cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 667 MHz Logic-Compatible Embedded DRAM Featuring an Asymmetric 2T Gain Cell for High Speed On-Die Caches

Circuit techniques for enhancing the retention time and random cycle of logic-compatible embedded DRAMs (eDRAMs) are presented. An asymmetric 2T gain cell utilizes the gate and junction leakages of a PMOS write device to maintain a high data `1' voltage level which enables fast read access using an NMOS read device. A current-mode sense amplifier (C-S/A) featuring a cross-coupled PMOS latch and pseudo-PMOS diode pairs is proposed to overcome the innate problem of small read bit-line (RBL) voltage swing in 2T eDRAMs with improved voltage headroom and better impedance matching under process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. A half-swing write bit-line (WBL) scheme is adopted to improve the WBL speed by 33% and reduce its power dissipation by 25% during write-back operation with no effect on retention time. A stepped write word-line (WWL) driver reduces the current drawn from the boosted high and low supplies by 67%. A 192 kb eDRAM test chip with 512 cells-per-BL implemented in a 65 nm low-power (LP) CMOS process shows a random cycle frequency and latency of 667 MHz and 1.65 ns, respectively, at 1.1 V and 85 × °C. The measured refresh period at a 99.9% bit yield condition was 110 μs which is comparable to that of recently published 1T1C eDRAM designs.
A continuum model for the creep of single crystal nickel-base superalloys

Abstract In this paper, we develop a constitutive theory within a thermodynamic setting to describe the creep of single crystal superalloys that gainfully exploits the fact that the configuration that the body would attain on the removal of the external stimuli, referred to as the “natural configuration”, evolves, with the response of the body being elastic from these evolving natural configurations. The evolution of the natural configurations is determined by the tendency of the body to undergo a process that maximizes the rate of dissipation. Here, the elastic response is assumed to be linearly elastic with cubic symmetry associated with the body which remains the same as the configuration evolves. A form for the inelastic stored energy (the energy that is ‘trapped’ within dislocation networks) is utilized based on simple ideas related to the motion of the dislocations. The rate of dissipation is assumed to be proportional to the density of mobile dislocations and another term that takes into account the damage accumulation due to creep. The model developed herein is used to simulate uniaxial creep of 〈0 0 1〉 oriented single crystal nickel-base superalloys. The predictions of the theory agree well with the available experimental data for CMSX-4.
Structural response of Caribbean dry forests to hurricane winds: a case study from Guánica Forest, Puerto Rico

Aim Tropical dry forests in the Caribbean have an uniquely short, shrubby structure with a high proportion of multiple-stemmed trees compared to dry forests elsewhere in the Neotropics. Previous studies have shown that this structure can arise without the loss of main stems from cutting, grazing, or other human intervention. The Caribbean has a high frequency of hurricanes, so wind may also influence forest stature. Furthermore, these forests also tend to grow on soils with low amounts of available phosphorus, which may also influence structure. The objective of this study was to assess the role of high winds in structuring dry forest, and to determine whether soil nutrient pools influence forest response following hurricane disturbance. Location Guanica Forest, Puerto Rico. Methods Over 2000 stems in five plots were sampled for hurricane effects within 1 week after Hurricane Georges impacted field sites in 1998. Sprout initiation, growth, and mortality were analysed for 1407 stems for 2 years after the hurricane. Soil nutrient pools were measured at the base of 456 stems to assess association between nutrients and sprout dynamics. Results Direct effects of the hurricane were minimal, with stem mortality at 86%). Soil nutrient pools had little effect on forest response as a whole, but phosphorus supply did influence sprout dynamics on four of the more common tree species. Main conclusions Hurricanes are able to influence Caribbean tropical dry forest structure by reducing average stem diameter and basal area and generating significant sprouting responses. New sprouts, with ongoing survival, will maintain the high frequency of multi-stemmed trees found in this region. Sprouting is not limited to damaged stems, indicating that trees are responding to other aspects of high winds, such as short-term gravitational displacement or sway. Soil nutrients play a secondary role in sprouting dynamics of a subset of species. The short, shrubby forest structure common to the Caribbean can arise naturally as a response to hurricane winds.
Pressure Politics and Resources Administration

