cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing sustainability when data availability limits real-time estimates: using near-time indicators to extend sustainability metrics

The goal of this paper is to highlight the problem of time lags in data releases that are necessary for calculating sustainability metrics and its effect on making informed management decisions. We produced a methodology to assess whether a regional system is on a sustainable path and tested it in south-central Colorado. We identified key components of the system and selected four sustainability metrics that measure those components. Metrics included: (1) ecological footprint (i.e., environmental burden), (2) green net regional product (GNRP) (i.e., economic well-being), (3) emergy (i.e., energy flows), and (4) Fisher information (i.e., dynamic order). Having calculated these metrics, we identified future research recommendations and limitations. One limitation was the delay between when an event occurred and when data on the event were released. Given, the recent push in government agencies for calculating sustainability metrics, finding solutions for the time lag will be important. To address this limitation, we explore the potential of using both sustainability metrics and indicators that are available near-time to provide decision makers with better decision support. For the pilot study in Colorado, the metric calculations were 3 years behind present. Using near-time indicators that are publicly available before the metrics can be calculated might help to predict the path of the metric. As an example, we examine if specific near-time indicators are correlated with ecological balance (a component of ecological footprint) and GNRP. We use Spearman rank correlations and scatter plots to identify the relationship of the metrics and near-time indicators in an exploratory analysis. We offer research recommendations to consider.
Penetration characteristics of a submerged steam jet

An experimental investigation was made of the lenght of the turbulent vapor cavity formed by a steam jet discharging into a subcooled liquid water both. The experiments considered both constant area and convergent-divergent steam injectors of various external geometries. The tests were conducted with the bath at atmospheric pressure, bath temperatures in the range 301–358K, injector exit diameters in the range 0.00040–0.0112 m, for choked injector flows having mass velocities in the range 332–2050 kg/m2.s. These conditions yielded injector exit Reynolds numbers from 2 to 150 × 104. Over this range a correlation was developed to yield the length of the vapor cavity as a function of the injector diameter, exit mass velocity, and a driving potential for the condensation process. The heat transfer coefficients for this condensation process were found to be significantly greater than those encountered in turbulent film condensation processes in the vicinity of tubes and walls.
Family coping strategies and the rural Appalachian working poor

Naturalistic research methods were used in this study to “collect” the voices, ideas, and opinions of rural, working poor, Appalachian families from Southeast Ohio about the stress of poverty in family life and family coping in the face of poverty. This data should be of interest to the professional family therapist who practices with the working poor.
Black piedra among the Zoró Indians from Amazônia (Brazil).

A total of 130 Zoro Indians from the Brazilian Amazon were observed as part of an epidemiological survey. Black piedra was found in 74 (56.9%) individuals. Infection rates between the sexes were not significantly different. The age group least infected comprised the children, 0–10 years of age. The authors comment on the epidemiology of the infection among the Zoro.
Biological evaluation of the third pancreatic hormone (APP): hepatocyte and adipocyte effects.

Abstract The effects of a third pancreatic hormone, avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), on metabolism in isolated chicken adipocytes and hepatocytes were studied. APP inhibits glucagon-stimulated lipolysis within the chicken adipocyte by as much as 45%. Additionally, APP causes a marked reduction in glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation, suggesting that APP in some way interferes with the glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. APP binds specifically to the chicken adipocyte; two orders of receptor sites were demonstrated: a high affinity ( K d = 5.6 × 10 −9 ), low capacity (6.75 × 10 −20 mol/cell) site and a low affinity ( K d = 8.3 × 10 −7 ), high capacity (3.18 × 10 −18 mol/cell) site. APP does not alter the rate of glycogenolysis or triglyceride synthesis at the chicken hepatocyte; neither does it stimulate glucose utilization by the chicken adipocyte.
Of microbes and macrophages: entry, survival and persistence

The macrophage is capable of fulfilling the roles of both host cell and effector cell in the immune clearance of many microbial infections. This dual capacity has led to the evolution of intriguing mechanisms whereby pathogens ensure the establishment and maintenance of intracellular infections. The strategies developed range from passive avoidance mechanisms to extremely active modulation of cell function. Recent advances have been made in our appreciation of the processes of intramacrophage parasitization from initial ligand-receptor interactions, through establishment of a stable intracellular environment, to the maintenance of a persistent infection.
Scalar profiles and NO formation in laminar opposed-flow partially premixed methane/air flames

