cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated determination of bromide in waters by ion chromatography with an amperometric detector

An automated ion chromatograph, including a program controller, an automatic sampler, an integrator, and an amperometric detector, was used to develop a procedure for the determination of bromide in rain water and many ground waters. Approximately 10 min is required to obtain a chromatogram. The detection limit for bromide is 0.01 mg l−1 and the relative standard deivation is <5% for bromide concentrations between 0.05 and 0.5 mg l−1. Chloride interferes if the chloride-to-bromide ratio is greater than 1 000:1 for a range of 0.01–0.1 mg l−1 bromide; similarly, chloride interferes in the 0.1–1.0 mg l−1 range if the ratio is greater than 5 000:1. In the latter case, a maximum of 2 000 mg l−1 of chloride can be tolerated. Recoveries of known concentrations of bromide added to several samples, ranged from 97 to 110%.
A Paradox for Weak Deontology

Deontological ethicists generally agree that there is a way of harming others such that it is wrong to harm others in that way for the sake of producing a comparable but greater benefit for others. Given plausible assumptions, this principle leads to the possibility of paradoxical cases in which each of two actions is wrong, yet the combination of both actions is permissible. Consequentialism provides the most natural solution of the puzzle.
The Composers' Workshop: An Approach to Composing in the Classroom

As a middle school general music teacher, I've often wrestled with how to engage my students in meaningful composing experiences. Many of the approaches I'd read about seemed disconnected from the real-world musicality I saw daily in the music my students created at home and what they did in my classes. This disconnect prompted me to look for ways of bridging the gap' between the students' musical world outside music class and their in-class composing experiences. At my school, all performing arts classes are scheduled during the same hour of the day. As a result, the choral and instrumental rooms are filled with students in band, orchestra, and choir. When I was asked to teach a general music class for students who were not already involved in performance-based music classes, I designed a composition-based class, Composers' Workshop, that could be taught in our library computer lab because no other rooms were available. Many current approaches to composing with technology require teachers to spend considerable time showing students how to use the software and hardware. Technologies described in many resources are often costly or require complex procedures to adapt for the classroom. In addition, the majority of
LVI. Positive rays

(1908). LVI. Positive rays. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 16, No. 94, pp. 697-702.
Intraoperative Floppy Iris and Prevalence of Intraoperative Complications: Results From Ophthalmic Surgery Outcomes Database

Purpose To estimate the prevalence of untoward events during cataract surgery with the use of pupillary expansion devices and intraoperative floppy iris (IFIS). Design Retrospective analysis of 4923 cataract surgery cases from the Veterans Affairs Ophthalmic Surgical Outcomes Data Project. Methods Outcomes from 5 Veterans Affairs medical centers were analyzed, including use of alpha-blockers (both selective and nonselective), IFIS, intraoperative iris trauma, intraoperative iris prolapse, posterior capsular tear, anterior capsule tear, intraoperative vitreous prolapse, and use of pupillary expansion devices. P values were calculated using the χ 2 test. Results A total of 1254 patients (25.5%) took alpha-blockers preoperatively (selective, 587; nonselective, 627; both, 40). Of these 1254 patients, 428 patients (34.1%) had documented IFIS. However, 75.2% of patients with IFIS (428/569) had taken alpha-blockers preoperatively ( P P P Conclusions The use of either selective or nonselective alpha-antagonists preoperatively demonstrated a significant risk of IFIS. Nonselective alpha-antagonists caused IFIS at a higher prevalence than previously reported. This study did demonstrate statistically significant increased odds of surgical complications in patients with IFIS vs those without IFIS in all groups (those taking selective and nonselective alpha-antagonists and also those not taking medications).
EFFECTS OF CONCANAVALIN A ON MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES II. Metabolism of Endocytized Proteins and Reversibility of the Effects by Mannose

The half-time for the degradation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is increased from 14 h to 37 h in Con A-treated cells, while the half-time for the degradation of [125I]BSA is increased from 5.4 h to 14.8 h. This supports prior microscopic observations which suggested that Con A pinosomes showed a marked impairment in their ability to form phagolysosomes. Artifacts due to anomalous behavior of HRP-Con A complexes, or to inhibition of lysosomal hydrolases by Con A, could be excluded. These indications of impaired phagolysosome formation, as well as those described in the preceding paper, could be reversed by postincubation of the cells in mannose, but not in galactose. This reversal is accompanied by a dissociation of Con A-FITC from the inner surface of the pinosome membrane, into the vesicle contents. These observations may be relevant to the ability of Con A to affect several membrane characteristics, and are also of interest in relation to the impaired formation of phagolysosomes which has been described in certain in vitro parasitic infections of macrophages or other cells.
Geometric simulations: a lesson from virtual zeolites.

