cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic linkage between the S1 site, the Na+ site, and the Ca2+ site in the protease domain of human coagulation factor xa. Studies on catalytic efficiency and inhibitor binding

Abstract The serine protease domain of factor Xa (FXa) contains a sodium as well as a calcium-binding site. Here, we investigated the functional significance of these two cation-binding sites and their thermodynamic links to the S1 site. Kinetic data reveal that Na+ binds to the substrate bound FXa withK d ∼39 mm in the absence and ∼9.5 mm in the presence of Ca2+. Sodium-bound FXa (sodium-Xa) has ∼18-fold increased catalytic efficiency (∼4.5-fold decrease in K m and ∼4-fold increase ink cat) in hydrolyzing S-2222 (benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide), and Ca2+ further increases this k cat∼1.4-fold. Ca2+ binds to the protease domain of substrate bound FXa with K d ∼705 μm in the absence and ∼175 μm in the presence of Na+. Ca2+ binding to the protease domain of FXa (Xa-calcium) has no effect on the K m but increases thek cat ∼4-fold in hydrolyzing S-2222, and Na+ further increases this k cat∼1.4-fold. In agreement with the K m data, sodium-Xa has ∼5-fold increased affinity in its interaction withp-aminobenzamidine (S1 site probe) and ∼4-fold increased rate in binding to the two-domain tissue factor pathway inhibitor; Ca2+ (±Na+) has no effect on these interactions. Antithrombin binds to Xa-calcium with a ∼4-fold faster rate, to sodium-Xa with a ∼24-fold faster rate and to sodium-Xa-calcium with a ∼28-fold faster rate. Thus, Ca2+and Na+ together increase the catalytic efficiency of FXa ∼28-fold. Na+ enhances Ca2+ binding, and Ca2+ enhances Na+ binding. Further, Na+ enhances S1 site occupancy, and S1 site occupancy enhances Na+ binding. Therefore, Na+ site is thermodynamically linked to the S1 site as well as to the protease domain Ca2+ site, whereas Ca2+ site is only linked to the Na+ site. The significance of these findings is that during physiologic coagulation, most of the FXa formed will exist as sodium-Xa-calcium, which has maximum biologic activity.
Burn injuries in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Purpose: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for traumatic injury than non-ADHDchildren. Burn injuries in ADHD-children have not been studied. This study was conducted to determine differences in burn injuries between these groups. Methods: The charts of all children ages 5–18, admitted over a 7-year period to a single regional pediatric burn center, were reviewed. ADHD-children were compared to non-ADHD-children regarding age and gender, type and extent of burn, and burn injury outcome. Findings: There were 278 children included, 35 (13%) having ADHD. ADHD-children were more likely male but did not differ in age compared to non-ADHD-children. ADHD-children were more likely to experience a thermal rather than flame burn (83% versus 58% thermal, P< 0.01) and had more extensive burn injury (10% versus 5% median TBSA, P = 0.03). The ADHD group had a longer length of stay (11 versus 7 days, P = 0.05) and was less likely to be discharged to home (86% versus 93%, P = 0.17). Conclusions: ADHD-children do differ from non-ADHD-children in their pattern and extent of burn injury. The impulsivity and vigilance deficits that characterize ADHD may place these children at higher risk for specific types of burn injuries. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.
60° dislocations in (001) GaAs/Si interfaces

Abstract The geometry of 60° dislocations at the (001) GaAs/Si. heterojunction is discussed considering transmission electron microscopy images of plan-view samples. The GaAs examined was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on to a Si substrate, which had been polished to be 4° off the exact (001) plane, towards the [110] direction. Both 60° and pure edge dislocations may be present at the interface to accommodate the lattice misfit. The Burgers vectors of all the dislocations involved are (a/2)(110). The 60° dislocations interact with the network of orthogonal edge dislocations which is present at the interface and cause displacements of the edge dislocations. Because of the tilt of the heterojunction away from the exact 〈001〉 plane, the density of these 60° dislocations along [110] direction is different from that along ]110] direction. The changes in geometry when like 60° dislocations are dissociated is described.
Affinity generation of single-stranded DNA for dideoxy sequencing following the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract A method to rapidly generate single stranded DNA for dideoxy sequencing following the polymerase chain reaction is described. By incorporating biotin in one of the amplification primers, we are able to physically separate the two DNA strands produced in the polymerase chain reaction. After amplification, the mixture is passed through a column containing streptavidin agarose. The strand produced by the biotinylated primer is bound in this matrix. The unbiotinylated strand is eluted with 0.2 n NaOH and sequenced by the dideoxy method. This method was utilized to sequence mitochondrial DNA from crude genomic DNA and to determine the sequences of four clones containing human mitochondrial DNA as a test of its accuracy. The use of biotin-facilitated separation permitted us to amplify and sequence DNA samples in a single day.
Studies on the cofactor requirement for the acylation and hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by purified lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Effect of low density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein A-i

