cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual complexity and the evolution of the lexicon.

Although natural languages are generally arbitrary in their mapping of forms to meanings, there are some detectable biases in these mappings. For example, longer words tend to refer to meanings that are more conceptually complex (what we refer to as a complexity bias; Lewis, Sugarman, & Frank, 2014). The origins of this bias remain an open question, however. One hypothesis is that this lexical regularity is the product of a complexity bias in individual speakers, and that it emerges in the lexicon over the course of language evolution. In the present work, we use an iterated learning paradigm to explore this proposal. Speakers learned labels of varying lengths for objects of varying complexity, and then were asked to recall the learned labels. We then presented the labels that participants produced to a new set of speakers, iterating this procedure across generations. The results suggest the presence of a complexity bias that guides language change but that interacts with pressures for simplicity.
Gut Microbiome Re-programming in the ATLAS Model of Colitis

Aggregate read classification data (Illumina 16S Metagenomics v1.0.1) was applied to determine distributions of microbial taxonomic classification of 16S rRNAs without the need for upfront OTU clustering [1]. Classification algorithms use the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) naive Bayesian algorithm. The classification step uses ClassifyReads, a high-performance implementation of the RDP Classifier described in Wang Q. et al., 2007 [2]. Statistical Analysis: Association testing of all covariates versus all taxa was performed via pairwise T-tests of sample means supplanted by one-way ANOVA and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCOA). Significant differences between the control versus the 7-day and 60-day groups with respect to total classified reads, reads associated with Prevotellaceae, and reads associated with the BPP group.
The objective and perspective of recording electrical activity from the central nervous system

In 1929 Hans Bergr successfully recorded electrical activity from the human brain using surface scalp electrodes. Since, the EEG has brought significant contributions to the fields of clinical neurology and neurophysiology. As a clinical diagnostic tool, the EEG has provided information for functional as well anatomical (structural) brain disturbances. As a functional diagnosis, the EEG is far superior to other functional tests such as PET, SPECT or functional MRI because of its excellent temporal resolution representing moment to moment changes in the level of consciousness. However, the progress has been hampered due to difficulty in quantifying EEG data because of its extreme dynamics and variability, which perhaps reflects yet unknown brain functions. This difficulty will be overcome by improved quantification methods and statistical measures using various computer applications including topographic mapping, power spectrum analysis, covariance, correlation or coherence function. Because of its poor spacial resolution, the EEG has relinquished its place to CT and MRI scans as an anatomical diagnostic tool. The surface recorded electrical activity is greatly attenuated and distorted by the time it reaches to the scalp. This is due to the inhomogeneous tissues (CSF, dura, skull, scalp) that intervene between the recording electrodes and cortical surface. Because the human body or head consists of electroconductive media of various geometries, current distortion, far-field potentials or paradoxical lateralizations further complicate the interpretation of EEG in postulating the location of anatomical generator sources from surface recorded EEG. Advanced computer technology is in progress to quantify the EEG data by taking into account the factors of conductivity, geometry shape and individual head size. This will improve the accuracy of localizing current generator sources in relationship to brain anatomy. By solving these problems in a methodical fashion, EEG will become the revelation for understanding the functional anatomy of brain and will step closer to Berger's dream, "EEG is a window of human mental activity".
Immune reactions in allergic alveolitis.

This article discusses newer cellular immunological and immunoregulatory events operative in the pathogenesis of «allergic alveolitis» (aa). An early increase in neutrophils and chemotactic factors followed by an influx of macrophages and lymphoid cells with ultimate production of granulomas have been demonstrated in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of experimental animals and of man in aa
The role of federal Renewable Fuel Standards and market structure on the growth of the cellulosic biofuel sector

Abstract This article examines the effect of the Renewable Fuel Standards and market power on the growth of the cellulosic biofuel sector. We develop a sectoral model to show how changes in the regulations governing cellulosic fuel production affect the equilibrium quantity of cellulosic ethanol. Based on model calibration for Washington State, we find that existing low-cost waivers purchased by obligated parties in lieu of cellulosic fuel production negate the effectiveness of the Renewable Fuel Standard to induce the production and consumption of cellulosic biofuels. However, raising waiver price slightly relative to the status quo significantly increases the equilibrium quantity of cellulosic ethanol. The high cost of cellulosic ethanol production is often cited as the cause of the lack of cellulosic ethanol production, which is used to justify low waiver prices. Our policy message is the converse: the low current waiver price significantly contributes to the cellulosic ethanol market stagnation in the context of the current biofuel policy.
Return to the Paradoxes

