cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and pharmacogenetics of the leukotriene pathway.

Leukotrienes are now established contributors to the inflammatory process in asthma, and leukotriene modifiers are mainstays in the therapy of asthma. This review focuses on published association studies implicating the role of leukotriene pathway genes in asthma pathogenesis and treatment response, specifically focusing on those genetic variants associated with asthma affection status, the development of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, and pharmacogenetic response. Although published studies have been limited by small sample sizes and a lack of independent replication, multiple loci within multiple leukotriene pathway genes have now been associated in more than 1 study related to asthma or asthma treatment response. Those specific variants include 2 variants in the 5-lipoxygenase gene (ALOX5) that are both associated with response to 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and to leukotriene receptor antagonists, variants in genes encoding the 2 established cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists ( CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 ) that are both associated with asthma susceptibility in at least 2 independent populations, and a leukotriene C 4 synthase promoter polymorphism (LTC4s) that has been associated with asthma affection status and asthma-exacerbated respiratory disease. Despite these successes, genetic investigations into this pathway remain in their formative stages. Future studies aimed at providing a broader scope of investigation through increased sample sizes and through genome-wide approaches are needed.
Thyrohyoid approach for vocal fold augmentation.

Objectives:I performed a retrospective chart review to evaluate the patient tolerance and clinical results of a new technique for office-based vocal fold augmentation.Methods:Ten patients undergoin...
Sequential selection of window length for improved SSVEP-based BCI classification

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) utilizing steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) have exciting potential to enable new systems for disabled individuals and novel controls for robotic and computer systems. To interact with SSVEP-based BCIs, users attend to visual stimuli modulated at predetermined frequencies. A key problem for SSVEP-based BCIs is to classify which modulation frequency the user is attending, for which there is an inherent trade-off between speed and accuracy. As SSVEP signals vary with time and stimulation frequency, a fixed-length data window does not necessarily optimize this trade-off. We propose a strategy, developed from sequential analysis, to vary the window-length used for classification. Our proposed technique adapts to the data, continuing to collect data until it is confident enough to make a classification decision. Our strategy was compared to a fixed window-length method using a simple experiment involving five frequencies presented individually to three participants. Using a canonical correlation analysis classifier to compare the proposed variable-length scheme to a standard fixed-length scheme, the variable-length approach improved the classifier information transfer rate by an average of 43%.
Studies on the purification of bovine plasminogen (profibrinolysin).

A crude bovine plasminogen product obtained from bovine serum by 30% ammonium sulphate precipitation has been purified 20-fold by means of isoelectric precipitation and calcium phosphate gel chroma...
Magnetism in polycrystalline cobalt-substituted zinc oxide

We present results of the preparation (by precursor decomposition), characterization (with x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dc magnetization measurements), and detailed computation (using density functional theory) of polycrystalline ZnO with up to 15% substitution of the zinc sites by divalent cobalt. The experimental results indicate the dominant magnetic interaction in well-characterized stoichiometric phases ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O},$ $x=0.05,$ 0.10, 0.15, is nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic. Our computations suggest robust ferromagnetism will only occur in the presence of additional hole doping.
Generalized Transformation to a Rotating Coordinate System in Quantum Mechanics

A generalized transformation to a rotating coordinate system for the quantum-mechanical equation of motion for the density matrix is presented. The transformation is of value when the time dependence of the perturbation is harmonic in time and contains resonant and nonresonant terms. We show that after the transformation, the resonant terms are slowly varying in time and are mostly responsible for the physical behavior of the system in the neighborhood of the resonance. The nonresonant terms give a small contribution and have a rapidly varying phase. A formal procedure is given which yields an equation containing only the low-frequency part of interest. A general result of this transformation is the appearance of the Bloch-Siegert shift of the resonance frequency due to the influence of the nonresonant terms. As an example, a straight-forward application of the method is carried out in order to compute the Bloch-Siegert shift of the resonance for a spin-\textonehalf{} system.
Bubble Formation in Oxide Scales on SiC

The oxidation of alpha-SiC single crystals and sintered alphaand beta-SiC polycrystals has been investigated at elevated temperatures. Bubble formation is commonly observed in oxide scales on polycrystalline SiC, but is rarely found on single-crystal scales; bubbles result from the preferential oxidation of C inclusions, which are abundant in SiC polycrystals. The absence of bubbles on single crystals, in fact, implies that diffusion of the gaseous species formed on oxidation, CO (or possibly SiO), controls the rate of oxidation of SiC.
Pulmonary function responses of older men and women to ozone exposure.

