cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracing ventilation source of tropical pacific oxygen minimum zones with an adjoint global ocean transport model

Abstract To better understand the changes in the ventilation of Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) and South Pacific (ETSP), we use an adjoint global transport model to trace the surface locations of their source waters. The transit times for surface waters to reach the OMZs are obtained for steady-state transport. For the ETNP OMZ, 26% of the water volume makes last contact with the atmosphere in the Equatorial North Pacific with mean transit time of 109 years. Mid-latitude North and South Pacific make comparable volumetric contributions (17% and 18% respectively), but have mean transit times that differ by a factor of 2 (186 and 382 years, respectively). The combined contribution of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic accounts for 16% of the ETNP OMZ volume. The mean transit time from these remote regions is in excess of 2500 years. For the ETSP OMZ, 29% of water volume originates from the surface of the equatorial South Pacific with a mean transit time of 65 years while 36% originates from the mid-latitude South Pacific with a mean transit-time of 157 years. The relative contribution of the two regions indicates that the meridional ventilation pathway from the mid- latitudes is of equal importance as the ventilation via eastward equatorial current system. The mean transit-times computed here help clarify the timescales with which advective- diffusive processes link changes in surface ocean processes to the OMZs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
The Use of “QUAD Shot” in Anal Canal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Study With Review of the Literature

Abstract Context Patients with locoregional anal carcinoma who do not qualify for standard definitive chemoradiation are candidates for a short course of palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy such as QUAD Shot. Methods A 57-year-old man with massive locoregional squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal was treated with QUAD Shot (14.8 Gy in four fractions over two consecutive days) repeated every four weeks for a total of two courses. Results He reported symptomatic relief following each course of radiation. In regard to his first QUAD Shot, his pain was 10/10 in severity at the time of admission and 4/10 at the time of discharge. In regard to his second QUAD Shot, his pain was 8/10 at the time of admission and 0/10 at the time of discharge. He did not experience any treatment-related toxicity. He passed away 15 weeks after the first course. Conclusion QUAD Shot is both efficacious and safe for palliation in patients with anal carcinoma.
Engaging families of young children with disabilities through family-school-community partnerships

The purpose of this article is to explore family-oriented partnership models to engage families of young children with disabilities in inclusive programmes. Family engagement is important for the e...
A Search for l-C_3H^+ and l-C_3H in Sgr B2(N), Sgr B2(OH), and the Dark Cloud TMC-1

Pety et al. (2012) recently reported the detection of several transitions of an unknown carrier in the Horsehead PDR and attribute them to l-C_3H^+. Here, we have tested the predictive power of their fit by searching for, and identifying, the previously unobserved J = 1−0 and J = 2−1 transitions of the unknown carrier (B11244) towards Sgr B2(N) in data from the publicly available PRIMOS project. Also presented here are observations of the J = 6 − 5 and J = 7 − 6 transitions towards Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(OH) using the Barry E. Turner Legacy Survey and results from the Kaifu et al. (2004) survey of TMC-1. We calculate an excitation temperature and column density of B11244 of ∼10 K and ∼10^(13) cm^(−2) in Sgr B2(N) and ∼79 K with an upper limit of ≤ 1.5 × 10^(13) cm^(−2) in Sgr B2(OH) and find trace evidence for the cation’s presence in TMC-1. Finally, we present spectra of the neutral species in both Sgr B2(N) and TMC-1, and comment on the robustness of the assignment of the detected signals to l-C_3H^+.
Abstract 2980: The role of USP7 and USP7 inhibitor in HER2+ breast cancer treatment

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Approximately 20% of breast cancer tumors overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which is associated with an aggressive clinical phenotype and with a poorer prognosis. The development of trastuzumab, an immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody directed against HER2, has changed the treatment paradigm for this disease. However, approximately 15-20% still does not respond to anti-HER2 therapy. Furthermore, despite advances in the management of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, response rate varies greatly, with most patients eventually succumbing to their disease. It is crucial to develop additional therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes for HER2 positive patients, especially those with tumors that do not respond to anti-HER2 therapy. METHODS and RESULTS: Using HER2+ breast cancer cell lines, we found that an USP7 inhibitor, P5091, dramatically sensitized cancer cells to HER2 inhibitor, trastuzumab treatment. To confirm it in vivo , we tested the drug combination in BT474 xenografts and found P5091 and trastuzumab synergistically suppressed tumor growth. Furthermore, using trastuzumab resistant HER2+ breast cancer cell line, we found that USP7 inhibitor, P5091, can dramatically re-sensitize trastuzumab-resistant BT474 cell line to trastuzumab treatment both in vitro and in vivo . More importantly, using patient derived xenograft (PDX) HER2+ models, we confirmed the synergistic combination effect of P5091 and trastuzumab. Mechanistically, USP7 inhibitor, P5091 led to significantly increased degradation of all four HER family members (HER1-4). When we knocked down USP7 by RNA interference or small hairpin RNA (shRNA), we observed similar substantial decrease in HER family member proteins. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the feasibility of using USP7 inhibitor P5091 to sensitize HER2+ breast cancers to trastuzumab treatment. These results provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy of USP7 inhibitors and HER2 inhibitors to treat HER2+ breast cancer. This combination therapy might also be effective in other cancers with upregulated HER signaling, such as GI cancer, lung cancer or ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Jia Yu, Bo Qin, Judy Boughey, Matthew Goetz, Liewei Wang. The role of USP7 and USP7 inhibitor in HER2+ breast cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2980.
Robust Resource Allocation With Joint Carrier Aggregation in Multi-Carrier Cellular Networks