Although computational methods are generating a bewildering number of hypothetical zeolite structures, the selection of candidates for synthesis remains problematic. The presence of a flexibility window in the structure may turn out to be a useful criterion.
Technovision - an advanced mechanical CADCAM system

The potential capability of CADCAM systems has increased considerably since the introduction of the early wire-frame systems. This article suggests that systems have evolved through four distinct generations, and argues the claims of a `fifth-generation? system based on a solid geometric modeller and a flexible database management system.
Precautionary behavior and consumer information: A Markov process approach

This paper explores the role of consumer confidence in the equilibrium of a dynamic macroeconomic growth model with rational expectations. Consumers face an uncertain future income stream due to a Markov stochastic process that affects production. Changes in the properties of this process change consumer information sets and optimal policies in the rational expectations format. Increases in “persistence” in the shock process are considered; this is identified with the consumer's subjective assessment of future economic conditions. Two cases are considered: where either good or bad states of the process are more likely to persist into the future, and where bad states persist unconditionally at the expense of good. Consistent with earlier treatments of savings under uncertainty (Barsky, Mankiw and Zeldes 1986, and Skinner 1988), the consumer's response to increased income uncertainty is to exhibit precautionary saving behavior. The infinite-horizon growth model format used offers significant improvement over other finite-horizon life cycle models. Specifically, the model is a full general equilibrium model and the solutions are rational expectations solutions. The technique also is easily adapted to other recursive decision problems under uncertainty.
Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic analyses of cholesterol inSchistosoma mansoni (Trematoda) adults and their excretory-secretory products.

Densitometric thin-layer Chromatographic analysis was used to quantitate cholesterol in 6-week-old male, female, and worm-pairs ofSchistosoma mansoni, and their excretory-secretory (E-S) products. Males extracted immediately after removal from mice had 1.2–1.5 μg cholesterol/worm, whereas those incubated for 0.5 hr in Earle's balanced solution at 37 ° C contained 0.8–1.5 μg cholesterol/ worm. Females extracted immediately after removal from hosts contained 130 ng cholesterol/worm. Females accumulated considerable cholesterol during incubation and had 420 ng cholesterol/ worm at 0.5 hr. Worm-pairs extracted at 0 hr had 1.9–2.8 μg cholesterol/pair and 1.2–1.5 μg cholesterol/ pair when extracted at 0.5 hr postincubation. Following incubation for 0.5 hr, males released 12–28 ng cholesterol/ worm (average 21), females released 8–13 ng cholesterol/ worm (average 11), and worm-pairs released 3–13 ng cholesterol/worm-pair (average 8).
SEQUENCE OF THE PARASITIC PROTOZOAN, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM, PUTATIVE PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE-ENCODING DNA

A composite 1876-bp DNA encoding a putative protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been constructed from clones isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) genomic and cDNA libraries and the nucleotide sequence determined. As predicted from the open reading frame (ORF), the protein product has a predicted molecular size of 54 kDa and a high degree of homology to PDIs from other species.
Sequence analysis of a "true" chalcone synthase (chs_H1) oligofamily from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and PAP1 activation of chs_H1 in heterologous systems.

Screening of a cDNA library of the hop cv. Osvald's 72 and genomic cloning were used to isolate members of an oligofamily of chs_H1 genes that codetermine the biosynthesis of prenylated chalcones known to be valuable medicinal compounds present in hop (Humulus lupulus L.). chs_H1 oligofamily members showed more than 99% and 98% identity on nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, and retained all conserved amino acids that form the catalytic center characteristic for “true” chalcone synthases. The chs_H1 promoter exhibited low sequence variability in addition to conservation of all predicted cis-regulatory elements. Possible transactivation of the chs_H1 gene with the transcription factor PAP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana was assayed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltrations of Nicotiana benthamiana and Petunia hybrida plants. Infiltration of N. benthamiana leaves with chs_H1 promoter/GUS chimeras led to a 24.8-fold increase of the GUS activity when coinfiltrated with the pap1 gene. Coinfiltration...
Lithium Hectorite Clay as the Ionic Conductor in LiCoO2 Cathodes

Cathodes based on LiCoO 2 that contain various lithium-conducting species (lithium hectorite, lithium Laponite, and lithium-exchanged Nafion) are studied in conjunction with lithium metal anodes and composite electrolytesbased upon lithium hectorite clays as the charge carrier. Performance is compared to that of cells with a standard liquid electrolyte (i.e., LiPF 6 +1:1 w/w ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate). Effects on cathode capacity are examined for these variables: hot-press force used in construction of the porous cathode. carbon type (graphite vs. carbon black), and clay particle size. AC impedance spectroscopy is used to probe the cells and equivalent circuits are used to model the physical processes that occur. Cathodes containing 4 wt % lithium hectorite +3 wt % lithium-exchanged Nation +3 wt % carbon black exhibit discharge capacities approximately 90 mAh/g LiCoO 2 compared to that observed in a standard cell of 110 mAh/g LiCoO 2 . These clay-containing cathodes are potentially attractive for use in single-ion conducting lithium-ion batteries designed for high discharge applications.
Protecting Her Image: Kathryn Kuhlman and the Manipulation of Negation

