cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption and blood/cellular transport of folate and cobalamin: Pharmacokinetic and physiological considerations

The systems involving folate and cobalamin have several features in common: 1) their dietary forms require luminal digestion for absorption; 2) intestinal bacteria in the upper intestine synthesize and utilize both vitamins, creating possible competition for the nutrients; 3) there is one major intestinal brush border protein essential for absorption; 4) both are subject to extensive entero-hepatic circulation. Finally, human mutations have confirmed the role of specific transporters and receptors in these processes. There are other features, however, that distinguish the metabolism of these vitamins: 1) upper intestinal bacteria tend to produce folate, while cobalamin (cbl) utilization is more common; 2) cbl absorption requires a luminal binding protein, but folate does not; 3) folate absorption can occur throughout the small bowel, but the cbl receptor, cubilin, is restricted to the distal half of the small bowel; 4) movement into cells uses transporters, exchangers, and symporters, whereas cbl is transferred by receptor-mediated endocytosis; 5) folate is carried in the blood mostly in red blood cells, whereas cbl is carried on specific binding-proteins; 6) folate can enter cells via multiple systems, but cbl uptake into all tissues use the transcobalamin receptor (TC-R), with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) present in hepatocytes for uptake of haptocorrin-cbl (HC-cbl) complexes. In summary, the systems for absorption and distribution of folate and cobalamin are complex. These complexities help to explain the variable clinical responses after oral administration of the vitamins, especially when provided as supplements.
Effects of Supercritical CO 2 Drying and Photoresist Strip on Low-k Films

Future interlayer dielectric (ILD) requirements necessitate reductions in dielectric constant to 2.1 within four years. Due to gaseous-like transport properties and near liquid-like densities, supercritical methods have been developed to dry and strip resist from these highly porous materials. Although a non-polar molecule, the solvating capability of supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) can be tailored by varying pressure, temperature, and co-solvents. This flexibility has been employed to remove photoresist and moisture from porous low-k films. The results of these experiments have been characterized using FTIR, ellipsometry, and SEM.
Intraosseous Lipoma of the Calcaneus

We present two patients with pathologically proven intraosseous lipoma of the os calcis. A review of the literature, the radiologic criteria, and the differential diagnosis are provided.
A numerical taxonomic analysis of the Tribe Ixechineae (Boletaceae)

A numerical taxonomic analysis of Ixechinus and Mucilopilus (Ixechineae, Boletaceae) was conducted using techniques available in the NT-SYS computer program package. Results supported earlier concepts and revealed new infrageneric relationships.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Epitaxial (110) TiN Films on (100) GaAs - Processing, Characterization and Modeling

Epitaxial (110) titanium nitride films have been grown on (100) GaAs by pulsed laser deposition technique. The film quality has been found to be a strong function of the processing parameters. The films have been characterized using four point probe resistivity technique, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Single crystal films were obtained at the deposition temperature 450° C and the room temperature resistivity was found to be 49.7 μΩ-cm. The epitaxial orientation relationship of the TiN films with the substrate is given by [001]TiN//[110] GaAs and [110]TiN// [110]GaAs. Modeling studies have been performed to characterize the domain epitaxial growth in these large mismatch systems.
The Legacy of 20th Century Phage Research.

The Golden Age of Phage Research, where phage was the favored material for attacking many basic questions in molecular biology, lasted from about 1940 to 1970. The era was initiated by Ellis and Delbruck, whose analysis defined the relevant parameters to measure in studying phage growth, and depended on the fact that the contents of a plaque can comprise descendants of a single infecting particle. It ended around 1970 because definitive methods had then become available for answering the same questions in other systems. Some of the accomplishments of phage research were the demonstration by Hershey and Chase that the genetic material of phage T2 is largely composed of DNA, the construction of linkage maps of T2 and T4 by Hershey and Rotman and their extension to very short molecular distances by Benzer, and the isolation of conditionally lethal mutants in T4 by Epstein et al. and in λ by Campbell. The dissection of the phage life cycle into causal chains was explored by Edgar and Wood for T4 assembly and later in the regulation of lysogeny by Kaiser, extended to the molecular level by Ptashne and others. Restriction/modification was discovered in λ by Bertani and Weigle, and the biochemical mechanism was elucidated by Arber and by Smith.
Abstract 4098: The HMGA1-COX-2 axis: A molecular pathway leading to tumor progression in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly lethal cancer accounting for over 160,000 deaths worldwide each year. Despite the high prevalence of pancreatic cancer, the molecular events that lead to tumor progression are poorly understood. The high-mobility group A1 gene (HMGA1) is enriched in diverse, high-grade cancers and embryonic stem cells. This gene encodes the HMGA1a and HMGA1b chromatin remodeling proteins, which function in regulating gene expression. We previously showed that HMGA1 induces oncogenic transformation in cultured cells and causes aggressive cancers in transgenic mice. Moreover, we found that high HMGA1 protein levels correlate with poor differentiation status and decreased survival in a study of > 100 primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. These findings suggest that HMGA1 could drive a poorly differentiated, stem cell-like state and tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In cultured, human pancreatic cells that overexpress K-RAS (HPNE-K-RAS cells), forced overexpression of HMGA1a leads to increased migration, invasion, and a transformed phenotype with anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar. Because cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a downstream gene directly activated by HMGA1a in uterine cancers, we investigated the role of the HMGA1-COX-2 pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our preliminary data suggest that HMGA1a and COX-2 mRNA levels are positively correlated in a pancreatic cancer cell lines. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that HMGA1a binds to the COX-2 promoter in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, COX-2 inhibitors block tumorigenesis in human pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice. Taken together, our studies suggest that HMGA1a promotes tumor progression through up-regulation of COX-2 and this pathway could be targeted to treat or prevent human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4098.
Religion and the State in Singapore

