cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Roadway Base Applications through Blending and Chemical Stabilization

Finding innovative ways to incorporate reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) into highway base course applications will provide both environmental and economic benefits by allowing in situ recycling of material for projects such as widening or shoulder addition. RAP is a well-drained granular material; however, 100% RAP has low bearing strength and creeps under load. The objective of this research is to develop methods to improve RAP's strength while reducing creep to an acceptable level through blending with high-quality crushed-limestone aggregate, by chemical stabilization with asphalt emulsion or portland cement, or both. RAP-aggregate blends with and without chemical stabilization were compacted by the modified Proctor method, cured, and tested for strength and creep. Strength was tested by the limerock bearing ratio (LBR), a variant of the California bearing ratio test. Specimens were tested dry and soaked to evaluate retained strength. One-dimensional creep testing was performed with 7-day oedometer tes...
Adaptive multiple-levelh-refinement in automated finite element analyses

This paper discusses an automatic, adaptive finite element modeling system consisting of mesh generation, finite element analysis, and error estimation. The individual components interact with one another and efficiently reduce the finite element error to within an acceptable value and perform only a minimum number of finite element analyses.
Correlated Si isotope anomalies and large 13C enrichments in a family of exotic SiC grains.

A suite of morphologically distinctive silicon carbide (SiC) grains from the Orgueil and Murchison carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contains Si and C of highly anomalous isotopic composition. All of the SiC grains in this suite are characterized by a distinctive platy morphology and roughly developed hexagonal crystal forms that allow them to be distinguished from other types of SiC found in the host meteorites. The δ^(29)Si and δ^(30)Si values of individual SiC crystals deviate from those of normal solar material by more than 100‰, while the δ^(13)C values range from 150 to 5200‰. Isotopically normal C and Si are not found in any of these SiC crystals. The SiC grains belonging to this morphological suite are isotopically distinct from fine-grained SiC aggregates and other morphological types of SiC in unequilibrated meteorites. The ^(29)Si/^(28)Si and ^(30)Si/^(28)Si ratios of these platy grains are well correlated and define a linear array that does not pass through the composition of normal, solar Si. This behavior contrasts sharply with the diverse and poorly correlated Si isotopic compositions shown by the total SiC population. We suggest that the distinctive morphological characteristics and comparatively simple Si isotope systematics identify the platy SiC crystals as a genetically related family, formed around a single, isotopically heterogeneous presolar star or an association of related stars. The enrichments in ^(13)C and the Si isotope systematics of the platy SiC are broadly consistent with theoretical models of nucleosynthesis in low-mass, carbon stars on the asymptotic giant branch. The Si isotope array most plausibly reflects mixing between ^(28)Si-rich material, inherited from a previous generation of stars, and material enriched in ^(29)Si and ^(30)Si, produced in intershell regions by neutron capture during He-burning. ^(13)C is also produced in intershell regions by proton reactions on ^(12)C seed nuclei and is carried withs-process nuclei to the stellar envelope by convection which penetrates down to the He shell. The absence of a correlation between the Si and C isotopic compositions of the SiC suggests either episodic condensation of SiC, extending over several thermal pulses, in the atmosphere of a single star, or derivation of the SiC from several stars characterized by different rates of ^(13)C production. In the multiple star scenario, the linear correlation of the ^(29)Si/^(28)Si and ^(30)Si/^(28)Si ratios among the platy SiC indicates that these stars evolved from a common Si seed composition under similar conditions of neutron-capture nucleosynthesis. The ^(29)Si/^(30)Si ratio of the SiC, inferred by us to be produced by neutron capture in the stellar interior, is distinct from values calculated from models of nucleosynthesis in AGB stars.
Analysis of Quality of Life and Rural Development: Evidence from West Virginia Data

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between quality of life, rural development, and several socioeconomic variables. The analysis utilizes data obtained from a survey questionnaire administered to a random sample of more than 2,000 residents in West Virginia, and spatial data obtained by geocoding the survey respondents’ addressees. Quality of life is measured by a three-point categorical measure of overall satisfaction, and development is measured by a goods and services availability index. A simultaneous ordered probit model is used to examine the relationships. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretical predictions and indicate a simultaneous relationship between quality of life satisfaction and rural development.
Spatial distribution of endogenous retinoids in the murine embryonic mandible

Retinoids play an important part in pattern formation during embryonic development. Exogenous retinoids alter the pattern of skeletal, neural and odontogenic tissues. Endogenous retinoids have been demonstrated previously in the murine embryonic mandible, reaching a concentration peak during the initiation of odontogenesis. It was now found that endogenous retinoids are present in a concentration gradient in the embryonic mouse mandible at the time of the initiation of the dental lamina. All-trans-retinoic acid was more concentrated in the incisor region and retinol in the molar region. These results, and the fact that exogenous retinoids produce supernumerary incisors and missing molars, suggest that all-trans-retinoic acid may instruct incisor morphology.
Three measures of longevity: time trends and record values.

