cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The AFD Sensory Neurons Encode Multiple Functions Underlying Thermotactic Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans

The thermotactic behaviors of Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that its thermosensory system exhibits exquisite temperature sensitivity, long-term plasticity, and the ability to transform thermosensory input into different patterns of motor output. Here, we study the physiological role of the AFD thermosensory neurons by quantifying intracellular calcium dynamics in response to defined temperature stimuli. We demonstrate that short-term adaptation allows AFD to sense temperature changes as small as 0.05°C over temperature ranges as wide as 10°C. We show that a bidirectional thermosensory response (increasing temperature raises and decreasing temperature lowers the level of intracellular calcium in AFD) allows the AFD neurons to phase-lock their calcium dynamics to oscillatory thermosensory inputs. By analyzing the thermosensory response of AFD dendrites severed from their cell bodies by femtosecond laser ablation, we show that long-term plasticity is encoded as shifts in the operating range of a putative thermoreceptor(s) in the AFD sensory endings. Finally, we demonstrate that AFD activity is directly coupled to stimulation of its postsynaptic partner AIY. These observations indicate that many functions underlying thermotactic behavior are properties of one sensory neuronal type. Encoding multiple functions in individual sensory neurons may enable C. elegans to perform complex behaviors with simple neuronal circuits.
The optic tectum of the gymnotiform electric fish, Eigenmannia: Labeling of physiologically identified cells

Abstract A total of 47 tectal neurons of the weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia , were studied physiologically and labelled by intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow. With the exception of two cell types, all cells could be classified in accordance with the Golgi studies of Sas and Maler. 25 The dominant stimulus modality of neurons was correlated with their laminar location. Neurons of the stratum opticum only responded to visual stimuli, such as modulations of the light level or the motion of an object. They showed, however, no directional preferences for motion. Neurons of the stratum griseum centrale were predominantly driven by electrosensory stimuli, most often those associated with the movement of an object, and generally were very sensitive to the direction of motion. Integration of different sensory modalities was found in neurons with dendrites invading laminae with different sensory inputs. In addition, small axons of interneurons appear to relay information across laminae. Large multipolar neurons in the deep tectum responded to the motion of objects, often preferring a particular direction of motion. Some of these large multipolar neurons of the deep tectum also discriminated the sign of the frequency difference between a mimic of a neighbor's sinusoidal electric organ discharge and the animal's own signal. These neurons are potential candidates for the control of the jamming avoidance response. These neurons were morphologically indistinguishable from large multipolar neurons of the deep tectum that either responded to moving objects or to acoustical stimuli. Individual large cells of the deep tectum project to various targets (Fig. 1) and probably contribute to the control of different behavioral responses. This suggests that the nature of such responses would then depend upon the constitution of sets of neurons recruited by a given stimulus situation, and the role of individual tectal neurons would neither be particularly specific nor very significant.
Some New and Little-Known Insects of Economic Importance on Range Grasses

Several insect pests of range grass seed production, not previously reported, are described. About 60 species of grasses were observed. A new genus and species of Chloropidae caused major damage to developing seed of alkali sacaton, Sporobolus airoides Torr., and sand dropseed, S. cryptandrus (Torr.). Two species of Contarinia , one C. wattsi Gagne, which attacks the developing seed of little bluestem, Andropogon scoparius (Michx.), and the other, C. halliicola Gagne, which attacks sand bluestem, A. halli (Hack.), destroyed more than 20% of the seed. Haplotthrips haplophilus Hood damage to alkali sacaton varied greatly from plant to plant; on some plants nearly all seed were destroyed. Anaphothrips zeae Moulton and grass thrips, A. obscurus (Muller), damaged the foliage, but not the seed, of several cool-season grasses, especially Agropyron spp. and Dactylis glomrata (L.). Wheat head armyworm, Faronla diffusa (Walker), was found on many grasses but damaged only sand bluestem appreciably. Wheat curl mite, Aceria tulipae (Keifer), destroyed nearly all the seed of 9 accessions of spike muhly, Muhlenbergia werighti Vasey, but one wns undnmaged and apparently immune. The feeding of this mite so enlarges the palea and the encapsulated, mummified flower parts that the florets resemble a gall. Stem-boring Hymenoptera, principally Eurytomocharis , are common in a limited range of grass species and infest up to 30% of the stems of some. Their influence on seed production has not been established. E. sporoboli Bugbee was predominant in alkali sacaton but was also reared from sand dropseed; blue grama, Bouletoua gracilis (H.B.K.) ; and sideoats grama, B. curtipendula (Michx.). E. erogrostidis Howard was found most frequently in sideoats grama but was reared from spike muhly and galleta, Hilaria jamesi (Torr.). E. planitiae Bugbee was most common in blue grama but was reared from sideoats grama. E. pascorum Bugbee was most often reared from sideoats grama bill it was reared also from blue grama and galleta. Harmotila sp. was reared in small numbers only from spike muhly. Parasitic Hymenoptera reared from grasses infested wild Eurytomocharis and Harmonia are listed.
Funnel Flow in Hoppers

