cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of variation in output rate from aerosol generators

Abstract A method for the measurement of variation in output rate from aerosol generators is described. It may be used with solid particles or liquid droplets and employs a fluorescent tracer sampled on a revolving drum. The drum is then set up under a microscope illuminated with u.v. light and the density of deposit over a period of time is measured by means of a photo-cell connected to a chart recorder. Measurement of areas under the trace for a series of identical time periods enables the coefficient of variation in output rate to be calculated. The method has been used to determine variation in output rate over periods as short as 5 sec.
Outcomes in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (ICM) Post-Heart Transplant (HT) by Era

Purpose Pre-HT diagnosis of ICM has become less prevalent over time in large part due to advances in revascularization leading to more advanced presentations at time of HT. We sought to study survival by era in this population. Methods and Materials 39759 HT recipients (exclusions included age Results 19087 (48%) pts were ischemic (Era 1-1987-94: 6107 (52%); Era 2-1995-99: 4703 (52%); Era 3-2000-2004: 3696 (47%); Era 4-2005-11: 4581 (41%). Age and diabetes increased by era (p Figure 1 by ICM (A); era & ICM (B-D). Unadjusted HR (CI) for all-cause mortality (as compared to era 1) was era 2 [0.84 (0.80-0.89)]; era 3 [0.75 (0.71-0.79)] & era 4 [0.67 (0.62-0.72)]. After adjustment, all-cause mortality (as compared to era 1) was era 2 [0.71 (0.67-0.76)]; era 3 [0.61 (0.56-0.65)] & era 4 [0.53 (0.48-0.58)]. Conclusions Post HT survival improves by era in ICM pts despite increasing pt complexity (i.e. increased Status 1 pts, prior cardiac surgery, older age, diabetes, and increased VAD use).
Experiments on Phase Separation of Dilute Dispersions of Coalescing Drops

Experiments were performed to elucidate the effects of simultaneous buoyancy-driven sedimentation and coalescence on the drop-size distribution and phase separation of small drops of 1,2-propanediol dispersed in dibutyl sebacate. The phase-separation rate and average drop size were observed to initially increase due to coalescence, and then to decrease due to the larger drops settling out of the dispersion. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on inhomogeneous population dynamics equations and collision kernals which account for pairwise hydrodynamic interactions and van der Waals attractions.
Load interaction effects on fatigue crack propagation in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Abstract Variable amplitude fatigue studies have been conducted within a linear-elastic fracture mechanics framework in order to systematically examine the effect of complex loading on fatigue crack retardation in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. Complex loading conditions were simulated by introducing a second tensile or compressive peak load after the crack had extended various distances, a' , into the region affected by a previously applied high load excursion. Maximum interaction between single peak overloads resulted when the two peak load cycles were separated by a small distance, a' min , where the fatigue crack propagation rate resulting from a single overload reached a minimum. This behavior was attributed in part to interference of tensile displacements produced during the first peak load cycle which was verified from fractographic observations. Crack growth rate retardation was related also to the development of a favorable compressive residual stress at the crack tip. Peak loads were found to act as completely isolated events only when they were separated by a distance approximately three times the plastic zone size resulting from a single overload. Comparable findings resulted when 10 cycle block overloads were employed in place of single peak excursions. When a single peak overload was followed by a compressive cycle, retardation was found to decrease to a minimum; however, when the loading sequence was reversed, the effect was less damaging. In addition, as the distance between positive and negative peak loads was increased, the number of delay cycles quickly approached that associated with a single high load excursion.
The Survival Motor Neuron protein forms soluble glycine zipper oligomers

Summary The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein forms the oligomeric core of a multiprotein complex that functions in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis. Loss of function mutations in the SMN gene cause spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Nearly half of the known SMA patient missense mutations map to the SMN YG-box, a highly conserved oligomerization domain of unknown structure that contains a (YxxG) 3 motif. Here, we report that the SMN YG-box forms helical oligomers similar to the glycine zippers found in transmembrane channel proteins. A network of tyrosine-glycine packing between helices drives formation of soluble YG-box oligomers, providing a structural basis for understanding SMN oligomerization and for relating defects in oligomerization to the mutations found in SMA patients. These results have important implications for advancing our understanding of SMN function and glycine zipper-mediated helix-helix interactions.
Stochastic Programming Models for Decreasing Risk Aversion

For a stochastic programming problem with simple recourse, we show how to formulate and analyze a model that encodes the common risk attitude of decreasing risk aversion. We discuss a class of linear fractional utility functions that represent this risk attitude and show that for such a utility function the resulting nonlinear model can be reduced to a linear programming model. The linear model, moreover, has only a slight percentage increase in the number of constraints as compared with the usual linear model representing risk neutrality.
Basaltic breccias of the Clipperton fracture zone (east Pacific): sedimentation and tectonics in a fast-slipping oceanic transform

