cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phoretic behavior of asymmetric particles in thermal nonequilibrium with the gas: Two-sphere aggregates

Abstract An investigation into the phoretic behavior arising from thermal slip of an asymmetrical aerosol particle in thermal nonequilibrium with the carrier gas is presented. The asymmetrical particle is modeled as an aggregate of two spheres unequal in size and/or composition, with gas/particle thermal nonequilibrium arising from radiative transfer between the particle and an isotropic background. The particle and gas conduction equations and the creeping flow equation are solved for the binary sphere system using a spherical-harmonics-based method. In high temperature (e.g., combustion) environments, results indicate that the thermal slip forces arising from radiative cooling of an asymmetric aggregate can lead to significant phoretic velocities. The velocity is body-fixed, i.e., directed along the aggregate axis, and in the absence of alignment forces the aggregate motion is stochastic. The “effective” diffusion resulting from this motion can be orders of magnitude larger than ordinary Brownian diffusion for a volume-equivalent sphere. Conventional thermophoresis, resulting from a temperature gradient in the bulk gas, can act to align the aggregate axis with the temperature gradient. Under these conditions, the body-fixed motion of the aggregate will become deterministic, and can lead to a considerable increase or decrease in the “apparent” thermophoretic diffusivity of the aggregate.
Elementary, Middle, and High School Student Perceptions of Tension in Music:

School-age students from Grades 2, 5, 8, and 11/12 (N = 112) were asked to listen to a recording of the first movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 104. All subjects were asked to record their perception of “tension ” in the music using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial. As in previous studies of this type (Fredrickson, 1995; Madsen & Fredrickson, 1993), no definition of the term in question was given, allowing subjects to, in essence, create their own definition. Graphic analysis showed that even though the magnitude of group responses varied widely, there are some striking similarities in the timing of major group responses. Pearson correlations between groups ranged from .98 between the fifth and eighth graders to . 71 between the second graders and a population of professional musicians from a previous study who responded to the same musical recording. In general, younger subjects tended to use a wider range of the dial, whereas older and more musically experienced subjects were much more...
Geoclimate: Probing the Earth's climate record at all temporal and spatial scales

Why study Earth's “deep-time” (loosely, “pre-Quaternary“) climate? Simply put, the climatic record must be studied at all spatial and temporal scales, in order to comprehend the full range of variability of Earth's climate system, and the physical, biological, and chemical processes that control this variability. The modern and recent record of climate variability is much better documented and understood than is the longer, deep-time record. Similarly whereas some of the more dramatic, larger changes in Earth's climate are reasonably well known from the longer-term geologic record, the higher-frequency record is less well documented and certainly not understood.
Post-colonial historiography and the polemicist's task: understanding Perry Anderson's Indian Ideology

In three articles in the London Review of Books (LRB), Marxist historian Perry Anderson presented a sweeping, synoptic polemic on modern India.1 Re-cast as extensively footnoted chapters entitled ‘...
Preparation of 5-amino-3,4-bipyridin-6(1H)-one-514C. A new cardiotonic agent

Inocor™ brand of amrinone1 (5-amino-3,4-bipyridin-6(1H)-one-514C) a new positive inotropic agent was obtained [14C] labelled at Carbon 5 in 55% overall yield.
The effect of silver ion binding and pH on the buoyant density of DNA and its use in fractionating heterogeneous DNA.

Abstract 1. The effect of pH on the buoyant density of the complexes of Ag + with DNA has been studied using 3 H-labeled human DNA and several bacterial DNAs to determine the conditions necessary for the maximum resolution of compositional heterogeneity. In neutral Cs 2 SO 4 density gradients, Ag + complexes with (G · C)-rich components are always denser than those with (A · T)-rich components, since (G · C)rich DNAs have a larger affinity for Ag + than (A · T)-rich DNAs and their complexes are denser than (A · T)-rich complexes. In alkaline ( pH > 9 ) Cs 2 SO 4 gradients, the buoyant density of the Ag + · DNA complex is not a simple function of base composition. The Ag + affinity of (A · T)-rich DNA is larger than that of (G · C)-rich DNA but the density of a (G · C)-rich complex is larger. Thus the ordering of the buoyant density changes depends on the amount of added Ag + . 2. The problem of resolving the density heterogeneity within a tracer DNA, and minor components of DNA, is explored and useful fractionation techniques are developed.
A different paradigm for expert systems: an introduction to logic programming and related knowledge representation issues

