cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MR-Droid: A Scalable and Prioritized Analysis of Inter-App Communication Risks

Inter-Component Communication (ICC) enables useful interactions between mobile apps. However, misuse of ICC exposes users to serious threats, allowing malicious apps to access privileged user data via another app. Unfortunately, existing ICC analyses are largely insufficient in both accuracy and scalability. Most approaches rely on single-app ICC analysis which results in inaccurate and excessive alerts. A few recent works use pairwise app analysis, but are limited by small data sizes and scalability. In this paper, we present MR-Droid, a MapReduce-based computing framework for accurate and scalable inter-app ICC analysis in Android. MR-Droid extracts data-flow features between multiple communicating apps to build a large-scale ICC graph. We leverage the ICC graph to provide contexts for inter-app communications to produce precise alerts and prioritize risk assessments. This scheme requires quickly processing a large number of app-pairs, which is enabled by our MapReduce-based program analysis. Extensive experiments on 11,996 apps from 24 app categories (13 million pairs) demonstrate the effectiveness of our risk prioritization scheme. Our analyses also reveal new real-world hijacking attacks and collusive app pairs. Based on our findings, we provide practical recommendations for reducing inter-app communication risks.
The roots of ethnic cleansing in Europe

In Imagined Communities, the late Benedict Anderson pointed to “the fatal diversity” of spoken language as the underlying condition on account of which the vernacularization of formal writing in th...
Primate Families, Structure of

The more than two hundred species of primates live and reproduce in a large variety of ways. Most species are highly social. Recent studies of primates in nature are revealing new facets of their social and mating systems. Female primates follow their own reproductive strategies, which are less conspicuous than male strategies. The slow development of young primates makes them crucially dependent on intense and prolonged maternal care, exacerbating the imbalance in reproductive effort between the sexes. Primate mating systems seem more flexible than previously thought, as social changes, ecological conditions, and individual character all affect the ways in which primates mate and reproduce. Interactions between males and females range from the molecular, such as interactions between egg and sperm or harmonious expression of paternal and maternal genes in the offspring, to the behavioral, including mating patterns, social affiliation, and parental care. There is increasing evidence for the importance of multiple paternity for females. This evidence includes the need for diverse offspring, for good and compatible genes from the fathers, and for male assistance. Primate mating systems result from a delicate balance between male and female strategies and the constraints exerted by the physical and social environments.
The Two Skinners, Modern and Postmodern

Different accounts of Skinner's work are often in conflict. Some interpretations, for example, regard Skinner as a mechanist. Other interpretations regard Skinner as a selectionist. An alternative interpretation is to see Skinner as employing both views with changes in these views and their proportionate relations over time. To clarify these distinctions, it is helpful to see Skinner's work against the background of similar changes that have been taking place in Western Culture. An extended and overlapping shift in cultural values has occurred from modernism to postmodernism. Some key distinctions in this shift are that modernism emphasizes abstract simplicity, permanent necessity, and absolutely certain sources of truth. Postmodernism emphasizes complex and concrete contexts, probability, and explanations of change in terms of consequences. Skinner shows a similarly extended and overlapping shift over time that results in separate sets of responses which may be regarded as two sides or two selves of Skinner: one an organized collection of responses aligned with modernism, another an organized collection of responses aligned with postmodernism.
Surveillance cultures in bone marrow transplant recipients: worthwhile or wasteful?

A prospective study of the value of surveillance cultures was performed in a bone marrow transplant (BMT) unit among 48 consecutive patients. All patients were admitted to laminar airflow or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered rooms, mainlined on reduced microbial diets and received oral non-absorbable antibiotics. With the onset of neutropenia, all patients received imipenem/cilastatin and 17 patients received low-dose amphotericin B 0.1 mg/kg/day. Pre-transplant and weekly post-transplant cultures of the stool, throat and urine were obtained on all patients. Nasal and vaginal cultures were performed on 26 patients. Sixteen patients developed 23 documented infections. The sensitivity of surveillance cultures for all infections was 38%, specificity 25%, positive predictive value 20% and negative predictive value 44%. When stratified by organisms, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were: Gram positive infections, 33%, 36%, 11%, 70%; Gram negative infections, 17%, 88%, 17%, 88%; fungal infections 37%, 50%, 11%, 75%; and Candida albicans, 100%, 57%, 14%, 100%. These data suggest that surveillance cultures may be useful to exclude C. albicans infections but are of limited value in predicting other types of infections in recipients of BMT
Proof for the Maximum Parsimony (“Red King”) Algorithm

