cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanowire-Graphene Aerogel for Energy Storage Devices

The study of graphene has become one of the most exhilarating topics in both academia and industry for being highly promising in various applications. Because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and nontoxic properties, graphene has shown promising application in energy storage devices such as lithium-ion-battery (LIB), super capacitor and solar cell. In lithium ion battery, graphite is the most commonly used material as anode. However, due to the limited specific surface area of graphite materials, the diffusion of the Li ions in the anode graphite is relatively slow, leading to limited energy storage density. In order to further increase the capacity, nano-structured materials have been extensively studied due to its potential in reducing Li-ion diffusion pathway. To date, one of the most promising approaches to improve the Li-ion diffusion rate is to introduce hybrid nanostructured electrodes that connect the nonconductive high surface area nanowire with nanostructured carbon materials. While there have been several research efforts investigated to fabricate nanowire-graphene hybrids, all the them were focused on randomly distributed nanostructures thus the LIB performance enhancement was limited. Therefore, this paper will introduce a novel hybrid structure with vertically aligned nanowire on graphene aerogel aiming to further increase the performance of LIB. The aligned nanowire array provides a higher specific surface area and could lead to high electrodeelectrolyte contact area and fast lithium ion diffusion rate. While the graphene aerogel structure is electrically conductive and mechanically robust, as well as has low specific density. The developed nanowire/graphene hybrid structure could have the potential to enhance the specific capacity and charge-discharge rate. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements were used for the initial characterization of this nanowire/graphene aerogel hybrid material system.© 2012 ASME
Reactivation of DNA Replication in Nuclei from Terminally Differentiated Cells: Nuclear Membrane Permeabilization Is Required for Initiation inXenopusEgg Extract

Abstract We have usedXenopusegg extract to investigate the requirements for reactivation of DNA replication in nuclei isolated from terminally differentiated chicken erythrocytes. Previous work has shown that reactivation of erythrocyte nuclei in egg extract is accompanied by chromatin decondensation, nuclear envelope reformation, and the accumulation of egg lamin, LIII. However, in those studies, erythrocyte nuclei were prepared by methods that were not designed to maintain the selective permeability of the nuclear membrane, and as such, it is not clear if loss of nuclear membrane integrity played a role in the reactivation process. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if changes in nuclear membrane permeability are required for reactivation of erythrocyte nuclei in egg extract. Nuclei with intact nuclear membranes were prepared from erythrocytes with streptolysin O and permeable nuclei by treatment of intact nuclei with the detergent Nonidet-P40. Like permeable nuclei, most intact nuclei decondensed, imported nuclear protein, and accumulated lamin LIIIfrom the extract. However, unlike permeable nuclei, which replicated extensively in the extract, few intact nuclei initiated replication under the same conditions. These data demonstrate that permeabilization of the nuclear membrane is required for reactivation of DNA replication in terminally differentiated erythrocyte nuclei by egg extract and suggest that loss of nuclear membrane integrity may be a general requirement for replication of quiescent cell nuclei by this system.
Safe Use of Imaging Contrast Agents in Children

No imaging contrast agent is completely safe. There are opportunities for improving the safe use of contrast agents in children through a better understanding of many small issues related to contrast toxicity. Many of these opportunities are presented and discussed.
CO in the planetary nebulae NGC 2346 and 6720

On rapporte la detection de la raie CO (2-1). Les estimations des quantites de matiere moleculaire associee a cette emission, donnent des rapports de la masse moleculaire a la masse ionisee >0,13 pour NGC 2346 et >0,07 pour NGC 6720
Extra Z bosons and low-energy tests of unification

If there is a family-independent extra U(1) gauge symmetry broken at low energies, then it may be possible from the charges of the known quarks and leptons under this U(1) to make inferences about how much gauge unification occurs at high scales and about the unification group. (For instance, there are certain observed properties of an extra U(1){sup '} that would be inconsistent with unification in four dimensions at high scales.) A general analysis is presented. Two criteria used in this analysis are (1) the degree to which the generator of the extra U(1) mixes with hypercharge, and (2) the ratio of the extra U(1) charge of the ''10'' and the ''5'' of quarks and leptons.
Ligand binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, and ATP binding on the fluorescence of membrane-bound pyrene.

Abstract The effects of ligand binding on the fluorescence properties of pyrene contained in rabbit white skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum have been investigated. The ligands of interest were Mg2+, Ca2+, and ATP, and binding effects were examined at pH 6.5 and 7.0 at intervals over the temperature range 14–41 °C. The ligands were tested singly at different concentrations, and in various combinations. The addition of all three ligands perturbed I E I M , the pyrene excimer-to-monomer emission intensity ratio, generally increasing it above the initial level. Patterns of perturbations were observed which appear to be characteristic of binding to the intrinsic ATPase (Ca2+ and ATP) or of binding to the membrane phospholipids (Mg2+). A role is suggested for the participation of Mg2+ in the regulation of the permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to numerous molecules and ions, in the regulation of passive release of Ca2+ from the membrane, and in the coupling of sarcolemmal depolarization to contraction of the myofilament. It is also suggested that a Ca2+-induced ATPase conformation change stabilizes the interactions between the enzyme and its phospholipid annulus.
The Influence of Strain Rate on Dislocation Structures in γ/α2 Titanium Aluminides Deformed at 815°C

Elevated temperature (815°C) compression tests were performed at strain rates between 10-2 & 10-5 sec-1 on a lj/α2 alloy, Ti-48Al-1V-0.2C (at%), for two different α2 volume fractions. A large change in the flow stress was observed to occur for strain rates between 1⋅10-5 & 1⋅10-3 sec-1. The dislocations observed in the primary lj grains deformed at the high strain rates were “regular” 1/2<110]; screw dislocations. The dislocations observed at slow strain rates were also regular 1/2<110] dislocations, however their orientation was changed so that they were aligned close to [001]. Dislocation structures produced during high cycle fatigue are identical to those observed during high strain rate compression tests, while dislocation structures produced during tensile (έ = 8⋅10-4 sec-1) tests are identical to those observed in the slow strain rate compression tests. Analysis of the orientation of deformed primary γTiAl grains shows that the CRSS for {111}<101] slip must be at least 1.4 times the CRSS of {111}1/2<110] slip.
Data and information security (DIS) for BS and MS programs: a proposal

Data and Information Security (DIS) provides confidence to senior management that the operational systems are secure, and offers challenges to hackers to break the security of operational systems. The more the threats and attacks, the more security patches or plug-in solutions are required to make existing systems secure. It is observed that industry and Government sectors manage their security related issues by spending huge cost for hiring security professionals, conducting training program to train own employees or consulting a security firm for security solution. It is also time that academic institutions seed security expertise, at both undergraduate and graduate levels, in order to fulfill the increasing in demand. This paper proposes structures of DIS programs for bachelor and master degrees.
THE ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RECOVERY OF ELY CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES (LEE COUNTY, VA) AFTER REMEDIATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE

The Ely Creek watershed (Lee County, VA) was determined in 1995 to be the most negatively affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) within the Virginia coalfield. This determination led the US Army Corps of Engineers to design and build passive wetland remediation systems at two major AMD seeps affecting Ely Creek. This study was undertaken to determine if ecological recovery had occurred in Ely Creek. The results indicate that remediation had a positive effect on all monitoring sites downstream of the remediated AMD seeps. At the site most impacted by AMD, mean pH was 2.93 prior to remediation and improved to 7.14 in 2004. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys revealed that one AMD influenced site had increased taxa richness from zero taxa in 1997 to 24 in 2004. While in situ testing of Asian clams resulted in zero survival at five of seven AMD influenced sites prior to remediation, some clams survived at all sites after. Clam survival was found to be significantly less than upstream references at only two sites, both downstream of un-mitigated AMD seeps in 2004. An ecotoxicological rating (ETR) system that combined ten biotic and abiotic parameters was developed as an indicator of the ecological status for each study site. A comparison of ETRs from before and after remediation demonstrated that all sites downstream of the remediation had experienced some level of recovery. Although the remediation has improved the ecological health of Ely Creek, un-mitigated AMD discharges are still negatively impacting the watershed.
Caffeine Use and Young Adult Women.

A study of 491 randomly selected college women and men surveyed on two separate occasions and enrolled in required courses at a large Midwestern university showed that caffeine, a pharmacologically...
The Use of Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum and Medicago lupulina as Overwintering Leguminous Green Manures

ABSTRACT A field trial was carried out to compare the performance of three species of overwintering leguminous green manure crops with a fallow. White clover produced the greatest amounts of nitrogen (45–60 kg/ha). Subterranean clover produced the greatest amount of dry matter (1600 kg/ha). Trefoil had the deepest root system but did not nodulate. The concentrations of soil nitrate were significantly higher under the white clover sward than under the other legume and fallow swards.
The motion of a non-uniform hydromagnetic shock wave.

Nous considerons un ecoulement, unidimensionnel, non stationaire, non isentropique, d'un fluide parfait, parfaitement conducteur de l'electricite, soumis a l'action d'un champ magnetique pour une orientation transversale du champ et le mouvement non continu d'une onde de choc magnetohydrodynamique.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Idebenone in Patients With Friedreich Ataxia

Background Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a progressive, multisystem degenerative disorder in which oxidative stress is believed to have a role. Recent clinical studies indicate that the antioxidant idebenone, administered at 5 mg/kg per day, reduces the cardiac hypertrophy that occurs in FA, but improvement in neurologic measures is unclear. Some studies suggest that higher doses of idebenone may be more effective, but pharmacology and toxicology at higher doses have not been investigated in human beings. Objective To determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of increasing doses of idebenone in subjects with FA. Design Open-label, phase 1A dose-escalation trial followed by an open-label, 1-month phase 1B trial. Setting National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md. Patients Phase 1A included 78 subjects with FA (24 adults, 27 adolescents, and 27 children), and phase 1B included 15 subjects with FA (5 adults, 5 adolescents, and 5 children). Interventions Oral idebenone was administered to groups of 3 subjects in each age cohort during day 1. In phase 1A, the dose was increased in 10-mg/kg increments in each successive dose group to a maximum of 75 mg/kg. In phase 1B, oral idebenone was administered at 60 mg/kg divided in 3 doses per day for 1 month. Main Outcome Measures We studied the type, number, and frequency of adverse events, and pharmacokinetic parameters including maximum drug concentration, time to maximum drug concentration, area under the curve, and half-life. Results In the first phase of the study, no dose-limiting toxicity was observed and the maximum allowed dose of 75 mg/kg was achieved in all cohorts. Plasma levels of total idebenone were found to increase proportional to drug dose up to 55 mg/kg. Variability in absorption of the drug was observed, but drug half-life was relatively consistent across dose levels. In the second phase of the study, 14 of 15 subjects with FA tolerated idebenone at a dose of 60 mg/kg per day for 1 month. All adverse events were mild, and pharmacokinetic parameters including maximum drug concentration, time to maximum drug concentration, and half-life did not differ significantly across age cohorts. Conclusions These findings indicate that higher doses of idebenone lead to a proportional increase in plasma levels up to 55 mg/kg per day and that high-dose idebenone is well-tolerated in patients with FA. These findings are essential to planning efficacy trials of high-dose idebenone in FA and other degenerative diseases in which oxidative damage has been implicated. Clinical Trial Registry http://clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers:NCT00015808andNCT00078481.
Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development. II. Simple and branching filaments with two-sided inputs.

Abstract Continuing the presentation of a theory of growth models for filamentous organisms, the treatment is extended to cases where inputs are received by each cell from both directions along the filament, and the change of state and the output of a cell is determined by its present state and the two inputs it receives. Further symbolism is introduced to take care of branching filaments as well. Two entirely different models are constructed for a particular branching organism, resembling one of the red algae. These models are compared with reference to the number of states employed, and the presence or absence of instructions for unequal divisions and for inductive relationships among the cells. The importance of a morphogenetic control theory concerning these relationships is emphasized.
Migration of Landfill Leachate Through Glacial Tills

To evaluate the potential of natural clay minerals for attenuating and preventing the pollution of water resources by landfill leachates, leachate was collected by anaerobic techniques from the 15-year old Du Page County sanitary landfill near Chicago, Illinois, and was passed through 44 laboratory columns that contained various mixtures of calcium-saturated clays and washed quartz sand. The columns were constructed to simulate slow, saturated, anaerobic flow, and manometers were placed at five locations in each column to measure any changes in hydraulic conductivity. Leachate was run through the columns for periods ranging from 6 to 10 months, during which time effluents were collected periodically and analyzed for 21 chemical constituents. The columns were then sectioned and the clays analyzed to determine the vertical distribution of the chemical constituents in each column. Sterilized landfill leachate was used in a duplicate set of columns to determine the effects of gross biological activity. Chloride and certain organic compounds were relatively unattenuated by passage through the clay columns; monovalent cations, such as Na, K, and NH4, were moderately attenuated; and heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Zn, were attenuated by even small amounts of clay. Concentrations of Ca and Fe were much higher in the column effluents than they were in the original leachate. The increase in Ca in the column effluents was due to cation exchange with ions in the refuse leachate. The Fe increase probably resulted from reduction of the oxidized Fe on clay surfaces by anaerobic refuse leachate to more soluble reduced Fe. Both biologically active and sterilized leachate reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the clay-mixture columns during the experiment. The active leachate reduced the hydraulic conductivity to a much greater degree than the sterile leachate. Results of the laboratory data were compared with field data from the Du Page County sanitary landfill and from other existing landfills where detailed data are available. The field data show a “hardness halo” corresponding to the Ca release in the columns. The relative attenuation rates of some of the ions were also confirmed by the field data. The change in hydraulic conductivity was not as clearly shown. Ion exchange capacity, hydraulic conductivity, and buffering capacity of the earth materials were all shown to be important in assessing the potential of landfills for water pollution.
Dihydrotestosterone treatment in adolescents with delayed puberty: does it explain insulin resistance of puberty?

Puberty is characterized by temporary insulin resistance, which subsides with the completion of pubertal development. This insulin resistance is manifested by lower rates of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in pubertal compared with prepubertal children. Whether or not pubertal insulin resistance is the result of sex steroids or GH or a combination of both has been investigated in our laboratory. Previously, we demonstrated that T treatment in adolescents with delayed puberty was not associated with the deterioration of insulin action. The present investigation evaluated the effects of 4 months of dihydrotestosterone administration (50 mg im every 2 wk) on body composition, glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Ten adolescents with delayed puberty were evaluated before and after 4 months of DHT administration. Body composition was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism was measured during a 3-h hyperinsulinemic (40 mU/m(2).min)-euglycemic clamp procedure. Lipolysis and proteolysis were evaluated by stable isotopes of [(2)H(5)]glycerol and [1-(13)C]leucine. After 4 months of dihydrotestosterone treatment, height, weight, and fat free mass increased and percentage of body fat decreased. IGF-I and nocturnal GH levels did not change. There was no significant change in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism (57.2 +/- 3.9 vs. 58.3 +/- 3.9 micromol/kg.min). Total body proteolysis and lipolysis did not change. In summary, based on the present and past studies, we conclude that during puberty insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia is not attributable to gonadal sex steroids in boys.
CO oxidation mechanisms over ZnO: molecular orbital theory

Abstract An atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital study has been made of CO oxidation to CO2 and the bonding of CO2 to form surface carbonate on ZnO. The results provide interpretation for a number of experimental studies. CO reacts readily with O at the surface to form CO2 which can immediately bind to O2− to form surface carbonate. The reaction with isolated O− has a higher barrier because when the O−-CO bond forms the electron is promoted to the surface conduction band. In this case CO2 will dissociate from the surface, which stabilizes the promoted electron. When 2 O− are available, the formation of surface carbonate can proceed with the lower barrier. CO2 can also bind strongly to 2-fold coordinated Zn+ and weakly to 3-fold coordinated Zn+ sites as bent CO2−.
Met-enkephalin selectively increases the spontaneous release of amino acid neurotransmitters from rat striatal slices

Abstract Met-enkephalin (1 μM) increased the spontaneous release of endogenous glutamate (+ 155%), taurine (+ 80%) and glycine (+ 50%) from rat striatal slices, but was without effect in the cerebral cortex. This effect was calcium-dependent and significantly reduced in the presence of naloxone (1 μM). Naloxone alone had no effect on release of any substance. Release of aspartate, γ-aminobutyric acid and [ 3 H]acetylcholine was not significantly affected. Met-enkephalin did not affect potassium (35 mM)-evoked neurotransmitter release, nor did it affect the uptake of d -[ 3 H]aspartate, [ 3 H]taurine or [ 14 C]glycine. The data indicate that opioid receptor activation selectively increases the spontaneous calcium-dependent release of putative amino acid neurotransmitters in the rat striatum.
Coding simultaneous experiments as independent FORTRAN subroutines

Simultaneous experiments can be coded as separate FORTRAN subroutines which pass requests for critical times and events to a coordinating subroutine named CHECK. These requests are stored in a “request table.” When all the experiments are temporally dormant, CHECK loops through the request table, checking each request. Whenever CHECK discovers that one of the requested times or events has occurred, it CALLs the subroutine of the appropriate experiment. In addition to supporting simultaneous experiments, this system permits a simpler style of programming experiments than that possible in unenhanced FORTRAN. This simplicity is largely due to the fact that the “loop and check” control structures are implemented in the CHECK subroutine and hence are transparent to the programmer.
Photochemistry of COH2 mixtures irradiated at 193.3 nm

Abstract Irradiation of CO at 193.3 nm in the presence of H2 produces H2CO as the major product with product yields apparently greater than unity; a maximum value of greater than five is observed. The dependence on temperature and on the pressure of H2 is explored. Two possible chain reactions are suggested to account for the high quantum yield. The first, a free-radical chain, involves the formation and reaction of vibrationally excited HCO radicals. The second postulates direct formation of H2CO in the b (3A1) state by the reaction of CO( a 3π) with H2, and reformation of CO in the a state by energy transfer. The likelihood of these mechanisms is discussed.
Don’t Just Read Books, Write Them! Four Lessons Learned from a Multiyear Student-authored Book Project in Social Theory

This article documents the process of having students research, create, edit, and self-publish a book of social theorist profiles (arranged alphabetically from Adorno to Weber) for a required theory course I teach in the department of sociology. An ongoing project, it currently spans over three semesters worth of theory students with each class building on the work of the last. It is both a guide to implementing a similar project in any course (though particularly relevant to those specifically looking to engage students in their sociological theory course) and an analysis of the lessons I have learned along the way that may help others overcome a number of the inherent challenges. Although others are certainly implementing projects like this in their own college classrooms, the materials available in peer-reviewed journals are almost nonexistent. I assert that public sociologists, in particular, should consider taking on these kinds of projects as they both benefit larger communities and allow us to reconsider the long-term results of our teaching efforts.
Multi-agent systems

Structurally, an agent is a bundle of sensors, decision-makers and actuators. Behaviorally, an agent is a mapping from an in-space (the set of things the agent can sense) to an out-space (the set of things the agent can affect). Cells, ants, computer programs, robots and people are examples of agents. Larger agents (multi-agent systems) are organizations of lesser agents. Immune systems, nervous systems, multi-cellular organisms, ecologies, insect societies, distributed computing, communication networks, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, artificial life, economies, corporations, the Internet, and the control systems of electric grids, are examples of multi-agent systems. This paper presents a key research issue is to find procedures for determining good mixes of cooperation, competition, learning and destruction. Another issue is how to make the other choices involved in designing a multi-agent system.
Lunar Maria: Structure and Evolution

The lunar maria are considered to have evolved as homologous, transient, gravity-wave systems from large impact craters on a crustal layer 50 kilometers thick, fluidized from beneath by prompt, shock-induced melting inside an initially hot moon.
Pressure dissociation of integration host factor–DNA complexes reveals flexibility-dependent structural variation at the protein–DNA interface

E. coli Integration host factor (IHF) condenses the bacterial nucleoid by wrapping DNA. Previously, we showed that DNA flexibility compensates for structural characteristics of the four consensus recognition elements associated with specific binding (Aeling et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281, 39236–39248, 2006). If elements are missing, high-affinity binding occurs only if DNA deformation energy is low. In contrast, if all elements are present, net binding energy is unaffected by deformation energy. We tested two hypotheses for this observation: in complexes containing all elements, (1) stiff DNA sequences are less bent upon binding IHF than flexible ones; or (2) DNA sequences with differing flexibility have interactions with IHF that compensate for unfavorable deformation energy. Time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) shows that global topologies are indistinguishable for three complexes with oligonucleotides of different flexibility. However, pressure perturbation shows that the volume change upon binding is smaller with increasing flexibility. We interpret these results in the context of Record and coworker's model for IHF binding (J. Mol. Biol. 310, 379–401, 2001). We propose that the volume changes reflect differences in hydration that arise from structural variation at IHF–DNA interfaces while the resulting energetic compensation maintains the same net binding energy.
Super-Inhibitory Phospholamban Mutants Competitively Displace Wild-Type Phospholamban from the Calcium-Free Cardiac Calcium Pump

Phospholamban (PLB) regulates the activity of the cardiac Ca pump (SERCA2a). The molecular mechanism by which PLB inhibits SERCA2a activity involves physical binding of PLB to the Ca-free, E2 conformation of the enzyme, specifically, formation of E2•PLB, which prevents Ca binding to SERCA2a. To test how different PLB mutants competitively interact with E2, we examined the ability of a gain-of-function, cross-linkable PLB mutant, N27A,N30C,L37A-PLB (PLB3) to inhibit Ca-ATPase activity and to cross-link to the PLB-tethered pump (SER-20G-PLB) after co-expressing the two proteins in insect cells. SER-20G-PLB, a chimeric WT-SERCA2a-WT-PLB construct, retains a fully catalytic active Ca-pump and an intrinsically regulatory, flexibly anchored PLB-tether. SER-20G-PLB exhibited a rightward-shifted Ca-dependent ATPase activity curve (KCa=0.26 ± 0.03 μM), compared to that of WT-SERCA2a expressed alone (KCa=0.15 ± 0.02 μM). Co-expressed PLB3 super-inhibited the WT-PLB-tethered enzyme, further shifting the Ca-dependent ATPase activity curve to the right (KCa=0.66 ± 0.08 μM). Further, in the Ca-free condition, PLB3 cross-linked to K328 of SER-20G-PLB at the cytoplasmic extension of M4. Importantly, the cross-linking was completely inhibited by micromolar Ca and the SERCA inhibitor tharpsigargin. The Ki values for Ca-dependent inhibition of PLB3 cross-linking to the tethered pump was 0.9 ± 0.1 μM, similar to that obtained using samples with co-expression of PLB3 and WT-SERCA2a. A similar gain-of-function mutant N27A,L37A,V49C-PLB, also super-inhibited the tethered pump, and cross-linked to V89C-SER-20G-PLB at the C-terminal end of transmembrane domain M2. These results demonstrate that freely diffusing, gain-of-function PLB mutants completely replace the WT-PLB-tether and must fit into the binding pocket previously occupied by WT-PLB. Thus, there is a reversible equilibrium between different PLB mutants and WT-PLB for binding to E2, in which PLB mutants possessing higher binding affinity for SERCA2a produce more stable E2•PLB and lower Ca affinity.
Industrial Innovation among Small and Medium-Sized Firms in a Declining Region

: This paper explores the impact of new technology adoption upon the market performance of small industrial firms. Survey data from a six-sector sample of Western New York manufacturers are presented. The results suggest a positive relationship between new technology adoption and growth of exports, value-added, and total sales. A central finding of the study is that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) confer different types of technical and commercial advantages across sectors. Two broad groups of process innovators are identified: (1) those that adopt new technology primarily to cut unit costs; and (2) those that aspire toward greater production flexibility. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the regional development implications that flow from the empirical results.
Drug War Madness: A Call for Consistency Amidst the Conflict

INTRODUCTION In recent weeks, months, and even years, the phrase “war on drugs” has typically been accompanied by the term “failure.” Walter Cronkite, former anchorman of the CBS evening news, noted that it is “plain for all to see: the war on drugs is a failure.”1 Similarly, Joy Olson, executive director of the Washington Office on Latin America, a human rights organization promoting democracy, stated at a drug policy conference that she “think[s] U.S. drug policy has failed.”2 Likewise, Terry Nelson, a member of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, “considers the war on drugs to be the greatest public policy failure of all time.”3 New York Times columnist Nicholas D. Kristof asserts that, forty years after President Nixon declared the war on drugs, “it now appears that drugs have won.”4 Among the criticisms and complaints of United States drug policy are calls for reform by former international presidents,5 nonprofit organizations,6 judges,7 politicians,8 and scholars9 alike.
Reproducible method to enrich membrane proteins with high purity and high yield for an LC‐MS/MS approach in quantitative membrane proteomics

The proportionately low abundance of membrane proteins hampers their proteomic analysis, especially for a quantitative LC-MS/MS approach. To overcome this limitation, a method was developed that consists of one cell disruption step in a hypotonic reagent using liquid nitrogen, one isolation step using a low speed centrifugation, and three wash steps using high speed centrifugation. Pellets contained plasma, nuclear, and mitochondrial membranes, including their integral, peripheral, and anchored membrane proteins. The reproducibility of this method was verified by protein assay of four separate experiments with a CV of 7.7%, and by comparative LC-MS/MS label-free quantification of individual proteins between two experiments with 99% of the quantified proteins having a CV ≤30%. Western blot and LC-MS/MS results of markers for cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and their membranes indicated that the enriched membrane fraction was highly pure by the absence of, or presence of trace amounts of, nonmembrane marker proteins. The average yield of membrane proteins was 237 μg/10 million HT29-MTX cells. LC-MS/MS analysis of the membrane-enriched sample resulted in the identification of 2597 protein groups. In summary, the developed method is reproducible, produces a highly pure membrane fraction, and generates a high yield of membrane proteins.
A method of removing a splint material from a cast with minimal damage.

Londono and Marafie Givan and AuClair Thin vacuum-formed materials are used for a variety of purposes in dentistry, including: as a matrix for provisional restorations, for vertical and horizontal space assessment, or as surgical guides for implant placement, crown lengthening, and other preprosthetic surgical procedures. A clinician may desire a set of unaltered casts for presentation purposes, and most methods to remove a vacuumformed matrix will result in scratching or otherwise marring the cast. A simple procedure to remove a matrix while minimizing damage to casts is presented. In this method, a mounted bristle brush or similar short-bristle rotary brush is used with light pressure and rapid rotation in a straight handpiece or laboratory motor to efficiently cut the splint material. Alternative methA method of removing a splint material from a cast with minimal damage
Times Enmeshed: Gender, Space, and History among the Duna of Papua New Guinea

Times Enmeshed: Gender, Space, and History among the Duna of Papua New Guinea. Gabriele Sturzenhofecker. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. 242 pp., tables, photographs, appendix, bibliography, notes, index.
ipShield: a framework for enforcing context-aware privacy

Smart phones are used to collect and share personal data with untrustworthy third-party apps, often leading to data misuse and privacy violations. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art privacy mechanisms on Android provide inadequate access control and do not address the vulnerabilities that arise due to unmediated access to so-called innocuous sensors on these phones. We present ipShield, a framework that provides users with greater control over their resources at runtime. ipShield performs monitoring of every sensor accessed by an app and uses this information to perform privacy risk assessment. The risks are conveyed to the user as a list of possible inferences that can be drawn using the shared sensor data. Based on user-configured lists of allowed and private inferences, a recommendation consisting of binary privacy actions on individual sensors is generated. Finally, users are provided with options to override the recommended actions and manually configure context-aware fine-grained privacy rules. We implemented ipShield by modifying the AOSP on a Nexus 4 phone. Our evaluation indicates that running ipShield incurs negligible CPU and memory overhead and only a small reduction in battery life.
18. Selective attention and internal constraints: there is more to the flanker effect than biased contingencies

n both natural and laboratory settings, people are often required to foI cus their attention on a single stimulus or spatial location and ignore everything else that is simultaneously in view. The experimental evidence suggests, however, that when attempting to focus their attention, people can seldom completely succeed. For example, when subjects are asked to view three-item displays, restricting their attention to the center stimulus (hereafter, the target), the identity of the task-irrelevant left and right stimuli (the flankers) have consistent effects on performance. In particular, if subjects are required to press the left response key when the target letter is an A and the right key when the target is a 2, then left-key responses are faster (and more accurate) to displays of AAA than to ZAZ (e.g., B. A. Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974). Similarly, under this particular target-toresponse mapping, right-key responses are faster to ZZZ than to M A . In summary, selective-attention tasks of this sort have shown that performance depends not only on the task-relevant target, but also on the task-
Actors have feelings too: An examination of justice climate effects on the psychological well-being of organizational authority figures

Although a substantial amount of research explores how work units collectively benefit from authority figures who adhere to the rules of justice (i.e., justice climate), virtually no research explores how authority figures themselves benefit from creating a climate of fairness. We draw from relational theories of human behaviour and psychological well-being to develop a theoretical model of the relationship between justice climate and authority figures' well-being. Using data from a sample of 1297 employees and 162 authority figures within 162 work units, we find that procedural justice ( PJ) and interactional justice ( IJ) climate relate to authority figures' occupational satisfaction and emotional exhaustion; IJ climate also relates to positive affect. In addition, in line with an agent-related justice perspective, IJ climate has a stronger overall impact than PJ climate on authority figures' well-being. Practitioner points Finding individuals who want to be organizational authority figures is difficult if there are perceived psychological costs associated with being an authority figure. The reported research suggests organizations may want to highlight the positive relationship between adherence to rules of justice and the psychological well-being of authority figures as a potential benefit of assuming authority positions., Whereas traditional approaches to job design suggest the redesign of significant portions of the job (which is not always practical), our results suggest large-scale changes may not be the only method for enhancing the positive feelings authority figures have about their job. Organizations could instead emphasize the positive impact that authority figures have on the work group as a whole. Given that working closely with the beneficiaries of one's efforts is intrinsically gratifying, such an emphasis might be enough to help create a more healthy and enjoyable environment for organizational authority figures., Managers should pay particular attention to the interpersonal interactions they have with their employees. Our results suggest it is the interpersonal component of justice climate, as compared to the more process- or policy-oriented components, that is the most beneficial to organizational authority figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Larval and Pupal Parasites of the Oak Leafroller, Archips semiferanus

Parasitism of Archips semiferanus (Walker) larvae in Pennsylvania became appreciable in early June (18.0–63.1%), which coincides with the appearance of 5th instars. Dipteran parasitism of the larvae is major (16.9–57.7%), while hymenopteran parasitism is minor (1.1–5.4%). Conversely, dipteran parasitism of the pupae is minor (0.72–2.6%) and hymenopteran parasitism is major (3.5–32.3%). Twenty-two parasites have been recovered from larvae and pupae samples, 16 of which are new host records. The major larval parasite is Lypha setifacies (West) and the major pupal parasite is Itoplectis conquisitor (Say).
Cultivating Exemplary School Leadership Preparation at a Research Intensive University.

In 2013, the University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) in its inaugural “Exemplary Educational Leadership Preparation” (EELP) program competition recognized University of Illinois at Chicago’s (UIC) Doctorate in Urban Education Leadership as one of two EELP programs in the United States. This article provides information about (a) the initial design of this program, (b) the program’s key features as of 2014 following informal and formal program improvement, (c) key work routines and processes that have been introduced and used to support program redesign and ongoing program improvement, (d) key challenges faced in the work to sustain and enhance the program and approaches for addressing these challenges, and (e) recent key program evaluation results.
FITNESS AND BODY MASS INDEX: RELATION TO DIABETES, HYPERTENSION AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL AMONG PATIENTS REFERRED FOR SYMPTOM LIMITED EXERCISE TREADMILL TESTING

The relative contribution of BMI and fitness to overall health is unclear. This study assessed associations between BMI and chronic disease and how they were modified by fitness. Retrospective analysis for all symptom-limited treadmill test results at a single center from 1/1/ 2007 to 12/31/ 2014.
Pr3NbO4Cl6: A new praseodymium chloro niobate

Abstract Pr 3 NbO 4 Cl 6 crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P 6 3 m with a = 12.714(3) and c = 3.962(2) A . The structure was refined using 420 diffractometer intensities to a final R value of 1.7%. The crystal structure consists of an infinite network of NbO 5 and PrO 2 Cl 7 polyhedra. The powder diffraction pattern is also reported.
Urodynamic Abnormalities in Neurologically Normal Children with Micturition Dysfunction

AbstractWe evaluated by video urodynamic study 60 children between 4 and 16 years old who had presented with various combinations of urinary frequency, diurnal incontinence, enuresis, voiding symptoms, recurrent urinary infections and upper tract changes. A number of seemingly distinct categories of detrusor dysfunction could be identified, which may have a bearing on logical treatment selection. In addition, abnormalities of sphincter activity were noted in 12 children. The limitations and interpretation difficulties of urodynamic studies in children are stressed.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by bladder cancer cells: functional effects.

AbstractThe role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and its ligand, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), in the interaction between bladder cancer cells and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. Expression and modulation of ICAM-1 by cytokine treatment was assessed by immunocytometry and Northern blot analysis. Four of five human bladder cancer cell lines expressed ICAM-1 constitutively and responded to cytokine stimulation. Expression of ICAM-1 was upregulated most consistently by treatment with interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), cytokines that are released into the urine after intravesical BCG treatment. In contrast, interleukin-1 and phorbol myristate acetate exhibited variable effects on ICAM-1 expression, and interferon-alpha had no effect.The adherence of LAK cells to bladder cancer cell monolayers and LAK cell-mediated cytolysis were then studied. Monoclonal antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1 significantly decreased the binding of ...
Inactivation of Antiadherence Effect of Bladder Surface Glycosaminoglycan by A Complete Urinary Carcinogen (n-methyl-n-nitrosourea)

The glycosaminoglycan layer at the bladder surface nonspecifically blocks the adherence of bacteria, ions and molecules to the epithelium. It may be an important element in the 1st line of defense against infection, calculi and even carcinogens for the transitional cells of the bladder. To determine whether the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer plays a role in preventing carcinogenesis, we tested the effect of a complete urinary carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, on the glycosaminoglycan barrier in our in vivo adherence assay. Bacterial adherence was significantly greater in carcinogen-treated bladders than in control bladders, indicating that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea inactivates the antiadherence effect of the surface glycosaminoglycan. The bladder glycosaminoglycan layer may help protect the bladder from carcinogens present in the urine. Qualitative or quantitative defects in the glycosaminoglycan(s) present may influence an individual's susceptibility to the development of bladder tumors.
Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of W/Wv mice studied in long- term bone marrow cultures

Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of marrow cells from W/Wv mice were studied using a continuous liquid marrow culture system. Cells in the suspension phase were assayed weekly over a 16-week period for total nucleated cells, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-Ms, CFU-GMs), and spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-Ss). Without hydrocortisone supplementation, proliferation of megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and their progenitor cells was significantly less in W/Wv cultures than in +/+ cultures. These cells became undetectable in both W/Wv and +/+ cultures at seven to 11 weeks in culture, after which only monocytes and macrophages proliferated in the cultures. Treatment of cultures with hydrocortisone improved megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in both W/Wv and +/+ cultures. Following an initial lag phase of three to four weeks, proliferation of megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and their progenitor cells in W/Wv cultures equalled that observed in +/+ cultures and was sustained for 16 to 24 weeks. This improvement was associated with a sustained reduction in monocytes and macrophages. Despite improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis, production of macroscopic and microscopic spleen colonies by cells from W/Wv cultures remained severely reduced or absent. Studies of DNA synthesis rates of fresh marrow cells indicated that significantly fewer CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs were in cycle in W/Wv mice compared with +/+ mice. However, in hydrocortisone-treated W/Wv cultures, DNA synthesis rates of CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs increased markedly and equalled those observed for +/+ cultures. These results suggest that the improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in hydrocortisone-treated liquid cultures is associated with a reduction in monocytes and macrophages and that progenitor cells of W/Wv mice have a proliferative defect that is correctable by hydrocortisone treatment in vitro.
Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion without headache in giant cell arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is well-recognized as an important cause of headache in the elderly.1 It is also an important element of the differential diagnosis for patients with transient or permanent visual loss. Delay in diagnosis of GCA can lead to blindness. Therefore, clinicians should be alert to atypical presentations in which headache is either not prominent or absent. We present a patient with GCA who had a cerebellar stroke and severe posterior circulation occlusive disease without headache.
Convergent Phenomenology and Real Relations

This chapter asks three questions: Do real relations exist? If so, how are they experienced and meant? And, once their adesse objectivity has been singled out through a new epoche, how are they then constituted within pure consciousness? The properties of real relations are thus unfolded as follows. Their entire nature or essence is simply a towardness to something beyond themselves. As a result, they never change except secondarily insofar as their ground or term changes. They are not able to be counted in any strict sense. And once they are known, they are known absolutely and thus cannot be thematized any further.
T-Lymphocyte-Mediated Effector Mechanisms

T lymphocytes eliminate nascent tumors and intracellular microorganisms such as viruses and some bacteria and regulate the intensity of adaptive immune responses. Functionally, T lymphocytes lyse malignant or infected cells, induce inflammatory responses, and synthesize and secrete soluble intercellular messengers called cytokines. Two main categories of T lymphocytes have been characterized based on expression of lymphocyte-specific cell surface markers: CD4 + and CD8 + . CD4 + lymphocytes comprise at least five functionally separate populations that (1) induce inflammation through the release of low molecular weight soluble factors and (2) regulate, both positively and negatively, activation and suppression of other T lymphocytes as well as B lymphocytes. CD8 + T lymphocytes release contents of intracellular granules that contain perforin and granzymes. These mediators form pores in the cell membrane of target cells resulting in the induction of the caspase system leading to programmed cell death (apoptosis). CD8 + T lymphocytes also mediate apoptosis through the expression of a cell surface molecule (FasL) that binds Fas on target cells.