Measurements of temperature, the major species (N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, CO, and H2), OH, and NO are obtained in steady laminar opposed-flow partially premixed flames of methane and air, using the non-intrusive techniques of Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence. Flames having fuel-side equivalence ratios of φ = 3.17, 2.17, and 1.8 are stabilized on a porous cylindrical burner (Tsuji burner) in a low-velocity flow of air. Results are compared with calculations using a version of the Sandia laminar flame code that is formulated for the Tsuji geometry and includes an optically thin treatment of radiation. Because velocity profiles are not measured, the strain rate in each calculation is adjusted to match the measured profile of the mixture fraction. Measured profiles of temperature and species mass fractions are then compared with results of calculations using the GRI-Mech 2.11 and 3.0 chemical mechanisms, as well as a detailed mechanism from Miller. All three mechanisms give agreement with experimental results for the major species that is generally within experimental uncertainty. With regard to NO formation, the relative performance of the three mechanisms depends on the fuel-side equivalence ratio. GRI-Mech 2.11 gives reasonably good agreement with measured NO levels in lean and near-stoichiometric conditions, but it under predicts NO levels in fuel-rich conditions. GRI-Mech 3.0 significantly over predicts the peak NO levels the φ = 3.17 and 2.17 flames, but it yields relatively good agreement with measurements in the φ = 1.8 flame. The Miller mechanism gives good agreement with measured NO levels in the φ = 3.17 flame, but it progressively over predicts peak NO levels in the leaner flames. Comparisons of adiabatic and radiative calculations show that radiation can have a significant effect on the width and structure of partially premixed flames, as well as on the levels of NO produced.
Juvenile justice decision making in a rural hispanic community

The processing of juveniles through the juvenile justice system of a jurisdiction encompassing two rural counties in New Mexico where the numerical majority of the population is Hispanic/Mexican American was examined. The official records of 591 juveniles referred to the Juvenile Probation and Parole Office were analyzed and interviews with all Juvenile Probation and Parole Officers (JPPOs) assigned to this jurisdiction were conducted. The results suggest that (1) juveniles are subject to considerable police surveillance; (2) this rural community relies extensively on formal social control; and (3) the diversity, rather than homogeneity, of this rural community affects the decision making of its juvenile justice professionals.
Infertility treatment: a nuclear restorer gene in maize.

A sterile strain of corn that has been used for making hybrid seed corn carries the Texas male-sterile cytoplasm and does not make pollen. In a report in this issue of Science (see Cui et al., page 1334), cloning of a gene that can restore fertility to these plants is announced. In his Perspective, Levings discussed why the identification of this gene Rf2 as an aldehyde dehydrogenase is surprising and how it may work to reverse the male sterile phenotype.
Segment-specific regulation of the Drosophila AP-2 gene during leg and antennal development

Segmentation involves subdivision of a developing body part into multiple repetitive units during embryogenesis. In Drosophila and other insects, embryonic segmentation is regulated by genes expressed in the same domain of every segment. Less is known about the molecular basis for segmentation of individual body parts occurring at later developmental stages. The Drosophila transcription factor AP-2 gene, dAP-2, is required for outgrowth of leg and antennal segments and is expressed in every segment boundary within the larval imaginal discs. To investigate the molecular mechanisms generating the segmentally repetitive pattern of dAP-2 expression, we performed transgenic reporter analyses and isolated multiple cis-regulatory elements that can individually or cooperatively recapitulate endogenous dAP-2 expression in different segments of the appendages. We further analyzed an enhancer specific for the proximal femur region which corresponds to the distal-most expression domain of homothorax (hth) in the leg imaginal discs. Hth is known to be responsible for the nuclear localization and, hence, function of the Hox cofactor, Extradenticle (Exd). We show that both Hth and Exd are required for dAP-2 expression in the femur and that a conserved Exd/Hox binding site is essential for enhancer activity. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies further support direct regulation of dAP-2 by Hox proteins and suggest that Hox proteins function redundantly in dAP-2 regulation. Our study reveals that discrete segment-specific enhancers underlie the seemingly simple repetitive expression of dAP-2 and provides evidence for direct regulation of leg segmentation by regional combinations of the proximodistal patterning genes.
Methamphetamine reduces LTP and increases baseline synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus.

Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant whose societal impact is on the rise. Emerging evidence suggests that psychostimulants alter synaptic plasticity in the brain—which may partly account for their adverse effects. While it is known that METH increases the extracellular concentration of monoamines dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, it is not clear how METH alters glutamatergic transmission. Within this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and systemic METH on basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP; an activity-induced increase in synaptic efficacy) in CA1 sub-field in the hippocampus. Both the acute ex vivo application of METH to hippocampal slices and systemic administration of METH decreased LTP. Interestingly, the acute ex vivo application of METH at a concentration of 30 or 60 µM increased baseline synaptic transmission as well as decreased LTP. Pretreatment with eticlopride (D2-like receptor antagonist) did not alter the effects of METH on synaptic transmission or LTP. In contrast, pretreatment with D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 or 5-HT1A receptor antagonist NAN-190 abrogated the effect of METH on synaptic transmission. Furthermore, METH did not increase baseline synaptic transmission in D1 dopamine receptor haploinsufficient mice. Our findings suggest that METH affects excitatory synaptic transmission via activation of dopamine and serotonin receptor systems in the hippocampus. This modulation may contribute to synaptic maladaption induced by METH addiction and/or METH-mediated cognitive dysfunction.
The stinging impact of the imported fire ant.