In 1930 the discussion about the irreversibility paradoxes was resumed momentarily by L. Szilard (1929) and G. Lewis (1930). Szilard revived Maxwell’s demon, the “sorting” demon described by Maxwell (1871) as a “door” that could open or shut to selectively allow only the fast molecules to pass from a gas on the left side to a gas on the right side. The gas on the right would keep getting hotter and the gas on the left, colder, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Szilard argued that the activity of the demon was such that if it were considered in sufficient detail, its entropy would increase by more than the decrease in the gases and there would be no violation of the second law. According to him and Lewis, irreversibility is not the kind of thing that can be defeated by hypothetical devices but rather it is something that emerges forcefully when we pass from the two-way time of physics to the one-way time of psychology, due to nothing more, perhaps, than the “loss of information” that accompanies the passage. That popularization of the “loss of information” idea, valid as it is, and yet finally inadequate in explanations to physics, has led to important cliches in discussions about irreversibility, and it did lead to the useful Information Theory (1949) developed by Weiner and Shannon.
Edward Hyatt Powerplant Intake Structure

A major component of the 644-megawatt Oroville Powerplant on the Feather River in California is the sloping, multilevel, temperature-controlling intake structure. This intake is capable of providing the powerplant with over 16,500 cu ft of water per sec. In addition to performing the usual intake function, it also provides a control of the temperature of water passing through the powerplant and downstream. Control is required to avoid damage to downstream agricultural, recreational, and fishlife interests. The intake can vary the temperature of the powerplant discharge by as much as 25○ F. The submerged portions of the intake are designed for a pressure differential of 5 ft of head. Pressure regulating devices within the intake channels make this low head design feasible. Special materials are used extensively to reduce maintenance as well as first cost. Submerged rails, fixed metal work, and the entire trashrack system have been fabricated from stainless steel.
On being called something

Building on recent work by Delia Graff Fara and Ora Matushansky on appellative constructions like ‘Mirka called Roger handsome’, I argue that if Millianism about proper names is true, then the quantifier ‘something’ in ‘Mirka called Roger something’ is best understood as a kind of substitutional quantifier. Any adequate semantics for such quantifiers must explain both the logical behavior of ‘Mirka called Roger something’ and the acceptability of ‘so’-anaphora in ‘Mirka called Roger something, and everyone so called is handsome’. Millianism about proper names is inconsistent with such quantifiers being standard non-substitutional second-order quantifiers. But this is not the only option for Millianism: I provide two different propositional semantics for substitutional quantification, each of which is adequate in the sense above, given Millianism. One of these is based on Tobias Rosefeldt’s work on non-nominal quantification, and I identify in what way Rosefeldt’s semantics is substitutional.
Mixed-amphetamine salts expectancies among college students: Is stimulant induced cognitive enhancement a placebo effect?

Abstract Introduction Non-medical use of prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement in college students is increasing, despite evidence showing little benefit in non-clinical populations. The balanced placebo design (BPD) was used to independently evaluate the pharmacologic versus expectancy effects of mixed amphetamine salts on cognitive performance among a non-clinical sample of college-aged students. Method Participants were screened and excluded for ADHD and other psychopathologies. A non-clinical sample (N = 32) completed four two-hour laboratory sessions and were administered a neurocognitive battery in each session. Medication Assignment (10 mg mixed-amphetamine salt (Adderall™) versus placebo) was crossed with Instructional Set (deception versus truth). A within-subjects design was used, such that all participants experienced each of the four conditions of the BPD during one of the four laboratory sessions. Results Participants performed no better than chance in identifying whether they received stimulant or placebo (Belief about Medication Assignment; 47% agreement; κ = −0.047, p = 0.590). Participants showed improvement on only two of 31 subtests during active medication. Expecting and receiving stimulants was associated with improved cognitive performance. However, expecting placebo was associated with worse cognitive performance, regardless of the type of medication given. Discussion This study demonstrated that although non-medical use of stimulants does not enhance cognition, expectancies prominently influence cognitive performance. Participants who believed they received active medication both subjectively rated themselves as performing better and objectively performed better on a minority of subtests, independent of medication state.
THEORY EXPLICATING THE LINKAGE BETWEEN QUALITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVE POSITION

Productivity has been of interest for generations, certainly since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Industrialists desired more output per person-hour and got it by using machines. Machine operators in sweat shops at low wages turned out phenomenal productivity. High productivity has always been linked to high profit.
An evolving effective stress approach to anisotropic distortional hardening

Abstract A new yield surface with an evolving effective stress definition is proposed for consistently and efficiently describing anisotropic distortional hardening. Specifically, a new internal state variable is introduced to capture the thermodynamic evolution between different effective stress definitions. The corresponding yield surface and evolution equations of the internal variables are derived from thermodynamic considerations enabling satisfaction of the second law. A closest point projection return mapping algorithm for the proposed model is formulated and implemented for use in finite element analyses. Select constitutive and larger scale boundary value problems are solved to explore the capabilities of the model and examine the impact of distortional hardening on constitutive and structural responses. Importantly, these simulations demonstrate the tractability of the proposed formulation in investigating large-scale problems of interest.
The impact of septic stimuli on the systemic inflammatory response and physiologic insult in a preclinical non-human primate model of polytraumatic injury.

