cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental exposure to medical radiation and neuroblastoma in offspring

Previous studies have suggested an association between parental medical radiation exposure and increased incidence of certain childhood cancers. We investigated the relationship between medical radiation and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring using data from a North American case-control study. Cases were children diagnosed with neuroblastoma from 1 May 1992, to 30 April 1994, at Children's Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group institutions throughout the United States and Canada. One matched control per case was selected using random-digit dialling. Telephone interviews were conducted with parents to collect data on any medical radiation examinations and treatments in the 2 years before conception or during pregnancy. We included 500 maternal and 339 paternal matched pairs. Overall, no association was found between maternal exposure to radiation and neuroblastoma risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7, 1.3). Analysis of maternal exposure by specific anatomical site showed no association for gonadal sites [OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.5, 2.0]. Little association was found with paternal radiation exposure [OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.8, 1.8]. No consistent exposure-response gradient was found based upon the number of maternal or paternal medical radiation examinations. The data presented here, coupled with the lower radiation doses currently used, indicate that any further study of this question will require larger studies with improved exposure assessment.
The influence of cholesteryl ester content on hepatocyte triolein emulsion uptake.

Abstract When triolein emulsions are enriched with cholesteryl oleate they are more readily removed by primary rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells via an apolipoprotein E-responsive pathway. The increment in the cholesteryl ester does not appreciably change the size of the emulsion or its affinity for the apo E protein. The cholesteryl ester enriched-emulsion demonstrates increased apo E-mediated HepG2-binding as well as endocytosis. The higher the content of cholesteryl ester of the particle, the greater was both the binding and the endocytosis. The increased endocytosis was associated with increased degradation of the apo E. Cholesteryl linoleate and palmitate produced the same effects as the oleate. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase additions were also able to increase the HepG2 uptake of the emulsion. The data indicates that the increment in cholesterol ester occurring during maturation of plasma triacylglycerol-rich particles facilitates hepatic remnant assimilation by an apo E-dependent pathway.
Robotic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy in obese patients.

Recently, we demonstrated better perioperative outcomes with robotic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) with the posterior retroperitoneal approach in general, and for removal of large adrenal tumors. It is unknown if robotic adrenalectomy (RA) is equivalent to LA in obese patients. The aim of this study is to compare perioperative outcomes of RA versus LA in obese patients. Between 2003 and 2012, 99 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) patients underwent adrenalectomy at a tertiary academic center. Of these, 42 patients had RA and 57 had LA. The perioperative outcomes of these patients were compared between the RA and LA groups. Data were collected from a prospectively maintained, institutional review board approved database. Clinical and perioperative parameters were analyzed using Student t and χ2 tests. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. The groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and tumor side. Body mass index was lower in the robotic versus laparoscopic group (35.4 ± 1.0 vs. 38.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.01). Tumor size (4.0 ± 0.4 vs. 4.3 ± 0.3 cm, respectively, p = 0.56), skin-to-skin operative time (186.1 ± 12.1 vs. 187.3 ± 11 min, respectively, p = 0.94), estimated blood loss (50.3 ± 24.3 vs. 76.6 ± 21.3 ml, respectively, p = 0.42), and hospital stay (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 days, respectively, p = 0.06) were similar in both groups. The conversion to open rate was zero in the robotic and 5.2 % in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.06). The 30-day morbidity was 4.8 % in the robotic and 7 % in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.63). Our study did not show any difference in perioperative outcomes between RA and LA in obese patients. These results suggest that the difficulties in maintaining exposure and dissection in obese patients nullify the advantages of robotic articulating versus rigid laparoscopic instruments in adrenal surgery.
Dynamics of a food chain model from an arthropod-dominated lotic community

Abstract A simulation model, based on a series of Holling type II differential equations, was used to assess the effects of omnivory on the dynamics of individual populations at different trophic levels, as well as on the stability and persistence of food chains. Initial population densities were euqal to actual field estimates, whereas predation rates and population growth rates were obtained from the literature for the top predator ( Corydalus cornutus ), secondary consumer ( Ambrysus circumcinctus ), and primary consumer ( Petrophila sp.). Fluctuations in population density depended on the trophic level at which each population feeds. Demographic trajectories of primary and secondary consumers was similar to those produced by Lotka-Volterra models; the pattern of fluctuation in both populations resembled a sine function, with the predator population lagging behind the prey population. In the model without omnivory (minimal connectance), the range of fluctuation in population density was the greatest for the secondary consumer, followed by the primary, and then tertiary consumers. Low levels of consumption of the primary consumer by the top predator (between 1% and 4%) increased the minimum population density point of all consumer populations. Higher consumption rates produced wider oscillations and populations quickly became extinct. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the model was highly sensitive to initial conditions. A 5% increase in the initial population density of the primary consumer produced an output that diverged exponentially from the original output (λ = 0.012), confirming that the system behaved chaotically. This suggests that pervasive fluctuations in population density that are characteristic of many aquatic insects could be the product of deterministic rather than stochastic processes.
Lullaby: a capture & access system for understanding the sleep environment

