cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF MALE GAMETES AND AUXOSPORES IN THE CENTRIC DIATOMS CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA AND C. CRYPTICA(1) (2).

SUMMARY Vegetative cells of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutzing form male gametes and anxospores following transfer from a synthetic freshwater medium to a modified artificial seawater. Both spermatogenesis and auxospore formation are correlated with an increase in the Na+ concentration in the medium. Spermatogenesis can also be induced in C. cryptica Reimann, Lewin, and Guillard in artificial seawater with an adjusted sodium level.
“Feminization” of Psychology: The Changing Sex Ratio and Its Implications for the Profession

Women are participating in the field of psychology in increasing numbers relative to men. This development has been referred to as the “feminization of psychology,” and it carries with it a number of implications. This article reviews statistical data relating to the changing sex ratio and discusses their implications. Participation rates of women in psychology are examined as they pertain to enrollment in doctoral programs, graduation from baccalaureate programs, and career progress within the profession. Implications of changing sex ratios for occupational prestige, income and economics, work structure, education and training, and theory, research, and practice are then discussed. In conclusion, the concept of “feminization” is challenged as questions are raised about whether the increase in the number of women in psychology is a problem, as has been alleged, or a symptom of other problems within the field.
An examination of predictor variables for child compliance and noncompliance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents of child compliance and noncompliance. Both maternal and child behaviors served as predictors. Fifty-six clinic-referred children and their mothers served as subjects. Data were collected in the home setting by independent observers. Four multiple regression analyses were performed. The results indicated that the behavior immediately preceding child compliance or noncompliance typically was the best predictor. Furthermore, the antecedents for child compliance and noncompliance differed. For maternal antecedents, the type of command that served as the best predictor for child compliance and noncompliance differed; however, the final predictor equation was similar for the two types of child behaviors. For child antecedents, compliance was best predicted by compliance and noncompliance was best predicted by noncompliance. The results are discussed in terms of Patterson's coercion hypothesis.
A Krasnosel’skii-type result for planar sets starshaped via orthogonally convex paths

A Krasnosel’skii-type theorem for compact sets that are starshaped via staircase paths may be extended to compact sets that are starshaped via orthogonally convex paths: Let S be a nonempty compact planar set having connected complement. If every two points of S are visible via orthogonally convex paths from a common point of S, then S is starshaped via orthogonally convex paths. Moreover, the associated kernel Ker S has the expected property that every two of its points are joined in Ker S by an orthogonally convex path. If S is an arbitrary nonempty planar set that is starshaped via orthogonally convex paths, then for each component C of Ker S, every two of points of C are joined in C by an orthogonally convex path.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : I. INTRODUCTION

A series of investigations on respiration with improved quantitative methods has been commenced. The first of these are here described. They show that when anesthetics are employed in sufficient concentration to produce any result, plants show a rise in the rate of respiration which is followed by a fall. In the animals studied, the rise (found in higher concentrations only) was preceded by a temporary fall which is not entirely due to lowering of muscular activity or tonus. In lower concentrations the effect on animals was merely a decrease of respiration. The results of all the investigations are opposed to the theory of Verworn.
Institutional boundaries and common‐pool resource management: A comparative analysis of water management programs in California

Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article examines two key bodies of literature—common-pool resource management theory and local public economy theory—to explain how the boundaries of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination, they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Controversies Involving Gender and Intimate Partner Violence: Response to Commentators

In this response, I raise additional concerns related to controversies about gender and intimate partner violence (IPV). First, I argue that focusing on the dynamics of bi-directionally violent couples will enhance our ability to prevent a large quantity of IPV. Second, while directing resources toward those most impacted by IPV (i.e., women, children) is essential; pre-determining that women are always the appropriate victims is sexist and detrimental to prevention efforts. Third, although I offered a typology of bi-directionally violent couples, most of the factors associated with IPV (i.e., attachment, perceived control, fear, anger) and, most aspects of IPV, are dimensional constructs occurring in a society in which women’s roles are fluid. Making sense of this complexity poses a continued challenge.
Seasonal changes in the pituitary gland of the feral hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus).

The Hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a seasonally breeding mammal whose pituitary gland resembles that of other Viverridae. Certain features, such as a prominent pars tuberalis interna and a double-layered pars intermedia forming a cup for the neurohypophysis, are unique. With the light microscope, five different cell types can be recognized in the pars distalis after staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-orange G. Two types of acidophils are seen, a small yellow-staining cell and a large angular orange cell. Two basophilic cells are also seen, one with fine PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules and the other with coarse PAS-positive granules in the cytoplasm. The last cell type seen is the chromophobe. Differential cell counts indicated an altered distribution of chromophils in the ventral pars distalis of the female mongoose with changing season and reproductive status, but the most striking change was a decreased percentage of basophils in the pars distalis during the nonbreeding season.
A Photometric Technique for Quantitative Evaluation of Feeding Preferences of Phytophagous Insects

A quantitative method for defining the feeding preferences of a mandibulate, phytophagous insect is described. Plant material is offered to the insects in a petri dish uneaten portions of the disc to a selenium photocell. This transmitted light is a linear function of the area intercepted by the disc. The method allows direct utilization arena in the form of 9-mm-diameter discs punched from of photometer readings in judging feeding preference freshly excised leaves. The palatability of each leaf disc is measured by the amount of light transmitted past the without further transformation.
Passively Cooled Railway Embankments for Use in Permafrost Areas

Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) underlies approximately 25% of the world’s land surface. Construction of surface facilities in these regions presents unique engineering challenges due to the alteration of the thermal regime at the ground surface. Even moderate disturbance of the preexisting ground surface energy balance can induce permafrost thawing with consequent settlement and damage to roadway or railway embankments. Railway embankments are particularly susceptible to thaw settlement damage because of the need to maintain the alignment and even grade of the rails. The present work examines the heat transfer and thermal characteristics of railway embankments constructed of unconventional, highly porous materials. It is possible to produce a passive cooling effect with such embankments because of the unstable density stratification and resulting natural convection that can occur during winter months. The convection enhances the upward transport of heat out of the embankment during winter, thus co...
“Another Man's Poison”

The following article is the first in a series that I hope will eventually appear in the pages of curator. The series represents a response to the many appeals for help that we receive from curators charged with the care of specimens outside their particular areas of experience or training. In many museums where the staff is too limited for specialization, or where even one officer has the supervision of a variety of subjects, many problems arise that are not readily solved by available advice. Moreover, by inadvertence, precious specimens may be endangered for lack of the experience that specialization gives. For these reasons we have planned a sequence of articles on the care and preservation of museum specimens, subject by subject. It is our hope that they will be found useful and valuable.
Comparative assimilation efficiencies of two lizards

Abstract o 1. A comparative study of assimilation efficiencies showed that Crotaphytus collaris (carnivore) was 32.4% efficient on a diet of flowers and could not maintain body weight on this diet. 2. Sauromalus obesus (herbivore) was 66.6% efficient on a flower diet. 3. Both lizard species were equally efficient on diets of crickets (60%) and were able to maintain body weight. 4. Crotaphytus showed a higher digestive efficiency under conditions of constant temperature (37°C) than when the temperature was cycled, between 20 and 37°C daily. Sauromalus showed no such temperature effect. 5. The data indicate that Crotaphytus is unable to survive on a herbivorous diet while Sauromalus is required to be herbivorous because of ecological considerations.
Decomposition of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain compound Sr 2 CuO 3 in air and water: An EPR and magnetic susceptibility study of Sr 2 Cu(OH) 6

The reaction of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$ with air and water was studied to address the origin of the reported variable Curie-Weiss impurity contribution to the magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of this compound at low temperatures. ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$ was found to decompose upon exposure to either of these environments. The compound ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}$ was identified as the primary reaction product. A pure sample of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}$ was then prepared separately. Electron paramagnetic resonance, isothermal magnetization versus magnetic field $[M(H)],$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}$ versus temperature T measurements demonstrate that ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}$ contains weakly interacting ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ magnetic moments with spin $S=\frac{1}{2}$ and average g factor equal to 2.133. From a fit of $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ by the Curie-Weiss law and of the $M(H)$ isotherms by modified Brillouin functions, the exchange interaction between adjacent ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ spins was found to be ${J/k}_{\mathrm{B}}=1.06(4)\mathrm{K},$ a weakly antiferromagnetic interaction. Our results indicate that the previously reported, strongly sample-dependent, Curie-Weiss contribution to $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ of a polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$ sample most likely arises from exposing the sample to air, resulting in a variable amount of paramagnetic ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}$ on the surface of the sample.
Measuring the physical food environment and its relationship with obesity: evidence from California.

