cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family-based association tests using genotype data with uncertainty

S UMMARY Family-based association studies have been widely used to identify association between diseases and genetic markers. It is known that genotyping uncertainty is inherent in both directly genotyped or sequenced DNA variations and imputed data in silico. The uncertainty can lead to genotyping errors and missingness and can negatively impact the power and Type I error rates of family-based association studies even if the uncertainty is independent of disease status. Compared with studies using unrelated subjects, there are very few methods that address the issue of genotyping uncertainty for family-based designs. The limited attempts have mostly been made to correct the bias caused by genotyping errors. Without properly addressing the issue, the conventional testing strategy, i.e. family-based association tests using called genotypes, can yield invalid statistical inferences. Here, we propose a new test to address the challenges in analyzing case-parents data by using calls with high accuracy and modeling genotype-specific call rates. Our simulations show that compared with the conventional strategy and an alternative test, our new test has an improved performance in the presence of substantial uncertainty and has a similar performance when the uncertainty level is low. We also demonstrate the advantages of our new method by applying it to imputed markers from a genome-wide case-parents association study.
1,2,4-Triazine-picolinamide functionalized, nonadentate chelates for the segregation of lanthanides(III) and actinides(III) in biphasic systems

A novel family of nonadentate ligands based on the (5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-picolinamide donor moiety has been synthesized from simple starting materials in high yield and purity. This group of ligands is an addition to the neutral nonadentate group but the first to incorporate 1,2,4-triazine. Their ability to extract a select group of lanthanides from acidic aqueous solution has been correlated to their ability to meet the ideal trigonal tricapped prismatic geometry that is seen by lanthanides and actinides in aqueous solution. The rate of metallation was determined using UV/VIS spectroscopy with pseudo first order conditions and showed similar behaviour to literature examples. Theoretical calculations were used to probe the bonding structure with lanthanides and actinides to predict the potential Ln/An segregating ability of the new ligands.
Hamster enteritis : a review

Wet-tail of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) has been referred to as proliferative ileitis, regional enteritis, terminal ileitis, enzootic intestinal adenocarcinoma, atypical ileal hyperplasia, and hamster enteritis. The disease will be referred to as hamster enteritis (HE) in this review. Hamster enteritis is characterized clinically by diarrhoea in weanlings, and pathologically by enteritis, sometimes proliferative, involving primarily the small intestine. Trum & Routledge (1967) stated that 'wet-tailor terminal ileitis is the only recognizable common disease syndrome in the hamster'. Although this was an exaggeration because other common diseases have been well described, HE is still the most common spon
From Bush v. Gore to NAMUDNO: A Response to Professor Amar

In his Dunwoody Lecture, Professor Akhil Amar invites us to revisit the Bush v. Gore controversy and consider what went wrong. This short essay responds to Professor Amar by taking up his invitation and looking at the decision through a seemingly improbable lens, the Supreme Court’s decision last June in Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder (NAMUDNO). Among its many surprises, NAMUDNO helps illuminate the Court’s fundamental error nine years ago. Professor Amar forcefully argues that the mistrust with which the Justices in the Bush v. Gore majority viewed the Florida Supreme Court was both unjustified and disastrously consequential. What NAMUDNO helps us see is that such mistrust, be it mistaken or warranted, need not be incompatible with a sound judicial response. NAMUDNO shows that the Court’s most profound error in Bush v. Gore was not the premise from which the Justices began, though flawed it may have been, but rather where they went from there.
Publishing flow - DVD box sets and the reconception of television.

Commercial television has functioned as a flow medium for more than fifty years, premised on the sale of time (and ostensible viewers) to advertisers. By contrast, the film industry has operated as a publisher, selling or renting its individual media products to theaters. During the home video era, while the film industry shifted its focus to the VCR, television remained reliant on advertising and has held only a marginal presence in the video software market. However, increasing corporate synergy and the swift rise of DVD technology have prompted the practice of publication as an alternative means of television distribution and reception. This article explores why television did not succeed on VHS but has been transformed by DVD. The DVD box set in particular, as introduced with Fox’s first set of The X-Files in 2000, has reconceived television series as collectible objects, fostering a new commodity relationship between television and its viewers.
Using Nonfinancial Measures to Assess Fraud Risk

This study examines whether auditors can effectively use nonfinancial measures to assess the reasonableness of financial performance and, thereby, help detect financial statement fraud (hereafter, fraud). If auditors or other interested parties (e.g., directors, lenders, investors, or regulators) can identify nonfinancial measures (e.g., facilities growth) that are correlated with financial measures (e.g., revenue growth), inconsistent patterns between the nonfinancial and financial measures can be used to detect firms with high fraud risk. We find that the difference between financial and nonfinancial performance is significantly greater for firms that committed fraud than for their non-fraud competitors. We also find that this difference is a significant fraud indicator when included in a model containing variables that have previously been linked to the likelihood of fraud. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence suggesting that nonfinancial measures can be effectively used to assess the likelihood of fraud.
Are Gender Differences in Perceived and Demonstrated Technology Literacy Significant? It Depends on the Model.

