cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiology: Bacteria disarm host-defence proteins.

Infection with Shigella flexneri bacteria is a major cause of infant death. It emerges that S. flexneri evades intracellular defences by releasing a protein that triggers the destruction of members of a key family of host enzymes. See Letter p.378 Interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) have recently become recognized as key players in immunity to pathogens. Feng Shao and colleagues now report a mechanism by which the intestinal pathogen Shigella flexneri counteracts this host defence. They show in mice that the S. flexneri effector E3 ligase IpaH9.8 ubiquitinates multiple GBPs to initiate their proteosomal degradation during infection. Absence or disruption of IpaH9.8 activity enabled GBPs to limit bacterial growth. This targeting of host GBPs by IpaH9.8 represents a novel bacterial virulence strategy in bacterial pathogens.
Sentinels of the Type 2 Immune Response

Type 2 immune responses have evolved to sense and respond to large, non-replicating infections or non-microbial noxious compounds in tissues. The development of these responses therefore depends upon highly coordinated and tightly regulated tissue-residing cellular sensors and responders. Multiple exposure to type 2 helper T cell (Th2)-inducing stimuli further enhances both the diversity and potency of the response. This review discusses advances in our understanding of the interacting cellular subsets that comprise both primary and secondary type 2 responses. Current knowledge regarding type 2 immune responses in the lung are initially presented and are then contrasted with what is known about the small intestine. The studies described portray an immune response that depends upon well-organized tissue structures, and suggest their modulation as a therapeutic strategy.
Reciprocal relationship between sedentary behavior and mood in young adults over one-year duration

Abstract Introduction Numerous studies have examined associations between sedentary behavior (SED) and mental health outcomes, however minimal research has investigated the reciprocal relationship between mood and SED. The purpose of this study was to examine the reciprocal relationship of SED with mood in young adults. Methods 430 adults (49.3% male) aged 21–35 provided valid objective activity data, in addition to an assessment of their mood. SED is defined as less than 1.5 METS (waking hours only). In addition, participants’ mood status (Total Mood Disturbance, TMD) was assessed by the Profile of Mood State (POMS) and total stress was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). SED was assessed at baseline, 6-months and one-year, while mood and stress were assessed at baseline and one-year. Results A cross-lagged, autoregressive clustered model was used to examine simultaneous changes over time in both mood and SED allowing for both clustering and adjustment of covariates (e.g., PSS) over time. Data suggests that TMD decreased significantly over one-year, suggesting improvement in mood (p = 0.05). There were positive associations between SED and TMD; this association increased over time (p = 0.04). Mean SED remained stable over the course of the study (p = 0.71). However, higher TMD scores were associated with greater mean SED (p = 0.005), and this association remained stable over the study period (p = 0.95). Conclusion These results indicate a reciprocal relationship between mood and SED suggesting that a decrease in SED can improve mood, likewise, an improved mood may decrease SED. However, the stronger association is mood status predicting time spent in SED.
Sample selection via angular distance in the space of the arguments of an artificial neural network

Abstract In the construction of an artificial neural network (ANN) a proper data splitting of the available samples plays a major role in the training process. This selection of subsets for training, testing and validation affects the generalization ability of the neural network. Also the number of samples has an impact in the time required for the design of the ANN and the training. This paper introduces an efficient and simple method for reducing the set of samples used for training a neural network. The method reduces the required time to calculate the network coefficients, while keeping the diversity and avoiding overtraining the ANN due the presence of similar samples. The proposed method is based on the calculation of the angle between two vectors, each one representing one input of the neural network. When the angle formed among samples is smaller than a defined threshold only one input is accepted for the training. The accepted inputs are scattered throughout the sample space. Tidal records are used to demonstrate the proposed method. The results of a cross-validation show that with few inputs the quality of the outputs is not accurate and depends on the selection of the first sample, but as the number of inputs increases the accuracy is improved and differences among the scenarios with a different starting sample have and important reduction. A comparison with the K-means clustering algorithm shows that for this application the proposed method with a smaller number of samples is producing a more accurate network.
Investigating the determinants of telepresence in the e-commerce setting

Abstract While a majority of the US population uses the Internet to seek product information for purchasing decisions, U.S. Census (2017) shows only a small portion of actual retail sales occur on the Internet. Previous research shows that consumers' anxiety on performance risk is one of the core causes for this small ratio of online sales, and can be addressed by enhanced telepresence. However, few studies investigated how telepresence can be enhanced. Drawing on theories of human information processing, we identify four drivers of telepresence. The four drivers identified are Standardization of Specification, Sensory Descriptiveness, Interactivity and Feedback Quality. Our study expands the nomological network of telepresence by presenting antecedents to telepresence. The proposed model is tested using 391 online consumers and results from the study are discussed.
Sources of Error in Ion-Selective Electrode Potentiometry