There is a growing literature that evaluates the links between the food environment and dietary intake and health outcomes.1–3 Findings are highly contingent on constructed measures of the food environment, which vary substantially across studies. Furthermore, different measures assume different underlying relationships between the food environment and individual outcomes.
The pronominal origin of an evidential

SUMMARYEvidentials most commonly arise from reduced or reanalyzed verbs or tensed verb forms, particularly from performative verbs of saying or hearing. However, in a few seemingly rare examples, this is not the case. In this paper the author presents the case of two evidential particles —ambo and ampo — found in the Pangi variety of Lega, a Bantu language spoken in eastern Zaire. A diachronic analysis is proposed in which it is argued that ambo has derived from a third person personal pronoun. While the case of ampo is not as clear, it is proposed that it, too, ultimately derived from the same third person pronoun, but came into the Pangi variety of Lega via borrowing.RESUMELes formes 'evidentiares' proviennent generalement des formes verbales reduites ou re-analysees, surtout des verbes performatifs de dire et de ouir. Cependant, dans des exemples assez rares, ceci n'est pas le cas. Dans l'article actuel l'auteur present le cas de deux particules 'evidentiares' — ambo et ampo — qui se trouvent dans le dialecte Pangi du Lega, langue bantoue de l'est du Zaire. Il propose une analyse diachronique dans laquelle ambo provient d'un pronom personnel de la troisieme personne du pluriel. Bien que le cas de ampo n'est pas aussi clair, on propose que cette forme provient egalement du meme pronom, mais a travers un emprunt.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSog. 'Evidentiale' ruhren von reduzierten oder reanalysierten Verbalfor-men oder Zeitverben her, insbesondere performativen, die sagen oder horen zum Inhalt haben. Bei einigen, scheinbar seltenen Beispielen ist dies jedoch nicht der Fall. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden zwei Evidentialpartikel vor-gefuhrt —ambo und ampo — die in Pangi, einem Dialekt des Lega, einer Bantu-Sprache des ostlichen Zaire zu finder ist. Der Autor schlagt eine diachronische Analyse vor, derzufolge ambo von einem Personalpronomen der 3. Person stammt. Obgleich der Fall von ampo nicht vollends klar ist, wird doch vorgeschlagen, das auch diese Form denselben Ursprung hat, auch wenn sie durch Entlehung ins Pangi gelangt war.
Biased attributions of a price increase: effects of culture and gender

In developing pricing strategies for the global marketplace, sellers have to consider the differences in how their consumers process information on prices. One potential difference is in attributions: whether the consumer blames the seller for a negative outcome such as a price increase. Prior research suggests that in individualistically oriented groups such as Anglos (and perhaps males), causal attributions are egocentrically biased: the cause of a negative outcome tends to be attributed to the actions of another person. In collectively oriented groups such as Hispanics (and perhaps females), the bias is much less. Empirical results, however, reveal that all groups demonstrate biased attributions of price increases. As a result, they have a less positive attitude toward the seller. The difference is that Hispanics and females generally infer that sellers have behaved in a more socially approved manner than do Anglos and males.
Large carbon cluster ion formation by laser ablation of polyimide and graphite

Abstract Polyimide is studied by laser ablation using 266 nm radiation. Ions formed in the ablation are detected using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Mass spectra of graphite are also obtained under the same experimental conditions. The mass spectra from polyimide show large intensities of high-mass carbon cluster ions ( m/e > 800 amu), similar in composition to those observed by laser ablation of graphite under some conditions. For ablation of polyimide using higher laser fluence, lower-mass distributions of ions are also observed. The craters formed by the laser ablation of both polyimide and graphite are measured in order to find the volume of material ablated per pulse, which is used to estimate the particle density in the laser-generated plasma. The results are shown to be consistent with the growth of the high-mass ions by gas phase reactions.
Adaptive controller with delay compensation for Air-Fuel Ratio regulation in SI engines

Stringent requirements to maintain low emission levels over the vehicle lifetime constrain the combustion Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) within a narrow band around the stoichiometric value and hence pose a challenging AFR control problem. In order to match the desired AFR level Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen (UEGO) sensors have been recently employed within control loops involving nonlinear engine dynamics. Sensor measurement uncertainties and inevitable effects of aging of these sensors motivate the use of online tuning algorithms for the controller gains. In this paper we develop an adaptive control structure which consists of an adaptive PI controller and an adaptive Smith predictor for time-delay systems with unknown plant parameters. We implement our control design using a plant model representing simplified engine dynamics with a constant UEGO sensor delay based on the assumption that the overall time constant of the plant is unknown. The performance of the adaptive controller is demonstrated through simulation scenarios where additional benefits of our design approach can be observed.
Robot-assisted radical cystectomy in women: technique and initial experience.

Background and Purpose: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is a new management option for the treatment of bladder cancer. This study evaluates an initial experience with RARC with ileal cond...
Cellular mechanisms of differential action potential duration restitution in canine ventricular muscle cells during single versus double premature stimuli.

