cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Success rates with gamete intrafallopian transfer and in vitro fertilization in women of advanced maternal age

Objective To evaluate the effect of maternal age on outcomes for IVF and GIFT in women 40 to 45 years of age. Design Retrospective. Setting Boston IVF, a free-standing university-affiliated IVF and GIFT unit. Patients A total of 2,931 cycles of IVF and 1,826 cycles of GIFT were analyzed in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (IVF or GIFT) using autologous eggs. Interventions: Medical records of patient outcomes were reviewed. Results For patients undergoing IVF, the cancellation rate for initiated cycles showed significant differences in women aged 25 to 39 (38.3%), women aged 40 to 43 (49.5%), and women aged 44 to 45 years (69.5%). A significantly lower delivery rate per stimulation and delivery rate per retrieval was found in women aged 40 to 43 years when compared with women aged 25 to 39 years. No deliveries occurred in 59 cycles in women aged 44 to 45 years, thereby representing a significant difference when compared with both women aged 25 to 39 years and women aged 40 to 43 years. For patients undergoing GIFT, the cancellation rate for initiated cycles was significantly higher in women aged 40 to 43 (25.0%) and 44 to 45 years (31.0%) when compared with women aged 25 to 39 years (15.1%). A significantly lower delivery rate per stimulation and delivery rate per retrieval was found in women aged 40 to 43 and 44 to 45 years when compared with women aged 25 to 39 years. Conclusions Success rates for IVF and GIFT decline significantly in women> 40 years old. Women aged 2:44 years are unlikely to benefit from the use of IVF and GIFT.
Upper Airway Physiology

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of upper airway physiology and anatomy. In addition to using the ACGME program requirements guide, this chapter is based on feedback from residents in otolaryngology as well fellows in sleep medicine programs and residents in other nonsurgical fields as well. Some fellows will have previously had some training in examining the upper aerodigestive tract, but the focus is to help the fellow develop a more discerning eye that is necessary to recognize features of the awake upper airway (UA) that can increase a practitioner’s inunderstanding of how the upper airway might behave during sleep.
Synthetic aperture radar imaging of the interior of comets using time-domain back-projection

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is commonly used today for topographic and tomographic imaging of planetary surfaces and sub-surfaces. We describe SAR imaging of the interior of comets using time-domain back-projection and a simple ray-bending solution that accounts for the bulk dielectric property of the icy interior of the comet.
Suppression of Exosomal PD-L1 Induces Systemic Anti-tumor Immunity and Memory

PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells binds its receptor PD-1 on effector T cells, thereby suppressing their activity. Antibody blockade of PD-L1 can activate an anti-tumor immune response leading to durable remissions in a subset of cancer patients. Here, we describe an alternative mechanism of PD-L1 activity involving its secretion in tumor-derived exosomes. Removal of exosomal PD-L1 inhibits tumor growth, even in models resistant to anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Exosomal PD-L1 from the tumor suppresses T cell activation in the draining lymph node. Systemically introduced exosomal PD-L1 rescues growth of tumors unable to secrete their own. Exposure to exosomal PD-L1-deficient tumor cells suppresses growth of wild-type tumor cells injected at a distant site, simultaneously or months later. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies work additively, not redundantly, with exosomal PD-L1 blockade to suppress tumor growth. Together, these findings show that exosomal PD-L1 represents an unexplored therapeutic target, which could overcome resistance to current antibody approaches.
Fisher information regularization schemes for Wasserstein gradient flows

Abstract We propose a variational scheme for computing Wasserstein gradient flows. The scheme builds upon the Jordan–Kinderlehrer–Otto framework with the Benamou-Brenier's dynamic formulation of the quadratic Wasserstein metric and adds a regularization by the Fisher information. This regularization can be derived in terms of energy splitting and is closely related to the Schrodinger bridge problem. It improves the convexity of the variational problem and automatically preserves the non-negativity of the solution. As a result, it allows us to apply sequential quadratic programming to solve the sub-optimization problem. We further save the computational cost by showing that no additional time interpolation is needed in the underlying dynamic formulation of the Wasserstein-2 metric, and therefore, the dimension of the problem is vastly reduced. Several numerical examples, including porous media equation, nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation, aggregation diffusion equation, and Derrida-Lebowitz-Speer-Spohn equation, are provided. These examples demonstrate the simplicity and stableness of the proposed scheme.
Augmentation of Dural Defect Repairs Strength With an Acrylic Plate in a Porcine Ex Vivo Model

BackgroundLarge skull base defects can be challenging to repair. This study uses a controlled ex vivo model to examine the failure pressures of various dural repairs of large skull base defects usi...
A simple chemical guide for finding novel n-type dopable Zintl pnictide thermoelectric materials

