cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based prediction of porosity and reservoir quality from P- and S-wave data

[1] We present a deterministic methodology for mapping the lithology, pore fluid, and porosity from seismic data. The input is the P- and S-wave data volumes that may come, e.g., from acoustic and elastic inversion or cross-well measurements. The output is the pore fluid type (hydrocarbon versus water), total porosity, and clay content. The key element of this methodology is a site-specific rock physics model that provides the needed transforms from the elastic rock properties to the reservoir properties. This model is established by comparing model-based predictions, such as impedance versus porosity, to the relations present in well log data. Once selected, the model is used to identify the presence of hydrocarbons from a combination of the P-wave impedance and Poisson's ratio. Then the P-wave impedance is used to map porosity and clay content assuming that a deterministic relation exists between the latter two properties. All deterministic equations are calibrated at a well and then are applied to upscaled well log data to confirm their validity at the seismic scale. This methodology is applied to log data from a fluvial environment. The results indicate that the relative error in porosity determination is 14%, which is acceptable for reservoir characterization purposes.
Effect of the flow rates in linear, ideal, simulated moving-bed chromatography

The algebraic solution for linear, ideal simulated moving-bed (SMB) chromatography derived previously revealed important new properties of the SMB process. This solution was validated by comparing with experimental data and with the results of numerical solutions of the equilibrium-dispersive and the lumped kinetic model. This earlier solution, however, was limited to the simple case in which the safety factor was assumed to be the same for the flow rates in all four sections. An extension of this solution to the case in which the safety factors differ and allow an independent selection of the four different flow rates (within limits) is derived. This solution accounts well for most practical situations. It permits the discussion of the influence of different flow rates on the performance of an SMB unit, an issue of critical importance for the optimization of the design and operation of these separators.
The effect of defects on the electronic structure of long chain ferroelectric polymers

The apparent molecular density of states from combined photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopies is compared to the bulk conductivity and frequency dependent dielectric measurements for a variety of ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) copolymers and terpolymers. While some extra chemical groups introduced into the PVDF long chains increase the measured conductivities at room temperature and can cause significant changes in the dielectric properties, few changes are observed in the overall experimental molecular density of states. The exception appears to be the very short polymer chains. The significance of this comparison is that profound changes can occur in the overall dielectric and transport properties of this class of polymers and copolymers through molecular “dopant addition,” without altering the overall density of states of the dominant PVDF polymer host.
Pragmatism and Social Action in American Adult Education.

A pragmatic rationale has been a philosophic foundation for much of 20th‐century American adult education thought. Evolving from an experience‐based perspective, pragmatism proposes a learner‐centred and problem‐solving focus which places foremost in the educator's mind the needs and interests of the adult student. It also suggests taking a critical stance toward experience which can be seen to have ramifications for social change. The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical origins, evolution and current expression of pragmatism in American adult education thought. In this paper it is argued that Lindeman, through Dewey, first developed these ideas for adult education yet failed to articulate clearly what the relationship is between adult education and social action. It is further argued that Knowles prefers a technological emphasis in favour of critical and social change agendas. The current work of Brookfield, Cervero and Mezirow is seen as revivifying the critical tradition first presented by...
SU-E-T-268: Comparison of Dosimetry Characteristic Between Brass Mesh Bolus and Tissue Equivalent Bolus (conventional Bolus)

Purpose: To compare the dose characteristic at surface and beneath between a mesh brass bolus and a conventional one, to determine equivalence between those two kinds of bolus. Methods: Measurements were made with 6MV photons on a Varian 2100C linear accelerator using a PTW parallel plate chamber. Data were collected on surface and beneath by use of various layers of brass mesh bolus against various layers, 0.5 cm increment, conventional bolus at 100 SSD in a solid water phantom perpendicular to the beam central axis. The measurement had identical setup. Surface dose and PDDs were created. Results: The surface dose is 15% lower using a mesh brass bolus compared with that using a conventional bolus. After 1.5 cm, the dose characteristic approaches the same for these two kinds of bolus. Our test also shows that three layers of the brass bolus has closest PDD profile to 0.5 cm conventional bolus. The different of the dose profile gets smaller at deeper. After 1.5 cm, they can be treated as equivalence(less 5% different). With a brass bolus, the percentage deep dose gets flatter from depth 0.8cm to dmax 1.5 cm. Conclusion: Mesh bolus does escalate the surface dose. But it is not equivalent to a conventional bolus in the intended area. If we use it as alternate to tissue equivalent bolus material, we would jeopardize 15 % under dose on the skin. More data needs to reveal the long term biological effect using brass mesh bolus before we make a decision for its clinical application.
Susceptibility to 1,3-butadiene-induced leukemogenesis correlates with endogenous ecotropic retroviral background in the mouse.

