cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the academy: actuating active mass‐class information literacy instruction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to mitigate the dearth in the library literature of large‐class, active learning pedagogies, by providing examples of these instructional approaches used in mega‐classes within the science, humanities, and education fields, for application within the library environment, specifically in large information literacy instruction sessions.Design/methodology/approach – The author surveys both the library and science and education literatures, comparing coverage of active learning approaches in the professional literatures of each.Findings – Although the library literature enthusiastically supports active learning approaches to teaching information literacy in theory, there are statistically few librarians who employ these learning modalities in their teaching. There are hardly any examples in the library literature of librarians using large‐class, active‐learning pedagogies. This article discusses some of the reasons behind librarians' reluctance to use active learning tec...
Elevated Sleep Disturbance among Blacks in an Urban Family Medicine Practice

Purpose: Blacks experience a number of health disparities. Sleep disturbances contribute to poor health. This preliminary study explores whether a disparity in sleep disturbances exists among blacks compared with whites and others. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample (n = 92) of urban primary care patients (52% black, 46% white, and 2% other) from a university-based family medicine practice. Mean (SD) age was 51.9 years (8.9 years). Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Revised, and a checklist of chronic health conditions. Results: The rate of clinically meaningful sleep disturbance was 71%. In bivariate logistic regressions, black race was associated with sleep disturbance (odds ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% CI, 1.17–7.69). Controlling for income attenuated that association by about 11% (race OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.04–7.06). Education explained about 35% (race OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.89–6.42). Adjustment for depression, chronic illness, and education simultaneously resulted in an estimate for race of OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 0.85–7.01. Conclusion: Being black is associated with a sleep disturbance that is accounted for only partially by depression, socioeconomic status, and disease burden. Black primary care patients may benefit from additional screening and monitoring of sleep difficulties.
Holding civic medicine accountable: will Morreim's liability scheme work in a disaster?

In Holding Health Care Accountable, E. Haavi Morreim differentiates between duties of expertise and resource duties, arguing for tort liability respecting the former and contract liability respecting the latter. Though Morreim’s book addresses ordinary clinical medicine, her liability scheme may also be relevant elsewhere. Focusing on disaster medicine, and especially the medical management of violent mass disasters (e.g., where terrorists have deployed weapons of mass destruction), I argue in this essay that Morreim’s classification of duties still fits, but that it is difficult to hold government powers accountable for their many resource and expertise duties. This difficulty is compounded by political arrangements that foist under-funded mandates for disaster services on healthcare providers. As a result of such arrangements, hospitals and clinicians are prone to liability for expenditures and clinical interventions that are beyond their scope. This problem can be mitigated, I argue, by examining and c...
Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels.

From many viewpoints, isoelectric focusing (IEF) represents a major advance in methodology for high-resolution separation of proteins and other amphoteric macromolecules. IEF is essentially an equilibrium method for segregating amphoteric molecules by electrophoresis in stable pH gradients according to their isoelectric points (pI). In only one or two experiments it is theoretically possible to display all components whose pI values differ by as little as 0.01 pH units. Such exquisite resolution by charge is not normally obtainable by other procedures such as electrophoresis or ion-exchange chromatography. Because of this built-in resolution, IEF is a more definitive technique for examining charge heterogeneity and is, therefore, a rigorous test of homogeneity. In addition, because substances are also concentrated as they are separated by I EF, the technique lends itself to both analytical and preparative purposes. Finally, IEF defines an important parameter, the isoelectric point (pI), which gives information not only about the composition and conformation of macromolecules but also allows a rational approach to further experimental manipulations.
Micromechanical Model for Deformation in Solids with Universal Predictions for Stress-Strain Curves and Slip Avalanches

A basic micromechanical model for deformation of solids with only one tuning parameter (weakening $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$) is introduced. The model can reproduce observed stress-strain curves, acoustic emissions and related power spectra, event statistics, and geometrical properties of slip, with a continuous phase transition from brittle to ductile behavior. Exact universal predictions are extracted using mean field theory and renormalization group tools. The results agree with recent experimental observations and simulations of related models for dislocation dynamics, material damage, and earthquake statistics.
Thermodynamics of hexokinase-catalyzed reactions

Abstract The enthalpies of the hexokinase -catalyzed phosphorylation or glucose, mannose, and fructose by ATP to the respective hexose 6-phosphates have been measured calorimetrically in TRIS/TRIS HCl buffer at 25.0, 28.5, and 32.0°C. The effects on the measured enthalpy of the glucose/ hexokinase reaction due to variation of pH (over the range 6.7 to 9.0) and ionic strength (over the range 0.02 to 0.25) have been examined. Correction for enthalpy of buffer protonation leads to δ H o and δ C p o values for the processes: eq-D-hexose + ATP 4− = eq-D-hexose 6-phosphate 2− + ADP 3− + H + . Results are δ H o = −23.8 ± 0.7 kJ · mol −1 and δ C p o = −156 ± 280 J·mol −1 ·K −1 for glucose. δ H o = −21.9 ± 0.7 kJ·mol −1 and δ C p o = 10 ± 140 J·mol −1 ·K −1 for mannose, and δ H o = −15.0 ± 0.9 kJ·mol −1 and δ C p o = −41 ± 160 J·mol −1 ·K −1 for fructose. Combination of these measured enthalpies with Gibbs energy data for hydrolysis of ATP 4− and that for the hexose 6-phosphates lead to δ S o values for the above hexokinase -catalyzed reactions.
Counseling in the Era of AIDS.

The AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) crisis is affecting greater numbers of people, and counselors are being called upon to work with this population. Counseling roles have expanded, and counselors have been thrust into the medical, social service, and political spheres. In this article the authors describe the role of the counselor in the era of AIDS; psychological reactions to a chronic, stigmatized, and ultimately fatal illness; and the special needs of specific populations (gay men, families and friends of gay men, gay youth, significant others, people of color, heterosexual women and lesbians, college students, substance abusers, and the “worried well”). The authors also examine the effects of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) illness and AIDS on the care giver. Counseling interventions are described throughout the article.
Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Jaw: A 10-Year Experience

Background Osteosarcomas (OS) of all sites account for approximately 40% to 60% of primary malignant bone tumors. About 10% of OS occur in the head and neck; most are located in the mandible or maxilla. Jaw lesions are diagnosed on average 2 decades later than their long bone counterparts, which have a peak incidence between the ages of 10 and 14 years. Head and neck OS are associated with a lower metastatic rate than long bone OS, and they have a better 5-year survival rate, ranging between 27% and 84%. Patients and Methods We present our experience at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, with 16 patients with OS of the jaw during a period from 1993 to 2003. Results In a retrospective chart review, 16 cases of OS of the jaw were identified. Patients ranged in age from 14 to 51 years (mean age, 41 years). The gender distribution consisted of 10 females and 6 males, at a ratio of 1.6:1. Evaluation of site distribution revealed a more frequent occurrence in the mandible than in the maxilla (9 and 7 cases, respectively). The main histologic subtype was chondroblastic (8 cases), followed by osteoblastic (4 cases). According to histologic grading, 8 tumors were high grade, 1 intermediate, 5 low grade, and 2 unknown. Overall, the primary treatment modality consisted of surgery in all 14 patients treated at the University of Maryland; 2 patients opted for treatment at other institutions. Chemotherapy, consisting primarily of cisplatin and Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride; Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, MI), was used as adjuvant treatment in 4 cases of high-grade OS. Follow-up ranges from 14 months to 108 months (mean, 46 months). To date, of the 14 patients treated at our institution, 12 (86%) had no evidence of disease at last appointment, and 2 patients died of the disease. Conclusion In light of the rarity of this disease, this series represents a large single-center experience with OS of the jaw. Our data show an older patient population, different gender distribution, and higher survival rate compared with overall published reports.
Control and transient performance of the dresden nucl ear power station

Extensive control and transient performance tests were conducted on the Dresden Nuclear Power Plant and are discussed here. Use of conventional plant sensors greatly facilitated obtaining transient data. Test data agree well with prior analog computations. The maneuverability and transient behavior of this boiling-water reactor plant when undergoing load changes, turbine trip-offs, and other plant disturbances establish this plant as being very satisfactory for utility applications. Stability characteristics of this reactor are excellent.
Ascaris lumbricoides: alteration of the erythrocyte superficial charge using the Partition Method in aqueous two-phase system

Sialic acid is responsible for the negative charge of the erythrocyte. The decrease of sialic acid has hemodynamical and hemorheological importance. The aim was to study the effect of A. lumbricoides on the erythrocyte superficial charge using the Partition Method in aqueous two-phase system in order to indirectly evaluate the alteration of sialic acid in the red cells. We worked with five parasite extracts (AE) and larvae concentrate (LC). Erythrocyte superficial charge was studied by working with non-treated (Controls) and treated erythrocytes. The treatment consisted of incubating the erythrocytes with AE or LC for 30 minutes at 4 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The red cells were separated in a sensitive charge two-phase system (Dx/ PEG). The partition coefficient (P) of treated and untreated erythrocytes were calculated. The results showed a P decrease at the three temperatures for red cells treated with four of the AE. The remaining extract did change P values at any of the temperatures studied. The erythrocytes treated with LC showed a decrease in the P value at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C but no change was observed at 25 degrees C. Statistical analysis concluded that P values were significantly lower in treated erythrocytes than in their corresponding untreated ones (p < 0.05). The Partition Method showed that this parasite alters the erythrocyte superficial charge which may indicate that it can catch sialic acid.
Tracing very high energy neutrinos from cosmological distances in ice