The bedroom environment can have a significant impact on the quality of a person's sleep. Experts recommend sleeping in a room that is cool, dark, quiet, and free from disruptors to ensure the best quality sleep. However, it is sometimes difficult for a person to assess which factors in the environment may be causing disrupted sleep. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and initial evaluation of a capture and access system, called Lullaby. Lullaby combines temperature, light, and motion sensors, audio and photos, and an off-the-shelf sleep sensor to provide a comprehensive recording of a person's sleep. Lullaby allows users to review graphs and access recordings of factors relating to their sleep quality and environmental conditions to look for trends and potential causes of sleep disruptions. In this paper, we report results of a feasibility study where participants (N=4) used Lullaby in their homes for two weeks. Based on our experiences, we discuss design insights for sleep technologies, capture and access applications, and personal informatics tools.
Analyzing information systems researchers' productivity and impacts: A perspective on the H index

Quantitative assessments of researchers' productivity and impacts are crucial for the information systems (IS) discipline. Motivated by its growing popularity and expanding use, we offer a perspective on the h index, which refers to the number of papers a researcher has coauthored with at least h citations each. We studied a partial list of 232 top IS researchers who received doctoral degrees between 1957 and 2003 and chose Google Scholar as the source for our analyses. At the individual level, we attempted to identify some of the most productive, high-impact researchers, as well as those who exhibited impressive paces of productivity. At the institution level, we revealed some institutions with relatively more productive researchers, as well as institutions that had produced more productive researchers. We also analyzed the overall IS community by examining the primary research areas of productive scholars identified by our analyses. We then compared their h index scores with those of top scholars in several related disciplines
Alcohol, the cerebral circulation and strokes

Inasmuch as ethanol is thought to exert its major effects on the CNS, it is important to determine whether this abused substance can exert any direct action on cerebral blood vessels. Since chronic ingestion of alcohol: (1) can produce a loss (and degeneration) of neurons and glial cells in the brain, and (2) is associated, often, with hallucinations in human subjects particularly those undergoing withdrawal, it is possible that ethanol could produce hypoxia in select regions of the brain. The available indirect evidence in man and animals, albeit equivocal, does indicate that ethanol in certain concentrations might produce deficits in cerebral blood flow in select regions of the brain. Direct in-situ observations on the rat brain, using high-resolution, quantitative TV image-intensification microscopy, indicates that administration of ethanol, irrespective of the route of administration (e.g., perivascularly, intraarterially or systemically), produces graded concentration-dependent spasms of arterioles and venules. Concentrations of ethanol approximately greater than 250 mg/dl produce intense spasms resulting in rupture of these vessels. Recent in-situ studies in conscious dogs, using radiolabelled microspheres, also indicate that ethanol can produce deficits in regional brain blood flow. Studies with isolated canine middle cerebral and basilar arteries clearly demonstrate that low concentrations of ethanol (e.g., (less than 10 mM) can produce concentration-dependent spasms by a direct vascular action. Collectively, these new findings could be used to support the concept that heavy use of alcohol or binge-drinking can produce stroke-like effects. Specific calcium antagonists prevented or reversed the alcohol-induced cerebrovasospasms in rats and may prove valuable in treating the hypertension and strokes observed in heavy users of alcohol.
Structural aspects of electrochemically lithiated SnO: Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray absorption studies

Abstract We have compared the local structure of electrochemically lithiated SnO with Sn/Li alloys using 7Li to study the environment of the Li ion and extended X-ray absorption fine structure to study the environment of the Sn ion. Although a widely accepted simple model suggested that the electrochemically lithiated SnO should be similar to Sn/Li alloys of corresponding composition, we find this is true only at low Li concentrations. The addition of more Li to the structure produces, for both the Li and the Sn, features which are difficult to reconcile with the simple model, and suggest the presence of direct Sn–O interactions.
Crack-Tip Field of a Supersonic Bimaterial Interface Crack

The sextic approach was used to investigate the asymptotic field of a bimaterial interface crack in the entire supersonic regime and extended to include the combination of isotropic and homogeneous materials, where the sextic method had been considered difficult. Application to typical systems was demonstrated. ©2002 ASME
The Restless World of Leonardo Alishan (March 1951-January 2005): A Burnt Offering on the Altar of the Armenian Genocide

