cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Describing and analyzing distributed software system designs

In this paper we outline an approach to describing and analyzing designs for distributed software systems. A descriptive notation is introduced, and analysis techniques applicable to designs expressed in that notation are presented. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by applying it to a realistic distributed software-system design problem involving mutual exclusion in a computer network.
An Input-Output Criterion for Linear Model Deduction

Model order deduction algorithms have been developed in an effort to automate the production of accurate, minimal complexity models of dynamic systems in order to aid in the design of these systems. Previous algorithms, MODA and Extended MODA, deduce models independent of system inputs and outputs. FD-MODA uses frequency response methods to deduce models of a single input-output pair. In this paper, an input-output criterion based on controllability and observability is combined with the frequency based criterion used by MODA. The new model deduction algorithm, IO-MODA, compares the ratio of the adjacent diagonal values of the system gramian to a user specified threshold. The gramian is computed from a balanced realization of the system. IO-MODA generates an accurate multiple-input multiple-output model of minimum order with physically meaningful states. This model is called a proper MIMO model. An example problem is used to demonstrate this new model deduction algorithm.@S0022-0434~00!02103-1#
Crisis Communication and the Underserved: The Case for Partnering with Institutions of Faith

A continuing program of research points to faith and spirituality as a critical resource in managing psychological duress, especially among minority communities in the United States. The current essay argues for crisis communication research and campaign efforts that partner with religious organizations in order to reach historically underserved and at-risk communities.
Addressing Personnel Needs for Rural Areas

A chronic shortage of early interventionists and special educators exists in rural areas. The authors argue that special rural knowledge and skills may be required for early interventionists and special educators to be satisfied and productive in rural areas. Both recruitment and retention of rural special educators can be challenging, leading in many states to gaps in services for infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities who live with their families in rural or remote areas. This article began with a review of the literature on personnel preparation for rural services. It summarizes data from 96 recent rural personnel preparation projects funded by U.S. Department of Education (USDE), Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) and shares the results of an e-mail survey of the directors of recent OSEP rural projects that have concluded. Based on this triad of sources, the authors discuss (a) rural knowledge and skills to be incorporated into personnel preparation programs, (b) effective r...
Excess temperatures at ocean islands: Implications for mantle layering and convection

To test for the prevalence of mantle plumes and the existence of mantle layering, temperatures ( T ) are estimated for 28 oceanic hotspots, using olivine-liquid equilibria ( T ol-liq). There are 27 localities that have T ol-liq hotter than mid-ocean ridges (MOR), by 99–233 °C (average = 146 ± 26 °C), which translates to mantle potential temperatures that exceed those of MOR by 114–290 °C (average = 173 ± 38 °C). Thermally driven mantle plumes are thus common, not rare. Moreover, mantle temperatures at ocean islands are positively correlated with buoyancy flux and 3He/4He. The correlation with buoyancy affirms that oceanic swells are thermal in origin. The positive correlation with 3He/4He is inconsistent with the notion that high 3He/4He and depleted MOR mantle derive from the same layer, but instead shows that high 3He/4He is tied to a lower thermal boundary layer, and thus that the mantle is compositionally layered. Mantle temperatures are negatively correlated with Pb isotope ratios, supporting a model by C. Class and S.L. Goldstein that this deep, high 3He/4He layer may be depleted.
Reducing the grade disparities between American Indians and Euro-American students in introduction to psychology through small-group, peer-mentored, supplemental instruction

Supplemental instruction (SI) is a small-group, peer-mentored programme which is compatible with the learning preferences of American Indian students. We tested the hypothesis that SI is a compensatory strategy that reduces the differences in the grades earned in introduction to psychology by Euro-American and American Indian students. The sample consisted of 129 American Indian students and 4588 Euro-American students enrolled in introduction to psychology at a US university. As hypothesised, a multi-level model yielded a significant (p < .01) interaction between SI and ethnicity on course grade. Whereas for non-SI users, the gap between Euro-American and American Indian students was .71 grade points, for SI users, it was only .15 grade points. Strategies should be devised for increasing SI visits by students enrolled in introduction to psychology, particularly those who belong to American Indian tribes.
Reexamining the Calculus of Voting

This study applies social cognitive theory to the study of voter turnout, examining the effects of self-efficacy on citizens' decisions of whether or not to vote. Consistent with recent arguments in cognitive psychology (Fenton-O'Creevy, Nicholson, Soane, & Willman, 2003, 2005), I argue that excessive perceptions of self-efficacy lead some citizens to overestimate their vote's impact in close elections and to vote as a consequence of these perceptions. This illusion of control is further engendered by the features of skill-based activities such as choice, personal involvement, stimulus familiarity, and exertion of effort (Langer, 1975) that are inherent in the act of voting. Employing both cross-sectional and panel data, I find that individuals with high levels of self efficacy are more likely to be moved to vote by perceptions that an election will be close than are citizens with low levels of self-efficacy.
When Good Pain Turns Bad

