cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of methyl 6-deoxy-α-d-idopyranoside

Abstract The conformation of the pyranoid ring of the l -idopyranosyluronic acid residues of heparin and dermatan sulfate is a matter of controversy. X-Ray crystallographic analysis of methyl 6-deoxy-α- d -idopyranoside ( 4 ), which has the same relative arrangement of substituents on the pyranose ring, shows that it adopts the 4 C 1 conformation having the four oxygen-containing substituents occupying axial positions and C-6 equatorial. The ring is slightly flattened, with torsion angles in the range of ±49.5 to 59.0(5)°. There are two intramolecular hydrogen bonds: O-2-H???O-4, 2.754(2) A, and O-3-H???O-1, 2.874(2) A, and the crystal structure is stabilized by an additional network of three intermolecular hydrogen-bonds. Analysis of the coupling constants obtained from the 1 H-n.m.r. spectrum of 4 suggests that, in solution, there is an equilibrium between the 4 C 1 form and another conformer, possibly a skew form. These results are discussed in relation to recent studies of the conformation of l -iduronic acid residues in heparin and dermatan sulfate.
Virial Coefficients for the Hard Gaussian Overlap Model

Monte Carlo estimates of virial coefficients up to the sixth for the Hard Gaussian Overlap (HGO) model are presented for values of the aspect ratio parameter κ of the model ranging from 0.05 to 10. The sixth coefficients are new and the lower coefficients are improvements on previous numerical estimates. The second virials are found to be in excellent agreement with an analytical integration reported in the literature. Pade (3, 3) approximations to the pressure and residual Helmholtz energy were constructed. Attempts to represent coefficients in these approximations by analytical functions of κ were not successful due to singularities in these functions. In the approximate range of 4.5≤κ≤ 5.5, the (3, 3) Pade approximations were found to be no better than lower ones. Comparisons with available Monte Carlo simulated pressures for moderately aspherical fluids were found to be good.
Optimal conditions for the fusion of lymphoid cell lines

A series of hydrolytic enzymes were compared with lysolecithin, glycerol monooleate, and inactivated Sendai virus for their ability to bring about the fusion of several human and mouse lymphoid cell lines. The agents were tried alone and in various combinations, and a variety of incubation conditions were tested to determine those optimal for fusion. Sendai virus was found to produce the best results with the mouse lymphoid cells; lysolecithin plus glycerol monooleate was slightly superior with the human lymphoid cells. A mixture of hyaluronidase plus collagenase produced low (2 to 6%), but significant, fusion of the human lymphoid cells; both the human and mouse lymphoid cell lines were found to contain relatively high amounts of prolyl hydroxylase, the enzyme which forms collagen from protocollagen. The maximum fusion obtained with the human cells was 16%; with a mouse plasmacytoma line, the maximum was 7.5%; and with a mouse leukemic line derived from L5178Y, the maximum was 60%.
Learning from the slime mold: Dictyostelium and human disease.

When readers of this Journal think about Dictyostelium—rarely, if at all, I suspect—they may conjure up dim memories either of college laboratory demonstrations involving cell aggregation and cAMP or of watching the cells develop into tiny fruiting bodies made of spores and stalks. Yeasts and several invertebrate or vertebrate model systems are widely known for their contributions to our understanding of human disease, but Dictyostelium is seldom included in this list. Quietly, over the last few years, however, research on this social amoeba has revealed some common cellular characteristics shared across diverse phyla.
Energy conservation and potential of a sunspace : sensitivity analysis

Abstract The influence of different main design parameters on the heating/cooling potential of a sunspace connected with a building has been investigated in the present paper. The sunspace consists of a glazed enclosure, usually on the south side of a building and it is regarded as one of the most popular solar systems because of its potential as an energy collecting system and also because of its pleasant appearance. The dynamic thermal performance of the system for the winter and summer periods of the year and its operational limits have been calculated using an accurate transient thermal model environment. The simulated results showed that sunspaces can be an appropriate and effective system during the cold period of the year. However, they are, very often, responsible for overheating during the warm period of the year. An extensive sensitivity investigation is performed in order to analyse the impact of various main system’s parameters, such as orientation, boundary conditions, glazing material, etc., on the energy potential of the system.
Convenient Synthesis and Evaluation of a Heptadentate Bifunctional Ligand for Radioimmunotherapy Applications

