cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine and carotid body function in the newborn lamb

The effect of dopamine on the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia was investigated in four newborn lambs studied on the 1st day of postnatal life and eight lambs studied between 7 and 12 days of age. Studies were accomplished during nonrapid-eye-movement sleep in unanesthetized tracheotomized animals. Changes in minute ventilation (VE/kg), tidal volume, and frequency induced by intravenous bolus injection of dopamine (10 micrograms/kg) or saline control were assessed while animals were breathing room air or N2, before and after carotid body denervation (CBD). Dopamine depressed resting ventilation at both postnatal ages. This effect was greater in the older animals. Dopamine blunted the hypoxia-induced increase in VE/kg at both ages. The magnitude of this depression did not vary with postnatal age. Dopamine induced cessation of respiratory effort at end expiration (apnea) during room air and N2 breathing significantly more often in the older animals. The effect of dopamine was mediated at the carotid body. CBD decreased ventilation by an increase in breath-to-breath interval in older animals, suggesting carotid sinus nerve afferent activity is more important during eucapnic respiration in older animals than in the immediate newborn period.
Immunobiology of malignant B cells and immunoregulatory cells in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

This article reviews pertinant immunobiologic features of the malignant B cell and the circulating immunoregulatory cells (T and NK) that characterize B-CLL.
In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues. Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.
Use of cTn for Detection of More Chronic Disease States

Progressively higher levels of cTn measured by new high sensitive assays, typically well below the range of detection by contemporary cTn assays, are associated with a pattern of both abnormal cross-sectional findings with cardiac imaging and risk factors as well as adverse prognostic consequences in a wide range of chronic settings ranging from the asymptomatic general populations to subjects with known coronary or structural heart disease. However, as of this writing the role for high sensitive cTn assays outside the evaluation and management of acute coronary syndromes is still a work in progress. Both data and hence guidelines are not ready to provide direction for the evaluation of the asymptomatic patient. This remains an area of intense research and ultimately after the completion of appropriately powered and designed intervention trials based on patient selection by high sensitive cTn level, the role for cTn testing may extend well beyond the patient with AMI.
Lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a demographically diverse community sample

ABSTRACTBackground: Although incidence rates are well documented for traumatic brain injury, lifetime prevalence in a demographically diverse sample is unknown. We examined the prevalence of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a demographically diverse sample.Methods: History of TBI was examined in 2881 African-Americans and Whites in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study—a community-based, epidemiological investigation of urban-dwelling adults. Logistic regression analyses examined the odds of TBI as a function of sex, race, poverty status, age quintile and their interactions.Results: A significant 3-way interaction was noted amongst race, poverty status and age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–2.31, p = 0.021). Amongst Whites living in poverty, younger (30–36 years of age) individuals had greater odds of TBI than older (58–64 years of age) individuals, whereas older African-Americans living in poverty had greater odds of T...
How to Divide Students into Groups: Importance of Diversity and Need for Intelligent Techniques to Further Enhance the Advantage of Groups with Diversity in Problem Solving

In practice , there are many examples when the diversity in a group enhances the group’s ability to solve problems – and thus, leads to more efficient groups, firms, schools, etc. Several papers, starting with the pioneering research by Scott E. Page from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, provide a theoretical justification for this known empirical phenomenon. However, when the general advise of increasing diversity is transformed into simple-to-follow algorithmic rules (like quotas), the result is not always successful. In this chapter, we prove that the problem of designing the most efficient group is computationally difficult (NP-hard). Thus, in general, it is not possible to come up with simple algorithmic rules for designing such groups: to design optimal groups, we need to combine standard optimization techniques with intelligent techniques that use expert knowledge.
Correlation between obesity and fat-infiltrated axillary lymph nodes visualized on mammography

Objective:Using screening mammography, this study investigated the association between obesity and axillary lymph node (LN) size and morphology.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of 188 females who underwent screening mammography at an academic medical centre. Length and width of the LN and hilum were measured in the largest, mammographically visible axillary node. The hilo-cortical ratio (HCR) was calculated as the hilar width divided by the cortical width. Measurements were performed by a board certified breast radiologist and a resident radiology physician. Inter-rater agreement was assessed with Pearson correlation coefficient. We performed multivariable regression analysis for associations of LN measurements with body mass index (BMI), breast density and age.Results:There was a strong association between BMI and LN dimensions, hilum dimensions and HCR (p < 0.001 for all metrics). There was no significant change in cortex width with increasing BMI (p = 0.15). Increases in LN length and width ...
Neoliberal Capitalist Transitions in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan: A Cultural Perspective

