cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postpartum long-acting contraception uptake and service delivery outcomes after a multilevel intervention in Kigali, Rwanda.

Introduction Postpartum family planning (PPFP) is critical to reduce maternal–child mortality, abortion and unintended pregnancy. As in most countries, the majority of PP women in Rwanda have an unmet need for PPFP. In particular, increasing use of the highly effective PP long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods (the intrauterine device (IUD) and implant) is a national priority. We developed a multilevel intervention to increase supply and demand for PPFP services in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods We implemented our intervention (which included PPFP promotional counselling for clients, training for providers, and Ministry of Health stakeholder involvement) in six government health facilities from August 2017 to October 2018. While increasing knowledge and uptake of the IUD was a primary objective, all contraceptive method options were discussed and made available. Here, we report a secondary analysis of PP implant uptake and present already published data on PPIUD uptake for reference. Results Over a 15-month implementation period, 12 068 women received PPFP educational counselling and delivered at a study facility. Of these women, 1252 chose a PP implant (10.4% uptake) and 3372 chose a PPIUD (27.9% uptake). On average providers at our intervention facilities inserted 83.5 PP implants/month and 224.8 PPIUDs/month. Prior to our intervention, 30 PP implants/month and 8 PPIUDs/month were inserted at our selected facilities. Providers reported high ease of LARC insertion, and clients reported minimal insertion anxiety and pain. Conclusions PP implant and PPIUD uptake significantly increased after implementation of our multilevel intervention. PPFP methods were well received by clients and providers.
Toward Active Learning in Data Selection: Automatic Discovery of Language Features During Elicitation

Data Selection has emerged as a common issue in language technologies. We define Data Selection as the choosing of a subset of training data that is most effective for a given task. This paper describes deductive feature detection, one component of a data selection system for machine translation. Feature detection determines whether features such as tense, number, and person are expressed in a language. The database of the The World Atlas of Language Structures provides a gold standard against which to evaluate feature detection. The discovered features can be used as input to a Navigator, which uses active learning to determine which piece of language data is the most important to acquire next.
Comment on "The staged z-pinch as a potential fusion energy source" [Phys. Plasmas 27, 042709 (2020)]

Analysis is presented that shows that the recent paper by Ruskov et al. [Phys. Plasmas 27, 042709, (2020)] has a number of errors. In particular, it is shown that the Mach2 code, as used in the paper, behaves in a number of nonphysical ways.
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in an hiv-negative host infected with covid-19

Introduction: Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection caused by the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, is a frequently encountered infection in immunocompromised hosts, including those with HIV infection, long-term corticosteroid use, solid organ transplants, and hematologic malignancies. Common presentations include meningoencephalitis and pneumonia. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis does rarely occur in patients with no apparent underlying disease or risk factors with an associated poor prognosis. Case: A 52-year-old male with a history of uncontrolled diabetes and alcohol dependence presented to our hospital secondary to a fall and confusion. His initial physical examination revealed tachycardia and disorientation. Laboratory studies at the time demonstrated mild hyponatremia, ketonemia, mildly elevated transaminases, and hyperglycemia. Additionally, a COVID-19 PCR was positive. Radiographs obtained in the ED were unremarkable, but computed tomographic angiogram of the chest revealed ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe. Thereafter, the patient was begun on Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone for treatment of possible community-acquired pneumonia. Due to his continued altered mentation and increasing lethargy, computed tomography of the head was obtained, which revealed new areas of low attenuation in multiple periventricular and subcortical white matter areas, suggestive of infectious or inflammatory encephalitis. Thereafter, a lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies and microbiology were obtained. These studies revealed evidence of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans/gatti, hyperproteinorachia of 392, hypoglycorrhachia of 38, and mononuclear pleocytosis of 97. Prior to speciation of the patient's cultures, he was placed on empiric antibiotics and antiviral coverage for infectious meningoencephalitis. After discovery of the patient's infectious agent, his treatment regimen was narrowed to Amphotericin B and Flucytosine. Additionally, workup for HIV was initiated, with findings of decreased CD4 count in the absence of positive HIV serologies. As the patient's treatment for COVID-19 and Cryptococcosis progressed, his CD4 count later spontaneously corrected. Discussion: This case is significant because it demonstrates a case of Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a patient with transient lymphocytopenia and active COVID-19 infection. In the literature, it has been demonstrated that there is a significant correlation between COVID-19 infection and low CD4 and CD8 counts. Therefore, in this particular case, it is possible that infection with COVID-19 in combination with increased infection risk from inadequately managed diabetes and daily alcohol use predisposed the patient to transient lymphopenia, leading to Cryptococcosis. Ultimately, it is imperative that physicians be aware of any etiology that may predispose patients to infections with uncommon microbes, particularly in the absence of typical predisposing factors.
A Performative Face Theory Analysis of Online Facework by the Formerly Involuntarily Celibate

