cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of cyclohexanedimethanol as a nonflammable organic solvent for industrial scale reversed phase chromatography

This work demonstrates that cyclohexanedimethanol is an effective nonflammable organic solvent for the pilot scale reversed phase chromatography of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(Milano). Cyclohexanedimethanol has low viscosity in water, enabling the use of conventional low pressure process scale chromatography columns and hardware. Results from pilot scale manufacturing using a 30 cm diameter CG71M packed column indicate that a 5.7 log reduction in E. coli host cell protein with >80% yield can be obtained for the purification of apolipoprotein A-I(Milano).
Small-molecule photostabilizing agents are modifiers of lipid bilayer properties

Small-molecule photostabilizing or protective agents (PAs) provide essential support for the stability demands on fluorescent dyes in single-molecule spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. These agents are employed also in studies of cell membranes and model systems mimicking lipid bilayer environments, but there is little information about their possible effects on membrane structure and physical properties. Given the impact of amphipathic small molecules on bilayer properties such as elasticity and intrinsic curvature, we investigated the effects of six commonly used PAs—cyclooctatetraene (COT), para-nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA), Trolox (TX), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), para-nitrobenzoic acid (pNBA), and n-propyl gallate (nPG)—on bilayer properties using a gramicidin A (gA)-based fluorescence quench assay to probe for PA-induced changes in the gramicidin monomer↔dimer equilibrium. The experiments were done using fluorophore-loaded large unilamellar vesicles that had been doped with gA, and changes in the gA monomer↔dimer equilibrium were assayed using a gA channel-permeable fluorescence quencher (Tl+). Changes in bilayer properties caused by, e.g., PA adsorption at the bilayer/solution interface that alter the equilibrium constant for gA channel formation, and thus the number of conducting gA channels in the large unilamellar vesicle membrane, will be detectable as changes in the rate of Tl+ influx—the fluorescence quench rate. Over the experimentally relevant millimolar concentration range, TX, NBA, and pNBA, caused comparable increases in gA channel activity. COT, also in the millimolar range, caused a slight decrease in gA channel activity. nPG increased channel activity at submillimolar concentrations. DABCO did not alter gA activity. Five of the six tested PAs thus alter lipid bilayer properties at experimentally relevant concentrations, which becomes important for the design and analysis of fluorescence studies in cells and model membrane systems. We therefore tested combinations of COT, NBA, and TX; the combinations altered the fluorescence quench rate less than would be predicted assuming their effects on bilayer properties were additive. The combination of equimolar concentrations of COT and NBA caused minimal changes in the fluorescence quench rate.
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection

HIV immune activation plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. The mechanisms driving this immune activation are partially defined and likely are the result of multiple factors. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life expectancy of HIV infected individuals, however there is evidence that in the setting of "undetectable" HIV-RNA plasma levels, there is some level of persistent immune activation in these patients. A better understanding of the immune activation pathways should be of value in developing complementary therapies to restore the immune systems of patients with HIV infection. This review discusses the cytokine mediated pathways of immune activation of the CD4 and CD8 T cell pools during HIV infection.
Prescribed Medicines: Expenditure and Usage Patterns for Selected Demographic Characteristics

The primary objective of this study was to establish the types of relationships that exist between specific population characteristics and the patterns of expenditure and utilization for medicines ...
Iron Sulfide Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction Prepared Using a Micellar Technique

We have recently synthesized nanometer-size iron sulfide catalysts using a reverse micellar system. These particles are 40−70 nm in size and were used in laboratory-scale coal-liquefaction experime...
Tissue distribution of subcutaneously administered aluminum chloride in weanling rabbits.

The purpose of our investigation was to determine blood and tissue levels of aluminum (Al) in normal young rabbits. Furthermore, we wished to determine tissue distribution and accumulation of Al as related to its blood concentration in Al‐dosed rabbits. The levels of Al accumulated were determined in different tissues of growing rabbits after continuous subcutaneous administration of Al chloride (3.78 mg/d) for 28 d. No signs of toxicity were apparent from comparisons of hematocrit or weight gain between control and Al‐dosed rabbits. The largest concentration of the AI was observed in bone, which was also found to have the highest levels in the control rabbit tissues. Following bone, the experimental animals showed the greatest increase of Al levels in kidney cortex, kidney medulla, liver, testes, skeletal muscle, heart, brain white matter, and brain hippocampus, in that order. No significant difference was found in brain grey matter between control and experimental animals. As the brain tissue of the Al‐...
The role of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke

Stroke remains a leading cause of death and long-term disability in the developed world. Reperfusion and anti-thrombotic therapies are of limited benefit for the majority of patients following acute ischemic stroke, and increasing interest has focused on therapeutic approaches that seek to modulate infarct evolution. Animal and human studies have linked hyperglycemia in the acute phase of ischemic stroke to worse clinical outcomes regardless of the presence of pre-existing diabetes mellitus. Experimental data suggest that elevated blood glucose may directly contribute to infarct expansion through a number of maladaptive metabolic pathways, and that treatment with insulin may attenuate these adverse effects. In this review, we analyze the relationship between elevated serum glucose and acute cerebrovascular ischemia, and critically appraise the potential of a clinical strategy that targets euglycemia in all acute stroke patients.
Initiation of plant disease resistance by physical interaction of AvrPto and Pto kinase

Resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato occurs when the Pto kinase in the plant responds to expression of the avirulence gene avrPto in the Pseudomonas pathogen. Transient expression of an avrPto transgene in plant cells containing Pto elicited a defense response. In the yeast two-hybrid system, the Pto kinase physically interacted with AvrPto. Alterations of AvrPto or Pto that disrupted the interaction in yeast also abolished disease resistance in plants. The physical interaction of AvrPto and Pto provides an explanation of gene-for-gene specificity in bacterial speck disease resistance.
MIMO QFT CAD PACKAGE (VERSION 3)

The MIMO/QFT CAD package is capable of carrying through a multivariable control system robust design, for tracking and the rejection of external disturbance signals, from problem set-up to a frequency domain analysis of the compensated system. The package automates: the selection of the weighting matrix; the discretization of the plants; the formation of the square effective plants; the polynomial matrix inverse required to form the equivalent plants; the generation of templates; the selection of a nominal plant; the generation of stability, tracking, cross-coupling effects, external disturbance rejection, gamma and composite bounds; the loop shaping; and the design of the prefilter elements. This is followed by a frequency-domain analysis of the completed design, and export of this design to the MATLAB SIMULINK® toolbox in order to validate the frequency domain design by time-domain simulations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the US Government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
A Pilot Study Assessing the Effectiveness of an Animal-Assisted Outreach Program

The prevalence of anxiety and loneliness on college campuses and the simultaneous reduction in college counseling center resources has created a need for creative approaches that meet the needs of student populations. This exploratory study evaluated the effectiveness of an animal-assisted therapy (AAT) outreach program on symptoms of anxiety and loneliness among college students (N = 55) at a small arts college. Results revealed significant decreases in self-reported anxiety and loneliness scores following the AAT intervention. Additionally, the goals of sessions and approach of interventions significantly predicted lower anxiety scores but did not predict the reduction of loneliness scores. Lastly, interaction with the dog was identified as the most impactful aspect of the intervention. The results of this study reveal that AAT outreach interventions may be an efficient and effective way for university and college counseling centers to meet the growing demands of their student populations.
Microbial conversion of 4-oxoisophorone by thermophile, Thermomonospora curvata.

Thermomonospora curvata IFO 12384 was selected from many thermophiles tested as a strain capable of converting 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione (4-oxoisophorone) into (6R)-2,2,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexaione ((3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone) efficiently. The other conversion products were also isolated and identified by spectrometry. Based on the results of experiments with a degradation sequence, a conversion pathway for 4-oxoisophorone by this thermophile is proposed. The effects of nutritional conditions, temperature, initial pH and the concentration of the substrate on the conversion were examined. Under the optimal conditions, the conversion ratio of 4-oxoisophorone to (3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone was over 95%. The production rate of (3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone was 86 mg per 1 g of dry cells per hr.
A Recently Evolved Transcriptional Network Controls Biofilm Development in Candida albicans

A biofilm is an organized, resilient group of microbes in which individual cells acquire properties, such as drug resistance, that are distinct from those observed in suspension cultures. Here, we describe and analyze the transcriptional network controlling biofilm formation in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, whose biofilms are a major source of medical device-associated infections. We have combined genetic screens, genome-wide approaches, and two in vivo animal models to describe a master circuit controlling biofilm formation, composed of six transcription regulators that form a tightly woven network with ∼1,000 target genes. Evolutionary analysis indicates that the biofilm network has rapidly evolved: genes in the biofilm circuit are significantly weighted toward genes that arose relatively recently with ancient genes being underrepresented. This circuit provides a framework for understanding many aspects of biofilm formation by C. albicans in a mammalian host. It also provides insights into how complex cell behaviors can arise from the evolution of transcription circuits.
State university collaboration to transform practice in public sector psychiatric nursing.

