cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Testing of Moving Short-baseline Navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles using Synchronized Acoustic Messaging

This paper presents the results from field testing of a unique approach to the navigation of a fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) using only onboard sensors and information provided by a moving surface ship. The approach, considered moving short-baseline (MSBL) navigation, uses two transponders mounted on a single surface ship that alternately broadcast acoustic messages containing one of the parameters of the kinematic state of the surface ship. The broadcasts are initiated according to a predefined schedule so that the one-way travel time (OWTT) of the acoustic messages may be used to determine the range to the transponder. Each AUV in the fleet uses the surface ship state measurements and ranges provided by the acoustic messages in two extended Kalman filters (EKFs) for state estimation. The first EKF merges the intermittent surface ship state measurements with a kinematic model to estimate the state of the surface ship. This is necessary because the presented approach uses 13-bit acoustic messages as opposed to the more commonly used 32-byte messages, which allow the full state to be encoded in a single broadcast. The second EKF uses the current surface ship state estimate to properly interpret the acoustic ranges, combining them with a kinematic model to estimate the state of the AUV itself. Numerous MSBL navigation experiments were compared against a more traditional approach using a long-baseline (LBL) array of transponders and OWTT acoustic ranging. The results of all tests were verified by independent LBL measures of position.
The first-person perspective and other essays

Part I. Self-Knowledge: 1. Introspection and the self 2. On knowing one's own mind 3. First-person access 4. Moore's paradox and self-knowledge Part II. Qualia: 5. Qualities and qualia: what's in the mind? 6. Qualia and consciousness 7. Intrasubjective/intersubjective Part III. Mental Unity and the Nature Of The Mind: 8. The first-person perspective 9. Unity of consciousness and consciousness of unity Part IV. The Royce Lectures: Self-Knowledge and 'Inner Sense': 10. Lecture 1: the object perception model 11. Lecture 2: the broad perceptual model 12. Lecture 3: the phenomenal character of experience.
Identity, Morality and Cultural Evolution: Muslim and Arab Students in Europe

This research project analyzes the migration of Muslim students from North Africa to Europe, in particular, the development of their identity in four West European countries: Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and France. I assess their life in Europe by delving into the different environments, social activities, and personal experiences which stimulate the formation of their identity development. Overall, I am collecting data through personal in-depth interviews in order to evaluate the most pressing challenges faced by Maghrebi college students within the European university milieu. In follow-on analysis, I interpret how those issues determine and shape the students' identities.For this project, I interviewed 35 students between Europe and North Africa this past two months.
Admission to acute care hospitals for adolescent substance abuse: a national descriptive analysis.

Background Use of alcohol and illicit drugs by adolescents remains a problem in the U.S. Case identification and early treatment can occur within a broad variety of healthcare and non-healthcare settings, including acute care hospitals. The objective of this study is to describe the extent and nature of adolescent admissions to the acute inpatient setting for substance abuse (SA). We use the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2000 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids Inpatient Database (HCUP-KID) which includes over 2.5 million admissions for youth age 20 and under to 2,784 hospitals in 27 states in the year 2000. Specifically, this analysis estimates national number of admissions, mean total charges, and mean lengths of stay for adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 admitted to an acute care hospital for the following diagnostic categories from the AHRQ's Clinical Classifications Software categories: "alcohol-related mental disorders" and "substance-related mental disorders". Frequency and percentage of total admissions were calculated for demographic variables of age, gender and income and for hospital characteristic variables of urban/rural designation and children's hospital designation.
A Reviwe of: “Berry Fruit: Value-Added Products for Health Promotion”

In a time when ordinary folks and agriculture professionals are exploring various medical and nutritional aspects of fruit plants, here comes a very valuable resource book on berry fruit, just in t...
An expert system for matrix analysis (ExMat)

A rule-based expert system (ExMat) for analyzing matrices and systems of linear equation is presented. ExMat allow the user to enter a coefficient matrix and the right-hand side vector of the system. Based on rules derived from the subject area of matrix theory and matrix numerical analysis, ExMat provides an expert analysis of the system. The analysis includes solvability of the systems, and the calculations of the proper inverse and solution of the system. The procedural knowledge of ExMat consists of a list of action rules determining the needed numerical procedure. The inference engine will consult the rule-based knowledge, the procedural knowledge, and then take the specified action. ExMat provides a significant improvement over standard numerical libraries in the sense that it uses its built-in analysis to select the appropriate numerical method. >
MR imaging quantitative analysis of fetal chiari II malformations and associated open neural tube defects: Balanced SSFP versus half-fourier RARE and interobserver reliability

