cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prognostic role of sex, race, and human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell cancer

BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-established prognostic marker for oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC). Because of the limited numbers of women and nonwhites in studies to date, sex and racial/ethnic differences in prognosis have not been well explored. In this study, survival differences were explored by the tumor HPV status among 1) patients with OPSCCs by sex and race and 2) patients with nonoropharyngeal (non-OP) head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCCs). METHODS This retrospective, multi-institution study included OPSCCs and non-OP HNSCCs of the oral cavity, larynx, and nasopharynx diagnosed from 1995 to 2012. Race/ethnicity was categorized as white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, Asian non-Hispanic, and Hispanic of any race. Tumors were centrally tested for p16 overexpression and the presence of HPV by HPV16 DNA and high-risk HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA in situ hybridization. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate overall survival (OS). RESULTS The study population included 239 patients with OPSCC and 621 patients with non-OP HNSCC with a median follow-up time of 3.5 years. After adjustments for the tumor HPV status, age, current tobacco use, and stage, the risk of death was lower for women versus men with OPSCC (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.55; P = .04). The results were similar with p16. In contrast, for non-OP HNSCCs, HPV positivity, p16 positivity, and sex were not associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS For OPSCC, there are differences in survival by sex, even after the tumor HPV status has been taken into account. For non-OP HNSCC, the HPV status and the p16 status are not of prognostic significance. Cancer 2017;123:1566–1575. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Ultrahigh-resolution robust needle probe for high-speed interstitial OCT imaging at 800 nm (Conference Presentation)

Publisher’s Note: This conference presentation, originally published on 19 April 2017, was withdrawn per author request.
A Gaze Gesture-Based User Authentication System to Counter Shoulder-Surfing Attacks

Shoulder-surfing is the act of spying on an authorized user of a computer system with the malicious intent of gaining unauthorized access. Current solutions to address shoulder-surfing such as graphical passwords, gaze input, tactile interfaces, and so on are limited by low accuracy, lack of precise gaze-input, and susceptibility to video analysis attack. We present an intelligent gaze gesture-based system that authenticates users from their unique gaze patterns onto moving geometric shapes. The system authenticates the user by comparing their scan-path with each shapes' paths and recognizing the closest path. In a study with 15 users, authentication accuracy was found to be 99% with true calibration and 96% with disturbed calibration. Also, our system is 40% less susceptible and nearly nine times more time-consuming to video analysis attacks compared to a gaze- and PIN-based authentication system.
The system dynamics architecture of UTASiMo: A simulation-based task analysis tool to predict human error probability

This paper describes the system dynamics architecture of UTASiMo, a simulation-based task analysis tool that simulates the outcomes of task analysis for a system design and estimates task execution times, workload, and human error probability. UTASiMo combines discrete event, agent-based, and system dynamics simulation methods to automatically construct and simulate models that correspond to different scenarios to test prospective human system designs. Here, we focus on the system dynamics model, which captures the causal relationships of factors affecting human error and uses them to assess the overall human error probability of the simulated system (SimHEP). This SimHEP provides a quantitative basis to the simulated human system's evaluation. The present work is a continuation of our previous work on UTASiMo and aims to introduce system dynamics simulation as a potential method to assess human reliability.
Professional Development Activities and Support Among Secondary Health Teachers

This study describes public school secondary health education teachers’ support for professional development in the United States and the types of professional development activities in which they ...
Topology inference of multilayer networks

Linear structural equation models (SEMs) have been very successful in identifying the topology of complex graphs, such as those representing tactical, social and brain networks. The rising popularity of multilayer networks, presents the need for tools that are tailored to leverage the layered structure of the underlying network. To this end, a multilayer SEM is put forth, to infer causal relations between nodes belonging to multilayer networks. An efficient algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is developed, and preliminary tests on synthetic as well as real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Engineering DNA nanotubes for resilience in an E. coli TXTL system

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology is a growing field with potential intracellular applications. In this work, we use an Escherichia coli cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) system to assay the robustness of DNA nanotubes in a cytoplasmic environment. TXTL recapitulates physiological conditions as well as strong linear DNA degradation through the RecBCD complex, the major exonuclease in E. coli. We demonstrate that chemical modifications of the tiles making up DNA nanotubes extend their viability in TXTL for more than 24 h, with phosphorothioation of the sticky end backbone being the most effective. Furthermore, we show that a Chi-site double-stranded DNA, an inhibitor of the RecBCD complex, extends DNA nanotube lifetime significantly. These complementary approaches are a first step toward a systematic prototyping of DNA nanostructures in active cell-free cytoplasmic environments and expand the scope of TXTL utilization for bioengineering.
CELF1 regulates gap junction integrity contributing to dilated cardiomyopathy.

Cardiovascular disease is a major contributor of adult mortality and accounts for approximately 801,000 deaths annually throughout the United States alone (1).
The Field Generated by an Element

Recall the two major questions that we had posed to ourselves in Chapter 4. If K/F is a field extension and a is an element of K, we were wondering whether there is some property of a that would determine whether F[a] = F(a), and we were wondering what the relation is between the element a and the degree of F(a) over F. We had alluded to the minimal polynomial of a over F, but we had to delay discussing this concept until we had first studied polynomials.
Legal Deposit in Four Countries: Laws and Library Services

National libraries throughout the world generally hold the strongest collection of publications from their home countries and build a rich variety of information services from the collections. To be sure of developing such a national collection for current and future use, the libraries must depend on more than careful acquisitions and sizable budgets. They need legal mandates requiring delivery of a copy of each new work published in the country. With the assistance of enforceable rules of law, national libraries can receive nearly all desired publications. Such an arrangement is known as "legal deposit," and it is the foundation of national collection development and library services.Through a comparative analysis of legal deposit statutes from four countries, this article analyzes the elements of comparable statutes and presents findings that might help lawmakers draft more effective statutes. By comparing the legal deposit systems of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Switzerland, this article develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the qualities of deposit systems.
Talking Our Way Around Expert Caution: A Rhetorical Analysis of VAM:

This study turns a rhetorical lens on the debate about how best to use value-added modeling (VAM) in teacher evaluation by addressing the question, Which arguments legitimize the dismissal of exper...
An Architectural Framework for Serverless Edge Computing: Design and Emulation Tools

We consider a Software Defined Networking (SDN)-enabled edge computing domain, where networking devices also have processing capabilities. In particular, we investigate the problem of dynamic allocation of stateless computations, that we call lambda functions, and propose an architectural framework through which requests for execution of lambda functions originated by mobile nodes can be appropriately routed to specific edge devices following a serverless model. In addition, we propose a detailed emulation environment to test the architecture. Our framework supports many possible distributed algorithms to dynamically adapt the choice where requests should be executed, in order to optimize a given performance target. In the paper we consider a few such policies, to test the flexibility of the architecture. We thus present extensive performance results of the considered policies.
Overcoming Human Barriers to Safety Event Reporting in Radiology

In high-reliability industries that are dedicated to ensuring safety, safety event reporting is the cornerstone of improvement. However, human factors can interfere with consistent reporting. Common human factors that are barriers to safety event reporting include liability concerns; time constraints; physician autonomy; self-regulation; collegiality; the lack of listening, language training, and/or feedback regarding reported events; unclear responsibilities within safety teams; and a high reporting threshold. Other barriers include fears of challenging authority, being disrespected, retribution, and the creation of a difficult work environment. These factors are reviewed in the health care setting, and the countermeasures that need to be introduced at the frontline employee, leadership employee (physicians and managers), and departmental and organizational levels to create a culture of safety in which all employees feel comfortable raising safety concerns are discussed. ©RSNA, 2019.
Neuroimaging of compulsive disorders: Similarities of food addiction with drug addiction

Abstract It has been suggested that some individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods in a manner similar to addictive drugs. Indeed, research suggests that there is some overlap in neurobiological mechanisms, brain activation patterns, and behavioral outcomes in individuals reporting an addictive-like response to certain foods and persons with substance-misuse disorders. This chapter reviews existing literature on the effects of addictive drugs and palatable, high-calorie foods on the brain's reward circuitry and discusses neural systems and neural vulnerability factors similarly implicated in drug addiction and problematic eating behavior. We will also review differentiating factors of addictive-like eating and offer essential next steps in neuroimaging research for food addiction.
Two Birds With One Stone: The Decisive Role of Cardiac MRI in Identifying Both Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Pericarditis Simultaneously in a Patient with Chest Pain.

A 35-year-old Hispanic male presented at an outside facility with chest pain a few days after a long road trip. The initial electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus tachycardia with no other abnormality. His D-dimer was positive but a subsequent computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the chest was negative for pulmonary embolism. An echocardiogram showed trace pericardial effusion with a normal ejection fraction (EF) of 70% and severe asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Satisfactory Doppler signals to assess the gradient across the left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) could not be obtained on echocardiogram. The patient was diagnosed with acute pericarditis, which was treated medically with an improvement of his symptoms. Later, he presented to our facility for an outpatient cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with and without contrast, which showed severe asymmetric septal hypertrophy measuring 29 mm with substantial patchy myocardial delayed enhancement and systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet with flow dephasing of LVOT. These findings were diagnostic of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. CMR also showed signs consistent with pericarditis. A Holter monitor was unremarkable for arrhythmia. A stress echocardiogram did not demonstrate any drop in blood pressure during exercise. His interventricular septum measured 29 mm on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which was very close to the 30 mm cut-off for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). In addition, he had a marked delayed enhancement in the hypertrophied septum due to gadolinium uptake, which is also considered a high-risk feature for sudden cardiac death. After discussions between the patient, cardiologist, cardiac imaging specialist, and electrophysiologist, a subcutaneous ICD was pursued, which was successfully implanted. He was started on medical treatment. He was followed closely in the clinic and has remained asymptomatic for the past two years.
Ultra-Early Cerebral Thrombosis Formation After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Detected on T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background and Purpose: The mechanisms of brain damage during ultra-early subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been well studied. The current study examined the SAH-induced hyperacute brain damag...
Algorithms for Maximum Power Point Tracking through Load Management

This paper presents the basic control algorithm and its improvements for a feedback-based load-matching PV system. Our previous load-matching system employed a photodetector for system control. Several practical challenges for the photodetector-based load-matching system have been identified. The feedback-based system eliminates those challenges and makes the system practical. The methods for improving the basic algorithm include monitoring PV power over time, a time delay between two power measurements, averaging multiple power measurements, and a power threshold before attempting a switch. They are implemented in SIMULINK for a system with six equal-resistance loads on both sunny and cloudy days and the optimal values for these parameters are identified. The algorithm with optimized parameters is verified in a real system on both sunny and cloudy days. These results prove the viability of maximum power point tracking through load management.
The moderating effects of alcohol use with and without parent permission on alcohol risk communication in early adolescence.

Abstract The frequency of parental alcohol risk communication (ARC) is considered an integral component of socializing youth about alcohol, but the literature offers mixed findings on whether such communication is protective. Early adolescents’ prior drinking experiences may moderate the effectiveness of ARC, but evidence for such an interaction is inconsistent. One limitation of this work considering prior drinking experience is that it has not distinguished drinking with versus without parental permission. Parents are one of the earliest sources of information about alcohol use and many parents view allowing adolescents to drink alcohol with permission as a harm reduction strategy, despite some work suggesting the opposite effect. Using a random effects multilevel regression, we tested the unique moderating effects of drinking with and without parental permission on the prospective association between alcohol risk communication and later drinking without parental permission. Adolescent and parent dyads completed 3 annual assessments (first assessment mean age = 12.6, 52% girls, 76% White/non-Hispanic). Results supported a three-way interaction. There was a modest protective effect of parental ARC on later adolescent drinking, but only for adolescents who had prior experience drinking both with and without parental permission. For all other combinations of prior drinking experience, parental communication was not prospectively related to later drinking. These results help clarify the mixed literature on alcohol communication and suggests that ARC may help reduce some of the risk associated with allowing youth to drink alcohol but only for youth who also have experience with alcohol outside of parental supervision.
Concerning Ignoble Whole Metals

§ 269. Ignoble metals allow themselves to be converted to powder in heat, and so lose their phlogiston and allow it to escape, but still increase in weight, so that a calcinated metal always weighs more than before, but the increase is different for different metals. [See § 265 (a).]
Virgin America for Barren England: English Colonial History and Literature, 1575–1635

The ‘virgin land’ metaphor that anthropomorphized the Americas as a fecund female was a prominent motif for colonization promoters in Renaissance England. Scholars have pointed to the misogynistic and racist tendencies of male English colonizers like Walter Ralegh when explaining the meaning of these comparisons, but England’s societal problems shed additional light upon the prominence of the allegory in colonial history. England’s growing poor population and reduced harvests created the necessity of acquiring fertile lands outside of the English metropole, so colonization advocates began likening desired territories to virgin women. Focusing on the domestic landscape amidst an examination of this established trope clarifies the meaning of these metaphors and presents avenues of further inquiry.
The Death of the Public Figure Doctrine: How the Internet and the Westboro Baptist Church Spawned a Killer

My article suggests that the United States Supreme Court’s public figure/private figure dichotomy announced in Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. should be abandoned in light of the Internet and Supreme Court jurisprudence that predates and postdates Gertz. First, the article examines the Supreme Court’s decision to bring defamatory speech into the realm of First Amendment protection, the creation of different burdens of proof for defamation cases, and the struggle to create sensible doctrine. To that end, the article explores not only Gertz, but the Court’s pre-Gertz majority and plurality opinions that articulated the contours of the First Amendment and defamation. The article demonstrates that while Gertz created a distinction between “public figures” and “private figures” for the purposes of determining the burden of proof in a defamation lawsuit, the reasoning behind these distinctions is no longer persuasive. I argue that because of the Internet, public figures no longer have exclusive or considerably greater access to the channels of effective communication. I also argue that the Gertz public figure/private figure dichotomy is destined to be abrogated because of the Roberts Court’s recent First Amendment jurisprudence regarding speech on matters of public concern. I argue that the Roberts Court’s vigorous defense of speech on matters of public concern foreshadows a rejection of the Gertz Court’s view that the First Amendment analysis to apportion burdens of proof should focus on whether a plaintiff is a “public figure” or “private figure.” Instead, I argue the Roberts Court’s holdings demonstrate that the more constitutionally appropriate question, in the first instance, is whether the defendant in a defamation lawsuit was speaking on a matter of public concern.
Using multi‐timescale methods and satellite‐derived land surface temperature for the interpolation of daily maximum air temperature in Oregon

There is a growing demand for fine-grained (e.g. 1 km) daily historical meteorological data. Traditional approaches interpolate between observations collected at existing meteorological stations; however, the demand for ever increasing fine resolutions has begun to outstrip the available ground-station data, especially for daily timescales. One promising technique known as the climate-aided interpolation (CAI) has the advantage of incorporating climatological data to improve fine-grained spatial detail while still producing a daily product. By estimating spatial structure at a coarser timescale than the target timescale, more ground-station data can be used, leading to improved accuracy in these multi-timescale procedures. Another approach to improve fine-grained spatial structure is the incorporation of additional environmental covariates that are measured at fine grains. Elevation has long been used in this role, but other covariates, especially remotely sensed measures of land cover and land surface temperatures (LST), are also promising. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of three interpolation methods and rigorous evaluation of multi-timescale procedures that do and do not include additional environmental covariates including LST. We perform this evaluation on daily maximum air temperature predictions using a region with widely varying climates, the state of Oregon, USA. We find that multi-timescale procedures provide a roughly 10% improvement in prediction accuracy over single-timescale procedures. For multi-timescale approaches, we find that universal kriging has the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) but has a lower predictive accuracy when the number of station decreases in the study area. Thus, generalized additive models (GAM) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) may be superior interpolation methods in areas with sparse station data. Most covariates other than elevation do not improve accuracy, but LST may be useful during summer when elevation displays low correlation with Tmax. Analyses also show that elevation and LST provide increased spatial heterogeneity.
Base Excision Repair as a Therapeutic Target in Colon Cancer

Base excision repair (BER) is a fundamental cellular process used to reduce the cytotoxicity of alkylating agent chemotherapy. Heretofore, no therapeutic agents have targeted this DNA repair pathway. Methoxyamine (MX), which binds abasic sites, acting as an inhibitor of BER, was evaluated in combination with the methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Three human colon cancer cell lines were used, SW480 cells, which are wild-type for mismatch repair genes and have mutated p53, HCT116 cells, which are mutant in hMLH1 and wild-type for p53, and HCT15 cells, which are mutant in hMSH6 and mutant in p53 as well. Nude mice carrying these tumors received TMZ alone or in combination with MX or O(6)-benzylguanine (BG), an inhibitor of O(6)-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase, daily i.p. for 5 consecutive days. At the highest tolerable dose of TMZ (120 mg/kg), a tumor growth delay of approximately 9.3 +/- 1.2 days was noted in SW480. Addition of BG resulted in a tumor growth delay of 25 +/- 2.4 days accompanied by significant weight loss (23%) and severe myelosuppression. In contrast, SW480 tumor-bearing mice treated with MX + TMZ had cessation of tumor growth for 50 +/- 13 days and very slow regrowth, yielding tumor growth delays of >70 +/- 14 days (P < 0.002) without additive systemic toxicity. HCT116 and HCT15 xenografts were completely resistant to treatment with TMZ alone or in combination with BG. However, treatment with MX + TMZ induced significant tumor growth delays (20 +/- 1.4 days in HCT116 and 14 +/- 3.1 days in HCT15 xenografts, P < 0.05). These studies demonstrate that a significant enhancement of the antitumor effect of TMZ by MX was observed in human colon cancer xenografts with mismatch repair proficiency and deficiency. DNA BER may be a useful pharmacological target through which tumor cells can be sensitized to alkylating therapeutic agents.
Specialization in High School Athletics: A New Trend?.

(1988). Specialization in High School Athletics. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 62, Education in the Year 2000, pp. 40-41.
Analyzing the special PFG signal attenuation behavior of intermolecular MQC via the effective phase shift diffusion equation method

Inter-molecular multiple quantum coherence (iMQC) has important applications in NMR and MRI. However, the current theoretical methods still have some difficulties in analyzing the behavior of iMQC signal attenuation of pulsed field gradient diffusion experiments. In this paper, the iMQC diffusion experiments were analyzed by an effective phase shift diffusion equation (EPSDE) method, which is based on the idea that the accumulating phase shift (APS) can be viewed as the result of a diffusion process in virtual phase space (VPS) with effective diffusion coefficient K(2)(t) D (rad(2)/s) where K(t)=∫0 (t)γg(t')dt' is a wavenumber and D is the physical diffusion coefficient of the spin carrier in the real space. The term K(t(tot)) z1 needs to be added to the APS when K(t(tot)) is not zero. Most of the time, K(t(tot)) equals zero. However, in iMQC experiments, the condition K(t(tot)) equaling zero or being non-zero for each spin depends on the gradient pulse setting. The signal attenuations of these two types of iMQC, zero or non-zero K(t(tot)), were analyzed in detail for free and restricted diffusions, which shows that there are significant differences between these two types of iMQC. Particularly, if an apparent diffusion coefficient D(app) is used to analyze the signal attenuation, it equals nD for zero K(t(tot)) which agrees with current theoretical and experimental reports, while for non-zero K(t(tot)), it equals (2n - 1) D which agrees with experimental results from the literature; there are no similar theoretical results reported for comparison. The result that D(app) equals (2n - 1) D is important because the higher value of D(app) means that non-zero K(t(tot)) iMQC can potentially provide more contrast and measure slower diffusion rates than zero K(t(tot)) iMQC. The EPSDE method provides a new way to analyze iMQC diffusion experiments.
Axl modulates immune activation of smooth muscle cells in vein graft remodeling

The pathophysiological mechanisms of the immune activation of smooth muscle cells are not well understood. Increased expression of Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, was recently found in arteries from patients after coronary bypass grafts. In the present study, we hypothesized that Axl-dependent immune activation of smooth muscle cells regulates vein graft remodeling. We observed a twofold decrease in intimal thickening after vascular and systemic depletion of Axl in vein grafts. Local depletion of Axl had the greatest effect on immune activation, whereas systemic deletion of Axl reduced intima due to an increase in apoptosis in vein grafts. Primary smooth muscle cells isolated from Axl knockout mice had reduced proinflammatory responses by prevention of the STAT1 pathway. The absence of Axl increased suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 expression in smooth muscle cells, a major inhibitory protein for STAT1. Ultrasound imaging suggested that vascular depletion of Axl reduced vein graft stiffness. Axl expression determined the STAT1-SOCS1 balance in vein graft intima and progression of the remodeling. The results of this investigation demonstrate that Axl promotes STAT1 signaling via inhibition of SOCS1 in activated smooth muscle cells in vein graft remodeling.
Effects of intense sweeteners on hunger, food intake, and body weight: a review

The sweet taste of aspartame, saccharin, and acesulfame-K has been reported to increase ratings of hunger and, after saccharin consumption, to increase food intake. However, most investigators have found that aspartame consumption is associated with decreased or unchanged ratings of hunger. Even if aspartame consumption increases ratings of hunger in some situations, it apparently has little impact on the controls of food intake and body weight. Aspartame has not been found to increase food intake; indeed, both short-term and long-term studies have shown that consumption of aspartame-sweetened foods or drinks is associated with either no change or a reduction in food intake. Preliminary clinical trials suggest that aspartame may be useful aid in a complete diet-and-exercise program or in weight maintenance. Intense sweeteners have never been found to cause weight gain in humans.
Uptake of aromatic hydrocarbon vapors (benzene and phenanthrene) at the air-water interface of micron-size water droplets.

Abstract Uptake of aromatic hydrocarbon vapors (benzene and phenanthrene) by typical micrometer-sized fog-water droplets was studied using a falling droplet reactor at temperatures between 296 and 316 K. Uptake of phenan-threne vapor greater than that predicted by bulk (air-water)-phase equilibrium was observed for diameters less than 200 μm, and this was attributed to surface adsorption. The experimental values of the droplet-vapor partition constant were used to obtain the overall mass transfer coefficient and the mass accommodation coefficient for both benzene and phenanthrene. Mass transfer of phenanthrene was dependent only on gas-phase diffusion and mass accommodation at the interface. However, for benzene, the mass transfer was limited by liquid-phase diffusion and mass accommodation. A large value of the mass accommodation coefficient, α = (1.4 ± 0.4) × 10−2 was observed for the highly surface-active (hydrophobic) phenanthrene, whereas a small α = (9.7 ± 1.8) × 10−5 was observed for the less hydro...
Regulation of basement membrane invasiveness in human breast cance model systems

In order to metastasize, tumor ceils must disengage from the primary lesion, enter the circulation, avoid immune surveillance, and penetrate and proliferate in normal tissue at distant sites (Fidler, 1978; Liotta, 1984). Collective analyses of a number of primary tumor systems suggest that these events require distinct biochemical activities possessed by a limited ceI1 population which arises during tumor progression (Liotta, 1984). The process of metastasis then can be thought of as multi-factorial, involving the acquisition or loss of a series of distinct traits, such that only a very small proportion of the original tumor cells achieves full metastatic potential. Molecular analysis of each activity (i.e. loss of adhesion to the primary tumor, migration, invasion of various extraceilular matrices, immune avoidance, platelet aggregation and embolus formation, interaction with the endothelium for extravasation, and organ specificity for colonization and successful growth) is the subject of investigation in many laboratories. If metastasis is limited to cells capable of all such activities, interference with one should be
Does competitive clutter in television advertising “interfere” with the recall and recognition of brand names and ad claims?

This paper contrasts the effects of competitive clutter on the recall and recognition of information from ads for familiar brands. An experiment was conducted utilizing ads for the type of relatively familiar brands typically advertised on network television; the dependent variables were recall and recognition of brand names and ad claims. Results showed that brand name recall scores were substantially reduced by competitive clutter. However, exposure to competitors' ads had little effect on ad claim recall. These data are consistent with the view that information about familiar brands will tend to be compartmentalized in memory, reducing interference effects in attribute recall. Exposure to competitive clutter had relatively little effect on recognition task performance. Suggestions for future advertising research considering competitive interference and brand familiarity issues are provided.
Is cystatin C more effective than creatinine in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes in elderly people

Is cystatin C more effective than creatinine in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes in elderly people?
Digital Anthropomorphic Phantoms of Non-Rigid Human Respiratory and Voluntary Body Motion for Investigating Motion Correction in Emission Imaging

The development of methods for correcting patient motion in emission tomography has been receiving increased attention. Often the performance of these methods is evaluated through simulations using digital anthropomorphic phantoms, such as the commonly used extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantom, which models both respiratory and cardiac motion based on human studies. However, non-rigid body motion, which is frequently seen in clinical studies, is not present in the standard XCAT phantom. In addition, respiratory motion in the standard phantom is limited to a single generic trend. In this work, to obtain a more realistic representation of motion, we developed a series of individual-specific XCAT phantoms, modeling non-rigid respiratory and non-rigid body motions derived from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisitions of volunteers. Acquisitions were performed in the sagittal orientation using the Navigator methodology. Baseline (no motion) acquisitions at end-expiration were obtained at the beginning of each imaging session for each volunteer. For the body motion studies, MRI was again acquired only at end-expiration for five body motion poses (shoulder stretch, shoulder twist, lateral bend, side roll, and axial slide). For the respiratory motion studies, an MRI was acquired during free/regular breathing. The magnetic resonance slices were then retrospectively sorted into 14 amplitude-binned respiratory states, end-expiration, end-inspiration, six intermediary states during inspiration, and six during expiration using the recorded Navigator signal. XCAT phantoms were then generated based on these MRI data by interactive alignment of the organ contours of the XCAT with the MRI slices using a graphical user interface. Thus far we have created five body motion and five respiratory motion XCAT phantoms from the MRI acquisitions of six healthy volunteers (three males and three females). Non-rigid motion exhibited by the volunteers was reflected in both respiratory and body motion phantoms with a varying extent and character for each individual. In addition to these phantoms, we recorded the position of markers placed on the chest of the volunteers for the body motion studies, which could be used as external motion measurement. Using these phantoms and external motion data, investigators will be able to test their motion correction approaches for realistic motion obtained from different individuals. The non-uniform rational B-spline data and the parameter files for these phantoms are freely available for downloading and can be used with the XCAT license.
Depolarized Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering of shear waves and molecular reorientation in a viscoelastic liquid

A microscopic theory of depolarized Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra for viscoelastic liquids is developed. The theory takes into account the oscillation as well as relaxation of shear modes which couple to the polarizability density in a rotationally isotropic system. The experimental results of liquid and supercooled liquid salol have been analysed using the present theoretical result. Not only the detailed lineshape of the spectra at all temperatures can be interpreted consistently using one equation, the temperature dependence of the intensity ratio of the central component to the shifted shear mode side bands can also be accounted for. It is expected that this theory is applicable to the interpretation of depolarized Rayleigh spectra of supercooled liquids or glasses consisting of optically anisotropic molecules.
Differences between American English and British English: A Challenge to TESOL.

Until recently, British English (BE) was considered the sole model for learners of English in most countries of the world, including those in Eastern Europe. In the spring of 1976, when my English-SerboCroatian Dictionary was being readied for publication in Yugoslavia, many feared that it would be rejected by Yugoslav teachers and learners, since it gave priority to American English (AE). The English Language Officer of the American Embassy in Belgrade organized a lecture tour to four key Yugoslav cities so that I could reassure teachers and students of English that consistent attention would also be paid in the new dictionary to BE features. In the fall of 1978, a week before the actual appearance of the dictionary in bookstores, the Yugoslav publisher, Prosveta, ran a full-page advertisement in the newspaper Politika, including the translation of an article from the London Observer, which pointed out to the citizens of Great Britain that AE should be considered the dominant variety of English. The purpose of printing the Observer article was to prepare the Yugoslav public for the shock of having its largest publishing house put out a bilingual dictionary that described AE.
Theoretical Calculation of Activation Energies for Pt + H+(aq) + e-(U) ↔ Pt−H: Activation Energy-Based Symmetry Factors in the Marcus Normal and Inverted Regions

The low coverage reversible potential for underpotential deposition of hydrogen on platinum in acid electrolyte is calculated quantum mechanically with two approaches, (i) one using the calculated reaction energy for the overall reaction and an added constant and (ii) the other based on a model of the electrochemical interface. The former yields 0.40 V and the latter 0.48 V, both close to the observed value of ∼0.40 V. Electrode-potential-dependent activation energies are calculated using the interface model for the reduction of the hydronium ion to form the Pt−H bond and for the reverse oxidation reaction over the −0.3 to 3.0 V range. To make this possible, the model explicitly excludes the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathodic end and water oxidation at the anodic end of the potential range. Cathodic and anodic symmetry factors are determined from the slopes of the activation energy curves, which are used as models for the corresponding activation free energy curves. They are extended into the Mar...
Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Impacts Abundance and Diversity of Nitrogen Cycling Functional Genes in Soil

The concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere has increased over the last century. Although this increase is unlikely to have direct effects on soil microbial communities, increased atmospheric CO2 may impact soil ecosystems indirectly through plant responses. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of plants to elevated CO2 would impact soil microorganisms responsible for key nitrogen cycling processes, specifically denitrification and nitrification. We grew trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees in outdoor chambers under ambient (360 ppm) or elevated (720 ppm) levels of CO2 for 5 years and analyzed the microbial communities in the soils below the trees using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and clone library sequencing targeting the nitrite reductase (nirK) and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. We observed a more than twofold increase in copy numbers of nirK and a decrease in nirK diversity with CO2 enrichment, with an increased predominance of Bradyrhizobia-like nirK sequences. We suggest that this dramatic increase in nirK-containing bacteria may have contributed to the significant loss of soil N in the CO2-treated chambers. Elevated CO2 also resulted in a significant decrease in copy numbers of bacterial amoA, but no change in archaeal amoA copy numbers. The decrease in abundance of bacterial amoA was likely a result of the loss of soil N in the CO2-treated chambers, while the lack of response for archaeal amoA supports the hypothesis that physiological differences in these two groups of ammonia oxidizers may enable them to occupy distinct ecological niches and respond differently to environmental change.
Effects of ABS rubber particles on rheology, melt failure, and thermoforming

The rubber particles included in rubber modified polymeric materials such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer and impact modified polymers play an important role in determining their rheological properties, processing behavior, and mechanical properties. In this study both small strain oscillatory shear viscosity in the frequency range from 10−2 to 102 s−1 and uniaxial elongational viscosity behavior at two elongation rates ( = 0.1 and 1.0 s−1) over the range of temperatures from 140°C to 200°C were measured for commercial ABS polymers with different contents and deformability of rubber particles. The influences of rubber content and deformability on rheological properties such as melt elasticity, elongational viscosity, strain hardening and/or softening, the onset of nonuniform deformation, and thermoforming performance were investigated. The Wagner two-parameter nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was used to describe strain hardening behavior, while the Considere criterion was used to determine the onset point of nonuniform deformation. The part thickness distribution obtained through use of a vacuum snap-back forming process was simulated to investigate the effects of rheological changes associated with different rubber particles on the thermoforming performance. It was found that ABS polymers with larger contents of hard rubber particles exhibited more melt elasticity, stronger strain hardening, a maximum of biaxial elongational viscosity, onset of nonuniform deformation at later time, and better thermoforming performance. Strain hardening and the Considere criterion provide simple, reliable indicators of the thermoforming performance of ABS polymers.
Within-category discriminations in speech perception

The assumption that listeners are unaware of the highly encoded acoustic properties which lead to phoneme identification is questioned in the present study. It was found that some subjects can make use of small differences in voice onset time when making within-category discriminations. Subjects who can use these auditory features do so both implicitly (in a phonetic match task) and deliberately (in a physical match task). Results also indicate that some type of parallel process model is needed to account for the processing of auditory and phonetic information.
High-Speed High-Frequency Acoustic Modem for Image Transmission in Very Shallow Waters

A one-way, high-speed, high-frequency acoustic modem (HS-HFAM) operating between 260 kHz and 380 kHz has been developed to transmit compressed underwater images and status information in real-time. High data rates are made possible using a high-resolution decision feedback equalizer with parallel algorithm for tracking and compensating large Doppler. Experimental results show that this modem achieves 13298.2 information bits per joule at 87768 information bits per second and at a range of 88 m in ports and shallow waters.
Thioredoxin-ASK1 complex levels regulate ROS-mediated p38 MAPK pathway activity in livers of aged and long-lived Snell dwarf mice

We have proposed that the age-associated increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by electron transport chain (ETC) dysfunction may cause the elevated basal level of p38 MAPK stress response pathway activity. However, the mechanism by which ROS activates this pathway is not clear. Here we propose that activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by complex I (CI) generated ROS, in response to rotenone (ROT) treatment, is based on the ability of reduced Trx to bind to and inhibit ASK 1 and its release from the complex upon oxidation. This balance of free vs. bound ASK1 regulates the level of p38 MAPK pathway activity. To support this mechanism we demonstrate that the production of ROS by ROT treated AML12 hepatocyte cells dissociates the Trx-ASK1 complex, thereby increasing p38 MAPK pathway activity. This mechanism is supported by the ability of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) to prevent dissociation of Trx-ASK1 and activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. We also demonstrated that the ratio of ASK1/Trx-ASK1 increases in aged mouse livers and that this correlates with the increased basal activity of the p38 MAPK pathway. The longevity of Snell dwarf mice has been attributed to their resistance to oxidative stress. A comparison of the levels of Trx-ASK1 in young and aged dwarfs showed a higher abundance of the complex than in their age-matched controls. These results, which are indicative of a decreased level of oxidative stress, suggest that increased ROS production in aged liver may alter the ratio of ASK1 and Trx-ASK1, thereby increasing the age-associated basal level of p38 MAPK pathway activity.
Infiltrative anesthesia in surgery of the gall-bladder

Abstract Local infiltrative anesthesia has a definite place in surgery of the gall-bladder and adds a factor of safety in those cases in which the use of general anesthesia would be expected to increase the hazard of operative procedure. Cholecystectomy may be performed painlessly and rapidly when postural assistance is utilized and blunt dissection and heavy traction are avoided. Cholecystectomy usually requires the addition of infiltrative visceral and splanchnic block. Simplicity of apparatus and of procedure make this a satisfactory method for use by the general surgeon.
Development of in-line furnace for in-situ nanoscale resolution x-ray microscopy

Full field transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM) is a newly developed x-ray imaging technique to provide quantitative and non-destructive 3D characterization of the complex microstructure of materials at nanometer resolution. A key missing component is an in situ apparatus enabling the imaging of the complex structural evolution of the materials and to correlate the structural change with a material’s functionality under real operating conditions. This work describes the design of an environmental cell which satisfies the requirements for in situ TXM studies. The limited space within the TXM presents a spatial constraint which prohibits the use of conventional heaters, as well as requiring consideration in designing for safe and controlled operation of the system and alignment of the cell with the beam. A gravity drip-fed water cooling jacket was installed in place around the heating module to maintain critical components of the microscope at safe operating temperatures. A motion control system consisting of pulse width modulated DC motor driven XYZ translation stages was developed to facilitate fine alignment of the cell. Temperature of the sample can be controlled remotely and accurately through a controller to temperatures as high as 1200 K. Heating zone measurement was carried out and shows a 500 x 500 x 500 μm3 homogeneous zone volume for sample area, which is a critical parameter to ensure accurate observation of structural evolution at nanometer scale with a sample in size of tens of microns. Application on Ni particles for in situ oxidation experiment and dehydrogenation of aluminum hydride is also discussed.