cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobilization and the Masjid: Muslim political engagement in post-9/11 America

As the number of non-Christian religious adherents increases in the USA, we have an opportunity to examine the limits of the linkages between religion, race/ethnicity, and civic engagement. American Muslims found themselves a central focus of social and governmental attention following the attacks of September 11, 2001. Furthermore, Muslims have a tradition of non-participation in the politics of non-Islamic states and contain within the religious tradition tremendous ethnic diversity. These factors have the potential to work against the generally robust linkages between religious and political participation. Utilizing a pair of surveys conducted by Zogby International in 2001 and 2004, this article presents evidence that Muslims were motivated to greater political participation as they began to perceive a greater threat from both the federal government and their local environments across ethnic lines. However, this article finds that private religious devotionalism is playing a negative role in Muslim po...
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) inhibitor displays anti-glutamate and anti-cocaine effects in an invertebrate assay

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) inhibitors are promising anti-glutamatergic and anti-addictive agents. We hypothesized that a GCPII inhibitor 2 (phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) would display anti-stereotypical activity in planarians. Experiments revealed that 2-PMPA displayed no overt behavioral activity by itself but attenuated stereotypical counts (C-shape hyperkinesias) elicited by four compounds (2-PMPA rank order potency: glutamate>NMDA>pilocarpine>cocaine). These data suggest GCPII inhibitors display broad-spectrum efficacy against behavioral activity produced by glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic compounds in an invertebrate assay.
Target tracking for heterogeneous smart sensor networks

Distributed sensor networks will play a key role in the network centric warfighting environments of the future. We envision a ubiquitous sensing `fabric,' comprising sensors distributed over the terrain and carried on manned and unmanned, terrestrial and airborne vehicles. As a complex `system of systems,' this fabric will need to adapt and self-organize to perform a variety of higher-level tasks such as surveillance and target acquisition. The topology and availability of the sensors will be constantly changing, as will the needs of users as dictated by evolving missions and operational environments. In this work, focusing on the task of target tracking, we address approaches for locating and organizing sensing and processing resources and present algorithms for suitably fusing the observations obtained from a varied and changing set of sensors. Run-time discovery and access of new sensing resources are obtained through the use of Java Jini, treating sensing resources as `services' and viewing higher-level processes such as tracking as clients. Algorithms for fusing generic sensor observations for target tracking are based on the extended Kalman filter, while detection and track initiation are based on a new likelihood projection technique. We present results from an implementation of these concepts in a real- time sensor testbed and discuss lessons learned.
Histamine receptor antagonists and lipid stability in total nutrient admixtures.

Drug stability and compatibility studies should be performed for all medications added to total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) before administration to patients. The stability of TNA components will vary depending on product selection and final concentrations. This variability prohibits generalizing published study results generically to TNAs containing untested products or combinations. Histamine receptor antagonists (H2RAS) are commonly administered by continuous infusion via nutrient solutions. When the delivery vehicle is a TNA, comparative stability and compatibility studies performed under similar test conditions are lacking. The stability of marketed parenteral H2RAs and of the investigational H2RA, nizatidine was analyzed in TNA solutions containing either Liposyn II or Intralipid at differing concentrations. All H2RAS remained at more than 90% of initial concentration at 24 hours. After 48 hours, only ranitidine concentrations fell to less than 90% in all study solutions. Each TNA containing an H2RA ...
Defective structural RNA processing in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Surveillance of integrity of the basic elements of the cell including DNA, RNA, and proteins is a critical element of cellular physiology. Mechanisms of surveillance of DNA and protein integrity are well understood. Surveillance of structural RNAs making up the vast majority of RNA in a cell is less well understood. Here, we sought to explore integrity of processing of structural RNAs in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and other inflammatory diseases. We employed mononuclear cells obtained from subjects with RRMS and cell lines. We used quantitative-PCR and whole genome RNA sequencing to define defects in structural RNA surveillance and siRNAs to deplete target proteins. We report profound defects in surveillance of structural RNAs in RRMS exemplified by elevated levels of poly(A) + Y1-RNA, poly(A) + 18S rRNA and 28S rRNAs, elevated levels of misprocessed 18S and 28S rRNAs and levels of the U-class of small nuclear RNAs. Multiple sclerosis is also associated with genome-wide defects in mRNA splicing. Ro60 and La proteins, which exist in ribonucleoprotein particles and play different roles in quality control of structural RNAs, are also deficient in RRMS. In cell lines, silencing of the genes encoding Ro60 and La proteins gives rise to these same defects in surveillance of structural RNAs. Our results establish that profound defects in structural RNA surveillance exist in RRMS and establish a causal link between Ro60 and La proteins and integrity of structural RNAs.
Detection of pulse pile-ups with tunnel diodes