This article examines the trend over time in the measures of “typical” longevity experienced by members of a population: life expectancy at birth, and the median and modal ages at death. The article also analyzes trends in record values observed for all three measures. The record life expectancy at birth increased from a level of 44 years in Sweden in 1840 to 82 years in Japan in 2005. The record median age at death shows increasing patterns similar to those observed in life expectancy at birth. However, the record modal age at death changes very little until the second half of the twentieth century: it moved from a plateau level, around age 80, to having a similar pace of increase as that observed for the mean and the median in most recent years. These findings explain the previously observed uninterrupted increase in the record life expectancy. The cause of this increase has changed over time from a dominance of child mortality reductions to a dominance of adult mortality reductions, which became evident by studying trends in the record modal age at death.
Reflex contraction of middle-ear muscles secondary to stimulation of laryngeal nerves.

Electromyographic evidence of middle-ear muscle activity in association with vocalization has been reported in the waking cat and in man. This investigation dealt with the consideration of whether ...
Electron Removal in Mercury Afterglows

Observations of the electron density, visible and near ultraviolet light intensity, and spectrum associated with a 2800-Mc pulsed electrodeless discharge through mercury vapor have been made. Our results indicate ambipolar diffusion as the principal mechanism of electron removal at low pressure, with attachment becoming increasingly important at higher pressure. The data also yield a considerable amount of information regarding electron temperatures, recombination coefficient, and other parameters necessary to a detailed description of the processes taking place in the discharge.
Scope and Methods of Political Science

(1981). Scope and Methods of Political Science. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 60-62.
Epidemiologic and clinical utility of typing systems for differentiating among strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Typing systems for differentiating among strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be valuable tools for the epidemiologist and the clinician. Specific criteria for evaluating such systems are typeability, reproducibility, and discriminatory power. An ideal typing system also would be rapid, inexpensive, technically simple, and readily available. Systems based on the detection of phenotypic variations include antimicrobial susceptibility testing, bacteriophage typing, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and electrophoretic methods such as protein eletrophoresis and immunoblotting. Systems that directly detect genotypic variations include plasmid profile analysis, restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA, restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal DNA, Southern blot analysis of specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and pulse field gel electrophoresis. in general, the more widely available typing systems based on phenotypic assays and plasmid analysis have limitations in typeability and/or discriminatory power.The chromosomal DNA-based techniques, although promising, are unproven approaches still under active investigation.
A dynamical model of collective behavior in human crowds

The global behavior of human crowds is thought to emerge from local, visually-guided interactions between pedestrians. There are numerous physical and computer models of such collective behavior (Helbing & Molnar, 1995; Moussaid, et al., 2010; Pettre, et al, 2009), but few are based on experimental evidence. We are building an empirical "pedestrian model" of locomotor behavior and using agent-based simulations to test whether local interactions are sufficient to generate characteristic patterns of crowd behavior. We have derived model components for steering to a goal, avoiding obstacles, matching the speed and heading of neighbors, and braking. Here we report new data on human crowds and our attempt to model them using a multi-agent simulation platform. We collected naturalistic data on groups of up to 20 participants walking in several scenarios in an open area (12x20 m). Head positions were tracked using a 16-camera motion capture system (Qualisys, 60 Hz). We present videos of the following scenarios, corresponding head trajectories, and animations of qualitative simulations: (1) In the "Grand Central Station" scenario, 20 participants criss-cross an arena for 3 min, while avoiding 10 obstacles and each other. (2) In the "swarm" scenario, 20 participants randomly veer left and right while staying together as a group for 2 min. (3) In the "counterflow" scenario, two groups pass through each other, yielding spontaneous lane formation. In each case, the global pattern is reproduced with a few model components. The results provide evidence that the global behavior of human crowds is emergent and may be accounted for by local pedestrian interactions. We are pursuing questions such as: What is the strength of the visual coupling between neighbors? Can the model simulate individual trajectories? Is swarming a self-organized behavior? Do coherent swarms form spontaneously or derive from explicit switching between control laws? Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013 Language: en
Quality changes in fresh-cut pear slices as affected by controlled atmospheres and chemical preservatives

