cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive Behavior of Semi-Solid Metal Alloy Slurries

The constitutive flow behavior of semi-solid metal alloy slurries has been modeled using an internal variable framework. The formulation represents the primary flow response of these materials: history dependence (thixotropy), steady state shear rate thinning(pseudoplasticity) and constant internal structure shear rate thickening (dilatancy). The flow response at any given structure has been decoupled from structure-dependent response in carefully controlled rapid transient experiments done on a computer-controlled, high temperature, Couette geometry rheometer. The data for Sn-15wt% Pb correlates well with the model.
Soluble TRAIL in normal pregnancy and acute pyelonephritis: a potential explanation for the susceptibility of pregnant women to microbial products and infection.

AbstractObjective: Pregnancy is characterized by activation of the innate immune response demonstrated by phenotypic and metabolic changes in granulocytes and monocytes. This state of activation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiorgan dysfunction of pregnant women with acute viral or bacterial infection. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is one of the mediators responsible for neutrophil apoptosis. Gene deletion of TRAIL results in delayed neutrophil apoptosis and resolution of inflammation after the administration of bacterial endotoxin. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal plasma concentrations of the soluble form of TRAIL (sTRAIL) differ in women with uncomplicated pregnancy and those with acute pyelonephritis.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to include women in the following groups: (1) non-pregnant (n = 23); (2) uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 93) and (3) pregnancies with acute pyelonephritis (n = 23). Plasma concentrations...
Virtual hierarchies to support server consolidation

Server consolidation is becoming an increasingly popular technique to manage and utilize systems. This paper develops CMP memory systems for server consolidation where most sharing occurs within Virtual Machines (VMs). Our memory systems maximize shared memory accesses serviced within a VM, minimize interference among separate VMs, facilitate dynamic reassignment of VMs to processors and memory, and support content-based page sharing among VMs. We begin with a tiled architecture where each of 64 tiles contains a processor, private L1 caches, and an L2 bank. First, we reveal why single-level directory designs fail to meet workload consolidation goals. Second, we develop the paper's central idea of imposing a two-level virtual (or logical) coherence hierarchy on a physically flat CMP that harmonizes with VM assignment. Third, we show that the best of our two virtual hierarchy (VH) variants performs 12-58% better than the best alternative flat directory protocol when consolidating Apache, OLTP, and Zeus commel workloads on our simulated 64-core CMP.
Sorbate/sorbent phase transition during adsorption of p-xylene in silicalite

An analytically solvable lattice model was used to study the difference in the physics of p-xylene adsorption in ORTHO and PARA phases of silicalite. The model predicts that a phase transition of p-xylene in the pore space does not necessarily require a silicalite-phase transition. Conditions for the sorbate-phase transition are identified. The sign of the sorbate-sorbate interactions is critical to sorbate-phase transition. It is suggested that although the sorbate- and sorbent-phase transitions can be distinct events, there is strong coupling between the two. It is reasonable to suppose that the fluid-phase change may drive the zeolite phase change. Finally, this equilibrium study suggests the possibility of hysteresis at higher coverages depending on the kinetics of adsorption.
2′‐Deoxy‐2′,2′‐di­fluoro­cytidine mono­hydro­chloride (Gemcitabine hydro­chloride)

Gemcitabine hydro­chloride (2′-deoxy-2′,2′-di­fluoro­cytidine hydro­chloride), C9H12N3F2O4+·Cl−, is a β-nucleoside that is of pharmaceutical interest as an antitumor agent. The N atom of the cytidine ring is protonated due to salt formation. The sugar residue adopts a C3′-endo and C4′-exo conformation. In the asymmetric unit, gemcitabine cations and chloride ions are linked by N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, screw-related gemcitabine cations are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form molecular columns along the c axis and adjacent columns are interlinked by N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.
Mathematics Anxiety and the Affective Drop in Performance

The authors provide a brief review of the history and assessment of math anxiety, its relationship to personal and educational consequences, and its important impact on measures of performance. Overall, math anxiety causes an “affective drop,” a decline in performance when math is performed under timed, high-stakes conditions, both in laboratory tests as well as in educational settings. This means that math achievement and proficiency scores for math-anxious individuals are underestimates of true ability. The primary cognitive impact of math anxiety is on working memory, particularly problematic given the important role working memory plays in math performance. The authors conclude with a discussion of risk factors for math anxiety and some factors to be kept in mind when working with math-anxious students.
Systems Thinking as an Emergent Team Property: Ongoing research into the enablers and barriers to team-level systems thinking

This paper describes ongoing research exploring systems thinking at the team level. Termed collaborative systems thinking by the authors, the concept of higher level systems thinking is envisioned as a means both to build workforce competency and to explicitly deal with system complexity at a higher level within an organization. This paper introduces the key research questions, an initial definition of collaborative systems thinking, demographic and technical motivators, and summarizes the research progress to date and plan for completion. The results of this research will inform the design of technical processes and provide empirical knowledge to support workforce development interventions aimed at developing systems thinking within engineering teams. The role of organizational culture is also considered as a factor in enabling collaborative systems thinking.
Confinement-induced order of tethered alkyl chains at the water/vapor interface