Investigations of the Clipperton transform fault, a fast-slipping (11 cm/yr) transform plate boundary offsetting the East Pacific Rise, indicate that the most common types of rocks occurring in this setting comprise a distinctive suite of sedimentary breccias and mudstones. These rocks occur within a narrow (<5 km wide) domain of rugged terrain inferred to be the surface expression of strike-slip faulting. The sedimentary breccias are composed of angular basaltic clasts set in a fine-grained matrix of very angular basaltic mineral and glass fragments and a subordinate amount of their altered equivalents. The mudstones consist of material similar to the breccia matrix but also include a small amount of pelagic carbonate. These sediments represent the deposits of small, active debris-fan systems located at the base of slopes flanking the elongate, transform-parallel basins of the region. The active mass wasting and breccia formation occur in young crust as it passes through the transform fault domain. The sediments are the products of physical and chemical disintegration and tectonic abrasion of basaltic crust, initially formed at the ridge-transform intersections. Most of the fine-grained fraction consists of rock flour, formed by frictional movement along fault surfaces and shear fractures. Its abundance reflects the high strain rates of this fast-slipping transform fault. As a result of differential vertical movements of crustal blocks, associated with wrench tectonics, these sediments undergo multiple cycles of erosion and redeposition. As sections of the floor of the transform valley escape into the aseismic limbs of the fracture zone, the breccias and mudstones an preserved in the basal sedimentary stratigraphy of the oceanic crust. These distinctive assemblages may serve as indicators of oceanic crust from transform fault zones expose in some ophiolites.
Electronic effects on the reactivity of copper mono-bipyridine complexes

Abstract Electronic effects on the synthesis, structure and reactivity of copper 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) complexes of formula [Cu(4,4′-R2-2,2′-bipyridine)]Cl2, where R = Cl, CH3, OCH3, and [Cu(4,4′-R2-2,2′-bipyridine)](NO3)2, where R = NO2, Cl, are reported. Pure complexes were formed, as shown by elemental analysis, for mono bpy Cu complexes when bpy ligands with groups R = Cl, CH3 or OCH3 were pre-dissolved in chloroform and added to methanol solution of CuCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio (compounds 1–3). Mono bpy Cu complexes were obtained when bpy ligands with groups R = Cl and NO2 were pre-dissolved in THF and added to methanol solution of Cu(NO3)2 in a 1:1 molar ratio (compounds 4 and 5). Under the same conditions, for R = OCH3 the bis bipyridine complex [Cu(4,4′-(OCH3)2-2,2′-bipyridine)2(NO3)](NO3) (6) was formed. Suitable crystals of 4 and 6·CH3OH for X-ray analysis were formed by the slow evaporation of solvent. The main electronic effect for the catalytic hydrolysis of methyl parathion by Cu(4,4′-R2-2,2-bipyridine)2+(aq), where R = Cl, H and CH3, was a shift in the acid dissociation constant of coordinated water and a small increase in the second order rate constant, k2, measured at pH 9.1.
Concentration profiles of NH and OH in a stoichiometric CH4/N2O flame by laser excited fluorescence and absorption

Abstract The concentration profiles of NH and OH were measured in an atmospheric pressure, premixed, laminar CH4/N2O flame over a porous-plug, flat flame burner. Relative profiles were obtained by laser excited fluorescence for both compounds and normalized by laser absorption at a single point for NH. The OH concentration was high enough to allow absorption measurements at several points for comparison with fluorescence results. The steeply rising portions of the profiles occur at about the same height above the burner, but the NH is confined to the primary reaction zone, while the OH decay extends into the burnt gases. The OH decay was analyzed using a simple rate law. The results and comparisons with previous results in CH4/air flames are discussed briefly. Brief studies of the peak NH concentration in CH4/air, CH4/NO, H2/NO and H2/N2O flames were made in order to elucidate the flame chemistry.
Neuron numbers and volume of the amygdala in subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

Background Growing evidence supports a pivotal role for the amygdala in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). However, the occurrence of morphologic changes in the amygdala is currently controversial. Methods Total number and numeric density of neurons, neuronal somata size, and volume of the lateral (LN), basal (BN), accessory basal (ABN), and cortical (CO) nuclei of the amygdala were measured in 12 normal control, 10 BD, and 16 SZ subjects. Results In BD subjects, reductions of total numbers (41.1%; p = .01) and numeric densities of neurons (14.5%, p = .01), as well as volume (29.0%; p = .01), were detected in LN. Density of neurons was also decreased in ABN of the same subjects (20.8%; p = .0005). These changes were not related to antipsychotics or lithium salt exposure. In SZ subjects, a decrease of total numbers of neurons was detected in LN (23.6%; p = .04). This effect was no longer significant once exposure to antipsychotics was taken into account. Conclusions These findings offer structural evidence for an involvement of the amygdala in BD. Consequent loss of amygdalar function may account for abnormalities in emotion processing typical of BD subjects. In contrast, changes in SZ were limited and may have been induced by pharmacologic treatment.
Fast Transient Security Assessment