Established animal trauma models are limited in recapitulating the pathophysiology of human traumatic injury. Herein, we characterize the physiologic insult and inflammatory response in two clinically relevant non-human primate (NHP) trauma models. Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques underwent either a laparoscopic closed abdomen liver injury (laparoscopic 60% left-lobe hepatectomy) in an established uncontrolled severe hemorrhage model (THM), or a polytrauma hemorrhage model (PHM) involving combined liver and bowel injury, uncontrolled severe hemorrhage as well as an open full-thickness cutaneous flank wound. Fixed volume resuscitation strategies were employed in the THM and goal directed resuscitation was used in the PHM. Complete peripheral blood and critical clinical chemistry parameters, serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation, tissue perfusion parameters, as well as survival, were compared between the models throughout the 2-week study period. NHPs in both the THM (n = 7) and the PHM (n = 21) demonstrated tissue hypoperfusion (peak lactate 6.3 ± 0.71 mmol/L) with end organ injury (peak creatinine 3.08 ± 0.69 mg/dL) from a similar liver injury (60% left hemi-hepatectomy), though the PHM NHPs had a significantly higher blood loss (68.1% ± 12.7% vs. 34.3% ± 2.3%, p = 0.02), lower platelet counts (59 ± 25 vs. 205 ± 46 K/uL, p = 0.03) and a trend towards higher mortality (90.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.09). The inflammatory response was robust in both models with peak cytokine (IL-6 > 6000-fold above baseline) and peak leukocyte values (WBC 27 K/uL) typically occurring around t = 240 min from the time of hepatic injury. A more robust systemic inflammatory response was appreciated in the PHM resulting in marked elevations in peak serum IL-6 (7887 ± 2521 pg/mL vs.1076 ± 4833 pg/mL, p = 0.02), IL-1ra (34,499 ± 5987 pg/mL vs. 2511 ± 1228 pg/mL, p < 0.00), and IL-10 (13,411 pg/mL ± 5598 pg/mL vs. 617 pg/mL ± 252 pg/mL, p = 0.03). This comparative analysis provides a unique longitudinal perspective on the post-injury inflammatory response in two clinically relevant models, and demonstrates that the addition of septic stimuli to solid organ injury increases both the hemorrhagic insult and inflammatory response.
Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research: interventions targeting social needs in pediatric clinical care.

The social determinants of health (SDoH) are defined by the World Health Organization as the “conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.” Within pediatrics, studies have highlighted links between these underlying social, economic, and environmental conditions, and a range of health outcomes related to both acute and chronic disease. Additionally, within the adult literature, multiple studies have shown significant links between social problems experienced during childhood and “adult diseases” such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. A variety of potential mechanisms for such links have been explored including differential access to care, exposure to carcinogens and pathogens, health-affecting behaviors, and physiologic responses to allostatic load (i.e., toxic stress). This robust literature supports the importance of the SDoH and the development and evaluation of social needs interventions. These interventions are also driven by evolving economic realities, most importantly, the shift from fee-for-service to value-based payment models. This article reviews existing evidence regarding pediatric-focused clinical interventions that address the SDoH, those that target basic needs such as food insecurity, housing insecurity, and diminished access to care. The paper summarizes common challenges encountered in the evaluation of such interventions. Finally, the paper concludes by introducing key opportunities for future inquiry.
Parallel I/O Optimizations for Scalable Deep Learning

As deep learning systems continue to grow in importance, researchers have been analyzing approaches to make such systems efficient and scalable on high-performance computing platforms. As computational parallelism increases, however, data I/O becomes the major bottleneck limiting the overall system scalability. In this paper, we continue our efforts to improve LMDB, the I/O subsystem of the Caffe deep learning framework. In a previous paper we presented LMDBIO---an optimized I/O plugin for Caffe that takes into account the data access pattern of Caffe in order to vastly improve I/O performance. Nevertheless, LMDBIO's optimizations, which we henceforth call LMM (localized mmap), are limited to intranode performance, and these optimizations do little to minimize the I/O inefficiencies in distributed-memory environments. In this paper, we propose LMDBIO-DM, an enhanced version of LMDBIO-LMM that optimizes the I/O access of Caffe in distributed-memory environments. We present several sophisticated data I/O techniques that allow for significant improvement in such environments. Our experimental results show that LMDBIO-DM can improve the overall execution time of Caffe by more than 30-fold compared with LMDB and by 2-fold compared with LMDBIO-LMM.
Amino acid and lipid associated plasma metabolomic patterns are related to healthspan indicators with ageing