In reconstructing hypothetical messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences which were contained in the ancestors of present-day species, we find ourselves in much the same predicament as Alice, sitting in a courtroom for the first time. Alice, who has never seen a judge before, has to infer that the man sitting before her with the “great wig” is a judge. He looks like a judge, so he must be a judge. In examining mRNA sequences from contemporary species (obtained by inference from amino acid sequences and the genetic code), we assume that when two sequences look alike they must be alike, in the sense of sharing a common ancestry. Similarity does not always imply common ancestry, but we assume that that reconstruction of hypothetical ancestors which maximizes the similarity due to common ancestry (and thus minimizes similarity due to parallel and back mutations) is the best reconstruction. This is known as the maximum parsimony hypothesis. Since the judge is really the King of Hearts, or Red King, we call this the Red King hypothesis (see Van Valen, 1974). In this chapter, I shall review the highlights of the proof for the current computer algorithm for reconstructing hypothetical mRNA sequence ancestors consistent with contemporary amino acid sequences and the Red King hypothesis.
Congenital malformations of the external auditory canal

Abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches and the intervening branchial cleft and pharyngeal pouch can result in a variety of deformities affecting the external auditory canal and the middle ear. This article reviews several of these deformities, including external auditory canal stenosis and atresia (minor and major congenital ear malformations) and external auditory canal duplication anomalies (type I and type II branchial cleft cysts).
Pharmacotherapy of Complicated Urinary Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections with Doripenem

Due to the growing rate of multi-drug resistant bacteria in complicated infections, the need for new broad-spectrum antimicrobials is paramount. Doripenem, a new addition to the intravenous carbapenem class, has recently been approved for the treatment of complicated lower urinary tract infections and/or pyelonephritis (cUTI) and complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) in adult patients. Doripenem exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity against an assortment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Relative to other available carbapenems, doripenem typically displays MICs that are 1–2 dilutions lower than meropenem and 2–4 dilutions lower than imipenem against P. aeruginosa. Since the kidneys primarily excrete doripenem as whole drug, dose adjustments are needed in patients with renal impairment. Doripenem 500 mg q8 h demonstrated non-inferiority to levofloxacin 250 mg q24 h in clinical trials of patients with cUTI; it was non-inferior to meropenem 1000 mg q8 h in patients with cIAI. Doripenem’s broad spectrum of activity, in vitro potency against particularly difficult to treat organisms, and desirable safety profile make it an attractive option in the treatment of cUTI and cIAI.
Event Analytics via Discriminant Tensor Factorization

Analyzing the impact of disastrous events has been central to understanding and responding to crises. Traditionally, the assessment of disaster impact has primarily relied on the manual collection and analysis of surveys and questionnaires as well as the review of authority reports. This can be costly and time-consuming, whereas a timely assessment of an event’s impact is critical for crisis management and humanitarian operations. In this work, we formulate the impact discovery as the problem to identify the shared and discriminative subspace via tensor factorization due to the multi-dimensional nature of mobility data. Existing work in mining the shared and discriminative subspaces typically requires the predefined number of either type of them. In the context of event impact discovery, this could be impractical, especially for those unprecedented events. To overcome this, we propose a new framework, called “PairFac,” that jointly factorizes the multi-dimensional data to discover the latent mobility pattern along with its associated discriminative weight. This framework does not require splitting the shared and discriminative subspaces in advance and at the same time automatically captures the persistent and changing patterns from multi-dimensional behavioral data. Our work has important applications in crisis management and urban planning, which provides a timely assessment of impacts of major events in the urban environment.
Abstract TMP116: Higher Lipoprotein(a) is a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment in Black but Not White Americans: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort

Background: Increased lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for heart disease, and levels vary greatly by race, with blacks having 2-4-fold higher levels than whites. Despite the large body of e...
Mechanosensitivity Occurs along the Adhesome’s Force Train and Affects Traction Stress

Herein, we consider the process of force development along the adhesome within cell focal adhesions. Our model adhesome consists of the actin cytoskeleton-vinculin-talin-integrin-ligand-extracellular matrix-substrate force train. We specifically consider the effects of substrate stiffness on the force levels expected along the train and on the traction stresses they create at the substrate. We find that significant effects of substrate stiffness are manifest within each constitutive component of the force train and on the density and distribution of integrin/ligand anchorage points with the substrate. By following each component of the force train, we are able to delineate specific gaps in the quantitative descriptions of bond survival that must be addressed so that improved quantitative forecasts become possible. Our analysis provides, however, a rational description for the various levels of traction stresses that have been reported and of the effect of substrate stiffness. Our approach has the advantage of being quite clear as to how each constituent contributes to the net development of force and traction stress. We demonstrate that to provide truly quantitative forecasts for traction stress, a far more detailed description of integrin/ligand density and distribution is required. Although integrin density is already a well-recognized important feature of adhesion, our analysis places a finer point on it in the manner of how we evaluate the magnitude of traction stress. We provide mechanistic insight into how understanding of this vital element of the adhesion process may proceed by addressing mechanistic causes of integrin clustering that may lead to patterning.
Intraoperative opioid and non-opioid administration patterns and early postoperative pain: A single-center retrospective longitudinal study.