Abstract Previous studies have revealed marked differences in the pattern of carcinogenesis between rats and mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene (BD) that do not appear to be readily explained on the basis of pharmacokinetics or metabolism. Chronic exposure of B6C3F1 mice to BD produces a high incidence of thymic lymphoma (TL) that is not observed in rats. The potential of the endogenous ecotropic retroviral background to influence susceptibility to BD leukemogenesis was examined by comparing the incidence of TL between B6C3F1 and NIH Swiss mice. Proviral ecotropic sequences are truncated in the NIH Swiss mouse, and the virus is not expressed. Chronic exposure to BD (1250 ppm) for up to 1 year resulted in a fourfold difference in the incidence of TL between B6C3F1 (57%) and NIH Swiss (14%) mice. These results provide presumptive evidence for retrovirus involvement since NIH Swiss mice lack ecotropic viruses and appear to be relatively resistant to induction of lymphoma by BD.
Preference for high variability in young children

Eighty-eight children from 41 to 84 months of age were presented with random shapes containing 5, 10, 20, and 40 independent turns in a paired-comparison design experiment. The raw data (i.e., preferences) were transformed into scale scores for the different levels of variability for each child. Analyses of variance showed: (1) a linear increase in preference with increasing variability, (2) a linear increase in preference for variability in increasing age, and (3) that boys had a slightly higher preference for variability than did girls.
Entanglement networks of 1,2-polybutadiene crosslinked in states of strain. VII. Stress-birefringence relations

Crosslinks are introduced by γ irradiation into 1,2-polybutadiene while strained in uniaxial extension near Tg with stretch ratio λ0, thereby trapping a proportion of the entanglements originally present. The stress at any subsequent strain λ is accurately given by the sum σN + σx, where σN is the stress contributed by a trapped entanglement network with λ = 1 as reference and a Mooney–Rivlin stress-strain relation, and σx is that contributed by a crosslink network with λ = λ0 as reference and neo-Hookean stress-strain relation. The birefringence is accurately given as δn = ℯNσN + ℯxσx, where the ℯ's are the respective stress-optical coefficients. From measurements at λ = λ0 where σx = 0, ℯN can be determined separately. For polymer with 88% 1,2 microstructure, ℯN and ℯx are nearly equal and independent of irradiation dose, though strongly dependent on temperature. For polymer with (95–96)% 1,2, ℯN and ℯx are different (even opposite in sign) and dependent on dose. This behavior is associated with a side reaction of cyclization by the γ irradiation, which is inhibited by the 1,4 moiety in the polymer with lesser 1,2 content. It is responsible for residual birefringence in the state of ease (λ = λs) where σN = –σx and the stress is zero.
An Analysis of Survival After Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Eric Xanthopoulos,*Ŧ MD, JD, Michael Corradetti,*Ŧ MD, PhD, Simon Cheng,** MD, PhD, David Horowitz,** MD, PhD, Annemarie Fernandes, MD,* Amanda Lusa,** MD, KS Clifford Chao,** MD, Ramesh Rengan,* MD, PhD * Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ** Columbia University, New York New York ( Ŧco-first author; abstract #3014; please direct questions to: Eric Xanthopoulos, MD, JD at eric.xanthopoulos@uphs.upenn.edu) PURPOSE: Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) may delay the incidence of brain metastases in non-smallcell lung cancer patients after primary therapy, but its impact on survival is uncertain. We report on the largest and longest study of survival in patients treated with or without prophylactic cranial irradiation for non-small-cell lung cancer.
The role of hydrodynamics in explaining variability in fish populations

A review of the physical processes present in coastal regions and their effect on pelagic stages of flatfish populations is presented. While quantitative understanding of processes affecting cross-shelf transport and exchange continues to be a fundamental problem shared by physical oceanographers and fisheries scientists studying the early life history of flatfish, advances in hydrodynamic and coupled physical-biological models have made it possible to begin to examine population-level implications of environmental processes. There is now a need to rank these processes in terms of their impact on recruit strength. Existing paradigms provide testable frameworks for explaining the role of physical variability in the observed population patterns, abundance and variability. Identifying explicit links between physical variability and recruitment could result in new approaches to fisheries management strategies.
Analysis of the hibernation cycle using LC-MS-based metabolomics in ground squirrel liver