Detailed observations of funnel flows of dry granular materials in wedge-shaped hoppers of different geometries are presented. The variations of the flow regime with changes in the height of material in the hopper/vertical bin configuration, the width of the vertical bin, the hopper angle and the hopper opening width were investigated and a number of specific flow regimes identified (mass flow and several forms of funnel flow). In the first part of the paper particular attention is paid to the conditions for transition from one flow regime to another; in particular it is shown that the existence of a funnel depends not only on the hopper angle but is also strongly dependent on the geometry of the hopper/bin system. In the second part of the paper the variations in the shape of the funnel near the exit opening are explored in detail.
Dicer-microRNA-Myc circuit promotes transcription of hundreds of long noncoding RNAs

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of cell fate, yet little is known about mechanisms controlling lncRNA expression. Here we show that transcription is quantitatively different for lncRNAs and mRNAs--as revealed by deficiency of Dicer (Dcr), a key RNase that generates microRNAs (miRNAs). Dcr loss in mouse embryonic stem cells led unexpectedly to decreased levels of hundreds of lncRNAs. The canonical Dgcr8-Dcr-miRNA pathway is required for robust lncRNA transcriptional initiation and elongation. Computational and genetic epistasis analyses demonstrated that Dcr activation of the oncogenic transcription factor cMyc is partly responsible for lncRNA expression. A quantitative metric of mRNA-lncRNA decoupling revealed that Dcr and cMyc differentially regulate lncRNAs versus mRNAs in diverse cell types and in vivo. Thus, numerous lncRNAs may be modulated as a class in development and disease, notably where Dcr and cMyc act.
Acetylation of H2AZ Lys 14 is associated with genome-wide gene activity in yeast

Histone variants and their post-translational modifications help regulate chromosomal functions. Htz1 is an evolutionarily conserved H2A variant found at several promoters in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we undertook a genome-wide analysis of Htz1 and its modifications in yeast. Using mass spectrometric analysis, we determined that Htz1 is acetylated at Lys 3, Lys 8, Lys 10, and Lys 14 within its N-terminal tail, with K14 being the most abundant acetylated site. ChIP and microarray analysis were then used to compare the location of Htz1-K14 acetylation to that of Htz1 genome-wide. The data presented here demonstrate that while Htz1 is associated preferentially with the promoters of repressed genes, K14 acetylation is enriched at the promoters of active genes, and requires two known histone acetyltransferases, Gcn5 and Esa1. In support of our genome-wide analysis, we found that the acetylatable lysines of Htz1 are required for its full deposition during nucleosome reassembly upon repression of PHO5. Since the majority of Htz1 acetylation is seen at active promoters, where nucleosomes are known to be disassembled, our data argue for a dynamic process in which reassembly of Htz1 is regulated by its acetylation at promoters during transcription.
The Ecology of Terror Defense

We draw on an ecological metaphor to analyze terror defense by governments and individuals. Governments can combat terror in part by targeting what we call the “stock of terror capacity” accumulated by a terrorist organization. The optimal control of terror stocks relies on both periodic cleanup and ongoing abatement, a lesson derived from the optimal control of other stocks of public bads, such as pollution.
Comparative costs of treating adults and children within selected diagnosis-related groups.

Background: There have been no large-scale analyses of resource utilization comparing the overall costs to treat pediatric patients vs adult patients. Likewise, there have been no studies evaluating the costs of the various components of hospitalization (e.g., accommodation, laboratory, radiology, and drugs) among adult and pediatric populations. Methods: To study the effect of age on the costs of treating patients, we have evaluated 43 conditions with matching diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) for children and adults. Using a database developed by the University HealthSystems Consortium, we examined the major non-physician components of hospital costs, including accommodation, surgery, pharmacy, radiology, and laboratory for 1 346 028 patient admissions to 60 University hospitals. These costs were derived from the ratio of costs to charges based on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services PPS UB-2 cost reports. Results: The total non-physician cost of treating adults was generally greater than that for children within paired DRGs. Some of this difference may be attributable to the overall longer stay of adults in hospital. For conditions that were nominally the same, radiology, laboratory, and drug costs, especially tended to be higher for adults than for children. This was most marked when the costs were evaluated on a per diem basis. There tended to be greater variability in the costs of treating children than adults within the paired DRGs, as evidenced by greater differences between the median and mean costs. Conclusions: Among University hospitals, the costs of managing children are typically less than for adults with the same nominal condition. In these hospitals, there tends to be less use of laboratory, radiology, and pharmacy services for children than for adults.
Model-independent algorithms for time-optimal control of chemical processes

