cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological history affects zooplankton community responses to acidification

The effects of ecological history are frequently ignored in attempts to predict community responses to environmental change. In this study, we explored the possibility that ecological history can cause differences in community responses to perturbation using parallel acidification experiments in three sites with different pH histories in the Northern Highland Lake District of Wisconsin, USA. In Trout Lake, high acid neutralizing capacity had historically buffered changes in pH. In contrast, the two basins of Little Rock Lake (Little Rock-Reference and Little Rock-Treatment) had experienced seasonal fluctuations in pH. Furthermore, the two lake basins were separated with a curtain and Little Rock-Treatment was experimentally acidified in the late 1980s. In each site, we conducted mesocosm experiments to compare zooplankton community dynamics in control (ambient pH) and acidified (pH 4.7) treatments. Zooplankton community responses were strongest in Trout Lake and weakest in Little Rock-Treatment suggesting...
Childhood Trauma, Attachment, and Abuse by Multiple Partners

This study's purpose was to compare childhood trauma histories, family-of-origin characteristics, affect dysregulation, and attachment characteristics of 93 battered women abused in either single (44%) or multiple (56%) relationships in adulthood. Research participants were administered the Adult At
Living Carbocationic Polymerization of Isobutylene with Blocked Bifunctional Initiators in the Presence of Di-tert-butylpyridine as a Proton Trap

Abstract The polymerization of isobutylene (IB) has been studied using 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-chloride, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-methyl ether, and 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-acetate initiators in the absence and presence of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DTBP) as a proton trap. It is demonstrated that living polymerization can be achieved in the IB/initiator/TiCl4/methylchloride-n-hexane (40:60 v:v)/DTBP/-80°C system, and that polymers with close to a Poisson molecular weight distribution can be obtained in the presence of a proton trap in concentrations only slightly higher than the concentration of protic impurities in the system. The polymerization rate is a first-order function of the monomer concentration and is not affected by the excess amount of DTBP added, which indicates that the living nature of the polymerization is not due to carbocation stabilization.
Amino acid substitution in the active site of DNA polymerase β explains the energy barrier of the nucleotidyl transfer reaction.

DNA polymerase β (pol β) is a bifunctional enzyme widely studied for its roles in base excision DNA repair, where one key function is gap-filling DNA synthesis. In spite of significant progress in recent years, the atomic level mechanism of the DNA synthesis reaction has remained poorly understood. Based on crystal structures of pol β in complex with its substrates and theoretical considerations of amino acids and metals in the active site, we have proposed that a nearby carboxylate group of Asp256 enables the reaction by accepting a proton from the primer O3′group, thus activating O3′as the nucleophile in the reaction path. Here, we tested this proposal by altering the side chain of Asp256 to Glu and then exploring the impact of this conservative change on the reaction. The D256E enzyme is more than 1000-fold less active than the wild-type enzyme, and the crystal structures are subtly different in the active sites of the D256E and wild-type enzymes. Theoretical analysis of DNA synthesis by the D256E enzy...
Transorbital Approach for Occluding the Middle Cerebral Artery Without Craniectomy

An experimental model of cerebral ischemia and infarction can be produced by occluding a middle cerebral artery in animals. Most surgical approaches to the artery require removal of some portion of the cranium, which may modify or prevent the changes of intracranial pressure and the development of pressure gradients that are caused by ischemic cerebral edema or brain swelling. A transorbital approach for the exposure of a middle cerebral artery requires only enlargement of the optic foramen, which can be sealed immediately after occlusion of the artery. The lack of disturbance and manipulation of the brain and the maintenance of the integrity of the cranium result in a superior experimental model.
Short and long-range forces involved in cation-induced aggregation of chromaffin granule membranes.

The kinetics and equilibria of cation-induced aggregation of chromaffin granule (CG) membranes are analyzed. The following mechanistic observations are made 1. (1) Cation-induced dimerization of CG membranes is brought about by reducing the membrane surface potential and hence by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between membranes. This can be accomplished by either monovalent or divalent cations. 2. (2) The dimerization reaction is nearly diffusion-controlled. The activation energy of the process is low. 3. (3) The kinetics are analyzed in terms of an “encounter complex” model formulated for comparison with the delay times involved in Ca2+ -triggered exocytotic release. The half time for aggregation of vesicles with distances of separation between 26 A and 126 .A is calculated to be on the order of 3 msec. 4. (4) The role of van der Waals attraction, electrostatic repulsion and dipolar repulsion is considered. Calculations show that dipolar repulsion of phosphatidyl choline polar head groups should outweigh van der Waals attraction for short distances of separation. 5. (5) Phospholipid vesicles prepared from CG membrane lipids also show cation-induced aggregation. However, the behavior is qualitatively and quantitatively dissimilar to that of the CG membrane. The rates of aggregation are two orders of magnitude slower. This is shown to be due to a negative entropy of activation resulting from the necessity of matching the surfaces of the vesicles. Vesicle approaches involving high energies (enthalpies) of activation are excluded.
Inactivation of the Serratia marcescens gene for the lipoprotein in Escherichia coli by insertion sequences, IS1 and IS5; sequence analysis of junction points

A pBR322-derived plasmid pKEN221 carrying a Serratia marcescens lpp gene overproduces the outer membrane lipoprotein in an Escherichia coli lpp−cell. However, when this strain was continuously cultured in a rich medium for about thirty generations, many Lpp− mutants were accumulated. Out of six mutants analyzed, three were found to carry insertion mutation in the lpp gene in pKEN221. From restriction enzyme mapping and hybridization analysis of the mutant plasmid DNA, it was found that two mutants were caused by insertion sequence IS1 and one by IS5. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these mutant DNAs revealed that both IS1 and IS5 insertions occured in the A-T rich 5′ untranslated region of the lpp gene. While the IS1 insertion resulted in a direct duplication of a nine-base-pair sequence in the original pKEN221 DNA at the junction with IS1, the IS5 insertion resulted in a direct duplication of a four-base-pair sequence. IS5 was found to contain inverted-repeat sequences of twelve nucleotides at its exact ends. This is the first example of the nucleotide sequence analysis of an IS5 insertion mutation. By Southern blot hybridization, the E. coli chromosomal DNA was found to contain about ten copies of IS5.
'Feeling the pressure': structural insights into a gated mechanosensitive channel.

The structure determination of the large-conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscL) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has revealed the architecture of the first full-length, gated pentameric ion channel. This structure provides insights into the elements participating in the conductance and gating mechanisms of these channels.
Rupture of bladder and urethra

Abstract Cases of bladder rupture are increasing with the increase of automobile accidents. The usual cause of ruptured bladder is external traumatism to an overfilled bladder, not uncommonly seen in alcoholics. An increasing proportion is associated with fractured pelvis. Occasionally the rupture is secondary to medical manipulations. Intraperitoneal ruptures are more frequent than extraperitoneal ones. Symptoms are shock, abdominal pain and tenderness with marked desire but inability to void. Diagnosis is best made by intravenous pyelography and cystograms showing the diffused dye outside the bladder. This procedure lessens the danger of infection. Rupture of the bladder is a major abdominal catastrophe and requires immediate surgical intervention. Closure of the tear with wide drainage and aspiration is recommended. Complications are shock, hemorrhage and infection. Mortality has been steadily declining, from 78 per cent up to 1907, to 30 per cent in the tabulation of the cases at the Squier Clinic. This percentage might be still lower if the bladder ruptures could be isolated from the high percentage of general injuries with which they are associated. The urethra may be ruptured either from within or without. Rupture from without is the more usual and is generally due to a fall on the perineum. It frequently occurs with fracture of the pelvis. Symptoms are those of pain, hemorrhage and urinary extravasation. Drainage of the extravasated area followed by repair of the urethral tear gives the best results. Use of an indwelling catheter increases the danger of infection. All cases require long after-treatment with sounds to dilate the subsequent stricture. Impotence frequently occurs following this injury.
Thermal Convective Instabilities in a Porous Medium

The onset of convection due to a nonlinear and time-dependent temperature stratification in a saturated porous medium with upper and lower free surfaces is considered. The initial parabolic temperature distribution is due to uniform internal heating. The medium is then cooled by decreasing the upper surface temperature linearly with time. Linear stability theory is applied to the more formally developed governing equations. In order to obtain an asymptotic solution for transient problems involving very long time scales, the critical Rayleigh number for steady-state, nonlinear temperature distribution is also obtained. The effects of porosity, permeability, and Prandtl number on the time of the onset of convection are examined. The steady-state results show that the critical Rayleigh number depends only on the ratio of porosity to permeability and when this ratio exceeds a value of one thousand, the critical Rayleigh number is directly proportional to this ratio.
Porphyrin photosensitization of multi-drug resistant cell types.

— The P388 murine leukemia and P388/ADR, a subline expressing the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype, were examined with regard to the role of MDR as a determinant of responsiveness to photodynamic therapy in vitro. Mesoporphyrin was used as a model substrate. We found no differences in porphyrin accumulation nor transport alterations associated with exposure of P388/ADR cells to the verapamil analog DMDP. There was a significant correlation between photodamage to mitochondria vs loss of cell viability in both cell lines, and LD50 sensitizer levels were not significantly different in P388 vs P388/ADR. P388/ADR cells were partly resistant to porphyrin-catalyzed photodamage to amino acid transport, but this result was not associated with differences in sensitizer localization, as indicated by fluorescence studies. Moreover, photodamage to membrane transport was not associated with loss of viability. These studies suggest that cells which express the MDR phenotype are unlikely to be cross-resistant to photodynamic therapy.
The autoimmune T cell receptor: epitopes, idiotopes, and malatopes.

