cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Justice as Equal Regard and the Use of Force

Elshtain presents a case for the primacy of politics if one would argue persuasively about international justice. Without political stability, all attempts to assist developing states, or to sustain persons caught in the chaos of “failed states,” must fail. A concept of justice lies at the heart of this discussion and revolves around the fundamental questions of to whom justice is owed and in what justice consists. Have we any obligations beyond our own borders? If so, what form do these take? These questions are addressed by developing a concept of comparative justice indebted to the just war tradition and tying it to the equal moral regard of persons. This leads, in turn, to two further difficulties. First, what does it mean to make a claim under the equal regard norm? Just war criteria posit certain universal claims in a political universe in which particular bodies politic either respond, or do not, to such claims in light of their own principles and interests. The article develops a citizenship model for cases of humanitarian intervention, rejecting any and all approaches that involve an asymmetrical valuing of human life. Second, who can be called upon to use coercive force in behalf of justice? Elshtain argues that all states have a stake in creating and sustaining an international system of equal regard. But, at present, there is no universal body that can be turned to with any confidence in situations of catastrophic violence, like ethnic cleansing. UN Peacekeepers are effective only after a measure of order is restored. As a result the state, or states, with the greatest capability to project power bears the lion's sharer of responsibility for enforcing an equal regard norm. Elshtain acknowledges the difficulties of articulating a strong universal justice claim while assigning a particular state, or states, and their people a disproportionate enforcement burden. But that best describes the present moment and it is better by far that those with power deploy that power within a framework of principles and constraints rather than solely along the lines of classic realpolitik.
Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications

The objectives of this work were to comparatively study the performance of a Ni-based adsorbent and a Cu(I)Y-zeolite for the desulfurization of a commercial gasoline by fixed-bed adsorption experiments at room temperature and 200 8C, and to clarify the impacts of analytical methods on the ppm-level sulfur quantification in desulfurized liquid fuels for fuel cell applications. A series of standard fuel samples containing known amounts of sulfur compounds in n-decane was prepared and was analyzed by using gas chromatograph coupled with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD), pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) and a total sulfur analyzer. The results show that the GC-FPD and GC-PFPD are not suitable for quantitative estimation of total sulfur concentration in complex hydrocarbon fuels at low ppmlevel without considering both the nonlinear response and the quenching effect. The adsorptive desulfurization of a commercial gasoline over the Cu(I)Y-zeolite and a Ni-based adsorbent was conducted and compared using a fixed-bed adsorption system. The Cu(I)Y-zeolite prepared in the present study showed a breakthrough capacity of 0.22 mg S/g of adsorbent (mg/g) at room temperature for removing sulfur in a commercial gasoline to less than 1 ppmw. Under the same experimental conditions, the Ni-based adsorbent exhibited a breakthrough capacity of 0.37 mg/g. The breakthrough capacity of the Ni-based adsorbent was increased by 38% at 200 8C. Moreover, the breakthrough capacity of the Ni-based adsorbent corresponding to the outlet sulfur level of 10 ppmw was 7.3 mg/g, which was over an order of magnitude higher than that of Cu(I)Y-zeolite. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cost-effectiveness of breast MR imaging and screen-film mammography for screening BRCA1 gene mutation carriers

Annual combined screening for BRCA1 mutation carriers provides the greatest life expectancy gain and is probably cost-effective when the value placed on gaining an additional quality-adjusted life-year is in the range of $50000–$100000.
African American Homeschooling and the Quest for a Quality Education

Academic interest in homeschooling has increased over the last decade, as what was once perceived as a marginal development, has, in fact, turned into a significant and growing phenomenon. There has been, in recent years, a noticeable surge in African American involvement in the homeschooling movement as well. However, there continues to be a general paucity of research on the motivations of homeschooling Black parents. It is the purpose of this essay (a) to present empirical evidence regarding African American motivations for homeschooling; and (b) to explore in depth one of the main reasons why African Americans increasingly choose to educate their children at home, namely, African American discontent with the poor quality of the education available in American schools, both public and private. While discontent with the quality of education is also commonly cited by other ethnic groups, the African American definition of a satisfactory education stands out, as it is articulated within the context of a r...
Photorefractive optical recycling for contrast enhancement

Optical processing via high-pass filtering is a well-established means of enhancing image contrast. However, this procedure is energetically inefficient, because the power associated with the low-spatial-frequency components of the image is ordinarily discarded. We demonstrate a means of performing contrast enhancement in an energy efficient manner, by recycling the optical power ordinarily discarded using photorefractive two-beam coupling in barium titanate.
The age and diversification of terrestrial New World ecosystems through Cretaceous and Cenozoic time.