Purpose To evaluate bSSFP (balanced steady state free precession) and half-Fourier RARE (rapid acceleration with relaxation enhancement) MRI sequences in their ability to demonstrate fetal anatomic landmarks, quantify the degree of cerebellar herniation in Chiari II malformations and level and length of the associated open neural tube defects, as well as evaluate interobserver reliability of these measurements. Materials and Methods Two independent observers retrospectively reviewed MRIs of 37 fetuses with Chiari II malformations and associated open neural tube defects (mean gestational age: 27 weeks 2 days). Comparison of bSSFP and RARE included: (i) Ability to confidently identify anatomic landmarks of the posterior fossa and spine; (ii) Measurements of the foramen magnum, cerebellar tonsillar herniation length, intervertebral disc space level of tonsillar herniation, open neural tube defect length, and disc space start and end level of the open neural tube defect; (iii) Observed conspicuity of anatomic landmarks. Results There was no significant difference in assessment of cerebellar tonsillar herniation or open neural tube defect level between bSSFP and RARE for either observer. Intervertebral discs were more conspicuous on bSSFP while cerebellar tonsils were more conspicuous on RARE (P < 0.05). Interobserver reliability was strong for both sequences in assessing the foramen magnum (r = 0.95, 0.94), tonsillar herniation length (r = 0.93, 0.95), and open neural tube defect length (r = 0.97, 0.96). Conclusion Despite improved conspicuity of the intervertebral discs with bSSFP and cerebellar tonsils with RARE, there is no significant difference in measurement of hindbrain herniation or open neural tube defect level; interobserver reliability is excellent for both sequences. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:786–793. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Widening Perspectives on Biodiversity

It is perhaps symbolic, and certainly appropriate, that a conference of this importance should begin with a talk that aims at “widening our perspectives on biodiversity”. An attempt to widen perspectives on biodiversity is, in my opinion, long past due. All of us at this conference recognize the importance of biodiversity. We all want to enjoy and to conserve our resources, yet biodiversity has somehow become an issue that “environmentalists” claim for themselves. Our goal, however, should not be to take the issue away from environmentalists, but to ensure that more voices from more constituencies are included in the discussion about biodiversity. This is a precondition for a more effective approach to the conservation, sustainable use, and equitable sharing of the potential benefits of biodiversity. But where do we begin? The topic of this conference is forbiddingly broad. And consider the subtitle: “Proposals for Action.” This further complicates matters. To act successfully we must think past the individual subject matters within the complex sciences of biotechnology and consider the other multiple sciences and social and economic factors that affect biodiversity. We must also, I dare suggest, step outside the province of science itself. Biodiversity is not a purely technical and scientific issue. For concrete and effective proposals for action, we must think in an all-encompassing way that invokes both traditional concepts of human culture and development, and those of environmental stewardship, which in my view are not two opposing principles, but complementary ideals that should guide the creation of our vision of the future and the steps we take to reach it.
The Role of Race in Determining 24-Hour Urine Composition in White and Asian/Pacific Islander Stone Formers

Purpose: We examined differences in 24-hour urine composition between white and Asian/Pacific Islander stone formers.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the 24-hour urinalysis database at a metabolic stone clinic. We identified and included in the study patients 18 years old or older who presented for the initial metabolic stone evaluation when race was marked as white or Asian/Pacific Islander in the electronic medical record. Univariate analysis was done to compare 24-hour urine composition between white and Asian/Pacific Islander stone formers. We performed multivariate linear regression adjusted for possible confounders, including age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thiazide use, potassium citrate use and 24-hour urine chemistry (volume, pH, calcium, citrate, creatinine, oxalate, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, sulfate and uric acid).Results: Included in analysis were 371 white and 91 Asian/Pacific Islander patients. On univariate analysis Asian/Pacif...
Real-time monitoring of tyrosine hydroxylase activity using a plate reader assay

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting step in dopamine (DA) synthesis, oxidizing tyrosine to l-DOPA, which is further metabolized to DA. Current assays for monitoring activity of this enzyme require extensive work-up, require long analysis time, and measure end points, thereby lacking real-time kinetics. This work presents the development of the first real-time colorimetric assay for determining the activity of TH using a plate reader. The production of l-DOPA is followed using sodium periodate to oxidize l-DOPA to the chromophore dopachrome, which can be monitored at 475 nm. Advantages to this method include decreased sample analysis time, shorter assay work-up, and the ability to run a large number of samples at one time. Furthermore, the assay was adapted for high-throughput screening and demonstrated an excellent Z-factor (>0.8), indicating suitability of this assay for high-throughput analysis. Overall, this novel assay reduces analysis time, increases sample number, and allows for the study of activity using real-time kinetics.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 and Ohio physicians