Abstract A new type of pile-up rejector, using tunnel diodes, is described. It is simple and reliable, and is capable of 30 ns resolving time on pulses from plastic scintillators. Some general features of pile-up rejector circuits are discussed.
Characterization and Properties of Progesterone-Binding Components in Human Endometrium1

ABSTRACT Macromolecular components of normal human endometrial cytosol which bind 3H-progesterone in vitro were identified and characterized by sucrose-glycerol gradient centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Agarose. The major binding component has a sedimentation coefficient of about 4S. A 7S component was observed occasionally. The 4S component binds both 3H-progesterone and 3H-cortisol, whereas the 7S component binds the former but not the latter. These binding components were not detected in two tumor tissues. The interaction of the binding components with 3H-progesterone has an apparent association constant of about 2.7 × 109M−1 for the high affinity binding sites. When the affinities of various steroids for all the progesterone-binding components were compared by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and charcoal adsorption, the following order was observed: progesterone > 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione > 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione > 20α-dihydroprogesterone > testosterone > estradio...
Evidence for More than One Parkinson's Disease-Associated Variant within the HLA Region

Parkinson's disease (PD) was recently found to be associated with HLA in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Follow-up GWAS's replicated the PD-HLA association but their top hits differ. Do the different hits tag the same locus or is there more than one PD-associated variant within HLA? We show that the top GWAS hits are not correlated with each other (0.00≤r2≤0.15). Using our GWAS (2000 cases, 1986 controls) we conducted step-wise conditional analysis on 107 SNPs with P<10−3 for PD-association; 103 dropped-out, four remained significant. Each SNP, when conditioned on the other three, yielded PSNP1 = 5×10−4, PSNP2 = 5×10−4, PSNP3 = 4×10−3 and PSNP4 = 0.025. The four SNPs were not correlated (0.01≤r2≤0.20). Haplotype analysis (excluding rare SNP2) revealed increasing PD risk with increasing risk alleles from OR = 1.27, P = 5×10−3 for one risk allele to OR = 1.65, P = 4×10−8 for three. Using additional 843 cases and 856 controls we replicated the independent effects of SNP1 (Pconditioned-on-SNP4 = 0.04) and SNP4 (Pconditioned-on-SNP1 = 0.04); SNP2 and SNP3 could not be replicated. In pooled GWAS and replication, SNP1 had ORconditioned-on-SNP4 = 1.23, Pconditioned-on-SNP4 = 6×10−7; SNP4 had ORconditioned-on-SNP1 = 1.18, Pconditioned-on-SNP1 = 3×10−3; and the haplotype with both risk alleles had OR = 1.48, P = 2×10−12. Genotypic OR increased with the number of risk alleles an individual possessed up to OR = 1.94, P = 2×10−11 for individuals who were homozygous for the risk allele at both SNP1 and SNP4. SNP1 is a variant in HLA-DRA and is associated with HLA-DRA, DRB5 and DQA2 gene expression. SNP4 is correlated (r2 = 0.95) with variants that are associated with HLA-DQA2 expression, and with the top HLA SNP from the IPDGC GWAS (r2 = 0.60). Our findings suggest more than one PD-HLA association; either different alleles of the same gene, or separate loci.
The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental Effects of Performance Measures Linked to Strategy

The balanced scorecard provides a framework for selecting multiple performance measures that supplement traditional financial measures with operating measures of customer satisfaction, internal processes, and learning and growth activities. An essential aspect of the balanced scorecard lies in its articulation of the linkage between performance measures and business strategy. This study conducts an experiment to assess how individuals' evaluations of the performance of business unit managers depend on strategically linked performance measures of a balanced scorecard. Statistical test results indicate that performance evaluations are influenced by strategically linked measures more than non‐linked measures only when evaluators are provided detailed information about business unit strategies. The results also confirm Lipe and Salterio's (2000) finding that evaluators rely more on common measures than on unique measures. Evaluators rely more on strategically linked measures than on common measures when they ...
A comprehensive assessment of neurocognition in middle-aged chronic cigarette smokers

Abstract Background The majority of studies investigating the neurocognitive consequences of chronic smoking have been conducted with adults 60 years and older. Therefore, the scope of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with chronic cigarette smoking in middle age (i.e., 30–60 age range) has not been fully delineated. Methods Twenty-seven (44 ± 9 years of age; 4 females) non-smoking and 30 smoking (49 ± 8 years of age; 4 females) participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery and measures of fine motor dexterity and postural stability. All participants were free of biomedical or psychiatric conditions that may have influenced neurocognitive and motor function. Results Smokers performed significantly worse than non-smokers on the following domains: auditory–verbal and visuospatial learning, visuospatial memory, cognitive efficiency, executive skills, general intelligence, processing speed, fine motor dexterity and postural stability. The differences between smokers and non-smokers evidenced moderate to strong effect sizes and were not mediated by age, education, vocational level, estimated verbal intelligence or alcohol consumption. In smokers, a greater number of lifetime years of smoking was related to poorer performance on measures of cognitive efficiency, processing speed and visuospatial skills. Conclusions Results from this middle-aged cohort replicated previous research and provides novel findings indicating that chronic smoking was associated with inferior performance on measures of general intelligence, visuospatial learning and memory and fine motor dexterity. Research that relates measures of neurobiological function/integrity to neurocognition is needed to better understand the mechanisms contributing to the poorer performance across multiple domains demonstrated by smokers.
Brief paper: Linear distributed parameter systems: Closed-loop exponential stability with a finite-dimensional controller