Eight ecosystems that were present in the Cretaceous about 100 Ma (million years ago) in the New World eventually developed into the 12 recognized for the modern Earth. Among the forcing mechanisms that drove biotic change during this interval was a decline in global temperatures toward the end of the Cretaceous, augmented by the asteroid impact at 65 Ma and drainage of seas from continental margins and interiors; separation of South America from Africa beginning in the south at ca. 120 Ma and progressing northward until completed 90-100 Ma; the possible emission of 1500 gigatons of methane and CO(2) attributed to explosive vents in the Norwegian Sea at ca. 55 Ma, resulting in a temperature rise of 5°-6°C in an already warm world; disruption of the North Atlantic land bridge at ca. 45 Ma at a time when temperatures were falling; rise of the Andes Mountains beginning at ca. 40 Ma; opening of the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica at ca. 32 Ma with formation of the cold Humboldt at ca. 30 Ma; union of North and South America at ca. 3.5 Ma; and all within the overlay of evolutionary processes. These processes generated a sequence of elements (e.g., species growing in moist habitats within an overall dry environment; gallery forests), early versions (e.g., mangrove communities without Rhizophora until the middle Eocene), and essentially modern versions of present-day New World ecosystems. As a first approximation, the fossil record suggests that early versions of aquatic communities (in the sense of including a prominent angiosperm component) appeared early in the Middle to Late Cretaceous, the lowland neotropical rainforest at 64 Ma (well developed by 58-55 Ma), shrubland/chaparral-woodland-savanna and grasslands around the middle Miocene climatic optimum at ca. 15-13 Ma, deserts in the middle Miocene/early Pliocene at ca. 10 Ma, significant tundra at ca. 7-5 Ma, and alpine tundra (paramo) shortly thereafter when cooling temperatures were augmented by high elevations attained, for example, in the Andes<10 Ma and especially after 7-6 Ma.
A clustering based approach to efficient image retrieval

This paper addresses the issue of effective and efficient content based image retrieval by presenting a novel indexing and retrieval methodology that integrates color, texture, and shape information for the indexing and retrieval, and applies these features in regions obtained through unsupervised segmentation, as opposed to applying them to the whole image domain. In order to address the typical color feature "inaccuracy" problem in the literature, fuzzy logic is applied to the traditional color histogram to solve for the problem to a certain degree. The similarity is defined through a balanced combination between global and regional similarity measures incorporating all the features. In order to further improve the retrieval efficiency, a secondary clustering technique is developed and employed to significantly save query processing time without compromising the retrieval precision. An implemented prototype system has demonstrated a promising retrieval performance for a test database containing 2000 general-purpose color images, as compared with its peer systems in the literature.
Congruences for the coefficients of the modular function j

The functionj(τ) = 123 J(τ) has a Fourier expansion of the form $$ {x} + \sum\limits_{n = \left. 0 \right|}^\infty {c(n)x^n ,\,(x = e^{2\pi i\tau } )} $$ where the coefficients c(n) are integers. At the end of Chapter 1 we mentioned a number of congruences involving these integers. This chapter shows how so me of these congruences are obtained. Specifically we will prove that $$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {c(2n) \equiv 0(\bmod 2^{11} ),} \\ {c(3n) \equiv 0(\bmod 3^5 ),} \\ {c(5n) \equiv 0(\bmod 5^2 ),} \\ {c(7n) \equiv 0(\bmod 7).} \\ \end{array} $$ The method used to obtain these congruences can be illustrated for the modulus 52. We consider the function $$ f_5 (\tau ) = \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {c(5n)x^n } $$ obtained by extracting every fifth coefficient in the Fourier expansion of j. Then we show that there is an identity of the form $$ f_5 (\tau ) = 25\left\{ {a_1 \Phi (\tau ) + a_2 \Phi ^2 (\tau ) + \cdots + a_k \Phi ^k (\tau )} \right\}, $$ (1) where the ai are integers and Ф(τ) has a power series expansion in x = e2πiτ with integer coefficients. By equating coefficients in (1) we see that each coefficient of f5(τ) is divisible by 25.
Expanding Possibilities Through Metaphor: Breaking Biases to Improve Crisis Management

In this article, we demonstrate that an exercise using metaphors to overcome cognitive biases helped students to proactively imagine and prepare for an expanded set of potential crises. The exercise complements traditional textbook approaches to crisis management and incorporates creativity skill building in a realistic context. Learning outcomes included an enhanced appreciation of detrimental effects of cognitive biases, improved skill in using metaphor to overcome these biases, an understanding of the benefits of proactive crisis management, and experience in formulating a crisis management plan. We describe the exercise, suggest debriefing questions, and discuss benefits to students.
Notes on the Surface Velocity Profile and Horizontal Shear across the Width of the Gulf Stream