Computations have predicted good thermoelectric performance for a number of Zintl phases when doped n-type. Combined with the successful experimental realization of n-type KGaSb4, KAlSb4, and Mg3Sb2 with zT ≳ 1, this has fueled efforts to discover novel n-type dopable Zintl phases. However, a majority of Zintl phases exhibit strong proclivity toward p-type doping and prior successes in finding n-type dopable Zintls were largely serendipitous. Herein we use modern first-principles defect calculations to study trends in the dopability of Zintl pnictides and find that the average oxidation state of the anion is a useful chemical guide to identify novel n-type dopable phases. Specifically, we observe that Zintl pnictides with average oxidation of the anion near −1 are n-type dopable. The trend is mainly a consequence of the high formation energy of native acceptor defects (e.g. cation vacancies) and the resulting absence of charge (electron) compensation. Using the oxidation state guide in conjunction with a descriptor of thermoelectric performance, we conduct a large-scale materials search and identify promising candidates that are n-type dopable.
Prevalence of Clinically Significant Differences in Sodium Measurements Due to Abnormal Protein Concentrations Using an Indirect Ion-Selective Electrode Method.

Background: Indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) is the primary method used to measure sodium in automated clinical laboratories and is susceptible to the electrolyte exclusion effect. Pseudohyponatremia due to hyperproteinemia can affect patient management. The aims of this study were to (a) establish the relationship between serum total protein (TP) concentration and the magnitude of the electrolyte exclusion effect on indirect ISE-measured sodium values (b) estimate the frequency at which TP concentrations outside the reference interval may impact indirect-ISE measured sodium values, and (c) determine whether clinical decision support (middleware) rules in the laboratory would be effective for detecting cases of pseudohyponatremia. Methods: Residual waste serum specimens from physician-ordered TP testing were collected (n = 112). Sodium concentration was measured using indirect ISE (Cobas 8000, Roche Diagnostics) and direct ISE (ABL 825, Radiometer) methods. The difference in sodium concentration (Δ[Na+]) was calculated as follows: ([Na+]indirect-ISE − [Na+]direct-ISE). Retrospective TP results reported from July 31, 2013, to September 24, 2014, were stratified by ordering location and sodium and TP co-ordering rates were quantified. Results: Δ[Na+] was inversely proportional to TP concentration (y = −1.29x + 8.6, R = −0.883). The average difference (SD, range) was −6.1(3.4, −16–0) mmol/L when TP >7.9 g/dL (>79g/L), with 69% of samples demonstrating differences ≥4.0 mmol/L. A majority of intensive care unit patients (81%) were hypoproteinemic ( Conclusions: Indirect sodium measurement is impacted when TP concentrations are increased. TP concentration outside the reference interval is prevalent and sodium is usually not ordered with TP. Health systems need to be aware of the limitations of their indirect-ISE method for sodium measurement.
Energy and exergy analyses of R513a as a R134a drop-in replacement in a vapor compression refrigeration system.

Abstract R513a (XP10), a mixer of 56% R1234yf (C3H2F4) and 44% R134a (CH2FCF3), has similar thermophysical characteristics to R134a but only half of its global warming potential (GWP). This paper uses an economized-cycle vaper compression refrigeration system as an example to investigate the energy and exergy performance of R513a used as a drop-in replacement for R134a. Differing from previous research, this study examines the entire system operating zone to identify the performance differences in terms of capacity, COP, exergy destruction rate, and exergy efficiency between R513a and R134a systems. The analysis found that a system with drop-in R513a demonstrates reduced capacity by up to 12% and efficiency (up to 9% with COP and 14% with exergy efficiency) under a majority of operating conditions, while exhibiting less irreversibility (5% to 13%) under high-ambient, high-space temperature conditions and better exergy efficiency of 3% in low-ambient conditions. In addition, the contribution of each individual component to the exergy destruction rate at various operating conditions is identified. To improve the energy and exergy efficiency of a R513a system, the analysis results indicate that the compressor is the first component that should be redesigned or reselected, followed by the economizer, valves, and evaporator. The condenser influence is negligible.
11 – Transport Processes

Publisher Summary Transport processes correspond to the transport of some quantity through space. The three principal transport processes are heat conduction, diffusion, and viscous flow. Heat conduction is the transport of energy, diffusion is the transport of molecules, and viscous flow is the transport of momentum. These transport processes are described macroscopically by empirical linear laws: heat conduction is described by Fourier's law, diffusion is described by Fick's law, and viscous flow is described by Newton's law of viscous flow. Molecular theories of transport processes in dilute gases are based on gas kinetic theory. The electrical conductivity of solutions of ions can be understood on the basis of ionic motion in an electric field. Transport processes in a hard-sphere gas can be analyzed theoretically. A formula for the self-diffusion coefficient is derived in this chapter, and similarly formulas for thermal conductivities and viscosity coefficients are also presented. Each transport coefficient is proportional to the mean free path and to the mean speed, and thus proportional to the square root of the temperature.
A 0.72 nW, 1 Sample/s Fully Integrated pH Sensor with 65.8 LSB/pH Sensitivity