Advancing age is associated with impairments in numerous physiological systems, leading to an increased risk of chronic disease and disability, and reduced healthspan (the period of high functioning healthy life). The plasma metabolome is thought to reflect changes in the activity of physiological systems that influence healthspan. Accordingly, we utilized an LC-MS metabolomics analysis of plasma collected from healthy young and older individuals to characterize global changes in small molecule abundances with age. Using a weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), similarly expressed metabolites were grouped into modules that were related to indicators of healthspan, including clinically relevant markers of morphology (body mass index, body fat, and lean mass), cardiovascular health (systolic/diastolic blood pressure, endothelial function), renal function (glomerular filtration rate), and maximal aerobic exercise capacity in addition to conventional clinical blood markers (e.g. fasting glucose and lipids). Investigation of metabolic classes represented within each module revealed that amino acid and lipid metabolism as significantly associated with age and indicators of healthspan. Further LC-MS/MS targeted analyses of the same samples were used to identify specific metabolites related to age and indicators of healthspan, including methionine and nitric oxide pathways, fatty acids, and ceramides. Overall, these results demonstrate that plasma metabolomics profiles in general, and amino acid and lipid metabolism in particular, are associated with ageing and indicators of healthspan in healthy adults.
When Did Feasting Emerge on the Eastern African Coast? New Perspectives from Historical Linguistics and Archaeology

This chapter introduces the volume’s second case study. Through an assessment of the lexical reconstructions from published historical linguistic analyses, this chapter reexamines earlier arguments about the emergence of feasting on the eastern African, Swahili coast after AD 1000. The finding of a collection of word innovations about discussions, disparagement, and power that predate this period, indicates a set of social practices that emerged during the last quarter of the first millennium; these include the establishment of social distinction through competition and verbal jousting. The resonance of these practices with later evidence of feasting forces a reconsideration of ceramic evidence from the first millennium AD. Based on this analysis, a longer biography of practice of feasting is posited, extending from the first to second millennium.
Explaining epidemics and other studies in the history of medicine: The crisis in psychiatric legitimacy: Reflections on psychiatry, medicine, and public policy

This essay was written for a meeting held in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1973 to commemorate the bicentennial of the British North American colonies' first public hospital for the mentally ill. The celebration was invested with a certain irony, an irony that needs little explanation. The reputation of inpatient psychiatry was at a particularly low level in the early 1970s. The movement to deinstitutionalize men and women diagnosed as “mentally ill” had already begun, crystallizing generations of criticism. Clinical optimism, psychopharmacology, and a new kind of assertive liberalism had made the state hospital's custodial back wards seem an indefensible relic of a more primitive social order, and the population of America''s state hospitals had already begun to decline. This was a period marked by a more general skepticism toward the medical enterprise, and in particular toward psychiatric diagnoses and the medical authority that legitimated and enforced them. To a generation wary of credentialed authority, the gap between the labeling of deviance and the diagnosis of illness had begun to narrow; the diagnosed had thus become more victim than patient, more stigmatized than understood. Social control rather than humane care was psychiatry's perceived purpose; women, the poor, and the deviant generally were seen as its chosen targets.
Fundamentals of incisional hernia prevention

BACKGROUND: The incidence of incisional hernia following surgery is a major economical and clinical burden for healthcare. METHODS: This report reviews and consolidates pertinent literature related to hernia prevention to give surgeons a solid framework on the current perspectives and emerging topics related to incisional hernia prevention. RESULTS: Pertinent anatomy and fundamentals of laparotomy closures are reviewed. Recommended closures of laparotomy incisions include the use of monofilament, slowly absorbing suture in a running fashion with a 4:1 suture to wound length ratio using a short stitch technique. The use of prophylactic mesh reduces the rate of incisional and parastomal hernias in high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: The current fundamentals of hernia prevention including pertinent anatomy and surgical techniques for appropriate laparotomy closures should be known to surgeons operating on the abdominal wall. The use of prophylactic mesh to reduce incisional and parastomal hernias has shown promise, and further research is needed to evaluate long-term efficacy.
Espacios transgresores: El escenario sacrificial indígena en la historiografía novohispana del siglo XVI

One notable aspect of Mexico’s colonial historiography is its discursive richness in regards to Indigenous sacrificial rites. These rituals enthused the European imagination and were used to articulate a variety of arguments concerning the evangelization, conquest, and colonization of the New World. If, on one hand, Europeans considered the New World as a lost paradise; on the other, Indigenous sacred space was represented in numerous texts as an infernal space of transgression and idolatry. This article expands on the paradise-hell dichotomy by explaining the various ways in which individuals envisioned ritualistic spaces of the Mesoamerican world during the 16th century. Specifically, I analyze how European and Indigenous individuals articulate three paradigmatic sacred places: the Island of Sacrifices, the ceremonial spaces in Tlaxcala, and the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. While the representation of Indigenous ritual space in Oviedo’s Historia General is shaped as a transgressive space, I argue that texts with an evangelizing aim, like Motolinia’s account, present an ambivalencevis-a-vis Western culture as they point to oppositions as well as parallels in relation to Nahua religion. Finally, I explain that the textual representation of sacred spaces by the Indigenous chronicler, Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, significantly differs from the European accounts, given that sacrificial space is articulated as the locus of Mexican identity and memory.
Multi-mode ionization instability induced striations in RF driven He/H2O atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) discharges