This paper examines gender differences related to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy using two valid and internally consistent measures with eighth grade students (N = 1,513) from Florida public schools. The results of t test statistical analyses, which examined only gender differences in demonstrated and perceived ICT skills, indicate significant differences in all areas in favor of females. Females had higher factor scores in perception measures for Frequency of Computer Use, Perceived ICT Skills, and Attitudes toward Computers. In addition, female students had significantly higher scores on all six sections from the Student Tool for Technology Literacy, a performance-based assessment. These results counter many empirical research studies that show males generally perform better with ICT skills and have overall better attitudes toward computers than their female counterparts. However, when adding predictors to the model and using multilevel modeling statistical methods, findings indicate that gender was no longer significant. These findings question the importance of the gender differences related to ICT skills that were found with previous statistical examinations. Using more advanced statistical methods to answer research questions pertaining to ICT skills is important in order to determine which factors have the greatest potential for intervention programs that focus on developing equitable ICT skills and career choices for all students.
Management of renal osteodystrophy in children.

SUMMARY: Tasic V. Management of renal osteodystrophy in children. Turk J Pediatr 2005; 47 (supplement): 13-18.Prevention and treatment of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) are great challenges for pediatric nephrologists. The strategies for prevention and treatment of ROD in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) should be created on an individual basis. The following factors should be considered: age, type of primary disease, rate of progression of CRF, nutrition, acidosis, type of dialysis, and drugs (corticosteroids, growth hormone, etc). The treatment should start very early in the course of renal insufficiency with close monitoring of serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone (PTH) levels. Maintenance of serum phosphate within age- appropriate limits is essential for prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism. PTH levels should be kept within normal limits in predialysis children and 2-3 times over upper normal limit in those on dialysis. Aggressive treatment with calcium-based phosphate binders and vitamin D derivates should be avoided to prevent PTH oversuppression and development of adynamic bone disease. The advantage in this respect is the development of calcium- and aluminum-free phosphate binders, of which there is limited pediatric experience with sevelamer hydrochloride. Paricalcitol is a non-hypercalcemic vitamin D analogue, and preliminary favorable experience has been reported in children. Calcimimetics like cinacalcet hydrochloride, which directly stimulate calcium sensing receptor and potently suppress PTH secretion without increasing plasma calcium in adults, are very promising agents, but pediatric experience is lacking.
MATLAB functions to analyze directional (azimuthal) data-I: Single-sample inference

Data that represent azimuthal directions cannot be analyzed statistically in the same manner as ordinary variables that measure, for example, size or quality. Many statistical techniques have been developed for dealing with directional data, but available software for the unique calculations is scarce. This paper describes a MATLAB script, located on the IAMG server, that calculates descriptive statistics and performs inference on azimuthal parameters. The calculations include tests for specific distributions, and tests on the preferred direction and concentration of vectors about this direction. The inference methods use large-sample approximations, plus resampling methods (bootstrap) for smaller sample sizes.
Dynamically adaptive fetch size prediction for data caches

Cache line size has a significant impact on cache and overall CPU performance. This size is typically fixed at design time and may not be optimal for a given program or even within a program. Past attempts to achieve an effect of dynamic line size require complex hardware fetch size predictors. This paper proposes an adaptive fetch size predictor based on miss rate sampling. It requires little additional hardware and is straightforward to implement. Adaptive fetch size can be used at either L1 or L2 caches and achieves significant miss rate reductions in both cases. On average, the L2 adaptive fetch size cache results in highest overall performance improvements: 15% average speedup and up to 50% speedup in individual programs.
New HLA‐C alleles identified in minority populations

Twenty new human leukocyte antigen C alleles identified in 2200 minority individuals characterized by sequence-based typing.
Horror Films Face Political Evils in Everyday Life

Studies of cognition show that Americans get much of their political information from audiovisual media. Therefore, attention to popular films can help us learn how genre conventions communicate politics. The popular genre of horror uses subtexts to help people face political evils in their everyday lives. Many of the evils lately concern the politics of communication, and this is evident in a wide range of horror films, recently including Phone Booth (2003), The Ring (2002), and The Mothman Prophecies (2001).
The cancer anorexia/weight loss syndrome: exploring associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of inflammatory cytokines in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Objective The cancer anorexia/weight loss syndrome commonly occurs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is characterized by loss of weight and appetite as well as diminished survival. The current study explored whether any of 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of certain previously implicated inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1RN, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor) are associated with this syndrome.
The impact of Jalan Sesama on the educational and healthy development of Indonesian preschool children: An experimental study

