cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Identity in Reading Comprehension Development

The purpose of this year-long project was to examine an instructional framework intended to help middle school teachers create instruction that responds to students’ reading identities while also helping students learn the skills they need to be successful readers. The project used a formative design approach in order to achieve 3 pedagogical goals with middle school students: (a) examine and positively change their involvement with classroom reading practices, (b) improve their reading comprehension abilities, and (c) allow them to progress in who they want to become as readers.
Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing.

Chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) associated with boxing occurs in approximately 20% of professional boxers. Risk factors associated with CTBI include increased exposure (i.e., duration of career, age of retirement, total number of bouts), poor performance, increased sparring, and apolipoprotein (APOE) genotype. Clinically, boxers exhibiting CTBI will present with varying degrees of motor, cognitive, and/or behavioral impairments. The severe form of CTBI is referred to as dementia pugilistica. The diagnosis of CTBI is dependent upon documenting a progressive neurological condition that is consistent with the clinical symptomatology of CTBI attributable to brain trauma and unexplainable by an alternative pathophysiological process. Pathologically, CTBI shares many characteristics with Alzheimer's disease (i.e., neurofibrillary triangles, diffuse amyloid plaques, acetylcholine deficiency, and/or tau immunoreactivity). The mainstay of treatment of CTBI is prevention, however medications used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and/or parkinsonism may be utilized.
Sporulation of Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines, causal agent of sudden death syndrome, on soybeans in the Midwestern and Southern United States.

Production of macroconidia by the causal agent of sudden death syndrome, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, occurred on lower stems and roots of soybean plants symptomatic for the disease in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Most of the sporulation was light to dark blue to blue-green in color. Microscopically (15×) visible sporulation occurred on plants in 26, and macroscopically visible sporulation occurred on plants in 15, of 32 fields inspected. In some fields, the incidence of plants with microscopically visible sporulation was as high as 70%, and the incidence of plants with macroscopically visible sporulation reached 50%. Sporulation varied from pinpoint microscopic areas to macroscopically visible masses 4 to 6 cm2 or larger. Areas of microscopically visible sporulation occurred on lower stems and roots within 2.5 cm above and below the soil line on about 50% of the plants, and areas of macroscopically visible sporulation occurred within the same region on about 60% of the plants. Both microscopic and macroscopic sporulation also occurred on taproots as far as 10 cm or more below the soil line. Severe foliar symptoms and root decay were associated with a greater incidence of plants with sporulation. The occurrence of sporulation should help distinguish sudden death syndrome from other diseases of like foliar symptomatology and help confirm its diagnosis. It is presumed from the results that sporulation eventually contributes to the inoculum density of F. solani f. sp. glycines in soybean fields.
High Performance Organic Thin Film Transistors Made Simple Through Molecular Design and Processing

We report on a simple a method of inducing self-isolation of the thin film transistors via manipulation of the chemical interactions between the organic molecules and the surfaces where they are deposited. We use pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT) treatment of the contacts and investigate the thin film formation of different types of chemical compounds. In particular, three similar organic molecules: triisopropyl-silylethynyl pentacene (TIPS pentacene), triisopropyl-silylethynyl peri-fluoro-pentacene (TIPS PFP) and triisopropyl-silylethynyl cata-fluoro-pentacene (TIPS CFP), were studied and compared to better understand how the molecular, crystal structure and thin film formation influence the electrical behavior of devices fabricated with them. The molecules exhibit significantly different interactions with the chemically treated substrates. The field-effect mobilities of these devices are directly related to their thin film microstructure.
Identification by microinjection of TRH-sensitive sites in the cat's brain stem that mediate respiratory, temperature and other autonomic changes

Abstract Cats were prepared with an array of stereotaxically implanted guide tubes, the tips of which rested just above selected structures in the brain stem. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was microinjected in a volume of 0.5 μl at 347 individual sites scattered throughout the hypothalamus and mesencephalon. Polypnea, hypothermia, vocalization, salivation, defecation and vasodilation were evoked by 10–20 ng of TRH injected only at loci in the mesencephalon, principally in the reticular substance. TRH failed to lower body temperature when it was infused at the same sites in the anterior hypothalamus at which norepinephrine produced its characteristic hypothermia. These results suggest that the TRH-induced hypothermia is a secondary effect of tachypnea which results from the action of the tripeptide on the mesencephalic respiratory-autonomic mechanism.
Whistler-mode propagation in the collisional ionosphere of Venus

Abstract Waves identified as whistler-mode waves have been observed in the nightside ionosphere of Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. These waves are propagating in a collisional, weakly magnetized ionosphere, and it has been argued that as such they should be damped through collisions, and the wave should not retain the characteristics of the whistler-mode because of non-linear modifications to the dispersion relation. We show that non-linearities do not modify the wave dispersion since the non-linear force causes a longitudinal current, and the associated charge separation electric field acts to balance the non-linear force. The quasi-longitudinal approximation is therefore appropriate for whistler-mode waves in the nightside ionosphere of Venus. Further, we find that while the waves will heat the bottomside ionosphere, little effect is found at altitudes where in situ observations were made by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
High thermal conductivity of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film.