A hallmark of hibernation in mammals is metabolic flexibility, which is typified by reversible bouts of metabolic depression (torpor) and the seasonal shift from predominantly carbohydrate to lipid metabolism from summer to winter. To provide new insight into the control and consequences of hibernation, we used LC/MS-based metabolomics to measure differences in small molecules in ground squirrel liver in five activity states: summer, entering torpor, late torpor, arousing from torpor, and interbout arousal. There were significant alterations both seasonally and within torpor-arousal cycles in enzyme cofactor metabolism, amino acid catabolism, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism, with observed metabolites reduced during torpor and increased upon arousal. Multiple lipids also changed, including 1-oleoyllysophosphatidylcholine, cholesterol sulfate, and sphingosine, which tended to be lowest during torpor, and hexadecanedioic acid, which accumulated during a torpor bout. The results reveal the dramatic alterations that occur in several classes of metabolites, highlighting the value of metabolomic analyses in deciphering the hibernation phenotype.
Experiential Learning—A Theoretical Framework for Perioperative Education

A PERIOPERATIVE NURSING COURSE that uses Kolb's experiential learning theory and learning cycle as a framework was developed to provide nurses new to the OR with a solid knowledge base with which to further their practice. THIS FRAMEWORK can be used to leverage learning style, promote critical thinking, and encourage active learning.
Energy storage in heavily doped zinc sulfide crystals with laminar morphology

Abstract We have measured the optical and structural properties of zinc sulfide crystals doped with 0.8% indium and 0.1% copper. These crystals store electronic energy at low temperatures and exhibit a broad structureless thermoluminescence. Their properties are compared with those of crystals with lower dopant concentrations. The thermoluminescence of the heavily-doped crystals can be excited by their own photoluminescent emission. This results in energy storage throughout the volume of the sample, even with the primary photoexcitation at spectral regions of strong absorption. We relate the energy storage to the laminar morphology and attribute the storage to the separation of electrons at the lamina surfaces from recombination sites in the interior of the laminae.
A study of the validity of the integral equation model by moment method simulation — cylindrical case

Abstract The validity of the Integral Equation Model (IEM) for rough surface scattering is examined by comparing its backscattering calculations over incidence angles from 0° to 60° with those of the first-order perturbation model, the Kirchhoff model, and the moment method. Three different types of random surfaces are considered: the single scale Gaussian correlated surface, two-scale Gaussian correlated surface, and the non-Gaussian correlated surface. It is found that IEM agrees with the Kirchhoff and the first-order small perturbation model in the high and the low frequency regions respectively. In the intermediate frequency region it agrees with the moment method predictions for the three types of surfaces considered.
Migration, Gender Conformity, and Social Mobility Among Puerto Rican Sexual Minorities

Based on a 3-year study of migrant Puerto Rican sexual minorities, the authors explored the relationship between migrants’ sexuality, their decision to migrate, and their post-migration experiences. All study participants were raised in Puerto Rico and migrated stateside for the first time as adults. Using data from qualitative fieldwork and in-depth interviews with 74 lesbian, gay, transgender, and bisexual (LGTB) Puerto Rican migrants, this article focuses on individuals’ decision to migrate, gender conformity, and social mobility. The findings suggest a complex relationship between the participants’ decision to leave the island and their sexuality and gender conformity. For most participants, sexuality was not the reason they left Puerto Rico, but it was a factor in their decision to not return. Most study participants increased their social mobility or remained at the same economic level after migration. However, an increase in social mobility for participants was mitigated by a racialized identity.
Estradiol-17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in preimplantation rat embryos

Abstract In previous studies (1–3), we have shown that Δ 5 -3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity in rat embryos begins on Day 4 of pregnancy (Day 1 = day of finding spermatozoa in the vagina), it peaks on Day 5, and sharply declines on Day 6. The present study investigated the presence of estradiol-17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in rat embryos recovered on Days 4, 5 and 6. The pattern of the 17β-HSD activity was similar to that of 3β-HSD. Thus, the present results strengthen our previous contention that rat morulae and blastocysts synthesize steroid hormones; moreover, the results suggest that one of the hormones synthesized is estrogen.
Functional Reconstitution of Rhodopsin into Tubular Lipid Bilayers Supported by Nanoporous Media

We report on a novel reconstitution method for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that yields detergent-free, single, tubular membranes in porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filters at concentrations sufficient for structural studies by solid-state NMR. The tubular membranes line the inner surface of pores that traverse the filters, permitting easy removal of detergents during sample preparation as well as delivery of ligands for functional studies. Reconstitution of bovine rhodopsin into AAO filters did not interfere with rhodopsin function. Photoactivation of rhodopsin in AAO pores, monitored by UV−vis spectrophotometry, was indistinguishable from rhodopsin in unsupported unilamellar liposomes. The rhodopsin in AAO pores is G-protein binding competent as shown by a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. The lipid−rhodopsin interaction was investigated by 2H NMR on sn-1- or sn-2-chain perdeuterated 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholine as a matrix lipid. Rhodopsin incorporation increased mosaic sprea...
Clustering coefficient queries on massive dynamic social networks