Objective: Characterize changes in intraoperative opioid and non-opioid administration over time and to evaluate self-reported pain scores in the immediate postoperative period. Design: Single-center retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patients, participants: All patients presenting for surgery between 2011 and 2017 in both an inpatient and outpatient setting. Main outcome measure(s): Determine total intraoperative opioid administration using intravenous oral morphine equivalents standardized to weight and intraoperative non-opioid use. Furthermore, postoperative self-reported pain scores within 2 hours of completion of surgery are reported. Results: A total of 112,167 individual cases were identified from March 2011 to June 2017. There was a sustained and significant reduction in intraoperative mean and median opioid administration [2011: 0.16 ± 0.15 mg/kg and 0.13 (0-4.92) mg/kg vs 2017: 0.09 ± 0.09 mg/kg and 0.07 (0-4.17) mg/kg]. These effects are seen in emergent vs elective surgery, ambulatory vs inpatient, preoperative opioid use vs no preoperative opioid use, and those with and without intraoperative loco-regional procedures. Although median number of intraoperative non-opioid analgesic agents was unchanged over time, average difference in the number of intraoperative non-opioids increased over time. Finally, pain scores decreased over time [2011: mean (standard deviation) and median (range): 5.1 ± 2.62 and 5.4 (0-10) vs 2017: 3.29 ± 3.27 and 3 (0-10)]. Conclusion: This study confirms that intraoperative opioid use has decreased over time with increased utilization of non-opioid analgesic adjuncts and a commensurate decrease in immediate postoperative pain.
Partisan Ambivalence and Electoral Decision Making

American politics today is driven largely by deep divisions between Democrats and Republicans. That said, there are many people who view the opposition in an overwhelmingly negative light – but who simultaneously possess a mix of positive and negative feelings toward their own party. This paper is a response to prior research (e.g., Lavine, Johnson, and Steenbergen 2012) indicating that such ambivalence increases the probability that voters will engage in "deliberative" (or "effortful") rather than "heuristic" thinking when responding to the choices presented to them in political campaigns. We extend the logic of this argument to a hypothetical race for Congress, using data from a survey experiment to determine whether a high degree of ambivalence toward one's party makes voters more responsive to a negative attack against the candidate of that party. In fact, we find little evidence that partisan ambivalence promotes a deliberative response to negative campaign ads.
Leveraging the health information technology infrastructure to advance federal research priorities

Ensuring that federally funded health research keeps pace with the explosion of health data depends on better information technology (IT), access to high-quality electronic health data, and supportive policies. Because it prominently funds and conducts health research, the U.S. federal government needs health IT to rapidly evolve and has the ability to drive that evolution. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology developed the National Health IT Priorities for Research: A Policy and Development Agenda (the Agenda) that identifies health IT priorities for research in consultation with relevant federal agencies. This article describes support for the Agenda from the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the Veterans Health Administration. Advancing the Agenda will benefit these agencies and support their missions as well as the entire ecosystem leveraging the health IT infrastructure or using data from health IT systems for research.
Enhanced light trapping in the mid-infrared using gold-black phosphorus nanostructured absorbers

We propose a gold -based nanostructured design for achieving enhanced absorption in black phosphorus (BP) thin films in the 3 – 5 microns wavelength range. We tune the design parameters to excite strongly localized radiation modes in layers of thicknesses ranging from 5 to 50 nm at 4 microns. In addition, we compute the absorption enhancement factor of these absorbers and compare it against the conventional 4n2 limit. For a BP layer thickness of 5 nm, we are able to achieve an enhancement of around 561 at a wavelength of 4 microns which is significantly greater than the conventional value of 34 for an isolated textured layer.
Neural networks underlying the metacognitive uncertainty response

