cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixtures of tight-binding enzyme inhibitors. Kinetic analysis by a recursive rate equation

Abstract When two or more tight-binding inhibitors are present in an enzyme assay, the equation that relates the initial velocity v to the concentration of reactants cannot be written in an algebraically explicit form. Rather, for n inhibitors it is an implicit polynomial equation of degree n + 1 with respect to v. The complexity of the polynomial coefficients dramatically increases with each added inhibitor. Solving the transcendental rate equation by traditional methods of numerical mathematics has proven tedious because of the sensitivity of these methods to initial estimates and because of the existence of multiple roots. However, the equation can be rearranged into a convenient recursive form, one in which the velocity appears on both sides and the solution is found iteratively. The algebraic form of the recursive rate equation is remarkably simple and differs from the rate equation for classical rather than tight-binding inhibition only by an added term. The numerical stability and the speed of convergence were tested on the case of two competitive inhibitors. Initial estimates of velocity that spanned 12 orders of magnitude converged within five iterations. The velocities computed with the recursive method for a single tight-binding inhibitor were identical with the values predicted by the Morrison equation. The method is used to analyze experimental data for the inhibition of rat liver dihydrofolate reductase by mixtures of the anticancer drug methotrexate and its metabolic precursor form, methotrexate-α-aspartate (a prodrug)
Tensile deformation induced texture transformation in austenitic stainless steel

Texture patterns of the starting ώ and transformed α structural phases were obtained from AISI 304 stainless steel sheets subjected to varying levels of tensile deformation using high energy X-ray diffraction in combination with the texture enhanced Rietveld method. The use of this method allows the simultaneous determination of the orientation distribution functions (ODF) of both phases, even for small α-martensite fractions of the order of 5%. The texture patterns are analyzed in terms of the crystallographic orientation relation between the starting and transformed phases and the preferential formation of certain variants of this relation.
Critique concerning Prediction in Probation and Parole: Some Alternative Suggestions

The decision to grant or deny probation or parole is dependent upon making predictions of what activity and behavior can be affected by probation or parole. However, in research conducted on correctional decision-making, the evidence shows that decision-making diverges significantly from what one would expect to be true if there were any validity to preventive or correctional claims as guides to decision-making. In light of this finding, this article discusses the side effects of prediction in probation and parole including economic consequences, sentencing issues, ethical issues, moral and political issues, and legal issues. The article concludes with several recommendations to limit our belief and use of prediction in probation and parole.
Side Crash Pressure Sensor Prediction: An ALE Approach

An Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach was adopted in this study to predict the responses of side crash pressure sensors in an attempt to assist pressure sensor algorithm development by using computer simulations. Acceleration-based crash sensors have traditionally been used to deploy restraint devises (e.g., airbags, air curtains, and seat belts) in vehicle crashes. The crash pulses recorded by acceleration-based crash sensors usually exhibit high frequency and noisy responses depending on the vehicle's structural design. As a result, it is very challenging to predict the responses of acceleration-based crash sensors by using computer simulations, especially those installed in crush zones. Therefore, the sensor algorithm developments for acceleration-based sensors are mostly based on physical testing.With the advancement in the crash sensor technology, pressure sensors that detect pressure change in door cavities have been developed recently and production vehicle applications are increasing. The pressure sensors detect pressure change when there is a change in the door volume. Due to the nature of pressure change, the data obtained from side crash pressure sensors exhibits lower frequency and less noisy responses which are quite different from those of the acceleration-based crash sensors. The technology is most promising for side crash applications due to its ability to discriminate crash severities and deploy airbags earlier. The lower frequency and less noisy responses are also more suitable for non-linear finite element codes to predict.To help understand the responses of pressure sensors and obtain reliable test data for model developments, fourteen different benchmark tests were designed and performed in this research. The first set of benchmark tests included a rectangular steel container with one side being compressed while all other sides were fixed to simulate a piston compression condition. The second set of benchmark tests, a series of eight, involved a rigid impactor or a deformable barrier hitting a rectangular steel box with and without a hole. Different speeds were chosen in the second set of component tests to obtain the corresponding responses. The third set of benchmark tests, a series of five, involved a rigid impactor or a deformable barrier hitting a vehicle side door with different openings. Similar to the second set of the benchmark tests; different speeds were chosen to create different crash severities. Computer simulations for all fourteen benchmark tests were conducted by employing the ALE method as one of the studies in this research. The results obtained from the benchmark tests and the computer simulations are presented and discussed in this paper.
Cholinergic Systems in the Central Control of Body Temperature