Recently, an avowedly secular, democratic government intro duced a religious studies program in the public schools of Singapore. The questions of interest are: Why does a secular state decide it needs religion? What are the consequences of such a decision for religion? Is such a program likely to be effective? Since Singapore is predominantly a Chinese society, this essay also aims at understanding Chinese behavior. As a local educator wrote about Singapore, "There would be a broad agreement in Singapore with the Durkheimian view that the schools are the guardians of national character, to be used for the inculcation of common moral sentiments on the basis of a secular rather than a religious inspired morality."1 Interestingly, soon after this was written the Singapore government announced it planned to introduce religious studies as a school subject. Why this policy change? In some situations, one is not surprised by the teaching of religion in the schools. "The closer the relationship between religion and national culture, religion being seen as either the "carrier" (the Polish Catholic Church), the "raison d'etre" (Judaism), or the "justifier" (Hinduism) of a culture, the lower the resistance of the enlightened to it and to the reintroduction of its symbolic content in education."2 In other words, when a religion is an important part of the ethnic or national identity, it is more likely to be taught in the schools. But neither condition exists in Singapore for the majority of the population.
Theoretical Study of Oxovanadium(IV) Complexation with Formamidoximate: Implications for the Design of Uranyl-Selective Adsorbents

Poly(acrylamidoxime) fibers are the current state-of-the-art adsorbent for mining uranium from seawater. However, the competition between uranyl (UO22+) and vanadium ions poses a challenge to mining on the industrial scale. In this work, we employ density functional theory and coupled-cluster methods in the restricted formalism to investigate potential binding motifs of the oxovanadium(IV) ion (VO2+) with the formamidoximate ligand. Consistent with experimental extended X-ray absorption fine structure data, the hydrated six-coordinate complex is predicted to be preferred over the hydrated five-coordinate complex. Our investigation of formamidoximate–VO2+ complexes universally identified the most stable binding motif formed by chelating a tautomerically rearranged imino hydroxylamine via the imino nitrogen and hydroxylamine oxygen. The alternative binding motifs for amidoxime chelation via a nonrearranged tautomer and η2 coordination are found to be ∼11 kcal/mol less stable. Natural bond orbital analysis w...
Surgical Management of Childhood Renovascular Hypertension

Renovascular hypertension is more common in hypertensive children adolescents than in hypertensive adults. This article discusses the diagnostic evaluation, operative therapy, and outcome of patients with renovascular hypertension.
An analysis of the extended-transport correction with application to electron beam transport

Charged-particle transport is characterized by scattering cross sections that are extremely large and forward-peaked, requiring specialized treatment as compared with neutral-particle transport. Th...
ZCCloud: Exploring Wasted Green Power for High-Performance Computing

In supercomputer centers, available power, cooling, or carbon footprint often limits supercomputer performance. We propose a new approach to continue scaling that avoids many of these limits, augmenting a traditional system with another that employs only "wasted" renewable power, stranded power. This excess power cannot be economically distributed through grid, and is only intermittently available. We call this approach Zero-carbon Cloud (ZCCloud). We explore the potential benefits of unreliable resources with production DOE HPC workloads using a simple periodic model, and identify job types that benefit most (capability jobs and on-time jobs). The benefits scale with duty factor and resource quantity. Next, to create realistic models of "stranded power" we study 28 months of Mid-continent Independent System Operator (MISO) power market history (1,259 generators, 77 million 5-minute intervals). We find that opportunity varies, but the best single wind site can provide 80% duty factor, and 20MW average stranded power. Combining sites further improves duty factor. With resource volatility models from the MISO study, we simulate production DOE HPC workloads and find that stranded power HPC, ZCCloud, can provide significant benefit, decreasing average job-wait time by 50%.
Commentary: Theoretical and methodological dimensions of convergence and divergence of adolescent and parent reports about youth development and family structure and function-a relational developmental systems perspective