Abstract The pulmonary function of 8 men and 8 women (51 to 76 years of age), all nonsmokers, was measured before and after 2-h exposures to filtered air (FA) and 0.45 ppm ozone (O 3 ). The subjects alternated 20-min periods of rest and 20-min periods of cycle ergometer exercise at a workload predetermined to elicit a ventilatory minute ventilation ( dot V E ) of approximately 25 L/min (BTPS). Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined pre- and post-exposure. Forced vital capacity (FVC) was determined before and after exposure, and 5 min after each exercise period. Ventilatory minute volume ( dot V E ) was measured during the last 2 min of each exercise period, and heart rate was monitored throughout each exposure. The pulmonary function data were evaluated as the percentage change from pre- to post-exposure to partially remove the effect of differences between men and women in absolute lung volume. There were no statistically significant ( p > 0.05) differences between the responses of men and women to FA or O 3 exposure. There were no significant ( p > 0.05) changes in any variable consequent to FA exposure. Exposure to O 3 induced significant ( p > 0.01) decrements in FVC, FEV 3.0 , and FEV 3.0 at post-exposure compared to pre-exposure. Ozone exposure induced no significant ( p > 0.05) effect on FEF25–75% or FEF75%. Men had a significantly ( p > 0.05) higher mean exercise V dot E than women (27.9 ± 0.29 L vs. 25.4 ± 0.8 L; mean ± SD. Since men and women had similar decrements in pulmonary function, even though the women inhaled less O 3 , the data suggest that women may be somewhat more responsive to O 3 than men. We also compared the responses of our older subjects with those of young men and women that we studied with the same protocol, and with published results of other investigators who have studied young men and women. This comparison suggests that older individuals may be less responsive to O 3 than young individuals.
Information Everywhere: Exploring the Potential of the Mobile Web

The World Wide Web has become a cornerstone of modern information retrieval. Easy and timely access to information is becoming crucial to many tasks we perform each day. The Web is also being increasingly used as a tool for communication and social network strengthening. The desire to be constantly connected to information and people is driving user adoption of the mobile Web, or the World Wide Web as accessed through mobile devices such as cell phones or PDAs. This panel will explore the potential of the mobile Web, examine the challenges present in designing information displays for mobile contexts, and consider future applications for this form of information retrieval.
Optimal joint detection and estimation in linear models

The problem of optimal joint detection and estimation in linear models with Gaussian noise is studied. A simple closed-form expression for the joint posterior distribution of the (multiple) hypotheses and the states is derived. The expression crystalizes the dependence of the optimal detector on the state estimates. The joint posterior distribution characterizes the beliefs (“soft information”) about the hypotheses and the values of the states. Furthermore, it is a sufficient statistic for jointly detecting multiple hypotheses and estimating the states. The developed expressions give us a unified framework for joint detection and estimation under all performance criteria.
Optimization principle for natural convection pulsating heating

This is a theoretical, numerical, and experimental study of natural convection heat transfer from an immersed surface with intermittent uniform heat flux. Scale analysis predicts that the on time interval can be optimized such that the overall Nusselt number is maximized. Furthermore, Nu increases monotonically as the off time interval decreases. These features are verified and determined more accurately by complete numerical simulations for a vertical flat surface in the range 10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 5 and Pr = 7, where Ra is based on heat flux and wall height. They are further verified by means of water experiments in the range 10 10 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 11 . The pulsating heater configurations tested experimentally are the vertical cylinder, which approximates boundary layer flow on a plane surface, and the horizontal cylinder. The optimal square-wave heat pulse for a natural convection immersion heater is reported in general (scaling correct) terms.
Resonance Raman and Infrared Spectra of Carbene Complexes of Iron Porphyrins Dongsheng Lu

Abstract The resonance Raman and infrared spectra of four carbene complexes, Fe(TTP)CCl2, Fe(TPP)13CCl2, Fe(TPP)CBr2 and Fe(TMP)CCl2 were measured in the solid state. Based on normal coordinate calculations and observed isotopic shifts by CC12/13CC12 substitution, the v(Fe=C), va(CCl2) and vs(CCl2) vibrations were assigned at 1274, 878 and 437cm−1, respectively. The bromo analogue exhibits these bands at 1270,823 and 364 cm−1, respectively. All TPP complexes exhibit the spin-state sensitive band (v2) at 1569 cm−1 and the oxidation-state sensitive band (v4) at 1370cm−1, thus suggesting that the Fe atoms in these carbene complexes are low-spin Fe(IV).
Multisensor knowledge systems

We describe an approach which facilitates and makes explicit the organization of the knowledge necessary to map multisensor system requirements onto an appropriate assembly of algorithms, processors, sensors, and actuators. We have previously introduced the Multisensor Kernel System and Logical Sensor Specifications as a means for high-level specification of multisensor systems. The main goals of such a characterization are: to develop a coherent treatment of multisensor information, to allow system reconfiguration for both fault tolerance and dynamic response to environmental conditions, and to permit the explicit description of control.
The Effect of Bank Debt Downgrades on Stock Prices of Other Banks