Previously [E. Kawamura et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25, 054009 (2016) and E. Kawamura et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 145204 (2017)], one dimensional (1D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of 1 to 4 mm gap, He/2%H2O atmospheric pressure plasma discharges showed an ionization instability resulting in bulk striations. Assuming that the ionization rate coefficient Kiz is related to the root mean square electric field E by Kiz ∝ Eq, a striation theory showed that q 0, implying that nonlocal electron kinetics are required for the instability. Wider gaps can fit in a wider range of wavelengths, resulting in multi-mode striations. Previously, we assumed a single mean q value for each discharge, and did not calculate q for each mode separately. Here, we develop a wavelength resolved global striation model and apply it to 1D PIC simulations of 4 mm gap discharges with input currents Jrf = 0.04 to 0.30 A/cm2. We first examine a base case at 0.23 A/cm2 and observe a mixture of unstable modes within a window of wavelengths λ. At shorter λ, the modes are suppressed by diffusion. At longer λ, we observe a transition to locality in which q becomes less negative with increasing λ, approaching its local positive value and stabilizing the modes. The window of unstable modes shifts to shorter λ with increasing Jrf, causing the modes to be suppressed by diffusion at higher Jrf. At lower Jrf, the decrease in bulk plasma density with decreasing Jrf suppresses the striations.
Direct-drive double-shell implosion: A platform for burning-plasma physics studies.

Double-shell ignition designs have been studied with the indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) scheme in both simulations and experiments in which the inner-shell kinetic energy was limited to \ensuremath{\sim}10--15 kJ, even driven by megajoule-class lasers such as the National Ignition Facility. Since direct-drive ICF can couple more energy to the imploding shells, we have performed a detailed study on direct-drive double-shell (${D}^{3}S$) implosions with state-of-the-art physics models implemented in radiation-hydrodynamic codes (lilac and draco), including nonlocal thermal transport, cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), and first-principles\ensuremath{-}based material properties. To mitigate classical unstable interfaces, we have proposed the use of a tungsten-beryllium--mixed inner shell with gradient-density layers that can be made by magnetron sputtering. In our ${D}^{3}S$ designs, a 70-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick beryllium outer shell is driven symmetrically by a high-adiabat ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}10$), 1.9-MJ laser pulse to a peak velocity of \ensuremath{\sim}240 km/s. Upon spherical impact, the outer shell transfers \ensuremath{\sim}30--40 kJ of kinetic energy to the inner shell filled with deuterium-tritium gas or liquid, giving neutron-yield energies of \ensuremath{\sim}6 MJ in one-dimensional simulations. Two-dimensional high-mode draco simulations indicated that such high-adiabat ${D}^{3}S$ implosions are not susceptible to laser imprint, but the long-wavelength perturbations from the laser port configuration along with CBET can be detrimental to the target performance. Nevertheless, neutron yields of \ensuremath{\sim}0.3--1.0-MJ energies can still be obtained from our high-mode draco simulations. The robust \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle bootstrap is readily reached, which could provide a viable platform for burning-plasma physics studies. Once CBET mitigation and/or more laser energy becomes available, we anticipate that break-even or moderate energy gain might be feasible with the proposed ${D}^{3}S$ scheme.
Scaled tremor suppression with folded dielectric elastomer stack actuators

Pathological tremor produces undesired movements that decrease quality of life. Typical treatments such as medications and surgery have varying efficacy, risks, and side effects. Mechanical tremor suppression offers a potential alternative to these treatments: mechanical tremor suppression applies torques about joints to oppose the tremor-producing muscular torque and reduce tremor motion. Typical actuators create bulky exoskeletons that are not suitable for clinical implementations. However, dielectric elastomers enable soft, low-profile actuation that improves the potential for clinical implementation of mechanical tremor suppression. Recent research performs theoretical evaluation of dielectric elastomer-based tremor suppression, demonstrating the ability of dielectric elastomer stack actuators (DESAs) to produce very effective and robust tremor suppression via tremor-active control. A tremor-active approach only actuates to reduce tremor while the human motor system compensates for DESA passive dynamics. This approach leverages the low mechanical impedance of dielectric elastomers to compensate for their low actuation levels. This paper performs benchtop experimental testing of scaled tremor-active suppression using folded DESAs to validate previous theoretical studies. Since DESA manufacturing by folding can only achieve relatively thick layers, the DESAs do not possess the necessary actuation levels to suppress typical tremor amplitudes. Therefore, this paper evaluates a scaled system using a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam to represent human motion. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of a tremor-active impedance controller for DESA-based tremor suppression. Scaling up to DESAs with higher actuation levels will enable suppression of typical hand tremors.
The Impact of a Forty-Five Minute Teaming Activity to Identify Preceptor/Student Obstacles and Solutions