Because lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) has been shown to carry out acylation of lysolecithin as well as hydrolysis of lecithin in addition to an esterification of cholesterol, the cofactor requirements of the three reactions catalyzed by the enzyme were studied. The purified enzyme required apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) for both the phospholipase A2 activity (release of free fatty acids from lecithin) and cholesterol esterification, whereas, low density lipoprotein (LDL) was required for the acylation of lysolecithin. Apo A-I and lecithin liposomes could not substitute for LDL for the activation of lysolecithin acyltransferase activity. Removal of apo A-I from the LDL preparation by affinity chromatography did not affect the activation of lysolecithin acylation, indicating that the contaminating apo A-I is not responsible for the activation. LDL facilitates cholesterol esterification in presence of labelled lecithin liposomes by providing the unesterified cholesterol. Removal of contaminating apo A-I, however, abolishes this LCAT activity which could be restored by addition of pure apo A-I. Lysolecithin inhibits both phospholipase A2 and LCAT activities, but LDL appeared to attenuate the effects of lysolecithin, in addition to stimulating the acylation of lysolecithin. These results show that apo A-I is not obligatory for all the reactions carried out by the enzyme, and that LDL plays an important role in the regulation of the hydrolysis and acylation reaction carried out by the enzyme.
Measurements for microwave differential and IQ devices

In the past, devices that require true-mode differential drive (+-180 degree) or true-mode IQ drive (0 and 9 degree) have been difficult to measure at RF and microwave frequencies. At microwave frequencies, baluns and 90 degree hybrids have poor performance, and are very difficult to use in on-wafer test. True-mode VNAs have allowed non-linear measurements of compression, but require input and output frequencies to be the same. To date, no method has been presented that can allow measurements of differential harmonics, differential mixers, or IQ mixers without the use of baluns or hybrids at high frequency, or with high accuracy. This paper presents a new method that provides fully corrected measurements for all these cases, over swept frequency or swept power, or swept phase without the use of baluns. It is suitable for on-wafer applications and extensible to mm-wave frequencies.
Are Latinos Less Satisfied with Communication by Health Care Providers

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of patient ratings of communication by health care providers with patient language (English vs Spanish) and ethnicity (Latino vs white).
Peptidase activity of snake venoms

1. 1. Peptidase activities of twenty-one snake venoms were investigated using different dipeptides and tripeptides and tetrapeptide. Venoms used were from seven Elapidae, three Viperidae and eleven Crotalidae. 2. 2. It was found in general that the closer the species of snakes, the more similar were the specificities of the peptidase activities of the venoms. Peptidase specificites of Naja naja samarensis, Naja haje and Naja melanoleuca were exactly identical. Oxyuranus scutellatus and Oxyuranus scutellatus canni venoms also had the same specificities. 3. 3. Peptidase specificity of Vipera russellii venom was very similar to Vipera ammodytes but was different from B. arietabns. 4. 4. The venoms of snakes of North American origin such as Agkintrodon mokasen, Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, Agkistrodon contortrix laticincus and Agkistrodon contortrix piscivorus were very similar and differed in only one peptide between each other. Venoms of North American rattlesnakes such as Crotalus adamateus, Crotalus atrox and Crotalus viridis oreganus were similar to each other but more different from the Agkistrodon series. 5. 5. Exceptions were Naja naja atra and Agkistrodon acutus of Formosan origin. These venoms were different from those of other snakes in the corresponding genus. 6. None of the venoms investigated contain either carboxypeptidase or aminopeptidase.
The Effects of Short-Term Fluoride Ingestion on Bone Formation and Resorption in the Rat Femur

The femurs from rats given 120 ppm fluoride in their drinking water for 4 weeks were examined with histological, histochemical, and radiographic methods. Blood removed from the rats prior to sacrifice was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. Results of this study indicated that the ingestion of fluoride produced wide osteoid seams on the periosteal surface of the femoral diaphysis within 4 weeks. The increase in osteoid appeared to be due to an increase in the number of osteoid-producing cells (osteoblasts) along with a subsequent delay in the mineralization of this tissue. The metabolic activity of osteoblasts did not appear to be affected since the intracellular production of acid and alkaline phosphatase was not inhibited. However, due to the high concentration of fluoride ingested, abnormal collagen deposition and a change in bone mineral may have combined to cause a delay in osteoid mineralization. Mineralization was also delayed in the distal femoral epiphyseal plate resulting in an increase in the number of hypertrophied cells. Resorption of metaphyseal trabecular bone, presumably formed prior to fluoride administration, was increased causing a reduction in the amount of trabeculae extending into the shaft of the femur. Concurrent with these changes in bone, the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase remained within normal ranges.
Infantilization of elderly patients by health care providers.