Packing of tethered alkyl chains in Langmuir monolayers of a hairy-rod polypeptide poly[γ-4-(n-hexadecyloxy)benzyl α,L-glutamate] on water has been studied by x-ray scattering measurements at room temperature. The rods lie parallel to the surface while the alkyl side chains segregate toward the vapor. Results indicate that the herringbone order of the alkyl chains is established initially by one-dimensionally confined chains between aligned rods and grows laterally with compression.
Organic Carbon in Soil and the Global Carbon Cycle

Soil organic matter is, simultaneously, the most inert carbon cycle component of terrestrial ecosystems, and the most dynamic component of terrestrial geologic systems placing it in a pivotal position in the biogeochemistry of carbon. The large size and potentially long residence time of the soil organic matter pool make it an important component of the global carbon cycle (Schlesinger 1977, Post et al. 1982, 1985). Figure 1 shows the relationship of the soil organic matter pool to other components of global terrestrial ecosystems with both significantly longer and shorter turnover times. Net terrestrial primary production of about 60 Pg C·yr-1 is, over a several-year period of time, balanced by an equivalent flux of litter production and subsequent decomposition of detritus and soil organic matter (Post et al. 1990). Using estimates in Figure 1, the turnover time, T t , of all organic matter (litter and soil of Figure 1) globally is $$T_t=\frac{litter+soil}{litterfall}=\frac{1372}{62}=22 years$$ (1) However, the input rates and decomposition rates for different terrestrial ecosystems vary over several orders of magnitude resulting in widely different amounts and turnover rates of soil organic matter. The amounts of carbon stored in soils and the rates of exchange of soil carbon with the atmosphere depend on many factors related to the chemistry, biology, and physics of soil and soil organic matter.
IP Fast Reroute for Double-Link Failure Recovery

Failure recovery using IP fast reroute (IPFRR) has gained much attention recently. The basic idea is to find backup paths and configure the routing tables in advance. After a failure is detected, the pre-determined backup paths are used immediately to forward the affected packets. Since the calculation and configuration are performed in advance, the recovery can be completed very quickly. IPFFR is considered as a promising approach to enhance the survivability of IP networks. While single failure recovery has been extensively researched, using IPFRR for double-link failure recovery remains as a great challenge. We propose a solution for this issue called Efficient SCan for Alternate Paths for double-link failure recovery (ESCAP-DL). ESCAP-DL guarantees 100% coverage from both single and double-link failures and has the advantages of low complexity and resource requirement. The scheme resumes packet forwarding immediately after failures are detected and does not require failure advertising throughout the network.
Integrating computer-aided software engineering and user interface management systems

Oregon Speedcode Universe (OSU) is a software development environment for design, implementation, and maintenance of large software systems. Designed to be highly visual, OSU combines traditional structured-analysis techniques found in most computer-aided software engineering tools with the advanced graphical user-interface management systems found on most contemporary workstations. The design and implementation of four minute features of OSU are described: (1) the combination of functional decomposition with object-oriented design; (2) alternate architectural views, e.g. call graph, uses graph, object graph, and graphical display of procedures; (3) program understanding tools for design and maintenance; and (4) merging the user-interface specification with design and coding specifications. >
Characterization of baroreflex gain in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

Birds have a remarkable capacity to regulate circulation yet little is known about the avian baroreflex. Although both linear regression and curve-fitting techniques are frequently used to assess baroreflex function in mammals, only the former technique has been used in birds. We characterized baroreflex gain in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and compared gain values derived from applying linear regression to ramp changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) to values derived from fitting a four-parameter sigmoidal function to steady-state alterations in MAP. We found that, unlike mammals, pigeons do not display circadian patterns in MAP, HR or gain derived from bolus injections of vasoactive drugs. The pressor, but not depressor response, was attenuated by administration of the NMDA-antagonist ketamine, suggesting that central processing of the baroreflex may be similar in birds and mammals despite anatomical differences in arterial baroreceptive zones. Because graded infusions of vasoactive drugs could not consistently produce a plateau in the HR response, fitting data to a sigmoidal curve was difficult. Thus, we propose that variations of the Oxford method and linear regression analysis are superior method to assess baroreflex gain in pigeons than curve fitting.
Quantitative measurement of aging using image texture entropy

