cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of the reactant temperature on particle entrained laminar methane–air premixed flames

Abstract This study investigates the laminar burning velocity of premixed methane–air mixtures, entrained with micron-sized (75–90 μm) coal dust particles over a range of gas phase equivalence ratios (0.9–1.2), dust concentrations (0–250 g/m 3 ) and reactant temperatures (297, 350, 400 K) using a novel Bunsen-burner type experimental design. The experimental results show that, the laminar burning velocity is enhanced by the increase in the reactant temperature, irrespective of the equivalence ratio of the mixture. Addition of coal particles in fuel lean ( ϕ ϕ ⩾ 1, at a given reactant temperature, a linear decay of burning velocity with dust addition is observed. When a combustible dust particle interacts with the flame zone, it extracts energy from the flame and releases volatiles, thereby changing the equivalence ratio. This local increase in the equivalence ratio and the heat sink effect, are found to be influenced by the reactant temperature. A mathematical model including these effects is developed and the model predictions are compared with the experimental results. The results are in a good agreement for fuel lean and stoichiometric mixtures; whereas the model is found to under predict results for fuel rich cases.
Diophantine approximation of linear forms over an algebraic number field

This paper gives an algorithm for generating all the solutions in integers x0, x1…, xn of the inequalitywhere 1, α1, …,αn are numbers, linearly independent over the rationals, in a real algebraic number field of degree n + 1 ≥ 3 and c is any sufficiently large positive constant. It is well known [2, p. 79] that if c is small enough, then (1) has no integer solutions with x1…, xn not all zero.
Limbic lesions and externally cued DRL performance

Abstract Rats with bilateral lesions of the amygdala, hippocampus, or neocortex and normal animals were trained to bar-press on a DRL-20 sec schedule of reinforcement following six days of pretraining on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Half the animals in each group were given a visual cue signalling the end of the required interresponse delay period. No significant differences were found between the performance of any of the groups on the cued DRL schedule. When the visual cue was absent, however, large deficits in DRL performance were found in rats with either amygdaloid or hippocampal damage. No differences were found between the DRL performance of the amygdaloid and hippocampal groups in the uncued condition. The results suggested that rats with limbic lesions can withold or inhibit a learned response when exteroceptive cues are available but not when such cues are absent. The deficits on the uncued DRL schedule may result from an inability to utilize internal cues such as response-produced proprioceptive stimuli as cues for bar-pressing [4], or they may reflect a general learning deficit which only appears in difficult tasks.
Origin of anthropoidea: dental evidence and recognition of early anthropoids in the fossil record, with comments on the Asian anthropoid radiation.

Among the earliest fossil anthropoid primates known are Catopithecus browni, Serapia eocaena, Arsinoea kallimos, and Proteopithecus sylviae, from the late Eocene quarry L-41, Fayum Depression, Egypt. Two of these taxa, C. browni and S. eocaena, may be the oldest known members of the Propliopithecidae and Parapithecidae, respectively, while A. kallimos and P. sylviae are archaic anthropoids of less certain familial affiliation. Dental features of C. browni, S. eocaena, A. kallimos, and P. sylviae are compared with those of younger propliopithecids and parapithecids from the Fayum in order to determine the morphocline polarities of dental features among these early anthropoids. From this, a basal African anthropoid dental morphotype is constructed. Among the features of this morphotype are: dental formula of 2.1.3.3; incisors subvertically implanted and somewhat spatulate; p2 as large as p3, both lacking paraconids; p4 weakly obliquely oriented but not exodaenodont; all lower molars with small paraconids present; upper anterior premolars lacking protocone; upper molars with small, cingular hypocones, all cheek teeth nonbunodont; and canines projecting but not necessarily sexually dimorphic. Comparisons are made between this African anthropoid morphotype and two of the best-represented proposed basal anthropoids, Eosimias and Djebelemur, with the result that neither appears to be a good candidate to have been ancestral to the African anthropoids. Other possible basal simians such as Algeripithecus, Tabelia, and Biretia also are evaluated but are too poorly known for adequate analysis. The larger-bodied Asian primates Pondaungia, Amphipithecus, and Siamopithecus also are not likely ancestors for African anthropoids, but like Eosimias they may share a common ancestry. Despite many recent claims of an Asian origin for anthropoids, the evidence remains far from compelling. The true origins of Anthropoidea remain obscure.
A model for friction in quasi-steady-state sliding part I. Derivation

Abstract This paper presents the derivation of a model for the prediction of the coefficient of friction for two elasto-plastic surfaces in quasi-steady-state sliding. A companion paper presents numerical results and a discussion on the implications of the model's predictions in comparison with selected experimental data. The model considers the separate effects of asperity interaction and deformation, debris interaction and plowing, and adhesion, with partitioning of normal load (and contact areas) between different contacting elements. The analysis is restricted to nominally “steady state” sliding where the contact parameters are statistically invariant. The modifier “quasi” is used to emphasize that in tribodynamic systems there is no true equilibrium condition in which the frictional effects are “constant”.
Time dependence of multiply scattered diffuse ultrasound in polycrystalline media