The past decade has seen the development and application of a diverse number of membrane electrodes. With the advent of these sensors, potentiometry has entered a new era of usefulness ranging from fundamental studies of electrode mechanisms and the development of novel membrane materials to the more practical applications of pollution monitoring and clinical analysis. These electrodes have demonstrated unique features for the measurement of a wide variety of ionic, molecular, and gaseous species, and via the ingenuity of researchers in many fields of science, medicine, and technology, the list of applications and analytes amenable to study continues to grow.
William Apess: Autobiography and the Conversion of Subjectivity

Looking back on the work of William Apess, we can see the importance of such early Native American writing during the Jacksonian Era. This kind of writing explains the process of colonization and subjugation from the perspective of someone colonized and subjugated, a perspective often overlooked. Apess adds a unique and important perspective. Apess was not just writing his autobiography. He was using his story to convey his truth. Through his writing he claimed that Eastern Seaboard EuroAmericans greatly misunderstood and denigrated Mashpee and Pequot peoples, misrepresented early American history, and continued to unfairly subjugate Native Americans and other non- EuroAmericans. I trace shifting perspectives and subjectivities. With each shift in subjectivity, I find a changing relationship to his writing. This becomes a question of genre, freeing Apess’s writings from the restrictions ascribed to autobiography as a category of genre. The writings, especially Son of the Forest qualify as history writing, trauma writing, biography, and distinctly Native American social critique.
Nonrigid Object Segmentation: Application to Four-Chamber Heart Segmentation

In this chapter, we present an automatic object detection and segmentation framework based on Marginal Space Learning (MSL), which integrates the components described in previous chapters into a complete segmentation system. In addition, simple and efficient methods based on mesh resampling are developed to establish mesh point correspondence, required to train a mean shape for shape initialization and build a statistical shape model for object boundary delineation. We use the four-chamber heart segmentation in cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) data as an example to illustrate the segmentation framework. Most of the technologies developed for heart chamber segmentation are generic, therefore can be applied directly or adapted easily to segment other anatomies in different imaging modalities.
Editor’s Comments to Williamson

This paper accurately presents Don Williamson’s lectures at Boston University and later given at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. To experts who were present, Don’s hypothesis was far-fetched, if not simply outrageous. This incredulous reception was well-expected, since the original theoretical paper published in Progress in Oceanography [19: 87–116, 1988] had been rejected by eight other journals.
High-Density Fan-Out Technology for Advanced SiP and Heterogeneous Integration

This paper reviews the capabilities of high-density fan-out (HDFO) technology for use in advanced System-in-Package (SiP) and heterogeneous integration and presents Wafer Level SiP (WLSiP) and Wafer Level 3D (WL3D) packages for mobile, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable applications and their extension into large body multi-chip modules (MCMs) targeting networking and server applications. HDFO has extended heterogeneous integration capabilities by creating new toolboxes to be discussed in this paper.
Tidal stress modeling of Ganymede: Strike-slip tectonism and Coulomb failure

Abstract High-resolution Galileo data of Ganymede's complex surface provide strong and ubiquitous evidence of strike-slip motion: en echelon structures, strike-slip duplexes, laterally offset pre-existing features, and strained craters. In a previous study, we performed a detailed mapping of these strike-slip morphologies within nine regions of Ganymede: Dardanus Sulcus, Tiamat Sulcus, Nun Sulci, Byblus Sulcus, Nippur and Philus Sulci, the Transitional Terrain of Northern Marius Regio, Anshar Sulcus, Arbela Sulcus, and Uruk Sulcus. Strike-slip indicators were inferred in various combinations at each site, in addition to extensional processes. However, the prominence of strike-slip indicators suggests shearing has been an important process to the structural development of Ganymede's surface. Moreover, tidal stresses on Ganymede, under particular circumstances, may have been sufficient to induce Coulomb failure and generate strike-slip faulting. Here we investigate the role of both diurnal and non-synchronous rotation (NSR) tidal stresses on Ganymede using the numerical code SatStress. We resolve normal and shear tractions onto discrete fault segments of specified orientation and assess Coulomb failure potential for the nine inferred fault zones. Testing a range of subsurface fault depths (z = 0–5 km) and ice friction (μf = 0.2–0.6), we find that tidal stress models of combined diurnal and NSR stress readily promote Coulomb failure within each studied fault zone. High friction (μf = 0.6) limits failure depths to ∼1 km, while low friction (μf = 0.2) extends failure depths to ∼2 km, consistent with elastic thickness estimates. We also compare each fault zone's predicted shear sense to the inferred shear sense from our structural mapping efforts and find compatible senses of shear among six of the nine regions that exhibit notable fault offset and/or prevalent inferences of en echelon, duplexes, and strained craters. In addition, principal stress orientations and failure feasibility computed on a global scale suggest that combined diurnal and NSR tidal stresses promote Coulomb failure within the shallow (
The Psychological Experience of Awaiting Breast Diagnosis.