Jalan Sesama was developed to address the developmental needs of Indonesian children ages 3 to 6 years. Using a randomized experimental research study design, this study examined the effect of a 14-week intervention on 160 children in the Pandeglang District in Indonesia’s Banten Province. Results offer solid evidence that early cognitive skills, literacy, mathematics, health and safety knowledge, social development, environmental awareness, and cultural awareness significantly improved from baseline to post-intervention. Those with the greatest exposure to Jalan Sesama performed the best, even after controlling for baseline scores, gender, age, and parents’ education. This paper describes how an educational media intervention can have great benefits, even in locales where the children face difficult hardships and lack basic resources.
Dynamic Patterns in Active Transport

A model for active transport is presented based on experiments of sugar uptake across bacterial membranes. The transport proteins in the membrane are assumed to undergo cooperative conformational changes, while mediating the active transport. When the nonlinear active transport flow is kinetically coupled to other flow processes such as passive diffusion or metabolic reactions, the system will exhibit interesting dynamically patterned behavior: multiple steady state transitions, overshoots with respect to the build up of the concentration within the cell resembling action potentials in nerve membranes, and spatial patterns of the transported species along the surface of the membrane. Some consequences of these dynamic processes are discussed.
Influence of estradiol and progesterone withdrawal on the secretion of and the temporal correlation between pulses of oxytocin and prostaglandin F2(alpha) in ewes.

The primary objective was to examine the effects of estradiol and the progesterone receptor antagonist onapristone on the pulsatile secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) and ovarian and pituitary oxytocin. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of estradiol and onapristone treatments was administered to groups of 5 ewes after destruction of ovarian follicles on Day 8 of the cycle. Estradiol treatments consisted of the administration of a silicone elastomer implant, either containing or not containing estradiol, on Day 8 plus 50 microg of estradiol or corn oil on Days 11 and 12. Onapristone (2 mg/kg) or its vehicle were administered on Day 13, immediately preceding the simultaneous collection of blood samples from the carotid artery, jugular vein, and vena cava at 7.5-min intervals for 7 h. Ewes were immediately killed for measurements of uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations and phosphatidylinositide turnover. More oxytocin pulses were detected in the jugular vein than in the carotid artery (p 0.1) of PGF(2alpha) pulses were correlated with oxytocin pulses as were not. The linked PGF(2alpha) pulses were longer in duration (p = 0.01) with a tendency toward a higher amplitude (p = 0.08). The corresponding vena caval oxytocin pulses had a longer duration (p = 0.02) than those not linked to PGF(2alpha). Estradiol increased oxytocin receptor concentrations and the turnover of phosphatidylinositides (p = 0.02) without affecting PGF(2alpha) pulse characteristics. Onapristone increased (p = 0.03) PGF(2alpha) pulse amplitude. Although a lower than expected temporal correlation between oxytocin and PGF(2alpha) pulses was observed, the distinguishing characteristics of linked pulses may be indicative of their physiological significance.
Direct Synthesis of Ru-Ni Nanoparticles with Core-and-Shell Structure

Nanoparticles of Ru-Ni with a core-and-shell structure were synthesized as potential catalysts for fuel cells and other applications in a single-step spray-pyrolysis process at 700°–800°C. The majority of the core consists of ruthenium, while the shell is predominately composed of nickel. Bimetallic nanoparticles with a core-and-shell structure are being considered as new and promising catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity, better stability, and higher resistance to contaminants for fuel cells and other applications. An aqueous precursor containing ruthenium chloride and nickel chloride was nebulized by an ultrasonic atomizer to generate an aerosol. Droplets were subsequently decomposed to form uniformly distributed Ru-Ni bimetallic nanoparticles, then deposited on a substrate. Atomic fractions and melting temperatures are expected to play a crucial role in the formation of core-and-shell structures.
Potential and realized reproduction by different worker castes in queen-less and queen-right colonies of Pogonomyrmex badius

Workers of the Florida harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex badius), the only North American Pogonomyrmex with a polymorphic worker caste, produce males when colonies are orphaned. In this study,we assessed the reproductive potential of workers of each caste group, minors and majors, in the presence and absence of the queen, and tested whether males produced in natural queen-right colonies are derived from workers. Worker size was positively correlated with ovariole number such that major workers had approximately double the number of ovarioles as minor workers. The number of vitellogenic oocytes, a measure of reproductive potential, was greater in major compared to minor workers and increased in both worker castes when queens were removed. Major workers have greater reproductive potential than minors although they represent a minority within the colony (~5% of workers are majors). Worker produced eggs were visible in colonies 28 – 35 days after queen removal. This time lag, from queen removal to egg production, is similar to other ants and bees. Though workers are capable of producing viable eggs, we found no evidence that they do so in queen-right colonies, suggesting that worker reproduction is controlled via some social mechanism (self restraint, policing, or inhibition). This result supports predictions of kin selection theory – that due to multiple mating by the queen workers are more related to queen-produced males than most worker-produced males and should thus favor reproduction by the queen and inhibit reproduction by other workers.
Molecular emission from single-bubble sonoluminescence.

