cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive characterization of tumor hypoxia as a gene therapy target

Introduction: Hypoxia is a prevalent tumor condition that is correlated with metastatic spread and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a transcription factor upregulated by normal cells in hypoxia. HIF-1alpha binds the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) in the promoter region of adaptive genes such as VEGF and erythropoietin, to stimulate gene transcription. We sought to determine if hypoxic cancers upregulate HIF-1alpha and whether hypoxia can be used as a gene therapy target. Methods: Human cancer cell lines AsPC1 (pancreatic), PLC5 (hepatoma), HCT8 (colorectal), and RF1 (gastric) and the murine cancer cell line CT26 (colorectal) were incubated in hypoxia (1%O2) and normoxia (21%O2) for HIF-1alpha ELISA and western blots. A hypoxia-responsive promoter was constructed by multimerizing the HRE from VEGF (10xHRE), and cloned into a luciferase vector for functional assay. CT26 liver metastases in syngeneic Balb/C mice (n = 8) were stained immunohistochemically for HIF-1alpha. Results: ELISA demonstrated greater HIF-1alpha levels in hypoxia versus normoxia in all cell lines (p < 0.01): CT26 (6.7-fold), AsPC1 (7.3-fold), PLC5 (5.4-fold), HCT8 (8.8-fold), and RF1 (5.9-fold). All tested cell lines demonstrated greater HIF-1alpha levels in hypoxia by western blot. Luciferase activity was higher in hypoxic cells transfected with the 10xHRE promoter (p < 0.01): CT26 (33-fold), AsPC1 (49-fold), PLC5 (29-fold), HCT8 (65-fold), and RF1 (30-fold). HIF-1alpha staining was confined to tumor-bearing regions of CT26 liver metastases. Conclusions: Hypoxia significantly upregulates HIF-1alpha expression in cancer cells. Hypoxia, a negative tumor characteristic, can thus be employed to target gene expression for cancer gene therapy.
Treatment of choroidal melanoma using photodynamic therapy.

Abstract Purpose To InternetAdvance publication at ajo.com Feb 26, 2002. investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy using verteporfin on choroidal melanoma. Design Interventional case series. Methods Four patients with choroidal melanoma who showed recurrence or no response after previous brachytherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy were treated with photodynamic therapy. Results One tumor decreased in size and remained stable for 18 months. One tumor had no growth for 11 months. Two melanomas continued to grow, necessitating enucleation. Conclusion Of the four eyes that had failed conventional therapies, two would have been salvaged (to date) with photodynamic therapy. However, additional studies are needed to determine if photodynamic therapy can play a role in the management of choroidal melanoma.
Surface properties of the Orgueil meteorite: implications for the early history of solar system volatiles

The Kr and H2O adsorption properties of Orgueil were studied. Dehydration by stepwise calcination produced a tenfold change in its B.E.T. surface area, which increased to 120 and then fell to 40 square meters per gram. Water exchangeability was measured by water regain from lab air between calcination cycles. Dehydration at room temperature showed that Orgueil contained 6 per cent by weight of water adsorbed on free surfaces. These results are consistent with an identification of Orgueil as montmorillonite, although chemical data conflict with this. High D/H ratios in CI carbonaceous chondrites may result from D enrichment in OH- groups during equilibration of dispersed phyllosilicate dust with preplanetary nebula gas at temperatures much less than 0 C.
Facebook and the Cognitive Model: A Tool for Promoting Adolescent Self-Awareness

A homework activity incorporating the social networking site Facebook is presented as a tool for teaching adolescent clients about the cognitive model and increasing their ability to identify and modify problematic thinking. The authors describe how a worksheet developed to help clients examine information presented on their Facebook profile can increase self-awareness and reflection of maladaptive patterns of thinking. The process is explained and the authors provide a case illustration of how the worksheet was used with an adolescent client who was experiencing school and relational difficulties.
Structure-property relationships of hydrido organo siloxane polymer (HOSP)

The structure and properties of Hydrido Organo Siloxane Polymer (HOSP) as a function of cure conditions have been analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric constant, and mechanical properties all indicated a dependence on the bake sequence of HOSP. FT-IR analysis indicated that the ratio of Si-O bonds in a caged (or ordered) configuration to Si-O bonds in a non-caged (or disordered) configuration changed as a function of both pre-cure hot plate bake conditions and cure temperature. The dielectric constant was lower for samples that received a high temperature hot plate bake (400°C) prior to the furnace cure independent of the furnace cure temperature, compared with samples that did not undergo the high temperature hot plate bake. In addition, adhesion was significantly improved with an increase in the cure temperature from 400°C to 430°C. These results indicate that both pre-cure hot plate bake conditions, and cure temperature affect the structure and therefore the properties of HOSP. Optimum properties are achieved when both the 400°C hot plate bake and a 430°C furnace cure are employed.
Story telling and schizophrenia: Using narrative structure in phenomenological research.