This chapter takes a cultural perspective to provide an interpretation of the impact of the globalization of neoliberal capitalism on Uzbekistan’s and Kazakhstan’s post-Soviet capitalist transformations. As a social phenomenon, culture may encompass a spectrum of social activities and interactions. Culture in this study is not treated as a self-contained and autonomous domain. Rather, it is considered a space intricately connected to other aspects of society, situated within the social relations and broader systems through which it is produced and reproduced. Analysis of culture is thus intimately bound up with the study of other aspects of society, which may include politics, economics, and ideologies, among others.
Mmf1p Couples Amino Acid Metabolism to Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT A variety of metabolic deficiencies and human diseases arise from the disruption of mitochondrial enzymes and/or loss of mitochondrial DNA. Mounting evidence shows that eukaryotes have conserved enzymes that prevent the accumulation of reactive metabolites that cause stress inside the mitochondrion. 2-Aminoacrylate is a reactive enamine generated by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent α,β-eliminases as an obligatory intermediate in the breakdown of serine. In prokaryotes, members of the broadly conserved RidA family (PF14588) prevent metabolic stress by deaminating 2-aminoacrylate to pyruvate. Here, we demonstrate that unmanaged 2-aminoacrylate accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria causes transient metabolic stress and the irreversible loss of mitochondrial DNA. The RidA family protein Mmf1p deaminates 2-aminoacrylate, preempting metabolic stress and loss of the mitochondrial genome. Disruption of the mitochondrial pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent serine dehydratases (Ilv1p and Cha1p) prevents 2-aminoacrylate formation, avoiding stress in the absence of Mmf1p. Furthermore, chelation of iron in the growth medium improves maintenance of the mitochondrial genome in yeast challenged with 2-aminoacrylate, suggesting that 2-aminoacrylate-dependent loss of mitochondrial DNA is influenced by disruption of iron homeostasis. Taken together, the data indicate that Mmf1p indirectly contributes to mitochondrial DNA maintenance by preventing 2-aminoacrylate stress derived from mitochondrial amino acid metabolism. IMPORTANCE Deleterious reactive metabolites are produced as a consequence of many intracellular biochemical transformations. Importantly, reactive metabolites that appear short-lived in vitro have the potential to persist within intracellular environments, leading to pervasive cell damage and diminished fitness. To overcome metabolite damage, organisms utilize enzymatic reactive-metabolite defense systems to rid the cell of deleterious metabolites. In this report, we describe the importance of the RidA/YER057c/UK114 enamine/imine deaminase family in preventing 2-aminoacrylate stress in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking the enamine/imine deaminase Mmf1p was shown to experience pleiotropic growth defects and fails to maintain its mitochondrial genome. Our results provide the first line of evidence that uncontrolled 2-aminoacrylate stress derived from mitochondrial serine metabolism can negatively impact mitochondrial DNA maintenance in eukaryotes.
Does Persistence Explain ESG Disclosure Decisions

Advocates of an increased focus on environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives have argued that increased ESG disclosure is a necessary first step. Given the limited regulatory requirements on ESG disclosure, managerial preference serves as a primary determinant of ESG transparency. Using data on ESG disclosure from Bloomberg, I examine the extent to which disclosure persistence on the behalf of firm management, as proxied by managerial tenure, affects firms' ESG disclosure strategies. Overall, I find that ESG disclosure quality and ESG disclosure variability are reduced as management tenure increases. Further, I find that the replacement of a firm's CEO interrupts disclosure persistence; e.g., median ESG disclosure scores increase by roughly 9.7% in the two years following the replacement of a firm's CEO. The results of this study highlight one inhibitor, i.e. persistence, to inducing more complete, transparent ESG disclosure.
Pion elastic and inelastic scattering from Mg24 and Mg26

Reported are measurements of angular distributions of resonance-energy positive and negative pions exciting approximately 40 states in {sup 24}Mg and {sup 26}Mg. These include the (ground state, 0{sup +}), (1.36 MeV, 2{sup +}), (4.14, 2{sup +}), (5.93, 4{sup +}), (6.44, 0{sup +}), (7.34), (7.55, 3{sup {minus}}), (8.33, 3{sup {minus}}), (9.32, 4{sup +}), (9.97, 5{sup {minus}}), (11.08, 3{sup {minus}}), (12.06), (13.26), (13.96, 3{sup {minus}}), (15.1, {ital T}=1, 6{sup {minus}}), and (15.4) states in {sup 24}Mg and the (ground state, 0{sup +}), (1.81, 2{sup +}), (2.92, 2{sup +}), (3.59, 0{sup +}), (4.31, 2{sup +}+4{sup +}), (4.90, 4{sup +}), (5.31, 2{sup +}), (5.44, 4{sup +}), (5.69, 4{sup +}), (6.86, 3{sup {minus}}), (7.33, 3{sup {minus}}), (7.79, 3{sup {minus}}), (8.17, 3{sup {minus}}), (9.2, possible 6{sup {minus}}), (10.30, 4{sup +}), and (18.1, {ital T}=2, 6{sup {minus}}) states in {sup 26}Mg. The distorted-wave impulse approximation with a Kisslinger form for the optical potential using a {pi}-nucleon {ital t} matrix at a shifted energy of {minus}25 MeV was found to explain the elastic scattering data from {sup 24,26}Mg in the energy range 116--292 MeV that is spanned by these data. Inelastic distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations employing collective-model deformation parameters were simultaneously fitted to the {pi}{sup +} and {pi}{supmore » {minus}} data for each state.« less
Chemicals with Carcinogenic Activity in Rodent Liver