During a cruise across the Gulf Stream in October 1950 measurements of surface velocity were made both with the Loran-space-dead method and the electromagnetic method. A short account of the results is given with special reference to the velocity profile and the horizontal shear across the Gulf Stream. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1952.tb01006.x
SCREENING FOR ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH HALOTHANE HEPATITIS

The diagnosis of halothane hepatitis (HH) may be assisted by detection of antibodies reacting to trifluoroacetylated proteins (anti- TFA antibodies). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing trifluoroacetylated rabbit serum albumin (TFA-RSA) as antigen detected anti-TFA antibodies in 67% of sera from patients for whom a clinical diagnosis of HH was made. Anti-TFA antibodies were detected in 33% of sera when using an EL ISA with liver microsomal protein from halothane-treated rabbits as antigen. Absorption of the sera with untreated rabbit liver microsomal protein before using the microsomal protein ELISA resulted in detection of anti-TFA antibodies in 42% of sera. Using the presumptive hapten N-e-trifluoroacetyl-l-lysine to block antibody binding in an ELISA resulted in positive detection in 50% of sera: the results did not always agree with the other ELISA methods. The TFA-RSA ELISA was the most sensitive method and, combined with the TFA-lysine blocking ELISA, resulted in 92% of sera from HH patients testing positive for HH-associated antibodies.
Neural networks for molecular sequence classification

A neural network classification method has been developed as an alternative approach to the search/organization problem of large molecular databases. Two artificial neural systems have been implemented on a Cray supercomputer for rapid protein/nucleic acid sequence classifications. The neural networks used are three-layered, feed-forward networks that employ back-propagation learning algorithm. The molecular sequences are encoded into neural input vectors by applying an n-gram hashing method or a SVD (singular value decomposition) method. Once trained with known sequences in the molecular databases, the neural system becomes an associative memory capable of classifying unknown sequences based on the class information embedded in its neural interconnections. The protein system, which classifies proteins into PIR (Protein Identification Resource) superfamilies, showed a 82% to a close to 100% sensitivity at a speed that is about an order of magnitude faster than other search methods. The pilot nucleic acid system, which classifies ribosomal RNA sequences according to phylogenetic groups, has achieved a 100% classification accuracy. The system could be used to reduce the database search time and help organize the molecular sequence databases. The tool is generally applicable to any databases that are organized according to family relationships.
Pattern of cardiac surveillance among patients with lymphoma receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy

Objective Anthracyclines are potent antineoplastic agents in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, but their therapeutic benefit is limited by cardiotoxicity. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends routine surveillance, early diagnosis and treatment of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (AC) induced cardiomyopathy (AC-CMP). We aimed to assess the prevalence of AC-CMP in patients with lymphoma, surveillance patterns of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in those receiving AC and management of patients with AC-CMP at an academic medical centre prior to the development of a comprehensive cardio-oncology programme. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study examining 218 patients with aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin9s lymphomas (B-NHL) who received AC 1992–2012 and had serial follow-up. AC-CMP was defined as LVEF decrease ≥10% with final LVEF≤50% or LVEF reduction ≥15% regardless of final LVEF. Results Of 218 patients treated with AC, 73 (34%) had LVEF assessment both prior to and after receiving AC. Of these 73 patients, 24 developed AC-CMP and had higher cumulative all-cause mortality than those without AC-CMP (HR 2.35, p=0.03). Coronary artery disease (CAD) was an independent predictor of AC-CMP (p=0.048). Mean post-AC LVEF was lower in patients with CAD compared with those without CAD when their baseline LVEF was 45% (p=0.0009) or 55% (p=0.001) but was similar at 65% (p=0.33). Less than half of patients with AC-CMP received recommended heart failure medication therapy. Conclusions Historically, one-third of patients with B-NHL treated with AC underwent surveillance according to AHA guidelines. There is substantial opportunity for collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists to improve the care of patients with lymphoma receiving AC.
Optimization of cellular alignment for nerve guidance

Anisotropic tissues have important biomedical engineering applications, but it is not yet known which types or properties of anisotropic tissues are sufficient for nerve guidance. In this study, we generated confluent and aligned monolayers of Schwann cells (SCs), astrocytes, and endothelial cells (ECs). The influence of protein patterning parameters on cellular confluence and alignment was modeled and analyzed quantitatively, and optimal conditions were determined for each cell type. Confluent and aligned monolayers of astrocytes, ECs, and SCs were achieved through culture on micropatterned proteins, but the predicted optimal conditions by which these monolayers can be achieved varied among the cell types tested. The systematic optimization of biochemical mechanisms to enhance cellular alignment and confluence was investigated as a first step toward generating anisotropic tissues and biomimetic substrates for studying neuron guidance.
Paedomorphic Sporophyte Development inBruchia flexuosa(Bruchiaceae)