We measured the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of an $80\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ thick hydrogenated amorphous silicon film prepared by hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition with the $3\ensuremath{\omega}$ (80--300 K) and the time-domain thermoreflectance (300 K) methods. The $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is higher than any of the previous temperature dependent measurements and shows a strong phonon mean free path dependence. We also applied a Kubo based theory using a tight-binding method on three 1000 atom continuous random network models. The theory gives higher $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for more ordered models, but not high enough to explain our results, even after extrapolating to lower frequencies with a Boltzmann approach. Our results show that this material is more ordered than any amorphous silicon previously studied.
Half-field EPR transitions in synthetic carbohydrate chars

Abstract Half-field EPR transitions (g = 4.00) were observed in some synthetic carbohydrate chars prepared by heat treatment at temperatures less than 620°C. The half-field line has a lineshape similar to that of the main resonance and about the same intensity at transverse and longitudinal microwave excitation. Its relative intensity decreases with increasing char heat-treatment temperature. In contrast, no g = 4 transitions were detected for chars synthesized at temperatures greater than 620°C. The ratio of intensity of the half-field transition to that of the main resonance is about 10−6 and does not change from 4.5–55K. At 4.5K, the g = 4.00 line has about half of the linewidth of the main resonance. The observed half-field resonance can be explained by the existence of isolated aromatic radical clusters or by a low-dimensional spin-exchange network within the solid.
A theory for heat transfer to annular two-phase, two-component flow

Abstract A theory based on an axisymmetric model with no liquid entrainment was developed to allow predictions of local heat-transfer coefficients. The theory treated the heat and mass transfer at the wave-roughened gas-liquid interface by using theoretical results from heat transfer to rough tubes. In comparing the heat transfer predictions with the measured coefficients, 85 per cent of the predictions were within ± 60 per cent of recently measured values from horizontal flow. The best agreement was observed in the flow regime for which the liquid film is expected to be most nearly symmetric as was assumed in the analytical model.
The family, love, and suicide in early modern Geneva.

Analysis of criminal proceedings and death records for early modem Geneva reveals an explosion in suicides after 1750. New attitudes toward courtship, marriage, and the family contributed to this d...
Tunable Hydrogels for External Manipulation of Cellular Microenvironments through Controlled Photodegradation

Hydrogels provide a unique environment for three-dimensionalcell culture, but typically, the material properties are ﬁxed uponformation. Given the growing interest in understanding howmaterialmicroenvironmentsinﬂuencecellularfunctions,numer-ous approaches have emerged to control not only the initialbiochemicalandbiophysicalpropertiesofgels,butalsohowtheseproperties change with degradation. While these strategies allowthe synthesis of hydrogels with predictable degradation proﬁlesand property changes, a material system that allows externalmanipulation of the properties of a cell-laden gel at any point intime or space would ﬁll a unique niche. For example, such a cellculture system would allow real-time manipulation of theextracellular microenvironment and simultaneous monitoringof cellular processes in three-dimensional culture. In thiscontribution, photocleavable linkers were integrated into thecrosslinks of a poly(ethylene glycol)-based (PEG) hydrogel,allowing the network structure to be tuned exogeneously andpredictably with irradiation under cytocompatible conditions.Such a material system will enable new opportunities to testhypotheses about how precise variations in the local gelenvironment direct important cellular functions, such as processextension, migration, and mechanotransduction.There is a growing interest in the development of hydrogels asa platform for encapsulating cells and their application in ﬁeldsranging from tissue engineering to three-dimensional cellculture.
Mixed aggregates of phthalocyanines and porphyrins bearing oppositely charged substituents

Abstract A number of metalloporphyrins bearing charged, peripheral substituents have been shown to associate with metallophthalocyanines with oppositely charged substituents. Job's plot analyses reveal that the aggregates contain equal numbers of phthalocyanines and porphyrins. The complexation is accompanied by significant changes in the near ultraviolet and visible spectra of the individual components. These spectral changes have been used to estimate equilibrium constants for the formation of the associated complexes. The nature of the interaction is discussed.
Effective Components of TORDIA Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression: Preliminary Findings

