cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The general circulation model precipitation bias over the southwestern equatorial Indian Ocean and its implications for simulating the South Asian monsoon

Most of current general circulation models (GCMs) show a remarkable positive precipitation bias over the southwestern equatorial Indian Ocean (SWEIO), which can be thought of as a westward expansion of the simulated IO convergence zone toward the coast of Africa. The bias is common to both coupled and uncoupled models, suggesting that its origin does not stem from the way boundary conditions are specified. The spatio-temporal evolution of the precipitation and associated three-dimensional atmospheric circulation biases is comprehensively characterized by comparing the GFDL AM3 atmospheric model to observations. It is shown that the oceanic bias, which develops in spring and reduces during the monsoon season, is associated to a consistent precipitation and circulation anomalous pattern over the whole Indian region. In the vertical, the areas are linked by an anomalous Hadley-type meridional circulation, whose northern branch subsides over northeastern India significantly affecting the monsoon evolution (e.g., delaying its onset). This study makes the case that the precipitation bias over the SWEIO is forced by the model excess response to the local meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient through enhanced near-surface meridional wind convergence. This is suggested by observational evidence and supported by AM3 sensitivity experiments. The latter show that relaxing the magnitude of the meridional SST gradient in the SWEIO can lead to a significant reduction of both local and large-scale precipitation and circulation biases. The ability of local anomalies over the SWEIO to force a large-scale remote response to the north is further supported by numerical experiments with the GFDL spectral dry dynamical core model. By imposing a realistic anomalous heating source over the SWEIO the model is able to reproduce the main dynamical features of the AM3 bias. These results indicate that improved GCM simulations of the South Asian summer monsoon could be achieved by reducing the springtime model bias over the SWEIO. Deficiencies in the atmospheric model, and in particular in the convective parameterization, are suggested to play a key role. Finally, the important mechanism controlling the simulated precipitation distribution over South Asia found here should be considered in the interpretation and attribution of regional precipitation variation under climate change.
Paint-Your-Own Pottery Case Study

There are currently more than seventy paint-your-own pottery shops in the United States. Although the concept of such studios is fairly new in New England, they have been in existence on the West Coast for years.
Enhanced sensitivity in single-reflection spectroscopy of organic monolayers on metal substrates (pseudo-ATR)

The present work demonstrates that the observed intensity of an infrared spectrum of a thin film or monolayer on a metal substrate can be increased an order of magnitude by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) instrumentation with a single reflection (pseudo-ATR). The intensities of signal peaks in the pseudo-ATR IR spectrum of a sample of n-octadecane-1-thiol-d 3 7 on gold exceed by an order of magnitude those in a spectrum taken using traditional grazing angle specular reflectance. The reproducibility of the two spectra is comparable.
Sub-0.25um MOSFET impact ionization and photon generation dynamics based on high-resolution photo-emission spectrum analysis

High-resolution photon emission spectrometry has been employed to study impact ionization and photon generation dynamics in deep sub-micron MOSFETs. Physical impact ionization - an indirect band-gap recombination model, which is in good agreement with the broadband spectrum properties, has been developed. The abrupt change in the photon emission spectrum profile at 1.8 eV has been attributed to energy-momentum conservation requirements during impact ionization. The abrupt changes in photon intensity with respect to photon energy need to be accounted for in the electron population and electron mean free path derivation, using photoemission methods.
Characteristics and traits of an effective professor

Over the years, the role of the classroom professor has been defined using various descriptors. Some regard the professor as coach, trainer, mentor, facilitator, or presenter, along with a multitude of other titles all designed to indicate a master purveyor of knowledge. Regardless of the name chosen for the professor, certain fundamental characteristics and traits form the foundation of a truly effective professor, a professor that touches not only the intellect but the very heart and soul of the students. All faculty members, especially those with limited teaching experience, can gain valuable insights into improving their teaching effectiveness by simply emulating the styles of outstanding professors, master teachers. The question becomes one of identifying the defining features of these outstanding professors. The paper discusses the characteristics of an effective professor.
Using avatar species to model the potential distribution of emerging invaders