Classically, pain is viewed as being mediated solely by neurons. However, recent research has shown that activated glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) within the spinal cord amplify pain. These nonneuronal cells play a major role in the creation and maintenance of pathological pain. Glia become activated by immune challenges (viral or bacterial infection) and by substances released by neurons within the pain pathway. Activated glia amplify pain by releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, research findings suggest a novel approach to human pain control that targets glia. In addition, it is likely that such glial-neuronal interactions are not unique to pain, but rather reflect a general rule of sensory processing.
Factors controlling adsorption equilibria from solution onto solid surfaces: the uptake of cinchona alkaloids on platinum surfaces.

The room-temperature adsorption of four closely related cinchona alkaloids and three reference quinoline-based compounds from CCl4 solutions onto a polycrystalline platinum surface was characterized by in situ reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The adsorption equilibrium constants (Kads) were found to follow the sequence cinchonine > quinidine > cinchonidine > quinine > 6-methoxyquinoline > lepidine > quinoline. Some of this ordering can be explained by differences in solubility, but quinidine displays a much larger Kads than expected on the basis of its large relative solubility; bonding to the surface must also play a role in determining its behavior. It was determined that each alkaloid binds differently on Pt at saturation coverages. While the quinoline ring of cinchonidine tilts along its long axis to optimize π−π intermolecular interactions, in cinchonine it tilts along the short axis and bonds through the lone electron pair of the nitrogen atom instead, and both quinine and quinid...
Acquisition of the People Concept in Pigeons

The present investigation sought to determine the minimal number of positive and negative examples of a complex concept necessary for criterion mastery. A complex concept was defined as one in which the stimulus properties are not easily specified by physical measurement. Ss were presented with a stimulus display containing pictures of people and pictures where people were absent. Responses to pictures of people were reinforced with food. The results indicated that (1) pigeons rapidly form a complex concept where they are required to meet criterion performance on each discrimination problem, (2) the minimal number of positive and negative examples of the concept required to reach mastery ranged from 3 to 17, and (3) this procedure proved to be a successful and efficient method for studying complex concepts.
The Use of Barley in High-Efficiency Broiler Rations: 2. Effect of Stabilized Animal Fat and Pelleting on Efficiency of Feed Utilization and Water Consumption,

ABSTRACT IN A prior report, Arscott et al. (1955), data were presented showing that barley may replace up to one-half of the ground grain component of a high-efficiency broiler ration fed to battery raised chicks provided such rations were fortified with 4 or 8 percent stabilized animal fat. It is the purpose of this paper to report further on this problem with emphasis at this time given to floor confined broilers fed varying amounts of barley and stabilized animal fat in mash or pellet form. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Trial 1. Use of varying levels of animal fat, barley and corn: Experiments 1 and 2 consisted of seven lots of 250 Red Cornish × New Hampshire broilers confined to floor pens in a naturally ventilated building under electric hovers with a twelve hour lighting period to nine weeks of age. The experimental design of experiment 1 consisted of replacing corn with one-half or . . .
Tor1/Sch9-Regulated Carbon Source Substitution Is as Effective as Calorie Restriction in Life Span Extension

The effect of calorie restriction (CR) on life span extension, demonstrated in organisms ranging from yeast to mice, may involve the down-regulation of pathways, including Tor, Akt, and Ras. Here, we present data suggesting that yeast Tor1 and Sch9 (a homolog of the mammalian kinases Akt and S6K) is a central component of a network that controls a common set of genes implicated in a metabolic switch from the TCA cycle and respiration to glycolysis and glycerol biosynthesis. During chronological survival, mutants lacking SCH9 depleted extracellular ethanol and reduced stored lipids, but synthesized and released glycerol. Deletion of the glycerol biosynthesis genes GPD1, GPD2, or RHR2, among the most up-regulated in long-lived sch9Δ, tor1Δ, and ras2Δ mutants, was sufficient to reverse chronological life span extension in sch9Δ mutants, suggesting that glycerol production, in addition to the regulation of stress resistance systems, optimizes life span extension. Glycerol, unlike glucose or ethanol, did not adversely affect the life span extension induced by calorie restriction or starvation, suggesting that carbon source substitution may represent an alternative to calorie restriction as a strategy to delay aging.
For people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation rivaroxaban is non-inferior to warfarin for preventing stroke or embolism, with no difference in the risk of clinically relevant bleeding.

