cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seedless synthesis and SERS characterization of multi-branched gold nanoflowers using water soluble polymers

We report for the first time, the aqueous-based synthesis of multibranched, monodispersed gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) using pyromellitic dianhydride-p-phenylene diamine – PPDDs at room temperature. AuNF synthesis was achieved using PPDDs that converts Au precursor (Au3+) into AuNFs while serving as both the reducing and directional agent. The resulting branched AuNFs exhibited different degrees of anisotropy and protuberance lengths obtained by modulating the ratio of PPDDs and HAuCl4·3H2O. The surface roughness obtained ranged from small bud-like protuberances to elongated spikes, which enabled the tuning of the optical properties of the nanoparticles from ∼450 to 1100 nm. Systematic analysis revealed that the generation of urchin-like particles as well as their size depended on the PPDDs/HAuCl4·3H2O ratio. At a medium concentration of the precursor, spherical nanoparticles were formed. Whereas at lower precursor concentrations, urchin-like nanoparticles were obtained with their size and protuberances length increasing at even lower HAuCl4·3H2O concentration. Increasing the temperature to 100 °C resulted in the enhancement of the anisotropy of the AuNFs. The resulting gold nanoflowers exhibited an enhanced performance in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This work provides a unique approach for anisotropic particle synthesis using water soluble polymer and greener approaches. The fabricated AuNFs exhibited variable UV–vis absorption and SERS enhancement as a function of branch morphology, indicating their potential application in biolabeling, biosensing, imaging, and therapeutic applications.
E-beam mechanics and net connectivity for interlayer short detection: DI: Defect inspection and reduction

The concept of layout-centric defect inspection targeting specific configurations of design is not new. The majority of design-based Micro Care Areas (MCA) relies on historical findings — translating failing topologies from Failure Analysis (FA), Design-for-Manufacturing (DFM), and other sources into targeted zones tailored for inspection. However, there exists an inherent flaw to this model tied to physical limitations of top-down optical inspection. There exists a subset of physical defects that are invisible to optical inspection tools, in particular interlayer defects that interact with prior level masks. For such applications, defect engineering will turn to Electron-Beam (E-beam) Voltage Contrast Inspection (VCI) — which compares the response of a wafer feature subjected to electron charging, measured in grey level differences, of a candidate defect to a reference. In our previous paper “Net Tracing and Classification Analysis on E-Beam Die-to-Database” [3], we illustrated the merits of factoring feature connectivity as a means of differentiating between real voltage-contrast defects, specifically that of dark voltage-contrast (DVC), and nuisance. Our novel methodology takes into consideration the inspectability of a targeted feature before generating components for design-based inspection. The process has the obvious consequence of decreasing the total area of inspection and subsequent benefit of reducing the inspection time. The concept is intuitive — a wafer feature, typically a Via, with a dark optical response when a bright response is expected is indicative of either blockage in the connected electrical net or otherwise disconnect between features. That said, DVC is but a subset of detectable defects with E-beam. This paper reports a novel approach in capturing defects of the other subset of the population, bright voltage-contrast (BVC) and its implications, through exercising the same principle of inspectability.
Overcoming the Declining Trends in Innovation and Investment in Cardiovascular Therapeutics: Beyond EROOM's Law.

Eroom’s law (Moore’s law spelled backwards), describes adverse trends towards declining innovation and rising costs of drug development over the last several decades. Therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) appear to have been particularly sensitive to these trends. Thirty-three percent fewer CVD therapeutics were approved between 2000 and 2009 compared to the previous decade, and the number of CVD drugs starting all clinical trial stages declined in both absolute and relative numbers between 1990 and 2012. In the last 5 years, drugs to treat CVD disease comprised just 6% of all new drug launches. This review discusses the decline in CVD therapeutics, the reasons behind it, and ways in which this trend is being or might be addressed.
Pyroelectric properties of valine doped TGS single crystals

Abstract TGS was grown by a slow cooling technique adding several kinds of dopants (10 and 20 mole% alanine, 10% alanine + LiVO3, 10% and 20% valine) to an aqueous solution. The temperature dependent pyroelectric coefficient, p and the spontaneous polarization, Ps, of doped-TGS crystals were measured to study the transition temperature, Pmax and room temperature pyroelectric coefficient depending on the dopants and to calculate the figure of merit, (p/K), (K is a dielectric constant). Furthermore, several pieces were selected to investigate the positional inhomogeneities of the same sample. Moderate figure of merit (p/K) was obtained in valine doped TGS because of low temperature dielectric relaxation around −10°C, although valine doped TGS has a three times higher pyroelectric coefficient (p = 1.671μC/cm2K) at transition temperature (Tc) than that of alanine doped TGS.
[119] Introduction to Woods Hole Mathematics: Perspectives in Mathematics and Physics

Woods Hole has played such a vital role in both my mathematical and personal life that it is a great pleasure to see the mathematical tradition of the 1964 meeting resurrected forty years later and, as this volume shows, resurrected with new vigor and one hopes on a regular basis. I therefore consider it a signal honor to have been asked to introduce this volume with a few reminiscences of that meeting forty years ago.
Blood Flow Restriction Training for Postoperative Lower-Extremity Weakness: A Report of Three Cases.