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the perspectives of Ohio physicians on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010. While much has been debated about ACA, relatively few studies have focused on how ACA will impact on physicians' practice behavior. Design/methodology/approach – The research data came from a mailed survey of ninety physicians randomly selected from the Cigna Directory of Physicians practicing in Ohio. Study examined how informed were physicians about ACA, and explored how much the effect of ACA has been discussed in their practice, how they think ACA will impact their practice, and whether or not they are in favor of the provisions under the Act. Findings – Overwhelmingly, while the physicians surveyed were familiar with the specific provisions of ACA, almost half of them opposed it. Primary care physicians reported generally favorable opinions about ACA. All but one of the physicians concluded that ACA, much like managed care provisions, has undermined and will contin...
Loyalty's influence on satisfaction in cross‐cultural settings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of customer loyalty on the predictive relationship between the meets expectations and affective feeling state customer satisfaction constructs and customers' future (re)purchase behavior.Design/methodology/approach – New measures were developed for the attitudinal and behavioral aspects of customer loyalty, while extant measures were used for the satisfaction constructs and future (re)purchase behavior, leading to a survey that was administered to US and Chinese samples. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling for testing hypotheses developed from extant literature.Findings – The study found that attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty are two distinct constructs with both US and Chinese samples, and that the influence of the two loyalty constructs on the predictive paths between meets expectations and affective feeling state and future (re)purchase intent vary by product category and culture.Research limitations/implicat...
Übergangsstrukturen in pericyclischen Reaktionen von Kohlenwasserstoffen

Rund funfundzwanzig Jahre nach der Entdeckung einer sehr umfangreichen neuen Klasse von Reaktionen in der Organischen Chemie, die von Woodward und Hoffmann als „pericyclische Reaktionen” bezeichnet wurden, lassen jetzt quantenmechanische ab-initio-Rechnungen eine detaillierte Analyse der Geometrien, Energien und elektronischen Eigenschaften der Ubergangsstrukturen solcher Reaktionen zu. All diese Reaktionen weisen Gemeinsamkeiten auf, die es ermoglichen, Vorhersagen uber die Geometrien und Energien anderer Ubergangsstrukturen zu machen. Sie zeigen aber auch eine grose Vielfalt an Ubergangsstrukturen, von stark gebundenen, geschlossenschaligen bis hin zu schwach gebundenen, flexiblen mit Diradikalcharakter.
Impact of a nurses strike on a medical center emergency department

A strike of registered nurses in a large voluntary teaching hospital required changes in prehospital and emergency department delivery of services. An explanation of how the strike was handled by one emergency department is offered, as are comments on implications for emergency physicians and lessons for future strike situations.
Absolute K -shell ionization cross-section measurements of B produced by 0.4–2.0-MeV H + and He + ions and by 0.6–1.2-MeV H 2 + ions

The K-shell ionization cross section of boron has been obtained for incident 0.4--2.0-MeV ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions and for 0.6--1.2-MeV ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ions in steps of 0.2 MeV. The cross sections were obtained from the boron KLL Auger yields of gaseous ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}.$ The present K-shell ionization cross sections are compared to existing experimental cross sections as well as to theoretical predictions.
An in silico screen links gene expression signatures to drug response in glioblastoma stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to promote resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. However, the use of high-throughput drug screens to discover novel small-molecule inhibitors for CSC has been hampered by their instability in long-term cell culture. We asked whether predictive models of drug response could be developed from gene expression signatures of established cell lines and applied to predict drug response in glioblastoma stem cells. Predictions for active compounds were confirmed both for 185 compounds in seven established glioma cell lines and 21 compounds in three glioblastoma stem cells. The use of established cell lines as a surrogate for drug response in CSC lines may enable the large-scale virtual screening of drug candidates that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to test directly in CSCs.
Changing Climate, Atmospheric Composition, and Radial Tree Growth in a Spruce-Fir Ecosystem on Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina

ABSTRACT: Grandfather Mountain (GFM) in western North Carolina has been an International Biosphere Reserve since 1992 and is recognized for its natural beauty and ecological diversity. Sixteen unique ecosystems occur on GFM, including a high elevation forest dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Fraser fir [Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Poir]. Changing climatic and atmospheric conditions, especially acidic deposition, can harm spruce-fir forests, and heavily impacted ecosystems can be found in nearby locales (e.g., Mount Mitchell, North Carolina) in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Given the ecological significance of the spruce-fir ecosystem on GFM, the primary objectives of this study were to determine: (1) whether radial growth rates of red spruce have changed in recent decades in response to environmental or climatic stimuli; (2) the driving forces behind radial tree growth; and (3) the degree of climate change experienced on GFM. I sampled 47 red spruce trees and developed a tree-ring chronolog...
Blind Dates in Sciences Dealing With Rejection in Peer Review