Abstract This report demonstrates how narrative findings from phenomenological research can provide insights into the structures of lived experience that generalize beyond the individual cases. Building upon a narrative perspective, the author suggests that the phenomenological study of schizophrenic delusions can disclose the subjective lives of people struggling with this illness. Viewing delusions as stories that people with schizophrenia tell about their lives further suggests that delusions may play a role in the course of the disorder as “regulatory mechanisms” that help people modulate the amount of change to which they will have to adapt in the context of significant life events.
Plug-and-play modules for flexible radiosynthesis.

Abstract We present a plug-and-play radiosynthesis platform and accompanying computer software based on modular subunits that can easily and flexibly be configured to implement a diverse range of radiosynthesis protocols. Modules were developed that perform: (i) reagent storage and delivery, (ii) evaporations and sealed reactions, and (iii) cartridge-based purifications. The reaction module incorporates a simple robotic mechanism that removes tubing from the vessel and replaces it with a stopper prior to sealed reactions, enabling the system to withstand high pressures and thus provide tremendous flexibility in choice of solvents and temperatures. Any number of modules can rapidly be connected together using only a few fluidic connections to implement a particular synthesis, and the resulting system is controlled in a semi-automated fashion by a single software interface. Radiosyntheses of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose ([18F]FDG), 1-[18F]fluoro-4-nitrobenzene ([18F]FNB), and 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-1-β- d -arabinofuranosyl cytosine ( d -[18F]FAC) were performed to validate the system and demonstrate its versatility.
EVIDENCE OF A LOWER MANTLE SHEAR VELOCITY DISCONTINUITY IN S AND sS PHASES

Teleseismic recordings of direct S and sS body wave phases, and their core-reflected counterparts ScS and sScS, from intermediate and deep focus earthquakes are used to analyze the lowermost mantle shear velocity structure beneath Alaska. A model with a 2.75 % shear velocity increase 280 km above the core-mantle boundary accurately matches waveform complexi- ties in both the S and sS wavetrains. Variations in source depth produce systematic shifts in the timing of the triplication arrivals between the S and sS travel time branches that are readily ob- served in long-period WWSSN tangential component recordings. The systematic range- and depth-dependence of the observed shifts are well-predicted by the discontinuity model, and preclude explanations of the waveform complexity as resulting from multi- ple ruptures at the source, receiver reverberations, or near-source scattering from slab structure. Accurate models of the seismic velocity structure in the lower- most 200 km of the mantle (D" region) are essential for calcula- tions of the thermal history and dynamics of the core and mantle. Several recent investigations of seismic body waves have indi- cated the presence of velocity stratification above the core-mantle boundary (Lay and Helmberger, 1983; Wright et al., 1985), while models of long-wavelength lateral velocity variations in the lower mantle indicate strong heterogeneities in the D" region (Dziewon- ski, 1984; Clayton and Comer, 1983). Current thermal models indicate a large temperature contrast of about 1000 o between the core and mantle, requiring a thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle (Jeanloz and Richter, 1979; Loper, 1984). This is consistent with the general decrease in velocity gradients observed in the lowermost mantle (Doornbos, 1983; Doornbos et al., 1986). The combined effects of stratification, lateral hetero- geneity, and decreased velocity gradients complicate interpreta- tion of seismic data sampling the D" region. It is particularly important to resolve whether velocity discontinuities are actually present within D", since compositional stratification would strongly affect the thermal boundary layer dynamics, as well as the interpretation of the lateral velocity variations. This paper presents an analysis of a combination of seismic body waves that is particularly sensitive to the presence of a velocity discontinuity in D". Lay and Helmberger (1983) found evidence for a 2.75 % shear velocity discontinuity about 280 km above the core in S waves from intermediate and deep focus earthquakes. The long-period tangential component seismograms they analyzed show wave- form complexities in the distance range 75 o to 95 o that were attributed to a triplication produced by an abrupt velocity in- crease. This interpretation was criticized by Schlittenhardt et al. (1985), who argue that such a discontinuity is incompatible with
Structural flexibility and the thermodynamics of helix exchange constrain attenuation and allosteric activation of hammerhead ribozyme TRAPs.

Perturbations of precleavage equilibria in RNA-cleaving ribozymes can be exploited to control cleavage kinetics. In the targeted ribozyme-attenuated probes (TRAP) design, antisense and attenuator sequences are appended onto the catalytic core of a ribozyme or deoxyribozyme. The attenuator anneals to conserved bases in the catalytic core to form an inactive conformation, which is activated upon binding of a sense strand oligonucleotide to the antisense module. In this work, the apparent Michaelis-Menton constant ( ) for the binding of the RNA substrate to the ribozyme is shown to be within a factor of 2 for a number of constructs whose observed cleavage rates varied by several 100-fold. These observations rule out models of allosteric regulation based on modulation of substrate binding affinity, instead favoring a model in which regulation arises from equilibration between the active and inactive conformations of the TRAP. Free energies of formation for isolated helices that are exchanged during this reequ...
Quantum excitation spectrum of hydrogen adsorbed in nanoporous carbons observed by inelastic neutron scattering