IntroductionThe goal of postoperative rehabilitation is the recovery of preinjury range of motion, strength, and function while adhering to postoperative restrictions. Clinical practice guidelines recommend the use of protected range of motion and strengthening as safe rehabilitation for postoperati
Associations Between Latent Classes of Interpersonal Polyvictimization and Polyperpetration and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young Pregnant Couples: A Dyadic Analysis

Interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration have been associated with sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults, but research is lacking on: (1) how patterns of interpersonal polyvictimization and polyperpetration are associated with sexual risk among young pregnant couples, and (2) how individual and partner experiences of violence differentially impact sexual risk. The current analyses used baseline data from a longitudinal study that followed 296 pregnant young couples from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum. Couples were recruited at obstetrics and gynecology clinics, and an ultrasound clinic in the U.S. Latent class analysis identified subgroups based on polyvictimization and polyperpetration. Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model, path analyses assessed actor–partner effects of class membership on sexual risk. Three latent classes were used for women: Class 1: Polyvictim–Polyperpetrator; Class 2: Nonvictim–Nonperpetrator; and Class 3: Community and Prior IPV Victim. Four latent classes were used for men: Class 1: Community and Prior IPV Victim; Class 2: Polyvictim–Nonpartner Perpetrator; Class 3: Prior IPV and Peer Victim; and Class 4: Nonvictim–Nonperpetrator. Path analyses revealed that females in Class 2 and their male partners had higher condom use than females in Class 3. Males in Class 2 had more sexual partners than males in Class 1. Among nonmonogamous couples, males in Class 2 were less likely to be involved with a female partner reporting unprotected sex than males in Class 1. Among nonmonogamous couples, females in Class 2 had more acts of unprotected sex than females in Class 1. Males in Class 4 were less likely to have concurrent sexual partners compared to males in Class 1. Risk reduction interventions should address both victimization and perpetration. Additional research is needed to understand how mechanisms driving differential sexual risk by patterns of interpersonal polyvictimization and polyperpetration.
Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Mitral Regurgitation Due to Myocardial Infarction

When acute severe mitral regurgitation is associated with pulmonary edema in the immediate period after myocardial infarction, the patient must be treated aggressively. Because the papillary muscles are perfused by the terminal portion of the coronary vascular bed, they are particularly vulnerable to ischemia and any disturbance in coronary perfusion such as an acute occlusion of a coronary artery may result in papillary muscle dysfunction [1]. When the ischemia is severe and persistent, papillary muscle necrosis and permanent mitral regurgitation may result. The posterior papillary muscle is supplied by the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery and is infarcted more frequently than the anterolateral papillary muscle, which is supplied by diagonal branches of the left anterior descending artery and often by the marginal branches of the circumflex coronary artery [2]. Reperfusion therapy with fibrinolytic agents or coronary angioplasty theoretically could salvage the functional integrity of the mitral valve apparatus without surgery.
Role of Ribosomal Factors in Polypeptide Chain Initiation

During the last few years the mechanism of chain initiation in protein synthesis has been actively investigated in a number of laboratories. Much attention has been devoted to the nature and mode of action of the chain initiation factors discovered in our laboratory in 1965. The purpose of this paper is to report on recent progress in our studies of the initiation factors of Escherichia coli (reviews of earlier work [1–3]).
Future of Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems – Smart Cities/Regions

Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) enables emerging Smart City paradigm and supports integrated, efficient and reliable operations of diverse critical Smart City infrastructure and services. Thousands of interconnected sensors, backbone communication networks and analytics platforms weave the complex cyber-physical systems (CPS) that are the focus of this book. This chapter discusses how transportation CPS must be developed in a way to allow integration with other Smart City components, such as energy CPS, civil infrastructure CPS, home CPS and healthcare CPS. This chapter starts with a holistic view of the Smart City vision in the context of systems of systems. Next, different emerging Smart City services and systems characteristics are discussed. Last, examples of Smart City deployments around the world are presented in this chapter along with an exploration of future research directions in this area. This chapter provides a comprehensive review to prepare professionals involved in designing and planning future Smart Cities in the context of rapid deployment of emerging ICT.
Consumption of Mediterranean versus Western Diet Leads to Distinct Mammary Gland Microbiome Populations.