Astrophysical sources of ultrahigh energy neutrinos yield tau neutrino fluxes due to neutrino oscillations. We study in detail the contribution of tau neutrinos with energies above 106GeV relative to the contribution of the other flavors. We consider several different initial neutrino fluxes and include tau neutrino regeneration in transit through the Earth and energy loss of charged leptons. We discuss signals of tau neutrinos in detectors such as IceCube, RICE and ANITA.
Abscisic Acid Inhibition of Gibberellic Acid and Cyclic 3′,5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate Induced α‐Amylase Synthesis

The induction of α-amylase synthesis in barley aleurone by cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate or GA3 was inhibited by abscisic acid. The concentration of ABA required to inhibit α-amylase induction by the cyclic nucleotide in the extract was one-fiftieth to one hundredth of that required for GA3-induced α-amylase. It is concluded that the effects of ABA on GA3 and cyclic nucleotide induced α-amylase synthesis in the aleurone are independent and indirect.
Adsorption chromatography of phenylalanine peptides on Sephadex

The adsorption properties of dextran gels have been utilized to separate the first six members of an homologous series of phenylalanine peptides, the longer members being more highly retarded. Separation is influenced by gel structure, pH and the ionic environment. This technique has been used to verify that such homologous peptides are synthesized by Escherichia coli extracts in the presence of polyuridylic acid.
Testing combinations of protease inhibitor and preservation solution to improve islet quality and yield.

Pancreas preservation using an oxygenated two-layer method (TLM) has been reported to improve islet yields, as has supplementation of Liberase with Pefabloc. We hypothesized that using both TLM and Pefabloc could enhance islet yield as compared with preservation in University of Wisconsin (UW) or Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. Methods. Ninety-eight pancreata with no significant differences of age, body mass index, or cold ischemia time preserved randomly with UW (n = 40), TLM (n = 48), or HTK (n = 10) were processed with (n = 36) or without (n = 66) Pefabloc. Results. The total islet equivalent (IEQ) from TLM-preserved pancreata processed with Pefabloc (n = 12) showed lower yields versus those processed without Pefabloc (n = 36): 216,120 ± 27,906 vs. 301,427 ± 21,447 IEQ (P <.05). Islets from 1 of 12 (8.33%) pancreata processed with Pefabloc in TLM were transplanted, in contrast with 15/36 TLM (41.67%) pancreata processed without it. Islet yields were not significantly different among pancreata preserved in UW and processed with Pefabloc (n = 17) versus without Pefabloc (n = 23): 342,693 ± 45,588 versus 266,609 ± 29,006 IEQ (P =.149). The number of transplants from UW-preserved pancreata was 3/17 (17.65%) when processed with Pefabloc and 4/23 (17.39%) without. Among the HTK group, there was no significant difference in islet yields between pancreata processed with (n = 7) versus without Pefabloc (n = 3): 248,227 ± 65,294 versus 483,555 ± 144,070 IEQ (P =.118). Conclusions. Pefabloc showed no benefit to improve islet yields. Pancreata preserved in TLM provided better transplant quality islets when processed in the absence of Pefabloc.
CONTINUITY IN MIS/DSS LABORATORY RESEARCH: THE CASE FOR A COMMON GAMING SIMULATOR*

To date, case analyses and field studies have predominated in MIS/DSS research. Laboratory studies seem not to have been given the attention they deserve. This trend is partially due to: (1) the high costs associated with developing decision simulators and related software to support laboratory research and (2) difficult problems with external validity because of unrealistically simple simulated decision environments and DSS software. Since MIS/DSS laboratory research has been most successful when studies have occurred in an interrelated stream, the development of common, portable, and flexible simulators seems desirable. Common simulators would reduce the time and cost of developing experiments, provide for research continuity, comparability, and replication, and facilitate researcher-to-researcher communication. Sufficiently complex simulators and DSS software would reduce problems with external validity by providing more realistic laboratory models. This paper presents a software package that offers considerable potential as a common tool for DSS research.
Brimonidine formulation in polyacrylic acid nanoparticles for ophthalmic delivery

In ocular drug delivery, a major problem is providing an adequate concentration of a therapeutic agent in the precorneal area. Mucoadhesive carriers such as polyacrylic acid in sub-colloidal, nanoparticulate form, have a strong potential for ophthalmic drug delivery. A formulation of brimonidine loaded in polyacrylic acid nanoparticles has been prepared for potential delivery in ophthalmic therapy. The particles were prepared by a reverse microemulsion polymerization technique and their sizes were in the range of 50 nm. In a preliminary biocompatibility test, Caco-2 cells (human primary colonic tumour adenocarcinoma) and human corneal epithelial cells incubated with polyacrylic acid nanoparticles were found to retain their viability over varying times. The loading efficiency of the drug brimonidine in the particles was shown to be between 80-85% and pH dependent. The bioadhesive polyacrylic hydrogel nanoparticles, used in the present study, exhibited superior loading properties for brimonidine, and the formulation was stable for more than 5 weeks. When the drug-loaded nanoparticles were dispersed in a phosphate buffer saline (pH = 7.4), the drug was slowly released over several hours. Two-photon laser scanning microscopic studies of dye-conjugated polyacrylic acid nanoparticles demonstrated the accumulation of the particles on the surface and intercellular spaces of Caco-2 cells.
Calcaneal Osteomyelitis Caused by Nail Puncture Wounds

