cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of convection in floating zone melting. I. Pure rotation driven flows

Abstract Forced convection induced by rotation of the crystals in a floating zone is theoretically analysed by using a computer for silicon and for aluminum oxide. Vortex cells circulating in the radial-axial direction are generated. The number of vortex cells depends on the mode of rotation and on the rotation rates. Co or counter rotation produces a stagnant surface or stagnant core, respectively in the zone and separates the zone into two regions of flow field that are not mixed. This tendency is eliminated by single rotation, or by counter rotation — by rotating one crystal slower than the other in the opposite direction. The maximum mixing is accomplished by the latter method. The influence of viscosity on the convection patterns is also discussed, especially for materials of high viscosity such as aluminum oxide.
Porters, Catapults, Community, and Justice: St. Augustine on Wealth, Poverty, and Property

Contrary to widespread views that Augustine had little to say about questions of wealth and poverty, this essay shows that Augustine envisioned interdependent Christian communities where the poor achieved full participation. He preached that wealth is morally dangerous, enabling vice and weakening dependence on God. While he believed that poverty is morally protective, he supported the poor in advocating for their own well-being with the wealthy. He depicted the poor as “porters to heaven” with the unique power to help the wealthy earn favor with God through almsgiving, and even argued for distributive justice, saying that the excess of the rich is the rightful property of the poor. Augustine’s primary concern around issues of wealth was for the moral development of the individual, a valuable perspective for today’s renewed attention to virtue; but as this essay shows, his thought is also useful to those who focus on social change. This essay makes Augustine’s thought on wealth and poverty accessible to ministers seeking guidance from one of the pillars of Christian tradition on one of the most morally urgent issues of our time.
Deletion of Sarm1 Gene Protects Against Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (I6-1.005)

OBJECTIVE: Common molecular pathways leading to degeneration of distal axons in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) are unknown. We examined the development of CIPN in mice with genetic deletion of Sarm1 gene and compared it to wild type littermates BACKGROUND: Recently, dSarm and mouse homologue Sarm1 were identified as key regulators of Wallerian degeneration after a genetic screen for drosophila mutants where distal axonal degeneration was delayed after axotomy. We hypothesized that Sarm1 may play a similar role in Wallerian-like distal axonal degeneration induced by neurotoxic drugs. DESIGN/METHODS: Sarm1 knockout mice and wild type littermates were given paclitaxel in days 1, 3 and 5 by intravenous route (25 mg/kg/dose). Animals were evaluated for presence of neuropathy by sensory nerve conduction studies, thermal sensation evaluation using Hargreaves method, sural nerve morphometry and intraepidermal nerve fiber density using punch biopsies of the hind paws. RESULTS: Wild type littermates developed peripheral neuropathy affecting primarily the unmyelinated sensory fibers as evidenced by thermal hypoalgesia and reduced density of intraepidermal nerve fibers after paclitaxel. However, mice with the Sarm1 deletion did not develop peripheral neuropathy. CONSLUSIONS: This study identifies Sarm1 as a key regulator of distal axonal degeneration induced by paclitaxel. If confirmed in other models of peripheral neuropathies, strategies aimed at reducing or inhibiting Sarm1 may offer a new therapeutic target for peripheral neuropathies. Disclosure: Dr. Hoke has received personal compensation for activities with Unilab. Dr. Hoke has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Experimental Neurology. Dr. Hoke has received research support from Acorda Phamaceuticals. Dr. Turkiew has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reed has nothing to disclose.
Formulations — Past, Present, and Future

During the last 30 years there have been significant evolutionary changes in the formulation and application of agrichemical products. Crop protection is now a sophisticated task, and quality requirements for crop protection chemicals are ever increasing. With agriculture under economic stress and with intense competition between existing chemicals and newly developing products of high potency, formulation development is evolving as an increasingly scientific multidisciplinary effort increasingly closely integrated with application technology.
Relapse to cocaine-seeking after abstinence is regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A in the prefrontal cortex