Every researcher remembers the moment when he or she sends in a manuscript or proposal for peer review. It is truly like going out on a blind date. Without knowing the identities of the peers, we often wait in the dark for an answer as to whether our best ideas will receive precious funding or years of hard labor will be recognized by a prestigious journal. Because our academic success and sometimes even viability depend on such an outcome, the wait can be excruciating. Unfortunately, as any seasoned member of the scientific community will warn you, the outcome of scientific peer reviews is dominated by rejection. Current funding levels at the National Institutes of Health imply that ≈90% of applications will be rejected and some top tier journals see even higher rejection rates among submitted manuscripts. Learning the odds-improving skills to navigate through various peer review processes has become a required course of scientific training and teaching curriculum for junior investigators.1 However, no matter how much you think you are prepared, the reality is, as long as we choose to pursue a scientific career, rejection from peer review will always be a constant in this occupation. Therefore, it is useful to discuss how to make the peer review experience constructive rather than destructive. In this article, we will focus our discussion on the peer review process for manuscripts, with particular insights provided by the editors of several leading scientific journals. With overwhelmingly negative verdicts and being blinded from much of the process, an author’s perception of peer review is expectedly dark and suspicious. Based on an online survey reported by Ho et al,2 less than half of authors think that biomedical journal review systems are fair and only a quarter of them think that the outcome is scientifically …
Are physiological oxygen concentrations mutagenic

HYPERBARIC oxygen is known to be mutagenic towards Escherichia coli1–3. But, can oxygen be mutagenic at tensions physiological to man? We have studied this question using oxygen-sensitive mutants of the histidine auxotroph strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium constructed by Ames and his coworkers as part of a test system for carcinogens4. We find that oxygen tensions physiological to higher animals are mutagenic towards these organisms.
Microstructure-based modeling of magneto-rheological elastomers

Filled with iron particles, polymers can be made responsive to magnetic fields. Specifically, the elastomers that change stiffness in response to a magnetic field are usually called magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs). Anisotropic MREs, in which the particles are aligned during curing and form chain-like structures, exhibit a more significant magneto-rheological (MR) effect, i.e. the field-induced stiffening. In this paper, we first develop a constitutive model for the nonlinear behavior of deformable solids under magnetic field. Based on the filler-substrate microstructure of MREs, we further implement the theory into a finite element method. The magneto-mechanical response of a representative unit cell of MRE is studied using the finite element method. The MR effect in both the shear modulus and the tensile modulus of an MRE is studied. In addition, we consider the viscoelasticity of the polymer matrix and study its effect on the properties of an MRE. Using the viscoelastic model for MRE, we also investigate the frequency dependence of the MR effect.
Level-crossing signals in stepwise fluorescence

Strong level crossing signals in stepwise fluorescence, investigating fine and hyperfine structure of atomic Li
A collisional-radiative study of low temperature tungsten plasma

A detailed fine-structure collisional radiative model with thousands of levels is developed to calculate the radiative properties of tungsten plasma in the low temperature range of 1–2 eV and a nominal ITER electron density of 1014 cm−3. A large configuration-average model is used to choose the important configurations for the fine-structure model. Calculations including the effect of configuration interaction and cross sections with various levels of approximation are compared. The calculations presented here should be of interest to the continuing efforts to model the radiative losses in large magnetic fusion devices, where relatively cold tungsten is found in the divertor region.
Choosing a treatment for cervicogenic headache: when? what? how much?

COMMENTARY ON: Haas M, Spegman A, Peterson D, et al. Dose-response and efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic cervicogenic headache: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Spine J 2010;10:117–128 ( in this issue ).
Sensitivity improvement using optimal design

The central aim of this paper is to show that, under broad but physically meaningful conditions, an optimally designed linear-regulator control system is also a system in which sensitivity to plant parameter variation is reduced by the application of feedback. The theory is applicable to multiple-input multiple-output systems. The result established thus links modern control-theory concepts to a concept of classical control theory.
Dopamine regulation of social choice in a monogamous rodent species

There is growing appreciation that social decision making in humans is strongly influenced by hedonic and emotional processing. The field of social neuroeconomics has shown that neural systems important for reward are associated with social choice and social preferences in humans. Here, we show that the neurobiology of social preferences in a monogamous rodent species, the prairie vole, is also regulated by neural systems involved in reward and emotional processing. Specifically, we describe how mesolimbic dopamine transmission differentially mediates the formation and maintenance of monogamous pair bonds in this species. Thus, reward processing exerts tremendous regulation over social choice behaviors that serve as the foundation of a rather complex social organization. We conclude that prairie voles are an excellent model system for the neuroscience of social choice and that complex social decision-making can be robustly explained by reward and hedonic processing.
Implications of Microphysics for Cloud-Radiation Parameterizations: Lessons from TOGA COARE