A wide variety of chemicals have carcinogenic activity in the rodent liver. These carcinogens act through diverse modes of action (MOA), either DNA-reactive (genotoxic) or epigenetic. Among the many rodent hepatocarcinogens to which humans are exposed only two of the DNA-reactive type and one of the epigenetic type have caused liver cancer in humans. The pathogenesis of liver cancer in rodents and humans is similar, involving a sequence of cellular changes and multiple genetic alterations.
A phase 1b, open label, single institution trial of nintedanib in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors.

TPS2614Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent factor in inducing angiogenesis. VEGF inhibitors have produced demonstrable but limited and transient clinical benefit for v...
Pulp wood traits of Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones across three contrasting locations in southern India

Pulp wood traits of six Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones were evaluated at 3 years across three contrasting locations (Ongole-A.P., Bhadrachalam-Telangana and Mettupalayam-Tamil Nadu) in southern India. The clones grown at wetter Bhadrachalam and coastal Ongole sites had 2–3 times better growth and 5–6% higher pulp yield than those grown at a dry site in Mettupalayam. Alkali consumption and extractive content was higher (32% and 58%, respectively) in clones from Mettupalayam compared to the other sites. Wood density and lignin S/G ratio showed marginal variation across the three sites. Procuring wood from Ongole and Bhadrachalam would be more profitable for pulp industry due to higher pulp yield, lower extractive content and lower alkali consumption compared to dry, low productivity sites like Mettupalayam.
Integration of Sensor Data with Physics-based Models for Performance Assessment of Civil Structures

Structural identification methods using sensor data have received increased attention in the civil engineering research community with the objective of identifying structural performance, and evaluating the remaining useful life of structures. While many researchers have successfully applied various approaches to numerical and/or small-scale laboratory models of structures, the literature lacks many successful applications to large‐scale civil structures under real loading environment. This study highlights the challenges of structural health monitoring methods for applications to large‐scale civil structures, especially when dealing with changing ambient and environmental conditions. A hierarchical Bayesian framework is presented for probabilistic model updating and damage identification to account for inherent as well as parameter estimation and measurement uncertainties. It is shown that the proposed hierarchical framework allows to explicitly account for pertinent sources of variability such as ambient temperature and/or excitation amplitude and therefore yields more accurate predictions. The study also highlights the value of using point cloud data in addition to vibration measurements for structural performance assessment. The point clouds are informative about identification of cracks at their early stages while the vibration data provide measure of stiffness at later stages of damage. Performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated through application to three large-scale reinforced concrete building structures.
Anatomic Distribution of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Young Patients.

BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased in the younger population. Studies show an increased prevalence of left-sided tumors in younger patients; however, exact anatomic distribution is not known. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the anatomic distribution of colorectal cancer in young patients and to calculate the proportion of tumors that would be within reach of a flexible sigmoidoscopy. DESIGN The National Cancer Database (2004-2015) was used to identify patients with colorectal cancer. SETTINGS This was a multicenter study using national data. PATIENTS The study included 117,686 patients under the age of 50 years diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 1,331,048 patients over the age of 50 years diagnosed with colorectal cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of left-sided tumors in patients under the age of 50 years. RESULTS A total of 74.4% of patients under age 50 years and 56.1% of patients over age 50 years had left-sided colorectal cancer. LIMITATIONS The study is a retrospective review and does not exclude young patients who developed colorectal cancer with familial syndromes with a colorectal cancer disposition. CONCLUSIONS A total of 74.4% of colorectal cancers diagnosed before age 50 years are left sided. In light of recent changes to screening recommendations, distribution of disease in young patients is important to both provider and patient education and decision-making. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A966.
When context matters: how false, truthful, and genre-related communication styles are revealed in language

ABSTRACTIn this preregistered experiment, we address an understudied question in the deception and language literature: What is the impact of context on false and truthful language patterns? Drawin...
African, Religious, and Tolerant? How Religious Diversity Shapes Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities in Africa