W A TRITING IN THE tenth and fifty-first essays of The Federalist, NV VMadison concluded that the great virtue of the federal union and the separation of powers was that the variety of interests and territory embraced by the United States would render a majority of the whole either incap-able or indisposed to invade the rights and interests of other members of the community. Even, however, if a majority were to discover its common, motive and power, he thought that it would be difficult for it to act in u.nison. As a deterrent to democratic government in the eighteenth century, the effectiveness of Madison's proposition does not seem open to serious challenge. The real question is whether, in the twentieth century, it ought to be materially revised to take into account the prolific growth of pressure groups and their special relationships with legislative committees and administrative agencies. Would it not be more accurate to say that at present, because of the variety of sentiments growing out of the diversity of geographic, cultural, economic, ethnic, and other factors in the United States, particular interests are actually forced to discover their strength and to pursue their objectives, often with little serious regard for a majority or national interest? Among the current problems awaiting rational public decision, the orderly conservation of water an.d land resources is caught up in this web. While much of the recent discussion concerning the failure to develop a comprehensive policy has centered in devising workable administrative machinery, one may ask whether the difficulty does not lie much deeper in a constitutional system which was deliberately intended to frustrate majority action. Many of the obstacles to be overcome in framing legislative and administrative decisions regarding this matter are illustrated by the history of the Salt-Wahoo flood control project in southeastern Nebraska and its relation with the Watershed Protection and Flooid Prevention Act of 1954. Hailed initially as an example of true co-ordination between federal agencies and a local interest group in resources development and later damned as an instance
The effects of age on a smooth pursuit tracking task in adults with schizophrenia and normal subjects.

Abstract Background: Performance during a smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) task has been proposed as a marker of genetic risk for schizophrenia, although the precise component of SPEM tracking most associated with genetic risk remains undetermined. Normal adult aging is associated with deterioration on SPEM tasks; it remains unclear whether investigations of SPEM abnormalities will allow inclusion of older subjects in genetic studies. This study examines 1) the effect of normal aging on several components of SPEM performance; and 2) whether schizophrenic–normal differences found in young adults continue over a broad adult age span. Methods: SPEM was recorded during a 16.7° per sec constant velocity task in 64 normal adults, ages 18 to 79 years, and 58 schizophrenic subjects, ages 18 to 70 years. Results: Smooth pursuit gain, the percent of total eye movements due to catch-up saccades, the frequency of large anticipatory saccades, and the frequency of leading saccades all deteriorate with increasing age. After correction for age, schizophrenic to control differences persist on most eye movement variables with the largest effect sizes for leading saccades (1.56) and smooth pursuit gain (1.17). Conclusions: The tendency to use saccades to anticipate target motion, even in small steps (leading saccades), deserves further attention as a potential marker useful in genetic analyses.
Absolute ages of Quaternary radiolarian datum levels in the equatorial Pacific

Abstract Radiolarian assemblages were examined in two Quaternary cores (V24-58; RC11-209) from the tropical Padific Ocean. Eight radiolarian datum levels were identified in each core, and “absolute” ages were estimated for these levels by interpolation between paleomagnetic reversal boundaries previously established for the cores. The tropical radiolarian zonation for the Quaternary proposed by Nigrini (1971) appears to be most useful in terms of the reliability and ease of identification of the proposed zonal boundaries. Our estimated ages for the base of each of these zones are: Buccinosphaera invaginata Zone (Zone 1): 210,000 yr BP; Collosphaera tuberosa Zone (Zone 2): 370,000 yr BP; Amphirhopalum ypsilon Zone (Zone 3): 940,000 yr BP; Anthocyrtidium angulare Zone (Zone 4): 1,700,000 yr BP. A comparison of our age estimates with those of Quaternary radiolarian datum levels in cores from other regions suggests that significant diachroneity on a scale of up to several hundred thousand years may exist for some (and perhaps all) of these “events.” Diachroneity is most readily studied and documented in late Neogene cores where the absolute ages of the magnetic polarity reversals are known most precisely, but may also exist (though difficult to recolve) in earlier Cenozoic sediments. The existence of such diachroneity, if demonstrated through further studies, would have significant implications for our understanding of evolutionary patterns of planktonic communities in different biogeographic regions.
On a conjecture of Emma Lehmer

In this paper we give proof of a conjecture of Emma Lehmer regarding the number of totally multiplicative functions taking on the values ±1 for which there are no positive integers a,a+1,a+3 with f(a)=f(a+1)=f(a+3)=+1.
Field Determination of the Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor of Anisotropic Media: 2. Methodology and Application to Fractured Rocks

The analytical solutions developed in the first paper can be used to interpret the results of cross-hole tests conducted in anisotropic porous or fractured media. In the particular case where the injection and monitoring intervals are short relative to the distance between them, the test results can be analyzed graphically. From the transient variation of hydraulic head in a given monitoring interval, one can determine the directional hydraulic diffusivity, Kd(e)/Ss, and the quantity D/Ss, by curve matching. (Here Kd(e) is directional hydraulic conductivity parallel to the unit vector, e, pointing from the injection to the monitoring interval, Ss is specific storage, and D is the determinant of the hydraulic conductivity tensor, K.) The principal values and directions of K, together with Ss, can then be evaluated by fitting an ellipsoid to the square roots of the directional diffusivities. Ideally, six directional measurements are required. In practice, a larger number of measurements is often necessary to enable fitting an ellipsoid to the data by least squares. If the computed [Kd(e)/ss]½ values fluctuate so severely that a meaningful least squares fit is not possible, one has a direct indication that the subsurface does not behave as a uniform anisotropic medium on the scale of the test. Test results from a granitic rock near Oracle in southern Arizona are presented to illustrate how the method works for fractured rocks. At the site, the Oracle granite is shown to respond as a near-uniform, anisotropic medium, the hydraulic conductivity of which is strongly controlled by the orientations of major fracture sets. The cross-hole test results are shown to be consistent with the results of more than 100 single-hole packer tests conducted at the site.
In situ measurements of water vapor, heat, and CO2 fluxes within a prescribed grass fire