Commentary on: Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883–91.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Atrial fibrillation (AF) significantly increases the risk of thromboembolism. Until recently, thromboprophylaxis in high-risk AF patients has been limited to vitamin K antagonists. Emerging, novel oral anticoagulants are more selective, targeting specific steps in the coagulation cascade. These agents include direct thrombin inhibitors such as dabigatran and Factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban, and apixaban. These medications bring the potential for decreased monitoring and improved risk profiles with regard to bleeding and drug-drug interactions. Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) was an international, multicentre, event-driven non-inferiority trial comparing rivaroxaban versus dose-adjusted warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism (primary efficacy endpoint). ROCKET AF enrolled 14264 patients with non-valvular AF at moderate to high risk of stroke and randomised them in a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DPatel%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D365%26rft.issue%253D10%26rft.spage%253D883%26rft.epage%253D891%26rft.atitle%253DRivaroxaban%2Bversus%2Bwarfarin%2Bin%2Bnonvalvular%2Batrial%2Bfibrillation.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1009638%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21830957%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1009638&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=21830957&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F17%2F5%2F148.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000294595600004&link_type=ISI
Hereditary and somatic DNA mismatch repair gene mutations in sporadic endometrial carcinoma

Editor—Endometrial cancer (EC) is the second most common malignancy in the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome.1 In a recent large study, cumulative cancer incidences by the age of 70 in HNPCC mutation carriers were: colorectal 82%, endometrial 60%, gastric 13%, and ovarian 12%.2 Interestingly, in female mutation carriers the incidence of endometrial cancer (60%) exceeded that of colorectal cancer (CRC) (54%), as had been suggested earlier.2 3 Predisposition to HNPCC is the result of germline mutations in the mismatch repair genes.4 Detectable mutations in the two major genes, MLH1 and MSH2 , account for some 3% of all colorectal cancers.5 One might therefore assume that a similar proportion of all endometrial cancer patients would have such mutations; however, in a number of studies addressing this question, extremely few germline mutations have been found. Summarising the studies by Katabuchi et al ,6Kobayashi et al ,7 Lim et al ,8 Gurin et al ,9 and Kowalski et al ,10 only one germline mutation (in MLH1 ) was found in a total of 352 EC patients (0.3%). In these studies, mutations were sought in all patients whose tumours were microsatellite instability (MSI) positive. Recent reports have suggested that MSH6 might account for many endometrial cancers and that families with these mutations show atypical features of HNPCC with endometrial and ovarian cancers outnumbering colorectal cancers.11 12Additionally, MSI, a hallmark of HNPCC, was low in most tumours associated with MSH6 mutations or was preferentially shown by mononucleotide repeats rather than dinucleotide repeats.12-14 Previous studies have reported that 9-25% of sporadic endometrial cancers display microsatellite instability .7 9 15-18 In the majority of cases, this instability arises through hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter region.9 19-21 This epigenetic change results …
TRANSCRIPTION-ASSOCIATED MUTAGENESIS IN YEAST IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE LEVEL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLUENCED BY THE DIRECTION OF DNA REPLICATION

A high level of transcription has been associated with elevated spontaneous mutation and recombination rates in eukaryotic organisms. To determine whether the transcription level is directly correlated with the degree of genomic instability, we have developed a tetracycline-regulated LYS2 reporter system to modulate the transcription level over a broad range in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that spontaneous mutation rate is directly proportional to the transcription level, suggesting that movement of RNA polymerase through the target initiates a mutagenic process(es). Using this system, we also investigated two hypotheses that have been proposed to explain transcription-associated mutagenesis (TAM): (1) transcription impairs replication fork progression in a directional manner and (2) DNA lesions accumulate under high-transcription conditions. The effect of replication fork progression was probed by comparing the mutational rates and spectra in yeast strains with the reporter gene placed in two different orientations near a well-characterized replication origin. The effect of endogenous DNA damage accumulation was investigated by studying TAM in strains defective in nucleotide excision repair or in lesion bypass by the translesion polymerase Polzeta. Our results suggest that both replication orientation and endogenous lesion accumulation play significant roles in TAM, particularly in terms of mutation spectra.
Snapshots of the maltose transporter during ATP hydrolysis.