Abstinence from cocaine self-administration (SA) is associated with neuroadaptations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) that are implicated in cocaine-induced neuronal plasticity and relapse to drug-seeking. Alterations in cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling are prominent in medium spiny neurons in the NAc after repeated cocaine exposure but it is unknown whether similar changes occur in the PFC. Because cocaine SA induces disturbances in glutamatergic transmission in the PFC-NAc pathway, we examined whether dysregulation of PKA-mediated molecular targets in PFC-NAc neurons occurs during abstinence and, if so, whether it contributes to cocaine seeking. We measured the phosphorylation of CREB (Ser133) and GluA1 (Ser845) in the dorsomedial (dm) PFC and the presynaptic marker, synapsin I (Ser9, Ser62/67, Ser603), in the NAc after 7 days of abstinence from cocaine SA with or without cue-induced cocaine-seeking. We also evaluated whether infusion of the PKA inhibitor, 8-bromo-Rp-cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPs), into the dmPFC after abstinence would affect cue-induced cocaine-seeking and PKA-regulated phosphoprotein levels. Seven days of forced abstinence increased the phosphorylation of CREB and GluA1 in the dmPFC and synapsin I (Ser9) in the NAc. Induction of these phosphoproteins was reversed by a cue-induced relapse test of cocaine-seeking. Bilateral intra-dmPFC Rp-cAMPs rescued abstinence-elevated PKA-mediated phosphoprotein levels in the dmPFC and NAc and suppressed cue-induced relapse. Thus, by inhibiting abstinence-induced PKA molecular targets, relapse reverses abstinence-induced neuroadaptations in the dmPFC that are responsible, in part, for the expression of cue-induced cocaine-seeking.
Identification of ComW as a new component in the regulation of genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Summary Regulation of competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae depends on a quorum-sensing system, genes involved in DNA uptake and recombination and a link between these two gene sets. The alternative sigma factor ComX provides this link. ComE, the response regulator of the quorum-sensing system, is required for expression of ComX and other early genes. However, an unknown ComE-dependent regulator is also required for competence when comX is expressed under control of the raffinose-responsive promoter of the aga operon. The gene comW (SP0018) is required for a high level of competence and is regulated by the quorum-sensing system, but its function is unknown. To explore its role further, comW was cloned into the multicopy plasmid pMSP3535, under the control of a nisin-inducible promoter (PN), and transformed into pneumococcal strains containing a raffinose-inducible comX gene (PR::comX). Further introduction of a comE deletion blocked the endogenous CSP signal transduction pathway. In the resulting strain, competence was independent of CSP but depended on treatment with both nisin and raffinose, showing that coexpression of comW and comX complemented the comE deficiency. ComX protein accumulation and expression of a late competence gene in the above strain support the conclusion that ComW is a new positive factor involved in competence regulation.
The cost of twin pregnancy: maternal and neonatal factors.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors affecting birth charges in twin pregnancies. Study design Clinical and financial data were obtained on 1486 twin pregnancies delivered between 1995 to 2002 at medical centers in Maryland, Florida, Michigan, and South Carolina. Maternal and neonatal length of stay (LOS) and charges were modeled by gestational age and other risk factors using a general linear model. Results Maternal and infant birth admission LOS and charges increased significantly with a decline in gestational age. Maternal LOS and charges were also significantly increased by cesarean delivery and preeclampsia. Newborn LOS and charges increased significantly by monochorionicity and slowed growth between 20 to 28 weeks. For mother and infants, the shortest LOS and lowest birth charges were at 37 to 38 weeks. Conclusion These findings reflect the substantial maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with twin pregnancies, and demonstrate that 37 to 38 weeks is their optimal gestation.
Kinetics and mechanism of the glutathione-dependent reduction of dehydromethionine.

Dehydromethionine (S-methylisothiazolidine-3-carboxylic acid) is reduced by glutathione (aqueous solution, 25°C) to give methionine and glutathione disulfide in a reaction that is dependent on pH and the nature and concentration of the buffer utilized. The data are consistent with proton-assisted, rate-limiting attack of glutathione thiolate anion on the sulfilimine sulfur with concomitant cleavage of the sulfur-nitrogen bond. The data predict a half-life for dehydromethionine ranging between 33 and 330 min in the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione and phosphate buffer, suggesting that dehydromethionine and similar sulfilimines may have a sufficient lifetime in vivo to permit their use as carriers of oxidizing equivalents.
Fire-retardant effects of individual chemicals on Douglas Fir Plywood

The authors studied the effects of individual chemicals on flame spread, smoke density, and the heat index of Douglas Fir Plywood. Three types of tests were performed in an effort to establish a correlation relationship between test methods.
Brain blood flow in the dementias: SPECT with histopathologic correlation in 54 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging of regional cerebral blood flow in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and the differential diagnosis of the dementias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Regional cerebral blood flow SPECT was performed with inhaled xenon-133 in 261 patients and with injected technetium-99m hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) in 162 patients with possible dementia. In 16 patients, both agents were used in 1 day. SPECT images obtained in elderly healthy control subjects (with Xe-133 in 15, with Tc-99m HMPAO in 14) were available. In each patient without AD, further classification of disease was attempted. Histopathologic correlation was available in 54 patients (with autopsy in 51, with biopsy in three). RESULTS: SPECT diagnoses were true-positive in 37, true-negative in eight, false-positive in three, and false-negative in six patients. Sensitivity was 86% (37 of 43; 95% confidence limits = .72, .95); specificity, 73% (eight of 11; confidence li...
Prediction of ductile failure using a local strain-to-failure criterion