Fluxes of water vapor, heat, and carbon dioxide associated with a prescribed grass fire were documented quantitatively using a 43-m instrumented flux tower within the burn perimeter and a tethered balloon sounding system immediately downwind of the fire. The measurements revealed significant increases of temperature (up to 20°C), heat flux (greater than 1000 W m–2), and CO2 (larger than 2000 parts per million by volume) within the smoke plumes, as well as an intensification of turbulent mixing. Furthermore, the observations revealed an increase in water vapor mixing ratio of more than 2 g kg–1, or nearly 30% over the ambient air, which is in good agreement with theoretical estimates of the amount of water vapor release expected as a combustion by-product from a grass fire. These observations provide direct evidence that natural fuel-load grass-fire plumes may modify the dynamic environment of the lower atmosphere through not only heat release and intense mixing, but also large addition of water vapor.
Effects of Extrinsic Muscle Integrity on Latissimus Dorsi Transfer for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Simulation Study

Massive rotator cuff tears are one of the most common shoulder problems among the elderly, leading to pain and disability of the upper extremity. Muscle transfer, which can compensate for some of the deficits, has been advocated as the primary treatment of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears or as a salvage procedure after failed repairs. Latissimus dorsi transfers offer a promising solution in the treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears, resulting in pain relief and function improvement of patients with the tears. However, the clinical results are variable and the factors which determine outcome are poorly understood. Prior studies have revealed that the functional outcomes of latissimus dorsi transfers were adversely affected if there was a deficit in deltoid and teres minor muscles [1, 2]. For the patient with a deltoid injury, the transfer that follows a failed rotator cuff repair produces less functional improvement than if the transfer is performed as the primary treatment to repair the rotator cuff. It was revealed that the presence of a tear of the teres minor muscle might have some predictive value prior to surgery with regard to motion and function [1], whereas the degree of fatty infiltration also played a critical role after the transfer [2]. Outcomes of muscle transfers have been reported in the literature, but the effects of extrinsic muscle integrity on the functional outcomes in the latissumus dorsi transfer have not been addressed quantitatively. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of the extrinsic muscle integrity on the functional outcomes in the latissumus dorsi transfer using a three-dimensional integrated model of the upper extremity [3]. First, the effects of extrinsic muscle integrity on the preoperative functions of shoulders with massive rotator cuff tears were investigated. Second, these effects on the functional outcomes of muscle transfers were evaluated quantitatively.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Acheson and Empire: The British Accent in American Foreign Policy

Acheson and Empire offers a compelling reassessment of Dean Acheson's policies toward the former colonial world during his period as secretary of state from 1949 to 1953. John T. McNay argues that Acheson inherited through his own personal history a way of understanding the world that encouraged imperial-style international relationships. This worldview represented a well-developed belief system rooted in his Ulster Protestant heritage that remained consistent throughout his life. By exploring relationships of the United States with Britain and countries formerly or then controlled by Britain, such as India, Ireland, Iran, and Egypt, McNay shows the significance of Acheson's beliefs. McNay argues that Acheson's support of existing imperial relationships was so steadfast that it often led other nations to perceive that the United States was nothing more than a front for British interests. He believes this approach to foreign policy damaged American relations with emerging countries and misled the British regarding possibilities of an Anglo-American partnership. Acheson and Empire contends that the widely accepted view of Acheson as a foreign policy realist is misleading and that historians should acknowledge that his affinity for the British Empire went beyond his clothing and mannerisms. McNay maintains that the widely accepted view of Acheson as one of a group of "wise men" who shaped the Cold War world by basing their decisions on cold calculation of American interests should be reconsidered. Drawing from extensive research in archival sources, including the Truman Library, the National Archives, the Public Record Office in London, and Acheson's personal papers at Yale, Acheson and Empire offers a fresh look at Dean Acheson that runs counter to previous biographies and many histories of the Cold War.
Subspecialty training and surgical outcomes in children with failed bladder exstrophy closure