In 1986 and again in 1988, Hawaii was ranked by the Torrey report as being 51st in the nation in caring for its persistent and seriously mentally ill. After several years of being ranked last in the nation, and with the threat of a consent decree from the U.S. Department of Justice, the state of Hawaii made a commitment to improve the psychiatric mental health care of its citizens. The state's Department of Health, in September 1990, contracted with the University of Hawaii's School of Nursing to provide joint appointment faculty to consult with the nursing staff and to provide the department's chief of nursing. Working together with the joint appointment faculty, the permanent staff began the journey toward creating a state-of-the-art facility. The article discusses how change of such magnitude has been created.
Assessing tetrazolium and ATP assays for rapid in situ viability quantification of bacterial cells entrapped in hydrogel beads

Abstract Entrapped bacteria are used in several applications including food and beverage production, antibiotic production, and wastewater treatment. To date in order to determine the viability of entrapped bacteria, they have to be de-entrapped from the matrix first. However, the cell de-entrapment procedures such as matrix dissolution by acid or heating at high temperatures, may affect the viability of the cells. In this study, the uses of two quantitative approaches for in situ viability estimation of calcium alginate and phosphorylated poly(vinyl) alcohol (PPVA) entrapped Escherichia coli were investigated. Bioreducible tetrazolium salt (XTT) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based assays were used to determine microbial viability without the dissolution of the matrices (spherical beads). The data from both assays showed linearity and strong correlations between the viability signals and number of beads in which each bead contained a similar number of live cells. An application of XTT assay on the PPVA entrapped bacterial beads was an exception to these results. Effects of the acid and heat dissolution de-entrapment procedures on cell viability were also evaluated by using both assays and a traditional plate count method. The heating process showed the greatest reduction in bacterial viability when compared to the other de-entrapment procedures. The ATP assay is a more sensitive and less time consuming approach for viability estimation when compared to the XTT assay and traditional plate count method. Both XTT and ATP assays have potential for use in quantifying the viability of entrapped bacteria.
Children's Conformity When Acquiring Novel Conventions: The Case of Artifacts

Prior research focused on children's acquisition of arbitrary social conventions (e.g., object labels) has revealed that both 3- and 4-year-old children conform to majority opinion. Two studies explored whether children show similar conformist tendencies when making category-based judgments about a less socially arbitrary domain that offers an objective basis for judgment: object functions. Three- and 4-year-old children watched a video in which two informants disagreed with a lone dissenter on the function of a novel artifact. Children were asked to categorize the object by stating with whom they agreed. The plausibility of the majority's response was manipulated across test trials. Results demonstrated that children were more likely to agree with the majority when majority and minority opinions were equally plausible, especially when the majority demonstrated an overt consensus. However, 4-year-olds actively eschewed the majority opinion when it was implausible in context of the artifact's functional de...
Employment in the EC, EFTA, and the EEA: A regional analysis

This study examines free trade zones from a regional perspective. These trade agreements are an attempt to create a large functional and administrative region that can improve the competitive position of member countries. With this in mind, techniques commonly used in regional economics can be employed to study the competitive effects of free trade zones. This paper develops the application of shift-share analysis to free trade zones. More specifically, the paper conducts a shift-share analysis of Europe over two time periods to asses the competitive advantages from belonging to the European Common Market.
The strategic options of least-cost, differentiation, and niche

Peter Wright is a professor of management at Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond. He has published articles in such journals as the Harvard Business Review, Strategic Management Journal, and the Long-Range Planning Journal. He published "Challenges to Management in the Arab World" in the August 1978 issue of Business Horizons. Three different firms. Three strategic options. RCA succeeded by choosing the leastcost option. Coca-Cola opted for differentiation. Rockford found a special niche in its market. Which is the right option for your firm?
Crossing our quality chasm: heeding the case for graduate preparation of nurse managers and leaders.

The previous CGEAN Perspectives column compared the Baccalaureate Essentials document with American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) and American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) certification examination content for nurse managers and concluded that the baccalaureate curriculum lacks the depth of content needed for today's frontline nurse leaders. This article continues the discussion by comparing the Master's Essentials document with ANCC and AONE nurse manager-level certification content to evaluate if a master's graduate education prepares nurses for the competencies of these management roles.
Performance modeling of an opportunistic spectrum sharing wireless network with unreliable sensing

Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing (OSS) has recently attracted increasing interest. We analytically model a wireless network that allows opportunistic spectrum sharing and analyze its performance through a queueing theoretic framework. The OSS system consists of the secondary users opportunistically sharing a set of spectrum resources with the primary users over a coverage area. The secondary users equipped with cognitive radios sense channels that are unused by the primary users and then make use of the idle channels. An ongoing secondary user also detects when a primary user accesses its channel and then either moves to another idle channel or moves to a waiting pool. Unreliable spectrum sensing is possible which are modeled by false alarm and misdetection events. We solve the steady-state probability of the system and derive several performance metrics of interest. Numerical and simulation results are presented. The proposed modeling method can be used to evaluate the performance of future opportunistic spectrum sharing networks.
Management of congenital tracheal stenosis by means of slide tracheoplasty or resection and reconstruction, with long-term follow-up of growth after slide tracheoplasty.

