cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide sequence and mode of transmission of the wild mouse ecotropic virus, HoMuLV.

Abstract HoMuLV is an NB-tropic wild mouse leukemia virus (MuLV) with ecotropic host range which induces lymphoma, erythroleukemia, and myelogenous leukemia in NIH Swiss mice. Although HoMuLV uses the same cell surface receptor as other ecotropic MuLVs, hybridization studies suggested that the HoMuLV envelope glycoprotein differs from that of other ecotropic MuLVs. We have now molecularly cloned HoMuLV and sequenced its LTR, gag , and env regions. HoMuLV differs markedly from other MuLVs in the LTR U3 region, in the SU protein of env , and in p12 gag . U3 contains a single copy of a sequence analogous to the direct repeat found in other LTRs, and this region includes several previously defined protein binding sites. The predicted amino acid sequence for the coding regions of env and gag reveal that p12 and the SU protein show less than 59 and 65% sequence identity, respectively, with those of other MuLVs. A 0.6-kb segment of the 5′ region of the HoMuLV env was used as a hybridization probe to examine inbred and wild mouse genomic DNAs for proviral sequences. HoMuLV env sequences were not present in the germline of any of the inbred strains or wild mice examined including the Mus hortulanus mice which harbored infectious virus. Therefore, HoMuLV represents an evolutionarily related, but distinct, subgroup of ecotropic MuLV which is not genetically transmitted in its natural host.
Pure and simple shear plateau uplift, Altiplano-Puna, Argentina and Bolivia

Abstract The concepts of pure and simple shear strain provide a meaningful way of discussing the alternative modes of lithospheric shortening which produced uplift of the central Andean plateau. Since 10 Ma, discrete segments of the plateau exemplify pure or simple shear modes. Characteristics of the simple shear mode are a flanking thin-skinned thrust belt, and subdued relief and lack of significant Late Miocene to Recent deformation within the plateau. The pure shear mode is characterized by more rugged internal relief and active neotectonic deformation within the plateau and thick-skinned foreland deformation involving seismic deformation of the crust to 30 km or more. These modes of crustal thickening correlate with changes in lithosphere thickness, modes of isostatic compensation, broad wavelength topography and back-arc magmatism. The correlation of the boundary between pure and simple shear segments with major changes in pre-existing anisotropies in the foreland of the orogen suggests that events which long pre-date the Andean orogeny indirectly controlled the along-strike variation in the magnitude and style of shortening in the central Andes and may have influenced the development of flat subduction.
RAMAN SCATTERING AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF AxC60

Raman scattering measurements of line width variations in AxC60 ultrathin films provide detailed information on vibrational coupling of Hg or Ag modes relevant to superconductivity. In situ, UHV studies of 400A thick Rb3C60 and K3C60 films indicate somewhat similar behavior, suggesting the predominance of low frequency Hg(2) radial modes for electron-phonon coupling. Measurements of nonsuperconducting NaxC60 in ultrathin films, in contrast, yield reduced line broadening effects for Hg(8) and Hg(2) modes relative to Rb and K materials.
Autonomic performance and power control for co-located Web applications on virtualized servers

In a data center, various components of Web applications co-located on virtualized servers exhibit complex time-varying interactions and interference. It has a significant impact on the user perceived performance and power consumption of the underlying system. We propose and develop APPLEware, an autonomic middleware for joint performance and power control of co-located Web applications. It features a distributed control structure that provides performance assurance and energy efficiency for large complex systems. It applies machine learning based self-adaptive modeling to capture the complex and time-varying relationship between the application performance and allocation of resources to various application components, in the presence of highly dynamic and bursty workloads and inter-application performance interference. The distributed controllers perform coordinated resource allocation to meet the service level agreements of applications in an agile and energy-efficient manner. Experimental results based on a testbed implementation with benchmark applications demonstrate APPLEware's effectiveness and energy efficiency.
Assessing the effects of factors that might underlie the differential perception of acquaintance and stranger rape

There is evidence to suggest that in an acquaintance rape the victim is perceived less favorably and there is more leniency toward the perpetrator than in a stranger rape. The purpose of the present study was to assess the perceptual effects of factors that might underlie this differential perception. Victim-perpetrator attraction and ambiguity in victim's desire for intercourse were varied since both are often perceived to occur at a much higher frequency in acquaintance rape than stranger rape. The design of the study was a 3 (victim-perpetrator attraction — minimal, moderate, maximal) × 2 (ambiguity in desire for intercourse — ambiguous, relatively unambiguous) × 2 (gender of subject — male, female) factorial. The results indicated that ambiguity had a significant effect on perceptions. More specifically, perception tended to be less favorable toward the victim and more lenient toward the defendant when there was ambiguity in the victim's desire for intercourse. Additionally, when compared to females, males' perception tended to be less favorable toward the victim and more lenient toward the perpetrator. There were no other significant main effects or interactions. The implications of these findings for the differential perception of acquaintance and stranger rape are discussed.
On the role of error productions in syntactic error correction