Despite trends towards greater LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) rights in industrialized democracies, the rights of sexual minorities have become increasingly politicized and restricted throughout Africa. Recognizing religion's central role in shaping attitudes toward gays and lesbians, we hypothesize that local religious diversity could expose individuals to alternative religious perspectives, engender tolerance toward marginalized communities, and therefore dislodge dogmatic beliefs about social issues. Employing cross-national Afrobarometer survey data from 33 countries with an index of district-level religious concentration, we find that respondents living in religiously pluralistic communities are 4–5 points more likely to express tolerance of homosexual neighbors (50% increase) compared to those in homogeneous locales. This effect is not driven by outlier countries, the existence of specific religious affiliations within diverse communities, respondents' religiosity, or other observable and latent factors at the country, sub-national, district, and individual level. Further robustness checks address potential threats to validity. We conclude that religious diversity can foster inclusion of sexual minorities in Africa.
Preoperative opioid use is associated with increased length of stay after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Abstract Background Preoperative opioid use in patients undergoing low complexity operations has been associated with increased complications, but its relationship to procedures of greater complexity is unclear. We aimed to assess this impact on outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods A single institution, retrospective cohort of adults undergoing elective PD for cancer (1/2009-9/2015). Preoperative opioid users were defined as patients documented as taking opioids up to 90 days preoperatively. Discharge prescriptions were converted into Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME) and ten-point pain scores were abstracted. Univariate and multivariable analyses compared outcomes of naive and preoperative opioid users overall and for laparoscopic vs open surgery. Results Of 661 PD patients, 131 (19.8%) were preoperative opioid users. These patients had greater mean pain scores over the first three days after surgery (3.4 ± 1.6, vs 2.8 ± 1.4, p Conclusion Following PD, preoperative opioid users had worse pain scores, received more opioids at discharge, refilled prescriptions more frequently, and were more likely to have prolonged LOS. As most opioid utilization research has been focused on low complexity surgery, additional work aimed at optimizing opioid use in complex oncologic operations is warranted.
A wireless power transfer system with a primary-side process variable for maximum efficiency control

This paper proposes a simple primary-side feedback-control approach that tracks maximum efficiency for a tuned-resonant inductive power transfer (IPT) system with a constant-power load. The control loop uses the voltage across a shunt capacitor in a primary-side LCL-T resonant converter (LCL-T RC) as a process variable. The key finding is that this voltage's AC amplitude can exhibit little variation over a wide-range of coupling coefficients $k$ for a system operating at maximum efficiency with a constant power load. Therefore, this signal can be compared against a setpoint to drive a primary-side feedback controller for maximum efficiency tracking without the need for wireless feedback from the receiver. This technique is experimentally verified for a 2.5 W system with primary and secondary controllers acting independently without direct communication. The system maintains near-maximum power efficiency over the range 0.059 < k < 0.13.
The value of artificial neural networks for predicting length of stay, discharge disposition, and inpatient costs after anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Hypothesis/Purpose The objective is to develop and validate an artificial intelligence model, specifically an artificial neural network (ANN), to predict length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and inpatient charges for primary anatomic total (aTSA), reverse total (rTSA), and hemi- (HSA) shoulder arthroplasty to establish internal validity in predicting patient-specific value metrics. Methods Using data from the National Inpatient Sample between 2003 and 2014, 4 different ANN models to predict LOS, discharge disposition, and inpatient costs using 39 preoperative variables were developed based on diagnosis and arthroplasty type: primary chronic/degenerative aTSA, primary chronic/degenerative rTSA, primary traumatic/acute rTSA, and primary acute/traumatic HSA. Models were also combined into diagnosis type only. Outcome metrics included accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) for a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results A total of 111,147 patients undergoing primary shoulder replacement were included. The machine learning algorithm predicting the overall chronic/degenerative conditions model (aTSA, rTSA) achieved accuracies of 76.5%, 91.8%, and 73.1% for total cost, LOS, and disposition, respectively; AUCs were 0.75, 0.89, and 0.77 for total cost, LOS, and disposition, respectively. The overall acute/traumatic conditions model (rTSA, HSA) had accuracies of 70.3%, 79.1%, and 72.0% and AUCs of 0.72, 0.78, and 0.79 for total cost, LOS, and discharge disposition, respectively. Conclusion Our ANN demonstrated fair to good accuracy and reliability for predicting inpatient cost, LOS, and discharge disposition in shoulder arthroplasty for both chronic/degenerative and acute/traumatic conditions. Machine learning has the potential to preoperatively predict costs, LOS, and disposition using patient-specific data for expectation management between health care providers, patients, and payers.
Social Epidemiology of Perceived Discrimination in the United States: Role of Race, Educational Attainment, and Income.