The new time-optimal control algorithms presented do not require a-priori knowledge of the process dynamics. They are applicable to systems that can be described by a second-order (or first-order) plus deadtime model and generate a dynamic model as a byproduct. Simulations presented illustrate the use of these algorithms in time-optimal control and the process models obtained. The algorithms are robust with respect to the measurement noise often encountered in real chemical processes and are inherently adaptive to changes in the process dynamics with time. An experimental application to the heatup of a laboratory fiber spinning apparatus is presented. Since these time-optimal control algorithms are easy to apply and give rapid, smooth responses, they will be of value even when obtaining minimum-time response is not a critical issue. Such applications include startup of continuous and batch processes. Moreover, they can be used to determine first- or second-order process models (as appropriate) from open-loop step response data without actually implementing time-optimal control.
An amperometric titration method for bleach evaluation

An analytical method has been devised as a rapid screening procedure which predicts how effective an active chlorine containing compound will be as a bleaching agent. The method is based on an amperometric titration which indicates bleaching performance from both the increase in whiteness and fabric tendering standpoints. Excellent correlation was obtained between amperometrically determined data and practical bleaching data for several extensively used bleaching agents. In connection with this amperometric titration method, a polarographic method is also presented which provides good correlation between the polarographically determined data and practical bleaching data.
Health and habitat quality assessment for the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in Indiana, USA.

The eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) has experienced precipitous population declines throughout its range. Numerous factors are speculated to be involved, but no empirical evidence has been presented for any. We implemented a population-wide health assessment in Indiana, USA, examining both the physical well-being of individuals and the quality of their habitat. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed directly in the field and later in the laboratory, when appropriate. Samples were collected June 2008–October 2008 and June 2009–September 2009 for reproductive analysis, blood screening, and disease prevalence. Of 27 chemicals screened in water samples, three were found in the study site, including atrazine. Atrazine was found at levels reported to cause reproductive problems in other amphibians. Vitellogenin was detected only in females and proved a reliable indicator of sex. Sperm parameters were generally of high quality and similar to other populations. Most plasma parame...
Avian Genetic Resource Banking: Can Fish Embryos Yield Any Clues for Bird Embryos?

Abstract Cryopreservation of avian germplasm is becoming better understood and more commonly practiced. However, one area that would be of great benefit for genome resource banking is the preservation of avian embryos. Little is know about the cryobiology of avian embryos, and they have never been successfully cryopreserved. However, it is likely that they share many of the challenges of other yolk-filled multicompartmental embryos. For example, the fish embryo has 1) a large overall size, resulting in a low surface-to-volume ratio, which retards water and cryoprotectant efflux/influx; 2) large-sized cells, such as the yolk, which could increase the likelihood of membrane disruption by intracellular ice formation; 3) compartments, such as the blastoderm and yolk, with differing permeability properties; and 4) susceptibility to chilling injury. Both the avian and fish systems share many physical and anatomical properties, and it is predicted that some of the same permeability barriers would exist in both as well. Although the systems are similar, some of the goals, and thus the practices, to protect the genome may be quite different. One of these major goals in avian developmental biology is to produce chicken:chicken transgenic animals, especially those with germ line transmission. Producing efficient germ line transmissions and being able to cryopreserve these transmissions would be extremely beneficial to both basic and agricultural science. This could be accomplished through the cryopreservation of embryonic gonadal tissue followed by grafting into a host. The gonadal/tail-graft system would provide an advantage for cryopreservation because it is small (in comparison with the whole embryo), has fairly uniform tissue, and contains the essential primordial germ line cells capable of recreating the genetic line of interest. Moreover, because the chicken is such a robust model for most other avian species, the cryopreservation of the gonadal/tail-graft may potentially open up similar treatments for other commercially important species.
Nuclear Pharmacy and the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS)

Nuclear pharmacy was officially recognized as a specialty area in pharmacy practice, the first specialty area so recognized, by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties in 1978. Subsequently, a certification examination was developed and administered for the first time in 1982. By 1988, 112 nuclear pharmacists had become board certified in nuclear pharmacy. Although little tangible value was initially associated with certification, certification is gradually accruing worth with recent recognition and acceptance by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. A mechanism for recertification, which has been under development for several years, is nearing completion and will allow for periodic recertification of certified nuclear pharmacists.
Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere

Humans, unlike any other multicellular species in Earth's history, have emerged as a global force that is transforming the ecology of an entire planet. It is no longer possible to understand, predict, or successfully manage ecological pattern, process, or change without understanding why and how humans reshape these over the long term. Here, a general causal theory is presented to explain why human societies gained the capacity to globally alter the patterns, processes, and dynamics of ecology and how these anthropogenic alterations unfold over time and space as societies themselves change over human generational time. Building on existing theories of ecosystem engineering, niche construction, inclusive inheritance, cultural evolution, ultrasociality, and social change, this theory of anthroecological change holds that sociocultural evolution of subsistence regimes based on ecosystem engineering, social specialization, and non-kin exchange, or “sociocultural niche construction,” is the main cause of both the long-term upscaling of human societies and their unprecedented transformation of the biosphere. Human sociocultural niche construction can explain, where classic ecological theory cannot, the sustained transformative effects of human societies on biogeography, ecological succession, ecosystem processes, and the ecological patterns and processes of landscapes, biomes, and the biosphere. Anthroecology theory generates empirically testable hypotheses on the forms and trajectories of long-term anthropogenic ecological change that have significant theoretical and practical implications across the subdisciplines of ecology and conservation. Though still at an early stage of development, anthroecology theory aligns with and integrates established theoretical frameworks including social–ecological systems, social metabolism, countryside biogeography, novel ecosystems, and anthromes. The “fluxes of nature” are fast becoming “cultures of nature.” To investigate, understand, and address the ultimate causes of anthropogenic ecological change, not just the consequences, human sociocultural processes must become as much a part of ecological theory and practice as biological and geophysical processes are now. Strategies for achieving this goal and for advancing ecological science and conservation in an increasingly anthropogenic biosphere are presented.
Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase attenuates acute lung injury in an ovine model of sepsis.

ABSTRACTIt is known that in various pathophysiological conditions, reactive oxidants cause DNA strand breakage and subsequent activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). Activation of PARP results in cellular dysfunction. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of PA
An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model of Irritations in Romantic Relationships:

This study examined actor and partner effects of relationship characteristics on people's appraisals of irritations. Dating partners (N = 135 dyads) reported on characteristics of their relationship once per week for 6 weeks. Results of the longitudinal study indicated that the severity of irritations was positively associated with one's own perceptions of relational uncertainty and interference from partners. In addition, a partner's relational uncertainty, severity of irritations, and directness of communication about irritations were positively associated with the severity of an actor's irritations after controlling for the actor's own perceptions of relationship characteristics. Our findings highlight the complex interdependence that exists between partners involved in courtship.
Pairwise multiple comparison adjustment in survival analysis

Many clinical studies have as their endpoint the time until some event (such as death) occurs. Often in such studies researchers are interested in comparing several treatment or prognostic groups with one another in terms of their survival curves. When many such pairwise group comparisons are done, the chance of finding a false significance among all of the comparisons is inflated above the usual desired significance level. This paper investigates methods of adjusting the survival analysis for the number of comparisons being made. These methods are applied to a retrospective study conducted by the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and compared in a simulation study in terms of the power to detect actual differences in the survival curves between the groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin, the Classical Theory

With the development of local gauge theories of gravitation, it became evident that intrinsic spin was an integral part of the theory. This gave spin a classical formulation that predicted the existence of a new kind of field, the torsion field. To date only one class of experiments has been developed to detect this field, a search for a long range dipole force. In this article, the torsion equations are de-coupled from the curved space of general relativity derived from basic principles using vector calculus and the theory of electromagnetism as a guide. The results are written in vector form so that they are readily available to experimentalists, paving the way for new kinds of experiments.
MOCVD growth and characterization of AlGaInN multiple quantum well heterostructures and laser diodes

We demonstrate room temperature, pulsed, current-injected operation of InGaAlN heterostructure laser diodes with mirrors fabricated by chemically assisted ion beam etching. The multiple quantum well devices were grown by organo‐metallic vapor phase epitaxy on c-face sapphire substrates. The emission wavelengths of the gain-guided laser diodes were 400 nm. The lowest threshold current density obtained was 6 kA cm 2 with maximum output powers of 50 mW per facet. Optically-pumped distributed-feedback laser operation was also achieved. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Two manifold learning techniques for sensor localization

Many applications of wireless sensor networks require that the sensor nodes be location-aware. Using RSS, TOA, TDOA and other range measurement techniques, we are able to get the measurements of dissimilarity or pairwise distance between different neighboring sensor nodes. In this paper we use these pairwise distances to make local maps, and then align the overlapping local maps to acquire relative global coordinates of sensor nodes. We present local tangent space alignment (LTSA)-based localization, and local MDS based localization (LMBL) schemes owing to development of manifold learning algothrims. Simulations show that LMBL and LTSA-based scheme outperform the LLE-based scheme.
Perception of teasing in underweight persons: a modification of the perception of teasing scale.

