cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous nighttime increases in total electron content

Abstract A study of anomalous nighttime increases in total electron content at Hawaii from September 1964 to September 1968 shows that the typical increase lasts from 2 to 4 hr, has a mean size of 6 × 1016electrons/m2, and peaks during 2100–2200 HST and 0100–0200 HST. Its amplitude depends upon the preceding peak daytime content and the concurrent background content. The increases exhibit both seasonal and solar cycle dependences, but no correlation was found with magnetic activity. A source of ionization which is external to the column of content observed and which may be different from that which maintains the nighttime ionosphere is required to explain the data. Two possible sources are conjugate point exchange of ionization and ionization movements due to electrodynamic drifts. The ionization source has a westward velocity component. Its effects occasionally are highly localized since data at four locations spaced a few hundred kilometers apart exhibit different patterns. A pre-sunrise dip in content can be interpreted as the content returning to its former nighttime decay rate after the occurrence of an anomalous increase near sunrise.
Electron–hole hybridizing in InAs single quantum wells clad with GaSb

Abstract Far infrared magneto-optical measurements have been performed on a series of InAs single quantum wells (11–30 nm) clad with thick GaSb layers where either GaAs-like or InSb-like bonds are formed at the heterointerfaces. The rich absorption spectra are found to have both `interband' and ‘intraband’ (electron and hole cyclotron resonance) characteristics. From these results, thek= 0 subband energy gap has been determined and electron and hole effective masses estimated as functions of interface bond type and InAs well width. The electron–hole hybridization has subtle effects on the data and suggests a small hybridized energy.
Airshed Pollution Modeling in an HPF Style Environment

In this paper, we describe our experience with developing Airshed, a large pollution modeling application, in the Fx programming environment. We demonstrate that high level parallel programming languages like Fx and High Performance Fortran offer a simple and attractive model for developing portable and efficient parallel applications. Performance results are presented for the Airshed application executing on Intel Paragon and Cray T3D and T3E parallel computers. The results demonstrate that the application is “performance portable,” i.e., it achieves good and consistent performance across different architectures, and that the performance can be explained and predicted using a simple model for the communication and computation phases in the program. We also show how task parallelism was used to alleviate I/O related bottlenecks, an important consideration in many applications. Finally, we demonstrate how external parallel modules developed using different parallelization methods can be integrated in a relatively simple and flexible way with modules developed in the Fx compiler framework. Overall, our experience demonstrates that a high level parallel programming environment based on a language like HPF is suitable for developing complex multidisciplinary applications.
1479 IMMUNE DEPOSITS IN MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (MCNC)CLINICAL RELEVANCE

MCNS has been described as having negative immunofluorescence and no immune deposits on electron microscopy. Occasional patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and minimal histologic change demonstrate glomerular deposition of small amounts of immunoglobulin and complement. Some consider patients with NS, mesangial hypercellularity and evidence of immune deposits as a separate disease entity. To investigate the clinical importance of the findings of mesangial hypercellularity and immune deposits on the initial biopsy, the clinical records, follow-up data and renal biopsy of 68 patients (ages 6 mos-16 yrs) with MCNS by light microscopy were reviewed. Clinical classification utilized criteria of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Childhood. Among patients with immune deposits present there was a 16-fold increase in the frequency of steroid non-response at follow-up (mean 6.2 yrs). Frequent relapse was noted less often with normal mesangial cellularity. The data suggest that in children with NS and minimal light microscopic change evidence of immune deposits and increased mesangial cells are predictive of clinical course.
An Unusual Case of Statin-Induced Myopathy: Anti-HMGCoA Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy

Statins are some of the most widely prescribed medications, and though generally well tolerated, can lead to a self-limited myopathy in a minority of patients. Recently, these medications have been associated with a necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM). Statin-associated NAM is characterized by irritable myopathy on electromyography (EMG) and muscle necrosis with minimal inflammation on muscle biopsy. The case presented is a 63-year-old woman who has continued elevation of creatine kinase (CK) after discontinuation of statin therapy. She has irritable myopathy on EMG and NAM is confirmed by muscle biopsy. She subsequently tests positive for an experimental anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (anti-HMGCoA) antibody that is found to be present in patients with statin-associated NAM. Though statin-associated NAM is a relatively rare entity, it is an important consideration for the general internist in patients who continue to have CK elevation and weakness after discontinuation of statin therapy. Continued research is necessary to better define statin-specific and dose-dependent risk, as well as optimal treatment for this condition.
Computer Simulation as an Emerging Technology in Water Resource Management