Recent identification of a mammary gland-specific microbiome led to studies investigating bacteria populations in breast cancer. Malignant breast tumors have lower Lactobacillus abundance compared with benign lesions, implicating Lactobacillus as a negative regulator of breast cancer. Diet is a main determinant of gut microbial diversity. Whether diet affects breast microbiome populations is unknown. In a non-human primate model, we found that consumption of a Western or Mediterranean diet modulated mammary gland microbiota and metabolite profiles. Mediterranean diet consumption led to increased mammary gland Lactobacillus abundance compared with Western diet-fed monkeys. Moreover, mammary glands from Mediterranean diet-fed monkeys had higher levels of bile acid metabolites and increased bacterial-processed bioactive compounds. These data suggest that diet directly influences microbiome populations outside the intestinal tract in distal sites such as the mammary gland. Our study demonstrates that diet affects the mammary gland microbiome, establishing an alternative mechanistic pathway for breast cancer prevention.
Thresholds to an Alternate Realm

Folklorists tend to study cultures and communities by paying close attention to stylized genres or traditional expressive behaviors. In recent decades as the emphasis in the field of folklore has shifted from studies that are text centered to studies that are more context oriented, a number of folklorists have turned their attention to the interrelations of tradition and environment. Of all genres attached to places, narratives and place names traditionally have drawn the most attention from folklorists. In particular, folklorists have long sensed a deep connection between legendry and topography (Dorson, 1971) and have undertaken studies of migratory legends, and the role of physical settings, in nurturing narrative traditions (Honko, 1981; Moss, 1983). Gradually the collection and study of folklore as static migratory items has developed into the investigation of the reciprocity between traditional genres and their settings (Allen, 1990). Folklore, which “vivifies place” is seen to be inspired and reinforced by distinctive physical features in the local setting (Moss, 1983). Lauri Honko notes that when “milieu dominants” as he calls such features, are constituted as places, their names become a powerful means of perpetuating local tradition (Cochrane, 1987; Honko, 1981). Other scholars have explored ways in which communities use traditional materials both to enhance their sense of belonging within a locale or region and to distinguish themselves from outsiders (Jones, 1976).
Annual Interruption Rate as a KPI, its measurement and comparison.

This article is divided into two chapters. The first chapter describes the failure rate as a KPI and studies its properties. The second one goes over ways to compare this KPI across two groups using the concepts of statistical hypothesis testing. In section 1., we will motivate the failure rate as a KPI (in Azure, it is dubbed `Annual Interruption Rate' or AIR. In section 3, we will discuss measuring failure rate from logs machines typically generate. In section 1.2, we will discuss the problem of measuring it from real-world data. In section 2.1, we will discuss the general concepts of hypothesis testing. In section 2.2, we will go over some general count distributions for modeling Azure reboots. In section 2.3, we will go over some experiments on applying various hypothesis tests to simulated data. In section 2.4, we will discuss some applications of this work like using these statistical methods to catch regressions in failure rate and how long we need to let changes to the system `bake' before we are reasonably sure they didn't regress failure rate.
Tetraspanin CD82 interaction with cholesterol promotes extracellular vesicle–mediated release of ezrin to inhibit tumour cell movement

Tumour metastasis suppressor KAI1/CD82 inhibits tumour cell movement. As a transmembrane protein, tetraspanin CD82 bridges the interactions between membrane microdomains of lipid rafts and tetraspa...
The velocity and temperature distributions in a liquid film

The steady state velocity distribution in a liquid film is investigated analytically. The liquid is assumed to appear on a flat surface due to transpiration through a porous medium or the melting of a solid material. The liquid is considered to be introduced into the film at the solid-liquid interface, in a direction normal to the interface, such that mass is continually being added to the film along the longitudinal path of flow. The flow, which is assumed to be laminar, occurs under the influence of gravity. Evaporation and gaseous boundary layer effects are not considered. Physical properties of the liquid, such as density and viscosity are considered constant.
Interpreting A Pre-trained Model Is A Key For Model Architecture Optimization: A Case Study On Wav2Vec 2.0.

A deep Transformer model with good evaluation score does not mean each subnetwork (a.k.a transformer block) learns reasonable representation. Diagnosing abnormal representation and avoiding it can contribute to achieving a better evaluation score. We propose an innovative perspective for analyzing attention patterns: summarize block-level patterns and assume abnormal patterns contribute negative influence. We leverage Wav2Vec 2.0 as a research target and analyze a pre-trained model's pattern. All experiments leverage Librispeech-100-clean as training data. Through avoiding diagnosed abnormal ones, our custom Wav2Vec 2.0 outperforms the original version about 4.8% absolute word error rate (WER) on test-clean with viterbi decoding. Our version is still 0.9% better when decoding with a 4-gram language model. Moreover, we identify that avoiding abnormal patterns is the main contributor for performance boosting.
In vitro, In vivo and Ex vivo Models for Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration.