In this report, we conducted a secondary analysis of the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study to explore the impact of specific cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment components on outcome. In TORDIA, 334 youths (ages 12 to 18 years) with major depressive disorder who had failed to respond to an adequate course of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication were randomized to a medication switch (either to an alternative SSRI or venlafaxine) with or without 12 weeks of adjunctive CBT. Participants who had more than 9 CBT sessions were 2.5 times more likely to have adequate treatment response than those who had 9 or fewer sessions. CBT participants who received problem-solving and social skills treatment components, controlling for number of sessions and other confounding variables, were 2.3 and 2.6 times, respectively, more likely to have a positive response. These preliminary findings underscore the importance of receiving an adequate number of sessions to attain an adequate clinical response. Finally, social skills and problem solving may be active elements in CBT for adolescent depression and should be considered in treatment by those working with seriously depressed youths.
Comparisons of Unsteady Flow Fields about Straight and Swept Wings Using Flow Visualization and Hotwire Anemometry

Abstract : The three-dimensional, spatial and temporal unsteady flow characteristics induced by dynamic sinusoidal oscillations of different sweep geometry finite wings were investigated. The span-dependent, finite wing flow interactions between unsteady wingtip and leading edge vortical structures were documented for three sweep configurations (30 deg forward, zero, and 30 deg aft) using flow visualization and hotwire anemometry techniques. The three dimensional flow field about the wings was investigated by recording flow visualization and hotwire data at numerous span locations from wingtip to wingroot. Hotwire velocity data was collected across the chordlength of each wing from leading to trailing edge. The hotwire data confirmed hypotheses formulated during flow visualization analyses and added quantifying magnitude information. All data recorded during these tests illustrated highly repeatable unsteady flow patterns which indicate promising beneficial aerodynamic flow characteristics when compared to static test at identical geometries. (EDC)
Beta-cell destruction and preservation in childhood and adult onset type 1 diabetes.

Previous studies describing the symptomatic onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and rate of beta-cell loss (C-peptide) support the notion that childhood onset T1D exhibits more severe beta-cell depletion compared to adult onset T1D. To test this notion, we performed whole pancreas analyses in two T1D cases, one of childhood onset (7-year old, onset at 1.5-year) along with an adult onset case (43-year old with onset at 27-year). Both cases were matched for age and gender with control subjects. Striking regional differences in beta-cell loss were observed in both T1D cases, with severity of loss in the order of tail > body > head regions. In contrast, pancreatic alpha- and delta-cell mass was similar in controls and T1D patients. In the childhood onset T1D case, no intra-islet beta-cells were detected while in the adult onset case, beta-cell containing islets were found, exclusively in the head region. In the latter case, considerable numbers of small cellular clusters negative for three major endocrine hormones were observed, in islets with or without beta-cells. Ultrastructural analysis suggests these cells correspond to degenerating beta-cells, with empty granular membranes and abnormal morphology of nuclei with intranuclear pseudo-inclusions, adjacent to healthy alpha- and delta-cells. These results support a hypothesis that during T1D development in childhood, beta-cells are more susceptible to autoimmune destruction or immune attack is more severe, while beta-cell death in the adult onset T1D may be more protracted and incomplete. In addition, T1D may be associated with the formation of “empty” beta-cells, an interesting population of cells that may represent a key facet to the disorder’s pathogenesis.
Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants.

We developed and evaluated a total toxic units modeling approach for predicting mean toxicity as measured in laboratory tests for Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). The approach incorporates equilibrium partitioning and organic carbon control of bioavailability for organic contaminants and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) control for metals, and includes toxic equivalency for planar organic chemicals. A toxic unit is defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to the chronic toxicity of that contaminant, as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). The toxic unit models we developed assume complete additivity of contaminant effects, are completely mechanistic in form, and were evaluated without any a posteriori modification of either the models or the data from which the models were developed and against which they were tested. A linear relationship between total toxic units, which included toxicity attributable to both iron and un-ionized ammonia, accounted for about 88% of observed variability in mean toxicity; a quadratic relationship accounted for almost 94%. Exclusion of either bioavailability components (i.e., equilibrium partitioning control of organic contaminants and AVS control of metals) or iron from the model substantially decreased its ability to predict mean toxicity. A model based solely on un-ionized ammonia accounted for about 47% of the variability in mean toxicity. We found the toxic unit approach to be a viable method for assessing and ranking the relative potential toxicity of contaminated sediments.
Cross-Conjugated Cruciform Fluorophores