In the panel article "Beautiful Babies, Hidden Mothers, and Plasticized Prisoners: The Display of Bodies and Theories of American Religion," this paper delves into a study of how the mid-twentieth-century “Miracle Woman,” the televangelist Kathryn Kuhlman, used popular media--first radio and then television--to control her own image. The panelist argues that Kuhlman’s deft utilization of television, in particular, enabled her not only to control her own image but also to change the image of charismatic Christianity for postwar American audiences. In addition to crafting an image of herself and charismatic Christianity, Kuhlman also mastered the discourse of elision in order to subordinate her very visible, very feminine body. As a female religious leader, Kuhlman had to contend with the practice of self-negation expected by women in many conservative Christian groups in order to gain any significant degree of power. In other words, Kuhlman had to “disappear” or “die” in order to be a vessel for the Holy Spirit if she was to maintain authority. As an embodied female she could not lead without first subordinating, even denying, her own very visible body.
The association between Trichomonas infection and incarceration in HIV-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women.

Background:The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis is higher among incarcerated women than in the general community. We sought to determine whether a history of incarceration itself was independently associated with trichomoniasis.Methods:The HIV Epidemiology Research Study is a prospective cohort s
Disulfide structure of murine Ia alloantigens

Abstract The tryptic (T) and T insoluble chymotryptic (TIC) peptide maps from 35 S-cysteine (Cys) labeled, disulfide-linked I-A k dimer were compared to those from 35 S-Cys labeled I-A k a and β chains which were not covalently linked. These comparisons indicated that the α and β chains found in the covalent I-A k dimer were not a specialized subset of I-A α and β chains. Furthermore, these data, along with the knowledge that alkylation of spleen cells prior to and during detergent solubilization prevents the formation of disulfide-linked I-A k dimer, indicate that covalent dimer formation is an inefficient and artifactual process. Comparison of the T and TIC peptide maps of reduced and nonreduced 35 S-Cys labeled I-A k α and β chains suggests that the I-A k α chain contains one intrachain disulfide bond, whereas the I-A k β chain contains two intrachain disulfide bonds. Examination of the T and TIC peptide maps of the reduced and nonreduced 35 S-Cys labeled I-A k dimer identifies the Cys-containing peptides which are involved in the formation of the artifactual I-A k dimer interchain (α-β) disulfide bond. Comparison of 35 S-Cys labeled I-A k and I-E k α and β chains by T and TIC peptide mapping reveals considerably more homology between the two α-chains and between the two β-chains than is observed using other 3 H-amino acid precursors, thus indicating that the I-A k and I-E k alloantigens are homologous in their amino acid sequences adjacent to the Cys resides. The reasons for the inability to induce formation of interchain (α-β) disulfide bonds in I-E k molecules are discussed.
Doubly charged Higgs and W+W+ production

Abstract The production of doubly charged Higgs scalars, H ++ , via the W-fusion mechanism is investigated. The possible standard model (SM) backgrounds to H ++ decay into like charge vector bosons are also considered. We find that for a certain class of models discovery of a doubly charged heavy Higgs is feasible at the SSC and perhaps at the LHC.
Spinodal decomposition in an electric field

Spinodal decomposition in an electric field has been suggested as a mechanism initiating the phase separation hypothesized for memory switching in amorphous semi conductors. Here, it is shown that density fluctuations lead to a change in free energy which depends on the direction of the electric field and, hence, should cause preferentially oriented precipitation. In addition, the rate of reaction is influenced by the change of polarization with respect to composition, a contribution which is estimated to be the same order of magnitude as the ideal chemical and strain energy contributions.
The use of stereotactic body radiation therapy for local control of glomangiomatosis: a case report

The vast majority of glomangiomas are small, benign neoplasms that can occur anywhere in the body but typically arise in the subcutaneous tissues of the extremities and are capable of causing extreme pain. Typically, these lesions are managed surgically with excellent rates of tumor control. On occasion, patients present with a variant of the glomangioma tumor consisting of numerous or recurrent nodules, a condition classified as glomangiomatosis. The authors present a case report of a young patient with multiply recurrent painful glomangiomas of the left foot, who was ultimately diagnosed with glomangiomatosis pedis. After multiple surgeries and surgical consultations, no surgery other than amputation was recommended. Therefore, the patient sought consultation with regard to stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). In the absence of other options, and based on its effectiveness in treating glomus tumors of the head and neck which display similar natural history and histologic features, SBRT was offered. The patient underwent SBRT to the largest of his remaining tumors with excellent local control and significant reduction in pain at two and a half years follow-up.
Reactions of 1,2-dialkyl-3-pyrazolidinones

The condensation of 1,2-dialkyl-3-pyrazoIidinones (1) with a series of aldehydes, ketones and esters in the presence of sodium hydride is described. Alkylation of I with several alkyl bromides gave 4-alkyl substitution products in modest yield and reaction of 1,2,4-trimethyl-3-pyrazolidinone with n-butyl bromide gave a 4,4-dialkylation product. Compound 1 reacted with aryl Grignard reagents to form 3-aryl-3-pyrazoIines whereas the corresponding products were not realized in the case of alkyl Grignards. The reduction of a single example of 1 as well as the reduction of two 3-pyrazolines to pyrazolidines is also reported.
Should Hepatic Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients with Extrahepatic Disease Undergo Liver Resection/Ablation?