BACKGROUNDWe tested the hypothesis that action potential duration (APD) restitution of normal ventricular muscle cells is different during double premature stimuli (S3) compared with a single premature stimulus (S2). We propose a possible ionic mechanism for such a difference.METHODS AND RESULTSAction potentials and isometric tension were recorded simultaneously from isolated canine right ventricular trabeculae (2 x 2 x 10 mm) (n = 35). APD and tension restitution curves (APD) and peak tension versus diastolic interval [DI] of S2 and S3 were constructed by the extrastimulus method during pacing at 1,500 msec. The following results were obtained. 1) The APD restitution curve of S2 was different from that of S3. During the restitution of S2, an early biphasic upward hump was present at short DIs. In contrast, a smooth exponential rise was consistently seen during S3 restitution. 2) Peak tension remained significantly (p less than 0.001) lower during the restitution of S2 than during S3 restitution at all DI...
Sexual dimorphism, mating system, and effect of phylogeny in De Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus)

De Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), like other guenons, shows marked sexual dimorphism in an array of features. While strong sexual dimorphism is generally associated with a polygynous mating system, populations of De Brazza's monkeys in Gabon are reportedly monogamous. An explanation of this unique phenomenon is offered here. Patterns of sexual dimorphism are examined for morphology, growth and development, behavior, and ecology, and field and captive studies on the social organization and mating system of De Brazza's monkey and congeneric guenon species are reviewed. Based on the findings, it is postulated that 1) De Brazza's monkeys are not strictly monogamous, but exhibit interpopulational variation in their mating system, from facultative monogamy to mild polygyny; 2) marked sexual dimorphism most likely reflects the effect of the historical-phylogenetic factor; ie, it represents a holdover of a degree of dimorphism established earlier in evolutionary history when the degree of polygyny Was higher; and 3) lessening in the degree of polygyny and a tendency toward monogamy represents a consequence of selection toward small group size. Small group size, a unique antipredator strategy, and failure to form polyspecific associations are ultimately most likely the result of intragroup and interspecific competition and predation pressure.
Manufacturable multimaterial integration: compound semiconductor devices bonded to silicon circuitry

The integration of thin film optoelectronic devices with host substrates such as circuits, waveguides, and micromachines offers to the systems engineer the freedom to choose the optimal materials to achieve performance and cost objectives. In essence, the bonding of the thin film components becomes an integral part of the system packaging. The fabrication and integration of thin film compound semiconductor optoelectronic devices with a number of host substrates is presented. Thin film devices have been integrated with silicon circuits, and movable micromachines, and have been used to demonstrate three dimensionally interconnected systems. The three dimensionally integrated systems include detector arrays bonded directly on top of circuits for massively parallel processing of images, and vertical optical interconnections have been demonstrated between stacked layers of silicon circuits (which are transparent to the wavelength of light used) for a massively parallel processing architecture based upon low memory and high input/output.
The policy context for child and adolescent mental health services: implications for systems reform and basic science development.

: Significant state and national policy initiatives are focusing on strategies for financing and structuring the delivery of evidence-based services for children. These initiatives reflect, in part, an increased awareness of and respect for scientific standards about effective treatments and services. At the same time, major studies of system reform and organizational behavior are calling into question the effectiveness of current practices and identifying the complexities of taking science-based services to scale. Four major policy initiatives are described and the implications of scientific developments within the basic neurosciences for improving policy, practice, and service in children's mental health is discussed.
A re-evaluation of the taste and odour of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in drinking water.

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that has been found in groundwater when an underground gasoline storage tank leaks. Although dependent on the clean-up standards that are applied, clean-up costs have been estimated in the US alone to be in the billions of dollars. MTBE is considered primarily a taste and odour concern and not a toxicity issue at concentrations found in drinking water. Thus, the clean-up of MTBE problems is controlled by the MTBE odour threshold concentration (OTC). The level of clean-up and associated differential of millions of dollars is a matter of concern for water purveyors and well owners. A 1993 study of nine OTC studies showed the OTC of MTBE in water to be between 0.04 and 0.06 μg/L, a level over two orders of magnitude less than eight other studies. This 1993 study was repeated at the original laboratory in 2004 and is reported in this paper. The laboratory9s quality control programme and ability to repeat one of the eight other studies indicated the laboratory was qualified to repeat its original OTC study. The flavour and odour detection threshold range in the 1993 study, however, could not be confirmed by trained assessors repeating the original study in 2004. The inconsistencies in the data and the high detection on water blanks indicate that the dilution series of the test solutions for the 1993 study were mainly at subthreshold levels. Therefore, the original study of 1993 is not a valid OTC study for MTBE and should not be used to develop drinking water and clean-up standards. The OTC of MTBE is over 15 μg/L for the eight valid studies.
Aberrations in temporal imaging