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) frequently occur secondary to traumatic injuries. Recovery from these injuries can be expectedly poor, especially in proximal injuries. In order to study and improve peripheral nerve regeneration, scientists rely on peripheral nerve models to identify and test therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the best described and most commonly used peripheral nerve models that scientists have and continue to use to study peripheral nerve physiology and function.
Hepatic X-Box Binding Protein 1 and Unfolded Protein Response Is Impaired in Weanling Mice With Resultant Hepatic Injury.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a coordinated cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. When ER stress is unresolved, the UPR can trigger apoptosis. Pathways within the UPR influence bile acid metabolism in adult animal models and adult human liver diseases, however, the UPR has not been studied in young animal models or pediatric liver diseases. In this study we sought to determine whether weanling age mice had altered UPR activation compared with adult mice, which could lead to increased bile acid-induced hepatic injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrate that after 7 days of cholic acid (CA) feeding to wild-type animals, weanling age mice have a 2-fold greater serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared with adult mice, with increased hepatic apoptosis. Weanling mice fed CA have increased hepatic nuclear X-box binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) expression, but cannot increase expression of its protective downstream target's ER DNA J domain-containing protein 4 and ER degradation enhancing α-mannoside. In response to tunicamycin induced ER stress, young mice have blunted expression of several UPR pathways compared with adult mice. CA feeding to adult liver-specific XBP1 knockout (LS-XBP1-/- ) mice, which are unable to resolve hepatic ER stress, leads to increased serum ALT and CCAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein, a proapoptotic UPR molecule, expression to levels similar to CA-fed LS-XBP1-/- weanlings. CONCLUSIONS Weanling mice have attenuated hepatic XBP1 signaling and impaired UPR activation with resultant increased susceptibility to bile acid-induced injury.
A companion to the American West

Notes on Contribuors. Introduction. (William Deverell). Part I: Thinking Through the American West. 1. The Making of the First American West and the Unmaking of Other Realms. (Steven Aron). 2. Thinking West. (Elliott West). Part II: Conquest and Its Patterns. The Nineteenth Century. 3. Passion and Imagination in the Exploration of the American West. (James P. Ronda). 4. Environment and the Nineteenth-Century West or, Process Encounters Place. (Andrew C. Isenberg). 5. Engineering the Elephant: Industrialism and Environment in the Greater West. (David Igler). 6. Mining and the Nineteenth Century American West. (Malcolm J. Rohrbough). 7. Law and the Confluence of Legal Cultures. (Sarah Barringer Gordon). 8. Native Americans in the Nineteenth-Century American West. (David Rich Lewis). 9. Western Violence.(Michael A. Bellesiles). 10. Bringing It All Back Home: Rethinking the History of Women and the 19th Century West. (Elizabeth Jameson). 11. Empire and Liberty: Contradictions and Conflicts in Nineteenth Century Western Political History. (Jeffrey Ostler). Part III: Exceptionalism or Regionalism? The Twentieth-Century American West. 12. African Americans in the Twentieth-Century West. (Douglas Flamming). 13. The West and Workers, 1870-1930. (James Gregory). 14. Societies to Match the Scenery: Twentieth Century Environmental History. (Dan Flores). 15. Where to Draw the Line? The Pacific, Place, and the U.S. West. (Chris Friday). 16. Religion and the American West. (Philip Goff). 17. Transients and Stickers: The Problem of Community in the American West. (Anne Hyde). 18. American Indians in the Twentieth Century. (Peter Iverson). 19. The New Deal's West. (Karen Merrill). 20. Art, Ideology, and the West. (Douglas R. Nickel). 21. The West Plays West: Western Tourism and the Landscape of Leisure. (Marguerite Shaffer). 22. Hispanics and Latinos. (Ramon A. Gutierrez). 23. City Lights: Urban History in the West. (Robert O. Self). 24. Politics and the Twentieth Century West. (William Deverell). 25. The Literary West and the Twentieth Century. (David M. Wrobel). Bibliography. Index
Existence of Standing Pulse Solutions to an Inhomogeneous Reaction–Diffusion System

We prove the existence of locally unique, symmetric standing pulse solutions to homogeneous and inhomogeneous versions of a certain reaction–diffusion system. This system models the evolution of photoexcited carrier density and temperature inside the cavity of a semiconductor Fabry–Perot interferometer. Such pulses represent the fundamental nontrivial mode of pattern formation in this device. Our results follow from a geometric singular perturbation approach, based largely on Fenichel's theorems and the Exchange Lemma.
The Parisi-Wu Method and Quantum Chaos

There are several formulations of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. There is the canonical formulation, the quantum logic formulation, the path integral formulation and more recently the Parisi-Wu method. All the different formulations have their advantages and disadvantages and can be applied for different problems as a matter of convenience. In this article, I shall apply the Parisi-Wu methods to the problem of what one might mean by quantum chaos. Parisi-Wu methods are suitable because the classical definition of chaos for conservative systems is concerned with solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation which also plays a big role in the Parisi-Wu formulation of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
Optical properties of beta -C3N4 and its pressure dependence.

The electronic and the optical properties of [beta]-C[sub 3]N[sub 4] are studied by means of first-principles local-density calculations. The structural properties obtained via total-energy calculations are in good agreement with the results of Liu and Cohen [Phys. Rev. B [bold 41], 10727 (1990)]. The frequency-dependent optical properties are calculated after an approximate self-energy correction scheme is applied to the energy spectrum. It is found that the band gap in [beta]-C[sub 3]N[sub 4] increases linearly with pressure. The absorption spectrum shows two major peaks at 7.9 and 13.9 eV with a static dielectric constant of 3.2 predicted.
Equivalence of subpixel motion estimators based on optical flow and block matching

We compare two classes of algorithms for estimating subpixel, rigid-body translation between two images. One class is based on optical flow. Optical flow algorithms determine translations between images from estimates of spatial and temporal derivatives of brightness. The other class is based on block matching. Block matching algorithms determine translations between images by minimizing the difference between shifted (warped) versions of the original images. We show that these two classes of algorithms are equivalent for subpixel displacements. Specifically, we show that all block matching algorithms that use bilinear interpolation can be recast into equivalent optical flow formulations, and that all algorithms based on optical flow using first-order derivative estimators can be recast into equivalent block matching formulations.
Interaction of the microbiome with the innate immune response in chronic wounds

Microbes colonizing and/or infecting chronic wounds undoubtedly play a major and interactive role in impaired healing, especially in amplifying and perpetuating the host innate immune response. The development of molecular techniques to identify and quantify microbial organisms has revolutionized our view of the microbial world. These less-biased, high throughput methods greatly enable investigations regarding host–microbe interactions in the chronic wound environment. This review focuses on the mounting evidence implicating microbes and excessive inflammation in chronic wounds, as well as the challenges associated with understanding how microbes modulate wound healing and the innate immune response.
Ultraviolet Radiation Signaling through TLR4/MyD88 Constrains DNA Repair and Plays a Role in Cutaneous Immunosuppression

UV radiation (UVR) induces DNA damage, leading to the accumulation of mutations in epidermal keratinocytes and immunosuppression, which contribute to the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. We reported previously that the TLR4-MyD88 signaling axis is necessary for UV-induced apoptosis. In the dinitrofluorobenzene contact hypersensitivity model, UV-irradiated MyD88-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) C57BL/6 mice had intact ear swelling, exaggerated inflammation, and higher levels of dinitrofluorobenzene-specific IgG2a compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Even with normal UV-induced, dendritic cell migration, DNA damage in the local lymph nodes was less pronounced in MyD88(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Cultured, UV-irradiated WT APCs showed cleavage (inactivation) of the DNA damage-recognition molecule PARP, whereas PARP persisted in MyD88(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) APCs. Epidermal DNA from in vivo UV-irradiated MyD88(-/-) mice had an increased resolution rate of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Both in vitro treatment of MyD88(-/-) APCs with and intradermal in vivo injections of PARP inhibitor, PJ-34, caused WT-level cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair. Lymphoblasts deficient in DNA repair (derived from a xeroderma pigmentosum group A patient) failed to augment DNA repair after MyD88 knockdown after UVR, in contrast to lymphoblasts from a healthy control. These data suggest that interference with the TLR4/MyD88 pathway may be a useful tool in promoting DNA repair and maintaining immune responses following UVR-induced damage.
Correlation between monoclonal antibody reactivity and expression of CD4 and CD8α genes in the horse

Abstract Equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were enriched by positive selection using panning with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies against putative equine CD4 (Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop antibodies WS 1 and WS 72), or CD8 molecules (Workshop antibodies WS 12, WS 49, and WS 74). RNA was extracted from CD4 enriched cells (99% purity), from CD8 enriched cells (69% purity), from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and from neonatal equine thymus. RNA extracted from equine granulocytes and from equine kidney served as negative control. The RNA was electrophoresed in agarose and transferred to nylon membranes. Northern blots were hybridized with human and mouse cDNA probes for CD4 and CD8α. The human CD4 probe detected a 2.9 kb RNA transcript in equine PBL, CD4 enriched lymphocytes, and thymocytes. The human CD8α probe detected a 2.0 kb transcript in RNA from equine CD8α enriched lymphocytes and thymocytes, but not from PBL or CD4 enriched lymphocytes. Mouse cDNA probes for CD4 and CD8 did not react with equine RNA. Results of hybridizations using the human probes support the assignment of the CD4 and CD8 specificities to the antibodies listed above. The results also suggest that the equine CD4 and CD8α genes are more closely related to the human than to the murine counterparts.
The ascending fiber projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus in the rat.

