cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Routine Ionized Calcium Measurement

Background: Ionized calcium (iCa) is measured frequently in hospitalized patients, and hypocalcemia is frequently found, seemingly supporting the practice. Methods: We retrieved the results of 58 040 iCa tests and records of intravenous (IV) and oral calcium supplementation from laboratory and hospital information systems and evaluated them for frequency of testing, frequency of hypocalcemia, and effects of calcium supplementation. Results: Serial and daily iCa testing was common and responsible for a substantial fraction of all iCa tests ordered. Half of all patients tested had iCa values below the reference interval. IV, but not oral, calcium therapy increased mean iCa concentrations, but the effect of calcium administration was small compared with the spontaneous increase in iCa that occurred in similar patients who received no calcium treatment. A retrospective analysis suggested that a low total calcium (tCa) concentration (<2.00 mmol/L, <8 mg/dL) could identify most patients with low iCa (<1.0 mmol/L). Introduction of a reflexive strategy reduced iCa testing by 72%–76% and reduced IV calcium gluconate therapy by 45%–81%. Conclusions: Testing for iCa and IV calcium supplementation were significantly reduced with a reflexive calcium testing strategy that provided iCa testing only to patients with low tCa. Adverse clinical outcomes possibly associated with hypocalcemia did not increase.
The Primacy of Aspect

Studies of first and second language acquisition have indicated that when verbal morphemes first appear, they tend to mark aspectual distinctions in non-native-like ways. This study tested the hypothesis that in L2 acquisition, verbal morphemes initially mark lexical aspect—the temporal features inherent in the semantics of a predicate, independent of the time line—regardless of their function in the target language. To reduce the subjectivity that has weakened previous studies, operational tests—which entailed inserting a base-form verb phrase into a frame and then judging whether the result is acceptable—were used to determine lexical aspect for each of over 550 verb tokens in the corpus, based on an interlanguage sample from a native speaker of Spanish. The results of a chi-square test allow rejection of the null hypothesis—that lexical aspect and morphology are independent—at the .001 confidence level. Past marking was found to correlate with punctual aspect, - ing with durative.
Relational Topic Models for Document Networks

We develop the relational topic model (RTM), a model of documents and the links between them. For each pair of documents, the RTM models their link as a binary random variable that is conditioned on their contents. The model can be used to summarize a network of documents, predict links between them, and predict words within them. We derive efficient inference and learning algorithms based on variational methods and evaluate the predictive performance of the RTM for large networks of scientific abstracts and web documents.
Synthesis of the kappa-agonist CJ-15,161 via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction

Syntheses of CJ-15,161 (1) involving intermolecular N-arylation of an appropriately functionalized diamine, obtained from the precursor α-amino acids or, more conveniently, from the corresponding 1,2-amino alcohols via 1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide 22, are reported.
Nanosecond time scale measurements of electron states during laser excitation by positron annihilation

This Letter reports a study of dynamic states of positron annihilation during laser excitation. High power short-pulsed laser irradiation induces transient effects and many interesting phenomena in condensed matter. Doppler broadening of positron annihilation measurements were conducted on crystalline silicon in coincidence with laser irradiation on nanosecond time scale to study the influence of laser induced effects on the electron momentum distributions seen by the positron.
Surface effects on electronic transport of 2D chalcogenide thin films and nanostructures

The renewed interest in two-dimensional materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides, has been explosive, evident in a number of review and perspective articles on the topic. Our ability to synthesize and study these 2D materials down to a single layer and to stack them to form van der Waals heterostructures opens up a wide range of possibilities from fundamental studies of nanoscale effects to future electronic and optoelectronic applications. Bottom-up and top-down synthesis and basic electronic properties of 2D chalcogenide materials have been covered in great detail elsewhere. Here, we bring attention to more subtle effects: how the environmental, surface, and crystal defects modify the electronic band structure and transport properties of 2D chalcogenide nanomaterials. Surface effects such as surface oxidation and substrate influence may dominate the overall transport properties, particularly in single layer chalcogenide devices. Thus, understanding such effects is critical for successful applications based on these materials. In this review, we discuss two classes of chalcogenides – Bi-based and Mo-based chalcogenides. The first are topological insulators with unique surface electronic properties and the second are promising for flexible optoelectronic applications as well as hydrogen evolution catalytic reactions.
Unique Reverse and Maneuvering Features of the AOE-6 Reverse Reduction Gear