We find that debt downgrades of money center banks elicit negative stock price responses in nondowngraded money center banks. Stock prices of larger regional banks also react to these downgrades. Although downgrades of regional banks evoke negative stock price responses for regional banks in the same geographic region, the importance of geographic region as a factor determining the extent of intra-industry reactions has diminished since 1989. Our results indicate that the merger and expansion activities triggered by interstate banking have blurred differences between regional and money center banks as interstate banking activity has moved towards nationwide banking
Top‐of‐atmosphere shortwave broadband observed radiance and estimated irradiance over polar regions from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments on Terra

Empirical angular distribution models for estimating top-of-atmosphere shortwave irradiances from radiance measurements over permanent snow, fresh snow and sea ice are developed using CERES measurements on Terra. Permanent snow angular distribution models depend on cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, and snow brightness. Fresh snow and sea ice angular distribution models depend on snow and sea ice fraction, cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, and snow and ice brightness. These classifications lead to 10 scene types for permanent snow and 25 scene types for fresh snow and sea ice. The average radiance over clear-sky permanent snow is more isotropic with satellite viewing geometry than that over overcast permanent snow. On average, the albedo of clear-sky permanent snow varies from 0.65 to 0.68 for solar zenith angles between 60$logical and\circ$ and 80 deg, while the corresponding albedo of overcast scenes varies from 0.70 to 0.73. Clear-sky permanent snow albedos over Antarctica estimated from two independent angular distribution models are consistent to within 0.6%, on average. Despite significant variability in sea ice optical properties with season, the estimated mean relative albedo error is -1 % for very dark sea ice and 0.1% for very bright sea ice when albedos derived from different viewing angles are averaged. The estimated regional root-mean-square (RMS) relative albedo error is 5.6% and 2.6% when the sea ice angular distribution models are applied to a region that contains very dark and very bright sea ice, respectively. Similarly, the estimated relative albedo bias error for fresh snow is -0.1% for very dark snow.
Brain Evolution, the Determinates of Food Choice, and the Omnivore's Dilemma

A coevolutionary paradigm using a biocultural perspective can help to unravel the complex interactions that led to the contemporary pattern of eating. Evolutionary history helps to understand the adaptation of diet and its nutritional implications. Anatomical and behavioral changes linked to changing dietary patterns in the Paleolithic resulted in an adaptive framework that affects modern diet. The evolution of an expanding brain, a shrinking large intestine, and lengthening small intestine necessitated a demand for nutritionally dense foods. The key to these changes is an understanding of the response to the omnivore's dilemma. Omnivores in their search for new items to feed their varied diet (neophilia) have a challenge when they fear (neophobia) novel items that may be poisonous and can cause death. The inborn mechanism initiates palate fatigue (sensory-specific satiety) ensuring a variety of foods will be eaten. Variety will limit the impact of toxins ingested and provide a more balanced diet. The development of cuisine, a momentous event in history, mediated the conflict, and changed the course of human evolution. The cuisine, a biocultural construct, defines which items found in nature are edible, how these products are transformed into food, the flavors used to add a sensory dimension to foods, and rules of eating or etiquette. Etiquette defines how, when, and with whom we eat. Patterns of eating in the modern setting are the end product of the way that Homo sapiens evolved and resolved the omnivore's dilemma. Control of fire and cooking expanded the range of available foods by creating a class of foods that are "predigested." An essential element to the evolution of the human diet was the transition to agriculture as the primary mode of subsistence. The Neolithic revolution dramatically narrowed the dietary niche by decreasing the variety of available foods, with the shift to intensive agriculture creating a dramatic decline in human nutrition. The recent industrialization of the world food system has resulted in a nutritional transition in which developing nations are simultaneously experiencing undernutrition and obesity. In addition, an abundance of inexpensive, high-density foods laden with sugar and fats is available to a population that expends little energy to obtain such large numbers of calories. Furthermore, the abundant variety of ultraprocessed foods overrides the sensory-specific satiety mechanism leading to overconsumption.
Death of baryonic dark matter

Abstract The nature of the dark matter in the Halo of our Galaxy remains a mystery. Arguments are presented that the dark matter does not consist of ordinary stellar or substellar objects, i.e., the dark matter is not made of faint stars, brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, or neutron stars. In fact, faint stars and brown dwarfs constitute no more than a few percent of the mass of our Galaxy, and stellar remnants must satisfy Ω WD ≤3×10 −3 h −1 , where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s −1 Mpc −1 . On theoretical grounds one is then pushed to more exotic explanations. Indeed a nonbaryonic component in the Halo seems to be required.
C–H bond activation and S-atom transfer from cobalt(III) thiolate and isothiocyanate complexes

