cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Alkaloid (±)-G. B. 13 Using a Rh(I)-Catalyzed Ketone Hydroarylation and Late-Stage Pyridine Reduction

Total synthesis of the Galbulimima alkaloid G. B. 13 was achieved utilizing a functionalized pyridine moiety as a piperidine surrogate. Key to the success of the synthesis was the development of an unprecedented rhodium-catalyzed 1,2-addition of an arylboronic ester into an unactivated ketone.
Exposure to diesel exhaust particulates induces cardiac dysfunction and remodeling

Chronic exposure to diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in urban residents, predisposing them to the development of several cardiovascular stresses, including myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias, thrombosis, and heart failure. DEP contain a high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We hypothesize that exposure to DEP elicits ventricular remodeling through the activation of the AHR pathway, leading to ventricular dilation and dysfunction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by nose-only nebulization to DEP (SRM 2975, 0.2 mg/ml) or vehicle for 20 min/day × 5 wk. DEP exposure resulted in eccentric left ventricular dilation (8% increased left ventricular internal diameter at diastole and 23% decreased left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole vs. vehicle), as shown by echocardiograph assessment. Histological analysis using Picrosirius red staining revealed that DEP reduced cardiac interstitial collagen (23% decrease vs. vehicle). Further assessment of cardiac function using a pressure-volume catheter indicated impaired diastolic function (85% increased end-diastolic pressure and 19% decreased Tau vs. vehicle) and contractility (57 and 48% decreased end-systolic pressure-volume relationship and maximum change in pressure over time vs. end-diastolic volume compared with vehicle, respectively) in the DEP-exposed animals. Exposure to DEP significantly increased cardiac expression of AHR (19% increase vs. vehicle). In addition, DEP significantly decreased the cardiac expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, the competitive pathway to the AHR, and vascular endothelial growth factor, a downstream mediator of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (26 and 47% decrease vs. vehicle, respectively). These findings indicate that exposure to DEP induced left ventricular dilation by loss of collagen through an AHR-dependent mechanism.
A Practical Approach to Automated Business Process Discovery

Process mining has been studied for many years but has not been so widely adopted in real business practices. In this study, we propose a practical approach to process mining. This approach has three characteristics. Firstly, we make use of transaction databases of business systems that don't necessarily have an identifier throughout a process instance, rather than workflow logs. Secondly, we visualize and analyze what really happened without model inference. Thirdly, we also analyze exceptional processes as well as typical processes. This approach is implemented in a tool called BPM-E and was successfully adopted in real business systems in Japan, North America, and Europe. We show two case studies of BPM-E in this paper to explain how it works after the technical description.
Uncertainty and probability for branching selves

Everettian accounts of quantum mechanics entail that people branch; every possible result of a measurement actually occurs, and I have one successor for each result. Is there room for probability in such an account? The prima facie answer is no; there are no ontic chances here, and no ignorance about what will happen. But since any adequate quantum mechanical theory must make probabilistic predictions, much recent philosophical labor has gone into trying to construct an account of probability for branching selves. One popular strategy involves arguing that branching selves introduce a new kind of subjective uncertainty. I argue here that the variants of this strategy in the literature all fail, either because the uncertainty is spurious, or because it is in the wrong place to yield probabilistic predictions. I conclude that uncertainty cannot be the ground for probability in Everettian quantum mechanics.
A Weighted Dispersive Estimate for Schrödinger Operators in Dimension Two

Let H = −Δ + V, where V is a real valued potential on $${\mathbb {R}^2}$$ satisfying $${\|V(x)|\lesssim \langle x \rangle^{-3-}}$$ . We prove that if zero is a regular point of the spectrum of H = −Δ + V, then $${\| w^{-1} e^{itH}P_{ac}f\|_{L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^2)} \lesssim \frac{1}{|t|\log^2(|t|)} \| w f\|_{L^1(\mathbb{R}^2)},\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, |t| \geq 2}$$ , with w(x) = (log(2 + |x|))2. This decay rate was obtained by Murata in the setting of weighted L 2 spaces with polynomially growing weights.
The Development and Evaluation of Hospital Performance Measures for Policy Analysis

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate hospital performance measures to include aspects of hospital behavior beyond the traditional use of hospital profit margins for policy analysis. A number of measures have been used in the literature that are purported to reflect a variety of hospital behaviors. The reliability and validity of these and new measures were assessed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis on a sample of hospitals for a 3-year period. The sample consisted of all hospitals for which there were Medicare Cost Report and balance sheet data during the federal fiscal years 1987 through 1989. Using a subset of three hospital groups, 33 measures were evaluated, from which five were selected to represent the critical aspects of hospital performance important for policy analysis. The measures are: TEM, a new technical efficiency measure using data envelopment analysis techniques; the current ratio, depicting short-term financial performance; the ratio of longterm debt-to-net fixed assets, representing long-term viability; total margin, portraying profitability; and Medicare margin, characterizing Medicare's contribution to hospital financial position. Each represents different aspects of hospital efficiency and financially viability.
Scaling toxicity from laboratory animals to people: an example with nitrogen dioxide.

Published data on the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide (as a model compound) from five laboratory animal species were utilized to scale the relationship of dose and toxic effect to the human species. A minute volume of inspired air was used as a metabolic scaling factor, predicting a median lethality during the time of exposure of 174 ppm NO 2 for a 1‐h exposure for people. This work demonstrates a method of predicting effects in people when only data for laboratory animals exist. It also shows the value of planning toxicology studies that utilize several animal species, so that their data may be applied to forecasting the human condition.
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD SUCROSE PREFERENCE: PRECISION OF SELECTION VARIES WITH CONCENTRATION

Abstract We tested concentration preferences of Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) offered sucrose solutions in small feeders in the field. When sucrose solutions differing in increments of 10%, from 10% to 70%, were presented simultaneously, hummingbirds preferred 50% to higher and lower concentrations. They did not show a significant preference in the range from 50% to 70% . When options were offered in pairs of choices differing from 1–25%, hummingbirds demonstrated statistically significant preferences that varied with mean concentration in a curvilinear manner. At concentrations approximating those of hummingbird-pollinated flowers (20%), hummingbirds showed greatest specificity and could distinguish solutions differing by only 1%. At concentrations above and below 20%, greater differences between choices were required to elicit significant preferences.
A Fuzzy ARTMAP-Based Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) for Predicting Physical Properties of Organic Compounds

A modified fuzzy ARTMAP neural-network-based QSPR for predicting normal boiling points, critical temperatures, and critical pressures of organic compounds was developed. Seven or eight molecular descriptors (the sum of atomic numbers; five valence connectivity indices; and the second-order kappa shape index, without or with the dipole moment) were used to describe the topological and electronic features of a heterogeneous set of 1168 organic compounds. Optimal training and testing sets were selected with fuzzy ART. The fuzzy ARTMAP models with eight descriptors as input provided the best predictive and extrapolation capabilities compared to optimal back-propagation models and group contribution methods. The absolute mean errors of predictions for the normal boiling point (1168 compounds), the critical temperature (530 compounds), and the critical pressure (463 compounds) were 2.0 K (0.49%), 1.4 K (0.24%), and 0.02 MPa (0.52%), respectively. A composite model for simultaneously estimating the three propert...
Properly timed exposure to central ANG II prevents behavioral sensitization and changes in angiotensin receptor expression

Previous studies show that the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) is susceptible to rapid desensitization, but that more chronic treatments that stimulate ANG II lead to sensitization of several re...
Composite properties for E-glass fibres in a room temperature curable epoxy matrix

Abstract The characterization of filament-wound composites of an E-glass fibre in a room-temperature-curable epoxy matrix is described. Data were obtained on the mechanical and thermal properties of three volume percentages of fibre: 60, 65 and 70 volume %. The system has unexpectedly good longitudinal mechanical properties but the transverse tensile ultimates are quite poor. The 70 volume % composite gave a longitudinal elastic modulus of 56 GN/m 2 and a strength in tension of 1183 MN/m 2 . However, the transverse strength for this same composite averaged 6.2 MN/m 2 with an ultimate strain of 0.042%. While a significant improvement in both longitudinal and transverse tensile ultimates could be obtained if consistently high quality composites could be wound, the techniques for doing so are not feasible for low cost commercial production. Batch to batch variation is quite significant and substantially alters the thermal conductivity results as well as the properties in transverse tension and in shear. Such variations should be carefully considered when designing with this composite.
The role of stacking fault energy and induced residual stresses on the sliding wear of aluminum bronze

Abstract An analysis was made of the residual stresses induced during sliding contact of a series of Cu-Al alloys of various stacking fault energies (SFEs) using the conventional two-exposure X-ray technique. Compressive residual stresses were found in all alloys which increased with decreasing SFE in a manner analogous to the strain-hardening behavior. The macroscopic wear rate was found to be linearly related to the compressive stresses induced during the wear process. The increase in wear rate associated with increasing hardness and residual compressive stresses is attributed to the presence of a residual tensile stress normal to the surface.
The glutamatergic system and Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications.

Alzheimer’s disease affects nearly 5 million Americans currently and, as a result of the baby boomer cohort, is predicted to affect 14 million Americans and 22 million persons totally worldwide in just a few decades. Alzheimer’s disease is present in nearly half of individuals aged 85 years. The main symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is a gradual loss of cognitive function. Glutamatergic neurotransmission, an important process in learning and memory, is severely disrupted in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Loss of glutamatergic function in Alzheimer’s disease may be related to the increase in oxidative stress associated with the amyloid β-peptide that is found in the brains of individuals who have the disease. Therefore, therapeutic strategies directed at the glutamatergic system may hold promise. Therapies addressing oxidative stress induced by hyperactivity of glutamate receptors include supplementation with estrogen and antioxidants such as tocopherol (vitamin E) and acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine). Therapy for hypoactivity of glutamate receptors is aimed at inducing the NMDA receptor with glycine and cycloserine (D-cycloserine). Recently, memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist that addresses the hyperactivity of these receptors, has been approved in some countries for use in Alzheimer’s disease.
An analysis of interconnect line capacitance and coupling for VLSI circuits

Abstract As the density, complexity, and speed of VLSI circuits are continuing to increase, the management of on-chip interconnects becomes of paramount concern to the I.C. designer, especially with respect to internal noise immunity. This paper presents two methods for analyzing and predicting the line-to-line coupling between high-speed VLSI interconnects using distributional and lumped element analysis techniques. In a broader sense, the analyses presented provide all pertinent line capacitances and inductances needed to characterize any array of interconnect. The basic model consists of representing the interconnects as a regular periodic array, considering the worst-case interaction occurring between two adjacent lines. It is shown that the proximity of a ground plane is essential in achieving acceptable (> 20 db) isolation between interconnects that are used specifically for reasonably long data and control distribution functions. This translates to the eventual establishment of scaling rules for linewidth and spacing with respect to field oxide thickness.
Toward leadership in professional education: Vocations for the future

Professional education in the future will require a different kind of relationship between the non-traditional student, the professional school, and the employer. Central to this new relationship is a recognition of the importance of acknowledging the areas of collaboration and institutionalizing these elements without ignoring the critical strengths of both institutions. This integration is most important in the professions of the future and especially the professions of human services.
Heparin-independent release of lipoprotein lipase activity from perfused rat hearts.

Abstract Heparin-independent release of lipoprotein lipase activity from isolated perfused rat hearts was measured and related to the rapid turnover of the enzyme. Hearts consistently released lipoprotein lipase activity (2.1 ± 0.2 U/g released per min) during 60 min of nonrecirculating perfusion without heparin. This rate of release did not significantly differ from that measured in heparin-perfused hearts after the first 10 min of perfusion (2.2 ± 0.2 U/g released per min). The fractional release rate of lipoprotein lipase activity during nonheparin perfusion was 1.3% per min, which was higher than that calculated for alkaline phosphatase (0.002%) and creatine kinase (0.03%) activities. The lipase activity released was activated 4-fold by serum and inhibited 94 and 88% by 0.5 M NaCl and 3 mg/ml protamine sulfate, respectively. Lipoprotein lipase activity in the 1-min heparin-releasable (extracellular) and residual (intracellular) compartment remained stable during the last 40 min of nonheparin perfusion. During this period total heart, intracellular and extracellular enzyme t 1 2 were calculated to be 52, 42 and 10 min, respectively. The results are consistent with the postulate that continuous release of lipoprotein lipase into the vascular compartment may be an important determinant of its rapid turnover in the heartand possibly other tissues.
Effects of Chemical Kinetics on Concurrent-Flow Flame Spread Rates Over Solids: A Comparison Between Buoyant Flow and Forced Flow Cases

In the present study, detailed numerical models with a one-step finite-rate chemical reaction are employed to investigate the kinetic rate effect (through the variation of the pre-exponential factor) on concurrent flame spread rates. It is found that flames in forced-flow are less sensitive to the change of kinetics than flames in buoyant-flow; and narrow samples are more sensitive to the change of kinetics compared with wide samples. The rate of chemical kinetics affects the flame spread rates through its influence on the flame and the flow structures. For buoyant flames, gravity-induced velocity is affected by the flame temperature which is sensitive to kinetics. Hence the variation of upward spread rate is greater with the rate change of kinetics. This paper presents the details of a systematic investigation and comparison of the flame structures and the influence of gasphase chemical kinetics on several different types of concurrent spreading flames.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On averaging power for genetic association and linkage studies

A power calculation is crucial in planning genetic studies. In genetic association studies, the power is often calculated using the expected number of individuals with each genotype calculated from an assumed allele frequency under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Since the allele frequency is often unknown, the number of individuals with each genotype is random and so a power calculation assuming a known allele frequency may be incorrect. Ambrosius et al. [1] recently showed that the power ignoring this randomness may lead to studies with insufficient power and proposed averaging the power due to the randomness. We extend the method of averaging power in two directions. First, for testing association in case-control studies, we use the Cochran-Armitage trend test and find that the time needed for calculating the averaged power is much reduced compared to the chi-square test with two degrees of freedom studied by Ambrosius et al. [1]. A real study is used for illustration of the method. Second, we extend the method to linkage analysis, where the number of identical-by-descent alleles shared by siblings is random. The distribution of identical-by-descent numbers depends on the underlying genetic model rather than the allele frequency. The robust test for linkage analysis is also examined using the averaged powers. We also recommend a sensitivity analysis when the true allele frequency or the number of identical-by-descent alleles is unknown.
Search and Satisficing

Many everyday decisions are made without full examination of all available options, and, as a result, the best available option may be missed. We develop a search-theoretic choice experiment to study the impact of incomplete consideration on the quality of choices. We find that many decisions can be understood using the satisficing model of Herbert Simon (1955): most subjects search sequentially, stopping when a "satisficing" level of reservation utility is realized. We find that reservation utilities and search order respond systematically to changes in the decision making environment. (JEL D03, D12, D83)
Selection of modal basis for flexible bodies of mechanical systems

Abstract Vibration normal modes and static correction modes have been previously used to model flexible bodies for dynamic analysis of mechanical systems with good efficiency. Accuracy of using these modes to model a system under different forcing conditions have not been fully investigated. The effectiveness of using each mode or their combinations to model the flexible body depends not only on the flexibility of the body but also on the applied external forces and their frequencies. This paper develops a criteria to estimate the error involved in modeling the flexible bodies using the selected mode shapes, based on the rigid body analysis. This estimate is used to determine the necessary number of modes of each type required to capture the flexibility effects within a desired accuracy. The equations of motion are derived for a planar system to illustrate the ideas involved and are applied to a slider crank example. This system is driven at different combinations of driving frequencies and loads to demonstrate the need to include different modes in the model. Results from the simulation illustrate the conditions under which different mode shapes must be included in the model.
The emerging role of forces in axonal elongation.

An understanding of how axons elongate is needed to develop rational strategies to treat neurological diseases and nerve injury. Growth cone-mediated neuronal elongation is currently viewed as occurring through cytoskeletal dynamics involving the polymerization of actin and tubulin subunits at the tip of the axon. However, recent work suggests that axons and growth cones also generate forces (through cytoskeletal dynamics, kinesin, dynein, and myosin), forces induce axonal elongation, and axons lengthen by stretching. This review highlights results from various model systems (Drosophila, Aplysia, Xenopus, chicken, mouse, rat, and PC12 cells), supporting a role for forces, bulk microtubule movements, and intercalated mass addition in the process of axonal elongation. We think that a satisfying answer to the question, “How do axons grow?” will come by integrating the best aspects of biophysics, genetics, and cell biology.
Diagnostic Radiation Exposure Risk in a Contemporary Cohort of Male Patients With Germ Cell Tumor

Purpose: We determined the total amount of diagnostic radiation that a patient with testicular cancer receives during the course of treatment and the associated risk of secondary malignancy.Materials and Methods: At a single institution 119 men with seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis were retrospectively identified. Annual and lifetime exposure to radiation was determined for each histological subtype. Values were assessed for compliance with International Commission of Radiological Protection guidelines.Results: The cohorts included 55 patients with seminomatous and 64 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Between the groups no difference was found in the lifetime (215.5 and 214.1 mSV, p = 0.96) or the annual (104.6 and 104.6 mSV, respectively, p = 1.0) radiation dose. Of the 41 patients with more than 5-year followup 32 (78%) were in violation of guidelines by exceeding 20 mSV per year of radiation. Also, 74 patients (61.7%) received 50 mSV or greater of radiation during a 1...
Toxicity After Central Versus Peripheral Stereotactic Lung Radiation Therapy (SBRT): A Propensity Score Matched-Pair Analysis

FEV1/FVC, and DLCO% were 4.2 4.9, 0.78 2.76, and -4.8 5.0 and 2.86 6.6, 0.48 2.9 and -11.7 5.9 during RT and post RT, respectively. Only DLCO had a significant decrease after RT (p Z 0.024). The reduction in DLCO measured during RT was correlated with post-RT changes (R Z 0.46). DLCO reduction after RT had an inverse correlation with the MLD (R Z -0.45). Patients with a greater reduction of DLCO (more than 10%) after RT had a higher incidence of RP compared to patients with less reduction (38% vs 23%). In this study of limited sample size, the SBRT patients did not have a statistically significant change in DLCO either during (p Z 0.55) or post (p Z 0.64) RT. SBRT patients had less of a decrement in DLCO compared to CRT patients (-2.9 12.8 vs -14.2 6.5, p Z .11 trend for pre to post, 3.85 14.6 vs -10.5 5.2, p Z 0.027 dur to post) that may be related to a trend in the decrease in MLD in SBRT plans (14.5 Gy CRT vs 9.95 Gy SBRT p Z 0.079). Conclusions: We have confirmed the previous finding that DLCO may be the most sensitive PFT parameter to evaluate lung function after RT. Radiation induced reduction in DLCO measured during RT and high MLD in RT plans appears to be predictive of a reduction in lung function and RP after radiation. We also observed that during and post RT changes in DLCO for SBRT patients were substantially less than in CRT patients. Acknowledgment: This research was supported by RO1CA142840. Author Disclosure: S. Samuels: None. M.M. Matuszak: None. D. Arenberg: None. P. Stanton: None. J. Wang: None. R.K. Ten Haken: None. J. Hayman: None. J. Curtis: None. F. Kong: None.
Geometrically necessary dislocations, hardening, and a simple gradient theory of crystal plasticity

Geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and incompatible lattice deformations are directly related and characterized by a gradient of the elastic distortion. This measure of GND density can play a natural role in non-local theories of plasticity. Issues concerning hardening and boundary conditions are addressed in the setting of a simple theory.
New Photosensitizers For Photodynamic Therapy Of Transplantable And Spontaneous Animal Tumors

Metallopurpurins, metalloderivatives of a group of new photosensitizers called purpurins, have previously been reported to be excellent photosensitizers for the photodynamic treatment of experimental transplantable bladder tumors. Work in our laboratory has demonstrated that a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, of the metallopurpurin Sn etiopurpurin (II) dichloride, SnET2, is effective in producing significant tumor regression and cure in an experimental transplantable bladder tumor'. To confirm these findings a second tumor model using the transplantable R3327-AT prostatic adenocarcinoma was examined. In this model 1.0 mg/kg of SnET2 was ineffective in causing tumor regression. At 2.5 mg/kg there was obvious tumor regression although the results did not reach statistical significance. However, at this dose, 2/5 animals were free of tumor when examined histologically twelve days after treatment. In a set of related experiments blood flow measure-ments to this tumor were made using the radioactive microsphere technique. As with other photosensitizers, blood flow was reduced using metallopurpurin-PDT. In order to further establish the photodynamic activity of this drug, spontaneous canine tumors were treated with varying doses of light and drug. All animals tolerated the drug well. A photodynamic effect was apparent in all treated animals. These studies suggest that the netallopurpurin SnET2 may be an alter-native to the currently available drugs used for PDT.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On Severe Downslope Winds

Abstract Recent observations and numerical experiments indicate that during severe downslope windstorms, a large region of slow turbulent air develops in the middle and upper troposphere while strong winds plunge underneath. A mathematical model of this severe wind state is developed using Long's equation. This theory predicts the altitude of the turbulent air, the strength of the winds, and the mountain drag. In the presence of a wind reversal, the theory indicates which wind reversal altitudes will lead to windstorm conditions.
Do investor perceptions of corporate governance initiatives affect firm value: The case of TIAA-CREF

Abstract We examine the valuation effect of the announcement of TIAA-CREF's Corporate Governance Policy, an exogenous event fitting McConnell's [McConnell, J. J. (2003). Outside directors. Financial Review , 38, 25–31] description of a “controlled experiment”. This event avoids the negative connotation associated with announcements concerning specific firms. Abnormal returns are positively related to the number of large block holders and the number of institutional owners, indicating that the values of firms with weak governance structures declined or the values of firms with desirable governance structures increased. Also, the percentage of institutional ownership and the number of institutional owners have a low correlation, indicating that they are different dimensions of institutional ownership.
Toward a Model of Transculturation

The TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses to rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
Effects ofPuccinia carduorumon Musk Thistle Herbivores

Abstract Puccinia carduorum Jacky, a rust fungus recently introduced into the United States for biological control of musk thistle ( Carduus thoermeri Weinmann), may interact with three established thistle herbivores, Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Cassida rubiginosa Muller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Tests were conducted to determine the effects of P. carduorum on feeding, oviposition, longevity, egg production, egg hatch, and larval development of the three insects. When offered both rust-infected and healthy musk thistle leaves, adults of C. rubiginosa and T. horridus consumed significantly more healthy than infected foliage. On infected leaves, feeding and oviposition were confined largely to pustule-free areas. The amount of rust-infected and healthy foliage consumed by C. rubiginosa larvae was not significantly different, but feeding on the infected leaves was again confined to rust-free leaf areas. Rust infection did not reduce oviposition by the three insects, and R. conicus oviposited only on healthy portions of the bracts. There were no significant differences in longevity, egg production, percentage of egg hatch, and larval development for any of the three insects fed continuously with both healthy and rust-infected leaves. Thus, effects of P. carduorum on the herbivores were slight, and among the interactions that were found, none is expected to be detrimental to biological control.
Radiological detection of skeletal metastases: radiographs versus scans.

Abstract Radiographs and bone scans are both useful for the detection of skeletal metastases, particularly when surgical resection or radical radiotherapy of a primary malignancy is being considered. Scans are more sensitive than radiographs in identifying the presence and site of bone metastases for most malignant tumours. As many as one third of all patients with skeletal involvement have positive scans and no radiographic abnormalities: a smaller number, 2–8% have purely destructive lesions radiographically and negative scans. A localized area of increased activity identified on a bone scan is not specific for skeletal malignancy, but has been observed in a variety of benign tumors and non-neoplastic skeletal lesions. When the bone scan is positive and radiographs are negative in a patient with a known primary malignancy, bone biopsy may be the only means of immediately confirming or ruling out osseous metastases. Since the advent of bone scanning, the incidence of metastatic lesions in the extremities has proven higher than previously suspected from radiographic studies alone. Major advances in the technique of bone scanning have been achieved in recent years. Newer agents which localize in bone mineral, i.e. polyphosphate, pyrophosphate or dishosphonates labeled with the radionuclide 99m Tc, produce sons with better image quality than the older agents. Scanning scintillation cameras can produce excellent images of the entire skeleton in much less time than the older rectilinear scanners. In the future, radioisotopic detection of skeletal metastases may be improved even more, if more specific tumor-localizing or marrow-localizing agents are developed.
Use of a Continuous Nephelometer to Measure Personal Exposure to Particles During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno Panel Studies

In population exposure studies, personal exposure to PM is typically measured as a 12- to 24-hr integrated mass concentration. To better understand short-term variation in personal PM exposure, continuous (1-min averaging time) nephelometers were worn by 15 participants as part of two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) longitudinal PM exposure studies conducted in Baltimore County, MD, and Fresno, CA. Participants also wore inertial impactor samplers (24-hr integrated filter samples) and recorded their daily activities in 15-min intervals. In Baltimore, the nephelometers correlated well (R2 = 0.66) with the PM2.5 impactors. Time-series plots of personal nephelometer data showed each participant's PM exposure to consist of a series of peaks of relatively short duration. Activities corresponding to a significant instrument response included cooking, outdoor activities, transportation, laundry, cleaning, shopping, gardening, moving between microenvironments, and removing/putting on the instrument. On average, 63-66% of the daily PM exposure occurred indoors at home (about 2/3 of which occurred during waking hours), primarily due to the large amount of time spent in that location (an average of 72-77%). Although not a reference method for measuring mass concentration, the nephelometer did help identify PM sources and the relative contribution of those sources to an individual's personal exposure.
Promise breaking during radical organizational change: do justice interventions make a difference?

Previous research examining the relationship between organizational justice perceptions and reactions to psychological contract breach has not considered how the type of outcome being breached may influence the effects that procedural and interactional justice have in determining employee responses. By delineating between intrinsic (e.g., autonomy) and extrinsic (e.g., pay) contract breaches, this study attempts to clarify the differential roles of procedural and interactional justice. As expected, results revealed that procedural justice has a significant effect on responses to breaches of extrinsic outcomes while interactional justice significantly affects employee responses to breaches of intrinsic outcomes. Specifically, significant two-way interactions between extrinsic contract breach and procedural justice showed that job satisfaction, in-role job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior were lower and intentions to leave were higher when procedural justice was perceived to be low following an extrinsic contract breach. Furthermore, significant two-way interactions between intrinsic contract breach and interactional justice revealed that job satisfaction, in-role job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior directed toward other individuals were lower and intentions to leave were higher when interactional justice was perceived to be low following an intrinsic contract breach. Implications of the differential roles of procedural and interactional justice are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein transport and organization of the developing mammalian sperm acrosome

Experiments indicate that the mammalian acrosome develops as a result of a time-dependent sequence of events which involves protein incorporation into distinct regions or acrosomal domains. These domains can be characterized by electron microscopy and their isolation and partial purification are being accomplished. Recent success in isolating and characterizing major proteins that compromise the Golgi apparatus should accelerate knowledge of the interaction of the Golgi with the developing acrosome. Progress in this area is reviewed with the view that understanding the events involved in the transport of proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the acrosome and the mechanisms involved in positioning and modifying these proteins during spermiogenesis should provide a clearer understanding of how the acrosome develops in preparation for its role in fertilization.
Chronic T. mentagrophytes dermatophytosis of guinea pig skin grafts on nude mice.

Thirty days after grafting guinea pig skin onto congenitally athymic (nude) mice, the xenografts and contralateral nude mouse skin were inoculated with Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Dermatophytosis, as evidenced by erythema (day7), crusting and scaling (day14), developed in all inoculated xenografts, but not in the inoculated nude mouse skin. Microscopic examination and culturing of biopsies of the infected xenografts demonstrated that the T. mentagrophytes infection persisted for 58days and that hyphal invasion was restricted to the dead, keratinized layers of the xenograft epithelium. An acute epithelial inflammation was observed microscopically in an early xenograft biopsy (day 8), but not in biopsies of chronically infected xenografts. Epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis were observed in all infected xenografts. The nude mouse skin adjacent to the T. mentagrophytes - infected xenografts was not invaded by the fungi during the observation period (58days). This in vivo model of chronic dermatophytosis in guinea pig skin grafts on nude mice suggests that thymus-dependent cell-mediated immunity is not required to: (i) limit invasion of T. mentagrophytes to the dead, keratinized layers of the skin; (ii) induce acanthosis and hyperkeratosis in the T. mentagrophytes infected skin; or (iii) evoke an acute, transient inflammatory response into the T. mentagrophytes infected epidermis (day 6–8). These results are consistent with a hypothesis that thymus-dependent acquired immunity is required to sustain epidermal inflammation, damage the epidermis, and eliminate T. mentagrophytes from the keratinized epithelium.
Field-emitter array development for field-emission displays

In this paper we report recent results from an ongoing program designed to develop a fundamental understanding of the effects of materials, vacuum deposition parameters, and post fabrication processing on the performance of field-emitter arrays for displays. Molybdenum and silicon have been the materials of choice for first generation displays, and have produced acceptable results for the first trials. However, investigations of other emitter materials such as diamond- like-carbon (DLC) and zirconium carbide (ZrC) have produced intriguing improvements in emission performance. In addition in situ processes such as coating of molybdenum and silicon emitters with alternate materials and aggressive emitter- surface cleaning processes such as hydrogen-plasma cleaning and emission-stimulated desorption by high-current pulses, have also been shown to be beneficial. It has also been shown that when using the Spindt emitter fabrication process the emitter cone can be tailored to a preferred shape by appropriate materials selection and manipulation of the emitter deposition parameters. Finally, it is shown that the details of the emitter tip shape can have an impact on the performance of the emitter due to the dynamics of temperature and field-induced surface diffusion during cathode operation. Emitter tips of the same material, operated in the same environment and at the same emission levels can behave very differently depending on the details of the emitter-tip geometry.
The Future of the Apparel and Textile Industries: Prospects and Choices for Public and Private Actors

The expectation that Chinese apparel and textile exports will swamp the US and EU retail markets now that international quotas on those products have been eliminated has fueled much of the discussion of the future of these industries. Although imports from China have surged since the elimination of quotas on 1 January 2005, this conventional wisdom masks important choices that remain for public and private policies over time. In particular, two factors will continue to have major effects on the location of apparel and textile production going forward. First, public-policy choices will continue to influence sourcing location; in particular, as they relate to tariffs and regional trade polices as well as to policies affecting the linkages between countries. Second, the lean-retailing model that now prevails requires apparel suppliers to replenish basic and fashion basic products on a weekly basis. As that retailing model became dominant in the 1990s, so too did the advantage of sourcing these apparel items closer to the US market so that products could be manufactured and delivered more rapidly from a smaller finished-goods inventory. Even though costs remain a driving factor, we show that proximity advantages for certain classes of products will continue in a postquota world as retailers raise the bar ever higher on the responsiveness and flexibility required of their suppliers.
Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training for families with conduct problem children

A total of 101 mothers and 70 fathers with conduct problem children completed a 10-week parent-training program. Treatment effectiveness was assessed at 1 month and 1 year posttreatment based on three types of outcome variables: home observations of parent and child behaviors, parent reports of their children's behavior and teacher reports of the children's adjustment. Multiple regression analyses were performed using four predictors: parent depression, marital status or marital adjustment, socioeconomic status, and amount of negative life experiences. Results indicated that depression and the amount of negative life stress made a significant contribution to the prediction of mother and father reports of child adjustment regardless of the time of the posttreatment assessment. The combination of socioeconomic status and marital status (single versus married) made a significant contribution to mothers' behaviors with their children at both posttreatment assessments. For fathers, marital adjustment made the greatest contribution to the prediction of their critical behaviors with their children immediately at posttreatment but by 1-year follow-up, socioeconomic status emerged as a more significant predictor. For children, the best predictor of the amount of observed child deviance on the home observations was single-parent status or marital adjustment. For families who had a father present, the amount of negative life stress experienced by the family in the year since treatment was completed, was the best predictor of child deviance.
Can Pharmacotherapists be Too Supportive? A Process Study of Active Medication and Placebo in the Treatment of Depression

Background—This study examined therapist-patient interactions during clinical management with anti-depressant medication and pill-placebo. Methods—The sample consisted of 80 patients on active medication and 40 patients in a pillplacebo condition from a randomized controlled trial for moderate to severe depression. Pharmacotherapist-patient interactions were characterized using observer ratings of the therapeutic alliance, pharmacotherapist-offered facilitative conditions, pharmacotherapist adherence to clinical management treatment guidelines, and pharmacotherapist competence. Patients, therapists, and raters were blind to treatment condition and outcome. Results—Provision of greater nonspecific support (facilitative conditions) in early sessions predicted less subsequent improvement in depressive symptoms for patients receiving pill-placebo but not those receiving active medications, for which none of the process ratings predicted subsequent change. Early symptom change predicted later alliance and adherence in both conditions and therapist competence in the active condition. Conclusions—Higher levels of support in early sessions predict poorer subsequent response among placebo patients. It remains unclear whether patients who are likely to be refractory elicit greater nonspecific support or whether the provision of such support has a deleterious effect in unmedicated patients. Differences in treatment process variables between conditions late in treatment are likely to be largely a consequence of symptom relief produced by active medications.
The predominant cultivable flora of tooth surface plaque removed from institutionalized subjects

Sunnnary-Tooth surface plaque was removed from 11 institutional~ed individuats and cultured on agar plates in an anaerobic chamber. The recovery of organisms on a dilute trypticase yeast extract medium (MMIO), incubated anaerobically, averaged 33 & 26 per cent of the microscopic count. Growth on MMlO, under aerobicconditions averaged 8 i: 5 per cent. The anaerobe to aerobe recovery ratio on medium MM10 was about 4. Six hundred and seventy-one isoiates grew on subculture and were partially characterized. About half the isolates were not capable of lowering the pH in glucose broth below 5 * 5. Streptococci accounted for about 38 per cent of the isolates and were found in each subject. A sub-group of 15 strains grew in 40 per cent bile, formed NH3 from arginine, fermented salicin, but not inulin. These isolates possessed characteristics of Streptococcus sang& and Streptococcus mitis. Various Actinomyces species comprised about 14 per cent and Clo~tr~iam species accounted for 8 per cent of the cultivable flora. Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Fusobacterium species, and Veillonella species each were about 6 per cent of the isolates. The overall character of these plaque isolates suggested that a gingival crevice microflora containing several amino-acid fermenting species had colonized the tooth surfaces. These organisms would not be expected to produce a plaque capable of decalcifying enamel, which might explain why these subjects had a low caries experience.
The Making of the Medieval Family: Symmetry, Structure, and Sentiment

Across the long centuries of the Middle Ages, households seem to have acquired three distinctive characteristics. In the ancient Mediterranean world, judging from the terminology used to describe them and from the failure to use them as units in social surveys, it appears that households were not commen surable. From the Carolingian age, however, medieval households do appear as commensurable units within a symmetrical array. In other words, the observer (or surveyor) was likely to see roughly the same kind of household no matter in what direction he looked—toward urban or rural areas, or up or down the social scale. From about the twelfth century, a new form of descent group, the agnatic lineage, comes to be superimposed upon, but does not really replace, the older bilineal kin group. This lends the medieval household, at least in the elite classes, a distinctive structure. Across the central and late Middle Ages, particular forms of emotional bonds come to link the household members. In fostering these ...
Linearly recurring solution sequences for equations over finite fields

Abstract Methods based on character sums are used to study conditions under which the sequence { N t } of numbers of solutions to sequences of equations, parametrized by their number t of variables, over a finite field satisfies a linear recurrence.
Alternate formulations for the pressure equation Laplacian on a collocated grid for solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract The solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes on a collocated grid is investigated. A consistent formulation to construct the Laplacian in the pressure equation is developed. It is shown that within this framework, Laplacians with different characteristics can be constructed, which can be made to satisfy discrete continuity and considerably reduce pressure oscillations. A third-order forward-biased approximation for the gradient operator of pressure works very well in completely eliminating pressure oscillations in a lid-driven cavity flow test problem.
Role of Acid in Precursor Conversion During InP Quantum Dot Synthesis

We have studied the speciation of P(SiMe3)3 during the synthesis of colloidal InP quantum dots in the presence of proton sources. Using 31P NMR spectroscopy, we show H3-nP(SiMe3)n formation on exposure of P(SiMe3)3 to a variety of protic reagents including water, methanol, and carboxylic acid, corroborating observations of P(SiMe3)3 speciation during the hot injection synthesis of InP QDs. Quantitative UV–vis comparisons between InP growth from P(SiMe3)3 and HP(SiMe3)2 show unambiguously that when total H+-content is accounted for, particle size, size dispersity, and concentration are indistinguishable for these two reagents. The dual role of myristic acid in P–Si bond cleavage and as a source of the myristate anion, an essential component of the quantum dot surface, is interrogated using tetrabutylammonium myristate, confirming that it is the protons that are responsible for increased quantum dot polydispersity. Together these data support the existence of a competing acid-catalyzed pathway in the conver...