Plantar puncture wounds to the foot are a common injury. A small number (1.8%) of these puncture wounds become infected and progress to osteomyelitis. The purpose of this article is to report the cases of six patients who developed osteomyelitis of the calcaneus after a puncture wound to the heel caused by a nail. The characteristics of the patients, the pathogenic organism, and the outcome were studied. Patients who were healthy and had no systemic illness (N = 4) had only one pathogenic organism cultured, whereas patients who had systemic illness (diabetes mellitus, N = 2) had more than one pathogenic organism cultured. The only amputation in this group occurred in a patient with diabetes mellitus. It was concluded that diabetic patients who develop calcaneal osteomyelitis from a nail puncture wound are more likely to have multiple pathogens cultured. Furthermore, if a diabetic neuropathy is also present, the nail puncture wound may be the initial injury leading to a chronic ulceration, increasing the risk of amputation.
Maintenance of the Heritage Language: Examination of its Effects on Psychological Status, Family Relations, and Language Development in Children and Adolescents

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on maintenance of the heritage language (HL) and its multiple benefits across academic, linguistic, and psychological outcomes. We hope to reduce the fears of immigrant parents regarding use of their native language in the home and inform professionals across disciplines such as speech-language pathology, education, and psychology of the tremendous benefits of HL maintenance. Use of the HL is often abandoned after children begin formal schooling due to peer pressure, biases against minority languages, or parental fears that exposure to two languages is somehow harmful or confusing. The overriding argument in this review is that use of the HL benefits individuals and families as a whole, which in turn assists in a child’s overall success both in and out of academic settings. Speech-language, education, and psychology based professionals should promote parent and child use of the HL, as well as incorporate it into therapy/teaching/counseling when appropriate. In addition, the authors will provide a theoretical framework for facilitation of maintenance of the heritage language and provide suggestions for parents.
Properties of growth hormone receptors in relation to the adipose conversion of 3T3 cells

Cultured preadipose 3T3 cells undergo a process of differentiation in which they convert to adipose cells. Growth hormone promotes this conversion. Since 3T3 sublines vary in their susceptibility to adipose conversion, it was of interest to examine the properties of the growth hormone receptors in relation to that susceptibility. It was found that preadipose 3T3-F442A cells, which are able to convert to adipose cells with high frequency, are able to bind about 10(4) growth hormone molecules per cell with Kd approximately 10(-9) M. After adipose conversion, no appreciable change in hormone binding was detected. The binding of growth hormone to 3T3-C2 cells (a line virtually insusceptible to adipose conversion) was indistinguishable from that to 3T3-F442A cells. Internalization and degradation of the hormone were also similar in the two cell lines. Susceptibility to adipose conversion is therefore not determined by the relative ability of the cells to bind or degrade the hormone, but must instead depend on some response, as yet unidentified, that follows binding of the hormone.
Effects of electron transport inhibitors on millisecond delayed light emission from chloroplasts.

Abstract When electron transport in chloroplasts is blocked after the plastoquinone pool, the delayed light emission is not inhibited. This is in sharp contrast to the situation when the transport of electrons to plastoquinone is blocked. Thus the inhibition of the oxidation of plastohydroquinone by dibromothymoquinone (a plastoquinone antagonist) or by KCN (a plastocyanin inactivator) does not produce a corresponding inhibition of delayed light emission whereas inhibition of the reduction of plastoquinone by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or o-phenanthroline does. It is suggested, therefore, that the plastoquinone pool may serve as an electron reservoir used in the generation of delayed light.
SIM PlanetQuest spectral calibration development unit beam combiner

The beam combiner of an astronomical long-baseline interferometer combines the two beams of starlight to form white-light fringes. We describe beam combiner in the SIM PlanetQuest Spectral Calibration Development Unit (SCDU). In addition to forming white light fringes, the beam combiner provides other functions such as separating the light for guiding, fringe tracking, and science measurement. It is designed to function over the optical bandpass 450-950 nm. Coating design is critical to beam combiner as residual dispersion and mismatches affect the ability to accurately measure the position of stars of varying spectral types.
Effect of Swirl and Injection Pressure on Performance and Emissions of JP-8 Fueled High Speed Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