An efficient synthetic route to a bifunctional chelating agent C-NE3TA-NCS for antibody-targeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) applications was developed. Various synthetic methods centered on the key reaction steps including bimolecular cyclization, ring opening reactions of aziridine and aziridinium cations, and reductive aminiation were explored to optimize the preparation of a tetraaza-based chelate TANPA and C-NE3TA analogues. Heptadentate C-NE3TA-NCS was conjugated to a tumor targeting antibody and compared to hexadentate C-NOTA-NCS for radiolabeling reaction kinetics with lanthanides for RIT. C-NE3TA-antibody conjugate displayed significantly enhanced complexation kinetics with 90Y as compared to C-NOTA-antibody conjugate. The synthetic methods for TANPA and C-NE3TA-NCS reported herein have broad applications for preparation of bifunctioanl macrocyclic chelating agents.
Exchange reactions of plutonium with silicides and estimation of the enthalpy of formation of Pu5Si3

Abstract An approximate ΔHf,298° value has been determined for Pu5Si3 through a study of exchange reactions of selected metal silicides with plutonium. The reactions were carried out by arc-melting. Results show that Pu5Si3 is intermediate in stability between V3Si and Mo3Si, and has a ΔHf,298° of −52±13 kJ/g-atom. Estimates of ΔHf,298° for the higher plutonium silicides are: Pu3Si2 −54, PuSi −60, Pu3Si5; −58, and PuSi2; −56 kJ/g-atom with uncertainties of ±18 kJ/g-atom. The plutonium silicides are found to be more stable than both the thorium and uranium silicides.
African-American race is a predictor of prostate cancer detection: incorporation into a pre-biopsy nomogram.

OBJECTIVES To construct a pre-biopsy predictive model incorporating several clinical variables, including African-American (AA) or Caucasian race, to predict the risk of prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy, as traditionally AA men have had a higher incidence of prostate cancer than Caucasian men, but previous predictive tools for prostate cancer have not incorporated the effect of race. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated 9473 patients undergoing initial prostate biopsy at three equal-access healthcare institutes from 1993 to 2003. At each biopsy session, patient age, race, serum prostate-specific antigen level (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, number of biopsy cores taken, year of biopsy, and pathological findings were recorded. A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate predictors of cancer detection based on pre-biopsy variables. The model was internally validated using the bootstrap statistical method, and a nomogram was constructed. RESULTS Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 1895 (33%) AA men and 991 (26%) Caucasians. AA men had a significantly higher mean serum PSA level than Caucasians, at 13.0 and 8.5 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean ages were similar between AA and Caucasian men (P = 0.23), but Caucasian men had a higher incidence of an abnormal DRE (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, age, race, year of biopsy, PSA level, DRE, and number of cores taken were all statistically significant (P < 0.001). Hazard ratios were (controlling for year of biopsy); age (1.30), Caucasian race (0.74), PSA level (1.47), DRE (1.75), and number of cores taken (1.19). The predicted model had a boot-strapped concordance index of 0.75. CONCLUSION AA race remains an independent predictor of prostate cancer detection in men undergoing initial prostate biopsy. This nomogram is the first to individualise the risk by AA or Caucasian race in a predictive model for counselling men on their probability of having cancer at the time of their first biopsy.
Unusual salt stability in highly charged diblock co-polypeptide hydrogels.

The stability and properties of dilute solution hydrogels, synthesized by transition metal mediated polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), have been studied in deionized (DI) wate...
Texture predictions using A polycrystal plasticity model incorporating neighbor interactions

A viscoplastic model is presented for distributing the deformation applied to a polycrystal in a non-uniform fashion among the constituent crystals. Interactions with surrounding crystals are incorporated in the calculation of the deformation rate of each crystal through an appropriately defined local neighborhood. A compliance tensor is computed for each crystal based on a viscoplastic constitutive relation for deformation by crystallographic slip. The compliance of the crystal relative to that of its neighborhood provides a means for partitioning the macroscopic deformation rate among the crystals. The deviation of the crystal deformation rate from the macroscopic value is suitably scaled to obtain the crystal spin. Polycrystal simulations of crystallographic texture development using this model are compared to the results of similar calculations using the Taylor model, to finite element simulations of a model polycrystal, and to experimental data. The model incorporating neighbor interactions is shown to result in improved texture predictions, in terms of both the intensity levels and the locations of certain texture components.
EARLY DETECTION OF COTTON LEAF NITROGEN STATUS USING LEAF REFLECTANCE

ABSTRACT Nondestructive assessment of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) nitrogen (N) nutritional status could aid fertilizer recommendations by providing a rapid, easy, and inexpensive method of detection. A greenhouse experiment with fertilizer N rates equivalent to 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha−1 was conducted to determine the response in leaf reflectance and chlorophyll meter readings to varying N nutritional levels. A 50/50 blend of masonry sand and a Marietta soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts) was used as potting media. Measurements were taken the second week of squaring and the second week of flowering. Reflectance and chlorophyll readings were found to be significantly (p<0.05) correlated with leaf N content. A deficiency of N increased leaf reflectance and decreased chlorophyll readings. However, prediction models based on light reflectance measurements at 550 nm wavelength (λ) provided better estimates of cotton N status at squaring (r 2=0.60, p=0.0032) and flowering stages...
Molecular pathways to CML stem cells

Imatinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but it does not cure the disease. Many patients never achieve significant cytogenetic or molecular responses. Some develop resistance to the drug, while others are simply unable to tolerate it. Unfortunately, most will relapse if the drug is discontinued. This is particularly true in patients with advanced disease, who tend to develop resistance rapidly and are unlikely to achieve durable remission with single-agent tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. A growing body of evidence suggests that the reason imatinib does not cure CML is that it is unable to eradicate the leukemic stem cells (LSC). LSC are a tiny population of cancer cells with the capacity to recapitulate the disease. These quiescent cells have subverted properties of normal hematopoietic stem cells, allowing them to avoid apoptosis, evade innate immunity, renew themselves, and survive long term. Here, we review the studies that have identified the deregulated molecular pathways responsible for the generation of CML stem cells and discuss implications for therapy.
Expression of protein disulfide isomerase is elevated in the endosperm of the maize floury-2 mutant

A maize protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1) cDNA clone was isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence contains two regions characteristic of the active sites for PDI and a carboxyl-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu. Southern blot analysis indicated the maize PDI is encoded by a single gene that maps to the short arm of chromosome 4. When isolated from the cisternal and protein body ER, the PDI protein resolves into a fast and a slow form on SDS-PAGE. During endosperm development, the PDI RNA level increases between 10 and 14 days after pollination. In floury-2 (fl2) endosperm, which contains an abnormally processed α-zein protein, PDI expression is significantly increased, and the level of PDI protein and RNA is positively correlated with the dosage of fl2 alleles. The increase of PDI in fl2 occurs mainly in the cisternal ER fraction, whereas the most dramatic increase of binding protein (BiP) is in the protein body ER. We propose that the induction of PDI in the fl2 mutant reflects its role as a molecular chaperone, and that PDI functions in concert with BiP at different stages of zein processing and assembly into protein bodies.
Vancomycin: does it still have a role as an antistaphylococcal agent?

The recognition of the shortcomings of vancomycin as an antistaphylococcal agent, together with the burgeoning availability of alternative effective antistaphylococcal antibiotics, has led to a reassessment of the role of this glycopeptide antimicrobial in clinical therapeutics. Evidence indicates that vancomycin is inferior to semisynthetic penicillins in the treatment of infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Additional evidence suggests that vancomycin may be inferior to some comparator agents in the treatment of infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While high-level resistance remains rare, data from some centers suggest an evolutionary change in S. aureus, evidenced by reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. This, together with the problem of heteroresistance to vancomycin, as well as poor tissue penetration after its systemic administration, presents potential obstacles to the successful therapy of S. aureus infections with this glycopeptide. While it has ...
Slurvian Skill of Stutterers

A group of 25 male stutterers was found to be inferior to a matched control group in achievement on two forms of a phonetic translation test. Discussion considers the nature of the process responsi...
Methodological and Validity Issues Involved in the Collection of Sensitive Information From Children in Foster Care

The Illinois Child Well-Being Study (ICWBS) established a red-flag reporting system (RFRS) embedded in the Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview (ACASI) portion of its child survey to flag reports of violence toward the child, suicidality, neglect, and/or sexual exploitation. When those RFRS questions were positively answered, the reported incident was relayed to the child's caseworker and investigated. This study describes the RFRS, the analysis of the children's reports, and a content analysis of the caseworkers' investigation. In this study, 166 children were interviewed and 28 children reported 36 RFRS incidents. On investigation, only 6 RFRS incidents were verified; most RFRS incidents were reported in error. The results of this study may help researchers using similar RFRS protocols.
Psychosomatic illness: A behavioral approach

Abstract Many treatment innovations have come from the field of behavior modification, a technique that is, for the most part, based on learning theory. In this paper, some of these methods will be reviewed, but its main point will be to show that behavioral methods and those derived from psychoanalysis need not be mutually exclusive and, in fact, may happily complement one another.
Packer classifier based on PE header information

Run-time binary packers are used in malware manufacturing to obfuscate the contents of the executable files. Such packing has proved an obstacle for antivirus software that relies on signatures, as the binary contents of packed malware often bears no resemblance to the original code on which the signature was generated. A naive approach, then, is to first attempt to unpack the malware before applying a signature. Unfortunately, malware authors make use of automated tools that drastically reduce the cost of constructing new packers, and as a result, attackers routinely use previously unseen packer when releasing new malware.As a first step towards addressing this problem, we seek to build a binary program classifier that can differentiate packers and identify new packers as they emerge. We hypothesize that programs generated from the same packer share many common attributes (e.g., PE header fields) and that these may be used for packer identification. Preliminary work shows that for some packers, we may be able to build effective classifiers. This is only the first step in a line of research that seeks to identify new packers, automate their unpacking, and ultimately track new versions of malware as they emerge.
Growth retardation in chronic diseases: possible mechanisms.

