cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From chalkboard, slides, and paper to e-learning: How computing technologies have transformed anatomical sciences education

Until the late-twentieth century, primary anatomical sciences education was relatively unenhanced by advanced technology and dependent on the mainstays of printed textbooks, chalkboard- and photographic projection-based classroom lectures, and cadaver dissection laboratories. But over the past three decades, diffusion of innovations in computer technology transformed the practices of anatomical education and research, along with other aspects of work and daily life. Increasing adoption of first-generation personal computers (PCs) in the 1980s paved the way for the first practical educational applications, and visionary anatomists foresaw the usefulness of computers for teaching. While early computers lacked high-resolution graphics capabilities and interactive user interfaces, applications with video discs demonstrated the practicality of programming digital multimedia linking descriptive text with anatomical imaging. Desktop publishing established that computers could be used for producing enhanced lecture notes, and commercial presentation software made it possible to give lectures using anatomical and medical imaging, as well as animations. Concurrently, computer processing supported the deployment of medical imaging modalities, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, that were subsequently integrated into anatomy instruction. Following its public birth in the mid-1990s, the World Wide Web became the ubiquitous multimedia networking technology underlying the conduct of contemporary education and research. Digital video, structural simulations, and mobile devices have been more recently applied to education. Progressive implementation of computer-based learning methods interacted with waves of ongoing curricular change, and such technologies have been deemed crucial for continuing medical education reforms, providing new challenges and opportunities for anatomical sciences educators. Anat Sci Educ 9: 583-602. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Present Situation of Indoor Air Pollution in New Countryside of Miyun County

[Objective]To research the indoor air quality and influence of different fuel on indoor air quality in new countryside. [Methods]The air quality in room was tested by the standard methods. [Results]The qualified rate of total indexes in Lianghe village,Xiatun village,Baicaowa village and Qiaomaiyu village during heating period and non-heating period was 91.8%,90.0%,84.5%,92.7% and 98.2%,98.2%,99.1%,93.6%,respectively.The level of carbon dioxide,formaldehyde,inhalable particulate matter and total bacteria exceeded the standard at different degrees.There was significant difference in qualified rate of total indexes of four villages between heating period and non-heating period(χ2=20.43,P0.01).The air quality of carbon dioxide,total volatile organic compounds and total bacteria during non-heating period was better than that during heating period. [Conclusion]There exists slight indoor air pollution in new countryside.The mixed fuel which is the main energy source has great influence on indoor air quality.The indoor air quality in non-heating period is better than that in heating period.
Size-Dependent Disorder–Order Transformation in the Synthesis of Monodisperse Intermetallic PdCu Nanocatalysts

The high performance of Pd-based intermetallic nanocatalysts has the potential to replace Pt-containing catalysts for fuel-cell reactions. Conventionally, intermetallic particles are obtained through the annealing of nanoparticles of a random alloy distribution. However, this method inevitably leads to sintering of the nanoparticles and generates polydisperse samples. Here, monodisperse PdCu nanoparticles with the ordered B2 phase were synthesized by seed-mediated co-reduction using PdCu nanoparticle seeds with a random alloy distribution (A1 phase). A time-evolution study suggests that the particles must overcome a size-dependent activation barrier for the ordering process to occur. Characterization of the as-prepared PdCu B2 nanoparticles by electron microscopy techniques revealed surface segregation of Pd as a thin shell over the PdCu core. The ordered nanoparticles exhibit superior activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction in comparison with PdCu A1 nanoparticles. This seed-mediated co...
Visual evoked potentials through night vision goggles

Night vision goggles (NVG's) have widespread use in military and civilian environments. NVG's amplify ambient illumination making performance possible when there is insufficient illumination for normal vision. While visual performance through NVG's is commonly assessed by measuring threshold functions such as visual acuity, few attempts have been made to assess vision through NVG's at suprathreshold levels of stimulation. Such information would be useful to better understand vision through NVG's across a range of stimulus conditions. In this study visual evoked potentials (VEP's) were used to evaluate vision through NVG's across a range of stimulus contrasts. The amplitude and latency of the VEP varied linearly with log contrast. A comparison of VEP's recorded with and without NVG's was used to estimate contrast attenuation through the device. VEP's offer an objective, electrophysiological tool to assess visual performance through NVG's at both threshold and suprathreshold levels of visual stimulation.
Summary Report on the Round Tables relating to Professor Tibor Scitovsky’s Paper

Four round-table discussions were arranged on international monetary problems. Each of the round tables was served by a moderator, a keynote speaker, and one or more rapporteurs taking notes to supply intelligence to myself as the final rapporteur. Although I have been reminded that it may not be desirable to engage in excessive name-dropping, I shall ask for your indulgence if I do mention later the persons who have done yeoman service to me and, indirectly, to you. Since I was never in more than one room at a time — which is perhaps understandable — I had to rely on others to tell me how the discussions went. It was a tantalising experience for me to move around, leave a room without being able to find out how Mr Y would answer a challenging question put by Mr X, and then arrive in another room to hear the end of Mr Z’s reply to an unheard question by an unknown inmate of my new temporary asylum. Yes, it was a crazy afternoon for this roving reporter.
Neural Differentiation in the Third Dimension: Generating a Human Midbrain.