This paper presents a 0.85 mm2 fully integrated pH sensor IC utilizing an ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) and reference field effect transistor (REFET) pair in which the native foundry passivation layer is used as an ion sensitive layer. The pH sensor has 10 bit resolution with 65.8 LSB/pH sensitivity, while consuming only 0.72 nW at 1 sample/s, improving an overall figure of merit (FoM) that accounts for power, sampling frequency, and sensitivity by > 4000×.
Atmospheric Progression of Microcystin-LR from Cyanobacterial Aerosols

The potential for exposure to aerosolized algal toxins during harmful algal blooms has not been well studied. A fundamental question about the longevity of algal toxins in the aerosol phase remains...
Compete or commit: Preferences for early commitment process or ASHP Match among pharmacy residency program directors and residents

PURPOSE To assess the recruitment preferences of directors of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residency programs and postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents seeking PGY2 residency positions, as well as key drivers of preference. METHODS Two Web-based questionnaires were administered to residency program directors (RPDs) of PGY2 programs and PGY1 residents, respectively. Participants were recruited via email, and responses were collected from November 27 through December 14, 2018. RPDs and PGY1 residents were surveyed about their preferences regarding participation in the ASHP Resident Matching Program (ASHP Match) and participation in the early commitment process (ECP). Respondents were also asked to rank the importance of prespecified factors in decisions about whether to participate in either the Match or the ECP. RESULTS The RPD questionnaire was completed by 295 participants in 43 states. The majority of RPDs (70.2%) stated that their PGY2 program generally preferred the ECP to the ASHP Match. Regardless of program preference, the most important driver of preference was the current PGY1 resident's personality and fit. There were 243 completed resident questionnaires from 41 states. The majority of respondents (83.5%) indicated a preference to participate in the ECP vs the ASHP Match. Of those preferring the ECP, the highest-ranked consideration was the opportunity for further development at their PGY1 site. CONCLUSION Overall, the survey results indicated that both PGY2 programs and PGY1 residents interested in PGY2 training generally prefer the ECP to the ASHP Match. The survey results should be considered by stakeholders (students, residents, and RPDs) in deciding whether to participate in the Match or the ECP process.
Reducing noise and stutter in short tandem repeat loci with unique molecular identifiers

Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) are a promising approach to contend with errors generated during PCR and massively parallel sequencing (MPS). With UMI technology, random molecular barcodes are ligated to template DNA molecules prior to PCR, allowing PCR and sequencing error to be tracked and corrected bioinformatically. UMIs have the potential to be particularly informative for the interpretation of short tandem repeats (STRs). Traditional MPS approaches may simply lead to the observation of alleles that are consistent with the hypotheses of stutter, while with UMIs stutter products bioinformatically may be re-associated with their parental alleles and subsequently removed. Herein, a bioinformatics pipeline named strumi is described that is designed for the analysis of STRs that are tagged with UMIs. Unlike other tools, strumi is an alignment-free machine learning driven algorithm that clusters individual MPS reads into UMI families, infers consensus super-reads that represent each family and provides an estimate the resulting haplotype's accuracy. Super-reads, in turn, approximate independent measurements not of the PCR products, but of the original template molecules, both in terms of quantity and sequence identity. Provisional assessments show that naive threshold-based approaches generate super-reads that are accurate (∼97 % haplotype accuracy, compared to ∼78 % when UMIs are not used), and the application of a more nuanced machine learning approach increases the accuracy to ∼99.5 % depending on the level of certainty desired. With these features, UMIs may greatly simplify probabilistic genotyping systems and reduce uncertainty. However, the ability to interpret alleles at trace levels also permits the interpretation, characterization and quantification of contamination as well as somatic variation (including somatic stutter), which may present newfound challenges.
Engineering as Profession: Some Methodological Problems in Its Study

Engineering is a function, discipline, occupation, and profession to which the term “engineering” is only a rough guide. Some activities not called “engineering” – applied physics and naval architecture, for example – are plainly engineering in the sense relevant to this volume. Other activities called “engineering”, such as driving a railway locomotive or overseeing the operation of a ship’s boiler, are just as plainly not engineering in the relevant sense (despite the participation of “engineers” such as Casey Jones or a sailor rated “marine engineer”). (These examples are all from English, my own language but not one known for its logic. It is therefore worth noting that other languages seem to have similar difficulties – or, at least, so I have heard from their native speakers – Italians, Japanese, Greeks, and so on. I’ll give one example here: The Dutch give the title “Ingenieur” to anyone who receives a bachelor’s degree from a technological university, even if the degree is in political science or philosophy. Anyone with that title is free to use it, much as anyone in the United States with a Ph.D. is free to call herself “doctor”. The Netherlands do not license or register engineers, yet everyone there seems to understand the difference between “engineers” who are just philosophers and “engineers” who are engineers strictly speaking.) The status of other activities is more controversial. Is “software engineering”, “social engineering”, “genetic engineering”, “re-engineering”, or “financial engineering” engineering in the relevant sense? What about architecture (strictly so called), computer science, industrial design, or synthetic chemistry? What separates those technological activities from engineering (in the sense relevant here)? The answer to such questions will (or, at least, should) determine what gets studied as “engineering” and therefore what conclusions we, those who study engineering, draw concerning our subject. What I propose to do here is summarize the answers I have elsewhere given these questions and then dispose of prominent objections to those answers. (See especially Davis M, Thinking like an engineer: essays in the ethics of a profession. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998; Davis M, Profession, code, and ethics. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002; Davis M (Philosophia 37(2):211–225, 2009a); Davis M (The Monist 92(3):325–339, 2009b); Davis M, Distinguishing architects from engineers: a pilot study in differences between engineers and other technologists. In: van de Poel I, Goldberg D (eds) Philosophy and engineering: an emerging agenda. Springer, Dordrecht, 2010.) Most of the objections, it turns out, arise from disagreement about how to study engineering (method) rather than about ordinary facts concerning engineering (how certain people are trained, what they do, and so on).
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive and Affective Development: Foundations of Constructivism