Underwood LE. Growth retardation in chronic diseases: possible mechanisms. Acta Paediatr 1999; Suppl 428: 93–6. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326 Multiple and complex mechanisms are likely to be involved in producing the growth retardation that occurs in children with chronic disease. The principal mechanisms in the pathway leading to growth arrest include too little substrate available to the child, excessive need for and over-consumption of substrate, and inefficient management of body components needed for growth. It is proposed that alterations in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system play a major role at each of the steps between insult from chronic disease and growth retardation. When substrate is insufficient, the production and action of IGF-I are attenuated at multiple points in the GH-IGF cascade. When over-consumption of substrate occurs, a situation of‘internal starvation’probably develops - leading to events similar to those that take place when substrate supply is inadequate. Finally, conditions that cause inefficient management of body components needed for growth, as characterized by increased proteolysis, appear to be attenuated by GH and IGF-I. □Chronic disease, growth hormone, growth retardation, insulin-like growth factor I
Many-particle quantum theory for a class of free-electron devices

Abstract The small signal, cold beam regime of a wide class of free-electron lasers including magnetic and optical helical wigglers and stimulated Cerenkov radiation is discussed based on the many-particle fully quantized Bambini-Renieri Hamiltonian. The central topic is the photon statistics under various conditions and the significance of cooperative effects.
A dissociation between detection and identification of phobic stimuli: unconscious perception?

A psychophysical paradigm for investigating unconscious perception was used to test the hypothesis of dissociation between detection and identification of phobic stimuli. Spider-phobic and non-phobic participants were presented with masked images of spiders and flowers and an equal number of control stimuli in a random sequence. After each masked stimulus was flashed, participants first reported whether or not an object was presented. Then they identified each stimulus as either a spider or a flower, regardless of their prior detection response. Phobic participants identified both detected and undetected spiders better than chance, as assessed by two measures of response bias. They did not exhibit dissociation between detection and identification for flowers. Non-phobic participants did not exhibit detection–identification dissociation for either spiders or flowers. These results are consistent with the interpretation that phobic individuals unconsciously perceive their feared stimulus, and constitute the...
Systemic requisites of communal groups

Functional analysis, which deals specifically with the systemic needs of social organizations, is utilized here to specify the structural necessities of communal groups. The adaptive and goal attainment functions of social systems are the principal foci of this research. The present research is based on a content analysis of literature dealing with the communal movement in America. A snowball sampling technique yielded 58 communes for which data on the variables of interest could be obtained. Two organizational features, financial situation at the time of a commune's formation and type of social organization, were selected as independent variables and were examined in order to ascertain their effects on the duration of communal groups, the dependent variable. Both gamma and chisquare indicate that financial situation and type of social organization significantly influence the duration of communal groups. Sufficient finances for the stabilization and maintenance of the communal organization, and a type of social organization which adequately coordinates the activities of the group, seem to be systemic problems with which communal groups must deal in order to endure for an extended length of time.
Mentoring in the Virtual Organization: Keys to Building Successful Schools and Businesses.

Mentoring can take on a whole new perspective when people have a common goal but are in different physical locations. The benefits of virtual mentoring, in other words, mentoring when the mentor and mentee are not geographically co‐located, and which occurs mainly by electronic communication, can be substantial. They include lowered costs, increased access to mentors, and no limitations on space, time, and location. There are also disadvantages to virtual mentoring. Notable among these is the lack of face‐to‐face communication, something that adds another dimension to understanding the tone and attitude of messages between mentors and mentees. This article not only defines and analyzes the concept of mentoring as performed in the virtual organization but also deals with phases of mentoring and types of mentors used in this relatively new work environment. The synthesis of the literature and the authors’ experience results in a list of keys to successful mentoring in the virtual organization. These are: tr...
1,2-Versus 1,4-reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the gas phase

The regioselectivity involved in the gas-phase hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by pentacoordinate silicon hydride ions is investigated. The kinetics and product distributions of the reactions of acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone and cyclohex-2-enone with monoalkoxysiliconate ions of the general composition RSiH3(OR′)− were examined with the flowing afterglow–triple quadrupole technique. All three substrates react by hydride transfer and by formation of a siliconate adduct in which hydride reduction of the organic reactant has occurred. The structures of these adducts and the hydride transfer products were identified by various tandem mass spectrometric protocols, including analysis of competitive collision-induced dissociation (CID) reactions and comparisons of CID spectra obtained from reference ions with known structures. 1,4-Reduction forming an enolate ion product is found to be the dominant or exclusive process with all three substrates, i.e. acrolein (70 ± 5%), methyl vinyl ketone (72 ± 5%) and cyclohex-2-enone (100%). Comparisons are made between these gas-phase results and the regioselectivity reported for analogous condensed-phase reactions. The observed behavior is discussed in terms of the reaction thermochemistry.
Subcellular compartmentalization and trafficking of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4.