Error productions are presented as a means of augmenting syntactic error correctors. Such productions are able to simply and efficiently handle a wide variety of difficult error situations. Furthermore, they can be employed without changing (or even knowing) the structure of the error correction algorithm being used. Examples of the use of error productions with the programming language Pascal are presented. Implementation and test results are included.
Anaheim Advanced Traffic Control System Field Operations Test: A Technical Evaluation of SCOOT

This article provides a technical evaluation of the traffic control element of the Anaheim Advanced Traffic Control System Field Operations Test (FOT), sponsored by the US Department of Transportation. The primary objective for this test was the evaluation of adaptive traffic signal control technologies, including the Split Cycle and Offset Optimization Technique (SCOOT) for intersection signal control. The SCOOT evaluation was defined relative to existing, first generation Urban Traffic Control System (UTCS)-based control using standard US field detectorization. This US geometry is not the detector configuration normally used with SCOOT. SCOOT was implemented with some degree of success, though technical problems limited its performance. Anaheim's existing communication and controller systems contributed major deployment limitations since they were less adequate than anticipated. SCOOT remains in use in selected areas, with plans for system expansion.
Assembly Fixture Fault Diagnosis Using Designated Component Analysis

A new approach to fixture fault diagnosis, designated component analysis (DCA), is proposed for automotive body assembly systems using multivariate statistical analysis. Instead of estimating the fault patterns solely from the process data as in principal component analysis (PCA), DCA defines a set of mutually orthogonal vectors identified from known product/process knowledge to represent fault patterns, estimates their significance from data, and analyzes the correlation among the designated components. Hence, the sheet metal dimensional variation is mathematically decomposed into a series of mutually orthogonal rigid body motions with known patterns. Remaining deflections can be estimated by PCA after rigid body motions have been removed from the data. As a result, the designated components, along with their correlations, facilitate the diagnosis of multiple fixture faults that exist simultaneously and isolate deflections from other variation components. An application example is used to illustrate DCA's effectiveness and potentials.
EXECUTIVE EDUCATION FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A SURVEY

ABSTRACT Executive education is a growth industry in the United States. Executive education programs and, more particularly, the variety of teaching techniques they use, promise to be key issues in the field of public administration in as much as they may be precursors of techniques and technology that will be used in more traditional teaching venues. This study reports the results of a survey of executive education programs conducted in 1998 under the auspices of the South Carolina Executive Institute. The survey covered four areas – curriculum, participants, faculty, and program administration. We conclude that the immediate future of executive education likely will be marked by a continuing emphasis on customization, experimental learning, and rigorous evaluation of the results. Two areas in which there are likely to be more significant departures from existing practices in public sector executive education are program alliances and the use of new communications and information technology.
The effects on student achievement and attitudes when using integrated learning systems with cooperative pairs

The purpose of this study was to determine whether combining cooperative learning strategies with instruction delivered using an Integrated Learning System (ILS) produced academic and attitudinal gains in students. Sixty-five fifth-grade students were randomly divided into two groups, cooperative and individual. Students in the cooperative group worked on ILS math activities with a partner. Students in the individual group worked on the same activities by themselves. Achievement and attitudinal data were collected for the students prior to the experimental treatment and at the end of the treatment period. Results revealed that students using an ILS for mathematics instruction performed better on standardized tests and were more positive toward math and the computer math activities when they worked in cooperative groups than when they worked on the same activities individually.
High-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IC) in treatment of cervical carcinoma: 5-year results and implication of increased low-grade rectal complication on initiation of an HDR-IC fractionation scheme