Time domain results are presented for the multiply scattered longitudinal intensity backscattered from a polycrystalline medium. The results are solutions to the ultrasonic radiative transfer equation (URTE), the derivation of which is based upon radiative transfer theory. Unlike steady‐state solutions obtained previously, time domain solutions will more closely correspond to experiments that use tone burst sources. This paper is concerned with the time dependence of the backscattered longitudinal intensity from a polycrystalline medium excited by a normally incident longitudinal wave idealized as an impulsive deposition of energy. It is shown that multiple scattering effects become significant at times on the order of a mean free time or less. It is anticipated that this work may be applicable to microstructural characterization of polycrystalline, geophysical and other random media in which multiple scattering effects are important.
Preliminary determination of limiting nutrients for standard plate count organisms in Chicago intake water

Previous studies on the factors associated with increased bacterial populations in water intakes and finished potable waters have been inconclusive. In the present study, a multi-factorial design was developed to determine the nutrients which could increase standard plate count densities in the Lake Michigan intake water for the City of Chicago. Carbon, Fe, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate were considered as possible limiting nutrients. On the basis of this study, P emerged as the primary limiting nutrient with respect to both yield of microorganisms, and growth rate.
Simultaneous Measurements of Electrical Resistivity and Raman Scattering from Conductive Die Attach Adhesives

The development of electrical conductivity in silver (Ag)-filled conductive polymer adhesives is dependent on the thermal profile of the curing process. Previous studies of polymer adhesive systems have shown that chemical reactions at the interface of the micronsized Ag filler are a key factor in determining the subsequent performance of the conductive system. In an attempt to correlate the behavior of electrical conductivity with the chemical nature of the Ag particle interface, we have simultaneously performed electrical resistivity and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements on a commercial conductive adhesive. At room temperature in the low conductance state (∼10 −9 ohms −1 ), the SERS spectrum from the uncured adhesive exhibited peaks that were identified with a molecular species bound to Ag surface via the carboxylate functionality of the adsorbate. During the thermal cure processing, the SERS data showed a partial decomposition of the carboxylate species and the formation of an amorphous carbon layer at the Ag surface. A comparison of the simultaneously recorded electrical resistance and SERS data showed a strong correlation between the development of high conductance (∼ 1 ohm −1 ) in the adhesive and the formation of the amorphous carbon layer.
Data-driven validation, completion and construction of event relationship networks

Event management is a focal point in building and maintaining high quality information infrastructures. We have witnessed the shift of the paradigm of event management in practice from root cause analysis (RCA) to action-oriented analysis (AOA). IBM has developed a pioneer event management methodology (EMD) based on the AOA paradigm and applied it to more than two hundred production sites with success. Foreseeably, more and more event management professionals will apply AOA in different incarnations in building proactive management facilities. By that, building correct and effective Event Relationship Networks (ERNs) becomes the dominating activity in AOA service design process. Currently, the quality of ERNs and the cost of building them largely depend on the knowledge of domain experts. We believe that we can utilize historical event logs in shortening the ERNs design process and perfecting the quality of ERNs. In this paper, we describe in detail how to apply this data-driven approach in ERN validation, completion and construction.
The resistance to carbon dioxide laser ignition of a new endotracheal tube: Xomed laser-shield II

Abstract Study Objective: To assess the resistance of a new endotracheal tube to penetration and ignition by a carbon dioxide (CO 2 laser at a clinically relevant power setting. Design: An unblinded, in vitro trial simulating clinical conditions. Setting: The operating room at a university medical center. Patients: None. Interventions: A CO 2 laser at 20W with a beam diameter of 1 mm was directed onto the Xomed Laser-Shield II at several points: both perpendicular and tangential to the portion of the tube covered by the protective wrap, to the unwrapped silicone tubing just proximal to the cuff, to the cuff filled with saline and methylene blue, and to the unwrapped silicone tubing distal to the cuff. Trials were performed with or without supplemental oxygen (O 2 ) blown onto the study site and with a 6 L/min flow through the tube containing one of four concentrations of O 2 in O 2 -air admixtures: 21 %, 30%, 40%, and 100%. Measurements and Main Results: Under all conditions, the laser did not penetrate the protective wrap, but the overlying polytetrafuoroethylene (Teflon) sheet was vaporized to an area equal to the size of beam application. The cuff was penetrated by the laser within 5 seconds. The unprotected silicone portion of the tube was penetrated by the laser in approximately 5 seconds, and time to formation of a blowtorch phenomenon shortened with increasing the percentage of O 2 flowing through the tube. Conclusions: The protective coating of the Xomed Laser-Shield II is laser-resistant, but the unprotected silicone proximal and distal to the cuff is laser-vulnerable and can, under certain conditions, promote a blowtorch phenomenon. This tube would be acceptable for use in oral and pharyngeal laser surgery, but we recommend its use only in well-ventilated areas, out of concern for exposure to the products of the pyrolysis of Teflon, specifically the development of polymer fume fever.
Cooperative calcium binding and calmodulin regulation in the calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase purified from the erythrocyte membrane