ATP-binding cassette transporters are powered by ATP, but the mechanism by which these transporters hydrolyze ATP is unclear. In this study, four crystal structures of the full-length wild-type maltose transporter, stabilized by adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate or ADP in conjunction with phosphate analogs , , or , were determined to 2.2- to 2.4-Å resolution. These structures led to the assignment of two enzymatic states during ATP hydrolysis and demonstrate specific functional roles of highly conserved residues in the nucleotide-binding domain, suggesting that ATP-binding cassette transporters catalyze ATP hydrolysis via a general base mechanism.
Wafer Level Packaging to Address Future Direct Chip Attach Needs

This paper covers results from early pathfinding investigations of a wafer level package (WLP) technology that addresses future direct chip attach (DCA) needs. An overview of the WLP technology and pathfinding results covering key process flow evaluations and future challenges to apply the concept to DCA are presented. Proof-of-concept (POC) of 300mm wafer-level mold integrating with Cu bumps was demonstrated by investigating the mold thickness uniformity, wafer warpage, and solder joint reliability on the board. We conclude with a discussion of the key risk areas remaining challenges that includes the mold grinding thickness variance control, optimization of the material properties, and alternative low cost bumping technologies scalable less than 0.3mm pitch, and outline the next steps to continue data collection on the wafer warpage behavior, the die breakage strength, and the board level assembly process using a standard surface mount infrastructure in our pathfinding work.
A framework for adaptive wavelet prediction in self-sizing networks

In this paper, we propose a traffic predictor based on multiresolution decomposition for the adaptive bandwidth control in locally controlled self-sizing networks. A self-sizing network can provide quantitative packet-level QoS to aggregate traffic by allocating link/switch capacity automatically and adaptively using online traffic data. In a locally controlled network such as Internet, resource allocation decisions are made at the node level. We show that wavelet based adaptive bandwidth control method performs better than other popular methods like Gaussian predictor for such applications. We have compared the performance of different ortho-normal wavelets and found that Haar wavelet is best suited for traffic prediction. We have studied the effect of other wavelet parameters such as size of the window and number of filter coefficients. We also propose a novel adaptive wavelet predictor which can adapt very well to the changes of incoming bursty traffic.
Regular Article: A Consistent Hybrid Finite-Volume/Particle Method for the PDF Equations of Turbulent Reactive Flows

The paper describes a new hybrid finite-volume (FV)/particle method developed for the solution of the PDF equations for statistically stationary turbulent reactive flows. In this approach, the conservation equations for mean mass, momentum, and energy conservation are solved by a FV method while a particle algorithm is employed to solve the fluctuating velocity-turbulence frequency-compositions joint PDF transport equation. The mean velocity and pressure are supplied to the particle code by the FV code which in turn obtains all the Reynolds stresses, the scalar fluxes, and the reaction terms needed in the FV code. An important feature of the method is the complete consistency between the set of equations solved by the FV and particle methods. The algorithmic and numerical issues arising in the development of the hybrid method are studied in the simple setting of the stochastic ideal flow equations. Numerical results are obtained for 1D reactive stochastic ideal flow to demonstrate numerical properties of the method. The total numerical error is identified as statistical error, bias, spatial truncation error, and temporal truncation error. In contrast to the self-contained particle method, the bias is found to be negligibly small. It is shown that all the numerical errors converge at the expected rates. Finally, the global convergence of the hybrid method is demonstrated and the optimal strategy for time-averaging that gives the best global convergence rate is investigated.
Quantifying correlations between isovector observables and the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy away from saturation density

According to the Hugenholtz-Van Hove theorem, the nuclear symmetry energy $S(\ensuremath{\rho})$ and its slope $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$ at arbitrary densities can be decomposed in terms of the density and momentum dependence of the single-nucleon potentials in isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter. We quantify the correlations between several well-known isovector observables and $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$ to locate the density range in which each isovector observable is most sensitive to the density dependence of the $S(\ensuremath{\rho})$. We then study the correlation coefficients between those isovector observables and all the components of the $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$. The neutron skin thickness of ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ is found to be strongly correlated with the $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$ at a subsaturation density of $\ensuremath{\rho}=0.59{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ through the density dependence of the first-order symmetry potential. Neutron star radii are found to be strongly correlated with the $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$ over a wide range of suprasaturation densities mainly through both the density and momentum dependence of the first-order symmetry potential. Finally, we find that although the crust-core transition pressure has a complex correlation with the $L(\ensuremath{\rho})$, it is strongly correlated with the momentum derivative of the first-order symmetry potential and the density dependence of the second-order symmetry potential.
Mobile IP and virtual private networks