In this article, we provide the details of the predictive simulations performed by the University of Texas team in response to the 2012 Sandia Fracture Challenge (Boyce et al. in The Sandia Fracture challenge: blind predictions of ductile tearing. Int J Fract. doi: 10.1007/10704-013-9904-6, 2013). The material constitutive model was calibrated using the tensile test data through an optimization scheme. A modified Johnson–Cook failure criterion was also partially calibrated using the material characterization data obtained from a tension test and a compact-tension fracture test. These models are then embedded in a highly refined finite element simulation to perform a blind prediction of the failure behavior of the Sandia Fracture Challenge geometry. These results are compared with experiments performed by Sandia National Laboratories and additional experiments that were performed at the University of Texas at Austin with full-field three-dimensional digital image correlation in order to explore the different failure modes. It is demonstrated that a well-calibrated model that captures the essential elastic–plastic constitutive behavior is necessary to confidently capture the elasto-plastic response of challenging structural geometries; it is also shown that a simple ductile failure model can be used to predict ductile failure correctly, when proper calibration of the material model is established.
From contract to speech: the courts and CPA licensing laws 1921–1996

Abstract This paper explores the ways in which accounting, licensing legislation and the courts have intersected over time, shaping and reshaping the contours of the CPA's economic jurisdiction and thereby restricting and/or enhancing competition between CPAs and the uncertified. While much attention has focused on the use of legislation and favorable interpretations of these statutes as a means of obtaining and expanding exclusive areas of work, little work has considered the role of the courts as a forum in which to contest and thereby limit the expansion activities of CPAs. The courts have played an important role in deciding issues such as who can be called a CPA, who can be called an accountant and when can a CPA be called a CPA. In deciding these issues, the courts have relied upon shifting constitutional arguments to advance and curb the jurisdiction building activities of CPAs. Early arguments called upon notions of the freedom of contract to challenge legislatively imposed limits on who might perform accounting work. Such arguments were later supplemented and eventually supplanted by those based upon freedom of speech, a freedom only recently held to extend to commercial speech. These shifting arguments are traced in the paper which concludes with some observations about the changing significance of the CPA designation.
The effect of an Escherichia coli regulatory mutation on transfer RNA structure.

Abstract The trpX mutation in Escherichia coli reduces trp operon attenuation in strains carrying wild-type tRNATrp. The trpX− phenotype is alleviated (attenuation is restored) in UGA-suppressor tRNATrp-carrying strains (Yanofsky & Soll, 1977). The tRNA from various trpX− strains was characterized biochemically. Sequence analyses of wild-type tRNATrp and UGA suppressor tRNATrp, both derived from trpX− strains, reveal an unmodified A in the position (adjacent to the anticodon) normally occupied by the hypermodified base ms2i6A. In addition, several tRNAs from trpX− cells were characterized by RPC-5 column chromatography. We find that only tRNAs normally having ms2i6A exhibit altered elution profiles when compared to the homologous tRNAs from trpX− cells. Introduction of the UGA suppressor into trpX− cells does not restore normal Chromatographic behavior. These results suggest that the trpX gene product is necessary for the synthesis of ms2i6A. Thus, we propose that miaA (for the first gene involved in ms2i6A synthesis) replaces the trpX designation. The results reported here are discussed with regard to a model proposed by Lee & Yanofsky (1977) in which efficient translation of the tandem trp codons in the leader sequence RNA is required for normal attenuation of the trp operon.
Exploratory combustion synthesis: amorphous indium yttrium oxide for thin-film transistors.

We report the implementation of amorphous indium yttrium oxide (a-IYO) as a thin-film transistor (TFT) semiconductor. Amorphous and polycrystalline IYO films were grown via a low-temperature solution process utilizing exothermic “combustion” precursors. Precursor transformation and the IYO films were analyzed by differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical transmission, which reveal efficient conversion to the metal oxide lattice and smooth, transparent films. a-IYO TFTs fabricated with a hybrid nanodielectric exhibit electron mobilities of 7.3 cm2 V–1 s–1 (Tanneal = 300 °C) and 5.0 cm2 V–1 s–1 (Tanneal = 250 °C) for 2 V operation.
Characterization of spatial CD variability, spatial mask-level correction, and improvement of circuit performance

Statistical characterization of gate CD variability of a production CMOS process reveals a large spatial intra-field component, strongly dependent on the local layout patterns. We present a novel measurement based characterization approach that is capable of capturing all the relevant CD variation patterns necessary for accurate circuit modeling and statistical design. A rigorous analysis of the impact of intra-field variability on circuit performance is undertaken. We show that intra-field CD variation has a significant detrimental effect on the overall circuit performance by reducing the average speed by up to 20 percent. We derive a model quantitatively relating intra- field CD variance delay degradation. We propose a mask-level spatial gate CD correction algorithm to reduce the intra- field and overall variability, resulting in circuit performance improvement, and provide an analytical model to evaluate the effectiveness of correction for variance reduction.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photodissociation of complex nuclei at energies between the mesonic threshold and 1150 Mev