Individuals identifying as involuntarily celibate (i.e., “incels”), who are unable to have sex despite wanting to, often later no longer wish to identify as incels. This transition requires former incels to perform facework to reconfigure these otherwise rigid identity categories. Guided by performative face theory, this study analyzed 77 narratives posted to Reddit by users who at one time identified as incels in which they discuss the transition away from inceldom. This analysis elucidates how former incels employ meta-facework strategies online to reimagine their identities and become deradicalized. Findings indicated seven factors that contributed to the initial “doing” of inceldom, two major categories of inciting incidents that catalyzed the “troubling” of performed incel identities, and two sedimenting and three subversive meta-facework strategies employed by Reddit users to facilitate the “undoing” of inceldom. Theoretical and practical implications are offered.
Dynamic emotional messages differentially affect 6-month-old infants' attention to eyes and gaze cues.

Abstract Infants often experience interactions in which caregivers use dynamic messages to convey their affective and communicative intent. These dynamic emotional messages may shape the development of emotion discrimination skills and shared attention by influencing infants’ attention to internal facial features and their responses to eye gaze cues. However, past research examining infants’ responses to emotional faces has predominantly focused on classic, stereotyped expressions (e.g., happy, sad, angry) that may not reflect the variability that infants experience in their daily interactions. The present study therefore examined forty-two 6-month-old infants’ attention to eyes vs. mouth and gaze cueing responses across multiple dynamic emotional messages that are common to infant-directed interactions. Overall, infants looked more to the eyes during messages with negative affect, but this increased attention to the eyes during these message conditions did not directly facilitate gaze cueing. Infants instead showed reliable gaze cueing only after messages with positive and neutral affect. We additionally observed gender differences in infants’ attention to internal face features and subsequent gaze cueing responses. Female infants spent more time looking at the eyes during the dynamic emotional messages and showed increased initial orienting and longer looking to gaze-cued objects following positive messages, whereas male infants showed these gaze cueing effects following neutral messages. These results suggest that variability in caregivers' communication can shape infants’ attention to and processing of emotion and gaze information.
Inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration by substituted 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides: II. Effects on responses in excised plant tissues and treated seedlings

Abstract Effects of 12 substituted 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides were measured on photosynthesis and respiration in excised tissue, and tissue excised from seedlings treated with α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). The compounds partially inhibited photosynthesis (measured as oxygen evolution) of strips cut from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf discs. Only 3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropyl-sulfanilamide (oryzalin) strongly inhibited respiration (measured as oxygen uptake) of excised mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) root tips and hypocotyls after a short treatment time. However, root tips excised from corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings germinated in contact with one representative 2,6-dinitroaniline (trifluralin) showed suppressed oxygen uptake. In addition, phosphorylation was completely uncoupled from oxidation in mitochondria isolated from primary roots of corn seedlings after germination of the seed in contact with trifluralin for 96 hr. Interference with photosynthesis and respiration both in vivo and in vitro by the 2,6-dinitroanilines has been demonstrated. Deviations in growth and metabolism produced by these herbicides can be explained partially by interference with the oxidative and photoproduction of ATP, if recognition is extended to the role played by ATP energy in maintaining cellular and nuclear activities. However, the importance of interference with ATP production to the phytotoxic action of the 2,6-dinitroanilines remains to be established.
In Search of Paleo-ENSO

Recent modeling has indicated that El NiA±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events that strongly influence modern climate may also be a big factor in climate changes over the past 50,000 years. In their Perspective, Rosenthal and Broccoli discuss the current state of climate modeling and recent observational evidence that bears on this question. Coupled atmosphere-ocean models have been especially important, but large uncertainties remain. To make progress on this front, an interdisciplinary community of tropical climate researchers will have to learn to better exploit the paleoclimate record.
Cellular localization of CD4 in the human placenta. Implications for maternal-to-fetal transmission of HIV.