The growth of large interconnected power systems demands a high degree of security for normal operation. This requirement emerges from the fact that the possible disturbances in large power systems could have catastrophic results. Therefore it is the duty of power system control center to retain the operating point within secure boundaries. In order to control the security of system, one has to monitor and analyze the level of system security and enhance it in case it does not fulfill the system security requirement. The pattern recognition technique which is proposed in this paper is a method suitable for fast, on-line security assessment. Most of the literature in this area concerns the use of steady state variables for identification pruposes; the use of transient measurements, however, has been found to be better suited for the fast classification of operating points with minimal error. One of the salient conclusions of this paper is that the pattern recognition technique is a serious candidate for on-line applications. This favorable conclusion is based on the inclusion of transient state variables in the feature vector. The main objective of the pattern recognition method in transient security assessment is to reduce the computational requirement to a minimum. This is done at the expense of elaborate off-line computations. The classical methodology of pattern recognition consists of defining a pattern vector x whose components consist of all significant variables of the system.
CdTe films by Elemental Vapor Transport

The electro-optical properties of CdTe films deposited by Elemental Vapor Transport (EVT) are being investigated. The EVT process, unlike most processes currently used for the deposition of CdTe thin films, allows for the creation of excess Cd or excess Te conditions during the deposition, which can be used to influence the formation of defects and improve doping in CdTe. Using resistivity measurements, it has been demonstrated that the Cd/Te ratio used during the deposition process influences the incorporation of Cu in CdTe. Photoluminescence measurements have shown that the Cd/Te ratio also influences the formation of defect complexes in CdTe. Junctions formed with CdS suggest that the conductivity of CdTe can be adjusted p- or n-type by creating Te or Cd-rich conditions respectively. Structurally, the EVT-CdTe films have been found to be densely packed and highly oriented.
Building ‘Euro-Regions’ Locational Politics and the Political Geography of Neoliberalism in Post-Unification Germany

Against the background of recent debates on state spatial restructuring in the European Union (EU), this article elaborates a critical geographical interpretation of the contemporary debate on loca...
Developing a service catalog for higher education information technology services

Customers of Information Technology Services at Hobart and William Smith Colleges need to quickly and easily access information and ask for help when needed. With this principle in mind, we redesigned the IT Services Web site and list of services to integrate and simplify the categorization and description of the three main types of information we provide to customers:- What services we provide- How to request the services or get instructions- Where to get helpFor this project, we had a small team head the planning and coordination for the rest of the department's collaboration in creating, updating, and reviewing materials.We started by consulting a core group of customers for opinions on what worked well (e.g. types of content available) and what did not work well (e.g. organization, masses of text, and jargon) in the previous rendition of our site and service list, then developed our goals from the findings: Make it simpleMake it searchableMake it actionableMake it in regular languageWith these goals in mind, we collected, evaluated, and recreated the existing list of services into a standardized catalog of services, each with links to instructions and request forms or contact information for guidance or assistance. The result of our efforts is a customer-oriented, clean, and searchable catalog of services that appropriately sets expectations. This all prepares us to successfully accomplish the department's mission of providing the Colleges with timely, high-quality, and cost-effective information technology services and solutions that support all aspects of the mission of the institution.
Postural and eye-blink indices of the defensive startle reflex

Postural and eye-blink reactions to acoustic startle probes were examined in 24 volunteers, who completed two blocked conditions (baseline, startle). A postural reaction during the startle condition demonstrated a reflexive movement in the anterior-posterior direction, which was not observed during the baseline condition. This reflexive response was positively associated with the eye-blink reflex, such that larger blink magnitude related to greater posterior movement. These findings were not observed for postural movements in the medial-lateral direction. The results suggest that a measurable postural reaction may be observed following a startling acoustic stimulus, which may reflect generalized bodily flexion associated with a preparatory behavioral response.
Design and implementation of a frequency-aware wireless video communication system