Abstract Purpose : To report the treatment results and rectal/bladder complications of cervival carcinoma radically treated with high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IC). The current policty of using three-fraction scheme was examined. Methods and Materials : Between November 1987 and August 1990, 173 patients with cervical carcinoma were treated with curative-intent radiation therapy. Whole pelvic irradiation was administered with 10-MV X ray. Dose to the central cervix was 40–44 Gy in 20–22 fractions, following by pelvic wall boost 6–14 Gy in three to seven fractions with central shielding. 60Co sources were used for HDR-IC, and 7.2 Gy was given to Point A for three applications, 1–2 weeks apart. Duration of follow-up was 5–7.8 years. Results : Twenty-eight patients (16%) developed central-regional recurrences. Overall 5-year actuarial pelvic control rate was 83%. By stage, 5-year actuarial pelvic control rates were 94%, 87%, and 72% for Stages IB + IIA, IIB + IIIA, and IIIB + IVA, respectively. Thirty-one patients (18%) developed distant metastasis. Overall 5-year actuarial survival rate was 58%. By stage, 5-year actuarial survival rates were 79%, 59%, and 41% for Stages IB + IIA, IIB + IIIA, and IIIB + IVA, respectively. Sixty-six (38%) and 19 patients (11%) developed rectal and bladder complications, respectively. For rectal complication, the overall actuarial rate was 38% at 5 years. By grade, 5-year actuarial rectal complication rates were 24%, 15%, 4%, and 3% for GRades 1–4, respectively. Overall prevalence of rectal complications was 37% and 14% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. Prevalence of low-grade rectal complication (Grades 1 and 2) was dominant at 2 years (30%), but declined to 8% at 5 years. Prevalence of high-grade, severe rectal complication (Grade 3 and 4) remained steady at 2 and 5 years (7% and 6%, respectively). Five-year actuarial bladder complication was 9%. Five-year prevalence of bladder complication was 2%. Conclusion : Using a three-fraction scheme, survival rate appeared comparable with the existing results of the low-dose-rate technique. The incidence of rectal complication with this scheme remained relatively high. The increased part of rectal complication was predominantly low grade. This result suggested that therapeutic gain with this scheme may not be good enough to circumvent its biologic disadvantage. Number of fractions > 3 must be considered in future trials.
Design and field test of a continuously weighing, tipping‐bucket assembly for aeolian sand traps

A new tipping-bucket assembly (T-BASS) for aeolian sand traps has been designed and field tested with encouraging results. It facilitates high-frequency monitoring of sediment flux over extensive time periods, and therefore offers improved performance over other continuously weighing mechanisms that are generally limited to either a small total-load capacity or poor resolving ability. The T-BASS is a modified version of the tipping-bucket meteorological rain gauge mounted on a cantilever and pulley system linked to an electronic load cell. As trapped sand accumulates in one of the buckets, the increasing mass exerts a downward force on the cantilever arm, which translates into a slight deflection of the thin-beam element of the load cell. The resulting voltage output is proportional to the load, and the analogue signal may be monitored by a data-acquisition system. Eventually the bucket fills to capacity and tips, the sediment load is emptied into a reservoir container, the other bucket of the bucket pair is positioned beneath the funnel, and the system is automatically reset to zero load for continued measurement. In this way, a high-frequency record of sediment accumulation is obtained. Field testing of five prototypes demonstrated that the T-BASS can be configured to yield: (i) linear calibrations (for conversion of voltage to gram weight) with R2 values exceeding 0·99; (ii) weight resolution of 0·99; (ii) weight resolution of 0·1 g or better depending on load-cell specifications and bucket capacity; and (iii) detailed temporal information (order of 1 s) on sediment flux allowing investigation of its relation to attributes of the wind field. Suggested modifications may produce improved performance in future versions. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastolic Dysfunction in the Elderly—The Interstitial Issue

Diastolic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a cause of congestive heart failure. Meta-analyses of earlier studies of this disorder suggest that 40%-50% of patients with the congestive heart failure syndrome have preserved left ventricular systolic function, with current estimates ranging up to 74%. Among patients >or=65 years of age with congestive heart failure, 55% of all subjects and 67% of women had normal systolic function. Histopathologic evaluation reveals a maladaptive remodeling of the interstitium associated with aging, resulting in an increase in interstitial collagen content. The interstitium normally plays a critical role in the generation of early diastolic suction. When there is a significant enough increase in myocardial collagen volume fraction, with its increased viscoelastic burden, this normal early diastolic suction is compromised and diastolic pressures increase. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction ensues. Neurohumoral abnormalities associated with diastolic dysfunction include activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, including increased elaboration of myocardial aldosterone. This excess of aldosterone appears to play a major role in the development of myocardial fibrosis. Recent observations in animal models and humans have demonstrated regression of interstitial collagen volume fraction in response to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aldosterone inhibition, with improvement in diastolic function. Therapeutic implications of these observations suggest targeting the maladaptive remodeling of the interstitium via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Comparison of some metabolic responses in normal and asthmatic subjects to epinephrine and glucagon.

Abstract Nine asymptomatic asthmatic men and 9 normal men were given an intravenous infusion of epinephrine 0.1 μg per kilogram per minute for 10 minutes. Blood samples were taken every 10 minutes for an hour and analyzed for glucose, free fatty acids, and glycerol. Initial values of these metabolites were similar in both groups, but the rise in glucose was smaller in the asthmatic group. There was no difference in the rise in free fatty acid and glycerol. Six asthmatic men and 9 normal men were given 7 μg per kilogram glucagon intravenously. The blood glucose response was smaller in the asthmatic group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The diminished hyperglycemic response to epinephrine in patients with asthma who were not receiving sympathomimetics or corticosteroid drugs and who were asymptomatic at the time of the study indicates that asthma itself is associated with a diminished glycemic response to epinephrine.
An index for diagnostic accuracy in the multiple disease setting