The cobalt phenylthiolate complex, cis,mer-(PMe3)3Co(CH3)2SPh, was found to undergo competitive two-electron ethane reductive elimination and C–H bond cyclometallation. The thiophenolato bound cobaltacycle was generated via C–H bond oxidative addition to a five-coordinate intermediate followed by rapid methane elimination. A related cobalt isothiocyanate complex, cis,mer-(PMe3)3Co(CH3)2NCS, was also prepared and found to perform ethane elimination and S-atom transfer to yield trimethylphosphine sulfide. This rare example of S-atom donation from a isothiocyanate was characterized by NMR and GC-MS analysis, with cis,mer-(PMe3)3Co(CH3)2CN identified as one of the cobalt based products.
Redefining Lamellar Holes and the Vitreomacular Interface: An Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Study

Objectives To define optical coherence tomographic (OCT) criteria for the diagnosis of a lamellar macular hole, and to increase understanding of lamellar hole pathogenesis by examining fine anatomic features using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT). Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants Nineteen eyes of 18 patients with lamellar holes were imaged with UHR OCT between 2002 and 2004. Methods A UHR OCT system was developed for use in the ophthalmology clinic. All 6 UHR OCT images for each eye imaged were examined. Lamellar holes were diagnosed based on a characteristic OCT appearance. Criteria for the OCT diagnosis of a lamellar hole were as follows: (1) irregular foveal contour; (2) break in the inner fovea; (3) intraretinal split; and (4) intact foveal photoreceptors. From 1205 eyes of 664 patients imaged with UHR OCT, and retrospectively reviewed, 19 eyes of 18 patients were diagnosed with a lamellar hole based on these criteria. All 19 eyes were also imaged with standard resolution OCT. Their charts were retrospectively reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Standard and ultrahigh-resolution OCT images. Results On chart review, clinical diagnosis of a lamellar hole was made in only 7 of 19 eyes (37%). Twelve of 19 eyes (63%) had an epiretinal membrane (ERM) on clinical examination. Ten of 19 eyes (53%) had a posterior vitreous detachment. On UHR OCT, 17 of 19 eyes (89%) had ERMs. Eleven ERMs had an unusual thick appearance on UHR OCT. Due to poor visual acuity, 4 eyes underwent vitrectomy. Only 1 of 4 surgeries (25%) was visually and anatomically successful. Another eye improved visually, but a lamellar hole persisted. One eye progressed to a full-thickness macular hole preoperatively, which reopened after surgery. One eye developed a full-thickness hole postoperatively. Conclusions The diagnosis of a lamellar hole can be made based on OCT criteria, which could be applied to both standard and ultrahigh-resolution OCT. The increased resolution of UHR OCT sheds light on the pathogenesis of the lamellar hole. Epiretinal membranes were visualized on UHR OCT in the majority of eyes. Many ERMs had an unusual thick appearance on UHR OCT, which may represent either trapped vitreous or posterior hyaloid, and may help stabilize retinal anatomy. Conversely, ERM contraction may play a role in lamellar hole formation. Vitrectomy surgery was anatomically and visually successful in only 1 of 4 patients, suggesting caution when performing vitrectomy on lamellar holes.
WHAT'S BEHIND THE DECLINE IN THE NAIRU?

This paper assesses the apparent decline during the 1990s in the unemployment rate associated with stable inflation—the so-called “NAIRU.” The paper argues that supply shocks alone are not sufficient to account for this decline and that changes in labor markets are in part responsible. I consider several popular labor-market explanations for the decline. Although a demographic shift toward a more experienced workforce, a growing use of temporary employees, and a skyrocketing prison population probably have contributed to the decline in the NAIRU, they do not adequately explain the timing of an acceleration in that decline during the mid-1990s. I propose an alternative explanation based on evidence showing an increase during the 1990s in the synchronization of regional economic conditions. In particular, I suggest that greater uniformity in economic conditions across regions during the current business expansion has limited spillovers of wage and price pressures from one region of the country to another, thereby lowering the national NAIRU.
Bell’s inequalities for Rydberg atoms

The analogy between two-level atoms and spins is used to show that Rydberg atoms provide a new medium through which Bell’s inequalities may be studied. The low-efficiency particle detectors that have been used in experiments to test Bell’s inequalities are replaced by nearly 100% efficient state-selective ionizers in Rydberg-atom experiments. Two methods for producing correlated states of pairs of atoms are discussed. Each method can be used to create correlated states of more than two atoms. A Bell inequality for a three-atom system is considered and compared with quantum-mechanical predictions. A violation of the inequality for the three-particle system is predicted.
Real time dispatcher on demand

This paper describes a method of improving performance by directing an AMHS (Automated Material Handling System) within a modern Semiconductor Fabricator (FAB). The required components described here are: Brooks Automation Real Time Dispatcher (RTD), a Manufacturing Execution System (MES) with AMHS and finally a simple integration program code named "Tickle" because it causes other systems to act. These components deliver work in progress (WIP) by "pushing" lots where they are needed next without operator intervention. This is the first use of RTD to control an AMHS.
Rapid generation of long tandem DNA repeat arrays by homologous recombination in yeast to study their function in mammalian genomes.