The photodisintegration of complex nuclei by gamma rays up to 1150 Mev has been studied by exposing nuclear emulsion to bremsstrahlung from the CalTech electron synchrotron and observing the "photostars" produced. Exposures were made at 16 different peak energies between 250 and 1150 Mev. Nearly 10 000 photostars were analyzed for star frequency, prong number, angular distribution, and (at 1143 Mev) the visible energy release per star. The bremsstrahlung yield of multiprong (\ensuremath{\ge}2 prong) stars increases abruptly as photons capable of producing pions are included. The cross section per photon, derived from the bremsstrahlung yield by the photon difference method, is essentially constant at 250 microbarns/nucleon at all energies above 300 Mev. A model for photostar production is given which involves photopion production followed by absorption or scattering of the pion and recoil nucleon. Experimental free-nucleon photopion cross sections are used, together with the Monte Carlo calculations of Metropolis et al., to determine the probability for star formation. Good agreement with both the shape and magnitude of the excitation curve is obtained if nuclear motion is included. Mean and maximum prong numbers for photostars are the same as for stars produced by pions or protons of equal available energy. The mean-free-paths in nuclear matter of pions and protons are short, so that photostar yields are a measure of the integrated total photomeson cross section. More than 95% of the multiprong stars made by 1-Bev bremsstrahlung are made by photons whose energies exceed the pion production threshold of 150 Mev. Most of the 1-prong events are produced by photons below 150 Mev, and the yield is consistent with giant resonance ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, p$) reactions plus "pseudodeuteron" photodisintegration, a process whose cross section rapidly decreases as the photon energy increases. Variation of mean prong number with energy and comparison with nuclear cascade calculations suggests that the excitation of the residual nucleus is nearly constant at 100 Mev over a wide range of incident photon energies. The visible energy release per photostar shows a linear dependence on prong number, and more than half of the photon energy is carried away by neutral particles.
Mechanical alloying of brittle components: Silicon and germanium

Abstract Mechanical alloying has been used to form a true solid solution from brittle, elemental starting Si and Ge powders. A Ge-72 at.% Si alloy was produced after 8 hours of ball milling with a calculated lattice parameter approximately equal to that of a similar melt-formed alloy. Compositions in the SiGe system with less than 72 atomic percent Si have also been alloyed with final compositions deviating from predicted values. Inter-particle necking has been observed in the brittle systems SiGe, MnBi, and in alpha-quartz after varying degrees of mechanical alloying. Further work will focus on following the structural evolution of the SiGe solid solution from the brittle Si and Ge starting powders. Microanalytical tools including SEM and TEM will be used. The feasibility of MA brittle components opens up a wide range of possibilities for the synthesis of new materials.
A new sample preparation method for biological soft X-ray microscopy: nitrogen-based contrast and radiation tolerance properties of glycol methacrylate-embedded and sectioned tissue

We describe the preparation of a biological tissue for imaging in a transmission soft X-ray microscope. Sections of exocrine pancreas embedded in glycol methacrylate polymer, an embedding medium widely used in visible light and electron microscopy, were examined. Contrast was based primarily on the nitrogen content of the tissue, and dual-wavelength imaging at the nitrogen K-shell absorption edge was used to map the distribution and provide quantitative densitometry of both the protein and embedding matrix components of the sample. The measurements were calibrated by obtaining the absorption spectrum of protein near the nitrogen edge. The contrast was consistent and reproducible, making possible the first large-scale X-ray microscopic study on sections of plastic-embedded soft tissue. At radiation doses of up to 108 Gray, much more than required for routine imaging, no distortion and little mass loss were observed. This sample preparation method should permit routine imaging of tissues in X-ray microscopes, previously a difficult task, as well as multimodal imaging (using visible light, X-ray, electron, and scanned probe microscopies) on the same sample.
Scanning force microscope studies of detachment of nanometer adhering particulates

We employ salt particles deposited on soda lime glass substrates as a model system for particle detachment in chemically active environments. The chemical activity is provided by water vapor, and detachment is performed with the tip of a scanning force microscope. The later force required to detach nanometer-scale salt particles is a strong function of particle size and relative humidity. The peak lateral force at detachment divided by the nominal particle area yields an effective interfacial shear strength. The variation of shear strength with particle size and humidity is described in terms of chemically assisted crack growth along the salt-glass interface.
Energy spectra of nuclear fragments produced by high energy protons

Fragment energy spectra from the 2.1- and 4.9-GeV proton irradiation of C, Al, Ag, and U targets were measured at several angles to the beam for products ranging from He up to Ar for the heavier targets. The fragments were detected in a telescope consisting of a gas $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ counter and a silicon $E$ counter. The carbon target measurements are compared with previous data from projectile fragmentation studies. A Maxwellian type functional form which fits the energy spectra from all the targets is presented. The spectra were integrated to obtain values of the cross section as a function of atomic number.
Historic preservation in the US: From landmarks to planning perspectives