Ultrasound can drive a single gas bubble in water into violent oscillation; as the bubble is compressed periodically, extremely short flashes of light (about 100 ps) are generated with clock-like regularity1,2,3,4. This process, known as single-bubble sonoluminescence, gives rise to featureless continuum emission4,5 in water (from 200 to 800 nm, with increasing intensity into the ultraviolet). In contrast, the emission of light from clouds of cavitating bubbles at higher acoustic pressures (multi-bubble sonoluminescence1) is dominated by atomic and molecular excited-state emission6,7,8,9,10,11 at much lower temperatures6. These observations have spurred intense effort to uncover the origin of sonoluminescence and to generalize the conditions necessary for its creation. Here we report a series of polar aprotic liquids that generate very strong single-bubble sonoluminescence, during which emission from molecular excited states is observed. Previously, single-bubble sonoluminescence from liquids other than water has proved extremely elusive12,13. Our results give direct proof of the existence of chemical reactions and the formation of molecular excited states during single-bubble cavitation, and provide a spectroscopic link between single- and multi-bubble sonoluminescence.
The von Economo neurons in the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex

The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in the frontoinsular cortex (FI) and limbic anterior (LA) area in great apes and humans but not in other primates. Our stereological counts of VENs in FI and LA show them to be more numerous in humans than in apes. In humans, small numbers of VENs appear the 36th week postconception, with numbers increasing during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere in postnatal brains; this may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. VENs are also present in elephants and whales and may be a specialization related to very large brain size. The large size and simple dendritic structure of these projection neurons suggest that they rapidly send basic information from FI and LA to other parts of the brain, while slower neighboring pyramids send more detailed information. Selective destruction of VENs in early stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) implies that they are involved in empathy, social awareness, and self-control, consistent with evidence from functional imaging.
Library Instruction for the Professions: Information Needs and Libraries

In this article, Hammond and Mitchell report on a survey of practitioners in four professions: accounting, architecture, psychology, and recreation/tourism. The authors sought data on how professionals looked for information to improve instruction programs, with a goal of providing graduates with information skills to use in their careers. Fewer than half of the survey respondents had discipline‐specific library instruction. Practitioners identify a need for information but a low use of electronic resources. Data support the necessity of information skills for those entering the professions; suggest that instruction be information‐centered rather than library‐centered; and show that continuing education for professionals in information finding is needed. The authors provide suggestions for changes in library instruction.
Splenic abscess with Vibrio cholerae masking pancreatic cancer

A 77-year-old man presented to our hospital with a clinical scenario suspicious for endocarditis with septic emboli to the lungs and splenic abscess. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from purulent material aspirated from the abscess. Medical therapy and percutaneous drainage of the abscess were unsuccessful. The patient underwent splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy revealing a pancreatic tail carcinoma involving the spleen and colon. The patient later expired secondary to metastatic disease. This case represents the first isolation of V. cholerae from a splenic abscess but also illustrates that although newer imaging technologies have made the diagnosis of splenic abscess easier, the true etiology of the abscess may remain elusive.
Parameterizing time in electronic health record studies

Background Fields like nonlinear physics offer methods for analyzing time series, but many methods require that the time series be stationary—no change in properties over time. Objective Medicine is far from stationary, but the challenge may be able to be ameliorated by reparameterizing time because clinicians tend to measure patients more frequently when they are ill and are more likely to vary. Methods We compared time parameterizations, measuring variability of rate of change and magnitude of change, and looking for homogeneity of bins of temporal separation between pairs of time points. We studied four common laboratory tests drawn from 25 years of electronic health records on 4 million patients. Results We found that sequence time—that is, simply counting the number of measurements from some start—produced more stationary time series, better explained the variation in values, and had more homogeneous bins than either traditional clock time or a recently proposed intermediate parameterization. Sequence time produced more accurate predictions in a single Gaussian process model experiment. Conclusions Of the three parameterizations, sequence time appeared to produce the most stationary series, possibly because clinicians adjust their sampling to the acuity of the patient. Parameterizing by sequence time may be applicable to association and clustering experiments on electronic health record data. A limitation of this study is that laboratory data were derived from only one institution. Sequence time appears to be an important potential parameterization.
A test object for evaluation of portal films

A test object has been designed for evaluation of the image quality of portal films in high energy photon radiation therapy. It consists of a pattern of notched polyvinyl chloride cylinders, fastened to a plastic sheet and immersed in water during exposure. In a pilot experiment, films produced with the test object were evaluated by a panel of observers. The results indicate that the use of the test object simulates the clinical application of portal films well. It is concluded that the test object can simplify studies of the efficacy of various methods to produce and view portal films.
Dynamical symmetry breaking in asymptotically free field theories

Two-dimensional massless fermion field theories with quartic interactions are analyzed. These models are asymptotically free. The models are expanded in powers of $\frac{1}{N,}$ where $N$ is the number of components of the fermion field. In such an expansion one can explicitly sum to all orders in the coupling constants. It is found that dynamical symmetry breaking occurs in these models for any value of the coupling constant. The resulting theories produce a fermion mass dynamically, in addition to a scalar bound state and, if the broken symmetry is continuous, a Goldstone boson. The resulting theories contain no adjustable parameters. The search for symmetry breaking is performed using functional techniques, the new feature here being that a composite field, say $\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}$, develops a nonvanishing vacuum expectation value. The "potential" of composite fields is discussed and constructed. General results are derived for arbitrary theories in which all masses are generated dynamically. It is proved that in asymptotically free theories the dynamical masses must depend on the coupling constants in a nonanalytic fashion, vanishing exponentially when these vanish. It is argued that infrared-stable theories, such as massless-fermion quantum electrodynamics, cannot produce masses dynamically. Four-dimensional scalar field theories with quartic interactions are analyzed in the large-$N$ limit and are shown to yield unphysical results. The models are extended to include gauge fields. It is then found that the gauge vector mesons acquire a mass through a dynamical Higgs mechanism. The higher-order corrections, of order $\frac{1}{N}$, to the models are analyzed. Essential singularities, of the Borel-summable type, are discovered at zero coupling constant. The origin of the singularities is the ultraviolet behavior of the theory.
Elastic Growth Models

Growth is involved in many fundamental biological processes such as morphogenesis, physiological regulation, or pathological disorders. It is, in general, a process of enormous complexity involving genetic, biochemical, and physical components at many different scales and with complex interactions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a simple introduction to the modeling of elastic growth. We first consider systems in one-dimensions (suitable to model filamentary structures)to introduce the key concepts. Second, we review the general three-dimensional theory and show how to apply it to the growth of cylindrical structures. Different possible growth mechanisms are considered.
Room Temperature Single-Photon Emission from Individual Perovskite Quantum Dots

Lead-halide-based perovskites have been the subject of numerous recent studies largely motivated by their exceptional performance in solar cells. Electronic and optical properties of these materials have been commonly controlled by varying the composition (e.g., the halide component) and/or crystal structure. Use of nanostructured forms of perovskites can provide additional means for tailoring their functionalities via effects of quantum confinement and wave function engineering. Furthermore, it may enable applications that explicitly rely on the quantum nature of electronic excitations. Here, we demonstrate that CsPbX3 quantum dots (X = I, Br) can serve as room-temperature sources of quantum light, as indicated by strong photon antibunching detected in single-dot photoluminescence measurements. We explain this observation by the presence of fast nonradiative Auger recombination, which renders multiexciton states virtually nonemissive and limits the fraction of photon coincidence events to ∼6% on average....
Which Companies Deliver on the Dividend Promise? New Evidence on Dividend Smoothing and Dynamic Dividend Behavior

This paper uses differences in corporate governance and ownership structure to explain the time series properties of dividends (in particular, dividend smoothing). I show that the implicit dividend promise is sustainable in the presence of weak monitoring. The reason is that weakly governed managers face increased pressure from shareholders and the market to comply with the observable dividend policy. I find that weakly governed managers make fewer dividend cuts, engage in more dividend smoothing, and adopt small regular dividend increases. The effect of governance on dividend changes is concentrated in firms with significant cash flow increases. The paper’s empirical strategy accounts for potential endogeneity of corporate governance and financial decisions. The dividend findings are robust to the use of overall payout. Persistent dividends exhibit a partial substitution with debt. JEL classification: G30, G34, G35
STRUCTURES OF THE ESTER-LINKED MONO- AND DIUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS OF PIG BRAIN.