A unique Reverse Reduction Gear system is being utilized on the U.S. NAVY AOE-6 Class ships. The AOE-6 is the first of (4) Fast Combat Support ships being built by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) in San Diego, Ca.The principal characteristics of the AOE-6 Class ships are as follows:Length Overall - 753 Feet 8.5 InchesBeam - 107 FeetMean Draft (Full Load) - 37 Feet 10 InchesDisplacement - 48,500 Long TonsTotal Shaft Horsepower - 100,000 HPThe ships are powered by (4) General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines, driving thru (2) main reduction gears manufactured by the Cincinnati Gear Co., to (2) shafts fitted with fixed pitch propellers. Each main reduction gear utilizes (2) SSS-TOSI Reversible Coupling Converters (RCC’s) to provide reversing and slow speed maneuvering capability for each propulsion shaft.The RCC is a fluid coupling/torque converter that has (26) insertable stator vanes positioned around the periphery of the rotor circuit. These stator vanes, when inserted, reverse fluid flow inside the RCC, and consequently reverse the direction of rotation of the RCC output (turbine) rotor. The RCC was tested extensively by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (formerly NAVSSES) in Philadelphia, Pa.This paper provides an overview of the RCC design and operating principles; highlights of the prior testing accomplished; and an informative brief that details the successful integration, operation, and performance of the RCC aboard these new U.S. Naval vessels.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Politics, Markets, and Grand Strategy: Foreign Economic Policies as Strategic Instruments. By Lars S. Skålnes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 272p. $54.50.

To date, the main body of research on the economic dimensions of foreign policy has focused on narrow, tactical considerations alone. Are sanctions effective tools of diplomacy? Do governments try to sway the nation's trade away from enemies and toward allies due to relative gains concerns? Does foreign aid win compliance? Lars Skalnes's new book refocuses the attention of the field greatly by asking us to consider foreign economic policy as a core component of great-power grand strategy. The purposeful manipulation of foreign economic ties by national leaders, he argues, is not merely an ancillary instrument in the diplomatic kit of foreign policy elites. Indeed there may be times in which it is the central tool used by powers to secure their strategic objectives. Moreover, Skalnes's framework seeks to identify the specific political–strategic conditions that make it more likely or less likely that great powers will build their grand strategies around such policy. This idea should not seem strange to us when we recall initiatives over the past 30 years such as Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, Henry Kissinger's notion of detente with the Soviet Union, and current American attempts to moderate Chinese behavior by integrating that emerging power more fully into the global economy. While these examples are not treated in the book (Skalnes examines German, French, British, and American cases over different years between 1879 and 1967), they stand as additional instances that might be understood in new ways. Politics, Markets, and Grand Strategy makes a persuasive argument for permanently removing the “low politics” label from foreign economic policy and viewing it instead as coequal with military strategy in the realm of “high politics.”
Simulation and design of lossy transmission lines in a thin-film multichip package

A thin-film multichip package design was evaluated for its applications in packaging high-performance VLSI/ULSI chips. Typical thin-film interconnections (copper lines 8 mu m wide and 4 mu m thick) were analyzed, and a large CMOS driver was used in the simulation. It was found that a pitch of 32 mu m for the microstrip configuration and 20 mu m for the stripline configuration is required to obtain a low-crosstalk environment for an input frequency up to 1 GHz. It is shown that long lines (length between 8 cm and 18 cm) do not need any termination, but short lines (shorter than 8 cm, but longer than the length at which a line is considered to be a lumped circuit) must be terminated with customized termination resistors to obtain optimal package performance. The loading effects n the termination behavior of short and long thin-film microstrips are also discussed. It is shown that high power generation in thin-film lines at a high frequency (1 GHz) would require an advanced cooling technique for the thin-film multichip package. >
Ischemic preconditioning prevents in vivo hyperoxygenation in postischemic myocardium with preservation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) strongly protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, its effect on subsequent myocardial oxygenation is unknown. Therefore, we determine in an in vivo mous...
The Recent Progress Of The Gravity Program Of The Columbus Group

The world‐wide gravity program of the Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory of Ohio State University has been described for this society at the last annual meeting by Dr. W. Heiskanan, who was invited by Prof. G. H. Harding, director of the laboratory, to plan this program and to function as the scientific leader for its realization.
Physical Fitness and Hypertension in a Population at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project

Background Increased physical fitness is protective against cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that increased fitness would be inversely associated with hypertension. Methods and Results We examined the association of fitness with prevalent and incident hypertension in 57 284 participants from The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project (1991–2009). Fitness was measured during a clinician‐referred treadmill stress test. Incident hypertension was defined as a new diagnosis of hypertension on 3 separate consecutive encounters derived from electronic medical records or administrative claims files. Analyses were performed with logistic regression or Cox proportional hazards models and were adjusted for hypertension risk factors. The mean age overall was 53 years, with 49% women and 29% black. Mean peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved was 9.2 (SD, 3.0). Fitness was inversely associated with prevalent hypertension even after adjustment (≥12 METs versus <6 METs; OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.80). During a median follow‐up period of 4.4 years (interquartile range: 2.2 to 7.7 years), there were 8053 new cases of hypertension (36.4% of 22 109 participants without baseline hypertension). The unadjusted 5‐year cumulative incidences across categories of METs (<6, 6 to 9, 10 to 11, and ≥12) were 49%, 41%, 30%, and 21%. After adjustment, participants achieving ≥12 METs had a 20% lower risk of incident hypertension compared to participants achieving <6 METs (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89). This relationship was preserved across strata of age, sex, race, obesity, resting blood pressure, and diabetes. Conclusions Higher fitness is associated with a lower probability of prevalent and incident hypertension independent of baseline risk factors.
Bt or not Bt: is that the question?