Many engineering systems exhibit dynamical behavior which must be described by partial, rather than ordinary, differential equations. These distributed parameter systems (DPS) have infinite-dimensional state-space descriptions, yet they must be controlled by finite-dimensional feedback systems implemented with a limited number of control actuators and sensors and an on-line digital computer. The most basic problem to be solved is whether such a finite-dimensional controller can produce a stable closed-loop system. In this paper, results are presented which characterize the linear DPS which can be (exponentially) stabilized by a finite-dimensional controller. This characterization makes use of stabilizing subspaces and the solvability of the nonlinear asymmetric Riccati equation. Connections with the usual model reduction approaches to finite-dimensional DPS controller design are also developed.
On stochastic compartmental modeling

This communication contains a proof of the fact that the coefficient of variation of the contents of a compartment of a stochastic compartmental model with deterministic rate parameters is small for large populations. We can therefore conclude that the use of stochastic compartmental models is not of great consequence in the case of systems involving large populations when only the randomness of the transfer mechanism is considered.
Off-plane grating performance for Constellation-X

High groove density reflection gratings placed at grazing incidence in the extreme off-plane mount offer improved performance over conventional in-plane mounts in the x-ray. We present test results from the grating evaluation facility at the University of Colorado for gratings optimized for use in the off-plane configuration. The gratings tested are produce via holographic lithography. Gratings tested have radial groove patterns and include both blazed and sinusoidal groove profiles. We present efficiency and sub-aperture resolution results.
xMSanalyzer: automated pipeline for improved feature detection and downstream analysis of large-scale, non-targeted metabolomics data

Detection of low abundance metabolites is important for de novo mapping of metabolic pathways related to diet, microbiome or environmental exposures. Multiple algorithms are available to extract m/z features from liquid chromatography-mass spectral data in a conservative manner, which tends to preclude detection of low abundance chemicals and chemicals found in small subsets of samples. The present study provides software to enhance such algorithms for feature detection, quality assessment, and annotation. xMSanalyzer is a set of utilities for automated processing of metabolomics data. The utilites can be classified into four main modules to: 1) improve feature detection for replicate analyses by systematic re-extraction with multiple parameter settings and data merger to optimize the balance between sensitivity and reliability, 2) evaluate sample quality and feature consistency, 3) detect feature overlap between datasets, and 4) characterize high-resolution m/z matches to small molecule metabolites and biological pathways using multiple chemical databases. The package was tested with plasma samples and shown to more than double the number of features extracted while improving quantitative reliability of detection. MS/MS analysis of a random subset of peaks that were exclusively detected using xMSanalyzer confirmed that the optimization scheme improves detection of real metabolites. xMSanalyzer is a package of utilities for data extraction, quality control assessment, detection of overlapping and unique metabolites in multiple datasets, and batch annotation of metabolites. The program was designed to integrate with existing packages such as apLCMS and XCMS, but the framework can also be used to enhance data extraction for other LC/MS data software.
Group Transformation That Generates the Kerr and Tomimatsu-Sato Metrics

For stationary axially symmetric vacuum metrics, we give a series of transformations ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{(k)}$ which automatically preserve asymptotic flatness. We show how to generate the Kerr metric from the Schwarzschild, using ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{(0)}$. We also show, using ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{(k)}$, that the Tomimatsu-Sata (TS) class of metrices must be larger than previously realized, and for $\ensuremath{\delta}=2$ there is a five-parameter TS metric. As an example, we present a two-parameter metric from this family, which we claim to be a new, physically realistic, asymptotically flat, rotating vacuum solution.
Privatization Bolivian style: a cautionary tale

