cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A1-70: Klip1 lincRNA is a prognostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the human genome, and are involved in various biological functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell signaling pathways. Dysregulation of lincRNAs has been found to underlie human diseases including cancer. As lincRNAs are detectable in blood and urine, they may serve as useful disease biomarkers (as has been shown for PCA3 in prostate cancer). Here, we set out to study lincRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common tumor of the kidney, accounting for approximately 60,000 cases each year in the United States. In particular, we set out to identify lincRNAs for improved prognostication, in order to better select appropriately aggressive treatments for personalized medicine. Methods and Results: In this study, we mined RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) on over 500 ccRCC cases. We first re-annotated the TCGA data to identify lincRNAs present from either of two lincRNA compendia. To identify robust prognostic lincRNAs, we split the entire dataset into two even sub-sets and performed survival analysis for each lincRNA in each sub-set. If the P value of the lincRNA was less than 0.001 in both sub-sets, we considered it a candidate “hit”. After 1000 such random sample splits, for each lincRNA we calculated the frequency of “hits”. The top lincRNA, which we named Klip1 (Kidney LincRNA Involved in Proliferation 1) was significant in 90% of random sample splits, which meant its survival prediction power was highly reproduced across the sub-sets of the samples. Klip1 expression correlated with tumor stage, but in multivariate analysis was a significant outcome predictor independent of tumor stage and grade. It was also a significant prognostic marker in an independent Japanese patient cohort (P Discussion and Conclusions: Our findings indicate that lincRNAs have active roles in ccRCC cell proliferation, and may provide useful biomarkers for prognostication, and possibly targets for therapy. Further studies of Klip1 are warranted to translate this biomarker to clinical utility, and to uncover the mechanisms linking Klip1 to cancer cell proliferation. Citation Format: Xue Gong, Jonathan Pollack, James D. Brooks. Klip1 lincRNA is a prognostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A1-70.
Linguistic Imprecision in Accounting Information Systems

Existing theories have modeled accounting information systems as a probabilistic mapping between a firm's underlying states and accounting reports. In these models, accounting reports, albeit noisy, resolve to exact meanings. However, financial disclosures contain imprecise languages that are intrinsically vague and do not resolve to exact meanings. In this paper, I propose a theoretical framework for understanding the role of linguistic imprecision in accounting information systems. The framework gives rise to a testable prediction on the role of linguistic imprecision in the market reactions to 10-K filings. I also introduce an informativeness criterion for comparing accounting information systems with linguistic imprecision, and discuss its policy implications.
The IRI Medalist's Address: R&D in the Third Millenium

(1992). The IRI Medalist's Address: R&D in the Third Millenium. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 34-38.
Genetic background affects pathogenicity island function and pathogen emergence in Streptomyces

With few exceptions, thaxtomin A (ThxA), a nitrated diketopiperazine, is the pathogenicity determinant for plant-pathogenic Streptomyces species. In Streptomyces scabiei (syn. S. scabies), the ThxA biosynthetic cluster is located within a 177-kb mobile pathogenicity island (PAI), called the toxicogenic region (TR). In S. turgidiscabies, the ThxA biosynthetic cluster is located within a 674-kb pathogenicity island (PAIst). The emergence of new plant pathogens occurs in this genus, but not frequently. This raises the question of whether the mobilization of these pathogenicity regions, through mating, is widespread and whether TR and PAIst can confer plant pathogenicity. We showed that ThxA biosynthetic clusters on TR and PAIst were transferred into strains from five non-pathogenic Streptomyces species through mating with S. scabiei and S. turgidiscabies. However, not all of the transconjugants produced ThxA and exhibited the virulence phenotype, indicating that the genetic background of the recipient strains affects the functionality of the ThxA biosynthetic cluster and therefore would be expected to affect the emergence of novel pathogenic Streptomyces species. Thxs have been patented as natural herbicides, but have yet to be commercialized. Our results also demonstrated the potential of the heterologous production of ThxA as a natural and biodegradable herbicide in non-pathogenic Streptomyces species.
Emigrants' Stories of Foreign Aid and their Reasons for Emigration: Guatemalans on the Move

This single instrumental case study was designed to learn about emigrants’ reasons for emigrating, situated within the challenges and available opportunities in their home country of Guatemala. Eight emigrants (two women and six men) were interviewed to better understand their personal experiences and to examine the role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) investments, Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), and Guatemala’s domestic conditions and development in participants’ decisions to emigrate to the U.S. The study was guided by the following central questions: (1) How do emigrants explain their reasons for leaving? (2) What motivates emigration in Guatemala’s domestic conditions? (3) And how are these reasons related to U.S. policies, if at all? Data were drawn from multiple sources. The literature on Guatemala’s history and current USAID investments and impacts provides an understanding of the present context in Guatemala for emigration, and interviews with emigrants in the U.S. and Guatemala provide data on personal experiences with emigration. Primary findings were that significant economic hardship and lack of opportunity motivated emigrants’ decisions to go to the U.S. All participants, except for one, had received no development aid, and for the one who had received aid, it did not factor into his decision to emigrate. Half of the participants indicated that they would not have emigrated if development programs had offered educational opportunities and jobs.
Differential relationship between colorectal cancer and diabetes in a nationally representative sample of adults.