Using ideas associated with relational developmental systems metatheory, we discuss the links among the operation triad model of adolescent report-parent report convergence, divergence, or compensation and the research reported in this special issue. These contributions highlight the important implications for adolescent adjustment of youth and parent reports about adolescent development and family structure and function. Relational developmental systems metatheory raises both theoretical and methodological issues for research framed by the operation triad model. These issues emphasize the specificity (non-ergodicity) of mutually influential relationships between a youth and his/her parent, that is, the specificity of the adolescent-parent relationship. Relational developmental systems -based ideas may enable the operation triad model to be a means through which the study of adolescent self-reports and parent reports will have a more central place in the construction of key features of the dynamics of adolescent-parent relationships.
Stable Moving Particle Semi Implicit Method for Modeling Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides

A mesh-free numerical formulation, known as Moving Particle Semi Implicit (MPS) Method, is used for modeling waves generated by submarine landslides. In this formulation, approximations are provided to the strong form of PDEs on the basis of integral interpolants. The governing equations, Navier-Stokes equations, are solved in a 2D fully Lagrangian form. This method utilizes a fractional step method and splits each time step in two steps. The fluid is represented with particles and the motion of each particle is calculated through interactions with neighboring particles by means of a kernel function.Landslides in this paper are simulated by a submerged triangle rigid wedge sliding along an inclined plane into a water tank. As the wedge sinks, a wave and a vortex is formed. The water surface profile, velocity field and pressure field are represented at different times. To confirm the accuracy of the model, the water surface profile is compared with the experimental data, showing good agreement. Simulations can continue for a long period of time without any instability occurrence and this is a remarkable competency amongst other particle methods. A discussion on multi-size particle strategy and its ability to increase the efficiency of MPS method is provided at the end of the paper.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Just culture: A case study of accountability relationship boundaries influence on safety in HIGH-consequence industries

Abstract In high-consequence industries the desire of many managers to “hold someone accountable” for errors remains a barrier to advancing meaningful safety agendas. The misconception that clear lines of accountability can and do exist, and that employees who cross the line between acceptable and unacceptable behavior should be punished, fails to recognize the different types of accountability relationships negotiated by employees every day. Such judgments run counter to the concept and practice of a just culture. Examination of the four types of accountability relationships, potentially seen within any just culture - hierarchical, legal, professional, and political, reveal the potential for the lines of accountability to frequently blur. This opaqueness is seen in numerous accidents which reveal the conflicting effects employees in high-consequence industries face as they move between and across these accountability boundaries. We use a case study, as a glimpse into the world of practice of aviation to illustrate the conflict, and double- binds, created as those in high-consequence industries negotiate the fluid lines of accountability relationship boundaries. This germane example is the crash of Swissair Flight 111, near Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1998. Here we offer dialogue to aid in understanding the influence accountability relationships have on safety, and how employee behavioral expectations shift in accordance. We propose that this examination will help redefine accountability boundaries that support a just culture within dynamic high-consequence industries.
A New Decentralized Adaptive Controller for Robot Manipulators

Abstract This paper presents a decentralized adaptive scheme for motion control of robot manipulators. The proposed controller is extremely simple computationally, does not require knowledge of either the mathematical model or the parameter values of the robot dynamics, and is shown to be globally stable in the presence of bounded disturbances. Furthermore, the control strategy is very general and is implementable for either position regulation or trajectory tracking in either joint-space or task-space. Experimental results are given for a PUMA 560 industrial manipulator, and demonstrate that accurate and robust trajectory tracking is achievable with the proposed controller
Advancements, prospects, and impacts of automated driving systems

Abstract Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in automated driving systems (ADS). Given the current momentum and progress, ADS can be expected to continue to advance and a variety of ADS products will become commercially available within a decade. It is envisioned that automated driving technology will lead to a paradigm shift in transportation systems in terms of user experience, mode choices, and business models. In this paper, we start with a review of the state-of-the-art in the field of ADS and their deployment paths. It is followed by a discussion of the future prospects of ADS and their effects on various aspects of the transportation field. We then identify two specific use cases of ADS where the impacts can be significant – personal mobility services and vehicle automation for aging society. A survey of impact assessment studies and the associated methodologies for evaluating ADS is given, which is followed by concluding remarks at the end of the paper.
Atopic dermatitis: Phototherapy and systemic therapy