1. Intellectual Organization and Adaptation. 2. Intellectual Development and Other Factors. 3. Sensorimotor Development. 4. The Development of Preoperational Thought. 5. The Development of Concrete Operations. 6. The Development of Formal Operations. 7. Further Aspects of Piaget's Theory. 8. The Implications of Piaget's Theory for Education: Principles of Constructivism. 9. Applications.
Rat liver glutamine synthetase. Preparation, properties, and mechanism of inhibition by carbamyl phosphate.

Abstract Glutamine synthetase, purified from rat liver, is homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis and on ultracentrifugation (s20,w, 15.0 S). The enzyme, which consists of eight subunits (subunit molecular weight, 44,000), resembles ovine brain glutamine synthetase in its physical properties, amino acid composition, and substrate specificity. Complete inhibition of the liver enzyme by methionine sulfoximine is associated with the binding of 4 moles of inhibitor per mole of enzyme. The enzyme is activated by α-ketoglutarate (in the presence of Mg++ or Mn++) and is inhibited by glycine, l-alanine, l-serine, and carbamyl phosphate (with Mn++ only). Evidence is presented that inhibition by carbamyl phosphate is produced by the binding of this compound to the active site of glutamine synthetase. Thus, the enzyme can catalyze the synthesis of ATP from carbamyl phosphate and ADP. When glutamine synthetase is incubated with ADP, carbamyl phosphate, and glutamate, glutamine is formed. Enzyme inactivated by treatment with methionine sulfoximine and ATP did not utilize carbamyl phosphate. Liver glutamine synthetase also catalyzes ATP synthesis from ADP and acetyl phosphate; this reaction is competitively inhibited by glutamate. Glutamine synthetases from ovine brain, rat brain, and Escherichia coli also catalyze ATP synthesis from carbamyl phosphate and ADP.
Hybrid encrypted holographic data storage

In this paper, the implementation of a scheme, based on rotational and shift random-phase encoded (RSRE) multiplexing a holographic data storage method images in a LiNbO/sub 3/:Fe crystal, is described. For an optical encryption/security system, in our proposed multiplexed scheme the reference beam serves in a very real sense as a key for data retrieval. The possibility of decryption in the proposed system can be estimated when one has one random-phase key (holographic diffuser) that is used in the data storage.
Measuring and Applying Data about Users in the Seton Hall Library

We present data on how faculty and students at Seton Hall University use scholarly articles and books, how the library can present its findings to stakeholders, and how librarians can learn from these findings to better meet user needs. The data were gathered using questionnaire surveys of university faculty, graduate students, and undergraduate students as part of the IMLS Lib-Value project and based on Tenopir and King Studies conducted since 1977. Many questions used the critical incident of the last article and book reading to enable analysis of the characteristics of readings, in addition to characteristics of readers. Seton Hall’s e-journal collection is vital to its users, supporting faculty research and teaching and student coursework. However, high use of books from non-library sources suggests some deficiencies in the collection. Findings show an opportunity to brand library material to clearly distinguish it from what is perceived as ‘free on the web’, examine use of both print and e-books, and work with professors to increase student awareness and use of library resources.
On the limit of a product of matrix exponentials

The existence of the limit as ϵ→0 exp[(A+B/ϵ)t] exp[-Bt/ϵ]is studied for n×n matrices A,B. Necessary and sufficient conditions on B that the limit exist for all A are given.
Distribution Efficiency voltage optimization supports lowest cost new resource

The Distribution Efficiency Initiative consisted of two independent projects. The load research project monitored and controlled the voltage at 395 homes, whereas the pilot demonstration project monitored and controlled the voltage at the substation/feeder level. The study concluded by employing distribution efficiencies and voltage optimization energy, demand, and showed that reactive power could be reduced without adversely impacting customers at a cost of 1 to 5 mills per kilowatt-hour saved (1 mill = $0.001).
‘High desire’, or ‘merely’ an addiction? A response to Steele et al.