Background: Intermountain Healthcare is an integrated health system comprised of 23 acute-care hospitals supporting clinical rotations for 4 RT college/university programs. Students in BSRT programs complete an executive rotation at the corporate office. Topics covered include: 1) QI projects, 2) interviewing skills, 3) literature reviews, 4) profession forecasting, and 5) management strategies for problem identification/solutions. After student complaints during this rotation, we sought to identify problems and solutions for clinical rotations. Methods: Using a 45-minute activity for conflict resolution, 16 students from 2 universities. Results: Detailed results are reported in Table One. Issues included preceptor, student and program faculty areas for improvement. Issues and solutions were categorized under four key headers: 1) Communication, 2) Staff/Student Relations (negativity), 3) Learning Opportunity Concerns, and 4) Patient Interaction/Sensitivity. We thought communication was the largest issue; however, this activity identified 2 other key areas: staff/student relations and learning opportunity concerns. Conclusions: We acknowledge a limited number of students participated; however, some key issues supported comments expressed over the last 2 semesters. Negative comments regarding taking students and the profession came from facilities where all RTs were required to take students. We recognize heavy workloads may be a challenge for preceptors to fully engage with students. We are thankful for our professionals who volunteer to be student preceptors; however, we recognize for implementation some key next steps: 1) conducting this activity with preceptors across the system, 2) coordinating for more timely evaluations from students and preceptors shared with managers, 3) improved coordination of rotation objectives for students/preceptors, 4) formalized preceptor training, 5) frequent, formalized coordination among students, college faculty, industry leaders and preceptors, and 5) consideration for awards by students for preceptor(s). At the time of abstract submission, a student co-led this activity with preceptors to illicit issues/solutions. It is our impression this will also allow a student(s) to learn leadership skills and more exposure to preceptors. As we grow future leaders, improved coordination among students, program faculty, industry leaders and preceptors will be required.
Lithium Chloride Exerts Differential Effects on Dentinogenesis and Osteogenesis in Primary Pulp Cultures

Wnt/-catenin signaling is known to play essential roles in odontoblast differentiation and reparative dentin formation. Various Wnt activators including LiCl have been increasingly studied for their effectiveness to induce repair of the dentin-pulp complex. LiCl is a simple salt thought to activate Wnt/-catenin signaling by inhibiting GSK3. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that LiCl increased odontoblast differentiation and enhanced reparative dentin formation. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms by which LiCl regulates odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation during reparative dentinogenesis are not well understood. Our in vitro studies show that exposure of early dental pulp progenitors to LiCl increased the survival and the pool of SMA+ progenitors, leading to enhanced odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation. The positive effects of LiCl in the differentiation of osteoblasts and odontoblasts from SMA+ progenitors are mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our results also showed that continuous and late exposure of dental pulp cells to LiCl increased the expression of odontoblast markers through Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and the number of odontoblasts expressing DMP1-Cherry and DSPP-Cerulean transgenes. However, unlike the early treatment, both continuous and late treatments decreased the expression of Bsp and the expression of BSP-GFPtpz transgene. These observations suggest that prolonged treatment with LiCl in more mature cells of the dental pulp has an inhibitory effect on osteoblast differentiation. The inhibitory effects of LiCl on osteogenesis and Bsp were not mediated through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These observations suggest that the effects of LiCl, and GSK3 antagonists on reparative.
Reimaging Lens Equation as a Dynamic Representation

Limiting case analyses are typically applied to determine the behavior of a quantity for substantially large values of the variable parameters. In this paper, an attempt to enrich the generalization of image characteristics by using the concept of covariational analysis and limits is made. Aided by virtual laboratory physics equipment, the limiting case analysis emerged as a powerful and concise tool for learning about image prediction and generalization. The instructional unit provides methods of image analysis not typically found in physics textbooks. As a novice undertaking, it offers prompts to guide the students how to generalize image production by using the lens equation and magnification equation considered covariation relations rather than static formulas. Dynamic functional relations and their graphs were generated, followed by a subsequent scientific inquiry analysis. The unit is not intended to replace the traditional teaching methods and sketching images using ray diagrams, but it enhances the methods. By implementing limits into the analysis, this study intends to extend the conventional physics approach and offer a more detailed insight into image production. Its far-reaching goal is to ignite learners’ curiosity to interpret natural phenomena by employing more sophisticated mathematical tools and reasoning.
Excess Deaths in Mexico City and New York City During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020.