An investigation was conducted on a 0.42 liter single cylinder diesel engine equipped with a common rail fuel injection system to evaluate the influence of the swirl motion on JP-8 fuel combustion. Engine tests were performed under steady state conditions of 5 bar IMEP and 1500 RPM. Two different swirl ratios of 1.44 and 7.12 were applied at injection pressures ranging from 400 to 1200 bar. The apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) curve is analyzed to determine the effect of swirl on combustible mixture formation, auto-ignition, premixed and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. An attempt is made to correlate between the swirl ratio and different combustion and emissions parameters at different injection pressures. The emissions included the gaseous fractions and particulates. Two types of particulate matter were measured: Accumulation mode particles (AMPs) and Nucleation mode particles (NMPs). The results indicate that ignition delay duration of JP-8 increases as the swirl ratio increases influencing the overall combustion process and engine out emissions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The West Coast Thermal Trough: Climatology and Synoptic Evolution

AbstractAlthough the West Coast thermal trough (WCTT) is the most important mesoscale feature over the U.S. west coast during the warm season, its initiation, evolution, and structure are not well understood. Originating in the southwest United States, this inverted trough can extend northward into Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with large impacts on temperature, wind, humidity, and air quality.Using NCEP’s North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), annual and diurnal climatologies of WCTTs reaching the northwest United States were constructed. For the entire year, WCTTs are most frequent along the coast near the California–Oregon border, with weaker maxima west of the Cascade and coastal mountains. Over the coastal region, they occur most often during autumn, while east of the Cascade Mountains, the highest frequency is during summer. There is strong diurnal variability in WCTT frequency during the summer, with little diurnal variation in winter.Though compositing revealed important seasonal d...
Thyroid-adrenergic interactions: Physiological and clinical implications

The sympathoadrenal system, including the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla, interacts with thyroid hormone (TH) at various levels. Both systems are evolutionary old and regulate independent functions, playing probably independent roles in poikilothermic species. With the advent of homeothermy, TH acquired a new role, which is to stimulate thermogenic mechanisms and synergize with the sympathoadrenal system to produce heat and maintain body temperature. An important part of this new function is mediated through coordinated and, most of the time, synergistic interactions with the sympathoadrenal system. Catecholamines can in turn activate TH in a tissue-specific manner, most notably in brown adipose tissue. Such interactions are of great adaptive value in cold adaptation and in states needing high-energy output. Conversely, in states of emergency where energy demand should be reduced, such as disease and starvation, both systems are turned down. In pathological states, where one of the systems is fixed at a high or a low level, coordination is lost with disruption of the physiology and development of symptoms. Exaggerated responses to catecholamines dominate the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis, while hypothyroidism is characterized by a narrowing of adaptive responses (e.g., thermogenic, cardiovascular, and lipolytic). Finally, emerging results suggest the possibility that disrupted interactions between the two systems contribute to explain metabolic variability, for example, fuel efficiency, energy expenditure, and lipolytic responses.
Fault Analysis by Modified Alpha, Beta, and Zero Components-Part II

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper with the same title (Part I),1 in which the modified components were presented and shunt unbalances were analyzed. Here, series unbalances are considered to complete the analysis of typical unbalances in 3-phase systems. The analysis is extended to simultaneous faults; the possibility of transient analysis is also pointed out. Finally, conclusions are drawn following a brief comparison with other components.
Neural substrates of behavioral aversion in lateral hypothalamus of rabbits

Abstract Unit electrophysiology of lateral hypothalamus (LH) in rabbits has revealed two functionally contrasting, topographically distinguishable groups of neurons that relate to hedonic properties of taste stimuli. To assess the neurobehavioral role of aversion-type cells (maximally excited by aversive stimuli and inhibited by rewarding stimuli) found in the rostral part of mid-lateral LH at the level of ventromedial nucleus (vmh), intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) and stimulation-escape were studied with moveable-type electrodes in this and an adjoining caudal region of LH dominated by a contrasting type of neuron. Hedonic properties conformed to the distribution of these cellular elements. Stimulation of the rostral area supported weaker ICSS and stronger escape behavior. Aversive reactions predominated in ventral parts of the rostral area. Aversion-type cells identified electrophysiologically in this region would appear to mediate behaviorally aversive functions. These cells may play a role in the activation of feeding (possibly also drinking) and in drive-reduction reward.
The Historical Origins of Priming as the Preparation of Behavioral Responses: Unconscious Carryover and Contextual Influences of Real-World Importance

Contrary to the recent assertions of skeptics of behavioral priming effects, the concept of priming was not introduced by the Meyer and Schvaneveldt (M-S, 1971) study of brief semantic spreading activation effects (perceptual-interpretation priming); it was originally introduced by Karl Lashley (1951) as a mechanism to increase the probability of a behavioral response (behavioral priming). The priming of the response was Lashley's solution to the problem of smooth behavioral response sequencing. Moreover, the initial priming demonstrations in experimental psychology, which predated M-S by many years, were of carryover effects from one experimental task to another—the same priming paradigm commonly employed in social psychology since the pioneering study of Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977). These priming effects were thus of considerably longer duration than the fleeting spreading activation effects obtained by M-S in the lexical decision task. Priming and accessibility effects of which the individual is ...
Antiphospholipid antibodies and infertility: Fact or fallacy

Some clinicians are convinced that antiphospholipid antibodies, including antibodies to any one of five-to-seven phospholipid antigens, are associated with infertility. Additionally, some clinician...
Postnatal developmental programmed cell death in dopamine neurons.