Rationale and Objectives Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy in the clinical environment should entail some assessment of performance in patients with multiple abnormalities. Although receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves often are used to assess the diagnostic accracy of imaging systems, the concept is not easily generalizable to patients with multiple abnormalities. I propose a measure of diagnostic accuracy that is a generalization of the area under the ROC curve for a single disease. Methods The proposed measure of diagnostic accuracy is a weighted average of the area under individual ROC curves for the single disease setting and of components representing areas under ROC curves constructed for patients with multiple diseases. Several options are discussed for scoring the presence of abnormality for patients who have two or more abnormalities. Results Methods of estimating diagnostic accuracy are demonstrated on a set of data in which more than one third of the abnormal cases included multiple abnormalities of chest disease. Conclusion An easy-to-use method is given to estimate diagnostic accuracy in the multiple abnormality setting. This should make it easier to incorporate cases with multiple abnormalities when assessing the diagnostic accuracy of imaging systems.
Generalization of HGMS theory: The capture of ultra-fine particles

A generalized HGMS theory describing particle capture of ultra-fine particles is formulated and the conditions for the appearance of the dynamic and static buildup are analyzed. A particle size criterion for the generalized and conventional theories to become coincidental is established. Typical examples of capture of paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic particles are used to illustrate the consequences of the new theory.
Hyers-Ulam stability of Flett's points

Abstract In this paper, we show that Flett's points are stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam.
Nanowire crystals of a rigid rod conjugated polymer.

In this paper, we show that well-defined, highly crystalline nanowires of a rigid rod conjugated polymer, a poly(para-phenylene ethynylene)s derivative with thioacetate end groups (TA-PPE), can be obtained by self-assembling from a dilute solution. Structural analyses demonstrate the nanowires with an orthorhombic crystal unit cell wherein the lattice parameters are a ≈ 13.63 A, b ≈ 7.62 A, and c ≈ 5.12 A; in the nanowires the backbones of TA-PPE chains are parallel to the nanowire long axis with their side chains standing on the substrate. The transport properties of the nanowires examined by organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) suggest the highest charge carrier mobility approaches 0.1 cm2/(V s) with an average value at ∼10−2 cm2/(V s), which is 3−4 orders higher than that of thin film transistors made by the same polymer, indicating the high performance of the one-dimensional polymer nanowire crystals. These results are particular intriguing and valuable for both examining the intrinsic properties ...
Accessing Trusted Web Sites from Low-Integrity Systems without End-Host Snooping

The weakest link in secure web site access is often the end-host. Any malicious software installed there, or a runtime browser compromise, can lead to theft of critical information which is stored locally. Today's state-of-the-art in host-based intrusion detection and prevention systems has not succeeded in eradicating this problem. In this paper, we introduce an orthogonal solution: a system that guarantees the confidentiality of sensitive documents produced during web transactions, even on a compromised browser or operating system. Compared to other solutions that utilizes virtual machines, our approach does not require user to run multiple guests and switch between them. Rather, to get the guarantees, users can switch the mode of operation of its current system to custom-defined compartments when necessary. Documents created in specific compartment will only be accessible within that compartment and can only flow between the authorized sites stated in the corresponding compartment policy. The system only requires a trusted hyper visor within which the user's low-integrity OS runs as a guest. We describe the architecture of the system, a prototype implementation, and the modifications to the hyper visor to make transitions into and out of secure compartment(s) fast enough for interactive use.
Dose‐related effects of oral acetaminophen on cold‐induced pain: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial

The cold-pressor test is a widely used pain-induction model in humans. This method has been shown to be a sensitive measure for detecting opioid analgesia. However, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have not produced consistent analgesic effects with use of this model. The analgesic effect of acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol) on cold pressor-induced pain has not been reported by other investigators. In this study, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to evaluate the dose-related effects of oral acetaminophen on cold pressor-induced pain in 18 normal healthy human subjects. We observed dose-related analgesic activity of oral acetaminophen using the cold pressor-induced pain model in these subjects. There were statistically significant main effects of both dose and time (pain and bothersomeness ratings decreased with increasing drug dose and increased over time). In pairwise comparisons only the contrast between the highest dose of acetaminophen (1000 mg) and placebo reached statistical significance. Results from our study suggest that the cold-pressor method may have clinical value in evaluating nonopioid analgesic agents.
Non-standard models for formal logics