In recent years, technological improvements in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have enabled the generation of organoids or spheroids representing a variety of tissues, including the brain. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Jo et al. (2016) describe a 3D culture model of the human midbrain containing dopaminergic neurons and neuromelanin.
Normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Samuel Tak Lee Real Estate Entrepreneurship Laboratory
Adaptive Connection Admission Control and Packet Scheduling for QoS Provisioning in Mobile WiMAX

The authors propose a connection admission control (CAC) scheme and a packet scheduling algorithm for the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard for fixed and mobile broadband wireless access systems. CAC reserves an adaptive temporal channel bandwidth for mobile subscriber stations based on most recent requests to assure seamless handoff of connections, while the scheduler allocates physical layer slots to user packets based on the corresponding application's data rate and latency characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture is evaluated though simulations. It is shown that 1) when the system is moderately loaded, the proposed CAC performs better than a fixed guard channel scheme in terms of reducing handoff dropping and new call blocking probabilities; 2) the proposed packet scheduling scheme prioritizes real-time over non real-time traffic in accordance with the quality of service (QoS) parameters of service flows defined in the IEEE standard.
Sensitivity of Dryline Convection Forecasts to Upstream Forecast Errors for Two Weakly Forced MPEX Cases

AbstractThe sensitivity of convective forecasts along the Texas dryline to upstream forecast fields at earlier lead times is evaluated for two consecutive days (27–28 May) characterized by no clear synoptic forcing for convection initiation (CI) during the 2013 Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX) by applying the ensemble-based sensitivity technique to convection-allowing WRF ensemble forecasts. For both cases, the members with stronger convection are characterized by higher water vapor just above the top of the boundary layer, which is associated with lower convective inhibition (CIN) at the time of CI. Forecast convection is sensitive to the lower-tropospheric water vapor and zonal wind at earlier lead times farther south along the dryline, such that increasing the water vapor and/or making the wind more easterly is associated with more convection. For 28 May, the water vapor along the dryline is also sensitive to the convection that occurs around 0600 UTC, which leads to cold pool–induced surface...
Selective-area growth of InAs nanowire arrays on Si3N4/Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

InAs nanowires directly integrated on Si platform show great promise in fabricating next generation mid-infrared optoelectronic devices. In this study we demonstrated the growth of catalyst-free, selective-area InAs nanowire arrays on electron beam patterned Si 3 N 4 /Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy. Growth parameters were studied, and nanowire growth kinetics dependence on patterned mask opening diameter and interwire distance was investigated. Under certain growth conditions, nanowire diameter was found to be relatively independent of nanohole diameter and pitch. We also realized the growth of randomly-nucleated, self-assembled nanowires on Si(111) and investigated the temperature, flux influence on nanowire morphology.
CORRELATION OF NONINVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF LUNG FLUID PERCENTAGE WITH INVASIVELY MEASURED HEMODYNAMICS

Background: Remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) measuring lung fluid content, expressed as a percent of lung volume is being studied to monitor fluid status in heart failure (HF) patients to reduce hospitalizations. However, the correlation between ReDS values and invasive measures of volume status is
Electromechanical impedance modeling of active material systems

An active material system may be generalized as an electro-mechanical network because of the incorporation of the actuators (electrically driven) and sensors (that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy). This paper summarizes most of our research in the area of the electro- mechanical impedance (EMI) modeling of active material systems. In this paper, a generic electro-mechanical impedance model to describe the electro-mechanical network behavior (time domain and frequency domain) of active material systems is discussed. The focus of the discussion is on the methodology and basic components of the EMI modeling technique and its application to assist in the design of efficient active control structures. This paper first introduces the basic concept of the electro-mechanical impedance modeling and its general utilities in the area of active material systems. The methodology of the EMI modeling technique is illustrated using an example of PZT actuator-driven mechanical systems. The basic components in the EMI modeling are discussed. Finally, some applications of the EMI modeling approach are presented.
The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. By Ian W. Toll. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2015. Pp. xxvii, 543. $35.00.)