Calcium binding to calcium-dependent ATPase purified from erythrocyte membrane was assessed by measurements of the ATPase intrinsic fluorescence. Calcium-binding isotherms obtained by fluorescence titration are identical to curves representing the Ca2+-concentration dependence of ATPase activity, and demonstrate that cooperativity is in fact a feature of the binding mechanism rather than an apparent effect of enzyme kinetics. Loss of cooperativity and a reduction of the ATPase affinity for calcium is observed at very low enzyme concentrations. This effect of enzyme dilution is prevented by calmodulin at 37 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. It is suggested that calcium binding by erythrocyte-membrane ATPase is influenced by hydrophobic interactions of binding domains, exhibiting a dissociation constant between 10(-7) and 10(-8) M in the absence of calmodulin, at 37 degrees C and in a specific set of experimental conditions. The dissociation constant is decreased by calmodulin.
Retrieval processes in recall

Abstract A reaction time (RT) paradigm was developed to study retrieval processes in paired associate (PA) recall. Prior to the experimental session, subjects learned lists of PAs (varying in length from three to 24 pairs); during the experimental session, subjects' RT to say the response word from the onset of a visually presented stimulus word was measured. The implications of several classes of retrieval models were discussed in the context of this paradigm. The shape of the RT-list length function, practice, and sequential effects were all of interest in distinguishing among models. Four experiments were reported which were designed to (1) establish the baseline effects in this paradigm, (2) determine which of these effects should be attributed to the retrieval stage of processing, and (3) investigate the effect of semantic memory in this task. Results suggest that simple serial scanning models are inadequate to handle the data from this task. Strength, direct-access, or parallel processing models, on the other hand, seem to capture the qualitative effects present in our experiments. When a strength model was formalized and fit to the data from Experiment I, it was found that a two-trace version gave good quantitative fits while a one-trace version did not, suggesting that both short- and long-term memory independently contribute in this task.
Guaiane sesquiterpenes from Decachaeta scabrella

Abstract From the dichloromethane extract of leaves of Decachaeta scabrella , in addition to three known guaianolides and two flavonoids, a new guaianolide, 11α, 13-dihydroxerantholide, and two new guaiane acids, pechueloic acid and 11,13-dihydropechueloic acid, were characterized. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectral and chemical methods.
Potent V2 vasopressin antagonists with structural changes at their C-terminals.

Abstract A variety of structural changes were made in the C-terminals of four potent antidiuretic (V 2 ) antagonists. The parent analogs were all derivatives of [1-(β-mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)]arginine-vasopressin, d(CH 2 ) 5 AVP, namely d(CH 2 ) 5 [D-Phe 2 ,Ile 4 ]AVP, d(CH 2 ) 5 [D-Ile 2 ,Ile 4 ]AVP, d(CH 2 ) 5 [D-Tyr(Et) 2 , Val 4 ]AVP and d(CH 2 ) 5 [D-Tyr(Et) 2 ,Ile 4 ]AVP. A number of amino acid amides were substituted for the C-terminal 9-glycinamide without reducing their V 2 -antagonistic potencies in rats. Many non-amino acid structures were also tolerated at the C-terminals of these antagonists and this end of these peptides can be prolonged without interfering with antagonistic potencies. Such altered V 2 -antagonists may be useful for the development of radioactive ligands, affinity labels and in affinity columns for studies on antidiuretic receptors. These C-terminal modifications also provide useful information for the further development of potent and specific V 2 -antagonists which can be valuable pharmacological tools and also promise to become useful clinically for the treatment of excessive water retention.
Why not physician-assisted death?