Abstract Insulin increases glucose transport into cells of target tissues, primarily striated muscle and adipose. This is accomplished via the insulin-dependent translocation of the facilitative glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane. Insulin binds to the cell-surface insulin receptor and activates its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The subsequent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) is well known to be necessary for the recruitment of GLUT4 to the cell surface. Both protein kinase B (PKB) and the atypical protein kinase C(λ/ζ) (PKCλ/ζ) appear to function downstream of PI 3-K, but how these effectors influence GLUT4 translocation remains unknown. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that a second signaling cascade that functions independently of the PI 3-K pathway is also required for the insulin-dependent translocation of GLUT4. This second pathway involves the Rho-family GTP binding protein TC10, which functions within the specialized environment of lipid raft microdomains at the plasma membrane. Future work is necessary to identify the downstream effectors that link TC10, PKB, and PKCλ/ζ to GLUT4 translocation. Progress in this area will come from a better understanding of the compartmentalization of GLUT4 within the cell and of the mechanisms responsible for targeting the transporter to specialized insulin-responsive storage compartments. Furthermore, an understanding of how GLUT4 is retained within and released from these compartments will facilitate the identification of downstream signaling molecules that function proximal to the GLUT4 storage sites.
Gender Role Portrayals in Japanese Advertising: A Magazine Content Analysis

Abstract The authors report a content analysis that assessed gender role portrayals in advertisements from highest circulation Japanese magazines. They found that, although some indigenous gender stereotyping was evident, several traits previously associated with Japanese women (devoted, obliging, rattle-brained, superstitious, thorough) were associated with men. Also, men were not linked with certain stereotypical male traits (autocratic, blustery, forgiving, generous, severe). Other findings included women being shown in a positive way as often as men. In terms of common international stereotypes, women were not associated with low priced products or portrayed as being more deferential than men. However, women still were portrayed as more concerned with appearance and as younger than men, were not depicted as product authorities, and were shown more often in sexist than in nonsexist depictions.
Unified symmetric finite element and boundary integral variational coupling methods for linear fluid–structure interaction

This article concerns the development of energy-based variational formulations and their corresponding finite element–boundary element Rayleigh–Ritz approximations for solving the time-harmonic vibration and scattering problem of an inhomogeneous penetrable fluid or solid object immersed in a compressible, inviscid, homogeneous fluid. The resulting coupled finite element and boundary integral methods (FEM-BEM) have the following attractive features: (1) Separate direct and complementary variational principles lead naturally to several alternative structure variable and fluid variable methodologies. (2) The solution in the exterior region is represented by a combined single- and double-layer potential which ensures the validity of the methods for all wave numbers; even though this representation introduces hypersingular integrals, for actual computations the hypersingular operator may be rewritten in terms of single-layer potentials, which can be integrated by standard techniques. (3) Since the discretized equations for the interior region and for the boundary are derived from the first variation of bilinear functionals the resulting algebraic systems of equations are always symmetric. In addition, the transition conditions across the interface are natural. This allows one to approximate the solutions within the interior and exterior regions independently, without imposing any boundary constraints.
Culture of whole rodent embryos in teratogen screening.

Rodent embryos can be grown in vitro during a period of rapid organogenesis. During a 24–48 hour culture period, growth and development closely approximate the values of embryos in utero at the same gestational stage. Embryos can be exposed to carefully controlled concentrations of test substances in a system which is free of maternal variables such as nutritional status or stress effects. Developmental abnormalities are limited to those systems developing during the culture period, but those available may show heightened sensitivity relative to the embryo in utero. Recently several systems have been developed which permit incorporation of either metabolites or metabolic enzymes in embryo culture. These materials can be obtained from species other than that of the test embryos. Because studies have shown the importance of maternal metabolism in the activation and inactivation of teratogens, it is hoped that these systems will enable us to understand the biochemical basis of species variability in teratogenic sensitivity and construct a teratogen screen which can reliably identify compounds which pose teratogenic hazards to humans.
A Korean group decision support system