Recent public concerns over the transgenic (genetically modified) plants and nontarget impacts such as those from Bt-toxin expressing corn pollen on the monarch butterfly populations have escalated, despite good pest management intentions and good science (1–9). Plant resistance to insect pests has evolved naturally over many millions of years and involves (i) both constitutive and inducible phytochemical and morphological mechanisms in plants, (ii) counteradaptations to plant defenses by the herbivores, and (iii) biotic interactions of the multitrophic level communities of insect pathogens, parasites, and predators (10–13). The outcomes of such complex biotic interactions are sometimes determined by local mosaics of abiotic environmental conditions or regional climate changes that directly influence the component participants and their behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations (14–16). The intentional selection and breeding of insect and/or pathogen-resistant plant genotypes such as corn (Zea mays) has resulted in slow, but steady, progress against stalk-boring larvae such as the European corn borer and other such species, and host plant resistance in general has significantly reduced the need for broad-spectrum insecticides across agroecosystems and forests (17, 18).
Cosmic Evolution, Life and Man

Among the most basic problems confronting science are those regarding the origin of the universe, the origin of life and the origin of man. The first question is being studied by cosmologists and theoretical physicists. Whether there is one, or an infinite number of universes, is not the fundamental question, neither is the sequence of events beginning at “zero time” after the primordial explosion of a hydrogen-helium primeval “miniball”. The real question is the reality-status of the universe before “zero time” which theorists say is not within the realm of cosmology. At any rate, given primordial hydrogen, the observational and experimental studies demonstrate that all the biogenic and other elements of the periodic system can be generated by nuclear reactions. After hydrogen, the first nuclide formed is helium, or an alpha particle. The next most important thermonuclear reaction is the, so called, triple alpha process. This process which occurrs in the interior of carbon stars at a temperature of 100 million degrees is responsible for the nuclear formation of carbon. The synthesis of such a remarkable nuclide is a unique event without which we would not be able to talk about life on Earth. This general overview starts (1) with a brief introduction addressed primarily to the Cyril Ponnamperuma Memorial. Then, the thesis is presented that the appearance of life and intelligence on our planet can be understood as the result of a number of cosmic and biological evolutionary processes, including (2) The stellar thermonuclear synthesis of the biogenic elements other than hydrogen (C, N, O, P and S), their dispersal into space, and their combination into circumstellar and interstellar molecules. (3) The formation of the Solar System and the Earth-Moon System (4) The role of comets and carbonaceous chondrites in contributing organic matter to the primitive Earth. (5) The prebiotic synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids, and other biochemical monomers. (6) The prebiotic condensation reactions leading to the synthesis of oligomers such as oligonucleotides and oligopeptides, with replicative and catalytic activities. (7) The synthesis of amphiphilic lipids, and their self-assembly into liposomes with bi-layered membranes. (8) The formation of protocellular structures. (9) The activation of protocells into a functioning Darwin’s ancestral cell. (10) Early evolution of life. (11) The K-T boundary event and the disappearance of dinosaurs. (12) Evolution of hominids leading to Homo sapiens. (13) The rapid development of civilization. (14) The exploration of the Solar System. (15) Life beyond our planetary system. (16) Epilogue. Peace from cosmic evolution?
Axons, dendrites and synapses.

Classical concepts of neuronal organization have been based on the motoneuron as a model. Recent work on the mitral cell of the olfactory bulb has revealed synaptic connections of dendrites and cell bodies that are not present in the motoneuron. Similar findings in many other parts of the nervous system suggest the need to revise our concepts of synaptic relations and functional properties of axons and dendrites.—Shepherd, G. M. Axons, dendrites and synapses. Federation Proc. 34: 1395–1397, 1975.
MANDATED OPENNESS AND HIGHER-EDUCATION GOVERNANCE: POLICY, THEORETICAL, AND ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES

Openness is a cherished value, if problematical practice, in the governance of public-sector institutions in the United States. Although the nation enjoys a long tradition of espoused commitment to the principle of “open government,” legal guarantees of citizens’ right to information about their government are a relatively modern creation. In the American states, these guarantees prominently take the form of open-meeting and records laws. 1 Often known as sunshine laws, these provisions became widely institutionalized in state statute during the 1960s–70s, when, amidst the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and other widely publicized episodes of corruption at the state level, public confidence in governmental institutions and leaders plummeted. Although these laws vary in form from one state to the next, they share a similar purpose—to make public bodies more transparent and accountable by providing citizens with reliable access to and knowledge about the conditions and deliberations of those bodies. Every state in the nation today mandates governmental openness through the device of sunshine laws. These laws exert substantial influence on the nature of decision making within the public sector. In the context of higher education, sunshine laws help serve the ends of public accountability, academic honesty, fiscal soundness, institutional effectiveness and efficiency, and procedural and outcome equity in decision making. Because of these diverse goals, sunshine laws affect virtually every area of campus functioning: board deliberation, presidential search and selection, research and intellectual property issues, budget decisions, 1 Congress, in 1965, passed the Freedom of Information Act, the nation’s first federal open-meeting statute. While the Act represents a landmark development in the evolution of the public’s-right-toknow, we restrict our focus in this chapter to mandated openness in the states.
Maximum Bid-Ask Spreads and Expected Stock Returns

The return premium associated with the illiquidity of stocks is well documented. In this study, we focus our attention on the uncertainty of liquidity. We test whether brief but significant liquidity droughts, as measured by the maximum daily bid-ask spread during a particular month, are associated with the illiquidity premium. Results show a robust return premium associated with stocks with the largest maximum bid-ask spread. We find that stocks with the largest maximum spreads generate alphas of approximately 1% per month. These results are distinct from premiums associated with the bid-ask spread and hold in a multi-factor setting after controlling for the Pastor-Stambaugh liquidity risk factor.
Enhancing Pigmented or Transparent Tissue Imaging with Laser Pulse Shaping

Enhanced control over femtosecond lasers (pulse shaping or pulse train modulation) improves contrast in tissue imaging. Pump-probe applications to melanoma diagnosis and cross phase modulation measurement in transparent tissues will be presented.
Old methods and new technologies: Social media and shifts in power in qualitative research

This article explores how online communications and social networking sites raise new ethical and methodological questions for qualitative researchers who design studies to be primarily ‘off-line’....
Candidate canine enterogastrones: acid inhibition before and after vagotomy

The relative contributions of several gut-derived peptides as enterogastrones known to be released in response to a fatty meal and to inhibit acid secretion have not previously been compared directly. We determined the acid-inhibitory activities of increasing intravenous doses of several peptides before and after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) during intragastric titration of a peptone meal in dogs. Before HSV, threshold inhibitory doses of peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin were 5, 7, and 10 pmol.kg-1.h-1, respectively, whereas neurotensin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and oxyntomodulin failed to inhibit acid secretion at doses up to 1,000 pmol.kg-1.h-1. The calculated dose producing 50% acid inhibition (ID50) of secretin (62 pmol.kg-1.h-1) was one-half that of PYY (128 pmol.kg-1.h-1). Maximal (90%) acid inhibition was produced by 100 pmol.kg-1.h-1 secretin and 500 pmol.kg-1.h-1 PYY. The highest dose of CCK that did not cause vomiting (100 pmol.kg-1.h-1) inhibited peptone-stimulated acid output by only 60%. After HSV, 500 pmol.kg-1.h-1. PYY and 200 pmol.kg-1.h-1 CCK failed to inhibit acid output by more than 50%. Threshold doses for inhibition by PYY and CCK were 200 and 100 pmol.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Secretin remained a potent inhibitor after HSV, with an ID50 of 80 pmol.kg-1.h-1 and a threshold dose of 10 pmol.kg-1.h-1. HSV also failed to affect inhibition caused by somatostatin. This study has shown that PYY and secretin are somewhat more potent and efficacious inhibitors of acid secretion than CCK but that all three peptides are far more active than GLP-1, neurotensin, and oxyntomodulin. PYY and CCK inhibit acid secretion in large part through vagal innervation of the gastric fundus, but the inhibitory effects of secretin are independent of fundic vagal innervation.
Abstract 154: Atherosclerosis-specific CD4 T Cells Use the Chemokine CCL5 and Its Receptor CCR5 to Home to Mature Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mice