Objective The Hippocratic Oath states "... I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath ). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia are topics that engender a strong negative response on the part of many physicians and patients. This article explores contributions of religion, Western medical mores, law, and emerging concepts of moral neurocognition that may explain our inherent aversion to these ideas. Sources Religious texts, legal opinions, manifestos of medical ethics, medical literature, and lay literature. Conclusion Our collective repudiation of physician-assisted death, in all its forms, has complex origins that are not necessarily rational. If great care is taken to ensure that a request for physician-assisted death is persistent despite exhaustion of all available therapeutic modalities, then an argument can be made that our rejection constrains unnecessarily the liberty of a small number of patients.
Comprehension of graphics in texts: An overview

Abstract Research in this special issue on “Comprehension of Graphics in Texts” examines individual differences, improving instructional materials, and cognitive process training. Future research is needed to build a cognitive theory of how people leam from visual and verbal materials.
Hemodynamic effects of arteriovenous oxygenation with a small-volume artificial extracorporeal lung*

Summary Extracorporeal perfusion, with a small-volume artificial lung interposed between a single femoral artery and vein, has proved capable of achieving highly significant increases in arterial pO 2 and pH, with a comparable decrease in arterial pCO 2 . The use of this technique in normal and hypoxic puppies does not result in any significant changes in cardiac output, cardiac work, or central venous pressure. Transitory changes in arterial blood pressure are of short duration, although a slight increase in pulse pressure persists. These data suggest that prolonged clinical use of this device could be expected to produce favorable changes in blood gas levels without adverse cardiovascular changes.
“Wurster-Type” Ureas as Redox-Active Receptors for Anions

Four redox-active receptors, 1-4, based on the incorporation of p-phenylenediamine(s) within a urea framework, were synthesized, and the affinities of two for a series of anions were quantified through UV-vis and NMR spectroscopic studies. The structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. For the oxoanions studied, complex stabilities approached 10(6) M(-1) in acetonitrile and decreased with the decreasing basicity of the anion (CH(3)COO(-) > C(6)H(5)COO(-) > H(2)PO(4)(-) > NO(2)(-) > NO(3)(-)). The presence of the urea functionality caused an increase in the oxidation potential of the p-phenylenediamine subunit compared to that of free p-phenylenediamine. Electrochemical studies of the anion complexes revealed two-wave behavior with the appearance of a second oxidation wave cathodic to that in the free receptors and characteristic of the bound anion. Ab initio DFT studies of a representative acetate complex revealed the consequences of host oxidation state on complex structure.
Simple Models for Local Instabilities in Zonally Inhomogeneous Flows

Abstract Two very simple model equations, suggested by the form of the standard baroclinic instability dispersion relation. are studied to investigate the nature of the instability of zonally inhomogeneous flows. In particular, the simplifications of the model problems allow the consideration of examples in which the interval of instability is of the same order or even smaller than the characteristic wavelength of the free plane wave modes of the zonally homogeneous problem, a limit inaccessible to standard WKB procedures. In both model problems it is shown that the zonally gravest mode always remain no matter how small the locally unstable interval may be. Further, this gravest mode is eddy-like rather than wave-like, i.e., it has no internal nodes. When the free wave solutions are allowed to propagate, the structures of the bound modes are altered. They are squeezed against the exit edges of the unstable domain but again one mode, the bound eddy mode, is always possible. This study is complementary to t...
Surface-enhanced raman scattering

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a process in which the Raman scattering cross-section of molecules adsorbed onto the surfaces of metals such as silver, copper and gold increased by as much as six orders of magnitude. However, the enchancement is short-range and is restricted to the first few layers of molecules adjacent to the surface. As a result, SERS can be used to characterize adsorption of organic compounds onto metals and can be used for non-destructive characterization of interfaces between polymer films and metal substrates as long as the polymer films are not so thick that normal Raman scattering from the bulk of the film is more intense than SERS from the interface. SERS spectra were obtained from bilayers prepared by spin-coating thin films of polymers such as polystyrene onto silver island films and then overcoating them with much thicker films of a second polymer such as polystyrene sulfonate. The spectra were characteristic of the films adjacent to the silver and not the overlayers as long as the thickness of the films adjacent to the substrate was more than about 100 A in thickness. SERS spectra obtained from thick films of an acrylic adhesive spin-coated onto silver were identical to normal Raman spectra of salts of saccharin, a component of the cure system, and to SERS spectra of saccharin indicating that saccharin segregated to the adhesive/substrate interface and adsorbed onto the substrate by dissociation.
Developing a Standardized Faculty Evaluation in an Emergency Medicine Residency