Objectives. To estimate all-cause excess deaths in Mexico City (MXC) and New York City (NYC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We estimated expected deaths among residents of both cities betwe...
Latissimus Dorsi and Pectoralis Major Tendon Transfers for Subscapularis Insufficiency

Subscapularis failure and insufficiency after prior repair surgery represent a difficult problem. Although one option is revision to reverse shoulder prosthesis, in many cases of a young, active patient, other options should be considered. The problem of subscapularis failure after surgery becomes even more debilitating in the setting of a failed shoulder arthroplasty. Pectoralis major tendon transfer and latissimus dorsi tendon transfer remain a reasonable salvage option to address this difficult problem, with reliable improvements in pain, range of motion, and patient satisfaction and functional outcomes.
Gated Field Emitter Arrays for Planar Crossed-Field Device Experiment

High power magnetrons and crossed-field amplifiers (CFA) are advantageous in terms of power density and efficiency. However, electron beam stability in the crossed-field gap in terms of magnetic field tilt 1 , current density, and AC modulation of the applied voltage 2 have not been studied thoroughly except for prior 1-D theoretical work 1 , 2 . In this work, we will compare simulation results of a simple 3-D crossed field model to the experimental results obtained with a planar crossed-field geometry consisting of an anode (150 mm long), sole electrode, injected beam gated field emission cathode, and collector. The sole to anode gap is varied from 5 to 20 mm. A perpendicular magnetic field of up to 250 Gauss is supplied by Helmholtz coils. A -3 kV DC voltage is applied to the sole and the anode is biased at 0 V. An in-house developed drive electronics, including a driver circuit for current emission and data acquisition, is currently being developed. The injected beam source is comprised of eight individual gated field emitter arrays (GFEA). These GFEAs are 7.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 0.7 mm thick and consist of eighteen array elements each with 100×100 silicon tips, formed in a mesh structure to provide uniformity of emission. Highly resistive ballasting structures in the emitters provide current stability. Such GFEAs are capable of producing a current density of > 100 A/cm 2 as previously reported 3 . Here, we have characterized similar GFEAs, which generate > 50 mA each at 50 V pulsed after UV exposure, potentially providing > 400 mA for the experiment. The initial results of this experiment will be presented and compared with our simulation.
The “Right” and the “Good” in Ethical Leadership: Implications for Supervisors’ Performance and Promotability Evaluations

Substantial research demonstrates that ethical leaders improve a broad range of outcomes for their employees, but considerably less attention has been devoted to the performance and success of the leaders themselves. The present study explores the extent to which being ethical relates to leaders’ performance and promotability. We address this question by examining ethical leadership from the two ethical perspectives most common in Western traditions—i.e., the “right” and the “good”—and whether one might be more closely associated than the other with performance and promotability evaluations. Results from 117 employee-supervisor-manager triads show that supervisors with a deontological outlook are more likely to be seen as ethical leaders (given current conceptualizations of the construct) and that utilitarian leaders are more likely to earn higher performance evaluations (above these current conceptions). We discuss the implications of these findings for research on ethical leadership.
Combination therapy of Ad-mda7 and herceptin inhibits tumor growth in nude mice and increases apoptosis in HER2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 5135 The melanoma differentiation –associated gene 7 ( mda 7), a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, is a novel tumor suppressor gene. Adenoviral –mediated mda 7 (Ad-mda7) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in a broad spectrum of cancer cells, but not normal cells. Ad-mda7 triggers antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells by regulating molecules from the beta-catenin and the PI3K pathways. Trastuzumab (herceptin), a monoclonal antibody, increases the sensitivity of HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. We sought to evaluate whether the combination therapy of Ad-mda7 and herceptin would be more effective than either agent alone on inhibiting the growth of HER-2/neu overexpressing tumors in nude mice. Methods. The MCF-7-Her-18 cell line, which overexpresses HER-2/neu, was injected into the mammary fat pad of nude mice. When the tumors reached 100 mm3 in size, they were treated twice weekly with PBS, Ad-luciferase (Ad-Luc) alone, Ad-mda7 alone, herceptin alone, Ad-mda7 + herceptin or Ad-Luc + herceptin. Herceptin was delivered by intraperitoneal injection while Ad-Luc and Ad-mda7 were directly injected into the tumor. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against akt and phospho-akt (p-akt) on representative sections of the tumors. Results. The tumors that were treated with Ad-mda7 alone showed more than 50% growth inhibition when compared to control PBS (p<0.05). Those tumors treated with herceptin alone also showed more than 50% growth inhibition in comparison to PBS (p<0.05). However, the combination therapy of herceptin and Ad-mda7 showed significant decrease in tumor growth when compared with control PBS (p<0.05), herceptin alone, (p <0.05) and Ad-mda7 alone (p<0.05). The immunohistochemistry sections treated with Ad-mda7 and herceptin showed significantly decreased expression of akt and p-akt in comparison to Ad-mda7 and herceptin alone. Conclusion. This data suggests that the combination of herceptin and Ad-mda7 produces a better antitumor effect in nude mice than either agent alone. This effect may be mediated through decreasing levels of Akt and p-akt on HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells.
Prenatal therapeutic radiation: Preliminary report of two cases

Abstract A case has been reported in which a female patient received abdominal radiation in the vicinity of the ovaries in excess of the 30 year maximum permissible dosage of 10 r to genetic tissue and subsequently gave birth to two children with dental anomalies. Whether the anomalies reported represent natural mutations or induced mutations is open to question.
Statistical report on incidence and duration of breast feeding in relation to personal-social and hospital maternity factors.

