cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roles of initial condition and vortex pairing in jet noise

Sound generation by vortex pairing in circular and elliptic cold-air jets at Mach 0.15-0.35 is investigated experimentally, with a focus on the effects of initial conditions. The results are presented in graphs and interpreted using the theory of vortex sound proposed by Moehring (1978) and vortex-filament models of jet coherent structure. Tripping the nozzle boundary layer is shown to (1) preempt formation of shear-layer vortices, (2) remove the sound they produce in later pairing, and (3) increase the diffusion of coherent vorticity in the vortex rings. Hence pairing noise should not be significant in practical jets, which are initially turbulent.
GaAs Optical Electronic Devices For Signal Processing Applications

AbstractThe successful evolution of III -V optical and electronic devices from laboratorycuriosities to production components has opened exciting new possibilities for vastlyimproved electronic and optical electronic systems. GaAs FETs and semiconductor laserscan now be commercially obtained from a number of companies in the United States and Japan.Researchers have recently demonstrated GaAs digital integrated circuits1 and CCDs2 that canreach speeds and low- powered dissipations that cannot be achieved with similar geometrysilicon devices. The complexity (i.e., number of active components) of these circuits israpidly growing. Laboratory GaAs circuits with - 100 gates have been demonstrated.An entirely new technology is now possible by combining the optical and electronic III -Vdevice technology to achieve monolithic integrated circuits. Vastly more complex andsuperior performance optical systems can be contemplated because the problem of interfacingoptical devices with control and signal processing circuitry can be eliminated. Possibleapplications of this technology will include: large arrays avalanche detectors; integratedmultichannel transmitters, receivers, and repeaters; optical A -D converters; two -dimensional ultrahigh sensitivity monolithic imaging focal planes; and a host of othersignal devices that can incorporate optical and electronic functions. This approach isfundamentally different from integrated optics where all the signal processing is donewith optical interactions. In monolithic ICs, both optical and electronic devices will beutilized on the same chip. The use of each type of device in combination will depend onthe particular requirements of a given system. The significance of this approach is notbeing limited to either a solely optical or electronic signal processing technique, butusing a combination of the two to achieve results superior to either alone.There are a number of unique characteristics of III -V alloys in general and ofGaA1As /GaAs in particular (compared to silicon) that allow the monolithic integration ofoptical and electronic functions on a single substrate. These characteristics include:
Tissue microarray: an effective high-throughput method to study the placenta for clinical and research purposes.

Objective. Tissue microarray (TMA) technology allows simultaneous examination of the expression of many molecular markers (protein, mRNA, DNA, etc.) with high-throughput. The application of this technology, to date, has been largely confined to the study of cancer. Placental pathology poses unique challenges because of the size of the organ, its complex anatomy, as well as its histological heterogeneity. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficiency of TMAs for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of placental tissues.Study design. TMAs were constructed using an automated tissue arrayer. Standard 0.6-mm or 1-mm microarray needles were used. Villous parenchyma, basal plate, and chorioamniotic membranes were targeted in each block. Five μm-thick TMA sections underwent immunohistochemical analysis of both cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens using a panel of antibodies against a variety of cytoplasmic [cytokeratin-7, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and protein Z], ...
Analysis of antenna structure with equal E- and H-plane patterns

Analysis of an antenna structure which yields equal E- and H-plane patterns is presented in this paper. The structure consists of an excited slot with two symmetrically disposed and parasitically excited monopoles. The equalisation of the E- and H-plane patterns depends upon the coupling between the slot and the monopoles, which is a function of monopole height and separation from the slot. An evaluation of coupling between monople and slot is done, and an optimum configuration is obtained. The analytical results obtained as shown to be in close agreement with the experimental ones obtained by other researchers.
Dropout As A Function Of Discrepancies Between Expectations and Actual Experiences Of The Classroom Social Environment

Prediction and explanation of the dropout phenomenon in adult education have suffered from a lack of theory-based research. In the present inquiry, social environment theory was employed to determi...
Theoretical study of the allyl radical: structure and vibrational analysis

The electronic structure of the allyl CH/sub 2/CHCH/sub 2/ and its vibrational spectrum have been calculated from ab initio multiconfiguration Hartee-Fock (MCHF) wave functions. While the Hartree-Fock (HF) model incorrectly predicts a nonsymmetric structure, the MCHF calculations indicate that the allyl radical has C/sub 2..nu../ symmetry in accord with ESR evidence. Harmonic vibrational frequencies of all the normal modes are reported for the allyl radical and various deuterium-substituted analogues. Most noteworthy are the out-of-plane bending mode frequencies calculated at 760-790 cm/sup -1/ which are predicted to give rise to a very intense and characteristic band of the allyl radical.
Strategies for the computation of infrared CD and absorption spectra of biological molecules: ribonucleic acids

We report observed and computed infrared (vibrational) circular dichroism spectra of a number of polyribonucleic acids in aqueous solutions in the 1600-1750 cm-1 spectral region, in which C = O and some nucleotide base ring stretching vibrations occur. The experimental data are compared with results calculated using different levels of sophistication within the exciton approach. We find that observed band shapes are generally well reproduced by these models, particularly if care is taken to determine the direction of the vibrational dipole transition moments accurately.
When Tuberculosis Comes Back: Who Develops Recurrent Tuberculosis in California?

Background Recurrent tuberculosis suggests potentially modifiable gaps in tuberculosis treatment and control activities. The frequency of late recurrences following treatment completion has not been well-studied. We determined the frequency of, and risk factors associated with, tuberculosis that recurs at least one year after completion of anti-tuberculosis therapy in California. Methods The study population included culture-positive, pulmonary tuberculosis patients reported to the California tuberculosis case registry from 1993 to 2007 who completed anti-tuberculosis therapy. A person with late recurrent tuberculosis was defined as an individual that appeared in the registry more than once, determined by match on name and date-of-birth, with at least one year between treatment completion of the first episode and treatment initiation of the second episode. Results Among 23,517 tuberculosis patients, 148 (0.63%) had a late recurrence. Independent risk factors for recurrence included: infection with a pyrazinamide mono-resistant isolate (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.93; p = 0.019); initiation of an isoniazid- and rifampin-only treatment regimen (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.55; p = 0.0412); sputum smear-positive disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.96; p = 0.0003); human immunodeficiency virus infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.81; p = 0.0149); and birth in the United States (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.88; p = 0.0002). Infection with an isoniazid mono-resistant isolate was protective (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.25; p = 0.0171). Conclusions The low frequency of late recurrent tuberculosis in California suggests that local TB control programs are largely successful at preventing this adverse outcome. Nonetheless, we identified subpopulations at increased risk of late tuberculosis recurrence that may benefit from additional medical or public health interventions.
String theory formulation of the three-dimensional black hole.

A black hole solution to three-dimensional general relativity with a negative cosmological constant has recently been found. We show that a slight modification of this solution yields an exact solution to string theory. This black hole is equivalent (under duality) to the previously discussed three-dimensional black string solution. Since the black string is asymptotically flat and the black hole is asymptotically anti--de Sitter, this suggests that strings are not affected by a negative cosmological constant in three dimensions.
Time dependent hydrodynamics in multiphase reactors

Abstract Time dependent flow often occurs in multiphase reactors. Examples of practical interest include pulsing flow in the case of cocurrent downflow of gas and liquid through a packed column, and voidage fluctuations in fluid-solid flows. In these examples, the local mean volume fractions and velocities of each phase can be described by similar volume-averaged macroscopic models. In one dimension, fully developed flow takes the form of periodic waves travelling at constant speed through the bed. The shape of waves having observable wavelength is dictated by proximity to a heteroclinic connection in the travelling wave frame between two unstable uniform solutions having the same total volumetric flux. Consequently, the properties of the fully developed travelling waves can be determined by locating the two connected fixed points. A concise operating diagram can be constructed for the gas-liquid-packing system in terms of the externally applied fluxes of each phase. Qualitatively different solutions are obtained in each region of the operating diagram. Application of these methods to models for fluid-solid flow is also discussed.
Failure to support the validity of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine.

We tested the validity of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine. Both clinical and laboratory studies found neither the total questionnaire score nor the individual questionnaire items were related to physiological tolerance as measured by heart rate, skin conductance, blood volume pulse, and skin temperature responses to smoking a cigarette. We hypothesize the questionnaire measures behavioral dependence or perceived dependence rather than physical dependence.
The Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm in Three Dimensions

Abstract The results of an isolated three-dimensional thunderstorm simulation are reported. An initial wind shear of 1.54 m sec−1 km−1 is specified in the x direction and symmetry is assumed in the y direction about the central x-z plane. An erect cloud develops from an initial 3.7 km radius impulse as the updraft core is fed from all directions by moist and warm low-level air. After some time rain begins to fall and a downdraft developes downshear of the updraft core cutting off the major low-level supply of warm and moist air. Subsequently, the updraft core begins to tilt downshear and the center of the lower part of the updraft core is shifted away from the central x–z plane. At middle cloud levels wind features reminiscent of flow about a cylinder are present. Both the hydrostatic and dynamic pressure appear to be important in decelerating flow upwind of the cloud. Comparison with a similar two-dimensional simulation indicates that the three-dimensional cloud develops faster, grows taller, lasts longe...
Bow shock associated waves observed in the far upstream interplanetary medium

Fifty orbits of Explorer 34 data have been used to study 0.01–0.05 Hz transverse waves in the interplanetary medium region between the bow shock and the spacecraft apogee of 34 RE. It is concluded that the waves are associated with the earth's bow shock since they only occur when projection of the interplanetary field observed at the spacecraft intersects the shock. The waves are observed 18.5% of the time when a total of 134 days of interplanetary data is considered, but more than 90% of the time when the field has the proper orientation with respect to the bow shock. On the basis of this result it is suggested that these waves with 20–100 second periods are a permanent feature of the solar wind-earth interaction. The transverse component of the waves is typically several gammas in amplitude in 4–8 gamma fields. The disturbance vector in the XY plane generally exhibits the same sense of rotation in a coordinate system where the field is oriented along the positive z axis. Attenuation of wave amplitudes with distance from the bow shock is estimated to be only a factor of 2 when the spacecraft is 15 RE from the bow shock. The absence of waves at particular field orientations, even though the field line intersects the shock, is interpreted as a propagation effect. This observation is the basis for calculations that yield an average velocity in the plasma frame of 2.7 ± 0.4 times the solar wind velocity. Whistler propagation and local generation by two-stream instability are discussed as alternate theoretical explanations for the presence of the waves. It is suggested that the data favor the latter mechanism.
Thermogravimetric study of some new transition metal–schiff base coordination polymers

A condensation reaction between 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline and terephthalaldehyde yielded a bis-bifunctional Schiff base ligand, 5,′5-[p-phenylene-bis(methylidynenitrilo)] di-8-quinolinol, which was used to produce coordination polymers containing Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II) in the form of insoluble powders. The thermal stabilities of these polymers were evaluated in vacuum over the temperature range of 25–700°C. by using a newly constructed thermobalance having improved sensitivity. The results relate the decomposition of the polymers to the metal in the backbone as well as to the organic ligand to which the metal is coordinated. Some discussion is devoted to the possible modes of decomposition of these polymers.
Participation of the oxidative pathway in yeast respiration.

RECENT work has demonstrated the widespread occurrence of enzymes which in vitro catalyse reactions in the breakdown of glucose by the so-called hexose monophosphate shunt or oxidative pathway (as distinct from the classical glycolytic route or Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas sequence). Thus the recognition of sedoheptulose phosphate as a labile intermediate and its participation in a cyclic sequence of reactions by which glucose might be completely oxidized1 has extended the earlier work of Dickens and others and given grounds for supposing that a non-glycolytic breakdown of glucose may occur normally in certain living cells and may, in fact, be a major route of glucose catabolism. The present communication describes results from resting yeast suspensions which are in accord with this supposition.
The Lower Regions of the Ionosphere

IN our recent letter to NATURE1, we did not mean to infer that reflections from the 60 km. level had not been found before. So early as 1930, Appleton2 noticed reflections of this type. In 1935, Mitra and Syam3 recorded reflections from this level using the pulse method of Breit and Tuve. The only addition we made to existing knowledge was that this high level forms the top of a region extending from 40 km. to 55 km. and that there is a lower region from 5 km. to 30 km. high. Practically the same discovery was made in England by Watson Watt and his co-workers4. In accordance with Mitra's suggestion5, we propose to call these the D and C regions.
Upper Extremity Hemodynamic Changes after Radial Artery Harvest for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

-test. There were no significant changes between preoperative and postoperative pressures in the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries, and thumb, index, long, ring, or little fingers. Pressure changes in the thumb and index finger approached but did not achieve a statistical difference. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) in the distal ulnar artery changed significantly between preoperative and postoperative measurements. PSV changed from 0.50 ± 0.05 m/sec to 0.67 ± 0.04 m/sec (p= 0.02); EDV changed from 0.03 ± 0.03 m/sec to −0.10 ± 0.05 m/sec (p= 0.05); and RI changed from 0.97 ± 0.05 to 1.13 ± 0.05 (p= 0.02). Palmar arch evaluations revealed significant changes at rest and with ulnar compression between preoperative and postoperative measurements: (1) at rest EDV changed from 0.03 ± 0.02 m/sec to −0.05 ± 0.02 m/sec (p < 0.01); (2) at rest RI changed from 0.96 ± 0.05 to 1.12 ± 0.05 (p= 0.01); (3) with ulnar compression the PSV changed from 0.23 ± 0.05 m/sec to 0.005 ± 0.01 m/sec (p < 0.01); and (4) with ulnar compression the RI changed from 0.82 ± 0.11 to 0.27 ± 0.12 (p < 0.01). Eight patients had a variety of complaints at the follow-up visit, the majority being numbness and tingling. No patients reported symptoms of claudication or rest pain at the follow-up visit. The data suggest that while statistically significant changes in velocity and arterial resistance do occur, patients seem to tolerate radial artery harvesting without clinical consequences. The ideal method of preoperative evaluation remains to be determined.
Toward the Design of a Recommender System: Visual Clustering and Detecting Community Structure in a Web Usage Network

The identification of community structure is one of the fundamental questions in the analysis of large scale complex networks. In this work, we propose a novel approach to extracting communities within a large network of cyber learners and learning resources. The technique used is a heuristic which initially performs clustering using force-based visualization algorithms and then relies on network modularity to select good decompositions from those found visually. Through testing, we have determined appropriate parameters for optimal performance. Finally, we use the community detection method to design a visual recommender system to recommend learning resources to cyber learners within the same community.
Mentoring in psychiatric residency programs: a survey of chief residents.

Mentorship is an important component of graduate education. This study assessed the perceptions of general psychiatry chief residents regarding the adequacy of mentorship provided during training. The authors surveyed 229 chief residents participating in the APA National Chief Residents Leadership Program in 2004 and 2005. The survey assessed domains such as work hours, didactics, home and family life, and mentorship. Of the chief psychiatric residents surveyed, 49% reported that they did not have a clearly defined career development mentor, and 39% reported that they did not feel adequately mentored. Gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, moonlighting, medical school (American versus international), and type of residency program (academic versus community based) did not show significant association with either “having a clearly defined mentor” or “feeling adequately mentored,” based on chisquared tests for independence. Chief residents who had authored peer-reviewed publications were significantly more likely to report having a clearly defined mentor and to feel adequately mentored than those who did not author publications. Logistic regression analysis showed that having a clearly defined mentor was associated with twice the odds for feeling well prepared to practice psychiatry upon graduation compared with those who did not have a clearly defined mentor, even after controlling for gender, race, medical school, and residency program type. Half of the psychiatric chief residents surveyed reported the lack of a clearly defined career development mentor. In addition, a chief resident’s response of lacking a clear mentor was associated with the perception of being less prepared to practice psychiatry upon graduation. Psychiatric residency training programs may benefit from further clarification and implementation of effective mentorship programs.
Effects of Microstructure Evolution on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of 95Sn-5Sb

Lead-free solders have garnered much attention in recent years due to legislation banning the use of lead in electronics. As use of lead solders is phased out, there is a need for lead-free alternatives for niche applications such as high temperature environments where traditionally high lead solders are used. Electronics and sensors exposed to high-temperature environments such as those associated with deep well drilling require solder interconnects that can withstand high thermal-mechanical stresses. In an effort to characterize solder alloys for such applications, this study focuses on deformation behavior of the Sn95-Sb5 solder under high-temperature exposures (from 298°K to 473°K). As compared to conventional high-temperature Pb-based solder 90Pb–10Sn, Sn95–Sb5 exhibited very high tensile strength and modulus, as well as superior creep properties despite its lower melting temperature. Importantly, high-temperature deformation was shown to be influenced by the presence of the second phase (SnSb) distributed within the Sn-rich matrix. These second phase precipitates appeared to be dissolved into the Sn-rich phase above 453°K, which converted the solder into a single-phase alloy and resulted in a change in its deformation mechanism. Furthermore, as the service temperature is of such high homologous temperature (T > 0.5Tm), creep deformation will contribute significantly toward the life of the solder joint during thermal cycling. In order to characterize the creep behavior and to identify controlling mechanism(s), creep tests were carried out, from which the stress exponent and activation energy were determined. In this study, detailed microstructures under high-temperature are presented in conjunction with the corresponding mechanical behavior to further understand the controlling deformation mechanisms.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
First passive radar observations of auroral E‐region irregularities

On August 27, 1998 we observed auroral E-region irregularities using the Manastash Ridge Radar system. These are the first radio science results from passive radar observations of commercial FM broadcasts near 100 MHz. These are also the first reported observations of 1.5 m irregularities in 15 years. The data show scatter most consistent with type-1 and type-3 ion-acoustic turbulence as observed by 50 MHz and 140 MHz radars. The instrument is extraordinarily low in cost and provides data free of range and doppler velocity aliasing problems. The range and velocity resolution achieved by this radar is substantially superior to that of other comparable coherent scatter radars, and the time resolution is similar.
The Right Moves: Challenges of Dance Assessment

(1994). The Right Moves: Challenges of Dance Assessment. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 11-17.
Universal linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals parameters for d -state solids

The assumption of a muffin-tin zero equal to the $d$-state energy, taken from Anderson's muffin-tin-orbital theory, is used in transition-metal pseudopotential theory to derive a simple form for the hybridization matrix element $〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|\ensuremath{\Delta}|d〉$ in terms of a parameter ${r}_{d}$, given for all 27 transition elements. Using this form, matrix elements between $d$ states on neighboring atoms are found to be given by ${V}_{\mathrm{ddm}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{ddm}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}{r}_{d}^{3}}{(m{d}^{5})}$ with ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{dd}\ensuremath{\sigma}}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{45}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{dd}\ensuremath{\pi}}=\frac{30}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{dd}\ensuremath{\delta}}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{15}{(2\ensuremath{\pi})}$. Thus for any structure and nearest-neighbor distance $d$, we need in addition only $〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|W|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}〉$ (fitted to $d$-band energies calculated earlier) to provide all parameters needed for an elementary band calculation for any transition metal. Results are displayed for all. By replacing the free-electron band in this description by an $\mathrm{sp}$ band and equating appropriate band energies, we identify expressions for matrix elements coupling $d$ states to $s$ and $p$ states. The universal form ${V}_{\mathrm{ldm}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{ldm}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}{r}_{d}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{(m{d}^{\frac{7}{2}})}$ is obtained but the coefficients obtained are sensitive to the matching procedure. Empirical values ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}\ensuremath{\sigma}}=\ensuremath{-}3.11$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{pd}\ensuremath{\sigma}}=\ensuremath{-}2.82$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{pd}\ensuremath{\pi}}=+1.35$ accord well with the bands given by Mattheiss for five cubic perovskites.
Characterization of vent fauna at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center

Abstract Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea have a global distribution on mid-ocean ridges and comprise at least six biogeographic provinces. A geographically isolated vent system was recently discovered on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). Here, we describe the faunal assemblages associated with this system and their relationship to known biogeographic provinces. Taxa from MCSC vents were sorted based on morphology and barcoded using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes for identification. Distinct faunal assemblages were recognized around vent chimneys at two hydrothermal vent fields (Von Damm and Beebe) separated by a distance of ~13 km and >2.5-km depth along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. These results suggest that depth and/or local conditions structure faunal assemblages in this region. COI and microsatellite markers were then used to explore the genetic structure of the shrimp Rimicaris hybisae, the only abundant species shared between the shallow Von Damm and the deep Beebe vent fields. R. hybisae was not genetically differentiated between the Von Damm Spire and Beebe chimneys, suggesting this species is better adapted for bathymetric dispersal and the differences in local conditions than other MCSC species. In addition, a third faunal assemblage dominated by two species of tubeworms was identified at Von Damm in association with weakly diffuse flow sites (including the site known as “Marker X18”). The Marker X18 assemblage shares species with seeps in the region. Fauna shared with both vents and seeps at the MCSC reinforces the need for a global biogeographic study of deep-sea chemosynthetic fauna that is not focused on specific habitats.
Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions for (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear models generated by the Jaulent–Miodek hierarchy

Abstract In this work, four ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional nonlinear evolution equations, generated by the Jaulent–Miodek hierarchy, are investigated. The necessary condition for the complete integrability of these equation are determined. Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are formally derived to confirm the compatibility of these models. The obtained multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are characterized by distinct physical structures.
A reduced eigenvalue method for broadband analysis of a structure with vibration absorbers possessing rotatory inertia

Abstract Multi-tuned vibration absorbers are attractive in reducing vibration and noise over a broadband. Here, an efficient and robust dynamic reanalysis algorithm is presented for predicting the dynamic response of a base structure to which are attached multiple absorbers. The ‘reduced eigenvalue method’ uses the modal analysis results of the base structure without absorbers, computed just once, to obtain the response of the modified structure. The method presented has two salient features. One is that the resonances of the modified structure are provided, and can be summed directly to estimate broadband measures of the dynamic response. The other is that rotatory inertia of the absorbers is properly captured, which has been found from experiment to be significant when an absorber is attached to a point on the base structure undergoing rotation. The method is contrasted with the impedance-based approaches. The method is used to model a three-dimensional absorber on a structure, which has been built, and is shown to correlate with experiment and full-scale finite element analysis.
On the transition from surface to interior solvation in iodide–water clusters

A quantitative investigation of surface vs. interior solvation in iodide–water clusters was performed by evaluating the potentials of mean force and structural properties of I−(H2O)n clusters (n=32, 64) from Monte Carlo simulations with both non-polarizable and polarizable model potentials. Simulation results clearly indicate that the iodide ion tends to reside at the surface of a water cluster of size 32, whereas entropy and polarization effects make the interior solvation state more likely for a cluster size of 64. This is consistent with previous analyses of cluster experimental and model data, which suggest a transition from surface to bulk behavior around a cluster size of 60.
Relationships amongOmphalotus species (Paxillaceae) based on restriction sites in the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region

Genetic relationships for several species of the fungusOmphalotus were estimated by comparing the presence or absence of restriction sites in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results placeO. olearius, O. subilludens andO. olivascens in a single clade.Omphalotus illudens, usually thought to be related toO. subilludens, was placed in a second clade, more closely related toO. nidiformis. Omphalotus mexicana is distinct from all other examinedOmphalotus species.
Recording maternal vaginal apex pulse

A photoelectric plethysmographic probe, which emits and receives a low-voltage infrared light was placed in the vaginal apex of 122 high-risk pregnant women. The normal pulse form of the upper vagina does not have a diastolic notch. A study was undertaken to determine whether the vaginal apex pulse recording equals the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the uterine artery Doppler velocimetry, and whether abnormal uterine artery wave forms are fixed. The vaginal apex recordings had greater sensitivity to abnormal outcome than did the uterine artery Doppler technique. The vaginal apex pulse height decreased significantly in a majority of the women undergoing elective cesarean section and during uterine contractions. In patients with abnormal wave forms (diastolic notches) and treated with either terbutaline sulfate or magnesium sulfate, the diastolic notch disappeared in eight out of 14 cases.
Fluorogenic enzyme-responsive micellar nanoparticles

In this paper we describe enzyme-responsive fluorogenic micellar nanoparticles with detectable spectrophotometric properties unique to the particles and their aggregated state. These micelles are assembled from peptide–polymer amphiphiles (PPAs) labeled with either fluorescein or rhodamine. This is achieved by labeling otherwise similar block copolymer amphiphiles with each of the dyes. When mixed together, signals from the FRET-pairs can be utilized to detect particle assembly and hence enzymatic activity. Furthermore, we show FRET signals within the shell of the assembled micelles can be used to estimate particle stability (critical aggregation concentration) and enable a determination of intraparticle distances between amphiphiles in the micellar aggregates leading to elucidation of the packing arrangement of amphiphilic copolymers within the micelles.
Low-energy excitations in yttria-stabilized zirconia

Measurements of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant and thermal expansion of the single-crystal fast-ion conductor ${(\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{({\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{x}$ with $x=0.10,0.16, \mathrm{and} 0.18$ exhibit behavior similar to that observed in amorphous solids and attributed to two-level states. The data can be fitted by the phenomenological tunneling states model, but at the expense of a more complex spectrum of two-level-state equilibration times than has generally been used for amorphous solids. The possible relationship of the two-level states with known defects is explored and found to be unsatisfactory.
The peacekeeping triangle

India has intervened militarily against three of its neighbors in the last 3 decade: East Pakistan in 1971, Sri Lanka in 1987 and the Maldives in 1988. Following the Pakistani military ruler Yahya Khan's strike on a number of Indian advanced air bases on December 3, 1971, India invaded what was then East Pakistan and fought the Pakistani army and the 100,000‐strong Bangladesh guerrilla formation “Mukti Bahini.” When India recognized the independent Bangladesh in December 1971, the war on the eastern front was waged under the joint Indo‐Bangladesh command. The Indian military action in 1988 in the Maldives took place, according to Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, on the “formal appeal for urgent military assistance to put down this [coup] plot.” Some 1,600 Indian paratroopers fought against 400 foreign mercenaries who were attempting a coup to depose President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom. A general appeal for help had been sent to many countries, such as the US and the UK, but the Maldives sought military assi...
Semantic and Structural Factors Affecting the Performance of Matched Black and White Examinees on Analogy Items from the Scholastic Aptitude Test.

Analogy items from the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) were evaluated for differential performance by Black and White examinees. Black and White examinees were first matched for overall SAT-V scores prior to conducting item analyses. A content and psycholinguistic analysis of 220 disclosed SAT analogy items was performed. Regression analyses indicate that Black examinees consistently perform differentially better than matched White examinees on the hard analogy items! However, for easy items, particularly those that involve “science” content, White examinees appear consistently to perform differentially better than matched Black examinees. In addition, semantic relationships dealing with part/whole relationships in the item stem also contributed negatively to Black examinee percent correct responses. Three variables (item difficulty, science content, part/whole relationship) together account for 30% of the variance between the two ethnic (Black and White) groups. Of these three significant predictors, two are semantic (part/whole and science content) while the third (item difficulty) reflects a non-semantic factor. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain these findings.
Redundancy modulation for coherent imaging systems

Abstract In order to image continuous-tone transparencies with coherent light, special types of diffuse speckle-free illumination are required to achieve high image quality. Several types of speckle-free modulation have been investigated which appear to provide high redundancy for such systems.
Evolution of psychopharmacology trial design and analysis: six decades in the making.

Objective: The evolution of trial design and analysis during the lifespan of psychopharmacology is examined. Background: The clinical trial methodology used to evaluate psychopharmacologic agents has evolved considerably over the past 6 decades. The first and most productive decade was characterized by case series, each with a small number of patients. These trials used nonstandardized clinical observation as outcomes and seldom had a comparison group. The crossover design became widely used to examine acute psychiatric treatments in the 1950s and 1960s. Although this strategy provided comparison data, it introduced problems in study implementation and interpretation. In 1962, the US Food and Drug Administration began to require "substantial evidence of effectiveness from adequate and well-controlled studies." Subsequent decades saw remarkable advances in clinical trial design, assessment, and statistical analyses. Standardized instruments were developed and parallel groups, double-blinding, and placebo controls became the benchmark. Sample sizes increased and data analytic procedures were developed that could accommodate the problems of attrition. Randomized withdrawal designs were introduced in the 1970s to examine maintenance therapies. Ethical principles for research became codified in the United States at that time. A wave of regulatory approvals of novel antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants came in the 1980s and 1990s, each based on data from randomized double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trials. These trial designs often involved fixed-dose comparisons based, in part, on a greater appreciation that much of the benefit and harm in psychopharmacology was dose related. Conclusions: Despite the progress in randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, the discovery of new mechanisms of action and blockbuster interventions has slowed during the past decade.
ROBUST ESTIMATION FOR A SIMPLE EXPONENTIAL MODEL1

SUMMARY A Hodges-Lehmann type estimator (Hodges and Lehmann, 1963) is proposed for the parameter p in the simple exponential model (1) y=1-exp.(-ρx)+e Some exact and asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator are also given.
Abstract 634: Suppression of Akt-mTOR pathway: a novel component of oncogene induced DNA damage response (DDR) barrier in breast.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Introduction: Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) is an important cellular mechanism for maintaining genomic integrity in the face of genotoxic stress. While the cellular response to genotoxic stress has been extensively studied in cancer models, less is known about the cellular response to oncogenic stress in the premalignant context. Methods: DNA damage (γ-H2AX), cell proliferation (ki-67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples from 3 cohorts of women with: i) histologically normal breast tissue (n=50), ii) histological changes of increased risk (LCIS, ADH, ALH) (n=54) but without a personal history of breast cancer and iii) ductal carcinoma in situ (n=46). DNA damage parameters were also assessed in a panel of cell lines derived from the MCF-10A line that represents the multi-step process of breast tumorigenesis (AT1, DCIS, CA1d). Lastly, we generated stable cell clones over expressing cyclin E in the normal mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A. DNA damage was measured by immuno fluorescence of γ-H2AX in the cell lines models. Apoptosis and autophagy were measured by staining cells with acridine orange and annexin V respectively followed by cell sorting with flow cytometry. Protein expression of AKt-mTOR pathway was assessed by western blotting. Results: Breast tissues samples from women at different risk levels for invasive breast cancer revealed that DNA damage is inversely correlated with breast cancer risk with the highest levels of damage seen in histologically normal tissues and lowest levels in DCIS (p 10 foci= 19%) and lowest levels (> 10 foci= 0%) in the DCIS line and in the invasive cancer cell line CA1d (p<0.001). Overexpression of cyclin E in MCF10A cells resulted in about 4-fold increase in DNA damage and triggered the suppression of AKT-mTOR pathway with resultant cell death through autophagy. Conclusion: DNA damage is inversely associated with progression from normal mammary epithelium to carcinoma. DNA damage induced suppression of the pAKT-mTOR pathway in normal mammary epithelial cells appears to play a role in the tumorigenic barrier. Citation Format: Anjana Bhardwaj, Mei Liu, Yan Liu, Nivetha Ganesan, Daniel Rosen, Carol Etzel, Constance T. Albaracin, Qiang Hao, Ashley Gullett, Isabelle Bedrosian. Suppression of Akt-mTOR pathway: a novel component of oncogene induced DNA damage response (DDR) barrier in breast. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 634. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-634
Endogenous biochemical abnormalities in affective illness: Therapeutic versus pathogenic

Abstract Examination of the neurobiology of psychiatric illness in general, and of affective disorders in particular, reveals a variety of associated biochemical abnormalities. These have generally been assumed to be part of the pathological process or secondary to it, and thus deserving of therapeutic efforts aimed at reversal. However, recent clinical and preclinical data suggest that some alterations occurring in the affective disorders may be compensatory and adaptive; that is, part of an endogenous therapeutic mechanism rather than part of the evolving disease process. For example, the symptom of sleep loss in depression seems to fall under this rubric inasmuch as sleep deprivation induced mood improvement in depressed patients. Preclinical data are presented that another primary pathological process—the occurrence of kindled seizures—can evoke endogenous compensatory processes that are either anticonvulsant in their own right, or enable the anticonvulsant effects of a drug such as carbamazepine. It may be that some biochemical abnormalities occurring in affective illness are similarly adaptive. As one example, increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of depressed patients. This elevation of TRH and the resulting neuroendocrine profile may be part of an endogenous counter-regulatory process aimed at mood improvement. Again, preclinical seizure models are supportive in that TRH not only is induced following repeated seizures, but also exerts anticonvulsant effects on these same seizures. In an analogous fashion, TRH elevations in depressed patients may also exert ameliorating effects on depressive symptomatology. This formulation presents directly testable hypotheses that could importantly impact on our understanding of the pathophysiology of affective disorders, and suggests novel therapeutic strategies through the enhancement of endogenous compensatory mechanisms.
Determination of an atomic-scale frictional force law through quartz-crystal microbalance measurements.

A method is proposed for interpreting the results of recent quartz microbalance measurements of shear friction, based on a model in which the friction is assumed to be proportional to a power of the velocity of the adsorbed film relative to the microbalance. The amplitude dependence of the quality factor Q of this model for the microbalance is shown to depend critically on the exponent of the velocity in the force law, allowing one to infer this exponent from experiment.
Treatment planning considerations for IRE in the lung: placement of needle electrodes is critical

Purpose The poor electrical conductivity of the lung parenchyma, the difference in conductivity between tumor and healthy tissue and the absence of strong post-ablation imaging findings makes it difficult to plan and deliver irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment in this organ. We use numerical modeling and simulations to arrive at guidelines for planning IRE ablations in the lung. Materials and Methods A numerical model of the Laplace equation for electric field distribution in biological tissue was constructed using Comsol Multiphysics as a 1.5 cm diameter spherical tumor surrounded by normal lung tissue. Simulations were performed considering use of two treatment needles. Two variables were given consideration for their effect on outcomes. First, the ratio of electrical conductivity between tumor and normal lung (conductivity:-0.1 S/m) tissue was varied between 3 and 10 times that of the latter. Second, the location of the two treatment needles were varied with respect to each other, where both were placed within the tumor, both were placed in healthy tissue but closely bracketing the tumor, and finally one needle was placed within the tumor while the other was located outside it. Treatments were simulated at field strength of 1500 V/cm. The critical ablation zone was considered to be 600 V/cm and used to demarcate the ablated zone. Concurrently, retrospective clinical cases were analyzed to determine similar needle placement conditions and the corresponding conductivity changes reported by the IRE console. Results Simulations indicate the strong role played by the conductivity ratio of tumor and surrounding healthy tissue on ablation outcome. This factor is normally not considered in the treatment planning software available on the clinically used IRE console. Second, the relative location of the needles played an important role in ablation outcomes, with needle electrodes placed in healthy tissue causing incomplete treatment in the surrounding region. Finally, it was found that the conductivity changes reported by the console are not an independent indicator of treatment success. Conclusion Simulation modeling can be used to assist treatment planning for application of IRE to ablate tumors in the lung.
Throughput Scaling Laws for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Relay Selection

We consider transmission of packets in two-hop wireless ad hoc networks in which relay nodes are deployed between the source-destination pairs. Based on results from extreme value theory and product tails, we derive throughput scaling laws when opportunistic relay selection is performed. Assuming partial channel state information at each transmitter (CSIT) and decode- and-forward, half-duplex relays, we investigate how the per-hop throughput depends on the channel gain asymptotic distribution and the relay deployment. In dense networks with lambda t nodes per m 2 and fixed relay distances, we provide specific scaling laws for Rayleigh, lognormal, and Weibull fading, showing that the throughput is upper bounded by thetas(radic(lambda t )). Interestingly, with variable relay distances and location-aware relay selection, we analytically show that regularly varying channel distributions result in enhanced multi-relay diversity gain, achieving linear throughput scaling thetas(radic(lambda t )).
What Computer Courses Do Students Really Need

Computer literacy is a term that has become the buzzword of academicians. However, there does not seem to be a consistent definition, either from col leges and universities, or from the students, of what comprises computer literacy. Haigh (1985) suggests, "What is needed is not just a required programming course but a careful rethinking of the general concept of literacy that includes the use of computers." Before there can be a consensus of what is computer literacy, it seems that the needs and perceptions of the users, i.e., the students, should be further investigated. To that end, a limited study was conducted to determine how selected adult students perceived the value of computers in their private life and at work. It was discovered that the adult students have mixed feelings about computers and their value in general and, more specifically, the advantages of computer literacy for career advancement. Varying perceptions were also revealed about the quality of course design, instruction, and adequacy of computer resources. Two-hour interviews were conducted at a local college with eight adult students who were not computer science majors. They were currently enrolled in or had already completed introductory computer courses. Each of the interviewees (seven males, one female) were asked a set of fourteen questions in a structured interview. Follow ing the transcription of the interviews, a coding system was developed in order to categorize feelings and per ceptions relating to the value of computer courses. The students were selected randomly from class lists.