Abstract Cleistocarpous mosses, those lacking a differentiated operculum and having the capsule dehisce irregularly, are generally thought to have evolved via reduction from stegocarpous ancestors. Bruchia (Bruchiaceae), a cleistocarpous genus of approximately 15 species, shares gametophytic similarities with the genus Trematodon, which has a functional annulus and dehiscent capsule. The sequence of cell divisions characterizing the sporophyte of Bruchia flexuosa shows that development is typically haplolepideous up to the stage in which the peristomial formula is 4:2:2. Whereas other haplolepideous species, including Trematodon longicollis, complete development with a 4:2:3 peristomial formula, the last set of anticlinal divisions in the Inner Peristomial Layer do not occur in B. flexuosa, which therefore appears to mature at what is an immature stage in related stegocarpous taxa. This pattern of development is consistent with an origin of the cleistocarpous capsules of Bruchia through paedomorphosis fro...
Germ Line Variable Regions That Match Hypermutated Sequences in Genes Encoding Murine Anti-Hapten Antibodies

We asked whether there are germ line immunoglobulin variable (V) segments that match sites of hypermutation in V regions encoding murine antibodies. Murine germ line DNA was probed with a panel of short deoxyoligonucleotides identical in sequence to segments of hypermutated V regions from hybridomas generated in the BALB/c response to the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (Ox). Germ line sequences that match mutations in both heavy and kappa light chain V regions were identified, and clones of some of these germ line V segments were obtained. Comparison of these clones with hypermutated V regions revealed regions of identity ranging in size from 7 to over 50 nucleotides. In an effort to separate the effects of antigen selection from the mutagenic process, we also searched for matches to a panel of silent mutations in VH regions from germinal center B cells. Fourteen silent mutations occur among a collection of 36 hypermutated VH regions from two separate germinal centers of C57BL/6 mice stimulated with the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl. Matches to nine of these silent mutations can be found among published sequences of C57BL/6 VH regions of the J558 family. Taken together, these data are consistent with the possibility that a template-dependent mutational process, like gene conversion, may contribute to somatic hypermutation.
Modeling Extreme Hurricane Damage Using the Generalized Pareto Distribution

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTExtreme value distributions are used to understand and model natural calamities, man-made catastrophes and financial collapses. Extreme value theory has been developed to study the frequency of such events and to construct a predictive model so that one can attempt to forecast the frequency of a disaster and the amount of damage from such a disaster. In this study, hurricane damage in the United States from 1900 to 2012 has been studied. The aim of the article is threefold. First, to normalize hurricane damage and fit an appropriate model for the normalized damage data. Secondly, to predict the maximum economic damage from a hurricane in the future by using the concept of return period. Finally, to quantify the uncertainty in the inference of extreme return levels of hurricane losses by using a simulated hurricane series, generated by bootstrap sampling. Normalized hurricane damage data are found to follow a generalized Pareto distribution. It is demonstrated that the standard deviation a...
Weighty Considerations: Facial Challenges and the Right to Vote

In 2008, the Supreme Court stressed the difference between "facial" and "as-applied" review in a number of important decisions. Although this reasoning was not new (there were a number of cases under the Rehnquist Court addressing this issue), the Roberts Court has taken a more "minimalist" or hard-line view that facial review is almost never merited. The approach stands in contrast to the 2004 decision in Sabri v. United States, in which the Court recognized that deviation from the usual approach to facial review could be made on the strength of "weighty considerations." This Comment argues that the Court's increased emphasis on the use of as-applied litigation needs to be tempered to recognize contextual considerations that make facial review more appropriate. In particular, I focus on the right to vote as the key example of a situation where, among other things, the right at stake, the need for timely review, and the lack of clarity in the field support facial review.
A narrow passband, imaging, refluorescence filter for non-intrusive flow diagnostics

We present a novel design for an ultra-narrow spectral passband filter capable of image preservation. The filter is based on atomic mercury vapor absorption and refluorescence, and is capable of achieving a 0.1/cm passband, at 253.7 nm. The filter features a variable width passband, and temporal gating to improve out-of-band extinction. The refluorescence filter is designed to be used to observe light scattered from a flow field which is illuminated by an injection seeded, cavity-locked Ti:sapphire laser system. We briefly describe the laser system and its utility for diagnostics. We continue with a characterization of the refluorescence filter, detailing its operation, its spectral, temporal, and spatial discrimination, as well as its efficiency, and its application to nonintrusive flow diagnostics. (Author)
Assessing the Influence of Sensory Interaction on Balance