The structural characterization of mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids present in ester form in pig brain is described. The acids were isolated by mild saponification of total lipids and esterified. The esters were then separated using column, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography, and the positions of the double bonds were determined by oxidative ozonolysis. Forty-seven acids were found, 25 of which have not been previously reported to occur in natural sources. These include the even- and odd-numbered monoenoic acids and the even-numbered dienoic acids 16 to 22 carbon atoms long. Each acid proved to consist of three to six positional isomers. Judging by the positions of the double bonds, the longer monoenoic acids appear to be formed by chain elongation with C2 units from shorter unsaturated acids: 16:19 (palmitoleate), 16:16, 17:19, 18:19 (oleate), and 19:19. The dienoic acids appear to be Formed from linoleate, palmitoleate, oleate, and 16:16.
Cellular Immune Activity of a Galactomannan-Protein Complex from Mycelia of Histoplasma capsulatum

A galactomannan-protein complex was extracted from defatted mycelium of Histoplasma capsulatum with 0.25 N alkali at 25 C. It accounted for 7.5% of the cell dry weight in nondialyzable form and had a galactose-mannose ratio of 2:5. The complex containing 68% protein was separated into polysaccharide and glycoprotein components by ion-exchange chromatography. The galactomannan formed a single precipitate in immunodiffusion, sharing a common antigen with the glycoprotein which contained two precipitating antigens. The glycoprotein elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs as measured by skin-test and macrophage migration inhibitory factor assay, with 5 μg resulting in 86% specific inhibition. The galactomannan was skin-test negative, but 10 μg resulted in 80% specific inhibition of migration. Images
New Type of Sampling Method of Restraining Harmonic of the Transducer

Frequency control technology of AC motor is more widely,but the output voltage of transducer contains a large number of the harmonic.In order to eliminate harmonic effectively of the traditional sampling method,a new type of sampling method is put forward.The simulation model of frequency controlling is established by using Matlab.The simulation results demonstrate that the method can confirm the time of on-off of sampling points accurately and restrain the harmonic effectively,which makes the harmonic distortion less than 5%.
HPLC determination of five water soluble vitamins in multivitamin tablets

Objective:To establish a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of nicotinic acid,vitamin B1,vitamin B6,niacin amide,vitamin B2 in multivitamin tablets.Methods:Phenomenex C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) was used,using 0.05 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate as A mobile phase and B:acetonitrile,gradient elution;the column temperature: 35℃;detector wavelength:265 nm;flow rate:0.8 ml/min.Results:The liner ranges of nicotinic acid,vitamin B1,vitamin B6,niacin amide,vitamin B2 were 6.15~393.76 μg/ml,6.44~412.32 μg/ml,6.85~438.24 μg/ml,6.46~413.12 μg/ml and 3.26~52.15 μg/ml.The average recovery were 104.8%,99.7%,95.3%,103.4% and 96.9%,respectively.Conclusion:This method is rapid,convenient and accurate for the simultaneous determination of five vitamins.
Condition Monitoring Tools for Tribologists

This paper addresses technologies for minimizing the impact and occurrence of critical failures in mechanical systems. Attention is focused on tools of use to a tribologist in detecting and identifying incipient material failures, predicting the occurrence of such failures, and monitoring the condition of a triboelement in real-time.
Transport of solute in proximal tubules is modified by changes in medium osmolality

To examine the hypothesis that fluid absorption is driven by transepithelial osmotic differences, we measured such differences in proximal tubules perfused under oil and attempted to increase the rate of fluid absorption (Jv) and hence the absorbate-perfusate osmotic differences by lowering the osmolality of the perfusate. We were able to consistently increase Jv in this manner only in proximal straight tubules perfused with a simple perfusate that contained no bicarbonate or amino acids. With the simple perfusate, a small but significant increase in the absorbate-perfusate osmolality difference was seen with increased Jv, which is expected if the volume absorption is driven by a transepithelial osmotic difference. In addition, lowering the perfusate osmolality from 290 to 160 mosmol/kg H2O increased the rate of solute absorption from 79 +/- 7 to 91 +/- 8 posmol . min-1 . mm-1; this increase was partly accounted for by an increase in the rate of absorption of glucose from 6.6 +/- 0.9 to 9.5 +/- 1.1 pmol . min-1 . mm-1. In contrast, with the complete perfusate in proximal straight tubules there was little or no increment in Jv, no change in transepithelial osmolality differences, and a decrease in the rate of solute transport with hypoosmolality from 136 +/- 21 to 87 +/- 22 posmol . min-1 . mm-1. In proximal convoluted tubules, similar results were obtained, but a time-dependent decline of Jv complicated the interpretation of the results in the convoluted tubules. It is hypothesized that the observed changes in solute transport with hypotonic perfusate may be the result of changes in membrane permeability that are subsequent to cell swelling.
Treatment of aneurysms of the aortic arch: A progress report

Graft replacement therapy was employed in the treatment of 67 patients with aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch. Patients were divided into three groups according to the extent of the aneurysm, which determined method of treatment and results. Group I consisted of 37 patients with distal aneurysms treated by simple proximal and distal clamping and aortic reconstruction, with survival in 36. Similarly located lesions in three patients in Group II, in whom the aorta could not be clamped proximally, were treated by hypothermia and circulatory arrest without graft inclusion technique, with survival in one. In Group III, the 27 patients, three with recurrent lesions and 19 with extensive aneurysms including the entire aorta in four, were treated by hypothermia, brachiocephalic arterial clamping, graft inclusion, and direct brachiocephalic vessel reattachment. The distal aneurysmal disease was replaced in most cases by a staged operation including total aortic replacement in two patients. Of the 27 patients in this group, 26 survived both the arch and subsequent operations.
A parallel local search framework for the Fixed-Charge Multicommodity Network Flow problem