The Clustering Coefficient (CC) is a fundamental measure in social network analysis assessing the degree to which nodes tend to cluster together. While CC computation on static graphs is well studied, emerging applications have new requirements for online query of the "global" CC of a given subset of a graph. As social networks are widely stored in databases for easy updating and accessing, computing CC of their subset becomes a time-consuming task, especially when the network grows large and cannot fit in memory. This paper presents a novel method called "Approximate Neighborhood Index (ANI)" to significantly reduce the query latency for CC computation compared to traditional SQL based database queries. A Bloom-filter-like data structure is leveraged to construct ANI in front of a relational database. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can guarantee the correctness of a CC query while significantly reducing the query latency at a reasonable memory cost.
Kinetic study on the alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocellulose

The kinetics of alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocellulose were determined in 5% NaOH at various temperatures. An activation energy of 24 kcal./mole was found for the endwise degradation reaction, while that of termination to a stable m-saccharinic acid endunit is 32 kcal./mole. Consequently, the DPn of the degradable chain length is highly dependent on the reaction temperature, being 1000 at 65°C. and 140 at 132°C. At lower temperatures, the majority of degrading chains terminate to a normal reducing endgroup at the crystalline–amorphous transition region. From the data, the DPn of cellulose chain segments participating in the amorphous regions of the original cotton fibril was calculated to be 143. This result strongly supports the classical micellar fibril structure over the folded model proposed by Manley.
Single-ion magnetic anisotropy and isotropic magnetic couplings in the metal-organic framework Fe2(dobdc)

The metal–organic framework Fe2(dobdc) (dobdc4– = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), often referred to as Fe-MOF-74, possesses many interesting properties such as a high selectivity in olefin/paraffin separations. This compound contains open-shell FeII ions with open coordination sites which may have large single-ion magnetic anisotropies, as well as isotropic couplings between the nearest and next nearest neighbor magnetic sites. To complement a previous analysis of experimental data made by considering only isotropic couplings [Bloch et al. Science 2012, 335, 1606], the magnitude of the main magnetic interactions are here assessed with quantum chemical calculations performed on a finite size cluster. It is shown that the single-ion anisotropy is governed by same-spin spin–orbit interactions (i.e., weak crystal-field regime), and that this effect is not negligible compared to the nearest neighbor isotropic couplings. Additional magnetic data reveal a metamagnetic behavior at low temperature. This eff...
A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs

Abstract The objective of this study is to understand how interactions with upper-tropospheric troughs affect the intensity of tropical cyclones. The study includes all named Atlantic tropical cyclones between 1985 and 1996. To minimize other factors affecting intensity change, times when storms are over subcritical sea surface temperatures (≤26°C) or near landfall are removed from the sample. A trough interaction is defined to occur when the eddy momentum flux convergence calculated over a 300–600-km radial range is greater than 10 (m s−1) day−1. The trough interaction cases are separated into four composites: (i) favorable superposition [tropical cyclone intensifies with an upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) maximum within 400 km of the tropical cyclone center], (ii) unfavorable superposition, (iii) favorable distant interaction (upper PV maximum between 400 and 1000 km from the tropical cyclone center), and (iv) unfavorable distant interaction. For comparison, two additional composites are cre...
Assessment of developmental toxicity of vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in Sprague-Dawley rats and Dutch Belted rabbits.

BACKGROUND: The developmental toxicity potential of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA], ZOLINZA™), a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), was assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats and Dutch Belted rabbits. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to mediate the regulation of gene expression, induce cell growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells. Range-finding studies established oral dose levels of 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg/day and 20, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day in rats and rabbits, respectively. METHODS: Animals were dosed on Gestation Days 6–20 or 7–20, respectively, with litter/fetal parameters evaluated on GD 21 and 28, respectively. Separate studies evaluated toxicokinetic parameters at the mid- and high-dose levels. RESULTS: There was no maternal toxicity observed at the highest dose levels; however, hematology and serum biochemistry changes were characterized in the range-finding studies. Vorinostat did not induce morphological malformations in either rat or rabbit fetuses. In rats, drug-related developmental toxicity was observed only in the high-dose group and consisted of markedly decreased fetal weight and increases in fetuses with a limited number of skeletal variations. In rabbits, drug-related developmental toxicity was also observed only in the high-dose group and consisted of slightly decreased fetal weight and increases in fetuses with a short 13th rib and incomplete ossification of metacarpals. Maternal exposures to vorinostat based on AUC and Cmax values were comparable at the high-dose levels of both species. Rabbits tolerated higher dosages probably due to more extensive metabolism. Maternal concentrations of vorinostat were ∼1,000–fold above the known in vitro HDAC inhibitory concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Review of previous work with valproic acid, another HDAC inhibitor, suggest that the developmental toxicity profiles of these 2 compounds are not the result of HDAC inhibition but involve other mechanisms. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 80:57–68, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perceptions About the Criminalization of Elder Abuse among Police Chiefs and Ombudsmen