Abstract Objective: The difficult problem of congenital tracheal stenosis is infrequent and has been managed with several methods. Patch tracheoplasty has been favored in recent years. Alternative experience with a simpler program of slide tracheoplasty for long-segment stenosis or resection and reconstruction for short-segment stenosis is described and proposed as preferable. Long-term growth after slide tracheoplasty was studied. Methods: Eleven consecutive patients aged 10 days to 23 years with varied patterns of stenosis (including concurrent pulmonary artery sling, anomalous right upper lobe bronchus, and bridge bronchus) had their stenoses corrected, 8 by means of slide tracheoplasty and 3 by means of resection and anastomosis. Retrospective review was made of hospital course, complications, and long-term results, with observation of growth in 4 patients (from more than 1½-7¾ years). Results: All patients are alive and enjoy good airways. Only 3 patients who needed concomitant cardiovascular procedures and 1 with poor ventricular function required bypass. Eight were extubated immediately or on the day of the operation, 1 at 3 days, and 1 at 8 days. A patient with complex anomalies needed 10 days of ventilation. Three had anastomotic granulomas successfully treated by means of a single bronchoscopy. Long-term airway growth was entirely satisfactory after slide tracheoplasty in 4 infants and small children (aged 10 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 3½ years, respectively). Conclusions: Slide tracheoplasty gives excellent short- and long-term results because long congenital stenosis is reconstructed with native tracheal tissue and is therefore immediately stable and lined with normal epithelium, and the operation is accomplished more simply and with a generally more benign postoperative course. Wholly satisfactory growth of the repaired segment occurs. Less common short congenital stenosis is effectively managed with resection and anastomosis.
Role of the brain and ring gland in regulation of pupal diapause in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Abstract Larvae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis photoperiodically programmed for pupal diapause pupariate later than larvae programmed for continuous development. Pupariation time is determined by the brain-ring gland complex as evidenced by transplantation experiments in which the timing of pupariation was transferred from one larva to another by transplantation of the brain-ring gland complex. The developmental commitment (diapause or nondiapause) of the larva also can be transferred with the brain-ring gland complex if the recipient's own neuroendocrine system is suppressed by ring gland extirpation. Thus, photoperiodic programming of the brain-ring gland complex is not only responsible for developmental commitment but also for determining the duration of the prepupal period. Surgical experiments with pupae indicate that an intact brain-ring gland complex is required for diapause termination and initiation of adult development. Pupae fail to break diapause if either the brain or the ring gland is removed or if their nervous connections are severed.
Six DOF motion estimation for teleoperated flexible endoscopes using optical flow: A comparative study

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, although it can be effectively treated if detected early. Teleoperated flexible endoscopes are an emerging technology to promote participation in these preventive screenings. Real-time pose estimation is therefore essential to enable feedback to the robotic endoscope's control system. Vision-based endoscope localization approaches are a promising avenue, since they do not require extra sensors on board the endoscopes. In this work, we compare several state-of-the-art algorithms for computing the image motion (optical flow), which is then used with a supervised learning strategy to provide an accurate estimate of the 6 degree of freedom endoscope motion. The method is validated using a robotically actuated endoscope in a human colon simulator, and represents a preliminary effort towards testing with clinical video data.
The nonsurgical treatment of patellofemoral disorders

Abstract It is an orthopaedic truism that patellofemoral disorders can be treated nonsurgically in the vast majority of cases. The odds of a nonsurgical program being successful depend on the severity of the underlying condition and contingent on the adequacy and sophistication of the nonsurgical protocol. In this article, we review the main features of the nonsurgical treatment of patellofemoral disorders. These include physical therapy (selective mobilization, stretching, strengthening, taping, modalities, feedback), bracing, medication, activity modification, and footwear adjustments. It benefits the orthopaedist to be familiar with these approaches, lest he or she perform unnecessary surgery.
Accuracy of the recursion method.

