cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling passive scalar dynamics in wall-bounded turbulence using resolvent analysis

This work develops a framework for studying the behavior of a passive scalar field in incompressible wall-bounded turbulence using ·the resolvent operator. This approach expresses the stale of the system as the result of applying a linear (resolvent) operator to the nonlinear terms in the governing Navier-Stokes equations. By augmenting the system with a passive scalar equation, this formulation is used to study the relationship between velocity and scalar fluctuations. Additional insight into the mechanisms responsible for driving scalar fluctuations is attained by considering the resolvent form of the passive scalar equation in isolation from the momentum equations. We demonstrate that the passive scalar resolvent operator admits rescaling properties that relates the behavior or scalar fields with different diffusivities, and investigate the ability of this modeling framework to predict statistical properties of the fluctuating scalar field.
Film Mediated Interactions Alter Correlations and Spectral Shifts of Hydrogen Adsorbed on Helium Films

The work presented in this chapter gives a mechanism which is expected to reduce, potentially dramatically, the collision probability of two spin-polarized hydrogen atoms adsorbed on a helium film. This was motivated by experiments by Ahokas et al. which observed anomalously small collisional shifts. Refs. [1, 2] revealed that a symmetry missed in the original work is likely responsible for the reduction, however our mechanism is still relevant affects other observable properties: atomic recombination rates, other spectral lines, and suggests that the cloud will collapse at sufficiently low temperatures.
Biological reactive intermediates of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

The hepatotoxic and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) present in Senecio and a number of other plant genera are responsible for the poisoning of humans and animals in many parts of the world (Hirono, 1981; Huxtable, 1979; McLean, 1970). Fatalities or severe cases of poisoning in humans have resulted from the consumption of grain contaminated by PA containing seeds or by drinking supposedly therapeutic herbal teas that contain PAs (Hirono, 1981; Huxtable, 1980; McLean, 1970). There is also increasing evidence that the PAs are excreted in toxic form in the milk of cows and goats consuming PA containing plants such as tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) (Dickinson et al., 1976; Luthy et al., 1983; Miranda et al., 1981; Deinzer et al., 1982).
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: A Physiologically Complex, Motivated Behavioral System

This article has examined the control of food intake as a physiologically complex, motivated behavioral system. During the past four decades, considerable progress has been made in understanding putative signals for hunger, satiation, and satiety, although hunger signals have proven to be more difficult to identify. The putative physiologic controls of food intake include positive and negative sensory feedback; gastric and intestinal distension; the effects of nutrients, nutrient reserves, and metabolism in producing signals to the liver or brain; and peptides and hormones released in the gastrointestinal tract or the brain. However, food intake is not influenced solely by physiologic signals for hunger, satiation, and satiety. To comprehend feeding behavior more thoroughly, current physiologic models must be extended to include modulating factors such as feeding-associated responses adapted through learning processes and the influence of circadian rhythms, which can be dominating over hunger, satiation, and satiety signals.
The Nucleus as a Probe (C. E. Schulz 1 )

The nucleus is a nearly ideal tool to study fields and processes within biomolecules. First, a nucleus is heavy and hence localized in a small region of space; it occupies a well-defined position. Second, the nucleus has electromagnetic moments, and these interact with the fields, magnetic and electric, produced by its surroundings. The nucleus can thus be used to probe these fields. There are two important features: Static fields lead to a splitting and shift of the nuclear levels. From these, conclusions about the nature of the surrounding fields can be made. Time-dependent fields lead to a relaxation, and from such measurements, dynamic behavior can be elucidated.
Assessing Emotions in Online Stories: Comparing Self-report and Text-based Approaches

The core product of tourism is experience and therefore is inherently emotional in nature. As such, online storytelling has become an essential destination promotion strategy as it effectively conveys information while at the same time builds emotional connections with potential travelers by encouraging imagination and involvement. Understanding and measuring travelers’ emotional responses to online stories are essential to developing effective advertising strategies. Traditionally, the self-report approach has been employed whereby informants are asked to identify their emotions. With the development of advanced machine learning techniques, new tools such as sentiment analysis have been developed to detect the emotions conveyed by text. In this study, we summarized the results of a comparative analysis of emotion detection using both self-report method and sentiment analysis. The results show general consistency between the two approaches in terms of overall descriptive statistics as well as the relationships between emotions and various components of advertising response.
A Single Center Analysis of Peritransplant Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