By the mid-1960’s, it had become apparent that specific nerve cells in the anterior hypothalamus (AH) and pre-optic area (POA) are delegated to the primary physiological mechanisms underlying the control of body temperature (Boulant, 1980). On the basis of pharmacological studies, it was postulated in this era that serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons within the AH/POA released 5-HT in order to activate the neuronal mechanism for heat production (Feldberg and Myers, 1964). Conversely, noradrenergic neurons within the same anatomical region were hypothesized to liberate norepinephrine (NE) at their synapses to activate the functional system for heat dissipation. However, a missing link in this “monoamine theory” centered on the neurohumoral nature of the anatomical pathways that necessarily mediate the distinct physiological signals emanating from the AH/POA for either the loss or production of body heat (Myers, 1969).
Physical Properties of Volcanic Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete

This paper presents the result of study on using volcanic ash which obtained from Mount Kelud as fly ash replacement material to produce geopolymer concrete. Test was conducted on geopolymer concrete mixture with 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% fly ash replacement with Kelud volcanic ash. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) were applied as alkaline activator. The mechanical properties was assessed by compressive strength while workability of fresh concrete by slump test. Producing geopolymer concrete with volcanic ash is possible with maximum replacement of up to 50%. Research and development on eco-friendly material such as volcanic ash is very useful to help reconstruction process of volcanic disaster around the world.
Stable Ectopic Expression of ST6GALNAC5 Induces Autocrine MET Activation and Anchorage-Independence in MDCK Cells

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cancer progression that can boost the metastatic potential of transformed cells by inducing migration, loss of cell adhesion, and promoting proliferation under anchorage-independent conditions. A DNA microarray analysis was performed comparing parental anchorage-dependent MDCK cells and anchorage-independent MDCK cells that were engineered to express human siat7e (ST6GALNAC5). The comparison identified several genes involved in the EMT process that were differentially expressed between the anchorage-dependent and the anchorage-independent MDCK cell lines. The hepatocyte growth factor gene (hgf) was found to be over-expressed in the engineered MDCK-siat7e cells at both transcription and protein expression levels. Phosphorylation analysis of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase confirmed the activation of an autocrine loop of the HGF/ MET signaling pathway in the MDCK-siat7e cells. When MET activities were suppressed by using the small-molecular inhibitor drug PF-02341066 (Crizotinib), the anchorage-independent MDCK-siat7e cells reverted to the cellular morphology of the parental anchorage-dependent MDCK cells. These observations indicate that the MET receptor plays a central role in the growth properties of the MDCK cells and its phosphorylation status is likely dependent on sialylation. Further investigation of the downstream signaling targets in the MET network showed that the degree of MDCK cell adhesion correlated with secretion levels of a matrix metalloproteinase, MMP1, suggesting a role of metalloproteinases in the EMT process. These results demonstrate that in addition to its application in biotechnology processes, MDCK-siat7e may serve as a model cell for metastasis studies to decipher the sequence of events leading up to the activation of EMT.
Abstract 594: Macrophage Proteomics Identifies Mechanistic Links Between Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2Ds) are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and CHD. However, the mechanism(s) linking these diseases are incompletely understood. Macrophages play essential roles in the pathogenesis of both disorders, suggesting that changes in macrophage biology link obesity/T2D and atherosclerosis. We previously showed that the atherogenic actions of cholesterol-loaded macrophages (foam cells) are an emergent property of a dysregulated sterol responsive protein network secreted by macrophages (MSRN). Thus, we hypothesized that obesity/T2Ds may impact atherogenesis by similarly disrupting the MSRN. To test this hypothesis, we isolated peritoneal macrophages (PMΦ) from C57BL/6 mice fed a chow or obesogenic diet and interrogated their secreted proteomes using mass spectrometry. Based on stringent statistical analysis (FDR<5%), we identified 36 proteins that were differentially expressed in media conditioned by macrophages from obese relative to lean mice. Unsupervised gene set...
Single-mode fiber-optic wavelength multiplexer

Wavelength multiplexing in optical single-mode fibers is attractive for a large number of applications, such as signal processing and telecommunications. Only recently has the development of fiber-optic couplers made possible the experimental study of strong distributed interactions between single-mode fibers and the subsequent observation of wavelength multiplexing.1 We report here the operation of a tunable and low-loss fiber multiplexer using a single-mode fiber directional coupler.
Development of Light Emitting Group IV Ternary Alloys on Si Platforms for Long Wavelength Optoelectronic Applications