This article examines the long term impacts of Bolivia's partial privatization of state-owned enterprises, known as capitalization. Despite attempting to introduce an innovative social component to distribute the benefits of privatization to Bolivian citizens, the lack of an adequate government regulatory structure meant that capitalization was unable to meet most of its objectives. While foreign direct investment rose between 1995 and 2000, these investments created few jobs and the taxes paid by the privatized companies failed to replace the revenue they had previously provided to the government. Capitalization has not reduced corruption but, rather, shifted the locus of rent seeking from the public to the private sector. The perception of the privatization of public resources led to increased social protest and political instability. The cycle of protests culminated with the resignation of the president in October 2003 following protests that left over 70 civilians dead. Rather than create a climate favorable for free markets, capitalization served as a catalyst to mobilize popular protest against neoliberal restructuring and may threaten the neoliberal economic policies in Bolivia in the coming years. Cet article etudie les impacts a long terme de la privatisation partielle des entreprises publiques boliviennes, designee par ‘capitalisation’. Malgre la tentative d'introduction d'une composante sociale originale visant a distribuer les benefices de la privatisation aux Boliviens, l'absence de structure regulatrice gouvernementale adequate a empeche la ‘capitalisation’ d'atteindre la plupart de ses objectifs. Meme si l'investissement direct de l'etranger a progresse entre 1995 et 2000, ces fonds ont cree peu d'emplois et les charges fiscales payees par les entreprises privatisees n'ont pas remplace les recettes qu'elles apportaient auparavant au gouvernement. La ‘capitalisation’ n'a pas attenue la corruption, decalant plutot la scene du parasitisme du secteur public vers le secteur prive. La perception de la privatisation des ressources publiques a accentue agitation sociale et instabilite politique. Le cycle de protestation a atteint son apogee avec la demission du President en octobre 2003 apres des manifestations ayant fait 70 morts parmi la population. Au lieu de creer un climat favorable a la liberte de marche, la ‘capitalisation’ a servi de catalyseur a la mobilisation de l'opposition populaire contre la reconstruction neoliberale, mettant ainsi en peril les politiques economiques neoliberales de la Bolivie dans les annees a venir.
Implementation of spatial representation and autonomy in material handling systems

The paper discusses the use of spatial autonomy for detecting and avoiding physical conflicts by using examples from a warehouse environment. Like many other real world environments that are the subject of simulation, a warehouse has numerous autonomous elements, including workers, AGVs and human-operated equipment. Traditional simulations have not fully considered the effects of this autonomy, which can have significant impact upon system performance and result in accidents, delays, and deviation from modeled behavior. In the past, modelers have treated these deviations as inputs to simulations, hidden in travel time distributions and delays based on real world observations. Okashah (1994) examined four shortcomings of discrete event simulation: (1) arc and node limitations; (2) predefined entity goals, behaviors and interactions; (3) variable-frame of reference; and (4) space as a resource. The paper explains an approach to resolve these issues using spatial representation and autonomy. An autonomous approach to simulation results in deviations from idealized behavior becoming an output of-rather than an input to-simulation. Individual incidents are thus detected and resolved in simulation, and avoided in the real world.
EFFECT OF PRANDTL NUMBER ON SMOOTH-TUBE HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP

Abstract Heat transfer and pressure drop results in laminar, transitional and turbulent flow are presented for the 0.7 to 126 Prandtl number range. The working fluids for the experiments were air, water, ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol/water mixtures. For air or water, the Reynolds number was varied between 600 and 50,000, while tests with pure glycol and glycol/water mixtures covered the 200–3,000 and 200–10,000 Reynolds number range, respectively. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
When and where a seed mix refuge makes sense for managing insect resistance to Bt plants

Planting of a separate structured refuge for Bt crops as part of an insect resistance management (IRM) strategy to delay resistance evolution is the most common method of refuge deployment but this strategy depends on growers planting a refuge. A seed mix refuge interspersed with a pyramided Bt product is an alternative strategy that addresses the risk of growers not planting a refuge. However, concerns exist regarding how larval movement between Bt and non-Bt plants might influence resistance evolution in a seed mix field. To understand when seed mixes are an appropriate IRM strategy, a deterministic model run probabilistically was used to examine the evolution of Bt resistance in seed mix and structured refuges under varying levels of Bt efficacy, pest fitness, refuge size, larval movement, movement penalty and grower compliance. Results from modeling simulations show that the addition of a second and third Bt toxin can delay resistance evolution longer than a single toxin, making a seed mix refuge strategy a viable option where refuge compliance is a concern. In seed mixes, resistance was shown to evolve faster compared to a responsibly implemented structured refuge and evolved fastest in seed mixes when larval movement rates were high. However, when mortality from larval movement was included in model simulations, the selection pressure from Bt was reduced and two or three Bt-pyramids with a 5% seed mix refuge were at least as durable as the same products with a 5% structured refuge, depending upon refuge compliance. These simulations show that, across a range of conditions, seed mix refugia provide an effective alternative IRM tactic for delaying resistance evolution. Under some conditions use of seed mix refugia may be a superior IRM tactic leading to longer delays to resistance, and greater durability, compared to structured refugia and is a risk adverse tactic in situations when no refuge is planted.
Seeing stars: human resources performance indicators in the National Health Service

Purpose – This paper examines the functioning of performance ratings of the human resources (HR) function of National Health Service (NHS). In particular, it looks at the star ratings system and the response of workplace HR managers to this system.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a qualitative, cross‐sectional methodology. Human resource managers in 17 different NHS trusts, as well as senior civil servants, were interviewed.Findings – The paper finds that poor data quality and inconsistent incentives make the ratings of limited relevance in either evaluating or driving the performance of the hospital HR function.Research limitations/implications – The research highlights the value of assessing government policies from the perspective of those affected by them.Practical implications – The evidence shows that the application of performance indicators does not meet the stated government objectives. Also, the unanimity across managers in differently rated trusts shows that criticisms are not limit...
mRNA expression profiles for Escherichia coli ingested by normal and phagocyte oxidase-deficient human neutrophils

To gain a better understanding of bacterial responses to complex and hostile environments generated within the neutrophil phagosome, we estimated mRNA abundance, using genomic arrays, in Escherichia coli cells ingested by normal and phagocyte oxidase-deficient human neutrophils. Genes regulated by the oxidant sensing transcription factor OxyR were among those strongly induced upon phagocytosis by normal, but not oxidase-deficient, neutrophils. Several genes related to nitrogen metabolism, especially those regulated by the NtrC and NAC proteins and transcribed via the sigma(54) alternative sigma factor, were suppressed by both normal and oxidase-deficient neutrophils. A DeltaoxyRS mutant strain of E. coli was significantly more susceptible than the parent strain to neutrophil-mediated killing, which suggests that OxyR-regulated gene products contribute a measure of resistance to neutrophil antimicrobial systems. The hypersusceptibility of the DeltaoxyRS mutant was attenuated when oxidase-deficient neutrophils were employed, suggesting that much of the protection afforded by the OxyR regulon is against oxidative antimicrobial factors. Expression profiling of phagocytosed bacteria appears to provide useful information about conditions in the phagocytic vacuole and about bacterial defenses mounted in response to this hostile environment.
The structuring of information in written English text

Abstract Theme, Topic, and Information Structure all influence readers' perceptions of the pacing of a text and what information is emphasized in that text. Since these three concepts relate to the perceived flow of information in texts, it is worthwhile examining how they interact in texts. This is particularly true for the discussion of the relation between Theme and Topic since many linguists equate the two concepts. (See, for example, Gundel 1978, and Huddleston 1988.) A study of written magazine advertisements will trace the differing contributions of these three structures to the advertisements. Since the data consist of texts which have been written to be read as if heard, word order and punctuation have been used to signal tonicity and tonality. In the data studied, sentence punctuation was clearly used to emphasize relevant points. Further, information which was placed at the ends of the punctuated sentences regularly correlated with information which was obviously important for the reader to remember. Information which was placed thematically in the clauses was used to orient readers to the message which was to come. Often Themes were also the Topics of their sentences, but this was not true in all cases. Indeed, in a number of cases, the Topics were omitted from some sentences of an advertisement, even though those topics were obviously relevant to the interpretation of every sentence of the passage.
Emerging roles for XBP1, a sUPeR transcription factor

X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor whose active form is generated by a nonconventional splicing reaction upon disruption of homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). XBP1, first identified as a key regulator of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene expression in B cells, represents the most conserved signaling component of UPR and is critical for cell fate determination in response to ER stress. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of this multifaceted transcription factor in health and diseases.
The simultaneous determination of 235U and 239Pu using delayed neutron activation analysis

Delayed neutron activation analysis (DNAA) remains one of the most sensitive methods of nondestructively determining fissile materials in a variety of sample matrices, provided that the samples contain only a single fissile component. This has historically been the limiting factor in many applications of DNAA, and often chemically destructive methods of analysis have needed to be utilized for many real-world samples. This work seeks to develop a method that will allow for DNAA to be utilized on samples containing multiple fissile components. Initial efforts, presented here, show that using a multivariate linear regression model to describe the delayed neutron emission profile of an irradiated sample allows for the concurrent determination of fissile nuclides in samples containing both 235U and 239Pu, without chemical separations and using only a single counting step.
Primary care of the patient with HIV/AIDS.

This article provides a comprehensive approach to the primary care of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Although opinions differ regarding the ideal training for the primary care provider, 16,30 the key aspects of appropriate primary care of HIV/AIDS patients should not differ depending on the responsible provider. Ideally, the primary care of the individual with HIV/AIDS consists of the following key components: (1) comprehensive initial evaluation; (2) antiretroviral therapy; (3) prophylaxis to prevent opportunistic infections; (4) preventive health care, including indicated screening tests, immunizations, and counselling; (5) diagnosis and treatment of HIV-related problems; (6) management of common comorbidities, including mental illness and substance abuse; and (7) optimizing access to care and indicated medications.
Culturally Based Explanations of Minority Students' Academic Achievement

Some cultural ecologists have proposed a classification of minority groups as “autonomous,” “immigrant,” or “castelike,” and have defended the dichotomies between “macro” and “micro,” “explanatory” and “applied” ethnography. Other scholars, arguing against this position on both theoretical and empirical grounds, suggest that culture is crucially important at the collective and individual levels for the academic achievement and overall psychological adjustment of immigrant, refugee, and other minority children. The construction of learning environments guaranteeing academic success for all children requires theoretical and practical approaches that (1) recognize the significance of culture in specific instructional settings, (2) prevent stereotyping of minorities, (3) help resolve cultural conflicts in school, (4) integrate the home and the school cultures, and (5) stimulate the development of communicative and other skills that children need in order to participate meaningfully in the instructional process. These approaches have permitted applied ethnographers to rapidly turn failure into success.
Super-resolution Fourier transforms by optimisation, and ISAR imaging

5A method for super-resolution ISAR imaging, denoising, and error estimation is developed using a novel Fourier transform that exploits the a priori information that the image is sparse, i.e. contains relatively few bright points. The method applies nonlinear optimisation to the complex-valued pixels to estimate the image by minimising its l/sup 1/-norm. Noiseless images require linear programming, while quadratic programming with logarithmic barriers is necessary when complex-valued Gaussian noise is present. The novel Fourier transform, which is referred to as the l/sup 1/-FFT, works with 'missing' data points, making 'jackknife' estimates of the mean and variance of each pixel value possible. These estimates should aid in image classification. This work extends earlier work of Chen, Donoho and Saunders on basis pursuit and denoising to complex signals, by formulating and solving the corresponding complex-valued nonlinear optimisation problems
Authors’ response to the rebuttal by A.F. Vakakis and L.A. Bergman of Steady state dynamics of a linear structure weakly coupled to an essentially nonlinear oscillator, Vol. 47, 2007, pp. 167–179

Like in their original paper [1], Vakakis et al. claim in their rebuttal that steady-state energy pumping occurs in the frequency range 52–62 rad/s. Their premise is that the nonlinear attachment absorbs energy from the forced linear oscillator and its amplitude increases at the expense of the linear oscillator, based on results shown in Figs. 2a–b in [1]. However, it was shown in [2] that the solution branch in discussion is in fact unstable (refer to Figs. 6a–b in [2]), which invalidates the basis of their claim. We provide more results here to indicate that contrary to their claims, addition of the so-called nonlinear energy sink (NES) leads to an increase in the response amplitude of the linear subsystem.
Reducing Prejudice: Lessons From Social‐Cognitive Factors Underlying Perceiver Differences in Prejudice

This article describes research findings on individual differences in stereotyping and shows how these findings have been and can be further applied to prejudice reduction efforts. A notable strength of this “new” generation of individual difference work is its dynamic nature—that individual differences can be both stable and malleable. The first section of this article reviews work showing that both adults and children differ in social-cognitive factors related to stereotyping, namely the way they process social information and their endorsement of social ideologies. The second section describes intervention strategies that target these factors. In the final section, limitations and future directions of basic and applied research on individual differences and stereotyping are discussed.
Capturing teachers decision-making policies using a microcomputer simulation

Abstract This paper describes a computer simulation for educating teachers in classroom planning and decision-making. The simulation was based on research by Borko and Cone. The former explored teachers' preinstructional decisions and classroom objectives; the latter focused on decisions about managing student behavior. In both studies, scenarios were used to describe student characteristics and behavior, and the teachers made pedagogical decisions about the students. The scenarios were based on factorial designs which systematically manipulated variables known to be important in teacher's decisions. The simulation uses a fractional factorial of the full experimental design to reduce the number of scenarios the teacher needs to respond to in the simulation while permitting the simulation to estimate the teacher's decision-making policy (details of fractional factorial designs are presented in the paper). The program then compares the teacher's observed policy with the ideal decision model also obtained from the teacher. The teacher has the option to modify the ideal, the observed, or both policies and to re-run the simulation with a new set of scenarios. A concrete example is provided to illustrate the simulation and results.
Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis with and without associated aortic regurgitation

Between November 1985 and December 1991, percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) with the Inoue balloon catheter (Toray Marketing & Sales [America], Inc., New York, N.Y.) was performed in 53 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and associated mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. Mean left atrial pressure was 22.5 +/- 8.6 mm Hg and 9.7 +/- 5.5 mm Hg before and after PBMV, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean diastolic mitral gradient as determined by the catheter method decreased from 18.7 +/- 11.4 mm Hg to 2.1 +/- 3.1 mm Hg (p < 0.001). The echocardiographic mitral valve area was 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm2, 2.0 +/- 0.6 cm2, and 1.9 +/- 0.5 cm2, before and after PBMV and at follow-up (p < 0.001 before PBMV vs after PBMV and at follow-up). The mean diastolic mitral gradient as determined by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography was 19.3 +/- 8.4 mm Hg, 5.2 +/- 4.1 mm Hg, and 6.6 +/- 3.3 mm Hg, before and after PBMV and at follow-up, respectively (p < 0.001). The phonocardiographic interval between the Q wave and the mitral component of the first heart sound was 85.2 +/- 15.2 msec, 74.2 +/- 13.4 msec, and 72.3 +/- 15.7 msec before and after PBMV and at follow-up (p < 0.001 before PBMV vs after PBMV and at follow-up). The phonocardiographic interval between the aortic second sound and opening snap was 73.4 +/- 18.1 msec, 88.7 +/- 9.6 msec, and 92.1 +/- 11.7 msec before and after PBMV and at follow-up (p < 0.001 before PBMV vs after PBMV and at follow-up). The voltage of P loop in the frontal plane of the vectorcardiogram was 0.25 +/- 0.04 mV, 0.21 +/- 0.04 mV, and 0.20 +/- 0.03 mV before and after PBMV and at follow-up (p < 0.001 before PBMV vs after PBMV and at follow-up). The New York Heart Association classification improved from class II in 26 patients and class III in 27 patients before PBMV to class I in 48 patients and class II in five patients after PBMV. These hemodynamic, noninvasive, and clinical results were not significantly different from those that were obtained in 112 patients with mitral stenosis without associated aortic regurgitation, who were studied during the same period in our cardiac catheterization laboratory. It was concluded that patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are suitable candidates for PBMV whether or not they have associated aortic regurgitation of mild to moderate degree.
Excited State Relaxation in Cyanine Dyes: A Remarkably Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing from Upper Triplet Levels

The upper triplet states of Merocyanine 540 and related cyanine dyes have been generated by a two-color, two-pulse method. The decay of this state partitions between internal conversion to T1 and remarkably efficient reverse intersystem crossing to the singlet manifold. Thus, UV or visible laser generation of the T1 state (either directly or by a sensitized route) followed by excitation with a 640 nm pulse ultimately results in fluorescence and isomerization from the lowest excited singlet state (S1), as evidenced by the production of the ground state photoisomer absorption and emission coincident with the second laser pulse. Since identical behavior (isomerization and fluorescence) is observed for direct excitation into the singlet manifold, we conclude that both the singlet and triplet states are of the same geometry and that isomerization does not occur directly from either T1 or Tn.
On the structure of a two‐dimensional wake behind a pair of flat plates

Unsteady and asymmetric vortex shedding was investigated experimentally in the wake of two flat plates placed side by side normal to the flow. The experiment was conducted in water at Re=1500 based on an individual plate width. The spacing between the plates was varied from one plate width to two plate widths. For a small spacing between the plates, the deflection of the jet passing through the gap resulted in a larger wake with mostly symmetric vortex shedding on one side and a smaller wake with asymmetric shedding on the other. The intermediate wake for the small plate spacing resembled that of a single bluff body, whereas a more intermittent structure was observed at the wider spacing. The velocity time traces were obtained by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) at several locations in the wake. The Fourier spectra of the velocity data at certain positions indicated the presence of more than one dominating frequency. Wavelet analysis mapped the intermittent near‐periodic structures, and quantified their mean energy spectrum in relation to the ensemble mean. These results are interpreted by comparison with flow visualization data.
Issues in Measuring Differential Access to Public Services

This paper discusses the problems in interpreting the correlation coefficient as a measure of geographical accessibility to public services by income groups. As an alternative a relative index is proposed which incorporates the unique limits to the correlation coefficient in any area and thus allows meaningful comparison of results between areas and services. To illustrate the use and interpretation of the relative index an empirical analysis of differential access is presented.
The effects of controllability on extinction

During Phase 1, 30 rats were given CRF training in a straight runway. During Phase 2, subjects received contingent reinforcement (food), noncontingent reinforcement, or no treatment in an operant chamber. The results, which supported a “learned helplessness” interpretation, showed the noncontingent group to be the most resistant to extinction in the alley during Phase 3.
Global dimension of quasihereditary serial rings

(1994). Global dimension of quasihereditary serial rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 1271-1280.
Discussion Panel: Model 3 — Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Panelists: Dr Bruce Wintroub, Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California; and Dr Robert Stern, Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Co-targeting the insulin-like growth factor I receptor enhances growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of anti-estrogens in human breast cancer cell lines.