Assessment of standing balance is essential to the treatment of instability in the neurologic patient. The development of clinical techniques for evaluating instability is dependent on a thorough understanding of sensory and motor processes underlying normal balance control. Motor processes in balance control coordinate the action of trunk and leg muscles into discrete synergies that minimize sway and maintain the body's center of mass within its base of support.1,2 Sensory processes in balance control involve interaction among orientation inputs from somatosensory (proprioceptive, cutaneous, and joint), visual, and vestibular systems. Despite the availability of multiple sensory inputs, the central nervous system generally relies on only one sense at a time for orientation information.3 For healthy adults, the preferred sensory input for the control of balance is somatosensory information from the feet in contact with the support surface.…
Strategies for the Successful Transplantation of the Horseshoe Kidney

Horseshoe kidney is probably the most common renal fusion anomaly. Horseshoe kidneys have been successfully transplanted en bloc into a single recipient or, alternatively, they have been divided and implanted into 2 patients. Despite these facts the use of horseshoe kidney allografts for transplantation is rare. We report a case of the successful transplantation of an en bloc horseshoe kidney into a single recipient. The evaluation of fused kidneys for transplantation, technical considerations and previously reported cases are discussed.
Polynomials and Complex Numbers

A prerequisite for understanding the deeper theorems about linear transformations is a knowledge of factorization of polynomials as products of prime polynomials. This topic is developed from its beginning in this chapter, along with the facts about complex numbers that will be needed in later chapters.
Design Methods for Persuasive Media Experiences

Many theories and models have been generated from the fields of informatics, medicine, psychology, and sociology on the topic of persuasion to describe aspects of human behavior, human/computer interaction, and information systems involved in supporting behavior change. But, what specific methods should we select to design specific user experiences, especially for iTV experiences? In this workshop, we will seek and share perspectives on how to create user experiences for iTV and other media by building on BJ Fogg's initial description of a general user research and design method [1], draw from Harri Oinas-Kukkonen's Persuasive Systems Design model [2], and explore pragmatic approaches for creating user experiences design knowledge for aspects of iTV and Online Media.
Fundamental Tradeoffs between Sparsity, Sensing Diversity and Sensing Capacity

A fundamental problem in sensor networks is to determine the sensing capacity, i.e., the minimum number of sensors required to monitor a given region to a desired degree of fidelity based on noisy sensor data. This question has direct bearing on the corresponding coverage problem, wherein the task is to determine the maximum coverage region with a given set of sensors. In this paper we show that sensing capacity is a function of SNR, sparsity?the inherent complexity/dimensionality of the underlying signal/information space and its frequency of occurrence?and sensing diversity, i.e., the number of independent paths from the underlying signal space to the multiple sensors. We derive fundamental tradeoffs between SNR, sparsity, diversity and capacity. We show that the capacity is a monotonic function of SNR and diversity. A surprising result is that as sparsity approaches zero so does the sensing capacity irrespective of diversity. This implies for instance that to reliably monitor a small number of targets in a given region requires an disproportionally large number of sensors.
In Situ Detection of Organics in the Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Comets are fascinating objects transporting complex organic molecules from the outer to the inner solar system. A paper published in Nature by Fray and co-workers presents key results of the Rosetta mission by collecting in situ data of refractory grains from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014.
Article 23 [Respect for Home and the Family]

The first draft texts of the CRPD included an article to protect the home and family of persons with disabilities in line with Rule 9 of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities of 1993. The original proposals on Article 23 also mentioned the right to privacy, then regulated in a separate provision (Articles 22).
Difficulty Breathing With a Rash: A Pediatric Simulation Case for Residents and Fellows

Introduction The purpose of the case is to teach health care professionals to recognize Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), including rare and serious complications. The case includes a review of epide...
Event-related potentials index neural response to eye contact

Abstract Sensitivity to eye-contact is a foundation upon which social cognition is built. However, there are no known neural markers characterizing response to reciprocal gaze. Using co-registered EEG and eye-tracking, we measured brain activity while participants viewed faces that responded to their looking patterns. Contingent upon participant gaze, onscreen faces opened their eyes or mouths; in this way we measured brain response to reciprocal eye-contact. We identified two ERP components that were largest in response to reciprocal eye-contact: the N170 and the P300. The magnitude of the components’ differences between reciprocal eye-contact and mouth movement predicted self-reported social function. Individuals with greater brain response to reciprocal eye-contact reported more normative scores on measures of autistic traits. These results present the first neural markers of eye-contact, revealing that reciprocal eye-contact is identified in less than 500 ms. Furthermore, individual differences in brain response to eye-contact predict meaningful variability in self-reports of social performance.
A critical analysis of one standard and five methods to monitor surface wetness and time-of-wetness