Analytical models have been used in water resource management for a number of years, but these models have a number of disadvantages. Simulations have many advantages over analytical models, but were historically time-consuming to develop. However, recent advances in computer hardware and software have made simulations easy to develop on personal computers. The Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) successfully used one of the recently developed simulators (Extend) to model their operations. The Extend software has been useful in evaluating a number of alternatives and is much more flexible than their existing FORTRAN simulation. While the existing FORTRAN simulation has not been replaced, Extend has greatly increased the SCVWD's modeling capability. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 1: 113–126, 1998
A Program to Enhance Completion of Screening Colonoscopy Among Urban Minorities

Background & Aims: Although colonoscopy is becoming the preferred screening test for colorectal cancer, screening rates, particularly among minorities, are low. Little is known about the uptake of screening colonoscopy or the factors that predict colonoscopy completion among minorities. This study investigated the use of patient navigation within an open-access referral system and its effects on colonoscopy completion rates among urban minorities. Methods: This was a cohort study that took place at a teaching hospital in New York. Participants were mostly African Americans and Hispanics directly referred for screening colonoscopy by primary care clinics from November 2003 to May 2006. Once referred, a bilingual Hispanic female patient navigator facilitated the colonoscopy completion. Completion rates, demographic factors associated with completing colonoscopy, endoscopic findings, and patient satisfaction were analyzed. Results: Of 1169 referrals, 688 patients qualified for and 532 underwent navigation. Two thirds (66%) of navigated patients completed screening colonoscopies, 16% had adenomas, and only 5% had inadequate bowel preps. Women were 1.31 times more likely to complete the colonoscopy than men (P = .014). Hispanics were 1.67 times more likely to complete the colonoscopy than African Americans (P = .013). Hispanic women were 1.50 times more likely to complete the colonoscopy than Hispanic men (P = .009). Patient satisfaction was 98% overall, with 66% reporting that they definitely or probably would not have completed their colonoscopy without navigation. Conclusions: By using a patient navigator, the majority of urban minorities successfully completed their colonoscopies, clinically significant pathology was detected, and patient satisfaction was enhanced. This approach may help increase adherence with screening colonoscopy efforts in other clinical settings.
Raising the spectra of T-cell profiling.

Friedman and colleagues use spectratyping to identify donor T cells that respond to host minor histocompatibility antigens in vitro and in patients after allogeneic HSCT.
Synthesis, characterization and structural comparisons of phosphonium and arsenic dithiocarbamates with alkyl and phenyl substituents

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the new arsenic dithiocarbamate complex As[S2CNPh2]3 and three new phosphonium dithiocarbamates [PPh4][S2CNR2], where R2 = Et2, (CH2)5 and Ph2, are reported. As[S2CNPh2]3 was prepared by treating AsI3 with three equivalents of NaS2CNPh2 in a 2:1 mixture of H2O and EtOH. The precipitate that formed was recrystallized from hot toluene to yield yellow prisms of As[S2CNPh2]3 suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Attempts to prepare the known compound As[S2CN(CH2)5]3 using a similar route resulted in a mixture of As[S2CN(CH2)5]3 and the mixed iodide species As[S2CN(CH2)5]2I. Single-crystals of both compounds were isolated from concentrated Et2O/CHCl3 solutions and their structures are described here for the first time. [PPh4][S2CNR2] salts were prepared for comparison to arsenic dithiocarbamates by metathesis reactions with PPh4Br and NaS2CNR2 in acetonitrile. All three salts could be obtained in high-purity from MeCN/Et2O solutions and crystal structures of [PPh4][S2CNEt2] and [PPh4][S2CN(CH2)5] reveal charge-separated phosphonium cations and dithiocarbamate anions. The five new crystal structures are used to compare dithiocarbamate bond distances and angles in the presence and absence of arsenic. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, infrared (IR) spectra, microanalyses, and melting points of the compounds are reported.
Case Study Assessment of Crash Data Challenges: Linking Databases for Analysis of Injury Specifics and Crash Compatibility Issues

Data from crash reports do not generally include sufficient injury information for analysis of particulars of injuries resulting from crashes. In the Massachusetts Crash Data System, the primary field that relates to injury status is based on a well-known police-reported scale. More specific data on injuries and their associated hospital charges can be obtained with crash data from police reports at the crash scene being complemented with injury data from the medical care system. A database that includes information about the crash and specifics about the injuries will allow for the identification of possible injury patterns associated with particular crashes and their associated hospital charges. However, the lack of unique identifiers to link records in the different databases as well as data quality issues, such as misreporting and missing values, make challenging the process of combining these two databases and analyzing the data. This paper focuses on the challenges in the process of linking, through use of the Massachusetts Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System, crash records to inpatient hospital records. The paper illustrates the findings through a particular application analyzing crash compatibility issues. A mismatch crash occurs when a large vehicle collides with a smaller one, and size and weight incompatibilities could make the passengers traveling in the small vehicle more vulnerable to severe injury. Probabilistic linkage and multiple imputation were used to complete the linkage of 12 months of crash data to hospital inpatient discharge data.
Lubricating Characteristics of Fluorine Grease Containing Silica Nanoparticles