In this paper, the insensitivity of the projected density of states (PDOS) is investigated. Rounding errors are treated as perturbations in the recursion process when calculating the PDOS. A generalized error theory for the PDOS is developed, which includes Paige's theorem and the effects of truncation of the continued fraction. An analytic expression for the PDOS which isolates the error term is derived. This error term is shown to be exponentially insensitive to perturbations which are distant from the starting state; in contrast to eigenvalues and/or eigenfunctions which are very sensitive to small perturbations. This is what makes calculating PDOS and its integrated quantities a more stable approach compared to computing eigenvalues. This insensitivity is equivalent to a black-body theorem for the PDOS. This result is useful in practical computations because it enables an infinite system to be approximated by a particular finite one, and gives a bound on the error in the computed PDOS.
NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) male rats fail to develop renal disease following exposure to agents that induce α-2u-globulin (α2u) nephropathy☆

The NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) rat is the only strain of male rat known not to synthesize the hepatic form of the low molecular weight protein, alpha 2u-globulin. In previous studies, NBR rats were shown not to develop renal disease when exposed to decalin, a compound known to induce alpha 2u-globulin nephropathy in other rat strains. The objective of this study was to show that the presence of alpha 2u-globulin (alpha 2u) is essential for the development of this syndrome in rats exposed to 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), isophorone (IP), PS-6 unleaded gasoline (UG), and d-limonene (d-L). The induction of alpha 2u-nephropathy in F344 male rats with lindane was used as a positive control and this response was contrasted to male NBR and female F344 rats treated with lindane. Five to seven 11-week-old male NBR rats were exposed to TMP (500 mg/kg/day), DCB (500 mg/kg/day), IP (1000 mg/kg/day), UG (500 mg/kg/day), d-L (1650 mg/kg/day), or lindane (10 mg/kg/day) and five 11-week-old male and female F344 rats were exposed to lindane (10 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage on 4 consecutive days. NBR male and F344 male and female rats gavaged with corn oil were incorporated in the study as vehicle controls. The presence of hyaline droplets was assessed in perfusion-fixed kidneys by staining paraffin sections with Mallory-Heidenhein stain and in GMA sections with Lee's methylene basic blue fuchsin stain. Paraffin sections were also analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of alpha 2u. Under exposure conditions that clearly induce alpha 2u-nephropathy in male F344 rats, no lesions, hyaline droplets, or alpha 2u were detectable in treated or control male NBR and female F344 rats. It is thus concluded that the presence of alpha 2u is causal to the development of renal disease in rats exposed to TMP, DCB, IP, UG, d-L, and lindane.
Strategies in Certiorari Voting on the United States Supreme Court

Do justices on the United States Supreme Court pursue strategies in their certiorari voting? We inspected seven terms from the Vinson, Warren, and Burger Courts and discovered that the justices use the error correcting, prediction, and majority strategies, particularly when the strategies are consistent with each other. Such use is not indiscriminate but usually is tempered by the presence of adverse conditions. We also investigated the error correcting and prediction strategies through the focus of liberal and conservative justices in liberal and conservative courts. These two strategies and their combination work best for conservative justices in conservative courts. Liberal justices in liberal courts are substantially more grant prone than conservative justices in conservative courts.
Tunneling microscope observation of a structural surface phase transition: Structure, fluctuations, and local effects.

We study a reversible phase transition of one monolayer of Pb on a Ge(111) surface with a tunneling microscope over a temperature range from below to above the transition (∼175 o C). The controversial high temperature phase is actually a simple Pb-terminated 1×1 structure. Below the transition temperature, Pb atoms are displaced from their T 1 positions and form trimers with √3×√3 periodicity. A fluctuating structure with patches of trimers can be resolved slightly above the transition temperature. The important effects of boundaries and domain size on the phase transformation are discussed
Predicting Body Weight and Wither Height in Holstein Heifers Using Body Measurements

Abstract Relationships between body weight, wither height, and various other body traits, including heart girth, body length, and hip width, were studied using data from six experiments with 2625 observations. Body weight and wither height were regressed on the other body traits. Regressions of body weight including the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of a single independent variable (heart girth, wither height, hip width, or body length) indicated that each measurement would be useful in predicting body weight (R 2 >.95); the regression of body weight on heart girth had the highest R 2 , followed by hip width. Similarly, regressions of wither height on heart girth, wither height, hip width, or body length, including linear, quadratic, and cubic effects, yielded R 2 >.99. Regressions considering multiple traits as independent variables showed that the addition of a second body trait added little to the already high multiple correlations found with a single variable. In management situations for which body weight or wither height cannot be measured, various other traits can be used to estimate these body measurements accurately.
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, F.R.S.

Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Professor of Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy and Natural Philosophy at Gottingen University, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1793. At his death, on 24 February 1799, he left numerous writings of scientific and general nature, as well as many letters and, most important of all, copious personal notes. It is for these that he is mainly remembered. They include reflections on practically all the topics which were of special concern in the Age of Enlightenment. Due to their diversity it is not easy to obtain a comprehensive overview of his ideas and opinions, especially as they are often contained or developed in articles on assorted matters. Many of his themes lost their topicality, though by no means their relevance to Lichtenberg’s prime concern, to understand the world and in particular the human mind, in order to achieve realistic improvements. He jotted down his notes from 1764 until he died, in what he called his ‘waste books’, a term he borrowed from English tradesmen (1). Many of his notes are pointed, witty and unusually candid. Thus they allow remarkable insights into the trends of the last decades of the eighteenth century. They also demonstrate the importance of the Royal Society in establishing Gottingen as the leading scientific university in Germany and spreading English philosophical, literary and cultural influence.
Magnetic moments of bare and benzene-capped cobalt clusters.