Abstract A Group Decision Support System (GDSS) can be used to improve communication in many languages. Heretofore, the vast majority of research with these systems has been conducted on American groups using English. Here, we demonstrate how groups of Korean students used a GDSS developed at the University of Mississippi to exchange comments in Korean and English anonymously and simultaneously. The study found no significant differences between the English and Korean systems in terms of self-assessed ratings of evaluation apprehension, production blocking, and process satisfaction. Participants rated both systems favourably, supporting our hypothesis that Korean groups can benefit from the use of a GDSS.
Effects of Accommodations Made at Home and at Work on Wives' and Husbands' Family and Job Satisfaction

Abstract As part of a larger national study of 309 dual-earner couples caring both for children and aging parents, participants were surveyed about the behavioral accommodations they made at home (e.g., limiting time spent with family) and at work (e.g., changing work schedules), and about their satisfaction levels in both domains. Results indicated that wives made more frequent accommodations than did husbands, both at work and at home. Accommodations made were related to satisfaction in a number of ways. For both husbands and wives, the extent to which a spouse made accommodations at home was negatively related to their own family satisfaction.
SOME PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES ON ILYA PRIGOGINE’S STATISTICAL MECHANICS

During a long and distinguished career, Belgian physical chemist Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) pursued a coherent research program in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related scientific areas. The main goal of this effort was establishing the origin of thermodynamic irreversibility (the ‘‘arrow of time’’) as local (residing in the details of the interaction of interest), rather than as global (being solely a consequence of properties of the initial singularity – the ‘‘Big Bang’’). In many publications for general audiences, he stated the opinion that this scientific research had great philosophical importance. Prigogine and his colleagues considered that the most recent stages of this research program have been successful, so that the local origins of the arrow of time are now established. There is no scientific consensus as to whether or not this claim is valid. Similarly, there is no consensus on whether the competing global (initial singularity) explanation has been proven.
Baby talk to the babyfaced

The power of an infantile appearance to elicit baby talk was investigated by assessing the use of baby talk in task instructions to four-year-old children, who were portrayed as either relatively babyfaced or maturefaced. Men and women taught two tasks to a randomly selected boy or girl via a telephone conversation after being shown a photograph, which presumably depicted the child whom they were instructing. Paralleling facial differences between babies and adults, babyfaced children had rounder faces, larger eyes, thinner eyebrows, and smaller noses than the maturefaced. As predicted, adults used more baby talk when instructing babyfaced than maturefaced children. This effect was manifested in linguistic indicators of baby talk (slow timing and high clarification, simplification, and attention maintenance), as well as in paralinguistic indicators of baby talk (high pitch and changing intonation). The receipt of linguistic baby talk, in turn, facilitated the child's ability to choose a card which matched the one being described. The fact that facial babyishness influenced baby talk even when baby- and maturefaced children were equated in age, attractiveness, and perceived competence suggests that a small approximation to the craniofacial qualities that distinguish infants from adults may in and of itself be sufficient to elicit this speech register.
Always somewhere, never there: using critical design to understand database interactions

Structured databases achieve effective searching and sorting by enacting sharply delineated category boundaries around their contents. While this enables precise retrieval, it also distorts identities that exist between category lines. A choice between Single and Married, for example, blurs distinctions within the Single group: single, perhaps, merely because same-sex marriage is not legal in one's locality. Sociologists Susan Leigh Star and Geoffrey Bowker describe such residual states as inevitable byproducts of information systems. To minimize residuality, traditional practice for descriptive metadata seeks to demarcate clear and objective classes. In this study, we use critical design to question this position by creating information collections that foreground the residual, instead of diminishing it. We then interrogate our design experiments with solicited critical responses from invited experts and student designers. Inspired by the anthropologist Tim Ingold, we argue that our experiments illuminate a form of interacting with databases characterized by notions of wayfaring, or inhabiting a space, as opposed to notions of transport, or reaching a known destination. We suggest that the form of coherence that shapes a wayfaring database is enacted through its flow, or fluid integration between structure and content.
Smoothing and estimating derivatives of equispaced data

This paper discusses various aspects of the smoothing and estimation of derivatives of equispaced data using least squares and polynomials. The various alternatives for programs in a computing center's library are discussed and a particular alternative is selected as most suitable. An algorithm named SMOOTH is given (in Fortran) which implements this alternative. SMOOTH estimates the smoothed value of the data or its first or second derivative based on specified polynomial degree and number of points to enter the smoothing. The paper concludes with a discussion of methods suitable to compute large arrays of smoothing weights
P21, an important mediator of quiescence during pituitary tumor formation, is dispensable for normal pituitary development during embryogenesis