Background and aims This study aimed to compare non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) American adults for the associations of educational attainment and household income with perceived racial discrimination. Methods The 2010 National Alcohol Survey (NAS N12), a nationally representative study, included 2635 adults who were either NHB (n = 273) or NHW (n = 2362). We compared NHBs and NHWs for the associations between education, income, and perceived racial discrimination. We used linear regression for data analysis. Outcome was perceived racial discrimination; the predictors were educational attainment and household income; covariates were age and gender; and moderator was race. Results In the total sample, high income was associated with lower levels of perceived racial discrimination, while educational attainment was not significantly associated with perceived racial discrimination. There was also an interaction between race and education but not household income, suggesting a difference in the association between educational attainment and perceived racial discrimination between NHB and NHW individuals. For NHW individuals, household income was inversely associated with perceived racial discrimination. For NHB individuals, however, household income was not related to perceived racial discrimination. For NHB but not NHW individuals, educational attainment was correlated with more not less perceived racial discrimination. Conclusion High income protects NHW but not NHB individuals against perceived racial discrimination, and NHB individuals with high education levels report more not less perceived racial discrimination.
Space-fixed formulation for the vibration of rotating, prestressed, axisymmetric bodies and shells

Abstract The vibration of high-speed, rotating, three-dimensional, flexible, axisymmetric bodies coupled to stationary structures motivates this work. Exploiting the axisymmetry of the body, a semi-analytical model is developed that only discretizes the two-dimensional radial cross-section; Fourier series are used in the circumferential direction. The corresponding formulation for thin-walled, axisymmetric shells is given. Even though the body is axisymmetric, its deflection as well as external forces, constraints, and supports acting on the body are allowed to be asymmetric. These asymmetric elements can be stationary or rotating. The model is developed in a stationary reference frame to avoid time-dependent coefficients in the equations of motion when coupled to stationary components. The model includes Coriolis and centripetal effects. The prestress (or geometric) stiffness matrix that arises from external forces and constant centripetal acceleration has additional terms compared to the literature, and these terms can significantly change the natural frequencies. The speed-dependent natural frequencies and complex-valued vibration modes, presence of multiple Fourier harmonics in each mode, changes to critical speeds, divergence and flutter instability phenomena, and eigenvalue veering are investigated for spinning systems with asymmetric features.
The 4-Element Movement System Model to Guide Physical Therapist Education, Practice, and Movement-Related Research

The movement system has been adopted as the key identity for the physical therapy profession, and recognition of physical therapists' primary expertise in managing movement dysfunction is an important achievement. However, existing movement system models seem inadequate for guiding education, practice, or research. Lack of a clear, broadly applicable model may hamper progress in physical therapists actually adopting this identity. We propose a model composed of 4 primary elements essential to all movement: motion, force, energy, and control. Although these elements overlap and interact, they can each be examined and tested with some degree of specificity. The proposed 4-element model incorporates specific guidance for visual, qualitative assessment of movement during functional tasks that can be used to develop hypotheses about movement dysfunction and serve as a precursor to more quantitative tests and measures. Human movement always occurs within an environmental context and is affected by personal factors, and these concepts are represented within the model. The proposed scheme is consistent with other widely used models within the profession, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and the Patient Management Model. We demonstrate with multiple examples how the model can be applied to a broad spectrum of patients across the lifespan with musculoskeletal, neurologic, and cardiopulmonary disorders.
A novel force and motion control strategy for robotic chamfering of gears

Abstract Accurate positioning of the workpiece in the robotic work cell is currently required to perform machining operations such as chamfering in order to obtain high quality products. However, registration and workpiece fixturing errors are inevitable and lead to uncertainty in the desired robot end-effector trajectory which will lead to poor quality of the finished product. This paper proposes a method for robotic gear chamfering that can compensate for the registration error of the workpiece while avoiding use of expensive and time-consuming metrology devices for accurately registering the gear in the robot workspace. We highlight the problems in chamfering with workpiece uncertainty when traditional contour following methods are employed. A novel chamfering trajectory based on a part identification procedure is proposed that can account for the gear registration uncertainty. A force control strategy is employed in identifying the gear center and gear root positions. Based on this identification, we employ a novel force/motion strategy that can simultaneously chamfer two edges of the adjacent gear teeth. We have conducted a number of real-time experiments with a six degree-of-freedom robot to evaluate the proposed strategy, and representative chamfering experimental results are presented and discussed.
Immunizations in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplantation

Infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in recipients of a kidney transplant (KT). We review the current data in patients with CKD, on dialysis, and in KT recipients to provide further guidance for clinicians regarding vaccine optimization in this patient population. This patient population remains under-vaccinated and thus more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable illness. Despite diminished responses to immunization in this population, significant protection is generally achieved. Vaccines are an important preventative tool and offer protection against infection. In the setting of suboptimal and waning immunity in this patient population, future studies are indicated to determine optimal vaccination regimens.
Editor’s Spotlight/Take 5: A Diagnostic Serum Antibody Test for Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis

It is astounding that in 2015, physicians cannot diagnose with certainty patients with a limb-threatening condition like bacterial osteomyelitis (or its evil twin, prosthetic joint infection). After all, we have been treating bone infections since the time of Hippocrates [5]. Surgeons sometimes fret about the lag time between diagnosis and treatment, but this is more than a lag—we have been waiting nearly 25 centuries to go from treatment to diagnosis.
Adenosine Cyclic 3':5'-Monophosphate-mediated Transport of Neutral and Dibasic Amino Acids in Jejunal Mucosa

Abstract 1. Amino acid uptake in vitro by jejunal mucosa was stimulated by the addition of adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline, and cholera toxin. This stimulation appeared to be specific for neutral and dibasic amino acids, since the uptake of iminoamino acids and 3-O-methylglucose was unaffected. 2. The enhanced uptake correlated positively with tissue cyclic AMP levels but not with cyclic GMP. Kinetic studies demonstrated a decrease in Kt. There was cross-inhibition between lysine and leucine for the stimulated (but not for unstimulated) uptake. 3. The effect of theophylline was noted only in jejunum and not in ileum. Although ileal cAMP levels rose, neither influx nor efflux of amino acid was affected. 4. The findings suggest that cyclic AMP mediates transport pathways at or near the brush border which are shared in part by dibasic and neutral amino acids.
New insights into 4E-BP1-regulated translation in cancer progression and metastasis

Remarkable progress has been made highlighting the importance of cap-dependent mRNA translation in cancer progression. 4E-BP1 is a translation initiation repressor by sequestering the mRNA cap-binding protein eIF4E and consequently inhibiting the translation of certain key oncogenic mRNAs encoding proteins for cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and malignancy. In most tumors, however, the repressive function of 4E-BP1 is compromised by reduction of its expression or phosphorylation mediated by oncogenic signaling pathways. We recently unveiled that 4E-BP1-regulated cap-dependent translation integrates oncogenic effects of the AKT and ERK signaling pathways on tumor growth and metastatic progression. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that AKT and ERK pathways selectively upregulate survivin expression at the level of translation by convergent activation of the mTORC1/4E-BP1/eIF4E signaling axis. In addition, loss of 4E-BP1 function induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increases metastatic capability of cancer cells by translational activation of Snail. Continuous translation of survivin and Snail is important for colorectal cancer progression to metastasis. Herein we discuss our findings concerning deregulation of translation in cancer progression and metastasis and highlight 4E-BP1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.
A critical band filter in touch

Separate mechanoreceptor systems in humans were isolated by varying the spectra of vibrotactile stimuli. First, the function relating threshold to frequency of a sinusoid was obtained on the fingertip for each of four subjects, and it was found to comprise two limbs: a Pacinian and a non-Pacinian limb. The peak sensitivity within the Pacinian limb (mediated by Pacinian corpuscles) was around 250 Hz and spanned the region from 65 to 400 Hz. The non-Pacinian limb showed no detectable change in sensitivity in the region between 10 and 65 Hz. These two limbs were then treated as psychophysical channels in experiments in which narrow band noise and individual sinusoids were used to excite one or both channels. In the second and third experiments, the noise stimuli varied in bandwidth from 8 to 70 Hz and varied in center frequency from 25 to 218 Hz. Masking functions were obtained for ON-frequency conditions (the sinusoidal test and noise masker occupied the same frequency region) and for OFF-frequency conditions (the test and masker occupied different frequency regions). The ON-frequency experiments were used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the Pacinian channel at threshold. The OFF-frequency masking experiments were used to infer the shape of the Pacinian channel at frequencies below 65 Hz, where thresholds for Pacinian activation were above detection threshold. The results of these three experiments predicted the findings of a fourth masking experiment with a parameter free model that treated the Pacinian channel as a filter that integrates stimulus power. The results show that the Pacinian channel is analogous to a critical band in the auditory system.
Cultural Perspectives on Personality and Social Psychology