Aim Anticipating the potential distributions of emerging invasive species is complicated by the tendency for species distribution models to perform better when both native and invasive range data are available for model development.If invasive range data are lacking, species models are liable to under-estimate distributions for emerging invaders, particularly for species that are not at equilibrium with their native range environment due to historical factors, dispersal limitation and/or ecological interactions. We demonstrate the potential to use well-quantified niche shifts from established‘avatar’(i.e.the remote or virtual manifestation of an entity) invaders to develop plausible distributions for data-poor emerging invaders contingent on niche shifts of similar magnitude or character. Location Global. Methods Using the globally invasive crayfishes Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii as our avatar invaders, we quantify how niche position, size and structure differs between native and total ranges using Mahalanobis distance (a measure of multivariate similarity) and the climate predictors of annual minimum and maximum air temperature. We then generalize patterns of niche shift from these species to the emerging crayfish invader Cherax quadricarinatus. Results Some patterns of niche shifts were similar for Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii, but niche shifts were of considerably greater magnitude for P. clarkii. When a native range model for C. quadricarinatus was modified with generalized niche shifts similar to Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii, the potential global distribution for this species increased considerably, including many areas not identified by the native range model. Main conclusions We illustrate the potential to use avatar invaders to provide cautionary, niche shift-assuming species distribution models for emerging invaders.Many theoretical and applied implications of the avatar species concept require additional investigation,including the development of frameworks to select appropriate avatar species and evaluate the performance of avatar-derived models for emerging invaders. Despite these research needs, we believe this concept will have considerable utility for predicting vulnerability to invasion by data-poor species; this is a critical management need because shifting pathways of introduction and climate change will produce many novel, emerging invasive species in the future.
Inhibition of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Replication by CD8+ T Lymphocytes from Macaques Immunized with Live Attenuated SIV

Characterization of immune responses induced by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains may yield clues to the nature of protective immunity induced by this vaccine approach. We investigated the ability of CD8+ T lymphocytes from rhesus macaques immunized with the live, attenuated SIV strain SIVmac239Δnef or SIVmac239Δ3 to inhibit SIV replication. CD8+ T lymphocytes from immunized animals were able to potently suppress SIV replication in autologous SIV-infected CD4+ T cells. Suppression of SIV replication by unstimulated CD8+ T cells required direct contact and was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted. However, CD3-stimulated CD8+ T cells produced soluble factors that inhibited SIV replication in an MHC-unrestricted fashion as much as 30-fold. Supernatants from stimulated CD8+ T cells were also able to inhibit replication of both CCR5- and CXCR4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains. Stimulation of CD8+ cells with cognate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes also induced secretion of soluble factors able to inhibit SIV replication. Production of RANTES, macrophage inhibitory protein 1α (MIP-1α), or MIP-1β from stimulated CD8+ T cells of vaccinated animals was almost 10-fold higher than that from stimulated CD8+ T cells of control animals. However, addition of antibodies that neutralize these β-chemokines, either alone or in combination, only partly blocked inhibition of SIV and HIV replication by soluble factors produced by stimulated CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that inhibition of SIV replication by CD8+ T cells from animals immunized with live attenuated SIV strains involves both MHC-restricted and -unrestricted mechanisms and that MHC-unrestricted inhibition of SIV replication is due principally to soluble factors other than RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β.
Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Kinematics After Reconstruction of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury In Vivo Analysis During Lunge

BackgroundThe actual in vivo tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-reconstructed knee joint are unknown.HypothesisCurrent single-bundle PCL reconstruction is unable to correct the abnormal tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics caused by rupture of the ligament.Study DesignControlled laboratory study/case series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsSeven patients with an isolated PCL injury in 1 knee and the contralateral side intact were included in the study. Magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging techniques were used to compare the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics between the intact contralateral (control group), PCL-deficient, and PCL-reconstructed knee during physiologic loading with a single-legged lunge. Data were collected preoperatively and 2 years after single-bundle reconstruction.ResultsThe PCL reconstruction reduced the abnormal posterior tibial translation in PCL-deficient knees to levels not significantly different from those of ...
Periosteal biaxial residual strains correlate with bone specific growth rates in chick embryos.

It has been proposed that periosteal residual tensile strains influence periosteal bone apposition and endochondral ossification. The role of bone growth rates on the development of residual strains is not well known. This study examined the relationships between specific growth rate and residual strains in chick tibiotarsi. We measured length and circumference during embryonic days 11–20 using microCT. Bones grew faster in length, with longitudinal and circumferential specific growth rates decreasing from 17 to 9% and 14 to 8% per day, respectively. To calculate residual strains, opening dimensions of incisions through the periosteum were analysed using finite element techniques. Results indicate that Poisson's ratio for an isotropic material model is between 0 and 0.04. For the model with Poisson's ratio 0.03, longitudinal and circumferential residual strains decreased from 46.2 to 29.3% and 10.6 to 3.9%, respectively, during embryonic days 14–20. Specific growth rates and residual strains were positive...
Application of Bacteriophages To Control Intestinal Escherichia coli O157:H7 Levels in Ruminants