We describe here a method to rapidly convert any desirable DNA fragment, as small as 100 bp, into long tandem DNA arrays up to 140 kb in size that are inserted into a microbe vector. This method includes r olling-c ircle phi29 a mplification (RCA) of the sequence in vitro and assembly of the RCA products in vivo by homologous recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method was successfully used for a functional analysis of centromeric and pericentromeric repeats and construction of new vehicles for gene delivery to mammalian cells. The method may have general application in elucidating the role of tandem repeats in chromosome organization and dynamics. Each cycle of the protocol takes ~ two weeks to complete.
PMD in optical communication systems

The paper presents polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical communication systems. More particularly, it highlights certain key systems in dealing with PMD effects: monitoring, emulation, mitigation, compensation and PMD and polarization dependent loss (PDL) interactions.
Prenylation of the Floral Transcription Factor APETALA1 Modulates Its Function

The Arabidopsis MADS box transcription factor APETALA1 (AP1) was identified as a substrate for farnesyltransferase and shown to be farnesylated efficiently both in vitro and in vivo. AP1 regulates the transition from inflorescence shoot to floral meristems and the development of sepals and petals. AP1 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) retained transcription factor activity and directed the expected terminal flower phenotype when ectopically expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis. However, ap1mS, a farnesyl cysteine‐acceptor mutant of AP1, as well as the GFP‐ap1mS fusion protein failed to direct the development of compound terminal flowers but instead induced novel phenotypes when ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis. Similarly, compound terminal flowers did not develop in era1-2 transformants that ectopically expressed AP1. Together, the results demonstrate that AP1 is a target of farnesyltransferase and suggest that farnesylation alters the function and perhaps specificity of the transcription factor.
A multi-unit sampling system and its use in the characterization of ultradian and infradian growth in Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. A multi-unit automatic sampling device for investigation of microbial growth under a wide variety of conditions is described. The kinetics of asynchronous population growth for batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) at several temperatures show that there are 2 distinct growth phases: an exponential ultradian growth phase that is strongly temperature dependent and a non-stationary growth phase, the infradian phase, that shows little or no temperature dependence over the range from 15–27 C.
Ecological Inference in Administrative Reporting and Decision Making.

Conclusions from aggregate data included in urban school district policy documents are compared to conclusionsfrom measures taken on individuals. Variables likely to be involved in fallacious inferences regarding relationships among characteristics of students if measured at the school level are identified. Administrative reporting and decision making modifications are suggested.
Decay rates of select magnetic quadrupole transitions in helium

Using a set of explicitly correlated trial wavefunctions that describe the three lowest singlet and triplet states of the helium atom with symmetry S, P, and D, we calculate the decay rates for all possible magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions: m3P2n1S0, m1P1n3S1, m3D3n1P1, and m1D2n3P2. Our values are in excellent agreement with the best results in the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Regional anaesthesia in children: an update

Regional anaesthesia for children continues to grow in popularity. The potential benefits of regional anaesthesia over more conventional methods are well recognised, but the level of evidence is small since there are few well designed randomised controlled studies on infants or children. Practice patterns have changed over the past decade. Peripheral nerve blocks are increasingly more favoured than neuraxial blocks. This change has been fuelled by the lower reported incidence of complications associated with peripheral nerve blocks, and is also in keeping with the increase in laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery. There has been renewed interest in children following recently described transversus abdominis plane, maxillary nerve and lumbar plexus blocks. The analgesic effect of a “single-shot” block is limited to approximately five hours, irrespective of whether or not bupivacaine, ropivacaine or levobupivacaine are used. Peripheral nerve catheters and adjuvants are two options that are used to prolong the duration of analgesia. Clonidine and ketamine have essentially replaced opiates as the most popular adjuvant in many institutions. Technological advancements are likely to make regional anaesthesia both safer and easier to perform in the future.
Physical mapping of rice chromosomes 4 and 7 using YAC clones.

First efforts for physical mapping of rice chromosomes 8 and 9 were carried out by ordering YAC clones of a rice genomic DNA library covering six genome equivalents with mapped DNA markers. A total of 79 and 74 markers from chromosomes 8 and 9, respectively, were analyzed by YAC colony and Southern hybridization using RFLP markers of cDNA and genomic clones, and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening using PCR-derived and sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. As a result, 252 YAC clones were confirmed to contain the mapped DNA fragments on both chromosomes. A contig map was constructed by ordering these YAC clones and about 53% and 43% genome coverage was obtained for chromosomes 8 and 9, respectively, assuming a YAC clone size of 350 kb and overlap between neighboring YACs of 50%. A continuous array of YAC clones with minimum overlap gave a total size of 18.9 Mb for chromosome 8 and 15.6 Mb for chromosome 9, which are close to previous estimates. These contig maps may provide valuable information that can be useful in understanding chromosome structure and isolating specific genes by map-based cloning.
Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the measurement of atmospheric amines