In optoelectronic devices, chromophores can be designed at the molecular level to create materials with properties desired for advanced applications. Organic fluorophores in particular can be constructed with macroscopic properties that arise from two distinct contributions: (i) the collective impact of the molecular backbone and substituents and (ii) the connectivity within the molecule (that is, the spatial molecular architecture). Accordingly, the exploration of novel conjugated architectures is a productive area of current research. Different two-dimensional, “X-shaped” conjugated materials have been synthesized for a variety of applications. They include spiro compounds, paracyclophanes, swivel-type dimers, bisoxazole-derived cruciforms, tetraethynylethenes, and tetrasubstituted tolanes. A subset of these compounds are constructed from two “perpendicular” π-conjugated linear arms connected through a central aromatic core; examples of these include tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzenes, tetrakis(styryl)benzen...
GITR expression on T-cell receptor-stimulated human CD8 T cell in a JNK-dependent pathway.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) (GITR) family-related gene is a member of the TNFR super family. GITR works as one of the immunoregulatory molecule on CD4 + regulatory T cells and has an important role on cell survival or cell death in CD4 + T cells. Little is known about the expression of GITR on human CD8 + T cells on antigen-specific and non-specific activation. Here, we report that expression of GITR on human CD8 + T cells on T -cell receptor (TCR) (anti-CD3)-mediated stimulation is dependent on the JNK pathway. The activation of CD8 + T cells was measured by the expression of IL-2 receptor-α (CD25), GITR and by IFN-γ production upon re-stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody. We studied the signaling pathway of such inducible expression of GITR on CD8 + T cells. We found that a known JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125, significantly down-regulates GITR expression on anti-CD3 antibody-mediated activated CD8 + T cells by limiting JNK phosphorylation. Subsequently, after stimulation of the CD8 + cells, we tested for the production of IFN-γ by the activated cells following restimulation with the same stimulus. It appears that the expression of GITR on activated human CD8 + T cells might also be regulated through the JNK pathway when the activation is through TCR stimulation. Therefore, GITR serves as an activation marker on activated CD8 + cells and interference with JNK phosphorylation, partially or completely, by varying the doses of SP600125 might have implications in CD8 + cytotoxic T cell response in translational research.
Interaction Expands Function: Social Shaping of the Therapeutic Robot PARO in a Nursing Home

We use the ’’social shaping of technology and society’’ framework to qualitatively analyze data collected through observation of human-robot interaction (HRI) between social actors ina nursing home (staff, residents, visitors) and the socially assistive robot PARO. The study took place over the course of three months, during which PARO was placed in a publicly accessibly space where participants could interact with it freely. Social shaping focuses attention onsocial factors that affect the use and interpretation of technology in particular contexts. Wetherefore aimed to understand how different social actors make sense of and use PARO in daily interaction. Our results show participant gender, social mediation, and individual sense making led to differential use and interpretation of the robot, which affected the success of human-robot interactions. We also found that exposure to others interacting with PARO affected the nursing staff’s perceptions of robots and their potential usefulness in eldercare. This shows that social shaping theory provides a valuable perspective for understanding the implementation of robots in long-term HRI and can inform interaction design in this domain. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2. User/Machine Systems; I.2.9. Robotics: Commercial robots and applications; K.4.2 SocialIssues: Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities General Terms Human factors
FLAVOR ENHANCEMENT OF POTATO PRODUCTS

SUMMARY— The effect of selected compounds on flavor of various potato products was studied by sensory panels. The minimum detectable amount of each of six compounds in four brands of dehydrated mashed potatoes was determined. The difference thresholds of the six compounds in the reconstituted potato products varied from 0.05–3.1 ppm. Only 2-methoxy-3-ethylpyrcxine (0.1–0.2 ppm) was effective in increasing the flavor level of all four brands of dehydrated potatoes; it also proved to be effective in increasing the potato flavor level of potato salad, dehydrated scalloped potatoes and potato soup. Potato salad stored at 3°C for 1 wk required at least 0.2 ppm of this compound to maintain its initial flavor difference from the control sample.
Spectrum Leasing via Cooperation With Multiple Primary Users

Within the paradigm of spectrum leasing via cooperation, primary (licensed) nodes can lease some of the owned spectral resources to secondary (unlicensed) users in exchange for cooperation. Secondary users, in turn, set a minimal quality-of-service (QoS) requirement on the spectrum leased as a precondition for cooperation. Previous work assumed that a single primary user makes spectrum-leasing decisions in the presence of possibly multiple secondary users. In this paper, the analysis is extended to accommodate multiple primary users by adopting the framework of generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) problems. Accordingly, multiple primary users, each owning its own spectral resource, compete for the cooperation of the available secondary users under a shared constraint on all spectrum-leasing decisions set by the secondary QoS requirements. A general formulation of the problem is given, and solutions are proposed with different signaling requirements among the primary users. Then, application of the framework is discussed for a practical example that includes communication over fading channels with retransmissions. Numerical results bring insight into the advantages of spectrum leasing and of the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
A convenient computer program for estimation of enzyme and metabolite concentrations in multienzyme systems.