We present a parallel local search approach for obtaining high quality solutions to the Fixed Charge Multicommodity Network Flow problem (FCMNF). The approach proceeds by improving a given feasible solution by solving restricted instances of the problem where flows of certain commodities are fixed to those in the solution while the other commodities are locally optimized. We derive multiple independent local search neighborhoods from an arc-based mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation of the problem which are explored in parallel. Our scalable parallel implementation takes advantage of the hybrid memory architecture in modern platforms and the effectiveness of MIP solvers in solving small problems instances. Computational experiments on FCMNF instances from the literature demonstrate the competitiveness of our approach against state of the art MIP solvers and other heuristic methods. HighlightsNew parallel LNS algorithm for finding quality solutions to FCMNF instances.Solution improvements are found by the concurrent optimization of LNS.A novel parallel method allows to combine the improvements found concurrently.Parallel efficiency and scalability allow the optimization of large-scale instances.Extensive sets of experiments show the competitiveness of our approach.
Confronting 'Unwelcomeness' from the Outside: Using Case Theory to Tell the Stories of Sexually-Harassed Women

The legal definition of sexual harassment, which requires a plaintiff to prove the harassing conduct was “unwelcome,” reinforces traditional, disempowering assumptions about women. Litigation on this issue revitalizes sex stereotypes in interpreting the plaintiff’s behavior and whether she welcomed the harassment. Professor Jackson argues that this adverse doctrine presents a decision-making crossroads for the lawyer and client. The choice between telling a story that either conforms with or challenges the underlying societal assumptions should be made intentionally, particularly when the client’s story places her outside the dominant expectations for women. The process of creating potential case theories to represent a contextualized sexual harassment client demonstrates how storytelling can be used to challenge legally enshrined stereotypes, such as the unwelcomeness construct, from the perspective of the outsider client. Legal education has been criticized, most recently in an extensive study conducted by the Carnegie Foundation, for failing to sufficiently focus on narrative thinking and practical apprenticeships. In this article, Professor Jackson asserts that law students should be engaged in framing outsider client narratives to counter the adverse effects of the unwelcome conduct inquiry and undermine existing stereotypes. This article proposes a model for inculcating these theories and techniques in a law school classroom by promoting the power of client storytelling and engaging students in conscious decision-making about how client stories can be used to challenge assumptions about outsider clients.
“Utility and beauty should be one:” The landscape of Jack London’s ranch of good intentions

Jack London—popular author, avid traveler, and vocal socialist—left two legacies to the world: his writings and his Beauty Ranch. This paper examines the common principles influencing London’s self-expression in writing and across the landscape.
Hippocampal Response to a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention in Sedentary Older Adults.

Background Greater hippocampal volume is observed in healthy older adults after short-term structured exercise. Whether long-term exposure to real-world physical activity (PA) programs has similar effects for sedentary older adults with impaired mobility and comorbid conditions is not known. Hypothesis A long-term moderate intensity regimen of PA is related to larger volume of the hippocampus in older adults at risk for mobility disability. We further explore whether these associations are modified by factors known to be related to dementia. Methods Twenty-six sedentary adults at risk for mobility disability participated in a 24-month randomized intervention program of physical activity (PA, N = 10, age: 74.9 years, 7 women) or health education (HE, N = 16, age: 76.8 years, 14 women). Volumes of total hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and cornu ammonis were measured at baseline and at 24-month follow-up using 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Between-group volumetric differences at 24 months were adjusted for sessions attended and baseline volumes. The contribution of each dementia-related factor was tested separately for education, APOE, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, white matter hyperintensities, and brain atrophy. Results Between-group differences were significant for left hippocampus, left cornu ammonis, and right hippocampus. Adjustment for regional baseline volume attenuated the associations to statistically nonsignificant for right hippocampus and left conru ammonis; associations for left hippocampus were robust for all adjustments. Results were similar after adjustment for dementia-related factors. Conclusions In this group of sedentary older adults there was a hippocampal response to a long-term program of moderate-intensity PA. Future studies should examine whether hippocampal response could explain the beneficial effects of PA on cognition for vulnerable older adults.
The Efflux Transporter ABCG2 Maintains Prostate Stem Cells.

Prostate stem cells (PSC) are characterized by their intrinsic resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), possibly due to the lack of androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSCs resistance to ADT and PSC expansion in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has sparked great interest in using differentiation therapy as an adjuvant to ADT. Understanding the mechanisms, by which PSCs maintain their undifferentiated phenotype, thus has important implications in differentiation therapy. In the prostate, the ATP binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) transporters, which enrich for AR-positive, ADT-resistant PSCs, play an important role in regulating the intracellular androgen levels by effluxing androgens. We hypothesized that the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux is responsible for maintaining PSCs in an undifferentiated state. Using the HPr-1-AR (nontumorigenic) and CWR-R1 (tumorigenic) prostate cell lines, it was demonstrated that inhibiting the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux, with Ko143 (ABCG2 inhibitor), increased the nuclear AR expression due to elevated intracellular androgen levels. Increased nuclear translocation of AR is followed by increased expression of AR regulated genes, a delayed cell growth response, and increased luminal differentiation. Furthermore, Ko143 reduced tumor growth rates in mice implanted with ABCG2-expressing CWR-R1 cells. In addition, Ko143-treated mice had more differentiated tumors as evidenced by an increased percentage of CK8+/AR+ luminal cells and decreased percentage of ABCG2-expressing cells. Thus, inhibiting ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux forces the PSCs to undergo an AR-modulated differentiation to an ADT-sensitive luminal phenotype. Implications: This study identifies the mechanism by which the prostate stem cell marker, ABCG2, plays a role in prostate stem cell maintenance and provides a rationale for targeting ABCG2 for differentiation therapy in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 128–40. ©2016 AACR.
Elimination of Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) from Platelets Reduces Atherosclerosis and Increases HDL Cholesterol in C57Bl/6 and ApoE−/− Mice.

There is a presence of circulating, activated platelets in blood of patients with atherosclerosis, coronary disease and hypercholesterolemia. Upon activation, platelets release a large amount of platelet factor 4 (PF4), a platelet specific chemokine. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated several potentially proatherogenic properties of PF4 including alteration of LDL metabolism and cellular trafficking, and activation of NFkB, a proinflammatory transcription factor involved in atherosclerosis. We have also localized PF4 to human atherosclerotic lesions. However, to date, no direct in vivo evidence for the involvement of PF4 in atherogenesis. In the current study, we have bred PF4−/− mice onto two athero-susceptible backgrounds, WT-C57Bl/6(WT) and apoE−/−, to examine the importance of PF4 in atherogenesis. PF4−/− and PF4−/−apoE−/− (DKO) mice are viable and healthy, with no spontaneous bleeding disorders. In order to induce atherosclerosis, WT and PF4−/− mice were fed an atherogenic Paigen diet for 30 weeks (Study 1), while apoE−/− and DKO mice were fed a high fat Western style diet for 10 weeks (Study 2). Examination of lesions in the aortic roots of Study 1 animals demonstrated a 5-fold reduction in PF4−/− compared to WT mice (p = 0.008). Measurement of cholesterol levels demonstrated similar total and non-HDL cholesterol levels in WT and PF4−/− mice. However, HDL cholesterol was significantly increased in PF4−/− mice compared to WT (2.5-fold, p = 0.001). Examination of apoE−/− mice (Study 2) demonstrated similar changes, with DKO mice demonstrating a 2.7-fold reduction in aortic atherosclerosis (measured by the en face method; p = 0.03) and a 1.7-fold increase in HDL cholesterol (p = 0.02) compared to apoE−/− mice. Although platelet counts were increased by ~30% in mice lacking PF4, the activation state of the platelets in our mice at sacrifice (WT vs PF4−/− and apoE−/− vs DKO) were similar as measured by both p-selectin expression and annexin V binding. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the platelet specific chemokine PF4 promotes atherosclerotic lesion development in vivo.
Internal Charge Estimates for Satellites in Low Earth Orbit and Space Environment Attribution

Space assets are continuously bathed by charged particles making their components susceptible to the effects of spacecraft charging. While their orbits are not embedded within the radiation belts, low earth orbiting assets with high inclinations do pass through the horns of these belts during each polar crossing, transiting through potentially dangerous charged particle populations many times per day. Occasionally, these low altitude horns include significant populations of energetic ~1 MeV electrons, which can penetrate typical spacecraft shielding and accumulate within dielectric materials and on ungrounded conductors, a process known as internal charging. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) have experienced on-orbit anomalies in the boost voltage regulator (BVR) that is suspected to be associated with the accumulation and discharge of ~800 keV electrons. We have used observations from the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) instrument and a first principles model of charge accumulation [11] to develop estimates of electron internal charge (IC) accumulation over the lifetime of each POES and Metop spacecraft for a range of typical discharge time constants. With the advantage afforded by a larger database of anomalies, we are able to show that these BVR anomalies are generally not attributable in a simple way to the accumulation and subsequent discharge from >800 keV nor a higher fluence of lower energy >300 keV electrons. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first long-term estimates of IC for spacecraft in highly inclined low earth orbits.