Motivation: A key element in understanding the aging of Caenorhabditis elegans is objective quantification of the morphological differences between younger and older animals. Here we propose to use the image texture entropy as an objective measurement that reflects the structural deterioration of the C.elegans muscle tissues during aging. Results: The texture entropy and directionality of the muscle microscopy images were measured using 50 animals on Days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 of adulthood. Results show that the entropy of the C.elegans pharynx tissues increases as the animal ages, but a sharper increase was measured between Days 2 and 4, and between Days 8 and 10. These results are in agreement with gene expression findings, and support the contention that the process of C.elegans aging has several distinct stages. This can indicate that C.elegans aging is driven by developmental pathways, rather than stochastic accumulation of damage. Availability: The image data are freely available on the Internet at http://ome.grc.nia.nih.gov/iicbu2008/celegans, and the Haralick and Tamura texture analysis source code can be downloaded at http://ome.grc.nia.nih.gov/wnd-charm. Contact: shamirl@mail.nih.gov
Linkages between Microtubules and Membranes in Cilia and Flagella

In comparison with ciliary and flagellar axonemes, relatively little is known about the structure, composition, or function of ciliary membranes or about the bridge structures that link the membranes to the microtubules. Bridges link the membrane to the microtubules at the ciliary bases, along the length of the axoneme, and to the distal tips of the doublet and central pair microtubules (Fig. 1). The role of each type of bridge structure in ciliary function is not understood but they appear to anchor the membrane to the microtubules, bind proteins or other structures to the external surface of the membrane, and may be involved with the transport of proteins up and down the flagellum. The capping structures linking the distal tips of the microtubules to the membrane may be responsible for the initiation and regulation of microtubule growth. This chapter will review some aspects of microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia and flagella with an expectation that the mechanisms regulating these interactions will provide insight into ciliary and flagellar function as well as aspects of microtubule function and assembly in the cytoplasm.
Further Applications of Decoupling

In this chapter we present several additional applications of decoupling. The first section gives several results for randomly stopped U-statistics, including an extension of Wald’s equations. This result contains as a special case Wald’s second equation for sums and is the basis for extensions of sequential methods to U-statistics. We also develop several bounds (some of which are shown to be sharp) on the Lp-norm of randomly stopped U-statistics and apply these results to prove convergence of moments in Anscombe’s theorem for U-statistics. The key tools for the second part of Section 8.1 consist of bounds on the moments of U-statistics including an extension of Levy’s inequality for the La-norm of sums of independent mean zero random variables to the case of U-statistics with degenerate kernels (already encountered, albeit implicitly, in Chapter 4). This extension of Levy’s inequality shows that, in certain aspects, U--statistics behave more like sums of independent random variables than like martingales (in other aspects like, e.g., regarding the law of large numbers, converse part--see Section 4.1—, U-statistics do not behave at all as sums of independent variables).
Flexible query facilities for heterogeneous semi-structured data

This dissertation studies flexible query facilities for semi-structured data in a heterogeneous environment, with a focus on XML databases. The popularity of XML naturally follows from the needs of querying XML documents from a wide spectrum of users. Although formal database query languages such as XQuery can provide precise access to XML data, the challenges of querying XML using such rigid formal database languages---i.e., requiring users to have perfect knowledge of database schema, query language syntax and query semantics---leads to the requests for flexible yet accurate query facilities over XML documents. This dissertation discusses a two-part solution for supporting flexible queries over XML documents: (a) Schema-Free XQuery that allows database queries to be specified with limited or even no schema knowledge and (b) Natural Language Interface for Querying XML (NaLIX) that can translate database queries with complex semantics in plain English into Schema-Free XQuery expressions. NaLIX enables users to pose complex database queries in plain English without knowing any formal query language or underlying database schema. Iterative user search is also supported in NaLIX by allowing queries to be stated with respect to previous queries. NaLIX does not depend on any domain knowledge. However, it can be improved further by automatically learning domain information. We also present a novel stack-based algorithm and cost-based optimization techniques to allow these techniques, Schema-Free XQuery and NaLIX, to be implemented efficiently. In addition, we report experimental results that validate the proposed solution. Finally, we discuss how our solution improves the state-of-art through comparison with previous work.
Peripheral intravenous infusion of amino acids

The use of hypocaloric solutions of 3-5% amino acids, given through peripheral veins, is reviewed within the context of the protein-sparing concept. Because of technical problems associated with the use of central venous total parenteral nutrition, peripheral venous hypocaloric parenteral nutrition has been used in patients requiring short-term nutritional therapy who cannot receive adequate enteral nutrients. Partial parenteral nutrition is bases on the protein-sparing concept, which maintains that by simulating a mild fasting state in which body fat is used for energy, protein breakdown through gluconeogenesis is minimized if the patient receives adequate exogenous protein. Nitrogen balance is thus maintained at near-zero levels. Patients in whom protein-sparing therapy should be considered include well-nourished patients with normal adipose stores, skeletal muscle, and visceral protein, and who are expected to receive enteral nutrition in 7-10 days. Patients whose clinical status would be threatened by a slightly negative nitrogen balance or ketosis should not be placed on hypocaloric peripheral nutrition. Specific indications for peripheral infusion of amino acids are discussed. The use of hypocaloric solutions of amino acids through peripheral veins is a safer and less complicated technique than central venous total parenteral nutrition. The amino acids solution may be administered alone or with glucose, fat emulsion, or limited enteral feedings. Adverse effects are minimal; thrombophlebitis may occur with amino acid-glucose solutions but may be minimized by adding hydrocortisone and heparin to the infusion.
Reduction in Photosynthetic and Transpiration Rates of Alfalfa Caused by Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Infestations