We describe a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS) for the ambient measurement of amines, known as important gas-phase precursors for secondary aerosol formation. Protonated ethanol or acetone ions were used as ionisation reagents to selectively detect high proton affinity base compounds (e.g. amines and NH3), thereby minimising interferences from other atmospheric gaseous organic compounds. With ethanol as ionisation reagent (,3 � 10 5 Hz of ion signals),theCIMSshowedsimilarsensitivities(2.1-8.7Hzpptv � 1 )anddetectionlimits(7-41pptvwitha1-minintegration time) for NH3 and several atmospherically relevant key amine compounds containing one to six carbon atoms (C1 -t o C6- amines and their isomers). The CIMS background signals of the six amines ranged from 9 to 40pptv, much lower than ,930pptvforNH3.TheCIMSresponsetimeswerebetween13and26sfortheseamines.Theuniquecombinationofthefast time response, high sensitivities and low detection limits allows the use of this CIMS for real time measurements of atmospheric trace amines. During the ambient measurement made in Kent, OH, in November 2011, the measured mixing ratios of C2 -a nd C3-amines were 8 � 3( mean� 1 standard deviation) and 16 � 7pptv, whereas those of NH3 were 517 � 259pptv.
Motor role of parietal cortex in a monkey model of hemispatial neglect.

Parietal cortex is central to spatial cognition. Lesions of parietal cortex often lead to hemispatial neglect, an impairment of choices of targets in space. It has been unclear whether parietal cortex implements target choice at the general cognitive level, or whether parietal cortex subserves the choice of targets of particular actions. To address this question, monkeys engaged in choice tasks in two distinct action contexts—eye movements and arm movements. We placed focused reversible lesions into specific parietal circuits using the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and validated the lesion placement using MRI. We found that lesions on the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus [lateral intraparietal area (LIP)] specifically biased choices made using eye movements, whereas lesions on the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus [parietal reach region (PRR)] specifically biased choices made using arm movements. This double dissociation suggests that target choice is implemented in dedicated parietal circuits in the context of specific actions. This finding emphasizes a motor role of parietal cortex in spatial choice making and contributes to our understanding of hemispatial neglect.
How Important Is a Reproducible Breath Hold for Deep Inspiration Breath Hold Breast Radiation Therapy

Purpose Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) for left-sided breast cancer has been shown to reduce heart dose. Surface imaging helps to ensure accurate breast positioning, but it does not guarantee a reproducible breath hold (BH) at DIBH treatments. We examine the effects of variable BH positions for DIBH treatments. Methods and Materials Twenty-five patients who underwent free breathing (FB) and DIBH scans were reviewed. Four plans were created for each patient: FB, DIBH, FB_DIBH (the DIBH plans were copied to the FB images and recalculated, and image registration was based on breast tissue), and P_DIBH (a partial BH with the heart shifted midway between the FB and DIBH positions). The FB_DIBH plans give a "worst-case" scenario for surface imaging DIBH, where the breast is aligned by surface imaging but the patient is not holding their breath. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare the dose metrics. Results The DIBH plans gave lower heart dose and comparable breast coverage versus FB in all cases. The FB_DIBH plans showed no significant difference versus FB plans for breast coverage, mean heart dose, or maximum heart dose ( P ≥.10). The mean heart dose differed between FB_DIBH and FB by P Conclusions A DIBH plan delivered to a FB patient setup with surface imaging will yield dosimetry similar to that of a plan created and delivered FB. A DIBH plan delivered with even a partial BH can give reduced heart dose compared with FB techniques.
Oak Ridge Fault, Ventura Fold Belt, and the Sisar Decollement, Ventura Basin, California

Abstract The rootless Ventura Avenue, San Miguelito, and Rincon anticlines (Ventura fold belt) in Pliocene-Pleistocene turbidites are related to south-dipping reverse faults rising from a decollement in underlying Miocene shale. To the east, Sulphur Mountain anticlinorium comprises the upper plate of a south-dipping set of thrusts (Sisar, Big Canyon, Lion) that merge downward into a decollement in mudstone of the Rincon Formation, named here the Sisar decollement. Shortening of the Miocene and younger sequence is ~ 3 km greater than that of the underlying competent Vaqueros, Sespe, and marine Eocene sequence in the Ventura fold belt and ~ 7 km greater farther east at Sulphur Mountain. Cross section balancing requires that this difference be taken up by the Paleogene sequence at the Oak Ridge fault to the south. Convergence is NE to NNE based on earthquake focal mechanisms and piercing-point offset of the South Mountain seaknoll by the Oak Ridge fault. A NE-trending line connecting the west end of Oak Ridge and the east end of the Sisar fault separates an eastern domain where late Quaternary displacement is taken up entirely on the Oak Ridge fault and a western domain where displacement is transferred to the Sisar decollement and its overlying rootless folds. This implies that (1) the Oak Ridge fault near the coast presents as much seismic risk as it does farther east, despite negligible shallow post-0.2 Ma movement, (2) ground-rupture hazard is high for the Sisar fault set in the upper Ojai Valley, and (3) the decollement could fail on a low-angle thrust at depth and produce an earthquake analogous to the 1987 Whittier Narrows event in Los Angeles.
Segmented hash: an efficient hash table implementation for high performance networking subsystems