The validity of an argument depends on the soundness of its premises. In the recent paper by Steele et al., conclusions are based on the initial construction of definitions relating to ‘desire’ and ‘addiction’. These definitions are based on a series of assumptions and qualifications, the limitations of which are acknowledged by the authors initially, but inexplicably ignored in reaching the firm conclusions the authors make. Yet, the firmness of these conclusions is unwarranted, not only as a result of conceptually problematic initial premises but also due to problematic methodology. (Published: 21 February 2014) Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2014, 4 : 23833 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v4.23833 This is a Commentary on ‘’ Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, is related to neurophysiological responses elicited by sexual images ‘’ by Vaughn R. Steele, Cameron Staley and Timothy Fong, Nicole Prause, published in Volume 3, 2013 .
Kinetic studies of chlorobenzene reactions with hydrogen atoms and phenyl radicals and the thermochemistry of 1-chlorocyclohexadienyl radicals

Article on kinetic studies of chlorobenzene reactions with hydrogen atoms and phenyl radicals and the thermochemistry of 1-chlorocyclohexadienyl radicals.
Measuring socioemotional functioning in a national birth cohort study

An accumulating body of research suggests that the capacities children acquire that prepare them for learning in formal educational settings are multilevel and complex with multiple contributing factors that begin in infancy. A new U.S. longitudinal study, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), is designed to enable researchers to examine how an array of children's capacities and skills function individually and jointly to promote or hinder the acquisition of school readiness. The ECLS-B follows a nationally representative sample of 10,688 children born in the U.S. in 2001. Baseline data on the children and their families were collected at 9 months of age with follow-up at ages 2, 4, and kindergarten entry. Information on study children's socioemotional development is derived from several sources: videotaped mother-child interactions, parent interviews, and field staff observations. Because attachment is such an important indicator of children's socioemotional development during the toddler period, the study devoted considerable resources to designing an attachment measure. The Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45) was designed to meet the need for a simple yet valid measure that did not require extensive training for field staff to administer easily. The TAS-45 generates the classical attachment categories and security and dependency scores.
Helium 2s2p 1 P o energy with relativistic corrections

The recent experiment of Morgan and Ederer on helium 2s2p ${}^{1}$${P}^{o}$ has improved the agreement between theory and experiment substantially. To achieve higher accuracy in our theoretical result, we include the relativistic correction to the energy. The new result of 60.150 eV agrees excellently with the 60.151\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 eV of Morgan and Ederer. The wavelength for the 2p3p ${}^{1}$P--2s2p ${}^{1}$${P}^{o}$ transition is also predicted to facilitate the observation of this $^{1}\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{o}}$ state in an optical emission spectrum.
Acidosis plus melphalan induces nitric oxide-mediated tumor regression in an isolated limb perfusion human melanoma xenograft model

Background. Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with melphalan is an accepted treatment for intransit melanoma of the extremities. Using an ILP human melanoma xenograft model, we tested the hypothesis that acidosis augments the antitumor effect of melphalan and that nitric oxide (NO) induction mediates tumor regression. Methods. NIH1286 human melanoma tumor bearing athymic nude rats underwent a 10-minute ILP. Group C was perfused at physiologic pH without acid or melphalan, group M received melphalan at physiologic pH (7.2), group A received 0.2 N of HCl at pH 6.8, and group A/M received melphalan and HCl at pH 6.8. Groups 1400W + A and 1400W + A/M were injected with 1400W, a specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase, 1 hour pre-ILP. Tumor response was followed for up to 60 days in all survival experiments. In 4 to 6 animals from groups C, M, A, and A/M, tumor NO was measured pre- and post-ILP, and tumor and thigh muscle from 2 additional animals in each group were collected at 20 minutes and 24 hours post-ILP and processed for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Results. Maximum mean reduction in tumor size after ILP in the different groups was as follows: C = 0%, M = 55%, A = 99.6% (3 of 4 complete responses), A/M = 100% (all complete responses), 1400W + A = 0%, and 1400W + A/M = 25%. Median tumor NO was 0.87 ± 0.74 (SD) μmol/L before ILP and increased significantly (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, P <.001) after ILP (C = +6.9%, n = 4; M = +7.5%, n = 5; A = +66.0%, n = 6; A/M = +35.9%, n = 6). Also, minimal apoptotic cell death was seen in C and M, whereas A and A/M showed evidence of widespread apoptosis. Conclusions. Acidosis enhances the antitumor effect of melphalan. NO induction appears to play a role in tumor regression. (Surgery 2002;132:252-8.)
Whose Language? What Power?: A Universal Conflict in a South African Setting

