cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A basis for comparing characteristics of policy systems

Policy-based computing is being studied and applied in a number of different domains by industrial organizations and academia. Standards are also being pursued in many standards bodies (e.g., IETF, DMTF, OASIS, GGFand W3C). This has led to the creation of different policy languages and policy implementations. In this paper, we attempt to provide a framework for the classification and comparison of the different approaches that such languages and systems have taken. This is important because it helps in the understanding of the capabilities of policy systems, and in clarifying what they can and cannot do. It also identifies basic issues in translating policies from one language to another, and in transforming policies specified for a particular system implementation into policies that can be enforced by a different system implementation.
The Literary Campaign for Toleration of the Huguenots

After the Calas Case of 1762–64 the more severe of the anti-Protestant laws fell into disuse. Raids on the open-air religious meetings ceased; few if any clergy were executed; no laity were sent to the galleys; and no property apparently was seized. The Protestant pastors became bolder and, in the 1780's, Paul Rabaut and his son Rabaut Saint-Etienne, the two foremost of them all, lived without disguise and without molestation as they served their flock in the city of Nimes. The pastor Frossard, whose name has passed down to us as the author of an able antislavery pamphlet, worked without harm in Lyons, where he was visited by Brissot in 1782. Court de Gebelin, son of the daring pastor Antoine Court and himself a pastor, lived openly in Paris from 1763 to 1784 without annoyance, became secretary of the celebrated Freemason's Lodge of the Nine Muses frequented by Voltaire and Franklin, and acquired some reputation as a writer and scholar. And when at length he died (in 1784) his funeral was unmolested, and Quesnay de SaintGermain, a councillor at the Parlement of Paris, and the pastor Rabaut Saint-Etienne addressed the assemblage. Even earlier, in 1748, Simon Louis de Ry, son of a Protestant refugee at Cassel, came to Paris and studied architecture. Either the government did not know or care who he was. Likewise his sister, married to a French Protestant refugee named Le Clerc, returned to Paris for a period of three months in 1773 without molestation. The Protestant physician Paul Bosc went to Paris in the 1750's and not only lived untroubled but even became a court physician, a member of the Academy of Sciences, and was sent on a government mission to England. He died a noted scientist in 1784. As a youth he had even been a Protestant pastor. What did that matter? Paris did not care. Paris throughout the eighteenth century was perhaps the safest place for a Protestant in France.
Potential Contributions of the Tobacco Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK) in the Pathogenesis of Steatohepatitis in a Chronic Plus Binge Rat Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease

Aims: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is linked to binge drinking and cigarette smoking. Heavy chronic ± binge alcohol, or low-level exposures to dietary nitrosamines cause steatohepatitis with insulin resistance and oxidative stress in animal models. This study examines hepatotoxic effects of sub-mutagenic exposures to tobacco-specific nitrosamine (NNK) in relation to ALD. Methods: Long Evans rats were fed liquid diets containing 0 or 26% (caloric) ethanol (EtOH) for 8 weeks. In Weeks 3 through 8, rats were treated with NNK (2 mg/kg) or saline by i.p. injection, 3×/week, and in Weeks 7 and 8, EtOH-fed rats were binge-administered 2 g/kg EtOH 3×/week; controls were given saline. Results: EtOH ± NNK caused steatohepatitis with necrosis, disruption of the hepatic cord architecture, ballooning degeneration, early fibrosis, mitochondrial cytopathy and ER disruption. Severity of lesions was highest in the EtOH+NNK group. EtOH and NNK inhibited insulin/IGF signaling through Akt and activated pro-inflammatory cytokines, while EtOH promoted lipid peroxidation, and NNK increased apoptosis. O6 -methyl-Guanine adducts were only detected in NNK-exposed livers. Conclusion: Both alcohol and NNK exposures contribute to ALD pathogenesis, including insulin/IGF resistance and inflammation. The differential effects of EtOH and NNK on adduct formation are critical to ALD progression among alcoholics who smoke.
Seismic reflection models of continental crust based on metamorphic terrains

Summary. Laboratory seismic velocity measurements on rock samples from metamorphic terrains, coupled with geologic cross sections, provide the basis for synthetic seismic reflection profiles for various types of continental crust. Results from greenstone belts, mylonite zones and partial cross sections of continental crust indicate that lithologic heterogeneity and geometrical factors control crustal reflection characteristics.
A novel differential equation approach to modeling ion size effects in the diffuse double layer

Abstract A new differential equation for the diffuse double layer is derived from the integral form of the hypernetted chain approximation (HNCA). Using the mean-spherical approximation for ion–ion interactions in the bulk, the resulting theory is found to be in excellent agreement with results obtained by the traditional solution of the HNCA integral equation for 1:1 electrolytes, provided the product of the Debye–Huckel reciprocal length and the ionic diameter is less than 1.5. The new theory is much easier to implement than the traditional method, and provides a rapid route to the estimates of the ion–wall correlation functions, diffuse layer potential profiles, differential capacities, and ionic surface excesses for a restricted electrolyte in a primitive solvent.
Convenient Synthesis of Acetonide Protected 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) for Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