A delicate balance between proliferation and differentiation must be maintained in the developing pituitary to ensure the formation of the appropriate number of hormone producing cells. In the adult, proliferation is actively restrained to prevent tumor formation. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) of the CIP/KIP family, p21, p27 and p57, mediate cell cycle inhibition. Although p21 is induced in the pituitary upon loss of Notch signaling or initiation of tumor formation to halt cell cycle progression, its role in normal pituitary organogenesis has not been explored. In wildtype pituitaries, expression of p21 is limited to a subset of cells embryonically as well as during the postnatal proliferative phase. Mice lacking p21 do not have altered cell proliferation during early embryogenesis, but do show a slight delay in separation of proliferating progenitors from the oral ectoderm. By embryonic day 16.5, p21 mutants have an alteration in the spatial distribution of proliferating pituitary progenitors, however there is no overall change in proliferation. At postnatal day 21, there appears to be no change in proliferation, as assessed by cells expressing Ki67 protein. However, p21 mutant pituitaries have significantly less mRNA of Myc and the cyclins Ccnb1, Ccnd1, Ccnd2 and Ccne1 than wildtype pituitaries. Interestingly, unlike the redundant role in cell cycle inhibition uncovered in p27/p57 double mutants, the pituitary of p21/p27 double mutants has a similar proliferation profile to p27 single mutants at the time points examined. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that unlike p27 or p57, p21 does not play a major role in control of progenitor proliferation in the developing pituitary. However, p21 may be required to maintain normal levels of cell cycle components.
The Essentiality of Staphylococcal Gcp Is Independent of Its Repression of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Biosynthesis

Our previous studies revealed that the staphylococcal protein Gcp is essential for bacterial growth; however, the essential function of Gcp remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrated that Gcp plays an important role in the modulation of the branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway. Specifically, we identified that the depletion of Gcp dramatically elevated the production of key enzymes that are encoded in the ilv-leu operon and responsible for the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV) using proteomic approaches. Using qPCR and promoter-lux reporter fusions, we established that Gcp negatively modulates the transcription of the ilv-leu operon. Gel-shift assays revealed that Gcp lacks the capacity to bind the promoter region of ilv. Moreover, we found that the depletion of Gcp did not influence the transcription level of CodY, a known repressor of the ilv-leu operon, while induced the transcription of CcpA, a known positive regulator of the ilv-leu operon. In addition, the depletion of Gcp decreased the biosynthesis of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A). To elucidate whether the essentiality of Gcp is attributable to its negative modulation of ILV biosynthesis, we determined the impact of the ilv-leu operon on the requirement of Gcp for growth, and revealed that the deletion of the ilv-leu operon did not affect the essentiality of Gcp. Taken together, our results indicate that the essentiality of Gcp isn’t attributable to its negative regulation of ILV biosynthesis in S. aureus. These findings provide new insights into the biological function of the staphylococcal Gcp.
Trust, social categories, and individuals: The case of gender

While the cooperate vs. defect choice in the prisoner's dilemma is not an appropriate paradigm for the study of trust and trusting behavior, the play vs. not play choiceis. We show that femalesas a category are more trusted to cooperate — by both male and female judges — than males. Yet neither male nor female judges use gender to predict cooperation from particular individuals (trust) or as a criterion for choosing to play (trusting behavior) when they have the option of not playing particular prisoner's dilemma games. Further, in our experimental context, female and male did not differ in their cooperation rates. We speculate (a) that subjects' generalized expectations are a response to gender-based role differences outside the laboratory, (b) that subjects' failure to make individual-by-individual discriminations by gender is a response to the fact that the experimental context made such natural-world roles irrelevant, and (c) that our findings about the irrelevance of genderper se in trusting relationships will be true for other social categoriesper se.
ANTECEDENTS OF DISEASE. INSURANCE MORTALITY EXPERIENCE

In considering the biological significance of human variations we may examine the distributions of values in populations and treat them statistically — and then quickly find ourselves in trouble about the “representativeness” of the populations. Or we may look for particular cut-off values in the distribution which provide optimal separation between “cases” and “controls” — and soon find ourselves in difficulties to define “cases” and “controls”. We continually engage in a bootstrap-lifting operation which attempts to describe variations and assess their significance, in the absence of valid independent references.
On performance evaluation of BICM with non-ideal bit interleaving

The paper outlines an efficient approach to evaluating the performance of bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) systems. Most existing approaches evaluate the probability of individual pairwise error events and obtain a union bound to the bit error probability. This gives very tight bounds on performance for SNRs above the BPSK modulation cutoff rate. However, for higher order modulation systems, the number of bit errors in a symbol slot depends on the two modulated symbols involved in an error event and the linearity of the code cannot be extended to include the modulator. The performance is usually approximated by a few dominant error events which are applicable to AWGN channels. Some approaches consider infinite depth interleaving to obtain a simplified linear model. We study the evaluation and convergence of union bounds for fading channels with finite code block sizes. We develop a general approach which assumes an ideal model for the modulator and enables us to extend the linearity of the considered codes to simplify the computation. This enables us to analyze the performance of concatenated codes with an interleaver of finite length. The approach also gives greater insight into the influence of modulator parameters and the block length of the code on the diversity achieved in BICM systems. The application of our analytical model is demonstrated with examples and simulations.
From Protest to Proposal: The Contentious Politics of the Nicaraguan Anti‐Water Privatisation Social Movement

The Bolivian ‘water wars' of 2000 cast the international spotlight on civil society interventions aimed at reversing neoliberal economic agendas. However, few studies have examined the ways in which activists move from protest to proactive policy formation in these cases of ‘contentious politics'. Drawing on extensive field research, I argue that the Nicaraguan anti-water privatisation social movement has expanded the contours of Nicaraguan democracy in two ways: (a) through improving the inclusiveness and accountability of existing representative institutions of government, including policy-making processes, and (b) through creating extra-institutional democratic spaces and practices.
Single-mode mid-infrared lasers for gas sensing in the 2–4um range

Type-I interband laser diodes were developed for trace gas sensing applications in the 2–4um wavelength range. The devices were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrates using InGaAsSb/Al(In)GaAsSb active regions. Tunable, single-mode lasers were produced using distributed feedback grating processing or by incorporating Fabry-Perot lasers in an external cavity configuration. Sensitive gas detection was demonstrated using these lasers in tunable-diode laser absorption spectroscopy.
Linking the Market and Internal Values of Jobs: Rethinking the Market Line

The point factor method of job evaluation is one of the most popular and enduring approaches to linking the market and internal value of jobs. Statistically, regression analysis is used to create a market line that allows the organization to predict the market value of its jobs using point scores that define the jobs’ internal values. While attention is given to the fact that the market line represents the statistically “best” option for predicting these market rates, overlooked is the fact that these predictions almost always differ from the jobs’ actual market rates. This article explores the impact of this prediction error in compensation planning. It uses data on 41 jobs to define a market line using simple regression and identify the errors associated with the line’s predicted market values. It provides methods for precisely defining the extent of this prediction error and for minimizing it. It also discusses the impact of this error on the interpretation of salary grades, and the need for policy on ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ, but not HTLV-I Tax, are Likely Factors in the Epidermotropism of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma via Induction of Interferon-Inducible Protein-10

We have previously shown that Interferon-Inducible Protein-10 (IP-10), a cytokine chemotactic for CD4-positive lymphocytes, is overexpressed by lesional epidermal keratinocytes and probably accounts for the epidermotropism of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The tax gene of human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) immortalizes CD4-positive lymphocytes, induces IFN-gamma, and has been detected in patients with classical CTCL who are seronegative for HTLV-I. TNF-alpha is synergistic with IFN-gamma for the induction of IP-10. We therefore decided to define the presence of tax, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IP-10 in lesions of 19 adults with classical CTCL who were seronegative for HTLV-I. Lesional mRNAs for actin, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and tax were detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. In addition IP-10, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were detected and localized with immunocytochemistry of frozen sections. In agreement with previous observations IP-10 was overexpressed in lesional keratinocytes of all 19 patients. By RT-PCR, mRNA for IFN-gamma was detected in lesions of 8, and for TNF-alpha in lesions of 13 patients. By immunocytochemistry, TNF-alpha was expressed by lesional keratinocytes in 10 of 13 tested patients, whereas IFN-gamma was focally expressed by lesional lymphocytes and faintly by lesional keratinocytes in 9 of 13 tested patients. tax mRNA was not detected in lesions of any patient, but was easily detectable in cutaneous lesions or peripheral blood of control patients who were seropositive for HTLV-I. We conclude that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma may cause epidermotropism by inducing IP-10. However, the tax gene of HTLV-I does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of classical CTCL.
Hawaii Bagasse Pellets Project

This case history was researched in 1979–1980 and published in 1981.* The original case covers two bagasse projects: the Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) and the Davies Hamakua Sugar Company, two of the largest producers of bagasse-generated power on the island of Hawaii and in the state. This chapter focuses on the latter project, which established the feasibility of designing, constructing, and operating the world’s first bagasse pellet factory. The project was put into operation in 1981, generating approximately 15 MW of electricity, with 5 MW for internal use and 10 MW for the local utility. The section on evaluation covers both HCPC and Davies because of their joint concern for the future of the sugar industry in Hawaii.