Abstract A single-column model (SCM) and observational data collected during TOGA COARE were used to investigate the sensitivity of model-produced cloud properties and radiative fluxes to the representation of cloud microphysics in the cloud-radiation parameterizations. Four 78-day SCM numerical experiments were conducted for the atmospheric column overlying the COARE Intensive Flux Array. Each SCM experiment used a different cloud-radiation parameterization with a different representation of cloud microphysics. All the SCM experiments successfully reproduced most of the observed temporal variability in precipitation, cloud fraction, shortwave and longwave cloud forcing, and downwelling surface shortwave flux. The magnitude and temporal variability of the downward surface longwave flux was overestimated by all the SCM experiments. This bias is probably due to clouds forming too low in the model atmosphere. Time-averaged model results were used to examine the sensitivity of model performance to the differe...
Uptake of 2-NBDG as a method to monitor therapy response in breast cancer cell lines

This study quantifies uptake of a fluorescent glucose analog, (2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose) (2-NBDG), in a large panel of breast cancer cells and demonstrates potential to monitor changes in glycolysis caused by anticancer and endocrine therapies. Expressions of glucose transporter (GLUT 1) and hexokinase (HK I), which phosphorylates 2-NBDG, were measured via western blot in two normal mammary epithelial and eight breast cancer cell lines of varying biological subtype. Fluorescence intensity of each cell line labeled with 100 μM 2-NBDG for 20 min or unlabeled control was quantified. A subset of cancer cells was treated with anticancer and endocrine therapies, and 2-NBDG fluorescence changes were measured. Expression of GLUT 1 was necessary for uptake of 2-NBDG, as demonstrated by lack of 2-NBDG uptake in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). GLUT 1 expression and 2-NBDG uptake was ubiquitous among all breast cancer lines. Reduction and stimulation of 2-NBDG uptake was demonstrated by perturbation with anticancer agents, lonidamine (LND), and α-cyano-hydroxycinnamate (α-Cinn), respectively. LND directly inhibits HK and significantly reduced 2-NBDG fluorescence in a subset of two breast cancer cell lines. Conversely, when cells were treated with α-Cinn, a drug used to increase glycolysis, 2-NBDG uptake was increased. Furthermore, tamoxifen (tam), a common endocrine therapy, was administered to estrogen receptor positive and negative (ER+/−) breast cells and demonstrated a decreased 2-NBDG uptake in ER+ cells, reflecting a decrease in glycolysis. Results indicate that 2-NBDG uptake can be used to measure changes in glycolysis and has potential for use in early drug development.
Parental Knowledge and Substance Use Among African American Adolescents: Influence of Gender and Grade Level

Parental knowledge is defined as parental awareness and information about a child’s activities, whereabouts, and associations that is obtained through parental monitoring, parental solicitation, or self-disclosure. Increased parental knowledge is generally associated with lower adolescent substance use; however, the influence of various contextual factors, such as adolescent gender and grade level is not well understood, particularly for different racial or ethnic groups. In the present study, we used Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling analyses to examine the longitudinal relationship of parental knowledge to adolescent substance use in the context of adolescent gender and grade level among 207 urban African American adolescents in grades 6–11. Results indicated that increased parental knowledge is associated with a concurrent lower likelihood of substance use across all types of substances examined (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, other drug use, and any drug use), but it did not predict changes in substance use 1 year later for the entire sample. However, analyses by gender and grade level showed that for boys and middle school youth, parental knowledge was a protective factor for increases in substance use across 1 year. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and health promotion interventions for adolescent substance use among African American youth.
Rabi frequency and optical bloch equations for a short femtosecond optical pulse

We investigate the interaction of a multilevel atom with a short femtosecond optical pulse beyond the scope of the rotating-wave approximation. We consider the behavior of a three-level atom under the action of two optical pulses resonant with two allowed transitions and a two-level atom under the action of a resonant optical pulse. It is shown that the imaginary part of the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix oscillates with high frequency due to the counter-rotating terms. It is shown also that an effective time-dependent addition to the Rabi frequency exists, which is of importance for ultrashort optical pulses.
The interchangeability of stimulatory factors isolated from three microbial RNA polymerases

Abstract The DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of three bacteria were resolved by phosphocellulose chromatography into minimal RNA polymerases and stimulatory factors. The latter had no intrinsic RNA polymerase activity but promoted the synthesis of RNA by the minimal enzyme. Under some conditions, the factor from one species of bacteria was able to stimulate the minimal enzyme from a heterologous species.
A critical role of CD29 and CD49f in mediating metastasis for cancer-initiating cells isolated from a Brca1-associated mouse model of breast cancer