Humans monitor states of uncertainty that can guide decision-making. These uncertain states are evident behaviorally when humans decline to make a categorization response. Such behavioral uncertainty responses (URs) have also defined the search for metacognition in animals. While a plethora of neuroimaging studies have focused on uncertainty, the brain systems supporting a volitional strategy shift under uncertainty have not been distinguished from those observed in making introspective post-hoc reports of categorization uncertainty. Using rapid event-related fMRI, we demonstrate that the neural activity patterns elicited by humans' URs are qualitatively different from those recruited by associative processes during categorization. Participants performed a one-dimensional perceptual-categorization task in which an uncertainty-response option let them decline to make a categorization response. Uncertainty responding activated a distributed network including prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC, PCC), anterior insula, and posterior parietal areas; importantly, these regions were distinct from those whose activity was modulated by task difficulty. Generally, our results can be characterized as a large-scale cognitive control network including recently evolved brain regions such as the anterior dorsolateral and medial PFC. A metacognitive theory would view the UR as a deliberate behavioral adjustment rather than just a learned middle category response, and predicts this pattern of results. These neuroimaging results bolster previous behavioral findings, which suggested that different cognitive processes underlie responses due to associative learning versus the declaration of uncertainty. We conclude that the UR represents an elemental behavioral index of metacognition.
The developmental state and social enterprise in South Korea: A historical institutionalism perspective

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the distinctiveness of South Korean social enterprises from a historical institutionalism perspective. From this perspective, the author focuses on the proactive roles played by the government in the process of emergence and formulation of social enterprises in South Korea. The author roots this paper in the concept of the developmental state and examines how this concept applies to newly emerging social enterprises in South Korea. Design/methodology/approach – This paper first introduces the process of South Korean social enterprises’ emergence as an independent phenomenon. The author explains the process with a link to governmental actions, such as the introduction of public programs and government acts. Second, this paper introduces the concept of developmental state which captures the proactive role of the state in social, economic and political development in South Korea. Third, this paper applies the institutional framework proposed by Kerlin (2013) to see how th...
A PROBLEM-SOLVER/TMS ARCHITECTURE FOR GENERAL CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEMS

Constraints, in various forms, are ubiquitous to design problems. In this paper, we provide a formalcharacterization of a generalized constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) that can be used to model manytypes of design/planning problems, and the architecture of an imlemented reasoning system for solving thisproblem. The architecture includes a truth maintenance system (TMS) which is specifically designed toreason about the relationships expressed in the constraints as a problem solution evolves. The CSPconsists of two types of data. The first type of datum corresponds to assignments that are handled by theproblem solver, and the second type corresponds to constraint terms handled by the TMS. Thedependency network, representing the relationships among constraint terms, is static and generally quitesmall, depending on the number of constraint terms. Also, justifications are never manipulated (onlyevaluated). This results in an architecture that makes efficient use of both space and time. The need forefficient TMSs, even though these might deal only with certain classes of problems, is underscored by thefact that general purpose TMSs have often been found to be highly inefficient for solving large problems.We also show how certain instances of the generalized CSP can be formulated as an integer programmingproblem, special cases of which can be solved efficiently using mathematical (integer) programmingtechniques.
The Study of Classical Sculpture at the End of the 20th Century

The year 1993 has marked the centenary of Adolf Furtwingler's influential Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik, and such an important anniversary should not pass unnoticed.' That book signaled the beginning of a strong current in studies of ancient sculpture, one that is usually known by such German terms as Meisterforschung and Kopienkritik. It was based on the premise that the style of ancient sculptors could, and should, be identified through the Roman replicas of their lost originals, and proceeded on the assumption that attributions could be made not only on the authority of mentions in the ancient sources but also on purely formal and iconographic grounds. In the words of Andrew Stewart, "the continuing spell of Furtwangler's achievement, and of the great sculptors themselves, has ensured that much of the bibliography of Greek sculpture still addresses, one way or another, these basic concerns, often to the detriment of other lines of inquiry."2 It seems therefore fitting to choose this moment to review the status of Greek sculptural studies 100 years later. In particular, it may be appropriate to do so using a 1993 publication as a starting point: Luigi Todisco's Scultura greca del IV secolo. Although restricted to a single century, as contrasted with Furtwingler's ampler coverage,3 this monograph at the same time marks what is newest and what is still the same in our field. I shall start by reviewing Todisco's book, and shall then attempt to define other current trends, in an overview of methodological theories and publications. Needless to say, my selection will be guided by purely personal and subjective criteria necessarily informed by my own preferences and re tricted by the limits of my own knowledge.
Theory & Methods: Special Invited Paper: Dimension Reduction and Visualization in Discriminant Analysis (with discussion)

Summary This paper discusses visualization methods for discriminant analysis. It does not address numerical methods for classification per se, but rather focuses on graphical methods that can be viewed as pre-processors, aiding the analyst’s understanding of the data and the choice of a final classifier. The methods are adaptations of recent results in dimension reduction for regression, including sliced inverse regression and sliced average variance estimation. A permutation test is suggested as a means of determining dimension, and examples are given throughout the discussion.
Digital singing voice synthesis using a new alternating reflection model