Gas exchange rates of potted alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., grown under greenhouse conditions and infested with potato leafhoppers, Empoasca fabae (Harris), from an insectary culture were used to estimate reductions in photosynthesis and transpiration caused by infestations of 192, 120, 96, 72, 60, 36, 24, 12, and 0 leafhopper-hours, by caging 8, 5, 3, 1, or 0 insects on individual stems for 24 or 12 h. An exponential decay model fit the laboratory data, but halving exposure time doubled the decay coefficient, lambda. A cage effect was demonstrated by estimating increases in stomatal resistances that paralleled increases in the hours alfalfa was caged. Observed differences in lambda for the two exposures were attributed to this cage effect, but both measured values for lambda were different from zero. The nonzero slope of each line indicated that damage increased logarithmically with the density of leafhoppers. Quantified reduction in photosynthesis caused by these insects feeding under laboratory conditions will be useful in predicting yield loss in the field once the relationship between dry-matter production and photosynthesis is understood.
Mesoscale Study of Proton Transport in Proton Exchange Membranes: Role of Morphology

The influence of morphology on proton transport in proton exchange membranes (PEM) is studied at the mesoscale using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), a mesh-free particle method for solving continuity equations. By solving the Nernst–Planck equation for proton transport in lamellar, cylinder, and cluster morphologies, we find that the proton conductivity for cluster morphology is much lower than lamellar and cylinder morphology at all hydration levels. This suggests the porosity and tortuosity in PEM morphology can reduce proton transport significantly at the mesoscale. We also investigated the effect of including a position-dependent diffusion constant (PDDC) tied to the local morphology, which is usually ignored in studies of proton transport in confinement. We calculated the PDDC in lamellar PEM using both quantitative and phenomenological approaches. SPH calculations show that conductivities for PEM systems with a PDDC can vary compared with systems with uniform diffusion constant. Therefore, it...
The Habermasian public sphere and science in the enlightenment

La connaissance scientifique est configuree dans la societe de telle sorte qu'elle permet l'articulation entre la pratique et la theorie et definit les caracteristiques de professions nouvelles telle que la medecine
Impacts of GPS Loss of Synchronization on TD-SCDMA Network Performance

There often occurs Global Positioning System (GPS) loss of synchronization in Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) system because GPS signals may be disturbed by other system signals and sheltered from some buildings.Long-time loss of synchronization will lead to time deviation between NodeBs.When this time deviation is big enough,neighboring cell searching of mobile phones and intercell handover may fail and Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS) interfere with Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS),which will make network quality bad with handover failure,call dropping and low call succeeding ratio.In such a case,user experience will be badly affected.With our tests and analysis,we find that the TD-SCDMA network quality has obvious decrease when the GPS loss of synchronization goes over 4 chips,that the mobile phone fails to search a neighboring cell when the loss of synchronization goes over 10 chips,and that there is little UpPTS interference in the first-circle and second-circle neighboring cells when the loss of synchronization goes below 16 chips.The study results show that the allowable GPS loss of synchronization should be below 4 chips in TD-SCDMA system.
Sedimentary Facies of the Second Member of Damoguaihe Formation in the South of Urxun Sag,Hailar Basin

Based on coring data,well logging data and seismic data,sedimentary facies study of the second member of damoguaihe formation in the south of Urxun sag is developed,lacustrine facies and delta facies are identified. The lacustrine facies develops shallow lake subfacies and deep lake subfacies,the delta facies develops delta plain and delta front subfacies. Delta plain and delta front subfacies develop sand body,distributary channel,underwater distributary channel and mouth bar are most developed,they are favorable reservoir facies belt in the region of interest.
Detection of QTL for Resistance to Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Viral Disease