In an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system, data bits carried by each subcarrier are not delivered at an equal error probability due to the effect of multipath fading. The effect can be exploited to provide unequal error protections (UEP) to wireless data by carefully mapping bits into subcarriers. Previous works have shown that this frequency-aware approach can improve the throughput of wireless data delivery significantly over conventional frequency-oblivious approaches. We are inspired to explore the frequency-aware approach to improve the quality of wireless streaming, where video frames are naturally not of equal importance. In this work, we present FAVICS, a Frequency-Aware Video Communication System. In particular, we propose three techniques in FAVICS to harvest the frequency-diversity gain. First, FAVICS employs a searching algorithm to identify and provide reliable subcarrier information from a receiver to the transmitter. It effectively reduces the channel feedback overhead and decreases the network latency. Second, FAVICS uses a series of special bit manipulations at the MAC layer to counter the effects that alter the bits-to-subcarrier mapping at the PHY layer. In this way, FAVICS does not require any modifications to wireless PHY and can benefit existing wireless systems immediately. Third, FAVICS adopts a greedy algorithm to jointly deal with channel dynamics and frequency diversity, and thus can further improve the system performance. We prototype an end-to-end system on a software defined radio (SDR) platform that can stream video real-time over wireless medium. Our extensive experiments across a range of wireless scenarios demonstrate that FAVICS can improve the PSNR of video streaming by 5~10 dB.
The nature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strand transfers

The diploid nature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suggests that recombination serves a central function in virus replication and evolution. A system was developed to examine HIV-1 strand transfers, including the obligatory DNA primer strand transfers as well as recombinational crossovers during reverse transcription. Sequence heterogeneity between different strains of HIV-1 was exploited for examining primer transfer events. Both intra- and intermolecular primer transfers were observed at similar frequencies during minus-strand DNA synthesis, whereas primer transfers during plus-strand DNA synthesis were primarily intramolecular. Sequence analysis of long terminal repeats from progeny proviruses also revealed a high rate of homologous recombination during minus-strand synthesis, corresponding to an overall rate of approximately three crossovers per HIV-1 genome per cycle of replication. These results imply that both viral genomic RNAs serve as templates during HIV-1 reverse transcription and that primer strand transfers and recombination may contribute substantially to the rapid genetic variation of HIV-1.
Institutional Profile: Program in Pharmacogenomics at the Ohio State University Medical Center

Established in 2002, the Ohio State University Medical Center Program in Pharmacogenomics, lead by Wolfgang Sadee, is comprised of nearly 50 members dedicated to the discovery, investigation and translation of genetic biomarkers with the primary goal of advancing personalized healthcare. This article describes the research teams, bioinformatics infrastructure, supporting laboratories and Centers for Personalized Healthcare and for Clinical and Translational Science, current molecular genetic studies, translational and clinical pharmacogenomic studies, examples of biomarkers under development, and the future directions of the program.
Toward a phenomenological dialogue

This review details differences between a phenomenological and a psychologized dialogue. The implications of this distinction provide a critique of and alternative to psychologized communication concepts: metaperspectives of “self,”; empathy, and self‐actualization. A phenomenological dialogue, when not equated with the psychologized version of dialogue, provides an alternative to traditional subject/object paradigms of human communication.
A Dynamic Systems Approach to Writing Assessment in Students with Language Learning Problems

Speech-language pathologists have not typically included writing as part of instructional or intervention goals. This omission may be related to the sparse research data on writing development in children with a language learning disability (LLD). Like reading and spelling, writing results from complex interactions among the linguistic and discourse systems and changes over time from an oral style of communication to a more literate style. One purpose of this article is to describe individual differences in the phases of writing development, drawing on examples from students who are typically developing, and those with an LLD. Special emphasis is given to the differentiation of audience and syntactic choices during the school-age years as critical elements in communicating the “writer's voice.” Using an illustrative case study of a 10-year-old, the second purpose is to demonstrate how school-based writing samples can serve as a dynamic tool for analysis of interactions among the linguistic and discourse systems. The multiple levels addressed include genre knowledge, concept of audience, clausal and nonclausal complexity, spelling, and punctuation. A major assessment issue is whether the writing problems of individual students stem from an unrecognized LLD, instructional inadequacies, or both factors. Suggestions are offered for better meeting individual needs through combining explicit strategy instruction for composing and self-regulation with explicit linguistic strategies that enhance semantic and syntactic options in writing.
Arab reference sources: a comparative review

Purpose – This comparative review of contemporary reference sources and websites aims to help information professionals identify the most reliable sources on this topic.Design/methodology/approach – The titles were selected by an academic Reference Librarian and ESL teacher with experience teaching Arab students in an academic setting.Findings – Six sources are reviewed, with information professionals in mind, for relevance, currency, and balance.Originality/value – A comparative review of several sources makes the review search process simpler for busy professionals.
Evidence for the ability of hippocampal neurons to develop acute tolerance to ethanol in behaving rats.