Abstract Objectives Failure of initial and subsequent bladder closures has significant implications for patients with bladder exstrophy. We evaluated the association between outcomes of repeat bladder closure among patients who failed initial closure, and the credentials and training of the operating surgeons. Materials and methods From a bladder exstrophy database, we identified patients with a failed initial exstrophy repair. Records were evaluated with respect to success of the bladder closure (dehiscence or prolapse), number of closures required, surgeon credentials (fellowship-trained pediatric urologists (FPU) or other surgeons (OS)), post-closure bladder capacity, subsequent continence procedures, and continence outcomes. Results Of 101 patients whose initial bladder closure failed, 94 patients underwent repeat bladder closure, of which 65 (69%) were successful. Of repeat closures performed by FPUs, 84% (54/64) were successful, while only 37% (10/28) of repeat closures performed by OSs were successful (P Conclusions Among bladder exstrophy patients who fail their initial closure, repeat closure is more successful when the surgeon is a fellowship-trained pediatric urologist, and failure of repeat closure bodes ill for long-term continence. Exstrophy outcomes may be better at centers of excellence with significant experience in the management of this rare, complex condition.
HOW TEAM COMPOSITION AFFECTS TASK PERFORMANCE: SOME THEORETICAL INSIGHTS

Two social psychological theories—similarity theory and equity theory—are employed to elucidate the relationship between group members' abilities and group performance on tasks involving high interdependence. Contrasting hypotheses are drawn regarding compositions of specific abilities which should evoke performance above or below the simple sum of individual members' capacities.
Combustion Analysis of a Meteorite Debris

In this research paper, nature and origins of a meteorite debris identified near village Lehri in district Jhelum, Pakistan have been determined. Total carbon content of a specimen of the meteorite debris is determined using combustion analysis and this abundance has been compared with values reported in literature to establish likely origins of the debris.
Cold-Acclimation and the Role of Catecholamines in Body Temperature Regulation in Male Leghorns

Abstract THE existence of nonshivering thermogenesis, an increase in metabolic rate in the absence of muscle electrical activity upon cold exposure, has been well established to occur in cold-acclimated mammals, i.e., rats (Sellers et al., 1954), rabbits (Carlson, 1955), the wild Norway rats (Heroux, 1962), the golden hamster (Pohl and Hart, 1963) and man (Davis and Johnston, 1961) particularly in neonates (Bruck and Wunnenberg, 1965a; Karlberg et al., 1962; Moore and Underwood, 1962). The development of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals is associated with the calorigenic response of norepinephrine and other catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system (Hsieh and Carlson, 1957; Hsieh et al., 1957; Bruck and Wunnenberg, 1965b; and Heim and Hull, 1966). This led Bruck to suggest that the development of nonshivering thermogenesis during cold acclimation involves the reestablishment of the neonatal thermoregulatory mechanism (Bruck and Wunnenberg, 1966). As far as birds are concerned, there is evidence indicating the existence…
γ-Secretase, Evidence for Multiple Proteolytic Activities and Influence of Membrane Positioning of Substrate on Generation of Amyloid β Peptides of Varying Length *

gamma-Secretase activity is the final cleavage event that releases the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) from the beta-secretase cleaved carboxyl-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta protein precursor (APP). No protease responsible for this highly unusual, purportedly intramembranous, cleavage has been definitively identified. We examined the substrate specificity of gamma-secretase by mutating various residues within or adjacent to the transmembrane domain of the APP and then analyzing Abeta production from cells transfected with these mutant APPs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mass spectrometry. Abeta production was also analyzed from a subset of transmembrane domain APP mutants that showed dramatic shifts in gamma-secretase cleavage in the presence or absence of pepstatin, an inhibitor of gamma-secretase activity. These studies demonstrate that gamma-secretase's cleavage specificity is primarily determined by location of the gamma-secretase cleavage site of APP with respect to the membrane, and that gamma-secretase activity is due to the action of multiple proteases exhibiting both a pepstatin- sensitive activity and a pepstatin-insensitive activity. Given that gamma-secretase is a major therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease these studies provide important information with respect to the mechanism of Abeta production that will direct efforts to isolate the gamma-secretases and potentially to develop effective therapeutic inhibitors of pathologically relevant gamma-secretase activities.
The Benjamin-Ono equation — Recursivity of linearization maps — Lax pairs

Analytic linearization maps (resp., inverse linearization maps) in the sense of Flato, Pinczon and Simon are constructed for the Benjamin-Ono equation. These maps have a simple structure, referred to as their recursivity. This recursivity leads to the construction of Lax pairs and Gelfand-Levitan-type equations.
Branched-chain ketoacids reduce muscle protein degradation in duchenne muscular dystrophy

In order to determine whether branched-chain ketoacids can reduce the excessive rate of muscle protein degradation that characterizes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, nine boys affected with the disease were studied in a metabolic ward while receiving meat-free diets. After a three-day equilibration period, excretion rates of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine were measured in two consecutive four-day periods. In the second period, a supplement containing a mixture of ornithine alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, and alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate in a proportion of 4:1:1 was administered orally at a dosage of 0.45 gm/kg/day. During treatment with the ketoacids, 3-methylhistidine excretion fell by a small (mean: 14%) but highly significant (P less than 0.01) extent, whether expressed in absolute terms or in relation to creatinine excretion. No adverse effects were noted. We conclude that this mixture of ketoacids acutely reduces muscle protein degradation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Adolescents' and Emerging Adults' Social Networking Online: Homophily or Diversity?

Abstract More than half of all online American adolescents and emerging adults have created personal profiles for social networking on the Internet. Does homophily in their offline friendships extend online? Drawing mainly on research of face-to-face friendship, we collected data from the public spaces, called “walls”, of 129 young Americans ages 16 to 19 with active MySpace profiles to test several hypotheses concerning number of online social interactions and whether characteristics of online “friends” are similar to or different from characteristics of young social networkers. Number of listed friends and comments ranged widely. Most interactions were with females and with persons of the same ethnicity, age, and state, although ethnic differences and diversity were sometimes indicated. Adolescents showed greater age homophily than emerging adults, and females received a greater proportion of comments than males from same-gender friends. Possible implications of the slight majority of interactions with similar others are discussed.
A 26-Year-Old Woman with Recurrent Loss of Consciousness

The case of a 26-year-old woman with congenital long QT syndrome and recurrent arrhythmic syncope which had been misdiagnosed as a seizure disorder is presented. Useful criteria for discriminating between loss of consciousness due to congenital long QT syndrome and loss of consciousness caused by seizure activity are discussed. The multiple potential causes and clinical implications of a prolonged QT interval, as well as the clinical features and management of congenital long QT syndrome are reviewed.
The importance of teamwork for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy

A variety of treatment models can be constructed to provide intravenous antibiotic therapy outside the hospital. The type and details of each model must be adapted to local needs and resources, but those that coordinate the resources of all the primary members of the team necessary to care for patients, offer the greatest potential for a safe and efficient programme. We believe that the teamwork of the physician, nurse, and pharmacist in our clinic-based, physician-directed model can provide a safe and effective service, which is appreciated by the patients we care for.
Measurement of High-Energy Charge-Transfer Cross Sections for Incident Protons and Atomic Hydrogen in Various Gases

Measurements of electron-capture cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{10}$ and electron-loss cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{01}$ for protons and atomic hydrogen in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, He, Ar, Kr, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CO, C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{10}$ are reported and compared with published theoretical estimates and experimental results. The energy range was 100 to 2500 keV. The results are presented in graphical form. By applying the additive rule, the cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{10}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{01}$ are estimated for hydrogen particles in carbon.
Subtypes of adolescent sedative/anxiolytic misusers: A latent profile analysis.

Abstract Background Few empirically-based taxonomies of nonmedical prescription drug misusers have been published. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify classes of adolescent sedative/anxiolytic misusers. Methods Interviews assessing substance use, psychiatric symptoms, antisocial traits/behavior, and traumatic life experiences were conducted with 723 Missouri youth in residential care for antisocial behavior. Sedative/anxiolytic misusers (N = 247) averaged 15.8 (S.D. = 1.1) years of age; a majority were male (83.8%), White (70.0%), and resided in rural/small town areas (53.8%). Results LPA yielded a three-class solution. Class 1 (59.1%) was comprised of youth with significantly lower levels of currently distressing psychiatric symptoms, fewer lifetime traumatic experiences, less problematic substance use histories, less frequent antisocial behavior, and less impulsivity than youth in Classes 2 and 3. Class 2 (11.3%) youth had high levels of currently distressing psychiatric symptoms and more frequent antisocial behavior compared to youth in Classes 1 and 3. Class 3 (29.5%) youth evidenced levels of psychiatric and behavioral problems that were intermediate to those of Class 1 and 2 youth. Frequency of sedative/anxiolytic misuse was significantly higher in Classes 2 and 3 compared to Class 1. Members of Class 2 and Class 3 also had the highest levels of psychiatric symptoms for which sedatives/anxiolytics are commonly prescribed. Significant differences between classes were observed across a range of health, mental health, personality, and behavioral variables. Conclusions Adolescents who misused prescription sedatives/anxiolytics evidenced significant heterogeneity across measures of psychiatric and behavioral dysfunction. Youth with comparatively high levels of anxiety and depression reported significantly more intensive sedative/anxiolytic misuse than their counterparts and may be at high risk for sedative/anxiolytic abuse and dependence.
Glycogen content and glucose uptake in stimulated frog sartorius muscle: effects of prolonged incubation, insulin, and testosterone.