The chapter highlights insights for understanding personality and social psychology that emerge from a consideration of the cultural grounding of basic psychological processes. In the first section, reasons are identified for why culture has been downplayed in mainstream social psychology, including the field's adoption of culture-free approaches to situations, natural science ideals of explanation, and its default assumptions of cultural homogeneity. Through a brief review of early research in cross-cultural psychology, it is also shown that work in this tradition lay important foundations for contemporary theory and research in cultural psychology. In the second section, consideration is given to key conceptual premises that have contributed to the emergence of cultural psychology, including the recognition of the role played by culture in the constitution of higher-order psychological processes. Also, a select review is offered of findings from cultural psychological research on cognition, the self, emotions, and motivation and challenges are identified for future research, including those of developing more process-oriented views of culture and more contextually sensitive models of cultural influences on basic psychological phenomena. In conclusion, implications are drawn regarding the importance of cultural research in contributing new constructs, research questions, and theoretical insights to enrich basic psychological theory. Keywords: cognition; cross-cultural psychology; cultural psychology; emotion; motivation; personality; self
First experimental demonstration of Ge 3D FinFET CMOS circuits

We report the first experimental demonstration of Ge 3D CMOS circuits, based on the recessed fin structure. Both n-FinFETs and p-FinFETs with channel length (L ch ) from 200 to 20 nm and fin width (W Fin ) from 60 to 10 nm are realized on a Ge-on-insulator (GeOI) substrate. The Ge FinFETs show superior gate electrostatic control over planar devices and sub-threshold slope (SS) as low as 93 and 73 mV/dec are obtained on n- and p-FETs, respectively. Combining the n- and p- type 3D devices together, the FinFET CMOS inverters have high voltage gain up to 34 V/V at V DD of 1.4 V, delivering more than 200% improvement over the planar ones at the same L ch of 200 nm. Scalability studies are also carried out for both types of FinFETs in terms of L ch and W Fin .
Classification of emerging extreme event tracks in multivariate spatio-temporal physical systems using dynamic network structures: application to hurricane track prediction

Understanding extreme events, such as hurricanes or forest fires, is of paramount importance because of their adverse impacts on human beings. Such events often propagate in space and time. Predicting--even a few days in advance--what locations will get affected by the event tracks could benefit our society in many ways. Arguably, simulations from first principles, where underlying physics-based models are described by a system of equations, provide least reliable predictions for variables characterizing the dynamics of these extreme events. Data-driven model building has been recently emerging as a complementary approach that could learn the relationships between historically observed or simulated multiple, spatio-temporal ancillary variables and the dynamic behavior of extreme events of interest. While promising, the methodology for predictive learning from such complex data is still in its infancy. In this paper, we propose a dynamic networks-based methodology for in-advance prediction of the dynamic tracks of emerging extreme events. By associating a network model of the system with the known tracks, our method is capable of learning the recurrent network motifs that could be used as discriminatory signatures for the event's behavioral class. When applied to classifying the behavior of the hurricane tracks at their early formation stages inWestern Africa region, our method is able to predict whether hurricane tracks will hit the land of the North Atlantic region at least 10-15 days lead lag time in advance with more than 90% accuracy using 10-fold cross-validation. To the best of our knowledge, no comparable methodology exists for solving this problem using data-driven models
A course in ring theory

Projective modules: Modules and homomorphisms Projective modules Completely reducible modules Wedderbum rings Artinian rings Hereditary rings Dedekind domains Projective dimension Tensor products Local rings Polynomial rings: Skew polynomial rings Grothendieck groups Graded rings and modules Induced modules Syzygy theorem Patching theorem Serre conjecture Big projectives Generic flatness Nullstellensatz Injective modules: Injective modules Injective dimension Essential extensions Maximal ring of quotients Classical ring of quotients Goldie rings Uniform dimension Uniform injective modules Reduced rank Index.
Short-term results of percutaneous treatment of acetabular fractures: functional outcomes, radiographic assessment and complications

Our purpose was to assess functional outcomes, radiographic characteristics and complications in patients who underwent fixation of acetabular fracture using percutaneous means only. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with an acetabular fracture admitted to a level 1 trauma centre and treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation. Nineteen patients were identified, and mechanism of injury, radiologic classification of fracture, complications and functional outcomes were analysed. Outcome measurements included Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, which are validated patient questionnaires assessing functional outcome. They are scored as a point range on a per-question basis, with a combined range possibility of 0–96 for WOMAC and 5–75 for PROMIS. Nineteen patients over a two year period were reviewed. Fracture displacement improved following surgery from a mean 7.3 mm (range 0–33 mm) to 2.6 mm (range 0–12 mm). Complications included one post-operative death from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, sciatic nerve injury, malpositioned screw and deep infection. There were no vascular injuries, pulmonary emboli or deep venous thromboses. Of the 19 patients eligible for the study, seven completed both PROMIS mobility and WOMAC osteoarthritis questionnaires at a mean follow-up of 572 days (1.57 years), with a range of 435–862 days. The average WOMAC score was 7.4 (range 0–30) and mean PROMIS score 66.4 (range 50–75). Functional outcomes in this study are comparable with other published studies and support percutaneous management of acetabular fractures as an effective alternative to open reduction and internal fixation.
SU‐D‐BRA‐06: In Vivo Quality Assurance of Breast Cancer IMRT Treatments Using TomoTherapyˈˈs Exit Detector Data