Abstract Background: The cellular mechanisms underlying acute tolerance to alcohol are unclear. This study aimed to determine whether hippocampal neurons have the ability to develop acute tolerance to alcohol in behaving rats. Methods: Intrahippocampal microdialysis was performed in freely behaving rats, and the firing of single neurons in the dialysis area was recorded. The control microdialysis fluid, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), was replaced with 1 M ethanol in ACSF for a 30 min period. One hour later, the ethanol perfusion was repeated. To test the functional integrity of the microdialysis probe in situ, each microdialysis session was completed with recording the effect of a 10–20 min perfusion of 500 μM N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA). The extracellular concentration profile of ethanol during intrahippocampal microdialysis with 1 M ethanol was estimated in a separate study in anesthetized rats. The ethanol content was measured in tissue slices surrounding the probe with gas chromatography (GC), and the generated data were analyzed with a mathematical model for microdialysis to estimate the concentration of ethanol at the recording site. Results: The predominant effect of the first intrahippocampal microdialysis with ethanol was a decrease in firing rate in both pyramidal cells and interneurons. In contrast, such firing rate decrease did not develop during the second ethanol perfusion. Subsequent NMDA perfusion still induced robust changes in the electrical activity of the neurons. The estimated extracellular ethanol concentration at the recording site was 45–70 mM. Conclusion: This study revealed that hippocampal neurons have the ability to develop acute tolerance to a single exposure of clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol in behaving rats, without influences from the rest of the body.
A Diagnosis of the Seasonally and Longitudinally Varying Midlatitude Circulation Response to Global Warming

AbstractZonal-mean or basin-mean analyses often conclude that the midlatitude circulation will undergo a poleward shift with global warming. In this study, the models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project are used to provide a detailed examination of midlatitude circulation change as a function of longitude and season. The two-dimensional vertically integrated momentum budget is used to identify the dominant terms that maintain the anomalous surface wind stress, thereby allowing a distinction between features that are maintained by high-frequency eddies and those that involve changes in the lower-frequency or stationary flow.In the zonal mean, in each season and hemisphere there is a poleward shifting of the midlatitude surface wind stress, primarily maintained by high-frequency transient eddies. This is not necessarily the case locally. In the Southern Hemisphere, for the most part, the interpretation of the response as being a high-frequency eddy-driven poleward shifting of the midla...
Olfactory system damage in rats and emotional, muricidal, and rat pup killing behavior

Long-Evans female rats were subjected to a variety of olfactory-system lesions and compared with septally damaged and operated-control Ss in terms of handling characteristics, muricidal behavior, and behavior toward rat pups. Damage to the olfactory bulb rostral to the frontal poles resulted in increased mouse killing without changes in E-directed behavior. Additional damage under the frontal lobes increased both emotional behavior and mouse killing. Olfactory tubercle damage unaccompanied by olfactory bulb removal failed to produce either increased emotionality or mouse killing. A trend toward an increase in rat pup killing was noted in rats sustaining olfactory bulb damage. Finally, rats with septal damage, although extremely difficult to handle, did not display increased muricidal behavior.
The effect of moisture on the charge at the interface between solids and organic liquids

Abstract The zeta potential of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO was measured in a series of organic liquids having different donicities. Emphasis was placed on understanding the effect of moisture present on the powder surface or in the liquid. Moisture was found to shift the surface donicity of solids, with the exception of MgO. The interaction could be divided into three regions along the donicity scale: (1) Region I—the solid acts as a donor, (2) Region II—the water-sensitive region, and (3) Region III—the solid acts as an acceptor. In the water-sensitive region, moisture reverses the charge on the solid surface and shifts the donicity of the surface, making it more basic. The effect of moisture was interpreted on the basis of the density of occupied and unoccupied states on the solid surface. The shift in surface donicity due to moisture could be estimated with reasonable accuracy.
Low-order anharmonic contributions to the internal energy of the one-component plasma

We present precise calculations of the second-order cubic and first-order quartic anharmonic contributions to the internal energy of the one-component plasma (OCP), which are then used with available computer-simulation data to estimate the size of higher-order anharmonic effects. We show that in both the zero-temperature and high-temperature limits the OCP is very harmonic. At zero temperature, we find that the two lowest-order anharmonic contributions are the largest anharmonic contributions, and of the two the second-order cubic contribution is nearly three times the first-order quartic. At high temperatures, we find that the second-order cubic contribution is about twice that of the first-order quartic, but their combined contribution to the internal energy is small compared with our estimate of the next-order anharmonic terms.
The ‘West Bank of the Drina’: land allocation and ethnic engineering in Republika Srpska

The Bosnian war was driven by fantasies of geopolitical and demographic engineering which led to ethnic cleansing and the separation of Bosnia's ethnic qua national communities from each other. The post-war peace opened up the possibility of returns, most especially the politically sensitive cross-boundary return of Bosniaks to their old homes in Republika Srpska and Serbs to the residences in Bosnian Federation. This article considers one response of Bosnian Serb nationalist forces to returns, namely the strategy of distributing land plots to displaced Serbs to preserve the demographic consequences of ethnic cleansing. This study draws upon semi-structured fieldwork interviews with international and local officials in Republika Srpska to contextualize the policy within former Yugoslav norms, post-war Bosnian Serb politics and international community governance in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Implantation of Hormonal Substances in the Anterior Chamber of the Eye of Rats.

SummaryPellets of testosterone propionate, stilbestrol, pregnant mare serum, and progesterone implanted in the anterior chamber of the eye of rats produced effects characteristic of each particular substance.
Transfer of sulfur to biotin from biotin synthase (BioB protein).

In biotin synthase reactions carried out in vitro, we observed efficient transfer of 35S to biotin from partially purified E. coli biotin synthase (product of the bioB gene) labelled by biosynthetic incorporation of [35S]-cysteine. Mass spectrometry was consistent with covalent alteration of the protein in the assay. These results suggest that BioB protein is a reagent, not a catalyst.
Rate of return regulation and vertical integration under uncertainty

Abstract Regulation, vertical integration, demand uncertainty, and risk aversion are combined into a single model. Under quite reasonable conditions, it is possible to show that the output of the integrated firm in the regulated stage will be greater than that of the corresponding nonintegrated firm. Implications for public policy are also discussed.
Resolving the Tension Between Population Health and Individual Health Care

Health care in the United States is far costlier than in any other country, yet its outcomes, while improving, are worsening relative to other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1 Perhaps the de facto organizing principle for US health care—approaching each patient strictly as an individual—is obsolete. The population health approach is an alternative. It aims to improve and maintain health across a defined population. 2,3 A “defined population” can mean a clinician’s patients or a health plan’s enrollees, but the defined population for the population health approach includes everyone in the community. This Viewpoint addresses 3 related questions. First, can the population health approach improve the outcomes of US health care? Second, for the population health approach to succeed, must it reconcile the needs of the individual and the community? Third, how might
Cerebral Perfusion is Associated With White Matter Hyperintensities in Older Adults With Heart Failure

Cognitive impairment is common in heart failure (HF) and believed to be the result of cerebral hypoperfusion and subsequent brain changes including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). The current study examined the association between cerebral blood flow and WMHs in patients with HF and the relationship between WMHs and cognitive impairment. Sixty-nine patients with HF completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and underwent echocardiography, transcranial Doppler sonography for cerebral blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable hierarchical regression analyses controlling for medical and demographic characteristics as well as intracranial volume showed reduced cerebral blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery was associated with greater WMHs (β=-0.34, P=.02). Follow-up regression analyses adjusting for the same medical and demographic factors in addition to cerebral perfusion also revealed marginal significance between increased WMHs and poorer performance on the MMSE (β=-0.26, P=.05). This study suggests that reduced cerebral perfusion is associated with greater WMHs in older adults with HF. These findings support the widely proposed mechanism of cognitive impairment in HF patients and prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
Sedimentary environments of the east-central Bering Sea continental shelf

Abstract A factor analysis of 180 bottom sediment samples from the east-central Bering Sea continental shelf identifies five factors that account for 95% of the variation in the 17 whole o size classes that were used as variables. Factor I represents coarse sediments that have been bypassed in areas of active water circulation. Factors II and III represent fine and very fine sands that have been hydraulically sorted, reworked, and mixed. Factor IV represents coarse to medium silt that has been segregated from areas of relatively high energy. Factor V represents both the production of sediments finer than medium silt and deposition within the lowest-energy environment in this area. Modern and palimpsest sediments are areally prevalent over this section of the shelf. Relict sediments occur in only a few small areas. The dispersal of sediments is affected by surface and tidal currents as well as wave action. Ice rafting is not an important geological agent. Data from the eastcentral Bering Sea shelf indicate that sediments on subarctic continental shelves are not necessarily characterized by an abundance of rocky sediments or gravel.
The EKG Method for Positioning the Tip of PICCs: Results from Two Preliminary Studies

Abstract Two preliminary studies were conducted to determine feasibility of using the electrocardiography (EKG) method to determine terminal tip location when inserting a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). This method uses the guidewire inside the catheter (or a column of saline contained in the catheter) as an intracavitary electrode. The EKG monitor is then connected to the intracavitary electrode. The reading on the EKG monitor reflects the closeness of the intracavitary electrode (the catheter tip) to the superior vena cava (SVC). The studies revealed that the EKG method was extremely precise; all tips placed using the EKG method and confirmed using x-ray were located in the superior vena cava. In conclusion, the EKG method has clear advantages in terms of accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility in conditions where x-ray control may be difficult or expensive to obtain. The method is quite simple, easy to learn and to teach, non-invasive, easy to reproduce, safe, and apt to minimize malpositions due to failure of entering the SVC.
Using the Fractal Paintbrush

Since their popularization in the 1980s, fractals have been used by artists and computer scientists as a tool to create compellingly intricate images and to imitate organic forms. This article explores some new methods for generating artwork with iterated functions systems, the computational tool central to the creation of many fractal images. Details of the method and examples are included, with special attention given to the mathematical and computer science techniques used to produce the images.
Recovery and Transfusion of Human Erythrocytes after freezing in Polyglycol Solutions