Abstract Background Diabetes has been identified as a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the literature identifying groups most at risk is sparse. This study aims to understand the relationship between CRC and diabetes by age and race/ethnicity. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of data from the 2001–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (unweighted n = 37,173; weighted n = 214,363,348). Individuals were categorized as having CRC if diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer and as having diabetes if told by a doctor they had diabetes, were taking insulin, or had an HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Covariates included gender, age, race, marital status, educational level and income as a ratio of the poverty line. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between CRC and diabetes overall and stratified by age and by race. Results 24.32% of the sample with CRC also had diabetes. After adjusting for covariates, individuals with diabetes had a 47% greater probability of having CRC (p = 0.03). While significance did not persist after stratification for those ≥65 years (OR = 1.06, p = 0.74), those Conclusion Individuals younger than 65 and racial/ethnic minorities have higher odds of CRC when also diagnosed with diabetes. Targeted interventions for these populations, especially regarding screening recommendations, may result in earlier detection of CRC and improved health outcomes.
Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Occurring in Montana Alfalfa

Blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) may be an important pest of alfalfa that reduces the utility and value of forage rather than dry matter yield. Crop utility is compromised because of the thre...
Histocompatibility in Clinical Renal Transplantation

The last decade has witnessed the rapid development of a true area of biological engineering in clinical medicine: the replacement of malfunctioning kidneys in patients with end-stage renal disease by healthy organs from living or cadaveric donors. Since the pioneer days1–3 some 30 000 human kidneys, most of them from cadaveric donors, have been transplanted worldwide and the growing number of patients with renal allografts is testimony that this treatment is now clinically accepted. With our current knowledge of the complexity of immunological mechanisms one cannot help but feel some degree of amazement over the relative success of renal transplantation which, in spite of vigorous immunological research, remains to a large extent unexplained. In view of the fact that even primitive organisms such as sea corals are able to mount an effective immune response against transplanted allogeneic tissue4 the success rates obtained with the much more complex human kidneys are certainly remarkable. Studies on the genetics of transplantation antigens have served to explain the better survival of related donor grafts compared to cadaver donor grafts. The survival of approximately half of all tissue-incompatible cadaver transplants for at least a year is explained in part by the suppression of the recipient’s immune system with drugs; however, that about half of the grafts fail within the first year illustrates the limitation of non-specific immunosuppression.
Combination of Local Gravimetry and Magnetic Data to Locate Subsurface Anomalies Using a Matched Filter

The detection of mass anomalies in the near subsurface is an important problem in many areas of interest, such as archeology, construction, and hazard analysis. Assuming that the approximate geometry of an anomaly is known, its possible location can be determined by applying a matched filter to observations of gravity, gravity gradient, and magnetic anomalies, as well as to electro-magnetic data. We analyze the specific combination of gravity, gravity gradient, and magnetic data in order to determine their relative strengths and weaknesses in the detection problem. Poisson’s Relation is used to model the magnetic signals generated by the source to be detected, and the mutual covariances of the background geologic noise that may contaminate the observations. Simulations show that the magnetic data can improve the detection using the matched filter, especially with limited gravity gradients from a typical ground gravity gradiometer. Further analyses using actual data over a known local anomaly illustrate the enhancements as well as limitations of the gravimetry, gradiometry, and magnetic data combinations.
The Vitamin D Endocrine System and Bone

Vitamin D is generally accepted as being essential for life in higher animals. It is one of the most important biological regulators of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Along with the two peptide hormones PTH and calcitonin, vitamin D is responsible for the minute-to-minute as well as the day-to-day establishment and maintenance of calcium homeostasis.
Abstract 19683: Reperfusion Therapy With Rapamycin Prevents Myocardial Injury by Induction of Cardiac MicroRNA-302a in Diabetic Rabbits

Background: Diabetes is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI). Persistent activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) leads to diabetic complications and plays a critical ro...
Meaningful Music Learning Through Integration

Integration and interdisciplinary teaching practices can provide students with meaningful and relevant learning opportunities in the general music classroom. This column presents a couple of exampl...
Chapter 28 – Control of Power Systems with High Penetration Variable Generation