CD4 is a 55-kDa glycoprotein that serves as an important cellular differentiation Ag and cell signaling protein on T lymphocytes, as well as a principal receptor for HIV-1 on a variety of cell types including lymphocytes. CD4 receptor expression in syncytiotrophoblasts, the principal cellular barrier in the human placenta, has not been clearly defined. Knowledge concerning the expression of the CD4 receptor on placental trophoblasts is important to define potential mechanisms of transmission of the virus between maternal blood and fetal tissues. Both mature and immature placenta (n = 10) were examined using an avidin D-based immunohistochemical procedure that permits clear morphologic distinction of cell types in placental sections. Syncytiotrophoblasts were defined using anti-cytokeratin mAb (AE1/3), whereas endothelial cells in placental villi were distinctly identified using a mAb directed to CD31. Placental Hofbauer cells (macrophages) and other leukocytes were identified by mAb staining of leukocyte common Ag (CD45). CD4 expression (identified by staining with three separate anti-CD4 mAb) was exclusively localized using this immunohistochemical method to leukocytes in placental villi (e.g., Hofbauer cells); however, no CD4 staining was evident in syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, or villus endothelial cells. Furthermore, immunoaffinity-purified trophoblasts were negative for CD4 receptor expression. CD4 RNA was not identified in purified trophoblasts using both Northern blot assay and a sensitive polymerase chain reaction method to identify CD4 RNA. In addition, time course studies of purified trophoblasts immediately after purification and at 24, 48, and 72 h in culture indicated that CD4 RNA was not present as a transient, but labile transcript in trophoblasts. These data indicate that the transmission of HIV-1 across syncytiotrophoblasts may occur by mechanisms other than by binding the CD4 receptor and that tissue leukocytes (in particular Hofbauer cells) are likely the principal CD4+ cellular target of HIV-1 in the placenta.
Adverse Selection Costs and Closed-End Funds

We examine the magnitude and the cross-sectional determinants of the adverse selection component of the spread for a sample of 266 closed-end funds traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We find no evidence that the adverse selection component of the spread for closed-end funds is related to portfolio turnover, the discount/premium to net asset value, the volatility of the discount or the expense ratio. However, we find a positive relation between blockholdings and the adverse selection component of the spread. We argue that uncertainty in the market about private benefits being paid to blockholders leads to these higher adverse selection costs. Unlike Neal and Wheatley (1998), we find that the adverse selection component is, on average, 50 percent lower for domestic and international equity closed-end funds than for a size and volume matched control firm. Finally, we find that the fund?s adverse selection component is significantly lower than the weighted average of the adverse selection components of the stocks in the fund's portfolio. These results are consistent with Gorton and Pennacchi (1993) and Subrahmanyam (1991) who suggest that combining individual securities into baskets may reduce the adverse selection costs of trading.
Pseudorabies Virus-Induced Leukocyte Trafficking into the Rat Central Nervous System

When the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) infects the rat retina, it replicates in retinal ganglion cells and invades the central nervous system (CNS) via anterograde transynaptic spread through axons in the optic nerve. Virus can also spread to the CNS via retrograde transport through the oculomotor nucleus that innervates extraocular muscles of the eye. Since retrograde infection of the CNS precedes anterograde transynaptic infection, the temporal sequence of infection of the CNS depends on the route of invasion. Thus, motor neurons are infected first (retrograde infection), followed by CNS neurons innervated by the optic nerve (anterograde transynaptic infection). This temporal separation in the appearance of virus in separate groups of neurons enabled us to compare the immune responses to different stages of CNS infection in the same animal. The data revealed focal trafficking of peripheral immune cells into areas of the CNS infected by retrograde or anterograde transport after PRV Becker was injected into the vitreous body of the eye. Cells expressing the leukocyte common antigen, CD45(+), entered the area of infection from local capillaries prior to any overt expression of neuropathology, and quantitative analysis demonstrated that the number of cells increased in proportion to the number of infected neurons within a given region. Recruitment of cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage began prior to the appearance of CD8(+) cytotoxic lymphocytes, which were, in turn, followed by CD4(+) lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that PRV replication in CNS neurons stimulates the focal infiltration of specific classes of CD45(+) cells in a time-dependent, temporally organized fashion that is correlated directly with the number of infected neurons and the time that a given region has been infected.
Treatment planning for image-guided robotic radiosurgery