This paper describes preparation of a new class of Ge1–x–ySixSny direct-gap semiconductors grown on Ge-buffered Si substrates via depositions of trigermane (Ge3H8), tetragermane (Ge4H0), tetrasilane (Si4H10), and stannane (SnD4) hydride precursors. These react at ultralow temperatures 320–290 °C to produce thick (∼500 nm) monocrystalline films with concentrations closely reflecting the gas phase molar ratio of the coreactants. A series of Ge-rich samples with a fixed 3–4% Si content and progressively increasing Sn content in the 4–10% range are grown to explore the possibility of obtaining direct gap materials for the first time in this semiconductor system. The resultant films also exhibit residual compressive strains that are largely relaxed via rapid thermal annealing between 550 and 700 °C depending on composition. These temperatures are 50–75 °C above the thermal decomposition threshold of Ge1–ySny/Ge materials with same Sn content, indicating that the ternaries are significantly more robust than the...
Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Sediment of the Great Lakes

The concentrations of 13 currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were analyzed in 16 sediment cores collected from the North American Great Lakes. Among them, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) were more frequently detected than others. In general, these emerging BFRs have much lower concentrations than polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechloranes. Inventories of the five BFRs named above, given on a logarithm basis, were found to decrease linearly with the increasing latitude of the sampling locations, but with weaker statistics than those previously reported for the dechloranes. Logarithm of surface fluxes, on the other hand, was found to be a better parameter in correlating with the longitude. With regard to time trends, the exponential increases in concentrations of these BFRs, particularly DBDPE and BTBPE, in recent years are particularly disturbing. The sediment concentration of DBDPE doubles every 3-5 years in Lake Michigan, and approximately every 7 years in Lake Ontario. The corresponding doubling times for BTBPE are about 5 and 7 years in Lakes Ontario and Michigan, respectively, although declines or leveling off were observed in the top sediment layers in Lake Ontario. In contrast to PCBs, PBDEs, and most dechloranes, the correlations between the surface concentration of emerging BFRs and the latitude or longitude of the sampling sites were not strengthened by normalization of the concentration based on the organic matter content of the sediment.
Fischer’s Deterministic Frankfurt-Style Argument

According to the Dilemma Defense, it is question-begging against the incompatibilist defender of the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP) to assume that the agent in a deterministic Frankfurt-style case (FSC) cannot do otherwise in light of causal determinism, but is nevertheless morally responsible. As a result, Fischer (Philos Rev 119:315–336, 2010; Analysis 73:489–496, 2013) attempts to undermine PAP in a different manner via a deterministic FSC. More specifically, Fischer attempts to show that if causal determinism rules out an agent’s moral responsibility, it is not in virtue of its eliminating the agent’s alternative possibilities. I contend that, once we focus upon the distinction between entailment and explanation, the incompatibilist defender of PAP can successfully rebut Fischer’s argument. I argue for this claim while granting Fischer a number of assumptions that only render a defense of PAP more difficult. Additionally, I cast doubt upon Palmer’s (Synthese 191:3847–3864, 2014) critique of Fischer’s argument, which in turn renders my defense of PAP all the more critical.
Tropical horse tick: effects of solvents on oviposition.

When engorged females of Anoceulor niteus (Neumann) were dipped into one of 130 solvents, those compounds containing 8 or carbon atoms gave 90% or suppression associated with a particular molecular weight could be increased or decreased by selecting another class of solvent; c.g., by using an ether, alcohol, epoxide, aldehyde, or ketone to replace an alkane. Isomeric compounds containing branched carbon chains caused less suppression than straight-chain compounds. Only 2 solvents, 2-methylbutane and nitromethane, were completely without effect.
Abstract 1298: Mechanisms of endothelial trophic support of genitourinary tumors