The T cell and its antigen(s) are the focus of this review. An unusual, unexpected finding implicates part of the T cell receptor for wich we have corned a new term, the malatope, and wich we believe to be involved in autoimmune responses in general
Forming Al and Mg Alloy Sheet and Tube at Elevated Temperatures

Experimental investigation on the formability limits of aluminum and magnesium alloys are conducted through hydraulic bulging and deep drawing. New tube hydroforming tooling was designed and the submerged tool concept is introduced. Tube hydroforming experiments were conducted with and without axial feed by using AA6061 tubes. The formability of Mg AZ31-O sheets are determined by hydraulic bulging using similar submerged tool. Finally the effect of temperature and initial blank size on the attainable highest punch velocity is investigated and round cups from Mg AZ31-O were successfully formed in a heated tool with punch speeds up to 300 mm/s.
P‐0 Glycoprotein Overexpression Causes Congenital Hypomyelination Of Peripheral Nerves

We show that normal peripheral nerve myelination depends on strict dosage of the most abundantly expressed myelin gene, myelin protein zero (Mpz). Transgenic mice containing extra copies of Mpz manifested a dose-dependent, dysmyelinating neuropathy, ranging from transient perinatal hypomyelination to arrested myelination and impaired sorting of axons by Schwann cells. Myelination was restored by breeding the transgene into the Mpz-null background, demonstrating that dysmyelination does not result from a structural alteration or Schwann cell-extrinsic effect of the transgenic P-0 glycoprotein. Mpz mRNA overexpression ranged from 30–700%, whereas an increased level of P-0 protein was detected only in nerves of low copy-number animals. Breeding experiments placed the threshold for dysmyelination between 30 and 80% Mpz overexpression. These data reveal new points in nerve development at which Schwann cells are susceptible to increased gene dosage, and suggest a novel basis for hereditary neuropathy.
Bandwidth reduction due to confinement factor modulation in quantum-well lasers

A new mechanism is described that is based on the modulation of the confinement factor with carrier density in quantum-well lasers. This new mechanism may limit modulation bandwidth for quantum-well laser with high threshold carrier density and narrow confining layer.
Characterization and prediction of rate-dependent flexibility in lumbar spine biomechanics at room and body temperature.

Abstract Background context The soft tissues of the spine exhibit sensitivity to strain-rate and temperature, yet current knowledge of spine biomechanics is derived from cadaveric testing conducted at room temperature at very slow, quasi-static rates. Purpose The primary objective of this study was to characterize the change in segmental flexibility of cadaveric lumbar spine segments with respect to multiple loading rates within the range of physiologic motion by using specimens at body or room temperature. The secondary objective was to develop a predictive model of spine flexibility across the voluntary range of loading rates. Study design This in vitro study examines rate- and temperature-dependent viscoelasticity of the human lumbar cadaveric spine. Methods Repeated flexibility tests were performed on 21 lumbar function spinal units (FSUs) in flexion-extension with the use of 11 distinct voluntary loading rates at body or room temperature. Furthermore, six lumbar FSUs were loaded in axial rotation, flexion-extension, and lateral bending at both body and room temperature via a stepwise, quasi-static loading protocol. All FSUs were also loaded using a control loading test with a continuous-speed loading-rate of 1-deg/sec. The viscoelastic torque-rotation response for each spinal segment was recorded. A predictive model was developed to accurately estimate spine segment flexibility at any voluntary loading rate based on measured flexibility at a single loading rate. Results Stepwise loading exhibited the greatest segmental range of motion (ROM) in all loading directions. As loading rate increased, segmental ROM decreased, whereas segmental stiffness and hysteresis both increased; however, the neutral zone remained constant. Continuous-speed tests showed that segmental stiffness and hysteresis are dependent variables to ROM at voluntary loading rates in flexion-extension. To predict the torque-rotation response at different loading rates, the model requires knowledge of the segmental flexibility at a single rate and specified temperature, and a scaling parameter. A Bland-Altman analysis showed high coefficients of determination for the predictive model. Conclusions The present work demonstrates significant changes in spine segment flexibility as a result of loading rate and testing temperature. Loading rate effects can be accounted for using the predictive model, which accurately estimated ROM, neutral zone, stiffness, and hysteresis within the range of voluntary motion.
Purification of waste gases from heat units in refractory factories