Cancer metastasis is a lethal problem that claims the lives of over 90% of cancer patients. In this study, we have investigated metastatic potential of cancer stem cells (CSCs) isolated from mammary tumors of a Brca1-mutant mouse model. Our data indicated that CSCs, which are enriched in CD24+CD29+/CD49f+ cell population, displayed much higher migration ability than CD24−CD29−/CD49f− cells in tissue culture and enhanced metastatic potential in allograft-nude mice. CD24+CD29+ cells maintained the ability to differentiate and reconstitute heterogeneity in the metastatic tumors whereas CD24−CD29− cells could not. Corresponding to their enhanced metastatic ability, CD24+CD29+ cells exhibited features of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Finally, using short hairpin RNA to knock down CD29 and/or CD49f in metastatic cancer cells, we demonstrated that while acute knockdown of CD29 or CD49f alone slightly decreased cell migration ability, knockdown of both genes generated a profound effect to block their migration, revealing an overlapping, yet critical function of both genes in the migration of CSCs. Our findings indicate that in addition to serving as markers of CSCs, CD29 and CD49f may also serve as potential therapeutic targets for cancer metastasis.
Traditional Ankle Arthrodesis for the Treatment of Ankle Arthritis

Ankle arthritis is a disabling condition that can cause significant pain and disability. The first reported technique for ankle arthrodesis in treating arthritis was published in 1879. Early fusion rates, however, were low, and complication rates as high as 60% with nonunion rates of 40% have been reported. There have been more than 40 different surgical techniques recommended for ankle arthrodesis. Improvements in operative technique and methods of fixation have led to significantly better rates of union and fewer complications. Studies by Kitaoka, Mann and Rongstad, and Morgan and colleagues report approximately 90% union rates. The authors review the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and traditional methods of fixation for ankle arthrodesis.
Nanomaterial Enabled Laser Transfer of Temperature Sensitive Organic Light Emitting Diode Materials

Organic material direct writing is demonstrated based on nanomaterial enabled laser transfer (NELT). Through utilization of proper nanoparticle size and type, and the laser wavelength choice, a single laser pulse could transfer well defined and arbitrarily shaped tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)Al patterns ranging from several microns to millimeter size. The unique properties of nanomaterials allow laser induced forward transfer at irradiation energies and temperatures lower than commonly used. The technique may be well suited for the mass production of temperature sensitive devices.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Electromagnetic scattering by slots on a sphere

The scattered field when a plane wave is incident on a slotted perfectly conducting sphere is obtained by superposition of the scattered field from an unslotted sphere and the radiation field from the slot on the sphere. The slot is a finite, thin circumferential slot backed by a cavity which is characterised by an admittance. The induced voltage is represented by a sinusoidal distribution. The amplitude of the induced voltage is then related, in the combined problem, to the incident field by expressing it in terms of the radiating and load admittance of the slot. Expressions for the radiation admittance and the scattered fields are derived. Positions of slots with respect to the orientation of the incident plane wave which give rise to maximum or minimum scattering are discussed. Various special cases, such as the half-circumferential slot and the full-circumferential slot, are also derived.
Glutamatergic and cholinergic inputs from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta

Postsynaptic responses of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPN) were studied in in vitro slice preparations in the rat. The recorded neurons were intracellularly injected with biocytin and also identified as DA neurons by an immunocytochemical technique. PPN stimulation induced in DA neurons monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that consisted of early transient and slow components. An application of anti-glutamatergic agents (1 mM kynurenic acid and/or 30 microM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX)) in the bathing media partially suppressed the EPSPs, indicating that PPN inputs to SNc DA neurons are glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic. Anti-glutamatergic resistant EPSPs were suppressed by applications of anti-cholinergic agents such as atropine, mecamylamine, and pirenzepine. These data indicate a convergence of glutamatergic and cholinergic excitatory inputs from the PPN to SNc DA neurons and that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are involved in the cholinergic transmission.
Assessing and predicting functional impairment in Alzheimer's disease: the emerging role of frontal system dysfunction.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with neuropsychologic and neuropsychiatric dysfunction and is a leading cause of disability among the elderly. Impairments in activities of daily living (ADL) contribute significantly to the disability reported among patients with AD and diminish quality of life for patients and their families. ADL assessment represents an important component of the diagnosis, tracking, and management of AD. Further, an understanding of the determinants of ADL dysfunction is critical for the early identification of individuals at risk for functional disability and for improved patient care. This manuscript reviews methods for assessing ADL in patients with AD and summarizes the available literature on the neuropsychologic and neuropsychiatric correlates of functional impairment in AD. The emerging role of frontal system dysfunction as an important determinant of ADL impairment is discussed, and recommendations for clinical practice and future research are provided.
The Regionalization of Climate in the Western United States