Background: Classically, principal roles of the vascular endothelium have been considered to be support of oxygenation, nutrient delivery, waste product removal, and cellular trafficking. But the endothelium may also release paracrine signals to neighboring cells. Targeting such interactions could lower the threshold for sensitivity to conventional therapies, if pro-survival signals are blocked. We hypothesize that a subset of tumor cells are protected by endothelial-derived NF-kappa B (NF-KB)-mediated trophic signals that enhance tumor growth. Due to the confounding effects of circulating signals, it has been difficult to address these hypotheses using animal models. In contrast, in vitro models are limited by the requirement of primary endothelial cells (PECs) for serum and/or growth factors (GFs), complicating efforts to identify novel secreted factors. We employed a strategy to maintain PECs without serum by expressing the non-transforming adenoviral E4ORF1 gene. Under these conditions, E4ORF1-expressing (E4) PECs retain features of native tumor endothelium, including responsiveness to endothelial GFs and the ability to form functional vessels in vivo. Using solid tumor cell lines, including testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) and prostate cancer (PC) lines, we tested the ability of E4 PECs to support solid tumor progression. Methods: Constitutive expression of E4ORF1 in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was achieved using lentivirus. Co-culture assays in serum-free media were used to test the effect of E4 PECs on cancer cell survival, proliferation and clonagenicity. Xenografts were performed by delivering cancer cells subcutaneously in the presence or absence of E4 PECs. Results: We first identified minimal media in which significant cancer cell proliferation was not observed in the absence of feeders. Under these conditions, we observed massive expansion of cell numbers for certain lines (e.g., 27×1) in the presence of E4 PECs (62.6+/-3.1 fold [mean+/-s.d.] for 27×1) vs. feeder-free control (2.2+/-0.1 fold) over 4 days. Changes in expression of stem cell-related genes in tumor cells during exposure to E4 PECs were examined to determine the frequency of stem-like cells in the culture. Results of co-inoculation studies using tumor cells in NOD-SCID mice will be discussed. Interventions to address the role of endothelial inside-out NF-KB signaling are on-going. Conclusions: Under stressful microenvironmental conditions, some but not all solid tumor cell lines require endothelial-derived growth and survival signals. Targeting these signals may lead to alternate strategies for eliminating residual tumor present after optimal therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1298.
On the Fundamental Lemma for Standard Endoscopy: Reduction to Unit Elements

The fundamental lemma for standard endoscopy follows from the matching of unit elements in Hecke algebras. A simple form of the stable trace formula, based on the matching of unit elements, shows the fundamental lemma to be equivalent to a collection of character identities. These character identities are established by comparing them to a compact-character expansion of orbital integrals.
Insights into low-latitude cloud feedbacks from high-resolution models.

Cloud feedbacks are a leading source of uncertainty in the climate sensitivity simulated by global climate models (GCMs). Low-latitude boundary-layer and cumulus cloud regimes are particularly prob...
Calculation and Experiment of Transient Temperatures of Single-core Cables on Jacket Temperature Monitoring

The real time measurement or calculation of conductor temperature is necessary;whereas it is hard to measure for technical difficulties,calculation is another option. The conductor temperature is associated with the temperature and thermal resistivity of material surrounded (e.g. soil),which is diverse with season and its water content and make the calculation complicated and inaccurate. Consequently,based on its jacket temperature monitoring,the transient thermal circuit model is established. Recurrence formulas of transient temperature rise of its conductor only considering current change and only considering jacket temperature change are both derived to obtain the integrated superposition formula of calculating transient temperature of single-core cables. The classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve differential equations of conductor temperature on the basis of the temperature of its jacket detected,temperatures of conductor and metal sheath can be calculated by software programmed. To verify the thermal model and the calculation,the emergency and cyclic current is tested. The calculation results are compared with the data of transient temperature rise tests,and it is shown that the calculation of transient temperature based on Runge-Kutta method is accurate. This method can be applied to the conductor temperature monitoring,control and prediction in the practical operation of single-core cables.
Application of Autoform Sigma in the tryout of die for automotive decklid inner plate

The Sigma module of Autoform was used to rapidly find out the main factors of crack in the forming process of an automotive decklid inner plate.The solutons were determined and the efficiency of die tryout was increased.
Management of distant solitary recurrence in the patient with renal cancer: Contralateral kidney and other sites

About 25% to 57% of patients with RCC exhibit overt evidence of metastatic disease at the time of initial presentation. These patients have an average survival of about 4 months, and only 10% of them survive 1 year. Metachronous metastatic disease may develop in approximately 50% of patients who have undergone a presumably curative radical nephrectomy. Seventy percent of these patients relapse within the first year and manifest a median survival of about 11 months. The incidence of solitary metastatic lesions in patients with RCC ranges from 1.6% to 3.6%. In reality, the vast majority of these patients have evidence of subclinical, multifocal, micrometastatic disease and ultimately succumb to metastatic RCC. However, a 5-year survival rate of 35% to 50% can be achieved in properly selected patients using aggressive surgical treatment as a major component of therapy. In large part, insightful patient selection is predicated upon an understanding of the unique biologic and clinical issues relevant to each organ site of involvement.
Quality Control: Recognizing and Managing Variation

This chapter is about statistical quality control, the use of statistical methods for evaluating and improving the results of any activity. Whether the activity involves production or service, it can be monitored so that problems can be discovered and corrected before they become more serious. Statistics is well suited for this task because good management decisions must be based, in part, on data. You will learn how to distinguish two types of variation: assignable causes (when there is a reasonably identifiable reason, which you can eliminate) and random causes; when only random causes remain, your system is “in control.” The Pareto diagram displays the causes of the various defects in order from most to least frequent (along with a cumulative percentage of problems solved) so that a manager can focus attention on the most important tasks. A control chart displays successive measurements of a process, together with a center line and control limits, to help you decide whether or not the process is in control. You will see control charts both for quantitative measurements (the X ¯ and R charts) and for counts from qualitative data (the percentage chart).
Burmese Attempts at Diplomacy (1752–1819)

The Burmese before the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 were unacquainted with European International Law and European diplomatic practice, but it will be wrong to think that they did not possess a tradition of peaceful intercourse and negotiation with other states. Burma was united into a single kingdom only three times in her history, and outside these three periods of national unity, it was broken into two or occasionally even three kingdoms. Therefore, there was a body of vaguely defined rules of intercourse and negotiation between the various Burmese kingdoms. With the neighbouring countries of Siam, China, Ceylon and India also, there were some vaguely defined rules of conduct. An alien was not without rights; he was considered to be under the protection of his own state, provided of course that it was at peace with the Burmese kingdom. The case of the two envoys from the English East India Company who visited the Burmese king Anaukpetlun in 1619, would illustrate this point. G. E. Harvey1 observed: The Englishmen came... to recover the estate of one of their commercial travellers who, being in Chiengmai when the king captured it in 1615, was, together with his samples, taken away like all foreigners to Pegu, and though reasonably treated, had died... The Burmese government had scheduled the deceased’s estate and collected some of his debts, but the king objected to returning them, saying that no English ships had ever come to his country, and until they did, and brought trade to his people, he would not give up the estate. Yet finally he gave it up.
Margin of Error for a Frameless Image Guided Radiosurgery System: Direct Confirmation Based on Posttreatment MRI Scans

Abstract Purpose To report on radiosurgery delivery positioning accuracy in the treatment of tremor patients with frameless image guided radiosurgery using the linear accelerator (LINAC) based ExacTrac system and to describe quality assurance (QA) procedures used. Methods and materials Between 2010 and 2015, 20 patients underwent radiosurgical thalamotomy targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus for the treatment of severe tremor. The median prescription dose was 140 Gy (range, 120-145 Gy) in a single fraction. The median maximum dose was 156 Gy (range, 136-162 Gy). All treatment planning was performed with the iPlan system using a 4-mm circular cone with multiple arcs. Before each treatment, QA procedures were performed, including the imaging system. As a result of the extremely high dose delivered in a single fraction, a well-defined circular mark developed on the posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eight of these 20 patients were selected to evaluate treatment localization errors because their circular marks were available in posttreatment MRI. In this study, the localization error is defined as the distance between the center of the intended target and the center of the posttreatment mark. Results The mean error of distance was found to be 1.1 mm (range, 0.4-1.5 mm). The mean errors for the left-right, anteroposterior, and superoinferior directions are 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.7 mm, respectively. Conclusions The result reported in this study includes all tremor patients treated at our institution when their posttreatment MRI data were available for study. It represents a direct confirmation of target positioning accuracy in radiosurgery with a LINAC-based frameless system and its limitations. This level of accuracy is only achievable with an appropriate QA program in place for a LINAC-based frameless radiosurgery system.
Clinical and perceived quality of care for maternal, neonatal and antenatal care in Kenya and Namibia: the service provision assessment.

The majority of women in sub-Saharan Africa now deliver in a facility, however, little is known about the quality of services for maternal and newborn basic and emergency care, nor how this is associated with patient’s perception of their experiences. Using data from the Service Provision Assessment (SPA) survey from Kenya 2010 and Namibia 2009, we explore whether facilities have the necessary signal functions for providing emergency and basic maternal (EmOC) and newborn care (EmNC), and antenatal care (ANC) using descriptives and multivariate regression. We explore differences by type of facility (hospital, center or other) and by private and public facilities. Finally, we see if patient satisfaction (taken from exit surveys at antenatal care) is associated with the quality of services (specific services provided). We find that most facilities do not have all of the signal functions, with 46 and 27 % in Kenya and 18 and 5 % in Namibia of facilities have high/basic scores in routine and emergency obstetric care, respectively. We found that hospitals preform better than centers in general and few differences emerged between public and private facilities. Patient perceptions were not consistently associated with services provided; however, patients had fewer complaints in private compared to public facilities in Kenya (−0.46 fewer complaints in private) and smaller facilities compared to larger in Namibia (−0.26 fewer complaints in smaller facilities). Service quality itself (measured in scores), however, was only significantly better in Kenya for EmOC and EmNC. This analysis sheds light on the inadequate levels of care for saving maternal and newborn lives in most facilities in two countries of Africa. It also highlights the disconnect between patients’ perceptions and clinical quality of services. More effort is needed to ensure that high quality supply of services is present to meet growing demand as an increasing number of women deliver in facilities.
Lead Crystal: An Important Potential Source of Lead Exposure

We have examined the potential of alcoholic beverages to elute Pb from crystal wine decanters and glasses. Port wine containing 89 Pb L−1 was aliquoted into three lead crystal wine decanters. The w...
Using DNA barcoding to track seafood mislabeling in Los Angeles restaurants

Seafood mislabeling is common in both domestic and international markets. Studies on seafood fraud often report high rates of mislabeling (e.g., >70%), but these studies have been limited to a single sampling year, which means it is difficult to assess the impact of stricter governmental truth-in-labeling regulations. We used DNA barcoding to assess seafood labeling in 26 sushi restaurants in Los Angeles over 4 years. Seafood from 3 high-end grocery stores were also sampled (n = 16) in 2014. We ordered 9 common sushi fish from menus, preserved tissue samples in 95% ethanol, extracted the genomic DNA, amplified and sequenced a portion of the mtDNA COI gene, and identified the resulting sequence to known fish sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide database. We compared DNA results with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of acceptable market names and retail names. We considered sushi-sample labels that were inconsistent with FDA names mislabeled. Sushi restaurants had a consistently high percentage of mislabeling (47%; 151 of 323) from 2012 to 2015, yet mislabeling was not homogenous across species. Halibut, red snapper, yellowfin tuna, and yellowtail had consistently high ( 15%). All sampled sushi restaurants had at least one case of mislabeling. Mislabeling of sushi-grade fish from high-end grocery stores was also identified in red snapper, yellowfin tuna, and yellowtail, but at a slightly lower frequency (42%) than sushi restaurants. Despite increased regulatory measures and media attention, we found seafood mislabeling continues to be prevalent.
Physical Inactivity, Self-Management, and Living Well With COPD.

Physical inactivity is an underrecognized and undertreated lifestyle behavior among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is independently associated with a number of adverse heal...
Cellular Origin of Mucins of the Ocular Surface Tear Film

The surface of the eye is covered by a tear film that has been estimated to be 40 μm thick.1.2 The film is extraordinarily regular over the cornea where it is the primary refractive surface of the eye. The mucus within the tear film provides the major structural component of the layer, and recent estimates of its thickness, 30 μm, suggest that it contributes most of the thickness of the tear film. The mucus layer has been estimated to be thicker and more viscous at the very apical surface of the epithelial cells, with a diminution of viscosity towards the tear film surface.3
Stability of free-standing tetraether planar membranes in microchips

Abstract Here, we used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to demonstrate that the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE), a major bipolar tetraether lipid component isolated from thermoacidophilic archaea, can form free-standing planar membranes with remarkable membrane stability in comparison to planar membranes made of diester lipids or triblock copolymers. Stable PLFE planar membranes were generated on micro-pores ranging from 20 to 200 µm in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films embedded in a specially made glass/silicon two-chamber microchip. The micro-pore-containing PDMS thin film was fabricated by using a double-side molding approach, which created surface flatness on both sides of the film, removing pore cliffs and thus reducing the variations in the fabrication of free-standing planar membranes. We found that, at 11–39 °C, PLFE free standing planar membranes embedded in the microchips not only did not break, but also exhibited electrical impedance virtually invariant over the entire time period (5–50 h) examined. The stability of PLFE free-standing planar membranes, which is on the order of days and achieved without having lipid polymerization nor using nano-pores, is unusual for naturally occurring lipids. This extraordinary stability is attributed mainly to the strong PLFE-PLFE hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions and to the possible interactions between PLFE molecules and the PDMS substrate. This study indicates that the use of PLFE can greatly reduce the instability problem of traditional black lipid membranes and that incorporating unusually stable PLFE planar membranes into microdevices is feasible. In summary, bipolar tetraether lipids such as PLFE are excellent materials to make extremely stable yet biologically relevant free-standing planar membranes suitable for use in chip-based membrane technologies.
Left out: the forgotten tradition of radical publishing for children in Britain, 1910–1949, by Kimberley Reynolds

In her wonderful new book, Left Out, Kimberley Reynolds eloquently defines radical children’s literature and describes the political, social, cultural and pedagogical factors that influenced and cr...
Effects of Feeding Frequency Using a Commercial Automated Feeding Device on Gastric Ulceration in Exercised Quarter Horses.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate two feeding regimens: traditional grain feeding (twice a day, traditional fed [TF]) compared with horses fed with an automated feeder programmed to deliver grain in 20 equal aliquots (fractioned fed [FF]) and its effects on gastric ulceration, body weight, and body condition score (BCS). Thirty-one Quarter Horses were maintained in individual stalls during the 60-day experimental period and worked at moderate exercise intensity. Gastroscopies were performed before grain adaptation at 0, 30, and 60 days. Weight and BCS were evaluated biweekly. There were no changes in squamous (equine squamous gastric disease [ESGD]) ulcers in FF horses over the study period and higher ESGD ulcer scores in TF horses over both the 30 and 60-day time points. The proportion of horses with equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) were significantly lower with fractioned feed when compared with traditional feed on day 30, but no difference was seen at day 60. No significant differences were found when comparing the two groups for BCS or body weight throughout the study period. This study further supports that fasting period is a strong contributing factor for gastric ulcer formation. FF of the daily total grain led to a decrease in time fasting when compared with TF which reduced the severity and incidence of both ESGD and EGGD. The use of the commercial feeder for FF may aid in lessening prevalence of gastric ulcers in young training Quarter Horses.
Fewer Complications in the Obese Following Lower Extremity Endovascular Interventions.

Background The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the United States; however, its impact on adverse outcomes in patients with peripheral vascular disease is not well studied. Obesity is associated with higher rates of complications following open bypass surgery, but limited data are available on its effect on endovascular intervention. This study aimed to identify whether obese patients suffer the same complications when undergoing lower extremity endovascular interventions. Methods All patients who underwent femoropopliteal or tibial endovascular interventions between 2011 and 2013 were identified in the Targeted Vascular Module of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients were stratified into 5 groups based on their body mass index (BMI): underweight ( Results 3,246 patients underwent endovascular interventions (78% femoropopliteal and 22% tibial). Of these, 137 (4%) were underweight, 881 (27%) were normal weight, 1,193 (37%) were overweight, 647 (20%) were obese, and 388 (12%) were morbidly obese. There were no differences in 30-day mortality; however, surgical site infection (SSI) was higher in the morbidly obese (5% vs. normal weight: 2%, P = 0.02), whereas untreated patency loss was lower (morbidly obese: 0.5%, obese: 1%, normal weight: 2%, P = 0.02). Other important 30-day outcomes, including bleeding and amputation, were similar across the BMI groups. Following multivariate analysis, SSI remained more common in the morbidly obese (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–5.0), whereas untreated patency loss remained lower in both overweight and morbidly obese patients (overweight: OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–0.9 and morbidly obese: OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.85). Length of stay >1 day was significantly lower in the overweight, obese, and morbidly obese (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.8; OR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5–0.7; and OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, respectively). Conclusions Few major complications occur in the obese in the first 30 days following endovascular interventions, and obesity is not an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Rates of postoperative SSIs are low overall, although they are highest in morbidly obese patients (5%, compared to 2% in normal weight patients). Given this knowledge, endovascular interventions are a prudent treatment option for this patient population.
Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Part 1: Effects on Real-World Function.

Background. Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CIMT) has controlled evidence of efficacy for improving real-world paretic limb use in non-progressive physically disabling disorders (stroke, cereb...
Metaphorical Style as Message

Metaphor pervades natural language the way blood pervades the human body. A cut in almost any part of a living body reveals the blood flowing through it; analysis of almost any part of a body of natural language reveals metaphor vivifying it. In trying to understand the structure and function of blood we do not limit our scrutiny to just a droplet under a microscope; we try to understand the way blood courses through the body as a whole. Most analyses of metaphor are limited to microscopic examination of isolated metaphors; they do not offer a theoretical basis for studying the role of metaphor in a text as a whole.
Examining the Intersection of Social Justice and State Standards with Elementary Preservice Teachers

This investigation considered the social justice perspectives and coursework of 19 preservice teachers enrolled in an elementary education program. An elementary education course required students ...
Depression in context: Important considerations for youth with type 1 vs type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND Youth with diabetes are at increased risk for depression. However, severity and correlates of depressive symptoms may differ by diabetes type. OBJECTIVE Associations of depressive symptoms with global health, diabetes duration, and gender were compared between youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS A sample of 149 youth ages 12 to 21 diagnosed with either type 1 (n = 122) or type 2 (n = 27) diabetes were screened during routine clinic appointments. Regression models were constructed to examine differences by diabetes type. RESULTS Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly higher depressive symptom scores (4.89 vs 2.99, P = .025) than those with type 1 diabetes. A significant interaction between global health and diabetes type on depressive symptoms revealed inverse associations between global health and depressive symptoms that was stronger among youth with type 2 diabetes (β = -.98, P < .001) than type 1 (β = -.48, P < .001). Further probing revealed that among youth with better global health, adolescents with type 1 had more depressive symptoms than those with type 2 diabetes (β = .33, P = .035). Diabetes duration and depressive symptoms were positively associated among individuals with type 2 (β = .86, P = .043), but not type 1 diabetes. No gender differences were detected. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that correlates of depressive symptoms in youth with diabetes differ by diabetes type. Global health appears to be an important correlate among youth with both types, whereas diabetes duration was only a significant factor among those with type 2 diabetes. The current findings can inform future psychosocial intervention efforts within both these populations.
Chinese and South Korean Families' Conceptualizations of a Fair Household Labor Distribution

Objective The present study set out to investigate how Chinese and South Korean families conceptualize fairness and a fair division of household labor. Background Previous cross-cultural research has found that a good portion of women and men find the gendered division of household labor fair. In response, scholars have attempted to discover what factors lead to a greater likelihood of reporting a gendered division fair. However, the majority of the scholarship on fairness perceptions has been limited to survey methods, in which fairness is not defined, and the individual's reasons for their fairness perception is not investigated. Method This study employed thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with the members of 12 Chinese (N=39) and 12 Korean (N=40) families. Results No participation in household labor was considered across families to be unfair. On the other hand, the majority of participants justified an unequal division to be fair based on gendered applications of differences in time-availability and levels of tiredness, in which the amount of housework that each member should do was left unspecified. Conclusion Many adult participants believed that fairness should not apply to the family context. Instead, most participants argued that household labor should be divided based on emotional satisfaction, maintained through mechanisms of understanding and agreement. Implications Future studies on fairness perceptions should clearly define what they mean by "fairness," and the gendering of gender-neutral appearing justifications such as time-availability should be further investigated.
Inverse Problems, Deep Learning, and Symmetry Breaking

In many physical systems, inputs related by intrinsic system symmetries are mapped to the same output. When inverting such systems, i.e., solving the associated inverse problems, there is no unique solution. This causes fundamental difficulties for deploying the emerging end-to-end deep learning approach. Using the phase retrieval problem as an illustrative example, we show that careful symmetry breaking on the training data can help get rid of the difficulties and significantly improve learning performance in real data experiments. We also extract and highlight the underlying mathematical principle of the proposed solution, which is directly applicable to other inverse problems.
The Shared Epitope Phenomenon – A potential impediment to virtual crossmatch accuracy

With the implementation of the new kidney allocation system (KAS), there is increased reliance on a virtual crossmatch/histocompatibility risk assessment (vXM) for evaluating potential presence, as well as strength, of HLA antibodies against a potential donor. The accuracy of such an assessment depends on the precision in the identification of the recipient's antibody profile and the potential donor's HLA typing. While the development of the single antigen bead (SAB) multiplex assay has improved the sensitivity and specificity of HLA antibody detection, several limitations of the assay (specific to certain sensitized patients) can complicate accurate interpretation of results. In this report, we focus on the "shared-epitope" phenomenon, a condition in which antibody strength can be underrepresented, or its presence completely missed, due to binding of the antibody to competing targets on multiple antigens (beads), effectively "diluting" the resulting MFI readout. Here, we provide a relevant background to understand this phenomenon and present a couple of case studies illustrating how it can be investigated, leading to a more accurate histocompatibility consultation.
Adding “Student Voice” to the Mix: Perception Surveys and State Accountability Systems:

For the past two decades, student perception surveys have become standard tools in data collection efforts. At the state level, however, “student voice” is still used sparingly. In this study, we e...
Maximum drawdown, recovery and momentum

We test predictability on asset price using stock selection rules based on maximum drawdown and consecutive recovery. Monthly momentumand weekly contrarian-style portfolios ranked by the alternative selection criteria are implemented in various asset classes. Regardless of market, the alternative ranking rules are superior in forecasting asset prices and capturing cross-sectional return differentials. In a monthly period, alternative portfolios constructed by maximum drawdown measures dominate other momentum portfolios including the cumulative return-based momentum portfolios. Recovery-related stock selection criteria are the best ranking measures for predicting mean-reversion in a weekly scale. Prediction on future directions becomes more consistent, because the alternative portfolios are less riskier in various reward-risk measures such as Sharpe ratio, VaR, CVaR and maximum drawdown. In the Carhart fourfactor analysis, higher factor-neutral intercepts for the alternative strategies are another evidence for the robust prediction by the alternative stock selection rules.