Low O2 (0.25 or 0.5 kPa) elevated CO2 (air enriched with 5, 10 or 20 kPa CO2), or superatmospheric O2 (40, 60, or 80 kPa) atmospheres alone did not effectively prevent cut surface browning or softening of fresh-cut pear slices. A post-cutting dip of 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid, 1% (w/v) calcium lactate and 0.5% (w/v) cysteine adjusted to pH 7.0 did significantly extend shelf-life of ‘Bartlett’ pear slices, by inhibiting loss of slice flesh firmness and preventing cut surface browning. Participants in a quality evaluation could not distinguish between pear slices treated with this preservative solution and stored overnight at 0 °C and freshly prepared control pear slices. After 10 days storage in air at 0 °C, 82% of participants judged treated pear slices to be acceptable in appearance and 70% judged flavor to be acceptable. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Field validation of a wireless structural monitoring system on the Alamosa Canyon Bridge

A state-of-art design of a wireless sensing unit, which serves as the fundamental building block of wireless modular monitoring systems (WiMMS), has been optimized for structural sensing applications. Employing wireless communications as a primary means of data transfer, the high-cost but fragile cables of traditional tethered monitoring systems is eradicated resulting in a low-cost and flexible monitoring infrastructure. An additional innovation is the inclusion of advanced embedded microcontrollers to accommodate the computational tasks of engineering and decision support analysis. To quantify the performance of the wireless sensing unit, field validation upon a full-scale benchmark structure is undertaken. The Alamosa Canyon Bridge in New Mexico is instrumented with wireless sensing units and a traditional cable-based monitoring system in parallel. Forced vibrations are applied to the bridge and monitored using both (wireless and tethered) data acquisition systems. Recorded time-history measurements are used to identify the modal properties of the structural system. The performance of the wireless sensing units is compared to that of the commercial wire-based monitoring system.
Natural-born determinists: a new defense of causation as probability-raising

A definition of causation as probability-raising is threatened by two kinds of counterexample: first, when a cause lowers the probability of its effect; and second, when the probability of an effect is raised by a non-cause. In this paper, I present an account that deals successfully with problem cases of both these kinds. In doing so, I also explore some novel implications of incorporating into the metaphysical investigation considerations of causal psychology.
Functional Electrical Stimulation to augment poststroke reach and hand opening in the presence of voluntary effort: a pilot study

Background. Hemiparesis after stroke can severely limit an individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has the potential to generate functional arm and hand movements. We have observed that FES can produce functional hand opening when a stroke patient is relaxed, but the FES-produced hand opening is often overpowered by finger flexor coactivation in response to patient attempts to reach and open the hand. Objective. To determine if stimulating both reaching muscles and hand opening muscles makes it possible to achieve useful amounts of simultaneous reach and hand opening even in the presence of submaximal reaching effort. Methods. We measured reach and hand opening during a reach-then-open the hand task under different combinations of voluntary effort and FES for both reach and hand opening. Results. As effort was reduced and stimulation generated more movement, a greater amount of reach and hand opening was achieved. For the first time, this study q...
Elastic constants of polycrystalline copper at low temperatures. Relationship to single-crystal elastic constants

Elastic constants of polycrystalline copper are determined between 4 and 295 K by measuring ultrasonic velocities, longitudinal and transverse. Five elastic constants are given: longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, bulk modulus (reciprocal compressibility), and Poisson's ratio. Considering eight theories of single-crystal :polycrystal elastic constants, the Hershey-Kroner-Eshelby theory agrees best with observation, within 1% for the shear modulus, G. (Voigt and Reuss first-order bounds on (G differ by 29%.) A problem exists concerning the calculation of the Debye temperature of polycrystalline aggregates.
Croup and Related Disorders

The airway of children is vital, but easily obstructed because it is narrow. Although there are many potential causes of upper airway obstruction (Table 1), a few diagnoses predominate. For example, in one study of 322 children presenting with stridor, 89% of cases were caused by croup, 8% by epiglottitis, and 2% by nonbacterial tracheitis.1 This review will cover these common airway infections as well as obstruction caused by inhalation of foreign bodies, spasmodic croup, and retropharyngeal abscess. Each of these diseases can progress to critical airway obstruction and hypoxia, causing organ damage or death. Individuals caring for children must be prepared to diagnose and treat airway emergencies expeditiously. Appropriate management of acute upper airway obstruction tests the organization of emergency care systems. Successful management of airway emergencies requires a team approach, including the skills of the primary physician and the staff of the emergency department, radiology department, and operating room (eg, anesthesiologist, otolaryngologist). Management of these cases can be anticipated, and prospective protocols can and should be established. Regional intensive care units, transport teams, emergency room personnel, primary care physicians, anesthesiologists, and otolaryngologists can agree on a prospective management scheme such as that outlined in Table 2. The issue of airway protection prior to or during transport to a tertiary care institution is controversial.
The interpretation of multiplicative‐model parameters as standardized parameters