Historic preservation and the conflicts to which it gives rise in the US have changed dramatically during this century. In the early days, the emphasis was on landmarks of historical and cultural value. This merged with issues of aesthetics and architectural quality. There was, however, little government intervention until the mid‐1960s when public concern was aroused by the destructive effects on the urban fabric of interstate highways and urban renewal. A veritable orgy of legislation followed, the major provisions of which are outlined in this paper, together with the role of the states and localities. A number of specific matters are also discussed, such as tourism and taxation, and the paper ends with a brief account of the ways in which historic preservation is widening in scope.
Mutations in Btk in Patients with Presumed X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

In 1993, two groups showed that X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) was due to mutations in a tyrosine kinase now called Btk. Most laboratories have been able to detect mutations in Btk in 80%-90% of males with presumed XLA. The remaining patients may have mutations in Btk that are difficult to identify, or they may have defects that are phenotypically similar to XLA but genotypically different. We analyzed 101 families in which affected males were diagnosed as having XLA. Mutations in Btk were identified in 38 of 40 families with more than one affected family member and in 56 of 61 families with sporadic disease. Excluding the patients in whom the marked decrease in B cell numbers characteristic of XLA could not be confirmed by immunofluorescence studies, mutations in Btk were identified in 43 of 46 patients with presumed sporadic XLA. Two of the three remaining patients had defects in other genes required for normal B cell development, and the third patient was unlikely to have XLA, on the basis of results of extensive Btk analysis. Our techniques were unable to identify a mutation in Btk in one male with both a family history and laboratory findings suggestive of XLA. DNA samples from 41 of 49 of the mothers of males with sporadic disease and proven mutations in Btk were positive for the mutation found in their son. In the other 8 families, the mutation appeared to arise in the maternal germ line. In 20 families, haplotype analysis showed that the new mutation originated in the maternal grandfather or great-grandfather. These studies indicate that 90%-95% of males with presumed XLA have mutations in Btk. The other patients are likely to have defects in other genes.
Some new results on spherical dynamos

Small-scale motions in the earth's liquid core are likely to be highly anisotropic because of the effects of rotation. Guided by physical considerations, the 'alpha-effect' described by an anisotropic tensor alpha sub ik is formulated and the corresponding boundary value problem for a sphere is solved for a variety of boundary conditions. A converged solution has been obtained only in the case of the Fermi condition of an infinitely conducting exterior of the sphere. Some remarks are made on the hypothetical upper bound on magnetic field strengths in planetary cores originally proposed by Busse (1976).
Why Connecting Theories Together May Not Work How to Address Complex Paradigm-Spanning Questions

When we need to answer questions about the real world, we build models. Models are necessarily simplifications, which introduce departures from the real world. Over time we have developed a number modeling paradigms that have been found to work well for certain classes of questions. Each modeling paradigm's simplifying assumptions are appropriate for its class of questions but would not necessarily be appropriate for another class of questions. The simplifying assumptions of one modeling paradigm may be inconsistent with or even contradict the simplifying assumptions of another modeling paradigm. These contradictions are not present in the real world, only in our models. They are introduced by the simplifications. The gaps among the ontologies underlying different paradigms are not bridgeable by a unified ontology that enables addressing questions that cross complex physical, human, economic and social phenomena. We argue instead that the best strategy for addressing complex paradigm-spanning questions is a four-level formulation of optimize if you can; if not, adapt if you can; if not, hedge if you can; if not, accept the consequences.
An exploratory empirical note on determinants of inter-regional living-cost differentials in the United States, 1970 and 1975

Abstract This paper examines and compares the determinant of geographic living-cost differentials in the United States for the years 1970 and 1975. In both cases the cost of living is affected by population density, population size, per capita income and right-to-work legislation.
A STUDY OF FREQUENCY ESTIMATION EQUIPERCENTILE EQUATING WHEN THERE ARE LARGE ABILITY DIFFERENCES

In operational equating, frequency estimation (FE) equipercentile equating is often excluded from consideration when the old and new groups have a large ability difference. This convention may, in some instances, cause the exclusion of one competitive equating method from the set of methods under consideration. In this report, we study the possibility of using the FE equating method when the group ability difference is large. Three situations are identified: (a) a situation in which neither the two forms nor the observed conditional distributions are very different so that the FE equating assumptions are likely to hold, and FE equating is recommended; (b) a situation in which forms are not very different, but the observed conditional distributions are different, so that FE equating is not recommended; and (c) a situation in which forms are very different, but the observed conditional distributions are not different, so that FE equating is not recommended. Statistical analysis procedures for comparing distributions are provided. An application of equating to a large-scale admission test is discussed to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Identifying centralized hubs within neural functional connections

The brain is a complex biological system with dynamic interactions between its sub-systems. One particular challenge in the study of this complex system is the identification of dynamic functional networks underlying observed neural activity. The interactions between different neural activity are quantified through measures of functional connectivity such as the phase synchrony measure. In previous studies, graph theoretical approaches have been implemented on the pairwise connectivity matrices to analyze these interactions and quantify them using clustering coefficient and path length. In this paper, we focus on finding specific nodes that demonstrate high degrees of centrality. The centrality measure helps pinpoint which nodes are important for maintaining an efficiently connected neural network. One challenge in applying graph theoretic measures to connectivity matrices is the lack of a unique relationship between the connectivity matrix and the corresponding binary graph. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm which finds the ‘optimal’ binary graph based on different criteria including connectivity, clustering and the scale-free distribution of the network. The proposed framework is applied to an EEG study containing the error-related negativity (ERN) to identify hubs, a brain potential response that indexes endogenous action monitoring, to identify nodes with high centrality.
An Actin Monomer Binding Activity Localizes to the Carboxyl-terminal Half of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cyclase-associated Protein

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase complex contains at least two subunits, a 200-kDa catalytic subunit and a 70-kDa cyclase-associated protein, CAP (also called Srv2p). Genetic studies suggested two roles for CAP, one as a positive regulator of cAMP levels in yeast and a second role as a cytoskeletal regulator. We present evidence showing that CAP sequesters monomeric actin (K in the range of 0.5-5 μM), decreasing actin incorporation into actin filaments. Anti-CAP monoclonal antibodies co-immunoprecipitate a protein with a molecular size of about 46 kDa. When CAP was purified from yeast using an anti-CAP monoclonal antibody column, the 46-kDa protein co-purified with a stoichiometry of about 1:1 with CAP. Western blots identified the 46-kDa protein as yeast actin. CAP also bound to muscle actin in vitro in immunoprecipitation assays and falling ball viscometry assays. Experiments with pyrene-labeled actin demonstrated that CAP sequesters actin monomers. The actin monomer binding activity is localized to the carboxyl-terminal half of CAP. Together, these data suggest that yeast CAP regulates the yeast cytoskeleton by sequestering actin monomers.
Shame, Stigma, and Disgust in the Decent Society

Would a just society or government absolutely refrain from shaming or humiliating any of its members? “No,” says this essay. It describes morally acceptable uses of shame, stigma and disgust as tools of social control in a decent (just) society. These uses involve criminal law, tort law, and informal social norms. The standard of moral acceptability proposed for determining the line is a version of perfectionistic prioritarian consequenstialism. From this standpoint, criticism is developed against Martha Nussbaum’s view that to respect the dignity of each person, society absolutely must refrain from certain ways of shaming and humiliating its members and rendering them objects of communal disgust.
Comparative study of ultrastructure of interlamellar and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo from channel catfish.

SYNOPSIS. The inter- and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo (Myxosporida) infections from channel catfish are similar in spore structure and sporogenesis, but differ in the structure of their plasmodium wall and surface coat and in their relationship with the host cells. The 2 clinical types differ also in the sites of development and growth patterns of plasmodia within a gill filament. Interlamellar plasmodia are limited by 2 outer unit membranes which give rise to both single-and double-membraned pinocytic canals. Intralamellar plasmodia are limited by a single outer unit membrane which gives rise to single-membraned pinocytic canals. Interlamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of highly variable thicknesses; in some regions there is direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host. There is some evidence that host cell cytoplasm as well as interstitial material are taken in by interlamellar plasmodia. In contrast, intralamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness, which prevents direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host; probably only interstitial material is taken by these plasmodia.
Questioning the Unquestionability of the Expert’s Perspective in Psychology:

Psychology’s infatuation with precision, objectivity, universality, refutability, and verifiability brought about a focus on the legitimacy of the perspective of the knower namely the expert who, at the center of discourse of power, could collect and analyze the data and then embark on generalizing the information for the sake of generative theories. The article argues that mainstream psychology has mainly acted from the perspective of the observer and not perspective of the actor and this has largely silenced the reality of the actor. While focusing on the underlying components of the perspective of the expert, the article calls for questioning the unquestionability of the perspective of the observer and indicates how the process of questioning may help us understand the often concealed-to-oblivion dimensions of the actors.
Influence of Herd-Life Opportunity and Characteristics of Cows and Herds on Different Net Income Functions