Persisting reports of uncrossed secondary trigeminothalamic pathways originating from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PrV) are based mainly on data obtained from surgically induced lesions analyzed by methods other than reduced silver impregnation techniques. After complete stereotaxic or direct surgical lesions of PrV, degenerating fibers proceed ventrally and rostrally from the nucleus and cross the midline in the rostral pons, completing their decussation caudal to nucleus interpeduncularis. These fibers form a large trigeminal lemniscus that ascends through the midbrain dorsomedial to the smaller medial lemniscus. PrV fibers terminate in the posterior thalamic nucleus and throughout the medial two-thirds of the ventrobasal thalamic complex (VBm) contralateral to the side of the lesion. Connections with the ventral part of zona incerta were also found similar to those reported for the medial lemniscus. Another fiber system proceeds dorsad from the parvicellular reticular formation in the PrV region and terminates on cells of the ipsi-and contralateral motor trigeminal nuclei and the adjacent contralateral parvicellular reticular formation. Differential lesions indicate that these “intertrigeminal” commissural connections arise chiefly from the parvicellular reticular formation that lies between PrV and the motor trigeminal nucleus. These experiments, which also included selective lesions of dorsal and rostral portions of PrV, failed to produce any evidence supporting the existence of an uncrossed principal sensory trigeminothalamic pathway in the rat. While selective, ventral zona incerta PrV connections can be demonstrated, no PrV intralaminar projections appear to exist. Initial findings show that comparable fully decussated PrV–VBm connections also exist in the guinea pig but that some ipsilaterally ascending fibers occur in monkeys (Smith, '72). These and other recent data demonstrate that phyletic neural variations exist in the PrV-thalamic projections in various mammalian species.
Experimental Measurements of the Effectiveness of MLSE against Narrowband Optical Filtering Distortion

We experimentally investigate the application of MLSE-EDC to signals transmitted through narrowband optical filters. We find MLSE affords significant OSNR improvement of ~5 dB for NRZ signals, but less or none for duobinary and DPSK.
Metabolic response to radiation therapy in patients with cancer

Abstract The effect of radiation therapy on substrate metabolism was evaluated in five patients with head and neck or lung cancer. Stable isotope tracer methodology was used to determine urea, amino acid, glucose, and lipid kinetics during postabsorptive conditions before initation, near the midpoint (after receiving 2,672 ± 36 rads), and at completion (after receiving 6,072 ± 307 rad) of a 6- to 8-week course of radiation therapy. Nutritional status was maintained throughout the treatment period by providing supplemental enteral feedings as needed. Postabsorptive plasma insulin, catecholamine, and amino acid concentrations did not change during the course of treatment. Before radiation therapy was initiated, values for the plasma rate of appearance (Ra) of urea (3.35 ± 0.33 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ), α-ketoisocaproate ([α-KIC] 2.16 ± 0.19 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ), phenylalanine (0.59 ± 0.052 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ), and glucose (10.56 ± 1.31 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ) were in the normal range. However, glycerol and palmitate Ra values (3.11 ± 0.30 and 2.01 ± 0.33 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 , respectively) were 25% higher than values observed previously in normal subjects. Substrate flux did not change during radiation therapy, and measurements obtained during the midpoint and at completion of treatment were similar to initial values. These results demonstrate that large doses of radiation therapy, administered over 6 to 8 weeks to the upper body, do not cause significant metabolic stress.
The Driving Competence of 90-Year-Old Drivers: From a Hospital-Based Driving Clinic

Objectives: To compare the performance on a standardized driving evaluation of a group of oldest old adults (age 90–97) against younger old adults (age 80–87) and examine whether the same cognitive variables and brake reaction time performance were associated with pass–fail status on a road test in both groups. Secondary objectives focused on an examination of the specific driving errors of both groups. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the setting of a clinical driving evaluation program at an academic medical center in the United States. In this study we examined the performance of 88 participants (27 age 90–97 and 61 age 80–87) who completed comprehensive driving evaluations between 1997 and 2011. The outcome variable was performance on a standardized road test. Measures included the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and brake reaction time (BRT). An exploratory analysis of the possible predictive value of specific MMSE subtests was also performe...
Seed-specific, developmentally regulated genes of peanut.

Four cDNAs of seed-specific and developmentally regulated peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) genes were identified by differential screening of a peanut-seed cDNA library using cDNA probes constructed from mRNAs isolated from immature and mature stages of the seed. Northern analysis, probed with the four cloned cDNAs, indicated that the genes represented by two cDNAs were expressed abundantly early in seed development, while another two were abundantly expressed later at the cell-expansion stages of seed development. These four genes did not show expression in roots, pegs or leaves. However, one of the early expressed genes was seed coat-specific. One of the clones, Psc11, had significant sequence similarity to subtilisin-like genes in Arabidopsis and soybean. Clones Psc32 and Psc33 had significant similarity to the peanut allergen genes Ara h II and Ara h 6, respectively. The sequence of clone Psc12 was unique and did not show significant similarity to any sequence in the databases. One of the four seed-specific clones showed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among peanut lines representing the four peanut botanical varieties. These findings indicate that polymorphism exists in peanut seed-storage genes. This contrasts with other genes previously used for genetic mapping of cultivated peanut.
Computational design of p-type transparent conductors for photovoltaic applications