Surface wetness is a synergistic factor to determine atmospheric corrosion, monument weathering, mould growth, sick buildings, etc. However, its detection and monitoring are neither easy nor homogeneous, for a number of factors that may affect readings. Various types of methods and sensors, either commercial or prototypes built in the lab, have been investigated and compared, i.e. the international standard ISO 9223 to evaluate corrosivity after wetness and time-of-wetness; indirect evaluation of wetness, based on the dew point calculated after the output of temperature and relative humidity sensors and direct measurements by means of capacitive wetness sensors, safety sensors, rain sensors (also known as leaf wetness sensors), infrared reflection sensors and fibre optic sensors. A comparison between the different methods is presented, specifying physical principles, forms of wetting to which they are respondent (i.e. condensation, ice melting, splashing drops, percolation and capillary rise), critical factors, use and cost.
p53 Mediates Failure of Human Definitive Hematopoiesis in Dyskeratosis Congenita

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a bone marrow failure syndrome associated with telomere dysfunction. The progression and molecular determinants of hematopoietic failure in DC remain poorly understood. Here, we use the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells harboring clinically relevant mutations in telomerase to understand the consequences of DC-associated mutations on the primitive and definitive hematopoietic programs. Interestingly, telomere shortening does not broadly impair hematopoiesis, as primitive hematopoiesis is not impaired in DC cells. In contrast, while phenotypic definitive hemogenic endothelium is specified, the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition is impaired in cells with shortened telomeres. This failure is caused by DNA damage accrual and is mediated by p53 stabilization. These observations indicate that detrimental effects of telomere shortening in the hematopoietic system are specific to the definitive hematopoietic lineages. This work illustrates how telomere dysfunction impairs hematopoietic development and creates a robust platform for therapeutic discovery for treatment of DC patients.
Sustainable development planning in the USA: understanding resistance and building support

To promote sustainable development in the USA, the Obama Administration's federal interagency partnership awarded 74 regional sustainability planning grants in 2010 and 2011. As part of this initiative, grant recipients provided high levels of public outreach and established new stakeholder partnerships to create long-term sustainability strategies during a three-year planning process. However, a strong opposition emerged in response to this effort, arguing that it threatens individual rights and liberties. To better understand this resistance to planning for sustainable development, the researcher conducted 17 in-depth qualitative interviews with a purposeful sample of key individuals involved in facilitating all phases of the citizen engagement process. While the findings show widespread opposition at the outset of the program, strategies to increase civic education, emphasise local control, change divisive terminology and build a sound business case seemed to have the most influence on garnering public support.
Student Learning of Complex Earth Systems: Conceptual Frameworks of Earth Systems and Instructional Design.

ABSTRACTEngaging students in authentic problem solving concerning environmental issues in near-surface complex Earth systems involves both developing student conceptualization of Earth as a system ...
Sensitivity analysis methods for mitigating uncertainty in engineering system design

For many engineering systems, current design methodologies do not adequately quantify and manage uncertainty as it arises during the design process, which can lead to unacceptable risks, increases in programmatic cost, and schedule overruns. This paper develops new sensitivity analysis methods that can be used to better understand and mitigate the effects of uncertainty in system design. In particular, a new entropy-based sensitivity analysis methodology is introduced which apportions output uncertainty into contributions due to not only the variance of input factors and their interactions, but also to features of the underlying probability distributions that are related to distribution shape and extent. Local sensitivity analysis techniques are also presented which provide computationally inexpensive estimates of the change in output uncertainty resulting from design modifications. The proposed methods are demonstrated on a simple engineering example to show how they can be used in the design context to systematically manage uncertainty budgets — which specify the allowable level of uncertainty for a system — by helping to identify design alternatives, evaluate tradeoffs between available options, and guide decisions regarding the allocation of resources.
Politicized Identities and Social Movements

This essay reviews the following works: Earth Politics: Religion, Decolonization, and Bolivia’s Indigenous Intellectuals. By Waskar Ari. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 262. $25.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822356172. Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice across Andean Worlds. By Marisol de la Cadena. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015. Pp. xxvii + 349. $26.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822359630. Governing Indigenous Territories: Enacting Sovereignty in the Ecuadorian Amazon. By Juliet S. Erazo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 237. $23.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822354543. Singing for the Dead: The Politics of Indigenous Revival in Mexico. By Paja Faudree. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Pp. xiii + 315. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822354314. Multiple Injustices: Indigenous Women, Law, and Political Struggle in Latin America. By R. Aida Hernandez Castillo. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 330. $55.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780816532490. We Are the Face of OAXACA: Testimony and Social Movements. By Lynn Stephen. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Pp. vii + 344. $25.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822355342. Politicized Ethnicity: A Comparative Perspective. By Anke Weber, Wesley Hiers, and Anaid Flesken. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Pp. ix + 187. $95.00 cloth. ISBN: 9781137359032.
Abstract 19579: The Incidence of Stroke and Pericardial Effusion after Pericardial Suture Ligation of the Left Atrial Appendage