Abstract A computer program, DEMOS (for Decomposition Mode Solution), has been written to estimate the chemical concentrations and rate constants in a computer model of a multienzyme system such that it accurately reproduces the instantaneous kinetic state of the system. The entire system is defined in the BIOSSIM simulation language as a set of chemical equations with associated concentrations and rate constants, and the language generates all necessary FORTRAN subroutines automatically. DEMOS estimates the parameter values in a metabolic model by formal optimization subject to user-supplied constraints and weighting. The definitions of the kinetic state to be matched by the computer model and the unknown concentrations to be estimated are expressed in the DEMOS input by a simple and natural syntax. The program includes provision for input, output, graphical display, and a simple but highly flexible procedure for interactively altering the values of rate constants or concentrations and redefining the optimization problem. DEMOS is a “friendly” program which does not require computer expertise, and it is inexpensive to use.
A Two-dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis of Protein Synthesis and Accumulation during Adventitious Shoot Formation in Somatic Tissue Cultures of Solanum carolinense L.

Summary Adventitious shoot formation from tissue cultures of Solanum carolinense can be induced when stem segments are cultured on medium containing benzyladenine. When cultured on medium containing 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, stem explants produced only callus. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, total soluble protein and protein labeled in vivo with [35S]-methionine were extracted from regenerating and nonregenerating cultures and the gels or autoradiographs computer analyzed to identify different sets of proteins associated with development in vitro. Overall, the level of expression of 51 stained and 40 labeled proteins was altered, and it was shown that in vitro morphogenesis of stem segments of S. carolinense is associated with major quantitative changes in protein expression. Qualitatively, stagespecificpolypeptides related to callus formation and in vitro organogenesis were also identified.
Modeling characterization of the National Ignition Facility focal spot

The predicted focal spot size of the National Ignition Facility laser is parameterized against the finish quality of the optics in the system. Results are reported from simulations which include static optics aberrations, as well as pump-induced distortions, beam self-focusing, and the effect of an adaptive optic. The simulations do not include contributions from optics mounting errors, residual thermal noise in laser slabs from previous shots, air turbulence, a kinoform phase plate, or smoothing by spectral dispersion. Consequently, these results represent `first shot of the day', without-SSD, predictions.
Relationships between substance use and recent deployments among women and men in the military

Relatively little is known about the proclivity of military personnel to engage in substance use during deployments that do not include direct combat, even though such use has negative implications...
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of the Spin Coupled Fe2+−{FeNO}7 Centers of Nitrosyl Derivatives of Deoxy Hemerythrin and Density Functional Theory of the {FeNO}7(S = 3/2) Motif

The mixed-valence diiron centers of nitrosyl derivatives of deoxy hemerythrin have been studied by variable-temperature variable-field Mossbauer spectroscopy. The adduct formed by the reaction of deoxy hemerythrin (deoxyHr) with nitric oxide (deoxyHrNO) produced spectra consistent with a binuclear center of the form Fe2+(S1 = 2)−{FeNO}7(S2 = 3/2) where the two iron species are antiferromagnetically coupled. We have analyzed spectra within the framework of the spin Hamiltonian ℋ = JS1•S2 + = {Si•Di•Si + βSi•gi•H + Si•ai•Ii + Ii•Pi•Ii − βngnH•Ii} that includes exchange, zero-field splitting, electronic Zeeman, magnetic hyperfine, electric quadrupole, and nuclear Zeeman interactions, respectively. We have obtained the following parameters that reproduce simultaneously Mossbauer spectra and EPR g values: J = 27.8 cm-1, D1 = +5.96 cm-1, E1 = +0.18 cm-1, D2 = +18.93 cm-1, E2 = +2.65 cm-1, a1/gnβn = −(18.5,10.4,13.8) T, a2/gnβn = −(29.7,25.0,∼22) T, ℛ(a1 → P1) = (18,12,67)°, ℛ(a2 → P2) = (55,53,29)° and ℛ(...
A COMPARISON OF THE VALIDITIES OF CONVENTIONAL CHOICE TESTING AND VARIOUS CONFIDENCE MARKING PROCEDURES

This study compared the convergent and discriminant validity of two confidence marking techniques with that of conventional choice testing. Achievement in vocabulary, social studies, and science (traits) was measured by a 60-item test containing true-false and 5-alternative items (methods). The test was administered to three randomly assigned groups (one for each response system), totaling 535 Ss. The results indicated very slight differences in convergent and discriminant validity that favored conventional choice testing over confidence marking techniques.
The application of fracture mechanics to short fiber composites

The fracture performances of three short glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite systems, PET with 30 wt% glass, nylon 6/6 with 33% glass fibers, and a nylon 6 and 6/6 copolymer with 33% glass, have been characterized using both standard mechanical characterization and fracture mechanics. These results have been compared to fracture tests of an experimental chair base. None of the characterizing techniques was successful in predicting the chair base fracture performances of the materials when the tests were conducted on standard 3-mm-thick test specimens. When larger specimens with comparable morphologies to the chair base were tested, the fracture mechanics tests compared favorably to the chair base fracture tests while the tensile test results were inconsistent in their predictive ability. The findings emphasize the importance of testing laboratory specimens that are similar in morphology to the final part and suggest that fracture mechanics methodologies can be used in materials selection of glass reinforced systems for structural applications. However, for quantitative design, it is necessary to address issues regarding the nature of the inherent flaw in the finished parts.
Applying Social Cognition A Content Analysis of the Bakke Case