Author(s): Sweeny, Kate; Christianson, Deborah; McNeill, Jeanine | Abstract: BackgroundEach year, over 1 million women in the USA undergo diagnostic breast biopsies, many of which culminate in a benign outcome. However, for many patients, the experience of awaiting biopsy results is far from benign, instead provoking high levels of distress.PurposeTo take a multifaceted approach to understanding the psychological experience of patients undergoing a breast biopsy.MethodFemale patients (N = 214) were interviewed at an appointment for a breast biopsy, just prior to undergoing the biopsy procedure. Pertinent to the current investigation, the interview assessed various patient characteristics, subjective health and cancer history, support availability, outcome expectations, distress, and coping strategies.ResultsThe findings revealed a complex set of interrelationships among patient characteristics, markers of distress, and use of coping strategies. Patients who were more distressed engaged in more avoidant coping strategies. Regarding the correlates of distress and coping, subjective health was more strongly associated with distress and coping than was cancer history; perceptions of support availability were also reliably associated with distress.ConclusionTaken together, the results suggest that patients focus on their immediate experience (e.g., subjective health, feelings of risk, perceptions of support) in the face of the acute moment of uncertainty prompted by a biopsy procedure, relative to more distal considerations such as cancer history and demographic characteristics. These findings can guide clinicians' interactions with patients at the biopsy appointment and can serve as a foundation for interventions designed to reduce distress in this context.
Does the Medium Matter? Evaluating the Depth of Reflective Writing by Medical Students on Social Media Compared to the Traditional Private Essay Using the REFLECT Rubric

Author(s): Brown, Alisha Emily Cutler; Jauregui, Joshua; Ilgen, Jonathan S.; Riddell, Jeff; Schaad, Douglas; Strote, Jared; Shandro, Jamie | Abstract: Introduction: Social media is a novel medium to host reflective writing (RW) essays, yet its impact on depth of students’ reflection is unknown. Shifting reflection on to social platforms offers opportunities for students to engage with their community, yet may leave them feeling vulnerable and less willing to reflect deeply. Using sociomateriality as a conceptual framework, we aimed to compare the depth of reflection in RW samples submitted by medical students in a traditional private essay format to those posted on a secure social media platform.Methods: Fourth-year medical students submitted a RW essay as part of their emergency medicine clerkship, either in a private essay format (academic year [AY] 2015) or onto a closed, password-protected social media website (AY 2016). Five raters used the Reflection Evaluation for Learners’ Enhanced Competencies Tool (REFLECT) to score 122 de-identified RW samples (55 private, 67 social media). Average scores on two platforms were compared. Students were also surveyed regarding their comfort with the social media experience.Results: There were no differences in average composite REFLECT scores between the private essay (14.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.0-16.2) and social media (13.7 95% CI, 11.4-16.0) submission formats (t [1,120] = 0.94, p = 0.35). Of the 73% of students who responded to the survey, 72% reported feeling comfortable sharing their personal reflections with peers, and 84% felt comfortable commenting on peers’ writing.Conclusion: Students generally felt comfortable using social media for shared reflection. The depth of reflection in RW essays was similar between the private and social media submission formats.
Cite-Seeing Part II: The Bluebook's New York Bloopers

This column, the second in a series on citing, shows how all the Bluebook-citation rules and examples to New York authorities are wrong. The author urges lawyers who write to New York courts to use the New York State Official Style Guide (Tanbook) or at least the New York Rules of Style, not the Bluebook.
Extreme value statistics in flow-induced vibration over long time intervals

Cyclical loading on structures can lead to fatigue damage, and damage accumulation can be worsened from peak loading. In order to predict these peaks, extreme value statistics can be applied to limited vibration data. Tests must be conducted for long enough durations so that a representative population can be obtained. In extreme value statistics, the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution’s parameters are also dependent on measuring a representative sample. As it is often uneconomical to test for long periods of time, the proposed experiment aims to look at the behavior of extreme value statistics over long time records to determine if a “minimum requirement” is possible. A cantilever hydrofoil is vibrated under three flow conditions at two angles of attack. Extreme value statistics are applied to compare parameters and distributions for different record length increments. Statistics of each increment are used to generate return plots for the prediction of repeated tests. Errors are quantified to determine the accuracy of the different record lengths. The results will indicate how testing length influences GEV parameters and prediction in vibration, giving insight into duration requirements for future fatigue tests.Cyclical loading on structures can lead to fatigue damage, and damage accumulation can be worsened from peak loading. In order to predict these peaks, extreme value statistics can be applied to limited vibration data. Tests must be conducted for long enough durations so that a representative population can be obtained. In extreme value statistics, the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution’s parameters are also dependent on measuring a representative sample. As it is often uneconomical to test for long periods of time, the proposed experiment aims to look at the behavior of extreme value statistics over long time records to determine if a “minimum requirement” is possible. A cantilever hydrofoil is vibrated under three flow conditions at two angles of attack. Extreme value statistics are applied to compare parameters and distributions for different record length increments. Statistics of each increment are used to generate return plots for the prediction of repeated tests. Errors are quantified to d...
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia Is Associated with Dysregulation of Circadian Rhythm and Adaptive Immune Pathways in the Mouse Trigeminal Ganglia and Nucleus Accumbens

The benefits of opioid-based treatments to mitigate chronic pain can be hindered by the side effects of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) that can lead to higher consumption and risk of addiction. The present study advances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with OIH by comparing mice presenting OIH symptoms in response to chronic morphine exposure (OIH treatment) relative to control mice (CON treatment). Using RNA-Seq profiles, gene networks were inferred in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), a central nervous system region associated with pain signaling, and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region associated with reward dependency. The biological process of nucleic acid processing was over-represented among the 122 genes that exhibited a region-dependent treatment effect. Within the 187 genes that exhibited a region-independent treatment effect, circadian rhythm processes were enriched among the genes over-expressed in OIH relative to CON mice. This enrichment was supported by the differential expression of the period circadian clock 2 and 3 genes (Per2 and Per3). Transcriptional regulators in the PAR bZip family that are influenced by the circadian clock and that modulate neurotransmission associated with pain and drug addiction were also over-expressed in OIH relative to CON mice. Also notable was the under-expression in OIH relative to CON mice of the Toll-like receptor, nuclear factor-kappa beta, and interferon gamma genes and enrichment of the adaptive immune processes. The results from the present study offer insights to advance the effective use of opioids for pain management while minimizing hyperalgesia.
RETURNING A SPECIAL OPERATIONS CANDIDATE TO DUTY FOLLOWING AN AIRBORNE OPERATION INJURY: A CASE REPORT.

Background Musculoskeletal injuries are recognized as the leading health problem and primary source of injury, disability, and financial burden across the military.1-5 Special Operations Forces are at an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury due to increased physical demands, precipitous deployments, and continual training and deployment cycles.6,4 Multiple injury screening tools exist, yet decisions to return to duty are frequently deferred to individual institutional protocol or provider clinical decision making, with no accepted gold standard.2,3,4,5. Purpose The purpose of this case report is to describe the application of a system to return a Special Operations Forces candidate to duty following an ankle injury sustained during a military static line airborne operation while in the Special Forces Qualification Course. Case description The subject was a 34-year-old male with surgical fixation of a left distal fibular fracture with syndesmotic tear after landing from a static line airborne jump during the Special Forces Qualification Course. This case report provides a system to determine return to duty following an ankle fracture and provides a guide to returning a subject to participation, duty, and tactical performance training. Outcomes Outcome measures recorded were vast, as the use of multiple measures are more indicative of overall function than any single measure. Impairment based measures included Global Rating of Change Scale (GROC), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), lateral step down and Closed Chain Dorsiflexion (CCDF). Functional outcome measures included: the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™), Lower Quarter Y-Balance (LQYB), three hop tests for distance, and physical performance metrics. Discussion The most substantial challenge to this process was the lack of standardized and validated military return to duty testing and guidelines in the literature. Ideally, pre-injury assessment would provide a baseline; however, compared to peers, the subject was well within acceptable ranges for all physical performance metrics at final Return to Duty testing. The subject was returned to duty 10 months after initial injury being physically comparable to his cohorts and being able to complete all military requirements. Levels of evidence 5.
Racial disparities in colorectal cancer time-to-treatment and survival time in relation to diagnosing hospital cancer-related diagnostic and treatment capabilities.