Computers are beginning to enter the realm of surgery, with advances in medical imaging, robotics, and instrumentation leading a trend toward minimally invasive surgical procedures. One of the most prominent examples of the penetration of technology into surgery is radiosurgery. Radiosurgery is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to destroy tumors. Though proven effective, its use has been restricted to the treatment of small tumors within the brain. This limitation has little to do with radiosurgery's theoretical applicability to the treatment of a wider variety of tumors, but results instead from the inflexibility of conventional radiosurgical technology. Driven by a desire to extend radiosurgery to treat extracranial tumors and large tumors, a new generation of radiosurgical devices is beginning to emerge. Because these systems provide more flexibility than their predecessors, they increase the complexity of the treatment-planning problem. I have developed an automatic treatment-planning system, scCARABEAMER, for use with the Cyberknife, a new device for image-guided robotic radiosurgery. scCARABEAMER takes as input a geometric description of the structures of interest, and a set of constraints on the dose to each of these structures; it returns a set of beam configurations that will concentrate a lethal dose of radiation within the tumor, while maintaining the dose to the surrounding structures of interest below the specified level. In planning, it considers the geometric relationships among the tumor, the critical structures, and the treatment beams, and reduces the treatment-planning problem to a linear optimization problem. Its treatment-planning algorithm is independent of the tumor shape, size and location relative to critical structures, and thus is able to generate highly conformal treatment plans for a wide variety of treatment situations. In this dissertation, I describe the treatment-planning algorithm at the core of scCARABEAMER, and I empirically demonstrate scCARABEAMER's general applicability to a wide range of tumors. I have evaluated scCARABEAMER with respect to two hypotheses: (1) scCARABEAMER can generate treatment plans that meet the current requirements of radiosurgery, and (2) scCARABEAMER is general enough to generate plans for difficult treatment planning situations. The results of my evaluation put scCARABEAMER in a strong position to define the new generation of treatment-planning algorithms that will emerge, in conjunction with new radiosurgical devices, to extend radiosurgery's applicability.
A Study of the Relationship that Exists between Physical Skill as Measured, and the General Intelligence of College Students

(1942). A Study of the Relationship that Exists between Physical Skill as Measured, and the General Intelligence of College Students. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 57-59.
Sampled-data modelling of switched circuits, revisited

A re-examination of the basis for applying sampled-data models to obtain transfer functions is undertaken. A general procedure is given to construct difference equations which can be used to more accurately determine input-to-output transfer functions. Improved accuracy is obtained by minimizing the effect of aliasing. Problems associated with using sampled-data models alone in obtaining frequency responses are discussed. The improved sampled-data model is recommended for use in conjunction with other techniques in determining exact small-signal input-to-output frequency responses. >
8 Geographies of Power: Territoriality and Empire during the Mesopotamian Iron Age

This chapter synthesizes archaeological, textual, and ethnohistorical data from or pertaining to the Mesopotamian Iron Age to reconceptualize the nature of the territoriality of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Instead of seeing the Neo-Assyrian Empire as a monolithic political unit, I show that it was an expansionist state that applied varying degrees of power over conquered landscapes. In describing what I call the “geographies” of Assyrian power, I utilize a modified version of D'Altroy's territorial-hegemonic continuum to model the broader implications of these geographies for a more nuanced understanding of the spatiality of empire. [archaeology, Assyrian Empire, imperialism, territory, hegemonic power]
Urinary Excretion of Folate Catabolites Responds to Changes in Folate Intake More Slowly than Plasma Folate and Homocysteine Concentrations and Lymphocyte DNA Methylation in Postmenopausal Women

Folate turnover involves urinary excretion, fecal excretion, and catabolism that involves cleavage of the C9-N10 bond to yield pterins and para-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABG). Little is known about the relationship between the function of folate pools and their rates of catabolism. We report here an investigation of excretion of urinary pABG and its primary excretory form, para-acetamidobenzoylglutamate (ApABG) in samples collected during a previously published study of postmenopausal women. Ten women (49-63 y) were fed a low folate diet (56 microg/d) supplemented with folic acid to yield total folate intakes of 195 microg/d (d 1-5), 56 microg/d (d 6-41), 111 microg/d (d 42-69), 286 microg/d (d 70-80) and 516 microg/d (d 81-91). This caused changes in plasma folate, plasma homocysteine and global methylation of lymphocyte DNA. For each subject, a 7-d pooled urine sample was collected over d 1-7, 36-42, 64-70 and 85-91. ApABG constituted >85% of total catabolite excretion, and folate intake did not significantly influence ApABG or pABG excretion. The molar ratio of total catabolite excretion/folate intake varied significantly, with ratios of 1.0 +/- 0.17 (d 1-7), 3.0 +/- 0.55 (d 36-42), 1.1 +/- 0.18 (d 64-70) and 0. 33 +/- 0.054 (d 85-91). These observations indicate that the rate of folate catabolite excretion is related mainly to masses of slow-turnover folate pools governed by long-term folate intake. Folate pools functioning in some forms of methyl group metabolism respond to dietary changes in folate intake much more rapidly.
Validity of central field approximations in molecular scattering. Low energy CO–He collisions

Close-coupled calculations have been carried out on collisions of helium and carbon monoxide interacting via a theoretical interaction potential which is believed to reproduce accurately the true interaction of this system. These are compared with an equivalent set of calculations for the spherical average of this potential. It is concluded that the latter approximation holds reasonably well for transport-property calculations but not for differential and total scattering cross sections. As a consequence, conservation of scattering-cross-section theorems that are based on this interaction potential do not hold well.
Mitigating TSV-induced substrate noise coupling in 3-D IC using buried interface contacts