On the heat units in the refractories industry where imperfect dust removal occurs (Davidson cyclones, one- and two-stage cyclone structures) giving a level of gas purification of not more than 90%, it is necessary to install additional stages of purification or to replace the existing dust extractors by those which are more effective. For the drying of clays in drying drums to a final moisture content of not more than 14%, the most effective dust extractor is the electrofilter. It is also possible to use two-stage extractors made up of NIIOGAZ cyclones in the first stage and wet dust extractors (rotary network filters, etc,) in the case of using the slurry method and when heating the drum with nonsulfur fuel. With the drying of clays to a final moisture content of about 18%, it is adequate to use a single-stage dust cyclone made of NIIOGAZ cyclones. When drying chromite ores and magnesite in a drying drum, it is desirable to install two-stage dust extractors made up of NIIOGAZ cyclones in the first stage, and battery cyclones or wet-dust extractors in the second, until we have better data. For rotary furnaces used for firing clays into grog, it is adequate to installone-stage dust extractors-electrofilter, and behind the furnaces used to fire dolomite and magnesite, to instal a two-stage unit made up of NIIOGAZ cyclones in the first stage and electrofilters in the second. It is essential to make a detailed study of the operations of existing dust extractors to clarify measures aimed at getting a high degree of gas purification. To reduce the dust removal level from furnaces, it is desirable in the future for the firing of refractory materials, especially dolomite and magnesite, to use rotary furnaces with preparatory conveyer grids, and also shaft preheaters in the rotary furnaces used at the present for firing clay into grog. One-stage dust extractors made up of battery cyclones in furnaces used for firing dolomite and magnesite should have a second stage also made up of battery cyclones, but with a lower element diameter.
A memory‐efficient, adaptive algorithm for multipole‐accelerated capacitance computation in a stratified dielectric medium

An adaptive, multipole-accelerated technique is presented for the fast computation of capacitances of conducting structures that reside in stratified dielectric media. This technique is an extension of a previously reported method of moments based approach that uses a nonadaptive fast-multipole algorithm in conjunction with a closed-form Green's function for a stratified medium. In the proposed adaptive technique, the specific spatial arrangement of the images introduced by this Green's function is exploited to significantly reduce the excessive memory requirements associated with the earlier technique. It is shown that the reduction in memory is attained in such a manner that both speed and accuracy are not adversely affected. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrastructural effects of dietary galactoflavin on mouse hepatocytes.

Abstract The ultrastructural effects of a galactoflavin-supplemented, riboflavin-free diet were chronologically examined in mouse hepatocytes. The mitochondrial population suffered the greatest changes. Beginning with day 3 of the experimental diet, the mitochondria first became elongated, then later rounded up to become somewhat enlarged spheres. By day 20–22, the mitochondria reached diameters of about 6 μm, and had cristae that were largely confined to the periphery of the organelles. Throughout the course of enlargement, spontaneously partitioned mitochondria of all sizes were common. When mice with advanced ariboflavinosis were injected with riboflavin, mitochondrial recovery took place over a period of more than 10 days. Division of the enlarged mitochondria proceeded by medial attenuation, rather than by partition formation and constriction. The mechanism that selects which of the two modalities of mitochondrial replication will prevail remains undetermined.
Supply of biomass, bioenergy, and carbon mitigation: Method and application

This study develops an analytical framework for deriving the supply of biomass feedstock and subsequently electricity and CO2 displacement generated from the biomass. This systematic approach minimizes the total cost of both feedstock and electricity production and involves the determination of the optimal power plant size and the derivation of the supply curves. The analytical framework is applied to the case of logging residues in the US. Both the theoretical and empirical results point to the importance of simultaneously considering feedstock production, energy conversion, and environmental benefits/costs in bioenergy project development, leading to useful policy implications for bioenergy development and deployment.
Homology between feline herpesvirus-1 and canine herpesvirus

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the relatedness between feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and canine herpesvirus (CHV). Immunoprecipitation studies using antisera to FHV-1 and CHV revealed that both share virion glycoprotein antigens with apparent molecular weights of approximately 60 and 68 kDa. Two non-glycosylated, virion-associated antigens of each virus also displayed weaker cross reactivity. Southern blot hybridization experiments indicated that restriction fragments which represented approximately 51% of the FHV-1 genome hybridized to CHV DNA under conditions which allowed less than 7% base pair mismatch. This is the first molecular characterization of cross-reactivity between FHV-1 and another herpesvirus.
Documents To The People: Long Island

In April, 1981, the Depository Library Council to the Public Printer, an advisory body appointed by the United States Assistant Public Printer, recommended that the Superintendent of Documents encourage each state to develop a statewide plan for federal documents depository coordination. With the increase in documents distribution to depository libraries and the growing problems experienced by regional depositories in handling their responsibilities, a cooperative plan was deemed necessary “to bolster the regional depositories' capabilities to serve their state missions in order to assure that federal documents are available throughout the United States on an equal and expeditious basis.” The Superintendent of Documents agreed, and in October, 1981 he officially recommended the development of state plans.
Discussion on: “A Stacked Model Structure for Off-Line Parameter Variation Estimation in Multi-equilibria Nonlinear Systems”