In this paper, we present a robust optimal resource allocation (RA) with joint carrier aggregation (CA) approach to allocate multiple carriers resources optimally among users with elastic and inelastic traffic in cellular networks. We use utility proportional fairness allocation policy, where the fairness among users is in utility percentage of the application running on the user equipment (UE). We introduce an efficient RA approach to allocate the network spectrum resources from multiple carriers based on a CA scenario. We present a robust RA algorithm that allocates optimal aggregated rates for both high-traffic and low-traffic situations. Our distributed RA algorithm allocates an optimal rate to each user from all carriers in its range while providing the minimum price for the allocated rate. In addition, we analyze the convergence of the algorithm with different network traffic densities and show that our algorithm provides traffic dependent pricing for network providers. Finally, we present simulation results for the performance of our RA algorithm.
Using a Multimedia Tool for Informed Consent in Mohs Surgery: A Randomized Trial Measuring Effects on Patient Anxiety, Knowledge, and Satisfaction

BACKGROUND Multimedia educational materials have been found to improve aspects of informed consent, although data in the context of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is limited. OBJECTIVE To assess whether a preoperative educational video decreases anxiety, increases comprehension, and improves overall satisfaction for patients undergoing same-day office consultation and MMS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center randomized controlled trial included patients above the age of 18 years undergoing MMS for skin cancer between October 2015 and December 2015. Patients were randomized to view a short preoperative video on MMS in addition to traditional informed consent versus informed consent without video viewing. Questionnaires were used to assess preoperative anxiety, knowledge, and satisfaction. RESULTS From 231 consecutively enrolled subjects, there were no significant differences in anxiety (p = .626) or satisfaction (p = .065) between groups. Subjects receiving the intervention were able to more accurately recognize risks of MMS (88% vs 69% of controls, p < .001) and had improved subject-reported confidence in understanding procedural risks and benefits (89% vs 71% of controls, p = .049). Composite comprehension scores were similar between groups (p = .131). CONCLUSION A preoperative MMS educational video increased recognition of procedural risks, but did not improve patient anxiety or satisfaction.
Online disinhibition and internet communication of non-suicidal self-injury.

Objective Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is of concern given the increased risk for suicide attempt. Prevalence rates of NSSI are highest among adolescents and young adults. These groups also exhibit the highest rates of Internet use. Previous research suggests that online communication of NSSI can serve as both a risk and protective factor related to NSSI engagement. This study explored online disinhibition in the context of NSSI e-communities as a potential factor that could contribute to opposing NSSI outcomes. Method The study sample consisted of 200 individuals 18 years or older (M = 21.76, SD = 5.24) recruited from social networking sites (i.e., Reddit, LiveJournal). These participants provided self-report of their NSSI histories and degree of online disinhibition. Results Those who engaged in Internet communication of NSSI at the highest level endorsed more online disinhibition than those less involved with NSSI content. Furthermore, within this group of high communicators, increased toxic disinhibition predicted lower lifetime frequency of NSSI. Conclusions This study suggests that online behavior, including toxic disinhibition, may contribute to NSSI outcomes. Online disinhibition and its relationship to NSSI should be an area of continued research. Cyberbullying may be an additional construct of interest in future studies of NSSI e-communication.
Solution of the Bloch Equations including Relaxation

The magnetization differential equations of Bloch are integrated using a matrix diagonalization method. The solution describes several limiting cases and leads to compact expressions of wide validity for a spin ensemble initially at equilibrium.
Mapping of the Motor Cortex.

The resection of brain tumors located within or near the eloquent tissue has a higher risk of postoperative neurological deficits. The primary concerns include loss of sensory and motor functions in the contralateral face, upper and lower extremities, as well as speech deficits. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) techniques are performed routinely for the identification and preservation of the functional integrity of the eloquent brain areas during neurosurgical procedures. The IONM modalities involve sensory, motor, and language mapping, which helps in the identification of the boundaries of these areas during surgical resection. Cortical motor Mapping (CmM) technique is considered as a gold-standard technique for mapping of the brain. We present the intraoperative CmM technique, including anesthesia recommendations, types of electrodes, as well as stimulation and recording parameters for successful monitoring.
Those with hemophilia or von Willebrand disease do not have increased perioperative complications following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Results of a case-control large-database study.