showed that there must be a model in which that portion of the model which is supposed to represent the positive integers of the formal logic is not in fact isomorphic to the positive integers; indeed it is not even well ordered by what is supposed to be the relation of <. For the purposes of the present paper, we do not need a precise definition of what is meant by a standard model of a formal logic. The non-standard models which we shall discuss will be flagrantly non-standard, as for instance a model of the sort whose existence is proved by Henkin. It will suffice if we and our readers are in agreement that a model of a formal logic is not a standard model if either: (a) The relation in the model which represents the equality relation in the formal logic is not the equality relation for objects of the model. (b) That portion of the model which is supposed to represent the positive integers of the formal logic is not well ordered by the relation <. (c) That portion of the model which is supposed to represent the ordinal numbers of the formal logic is not well ordered by the relation <. Our first result is that there is no standard model for the system known as "Quine's New Foundations" (see [2] and [3]). This is proved for the logic originally proposed by Quine (see [2]), which is a system of such apparent weakness that so far no one has succeeded in proving the axiom of infinity in the system. Clearly, if there is no standard model for this apparently weak system, there cannot be a standard model for any apparently stronger system which one might form by adding additional axioms, such as the axiom of infinity. A natural reaction to this result would be to suspect that there is no model of any sort for Quine's New Foundations; that is to suspect that it is inconsistent. An alternative (and much less likely) reaction would be to suspect that the property of not having a standard model is perhaps a not uncommon property of strong formal logics, and to suspect that perhaps several of the familiar strong formal logics have no standard model. Unlikely as this might appear at first sight, we will present considerable evidence in favor of the idea. In particular we shall show that it is a property of each of the familiar formal logics that if it is w-consistent then one cannot prove in the logic itself that if the logic is consistent it must have a standard model; in fact, one cannot prove this statement about the logic even in certain stronger logics if these stronger logics are simply consistent.
Internal solitary waves near a turning point

Abstract We report an unexpected result and illustrate the mechanism by which a solitary wave propagating on a thermocline reverses its polarity as it passes through a turning point near the shoreline.
Simple Pi burst micropulsation events and associated aurora at two sites in Alaska

Abstract Type Pi magnetic-field pulsation bursts were selected for which the associated aurorae were relatively simple and stable and occurred in the ionosphere between College and Fort Yukon in alaska. Power spectral-density traces for College and Fort Yukon H and D were computed and were studied relative to the aurora and to more complex events presented in earlier studies. The power spectral-density traces associated to simpler aurora were found to be consistent with the assumption of simpler 3-dimensional current systems as generators of the Pi waves. The spectra of associated precipitation pulsations had a peak near 10mHz in common with the magnetic field spectra in all events, and also near 3 mHz in one event. The precipitation pulsations at 3 and 10mHz may have enhanced the magnetic field spectra at those frequencies through modulation of the ionospheric resistance to the current.
The clinical significance of treatment gains resulting from exposure-based interventions for agoraphobia: A reanalysis of outcome data

We reanalyzed outcome data from a series of studies investigating the efficacy of exposure-based treatments for agoraphobia. Applying statistical criteria developed by Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf (1984) to determine clinically significant change whenever possible, the reanalysis of 11 data sets yielded an average improvement rate across all data sets of 58%. The percentages of clinets who actually recovered in response to exposure-based treatments was considerably lower: Only 27% of the clients ended therapy with little or no residual agoraphobic behavior. Generally, the treatment gains that were made were maintained over the course of various follow-up periods. Discussion focused on methodological issues such as criteria for good outcome measures and the pros and cons of standardized versus a priori measures of clinical significance, clinical issues involving the implications of these findings, and suggestions in the literature for how to increase treatment efficacy.
Joseph Spence's Garden in Byfleet: Some new descriptions

Abstract Soon after Joseph Spence and Alexander Pope became acquainted in 1726 through the former's Essay on Pope's Odyssey (published in June of that year), the two found they shared an interest in gardening. In the first letter of a manuscript titled, ‘Heads for Garden Letters’, Spence wrote of ‘being so often, & so much of the time in his Garden with … Mr. Pope in the last sixteen years of his life’. 1 While Spence surely must have brought to this friendship some ideas of his own about gardening, we know at least, then, that from 1728 he apparently visited Pope's Twickenham garden regularly, listened closely to the poet's ideas about garden design, and was influenced by them. His illuminating anecdotes based on conversations with Pope and, later, with other amateur gardeners confirm his debt to Twickenham,2 though it is clear from the later anecdotes that his landscaping eventually went beyond Pope's, chiefly through more deliberate use of rural landscape and distant prospects.
Achievement goals and daily school experiences among adolescents with Asian, Latino, and European American backgrounds.