: The prenatal development of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) is characterized by their birth, specification, and migration to their final positions. Their postnatal development is characterized by the establishment of contact and interactions between the SN and other neural nuclei, particularly the striatal target, by extension of axons, terminal differentiation, and synapse formation. In this postnatal context there is a natural cell death event, which is apoptotic in nature and biphasic in time course, with an initial peak on postnatal day (PND) 2, and a second on PND14. By PND20 the event has largely subsided. This natural cell death event is regulated in vivo by interaction with striatal target: it is augmented by axon-sparing target lesion, DA terminal destruction, and medial forebrain bundle axotomy. This target dependence is present largely within only the first two postnatal weeks. The striatal target-derived neurotrophic factor(s) that regulate this death event are unknown. We have shown, in a postnatal primary culture model of mesencephalic DA neurons, that glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is unique in its ability to support their viability by suppressing apoptosis. We have also recently found that intrastriatal injection of GDNF in vivo suppresses apoptosis, and injection of neutralizing antibodies augments it. Thus, GDNF is a leading candidate for a striatum-derived neurotrophic factor for DA neurons during development.
From quartz to quasicrystals: probing nature's geometric patterns in crystalline substances

This review traces the evolution of our understanding of the periodic patterns observed in crystals, as described by geometric crystallography and in related group theoretical methods. Succinct introductions are also presented on aperiodic fractal, geometries and quasicrystals, as well as the development of the field of crystal structure analysis, which is concerned with the methods and procedures for establishing crystal structure. No assumption is made as to the level of crystallographic training of the reader. The examination here is divided into four time periods: (1) The Hellenic period to the seventeenth century, which was concerned with the study of polyhedra; (2) The eighteenth century, which gave rise to the birth of modern crystallography from mineralogy; (3) The nineteenth century, wherein the theories of external and internal symmetry arose, along with their relation to physical properties; and (4) The twentieth century, including the development of X-ray crystallography through to the discove...
Small-scale wind shear definition for aerospace vehicle design.

Rawinsonde wind profile data provide adequate wind shear information for vertical height intervals greater than 1 km. To specify wind shears for intervals below 1 km for space vehicle design, detailed wind-profile information like that provided by the FPS-16 Radar/Jimsphere system or an extrapolation procedure is required. This paper is concerned with the latter alternative. It is assumed that any realization from an ensemble of wind profiles can be represented in terms of a Fourier integral. This permits the calculation of the ensemble standard deviation and mean of the corresponding shear ensemble for any altitude and shear interval in terms of the power spectrum of the ensemble of wind profiles. The results of these calculations show that the mean and standard deviation of the wind shear ensemble, as well as the wind shear for any percentile, asymptotically behave like the vertical interval to the 0.7 power. This result is in excellent agreement with shear data from Cape Kennedy, Fla.
Presentation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to a novel MUNC 13–4 mutation masked by partial therapeutic immunosuppression

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive macrophage and lymphocyte activity. Patients can be affected following immune activation after an oncologic, autoimmune or infectious trigger. An associated gene mutation may be found which impairs cytolytic lymphocyte function. We describe a pediatric case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with a novel mutation of MUNC 13–4 whose diagnosis was confounded by concurrent immunosuppression. Clinical reassessment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is necessary in persistently febrile patients with laboratory derangements in the setting of immunosuppressive agent exposure.
A Newly Acquired William Cobbett Letter

The Cobbett letter to Sir Thomas Beevor, Baronet, was written in February, 1828, and reveals Cobbett's dim view of the state of the goverment and national debt of Britain.
Oral Integrity Related to Head and Neck Cancer Treatment

Head and neck cancer treatment can result in devastating side effects that diminish quality of life, sometimes for a lifetime. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of oral int...
Step structure of GaInAsSb grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

The surface step structure of Ga1−xInxAsySb1−y grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on GaSb substrates has been studied by atomic force microscopy. Epilayers were grown at 525°C and 575°C on (001) GaSb substrates misoriented 2° toward (101) or 6° toward (1\(\bar 1\)1)B. For Ga0.88In0.12As0.1Sb0.9 grown at 575°C, the surface exhibits step-bunching on both types of substrates. When the composition is increased to Ga0.86In0.14As0.12Sb0.88, the periodic step structure breaks down and the surface becomes irregular. The deterioration of the step structure is a consequence of phase separation at the surface of the metastable GaInAsSb epilayer, which leads to the formation of GaAs- and InSb-rich regions. The photoluminescence (PL) of such layers show significant broadening due to carrier recombination in the lower energy gap InSb-rich quaternary regions. On the other hand, the surface of GaInAsSb epilayers grown at a lower temperature of 525°C is vicinal with steps heights of one to two monolayers. The PL FWHM values are considerably smaller for these layers. This improvement in material quality is related to smaller adatom lifetimes at the lower growth temperature. The importance of surface kinetics as it influences the step structure and thermodynamically driven phase separation is discussed.
NAS Grid Benchmarks: a tool for Grid space exploration

We present a benchmark suite for computational grids in this paper. It is based on the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) and is called the NAS Grid Benchmark (NGB). We present NGB as a data flow graph encapsulating an instance of an NPB code in each graph node, which communicates with other nodes by sending/receiving initialization data. These nodes may be mapped to the same or different Grid machines. Like NPB, NGB specifies several different classes (problem sizes). NGB also specifies the generic Grid services that are sufficient for running the suite. The implementor has the freedom to choose any Grid environment. We describe a reference implementation in Java and present some scenarios for using NGB.
Bridging the Feminist Generation Gap: Intersectional Considerations

In my Sex, Power, and Politics class it is often easy to convince students of the ways in which feminist political activism is radically different from the women's movements of the 19th century. Grappling with how “slut shaming” has changed from Hawthorne's story of Hester Prynne (The Scarlet Letter) to Emma Stone's ironic performance in the film Easy A to pop star Miley Cyrus' “twerking” in an MTV performance with singer Robin Thicke is an easy feat for my late-millennial generation students. They are far less comfortable, however, with the idea that there are troubling continuities in the topics of that political activism. It is thus harder for them to see the continuities and ongoing challenges as part of a longstanding rationale for a perpetual women's movement. These continuities are seen more clearly by baby boomer feminists, the bulk of whom came to consciousness as second-wave feminists.
Effects of lovastatin treatment on the metabolic distributions in the Han:SPRD rat model of polycystic kidney disease

We previously demonstrated that lovastatin decreases cyst volume and improves kidney function in the Han:SPRD (Cy/+) rat model of ADPKD. Since endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory activity are evident in patients with ADPKD, we investigated whether lovastatin reduces the inflammation and vascular dysfunction and improves kidney cell energy metabolism of Cy/+ rats. Cy/+ and normal littermate control animals (+/+) were treated with either lovastatin (4 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (ethanol) from 3–8 weeks of age. 1H-NMR analysis was performed on water-soluble and lipid kidney fractions following perchloric acid extraction. Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to assess endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation markers in plasma and kidney tissue extracts. Cy/+ rats showed perturbations in fatty acid metabolism and increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipoxygenases-produced bioactive lipids was observed. Lovastatin decreased inflammatory markers, specifically 13-HODE, 12-HETE and leukotriene B4. In Cy/+ rats, lovastatin reduced the elevated homocysteine and allantoin plasma levels and increased arginine, that is known to positively affect NO production. In terms of kidney cell metabolism, Cy/+ rats showed reduced Krebs cycle activity. Treatment with lovastatin increased the Krebs cycle activity as well as the glycolytical lactate production, thus improving the overall energy state of the cystic kidney. As previously described, lovastatin was able to decrease kidney weight and cyst volume density in Cy/+ rats. The decrease in cyst volume was accompanied by a reduction in arachidonic acid-mediated inflammation markers, the normalization of metabolism of NO precursors and the improvement of kidney energy cell metabolism.
The nature of the primate grasping foot

The grasping primate foot is one of the hallmark adaptations for the order Primates. Prosimian muscle and joint analysis indicates that there are two distinct primate grasping feet. The I–V opposable grasp, in which the hallux opposes the other four digits around a support, is the primitive grasp type utilized by cheirogaleids, lorisides, Daubentonia, and tarsiids. Lemurids and indriids, on the other hand, have a derived I–II adductor grasp, where the grasping action of the hallux and the second digit have been enhanced. This grasp seems to be in response to increasing body size and the use of vertical supports. North American adapids, which were large and possessed the I–V opposable grasp, were probably not able to utilize vertical supports frequently. The recognition of this innovative adaptation, the I–II adductor grasp, which is unique to Madagascar, extends our appreciation of prosimian locomotor capabilities.
Is there a role for warfarin anymore

Reduction of atrial fibrillation-associated stroke risk has become the leading indication for warfarin use. Optimal management of warfarin can only be achieved with a relatively complex infrastructure. Alternative anticoagulant agents have been developed, and 3 have demonstrated effectiveness, safety, and adherence that are comparable or superior to warfarin in the clinical trial setting. None of the novel agents requires routine laboratory testing to demonstrate effective anticoagulation. Whereas these new agents present potential advantages, such as fixed dosing and dramatically reduced intracranial hemorrhaging, they are also subject to caveats that ought to be considered in the context of an "ideal" anticoagulant. If used casually, they have the potential to worsen rather than improve health care outcomes. There is little question that the management burden of the novel agents will be less than with warfarin. However, with a hemorrhagic risk that was similar to warfarin in these trials, there will likely remain a significant need for both baseline education and some level of focused interval follow-up to assess for bleeding risk and adherence considerations. These novel agents offer a definite advance in the available management options for thromboembolic disease, but until we understand the requirements for safe and effective use in the routine clinical setting, we will not be able to establish the extent to which they should replace warfarin.
A New Investment Style: Featuring an Index of Entrepreneurial Companies

In these tumultuous times in which investors do not know when or where to place their funds for maximum benefit,one investment index should be considered:Global Entrepreneurs. Our research of 33,000 publicly traded global companies, examined over the past 5+ years, demonstrates that entrepreneurial companies consistently outperform peer non-entrepreneur companies by a wide margin. They perform especially well during periods in which the markets are positive. The investment community now has a new index to track this performance. Is this the start of a new money management style?
The effect of searching and surfing on recognition of destination images on Facebook pages

Social networking sites (SNSs) are playing an increasingly important role as information sources for tourists. Among the various types of SNSs, Facebook has become the leading site in terms of number of users and volume of content. Despite the proliferation of Facebook, however, there has been little research on its users' cognitive processes as they acquire visual images from photos. Particularly in the context of tourism and hospitality, one largely ignored area that warrants examination is individuals' recognition accuracy when acquiring visual information via Facebook. Based on LC4MP, this study examines users' ability to encode tourism information acquired from Facebook by differentiating the two types of information-search processing conditions, surfing and searching. After employing a visual-recognition test, the findings of this study indicated that participants recognized the photos they acquired from searching more accurately than the photos they acquired from surfing on destination Facebook pages. Further discussion and implications are provided in the text.
Echodetection of Disseminated Endocardial Vegetations in a Patient with Active IV Drug Abuse

Infective endocarditis is a known complication of intravenous (IV) drug abuse and typically involves cardiac valves, sparing the myocardial endocardium. We present the case of a young IV drug using patient who developed sepsis. Although cardiac symptoms and signs were minimal, an echocardiogram was done as patient had a history of IV drug abuse and was in sepsis. Echocardiogram demonstrated disseminated vegetations involving the left ventricular and right ventricular endocardium while sparing the valves. Although diagnosis of infective endocarditis was made on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram, two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms demonstrated the pattern of endocarditis with clarity. This patient had severe sepsis and bacteremia with Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E72-E75)
The Secondary Leukemias: Challenges and Research Directions

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) arising following exposure to genotoxic agents has been recognized as a distinctive entity for more than 40 years. Secondary, or therapy-related, AML accounts for 10%-20% of all AML cases. This review addresses four overarching areas of investigation focused on secondary AMLs: 1) dissection of the molecular structure of the induced genetic lesions and identification of the functional consequences of these changes, thereby providing clues to the pathogenesis of secondary AML and potentially serving as a basis for innovative therapeutic interventions; 2) identification and characterization of mechanisms of DNA damage and the orderly repair of such damage; 3) identification and application of accurate biomarkers of leukemogenesis for the purpose of risk prediction and quantification, potentially allowing recognition of patients especially susceptible to the leukemogenic effects of chemotherapy (for genetic or acquired reasons) and allowing their treatment for cancer to be modified on the basis of this susceptibility; and 4) design and implementation of longitudinal clinical and genetic monitoring of high-risk populations (i.e., individuals under-going cytotoxic therapies for primary cancers). This review of the literature relating to these areas builds upon these themes and attempts to synthesize these seemingly disparate areas of research so that they can be more effectively utilized together to address the problem of secondary AML. Ultimately, the evaluation of these areas will improve our understanding of de novo leukemia and will serve as a springboard for the development of new concepts of therapy and prevention.
Ferritin Gene Coding Sequences Are Conserved Among Eight Hard Tick Species (Ixodida: Ixodidae)

Eight complete cDNAs encoding for ferritins from the hard tick species Amblyomma americanum (L.), Amblyomma maculatum Koch, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Hemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Ixodes scapularis Say, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) were obtained using the techniques of rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequences from these tick ferritin genes share high identities (84–98%) with those of two published tick ferritins. The sequences and positions of the iron-responsive element in the 5′-untranslated region of the cDNAs are highly conserved in ticks. Similar to other known animal ferritins, a ferroxidase center, consisting of seven conserved amino acid residues, was identified in the deduced tick ferritins. Sequence comparison indicates that these tick ferritin genes belong to the type of invertebrate cytosolic heavy chain homologue. Two separate phylogenetic analyses of ferritin amino acid sequences, one with 52 arthropod ferritin sequences and another one using 10 tick ferritins, suggested that ferritin is a suitable nuclear protein-encoding gene for tick phylogenetic reconstruction.