a On the back cover of Frank Smith's latest book is a photograph, presumably taken in South Africa, portraying the author sitting on a white table on the porch of a neat suburban house, flanked by four smiling black children. It is an appealing photograph--but it makes me feel uneasy. Such photographs provide a permanent record that the sojourner has "been there," has related to "the people." But the smiles mask the unequal relations of power between the visitor and the hosts, between the observer and the observed. In many ways, the photograph is a visual metaphor for the relationships depicted in the book between the author and his former students and colleagues in South Africa. At a glance, the relationships seem unproblematic; however, a closer analysis raises a .number of uneasy questions. In 1991, Smith was invited by the new Department of Applied English Language Studies (AELS) of the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits-pronounced Vits) in Johannesburg, South Africa, to take on the leadership of the fledgling department. The department is described as the first of its kind in South Africa, focusing on the relationship between the English language and educational change in the country. Smith arrived in South Africa in December 1991, resigning in "frustration and disappointment" (p. 11) 5 months later. Smith describes his book as an ethnographic account of his experiences in the department over this period and his perceptions of educational and social change in South Africa. A recurring theme in the book is Smith's conflict with some of his colleagues on the appropriateness of his ideas on language and learning in the South African context. The book is structured around a description of a 7-week seminar led by Smith in which 17 students of different language and social backgrounds sought to develop an honours course in applied linguistics
Advances in Laser Cooling of Solids

We review the progress on laser cooling of solids. Laser cooling of ion-doped solids and semiconductors is based on the anti-Stokes fluorescence, where the emitted photons have a mean energy higher than that of the absorbed photons. The thermodynamic analysis shows that this cooling process does not violate the second law, and that the achieved efficiency is much lower than the theoretical limit. Laser cooling has experienced rapid progress in rare-earth-ion doped solids in the last decade, with the temperature difference increasing from 0.3 to 92 K. Further improvements can be explored from the perspectives of materials and structures. Also, theories need to be developed, to provide guidance for searching enhanced cooling performance. Theoretical predictions show that semiconductors may be cooled more than ion-doped solids, but no success in bulk cooling has been achieved yet after a few attempts (due to the fluorescence trapping and nonradiative recombination). Possible solutions are discussed, and net cooling is expected to be realized in the near future.
Seismic Hazard Assessment: Issues and Alternatives

Seismic hazard and risk are two very important concepts in engineering design and other policy considerations. Although seismic hazard and risk have often been used interchangeably, they are fundamentally different. Furthermore, seismic risk is more important in engineering design and other policy considerations. Seismic hazard assessment is an effort by earth scientists to quantify seismic hazard and its associated uncertainty in time and space and to provide seismic hazard estimates for seismic risk assessment and other applications. Although seismic hazard assessment is more a scientific issue, it deserves special attention because of its significant implication to society. Two approaches, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) and deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA), are commonly used for seismic hazard assessment. Although PSHA has been proclaimed as the best approach for seismic hazard assessment, it is scientifically flawed (i.e., the physics and mathematics that PSHA is based on are not valid). Use of PSHA could lead to either unsafe or overly conservative engineering design or public policy, each of which has dire consequences to society. On the other hand, DSHA is a viable approach for seismic hazard assessment even though it has been labeled as unreliable. The biggest drawback of DSHA is that the temporal characteristics (i.e., earthquake frequency of occurrence and the associated uncertainty) are often neglected. An alternative, seismic hazard analysis (SHA), utilizes earthquake science and statistics directly and provides a seismic hazard estimate that can be readily used for seismic risk assessment and other applications.
Effects of External Radio Transmitters on Fish

Abstract Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were studied to determine the effects of externally attached radio transmitter tags. Perch that had been tagged with dummy radio tags were more susceptible to predation and more sensitive to environmental stress than were controls. Feeding and respiration rates were similar among dummy tagged and control groups of perch over a 6-week period. The feeding rate of dummy tagged largemouth bass was lower than that of untagged fish over a 3.5-week period. On the basis of these studies, we conclude that weights of external transmitters in water should be less than 1.5% of the fish weight. Design considerations should include streamlining components and an anterior attachment wire at the extreme leading edge of an external transmitter to prevent entanglement of the tag in surrounding vegetation.
Visual field dependency in pigeons

Abstract Four groups of pigeons were trained to peck a key on which a white vertical line was projected in an illuminated experimental chamber. They were subsequently tested for generalization to different angular orientations of the line with the entire chamber tilted sidewise 0 °, 8 °, 16 °, or 24 °, respectively, but with the floor still horizontal. In each case the birds responded most to an angle parallel to the walls and perpendicular to the ceiling. To test the possibility that as a consequence of their training the birds had learned to respond to the relationship between the line on the key and the visual field, a fifth group was subsequently trained to respond to vertical in the absence of contextual visual cues and tested with them. These birds responded in the same way as the others had. Thus without being trained to do so, pigeons use the main lines of the visual field to establish gravitational vertical, just as humans do, and they therefore make comparable errors in perception.
A programme of intervention for substance abuse following traumatic brain injury.