With a growing number of portable computing devices like laptops and personal digital assistants (PDA), the need for seamless connectivity to the global Internet is driving the acceptance of different mobility solutions. Mobile IP is one of the widely accepted mobility solutions for mobile nodes. Though mobile IP caters the seamless connectivity requirements of the mobile nodes, the issues regarding quality of service (QoS) and security remains unsolved. Most of the corporate users like to have seamless connectivity along with security and QoS while they are roaming in the foreign network. The issues related to security and QoS becomes more complicated when dealing with a network on the move (mobile network). A virtual private network (VPN) can be used as an alternative mobility solution to cater the security and QoS in addition to mobility. In the current research work, we evaluate the QoS provided by these alternative mobility solutions as compared to the traditional mobile IP.
Prazosin Treatment of Nightmares Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

OBJECTIVE:To describe current data evaluating the use of prazosin in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who are experiencing nightmares.DATA SOURCES:A literature search using MEDLINE (1966–March 2007) and the Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress database (1982–March 2007) was conducted using the search terms α-antagonist, α-blocker, prazosin, and posttraumatic stress disorder. References of identified articles were reviewed for additional citations.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All English-language articles regarding the use of prazosin in adults with nightmares related to PTSD were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that develops in some people after exposure to trauma. Sleep disturbances occur in up to 70% of patients with PTSD. Several neurotransmitters have been implicated in the pathophysiology of sleep disturbances in PTSD. Adrenergic agents that inhibit norepinephrine, such as prazosin, may decrease the arousal produced by norepinephrine in ...
Trajectory duplication using relative position information for automated ground vehicle convoys

A strategy to enhance the accuracy of path following for autonomous ground vehicles in a convoy is presented. GPS carrier measurements are used to estimate relative position with sub-two centimeter accuracy and a change in position to millimeter accuracy. These estimates are used in conjunction with three methods presented that enable a following vehicle to replicate a lead vehiclepsilas path of travel while both are in motion and not in sight of one another. Accuracies of the methods achieved in simulation are shown with discussion on the benefits and shortcomings of each method. Simulation results show a 1.6 meter error at a 50 m following distance. Discussion explains the inaccuracies are due to the limitations inherent in the selected vehicle controller and not necessarily in the trajectory duplication methods.
MAXIMIZING NONHUMAN PRIMATE FECAL SAMPLING IN THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Techniques for detection of pathogens in wildlife feces allow disease surveillance of species that are difficult to locate and capture (e.g., great apes). However, optimal strategies for detection of feces in logistically challenging environments, such as the forests of Central Africa, have not been developed. We modeled fecal gorilla sampling in the Republic of Congo with computer simulations to explore the performance of different fecal sampling designs in large tropical landscapes. We simulated directed reconnaissance walk (recce) and line-transect distance-sampling survey designs and combinations thereof to maximize the number of fecal samples collected, while also estimating relative ape density on a virtual landscape. We analyzed the performance of different sampling designs across different densities and distributions of ape populations, assessing each for accuracy as well as cost and time efficiencies. Past ape density surveys and fecal deposition rates were used to parameterize the simulated feca...
Comment on: Early Enteral Supplementation With Key Pharmaconutrients Improves Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: Outcome of a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Trial

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of an early enteral pharmaconutrition supplement containing glutamine dipeptides, antioxidative vitamins and trace elements, and butyrate in critically ill, septic patients. Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: Fifty-five critically ill, septic patients requiring enteral feeding. Interventions: Patients received either an enteral supplement (500 ml of Intestamin, Fresenius Kabi) containing conditionally essential nutrients or a control solution via the nasogastric route for up to 10 days. Inclusion occurred within 24 hours of intensive care unit admission. Additionally, patients received enteral feeding with an immunonutrition formula (experimental group) or standard formula (control group) initiated within 48 hours after enrollment. Measurements and main results: Organ dysfunction was assessed by daily total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) s...
Kinetics Of Dopant Distribution In Lpe Grown GaAs Epi-Layer

We have studied the distribution and diffusion of Te, Mg, and Zn dopants in GaAs which was grown by an LPE process. It was found that the distribution of the dopant atoms of Te and Zn in the Te-doped n-type epi-layer on the Zn-doped p-type substrate showed a sharp and clear interface. In contrast, the dopant distribution of Mg and Zn in the Mg-doped p-type epi-layer on the Zn-doped substrate indicated a diffuse interface because of significant interdiffusion. The X-ray diffraction of these epi-layers and substrates revealed that the Mg-doped epi-layer showed rather poorer crystalline quality than the other specimens. These experimental results can be accounted for by a model of charged vacancies in a p-type GaAs.
Ploidy and hybridity effects on growth vigor and gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana hybrids and their parents