The rice black-streaked dwarf viral disease (RBSDV), transmitted by the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, was one of the most serious diseases in rice in south China. Breeding of RBSDV resistance variety using marker-assisted selection was effective measure to reduce the disease damage. For achieving this aim, QTL mapping of resistance to RBSDV was studied using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from the cross between Zhenshan 97B and Minghui 63. Reactions of 242 RILs to RBSDV were investigated by natural infection method in Agricultural College of Yangzhou University and Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute, and scored by the incidence of RBSDV. The trait of RBSDV incidence was normally distributed and marked bias towards the resistant parent, which implied that they were controlled by quantitative trait loci. Six QTLs for resistance to RBSDV were detected by WinQTLcart 2.5 software. Two adjacent QTLs were mapped on chromosome 6, two on chromosome 11, one on chromosomes 7 and 9, respectively. Four QTLs on chromosomes 6, 7, and 9 could be detected in two locations, and were stably expressed across the two environments. There had not been any reports about location of QTL for resistance of rice stripe virus and planthopper, which suggested that six QTLs in this study were really resistant to RBSDV. Two QTLs on chromosome 6 were with main effect, and their contributions to the total variation were 20.20% and 18.68% with LOD scores of 12.09 and 9.77 respectively, moreover, they had high value for study on genetics of RBSDV and should be useful in marker-assisted selection for resistance to RBSDV.
An axial domain of HOM/Hox gene expression is formed by morphogenetic alignment of independently specified cell lineages in the leech Helobdella

The homeobox gene Lox2, a member of the HOM/Hox gene class, is expressed in a restricted domain along the anteroposterior (A-P) body axis of the leech Helobdella. The segmental tissues of the leech embryo arise from the parallel merger of five distinct and bilaterally paired cell lineages generated by embryonic stem cells or teloblasts. Injection of cell lineage tracers coupled with anti-LOX2 immunochemistry reveals that all five teloblast lineages generate central nervous system neurons that express the LOX2 protein, and that each lineage expresses LOX2 within a similar domain of body segments. Some lineally identified neurons display anti-LOX2 immunoreactivity over the entire expression domain, but the OM7 neuron has a distinctively high level of LOX2 expression, which is restricted to the seventh midbody ganglion. To ascertain the role of positional information in the axial patterning of LOX2 expression, we performed focal cell ablations that displaced one or another of the teloblast lineages out of segmental register with the other axial tissues. Such displacements brought about a corresponding shift in the LOX2 expression of the perturbed lineage, and had little or no effect on the LOX2 expression of the other, unperturbed lineages. This result indicates that the axial domain of LOX2 expression is not specified by positional cues acting coordinately across the various teloblast lineages, nor would it seem that the expression domain is imprinted from one lineage to the others. Rather, the different teloblast lineages acquire their axial patterns independently, and secondarily bring these patterns into alignment along the A-P axis through a process of morphogenetic assembly.
Excitation of medullary respiratory neurons in REM sleep.

Study Objective: To study tonic inputs to medullary respiratory neurons during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Design: Single medullary-respiratory-neuron recordings during sleep with spontaneous breathing and during apnea caused by mechanical hyperventilation. Setting: Academic laboratory. Subjects: Three tracheostomized adult cats implanted for polysomnography and extracellular microelectrode recordings. Intervention: Single medullary-respiratory-neuron recordings during spontaneous breathing and mechanical hyperventilation to apnea during non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep. Results: Most but not all respiratory cells of all types (pre-inspiratory, decrementing, augmenting and late inspiratory, phase-spanning, and expiratory) were more active in REM sleep than in NREM sleep during both spontaneous breathing and apnea induced by mechanical hyperventilation. The mean discharge rate of the cells during spontaneous breathing in NREM sleep was 16.7 impulses per second and in REM sleep was 26.5 impulses per second. During ventilator-induced apnea, the mean rates were 10 impulses per second in NREM sleep and 17.5 per second during REM sleep. The increase in activity in REM sleep occurred after a delay of several seconds from the onset of REM sleep. Respiratory cells were excited at times individually and at other times simultaneously in either a reciprocal or nonreciprocal pattern. The degree of excitation of a neuron in REM sleep during ventilator-induced apnea was proportional to the degree of excitation of the neuron in REM sleep during spontaneous breathing. Conclusion: Medullary respiratory neurons are excited individually and collectively in REM sleep. The excitation occurs with a delay after the onset of the state and can stimulate and/or disorganize breathing.
Quantitative Methodology: A Guide for Emerging Physical Education and Adapted Physical Education Researchers.

Emerging professionals, particularly senior-level undergraduate and graduate students in kinesiology who have an interest in physical education for individuals with and without disabilities, should understand the basic assumptions of the quantitative research paradigm. Knowledge of basic assumptions is critical for conducting, analyzing, and presenting research of high quality in this arena. In this tutorial paper, we present information essential to understanding the assumptions undergirding the quantitative research paradigm including the logic of hypothesis testing and sampling. Moreover, we describe key aspects of true and quasi-experimental research designs commonly used in quantitative studies.
Threading the Needle: The South China Sea Disputes and U.S.-China Relations

In the South China Sea, China and the United States face pointed policy dilemmas. The challenge for China has been to assert its claims while avoiding the formation of a balancing coalition, while the challenge for the United States has been to defend its commitments without emboldening other claimant states and becoming entrapped in their disputes with China. Through an examination of how the United States and China have managed these pressures, this chapter yields three findings. First, actions by the United States and China have often created incentives for the other state to push back, creating negative spirals. Second, China and the United States have enhanced their positions in the South China Sea. Third, actions taken by both sides have helped to shield the broader relationship from tensions and competition in the dispute.
Determination of the State of Stress in Rock Masses

This chapter presents the determination of the state of stress in rock masses. If rock mechanics is to develop as a theoretical science with practical applications in engineering, then one must devise acceptable methods for in situ stress measurement. The state of stress in the Earth's crust, at a given time and locality, is the result of forces of various origin and character. It is conventional to regard the stress state that exists before any engineering work begins as the virgin stress. This stress state is disturbed by the construction of excavations, earthworks, and engineering structures, which produce a new distribution of induced stress within the rocks in their vicinity. The virgin stresses include components of gravitational stress because of the weight of the overlying rocks and the effects of lateral constraint within them, and there are also components of inherent or latent stress, some of which originate in processes such as crystallization, metamorphism, sedimentation, consolidation, and dehydration, depending upon the particular rocks concerned, while other virgin stress components originate in tectonic forces and crustal movements.
Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioengineering Technology to Generate Lung Tissue for Personalized Disease Modeling

Stem cell technologies, especially patient-specific, induced stem cell pluripotency and directed differentiation, hold great promise for changing the landscape of medical therapies. Proper exploitation of these methods may lead to personalized organ transplants, but to regenerate organs, it is necessary to develop methods for assembling differentiated cells into functional, organ-level tissues. The generation of three-dimensional human tissue models also holds potential for medical advances in disease modeling, as full organ functionality may not be necessary to recapitulate disease pathophysiology. This is specifically true of lung diseases where animal models often do not recapitulate human disease. Here, we present a method for the generation of self-assembled human lung tissue and its potential for disease modeling and drug discovery for lung diseases characterized by progressive and irreversible scarring such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Tissue formation occurs because of the overlapping processes of cellular adhesion to multiple alveolar sac templates, bioreactor rotation, and cellular contraction. Addition of transforming growth factor-β1 to single cell-type mesenchymal organoids resulted in morphologic scarring typical of that seen in IPF but not in two-dimensional IPF fibroblast cultures. Furthermore, this lung organoid may be modified to contain multiple lung cell types assembled into the correct anatomical location, thereby allowing cell-cell contact and recapitulating the lung microenvironment. Our bottom-up approach for synthesizing patient-specific lung tissue in a scalable system allows for the development of relevant human lung disease models with the potential for high throughput drug screening to identify targeted therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:622-633.
JAK2 Disease-Risk Variants Are Gain of Function and JAK Signaling Threshold Determines Innate Receptor-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Macrophages

JAK2 genetic variants are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and JAK inhibitors are being evaluated for therapy targeting immune-mediated diseases, including IBD. As JAK pathway-mediated cytokine regulation varies across cell types and stimulation conditions, we examined how JAK signaling and IBD-associated JAK2 variants regulate distinct acute and chronic microbial product exposure outcomes in human myeloid cells, consistent with the conditions of initial entry and ongoing intestinal tissue residence, respectively. Macrophages from controls and ulcerative colitis patients carrying the IBD-risk rs10758669 CC genotype showed increased JAK2 expression and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2-induced JAK2 phosphorylation relative to AA carriers. Interestingly, the threshold of JAK2 expression and signaling determined pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced outcomes; whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines progressively decreased with lower JAK2 expression, proinflammatory cytokines switched from decreased to increased secretion below a certain JAK2 expression threshold. Low JAK2-expressing rs10758669 AA macrophages were above this threshold; consequently, both PRR-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were decreased. However, relative to rs10758669 CC risk carriers, AA carrier macrophages switched to increased nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2-induced proinflammatory cytokines at lower therapeutically used JAK inhibitor doses. Importantly, JAK inhibitors increased proinflammatory cytokines secreted by peripheral macrophages following chronic PRR stimulation and by human intestinal myeloid cells following exposure to intestinal pathogens. Mechanistically, the decreased response to and secretion of autocrine/paracrine IL-10, IL-4, IL-22 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin regulated these JAK-dependent outcomes in myeloid cells. Taken together, the JAK signaling threshold determines whether PRR-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are reciprocally regulated in myeloid cells; consideration of JAK2 genotype and targeting of specific cell types might improve JAK-targeted therapy in immune-mediated diseases.
Trajectory Generation for a Towed Cable System Using Differential Flatness

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of generating feasible motions for a towed cable, flight control system that has been proposed for use in remote sensor applications. Using the fact that the system is differentially flat, we illustrate how to construct feasible trajectories for the system and demonstrate the strengths and limitations of this approach. Simulations of the full dynamics are included to illustrate the proposed techniques. A significant limitation of the current approach is the numerical instability of the algorithm, resulting in the need for careful tuning of parameters to achieve convergence.
Measuring quality of life in dementia: Conceptual and practical issues

The authors discuss some of the challenges that exist in measuring quality of life in persons with dementia. The issues that arise in measuring QOL in persons with dementia are identified, and the status of instruments that exist or are being developed is reviewed briefly.
Chromosome Abnormalities in Peyronie’s Disease

AbstractPeyronie’s disease is a localized and progressive fibrosis of unknown etiology that affects the tunica albuginea of the penis. We examined cytogenetically cell cultures derived from plaque, adjacent tunica, dermis and lymphocytes in patients with Peyronie’s disease, and compared the results to cell cultures established from the tunica albuginea of control patients. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 9 plaque-derived cell cultures from 7 of 12 Peyronie’s disease patients (58 per cent). Cells cultured from adjacent tunica, dermis and lymphocytes from the same patients were karyotypically normal, as were cultures derived from control (chordee and penile scar) patients. Chromosomal aberrations consisted of 5 numerical changes and 4 structural rearrangements, and included chromosomal additions (trisomy 7 and trisomy 8), deletions (45X,—Y), reciprocal translocations and inversions or markers. In 2 instances cultures derived from plaque tissue contained 2 independent chromosomal abnormalities. Th...
On the Iron Abundance Anomaly in K-dwarf and Hyades Stars

Using standard 1D-LTE model atmosphere analysis, we provide an in-depth investigation of iron abundance as derived from neutral and singly ionization iron lines (Fe {\scriptsize{I, II}}) in nearby star clusters. Specifically, we replicate the discrepancy regarding $\Delta$[Fe/H], wherein the difference of Fe {\scriptsize{II}} - Fe {\scriptsize{I}} increases for stars of the same cluster with decreasing $T_\mathrm{eff}$, reaching an astonishing 1.0 dex at $T_\mathrm{eff}$ $\thicksim$ 4000 K. Previous studies have investigated this anomaly in the Pleiades and Hyades clusters with no concrete solution. In this analysis, we probe two samples: 63 wide binary field stars where the primary star is of sun-like temperatures and the secondary is a K-dwarf, ranging from 4231 K $\leq$ $T_\mathrm{eff}$ $\leq$ 6453 K, and 33 Hyades stars of temperatures 4268 K $\leq$ $T_\mathrm{eff}$ $\leq$ 6072 K. Previous studies have found discrepancies on the order of 1.0 dex. However, we find that these studies have neglected line-blending effects of certain Fe {\scriptsize{II}} lines, namely $\lambda$ = \{4508.29 A, 4993.34 A, 5197.58 A, 5325.55 A, 5425.26 A, 6456.38 A\}. When these lines are removed from the line-list, we find $\Delta$[Fe/H] decreases to $\thicksim$ 0.6 dex in the field binaries and $\thicksim$ 0.3 dex in the Hyades. The reason for this remaining trend is investigated by probing NLTE effects, as well as age and activity considerations using Ca {\scriptsize{II}} H+K emission and Li absorption, but these results appear to be small to negligible.
Environmental risk factors for skin cancer.

That chronic exposure to environmental agents can lead to the development of skin cancer in humans has been known for more than 200 years, since Percival Pott described scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps in 1775. Today, the evidence is convincing that the vast majority of skin cancers are due to chronic repeated exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin cancers are most prevalent on light complexioned, easily sunburning individuals, and in those who receive the most solar exposure, whether because of occupational or deliberate social reasons. Furthermore, non-melanoma skin cancers occur primarily on sunlight-exposed sites. The recent significant decrease in stratospheric ozone, which increases transmitted short-wavelength UV radiation, has the potential of significantly increasing skin cancer incidence in the future. The dose-response relationships and epidemiologic features of UV-induced skin cancers will be discussed here. Other environmental causes for skin cancer development are exposure to chemicals (polycyclic hydrocarbons derived from the incomplete combustion or distillation of coal or petroleum; inorganic arsenic and photosensitizing agents such as psoralens). In the past, occupational or therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation has caused skin cancer. Finally, there is some evidence that intense, chronic infrared radiation can enhance the development of skin cancer.
Spondylosis and Spondylolisthesis

Low back pain is one of the most common reasons why patients seek medical care in either an emergency room or office setting. As a result, it is worked up frequently. When working up various causes of back pain, imaging is frequently obtained. As a result, bony abnormalities are frequently noted in a radiologic report. Various terms can be confusing for both patients and clinicians alike. Moreover, it may be hard to correlate these findings with clinical symptomatology. In most cases, radiographic findings do not necessitate an emergent referral or intervention. However, in the presence of progressing neurologic deficit (weakness, bowel or bladder incontinence), these findings need to be assessed by a spine surgeon (i.e., neurosurgery, orthopedic spine) as soon as possible.
Preoperative Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients With Bladder Cancer Undergoing Radical Cystectomy.

Objective To determine the preoperative incidence of subclinical lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), as well as to evaluate the utility of preoperative DVT screening in patients with bladder cancer before undergoing radical cystectomy. Materials and Methods Beginning in 2014, we prospectively instituted a policy of obtaining a screening lower-extremity duplex ultrasound on all patients within 7 days before undergoing radical cystectomy. We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients at our institution who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer from January 2012 through December 2015. The screened group (n = 65) underwent preoperative screening; the historical control group (n = 78) did not. Primary outcome was a lower-extremity duplex ultrasound positive screening. Secondary outcome measures included the development of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) postoperatively, and the rate and severity of complications. Results DVT was identified in 13.9% of patients before undergoing cystectomy. Univariate analysis demonstrated an increased risk of subclinical DVT in patients who were exposed to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (35.3% vs 5.1%, P = .008). Postoperatively, there was a nonsignificant trend of lower DVT rate in the screened group compared to historical control. Overall complication rate and severity were similar between the groups. Conclusion Subclinical DVT is present in a significant number of pre-cystectomy patients, especially those exposed to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. U ltrasound screening in patients before undergoing radical cystectomy may identify opportunities for early intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with perioperative DVT or venous thromboembolism in the cystectomy population.
An Extension of Kuczek's Argument to Nonnearest Neighbor Contact Processes

The right edge of a nearest neighbor supercritical contact process satisfies a central limit theorem.(8, 9) In this paper, a block construction is created to extend the argument by Kuczek(9) to the nonnearest neighbor case. The proof of the following fact in the nonnearest neighbor case is the key to the extension: There is a positive chance that the rightmost particle at time 0 infects the rightmost particle at every time.
Case 60: A Rapid Increase in Core Body Temperature

You are scheduled to anesthetize a 53-year-old female (130 kg, 5 ft 9 in.) for a ­laparoscopic revision of a gastric bypass and hiatal hernia. Two years before she had a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension and morbid obesity. She reported no problems with her previous ­anesthetics. There are no allergies. A routine general anesthetic consisting of midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, and succinylcholine and an endotracheal tube placement is uneventful. Maintenance of anesthesia is with N2O in oxygen with sevoflurane and vecuronium. An orogastric tube, an esophageal temperature probe, and an upper body Bair Hugger (42°C) are placed.
Comparison of two glycemic discharge goals in ED patients with hyperglycemia, a randomized trial.

Abstract Study objective Hyperglycemia is commonly encountered in the ED; the importance of glucose reduction in patients well enough to be discharged is unknown. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized trial of ED patients with hyperglycemia with a glucose value 400–600 mg/dL who were discharged from the ED, excluding those with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Patients were randomly assigned to a discharge glucose goal, Results Among 110 enrolled patients, 57 were assigned to moderate and 53 to loose glycemic control. Median (IQR) length of stay was 211 min (177–288 min) for the moderate group and 216 min (151–269 min) for the loose group (difference, 17 min [95% CI −15 to 49 min]). ED length of stay for those with an actual discharge glucose Conclusion In the intention-to-treat analysis, ED length of stay and 7-day outcomes were not significantly different whether moderate or loose glycemic control was pursued. However, the length of stay for those with discharge glucose Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02478190
Endothelial cells promote 3D invasion of GBM by IL-8-dependent induction of cancer stem cell properties

Rapid growth and perivascular invasion are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM) that have been attributed to the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and their association with the perivascular niche. However, the mechanisms by which the perivascular niche regulates GBM invasion and CSCs remain poorly understood due in part to a lack of relevant model systems. To simulate perivascular niche conditions and analyze consequential changes of GBM growth and invasion, patient-derived GBM spheroids were co-cultured with brain endothelial cells (ECs) in microfabricated collagen gels. Integrating these systems with 3D imaging and biochemical assays revealed that ECs increase GBM invasiveness and growth through interleukin-8 (IL-8)-mediated enrichment of CSCs. Blockade of IL-8 inhibited these effects in GBM-EC co-cultures, while IL-8 supplementation increased CSC-mediated growth and invasion in GBM-monocultures. Experiments in mice confirmed that ECs and IL-8 stimulate intracranial tumor growth and invasion in vivo. Collectively, perivascular niche conditions promote GBM growth and invasion by increasing CSC frequency, and IL-8 may be explored clinically to inhibit these interactions.
Pedagogical Strategies for Classroom-based Mixed Reality (MR) Technology Curriculum

As Mixed Reality (MR) technologies continue to become more prevalent, it is important to design and prototype user-centered systems that integrate the kinds of interface and interaction components that are most effective for consumers to use. Integration of these concepts into the topics we currently teach is critical to the career trajectory of our students. In this article, we discuss pedagogical strategies for how to transform IT education, including design thinking-based approaches, that have shown useful to the rapid design, prototyping, and integration of MR technologies and concepts into classroom-based curriculum. Lessons learned from the formal introduction of these concepts into the curriculum at Brigham Young University (BYU) during a longitudinal 12-month period and the creation of a new MR Lab on campus will also be discussed.