Valence of information favorable *vs. unfavorable) and type of `information (case history, base rate, anchoring) were examined in a content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Bakke case in 12 major papers. Taken as a whole, coverage was not biased. Examination of the frequency of information types, however, revealed disproportionate amounts of case history information favorable to Bakke and anchoring information unfavorable to his position. It is suggested that the differential use of information types in coverage of the Bakke case as well as other social issues may bias public opinion.
Graphite/Polyaniline (GP) composites: Synthesis and characterization

Ever since the discovery of inherently conducting polymers (ICPs), research dealing with the applications of these unique materials continues to grow. The use of ICPs, especially polyaniline (PANi) and polypyrrole (PPy), and carbon black (CB) as conductive additives in the thermoplastics industry have been limited due to undesirable properties of each at high temperatures. Carbon black-ICP composites, however, have shown improved properties at higher temperatures. The applications of these composites are still limited because the conductivities are below that of carbon black alone and about the same order of magnitude as PANi. Graphite/ICP composites have also been touted as possible electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and have numerous other applications. The exploration of graphite/PANi composites in our research lab has yielded conducting composites which exhibit conductivities greater than the graphite or PANi alone. In addition to higher conductivities, these graphite/PANi composites exhibit controllable conductivities as a function of pH.
In vitro stimulation of incorporation of formate-14C in surviving uterine segments by hydroxylated oestradiols.

RECENT studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that the incorporation of formate-14C into protein by surviving uterine segments is an early and sensitive indicator of œstrogen action (unpublished work with A. M. Herranen). Six hours after a single intravenous injection of 10 µgm. of œstradiol-17-β, the incorporation of formate in vitro by uterine horn segments is accelerated 250 per cent over the controls. The addition of the natural hormones directly to the in vitro incubation media has little or no effect on formate metabolism. In contrast, it is shown in this communication that the addition of the 2-hydroxy or 4-hydroxy derivatives of œstradiol to the reaction mixture results in a significant acceleration of the incorporation of format-14C into the proteins of the uterine segments.
Observation of self-trapping of an optical beam in “air-bubble”-type nonlinear nano-suspensions

We demonstrate self-trapping of light in both high-index and low-index nonlinear nano-suspensions. In particular, self-induced transparency up to four diffraction lengths is observed for the first time in colloidal suspensions with induced negative polarizability.
Discriminatory public policies and the New York City tuberculosis epidemic, 1975–1993

Discriminatory public policies removed over ten percent of the fire companies in New York City from 1972-1975, mainly from poor communities of color with very old multiple-dwellings. Hundreds of thousands of housing units were destroyed between 1972 and 1978. Patterns of housing overcrowding changed rapidly and social networks were broken. Tuberculosis went into obvious epidemic in 1979. The temporal and geographic dynamics of the TB epidemic is described here as are the lessons for Europe with respect to treatment of marginalized populations.
Colloids mediated liquid crystal blue phases

We report on dispersion of a small amount of colloids in a blue phase liquid crystal, and the blue-phases were found to exhibit extended temperature range. The stabilized temperature range of the blue phase was a function of their most effective concentration, different sizes of colloid particles and shape of colloidal particles. The temperature range was probed and determined and the temperature range of the blue phases was found to decrease as the colloidal particle size increased. Additionally, the temperature dependent of Bragg wavelength peak was found to redshifted in the colloidal-BP mixtures. The electro-optical results, especially the switching voltage and response time suggested that concentration and size of dispersed colloids modified the elastic energy of the blue phase liquid crystal composites and led to a lower switching voltage.
The GAP between Axon Pruning and Repulsion

Stereotyped axonal pruning and growth cone repulsion, modulators of neuronal connectivity, share many ligands and receptors systems. Riccomagno et al. (2012) show in Cell that common ligands can link functionally specialized downstream pathways, demonstrating that the Rac GAP β2-Chimaerin is needed in Semaphorin-mediated axonal pruning but not growth cone repulsion.
Superparamagnetic particle dynamics and mixing in a rotating capillary tube with a stationary magnetic field

The dynamics of superparamagnetic particles subject to competing magnetic and viscous drag forces have been examined with a uniform, stationary, external magnetic field. In this approach, competing drag and magnetic forces were created in a fluid suspension of superparamagnetic particles that was confined in a capillary tube; competing viscous drag and magnetic forces were established by rotating the tube. A critical Mason number was determined for conditions under which the rotation of the capillary prevents the formation of chains from individual particles. The statistics of chain length was investigated by image analysis while varying parameters such as the rotation speed and the viscosity of the liquid. The measurements showed that the rate of particle chain formation was decreased with increased viscosity and rotation speed; the particle dynamics could be quantified by the same dimensionless Mason number that has been demonstrated for rotating magnetic fields. The potential for enhancement of mixing in a bioassay was assessed using a fast chemical reaction that was diffusion-limited. Reducing the Mason number below the critical value, so that chains were formed in the fluid, gave rise to a modest improvement in the time to completion of the reaction.
Transmission latencies in a telemetry-linked brain-machine interface

To be clinically viable, a brain-machine interface (BMI) requires transcutaneous telemetry. Spike-based compression algorithms can be used to reduce the amount of telemetered data, but this type of system is subject to queuing-based transmission delays. This paper examines the relationships between the ratio of output to average input bandwidth of an implanted device and transmission latency and required queue depth. The examination was performed with a computer model designed to simulate the telemetry link. The input to the model was presorted spike data taken from a macaque monkey performing a motor task. The model shows that when the output bandwidth/average input bandwidth is in unity, significant transmission latencies occur. For a 32-neuron system, transmitting 50 bytes of data per spike and with an average neuron firing rate of 8.93 spikes/s, the average maximum delay was approximately 3.2 s. It is not until the output bandwidth is four times the average input bandwidth that average maximum delays are reduced to less than 10 ms. A comparison of neuron firing rate and resulting latencies shows that high latencies result from neuron bursting. These results will impact the design of transcutaneous telemetry in a BMI.
Albinism and audiogenic seizures in the mouse

Albino (cc) and non-albino (CC or Cc) mice were tested for audiogenic seizure susceptibility beginning at all of the ages from day 14 to day 21 postpartum. At every starting age the onset of first seizure was later for the albino genotype. The latency measures and day of death indicate, however, that the initial retardation is overcome by a faster subsequent development.
An Experimental Confirmation of the Drude Free Electron Theory of the Optical Properties of Metals for Silver, Gold, and Copper in the Near Infrared

The optical constants n and k of Ag, Au, and Cu were determined from reflectivity and from transmissivity measurements in the wavelength range of 1μ to 3μ. Reflectivities were measured at glass-metal interfaces by a method previously described. Transmission measurements were made on samples in the thickness range of 300A to 800A and the results fitted to curves obtained by calculation using the complete equations of electromagnetic theory. The principal conclusion is that for wavelengths longer than 2μ the experimental values of n and k for the interior of Ag, Au, and Cu agree with the values predicted by the Drude free electron theory. To obtain this agreement the ratio m*/m of the effective electron mass m* to the free mass m was taken equal to 0.97, 0.98, and 1.45 for Ag, Au, and Cu, respectively. Also in agreement with the Drude theory it was found that the k values of Ag-Au alloys were the same for all compositions but that the n values varied directly with the dc resistivity of the alloys. A discussion of the anomalous skin effect and of the significance of the results for the theory of metals is included. It will be shown that the usual interpretation given to the experiments of Hagen and Rubens is not correct.
Pitfalls of non context-driven XML search systems

A data element specifies one of the characteristics of its parent element. Therefore, the context of a data element is determined by its parent. Non context driven search engines build relationships between data nodes based solely on their labels and proximity to one another while overlooking their contexts. Therefore, they may return faulty answers. This paper investigates the pitfalls and limitations of non context-driven XML search engines, which caused by overlooking elements' contexts. The paper demonstrates these pitfalls and limitations using sample of queries and three non context-driven search engines.
Fitness Evolution and the Rise of Mutator Alleles in Experimental Escherichia Coli Populations

We studied the evolution of high mutation rates and the evolution of fitness in three experimental populations of Escherichia coli adapting to a glucose-limited environment. We identified the mutations responsible for the high mutation rates and show that their rate of substitution in all three populations was too rapid to be accounted for simply by genetic drift. In two of the populations, large gains in fitness relative to the ancestor occurred as the mutator alleles rose to fixation, strongly supporting the conclusion that mutator alleles fixed by hitchhiking with beneficial mutations at other loci. In one population, no significant gain in fitness relative to the ancestor occurred in the population as a whole while the mutator allele rose to fixation, but a substantial and significant gain in fitness occurred in the mutator subpopulation as the mutator neared fixation. The spread of the mutator allele from rarity to fixation took >1000 generations in each population. We show that simultaneous adaptive gains in both the mutator and wild-type subpopulations (clonal interference) retarded the mutator fixation in at least one of the populations. We found little evidence that the evolution of high mutation rates accelerated adaptation in these populations.
Optical sectioning and 3D reconstructions as an alternative to scanning electron microscopy for analysis of cell shape.

Premise of the study: Visualizing flower epidermal cells is often desirable for investigating the interaction between flowers and their pollinators, in addition to the broader range of ecological interactions in which flowers are involved. We developed a protocol for visualizing petal epidermal cells without the limitations of the commonly used method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods: Flower material was collected and fixed in glutaraldehyde, followed by dehydration in an ethanol series. Flowers were dissected to collect petals, and subjected to a Histo-Clear series to remove the cuticle. Material was then stained with aniline blue, mounted on microscope slides, and imaged using a compound fluorescence microscope to obtain optical sections that were reconstructed into a 3D image. Results: This optical sectioning method yielded high-quality images of the petal epidermal cells with virtually no damage to cells. Flowers were processed in larger batches than are possible using common SEM methods...
Inhibition of the Kv4 (Shal) family of transient K+ currents by arachidonic acid

We have found that transient A-type currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes from members of the Kv4 family are suppressed by arachidonic acid. Currents from members of the Kv1, Kv2, and Kv3 families showed little or no inhibition by fatty acids in this expression system, although Shaker currents showed a modest increase in peak amplitude. The inhibition of Kv4 channels was not prevented by cyclo-oxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P-450 inhibitors and was mimicked by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an arachidonic acid analog that is not metabolized by these pathways. Other unsaturated cis fatty acids with more than two double bonds produced a similar effect. In inside-out macropatches, the current was reversibly reduced >50% by 2 microM arachidonic acid, and the inhibition developed in <40 sec. These results suggest that, at concentrations that are likely to be physiologically relevant, arachidonic acid interacts directly with the channel or with a closely associated component. Preliminary mutagenesis of Kv4.2 channels indicates that the N terminal is not required for arachidonic acid action but that the S4-S5 loop may influence the effect.
Systematic Reduction of a Bursting Neuron Model

We present our research in reducing the complexity of a conductance-based neural model. We utilize previously published techniques, as well as novel methods, to reduce a 14 state variable, conductance-based model of a bursting neuron to a 4 state variable hybrid integrate-and-fire model. The reduced model exhibits activity that is quantitatively similar to the complex model both in single-cell bursting mode, and when coupled to another neuron
Simultaneous determination of gonadotropin-inhibitory and gonadotropin-releasing hormones using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormones (GnIH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) are neuropeptides essential for the regulation of reproduction in all vertebrate animals examined. Determination of neuropeptides in the biological sample is highly challenging due to their complex matrix and weak stability. The wide variety of peptides or protein degradation products often interferes with the determination of the target peptide. This study aims to develop a specific ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of nine critical neuropeptides in biological samples. A separation method by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by tandem mass spectrometry allows the selective determination of the neuropeptides in brain and plasma matrices after solid-phase extraction. Specific MSMS transitions were optimized using MRM of multiple-charged peptides generated by electrospray ionization in positive mode. The resulting analytical method was fully validated with thorough evaluation of stability, recovery, matrix effect, and intra- and interday accuracy and precision in sea lamprey brain and plasma. The optimized method shows linearity in a wide range of concentrations with limit of quantification ranging from 0.1 to 0.75 ng/mL. With slight modification, this method can be applied to other biological samples.
Renormalization and scaling methods for quasi-static interface problems

We study the temporal evolution of an interface separating two phases for its large-time behavior by adapting renormalization group methods and scaling theory. We consider a full two-phase model in the quasi-static regime and implement a renormalization procedure in order to calculate the characteristic length of a self-similar system, R(t), that is the time-dependent length scale characterizing the pattern growth. When the dynamical undercooling is non-zero ( � 0), we find that R(t) increases as t −1/ , where can take on values in the continuous spectrum, [−3, −2] .F or = 0 the spectrum is [−3, 0) so that the single value of =− 1 is selected by the plane wave imposed by Jasnow and Vinals. It is also shown that in almost all of these cases, the capillarity length, d0, (arising from the surface tension, 0) is not relevant for the large-time behavior even though it has a crucial role at the early stage evolution of an interface. The exception is =− 3, i.e., R(t) ∼ t 1/3 , for which d0 is invariant.
A Statistical Procedure to Forecast Warm Season Lightning over Portions of the Florida Peninsula

Abstract Sixteen years of cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network and morning radiosonde-derived parameters are used to develop a statistical scheme to provide improved forecast guidance for warm season afternoon and evening lightning for 11 areas of the Florida peninsula serviced by Florida Power and Light Corporation (FPL). Logistic regression techniques are used to develop equations predicting whether at least one flash will occur during the noon–midnight period in each area, as well as the amount of lightning that can be expected during this same period, conditional on at least one flash occurring. For the amount of lightning, the best results are achieved by creating four quartile categories of flash count based on climatology, and then using three logistic equations and a decision tree approach to determine the most likely quartile. A combination of forward stepwise screening and cross validation are used to select the best combination of predictors that are most...