Many models for computer generated singing voices have been proposed in the past and have been shown to produce a wide variety of synthesized voices. While many of these models are capable of synthesizing a particular singing voice with high musical quality, they typically are challenged with respect to naturalness, range, the ability to synthesize both male and female voices, as well as the ability to capture the identity of the singer. The analysis-by-synthesis/overlap-add (ABS/OLA) sinusoidal model has proven to be effective in producing high quality voices with manageable computational cost. It is based on the combination of a block overlap-add sinusoidal representation and an analysis-by-synthesis parameter estimation technique. ABS/OLA is flexible enough to allow for modifications such as time and pitch scaling; however, it can suffer from quality degradation under such conditions. This paper presents an analysis/synthesis model that incorporates new methods to improve synthesis. These improvements add to the naturalness and flexibility in controlling perceptually important musical characteristics.
Strategy for a Bright Future: President‐Elect Message, January 2011

What a great joy and honor it is for me, as your President-Elect, to ring in the New Year with heartfelt wishes to all Academy members for best of health and great success in 2011. We enter this year on strong financial footing with sound governance under the stewardship of our president, Eduardo M. Fraifeld, MD, and a dynamic management team, led by our accomplished Executive Director, Phil Saigh. It is no accident that we, as the “voice” of pain medicine, find ourselves in such a position, notwithstanding the stresses of the economic climate over these last few years. The extraordinary leadership and dedication …
Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: concepts, review and synthesis of previous studies

Previous studies that measured the natural frequencies and damping ratios of conifer trees were reviewed and results synthesized. Analysis of natural frequency measurements from 602 trees, belonging to eight different species, showed that natural frequency was strongly and linearly related to the ratio of diameter at breast height to total tree height squared (i.e., DBH/H2). After accounting for their size, pines (Pinus spp.) were found to have a significantly lower natural frequency than both spruce (Picea spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga spp.). Natural sway frequencies of de-branched trees were significantly higher than those of the same trees with the branches intact, and the difference increased with an increasing ratio of DBH/H2. Damping mechanisms were discussed and methods for measuring damping ratio were presented. Analysis of available data suggested that internal damping ratios were typically less than 0.05 and were not related to tree diameter. External damping was mainly due to aerodynamic drag on the foliage and contact between the crowns of adjacent trees. Analysis of data from previous wind-tunnel studies indicated that damping due to aerodynamic drag is a nonlinear function of velocity. Damping due to crown contact has been suggested by a previous author to be a function of both the distance to and the size of adjacent trees. Therefore, in uniformly spaced stands it may be possible to model crown contact damping as a function of stand density index (SDI), a common forestry measure which incorporates both of these variables.
Laparotomy versus laparoscopy for antenatal appendectomy

YAIR BLUMENFELD, MEREDITH ROCHON, KEITH EDDLEMAN, JEFFREY FREED, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, New York, New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Surgery, New York, New York OBJECTIVE: To compare intra-operative and post-operative differences between laparotomy and laparoscopy for antenatal appendectomy, and to determine differences in obstetrical outcomes between patients whose final pathology showed acute appendicitis to those with normal appendices. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of all antenatal appendectomies performed at a single institution from 1/1993 to 12/2004. Medical records were reviewed to ascertain maternal demographics, procedure details, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty patients had appendectomies during the study period, 32 (53%) by laparoscopy (Lsc) and 28 by laparotomy (X-lap). Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups. Lsc was performed more frequently in the second half of the study period (44% v. 76%, p=.024). Those undergoing Lsc had their procedures performed at a significantly earlier gestational age (16.8 range 3-30 wks vs. 22.2 range 9-36 wks, p=.005), had longer procedures (61G25 min v 49G16 min, p=.024) and had a significantly shorter median hospital stay (2 range 1-36 days v 3 range 1-15 days, p=.004). Two patients required reoperation and transfusion for bleedingboth in the Lsc group (procedures at 20 and 30 wks). There was no difference in pregnancy outcome between the groups, though there was a trend toward higher rates of PTL in the X-lap group (48% v 10%, p=.07). Overall, 29% of patients had PTL, 18% PTD, 12% PPROM, and 23% of babies were admitted to the NICU. Despite this, mean GA at delivery was 38.5 wks with a mean birthweight of 3101G648g. Twenty-five percent of patients undergoing surgery had a normal appendix. There was no difference in outcome between those with appendicitis and those with a normal appendix. CONCLUSION: Shorter hospital stay and a trend towards a decreased rate of preterm labor suggest that laparoscopy should be the preferred approach for antenatal appendectomy whenever technically feasible. Increased experience with laparascopy in the future may further improve pregnancy outcome.
Optical Flow Aided Motion Estimation for Legged Locomotion

Dynamic legged locomotion entails navigating terrain at high speed. The impact shocks from rapid footfalls, pivotal for such mobility, introduce large impulses that saturate motion measurement. A biomimetic approach is presented in which visual information, in the form of optical flow, complements information from inertial sensors. The motion is then determined using a two-phase Hybrid Extended Kalman Filter. Experimentation in determining attitudes on a robotic leg platform shows a reduction in drift over inertial approaches and in delay over visual approaches. In tests with 6g impulses, pose was recovered within 5 deg rms with angular rate errors limited to 10 deg/sec at frequencies up to 250 Hz.
The effect of a film of water upon the oxygen status of a potato tuber.