The use of prophylactic antibiotics during the peritransplant period is common in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in an effort to reduce the risk for bacterial bloodstream infections. However, evidence supporting improved outcomes with this practice is limited. Furthermore, there are potential consequences to antibiotic exposure, including increased risk for the development of antibiotic resistance and disruption of the intestinal microbiome. We reviewed our institutional experience in patients receiving peritransplant prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily starting from Day -1 until neutrophil engraftment or escalation of therapy for treatment of febrile neutropenia or infection). We compared outcomes of 84 consecutive patients (auto-HCT: 39; allo-HCT: 45) undergoing first HCT who did not receive ciprofloxacin prophylaxis during a 6-month trial period with 204 consecutive patients (auto-HCT: 107; allo-HCT: 97) that received prophylaxis in the 6-month periods before and after the trial period. Patient and transplant characteristics are shown in Table 1. We found antibiotic prophylaxis to be associated with lower rates of bacterial bloodstream infections (auto-HCT: 5.6% vs 18%, p=0.023; allo-HCT: 14% vs 27%, p=0.072) as compared those not receiving antibiotic prophylaxis. Amongst patients undergoing allo-HCT, severe (grade 3-4) acute graft-versus-host disease was rare and there was no difference in the incidence between the groups (prophylaxis: 5.2% vs no prophylaxis: 8.9%, p=0.37). Additionally, there was no difference in 100-day non-relapse mortality (4.1% vs 4.4%, p=0.90) or 1-year overall survival (77% vs 71%, p=0.55) between allo-HCT patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics or not. In multivariate analysis, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a decreased risk for bacterial bloodstream infections in auto-HCT recipients (HR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1-0.85, p=0.023) and allo-HCT recipients (HR 0.46, 95%CI 0.21-1.0, p=0.050). In conclusion, the use of prophylactic ciprofloxacin during the peritransplant period may protect against bacterial bloodstream infections. Prospective studies are needed to better characterize the benefits and consequences of antibiotic exposure in the peri- and early post-transplant period.
Steep Slope Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistor

In this work, we present an analysis of the switching dynamics of ferroelectrics that provides a critical insight into the steep slope exhibited by Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistor (FeFET). We show that, steep slope is fundamentally related to two competing mechanisms-the polarization switching dynamics in the ferroelectric and the time delay of the compensating free-charge. Our analysis sheds light on a possible mechanism of the phenomenon of transient negative capacitance (NC) without the requirement of Landau-Khalatnikov (L-K) theory.
What characteristics do orthodontists desire in orthognathic surgeons

Objective. The purpose of our study was to report and rank orthognathic surgeon characteristics as valued by referring orthodontists. Study Design. This was a cross-sectional study surveying orthodontists registered with the American Academy of Orthodontists’ Partners in Research program. Survey items gathered information on both orthodontist characteristics and perceptions across 9 surgeon characteristics. Descriptive statistics were computed for all survey items, and linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between orthodontist characteristics and number of orthognathic surgeries performed. Results. Among the 1300 surveyed orthodontists, there were 172 respondents (13% response rate). The majority of orthodontists (66.9%) had had at least 15 years of practice experience, completed between 1 and 5 surgical cases in the past year (55.6%), and referred their orthognathic cases to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon (99.4%). Among orthodontists, only practice experience (P Conclusions. The most desirable characteristic in an orthognathic surgeon, as stated by the surveyed orthodontists, was an understanding of both preoperative and nonoperative orthodontics. Surgeons seeking to increase orthognathic referrals should work to increase insurance coverage and actively initiate strong personal and professional relationships with orthodontists.
Lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy is associated with reduced hepatic steatosis in cystic fibrosis patients

Background Hepatic steatosis is a common form of cystic fibrosis associated liver disease (CFLD) seen in an estimated 15%-60% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The pathophysiology and health implications of hepatic steatosis in cystic fibrosis remain largely unknown. In the general population, hepatic steatosis is strongly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) impacts 40%-50% of CF adults and is characterized by both insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that patients with CFRD would have higher levels of hepatic steatosis than cystic fibrosis patients without diabetes. Aim To determine whether CFRD is associated with hepatic steatosis and to explore the impact of lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy on hepatic steatosis in CF. Methods Thirty patients with CF were recruited from a tertiary care medical center for this cross-sectional study. Only pancreatic insufficient patients with CFRD or normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were included. Patients with established CFLD, end stage lung disease, or persistently elevated liver enzymes were excluded. Mean magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton density fat fraction (PDFF) was obtained for all participants. Clinical characteristics [age, sex, body mass index, percent predicted forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1), lumacaftor/ivacaftor use] and blood chemistries were assessed for possible association with hepatic steatosis. Hepatic steatosis was defined as a mean MRI PDFF > 5%. Patients were grouped by diabetes status (CFRD, NGT) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator use (lumacaftor/ivacaftor, no lumacaftor/ivacaftor) to determine between group differences. Continuous variables were analyzed with a Wilcoxon rank sum test and discrete variables with a Chi square test or Fisher's exact test. Results Twenty subjects were included in the final analysis. The median age was 22.3 years (11.3-39.0) and median FEV1 was 77% (33%-105%). Twelve subjects had CFRD and 8 had NGT. Nine subjects were receiving lumacaftor/ivacaftor. The median PDFF was 3.0% (0.0%-21.0%). Six subjects (30%) had hepatic steatosis defined as PDFF > 5%. Hepatic fat fraction was significantly lower in patients receiving lumacaftor/ivacaftor (median, range) (2.0%, 0.0%-6.4%) than in patients not receiving lumacaftor/ivacaftor (4.1%, 2.7-21.0%), P = 0.002. Though patients with CFRD had lower PDFF (2.2%, 0.0%-14.5%) than patients with NGT (4.9%, 2.4-21.0%) this did not reach statistical significance, P = 0.06. No other clinical characteristic was strongly associated with hepatic steatosis. Conclusion Use of the CFTR modulator lumacaftor/ivacaftor was associated with significantly lower hepatic steatosis. No association between CFRD and hepatic steatosis was found in this cohort.
SpheroidChip: Patterned Agarose Microwell Compartments Harboring HepG2 Spheroids are Compatible with Genotoxicity Testing

Three-dimensional tissue culture models are emerging as effective alternatives to animal testing. They are especially beneficial for liver toxicity studies, enabling hepatocytes to display improved levels of liver-specific functions. One common model is hepatocyte spheroids, which are spontaneously formed cell aggregates. Techniques for spheroid formation include the use of ultralow attachment plates and the hanging drop method, both of which are technically challenging and relatively low throughput. Here, we describe a simple-to-use platform that improves spheroid production and is compatible with genotoxicity testing by the comet assay. To achieve this, we created a chip containing a microwell array where dozens of spheroids are contained within a single well of a 96-well plate. The microwells are made from agarose, a nontoxic material suitable for cell growth and spheroid formation. HepG2 cells loaded into customizable microwells formed spheroids through agarose-assisted aggregation within one to two days. In addition, the agarose matrix allows the same platform to be used in DNA damage analysis. Specifically, the comet assay enables quantification of DNA breaks based on the increased migration of damaged DNA through agarose during electrophoresis. Here, we developed a modified comet assay and show that intact HepG2 spheroids cultured in microwells can be electrophoresed to reveal the extent of DNA damage following exposure to inflammatory chemicals (H2O2 and SIN-1). With this SpheroidChip analysis method, we detected a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage and observed rapid repair of H2O2-induced DNA damage. In summary, we utilized an agarose microarray to condense what had required an entire 96-well plate into a single well, enabling analysis techniques that were cumbersome or impossible under conditions of a single spheroid per well of a 96-well plate.
Racial Disparities in Treatment Patterns and Survival Among Surgically Treated Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Patients

Surgery may improve survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients. We examined treatment and survival in black and white surgical MPM patients using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Among patients with pleurectomy/decortication (PD) or extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), multivariable logistic regressions were used to evaluate racial differences in surgical extent, additional treatment, and 30-/90-day mortality. Multivariable and propensity matched models were used to assess differences in survival. We identified 2550 patients; 2462 white (96.5%), 88 black (3.5%). Black patients were significantly less likely to receive EPP (ORadj 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.78) and trended towards worse 30-/90-day mortality (ORadj 1.54, 95% CI 0.59-4.03; ORadj 1.59, 95% CI 0.80-3.17, respectively). There was no difference in survival (HRadj 0.94, 95% CI 0.71-1.25). Surgery conferred a survival benefit (HRadj 0.77, 95% CI 0.73-0.82), but it varied by race (HRadj[white] 0.76, 95% CI 0.72-0.81; HRadj[black] 0.93, 95% CI 0.67-1.29). With the limitation of a small proportion of surgically resected black MPM patients in this population-based analysis, black patients were noted to undergo less extensive surgery. Although there was an overall survival benefit noted with surgery, this was not consistent across races, despite trends towards worse short-term mortality in black patients.
Amino acid interacting network in the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

The relation between amino acid (AA) sequence and biologically active conformation controls the process of polypeptide chains folding into three-dimensional (3d) protein structures. The recent achievements in the resolution achieved in cryo-electron microscopy coupled with improvements in computational methodologies have accelerated the analysis of structures and properties of proteins. However, the detailed interaction between AAs has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we present a de novo method to evaluate inter-amino acid interactions based on the concept of accurately evaluating the amino acid bond pairs (AABP). The results obtained enabled the identification of complex 3d long-range interconnected AA interacting network in proteins. The method is applied to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We show that although nearest-neighbor AAs in the primary sequence have large AABP, other nonlocal AAs make substantial contribution to AABP with significant participation of both covalent and hydrogen bonding. Detailed analysis of AABP in RBD reveals the pivotal role they play in sequence conservation with profound implications on residue mutations and for therapeutic drug design. This approach could be easily applied to many other proteins of biomedical interest in life sciences.
Latent profile analysis of impulsivity and perfectionism dimensions and associations with psychiatric symptoms.

Abstract Background. Impulsivity and perfectionism are transdiagnostic personality factors that have been studied extensively and shown to relate to externalizing and internalizing pathology respectively. Typically, these personality factors are antithesized, with impulsivity characterized by lack of control and perfectionism characterized by rigid overcontrol. Methods. The current study (N = 1,353 undergraduate students) used latent profile analysis to identify subgroups based on impulsivity and perfectionism dimensions and tested the relations of these subgroups with the symptomatology of ten prevalent types of psychopathology (depression, worry, social anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder inattentive subtype, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impulsive-hyperactive subtype, alcohol use, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, restrictive eating pathology, and binge eating pathology). Results. The latent profile analysis identified four meaningful subgroups: high perfectionism, high impulsivity, combined impulsivity and perfectionism, and low impulsivity and perfectionism. The combined group was the most prevalent, comprising almost half of the sample. Further, the perfectionism group had the highest scores for obsessive-compulsive disorder, worry, and restrictive eating pathology, the impulsivity group had the highest scores for alcohol use disorder, and the combined group had the highest or second-highest scores across all types of psychopathology. Limitations. Limitations include the undergraduate sample, self-report, cross-sectional study design, and high bivariate residuals. Conclusions. These findings suggest impulsivity and perfectionism can co-occur. Further, the co-occurrence of these personality traits may heighten risk for psychopathology and help explain comorbidity across internalizing and externalizing disorders. Future research should continue to investigate the presentation, prevalence, and treatment for individuals high in both perfectionism and impulsivity.
Spin-Spray Deposition of Spin on Glass Using MEMS Atomizer

This work presents a Silicon based MEMS vibrating mesh atomizer for use in Spin-spray deposition of spin on glass. The device design, fabrication process and application of MEMS atomizer for spin-spray method to create SiO 2 layer is discussed. The experimental study compares the new spin-spray method with the conventional spin coating method. The newly developed method demonstrated enhanced uniformity, less liquid waste, and comparable etch rates. In addition, the new spin-spray method demonstrated increased conformal coating of 3D microstructures of >40 μm thick structures compared to standard spin coating.
Self-Help and Black Firearm Crime:

Self-help theory posits that a negative perception of police engenders firearm violence rather than simply amplifying individuals’ ownership of firearms for self-defense. A racially diverse police ...
Pandemics and Inequality: Perceptions and Preferences for Redistribution

This paper uses an individual-level survey conducted by the Edelman Trust Barometer in mid-April for 11 advanced and emerging market economies to examine perceptions of government performance in managing the health and economic crisis, beliefs about the future, and attitudes about redistribution. We find that women, non-college educated, the unemployed, and those in non-teleworkable jobs systematically have less favorable perceptions of government responses. Personally experiencing illness or job loss caused by the pandemic can shape people’s beliefs about the future, heightening uncertainties about prolonged job losses, and the imminent threat from automation. Economic anxieties are amplified in countries that experienced an early surge in infections followed by successful containment, suggesting that negative beliefs can persist. Support for pro-equality redistributive policies varies, depending on personal experiences and views about the poor. However, we find strong willingness to provide social safety nets for vulnerable individuals and firms by those who have a more favorable perception of government responses, suggesting that effective government actions can promote support for redistributive policies.
Substance Use and Addiction Affect More Than the Brain: the Promise of Neurocardiac Interventions

Addiction and excessive substance use contribute to poor mental and physical health. Much research focuses tightly on neural underpinnings and centrally acting interventions. To broaden this perspective, this review focuses on bidirectional pathways between the brain and cardiovascular system that are well-documented and provide innovative, malleable targets to bolster recovery and alter substance use behaviors. Cardiovascular signals are integrated via afferent pathways in networks of distributed brain regions that contribute to cognition, as well as emotion and behavior regulation, and are key antecedents and drivers of substance use behaviors. Heart rate variability (HRV), a biomarker of efficient neurocardiac regulatory control, is diminished by heavy substance use and substance use disorders. Promising evidence-based adjunctive interventions that enhance neurocardiac regulation include HRV biofeedback, resonance paced breathing, and some addiction medications. Cardiovascular communication with the brain through bidirectional pathways contributes to cognitive and emotional processing but is rarely discussed in addiction treatment. New evidence supports cardiovascular-focused adjunctive interventions for problematic substance use and addiction.
Comment on Tucker's “Movement-Regimes”

. Then he [Krivitsky] asked in German (the only language that we ever spoke): "Ist die Sowjetregierung eine faschistische Regierung? -Is the Soviet government a fascist government?" Communists dearly love to begin a conversation with a key question the answer to which will also answer everything else of importance about the answerer. I recognized that this was one of those questions. On the political side, I had broken with the Communist Party in large part because I had become convinced that the Soviet Government was fascist. Yet when I had to give that answer out loud, instead of in the unspoken quiet of my own mind, all the emotions that had ever bound me to communism rose in a final spasm to stop my mouth. I sat silent for some moments. Then I said: "Ja, die Sowjetreqierung ist eine faschistische Regierung-the Soviet Government is a fascist government." Later on that night, Krivitsky told me that if I had answered yes at once, he would have distrusted me. Because I hesitated, and he felt the force of my struggle, he was convinced that I was sincere. Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York, 1952), p. 499.
Client-Centered and Family-Centered Care: Refinement of the Concepts

Occupational therapy has emphasized the relationship between the therapist and the client. The occupational therapy guidelines for client-centered practice produced in the 1980s by the Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare and the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (Task Force on Guidelines for the Practice of Occupational Therapy, 1983) has had variable use over the years. While occupational therapists believe in the principles of client-centered care, the philosophical concepts have been difficult to fully implement and also seem narrow in light of all the external forces and challenges posed by today's clients and their rights, and the ethics of medicine. Other concepts need to be in place to facilitate the true constructs of client-centered care. A historical overview of the medical perspective and the occupational therapy perspectives on client-centered and family-centered care are reviewed. Lessons learned from the various iterations of client-centered and family-centered c...
Specifications and Proofs for Ensemble Layers

Ensemble is a widely used group communication system that supports distributed programming by providing precise guarantees for synchronization, message ordering, and message delivery. Ensemble eases the task of distributed-application programming, but as a result, ensuring the correctness of Ensemble itself is a difficult problem. In this paper we use I/O automata for formalizing, specifying, and verifying the Ensemble implementation. We focus specifically on message total ordering, a property that is commonly used to guarantee consistency within a process group. The systematic verification of this protocol led to the discovery of an error in the implementation.
Two new frameworks for learning

Abstract This paper presents two new formal frameworks for learning. The first framework requires the learner to approximate an unknown function, given examples for the function as well as some background information on it. As far as information complexity is concerned, it is shown that this framework is no more powerful than a framework that allows the learner to see examples but not background information. The second framework explores learning in the sense of improving computational efficiency as opposed to acquiring an unknown concept or function. Specifically, the framework concerns the acquisition of heuristics over problem domains of special structure. A theorem is proved identifying some conditions sufficient to allow the efficient acquisition of heuristics over the aforementioned class of domains. The framework is illustrated with the help of an implemented program in the domain of symbolic integration.
Assembly of BioBrick standard biological parts using three antibiotic assembly.

This is a revised personal version of the text of the final journal article available via DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385120-8.00013-9
LGN activity patterns during ocular dominance plasticity in vivo

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2008.
High-pressure phase diagram of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca Cu 2 O 8 + δ single crystals

We have investigated the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ up to $18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals ranging from the highly underdoped through the nearly optimally doped to the highly overdoped level. For all three samples studied, ${T}_{c}$ is found to increase initially and then saturate at some critical pressure ${P}_{c}$, but decrease modestly with further increasing pressure. Oxygen doping has a tendency to reduce the increase of ${T}_{c}$ and ${P}_{c}$. A high-pressure phase diagram between the saturated ${T}_{c}$ and ${P}_{c}$ is then obtained. Theoretical interpretation is given by using the competition between the hole carrier density and pairing interaction strength based on the high-pressure transport data of the resistivity and Hall coefficient in this system.
Tracking and Modifying Upper-body Human Motion Data with Dynamic Simulation

Character animations produced with motion capture data have many of the stylistic details seen in human motion while those generated with simulation are physically realistic for the dynamic parameters of the character. We combine these two approaches by tracking and modifying human motion capture data using dynamic simulation and constraints. The tracking system generates motion that is appropriate for the graphical character while maintaining characteristics of the original human motion. The system imposes contact and task constraints to add dynamic impacts for interactions with the environment and to modify motions at the behavior level. The system is able to edit motion data to account for changes in the character and the environment as well as create smooth transitions between motion capture sequences. We demonstrate the power of combining these two approaches by tracking data for a variety of upper-body motions and by animating models with differing kinematic and dynamic parameters.
Lifestyle Intervention for People With Severe Obesity and Serious Mental Illness

Introduction People with serious mental illness experience elevated severe obesity rates, yet limited evidence documents whether lifestyle intervention participation can benefit these individuals. This study examined the impact of the In SHAPE lifestyle intervention on weight loss among participants with serious mental illness and severe obesity (BMI ≥40) compared with participants who are overweight (BMI 25 to Methods Data were combined from three trials of the 12-month In SHAPE intervention for individuals with serious mental illness collected between 2007 and 2013 and analyzed in 2014. In SHAPE includes individual weekly meetings with a fitness trainer, a gym membership, and nutrition education. The primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes were fitness, blood pressure, lipids, and program adherence. Results Participants (N=192) were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum (53.1%) or mood (46.9%) disorders. At 12 months, the overall sample showed significant weight loss, but differences among BMI groups were not significant (severe obesity, 2.57% [7.98%]; class II, 2.26% [8.69%]; class I, 1.05% [6.86%]; overweight, 0.83% [7.62%]). One third of participants with severe obesity achieved ≥5% weight loss, which was comparable across groups. More participants with severe obesity achieved ≥10% weight loss (20%) than overweight (2.9%, p =0.001) and class I (5.9%, p p =0.974), obesity groups. Conclusions People with severe obesity and serious mental illness benefit similarly to those in lower BMI groups from lifestyle intervention participation.
Computer-aided modeling, analysis, and design of discrete event systems using Petri nets

The use of Petri nets for computer-aided design and analysis of discrete-event systems (DES) on the discrete event control level is described. Several CAD packages devoted to different aspects of DES in different environments are described. They include a powerful and user-friendly Petri net graphic editor, a behavior analyzer based on reachability-graph generation or reduction, a performance evaluator based on Markov processes and transfer functions, a simulator of Petri nets using dynamic graphical display, and a supervisory control program generator. >
Variation in local cerebral blood flow response to high-dose pentobarbital sodium in the rat

Microvascular bed structure and functions are known to vary throughout the brain. Microvascular responses to high doses of pentobarbital sodium might therefore differ among brain areas. This possibility was examined by measuring local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) with [14C]iodoantipyrine in 52 brain areas at 5, 10, 25, and 60 min after intraperitoneal administration of pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). From 5 to 60 min, LCBF was significantly lowered in 17 of 25 forebrain gray matter areas but in only 1 of 18 hindbrain gray matter structures, the pontine nuclei. Smaller, shorter duration lowering of LCBF was also observed in ten other brain areas. In both control and treated rats, LCBF was found to vary within individual brain structures. The pattern of these LCBF variations was columnar in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus but was patchy in the caudate-putamen, thalamus, and inferior colliculus. These results indicate that pentobarbital anesthesia more strongly alters LCBF in the forebrain than in the hindbrain and produces different patterns of changes in LCBF than in local cerebral glucose utilization, which was measured with 2-deoxyglucose in a companion study.
Nucleation phenomena in electron-hole drop condensation in ultra-pure Ge

By careful measurements and appropriate theory, we are able to observe and explain quantitatively for the first time major aspects of electron-hole drop nucleation phenomena in ultra-pure Ge. The free exciton-drop system above 1.3 K is shown to be always in a metastable state, i.e. dependent upon the history o£ optical excitation. We quantitatively explain the observed luminescence hysteresis and measure the drop surface tension, σ = 2.6 × 10−4 erg cm2 at 2 K. The metastability lifetime is experimentally found to be ≈ 8 × 106 sec. The gas-liquid up-going and down-going threshold curves are measured and explained using an exciton condensation energy o ≅ 2 meV. The theory also predicts the drop radius and drop concentration as a function of temperature and excitation history.
Data Movement and Control Substrate for Parallel Scientific Computing

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a data-movement and control substrate (DMCS) for network-based, homogeneous communication within a single multiprocessor. DMCS is an implementation of an API for communication and computation that has been proposed by the PORTS consortium. One of the goals of this consortium is to define an API that can support heterogeneous computing without undue performance penalties for homogeneous computing. Preliminary results in our implementation suggest that this is quite feasible. The DMCS implementation seeks to minimize the assumptions made about the homogeneous nature of its target architecture. Finally, we present some extensions to the API for PORTS that will improve the performance of sparse, adaptive and irregular type of numeric computations.
SPECIAL REVIEWS NEUROTROPIC VIRUS DISEASES

AMONG a large group of neurotropic viral infections of man, poliomyelitis is currently of greatest importance to pediatricians of most countries. In all areas of the temperate and tropical zones where surveys have been made, poliomyelitis infection rates, as measured by the neutralization test, are approximately the same as those for rubeola or other common acute infectious diseases of childhood. In many countries the fatal and paralytic cases assume considerable importance in pediatric practice and, above all, in public interest and demand for control, In many tropical and subtropical areas, however, paralytic rates are reputedly low, and this disease is not recognized as a problem of any importance. In some areas of the world other neurotropic viruses assume an importance equal to or greater than that of poliomyelitis. Epidemics of these other viruses may occur at intervals as frequent as those of poliomyelitis epidemics or at longer or shorter intervals, but when epidemics do occur they are occasionally of major proportions. Outbreaks of Japanese B encephalitis have occurred principally in children in the past 15 years in Japan, Okinawa and certain other Far Eastern areas. Western equine encephalitis virus has been responsible for important outbreaks in children in the central valley areas of California, and the St. Louis virus has also been responsible for local outbreaks involving principally children in the western United States. These viruses are all members of the arthropod-borne group of viral encephalitides. Epidemic parotitis, although not usually listed among the neurotropic viruses, has come to occupy a more and more important position as the serologic tests for its diagnosis have received more widespread use in the diagnosis of cases of the nonbacterial meningoencephalitides.
Effect of pH on Anaerobic Mild Steel Corrosion by Methanogenic Bacteria.

Methanogens can use H2 produced by cathodic depolarization-mediated oxidation of elemental iron to produce methane. Thermodynamic consideration of the cathodic depolarization mechanism predicts more oxidation of Fe0 at lower pH. Methanogenic responses to pH by Methanococcus deltae, Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, and Methanosarcina barkeri were examined. When grown on H2-CO2, these bacteria had pH optima from 6.2 to 7.0, but when all H2 was supplied from Fe0, methanogenic pH optima were lower, 5.4 to 6.5. Corrosion was monitored with and without cultures and at various pHs; more corrosion occurred when cultures were present, biologically induced corrosion was greatest at the pH optima for methanogenesis from Fe0, and corrosion without cultures increased with a drop in pH.
The Possibilities and Limits of the Structure-Agency Dialectic in Advancing Science for All.

In this special issue, the structure–agency dialectic is used to shift the analytic frame in science education from focusing on youth as in need of remediation to rethinking new arrangements, tools, and forms of assistance and participation in support of youth learning science. This shift from “fixing” the individual to re-mediating and transforming the functional system is key to reimagining new forms of learning and doing science that are tied to the imaginings of new futures, trajectories, and identities. In this manuscript, we discuss the major contributions of these studies in the special issue. In so doing, we seek to lay out both the possibilities and limits of the structure–agency dialectic in advancing science for all. We suggest that social and pedagogical imaginaries enable one to move the structure–agency dialectic towards transformative ends. We further suggest that to account more actively for how position and power shape the ways in which individuals seek to take action, the meanings they ascribe to such action, symbolically and otherwise, we must be ready to interrogate the relation between structure and agency and issues of equity and consequential and valued forms of science learning in local environments and in larger educational systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 574–583, 2015
Exiles and Citizens: Spanish Republicans in Mexico

At the end of the Spanish civil war, Mexico was the only country to offer open refuge to the thousands of Republican emigres who fled from Spain in 1939-1940. Exiles and Citizens is a study of these political exiles, especially those with intellectual and professional backgrounds and ambitions. It focuses on their adjustment to Mexico, on their continued ties to Spain, and on their impact on Mexican development. The critical dilemma faced by the Spanish exiles was that, despite having fought for their political and social ideals in Spain, they forfeited in exile their active role in Spanish history. In Mexico they found a political and social system that seemed to include many of the ideals that had inspired the Spanish Republic; moreover, they were able to incorporate themselves economically, professionally, and intellectually into Mexican national life. Yet, because they were not native-born citizens, they had little or no creative part to play in the politics of their adopted country. For Mexico, the impact of the refugees from Spain was enormous. Integrated from the first into nearly all intellectual, professional, and cultural fields, their skills proved an important catalyst to Mexican development. Yet, outside these fields, Mexico was never an effective "melting pot." The Republicans themselves were divided in their loyalties, and the Mexicans, from the beginning, were reluctant to encourage the full participation of their guests in national affairs. Two goals were shared by most of the exiles: to ensure that the world would remember the liberal, creative, and open Spain they had created and thus reject Franco; to show their gratitude by working for the benefit and progress of Mexico. These goals, although frequently contradictory, sustained the emigration and gave meaning to exile. The refugees tried to maintain their identity by coming together in formal and informal associations that were intended either to act on behalf of the homeland or to re-create the Spanish Republican structures and values in exile. To maintain a Spanish identity, however, proved difficult, and for the second and third generations in Mexico, the initial goals had already lost their meaning. For them, economic and professional, as well as familial, ties were strongly Mexican. Spanish Republicans in Mexico represented a fairly rare phenomenon: a large group of skilled, relatively well educated immigrants to a country where persons of their attainments and status were not numerous. Moreover, as political exiles, they approached the problems of acculturation differently from economic emigrants. Patricia Fagen's study thus offers a further understanding of an important exile community and the characteristics that set it apart from other examples of immigrant experiences. In addition, the study sheds new light on the intellectual history of Mexico and the far-reaching effects of the Spanish civil war.
Carotid artery pseudoaneurysm resulting from an injury to the neck by a fouled baseball

Abstract Objective Blunt carotid artery injury resulting in either dissection or pseudoaneurysm is a rare entity that can result in significant morbidity and mortality if undiagnosed. Although unavoidable in certain traumatic situations such as motor vehicle collisions, direct neck trauma in sports may be preventable with the use of proper protective equipment. Clinical presentation The following report documents a case of extracranial carotid artery dissection resulting from a foul ball striking the upper, lateral neck of an umpire. The patient had transient right upper extremity monoparesis. He later presented with right hemiparesis and aphasia that resolved over several hours. Imaging studies demonstrated a left carotid pseudoaneurysm with evidence of left hemispheric embolic infarcts. Intervention Systemic intravenous anticoagulation with heparin followed by oral anticoagulation with warfarin for 6 months, subsequently followed by aspirin monotherapy. Conclusion The use of standard protective equipment did not adequately cover the patient's neck in the region of the cervical carotid artery. This case illustrates that modification in current catcher and umpire equipment could potentially avoid this rare but significant vascular injury.
Developing evaluation methods for kernel shattering in spring wheat

Kernel shattering (KS) is known to cause yield loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The introduction of Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) resistant genotypes has recently elevated KS importance. This study aimed to identify appropriate methods to measure and evaluate KS variation among spring wheat genotypes. Four field and two laboratory methods were developed and compared using 24 wheat genotypes in five environments. Large variation for KS among genotypes was observed. The field kernel shattering method and the kernel shattering from spikes method (SS), both field methods, showed large CVs and were inconsistent across environments. Similarly, the direct yield loss method and the visual score method, also field methods, had relatively low range/ LSD 0.05 ratio values, leading to difficulty in discriminating between genotypes. Among the field methods, SS appears to be the most suitable method due to its high range/LSD 0.05 values and fewer input requirements. All field methods, however, were time and labor consuming. The laboratory methods, induced random impact and glume strength, were moderately to strongly correlated with the field methods. The laboratory methods were more consistent across environments, and required only a small sample size. Hence, they were more effective and efficient in evaluating KS and could be of interest for wheat researchers to indirectly screen for KS resistance.
Understanding the Role of the Essential Asp251 in Cytochrome P450cam Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis, Crystallography, and Kinetic Solvent Isotope Effect†

Proton transfer in cytochromes P450 is a critical step in the activation of molecular oxygen. Extensive study of the P450cam active site has identified several residues that play a central role in dioxygen bond scission. A highly conserved carboxylate, aspartate-251 in P450cam in the distal helix I, participates in a series of hydrogen-bond/ion pairs near the molecular surface and has been implicated in the catalytic mechanism. Mutation of Asp251 is known to lower activity by 2 orders of magnitude and change the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle, suggesting a role for an acid functionality in generation of iron−oxygen reactive intermediates. The turnover rates of the Asp251Asn mutant in various protium-deuterium mixtures have been determined and show a significantly larger kinetic solvent isotope effect, with an overall magnitude of 10 compared to 1.8 for the wild-type P450cam. In addition, a much larger number of protons are involved in the rate-limiting step for the Asp251Asn mutant than in the ...
A DWBA analysis of the cross section and polarization data for the 14N(d, n)15O reaction at 3.5 MeV

Abstract The differential cross section for elastic scattering of 3.5 MeV deuterons from 14 N has been analyzed using the optical-model formalism and taking account of the compound elastic contribution in a consistent way. The analysis was conducted over a broad range of parameter space, and several distinct families were discovered. Representative sets from each of these families were used to provide initial state wave functions for DWBA calculations of the 14 N(d, n o ) 15 O (g.s.) reaction. The results of the calculations are correlated with the families from which the particular sets were drawn. The calculations are compared to experimental cross section and polarization data and spectroscopic factors are extracted. The best agreement with the experimental results occurs for sets in a family which has a representative member with a real well depth of 100 MeV and a real well radius of 1.6 A 1 3 fm. Calculational sensitivities of the DWBA to parameter variation are investigated to provide a critique of the assumptions used in the 14 N(d, n) work, as well as to provide insight into some features of (d, n) reactions for neighboring nuclei.
The effects of a discontinuous snow cover on lower atmospheric temperature and energy flux patterns

Snow cover and its interaction with the earth's troposphere has become a topic of increased interest over the past several decades. Studies have produced evidence of links between snow cover and precipitation patterns, temperature fields, and atmospheric circulation patterns. Few studies have investigated anomalous atmospheric temperature and circulation patterns over snow cover boundaries or patchy snow cover. This study provides analysis of model-derived lower atmospheric temperatures and contributing energy fluxes within a cold air mass positioned over discontinuous snow cover. Results of the analysis show that simulated air mass temperatures were 1–4°C cooler over a patch of snow cover than over surrounding bare ground during a midday hour. The temperature differences were primarily the result of variations in the magnitude and direction of the surface layer sensible heat flux, as produced by differences between the solar radiation absorbed by the snow cover and the surrounding bare ground.