cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paracellular intestinal transport of six-carbon sugars is negligible in the rat

Abstract Background & Aims: Active d-glucose absorption has been theorized to increase convective flow and enhance tight junction permeability such that paracellular transport becomes the major mechanism of d-glucose absorption. This concept was tested in rats by measuring the absorption of four gavaged, nonmetabolizable six-carbon sugars (l-glucose, l-galactose, l-mannose, and d-mannitol) thought to be absorbed solely by the paracellular route. Methods: Uptake of gavaged probes was measured by recovery in 24-hour urine specimen collections. Results: l-glucose (71.2% ± 2.4%) absorption exceeded that of the other probes (1.4%–9%). Coadministration of 3.0 mol/L d-glucose, 0.22 mol/L d-glucose, or chow significantly reduced the absorption of l-glucose to 38.1% ± 7.2%, 61% ± 3.3%, and 53.6% ± 3.5%, respectively, but did not influence the absorption of the other six-carbon probes. Conclusions: (1) l-glucose seems to have a weak affinity for a d-glucose carrier and is not a marker of paracellular transport, and (2) paracellular transport accounts for a minimal fraction of d-glucose uptake; this fraction is not enhanced by ingestion of d-glucose or chow.
Psychological Correlates of Comorbid Gambling in Psychiatric Outpatients: A Pilot Study

This study compared psychiatric outpatients with and without lifetime gambling problems on clinical disorder and personality disorder scales, and the relationship of these scales with involvement in gambling. One hundred and sixty-two adults (females = 112) in an urban, outpatient psychiatric setting completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; Lesieur, H. R., Blume, S. B. (1987). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am. J. Psychiatry 144(9):1184-1188) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II; Millon, T. (1987). Manual for the MCMI-II: 2nd Edition. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems, Inc.) after their initial psychiatric evaluation in 1999. Avoidant and compulsive personality features were significantly related to gambling problem status. The Self-Defeating and Dysthymic Disorder scales were positively associated with gambling involvement. The Alcohol Dependence scale was predictive of gambling involvement for males only. Findings are somewhat consistent with the literature examining comorbidity in pathological gamblers seeking treatment, although no association was found with antisocial personality disorder.
The Contemporary Career: A Work–Home Perspective

This article proposes a perspective on careers that recognizes the interdependencies between work and home over the life course and is particularly suitable to contemporary careers. We first discuss the meaning of a work–home (WH) perspective and elaborate on the economic, organizational, and workforce changes that have affected contemporary careers. We then illustrate the implications of adopting a WH perspective for four streams of scholarship relevant to contemporary careers (career self-management, career success, global careers, and sustainable careers), suggest directions for future research in each area, and discuss the practical implications of adopting a WH perspective. We conclude that contemporary careers can be better understood by considering how employees’ home lives influence and are influenced by career processes and that the adoption of a WH perspective requires understanding the role of gender norms in prescribing and sanctioning women’s and men’s participation in the work and home domai...
Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular thrombosis

Ever increasing use of engineered carbon nanoparticles in nanopharmacology for selective imaging, sensor or drug delivery systems has increased the potential for blood platelet-nanoparticle interactions. We studied the effects of engineered and combustion-derived carbon nanoparticles on human platelet aggregation in vitro and rat vascular thrombosis in vivo. Multiplewall (MWNT), singlewall (SWNT) nanotubes, C60 fullerenes (C60CS) and mixed carbon nanoparticles (MCN) (0.2-300 microg ml(-1)) were investigated. Nanoparticles were compared with standard urban particulate matter (SRM1648, average size 1.4 microm). Platelet function was studied using lumi aggregometry, phase-contrast, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, zymography and pharmacological inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Vascular thrombosis was induced by ferric chloride and the rate of thrombosis was measured, in the presence of carbon particles, with an ultrasonic flow probe. Carbon particles, except C60CS, stimulated platelet aggregation (MCN>or=SWNT>MWNT>SRM1648) and accelerated the rate of vascular thrombosis in rat carotid arteries with a similar rank order of efficacy. All particles resulted in upregulation of GPIIb/IIIa in platelets. In contrast, particles differentially affected the release of platelet granules, as well as the activity of thromboxane-, ADP, matrix metalloproteinase- and protein kinase C-dependent pathways of aggregation. Furthermore, particle-induced aggregation was inhibited by prostacyclin and S-nitroso-glutathione, but not by aspirin. Thus, some carbon nanoparticles and microparticles have the ability to activate platelets and enhance vascular thrombosis. These observations are of importance for the pharmacological use of carbon nanoparticles and pathology of urban particulate matter.
Risk adjustment in health insurance exchanges for individuals with mental illness.