In his short career as a writer, poet, and literary critic, Leonardo Alishan left a rich literary legacy, a legacy that is not widely known. This article attempts to shed light on an important segment of his literary output: his creations in the genre of genocide literature. Alishan was a third-generation survivor of the Armenian Genocide, the inheritor of his grandmother's devastating memories, living in the grip of the nightmare of the Catastrophe, never able to transcend it. The ever-present pain that dragged his grandmother from one mental hospital to another reverberated in his literary work, painting a microcosm of a victim nation's suffering. As an artist in pursuit of beauty in art, Alishan faced the challenge of overcoming the chaotic world of genocide for the sake of order and perceptual harmony. He was not able to solve, and no one has, the dichotomy between the fragmentation forced upon his art as the characteristic of genocide literature and coherence as a condition of beauty in art.
Reversal of povidone-iodine-induced suppressor cell activity by sodium borohydride.

Abstract We have confirmed the generation of suppressor cells as the result of lymphocyte exposure to Betadine, a topical bacteriocide in common clinical use. Suppressor cell induction is the result of cell surface changes which we found to be completely reversible by the action of the reducing agent, sodium borohydride. These findings are important clinically, particularly as they relate to burn patients who often accumulate iodine concentrations sufficient to depress immune responsiveness. Our results suggest that suppressor cell development resulting from Betadine treatment is reversible. Experimental burn treatment procedures could easily be modified to include procedures to abolish such suppressor cell activity.
Differential expression of multiple unexpected genes during U937 cell and macrophage differentiation detected by suppressive subtractive hybridization

Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to identify new markers of myelomonocytic differentiation using a sensitive technique that permits detection of rare differential gene expression. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed between the human myelomonocytic U937 cell line and 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and transforming growth factor β 1 differentiated U937 cells. cDNA clones with significant increased expression in differentiated U937 cells over nondifferentiated U937 cells were characterized by sequencing. Materials and Methods. The pattern of differential gene expression obtained by SSH was confirmed by cDNA Southern and Northern blots on the undifferentiated vs differentiated U937 cells, and by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on undifferentiated human CD34 + stem cells isolated from bone marrow vs peripheral blood CD14 + mature monocytes. Results. Seven cDNAs never associated with in vitro U937 cell myelomonocytic differentiation (prolactin, 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [11 β-HSD)] haptoglobin α(2FS)-β precursor, GLIPR, RTVP, the RNA helicase P68, and spermidine-spermine N1-acetyltransferase) were identified. The first five of these genes previously were associated with immune function and the last two are important for intermediary metabolism. Differential expression was confirmed in CD34 + /CD14 + monocyte differentiation for all genes but 11 β-HSD. Conclusions. We identified six new markers of U937 cell differentiation, which also are differentially expressed during normal human myelomonocytic differentiation.
The addition of anticipated regret to attitudinally based, goal-directed models of information search behaviours under conditions of uncertainty and risk

Social science attempts to incorporate emotions into models of judgment and decision making have faced significant theoretical challenges, as well as produced conflicting empirical results. The following study first contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a theoretical explanation for the observed conflicting results from such models. In fact, both extant theory and the results reported herein suggest that a certain amount of variability in results should be expected from empirical investigations based on such models, particularly related to differences in respondents' level of affective versus cognitive involvement. Second, an argument is presented for considering a special case of Perugini and Bagozzi's (2001) Model of Goal-directed Behaviours (MGBs) when investigating these issues using attitude-based explanations of goal-related behaviours. Specifically, empirical evidence is presented for broadening the MGB model by including anticipated regret as an explanatory variable independent of other anticipated emotions, and deepening the theory by calling for multidimensional conceptualizations of the attitude and perceived behavioural control constructs. The implications of the reported study are presented and discussed.
Locust swarms and the spatial techno-politics of the French Resistance in World War II