Magnetic moments of bare cobalt clusters Con (n=7–32) and benzene-capped cobalt clusters Con(bz)m have been measured at temperatures ranging from 54to150K using a molecular beam deflection method. It was observed that Co12–32 produced at temperatures greater than ∼100K display high-field-seeking behavior at all temperatures in the range investigated, indicating that they are superparamagnetic species. At temperatures below ∼100K, the field-on beam profiles of Co7–11 and some larger clusters displayed substantial symmetric broadening, indicating that some fraction of the clusters in the beam were no longer superparamagnetic, but rather were in a blocked (locked-moment) state. In the superparamagnetic regime (T=150K) Con clusters in the n=7–32 size range were found to possess per-atom moments ranging from 1.96±0.04μb(Co24) to 2.53±0.04μb(Co16), significantly above the bulk value of 1.72μb. Locked-moment isomers were found to display moments of ∼1μb per atom. Cobalt clusters containing a layer of adsorbed be...
WARRP II: an optoelectronic fully adaptive network router chip

The interconnection network is the communication backbone of a parallel processor system on which all remote data accesses occur and, thus, has a strong influence on the overall performance of the system. While the bandwidth delivered by conventional electronic-based networks has increased slowly in recent years, the bandwidth demanded by processors has increased at a much faster pace, soon causing the network to become a performance bottleneck. Optoelectronic-based networks can potentially provide much higher bandwidth capacity to mitigate this problem [1,2]. However, with the present growth rate of communication demand of distributed multiprocessor systems, even a high-bandwidth optoelectronic network (see Figure 1), could become oversaturated unless advanced routing techniques are incorporated in the interconnect architecture to efficiently utilize the bandwidth.
Dietary Iron: Adolescent Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Dietary Intake

Abstract Iron-deficiency anemia can affect the athletic and academic performance of adolescent athletes. To determine contributors to iron-deficiency among adolescent athletes, the relationships between knowledge and attitudes and intake of dietary iron were evaluated. Non-athletes served as a comparison. A total of 210 adolescent subjects from six high schools provided data for at least one of the analyses by completing food frequency questionnaires and surveys regarding their activity levels and knowledge and attitudes about dietary iron. Information, including hemoglobin screening results, was collected at American Red Cross blood drives. Athletes and non-athletes were not significantly different in knowledge or attitudes about dietary iron or in dietary iron intake. Thirty-four percent of the students had dietary iron intakes below two-thirds of the RDA. Nearly six percent of students did not pass the hemoglobin screening. Knowledge and attitudes regarding dietary iron were not significantly related to dietary iron intake or hemoglobin status. Fifty-three percent of those who had heard about dietary iron before cited the classroom as the source of the information they received. Results of this study suggest that strategies to increase dietary iron intake among adolescents should occur in the classroom and focus on reducing potential barriers to healthy eating including a lack of time, self-discipline, and sense of urgency for good nutrition, as well as unavailability of nutritious foods at schools and at home.
Career Development in Two Seminal American Songwriters: A Test of the Equal Odds Rule

This study investigated the pattern of lifetime creative productivity for two seminal American songwriters: Cole Porter and Irving Berlin. Earlier research has provided conflicting findings concerning the quality of creative output over the careers of classical musicians. In order to attempt to resolve the discrepancy between those findings, a quantitative case-study methodology was employed, using recording counts as a measure of quality of output across periods in each composer's career. In addition, the ratio of major works to minor works was calculated, to determine whether the quality of output changed across each composer's career. Results demonstrated that each composer's career was marked by an initial lull in quality of output, followed by a sharp and sustained increase in quality. Furthermore, in both cases, no significant correlation was found between the number of major and minor works. The results provided support an expertise-based account of creative productivity. Implications are discussed.
On Washing Hands

One afternoon last December, I took a tour of my hospital with Deborah Yokoe, an infectious-disease specialist, and Susan Marino, a medical technologist by training. They work in our infection-control unit. Their full-time job is to stop the spread of infection in the hospital. They have coped with influenza epidemics, Legionnaires' disease, fatal bacterial meningitis, and once this past year, a case that, according to the patient's brain-biopsy results, might have been Creutzfeld–Jakob disease — a nightmare, because ordinary heat-sterilization of the neurosurgical instruments used would not have kept the infectious agent from being transferred to other patients. Yokoe and . . .
Mercury in organic chemistry. 23. Synthesis of π-allyl- and alkylpalladium compounds via vinylpalladation of cyclic olefins