This volume follows the course of war in the Pacific theaters from Guadalcanal to Saipan. Highlighted are personalities, institutions, interservice rivalries, geographical challenges, and an unusua...
Reanalyzing Tourangeau (2017) and Brick and Tourangeau (2017): A Research Note on Nonresponse Bias

In two important studies, Tourangeau (2017) and Brick and Tourangeau (2017) reanalyzed Groves and Peytcheva’s (2008) meta-analytic data on nonresponse bias. They found that: 1) 23% of the variation in nonresponse bias (absolute relbias) is between studies, and 2) there is a sizable and robust study-level correlation between bias and response rates, which is much larger than the estimate-level correlation (more than twice as large with analytic weights applied). Initially, however, these authors examined two different measures of nonresponse bias, absolute differences and absolute relbias, because of concerns the absolute relbias measure was misleading. Unfortunately, only the absolute relbias results were included in the two published articles. In the current study, I replicate and extend their published results, fixing an error in their analysis. I also provide the omitted results for absolute differences. The published and omitted results lead to dissimilar conclusions. In the omitted findings for absolute differences, much more of the variation (40-46%) in nonresponse bias is at the study level, but the study-level correlation between bias and response rates tends to be much weaker, weaker even than the estimate-level correlation, is sometimes positive, is rarely statistically significant, and is highly sensitive to model specification. The dissimilarities in the results for absolute differences versus absolute relbias raise important new questions for future research.
Basic Fourier Series

We will now study the basic rules of Fourier Series. You can study these basic principles for years in order to completely understand some of the many subtleties. The concentration of this book will be to quickly understand Fourier Series at a level which will allow to study their many applications. The reader is then encouraged to look further for a more in-depth understanding of the topics from the many other resources (Benedetto, Harmonic analysis and applications, CRC Press, 1996, [1]; Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and its applications, 1999, [3]; Cheney, Approximation theory, Chelsea Publishing Company, New York, [5]; Rudin, Real and complex analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1974, [17]; Tolstov, Fourier Series, Dover, London, 1962, [20]).
Reflektor: An Exploration of Collaborative Music Playlist Creation for Social Context

Music is intrinsically linked to our social lives. As more music becomes available through streaming services, deciding what music is appropriate for social events becomes increasingly challenging and nuanced. While prior work has considered the social role of music and the creation of music playlists for user contexts, how individuals utilize music to create social contexts is an area that has largely gone unexplored. To investigate this topic, we created and evaluated a prototype music recommender system called Reflektor. Reflektor interactively visualizes users' chat conversations to generate music playlists. Our analysis of user conversations with Reflektor uncovered distinct strategies participants use to create the ambiance and conduct for social contexts. Our findings help to illuminate mismatches in the way metadata and recommendation systems align with user strategies to create social context. We elaborate on these strategies and discuss design implications for future collaborative music recommender systems.
Introduction to Number Theory. By Hua Loo Keng. A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. By Kenneth Ireland and Michael Rosen

(1984). Introduction to Number Theory. By Hua Loo Keng. A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. By Kenneth Ireland and Michael Rosen. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 319-321.
Naturally Occurring Models of Cardiovascular Disease

Although most naturally occurring cardiovascular diseases of man have been identified in one or more species of animals as well, the utility of all of these animals as research models is not well established. Many of the so-called congenital defects are also associated with non-cardiovascular defects. These may result in infertility, impotence and other problems which preclude, in any practical sense, the breeding of these animals to obtain adequate numbers for research purposes. Some of the defects may, in fact, be a result of teratogenic insult rather than a true genetic defect. The possibility of identifying specific genes responsible for specific defects exists, along with the possibility of creating specific transgenic animal models of these defects, but no reports of the successful accomplishment of this have been found.
Equivalency of beam scan data collection using a 1D tank and automated couch movements to traditional 3D tank measurements.

This work shows the feasibility of collecting linear accelerator beam data using just a 1-D water tank and automated couch movements with the goal to maximize the cost effectiveness in resource-limited clinical settings. Two commissioning datasets were acquired: (a) using a standard of practice 3D water tank scanning system (3DS) and (b) using a novel technique to translate a commercial TG-51 complaint 1D water tank via automated couch movements (1DS). The Extensible Markup Language (XML) was used to dynamically move the linear accelerator couch position (and thus the 1D tank) during radiation delivery for the acquisition of inline, crossline, and diagonal profiles. Both the 1DS and 3DS datasets were used to generate beam models (BM1 DS and BM3 DS ) in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). 98.7% of 1DS measured points had a gamma value (2%/2 mm) 99.5% pass rate with gamma value (1%/1 mm) < 1. In conclusion, automated couch motions and a 1D scanning tank were used to collect commissioning beam data with accuracy comparable to traditionally acquired data using a 3D scanning system. TPS beam models generated directly from 1DS measured data were clinically equivalent to a model derived from 3DS data.
Social Network Structures in African American Churches: Implications for Health Promotion Programs