This article describes a pilot programme initiated in 1991 to address the problems of substance abuse among persons who have experienced traumatic brain injury (TBI). The model of treatment is comm...
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to evaluate muscle involvement in Pompe disease

in filter paper, initially for the detection of heparan sulfamidase (MPS IIIA) and beta-galactosidase (GM1-gangliosidosis, MPS IVB, galactosialidosis) deficiencies. We prepared filter paper samples with dried-leukocytes or dried-fibroblast (DLFP, DFFP) from healthy individuals and from patients with confirmed MPS IIIA or GM1 gangliosidosis by direct transfer of cell homogenates to filter paper discs. Heparan sulfaminidase and beta-galactosidase were tested by incubating samples with specific buffers and substrates. For heparan sulfamidase, a clear discrimination was found between normal controls and MPS IIIA patients both in DLFP and DFFP samples. For beta-galactosidase, distinction between normal controls and GM1-gangliosisdosis patients was evidenced only in DLFP samples so far. Although the method still needs further development, we conclude that assays for these two enzymes could be performed in dried-cell homogenates, and could be an useful tool for LSD identification, especially in areas where liquid blood samples usually need to travel several days to reach the reference laboratory.
Non-Local Effects in the Nucleon-Nucleus Effective Interaction

We analyze the sources for non-locality and show that non-local equations with sym­ metric interactions are in general compL~t"ly equivalent to quasi local (angular momentum dependent) ones. Non-local effects and in particular the zeros of the non-local Wronskian are then studied: although the latter correspond to equations of Fuchsian type their physical meaning is dubious. § I. Introduction Before presenting a tool to analyze non-local effects, we investigate the sources for non-locality in the nucleon-nudeus effective interaction. Feshbach's formalism1l· 2l is followed and only low energy problems below the inelastic threshold are considered. A single assumption is made: the center-of-mass motion can be neglected. In our definition of "effective" we include two elements: A projection operator P which extracts out of the wave function its elastic part and an explicit use of wave packets both for experimental and theoretical necessity. The operator P being defined to include antisymmetrisation, the Feshbach's
Evaluating evidence for warfare and environmental stress in settlement pattern data from the Malpaso valley, Zacatecas, Mexico

Abstract Researchers have suggested that warfare and environmental factors were key influences on the late Classic (ca. AD 500–900) settlement of the Malpaso valley. Scenarios of violent conflict at varying scales have been proposed, supported by evidence of defensive attributes and abundant mortuary remains at the valley’s principal center, La Quemada. In addition, it has been argued that the location of the valley increased its vulnerability to drought conditions through time, provoking or exacerbating conflict over resources. To evaluate the likelihood of these scenarios, I examine settlement pattern data from the valley. I propose a set of general expectations for site configuration and location for each of the proposed warfare models and then evaluate the degree to which the archaeological settlement conforms to each. I then investigate the role of environment in influencing site location using GIS software to identify areas most suitable for dryland agriculture based on proximity to soil type and available moisture. My findings suggest that if warfare occurred in the valley, it was most likely interregional conflict between large centers. I also find that for the majority of the sites in the valley, location is more readily explained by agricultural than defensive concerns.
Fluid pressure and earthquakes

During 1961, a deep well was drilled at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal northeast of Denver, Colorado, to dispose of contaminated waste water. The well is bottomed in 75 feet of vertically fractured Precambrian gneiss. In November 1965, I proposed [Evans, 1966] that injection of waste water into the fractured rocks beneath the well was related to a series of 710 small earthquakes recorded in the area from 1962 through 1965. I proposed that Hubbert and Rubey [1959] had devised a mechanism that explained how fluid pressure could trigger crustal movement (and earthquakes) beneath Denver. This was a simple and an adequate means of reducing the frictional resistance to the sliding of large overthrust blocks down very gentle slopes. The weight of such a block is jointly supported by solid stresses and pressure of interstitial fluids. As fluid approaches lithostatic pressure, the sheer stress required to move the block approaches zero.
Rare protection against type 1 diabetes

A large population study using ultra-high-throughput DNA sequencing to re-sequence a genetic locus associated with type 1 diabetes reveals rare protective alleles.
Microstructural Modeling and Dynamic Process Simulation of Laser-Assisted Machining of Silicon Nitride Ceramics With Distinct Element Method

The distinct element method (or discrete element method, DEM) is applied to simulate the dynamic process of laser-assisted machining (LAM) of silicon nitride ceramics. This is motivated by the fact that LAM of ceramics shows a few complicated characteristics such as spontaneous crack formation, discontinuous chips, etc. Thus, using the two-dimensional distinct element code, PFC2D , the microstructure of a β-type silicon nitride ceramic is modeled, and the resulting temperature-dependent synthetic specimens are created first, and then, machining simulations are conducted. The DEM model is validated through comparing the predicted results with those from the experiments under different cutting temperatures in terms of cutting force, chip size, and depth of subsurface damage. Furthermore, the mechanisms of LAM are analyzed from the aspects of material removal, chip segments, surface/subsurface damage, as well as crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence.
SOLID-STATE EFFECTS IN ELECTRON EMISSION FROM ATOMIC COLLISIONS NEAR SURFACES