Abstract A sample of one-third of all Holstein records available for national sire evaluations in January 1989 formed the data. Cows were included with opportunity for calving through 48, 60, and 72 mo of age. Net income functions examined were relative net income, discounted relative net income, and relative net income adjusted for opportunity cost of a postponed replacement. Means and standard deviations of net income functions increased with longer herd-life opportunity but less for the function adjusted for opportunity cost. Correlations between different herd-life opportunities within net income function were from .80 to .95 and were highest (>.94) between 60- and 72-mo herd-life opportunities. Correlations across net income function for the same herd-life opportunity were >.95. Relative net income adjusted for opportunity cost was less correlated with days of productive life than with the other two net income functions and was less accurately predicted by length of productive life, first lactation milk production, and age at frrst freshening. Within-herd management practices, except first lactation production, were nearly unrelated to relative net income adjusted for opportunity cost. For mixed herds, registered cows had higher net incomes by $9 to $28 each, depending on herd-life opportunity. Adjustment for opportunity cost could affect conclusions of studies based on net income functions.
The Effects of Motivation on Narrative Content and Structure

This study examined the effects of motivation on the content and structure of narratives. Forty triads of participants engaged in a 15-minute teamwork task. Following this task, participants were given either positive or negative feedback on their performance. Participants were then separated and told to write a narrative concerning their experiences. Participants were given instructions designed to induce either a self-interest motivation or an accuracy motivation when creating the narratives. Results showed that participants experiencing a self-interest motive constructed narratives emphasizing the participants’ positive contributions to the group task. Also, participants with a self-interest motive were more likely to emphasize self-related cognitions and actions. Narratives of accuracy-motivated participants included more details, were more focused on the consequences of actions, and had a tighter causal structure. Finally, feedback also affected both content and structure. Thus, motivation influences...
On the receptivity of free shear layers to two-dimensional external excitation

In this paper, the receptivity of a typical free shear layer to pulse-type and periodic excitation is studied. This is done by solving the initial-value problem completely and studing its long-time behavior. This leads to a wave packet for the pulse. By the superposition of many wave packets, a spatial instability mode when the flow is convectively unstable is generated. This establishes a general and simple relationship between the receptivities for pulse-type and sinusoidal excitations. It is found that a shear layer is very receptive to high-frequency disturbances that are generated near the centerline of the layer.
New on-source miniature atomic FAB and alkali ion SIMS sources

Abstract Miniature atom and ion sources have been developed which mount directly onto the mass spectrometer ion source, within the vacuum chamber. The new sources are inexpensive to construct and require no external mounting flange. The use of an ion versus atom beam has been found to be unimportant, although the particle mass and impact energy have important effects on the intensity of quasimolecular ions, apparently due to the deposited momentum. A model of ionization of samples suspended in a liquid matrix and bombarded by energetic particles is proposed, in which ionization occurs in the “gas phase” by a charge-cascade mechanism similar to chemical ionization.
Placing Psychotherapy Case Studies within the Framework of the APA Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) Model

The American Psychological Association Report of the Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice delineates Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP). The model provides a broad-based framework that allows for the placement of psychotherapy case study outcomes in a systematic, evidence-based context, complementing the results of group-based efficacy studies. This Commentary introduces the EBPP model and suggests ways in which use of its principles could enhance Karen Riggs SkeanAƒÂ¢A‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s case of CG.
Nanostructure on taro leaves resists fouling by colloids and bacteria under submerged conditions.

The antifouling and self-cleaning properties of plants such as Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) and Colocasia esculenta (taro) have been attributed to the superhydrophobicity resulting from the hierarchica...
Fastigial inputs to paraventricular neurosecretory neurones studied by extra- and intracellular recordings in rats.

1. The effects of stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) on the activity of neurosecretory neurones in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats, anaesthetized with urethane and alpha-chloralose, were investigated by extracellular and intracellular recordings. 2. With extracellular recording, 139 PVN neurosecretory neurones were identified by antidromic activation following stimulation of the pituitary stalk, of which 120 were spontaneously firing and 19 were silent. Three types of responses to FN stimulation (1 or 2 pulses at 333 Hz) were observed in 43% of spontaneously firing PVN neurosecretory neurones: inhibition (type I) with a latency of 4.3 +/- 4.1 ms (mean +/- S.D., 32 of 120 neurones, 27%); excitation (type E) with 22.3 +/- 8.1 ms latency (14 of 120, 11%); and inhibition-excitation type (I-E) with 5.5 +/- 3.4 ms latency (6 of 120, 5%). Silent neurosecretory neurones did not respond to FN stimulation. Twelve per cent of non-neurosecretory cells (three out of twenty-six tested) responded to FN stimulation (one was inhibited, and two were excited). 3. Repetitive stimulation (60 Hz, 10 s) of the FN, which evoked a stimulus-locked pressor response, suppressed on-going activity of PVN neurosecretory neurones in 43% (twenty-nine of sixty-eight) of neurones tested. In 40% of these neurones, the activity was also inhibited by intravenous injection of phenylephrine (3 micrograms in 0.3 ml Ringer solution), while in other neurones the injection had no effect. Rebound excitation of neurone activity lasting for 1-5 min after termination of repetitive stimulation was observed in 28% of the neurones. Ten neurones (14%) were excited by repetitive stimulation. 4. Successful intracellular recordings were made from seventy-two PVN neurones, of which thirty-seven were neurosecretory cells. The mean resting membrane potential was -51 mV (n = 72; range from -40 to -75 mV). The input resistance of neurosecretory cells was 117 +/- 21 M omega (range 93-153 M omega; n = 8). This value was higher than that for non-neurosecretory cells which was found to be 53 +/- 10 M omega (range 35-72 M omega; n = 9). The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01, Student's t test). 5. In response to FN stimulation, sixteen (43%) of the thirty-seven neurosecretory neurones showed IPSPs with latencies of 7.4 +/- 2.8 ms and three (8%) exhibited EPSPs with latencies of 13.3 +/- 4.2 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The ideal HPC programming language

