cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution: Predictions of Rates, Mechanisms, and Kinetic Isotope Effects

This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical study of model systems directed at predicting the effects of solute and solvent properties on the rates, mechanisms, and kinetic isotope effects for proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions. These studies are based on a multistate continuum theory in which the solute is described with a multistate valence bond model, the solvent is represented as a dielectric continuum, and the active electrons and transferring protons are treated quantum mechanically. This theoretical formulation is capable of describing a range of mechanisms, including single electron transfer and sequential or concerted EPT mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are transferred. The probability of the EPT mechanism is predicted to increase as (1) the electron donor−acceptor distance is decreased, (2) the proton donor−acceptor distance is decreased, (3) the proton transfer reaction becomes more exothermic, (4) the electron transfer reaction becomes more endothermic (in ...
Effects of food deprivation on intake of solid and liquid sugars in the rat

In free-feeding rats, glucose at 0·025 m or 2 m evokes a vigorous bout of drinking. Powdered sucrose evokes more feeding than would occur without it, but powdered glucose does not. Food deprivation has little effect on intake of 2 m glucose, but it markedly augments intake of the powders, which rises to caloric-intake values higher than that of the 2 m solution. This occurs even if the powders are offered only after solution intake has come to an end and at a time when it would remain inhibited. We conclude: 1. Some sweet-tasting commodities will evoke ingestive behavior in free-feeding rats, but others, some of them even sweeter, will not. 2. Solid carbohydrates follow different laws from concentrated carbohydrate solutions, in that the former, but not the latter, rise with deprivation. Intake of powders must therefore be limited or satiated by different and more permissive mechanisms from the ones that limit solution intake.
Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor: relationship of concentrations in serum to MICs for common respiratory pathogens.

The pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefaclor at 250 and 375 mg and cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg administered under optimal conditions (i.e., cefuroxime axetil after food and cefaclor in the fasted state) were studied in 24 healthy male volunteers. Drug concentrations in serum were related to MICs for common respiratory tract pathogens by using data generated from a recently completed national survey. The time the concentrations in serum exceeded the MICs for Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (formerly Branhamella) catarrhalis were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg than for cefaclor at 250 or 375 mg. With the recommended dosing regimens (cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg and cefaclor at 375 mg twice daily or cefaclor at 250 mg three times daily), cefuroxime concentrations exceed the MIC for 90% of the strains tested for a greater time period than cefaclor concentrations with either regimen. The reasons for this difference are (i) the greater potency and slower clearance of cefuroxime compared with those of cefaclor and (ii) the greater sensitivity of these pathogens to cefuroxime.
Interaction of polymeric Si:C:H films with copper substrates and with deposited Cu adatoms

Polymeric Si:C:H films stable to 800 K in UHV, were formed on Cu or Ta substrates by electron bombardment. Vinyltrimethylsilane (VTMS) vapor was condensed onto a cold (<90 K) Cu substrate under UHV conditions and exposed to a 500 eV electron beam in order to cross-link the molecules through the vinyl groups in the precursor. The formed Si:C:H films have a chemical structure and stoichiometry very close to that of VTMS molecular precursor. The film thickness after annealing to 300 K is linearly proportional to total electron fluence on the condensed VTMS multilayer. The interactions between deposited Cu and Si:C:H films were also studied using DC magnetron Cu sputtering. XPS Cu core level and X-ray excited Cu(L3VV) Auger spectra indicate that sputter-deposited Cu interacts weakly with the polymeric film, displaying no charge transfer between Cu and substrate film, and growth by three-dimensional island formation. Upon annealing above 300 K, the Cu(2p3/2)/Si(2p) XPS intensity ratio decreases, but the Cu(2p3/2)/Cu(3p) intensity ratio remains constant. This indicates that annealing above 300 K induces Cu agglomeration and negligible Cu diffusion into the substrate.
Plastic microfluidic devices modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers

Control of the polymer surface chemistry is a crucial aspect of development of plastic microfluidic devices. When commercially available plastic substrates are used to fabricate microchannels, differences in the EOF mobility from plastic to plastic can be very high. Therefore, we have used polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to alter the surface of microchannels fabricated in plastics. Optimal modification of the microchannel surfaces was obtained by coating the channels with alternating layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(styrene sulfonate). Polystyrene (PS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG) were chosen as substrate materials because of the significant differences in the polymer chemistries and in the EOF of channels fabricated in these two plastic materials. The efficacy of the surface modification has been evaluated using XPS and by measuring the EOF mobility. When microchannels prepared in both PS and PETG are modified with PEMs, they demonstrate very similar electroosmotic m...
A Strategy and Methodology for Defensibly Correlating Spilled Oil to Source Candidates

Abstract The source of crude oils and petroleum products released into navigable waterways and shipping lanes is not always known. Thus, the defensible identification of spilled crude oils and petroleum products and their correlation to suspected sources is a critical part of many oil spill assessments. Quantitative “fingerprinting” analysis, when evaluated using straightforward statistical and numerical analyses, provides a defensible means to differentiate among qualitatively similar oils and provides the best assessment of the source(s) for spilled oils. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and petroleum biomarker concentration data are a particularly useful quantitative measure that can benefit most oil spill investigations. In this paper the strategy and methodology for correlation analysis that relies upon quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM) is demonstrated in a case study involving 66 candidate sources for a heavy fuel oil spill of unknown origin. The strategy includes identification of 19 chemical indices (out of 45 evaluated) based upon PAH's and biomarkers that were (1) independent of weathering; and (2) precisely measured, both of which are determined by statistical analysis of the data. The 19 chemical indices meeting these criteria are subsequently analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), which helps to determine defensibly the “prime suspects” for the oil spill under investigation. The strategy and methodology described, which combines statistical and numerical analysis of quantitative chemical data, can be adapted and applied to other environmental forensic investigations with the objective of correlating any form of contamination to its suspected sources.
Assessing the Hall Conflict Management Survey

This article profiles one of the first instruments used to assess interpersonal conflict in organizational settings, the Hall Conflict Management Survey (CMS). It demonstrates how the Hall scale re...
Effects of iron concentration and flow rate on treatment of coal mine drainage in wetland mesocosms: An experimental approach to sizing of constructed wetlands

Abstract An experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of flow rate and iron concentration on the performance of wetlands constructed to treat coal mine drainage, with implications for sizing. Sixteen identical wetland mesocosms, containing spent mushroom substrate, received simulated coal mine drainage (pH=3.7) at different iron concentrations and flow rates in a 4×4 factorial design over an 8-month period. Effluent iron was positively correlated with influent iron and flow rate; effluent pH was negatively related to influent iron and flow rate. The relationship between iron loading (influent [Fe]×flow rate) per unit volume and effluent iron concentration was defined by a regression equation. To achieve a target effluent iron concentration of 3.5 mg L −1 , this equation predicts a sizing coefficient of 17.0 g m −3 day −1 . The mass of iron removed per unit of substrate volume increased as iron loading per unit volume increased, but leveled off at an iron removal rate of 34.3 g m −3 day −1 . Iron treatment efficiency, however, decreased as iron loading increased. A trade-off exists between iron removal rate and treatment efficiency, such that a wetland's full capacity for iron removal per unit volume can only be utilized if the effluent water receives secondary treatment to decrease the effluent iron to an acceptable level.
Exponential mixtures and quadratic exponential families

SUMMARY Conditions are derived under which quadratic and polynomial exponential models can be generated as mixtures of linear exponential models. The conditions are highly restrictive for continuous sample spaces, but less restrictive in the discrete case. Some properties of binary quadratic exponential models are explored with a view towards finding models that have properties suitable for epidemiological applications.
A Comparison Between Point- And Semi-Continuous Sampling For Assessing Body Temperature In A Free-Ranging Ectotherm

Abstract We used intracoelomically implanted temperature dataloggers to obtain semi-continuous body temperature data and establish monthly thermal profiles for free-ranging rattlesnakes. We mimicked random and non-random point-sampling methods by selecting a single daily data point from all values or from restricted times of day to reflect common point-sampling constraints. Thermal profiles generated from point-sampling differed from those generated from semi-continuous sampling, and this difference was more apparent when point-sampling was non-random. We conclude that semi-continuous sampling provides a better estimate of thermal profiles, and that point-sampling methods are highly sensitive to deviations from true randomness.
Family structure, materialism, and compulsive buying: A reinquiry and extension

The present study represents a reinquiry and extension of Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton's (1997) foundational study concerning the impact of family structure on materialism and compulsive buying in young adults. In addition to reexamining the relationships specified in the Rindfleisch et al. study, the authors of this study also examine additional and/or different relationships. The findings of their reinquiry include the following: (1) family structure is positively related to the happiness dimension of materialism; (2) the predicted direct effect of family structure on compulsive buying was not supported, suggesting that divorce may not affect compulsive buying until early adulthood; and (3) the mediating roles of family stressors and family resources, and the moderating role of socioeconomic status may require additional investigation. Directions for future research in this nascent area of inquiry are offered.
Field-Dependence-Independence and Lateral Eye Movements following Verbal and Spatial Questions

In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant (r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement.
Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis.

Objectives.To examine the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of tolterodine in four randomized, double-blind, parallel, multicenter, 12-week studies of patients with overactive bladder. Methods.Two of the four studies compared tolterodine (2 mg twice daily) to oxybutynin (5 mg three times daily) and placebo, one study compared tolterodine (2 mg twice daily) to oxybutynin (5 mg three times daily), and one study compared two dosages of tolterodine (1 and 2 mg twice daily) to placebo. Efficacy was determined from micturition diaries and patient perception of their bladder condition. Safety and tolerability were assessed from adverse events and laboratory measures. Results.A total of 1,120 patients were randomized and treated at 134 centers. For the primary efficacy variable, the number of micturitions/24 hours, pooled results showed a significant decrease from baseline for the 1 mg tolterodine (P <0.001), 2 mg tolterodine (P <0.001), and 5 mg oxybutynin (P <0.01) groups, compared to placebo. Both tolterodine doses and oxybutynin significantly decreased incontinence episodes/24 hours and significantly increased volume voided/micturition, compared to placebo. Tolterodine at a dose of 2 mg twice daily and 5 mg oxybutynin twice daily were significantly more effective in improving patient perception of bladder condition than placebo. Tolterodine at a dose of 2 mg and 5 mg oxybutynin were equivalent in their effectiveness. Tolterodine at doses of 1 mg and 2 mg were tolerated significantly better than oxybutynin when adverse events, dry mouth (both frequency and intensity), dose reductions, and patient withdrawals were considered. Conclusions.Although oxybutynin is highly effective, its clinical utility is limited by systemic side effects that lead to frequent discontinuation of treatment or dose reductions. Patients receiving tolterodine should not experience these limitations and instead will get safe and long-term effective treatment for their condition.
Cloning, sequencing, and expression of human gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor☆

Gonadotropin releasing hormone is a hypothalamic decapeptide that stimulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Therapeutically, the human pituitary GnRH receptor is the target of agonists used in the suppression of prostate cancer. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA representing this receptor. It encodes a protein with a transmembrane topology similar with that of other G protein-coupled, 7-transmembrane receptors. Binding studies of the cloned receptor demonstrate high affinity and pharmacological properties similar with the native human pituitary GnRH receptor. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase/PCR analysis revealed that its mRNA is expressed in pituitary, ovary, testis, breast, and prostate but not in liver and spleen. Availability of a human GnRH receptor cDNA should permit the design of improved analogs for therapeutic applications.
Decomposition and hydrocarbon growth processes for hexenes in nonpremixed flames

Abstract Hexene and other large alkenes are present in practical fuels, are decomposition products of alkanes, and play an important role in aromatics formation due to their degree of unsaturation. The experiments in this paper examined the decomposition and hydrocarbon growth mechanisms of all 13 isomers of hexene in soot-forming nonpremixed flames. Specifically, C3 to C12 hydrocarbon concentrations were measured on the centerline of atmospheric-pressure methane/air coflowing nonpremixed flames doped with 4000 ppm of each isomer. The hexene decomposition rates and hydrocarbon product concentrations showed that the primary decomposition mechanism was unimolecular allylic C C fission for 12 of the isomers, and allylic C H fission for 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, which does not contain any allylic C C bonds. Other decomposition mechanisms such as H-atom abstraction and six-center elimination were much less important. The allylic radicals produced by the initial hexene decomposition subsequently dissociated to propadiene, butadiene, pentadiene, and hexadiene. Allyl also formed butene by methyl addition and propene by H-atom abstraction from H2 and CH4. The different alkadienes appeared to promote different benzene formation pathways: propadiene decomposed to propargyl and therefore favored C3 + C3 routes, whereas the larger alkadienes decomposed to butenyne and therefore favored C4 + C2 routes. The decomposition mechanisms and primary products identified here can be generalized to other alkenes.
Modeling recovery of rhythmic activity: Hypothesis for the role of a calcium pump

The pyloric network of crustaceans is a model system for the study of the recovery of function after perturbation/injury of a central pattern-generating network. The network is well characterized anatomically and functionally, yet the cellular mechanism underlying the stabilization or recovery of its activity is not known. In a previous theoretical study long-term activity-dependent regulation of ionic conductances was shown to be sufficient to explain the recovery of rhythmic activity after it is lost due to removal of central input. This model, however, did not capture the complex temporal activity dynamics (bouting) that follows decentralization and that precedes the final stable recovery. Here we build a model of a conditional pacemaker neuron whose ionic conductance levels depend on activity as before, but also includes a slow activity-dependent regulation of Ca^2^+ uptake (and release). Intracellular Ca^2^+ sensors, representing enzymatic pathways, regulate the Ca^2^+ pump activity as well as Ca^2^+ and K^+ conductances. Our model suggests that the activity-dependent regulation of Ca^2^+ uptake as well as ionic currents interact to generate the complex changes in pyloric activity that follows decentralization. Supported by NIMH 64711 and NSF IBN-0090250.
Numerical Simulation of Vortex Dynamics in Type-II Superconductors

This article describes the results of several numerical simulations of vortex dynamics in type-II superconductors. The underlying mathematical model is the time-dependent Ginzburg?Landau model. The simulations concern vortex penetration in the presence of twin boundaries, interface patterns between regions of opposite vortex orientation, and magnetic-flux entry patterns in superconducting samples.
The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster : II. Morphogenesis of the intersexual genital disc of the mutantdoublesex-dominant (dsx D ).

Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES SOCIAL INFORMATION: Searching for the Social Brain*

▪ Abstract Because information about gender, kin, and social status are essential for reproduction and survival, it seems likely that specialized neural mechanisms have evolved to process social information. This review describes recent studies of four aspects of social information processing: (a) perception of social signals via the vomeronasal system, (b) formation of social memory via long-term filial imprinting and short-term recognition, (c) motivation for parental behavior and pair bonding, and (d) the neural consequences of social experience. Results from these studies and some recent functional imaging studies in human subjects begin to define the circuitry of a “social brain.” Such neurodevelopmental disorders as autism and schizophrenia are characterized by abnormal social cognition and corresponding deficits in social behavior; thus social neuroscience offers an important opportunity for translational research with an impact on public health.
Inferring meanings that are not intended: Speakers’ intentions and irony comprehension

Most cases of verbal irony involve a situation in which a speaker says one thing and deliberately intends for his or her listener to infer an ironic meaning (e.g., “What lovely weather!” spoken in ...
Analysis of an open tandem queueing network with population constraint and constant service times

We consider an open tandem queueing network with population constraint and constant service times. The total number of customers that may be present in the network cannot exceed a given value K. Customers arriving at the queueing network when there are more than K customers are forced to wait in an external queue. The arrival process to the queueing network is assumed to be arbitrary. We show that this queueing network can be transformed into a simple network involving only two nodes. We obtain an upper and lower bound on the mean waiting time. Validations against simulation data establish the tightness of these bounds. >
Comparison of Radiographic Stress Views for Scapholunate Dynamic Instability in a Cadaver Model

Purpose Many different stress views for the diagnosis of scapholunate (SL) instability have been described in the literature. The purpose of this study is to compare these stress views and determine which view has the greatest utility for demonstrating SL gap radiographically. Methods We performed a literature search for articles describing SL radiographic stress views. We created SL instability in 9 cadaveric wrists by ligamentous sectioning and imaged each specimen using all radiographic views found in the literature. These included the "clenched pencil" view, clenched fist views in varying positions, and traction views. Scapholunate gaps were measured using digital calipers. Results We found 8 different SL radiographic stress views specifically described in the literature. In order to further characterize the best stress views, we studied additional parameters, including varied ulnar deviation and degree of obliquity. The clenched pencil view resulted in the most consistent views with the widest SL gaps. With clenched fist views, SL gap trended to a peak at 30° of ulnar deviation. Conclusions The clenched pencil view was the best stress view to demonstrate dynamic SL instability. It also allows for a contralateral comparison on 1 radiograph. We recommend this view when evaluating for SL pathology. Clinical relevance This assessment of relative diagnostic utility might assist clinicians in the creation and use of protocols for the diagnosis of dynamic SL instability.
Effective interactive proofs for higher-order imperative programs

We present a new approach for constructing and verifying higher-order, imperative programs using the Coq proof assistant. We build on the past work on the Ynot system, which is based on Hoare Type Theory. That original system was a proof of concept, where every program verification was accomplished via laborious manual proofs, with much code devoted to uninteresting low-level details. In this paper, we present a re-implementation of Ynot which makes it possible to implement fully-verified, higher-order imperative programs with reasonable proof burden. At the same time, our new system is implemented entirely in Coq source files, showcasing the versatility of that proof assistant as a platform for research on language design and verification. Both versions of the system have been evaluated with case studies in the verification of imperative data structures, such as hash tables with higher-order iterators. The verification burden in our new system is reduced by at least an order of magnitude compared to the old system, by replacing manual proof with automation. The core of the automation is a simplification procedure for implications in higher-order separation logic, with hooks that allow programmers to add domain-specific simplification rules.We argue for the effectiveness of our infrastructure by verifying a number of data structures and a packrat parser, and we compare to similar efforts within other projects. Compared to competing approaches to data structure verification, our system includes much less code that must be trusted; namely, about a hundred lines of Coq code defining a program logic. All of our theorems and decision procedures have or build machine-checkable correctness proofs from first principles, removing opportunities for tool bugs to create faulty verifications.
Cost analysis as a management tool for improving the efficiency of primary care: some examples from Java.

Health programs in developing countries increasingly face limited or even reduced budgets. More and better services might be produced from these resources by improving efficiency through better management and program design. Cost analysis at individual health units can help identify sources of inefficiency, and provide guidance to managers as to where they can achieve important gains in productivity. This paper presents several examples from health centers and sub-centers in rural Java, Indonesia, showing how inefficiencies in staffing patterns, personnel management, and drug management can affect cost-efficiency. Routine analysis of cost data could provide the basis for management incentives to local health units to increase both outputs and quality of care.
Calcium, ageing, and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder of unknown cause. There is no cure or proven strategy for slowing the progression of the disease. Although there are signs of pathology in many brain regions, the core symptoms of Parkinson's disease are attributable to the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. A potential clue to the vulnerability of these neurons is their increasing reliance on Ca(2+) channels to maintain autonomous activity with age. This reliance could pose a sustained metabolic stress on mitochondria, accelerating cellular ageing and death. The Ca(2+) channels underlying autonomous activity in dopaminergic neurons are closely related to the L-type channels found in the heart and smooth muscle. Systemic administration of isradipine, a dihydropyridine blocker of L-type channels, forces dopaminergic neurons in rodents to revert to a juvenile, Ca(2+)-independent mechanism to generate autonomous activity. More importantly, reversion confers protection against toxins that produce experimental parkinsonism, pointing to a potential neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease with a drug class that has been used safely in human beings for decades. These studies also suggest that, although genetic and environmental factors can hasten its onset, Parkinson's disease stems from a distinctive neuronal design common to all human beings, making its appearance simply a matter of time.
Potentially Creative Adolescents View Their School Experiences

Summa+y.-The expectation was that 62 potentially creative adolescents would exhibit attitudes that were more positive toward their school experiences in open school environments as compared with more traditional school settings. Attitudes were assessed by rating students' essays in which the adolescents described their educational experiences. The results suggested that potentially creative adolescents generally have positive attitudes toward their school experiences whether in open or traditional settings. Attitudes do nor appear to be more positive in open school environments. This exploratory research was designed to examine the attitudes of potentially creative adolescents toward their school experiences. The expectation was that potentially creative high school students would exhibit more positive attitudes toward their educational experiences if school environments were characterized by features generally considered conducive to the development of creative potential. Studies by Walberg (1971) indicate that creativity is not associated with alienation. He found that creative adolescents appear to be happily integrated into the social life of the school and that they generally like school and apply themselves to their studies. In a study of childhood traits and environmental conditions of eminent people, Walberg, et al. ( 1981) assert that in addition to common psychological traits, the more than 200 men studied also had common educational and cultural conditions. They tended to be stimulated by teachers, parents, and other adults. Between 30 to 70% were raised under the conditions described by Arieti (1976) who believes that the culture fostering creativity and the potentially creative personality were the two basic ingredients of creativity. Amrnons and Arnmons ( 1962) found that college students, most of whom were elementary school teacher trainees, would probably be very effective at suppressing genius. They would not only fail to reward intellectually-creative behavior, but they would tend to elicit and reward competing behavior. METHOD Adolescent students from four high schools were involved in the study. The schools were selected by a panel consisting of three professorsfof education, two school administrators, two individuals involved in progranls for gifted adolescents, and a professor of social psychology. The members of the panel, familiar with the purposes of the study and with the criteria for selecting schools
Interfacial Spin Filtering and Temperature Variation of Copper/GaMnAs Contact Resistance

We studied the temperature dependence of the specific contact resistance (ARC) of the copper/GaMnAs interface in the range from 15 K to 290 K. This range includes the Curie temperature of the GaMnAs film of about 145 K. ARC is typically as low as 1×10- 7Ωcm2, and decreases slowly with decreasing temperature T. However, as T approaches Curie temperature (TC), ARC jumps to about double its value. We suggest that this behavior arises from the suppression of one of the two spin conduction channels, resulting in substantial spin polarization. This might offer a convenient scheme to estimate the spin polarization at a single ferromagnetic/nonferromagnetic (F/N) interface using all-electrical measurements.
Hypersensitivity to warfarin in rats with Walker 256 carcinoma.

AbstractWalker 256 carcinoma cells were injected subcutaneously into rats that were then given warfarin intravenously. Depression of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X levels was much greater than in control rats given the same doses of warfarin. A somewhat similar hypersensitivity accompanied treatment of normal rats with subcutaneous injections of turpentine.
A Scalable Reverse Lookup Scheme Using Group-Based Shifted Declustering Layout

Recent years have witnessed an increasing demand for super data clusters. The super data clusters have reached the petabyte-scale that can consist of thousands or tens of thousands storage nodes at a single site. For this architecture, reliability is becoming a great concern. In order to achieve a high reliability, data recovery and node reconstruction is a must. Although extensive research works have investigated how to sustain high performance and high reliability in case of node failures at large scale, a reverse lookup problem, namely finding the objects list for the failed node remains open. This is especially true for storage systems with high requirement of data integrity and availability, such as scientific research data clusters and etc. Existing solutions are either time consuming or expensive. Meanwhile, replication based block placement can be used to realize fast reverse lookup. However, they are designed for centralized, small-scale storage architectures. In this paper, we propose a fast and efficient reverse lookup scheme named Group-based Shifted Declustering (G-SD) layout that is able to locate the whole content of the failed node. G-SD extends our previous shifted declustering layout and applies to large-scale file systems. Our mathematical proofs and real-life experiments show that G-SD is a scalable reverse lookup scheme that is up to one order of magnitude faster than existing schemes.
Ice Crystal Engineering - Back Cover

Ice Crystal Engineering LLC 5074 165th Avenue SE Kindred, ND 58051 USA Phone 701-428-9882 Fax 701-428-9884 E-mail info@iceflares.com
Facing Tamara & Tireka

This essay is an account of the production of the most reproduced photograph from Good And Bad Hair: Photographs by Bill Gaskins , my monograph on the role of hair styling in American culture through the lives of African Americans. The essay also recalls and unpacks a number of extraordinary incidents in the life of the photograph and its reception. These incidents reveal how photographic representations of expressive black culture and people are often received and interpreted by viewers across the lines of race and class in problematic ways. The essay also connects the reception of this photograph to the history of photography, the history of the black photographic subject, and the challenge of relating to these images as representations of members of the human family.
Mixed Al and Si doping in ferroelectric HfO2 thin films

Ferroelectric HfO2 thin films 10 nm thick are simultaneously doped with Al and Si. The arrangement of the Al and Si dopant layers within the HfO2 greatly influences the resulting ferroelectric properties of the polycrystalline thin films. Optimizing the order of the Si and Al dopant layers led to a remanent polarization of ∼20 μC/cm2 and a coercive field strength of ∼1.2 MV/cm. Post-metallization anneal temperatures from 700 °C to 900 °C were used to crystallize the Al and Si doped HfO2 thin films. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction detected differences in peak broadening between the mixed Al and Si doped HfO2 thin films, indicating that strain may influence the formation of the ferroelectric phase with variations in the dopant layering. Endurance characteristics show that the mixed Al and Si doped HfO2 thin films exhibit a remanent polarization greater than 15 μC/cm2 up to 108 cycles.
Divergence and Functional Degradation of a Sex Chromosome-like Supergene

A major challenge in biology is to understand the genetic basis of adaptation. One compelling idea is that groups of tightly linked genes (i.e., "supergenes" [1, 2]) facilitate adaptation in suites of traits that determine fitness. Despite their likely importance, little is known about how alternate supergene alleles arise and become differentiated, nor their ultimate fate within species. Herein we address these questions by investigating the evolutionary history of a supergene in white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis. This species comprises two morphs, tan and white, that differ in pigmentation and components of social behavior [3-5]. Morph is determined by alternative alleles at a balanced >100-Mb inversion-based supergene, providing a unique system for studying gene-behavior relationships. Using over two decades of field data, we document near-perfect disassortative mating among morphs, as well as the fitness consequences of rare assortative mating. We use de novo whole-genome sequencing coupled with population- and phylogenomic data to show that alternate supergene alleles are highly divergent at over 1,000 genes and that these alleles originated prior to the split of Z. albicollis from its sister species and may be polymorphic in Z. albicollis due to a past hybridization event. We provide evidence that the "white" allele may be degrading, similar to neo-Y/W sex chromosomes. We further show that the "tan" allele has surprisingly low levels of genetic diversity yet does not show several canonical signatures of recurrent positive selection. We discuss these results in the context of the origin, molecular evolution, and possible fate of this remarkable polymorphism.
Mathematical model to interpret localized reflectance spectra measured in the presence of a strong fluorescence marker

Quantification of multiple fluorescence markers during neurosurgery has the potential to provide complementary contrast mechanisms between normal and malignant tissues, and one potential combination involves fluorescein sodium (FS) and aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). We focus on the interpretation of reflectance spectra containing contributions from elastically scattered (reflected) photons as well as fluorescence emissions from a strong fluorophore (i.e., FS). A model-based approach to extract μ a and μ′ s in the presence of FS emission is validated in optical phantoms constructed with Intralipid (1% to 2% lipid) and whole blood (1% to 3% volume fraction), over a wide range of FS concentrations (0 to 1000 μ g/ml ). The results show that modeling reflectance as a combination of elastically scattered light and attenuation-corrected FS-based emission yielded more accurate tissue parameter estimates when compared with a nonmodified reflectance model, with reduced maximum errors for blood volume (22% versus 90%), microvascular saturation (21% versus 100%), and μ′ s (13% versus 207%). Additionally, quantitative PpIX fluorescence sampled in the same phantom as FS showed significant differences depending on the reflectance model used to estimate optical properties (i.e., maximum error 29% versus 86%). These data represent a first step toward using quantitative optical spectroscopy to guide surgeries through simultaneous assessment of FS and PpIX.
Sales Promotions: Practice, Regulation and Self-Regulation Around the World

Sales promotions are on a growth curve in many countries. A recent IAA survey focused on their use, regulation and self-regulation in 36 countries. This paper defines the various types of sales promotions and analyses their advantages and disadvantages before reporting on the major findings of the IAA survey.
UI4(1,4-dioxane)2, [UCl4(1,4-dioxane)]2, and UI3(1,4-dioxane)1.5: Stable and Versatile Starting Materials for Low- and High-Valent Uranium Chemistry

The uranium(III) and uranium(IV) iodide complexes UI3(1,4-dioxane)1.5 and UI4(1,4-dioxane)2 have been easily prepared in high yield by reacting uranium turnings with a 1,4-dioxane solution of iodine under mild conditions. The two complexes exhibit outstanding thermal stability and are excellent precursors to a variety of uranium(III), uranium(IV), and uranium(VI) alkoxide, amide, organometallic, and halide compounds, including a safe, room-temperature synthesis of [UCl4(1,4-dioxane)]2, which is a useful synthetic alternative to UCl4.
Maternal behavior in the rabbit: critical period for nest building following castration during pregnancy.

SummaryA critical period of exposure to certain hormones appears to be necessary for maternal-nest building since no nest building occurs in animals castrated before day 14 of gestation. It appears that ovarian steroids must act for a period of 16 or 17 days for the occurrence of maternal-nest building.
A Failure Mode in Dense Infrared Detector Arrays Resulting in Increased Dark Current

In this paper, we investigate a failure mode that arises in dense infrared focal plane detector arrays as a consequence of the interactions of neighboring pixels through the minority carrier profiles in the common absorber layer. We consider the situation in which one pixel in a hexagonal array becomes de-biased relative to its neighbors and show that the dark current in the six neighboring pixels increases exponentially as a function of the difference between the nominal and anomalous biases. Moreover, we show that the current increase in the six nearest-neighbor pixels is in total larger than that by which the current in the affected pixel decreases, causing a net increase in the dark current. The physical origins of this effect are explained as being due to increased lateral diffusion currents that arise as a consequence of breaking the symmetry of the minority carrier profiles. We then perform a parametric study to quantify the magnitude of this effect for a number of detector geometric parameters, operating temperatures, and spectral bands. Particularly, numerical simulations are carried out for short-, mid-, and long-wavelength HgCdTe infrared detectors operating between 77 K and 210 K. We show that this effect is most prevalent in architectures for which the lateral diffusion current is the largest component of the total dark current—high operating temperature devices with narrow epitaxial absorber thicknesses and pitches small compared to the diffusion length of minority carriers. These results could prove significant particularly for short- and mid-wave infrared detectors, which are typically designed to fit these conditions.
Examining Variation in the Impact of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial.

School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS; Sugai & Horner, 2006) is currently implemented in over 20,000 schools across the country with the goal of preventing disruptive behavior problems and enhancing the school climate. While previous studies have indicated significant main effects of SWPBIS on student outcomes, the program impacts likely vary as a function of children’s social–emotional characteristics. This study examined variation in the effects of SWPBIS based on children’s baseline pattern of behavior problems and social–emotional skills using data from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Data come from 12,344 elementary school children (52.9% male; 45.1% African American and 46.1% White; 49% received free or reduced-price meals; and 12.9% received special education services). The group randomized controlled effectiveness trial was implemented in 37 elementary schools. Latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted on teachers’ baseline ratings of children’s behavior problems, concentration problems, social–emotional functioning, and prosocial behavior using the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation–Checklist (TOCA–C; Koth, Bradshaw, & Leaf, 2009). LPA revealed 4 latent classes: high-risk (6.6%), at-risk (23.3%), normative (36.5%), and socially–emotionally skilled (33.6%). LPA membership was found to have a moderating impact on children’s subsequent discipline problems and need for and use of school-based services. Findings suggest that the effects of SWPBIS on student outcomes tend to be greatest among at-risk and high-risk children.
Trunk-pelvis coordination during turning: A cross sectional study of young adults with and without a history of low back pain.

Abstract Background During steady-state locomotion, symptomatic individuals with low back pain demonstrate reduced ability to modulate coordination between the trunk and the pelvis in the axial plane. It is unclear if this is also true during functional locomotor perturbations such as changing direction, or if this change in coordination adaptability persists between symptomatic episodes. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk–pelvis coordination during walking turns in healthy individuals and asymptomatic individuals with a history of low back pain. Methods Participants performed multiple ipsilateral turns. Axial plane inter-segmental coordination and stride-to-stride coordination variability were quantified using the vector coding technique. Frequency of coordination mode and amplitude of coordination variability was compared between groups using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and paired t-tests respectively. Findings During stance phase of the turn, there was no significant difference in either inter-segmental coordination or coordination variability between groups. Inter-segmental coordination between the trunk and the pelvis was predominantly inphase during this part of the turn. During swing phase, patterns of coordination were more diversified, and individuals with a history of low back pain had significantly greater trunk phase coordination than healthy controls. Coordination variability was the same in both groups. Interpretation Changes in trunk–pelvis coordination are evident between symptomatic episodes in individuals with a history of low back pain. However, previously demonstrated decreases in coordination variability were not found between symptomatic episodes in individuals with recurrent low back pain and therefore may represent a response to concurrent pain rather than a persistent change in motor control.
Some Further Philosophical Considerations

We come now to the heart of our matter. In a general sense this entire book is an analysis of the elements of the Romantic theory of knowledge, but we have yet to consider in a close and connected way the relations of these elements — Logos, symbol, imagination, genius, consciousness, nature and Romantic irony — in terms of their essential cognitive implications. The questions of what is knowledge, what kinds of knowledge there are, whose knowledge we are talking about, what state one is in when he knows, how one tests and verifies knowledge, the relation between knowledge and activity — these are all major problems which generated a good deal of intelligent and lively concern during the age, an age of self-consciousness dazzled by the potentialities of a larger and richer personal and political life opening up all about. The revolutionary ferment of the times had great impact not merely on social and political prospects but on the whole view of human nature, human values and obviously human knowledge. The French Revolution inspired optimism about the power of man to remold himself and his institutions. It was an age in which everything is to be looked for, said Tom Paine, and indeed everything was re-examined, revalued.
Emerging Adults' Experiences of Grandparent Death:

This qualitative study examined the experience of grandparent death among 74 emerging adults enrolled in college. Guided by the life course perspective, the authors specifically explored (a) partic...
On modeling and understanding vehicle evacuation attacks in VANETs

To secure a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), extensive studies have been conducted on developing authentication infrastructures, and identifying misbehaving vehicles. The effectiveness of such efforts heavily depends on the underlying communication network. However, information exchange in the VANET can be severely delayed because of its highly-dynamic and partially-connected topology. Such delay can be potentially exploited by attackers to cause physical impacts to the transportation system. In this paper, we propose and model a new attack, called vehicle evacuation attack, to investigate how the message delay endangers the trustworthiness in VANETs, and further causes physical impacts to cars on the road. Our study demonstrates that there exists a linear relationship between the delay of message dissemination and the impact of the vehicle evacuation attack, which can be used as a guideline on security, reliability, and safety design in real-world VANETs.