The majority of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients respond satisfactorily to gentle bathing, frequent moisturizing, and topical medications. Second-line therapies for AD should be used in recalcitrant cases or in patients with uncontrolled disease despite compliance with first-line measures and avoidance of allergens. Recommended advanced therapies include phototherapy, especially narrowband ultraviolet B, systemic immunosuppressants, and a new biologic agent. Few studies have compared head-to-head efficacy of the different immunosuppressant therapies such as cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. Therefore, the agent used is based on provider and patient preferences and can be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Laboratory Demonstrations of Pheromone-Mediated Scent-Marking, Orientation, and Mounting Behavior in Polistes exclamans (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

A combination of arena,Y-tube olfactometer, and flight tunnel assays were used to determine responses of male and reproductive female Polistes exclamans Vierick (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) to odors and extracts of conspecific males and females, as potential pheromone-mediated sexual behaviors. Males rubbed the sternites of the gaster on filter paper in response to extracts of the female mesosoma and gaster, indicating possible scent-marking. In a Y-tube olfactometer, females oriented to extracts of the male head, gaster, legs, seventh sternite, and mandibular glands. In the olfactometer, males oriented to extracts of the female whole body, but were repelled by extracts of the female head. Both females and males oriented to solvent washes of glass jars that held wasps of the opposite sex, as well as volatile collections from the opposite sex. In a flight tunnel, males and females both exhibited chemoanemotaxis that consisted of upwind flight and close range casting in response to odor piped into the tunnel from live wasps of the opposite sex. Males mounted a female wasp model treated with an extract of the female mesosoma. Together, these experiments suggest pheromones stimulate male scent-marking, attraction of females to males and males to females, and mounting, in P. exclamans. Results indicate the mesosoma as a source of female pheromones, and the legs, gastral sternal glands, and mandibular glands, as male pheromone sources.
SusE facilitates starch uptake independent of starch binding in B. thetaiotaomicron

The Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron starch utilization system (Sus) is a model system for nutrient acquisition by gut Bacteroidetes, a dominant phylum of gut bacteria. The Sus includes SusCDEFG, which assemble on the cell surface to capture, degrade and import starch. While SusD is an essential starch-binding protein, the precise role(s) of the partially homologous starch-binding proteins SusE and SusF has remained elusive. We previously reported that a non-binding version of SusD (SusD*) supports growth on starch when other members of the multi-protein complex are present. Here we demonstrate that SusE supports SusD* growth on maltooligosaccharides, and determine the domains of SusE essential for this function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SusE does not need to bind starch to support growth in the presence of SusD*, suggesting that the assembly of SusCDE is most important for maltooligosaccharide uptake in this context. However, starch binding by proteins SusDEF directs the uptake of maltooligosaccharides of specific lengths, suggesting that these proteins equip the cell to scavenge a range of starch fragments. These data demonstrate that the assembly of core Sus proteins SusCDE is secondary to their glycan binding roles, but glycan binding by Sus proteins may fine tune the selection of glycans from the environment.
Effects of Childhood Polyvictimization on Victimization in Juvenile Correctional Facilities: The Mediating Role of Trauma Symptomatology:

Polyvictimization refers to multiple forms of victimization experienced by youths. The extent to which aggregated or cumulative early life victimization increases risk of victimization within juven...
Introduction: Bringing Design Knowing and Learning Together

Publisher Summary This introductory chapter suggests a structure for considering future work in a science of design learning, by focusing on methodology, longitudinal assessment of design learning, assessment of beginners, experts and special populations, important component processes, structure of design knowledge, and design cognition in the classroom. All work must be founded on clear methodological and paradigmatic assumptions. That is, all work that studies design assumes an underlying model of the process; the model identifies the activities or variables of importance. All assessments of design capability are based on certain assumptions—about the relation of process to product, about the goal of design education, and about the character of good design. By taking advantage of situations where the state of normal expert designers changes, or where unusual specialized training may have occurred, or by observing how children develop both good and bad conceptions about design processes, one can better understand the context of design learning and the mental context that supports it. The outcome of a science of design learning must be curriculum designs that are based on the knowledge gained about the state of students learning design and effective interventions that add to their knowledge and processes.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Hematopoietic Proteins