We report a facile approach to the synthesis of acetonide and Fmoc protected 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH. By protecting the amino group of DOPA with a phthaloyl group and the carboxyl group as a methyl ester, acetonide protection of the catechol of DOPA derivative was realized in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Following removal of protecting groups, the intermediate was converted to Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH, which was successfully incorporated into a short DOPA-containing peptide, derived from marine tubeworm cement proteins Pc1 and Pc2.
A Selfish Gene Governing Pollen-Pistil Compatibility Confers Reproductive Isolation Between Maize Relatives

Some populations of maize's closest relatives, the annual teosintes of Mexico, are unreceptive to maize pollen. When present in the pistil (silk and ovary) a number of maize genes discriminate against or exclude pollen not carrying the same allele. An analogous gene Tcb1-s was found in some teosinte populations but not in sympatric or parapatric maize. It was polymorphic among populations of teosinte growing wild, but regularly present in populations growing in intimate association with maize as a weed. Introduction of Tcb1-s into maize substantially to fully restored compatibility with Tcb1-s carrying teosintes. Although Tcb1-s pollen can fertilize tcb1 tcb1 maize, it is at a competitive disadvantage relative to tcb1 pollen. Hence, the influence of Tcb1-s on crossability is bidirectional. In the absence of maize, Tcb1-s can increase in teosinte populations without improving their fitness. In the presence of maize, Tcb1-s appears to have been co-opted to provide reproductive isolation for adaptation to a cultivated habitat.
Effect of Sawtooth Roughness on Pressure Drop and Turbulent Transition in Microchannels

Roughness elements affect internal flows in different ways. One effect is the transition from laminar to turbulent flow at a lower Reynolds number than the predicted Re = 2300. Initial work at RIT in the subject area was performed by Schmitt and Kandlikar [1] and Kandlikar et al. [2], and this study is an extension of these efforts. The channel used in this study is rectangular, with varying separation between walls that have machined roughness elements. The roughness elements are saw-tooth in structure, with element heights of 107 and 117 μ m for two pitches of 405 μ m and 815 μ m, respectively. The resulting hydraulic diameters and Reynolds numbers based on the constricted flow area range from 424 μ m to 2016 μ m and 210 to 2400, respectively. Pressure measurements are taken at sixteen locations along the flow length of 88.9 mm to determine the local pressure gradients. The results for friction factors and transition to turbulent flow are obtained and compared with the data reported by Schmitt and Kandl...
Lower Class Culture As a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency

The etiology of delinquency has long been a controversial issue, and is particularly so at present. The bulk of the substantive data on which the following material is based was collected in connection with a service-research project in the control of gang delinquency. The major sets of etiological factors adduced to explain delinquency are, in simplified terms, the physiological, the psychodynamic, and the environmental. In the case of "gang" delinquency, the cultural system which exerts the most direct influence on behavior is that of the lower class community itself—a long-established, distinctively patterned tradition with integrity of its own—rather than a so-called "delinquent subculture". The dominant concern over "trouble" involves a distinction of critical importance for the lower class community—that between "law-abiding" and "non-law-abiding" behavior. The one-sex peer group is a highly prevalent and significant structural form in the lower class community.
ETV5 mutations: revisiting Sertoli cell only syndrome.

Infertility, despite its high incidence and long history in human society, is still somewhat of a mysterious health condition. Naturally, semen defects like low sperm concentration, low sperm motility, and poor sperm morphology are associated with reduced fertility. However, normal semen parameters are not a guarantee for normal fertility. Among semen defects, azoospermia (absence of germ cells in the semen) and Sertoli cell only syndrome (SCOS, absence of germ cells in the semen and testis, also known as Spermatogenic Failure) are the most serious pathological conditions. Currently, genetic factors are considered to play an important role in male factor infertility (1). However, for many years the medical and general public perception was that chromosomal aberrations and Y-chromosome microdeletions were mainly responsible for azoospermia and oligozoospermia (2, 3). Although it is not disputable, respective genetic testing could only identify those defects in a small proportion of patients seen in the andrology clinic. The remaining majority of patients have descriptive or idiopathic diagnoses of male factor infertility. Despite many attempts and a wealth of animal male infertility models (4), little is known about the genetic basis of azoospermia and SCOS in patients with idiopathic male factor infertility.
Church, State, and Dissent: The Crisis of the Swiss Reformation, 1531–1536