Substrate noise coupling induced by Through Silicon Vias in SOI substrates is modeled and analyzed in frequency- and time-domain. In addition to a buried oxide layer, a highly doped N+ epi layer used for deep trench devices is taken into account in full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Equivalent circuit models are extracted to assess the impact of noise coupling on active circuit performance. A noise mitigation technique of using CMOS process compatible buried interface contacts is proposed and studied. Simulation results demonstrate that a low impedance ground return path can be readily created for effective substrate noise reduction in 3D IC design.
Deamidation of model β-turn cyclic peptides in the solid state

To investigate the importance of secondary structure on peptide deamidation in the solid state, two cyclic beta-turn peptides and their linear analogs were used as models of Asn residues in structured and unstructured domains, and incorporated into poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)-based lyophilized solids. The secondary structure of the model peptides was determined in solution and the solid state using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The model beta-turn cyclic peptides were found to be type II beta-turns while the linear analogs were determined to be predominantly unstructured. Quantitatively, the cyclic peptides consisted of approximately 80% beta-turn while the linear analogs contained only 30%-35% beta-turn. To characterize the solid environment, T(g), and moisture content of the solid-state formulations were determined. Accelerated stability studies were conducted in the solid state at 37 degrees C using formulations lyophilized from solutions at pH 8.8 (0.1 M borate buffer). The effect of matrix mobility on solid-state deamidation was investigated by altering the moisture content through variation of relative humidity or the addition of a plasticizer. Cyclic peptides degraded 1.2-8 times slower than the linear analogs under all of the conditions studied. The observed rate constants, however, for all of the peptides decreased dramatically (four orders of magnitude) in the glassy solids. This suggests the greater importance of matrix mobility in solid-state degradation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also performed to explore the low energy, preferred state of the peptides, and determine the structure around the beta-turn.
The distribution of motilin-like peptides in rhesus monkey brain as determined by radioimunoassay

The distribution of motilin-like immunoreactivity (MLI) was determined by radioimmunoassay in the major regions of rhesus monkey brain. In agreement with previous studies, motilin concentration was higher in pituitary and pineal than brain. MLI was widely distributed in rhesus monkey brain and was particularly high in claustrum, inferior colliculus, and cerebellar floculus. Sephadex G50 chromatography of monkey cerebellar and cerebral cortical extracts revealed multiple forms of MLI. The presence of MLI in rhesus monkey brain confirms previous reports of localization of motilin-like peptides by immunocytochemistry in the human cerebellum and is suggestive of a possible role for MLI in the functioning of the human brain.
Oncogenic Ras Sensitizes Normal Human Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytotoxic cytokine that induces apoptosis in tumor cells but rarely kills normal ones. To determine how normal human cells acquire TRAIL-sensitive phenotype during the process of malignant transformation, we used an experimental system that allows for controlled conversion of human cells from normal to cancerous by introduction of several genes. Human embryonic kidney cells and foreskin fibroblasts were first immortalized by combination of the early region of simian virus 40 and telomerase and then were transformed with oncogenic Ras. Both normal and immortalized cells were resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, whereas Ras-transformed cells were susceptible. Ras transformation enhanced TRAIL-induced activation of caspase 8 by increasing its recruitment to TRAIL receptors. The proapoptotic effects of Ras could be reversed by mutations in its effector loop or by inhibitors of either farnesyl transferase or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. The expression of constitutively activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 enhanced caspase 8 recruitment and sensitized immortalized human embryonic kidney cells to TRAIL-induced death. These results indicate that in normal human cells the TRAIL-induced apoptotic signal is blocked at the level of caspase 8 recruitment and that this block can be eliminated by Ras transformation, involving activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variability among populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA variability was examined to assess population genetic structure and phylogeographic relationships in rainbow trout. Single-strand conformation polymorphisms and restriction site differences within 1055 bp of the mitochondrial D-loop region and 1566 bp of nuclear DNA in six single-copy nuclear DNA regions identified 31 mitochondrial genotypes and 50 nuclear alleles. Gene trees were constructed by sequencing each variant allele or mitochondrial genotype identified. Examination of 30 populations in 10 native rainbow trout groups using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 65% of mitochondrial variability and 35% of nuclear variability was explained by differences among the 10 groups. Phylogenetic patterns evident in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were not always concordant. Differences in the evolutionary patterns detected by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA may reflect the differential impact of past introgression events on variability in the two genomes.
Nonamorphism in Flufenamic Acid and a New Record for a Polymorphic Compound with Solved Structures

The unprecedented polymorphism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) flufenamic acid (FFA) is described here. Nine polymorphs were accessed through the use of polymer-induced heteronucleation (PIHn) and solid–solid transformation at low temperature. Structural elucidation of six of these forms, in addition to the two previously known forms, makes FFA indisputably octamorphic. Although the structure of at least one other form of FFA remains elusive, the occurrence of most of these polymorphs under one crystallization condition through PIHn illustrates that a fine interplay exists among the kinetic factors that lead to phase selection in this NSAID.
A new role for the cerebellum in conditioning