Surgical therapy has been proven to be the mainstay of treatment for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer (CRM) in the appropriate patient. Previous contraindications were patients with extrahepatic disease (EHD) do not benefit from liver resection or ablation. We hypothesized that the survival of patients with EHD who receive aggressive multimodality care would be the same as those without EHD. A review of our 1305 patient prospective hepato-pancreatico-biliary database from August 1995 to April 2008 identified 383 patients with surgical management of metastatic CRM to the liver. A total of 39 patients with limited EHD underwent liver resection/ablation vs 344 patients without EHD. There were no significant differences in hepatic disease burden (mean clinical risk score of 2.3 and 2.1 in patients with and without EHD, P = .19, and median number of hepatic metastases of 2 in each group, P = .88) or size of the largest lesion (mean 4.6 vs 4.5 cm with and without EHD, P = .84). EHD consisted of lung metastases in 33%, nodal metastases in 21%, peritoneal in 15%, unknown in 15%, and other in 15%. There was no difference in patients with and without EHD undergoing surgical with resection only in 41% vs 48%, ablation only in 31% vs 30%, and combined resection and ablation in 28% vs 22% (P = .61). Overall survival in patients with EHD was not significantly different (median survival 24 vs 33 months, P = .06). A thorough understanding of the biology of disease and appropriate multimodality care can lead to improved survival in patients with EHD, when compared with chemotherapy alone.
Separation and determination of mixtures containing p-aminosaucylic add and m-aminophenol.

A procedure is described for separating and determining p-anunosalicylie add and m-aminophenol m mixtures. Separation is effected by passing a solution of the mixture in dimethylformamide through a column of strong cation-exchange resin. The eluate containing the p-aminosalicylic acid is titrated with sodium methoxide. The m-aminophenol is eluted from the column with ethanolic HC1. The eluate is evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in acetic acid, and the solution titrated with perchloric add.
Data Loss: An Empirical Analysis in Search of Best Practices for Prevention

The cost an convenience of cloud computing has motivated many organizations to migrate their data and application services to cloud platforms, yet information security concerns persist. Data loss incidents experienced by organizations over the past decade offer many valuable lessons, which are highly relevant to the present trend of storing sensitive data in clouds. This paper presents our analysis of the DataLoss db, an Open Source Foundation project to collect information on data loss incidents throughout the world. The historical probability of recovering data after it is lost is low, suggesting that the design and implementation of an enterprise wide data protection plan may be the most effective method to mitigate the risk of data loss. Our analysis includes an examination of the cases where data was recovered, drawing insights where better data protection policies and procedures could avoid similar losses in the future.
A simple ultrasensitive method for the assay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissues.

Abstract A simple and rapid method for a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and GMP is described. The method is based on the observation that the affinity of the cyclic nucleotide antibodies for the 2′-0-succinyl or acetyl derivatives is considerably greater than that for the nonacylated cyclic nucleotides. With the present method, 3–10 fmoles of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP can be assayed using commercially available antisera against cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. A reproducible conversion of the cyclic nucleotides in aqueous samples to the 2′-0-acylated derivative is brought about by a simple one-step addition of premixed reagents containing either succinic anhydride or acetic anhydride and triethylamine. The time required for succinylation or acetylation of 100 samples is less than 5 min using this technique. Tissue extracts after purification through anion exchange resins do not interfere with the acylation. After acylation, labeled antigen and antiserum are added and incubated at 4°C for 15 hr. The bound antingen is separated from the unbound antigen by a simple ethanol precipitation using bovine serum albumin to ensure complete precipitation. The specificity of the method has been validated by the following criteria: (1) treatment of the samples with purified phosphodiesterase results in complete loss of cyclic nucleotide immunoreactivity, (2) cyclic nucleotide content was a linear function of the tissue weight, and (3) in one instance using bovine rod outer segments, identical values of cyclic GMP were obtained with the present method and a purely physical method (high pressure liquid chromatography).
Effect of cell line on in vitro metal ion cytotoxicity