Abstract Vinylmercurials react with Li2PdCl4 and monocyclic olefins to produce π-allylpalladium compounds or 1,4-dienes if triethylamine is added. Bicyclic olefins afford stable alkylpalladium compounds useful in the synthesis of functionally substituted bicyclic alkanes.
Gastric Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells are defined as the unique subpopulation in the tumors that possess the ability to initiate tumor growth and sustain self-renewal as well as metastatic potential. Accumulating evidence in recent years strongly indicate the existence of cancer stem cells in solid tumors of a wide variety of organs. In this review, we will discuss the possible existence of a gastric cancer stem cell. Our recent data suggest that a subpopulation with a defined marker shows spheroid colony formation in serum-free media in vitro, as well as tumorigenic ability in immunodeficient mice in vivo. We will also discuss the possible origins of the gastric cancer stem cell from an organ-specific stem cell versus a recently recognized new candidate bone marrow-derived cell (BMDC). We have previously shown that BMDC contributed to malignant epithelial cells in the mouse model of Helicobacter-associated gastric cancer. On the basis of these findings from animal model, we propose that a similar phenomenon may also occur in human cancer biology, particularly in the cancer origin of other inflammation-associated cancers. The expanding research field of cancer stem-cell biology may offer a novel clinical apparatus to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Serial amniotic fluid index in severe preeclampsia: A poor predictor of adverse outcome☆☆☆★

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between low amniotic fluid index and intrauterine growth restriction and nonreassuring fetal testing in patients with severe preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the medical records of 136 women with severe preeclampsia managed conservatively for at least 48 hours. Patients were followed up with a daily nonstress test and amniotic fluid index. We evaluated amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm and ≤7 cm, measured on admission or just before delivery (i.e., final), and attempted to correlate these findings with the incidence of nonreassuring fetal testing necessitating cesarean section or the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight ≤10th percentile). RESULTS: One hundred seven patients had a cesarean section, but only 42 (39%) of these were for a nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing or a persistent biophysical profile of ≤4, and 38 (36%) of the pregnancies resulted in infants with intrauterine growth restriction. During expectant management, the amniotic fluid index worsened for 61 (45%) patients and improved or remained the same for 75 (55%). For those with an amniotic fluid index of ≤5 cm both on admission and at delivery, there was a significantly higher incidence of intrauterine growth restriction compared with those with an amniotic fluid index >5 cm ( p = 0.007 and p = 0.029, respectively). However, there was no association between intrauterine growth restriction and an amniotic fluid index ≤ 7 cm. Moreover, there was no difference in the frequency of nonreassuring fetal heart rate testing on the basis of amniotic fluid volume ( p = 0.59) or intrauterine growth restriction ( p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: For women with severe preeclampsia remote from term, an amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm is predictive of intrauterine growth restriction but lacks sensitivity. There is no association between the amniotic fluid index status and frequency of cesarean section for fetal distress or nonreassuring fetal testing. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1018-23.)
Metal-organic frameworks: a new class of porous materials

A review of the synthesis, structure, andproperties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is presented , highlighting the important advances in their research over the past decade. This new class of porous materials is attracting attention due to demonstrations of their large pore sizes, high apparent surface areas, selective uptake of small molecules, andoptical or magnetic responses to the inclusion of guests. More importantly, their synthesis from molecular building blocks holds the potential for directed tailoring of these properties.
Feeling the noise in nanoscale systems: studies based on ultrasensitive force detection

Recent advances in cantilever-based force detection have allowed detection of forces below an attonewton. We have applied this capability to the study of dissipation and fluctuations in nanometer-scale systems. Our work is largely motivated by our effort to extend magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) to single-spin sensitivity, where we have been confronted with a variety of unanticipated noise issues. Phenomena that we have studied include magnetic moment fluctuations in nanoscale ferromagnets, non-contact friction and force fluctuations near surfaces, and increased electron spin relaxation rates observed when closely monitoring electron spins by MRFM. The enhanced spin relaxation rate is believed to be caused by Rabi frequency magnetic noise that is generated by thermal vibrations in high order cantilever modes. Overcoming these various noise issues will be key to achieving single-spin quantum readout. This work was performed in collaboration with H. J. Mamin, R. Budakian, B. Chui, B. Stipe and C. S. Yannoni. We thank ONR and the DARPA Mosaic program for financial support.
A Data Assimilation Case Study Using a Limited-Area Ensemble Kalman Filter