Recent advances in temporal imaging allow construction of systems that can expand or compress arbitrary waveforms in time, while maintaining the shape of their envelope profile with subpicosecond resolution. The process is analogous to imaging in space, with the quadratic spectral phase introduced by narrow-band dispersion performing the time-domain role of paraxial diffraction and quadratic temporal phase modulation acting as a time lens. Higher order phase terms in the dispersive networks and the time lens modulation introduce aberrations into the system. The effect each aberration has on the final temporal image varies depending on the system configuration and where the source is located in the system. A theoretical and experimental study of aberration effects is presented.
Crystallization in Bile

The formation of crystalline components in gallstones is governed by the physical-chemical factors controlling the crystallization of minerals in aqueous systems. The elucidation of the mechanism of these reactions, especially at the low supersaturations of interest in vivo, is facilitated by the use of a constant composition method in which the reactions are studied at supersaturation levels automatically sustained, potentiometrically, during the experiments. Not only is it possible to distinguish between the various theoretical models of crystal growth, but the influence of in vivo modifiers of mineralization can be investigated at the same conditions of low supersaturation. The method is illustrated for the calcium phosphate system in which it is shown that precursor phases may be stabilized kinetically for long periods of time despite the fact that the driving forces for the formation of the thermodynamically most stable phase are appreciable. These factors will have important consequences during the precipitation of mineral phases in the formation of gallstones.
A structural view of the COPII vesicle coat

The COPII vesicle coat coordinates the budding of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum in the initial step of the secretory pathway. The coat orchestrates a sequence of events including self-assembly on the membrane, cargo and SNARE molecule selection, and deformation of the membrane into a bud to drive vesicle fission. Recent molecular-level studies have helped to explain how the three components of yeast COPII - Sar1 GTPase, the Sec23/24 subcomplex and the Sec13/31 subcomplex - combine to organize this complex process.
Growth of TiO2 nanorods by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The growth of TiO2 nanorods on a WC–Co substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition has been observed by SEM and TEM. The nanorods diameter and length were about 50–100 nm and 0.5–2 μm, respectively. Nanorod growth was observed at 500°C, while mostly particles were deposited at 600°C and a thin coating was formed at 400°C. It appears that the presence of cobalt catalyzes the directional growth of TiO2 and NH3 enhances this growth behavior. In the presence of NH3, thinner and longer nanorod growth was observed.
Recognition of local anesthetic maldistribution in axillary brachial plexus block guided by ultrasound and nerve stimulation

Nerve stimulation may occur despite the presence of a fascial barrier between the needle tip and the nerve, which may prevent appropriate flow or distribution of local anesthetic solution. During an axillary nerve block, ultrasound (US) guidance was used to identify the median nerve. Insertion of a needle with US and nerve stimulator guidance resulted in the appearance of the needle tip in contact with the nerve. However, as local anesthetic injection was begun, it was clear that the injectate was accumulating superficial to the investing fascia of the neurovascular bundle. No injectate was seen below the fascia. With US guidance, the needle was repositioned at a greater depth. Repeat injection of local anesthetic clearly flowed around the nerve.
A parallel processing simulation of sequential algorithms

A hypothetical multiprocessor along with some operation assumptions and a programming technique are introduced in order to simulate the parallel processing of sequential algorithms which possess inherently parallel steps.
Use of a laboratory information system driven tool for pre-signout quality assurance of random cytopathology reports.

Background: Quality assurance (QA) programs in cytopathology laboratories in the USA currently primarily involve the review of Pap tests per clinical laboratory improvement amendments of 1988 federal regulations. A pre-signout quality assurance tool (PQAT) at our institution allows the laboratory information system (LIS) to also automatically and randomly select an adjustable percentage of non-gynecological cytopathology cases for review before release of the final report. The aim of this study was to review our experience and the effectiveness of this novel PQAT tool in cytology. Materials and Methods: Software modifications in the existing LIS application (CoPathPlus, Cerner) allow for the random QA of 8% of cases prior to signout. Selected cases are assigned to a second QA cytopathologist for review and all agreement and disagreements tracked. Detected errors are rectified before the case is signed out. Data from cases selected for PQAT over an 18-month period were collected and analyzed. Results: The total number of non-gynecological cases selected for QA review was 1339 (7.45%) out of 17,967 cases signed out during this time period. Most (1304) cases (97.4%) had an agreement in diagnosis. In 2.6% of cases, there were disagreements, including 34 minor and only 1 major disagreement. Average turnaround time of cases selected for review was not significantly altered. Conclusion: The PQAT provides a prospective QA mechanism in non-gynecological cytopathology to prevent diagnostic errors from occurring. This LIS-driven tool allows for peer review and corrective action to be taken prior to reporting without delaying turnaround time, thereby improving patient safety.
The opposition surge of Enceladus: HST observations 338–1022 nm