Summary Infantilization of the elderly has been defined and clinical examples given Potential effects of the process and their possible contributing factors have been discussed. As the dental profession increases its awareness of the oral health needs of the elderly, dental personnel must also acquire greater sensitivity to the nuances of communication. The dental delivery team, whether in private practice or in institutions, must appropriately treat elderly patients as adults.
BlackjackBench: portable hardware characterization

DARPA's AACE project aimed to develop Architecture Aware Compiler Environments that automatically characterize the hardware and optimize the application codes accordingly. We present the BlackjackBench suite, a collection of portable micro-benchmarks that automate system characterization, plus statistical analysis techniques for interpreting the results. The BlackjackBench discovers the effective sizes and speeds of the hardware environment rather than the often unattainable peak values. We aim at hardware features that can be observed by running executables generated by existing compilers from standard C codes. We characterize the memory hierarchy, including cache sharing and NUMA characteristics of the system, properties of the processing cores affecting execution speed, and the length of the OS scheduler time slot. We show how these features of modern multicores can be discovered programmatically. We also show how the features could interfere with each other resulting in incorrect interpretation of the results, and how established classification and statistical analysis techniques reduce experimental noise and aid automatic interpretation of results.
Beyond Edge City: Office Geography in the New Metropolis

Few studies focus on the distribution of office development across the United States as an element of urban form. Joel Garreau argues that all office space found outside central-city downtowns is grouped into large, mixed-use clusters he termed "edge cities." The reality is that edge cities capture only a modest share of non-CBD office space, with a significant proportion located in what Lang referred to as "edgeless cities." This study reexamines the distribution of edge and edgeless cities using a spatial analysis of more than 3 billion square feet of office space in 13 large U.S. markets. The office patterns revealed do not fit a downtown versus edge city development model, but instead show complex and regional variation. The findings confirm the "edgeless" nature of U.S. office development. Although primarily descriptive, this paper highlights issues of urban form from a holistic and novel perspective.
Toward A Mentoring Model For Promotion And Tenure: Progress And Pitfalls

This article provides a qualitative analysis of a pretenure mentoring model that was designed to enhance the likelihood of retaining diverse faculty recruited for a multidisciplinary undergraduate department.The data capture the experiences of pretenure and tenured faculty after the first 4 years of the implementation of this mentoring system.The mentoring system and data collection process are described, followed by the research findings and implications for practice.
Bariatric surgery as urate-lowering therapy in severe obesity.

Gout represents a metabolically driven inflammatory arthropathy, which could be substantially influenced by adiposity and lifestyle risk factors. As such, influenced by the trends in lifestyle factors associated with Westernisation,1 ,2 gout prevalence has increased in the last few decades worldwide (eg, 3.9% of US adults (8.3 million) in 2007–20083).4 The disease burden of gout has been further complicated by a high level of cardiovascular (CV)–metabolic comorbidities (eg, hypertension in 74%; obesity in 53%5) and their sequelae (eg, increased future risk of myocardial infarction and premature death6 ,7). Among many known modifiable risk factors for hyperuricaemia and gout, obesity is one of the strongest, as observed in many prospective cohort studies.8–12 To date, few medical interventions, except bariatric surgery, have been effective in the treatment of obesity. Indeed, studies have shown that bariatric surgery not only induces substantial weight loss but also greatly improves key obesity-related CV–metabolic abnormalities and outcomes,13–15 including blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, serum uric acid (SUA) levels16 and overall mortality.17 In their timely study, Dalbeth et al 18 sought to examine the potential pathogenetic and clinical relevance of the urate-lowering benefits of bariatric surgery. Over 1 year of prospective follow-up of 60 individuals with severe obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2) and type 2 diabetes, bariatric surgery led to a weight reduction of 34 kg, and proportions of those with SUA levels higher than the urate saturation point and the usual urate-lowering therapy (ULT) target (SUA=0.36 mmol/L)19 declined by 37% and 41%, respectively. Among the 12 gout patients included in this study, the proportion of SUA above 0.36 mmol/L declined from 83% (10/12) at baseline to 33% (4/12) 1 year after surgery; the corresponding proportion of ULT use also declined from 75% (9/12) …
Reactions of nitriles in ices relevant to Titan, comets, and the interstellar medium: formation of cyanate ion, ketenimines, and isonitriles

Abstract Motivated by detections of nitriles in Titan's atmosphere, cometary comae, and the interstellar medium, we report laboratory investigations of the low-temperature chemistry of acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile, cyanoacetylene, and cyanogen (CH 3 CN, CH 3 CH 2 CN, CH 2 CHCN, HCCCN, and NCCN, respectively). A few experiments were also done on isobutyronitrile and trimethylacetonitrile ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCN and (CH 3 ) 3 CCN, respectively). Trends were sought, and found, in the photo- and radiation chemical products of these molecules at 12–25 K. In the absence of water, all of these molecules isomerized to isonitriles, and CH 3 CN, CH 3 CH 2 CN, and (CH 3 ) 2 CHCN also formed ketenimines. In the presence of H 2 O, no isonitriles were detected but rather the cyanate ion (OCN − ) was seen in all cases. Although isonitriles, ketenimines, and OCN − were the main focus of our work, we also describe cases of hydrogen loss, to make smaller nitriles, and hydrogen addition (reduction), to make larger nitriles. HCN formation also was seen in most experiments. The results are presented in terms of nitrile ice chemistry on Titan, in cometary ice, and in the interstellar medium. Possible connections to prebiotic chemistry are briefly discussed.
Minimal supersymmetric model of Higgs-Higgs condensation