Introduction: T cell adaptive immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the phenotype of T cell subset and chemokine receptor that regulates effector T cell trafficking to atherosclerotic aortas is unknown. By multi-color flow cytometry, we discovered that >40% of T cells in the atherosclerotic aortas express CCR5. We hypothesize that CCR5 plays an important role in T cell recruitment to atherosclerotic aortas and CCR5+ T cells play an important roll in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods: T cell phenotype in the aorta of Apoe -/- mice on western diet 3-5 months was analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry. T cell homing assay were done in vitro by incubating 400,000 Teff from CD45.1Apoe -/- mice with explanted Apoe-/- aortas 12 to 18 hrs with media alone, CCL5 neutralizing antibody (0.5 ug/ml) or PTX (300ng/ml), and in vivo by adoptively transferring splenocytes from Apoe -/- Ccr5 -/- and dsRedApoe -/- mice at 1:1 ratio into CD45.1Apoe -/- recipients. 24 hours later, recipient aortas were digested and analyzed by flow cytometry. To visualize T cell proximity to APCs in the aorta by 2 photon imaging, Teff from Apoe -/- mice were labeled with SNARF before incubation with explanted aortas from CD11c-YFP+Apoe -/- mice in the above 3 conditions. In vitro T cell suppression assay was done by incubating 104 CD4+CD25- T cells with α-CD3 mAb and 5x104 irradiated splenic APCs and decreasing amount of Treg or CCR5Teff. Transcriptomic analysis is done following SMARTseq II prortocol from Illumina. Results: 43±6% of αβ T cells in the atherosclerotic aortas express CCR5, significantly higher than that in aortas of wild-type C57BL/6 mice (10±7%) or Apoe -/- mice on normal diet (7±6%). CCR5 and its ligand CCL5 play the major role in regulating T cell homing to atherosclerotic aortas in vitro and in vivo . Interestingly, at late stage of disease, the CCR5+ T cells in the atherosclerotic plaques are all FoxP3+IFN-γ+T-bet+CD25-CD44hiCD62Llo (CCR5Teff) and do not suppress T cell proliferation. CCR5Teffs are only found in the aorta and para-aortic lymph nodes of Apoe -/- mice but not in the spleen or other organs. Transcriptomic analysis shows that CCR5Teff is more similar to Teff rather than Tregs.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Analysis of the ^1H and ^(13)C Spectra of Br^(13)CH_2^(13)CH_2Br

The ^1H and ^(13)C NMR spectra of 1,2-dibromoethane-^(13)C_2 have been analyzed to determine the magnitude (38·9 Hz) and sign (positive) of ^1J(C—C) relative to those of ^3J(H—H) (positive). This type of coupling appears to be rather insensitive to the presence of bromine or methyl as substituents on the carbons.
Viruses of Helminthosporium (Cochlioblus) victoriae

The enigma of the transmissible disease of Helminthosporium victoriae has almost been resolved. Diseased isolates are doubly infected with two distinct viruses, the victorivirus Helminthosporium victoriae virus 190S and the chrysovirus HvV145S. Mixed infection, however, is not required for disease development. DNA transformation experiments and transfection assays using purified HvV190S virions strongly indicate that HvV190S alone is necessary for inducing disease symptoms. HvV145, like other chrysoviruses, appears to have no effect on colony morphology. This chapter will discuss the molecular biology of the two viruses and summarize recent results of characterization of host gene products upregulated by virus infection. Furthermore, the novel structural features of HvV190S capsid will be highlighted.
Division of Labor, Gender

The gender division of labor can be traced to hunter-gatherer societies and continues through the twenty-first century. It is not a simple binary, but is inflected by race, class, and nationality. Although many explanations reduce this division of labor to biological differences, more rigorous explanations stress the social expectations about the appropriate roles for women and men. Keywords: Gender division of labor; Mothering/mother work; Work
Abstracting Principles of Computation

In this chapter, an abstract picture of information processing in a cell is presented. This is done by looking at cellular triggers such as second messenger systems very abstractly. Dynamic equilibrium analysis of the trigger event pathway then gives ways to think about approximating the pathway and its results. Then there is a short discussion of various known biological switching mechanisms which can be treated in terms of sigmoidal transformations allowing a unified treatment of various control strategies.
A water-mediated allosteric network governs activation of Aurora kinase A

The catalytic activity of many protein kinases is controlled by conformational changes of a conserved Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) motif. We used an infrared probe to track the DFG motif of the mitotic kinase Aurora A (AurA) and found that allosteric activation by the spindle-associated protein Tpx2 involves an equilibrium shift toward the active DFG-in state. Forster resonance energy transfer experiments show that the activation loop undergoes a nanometer-scale movement that is tightly coupled to the DFG equilibrium. Tpx2 further activates AurA by stabilizing a water-mediated allosteric network that links the C-helix to the active site through an unusual polar residue in the regulatory spine. The polar spine residue and water network of AurA are essential for phosphorylation-driven activation, but an alternative form of the water network found in related kinases can support Tpx2-driven activation, suggesting that variations in the water-mediated hydrogen bond network mediate regulatory diversification in protein kinases.
The Psychiatrist’s Liability for Negligent Diagnosis

While negligence in the diagnostic process is a common cause of action in most medical specialties, negligent diagnosis in psychiatric practice is rarely alleged or proved. The sparcity of litigation in this area is understandable. There has always been disagreement as to diagnosis in psychiatry. In a field where classifications of diseases as well as definitions of what is and what is not a disease are in a state of constant flux, standards of due care in arriving at a diagnosis are not easily determined. In the absence of such standards it is obviously difficult for a plaintiff to argue that a particular illness was incorrectly diagnosed.
Legal Issues: Trans-Pacific Partnership: The Devil in the Details