IT has been demonstrated that it is possible to preserve erythrocytes in viable condition for long periods of time by storing them at a temperature which is low enough practically to arrest the metabolic activity of the cells1. The temperature required for prolonged preservation is below −70° C, and glycerol has generally been used to prevent the lysis due to freezing and thawing2. Such mixtures of erythrocytes and glycerol are strongly hypertonic and cannot be used directly for transfusion because the sudden decrease in osmotic pressure would cause lysis of the cells.
A Large Bioactive BMP Ligand with Distinct Signaling Properties Is Produced by Alternative Proconvertase Processing

Dimers of conventional transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands are composed of two 100– to 140–amino acid peptides that are produced through the proteolytic processing of a proprotein precursor by proconvertases, such as furin. We report the identification of an evolutionarily conserved furin processing site in the amino terminus (NS) of the Glass bottom boat (Gbb; the Drosophila ortholog of vertebrate BMP5, 6, and 7) proprotein that generates a 328–amino acid, active BMP ligand distinct from the conventional 130–amino acid ligand. Gbb38, the large ligand form of Gbb, exhibited greater signaling activity and a longer range than the shorter form Gbb15. The abundance of Gbb15 and Gbb38 varied among different tissues, raising the possibility that differential processing could account for tissue-specific behaviors of BMPs. In human populations, mutations that abolished the NS cleavage site in BMP4, BMP15, or anti-Mullerian hormone were associated with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (BMP4), premature ovarian failure (BMP15), and persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (anti-Mullerian hormone), suggesting the importance of NS processing during development. The identification of this large BMP ligand form and the functional differences between large and small ligands exemplifies the potential for differential proprotein processing to substantially affect BMP and TGF-β signaling output in different tissue and cellular contexts.
The Rush to Organize: Explaining Associational Formation in the United States, 1860s-1920s

Americans have long been a people given to organizing and joining voluntary membership associations. Associational growth started early in the nation's history, yet accelerated from the 1860s through the early 1900s. Many researchers have argued that modernizing forces propelled associational development, but this seemingly obvious explanation has been challenged by scholars who stress the impact of the Civil War, government institutions, political processes, and preexisting social networks. Using a unique data set that tracks foundings of state-level units in major voluntary membership federations between the 1860s and 1920s, we test alternative hypotheses with the aid of event history methods. We find little support for modernization arguments, but document clear links to Union mobilization reinforced by northern victory in the Civil War. Electoral competitiveness and certain preexisting social networks also encouraged associations to form. Our findings suggest fresh leads for further research on civic engagement in American democracy. (A ssociations are created, extended, and worked in the United States more quickly and effectively than in any other country," declared British visitor Lord James Bryce in his 1895 masterpiece The American Commonwealth. The "greater" associations "ramify over the country," he noted, and "have great importance in the development of opinion, for they rouse attention, excite discussion, formulate principles, submit plans, embolden and stimulate their members... ." (1895, 278-279). In locating much of the vitality of American democracy in the nation's rich profusion of voluntarily organized membership groups, Bryce echoed Alexis de Tocqueville, who toured the fledgling republic half a century earlier, and foreshadowed the arguments of leading twentieth-century scholars such as Arthur Schlesinger Sr. (1944), Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba (1963), and Robert D. Putnam (2000). Ironically, however, modern political scientists have more often celebrated than studied classic voluntary associations. Research has concentrated on modern interest groups, especially business lobbies and professionally run, frequently memberless advocacy groups (for an overview of this literature, see Baumgartner and Leech 1998). Aiming not only to fill a glaring empirical gap, but also to advance a fresh conception of the forces that shaped the foundations of modern American civic life, this article analyzes the macro factors influencing the historical development of large, popularly rooted voluntary membership associations.
Kinetics of alkylation of cloned rat α1-adrenoceptor subtypes by chloroethylclonidine

We quantified and compared the rates at which chloroethylclonidine (CEC) inactivated cloned rat alpha1A, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-adrenoceptors. Membranes from cells transfected with one of the three cloned alpha1-adrenoceptors were incubated for various intervals with 100 microM chloroethylclonidine at 10 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. The fraction of receptors alkylated by chloroethylclonidine was determined by [3H]prazosin binding. Chloroethylclonidine fully inactivated each alpha1-adrenoceptor subtype via a first order reaction. Alkylation by chloroethylclonidine was markedly slower for the alpha1A-adrenoceptor vs. the other two subtypes (rate constants in 10(-3) min(-1) at 10 degrees C: 0.99 +/- 0.01 (alpha1A), 7.26 +/- 0.15 (alpha1B), and 7.01 +/- 0.12 (alpha1D)). Despite differences in rate, activation energies for alkylation were similar among subtypes. suggesting a similar binding sites for chloroethylclonidine. Computer simulations of kinetic data in mixed receptor populations and experiments with membranes from rat brain showed that nonlinear curve fitting could distinguish relative proportions of alpha1A-adrenoceptor vs. the other two subtypes. We conclude that measurement of the rate of alkylation by chloroethylclonidine, rather than the total amount of alkylation, is most useful in distinguishing the relative proportion of alpha1A-adrenoceptor in tissues.
Continued administration of GM1 ganglioside is required to maintain recovery from neuroleptic-induced sensorimotor deficits in MPTP-treated mice