A previously characterized O157-specific lytic bacteriophage KH1 and a newly isolated phage designated SH1 were tested, alone or in combination, for reducing intestinal Escherichia coli O157:H7 in animals. Oral treatment with phage KH1 did not reduce the intestinal E. coli O157:H7 in sheep. Phage SH1 formed clear and relatively larger plaques on lawns of all 12 E. coli O157:H7 isolates tested and had a broader host range than phage KH1, lysing O55:H6 and 18 of 120 non-O157 E. coli isolates tested. In vitro, mucin or bovine mucus did not inhibit bacterial lysis by phage SH1 or KH1. A phage treatment protocol was optimized using a mouse model of E. coli O157:H7 intestinal carriage. Oral treatment with SH1 or a mixture of SH1 and KH1 at phage/bacterium ratios > or = 10(2) terminated the presence of fecal E. coli O157:H7 within 2 to 6 days after phage treatment. Untreated control mice remained culture positive for >10 days. To optimize bacterial carriage and phage delivery in cattle, E. coli O157:H7 was applied rectally to Holstein steers 7 days before the administration of 10(10) PFU SH1 and KH1. Phages were applied directly to the rectoanal junction mucosa at phage/bacterium ratios calculated to be > or = 10(2). In addition, phages were maintained at 10(6) PFU/ml in the drinking water of the phage treatment group. This phage therapy reduced the average number of E. coli O157:H7 CFU among phage-treated steers compared to control steers (P < 0.05); however, it did not eliminate the bacteria from the majority of steers.
Temperature-dependent thermal stress determination for through-silicon-vias (TSVs) by combining bending beam technique with finite element analysis

In this paper, temperature-dependent thermal stresses in Cu TSVs are measured by combining the bending beam experiment with a finite element analysis (FEA). The bending beam technique measures the averaged bending curvature induced by the thermal expansion of a periodic annular Cu TSV array. The structural complexity of the blind annular TSV necessitated the use of FEA to derive the TSV-induced thermal stresses which accounts for the beam bending during thermal cycles. The FEA simulations established linear relationships between bending curvature and stress components in TSVs. Such linear relationships were used to extract independent stress components from the bending beam measurements. The results provided an understanding to the temperature-dependent stress characteristics in TSVs.
Root colonization dynamics of two ectomycorrhizal fungi of contrasting life history strategies are mediated by addition of organic nutrient patches.

Summary • Here we investigated whether root colonization dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of contrasting life history strategies (i.e. early vs late successional dominants) were affected by resource availability, as mediated either directly via the soil, or indirectly via host nutrition. • In a two phase experiment, Pinus muricata seedlings were co-inoculated with spores of early ( Rhizopogon occidentalis ) and late ( Tomentella sublilacina ) successional dominant EMF, with or without squirrel faecal pellets added as a nutrient source, in single chambers (Phase A) subsequently converted to split-root chambers (Phase B). • R. occidentalis colonized seedlings earlier than T. sublilacina . R. occidentalis root tip numbers peaked then declined in both treatments, but earlier in the minus pellet treatment than the plus. T. sublilacina increased steadily regardless of treatment. In the split-root treatment, we found no response by R. occidentalis , and a complex response by T. sublilacina , suggesting that plant nutrition may affect colonization dynamics. • The strategy of R. occidentalis may be to colonize roots early in high resource environments; whereas that of T. sublilacina may be based upon slower colonization rates and greater competitive ability. The effect of nutrient additions on R. occidentalis may be highly dependent upon their timing.
Effect of Three Resistant Soybean Genotypes on the Fecundity, Mortality, and Maturation of Soybean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The fecundity, longevity, mortality, and maturation of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae), were characterized using three resistant soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, genotypes ('Dowling', 'Jackson', and PI200538 'Sugao Zarai') and two susceptible genotypes ('Pana' and 'Loda'). Antibiosis in the resistant genotypes was demonstrated by a significant decrease in fecundity and longevity and increased mortality of A. glycines. Aphid fecundity, measured as number of offspring produced in the first 10 d by each viviparous aptera, was higher on Pana than on the resistant genotypes. Aphid longevity, the mean number of days a 1-d-old adult lived, was 7 d longer on Pana than on Dowling and Jackson. The mortality of both viviparous apterae and nymphs on resistant genotypes was significantly higher than on susceptible genotypes. A greater number of first instars survived to maturation stage (date of first reproduction) on susceptible plants than on resistant plants. None of the first instars placed on Dowling and PI200538 leaves survived to maturation. Observations of aphid behavior on leaves indicated that aphids departed from the leaves of resistant plants 8-24 h after being placed on them, whereas they remained indefinitely on leaves of susceptible cultivars and developed colonies. Reduced feeding due to ingestion of potentially toxic compounds in soybean may explain the possible mechanism of resistance to the soybean aphid.
The Role of Human Computation in Sustainability, or, Social Progress Is Made of Fossil Fuels

Human computation includes the accumulation of social wisdom in the form of progressive social agendas. These agendas developed rapidly during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries through the distributed intelligence made possible by advanced information technologies. Progressive social agendas build toward equality among groups differentiated by race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and similar factors. It is no accident that these trends, distinctive in human history, occurred during an era in which national and international communication and the creation and widespread dispersal of information were enabled by advanced technologies. In this chapter I discuss future threats to social progress and the importance of maintaining the information and communication technologies and infrastructures that underpin such progress.
Comparing an Interferon Gamma Release Assay with the Tuberculin Skin Test During Pregnancy: Implications for Tuberculosis Screening During Prenatal Care

Background Currently there are no guidelines regarding optimal screening for latent tuberculosis infection during pregnancy. Objective This study measures completion rates and the concordance between the TSPOT.TB, a commercially available interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and the traditional tuberculin skin test (TST) in a predominantly urban minority obstetrics practice. Design This is an observational cohort study of 141 pregnant women enrolled from an obstetrics practice with a large immigrant population. Women with a history of a positive TST result were excluded. Demographic and clinical risk factors for tuberculosis were assessed. Enrolled women underwent a T-SPOT.TB test and placement of TST, and returned in 48–72 h for TST interpretation. We calculated the completion rate and frequency of a positive result for each test, as well as the concordance between the T-SPOT.TB and TST. Results Among the 141 women enrolled, 75 % were either Latina or African-American, 44 % were born in a country with a high TB prevalence, and 52 % had received the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Seven women (5 %) had a positive screening test, a total of 3 positive T-SPOT.TB results and 6 positive TST results, and all were from countries with a high TB prevalence. The concordance of the two tests was 96.3 %. The completion rate for the T-SPOT.TB was 98 %, while the completion rate for the TST was 63 %. Conclusion: The IGRA test had a markedly higher completion rate in addition to maintaining high concordance with the two-step TST in this population of pregnant women with a high prevalence of prior TB exposure. Targeted screening of women from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis may be warranted during prenatal care.
Black Labor and the Black Liberation Movement

(1970). Black Labor and the Black Liberation Movement. The Black Scholar: Vol. 2, Black Labor, pp. 33-39.
How fair is my world? Development of just world beliefs among Kenyan students.

This study is a cross-sectional analysis of Kenyan adolescents' beliefs in a just world (BJW). Prior research suggests that BJW declines across adolescence and differentiate between Personal and General BJW. However, little research has been conducted in African samples or developing economies. Adolescents from three schools in Western Kenya (n = 1960) completed the questionnaires to understand how their Personal and General BJW differed across grades, and between schools, tribes, and sexes. Contrary to prior research, there was not a downward trend of BJW across adolescence. Instead, the trajectory was dependent upon the school and demographics. There were significant differences between males and females, which may reflect gender inequalities of the traditional Kenyan society. There were also significant differences between tribal groups, with those in dominant or majority tribes having higher perceptions of justice. This study discusses the role that inequality plays in adolescents' BJW and the implications for future cross-cultural research.
Effect of Pressure on NOx Adsorption by Activated Carbons

Exposing activated carbons to nitric oxide and oxygen at temperatures between 295 and 400 K leads to the conversion of the NO to NO2 at the carbon surface and the adsorption of NO2. In the current study, the conversion and adsorption kinetics of the NO to NO2 reaction were examined at total pressures between 1 and 28 bar using a commercially available activated carbon. Up to 144 mg of NO2/g of carbon was adsorbed at 28 bar and 343 K, of which 115 mg of NO2/g of carbon was reversibly adsorbed−desorbed during repeated pressurization−depressurization cycles. The amount of NO2 adsorbed at 17 bar and 373 K was similar to the amount adsorbed at 1 bar and 343 K, whereas it was 3−4 times greater than the amount adsorbed at 1 bar and 373 K. Analysis of the adsorption isotherm suggested the mechanism of NO2 uptake was associated with micropore filling with a monolayer of adsorbed NO2 formed at a total gas pressure near 10 bar. Time profiles for the desorption of NO2, CO2, and O2 during pressure release and temperat...
Mixed-Metal Semiconductor Anodes for Electrochemical Water Splitting and Reactive Chlorine Species Generation: Implications for Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment

A procedure for the preparation of semiconductor anodes using mixed-metal oxides bound together and protected with a TiO_2 nanoglue has been developed and tested in terms of the relative efficiencies of the oxygen evolution (OER), the reactive chlorine species evolution (RCS), and the hydrogen evolution (HER) reactions. The composition of the first anode is a Ti metal substrate coated with IrTaO_x and overcoated with TiO_2 (P_(25)) that was mixed with TiO_2 nanogel, while the second anode consists of a Ti metal substrate coated with IrTaO_x and an over-coating layer of La-doped sodium tantalate, NaTaO_3:La. The experimental efficiencies for water splitting ranged from 62.4% to 67.5% for H_2 evolution and 40.6% to 60.0% for O_2 evolution. The corresponding over-potentials for the Ti/IrTa-TiO_2 and Ti/IrTa-NaTaO_3:La anodes coupled with stainless steel cathodes of the same dimensions were determined to be 437 mV and 367 mV for the OER, respectively, and 239 mV and 205 mV for RCS, respectively. The preparation procedure described herein should allow for easier production of large-surface area anodes at lower costs than standard methods.
Reconfigurable THz Filters Using Phase-Change Material and Integrated Heater

We report the design, fabrication, and measurements of reconfigurable terahertz (THz) filters using vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase-change material (PCM), which undergoes a transition between an insulator and metal phase at 68 °C (∼341 K). The filters are made of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and heater are integrated for VO2 excitation. Two THz spatial filters are developed. A broadband on/off filter at 0.35 THz is demonstrated with 20 dB change in transmission between the on and off states. Then, a reconfigurable stopband FSS filter with tunable rejection from 0.75 to 0.55 THz is presented. The latter shows a peak with rejection of more than 90%. The two states of both filters are achieved at relatively low temperature of 68 °C, making them suitable for practical applications. Comparisons between simulation and measurement show excellent agreement for both 0.35 THz on/off filter and 0.75 to 0.55 THz tunable filters.
Phosphatases and differentiation of the Golgi apparatus.

Cytochemical techniques for the electron microscopic localization of inosine diphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, and acid phosphatase have been applied to the developing root tip of Zea mays . Following formaldehyde fixation the Golgi apparatus of most of the cells showed reaction specificity for IDPase and TPPase. Following glutaraldehyde fixation marked localization of IDPase reactivity in the Golgi apparatus was limited to the root cap, the epidermis, and the phloem. A parallelism was apparent between the sequential morphological development of the apparatus for the secretion of a polysaccharide product, the fairly direct incorporation of tritiated glucose into the apparatus to become a component of this product and the development of the enzyme reactivity. Acid phosphatase, generally accepted as a lysosomal marker, was found in association with the Golgi apparatus in only a few cell types near the apex of the root. The localization was usually in a single cisterna at the face of the apparatus toward which the production of secretory vesicles builds up and associated regions of what may be smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Since the cell types involved were limited regions of the cap and epidermis and some initial cells, no functional correlates of the reactivity were apparent. Despite the presence of this lysosomal marker, no structures clearly identifiable as ‘lysosomes’ were found and the lack of reaction specificity in the vacuoles did not allow them to be so defined.
High-level expression of thermostable cellulolytic enzymes in tobacco transplastomic plants and their use in hydrolysis of an industrially pretreated Arundo donax L. biomass

Biofuels production from plant biomasses is a complex multi-step process with important economic burdens. Several biotechnological approaches have been pursued to reduce biofuels production costs. The aim of the present study was to explore the production in tobacco plastome of three genes encoding (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacterium and Archaea, respectively, and test their application in the bioconversion of an important industrially pretreated biomass feedstock (A. donax) for production of second-generation biofuels. The selected enzymes, endoglucanase, endo-β-1,4-xylanase and β-glucosidase, were expressed in tobacco plastome with a protein yield range from 2 % to more than 75 % of total soluble proteins (TSP). The accumulation of endoglucanase (up to 2 % TSP) gave altered plant phenotypes whose severity was directly linked to the enzyme yield. The most severe seedling-lethal phenotype was due to the impairment of plastid development associated to the binding of endoglucanase protein to thylakoids. Endo-β-1,4-xylanase and β-glucosidase, produced at very high level without detrimental effects on plant development, were enriched (fourfold) by heat treatment (105.4 and 255.4 U/mg, respectively). Both plastid-derived biocatalysts retained the main features of the native or recombinantly expressed enzymes with interesting differences. Plastid-derived xylanase and β-glucosidase resulted more thermophilic than the E. coli recombinant and native counterpart, respectively. Bioconversion experiments, carried out at 50 and 60 °C, demonstrated that plastid-derived enzymes were able to hydrolyse an industrially pretreated giant reed biomass. In particular, the replacement of commercial enzyme with plastid-derived xylanase, at 60 °C, produced an increase of both xylose recovery and hydrolysis rate; whereas the replacement of both xylanase and β-glucosidase produced glucose levels similar to those observed with the commercial cocktails, and xylose yields always higher in the whole 24–72 h range. The very high production level of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic enzymes, their stability and bioconversion efficiencies described in this study demonstrate that plastid transformation represents a real cost-effective production platform for cellulolytic enzymes.
Pediatric Residency Education and the Behavioral and Mental Health Crisis: A Call to Action