Hash tables provide efficient table implementations, achieving O(1), query, insert and delete operations at low loads. However, at moderate or high loads collisions are quite frequent, resulting in decreased performance. In this paper, we propose the segmented hash table architecture, which ensures constant time hash operations at high loads with high probability. To achieve this, the hash memory is divided into N logical segments so that each incoming key has N potential storage locations; the destination segment is chosen so as to minimize collisions. In this way, collisions, and the associated probe sequences, are dramatically reduced. In order to keep memory utilization minimized, probabilistic filters are kept on-chip to allow the N segments to be accessed without in-creasing the number of off-chip memory operations. These filters are kept small and accurate with the help of a novel algorithm, called selective filter insertion, which keeps the segments balanced while minimizing false positive rates (i.e., incorrect filter predictions). The performance of our scheme is quantified via analytical modeling and software simulations. Moreover, we discuss efficient implementations that are easily realizable in modern device technologies. The performance benefits are significant: average search cost is reduced by 40% or more, while the likelihood of requiring more than one memory operation per search is reduced by several orders of magnitude.
Therapy after thoracic outlet release

The authors believe that early motion after thoracic outlet syndrome surgery helps minimize scarring and enhances the healing process. This article describes the authors' protocol of treatment at the various stages of the postoperative period.
An improved radical chain procedure for the deoxygenation of secondary and primary alcohols using diphenylsilane as hydrogen atom donor and triethylborane-air as initiator

Abstract Thiocarbonyl derivatives of secondary alcohols are readily reduced by diphenylsilane in a radical chain process at room temperature using triethylborane-air as an initiator. Primary alcohols react similarly at 80°. Comparison is made with the similar reactivity of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane.
Collaborative pull innovation: origins and adoption in the new economy

This article argues that collaboration has been a key piston in the engine that is driving economic growth in the new millennium. Innovation in information technology, institutions, and strategic reorientation of technological change has opened opportunity, and competition has put strong imperatives in play for collaborative innovation. First, these imperatives have forced a reorientation of private enterprise from push to pull systems. Second, they have catalyzed a strategic unbundling of integrated firms to create specialized enterprises with enhanced productivity and flexibility, though with increased demand for virtual integration through less formal relationships to establish and manage collaboration. This article presents the hypothesis that these changes induced a fundamentally new dynamic in innovation processes that we label as collaborative pull innovation. This new form of innovation encompasses and directs product, process, and organizational innovation toward fulfilling consumer demand. To examine this hypothesis, the nature of private-sector innovation is assessed within the context of the food sector. This sector is of special interest due to important roles played by small- to medium-sized enterprises. [JEL classification: L11, O31] [EconLit citations: L140, L200, O310]. r 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung CD8+ T cells in COPD have increased expression of bacterial TLRs

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on T cells can modulate their responses, however, the extent and significance of TLR expression by lung T cells, NK cells, or NKT cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. Lung tissue collected from clinically-indicated resections (n = 34) was used either: (a) to compare the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR2/1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 on lung CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells from smokers with or without COPD; or (b) to isolate CD8+ T cells for culture with anti-CD3e without or with various TLR ligands. We measured protein expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B, soluble FasL, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, and CXCL9 in supernatants. All the lung subsets analyzed demonstrated low levels of specific TLR expression, but the percentage of CD8+ T cells expressing TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR2/1 was significantly increased in COPD subjects relative to those without COPD. In contrast, from the same subjects, only TLR2/1 and TLR2 on lung CD4+ T cells and CD8+ NKT cells, respectively, showed a significant increase in COPD and there was no difference in TLR expression on lung CD56+ NK cells. Production of the Tc1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α by lung CD8+ T cells were significantly increased via co-stimulation by Pam3CSK4, a specific TLR2/1 ligand, but not by other agonists. Furthermore, this increase in cytokine production was specific to lung CD8+ T cells from patients with COPD as compared to lung CD8+ T cells from smokers without COPD. These data suggest that as lung function worsens in COPD, the auto-aggressive behavior of lung CD8+ T cells could increase in response to microbial TLR ligands, specifically ligands against TLR2/1.
Purification and site of synthesis of Aedes aegypti yolk proteins.