Introduction: Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is an effective alternative to warfarin in nonvalvular AF patients who are intolerant to oral anticoagulation. Our aim was to determine the incide...
Community-Based Practice Applications of a Family Resilience Framework

A family resilience practice framework is especially valuable in community-based intervention and prevention with families facing serious life challenges. How families approach and respond to their stressful conditions can foster positive adaptation, with potential for personal and relational growth for all members. In this chapter I first summarize the core practice principles of my research-informed Family Resilience Framework and identify key processes that practitioners can facilitate to strengthen family resilience. I then describe several community-based training and practice applications developed through the Chicago Center for Family Health (CCFH) to demonstrate the utility of a family resilience-oriented framework in a wide range of adverse situations: healing and recovery from crisis, trauma, and loss; navigating disruptive transitions or dislocations; thriving despite multistress, chronic conditions; and positive development of at-risk youth in vulnerable communities. Using varied formats, including brief consultation, family counseling/therapy, and multifamily groups, workshops, and forums, this collaborative resilience-oriented approach strengthens family functioning, relational bonds, vital community connections, and resources to meet future life challenges.
Applied Geography: An Academic Response to the Structural Change of a Discipline

The first published reference to applied geography has been traced to British geographer John Scott Keltie’s book, Applied Geography: A Preliminary Sketch, which first appeared in 1890 (see Dunbar 1978; Stevens 1921). Keltie intended to show the importance of geographical knowledge on human interest, history, and especially industry, commerce, and colonialization (Keltie 1908). Shortly thereafter a committee to recommend changes in the curricula of American secondary school education defined applied geography as the study of geographical elements as they appeared in other fields of study — i.e., as an element in the study of history or botany (U.S. Bureau of Education 1893).
Hierarchies and Integration in Evolution and Development

This chapter argues that evolutionary developmental biology requires integrative and hierarchical approaches. It explores the nature and contributions of such approaches and the new “tools” and methods of analysis that facilitate the exploration of biological complexity. Because researchers in Evo-devo have usually embraced new methods and the need to examine multiple levels of biological organization, they have gained new insights into major questions and expanded the scientific research agenda.
Partial Optimization of Adsorbates on Clusters: Oxygen on Al(111)

Using our recently developed partial optimization algorithm we apply ab initio SCF cluster calculations to investigate surface atom relaxation effects for O on Al(111). Like in LEED experiments we find an outward expansion of the surface like atoms in the optimizations of the bare Al10, Al18 and Al19 clusters. When we optimize the position of oxygen in Al18O keeping all the Al atoms at their bulk like geometries we obtain results similar to those of previous workers. However, when we include O and its Al nearest neighbors in the partial optimization we find large changes in the Al18O electronic structure, including the O- anion changing to O2- above the surface and the reverse change for O below the surface.
Diffuse Optical Monitoring of Brain and Breast

The aim of this tutorial is to teach the roots of diffuse optics and then show how this qualitatively different approach to “optics” is finding application in medicine. A long introduction will offer a coherent discussion about light transport in tissue-like turbid media. In particular, we will move quickly from traditional absorption and scattering phenomena in optically thin media to the transport equation and then to the diffusion models for light, including boundary conditions, spectroscopy, and basics of tomography. Transport of both light fluence rate and light correlations will be described. Many excellent primary papers and reviews have been written about this subject matter, and I will cite them in my tutorial, but my introduction is largely based on materials in references [1]–[7].
Effective Medications for Treating Psychosis in School-Aged Youth

Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, are a challenge to both diagnosis and treat in school-age children. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotropic medications used in the treatment of children and adolescents with psychosis. Both the intended and side effects of medication treatments (first-generation antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics) commonly used to treat psychotic symptoms are reviewed. A set of references and web-based materials are provided to readers for additional information.
Sodium dependence of nitrofurantoin active transport across mammary epithelia and effects of dipyridamole, nucleosides, and nucleobases.