This paper is motivated by three issues associated with the supersymmetric extension of the standard model: the \ensuremath{\mu} problem, the possibility of raising the upper bound on the lightest-Higgs-boson mass, and the triviality problem associated with the Higgs sector. A new scheme based on Higgs-Higgs condensation at low energy is proposed, and it is shown that these three issues are well solved by this scheme. As the first realization of this new scheme, the minimal supersymmetric model of Higgs-Higgs condensation (MSMHHC) is constructed and studied in detail. The MSMHHC is identical with the MSSM (minimal supersymmetric standard model) in fundamental particle content, and their Lagrangians differ only in the Higgs sector. The Higgs sector of the MSMHHC is based on the softly broken supersymmetric Nambu\char21{}Jona-Lasinio model with the four-field interaction of the Higgs doublets. At low energy, these two Higgs doublets condense into two neutral Higgs gauge singlets, and the low-energy effective Lagrangian of the MSMHHC has the form of the nonminimal supersymmetric standard model which contains two more Higgs singlets than the MSSM. Another unique feature of the MSMHHC is that a heavy top quark always implies a strongly interacting low-energy Higgs sector, i.e., a large mass for the lightest Higgs boson. A systematic study of the parameter space is also made in order to reveal the qualitative features of the MSMHHC. Finally, we comment on the question of ``how large the lightest-Higgs boson mass can be'' with the conclusion that the supersymmetric model of Higgs-Higgs condensation will be a very promising candidate if the lightest-Higgs-boson mass of the MSSM is excluded by future experiments.
Enhanced choice for viewing cocaine pictures in cocaine addiction.

Background Individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) chose cocaine over nondrug rewards. In two newly designed laboratory tasks with pictures, we document this modified choice outside of a cocaine administration paradigm. Methods Choice for viewing cocaine, pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral pictures—under explicit contingencies (choice made between two fully visible side-by-side images) and under more implicit contingencies (selections made between pictures hidden under flipped-over cards)—was examined in 20 CUD and 20 matched healthy control subjects. Subjects also provided self-reported ratings of each picture's pleasantness and arousal. Results Under both contingencies, CUD subjects chose to view more cocaine pictures than control subjects, group differences that were not fully explained by the self-reported picture ratings. Furthermore, whereas CUD subjects' choice for viewing cocaine pictures exceeded choice for viewing unpleasant pictures (but did not exceed choice for viewing pleasant pictures, in contrast to their self-reported ratings), healthy control subjects avoided viewing cocaine pictures as frequently as, or even more than, unpleasant pictures. Finally, CUD subjects with the most cocaine viewing selections, even when directly compared with selections of the pleasant pictures, also reported the most frequent recent cocaine use. Conclusions Enhanced drug-related choice in cocaine addiction can be demonstrated even for nonpharmacologic (pictorial) stimuli. This choice, which is modulated by alternative stimuli, partly transcends self-reports (possibly indicative of a disconnect in cocaine addiction between self-reports and objective behavior) to provide an objective marker of addiction severity. Neuroimaging studies are needed to establish the neural underpinnings of such enhanced cocaine-related choice.
A new WDM photonic cross-connect architecture based on wavelength exchange optical crossbar

In this paper, we propose a new WDM photonic switch architecture, called wavelength exchange cross-connect (WEX). The proposed architecture is based on a new paradigm single-step space switching and wavelength conversion. This paradigm is realized using wavelength exchange optical crossbar (WOC) that can be implemented by simultaneous exchange between two optical signals. The WEX architecture eliminates the need for separate wavelength conversion stages that are used in most existing switch architectures. This leads to a switch design with a smaller number of components and simpler control. A systematic method for developing instances of the switch architectures with an arbitrary number of wavelengths and fibers is presented.
Mutual online concept learning for multiple agents

To create multi-agent systems that are both adaptive and open, agents must collectively learn to generate and adapt their own concepts, ontologies, interpretations, and even languages actively in an online fashion. A central issue is the potential lack of any pre-existing concept to be learned; instead, agents may need to collectively design a concept that is evolving as they exchange information. This paper presents a framework for mutual online concept learning (MOCL) in a shared world. MOCL extends classical online concept learning from single-agent to multi-agent settings. Based on the Perceptron algorithm, we present a specific MOCL algorithm, called the mutual perceptron convergence algorithm, which can converge within a finite number of mistakes under some conditions. Analysis of the convergence conditions shows that the possibility of convergence depends on the quality of the instances they produce. Finally, we point out applications of MOCL and the convergence algorithm to the formation of adaptive ontological and linguistic knowledge such as dynamically generated shared vocabulary and grammar structures.
Enterocyte apoptosis after enterectomy in mice is activated independent of the extrinsic death receptor pathway.