Under current conventions, relative-risk estimates obtained from multiplicative models are interpreted as estimates of a homogeneous effect. Such interpretations condition on the unverifiable assumption that the relative risk under study is homogeneous, an assumption that is not likely to be correct even if the model fits well. We propose that such estimates are better interpreted as estimates of standardized relative risks, with a bias component that depends on the degree of model misspecification and on the study design. To evaluate our proposal, we present a study of the maximum-likelihood estimators from Poisson and logistic regression compared to the population-standardized rate ratio. The results indicate that our proposed interpretation would in practice be more cautious and accurate than the homogeneous-effect interpretation.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Use of Mammography Between Medicare Advantage and Traditional Medicare

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality for women in the United States, ranking first for Hispanic women and second behind lung cancer for black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and white women (1). To facilitate the diagnosis of breast cancer at earlier stages and reduce mortality, mammography is recommended by national guidelines in the United States for women aged 50 through 74 years, based on evidence from randomized clinical trials (2,3). At age 65 years, almost all US women become insured through the Medicare program, which began covering screening mammography biennially in 1991 and annually in 1998 (4). Since the Medicare Modernization Act in 2003, the proportion of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in private health plans through the Medicare Advantage program has doubled from 13% in 2004 to 27% in 2012 (5), with the remainder enrolled in traditional fee-for-service Medicare. Among beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage in 2012, 65% were enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and 28% were enrolled in preferred provider organizations (PPOs) (5). HMOs and PPOs receive capitated payments from Medicare and provide medical services through contracts with physicians and hospitals. Whereas HMOs have been widely available in Medicare since the mid-1990s, PPOs were rare before 2006 and have fewer restrictions on beneficiaries seeking care from physicians or hospitals outside PPO provider networks. Relative to traditional Medicare, Medicare HMOs and PPOs had lower patient cost-sharing for preventive services before 2010 (6), and they may have more organized systems to promote appropriate preventive services. Medicare HMOs and PPOs are required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to publicly report their use of mammography each year for women aged 65 to 69 years, whereas such reporting is not required in traditional Medicare. Recently, we found that overall mammography rates were statistically significantly higher in Medicare HMOs than in traditional Medicare by 17.9% in 2003 and by 13.5% in 2009 (7). Given their higher rates of mammography, Medicare HMOs may be more effective than traditional Medicare in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in this service. Between 1997 and 2003, disparities in use of mammography between black and white women enrolled in Medicare HMOs narrowed, but rates for black women remained statistically significantly lower (8). Comparable data were not available for Hispanic or Asian/Pacific Islander women because of incomplete identification of these groups in Medicare enrollment data (9,10). Similarly, little is known about racial and ethnic disparities in Medicare PPOs, which have largely developed since 2006. Therefore, the objective of our study was to compare racial and ethnic differences in use of mammography in Medicare HMOs and PPOs relative to traditional Medicare. In addition to black and white women, we included Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander women using a new algorithm that identifies these latter two groups much more accurately (11).
Efficacy of Ethanol against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Polymicrobial Biofilms

Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungus, and Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen, are two clinically relevant biofilm-forming microbes responsible for a majority of catheter-related infections, with such infections often resulting in catheter loss and removal. Not only do these pathogens cause a substantial number of nosocomial infections independently, but also they are frequently found coexisting as polymicrobial biofilms on host and environmental surfaces. Antimicrobial lock therapy is a current strategy to sterilize infected catheters. However, the robustness of this technique against polymicrobial biofilms has remained largely untested. Due to its antimicrobial activity, safety, stability, and affordability, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol (EtOH) could serve as a potentially efficacious catheter lock solution against C. albicans and S. aureus biofilms. Therefore, we optimized the dose and time necessary to achieve killing of both monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms formed on polystyrene and silicone surfaces in a static microplate lock therapy model. Treatment with 30% EtOH for a minimum of 4 h was inhibitory for monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms, as evidenced by XTT {sodium 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide inner salt} metabolic activity assays and confocal microscopy. Experiments to determine the regrowth of microorganisms on silicone after EtOH treatment were also performed. Importantly, incubation with 30% EtOH for 4 h was sufficient to kill and inhibit the growth of C. albicans, while 50% EtOH was needed to completely inhibit the regrowth of S. aureus. In summary, we have systematically defined the dose and duration of EtOH treatment that are effective against and prevent regrowth of C. albicans and S. aureus monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms in an in vitro lock therapy model.
Identity crises and strong compactness III: Woodin cardinals

We show that it is consistent, relative to n ∈ ω supercompact cardinals, for the strongly compact and measurable Woodin cardinals to coincide precisely. In particular, it is consistent for the first n strongly compact cardinals to be the first n measurable Woodin cardinals, with no cardinal above the n th strongly compact cardinal being measurable. In addition, we show that it is consistent, relative to a proper class of supercompact cardinals, for the strongly compact cardinals and the cardinals which are both strong cardinals and Woodin cardinals to coincide precisely. We also show how the techniques employed can be used to prove additional theorems about possible relationships between Woodin cardinals and strongly compact cardinals.
Recycling signals in the neural crest