Injection of a dose of haloperidol that has no obvious behavioral effects in normal mice, produces akinesia, catalepsy, and sensory neglect in MPTP-treated mice. Chronic GM1 ganglioside administration improves the behavioral impairments, partially restores striatal dopamine (DA) content and prevents DA D-2 receptor up-regulation. Discontinuation of GM1 ganglioside treatment results in a time-dependent decline of striatal DA content to pretreatment pathological levels, return of haloperidol-induced sensorimotor deficits and a rise of DA D-2 receptor density in the striatum. Apparently, continuous administration of GM1 ganglioside is necessary to maintain the biochemical and behavioral recovery in the MPTP-treated mouse. These observations may provide useful cues for understanding the mechanism of action of GM1 ganglioside.
CATEGORIES OF IMPLICIT INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: CROSS-CULTURAL RESPONSES '

Summary.-The purpose of the present study was to test responses of international students and American nationals to a set of eight interpenonal displays. These displays were intended to portray the eight interpersonal mles specified by Leary in 1957 and subjects' responses to these displays were consistent with those of our earlier studies. These findings suggest there is some cross-cultural consistency in responses to larger nonverbal behavioral units as weU as in responses to smaller nonverbal behavioral units as documented by Ekman and his associares. The present study is one of a series (York, Bedard, & Colindres, 1984; York, Scruggs, & Shaker, 1986) in which we have attempted to identify interpersonal events related to implicit communication. The term implicit communication was coined by Mehrabian (1972) and refers to any pattern of "nonverbal" behavior which serves to transmit unintended information. The term implicit communication is more accurate than "nonverbal" communication since, in addition to silent nonverbal displays, many aspects of vocalizations (loudness, timbre, and qualitative components) could serve as vehicles for what Mehrabian calls implicit communication. Further, the more neutral term of implicit communication allows the investigator to focus not
The chromophore-protein bonds in phycocyanin

Abstract Peptides formed by the proteolysis of C -phycocyanin were purified by TLC and analyzed for amino acid content. The data suggest that phycocyanobilin is linked to apophycocyanin through two bonds, one an ester bond involving the carboxyl group of an aspartic acid side-chain and the hydroxyl group of the enol form of ring A of the bilin, and the other a thio-ether type of bond from a cysteine side-chain to the bilin side-chain at position 2, a linkage analogous to that in cytochrome c. Liberation of phycocyanobilin from apophycocyanin by alcohols would involve transesterification at the ester bond followed by the formation of the keto form of ring A and elimination of the cysteine side-chain.
Morbid Curiosities: Medical Museums in Nineteenth-Century Britain

Morbid Curiosities: Medical Museums in Nineteenth-Century Britain Samuel J. M. M. Alberti Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011 xiii + 238, 30 illustrations. ISBN 978-0-19-958458-1 (hb). While reading Samuel J. ...
Insulator secondary electron emission and surface charge measurements by electron energy spectrometry

The secondary electron emission (SEE) coefficient is strongly dependent on material type due to the fact that secondary electrons come primarily from inelastic electron collisions and intrinsic lattice losses (e.g., plasmon losses). Other macroscopic factors affecting the emission process are related to surface finish, surface coatings, ion implantation, and surface preparation and cleaning procedures. SEE plays a key role in most proposed models for insulator surface flash-over development. We have measured total surface electron yield from a number of materials as well as from similar materials with different surface treatments. The experiments were performed using both a continuous wave and a pulsed electron gun with a hemispherical electron energy spectrometer at vacuum levels in the range of 10/sup -8/ Torr. Electron spectroscopy reveals a substantial difference in total electron yield due to minor changes in surface finish. The results of SEE measurements and the secondary electron energy distribution, using both continuous wave and pulsed electron beams, are presented. Quasi-metalized surfaces show a distinct improvement over non-treated samples. Data obtained under high voltage conditions correlates to the improvement. Another measurement characterized insulator surface charge as a function of pulse length, number of pulses, and total electron beam current. Material surface charge characteristics using electron pulses from 100 /spl mu/sec and up to 1 msec are presented. Results indicate radically different surface charge behavior between single pulse, repetitive pulse, and continuous wave experiments.