Abstract Background: Quality educators are a core component of successful residency training. A structured, consistent, validated evaluation of clinical educators is important to improve teaching aptitude, further faculty development, and improve patient care. Study Objectives: The authors sought to identify specific domains of instructional quality and to develop a composite instrument for assessing instructional quality. Methods: The study setting is a 3-year residency program. Residents rated the quality of faculty member instruction using an 18-item survey twice over a 2-year period (2004–2005). Each survey item used a 9-point scale. Factor analysis employing a Varimax rotation identified domains of instructional performance. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of the identified domains. Results: There were 29 faculty members evaluated. Using 2004 data, five domains of instructional quality were identified that explained 92.5% of the variation in survey responses (χ 2 = 2.33, P = 0.11). These were: Competency and Professionalism (30% of variation), Commitment to Knowledge and Instruction (23%), Inclusion and Interaction (17%), Patient Focus (13%), and Openness to Ideas (9%). Competency and Professionalism included appropriate care, effective patient communication, use of new techniques, and ethical principles. Commitment to Knowledge and Instruction included research, mentoring, feedback, and availability. Inclusion and Interaction included procedural participation and bedside teaching. Patient Focus included compassion, effective care, and sensitivity to diverse populations. Openness to Ideas included enthusiasm and receptivity of new ideas. These five domains were consistent in the 2005 data (Cronbach's alpha 0.68–0.75). Conclusions: A five-domain instrument consistently accounted for variations in faculty teaching performance as rated by resident physicians. This instrument may be useful for standardized assessment of instructional quality.
The keybowl: an ergonomically designed document processing device

This paper discloses preliminary findings and provides a discussion of a newly designed alphanumeric input device called the Keybowl. The Keybowl was designed and developed primarily as an alternative input device to allow users of various upper extremity disabilities to effectively type, interact with, and navigate current computer interface designs. In addition, the Keybowl's unique characteristics of adapting to the user's needs may provide a solution to the multi-million dollar a year problem of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as it relates to typing. The Keybowl totally eliminates finger movement, minimizes wrist movement, and uses the concept of concurrent independent inputs (i.e., chording) in which two domes are moved laterally to type. Initial results indicated that users of the Keybowl typed an average of 52% of their regular QWERTY flatboard keying speed in as little as five hours. With regard to ergonomic advantage, Keybowl typists' flexion/extension wrist movements were reduced by an average of 81.5% when compared to typists using the QWERTY keyboard. Movements in the ulnar/radial plane were reduced by an average of 48%.
Effect of pellet fuelling on energy transport in ohmically heated alcator C plasmas

Time-dependent transport analysis calculations have been carried out, using experimentally determined plasma parameters to obtain the variation of electron and ion thermal diffusivities following pellet injection into moderate-density Alcator C discharges. The ion thermal diffusivity, which is typically higher than neoclassical predictions by a factor of three to five in the gas-fuelled target plasma, is found to decrease after pellet injection to approximately the neoclassical value. The electron thermal conductivity is not reduced after pellet injection. The improvement in ion transport correlates with the peaking of the density profile and may be related to the reduction in the quantity ηi ≡ d ln Ti/d ln n, which is inferred to lie close to the critical value for stability of drift modes driven by the ion temperature gradient. Extrapolation of these results to higher-density plasmas, for which the electron and ion losses cannot be unambiguously measured, is consistent with previously reported increases in global energy confinement time accompanying pellet injection.
Derivation of pay adjustment for in-place air void of asphalt pavement from life-cycle cost analysis

The objective of this study is to develop performance-related pay adjustment (PA) for in-place air void of asphalt pavements using pavement management data and life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA). In-place air void data were collected from quality assurance (QA) records for a large number of projects constructed in New Jersey from 1995 to 2005. Pavement condition index data were extracted from pavement management database for the pavement sections where air void data were available. Empirical pavement performance models were developed with sigmoidal functions and used to predict pavement service life. An exponential model form was used to relate the expected pavement service life to the quality measures of in-place air voids. After the rationality of the model was checked, LCCA was performed to derive the PA using different analysis periods and maintenance strategies. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to capture the variation of PA due to the uncertainty of overlay service life. The PA could be significa...
The Range of Ocular Surface Research at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

UT Southwestern produces worldclass work in ocular surface, tear film, and corneal research.
Mother, melancholia, and dreams in Erik H. Erikson's Insight and Responsibility.

In an earlier article (Capps, 2007a) on Erik H. Erikson’s earliest writings (1930–1931) I focused on the relationship between the child’s melancholia and conflict with maternal authority, and drew attention to the restorative role of humor. In a subsequent article (Capps, 2007b) on Erikson’s Childhood and Society (1950) I explored the same theme of the relationship of melancholia and the mother, but focused on the restorative role of play. In this article drawing from his Insight and Responsibility (1964) I continue this exploration of the relationship of melancholia and the mother, but focus on the restorative role of dreams. In support of this understanding of dreams, I focus on Erikson’s interpretation of one of Sigmund Freud’s dreams in light of the first two stages of the life cycle, and his view that the dream itself is inherently maternal.
An evaluation of an innovative information technology the case of Carrier EXPERT

Abstract Introducing a new and innovative information technology into an organization creates both management challenges and opportunities. This article recounts the experiences of the Carrier Corporation, a major air-conditioning manufacturer, in introducing expert systems technology into its operations. Both the technology and the first application developed using it expanded well beyond their intended scope — from a back-office-type automation to becoming a competitive tool for Carrier. The authors monitored the system's evolution over a four-year time period. Both internal and strategic impacts of the technology on the corporation are assessed using a multi-dimensional evaluation model proposed in the literature. Finally, management insights and the lessons learned from Carrier's experiences are presented.
Experimental study of grain boundary melting in aluminum