Abstract This article investigates why and how efforts to control Desert Locusts in Northwestern Africa became a strategic concern for the French Resistance during the Second World War. I analyze the record of a 1943 conference convened to discuss on-going locust plagues in Northwestern Africa. The analysis suggests that the “locust problem” provided a field for technocrats to innovate and re-present new modes of government. More specifically, French authorities in exile prioritized organizing against the Desert Locust in part because the spatial extent of the insect’s biophysical specificities provided an ideal field to reinvent and re-present the spatiality and legitimacy of the French Empire as a transnational and constructive federation of techno-scientific benevolence, uniting all its colonies against common enemies. The work provides a different perspective on the questions of ‘fit’ between institutions and ecosystems by highlighting the dynamic relationships between material demands of object(s) of management concerns, scientific knowledge about said object(s), and strategic imperatives of authoritative legitimacy. The paper highlights how the relationships between (1) the selection and stabilization of ecological problems and solutions, (2) their adoption within the logic and imperative of institutions, and (3) the emergence of specific apparatus of rule together bear on why and how given socio-ecological dynamics become “seen” and adopted as mandates by agencies, how they are represented, and what particular technological or institutional arrangement is favored for (and by) their management.
Design and microfabrication of a PVDF acoustic sensor

This paper presents the design, theoretical analysis, microfabrication and testing of a new type of millimeter-size acoustic sensor using Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) micropillars and patterned electrodes. The sensor has the potential to achieve 100x the sensitivity of existing commercial sensors in combination with a sound pressure level (SPL) range of 35-180 dB and a frequency bandwidth of at least 100 kHz. A constrained optimization algorithm has been developed as a function of geometric parameters (sensor footprint, diameter and height of the micropillars, gap between pillar edges, and number of pillars) and electrical parameters of the sensor and conditioning amplifier. Details of the fabrication process are described. Nanoindentation tests demonstrate that the PVDF micropillar sensor exhibits piezoelectric responses under an applied voltage or strain, thus demonstrating the sensor concept. Operational amplifier circuit design and experimental setup are also described and developed.
Profound Hypogammaglobulinemia 7 Years after Treatment for Indolent Lymphoma

We report a case of a previously healthy 31 year old woman diagnosed with Stage IIIA follicular lymphoma treated with fludarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and rituximab who presented seven years after the completion of therapy with CD4 count depression, panhypogammaglobulinema and a history of recurrent sinus infections. We performed comprehensive immunophenotypic analysis and found her to have only 1.2% switched (normal 21 ± 8%) and 4.7% non-switched (11 ± 4%) memory B cells with 92% of B cells belonging to the naive compartment. We have previously evaluated reconstitution of the B cell compartment during the 6 to 12 month recovery period after treatment with rituximab and found a similar immunophenotypic pattern. In our patient, this defect was observed seven years after the administration of rituximab in combination with an alkylating agent and purine analog. The patient was started on monthly intravenous immunoglobulin treatments with complete resolution of her symptoms.
Radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging in congenital biliary tract ectasia (Caroli disease).

We report five cases of Caroli disease in whom the diagnosis was established with99mTc-IDA imaging. This technique provided both functional and morphologic information.99mTc-sulfur colloid imaging detected liver abnormality in 4/4 cases but was non-specific. Ultrasonography (3/3) and computed tomography (2/2) readily showed dilated bile ducts but lacked the functional information of99mTc-IDA imaging.
CONTROL OF A METAPOPULATION HARVESTING MODEL FOR BLACK BEARS

. We develop a metapopulation harvesting model that includes density-dependent immigration and emigration and apply Pontryagin's maximum principle to derive an optimal harvesting and reserve design strategy. The model is designed to mimic the black bear population of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Model results suggest that a forest region's population can be maintained despite high harvest levels due to emigration from a connected, un-harvested park region. The amount of shared border between the park and forest region is important in determining the optimal harvesting strategy. This technique offers new insight on the spatial control of protected populations.
Polylactide stereocomplex crystallites as nucleating agents for isotactic polylactide

A nucleation efficiency scale for isotactic poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) was obtained with self-nucleation and nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The maximum nucleation efficiency occurred at the highest concentration of self-nucleating sites, and the minimum efficiency occurred in the absence of these sites (pure PLLA polymer melt). Blends of PLLA and isotactic poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) led to the formation of a 1/1 stereocomplex. In comparison with the homopolymer (PLLA), the stereocomplex had a higher melting temperature and crystallized at higher temperatures from the melt. Small stereocomplex crystallites were formed in PLLA/PDLA blends containing low concentrations of PDLA. These crystallites acted as heterogeneous nucleation sites for subsequent PLLA crystallization. Using the PLLA nucleation efficiency scale, we evaluated a series of PLLA/PDLA blends (0.25–15 wt % PDLA). A maximum nucleation efficiency of 66% was observed at 15 wt % PDLA. The nucleation efficiency was largely dependent on the thermal treatment of the sample. The nucleating ability of the stereocomplex was most efficient when it was formed well before PLLA crystallization. According to the efficiency scale, the stereocomplex was far superior to talc, a common nucleating agent for PLLA, in its ability to enhance the rate of PLLA crystallization. In comparison with the PLLA homopolymer, the addition of PDLA led to reduced spherulite sizes and a reduction in the overall extent of PLLA crystallization. The decreased extent of crystallization was attributed to the hindered mobility of the PLLA chains due to tethering by the stereocomplex. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 300–313, 2001
Questioning Skills Demonstrated by Approved Clinical Instructors During Clinical Field Experiences