A~ffr Objectives. The choice of cell line for in vitro biological tests which assess the cytotoxicity of dental materials remains controversial, yet this issue is important because these tests are widely used to rate the biocompatibility of new and existing materials, and many different cell lines are commonly used. The purpose of the current study was to quantify the responses of four cell lines (Balb/c 3T3, L929, ROS 17/2.8 and Wl-38) to 14 metal ions which are released from dental materials, and relate these responses to the metabolic activity and population doubling times of these cells. Methods. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was used to monitor metabolic activity and cytotoxic response. Results. The cell lines responded differently to most metal ions. In general, the Balb/c 3T3 line was the most sensitive, and the Wl-38 line was the least sensitive. However, there were many exceptions depending on the metal ion. The passage number of the cells also affected the cytotoxic response. It was concluded that the cytotoxicity of materials which release metal ions will be significantly different depending on which cell line is selected and its passage number. Significance. Based on the findings that cell lines ranked the toxicities of the metal ions similarly, it seems reasonable to use these types of in vitro tests to rank the cytotoxicities of materials. However, if these types of tests are used to predict in vivo cytotoxicity, care should be taken to choose conditions and cells which are relevant.
Differential effects of prostaglandins on mesenteric and cerebral arteries isolated from premature newborn baboons.

Responses to prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2, F2α and I2 at a wide range of concentrations were compared in the cerebral and mesenteric arteries isolated from premature newborn baboons. PGE1 at low concentrations relaxed the cerebral artery but not the mesenteric artery. PGI2 produced a relaxation of similar magnitude in both arteries. PGF2α in high concentrations produced a much greater contraction in the mesenteric artery than in the cerebral artery. Thus, during the perinatal stage, the baboon cerebral artery has distinctive PG-reactivity compared to the extracerebral artery. Clinical use of PGE1 or indomethacin may result in circulatory derangement or redistribution of blood flow in the cerebral and mesenteric circulations, and may produce side effects of these drugs.
Strategic Alliances in Information Technology and Developing Country Firms: Policy Perspectives:

Inter-firm strategic alliances deserve a much more prominent place in the public debate on industrial restructuring and economic growth than they have enjoyed until now. Alliances provide a useful mechanism to assist the establishment of competitive indigenous IT industries and to mobilise the necessary financial resources and technological expertise needed to upgrade lagging infrastructure. Alliances, however, are only one of many potential policy instruments. In order to be successful in their role as facilitators of access to technology, capital and markets, alliances must be complemented by an appropriate domestic economic environment. Ultimately, this environment will affect the incentives of firms to upgrade to higher value-added activities and to seek out appropriate collaborators. Certain policy 'complications' that alliances introduce also deserve serious consideration.
Extent of Benzene Biodegradation in Saturated Soil Column During Air Sparging

In situ air sparging has emerged as a popular remedial alternative to traditional pump-and-treat for the remediation of volatile organic contaminants in saturated soils and ground water. During air sparging, a gas, usually air, is injected into the subsurface below the lowest known point of contamination. The air induces partitioning of dissolved-phase and free-phase contamination into the vapor phase. Additionally, the injected air increases subsurface dissolved oxygen concentrations, potentially stimulating aerobic biodegradation. To take advantage of the ability of subsurface microbial populations to degrade organic compounds, air sparging may be implemented in a manner different from a traditional air sparging application; a technique often referred to as biosparging. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study performed to demonstrate the potential contribution of aerobic biodegradation to the attenuation of VOCs during the use of air sparging. This study included a series of controlled laboratory column tests using a soil profile subjected to biomass infiltration and a range of dissolved-phase benzene concentrations. The test results demonstrated that, although the partitioning of NAPL- and aqueous-phase benzene into the vapor phase through volatilization was the dominant removal mechanism, biodegradation could account for a substantial portion of the benzene removal during the application of air sparging. In order for considerable aerobic biodegradation to occur, however, sufficient amounts of dissolved oxygen must exist within the subsurface to serve as an electron acceptor. The presence of a soil matrix reduced the rates of biodegradation within the column tests when compared to batch reactor tests due to the discontinuous contact of the biomass, aqueous-phase benzene, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, the rates of biodegradation that were observed during testing were independent of the initial aqueous-phase benzene concentrations and the biomass concentrations selected for this study. Finally, the dissolved-oxygen concentration was observed to be the rate-limiting factor for biodegradation.
β-Adrenergic Receptors Enhance Excitatory Transmission in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Through a Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor Receptor–Dependent and Cocaine-Regulated Mechanism