Both ploidy and hybridity affect cell size and growth vigor in plants and animals, but the relative effects of genome dosage and hybridization on biomass, fitness, and gene expression changes have not been systematically examined. Here we performed the first comparative analysis of seed, cell, and flower sizes, starch and chlorophyll content, biomass, and gene expression changes in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid hybrids and their respective parents in three Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes: Columbia, C24, and Landsberg erecta (Ler). Ploidy affects many morphological and fitness traits, including stomatal size, flower size, and seed weight, whereas hybridization between the ecotypes leads to altered expression of central circadian clock genes and increased starch and chlorophyll content, biomass, and seed weight. However, varying ploidy levels has subtle effects on biomass, circadian clock gene expression, and chlorophyll and starch content. Interestingly, biomass, starch content, and seed weight are significantly different between the reciprocal hybrids at all ploidy levels tested, with the lowest and highest levels found in the reciprocal triploid hybrids, suggesting parent-of-origin effects on biomass, starch content, and seed weight. These findings provide new insights into molecular events of polyploidy and heterosis, as well as complex agronomic traits that are important to biomass and seed production in hybrid and polyploid crops.
Design, operation and maintenance of large exd machines

The increasing demand for oil and gas has led not only to the discovery of new sources both onshore and offshore but also for electrical machines to power the necessary pumps and compressors associated with petrochemical processes. Such equipment is usually situated in Zone 1 or Zone 2 areas where there is a risk that potentially explosive gases may be present at various times during normal operation. There is an increasing tendency for machines in these areas to be subjected to exceptionally low ambient temperatures which can present problems for the motor designer. In this paper, the author describes how flameproof (Exd) cage induction motors can be used in many such applications. They give a very high degree of assurance against the risk of an explosion and may be a practical and cost-effective alternative to other types of drive motor. (5 pages)
Reliability Analysis of DSRC Wireless Communication for Vehicle Safety Applications

The 802.11-p based dedicated short range communication (DSRC) is being seriously considered as a promising wireless technology for enhancing transportation safety and highway efficiency. However, to-date, there is very little research done in characterizing the reliability of DSRC communication based on real-world experimental data, and its effect on the reliability of vehicle safety applications. Our experimental set-up includes a fleet of three vehicles equipped with DSRC communication system, GPS receiver and a number of vehicle safety applications based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication. This paper analyzes the link-level behavior of DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle communication in a wide variety of traffic environments based on real-world experimental data. In addition, we also characterize the application level reliability of DSRC for vehicle safety communication (VSC) system. Based on our experiments, we show that the reliability of DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle communication is adequate since packet drops do not occur in bursts most of the time. We also show that the application level reliability of VSC applications based on DSRC communication is quite satisfactory. Finally, we develop an analytical model to relate application level reliability with communication reliability and VSC system parameter, laying out a clear way to improve reliability of VSC applications under harsh traffic environments. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to characterize the application-level reliability of DSRC communication for VSC applications based on real-world experimental data. Our findings develop a deep insight into significant characteristics of DSRC communication for highly mobile vehicle-to-vehicle wireless network, which will contribute to better design and evaluation of communication protocols for VSC applications in the future
An Invariant Content Theory for Epistemic Uses of Modal Terms

I propose and defend an account on which the semantic content of propositions expressed by utterances making use of modals epistemically is constant; i.e., invariant. Although such proposals are typically considered non-starters, I aim to show that combining such a semantics with a performative account in which such utterances perform two speech acts is quite promising. I argue that a performative account, when combined with an invariant semantic content theory, does a good job of accounting for ordinary intuitions in some of the standard test cases discussed in the literature. I further show that the contextualist has a little noticed problem with how a single speaker is able to consider the same epistemic possibility proposition over time. An invariant position has no such problem, and I argue that this counts strongly in its favor.
Mycosis Fungoides and Related Lesions

More than 65% of all cutaneous lymphomas are T-cell disorders. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) represent a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that share the common feature of malignant T-cell infiltration of the skin (Table 10.1) [1, 2]. The most common forms of CTCL are mycosis fungoides (MF) and its leukemic counterpart Sezary syndrome (SS), accounting for ∼44% and ∼3% of cases, respectively. MF evolves through several skin-localized clinical stages (patch, plaque, and tumor stage) with extracutaneous involvement seen as a late manifestation of this disease. SS is characterized by generalized erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, pruritus, and leukemic cells in the peripheral blood, and is associated with a poorer prognosis [1, 2]. Diagnostic and staging systems for MF have historically been based on the clinical and histopathological features of the disease, and include primary tumor, lymph node, metastasis, and peripheral blood (TNMB) parameters (Table 10.2) [3, 4]. Similar to other cutaneous and systemic lymphomas, the prognosis for patients with MF is primarily related to the stage of disease at presentation [4, 5]. However, some cases, particularly early MF lesions, can demonstrate nonspecific clinical and/or histopathological features, and staging systems cannot predict outcome in all patients [4–6]. While many patients have relatively indolent disease, others experience rapidly progressive and often fatal outcomes [4, 5]. It has been proposed that ancillary molecular technologies with high sensitivities and specificities may be useful for more accurate diagnosis, staging, and prognostication of patients with MF. Based on revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (ISCL/EORTC) guidelines, molecular tests (Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction-based) are now recommended for the initial evaluation/staging of patients with MF [3]. It is anticipated that future studies, which incorporate these molecular techniques, will provide additional prognostic information for patients with CTCL, allowing further refinements of classification and staging guidelines [3].
On compositional symbolic controller synthesis inspired by small-gain theorems