Abstract Context: The current trend in athletic training clinical education places greater emphasis on the quality of interactions occurring between Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs) and athleti...
Performance of beamline X8C at the NSLS

Abstract Performance characteristics of beamline X8C at the National Synchrotron Light Source are described. Beamline optics consist of a rhodium coated collimating mirror, a two (optional four) crystal monochromator and a rhodium coated focussing mirror. X-ray source diagnostic information is provided by a dual wire beam position monitor that precedes all beamline components. Measurements are presented for three different optical configurations using the non-dispersive two crystal geometry. Advantages and disadvantages of this beamline design are discussed, with particular emphasis placed on details of the collimating mirror performance. A brief description of experimental apparatus is also given including computing resources, which have been optimized to handle biological macromolecular diffraction data from a CCD area detector.
Measured density and calculated baricity of custom-compounded drugs for chronic intrathecal infusion.

Background and Objectives: To minimize the frequency that intrathecal pumps require refilling, drugs are custom compounded at very high concentrations. Unfortunately, the baricity of these custom solutions is unknown, which is problematic, given baricity9s importance in determining the spread of intrathecally administered drugs. Consequently, we measured the density and calculated the baricity of clinically relevant concentrations of multiple drugs used for intrathecal infusion. Methods: Morphine, clonidine, bupivacaine, and baclofen were weighed to within 0.0001 g and diluted in volumetric flasks to produce solutions of known concentrations (morphine 1, 10, 25, and 50 mg/mL; clonidine 0.05, 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/mL; bupivacaine 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL; baclofen 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 mg/mL). The densities of the solutions were measured at 37°C using the mechanical oscillation method. A "best-fit" curve was calculated for plots of concentration versus density for each drug. Results: All prepared solutions of clonidine and baclofen were hypobaric. Higher concentrations of morphine and bupivacaine were hyperbaric, whereas lower concentrations were hypobaric. The relationship between concentration and density is linear for morphine (r2 > 0.99) and bupivacaine (r2 > 0.99) and logarithmic for baclofen (r2 = 0.96) and clonidine (r2 = 0.98). Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the relationship between concentration and density for custom drug concentrations commonly used in implanted intrathecal pumps. We calculated an equation that defines the relationship between concentration and density for each drug. Using these equations, clinicians can calculate the density of any solution made from the drugs studied here.
Facilitation of morphine-induced tolerance and physical dependence by prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide.

Abstract The pretreatment of mice with 30 mg/kg morphine s.c. did not alter the analgesic effect of morphine in mice pretreated with saline but decreased the analgesic effect of morphine in mice pretreated with prolyl-leucyl-glycin-amide (PLG). Tolerance was evaluated by the effect of PLG on morphine-induced enhancement of naloxone potency which is a measure of the capacity of naloxone to antagonize morphine-induced analgesia and is postulated to be an indicator of tolerance development. The naloxone potency of PLG-treated mice was 2-fold greater than that of control mice. PLG did not alter the whole brain levels of morphine, nor did it alter the naloxone potency in mice which were not pretreated with 30 mg/kg morphine. In mice treated with 100 mg/kg morphine or implanted with 50 mg morphine pellets for 24 or 72 h, the amount of naloxone required to induce jumping was not altered by PLG. However, PLG treatment did increase the hypothermia and body weight loss seen after naloxoneiinduced withdrawal. Administration of PLG to morphine-dependent mice 1 h prior to naloxone did not modify the resultant hypothermia or body weight loss. These results indicate that PLG facilitated the development of morphine tolerance and dependence.
Immunomodulation in an Infant with Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Following Chemotherapy

ABSTRACT Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, lymphohistiocytic accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system and hemophagocytosis. Immunological dysregulation can occur with defective T-and NK-cell function; macrophage activation and cytokine production. Elevated transforming growth factor beta (TGF/β) produced by activated T cells and monocytes can be anti-inflammatory, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces T-cell proliferation and activation. We report the clinical and immunological evaluation of a 5-month-old Hispanic infant with FHLH. The evaluation included TGF/β, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), and extended lymphocyte phenotypes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD28+, CD95+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, HLA-DR+, CD38+, CD69+ using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), Greiss reagent, and 4′ color flow cytometry pre- and postchemotherapy with VP16 @ 65 mg/M2 and dexamethasone over 10 courses of treatment. TGFβ (924.4–4286.8 pg/mL...
Structural, reactive and kinetic properties of acetylene on clean Mo(100)