Background Evidence suggests that the noradrenergic and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) systems play critical roles in relapse and stress-related behaviors. In particular, behavioral studies point to a serial signaling process initiated by β-adrenergic receptors that requires CRF receptor (CRFR)-dependent signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to produce stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking. Methods We used whole cell patch clamp recordings from acutely prepared mouse brain slices to examine the actions of β-adrenergic receptors and CRFR1 on excitatory transmission in BNST. We examined the effects of agonists of these receptors in slices prepared from naive, sham, and cocaine-conditioned mice. Results β 1 -adrenergic receptor activation within the BNST produces an enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission that requires CRFR1-dependent signaling. We show that chronic cocaine administration transiently disrupts β 1 -adrenergic- and CRFR1-dependent enhancement of glutamatergic transmission, that this disruption wanes with time, and that it can be reintroduced with a cocaine challenge. Conclusions In total, these studies identify a circuit mechanism within the BNST that may play an important role in CRF- and norepinephrine-regulated behaviors.
DISCRIMINATION IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS AGAINST THE AGED

Summary.-Five independent experiments were conducted with a total of 395 Ss (aged 7 to 93 yr.) performing six diversified tasks to study the phenomena of increase and decrease in performance and physiological and behavioral changes with ageing. Results with the greatest impact on occupational productivity are: human body's physiological efficiency is the highest at a freely chosen pace for the age bracket 20 to 45 yr., while paced performance yields the highest physiological efficiency for the age bracket 45 to 65 yr.; different predictive validity models exist for different age categories, as the younger industrial operators (15 to 35 yr.) have higher test scores than the older age group (36 to 58 yr.) for an equivalent level of production performance. Both manipulative skills and personality attributes are affected by ageing. While discrimination against the aged is strictly illegal in the United States, on the whole the over 40s in many siruations are unfavorably discriminated against in hiring and employment practices-though no substantial amount of xiencifically documented evidence is available to support the above. Discrimination against the aged may take many forms. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the work from several reports to demonstrate how unknowingly discrimination may take place in the currently practiced personnel selection and job design environments. The knowledge of how human performance and behavior changes with ageing has special applications and implications for increased occupational productivity and satisfaction, more effective personnel selection and placement mechanism, and more effective planning for maturity and retirement. This may be accomplished by considering at what age categories what human performance and behavior attributes have high indices and which have low indices. Although there are a vast number of studies dealing with human ageing performance and behavior, one must be constantly aware of the many methodological problems associated with experimentation on ageing (Birren, 1970); therefore, results must be interpreted in the light of some of these methodological weaknesses. Pioneering work on ageing and human performance has been carried out by Kay ( 1954), Birren ( 1959), Welford ( 1958), McFarland ( 1963), Welford and Birren ( 1965 ) , Talland ( 1968), Botwinick ( 1973), among others. The purpose of this paper is to consider the important phe
KLF13 sustains thymic memory-like CD8(+) T cells in BALB/c mice by regulating IL-4-generating invariant natural killer T cells

“Memory-like T cells” are a subset of thymic cells that acquire effector function through the maturation process rather than interaction with specific antigen. Disruption of genes encoding T cell signaling proteins or transcription factors have provided insights into the differentiation of such cells. In this study, we show that in BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice, a large portion of thymic CD4-CD8+ T cells exhibit a memory-like phenotype. In BALB/c mice, IL-4 secreted by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is both essential and sufficient for the generation of memory-like T cells. In C57BL/6 mice, iNKT cells are less abundant, producing IL-4 that is insufficient to induce thymic memory-like CD8+ T cells. BALB/c mice deficient in the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 13 have comparable numbers of iNKT cells to C57BL/6 mice and extremely low levels of thymic memory-like CD8+ T cells. This work documents the impact of a small number of KLF13-dependent iNKT cells on the generation of memory-like CD8+ T cells.
The use of hypothetical cohorts in estimating demographic parameters under conditions of changing fertility and mortality

The indirect methods of demographic estimation available to date are often inadequate to estimate levels in the presence of trends. The use of measures relative to hypothetical cohorts to minimize the effectsoftrends and estimate period levels is described. Procedures allowing the estimation of intersurvey levels of fertility, child mortality and adult mortality are illustrated using data from Thailand and Peru.
Evidence of New Growth Factors For Chicks

Abstract SINCE 1925 a rather extensive amount of literature has been published concerning the chick requirements for factors in the vitamin B complex. This literature has been recently reviewed by Ewing (1941). Little progress has been made since 1940 in the differentiation of new factors which may exist in this complex. Experiments by various investigators designed to determine the riboflavin requirements of chicks have given results which not only show lack of agreement but many inconsistencies. Studies at this station have revealed that results which are usually attributed to riboflavin might be due to other factors. Widaman (1940) showed that when chicks were fed a diet which contained corn, wheat, bran, minerals, cod liver oil, and casein, satisfactory growth was obtained. However, when casein which had been extracted with ether and ethanol was used, growth was markedly retarded. The addition of a riboflavin concentrate 2 at a level of 2 percent to . . .
Electrodeposited submicron thermocouples with microsecond response times.