: Current expert system technology is 30 years old. Expert system shells find their origins in the work of early expert systems, most notably MYCIN which was developed at Stanford in the mid-1970s. Even Prolog programmers are settling for less robust reasoning power. The logic programming community (from which both expert systems and Prolog arose) has made notable advances since those times. These advances are lacking from current expert system technology. The advances include a well-developed theory of multiple forms of negation, an understanding of open domains and the closed world assumption, default reasoning with exceptions, reasoning with respect to time (i.e. a solution to the frame problem, and introspection with regard to previous beliefs), reasoning about actions, introspection, and maintaining multiple views of the world simultaneously. The contribution of this paper is to discuss these developments in a singular, integrated, practical, digestible manner. Some of these ideas exist in a variety of papers spread across decades. They also exist in the minds of a very small community of researchers. Some of these ideas are unpublished. The presentation in this paper is from a different point of view, and intended to be more comprehensive and pedagogical. The presentation is also intended to be accessible to a much wider audience. Both the synthesis and the simplicity of this presentation are absent from the literature.
Measuring and managing customer service in industrial firms

Abstract This article investigates the customer service function in industrial firms. A distinction is drawn between definitional, measurement, and management aspects of the service function. A model regarding relationships between company descriptors, customer service, and organizational performance is proposed. Results of a survey of marketing managers in industrial firms suggest that the measurement and management of customer service vary as a function of organizational descriptors, and all three components of service impact on organizational performance.
Survival and Development of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Isogenic Tobacco Lines with Different Levels of Alkaloids

Levels of pyridine alkaloids were measured in 18 tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., entries from three parental isolines (‘NC 95’, ‘SC 58’, and ‘Coker 139’), grown at Tifton, GA, Florence, SC, and Oxford, NC, in 1991. Levels of alkaloids in bud leaves (first fully unfolded leaf below the apical leaf bud) were negatively correlated to natural infestation ratings of tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), 7 wk after transplanting. For artificially infested bud leaves at Oxford, there was a significant negative correlation between levels of total alkaloids and larval weights after 1 wk of feeding. In 1992, four entries from the ‘NC 95’ isoline were grown at Oxford, and samples for alkaloid analyses were taken every 2 wk at several leaf positions on each plant. During weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16, second instar tobacco budworms were caged on individual, intact leaves inside perforated plastic bags in the field. The survival and development of tobacco budworm larvae after 1 wk were negatively correlated with levels of alkaloids at the various leaf positions. Larvae survived better and grew faster on the bud leaves of each entry where alkaloid levels were lower than they did on leaves further down the stalk where alkaloid levels were higher. More larvae survived on the lower leaves of the low alkaloid lines than on the lower leaves of the high alkaloid lines. Even moderate increases in pyridine alkaloids had negative effects on tobacco budworm survival and development. Nicotine constituted >97% of the pyridine alkaloids in the ‘NC95’ isoline each year.
ANGELS and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences paradigm for distant obstetrical care delivery.

Objective This article describes the process by which the Arkansas Medicaid Program, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (the state’s only academic health center), and Arkansas’ practicing physicians are collaborating to improve the process of perinatal regionalization by providing access to expertise, education, and support of maternal–fetal medicine specialists. The described ANGELS model encourages replication among other programs that wish to improve perinatal regionalization attempts in their service areas. Study Design Through this unique collaboration, ANGELS is composed of 5 distinctive elements: a statewide telemedicine and clinic network, an education and support program for obstetric providers, case management services, a 24-hour Call Center, and an evidence-based guidelines development and distribution network. Results Since Arkansas has undertaken perinatal regionalization, technology has allowed the state’s only group of board-certified maternal–fetal medicine specialists, located centrally in Little Rock, to provide real-time clinical support to physicians, as well as consultation or direct care to patients statewide. Conclusion ANGELS’ continued efforts have the potential to significantly improve perinatal care in rural areas throughout the state, while the cost of maternal and fetal health care could decline. The program’s design, although unique, can be replicated elsewhere to encourage perinatal regionalization.
Large optical pulse delays in cesium vapor

We report on a recent demonstration of the large tunable delays of optical pulses in cesium vapor.
A continuously monitored recirculating perfusion system for measuring intestinal absorption.

A system was developed for the continuous and simultaneous measurement of water and nutrient (or electrolyte) absorption from the intestine. A recirculating loop (with a reservoir) was kept moving by means of two peristaltic pumps. Water was quantitated by means of a chromogenic nonabsorbed marker and a spectrophotometer. The nutrient (or electrolyte) was present in radiolabeled form and was quantitated by means of a gamma-ray detector. Use of the system was illustrated by the study of22NaCl and75Se-l-selenomethionine. By utilization of a suitable detector, beta-emitting radionuclides may also be used in the perfusing fluid.
Selling the air: property and the politics of US commercial broadcasting

Analyse du role de la propriete dans le domaine de l'emission commerciale des medias, en particulier de la television, aux Etats-Unis. L'A. propose en premier lieu une discussion sur le theme de la nature de la propriete, puis etudie le systeme d'emission commerciale americain dans trois domaines cles : la creation de stations d'emission commercialisables, l'extension du « copyright » aux programmes d'emission et la construction d'« audiences » commercialisables, que les responsables d'emission vendent aux annonceurs
Weighing on autophagy: a novel mechanism for the CNS regulation of energy balance.