The current study examined the fit of a 2 × 2 achievement goal model among a diverse sample of nearly 700 10th-grade students, distinguishing between both mastery and performance goals and approach and avoidance orientations. Additionally, relationships between achievement goals and GPA and intrinsic value of school were examined, and adolescents' interpretations of daily school experiences and feelings were found to mediate these relationships. Together, these findings suggest that experiences in adolescents' daily lives help explain the relationship between goals and achievement outcomes.
Economic Operation of Distributed Power Systems Within an Electric Utility

The authors evaluate the economic operation of distributed power systems within regional synthetic utilities, analyzing the interactions with the utility of customers who can both buy and sell power. These analyses utilize a linked set of economic, financial and engineering models. SYSGEN, an electric utility system operating model, optimizes annual capacity utilization. SYSGEN provides the operation and maintenance data required in ERATES, the utility rate model. ERATES calculates a set of industrial and non-industrial utility rates based on operating and capital costs. The new rates are inputs to SOLOPS and SOLIPS, which are residential, commercial and industrial load simulation models that also compute the economic value of dispersed systems to their owners. The output of SOLOPS and SOLIPS provides load reduction data as input to the SYSGEN model. The modeling cycle allows the authors to analyze the impact of increasing amounts of dispersed power system installations on utility operating and capital costs, thereby analyzing the impact on utility buy and sell rates.
Tension Gastrothorax Complicating Post-traumatic Rupture of the Diaphragm

Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture or herniation has been reported, in addition to many cases of delayed rupture of the diaphragm, as long as several years after the initial trauma. Recognition of traumatic diaphragmatic herniation has been described to occur in three phases: acute, latent, and late. The diagnostic triad of mediastinal shift, dullness or tympany to percussion over the chest, and bowel sounds audible over the thorax strongly suggests atraumatic or post-traumatic diaphragmatic herniation. A review of the literature revealed no case study of a patient with the classical triad of post-traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. This paper describes the case history of such a patient and a simple but life-saving procedure performed to temporarily decompress the patient’s tension gastrothorax.
Hydrogen desorption kinetics and Ge2H6 reactive sticking probabilities on Ge-adsorbed Si(0 1 1)

Abstract Modeling of Si 1− x Ge x (0 1 1) gas-source epitaxy from hydride precursors requires knowledge of reactive sticking probabilities and hydrogen desorption kinetics. We use D 2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and kinetic modeling to determine hydrogen desorption kinetics from, and Ge 2 H 6 reactive sticking probabilities at, Si and Ge sites on Ge-adsorbed Si(0 1 1) samples with Ge surface coverages θ Ge between 0 and 1 ML. Following Ge adsorption, the samples were exposed to atomic D until saturation coverage at 250 °C. TPD spectra consist of five second-order peaks due to D 2 desorption from, in order of decreasing temperature, Si rest-atom and adatom monodeuterides, Si dideuteride, and Ge rest-atom and adatom monodeuteride phases. The maximum temperatures of all five peaks shift to lower values with increasing θ Ge . We attribute this, as in the case of Ge-adsorbed Si(0 0 1), to a decrease in Si–D and Ge–D binding energies due to long-range electronic interactions. Ge/Si(0 1 1) surface reconstructions, determined by RHEED, are “16×2” with θ Ge θ Ge values were obtained by fitting the D 2 TPD spectra and validated using in situ AES. Based upon θ Ge vs Ge 2 H 6 exposure data and modeling of the adsorption kinetics, we obtain zero-coverage Ge 2 H 6 reactive sticking probabilities of 1.9×10 −2 and 4.8×10 −3 at Si and Ge sites, respectively.
Diffraction Model For A Point Source Generator

Light from a small aperture at the focal plane of a collimator appears as a point source located at infinity. Light from the aperture of a blackbody is imaged onto the small focal plane aperture. This defines the input cone of light. The light exiting from the focal plane aperture into the light cone collected by the collimator is calculated in this article using a diffraction model. The input cone angle is shown to be the only system parameter affecting the spectral transmission of a given aperture. Data from the POST test chamber is presented to demonstrate the model. The data is analyzed at longwavelength (LWL) and at shortwavelength (SWL) to yield a measured value of the input cone angle. The SWL data, diffraction losses less than 20%, and the LWL data, diffraction losses from 20 to 60%, give nearly identical values for the cone angle. The measured cone angle is near to the design value of the cone angle.
Determinants of Attendance for Students Accepted into a Graduate Business Program

Results of a mail survey of students accepted to a graduate business program support the general proposition that students admitted to more than one program choose to attend the program perceived to be the "best." In order of importance, the following factors affect this decision: reputation, location, curriculum, faculty, placement, cost, and financial aid.
Young children's overextensions of object words in comprehension and/or production: support for a prototype theory of early object word meaning

That young children overextend the meaning of at least some object words (words used to refer to objects) is well recognized. However, recent research suggests that overextensions in production may not be reflected in comprehension. In order to better determine the relation between overextension in production and overextension in com prehension, six children ranging in age from 1;9 to 2;4 were given a production task and a comprehension task. The data demonstrate that when children are given a number of choices on a comprehension task for a particular word, their initial choice is invariably an appropriate exemplar of the target word. However, the children's successive choices for each target term are likely to involve overextended objects. It is argued that this pattern supports a prototype account of early object word meaning acquisition.
Can we make surrogate β-cells better than the original?

