cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model for organizational knowledge creation and strategic use of information: Research Articles

Nimble competitors competing in a dynamic global marketspace increasingly characterize the current environment faced by many organizations. Providing the organization's knowledge workers with the tools and technology to mine information and generate insights has become a key issue facing organizations. In this study we investigate the potential combined impact of the use of organizational decision models and competitive intelligence tool proficiency on knowledge creation and strategic use of information competence. Regression analysis results show significant main and interaction effects of the organizational decision models and competitive intelligence tool proficiency on four identified factors of knowledge creation and strategic use of information competence: pattern discovery, strategy appraisal, insight generation, and solution formulation. Organizational implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural dynamics of the monoamine transporter homolog LeuT from accelerated conformational sampling and channel analysis.

The bacterial leucine transporter LeuT retains significant secondary structure similarities to the human monoamine transporters (MAT) such as the dopamine and serotonin reuptake proteins. The primary method of computational study of the MATs has been through the use of the crystallized LeuT structure. Different conformations of LeuT can give insight into mechanistic details of the MAT family. A conformational sampling performed through accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations testing different combinations of the leucine substrate and bound sodium ions revealed seven distinct conformational clusters. Further analysis has been performed to target salt-bridge residues R30–D404, Y108–F253, and R5–D369 and transmembrane domains on both the seven isolated structures and the total trajectories. In addition, solvent accessibility of LeuT and its substrate binding pockets has been analyzed using a program for calculating channel radii. Occupation of the Na2 site stabilizes the outward conformation and should bind to the open outward conformation before the leucine and Na1 sodium while two possible pathways were found to be available for intracellular transport.
Origin of the anthelion

The formation of the anthelion is discussed. Previous theories by Bravais, Humphreys and others are shown to be imcompatible with observation, or highly improbable. An explanation is set forth in which the anthelion is formed in common hexagonal columns with the c axis horizontal and with two side faces vertical. Light enters an upper oblique face, is reflected twice by the end and opposite vertical face, then emerges from the crystal through the lower oblique face on the same side of the crystal it entered. In agreement with the observations, this mechanism produces no anthelion when the solar elevation is greater than 46°.
Reporting on the Holocaust: The View from Jim Crow Alabama

The press in Alabama covered major events taking place in Germany from the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in 1933 through the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Journalists in the state provided extensive coverage, and editors did not hesitate to opine on the persecution of the Jews in Europe. Yet, Alabama’s white-run press failed in the end to explain the events as a singularly Jewish tragedy. The state’s black-run press, for its part, used the news of the mass killings of the Jews to warn against the dangers of conceptions of racial superiority—a primary concern for black southerners living in the Jim Crow South.
Is the b quark abnormal

Abstract We compare the phenomenology of models containing b R in an SU(2) doublet with recent data on B-decays. The only such models allowed are ones where the b decays solely through mixing with the d and s, with no new interactions near the weak scale. In particular, this rules out the SO(14) model of flavor unification proposed by Kim.
VIOLANDO ARGENTINA: INFORME BAJO LLAVE DE MARTA LYNCH

Neste artigo David Foster mostra o autoritarismo como uma forma de erotismo, /i violacao da personagem Adela por um militar oferece dados para uma interpretacao psico-historica da realidade argentina em um passado recente.
Transoral robotic surgery: a multicenter study to assess feasibility, safety, and surgical margins.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Our objective was to determine the safety, feasibility, and the adequacy of surgical margins for transoral robotic surgery (TORS), by reviewing the early results from independent institutional review board-approved clinical trials in three separate institutions. Study Design: Pooled Data from Independent Prospective Clinical Trials. Methods: One hundred ninety-two patients were initially screened, but inadequate exposure did not permit TORS in 13 (6.7%). For two additional patients, TORS was begun but intraoperatively converted to an open procedure. Thus, the intent-to-treat population was 177 patients (average age, 59 years; 81% male), predominantly comprised of tumors arising in the oropharynx (139, 78%) and larynx (26, 15%). TORS was performed for 161 (91%) patients with malignant disease: 153 (95%) with squamous cell carcinoma (T1 [50, 32.7%], T2 [74, 48.4%], T3 [21, 13.7%], T4 [8, 5.2%]), six patients (3.72%) with salivary gland tumors, and two patients with carcinoma in situ. The average follow-up was 345 days. Results: There was no intraoperative mortality or death in the immediate postoperative period. Average estimated blood loss was 83 mL; no patient required transfusion. The rate of positive margins was 4.3%. Twenty-nine patients (16%) experienced 34 serious adverse events that required hospitalization or intervention (grade 3) or were considered life threatening (grade 4, 2.3%). Tracheostomy was performed in 12.4% of all patients (22/177), but only 2.3% had a tracheostomy at last follow-up. For all patients undergoing TORS without previous therapy, the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy dependency rate was 5.0%. The average hospital stay was 4.2 days. Conclusions: Based on this multicenter study, TORS appears to be safe, feasible, and as such play an important role in the multidisciplinary management of head and neck cancer.
Measurement of the adiabats of quartz, forsterite, and magnesium oxide at high pressures and high temperatures and adiabatic gradient in the mantle

Abstract The geophysically-important adiabat (∂T/∂P)s has been measured at pressures up to 50 kbar and temperatures up to 1000°C. A simple power law describes the relationship between (∂T/∂P)s and the compression of the material. The power is independent of the material and of the temperature within the uncertainty. This consistency in the power allows the extrapolation of the adiabat to pressure and temperature conditions of the mantle of the earth. The adiabatic gradient is shown to be significantly smaller than the melting gradient.
Sonic boom focal zones from tactical aircraft maneuvers

A study has been conducted of the focal zone "superbooms" associated with tactical maneuvers of military supersonic aircraft. Focal-zone footprints were computed for 21 tactical maneuvers: two for the SR-71 aircraft during acceleration, and 19 for fighters engaged in air combat maneuver (ACM) training. These footprints provide quantitative results which may be used for environmental planning and were the primary objective of this study. A significant observation from these footprints is that focus factors and footprint areas for high-g fighter maneuvers are substantially smaller than those for gentle maneuvers associated with larger aircraft.
David Harvey, Explanation in Geography

(1973). David Harvey, Explanation in Geography. Historical Methods Newsletter: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 68-72.
THE COMBINED EQUILIBRIUM OF TRAVEL NETWORKS AND RESIDENTIAL LOCATION MARKETS

Abstract The combined ‘user’ equilibrium of travel networks and residential location markets is shown to exist and to be unique in the expected allocation of households to residential locations and to the routes and links of the network, in the vacancies and rents of residential locations and in the congested travel time and cost of each network link. The formulation combines a multinomial logit model of households' location and route choices derived from utility maximization, a binary logit model of house owners' offer decisions derived from profit maximization and the standard model of network congestion. A travel disutility measure (consistent with utility maximization) replaces the standard ‘generalized cost function’. The proof utilizes a non-linear programming formulation which reproduces the simultaneous equilibrium conditions of the behavioral formulation. The stability of the unique equilibrium position is briefly discussed, a computational algorithm is proposed and hints for generalized formulations are provided.
How frequently do endobronchial secondaries occur in an unselected series

Isolated endobronchial secondaries are reported usually as single cases or in series from either specialist surgical or cancer units. The latter two are selected populations and are not a good guide to the true frequency of occurrence of such isolated endobronchial secondaries. The incidence of such endobronchial secondaries in a 15 yr prospective series is reported. Results of all fibre-optic bronchoscopies carried out in the Blackburn, Hyndburn and Ribble Valley districts from 1981 to 1995 together with histology were recorded prospectively throughout the period. These had been audited yearly throughout, the data were collated, and the individual records of cases of endobronchial secondaries examined. A total of 3353 bronchoscopies were carried out in the years 1981-1995 inclusive. Of these, 1391 had visible endobronchial abnormalities, from which 1059 had positive endobronchial histology. Sixteen of the 1059 (1.5%) were with endobronchial secondaries. Over the same period eight bronchial carcinoids (none biopsied, but later surgically resected) were encountered. Isolated endobronchial secondaries made up a higher proportion of endobronchial histology than expected at 1.5% and were twice as frequently found as bronchial carcinoids. The possibility of endobronchial secondaries should always be considered in those with a history of previous carcinomas at other sites.
Short-term results of computerized tomographic-based transperineal iodine-125 prostate implantation

There has recently been a resurgence of interest in iodine-125 (I-125) prostate implantation for early stage carcinoma due to the introduction of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) or computerized-tomographic (CT)-based transperineal techniques. The present study details initial tumor response and morbidity of CT-based transperineal prostate implantation. Forty-two patients with clinical stage T1 or T2 prostatic carcinoma had CT-planned transperineal I-125 implantation of the prostate and have been followed for 6–47 months (median: 19 months). Thirty-eight patients had an elevated PSA before implantation (>4.0 ng/ml). A total of 35–73 mCi I-125 was implanted (median: 48 mCi). At 1 year after implantation, 84% of 29 palpable tumors were no longer palpable. Of 38 patients with an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) prior to implantation, 98% returned to normal within 12 months of treatment. In 74% of patients, the PSA value fell to below 1.0 ng/ml within 12 months of implantation. Of 25 patients who were sexually potent prior to implantation, 80% remained potent at 3 years. Four patients developed radiation-induced rectal ulcerations 9–19 months following implantation. Of those four patients, one has healed spontaneously, two are improving, and one was diagnosed only 1 month prior to this report. Initial tumor response to I-125 implantation is comparable to that achieved with external beam irradiation, with acceptable morbidity and high preservation of sexual potency. With adjustments in technique, morbidity is expected to be lower in the future. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nickel-catalyzed reactions of vinyl aziridines and aziridinylen-ynes

Ni/NHC was found to catalyze the rearrangement of vinyl aziridines and aziridinylen-ynes under mild conditions.
A Semi-Automatic Computer-Microscope for the Analysis of Neuronal Morphology

Quantitative microscopic studies of individual neurons of the central nervous system, especially of their elaborate dendritic and axonal patterns, can be done only with great difficulty using conventional biological microscope instrumentation. In order to simplify and speed the gathering of such data, a computing light microscope has been developed. This instrument functions as a unit under the control of the investigator examining the histologic preparations. It is capable of measuring accurately distances in all three coordinate axes. Measurement of the length of dendrite branches is performed by means of a chord approximation. Computation is performed by means of conventional electronic analog techniques. Chord distances are computed according to the Pythagorean theorem by means of squaring, summing and square rooting. The initial coordinates of the chord are held in capacitor hold-circuits. The input to the computer section of the instrument is, by means of linear-motion transducers, fixed to the stage of the microscope along the three coordinate axes. There are two output devices, 1) a digital printer which prints on tape the distance measurements in micra (?), and 2) a plotting board on which is drawn a two-dimensional projection (in the plane of section) of the neuron. The distances measured range roughly from 3 to 100?, the accuracy of the measurement is ±l? or ±9 per cent, whichever is greater. Analysis times are reduced from the approximately 24 hours required by camera lucida techniques and hand calculation to 30 min with this new instrument.
Using models and abstraction to extend and unify systems

Systems engineering is in a transition period. The existence of `systems of systems' and other complex systems has raised issues that challenge traditional methods of systems engineering. This paper describes selected high level aspects of a comprehensive systems engineering method called model oriented systems engineering (MOSE) that is intended to address the full scope of both traditional and complex systems. The method supports similarities as well as differences of these system types. The modeling approach regards both scientific theories and engineering artifacts, such as concepts of operations, requirements specs, and architecture descriptions, as models of systems. The paper describes relations between models and systems, including the conceptualization of a model as a region of systems
Current Status of Activity Assays for Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is a serine protease involved in the fibrinolytic system that dissolves blood clots. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of a zymogen, plasminogen, to the enzymatically active form, plasmin, by limited proteolysis. In the course of searching for specific activity assays that might be useful in monitoring the purification of TPA, we have developed several coupled photometric assays. In addition, radioactive, agarose-plate, and other activity assays have also been considered and investigated for this purpose (Table 1). We have previously reported the one-step photometric procedure consisting of a thioester, thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (Z-Lys-S-Bzl) and fibrinogen-coated plates. It is simpler and more sensitive than the old two-step method without using immobilized fibrinogen. The new assay has been used successfully for protein purification and can be easily adapted to automated processes. Recently, other chromogenic substrates, D-Val-L-Leu-L-Lys-p-nitroanilide (Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) and D-Ile-L-Pro-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA) were also used in the one-step assay. It is found that TPA activity is greatly enhanced by immobilized fibrinogen and free fibrinogen when either the thioester. Val-Leu-Lys-pNA, or Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA were used in the colorimetric assay (Fig. 1, A-D). Enzyme kinetics studies indicate that the Km for plasminogen assayed on the thioester and fibrinogen-coated plates is 1.5 micrograms per ml, which is substantially lower than that observed in untreated plates (4.8 micrograms per ml). This is not due to the effect of fibrinogen on the second step of the coupled photometric assay because there is no change in the plasmin activity under these conditions (Fig. 1E). Similar results in TPA activation have also been observed, when fibrin-coated plates were used. Free fibrinogen, which is an activator of TPA, has been included in the standard assay mixture. We are able to detect less than 1 ng of TPA activity within a one-hour incubation time at 20 degrees C (Fig. 2A). In the thioester assay, however, high concentrations of reducing agents and nonspecific proteins cause significant background due to the interaction of DTNB with these reagents. 125I-labeled fibrin-coated plates had been extensively used in the past for urokinase and TPA assays. Although the sensitivity of the radioactive procedure is equivalent to that of the thioester photometric method, it appears that the kinetics of the enzyme are not easy to follow nor is the reproducibility great.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reaction kinetics of y -ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane in the water-methanol system studied by FTIR spectroscopy

The dependence of the hydrolysis and condensation kinetics of y-ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane on the pH in the water-methanol system at 23 °C was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis rate constants were calculated by nonlinear regression of the absorbance vs. time data for the CH3 rocking spectral band of the Si-O-CH3 group using SAS/STAT® software. It was found that γ-ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane was most stable in the water-methanol system at pH 7.7, since the rate of the first hydrolysis step was relatively slow at this pH. The rate of overall condensation of silanols produced by hydrolysis was qualitatively analyzed. These silanol groups are relatively more stable around pH 4.87, in comparison with those at the higher pH values.
Strategies for the targeted delivery of therapeutics for osteosarcoma

Background: Conventional therapy for osteosarcoma has reached a plateau of 60 – 70%, a 5-year survival rate that has changed little in two decades, highlighting the need for new approaches. Objective: To review the alternative means of delivering effective therapy for osteosarcoma that reach beyond the central venous catheter. Methods: Drawing on the author's own experiences providing care to high-risk osteosarcoma patients and reviewing the last two decades of literature describing sarcoma therapy, available information is summarized about potential osteosarcoma treatments that deliver therapy by a less conventional route. Results/conclusions: Intra-arterial chemotherapy has a limited impact on survival, but may help to achieve a better limb salvage. Intrapleural chemotherapy is important for managing malignant effusions. The development of inhalation therapies, treatments that target new bone formation such as bisphosphonates, chemically targeted radiation and antibody-based therapies all have potential...
On the selection of measures of distance between probability distributions

Abstract A notion of relative strength and weakness is defined for the comparison of measures of distance between probability distributions and is shown to be appropriate for use in the selection of distances as quasioptimal design criteria in problems such as signal selection and detector design when the preferred criteria, probability of error and asymptotic relative efficiency, are intractable. Csiszar's work on the topological properties of ƒ-divergences, a class of distances also investigated by Ali and Silvey, enables one to identify strong distances and provides a justification for the experimental findings of previous investigators.
Correspondence is equal to half a meeting : The composition and comprehension of letters in eighteenth-century islamic eurasia

This article details the social and cultural mechanisms by which correspondence in Arabic- and Latin-script languages was written, understood and preserved in mid-eighteenth-century Islamic Eurasia. Aside from two major differences in letter-writing culture, which were embodied in the choice of script, the resident communities of Islamic Eurasia approached correspondence in a similar fashion. Perhaps surprisingly, there is no correlation between these practices and the author's ethnicity or nationality. This is strong evidence for the autonomy and universality of custom in a region on the cusp of massive changes in its relationship to Europe. Cette contribution detaille les mecanismes sociaux et culturels par lesquels la correspondance en langues et caracteres arabes et latins fut redigee, comprise et preservee en Eurasie Islamique au milieu du dix-huitieme siecle. A l'exception de deux differences cles dans les pratiques epistolaires – exprimees dans le choix de l'ecriture utilisee – les communautes de l'Eurasie Islamique aborderent la correspondance d'une maniere semblable. Qu'il n'y ait aucune correlation entre ces pratiques et l'ethnicite ou la nationalite de l'auteur surprend; mais c'est une preuve notable de l'autonomie et de l'universalite des coutumes dans une region qui parvenait a l'apogee de transformations majeures dans ses relations avec l'Europe.
DEVELOPMENT OF CHAMBERED PITH IN STEMS OF PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. (PHYTOLACCACEAE)

An integrated microscopic (light and electron microscopy) and macroscopic investigation of chambered pith development was made of Phytolacca americana L. Terminal internodes have a solid pith cylinder in contrast to the alternating diaphragms and chambers occurring in subjacent pith. Macroscopically, chambers and diaphragms of any one internode are of equal size. Microscopically, diaphragms vary in height within an internode (from 1-6 cells high). Nevertheless, all diaphragms become thicker circumferentially (5-12 cells high) and connect with long files of intact peripheral pith cells. Diaphragm cells have a large centrally positioned vacuole with a thin, parietal layer of cytoplasm; nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and unidentified organelles differentiate in the cytoplasm of diaphragm cells. Although schizogenous activity has most often been implicated as the mechanism by which chambered pith develops in vegetative organs of angiosperms, the results of this study show that cavities in pokeweed result from both schizogenous and lysigenous mechanisms. Schizogeny is suggested by the fact that central pith cells of terminal internodes are longer and thinner walled than peripheral pith cells arranged in vertical files, thus indicating elongation of cells as a possible result of internode elongation. The precise developmental pattern and arrangement of chambers and diaphragms also suggest schizogenous processes. Lysigenous or enzymatic activity is indicated by the fact that cavities are bounded by broken cells, and wall fragments and organelles are often found within enlarging cavities. Chamber formation occurs continuously acropetally and centrifugally in the central pith. A comparison of diaphragms is made with Liriodendron tulipifera and Juglans nigra in an attempt to resolve differences in structure and terminology regarding the differentiation of chambered and diaphragmed pith.
Oxidation behavior of PdSi compounds

Abstract The room temperature oxidation of PdSi, Pd2Si and Pd4Si has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X-ray photoemission spectroscopy or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis). We find that only silicon atoms in these silicides are oxidized and the oxidation of Pd4Si surfaces is enhanced compared with that of Pd2Si and PdSi, as is evidenced by both a higher silicon oxidation state and thicker oxide films. This behavior is discussed in terms of silicide stability and a spill-over effect where palladium atoms catalyze molecular oxygen dissociation.
Health-Care Costs of Inner-City Patients with Asthma

We estimated the health-care costs accrued by inner-city asthma patients over 1 year and identified patient characteristics associated with high cost patterns. The direct cost to the health-care provider of 1205 patients with an active diagnosis of asthma was $2.5 million, of which $888,000 (35.5%) was for asthma management. The average cost of an outpatient visit was $188, but was $3812 for a hospital admission. Outpatient visits for asthma comprised the largest volume of usage (96.2%) and the largest cost (55.4%). Although 104 hospital admissions of 84 patients (7%) comprised only 3.8% of the total encounters for asthma, they comprised 44.6% of asthma costs. Strategies emphasizing preventive care resulting in 20% greater outpatient costs would pay for themselves if they reduced inpatient admissions by 10%.
Recent contributions to optimal product positioning and buyer segmentation

Abstract This paper discusses the advances that have been made in optimal product design and market segmentation models. We emphasize developments since 1981. Measurement methodologies include multidimensional scaling and conjoint analysis approaches. Both the single product and product line problems are discussed, along with brief descriptions of related topics, such as product bundle design and pricing.
Antiatherosclerotic and Antithrombotic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids from both marine and plant sources have been shown to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease death. Although their beneficial cardiovascular effects are thought to be due to their antiarrhythmic properties, omega-3 fatty acids also have been shown to have a wide range of antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects in animal and human studies. Review of the findings of randomized, controlled trials published through August 2005 shows that omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin consistently lower elevated plasma triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent fashion, with greater efficacy at higher triglyceride levels. Smaller effects on lowering blood pressure, improving endothelial function, and increasing plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also found. No consistent effects on other lipid, hemostatic, inflammatory, glucose tolerance, or plaque stabilization parameters were found. Epidemiologic studies show more consistent reductions in the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke than do the clinical trials of increased omega-3 fatty acid intake, which suggests important confounding factors in observational studies. Ongoing clinical trials may clarify the non-antiarrhythmic benefits of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
Induction of fermentation in Crabtree-negative yeasts

The induction of fermentation was studied in Candida utilis, a Crabtree-negative, respiratory yeast. This process occurs under oxygen-limiting conditions in the presence of a fermentable substrate and is the result of de novo enzyme synthesis. Induction occurs at permissive growth temperatures and its inhibition at 45 ° C is accompanied by loss of ability to take up glucose. The ability to be induced to an increased fermentative state is characteristic of all Crabtree-negative yeasts observed with the exception of an obligate aerobe, Hansenula wingei. No similar process occurs in the Crabtree-positive yeasts.
The effects of cis-platinum (II)diamminodichloride, UV light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on Escherichia coli:plasmid mediated resistance to mutagens.

Abstract Protease deficient recA431 mutants of Escherichia coli are defective in their capacity for induction of SOS responses and were intermediate in their sensitivities to ultraviolet light (UV) and cis -platinum(II)diamminodichloride ( cis -PDD). Survival after treatment determined as colony forming ability was greater in rec + strains and decreased in recA13 mutants which are defective in both recA proteolytic and recombination capabilites. In contrast, recA431 mutants were as sensitive to N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (NTG) as the recA13 cells. When cells carried either the pKM101 or N3 plasmid, survival after treatment with the three mutagens was increased. Presence of these plasmids in cells also resulted in hypermutagenicity as indicated by reversion of the argE3 mutation using a modified Ames test. Mutagenesis by NTG and cis -PDD was increased, as was survival of cells treated with UV light, cis -PDD and NTG in both recA + and recA431 (protease deficient) strains. No plasmid mediated enhancement of mutagenesis or cell survival was observed in recA13 mutants. Thus, the ability of the plasmids to enhance cell survival and mutagenesis was dependent on recombination proficiency of the recA gene product and not its regulatory proteolytic activity. Unlike UV or NTG, presence of one of these plasmids was needed to detect reversion of the argE3 mutation by cis -PDD.
Choice in a Successive-Encounters Procedure and Hyperbolic Decay of Reinforcement

Pigeons responded in a successive-encounters procedure that consisted of a search state, a choice state, and a handling state. The search state was either a fixed-interval or mixed-interval schedule presented on the center key of a three-key chamber. Upon completion of the search state, the choice state was presented, in which the center key was off and the two side keys were lit. A pigeon could either accept a delay followed by food (by pecking the right key) or reject this option and return to the search state (by pecking the left key). During the choice state, a red right key represented the long alternative (a long handling delay followed by food), and a green right key represented the short alternative (a short handling delay followed by food). In some conditions, both the short and long alternatives were fixed-time schedules, and in other conditions both were mixed-time schedules. Contrary to the predictions of both optimal foraging theory and delay-reduction theory, the percentage of trials on which pigeons accepted the long alternative depended on whether the search and handling schedules were fixed or mixed. They were more likely to accept the long alternative when the search states were fixed-interval rather than mixed-interval schedules, and more likely to reject the long alternative when the handling states were fixed-time rather than mixed-time schedules. This pattern of results was in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the hyperbolic-decay model, which states that the value of a reinforcer is inversely related to the delay between a choice response and reinforcer delivery.
Hereditary Variation in Conception Rate of Holstein-Friesian Cattle

Summary Variation in conception rates (based on birth of a live calf from first insemination to a high-fertility service sire) of 1,406 Holstein females was studied at one or two service periods (1,824 records) in 41 artificially inseminated herds. Fertility did not vary significantly between herds. Conception rates ranged from 43 to 94% in 27 paternal half-sib groups of heifers (P The heritability of conception rate was estimated from intrasire correlations of paternal half-sib groups to be approximately 8.5%. A comparison of the records of daughters at both service periods from 22 sires showed a trend toward an interaction between sire and parity of daughters (P ≠ 0.07). The value of selection in improving conception rate is discussed.
The effects of residual macrostresses and microstresses on fatigue crack initiation

Abstract The combined techniques of X-ray diffraction and Finite Element (FE) analysis have been used to analyze and predict fatigue crack initiation in the presence of residual stresses. These stresses were introduced into polished double-edge notched 1080 steel specimens by pre-straining and press-fitting operations, and crack initiation was monitored during high-cycle fatigue tests using surface replicas. The local stress–strain behavior in the vicinity of the initiation sites was tracked using FE analysis. Microbeam X-ray diffraction measurements were also made in each phase of the steel to determine both residual macrostresses, which compared well with the FE computations, and microstresses that were employed along with mechanical tests to determine input parameters for the FE analysis. Microstresses were observed to fade rapidly during fatigue, while macrostresses relaxed less rapidly and were observed to strongly affect crack initiation behavior. The fatigue behavior was correlated with the observed stresses via a stress–life relationship that incorporates mean stress effects.
Surveying the Post-MFA Landscape: What Prospects for the Global South Post-quota?

The editor’s introduction to a special issue on the post-MFA apparel industry, this paper reviews the extant literature on the industry, especially with regard to upgrading and development implications for firms and workers in the global South, before summarizing the main contributions of the collection. The five papers comprising the special issue use a global commodity/global value chain approach to analyze the situation of apparel exporters and garment workers, including in Mexico, sub-Saharan Africa, India and China. These papers share a conceptualization of the global apparel industry as a single organizational field in which the experiences and trajectories of individual firms, countries and regions are tied to the dynamics of international trade and production networks. Taking as its point of departure the phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement, the collection demonstrates how regulatory shifts affect the governance structure of a global commodity/global value chain, how they shape prospects for developing-country firms and regions, and how multilateral liberalization at the global level articulates with regional trade regimes.
Comparison of measurement of glomerular filtration rate by single sample, plasma disappearance slope/intercept and other methods

Various in vitro methods employing radioactive indicators have been presented for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) including slope/intercept (S/I) and single sample (SS) methods. The S/I technique utilizes the analysis of the slope of a certain segment of the plasma disappearance curve of a suitable radioactive indicator and its intercept on the y axis. The SS method is based on the theoretical volumes of distribution derived from a single plasma concentration at some specific time after intravenous injection of the indicator. Using GFRs estimated from the compartmental analysis of the entire plasma disappearance curve as a reference standard, we have compared the errors of GFR estimation calculated from 12 S/I methods, 3 SS methods and 2 techniques in which original formulae were derived. The errors of the SS method of Tauxe et al. gave the lowest standard error of estimate (Sy·x) of all the methods. The S/I methods gave lowest errors when sampling times were taken between 60 min and 240 min. Almost all the errors observed here were significantly less than those observed using scintillation camera techniques. The SS method seems to be the method of choice for estimation of GFR by single injection techniques. The use of the scintillation camera in conjuction with the SS technique would provide a useful right to left ratio so that individual kidney GFR could be calculated.
The Optimality of Consumer Stockpiling Strategies

The ability of consumers to make rational sequential purchase quantity decisions under imperfect knowledge about future prices in a product category is explored. Normatively, a consumer should make such decisions by defining a series of reservation prices which define how many buying-periods' supply should be held given an observed price. An experiment is reported in which consumers make sequential purchase quantity decisions under variations in the shape of the distribution of prices and its trend over time. Results suggest a number of systematic deviations from optimality. When facing stationary uniform and bimodal price distributions, for example, subjects tend to systematically overbuy when small purchases are called for and underbuy when large purchases are called for. Likewise, when facing ascending or descending series, behavior is the opposite of that predicted by the normative analysis: there is an increasing tendency to defer purchases given increasing prices and accelerate purchases given descending prices. An explanation for the findings in terms of a Prospect Theory-type loss function in expenditures is offered.
Tirandamycin biosynthesis is mediated by co-dependent oxidative enzymes

Enzymes are capable of modifying complex organic structures with exquisite selectivity. Understanding these processes could help in the development and production of new bioactive compounds. Here, a complete reconstitution of tailoring steps in tirandamycin biosynthesis shows that two enzymes repeatedly exchange substrates to achieve several different oxidations en route to this family of antibiotic compounds.
Five-coloring planar maps

Abstract A generalization of the idea of a coloring is proposed in which regions of a map may be assigned more than one color. The existence of a certain type of generalized coloring for an arbitrary planar map is shown. As a corollary we have: if a planar map has less than four different 5-colorings (with color indifference) then it has a 4-coloring.
Abstract 2040: Adenomatous polyposis coli mediated signaling, self renewal and differentiation of breast epithelial cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in non-smoking women in the United States. Despite tremendous amounts of information about the etiology of breast cancer, many questions remain unanswered. It has been demonstrated that specific subtypes of breast cancer differ in their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies. The oncogenic events and signaling pathways driving these tumor subtypes are distinct. This indicates that increased knowledge of the molecular events defining the unique subtypes will provide opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches tailored to fit the specific subtypes and will therefore lead to improvement in patient outcomes. The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor is mutated or hypermethylated in 18-70% of sporadic breast cancers depending on subtype. Oncomine database analysis revealed reduced expression of APC in aggressive estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancers compared to ER-positive breast cancer or normal breast. Using the ApcMin/+ mouse model, we identified pre-neoplastic lesions in the breast and enhanced breast tumorigenesis in the presence of the Polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) oncogene. Apc mutation changed the tumor histopathology from solid to squamous adenocarcinomas, resembling the highly aggressive human metaplastic breast cancer. In this model of mouse mammary tumorigenesis, these changes occurred independent of Wnt/b-catenin signaling and required activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src signaling, with a subsequent increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The applicability of these signaling pathways to human breast cancer remains unclear. Using the epithelial cell reprogramming assay for growing normal breast epithelial cells, we have begun to characterize expression of cell surface markers to delineate subtypes of epithelial cells. We have also assessed APC expression and correlated APC expression with risk and well-established clinical markers, such as ErbB2. Future studies will modulate APC expression in specific compartments of breast epithelial hierarchy to accomplish our objectives of dissecting the molecular alterations specifically downstream of APC loss and its role in the self-renewal and differentiation of breast epithelial cells. Citation Format: Alyssa Lesko, Harikrishna Nakshatri, Manjushree Anjanappa, Poornima Bhat-Nakshatri, Jenifer Prosperi. Adenomatous polyposis coli mediated signaling, self renewal and differentiation of breast epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2040. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2040
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced process formation in astrocytes is associated with a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK or pp125FAK) is a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase which plays an important role in integrin-mediated signal transduction. Adhesion of cells to the substratum corre- lates with an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK as well as an associated protein, paxillin. In this report we show that the tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin are decreased during dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced (dB-cAMP) process formation in astro- cytes. When astrocytes in suspension are treated with dB-cAMP, no alteration in morphology or tyrosine phosphorylation is observed, suggesting that both phe- nomena are linked and adhesion dependent. Further- more, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can induce process formation in such cells, underscoring the signif- icance of protein tyrosine kinases in maintaining the morphology of adherent cells. Finally, endothelin-1, a vasopeptide which is known to inhibit process formation in astrocytes, inhibited the tyrosine dephosphorylation of proteins associated with dB-cAMP treatment. These results suggest that the formation of asymmetric pro- cesses in astrocytes results from a coordinated set of alterations in the actin cytoskeleton as well as the adhe- sion of the cell to the substratum. Modification of the properties of such molecules is required for process formation and the dynamic modulation of astrocytic morphology in vitro and in vivo. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons,
ARTIFICIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR REARING LARVAE OF THE CHALCIDOID PARASITE, BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA

The respiration of pupae of Trichoplusia ni decreased considerably following parasitization by the chalcidoid Brachymeria intermedia. Furthermore, the process of host tissue development appeared to be arrested within 48 hr indicating that this parasite quickly kills the host insect. The rate of oxygen consumption of parasitized pupae corresponded well with the observed development of the parasite. Parasite larvae fed actively and grew on conventional defined artificial media and larval development was completed on several diets of variable composition. However, following the elimination of the meconium most individuals died as prepupae. Few pupae were obtained and no adults emerged. Survival appeared to correlate with the observable protein content of developing larvae and possible factors influencing further development were discussed. RESUME ETUDES PRELIMINAIRES SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE TECHNIQUES D'ELEVAGES ARTIFICIELS DU CHALCIDIEN PARASITOIDE, BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA NEES La respiration des chrysalides de Trichoplusia ni diminue brutalement apres attaque par Brachymeria intermedia. De plus, le developpement des tissus de l'hote parait etre arrete en 48 h, montrant que ce parasite tue rapidement l'insecte hote. Le taux de consommation de la nymphe parasitee correspond bien au developpement observe du parasite. Les larves du parasite consomment activement et croissent sur substrat artificiel conventionnel et le developpement larvaire est complet sur differents regimes de compositions variables. Cependant, a la suite de l'elimination du meconium, la plupart des individus meurent en prenymphes. Quelques nymphes sont obtenues mais aucun adulte n'emerge. La survie parait liee a la teneur mesurable de proteines de la larve en developpement; des facteurs pouvant influer sur le developpement ulterieurs sont discutes.
O2 A-band line parameters to support atmospheric remote sensing. Part II: The rare isotopologues

Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy (FS-CRDS) was employed to measure over 100 transitions in the R-branch of the b^(1)Σ^(+)_(g)←X^(3)Σ^(-)_(g) (0,0) band for the rare O_2 isotopologues. The use of ^(17)O- and ^(18)O-enriched mixtures allowed for line positions to be measured for the ^(16)O^(17)O, ^(16)O^(18)O, ^(17)O_2, ^(17)O^(18)O, and ^(18)O_2 isotopologues. Simultaneous fits to the upper and lower states were performed for each isotopologue using the FS-CRDS positions supplemented by microwave, millimeter, submillimeter, terahertz, and Raman ground state positions from the literature. Positions, line intensities, pressure broadening parameters, and collisional narrowing parameters are reported for the ^(16)O^(18)O and ^(16)O^(17)O isotopologues which are based upon the present study and our earlier FS-CRDS work (Long et al. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 2010;111:2021 [18] and Robichaud et al. J Phys Chem A 2009;113:13089 [15]). The calculated line intensities include a term for the observed Herman–Wallis-like interaction and correct a frequency-dependent error, which is present in current spectroscopic databases.
Low-energy pion production in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

Doubly differential cross sections for production of pions with 400-MeV/N /sup 20/Ne on C, NaF, Cu, and Pb have been measured for a range of 20 MeV < T/sub ..pi..//sup LAB/ < 100 MeV and 30/sup 0/ < theta/sub ..pi..//sup LAB/ < 150/sup 0/. The results are compared with previous data with 800-MeV/N /sup 20/Ne. The broad maximum at theta/sub ..pi..//sup c.m./ = 90/sup 0/ in the center-of-mass angular distribution of low-energy pions observed at 800 MeV/N is not seen at the present energy. Neither was such a maximum at the central-rapidity region observed in (p + nucleus) reactions at E/sub p/ = 730 MeV. The 90/sup 0/ maximum seems to be a phenomenon specific to nucleus-nucleus collisions around 1 GeV/N, where the multiplicity of ..delta.. formation is high and multiple ..delta.. interaction could influence the pion production. The distribution at higher bombarding energies has yet to be studied.
Combinative in vitro studies and computational model to predict 3D cell migration response to drug insult

The development of drugs to counter diseases related to cell migration has resulted in a multi-billion dollar endeavor. Unfortunately, few drugs have emerged from this effort highlighting the need for new methods to enhance assays to study, analyze and control cell migration. In response to this complex process, computational models have emerged as potent tools to describe migration providing a high throughput and low cost method. However, most models are unable to predict migration response to drug with direct application to in vitro experiments. In addition to this, no model to date has attempted to describe migration in response to drugs while incorporating simultaneously protein signaling, proteolytic activity, and 3D culture. In this paper, we describe an integrated computational approach, in conjunction with in vitro observations, to serve as a platform to accurately predict migration in 3D matrices incorporating the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their interaction with the Extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Our results provide biological insight into how matrix density, MMP activity, integrin adhesions, and p-ERK expression all affect speed and persistence in 3D. Predictions from the model provide insight toward improving drug combinations to more effectively reduce both speed and persistence during migration and the role of integrin adhesions in motility. In this way our integrated platform provides future potential to streamline and improve throughput toward the testing and development of migration targeting drugs with tangible application to current in vitro assays.