This work will consider new approaches to optimal control design and distributed estimation, to allow renewable resources and storage technologies to more effectively contribute to system-wide goals of grid frequency regulation and electromechanical stability enhancement. Examining a specific case study of wind turbine generation and battery energy storage, this work will illustrate how optimal design can best exploit the very different dynamic characteristics of these disparate types of resources, while respecting the control saturation limits in which they much operate (e.g., power and stored energy limits for a battery, response bandwidth limits for wind turbine blade pitch control). Coupled with this will be techniques for local observation of the overall grid’s dynamic state (made tractable by limiting attention to a low dimension subspace), allowing distributed resources to contribute to system wide control objectives.
NIFTP in Western Practice

In the not so recent past, the diagnosis of “follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPC)” especially its encapsulated form has been the center of controversy and debate among experts in endocrine pathology rendering this diagnosis and clinicians managing patients with this thyroid lesion. As we know, FVPC represents a heterogeneous group of carcinomas including both encapsulated (E-FVPCs) and invasive (I-FVPCs) FVPCs; these are not prognostically similar and also do not share molecular profiles.
Variational Formulation of the Generalized Many-Body Expansion with Self-Consistent Charge Embedding: Simple and Correct Analytic Energy Gradient for Fragment-Based ab Initio Molecular Dynamics.

The many-body expansion (MBE) and its extension to overlapping fragments, the generalized (G)MBE, constitute the theoretical basis for most fragment-based approaches for large-scale quantum chemistry. We reformulate the GMBE for use with embedding charges determined self-consistently from the fragment wave functions, in a manner that preserves the variational nature of the underlying self-consistent field method. As a result, the analytic gradient retains the simple “sum of fragment gradients” form that is often assumed in practice, sometimes incorrectly. This obviates (without approximation) the need to solve coupled-perturbed equations, and we demonstrate stable, fragment-based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using this technique. Energy conservation fails when charge-response contributions to the Fock matrix are neglected, even while geometry optimizations and vibrational frequency calculations may yet be accurate. Stable simulations can be recovered by means of straightforward modifications i...
Modeling the Effect of New Commuter Bus Service on Demand and Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Application to Greater Boston:

The transportation sector is considered one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in metropolitan areas. Any efforts to reduce these emissions require strategic management of ...
2‐(2‐Thien­yl)quinoxaline

The crystal structure of the title compound, C12H8N2S, was determined at 293 K. The mol­ecule is planar and packs in a herring-bone pattern.
Age Is Associated With Pain Experience and Opioid Use After Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES To describe pain experience and opioid use after major head and neck reconstructive surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Patients undergoing major head and neck surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer (free flaps) at a tertiary academic center were included. Pain scores (0-10) and demographic and clinical data were ascertained from medical records. Discharge opioid prescriptions and refills obtained within 30 days were recorded. Patient characteristics were compared with pain scores using nonparametric rank-sum tests and with likelihood of refill using logistic regression models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The study population comprised 445 patients. Median age was 60 years (interquartile range 50-68). Most patients had cancer (N = 350, 78%). The majority of free flaps were fibula (N = 153, 34%) or radial forearm (N = 159, 36%). Older patients reported significantly lower pain scores, whereas patients with opioid tolerance, anxiety, current smokers, and those undergoing larger volume resections or boney free flaps reported significantly higher pain scores. One-quarter (N = 115, 26%) of patients obtained opioid refills. Patients aged ≥ 60 years had one-half the odds of obtaining a refill compared with patients aged < 60 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33-0.84), whereas surgical defect volume ≥ 100 cm3 (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.21-3.07) and higher pain score (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.32 per 1 point increase) increased the odds of refill. CONCLUSION Continued opioid use after discharge is common among patients undergoing major head and neck reconstruction, particularly for younger patients and after more extensive surgery. Older patients reported lower pain intensity and were less likely to obtain opioid refills, highlighting the wisdom of judicious opioid use for this vulnerable population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV Laryngoscope, 130: E469-E478, 2020.
Abnormal Effective Connectivity Underlying Auditory Mismatch Negativity Impairments in Schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is a translatable event-related potential biomarker, and its reduction in schizophrenia is associated with the severity of clinical symptoms. While MMN recorded at the scalp is generated by a distributed network of temporofrontal neural sources, the primary contributing sources and the dynamic interactions among sources underlying MMN impairments in schizophrenia have not been previously characterized. Methods A novel data-driven analytic framework was applied to large cohorts of healthy comparison subjects (n = 449) and patients with schizophrenia (n = 589) to identify the independent contributing sources of MMN, characterize the patterns of effective connectivity underlying reduced MMN in patients, and explore the clinical significance of these abnormal source dynamics in schizophrenia. Results A network of 11 independent contributing sources underlying MMN distributed across temporofrontal cortices was identified. Orderly shifts in peak source activity were detected in a steplike manner, starting at temporal structures and progressing across frontal brain regions. MMN reduction in patients was predominantly associated with reduced contributions from 3 frontal midline sources: orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, and middle cingulate cortices. Patients showed increased connectivity from temporal to prefrontal regions in conjunction with decreased cross-hemispheric connectivity to prefrontal regions. The decreased connectivity strength of precentral to prefrontal regions in patients with schizophrenia was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms. Conclusions Alterations in the dynamic interactions among temporofrontal sources underlie MMN abnormalities in schizophrenia. These results advance our understanding of the neural substrates and temporal dynamics of normal and impaired information processing with novel applications for translatable biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Crosslinked Extracellular Matrix Stiffens Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Via Dysregulating β-catenin and YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathways.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether genipin-induced crosslinked cell-derived matrix (XCDM) precipitates fibrotic phenotypes in human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells by dysregulating β-catenin and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/ transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling pathways. Methods Cell-derived matrices were treated with control or genipin for 5 hours to obtain respective uncrosslinked (CDM) and XCDMs and characterized. hTM cells were seeded on these matrices with/without Wnt pathway modulators in serum-free media for 24 hours. Elastic modulus, gene, and protein (whole cell and subcellular fractions) expressions of signaling mediators and targets of Wnt/β-catenin and YAP/TAZ pathways were determined. Results At the highest genipin concentration (10% XCDM), XCDM had increased immunostaining of N-e(γ-glutamyl)-lysine crosslinks, appeared morphologically fused, and was stiffer (5.3-fold, P < 0.001). On 10% XCDM, hTM cells were 7.8-fold (P < 0.001) stiffer, total β-catenin was unchanged, pβ-catenin was elevated, and pGSK3β was suppressed. Although 10% XCDM had no effect on cytoplasmic β-catenin levels, it reduced nuclear β-catenin, cadherin 11, and key Wnt target genes/proteins. The 10% XCDM increased total TAZ, decreased pTAZ, and increased cytoplasmic TAZ levels in hTM cells. The 10% XCDM increased total YAP, reduced nuclear YAP levels, and critical YAP/TAZ target genes/proteins. Wnt activation rescued hTM cells from 10% XCDM-induced stiffening associated with increased nuclear β-catenin. Conclusions Increased cytoplasmic TAZ may inhibit β-catenin from its nuclear shuttling or regulating cadherin 11 important for aqueous homeostasis. Elevated cytoplasmic TAZ may inhibit YAP's probable homeostatic function in the nucleus. Together, TAZ's cytoplasmic localization may be an important downstream event of how increased TM extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking may cause increased stiffness and ocular hypertension in vivo. However, Wnt pathway activation may ameliorate ocular hypertensive phenotypes induced by crosslinked ECM.
Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful optical imaging technology with high chemical selectivity, speed, and subcellular resolution. Since the invention of SRS microscopy, it has been extensively employed in life science to study composition, structure, metabolism, development, and disease in biological systems. Applications of SRS in research and the clinic have generated new insights in many fields including neurobiology, tumor biology, developmental biology, metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and more. Herein we review the advances and applications of SRS microscopy imaging in tissues and animals, as well as envision future applications and development of SRS imaging in life science and medicine.
Adaptation in Human-Autonomy Teamwork

With the development of AI technology, intelligent agents are expected to team with humans and adapt to their teammates in changing environments, as effective human team members would do. As an initial step towards adaptive agents, the present study examined individual’s adaptive actions in a cooperative task. By analyzing the performance when participants paired with different partners, we were able to identify adaptations and isolate individual contributions to team performance. It is shown that the team performance is determined by factors at both individual and team levels. Using subjective similarity data collected on Amazon Mechanical Turk, we constructed high-dimensional embeddings of similarity distance between team trajectories. Results showed that team members who adapted most led to improved team performance. In current experiments we are extending our approach to examine the relation between teammate-likeness, sensitivity to social risk and performance in human-agent teams.
The Disengagement Puzzle: An Examination of the Calculus to Exit a Rebellion

Why do rebels leave rebellions? Although much scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding why individuals join rebellions, relatively little is known about why they leave. This paper seek...
EVIDENCE FOR A STRONG END-ON BAR IN THE RINGED σ-DROP GALAXY NGC 6503

We use WIYN High-resolution Infrared Camera H-band (1.6 μm) imaging, archival Spitzer, Hubble Space Telescope, and Galaxy Evolution Explorer data simulations, and data from the literature to argue for the presence of a strong end-on bar in nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6503. The evidence consists of both photometric and kinematic signatures as well as resonant structures present in the galaxy which are most often associated with bars. These include a central peak followed by a plateau in the surface brightness profile, an extreme decrement in the central stellar velocity dispersion (a σ-drop), and the presence of an inner ring as well as a circumnuclear disk with spiral structure. In this framework, the previously identified nuclear star-forming ring is instead a young inner ring spanned in diameter by the strong end-on bar.
APOBEC Mutagenesis is Concordant Between Tumor and Viral Genomes in HPV Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like) is a major mutagenic source in human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC). Why APOBEC mutations predominate in HPV+OPSCC remains an area of active investigation. Prevailing theories focus on APOBECs role as a viral restriction agent. APOBEC-induced mutations have been identified in both human cancers and HPV genomes, but whether they are directly linked in HPV+OPSCCs remains unknown. We performed sequencing of host somatic exomes, transcriptomes and HPV16 genomes from 79 HPV+ OPSCC samples, quantifying APOBEC mutational burden and activity in both the host and virus. APOBEC was the dominant mutational signature in somatic exomes. APOBEC vulnerable PIK3CA hotspot mutations were exclusively present in APOBEC enriched samples. In viral genomes, there was a mean (range) of 5 (0-29) mutations per genome. Mean (range) of APOBEC mutations in the viral genomes was 1 (0-5). Viral APOBEC mutations, compared to non-APOBEC mutations, were more likely to be low-variant allele frequency mutations, suggesting that APOBEC mutagenesis is actively occurring in viral genomes during infection. Paired host and viral analyses revealed that APOBEC-enriched tumor samples had higher viral APOBEC mutation rates (p=0.028), and APOBEC-associated RNA editing (p=0.008) suggesting that APOBEC mutagenesis in host and viral genomes are directly linked. Using paired sequencing of host somatic exomes, transcriptomes, and viral genomes from HPV+OPSCC samples, here, we show concordance between tumor and viral APOBEC mutagenesis, suggesting that APOBEC-mediated viral restriction results in off-target host-genome mutations. These data provide a missing link connecting APOBEC mutagenesis in host and virus and support a common mechanism driving APOBEC dysregulation.
Isolated vaginal recurrences in women with stage I endometrial cancer

Objectives: To compare clinical and pathologic characteristics of women with surgical stage I endometrial cancer by location of first recurrence; to describe characteristics of isolated vaginal recurrence. Methods: All women with surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma treated at two major cancer centers from 2009-2017 were identified. Surveillance was done at standard intervals and consisted of symptom assessment and pelvic exam. Imaging was ordered as clinically indicated. Appropriate statistical analyses were used to compare isolated with extra-vaginal recurrences. Vaginal recurrence in the presence of other sites of disease were included in the extra-vaginal recurrence group. Results: 2817 women were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was 61 years (range 26-92 yrs). At a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 0-139 mos). 280 (10%) recurred: 61 (2%) isolated vaginal, 219 (8%) extra-vaginal (which included 18 cases with a vaginal component). Of the 61 isolated vaginal recurrences, 42 (69%) were located at the cuff, 19 (31%) along the vaginal canal (Figure 1). All isolated recurrences were clinically detected on exam, except for 1 (2%) detected by imaging; endometrioid histology and Grade II were the most common findings (85% and 44%, respectively).Median time to recurrence after initial diagnosis for isolated vaginal recurrence was 11 months (range, 1-68 mos); for extra-vaginal recurrence, 20 months (range, 1-98 mos) (p Download : Download high-res image (134KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Isolated vaginal recurrences in stage I endometrial cancer are detected earlier than non-vaginal recurrences, likely due to frequency of clinical exams after initial staging surgery. Surgical approach does not seem to impact overall or isolated recurrence. Adjuvant IVRT alone after primary surgery carries a 2% risk of isolated cuff recurrence.
A Higher Authority: Judicial Review of Religious Arbitration

Religious diversity within a secular state raises a host of issues, not least the question of how to resolve a conflict between obligations of citizenship and demands of faith. Nowhere is this question more visible than in the ongoing debate over the rights of citizens to submit their disputes to religious tribunals and have the resulting decision enforced by a civil court. This article surveys the right of an individual to civil enforcement of religious arbitration decisions. In particular, it focuses on the level of judicial review courts apply to religious arbitration awards compared to the awards of secular arbitration. It argues that the current standard for judicial review of religious arbitration decisions is flawed for three reasons. First, religious tribunals are subject to less judicial review than secular tribunals due to judicial assumptions regarding the reach of the First Amendment Religion Clauses. As a result, parties to religious arbitration are denied the full breadth of procedural protections of state and federal arbitration statutes. Second, there is a heightened risk of procedural unfairness due to the incorporation of, and deference to, religious procedural law that may not align with standard notions of fairness. Third, there is a greater risk that an agreement will be enforced where a party consented to the agreement under duress, as courts refuse to consider the true weight of communal religious pressure on individual decision making. This article thus suggests a new framework for the judicial review of religious arbitration decisions — in the form of judicial guidelines and legislative amendments to arbitration statutes — that will allow individuals to live according to the dictates of their faith without sacrificing the protections of the secular state.
NITRILASE. I. OCCURRENCE, PREPARATION, AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME.

Abstract An enzyme termed nitrilase, which hydrolyzes nitriles to the corresponding carboxylic acids, is described. A method for its assay with indoleacetonitrile (IAN), separating quantitatively the resulting indoleacetic acid (IAA) is presented. The enzyme is not common in the plant kingdom, for of 29 plants (from 21 families) tested, 19 showed no activity and only members of the Gramineae (grasses), Cruciferae (cabbage group and radish), and Musaceae (banana family) were clearly active. Several fungi have the enzyme but do not excrete it into the culture medium. The enzyme has been partially purified from barley leaves. It is completely soluble, has optimum pH near 7, shows an energy of activation of 14,000 cals per mole, and a Michaelis constant for IAN of 5.1 × 10 −5 at 25 °C. It is susceptible to SH-reagents, and is slowly inactivated at 35 °C. and above in air. The conversion of IAN to IAA and ammonia is quantitative, requires no oxygen, and does not yield the free amide as an intermediate product. Electrophoresis on starch gel indicates that all activity is associated with a single protein fraction, so that the two stages of hydrolysis are probably carried out by one and the same enzyme.
On the Solution of a Painlev\'e III Equation

In a 1977 paper of McCoy, Tracy and Wu there appeared for the first time the solution of a Painlev\'e equation in terms of Fredholm determinants of integral operators. This equation is $\psi''(t)+t^{-1}\psi'(t)=(1/2) \sinh 2\psi+2\alpha t^{-1} \sinh\psi$, a special case of the Painlev\'e III equation. The proof in the cited paper is complicated, and the purpose of this note is to give a more straightforward one. First we give an equivalent formulation of the solution in terms of the kernel ${e^{-t (x+x^{-1})/2}\over x+y}\Big|{x-1\over x+1}\Big|^{2\alpha}$. There are already in the literature relatively simple proofs of the fact that when $\alpha=0$ Fredholm determinants of this kernel give solutions to the equation. We extend this result here to general $\alpha$.
Physical activity behaviours of highly active preschoolers

Summary What is already known about this subject Many preschool children do not participate in adequate physical activity, despite physical activity being a critical behaviour for obesity prevention. Environmental factors such as indoor and outdoor settings affect physical activity levels. Direct observation and accelerometry are valid and complementary methods for assessing physical activity. What this study adds This study uses both direct observation and accelerometry to describe a unique pattern of physical activity in high-active children. High-active children are more active than lower-active children while indoors. High-active children participate in different movement types throughout the school day compared with lower-active children. Background Understanding the physical activity behaviour of young children who are highly active may provide important guidance for promoting physical activity in preschools. Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the movement characteristics of high-active (HA) children during attendance at preschools. Methods Children in 20 preschools (n = 231) wore accelerometers and were classified into tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Children's movement characteristics were observed using the Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children – Preschool Version. Mixed-model analyses compared movement types between HA children and lower-active (LA) children during the total school day. Results HA (n = 77) children were observed to be more active than LA children (n = 154) indoors (P < 0.001), but no differences were observed outdoors. HA children were more frequently observed running, crawling, climbing, jumping, skipping, swinging and throwing across the total school day than LA children. Outdoors, HA children participated in more swinging and throwing and less jumping or skipping than LA children. Indoors, HA children spent more time pulling, pushing and running, and less time walking than LA children. Conclusions HA children have unique activity patterns. Further interventions to increase physical activity of all preschoolers should increase the time spent outside and include varied activity types throughout the entire school day.
World-View Entrapment: Moral-Ethical Implications for Gifted Education:

Root-metaphorical world views strongly shape our thoughts and actions at the implicit level. The mechanistic world view provided the conceptual foundations for unprecedented technological progress throughout the modern era; however, its basic tenets have serious moral-ethical implications. Sociopolitical trends and issues reinforced by this world view include technological determinism, social Darwinism, and androcentrism. Educational practices reinforced by mechanism include positivistic approaches to curriculum, instruction, and research. The moral-ethical implications of these trends and practices are explored, along with recommendations for developing awareness of root-metaphorical influences on the field of gifted education.
Epidural Tumors and Metastases

Cancer affects approximately 1.4 million Americans every year. Despite recent advancements and improvements in the care of these patents, approximately half will eventually succumb to their disease, a rate that has remained relatively unchanged over the last half century. In 2001, cancer ranked second to only heart disease in terms of mortality in the USA, accounting for approximately 23% of all deaths. The most common causes of death in oncology patients are complications related to metastasis of their primary disease [52]. The skeletal system is the third most common site for metastases, behind the lung and liver. Within the skeletal system, the spinal column is the most commonly affected site [6]. In fact, metastases are the most common type of neoplastic lesion found in the spinal column, comprising up to 90% of all spinal tumors in some series. Autopsy studies also demonstrate that upwards of 90% of cancer patients will have spinal metastatic deposits at the time of death. Of those with spinal metastases, up to 50% will require some form of treatment for their spinal metastasis and 5–10% will require surgery [3, 5, 47, 52].
DEFICIENCY IN MURAL VASCULAR CELLS COINCIDES WITH BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Neurovascular dysfunction contributes to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebrovascular abnormalities and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage have been shown in AD. The BBB dysfunction can lead to leakage of potentially neurotoxic plasma components in brain that may contribute to neuronal injury. Pericytes are integral in maintaining the BBB integrity. Pericyte-deficient mice develop a chronic BBB damage preceding neuronal injury. Moreover, loss of pericytes was associated with BBB breakdown in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we demonstrate a decrease in mural vascular cells in AD, and show that pericyte number and coverage in the cortex and hippocampus of AD subjects compared to neurologically-intact controls are reduced by 59% and 60% (p<0.01), and 32 and 33% (p<0.01), respectively. An increase in extravascular immunoglobulin G and fibrin deposition correlated with reductions in pericyte coverage in AD cases compared to controls; the Pearson’s correlation coefficient r for the magnitude of BBB breakdown to IgG and fibrin versus reduction in pericyte coverage was − 0.96 (p<0.01) and − 0.81 (p<0.01) in the cortex, respectively, and − 0.86 (p<0.01) and − 0.98 (p<0.01) in the hippocampus, respectively. Thus, deficiency in mural vascular cells may contribute to disrupted vascular barrier properties and resultant neuronal dysfunction during AD pathogenesis.
Phonological Awareness and Vocabulary Performance of Monolingual and Bilingual Preschool Children with Hearing Loss.

This pilot study compared the phonological awareness skills and vocabulary performance of English monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual children with and without hearing loss. Preschool children with varying degrees of hearing loss (n = 18) and preschool children without hearing loss (n = 19) completed measures of phonological awareness and receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge. On phonological awareness tasks, the performance of bilingual children with hearing loss was significantly higher than bilingual children with normal hearing, but not higher than either monolingual group of children. On norm-referenced vocabulary knowledge measures, the performance of monolingual and bilingual children with hearing loss was significantly lower than monolingual and bilingual children with normal hearing. Correlations for phonological awareness and vocabulary knowledge were found for both groups of children with normal hearing, but not children with hearing loss. This study represents preliminary evidenc...
Lymphosarcoma of the mammary gland

Abstract The collected cases of lymphosarcoma of the mammary gland have been reviewed and three types of growth described. Accompanying blood changes of significant character are sometimes present and should not be overlooked before operation is undertaken. Evidence of lymphosarcomatosis may at first be only found in the breast, later to appear in other localities (Case I), but it may also be primary in the mammary gland (Case II). These case histories are given in detail and their surgical treatment is presented.
Effect of temperature on activity and lactate optima of LDH isoenzymes.

Abstract There is evidence that Q10 in the lactate to pyruvate spectrophotometric LDH assay may differ for heart and liver homogenates. The optimal lactate concentration for heart homogenate may increase from 0.4 to 0.6 M with change in temperature from 25° to 37°. Optimal lactate concentration for liver homogenate was 0.8 M at 25° and 0.6 M at 37°. These shifts in lactate optima with temperature are similar to those found by Vesell3. Differences in Q10 between LDH isoenzymes may make it difficult to compare LDH assays run at different temperatures on sera with different isoenzyme patterns. “Heart type” LDH would seem preferable for interlaboratory comparisons, since it conforms to the accepted Q10.
Expanding Helmet Design Methodologies Through Brain Functional Area Representative Threat Models

In combat zones, warfighters may be exposed to multiple threat types that can result in impacts to the head. These head impacts can lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or other functional or cognitive impairments, depending on the impact location, duration, and severity. Personal protective equipment mitigates the damage to the head, and current equipment design efforts focus on high-level protective metrics such as local helmet deformations and penetrations, as well as global accelerations or rotations of the head. Advances in brain imaging and mapping have made it possible to couple brain regions with specific functions, which could lead to higher resolution injury models and a more integrated helmet design process.The Naval Research Laboratory has developed a design tool to relate cognitive and functional brain regions from the literature to representative threat models for a head-helmet system. In this study, the philosophy and methods behind this augmented design tool and some of its applications are discussed. Through surveying detailed brain mappings and Brodmann functional areas, spatial coordinates for a coarse and a fine brain model were identified, scaled, and positioned within a three-dimensional model of the head. Projectile threats to the brain from all directions were simulated to evaluate the vulnerability of specific brain regions for a given protective helmet geometry. Using this platform, a variety of design tools were developed to investigate the functional effects of making geometric changes to the helmet.© 2013 ASME
THE EFFECT OF MATING ON EGG PRODUCTION AND RELEASE IN THE CRICKET TELEOGRYLLUS COMMODUS

The female Teleogryllus commodus Walker is sexually receptive throughout the adult life. Mated females lay on an average four to six times more eggs than virgin females owing to higher total egg production and the retention of fewer eggs in the oviducts. Early mating does not result in earlier oviposition, but causes, when it occurs at a later date, the release of stored eggs. The mating-factor originates in the testes and is transferred to the female via the spermatophore. Zusammenfassung DIE WIRKUNG DER KOPULATION AUF EIPRODUKTION UND EIABLAGE DER GRILLE TELEOGRYLLUS COMMODUS Das Weibchen von Teleogryllus commodus ist wahrend der ganzen Adultperiode kopulationsbereit. Gepaarte Weibchen legen durchschnittlich 4—6 mal soviel Eier als jungfrauliche Weibchen; obwohl die letzteren viele Eier in den Ovidukten zuruckbehalten, ist die Gesamt-produktion von (abgelegten und nicht-abgelegten) Eiern grosser als bei virginellen Weibchen. Fruhzeitige Paarung fuhrt nicht zu fruherer Eiablage, spate dagegen lost die Ablage von in den Ovidukten angesammelten Eiern aus. Der Eiproduktions- und Eiablagefaktor entsteht in den Hoden und wird durch die Spermatophore auf das Weibchen ubertragen.
Stability and Change in Peer Relationships during the Transition to Middle-Level School.

In this short-term longitudinal study, Canadian young adolescents’ peer relationships were assessed as students moved from Grade 6 in small elementary schools to Grade 7 in a middle-level school offering Grades 7 through 12. Sociometric nominations were conducted in May of Grade 6, monthly during the fall term, and in May of Grade 7. Peer rejection was stable; peer acceptance was less stable during the transition than subsequently. Girls experienced greater instability in reciprocated friendships than did boys, although girls and boys had similar numbers of reciprocated friendships overall. During the fall term of Grade 7, students lost old reciprocated friendships and formed new reciprocated friendships with previously unfamiliar peers. Girls were more likely than boys to nominate previously unfamiliar peers as friends. Girls from the large elementary school, as compared with other girls, established reciprocated friendships with peers who were unfamiliar from elementary school earlier in the fall term.
The Roads of Chinese Childhood: Learning and Identification In Angang

The Roads of Chinese Childhood: Learning and Identification In Angang. Charles Stafford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xv. 213 pp., notes, bibliography, glossary, index.
The Effect of an Older Sibling on Infant Locomotor Exploration of a New Environment

SAMUELS, H-ELEN R. The Effect of an Older Sibling on Infant Locomotor Exploration of a New Environment. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 607-609. 14 23-month-old infants were observed twice, once with and once without their older siblings, to determine the .effect of the older child's presence on infant locomotor exploration. Observations were made as the children played, with mothers present, in the rear yard of a private home. When older siblings were present, infants went farther from their mothers, traversed a larger area of the yard, left their mothers more quickly, and stayed away longer. Although 13 of the 14 infants reached the most distant locations from their mothers as a result of following their siblings, they also showed independent behavior. Furthermore, increased infant locomotor exploration was accompanied by more visual inspection and manipulation of objects at distances exceeding 8 m from the mother. Sibling presence was shown to increase infant locomotor exploration. Other effects of daily exposure to an active and only moderately competent family member are probable, but remain to be studied.
The nineteenth-century bible wars and the separation of church and state

In December 2004 the George W. Bush administration filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court in support of two Kentucky counties barred by the Sixth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals from posting framed copies of the Ten Commandments in their courthouses, alongside a proclamation from President Ronald Reagan marking 1983 as the Year of the Bible. To those who would object that even a minimalist interpretation of the separation of church and state might preclude the prominent display of a religious text in just that place—the courthouse—where the principle of separation is normatively enforced, the White House offered assurance that “Official acknowledgement and recogntion of the Ten Commandments' influence on American legal history comport with the Establishment Clause [of the First Amendment].”