Abstract Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide-Field Planetary Camera (WFPC2) observations at phase angles in the range α=0.26°–6.4° obtained at every opposition and near quadrature between October 1996 and December 2002 reveal the opposition effect of Enceladus. We present a photometric analysis of nearly 200 images obtained through the five broadband UVBRI filters (F336W, F439W, F555W, F675W, and F814W) and the F785LP and F1042M filters from which we generate mutually consistent solar and rotational phase curves. Our solar phase curves reveal a dramatic, sharp increase in the albedo (from 0.11 mag in the F675W filter to 0.17 mag in the F785LP filter) as phase angles decrease from 2° to 0.26°. A slight opposition effect is evident in data from the F1042M filter (λeff=1022 nm); however, the smallest phase angle currently available for observations from this filter is α=0.58°. With the addition of data from the F255W filter we demonstrate the wavelength dependence of the albedo of the trailing hemisphere from 275 to 1022 nm. Our rotation curves show that the trailing hemisphere is ∼0.06 mag brighter than the leading when observed at wavelengths between 338 and 868 nm and 0.11 mag brighter than the leading at 1022 nm. We have supplemented the phase curve from the F439W filter (λeff=434 nm) with Voyager clear filter (λeff=480 nm) observations made at larger phase angles (α=13°–43°) to produce a phase curve with the most extensive phase angle coverage possible to date. This newly expanded range of phase angles enhances the ability of the Hapke photometric model (Hapke B., 2002, Icarus 157, 523–534) to relate physical characteristics of the surface of Enceladus to the manner in which incident light is reflected from it. We present Hapke 2002 model fits to solar phase curves from each UVBRI filter as well as from the F785LP and F1042M filters. Geometric albedos derived from these model fits range from p=0.92±0.01 at 1022 nm to p=1.41±0.03 at 549 nm, necessitating an increase of about 20% from previously derived values. Our Hapke fits demonstrate that the opposition surge of Enceladus is best described by a model which combines both moderate shadow-hiding and narrow coherent backscattering components.
The many faces of Th17 cells

Th17 cells have been shown to be strong inducers of tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. However, not all Th17 cells are pathogenic and increasing data suggest that Th17 cells may come in different flavors. Thus, Th17 cells cannot be described using a narrow schematic, but instead Th17 cells comprise a wide spectrum with a range of effector phenotypes. Here, we review the key factors that generate such diversity, as well as the cytokines and transcription factors that are differentially expressed in pathogenic and nonpathogenic Th17 cells. This new knowledge can be used to identify molecules that make Th17 cells pathogenic and determine how these cells could be targeted to suppress autoimmune diseases.
Family Structure, Family Disruption, and Profiles of Adolescent Religiosity

Youth in the United States are experiencing increasing numbers of family transitions as parents move in and out of marriages and cohabiting relationships. Using three waves of survey data from the National Study of Youth and Religion, I examine the relationship between family structure, parental breakup, and adolescent religiosity. A person-centered measure of the religiosity of adolescents is used to identify youth as Abiders, Adapters, Assenters, Avoiders, or Atheists and to assess movement of youth between the religious profiles between 2003 and 2008. Wave 1 family structure is not significantly related to religious change among adolescents at Wave 3. In contrast, the experience of a parental breakup is related to a change in religious profiles over time. Parental breakup is associated with religious decline among Abiders and Adapters, youth characterized by high levels of religious salience. However, among Assenters who are marginally tied to religion, a parental breakup or divorce is associated with increased religious engagement.
Rhythmic activity in the EEG of newborns.

Abstract 1. 1. Rhythmic 7–12/sec activities, in several ways simulating alpha activity of adults, was observed in 312 out of 717 EEGs of newborns. 2. 2. Newborns delivered with their heads positioned right occiput anterior, transverse, or posterior showed greatest amounts of alpha-like activity in right hemisphere leads, whereas infants born left occiput transverse or posterior showed greatest activity on the left. Compression of one hemisphere during birth may depress the electrical activity, the hemisphere at risk being determined by the position of the head. 3. 3. Infants born under circumstances which were potentially brain injuring, such as breech or cesarean section during labor, less often showed this alpha-like activity than infants born by uncomplicated vertex delivery or cesarean section performed before labor. 4. 4. No relationship between the Apgar index for asphyxia, or pre-delivery sedation given the mother, and alpha-like activity was observed. 5. 5. The Shepovalnikov hypothesis that a larval alpha rhythm already exists at birth deserves consideration, although further work is required to prove conclusively that the newborn alpha-like activity is not an artifact.
The topographic organization of associational fibers of the olfactory system in the rat, including centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb

This study analyzed the topographic organization of the associational fibers within the olfactory cortex of the rat, by using the autoradiographic method. Small injections of 3H-leucine were placed in all of the subdivisions of the olfactory cortex, to label selectively the fibers arising in each area. Intracortical fibers were identified from all of the olfactory cortical areas except the olfactory tubercle and were classified into two major systems (the layer Ib system and the layer II-deep Ib system) on the basis of their laminar pattern of termination (see Luskin and Price, '83). The layer Ib fiber system arises in the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, and lateral entorhinal area, and is broadly organized in relation to the lateral olfactory tract. Cortical areas deep to or near the lateral olfactory tract are preferentially interconnected with areas near the tract, while parts of the cortex lateral and caudal to the lateral olfactory tract are most heavily interconnected with areas lateral, caudal, and medial to the tract. Commissural projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus and the anterior piriform cortex match some (but not all) components of the ipsilateral layer Ib fiber system. The layer II-deep Ib fiber system arises in three small areas--the ventral tenia tecta, the dorsal peduncular cortex, and the periamygdaloid cortex. The fibers from the ventral tenia tecta terminate in layer II of the anterior olfactory nucleus and are topographically organized. The fibers from the dorsal peduncular cortex and the periamygdaloid cortex are more widely distributed, especially in the lateral and caudal parts of the cortex. Two other intracortical projections do not fit into either of these fiber systems. The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract projects bilaterally to the islands of Calleja and the medial edge of the anterior piriform cortex. The anterior cortical nucleus projects to many parts of the olfactory cortex, but the fibers end in both superficial and deep parts of layer I (layer Ia and Ib). There are projections from several of the olfactory cortical areas to the cortical areas surrounding the olfactory cortex. Virtually all of the olfactory areas also project to the ventral and dorsal endopiriform nuclei deep to the piriform cortex and/or to the polymorph zone deep to the olfactory tubercle. In addition, projections have been demonstrated to the deep amygdaloid nuclei, especially from the more ventromedial and caudal parts of the olfactory cortex.
Social Capital and Health

Pick any current issue of a journal such as Social Science & Medicine or the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health and one is bound to see a featured article about social capital and health. Search on Pubmed for “social capital and health”, and one sees over 27,500 articles listed (as of December 2006). Enter the same search term in Google, and you get over 9 million hits. Yet wind the clock back to circa 1996 and one would be hard pressed to find an article in the public health literature that even mentioned this concept. In other words, within a short span of a decade, social capital has entered the mainstream of public health discourse, where it is now the theme of professional conferences, as well as the topic of white papers put out by government health agencies worldwide. For sure social capital was talked about in fields outside public health prior to 1996 – in sociology (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1990), economics (Loury, 1992), and political science (Putnam, 1993) – but the explosion of interest in applying the concept to public health is a comparatively recent phenomenon (Figure 1.1).
Geochemical phases of metals in Hudson River Estuary sediments

Bottom sediment samples were collected from six location along a section of the Hudson River Estuary, 5.3 to 82.7 km from the ocean. These samples were analyzed for particle and, due to the bimodal distribution of the sediment, were seperated into two size fractions, fine (<7.8 um) and coarse (7.8-62 um). These fractions were subject to a sequential chemical phase extraction procedure to differenciate the ion exchangeable, carbonate, metallic oxide coating, and organic phases. The extracted phases were analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer for Cd, Co, Cc, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Metals were found to be associated largely with fine particle-size fraction. The concentration of fine particles (especially the <2 um size mode within the fine fraction) is a crucial in influencing overall metal content. This is evidenced by strong correlations between the <2 {mu}m or clay mode and concentrations in the metallic-oxide coating phase. Various metal/metal relationships exist among the phases and fractions studied and are highlighted by strong correlations, such as Ni and Zn, and Cu and Cd. The trends associated among the metal and mud concentrations are significant in terms of assessing the bioavailability of heavy metals within the river andmore » estuary system, and as a result, provide valuable insight into the ultimate fate of pollutants which are introduced to this unique environment. 24 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.« less
New test method for evaluation of corona-caused aging in fiber-optic cables

Fiber-optic communication cables installed on high voltage transmission line structures are subject to high electric fields, which may cause corona discharge near the grounded cable support. This corona discharge, in the long term, deteriorates the cable jacket, which may result in puncture and failure. This paper proposes a new test method to evaluate the corona resistance of fiber-optic cable jackets. The feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by testing five different cables for 3000 hours. The test results show that the proposed method is suitable to determine corona resistance. The authors propose that the new method be considered for an IEEE standard on fiber-optic cable.
A Comparison of Time to Positive Culture and Time to Clinical Identification of Serious Bacterial Infection in Infants