Abstract Insufficient pancreatic β-cell mass is fundamental to the pathogenesis of both types 1 and 2 diabetes and constitutes the basis for the goal of β-cell replacement therapy. Current methods for isolating islets from organ donor pancreases do not come close to supplying all in need, thus providing a compelling need to find new sources of insulin-producing cells. Possible sources include generation of cells from embryonic stem cells (ESC), adult stem/precursor cells, transdifferentiation of other cell types and xenodonors. Bioengineering can be used to improve secretory performance and strengthen cells to better withstand the challenges of transplantation. Strategies include protection against hypoxia, inflammation, and immune attack.
MO-D-204B-04: A Quantitative Metric Derived from DCE MRI for Assessment of Liver Response to Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To investigate a quantitative metric derived from dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) liver MR imaging for hepatic perfusion response to radiation therapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Ten patients with intrahepatic cancers were treated by fractionated conformai RT in a dose range of 48–82 Gy, and imaged with DCE MRI before, during, 1 month and 2 month after the therapy. Voxel‐by‐voxel hepatic arterial perfusion (Fa) and portal venous perfusion (Fp) were estimated using a dual‐input single‐compartment model. To overcome some of the challenges in estimation of hepatic perfusion from DCE MRI, a portal venous perfusion ratio (PVPR) (100×Fp/(Fa+Fp)) was evaluated for liver perfusion dose‐response. Hepatic perfusion maps were co‐registered to the dose distribution via registration with the treatment planning CT. The liver voxels having PVPR between 80% and 95% before RT were considered as “normal” tissue. The relation between perfusion and dose in the “normal” liver was assessed by the venous‐perfusion‐ratio dose‐response function. Results: The PVPR in the “normal” liver regions 1 month after RT decreased compared to pre RT. The extent of the decrease was linearly correlated with the dose accumulated to the end of RT (R2=0.93). Substantial individual variations of the PVPR decreases were observed 1 month after RT. Conclusions: Our study shows dose‐dependent perfusion changes in local liver regions. There is substantial variability in the sensitivity of liver perfusion to irradiation. The PVPR may characterize the liver perfusion change in response to radiation and might be a metric for predicting radiation toxicity in the liver. The study is supported in part by R21 CA126137 and 3 P01 CA59827.
Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on Microstructure of Dynamically Recrystallized Ni45Co5 Mn36.7In13.3 Alloy

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) due to their unique ability to produce very large output strains and rapid response frequency. NiMnCoIn is a new-type MSMAs in which a reversible magnetic-field-induced phase transformation is observed. The microstructural evolution in the process of dynamic recrystallization in polycrystalline Ni45Co5Mn36.7In13.3 was studied in the present paper. The experimental results showed that the high deformation temperature and slow strain rate were necessary to achieve perfect dynamic-recrystallizing microstructure in Ni45Co5Mn36.7In13.3 alloy. Precipitates with two sizes were observed. The content of Co in precipitates was higher than that in the matrix alloy, while the content of In was lower than that in the matrix alloy.
Nervus terminalis ganglion of the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo): evidence for cholinergic and catecholaminergic influence on two cell types distinguished by peptide immunocytochemistry.

The nervus terminalis is a ganglionated vertebrate cranial nerve of unknown function that connects the brain and the peripheral nasal structures. To investigate its function, we have studied nervus terminalis ganglion morphology and physiology in the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), where the nerve is particularly prominent. Immunocytochemistry for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and Leu-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (LPLRFamide) revealed two distinct populations of cells. Both were acetylcholinesterase positive, but LPLR-Famide-immunoreactive cells consistently stained more darkly for acetylcholinesterase activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry revealed fibers and terminal-like puncta in the ganglion, primarily in areas containing GnRH-immunoreactive cells. Consistent with the anatomy, in vitro electrophysiological recordings provided evidence for cholinergic and catecholaminergic actions. In extracellular recordings, acetylcholine had a variable effect on baseline ganglion cell activity, whereas norepinephrine consistently reduced activity. Electrical stimulation of the nerve trunks suppressed ganglion activity, as did impulses from the brain in vivo. During electrical suppression, acetylcholine consistently increased activity, and norepinephrine decreased activity. Muscarinic and, to a lesser extent, α-adrenergic antagoinsts both increased activity during the electrical suppression, suggesting involvement of both systems. Intracellular recordings revealed two types of ganglion cells that were distinguishable pharmacologically and physiologically. Some cells were hyperpolarized by cholinergic agonists and unaffected by norepinephrine; these cells did not depolarize with peripheral nerve trunk stim stimulation. Another. Another group of cells did depolarize with peripheral trunk stimulation; a representative of this group was depolarized by carbachol and hyperpolarized by norepinephrine. These and other data suggest that the bonnethead nervus terminal is ganglion contains at least two cell populations that respond differently to acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The bonnethead nervus terminals ganglion appears to differ fundamentally from sensory and autonomic ganglia but does share some features with the neural circuits of forebrain GnRH systems. © 1995 Willy-Liss, Inc.
Wilbur Zelinsky, 1921–2013: “A Curiosity Too Urgent to Be Throttled”1