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) interacts with estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and HER2. We examined the effect of combinations of IGF1R antagonists (α-IR3, AG1024) and anti-estrogens (4-hydroxy tamoxifen, fulvestrant) in two human ER+ breast cancer cell lines: BT474 (HER2 overexpressing, IGF1R low) and MCF7 (HER2 non-overexpressing, IGF1R high). In BT474 cells, growth was inhibited by anti-estrogens, but not by IGF1R antagonists; however, adding IGF1R inhibitors to anti-estrogens enhanced growth inhibition. In MCF7 cells, growth was inhibited by IGF1R and ER antagonists and more so by their combination. In both cell lines, no single agents could induce apoptosis, but combining IGF1R inhibitors with anti-estrogens induced dramatic levels of apoptosis. IGF1R antagonists enhanced the ability of the anti-estrogens to inhibit ER transcriptional activity in BT474 cells, but not in MCF7 cells. The drug combination synergistically inhibited ER and IGF1R activity. Such combinations may be useful therapy for breast cancer.
Night Vision And Electro-Optics Laboratory (NVEOL) Performance Model And Its Use

This paper discusses the major design tools utilized at the Night Vision and Electro-Optics Laboratory (NVEOL) for analyzing electro-optical sensor systems. The Thermal Static Performance Model is described as an example of the methods used. The other systems models are based on the same concepts both in analysis and computer programming. The basic approach for all the laboratory and field models is tied to measurement techniques. The models provide a set of tools to write specifications, design systems and analyze requirements. The basic thermal model code, its use, and limitations will be explained. The current version utilized at NVEOL makes use of an interactive input data structure, and includes a graphics package for field performance. Similiar models exist for image intensifiers (II), television (TV), and aided/unaided eye. These models however are not as widely used and therefore have not received the same level of resources as the thermal models. All of these models enable one to predict performance against a variety of target configurations and atmospheric conditions including smoke. The use of the computer programs is illustra-ted.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An improved reduced Van der Waals equation of state for helium at high pressures

Abstract 1. (1) Of all the EOS investigated, the hard sphere EOS reproduced the experimental data the best, followed by the virial EOS and the “improved” reduced van der Waals EOS. 2. (2) The ease of computation of these three EOS follows a reverse order, with the “improved” reduced van der Waals EOS being the easiest by far and the hard sphere EOS the most difficult to calculate. 3. (3) At 600°C the virial EOS converged very rapidly to the most accurate hard sphere EOS, even at high pressures. 4. (4) The ratio of the number of helium atoms/vacancy for very small equilibrium bubbles as predicted by these three EOS is almost temperature independent.
Behavior of Basal Plane Dislocations and Low Angle Grain Boundary Formation in Hexagonal Silicon Carbide

The interactions between basal plane dislocations (BPDs) and threading screw and edge dislocations (TSDs and TEDs) in hexagonal SiC have been studied using synchrotron white beam x-ray topography (SWBXT). TSDs are shown to strongly interact with advancing basal plane dislocations (BPDs) while TEDs do not. A BPD can cut through an individual TED without the formation of jogs or kinks. The BPDs were observed to be pinned by TSDs creating trailing dislocation dipoles. If these dipoles are in screw orientation segments can cross-slip and annihilate also potentially leaving isolated trailing loops. The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of BPDs can lead to aggregation of opposite sign edge segments leading to the creation of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) characterized by pure basal plane tilt of magnitude determined by the net difference in densities of the opposite sign dislocations. Similar aggregation can also occur against pre-existing prismatic tilt boundaries made up of TED walls with the net difference in densities of the opposite sign dislocations contributing some basal plane tilt character to the LAGB.
Learning from text: Reflections on the past and suggestions for the future

A great deal of progress has been made toward understanding the cognitive processes involved in learning from text. The findings suggest ways to improve learning by enhancing the coherence of texts and the strategies learners use when reading to learn. For the most part, the cognitive research has focused on an individual interacting with a single text, consistent with many traditional educational settings. However, current economic and social trends have revitalized educational reform efforts that emphasize active knowledge construction by the learner and the development of critical thinking, problem solving, and collaborative learning skills. Classrooms organized to support these kinds of learning activities raise a number of new issues for discourse processing research and redirect several current areas of research. A primary goal of this article is to illustrate and discuss these issues.
Photosystem II heterogeneity in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

— The kinetics of photosystem II photochemistry are analyzed in the marine diatom Phaeodacfylum tricornutum by measurement of fluorescence induction in cell suspensions treated with 3–(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Photosystem II kinetics are found to be biphasic, the sum of two exponential components, suggesting that biphasic energy conversion in photosystem II may be a general consequence of thylakoid membrane appression. The emission wavelength-dependence of fluorescence induction suggests that the two photosystem II components have different variable fluorescence emission spectra. The slower component exhibits characteristic emission of the diatom light-harvesting complexes while emission from the faster component resembles that of the photosystem II reaction center. Variable fluorescence emission (293 K) at wavelengths > 700 nm is assigned to photosystem II. Application of model equations indicates that the two photosystem II unit types differ primarily in antenna size. A new analytical procedure is presented which eliminates ambiguities in the kinetic analysis associated with the incorrect assignment of the maximal fluorescence yield.