Hematopoietic growth factors or colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are a group of glycoproteins regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells as well as the function and activation of the mature cells. These factors include macrophage-CSF (M-CSF, also known as CSF-1), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), multipotential CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (Epo) (Metcalf, 1985, 1986; Clark and Kamen, 1987; Sieff, 1987). The term CSF was derived from in vitro studies showing that these factors stimulated the growth of colonies of bone marrow progenitor cells in a semisolid agar medium. The factors were named according to the progenitor population that they stimulated. A schema of the actions of the CSFs is shown in Fig. 1. The CSFs are produced by a variety of cells and range in molecular mass from 14 to 90 kDa (Table I). These factors have been purified, cloned, and produced through recombinant DNA techniques. The recombinant factors have been shown to have biologic properties and actions that are similar to the naturally occurring factors. The availability of quantities of the recombinant factors has resulted in their introduction into clinical trials and into the market.
ENGINEERING AND COSTING COAL SLURRY PIPELINE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES AND PORT DELIVERY

Coal slurry pipelines are analyzed from perspectives of utility and export via tankers Both engineering and financial descriptions are presented. The former details construction and engineering costs scaled for application to any pipeline. The latter is based on long-term asset selection (ICC model) for a centralized, non-market, economy. Specific pipeline issues include cost inflation, water, regulation, gathering and distribution systems. For delivery to utilities, the slurry pipeline can take advantage of a nearly steady demand. It can also facilitate export by direct loading into tankers and eliminating bottlenecks caused by conventional coal handling facilities.
Outcomes for students with severe disabilities: Case studies on the use of assistive technology in inclusive classrooms

If outcomes for adults include valued membership in their community and work environments, then schools must assume responsibility for providing opportunities for meaningful participation and relationship-building among all students. A full range of supports and services, including the use of assistive technology, are required if students with severe disabilities are to realize these outcomes. Three case studies, illustrating the use of assistive technology in supporting students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms, are described and analyzed in this article.
Disorders of the Area

It has been emphasized that biobehavioral dispositions—e.g., toward a more schizophrenic way of interacting with the world“cannot be logically considered as the result of either genetic influences or environmental factors. Rather, the point was made that innate and environmental factors act in concert to produce observable patterns of behavior. Furthermore, it was noted that even with the evidence presently available to support the role of heredity in expression of schizophrenic illness, the mechanisms whereby such genetic influences are expressed remain to be elucidated. Also, there are a variety of characteristic psychological functions which have been proposed as basic aspects of the schizophrenic process. At the extreme, these functions are expressed in the full-blown syndrome of a patient with a schizophrenic breakdown. However, it was also noted that these functions may be expressed within the “normal” ranges of human behavior. That is, it is possible to identify, to a less pronounced degree, basic behavioral “tendencies” which, in the individual with schizophrenic disease, are expressed to a more extreme degree.
Crash Skipping: A Minimal-Cost Framework for Efficient Error Recovery in Approximate Computing Environments

We present a lightweight technique to minimize error recovery costs in approximate computing environments. We take advantage of the key observation that if an application crashes in a "non-critical" region of its execution, then skipping the crash and allowing the execution to continue oftentimes results in "acceptable" output, due to the inherent fault-tolerance of approximate applications. By skipping application crashes, the program is given a chance to recover from an error on its own, without expending computing power towards error recovery. The system-level support required to implement our Crash Skipping technique imposes negligible overhead. Experimental results from representative approximate applications demonstrate that our technique is effective, resulting in successful error recovery for 56% of application crash cases on average, with a maximum recovery rate of 81%. By combining our technique with application restart, we obtain ~33% improvement in performance/energy consumption compared to recovering from crashes by restarting alone. This benefit is comparable to what can be achieved using aggressive checkpointing techniques, but without the significant costs in system design and complexity that such techniques impose.
Assimilating optical satellite remote sensing images and field data to predict surface indicators in the Western U.S.: Assessing error in satellite predictions based on large geographical datasets with the use of machine learning

Abstract Indicators of vegetation composition, vegetation structure, bare ground cover, and gap size in drylands potentially gives information about the condition of ecosystems, in part because they are strongly related to factors such as erosion, wildlife habitat characteristics, and the suitability for some land uses. Field data collection based on points does not produce spatially continuous information about surface indicators and cannot cover vast geographic areas. Remote sensing is possibly a labor- and time-saving method to estimate important biophysical indicators of vegetation and surface condition at both temporal and spatial scales impossible with field methods. Regression models based on machine learning algorithms, such as random forest (RF), can build relationships between field and remotely sensed data, while also providing error estimates. In this study, field data including over 15,000 points from the Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) and Landscape Monitoring Framework (LMF) programs on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands throughout the Western U.S., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) parameters, MODIS nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance (NBAR), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) surface reflectance products with ancillary data were used as predictor variables in a k-fold cross-validation approach to RF modeling. RF regression models were built to predict fourteen indicators of vegetation cover and height, as well as bare gap parameters. The RF model estimates exhibited good correlations with independent samples, with a low bias and a low RMSE. External cross-validation showed good agreement with out-of-bag (OOB) errors produced by RF and also allowed mapping prediction uncertainty. Predicted distribution maps of the surface indicators were produced by using these relationships across the arid and semiarid Western U.S. The bias and RMSE distribution maps show that the sample insufficiency and unevenly pattern of sample strongly impact the accuracy of the RF regression and prediction. The results from this study clearly show the utility of RF as a means to estimate multiple dryland surface indicators from remotely sensed data, and the reliability of the OOB errors in assessing the accuracy of the predictions.
Dimer chains in waveguide quantum electrodynamics