Abstract Inelastic neutron scattering spectra have been collected over a wide range of momentum transfer from H 2 adsorbed in several high-porosity carbon substrates. We show theoretical spectra which consider the relationship between rotational and translational transitions in the highly anisotropic adsorption environment, proving that different rotational excitations contain different amount of recoil broadening and motivating a new analysis method which considers both types of transitions at once. Spectra for most of the samples, including two activated carbons, are very similar to one another, supporting models of nanoporous carbons which are quite similar on the sub-nanometer scale. The exception is the low-energy side of the rotational peak, indicating important differences in the initial distribution of motion. We also find more subtle differences in the spectra which may be linked to differences in sample heterogeneity and surface rugosity. One sample does have a very different spectrum, which is not explained by standard models of this system. We also observe a significantly reduced effective mass in the spectrum of recoil transitions and evidence of coupling of rotational and translational motion resulting from periodic variations in orientation of the rotational states.
Magnesium Sulfate Tocolysis and Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very Preterm Infants

Objective To estimate the contributory effect of tocolytic magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) exposure to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants born at 23–31 wks gestation to mothers without evidence of pregnancy induced hypertension and/or preeclampsia.
Fatalism: Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology and the IQ Controversy

The tendency to adopt a fatalistic view of American race relations is an easy posture to assume—especially in light of the contradictory realities of maintaining race as real and its obvious utter worthlessness as a scientific concept. The IQ controversy is a prime example of this problematic. Although most competent social scientists concur in the belief that race is not a valid scientific concept; and, more specifically that IQ tests are culturally biased, and, as a consequence, do not provide irrefutable proof that some so-called racial groups are superior to others in intelligence, there exist some influential neo-racists social scientists who maintain that IQ tests are valid indicators of the intellectual abilities of the so-called races.
Iron status of young males and females performing weight-training exercise.

DERUISSEAU, K. C., L. M. ROBERTS, M. R. KUSHNICK, A. M. EVANS, K. AUSTIN, and E. M. HAYMES. Iron Status of Young Males and Females Performing Weight-Training Exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 241–248, 2004. Purpose: To determine the effect of weight training on measures of iron status in young males and females. Methods: Forty (27 female, 13 male) non-weight-trained college age subjects participated in a 12-wk weight-training program conducted 3 d·wk 1 . Blood samples and food diaries were obtained pretraining and at 4-wk intervals. Blood was analyzed for hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and creatine kinase (CK). Subjects were grouped by SF level (FL, females 20 g·L 1 ; FN, females 20 g·L 1 ; ML, males 45 g·L 1 ; MN, males 50 g·L 1 ) to determine the impact of initial iron status on measured responses. Results: Weight training increased strength and fat-free mass and decreased levels of percent body fat. Hemoglobin concentration declined after 12 wk of training (13.7 1.6 vs 13.2 1.7 g·dL 1 ), independent of gender or initial iron status. Only the MN group experienced a decline in SF level after 8 wk of training (129.7 77.9 vs 102.0 57.8 g·L 1 ). No significant changes were observed for hematocrit, SI, TIBC, TS, sTfR, or CK measures. Total iron intake, but not heme or bioavailable iron intakes, declined at the 12th week of training compared with baseline (13.4 6.5 vs 10.7 4.8 mg·d 1 ) and was not significantly correlated with hematological or iron status measures. Conclusions: Hemoglobin concen
Blocking resolution: How external states can prolong civil wars:

What explains the effect of external intervention on the duration of civil war? The literature on intervention has made some progress in addressing this question, but it has been hindered by an assumption that states intervene in civil wars either to help one side win or to facilitate negotiations. Often, however, external states become involved in civil war to pursue an agenda which is separate from the goals of the internal combatants. When states intervene in this fashion, they make wars more difficult to resolve for two reasons. First, doing so introduces another actor that must approve any settlement to end the war. Second, external states generally have less incentive to negotiate than internal actors because they bear lower costs of fighting and they can anticipate gaining less benefit from negotiation than domestic insurgents. Through Cox regressions using data on the goals of all interventions in civil wars since World War II, this article shows that when states intervene with an independent agen...
Abnormal Amygdala Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Adolescent Depression

Importance Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently emerges during adolescence and can lead to persistent illness, disability, and suicide. The maturational changes that take place in the brain during adolescence underscore the importance of examining neurobiological mechanisms during this time of early illness. However, neural mechanisms of depression in adolescents have been understudied. Research has implicated the amygdala in emotion processing in mood disorders, and adult depression studies have suggested amygdala-frontal connectivity deficits. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced tool that can be used to probe neural networks and identify brain-behavior relationships. Objective To examine amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in adolescents with and without MDD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging as well as how amygdala RSFC relates to a broad range of symptom dimensions. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study was conducted within a depression research program at an academic medical center. Participants included 41 adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 19 years with MDD and 29 healthy adolescents (frequency matched on age and sex) with no psychiatric diagnoses. Main Outcomes and Measures Using a whole-brain functional connectivity approach, we examined the correlation of spontaneous fluctuation of the blood oxygen level–dependent signal of each voxel in the whole brain with that of the amygdala. Results Adolescents with MDD showed lower positive RSFC between the amygdala and hippocampus, parahippocampus, and brainstem ( z >2.3, corrected P R = −.523, P = .01), dysphoria ( R = −.455, P = .05), and lassitude ( R = −.449, P = .05) and was positively correlated with well-being ( R = .470, P = .03). Patients also demonstrated greater (positive) amygdala-precuneus RSFC ( z >2.3, corrected P Conclusions and Relevance Impaired amygdala-hippocampal/brainstem and amygdala-precuneus RSFC have not previously been highlighted in depression and may be unique to adolescent MDD. These circuits are important for different aspects of memory and self-processing and for modulation of physiologic responses to emotion. The findings suggest potential mechanisms underlying both mood and vegetative symptoms, potentially via impaired processing of memories and visceral signals that spontaneously arise during rest, contributing to the persistent symptoms experienced by adolescents with depression.
Crater modification and geologic activity in Enceladus' heavily cratered plains: Evidence from the impact crater distribution

Abstract Although we can observe current activity on Saturn's satellite Enceladus with Cassini, insight into past activity is best achieved (for now) through studying the impact crater distributions. Furthermore, approximation of terrain ages can only be attained through calculations using crater densities and estimations of impact rates in the saturnian system. Here we focus on what the impact crater distribution in Enceladus' heavily cratered plains can tell us about Enceladus' geologic history. We use Cassini ISS images to count craters in the heavily cratered plains on Enceladus, along with Rhea, Dione, Tethys and Mimas as references, to develop and compare their size-frequency distributions. Comparisons of our counts show that Enceladus' cratered plains distribution is unique in that it appears to have a relative deficiency of craters for diameters ⩽ 2 km and ⩾ 6 km compared to the other satellites' heavily cratered plains. Our data also indicates that the impact crater density within the cratered plains changes with latitude. Specifically, both the north and south mid-latitude regions have approximately three times higher density than the equatorial region. We hypothesize that the “missing” small and large craters in Enceladus' cratered plains is due to a combination of viscous relaxation of the larger craters, and burial of the relaxed large craters and small craters by south polar plume and possibly E-ring material. We also conclude that the spatial density distribution is not consistent with recent polar wander.
Immunotherapy of Superficial Bladder Cancer

Superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is a common tumour that can readily be removed surgically. However, it recurs in as many as 88% of patients, making it an ideal malignancy for immunoprophylaxis or chemoprevention. Immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is increasingly recognised as the most effective treatment for superficial bladder cancer, particularly for high grade tumours and carcinoma in situ. Intravesical BCG instillation stimulates cellular immunity, cytokine production and antigen presentation. Unlike intravesical chemotherapy, treatment with BCG induces protection from tumour recurrence that persists for more than 5 years. Current optimal induction regimens use instillation of BCG once weekly for 6 weeks, followed by a 6-week rest period and 3 additional weekly instillations. This regimen results in a complete response in carcinoma in situ in 82% of patients. In combination with maintenance BCG immunotherapy using instillation once weekly for 3 weeks at 6-month intervals for 3 years, long term disease-free status is achieved in 83% of patients. This regimen is found to improve protection from recurrence by 33% when compared with a single 6-week induction treatment, and further reduces disease progression and cancer mortality. Controlled studies have demonstrated that BCG is superior to standard chemotherapies, including thiotepa, doxorubicin and mitomycin, and to alternative immunotherapies including interferon-α and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. However, these alternative therapies provide treatment options for patients who have toxic reactions or fail to respond to BCG.
Visual cortex of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): architectonic subdivisions and connections from the visual thalamus.

Thalamic projections to the visual cortex of the grey squirrel were studied by retrograde degeneration in the lateral geniculate and the pulvinar nuclei. The lateral geniculate was found to project to architectonic area 17 which also corresponds to visual area I as defined by its retinotopic organization. The projection is spatially organized in a precise way, and for every cortical point there is a corresponding column in the lateral geniculate which extends from border to border. For the binocular sector of area 17 the lateral geniculate column lies in the trilaminar part of the lateral geniculate, while for the uniocular sector the column lies in the bilaminar sector of the lateral geniculate. The pulvinar projects to several architectonic areas, areas 18 and 19 and to two or more temporal areas below area 19. This projection is roughly topographic but follows the sustaining pattern. When the squirrel is compared to the tree shrew and hedgehog what emerges is a conception of those changes in the visual system which arose as a result of adaptation to an arboreal habitat.
The Influence of Higher Protein Intake and Greater Eating Frequency on Appetite Control in Overweight and Obese Men

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dietary protein intake and eating frequency on perceived appetite, satiety, and hormonal responses in overweight/obese men. Thirteen men (age 51 +/- 4 years; BMI 31.3 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2)) consumed eucaloric diets containing normal protein (79 +/- 2 g protein/day; 14% of energy intake as protein) or higher protein (138 +/- 3 g protein/day; 25% of energy intake as protein) equally divided among three eating occasions (3-EO; every 4 h) or six eating occasions (6-EO; every 2 h) on four separate days in randomized order. Hunger, fullness, plasma glucose, and hormonal responses were assessed throughout 11 h. No protein x eating frequency interactions were observed for any of the outcomes. Independent of eating frequency, higher protein led to greater daily fullness (P < 0.05) and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations (P < 0.05). In contrast, higher protein led to greater daily ghrelin concentrations (P < 0.05) vs. normal protein. Protein quantity did not influence daily hunger, glucose, or insulin concentrations. Independent of dietary protein, 6-EO led to lower daily fullness (P < 0.05) and PYY concentrations (P < 0.05). The 6-EO also led to lower glucose (P < 0.05) and insulin concentrations (P < 0.05) vs. 3-EO. Although the hunger-related perceived sensations and hormonal responses were conflicting, the fullness-related responses were consistently greater with higher protein intake but lower with increased eating frequency. Collectively, these data suggest that higher protein intake promotes satiety and challenge the concept that increasing the number of eating occasions enhances satiety in overweight and obese men.
Cubic-phase-free dispersion compensation in solid-state ultrashort-pulse lasers

We show that intracavity group-velocity dispersion compensation with the use of prisms composed of conventional optical materials can be accomplished while simultaneously eliminating the round-trip cavity cubic phase. The ability to compensate perfectly both second- and third-order dispersion exists for pulses whose central wavelengths lie within a range that depends on the prism and laser rod materials as well as on the prism angles. In the case of Ti:sapphire and Cr:LiSrAlF6 lasers, Brewster prisms composed of readily available materials can be used to compensate for both group-velocity dispersion and cubic phase over much of the respective tuning ranges.
Noise due to donors in n-channel silicon JFETs

Abstract We have measured the noise due to donors in n-channel silicon JFETs at temperatures near liquid nitrogen temperature. The noise showed an activation energy of about 1.3E0, where E0 is the activation energy of the donor centers. This is compatible with theory.
Charged particle radiotherapy of selected tumors in the head and neck.

Abstract For selected tumors in some sites in the head and neck region, charged particles such as protons or helium, carbon, neon and silicon ions provide improved dose distributions, higher tumor doses, and an increased chance of local control and prolonged survival. In tumors with “radioresistant” histologies, slow growth kinetics and/or hypoxic cells, the high-LET component of neon or silicon ions may also offer an added potential for increased effect on tumors. Sixty-seven (67) evaluable patients with tumors in the head and neck region having a histology other than squamous carcinoma received partial or full treatment with charged particles at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The tumor sites included base of skull or cervical spine, salivary glands, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, and miscellaneous sites such as lacrimal gland, soft tissues of the neck, or thyroid. Follow-up ranges from 1–9 years with a mean of 36 months and a median survival (Kaplan-Meier technique) of 50 months. The actuarial local control rate is 60% at 24 months post-treatment. Thirty-one (31) patients with squamous carcinoma of various sites in the head and neck have also been treated using charged particle irradiation; local control was lower (11 of 31 pts) and survival shorter (mean: 9 months) in this group of patients with advanced squamous carcinoma.
Growth of high-quality 1-inch diameter AlN single crystal by sublimation method

1-inch diameter AlN single crystals with the thickness of 0.025–2 mm were grown on SiC substrates by the sublimation method. Crystalline qualities were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and EPD measurements. The FWHM of X-ray rocking curve for (0002) reflection was 281 arcsec with 1.2-mm thick crystal and dislocation density measured by EPD was 1.6×106/cm2 with 0.8-mm thick crystal. These results were well consistent with the dependence of those properties on the thickness of the crystal, which was found in our previous work on 10-mm diameter crystals. According to this dependence, growing the thick AlN crystal on SiC substrates by the sublimation method is expected to lead to high-quality free-standing 1-inch AlN substrates. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
James R. Anderson Lecture: Why Things Are Where They Are

Have you ever wondered why things are where they are? Most people probably don't think about this question much. Through life's experiences we learned that certain things can be expected to be where they are relative to other things. Schools are near residential neighborhoods. Doctor's offices are near hospitals. Unless something calls attention to it, you probably don't think about why something is where it is; you just know that's the case. This paper about how a geographer, practicing his craft, was able to solve real world problems. The street opinion is that geography is about place names; knowing where all the countries are; that's not the "geography" I know and not what I want to be known for doing. I am an applied geographer who likes to solve problems, which if solved, make a difference in society. This is a story about how my life was intertwined with Jim Anderson's life and experiences as an applied geographer as well as numerous other applied geographers, spanning the last 50 to 60 years.
Stationarity and the random phase condition in the statistical theory of the electromagnetic field

Abstract The quantum mechanical analogue of the classical definition of stationarity of an electromagnetic radiation field is discussed. It is shown to imply that for an ensemble radiation field corresponding to a single momentum-spin state the phase space distribution function of the complex eigenvalues of the photon annihilation operators does not depend on the phases of the eigenvalues, i.e., the stationarity condition implies a uniform distribution of the phase angle of the eigenvalues. However, for a radiation field with a finite or countable infinite number of states, the stationarity condition is not a sufficient condition for the phase independence of the distribution function; it is shown that, in addition, the commutability of the density matrix and the number operator for each mode is required. The physical meaning of this commutability is investigated and it is shown to imply homogeneity of the radiation field.
Maturation of Surfactant Lipid Synthesis in Human Fetal Lung is Inhibited by Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ 1 ) in vitro † 265

Maturation of Surfactant Lipid Synthesis in Human Fetal Lung is Inhibited by Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ 1 ) in vitro † 265
Marriage and Family Therapists’ Ability to Diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome: A Vignette Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which AAMFT clinical members can accurately diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome. 171 AAMFT clinical members were surveyed using a vignette methodology. Participants were asked to read the vignette and provide a diagnosis for the child in the vignette. Four out of five participants were unable to correctly diagnose the vignette child with Asperger’s Syndrome. Analyses found that the ability to correctly diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome did not vary based on the participants: gender, years of clinical experience, or specialized clinical population (e.g., individuals, couples, families, children).
Tritium migration in vapor-deposited β-silicon carbide

Tritium diffusivities and solubilities have been measured for vapor deposited beta silicon carbide. The solubility measurements were performed over the temperature range of 1000{degrees}C to 1600{degrees}C and the pressure range 0.01 to 1.0 atmospheres. Diffusivities were determined for the temperature range of 1100{degrees}C to 1500{degrees}C. The magnitude of the diffusivity was much lower than that for metals and the activation energy was much higher. The measured solubility had a negative heat of solution and, when corrected for surface absorption, varied linearly with the square-root of pressure. The low diffusivity along with the apparent negative heat of solution are indicative of trap controlled migration of tritium in the silicon carbide.
Effects of Instructions on Human Free-Operant Avoidance Conditioning with White Noise

Female Ss in a free-operant avoidance procedure had a 100-db white noise of either .5, 3 or 6 sec. duration as a stimulus to be avoided. The noise-noise interval was 7.5 sec., and the response-noise interval was 22.5 sec. Ss were given either minimal or more detailed instructions concerning the key-pressing response to be made. Ss getting the more detailed instructions avoided more of the programmed noises. One effect of receiving only minimal instructions was that such Ss made a number of “odd” non-key-pressing responses such as attempting to or actually breaking the apparatus.
The structure of bis(triphenylphosphine)(1,1-dichloro-2,2-dicyanoethylene)platinum(O), Pt[Cl2CC(CN)2] [P(C6H5)3]2

Abstract The structure of bis(triphenylphosphine) (1,1-dichloro-2,2-dicyanoethylene)platinum(O), Pt[Cl 2 CC(CN) 2 ] [P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 2 has been determined at room temperature from three dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to a final R factor on F of 5.3%, based on 1777 observations above background. The material crystallizes in space group C 2 h 5 - P 2 1 / c of the monoclinic system, with four molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 10.507(7), b = 15.264(9), c = 23.340(13) A, β = 107.32(2)°. The observed and calculated densities are 1.63(1) and 1.610g/cm 3 , respectively. If one counts the olefin as a single ligand, the coordination about the Pt atom is trigonal. The two central atoms of the olefin ligand are not equidistant from the metal, The PtCCl 2 bond length of 2.00(2) A being significantly shorter than the PtC(CN) 2 bond length of 2.10(2) A. The central CC bond length of 1.42(3) A is longer than the value of 1.339(2) A found in free ethylene, but shorter than the values of 1.49(5) » and 1.62(3) » found in the analogous complexes of tetracyanoetheylene and tetrachloroethylene, respectively. As expected the olefinic ligand is non-planar with the CCl 2 and C(CN) 2 groups bent away from the Pt atom. However, the groups are not bent back equally. The angle between the central CC bond and the normal to the CCl 2 plane is 48.4±2.3°, compared with a value of 69.9±3.3° for the angle between CC and C(CN) 2 . Thus the CCl 2 group is bent back by about twice as much as the C(CN) 2 group. The central CC vector is, within experimental error, perpendicular to the normal to the Pt-P(1)-P(2) plane, i.e. , the olefinic C atoms lie strictly in the plane of the Pt and the two P atoms.
Design of optimal minimum phase FIR filters by direct factorization