Abstract Acetylene adsorbs onto Mo(100) at 80 K via precursor state kinetics, saturating the chemisorbed overlayer at a coverage of ∼ 1.0. Further exposure to acetylene adsorbs multilayers, which are desorbed by heating to ∼ 100 K. Two surface species are identified using angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy after adsorbing acetylene at 80 K. One species is undistorted chemisorbed acetylene, the other is an acetylenic species which is rehybridized to approximately sp 2 and is adsorbed with its C-C axis oriented at ∼ 45° with respect to the surface normal. On heating this surface to above 110 K, all the chemisorbed acetylene converts into the rehybridized species. This is stable up to a surface temperature of 180 K, following which it starts to decompose. Thermal decomposition is complete by 300 K. Only hydrogen is detected in thermal desorption spectroscopy, and the spectra are characteristic of hydrogen desorption from a carbided surface.
Peripheral blood pressure changes induced by dobutamine do not alter BOLD signals in the human brain.

Abstract In extending the use of functional MRI to neuropharmacology, a primary area of concern is that peripheral blood pressure changes induced by pharmacological agents could independently produce a change in the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, resulting in difficulties distinguishing or interpreting drug-induced neural activations. In the present study, we utilized intravenous dobutamine, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, to increase the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), while examining the effects of MABP changes on the BOLD signal in cocaine-dependent participants. Dobutamine infusion significantly increased the MABP from 93 ± 8 mm Hg to 106 ± 12 mm Hg (P
DNA solution of hard computational problems

DNA experiments are proposed to solve the famous "SAT" problem of computer science. This is a special case of a more general method that can solve NP-complete problems. The advantage of these results is the huge parallelism inherent in DNA-based computing. It has the potential to yield vast speedups over conventional electronic-based computers for such search problems.
Predicting mission success in small satellite missions

In our global society with its increasing international competition and tighter financial resources, governments, commercial entities and other organizations are becoming critically aware of the need to ensure that space missions can be achieved on time and within budget. This has become particularly true for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Office of Space Science (OSS) which has developed their Discovery and Explorer programs to meet this need. As technologies advance, space missions are becoming smaller and more capable than their predecessors. The ability to predict the mission success of these small satellite missions is critical to the continued achievement of NASA science mission objectives. The NASA Office of Space Science, in cooperation with the NASA Langley Research Center, has implemented a process to predict the likely success of missions proposed to its Discovery and Explorer Programs. This process is becoming the basis for predicting mission success in many other NASA programs as well. This paper describes the process, methodology, tools and synthesis techniques used to predict mission success for this class of mission.
Increase in histamine concentrations in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Histamine meets many of the criteria which must be satisfied in order to consider a compound as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). It is localized in synaptosomes after subcellular fractionation of brain tissue is. Discrete histaminergic pathways have been described in the brain 10. Endogenous histamine can be released from brain slices by depolarizing the nerve cells with potassium as. Iontophoresis of histamine modifies the action potentials of cerebral neurons 25. When injected intraventricularly 27 or directly into discrete brain areas 12, histamine has potent effects on neuronal activity. In addition, histamine receptors 7 and a histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase la have recently been characterized in the brain. Pharmacological evidence indicates that histamine has centrally mediated effects on blood pressure2,14,as, 37. These observations suggest that endogenous brain histamine could play a role in the regulation of blood pressure or in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Selective changes in catecholamine metabolism, discretely localized to a few nuclei and areas of the brain, had been found in several models of hypertension 2s-a0. A similar situation could be envisioned for other putative neurotransmitters such as histamine. We have attempted the quantitation of endogenous histamine levels in those discrete brain areas which are part of the principal central pathways regulating cardiovascular functions in mammals. The study was conducted at two stages of the development of the genetic hypertension using young (4 weeks old) and adult (12 weeks old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (Wistar-Kyoto rats, WKY)ZL These ages were selected for their difference in manifested high blood pressure and because there are age-specific changes in catecholamine metabolism in similar brain structures29, so.
Assessing ecosystem threats from global and regional change: hierarchical modeling of risk to sagebrush ecosystems from climate change, land use and invasive species in Nevada, USA