Abstract Background There is a lack of information on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction outcomes and complications for patients with congenital hypocoagulable conditions. The specific aim of this retrospective study was to report operative outcomes and complications for patients with congenital hypocoagulable disorders who underwent ACL reconstruction. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent an ACL reconstruction within Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounter Database from 2010 to 2014. Hemophilia A, hemophilia B and patients were identified. Patient demographics, cost of surgery, blood product use, concomitant injuries, repeat ACL injury, complications and various operative variables were collected. Statistical tests were conducted on SAS 9.4 2013. Results Thirty-three hemophilia A, three hemophilia B, 63 von Willebrand factor patients, and 103,478 controls underwent ACL reconstruction. There is a statistically significant difference for hemarthrosis 1 year leading up to injury for hemophilia A compared with control (P = 0.0083). Total healthcare utilization 90 days after surgery was statistically significant for hemophilia A ($30,310 ± 52,745, P Conclusion Hemophilia A and von Willebrand factor patients had rates of postoperative complications and ACL re-injuries that were not statistically significant. Cost of healthcare utilization was identified as dramatically greater for hemophilia A and von Willebrand factor patients.
Free Energy Cost of Interdigitation of Lamellar Bilayers of Fatty Alcohols with Cationic Surfactants from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Cationic surfactant mixed with fatty alcohol as cosurfactant in excess water can form stable emulsions, known as “lamellar gel networks,” that contain extended and interconnected networks of swolle...
Frequency Judgment: The Relationship Between Judged and Actual Frequency

The exact nature of the relationship between judged and actual frequency of stimuli encountered outside experimental control has been an area of longstanding but limited interest for several decades. A growing consensus among researchers who examined this relationship is that it is nonlinear and best represented by a negatively accelerating function. However, researchers who examined the relationship sometimes did not compare tested nonlinear functions to what had already been reported in the literature or even a linear function. What is unclear is if a single nonlinear function, among those reported in the literature, can be used to represent the relationship between judged and actual frequency across a variety of stimuli encountered outside of experimental control. Two longstanding theories of frequency judgment have been shown to hold under various contexts and study methods. Whether the direct-coding theory or the memory strength theory of frequency judgment is supported when examining the response times across Likert-type response options has yet to be determined. The direct-coding theory seems to be supported by frequency judgment tasks where frequency information is controlled experimentally. The memory strength theory seems to be supported by frequency judgment tasks where frequency information is not experimentally controlled and accumulated over time. The direct-coding theory would be supported if no difference is found in response times between response options. The memory strength theory would be supported if the response times decreased monotonically from almost never to almost always. The current study showed that a negatively accelerating function best represented the relationship between judged and actual word frequency, judged and actual celebrity frequency, and judged and actual supermarket sales frequency. Further, a single nonlinear model (i.e., the Weber-Fechner law) best represented this relationship across all stimulus sets. The current study also showed that direct-coding theory was not supported by the evidence presented, but the evidence in favor of the memory strength theory was mixed.
Off-label use of emicizumab in persons with acquired haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease: A scoping review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION Since the approval of emicizumab, a bispecific, factor VIII-mimetic antibody, for use in persons with congenital haemophilia A in 2018, there have been increasing case reports and case series of off-label use of emicizumab in other bleeding disorders, including acquired haemophilia A (AHA) and von Willebrand disease (VWD). AIM We conducted a scoping review on the use of emicizumab in AHA and VWD, focusing on the clinical presentation and outcomes. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. The following criteria were applied to the studies identified in the initial search: patients had a diagnosis of AHA or VWD; and the study reported on the clinical outcome of emicizumab use. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included in the final review for a total of 41 patients (33 AHA, eight type 3 VWD). The majority of AHA patients and all type 3 VWD patients were started on emicizumab for active/recurrent bleeds. The dosing regimen of emicizumab used varied significantly in AHA patients. All patients had a clinical response to emicizumab use. One AHA patient developed a stroke on emicizumab use in association with concomitant recombinant FVIIa use for surgery. Data on adverse events from emicizumab use were not specifically reported in 24.4% of patients (four AHA, six type 3 VWD). CONCLUSION Based on published case reports and case series, emicizumab appears to be an effective haemostatic therapy for AHA and VWD. Larger confirmatory clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Development of advanced modal methods for calculating transient thermal and structural response

Higher-order modal methods for predicting thermal and structural response are evaluated. More accurate methods or ones which can significantly reduce the size of complex, transient thermal and structural problems are desirable for analysis and are required for synthesis of real structures subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. A unified method is presented for deriving successively higher-order modal solutions related to previously-developed, lower-order methods such as the mode displacement and mode-acceleration methods. A new method, called the force-derivative method, is used to obtain higher-order modal solutions for both uncoupled (proportionally-damped) structural problems as well as thermal problems and coupled (non-proportionally damped) structural problems. The new method is called the force-derivative method because, analogous to the mode-acceleration method, it produces a term that depends on the forcing function and additional terms that depend on the time derivatives of the forcing function.
Storage and Evolution of Memes in the Brain