The prevalence of obesity among African Americans is higher than among other racial/ethnic groups. African American churches hold a central role in promoting health in the community; yet, church-based interventions have had limited impact on obesity. While recent studies have described the influence of social networks on health behaviors, obesity interventions informed by social network analysis have been limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 281 African American men and women from three churches in northeast urban cities in the USA. Data were collected on sociodemographic and clinical factors and anthropometrics. Using a social network survey applying a name generator, we computed network level metrics. Exponential random graph models (ERGM) were performed to examine whether each structural property found in the empirical (observed) networks occurred more frequently than expected by chance by comparing the empirical networks to the randomly simulated networks. Overall, church friendship networks were sparse (low density). We also found that while friendship ties were more reciprocated between dyads in church networks, and there were more tendencies for clustering of friendships (significant positive transitive closure) than in random networks, other characteristics such as expansiveness (number of actors with a great number of friends) did not differ from what would be expected by chance in random networks. These data suggest that interventions with African American churches should not assume a unitary network through which a single intervention should be used.
Complexation and precipitation of scale-forming cations in oilfield produced water with polyelectrolytes

Abstract Divalent cations such as Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, commonly found in oil/gas produced water at high concentrations, adversely affect oil and gas production by forming scales in pipes, tanks, process equipment such as oil-water separators, and treatment equipment such as filters and reverse osmosis membranes. If the water is reinjected, e.g., for water flooding, scales may also form on the well screens and in the producing formation. Water soluble polyelectrolytes have been used to inhibit scale formation in oil and gas production and to eliminate cationic metals from water via membrane separation. However, the underlying interactions between scale-forming cations and various polyelectrolytes are not well understood. To this end, two commercially available anionic polyelectrolytes with different repeating functional groups, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), were used to evaluate complexation and precipitation of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in binary systems, multi-ion mixtures, and produced water. The apparent dissociation constant (pKa) of PAA was determined by titration to be 6.7, indicating a high affinity of PAA for H+. The strength of the complexes formed between PAA and scale-forming cations (binding strength) decreased in the order Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Mg2+ at pH 5. Higher pH values led to a higher affinity of PAA for divalent cations, which is attributable to the increase in binding sites for cations as the PAA more completely ionizes. By contrast, the affinity of PSS decreases in the order Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+, with no significant pH effect. The formation and precipitation behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) was investigated by reacting cations with the sodium salt of PAA (sodium polyacrylate) or with PSS. Only Ba2+ formed precipitates with PSS in single-cation solutions, although small amounts of Sr2+ were also removed by PSS from a mixed cation solution. However, all of the scale-forming cations formed PEC precipitates with PAA in both binary and mixed-ion solutions, depending on the cation concentration and molar ratio of PAA to divalent cations. The maximum amount of precipitation occurred at a molar ratio of PAA to M2+ of 1.5–1.7, while overdosing of PAA caused dispersion of the precipitates. High concentrations of monovalent cations inhibited precipitation of divalent cations with PAA. Up to 73% of scale-forming cations were removed from field-collected produced water samples through repeated (4 times) addition of PAA at a molar concentration ratio of 1. The release of scale-forming cations from PAA-M2+ precipitates, thereby regenerating PAA, was achieved by adding HCl.
Neonates with suspected microangiopathic disorders: performance of standard manual schistocyte enumeration vs. the automated fragmented red cell count.

Objectives To enhance the diagnosis of schistocyte-producing conditions, we compared routine manual schistocyte enumeration with automated fragmented red cell counts (FRCs). Study design In neonates "suspected" of having sepsis, NEC, or DIC we compared manual schistocyte estimates vs. automated FRC counts. When the two disagreed, we used a "gold standard" from a ≥ 1000 RBC differential. We also assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the FRC count in diagnosing sepsis, NEC, or DIC. Results We collected 270 CBCs from 90 neonates. The methods agreed in 63% (95% CI 55%-70%) of the CBCs. Among the 37% where they disagreed, the FRC count was more accurate in 100% (95% CI 88-100%). An elevated FRC count was specific for sepsis, and was sensitive and specific for necrotizing enterocolitis and DIC. Conclusions Automated FRC counts have advantages over routine manual evaluation, larger sample size, lower expense, and superior accuracy in diagnosing schistocyte-producing conditions.
A patient with concurrent prurigo nodularis and squamous cell carcinomas of keratoacanthoma type: The role of aprepitant in diagnostic clarity