Abstract We examine the propagation of single photons in periodic and disordered dimer chains coupled to one-dimensional chiral waveguides. Each dimer is composed of two dipole-coupled atoms. In the disordered setting, we separately treat two types of position disorder, namely in dimer length and in dimer separation. The focus of this study is to understand in what ways the interplay between dipole–dipole interactions and directionality of photon emission can impact the transport of single photons. Cold atoms trapped near optical fibers can serve as an experimentally realizable platform for the models that we consider.
Hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom

Fungi play essential roles in global ecology and economy, but their thermal biology is widely unknown. Infrared imaging revealed that mushrooms, yeasts, and molds each maintained colder temperatures than their surroundings. Fungal specimens are to be ~2.5 °C colder than the surrounding temperature. Time-lapse infrared images of Pleurotus ostreatus revealed hypothermia throughout mushroom growth and after detachment from mycelium. The hymenium was coldest, and different areas of the mushroom exhibit distinct thermal changes during heating and cooling. The fruiting area in the mycelium remained relatively cold following mushroom detachment. Analyses of Agaricus bisporus mushroom pilei confirmed that the mechanism for mushroom hypothermia depends on evaporative cooling. We also assessed evaporative cooling in biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans, and Penicillium spp. molds based on the accumulation of condensed water droplets on the lids over biofilms grown on agar media plates. Biofilms of C. neoformans acapsular mutant showed more transpiration and were colder than wildtype. Penicillium biofilms appear to transpire ten times more than the supporting agar. We used the evaporative cooling capacity of mushrooms to construct a mushroom-based air-cooling system (MycoCooler™) capable of passively reducing the temperature of a closed compartment by approximately 10 °C in 25 minutes. This study suggests that hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom. Since fungi make up ~2% of Earth biomass, their ability to dissipate heat may contribute significantly to planetary temperatures in local environments. These findings are relevant to the current global warming crisis and suggest that large-scale myco-cultures could help mitigate increasing planetary temperature.
Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Cycle-Average Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles Tailpipe Emission Rates Predicted by Modal Models:

A vehicle specific power (VSP) modal model and the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) Operating Mode (OpMode) model have been used to evaluate and quantify the fuel use and emission rates (FU...
Early Neonatal Oxygen Exposure Predicts Pulmonary Morbidity and Functional Deficits at 1 Year.

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of cumulative oxygen exposure thresholds over the first 2 postnatal weeks, linking them to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 1-year pulmonary morbidity and lung function in extremely low gestational age newborns. Study design Infants (N = 704) enrolled in the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program, a multicenter prospective cohort study, that survived to discharge were followed through their neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization to 1-year corrected age. Cumulative oxygen exposure (OxygenAUC14) thresholds were derived from univariate models of BPD, stratifying infants into high-, intermediate-, and low-oxygen exposure groups. These groups were then used in multivariate logistic regressions to prospectively predict post-prematurity respiratory disease (PRD), respiratory morbidity score (RMS) in the entire cohort, and pulmonary function z scores (N = 108 subset of infants) at 1-year corrected age. Results Over the first 14 postnatal days, infants exposed to high oxygen averaged ≥33.1% oxygen, infants exposed to intermediate oxygen averaged 29.1%-33.1%, and infants exposed to low oxygen were below both cutoffs. In multivariate models, infants exposed to high oxygen showed increased PRD and RMS, whereas infants exposed to intermediate oxygen demonstrated increased moderate/severe RMS. Infants in the high/intermediate groups had decreased forced expiratory volume at 0.5 seconds/forced vital capacity ratio. Conclusions OxygenAUC14 establishes 3 thresholds of oxygen exposure that risk stratify infants early in their neonatal course, thereby predicting short-term (BPD) and 1-year (PRD, RMS) respiratory morbidity. Infants with greater OxygenAUC14 have altered pulmonary function tests at 1 year of age, indicating early evidence of obstructive lung disease and flow limitation, which may predispose extremely low gestational age newborns to increased long-term pulmonary morbidity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT01435187 .
Association of Socioeconomic Area Deprivation Index with Hospital Readmissions After Colon and Rectal Surgery