After seven years of secret negotiations, followed by a publicly announced accord but continuing secrecy about the details, then a WikiLeaks sneak peek, the text of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) has finally been released by the Obama Administration’s Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (OTR). The TPP is a trade deal negotiated and agreed to by 12 Pacific Rim nations, including the United States, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. Agreement on the TPP was announced in early October, but the full text of the agreement was not released until a month later. The TPP is being presented by the Obama Administration as a “new, high-standard trade agreement that levels the playing field for American works and American businesses”. It works by reducing the costs of U.S. goods and services in overseas markets by eliminating or reducing taxes and tariffs, reducing trade barriers, promoting e-commerce and an open Internet, and by encouraging good governance and anti-corruption efforts among the TPP countries. The agreement also has protections for labor, the environment, digital freedom, and intellectual property. The U.S. goal of the agreement is to make “sure our farmers, ranchers, manufactures and small businesses can compete...in some of the fastest-growing markets in the world.”
The Fat Lady Sings: A Psychological Exploration of the Cultural Fat Complex and its Effects, by Cheryl Fuller, London, UK, Karnac, 2017

In The Fat Lady Sings: A Psychological Exploration of the Cultural Fat Complex and its Effects, Cheryl Fuller shares her experiences and reflections as a fat woman, Jungian psychotherapist with ove...
Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disorder characterized by alteration in the metabolism of glucose and other energy-yielding fuels due to an absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin. This lack of insulin plays a primary role in the metabolic derangements linked to diabetes, including hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in turn plays a key role in the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Metabolic control of diabetes that is as close to normal as possible should be achieved as early in the course of the disease as possible in order to prevent or delay the development of diabetes related complications. As described in this chapter, maintenance of optimal control of diabetes is particularly challenging in pediatric patients.
Quantum collapse of a magnetic skyrmion

Large thermal fluctuations can destroy skyrmions - tiny speckles of rotated magnetization in two-dimensional films. Yet at low temperatures skyrmions are believed to be topologically stable, which makes them good candidates for data storage and processing. However, as the authors demonstrate here, even at zero temperature a nanoscale skyrmion is not protected against quantum decay. The theory is based on the imaginary-time dynamics of the skyrmion. Due to the fact that even the smallest skyrmion is still formed by many atomic spins, its quantum decay provides an example of a nanoscale Schr\"odinger's cat that one can study with modern measuring techniques.
Promises and Pitfalls in the Integration of Intersectionality with Development Science

In this commentary, we use the manuscripts in this volume as source material from which to highlight what we view as critical issues in integrating intersectionality with developmental science. In reading and meditating on the manuscripts, we abstracted two key themes that were evident, to some extent, in all of the manuscripts: (1) the disciplinary use of intersectionality as a theory and (2) the nature of development for an intersectional developmental science. These two themes reflect the current state of the integration of intersectionality with developmental science, in that they represent both areas of strength and success, but also areas of challenge and weakness.
A β-diketiminate manganese catalyst for alkene hydrosilylation: Substrate scope, silicone preparation, and mechanistic insight

The dimeric β-diketiminate manganese hydride compound, [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2, was prepared by treating [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-Cl)]2 with NaEt3BH. This compound was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and found to feature high-spin Mn centres that exhibit strong magnetic coupling by EPR spectroscopy. Once characterized, [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2 was found to mediate the hydrosilylation of a broad scope of alkenes at elevated temperature. Aliphatic alkenes were found to undergo anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation, while the hydrosilylation of styrenes using [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2 afforded Markovnikov's product. Importantly, this catalyst has also been employed for the cross-linking of industrially-relevant silicones derived from vinyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) and 1,2,4-trivinylcyclohexane with catalyst loadings as low as 0.05 mol%. To gain a mechanistic understanding of [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2-catalyzed olefin hydrosilylation, 4-tert-butylstyrene was added to [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2 and conversion to the monomeric Mn alkyl complex, (2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(CH(CH3)(4-tBuPh)), was observed. Isolation of this secondary alkyl intermediate confirms that olefin insertion into the Mn–H bond dictates the observed regioselectivities. The importance of our mechanistic findings as they relate to recent advances in Mn hydrosilylation catalysis is described herein.
Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Nicotine

Most reports about nicotine begin with an explanation of the numerous health risks and horrific death toll of smoking. Perhaps no more powerful statement can be made about the psychoactive and addictive effects of nicotine than a reminder that most of the millions of persons in the United States who use nicotine are aware of the health risks and yet continue to use tobacco. In some populations, notably among adolescents, nicotine use is increasing rather than decreasing, despite legislative, educational, and societal efforts to the contrary. Among U.S. youth, smokeless tobacco use is now so common that one fourth of white high-school-age males report current use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1996b). Some factors such as education influence nicotine use; nearly 46% of U.S. males who did not graduate from high school are smokers. Nearly one third of women with comparable education are smokers. Nonetheless, more than 1 in 10 adults with a college education are smokers (CDC, 1996a). Why, when the risks are so great, do so many people start smoking and keep smoking?
Development of a Performance-Volumetric Relationship for Asphalt Mixtures:

This paper aims to establish the relationship between the volumetric performance of asphalt mixtures and their performance in relation to pavement fatigue cracking and rutting. A good performance-v...
Bayesian hierarchical modeling of yield in incomplete diallel crosses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Abstract Identifying elite inbred parent lines that produce high-performing hybrid Pacific oyster seed requires diallel or factorial test crosses among lines, each acting as both a male and a female parent. Previously, we used the generalized linear model with fixed effects (i.e. GLM) to partition variance in yield, among hybrid families produced by a diallel cross, into causal genetic components—principally, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effect (R). However, GLM is extremely sensitive to missing information, which arises from loss of hybrid families for random environmental causes or from variation in the reproductive success of parent lines. To resolve this issue, we apply a Bayesian hierarchical model, which partitions yield variance into the familiar causal genetic components, while providing Bayesian shrinkage estimates incorporating the uncertainty of missing data. Our study suggests that correlation between observed yields and those predicted by the Bayesian model is high (r2 ≥ 0.99), for observed offspring, regardless of diallel completeness. Additionally, in analyses of complete diallel crosses, line-specific GCA rankings from GLM and Bayesian models are consistent for parent lines. Finally, comparing simulated complete and incomplete diallel datasets, we show the accuracy of predicted yield for families that are present and of parent-line ranking by GCA and the reliability of parent-line selection for double-cross hybrids, especially when non-parental lines (i.e. the four hybrid parents used to predict the yield of double-cross hybrids) are present. Our study demonstrates that the Bayesian hierarchical model performs as well as GLM in analyzing complete diallel crosses and can properly deal with incomplete diallel crosses for which GLM does not work. Therefore, the Bayesian hierarchical model is powerful in diallel analysis to select superior parent lines for producing high-yielding, hybrid, Pacific oyster seed.
No Stroking in the Pokey: Promulgating Penological Policies Prohibiting Masturbation Among Inmate Populations

In law school, “gunning” means to participate assertively during class discussion, but, in prison, “gunning” typically means to masturbate at the sight of a (female) guard, who is able to observe that the male inmate is masturbating. “Gunning” can more generally describe public masturbation in prison. Most U.S. prisoners are prohibited from masturbating by state and federal policies, however. Among academics and bloggers, advocacy for prisoners’ rights to masturbate has become more popular in recent years. Yet, autoeroticism continues to be proscribed for inmates for important reasons, some of which are set forth in this Article. In Section II, this Article explains that prisoners have little right to privacy, and public masturbation is not socially acceptable within prison or in the general population. An important reason for maintaining this taboo is the high comorbidity between public masturbation and other paraphilic sex crimes. Thus, states’ policies support that public masturbation among inmates could negatively impact society within prison, and upon inmates’ reentry into the general population. Allowing public masturbation in prison would reduce the societal benefits of incarceration and some prisoners’ rehabilitative benefits. Section III further justifies proscriptions on masturbation by arguing that frequent masturbation can adversely affect energy levels and drive. Therefore, masturbation could lower inmates’ desires to improve themselves while in prison. Though arguments and studies may postulate that masturbation can soothe, create pleasure, and alleviate boredom and frustration, inmates should use their vitality, time, and energy to learn, rehearse, and engage in more sophisticated, productive, and deeply satisfying coping skills and activities. Section IV discusses examples that link masturbation and sex abuse within prison and the general population to argue that elimination of all sexual contact in prison, including masturbation, is essential to protect inmates from such abuse. This Section explains why all sexual contact in prison should be considered to be nonconsensual. In male correction facilities, the presence of semen on a person or object ought to be considered to be evidence of a crime, especially when assault has been alleged. A defense of masturbation should not thwart the potential strength of this evidence. The states’ interest in investigating and punishing sexual assault perpetrated by inmates or guards justifies policies that eliminate consensual emissions and masturbation. In cases in which male inmates suffer from nocturnal emissions, then such occurrences should be reported to staff. If male or female prisoners cannot refrain from voluntary or involuntary masturbation, then mental health professionals should treat them. California Department of Corrections offers a model for this response.
Genomic and Immunologic Characterization of INI1-Deficient Pediatric Cancers.