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic pruritic disorder characterized by a neuronal itch-scratch cycle, with subsequent development of hyperkeratotic, excoriated, or crusted nodules.1 The lesions of PN may clinically resemble squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), especially keratoacanthoma (KA) type, which presents a challenge for oncologic surveillance particularly in patients at high risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development. While multiple therapies, such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, phototherapy, and thalidomide have been reported, there are currently no effective treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for PN.1 PN originates in part due to a chronic itch-scratch cycle, which causes chronic skin irritation and damage. Although no one causative chemical mediator of itch has been identified, substance P is thought to be a major contributor to the neurocutaneous transmission of pruritus.2 By acting through the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor on epidermal dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, mast cells, and keratinocytes, substance P plays a role in neurogenic inflammation, pain, and pruritus.2 In addition to its action at NK1 receptors, recent mouse studies suggest that substance P may also act via Mas-related G-protein–coupled receptors (Mrgprs) on mast cells and dorsal root ganglia neurons to mediate neurogenic itch.3,4 The NK1 receptor antagonists inhibit substance P–mediated neurogenic inflammation by blocking both NK1 receptors and Mrgprs and have demonstrated variable efficacy in the treatment of pruritus and PN.2,3,5 Here we present a case of an immunocompromised patient with multiple prior NMSCs and multiple treatment-refractory PN successfully treated with the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant.
SPRI Beads-based Size Selection in the Range of 2-10kb.

Application of solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads for size selection in molecular biology should be expanded, in light of the property of the beads to accommodate to high MW intervals of DNA fragment size selection, depending on composition of bead-suspension buffer. Here we show how the conventional size selection interval of 150–800 bp be shifted to 1.5–7 Kbp with by adjusting the concentration of NaCl in the stock suspension buffer. The MW capacity of SPRI beads also change when NaCl replaced with other cations and when the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 is decreased. Testing the limits of SPRI beads revealed cuts as high as 10 Kbp are possible for some salt/PEG combinations of modified SPRI beads-suspension buffers.
Auditory-perceptual acuity in rhotic misarticulation: baseline characteristics and treatment response

The rhotic sound /r/ is one of the latest-emerging sounds in English, and many children receive treatment for residual errors affecting /r/ that persist past the age of 9. Auditory-perceptual abilities of children with residual speech errors are thought to be different from their typically developing peers. This study examined auditory-perceptual acuity in children with residual speech errors affecting /r/ and the relation of these skills to production accuracy, both before and after a period of treatment incorporating visual biofeedback. Identification of items along an /r/-/w/ continuum was assessed prior to treatment. Production accuracy for /r/ was acoustically measured from standard/r/stimulability probes elicited before and after treatment. Fifty-nine children aged 9-15 with residual speech errors (RSE) affecting /r/ completed treatment, and forty-eight age-matched controls who completed the same auditory-perceptual task served as a comparison group. It was hypothesized that children with RSE would show lower auditory-perceptual acuity than typically developing speakers and that higher auditory-perceptual acuity would be associated with more accurate production before treatment. It was also hypothesized that auditory-perceptual acuity would serve as a mediator of treatment response. Results indicated that typically developing children have more acute perception of the /r/-/w/ contrast than children with RSE. Contrary to hypothesis, baseline auditory-perceptual acuity for /r/ did not predict baseline production severity. For baseline auditory-perceptual acuity in relation to biofeedback efficacy, there was an interaction between auditory-perceptual acuity and gender, such that higher auditory-perceptual acuity was associated with greater treatment response in female, but not male, participants.
Tractable reformulations of two-stage distributionally robust linear programs over the type-∞ Wasserstein ball

Abstract This paper studies a two-stage distributionally robust stochastic linear program under the type- ∞ Wasserstein ball by providing sufficient conditions under which the program can be efficiently computed via a tractable convex program. By exploring the properties of binary variables, the developed reformulation techniques are extended to those with mixed binary random parameters. The main tractable reformulations are projected into the original decision space. The complexity analysis demonstrates that these tractable results are tight under the setting of this paper.
Quality evaluation of probiotic pasta produced with Bacillus coagulans GBI-30

Abstract Nowadays, the production of non-dairy and heat-treated probiotic foods has been gaining high interest. With this aim, due to its spore-forming ability Bacillus coagulans has been widely used in research studies. In this study, probiotic pasta production was accomplished with the addition of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 spores into semolina. Samples were packed in zip-lock bag and stored at room temperature for 6 months. The microbiological characteristics, cooking behavior, texture, color and sensory attributes of pasta samples were investigated at 0 and 6 months of storage. Results showed that B. coagulans GBI-30 count of pasta samples decreased from 7.20 to 6.08 log CFU/g during cooking and storage showed statistically significant effect on B. coagulans GBI-30 count. At the end of the cooking in boiling (100 °C) distilled water for 8 min, B. coagulans GBI-30 did not negatively affect the sensorial quality of pasta according to the sensory panel of 7 experts. Therefore, it was concluded that the pasta can be considered as a probiotic product after 6 months of storage at room temperature due to the fact that B. coagulans GBI-30 count was above 6 log CFU/g.
Characterizing the impact of adversity, abuse, and neglect on adolescent amygdala resting-state functional connectivity