Abstract Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation experiments are conducted on a limited-area domain over the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Idealized surface pressure, radiosoundings, and aircraft observations are assimilated every 6 h for a 7-day period in January 2004. The objectives here are to study the performance of the filter in constraining analysis errors with a relatively inhomogeneous, sparse-observation network and to explore the potential for such a network to serve as the basis for a real-time EnKF system dedicated to the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. When only a single observation type is assimilated, results show that the ensemble-mean analysis error and ensemble spread (standard deviation) are significantly reduced compared to a control ensemble without assimilation for both observed and unobserved variables. Analysis errors are smaller than background errors over nearly the entire domain when avera...
Ultrafast electron diffraction: structures in dissociation dynamics of Fe(CO)5

We report on the application of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) to the study of complex molecular reactions, the dissociation of Fe(CO)_5. Snapshots of the diffraction images were recorded at different reaction times. The reaction was initiated by a femtosecond pulse and clocked accurately within 2 ps. The dissociation is complete in less than 10 ps and we identify major product distributions and structures; Fe(CO)_2, Fe(CO) and Fe in the branching ratio of ca. 2:5:5. The C–O distance becomes longer, relative to that of Fe(CO)_5, suggesting a non-systematic weaker C–O bond in Fe(CO)_2 and Fe(CO) fragments. The temporal diffraction-difference method greatly enhances the ability of recording structural changes in UED.
Instability waves and the origin of bubbles in fluidized beds—II Comparison with theory

Abstract The two-fluid equations describing the motions of isothermal beds are discussed from a continuum mechanics viewpoint. The questions of the invariant form of the relative phase acceleration, the proper description of the “viscosity” of fluidized systems, and the nature of the individual phase pressures are discussed. The linear instability wave problem is formulated and solved and the theory is shown to be capable of describing wave propagation properties measured in an earlier experimental study. The data are then used to deduce values of material constants which are both internally consistent and of reasonable magnitude.
Seasonal variability of ozone mixing ratios and budgets in the tropical southern Pacific: A GCTM perspective

[1] Significant seasonal variations in the concentrations of several trace gases were observed in the southern tropical Pacific during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) TROPICS-A (PT-A, September/October 1996) and PEM TROPICS-B (PT-B, March/April 1999) campaigns. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the measured and modeled seasonal variabilities through comparisons of these observations with model calculations. A three-dimensional (3-D) global-scale chemical transport model was employed to (1) evaluate the seasonal variations in ozone and CO mixing ratios; (2) calculate an ozone budget and identify its controlling factors; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of atmospheric transport barriers in the model, such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); and (4) test the sensitivity of ozone over the tropical south Pacific to biomass-burning emissions. The model reproduces the main features of the observed seasonal variation in ozone and CO. According to the model calculation, the ozone burden during the PT-A was larger due to the transport of ozone into the central pacific middle troposphere from the west, whereas a net outflow of ozone from this region to the east resulted in a reduction of ozone burden during the PT-B period. Transport of ozone from the Northern Hemisphere into this region was found to be much larger during the PT-B period compared with the PT-A period. The in situ production and loss of ozone calculated in the model agreed with that derived from measurements. The gradients in the model for selected trace gases across the ITCZ were shown to be qualitatively similar to measurements.
THE STUDY OF SURFACE SEGREGATION, STRUCTURE, AND VALENCE BAND DENSITY OF STATES OF Pt3Ni(100), (110), AND (111) CRYSTALS

The surface segregation, structure, and valence band density of states of Pt3Ni(100), (110), and (111) single crystals are characterized with low energy ion scattering (LEIS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). The results of LEIS clearly reveal the complete surface segregation of Pt to the top layer on all crystal alloys. LEED indicates the (5 × 1) surface reconstruction on the Pt3Ni(100), while (110) and (111) surfaces show (2 × 1) and (1 × 1) patterns, respectively, identical to Pt single crystals. The valence bands density of states on Pt3Ni alloys are compared to those of Pt single crystals via UPS measurements.
Factors associated with the risk of developing sarcoid tumours in horses

A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors in horses associated with the development of the common skin tumours known as sarcoids. The study involved 503 sarcoid cases diagnosed (January 1980-December 1989) at New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and a similar number of controls (non-sarcoid cases). Data on age, breed and sex of cases and controls were obtained from computerised records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Separate data were obtained for the same 10-year period from the Veterinary Medical Data Program to determine the proportional morbidity rate at different veterinary colleges in North America. Appaloosa, Arabian and Quarter horses were at a higher risk of developing sarcoid tumours than were Thoroughbred horses. Standardbred horses had a lower risk of developing sarcoids. Geldings were at a higher risk of developing sarcoids in comparison with stallions. There was no significant difference in the risk of developing sarcoids between stallions and mares. The risk of developing sarcoid increased with age up to 15 years and then declined. The proportional morbidity rate of sarcoids among the veterinary colleges ranged between 0 and 14 per 1,000 cases, with an average of 6 per 1,000.