Anin vitro preparation of electrically stimulated sartorius muscle of the frog was used as a model to investigate the effects of insulin and testosterone on the increased glycogen content of frog skeletal muscle that was observedin vivo 48 h after an exhaustive bout of treadmill exercise. Thein vitro preparation could effectively extract glucose from the bathing medium and continue glycogen synthesis for incubation periods up to 60 h, and the electrical stimulation depleted glycogen by 68%. Electrical stimulation enhanced rates of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis when these variables were measured after prolonged periods of poststimulation incubation but did not cause an overshoot of glycogen storage similar to that observedin vivo. Stimulation did not produce increments in glycogen synthesis that were additive to those of insulin or testosterone. The absence of glycogen overshoot in thein vitro system may have resulted from the absence of neural factors.
Violations of newly-learned predictions elicit two distinct P3 components

Sensitivity to the environment's sequential regularities makes it possible to predict upcoming sensory events. To investigate the mechanisms that monitor such predictions, we recorded scalp EEG as subjects learned to reproduce sequences of motions. Each sequence was seen and reproduced four successive times, with occasional deviant directions of motion inserted into otherwise-familiar and predictable sequences. To dissociate the neural activity associated with encoding new items from that associated with detecting sequence deviants, we measured ERPs to new, familiar, and deviant sequence items. Both new and deviant sequence items evoked enhanced P3 responses, with the ERP to deviant items encompassing both P300-like and Novelty P3-like subcomponents with distinct timing and topographies. These results confirm that the neural response to deviant items differs from that to new items, and that unpredicted events in newly-learned sequences are identified by processes similar to those monitoring stable sequential regularities.
Myofascial examination leads to diagnosis and successful treatment of migraine headache

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the likelihood of reproducing a migraine patient's typical head pain with pressure on muscles and ligaments [the myofascial examination] and to evaluate the success of a home program of physical therapist supervised stretching of involved muscles along their lengths [PTS] in reducing the headache of migraine.Methods: A pilot prospective observational study. Forty-nine consecutive migraine patients were classified and grouped by International Classification of Headache Disorders-II criteria. All patients with headaches reproduced by the myofascial exam were prescribed PTS. Patients estimated their global improvement by percentage. Improvement of the ICHD-II groups completing treatment was compared to that of groups declining treatment.Results: The headaches of all patients having migraine without aura and chronic migraine and of five of 11 having migraine with aura were reproduced by the myofascial exam. For all migraineurs whose headaches could be reproduced by the myofascia...
Delayed mechanical failure of silver-interlayer diffusion bonds

Silver-interlayer diffusion bonds were fabricated using planar-magnetron sputtering (PMS). The bonds exhibit very high tensile strengths, despite the soft interlayer, because of the constraint by the base metal. However, these joints undergo delayed failure at relatively low tensile stresses at ambient temperatures, apparently by a ductile micro void coalescence mechanism at the bond interfaces. Two classes of delayed tensile failure were investigated. In the first case, the applied stress does not produce any plastic deformation in the base metal, and failure appears to be controlled by time-dependent plasticity within the silver interlayer as a result of the effective stress in the interlayer. The plasticity causes cavity nucleation and, eventually, interlinkage and failure. In the second case, time-dependent plasticity is observed in base metals, and concomitant shear occurs within the softer silver under a high triaxial stress state. Here, the timedependent plasticity of the base metal accelerates plasticity and failure in the interlayer. These models were substantiated by careful analyses of the stress and temperature dependence of the rupture times, finite element analysis of the stress state within the interlayer, and microscopy of the fracture surfaces and interfaces loaded to various fractions of the expected rupture times. These findings are applicable to bonds in which the interlayers are prepared by processes other than physical vapor deposition.
Evaluation of Coatings for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants

Thermoplastic resins, paraffin and montan waxes, liquid silicone, edible gelatins, agar-agar, sodium silicate, and polyvinyl alcohol were generally unsatisfactory as coatings for the corncob grit-soybean oil bait that is used as a carrier for mirex in control of Solenopsis invicta Buren and S. richteri Forel. Coatings of acrylic, polyvinylidene chloride, or styrene-butadiene latexes increased oil content and prolonged the field life of the bait. No coating tested was highly effective in retarding the loss of oil from bait falling on hot concrete and hot soil.
Predicting bed expansion and phase holdups for three-phase fluidized-bed reactors with and without biofilm

A predictive model is developed for the hydraulic behavior, such as bad height and overall gas, liquid, and solid holdups (volume fractions), of three-phase fluidized-bed reactors. The model uses process parameters, such as reactor dimensions, particle properties, and gas and liquid flowrates, as input variables. A wake model is applied to predict the liquid holdup, while the solids holdup is obtained by iteration based on material balance. Experimental results to evaluate the three-phase fluidization model are obtained from a laboratory-scale reactor using two sizes of clean glass beads under wide range of gas and liquid velocities. Modeling predictions and experimental results agree quantitatively for two-phase and three-phase conditions. The model is further applied to analyze fluidized beds with biofilm-coated media. Biofilm accumulation alters the drag coefficient (CD) and bed expansion index (n). Applying a modified correlation for CD to biofilm systems found in literature, the authors propose a new correlation for n which shows little dependence on the particle terminal Reynolds number.
MEASUREMENT OF THE IN VIVO DEGRADATION OF CARBON 14-LABELLED THYMIDINE AND ITS HALOGENATED ANALOGUES IN MAN BY CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF EXPIRED CARBON 14-CARBON DIOXIDE.

THE rapid phosphorolytic cleavage of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine (BUdR) and 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) in vivo1,2 greatly limits the clinical usefulness of these thymidine analogues as antineoplastic agents3, radiosensitizers4, systemic antiviral compounds5, or detectors of malignant tissue2. Investigations in man with halogen-labelled analogues have indicated that a greater amount of BUdR is probably retained by the body than is IUdR under non-loading conditions2. We have devised a rapid and convenient method which permits one to make a direct comparison of the rate and extent of degradation of thymidine and its analogues in the same subject, and to examine the effect of loading doses, depot administration6, and the influence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine6, or agents designed to reduce nucleoside phosphorolysis7 on the degradation of the analogues.
Nonprofit Sector Unionization and Gender Equity: Learning Lessons from a Case Study of Teacher Organization in the St. Louis Archdiocese

This article examines issues that arose between a large Catholic archdiocese and its elementary school teachers when the latter organized to form a union to negotiate over wages, benefits, working conditions, and grievance procedures. Similar tensions are likely to reoccur in archdioceses across the country as the number of nuns continues to decline and parochial schools are forced to hire lay teachers. The St. Louis, Missouri, story underscores the gender inequity inherent in this area of nonprofit organizations’ labor relations; indeed, gender equity is the silent and heretofore invisible dimension driving major developments observed in the St. Louis experience. Similar gender equity-oriented developments likely lie ahead in labor relations in the nonprofit sector as it expands its role in the contemporary hollow state of American government.
Developing Web Applications with Document Engineering Technologies and Enjoying It

This tutorial proposes a practical software development method for building web applications using the XQuery and XSLT languages for manipulating semi-structured data. This method captures solutions and practices that we have applied during the last 4 years into many projects. It can be used on any XML database, as it requires only a thin layer to analyze and route incoming HTTP requests to a simple pipeline rendering the page. We will demonstrate it with a real world example developed with eXist-DB and the Oppidum lightweight XQuery framework.
“We Had Already Come to Love Her”: Adoption at the Margins of the Bolivian State

Este articulo analiza la adopcion informal como lente para observar discursos de parentesco y relaciones sociales y politicas mas generales en Bolivia. Demuestro que los padres adoptivos (o "padres cotidianos") usan ideologias de "relacion" asi como distinciones entre lo privado y lo publico para reclamar ninos que son adoptados clandestina e ilegalmente. A veces los Sullk'atas distinguen a sus familiares legitimos pero tambien enfatizan que la base ontologica de parentesco reside en la circulacion de comida, sangre y energia por el universo. Aunque los Sullk'atas emigrantes basan su concepto de parentesco en discursos locales, acuden tambien a abogados para legitimizar sus adopciones. Los padres cotidianos expresan juicios morales al hablar sobre burocracia y sacrificios personales, incluso cuando no se reconocen jerarquias de genero, etnicidad y clase socioeconomica
Towards a theory of managerial problem solving

Abstract Managerial problem solving, action-oriented thought in organizational contexts, is a key target of DSS intervention and has been extensively researched from a number of perspectives. Nonetheless, this domain is poorly understood, practice remaining largely beyond the range of effective scientific prescription. Existing theoretical work is reviewed in light of the nature of domain phenomena. A new theory building strategy, focusing on the conscious representational and reasoning activities of managers, is proposed. Related research needs and opportunities are identified.
Hepatitis C virus acts as a tumor accelerator by blocking apoptosis in a mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis

We developed hepatitis C virus (HCV) core-E1-E2 and HCV core transgenic mice on a common genetic background to assess the contribution of HCV structural proteins to hepatocarcinogenesis. Eight-week-old core-E1-E2, core, and nontransgenic mice inbred on the FVBxC57Bl/6 background were treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and sacrificed at 32 weeks old. Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The effect of viral proteins on apoptosis was evaluated in HepG2 cells in which apoptosis was induced by anti-Fas antibody. HCCs were identified at 32 weeks in the majority of DEN-treated mice from all three groups. The mean size of HCCs was significantly larger in core-E1-E2 transgenic (4.63 +/- 1.48 mm), compared with core transgenic (0.78 +/- 0.26 mm, P = .01), and nontransgenic (1.0 +/- 0.19 mm, P = .002) mice. While there were no differences in proliferation, the apoptotic index in core-E1-E2 transgenic HCCs was significantly lower than those found in core and non-transgenic HCCs. Core-E1-E2 transfected HepG2 cells demonstrated a significantly lower apoptotic index (0.35 +/- 0.11) compared with that of core transfected cells (0.74 +/- 0.07, P = .0103). Analysis of a Fas-induced apoptosis model in HCV transgenic mice confirmed that core-E1-E2 transgenic liver underwent significantly less apoptosis than transgenic tissue expressing core only. In conclusion, HCV core-E1-E2 transgenic mice develop significantly larger tumors than transgenic mice expressing core alone or nontransgenic mice. The accelerated tumor phenotype is attributable to suppression of apoptosis rather than enhanced proliferation. These data implicate HCV E1 and/or E2 in conjunction with core as antiapoptotic, tumor accelerator proteins.
Farming while confronting the other: the production and maintenance of boundaries in the borderlands.

The alternative food movement encounters many structural conditions as it strives toward more environmentally sustainable and socially just agrifood systems. One of the greatest challenges the movement faces is not turning its back on migrant farmworkers at the same time it creates and experiments with alternative agricultural models. This article explains why there is a gap between an expressed concern with the inequalities faced by migrant farmworkers and the actual advocacy practices necessary to overcome them. To help tease apart the drivers maintaining this gap, I call attention to the social and symbolic boundaries reproduced by a group of people farming organically in San Diego along the United States/Mexico border. I find that in the course of farming in the context of border politics, food activists internalize a number of structural and ideological conditions producing a racialized agricultural political economy, neoliberalism, and the security state. These include the hegemony of certain stereotypes of migrant farmworkers and inherent notions of difference, the hegemony of militarized borders and monitored immigrant bodies, and race and class privilege that manifests through idealizing nature and farming. At the same time, I find that these boundary maintenance practices are open to change, and call attention to the ambiguity expressed by well-meaning organic farming activists as well as more resistant socioecological imaginaries.
Atmospheric Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes.

Earth's atmospheric composition at the time of the origin of life is not known, but it has often been suggested that chemical transformation of reactive species in the atmosphere was a significant source of pre biotic organic molecules. Experimental and theoretical studies over the past half century have shown that atmospheric synthesis can yield molecules such as amino acids and nucleobases, but these processes are very sensitive to gas composition and energy source. Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is more productive in reduced atmospheres, yet the primitive Earth may not have been as reducing as earlier workers assumed, and recent research has reflected this shift in thinking. This work provides a survey of the range of chemical products that can be produced given a set of atmospheric conditions, with a particular focus on recent reports. Intertwined with the discussion of atmospheric synthesis is the consideration of an organic haze layer, which has been suggested as a possible ultraviolet shield on the anoxic early Earth. Since such a haze layer - if formed - would serve as a reservoir for organic molecules, the chemical composition of the aerosol should be closely examined. The results highlighted here show that a variety of products can be formed in mildly reducing or even neutral atmospheres, demonstrating that contributions of atmospheric synthesis to the organic inventory on early Earth should not be discounted. This review intends to bridge current knowledge of the range of possible atmospheric conditions in the prebiotic environment and pathways for synthesis under such conditions by examining the possible products of organic chemistry in the early atmosphere.
Simulating vapor-liquid nucleation of water: A combined histogram-reweighting and aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo investigation for fixed-charge and polarizable models.

The method of histogram-reweighting was integrated with a recently developed approach using aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo and self-adaptive umbrella sampling to develop the AVUS-HR algorithm that allows for exceedingly efficient calculations of nucleation properties over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. Simulations were carried out for water using both fixed-charge and polarizable force fields belonging to the TIP4P family (namely, TIP4P, TIP4P−FQ, TIP4P-pol2, and TIP4P-pol3) to investigate the nucleation of water over a temperature range from 200 to 300 K and the concentration of water clusters in the atmosphere at elevations up to 15 km. It was found that the nucleation free energy barriers and atmospheric concentrations are extremely sensitive to the force field, albeit all of the models investigated in this study support the following general conclusions: (i) ice nucleation is not present under the thermodynamic conditions and cluster-size range investigated here, i.e., the critical nu...
Investigation of impact of victim cache and victim tracer on a fully associative disk cache

In this paper, we present results of investigation to study the impact of victim cache and victim tracer on the miss rates due to the LRU block replacement algorithm. A total of three different algorithms were implemented. They include the basic LRU, LRU with victim cache, and LRU with victim tracer. All the algorithms were implemented as a part of a disk cache. For victim cache and victim tracer, a unique priority scheme was used. Extensive simulations were performed on all the algorithms. The results indicate that adding a victim cache or victim tracer does improve the performance.