Intestinal adaptation following small bowel resection (SBR) is associated with greater rates of enterocyte apoptosis by unknown mechanism(s). Because postresection adaptation is associated with inc...
Wave-Driven Zonal Flow Vacillation in the Southern Hemisphere

The variability of the zonal mean flow in the Southern Hemisphere during the period 1985‐94 is studied using European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts analyses. The dominant mode of variability has approximately equivalent barotropic variations of opposite signs centered at 40 8 and 608S. This structure is dominant in all seasons and has similar variance in all seasons. The temporal variance of the amplitude of this mode is well modeled as Gaussian red noise with a correlation e-folding time of about 10 days. Zonal wind anomalies are maintained against frictional drag by variations in the zonal flow accelerations driven by transient eddies and associated mean meridional circulations. The eddy structures suggest that equatorward propagation is favored when the jet is displaced poleward and zonal propagation is favored when the jet is displaced equatorward.
A classification scheme for the stacking of two-dimensional boronate ester-linked covalent organic frameworks

The interlayer stacking of thirty-three two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) that derive from five boron-containing, “connectors” and seven hydrocarbon “linkers” was evaluated with a Molecular Mechanics (MM) approach, employing the MM3 potential of Allinger et al. Several of these COFs have been synthesized previously, whereas others are proposed structures. This comprehensive study allowed us to classify the nature of COF stacking in terms of potential energy surfaces (PES) and, further, to determine the origin of these surfaces in terms of combinations of repulsive electrostatic and attractive dispersion forces. None of these 2D COFs stack in the exact eclipsed configuration traditionally assigned to these materials; instead, adjacent layers adopt surprisingly similar small offsets (1.5–2.8 A). For verification, PES of selected, important interlayer offsets were obtained using more accurate Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and shown to produce similar offsets to those derived from MM. The symmetry of the 2D COF networks allows the offsets to be accommodated in several degenerate directions, precluding the formation of interlayer stacking patterns with pervasive long-range order, such as staircase, helical, or zigzag arrangements. Although these offsets are often small relative to the size of the COF unit cell, they are sufficient to impede the filling of COF pores with large “guests”, such as fullerenes. Finally, we use a combination of topological, compositional, and interaction parameters to provide a simple correlation that allows researchers to predict inter-layer offsets and interaction energies without performing any molecular simulations. Uncovering such design principles should pave the way to target the creation of COFs with prescribed structures and charge transport properties.
Dopaminergic marker proteins in the substantia nigra of human immunodeficiency virus type 1–infected brains

With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is becoming a more chronic, manageable disease; nevertheless, the prevalence of neurological complications of AIDS is increasing. In this study, protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the substantia nigra of HIV-infected brains and -seronegative controls were determined by immunoblotting. The immunoreactivity of neuronal specific enolase (NSE) was used to assess cell loss. Although there were no changes in levels of immunoreactive DAT or NSE proteins in HIV brains, levels of immunoreactive TH were significantly reduced, relative to controls. These results suggest that decreases in TH, the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis, may be a factor in the neurological manifestations of HIV infection.
A Proposed Framework Emphasizing Auditor Reliability over Auditor Independence

This paper introduces an auditor reliability framework that repositions the role of auditor independence in the accounting profession. The framework is motivated in part by widespread confusion about independence and the auditing profession's continuing problems with managing independence and inspiring public confidence. We use philosophical, theoretical, and professional arguments to argue that the public interest will be best served by reprioritizing professional and ethical objectives to establish reliability in fact and appearance as the cornerstone of the profession, rather than relationship‐based independence in fact and appearance. This revised framework requires three foundation elements to control subjectivity in auditors' judgments and decisions: independence, integrity, and expertise. Each element is a necessary but not sufficient condition for maximizing objectivity. Objectivity, in turn, is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving and maintaining reliability in fact and appearance.
Partitioned-charge-based modeling: a new approach

By taking moments of the hole (electron) continuity equation, a novel derivation of the partitioned-charge-based (PCB) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) model is presented. The derivation allows for an arbitrary partitioning of the excess charge in the quasi-neutral base (QNB) and thus generalizes the PCB methodology. With this novel approach, an optimal nonquasi-static (NQS) BJT equivalent network representation, within the PCB framework, can be obtained. >
Play as the Foundation of Human Intelligence: The Illuminating Role of Human Brain Evolution and Development and Implications for Education and Child Development.

Journal of Evolution and Health Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 9 Play as the Foundation of Human Intelligence: The Illuminating Role of Human Brain Evolution and Development and Implications for Education and Child Development. Aaron P. Blaisdell University of California, Los Angeles, blaisdell@psych.ucla.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://jevohealth.com/journal Part of the Behavioral Neurobiology Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Biological Psychology Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Clinical Psychology Commons, Cognitive Neuroscience Commons, Cognitive Psychology Commons, Developmental Neuroscience Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Evolution Commons, Genetics Commons, Health Psychology Commons, Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons, School Psychology Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Blaisdell, Aaron P. (2013) Play as the Foundation of Human Intelligence: The Illuminating Role of Human Brain Evolution and Development and Implications for Education and Child Development., Journal of Evolution and Health: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15310/2334-3591.1016 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by Journal of Evolution and Health. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Evolution and Health by an authorized administrator of Journal of Evolution and Health. For more information, please contact pauljaminet@jevohealth.com.
Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs

Oocysts of Cryptosporidium, from the feces of a naturally infected dog and from an HIV-infected human, were identified as the previously reported canine genotype of Cryptosporidium parvum, hereafter referred to as Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. Also among the oocysts from the dog, a trace amount of C. parvum bovine genotype was detected. Cryptosporidium canis oocysts from both the dog and human were infectious for calves. Oocysts excreted by calf 1 (dog source) were approximately 90% C. canis and 10% C. parvum, whereas those excreted by calf 3 (human source) were 100% C. canis. Oocysts from calf 1 infected calf 2 resulting in excretion by calf 2 of oocysts ∼90% C. parvum and 10% C. canis. Oocysts of C. canis were not infectious for BALB/c neonatal mice or immunosuppressed C57 juvenile mice, although all control mice became infected with the C. parvum Beltsville isolate. Oocysts of C. canis from calf 1 and the human were structurally indistinguishable from oocysts of the C. parvum Beltsville isolate (bovine)...
A Spousal Joint Decision Making Exercise: Do Couples Perceive Differences In Influence Tactics Used In Decisions Involving Differing Product Categories And Levels Of Product Disagreement?

Past research has indicated that husbands and wives often employ influence tactics to attempt to sway their spouses toward making a final purchase decision (Kirchler 1993, 1995; Nelson 1988; Spiro 1983). This study explores whether those influence tactics differ based on whether couples face product choices in across or within product categories. Also of interest is whether the initial level of disagreement (high or low) experienced by the couple regarding the likelihood of product purchase impacts use of influence tactics in the final joint decision. Given the increased possibility of conflict between spouses when faced with purchase decisions involving different product categories, it is expected that couples will employ a greater level of influence tactics in an effort to persuade their partners in the decision making process and, at the same time, minimize the likelihood of open conflict. It is also thought that higher initial disagreement will be more likely to result in the use of influence tactics in the final joint product decision than lower levels of disagreement. This study found support for these predictions.
Simplified Techniques in Air Pollution Measurement

There is an increasing interest in pollution of the free atmosphere by airborne gases and aerosols and in evaluating the effects of such pollution on the environment. In many instances, control of air pollution is not undertaken until an environmental insult is proved. Evaluation of the insult generally means a survey which may take several forms. Testimony may be taken of claimed hazards; physiological and materials damage could be assessed; vegetation might be sampled and analyzed for suspected contaminants; or air samples may be collected. In the present state of scientific knowledge concerning air pollution, some information about the presence and concentration of suspected materials in the air is essential for correlation with other observations. There are numerous satisfactory methods available for accomplishing this end.
Cassia Cinnamon Supplementation Reduces Peak Blood Glucose Responses but Does Not Improve Insulin Resistance and Sensitivity in Young, Sedentary, Obese Women

Cassia cinnamon has been suggested to lower blood glucose (BG) and serum insulin (SI) due to an improvement in insulin resistance (IR) and sensitivity (IS). This study compared the effects Cassia cinnamon had on calculated IR and IS values and BG and SI in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in young, sedentary, and obese women. On three separate days, 10 women had a fasted venous blood sample obtained. Participants were given 5 g of encapsulated placebo (PLC) or 5 g of encapsulated Cassia cinnamon bark (CASS). Three hours after the initial blood sample, another blood sample was obtained to calculate values for IS and IR. The participants then completed an OGTT by consuming a 75 g glucose solution. Blood was obtained 30, 60, 90, and 120 min following glucose ingestion. IS and IR were not significantly different between placebo and Cassia (p > .05). The peak BG concentration in response to the OGTT was significantly lower at the 30 min time point for CASS, as compared to PLC (140 ± 5.8 and 156 ± 5.2 mg/dL, p = .025); however, there was no significant difference between treatments for SI (p > .05). The area-under-the-curve responses for BG and SI were not significantly different between PLC and CASS (p > .05). This study suggests that a 5 g dose of Cassia cinnamon may reduce the peak BG response and improve glucose tolerance following an OGTT, but with no improvement in IS and IR in young, sedentary, obese women.
A genetic analysis of the zinc finger of SV40 large T antigen.