Abstract Experiments aimed at determining whether grain boundaries melt “completely” to structures which closely resemble their undercooled bulk liquid at temperatures appreciably below the bulk melting temperature, Tm were performed. A variety of grain boundaries in Al, containing localized grain boundary dislocation (GBD) arrays, was observed directly by hot stage electron microscopy during heating to close to Tm. These included boundaries possessing both 2-D and 1-D periodicity. No delocalization of the GBD cores was observed up to T = 0.96 Tm indicating an absence of melting. In additional experiments, polycrystalline Al specimens were partially melted in the hot stage and the grain boundaries in the direct vicinity of the liquid/solid interface were searched for possible melting. No signs of melting were detected for temperatures up to 0.999 Tm. The results indicate that complete grain boundary melting occurs only essentially at Tm. The results are consistent with atomistic simulations in the literature which indicate that grain boundaries become preferentially disordered upon heating. This process continues progressively and culminates rather abruptly very near Tm where complete melting finally occurs. During this process, the boundary structure maintains a degree of “crystallinity”, and only at Tm does the distinction between the boundary structure and the bulk liquid disappear completely. Other experimental evidence in the literature supporting this picture is cited.
246 EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN EXTRACELLULAR pH ON CARDIAC MUSCLE OF ADULT AND NEONATAL DOGS

246 EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN EXTRACELLULAR pH ON CARDIAC MUSCLE OF ADULT AND NEONATAL DOGS
A sensitive genotyping assay for detection of drug resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 subtypes B and C in samples stored as dried blood spots or frozen RNA extracts

Exposure to antiretroviral drugs in resource-constrained settings is likely to result in the emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, limiting treatment options. Genotypic drug resistance testing assists clinical management and outcomes assessment, but a sensitive and reproducible genotypic assay feasible for resource-constrained settings is needed. A sensitive, reproducible genotyping assay to detect HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase and protease was developed and validated using blood stored as dried blood spots or as frozen RNA extracts from Zambian children infected with subtype C. HIV-1 genotypes derived from samples stored as dried blood spots were compared to those derived from paired liquid plasma samples in American young adults infected with HIV-1 subtype B. The method reproducibly amplified patient-specific sequences and detected drug resistance mutations from all of the dried blood spots or excess frozen RNA extracts with detectable viremia over a broad range of viral loads (193-3 million HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) in both HIV-1 subtypes B and C infection. This method captured the genetic variation typical of HIV-1 infection, including mutations at usual sites of drug resistance, polymorphisms, and mixtures. This sensitive and reproducible genotypic assay is feasible for detection of antiretroviral resistance in resource-constrained settings.
Network Science from an IT and US Army Perspective

Network science provides fundamental knowledge of complex networks and how they work. These networks might be natural (biological), technological, or social in nature - or could be combinations of these types. From an information technology perspective, NS can provide a formal, scientific understanding of the social and cognitive aspects of electronic data networks, which for the most part have been only marginally acknowledged and informally addressed. We must consider the following points when seeking to understand NS: Fundamental knowledge about the properties of complex networks is primitive. An important NS goal is prediction of a network's future behavior as a whole as well as of its components individually. An electronic data network is a kind of technological network, of which the Internet provides a pervasive example. Cognition is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. NS researchers often rely on the concept of centrality from graph theory. Various measures of a vertex's centrality within a network's graph representation determine the relative importance of the vertex, which might represent a person in a social network, a node in a technological network, and other points of interest in other kinds of networks. Written from a computer network defense (CND) perspective, this work is meant to raise awareness among information technologists of NS's value to technological networks. It also highlights NS activities by the US Army to form an alliance of government, industrial, and academic institutions in the study of NS and associated grand challenges.
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma: histogenesis of stroma cells.

Light and electron microscopic features of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma were evaluated with special emphasis on the matter of the origin of interstitial (stroma) cells. Many of the capillary components were of embryonal type, and the stroma cells shared several morphological features with them. It was concluded that the stroma cells originate from vasoformative elements (endothelium and pericytes) and that the endothelial cells are active components of the neoplasm. No convincing morphological counterpart for the erythropoietic activity of this neoplasm was uncovered. Structures identical to ciliary rootlets were identified in many endothelial cells.
The effect of altered sodium or potassium intake on the width and cytochemistry of the zona glomerulosa of the rat's adrenal cortex.

The cortex of the rat’s adrenal gland is divided morphologically into three major zones. The appearance of the cells and the width of the outer two zones, the glomerulosa and fasciculata, can be altered in different physiological states. Thus, the zona fasciculata enlarges and its cells appear active in conditions eliciting an increased production of adrenotropin, which stimulates the release of the cortical “sugar” factors. On the other hand, this zone shrinks and becomes inactive after hypophysectomy. Either change may occur without apparent alteration in the activity of the glomerulosa (Deane and McKibbin, 1946; Deane and Greep, 1946). The present paper will describe experiments indicating that the outer zone, the glomerulosa, undergoes morphological and cytochemical changes in physiological states that involve disturbance of the electrolyte balance of the body. These changes may occur without any demonstrable alteration of the fasciculata. Moreover, they develop in hypophysectomized as well as in inta...
Interactive classification and indexing of still and motion pictures in VideoRoadMap

The large scale proliferation of multimedia data necessitates the use of sophisticated techniques for accessing the information based on the content. VideoRoadMap is a new content-based video indexing system for retrieving video clips and images from multimedia databases. The system indexes the audio-visual information using spatio-temporal features and information modeling methods. The proposed system employs adaptive similarity measurements based on the contents of media objects, resulting in more accurate retrievals. Principal component analysis and second order statistical analysis are employed to determine the appropriate combination of weight values in similarity search. In addition, VideoRoadMap includes a powerful multi- faceted querying mechanism which allows queries to be formulated and presented in a variety of modes, including query by example (image and/or video), query by sketch, and query by object motion trajectory.
Poster abstract: a mobile-cloud service for physiological anomaly detection on smartphones

There is a growing number of examples that use the microphones in phone for various acoustic processing tasks as mobile phones become increasingly computationally powerful. However, there is no general physiological acoustic anomaly detection service on smartphones. To this end, we propose a physiological acoustic anomaly detection service which contains classifiers that can be used to detect irregularity and anomalies in lung sounds and notifies the user. We also present and discuss on some preliminary results.
Accretion history of supermassive black holes

The bulk of the hard X-ray background has been resolved into discrete sources by ultradeep surveys with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We have carried out multiwavelength follow-up observations of the active galactic nuclei that make up the background to ascertain their nature. With the addition of optical, submillimeter, and radio data, the bolometric luminosities of the sources can be estimated and used to map the history of supermassive black hole accretion from the earliest times to the present.
An Alternative Approach to Accountability

Abstract The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 requires that agencies receiving federal funds develop and implement a system of accountability. In addition to design and implementation of a revised evaluation and reporting system, our agency designed a simple retrospective assessment to determine our effectiveness with traditional clientele who have used our services for many years. A 1998 statewide survey established that traditional clientele (∼25,000), food stamp eligibles, and welfare-to-work participants account for approximately 15% each of our total programming effort in food and nutrition. Our traditional programs are offered through a "train-the-trainer" process with volunteer club leaders teaching lessons. In a survey of a 7 county area, we obtained self-reported data on food behaviors from club leaders (n=80) representing over 1,300 members in 75 clubs with an average of 16 years experience with food and nutrition programming through our agency. Of the 80 club leaders surveyed, 64 consumed 5-A-Day or more fruit and vegetable servings. Eighty percent of our traditional clientele achieved the 5-A-Day goal, compared to only 17% of the general population in this same 7 county area (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996). Thirty-six percent of the fruits and vegetables eaten by traditional clientele were raw, and 14% were fried, in casseroles, or in desserts. Fifty-four percent consumed a good source of Vitamin A or C, compared to only 10% of US adults (USDA, 1994). Ninety-four percent had modified recipes used at home to decrease fat or calories. Our agency was identified as the leading source of information on how to reduce fat and calories by 73% of those surveyed. These data on the dietary behaviors of our traditional clientele complement the prospective data we will collect to help our agency be accountable for the federal funding we receive.
A Note on the Diophantine Equation x 2 +y 6 =z e , e=4

We consider the diophantine equation . We show that, when is a multiple of 4 or 6, this equation has no solutions in positive integers with and relatively prime. As a corollary, we show that there exists no primitive Pythagorean triangle one of whose leglengths is a perfect cube, while the hypotenuse length is an integer square.
Hydraulic Fracturing of Deep Wells

An experimental investigation has been conducted in open-hole instability due to either too low or too high well pressures under conditions simulating depths of 0 to 30,000 ft. The significant results were (1) the danger of well collapse due to shear crushing is very realistic in deep wells if well pressure is zero or very low. The Mohr failure envelope appears to be a conservative estimate of the differential stresses needed to induce cave-in at the well walls. (2) Through well pressurization a critical pressure is reached at which a different type of well failure is brought about. It is a vertical tensile rupture that initiates at the well and emanates into the formation. This so called hydraulic fracture appears unaffected by the depth of the well. (3) The critical pressures required to bring about hydraulic fractures in deep wells are considerably lower than those expected, and follow the values predicted by a failure criterion that incorporates the changes in the stress field due to well fluid penetration. These results are obtained under high field stresses even in rocks of extremely low permeability using very high viscosity fluids.
Pluralism and Ambivalence in the Evolution of Morality

Much good work has been done on the evolution of human morality by focusing on how “selfish genes” can give rise to altruistic human beings. A richer research program is needed, however, to take into account the ambivalence of naturally evolved biopsychological motivators and the historical pluralism of human morality in religious systems. Such a program is described here. A first step is to distinguish the ultimate cause of natural selection from proximate causes that are the results of natural selection. Next, some proximate causes are suggested as possible conditions of biological and emotional valuing as well as of customary social morality and individual rational ethical thought. Finally, different moral perspectives of Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity are briefly presented in order to illustrate how one might inquire about the selection of a variety of biopsychological and cultural proximate causes that enable the evolution of a plurality of religious moral systems.
The United States and the Genocide Convention: Leading Advocate and Leading Obstacle

While the United States is now an international leader in the fight against genocide and human rights abuses, it only recently ratified the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide– forty years after the convention's unanimous adoption by the UN General Assembly. Korey provides a description of the long struggle for ratification of the Genocide Convention, detailing decades of work by a committee of fifty-two nongovernmental organizations lobbying the Senate and the American Bar Association, the treaty's key opponent. Despite the public support for the United Nations and human rights by the United States, failure to ratify the Genocide Convention stemmed primarily from the fear that international covenants were threats to U.S. sovereignty. The United States finally overcame this fear with the ratification of the Genocide Convention in 1988, which opened the door for U.S. leadership.
Smoking as a factor in causing lung cancer.

In this case-control study, the investigators compared the smoking histories of individuals with lung cancer and without lung cancer. Participants were matched for age and several dimensions of smoking history were ascertained through a standardized set of questionnaires (including age at initiation and cessation, and average amount smoked per day of cigarettes, cigars, or with a pipe). Each individual's occupational history and history of prior lung disease was captured to control for possible confounders. The investigators found that individuals with lung cancer had a more extensive smoking history than individuals without lung cancer.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Effect of different lysing and washing methods on free amino acid concentrations of sheep whole blood and erythrocytes

1. A study was conducted to determine the effect of different washing and lysing methods on the free amino acid concentrations of sheep erythryocytes (RBC) and whole blood. Methods of lysis included laking, freeze-thawing or sonication. RBC were washed with isotonic solutions of either saline or sucrose. 2. Washing the RBC with isotonic sucrose resulted in significantly greater concentrations for ten of the amino acids. Greater amino acid concentrations were realized when washed RBC were sonicated and when the RBC of whole blood were lysed by laking. 3. Suggestions are made for future application to whole blood and RBC amino acid determinations.
Dynamic Decision Support in Direct-Access Sensor Networks; A Demonstration

This paper describes application demonstrations of a new middleware that supports dynamic decision support over networks of resource-constrained devices. For the purposes of our demonstrations, we tap into intelligent job site applications for the construction domain. The demonstrations are carefully constructed to highlight our middleware's ability to provide on-demand access to local data, aggregation of data across dynamically defined regions, fusion of heterogeneous sensor data, and intelligent application-sensitive sensor clustering. The paper briefly describes the middleware and the details of the demonstrations.
Automatic precipitation and temperature reporting over a very-high-frequency radio system

Development of radio and electronic equipment for telemetering weather data from remote inaccessible locations has been greatly accelerated in recent years. In 1959 the Bonneville Power Administration completed the installation of an automatic precipitation-and temperature-reporting system utilizing standard detection devices, and including a unique telemetering and transmission system. This system was installed above the Hungry Horse Reservoir located on the south fork of the Flathead River in Montana. The Hungry Horse Reservoir, which was built by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1953, has a storage capacity of 3,500,000 acre-feet, of which nearly 3,000,000 are usable for power production. The Hungry Horse Project is designed primarily to increase system prime power on the U. S. Columbia River System and to control floods in the Flathead Valley in the vicinity of Kalispell, Mont., and on the main Columbia River farther downstream.
Scanning electron microscopy of cell wall formation around isolated plant protoplasts.

The process of cell wall regeneration around two species of higher plant protoplasts has been studied using reflection scanning electron microscopy. The first stage in the process is the formation of short fibres from randomly spaced centres. With protoplasts of tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv White Burley) these fibres then elongate and interlace apparently at random to give rise to a matted continuous layer of wall. Protoplasts of a suspension culture of grapevine cells (Vitis vinifera L. cv Muller Thurgau) produce short fibres but these fail to elongate. Budding is observed during wall regeneration around vine protoplasts. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanical properties of the wall and its relationship to changes in plasmalemma morphology which are observed during wall formation.