Abstract The western United States is divided into climatic regions based on the air masses that predominate during the winter and summer. Equivalent potential temperature, chosen because it apparently best reduces the effect of elevation on air masses, is the parameter used to determine the locations of mean air mass boundaries during each month of the year. The climatic regions defined aid in understanding the causes of the climates of the West.
Producing a Composite Surface Using Friction Stir Processing

Aluminum alloys would have much wider usage in bearing applications if their wear-resistance could be significantly improved. This investigation developed a solid-state surface engineering process to form an aluminum-alumina composite surface by friction stirring ceramic particles into an aluminum surface to improve the surface hardness and wear-resistance without sacrificing the bulk ductility and conductivity. Composite layers have been successfully processed on pure aluminum (Al 1100) surfaces that have a relatively uniform particle distribution with a concentration up to 25 vol% of alumina. Microscopic examination showed that particles were severely fractured during friction stir processing and, accordingly, the particle size decreased from the original 10–50 μm to 1–5 μm in the friction stir processed composite layer. The microindentation hardness of the aluminum surface was increased from 0.33 to 0.70 GPa (HV) and the wear-resistance was improved by 30X when rubbing against a bearing steel. It has been demonstrated that powder placement methods and process parameters can be tailored to improve particle dispersion and surface hardness. Unlike most other surface engineering techniques, this process can form very thick layers, up to centimeters in thickness, avoiding delamination because of the inherent material continuity.© 2007 ASME
Deep-Ultraviolet Raman Measurements Using a Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS).

A deep-ultraviolet (UV) 244 nm excitation spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) is demonstrated for the first time. The deep-UV SHRS has no moving parts, and even though it is small for a deep-UV Raman spectrometer, the spectral resolution is shown to be about 4 cm−1. The deep-UV SHRS also has a large input aperture and acceptance angle, and the resulting large field of view is shown to be useful to avoid laser-induced sample degradation. In this feasibility study, Raman spectra of several compounds are measured to demonstrate the spectral resolution and range of the system. A photosensitive compound is also measured to demonstrate the use of a large laser spot to minimize UV-laser-induced sample degradation.
Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: in situ lysosomal damage.

Primary cultures of rat myocardial cells which were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation, 2 conditions associated with ischemia, were evaluated for alterations in lysosomal integrity. A photometric technique measured changes in latent acid phosphatase activity and lysosomal membrane permeability.
DEXAMETHASONE AND ITS EFFECT ON ADRENAL FUNCTION IN PREMATURES

Fourteen pregnant patients at 26-33 weeks of gestation received up to 6 doses of either 4 mg dexamethasone phosphate or placebo intramuscularly. All were delivered within 12 hours of the last dose. The mean (±SE) birth weight and gestational age of the treated group of 1405±33 gm and 31.0±1.1 weeks was not different (p>0.05) from that of the nontreated group (1600±230 gm and 30.4±0.9 weeks). Maternal and umbilical venous blood samples were obtained at delivery, and the concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS), cortisol (F), cortisone (E), and dexamethasone (Dexa) was measured by radioimmunoassay with the following results (expressed as μg/100 ml): These data indicate that at 26-33 weeks of gestation, dexamethasone will readily cross the placenta and suppress fetal adrenal function. Umbilical venous cortisol and cortisone levels at 26-33 weeks are comparable to those found in term pregnancy and the degree of fetal adrenal suppression following multiple doses of dexamethasone is similar to that seen following a single 4 mg dose of dexamethasone given at term pregnancy.
Novel infiltrated Phlogopite mica compressive seals for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract A novel compressive Phlogopite mica seal was developed that showed superior thermal cycle stability with very low leak rates at 800 °C. A commercially available Phlogopite mica paper was infiltrated with a wetting or melt-forming agent, and tested in a hybrid form during thermal cycling. The results of H 3 BO 3 -infiltrated mica showed a continued decrease in leak rates over thermal cycling, and very low rates ( −4 sccm/cm) were obtained after ∼15 thermal cycles. The results of Bi-nitrate infiltrated mica exhibited a constant leak rate of (1–4)×10 −3 sccm/cm over 36 thermal cycles. The leak rates of the infiltrated mica were one to two orders of magnitude lower than leak rates for the as-received micas. Open circuit voltage tests were also conducted using dense 8YSZ plates to assess the effectiveness of the mica seals. Open circuit voltages equivalent to, or close to, the theoretical (Nernst) values were obtained.
A study of the oxidation of mesophase

Abstract Oxidation of the mesophase pitch is an essential step in the stabilization of mesophase pitch fibers. The detailed mechanism of this oxidation is almost unknown; thus, this work presents the results of the application of modern characterization techniques to study the mechanism of the oxidation process and to analyze the structural changes which occur during oxidation. The weight change occurring during the heating of 100% mesophase particles in air was measured using a thermal-gravimetric technique. Changes in intermolecular spacing were deduced from electron diffraction data, and relative oxygen profiles were obtained from the results of ultrathin window Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDS). Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was used to quantify the relative data obtained. Diffusive Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRFTIR) was used to identify some of the functional groups resulting from the oxidation.
Physical Properties and CO2 Reaction Pathway of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with Aprotic Heterocyclic Anions.