Vertebrate neural crest cells are multipotent and differentiate into structures that include cartilage and the bones of the face, as well as much of the peripheral nervous system. Understanding how different model vertebrates utilize signaling pathways reiteratively during various stages of neural crest formation and differentiation lends insight into human disorders associated with the neural crest.
Fiber Length Distribution in Cotton Processing: A Finite Mixture Distribution Model

This paper introduces a new approach to modeling and parameterizing cotton fiber length distribution. The approach uses finite mixture models to derive a parametric expression of the fiber length probability density function. The model was applied to a multitude of empirical length distributions and proved to adequately parameterize the complex distribution patterns, as well as express the intrinsic and process-related factors determining their shape.
Topographical and chemical surface modification of porous MSQ using silylating agents with different numbers of methoxy groups

Plasma ash processes that cause surface damage in porous interlayer dielectric materials (ILDs) result in increased water absorption, permittivity, and metal intrusion. In this study, we employ mono-, di-, and tri-functional alkoxide silylation agents in supercritical CO2 to repair O2 ash damaged low-k methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using normal incidence transmission and attenuated total reflection (ATR) techniques to highlight differences in silylation efficiency based on agent functionality. Contact angle measurements reveal a significant change in hydrophobicity after functionalization of the O2 ashed samples with multifunctional agents. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was utilized to determine changes in surface topography after ashing and repair.
Effect of Organic Mulches on Soil Surface Insects and Other Arthropods

ABSTRACT Four different types of organic mulches were evaluated for their effects on soil surface insects and related arthropods. Field experiments were conducted in fall 2007 and 2008 near Citra, Florida. In both the years, five treatments were compared: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mulch, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) mulch, sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor Moench × S. sudanense ((Piper)] Stapf) mulch, pine bark nuggets, and unmulched control. Data were collected on insects and other arthropods using pitfall traps. Results indicate that organic mulches can affect a wide range of different insects. Diptera, dominated by Asyndetus spp. (Dolichopodidae), were most dense in pine bark plots in both years. Populations of small plant-feeding insects such as Aphididae, Thripidae, and Aleyrodidae were most dense in cowpea and unmulched control plots in one season. It is possible that these insects were affected by weed growth in cowpea and control plots. Ants, which tend or feed on small plant fee...
Evaluation of Biological Sample Preparation for Immunosignature-Based Diagnostics

To address the need for a universal system to assess health status, we previously described a method termed “immunosignaturing” which splays the entire humoral antibody repertoire across a peptide microarray. Two important issues relative to the potential broad use of immunosignatures are sample preparation and stability. In the present study, we compared the immunosignatures developed from serum, plasma, saliva, and antibodies eluted from blood dried onto filter paper. We found that serum and plasma provide identical immunosignatures. Immunosignatures derived from dried blood also correlated well with those from nondried serum from the same individual. Immunosignatures derived from dried blood were capable of distinguishing naive mice from those infected with influenza virus. Saliva was applied to the arrays, and the IgA immunosignature correlated strongly with that from dried blood. Finally, we demonstrate that dried blood retains immunosignature information even when exposed to high temperature. This work expands the potential diagnostic uses for immunosignatures. These features suggest that different forms of archival samples can be used for diagnosis development and that in prospective studies samples can be easily procured.
Stock structure of pallid sturgeon analyzed with microsatellite loci

Summary Recovery efforts for the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) include supplementation of wild stocks with hatchery reared progeny. Identifying the extent of genetic stock structure, which has previously been detected in samples from the range extremes, will help to determine whether stock transfers might be harmful. DNA microsatellite genotypes were screened in pallid sturgeon from the upper Missouri River, lower Missouri River, middle Mississippi River and Atchafalaya River and analyzed using a combination of Bayesian model-based and more traditional F-statistic based methods to characterize genetic differentiation. Scaphirhynchus specimens were collected by researchers active in the recovery effort and genotypes were screened at 16 microsatellite loci. Because there is considerable genetic and morphological overlap between pallid sturgeon, shovelnose sturgeon, and their hybrids, a combination of morphological and genetic techniques were used to eliminate shovelnose and possible hybrids from the sample. Genetic differentiation was detected among samples (overall h ¼ 0.050, P ¼ 0.001). Pairwise h, genetic distances, and Bayesian assignment testing reveal that pallid sturgeon from the upper Missouri River are the most distinct group with pairwise comparisons of pallid sturgeon among all the remaining samples exhibiting lower h values, higher genetic distances, and self assignment scores. Our results indicate that using local broodstock, when available, should be used for pallid sturgeon propagation. If local broodstock are not available, geographically proximate individuals would limit genetic differences between native and stocked individuals.
Transgression confession: ethics of medical error disclosure.

Complications of medicine are like the sand traps in golf courses. They are regrettable, cannot be completely avoided even by the best, and the real skill lies in solving the problems they present. Dr Al Mighty told a resident to ignore a barely elevated temperature in a postoperative patient. "It is nothing worthy of your concern," the Al Mighty said. But, the surgical resident remembered a break in operative sterile technique had occurred, about which she remained concerned. When an area felt mildly edematous, the wound was probed, and pus exuded. The patient asked how this had happened. The resident should respond: A.Keep her mouth shut. B.Tell the patient that wound infections just happen. C.Tell the patient that a break in sterile technique was responsible. D.Refer the matter to the chief resident for advice. E.Tell the patient to ask the attending surgeon.
Architecture for a hardware-based, TCP/IP content-processing system

The transmission control protocol is the workhorse protocol of the Internet. Most of the data passing through the Internet transits the network using TCP layered atop the Internet protocol (IP). Monitoring, capturing, filtering, and blocking traffic on high-speed Internet links requires the ability to directly process TCP packets in hardware. High-speed network intrusion detection and prevention systems guard against several types of threats. As the gap between network bandwidth and computing power widens, improved microelectronic architectures are needed to monitor and filter network traffic without limiting throughput. To address these issues, we've designed a hardware-based TCP/IP content-processing system that supports content scanning and flow blocking for millions of flows at gigabit line rates. The TCP splitter2 technology was previously developed to monitor TCP data streams, sending a consistent byte stream of data to a client application for every TCP data flow passing through the circuit. The content-scanning engine can scan the payload of packets for a set of regular expressions. The new TCP-based content-scanning engine integrates and extends the capabilities of the TCP splitter and the old content-scanning engine. IP packets travel to the TCP processing engine from the lower-layer-protocol wrappers. Hash tables are used to index memory that stores each flow's state.
Increases in SLT2 Expression and Chitin Content Are Associated with Incomplete Killing of Candida glabrata by Caspofungin

Incomplete killing was observed for caspofungin against Candida glabrata, which was associated with increased SLT2 expression and elevated chitin content. In contrast, fungicidal activity and no chitin increase were observed in an isogenic Delta slt2 strain, suggesting a role for SLT2 and chitin production in the response of C. glabrata to caspofungin.
Growth-regulatory Control of Human Cell Hybrids in Nude Mice

The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the control of growth of human cell hybrids in nude mice was evaluated. Both nontumorigenic and tumorigenic HeLa-fibroblast hybrids were highly sensitive to NK-mediated cytotoxicity, but neither hybrid induced such activity when injected into nude mice. Furthermore, tumorigenic hybrids grew in mice which had high levels of NK activity induced by i.p. inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum vaccine. Histological examination of the nontumorigenic and tumorigenic populations inoculated s.c. into nude mice indicated that both populations initially divided actively for the first 3 to 4 days. After this time, the nontumorigenic cells showed a dramatic decline in mitotic activity accompanied by a morphological shift to a more fibroblastoid appearance. The cells remained in the animal as a viable nondividing tissue. The tumorigenic population continued to actively divide and produced a large progressively growing tumor. This series of events determined from histological examination was supported by kinetic studies. These results suggest that NK cells play no role in the suppression of growth of the nontumorigenic hybrid cells and that host-mediated growth-regulatory control is responsible for the shutdown of mitotic activity of these cells without causing their death.
“Real Men Don't”: Constructions of Masculinity and Inadvertent Harm in Public Health Interventions

Research shows that constraining aspects of male gender norms negatively influence both women’s and men’s health. Messaging that draws on norms of masculinity in health programming has been shown to improve both women’s and men’s health, but some types of public health messaging (e.g., Man Up Monday, a media campaign to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections) can reify harmful aspects of hegemonic masculinity that programs are working to change. We critically assess the deployment of hegemonic male norms in the Man Up Monday campaign. We draw on ethical paradigms in public health to challenge programs that reinforce harmful aspects of gender norms and suggest the use of gender-transformative interventions that challenge constraining masculine norms and have been shown to have a positive effect on health behaviors.
Reflex Torque Response to Movement of the Spastic Elbow: Theoretical Analyses and Implications for Quantification of Spasticity

