned to a 19e− solvent-W(CO)5− (solvent = MeCN, THF) radical. Rate constants for second order recombination (kr) of these radicals are strongly solvent dependent. A homologous series of substituted benzophenone electron acceptors (A) with E 1 2 (A/A−) ranging from −1.21 to −2.26 V vs. SCE were chosen to study the electron transfer chemistry of the 19e− species in THF. Electron transfer rate constants (ket) were found to range from 4 × 104 M−1 s−1 for reduction of the least energetically favorable acceptor (cyclohexylphenylketone, E 1 2 = −2.26 V vs. SCE ) up to 8 × 108 M−1 s−1 for reduction of the most energetically favorable acceptor (decaflurobenzophenone, Efrsol|1/2 = 1.21 V vs SCE). The data were interpreted within the context of the Marcus theory of electron transfer. The abnormally large total reorganization energy, λ = 70 kcal mol−1, and slow derived self-exchange rate constant, k11
Transcriptome sequencing and annotation of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta : Pathway description and gene discovery for production of next-generation biofuels

Biodiesel or ethanol derived from lipids or starch produced by microalgae may overcome many of the sustainability challenges previously ascribed to petroleum-based fuels and first generation plant-based biofuels. The paucity of microalgae genome sequences, however, limits gene-based biofuel feedstock optimization studies. Here we describe the sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly for the non-model microalgae species, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and identify pathways and genes of importance related to biofuel production. Next generation DNA pyrosequencing technology applied to D. tertiolecta transcripts produced 1,363,336 high quality reads with an average length of 400 bases. Following quality and size trimming, ~ 45% of the high quality reads were assembled into 33,307 isotigs with a 31-fold coverage and 376,482 singletons. Assembled sequences and singletons were subjected to BLAST similarity searches and annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology (KO) identifiers. These analyses identified the majority of lipid and starch biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in D. tertiolecta. The construction of metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of fatty acids, triacylglycrols, and starch in D. tertiolecta as well as the assembled transcriptome provide a foundation for the molecular genetics and functional genomics required to direct metabolic engineering efforts that seek to enhance the quantity and character of microalgae-based biofuel feedstock.
Modeling the Effect of Unsteady Chamber Conditions on Atomization Processes.

AP e The response of fluid flow through an orifice to chamK ber pressure oscillations and the evolution of the corp responding liquid jet has been investigated through & the use of a two-dimensional model based on the <£ Boundary Element Method. A series of parametric $ simulations have been performed using this tool to Subscripts evaluate the effect of orifice length, injection condi£ tions, and the amplitude and frequency of chamber g pressure oscillations on the dynamic orifice massflow, j phase lag, and jet surface shape. Results indicate osc substantial differences between the 2-D simulations ss and 1-D theory, particularly in the case where the oo orifice passage is short. Simulations have also been rnin performed to address the velocity profile at the exit max plane under these unsteady injection conditions. pressure drop across the orifice ratio of gas to liquid density surface curvature density surface tension velocity potential phase lag liquid phase properties gas phase properties nodal location oscillation amplitude steady state value far field condition minimum value maximum value
Continuity of the Measure of the Spectrum for Quasiperiodic Schrödinger Operators with Rough Potentials

We study discrete quasiperiodic Schrodinger operators on \({\ell^2(\mathbb{Z})}\) with potentials defined by γ-Holder functions. We prove a general statement that for γ > 1/2 and under the condition of positive Lyapunov exponents, measure of the spectrum at irrational frequencies is the limit of measures of spectra of periodic approximants. An important ingredient in our analysis is a general result on uniformity of convergence from above in the subadditive ergodic theorem for strictly ergodic cocycles.
The Small-Scale Environment of Quasars