Comment on: Coupe B, et al. Cell Metab 2012; 15:247–55, Kaushik S, et al. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:258-65 and Quan W, et al. Endocrinology 2012; 153: In press
Who are “stinkybug” and “Packerfan4”? Email Pseudonyms and Participants’ Perceptions of Demography, Productivity, and Personality

This study explores whether in the absence of face-to-face interaction individuals rely on mediated “clues” for constructing their perceptions of other individuals. Specifically, we assess whether individuals use the information in email usernames to create basic assumptions about the sender of a message. Ninety-four male and 206 female participants completed self-report surveys asking their perceptions of an instructor-assigned, fictional group member including sex, age, race, and work productivity. A majority of participants assigned biological sex, ethnicity, and age to the fictional member. Participants often identified the creative emails as belonging to Caucasian males, while plain usernames were unknown and perceived as significantly more productive. The majority of participants chose to delete the message, listing lack of recognition as a reason for avoidance. These results suggest that email usernames may shape perceptions when other, nonverbal cues are absent.
High blood pressure in older Americans. The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Data from a representative sample of the U.S. adult population obtained during 1971-1975 were analyzed to provide a profile of blood pressure (BP) levels and related nutritional and sociodemographic factors. Older adults (aged 55-74 years) had a twofold greater prevalence of high BP than younger adults (25-54 years), and older black persons had the highest rates. Isolated systolic elevation was uncommon under 54 years of age, but occurred in 5% to 10% of adults over 55 years and was less common than systolic-diastolic elevation. In older adults, body mass (weight/height2) had the strongest relationship to BP of all the nutritional variables. Alcohol consumption and dietary calcium and phosphorus were associated with high BP, but dietary sodium and salt use were not. The serum calcium/phosphorus ratio and serum urate were significantly higher in older adults with high BP. In general, the variables associated with elevated BP in older adults were similar to those in younger adults, although the strengths of the associations differed. Associations of factors useful for nonpharmacologic prevention and management of high BP in older persons were suggested from this survey.
Parsons' Concept of “Generalized Media of Social Interaction” and its Relevance for Social Anthropology

The concept of “generalized symbolic media of social interaction” was introduced by Parsons five years ago in his two articles on the concepts of power and influence.1 I believe that it represents a theoretical development of the first importance, which has received much less attention—particularly in my own field of social anthropology—than it deserves. The purpose of the present paper is to review and criticize the concept itself and to point out its relevance to certain problems in social anthropology.
Dynamic phase diagram and orientational dependence for vortices in superconductors with periodic arrays of pinning sites

We investigate the depinning and dynamics of vortex lattices at incommensurate fields above the first matching field. The vortex lattice interacts with periodic pinning arrays for different angles of vortex driving with respect to the pinning lattice. We find that the optimal pinning for square arrays of pins occurs for drives at 45° with respect to the pinning lattice. We present a dynamic phase diagram and show the evolution of these dynamic phases as a function of driving angle with respect to the pinning lattice.
Quality metric for automated image registration performance prediction

Automated image geo-registration of military and defense related imagery can sometimes produce an unsuccessful result due to poor image quality, cloud cover, supporting data errors, and sensor phenomenology. In addition, there are many possible image processing algorithms that further compound the problem of prediction. An accurate mathematical model that is able to incorporate all these parameters and can predict the outcome of a registration event is not feasible. What is proposed here is a probabilistic approach to the problem. A robust quality metric that is able to determine the success of an autonomous registration will be discussed.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Body size and outcomes on peritoneal dialysis in the United States

Body size and outcomes on peritoneal dialysis in the United States. Background Being overweight is often cited as a relative contraindication to peritoneal dialysis. Our primary objective was to determine whether actual mortality rates support this opinion. Methods Retrospective cohort study of United States Medicare patients initiating dialysis between 1995 and 2000 (N = 418,021; 11% peritoneal dialysis). Results Seven percent were underweight [body mass index (BMI) 29.9 kg/m2) at dialysis initiation. Compared to those with normal BMI, the adjusted odds of initiating peritoneal dialysis were 0.70 (P Conclusion Although less likely to initiate peritoneal dialysis, overweight and obese peritoneal dialysis patients have longer survival than those with lower BMI, not adequately explained by lower transplantation and technique survival rates.
Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) of cerebral activity in chronic depressive disorder ☆

In this study we compared the current density power and power asymmetry in 15 right-handed, medication-free chronically depressed females (of the unipolar type) and age-matched non-clinical female controls. We used frequency domain LORETA (Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography). In the interhemispheric asymmetry analysis, compared with the control group, the depression group exhibited a left-to-right Alpha2 (10-12 Hz) current density dominance in the left postcentral gyrus. The pattern of left-to-right dominance included frontal (especially medial and middle frontal gyri) and temporal locations. The between groups comparison of spectral power revealed decreased activity in the right middle temporal gyrus in the depressed group. The decrease emerged in the whole frequency spectrum analyzed (2-32 Hz), although it reached significance in the Delta (2-3.5 Hz) band only. These findings are discussed in terms of the existing literature on affect using EEG, PET and SPECT.
Proverbs, slogans and folk sayings in the therapeutic community: A neglected therapeutic tool

†Presented at the Seventh World Conference of Therapeutic Communities, Chicago, May 10, 1983.
Assessing the accuracy and reliability of freeway traffic monitoring stations using GPS probe vehicle speed data

Freeway performance measures are extracted from Traffic Monitoring Stations (TMS) which gather traffic volume and speed data. Reported freeway speeds are usually aggregated over periods of 20 or 30-second or 1, 5, or 15-minute by traffic agencies. This paper examines the accuracy and reliability of reported TMS detector speeds. The study compares speeds collected by GPS-equipped probe vehicles with aggregated detector speeds. The paper evaluates how various aggregation intervals impact accuracy and reliability of TMS detector speeds and determines the optimal aggregation interval. Results indicate that shorter aggregation intervals are appropriate for high variability traffic conditions during peak periods.
Birthday Parties: A Study of Developmental Change in American Culture

The complex interrelationships among ritual, life course transitions, and altered states of consciousness (ASCs) are examined on a theoretical level. ASCs are an important and relatively new concept in anthropological studies of transition and change. Hypersuggestibility, a characteristic of ASCs, is the key element of this analysis. Birthday parties are analyzed as a life course ritual. Their efficacy in facilitating transition is evaluated in light of the issue of the potential of a series of less intense rituals versus the potential of one major ritual for effecting change. Stress is a crucial element of this problem. A symbolic analysis of those elements of birthday parties relevant to the main thesis supports the conclusion that birthday parties are a significant life course ritual in American culture.
Biological Inquiry: A New Course and Assessment Plan in Response to the Call to Transform Undergraduate Biology

We transformed our first-year curriculum in biology with a new course, Biological Inquiry, in which >50% of all incoming, first-year students enroll. The course replaced a traditional, content-driven course that relied on outdated approaches to teaching and learning. We diversified pedagogical practices by adopting guided inquiry in class and in labs, which are devoted to building authentic research skills through open-ended experiments. Students develop core biological knowledge, from the ecosystem to molecular level, and core skills through regular practice in hypothesis testing, reading primary literature, analyzing data, interpreting results, writing in disciplinary style, and working in teams. Assignments and exams require higher-order cognitive processes, and students build new knowledge and skills through investigation of real-world problems (e.g., malaria), which engages students’ interest. Evidence from direct and indirect assessment has guided continuous course revision and has revealed that compared with the course it replaced, Biological Inquiry produces significant learning gains in all targeted areas. It also retains 94% of students (both BA and BS track) compared with 79% in the majors-only course it replaced. The project has had broad impact across the entire college and reflects the input of numerous constituencies and close collaboration among biology professors and students.
Disease Management of Migraine and the Importance of Stratified Care

Migraine is a common neurological disorder that remains under-recognized, under-diagnosed and under-treated. The disorder imposes a large burden on individuals and the wider community in terms of migraine-related disability and high healthcare and societal costs. Moreover, there is a discrepancy between the availability of effective pharmacologic intervention and the level of treatment that patients with migraine actually receive. A disease management program can benefit individuals with migraine and society in general, by delivering improved care within a cost-effective framework. Disease management programs aim to reduce the burden of illness by identifying key factors that influence disease outcome. Herein, we consider a clinic-based migraine disease management program. Currently, step care remains the most common approach to migraine management. However, this approach frequently delays effective therapy and leads to patient dissatisfaction and lapse from medical care. Stratified care is an alternative approach to migraine management and tailors the choice of therapy to the individual treatment needs of patients. The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire offers a simple and reliable measure of migraine—related disability. It assesses the overall impact of disease and reflects illness severity and thereby helps guide the physician to the appropriate treatment. Implementation of stratified care, based on illness severity assessed by a disability measure, increases the likelihood that patients with migraine will receive the appropriate treatment plan from the initial consultation. In a randomized trial, step-care and stratified-care approaches were compared using aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) plus metoclopramide or zolmitriptan 2.5mg oral tablet for the treatment of migraine attacks. The study demonstrated that stratified care produced significantly better clinical outcomes and improved the cost effectiveness of healthcare delivery for migraine compared with step care strategies.
Hybrid acquisition of direct sequence CDMA signals

In direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems, signal acquisition is necessary before communication can commence. Recent work has shown that the problem of acquisition may be even more restrictive than the problem of error control in limiting the capacity and performance of these systems. Passive matched filters and parallel search schemes have been shown to be able to acquire signals rapidly, but they do so at the cost of high or prohibitive complexity. In contrast, straight serial search schemes have lower complexity but acquire the signal much more slowly. In this paper, we studyhybrid active correlation schemes that provide flexibility in the trade-off between acquisition speed and complexity. These techniques test several phases concurrently and either decide that a particular phase is correct, in which case the decision is verified by a binary hypothesis test, or that none of the phases are correct, in which case another group of phases is tested. Two new hybrid acquisition schemes are presented; the first is based on a fixed-sample-size weighted MAP test, and the second is based on anM-ary sequential hypothesis test called MSPRT. It is shown that the weighted MAP-based scheme hypothesis test called MSPRT. It is shown that the weighted MAP-based scheme outperforms a standard MAP-based scheme. It is also shown that considerable performance gain can be obtained using sequential testing. In particular, it is shown through numerical examples that MSPRT-based schemes are several times faster than corresponding fixed-sample-size schemes.
Simple asymptotics for the temporal spectrum of an Orr-Sommerfeld problem

Abstract We analyse asymptotic approximations to the eigenvalue relation for the even modes of plane Poiseuille flow for large but finite values of the Reynolds number. By using outer approximations which are valid in the complete sense, we obtain a result which is remarkably simple and for which the relative error is of order R − 1 2 .
The diurnal cycle of temperature and wind velocity and animal low-frequency calls

The effect of changes in near-surface atmospheric thermal stratification and wind velocity over a daily 24-h cycle upon the transmission of low-frequency animal calls is shown. The area ensonified changes from 30 km/sup 2/ during the day to over 300 km/sup 2/ in the early evening. The role of thermal stratification and fluctuations in wind velocity in governing these changes in transmission is discussed. Intranocturnal changes in the thermal and velocity fields of the atmosphere interrupt the optimum nighttime conditions with periods of poor acoustic conditions.
Studies on the mechanism of alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues.

Alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide partially delignify wheat straw and other lignocellulosic materials, leaving a cellulosic residue that is highly susceptible to enzymatic digestion by cellulase. The delignification reaction is strongly dependent upon the pH of the reaction mixture, with an optimum at pH 11.5-11.6, pKa for the dissociation H(2)O(2) right harpoon over left harpoon H(+) + HOO(-). The data are consistent with a mechanism in which H(2)O(2) decomposition products such as .OH and O(2) (-)., rather than H(2)O(2) or HOO(-), are the primary lignin oxidizing species. During the course of the delignification reaction, O(2) is evolved from the reaction mixture indicating active H(2)O(2) decomposition. At a given concentration of H(2)O(2), the rate of O(2) evolution is proportional to the amount of lignocellulosic substrate present in the reaction mixture. However, the total amount of O(2) evolved is inversely proportional to the amount of substrate present, indicating that some of the peroxide oxygen becomes incorporated into lignin degradation products. The amount of peroxide oxygen incorporated can range as high as 2 O(2) per lignin C(9) unit, depending upon the initial concentration of lignocellulosic substrate.
Human Islet‐Derived Precursor Cells Are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells That Differentiate and Mature to Hormone‐Expressing Cells In Vivo

Islet transplantation offers improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients, but transplantation of islets is limited by the supply of donor pancreases. Undifferentiated precursors hold promise for cell therapy because they can expand before differentiation to produce a large supply of functional insulin-producing cells. Previously, we described proliferative populations of human islet-derived precursor cells (hIPCs) from adult islets. To show the differentiation potential of hIPCs, which do not express insulin mRNA after at least 1,000-fold expansion, we generated epithelial cell clusters (ECCs) during 4 days of differentiation in vitro. After transplantation into mice, 22 of 35 ECC preparations differentiated and matured into functional cells that secreted human C-peptide in response to glucose. Transcripts for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in recovered ECC grafts increased with time in vivo, reaching levels approximately 1% of those in adult islets. We show that hIPCs are mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that adhere to plastic, express CD73, CD90, and CD105, and can differentiate in vitro into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. Moreover, we find a minor population of CD105(+)/CD73(+)/CD90(+) cells in adult human islets (prior to incubation in vitro) that express insulin mRNA at low levels. We conclude that hIPCs are a specific type of pancreas-derived MSC that are capable of differentiating into hormone-expressing cells. Their ability to mature into functional insulin-secreting cells in vivo identifies them as an important adult precursor or stem cell population that could offer a virtually unlimited supply of human islet-like cells for replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Challenges in Prevention of Abusive Head Trauma.

Author Affiliations:Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Jacobs); Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Jacobs); Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois (Vela); Office of Multicultural Affairs, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Vela).
Optimal two-stage designs for clinical trials with binary response.

We present a simple two-stage design for a randomized clinical trial with dichotomous outcomes. It is based on a design of Ellenberg and Eisenberger which permits early acceptance of the null hypothesis after the first stage. We have optimized the design by minimizing the average expected sample size subject to constraints on the type 1 and type 2 errors. The resulting designs have maximum sample size only slightly larger than that of single stage trial, with 40–45 per cent of this maximum allocated to the first stage, and null hypothesis probability of early acceptance in excess of 0.60.
A two-dimensional analytical model for MOSFETs operating at 77 K

An analytical two-dimensional model is described for MOSFETs operating at room and cryogenic temperatures. The formulation involves determining the two-dimensional potential distribution under the gate using a three-region model. This in turn is used to evaluate various device parameters and transport characteristics. In particular, MOSFET behavior in the subthreshold, linear, and saturation regions is investigated. The computed results on n-channel field-effect transistors having channel lengths ranging between 1 and 8 mu m are compared with experimental and numerical data for both room temperature and 77 K operations. Computed I/sub d/-V/sub g/ and I/sub d/-V/sub d/ characteristics are in agreement with the experiments in subthreshold, weak, and moderate regions. In addition, the present model compares well with numerical simulations obtained using the MINIMOS software package. >
Next generation sequencing analysis of platinum refractory advanced germ cell tumor sensitive to Sunitinib (Sutent®) a VEGFR2/PDGFRβ/c-kit/ FLT3/RET/CSF1R inhibitor in a phase II trial.

Germ cell tumors (GCT) are the most common solid tumors in adolescent and young adult males (age 15 and 35 years) and remain one of the most curable of all solid malignancies. However a subset of patients will have tumors that are refractory to standard chemotherapy agents. The management of this refractory population remains challenging and approximately 400 patients continue to die every year of this refractory disease in the United States. Given the preclinical evidence implicating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in the biology of germ cell tumors, we hypothesized that the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor sunitinib (Sutent) may possess important clinical activity in the treatment of this refractory disease. We proposed a Phase II efficacy study of sunitinib in seminomatous and non-seminomatous metastatic GCT’s refractory to first line chemotherapy treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00912912). Next generation targeted exome sequencing using HiSeq 2000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was performed on the tumor sample of the unusual responder. Five patients are enrolled into this Phase II study. Among them we report here the clinical course of a patient (Patient # 5) who had an exceptional response to sunitinib. Next generation sequencing to understand this patient’s response to sunitinib revealed RET amplification, EGFR and KRAS amplification as relevant aberrations. Oncoscan MIP array were employed to validate the copy number analysis that confirmed RET gene amplification. Sunitinib conferred clinical benefit to this heavily pre-treated patient. Next generation sequencing of this ‘exceptional responder’ identified the first reported case of a RET amplification as a potential basis of sensitivity to sunitinib (VEGFR2/PDGFRβ/c-kit/ FLT3/RET/CSF1R inhibitor) in a patient with refractory germ cell tumor. Further characterization of GCT patients using biomarkers for clinical response and patient selection is warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00912912
Emotional reactions and regulatory responses to negative and positive events: Associations with attachment and gender

In two studies, we examined inter-individual variability in responses to both negative and positive events. In the first study, participants (119 college students) reported on negative and positive events from their own lives. The second was an experiment in which participants (133 college students) were given either negative or positive feedback about their personality. With negative events, more insecure individuals, especially anxiously attached, evidenced more intense negative emotional reactions and greater processing of (i.e., ruminating on) negative experiences. With positive events, securely attached individuals and less anxiously attached engaged in greater processing of positive experiences (maximized), whereas more insecure individuals tended to minimize positive experiences. Gender differences for emotion regulation were moderated by either attachment or event type. Findings for negative events generally coincide with prior research, and those for positive events provide new evidence that attachment style could affect how people react to positive events and emotions.
Design and Analysis of a Self-Oscillating Class D Audio Amplifier Employing a Hysteretic Comparator

A third-order self-oscillating class D audio amplifier that utilizes a hysteretic comparator is presented. The design is analyzed and its THD is theoretically determined by employing an equivalent model, that relates the approach to natural sampling pulse-width modulation. The architecture eliminates the requirement for a high-quality carrier generator. A low-cost hysteresis compensation technique is utilized to enhance distortion performance at high output power levels. An implementation is presented in a 0.7 μm CMOS process. It achieves a dynamic range (DR) of 116.5 dB, and a THD+N of 0.0012%, while delivering a power of 125 mW into an 8 Ω load at 1 kHz. The THD+N is under 0.006% up to 90% of the maximum output power. The amplifier can deliver 1.45 W into the load with a THD of 5% with a 5 V power supply. The efficiency is greater than 84% for output power larger than 1 W . The area of the amplifier is 6 mm2 .
Origins of Discrepancies Between Kinetic Rate Law Theory and Experiments in the Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 System

Discrepancies between classical kinetic rate law theory and experiment were quantitatively assessed and found to correlate with macromolecular amorphous separation in the sodium borosilicate glass system. A quantitative reinterpretation of static corrosion data and new SPFT data shows that a recently advanced protective surface layer theory fails to describe the observed dissolution behavior of simple and complex silicate glasses under carefully controlled experimental conditions. The hypothesis is shown to be self-inconsistent in contrast with a phase separation model that is in quantitative agreement with experiments.
Bedazzled and Bedeviled: The Religious Sensibilities of André Michaux

Abstract Biographies of Andre Michaux and his own work depict him more as a man of action than of contemplation. A careful reading of his writings, however, reveals not only a busy botanist but also a sensitive observer of religions, not only an intrepid explorer but also a man possessed of some fears. This paper examines Michaux's worldview that underlay his complex character, his understanding of God and nature as evidenced in his journals and letters. It offers the thesis that Michaux's religion intriguingly combined Enlightenment Natural Religion with popular French Catholic piety.
Survey On The Differential Effects Of Time Deadline Pressure Versus Time Budget Pressure On Auditor Behavior

The study examines the differential effects of time deadline pressure versus time budget pressure by surveying both senior and staff auditors in public accounting firms. The responding senior auditors reported experiencing time deadline pressure more frequently than time budget pressure over the preceding year and a majority of them indicated they experienced more stress from time deadline pressure than from time budget pressure. However, the responding staff auditors experienced time deadline and time budget pressures about equally over the preceding year and experience3d about equal levels of stress from the two types of time pressure. In contract to the frequency and stress results noted above, the results also indicated that both senior an staff auditors perceived time budget pressure to be more associated with reduced audit quality, reduced job satisfaction, and increased underreporting of chargeable time than time deadline pressure.
Protein Condensation: Sickle hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia

Another important globular protein that has received significant experimental and theoretical investigation is sickle hemoglobin. The reason it has received so much attention is that it is related to sickle cell anemia. This disease results from the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin molecules via a complex two-step homogeneous/heterogeneous nucleation process to form fibers in solution. Although this non-equilibrium fiber state eventually will form a crystalline state, for all practical purposes it is a long-lived pseudo-equilibrium state. This polymerization of sickle hemoglobin molecules does not occur in globular proteins such as lysozyme or the γ-crystallins. Thus its crystal nucleation process differs from most known globular proteins. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, which become hard and pointed instead of soft and round. More than 70 000 residents of the USA have sickle cell anemia; about 250 000 babies are born with this disease each year worldwide. The genetic nature of the disease is that two genes for the sickle hemoglobin must be inherited in order to have the disease. If only one mutated gene is inherited and another gene is normal, the person has a so-called “sickle cell trait.” People who have this sickle cell trait will not develop the disease, but they can pass the sickle cell gene to their children.
Nonlinear Disturbance Rejection for Semi-Active MacPherson Suspension System

This paper presents the control design and analysis of a non-linear model of a MacPherson suspension system equipped with a magnetorheological (MR) damper. The model suspension considered incorporates the kinematics of the suspension linkages. A state feedback controller is developed using an L2-gain analysis based on the concept of energy dissipation. The controller is effectively a saturated PID. The performance of the closed-loop system is compared with a purely passive MacPherson suspension system and a semi-active damper, whose damping coefficient is tunned by a Skyhook-Acceleration Driven Damping (SH-ADD) method. Simulation results show that the developed controller outperforms the passive case at the rattle space, tire hop frequencies and the SH-ADD at tire hop frequency while showing a close performance to the SH-ADD at the rattle space frequency. Time domain simulation results confirm that the control strategy satisfies the dissipative constraint.© 2012 ASME
CAI Yuanpei' Idea of “Chinese Renaissance”

CAI Yuanpei argues that the New Culture Movement is "Chinese Renaissance" in the preface of "The Introduction" of "The Collection of Chinese New Literature".The main content of "Chinese Renaissance" is introduced with comment on the philosophical background of this concept as well as the value orientation.This idea gives a new perspective to the traditional culture and opens a new door for the new literary creation,which is of great realistic significance to the current new culture construction,as well as the current society.
MODELING OF THE CRITICAL RADIUS FOR STRAIGHTENING THIN-WALLED TUBES WITH EQUAL CURVATURES

The critical curvature-radius, as the main technical parameter in strengthing, decides the structure of equipment and the quality of products for straightening thin-walled tubes with equal curvature. However, it is usually carried out based on experiential data and charts by skilled labourers, whose art is based on long experience and experiments, and as such a specialized mathematical model is immediately necessary. Therefore, applying the large deflection strain-displacement relations of the shell of revolution, the mechanical model of the critical bending-moment for equal curvature straightening is presented by the Ritz method, based on J2 deformation theory and energy methods. Then the critical radius is subsequently derived and it is also shown how to solve for it synchronously. In order to certify whether it is correct, several dynamic simulations were performed in ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the results have shown that the model is approximately correct. By comparison of the simulations' results it is shown that wrinkling on the compression side of the tube occurs before buckling and is the principal failure mode when straightening plastically-unstable thin-walled tubes with equal curvature.
A delay and throughput study of adaptive contention window based HomePlug MAC with prioritized traffic classes

Power Line Communication (PLC) has become an integral part of home area networks (HANs) with increasing deployment of intelligent and connected devices. The advent of smart devices creates a heterogeneous type of network with a variety of throughput and delay sensitive applications that must coexist in the HAN. Meeting the quality of service (QoS) for various applications requires high MAC throughput, low channel access delay and prioritized channel access for certain types of data. The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for PLC, defined in HomePlug and IEEE 1901, exhibits significant degradation in MAC throughput and increasing channel access delay when the number of users increases. PLC MAC layer issues have received relatively modest attention of researchers compared with physical layer problems and as a result relatively little improvement in MAC throughput and delay performance has been reported over the standard IEEE 1901 protocol. This paper studies an adaptive contention window PLC MAC protocol with a view to assessing access delay performance of this modified protocol, with the throughput and prioritized traffic classes. In the adaptive protocol, each node observes the channel status and adaptively finds the optimum contention window size. Results demonstrate a significant improvement in both MAC efficiency and access delay for the highest priority class in the presence of lower priority classes. Whereas the MAC efficiency drops down to 10% in standard protocols, the proposed adaptive MAC protocol retains its efficiency at about 81% for up to 100 users. Also, the channel access delay is for the modified protocol is maintained under 200 ms for 100 users compared to more than 1000 ms for the standard HomePlug MAC.
Optimal forest management with sequential disturbances

Abstract Previous work in forest management under uncertainty has been based on the assumption that landowners face a risk of only one damaging event during any forest rotation, with the main result being that landowners choose shorter rotation ages. These models are universal in an assumption that, should the disturbance arise in a given rotation, the landowner salvages what is possible through a harvest and replants to begin a new rotation. However, a real possibility exists that multiple disturbances may occur in one rotation, with the landowner retaining the damaged stand thereby waiting through the first or even a subsequent disturbance to harvest and begin a new rotation. We develop a new approach for rotations models and choices that allows more than one event and flexibility in the timing of harvest, where tree recovery and damage may make continuance of the rotation, rather than starting over, a rent maximizing strategy. We thereby generalize the highly-cited body of literature based on Paul Samuelson's and William Reed's seminal contributions. Results demonstrate that failure to consider these new features leads to suboptimal harvest decisions and highly suboptimal land rent values. Important parameters are found to be arrival rates of future disturbances and survival proportions and growth rates after each disturbance.
Human-Autonomy Teaming Using Flexible Human Performance Models: An Initial Pilot Study

Recent advances in autonomy have highlighted opportunities for tight coordination between humans and autonomous agents in many current and future applications. For operations involving cooperating humans and robots, autonomous teammates must have flexibility to respond to the inherently unpredictable behavior of their human counterparts. To investigate this issue in detail, this paper uses an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) simulation to evaluate flexible human performance models over traditional static modeling approaches for multi-agent task allocation and scheduling. Additional comparisons are drawn between adaptive human models, which are adjusted in real-time by the autonomous planner according to realized human performance, and adaptable human models, where the human operator is given sole authority over model adjustments. Results indicate that adaptive human performance models significantly increase total mission reward over both the baseline static modeling framework (p = 0.0012) as well as the adaptable modeling technique (p = 0.0028) for this system.
A 23mW 24GS/s 6b Time-interleaved hybrid two-step ADC in 28nm CMOS

We present a power- and area-efficient 24GS/s, 6b, 16-way time-interleaved (TI) ADC array, featuring a voltage-time (v/t) hybrid two-step structure for high-speed and low-power operation, a crosstalk-free SAR DAC topology and a non-hierarchical sampling frontend obviating reference and input buffers, respectively, for power and area savings. Background timing-skew calibration via dithering a reference ADC is also reported. Fabricated in 28nm CMOS, the prototype ADC array consumes 23mW at 24GS/s and measures an SNDR/SFDR of 35/54dB for a low-frequency input and 29/41dB for a Nyquist input, respectively. The core area of the ADC is 0.03mm2.