Ternary oxides are particularly attractive for applications ranging from transparent electronics to spintronics to photoelectrocatalysis, yet difficulties in achieving p-type conductivities have hindered progress in these fields. A common means of searching for ternary oxides has been to sample the triangular phase space and determine whether the most favorable structures are thermodynamically stable. We believe, however, that computational techniques must be improved to enable accurate property predictions and facilitate the search for these new materials. As an example, we propose that late transition metal zinc oxide spinel compounds, as identified by the Materials Project, may exhibit p-type behavior and good optical properties for use as transparent conducting oxides. We use density functional theory calculations and the Boltzmann transport equation to calculate electrical transport and optical properties of the candidate materials. We employ several improvements to the theory, namely: 1. Hybrid density functionals to account for the incorrect treatment of electron exchange in DFT, and additional consideration of the scissor operator to the band energies to match only experimental band gaps without correcting for valence band edge curvature, and 2. Momentum-matrix method to calculate electron group velocities. We find that the copper zinc oxide spinel is a promising dilute magnetic semiconductor, while the nickel zinc oxide spinel is a promising transparent conductor. We also compare our results on the spinel compounds to the corresponding doped zinc oxides. Thus, we have proposed improvements in materials theory that enable the discovery of new materials for photovoltaic applications.
AZTEC, a Preprocessing Program for Real-Time ECG Rhythm Analysis

A preprocessing program developed for real-time monitoring of the electrocardiogram by digital computer has proved useful for rhythm analysis. The program suppresses low amplitude signals, reduces the data rate by a factor of about 10, and codes the result in a form convenient for analysis.
A directly addressed monolithic LED array as a projection source

— Light-emitting-diode arrays have been fabricated and demonstrated by several groups in a variety of applications in which structured illumination is desired, such as direct-view displays and fluorescence detection. State-of-the-art LEDs can achieve a high optical power density, exceeding 40 W/cm2. This allows the use of such LEDs, if patterned into an array, as a light and pattern source for projection displays. As a proof of principle, a projection source using a monolithically integrated patterned LED array at a power density of 0.69 W/cm2, a source brightness of 21,000,000 cd/m2, and a projected brightness of 100,000 cd/m2 is reported. It is shown that an improved version of such a display would allow significantly better power consumption and overall system efficiency than permitted by current projection-display concepts.
GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENOPRIVAL HYPERTENSION IN PARABIOTIC RATS : EVIDENCE THAT A HUMORAL HYPERTENSINOGENIC FACTOR IS PRODUCED IN KIDNEY TISSUE OF HYPERTENSION-PRONE RATS

Rats from two strains with opposite constitutional predisposition to hypertension were joined in parabiosis and one partner was nephrectomized. The influence of genetic factors and of diet on the blood pressures of the two classes of parabionts, operated and intact, indicated that renoprival hypertension occurred with equal frequency in rats from both strains; that the development of renoprival hypertension depended on the influence from an intact S partner, or on a high salt intake, or on both. A nephrectomized S rat developing renoprival hypertension did not induce high blood pressure in its intact R partner. In this respect renoprival hypertension differs from salt and renal hypertension. The findings are interpreted to mean that the hypertensinogenic agent specific for S rats is produced by S kidneys.
Retention of Internal Anchor Tags by Juvenile Striped Bass

Abstract We marked hatchery-reared striped bass Morone saxatilis (145–265 mm total length) with internal anchor tags and monitored retention for 28 months after stocking in the Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina. Anchor tags (with an 18-mm, T-shaped anchor and 42-mm streamer) were surgically implanted ventrally, and coded wire tags (1 mm long and 0.25 mm in diameter) were placed into the cheek muscle to help identify subsequent recaptures. The estimated probability of retention (SD) of anchor tags was 0.94 (0.05) at 4 months, 0.64 (0.13) at 16 months, and 0.33 (0.19) at 28 months. Of 10 fish recaptured with only coded wire tags, 5 showed an externally visible wound or scar near the point of anchor tag insertion. The incidence of wounds or scars, which we interpreted as evidence of tag shedding, increased to 50% in recaptures taken at 28 months (three of six fish). Our estimates for retention of anchor tags were generally lower than those in other studies of striped bass, possibly because of differ...
The Relationship of a Family History for Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction, or Stroke With Cardiovascular Physiology in Young Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and preeclampsia share several pathophysiologic risk factors. We examined family history (FH) and physiologic status in 60 healthy, nulliparous women to determine the relationship between FH and known risk factors for CVD. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Decreased uterine blood flow was observed in women with FH of hypertension (+FH: 21.5 ± 1.7, no FH: 33.3 ± 9.0 mL/min; P = .04). Women reporting an FH of stroke showed increased alpha- and beta-adrenergic response, as measured by Valsalva maneuver (α: FH: 24.7 ± 1.9, −FH: 18.9 ± 1.1 mm Hg, P = .02; β: FH: 22.0 ± 2.1, −FH: 16.9 ± 1.4 mm Hg; P = .04), and increased cardiac output (4.83 ± 0.22 vs 4.31 ± 0.12 L/min; P = .01). We identified no significant physiologic associations linked to an FH of myocardial infarction. Our observations show significant differences in physiologic characteristics in women with specific CVD family histories. These data, coupled with known heritable contributions to CVD and preeclampsia, suggest a distinct physiologic phenotype that may link preeclampsia risk with FH of CVD, independent of pregnancy.
Autonomous replication of a defective transducing phage in Pseudomonas putida.