The incidence of breast feeding at the New Haven Hospital (University Service) and the discontinuance of nursing during the puerperium is reported for a 10-year period (1942 through 1951), with a review of the literature over this decade. The incidence of breast feeding at the New Haven Hospital declined sharply from 81.9 per cent in 1942 to 48.9 per cent in 1946, with a tendency to level off after a slight rise in 1947. There was a significant increase in per cent of mothers who stopped breast feeding in the hospital at a time (1942 through 1944) when a significant decrease in per cent of mothers starting to breast feed was occurring. On comparing the proportion of discontinuance between rooming-in and nursery (non-rooming-in) mothers (1947 through 1949) a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups, the rooming-in group showing less cessation of nursing during the hospital period. In follow-up studies of the duration of breast feeding of the rooming-in and nursery mothers (1947 through 1949) the average duration between the two groups shows a significant difference in each of the years studied; the 3-year averages for the two groups likewise show a statistically significant difference, the rooming-in mothers nursing longer. The average duration within either group does not differ significantly from year to year. On relating incidence and duration of breast feeding to difficulty of labor, as rated from hospital records during 1949, it was found that time incidence of breast feeding decreases with the increasing difficulty of labor.
Rural Agricultural Change and Fertility Transition in Nepal.

Using longitudinal panel data from the Western Chitwan Valley of Nepal, this study investigates the impact of the use of modern farm technologies on fertility transition—specifically, the number of births in a farm household. Previous explanations for the slow pace of fertility transition in rural agricultural settings often argued that the demand for farm labor is the primary driver of high fertility. If this argument holds true, the use of modern farm technologies that are designed to carry out labor-intensive farm activities ought to substitute for farm labor and discourage births in farm families. However, little empirical evidence is available on the potential influence of the use of modern farm technologies on the fertility transition. To fill this gap, the panel data examined in this study provides an unusual opportunity to test this long standing, but unexplored, argument. The results demonstrate that the use of modern farm technologies, particularly the use of a tractor and other modern farm implements, reduce subsequent births in farm households. This offers important insight for understanding the fertility transition in Nepal, a setting that is experiencing high population growth and rapidly changing farming practices.
Remarks on the Comparative Evaluation of Algorithms for Mathematical Programming Problems

In this Presentation, we consider the minimization of a function f = f(x), where f is a scalar and x is an n-vector whose components are unconstrained. We consider the comparative evaluation of algorithms for unconstrained minimization. We are concerned with the measurement of the computational speed and examine critically the concept of equivalent number of function evaluations Ne, which is defined by
Computational electromagnetics at the turn of the millenium

Summary form only given. This article first reviews the development of solution techniques for Maxwell's equations as an analysis tool. It reviews the solution techniques that were prevalent around the beginning of the 20th century. During that period, closed form solutions were sought for simple shape objects such as spheres, cylinders, half-planes, half-spaces, etc. That was the age of simple shapes.
Comparison of laparoscopic and open gastrectomy for malignant disease

This study compares the outcome of a series of totally laparoscopic cases with that of matched open controls for the treatment of malignant gastric disease. Laparoscopic techniques can follow oncologic principles and obtain adequate margins. Short-term follow-up evaluation shows no difference in survival rates between the two approaches. Background: Few studies have examined a totally laparoscopic approach to gastrectomy for malignancy. This is the first study to compare the outcome of a series of totally laparoscopic cases with matched open surgeries for gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective case-matched study was performed comparing open and laparoscopic partial gastrectomies for cancer. A total of 25 cases (12 laparoscopic and 13 open) were matched for age and indication for surgery. Stage, extent of lymphadenectomy, and survival at 18 months were examined. The intraoperative and postoperative details were compared. Results: The stages ranged from I to IV, with no statistical difference between the two groups. All resected margins in the laparoscopic group were free of tumor. The extent of lymphadenectomy did not differ. Followup assessment at 18 months showed no difference in survival. Conclusions: Laparoscopic gastrectomy for malignancy is a viable alternative to open surgery. Laparoscopic techniques can obtain adequate margins and follow oncologic principles. Short-term follow-up evaluation shows no difference in survival rates between the two approaches.