The psychometric properties of the Perception of Teasing Scale-Underweight, a modified version of the Perception of Teasing Scale (1), were examined. One hundred eightythree college students (81 male; 102 female; age range 17–57 years) completed questionnaires about underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences, eating attitudes, body image, self-esteem, and mood. Factor analysis suggested the Perception of Teasing Scale-Underweight has a two-factor structure, measuring both underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences. Significant correlations (p 21 for the weight-related event and weight-related impact scales, indicating that the measure discriminates between those individuals most likely to have been underweight as adolescents versus those most likely to have been normal weight or overweight. This measure provides a sound psychometric tool for examining underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences. The impact of appearance and competence related teasing in underweight persons is less well understood than in overweight samples; therefore, future work should be conducted with a more underweight sample to bridge this gap in the literature.
Immunoprecipitation of [3H]Dihydroartemisinin Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Adducts from Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes by Using Anti-TCTP Antibodies

Artemisinin and its derivatives are endoperoxide-containing antimalarial drugs that appear to form adducts in situ with the Plasmodium falciparum translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) homolog. Immunoprecipitation with antibody to recombinant TCTP suggests that adducts may form with both monomeric and dimeric TCTP.
STUDENTS FORM COMMODITY POOL TO LEARN ABOUT THE FUTURES MARKET

Commodity paper trading games are widely used to give students experience in trading. One weakness of these games is that there are no monetary and only minor emotional consequences resulting from the students' trades. To simulate actual trading more realistically, a Student Commodity Pool (SCP) was organized at Kansas State University. Twenty-nine students contributed $100 each to a pool account, formed groups to research and present trade recommendations and then traded actual futures and options contracts. As an experiential learning method, most students gave the class high marks. Other instructors may be able to establish SCPs with approval from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
Recurrence-time and frequency-slip statistics of slip events on the creeping section of the San Andreas fault in central California

SUMMARY An important question in seismic hazard assessments is the frequency-size and recurrence interval statistics at a point on a fault. Does a point on a fault obey the same statistics as earthquakes in a region do? This is a difficult question to answer because the number of repetitive earthquakes on a particular fault that have been observed is small. In order to overcome this difficulty we consider slip events on the creeping section of the San Andreas fault in central California. Sequences of up to 100 events are obtained from creepmeter records. We compare the statistical distribution of recurrence times with the Brownian passage-time, lognormal, and Weibull distributions and using goodness-of-fit tests find that the Weibull is the preferred distribution. We also consider the frequency–amplitude distribution of slip events. We find that the data clearly do not obey a Gutenberg–Richter distribution. Instead there is a uniform distribution of event sizes for a large fraction of events.
Threats to the electric grid and the impact on organisational resilience

Electricity's absence can be disastrous depending upon the extent of the outage. The defining factor that transforms an event from limited scope to catastrophic is that a disruption of the power grid can affect tens of millions of people and may persist for a long time. We discuss the criticality of infrastructure and identify various risks. We discuss possible related strategies and their limitations.
Built-In Potential in Fe2O3-Cr2O3 Superlattices for Improved Photoexcited Carrier Separation.

We demonstrate that the different surface terminations exhibited by α-Fe2O3 (hematite) and α-Cr2O3 (eskolaite) in superlattices (SL) of these materials, synthesized with exquisite control by molecular beam epitaxy, determine the heterojunction interface structure and result in controllable, non-commutative band offset values. Precise atomic control of the interface structure allowed us to vary the valence band offset from 0.35 eV to 0.79 eV. This controllable band alignment can be harnessed to generate a built-in potential in Fe2O3-Cr2O3 SLs. For instance, in a 2.5-period SL, a built-in potential of 0.8 eV was realized as measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Ti dopants as probe species. The high quality of the SL structure was confirmed by atom probe tomography and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Enhanced photocurrents were measured for a thick Fe2O3 epitaxial film capped with an (Fe2O3)3-(Cr2O3)3 SL; this enhancement was attributed to efficient electron-hole separation in the SL as a result of the band alignment. The Fe-O-Cr bonds at the SL interfaces also red-shifted the onset of photoconductivity to ~1.6 eV. Exploiting the band alignment and photoabsorption properties of Fe2O3-Cr2O3 SLs has the potential to increase the efficiency of hematite-based photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistula Presenting as Brain Hemorrhage in Newborn Infants

Congenital intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare cerebrovascular lesions. Their clinical manifestations tend to vary according to age, with pediatric populations being more likely to have symptoms like congestive cardiac failure and seizures because of arteriovenous shunting; hemorrhage is the major presentation in adult populations. Pediatric populations, especially newborn infants, seldom ex­ perience a hemorrhagic event. Here, we report two rare cases of neonates with con­ genital pial AVF presenting as intraventricular and subdural hemorrhage, respec­ tively, which were treated with endovascular embolization.
Theories of real estate broker liability and the effect of the "As Is" clause