Abstract Characterizing typologies of childhood adversity may inform the development of risk profiles and corresponding interventions aimed at mitigating its lifelong consequences. A neurobiological grounding of these typologies requires systematic comparisons of neural structure and function among individuals with different exposure histories. Using seed-to-whole brain analyses, this study examined associations between childhood adversity and amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) in adolescents aged 11–19 years across three independent studies (N = 223; 127 adversity group) in both general and dimensional models of adversity (comparing abuse and neglect). In a general model, adversity was associated with altered amygdala rs-fc with clusters within the left anterior lateral prefrontal cortex. In a dimensional model, abuse was associated with altered amygdala rs-fc within the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/anterior mid-cingulate cortex, as well as within the dorsal attention, visual, and somatomotor networks. Neglect was associated with altered amygdala rs-fc with the hippocampus, supplementary motor cortex, temporoparietal junction, and regions within the dorsal attention network. Both general and dimensional models revealed unique regions, potentially reflecting pathways by which distinct histories of adversity may influence adolescent behavior, cognition, and psychopathology.
RECURSION FORMULA OF ENERGY LEVELS FOR OXYGENLIKE IONS

A recursion formula of energy levels for Oxygenlike ions has been given based on the generalization of the perturbation expansion.It is found that the formula is considerably simple and accurate.
What Motivates People to Correct Misinformation? Examining the Effects of Third-person Perceptions and Perceived Norms

Studies have suggested that rumors may ultimately be “self-corrected” by online crowds. Following the previous literature, we explored how two perceptual factors, including the third-person percept...
Do VIR: Virtualizing Food Donation Distribution through Mobile Application and Cloud-Based Supply Chain Management

Food insecurity, the lack of access to safe, nutritious and adequate food, has remained a persistent and major problem in our society, particularly in low-income communities. It leads to many serious consequences, including hunger, malnutrition in children, poor health conditions in adults and early mortality. One direction to address food insecurity is to facilitate streamlined food donation from communities with surplus food. In this paper, we present an approach, DOVIR, to address this crucial problem. DOVIR includes mobile smartphone application together with cloud-based services to create a virtualized infrastructure for enabling precise, in-time food donation. We discuss the architecture of DOVIR, and several design considerations to ensure its practical viability.
The Pinochet Precedent and Universal Jurisdiction

In October 1998, General Augusto Pinochet, military ruler of Chile from 1973 to 1990, was arrested in a London clinic on orders of a Spanish court. That court, acting under a Spanish law permitting universal jurisdiction over certain crimes, has since 1996 been investigating the top leadership of the Chilean and Argentine militaries for their role in the murder, disappearance and torture of thousands of real or perceived opponents throughout the Southern Cone of South America. Pinochet's detention merely exposed to the world the tip of a larger iceberg. The Pinochet case and the related cases in Spanish and other European courts provide a fascinating case study of the benefits and risks of universal jurisdiction. My talk today will focus on a few aspects of these cases: first, the jurisdictional bases of the Spanish and other European suits in national law, and the implications of this grounding in national law; second, the effects of the Spanish cases, in particular, within Chile and Argentina; and third, some of the particular factors that have made the Spanish prosecutions relatively successful. The Spanish cases began when members of the Spanish Union of Progressive Prosecutors filed a complaint in April 1996, accusing members of the Argentine military junta of genocide, terrorism, and other crimes regarding the detention and subsequent disappearance during the 1970s of a number of Spanish citizens and citizens of Spanish descent who were living in Argentina. The case was filed under Spanish laws allowing public interest organizations, as well as aggrieved individuals, to file and maintain criminal complaints even without the backing of, and in this case over the strenuous opposition of, the state prosecutors office. Thus, a group of exiles and human rights activists, backed by the Spanish political party United Left and by professional associations, could maintain the prosecution without state consent, merely with a commitment by the state not to interfere with the independence of its own judiciary. Article 23.4 of the Spanish Judicial Law allows prosecution of nonSpanish citizens for some crimes committed outside Spain, among them
Utilization of and Adherence to Guideline-Recommended Lipid-Lowering Therapy After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Opportunities for Improvement