Purpose of review Imported fire ants pose a real and present danger to allergic individuals living in endemic areas. This overview examines the impact of their presence, specifics of their venom and approach to the treatment of the hypersensitive individuals. Recent findings Imported fire ant sting attack rates are high in endemic areas with sensitization occurring early in life among those dwelling in these locations. Once considered an outdoor pest, sting attacks are now known to occur indoors with the very young and the very old being especially susceptible due to the decreased mobility of these age extremes. Immunotherapy with whole body extract appears efficacious with both traditional and rush schedules finding utility among allergists. Both the mobility of the populace and the portability of imported fire ants have broadened the presence of both allergic patients and the ant itself among allergists previously unfamiliar with hypersensitive patients or the imported fire ant. Summary Recent work has focused on achieving more rapid protection in hypersensitive patients given the high sting attack rates in endemic area with sensitization occurring early in life among those exposed to the imported fire ant.
Hydrocarbon formation upon gamma radiolysis of H2CO mixtures in the presence of activated alumina surfaces

The formation of hydrocarbon products in the gamma radiolysis of a 3:1 hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture in the presence of a gamma alumina catalyst has been investigated at 250 torr (33.32 kPa) pressure over a temperature range of 196–363 K where no thermally initiated reaction was detected. The yields of all products were substantially increased over those in homogeneous radiolysis with alkane yields being increased about one order of magnitude while alkene yields increased 3–4 orders of magnitude. Yields for both alkane and alkene production decreased with increasing carbon number. The predominant products were carbon dioxide, ethylene, and propylene with G-values of 59, 11, and 3.8 at room temperature. Smaller yields (G<1) of butenes, pentenes, ethane, propane, butanes, and pentanes were found. As temperature was increased, yields of all hydrocarbon products increased, while the carbon dioxide yield diminished. The results suggest formation of higher hydrocarbon products via a stepwise mechanism with an incremental energy requirement for each additional CH2 group. The mechanism may involve the formation of formate structures on the alumina surfaces; carbon monoxide disproportionation to CO2 and C is not believed to be involved.
Incubation of sucrose craving: effects of reduced training and sucrose pre-loading

Time-dependent increases in cue-induced reward seeking after forced abstinence were described in rats with a history of cocaine or sucrose self-administration, suggesting reward craving incubates over time. In the present study, we examined the effects of reduced training experience, or sucrose pre-loading just prior to testing, on the incubation of sucrose craving. Sucrose seeking (responding in extinction and then for a sucrose-paired cue) increased over time in groups of rats that self-administered sucrose 6 h/day for 10 days and were tested at 1, 7, or 30 days of forced abstinence. We found that groups of rats that had self-administered 2 instead of 6 h/day showed a similar profile of responding. Incubation of sucrose craving was attenuated by free access to sucrose in home cages for 17 h immediately prior to testing assessed as extinction responding on days 1 and 30. However, this sucrose pre-loading had no effect on the time-dependent increase in responding for the sucrose-paired cue. In summary, reducing the training experience had no effect on the incubation of sucrose craving and free access to sucrose had only a limited effect-attenuating extinction responding. These results illustrate the strength of the incubation of craving and further suggest long-term changes in brain motivational circuitry following sucrose self-administration.
The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Cesarean Registry: safety and efficacy of a trial of labor in preterm pregnancy after a prior cesarean delivery.