The 1990s witnessed the criminalization of elder abuse. This criminalization included the creation of mandatory-reporting legislation, increased penalties for elder abusers, and modifications in criminal procedures for older victims. Little attention has been given to those officials actually involved in deciding how elder abuse cases should be handled. This research considers the sanctions recommended by police chiefs and ombudsmen for six different types of offenses against seniors. Attention is also directed toward potential differences between the groups' attitudes about elder abuse. Results indicate that ombudsmen see nursing home offenses as more severe than street offenses or white-collar offenses. Police chiefs see street offenses as the most severe offense type. Implications are provided.
Extramammary Findings on Breast MR Examinations: Frequency, Clinical Relevance, and Patient Outcomes

We systematically reviewed incidental findings detected on consecutive breast MR examinations to determine the prevalence of extramammary findings, the frequency of clinically important incidental findings and their effect on patient outcomes, and the cost of additional imaging studies recommended for further evaluation and follow-up of the incidental findings.
Single-port transvesical excision of foreign body in the bladder.

OBJECTIVES To present a novel technique to remove intravesical polypropylene mesh through a single laparoscopic port placed directly into the bladder. METHODS A Triport single-site access system was placed transvesically and carbon dioxide was used for insufflation of the bladder. A combination of straight and articulating laparoscopic instruments was used to dissect the mesh away from the bladder mucosa and transect each end for complete removal of foreign bodies. Mucosal reapproximation was performed on the latter case. RESULTS Two patients were managed adequately in the outpatient setting. No suprapubic catheters were necessary, and patients were discharged within 23 hours. CONCLUSIONS Removal of foreign bodies of the bladder through a single transvesical laparoscopic port is technically feasible. This procedure offers excellent visualization of mesh material, especially near the bladder neck where these foreign bodies often reside. This approach offers patients a minimally invasive approach through a single small incision.
How effective is dose-intensive/myeloablative therapy against Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor metastatic to bone or bone marrow? The Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience and a literature review.

PURPOSE: Attempts to improve outcomes of patients with Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) metastatic to bone/bone marrow (BM) have focused on chemotherapy dose intensification strategies. We now present results achieved with that approach, as carried out at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and as reported in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one unselected MSKCC patients with newly diagnosed ES/PNET metastatic to bone/BM received the “P6” protocol which includes cycles of cyclophosphamide (4.2 g/m2)/doxorubicin (75 mg/m2)/vincristine and cycles of ifosfamide (9 g/m2)/etoposide (500 mg/m2). Patients in complete/very good partial remission (CR/VGPR) after P6 received myeloablative therapy with either total-body irradiation (TBI) (hyperfractionated 15 Gy)/melphalan (180 mg/m2) or thiotepa (900 mg/m2)/carboplatin (1,500 mg/m2). We reviewed the literature. RESULTS: Only one MSKCC patient became a long-term event-free survivor; all but one relapse was in a distant...
Comment on 'Periodic structures generated in a cloud of cold atoms'

We consider calculations for maximum visibility of the atomic fringe pattern generated by optical phase gratings presented by Strekalov et al. It is shown that the phase grating technique offers higher maximum visibilities for the atomic fringe patterns than those calculated by the authors.
Reinforcement Learning for Trading

We propose to train trading systems by optimizing financial objective functions via reinforcement learning. The performance functions that we consider are profit or wealth, the Sharpe ratio and our recently proposed differential Sharpe ratio for online learning. In Moody & Wu (1997), we presented empirical results that demonstrate the advantages of reinforcement learning relative to supervised learning. Here we extend our previous work to compare Q-Learning to our Recurrent Reinforcement Learning (RRL) algorithm. We provide new simulation results that demonstrate the presence of predictability in the monthly S&P 500 Stock Index for the 25 year period 1970 through 1994, as well as a sensitivity analysis that provides economic insight into the trader's structure.
Finite element analysis of scattering using coupled basis functions for elliptical boundaries

The formulation of a hybrid finite element method is presented for electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous dielectric/magnetic cylinders of arbitrary cross-section. In this method, an artificial elliptical boundary is employed to enclose the scatterer and divide the solution region into interior and exterior regions. The field in the interior region is discretised using the finite element method, and the field in the exterior region is represented by an eigenfunction expansion involving Mathieu functions. These fields are coupled at the elliptical boundary by enforcing field continuity conditions. To improve the efficiency of the method, coupled basis functions are developed for elliptical boundaries, which represent both the field and its normal derivative at the boundary with a common set of expansion coefficients. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method.
A dual function Parylene-based biomimetic tactile sensor and actuator for next generation mechanically responsive microelectrode arrays