Electrical motor bearings for use in automotive control units are sometimes exposed to high-temperature operating conditions. Therefore, these bearings are sometimes packed with fluorine grease in order to meet the demand for long service life performance. In recent years, there is growing demand for lower initial torque in these same bearings without sacrificing service life performance. This paper describes the effects of fluorine grease containing silica nanoparticles on initial bearing torque of electrical motor bearings. Silica nanoparticles are effective in helping to reduce amounts of initial bearing torque and help stabilize bearing torque due to improved channeling characteristics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
NOISE FROM SUPERSONIC COAXIAL JETS, PART 2: NORMAL VELOCITY PROFILE

Abstract Instability waves have been established as noise generators in supersonic jets. Recent analysis of these slowly diverging jets has shown that these instability waves radiate noise to the far field when the waves have components with phase velocities that are supersonic relative to the ambient speed of sound. This instability wave noise generation model has been applied to supersonic jets with a single shear layer and is now applied to supersonic coaxial jets with two initial shear layers. In this paper the case of coaxial jets with normal velocity profiles is considered, where the inner jet stream velocity is higher than the outer jet stream velocity. To provide mean flow profiles at all axial locations, a numerical scheme is used to calculate the mean flow properties. Calculations are made for the stability characteristics in the coaxial jet shear layers and the noise radiated from the instability waves for different operating conditions with the same total thrust, mass flow and exit area as a single reference jet. The effects of changes in the velocity ratio, the density ratios and the area ratio are each considered independently.
Theoretical analysis of dynamic variation of temperature-dependent optical properties in the response of laser-irradiated tissue

Theoretical modeling of the processes oflight and temperature distribution is rapidly developing both as a qualitative as well as a qtiantitative tool for the understanding of laser light interaction with tissue. Many applications oflasers in medicine involve volumetric coagulation of tissue. In these processes laser light incident on tissue is absorbed and scattered by tissue chromophores and subsequently converted to thermal energy resulting in a temperature rise in tissue. It is well known that elevation of temperature can cause tissue coagulation which is, in most tissues, accompanied by a change in optical properties of tissue (Gourgouliatos [1987], Spears et al. [1988]; Jacques and Gaeeni [1989]). The results by Jacques and Gaeeni [1989] provide a quantitative data for absorption and scattering coefficients of dog myocardium as a function of temperature at selected wavelengths. Parametric study of the effect of variation of optical properties on heat generation, temperature distribution, and ablation rate has been done by Motamedi et a! [1989] and Rastegar et al. [1989]. However, these and other analyses ( e.g. Armon and Laufer [1985], McKenzie [1986], Jacques and PraM [1987] )of temperature disiribution in tissue traditionally have not considered the role of dynamic variation of of the optical properties with temperature. This paper presents a method to analyze this effect and explores its potential impact on laser dosimetry prescription for laser applications involving coagulation of tissue.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Purpose Cross-sectional studies have documented the co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (hereafter, sleep apnea) with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (hereafter, diabetes). It has not been determined, however, whether sleep apnea is independently associated with the subsequent development of diabetes, accounting for established risk factors. Methods This observational cohort study examined 1233 consecutive patients in the Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System referred for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing; 544 study participants were free of preexisting diabetes and completed a full, attended, diagnostic polysomnogram. The study population was divided into quartiles based on severity of sleep apnea as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index. The main outcome was incident diabetes defined as fasting glucose level >126 mg/dL and a corresponding physician diagnosis. Compliance with positive airway pressure therapy, and its impact on the main outcome, also was examined. Results In unadjusted analysis, increasing severity of sleep apnea was associated with an increased risk of diabetes ( P for linear trend P =.04). Conclusion Sleep apnea increases the risk of developing diabetes, independent of other risk factors. Among patients with more severe sleep apnea, regular positive airway pressure use may attenuate this risk.
Sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in sweet ageusic T1r3 and Calhm1 knockout mice

The present study compared the ability of sweet ageusic T1r3 knockout (KO) and Calhm1 KO mice to acquire preferences for a sucrose-paired flavor as well as for unflavored sucrose. The KO and wildtype (WT) mice were given 24-h one-bottle access to 8% sucrose containing one flavor CS+, e.g., grape) and to water containing a different flavor (CS−, e.g., cherry) over 4 training days. In subsequent two-bottle tests with the flavors in water only, the T1r3 KO and Calhm1 KO mice, like WT mice, preferred the CS+ to the CS−. After training with flavored solutions, both KO groups also preferred unflavored 8% sucrose to water although Calhm1 KO mice required more sugar experience to match the preference of the T1r3 KO mice. These findings demonstrate that Calhm1 KO mice, like T1r3 KO mice and WT mice, are sensitive to the post-oral preference conditioning actions of sucrose and can discriminate sugar from water. Yet, despite their acquired sucrose preferences, the Calhm1 KO and T1r3 KO mice consumed only half as much sugar per day as did WT mice. Thus, sweet taste signaling elements are not needed in the gut for sugar conditioning, but sweet taste signaling in the mouth is essential for the full expression of sugar appetite.
Bayesian reconstruction for SPECT: Validation with monte carlo simulation, experimental phantom, and real patient data

A method for Bayesian image reconstruction from projections is applied to Monte Carlo simulation, experimental phantom, and real patient data from a SPECT acquisition system. This statistical image reconstruction method has three distinct aspects: (1) it uses a priori information about image density distribution of a multinomial process; (2) it considers a spatial correlation of nearby image elements; and (3) it incorporates the Poisson nature of photon detection fluctuation. The Monte Carlo simulation data are generated by computer codes for selected mathematical phantoms containing hot and cold rods. The experimental phantom data are acquired with a Triad SPECT system using radioactive phantoms containing hot and cold rods. The real patient data are obtained from a patient brain scan using the Triad SPECT system. A parallel beam geometry is used. The data are acquired from 120 projection angles uniformly distributed from 0 to 360 degrees. At each projection angle, a 128 X 128 projection image is measured. This 128 X 128 projection samples are equally spaced along the axis of detector rotation and perpendicular to the axis, respectively. Each image slice is reconstructed using a 128 X 128 pixel array. Comparisons between this Bayesian method and maximum likelihood method and filtered backprojection method are give. An improvement in noise suppression is demonstrated using the Bayesian method while image resolution is preserved.
Subclinical Hallucinations and Delusions in Nonpsychotic Adolescents

A number of studies have suggested that clinical populations of adolescents may report hallucinations and/or delusions without meeting criteria for a psychotic disorder. The purpose of this study was to provide information about the prevalence and symptom correlates of these subclinical hallucinations and delusions that occur in a nonpsychotic population of adolescents. Thirty-eight adolescents from a residential program and day treatment center were assessed with respect to hallucinatory experiences, ideas of reference, paranoid ideation, dissociative experiences, depressive symptomatology, and schizotypal cognitions. Results of this study indicated that 33 % of the participants reported having experienced auditory hallucinations, and 24% reported having had delusional ideas. In addition, the results suggest that subclinical auditory hallucinations may have an especially strong relation with dissociative processes, whereas subclinical delusions appeared to be most strongly correlated with schizotypal thought processes. The results of this study begin to clarify the phenomenon of hallucinatory and delusional experiences in a nonpsychotic population.
Finite, integral, and finite-dimensional relation algebras: a brief history

Abstract Relation algebras were invented by Tarski and his collaborators in the middle of the 20th century. The concept of integrality arose naturally early in the history of the subject, as did various constructions of finite integral relation algebras. Later the concept of finite-dimensionality was introduced for classifying nonrepresentable relation algebras. This concept is closely connected to the number of variables used in proofs in first-order logic. Some results on these topics are presented in chronological order.
Intermolecular conformational coupling and free energy exchange enhance the catalytic efficiency of cardiac muscle SERCA2a following the relief of phospholamban inhibition.

Activation of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) by β1-agonists involves cAMP- and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB), which relieves the inhibitory effec...
A Determination of Hydration Mechanisms for Tricalcium Silicate Using a Kinetic Cellular Automaton Model

Reaction mechanisms for the early stages of hydration of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5) have not been agreed upon, although theories have appeared in the literature. In this paper, a mechanistic description is proposed that is consistent with a wide range of reported experimental observations, and which is supported quantitatively by simulations using HydratiCA, a new three-dimensional microstructure model of chemical kinetics. Rate processes are quantitatively modeled using probabilistic cellular automaton algorithms that are based on the principles of transition state theory. The model can test alternate assumptions about the reaction paths and rate-controlling steps, making it a kind of experimental tool for investigating kinetics and interpreting experimental observations. It is used here to show that hydration of Ca3SiO5 is most likely controlled by nucleation and growth of a compositionally variable calcium silicate hydrate solid, mediated at very early times by a transient, thermodynamically metastable solid that rapidly covers and sharply reduces the dissolution rate of Ca3SiO5. This proposed mechanism involves important elements of two leading theories of Ca3SiO5 hydration, neither of which alone has been able to capture the full range of experimental data when tested by the model.
Effects of drinking water temperature on production responses in lactating Holstein cows in summer.

During late summer, 24 lactating Holstein cows were offered 10 or 28 degrees C (control) drinking water ad libitum at 1400 h for 10 min to investigate the effects on respiration rates, body temperatures, dry matter intake, and milk production. Experimental design was a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of the two drinking water temperatures with .8, 1.1, and 1.4% dietary potassium associated with another experiment. Following 1 wk adjustment and 1 wk standardization, cows were blocked by dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight within parity and randomly assigned to treatments within blocks. Cows were denied access to water from 0900 until 1400 h. Respiration rates and rectal temperatures were recorded before and after watering. Tympanic membrane temperatures (8/h) were recorded during the comparison period using 4 cows per water treatment. No interaction occurred between water and potassium. Water at 10 degrees C had a greater cooling effect than 28 degrees C water. No differences were found between treatments in respiration rates and rectal temperatures after drinking water was temperatures after drinking water was offered. Chilled drinking water decreased tympanic membrane temperatures, which remained lower longer. Cows that drank 10 degrees C drinking water increased dry matter intake and milk yield.
Photoluminescence spectra of conjugated polymers with nondegenerate ground state

Abstract Photoluminescence is observed in conjugated polymers with nondegenerate ground states such as cis-polyacetylene, polythiophene (PT), and polyphenylenevinylene (PPV). The spectrum of emitted light exhibits vibronic structure, i.e., a series of discrete peaks separated by optic phonon frequencies. To model this, we consider the lattice relaxation (multiple phonon emission) associated with radiative recombination of polaron-excitons, treating them as a confined soliton-antisoliton pair. The emission spectrum is calculated using the Brazovskii-Kirova continuum model and the formalism developed by Su and Yu to describe lattice relaxation in conjugated polymers. We find that the number of phonon peaks in the emission spectrum depends sensitively on the confinement parameter γ. Agreement of the observed emission spectra for polythiophene with the calculated spectrum requires that γ ∼ 1, a value much larger than previous estimates of γ, which have been in the range 0.1 to 0.3.
Perceived Parenting, Positive and Negative Perceptions of Parents, and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment

Many studies have established that warm, authoritative parenting is associated with positive adjustment in children and adolescents. Fewer studies, however, have examined the potential mechanisms driving this relationship. The current study explores the effects of late adolescents' positive and negative perceptions of their parents in the association between perceived parenting and late adolescent emotional adjustment (depression, anxiety, and self-esteem). The sample consisted of 151 males and 324 females ranging in age from 18- to 22-years. Data were analysed with structural equation modeling. Results of the study suggested that perceived parenting, positive and negative perceptions of parents, and emotional adjustment as reported by late adolescents all are correlated significantly. The effects of perceived parenting on late adolescents' emotional adjustment, however, were not statistically significant when analysed simultaneously with late adolescents' positive and negative perceptions of parents. Also, the relationship between late adolescents' positive and negative perceptions of parents and late adolescent emotional adjustment became non-significant when examining father relationships. Overall, the importance of considering parenting in the context of parent and adolescents' sex as well as other variables is emphasised.
The Box-and-Dot Method: A Simple Strategy for Counting Significant Figures

A visual method for counting significant digits is presented. This easy-to-learn (and easy-to-teach) method, designated the box-and-dot method, uses the device of "boxing" significant figures based on two simple rules, then counting the number of digits in the boxes.
Electrostatic Potential Surfaces of 5-HT3R Agonists Suggest Accessory Cation–π Site Adjacent to Agonist Binding Domain

Abstract Electrostatic potential surface mapping of various aromatic ring systems contained in 5-HT3R agonists indicate that some agonists contain an aromatic moiety capable of a favorable cation–π interaction next to the e-face of pyridine (or its bioisostere). A pharmacophore model has been proposed based on superimposition of two distinct ‘aryl’ interactions.
The triterpenoid CDDO-Me delays murine acute graft-versus-host disease with the preservation of graft-versus-tumor effects after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

The occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and tumor relapse represent the two major obstacles impeding the efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in cancer. We have previously shown that the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) can inhibit murine early aGVHD, but antitumor effects were not assessed. In the current study, we found that a new derivative of CDDO, CDDO-Me, had an increased ability to inhibit allogeneic T cell responses and induce cell death of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Administration of CDDO-Me to mice following allogeneic BMT resulted in significant and increased protection from lethal aGVHD compared to CDDO. This correlated with reduced TNF-α production, reduced donor T cell proliferation, and decreased adhesion molecule (α4β7 integrin) expression on the donor T cells. CDDO-Me was also superior to CDDO in inhibiting leukemia growth in vitro. When CDDO-Me was administered following an allogeneic BMT to leukemia-bearing mice, significant increases in survival were observed. These findings suggest that CDDO-Me is superior to CDDO in delaying aGVHD, while preserving or possibly even augmenting GVT effects.
Using Dynamic Geometry to Stimulate Students to Provide Proofs.

The purpose of this paper is to provide examples of ‘non-traditional conjectures’ in a dynamic geometry environment that can be used to stimulate students to provide proofs. The author believes that teachers can ask their students to find out if these conjectures are true; if the conjectures are true, then the students can come up with their own proofs. The appendix contains brief descriptions (pertaining to each conjecture) explaining why these conjectures are true or false.
Testing Unruh Radiation with Ultraintense Lasers

We point out that using the state-of-the-art (or soon-to-be) intense electromagnetic pulses, violent accelerations that may be suitable for testing quantum field theory in curved spacetime can be realized through the interaction of a high-intensity laser with an electron. In particular, we demonstrate that the Unruh radiation is detectable, in principle, beyond the conventional radiation (most notably the Larmor radiation) background noise, by taking advantage of its specific dependence on the laser power and distinct character in spectral-angular distributions.
The effect of side chain connectivity and local hydration on proton transfer in 3M perfluorosulfonic acid membranes

Abstract We present a molecular modeling study on the role the connectivity of adjacent acid groups of 3M perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes has on proton dissociation and transfer through a consideration of oligomeric fragments with different poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) backbone segments separating the side chains. Electronic structure calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory on fragments with chemical formula: CF3CF(–O(CF2)4SO3H)(CF2)nCF(–O(CF2)4SO3H)CF3, where n = 5 or 7, corresponding to membrane equivalent weights of 590 and 690 g/mol, respectively. Fully optimized structures of these fragments with and without the addition of water molecules revealed that connectivity of the SO3H groups through hydrogen bonding is critical for proton dissociation and the state of the dissociated proton. Proton dissociation was first observed in the EW 590 fragment at a water content of only 1 H2O/SO3H; the system with greater separation of the side chains (EW 690) did not exhibit proton dissociation until four water molecules (i.e., 2 H2O/SO3H) were added as the greater side chain separation precluded the cooperative interaction through hydrogen bonding that promotes proton dissociation at low hydration in membranes of this type. Second proton dissociation in the EW 590 system occurred upon addition of three water molecules; this required five water molecules in the EW 690 fragment. The differences in dissociation and the state of the dissociated proton were mitigated after six water molecules were added to each system where one of the dissociated protons exists as a ‘Zundel-like’ cation and the other as more of an ‘Eigen-like’ complex. These calculations further substantiate prior work on the importance of the interaction of sulfonic acid groups through hydrogen bonding in the transfer and state of the dissociated protons.
Government-sponsored student-loan reimbursement for pharmacists

Student-loan repayment is a phrase with which every pharmacy student, resident, and pharmacist should be familiar. In the pharmacy world, when student-loan repayment assistance is discussed, it is usually during the recruitment of a pharmacist to work for a community pharmacy or a hospital. This
FIBER OPTIC WEIGH-IN-MOTION : LOOKING BACK AND AHEAD

This paper presents an analysis of the fiber optic weight- in-motion (WIM) smart sensor situation. Based on the interrelationship between technology and needs, the analysis is divided into three parts. The first part reflects WIM equipment development, such as piezo-electric sensors, and some of the pitfalls encountered in WIM measurements that led to fiber optic sensor utilization. With a chronological approach, the second part reviews the various optical principles that have been developed to measure dynamic weight. Since 1986, three techniques have been fully tested on actual highways. On the one hand, the simplest one based on light attenuation in multimode fibers as suitable for counting. On the other hand, speckle analysis at the end of a multimode fiber allowed a better strain and deformation determination. Finally, the sophisticated polarimetric configuration seemed to be more powerful and led to impressive findings such as dynamic phenomenon observation. The third and last part of this paper reviews some of the future needs for WIM systems, and the ongoing developments in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) field. Then, the factual report derived from this analysis shows that despite their tremendous potential, fiber optic sensors are almost nonexistent in current ITS worldwide developments.
Phophabs: Antibody-phage-alkaline phosphatase conjugates for one step ELISA's without immunization

Abstract PhoPhabs have been created by incorporating alkaline phosphatase and antibody Fab's from combinatorial libraries on a filamentous phage framework. These PhoPhabs are antigen specific and can replace antibodies and eliminate the need for immunizations in ELISA (enzyme linked immunoabsorbent) methods.
The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus, a new wheat-infecting virus of the High Plains

The genome of Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a recently discovered mite-transmitted wheat potyvirus, was sequenced, characterized, and compared to other members of the family Potyviridae. TriMV has a single mRNA strand of 10,266 nucleotides with a predicted polyprotein consisting of 3,112 peptides. Protein alignments of the coat protein demonstrate that TriMV has 45.9% identity to Sugarcane streak mosaic virus strain AP (SCSMV-AP), but shares only 23.2% identity to Wheat streak mosaic virus. Although TriMV is mite-transmitted and could be placed in the genus Tritimovirus, it is significantly divergent and should be placed in the newly proposed genus Susmovirus.
Red Bull “Gives You Wings” for better or worse: A double-edged impact of brand exposure on consumer performance

Abstract We show that brand exposure can have double-sided effects on behavior, with brand identity associations creating both positive and negative effects on objective consumer performance. Experimental results from a racing game involving functionally identical cars with differently branded paint jobs show that Red Bull branding creates a U-shaped effect on race performance, as Red Bull's brand identity of speed, power, and recklessness work both for and against the players. Even though brands were exposed supraliminally, effects traveled through nonconscious channels. Double-edged effects of branding on consumer performance could be increasingly important as ambient advertising and product cobranding become more commonplace.
Structured analysis of the ISI Atomic Pair Actions dataset using workflows

Understanding pair-wise activities is an essential step towards studying complex group and crowd behaviors in video. However, such research is often hampered by a lack of datasets that concentrate specifically on Atomic Pair Actions; [Here, we distinguish between the atomic motion of individual objects and the atomic motion of pairs of objects. The term action in Atomic Pair Action means an atomic interaction movement of two objects in video; a pair activity, then, is composed of multiple actions by a pair or multiple pairs of interacting objects (Ahad, 2011; Turaga et al., 2008). Please see Section 1 for details.] in addition, the general dearth in computer vision of a standardized, structured approach for reproducing and analyzing the efficacy of different models limits the ability to compare different approaches. In this paper, we introduce the ISI Atomic Pair Actions dataset, a set of 90 videos that concentrate on the Atomic Pair Actions of objects in video, namely converging, diverging, and moving in parallel. We further incorporate a structured, end-to-end analysis methodology, based on workflows, to easily and automatically allow for standardized testing of state-of-the-art models, as well as inter-operability of varied codebases and incorporation of novel models. We demonstrate the efficacy of our structured framework by testing several models on the new dataset. In addition, we make the full dataset (the videos, along with their associated tracks and ground truth, and the exported workflows) publicly available to the research community for free use and extension at .
Seed protein sources—Amino acid composition and total protein content of various plant seeds

An extensive literature survey on seed proteins has been made, with attention given to both amino acid composition of various seed proteins and the total quantity of protein produced by the seeds. Data have been grouped according to botanical classifications and correlations drawn where possible. The various plant families have been rated according to their protentialities as protein-producing seed crops in the United States. As a beginning towards filling in some obvious gaps in amino acid composition data, amino acid assays have been carried out for the first time on nine species of seeds.
The contributions of programmed developmental change and phenotypic plasticity to within-individual variation in leaf traits in Dicerandra linearifolia

Variation among modules of a single genet could provide a means of adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Two mechanisms that can give rise to such variation are programmed developmental change and phenotypic plasticity. I quantified the relative roles of these two mechanisms in causing within-individual variation in six leaf traits of an annual plant. Under controlled temperatures, morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits of leaves produced by the same individual differed as a function of both the node at which they were produced and the temperature they experienced during development. Temperature, node, and interactions between them all contributed significantly to the pattern of within-individual variation in leaf traits, although the relative contributions of programmed developmental change and phenotypic plasticity differed for different traits. I hypothesize that these two mechanisms for generating within-individual variation in module phenotype are favored by different patterns of environmental heterogeneity; when the sequence of environments encountered by modules of a single individual is predictable, programmed developmental change may be favored, and phenotypic plasticity may be favored when the sequence of environments is irregular with respect to individual ontogeny and therefore not predictable.
Pseudo-programming (with macros) of accounting spreadsheets

Abstract For ease of use, transfer, and potential marketability, business software should be “userfriendly”. Lotus 1-2-3, the dominant electronic spreadsheet program in business, incorporates a pseudo-programming capability that allows tailoring spreadsheet applications accordingly. This article represents an introduction to the programming process. The process makes use of macros that accept user input and print out reports in pre-designed templates, and that can be linked together via a menu of desired applications.
Tetraethynylmethane: a semi-empirical molecular orbital study

Abstract PM3, AM1, and MNDO semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations are performed on the high carbon content monomer tetraethynylmethane. Calculated heats of formation range from 211.75 (PM3) to 221.49 (MNDO) to 228.77 kcal mol−1 (AM1). First ionization potentials, optimized bond lengths and angles, net atomic charges and bond orders are also reported.
Changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 uptake

[1] Measurements of the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon primarily during World Ocean Circulation Experiment and the Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study cruises in the 1990s are used to determine ocean-wide changes in the δ13C that have occurred due to uptake of anthropogenic CO2. This new ocean-wide δ13C data set (∼25,000 measurements) substantially improves the usefulness of δ13C as a tracer of the anthropogenic CO2 perturbation. The global mean δ13C change in the surface ocean is estimated at −0.16 ± 0.02‰ per decade between the 1970s and 1990s with the greatest changes observed in the subtropics and the smallest changes in the polar and southern oceans. The global mean air-sea δ13C disequilibrium in 1995 is estimated at 0.60 ± 0.10‰ with basin-wide disequilibrium values of 0.73, 0.63, and 0.23‰ for the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, respectively. The global mean depth-integrated anthropogenic change in δ13C between the 1970s and 1990s was estimated at −65 ± 33‰ m per decade. These new estimates of air-sea δ13C disequilibrium and depth-integrated δ13C changes yield an oceanic CO2 uptake rate of 1.5 ± 0.6 Gt C yr−1 between 1970 and 1990 based on the atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 budget approaches of Quay et al. [1992] and Tans et al. [1993] and the dynamic method of Heimann and Maier-Reimer [1996]. Box-diffusion model simulations of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and its δ13C perturbation indicate that a CO2 uptake rate of 1.9 ± 0.4 Gt C yr−1 (1970–1990) explains both the observed surface ocean and depth-integrated δ13C changes. Constraining a box diffusion ocean model to match both the observed δ13C and bomb 14C changes yields an oceanic CO2 uptake rate of 1.7 ± 0.2 Gt C yr−1 (1970–1990). The oceanic CO2 uptake rates derived from anthropogenic changes in ocean δ13C are similar to rates determined by atmospheric CO2 and O2 budgets [Battle et al., 2000], atmospheric δ13C and CO2 measurements [Ciais et al., 1995], and GCM simulations [Orr et al., 2001].
Beneficial effects of nitrogen

Fully dense nitrogenated austenitic stainless steels were produced by gas atomization and HIP consolidation. The base alloy, 304L, contained about 0.15 wt pct nitrogen when melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, and a modified version of 304L with 23 wt pct Cr contained 0.21 wt pct nitrogen. A series of experiments using various combinations of N2 and Ar as the melt chamber backfill gas and atomizing gas demonstrated that the nitrogen content of the powder was largely controlled by the backfill gas and that the fraction of hollow particles was deter- mined by the atomization gas. The hollow powder particles, which are common in inert-gas atomized materials, were virtually eliminated in the nitrogen atomized powders. Additional atomizing experiments using copper and a nickel-base superalloy indicate that low gas solubility in the metal leads to gas entrapment. Hardness and compression behavior (yield strength and flow stress) are substantially improved with the addition of nitrogen. The results of this study suggest that the properties of nitrogenated stainless steels fabricated in this manner are com- parable to other high nitrogen austenitic alloys.
Interior path following primal-dual algorithms. Part I: Linear programming

We describe a primal-dual interior point algorithm for linear programming problems which requires a total of $$O\left( {\sqrt n L} \right)$$ number of iterations, whereL is the input size. Each iteration updates a penalty parameter and finds the Newton direction associated with the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker system of equations which characterizes a solution of the logarithmic barrier function problem. The algorithm is based on the path following idea.
Microstructural analysis of successive negative contrast in free-feeding and deprived rats

Rats shifted from 1.0 M to 0.1 M sucrose lick at lower rates for the weaker solution than rats that have continual access to the 0.1 M sucrose solution only. This effect, referred to as successive negative contrast, has been investigated primarily in food-deprived rats and, in all cases, using total licks or total volume consumed as the dependent measure. The present experiment used a microstructural analysis of licking patterns to examine the changes in behavior that constitute the contrast effect in total licks in both deprived and free-feeding rats. Although the magnitude of the effect was similar, deprived rats recovered from contrast more rapidly than free-feeding rats. Furthermore, the patterns of licking behavior associated with contrast differed under the two deprivation conditions. Specifically, when compared with the unshifted controls, the contrast effect in deprived rats was accomplished through a decrease in the number of licks per burst, an increase in the number of bursts initiated, a brief increase in the length of the interburst intervals, and no change in length of the interlick intervals. In free-feeding animals, contrast was associated with a decrease in the number of licks per burst, a brief increase in the length of the interburst interval, and no changes in either the number of bursts initiated or in the length of the interlick intervals. Together, these data demonstrate that patterns of licking behavior are differentially affected by solution concentration, deprivation state, and relative aspects of reward value.
Ultra-sensitive, high throughput and quantitative proteomics measurements

Abstract We describe the broad basis and application of an approach for very high throughput, ultra-sensitive, and quantitative proteomic measurements based upon the use of ultra-high performance separations and mass spectrometry (MS). An overview of the accurate mass and time (AMT) tag approach and a description of the incorporated data analysis pipeline necessary for efficient proteomic studies are presented. Adjunct technologies, including stable-isotope labeling methodologies and improvements in the utilization of liquid chromatography (LC)–MS peak intensity information for quantitative purposes are also discussed. Related areas include the use of automated sample handling for improving analysis reproducibility, methods for using information from the separation for more confident peptide peak identification, and the utilization of smaller diameter capillary columns having lower volumetric flow rates to increase electrospray ionization efficiency and allow for more predictable and quantitative results. The developments are illustrated in the context of studies of complex biological systems.