The locus of the memory trace underlying associative learning in the vertebrate CNS has eluded experimental neurobiologists for generations. Though earlier searches ranged widely over the CNS, no one thought to consider the cerebellum. Recent experiments reveal that lesions of this structure severely compromise the acquisition and retention of conditioned eye blink responses. Although the idea of a cerebellar role in associative learning is new, it is readily incorporated into current models of cerebellar involvement in motor learning.
Leaf infections: siderochromes (natural polyhydroamates) mimic the "green island" effect.

Topical application of as little as 5x10-12 moles of pure siderochromes (polyhydroxamate iron-transport compounds from bacteria and fungi) onto detached bean leaves causes spots of chlorophyll retention that are surrounded by chlorotic halos. These spots appear similar to "green islands" that are caused by certain fungal infections on leaves and are somewhat similar to zones where senescence is delayed by cytokinin.
Copolymerization characteristics of ethyl vinyl ether and its beta‐bromo and beta‐carbethoxy derivatives

The copolymerization of ethyl vinyl ether with acrylonitrile leads to values of the copolymerization parameters of Q = 0.06 and e = −0.8. Calculations from other data in the literature suggested that Q = 0.015 and e = −1.6 are better values. Copolymerization of β-bromovinyl ethyl ether with styrene and methyl methacrylate indicates Q = 0.014 and e = 0.35. For ethyl β-ethoxyacrylate, copolymerization with styrene and acrylonitrile indicates Q = 0.015 and e = 0.3. Both substituted vinyl lethers showed a much lower reactivity (Q factor) than expected. The decreased resonance interaction in these molecules was further supported by infrared data. Attempts to prepare β-chlorovinyl methyl ether by three different methods were unsuccessful.
KL-KS mass difference and supersymmetric left-right-symmetric theories.

The supersymmetric contributions to the K/sub L/-K/sub S/ mass difference makes the previously obtained bounds on the right-handed scale (M/sub R/>1.6 TeV) much weaker. This raises the interesting possibility that the left-right model could be tested as an alternative to SU/sub L/(2)xU(1) at low energies. Also we find that to demand that the supersymmetric contribution to the K/sub L/-K/sub S/ mass difference be less than 3.5 x 10/sup -15/ GeV requires that scalar-quark masses be more than 400 GeV.
Engels, Darwin, and Hegel's idea of contingency

Among Marxists and historians of Marxism, the multitude of conflicting views that have been associated with Darwin's perspective on evolution have prob ably only been exceeded in number by the ever present disputes on the subject of Hegel's influence on Marx(ism). At a minimum, we can safely declare that the fascination Darwin's ideas have exerted on Marxists, ever since Marx and Engels first read Darwin, is by no means a curiosity which must be spoken of in the past tense for students of the history of Marxist thought. A recent issue of Marxist Perspectives featured the foUowing title: 'Marxism, Darwinism, and the Theory of the Two Sciences'.1 The article discussed, among other issues, how Marx's and Engels' ambivalent responses to Darwin played a role in helping to set the stage for the development of the theory of the two sciences, bourgeois and proletarian, among future generations. The myriad of possible connections between Hegel and Marx(ism) wiU never be drawn in a manner to satisfy aU interested parties. Nevertheless, there are several rather straightforward connections which can be made and certain of these connections set out by Engels wiU concern us in this paper. What I wish to do in the foUowing pages is to reveal how Hegel's idea of contingency can be used to help formulate a modern Neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. The purpose behind raising the relationship between Hegel's idea of contingency and Darwin's descendants is to acknowledge one of the more interesting twists in the history of Marxism, i.e., the key to a non-Lamarckian model of evolution was present in Hegel's conception of contingency ? a conception which should have been familiar to Engels and all those after Engels who heeded his words. The connection between Hegel's views on contingency and Engels' per spective on evolution is suggested by the fact that Engels thought of the second book of Hegel's Logic, the 'Doctrine of Essence' in which the dialectic of contingency is found, as the real source of a Philosophy of Nature in Hegel and the core of the dialectical method that he and Marx converted from its ideaUstic phase :
Community Faculty in the university without walls at the University of Minnesota: A preliminary description

The results of a questionnaire survey of 67 persons from the nonacademic community who served as Community Faculty in the University of Minnesota's nontraditional program, University Without Walls (UWW) are detailed. The origins of the Community Faculty concept are considered along with the need for increased relationships between the academic and nonacademic sectors of society. Readers will find a description of the demographic characteristics of the Community Faculty, respondents' general orientations toward and special concerns about postsecondary education, and respondents' experiences in and feelings about the UWW program. Included are data describing the Community Faculty's relationship to students, feelings about students, attitudes on granting credit for life experience, attitudes on remuneration for services, their perceived role definition, and their overall feelings about their participation in the UWW program. The majority of the Community Faculty responded favorably in each of the categories. Limitations of the study are considered along with the need for further research on the topic.
A new illumination technique for grating-based nanometer measurement applications

Optical gratings are becoming available with precision down to the 2 nm level, or below. Such gratings can be employed to make highly accurate measuring tools such as optical encoders and coordinate measuring tools which can find numerous applications in integrated circuit industry and elsewhere. Such tools are significantly less expensive than interferometers because of relaxed mechanical tolerances required on the associated stages. However, the accuracy of grating-based measurement tools is limited by optical imaging techniques for viewing the gratings. In this paper, a novel illumination technique involving two parallel coherent beams is developed for grating-based measurement tools with nanometer accuracy. The interference grating image was viewed under a microscope and the video image of the grating was taken and processed. The location of the grating was determined with an error of 0.09 nm. The interference artifacts generally present in laser illumination are eliminated under this new illumination technique. This provides a cleaner starting point for data analysis and thus higher accuracy measurement. The techniques developed here provide levels of accuracy limited only by the errors in the grating. This is comparable to accuracy of state of the art interferometers, but at much lower cost.
Subspace-based analysis of the ERT inverse problem

In a previous work, we proposed a source-type formulation to the electrical resistance tomography (ERT) problem. Specifically, we showed that inhomogeneities in the medium can be viewed as secondary sources embedded in the homogeneous background medium and located at positions associated with variation in electrical conductivity. Assuming a piecewise constant conductivity distribution, the support of equivalent sources is equal to the boundary of the inhomogeneity. The estimation of the anomaly shape takes the form of an inverse source-type problem. In this paper, we explore the use of subspace methods to localize the secondary equivalent sources associated with discontinuities in the conductivity distribution. Our first alternative is the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm which is commonly used in the localization of multiple sources. The idea is to project a finite collection of plausible pole (or dipole) sources onto an estimated signal subspace and select those with largest correlations. In ERT, secondary sources are excited simultaneously but in different ways, i.e. with distinct amplitude patterns, depending on the locations and amplitudes of primary sources. If the number of receivers is "large enough", different source configurations can lead to a set of observation vectors that span the data subspace. However, since sources that are spatially close to each other have highly correlated signatures, seperation of such signals becomes very difficult in the presence of noise. To overcome this problem we consider iterative MUSIC algorithms like R-MUSIC and RAP-MUSIC. These recursive algorithms pose a computational burden as they require multiple large combinatorial searches. Results obtained with these algorithms using simulated data of different conductivity patterns are presented.
Three‐dimensional numerical experiments on convectively forced internal gravity waves

Results are presented of thermally forced dry and moist convection and the associated gravity wave fields from three-dimensional numerical simulations using a non-hydrostatic anelastic model. This paper extends earlier two-dimensional simulations to include effects of the third spatial dimension employing a very similar environmental speed-shear case for the study. The present simulations produce scattered fair weather cumuli in agreement with observations. In many important respects, the physical response is quite similar to that obtained in the earlier two-dimensional calculations. The near-uniform surface sensible heat flux results in Rayleigh modes filling the convective boundary layer (CBL) to begin with, whereas later, after convective motions start interacting with the overlying stable layer, larger horizontal scale deep modes become evident and in some cases dominant. The eigenfunction structure of these dominant forced normal modes consists of boundary layer eddies in the lower levels and gravity waves above. They are important organizers of the cumulus convection. As in the earlier two-dimensional simulations, the efficiency of gravity wave excitation was found to be very sensitive to the mean wind shear in the region spanning the CBL and the overlying stable layer. The dominant horizontal wavelength in the shear direction ranges between 10 and 15 km in the free atmosphere whereas it peaks at about 6 km in the CBL. The strong difference between the preferred directions of alignment for the eddies in the CBL (rolls aligned with the mean shear) and the overlying waves (aligned with lines of constant phase normal to the shear) results in overall broken conditions. The boundary layer motions are organized in broken ‘varicose-like’ rolls aligned approximately with the mean shear. The overlying waves show a somewhat more scattered pattern. This scattered-type dominant forced modal response combined with the nonlinear effect of the clouds themselves results in a cloud pattern revealing a high degree of randomness. This cloud field randomness occurs in spite of a near-zero horizontal wavenumber structure to the surface sensible heat flux. Exchanges of momentum between convective and mean motions in the CBL result in strongly curved stress profiles and a mixing out of the initial boundary layer shear. Sensitivity tests were performed where the mixing of momentum was partially compensated by the addition of low-level pressure gradient terms.
MESSENGER RNA AND POLYRIBOSOMES IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM.

A technique has been developed whereby growing cultures of Bacillus megaterium can be harvested rapidly and disrupted by gentle means. Cultures were pulse-labeled with tritiated uridine and lysates were subjected to sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Pulse-labeled RNA was found in polyribosomes and in a component sedimenting at about 50 s. Hybridization experiments with homologous DNA showed that the pulse-labeled RNA found in polyribosomes was largely messenger RNA. The proportion of this RNA hybridized was almost independent of the input RNA-DNA ratio. Pulse-labeled RNA associated with the 50 s material behaved as a mixture of messenger RNA and possibly ribosomal RNA. This was indicated by the fact that the proportion of RNA hybridized had a high inverse dependence on the input RNA/DNA ratio. The addition of actinomycin D to cultures resulted in exponential degradation of polyribosomes with a half life of about 3·5 minutes. On the other hand, half the labile RNA made during a pulse was degraded in less than one minute. The degradation of hybridizable RNA followed these same kinetics. These results point to the different stability of polyribosomes and of the messenger RNA made during a short pulse.
Using Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk Models for Risk-Adjusting Cardiac Surgery Results

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (STS NCD) has become the national benchmark for cardiac surgery reporting. Several important aspects of its risk-adjustment reporting are discussed, with special emphasis on using the reported individual STS risk scores for analysis and evaluation: (1) Different risk models are used in different STS NCD versions. (2) STS calibrates risk scores annually to make the annual predicted rates equal the observed rates. (3) The risk scores given by the STS, whether in the approved STS data collection software programs, published risk models, or online calculator, are not calibrated. (4) The end-user is required to calibrate the STS risk scores before using them. (5) After calibration, the STS predicted risk for any given patient is usually smaller, sometimes less than half of the uncalibrated value. (6) STS uses an observed/expected ratio method to calibrate the risk scores; for technical reasons, it is preferable to use an odds ratio method.
An extended Kalman filter for in situ sensing of yttria-stabilized zirconia in chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition is widely used in integrated circuit fabrication. With the increasingly stringent requirements for product quality and yield, it is necessary to apply process monitoring, fault detection and eventually closed-loop control to the deposition process. The implementation of these tools requires an in situ sensor that can measure film properties in real time. This paper discusses an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based in situ sensor and its application in chemical vapor deposition of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on a silicon substrate. The sensor measures reflectance from the film surface at 950 and 470 nm. The measurements were processed by the EKF to estimate film thickness, growth rate and surface roughness. The challenge with estimation of film microstructure like roughness lies in the process dynamic model for microstructure evolution at small scales, which in general is high-dimensional and nonlinear. In this work a simple but adaptive process dynamic model and a detailed optical sensor model were used to study how a simple process model could aid in estimation. Based on these models the observability of the process was discussed. The estimated film properties were verified with ex situ characterization using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Finally sensitivity and robustness of EKF were discussed, along with our perspectives on future work on in situ sensing for thin film deposition.
Estimation of colored dissolved organic matter and salinity fields in case 2 waters using SeaWiFS: Examples from Florida Bay and Florida Shelf

Estimates of water quality variables such as chlorophylla concentration (Chl), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), or salinity from satellite sensors are of great interest to resource managers monitoring coastal regions such as the Florida Bay and the Florida Shelf. However, accurate estimates of these variables using standard ocean color algorithms have been difficult due to the complex nature of the light field in these environments. In this study, we process SeaWiFS satellite data using two recently developed algorithms; one for atmospheric correction and the other a semianalytic bio-optical algorithm and compare the results with standard SeaWiFS algorithms. Overall, the two algorithms produced more realistic estimates of Chl and CDOM distributions in Florida Shelf and Bay waters. Estimates of surface salinity were obtained from the CDOM absorption field assuming a conservative mixing behavior of these waters. A comparison of SeaWiFS-derived Chl and CDOM absorption with field measurements in the Florida Bay indicated that although well correlated, CDOM was underestimated, while Chl was overestimated. Bottom reflectance appeared to affect these estimates at the shallow central Bay stations during the winter. These results demonstrate the need for new bio-optical algorithms or tuning of the parameters used in the bio-optical algorithm for local conditions encountered in the Bay.
Statistical significance of the lambda coefficients

Lambda coefficients provide a measure of the strength of relationship between two nominal variables and also have proportional reduction in error interpretations. It is also possible to test the statistical significance of the lambda coefficients, but the computations are time consuming and are not generally understood by behavioral scientists. This paper presents the method. The computer program is available from the author.