The development of fundamental models for estima-tion and control can be an extremely time consumingexercise for complex, nonlinear systems such a che-mical reaction processes. While thermodynamic andphysical property information is available to solveequilibrium problems for well-characterized systems,chemicalreactionratesmustalwaysbeestimatedfromlaboratory, pilot plant, or manufacturing reactordata.Itis common toperformanumber oflaboratorystudies in batch calorimeters to select from a numberof hypothetical reaction schemes (reaction order andmodel structure) and estimate the rate parameters(frequency factors, activation energies, etc.) that bestfit data studied over several different temperaturesand initial concentrations. Rate expressions are oftena function of trace catalyst compositions, or aredeveloped assuming an excess of a given reactant, andmaynotbevalidwhendifferentconditionsarise.Evenpredicting overall heat transfer coefficients can bedifficult, particularly for vessels where the jacket heattransfer fluid temperature changes, or the reactionproducts become viscous at high conversions, such asoccurs in polymerization reactors. It is with thesechallenges in mind that I review the stacked modelmethod for off-line parameter estimation proposed byCollins et al. [2].
Fiber Optic Doppler Systems For Remote Sensing Of Fluid Flow.

Abstract: An experimental study of the use of lasers in measuring flows associated with compressional waves has been undertaken. A prototype differential laser Doppler system amenable to a variety of design modifications has been assembled and tested on single frequency wave fields in a water-filled standing wave tube. The use of polarization preserving fibers in the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) can lead to both (1) a very compact design for the optical measuring head, and (2), novel signal processing capabilities. The discussion is illustrated with experimental data obtained with a 1 watt argon-ion laser.
AEROTHERMAL CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF A MICROFABRICATED GAS TURBINE ENGINE

A microfabricated gas turbine engine is currently under development at MIT. As compared to conventionally fabricated large scale engines, the aerothermal design of a microengine will be quite different not only due to small scale effects, but also due to constraints associated with available microfabrication tools and materials. This paper characterizes the major aerothermal differences between small and large scale gas turbine engines, and identifies where these differences result in new technical challenges. The current design of the MIT baseline microengine is used to quantify these issues.
Photorefractive-Based Adaptive Antenna Array Processing Using BEAMTAP

We present an experimental implementation of photorefractive-based adaptive antenna array processing using the BEAMTAP (Broadband Efficient Adaptive Method for True-time-delay Processing) algorithm. Measured antenna array patterns illustrate 60~dB of adaptive jammer nulling.
Recent Progress on Printed Flexible Batteries: Mechanical Challenges, Printing Technologies, and Future Prospects

Traditional printing methods offer the advantage of well-matured technology, high accuracy of depositing inks over flexible substrates at high web speeds, and low cost of fabrication. The components of a battery—the current collectors, active layers, and separator—can all be deposited using conventional printing techniques by designing suitable inks. A combination of low thickness of printed electrodes, flexible packaging, battery architecture, and material properties makes printed batteries flexible. In this paper, we will discuss material challenges and mechanical limits of flexible printed batteries. We will review several printing techniques and present examples of batteries printed using these methods. In addition, we will briefly discuss other novel non-printed compliant batteries that have unique mechanical form.
Analysis of the formation of parallel arrays by BHK cells in vitro

Abstract The contact behavior of BHK cells in tissue culture was studied in order to elucidate the mechanism for their formation of parallel arrays. It was found that when two arrays of cells meet at angles of less than 55 °, they merge and form a single array. At angles of contact greater than 55 °, these arrays crisscross. This same behavior was noted when two individual cells contacted each other. At angles up to 55 ° the contacting cell alters its direction of movement so that it comes to lie parallel to the contacted cell. At angles greater than 55 °, in contrast, crisscrossing occurs. Detailed analysis at high magnification showed that this behavior is dependent upon localized contact inhibition of cell movement.
Superoxide Dismutase in Redox Biology: The roles of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are considered to be antioxidant enzymes. This view came about because its substrate, superoxide, is a free radical; in the era of their discovery, 1960’s – 1970’s, the general mindset was that free radicals in biology must be damaging. Indeed SOD blunts the cascade of oxidations initiated by superoxide. However in the late 1970’s it was observed that cancer cells that have low activity of the mitochondrial form of SOD, MnSOD, grow faster than those with higher activities of MnSOD. These observations indicated that SOD, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide affected the basic biology of cells and tissues, not just via damaging oxidation reactions. It is now realized that superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are essential for normal cellular and organism function. MnSOD appears to be a central player in the redox biology of cells and tissues.
Sex-role orientation of gay fathers versus gay nonfathers.

This study compared the sex-role orientation of 30 gay fathers and 30 gay nonfathers from the Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern, Southwestern, and Western United States. Scores from the Bern Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by a chi squared test of independence. Analysis indicated that gay men who father children are no more masculine than gay men who do not father children. The myth linking masculinity and gay fatherhood was refuted, and these findings were presented as further evidence that sexual behavior and sex-role orientation are unrelated phenomena and develop out of separate experiences.
Retrospective comparison of techniques to prevent secondary cataract formation after posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in infants and children

Abstract Purpose: To determine the effect of various methods of managing the posterior capsule and anterior vitreous on the rate of posterior capsule opacification in pediatric eyes implanted with posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOLs). Setting: Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 20 eyes of 15 children (aged 1.5 to 2 years) who had primary cataract surgery with PC IOL implantation during the past 5 years. The posterior capsule and anterior vitreous were managed in a variety of ways: In 5 eyes, the posterior capsule was left intact; in 15 eyes, a posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) was performed-6 with and 9 without anterior vitrectomy; in 8 eyes, posterior optic capture was performed-3 with and 5 without vitrectomy. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 4.5 years (mean 2 years). Results: Visually significant secondary cataract developed in the five eyes with intact posterior capsules and in the four eyes that had PCCC without vitrectomy and without posterior optic capture (i.e., the optic was left in the capsular bag). The optical axis remained clear in the six eyes that had PC IOL implantation with vitrectomy (with or without posterior optic capture). Initially, all eyes that had optic capture without vitrectomy also remained clear, but after 6 months, four of five developed opacification. Conclusion: In this series, PCCC with anterior vitrectomy was the only effective method of preventing or delaying secondary cataract formation in infants and children.
Children's perceptions of aggressive and gender-specific content in toy commercials

While extensive research has been conducted to determine what relationships exist between media violence and aggressive behavior in students, little research exists on the impact of toy commercials. In this study, 103 elementary school children rated videotapes of toy commercials or slides of toys on perceived aggressiveness, stereotypic sex-role behavior, gender-based appropriateness and imagined play with the toys depicted. Girls rated imagined play with boy-toys as being more aggressive than did boys, and boys rated girl-toys more appropriate for girls than did girls. All commercials were rated as demonstrating stereotypic sex-role behavior. Male-focused commercials and imagined toy play with the boy-toys depicted were rated more aggressive than were female-focused and neutral commercials, and their respective toys. At the same time, boy-toys were rated by both girls and boys as more desirable than girl-toys. The results suggest that boys are particular targets of aggressive content in marketing and are more desensitized to aggressive content than are girls. Though girls perceived more aggressiveness than did boys, the aggressive toys remained highly desirable. Thus, aggressive content in toy commercials appears attractive, especially to boys, but also to girls. Since children's programming is saturated with toy commercials, young viewers are at best reinforced by stereotypic sex-role behavior, and at worst, inundated with violent content.
Analysis of the healthy lifestyle consumer

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the healthy lifestyle consumer by examining demographic, personal value and psychographic antecedents.Design/methodology/approach – A cluster analysis was used to divide consumers into healthy and unhealthy lifestyle segments based on their diet and exercise behavior. A logistic regression analysis was then run on these segments to test the impact of 17 hypothesized antecedents.Findings – Results indicate that people who maintain a healthy lifestyle tend to be female, older, more educated, place less importance on the value of “excitement”, have a greater tendency to plan ahead and tend to experience less role overload.Research limitations/implications – One limitation is that the response rate of the mail survey used to collect data was only 28.8 percent. Another limitation was that the specific types of diet and exercise behavior used to classify respondents into clusters did not encompass the full range of diet and exercise option...
On the direct exchange energy in 2. Co2+ doped ZnCo lattices

Abstract In our previous work [J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) (2002)] we reported the Co–Co direct exchange energies in Co doped films. In efforts to try to understand the internuclear interaction we present the results of our simulations (on Zn 0.85 Co 0.15 O film as an example) and quantum chemical calculations on the direct exchange energies between a d 10 atom (Zn) and Co. Whereas for the Co–Co system, the B3PW91 method was the only density functional theory procedure capable of producing reasonable results (compared to empirical findings), in the Zn–Co system, the B1LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91 yield favorable results, however, the HF and B3LYP (which produce similar results within 4 kcal mol −1 from one another) fail to correlate with previous experimental and theoretical values.
Consumer Perception of CSR: Modeling Psychological Motivators

Scholars have called for more specific model development and a better defined process to predict the outcomes of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activity. This paper builds on previous work in the field of CSR from a consumer perspective. Psychological dimensions related to consumer perception of CSR were explored through consumer survey data (N=343) using exploratory factor analysis and structural model verification through confirmatory factor analysis. Three distinct latent variables entitled Public Image, Character and Value were identified in the model. Public Image proved to be the unique significant predictor related to perception of CSR. Differentiation among groups created a profile that indicated significant differences among consumers regarding political affiliations; employment status; if CSR was implemented at the consumers’ place of employment; and between consumers who chose to volunteer at cause-related organizations, and those who did not. These results allow for a deeper insight into how CSR can be conducted and messaged among various population segments.
The Case: Milieu and Method

Widely used in teaching business communication but rarely discussed in its literature, the case method is here described philosophically and historically and its applications to our field clearly implied.
Bicarbonate as a Proton Donor in Catalysis by Zn(II)- and Co(II)-Containing Carbonic Anhydrases

Catalysis of 18O exchange between CO2 and water catalyzed by a Co(II)-substituted mutant of human carbonic anhydrase II is analyzed to show the rate of release of H218O from the active site. This rate, measured by mass spectrometry, is dependent on proton transfer to the metal-bound 18O-labeled hydroxide, and was observed in a site-specific mutant of carbonic anhydrase II in which a prominent proton shuttle residue His64 was replaced by alanine, which does not support proton transport. Upon increasing the concentration of bicarbonate, the rate of release of H218O increased in a saturable manner to a maximum of 4 × 105 s-1, consistent with proton transfer from bicarbonate to the Co(II)-bound hydroxide. The same mutant of carbonic anhydrase containing Zn(II) had the rate of release of H218O smaller by 10-fold, but rate of interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- about the same as the Co(II)-containing enzyme. These data as well as solvent hydrogen isotope effects suggest that the bicarbonate transferring the proton...
Oxygen isotopic fractionation between drip water and speleothem calcite: A 10-year monitoring study, central Texas, USA

Abstract Speleothem δ18O values can serve as a paleoclimate proxy, yielding information about past temperature and rainfall. An accurate determination of the equilibrium calcite–water oxygen isotopic fractionation factor and an assessment of kinetic isotopic fractionation are required for interpretation of speleothem δ18O data. In this study, δ18O values were measured for calcite deposited on artificial substrates at four sites in two central Texas caves monitored for over 10 years. The results are used to evaluate the equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor and the impact of climatic and hydrologic conditions on kinetic isotopic fractionation. The δ18O values of calcite from the four sites ranged from 24.8‰ to 26.7‰ (V-SMOW), and associated drip water values ranged from − 4.6‰ to − 3.9‰. A comparison of predicted equilibrium calcite δ18O values, calculated using a commonly-used isotopic fractionation factor, with measured values indicates that 94% of the calcite samples are not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with respect to their associated drip water. The departure from oxygen isotopic equilibrium (expressed as Δ18Occ-e) ranges from − 0.7‰ to 1.4‰. Three of the four drip sites yield similar linear relationships between Δ18Occ-e and water temperature (tw), and can be collectively expressed as: Δ18Occ-e = 0.3tw − 4.7; r2 = 0.56 (n = 93). Therefore, calcite deposited during time periods of lower tw, lower cave-air CO2 concentration and faster calcite deposition rates, have δ18O values closer to equilibrium. This contradicts conceptual models, which predict that a faster calcite deposition rate leads to a larger departure of calcite δ18O from equilibrium. If slower calcite deposition indeed facilitates equilibrium fractionation (i.e., Δ18Occ-e → 0), then the results of this study support a larger than commonly accepted value for the equilibrium calcite–water oxygen isotopic fractionation factor. Adopting a larger published value for the fractionation factor yields negative Δ18Occ-e values of up to − 2.4‰. These negative values cannot be explained by existing kinetic fractionation models. Alternatively, they may reflect the trapping of a calcite “surface layer” with a lower δ18O value than that of calcite in isotopic equilibrium with ambient water. The relationship between deposition rates and Δ18Occ-e for this study is consistent with the same relationship using data for synthetic calcite from the literature. This relationship indicates a − 0.8‰ shift of calcite δ18O for every ten-fold increase in deposition rate at 5 to 25 °C and a pH of 8.3. The significant kinetic fractionation observed in this study warrant consideration in applying measured speleothem calcite δ18O values to interpret past climate conditions.
Anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants as a possible "third great wave" in cardiovascular secondary prevention.

There are 3 important factors that predispose patients to plaque rupture or recurrent events: plaque burden or multiple arterial plaques, the presence of persistent hyperreactive platelets, and ongoing vascular arterial inflammation. Successful therapeutic strategies focus on these predisposing factors, and the use of low-density lipoprotein–lowering medications (principally statins) and antiplatelet agents (principally aspirin) has had a major impact on the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes and overall mortality over the last 2 decades. However, despite these interventions, a significant number of patients experience recurrent events or progression of disease. Novel compounds are being studied to determine, for example, whether an increase in high-density lipoprotein will provide additional risk reduction; to date, this has not proved to be sufficiently effective. Although early invasive management has been proved to be superior to medical therapy in patients with plaque rupture producing acute coronary syndromes, its superiority in patients with clinically stable obstructive disease has been questioned. Thus, the search for additional agents to improve the outcomes of patients with atherothrombotic disease continues. The importance of inflammation, a potentially critical element in the initiation, progression, and rupture of plaque, has become increasingly evident. In this supplement, the role of inflammation and its principal cause, oxidative stress, are analyzed as potential targets of pharmacologic therapy. The history of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy in cardiovascular disease is critically examined. Finally, the whole process of contemporary drug discovery and development from lead rationale and identification through biologic screening and testing in animals and then humans is explored, using as an example the xanthophyll carotenoids, a class of potent antioxidants currently under investigation.
In Vivo Efficacy of Novel Synthetic Enediynes 1

We have investigated the biodistribution, toxicity, and antitumor activity of a new type of synthetic compound containing an enediyne functional group capable of benzenoid diradical generation. The design of this cytotoxic molecule was based on the structures of naturally occurring enediyne antibiotics. Compared to the natural compounds, the synthetic enediyne displayed cytotoxicities approaching the natural analogs. Using a tritiated analog, biodistribution studies revealed relatively high uptake levels in kidney, lung, heart, and spleen with moderate levels in all other organs. Antitumor activity was apparent, with significant tumor regression observed in athymic nude mice with established M21 melanomas. Significant tumor antiproliferative effects were observed against L-1210 mouse leukemia, A549 lung carcinomas and PC3 prostate carcinomas in athymic nude mice, and against EMT-6 mouse mammary adenocarcinomas in Balb/cByJ mice. These results suggest that synthetic enediynes may be useful therapeutic comp...
Solvent-Free Oxidation of Benzoins using Oxone on Wet Alumina under Microwave Irradiation

In a solvent-free system, Oxone on wet alumina oxidizes a variety of benzoins under the influence of microwaves. This rapid method circumvents the solubility limitations of Oxone in organic solvents and its use in solvents that may not be compatible at elevated temperatures.
Is receptor oligomerization causally linked to activation of the EGF receptor kinase

Transduction of a signal from an extracellular peptide hormone to produce an intracellular response is often mediated by a cell surface receptor, which is usually a glycoprotein. The secondary intracellular signal(s) generated after hormone binding to the receptor have been intensively studied. The nature of the primary signal generated by ligand binding to the receptor is understood less well in most cases. The particular case of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is analyzed, and evidence for or against two dissimilar models of primary signal transduction is reviewed. Evidence for the most widely accepted current model is found to be unconvincing. Evidence for the other model is substantial but indirect; a direct test of this model remains to be done.
Psyllium increased symptom relief in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome more than bran or placebo

Source Citation Bijkerk CJ, de Wit NJ, Muris JW, et al. Soluble or insoluble fibre in irritable bowel syndrome in primary care? Randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;339:b3154. 19713235
Reducing power dissipation in serially connected MOSFET circuits via transistor reordering

In this paper we show how transistor reordering based on input signal probabilities can substantially reduce the expected dynamic power dissipation in serially connected MOSFETs. The paper includes a new model for the power dissipation in a MOSFET chain and extensive simulation results. Our results indicate that transistor reordering can significantly reduce the power dissipation in CMOS NAND gates. >
Ontology-based support for variability management in product and families

Product/service family engineering, which encourages the development of a common product platform, plays a key role in facilitating large-scale and planned reuse in the development of customized products. In product family designs, managing points of variability is critical to achieve product variety. Variation points are points at which one among the several possible variations of a feature of a system can be selected to achieve different configurations of a product. We are developing an ontology that catalogues the different concepts associated with variability. This ontology is used to define the elements characterizing the knowledge elements necessary for managing variability in product/service families. We have also developed a knowledge management system integrated with an ontology development tool to facilitate knowledge capture and retrieval for variability management.
Discovering access-control misconfigurations: new approaches and evaluation methodologies

Accesses that are not permitted by implemented policy but that share similarities with accesses that have been allowed, may be indicative of access-control policy misconfigurations. Identifying such misconfigurations allows administrators to resolve them before they interfere with the use of the system. We improve upon prior work in identifying such misconfigurations in two main ways. First, we develop a new methodology for evaluating misconfiguration prediction algorithms and applying them to real systems. We show that previous evaluations can substantially overestimate the benefits of using such algorithms in practice, owing to their tendency to reward predictions that can be deduced to be redundant. We also show, however, that these and other deductions can be harnessed to substantially recover the benefits of prediction. Second, we propose an approach that significantly simplifies the use of misconfiguration prediction algorithms. We remove the need to hand-tune (and empirically determine the effects of) various parameters, and instead replace them with a single, intuitive tuning parameter. We show empirically that this approach is generally competitive in terms of benefit and accuracy with algorithms that require hand-tuned parameters.