Mechanisms to compensate insurance plans covering disproportionate numbers of chronically mentally ill patients in the planned health insurance exchanges are generally adequate, according to an analysis of past claims data. After implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014, financial solvency will be largely ensured through “risk adjustment” by a pool of contributions from all plans in the state. The ACA also designates two temporary measures: commercial reinsurance purchased by each plan for costs above a certain threshold and “risk corridors” of payments flowing from the federal government to plans with higher than expected costs, in conjunction with payments coming in from plans with lower costs.
Minimum-energy state estimation for systems with perspective outputs and state constraints

We address the problem of estimating the state of a system with perspective outputs, whose state is known to satisfy a set of quadratic constraints. We construct a dynamical system that produces an estimate of the state that satis#es the constraints and is "most compatible" with the dynamics, in the sense that it requires the least amount of noise energy to explain the measured output. We apply these results to the estimation of position and orientation of a controlled rigid body, using measurements from a charged-coupled-device (CCD) camera attached to the body. The main contribution of this work is the inclusion of state constraints in the minimum-energy formulation. In the context of our application, these constraints allow us to avoid singularities that previous minimum-energy controllers encountered. The results are validated experimentally by using measurements from a CCD camera mounted on a mobile robot to estimate its position and orientation. These estimates are then used to close the loop and control the robot to a desired position, de#ned with respect to visual landmarks. The use of state constraints in the estimator allow the system to operate even when the trajectories for the robot do not exhibit "excitation," which was needed in previous minimum-energy estimators.
Cortisol responses to a group public speaking task for adolescents: Variations by age, gender, and race

Laboratory social stress tests involving public speaking challenges are widely used for eliciting an acute stress response in older children, adolescents, and adults. Recently, a group protocol for a social stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups, TSST-G) was shown to be effective in adults and is dramatically less time-consuming and resource-intensive compared to the single-subject version of the task. The present study sought to test the feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted group public speaking task conducted with a racially diverse, urban sample of U.S. adolescents (N = 191; 52.4% female) between the ages of 11 and 18 (M = 14.4 years, SD = 1.93). Analyses revealed that this Group Public Speaking Task for Adolescents (GPST- A) provoked a significant increase in cortisol production (on average, approximately 60% above baseline) and in self-reported negative affect, while at the same time avoiding excessive stress responses that would raise ethical concerns or provoke substantial participant attrition. Approx- imately 63.4% of participants exhibited an increase in cortisol levels in response to the task, with 59.2% of the total sample showing a 10% or greater increase from baseline. Results also suggested that groups of five adolescents might be ideal for achieving more uniform cortisol responses across various serial positions for speech delivery. Basal cortisol levels increased with age and participants belonging to U.S. national minorities tended to have either lower basal
THE DESIGN OF HOLLOW TILE DIES1

The die problem is stated in terms of plant experience. Questions of piston vs. auger pressure, dimensional relations, speeds, uniformity of feed, die shape, position and dimension of bridges, posts, and cores are discussed in relation to varying clay characteristics.
Improving global estimates of land surface properties

[1] Large models often rely on numerical simplifications of complex or small-scale processes, usually because the underlying mechanisms are not well understood or direct observations are unavailable. The values for these parameterizations can be tuned to fit observations or estimated through an inversion process, in which measurements of one easily observable parameter are used to calculate a related, but more elusive, physical quantity. However, remotely sensed data are specific to each instrument, so it is crucial to ascertain whether a new sensor's data can be used with a model. Using the Joint Research Centre Two-stream Inversion Package (JRC-TIP) inversion model, Pinty et al. provide a method of transforming satellite measurements of surface albedo made by NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite into a physically consistent set of radiative and structural surface variable values suitable for assimilation into climate models. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD015372, 2011)
Role of the B1 short arm in laminin self‐assembly

Laminin self-assembles into a basement membrane polymer through specific low-affinity interactions. Recently, it was shown that the terminal short-arm domain (domains VI and V) of the B1 chain (fragment E4) possesses one of the laminin self-interaction sites [Schittny, J.C. & Yurchenco, P.D. (1990) J. Cell Biol. 110, 825-832], but that the binding partner(s) of this domain is unknown. Using affinity retardation chromatography we now investigate the domain(s) fragment E4 binds to. The elution of E4 was clearly retarded on immobilized laminin and fragment E1' (three-chain short-arm complex excluding the distal part of the B1 chain), but not on immobilized E4 in calcium containing buffer and at 37 degrees C. Under the same conditions, E1' strongly interacts with immobilized E4. In addition, E1' is able to non-covalently cross-link soluble E4 to immobilized E4. No further interaction of laminin and E4 with additional fragments (P1', A, B2 and B1 chain short-arm complex without B1-domains VI-IV and without globules; E8, distal long arm and G1-3; E3, long-arm G subdomains 4 and 5) could be demonstrated. These data are interpreted as evidence that (a) the primary laminin-laminin bonds are formed between the short arms of laminin, that (b) the terminal B1 short-arm domain (E4) can interact with the short arm(s) of the A and/or B2 chain(s) (domain E1'), but does not self-interact, and that (c) due to at least three self-binding sites, laminin polymerization behaves co-operatively.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy following neck dissection.