Mature tubers covered by a persistent film of water, of average thickness about 3 × 10−2 mm, were found to be anaerobic after about 6 2 1 hours at 10°C or 2 2 1 hours at 21°C. This may be of importance in considering the effect of a film of water on bacterial rotting or break of dormancy. Tubers partly immersed in water did not become anaerobic although the oxygen tension, determined in the centre of the immersed part, was reduced to an extent related to the area of periderm covered by water.
Behind the Blue Wall of Silence Essay

Much has been reported in the media and depicted in the popular culture that purports to describe the so-called ‘‘Blue Wall of Silence,’’ a phenomenon that suggests that the police engage in a pervasive pattern of deception and withholding of the truth in ritual cover-up for their brethren. This writing suggests that there exists within the subculture of policing an idiosyncratic construct of masculinity that privileges tacit conspiracies of silence. This cult of masculinity validates normative heterosexuality, hierarchical regimentation, homosocial bonding, homophobia, and paternalistic misogyny. Silences are maintained, supported, and endorsed in a reflexive and unspoken means of obstructing evaluation of officer conduct by interlopers who (the subculture suggests) have little appreciation for or understanding of the danger, adversity, and peril that consume the working lives of the police. The essay attempts to articulate the underlying aspects of this idiosyncratic subculture that countenance bonding ...
Growth in the mandibles of African apes

Growth in the mandibles ofPan troglodytesandGorilla gorillawas examined by use of the line skeleton, a median axis technique for the analysis of complex shapes. Developmental changes in the corpus, ramus, gonial angle, coronoid and condylar processes were assessed to test the hypothesis thatGorillajaws are ontogenetically scaled variants of mandibular morphology inPan. Despite previous observations that aspects of facial morphology related to mastication are ontogenetically scaled in chimpanzees and gorillas, growth of the mandible in African apes does not rigidly adhere to such a pattern. Analysis of line skeletons suggests that growth in different regions of the mandible is decoupled to a significant degree, despite the fact that the spatial relationships between component parts (e.g., ramus and corpus) are established early in ontogeny and remain invariant during growth. Growth in the corpus appears to be strongly influenced by spatial requirements for housing the developing dentition, whereas those regions associated with masticatory muscle attachment appear to be developmentally relatively plastic. These findings support the hypothesis that growth of skeletal tissues is at least partially modulated by the “functional matrix” within which a morphological unit develops (Moss, 1960, 1968).
Non-uniform dependence and well-posedness for the hyperelastic rod equation

Abstract It is shown that the solution map for the hyperelastic rod equation is not uniformly continuous on bounded sets of Sobolev spaces with exponent greater than 3/2 in the periodic case and greater than 1 in the non-periodic case. The proof is based on the method of approximate solutions and well-posedness estimates for the solution and its lifespan.
A heterojunction bipolar transistor with separate carrier injection and confinement

A heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) structure in which the wide-gap material serves to confine minority carriers only while the injection of carriers into the base is controlled by a homojunction is discussed. This structure offers several advantages over conventional HBTs, including improved electron injection efficiency without bandgap grading. The thickness of the narrow-gap emitter has to be optimized in order to achieve a good confinement effect. The concept can be applied to other HBTs. >
A Survey of Principles Instructors: Why Lecture Prevails

For many years, surveys have shown that lecture is the dominant method for teaching principles of economics (Watts and Schaur 2011; Watts and Becker 2008; Becker and Watts 1996, 2001a, b). The authors confirm this and augment it by asking why principles instructors teach the way they do. The respondents, 340 principles instructors at the 2012 Allied Social Science Associations (ASSA) conference, group into thirds: one-third saying that students learn best from lecture; another third reporting that students do not learn best from lecture, but it is cost-effective; and the rest answering that students do not learn best from lecture, so alternatives are preferred. Lecture advocates often cite the inputs and costs of teaching while advocates of alternatives often cite student outcomes.
Undergraduate Renewable Energy Projects to Support Energy Solutions of the Future