We present the first multimodal Parylene-based biomimetic platform with the ability to measure tactile forces while simultaneously enabling active stimulation/recording of neural tissue via movable microelectrodes. A liquid-filled microchamber encapsulating interdigitated microelectrodes performs the dual functions of actuation and tactile sensing. The electrodes are impedance-based tactile sensing elements and sites for electrolytic gas generation for pneumatic control of microelectrode position. Impedance sensitivity of up to 1.7 %/µm and out-of-plane positioning up to 8 µm were demonstrated. We also report on the mechanotransduction of biomimetic channel structures.
Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Biometric Characteristics of Stages of Exercise Adoption:

This study incorporates the Stages of Change model to examine the relationship between the stages of exercise adoption and indicators of health and fitness. Subjects were 198 United States Forest Service (USFS) workers recruited from 8 USFS ranger stations in the Pacific Northwest. Analysis indicated that those subjects in Action and Maintenance stages of exercise adoption differed significantly from those in Preparation and Precontemplation/Contemplation stages on a variety of indicators of both health and fitness. Also, interesting differences were noted among the physically inactive stages, e.g., Preparation stage subjects showed lower triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and higher HDL cholesterol compared with subjects in the Precontemplation/Contemplation stage. Progressing to the Preparation stage, where the individual remains inactive but is aware of the problem and has begun to make small changes, is associated with a differing (more positive) health profile in this study compared to those in the Precontemplation/Contemplation stage. These results imply that simply advancing in stage can have a variety of health benefits.
System identification of the human thermoregulatory system using continuous-time block-oriented predictive modeling

This article presents preliminary results of a new research program for identifying predictive models for human thermoregulatory (HT) response using only an individual’s attributes and their physical property data to build the model. This program is being developed in phases and this article presents results of the first phase. This initial phase demonstrates that the proposed semi-empirical (i.e., gray-box), continuoustime, block-oriented modeling (BOM) approach [Rollins, et al. 2003. A continuous time nonlinear dynamic predictive modeling method for Hammerstein processes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42, 861–872; Bhandari and Rollins, 2003. A continuous-time MIMO Wiener modeling method. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42, 5583–5595.] is capable of accurately predicting HT response. This ability is demonstrated using real data from literature [Hardy and Stolwijck, 1966. Partitional calorimetric studies of man during exposures to thermal transients. Journal of Applied Physiology 21(6), 1799–1806.] and computer generated data from a HT semi-theoretical model with qualitatively accurate physiological behavior [Wissler, 1963. An analysis of factors affecting temperature levels in the nude human. Temperature—its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry 3(3), 603–612; Wissler, 1964. Mathematical model of the human thermal system. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 26, 147–166.]. A critical strength of the proposed gray-box BOM approach is the use of physically interpretable structures and model coefficients. This article discusses how this strength can be exploited to identify a predictive HT response model for an individual without using environmental chamber data of the individual. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular Evidence Resolving the Systematic Position of Hectorella (Portulacaceae)

The taxonomic position of Hectorella caespitosa and Lyallia kergelensis, caespitose plants endemic to New Zealand and to the Kerguelen Archipelago of Antarctica, respectively, remains controversial. Some authors place them within Portulacaceae, but a slight majority of recent authorities treat them as a separate family, Hectorellaceae. Sequences of the chloroplast genes rbcL, ndhF, and matK were obtained from H. caespitosa and added to previously published sequences from Portulacaceae and related families. These data strongly supported the derived position of Hectorella within a clade consisting of western American members of Portulacaceae; the sister group of Hectorella was a clade including Montia, Claytonia, and Lewisia. Implications for taxonomy are discussed. In order to accomodate monophyly in tribal-level classification while preserving current tribes Montieae and Lewiseae, the new tribe Hectorelleae is proposed for the family Portulacaceae.
Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensors for In-vivo Studies

We present fiber optic Fabry-Perot acoustic sensors based on Photonic Crystal mirrors. The sensors combine a small form factor with high sensitivity and enable recording of acoustic signals from individual cardiomyocytes.
Revision of the overresected nasal tip complex

Tip deformities resulting from previous nasal surgery range from mild to profound. For the mild deformity, morbidity is low and successful correction is usually achieved with a modest and targeted surgical adjustment. However, for the profound deformity, overt cosmetic deformities and corresponding functional impairment are the byproducts of severe derangements in skeletal architecture. Hence, for the severely damaged nasal tip, a complex surgical revision in which the decimated nasal tip framework is reconstructed with autologous cartilage grafts is essential. However, rebuilding the decimated nasal tip is a challenging and risky procedure that is best left to the seasoned rhinoplasty specialist. Careful assessment of the previously operated tissues, combined with an accurate cosmetic analysis, must be juxtaposed with the patient's cosmetic desires to derive an individualized and effective treatment plan. Atraumatic soft tissue technique, combined with a strategic yet balanced and judicious application of graft material, often culminate in satisfactory surgical outcomes. Proper assessment, technical skill, and sound clinical judgment are all critical ingredients in successful restoration of the surgically compromise nasal tip.
Subcycle ac stark shift of helium excited states probed with isolated attosecond pulses.