Abstract An improved method of designing optimal minimum phase FIR filters by directly finding zeros is proposed. The zeros off the unit circle are found by an efficient special purpose root-finding algorithm without deflation. The proposed algorithm utilizes the passband minimum ripple frequencies to establish the initial points, and employs a modified Newton's iteration to find the accurate initial points for a standard Newton's iteration. We show, with examples, that the proposed algorithm can be used to design very long filters ( L = 325) with very high stopband attenuations.
Lessons from the past, directions for the future

The authors provide a retrospective look at time use research since the turn of the century by identifying shortcomings in previous attempts at measuring time allocation patterns and in the models used to examine time use by individuals and households. Suggestions are offered for improving measurement in future empirical work. Fruitful areas for future time use research are identified.
Enhancement of antimicrobial action of polycar☐ylate cement

n wental cement is the most commonly used adjunctive material in fixed prosthodontics. It is the retentive link that protects, seals, and insulates the tooth. Cements also alleviate sensitivity and allow for a trial evaluation of a fixed partial denture. There is no single cement considered suitable for all uses, but various available cements are selected according to physical, esthetic, or biologic requirements. Recent research has shown that enormous amounts of viable bacteria exist between prepared tooth structure and restorative materials.’ It has been theorized that the diffusion of bacteria, trapped under a restoration or entering through microleakage, may be the cause of either pulpal inflammation or secondary caries. Accordingly, a cement with antibacterial properties may function as a secondary line of defense to protect and preserve the remaining tooth structure. A recent report on the antimicrobial action of various dental cements in vitro found that many cements exhibited antimicrobial activity.? The exceptions were polycarboxylate and composite resin cements. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the feasibility of adding antimicrobial activity to polycarboxylate cement by the addition of the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate.
Reinstatement of Estrous Cycles in Middle-Aged Spontaneously Persistent Estrous Rats: Importance of Circulating Prolactin and the Resulting Facilitative Action of Progesterone*

Spontaneous persistent estrus (SPE), although a common feature of senility, may occur in middle-aged rats. Thus, in Charles River CD rats it often appears in virgin females 6-12 months old. Whereas in aged SPE rats a single injection of LH is commonly followed either by pseudopregnancies (PSPs) in repetition or by PSP succeeded by a number of short estrous cycles, the usual result in middle-aged CD SPE rats is the immediate occurrence of I or more short cycles, after which SPE returns. Among 46 such animals, only 10 (22%) presented PSP, while 30 (65%) merely presented short cycles. The other 6 rats returned promptly to SPE after a brief diestrus. From these results it is postulated that events after a luteinizing dose of LH or the introduction of a set of corpora lutea by any other means are determined by the amount of basal PRL secretion in the days after treatment. If PRL is minimal, SPE returns promptly; if moderately elevated, short cycles appear because of low grade progesterone secretion from the co...
Supertracks, supertrack functions and chaos in the quadratic map

Abstract Chaotic behavior for the quadratic map is conjectured to be a bounding phenomenon based on state-space trajectories starting from the maximum in the map. These trajectories, called supertracks , have no sensitivity to initial conditions. The chaotic regime is found to be characterized recursively by these trajectories as functions of the map parameter.
Leading edge statistics of turbulent, lean, H2–air flames

Abstract Several studies have utilized leading points concepts to explain the sensitivity of turbulent burning rates to fuel/oxidizer composition, especially in negative Markstein length mixtures. Leading point theories suggest that the premixed turbulent flame speed is controlled by the flame front characteristics at the flame brush leading edge, or, in other words, by the flamelets that advance farthest into the unburned mixture (the so-called leading points). Furthermore, several authors have postulated that these leading edge flamelets have an inner structure similar to a critically perturbed laminar flame, i.e., the local stretch rate approaches the extinction value, near where the maximum possible laminar burning velocity is reached. In order to investigate these hypotheses for leading points burning rates, this paper analyzes the flame front structure at the leading edge of turbulent, lean ( ϕ = 0.31) premixed H 2 /Air flames, utilizing a database of direct numerical simulations (DNS) previously reported by Aspden et al. (2011). We calculate local flame front curvature, thickness, and burning velocity and compare these values to reference quantities obtained from stretched laminar flames computed numerically in different geometrical configurations (a counterflow twin flame, a tubular counterflow flame and an expanding cylindrical flame). These comparisons show that curvatures and burning velocities approach those of “critically” stretched laminar flames for the highest turbulent intensity case, but not for the lower turbulence intensity cases. In all cases, however, the structure of the flame front at the leading edge seems to closely mirror laminar flame calculations.
CRP-based seismic migration velocity analysis