Abstract Background There is a need to understand structural issues, such as differential access to or utilization of technologies or capabilities, to better understand racial disparities in cancer outcomes. The objective of this work was to evaluate time-to-treatment and survival in relation to cancer-related diagnostic and treatment technologies of the diagnosing hospital. Methods Colorectal tumor-level data from George Cancer Registry was merged with hospital-level cancer technology data from the American Hospital Association (2010–2015). Cox proportional hazard models were used to model time-to-treatment and time-to-death following cancer diagnosis with cancer-related technologies for colon and rectosigmoid/rectal tumors, stratified by race and controlling for personal and tumor characteristics. Results Black individuals experienced lower likelihood of treatment (HR: 0.92, 95 % CI: 0.89, 0.96) for colon tumors, but not significantly different survival (HR: 1.03, 95 % CI: 0.98, 1.09). Larger capacity or size indicators (total surgical operations, emergency room visits, and licensed beds) were associated with higher likelihood of treatment in whites, but not blacks. Higher counts of treatment related technologies were associated with better survival in whites (HR = 0.92, 95 % CI: 0.85, 0.99), but not blacks (HR: 1.07, 95 % CI: 0.95, 1.19). Virtual colonoscopy emerged as a technology related to survival favorably in whites (HR: 0.84, 95 % CI: 0.77, 0.92) and blacks (HR: 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.79, 1.00). Overall results were similar for rectosigmoid/rectal tumors as observed for colon tumors. Conclusion The role of cancer-related technologies presence or utilization for colorectal cancer outcomes and potential racial disparities warrants further research.
Multiscale investigations of europium(III) complexation with tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide confined in porous solid supports

The microscopic, short-range coordination environments and mesoscopic, long-range structures of Eu3+ in contact with tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA) confined on ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanoparticles and Amberchrom CG-71 resin were probed using Eu L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) as well as small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS and WAXS, respectively. A homoleptic Eu(TODGA)33+ coordination complex typical of liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) chemistry is present under low Eu3+ loading conditions on both solid supports. Deviations from this traditional structure motif appear at hyperstoichiometric Eu3+ loadings, above the 1 : 3 Eu3+ to TODGA mole ratio. Microcrystalline-like domains with multinuclear Eu speciation are templated by use of these high Eu3+ loading conditions with the functionalized OMC materials, highlighting a major departure of liquid–solid extraction chromatography (EXC) from the coordination chemistry of LLE. No such long-range spatial coherence was observed for analogous polyacrylic resin materials. These results demonstrate both the similarities and differences between multiscale structures in LLE and EXC, underscoring the opportunities for improved separation techniques based on solid supports with long-range spatial coherence (e.g., OMC systems) and without it (e.g., resin materials). Since crystallization was the first approach to adjacent lanthanide separations, the prospect of templating microcrystalline TODGA–lanthanide complexes that are otherwise not prone to crystallization by use of OMC nanoparticles represents a new entry to addressing long-standing issues in purification by liquid–solid phase separation.
A non-olfactory shark adenosine receptor activates CFTR with unique pharmacology and structural features

Adenosine receptors (ADORs) are G-protein coupled purinoceptors that have several functions including regulation of chloride secretion via CFTR in human airway and kidney. We cloned an ADOR from Squalus acanthias (shark) that likely regulates CFTR in the rectal gland. Phylogenic- and expression-analyses indicate that elasmobranch ADORs are non-olfactory, and appear to represent extant predecessors of mammalian ADORs. We therefore designate the shark ADOR as the A0 receptor. We co-expressed A0 with CFTR in Xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized the coupling of A0 to the chloride channel. Two electrode voltage clamping was performed and current-voltage (I-V) responses were recorded to monitor CFTR status. Only in A0- and CFTR-co-injected oocytes did adenosine analogs produce a significant dose-dependent activation of CFTR consistent with its electrophysiological signature. A pharmacological profile for A0 was obtained for ADOR agonists and antagonists that differed markedly from all mammalian ADOR subtypes (agonists: R-PIA > S-PIA > CGS21680 > CPA > 2ClADO > CV1808 = DPMA > NECA) and (antagonists: DPCPX > PD115199 > 8PT > CGC > CGS15943). Structures of human ADORs permitted a high-confidence homology model of the shark A0 core which revealed unique structural features of ancestral receptors. We conclude: (1) A0 is a novel and unique adenosine receptor ancestor by functional and structural criteria; (2) A0 likely activates CFTR in vivo and this receptor activates CFTR in oocytes indicating an evolutionary coupling between ADORs and chloride secretion; and (3) A0 appears to be a non-olfactory evolutionary ancestor of all four mammalian ADOR subtypes. Significance StatementWe have cloned and characterized an ancient adenosine receptor from sharks that is unlikely to be olfactory in function. The shark receptor, which we designate as A0, has a unique pharmacological profile, characteristic structural features, and is also highly likely to be the dominant ADOR regulator of the shark ancient ortholog of the Cystic Fibrosis chloride channel, called CFTR.
Role-related library use by local union officials: Book Reviews

