cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure measurements in the mammalian microvasculature

Abstract The servo nulling system for measuring pressures in the microvasculature system described by Wiederhielm was redesigned and utilized to measure pressures in the mammalian mesentric circulation, the hamster cheek pouch, and the rat cremaster muscle. A systems analysis of the components shows that direct-pressure measurements of suitable fidelity can be made with conventional transducers through microcannulas down to 10–15 μ diameter, and that for smaller diameters active systems are required. The system developed operates with a 25-Hz frequency response in the presence of routine electrical noise. Results obtained show that pressures in arterioles and venules in the mammalian mesenteric circulation are greater than the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure, while in corresponding vessels in muscle, venular pressures are lower than the colloidal osmotic pressure.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao : genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase

The proanthocyanidins (PAs), a subgroup of flavonoids, accumulate to levels of approximately 10% total dry weight of cacao seeds. PAs have been associated with human health benefits and also play important roles in pest and disease defense throughout the plant. To dissect the genetic basis of PA biosynthetic pathway in cacao (Theobroma cacao), we have isolated three genes encoding key PA synthesis enzymes, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). We measured the expression levels of TcANR, TcANS and TcLAR and PA content in cacao leaves, flowers, pod exocarp and seeds. In all tissues examined, all three genes were abundantly expressed and well correlated with PA accumulation levels, suggesting their active roles in PA synthesis. Overexpression of TcANR in an Arabidopsis ban mutant complemented the PA deficient phenotype in seeds and resulted in reduced anthocyanidin levels in hypocotyls. Overexpression of TcANS in tobacco resulted in increased content of both anthocyanidins and PAs in flower petals. Overexpression of TcANS in an Arabidopsis ldox mutant complemented its PA deficient phenotype in seeds. Recombinant TcLAR protein converted leucoanthocyanidin to catechin in vitro. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing TcLAR had decreased amounts of anthocyanidins and increased PAs. Overexpressing TcLAR in Arabidopsis ldox mutant also resulted in elevated synthesis of not only catechin but also epicatechin. Our results confirm the in vivo function of cacao ANS and ANR predicted based on sequence homology to previously characterized enzymes from other species. In addition, our results provide a clear functional analysis of a LAR gene in vivo.
FAMILY THERAPY IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY

The undeclared war between child and family therapy may be winding down! The original combatants are retiring from the field, while newer and younger professionals entering the scene are unconvinced that the struggle is justified at all. Signs of rapprochement are everywhere. The editor of Family Process declares that it is time that family therapy have a diagnostic system (admittedly spurred by DSM III problems of third party payment and inevitable national health insurance) (Bloch, 1977). Family therapists are thinking developmentally throughout the life cycle, so that all members of the family may be attended to and children are no longer sloughed in order to reach into the "heart of the problem," i.e., the marital couple, of which the child is only a "symptom." Furthermore, the new Essentials of Training in Child Psychiatry (AMA, 1977-78) includes family therapy as a required experience. Integration between internal and external forces, balancing of the here-and-now with the historical development of problems, are all serving to reduce the distance between family therapy and child psychiatry. Perhaps one of the most significant signs is this section on family therapy in this journal, which could not have occurred only a few years ago. We hope it presents a coherent and logical progression of articles from diagnosis to treatment. Consider the mix of indi-
Bolus retention in hiatal hernia identified by high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance

Background Esophageal acid retention in a hiatal hernia (HH) may play a role in gastro-esophageal reflux. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bolus retention (BR) in HH and to compare pressure profiles in patients with HH with BR in the hernia to those with bolus clearance (BC) through the hernia using high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HREMI). Methods Clinical HREMI studies with HH ≥1.5 cm were analyzed for lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crural diaphragm (CD) pressures and pressure profiles during 12 saline swallows. Impedance was analyzed for swallow retention in the HH. Key Results Bolus retention in a HH was present in 35 of 53 (66%) patients with a HH. Patients with BR had overall lower pressure profiles including a lower basal LES pressure (14.8 ± 10.6 vs 28.9 ± 16.8 mmHg; p = 0.0001), LES-CD gradient (6.8 ± 17.9 vs 20.6 ± 12.2 mmHg; p = 0.002), residual LES pressure (2.5 ± 4.6 vs 6.1 ± 12.2 mmHg; p = 0.017), amplitude of distal esophageal contractions (83.2 ± 38.8 vs 111.2 ± 42.8 mmHg; p = 0.020), and distal contractile integral (1487 ± 1016 vs 2608 ± 1221 mmHg-cm-sec; p = 0.001) compared to the BC group. Patients with BR were more likely to have a larger sized HH compared to the BC group (3.1 ± 1.6 vs 2.1 ± 0.6 cm; p = 0.016); similar pressure changes were found when the groups were divided up by HH sizes. Conclusions & Inferences Bolus retention was seen in 66% of patients with HH. Bolus retention in the HH was associated with larger HH size, lower LES pressure, and lower esophageal contractile pressures compared to those with BC.
Use of phenylalanyl-tRNA--Guanosine-5'-triphosphate--TIu complex in peptide bond formation.

IT has been demonstrated1–10 that in bacterial systems a complex, designated complex II, that is composed of aminoacyl-tRNA, GTP, and the heat labile transfer factor TIU* serves as an intermediate in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes and in the elongation of polypeptide chains. When Phe-tRNA from complex II is bound to a ribosome-poly U complex carrying AcPhe-tRNA at the donor site, most of the Phe-tRNA bound to the ribosomes interacts with the AcPhe-tRNA giving rise to AcPhe-Phe-tRNA at the acceptor site6,10,12,13. Phe-tRNA from complex II is also bound at the acceptor site of a ribosome–poly U complex having an unoccupied donor site, but in this case very little dipeptide is formed9,10. In both instances, approximately one GTP from complex II is cleaved for each Phe-tRNA bound to the ribosomes9,10,14,15. Lack of dipeptide formation is also observed in the presence of the antibiotic, sparsomycin6,13,16, or when the GTP analogue 5′-guanylmethylene diphosphonate is substituted for GTP12,13. Our results indicate that almost none of the Phe-tRNA from complex II bound to the acceptor sites before the addition of AcPhe-tRNA to donor sites is incorporated in peptide chain.
School-Based Survey Participation: Oral Health and BMI Survey of Ohio Third Graders

During the 2009–2010 school year, the Ohio Department of Health conducted a statewide oral health and body mass index (BMI) screening survey among 3rd grade children. This marked the fifth school-based survey regarding the oral health of Ohio children since 1987. At 50 %, the participation rate of the 2009–2010 oral health and BMI survey was at the lowest level ever experienced. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with participation rates in a school-based survey. A stratified, random sample of 377 schools was drawn from the list of 1,742 Ohio public elementary schools with third grade students. All third grade children in the sampled schools with parent or guardian consent received an oral health screening and height/weight measurement by trained health professionals. Participation rates at the school level were then combined with data on school characteristics and survey implementation. Predictors of school form return, participation, and refusal rates were assessed by generalized linear modeling (GLM). High student mobility and larger school size were associated with lower form return (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively) and lower participation rates (p = 0.000 and p = 0.005, respectively). Surveying in the fall or spring (as opposed to winter) significantly decreased form return (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively) and participation rates (p = 0.008 and p = 0.002, respectively), while being surveyed by internal staff (versus external screeners) significantly increased form return (p = 0.003) and participation rates (p = 0.001). Efforts to increase participation should focus more on schools with higher student mobility and larger size. Additionally, participation could be improved by using internal staff and surveying during winter.
Transverse thermal expansion coefficients for composite laminates

A simplified derivation has been performed for the transverse thermal expansion coeffi cient for a symmetric composite laminate. In numerically evaluating the resulting expres sion, it was noticed that the dominant term for the transverse expansion of each lamina was invariant with respect to the lamina orientation. Subsequent manipulation of the analytical expression has proven this. This result limits the flexibility for designing laminates with unusual transverse expansion properties. Simple bounds on the transverse expansion coefficient are suggested.
Strong buffering characteristics and swelling behavior of cationic copolymers

The swelling behavior of crosslinked cationic copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with (3-methacryloylamino propyl) trimethylammonium chloride was investigated in various buffered solutions as a function of ionic strength and pH. The equilibrium degree of swelling increased as the pH decreased or as the cationic group-containing comonomer in the polymer increased. The water transport in such copolymers was controlled by a non-Fickian mechanism. These results can be used in the development of physiologically sensitive controlled drug delivery systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Income, Consumption, and Subjective Well-Being: Toward a Composite Macromarketing Model:

This article reviews, critiques, and integrates three psychological perspectives on the relationship between wealth and subjective well-being. First, the comparative perspective holds that life satisfaction results from a comparison of one's own financial position to that of some reference group or material norm. Second, the goal attainment perspective looks at money as a potential source of well-being by enabling people to attain goals they set. Finally, the hedonic perspective looks at how money leads to well-being by enabling people to use their time in more satisfying ways. In addition to providing a critical analysis, this article integrates these three perspectives into a single composite model. This model explains the mechanisms linking income and other material resources with the cognitive and affective elements of subjective well-being. The model also clarifies why income has only a modest relationship to subjective well-being.
Effects of pH on the exposure of aromatic donor residues in solution topography studies of bovine trypsin by charge transfer

Abstract Fully exposed aromatic amino acid side chains on the surface of proteins can act as donors in the formation of π D −π A ∗ charge transfer complexes with the acceptor 1-methyl-3-carbamidopyridinium chloride (1-methylnicotinamide chloride) (Hinman et al., 1974). A study of the surface aromatic donor residues of native trypsin in the pH range 3 to 9 indicates that two of the four tryptophan and about five of the ten tyrosine residues are sufficiently exposed to bind MNCl † and give rise to characteristic charge transfer absorption spectra. Between about pH 4 and pH 8, there is an increase in the overall charge transfer absorbance of the system that parallels the pH activity profile of the enzyme. An analysis of the charge transfer properties of the complex at both ends of the pH curve indicates that the observed change is due to an increase in the Trp-MNCl association constant of one of the two exposed tryptophan residues. A similar investigation of the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor-trypsin complex revealed a single available tryptophan residue whose association constant did not change with pH. Other chemical and physical evidence strongly suggests that access to the indole ring of Trp215 is blocked by the bound inhibitor molecule in the inhibitor-trypsin complex, thus implicating Trp215 as the residue with the pH-dependent association constant. If this interpretation is correct, the observed changes in the charge transfer properties of Trp215, whose peptide bond forms a part of the specificity pocket of the enzyme (Krieger et al., 1974), could serve to monitor conformational rearrangements or flexibility in the region of the enzyme that is directly concerned with the binding of substrates. The implications of the charge transfer study are discussed in terms of the crystal structure models for diisopropylphosphorofluoridate and benzamidine-inhibited trypsins, and are compared with results obtained by other solution techniques used for probing tertiary structure.
Evaluation of tuber-bearing Solanum species for nitrogen use efficiency and biomass partitioning

Modern potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) require high rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N). This practice is costly and can pose a serious threat to surface and groundwater. Previous evaluation of wild potato germplasm demonstrated the existence of species capable of producing high total biomass under low N conditions, with the ability to make maximum use of added N. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to investigate the response of selected wild potato accessions and their hybrids with the haploid USW551 (USW) to low and high N environments. The haploid USW and cultivars Russet Burbank, Red Norland, and Russet Norkotah were also included in the study. Uniform propagules and seedlings from the variousSolanum species were transplanted to a Hubbard loamy sand (Udic Haploboroll) at Becker, Minn. and were subjected to two N treatments: 0 and 225 kg N ha-1. At harvest, total dry biomass of wild and hybrid potato germplasm was equal to or higher than that of the cultivars. However, cultivar biomass partitioning was 1% to roots, 15% to shoots, 0% to fruits, and 84% to tubers, whereas wild potato species partitioned 18% to roots plus nontuberized stolons, 52% to shoots, 23% to fruits, and only 7% to tubers. Hybrids were intermediate, allocating 9% of their biomass to roots plus nontuberized stolons, 39% to shoots, 14% to fruits, and 38% to tubers. Nitrogen use efficiencies for many of the species and crosses were comparable to that for Russet Burbank and greater than those for Red Norland and Russet Norkotah. Of the wild species tested,S. chacoense accessions had the highest biomass accumulation and N uptake efficiencies and may be the best source of germplasm for improving NUE in a potato breeding program.
Lineage Reprogramming from Cardiomyocytes to Pacemaker Cells via a Single Transcription Factor

The heartbeat originates in a small number of highly-specialized pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node (SAN). In an effort to create pacemaker cells from working cardiomyocytes, we expressed Tbx18, a transcription factor indispensible for embryonic development of the SAN. Within days, Tbx18-transduced neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) exhibited rhythmic spontaneous electrical firing. The mechanism of induced pacemaker activity resembled that of SAN cells, with enhanced voltage- and Ca2+-dependent “clock” pathways. The maximum diastolic potential was more positive in Tbx18-NRVMs in comparison to controls (−47±10 mV vs. −73±6 mV) with accompanying reduction in IK1. Line-scan confocal imaging of Tbx18-NRVMs loaded with Rhod-2 resolved localized Ca2+ release events (LCRs) that preceded each whole-cell Ca2+ transient resembling LCRs observed in native SAN cells. LCRs were not detected in control NRVMs. Spontaneous Ca2+-transients in Tbx18-NRVMs were suppressed on superfusion with ryanodine (10 μM) by 47±6% in comparison to 12±2% suppression in controls, indicative of increased relevance of [Ca2+]i stores. A 2.3-fold increase in [Ca2+]i stores was observed in Tbx18-NRVMs which can be attributed to increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) activity due to downregulation or phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLN), an inhibitor of SERCA. Tbx18-overexpression led to relative increase in the protein level of phosphorylated PLN (Ser16) similar to higher p-PLN level observed in the adult SAN relative to the left ventricle. In addition, Tbx18-NRVMs exhibited increased levels of cAMP and HCN4, shrank in size with disorganized myofibrils, and underwent epigenetic modifications consistent with durable reprogramming. Focal Tbx18 gene transfer in the guinea-pig ventricle consistently created ectopic pacemaker activity in vivo with a rhythm of 40±20 beats/min (n=5/7). Taken together, the data demonstrate faithful reprogramming of ventricular myocytes to pacemaker cells by a single transcription factor, Tbx18.
Design Method and Performance of Heat Pumps With Refrigerant-Filled Solar Collectors

A general procedure is presented for estimating the seasonal performance of solar-assisted heat pumps with refrigerant-filled collectors. The procedure accounts for variations in collector design and orientation and also for heat pump capacity and efficiency. The results from this design procedure for space heating applications are compared against those for both conventional heat pumps and liquid solar systems. The effects of collector area and design, heat pump size and degradation due to cycling, and energy storage are discussed. For space heating, uncovered collector heat pump systems have better performance than both conventional air-source heat pumps and covered collector heat pump systems over a wide range of collector areas. The cooling performance of a collector heat pump system is inferior to that of conventional heat pumps.
Structure of the Escherichia coli GlmU pyrophosphorylase and acetyltransferase active sites.

N-Acetylglucosamine-1-PO4 uridyltransferase (GlmU) is a trimeric bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the last two sequential reactions in the de novo biosynthetic pathway for UDP-GlcNAc. The X-ray crystal structure of Escherichia coli GlmU in complex with UDP-GlcNAc and CoA has been determined to 2.1 A resolution and reveals a two-domain architecture that is responsible for these two reactions. The C-terminal domain is responsible for the CoA-dependent acetylation of Glc-1-PO4 to GlcNAc-1-PO4 and displays the longest left-handed parallel β-helix observed to date. The acetyltransferase active site defined by the binding site for CoA makes use of residues from all three subunits and is positioned beneath an open cavity large enough to accommodate the Glc-1-PO4 acetyl acceptor. The N-terminal domain catalyzes uridyl transfer from UTP to GlcNAc-1-PO4 to form the final products UDP-GlcNAc and pyrophosphate. This domain is composed of a central seven-stranded β-sheet surrounded by six α-helices in a Rossmann fol...
Analysis of dynamic voltage/frequency scaling in chip-multiprocessors

Fine-grained dynamic voltage/frequency scaling (DVFS) demonstrates great promise for improving the energy-efficiency of chip-multiprocessors (CMPs), which have emerged as a popular way for designers to exploit growing transistor budgets. We examine the tradeoffs involved in the choice of both DVFS control scheme and method by which the processor is partitioned into voltage/frequency islands (VFIs). We simulate real multithreaded commercial and scientific workloads, demonstrating the large real-world potential of DVFS for CMPs. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find that the benefits of per-core DVFS are not necessarily large enough to overcome the complexity of having many independent VFIs per chip.
Distributed Compliant Model for Efficient Dynamic Simulation of Systems With Frictional Contacts

The use of Coulomb’s friction law with the principles of classical rigid body dynamics introduces mathematical inconsistencies. Specifically, the forward dynamics problem can have no solutions or multiple solutions. In these situations an explicit model of the contact compliance at the contact point can resolve these difficulties. In this paper, we introduce a distributed compliant model for dynamic simulation. In contrast to the rigid body model and the lumped model, our approach models each contact as a finite patch and uses half space approximation to derive solutions for the small deformations and force distributions in the contact patch. This approach leads to a linear complementarity problem formulation for the contact dynamics. The existence of an unique solution can be proved for both the lumped model in the point contact case and the more accurate, distributed model. Simulation algorithm that incorporates compliant contact models and linear complementarity theory are created and demonstrated through numerical examples.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
On magneto-raman scattering in semiconductors

Abstract We consider light scattering by mobile electrons in doped semiconductors embedded in a magnetic field. We discuss the effect of the lack of inversion symmetry in zincblende-type materials as as alternative mechanism for the explanation of the spectral lines corresponding to the processes Δ n = 1, Δs = 0; ±1.
New experiments and questions to shed light on the nature of a photon

Is the nature of light observed only indirectly after its interaction with matter? We currently lack an experimental technique which would isolate the nature of light without the use of matter i.e., a detector. We will present additional experiments which, although again indirect, may reveal new understandings (but mostly more questions) about the nature of light. This talk will not report research results, but rather be an invitation for others to conduct similar such measurements as will be proposed. Past measurements have measured no absorption of radiation in the dark fringe (concluding no light is present due to canceling of the fields). Does the radiation in a dark fringe cause stimulated emission? What are the photon statistics in a dark fringe?
Circadian fluctuations in tibia cartilage. Assayable pituitary homogenates of fed and starved weanling female rats.

Mit Tibiatest auf Wachstumshormonaktivitat gepruftes Hypophysenmaterial zeigte trotz Fastenperioden zirkadische Gehaltsschwankungen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit besteht, dass Wachstumshormone und eventuelle andere hypophysare Hormone in ihrer Aktivitat der «Biologischen Uhr» unterworfen sind.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE II. A METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VIRUS ACTIVITY

In a study of mouse encephalomyelitis the following observations were made:- 1. A definite relationship exists between the amount of virus inoculated intracerebrally and the length of the incubation period. 2. The reciprocal of the incubation period was found to be approximately proportionate to the logarithm of the amount of virus inoculated. The relationship can, therefore, be given a simple mathematical form. 3. This fact provides a basis for a new method for measurement of the activity of mouse encephalomyelitis virus.
Characterization and manipulation of fruit susceptibility to Drosophila suzukii

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an economic pest of small fruits and cherries that attacks intact ripening fruits. Host susceptibility may be influenced by characteristics such as flesh firmness, penetration force of the skin, total soluble solids (TSS, also known as °Brix), and pH. Improved knowledge of factors affecting fruit susceptibility is needed for developing thresholds and risk prediction models for IPM. A combination of laboratory and field studies was conducted to develop prediction and potential management tools. First, a direct bioassay was used to calculate the probability of oviposition in a given fruit based on various characteristics as determined across laboratory and field trials in Oregon and North Carolina, US. When multiple characteristics were evaluated simultaneously, oviposition probability consistently increased as penetration force decreased and pH increased. Oviposition probability sometimes increased as TSS increased. Second, raspberries and blueberries in unsprayed fields had substantially lower infestation in ripening fruit compared to ripe fruit. There was no or minimal infestation in green fruit. Third, given that skin penetration force influences oviposition, practices used to improve fruit quality were examined in laboratory no-choice cages for potential reduction of oviposition. Blueberry fruit sprayed with calcium silicate in the field had greater penetration force and firmness and reduced number of eggs laid by D. suzukii compared to untreated fruit. Other calcium-based treatments increased Ca content and firmness of fruit relative to untreated fruit. Timing of insecticide spray for D. suzukii might be delayed until fruit become susceptible.
Time optimal voltage-constrained deceleration velocity profile design for disk drives

A time optimal voltage-constrained deceleration velocity profile is derived for a disk drive with a rotary head positioning actuator. Since available power supply voltage, rather than current, often limits seek performance in small form factor disk drives, it is possible to achieve faster seek performance using a time optimal seek deceleration profile based on a constraint on available voltage. Such a profile makes better utilization of both supply voltage and actuator motor back EMF, and requires no additional on-line computation compared to the current-constrained constant deceleration velocity profiles now in use today.
Hebephilia: Quintessence of diagnostic pretextuality

Hebephilia is an archaic term used to describe adult sexual attraction to adolescents. Prior to the advent of contemporary sexually violent predator laws, the term was not found in any dictionary or formal diagnostic system. Overnight, it is on the fast track toward recognition as a psychiatric condition meriting inclusion in the upcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This article traces the sudden emergence and popularity of hebephilia to pressure from the legal arena and, specifically, to the legal mandate of a serious mental abnormality for civil commitment of sex offenders. Hebephilia is proposed as a quintessential example of pretextuality, in which special interests promote a pseudoscientific construct that furthers an implicit, instrumental goal. Inherent problems with the construct's reliability and validity are discussed. A warning is issued about unintended consequences if hebephilia or its relative, pedohebephilia, make their way into the DSM-5, due out in 2013.
Differential Desensitization of Thromboxane A2 Receptor Subtypes

Two subtypes of the thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor (TxA2R-E and TxA2R-P), which differ in their alternatively spliced cytoplasmic tails, have been identified. The initial concentration of the TxA2 mimetic IBOP required to reduce peak intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by a second addition of IBOP (100 nmol/L) was similar (IC50 for TxA2R-E and TxA2R-P, 0.46 +/- 0.16 and 0.40 +/- 0.07 nmol/L) in fibroblasts overexpressing either the TxA2R-E or -P subtype. Although the number of TxA2 binding sites decreased in TxA2R-P cells after prolonged stimulation with a TxA2 mimetic, those in the TxA2R-E cells increased markedly. To determine whether the mechanism for desensitization differs between subtypes, the effect of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) or cAMP-dependent kinase on TxA2-induced [Ca2+]i mobilization was measured. Forskolin reduced the IBOP-induced peak [Ca2+]i in neither TxA2R-E nor TxA2R-P cells; however, treatment with phorbol esters (IC50, 0.57 +/- 0.70 nmol/L) strongly prevented IBOP-mediated [Ca2+]i rise in TxA2R-E but not in TxA2R-P cells. Desensitization of TxA2R-E by phorbol esters was prevented by the PKC inhibitor calphostin C or by downregulation of PKC-alpha. Thus, the response of TxA2R-E to prolonged stimulation differs from that of TxA2R-P in both the regulation of the number of binding sites and the mechanism for desensitization; agonists that activate PKC-alpha might interfere with TxA2R-E-mediated signaling.
A Distributed Algorithm for Minimum Weight Directed Spanning Trees

A distributed algorithm is presented for constructing minimum weight directed spanning trees (arborescences), each with a distinct root node, in a strongly connected directed graph. A processor exists at each node. Given the weights and origins of the edges incoming to their nodes, the processors follow the algorithm and exchange messages with their neighbors until all arborescences are constructed. The amount of information exchanged and the time to completion are O(|N|^{2}) .
Dispersed electrical-relaxation response: discrimination between conductive and dielectric relaxation processes

Relations and distinctions which are relavant to small-signal electrical-relaxation behavior are reviewed and applied to the important problem of identifying the physical processes leading to dispersed relaxation response. Complex-nonlinear-least-squares fitting of a response model to frequency-response data is found not to allow one to distinguish unambiguously in most cases between conductive-system response of Wagner-Voigt type, which may be characterized by a distribution of conductive system relaxation times [DCRT], and dielectric- system response of Maxwell type, characterized by a distribution of dielectric-system relaxation times [DDRT]. In general, one must include a parallel conductivity element sCP, as well as a high-frequency-limiting dielectric constant, in a conductive-system fitting model used to represent dielectric-system data with non-zero dc conductivity. Contrary to earlier predictions of Gross and Meixner, accurate numerical inversion of a set of exact frequency- response data to estimate the distribution with which it is associated shows that no discrete line necessarily appears in a DCRT associated with a truncated continuous DDRT. A discrete line can appear in general, however, when sCP ¹ 0 and is unaccounted for in an inversion process. The novel result is established that a data set mathematically described in terms of a dielectric system with dc leakage and involving a Maxwell-circuit exponential distribution of relaxation times may be well represented within usual experimental error by a Wagner-Voigt conductive system involving a form of the important Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts response model.
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Glutathione Peroxidase 4 Are Protected against Oxidative Stress-induced Apoptosis

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is uniquely involved in the detoxification of oxidative damage to membrane lipids. Our previous studies showed that Gpx4 is essential for mouse survival and that Gpx4 deficiency makes cells vulnerable to oxidative injury. In the present study, we generated two lines of transgenic mice overexpressing Gpx4 (Tg(GPX4) mice) using a genomic clone containing the human GPX4 gene. Both lines of Tg-(GPX4) mice, Tg5 and Tg6, had elevated levels of Gpx4 (mRNA and protein) in all tissues investigated, and overexpression of Gpx4 did not cause alterations in activities of glutathione peroxidase 1, catalase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and manganese superoxide dismutase. The human GPX4 transgene rescued the lethal phenotype of null mutation of the mouse Gpx4 gene, indicating that the transgene can replace the essential role of mouse Gpx4 in mouse development. Cell death induced by t-butylhydroperoxide and diquat was significantly less in murine embryonic fibroblasts from Tg(GPX4) mice compared with wild type mice. Liver damage and lipid peroxidation induced by diquat were reduced significantly in Tg(GPX4) mice. In addition, diquat-induced apoptosis was decreased in Tg(GPX4) mice, as evidenced by attenuated caspase-3 activation and reduced cytochrome c release from mitochondria. These data demonstrate that Gpx4 plays a role in vivo in the mechanism of apoptosis induced by oxidative stress that most likely occurs through oxidative damage to mitochondrial phospholipids such as cardiolipin.
Interface Problems in the Use of Aerospace Static Power Conversion Equipment

This paper is concerned with static inverters and dc link frequency converters. Its purpose is to describe some of the problem areas which should be considered in equipment design, equipment specification, and system design, with the goal of achieving optimum power system design. Five major areas are covered, as follows: (1) Input Overvoltage Transients Causes of transients and their effects on equipment design are discussed, and some means of reducing their effect are shown. Comments are made relative to methods of describing overvoltage transients for semiconductor circuits. (2) Overload and Short Circuit Capability The effect of overload requirements on design is shown, and typical data is given showing some of the trade-off involved. (3) Output Harmonic Requirements The source of harmonics is shown. Means of reduction by filtering and by harmonic cancellation is discussed and trade-off data is presented. (4) DC Source Requirements The need for a bilateral source of low ac impedance is shown. (5) AC Source Problems Rectifier distortion of the source is discussed, and the trade-offs involved in its reduction are shown.
A single acquisition localization technique.

A method is demonstrated for detection of magnetization from a selected region within the sensitive volume of a surface coil in a single acquisition. Composite pulses are described which eliminate signals from regions where magnetization is rotated 270 and 450°. There is a loss of 1.3% or less of signal from regions where magnetization is rotated 90°. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) and TLR9 Agonists Cooperate To Enhance HIV-1 Envelope Antibody Responses in Rhesus Macaques

ABSTRACT The development of a vaccine that can induce high titers of functional antibodies against HIV-1 remains a high priority. We have developed an adjuvant based on an oil-in-water emulsion that incorporates Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to test whether triggering multiple pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors could enhance immunogenicity. Compared to single TLR agonists or other pairwise combinations, TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists combined were able to elicit the highest titers of binding, neutralizing, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies against the protein immunogen, transmitted/founder HIV-1 envelope gp140 (B.63521). We further found that the combination of TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists was associated with the release of CXCL10 (IP-10), suggesting that this adjuvant formulation may have optimally stimulated innate and adaptive immunity to elicit high titers of antibodies. IMPORTANCE Combining TLR agonists in an adjuvant formulation resulted in higher antibody levels compared to an adjuvant without TLR agonists. Adjuvants that combine TLR agonists may be useful for enhancing antibody responses to HIV-1 vaccines.
Miropeats: graphical DNA sequence comparisons

Miropeats displays DNA sequence similarity information graphically. The program discovers regions of similarity amongst any set of DNA sequences and then draws a graphic that summarizes the length, location and relative orientations of any repeated sequences. Sequence similarity searching is a very general tool that forms the basis of many different biological sequence analyses but it is limited by the verbosity of traditional alignment presentation styles. Miropeats enhances the utility of conventional DNA sequence comparisons when looking at long lengths of sequence similarity by summarizing large-scale sequence similarities on a single page of PostScript graphics. Miropeats has been applied estensively to help understand shotgun assembly projects, to check cosmid overlaps and to perform inter-genomic comparisons.
Supporting real-time traffic on Ethernet

Ethernet has been the dominant local area network architecture in the last decade, and we believe that it will continue to be so because of its cost-effectiveness and the availability of higher-bandwidth Ethernets. We propose and evaluate a software-based protocol called RETHER (Real-time ETHERnet) that provider real-time performance guarantees to multimedia applications without modifying existing Ethernet hardware. RETHER features a hybrid mode of operation to reduce the performance impact on non-real-time network packets, a race-condition-free distributed admission control mechanism, and an efficient token-passing scheme that protects the network against token loss due to node failures. >
Signal recovery in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters

Calibration is a serious challenge in the design of high-speed time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (ADC). We develop an iterative blind calibration technique for such converters. In particular, an expectation-maximize (EM) algorithm is used to estimate the associated unknown gains and time-offsets, from which the calibrated signal is reconstructed. Tradeoffs between the calibration time, reconstruction quality, and the oversampling factor are developed. The proposed algorithm can also be used in a variety of other applications, including problems of distributed sampling in sensor networks.
Expansion of Projected Lactation Yield to Stabilize Genetic Variance

Information on partial lactations often is included in genetic evaluations by predicting the cow's eventual 305-d yield. Such projected yields have less phenotypic and genetic variation than completed yields but were modeled as having greater or equal variation in evaluations. Analysis of first lactations from 48,424 daughters of 844 Holstein sires indicated that yields predicted early (46 to 75 d) in lactation had less than one-half as much additive genetic variance as completed yields. Multiple-trait REML estimates of genetic correlations of predicted and completed yields were all above .92, indicating that early lactation information is valuable if modeled appropriately. Expanded records with genetic variances equal to those of completed yields and new lactation length weights were derived. Expanded records have larger error variances than either projected or completed yields and, thus, are given less weight when included in animal model evaluations. Genetic gains are expected to increase only .2 to .3%, but more stable genetic evaluations should result from use of expanded records, particularly for animals evaluated primarily from first lactation records in progress.
Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974

Fascism and resistance in Portugal and elsewhere resistance and unity - conflicting opposition strategies, 1941-1957 the rise of the Communist Party, 1941-1947 the PCP from 1947 to 1962 - crisis and renewal the emergence of military populism - Galvao and Delgado the populist whirlwind - Delgado's campaign and its aftermath through war to liberation, 1962-1974 resistance and liberation - the limits of change.
Mapping a curriculum database to the USMLE Step 1 content outline

Assessing the completeness of topic coverage in medical curricula is difficult to establish as no universal standard for completeness has been agreed upon. However, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 Exam Content Outline may provide a beginning framework. This project developed a computer-based tool that matched ArizonaMed curriculum content (Tucson track) against a modified USMLE content outline. The project involved three phases: (1) the USMLE Step 1 content outline was deconstructed and translated using equivalent Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms; (2) a report was made of all MeSH terms used to identify the content in the ArizonaMed curriculum database, compared to the MeSH-modified USMLE outline, and the resulting matches are graphically expressed. The frequency with which each MeSH term appeared across the years also was reported; and (3) a retreat was held with faculty and others to ensure the MeSH-translated outline was accurate and complete. Faculty were able to visualize how content was being expressed among instructional blocks across the first two years. Results also assured faculty and students that all subjects contained in the USMLE content outline were covered in the curriculum. The success of this effort is leading to improvements in content-tracking capability for the ArizonaMed database.
Effects of pesticide applications and cultural controls on efficacy of control for adult Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on roses.

Abstract Cultural and chemical controls were evaluated to determine their ability to deter feeding by Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on floribunda type roses, Rosa ‘Acadia Sunrise’. Roses were arranged in field plots and exposed to resident adult beetle populations. Cultural controls were designed to block the feeding-induced aggregation response by manually removing beetles and/or damaged blooms from rose plants. Azadirachtin, carbaryl, and imidacloprid were evaluated in field and laboratory trials. In no-choice laboratory assays, foliar applications of azadirachtin caused low rates of morbidity to adult beetles and were unable to deter feeding. Foliar-applied carbaryl and soil-applied imidacloprid caused high rates of morbidity and reduced feeding injury. In the field, foliar sprays of azadirachtin and carbaryl, deterred feeding on foliage under low beetle pressure (maximum of 29% defoliation in untreated controls), when applied weekly after first beetle flight or...
Custom, Comedy, and the Value of Dissent

In this essay, I comment on Dotan Oliar and Christopher Sprigman's article, There's No Free Laugh (Anymore): The Emergence of Intellectual Property Norms and the Transformation of Stand-Up Comedy, 94 Va. L. Rev. 1787 (2008). Their study of the quasi-intellectual property norms in the stand-up comedy world provides yet another compelling example of the phenomenon that I have explored in which the governing intellectual property regime takes a backseat to social norms and other industry customs that dominate the lived experiences of many in creative fields. The microcosm of stand-up comedy reinforces my concern that customs are being used to expand IP law both inside and outside the courtroom. This response to Oliar & Sprigman rejects the suggestion that the existence of social norms challenges the incentive rationale for copyright law. I also conclude that the norms that have developed in the stand-up community are not worthy of judicial or legislative deference and suggest some ways that comics and the courts can disrupt the restrictive norms that Oliar and Sprigman identify.
Oral History of Science: A Mushrooming Cloud?

The story of twentieth-century science fills a significant space in the time capsules that historians are creating for the future. During the past twenty-five years several major projects devoted to preserving the records and recollections of scientists have amassed an imposing array of historical source materials that are already being used extensively. More than two thousand interviews are now deposited in institutions in the United States, and by the year 2000 the number of available oral histories of science will have grown greatly. That mushrooming growth, like the fateful symbol of mid-twentieth-century nuclear physics, holds both promise and perils. Whose story will the oral histories tell? What historical issues can be pursued in the collections being created? What is missing, and what can be done to fill in the gaps? The answers to those questions depend on who packs the time capsule and when the packing starts and stops, as well as on who opens the capsule and when. Why use oral history to document the role of scientists in twentieth-century culture? After all, unlike many other groups in society, scientists seem to have an audible voice, and they have not lacked access to power or influence. They are visible and funded, and some are famous. Furthermore, they leave an impressive paper trail. The end products of their work are generally presented in journals and books, although in a depersonalized and compressed manner, as if to cover up tracks. The public record also includes testimony and speeches, and published autobiographies of some scientists are readily available. Especially interesting for historians is the private dimension, and here the record is relatively rich. Scientists often record some of their thought processes, their personal and institutional relationships, and their responses to events in notebooks, letters, and diaries, which increasingly have been collected, cataloged, microfilmed, and in several cases published. Is there, then, any need for oral histories of science and scientists? What else is worth knowing about scientists? We can probe for scientists' recollections of their roles and relationships in particular events and settings, as well as their perceptions and responses to people and issues we currently regard as historically significant. We can also learn how they practice their craft, how, why, for whom and for what rewards they work, and how they feel about it. In short, oral history can help us learn more about what it means to "do science" than is revealed in the public or private written record.
Radiative Capture Reactions in Lattice Effective Field Theory

We outline a general method for computing nuclear capture reactions on the lattice. The method consists of two major parts. In this study we detail the second part which consists of calculating an effective two-body capture reaction on the lattice at finite volume. We solve this problem by calculating the two-point Green's function using an infrared regulator and the capture amplitude to a two-body bound state. We demonstrate the details of this method by calculating on the lattice the leading M1 contribution to the radiative neutron capture on proton at low energies using pionless effective field theory. We find good agreement with exact continuum results. The approach we outline here can be used in a wide range of applications including few-body reactions in cold atomic systems and hadronic reactions in lattice quantum chromodynamics.
Study on GIS Partial Discharge Ultrasonic Positioning System Based on Wireless Communication Transmission

For solving existing problems of gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear partial discharge ultrasonic positioning system,this paper introduces design of a set of ultrasonic multichannel partial discharge positioning system based on wireless communication transmission by combining with field application conditions on the basis of studying ultrasonic positioning principles.This system uses multichannel self-adaption amplification technology,logarithmic amplification signal trigger technology and multichannel wireless communication technology to solve the key problem of GIS ultrasonic positioning.By manual analog way of placing suspending potential model in GIS,it is able to proceed simulation application test.The result indicates this system is able to realize GIS partial discharge signal detection and correct positioning for insulation defect which is effectively to improve efficiency of equipment overhaul and maintenance.