Purpose: Several aggressive pediatric cancers harbor alterations in SMARCB1, including rhabdoid tumors, epithelioid sarcoma, and chordoma. As tumor profiling has become more routine in clinical care, we investigated the relationship between SMARCB1 genetic variants identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and INI1 protein expression. Therapeutic approaches for INI1-deficient tumors are limited. Early reports suggest a potential role for immune checkpoint inhibition in these patients. Thus, we also investigated PD-L1 and CD8 expression in INI1-negative pediatric brain and solid tumors. Experimental Design: We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for INI1 and immune markers (PD-L1, CD8, and CD163) and NGS on tumor samples from 43 pediatric patients who had tumors with INI1 loss on previous IHC or SMARCB1 genomic alterations on prior somatic sequencing. Results: SMARCB1 two-copy deletions and inactivating mutations on NGS were associated with loss of INI1 protein expression. Single-copy deletion of SMARCB1 was not predictive of INI1 loss in tumor histologies not known to be INI1-deficient. In the 27 cases with INI1 loss and successful tumor sequencing, 24 (89%) had a SMARCB1 alteration detected. In addition, 47% (14/30) of the patients with INI1-negative tumors had a tumor specimen that was PD-L1 positive and 60% (18/30) had positive or rare CD8 staining. We report on 3 patients with INI1-negative tumors with evidence of disease control on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Conclusions: A significant proportion of the INI1-negative tumors express PD-L1, and PD-L1 positivity was associated with extracranial tumor site. These results suggest that clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors are warranted in INI1-negative pediatric cancers.
Individual inconsistency and aggregate rationality: Overcoming inconsistencies in expert judgment at the technical frontier

Abstract Commercialization of a new material or process invention can take decades. A predominance of tacit knowledge, information asymmetries, and insufficient human capital with knowledge in the field can contribute to this delay. Focusing on an emerging technology which offers an extreme example of such issues, we seek to capture what expert decision-making looks like at the technological frontier and opportunities for interventions to accelerate the commercialization of technologies with these issues. We elicit implicit and explicit knowledge of experts about the feasibility of producing parts with metal additive manufacturing (MAM), then recruit 27 of 65 experts from industry, academia, and government to complete the survey. We find that no two experts make the same judgments about the feasibility of producing jet engine parts with MAM. Further, the majority of experts exhibit some internal inconsistency (intransitivity) in their judgments. Aggregate expert knowledge has greater internal consistency, suggesting that relying on one or two experts could cause considerable divergence from aggregate knowledge. Through resampling the experts, we show the degree of this divergence decreases as the number of experts in the sample increases. The results suggest that capturing, pooling, and scaling aggregate expert knowledge could accelerate commercialization of new materials and processes.
Nurses’ and Mental Health Technicians’ Attitudes and Social Acceptance of People with Mental Illness

Over 43 million Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness. Various factors, including health professionals' attitudes, prevent patients from seeking care. Previous evidence fails to identify nursing staff attitudes toward patients with mental illness. This cross-sectional study investigated attitudes toward mental illness of 146 registered nurses and mental health technicians in a psychiatric hospital. The study was guided by the Modified Labeling Theory. Respondents expressed stereotyping beliefs that people with mental illness would be devaluated and discriminated, and endorsed stigmatizing attitudes expressing stronger desire for social distance from a person with schizophrenia than depression or diabetes. Implications for future research, nursing education and practice are discussed.
Cue-Based Feeding as Intervention to Achieve Full Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants Primarily Managed with Bubble CPAP.

Objective Cue-based feeding aims at matching introduction of per oral (PO) feeding with physiological readiness of preterm infants to facilitate PO intake and avoid oral aversion. It was claimed that cue-based feeding may lead to delay in the initiation or achieving full PO feeding in clinical setting primarily using bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The study aimed to examine the association of cue-based feeding with time of introduction and completing oral feeding in infants primarily managed with bubble CPAP. Study Design A retrospective analysis where outcomes of preterm infants ≤32 weeks' gestational age (GA) and ≤2,000 g birth weight (BW) were compared after a practice change from volume-based feeding advancement to cue-based feeding. Continuous variables were compared by using t-test and multilinear regression analysis to control for confounding variables. Results Of the 311 preterm infants who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, 194 were in the cue-based feeding group and 117 were in the volume-based advancement historical comparison group. There were no differences between groups regarding demographic or clinical variables. Postmenstrual age (PMA) of initial feeding assessment was less in the cue-based feeding group. Age of first PO feeding and when some PO was achieved every feed was mildly delayed in the cue-based feeding compared with comparison group, 34 (±1.3) versus 33.7 (±1.2) weeks, and 36.2 (±2.3) versus 36.0 (±2.4) weeks, (p Conclusion Cue-based feeding may not be associated with a delay in achieving full oral feeding or prolongation of the length of stay in preterm infants managed with CPAP. Key Points