Background Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a rare but devastating complication of surgery. It has traditionally been associated with intraoperative hypotension in patients with underlying arteriosclerosis. Methods We present a case of ION following bilateral neck dissections in which there was minimal intraoperative hypotension and preservation of both internal jugular veins. The potential etiology of this disease is discussed along with a review of the literature. Results Five cases of ION following neck dissection have been documented. This complication is associated with the combination of intraoperative hypotension and anemia in the setting of prolonged bilateral neck dissection. Treatment is supportive, and final visual prognosis is variable. Conclusions Ischemic optic neuropathy following neck dissection is best avoided by intraoperative blood pressure and anemia management. When it does occur, supportive therapy must be given. Final visual outcome is variable. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 148–152, 1997.
Perfluoropolyalkylether lubricants under boundary conditions: Iron catalysis of lubricant degradation

Perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) oils and oil-based greases exhibit signifcant degradation under boundary lubrication conditions. In the absence of significant concentrations of oxygen, as in the case of spacecraft orbital environments, the degradation mechanism consists of two steps: (1) the initial reaction of the PFPAE molecules with freshly exposed iron to form the Lewis acid, FeF3, followed by (2) the reaction of the FeF3 with unreacted PFPAE molecules, which results in the cleavage of the etherate linkages. The result is an autocatalytic degradation that takes place at temperatures below the onset of thermal decomposition. This mechanistic hypothesis is supported by the following experimental results: (1) The reaction of PFPAE with FeF3 has been shown to give rise to fluorinated-ketone and acid fluoride ether-cleavage products that are more reactive than the parent PFPAE molecules and have lower molecular weights and thus poorer lubricating ability. (2) FeFx compounds are formed in the wear tracks of wear-test components under boundary lubrication conditions. On the basis of these experimental results, poor performance can be predicted for PFPAE oils under conditions in which high temperatures (approximately 350 °C) and freshly exposed metal surfaces are present (i.e., the conditions of boundary lubrication). This prediction is corroborated through wear tests in which the performance of PFPAE is compared to the performance of commercial petroleum-based and synthetic- hydrocarbon lubricants to which lead naphthenate or antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate have been added. The test results confirm the well-known fact that the antiwear additives are very important to prolonged wear life under boundary lubrication conditions. In addition, the results show that, compared to the other lubricants tested, the PFPAE lubricants do not demonstrate adequate lubrication pevormance. Both the PFPAE degradation mechanism and the fact that soluble antiwear additives are not currently available imply that PFPAE lubricants are not currently suitable for applications in which boundary lubrication conditions exist, especially when high loads are involved.
Use of Microthemes to Increase Writing Content for Introductory Science Laboratory

Writing is a learning activity, as well as a communication skill. Many instructors recognize the value of writing as a learning tool but struggle to develop effective writing assignments. Instructors are generally pressed for time during lecture due to the necessity to deliver content and, therefore, cannot dedicate time necessary to teach science writing skills effectively. Traditional term papers assigned to a class with varying writing skills may not accomplish the desired goal of teaching both technical writing skills and critical thinking skills. Students that are already struggling with content may be at a disadvantage in terms of conveying complex ideas. An answer to this problem is the microtheme paper which we employ in an Introductory Botany laboratory setting.
Presenilin1/γ-secretase promotes the EphB2-induced phosphorylation of ephrinB2 by regulating phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains/Csk binding protein

Reverse signaling through the ephrinB ligands is important for several morphogenetic events, such as axon guidance, neuronal plasticity, spine maturation, and synaptogenesis. Signaling is initiated by binding of EphB receptors to ephrinB ligands, stimulating their tyrosine phosphorylation via an unclear mechanism. Here we show that this mechanism involves presenilin1 (PS1)/γ-secretase regulation of phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains/Csk binding protein (PAG/Cbp), an adaptor protein that controls the activity of Src kinases. Using immunoprecipitation and Western blot of mouse primary neuronal and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell extracts overexpressing PAG/Cbp, we show that EphB2 induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of PAG/Cbp in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. In these cells, PAG/Cbp dephosphorylation is promoted by the PS1/γ-secretase-produced fragment of ephrinB2 cleavage (ephrinB2/CTF2), which forms complexes with PAG/Cbp when introduced exogenously. EphB2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ephrinB2 depends on PAG/Cbp because EphB2 cannot increase ephrinB2 phosphorylation in cells treated with anti-PAG siRNA or in PAG/Cbp-knockout (KO) cells. Furthermore, in contrast to WT PS1, familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) PS1 mutants expressed in PS1-KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts inhibited both the EphB2-induced dephosphorylation of PAG/Cbp and the phosphorylation of ephrinB2. PS1 FAD mutations may thus inhibit the function of ephrinB in the brain, promoting neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease.
Hyperlactation: How Left-brained ‘Rules’ for Breastfeeding Can Wreak Havoc With a Natural Process