The article explores the history of real estate broker liability and various tort theories for liability of real estate brokers to purchasers of real property. The article considers statutory and contractual provisions limiting real estate brokers' potential liability and in particular focuses on how courts construe and apply the "as is" clause and similar exculpatory clauses. The article concludes that these clauses are and should be viewed with skepticism. Courts should not enforce exculpatory clauses in residential real estate sales contracts unless the broker can prove that the disclaimers were actually agreed to by the purchasers and that the clauses adequately identify the qualities disclaimed. These requirements are necessary to ensure that purchasers genuinely understand and knowingly accept the risks purportedly allocated by such provisions.
Magnetic fabric, paleomagnetic, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic data bearing on the emplacement of the Late Cretaceous Philipsburg Batholith, SW Montana fold-and-thrust belt

The Late Cretaceous (ca. 75 Ma) Philipsburg Batholith in SW Montana provides an excellent setting to examine the emplacement mechanisms of large-volume silicic plutons in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of the western U.S. Cordillera. Magnetic fabrics, determined using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility from 119 sites and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization data from a subset of these sites, suggest that the Philipsburg Batholith is a tabular body and that its emplacement involved subhorizontal magma flow controlled by local thrust faults, including the Georgetown-Princeton thrust, which served as conduits for magma ascent. Field relations and magnetic fabric data, which are typically well characterized at the site level and dominantly subhorizontal except near major thrust faults, suggest that the Philipsburg Batholith was emplaced within a fault-bend fold at the top of a ramp in the Georgetown-Princeton thrust system. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum data indicate that the entire Philipsburg Batholith was emplaced rapidly at ca. 74.8 ± 0.1 Ma. Paleomagnetic directional data indicate that the Philipsburg Batholith has experienced ∼9°–16° ± 8° of west-side-down tilt (tilt estimate and associated error are based on a new approach described herein) since emplacement in the Late Cretaceous. The data do not support any internal deformation of the batholith since emplacement and suggest that Sevier-age thin-skinned deformation in the Flint Creek Range had ceased by ca. 75 Ma. The modest magnitude of observed tilt could have occurred during subsequent Cenozoic extension. The inferred mode of emplacement of the Philipsburg Batholith may typify how large volumes of silicic magma are emplaced in shallow, fold-and-thrust belt settings.
The Food Policy Audit: A New Tool for Community Food System Planning

The Food Policy Audit was developed in response to the growing need for tools to assist in the food planning process and was piloted in a graduate urban and environmental planning course at the University of Virginia. The audit proceeded in two phases: phase one consisted of 113 yes-or-no research questions regarding the existence of food-based policy relating to public health, economic development, environmental impacts, social equity, and land conservation; phase two confirmed the validity of phase one's results through a series of stakeholder meetings. The meetings also provided insight into the success of policies and initiatives currently in place, community attitudes and perceptions, and community priorities for moving forward. The Food Policy Audit process proved educationally beneficial to both students and community members, and provided a policy-based tool for communities interested in shaping a more sustainable and resilient food system.
Chiari Malformations and Other Anomalies

Athletes are certainly susceptible to sports-specific injuries, but like any other patient, they may also harbor underlying congenital and acquired spinal cord and brain anomalies that may complicate their care and return to play. Chiari malformations, spinal cord cysts and syringes, tethered spinal cord, and spinal cord tumors are some of the pathologies that may be preexisting or detected in an evaluation after a sports-related injury. In this age of increased medical imaging, many of these anomalies are found incidentally in patients who are often asymptomatic. In this chapter, we review the essential background about these anomalies, evaluation techniques, possible treatments, and requirements for the return of these athletes to their sport of choice.
The Linguistic Significance of Babbling

Studdert-Kennedy (in press) recently advised developmen-talists to “refrain from regarding precursors of a behavior as instances of the behavior itself,” and I do not intend to argue here that babbling represents an early stage of language or that it constitutes some type of proto-phonological system. In fact, my intention is not to consider the linguistic status of babbling itself, but to ask whether babbling normally precipitates other behaviors which are themselves linguistic.
Stx1 prophage excision in Escherichia coli strain PA20 confers strong curli and biofilm formation by restoring native mlrA

Prophage insertions in Escherichia coli O157:H7 mlrA contribute to the low expression of curli fimbriae and biofilm observed in many clinical isolates. Varying levels of CsgD-dependent curli/biofilm expression are restored to strains bearing prophage insertions in mlrA by mutation of regulatory genes affecting csgD . Our previous study identified strong biofilm- and curli-producing variants in O157:H7 cultures that had lost the mlrA -imbedded prophage characteristic of the parent population, suggesting prophage excision as a mechanism for restoring biofilm properties. In this study, we compared genomic, transcriptomic and phenotypic properties of parent strain PA20 ( stx1 , stx2 ) and its prophage-cured variant, 20R2R ( stx2 ), and confirmed the mechanism underlying the differences in biofilm formation.
Bayesian Treatment of Induced Seismicity in Probabilistic Seismic‐Hazard Analysis