In addition to aggressive lifestyle and nonlipid risk factor modification, statin therapy improves cardiovascular disease outcomes following acute coronary syndromes. Despite established benefits of treatment, contemporary registries reveal substantial underutilization of and nonadherence to statin therapy for secondary prevention. In randomized controlled trials investigating statin therapy, including moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe therapy, rates of nonadherence are reported in up to 40% of subjects. Durable strategies to address gaps in lipid lowering for secondary prevention are essential to maximize reduction in cardiovascular disease risk.
Effect of injection augmentation on need for framework surgery in unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine whether injection augmentation reduces the likelihood of ultimately needing definitive framework surgery in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) patients. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods All patients diagnosed with UVFP (2008–2012) at the academic center were identified. The time from symptom onset to presentation to either community otolaryngologist and/or academic center, as well as any directed treatment(s), were recorded. Stepwise, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether injection augmentation independently affected odds of needing definitive, framework surgery among patients who were seen within 9 months of symptom onset and had not undergone any prior rehabilitative procedures. Results Cohort consisted of 633 patients (55% female, 80% Caucasian, median age 60 years) with UVFP. The majority of etiologies were either surgery (48%) or idiopathic (37%). Duration to presentation at community otolaryngologist was shorter than to the academic center (median 2 vs. 6 months). Overall, less than half of UVFP patients had any operation (46%). Multivariate logistic regression found that earlier injection augmentation did not affect odds of ultimately undergoing framework surgery (odds ratio 1.13; confidence interval, 0.92–1.40; P = 0.23). Conclusion Nearly half of UVFP patients do not require any rehabilitative procedure. When indicated, early injection augmentation is effective at temporarily alleviating associated symptoms but does not reduce likelihood of needing a definitive framework operation in patients with UVFP. Understanding practice patterns and fostering early detection and treatment may improve quality of life in this patient population. Evidence Level 4. Laryngoscope, 2015
HLA-B27-Associated Spondyloarthritis and Enthesopathy

Spondyloarthritis is a new term that “lumps” patients with a group of interrelated familial arthropathies into one diagnostic category and more definitively differentiates patients with milder manifestations of this form of arthritis from those with RA.1–8
Vector and Parallel Computers for Quantum Monte Carlo Computations

Monte Carlo simulations are inherently compute-bound. Although short computations may provide order-of-magnitude estimates, long CPU times are generally required to achieve the accuracy needed for reliable comparison of Monte Carlo results with experiment or theory. The advent of supercomputers, which have made possible significantly increased computer speeds for those applications which are amenable to vector or parallel processing, thus offers promise for Monte Carlo applications. In fact, Monte Carlo codes are often highly parallel, and offer multiple avenues for both parallelization and vectorization.
Epidermal nevus syndrome. Report of a case with unusual oral manifestations.

Abstract A case of epidermal nevus syndrome in a 10-year-old Negro boy is reported. Oral features are described which have not been reported previously. The clinical and histologic findings would seem to indicate nevus unius lateris, but the associated findings could also suggest nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn as part of a neurocutaneous syndrome. There is simultaneous involvement of the scalp, neck, face, eyes, buccal mucosa, tongue, maxillary alveolar mucosa, and gingiva. The teeth are hypoplastic.
GENETIC ORIGIN OF SOME SEX DIFFERENCES AMONG HUMAN BEINGS.

Sexual reproduction helps to ensure the survival of species by providing opportunities for new combinations of chromosomes in individuals. Organisms have evolved means to accomplish this end by establishing special sex-determining chromosomes which must contain the genes which decide the reproductive attributes of the individual. This decision sets in motion a train of events determining many characteristics related to and stemming from the reproductive sex of the individual which, taken in the aggregate, formulate much of his or her role in life as a male or female. Differences between the sexes are thus created which sometimes appear to be unrelated to reproductive functions, but which are traceable ultimately to them, and some of these differences might represent a hazard to one or other sex, due either to biological or cultural inequalities. Though there are occasional errors and imperfections of sex determination, the mechanism is on the whole a good one and even unsophisticated people are seldom unsure or imprecise in the diagnosis of sex among human beings. But establishment of the sex chromosomes in the forms they have taken in various organisms has resulted in certain consequences which, though they might be beneficial in some instances, certainly contribute to inequalities between the two sexes in ways not necessarily related to the reproductive aspects of sex. The disparity in size between the X and Y chromosomes, for example, means that the homogametic sex (female) is diploid with regard to many loci, while the heterogametic sex (males) must be always haploid. If these chromosomes contain genes which control functions apart from aspects of reproductive sex, even though these be compensated, the genes will be making contributions to aspects of maleness and femaleness which are not accommodated in the usual, practical definition of sex.
Sex and the Family in Colonial India: The Making of Empire