Wilbur Zelinsky was a prodigious scholar of immense influence on the discipline of geography. He was guided as geographers have always been guided: to explore the unknown, something he did in his o...
745-2 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia or Cardiac Arrest as the Initial Manifestation of Myocarditis: Relationship to Clinical Variables and Histologic Findings

Myocarditis was histologically confirmed by biopsy in 102 pts during a 19 year period. Twenty-two pts (22%) presented with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (SUSVT; monomorphic ventricular tachycardia N = 14, cardiac arrest N = 8). Of the remaining 80 pts (OTHER), 60 (59%) presented as heart failure, 12 (11%) as myocardial infarction and 8 (8%) as atrioventricular block. There were no differences between SUSVT and OTHER in: gender, atrial arrhythmias, right atrial or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, or left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. The following variables differed between groups: Variable SUSVT (N = 22) OTHER (N = 80) p-value Age (mean ± SD years) 40 ± 17 47 ± 15 0.10 Histologic cell type Lymphocytic myocarditis, N, (percent) 16(73) 74(92) 0.01 Granulomatous myocarditis, N, (percent) 6(27) 6(8) 0.01 Mean LV end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) 15 ± 7 19 ± 8 0.10 Mean NYHA heart failure class 1.7 ± 1 2.3 ± 1 0.03 Any atrioventricular block, N, (percent) 10(45) 11 (14) 0.003 Intraventricular conduction defect, N, (percent) 13 (60) 24(30) 0.01 Mean OT duration (milliseconds) 426 ± 66 365 ± 68 0.001 Mean OTc duration (milliseconds) 456 ± 44 426 ± 62 0.02 Multiple logistic regression revealed 5 variables were independently associated with SUSVT: granulomatous cell type (odds ratio 4.77, P = 0.031. mean NYHA heart failure class (odds ratio 0.45, p = 0.02), intraventricular conduction defect (odds ratio 4.08, p = 0.01), atrioventricular block (odds ratio 5.66, p = 0.01) and QT duration (odds ratio 1.01, P = 0.01). Conclusions Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias are the initial manifestation of myocarditis in nearly 25% of pts. Sustained ventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest are more likely in myocarditis pts with granulomatous than lymphocytic cell type, milder heart failure symptoms, and more extensive conduction and repolarization abnormalities.
Cell state switching factors and dynamical patterning modules: complementary mediators of plasticity in development and evolution

Ancient metazoan organisms arose from unicellular eukaryotes that had billions of years of genetic evolution behind them. The transcription factor networks present in single-celled ancestors at the origin of the Metazoa (multicellular animals) were already capable of mediating the switching of the unicellular phenotype among alternative states of gene activity in response to environmental conditions. Cell differentiation, therefore, had its roots in phenotypic plasticity, with the ancient regulatory proteins acquiring new targets over time and evolving into the “developmental transcription factors” (DTFs) of the “developmental-genetic toolkit.” In contrast, the emergence of pattern formation and morphogenesis in the Metazoa had a different trajectory. Aggregation of unicellular metazoan ancestors changed the organisms’ spatial scale, leading to the first “dynamical patterning module” (DPM): cell-cell adhesion. Following this, other DPMs (defined as physical forces and processes pertinent to the scale of the aggregates mobilized by a set of toolkit gene products distinct from the DTFs), transformed simple cell aggregates into hollow, multilayered, segmented, differentiated and additional complex structures, with minimal evolution of constituent genes. Like cell differentiation, therefore, metazoan morphologies also originated from plastic responses of cells and tissues. Here we describe examples of DTFs and most of the important DPMs, discussing their complementary roles in the evolution of developmental mechanisms. We also provide recently characterized examples of DTFs in cell type switching and DPMs in morphogenesis of avian limb bud mesenchyme, an embryo-derived tissue that retains a high degree of developmental plasticity.
Mixed acid fermentation by the budding, prosthecate, gas vacuole bacterium Ancalomicrobium adetum.

The budding, prosthecate, gas vacuolate bacterium, Ancalomicrobium adetum, ferments sugars including glucose and lactose to produce acid and gas. Glucose is fermented by a mixed acid fermentation resulting in the formation of formic, acetic, lactic, and succinic acids, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. These are the same products produced by the enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. Thus, these two bacteria which are currently classified in very different groups, may be evolutionarily related to one another. Alternatively it could be argued that the mixed acid fermentation arose more than once in evolution or that the genes of this major catabolic pathway can be transferred laterally among unrelated bacteria.