A questionnaire was distributed to local union officials in Illinois in order to determine the officials' use of various types of libraries, their satisfaction with their experience in using the libraries, the problems they encountered in library use, and their opinion of various ways in which libraries might be made more useful to them. They were also asked whether they had had training in how to find information. Respondents to the survey used more than one type of library, and their union role had an impact on which type they were likely to use. They used different types of libraries to find different types of information. In general they were satisfied with their library experience, but they found library collections inadequate for their needs. Respondents who had had training in how to find information appeared to use libraries more but differed little in the frequency or types of problems encountered from those who had no training. When asked their opinion on various suggestions for improving library service to local union officials, they preferred measures that gave greater emphasis to increasing labor materials in library collections. The findings of this study, combined with those of our earlier study (Chaplan & Hertenstein, 2002), suggest that an information seeking model developed by Wilkinson (2001) may be useful in explaining union officials' information seeking behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of Word Retrieval Difficulties in the Normally Aging Population

Purpose This study examined variations in performance on different verbal tasks completed by typically aging, non-neurologically impaired adults who self-identified as either having or not having w...
Banking Sector: Balance Sheet Profits Decline

Balance sheet profits declined markedly in January-July 2018 compared to the same period of 2017 mainly because of resumed growth in loan loss provisions. A positive factor was represented by growth in net interest income and in profits from regular banking operations.
Men have ability, women are lucky: A pre-registered experiment examining gender bias in knowledge attribution

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of gender on knowledge attribution using a Justified True Belief (JTB) framework. A 2 (gender: male, female) × 3 (knowledge case: knowledge control, Gettier, ignorance control) experimental design was used with a sample of 420 U.S. adults. Contrary to hypotheses, participants attributed similar levels of knowledge to male and female agents across all knowledge conditions; participants also rated males and females as equally likely to have the 'right' answer across knowledge conditions. However, knowledge was more likely to be attributed to luck (as opposed to ability) for female agents than it was for male agents across knowledge conditions and scenarios. This result suggests that while overt forms of gender bias may be fading, more covert forms still exist. Secondary analyses also showed that the JTB methodology was not robust to scenario type or knowledge condition. Comprehension was affected by both knowledge condition (knowledge vs. Gettier/ignorance) and the specific content of the hypothetical scenario presented (e.g., squirrel vs. jewelery). These confounds should be addressed in future JTB studies as it is possible that differences between knowledge and Gettier cases are due to misunderstanding the scenarios rather than beliefs about knowledge. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Ford Motor Company v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court: Lots of Questions, Some Answers

In Ford Motor Company v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, the Supreme Court handed down its seventh personal jurisdiction decision in the last ten years. Ford—involving two consolidated state-court products liability suits alleging defects in the defendants’ cars that injured forum-state residents in their home states—is the only case in the Supreme Court’s decade-long spate of jurisdictional decisions to find the minimum contacts test satisfied. In this Article, we examine all three opinions of the case. Ford is a welcome return to serious consideration of the fairness of the assertion of jurisdiction. Unlike its six immediate predecessors, Ford considers not only the burden on the defendant in asserting jurisdiction, but also the unfairness to the plaintiff if the Court were to not allow jurisdiction. That said, Ford leaves open many important questions, which we explore. The consequences of the majority’s splitting the “arise out of or relate to” test for specific jurisdiction are not entirely clear. It remains an open question as to under what circumstances a non-causal relationship will suffice and when the presumably more demanding “arise out of” test must be met. We explore several hypothetical factual scenarios in which jurisdiction would depend on which formulation of relatedness is employed.
Conversion Calls for Confrontation

James Baldwin, emerging from the fertile cultural ground of the black church, regularly infuses his work with the rhetoric and the stylistic remnants of his experiences as the stepson of a preacher, who later ascended into the pulpit himself. Throughout his fiction, drama, and essays, Baldwin’s attraction to the church as a literary resource, replete with performance elements of spectacle, ritual, and poetry, is apparent.
Processing of Pattern-Based Information: Part I

This paper is the first of a series in which we attempt to formulate a conceptual framework for the combined use of some aspects of the pattern recognition (PR) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to the processing of information represented in the form of patterns. This is not to say that there is no such interaction at the present time, but it is of limited extent, and it would be helpful if a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the relationships between the two information processing areas was available.
The Riemann Mapping Theorem

In this chapter we give the general proof of the Riemann mapping theorem. We also prove a general result about the boundary behavior.
Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. I. Patterns of cell division.

Abstract The growth pattern in Hydra littoralis was studied histologically, by methods of mitotic counting and radioautographic analysis of tritiated thymidine incorporation into cell nuclei. Some of the hydra were maintained individually for a month before experimentation and appeared to be in a mature, steady state growth condition. Mitotic figures and nuclear thymidine incorporation were abundant among each of the five classes of cells distinguished: epitheliomuscular, interstitial, nonepithelial epidermal, basal, and digestive cells. The abundance of mitotic figures was dependent on the culturing conditions, the availability of food, and the time of day. However, the axial distribution of mitotic figures was quite independent of these factors. Mitotic cells were found broadly distributed over the body column and were absent only in the distal parts of the tentacles and in the distal hypostomal gastrodermis. There was no localized region which can be called a specialized zone of growth. This pattern of mitotic activity is consistent with the tissue movements observed in normal hydra and with the general morphogenetic plasticity which hydra exhibit.
Anatomical risk factors for internal carotid artery dissection: a novel metric (LB50)

Internal carotid artery (ICA) dissections are a major cause of ischemic stroke in young adult population, with 70% occurring in persons aged 35-50. Past studies investigated vascular pathology within the layers of the vessel, such as atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, and connective tissue disease (CTD). Yet, these risk factors are uncommon in young patients, and CTD accounts for only 1-5% of spontaneous arterial dissections. A putative mechanism for these events involves aberrant anatomical variants in the exposed cervical portion of the ICA; 75% of spontaneous dissections occur in this region, usually 2cm from the ICA/ECA bifurcation. In this study, we measured external diameter, bifurcating angle, and extracranial vessel length in a mixed sample of cadaveric dissections from SUNY Downstate anatomy laboratory (n=24). Measures were used to calculate a novel metric of vascular resistance using Poiseuille’s Law, which we termed the “relative vascular resistance” (RVR), at the instance of bifurcation...
The Importance of Resource Allocation in Administrative Law: A Case Study of Judicial Review of Agency Inaction under the Administrative Procedure Act

The Supreme Court's decision in Massachusetts v. EPA is only the most recent example of judicial review of an agency's decision not to take a regulatory action. Despite the importance of this type of judicial review, it has received very little analysis by administrative law scholars or the courts, and the caselaw in the field is ambiguous and confused. As a result, there are serious questions about the nature and scope of judicial review of agency decisions not to take regulatory actions - with some scholars and leading judges calling for sharply limiting this type of judicial review because of the risk new regulation might pose to individual liberty. This paper examines an alternative set of principles to guide judicial review of agency decisions not to regulate - a trade-off between judicial deference to agency decisions as to how to allocate their resources and judicial enforcement of clear Congressional commands to agencies. A proper understanding of that trade-off provides us with guidelines for understanding how and why courts should be intervening in some, but not in other, situations where agencies have refused to take regulatory action. Moreover, the trade-off more broadly helps explain varying levels of judicial deference outside the context of judicial review of agency inaction - and it helps explain why the Supreme Court has set aside certain types of agency decisions as presumptively unreviewable by the courts. Finally, when courts strike the proper balance between judicial deference to agency resource allocation and enforcement of clear Congressional commands they will be able to ameliorate the worst types of public choice failures that might arise from the implementation of regulatory programs that can broadly benefit society, but at the expense of concentrated costs imposed on small groups.
Characterization of a 16-bit threshold logic single-electron technology adder

Single electron technology (SET) is one of the future technologies distinguished by its small and low-power devices. SET also provides simple and elegant solutions for threshold-logic gates (TLGs). This paper presents the design of an optimal TLG adder implemented in SET. This 16-bit Kogge-Stone style adder was fully designed and simulated using a Monte Carlo simulator. The simulation results give a quantitative estimate of both the delay and the power dissipation of the adder. The characteristics of our adder are compared with recent results estimating the energy-delay characteristics of advanced CMOS adders.
What Is in a Namespace

Building large-scale distributed systems that are decentralized is challenging. Distributed Hash Tables, or structured overlays, attempted to make the process of building these distributed systems easier, by abstracting away many of the complexities of the physical topology, and provide a virtual namespace. The virtual namespace can then be exploited, for example to build or maintain other data structures like a tree to support application-level multicast or group communication. Because the namespace is independent of the underlying physical topology, it can be used to help mitigate the impact of network topology change, for example through churn. A challenge is to understand how to exploit the difference between a physical topology and a virtual topology (or namespace). In the first half of the talk, using examples from a number of systems I have worked on over the years, I will highlight how a namespace can be used and the differences between algorithms designed to work in virtual versus physical topologies. In the second half of the talk I will then outline how recently we have begun more deeply exploring the relationship between physical and virtual topologies. The first is exploiting a virtual topology to enable disruption-tolerant routing protocols that can work on networks that are frequently and dynamically partitioning. The second is examining how we can build physical topologies that are more aligned to a virtual topology, and how this makes building servers that run in Internet-scale Data Centres easier to implement.
Zinc and copper balance studies in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition

To determine the adequacy of zinc and copper supplementation for infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), we performed 24-h balance studies in infants with diarrhea and infants who had recently undergone surgery. Measurements were made at base line, 1, and 2 wk. Mean serum Zn and Cu levels of the diarrhea group remained normal and were low in the postoperative group but normalized over the study period. Mean 24-h Zn and Cu balances were positive in infants with diarrhea and negative in postoperative infants. The high Zn and Cu content in the gastrointestinal fluid loss associated with surgery may have accounted in part for this finding. Normal serum levels of Zn and Cu did not guarantee positive balance. No significant changes were found in serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, or ceruloplasmin. The current Zn and Cu recommendations may be appropriate only for hospitalized infants who have no excessive gastrointestinal fluid losses.
Valsalva retinopathy: diagnostic challenges in a patient with pars-planitis

. Purpose: To describe a case of Valsalva retinopathy in a patient with pars-planitis and to discuss its management Methods: We present a case of a 19-year-old male with a six-month history of bilateral intermediate uveitis, referred for evaluation of recent-onset spontaneous bilateral vitreous hemorrhages. Clinical evaluation and fluorescein angiography were negative for the presence of neovascularization. On closer questioning the patient revealed that he had his most recent symptoms after heavy weight lifting. Results: The patient was instructed to avoid heavy weight lifting. Over the next two months, vitreal hemorrhages had resolved. However, despite the treatment with systemic prednisone, the patient's intermediate uveitis was still active, and cystoid macular edema had developed. Therefore, we proceeded to systemic immunomodulatory therapy, which controlled the inflammation and preserved vision in each eye. Conclusions: Although a very rare cause, Valsalva maneuver should be included in the differential diagnosis of bilateral vitreous hemorrhages. Ophthalmologists should advise patients with known eye problems that can predispose to vitreal hemorrhages to refrain from it.
Vibrational analysis of 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were obtained for 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne. Vibrational assignments were made with the aid of normal coordinate calculations that utilized a 20-parameter modified valence force field, with the values of the force constants being transferred from 4-methyl-2-pentyne. Molecular mechanics calculations were also made in order to calculate the molecular geometry and heat of formation.
Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo

It has been proposed that low density lipoprotein (LDL) must undergo oxidative modification before it can give rise to foam cells, the key component of the fatty streak lesion of atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL probably generates a broad spectrum of conjugates between fragments of oxidized fatty acids and apolipoprotein B. We now present three mutually supportive lines of evidence for oxidation of LDL in vivo: (i) Antibodies against oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde-lysine, or 4-hydroxynonenal-lysine recognize materials in the atherosclerotic lesions of LDL receptor-deficient rabbits; (ii) LDL gently extracted from lesions of these rabbits is recognized by an antiserum against malondialdehyde-conjugated LDL; (iii) autoantibodies against malondialdehyde-LDL (titers from 512 to greater than 4096) can be demonstrated in rabbit and human sera.
Status of the U.S. effort in atomic physics research relevant to the magnetically confined fusion program

Abstract The status of atomic physics research in the United States relevant to magnetically confined fusion plasmas is briefly reviewed. Program support is concentrated on performing benchmark experiments to confirm theory which will be used for a large fraction of the required data base. Recent advances and present needs in electron-ion collisions, low energy collisions in ion sources, and atomic structure are emphasized.
Plasma-derived exosomal survivin, a plausible biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer.

Background: Survivin is expressed in prostate cancer (PCa), and its downregulation sensitizes PCa cells to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Small membrane-bound vesicles called exosomes, secreted from the endosomal membrane compartment, contain RNA and protein that they readily transport via exosome internalization into recipient cells. Recent progress has shown that tumor-derived exosomes play multiple roles in tumor growth and metastasis and may produce these functions via immune escape, tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Furthermore, exosome analysis may provide novel biomarkers to diagnose or monitor PCa treatment. Methods: Exosomes were purified from the plasma and serum from 39 PCa patients, 20 BPH patients, 8 prostate cancer recurrent and 16 healthy controls using ultracentrifugation and their quantities and qualities were quantified and visualized from both the plasma and the purified exosomes using ELISA and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Survivin was significantly increased in the tumor-derived samples, compared to those from BPH and controls with virtually no difference in the quantity of Survivin detected in exosomes collected from newly diagnosed patients exhibiting low (six) or high (nine) Gleason scores. Exosome Survivin levels were also higher in patients that had relapsed on chemotherapy compared to controls. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that Survivin exists in plasma exosomes from both normal, BPH and PCa subjects. The relative amounts of exosomal Survivin in PCa plasma was significantly higher than in those with pre-inflammatory BPH and control plasma. This differential expression of exosomal Survivin was seen with both newly diagnosed and advanced PCa subjects with high or low-grade cancers. Analysis of plasma exosomal Survivin levels may offer a convenient tool for diagnosing or monitoring PCa and may, as it is elevated in low as well as high Gleason scored samples, be used for early detection.