During the 1520s the city council of Zurich, with the full cooperation of Zwingli, created a Reformed community in which all powers of discipline were placed in the hands of the city magistrates. Both Zwingli's theory of the Christian community and the council's actions to create such a community had their roots in the late medieval communal idea which viewed the city as a “sacral community.” This corporate ideal led to the blurring of the distinctions between the civil and ecclesiastical communities.Zwingli's theory also had roots in the thought of Marsilius of Padua, Occam, and Zwingli's contemporary, Erasmus.
TLR4-dependent GM-CSF protects against lung injury in Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are required for protective host defense against bacterial pathogens. However, the role of TLRs in regulating lung injury during Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia has not...
Advertising, Big Data, and the Clearance of the Public Realm: Marketers' New Approaches to the Content Subsidy

This article addresses implications for democracy of two interconnected developments involving big data and the media. One is the targeting of consumers for advertising by marketers and the new data-capture industry that supports them. The other involves the transformation of advertisers’ approach to subsidizing media content production. We describe these developments and consider their consequences for democratic life, drawing on classical and recent democratic theory (Paine, Dahl, Mouffe, Rosanvallon). We conclude that big data’s embedding in personalized marketing and content production threatens the ecology of connections that link citizens and groups via information, argumentation, empathy, and celebration as members of a shared social and civic space. Unless challenged, these developments risk eliminating the connective media necessary for an effective democracy.
The Enactivist Revolution

Among the many ideas that go by the name of “enactivism” there is the idea that by “cognition” we should understand what is more commonly taken to be behavior. For clarity, label such forms of enactivism “enactivismb.” This terminology requires some care in evaluating enactivistb claims. There is a genuine risk of enactivist and non-enactivist cognitive scientists talking past one another. So, for example, when enactivistsb write that “cognition does not require representations” they are not necessarily denying what cognitivists claim when they write that “cognition requires representations.” This paper will draw attention to instances of some of these unnecessary confusions.
OVERWHELMING POSTSPLENECTOMY INFECTION

The incidence of overwhelming sepsis in asplenic patients is low. It carries, however, an unacceptably high morbidity rate and mortality rate. The risk of development is related to the age of the patient as well as the duration since and the reason for splenectomy. It may also occur in functionally hyposplenic states. The rapidly lethal clinical course demands intense efforts toward prevention by both physician and patient, rapid recognition within the initial medical setting, and aggressive intervention with broad-spectrum antibiotics and other supportive measures.
Dynamic Modeling of a Novel Cooling, Heat, Power, and Water Microturbine Combined Cycle

The Power, Water Extraction, and Refrigeration (PoWER) engine has been investigated for several years as a distributed energy (DE) system among other applications for civilian or military use. Previous literature describing its modeling and experimental demonstration have indicated several benefits, especially when the underlying semi-closed cycle gas turbine is combined with a vapor absorption refrigeration system, the PoWER system described herein. The benefits include increased efficiency, high part-power efficiency, small lapse rate, compactness, low emissions, lower air and exhaust flows (which decrease filtration and duct size) and condensation of fresh water. The present paper describes the preliminary design and its modeling of a modified version of this system as applied to DE system, especially useful in regions which are prone to major grid interruptions due to hurricanes, under-capacity, or terrorism. In such cases, the DE system should support most or all services within an isolated service island, including ice production, so that the influence of the power outage is contained in magnitude and scope. The paper describes the rather straightforward system modifications necessary for ice production. However, the primary focus of the paper is on dynamic modeling of the ice making capacity to achieve significant load-leveling during the summer utility peak, hence reducing the electrical capacity requirements for the grid.© 2008 ASME
NanoMagnet logic

We present recent results on implementing logic using physically- coupled nanomagnet arrays. The binary state of a bit is represented by the magnetization state of a single-domain nanomagnet element, and logic is accomplished through direct physical interactions between them. We refer to this approach as nanomagnet logic (NML). We have demonstrated that NML satisfies the requirements for digital logic, and offers performance advantages, primarily low power and non-volatility, as a potential post-CMOS technology.
Validity of Self-reported Pregnancy Delivery Weight: An Analysis of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey

This study examined the validity of self-reported delivery weight among 3,518 respondents to the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Self-reported delivery weight was ascertained from a mail survey administered during the postpartum period. Measured delivery weight was obtained by abstraction of medical records from the hospital of delivery. On average, a woman's reported delivery weight was 2.82 pounds (1 pound = 0.45 kg) less than her measured delivery weight (p < 0.001). The level of underreporting increased significantly with increases in prepregnancy body mass index, current body mass index, pregnancy weight gain, and weight change from delivery to recall. Reporting error also increased among women who were non-White, less educated, and unmarried; whose pregnancy was unintended; and who initiated prenatal care late, responded late to the survey questionnaire, became pregnant again before responding, and reported a delivery weight ending in zero. When reported delivery weight was used to calculate weight gain and was categorized into typical weight gain categories, 30-40% of women were classified incorrectly. An empirical evaluation of how this misclassification might impact epidemiologic analyses indicated that associations between weight gain and birth weight were attenuated when weight gain was based on reported delivery weight rather than on measured delivery weight.
Spectroscopic Microscopy Explicitly Measures the Subdiffractional Structure of Biomaterials