This article proposes a Bayesian treatment of uncertainty in probabilistic seismic‐hazard assessment to account for the possibility of anthropogenic changes in the properties of future earthquake occurrences. Operational factors are used to establish prior distributions for future seismicity, and observations are used to dynamically update the distributions and resulting hazard calculations. The updating process is relevant for regions of the central and eastern United States where large increases in the rate of earthquakes, apparently triggered by anthropogenic activities, are difficult to address using conventional quantitative methods for assessing seismic hazards. The approach is consistent with conventional seismic‐hazard analysis initially, allows a number of types of data to be used for updating in an informative and transparent manner, and may incentivize improved monitoring of at‐risk regions. Examples are provided to illustrate the approach, including the use of Gibbs sampling to characterize updated distributions in the case for which analytical solutions to the updating equations are not available.
Molecular subsets and prognostic factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Leukemia is a heterogeneous collection of diseases with different molecular origins. The molecular features may provide physicians with markers that can be used to monitor disease. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), molecular monitoring methods can be very useful in developing and improving treatment. Some argue that one of the main problems in adult ALL is that it is homogeneous but, in fact, it is a very diverse condition. However, It can't be seen in the surface markers or in the nucleus of these diseases, so there is a need to develop ways to identify these cases. Good and potentially curable subsets of ALL patients are beginning to be identified by combining traditional phenotypic and immunologic markers with molecular and genetic approaches. As treatments improve, definition of therapeutic and prognostic subsets and their significance to clinical outcome is imperative. While progress has been made in the use of molecular techniques to detect residual disease, we must still acquire experience in using these markers to monitor treatment efficacy, with the eventual aim of improving outcome.
Role of gastrin/CCK-B receptors in meal-stimulated acid secretion in rats

Gastrin is the principal hormonal mediator of gastric acid secretion. Using an in vivo, intact, anesthetized rat model, we studied the role of gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptors in regulating the release of histamine and somatostatin during intragastric stimulation of acid secretion during a peptone meal. In pylorusligated, adult male rats (each implanted with a gastric cannula and portal venous and splenic artery catheters), after a 30-min basal period, gastric acid secretion was stimulated for 90 min either by an intravenous infusion of gastrin-17 (15 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) or by extragastric titration of 5 ml 8% peptone meal at pH 5.5. Basal and stimulated acid outputs and portal venous plasma gastrin, histamine, and somatostatin concentrations were measured before and after close-arterial injection of a new, relatively selective, gastrin/CCK-B receptor antagonist GR143330X. GR143330X reduced basal acid output by 50% but not basal plasma gastrin, histamine, or somatostatin concentrations. GR143330X reduced gastrin-stimulated acid output by 80%, plasma histamine by 70%, and plasma somatostatin by 34%. During intragastric peptone meal stimulation GR143330X reduced the acid response by 42% during the 30- to 60-min period but not during the 60- to 90-min period. GR143330X reduced the plasma histamine response by 72 and 68%, and the plasma somatostatin response by 32 and 54% during the 30- to 60- and 60- to 90-min periods, respectively. GR143330X did not block the gastrin response to peptone at any time. These results indicate that GR143330X is an effective agent for blocking gastrin-stimulated acid secretion and histamine and somatostatin release in rats. Furthermore, we show for the first time in an intact, in vivo, anesthetized rat model that meal-stimulated activation of gastrin/CCK-B receptors stimulates acid secretion in part by regulating the release of histamine and somatostatin.
Immunohistologic features predict clinical behavior of orbital and conjunctival lymphoid infiltrates