Where do quasars reside? Are quasars located in environments similar to those of typical L* galaxies, and, if not, how do they differ? An answer to this question will help shed light on the triggering process of quasar activity. We use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to study the environment of quasars and compare it directly with the environment of galaxies. We find that quasars (Mi ? -22, z ? 0.4) are located in higher local overdensity regions than are typical L* galaxies. The enhanced environment around quasars is a local phenomenon; the overdensity relative to that around L* galaxies is strongest within 100 kpc of the quasars. In this region, the overdensity is a factor of 1.4 larger than around L* galaxies. The overdensity declines monotonically with scale to nearly unity at ~1 h Mpc, where quasars inhabit environments comparable to those of L* galaxies. The small-scale density enhancement depends on quasar luminosity, but only at the brightest end: the most luminous quasars reside in higher local overdensity regions than do fainter quasars. The mean overdensity around the brightest quasars (Mi ? -23.3) is nearly 3 times larger than around L* galaxies, while the density around dimmer quasars (Mi = -22.0 to -23.3) is ~1.4 times that of L* galaxies. By ~0.5 Mpc, the dependence on quasar luminosity is no longer significant. The overdensity on all scales is independent of redshift to z ? 0.4. The results suggest a picture in which quasars typically reside in L* galaxies but have a local excess of neighbors within ~0.1-0.5 Mpc; this local density excess likely contributes to the triggering of quasar activity through mergers and other interactions.
Reflections on the strong CP problem

Abstract I discuss how anomalies affect classical symmetries and how, in turn, the non-trivial nature of the gauge theory vacuum makes these quantum corrections troublesome. Although no solution seems in sight for the cosmological constant problem, I examine three possible approaches to the strong CP problem involving vacuum dynamics, an additional chiral symmetry, and the possibility of spontaneous CP or P breaking. All of these “solutions” have their own problems and suggest that, at a deep level, we do not understand the nature of CP violation. Nevertheless, it remains extremely important to search for experimental signals predicted by these theoretical “solutions”, like invisible axions.
Neighboring tin effect in the oxidation of α-stannyl phenyl vinyl sulfides

Abstract α-Stannyl vinyl sulfides were generally prepared by hydrostannylation of thioacetylenes catalyzed by Pd(PPh3)4. The regio- and stereochemistry of the products was determined unequivocally in three cases by X-ray crystallographic structure studies and in the others by1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The irreversible oxidation potentials of these compounds were determined in acetonitrile and dichloromethane by cyclic voltammetry. The oxidation potentials provide evidence for significant interaction between the C Sn σ bond and sulfur 3p lone pair orbital in cases with appropriate geometry.
Food Prices and Blood Cholesterol

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cost Americans billions of dollars per year. High cholesterol levels, which are closely related to dietary habits, are a major contributor to CVD. In this article, we study whether changes in food prices are related to cholesterol levels and whether taxes or subsidies on particular foods would be effective in lowering cholesterol levels and, consequently, CVD costs. We find that prices of vegetables, processed foods, whole milk and whole grains are significantly associated with blood cholesterol levels. Having analyzed the costs and benefits of government interventions, we find that a subsidy of vegetables and whole grains would be an efficient way to reduce CVD expenditures.
Combustion and Agglomeration of Coal-Oil Mixtures in Furnace Environments

Abstract The combustion characteristics of freely-falling and suspended mono-sized coal-oil mixture (COM) droplets in heated air were investigated by studying the quenched samples using scanning electron microscope. Parameters varied include the volatility of the oil, the concentration and size of the coal particles, the residence time, the intensity of blowing, and the effects of water and surfactant addition. Results substantiate the formation of coat particle agglomerates upon depletion of the volatile oil components, and emphasize the importance of oil volatility and external convective motion on COM combustion. In particular agglomeration is not expected to be a serious problem for COM with No. 6 oil, although addition of oils with higher volatility widens the volatility differentials between the oil and coal components such that the agglomerate formation, heating, ignition, and thereby the total burning times are significantly prolonged. Addition of water may cause droplet swelling and fragmentation...
COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND EXPERIMENTAL NUSSELT NUMBER FOR A FILM-COOLED ROTATING BLADE

Abstract The predictions from a three-dimensional (3-D) Navier-Stokes code have been compared to the Nusselt number data obtained on a film-cooled, rotating turbine blade. The blade chosen is the ACE rotor with five rows containing 93 film-cooling holes covering the entire span. This is the only film-cooled rotating blade on which experimental heat transfer data are available for the present comparison. Over 2.25 million grid points are used to compute the flow over the blade. Usually, in a film cooling computation on a stationary blade, the computational domain is just one spanwise pitch of the film-cooling holes, with periodic boundary conditions in the span direction. However, for a rotating blade, the computational domain consists of the entire blade span from hub to tip, as well as the tip clearance region. As far as the authors know, the present work is the first comparison of the prediction of surface heat transfer using a 3-D Navier-Stokes code with film injection and the measured heat flux on a fully film-cooled rotating transonic turbine blade. A reasonably good comparison with the measured data is obtained on the suction surface, particularly near the hub section. On the pressure surface, however, the comparison between the data and the prediction is poor. A potential reason for the discrepancy on the pressure surface could be the presence of unsteady effects caused by stator-rotor interaction in the experiments, which are not modeled in the present numerical computations.
A vector-like heavy quark in the littlest Higgs model

The littlest Higgs model contains a new vector-like heavy quark in the up sector. There are two interesting features of its existence. One is that it extends the 3 × 3 CKM matrix in the standard model to a 4 × 3 matrix and the other is that it allows Z-mediated flavor changing neutral currents at tree level in the up sector but not in the down sector. We examine a few of possible windows in which the Z-mediated flavor changing neutral currents in the littlest Higgs model can be tested.
The Impact of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 on Audit Fees and Audit Quality

SYNOPSIS: We investigate the impact of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5) on audit fees and audit quality. AS5 supersedes Auditing Standard No. 2 (AS2), and became effective for audits for accelerated filers for fiscal years ending on or after November 15, 2007. Using a large sample of accelerated filers subject to AS5, we find evidence that audit fees decrease upon the adoption of AS5. More importantly, even though AS5 adoption reduces audit fees for our test sample, we find no evidence of a decrease in audit quality. In summary, we document evidence that AS5 improves the efficiency of internal control audits. JEL Classifications: M41.
Convenient Preparations of the Three 2,3-dihalo-1,4-benzoquinones

Abstract Efficient preparations of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (1) and 2,3-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2) from 1,4-benzoquinone are reported, as is the synthesis of the previously unknown 2,3-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone (3) from 2.
Optimal clock period FPGA technology mapping for sequential circuits

We study the technology mapping problem for sequential circuits for look-up table (LUT) based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Existing approaches to the problem simply remove the flip-flops (FFs), then map the remaining combinational logic, and finally put the FFs back. These approaches ignore the sequential nature of a circuit and assume the positions of the FFs are fixed. However, FFs in a sequential circuit can be reposistioned by a functionality-preserving transformation called retiming. As a result, existing approaches can only consider a very small portion of the available solution space. We propose in this paper a novel approach to the technology mapping problem. In our approach, retiming is integrated into the technology mapping process so as to consider the full solution space. We then present a polynomial technology mapping algorithm that, for a given circuit, produces a mapping solution with the minimum clock period among all possible ways of retiming. The effectiveness of the algorithm is also demonstrated experimentally.
General Relativistic Constraints on Emission Models of Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars

Most models of anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) account for the observed X-ray spectra and pulsations by means of radiation processes that occur on the surfaces of neutron stars. For any such model, general relativistic deflection of light severely suppresses the amplitude of the observed pulsations. We calculate the expected pulsation amplitudes of AXPs according to various models and compare the results with observations. We show that the high (70%) pulse amplitudes observed in some AXPs can be accounted for only if the surface emission is localized (spot radius < 40°) and strongly beamed (e.g., radially peaked with cosn θ' and n 2, where θ' is the angle to the normal). These constraints are incompatible with those cooling and magnetar models in which the observed X-rays originate as thermal emission from the neutron star surface. Accretion models, on the other hand, are compatible with observations for a wide range of parameters. Finally, definitive conclusions cannot be reached on magnetospheric models, since their localization and beaming properties are not well understood.
Ares I Aerodynamic Testing at the Boeing Polysonic Wind Tunnel

Throughoutthreefulldesignanalysiscycles, theAres Iproject withintheConstellationprogram has consistently relied on the Boeing Polysonic Wind Tunnel (PSWT) for aerodynamic testing of the subsonic, transonic and supersonic portions of the atmospheric flight envelope (Mach=0.5 to 4.5). Each design cycle required the development of aerodynamic databases for the 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) forces and moments, as well as distributed line-loads databases covering the full range of Mach number, total angle-of-attack, and aerodynamic roll angle. The high fidelity data collected in this facility has been consistent with the data collected in NASA Langley’s Unitary Plan WindTunnel (UPWT)at the overlapping conditionof Mach=1.6. Muchinsight into the aerodynamic behavior of the launch vehicle during all phases of flight was gained through wind tunnel testing. Important knowledge pertaining to slender launch vehicle aerodynamics in particular was accumulated. In conducting these wind tunnel tests and developing experimental aerodynamic databases, some challenges were encountered and are reported as lessons learned in this paper for the benefit of future crew launch vehicle aerodynamic developments.
Entrepreneurial Values and the Ethnic Enterprise: An Examination of Six Subcultures

A vital question receiving only limited attention in the extant research concerns the implications of culturally based values for the successful creation and growth of entrepreneurial ventures. This study explores core values held by entrepreneurs in growth-oriented firms belonging to six subcultures based in the state of Hawaii. Thirty first-generation entrepreneurs each were interviewed from the populations of Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Chinese, Vietnamese, and native Hawaiian firms. Evidence is provided of commonalities and differences in the value profiles of the different types of entrepreneurs. While some of the salient values are clearly traceable to the entrepreneur's native culture, it appears that entrepreneurs share certain core values regardless of cultural origin. Evidence is also provided of linkages between values and specific operational practices within the ventures studied. Implications are drawn for ongoing theory development and managerial practice.
GLYCOSYL DONORS WITH PHOSPHORIMIDATE LEAVING GROUPS FOR EITHER α- OR β- GLYCOSIDATION

Glycosyl N-phenyl diethyl phosphorimidates, readily prepared via the Staudinger reaction of glycosyl diethyl phosphites with phenyl azide, served as efficient glycosyl donors for the formation of either 1,2-cis or 1,2-trans glycosidic bonds under selected reaction conditions. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Global duality in heavy flavor hadronic decays

Abstract We show that heavy meson hadronic decay widths satisfy quark-hadron duality when smeared over the heavy quark mass, M , to an accuracy of order 1/ M 2 .
Defects, Tunneling, and EPR Spectra of Single-Molecule Magnets

We examine theoretically electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lineshapes as functions of resonance frequency, energy level, and temperature for single crystals of three different kinds of single-molecule nanomagnets (SMMs): Mn12 acetate, Fe8Br, and the S = 9/2 Mn4 compound. We use a density-matrix equation and consider distributions in the uniaxial (second-order) anisotropy parameter D and the g factor, caused by possible defects in the samples. Additionally, weak intermolecular exchange and electronic dipole interactions are included in a mean-field approximation. Our calculated linewidths are in good agreement with experiments. We find that the distribution in D is common to the three examined single-molecule magnets. This could provide a basis for a proposed tunneling mechanism due to lattice defects or imperfections. We also find that weak intermolecular exchange and dipolar interactions are mainly responsible for the temperature dependence of the lineshapes for all three SMMs, and that the intermolecular exchange interaction is more significant for Mn4 than for the other two SMMs. This finding is consistent with earlier experiments and suggests the role of spin-spin relaxation processes in the mechanism of magnetization tunneling.
Toward the Activist Ombudsman: An Introduction

This introduction frames the articles in this mini-colloquy on the work of the Office of the Ombudsman at the National Institutes of Health, Center for Cooperative Resolution (OO/CCR). This office is unique in its size, experience, and approach to the work of the organizational ombudsman. Through this series of articles, we share our understandings of the potential for the role of the organizational conflict management specialists called ombudsmen and to assist other organizations and practitioners as they consider and enact similar roles within their workplaces.
Integrated diamond networks for quantum nanophotonics

We demonstrate an integrated nanophotonic network in diamond, consisting of a ring resonator coupled to an optical waveguide with grating in- and outcouplers. Using a nitrogen-vacancy color center embedded inside the ring resonator as a source of photons, single photon generation and routing at room temperature is observed. Furthermore, we observe a large overall photon extraction efficiency (10%) and high quality factors of ring resonators (3200 for waveguide-coupled system and 12 600 for a bare ring).
Ubiquitin-Activating Enzyme Activity Contributes to Differential Accumulation of Mutant Huntingtin in Brain and Peripheral Tissues

Huntington's disease (HD) belongs to a family of neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolded proteins and shares the pathological hallmark of selective accumulation of misfolded proteins in neuronal cells. Polyglutamine expansion in the HD protein, huntingtin (Htt), causes selective neurodegeneration that is more severe in the striatum and cortex than in other brain regions, but the mechanism behind this selectivity is unknown. Here we report that in HD knock-in mice, the expression levels of mutant Htt (mHtt) are higher in brain tissues than in peripheral tissues. However, the expression of N-terminal mHtt via stereotaxic injection of viral vectors in mice also results in greater accumulation of mHtt in the striatum than in muscle. We developed an in vitro assay that revealed that extracts from the striatum and cortex promote the formation of high-molecular weight (HMW) mHtt compared with the relatively unaffected cerebellar and peripheral tissue extracts. Inhibition of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (Ube1) increased the levels of HMW mHtt in the relatively unaffected tissues. Importantly, the expression levels of Ube1 are lower in brain tissues than peripheral tissues and decline in the nuclear fraction with age, which is correlated with the increased accumulation of mHtt in the brain and neuronal nuclei during aging. Our findings suggest that decreased targeting of misfolded Htt to the proteasome for degradation via Ube1 may underlie the preferential accumulation of toxic forms of mHtt in the brain and its selective neurodegeneration.
Examination of large-scale structures in turbulent microchannel flow

Microscopic particle image velocimetry was performed on turbulent flow in microchannels of various diameters and aspect ratios to evaluate the characteristics of large-scale turbulent structures. Spatial correlations of velocity fluctuations were measured along the channel centerlines and at four other locations, and characteristic turbulent length scales were defined. For square microchannels, excellent agreement was observed between the measured length scales and results for macro-scale duct flow. Along the centerline of the square microchannels the normalized longitudinal length scale, 2Lxuu/W, ranged from 0.30 to 0.37, the lateral length scale, 2Lyuu/W, ranged from 0.16 to 0.18, and the ratio between the two length scales, Lxuu/Lyuu ranged from 1.88 to 2.00, results which agree well with macroscale results. Results for non-square microchannels indicate that as aspect ratio increases, the ratio Lxuu/Lyuu also increases, ranging from 2.29 for an aspect ratio of 2.09 up to 3.75 for an aspect ratio of 5.68. Measurements were repeated at various distances from the side walls of the microchannels. For the square microchannels the turbulent structures are smaller near the side walls than near the center of the microchannel with 2Lxuu/W ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 along the centerline, but dropping to 0.04–0.06 at y/(W/2)=0.94. Similar results were observed for the rectangular microchannels. For the rectangular microchannels 2Lxuu/W ranged from 0.32 to 0.42, compared to 0.30–0.38 for the square microchannels.
A proposal on some microscopic aspects of the AdS/CFT duality

We suggest a model of the large N limit N = 4 SU(N) SYM as a gas of 3-branes in a 10-dimensional space. Field theory analysis suggests that this 10-dimensional space does not carry the usual gravity dynamics but rather a contraction of it. Using a non-local transformation some aspects of the dynamics of this system are mapped to the dynamics of standard gravitons on AdS5 × S5. In particular some of the correspondence between operator in the CFT and states on AdS is more transparent.
Orange County Bankruptcy: Financial Contagion in the Municipal Bond and Bank Equity Markets

We examine the spillover wealth effects of the Orange County, California bankruptcy announcement in December 1994 on municipal bonds, municipal bond funds, and bank stocks. This bankruptcy is prominent because of unprecedented losses and because it was caused by a highly leveraged derivatives strategy rather than a shortage of tax revenues and excess spending. We find contagion in the bond market with significantly negative abnormal returns for municipal bond funds without direct exposure to Orange County and for non-Orange County municipal bonds. In addition, our findings suggest the contagion spills over to the common stocks of investment and commercial banks that deal in or use derivatives; however, the equities of banks unexposed to derivatives are not affected.
Fixed-architecture controller synthesis for systems with input–output time-varying nonlinearities

In this paper we develop a fixed-architecture controller analysis and synthesis framework that addresses the problem of multivariable linear time-invariant systems subject to plant input and plant output time-varying nonlinearities while accounting for robust stability and robust performance over the allowable class of nonlinearities. The proposed framework is based on the classical Lure problem and the related Aizerman conjecture concerning the stability of a feedback loop involving a sector-bounded nonlinearity. Specifically, we extend the classical notions of absolute stability theory to guarantee closed-loop stability of multivariable systems in the presence of input nonlinearities. In order to capture closed-loop system performance we also consider the minimization of a quadratic performance criterion over the allowable class of input nonlinearities. Our approach is directly applicable to systems with saturating actuators and provides full and reduced-order dynamic compensators with a guaranteed domain of attraction. The principal result is a set of constructive sufficient conditions for absolute stabilization characterized via a coupled system of algebraic Riccati and Lyapunov equations. The effectiveness of design approach is illustrated by several numerical examples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsurface ice on Mars with rough topography

High-latitude ground ice on Mars discovered by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite is thought to be thermally stable owing to the presence of vapor in the Martian atmosphere. However, local slopes can alter surface and subsurface temperatures substantially, and hence allow ground ice to persist at locations where it would otherwise be unstable. Global statistics of the topography of Mars are computed, processed, and extrapolated to derive a description of surface roughness on spatial scales to which ground ice should be sensitive. This slope distribution is convolved with a new thermal model for the dependence of subsurface ice on slope, to produce a prediction of the global ice distribution that includes the effect of topographic roughness. In the highest latitudes, slopes reduce the amount of buried ice, while in lower latitudes the ice fraction increases, widening the geographic boundary of the ice table. At the high latitudes, where ice is stable beneath horizontal ground, the estimated reduction of ice is small compared to the existing ice volume. Areas in the midlatitudes with high surface roughness that have previously been predicted to be ice free are predicted to contain quantities of ice that may be detectable at present and accessible in the future. Slopes cause ground ice to be stable to latitudes of about 25 degrees in both hemispheres, including, for example, areas within the northern Olympus Mons aureole deposits, Hecates Tholus, and Hellas basin. Ice is unstable at equatorial latitudes, even when accounting for surface slopes.
Critical polymer-polymer phase separation in ternary solutions

We study polymer-polymer phase separation in a common good solvent by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the bond-fluctuation model. Below a critical, chain-length-dependent concentration, no phase separation occurs. For higher concentrations, the critical demixing temperature scales nonlinearly with the total monomer concentration, with a power law relatively close to a renormalization-group prediction based on “blob” scaling arguments. We point out that earlier simulations and experiments have tested this power-law dependence at concentrations outside the validity regime of the scaling arguments. The critical amplitudes of the order parameter and the zero-angle scattering intensity also exhibit chain-length dependences that differ from the conventional predictions but are in excellent agreement with the renormalization-group results. In addition, we characterize the variation of the average coil shape upon phase separation.
Reactions of 2-aminoimidazoles with aldehydes. Hydroxyalkylation and cycloaddition

Abstract The reaction between 2-aminoimidazoles and aldehydes affords mono- and disubstituted hydroxyalkylaminoimidazoles and tetrahydropurine derivatives. The formation of the tetrahydropurine is believed to proceed via an intermolecular hetero [2+4] cycloaddition between 2-aminoimidazole and its corresponding Schiff base.
Creating quaternary centers with high exo stereoselectivity using activated α-alkynyl dienophiles

Ethynyl substituents were used to direct a highly exoselective creation of quaternary carbon centers in Diels−Alder cycloaddition reactions involving activated α-alkynyl dienophiles. The origins of electronic activation and the high stereoselectivities of these reactions were investigated by the B3LYP density functional method.
A Direct-Heating Energy-Storage Receiver for Dish-Stirling Solar Energy Systems

Dish-Stirling solar receiver designs are investigated and evaluated for possible use with sensible energy storage in single-phase materials. The designs differ from previous receivers in utilizing axial conduction in the storage material for attenuation of the solar flux transients due to intermittent cloud cover, and in having convective heat removal at the base of the receiver. One-dimensional, time-dependent heat transfer equations are formulated for the storage material temperature field, including losses to the environment, and a general heat exchange effectiveness boundary condition at the base. The solar source flux is represented as the sum of steady and periodic cloud-transient components, with the steady component solved subject to specified receiver thermal efficiency. For the transient cloud-cover component the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (FFT) is applied, and the complex transfer function of the receiver is obtained as a filter for the input flux spectrum. Inverse transformation results in the amplitudes and mode shapes of the transient temperature component. By adjustment of design parameters, the cloud-cover amplitude variations of the outlet gas temperature can be limited to acceptable magnitudes, thus simplifying control systems.
Properties of the linear polarization bistatic scattering matrix

When the propagation plane containing the transmitter and receiver lines of sight is used as the polarization reference plane, the scattering matrix characterizing linearly polarized bistatic scattering from plane-symmetric targets exhibits scattering geometry symmetries which can be exploited to reduce the time and expense in obtaining bistatic scattering data from static range measurements and theoretical or computer calculations. In this communication the linear polarization symmetry relations are derived and used to determine the minimum number of measurements needed for the complete characterization of target scattering.
Tuberculosis in children.

The natural history and clinical expression of infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis differ substantially in children compared with adults. The natural history depends upon the age at infection and the host immune status. Children infected prior to age 4 have a very high rate of developing immediate clinical or radiographic manifestations or both, but are unlikely to develop reactivation disease in adulthood. In contrast, children infected in preadolescence or adolescence are more prone to developing more severe adult-type pulmonary tuberculosis soon after infection or in adulthood. It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis by current microbiological methods. Even in industrialized countries, the triad of a positive tuberculin skin test, radiographic and/or clinical manifestations consistent with tuberculosis, and establishing a recent link to a known infectious case of tuberculosis is the "gold standard" for diagnosis. Children with tuberculosis respond well to and tolerate the same basic treatment regimens as used for adults. Some prevention of childhood tuberculosis can be achieved by the use of the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines, but the use of chemotherapy to treat recent tuberculosis infection, discovered via contact tracing, is of paramount importance even when BCG vaccines are used.
Privacy amplification with asymptotically optimal entropy loss

We study the problem of “privacy amplification”: key agreement between two parties who both know a weak secret w, such as a password. (Such a setting is ubiquitous on the internet, where passwords are the most commonly used security device.) We assume that the key agreement protocol is taking place in the presence of an active computationally unbounded adversary Eve. The adversary may have partial knowledge about w, so we assume only that w has some entropy from Eve’s point of view. Thus, the goal of the protocol is to convert this nonuniform secret w into a uniformly distributed string R that is fully secret from Eve. R may then be used as a key for running symmetric cryptographic protocols (such as encryption, authentication, etc.).Because we make no computational assumptions, the entropy in R can come only from w. Thus, such a protocol must minimize the entropy loss during its execution, so that R is as long as possible. The best previous results have entropy loss of Θ(κ2), where κ is the security parameter, thus requiring the password to be very long even for small values of κ. In this work, we present the first protocol for information-theoretic key agreement that has entropy loss linear in the security parameter. The result is optimal up to constant factors. We achieve our improvement through a somewhat surprising application of error-correcting codes for the edit distance.The protocol can be extended to provide also “information reconciliation,” that is, to work even when the two parties have slightly different versions of w (e.g., when biometrics are involved).
How good are slicing floorplans

Given a set of modules with flexibility in shape, we show that there exists a slicing floorplan F such that area(F) = = 2 is the shape flexibility of each module. Our result shows that slicing floorplans can provably pack modules tightly when the modules have flexibility in shape.