In this paper, we present a compositional method for the synthesis of controllers enforcing persistency specifications. This method is inspired by two classes of compositional techniques: small-gain theorems from the control literature; and assume-guarantee reasoning from the formal methods literature. We show that the method presented in this paper is strictly more general than a representative existing small-gain theorem.
Study and Comparison of Filtering Methods for Integrated Navigation System

There are different arithmetics for integrated navigation system.Differences of arithmetics exist in theory and using condition,and all diversified filtering methods have their limitation.As an integrated navigation method,federal filtering has been applied extensively;and the kinematics-static filtering is also a new integrated navigation method based on the data from a set of multiple sensors.But when there is uncertainty in model and noise,the result of those filtering methods are not ideal.H∞filtering could solve the problem efficiently.The paper researches these three methods,analyzes the advantage and disadvantage of them and their substances.Through computer simulation,an integrated navigation example is validated,three navigation filtering methods' performances are compared and analyzed under different conditions,and then conclusion is done.The research conclusions could provide theoretical references for the practical application of filtering method in integrated navigation system.
An Examination of the Many Severe Errors Made by Richard Braithwaite in His Editorial Foreword to Volume 8 of the a Treatise on Probability in the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes

The editors of the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes made an unfortunate blunder when they assigned to Richard Braithwaite the task of writing an editorial foreword to Volume 8, A Treatise on Probability, of the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Braithwaite never read the A Treatise on Probability and had no idea about what Keynes was doing or how he had built on the original ,algebraic and logical foundations of George Boole. There are so many errors in Braithwaite’s foreword that reading it a complete waste of time and effort. It is worthless.This foreword, unfortunately, has been required reading at Cambridge University since 1973 for anyone working on Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability. Reading it leads to a completely erroneous understanding of Keynes’s work. This would explain why Meeks, Skidelsky ,Runde, Carabelli, Dow, O’Donnell, Fitzgibbons, and many others associated with Cambridge University, are simply ignorant about Keynes’s Part II and Part III. Without Boole, there is no A Treatise on Probability. Keynes uses Boole as the foundation for Parts II and III of the A Treatise on Probability. Braithwaite could not follow Parts II and III of the A Treatise on Probability. The work of Boole is not mentioned or covered in any of the works of Meeks, Skidelsky ,Runde, Carabelli, Dow, O’Donnell, Fitzgibbons,etc, or in the 2003 book edited by Runde and Mizuhara on Keynes’s philosophy. Edwin Wilson’s 1934 analysis demonstrating that Keynes’s theory was interval valued and specifically designed to deal with uncertainty brought on by missing information completely refutes Braithwaite’s position.
Electrophilic Activation of Silicon–Hydrogen Bonds in Catalytic Hydrosilations

Hydrosilation reactions represent an important class of chemical transformations and there has been considerable recent interest in expanding the scope of these reactions by developing new catalysts. A major theme to emerge from these investigations is the development of catalysts with electrophilic character that transfer electrophilicity to silicon via Si—H activation. This type of mechanism has been proposed for catalysts ranging from Group 4 transition metals to Group 15 main group species. Additionally, other electrophilic silicon species, such as silylene complexes and η3-H2SiRR' complexes, have been identified as intermediates in hydrosilation reactions. In this Review, different types of catalysts are compared to highlight the range of hydrosilation mechanisms that feature electrophilic silicon centers, and the importance of these catalysts to the development of new hydrosilation reactions is discussed.
T-Cell Transfer Therapy Targeting Mutant KRAS in Cancer

We identified a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell response against mutant KRAS G12D in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes obtained from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. We observed objective regression of all seven lung metastases after the infusion of approximately 1.11×1011 HLA-C*08:02–restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that were composed of four different T-cell clonotypes that specifically targeted KRAS G12D. However, one of these lesions had progressed on evaluation 9 months after therapy. The lesion was resected and found to have lost the chromosome 6 haplotype encoding the HLA-C*08:02 class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. The loss of expression of this molecule provided a direct mechanism of tumor immune evasion. Thus, the infusion of CD8+ cells targeting mutant KRAS mediated effective antitumor immunotherapy against a cancer that expressed mutant KRAS G12D and HLA-C*08:02.
British “Health Effort” in Colonial Africa

This chapter covers the British obsession for the separation of Africans from Europeans in residential patterns in order to insulate the two from the one-way contagion of diseases (from Africans to Europeans) alleged by the Europeans during the period in which they declared wars on epidemic infections in the colonial territories. It was curious that, despite the fact that the Europeans abhorred the tropics due to hot climate and associated diseases, most British officials thought at first they were invulnerable, to the extent that officials wore short khaki pants and sleeveless shirts, no matter how hot the temperatures might be in the tropical rainforest or the desert areas of Africa. Given that most of the new facilities would be constructed primarily for Europeans, the building policies resulted necessarily in segregation between whites and blacks and, in many instances—as in Accra, Ghana, Douala in Cameroon, and Dar-es-Salaam, in Tanganyika—the policy met violent resistance from Africans whose land and businesses were expropriated or moved to a different part of the countryside or city to provide space for European settlement. In Ghana, Governor Sir Matthew Nathan was very clear about what the Africans could bring to European sections, “if people were not segregated, as he thought Africans were not concerned about sanitation and doubted that they ever would” (Roberts 2003: 2).
Nasa’s Information Power Grid Project

NASA’s four Strategic Enterprises have bold goals that for achievement require orders-of-magnitude forward leaps in technology. Information systems technology is the key to enabling such breakthroughs, and so NASA is revolutionizing its approach to information technology with its Information Power Grid Project. “Information Power Grid” is NASA’s term for its effort to seamlessly link all NASA resources —computers, data, instruments, and people—into an interdisciplinary problem-solving and decision-making environment. Information Power Grid is one of several computational grid efforts arising—from: (1) the needs of organizations to make better use of their computational tools, and (2)the recognition that individual groups are using advances in software technology to develop sophisticated problem solving systems that are independent of each other. By recognizing the similarity in the underlying approaches to meeting these needs, a system (Information Power Grid) can be developed that provides an improved environment for resource management, while at the same time providing a uniform architecture for software development from systems software (including security, resource management, etc.) to the domain applications. Plug-and-play capability will be available throughout the system, and users’ problem solving abilities can focus on technologies other than information systems. Information Power Grid is now in the planning stage, and an overview of the effort is presented here.
Ordnung und Ordinalzahlen

Uber das Thema der vollstandigen Induktion ergingen wir uns in kleineren Variationen in den Kapiteln 13 und 15. Es gibt jedoch noch eine grosere Variante, die sogenannte Wertverlaufsinduktion 1), die ich bis jetzt aufgeschoben habe. Wenn man ihn auf naturliche Zahlen anwendet, so besagt der Satz von der Wertverlaufsinduktion, das eine Aussage fur alle naturlichen Zahlen gilt, falls sie, vorausgesetzt sie ist wahr fur alle Zahlen bis zu irgendeiner, dann auch immer fur die nachste Zahl gilt.
Topology Optimization for Projectile Design

The methods for developing a topology optimized projectile as well as the associated modeling techniques are discussed. The Air Force was interested in seeing if additive manufactured projectiles could be designed and survive an impact that contained multiple targets. An additional interest was in evaluating the possibility of reducing the thickness of the original standardized projectile’s outer casing. The research shows that spaced panels comprising the target induced an in-sync response of the nose and tail of the projectile. Therefore, critical times were selected based on averaged acceleration data of all nodes present in the model. The outcome produced a design process that resulted in an additive manufactured structure that could survive a very dynamic event containing a reduced outer casing.
Extreme Space Weather in Time: Effects on Earth

Abstract Our Sun, a G2V star, exhibits space weather in the form of magnetically driven solar explosive events, including coronal mass ejections and energetic particle events. Extreme explosive events create extreme space weather that can significantly perturb Earth's magnetosphere, causing strong geomagnetic storms and initiating atmospheric loss. The Kepler data from young solar-like stars were used to recover the frequency of extreme events in the Sun's past. I discuss recent results of the application of multidimensional multifluid hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic models of interactions of extreme CME and SEP events with magnetospheres and atmospheres of the early Earth. I also discuss the implications of the impact of these effects on the atmospheric chemistry that may have initiated the production of precursors of life on the early Earth.