Abstract A variety of arbitrary and often unphysiological rules for breastfeeding are frequently suggested to breastfeeding mothers. Many of these rules duplicate strategies commonly used to increase milk supply, and thus, when undertaken by the many women who already have a generous milk supply, can lead to overproduction. Oversupply, or hyperlactation, is a frequent yet often unrecognized problem that can present with a variety of distressing symptoms for the breastfeeding mother and her infant. Infants may present with symptoms suggesting colic, milk protein allergies, or gastroesophageal reflux, or may present with unusually rapid or slow growth. Mothers may present with tender leaking breasts, sore infected nipples, plugged ducts or mastitis, or even the perception of insufficient milk supply. With an understanding of the pathophysiology of these symptoms, proper diagnosis and breastfeeding management can allow milk production to return to homeostatic levels and provide dramatic symptom relief.
Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory

Regaining original signals transformed from analog to digital systems or assessing information lost in the process are the fundamental issues addressed by sampling and interpolation theory. This study attempts to understand, generalize and extend the cardinal series of Shannon sampling theory.
Crime on Campus: A Survey of Space Users

This paper reports findings from a study of perceptions and realities of crime at a regional, comprehensive university campus in North Carolina, USA. Specifically, the study explored perceptions of the primary place users of the campus (ie students, faculty, staff, and university police officers) on matters related to criminal victimization, fear of crime, and perception of crime risk. It also assessed environmental conditions on campus. We sought to identify how students, faculty, staff, and police view crime on campus, and to what degree each group feared crime and how they perceived risks to their personal safety. We also aimed to identify environmental conditions unique to particular areas on campus which may be related to fear of crime and perceptions of crime risk. Finally, we compared perceptions of crime on campus with its reality, as measured by self-reported victimizations of students, faculty, and staff, as well as official police reports. Since crime prevention policy on campus is logically best informed by the primary users of campus space, this study sets forth a model for future research in preventing campus crime.
Three-Dimensional Flow in a Shallow Coastal Upwelling Zone: Alongshore Convergence and Divergence on the New Jersey Shelf

Alongshore flow field divergence is investigated on the inner shelf off the coast of New Jersey during the summer upwelling season of 1996. Velocities obtained from an array of moorings are used to examine the flow field. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses are employed to extract those features of the flow field that are resolved by the moorings and to construct a measure of alongshore divergence. Multi-input single-output linear systems analysis is used to examine the role of buoyancy intrusions and wind stress in determining alongshore divergence or convergence of the flow field and to construct a proxy for divergence derived from a time series of stratification gradients and wind stress. Alongshore divergence on this shallow shelf (,25-m depth) is shown to be a function of both wind stress and buoyancy intrusions. The latter originate in the Hudson River outflow and produce downshelf flow (i.e., in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation). Examination of the first EOF mode (containing 67% of the variance) reveals that the largest resolved fluctuations are oriented alongshore and are characterized by strong counterclockwise veering with depth. Momentum balances demonstrate that the depth-averaged flow fields are governed by wind stress, bottom stress, and the across-shore pressure gradient. The second EOF mode describes significantly less variance (8%); however, it represents the across- and alongshore variations of the flow field, composing the bulk of the alongshore divergence. The production of alongshore divergence by a combination of wind stress and buoyancy intrusions is a likely outcome in upwelling regimes downshelf of a major buoyancy source.
Models for multi-view object class detection

Learning how to detect objects from many classes in a wide variety of viewpoints is a key goal of computer vision. Existing approaches, however, require excessive amounts of training data. Implementors need to collect numerous training images not only to cover changes in the same object's shape due to the viewpoint variation, but also to accommodate the variability in appearance among instances of the same class. We introduce the Potemkin model, which exploits the relationship between 3D objects and their 2D projections for efficient and effective learning. The Potemkin model can be constructed from a few views of an object of the target class. We use the Potemkin model to transform images of objects from one view to several other views, effectively multiplying their value for class detection. This approach can be coupled with any 2D image-based detection system. We show that automatically transformed images dramatically decrease the data requirements for multi-view object class detection. The Potemkin model also allows detection systems to reconstruct the 3D shapes of detected objects automatically from a single 2D image. This reconstruction generates realistic views of 3D models, and also provides accurate 3D information for entire objects. We demonstrate its usefulness in three applications: robot manipulation, object detection using 2.5D data, and generating 3D ‘pop-up’ models from photos. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
HPLC-Ion Spray-Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Flavonol Glycosides in Hops

Ionspray mass spectrometry is shown to be an ideal method for the analysis of the water-soluble flavonol glycosides in hops. Separation of these compounds by reverse-phase high-performance liquid c...
Phylogeny of the dragonfly and damselfly order Odonata as inferred by mitochondrial 12S Ribosomal RNA sequences

The phylogenetic relationships among members of the Odonates were inferred from mitochondrial DNA 12S ribosomal RNA sequence data. These data show support for a monophyletic Anisoptera suborder, which are consistent with previous phylogenetic work performed on the group. However, the Zygoptera are paraphyletic based on mitochondrial DNA evidence. In particular, the family Lestidae appears more closely related to the Anisoptera then the Zygoptera.
Bifrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Working Memory in Adults with High-Functioning Autism (S9.001)

Objective: To enhance working memory in high-functioning adults with autism Background: Impaired working memory (WM) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often underlies core deficits in cognition and social functioning. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance WM in healthy adults, but its efficacy in ASD is unknown. We predicted that active bifrontal tDCS would improve WM performance compared to sham stimulation and that enhancement would generalize to an untrained task. Methods: Twelve high-functioning adults with ASD engaged in a battery of working memory tasks that included backward spatial span, backward digit span, spatial n-back and letter n-back. While engaged, 1.5 mA bifrontal stimulation was applied for 40 minutes over the left and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC). Using a crossover design, each participant received left anodal/right cathodal stimulation, right anodal/left cathodal stimulation, or sham stimulation, in counter-balanced order on three separate days. Following tDCS, participants again engaged in letter and spatial n-back tasks before taking a brief test of attention (BTA). Repeated-measures ANOVAs, t-tests, Friedman’s tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare composite z-scores for the WM battery and for online and offline measures. Results: Both left DLPFC anodal stimulation (t11=5.4, p=0.0002) and right DLPFC anodal stimulation (t11=3.57, p=0.004) improved overall working memory performance compared to sham. Left anodal stimulation (t11=3.9, p=0.003) and right anodal stimulation (t11=2.7, p=0.019) enhanced online performances. Enhancement transferred to an untrained task 50 minutes after right anodal stimulation (z11=2.263, p=0.024). The strongest effects were on spatial span backward (z11=2.39, p=0.017; Cohen’s d = 1.3) and BTA (z11=2.263, p=0.024; Cohen’s d = 0.51). Conclusions: In high-functioning adults with ASD, active bifrontal tDCS given during working memory training improves performance. TDCS also was associated with enhanced performance on an untrained task shortly after stimulation, suggesting broader benefits. Disclosure: Dr. van Steenburgh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Varvaris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schretlen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vannorsdall has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose.
Shape Selection of Surface-Bound Helical Filaments: Biopolymers on Curved Membranes

Motivated to understand the behavior of biological filaments interacting with membranes of various types, we employ a theoretical model for the shape and thermodynamics of intrinsically helical filaments bound to curved membranes. We show that filament-surface interactions lead to a host of nonuniform shape equilibria, in which filaments progressively unwind from their native twist with increasing surface interaction and surface curvature, ultimately adopting uniform-contact curved shapes. The latter effect is due to nonlinear coupling between elastic twist and bending of filaments on anisotropically curved surfaces such as the cylindrical surfaces considered here. Via a combination of numerical solutions and asymptotic analysis of shape equilibria, we show that filament conformations are critically sensitive to the surface curvature in both the strong- and weak-binding limits. These results suggest that local structure of membrane-bound chiral filaments is generically sensitive to the curvature radius of the surface to which it is bound, even when that radius is much larger than the filament's intrinsic pitch. Typical values of elastic parameters and interaction energies for several prokaryotic and eukaryotic filaments indicate that biopolymers are inherently very sensitive to the coupling between twist, interactions, and geometry and that this could be exploited for regulation of a variety of processes such as the targeted exertion of forces, signaling, and self-assembly in response to geometric cues including the local mean and Gaussian curvatures.
Determination of volatiles in Platycladus orientalis L.phloem by a purge and trap injector-GC/MS

A purge trap injector(PTI)-GC/MS was used to detect volatiles in Platycladus orientalis L.phloem.Data were compared with the thermo-desorption cold trap(TCT)-GC/MS method.Results showed that sample quantity of 0.2g and purge time of 5 minutes were adequate for separation and identification,and that backflash time of 2 minutes was sufficient for effectively removing the water vapor from the air and deicing the trap.Nine monoterpenes and three sesquiterpenes were identified by using both methods.Compared with TCT-GC/MS,PTI-GC/MS has the advantages of less quantity of samples required,no interference by absorbent,no thermal decomposition,and more sensitive to the monoterpenes,making it effective for rapid and accurate determination of conifer volatiles.
Fluid blood level in cystoid space resulting from central retinal vein occlusion

Background: A hemorrhagic and cystoid maculopathy developed in a patient with a central retinal vein occlusion. There was an unusal finding of a fluid blood level in the inferior region of the central large cystoid space. This clinical finding has been associated with cystoid macular edema after aphakic/pseudophakic cataract surgery. Method: A case report is presented and a review of the literature was conducted to determine the frequency of this condition and gain knowledge of the possibility of the pathophysiology. Results: This is only the second case reported in the literature of a fluid blood level seen in a patient with obstructive venous retinopathy. The pathophysiology is likely to be the transitory bleeding of a retinal vessel into the cystoid space. Conclusion: The finding of a fluid blood level in patient with a BRVO or CRVO is a rare event. Since this condition has not been associated with diabetic hemorrhagic retinopathy, any diabetic patient displaying such a clinical finding should be suspected of having obstructive venous disease.
The Effect of Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Burden on Survival in Patients with Light Chain Amyloidosis Undergoing High-Dose Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract The prognosis in light chain (AL) amyloidosis has been linked to several variables, which are primarily related to end-organ damage. Recently, bone marrow plasma cell (BMPC) burden >10% has also been described as an adverse prognostic factor. We reviewed data pertaining to 546 patients with AL amyloidosis who underwent high-dose melphalan (HDM) and stem cell transplantation (SCT) to determine if BMPC > 10% was a negative prognostic factor. Of these patients, 445 had a BMPC burden ≤ 10% and 101 had a BMPC burden > 10%. Patients with BMPC > 30% were excluded from the study. The median overall survival (OS) was 7.86 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.69 to 9.83) in patients with BMPC ≤ 10% and 6.8 years (95% CI, 5.75 to 10.17) for those with BMPC >10% (hazard ratio, 1.106; 95% CI, .78 to 1.45; P = .70) after HDM/SCT. Of the 101 patients with a BMPC burden > 10%, 25 received induction therapy. The median OS was 7.78 years (95% CI, 5.4 to 13.4) for those without induction therapy and 5.75 years (95% CI, 3.94 to not available; P = .28) for those with induction therapy. Furthermore, hematologic response and relapse rates did not differ in these 2 groups after HDM/SCT. We conclude that BMPC > 10% and
Vulnerability, equality and environmental justice : The potential and limits of law

This chapter explores efforts to address the unequal distribution of polluting facilities and other environmental hazard exposure through civil rights and environmental law. From the very beginning of the environmental justice movement, its advocates brought lawsuits in federal courts challenging the placement of polluting facilities and landfills as racially discriminatory. Almost uniformly these lawsuits failed, in large part due to the underlying shifts in anti discrimination jurisprudence over the last 30 years in which requirements of intent and causation became serious obstacles to proving discrimination. A parallel effort by advocates to incorporate anti discrimination norms into environmental regulation, using President Bill Clinton’s Executive Order on environmental justice, met with some success. However, the application of the Order by environmental decision makers revealed how much in tension are the distributive equity aims animating environmental justice challenges and the narrow risk assessment framework that guides environmental regulation. This chapter suggests that one way to align these two frameworks — to better integrate equality norms into environmental decision making — is through the lens of vulnerability. From an equality standpoint, legal theorists have advanced vulnerability as an alternative to the limitations of anti discrimination law and as a more robust conception of the role of the state in protecting vulnerable populations. In the environmental context, social vulnerability analysis and metrics have long been employed to assess and address the ways that some subpopulations are more susceptible to the harms from climate change and environmental hazard events like hurricanes and floods. The use of vulnerability, either as a policy framework or as social science, has not been utilized much in the pollution context to capture the array of factors that shape the susceptibility of certain places and populations to disproportionate environmental hazard exposure. This limitation suggests that a fertile area of research is how to utilize vulnerability metrics in regulatory and legal analysis to better protect these populations and communities.
Management of Hormone Deprivation Symptoms After Cancer

Cancer survivors often experience symptoms related to hormone deprivation, including vasomotor symptoms, genitourinary symptoms, and sexual health concerns. These symptoms can occur due to natural menopause in midlife women, or they can be brought on by oncologic therapies in younger women or men. We searched PubMed for English-language studies from January 1990 through January 2016 to identify relevant articles on the management of hormone deprivation symptoms, including vasomotor, genitourinary, and sexual symptoms in patients with cancer. The search terms used included hormone deprivation, vasomotor symptoms, hot flash, vaginal dryness, sexual dysfunction, and breast cancer. This manuscript provides a comprehensive description of data supporting the treatment of symptoms associated with hormone deprivation.
The Propositional Structure of Perception

My topic is ordinary sense-perception. My question is, at least among philosophers, a common one: ‘What is the structure of the content of perceptual acts?’ My aim is not to suggest another complicating factor for this old problem, but rather to offer as spare and simplified an answer as possible.
The End and the Beginning

This is the story of a Supreme Commander and the institutions for which he served. These institutions doubtless contributed to the making of General Lauris Norstad. They certainly provided the opportunities that propelled his spectacular rise from very modest beginnings to become one of the leaders of the “Free World” at the height of the Cold War. In the course of this rise, his sharp and disciplined intellect and physical bearing brought him to the attention of powerful sponsors — General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold, the architect of the US Air force (USAF), and General Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower, the hero of World War II and a denning figure in the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Atrial Early Afterdepolarization: An Emerging Property of the Fibrotic Atria?

Introduction: Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) interrupt and delay repolarization of the cardiac action potential. In the ventricular myocardium, EADs are triggers of torsades de pointes, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation; in the pulmonary vein sleeves of the left atrium, EADs may contribute to the initiation of atrial fibrillation (AF). While EADs can be readily induced in isolated ventricular and pulmonary vein myocytes, EADs are not readily observed in (non-pulmonary-vein) atrial myocytes. Since fibrosis can promote AF at sites remote from the pulmonary veins, we investigated how fibroblast coupling to atrial myocytes affects the emergence of EADs and AF.Methods and Results: When patch-clamped myocytes from young rabbit hearts were exposed to hypokalemia (2.7mmol/L) and isoproterenol (1-2 μmol/L), EADs readily occurred in ventricular myocytes at slow pacing rates but not in atrial myocytes. However, when those patch-clamped myocytes were coupled to virtual fibroblasts using the dynamic clamp technique, the resultant gap junction current promoted EADs in ventricular myocytes at faster pacing rates and in atrial myocytes at both slow and fast pacing rates. While the early Ito-like gap junction current component was important for EAD genesis in ventricular myocytes, the late gap junction current component was critical for EAD genesis in atrial myocytes. In intact rabbit atria exposed to the same stressors and studied with optical mapping of voltage, spontaneous EADs inducing atrial fibrillation arose from non-pulmonary-vein areas when atrial fibrosis exceeded 10% on subsequent trichrome staining.Conclusion: In response to stressors that prolong repolarization, ventricular myocytes readily develop EADs whereas atrial myocytes are resistant. When coupled to fibroblasts, however, atrial myocytes also become susceptible to EADs. Our findings highlight the differences between ventricular and atrial myocytes and provide a potential mechanism linking atrial fibrosis to the emergence of non-pulmonary-vein triggers of AF.
The chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment: Beyond the B-cell receptor

Malignant B cells accumulate in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In the tissue compartments, CLL shape a protective microenvironment by coopting normal elements. The efficacy of drugs that target these interactions further underscores their importance in the pathogenesis of CLL. While the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway clearly plays a central role in the CLL microenvironment, there is also rationale to evaluate agents that inhibit other aspects or modulate the immune cells in the microenvironment. Here we review the main cellular components, soluble factors, and signaling pathways of the CLL microenvironment, and highlight recent clinical advances. As the BCR pathway is reviewed elsewhere, we focus on other aspects of the microenvironment.
Computational and Interpretive Genomics

As one of its goals, this conference seeks to build bridges between two scientific cultures, represented on one side by computer scientists and physical chemists, and on the other by biologists and organic chemists. These two group are both interested in how computation can help us better understand biological systems. The motivation for joining the two cultures is heightened by the growth of genomic sequence databases, which add greatly to the amount of information describing the structure of biological macromolecules, in particular, DNA and proteins.
Beam Combining of SOA-based Bidirectional Tunable Fiber Compound-ring Lasers with External Reflectors

A simple, stable and inexpensive dual- output port widely tunable semiconductor optical amplifier-based fiber compound-ring laser structure is demonstrated. This unique nested ring cavity enables high optical power to split into different branches where amplification and wavelength selection are achieved by using low-power SOAs and a tunable filter. Furthermore, two Sagnac loop mirrors which are spliced at the two ends of the ring cavity not only serve as variable reflectors but also channel the optical energy back to the same port without using any high power combiner. More than 98% coherent beam combining efficiency of two parallel nested fiber ring resonators is achieved over the C-band tuning range of 30 nm. Optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of + 45 dB, and optical power fluctuation of less than ± 0.02 dB are measured over three hours at room temperature.
Undergraduate Student Research Opportunities and Economic Revitalization through Urban Agriculture Initiatives

Through interactions with the recently formed Cooperative of the Institute of Urban Agriculture and Nutrition (CIUAN), a catalyst initiative co-governed by community organizations and academia to engage in mutually beneficial research and teaching projects, Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is supporting community efforts to bring healthy food to urban environments. This paper will discuss an innovative model, Sustainable Research and Economic Developmenet model, to involve undergraduate students in interdisciplinary community-based research exploring pathways for urban agriculture and urban farmers markets to turn blighted properties into gardens, or rice paddies, as part of a larger metropolitan community economic development effort.
The Application of a Theory of Contraculture to Intercultural Communication: Searching for Isomorphic Processes

This paper addresses itself to one of the major problems plaging the field of intercultural communication—the lack of overarching theoretical perspectives. The paper argues that there is a need for...
Una aproximación teórica a la planeación en las organizaciones

Este articulo surge dentro del marco del proyecto de investigacion sobre el comportamiento de los empresarios frente a los acuerdos de integracion, hace parte de un estudio de la planeacion en las organizaciones, que complementa el escrito Explorando los metodos de planeacion en las organizaciones, publicado en la revista Questionar volumen No. 4. Su objetivo es reflexionar en el concepto de planeacion a traves de los modelos que han surgido como herramienta teorica que fundamentan su ejercicio en procura de mayor competitividad. Metodologicamente, el trabajo se basa en una exhaustiva revision documental y aproximacion epistemologica al tema. El resultado muestra que el concepto de planeacion es dinamico, que preve la incertidumbre y es valioso para afrontar la competitividad que generan los nuevos mercados que trae la globalizacion.
Social Capital Considerations in Transition for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities

Students with emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD) continue to have poor transition outcomes despite the continued advancement of evidence-based transition planning practices. Strategies tai...
H11 Colostomy Creation in Anorectal Malformation

An oblique incision is made in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen. The upper portion of the incision will accommodate the proximal stoma, and the distal end will accommodate the mucous fistula. The distance between both stomas should allow the placement of a stoma bag only covering the proximal stoma (Fig. 1). The sigmoid colon is identified and brought outside the incision. The future colostomy site is selected close to the fixed portion of the descending colon, where it attaches to the left retroperitoneum. A purse-string suture is placed in the colon, in the selected location of the future colostomy, and a 12-Fr Foley catheter is inserted to allow warm irrigation of the distal bowel until it is completely clean of meconium (Fig. 2).
Systematic Errors in High-Energy Astrophysics

Systematic errors are a crucial component of astronomical inference. In high-energy astrophysics, a great deal of effort is spent to minimize their effect, and analysis methods have matured over the years to automatically include high-quality calibration. However, calibration products are generally used as perfect representations of the instruments, and inherent uncertainties in their generation, both statistical and systematic, are ignored. We have developed a methodology by which such errors can be incorporated into analyses, via a modification of the MCMC process. Here we describe some recent developments by the Chandra calibration team to define, construct, and communicate the magnitude and characteristics of systematic calibration uncertainties. Our procedure can be generalized to incorporate different methods of defining the uncertainties.
Cancer Stem Cells in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other gynecologic malignancy. Five-year survival rates have only marginally improved over the past 3 decades, with progression to drug resistance remaining the major therapeutic barrier. Similar to a number of other carcinomas, recent reports suggest that ovarian tumors may exhibit a hierarchical organization of cell types, with tumor development and progression driven by “cancer stem cells” that are inefficiently targeted by conventional therapies. This chapter will focus on the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis as it may relate to ovarian cancer, examine reports of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs), and discuss potentially improved therapeutic strategies based on the specific targeting of these tumor progenitors.
Studies on the Mechanism of Catalysis by Thiamin: Progress and Problems

The mechanism of catalysis by thiamin is discussed with respect to the function of the NH2 group. Hypotheses that assume that the NH2 group behaves as an intramolecular general base are untenable because such amino groups are not basic. On the contrary, many lines of evidence show that the NH2 groups of aminopurines and aminopyrimidines should be considered as Lewis acids. The evidence includes the following: the π-electronic charge density is low; in H-bond formation these NH2 groups are H-donors and never H-acceptors; rate constants for specific acid- and specific base-catalyzed exchange of the NH2 protons with solvent water are 106 –108 and 102 times smaller, respectively, than those for the corresponding diffusion-controlled reactions. A catalytic mechanism involving a Lewis acid is proposed. The exchange of the thiazolium (C-2) proton with solvent has been reinvestigated by two NMR methods: (a) disappearance of the signal of (C-2)H in D2O due to H—D exchange; (b) broadening of the (C-2)H signal in H2O solution due to H—H exchange. Rates calculated from the latter method are approximately two orders of magnitude larger than those from H—D exchange.
Carcinogenetic Pathway of Malignant Melanoma

With an increasing incidence in the last decade, melanoma has become a significant public health concern worldwide. Melanoma is an aggressive disease that currently lacks effective treatment. The biology of melanoma is complex, with numerous different histologic subtypes, genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and clinical features though to play a role in carcinogenesis and outcome. The purpose of this chapter is to review the most recent advances in the tumorigenesis of melanoma focusing on photocarcinogenesis and the molecular pathways implicated in the development of this malignancy.