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to explore the possibility of using the exit detector data (EDD) for in vivo quality assurance of our clinical breast cancer patient (BC) treatments. Methods: Eleven clinical BC patients were evaluated for dose delivery accuracy using TomoTherapy's Delivery‐Verification software on a GPU platform. Evaluations consisted of reconstructed delivery verification sinogram (DVS) and subsequent dose computation on MV‐CT datasets. The DVS reconstructions and dose computations were calculated utilizing MV‐CT scans covering the complete length of the treatment volume and the EDD files collected on the same day. Leaf‐opening‐time (LOT) differences were analyzed to investigate the frequency and magnitude of the sinogram differences between planned and reconstructed. Reconstructed dose distributions of fraction‐deliveries were scaled and convolved to give an approximation of the composite dose distributions. Composite dose distributions were compared against the original plans. Summed doses were based on rigid‐registrations of the fraction‐doses and do not account for soft‐tissue and dose deformations. Reconstructed DVHs are based solely on planning structures.Results: Characteristic average LOT differences were ∼5msec‐eq. It can be noted that large differences between individual fractions are small for composite dose distribution. For the reconstructed summed fractions, both minimal dose (D99%) and dose inhomogeneity (D5%–D95%) of the PTV were found to be within ±0.8Gy of the planned. Ipsi‐lateral lung volume receiving >20Gy and contra‐lateral lung volume receiving >5Gy were decreased by 0.5Gy%±0.4% and 3.2%Gy±1.9%, respectively. The heart mean dose and volume receiving >35Gy were decreased by 0.3Gy±0.4 and 0.3%Gy±0.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of study indicate that the EDDs are useful for DVS reconstruction and dose computation which can translate into being a great tool for in vivo quality assurance of BC treatments. Currently further studies are being investigated to account for the deformation of soft‐tissue and dose distributions.
Practice of Management Science---Anti-Trust and the Links---Estimating a Golfer's Tournament Score

The article describes the process by which a professional golfer, denied the right by an association of her peers to participate in a tournament, sought injunctive relief and damages under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The establishment of damages, described in the paper, rested upon the statistical estimation of her score and resulting winnings had she been allowed to play in the event. The summary points out that this is typical of lawsuits between athletes and sports organizations whose outcomes depend upon reconstructing an event which would have been influenced by either the participation or nonparticipation of a specific athlete.
Value transfer contributes to ambiguous-cue discrimination learning.

Pigeons learned two concurrent simultaneous discriminations in which the S2 for one served as the S1 for the other. When all correct choices were reinforced, accuracy on the former (positive vs. ambiguous-cue or PA) discrimination was lower than on the latter (negative vs. ambiguous-cue or NA) discrimination. When correct choices on the PA discrimination were intermittently reinforced, however, pigeons chose the S2 more often than the S1 on those trials. By contrast, intermittently reinforcing correct choices on the NA discrimination did not affect NA-trial accuracy but yielded higher PA-trial accuracy relative to continuous reinforcement. Together with a separate preference assessment, these results indicate that value transfer, in which some of the positive value accrued by an S1 transfers to its companion S2, contributes to ambiguous-cue performances.
Chemisorption of carbon dioxide on potassium-carbonate-promoted hydrotalcite

Abstract New equilibrium and column dynamic data for chemisorption of carbon dioxide from inert nitrogen at 400 and 520 °C were measured on a sample of potassium-carbonate-promoted hydrotalcite, which was a reversible chemisorbent for CO2. The equilibrium chemisorption isotherms were Langmuirian in the low-pressure region ( p CO 2 0.2 atm ) with a large gas–solid interaction parameter. The isotherms deviated from Langmuirian behavior in the higher pressure region. A new analytical model that simultaneously accounted for Langmuirian chemisorption of CO2 on the adsorbent surface and additional reaction between the gaseous and sorbed CO2 molecules was proposed to describe the measured equilibrium data. The model was also capable of describing the unique loading dependence of the isosteric heat of chemisorption of CO2 reported in the literature. The column breakthrough curves for CO2 sorption from inert N2 on the chemisorbent could be described by the linear driving force (LDF) model in conjunction with the new sorption isotherm. The CO2 mass-transfer coefficients were (i) independent of feed gas CO2 concentration in the range of the data at a given temperature and (ii) a weak function of temperature. The ratio of the mass-transfer zone length to the column length was very low due to highly favorable CO2 sorption equilibrium.