To compare the time to positive culture with the time to clinical detection of serious bacterial infection (SBI) in young infants, a retrospective case series of 949 infants age 0-60 days, who had a body fluid cultured in the emergency department or within 24 hours of admission was analyzed. Times to first report of positive culture and first clinical diagnosis of SBI were compared. Of 44 infants with positive cultures, 48% were clinically diagnosed with SBI at first evaluation. Of 21 infants with cultures reported positive after 24 hours, 14 were already diagnosed with SBI. Infections that altered therapy were identified after 24 and 36 hours in 4 infants and 1 infant, respectively. In infants with SBIs, the time to positive culture is longer than the time to identification of infection.
Effects of multimodal presentation and stimulus familiarity on auditory and visual processing

Two experiments examined the effects of multimodal presentation and stimulus familiarity on auditory and visual processing. In Experiment 1, 10-month-olds were habituated to either an auditory stimulus, a visual stimulus, or an auditory-visual multimodal stimulus. Processing time was assessed during the habituation phase, and discrimination of auditory and visual stimuli was assessed during a subsequent testing phase. In Experiment 2, the familiarity of the auditory or visual stimulus was systematically manipulated by prefamiliarizing infants to either the auditory or visual stimulus prior to the experiment proper. With the exception of the prefamiliarized auditory condition in Experiment 2, infants in the multimodal conditions failed to increase looking when the visual component changed at test. This finding is noteworthy given that infants discriminated the same visual stimuli when presented unimodally, and there was no evidence that multimodal presentation attenuated auditory processing. Possible factors underlying these effects are discussed.
The two similarly expressed genes encoding U3 snRNA in Schizosaccharomyces pombe lack introns.

Both genes encoding U3 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were recently shown to be interrupted by introns of the type removed by the pre-mRNA splicing machinery. We previously described one of the two U3 genes from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In the present work, the second S. pombe U3 coding sequence was identified, and direct RNA sequence analysis was used to show that neither the U3A nor the U3B gene from this organism contains an intervening sequence. Our data also demonstrate that, as expected, the two RNAs exhibit great primary- and secondary-structure conservation. These similarities are not likely to be the result of a recent gene duplication or conversion event, because the DNA sequences flanking the U3A and U3B genes have diverged substantially. A notable exception is a 19-bp block, centered 36 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional start site, in which the two loci match in 15 positions; this motif may represent an RNA polymerase II upstream regulatory element, because related sequences are found preceding fission yeast Ul, U2, U4, and U5 snRNA genes. The significance of a short conserved sequence just downstream of the U3A and U3B genes is unknown, as it is not found 3’ to other snRNA coding sequences in S. pombe. The 5’ one-third of U3B RNA can be folded into a dual hairpin structure, as we previously proposed for Schizosaccharomyces pombe U3A and for other lower eukaryotic U3 homologues. Quantitation of fission yeast U3A and U3B indicates that, in contrast to snR17A and B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these RNAs accumulate to similar levels.
Cretaceous shales from the western interior of North America: sulfur/carbon ratios and sulfur-isotope composition.

Carbon and sulfur abundance and δ 34 S of pyrite sulfur were studied in cores of selected Cretaceous marine shales from the western interior of North America. Sulfur/carbon ratios average 0.67, a value greater than that observed in recent marine sediments and much higher than global values calculated for the Cretaceous. Increased S/C ratios probably result from generally low levels of bioturbation and enhanced efficiency of sulfate reduction due to low oxygen levels in the Cretaceous seaway. Isotopic compositions of pyrite sulfur vary systematically with the level of oxygenation of the depositional environment and therefore with organic carbon abundance and type of organic matter. Samples with organic carbon in excess of 4 wt% contain disseminated pyrite that is extremely depleted in 34 S (mean δ 34 S = −31‰); these samples are laminated clay shales that contain hydrogen-rich (type II) organic matter. Samples containing less than 1.5% organic carbon display relatively “heavy” but wide ranging δ 34 S values (δ 34 S = −34.6‰ to +16.8‰; mean δ 34 S = −12.4‰); these samples are highly bioturbated and contain only type III, hydrogen-poor organic matter. Samples containing intermediate amounts of organic carbon contain pyrite with δ 34 S values averaging −25.9‰ and contain mixed type II and type III organic matter. The higher organic carbon content and the preservation of hydrogen-rich organic matter generally correlate with slow sedimentation. Samples rich in organic carbon and containing isotopically “light” sulfide sulfur accumulated beneath anoxic and perhaps sulfidic bottom waters. Samples with intermediate organic matter content and intermediate sulfur isotopic compositions accumulated under mainly dysaerobic bottom waters. Samples with relatively low amounts of organic carbon and wide-ranging but less negative sulfur isotopic values were deposited beneath oxygenated bottom waters. Sulfur-isotope data are apparently a sensitive indicator of diagenetic or depositional facies of fine-grained Cretaceous rocks in the western interior.