Zinc finger structures are common to a wide variety of nucleic acid binding proteins of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. Examples of these proteins are transcription factors for RNA polymerase II (Kadonaga et al. 1987) and RNA polymerase III (Miller et al. 1985), steroid hormone receptors (Green and Chambon 1987), developmentally regulated genes (Chowdhury et al. 1987; Rosenberg et al. 1986), and single-stranded DNA binding proteins such as the gene 32 protein of bacteriophage T4 (Giedroc et al. 1986). The zinc finger proteins have in common the sequence motif Cys-X2–5-Cys-X2–12-His/Cys-X2–5-His/Cys in which the symbol X may be a variety of amino acids. The histidines and cysteines are thought to interact specifically with a zinc ion to form a core structure with two minor loops and a major loop, the “finger”. Klug and Rhodes (1987) have proposed that the finger comes into close contact with the major groove of DNA.
Can a Risk-Based Factor Generate Momentum?

We study whether a risk-based pricing source can generate momentum profits. We show both analytically and empirically that the Fama-French factor-adjusted return, or alphas, contains a missing risk-based component. A momentum strategy based on a proxy for this missing-factor component generates sizable profits. Returns of a factor-mimicking portfolio constructed on the basis of this proxy have robust and significant power in pricing cross-sectional variations of stock returns and forecasting future macroeconomic activities. This portfolio's stocks represent about 50% of winner/loser stocks of the momentum strategies based on either raw returns or alphas.
Effects of new-generation inhibitors of the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 on slow waves in the gastrointestinal tract.

Background and Purpose High-throughput screening of compound libraries using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors has identified several second-generation. low MW inhibitors of the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 (CaCC/Ano1). Here we have (i) examined the effects of these Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity; (ii) compared the effects of these inhibitors with those of the more classical CaCC inhibitor, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylalanine) benzoate (NPPB); (ii) examined the mode of action of these compounds on the waveform of pacemaker activity; and (iii) compared differences in the sensitivity between gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity to the Ano1 inhibitors. Experimental Approach Using intracellular microelectrode recordings of gastric and intestinal muscle preparations from C57BL/6 mice, the dose-dependent effects of Ano1 inhibitors were examined on spontaneous electrical slow waves. Key Results The efficacy of second-generation Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity differed significantly. Antral slow waves were more sensitive to these inhibitors than intestinal slow waves. CaCCinh-A01 and benzbromarone were the most potent at inhibiting slow waves in both muscle preparations and more potent than NPPB. Dichlorophene and hexachlorophene were equally potent at inhibiting slow waves. Surprisingly, slow waves were relatively insensitive to T16Ainh-A01 in both preparations. Conclusions and Implications We have identified several second-generation Ano1 inhibitors, blocking gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity. Different sensitivities to Ano1 inhibitors between stomach and intestine suggest the possibility of different splice variants in these two organs or the involvement of other conductances in the generation and propagation of pacemaker activity in these tissues.
Learning to use electronic text: An agenda for research on typography, graphics, and interpanel navigation

Increasingly available electronic information systems raise questions about the comparability of print presented on a page and on a screen. Research is needed on how users learn to cope with three aspects of such systems. Studies in typography could profitably focus on the appropriate density for electronic text, and on the perceptions of younger users. Research on interactive graphics might examine how users learn to manipulate images along with text. And there needs to be further investigation of how people 'navigate' in electronic information; the success of various kinds of cues and help systems are worthy subjects for study. Understanding the use of electronic text needs closer ties between human f actors and learning research.
The Expansion of the Aztec Empire: A Case Study in the Correlation of Diachronic Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Data

I examine the problems and potentials of correlating diachronic archaeological and ethnohistorical data through the case of the Aztec (Triple Alliance) conquest of western Morelos, Mexico. To date, nearly all of our knowledge of the Triple Alliance empire is derived from ethnohistorical sources with little contribution from archaeological data. Two methodological problems account for this disparity. First, current archaeological chronologies for Postclassic central Mexico are not precise enough to document the structure and growth of this relatively short-lived empire. Second, the issue of diachronic correlation of archaeological data with the native historical record has not been approached with a consistent methodology. I address these problems, demonstrating that Postclassic chronologies can be refined when the appropriate methods (in this case, nontypological ceramic analysis and quantitative seriation) are applied. The resulting chronological sequence for western Morelos is correlated with the diachronic native historical record for the area. Because of these procedures, the archaeological record can for the first time make a significant contribution to the study of the Triple Alliance empire.
Discussion on the relationship between sincerity & credit and value

Sincerity credit,the expression popularized in people' s daily lives,has never been paid much attention to in corporate culture and organizational behavior research lines,the reason why it does not attract people' s eyes may be that sincerity credit has been no longer problem on which people emphasize in western economic trade and non-sincerity credit has not directly encountered with common economic order.Researching sincerity credit,however,has been an important subject under the condition of that market-oriented economic order has not been set up perfectly at present in China,because sincerity credit can make money for an enterprise,create value for society,help an enterprise implement its strategy eventually.
Effect of Jinye Baidu Preparation on Cell Pathological Change and Cell Cycle of Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast Cells Infected by Human Cytomegalovirus