Global change poses significant challenges for ecosystem conservation. At regional scales, climate change may lead to extensive shifts in species distributions and widespread extirpations or extinctions. At landscape scales, land use and invasive species disrupt ecosystem function and reduce species richness. However, a lack of spatially explicit models of risk to ecosystems makes it difficult for science to inform conservation planning and land management. Here, I model risk to sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems in the state of Nevada, USA from climate change, land use/land cover change, and species invasion. Risk from climate change is based on an ensemble of 10 atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) projections applied to two bioclimatic envelope models (Mahalanobis distance and Maxent). Risk from land use is based on the distribution of roads, agriculture, and powerlines, and on the spatial relationships between land use and probability of cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion in Nevada. Risk from land cover change is based on probability and extent of pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla; Juniperus spp.) woodland expansion. Climate change is most likely to negatively impact sagebrush ecosystems at the edges of its current range, particularly in southern Nevada, southern Utah, and eastern Washington. Risk from land use and woodland expansion is pervasive throughout Nevada, while cheatgrass invasion is most problematic in the northern part of the state. Cumulatively, these changes pose major challenges for conservation of sagebrush and sagebrush obligate species. This type of comprehensive assessment of ecosystem risk provides managers with spatially explicit tools important for conservation planning.
Performing elemental microanalysis with high accuracy and high precision by scanning electron microscopy/silicon drift detector energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/SDD-EDS)

Electron-excited X-ray microanalysis performed in the scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is a core technique for characterization of the microstructure of materials. The recent advances in EDS performance with the silicon drift detector (SDD) enable accuracy and precision equivalent to that of the high spectral resolution wavelength-dispersive spectrometer employed on the electron probe microanalyzer platform. SDD-EDS throughput, resolution, and stability provide practical operating conditions for measurement of high-count spectra that form the basis for peak fitting procedures that recover the characteristic peak intensities even for elemental combination where severe peak overlaps occur, such PbS, MoS2, BaTiO3, SrWO4, and WSi2. Accurate analyses are also demonstrated for interferences involving large concentration ratios: a major constituent on a minor constituent (Ba at 0.4299 mass fraction on Ti at 0.0180) and a major constituent on a trace constituent (Ba at 0.2194 on Ce at 0.00407; Si at 0.1145 on Ta at 0.0041). Accurate analyses of low atomic number elements, C, N, O, and F, are demonstrated. Measurement of trace constituents with limits of detection below 0.001 mass fraction (1000 ppm) is possible within a practical measurement time of 500 s.
Top-k Similar Graph Matching Using TraM in Biological Networks

Many emerging database applications entail sophisticated graph-based query manipulation, predominantly evident in large-scale scientific applications. To access the information embedded in graphs, efficient graph matching tools and algorithms have become of prime importance. Although the prohibitively expensive time complexity associated with exact subgraph isomorphism techniques has limited its efficacy in the application domain, approximate yet efficient graph matching techniques have received much attention due to their pragmatic applicability. Since public domain databases are noisy and incomplete in nature, inexact graph matching techniques have proven to be more promising in terms of inferring knowledge from numerous structural data repositories. In this paper, we propose a novel technique called TraM for approximate graph matching that off-loads a significant amount of its processing on to the database making the approach viable for large graphs. Moreover, the vector space embedding of the graphs and efficient filtration of the search space enables computation of approximate graph similarity at a throw-away cost. We annotate nodes of the query graphs by means of their global topological properties and compare them with neighborhood biased segments of the data-graph for proper matches. We have conducted experiments on several real data sets, and have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
Monomeric C-reactive protein and inflammatory injury in myocardial infarction

This editorial refers to ‘Circulating microparticles generate and transport monomeric C-reactive protein in patients with myocardial infarction’ by J. Habersberger et al. , pp. 64–72, this issue. C-reactive protein, a member of the pentraxin superfamily, is a prototypical ‘acute-phase’ protein that is synthesized at a low rate under physiological conditions but is markedly induced and secreted following tissue injury and inflammation. Rapid secretion of C-reactive protein during the acute-phase response results in up to 1000-fold increases in plasma levels within 24–48 h. As a result, C-reactive protein is a highly sensitive, but non-specific, marker of systemic inflammation.1 Over the last 20 years, C-reactive protein has emerged as an important predictor of cardiovascular risk in a variety of clinical settings. The development of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein assays greatly enhanced the clinical value of plasma C-reactive protein.2 In contrast to traditional assays that were only suitable for measurements of acute-phase responses, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein immunoassays allowed quantification of baseline plasma levels of C-reactive protein with high sensitivity throughout its normal range. Elevated plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels predict cardiovascular risk and may identify patients who benefit the most from risk reduction therapies. Despite the abundance of evidence on the significance of C-reactive protein as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease, surprisingly little is known about its pathophysiological role. Although a causative role for C-reactive protein has been proposed in atherosclerosis and thrombosis,3 in vitro and in vivo studies have produced contradictory results. For example, treatment with human native C-reactive protein has been reported to accelerate atherosclerotic …
Children's self-assessment of their school work in elementary school

This study attempted to understand elementary students' self-assessment, that is, how they reflect on their own learning in school. Thirty-seven students (17 first graders and 20 fourth/fifth graders in a USA primary school) were interviewed about the kinds of standards against which they judge their school work and the sources of evidence they use in making self-assessments. Analysis of open-ended questions and Likert responses (1) highlighted that both younger and older students rely on evaluations provided by others, especially teachers, yet (2) pointed to developmental progression in which older students are increasing their use of self-standards and do consider multiple types of sources for their self-assessment.
Extension Work for Latin America

The expression, Latin America, was invented to include all areas in the Western Hemisphere in which Spanish, Portuguese, and French are spoken. However, in the American Republics ordinarily listed as belonging to the Latin American cultural group there are dozens of different Indian languages and dialects. Also there are areas in which Oriental and non-Latin European languages are spoken. Of course, language differences should present no insurmountable difficulties for effective extension work, but the many different languages spoken by the millions of Indians and other groups in Latin America are associated with great differences in value systems, social structure and other cultural characteristics. In addition to these cultural differences and associated with them are the racial differences. Each country differs in respect to race but the three predominant races are, of course, the white, the brown or Indian and the black. All types and combinations of these exist in Latin America and in addition there ...
A screening study of 12 biocides for potential use with cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract Swatches of cellulose acetate membranes from two different membrane manufacturers were stored in 12 different biocides at varying concentrations and temperatures for a 6-month period. Periodically the swatches were tested to determine any changes in performance, that is, salt rejection and water flux. The results indicate an overall tightening in one of the manufacturer's membranes after contact with the biocides; four of the twelve biocides caused membrane degradation after 6 months of storage. Membranes from the other manufacturer demonstrated varying changes in performance after storage in the 12 different biocides; two biocides demonstrated substantial adverse effects on the membrane after storage for 6 months.
Using technology in higher education: The influence of gender roles on technology self-efficacy

The present study examines the relationship between technology self-efficacy among university students and gender roles. Previous research has based differences in technology self-efficacy on biological sex and found significant differences. University students were asked to complete a survey dealing with gender roles and technology self-efficacy. The current study shows that gender roles, specifically masculinity, is the source of this difference in technology self-efficacy, and not biological sex alone. Further, masculinity predicts technology self-efficacy above and beyond what can be explained by other contributing factors such as previous computer hassles and perceived structural technology support.
Separability, partial demand systems, and consumer's surplus measures

Abstract In practice, complete demand systems are not estimated. Rather, either an incomplete demand system is estimated, or separability is invoked and a partial demand system is estimated. This paper considers the relationship between the conventional compensating variation (equivalent variation) and the corresponding welfare measure that can be derived from a partial demand system and the current budget allocation to the separable group. Even assuming the separability assumption invoked is appropriate, these partial measures provide, in general, only a limited amount of information about the compensating variation and no information about the equivalent variation. Great care is therefore needed when using partial welfare measures to evaluate policy.
Laser beam profile modulation for microstructure control in laser cladding of an NiCrBSi alloy

Abstract A circular laser beam with a variable intensity profile was used to investigate the effects of beam intensity profile shaping on the microstructure formation within laser clad layers of an NiCrBSi type corrosion and wear resistant alloy. The raw beam profile output of a high power, fibre delivered laser was manipulated using a variable beam profile modulator. The beam profiles generated took the form of a focussed annular ring with a uniform intensity central fill. The relative intensities of the annular ring and central fill were varied by an adjustment of the optical elements in the variable beam profile modulator. Three of the generated beam profiles were used in the laser cladding of single track deposits of an NiCrBSi based corrosion and wear resistant alloy on Cr5 steel. The microstructure throughout the laser clad layers was examined using XRD, SEM and EDS. It was found that the variations in the scale and distribution of hard phases in the microstructure through the depth of the clad layer can be controlled by varying the laser beam profile. Using a traditional top-hat type beam profile, the microstructure varied from very coarse in the lower part of the clad layer to fine in the upper part. Creating beam profiles with a preferentially greater intensity at the outer edge than at the centre allowed clad layers to be produced with greater microstructural homogeneity throughout the depth of the layer and encouraged the growth of comparatively larger hard dendrite phases near the surface of the clad layer.