A parametric model of the human reflex torque response to a large-amplitude, constant angular velocity elbow extension was developed in order to help quantify spasticity in hemiparetic stroke patients, and to better understand its pathophysiology. The model accounted for the routinely observed leveling of torque (i.e., a plateau) at a mean angular increment of 51°±10° s.d. (n=98) after the initial rise. This torque “plateau” was observed in all eight subjects, and in 98 of 125 trials across 25 experimental sessions. The occurrence of this plateau cannot be explained by decreases in elbow flexor moment arms during elbow extension. Rather, the plateau is attributable to a consistent leveling in muscle activation as confirmed both qualitatively from recordings of rectified, smoothed electromyograph (EMG) activity, and quantitatively using an EMG coefficient model. A parametric model was developed in which the pattern of muscle activation in the stretch reflex response of elbow flexors was described as a cumulative normal distribution with respect to joint angle. Two activation functions, one related to biceps and the other to brachioradialis/brachialis, were incorporated into the model in order to account for observations of a bimodal angular stiffness profile. The resulting model yielded biologically plausible parameters of the stretch reflex response which may prove useful for quantifying spasticity. In addition, the model parameters had clear pathophysiological analogs, which may help us understand the nature of the stretch reflex response in spastic muscles. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Session Report: The Semantics of Data Classification

This session addressed classification of data from a semantic level. The object was to approach database security from a semantic level—to look at why data objects are classified. The importance of this approach is summed up by Bill Shockley’s comments after the session. Shockley believes that the current research efforts have reduced access control mechanisms to engineering problems. He believes that the next set of research problems to be attacked are at the semantic level, most of which involve database design issues.
A Construction of Totally Reflexive Modules

We construct infinite families of pairwise non-isomorphic indecomposable totally reflexive modules of high multiplicity. Under suitable conditions on the totally reflexive modules M and N, we find infinitely many non-isomorphic indecomposable modules arising as extensions of M by N. The construction uses the bimodule structure of \({Ext^{1}_{R}}((M,N)\) over the endomorphism rings of N and M. Our results compare with a recent theorem of Celikbas, Gheibi and Takahashi, and broaden the scope of that theorem.
Application of CFD in Modelling Wind-Induced Natural Ventilation of Buildings - A Review

AbstractThis paper reviews the application of CFD for designing and parametric studies of wind-induced natural ventilation. The approaches employed in such applications of CFD are whole-domain and domain-decoupled CFD modelling. The domain-decoupled technique separately analyses the external airflow fields outside and internal flows inside a building. In the whole-domain approach, the outdoor and indoor airflow is modelled simultaneously and within the same computational domain. The review showed that the whole-domain approach has been more popular than the domain-decoupled approach, and with efficient computing algorithms, grid generation techniques and advances in hardware technology, can overcome the computational overhead it incurs during application. CFD has also allowed the concept of stream tube and the local dynamic similarity model (LDSM) to be used in practice. These concepts have helped in the fundamental understanding of wind-driven natural ventilation and in distinguishing flow through large ...
Mammal camera trapping success in a fragmented suburban landscape

Introduction Camera traps are commonly used for mammal surveys and many recent studies have published variable trap success rates (Kelly & Holub 2008, O’Connell et al. 2011). Trap success rates may not be appropriate for comparisons among studies in different areas because there are many assumptions for trap success rates and detection probabilities to be constant across study sites. Most published reports have focused survey efforts in protected areas or large contiguous forests and the capture rates from these studies may vary compared to rates within highly altered landscapes. We aimed to compare trap success rates from our study with a similar study in Virginia (Kelly & Holub 2008). We also attempted to examine the influences of habitat parameters on detectability of several mesopredators in our study area using the occupancy analyses recently developed by MacKenzie et al. (2006).
Bacteria Associated with Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) from Mounds in Mississippi

Abstract A study was conducted to determine microbial community structure and baseline information of cultural bacteria taxa within Solenopsis invicta (Red Imported Fire Ant) mounds from 3 locations along the roadside of Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi. At each location, samples consisting of mound soils, plant debris of primarily grass stem and leaves (control), and ant body tissues were obtained from replicate mounds during March, July, and November 2004. Bacteria isolate frequencies from soil were significantly greater than from plant or ant body tissues. Using 16S sequence data, 68 taxa from 2324 isolates were obtained from the 3 substrate types. The 7 most common bacteria following in order of greatest isolation frequencies were Bacillus sp. (5) (species complex), Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Bacillus cereus (complex), Lysininibacillus boronitolerans, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas protegens, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Richness, diversity, and evenness values varied between the locations,...
Five species of the family Cyproideidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Japan, with the description of a new genus and two new species.