Abstract The mandelate gene cluster for four enzymes has been transduced from Pseudomonas putida strain PRS1 (ATCC 12633) to the camphor-growing, mandelate-deleted strain PUG2 (ATCC 17452). Whereas crosses within strain PRS1 using phage pf16h2 yield principally phage-sensitive transductants, the interstrain crosses of PRS1 and PUG2 yield mostly immune ones, unstable for the mandelate and immune characters. The mandelate cluster is segregated at an approximate frequency of 10 −3 per bacterium per division during the cellular life cycle of the transductants. The immune heterogenotic transductants do not produce active vegetative phages on induction, but upon UV irradiation and superinfection with viable nontransducing phages they produce lysates which transduce at frequencies of 10 −5 to 10 −6 instead of the usual 3 × 10 −8 . The release of transducing phages is dependent on the multiplicity of the superinfecting phages and on the dose of UV irradiation. Phage-sensitive transductants of PUG2 also occur, and these also produce high-frequency transducing lysates without producing viable phages. We conclude that the transducing particles consist of different amounts of the phage genome, with or without an immunity-controlling region, and lack some essential phage function. These defective phages have been termed pf dm in analogy to λ dg or Pl dl . In CsCl gradient the infective particles in high-frequency transducing lysates have a characteristic density of 1.519 g/cm 3 , whereas three of the pf dm elements tested vary in density from 1.526 to 1.534 g/cm 3 , suggesting compositional heterogeneity of the transducing particles. Phage-sensitive transductants of PUG strains can be cured of the defective pf dm particles by ultraviolet irradiation. They contain a satellite DNA band in addition to the bacterial DNA in a CsCl density gradient. These cells overproduce mandelate enzymes, suggesting that pf dm particles replicate autonomously in the phage-sensitive PUG cells.
Averaging of globally coupled oscillators

Abstract We study a specific system of symmetrically coupled oscillators using the method of averaging. The equations describe a series array of Josephson junctions. We concentrate on the dynamics near the splay-phase state (also known as the antiphase state, ponies on a merry-go-round, or rotating wave). We calculate the Floquet exponents of the splay-phase periodic orbit in the weak-coupling limit, and find that all of the Floquet exponents are purely imaginary; in fact, all the Floquet exponents are zero except for a single complex conjugate pair. Thus, nested two-tori of doubly periodic solutions surround the splay-phase state in the linearized averaged equations. We numerically integrate the original system, and find startling agreement with the averaging results on two counts: The observed ratio of frequencies is very close to the prediction, and the solutions of the full equations appear to be either periodic or doubly periodic, as they are in the averaged equations. Such behavior is quite surprising from the point of view of generic dynamical systems theory-one expects higher-dimensional tori and chaotic solutions. We show that the functional form of the equations, and not just their symmetry, is responsible for this nongeneric behavior.
Control of resonant bandwidth in frequency‐selective surfaces by tilting the periodic elements

The work presented in this letter shows the effects of tilting the periodic elements in a frequency-selective surface (FSS). The intent is to show the existence of another degree of freedom that can be used in designing FSS. The analysis is done using the periodic Green's function as the kernel to an integral equation, which is solved using the method of moments. The example presented in this letter is that of an FSS composed of thin dipoles. It is shown that tilting the dipoles causes a slight shift in the resonant frequency, as well as a reduction of the bandwidth. An empirical formula for the bandwidth as a function of the tilt angle is given. Another effect of the tilt is to allow the excitation of an additional resonance. This might or might not be desirable, depending on the application. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 21: 114–117, 1999.
Lava flows in mare imbrium: An evaluation of anomalously low earth-based radar reflectivity

The surface of Mare Imbrium contains some of the most distinct red-blue colorimetric boundaries and depolarized 70-cm wavelength-reflectivity variations on the near side of the moon. The weakest levels of both 3.8-cm and 70-cm reflectivity within Imbrium are confined to spectrally blue regional mare surfaces that can be recognized as stratigraphically unique flow surfaces. Frequency distributions of the 70-cm polarized and depolarized radar-return power for five mare surfaces within the basin indicate that signal absorption, and probably ilmenite content, increases generally from the beginning of the Imbrium Period to the end of the Eratosthenian Period with slight reversal between the end of the Imbrium and beginning of the Eratosthenian. TiO2 calibrated radar-reflectivity curves can be utilized for lunar-maria geochemical mapping in the same manner as the TiO2 calibrated spectral-reflectivity curves of Charette et al. (1974).