Recent advances in attosecond science have relied upon the nearly instantaneous response of free electrons to an external field. However, it is still not clear whether bound electrons are able to rearrange on sublaser cycle time scales. Here, we probe the optical Stark shifts induced by a few-cycle near infrared laser field in helium bound states using isolated attosecond pulses in a transient absorption scheme and uncover a subcycle laser-induced energy level shift of the laser-dressed $1s3p$ state.
Social Psychology of Economic Man:Challenge and Contribution

Psychological contributions to behavioral economics in the past mainly come from the area of cognitive psychology that focusing on studying of human judgment errors and heuristics.In fact,social psychology is even more relevant to economics.The social psychological concepts of motivation,information processing,formation and change of attitude,impression,promise,cognitive dissonance,regret,social relation,value,and culture are intrinsic parts of economic behaviors,while economic concepts of value,utility,choice,propriety right,sunk cost,opportunity cost,trade,life quality,and game theory are all psychological in nature.Although,in many cases,people often make irrational decision and judgments,and consistently departure from the rules and principles of science and rational principles,but they are results of social and cultural influence.Hence,the economic theories could benefit from the new connections between social psychology and economics as well as the mounting evidence that economic man assumptions may be subject to social cultural constraints.
Local Officials’ Support for PILOTs/SILOTs: Nonprofit Engagement, Economic Stress, and Politics

Nonprofit property tax exemption has become a major policy issue as the collapse of the housing market, the Great Recession, and property tax caps have threatened local tax collections. Consequently, many local governments have sought to obtain payments in lieu of taxes (PILOTs) from charities that are formally exempt from property taxes. Using a 2010 survey of local government officials in Indiana, this article examines whether support for PILOT policies is related to officials’ personal involvement with nonprofits, their views on government–nonprofit relationships, the type of position they hold, the level of economic distress in the county, local political conditions, and local nonprofit wealth. The findings support most of these hypotheses but also show that attitudes toward PILOTs appear to be shaped by somewhat different concerns than attitudes toward services in lieu of taxes (SILOTs).
Abstract LB-306: Molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab-mediated cardiomyopathy: Implications of autophagy in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity

Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain IV of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and approved for the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer and gastric cancer. Trastuzumab therapy is associated with considerable cardiotoxicity, the mechanism of which remains unclear. Dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases. In this investigation, we explored a novel mechanism by which trastuzumab dysregulates HER2 signaling and impairs basal autophagic process in human primary cardiomyocytes. Specifically, trastuzumab treatment leads to the phosphorylation of HER1-Y845 and HER2-Y1248 and the activation of Erk. This in turn results in up-regulation of mTOR/Ulk1 pathway and subsequently inhibition of autophagy in primary cardiomyocytes, by downregulating LC3I/II and increase in p62. We further demonstrate that trastuzumab-mediated inhibition of autophagy resulted in the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. Pertuzumab, another anti-HER2 therapeutic mAb binding to HER2 domain II, fails to modulate HER2 signaling and is unable to influence autophagy in cardiomyocytes. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, which may assist in formulating novel approaches for clinical management of trastuzumab-induced cardiomyopathy. Citation Format: Nishant Mohan, Yi Shen, Wen J. Wu. Molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab-mediated cardiomyopathy: Implications of autophagy in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-306.
Hopanoids play a role in stress tolerance and nutrient storage in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme.

Hopanes are abundant in ancient sedimentary rocks at discrete intervals in Earth history, yet interpreting their significance in the geologic record is complicated by our incomplete knowledge of what their progenitors, hopanoids, do in modern cells. To date, few studies have addressed the breadth of diversity of physiological functions of these lipids and whether those functions are conserved across the hopanoid-producing bacterial phyla. Here, we generated mutants in the filamentous cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme, that are unable to make all hopanoids (shc) or 2-methylhopanoids (hpnP). While the absence of hopanoids impedes growth of vegetative cells at high temperature, the shc mutant grows faster at low temperature. This finding is consistent with hopanoids acting as membrane rigidifiers, a function shared by other hopanoid-producing phyla. Apart from impacting fitness under temperature stress, hopanoids are dispensable for vegetative cells under other stress conditions. However, hopanoids are required for stress tolerance in akinetes, a resting survival cell type. While 2-methylated hopanoids do not appear to contribute to any stress phenotype, total hopanoids and to a lesser extent 2-methylhopanoids were found to promote the formation of cyanophycin granules in akinetes. Finally, although hopanoids support symbiotic interactions between Alphaproteobacteria and plants, they do not appear to facilitate symbiosis between N. punctiforme and the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus. Collectively, these findings support interpreting hopanes as general environmental stress biomarkers. If hopanoid-mediated enhancement of nitrogen-rich storage products turns out to be a conserved phenomenon in other organisms, a better understanding of this relationship may help us parse the enrichment of 2-methylhopanes in the rock record during episodes of disrupted nutrient cycling.
Skepticism, Lucid Content and the Metamental Loop