Five species of the family Cyproideidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) are described from shallow sea in Japan. Cyproidea liodactyla Hirayama, 1978 was collected from Kanagawa and Shizuoka Prefectures and Ariake Sea. Morphological character of the antenna 1 in these specimens is different from the original description. Examining the paratypes of C. liodactyla , the shape of the antenna 1 in the holotype is revealed to be abnormal. Cyproidea okinawensis sp. nov. was collected from Okinawa Island. Its morphological characters resemble C. liodactyla and C. robusta Ren, 2006; however, this new species is different from the former in the smaller eyes, the narrower coxa 5 and the coloration, and from the latter in the ovoid telson. Metacyproidea gen. nov. is established with M. makie sp. nov. from Hachijo Island in Tokyo Prefecture as its type species. This new genus resembles Cyproidea , especially in the peduncular article 2 of antenna 1 with a distinct distal tooth and the posterodorsal end of urosomites with a strong projection. However, Metacyproidea can be distinguished from Cyproidea by the coalesced urosomites 2–3 and the antenna 1 with a 10–16-articulated flagellum. Moolapheonoides acutifalcatus Kobayashi & Ishimaru, 2005 and Terepeltopes dolichorhunia Hirayama, 1983 were also collected from Wakayama and Fukui Prefectures and Kanagawa, Shizuoka and Yamaguchi Prefectures, respectively. A key to species of the family Cyproideidae in Japan is provided.
Making the Invisible Visible: A Strategy for Inclusion (Innovations Case Narrative: Mission Asset Fund)

She passed away when I was nine, too young to understand the complex and dangerous nature of life in poverty. At that time, I had to muster everything inside of me just to survive the avalanche of sorrow and change in our family life. It was only as an adult that I came to terms with my painful childhood. I see it now as the source of the deep empathy I have for people who suffer and struggle in the world. That is why I’ve dedicated my life to working against poverty, and it is how I became the founding CEO of Mission Asset Fund (MAF), a nonprofit organization that strives to create a fair financial marketplace for hardworking families. When I joined MAF in 2007, the organization was a nonprofit start-up with plans to help low-income immigrants in San Francisco’s Mission District. Eight years later, MAF is nationally recognized for developing Lending Circles, a social loan program based on people coming together to lend and borrow money. With cutting-edge technology, we transformed this invisible practice into a force for good. Program participants are freeing themselves from the grasp of predatory lenders by opening bank accounts, building credit histories, paying down highcost debt, and increasing their savings. They are investing in businesses, buying homes, and saving for a better future. Lending Circles brings to light what’s already good in people’s lives. And within that light, participants are forging a sure path into the financial mainstream, unlocking their true economic potential every step of the way. The program’s success is serving as a model in the fight against poverty, demonstrating new and effective ways of helping low-income people without belittling them in the
The validity of the guess-who technique with large adolescent populations.

(1957). The Validity of the Guess-Who Technique with Large Adolescent Populations. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 131-135.
Institutions of Higher Education as Public Diplomacy Tools: China-Based University Programs for the 21st Century

Two flagship Chinese universities are home to newly established English-language graduate programs intended to arm international cohorts of future leaders with the skills, knowledge, and insights n...
Role of myosin phosphorylation and [Ca2+]i in myogenic reactivity and arteriolar tone.

The aim of this study was to define the relationship between intraluminal pressure, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation in isolated arteriole...
Additional Drug Approval Pathways and Expanded Access (Treatment INDs); and Personal Importation of Unapproved Drugs

For drugs and biologics, in addition to the normal approval pathways already described, there are several other pathways or methodologies for making drugs available that are offered by FDA. They are all aimed at speeding the development and availability of drugs to prevent or treat serious diseases. In large measure these pathways were developed and approved due to pressures placed on the government and especially on the FDA by the AIDS community for speedier development and approval of drugs to treat AIDS. The 1990 protests by AIDS activists in front of the FDA’s headquarters was among the most visible efforts. Although other communities, such as the cancer community, had similar issues, the AIDS community consisted of younger and better organized sufferers and supporters, who were better able to make their case politically and ultimately successfully.
CONTROL OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPIN SECRETION IN FETAL RHESUS MACAQUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control of pituitary gonadotropin secretion in the fetal rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ). The rhesus macaque may be an ideal model to study the ontogenesis and function of primate fetal pituitary gonadotropins because macaque chorionic gonadotropin is not secreted after week 6 of gestation. Nevertheless, little is known about fetal pituitary gonadotropins in this species. The study of the development of the functional relationships between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads in primates has been hampered by a variety of technical difficulties and a lack of availability of primate fetuses. Immunoreactive pituitary and serum gonadotropins have been measured in human fetuses, and there is evidence that human fetal pituitary gonadotropins are biologically active. The pronounced sex difference in concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone suggests an operative negative feedback loop in male but not female fetuses. The most obvious explanation for this phenomenon is that testosterone secreted by the fetal testes inhibits the hypothalamic–pituitary axis and reduces gonadotropin secretion. The testes of rhesus fetuses secrete testosterone, and serum testosterone concentrations are greater in male than in female fetuses throughout gestation.