Motivated by energy security requirements and the desire to create a sustainable and safe environment, there is a growing need to transition gradually from fossil fuels toward new and emerging energy sources. The energy solutions of the future will require a significant amount of research and development, as well as increased awareness and acceptance of new and emerging energy technologies. Creating a highly educated workforce who will contribute to overcoming future energy challenges is a key component in bringing about this transition. One method of supporting workforce development in future energy solutions is to incorporate new and emerging energy technology directly into required undergraduate coursework. To this end, renewable energy projects were developed and implemented in a required introductory thermal science course in a mechanical engineering technology curriculum. The goal of the projects was to provide students with a deeper understanding of the need for, the advantages of, and the difficulties associated with renewable energy sources. The open-ended semester-long student projects included (1) research on the history and implementation of a renewable energy source, (2) development of an experimental application of the energy source in an energy conversion process, and (3) an economic analysis of the energy source in an assumed application or case study. This paper presents the design and development of these renewable energy projects, and informal and formal evaluation of the effectiveness of the projects over two years of classroom implementation. In addition, the link between the projects and select accreditation criteria for engineering technology programs is discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
MDL hierarchical clustering with incomplete data

The goal of stemmatology is to reconstruct a family tree of different variants of a text resulting from imperfect copying, which is a crucial part of textual criticism. In reality, historians often have incomplete data because some variants are not yet discovered and there are missing portions in available variants due to physical damage. Stemmatology is similar to molecular phylogenetics where biologists aim to reconstruct the evolutionary history of species based on genetic or protein sequences. Adoption of phylogenetics methods has lead to encouraging results in automatic stemmatology. We discuss and demonstrate the potential application of minimum description length (MDL) concepts to stemmatology. Our method is applied to a realistic dataset and outperforms major existing methods.
A comparison of several deoxyribonucleases of type II.

Abstract Deoxyribonuclease II is a class of enzymes which have pH optima below neutrality, and which do not require activation by divalent cations. Such enzymes are found not only in various mammal tissues, but also in milk, snake venom, cyclostome tissues, and culture filtrates of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. Deoxyribonuclease II of calf thymus, lamprey muscle, and Tetrahymena have different pH optima. The calf and lamprey enzymes behave differently in paper electrophoresis. Enzymes of this class apparently differ in chemical nature and also in their function.
Periodicity, visualization, and design

This paper explores the development of the chemical table as a tool designed for chemical information visualization. It uses a historical context to investigate the purpose of chemical tables and charts, analyzing them from the perspective of theory of tables, cartography, and design. It suggests reasons why the two-dimensional periodic table remains the de facto standard for chemical information display.
Pituitary volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Background The results of previous studies suggest structural brain differences in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) However, posterior fossa volumes were not examined, despite the consensus that the cerebellum is important in emotional and cognitive development. We investigated the relationship between structural volumes of the cerebellum hemispheres, vermis, brainstem, and clinical variables in pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD. Methods Fifty-eight psychotropic-naive maltreated children and adolescents with DSM-IV PTSD were compared with two groups of pediatric subjects who had no DSM-IV criteria A trauma histories: 1) 13 with pediatric generalized anxiety disorder, and 2) 98 healthy non-abused children and adolescents. Subjects underwent a comprehensive psychiatric assessment and an anatomical magnetic resonance image brain scan. Results Unadjusted means of the left, right, and total cerebellum were smaller in the PTSD group. The group differences remained significant in the left cerebellum, right cerebellum, and total cerebellum in the analyses adjusted for cerebral volume, sociodemographic, and IQ variables. Cerebellar volumes positively correlated with age of onset of the trauma that lead to PTSD and negatively correlated with the duration of the trauma that lead to PTSD. Cerebellar volumes were larger in boys versus girls, but there was no group × gender interaction. There were significant positive correlations between IQ measures and volumetric variables. Conclusions The results support cerebellar volume differences in maltreated children and adolescents with PTSD. Further studies are warranted.
Modeling and simulation of InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cells in SILVACO TCAD

Conversion efficiency is now the major concern of solar cells industry, especially in applications of satellites and spacecraft in space. Currently, quantum dot solar cells are one of the most active research fields in the third generation solar cells. Here, we use Silvaco TCAD software for modeling and simulation of both standard GaAs solar cell and InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell. All the simulation results are compared with experimental measurement data [1, 2] of fabricated solar cell chips. In simulation, when comparing 40-layer InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell with standard GaAs solar cell, the conversion efficiency in simulation results increased from 14.1% to 18.6%, which is relatively 31.5% improvement. Also, the absorption range edge of photons with low energies extended from 875 nm to 1200 nm. Therefore, the positive effects of embedded quantum dots are proved to be helpful in improving solar cell's performance.
On conditions for linear singular boundary value problems to be well posed

For linear singular differential equations of higher order, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for nonlocal boundary value problems to be well posed or conditionally well posed.
Comment on paper “a critical analysis of the advanced generalized theory: Applicability and applications” by Alexiou et al.