The natural history of lymphoid infiltrates of the orbit and conjunctiva is poorly understood. To determine if immunohistologic features could predict clinical outcome, these features were evaluated in 61 patients with orbital and conjunctival lymphoid infiltrates, including 44 patients with lesions localized to one or both orbits or conjunctivae. Using histologic criteria, 20 infiltrates were classified as malignant lymphoma (cytologically atypical), 14 cases were classified as benign (follicular hyperplasia or inflammatory pseudotumor), and 27 infiltrates (44%) were dense infiltrates of small lymphocytes without cytologic atypia, which could not be confidently classified as benign or malignant (histologically indeterminate). Based on expression of monotypic immunoglobulin, 20 of these cases were reclassified as small lymphocytic lymphoma. For all cases, monotypic immunoglobulin expression correlated with reduced survival (P less than .05) and increased likelihood of dissemination (P less than .001). Monotypic immunoglobulin expression also correlated with increased risk of dissemination for all histologically indeterminate (small lymphocytic) infiltrates (P less than .05). Separate analysis of the localized infiltrates showed that monotypic immunoglobulin expression significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of dissemination for all 44 cases (P less than .005) and for the 22 histologically indeterminate lesions (P = .06). For the localized small lymphocytic infiltrates, monotypic immunoglobulin expression conferred a 50% risk of dissemination. In contrast, no patients with polytypic small lymphocytic infiltrates have disseminated, although one lesion locally recurred 30 months later as lymphoma. Thus, monotypic immunoglobulin expression significantly correlates with reduced patient survival and increased risk of dissemination by orbital and conjunctival lymphoid infiltrates. Monotypic small lymphocytic infiltrates without cytologic atypia behave as do low grade B-cell malignant lymphomas with a significant risk of dissemination and an indolent clinical course. The relationship of polytypic small lymphocytic infiltrates to lymphoma remains to be determined.
Student Investment in Higher Education

In this chapter, we explore how economists conceptualize the college choice process that students undertake to decide if and where to go to college. We begin by providing some background on what is meant by “human capital,” and then focus on the costs and benefits to an individual of going to college and earning a degree. We then turn to how students are thought to use this information to make decisions about whether to attend college and where to enroll. To do this, we introduce a five-stage model of college choice. After the model, we consider ways in which the model may be extended to look at post-enrollment decisions of students, the role of parents in the college-choice process, and the choice of college major. We end the chapter by using the model to discuss how economists use comparative statics to focus on the effects of higher education policies that might encourage more students to go to college or select a specific institution.
Brokering leadership in complex environments

This qualitative study, set in the United States, presents an in-depth analysis of leadership in schools and community-based organizations that helped connect students and families to vital education resources. Data were collected from 132 interviews with those who experienced the social and organizational complexities of homelessness. The findings suggest that brokering leadership supports learning, symbolism, identity development, and responsibility. The study indicates that brokering leadership has promise for cultivating opportunities for those who are traditionally disconnected from important resources and relationships.
Vanishing of Tor

Let M and N be finitely generated modules over a local ring \((R,\mathfrak {m})\). We seek conditions implying that \({{\mathrm{Tor}}}_i^R(M,N)=0\) for all \(i>0\). In addition, we examine consequences of the vanishing of Tor.
A new coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method to capture free surface on an overset grid system

Abstract We present a new coupled level set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method for free surface flow simulations on an overset grid system. The coupled method takes advantages of the strengths of the level set (LS) method and the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method, and is superior to either single method. The novelty of the present method lies in that we develop the methodology for an overset grid system of embedding, overlapping and moving structured grids. The new methodology accurately captures interface and greatly preserves mass on an overset grid system by demonstrating the 3D sphere advection test. The method is coupled to a well validated Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes incompressible flow solver. The method is validated with the dam-breaking flow interacting with a 3D obstacle (square structure/circular cylinder) by comparing the numerical results with available experimental and numerical studies. The water impact of a sphere case is further performed to demonstrate the capabilities of the new method on a complicated moving overset grid system.
Programming random mazes.

When an important concept puts a scientific paper under the spotlight, behind the scenes there is usually a long story of mystery solving, as Philip Petersen explains.
Elevated Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: A Readily Available Biomarker Associated with Death due to Disease in High Risk Nonmetastatic Melanoma.

Elevated peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with poor oncologic outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma and other solid tumors, but its impact has not been characterized for patients with high-risk, nonmetastatic melanoma. Retrospective review of a melanoma database identified patients with high-risk melanoma who underwent operation with curative intent at a single institution. NLR was calculated from blood samples obtained within 2 weeks before operation. Multiple primary melanomas and concurrent hematologic or other metastatic malignancies were excluded. Cumulative incidence of death due to disease was estimated, and Gray’s test was used to examine the effect of NLR on melanoma disease-specific death (DOD). Multivariable competing risks regression models assessed associated factors. Data on 1431 patients with high-risk, nonmetastatic melanoma were analyzed. Median follow-up for survivors was 4 years. High NLR (≥3 or as continuous variable) was associated with older age, male sex, thicker primaries, higher mitotic index, and more advanced nodal status. On multivariate analysis, high NLR (≥3 or as a continuous variable), older age, male sex, ulcerated primary, lymphovascular invasion, and positive nodal status were all independently associated with worse DOD. NLR is a readily available blood test that was independently associated with DOD in patients with high-risk, nonmetastatic melanoma. It is unclear whether high NLR is a passive indicator of poor prognosis or a potential therapeutic target. Further studies to evaluate the prognostic role of NLR to potentially identify those more likely to benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy may prove informative.