The identity and site of synthesis of the yolk proteins of the mosquito Aedes aegypti were studied. Disc gel electrophoresis of freshly prepared egg yolk revealed a predominant protein (YP-1) which stained for bound lipid and carbohydrate. The molecular weight of the protein complex was estimated to be 2.7 × 105. It was present in vitellogenic females and absent in males and unfed females. Yolk Protein-1 was purified by Sepharose and DEAE column chromatography and represented 75% of the protein extractable from the egg. The lipids conjugated to YP-1 were identified as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and several steroids. The carbohydrate content was estimated as 10.5% with a phenol-sulfuric acid method, and 5.8% with an orcinol method. The site of yolk protein synthesis was determined using antibody to purified yolk to precipitate labeled yolk proteins from organ culture media. Only the fat body synthesized antibody precipitable material. Synthesis began five to six hours after the blood meal, reached a peak of activity by 20 hours and declined to low levels of synthesis by 72 hours. These data correlate well with endocrino-logical evidence indicating that egg development requires a hormonal factor from the head from four to eight hours after the blood meal.
Approaching MIMO channel capacity with soft detection based on hard sphere decoding

Hard sphere decoding (HSD) has well-appreciated merits for near-optimal demodulation of multiuser, block single-antenna or multi-antenna transmissions over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channels. At increased complexity, a soft version of sphere decoding (SD), so-termed list SD (LSD), has been recently applied to coded layered space-time (LST) systems enabling them to approach the capacity of MIMO channels. By introducing a novel bit-level multi-stream coded LST transmitter along with a soft-to-hard conversion at the decoder, we show how to achieve the near-capacity performance of LSD, and even outperform it as the size of the block to be decoded (M) increases. Specifically, for binary real LST codes, we develop exact max-log-based SD schemes with M + 1 HSD steps, and an approximate alternative with only one HSD step to trade off performance for average complexity. These schemes apply directly to the real and imaginary parts of quaternary phase-shift keying signaling, and also to quadrature amplitude modulation signaling after incorporating an appropriate interference estimation and cancellation module. We corroborate our near-optimal soft detection (SoD) algorithms based on HSD (SoD-HSD) with simulations.
Multiple Modes of Care: Internet and the Formation of Care Networks in Israel

This paper explores migrant caregivers’ use of Internet Communication Technology (ICT) in Israel. Based upon semi-structured interviews and observations conducted in Israel it examines how caregivers make use of the Internet as a “locative medium for self-expression” despite structural and social discrimination against non-Jewish migrants. The paper first gives an overview of the legal, social and political context within which migrant caregivers live and work then analyzes how the Internet acts as a “hidden transcript” for caregivers living and working within the confines of employers’ homes. It then questions how the Internet is also a space of affective exchange within which caregivers transform the meaning of relationships with loved ones and create new networks of care, solidarity and activism. It concludes by suggesting what an understanding of the embodied, lived experiences of caregivers can contribute to an ethic of care based upon resistance rather than victimhood.
Preventing Challenging Behavior in Your Classroom: Positive Behavior Support and Effective Classroom Management, by M. Tincani

An experienced teacher, consultant, and researcher, Matt Tincani is associate professor in the Special Education and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) programs at Temple University. He is also a doct...
The Death and Rebirth of Codes of Legal Ethics: How Neuroscientific Evidence of Intuition and Emotion in Moral Decision Making Should Impact the Regulation of the Practice of Law

The only constant in the regulation of legal ethics in the United States has been change. With the adoption of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, the legal profession as a whole has arrived at a rationalist model for the regulation of the practice of law because the Model Rules are rules of reason. The problem is that recent evidence from the field of moral cognitive neuroscience suggests that individuals commonly resort to irrational thinking when making moral decisions by drawing upon intuition and emotion when faced with ethical dilemmas. This evidence validates various theories and models about moral decision making from other disciplines, and it complicates the regulation of legal ethics because rational rules are currently being used to govern what is at least in part irrational thinking. This article argues that the legal profession should begin taking a dual process approach to regulating legal ethics because it better conforms to how people make moral decisions through a mix of both intuition and reason. This article concludes that an approach that is similar to the Model Code of Professional Responsibility is the best model for regulating the practice of law because such an approach entails both ethical standards and rules for purposes of regulating ethical behavior. Such an approach is superior because it appeals to irrational, intuitive thinking through standards and rational thinking through rules. In essence, it offers a dual process model for formulating and enforcing codes of legal ethics that mirrors how individuals think in making moral decisions.This approach is superior to either rationalist or intuitionist approaches because it sets basic rules for lawyers while using standards to fill in the gaps and ambiguities that invariability exist in and among rules. Clients and others dealing with lawyers are better protected because this dual process approach provides a comprehensive system of regulation. In addition, society is likely to be more comfortable with such an approach because a system of regulation can be created that engages and satisfies society’s collective intuitions and reasoning about what is permissible in the practice of law. Under a dual process approach, clear mandates should trump intuition and emotion, and the specificity of rules should be honored above broad standards and norms. In addition, a system employing a dual process approach to regulating the practice of law should also be updated regularly to reflect evolving intuitions regarding what is just. The time has come to conform legal ethics to scientific reality and to offer a system of professional regulation that is state of the art.