Subdiffractional structural properties of label-free biomaterials, refractive index variance and correlation length, are reconstructed in a spatially-resolved manner from the spectroscopic content of an epi-illumination bright-field microscope image.
Analysis of influencing factors for variable thrust SRM during thrust regulating

In order to understand the regulating characteristics of variable thrust motor,simulation of 3D flow field during thrust regulating was implemented. The torsional moment caused by centrosymmetric flow field was considered.By means of numerical simulation,the regulating characteristics were obtained,and assembly clearance of nozzle structure was analyzed at the same time.Regulating speed and free volume were investigated as the main influence factor on the delay of thrust regulating.It was found that assembly clearance reduce thrust regulating range and axial moment significantly.High regulating speed and big free volume delay the time of flow field stabilization.Numerical result can provide a reference for structure and regulating design of variable thrust SRM.
Nursing home care.

The intent of this review is to highlight several difficult questions from a personal perspective while caring for debilitated elderly patients in a nursing home. These problems appear to be encountered less frequently in the acute-care setting. Where possible, supporting literature is cited and legal precedent is indicated. The following topics, among others, are discussed: a framework for physicians' ethical decisions, basic ethical principles, typical problems encountered by the physician, and considerations for withholding treatment.
Normal-Stress Effects in Drag-Reducing Fluids

It is shown that some viscoelastic fluid theories show an increased “resistance” to nonviscometric (or nonshearing) deformations due to “normal-stress effects,” but no upper limit on stretch rate is discernible. Using this fact in a one-dimensional Burgers-type model of “weak turbulence,” drag reduction is predicted.
Nutritional situation among Syrian refugees hosted in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon: cross sectional surveys

Ongoing armed conflict in Syria has caused large scale displacement. Approximately half of the population of Syria have been displaced including the millions living as refugees in neighboring countries. We sought to assess the health and nutrition of Syrian refugees affected by the conflict. Representative cross-sectional surveys of Syrian refugees were conducted between October 2 and November 30, 2013 in Lebanon, April 12 and May 1, 2014 in Jordan, and May 20 and 31, 2013 in Iraq. Surveys in Lebanon were organized in four geographical regions (North, South, Beirut/Mount Lebanon and Bekaa). In Jordan, independent surveys assessed refugees residing in Za’atri refugee camp and refugees residing among host community nationwide. In Iraq, refugees residing in Domiz refugee camp in the Kurdistan region were assessed. Data collected on children aged 6 to 59 months included anthropometric indicators, morbidity and feeding practices. In Jordan and Lebanon, data collection also included hemoglobin concentration for children and non-pregnant women aged 15 to 49 years, anthropometric indicators for both pregnant and non-pregnant women, and household level indicators such as access to safe water and sanitation. The prevalence of global acute malnutrition among children 6 to 59 months of age was less than 5 % in all samples (range 0.3–4.4 %). Prevalence of acute malnutrition among women 15 to 49 years of age, defined as mid-upper arm circumference less than 23.0 cm, was also relatively low in all surveys (range 3.5–6.5 %). For both children and non-pregnant women, anemia prevalence was highest in Za’atri camp in Jordan (48.4 % and 44.8 %, respectively). Most anemia was mild or moderate; prevalence of severe anemia was less than or equal to 1.1 % in all samples of children and women. Despite the ongoing conflict, results from all surveys indicate that global acute malnutrition is relatively low in the assessed Syrian refugee populations. However, prevalence of anemia suggests a serious public health problem among women and children, especially in Za’atri camp. Based on these findings, nutrition partners in the region have reprioritized response interventions, focusing on activities to address micronutrient deficiencies such as food fortification.
Cyber Supervision — Remote Site Observation–Technology Strategies for Physical Educators

The purpose of this article is to share an innovative procedure that incorporates the use of technology within teacher candidates' internship experience in physical education teacher education.
Fundamentals of Diet, Exercise, and Behavior Modification

Most people are able to lose weight. Their frustration comes from regaining it. Vigilance about diet, exercise and weight gain is important because it is far easier to keep from gaining weight than to lose it. As explained in previous chapters excessive weight gain causes epigenetic changes that modulate the genes that control metabolism, hunger and satiety. These changes become hard wired in the individual with obesity, thereby"genetically resettingtm" the individual to a new set point of excessive weight. It is partly this "genetic resettingtm" that makes losing weight in the individual with obesity so difficult and the inevitable regaining of the weight so frustrating. Understanding the science of food is important because in the end all food consumed breaks down into chemicals that signal the brain, direct metabolism, and affect weight. Understanding the science of exercise and the value of behavior modification is also important. This chapter describes the mechanics of eating and the science of digestion. It defines the essential nutrients of a healthy diet and describes the roles of essential macronutrients including protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, fiber, fat, water, vitamins, and minerals. The three components of energy expenditure are defined and discussed. The effects of depression and anxiety on eating and obesity are also addressed. Finally, the controversy over categorizing obesity as a “food addiction” is explained.
Microchip post-processing: There is plenty of room at the top

Microchip manufacturers have developed a tremendous skill in depositing materials at the nanometer scale. One can wonder why this skill is predominantly used to develop new generations of memory and signal processing chips. The answer lies in the economic rationale behind Moore's Law,1 implying that straightforward miniaturization is the most predictable and effective means of improving the microchip value. But today, the end of traditional scaling is in sight. According to the authoritative ITRS Roadmap,2 the miniaturization of CMOS, DRAM and flash memory technologies will end around the year 2018, at which point disruptive approaches will become necessary to further decrease the cost per function in these types of microchips. The community therefore has embarked on a massive parallel search for new technologies, employing the same microtechnology skill set, but introducing novel device architectures and novel materials. Examples are subthermal switches3 and magnetic memories such as the STT-MRAM,4 among many. Innovation in microchip technology can also involve the addition of new functionality to the chip, often denominated as "more-than-Moore". When a microchip goes beyond the traditional functions of data storage, computation and electrical communication, it may become more valuable. Usually this requires modifications to the microchip fabrication process. Such modifications are reviewed in this chapter. We will first discuss the physical location where new functions can be added to a microchip, and which considerations may lead to the above-IC approach. Then, the boundary conditions for post-processing are sketched. A variety of example microsystems is subsequently reviewed, followed by the conclusions.
Stability on the Edge: Probing the Biophysical Mechanisms of Polarity Maintenance at the Leading Edge of Motile Neutrophil-Like Hl-60 Cells

Cell motility is an essential cellular function. With motility being such a ubiquitous process, cells are outfitted with a vast yet well-conserved set of proteins that self-organize in order to form protrusions with a surprising range of shapes and sizes. These protrusions are formed by the coordinated force of thousands of actin polymers growing against the membrane at the leading edge. How are thousands of nanometer-sized actin filaments able to form a stable leading edge several orders of magnitude larger, in time and space, than the assembly of its individual components? I seek to answer this question by analyzing protrusion fluctuations at the leading edge of lamellipodia, thereby quantifying the limits of self-correction of the actin network. Using a cycle of theoretical modeling and experimental perturbation, I will tease apart the possible mechanisms for self-correction and the subsequent effects on the stability of the leading edge of motile cells.
Analytical Bifurcation Trees of a Periodically Excited Pendulum

In this paper, the bifurcation trees of a periodically excited pendulum are investigated. Implicit discrete maps for such a pendulum are developed to construct discrete mapping structures. Bifurcation trees of the corresponding periodic motions are predicted semi-analytically through the discrete mapping structure. The corresponding stability and bifurcation analysis are carried out through eigenvalue analysis. Finally, numerical illustrations of various periodic motions are given to verify the analytical prediction. The accurate periodic motions in the periodically forced pendulum are predicted for the first time through the implicit mapping systems, and the corresponding bifurcation trees of periodic motion to chaos are obtained.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Engaging Students in Physical Education: Key Challenges and Opportunities for Physical Educators in Urban Settings.

In October 2009, JOPERD published a special issue about “Engaging Urban Youths in Physical Education and Physical Activity.” Seven years later, many of the considerations mentioned remain relevant, such as large class sizes, limited access to equipment, and the lack of a dedicated gymnasium or outdoor space. These structural challenges matter. Some data suggest that larger class sizes and indoor lessons are associated with students spending significantly less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and with teachers spending more time on classroom management. In addition, high rates of teacher turnover, difficulties communicating with English language learners, and low self-efficacy affect teachers' ability to engage students in physical education in urban settings. The purposes of this narrative review are to identify the attributes of urban settings that influence how physical education is taught, and to provide action-oriented strategies for addressing challenges and for making the most of avail...
Team Teaching of Creative Advertising and Public Relations Courses

Advertising and public relations are complex practices, and it is challenging for educators to find instructors who can fulfill expertise across disciplines, particularly in creative applications i...
Resource Utilization in Emergency Department Patients with Known or Suspected Poisoning