Objective This study was undertaken to compare success rates of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) delivery, and uterine rupture as well as maternal/perinatal outcomes between women with preterm and term pregnancies undergoing trial of labor (TOL), and to compare maternal and neonatal morbidities in those women with preterm pregnancies undergoing a TOL versus repeat cesarean delivery without labor (RCD). Study design Prospective 4-year observational study of women with a singleton gestation and a prior cesarean delivery at 19 academic centers. Clinical characteristics, maternal complications and VBAC delivery success for those with a preterm (24 0 -36 6 weeks) TOL, preterm RCD and term TOL (≥37 weeks) were analyzed. Results Among 3119 preterm pregnancies with prior cesarean delivery, 2338 (75%) underwent a TOL. 15,331 women undergoing TOL at term were also analyzed as a control group. TOL success rates for preterm and term pregnancies were similar (72.8% vs 73.3%, P = .64). Rates of uterine rupture (0.34% vs 0.74%, P = .03) and dehiscence (0.26% vs 0.67%, P = .02) were lower in preterm compared with term TOL. Thromboembolic disease, coagulopathy and transfusion were more common in women undergoing a preterm TOL than those at term. Among women undergoing a preterm TOL, rates of uterine dehiscence, coagulopathy, transfusion, and endometritis were similar to those having a preterm RCD. After controlling for gestational age at delivery and race, neonatal outcomes such as Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, and ventilatory support were similar in both groups except for a higher rate of respiratory distress syndrome in those delivered after a TOL. Conclusion The likelihood of VBAC success after TOL in preterm pregnancies is comparable to term gestations, with a lower risk of uterine rupture. Perinatal outcomes are similar with preterm TOL and RCD. TOL should be considered as an option for women undergoing preterm delivery with a history of prior cesarean delivery.
All in Time: Age and the Temporality of Authenticity in the Straight-Edge Music Scene

Drawing on forty-seven ethnographic interviews, this article explores how “straight-edgers” (sXers)—participants in the hardcore music scene who abstain from alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, and promisc...
Effects of various inhibitors on hydrogen-air flame speeds

Abstract The effects of small amounts of eighty compounds (gases and vaporized liquids) on the flame speed of the fastest-burning hydrogen-air flame were measured. Those most effective in reducing the flame speed were hydrocarbons as a group, bromine-substituted hydrocarbons, several metallic chlorides, and iron carbonyl. Chlorine- and fluorine-substituted hydrocarbons were relatively ineffective. The effects of methane and ethylene on hydrogen-air flames were studied in detail as functions of hydrogen-air ratio, amount of additive up to four per cent, and preflame gas temperature. Both hydrocarbons reduced flame speeds more effectively in rich than in lean hydrogen-air mixtures.
The biphasic aPTT waveform to diagnose sepsis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

We tested the ability of the biphasic aPTT waveform to diagnosis sepsis in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The biphasic aPTT waveform (BPW), which results from rapid complexing of VLDL and C-reactive protein during aPTT testing, has demonstrated promise as an early diagnostic test for sepsis.
The platform‐driven organization

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on two key developments in the field of leadership that are significantly impacting organizations today. These two new developments are transforming businesses and non‐profit organizations alike. These new developments are: the creation of a new category of leadership called “leaders of leaders,” and the reemergence of the leadership tool called, “the platform,” as the cornerstone of organizations. The first finding of this article is that the “real” job description for a “leader of leaders” is very different from the job description of a “leader of followers.” This article explains that difference. Leaders of followers generally view their job as high level “problem solvers.” “Leaders of leaders” have a completely different job. They have the job of creating new, robust and enduring platforms that provide the organization a unique identity, can mold and direct large scale behavior within an organization and can address successfully large classes of problems. Most importantly, when a leader of leaders creates a platform, the leader must also create a feedback system so the platform can be improved on a continuous basis by input from those who are “on the ground” implementing the platform. The value of this article is that you can take the findings and immediately begin to implement some of the changes suggested in this article in your organization. You can transform your leaders into “leaders of leaders” and you can begin to create one or more “platforms” to improve your operations and organizational results.
Abstract 1458: Hyperthermia and radiotherapy in combination with curcumin prevent tumor cell migration and progression of breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL We have demonstrated that hyperthermia (HT)-induced nitric oxide regulates NF-kB, and that potentiates radiotherapy (RT)-induced breast cancer cell death. As a follow-up, in this study we investigated the efficacy of pharmacologically-safe bioactive curcumin (CUR) in combination with HT and therapeutic doses of radiation in regulating breast cancer progression. Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells were either mock-irradiated, exposed to 2Gy (IR), exposed to HT (43oC for 1 h) and /or treated with CUR in the presence or absence of radiation exposure. The treated/irradiated cells were examined for (i) transcriptional modulations of ninety three molecules that are directly involved in tumor invasion and metastasis; (ii) cellular localization of cMYC, p65, p53, MMP2 and MMP9; (iii) cellular migration; (iv) metabolic activity and (v) cell death. Compared to mock-IR control, QPCR profiling demonstrated a significant modulation of tumor invasion and metastasis molecules in IR exposed cells. Conversely, combinations like ‘HT with IR’, ‘CUR with IR’ or ‘CUR with HT’ robustly inhibited IR-induced and in parallel conferred IR suppressed tumor invasion and metastasis molecules in this setting. More importantly, CUR combined with both HT and IR significantly inhibited (through blocking seventy four genes) tumor invasion and metastasis molecules. Scratch wound assay demonstrated complete inhibition of tumor cell migration in CUR-HT-IR exposed cells as opposed to every stand alone and combinations investigated. Likewise, cytotoxic assay, MTT showed a significant cell killing with CUR-HT-IR exposure compared to all other groups. Furthermore, we observed significant and robust apoptotic characteristics in CUR-HT-IR exposed cells. These data together with our earlier report clearly demonstrate that CUR in combination with HT and IR may significantly inhibit breast cancer progression through combinatorial regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis molecules. The findings further imply that CUR may significantly enhance the IR dose reduction factor at least for the treatment of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1458. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1458
Rasch Analysis of Word Identification and Magnitude Estimation Scaling Responses in Measuring Naïve Listeners' Judgments of Speech Intelligibility of Children With Severe-to-Profound Hearing Impairments

Purpose Speech intelligibility research typically relies on traditional evidence of reliability and validity. This investigation used Rasch analysis to enhance understanding of the functioning and meaning of scores obtained with 2 commonly used procedures: word identification (WI) and magnitude estimation scaling (MES). Method Narrative samples of children with hearing impairments were used to collect data from listeners with no previous experience listening to or judging intelligibility of speech. WI data were analyzed with the Rasch rating scale model. MES data were examined with Rasch partial credit model when individual scales were unknown, and the Rasch rating scale model was used with reported individual scales. Results Results indicated that both procedures have high reliability and similar discriminatory power. However, reliability and separation were lower for MES when scales were unknown. Both procedures yielded similar speech sample ordering by their difficulty. However, sampling gaps were note...
Diagnosis and Current Management of Incompetent Perforator Veins

For nearly a century, surgeons have recognized that incompetent perforator veins (IPVs) likely play a role in the development of venous pathology. Although surgical management of IPVs has improved significantly since Linton first described his approach in 1938, little evidence exists that clearly defines the role of IPV interruption as a modern treatment for complicated venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. The purpose of this article is to review the literature in an attempt to clarify the role for IPV therapies as either adjunct or independent treatment for complicated venous insufficiency. Additionally, a summary of IPV diagnosis, patient selection, and current ablative therapies will hopefully serve as a guide for surgeons who manage venous disease.
An embedding theorem for finitely generated free metabelian groups

Abstract Using a construction due to Baumslag [2], we prove that a finitely generated free metabelian group can be embedded in a finitely presented metabelian group that is also residually nilpotent.
Framework retention for maxillary obturator prostheses.

Abstract An in vitro study was done to evaluate the relative effectiveness of clasp placement in specific obturator framework designs. Three commonly encountered defects were studied. These included (1) the antero-hemimaxillectomy, in which the only remaining dental support is from canine to second molar on one side; (2) the hemimaxillectomy, in which the defect extends the length of the midpalate to the mesial surface of the central incisor; and (3) the partial or posterior maxillectomy, in which all six anterior teeth remain along with all posterior teeth on the nondefect side. Three frameworks that demonstrated the following design characteristics were made for each cast: (1) full lingual plate with buccal retentive arms, (2) lingual retention with buccal reciprocation, and (3) buccal and lingual retention.
Adenovirus Structure as Revealed by X-Ray Crystallography, Electron Microscopy, and Difference Imaging

The three-dimensional structure of human type 2 adenovirus was studied by combining X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy in a novel way. The 2.9 A crystal structure of the major capsid protein, hexon, was positioned into a three-dimensional image reconstruction of the intact virus that was derived from cryo-electron micrographs. A three-dimensional difference map was generated by subtracting 240 copies of the crystallographic hexon from the density of the intact virus. This map revealed several minor structural proteins acting as "cement" to stabilize the assembly. The current state of structural knowledge concerning the location of the polypeptide components and the viral DNA is presented.
Where is under: From memories of instances to abstract featural concepts

Recent research on perceptual development in children and on concept development has resulted in a model of concept development: from iconic or integral percept/concept to featural or analytic. Findings from three experiments on comprehension of spatial prepositions by children are reported in this paper which are consistent with a three stage theory ofverbal concept development. The verbal concept as memories of instances is the earliest stage followed by verbal concept as iconic abstraction and last by the verbal concept as featural abstraction. All but 3 in a sample of 50 preschool children were dependent on extralinguistic reality for abstract-featural, concept use. The remaining 47 children displayed no evidence of having, in the absence of extralinguistic support, the semantic networks implied by their comprehension when it was supported by extralinguistic reality.
Can the eigenstates of a many-body hamiltonian Be represented exactly using a general two-body cluster expansion?

Using a general two-body exponential parametrization for the wave function, the Nakatsuji two-particle density equation [Phys. Rev. A 14, 41 (1976)] is transformed into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations in which the number of unknowns precisely equals the number of equations. Since the Nakatsuji two-particle density equation is equivalent to the time-independent Schr\"odinger equation for Hamiltonians containing up to two-body interactions, the answer to the title question is affirmative, provided the equations have solutions. Practical implications of the parametrization and possible approximation schemes are briefly discussed.
Local Price Variation and the Income Elasticity of Demand for Lottery Tickets

The cost of living varies as much across locations as it does over time. We demonstrate the importance of considering locational cost of living differences in empirical models of the demand for sta...
Fragrance material review on 2-methylundecanol

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-methylundecanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 2-Methylundecanol is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C 4 –C 12 carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains the information available on this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.
Probabilistic production costing for photovoltaics-utility systems with battery storage

This paper describes a methodology for calculating the production costing of an integrated photovoltaic-utility power system with battery storage. The methodology uses-long term historical data on solar radiation to calculate the probability density function (PDF) of the photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Once the PDF is calculated, PV can be treated as a multi-state unit in a utility system as conventional production costing techniques are applied. The proposed method is simple and easy to implement and numerical examples demonstrate its potential application in a utility system.
Manley-Rowe relation for power flow in a dispersive medium

A Manley-Rowe type of formula for powers flowing in a time- and space-dispersive medium is derived. The domain of validity of the proof is defined by reference to the assumed properties of the medium, and includes for example those of warm plasma.
Chemoselective Transfer of Allyl or Phenyl Group from Allyl(phenyl)germanes in Pd-Catalyzed Reactions with Aryl Halides.

The chemoselective Stille-like synthesis of the compounds (III) also gives the homocoupling by-products.
An Alternative Interpretation of the Relationship between Self-Concept and Mathematics Achievement: Comparison of Chinese and US Students as a Context.

Abstract The paradoxical findings about students’ mathematics self-concept and academic achievement shown in international and comparative studies prompt this exploration of the function and development of mathematics self-concept. That is, when examining data within individual countries, a positive relationship exists between students’ self-concept and achievement in mathematics while a negative relationship emerges in cross-country comparisons. This challenges the popular and commonly held assumption among North American teachers who generally believe that self-concept predicts student achievement and thus, the improvement of students’ self-concept in mathematics leads to higher mathematics achievement. Using comparative studies of Chinese and US student mathematics learning, this study further analyses the inadequacy of existing theories and then seeks to explain the relationship between self-concept and achievement in mathematics using an alternative interpretation.
Simple evolutionary pathways to complex proteins

A recent paper in this journal has challenged the idea that complex adaptive features of proteins can be explained by known molecular, genetic, and evolutionary mechanisms. It is shown here that the conclusions of this prior work are an artifact of unwarranted biological assumptions, inappropriate mathematical modeling, and faulty logic. Numerous simple pathways exist by which adaptive multi-residue functions can evolve on time scales of a million years (or much less) in populations of only moderate size. Thus, the classical evolutionary trajectory of descent with modification is adequate to explain the diversification of protein functions.
Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities: XXV. comparison of the effect of one radiation fraction per day with multiple fractions per day (MFD) given either continuously or intermittently on tumor response and normal tissue reaction☆

A series of experimental studies has been carried out to assess the relationship between the effectiveness of tumor control, normal tissue reaction and median survival following different radiation fractionation schedules on the solid tumor model 3924A in the ACI rat. The total radiation dose of 7500 rad and the dose per fraction of 250 rad were held constant. Tumor control and life expectancy improved with 250 rad given continuously as multiple fractions per day (MFD) (1, 2 and 3 fractions per day over 30-, 15- and 10-day periods, respectively). However, the maximum acute skin reaction surrounding the tumor was greater for MFD given continuously than for single daily fractions. We have also completed studies of the therapeutic effectiveness of MFD given intermittently at 11-day intervals. Tumor control following MFD given intermittently was comparable to that following the daily fraction schedule given continuously, and the normal tissue reaction was acceptable at a total radiation dose of 7500 rad. Experimental and clinical results in head and neck cancer indicate that large total radiation doses in the order of 7000 rad given as continuous MFD are associated with unacceptable normal tissue reaction. However, these clinical and experimental results also indicate that large total radiation doses can be given as MFD intermittently and effectively used in cancer management. The marked superiority of alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy in obtaining a tumor cure rate of greater than or equal to 50% in our experimental system and the superiority of alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy in extensive Hodgkin's disease (complete response rate--87%) over chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy alone, or the two modalities given together or as split course provides the clinical and experimental basis for the development of more effective protocols in the treatment of tumors responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A complete response rate of 78% in patients with head and neck cancer, and a complete response rate of 89% in patients with limited small cell carcinoma of the lung using alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy indicate that it is now possible to proceed rapidly in clinical protocol design for these two additional tumors responsive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
The diagnosis and treatment of hidden depression.