Abstract We show that there is a number of misstatements in paper by Alexiou et al. [JQSRT, this issue.]
Large Deborah number flows around confined microfluidic cylinders

Viscoelastic flow around a confined cylinder at high Deborah numbers is studied using microfluidic channels. By varying fluid properties and flow rates, a systematic study of the roles of elasticity and inertia is accomplished. Two new elastic flow instabilities that occur at high Deborah numbers are identified. A downstream instability of disordered and temporally varying streamlines is observed at a Deborah number above 10. This instability is a precursor to an unsteady vortex that develops upstream of the cylinder at higher Deborah numbers. Both instabilities occur at moderate Reynolds numbers but are fundamentally elastic. The size and steadiness of the upstream vortex are primarily controlled by the Deborah and the elasticity number.
The reaction of cyanogen bromide with an ovine ICSH subunit: The sequence of the NH2-terminal forty amino acids

Abstract The reaction of the C II subunit of ovine interstitial cell-stimulating hormone with cyanogen bromide resulted in fragmentation into three peptides. These peptides have been characterized and the amino acid sequence in two of them determined. From the data, the sequence of the NH 2 -terminal 40 amino acids is proposed.
Enabling organizational learning through event reporting: a case study in a health care context

Applying the organizational learning framework, we argue event reporting is an enabler for organizational learning in healthcare contexts in order to reach the optimal patient safety and care quality. The findings in this case study describe how the four different learning activities (intuiting, interpreting, integration, and institutionalizing) occurred in event reporting and suggest several challenges that need to be overcome before a health care organization can transform to a learning organization.
Learning efficient linear codes for natural images: the roles of sparseness, overcompleteness, and statistical independence

An algorithm is described which allows for the learning of sparse, overcomplete image representations. Images are modeled as a linear superposition of basis functions, and a set of basis functions is sought which maximizes the sparseness of the representation (fewest number of active units per image). When applied to natural scenes, the basis functions converge to localized, oriented, bandpass functions that bear a strong resemblance to the receptive fields of neurons in the primate striate cortex. Importantly, the code can be made overcomplete, which allows for an increased degree of sparseness in which the basis functions can become more specialized. The learned basis functions constitute an efficient representation of natural images because sparseness forces a form of reduced entropy representation that minimizes statistical dependencies among outputs.
Overview of the Jackson Heart Study: A Study of Cardiovascular Diseases in African American Men and Women

The Jackson Heart Study is a partnership among Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, the University of Mississippi Medical Center and the National Institutes of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and Office of Research on Minority Health. The purposes of the study are to: (1) establish a single-site cohort study to identify the risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, especially those related to hypertension, in African American men and women; (2) build research capabilities in minority institutions by building partnerships; (3) attract minority students to careers in public health and epidemiology; and (4) establish an NHLBI Field Site in Jackson, Mississippi, similar to those established for the Framingham Heart Study and the Honolulu Heart Program. The study will consist of participants from the Jackson site of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and a sample of residents from the Jackson metropolitan area. The study will have a sample size of approximately 6,500 men and women aged 35-84 years and will include approximately 400 families. Exam 1 is scheduled to take place in the spring of the year 2000.
Comparability of risk factors for coronary heart disease among blacks and whites in the NHANES-I Epidemiologic follow-up study

Abstract The incidence of new coronary events and the predictive strength of the major coronary risk factors were evaluated in a biracial sample drawn from the general U. S. population. In this cohort of 12,599 persons, free of reported coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline, both hospitalizations and deaths coded to this cause were recorded prospectively. Based on CHD as the underlying cause of death, black men and women experienced higher age-adjusted mortality than their white counterparts (BM = 6.15, WM = 5.59, BW = 3.72 and WW = 2.58 [cumulative deaths, percent]), while having lower hospitalization rates than did whites. In a univariate logistic regression model, with all incident events as the endpoint, the predictive strength of the coronary risk factors was remarkably similar for the four sex-race groups. Notable exceptions included smoking, where the data from this study are problematic, and body mass index, where a relationship was noted only among white women. In a multivariate model, the beta coefficients were similar for age, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and income; the statistical significance varied among the groups. Within the power of this study to examine between-race differences, the predictive strength of the standard risk factors are very similar. None of the within-sex, between-race differences in the multivariate relationships were significant, although sizable percentage differences were noted. Blacks appeared to receive less hospital care for CHD, despite higher rates of fatal events.