Ionic liquids (ILs) with aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHA) are attractive candidates for CO2 capture technologies. In this study, a series of AHA ILs with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([emim]+) cations were synthesized, and their physical properties (density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity) were measured. In addition, CO2 solubility in each IL was determined at room temperature using a volumetric method at pressures between 0 and 1 bar. The AHAs are basic anions that are capable of reacting stoichiometrically with CO2 to form carbamate species. An interesting CO2 uptake isotherm behavior was observed, and this may be attributed to a parallel, equilibrium proton exchange process between the imidazolium cation and the basic AHA in the presence of CO2, followed by the formation of “transient” carbene species that react rapidly with CO2. The presence of the imidazolium-carboxylate species and carbamate anion species was verified using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. While the reaction between CO2 and the propo...
Unidimensional IRT Calibration of Compensatory and Noncompensatory Multidimensional Items

The characteristics of unidimensional ability esti mates obtained from data generated using multidimen sional compensatory models were compared with esti mates from noncompensatory IRT models. Reckase, Carlson, Ackerman, and Spray (1986) reported that when a compensatory model is used and item diffi culty is confounded with dimensionality, the composi tion of the unidimensional ability estimates differs for different points along the unidimensional ability (θ) scale. Eight datasets (four compensatory, four non compensatory) were generated for four different levels of correlated two-dimensional θs. In each dataset, dif ficulty was confounded with dimensionality and then calibrated using LOGIST and BILOG. The confounding of difficulty and dimensionality affected the BILOG cal ibration of response vectors using matched multidi mensional item parameters more than it affected the LOGIST calibration. As the correlation between the generated two-dimensional θs increased, the response data became more unidimensio...
On matched asymptotic expansions for two dimensional elastodynamic diffraction by cracks

Abstract For two-dimensional diffraction by a crack in an elastic solid it is shown that the geometrical theory of diffraction represents an asymptotic solution to the equations of linear elastodynamics, which satisfies the boundary conditions of vanishing tractions on the crack faces. The analysis consists of matching an outer solution valid far from the edge of the crack to an inner solution valid near the crack edge. The outer solution fails on the boundary of the region containing direct rays, as well as on the boundaries of the regions containing reflected rays of longitudinal and transverse motion. Uniform corrections to the theory are given which provide a smooth transition across these boundaries.
Multiple component self-control treatment program for air travel discomfort

Abstract Five persons with different histories of air travel discomfort were trained to use relaxation, thought stopping and positive self-statements as self-control coping skills. Participation on a post-training flight and self-report measures indicated that all subjects had overcome their travel fears successfully. Four out of five individuals reported maintenance of treatment gains at 16-months' follow-up.
Isolation of Human Parathyroid Hormone

Human parathyroid hormone was extracted from parathyroid tumors and purified 40,000-fold to a stage apparently homogeneous on polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The course of purification was monitored by radioimmunoassay modified for rapid analysis of the limited amounts of hormone available from human parathyroid tumors. The molecular size and charge properties of human and bovine parathyroid hormone are similar, but distinct differences in animo acid composition exist. These structural differences presumably account for the documented differences in immunological properties. (Endocrinology 89: 234, 1971)
The Significance of CMP Cache Sharing on Contemporary Multithreaded Applications

Cache sharing on modern Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) reduces communication latency among corunning threads, and also causes interthread cache contention. Most previous studies on the influence of cache sharing have concentrated on the design or management of shared cache. The observed influence is often constrained by the reliance on simulators, the use of out-of-date benchmarks, or the limited coverage of deciding factors. This paper describes a systematic measurement of the influence with most of the potentially important factors covered. The measurement shows some surprising results. Contrary to commonly perceived importance of cache sharing, neither positive nor negative effects from the cache sharing are significant for most of the program executions in the PARSEC benchmark suite, regardless of the types of parallelism, input data sets, architectures, numbers of threads, and assignments of threads to cores. After a detailed analysis, we find that the main reason is the mismatch between the software design (and compilation) of multithreaded applications and CMP architectures. By performing source code transformations on the programs in a cache-sharing-aware manner, we observe up to 53 percent performance increase when the threads are placed on cores appropriately, confirming the software-hardware mismatch as a main reason for the observed insignificance of the influence from cache sharing, and indicating the important role of cache-sharing-aware transformations-a topic only sporadically studied so far-for exerting the power of shared cache.