A new migration velocity analysis is developed by combining the speed of parsimonious prestack depth migration with velocity adjustments estimated within and across common-reflection-point (CRP) gathers. The proposed approach is much more efficient than conventional tomographic velocity analysis because only the traces that contribute to a series of CRP gathers are depth migrated at each iteration. The local interval-velocity adjustments for each CRP are obtained by maximizing the stack amplitude over the predicted (nonhyperbolic) moveout in each CRP gather; this does not involve retracing rays. At every iteration, the velocity in each pixel is updated by averaging over all the predicted velocity updates. Finally, CRP positions and orientations are updated by parsimonious migration, and rays are retraced to define new CRP gathers for the next iteration; this ensures internal consistency between the updated velocity model and the CRP gather. Because the algorithm has a gridded-model parameterization, no explicit representation or fitting of reflectors is involved. Strong lateral-velocity variations, such as those found at salt flanks, can be handled. Application to synthetic and field data sets show that the proposed algorithm works effectively and efficiently.
Reduced sensitivity of hypothalamic-preoptic area norepinephrine and dopamine to testosterone feedback in adult fetal ethanol-exposed male rats.

Abstract Endocrine feedback of testosterone (T) in regulation of the hypothalamus is via the effects of T on the noradrenergic system. The current experiment was performed to determine the effects of fetal ethanol exposure (FEE) on the norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) content in the hypothalamic-preoptic area (HPOA) of adult male rats, and the response of NE and DA to T administration. Pregnant rats were exposed to diets containing either a liquid diet containing ethanol, a liquid diet containing sucrose isocalorically substituted for ethanol, or a chow and water diet. Male offspring were castrated or sham-operated at 45 days of age. The animals received either testosterone propionate (TP) or an oil vehicle. HPOA was collected at 55 days of age from each animal and NE and DA content was measured by HPLC-EC. There was no significant alteration of NE or DA content in the HPOA in FEE animals compared to catecholamine levels in animals derived from dams on the control diets. Castration had no significant effect on NE and DA content in the chow-fed or pair-fed animals. TP administration significantly reduced NE content only in the chow- and pair-fed animals but not in the FEE animals. DA content in the HPOA was not affected by castration, but TP administration also resulted in significantly reducing DA content in chow- and pair-fed castrate male rats but not in FEE castrate male rats. The results indicate that FEE alters the response of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in the HPOA to T administration. The inhibition of HPOA NE and DA content in castrated rats given high doses of TP is significantly diminished in fetal ethanol-exposed rats that is indicative of a reduction of neuronal responsiveness to steroid feedback regulation of the hypothalamus.
Efficient calculation of the history force at finite Reynolds numbers

Abstract Well-acknowledged problems associated with modeling the history force in large, many-particle simulations are related to the need to store and integrate over the entire lifetime of the particle. To address this concern, a computationally efficient method for calculating the history force (the “window model”) was developed based on the assumption of weak changes in acceleration in the recent relevant history of the particle. This assumption leads to the design of a model with a truncated integration interval which requires storage of and integration over a much shorter period of the particle’s history compared to other history force models. The truncation of the integration window can yield more than an order of magnitude savings in CPU time. In a related study, the two empirical coefficients of the Mei & Adrian history force kernel have been optimized (based on comparison with experimental data for falling particles) to give improved predictions of the data. Both the new history force kernel and the window model have been investigated for a large range of experimental data yielding, to the authors’ knowledge, the most extensive comparison yet conducted. For falling particles, the new history force kernel shows good predictions for particle Reynolds numbers ranging from 9 to 853 and density ratios from 1.17 to 9.32. Good predictions were also obtained using the window model when changes in particle relative acceleration over the window period were modest. For particles under forced oscillating in a quiescent fluid, the history kernel was generally reasonable but did not predict the peak forces well in all cases. This may be explained by noting that the assumption of a t−2 long-time dependence for the finite Reynolds number history force kernel may become invalid during rapid deceleration and wake ingestion (which can lead to exponential or t−1 behavior). However, the finite Reynolds number kernel gives better predictions in all cases than those made using the Basset history force. The window model was only reasonable for the oscillating particle cases when the changes in the relative particle acceleration over the integration window were small.
Micromagnetic modelling of new generation of FePt and FeRh nanostructures for heat assisted magnetic recording

Abstract High magnetocrystalline anisotropy FePt can be considered to be a potential candidate for increasing the areal recording density up to ∼1 Tb in−2. The writing head fields available are not adequately high for magnetic reversal (writing) because of the high coercivity of FePt. However, by uniquely combining FePt and FeRh, we can overcome the writing field limitation in the heat assisted magnetic recording approach. In this regard, we describe individually simulated FeRh and FePt nanodot cuboids and comparison of the data with the experimental observations made on FePt and FeRh nanoparticles. Furthermore, the hysteresis behaviour of FeRh/FePt bilayer cuboids was simulated with different values of the exchange constants, and the dependence of coercivity on the exchange constant was examined. The FePt/FeRh bilayer cuboids experienced a typical two-stage magnetic reversal, and the effects of the exchange constants on the reversal and coercive fields were examined.