Risk adjustment for reimbursement and quality measures omits social risk factors despite adversely affecting health outcomes. Social risk factors are not usually available in electronic health records (EHR) or administrative data. Socioeconomic status can be assessed by using US Census data. Distressed Communities Index (DCI) is based upon zip codes, and the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) provides more granular estimates at the block group level. We examined the association of neighborhood disadvantage using the ADI, DCI, and patient-level insurance status on 30-day readmission risk after colorectal surgery. Our 677 patient cohort was derived from the 2013–2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program at a safety net hospital augmented with EHR data to determine insurance status and 30-day readmissions. Patients’ home addresses were linked to the ADI and DCI. Our cohort consisted of 53.9% males and 63.8% Hispanics with a 22.9% 30-day readmission rate from the date of discharge; > 50% lived in highly deprived neighborhoods. Controlling for medical comorbidities and complications, ADI was associated with increased risk of 30 days from the date of discharge readmissions among patients living in medium (OR = 2.15, p = .02) or high (OR = 1.88, p = .03) deprived areas compared to less-deprived neighborhoods, but not insurance status or DCI. The ADI identified patients living in deprived communities with increased readmission risk. Our results show that block-group level ADI can potentially be used in risk adjustment, to identify high-risk patients and to design better care pathways that improve health outcomes.
Testing Measurement Invariance in Physical Education and Exercise Science: A Tutorial Using the Well-Being Self-Efficacy Scale

In physical education and exercise science, it is common to examine mean differences between groups or to assess change across time. However, before group differences or change can be confidently e...
Revisiting Institutionalism in Sociology: Putting the “Institution” Back in Institutional Analysis

Introduction 1. Institutional Autonomy 2. Building Autonomous Institutions from The "Inside-Out" 3. The Ecological Dynamics of Institutions 4. The Invisible Framework: Intra-Institutional Structure 5. The Roots of Intra-Institutional Culture: The Circulation of Generalized Symbolic Media 6. Intra-Institutional Stratification: The Uneven Distribution of Media and Other Resources 7. Considering the Consequences of a New Theory of Institutions
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with a 3.5 KG Superconducting Imager

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the newest imaging modality and has created tremendous excitement throughout the medical community, combining as it does the advantages of X-ray computed tomography (CT), superb resolution and tomography, with those of ultrasound, the use of nonionizing radiation and the possibility of imaging in any desired plane, sagittal, coronal, or oblique. Like nuclear medicine, it provides data on metabolic processes and the physiologic status of tissues. The absence of biologic risks in the energy range in which NMR imaging is performed further enhances its attraction. In addition, information on blood flow is obtainable.
Attenuated induction of heat shock gene expression in aging diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract We examined the effects of cellular aging on the regulation of heat shock gene expression in IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. Heat shock (42-43 degrees C) and canavanine (200-400 micrograms/ml) were used to evoke the heat shock response in these cells. We showed that heat shock induced the synthesis of proteins with apparent molecular weights of 98,000, 89,000, 78,000, 72,000, 64,000, 50,000 and 25,000, with heat shock protein (HSP) 89 and 72 being most prominent. Canavanine induced the synthesis of the four high molecular weight HSPs, particularly HSP 89 and HSP 78, without noticeably enhancing synthesis of the low molecular weight HSPs. We found that, while a similar series of HSPs were induced in the young and old cells, there was a marked decrease in the magnitude of this induction in the old cells. Using cells with defined population doubling levels, we observed a direct correlation of the inducibility of HSP synthesis and the replicative potential of the cells used. Analysis of the amount of translatable and hybridizable mRNA, by the methods of in vitro translation and Northern blot hybridization, demonstrated that the induction of HSPs synthesis can be accounted for by increases in their mRNA. Nuclear runoff transcription provided evidence that the decrease in inducible expression of the HSPs in aging IMR-90 cells was attributable to a transcriptional mechanism. This conclusion was substantiated by analysis of the hsp 70 promoter activity in transient expression assay of the hsp 70 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct. We propose that there is an age-associated dysfunction in the signaling mechanism of the heat shock response.
An introduction to maternal mortality.