Cognitive science has concerned itself rather little with knowledge and even with our knowledge of the content of our own thoughts. The focus of inquiry is more often representation and the functional role thereof. But knowledge is more than representation, even representation that something is the case, for we can have a representation and not know that the representation is correct. This paper is concerned with knowledge and the special kind of knowledge that we have of the content of our own thoughts. I call the content of our own thoughts, lucid content, and shall offer an explication of it. My primary thesis is that metamental processing and evaluation convert mental representation into knowledge and mental activity into lucid content. My task is to explain how this can be so.
The Nature and Characteristics of Bibliographic Relationships in RDA Cataloging Records in OCLC at the Beginning of RDA Implementation

ABSTRACTThis research examines the characteristics and types of bibliographic relationships in Resource Description and Access (RDA) book cataloging records produced in OCLC after RDA implementation. Data was sampled (n = 1,550), coded, and analyzed for work-to-work, expression-to-expression, and manifestation-to-manifestation relationships. Results show work-to-work bibliographic relationships are most frequently recorded in both PCC records (57.4%) and non-PCC (59.5%); expression-to-expression are recorded the least in PCC (8.3%) and non-PCC (15.8%); and manifestation-to-manifestation relationships fall between with PCC (34.4%) and non-PCC (24.7%). This study also investigates the MARC fields used to record relationships and common characteristics in cataloging records with bibliographic relationships.
Sugarcane Straw and Bagasse

For centuries now, sugarcane is being cultivated and is acting as a source of sugar production. This production is the source of many breeding programs all around the world. The sugarcane straw usually considered as trash is normally burned or is left in the soil depending on the harvesting system. There is an immense amount of straw being wasted yearly. Besides utilizing the straw for energy production or its requirement, there are a lot of other agronomic benefits that enhance the possibility of the straw blanket placed/left on the ground including protection of soil avoiding erosion, increasing organic ratio of content of carbon in the soil, inhibition of growth of weed, recycling of nutrients in textile fiber, and soil water reduction. Although consumption of sugarcane is very popular worldwide, certain factors are to be kept in mind regarding postharvest storage of stalk that involves enzymatic browning. This chapter focuses on ways sugarcane straw can be utilized as a primary source for the production of products having great agronomic value. Balancing the pros of keeping sugarcane fields with a percentage of straw, which significantly outnumber the cons, economists are keen to find out beneficial properties and economic aspects of keeping straw on the ground rather than using it all as possible energy source. The most challenging factor is to maintain the straw quality rendering it useful.
Readability of the Most Commonly Accessed Arthroscopy-Related Online Patient Education Materials.

Purpose To assess the readability and comprehension of written text by the most commonly visited websites containing patient education materials on common conditions that can be treated arthroscopically. Methods We examined 50 websites, assessed independently by 2 orthopaedic surgery residents (S.A. and G.G.), with educational materials on 5 common conditions treated by arthroscopic surgeons: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, meniscus tear, hip labral tear, shoulder labral tear, and rotator cuff tear. Following a Google search for each condition, we analyzed the 10 most visited websites for each disorder using a widely used and validated tool for assessing the reading levels of written materials (Flesch-Kincaid formula). Results The average grade reading level of the 50 websites studied was 9.90 with a reading ease of 52.14 ("fairly difficult, high school"). Only 26% of the websites were at or below the national average of an eighth-grade reading level. Of the 5 conditions treated by arthroscopic surgery, ACL tear had the highest average grade reading level at 10.73 ± 1.54, whereas meniscus tear had the lowest at 9.31 ± 1.81. Every condition in this study had an average readability at or above the ninth-grade reading level. Conclusions The most frequently accessed materials for patients with injuries requiring arthroscopic surgery exceeds the readability recommendations of the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health, as well as the average reading ability of US adults. Given the fact that these are the most commonly visited websites by the lay public, there needs to be a greater emphasis on tailoring written information to the literacy levels of the patient population. Clinical Relevance This study emphasizes the discrepancy between the recommended versus the measured reading levels of online patient education materials related to conditions treated by arthroscopic surgeons. The subject matter of these conditions is inherently complex; thus, relying solely on text to inform patients increases the likelihood that the reading level of the material exceeds that of the majority of the lay public.