We present a brief progress report of recent studies of the ejected electron spectra arising from glancing-angle ion-surface scattering involving collision energies of hundreds of keV/u. A broad range of electron energies and emission angles is analyzed containing prominent structures such as the convoy electron peak and the binary ridge. Particular emphasis is placed on the search for signatures of dynamic image interactions and multiple scattering near surfaces. 30 refs., 8 figs.
Heligmosomoides polygyrus superantigen : differential response with mouse and human lymphocytes

The interaction between Heligmosomoides polygyrus superantigen and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was evaluated. Parasite homogenate and excretory-secretory proteins from both L4 larvae and adult worms were examined for their ability to stimulate, and be presented by, human cells. Proliferation assays using PBMC from 3 human volunteers indicated that naive cells were stimulated by H. polygyrus superantigen. Antigen presenting cells (APC) from a number of human donors were able to successfully present H. polygyrus' superantigen to mouse T cell hybridomas. However, this ability varied according to the source of the superantigen, and human APC, in contrast to APC from mice, could only present the superantigen contained within parasite homogenate. Also, in contrast to the situation with mice, human APC could present H. polygyrus superantigen to stimulate mouse T cells expressing not only TCR V beta 8.1, but also TCR V beta 7. Therefore, H. polygyrus superantigen can successfully stimulate, and be presented by, human PBMC of different MHC haplotypes, although the cellular mechanisms appear to be different from those observed in the mouse.
Lineage-independent determination of cell type in the embryonic mouse retina

We previously used a retroviral vector to mark clones in the postnatal rodent retina and showed that at least two types of neurons and Muller glia can arise from a common progenitor. Here we describe the use of exo utero surgery to introduce a marker retrovirus into the proliferative zone of the retinas of embryonic day 13 and 14 mice. Analysis of marked clones in the resulting adult retinas shows that almost all progenitor cells that continued mitosis were multipotential and that a single progenitor can generate most retinal cell types. The size of marked clones indicates that retinal cells do not employ a stem cell mode of division, but instead, both daughter cells of a progenitor can continue to divide. These results suggest that cell type determination in the rodent retina is independent of lineage. We propose a model for the generation of retinal cell types in which the cessation of mitosis and cell type determination are independent events, controlled by environmental interactions.
Finitely Convergent Decomposition Algorithms for Two-Stage Stochastic Pure Integer Programs

We study a class of two-stage stochastic integer programs with general integer variables in both stages and finitely many realizations of the uncertain parameters. Based on Benders' method, we propose a decomposition algorithm that utilizes Gomory cuts in both stages. The Gomory cuts for the second-stage scenario subproblems are parameterized by the first-stage decision variables, i.e., they are valid for any feasible first-stage solutions. In addition, we propose an alternative implementation that incorporates Benders' decomposition into a branch-and-cut process in the first stage. We prove the finite convergence of the proposed algorithms. We also report our preliminary computations with a rudimentary implementation of our algorithms to illustrate their effectiveness.
Acellular nerve allografts in peripheral nerve regeneration: A comparative study

Introduction: Processed nerve allografts offer a promising alternative to nerve autografts in the surgical management of peripheral nerve injuries where short deficits exist. Methods: Three established models of acellular nerve allograft (cold-preserved, detergent-processed, and AxoGen-processed nerve allografts) were compared with nerve isografts and silicone nerve guidance conduits in a 14-mm rat sciatic nerve defect. Results: All acellular nerve grafts were superior to silicone nerve conduits in support of nerve regeneration. Detergent-processed allografts were similar to isografts at 6 weeks postoperatively, whereas AxoGen-processed and cold-preserved allografts supported significantly fewer regenerating nerve fibers. Measurement of muscle force confirmed that detergent-processed allografts promoted isograft-equivalent levels of motor recovery 16 weeks postoperatively. All acellular allografts promoted greater amounts of motor recovery compared with silicone conduits. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that differential processing for removal of cellular constituents in preparing acellular nerve allografts affects recovery in vivo. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Multiangular hyperspectral investigation of polarized light in case 2 waters

ABSTRACT The focus of this work is on the dependence of in situ hyperspectral and multiangular polarized data on the size distribution and refractive index of the suspended particles. Underwater polarization measurements were obtained using a polarimeter developed at the Optical Remote Sensing Laboratory of the City College of New York, NY. The degree of polarization (DOP) of the underwater light field in coastal environments was measured and the water-leaving polarized radiance was derived. In-water optical properties were also measured with an ac-9 (WET Labs). Absorption and attenuation spectra are then used to derive information on the dissolved and suspend components in the water medium which are used in a vector radiative transfer code which provides the upwelling radiance. The model was run for various values of the refractive index of mineral particles until the modeled DOP matched the measured one. The relationship between the intensity of the maximum of the DOP and both th e refractive index of the mineral particles and the shapes of their size distributions is analyzed in detail. Keywords: ocean optics, polarization, radiative tran sfer, coastal waters, field measurements.