For at least 4 decades, the need for improved pediatric residency training in behavioral and mental health has been recognized. The prevalence of behavioral and mental health conditions in children, adolescents, and young adults has increased during that period. However, as recently as 2013, 65% of pediatricians surveyed by the American Academy of Pediatrics indicated that they lacked training in recognizing and treating mental health problems. Current pediatric residency training requirements do not stipulate curricular elements or assessment requirements in behavioral and mental health, and fewer than half of pediatric residents surveyed felt that their competence in dealing with mental health problems was good to excellent. It is time that pediatric residency programs develop the capacity to prepare their residents to meet the behavioral and mental health needs of their patients. Meeting this challenge will require a robust curriculum and effective assessment tools. Ideal training environments will include primary care ambulatory sites that encourage residents to work longitudinally in partnership with general pediatricians and behavioral and mental health trainees and providers; behavioral and mental health training must be integrated into both ambulatory and inpatient experiences. Faculty development will be needed, and in most programs it will be necessary to include nonpediatrician mental health providers to enhance pediatrician faculty expertise. The American Board of Pediatrics intends to partner with other organizations to ensure that pediatric trainees develop the competence needed to meet the behavioral and mental health needs of their patients.
The Use of Risk Assessment at Sentencing: Implications for Research and Policy

At-sentencing risk assessments are predictions of an individual’s statistically likely future criminal conduct. These assessments can be derived from a number of methodologies ranging from unstructured clinical judgment to advanced statistical and actuarial processes. Some assessments consider only correlates of criminal recidivism, while others also take into account criminogenic needs. Assessments of this nature have long been used to classify defendants for treatment and supervision within prisons and on community supervision, but they have only relatively recently begun to be used – or considered for use – during the sentencing process. This shift in application has raised substantial practical and policy challenges and questions. This paper, supported by the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance, directly addresses these issues and provides information and examples from a range of jurisdictions, including some which have integrated at-sentencing risk assessment programs in place or are in the process of doing so. Derived from a survey of judges, as well as a series of interviews with stakeholders from across the nation, opportunities for future research and planning to guide the cautious engagement with at-sentencing risk assessment are identified.
RoFi: Rotation-Aware WiFi Channel Feedback

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) provides high throughput for WiFi networks, but it also leads to high overhead due to channel state information (CSI) feedback. Based on experiment measurements, this paper shows that MIMO has different feedback requirements when the receiver is rotating compared with when the receiver is in other mobility scenarios. Experiments of four popular Android games show that device rotation accounts for around 50% of the running time for these games, which implies that rotation-awareness could improve WiFi efficiency significantly for these games. We propose rotation-aware WiFi (RoFi) channel feedback to eliminate unnecessary CSI feedback while maintaining high throughput. We show the failure of existing mobility-aware methods, including CSI similarity, time-of-flight (ToF), and compression noise, in distinguishing the mobility status of rotation and mobile. RoFi calculates power delay profile (PDP) similarity for rotation detection and performs feedback compression and rate selection accordingly. To deal with false rotation detection and status transition between rotation and static, RoFi uses the power of the strongest path, which is calculated from PDP, to further refine CSI feedback when necessary. The RoFi design is compatible with legacy 802.11 protocols and is easy to be deployed on existing WiFi systems. Evaluation results show that RoFi reduces 25%–40% overhead with negligible signal-to-noise ratio decrease in rotation scenarios. RoFi also consumes 29%–69% less energy compared with state-of-the-art feedback compression and rate selection algorithms.
Accuracy of Alcon WaveLight ® EX500 optical pachymetry during LASIK

PURPOSE To study the accuracy and reliability of optical pachymetry using the Alcon WaveLight EX500 during laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of 90 eyes from 45 patients who had undergone LASIK (mean age 35.2±8.2 years; 19 males, 26 females). The WaveLight FS200 femtosecond laser was programmed to cut LASIK flaps at a desired depth of 120 μm. Optical low-coherence reflectometry (WaveLight EX500) was used to measure central corneal thickness prior to lifting the flap, and the residual stromal bed immediately after excimer ablation. Flap thickness (FT) was calculated using simple subtraction. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure central corneal thickness, flap thickness, and residual stromal bed in the postoperative period and the results compared to intraoperative measurements. RESULTS Mean programmed FS200 FT was 119 μm. Mean FT using EX500 optical pachymetry was 109 μm. The difference between FS200- programmed and EX500-measured FT was 9 μm (P<0.001). There was also a significant difference between the EX500 and OCT FT (109 μm vs 119 μm, respectively; P<0.001). CONCLUSION FT values calculated using intraoperative EX500 optical pachymetry were significantly lower than programmed FS200 values or OCT measurements.
Transmission Multiple Beam Interferometry of Polymer Films

When an experimental technique is applied in a manner differing from previous applications there are certain logical counterparts to the actual experimental application. These begin with an analysis or classification of the subject field in order to gain the proper perspective on the specific technique so that any necessary modifications of the technique will have a significant direction. Such an analysis is usually accompanied by a careful consideration of the basic theory in which all assumptions, approximations, and limitations are evaluated for their applicability to the new situation. Therefore this communication will be divided into three general parts. The first part will deal with a broad classification of interferometry and where in the overall scheme one finds the specific techniques that are to be applied to polymeric films. The second part will include brief comments on the theory, the differences that distinguish one specific method from another, concepts to be considered upon application to polymers, and reference to previous investigations. Finally, the third part will present some of the preliminary results obtained when multiple beam techniques are applied to polymer films.
Randomized Decomposition Solver with the Quadratic Assignment Problem as a Case Study

This paper presents a new local search approach, called randomized decomposition (RD), for solving nonlinear, nonconvex mathematical programs. Starting from a feasible solution, RD partitions the problem’s decision variables into a randomly ordered list of randomly generated subsets. RD then optimizes over the variables in each subset, keeping all other variables fixed. Unlike most other decomposition methods, no knowledge of the problem structure is required. RD has been combined with a metaheuristic RDPerturb, for escaping local optima, to create a generic framework for solving mathematical programs, especially hard combinatorial nonconvex problems. The framework has been implemented as an optimization platform we call RDSolver and successfully applied to over 400 instances of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). The results obtained by RDSolver are competitive with the solutions obtained by heuristics specially tailored for those problems, even though RDSolver is a general purpose mathematical progr...
Clinical Course and Relapse among Adolescents Presenting for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Findings

This narrative review provides a 10-year update of an earlier review of empirical literature examining the clinical course of substance use disorders (SUDs) for adolescents seeking treatment. It begins with a conceptualization of SUD clinical course after treatment initiation as multi-dimensional, including processes of remission, relapse, and recovery. Next, theory development and research on predictors of clinical course are summarized. Despite movement in theoretical models from a focus on either discrete outcomes (e.g., return to any use) or processes (e.g., return to problematic use) toward conceptualizing SUD clinical course as multifaceted (e.g., including aspects of functioning), a review of 59 studies (not all independent samples) indicated that most empirical research focused on single-dimension outcome variables (i.e., substance use only) with limited theory specifically on processes of behavior change guiding research. Our findings suggest that research is needed to advance theory and understanding of behavior change and maintenance after treatment initiation. Future research may benefit from both conceptualizing this line of research within an addiction Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework and an evolving bio-psychosocial model, and from employing more intensive data collection methods, which would allow for examination of the change processes over different time scales.
Review of Transmitting the Spirit: Religious Conversion, Media and Urban Violence in Brazil, by Martijn Oosterbaan

Transmitting the Spirit: Religious Conversion, Media and Urban Violence in Brazil, by Martijn Oosterbaan, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.
The effects of acetazolamide on the electroretinographic responses in rats.

Purpose To study the mechanisms and sites of action of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide (AZM), on the rod- and cone-mediated electroretinogram (ERG) of the dark-adapted rat. Methods After a within-subjects design, ERG responses to brief, full-field flashes were recorded from adult (60 to 90 days old) albino rats, with and without AZM (5 mg/100 g, intraperitoneally). Flickering stimuli (6 and 26 Hz) were used to study rod- and cone-mediated responses. Aspartate-isolated responses of the isolated retina were recorded with and without AZM in the superfusate. The a-wave and PIII responses were fitted with a model of the rod's response by estimating the maximum response (Rmp3), sensitivity (S), and delay td. The b-wave response amplitude and implicit time were examined as a function of stimulus energy. The parameters obtained in the AZM-treated and untreated conditions were compared. Results Acetazolamide causes a significant decrease in saturated rod response, b-wave amplitude, aspartate-isolated PIII, and the rod- and cone-mediated responses to flickering light. The estimated sensitivity of the rod response (S), b-wave sensitivity, and b-wave implicit time are not altered significantly by AZM. Conclusion Acetazolamide, probably through mechanisms that acidify the retina, attenuates the amplitudes of the retinal responses without significant effect on sensitivity.
A deep learning method for online capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract The past two decades have seen an increasing usage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries in diverse applications including consumer electronics, power backup, and grid-scale energy storage. To guarantee safe and reliable operation of a Li-ion battery pack, battery management systems (BMSs) should possess the capability to monitor, in real time, the state of health (SOH) of the individual cells in the pack. This paper presents a deep learning method which utilizes deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for cell-level capacity estimation based on the voltage, current, and charge capacity measurements during a partial charge cycle. The unique features of DCNN include the local connectivity and shared weights, which enable the model to accurately estimate battery capacity using the measurements during charge. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to apply deep learning to the online capacity estimation of Li-ion batteries. Ten-year daily cycling data from eight implantable Li-ion cells and half-year cycling data from 20 18650 Li-ion cells were utilized to verify the performance of the proposed deep learning method. Compared with traditional machine learning methods such as shallow neural networks and relevance vector machine (RVM), the proposed deep learning method is demonstrated to produce higher accuracy and robustness in the online estimation of Li-ion battery capacity.
The Taiman Transcriptional Coactivator Engages Toll Signals to Promote Apoptosis and Intertissue Invasion in Drosophila

Summary The Drosophila Taiman (Tai) protein is homologous to the human steroid-receptor coactivators SRC1–3 and activates transcription in complex with the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor (EcR). Tai has roles in intestinal homeostasis, germline maintenance, cell motility, and proliferation through interactions with EcR and the coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Tai also promotes invasion of tumor cells in adjacent organs, but this pro-invasive mechanism is undefined. Here, we show that Tai expression transforms sessile pupal wing cells into an invasive mass that penetrates the adjacent thorax during a period of high 20E. Candidate analysis confirms a reliance on elements of the 20E and Hippo pathways, such as Yki and the Yki-Tai target dilp8. Screening the Tai-induced wing transcriptome detects enrichment for innate immune factors, including the Spatzle (Spz) family of secreted Toll ligands that induce apoptosis during cell competition. Tai-expressing wing cells induce immune signaling and apoptosis among adjacent thoracic cells, and genetic reduction of spz, Toll, or the rpr/hid/grim pro-apoptotic factors each suppresses invasion, suggesting an intercellular Spz-Toll circuit supports killing-mediated invasion. Modeling these interactions in larval epithelia confirms that Tai kills neighboring cells via a mechanism involving Toll, Spz factors, and the Spz inhibitor Necrotic. Tai-expressing cells evade death signals by repressing the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, which operates in parallel to Toll to control nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity and independently regulates JNK activity. In sum, these findings suggest that Tai promotes competitive cell killing via Spz-Toll and that this killing mechanism supports pathologic intertissue invasion in Drosophila.
Impact of Scheduling Policies on the Performance of an Additive Manufacturing Production System

Abstract We study the impact of scheduling policies on the cycle time and throughput of an Additive Manufacturing (AM) facility. Orders for irregularly shaped parts with specified due dates and surface quality requirements arrive randomly at the facility. The parts are fabricated in one of several AM build chambers, followed by post-processing operations based on surface finishing requirements. We combine a part placement heuristic with different scheduling policies (FIFO, Earliest Due Date) to allocate parts to AM build chambers and lay out the parts within the chambers to approximately optimize delivery performance. Simulation experiments using an Iterative Optimization-based Simulation (IOS) model integrating a simulation engine (implemented in SIMIO) with a computational engine (implemented in MATLAB) show that the scheduling policies have a significant impact on cycle time and order lateness. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of ICPR25 International Scientific & Advisory and Organizing Committee members.
Abstract 377: Enhancing Adherence to Lipid-lowering Agents for Secondary Prevention After a Primary Cardiovascular Event: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Background: Targeting lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels has been a cornerstone for primary and secondary prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), inclu...
Benzodiazepines, codispensed opioids, and mortality among patients initiating long-term in-center hemodialysis

Background and objectives Mortality from benzodiazepine/opioid interactions is a growing concern in light of the opioid epidemic. Patients on hemodialysis suffer from a high burden of physical/psychiatric conditions, which are treated with benzodiazepines, and they are three times more likely to be prescribed opioids than the general population. Therefore, we studied mortality risk associated with short- and long-acting benzodiazepines and their interaction with opioids among adults initiating hemodialysis. Design, setting, participants, & measurements The cohort of 69,368 adults initiating hemodialysis (January 2013 to December 2014) was assembled by linking US Renal Data System records to Medicare claims. Medicare claims were used to identify dispensed benzodiazepines and opioids. Using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the mortality risk associated with benzodiazepines (time varying) and tested whether the benzodiazepine-related mortality risk differed by opioid codispensing. Results Within 1 year of hemodialysis initiation, 10,854 (16%) patients were dispensed a short-acting benzodiazepine, and 3262 (5%) patients were dispensed a long-acting benzodiazepine. Among those who were dispensed a benzodiazepine during follow-up, codispensing of opioids and short-acting benzodiazepines occurred among 3819 (26%) patients, and codispensing of opioids and long-acting benzodiazepines occurred among 1238 (8%) patients. Patients with an opioid prescription were more likely to be subsequently dispensed a short-acting benzodiazepine (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.59 to 1.74) or a long-acting benzodiazepine (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.20). Patients dispensed a short-acting benzodiazepine were at a 1.45-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 1.56) higher mortality risk compared with those without a short-acting benzodiazepine; among those with opioid codispensing, this risk was 1.90-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.65 to 2.18; Pinteraction Conclusions Codispensing of opioids and short-acting benzodiazepines is common among patients on dialysis, and it is associated with higher risk of death.