Approximately 529,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes annually and almost all (99%) of these maternal deaths occur in developing nations. One of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the maternal mortality rate by 75% by 2015. Causes of maternal mortality include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and sepsis. Many developing nations lack adequate health care and family planning, and pregnant women have minimal access to skilled labor and emergency care. Basic emergency obstetric interventions, such as antibiotics, oxytocics, anticonvulsants, manual removal of placenta, and instrumented vaginal delivery, are vital to improve the chance of survival.
The role of lymphotoxin in target cell destruction by mitogen-activated human lymphocytes. I. The correlation of target cell sensitivity to lymphotoxin and the intact lymphocyte

Abstract Four distinct sublines of mouse L 929 cells (termed alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) were derived and shown to differ markedly in their in vitro sensitivity to human lymphotoxin (LT). The alpha L cell is most sensitive and is rapidly destroyed by very low dilutions of LT. This cell is 100 times more sensitive to LT than the most resistant (delta) L cell. The highly lymphotoxin-sensitive alpha cell makes it possible to reproducibly detect LT activity in as little as 0.0005 ml of supernatant medium. Additional studies revealed a direct correlation between the sensitivities of the four L cell sublines to LT and to direct cytolysis mediated by mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. The alpha, beta, gamma, and delta L cells were shown to be equally sensitive to antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis, indicating that the sequence of sensitivities of these L cell sublines to the direct lymphocyte and to LT does not merely reflect a general susceptibility to cell destruction. These results lend further support to the view that lymphotoxin is an important mediator of in vitro target cell destruction by human effector lymphocytes.
Application of Geostatistics to Characterize Leaf Area Index (LAI) from Flux Tower to Landscape Scales Using a Cyclic Sampling Design

Accurate characterization of leaf area index (LAI) is required to quantify the exchange of energy, water, and carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to use a cyclic sampling design to compare the spatial patterns of LAI of the dominant terrestrial ecosystems that comprised the area around the 447-m WLEF television tower, equipped with an eddy flux system, near Park Falls, Wisconsin, USA. A second objective was to compare the efficiency of cyclic, random, and uniform sampling designs in terms of the precision of spatial information derived per unit sampling effort. The vegetation surrounding the tower was comprised (more than 80%) of four major forest cover types: forested wetlands, upland aspen forests, upland northern hardwood forests, and upland pine forests, and a fifth, nonforested cover type, grass (open meadow). LAI differed significantly among the five cover types and averaged 3.45, 3.57, 3.82, 3.99, and 1.14 for northern hardwoods, aspen, forested wetlands, upland conifers, and grass, respectively. The cyclic sampling design maximized information about the variance of vegetation characteristics of the heterogeneous landscape and decreased by 60% the number of plots needed to obtain the same confidence interval width using a random sampling design. The range of spatial autocorrelation for LAI was 147 m, but it was decreased to 117 m when vegetation cover was included as a covariate. The cyclic sampling design has several important advantages over other sampling designs. The cyclic sampling design increased the sampling efficiency by optimizing the placement of plots so they were distributed more efficiently for geostatistical analyses such as semi-variograms, correlograms, and spatial regression and can incorporate covariates (for example, vegetation cover, soil properties, and so on) that may explain the sources of spatial patterns. The cyclic sampling design was used to derive a spatial map of LAI and the average LAI for the 3 × 2 km area centered on the flux tower was 3.51 ± 0.89 (with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 6.35). Airborne and satellite reflectance data have also been used to characterize LAI, but in this region, and many other forests of the world, remotely sensed vegetation indexes saturate in forests with an LAI greater than 3–5. The cyclic sampling design also provides a general ecological sampling approach that can be used at multiple scales.
Maximum likelihood estimation of a spatial autoregressive Tobit model

This paper examines a Tobit model with spatial autoregressive interactions. We consider the maximum likelihood estimation for this model and analyze asymptotic properties of the estimator based on the spatial near-epoch dependence of the dependent variable process generated from the model structure. We show that the maximum likelihood estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. Monte Carlo experiments are performed to verify finite sample properties of the estimator.
Interband optical absorption in amorphous semiconductors

We present a simple, analytic derivation of the exponential tails universally observed in the optical absorption of three‐dimensional disordered systems based on our recent analysis of exponential band tails. These tails contain states localized inside relatively large regions within which the local average of the potential falls below its overall average. The physical extent of a tail state is governed by the fluctuation size and not the localization length. Strong anticorrelation in the fluctuations of the valence and conduction band edges implies that the Urbach tail arises from valence tail to conduction tail transitions. Otherwise, the Urbach tail arises from a superposition of valence tail to conduction extended and valence extended to conduction tail state transitions. The wider band tail then dominates the Urbach tail, as in the case, e.g., for a‐Si:H, where the valence band tail dominates.
Investigating Human Tutor Responses to Student Uncertainty for Adaptive System Development

We use a i¾?2analysis on our spoken dialogue tutoring corpus to investigate dependencies between uncertain student answers and 9 dialogue acts the human tutor uses in his response to these answers. Our results show significant dependencies between the tutor's use of some dialogue acts and the uncertainty expressed in the prior student answer, even after factoring out the answer's (in)correctness. Identification and analysis of these dependencies is part of our empirical approach to developing an adaptive version of our spoken dialogue tutoring system that responds to student affective states as well as to student correctness.