Memes are portable memory and are stored in the brain. Short-term memory involves sensitization of synapses while long-term memory entails structural change of neurons through genetic engineering at the neuron level. Repeated synaptic stimulation activates a prion-like protein, CPEB, which activates mRNA to make protein for new synaptic growth and perpetuate it. Explicit memory involves consciousness and integration of potentiated neurons in the brain. Hippocampus is essential in converting short-term explicit memory into long-term. Learning fear involves potentiation of circuits involving amygdala. Working memory involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information necessary for the task at hand where the frontal cortex plays an important role. Memory (and thus meme) has been shown to be representable as a binary brain code representing activation of specific clusters of neurons. Such neural clusters representing memory undergo Darwinian evolution in the brain, forming the basis of evolution of memes in the brain. Thus, memes may become potentiated and dominant or attenuated and dormant. Dormant memes may be awakened by a fresh connection to newly introduced memes. Dreaming may serve an off-line meme-processing function.
Imaging Space Plasma With Energetic Neutral Atoms Without Ionization

In 1951, prior to the Space Age, the existence of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (as high as 70 keV in energy) in space plasma was discovered. The study of space plasma in the last three decades had been confined to in situ measurements of ions until the ingenious interpretation of data gathered by the ion detectors on IMP 7/8 and ISEE 1 under fortuitous conditions was reported in 1985. The year 1990 ushered in a new era in the imaging of space plasma in energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), when the dedicated ENA imager, INCA, was chosen for the Cassini mission to Saturn. We shall discuss some inherent design constraints (such as the interfering EUV and ion fluxes, the relatively low ENA fluxes, and the detection without ionization) and the needed solutions. Based on the optics, the viewing schemes, and spacecraft requirements, we shall review general approaches to imaging ENAs without requiring the ionization of the ENAs prior to detection, thus restricting this review to ENAs of energies > 10 keV or high-energy ENAs (HENAs). Combining particle spectrometry with imaging is the main challenge in ENA imaging. We shall review some of the existing designs of ionization-free HENA imagers with discussions on their characteristic features. We hope this review will provoke more innovative designs in the coming years.
TRON: process-specific file protection for the UNIX operating system

The file protection mechanism provided in UNIX is insufficient for current computing environments. While the UNIX file protection system attempts to protect users from attacks by other users, it does not directly address the agents of destruction-executing processes. As computing environments become more interconnected and interdependent, there is increasing pressure and opportunity for users to acquire and test non-secure, and possibly malicious, software. We introduce TRON, a process-level discretionary access control system for UNIX. TRON allows users to specify capabilities for a process' access to individual files, directories, and directory trees. These capabilities are enforced by system call wrappers compiled into the operating system kernel. No privileged system calls, special files, system administrator intervention, or changes to the file system are required. Existing UNIX programs can be run without recompilation under TRON-enhanced UNIX. Thus, TRON improves UNIX security while maintaining current standards of flexibility and openness.
Relative Band Oscillator Strengths for Carbon Monoxide: A1Π-X1Σ+ Transitions

Band oscillator strengths for CO transitions between the electronic states A1Π and X1Σ+ were measured via absorption with a synchrotron radiation source. When referenced to the well-characterized (5, 0) band oscillator strength, our relative values for the (7, 0) to (11, 0) bands are most consistent with the recent experiments of Chan et al. and the theoretical predictions of Kirby & Cooper. Since the results from various laboratory techniques and theory now agree, analyses of interstellar CO based on absorption from A-X bands are no longer hindered by uncertainties in oscillator strength.
Nineteenth‐Century African American Literature and the ‘New Regionalism’

While the study of nineteenth-century African American literature has gained a much stronger position in the academy and while authors like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs are essentially canonized, the field often remains reduced to the study of stories of the South (especially slave narratives) published in a handful of northeastern urban centers. However, paired with recent recovery efforts, new attention to questions of location and especially to various understudied regions in the nineteenth-century United States like the Black West may cause a radical rethinking of nineteenth-century Black textual presences. This essay thus offers a preliminary discussion of the following questions surrounding the ‘new regionalism’ within the study of nineteenth-century African American literature: How do ‘new regionalist’ scholars define and deploy ideas of ‘region,’ place, and location – especially given the period’s mobility and diversity? How do they engage with the expectations and stereotypes inherent in existing regional labels including those tied to race and racial absence? How do the (sometimes) micro-historic approaches of ‘new regionalism’ fit in dialogue with seemingly broader conceptions of hemispheric studies and/or a ‘Black Atlantic’? What do ‘new regionalist’ approaches offer the field of African American literature and the broader community?
Ion closure theory for high collisionality revisited