Depression should not be too difficult either to diagnose or to treat. The characteristic symptoms—depressed affect, psychomotor retardation, vegetative signs, ideas of suicide and worthlessness—are straightforward and easy to recognize. The procedures for combining antidepressant medication and psychotherapy are well understood and usually effective. Yet, clinicians tend to miss the diagnosis with distressing regularity. Part of the problem is that the symptoms are not always characteristic. Depression often comes in atypical or hidden forms that confound the diagnostician. But even if the disguise is penetrated, the psychiatrist is apt to conclude that, because the symptoms are “soft,” the depression is “reactive” and should be treated by psychotherapy alone, even when there are underlying biological determinants. My purpose here is to discuss several typical cases of atypical or hidden depression that have been successfully treated by combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. We shall be on the lookout for historical, characterological, and symptomatic clues that tip off the diagnosis and suggest a combined etiology and a role for combined treatment.
Chromium (III)-nucleotide complexes as probes of the guanosine 5'-triphosphate-induced microtubule assembly.

Cr(III)GTP is shown to promote assembly of microtubules that are indistinguishable from those assembled using MgGTP. The rate of assembly using Cr(III)GTP is faster than the rate of assembly using MgGTP. The action of Cr(III)GTP is not due to dissociation of GTP from Cr(III)GTP. Microtubules assembled using [8-14C]Cr(III)GTP are shown to bind 0.55 mol of 14C label per mol of tubulin dimer. This is comparable to [8-14C]GTP binding under identical conditions. The distribution of 14C label is shown to be 55% Cr(III)GTP, 30% GDP, and 15% Cr(III)GDP. Microtubules assembled using Cr(III)GTP have marked resistance to calcium depolymerization but are readily depolymerized by exposure to cold. Two possible models for calcium-induced depolymerization are discussed. Neither Cr(III)ATP nor Cr(III)GDP was found to support assembly. Cr(III)ATP was found to inhibit ATP- and UTP-induced assembly but not GTP- or ITP-induced assembly. This is discussed in terms of the nucleoside diphosphokinase postulated to shuttle phosphoryl groups from nucleoside-5′-triphosphates to GDP, thereby supporting assembly indirectly.
Trane/Ingersoll Rand Combines Lean and Operations Research Tools to Redesign Feeder Manufacturing Operations

Trane U.S. Inc., a brand of Ingersoll Rand, is a leading global provider of indoor comfort systems and services. It provides service, parts, and financial solutions to commercial and residential customers worldwide. In this paper, we showcase results of combining classic lean techniques, such as value stream mapping, with operations research analytics, including statistical and simulation modeling, to dramatically improve the manufacturing of a problematic feeder component assigned to a dedicated manufacturing process. We first used value stream mapping to visualize the process and develop an overall lean strategy for the manufacturing cell. We then used regression analysis to express the relationship between numerous product attributes and improvement opportunities. Finally, we developed simulation models to assess the effectiveness of process changes on cell performance under a wide range of demand and processing conditions prevalent at the plant. Process improvement recommendations presented to Trane management included 1 a redesigned material strategy, 2 a new cell layout, and 3 a one-piece product flow. In combination, these improvements facilitate a 13 percent throughput improvement, 50 percent cycle-time reduction, and higher cell efficiency that led to projected recurring savings of more than $700,000 per year.
Optimal Start-up of Micro Power Generation Processes

uel cell based systems are a promising alternative to batteries in man-portable power generation applications. These micro power generation processes must operate fully autonomously and automatically without the intervention of operators. Operational considerations are indeed so important that they influence the optimal design, following the paradigm of interaction of design and operation. This paper presents a methodology for the simultaneous optimization of design and operation of such systems. We illustrate the methodology with two case studies, focusing on the start-up procedure. A small rechargeable battery is necessary to satifsy the power demand during the start-up while the device temperature is too low for power generation. The optimization problem is formulated as minimization of the mass of fuel and battery required to heat the device up to operating temperature.
Neurons express hemoglobin α‐ and β‐chains in rat and human brains

Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier in vertebrate blood erythrocytes. Here we report that hemoglobin chains are expressed in mammalian brain neurons and are regulated by a mitochondrial toxin. Transcriptome analyses of laser-capture microdissected nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats and striatal neurons in mice revealed the presence of hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 2 (Hba-a2) and hemoglobin beta (Hbb) transcripts, whereas other erythroid markers were not detected. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed the expression of Hba-a2 and Hbb in nigral dopaminergic neurons, striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and cortical pyramidal neurons in rats. Combined in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry with the neuronal marker neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) in rat brain further confirmed the presence of hemoglobin mRNAs in neurons. Immunohistochemistry identified hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains in both rat and human brains, and hemoglobin proteins were detected by Western blotting in whole rat brain tissue as well as in cultures of mesencephalic neurons, further excluding the possibility of blood contamination. Systemic administration of the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone (2 mg/kg/d, 7d, s.c.) induced a marked decrease in Hba-a2 and Hbb but not neuroglobin or cytoglobin mRNA in transcriptome analyses of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the transcriptional downregulation of Hba-a2 and Hbb in nigral, striatal, and cortical neurons. Thus, hemoglobin chains are expressed in neurons and are regulated by treatments that affect mitochondria, opening up the possibility that they may play a novel role in neuronal function and response to injury.
Acetone Trimethysilyl Enol Ether

Acetone trimethysilyl enol ether product: silyl enol ether of acetone Keywords: metalation reactions, magnesium; silylation; acetonitrile; sodium iodide; triethylamine
Critical periods of increased fetal vulnerability to a maternal high fat diet

Fetal adaptations to high fat (HF) diet in utero (IU) that may predispose to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in adulthood include changes in fetal hepatic gene expression. Studies were performed to determine whether maternal exposure to HF diet at different stages during pregnancy had different effects on the fetus, including hepatic gene expression. Female wild type mice were fed either a HF or breeding chow (C) for 2 wks prior to mating. The experimental groups were composed of embryonic day (e) 18.5 fetuses obtained from WT female mice that were fed HF (HF, 35.5% fat) or breeding chow (C, 9.5% fat) for 2 wk before mating until e9.5 of pregnancy (periconception-midpregnancy). At e9.5 dams were switched to the opposite diet (C-HF or HF-C). Exposure to HF diet throughout pregnancy reduced maternal weight gain compared to C diet (p < 0.02 HF vs. C). HF-C dams had significantly decreased adiponectin levels and litter size when compared to C-HF (p < 0.02 HF-C vs C-HF). Independent of the timing of exposure to HF, fetal weight and length were significantly decreased when compared to C diet (HF, C-HF and HF-C vs. C p < 0.02). HF diet during the second half of pregnancy increased expression of genes in the fetal liver associated with fetal growth (C-HF vs C p < 0.001), glucose production (C-HF vs C p < 0.04), oxidative stress and inflammation (C-HF vs C p < 0.01) compared to C diet. This model defines that there are critical periods during gestation in which the fetus is actively shaped by the environment. Early exposure to a HF diet determines litter size while exposure to HF during the second half of pregnancy leads to dysregulation of expression of key genes responsible for fetal growth, hepatic glucose production and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the importance of future studies designed to clarify how these critical periods may influence future risk of developing MetS later in life.
Efficient Channel Assignment under Dynamic Source Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks

The channel assignment problem is one of the most important issues in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Under a SINR-driven model, we consider channel assignments in a network using dynamic source routing (DSR). In this unicasting model, channel assignments are conducted in a relatively small scale of nodes, which are on the chosen route. In addition, we can make use of the route reply (RREP) message in DSR to estimate the SINR and the maximum data transmission rate of nodes on the chosen route. In this way, the source node can conduct the channel assignment in a more efficient way. We propose two algorithms for the single route and multi-route channel assignments, where the multi-route scheme uses alternative nodes to help transmitting. We give a complexity analysis of two algorithms and an extension of reducing complexity for the multi-route channel assignment algorithm. Finally, we conduct simulations of our two algorithms under networks with different densities and show that the performance of our algorithms is efficient.
Analysis of query matching criteria and resource monitoring models for grid application scheduling

Making effective use of computational grids requires scheduling grid applications onto resources that best match them. Resource-related state (e.g., load, availability, and location), and demand-related state (number and distribution of application resource requests) influences scheduling decision success. The scale of the grid makes collecting and maintaining detailed up-to-date state information for all resources and requests impractical. Thus, concurrent distributed schedulers must make scheduling decisions based on incomplete resource state information. In this paper, we evaluate the effect that the criteria for selecting scheduling matches have on the success of scheduling decisions. We focus on three criteria: information freshness, resource distance from requesters, and past behavior. We evaluate the quality of the schedule for various resource monitoring models, grid load models, and grid overlay topologies. Among our findings is the counter-intuitive result that favoring freshness can sometimes harm overall system performance; a combination of resource distance and past scheduling success performs best. We also evaluate a pure resource state pull model with caching, and discover that pro-actively pushing dynamic state information to schedulers is beneficial.