The DARPA HPCS program sought a tenfold productivity improvement in trans-petaflop systems for HPC. This article describes programmability studies undertaken by Sun Microsystems in its HPCS partici...
The morning glory disc anomaly: Contractile movement, classification, and embryogenesis

A case of the morning glory disc anomaly is reported in which alternating contraction and dilation movements were observed and documented with fundus photographs. The movements are attributed to an anomalous communication between the subretinal and subarachnoid spaces that permits flux of fluid to occur between the two compartments, with consequent variation in the degree of retinal elevation within the excavated portion of the lesion. The clinical features of the morning glory disc anomaly, peripapillary staphyloma and optic disc coloboma are presented, and the relationship among these lesions is discussed. The author concludes that the morning glory disc anomaly is a clinical entity distinct from peripapillary staphyloma and optic disc coloboma. It is thought to be due to dysgenesis of the distal optic stalk leading to anomalous persistence of the extension of the cavity of the optic cup into the stalk.
Treatment responses in collagenous colitis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: In the nearly 20 yr since collagenous colitis was first recognized, the results of therapies have not been systematically described in substantial numbers of patients. We have therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of 26 patients treated in this institution during the years 1991–1994. METHODS: Twenty-nine cases of collagenous colitis were obtained by review of biopsy specimens collected between 1991 and 1994 at The Mount Sinai Hospital. Each chart was reviewed for patient demographics, symptoms, coexisting conditions, specific therapies, and therapeutic outcomes. Additional data were obtained from telephone calls to patients when deemed necessary. Three patients were excluded from the study because of lack of follow-up. Therapeutic outcomes were defined as follows: Complete Remission (CR): normalization of bowel function; Partial Remission (PR): 50% reduction in frequency of bowel movements; Failure: RESULTS: The 26 patients (25 women, one man) had a mean age of 62 yr (range, 22–85 yr) at diagnosis. Of 26 patients, 22 responded to some form of therapy and one had spontaneous remission. Six of the responders ultimately remained in CR with no therapy. Twelve are maintained on 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and or antidiarrheals to control symptoms. An additional six required prednisone throughout the follow-up period to remain in CR or PR. Two patients failed all therapy. CONCLUSION: Collagenous colitis is a treatable condition in most patients. We recommend initial therapy with antidiarrheals, followed by a trial of 5-ASA agent. A trial of 5-ASA in combination with prednisone should be attempted in patients refractory to 5-ASA alone, with subsequent attempts in the responders to taper prednisone and maintain remission with no therapy, if possible, or with 5-ASA and/or antidiarrheal agents if necessary.
PRAME expression in hairy cell leukemia

PRAME has been proposed as a useful marker for solid tumors and acute B-cell malignancies. Several studies demonstrate expression in CLL. To further examine its B-cell tumor distribution, we studied PRAME in both CLL and hairy cell leukemia (HCL). While by conventional PCR only 8% of 37 HCL and 27% of 22 CLL patients were positive, nearly all patients and normal donors expressed PRAME by real-time quantitative (TaqMan) PCR. We conclude that HCL and CLL differ in PRAME overexpression, and that basal normal expression of PRAME may limit its usefulness for following patients with minimal residual CLL or HCL.
METAL ION COORDINATION STUDIES ON A SILICA-BASED ION EXCHANGE RESIN BEFORE AND AFTER HEATING

Work designed to assess the potential of using a single material to sorb highly charged metal ions from aqueous solution and then microencapsulate and chemical fix those sorbed metal ions in vitreous silica is described. The basis for these studies is a chemically functionalized porous silica that is termed Diphosil. Diphosil was created by Chiarizia and coworkers (Solv. Extr. Ion Exch. 1996, 14(6), 1977–1100) as an ion exchange resin that strongly sorbs actinide and other highly charged metal ions from acid solutions. We have determined the maximum metal ion loading for Diphosil and shown that it sorbs trivalent ions from concentrated phosphoric acid. Using FT-IR analysis, we have shown that heating metal ion-loaded Diphosil in air converts its organic content primarily into carbon dioxide and water vapor. We have carried out studies on luminescence dynamics and spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy of metal ion-loaded Diphosil prior to and following heating in air. All of the re...