Previous work has shown poisoning-related emergency department (ED) visits are increasing, and these visits are resource-intensive. Little is known, however, about how resource utilization for patients with known or suspected poisoning differs from that of general ED patients. We reviewed 4 years of operational data at a single ED. We identified visits due to known or suspected poisoning (index cases), and paired them with time-matched controls. In the primary analysis, we compared the groups with respect to a broad array of resource utilization characteristics. In a secondary analysis, we performed the same comparison after excluding patients ultimately transferred to a psychiatric facility. There were 405 index cases and 802 controls in the primary analysis, and 374 index cases and 741 controls in the secondary analysis. In the primary/secondary analyses, patients with known or suspected poisoning had longer ED lengths of stay in minutes (370 vs. 232/295 vs. 234), higher rates of laboratory results per patient (40.4 vs. 26.8/39.6 vs. 26.8), greater administration of intravenous medications and fluids per patient (2.0 vs. 1.6/2.1 vs. 1.6), higher rates of transfer to a psychiatric facility (7.7 vs. 0.2%/not applicable), and higher rates of both admission (40.2 vs. 32.8/43.6 vs. 33.1%) and admission to an advanced care bed (21.5 vs. 7.6/23.3 vs. 7.8%). Patients with known or suspected poisoning had lower rates of imaging per patient, for both plain radiographs (0.4 vs. 0.5/0.4 vs. 0.5) and advanced imaging studies (0.3 vs. 0.5/0.4 vs. 0.5). ED patients with known or suspected poisoning are more resource intensive than general ED patients. These results may have implications for both resource allocation (particularly for departments that might see a high volume of such patients) and ED operations management.
Pharmaceutical substances in ambient particulates: A preliminary assessment

Till now, no attention has been paid to pharmaceuticals (PCs) in the air, though they are known to affect waters, soils, foods and biota. This paper describes the first attempt to characterize the PC occurrence in the air. Airborne particulates (PM10 or PM2.5 fractions, from Amsterdam, Netherland, Rome and Rende, Italy) were sampled on quartz fiber filter by means of pumping systems operating at medium-volume conditions (16 or 38.5 L min-1). The samples were solvent extracted through sonication with a dichloromethane:acetone:methanol mixture and reduced close to dryness; three fractions of the residue were separated through column chromatography; they comprised non polar, low polar and very polar organic compounds, respectively, and PCs were in the third one. Chemical analysis was performed by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MSD), after treatment of solutions with methyl,tertzbutylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) to form silyl derivatives of most PCs. The following substances were investigated: acetaminophenol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprefen, naproxen, fenofibrate, diclofenac, acetylcysteine and sulfanilamide; p-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid; and parabens (methyl, ethyl and propyl). Except aspirin, acetamidophenol, acetylcysteine and sulfanilamide, the target compounds could be quantified with good repeatability, reproducibility and percent recoveries (on the average, ∼7.5%, ∼7.1% and 91%, respectively). The PC concentrations ranged <0.1-8.6 ng m-3; season dependent drug profiles could be observed in Rome and Rende.
A salty landscape of fear: responses of fish and zooplankton to freshwater salinization and predatory stress.

Predator–prey relationships are altered by anthropogenic contaminants. Road salt is a widespread contaminant among freshwater ecosystems, yet a relatively understudied subject in community ecology. Unknown is whether road salt salinization interacts with predatory stress to influence the growth, behavior, or reproduction of freshwater organisms. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and zooplankton (Daphnia pulex), we exposed them to variable levels of road salt (NaCl) crossed with the presence or absence of alarm cues or kairomones. Alarm cue reduced trout activity and aggression and increased shoaling behavior. Road salt reduced trout growth in the high compared to moderate salt concentration, but neither concentration was different from the control. There was no interaction between alarm cues and salt for trout. Road salt and predatory stress had an additive effect on Daphnia abundance. Predatory stress decreased Daphnia abundance by 11%. Compared to the control, salt decreased Daphnia abundance by 40% in 860 mg Cl−/L and 79% in 1300 mg Cl−/L, and by the final day abundance was reduced by 85% in 1300 mg Cl−/L. Road salt and predatory stress had an interactive effect on Daphnia reproduction. Predatory stress in control water and moderate salt levels (230 mg Cl−/L) increased sexual reproduction of Daphnia, but these responses disappeared at high salt concentrations. Thus, road salt could limit reproductive adaptations to natural and anthropogenic stressors in Daphnia. Our results indicate road salt salinization could alter zooplankton population dynamics directly and by interacting with predatory stress, which might affect energy flow through freshwater food webs.
Estimating Grass-Soil Bioconcentration of Munitions Compounds from Molecular Structure.

A partitioning–based model is presented to estimate the bioconcentration of five munitions compounds and two munition–like compounds in grasses. The model uses polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp–LFERs) to estimate the partition coefficients between soil organic carbon and interstitial water and between interstitial water and the plant cuticle, a lipid–like plant component. Inputs for the pp–LFERs are a set of numerical descriptors computed from molecular structure only that characterize the molecular properties that determine the interaction with soil organic carbon, interstitial water, and plant cuticle. The model is validated by predicting concentrations measured in the whole plant during independent uptake experiments with a root mean square error (log predicted plant concentration - log observed plant concentration) of 0.429. This highlights the dominant role of partitioning between the exposure medium and the plant cuticle in the bioconcentration of these compounds. The pp–LFERs can b...
A Universal Analysis of Large-Scale Regularized Least Squares Solutions

A problem that has been of recent interest in statistical inference, machine learning and signal processing is that of understanding the asymptotic behavior of regularized least squares solutions under random measurement matrices (or dictionaries). The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO or least-squares with $\ell_1$ regularization) is perhaps one of the most interesting examples. Precise expressions for the asymptotic performance of LASSO have been obtained for a number of different cases, in particular when the elements of the dictionary matrix are sampled independently from a Gaussian distribution. It has also been empirically observed that the resulting expressions remain valid when the entries of the dictionary matrix are independently sampled from certain non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we confirm these observations theoretically when the distribution is sub-Gaussian. We further generalize the previous expressions for a broader family of regularization functions and under milder conditions on the underlying random, possibly non-Gaussian, dictionary matrix. In particular, we establish the universality of the asymptotic statistics (e.g., the average quadratic risk) of LASSO with non-Gaussian dictionaries.
SEM Image Interpretation

Information in SEM images about specimen properties is conveyed when contrast in the backscattered and/or secondary electron signals is created by differences in the interaction of the beam electrons between a specimen feature and its surroundings. The resulting differences in the backscattered and secondary electron signals (S) convey information about specimen properties through a variety of contrast mechanisms. Contrast (Ctr) is defined as $$ {C}_{\mathrm{tr}}=\left({S}_{\mathrm{max}}-{S}_{\mathrm{min}}\right)/{S}_{\mathrm{max}} $$ where is Smax is the larger of the signals. By this definition, 0 ≤ Ctr ≤ 1.
Address of the President-elect at the 2017 AACP Annual Meeting.

It is a great honor and privilege to serve as the next president of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. As an active AACP member for more than 30 years, I have observed significant changes and challenges to both health care and to pharmacy education, and I consider my role as your next
Biorhythm Cycles and Injury Occurrences

The correlation was determined between construction-related injuries and the particular biorhythm reading for the injured worker at the time of the accident. The time occurrence of 1,575 injuries was the primary focus, with the injuries occurring in 1978 to construction workers on a single project. Each injury was analyzed with respect to the relative position of the biorhythm cycles of the injured worker. Only a random distribution of injury occurrence was relative to biorhythm cycles. Further analysis considered the occurrence of injuries in relation to the time of the day and to the day of the week. There is apparently a correlation between injury occurrences and the daily, as well as weekly cycles.
Failure mode transitions in polymers under high strain rate loading

A rather unusual failure mode transition from brittle to ductile at high strain rates occurs under a combined pressure and shear loading. This transition also represents a change in the failure mode from a normal stress dominated fracture mode at low loading rates to a shear stress dominated shear banding failure at high strain rates. While most such observations have been in metallic materials, where such transitions are attributed to thermal softening caused by adiabatic heating, in this paper we present evidence of such mode transitions in a polymer. Experimental observations of the pressure-shear loading experiments are reported in two polymers; polycarbonate (PC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Dynamic photomechanics techniques were used in obtaining information regarding the crack tip state in these experiments. While PC exhibits a failure mode transi- tion to shear banding, PMMA changes to a shear mode of fracture; dynamic shear fracture has been observed in real-time using high speed photography for the first time. A numerical simulation of the experiment using a simple constitutive description of the material is performed in order to gain an understanding of the evolution of the crack tip fields that generate the observed mode transitions. The results of the simulation suggest that thermal softening may not play a significant role in the failure mode transitions in polymers. On the other hand, it is shown that the competition between shear yielding and normal stress dominated fracture mechanisms is the key to the failure mode transitions in these polymers.
Pushing Libraries and Archives to the Edge of the Law

The ability to digitize hard copies, the proliferation of born digital content, and access to online distribution holds the promise of improved access to archival materials. Despite these advances, libraries and archives are increasingly hindered in providing this access by the legal issues surrounding their collections. However, this unfortunate problem can be resolved with a mixture of good policy, careful action, clarification of uncertain legal implications, and a reliance on the protections afforded to libraries and archives by the law. This paper explores the legal issues faced by archivists and librarians in digitizing and distributing their materials. Through a discussion of current archiving practices, this paper walks readers though the relevant sections of the copyright act, as well as other implicated areas of the law. By showing potential sites of legal conflict, engaging difficulties with seeking permission to use library and archival content, and suggesting areas where archivists can push the boundaries of their rights more aggressively, this paper provides a glimpse of the legal landscape surrounding digital archiving, and offers suggestions on how to successfully navigate it. It is my sincere hope that this effort can empower librarians and archivists to make full use of their collections, to assert the full scope of their rights under the law, and to become advocates helping to shape the national discussion over the future of digital collections.
College Environments, Diversity, and Student Learning

The research literature on students in higher education is both rich and varied, even though the concerns addressed in this literature effectively resolve to three primary questions (Dey and Feldman, 1999): What sorts of people go to college, what experiences do they have at college, and what sorts of people do they become by the end of their college experience? To generate meaningful answers to these primary questions requires not only careful consideration of the attributes of students, but also of the educational environments that they encounter during their journey through the postsecondary education enterprise.
School- and Family-based Treatment of Children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder has been identified under various names for at least 25 years. Much research has been conducted to operationally define the problem and to develop treatment...
Neural Stem Cells

Recent work has shown that the adult central nervous system (CNS) contains neural progenitors, precursors, and stem cells that are capable of generating new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These findings challenge previous dogma that no new neurons are born in the adult mammalian CNS and raise the possibility of developing novel neural repair strategies. This article reviews current knowledge about constitutive adult mammalian neurogenesis, highlights the critical differences between neurogenic and nonneurogenic regions in the adult brain, and describes the cardinal features of two well-described neurogenic regions – the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb system and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The possibility of repairing neural circuitry by manipulating neurogenesis is reviewed with a focus on recent efforts to understand the conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in nonneurogenic regions of the adult CNS.
Conditional Arguments and the Hypothesis Testing Paradigm: A Negative View.

(1983). Conditional Arguments and the Hypothesis Testing Paradigm: A Negative View. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 171-178.
Efficient Computation of Feedback Control for Equality-Constrained LQR

A method is presented for solving the discrete-time finite-horizon Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem subject to auxiliary linear equality constraints, such as fixed end-point constraints. The method explicitly determines an affine relationship between the control and state variables, as in standard Riccati recursion, giving rise to feedback control policies that account for constraints. Since the linearly-constrained LQR problem arises commonly in robotic trajectory optimization, having a method that can efficiently compute these solutions is important. We demonstrate some of the useful properties and interpretations of said control policies, and we compare the computation time and complexity of our method against existing methods.
How market orientation and ethics affected coverage of marijuana legalization

This textual analysis compares news coverage of Colorado Amendment 64, the 2012 ballot measure legalizing the use and sale of medical and recreational marijuana statewide. It examines coverage from...
Nursing care of vincristin in infantile tumour

Objective:To explore the adverse reaction of vincristin in the infantile chemotheray and its nursing countermeasures.Methods:The adverse reaction of chemotherapy was observed in 135 sick children enduring chemotherapy,the results were recorded exactly and the nursing measure was adopted in time.Results:The main adverse reaction of vincristin to sick children was phlebitis,local skin necrosis,ulceralive stomatitis,gastrointestinal reaction,constipation and arrest of bone marrow.Different nursing plans were used in different adverse reactions.Conclusion:Realizing the adverse reaction of vincristin in the chemotherapy of children.making a good mursing chemotherapy process and resolving the adverse reaction in time could relieve the misery of children with tumour,reduce the occurrence of complications and improve the confidence of the children and parents to treat tumour.
Balancing irreversible capacity in germanium nanoparticle: HE5050 lithium ion batteries for improved energy densities exceeding 250 Wh/kg

Abstract Matching the irreversible capacity loss of high capacity anodes and cathodes is demonstrated as a viable strategy for achieving enhanced gravimetric energy density lithium ion batteries. Germanium nanoparticle anodes enabled by single walled carbon nanotube additives (Ge-NP-SWCNT), were paired with 0.49Li2MnO3·0.51LiNi0.37Co0.24Mn0.39O2 – (HE5050-SWCNT) cathodes such that the irreversible charge loss of the Ge-NP-SWCNT anode has been improved (∼18%) to now closely match that of the capacity charge loss of the HE5050-SWCNT cathode (∼20%). The HE5050 and Ge-NP composites using SWCNTs retained a near identical percentage of capacity at effective C/10, C/5, C/2, 1C and 2C rates in half cells vs lithium. Calculations based on half-cell measurements predicted a full cell first cycle coulombic efficiency of ∼70% (subsequent cycling capacity retention of 100%), these predictions were confirmed with full cell testing. When paired together, the HE5050:Ge-NP full cells achieved similar capacity retention at each rate, to include ∼50% of C/10 capacity at 2C. Finally, a 4.4 mAh/cm2 coin cell has achieved over 600 cycles at 20% depth of discharge (DOD) under low earth orbit (LEO) cycling conditions. Simple matching of high capacity Ge-NP anodes with the lithium rich HE5050 cathodes results in a charge balance without the need to pre-lithiate or use excess active material, and demonstrates a pathway to an increased energy density of 250 Wh/kg and beyond.