According to analytical calculations of the ion collision operator, the ion-electron collision terms could be larger than the ion-ion collision terms. In the previous work [J.-Y. Ji and E. D. Held, Phys. Plasmas 20, 042114 (2013)], the ion-electron collision effects are diminished by the ion temperature change terms introduced from unlikely assumptions. In this work, the high-collisionality closures for ions are calculated without the temperature change terms. The ion-electron collision terms significantly modify existing closure coefficients.
Weight Discrimination: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

Protection against obesity discrimination is extremely limited under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). No obese plaintiff has won using the actual disability theory, but a few have won under the “perceived disability” theory. Weight-related appearance standards are legal. We estimate weight-based wage penalties for young men and women. We find that mildly obese (20% over standard weight) white women experience greater wage penalties than black men experience for weight that is 100% over standard weight. Men do not experience wage penalties until their weight exceeds standard weight by over 100 lb. A “gender-plus” analysis under Title VII is more appropriate than the ADA for addressing the weight-based wage penalties that women experience.
New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant

A new measurement resolves the cyclotron and spin levels for a single‐electron quantum cyclotron to obtain a dimensionless electron magnetic moment, g, to 7.6 parts in 1013 (nearly six times better than in the past) and shifted by 1.7 standard deviations. The new g, with a quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculation, determines the fine structure constant with a 0.7 ppb uncertainty — ten times smaller than for atom‐recoil determinations. Remarkably, this 100 mK measurement probes for internal electron structure at 130 GeV.
Chapter 24 Gene expression of neurotropic retrovirus in the CNS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the isolation of neurotropic retrovirus, FrC6-V, from Friend leukemia virus complex after the adaptation of the original virus to the newborn rat brain, followed by the long-term infection of the rat glioma cell line C6. When rats were infected with FrC6-V, the virus was isolated mainly from the brain and from the thymus of the infected animals, regardless of the age of the animals at the time of inoculation. Neurological and neuropathological manifestations became apparent, however, only when the newborn rats were infected. The lesions in the brain were characterized by spongiform degeneration accompanied by the loss of neurons in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. There was almost no inflammatory cell infiltration. In the primary culture of brain, astrocytes and neuron-specific enolase antigen-positive cells were infected with FrC6-V, but the viral antigen was not detected in neurofilament antigen-positive neurons. In addition, the virus inhibited the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line P19 into neurons.
Test of tetrahedral symmetry in the /sup 16/O nucleus

Using a model based on tetrahedral symmetry a J/sup ..pi../ = 3/sup -/ level is predicted to exist at 9.90 +- 0.07 MeV in the nucleus /sup 16/O. The new level is expected to be quite narrow with GAMMAapprox.1 keV and, because of its near degeneracy with a well known 2/sup +/ level, has presumably escaped detection. A brief discussion of the model predictions and the available experimental evidence for such a level is given. A more definitive experiment is suggested.
On Teaching a Fractured Macroeconomics.

It is a privilege to address the subject of high school economics education, but I must begin with a confession. My relevant experience is not large. I deeply disliked high school, perhaps more deeply than circumstances could justify. I therefore attended American high school for only two years, and did not earn a diploma. I have never taught at a high school. I have taught economics to undergraduates, but again only for two years, and principles of economics, as a teaching assistant, for only one. The University of Texas at Austin has some thirty-seven thousand undergraduates. In the year I have been there, I have so far actually met, I think, four of them-babysitters, all. met, I think, four of them-babysitters, all. I nevertheless claim to know what it is about the teaching of elementary economics that I do not like. In the introductory treatments with which I am familiar, an impulse to simplify and an aversion to controversy go hand in hand. The result is bland and dull. And the seeds are sown of a profound dissonance between the professional self-image economists try to project on one hand and what one quickly learns to be the truth about our discipline on the other. I have seen this, a little, in a cursory review of principles textbooks, which I conducted before teaming up with Robert Heilbroner to produce our own. I see it, alas, in the Framework. In microeconomics, these problems of blandness and dullness are not so serious. Granted, the assumptions are unrealistic and the concepts abstract. That is their charm. Microeconomics trains the student in deductive logic, in how, after a fashion, to think. It has elegance, rigor, even beauty. The ideas of microeconomics may be few-Joan Robinson used to say that "Maynard" could have learned them in twenty minutes had he tried-but there is a wonderful multiplicity of languages for the student to explore: ever more sophisticated, ever more concise algebraic, geometric, topological ways to make the same point. And there is a definiteness to the proceedings; once the assumptions are given, once the premises are accepted, either the consequences follow or they don't. Macroeconomics lacks these consolations. It is a messy, complex, illdefined subject in which terms do not have definite meanings and in which conclusions do not flow inexorably from premises. Good macroeconomists seek, not neat abstraction, but serviceable approximation of the way the
Activation and Adsorption of Multiple H2 Molecules on a Pd5 Cluster: A Density Functional Study

The density functional study of the activation and adsorption of several H2 molecules on Pdn clusters is extended to n = 5. Detailed mechanisms of H−H activation by the trigonal bipyramidal (tbp) Pd5 cluster are described. They encompass various reaction pathways initiated by binding the first and second H2 to the axial/equatorial atoms of the Pd5 core, leading to the formation of Pd5(H)2 and Pd5(H)4 activation products, respectively. The Pd5 + H2 → Pd5(H)2 reaction involves spin crossing, and the most stable product, which is a singlet, prefers both hydrogens at cap sites of the nonadjacent faces of Pd5. By contrast to the cases for n = 3 and 4 studied previously, the activation of the second H2 through the reaction Pd5(H)2 + H2 → Pd5(H)4 is found to be exothermic with an associated barrier (ΔH (298.15 K)) lying below the Pd5(H)2 + H2 asymptote. The subsequent steps of the hydrogenation of Pd5 take place via molecular adsorption onto the Pd5(H)4 dissociative complex, ultimately giving the hydrogen-rich c...
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease presenting as severe depression: a case report

An 81 year old female presented with altered mental status after new onset of severe depression and suicidal ideation with recent psychiatric hospitalization. Key clinical features included muscle rigidity, prominent startle reflex, and rapidly progressing cognitive decline. Initial working hypothesis was serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome but continued deterioration after medication removal prompted evaluation for alternative etiology. Work-up revealed elevated 14-3-3 CSF protein which suggested the prion disorder which was confirmed on post-mortem examination of brain tissue. While the degree of depression was unusually severe, the case highlights the behavioral and psychiatric manifestations which frequently accompany Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.
Cultural landscapes and ethnographic cartographies: Scandinavian-American and American Indian knowledge of the land

Abstract Recent ethnographic studies have provided a basis from which federal land managers can identify and protect cultural landscapes. We have combined the use of geographic information systems with traditional ethnography to collect, analyze, and present data descriptive of spatially large and complex landscapes. Through a brief discussion of two recent landscape studies involving American Indians in southern Nevada and Scandinavian-American folk fishers in Isle Royale, MI, we present a cultural landscape approach to land management that promotes cooperative decision-making, co-management, and partnerships. Relevant methods are suggested for collecting and analyzing cultural landscape data that aids land management decision-making.
Gravitationally Induced Electric Fields in Conductors

Gravitationally induced electric field in conductor including effect of lattice compressibility
Discriminative stimulus properties of tripelennamine in the pigeon.

Pigeons trained under a two-key drug discrimination procedure eventually learned to discriminate the antihistaminic tripelennamine (5 mg/kg) from saline. When 0.63–7.5 mg/kg doses of tripelennamine were administered in generalization test sessions, the percentage of responses directed to the tripelennamine-appropriate key varied directly with dose. At certain doses, the discriminative stimulus properties of the antihistaminics, diphenhydramine and pyrilamine, clearly generalized to tripelennamine, whereas intermediate generalization was evident with the antihistaminics, chlorpheniramine and promethazine. Chlorpromazine, cimetidine, d-amphetamine, diazepam, morphine, pentazocine, phenobarbital, and sodium valproate failed to produce tripelennamine-like patterns of responding.
Analysis of time delay procedures in teaching daily living skills to retarded adults

Abstract While extensive research exists in instruction with severely retarded persons, almost no research has been reported in the area of essential daily living tasks. In this study, bedmaking, an aspect of self-sufficiency for the mentally retarded, was taught to four institutionalized severely retarded males. Instruction focused upon four tasks: (a) making a partially unmade bed; (b) stripping a bed; (c) putting top and bottom sheets on a bed; and (d) putting blanket, pillow and spread on a bed. Instruction consisted primarily of model plus verbal prompts accompanied initially by physical assistance. Time delay was used to fade prompts. Training was provided simultaneously on all steps in each task. Using multiple probe designs across subjects and behaviors, a functional relationship was demonstrated between intenvertion and skill acquistion. Immediate and long-term generalization were measured and discussed as were the percentage of errors encountered and transfer of stimulus control.
Optimized wafer-probe and assembled package test design for analog circuits

It is well known that wafer-probe test costs of analog ICs are an order of magnitude less than the corresponding test costs of assembled packages. It is therefore natural to push as much of the testing process into wafer-probe testing as possible to reduce the scope of assembled package testing. However, the signal drive and response observation capabilities during wafer probe testing are limited in comparison to assembled packages. In this article, it is shown that by using band-limited transient test signals, which can be supported by wafer-probe test instrumentation, significant numbers of bad ICs can be detected early during the wafer-probe test. The optimal test stimuli are determined by cooptimizing the wafer-probe and assembled package test waveforms. Overall test costs, including the cost of packaging bad ICs, are minimized and are reduced up to four times. The proposed method has been validated using hardware test data, which were obtained through measurements made on a prototype.
Preparation and characterization of two-phase melt systems of lidocaine

The melting point of lidocaine was significantly lowered when mixed with thymol and/or aqueous ethanol. Mixtures of lidocaine and thymol at ratios within the range of 30:70-70:30 (w:w) became homogeneous oils at 25 degrees C. In a pH 9.2 carbonate buffer containing 25% ethanol, lidocaine (5%, w:w) also liquefied at 25 degrees C. The studies led to the development of novel two-phase melt systems of lidocaine (TMS) which consisted of a highly concentrated oil phase of lidocaine and an alcoholic aqueous phase. A compositional phase diagram showed that in aqueous dispersions of lidocaine, concurrent use of thymol and ethanol depressed the melting point of lidocaine more effectively than when they were used individually. Both thymol and aqueous ethanol were necessary as melting point depressing agents to achieve the highest possible lidocaine concentration of 87% (w:w) in the oil phase of a TMS at 25 degrees C. Containing an internal oil phase and an external aqueous phase at ambient temperature, such a TMS can be readily formulated into topical O/W cream after addition of proper surfactants and thickening agents. In an anesthetic activity test using mouse tail-flick model, a 5% lidocaine cream prepared was highly effective as shown by the prolonged latency time of the mice to a heat stimulus as compared with a placebo (P<0.05).
Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines—The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture

The flow field within the cylinder of internal combustion engines is the most important factor controlling the combustion process. Thus it has a major impact on engine operation. This paper reviews those aspects of gas motion into, within, and out of the engine cylinder that govern the combustion characteristics and breathing capabilities of spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition or diesel engines. Necessary background information and reciprocating engine operating cycles, the primary effect of piston motion and the spark-ignition and diesel engine combustion processes is first summarized. Then the characteristics of flow through inlet and exhaust valves in four-stroke cycle engines, and through ports in the cylinder liner in two-stroke cycle engines are reviewed. The essential features of common in-cylinder flows - the large scale rotating flows set up by the conical intake jet, the creation and development of swirl about the cylinder axis, the flows produced during compression due to combustion chamber shape called squish, flow during the combustion process, and two-stroke scavenging flows - are then described. The turbulence characteristics of these flows are then defined and discussed. Finally, flow phenomena which occur near the walls, which are important to heat transfer and hydrocarbon emissions phenomena, are reviewed.
Fear of Gynarchy in an Age of Chaos: Kong Qi's Reflections on Life in South China under Mongol Rule

Over the long term, the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song in 1276 was less destructive to members of the local South Chinese elite than was the failure of the Yuan regime to establish strong and durable institutions of dynastic rule. For not long after the elite survivors of the Sino-Mongol wars had returned to a comfortable prosperity under Yuan rule, their children were buffetted by the instability and civil wars that engulfed Yuan society from the late 1330s to the collapse of the dynasty in 1368. The Kongs of Liyang typify many of the most salient features of elite life in South China under the compressed Yuan dynastic cycle: the orphaned son of a minor Song official who immediately capitulated to the Mongols, by the 1320s Kong Wensheng had translated talent, pedigree, and his position as a respected clerk in provincial government into such accoutrements of elite Yuan life as a library, sojourning literati guests, and a steady flow of slaves and bondservants thrown onto the market by penury and natural disaster. The prosperity built up by men like Kong Wensheng unravelled in the last tumultuous decades of the Yuan, an era of chaos that is captured by Wensheng's son Kong Qi in his Frank Recollections of the Zhizheng Era of ca. 1365. Even as it exemplifies many aspects of the compressed Yuan dynastic cycle, this collection of cautionary anecdotes and observations is also colored by Kong Qi's special circumstances as a minor son and a uxorilocal husband, circumstances that incline Kong Qi to blame the perils of his family, his society, and ultimately his dynasty on women's usurpation of male-centered institutions of public authority to create their own private gynarchies. Kong's jeremiads against usurpatious women in turn raise the possibility that during the Yuan, if not at all times, women exercised far more power and autonomy than normative prescriptions would suggest.
Effects of cis Arrangement of Chromatin Insulators on Enhancer-Blocking Activity

Chromatin boundary elements or insulators are believed to regulate gene activity in complex genetic loci by organizing specialized chromatin structures. Here, we report that the enhancer-blocking activity of the Drosophila suHw insulator is sensitive to insulator copy number and position. Two tandem copies of suHw were ineffective in blocking various enhancers from a downstream promoter. Moreover, an enhancer was blocked more effectively from a promoter by two flanking suHw insulators than by a single intervening one. Thus, insulators may modulate enhancer-promoter interactions by interacting with each other and facilitating the formation of chromatin loop domains.
Review of a technique in the treatment of mucoceles.

Abstract In the Journal of Oral Surgery , September 1962, Robert B. Shira reported on a simplified technique for the management of mucoceles and ranulas. Presented here is a review of this technique.
Depletion of 13C in Cretaceous marine organic matter: Source, diagenetic, or environmental sigal?

Geochemical studies of Cretaceous strata rich in organic carbon (OC) from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites and several land sections reveal several consistent relationships among amount of OC, hydrocarbon generating potential of kerogen (measured by pyrolysis as the hydrogen index, HI), and the isotopic composition of the OC. First, there is a positive correlation between HI and OC in strata that contain more than about 1% OC. Second, percent OC and HI often are negatively correlated with carbon isotopic composition (σ 13C) of kerogen. The relationship between HI and OC indicates that as the amount of organic matter increases, this organic matter tends to be more lipid rich reflecting the marine source of the organic matter. Cretaceous samples that contain predominantly marine organic matter tend to be isotopically lighter than those that contain predominantly terrestrial organic matter. Average σ 13C values for organic matter from most Cretaceous sites are between −26 and −28‰, and values heavier than about −25‰ occur at very few sites. Most of the σ 13C values of Miocene to Holocene OC-rich strata and modern marine plankton are between −16 to −23‰. Values of σ13C of modern terrestrial organic matter are mostly between −23 and −33‰. The depletion of terrestial OC in 13C relative to marine planktonic OC is the basis for numerous statements in the literature that isotopically light Cretaceous organic matter is of terrestrial origin, even though other organic geochemical and(or) optical indicators show that the organic matter is mainly of marine origin. A difference of about 5‰ in σ 13C between modern and Cretaceous OC-rich marine strata suggests either that Cretaceous marine planktonic organic matter had the same isotopic signature as modern marine plankton and that signature has been changed by diagenesis, or that OC derived from Cretaceous marine plankton was isotopically lighter by about 5‰ relative to modern plankton OC. Diagenesis does not produce a significant shift in σ 13C in Miocene to Holocene sediments, and therefore probably did not produce the isotopically light Cretaceous OC. This means that Cretaceous marine plankton must have had σ 13C values that were about 5‰ lighter than modern marine plankton, and at least several per mil lighter than Cretaceous terrestrial vegetation. The reason for these lighter values, however, is not obvious. It has been proposed that concentrations of CO2 were higher during the middle Cretaceous, and this more available CO2 may be responsible for the lighter σ 13C values of Cretaceous marine organic matter.
The Double-Mode Cepheid V371 Persei Redux

A metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.05 to -0.40 was derived from four spectra of the peculiar beat Cepheid V371 Per. This conflicts with previous estimates ranging from -0.7 to -1.0 based on the period ratio. It is suggested that the discrepancy may be resolved by assuming near solar metallicity but a low mass. This is in accord with a suggestion by Sandage and Tammann that the AHB3 (or BL Her) stars are Population I analogs of short-period type II Cepheids. Further pulsational modeling is needed to clarify the status of this star and to understand the AHB3 stars.
Lake-level variation in the Lahontan basin for the past 50,000 years

Selected radiocarbon data on surficial materials from the Lahontan basin, Nevada and California, provide a chronology of lake-level variation for the past 50,000 yr. A moderate-sized lake connected three western Lahontan subbasins (the Smoke Creek-Black Rock Desert subbasin, the Pyramid Lake subbasin, and the Winnemucca Dry Lake subbasin) from about 45,000 to 16,500 yr B.P. Between 50,000 and 45,000 yr B.P., Walker Lake rose to its sill level in Adrian Valley and spilled to the Carson Desert subbasin. By 20,000 yr B.P., lake level in the western Lahontan subbasins had risen to about 1265 m above sea level, where it remained for 3500 yr. By 16,000 yr B.P., lake level in the western Lahontan subbasins had fallen to 1240 m. This recession appears synchronous with a desiccation of Walker Lake; however, whether the Walker Lake desiccation resulted from climate change or from diversion of the Walker River is not known. From about 15,000 to 13,500 yr B.P., lake level rapidly rose, so that Lake Lahontan was a single body of water by 14,000 yr B.P. The lake appears to have reached a maximum highstand altitude of 1330 m by 13,500 yr B.P., a condition that persisted until about 12,500 yr B.P., at which time lake level fell ≧100 m. No data exist that indicate the level of lakes in the various subbasins between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. During the Holocene, the Lahontan basin was the site of shallow lakes, with many subbasins being the site of one or more periods of desiccation. The shape of the lake-level curve for the three western subbasins indicates that past changes in the hydrologic balance (and hence climate) of the Lahontan basin were large in magnitude and took place in a rapid step-like manner. The rapid changes in lake level are hypothesized to have resulted from changes in the mean position of the jet stream, as it was forced north or south by the changing size and shape of the continental ice sheet.