TitleEffect of Jinye Baidu Preparation on Cell Pathological Change and Cell Cycle of Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast Cells Infected by Human Cytomegalovirus AuthorYUAN Hui1,WEN Liang-zhen2(1.Medical College,Jianghan University,Wuhan 430056,China;2.Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology,Wuhan 430030,China) Objective To study the effect of Jinye Baidu Preparation(JBP),a Chinese medicinal preparation,on the cell pathological change and cell cycle of human embryonic lung fibroblast cells(HEL)infected by human cytomegalovirus(HCMV).MethodsThe HEL cells were infected by HCMV AD169,the pathological change of the infected cells during different infected time was observed by inverted contrast microscope before and after intervention of JBP and GCV.The cell cycle was detected in the HEL and the infected cells before and after intervention of medicine by the Flow Cytometer.ResultsJBP showed obviously inhibitory action on cell pathological change in the HCMV infected cells.The infected cells in G2/M phase were obvious increased 48 hours after HCMV infection after intervention of JBP.The infected cells in S phase were obviously reduced,and in G2/M phase and in G0/G1 phase they were obviously increased 72 h after HCMV infection after intervention of JBP.ConclusionJBP can delay cell pathological change of the HCMV infected cells,advance the cell cycle process so as to achieve the anti-virus action. KeywordsJinye Baidu Preparation;Human cytomegalovirus;Cell pathological change;Cell cycle
Doing it for the children

ABSTRACTThe evidence is mounting that the “Fight Against Childhood Obesity” is bad policy that may do more harm than good for children. Instead of lamenting how we got to the point of hurting kids in the name of helping them, Dr. Thomas proposes policy guidelines to create government and private programs that affect children’s health, education, and development. She asserts that by following these principles, unintentional harms could be avoided or, at least, reduced.
When To Hospitalize the Peptic Ulcer Patient

In the minority of ulcer patients who cannot be managed on an office basis, there are four major sets of circumstances that dictate hospitalization. In describing these, Dr. Roth discusses such key factors as differentiation of benign from malignant disease, indications for surgery, and the importance of individualization in the selection of the operative procedure best suited to the patient and his disease.
The Evolution of Sensory Adaptation in Astyanax mexicanus

The cavefish ancestor experienced a drastic environmental change in the transition from river to cave dwelling. While food and light are abundant at the surface, the cave environment is characterized by constant darkness and a paucity of food sources. What genetic mechanisms facilitated their survival under such extreme conditions, and how did sensory systems evolve to cope with this change? This chapter discusses changes in nonvisual sensory systems that appear to be associated with foraging behavior. These nonvisual sensory systems include the mechanosensory lateral line system, chemical sensors comprising the olfactory system and tastebuds, and the auditory system. This chapter also delves into behaviors associated with these systems, including vibration attraction behavior, in which fish are attracted to an oscillating object, schooling behavior, chemical attraction, and sound localization. Finally, the chapter closes with why the Astyanax mexicanus system is a useful model to analyze both advanced sensory traits and the genetic mechanisms of adaptation processes.
Methanotorris gen. nov.

Me.tha.no.tor' ris. M.L. neut. n. methanum methane; L. masc. n. torris fire; M.L. masc. n. Methanotorris the methane-producer at fiery temperatures. Euryarchaeota / Methanococcales / Methanococcales / Methanocaldococcaceae / Methanotorris Regular to irregular coccus, 1.3–1.8 µm in diameter. Nonmotile. Obligate anaerobic. Hyperthermophilic (temperature optimum: 88°C). pH optimum 5.7. NaCl required for growth, optimal concentration 1.8% (w/v). Obligate methanogen; H2 serves as the electron donor. Formate, acetate, methanol, and methylamines are not substrates for methanogenesis. Grows autotrophically in mineral medium. Complex carbon sources are not stimulatory. Nitrogen sources include ammonium. Sulfur sources include sulfide and elemental sulfur. Isolated from deep-sea and shallow marine hydrothermal systems. The mol% G + C of the DNA is: 31. Type species: Methanotorris igneus comb. nov. (Methanococcus igneus Burggraf, Fricke, Neuner, Kristjansson, Rouviere, Mandelco, Woese and Stetter 1990a, 268). Keywords: Methanotorris gen. nov.; Methanotorris igneus comb. nov.; Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.
Chewable Versus Regular Carbamazepine

A comparison of chewable and regular carbamazepine (CBZ tablets) in 44 children receiving chronic CBZ monotherapy is reported from the IWK Children’s Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
DYNAMIC FLOW CURVE OF 4340 STEEL AS DETERMINED BY THE SYMMETRIC ROD IMPACT TEST

An experimental/computational procedure is described for determining the compressive flow curve of a metal at high strains and strain rates. Two specimen rods are made to impact end-on, and the resulting deformation profiles are recorded with a high-speed framing camera. The experiment is then simulated using a two-dimensional, finite-difference wave propagation code, varying the flow curve until the computed and experimental rod profiles agree. This procedure is demonstrated by applying it to determine the effect of initial hardness on the dynamic compressive flow curve of 4340 steel. Preliminary results show that initial hardness, which strongly affects static response, has little effect on high strain rate deformation at large strains.