We describe a procedure for preparing submicron scale silver−nickel thermocouples (TCs) using electrochemical step edge decoration on graphite surfaces. Each fabrication operation produced ensembles of 2−20 TCs with diameters in the 1.0 μm to 500 nm range. These “sub-μm TCs” (SMTCs) produced linear voltage versus temperature output over the range from 20 to 100 °C characterized by a Seebeck coefficient of 20 ± 1 μV/°C, equal to the 21 μV/°C that is theoretically expected for a junction between these two metals. The time response of SMTCs was evaluated using two different laser-heating methods and compared with the smallest mechanically robust commercially available type J TCs. Electrochemical etching of the silver wire introduced constrictions at grain boundaries that reduced the thermal mass of the junction without altering its integrity or its overall diameter, producing a decrease of the measured rise time for SMTCs up to 96%.
In vitro responses of caudal hypothalamic neurons to hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Abstract Results from previous studies have suggested that the hypothalamus modulates cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia. Many neurons in the caudal hypothalamus are stimulated by hypercapnia and hypoxia in vivo ; however, it is not known if these responses are dependent upon input from other areas. Whole-cell patch and extracellular recordings from a brain slice preparation were used in the present study to determine the direct effects of hypoxia (5% CO 2 /95% N 2 or 10% O 2 /5% CO 2 /85% N 2 ) and hypercapnia (7% CO 2 /93% O 2 ) on caudal hypothalamic neurons in vitro . Coronal sections (400–500 μm) were obtained from young Sprague-Dawley rats and placed in a recording chamber that was perfused with nutrient media equilibrated with 95% O 2 /5% CO 2 . Extracellular recordings demonstrated that hypoxia stimulated over 80% of the neurons tested; the magnitude of the response was dependent upon the degree of hypoxia. In addition, over 80% of cells that were excited by hypoxia retained this response during synaptic blockade. Hypercapnia increased the discharge frequency of 22% of the caudal hypothalamic neurons that were studied. A second set of caudal hypothalamic neurons were studied with whole-cell patch recordings; the mean resting membrane potential of these neurons was −51.8 ± 1.0 mV with an average input resistance of 399 ± 49 MΩ. Hypoxia produced a depolarization in 76% of these neurons; a poststimulus hyperpolarization often occurred. A depolarization and/or increase in discharge rate during hypercapnia was observed in 35% of the neurons tested. Only 10% of all neurons studied were excited by both hypoxia and hypercapnia. These findings suggest that separate subpopulations of caudal hypothalamic neurons are sensitive to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Thus, this hypothalamic area may be a site of central hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreception.
Wet-Etch Figuring: Optical Surfacing by Controlled Application of Etchant Solution Using the marangoni Effect

Wet-etch figuring (WEF), a computer-controlled method for generating arbitrarily shaped optical surfaces using wet chemical etching, has been developed. This method uses applicator geometry and surface tension gradients (the Marangoni Effect) to define and confine the footprint of a wetted etchant zone on the surface. Capillary forces attach the flowing etchant solution to the underside of the optic being figured. No mechanical or thermal stresses or residues are applied to the optic by this process. This enables interferometric measurement of the glass thickness while surfacing, which then controls the placement and dwell time of the wetted zone. The result is a truly deterministic, closed-loop figuring process with a high degree of optical precision. This process can figure submillimeter thickness, large-aperture plates or sheets that are very difficult to finish by conventional methods. Automated linear and circular spot etching tools were used to demonstrate surfacing on 380 micron-thick glass sheets, to Strehl better than 0.8, as specified by data array or Zernike polynomials.
Experimental measurements of spectral line profiles

Abstract The general problem of the effect of the finite size of slits and apertures on the resolving power of high-resolution instruments is reviewed. In addition, the effect of Doppler and pressure broadening on the shape of lines produced by these instruments is discussed. There is some experimental evidence that lines in the quadrupole spectrum of H2 are sharper than the normal Doppler width. This evidence is reviewed and discussed in the light of recent theory. Definitive experiments are proposed to determine the breadth and shape of quadrupole lines of H2.
Farm-related injuries among Old Order Anabaptist children: developing a baseline from which to formulate and assess future prevention strategies.

ABSTRACT Old Order Anabaptists are a religiously based North American subculture that is often identified with simple lifestyles, limited reliance on modern technologies, and unique farming methods, including dependence upon horse-drawn vehicles and farm equipment. Members of this group generally have large numbers of children and begin involving them in work around the home or farm at an early age. Children are called upon to participate in a wide range of activities that most farm children are no longer exposed to due to the adoption of modern technologies and changing roles of children in contemporary society. Preliminary research suggested that farm-related injuries and fatalities may be an increasing problem among Old Order Anabaptist children, thus posing the need for a better understanding of causative factors, which could then contribute to the design of more effective intervention strategies. This present study employed a national injury surveillance process to expand Purdue University's Old Orde...
Properties of Mathematical Morphology based filter for online filtering of power system signals

Mathematical Morphology (MM) has been discussed in recent literature for its possible applications in power systems. However, the properties of MM as an online filtering tool in power systems have not been adequately analyzed and discussed. This paper reports further contributions to our previous efforts in this direction. The paper points out a defect of a basic MM filter and suggests a method to correct the same. Simulation results are presented for a fault on a long transmission line simulated on PSCAD/EMTDC®. Results are analyzed and conclusions are drawn based on the analysis.
Numerical Simulation of Steady-State Fronts

Abstract The numerical frontogenesis model of Williams is modified to include horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusions of heat and momentum. The turbulent diffusions are represented with constant coefficients, and an Ekman layer is added to the basic deformation field. The numerical solutions show realistic quasi-steady fronts forming within 1–2 days. These solutions are examined and compared over a wide range of the various coefficients.
Lateral Contact Stiffness and the Elastic Foundation

A model for the lateral contact stiffness for an elastic foundation was developed. The model was evaluated using a low force and low contact pressure microtribometer capable of performing indentation and reciprocated sliding experiments. The slope of lateral force versus the lateral displacement was used to fit the shear modulus. When complementary elastic indentation measurements are made to determine the composite modulus of the elastic foundation, there is sufficient data to fit elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson ratio for these thin films. Using these models, the elastic properties for a thin (~65 μm) vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotube film were evaluated. The experiments were performed with a silicon nitride indenter (radius = 1.6 mm) over a range in loads from 100 to 800 μN. The resulting values of the elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson ratio were E = 429 kPa, G = 156 kPa, and ν = 0.37, respectively.
A sensitive in vitro assay for the detection of residual viable rabies virus in inactivated rabies vaccines.

Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites from rabid animals and can be prevented by vaccines. Clinically used rabies vaccines are prepared from inactivated rabies viruses grown in cell cultures or embryonated eggs. In Japan and across the world, tests that confirm complete inactivation, such as the in vivo suckling mouse assay, in which suckling mice are intracerebrally inoculated with vaccine products, are required for quality control. In this study, we developed a novel cell-based immunofluorescence assay that does not require mice for testing rabies vaccine inactivation for human use. The sensitivity of this cell-based in vitro assay was 5.7 times that of the in vivo suckling mouse assay, with a detection limit of one focus forming units per ml of test sample. This newly developed in vitro assay may replace the established in vivo suckling mouse assay for confirming viral vaccine inactivation.
The destruction of chlorofluorocarbons during ChemChar gasification

Abstract Due to the hazardous implications of releasing CFCs into the environment, studies on their thermal destruction are necessary. The use of incineration to destroy these compounds, while effective, have produced polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) while releasing large amounts of corrosive HCl and HF. The ChemChar gasification process was evaluated for its ability to destroy two CFCs, l,l,2‐trichloro‐l,2,2‐trifluoroethane (CFC‐113) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC‐13). It was found that DRE values of > 99.9998 % are obtained for the destruction of l,l,2‐trichloro‐l,2,2‐trifluoroethane while not producing any PCDD/PCDF. Additionally, the chloride (as the potassium salt) and fluoride (as carbon‐fluoride) that result from the destruction of both CFCs are retained in the gasification system. This study illustrates that the ChemChar gasification process holds significant promise as an alternative to incineration for the safe and complete destruction of CFCs.
An Update on Angiogenesis Therapy

Angiogenesis is a novel approach for the therapy of various ischemia-related pathophysiologic conditions. Proangiogenic growth factors have shown promising results in preclinical studies using protein- and gene-based therapies. However, their success in clinical trials is hindered by the lack of an optimal delivery strategy that would provide sustained and localized levels of the growth factors in the diseased tissue. Targeted delivery of proangiogenic agents is expected to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy of growth factors at relatively lower doses, without the risk of systemic toxicity in terms of unwanted angiogenesis. To achieve the above objectives, various drug delivery systems are under investigation. This review describes the basic mechanism of action of growth factors, their current status in preclinical and clinical studies, and the issue of drug delivery.
Resolution of Subunit Interactions and Cytoplasmic Subcomplexes of the Yeast Vacuolar Proton-translocating ATPase

The vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase is the principal energization mechanism that enables the yeast vacuole to perform most of its physiological functions. We have undertaken an examination of subunit-subunit interactions and assembly states of this enzyme. Yeast two-hybrid data indicate that Vma1p and Vma2p interact with each other and that Vma4p interacts with itself. Three-hybrid data indicate that the Vma4p self-interaction is stabilized by both Vma1p and Vma2p. Native gel electrophoresis reveals numerous partial complexes not previously described. In addition to a large stable cytoplasmic complex seen in wild-type, Δvma3 and Δvma5 strains, we see partial complexes in the Δvma4 and Δvma7 strains. All larger complexes are lost in the Δvma1, Δvma2, and Δvma8 strains. We designate the large complex seen in wild-type cells containing at least subunits Vma1p, Vma2p, Vma4p, Vma7p, and Vma8p as the definitive V1 complex.