Purpose. The sodium dependence and effects of nucleoside and nucleobase transport inhibitors were determined to ascertain the role of sodium dependent nucleoside or nucleobase transporters in nitrofurantoin active transport across mammary epithelia.
Promoting colonoscopy screening among low‐income Latinos at average risk of colorectal cancer: A randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND Screening colonoscopy (SC) for colorectal cancer (CRC) is underused by Latino individuals. The current randomized clinical trial examined the impact of 3 interventions: 1) patient navigation; 2) patient navigation plus standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention print materials; and 3) patient navigation plus culturally targeted print materials for Latinos referred for SC. Demographic, personal and health history, and psychometric factors associated with SC also were examined. METHODS A total of 344 urban Latino individuals aged 50 to 85 years with no personal and/or immediate family history of CRC diagnosed before age 60 years, no personal history of a gastrointestinal disorder, no colonoscopy within the past 5 years, with insurance coverage, and with a referral for SC were consented. Participants were randomized to patient navigation (20%), patient navigation plus standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention print materials (40%), and patient navigation plus culturally targeted print materials (40%). The completion of SC was assessed at 12 months. RESULTS The interventions had an overall SC rate of 82%. Counterintuitively, patients with an average income of <$10,000 were found to have higher SC rates (87%) than those with a greater income (75%). CONCLUSIONS The addition of standard or culturally targeted print materials did not appear to increase SC rates above those for patient navigation. Indeed, after controlling for other variables, culturally targeted print materials were found to be associated with lower SC rates among Puerto Rican individuals.
Influence of Substrate Age and Interspecific Colonization on Oviposition Behavior of a Generalist Feeder, Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), on Carrion

Variation in resource utilization plays a significant role in determining the success or failure of a species. Generalist species across numerous taxa have exhibited success in feeding strategies for a variety of reasons. This study investigated the colonization and oviposition habits of a generalist carrion-feeder, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), to varying conditions of carrion decay and colonization. Oviposition treatments consisted of combinations of variably aged decaying rats, both uncolonized and colonized with a heterospecific carrion-feeder.The black soldier fly exhibited a greater preference for oviposition on aged carrion, regardless of carcass colonization status. However, when presented with the option to colonize a plant-based diet, there was a significantly greater (40.4%) oviposition response to this diet. Results of this study highlight the ability of the black soldier fly to colonize fresh or aged carrion with or without a primary colonizer present, further supporting the recognition of this species as a generalist.These data demonstrate potential inaccuracies in the utility of H. illucens as time of colonization indicator species for legal investigations, and, in some regard, can be considered an exploitative niche-specialist (i.e., relying on plant–carrion interface for immature development) when found in association with carrion.
Language and Inhibition: Predictive Relationships in Children With Language Impairment Relative to Typically Developing Peers.

Background This study examined predictive relationships between two indices of language—receptive vocabulary and morphological comprehension—and inhibition in children with specific language impair...
CHAPTER 4 – Practice of Objective Texture Measurement

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the practice of objective texture measurement. It discusses the major commercially available texture measuring instruments that are available at the present time and describes the major features of each instrument and how it is used and calibrated. The chapter also presents appendix that lists the suppliers of these instruments, to whom inquiries for further information and prices should be sent. A number of other manufacturers supply testing machines that provide a drive system and a force measuring and recording system. However, they do not provide test cells for food applications at the present time. With suitable adaptation, many of these testing machines would probably be just as suitable for working with foods as the Instron.
Canine-Assisted Interventions: A Comprehensive Guide to Credentialing Therapy Dog Teams: John Tyler Binfet and Elizabeth Kjellstrand Hartwig. New York, NY: Routledge, 2020, 222 pages. ISBN: 978-1-13833830-2 (hardback)

(2020). Canine-Assisted Interventions: A Comprehensive Guide to Credentialing Therapy Dog Teams. Anthrozoos: Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 787-789.
Patient Experience and Predictors of Improvement in a Group Behavioral and Educational Intervention for Individuals With Diabetes and Serious Mental Illness: Mixed Methods Case Study.

Background: In a previous study, participation in a 16-week reverse integrated care and group behavioral and educational intervention for individuals with diabetes and serious mental illness was associated with improved glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c) and BMI. To inform future implementation efforts, more information about the effective components of the intervention is needed. Objective: The goal of this study is to identify the aspects of the intervention participants reported to be helpful and to evaluate the predictors of outcomes. Methods: This study involved qualitative evaluation and post hoc quantitative analysis of a previous intervention. Qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews with 69% (24/35) of the individuals who attended 1 or more group sessions and 35% (9/26) of the individuals who consented but attended no sessions. Quantitative mixed effects modeling was performed to test whether improved diabetes knowledge, diet, and exercise or higher group attendance predicted improved hemoglobin A1c and BMI. These interview and modeling outcomes were combined using a mixed methods case study framework and integrated thematically. Results: In qualitative interviews, participants identified the application of health-related knowledge gained to real-world situations, accountability for goals, positive reinforcement and group support, and increased confidence in prioritizing health goals as factors contributing to the success of the behavioral intervention. Improved knowledge of diabetes was associated with reduced BMI (β=–1.27, SD 0.40; P=.003). No quantitative variables examined were significantly associated with improved hemoglobin A1c levels. Conclusions: In this mixed methods analysis of predictors of success in a behavioral diabetes management program, group participants highlighted the value of positive reinforcement and group support, accountability for goals set, and real-world application of health-related knowledge gained. Improved diabetes knowledge was associated with weight loss. Trial Registration: