cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adatom-Adatom Pair Interactions and Adlayer Superstructure Formation

The force laws governing the interaction of two atoms adsorbed on a solid surface are fundamental information vital to an atomistic understanding of many surface phenomena, such as the atom transport phenomena in crystal growth and surface catalyzed chemical reactions, in adlayer superstructure formation and two dimensional phase transformation, and in adsorption and desorption phenomena etc. Several possible effects have been considered theoretically. Adatoms possess surface induced dipole moments. A dipole-dipole interaction gives rise to a repulsive interaction which decays with distance rapidly.1,2 van der Waals interaction exists between all adatom pairs, and is attractive.3 Elastic distortion of the substrate lattice by the adsorption of two adatoms will induce an interaction between the two adatoms.4 An interaction induced by the substrate phonon field has been considered.5 The most actively pursued effect has been the so-called “electronic indirect adatomadatom interaction.” This interaction arises from a mutual perturbation of the substrate electronic charge distribution by the adatoms. 6–11 This interaction exhibits an oscillatory tail.
Treacherous crossings, precarious arrivals: Responses to the influx of unaccompanied minors in the Hudson Valley

Abstract In June 2014 approximately 10,000 unaccompanied minors migrated to the United States from Central America. By the end of 2014 a total of 51, 705 children crossed the southwest border of the Rio Grande. The initial influx of child migrants into the Hudson Valley created a humanitarian crisis. The overwhelming majority of kids spoke either Spanish or only their indigenous language and many were traumatized by the journey. There were no services in place for these minor children or for their sponsors. Service providers, educators, and immigration lawyers were caught off guard and scrambled desperately to find solutions to the complex problems associated with the unprecedented arrival of unaccompanied immigrant children. This research examines how federal immigration policy impacted child migrants at the local Hudson Valley level and the collective response by service providers, educators, activists, and immigration lawyers to effectively deal with the crisis. Through twenty-five qualitative interviews, obtained via snowball sample, we present the voices of those on-the-ground individuals who responded to the lack of support for these kids, and attempted to organize an interconnected web of local services, in the context of federal immigration policy. In addition, we present alternative policy recommendations formulated by service providers and immigration advocates based on their experiences working with unaccompanied minors and their family members. Finally, we present policy suggestions of our own, based on our fieldwork and our combined expertise.
Informed consent in the military: the anthrax vaccination case.

The ongoing anthrax vaccination case, Doe v Rumsfeld, tests whether the military can require participation in and punish refusal of a vaccination program while waiving informed consent. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Surgical Management of Tricuspid Valve Disorders

In recent years, there has been more appreciation for intraoperative assessment of valvular heart disease by the routine use of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), and corrective measures have been adopted to repair moderately regurgitating mitral and tricuspid valves. As recently as 10 years ago, asymptomatic regurgitant mitral valves in ischemic heart disease were not repaired, let alone the tricuspid valves. The popular belief was that pulmonary hypertension decreases after surgical correction of mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation, and then tricuspid regurgitation (TR) automatically disappears. In the recent years, however, it has become clear that the regurgitant pathology not only does not get better but can also even get worse resulting in heart failure (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99(1): 124–33, 1990). There are significant differences in the outcomes of patients treated for TR before they have developed symptoms and the outcomes of patients treated after they develop symptoms. An incidental TR noticed during routine TEE examination during cardiac surgery, when corrected, will carry a lower mortality and morbidity as compared with a patient admitted with peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, elevated bilirubin, and symptoms of congestive heart failure. In the latter group, mortality ranges from 15 to 30%. This is more true for reoperations to correct recurrent TR, mainly due to right ventricular enlargement. In addition, the hospital length of stay is significantly increased while correcting low cardiac output syndrome.
Peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier

No longer considered a static, impenetrable barrier, the dynamic regulatory functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have become increasingly apparent. This is particularly evident for the transport of peptides across the BBB. Interactions of peptides with the endothelial cells composing the BBB could lead to endocytosis and eventually transcytosis of peptides. It is helpful to understand pertinent characteristics of the BBB, the circumventricular organs (CVOs), and choroid plexuses. Here we describe the methods used for measurement of the passage of peptides across the BBB, illustrate the types of interactions of peptides with the BBB, and summarize current results with the BBB penetration of feeding-related peptides.
Simulation study of particle clouds in oscillating shear flow

Simulations of cylindrical clouds of concentrated, neutrally buoyant, suspended particles are used to investigate the dispersion of the particles in an oscillating Couette flow. In experiments by Metzger & Butler (Phys. Fluids, vol. 24 (2), 2012, 021703) with spherical clouds of non-Brownian particles, the clouds are shown to elongate at volume fraction , and are characterized by a particle-induced flow in the wall-normal direction.
The Patient’s Perspective of the Intensive Care Unit Diary in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Background Many patients who survive an intensive care unit admission develop post-intensive care syndrome and face significant long-term physical, cognitive, and mental health impairments. The intensive care unit diary is a reality-sorting tool that is effective in aiding patients to connect their flashbacks and delusional memories to actual events. Objectives To describe implementation of an intensive care unit diary in the cardiac intensive care unit and to describe the patient's perspective of the diary. Methods Consent for participation in the study was given by the patient health care proxy or a family member. The study consisted of 3 phases: writing in the diary about the patient's events in the cardiac intensive care unit, a follow-up visit with the patient within 1 week of cardiac intensive care unit transfer, and a follow-up telephone call 2 months after hospital discharge. Results Of 26 patients, 13 completed all phases of the study. Four themes were identified from the transcripts of the patients' responses: (1) The diary allowed patients to correlate memories to actual events, (2) it enabled patients to read about their families' experiences during their critical illness, (3) recovery was an emotional process that affected the patient's readiness to read the diary, and (4) patients expressed a desire for more entries by caregivers. Conclusions The intensive care unit diary can help patients gain clarity of their time in the cardiac intensive care unit. Additional research on the use of the diary and long-term patient follow-up is warranted.
Combinatorial Enumeration of Isomers of Superaromatic Polysubstituted Cycloarenes and Coronoid Hydrocarbons with Applications to NMR.

We have employed combinatorial techniques based on character cycle indices, Polya’s theory, and Euler totem function to enumerate isomers of polysubstituted cycloarenes and coronoid hydrocarbons which have been receiving considerable attention because of their superaromaticity, ring currents, and interesting magnetic properties. Systematic enumeration and construction of tables of polysubstituted isomers such as fluoro–chloro superaromatic hydrocarbons are considered as they are of interest in the study of environmental pollutants and toxicity. Isomers of fluoro–chloro polysubstituted donut shaped circumkekulenes, circumseptulenes, circumoctulenes, etc., are enumerated in addition to other cycloarenes, polycyclic circumcoronaphenes and coronoids. Applications to 13C NMR, proton NMR and multiple quantum NMR spectroscopies of these superaromatic species are considered.
A Programmable Sustaining Amplifier for Flexible Multimode MEMS-Referenced Oscillators

This paper presents a programmable single-chip sustaining amplifier for MEMS-referenced oscillators. The chip integrates a low-noise amplifier, variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs), band-pass filters (BPFs), all-pass filters (APFs), automatic level control, and output buffers. It also contains a second signal path for background cancellation, i.e., eliminating the effect of electrical feedthrough capacitance of the MEMS resonator. Important parameters of each circuit block (e.g., VGA gain, BPF center frequency and quality factor ( $Q$ ), APF phase shift, and so on.) can be set using bias currents, thus enabling fine-grained control over the overall transfer function. The amplifier was designed and fabricated in $0.5~\mu \text{m}$ CMOS. The chip was integrated with board-level current DACs (programmable via an I2C bus) and tested inside a vacuum chamber with various polysilicon (poly-Si) and single crystal (SC-Si) silicon comb-drive MEMS devices with resonant frequencies in the 10–90 kHz range. Oscillators referenced to a high- $Q$ (~13 000) SC-Si device had 20 dBc/Hz lower close-in phase noise (at 10 Hz) than those referenced to the low- $Q$ (~320) poly-Si device. Experimental results highlight advantages of the design, including automatic mode selection, background cancellation, control of feedback phase to optimize phase noise, and frequency locking to an external reference.
Physicians Voluntarily Using an EHR-Based CDS Tool Improved Patients' Guideline-Related Statin Prescription Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background In 2013, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) released a revised guideline on statin therapy initiation. The guideline included a 10-year risk calculation based on regression modeling, which made hand calculation infeasible. Compliance to the guideline has been suboptimal, as many patients were recommended but not prescribed statin therapy. Clinical decision support (CDS) tools may improve statin guideline compliance. Few statin guideline CDS tools evaluated clinical outcome. Objectives We determined if use of a CDS tool, the statin macro, was associated with increased 2013 ACC/AHA statin guideline compliance at the level of statin prescription versus no statin prescription. We did not determine if each patient's statin prescription met ACC/AHA 2013 therapy intensity recommendations (high vs. moderate vs. low). Methods The authors developed a clinician-initiated, EHR-embedded statin macro command (“statin macro”) that displayed the 2013 ACC/AHA statin guideline recommendation in the electronic health record documentation. We included patients who had a primary care visit during the study period (January 1–June 30, 2016), were eligible for statin therapy based on the ACC/AHA guideline prior to the study period, and were not prescribed statin therapy prior to the study period. We tested the association of macro usage and statin therapy prescription during the study period using relative risk and mixed effect logistic regression. Results Subjects included 11,877 patients seen in primary care, who were retrospectively recommended statin therapy at study initiation based on the ACC/AHA guideline, but who had not received statin therapy. During the study period, 125 clinicians used the statin macro command for 389 of the 11,877 patients (3.2%). Of the 389 patients for whom that statin macro was used, 108 patients (28%) had a statin prescribed during the study period. Of the 11,488 for whom the statin macro was not used, 1,360 (13%) patients received a clinician-prescribed statin (relative risk 2.3, p Conclusion Although the statin macro had low uptake, its use was associated with a greater rate of statin prescriptions (dosage not determined) for patients whom 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines required statin therapy.
Aspirin rechallenge in an adult patient previously diagnosed with Reye syndrome

Purpose Aspirin has been the cornerstone of antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes and is well accepted and recommended by several major healthcare organizations. A combination of aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor, commonly known as dual antiplatelet therapy, is recommended in patients with coronary stent implantation to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis and ischemic events. Summary We recently cared for an adult male who presented with an acute coronary syndrome who had a history of Reye syndrome during childhood. During this admission, he was rechallenged with low-dose aspirin for the first time since his diagnosis of Reye syndrome as a child after aspirin therapy. There have been various case reports in children and adults who have been rechallenged with aspirin within days to weeks after the initial diagnosis of Reye syndrome. These reports show mixed results in children and adults regarding the return of Reye syndrome upon aspirin rechallenge shortly after initial aspirin exposure. Conclusion This, to our knowledge, appears to be the first report of a low-dose aspirin rechallenge 30 years later in life in an adult patient with a history of Reye syndrome while receiving aspirin therapy during childhood.
On The Beta Exponential Pareto Distribution

In this article we propose and study the so-called beta exponential Pareto (BEP) distribution. Several lifetime distributions such as the beta Weibull, beta exponential, beta Rayleigh, generalized Weibull, Weibull among others are embedded in the proposed distribution. Various mathematical properties of the BEP distribution are presented. We also discuss the parameter estimation methods and simulation issues. The importance and flexibility of the proposed model are illustrated by means of real data analysis.
Comparative Perspectives on the Urban Black Atlantic on the Eve of Abolition

By investigating the place of enslaved Africans and their descendants in the cities of the Atlantic world, this article explores many of the themes of this Special Issue across empires, with an emphasis on the Americas in the late eighteenth century, the eve of abolition. The article finds that, in nearly every manual occupation, slaves were integrated with free laborers and, not infrequently, slaves who had reached the level of journeyman or master directed the work of free apprentices. The limited number of slave insurrections in cities may be explained by the fact that they often worked semi-independently, earning money to supplement the livelihood provided by the master, or sometimes almost entirely on their own. To them, city life offered advantages that would have been inconceivable for their rural counterparts, especially the scope of autonomy they enjoyed and the possibilities to secure manumission.
Chapter 8 – Nonparametric Statistics

Nonparametric statistics are called distribution-free statistics because they are not constrained by assumptions about the distribution of the population. Consequently they can easily accommodate data that have a wide range of variance. Unlike parametric statistics, these distribution-free tests can be used with both quantitative and qualitative data. This chapter describes many of the most common nonparametric statistics found in the neuroscience literature and gives examples of how to compare two groups or multiple groups. Comparisons are made to parametric counterparts and both the advantages and the disadvantages of using nonparametric statistics are discussed.
Critical literacy practices with bilingual immigrant children: multicultural book club in an out-of-school context

This study investigates how and to what extent critical literacy activities in an out-of-school context serves as a space for bilingual immigrant children in the United States to solve their confli...
Artificial Intelligence in Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies.

Background From cell phones to aerospace, artificial intelligence (AI) has wide-reaching influence in the modern age. In this review, we discuss the application of AI solutions to an equally ubiquitous problem in cytopathology - thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Thyroid nodules are common in the general population, and FNAB is the sampling modality of choice. The resulting prevalence in the practicing pathologist's daily workload makes thyroid FNAB an appealing target for the application of AI solutions. Summary This review summarizes all available literature on the application of AI to thyroid cytopathology. We follow the evolution from morphometric analysis to convolutional neural networks. We explore the application of AI technology to different questions in thyroid cytopathology, including distinguishing papillary carcinoma from benign, distinguishing follicular adenoma from carcinoma and identifying non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features by key words and phrases. Key Messages: The current literature shows promise towards the application of AI technology to thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy. Much work is needed to define how this powerful technology will be of best use to the future of cytopathology practice.
Rosalie Kane: A Career’s Worth of “Evergreen” Insights

The author reminisces about her collegial relationships and friendship with Rosalie Kane over a span of nearly 40 years. She also reflects on the main themes of Rosalie’s scholarly work as a social...
Statin use is associated with reduced motor recovery after spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN We completed retrospective analysis of statin use in individuals with neurologically significant spinal cord injury in a historical cohort study. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to establish the prevalence of cholesterol-lowering agent use following spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the impact on recovery of motor function. SETTING Patients enrolled in the Rochester Epidemiology Project in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA from 2005 to 2018 were included in analysis. METHODS Exclusion criteria: age <18, comorbid neurological disease, prior neurological deficit, nontraumatic injury, survival <1 year, or lack of motor deficit. Demographics and cholesterol-lowering agent use in 83 individuals meeting all criteria were recorded. A total of 68/83 individuals were then assessed for change in function over the first 2 months after injury using the ISNCSCI motor subscore. Statistical comparison between control and statin groups was done by two-sided Chi-squared test or two-tailed Student's t test. Generalized regression was performed to assess associations between independent variables and functional outcome. RESULTS 30% of individuals with SCI had a prescription for a cholesterol-lowering agent. No significant differences were observed in severity of injury or demographic composition between groups. The change in motor subscore was reduced in the statin group compared to controls (p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney). Both severity of injury and statin were significant predictors of reduced motor recovery (p = 0.001, and p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both severity of SCI and statins were significant predictors of reduced motor recovery. Additional investigation is needed to address potential impact of statin-therapy in the context of CNS injury and repair.
Carbon dots versus nano-carbon/organic hybrids – dramatically different behaviors in fluorescence sensing of metal cations with structural and mechanistic implications

Carbon dots (CDots) are defined as surface-passivated small carbon nanoparticles, with the effective passivation generally achieved by organic functionalization. Photoexcited CDots are both potent electron donors and acceptors, and their characteristic bright and colorful fluorescence emissions make them excellent fluorescence sensors for organic analytes and metal ions. For the latter extraordinarily low detection limits based on extremely efficient quenching of fluorescence intensities by the targeted metal cations have been observed and reported in the literature. However, all of the dot samples in those reported studies were made from “one-pot” carbonization of organic precursors mostly under rather mild processing conditions, unlikely to be sufficient for the required level of carbonization. Those dot samples should therefore be more appropriately considered as “nano-carbon/organic hybrids”, characterized structurally as being highly porous and spongy, which must be playing a dominating role in the reported sensing results. In this study, we compared the dot samples from carbonization syntheses under similarly mild and also more aggressive processing conditions with the classically defined and structured CDots for the fluorescence sensing of copper(II) cations in aqueous solutions. The observed dramatic decoupling between quenching results for fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of the carbonization samples, with the former being extraordinary and the latter within the diffusion controlled limit, suggested that the quenching of fluorescence intensities was greatly affected by the higher local quencher concentrations than the bulk associated with the porous and spongy sample structures, especially for the sample from carbonization under too mild processing conditions. The major differences between the classical CDots and the nano-carbon/organic hybrids are highlighted, and the tradeoffs between sensitivity and accuracy or reproducibility in the use of the latter for fluorescence sensing are discussed.
Power Flow Angles of GHz Propagating Acoustic Waves in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

This paper presents a framework for investigating the power flow angle (PFA) of acoustic waves in thin-film lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ). Four-port acoustic delay line testbeds are implemented with different gap lengths and in-plane orientations for accurately extracting PFA of fundamental symmetric (S0) mode in X-cut LiNbO 3 . The PFA extraction method is readily extendable to other acoustic modes and materials. The proposed testbeds can also be used as miniature radio frequency (RF) directional couplers. It also offers the possibility of implementing novel acoustic elements in thin-film LiNbO 3 .
The kinesin superfamily

Kinesins are enzymes that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and/or motility along microtubule polymers. A large number of kinesin enzymes are involved in mitosis with important roles in spindle assembly, chromosome congression, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. In this chapter, we begin with a description of the kinesin motor domain and the general principles of chemomechanical coupling. We then discuss general principles of kinesin organization and regulation. Finally, we provide a brief description of the kinesins that are known to function in mitosis, which will be the focus of the later chapters of this book.
Rational protein sequence diversification by multi-codon scanning mutagenesis.

A new method for protein sequence diversification is based on generating random codon mutations to an encoding DNA. This allows for the scanning of user-defined amino acid changes to any protein of interest, and is an alternative to traditional directed evolution strategies. This chapter describes the procedures required to apply this technology to any protein of interested. The resulting libraries can then be screened for new or improved protein function.
FRADS: A system for facilitating rapid prototyping by end users

Abstract While user interface toolkits and managers facilitate prototyping by programmers, few systems allow nonprogrammers to create their own applications. In this paper, we report some techniques that bring prototyping to nonprogramming domain experts, namely professional test developers at Educational Testing Service. The Free-Response Authoring and Delivery System (FRADS) allows professional test developers to create dynamic, working prototypes of computer-based test questions. FRADS was designed to leverage nonprogrammers' experience with commercial graphics packages. Test developers create questions by importing graphics and other user-interface objects, choosing the tools to provide to students in responding to the question, and delineating—via dialog boxes and specially designed graphical objects—how the tools and provided interface objects interact. With FRADS, we explore how much “programming power” can be obtained by using direct, graphical specification of applications.
Managing Otitis Media: A Time for Change

Given the increasing prevalence of multiply resistant pneumococcal infection and the heightened risks associated with antimicrobial usage, antimicrobial treatment of otitis media in children should be restricted generally to the extent possible without compromising individual children9s well-being and without subjecting them to risks potentially greater than the risks associated with antimicrobial usage. Not infrequently the decisions required will be difficult and matters of judgment. However, in most cases the indications for initiating or prolonging antimicrobial treatment will be either straightforward, calling for a decision to proceed, or marginal, in which case the decision not to proceed should be clear.
Anti-Asthma Simplified Herbal Medicine Intervention-induced long-lasting tolerance to allergen exposure in an asthma model is interferon-γ, but not transforming growth factor-β dependent.

Background Chronic allergic asthma is the result of a T-helper type 2 (Th2)-biased immune status. Current asthma therapies control symptoms in some patients, but a long-lasting therapy has not been established. Anti-Asthma Simplified Herbal Medicine Intervention (ASHMI™), a Chinese herbal formula improved symptoms and lung function, and reduced Th2 responses in a controlled trial of patients with persistent moderate to severe asthma. Objective We evaluated the persistence of ASHMI™ beneficial effects following therapy in a murine model of chronic asthma and the immunological mechanisms underlying such effects. Methods BALB/c mice sensitized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin (OVA) received 3 weekly intratracheal OVA challenges to induce airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) and inflammation (OVA mice). Additionally, OVA mice were treated with ASHMI ™ (OVA/ASHMI ™ ) or water (OVA/sham) for 4 weeks, and then challenged immediately and 8 weeks post-therapy. In other experiments, OVA mice received ASHMI ™ treatment with concomitant neutralization of IFN-γ or TGF-β. Effects on airway responses, cytokine- and OVA-specific IgE levels were determined 8 weeks post-therapy. Results Before treatment, OVA mice exhibited AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation following OVA challenge, which was almost completely resolved immediately after completing treatment with ASHMI ™ and did not re-occur following OVA re-challenge up to 8 weeks post-therapy. Decreased allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine levels, and increased IFN-γ levels also persisted at least 8 weeks post-therapy. ASHMI ™ effects were eliminated by the neutralization of IFN-γ, but not TGF-β, during therapy. Conclusion ASHMI ™ induced long-lasting post-therapy tolerance to antigen-induced inflammation and AHR. IFN-γ is a critical factor in ASHMI ™ effects.
Multiscale modeling of metabolism, flows, and exchanges in heterogeneous organs.

Large-scale models accounting for the processes supporting metabolism and function in an organ or tissue with a marked heterogeneity of flows and metabolic rates are computationally complex and tedious to compute. Their use in the analysis of data from positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires model reduction since the data are composed of concentration–time curves from hundreds of regions of interest (ROI) within the organ. Within each ROI, one must account for blood flow, intracapillary gradients in concentrations, transmembrane transport, and intracellular reactions. Using modular design, we configured a whole organ model, GENTEX, to allow adaptive usage for multiple reacting molecular species while omitting computation of unused components. The temporal and spatial resolution and the number of species are adaptable and the numerical accuracy and computational speed is adjustable during optimization runs, which increases accuracy and spatial resolution as convergence approaches. An application to the interpretation of PET image sequences after intravenous injection of 13NH3 provides functional image maps of regional myocardial blood flows.
The Cambridge Introduction to Walt Whitman: Poetry before the Civil War

American poetry underwent a profound shift with the publication of Leaves of Grass . It is only a slight exaggeration to say that, with this book, Walt Whitman changed the shape of poetry. He all but invented free verse in English, introducing breathlessly long lines and using repetition of words and sounds to create a web-like form to replace the conventional meters used by even the most experimental poets before him. He stretched the democratic poetics he inherited from Romanticism to new extremes, abandoning traditional diction while creating a style that mingled the language of everyday life with bold ventures into figural expression. He likewise embraced subject matter normally considered outside the scope of poetry, including “low” topics associated with the experience of the human body, sexuality, and the life of the streets. As a poetry of nature, Leaves of Grass served as a watershed for the main streams of Romantic and Transcendentalist writing and thought. But Whitman's book also embodied the struggles of a nation confronted with ethnic and class conflict, modernization, total war, urbanization, industrialization, and finally globalization. This chapter deals with the poems composed for the first three editions of Leaves of Grass – 1855, 1856, and 1860. Whitman began the decade of the fifties with a burst of hopeful energy. Building on the spirit of the European Revolutions of 1848 and catching the fever of Jacksonian democracy and westward expansion, with its promise of nearly unlimited range for the development of the democratic way of life, the poet concocted an expansive theory of selfhood that informed and inspired the great cosmic/dramatic poems of 1855 and 1856, including “Song of Myself,” “The Sleepers,” and “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.”
Gender as Pathology: Disease, Degeneration, and Medical Discourse in Late Nineteenth-century Colombia

This article examines how Colombian doctors and public health officials during the lastdecades of the nineteenth century produced a body of knowledge about the health of thenation’s citizens, using the language and authority of science to speak about a society inneed of redemption and medical intervention. In these cases, gender became an essentialcomponent of elite and medical discourses. Medical doctors and hygienists described femaleidentities either as potentially threatening and therefore degenerative to the nation’s moraland economic fabric or as a “civilizing force” through the mobilization of motherhood andthe reification of the Colombian family as a regenerative site. The doctors and governmentofficials here examined expected women to preserve the family as a unit and inculcate thevalues of order, hygiene and efficiency in the private sphere. If elite constructions of “ideal”female identities mobilized women in their primary function as mothers, preoccupations withthe control of “public women” that upset public order or threatened the family unit rhetoricallyemphasized their deviance. In direct contrast to the feminine ideal, the constructionof the feminine other emphasized moral transgression and sexual promiscuity.
Dynamic Structure SGS Models for Large Eddy Simulations

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is based on separation of variable of interest into two parts — resolved and unresolved, where resolved parts are obtained numerically using transport equations, and the effect of unresolved parts on resolved is modeled using subgrid-scale (SGS) models. This technique has been successfully applied to variety of problems including simulation of internal combustion engines. In this paper we present and discuss three new LES sub-grid scale (SGS) models for: • SGS scalar flux; • SGS scalar dissipation; • SGS energy dissipation. The proposed models belong to a new family of SGS models — Dynamic Structure (DS) models. The DS models take the structure of the model term from the corresponding Leonard-type term, and a particular form of a scaling factor is then used. The models are evaluated a priori using available DNS data for a non-reacting mixing layer and decaying isotropic turbulence. The evaluation results compare well with viscosity and similarity models. During the a priori tests, the DS models were found do be robust and perform better than dynamic viscosity and similarity models under variety of conditions including different test-to-base filter size ratios and non-symmetric filters. To evaluate the models a posteriori, they are implemented into a high-order finite-difference code and two LES simulations are conducted: an LES of decaying isotropic turbulence and an LES non-reacting incompressible mixing layer. The results from both runs are compared with data available from the literature and DNS simulations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Changes in Starch Properties of Corn Tortillas during Storage

Starch properties of corn tortillas were characterized during storage. Tortillas were chopped into pieces, macerated with ethanol, centrifuged, extracted again with ethanol, centrifuged, dried, and ground into flour to dehydrate and stabilize starch. Water absorption and water solubility at 25°C, starch pasting properties, and amount and molecular weight of starch extracted at 95°C in water were quantified. Increased levels of soluble amylopectin and increased cold paste viscosity distinguished fresh (0, 0.5, and 1 h) from aged (120 h) tortillas. Water solubility at 25°C decreased continuously during storage; whereas, water absorption increased 0.5 h after baking and then decreased during storage. Rapid changes in starch properties were stabilized using the dehydration procedure and clearly distinguished by pasting viscosities and other methods. Measured starch properties were consistent with very rapid associations (retrogradation) of amylose and rapid associations of amylose and amylopectin yielding insoluble structures in corn tortillas. Retention of some starch crystal nuclei after baking facilitated starch associations that yielded rapid structural changes in corn tortillas.
A LATENT CLASS MODEL FOR ANALYZING PREFERENCES FOR CATFISH

ABSTRACT Using a latent class model of structural heterogeneity in the multinomial logit framework, this study examined catfish preferences of Arkansas restaurateurs from stated choice data. The results suggest two latent classes of restaurateurs that are fairly distinct and have some degree of overlap. Managers in both classes are sensitive to prices and prefer catfish products that have mild flavor and soft texture. When preference for dryness, flavor and texture are assumed equal for both classes, one class becomes very sensitive to price but unconcerned with color while the other class becomes insensitive to price but very concerned with color.
Acrylonitrile graft copolymerization of casein proteins for enhanced solubility and thermal properties

Casein proteins are soluble in 5% aq. ethanolamine, triehtylamine, and triethanolamine, but insoluble in organic solvents. Graft copolymerization of casein (40 g/L) with acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out in 5% w/v aq. triethanolamine at 60°C using potassium persulfate K2S2O8 as an initiator. Percent grafting and grafting efficiency increased with increasing initiator concentrations (up to 1.7 × 10−2 mole L−1) and reaction times, but decreasing [M]/[I] ratios. Fourier transform IR spectra confirmed the formation of the acrylonitrile-grafted-casein (AN-g-casein) copolymers. Under the reaction conditions studied, the grafted PAN side chains were characterized by gel permeation chromatography to have Mn between 1.58 and 5.88 × 104 dalton and polydispersities between 2.6 and 4.5. The AN-g-casein copolymers behaved more like a PAN homopolymer in terms of their thermal properties and solubilities. The decomposition temperatures of AN-g-casein copolymers were between 255 and 273°C, closer to the Td of the PAN homopolymer (275°C) and significantly higher than that of casein (180°C). The AN-g-casein copolymers are soluble in 50% aq. NaSCN and ZnCl2, but are insoluble in 32:28:40 wt % CaCl2/CH3CH2OH/H2O like PAN and dimethylformamide-like casein. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2543–2551, 2000
Polonium-210 absorption in rats: effects of biological modification.

CALCULATIONS of maximum permissible body burdens of polonium-210 for radiation workers and the general public made by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) assume 0.06 as the fraction going from the gastrointestinal tract to blood1. This estimate is based on the work of Delia Rosa et al.2, in which freshly neutralized polonium chloride solution was given orally to rats by stomach intubation (gavage). Excretion functions and tissue retention were measured and used to calculate the transfer of polonium across the gut. Hill3 and Kauranen and Miettinen4, who studied the transfer of Po along the lichen-reindeer or caribou-man food chain, suggested that the 210Po found in the soft tissues of herbivores may be organically bound and therefore readily available to humans. Their data indicated that the 210Po ingested from reindeer meat was from five to twenty-five times more available than predicted from the transfer values adopted by the ICRP. Experiments reported here indicate that polonium secreted in the milk of a goat which had been given an acute oral dose of PoO2 is absorbed across the gut of rats in concentrations approximately twenty times greater than that absorbed when rats are fed PoO2 or PoCl4 in drinking water. These results are at least partial verification of the greater availability of 210Po through biological modification as estimated by Hill.
Higher-Order Potential Effects in the Radiative Correction to Scattering of Slow Electrons

The radiative correction to the scattering of low-energy electrons by an external field has been calculated in first Born approximation in the external field. For strong fields or slow electrons this is not a valid approximation. With the assumption that only low-energy virtual photons contribute significantly to the effect, the radiative correction to the scattering of slow electrons is calculated to all orders of the external field. There is no change in the fractional radiative correction from the Born approximation result.
DNA repair efficiency in transgenic mice over expressing ribosomal protein S3

Human ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) has previously been shown to have alternative roles beyond its participation in protein synthesis. For example, our in vitro studies have shown that RPS3 has an extraordinarily high binding affinity for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). Notably, in cells exposed to oxidative stress RPS3 translocates to the nucleus where it co-localizes with foci of 8-oxoG. We have engineered transgenic mice over expressing RPS3 in an attempt to determine the outcome of RPS3 translocation in a whole animal. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from these transgenic mice showed an increased accumulation of DNA damage in cells exposed to oxidative damage when compared to MEFs from wild-type mice. In MEFs exposed to oxidative stress we observed the translocation of RPS3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and co-localizing to 8-oxoG foci, an observation that could involve the blocking of the repair of this mutagenic base and thereby explain why transgenic MEFs exposed to oxidative stress have higher levels of DNA damage.
Molecular analysis of a cryptic plasmid isolated from avian strains of Pasteurella multocida

Twelve small plasmids isolated from avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were examined by restriction enzyme mapping, cross-hybridization, and minicell analysis. These plasmids contained sites for several commonly used restriction enzymes and ranged in size from 3.4 to 3.8 kilobases. Restriction enzyme maps of the 12 plasmids were similar and divided the plasmids into 3 families, designated pFS1, pFS2, and pFS4. Restriction fragments of pFS1 DNA isolated from strain X-73 were used to probe AvaI/HindIII/EcoRV digests of pFS2 and pFS4 DNA. The results of these hybridization experiments demonstrated that the plasmids found in all three families shared extensive regions of homology and may have originated from a common ancestor. Escherichia coli minicells containing recombinant plasmid constructs bearing fragments of pFS1 expressed two pFS1-specific peptides, 12.5 and 28 kilodaltons in size, suggesting that some P. multocida plasmid-encoded proteins can be expressed in E. coli. These results indicate that pFS may be useful as a genetic tool for moving DNA into and out of P. multocida, since it is small, contains common restriction sites, and encodes at least two genes that are recognized and expressed in E. coli.
Identification and characterization of a B-cell determinant within the amphipathic domain (residues 178-238) of the myelin proteolipid protein

Pooled polyclonal rabbit anti-rat myelin and mouse anti-human proteolipid protein (PLP) antisera were screened against a panel of PLP synthetic peptides spanning residues 178–238 of the protein. Cross-reactivity against one determinant defined by PLP200–219 was particularly prominent in both the anti-myelin and anti-PLP antisera and was chosen for further study. Competitive inhibition studies, utilizing a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides, demonstrated that the C-terminal portion of PLP200–219, specifically residues comprising PLP209–217, was important for antibody recognition of this region. Immunohistochemical analyses with an affinity-purified rabbit anti-PLP200–219 antiserum demonstrated antibody cross-reactivity with PLP in both paraffin- and gelatin-embedded brain sections and immunocytochemical staining of mouse oligodendrocyte-enriched cultures demonstrated antibody binding with native PLP in situ. Staining of living non-permeabilized cells localized binding to the extracellular face of the myelin membrane. Collectively, these data argue for the presence of an immunodominant B-cell determinant defined by PLP residues 200–219. Furthermore, the structural conformation of this determinant in native PLP can be mimicked by the synthetic peptide, resulting in the generation of an antibody reagent that has considerable utility for immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical investigations of PLP expression and localization within the central nervous system myelin membrane. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
"Non-sweet" diabetes of pregnancy.

Both clinicians and pregnant women know that pregnancy is typically accompanied by a change in the pattern of micturition, due to the pressure of an enlarging uterus on the adjacent bladder. This c...
The Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Molecular Mechanism of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Human Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper oxidase that contains three type 1 Cu sites and a type 2/type 3 trinuclear Cu cluster. All other multicopper oxidases contain only one type 1 Cu and a trinuclear cluster. In oxidized human ceruloplasmin, one type 1 Cu site is reduced and cannot be oxidized, at least in part due at to a high reduction potential, which is not catalytically relevant. Here we have examined the thermodynamics and kinetics of electron transfer among the five redox-active Cu sites to obtain insight into the molecular mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer and the function of the additional, redox-active T1 Cu site. The redox potentials of the Cu sites of human ceruloplasmin were determined by reductive and poised potential titrations. In pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, the potentials of the type 1, type 2, and type 3 Cu sites are 448, 491, and 415 mV, respectively. Cl- binds to the trinuclear cluster and significantly increases the potentials of the type 2 and type 3 Cu, indicating that Cl- is a ph...
Three paths leading to culturally competent psychological practitioners

Abstract This article examines the paths leading to culturally competent psychological practitioners: (a) Experiential, which includes implicit learning and personal experience; (b) Academic, the most popular training course of study that incorporates professional articles, societies, and workshops; and (c) Formal Culture Training which includes guidelines that prepare individuals to encounter differing cultures. Differences between subfields encompassing culture and psychology are offered, with practical training applications discussed. Exposure to cultural assimilators and critical incidents are included in this article.
p16 Overexpression: A Potential Early Indicator of Transformation in Ovarian Carcinoma

Objective:The recently cloned gene p16 (MST 1) has been identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene that binds to CDK4 and CDK6 (cyclin-dependent kinases), preventing their interaction with cyclin D1 and thereby preventing cell cycle progression at the G1 stage. In addition, the p16 gene has been shown to have a high frequency of mutation in some tumor cell lines; however, it has also been shown that a much lower frequency of mutation occurs in primary tumors. This study investigated the mRNA expression level and mutation status of the p16 gene in ovarian tumors.Methods:We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction and direct cDNA sequencing analysis. To confirm the p16 protein level in ovarian tumors, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Expression levels of mRNA for the p16 gene relative to the β-tubulin gene were examined in 32 ovarian tumors (24 carcinomas, six low malignant potential tumors, and two benign tumors) and six normal ovaries.Results:The mRNA expressio...
Magnesium neuroprotection is limited in humans with acute brain injury

Based on the results of preclinical models, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has gained attention as a putative neuroprotective agent. The negative results of a large-scale, randomized clinical trial using MgSO4 in acute stroke have tempered the initial enthusiasm for a neuroprotective benefit of the ion. Additional, large-scale clinical trials in stroke and other forms of brain injury are underway. This article reviews the central nervous system (CNS) physiology of Mg++, disordered Mg++ homeostasis in acute brain injury, preclinical and preliminary clinical foundations of current clinical trials, and the data regarding the CNS bio-availability of MgSO4—an important requisite for neuroprotective therapy. Although human studies have confirmed that moderate hypermagnesemia is well-tolerated and feasible, only modest elevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Mg++] occurs. This modest increment of CSF [Mg++] in brain-injured humans occurs in the range of 10 to 19%. However, experimental evidence has yet to establish whether this modest elevation is sufficient for neuroprotection. Because of the limited CNS passage of the ion, further experimental work is needed to define the neuroprotective threshold of [Mg++] in the injured brain.