In the early years of the British empire, cohabitation between Indian women and British men was commonplace and to some degree tolerated. However, as Durba Ghosh argues in a challenge to the existing historiography, anxieties about social status, appropriate sexuality, and the question of who could be counted as 'British' or 'Indian' were constant concerns of the colonial government even at this time. By following the stories of a number of mixed-race families, at all levels of the social scale, from high-ranking officials and noblewomen to rank-and-file soldiers and camp followers, and also the activities of indigenous female concubines, mistresses and wives, the author offers a fascinating account of how gender, class and race affected the cultural, social and even political mores of the period. The book makes an original and signal contribution to scholarship on colonialism, gender and sexuality.
Stratospheric Electricity and the Global Circuit

The purpose of this paper is to relate our present knowledge of stratospheric electrification to concepts of the global circuit. The crudest feature of this circuit – a sharply bounded perfectly conducting upper layer – only emerged in 1929. The earlier ideas of Wilson and Appleton were far more sophisticated and have much in common with modern concepts. For example, a penetration of currents into the ionosphere to be there influenced by geomagnetic fields was envisaged.
Danger in psychotropic drugs, danger in psychotherapy! Is there an alternative?

Abstract Dr Pittu Laungani has asked me to comment on his article on the treatment of mental disorders published in this issue. He is highly critical of the uses of psychotropic drugs. He also writes on the questionable psychological intervention practices by psychotherapists. My paper elaborates on the dangers of giving neuroleptics to mental patients. While the psychiatric literature extols the efficacy of drugs, it ignores the serious consequences of side effects and possibly fatal developments. A serious reading of the literature shows that the approach of prescribing neuroleptics is most unscientific and primarily depends on trial and error. To-day fewer physicians select psychiatry as a career. What is distressing is that the clinical psychology establishment in Washington D.C. is pushing through legislation to obtain “prescription privileges” for psychologists. In spite of great efforts and expenditure, no state allows “prescription privileges for psychologists, except Guam, one of the Marianas isl...
Hydrocarbon bioaccumulation from contaminated sediment by the deposit-feeding polychaeteAbarenicola pacifica

This study examines the role of the organic carbon content of sediment in aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation and assesses the importance of two routes of hydrocarbon uptake: (1) the uptake of the particulate contaminant fraction from ingested sediment; (2) the uptake of the dissolved contaminant fraction from interstitial or overlying water. The lugwormAbarenicola pacifica was collected from San Juan Island, Washington, USA, in January 1989, and exposed to three sediments contaminated with [3H]benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). By manipulating the organic content of these sediments, it was possible to establish three treatments with similar BaP concentrations in the interstitial water, but differing in the amount of BaP in the bulk sediment. BaP bioaccumulation over the first few days of exposure was correlated with feeding rate, suggesting that ingested sediments were a source of BaP. The greatest body burden, however, was attained in those individuals held in sediments with the lowest organic carbon content and the lowest BaP concentration. Body burden at steady state was not correlated with either BaP concentrations in bulk sediment (dry weight or organic carbon-normalized bases) or the interstitial water. Increased organic matter decreased BaP bioavailability in a non-linear fashion. Bioaccumulation factors relative to water and organic content were relatively constant between 1 and 2% organic carbon in the sediment, but these same accumulation factors substantially underestimated body burden if applied to sandy sediments with little (0.3%) organic carbon.
Mu-type opioid receptors in rat periaqueductal gray-enriched P2 membrane are coupled to guanine nucleotide binding proteins.

Abstract The periaqueductal gray (PAG) region of the midbrain has been implicated in both stimulation-produced and opioid-induced analgesia. High affinity μ-selective opioid binding sites presumably associated with μ-type opioid receptors have been detected in rat PAG-enriched P2 membrane. In the present study the signal transduction mechanism of μ-type opioid receptors in the PAG was examined utilizing both in vitro radioligand binding and GTPase assays. The non-hydrolyzable guanine triphosphate (GTP) analog g guanyl-5′-ylβ-γ-imidodiphosphate (GppNHp) inhibited specific high affinity [ 3 H ][ d -Ala 2 ,N- MethylPhe 4 , Glyol 5 ] enkephalin (DAGO) binding in rat PAG-enriched P2 membrane in a dose-dependent manner. DAGO stimulated total GTPase activity in rat PAG-enriched P2 membrane in a saturable, dose-dependent, ligand-selective, stereoselective, and naloxone-reversible manner. This DAGO stimulation of total GTPase activity was also dependent on Na+ and Mg2+, and was abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment of the membrane. Overall these data suggest that μ-type opioid receptors in the PAG are coupled to guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins).