cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Transient Voltages on Dielectrics-IV Law of Impulse Spark-over and Time Lag

The law of time lag and impulse breakdown is derived from experimental data. This law, which appears to be rational, shows that a given amount of energy is required to cause. breakdown of a given gap and that voltage and time are interdependent. It is quite in accord with the work in the original paper and applies to breakdown on rectangular waves, on the front of slanting waves, or to overvoltages on standard waves.1 By means of simple formulas the results for any wave can be calculated or the effects of different waves correlated. Three general types of impulse tests, dependent on the form of wave used and the spark-over point selected, are discussed as follows: 1. The so-called "rectangular" wave with spark-over on the top 2. The uniformly rising voltage with spark-over on fronts of various slopes 3. The use of a "standard" wave of logarithmic front and tail with spark-over occurring at any desired point on it. Method 3, using the full standard wave, is by far the simplest to apply and gives the most consistent results. It is also shown that it may be used in a way to give effects equivalent to the other two methods. Interesting energy relationships for impulse failures of gaps are brought out in this connection. Field experience with actual lightning waves is compared to laboratory results with the "standard" wave and found to check very closely.
On the Relationship between the Characteristic Ratio of a Finite Chain, Cn, and the Asymptotic Limit, C∞

Often experiments with chains containing a finite number of bonds, n, are interpreted with the assumption that the characteristic ratio, Cn, is determined completely by C∞ and n. This assumption is supported by some, but not all, textbook models for simple flexible chains. The freely jointed chain, freely rotating chain with fixed bond angle, and simple wormlike chain predict Cn = f(C∞,n). These three models share the feature that the stiffness of the chain is specified by no more than one parameter. However, when more than one parameter affects the stiffness of the chain, as in the model with fixed bond angle and symmetric hindered rotation about independent bonds, Cn is no longer determined by C∞ and n alone, Cn ≠ f(C∞,n). Since virtually all real chains have hindered rotation, they cannot be expected to have the dimensions given by Cn = f(C∞,n). This conclusion is supported by numerical calculations using previously published rotational isomeric state models for polyethylene, polyisobutylene, and poly(...
Bulimia: New Mental Health Problem on the Campus?

Thomas Hohenshil and Rodney K. Goodyear: Special Assignment Editors Regina C. Casper, Elke D. Eckert, Katherine A. Halmi, Solomon C. Goldberg, and John M. Davis, Bulimia: Its Incidence and Clinical Importance in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 1030–1035. Paul E. Garfinkel, Harvey Moldofsky, and David M. Garner, The Heterogeneity of Anorexia Nervosa: Bulimia as a Distinct Subgroup. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 1036–1040.
Carbon is not required during crystallization to produce ferrobasalts/ferrodiorites (FTP rocks)

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the presence of graphite is required to produce the Fe-Ti-P-enrichment, silica-depletion trend seen in ferrobasalts and ferrodiorites/jotunites. A nominally anhydrous Snake River Plain olivine tholeiite was crystallized at 9.3 kbar in Fe-Pt capsules; the composition of the Fe-Pt alloy was empirically chosen such that the charge neither lost nor gained iron. The results of these experiments and those of previous experiments conducted in graphite are strikingly similar: in both cases the residual liquids were depleted in silica and enriched in Fe, Ti, and P. We conclude that the presence of carbon is not essential for producing this distinctive trend.
Building the library/information center of the future

Changes in the mission, roles, and infrastructure of academic health sciences libraries pose an enormous challenge to those designing and planning new library buildings. The library will be judged by its ability to respond to changing information dissemination patterns, changing missions, technologies not yet contemplated, and curricular trends, notably the rise of informatics and problem-based learning. Key questions are posed; the answers will shape library building now and in the future.
Encouraging Creativity with Scientific Inquiry

Creativity facilitates scientists in their investigations of new problems or with a new orientation. However, K-12 science education typically does not acknowledge this aspect of creativity. Science/Technology/Society provides an avenue for creativity when addressing inquiry. The use of Cothron et al.’s [1] four question strategy allows for a planning approach for inquiry.
Mechanisms of polar arrest of a replication fork

A DNA replication terminator sequence blocks an approaching replication fork when the moving replisome approaches from just one direction. The mechanism underlying polar arrest has been debated for years, but recent work has helped to reveal how a replication fork is blocked in Escherichia coli. Early work suggested that asymmetric interaction between terminator protein and terminator DNA contributes to polar fork arrest. A later study demonstrated that if the terminator DNA is partially unwound, the resulting melted DNA could bind tightly to the terminator protein, suggesting a mechanism for polar arrest that involves a locked complex. However, recent evidence suggests that the terminator protein-DNA contacts are not sufficient for polar arrest in vivo. Furthermore, polar arrest of a replication fork still occurs in the absence of a locked complex between the terminator protein and DNA. In E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, the bound terminator protein makes protein-protein contacts with the replication fork helicase, and these contacts are critical in blocking progression of the advancing fork. Thus, we propose that interactions between the replication fork helicase and terminator protein are the primary mechanism for polar fork arrest in bacteria, and that this primary mechanism is modulated by asymmetric contacts between the terminator protein and its cognate DNA sequence. In yeast, terminator sequences are present in rDNA non-transcribed spacers and a region immediately preceding the mating type switch locus Mat1, and the mechanism of polar arrest at these regions is beginning to be elucidated.
Developmental expression of glucokinase in rat hypothalamus.

Neurons in the hypothalamus sense changes in glucose concentration. Glucokinase (GK), a key enzyme for pancreatic (β)-cell glucose sensing, was found in both the embryonic and adult hypothalamus. GK activity accounted for approximately 20% of total hexokinase (HK) activity in both embryonic and adult hypothalamus with no activity measured in cortical samples, indicating that glucose sensing in the hypothalamus initiates early in development and precedes the maturation of glucose signaling in liver.
The Effectiveness of SIDPASS: A Research-Based Self-Study Model for Seeking NCATE Accreditation and Program Improvement

Les AA. presentent le modele SIDPASS (Standards, Information, Discrepancies, Priorities, Alternatives, Solutions and Standards) de Wilkerson. Ce modele procure une structure pour la conceptualisation et l'execution du processus d'habilitation. Six institutions ont adopte ce modele. Chaque phase du modele est analysee en tenant compte des resultats obtenus dans ces etablissements
Hypermedia and the study of ancient culture

The author discusses how hypermedia databases can facilitate the study of ancient cultures, where evidence ranges from literary texts to archaeological sites to individual objects, by allowing fluid movement among disparate data. The Perseus Project, which set out to collect as many kinds of data as possible from the earliest period of Greek civilization, is described. The Perseus Project is both an exploration of a culture and a case study in how to represent culture in a hypermedia environment. It also probes the strengths and weaknesses of the new medium. One experiment under way within the Perseus Project, involving the hypermedia representation of Greek art, is examined in detail to show the advantages of the hypermedia approach. >
A method of i.f. switching for a microwave diversity system

This paper deals with the various factors involved when considering the use of diversity on a microwave radio link. Various systems of if. switching are briefly surveyed. An i.f. switching circuit designed for use on such systems is described which uses high speed diode switches working at the i.f. of 70 Mc/s. The switch control circuits are partially transistorized.
Duration-Syntax Association in Normal and Poor Readers:

Fifty-five poor readers and fifty-eight normal readers from grade six were presented a modified version of Hamill's (1976) tone pattern-phrase matching procedure. Each student selected from two type-written alternatives the phrase which appeared to match an auditory tone pattern. Consistent with Hamill's adults, subjects tended to choose phrases which matched long tone durations to content words and short durations to function words. Although both reading groups displayed this tendency, it was more prominent in the normal readers. These results cannot be explained on the basis of knowledge of word importance, because on a second task poor readers were better able to identify important words in phrases than were normal readers.
Enhancing engraftment of islets using perioperative sodium 4-phenylbutyrate.

Primary nonfunction (PNF) adversely impacts islet transplantation. In addition to determining whether sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-SPB), an anti-inflammatory agent, reduces PNF, this study investigates how 4-SPB affects PNF. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice, that received 75 syngeneic islets underneath left subrenal space, were fed twice daily of either 4-SPB at 500 mg/kg body weight or isotonic saline (NaCl) from 2 days before through 7 days after transplantation. The graft was removed at days 3, 10 and 84 following transplantation. At 68 h following transplantation, serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were 2.2±0.4 and 0.4± 0.2 pmol/L (n=6, p<0.005) for NaCl and 4-SPB groups, respectively. Graft genetic expression of IL-1β was significantly suppressed in 4-SPB group (p<0.01). At day 10, the blood glucose levels were 22.7±1.0 and 17.1±1.7 mmol/L (n=12, p<0.05) and graft insulin contents (IC) were 35.0±8.3 and 107.6±29.7 pmol (n=12, p<0.05) for NaCI and 4-SPB groups, respectively. Moreover, the 4-SPB group had a shorter temporary hyperglycemia (15±2, n=21 vs. 25±2 days, n=19, p=0.001) and a higher cumulative cure rate of diabetes (p<0.001) than the NaCI group. In-vitro studies indicated that 4-SPB did not impact the islets function. These experimental results demonstrated that perioperative administration of 4-SPB decreased serum level and graft genetic expression of IL-1β and attenuated PNF, which enhanced islet engraftment in a syngeneic transplantation mouse model.
Type-II Quantum Dots: CdTe/CdSe(Core/Shell) and CdSe/ZnTe(Core/Shell) Heterostructures

Type-II band engineered quantum dots (CdTe/CdSe(core/shell) and CdSe/ZnTe(core/shell) heterostructures) are described. The optical properties of these type-II quantum dots are studied in parallel with their type-I counterparts. We demonstrate that the spatial distribution of carriers can be controlled within the type-II quantum dots, which makes their properties strongly governed by the band offset of the comprising materials. This allows access to optical transition energies that are not restricted to band gap energies. The type-II quantum dots reported here can emit at lower energies than the band gaps of comprising materials. The type-II emission can be tailored by the shell thickness as well as the core size. The enhanced control over carrier distribution afforded by these type-II materials may prove useful for many applications, such as photovoltaics and photoconduction devices.
The Meandering of Natural Streams in Alluvial Materials

Although there have been numerous publications which might be classified under the general subject of meanders, they have, for the most part, been preoccupied with the origin of meanders, helicoidal flow or the search for a characteristic or standard meander. There seems to be little published information on the analysis of actual velocity patterns, the nature and role of bank caving or anomalies and differences in the geometry of bends. The purpose of this paper is to present a qualitative summary of current knowledge on the meandering of streams in alluvial materials, based upon a review of pertinent literature, data supplied by the Vicksburg and Little Rock Districts, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and the observation of small-scale meanders on a tilting sand table. It is intended that this paper provide some coverage of the aspects of meandering that have hitherto been neglected.
Spectral representations for finite Hilbert transformations

acting on functions x (4) of class L ~ (-0% oo) is a unitary symmetric operator on the Hilbert space L ~ (-~ , oo) E9]. (The integral here is to be i n t e rp r e t ed as a Cauchy principal value at # =4.) We shall .refer to the operator H ~s the Hilbert transformation. The spectrum of the operator H consists just of the points • t. Under the application of the Fourier-Plancherel transformation
A unified theory of necessary conditions for nonlinear nonconvex control systems

We consider optimal problems for a general nonlinear nonconvex input-output relation for Banach space valued functions. A maximum principle is obtained using Ekeland's variational principle. The formulation applies to systems described by ordinary differential equations, functional differential equations, and partial differential equations (both for distributed and boundary control systems).
A Likelihood Approach to Estimating Market Equilibrium Models

This paper develops a new likelihood-based method for the simultaneous estimation of structural demand-and-supply models for markets with differentiated products. We specify an individual-level discrete-choice model of demand and derive the supply side assuming manufacturers compete in prices. The proposed estimation method considers price endogeneity through simultaneous estimation of demand and supply, allows for consumer heterogeneity, and incorporates a pricing rule consistent with economic theory.The basic idea behind the proposed estimation procedure is to simulate prices and choice probabilities by solving for the market equilibrium. By repeating this many times, we obtain an empirical distribution of equilibrium prices and probabilities. The empirical distribution is then smoothed and used in a likelihood procedure to estimate the parameters of the model. The advantage of this method is that it avoids the need to perform a transformation of variables. If the tastes of consumers are independent across market periods, our approach yields maximum likelihood estimates; otherwise, it yields consistent but not fully efficient partial likelihood estimates.
An analysis of the forces and bending moments generated during the notched beam impact test

An analysis is presented which predicts the hammer force and specimen bending moment-time responses during impact from the dynamics of the system and the fracture characteristics of the material. The theoretical predictions are compared to available experimental observations and good agreement is obtained for brittle materials.
Noncortical origins of the spinal motor evoked potential in rats

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the spinal cord, sciatic nerve, or both during transcortical electrical stimulation in the rat. Four peaks could be consistently identified in the spinal MEP. The latency and amplitude of the peaks varied differentially with intensity and polarity of stimulation. Conduction velocity for Peak 1 of the MEP was 43 m/sec. Bilateral sciatic nerve MEPs were present after unilateral cortical stimulation. The spinal MEP was elicited by stimulation of areas outside the motor cortex, and the response persisted during subcortical stimulation and after motor cortex ablation. We present evidence suggesting that components of the spinal MEP in rats arise from pathways outside the motor cortex.
Pulmonary histiocytosis X.

Pulmonary histiocytosis X is a granulomatous disorder of the lung of unknown cause. Patients with this disease often complain of cough, dyspnea on exertion, and, occasionally, chest pain from a pneumothorax or bone involvement. However, it is not unusual for patients to be asymptomatic with only a diffuse interstitial infiltrate on their chest radiograph. The course is unpredictable and can range from spontaneous remission to progressive respiratory insufficiency and death. No therapy, beyond symptomatic and supportive care, has been shown to be effective. Pulmonary histiocytosis X appears to be a variation of the more disseminated histiocytosis X disorders, such as Letterer-Siwe disease and the Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome. All of the histiocytosis X disorders have a characteristic histiocyte on pathologic study, with a unique ultrastructural organelle. Recent work suggests that this histiocyte is similar to macrophages found in the skin and some lymphoid organs. The histiocytosis X disorders may represent an abnormal response of the mononuclear phagocyte system to an antigen, to an immunodeficiency state, or both.
Introduction to the special section: Violent Sun-Earth connection events of October–November 2003

[1] During 2003 October and November, a series of solar eruptions occurred from three solar active regions. Some of these eruptions were extreme in terms of their origin (source properties) and heliospheric consequences. This paper summarizes the first results of the analysis of these violent Sun-Earth connection events.
Heat and Entropy of Sublimation of Nickel Dichloride, Dibromide, and Di‐iodide; Dissociation Energies of Gaseous NiCl2 and NiBr2

The vapor pressures of solid anhydrous nickel dichloride, dibromide, and di‐iodide have been measured directly by measurement of the torsional recoil of a suspended effusion cell and indirectly by measurement of mass effusion. The results with R in calories/mole·degree and p and π in atmospheres are as follows: NiCl2(550°–608°C): RT lnp = − (53.59 ± 0.41) × 103 + (43.70 ± 0.48)T, at 855°K logp = − 4.1472 ± 0.0020; RT lnπ = − (52.76 ± 0.40) × 103 + (42.63 ± 0.46)T, at 855°K logπ = − 4.1670 ± 0.0019. NiBr2(519°–584°C): RT lnp = − (53.01 ± 0.76) × 103 + (45.11 ± 0.95)T, at 820.16°K logp = − 4.2595 ± 0.0036; RT lnπ = − (51.97 ± 0.27) × 103 + (43.73 ± 0.33)T, at 820.16°K logπ = − 4.2843 ± 0.0014. Nil2(462°–505°C): RT lnp = − (35.58 ± 0.36) × 103 + (32.60 ± 0.52)T; RT lnπ = − (37.39 ± 0.24) × 103 + (34.93 ± 0.34)T. For the chloride and the bromide, the measured pressures are 1.05(± 0.02) times the equivalent mass effusion (π) for a molecular weight corresponding to the monomeric dihalide. This deviation from un...
The chronically ill patient

Psychiatry's renewed interest in its identity as a medical specialty and its increased therapeutic armamentarium make its involvement with chronically medically ill patients more feasible than ever before. These patients face problems which include economic ones, conflicts between independency and dependency, those connected with self-image, intra-family stresses including sexual ones, social isolation and the threat of death. Patients respond to these stresses with psychological symptomatology which includes depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, delirium, dementia and psychosis. The treatment of the consequences of these stresses is the daily work of the liaison psychiatrist.
Argos mutants define an affinity threshold for spitz inhibition in vivo.

Argos, a secreted antagonist of Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEGFR) signaling, acts by sequestering the activating ligand Spitz. To understand how different domains in Argos contribute to efficient Spitz sequestration, we performed a genetic screen aimed at uncovering modifiers of an Argos misexpression phenotype in the developing eye. We identified a series of suppressors mapping to the Argos transgene that affect its activity in multiple developmental contexts. These point mutations map to both the N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions, implicating both domains in Argos function. We show by surface plasmon resonance that these Argos mutants are deficient in their ability to bind Spitz in vitro. Our data indicate that a mere ∼2-fold decrease in KD is sufficient to compromise Argos activity in vivo. This effect could be recapitulated in a cell-based assay, where a higher molar concentration of mutant Argos was needed to inhibit Spitz-dependent dEGFR phosphorylation. In contrast, a ∼37-fold decrease in the binding constant nearly abolishes Argos activity in vivo and in cellular assays. In agreement with previously reported computational studies, our results define an affinity threshold for optimal Argos inhibition of dEGFR signaling during development.
Charge symmetry breaking interactions and coulomb energy differences

Abstract A detailed study of the possibility that the long standing discrepancies between theory and experiment in the values of Coulomb displacement energies have their origin in the charge asymmetry of the nuclear force is presented. A review of the present status of the theory of Coulomb displacement energies of mirror states is given. We have constructed a phenomenological charge asymmetric potential that can remove the Coulomb energy discrepancies for several mirror nuclei yet having only minimal effect on the 1 S 0 nucleon-nucleon scattering length. The form of this potential is however not compatible with the contributions due to charge asymmetric meson exchange processes that have been considered in the literature. We assume that these meson exchange effects can be reasonably described, up to strength factors, by a sum of one-pion, one-scalar-meson (σ) and one-vector-meson exchange potentials. The need for some additional type of charge asymmetric effect, e.g. three-body forces, is pointed out.
MYELIN TYPES WITH DIFFERENT PROTEIN COMPONENTS IN THE SAME SPECIES1

— Myelin was isolated from bovine optic nerve, cerebral white matter, spinal cord white matter and peripheral nerve (intradural spinal roots). The freeze-dried myelin completely dissolved in phenol-formic acid-water (14:3:3, w/v/v), and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the myelin proteins was performed with this solvent. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the myelin proteins from the various regions of the CNS. Myelin of peripheral nerve contained proteins that are apparently unique to it and which are not found in the myelin of the CNS.
NEW NEUTRON-DEFICIENT ISOTOPES OF TANTALUM

Bombardment of ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ ions in the Berkeley heavy-ion linear accelerator has resulted in the discovery of new isotopes of tantalum which have been assigned as ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{173}$ and ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{174}$. They have half-lives of 3.7 hr and 1.3 hr, respectively. Tantalum-172 was not observed and is believed to have a half-life shorter than 30 minutes. Gamma-ray spectra have been obtained for these two isotopes and for ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{175}$. Tantalum-175, with an 11-hr half-life, has also been produced by 48-Mev alpha-particle bombardment of ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and its conversion-electron spectrum was studied. From these data a decay scheme is proposed using nine of the observed transitions and assigning spins to three members of the ground-state rotational band.
On the impossibility of amplifying the independence of random variables

In this paper we prove improved lower and upper bounds on the size of sample spaces which which are required to be independent on specified neighborhoods. Our new constructions yield sample spaces whose size is smaller than previous constructions due to Schulman. Our lower bounds generalize the known lower bounds of Alon et al. and Chor et al. In obtaining these bounds we examine the possibilities and limitations of amplifying limited independence by fixed functions. We show that in general independence cannot be amplified from k-wise independence to (k + 1)-wise independence. Finally, we enumerate all possible logical consequences of pairwise independence random bits, i.e., events whose probabilities are a consequence of pairwise independence.
Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer of an Oblique Plane Jet Impinging Onto a Substrate

The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the impingement process, particularly the complexities attributable to the asymmetric geometry of an oblique free liquid jet. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite-volume formulation with a two-step projection method on a fixed non-uniform rectangular grid. The free surface of the jet is tracked by the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method with a second order accurate piecewise-linear scheme. The energy equation is modeled by using an enthalpy-based formulation. The method provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive model of the dynamic and thermal aspects of the impinging process. Nusselt number plots and pressure distributions on the substrate are obtained. The locations of the maximum Nusselt number as well as maximum pressure on the surface are identified and compared with the geometric jet impingement point. Results for normal impingement are also obtained and are used as reference. The effects of several parameters are examined. These include jet Reynolds number, jet impingement angle and jet inlet velocity profile. Experimental and analytical data from the literature are also included for comparison.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The 2011–2012 drought in the United States: new lessons from a record event

The record-setting 2011–2012 drought was the worst in the central regions of the United States since the 1930s. Short-term impacts included crop failures, job losses, water shortages, energy impacts, navigation problems and environmental losses. The event reinforced the need for water security and preparedness through */collective actions for mitigation and response. It showed that innovations in water management can improve resilience but cannot mitigate all risks; comprehensive water-management and emergency-preparedness solutions are needed, based on effective collaboration between institutions. The main lesson of this complex and significant drought is about the need to strengthen intergovernmental cooperation and policy responses.
MACROEXPANSION METHODOLOGY: AN EFFICIENT EIGHT UNIT RING EXPANSION

Abstract An efficient eight unit ring expansion method which is postulated to proceed by either a [5,5] or consecutive [3,3] sigmatropic shifts is described.
Laminar asymmetry in the distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

Cholinergic neurons in the retina of the tree shrew were identified immunocytochemically using a monoclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The chief result is that roughly 4 times as many ChAT-immunoreactive neurons are found in the inner nuclear layer (INL) as in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). In the INL, two classes of cholinergic neuron can be distinguished on the basis of soma size, one large and one small. The large neurons correspond closely in size and number to the displaced cholinergic neurons in the GCL, suggesting that these are the matching populations of cholinergic amacrine cells reported in other species. The small ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, on the other hand, which make up 60% of the total number of ChAT-positive neurons in the retina, appear to have no counterpart in the GCL. Whether these small neurons are a separate class of amacrine cell or some other cell type (e.g. bipolar, interplexiform, etc.) remains to be determined.
Ramification Groups of Nonabelian Kummer Extensions

Abstract The reciprocity law of Coleman for the Hilbert norm residue symbol has allowed the computation of the conductors of the abelian Kummer extensions Q p ( a ,ζ p n )/ Q p (ζ p n ) witha∈Qpandζpna primitive (pn)th root of unity for a fixed primepand all positive integersn. From these conductors, we compute the ramification groups of the nonabelian Kummer extension Q p ( Q × p )/ Q p obtained from adjoining toQpallp-power roots of its elements. More generally, given a similar nonabelian Kummer extension of complete discrete valuation fields, we have a method of computing its ramification groups from the conductors of the abelian Kummer extensions and knowledge of the ramification groups of the cyclotomic extensions.
Guidelines for sizing pericardium for aortic valve leaflet grafts

Surgical repair of the aortic valve with the use of leaflet grafts made from pericardium has been shown to be a viable option, particularly in children, in whom valve replacement has strong disadvantages. We present guidelines for sizing treated autologous pericardium to fabricate a leaflet graft for single-leaflet replacement. Both our clinical experience and experimental evidence indicate that effective repairs are best achieved by use of a semicircular graft with a diameter 10% to 15% greater than the sinotubular junction diameter in diastole. We also provide a simple formula to allow adjustment of these guidelines to account for variations in valve geometry and tissue properties.
Dynamics and diversions in base excision DNA repair of oxidized abasic lesions

Oncogene (2002) 21, 8926–8934. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206178Keywords: AP endonuclease; Ape1 protein; 2-deoxyr-ibonolactone; 3’-phosphoglycolate; radiation damageIntroductionOxidized abasic sites: an important component of freeradical damage to DNAResearch on the repair of DNA lesions formed byreactions with cellular by-products has focused parti-cularly on oxidative damage. Evidence exists for theformation of oxidative DNA damage in cells duringnormal growth, but virtually all of this work hascentered on the analysis of various base lesions(Dizdaroglu et al., 2002). Our understanding of therepair of such lesions has been enhanced by studies ofrepair in response to DNA damage induced in cellsexposed to chemical oxidants, certain antitumor drugs,or ionizing radiation, which carry out the same orsimilar reactions with DNA (Dedon and Goldberg,1992; Von Sonntag, 1987).A long-known class of oxidative DNA lesions hasnot been investigated to nearly the same extent as baselesions – oxidized abasic sites (OAS). Lesions of thistype include the earliest-identiﬁed X-ray damage inDNA, 2-deoxyribonolactone (dL) (Von Sonntag, 1987)(Figure 1). Other well-known OAS include 2-deox-ypentos-4-ulose (KA), 3’-phosphoglycolate esters (3’-PG), and 3’-phosphates (3’-P) (Von Sonntag, 1987)(Figure 1). Much is known about the free radicalreactions that initiate formation of these lesions andthe pathways of their generation in vitro (Dedon andGoldberg, 1992; Von Sonntag, 1987). However, know-ledge of the relevant repair pathways for OAS is ratherscanty, as is direct in vivo measurement of individualOAS lesions, but some progress is in the o†ng(Nakamura et al., 2000). This review addresses someof the fundamental issues on this subject, and points toareas where important progress may be at hand.Formation of OAS: radiation biology and syntheticapproachesSince the 1950’s it has been known that most DNAdamage caused by ionizing radiation results from thegeneration of free radicals in the medium along anenergy deposition track (Von Sonntag, 1987). Theseshort-lived radicals react with nearby molecules, such asDNA. Most of the atoms comprising DNA are subjectto attack (Von Sonntag, 1987). Although dL was theﬁrst radiation lesion speciﬁed chemically, the subsequentresearch eﬀort focused largely on identifying DNA basemodiﬁcations rather than deoxyribose damage. Ironi-cally, the most frequently measured indicator ofradiation damage, DNA strand breakage, results fromthe formation of OAS (Von Sonntag, 1987).During the formation of OAS, the initial deoxyribose-centered radicals can undergo chemical rearrangementsthat are modulated by the presence of molecular oxygen(Von Sonntag, 1987). For example, dL plausibly arisesfrom initial hydrogen abstraction from the nucleotideC1’ carbon, followed by O
Biotechnological and safety characterization of Enterococcus lactis, a recently described species of dairy origin.

The biotechnological and safety properties of a recently described enterococcal species, Enterococcus lactis, were investigated. With regard to the technological properties, in milk all the strains tested had weak acidifying and proteolytic activities, generally medium reduction activity over 24 h (−102 mV < Eh < −2 mV) and low lipolytic activity on tributyrin agar. The isolates were tested for resistance against 14 antibiotics and none of the studied strains were classified as resistant to clinically important antibiotics such as ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin G, tetracycline and vancomycin. Furthermore, PCR-based detection did not identify any of the common genetic determinants for vancomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin resistance. The E. lactis strains showed good survival in simulated in vitro digestion and were able to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Pseudomonas syringae. Screening for enterocin structural genes showed that all isolates harboured the entP gene. The presence of nine virulence factor genes (cylA, asa1, gelE, hyl, esp, ace, efaA, hdc and tdc) was investigated by PCR and no virulence determinants were detected. This study highlights that the recently described E. lactis may be a potential source of novel strains with interesting features that could be used for fermented dairy foods.
Effect of various lubricants and base materials on friction at ultrahigh loads.

Sliding friction tests at ultrahigh load of eight greases and 18 dry lubricants and various base materials
Cardiometabolic and skeletal risk factors in black men with prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy.

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with multiple metabolic complications, previously predominantly evaluated in the white population. Methods: A chart-based retrospective review was conducted on black patients with PCa, considered for ADT, from September 2007 to July 2010. Baseline data were collected on body mass index (BMI), vitamin-D status, bone mineral density (BMD), dyslipidemia and diabetes. Overweight and obesity were classified as BMI ≥ 25 and BMI ≥ 30, respectively. Vitamin-D sufficiency was defined as levels ≥30 ng/mL, insufficiency as <30 ng/mL and deficiency as ≤20 ng/mL. Osteopenia was defined as T scores between −1 to −2.5 and osteoporosis when T scores ≤−2.5. Results: Of the initial cohort of 130 black men, 111 (85.4%) patients underwent ADT. At baseline, average BMI was 28.1 ± 5.9 with 43.3% of men being overweight and 30.8% obese. More than one-third of the patients had pre-existing dyslipidemia while 28.8% were diabetics. 50% were vitamin-D deficient while 41% had low bone mass. Conclusions: Black men with PCa presenting for consideration of ADT have a high prevalence of existing metabolic risk factors. Close monitoring of this patient population is needed during ADT to prevent and treat metabolic complications.
Formation cross sections for Ca47 using 14.5 MeV neutrons

Abstract The cross sections of the Ti 50 (n, α) Ca 47 and Ca 48 (n, 2n)Ca 47 reactions for 14.5 MeV neutrons, were measured as 10±2 mb and 0.9±0.2 b, in good agreement with the calculated values. The cross sections of the Ti 48 (n, p)Sc 48 and Ti 47 (n, p)Sc 47 reactions were measured incidentally as 55±11 and 99±20 mb, respectively, in fair agreement with some literature values. The cross section obtained for the V 51 (n, α)Sc 48 reaction (18±3 mb) does not agree with results in the literature.
Longitudinal Patterns of Anxiety From Childhood to Adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains Study

Objective The aims of this study were 2-fold: to provide a brief introduction to the prospective longitudinal Great Smoky Mountains Study and review recent findings; and to use this sample to conduct an epidemiologic analysis of common childhood anxiety disorders. Method The population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study assessed 1,420 participants from 11 counties in the southeastern United States up to 11 times between ages 9 and 26 years with the structured Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment and its upward extension, the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment. Results The U-shaped age prevalence curve for any anxiety disorder was the product of high levels of childhood separation anxiety and adult panic, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety. More than 1 in 5 subjects met criteria for an anxiety disorder by early adulthood. In terms of cumulative comorbidity, there was evidence of overlap between anxiety disorders, but the level of overlap was generally consistent with what is seen among other common childhood disorders. All childhood anxiety disorders were associated with adverse functioning in at least 1 young adult functional domain, with the poorest outcomes for childhood generalized anxiety and DSM-III-R overanxious disorder. Conclusion Clinically significant anxiety is a common mental health problem to have had by adulthood. There was little evidence to support the consolidation of anxiety disorders, and some evidence to justify reintroduction of DSM-III-R overanxious disorder. The transition to young adulthood appears to be a key period for understanding the development of common adult anxiety disorders such as panic and agoraphobia.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of accident information on freeway changeable message signs: A comparison of empirical methodologies

In this paper, we study the effectiveness of accident messages that are displayed on freeway changeable message signs (CMS). Motivated by the lack of empirical studies and the mixed results reported in the limited empirical studies, this paper focuses on the comparison of different aggregate analysis methodologies and their corresponding results, using the same empirical data set. We have two major findings. First, we find that the CMS accident messages do not seem to have any significant immediate effect on driver diversion based on our empirical data. Visible congestion, on the other hand, seems to be an important factor for driver diversion. Second, we show how the conclusion could have been if wrong methodologies were to be adopted. Methods that rely on correlation alone but not the timing of events (what we call correlation method) yield high correlation between CMS accident messages and driver diversion, which is typically and incorrectly interpreted as CMS accident messages being effective.
Kinetoplast DNA and RNA of Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and kinetoplast RNA (kRNA) were isolated from bloodstream and procyclic culture forms of two clonal strains of Trypanosoma brucei . No differences were observed in kDNA (maxicircle) restriction profiles between bloodstream or procyclic culture forms of the same strain. Some differences were observed in kDNA maxicircle restriction sites between the two strains. Buoyant density analysis of Pst I digested kDNA showed the release of a minor low density band representing unit length linearized maxicircle DNA. Pst I or Bam H1-linearized maxicircle DNA was isolated by the Hoechst 33258 dye-CsC1 method and a restriction enzyme map of the maxicircle was constructed. Closed monomeric minicircles released from kDNA networks by sonication sedimented with a molecular size of around 1100 base pairs. A substantial minor length heterogeneity was evident in acrylamide gel electrophoresis of once cut minicircles. Several minicircle sequence classes and two Hind III maxicircle fragments representing approx. 50% of the maxicircle were cloned in the bacterial plasmid, pBR322, in Escherichia coli . A purified kinetoplast-mitochondrion fraction was isolated from procyclic culture forms by the Renografin flotation method. The major kRNA components were two small RNAs which comigrated with Leishmonia tarentolae 9 and 12 S kRNAs in denaturing gels. These RNAs hybridized to the maxicircle component of the kDNA, specifically to the smaller cloned Hind III maxicircle fragment. This cloned fragment had substantial sequence homology with the cloned maxicircle fragment from L. tarentolae which contains the 9 and 12 S RNA genes, implying an evolutionary conservation of the 9 and 12 S gene sequences. Identical kRNAs were observed in cultured bloodstream forms of T. brucei .
UPS and XPS studies of the chemisorption of O2, H2 AND H2O on reduced and stoichiometric SrTiO3(111) surfaces; The effects of illumination

Abstract About one monolayer of Ti 3+ species is detectable at the surface of reduced SrTiO 3 (111) single crystals by XPS and UPS. O 2 , H 2 and H 2 O have been adsorbed in the dark and the decrease on the concentration of the Ti 3+ species has been monitored as a function of the gas exposures. Subsequent band gap illumination partially restores the Ti 3+ initial concentration in the cases of O 2 and H 2 exposures but not in the case of H 2 O. The Ti 3+ photogeneration on the oxygen covered surface is associated with oxygen photodesorption as indicated by XPS and UPS. UPS measurements give evidence for surface hydroxylation resulting from water and hydrogen adsorption. The activity of the stoichiometric SrTiO 3 (111) crystal face for O 2 and H 2 adsorption is very low when compared with the reduced SrTiO 3 samples.
Informal helping networks in prison: The shape of grass-roots correctional intervention

Abstract Factors related to the delivery of human services to prisoners with problems and crises of adjustment were explored in this study. Emphasis was placed on describing the human service roles played by custodial and treatment staff, particularly among staff members who took it upon themselves to (a) expand their formal organizational roles to include a general mandate to identify and assist inmates with problems, and (b) work cooperatively with similarly motivated staff as more or less stable members of informal helping networks or teams. Interview data were used to reconstruct the parameters of informal helping networks, to identify factors that facilitated or inhibited their development, and to obtain indications of their usefulness in the helping process. The research findings suggest more efficient ways to deploy existing correctional resources in the delivery of human services to prisoners. The study also highlights issues of correctional resource deployment that may bear on the larger problem of cultivating human environments in which rehabilitation or planned change can occur.
Associated occurrence of persistent truncus arteriosus and asplenia

An infant with persistent truncus arteriosus associated with splenic agenesis and the asplenia syndrome is reported, including clinical, echocardiographic and autopsy findings. To the authors' knowledge this association has not been previously reported.
Scattering of scalar light fields from collections of particles

Using the angular spectrum representation of fields and the first Born approximation we develop a theory of scattering of scalar waves with any spectral composition and any correlation properties from collections of particles which have either deterministic or random distributions of the index of refraction and locations. An example illustrating the far-field intensity and the far-field spectral degree of coherence produced on scattering of a model field from collections of several particles with Gaussian potentials is considered.
The (α, n) cross sections on 17O and 18O between 5 and 12.5 MeV

Abstract The excitation functions for the (α, n) reaction on 17 O and 18 O have been measured from 5 to 12 MeV using long counters. Also, the neutron differential cross sections were measured at 9.8, 11.6 and 12.2 MeV, using the Livermore neutron time-of-flight facility. Neutron spectra were obtained every 15° between 3° and 135° with gas targets of enriched 17 O and 18 O. The angular distributions are roughly symmetric about 90°. Small forward peaking is observed at the higher bombarding energies for some of the states, mainly for the ground and first excited states.
The contextual interference effect for skill variations from the same and different generalized motor programs.

Abstract Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesized that the contextual interference (CI) effect is found only when task variations to be learned are governed by different generalized motor programs (GMPs). The present experiments examined their hypothesis by requiring subjects to learn variations of a tapping task that had either different (Experiment 1) or the same (Experiment 2) relative timing structure. In each experiment, subjects (N = 36) performed 270 acquisition trials with knowledge of results (KR) in either a blocked or a serial order. One day later, subjects performed 30 retention trials without KR. In data analyses, errors due to parameter modifications were dissociated from errors due to GMP construction to examine which process was responsible for the CI effect. In both experiments, parameter learning created a CI effect while GMP learning failed to produce a CI effect. In the light of these findings, a modification is proposed to the Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis that takes into account these...
Epidermal growth factor primes intestinal epithelial cells for proliferative effect of insulin-like growth factor I.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synergistically enhances epidermal growth factor (EGF) -stimulated proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. A possible mechanism of this synergy is that EGF acts as a “competence” factor increasing the fraction of proliferating cells by promoting transition from G0 to G1, thus allowing IGF-I, a “progression” factor, to act as a proliferative agent on the cycling population. Consistent with this hypothesis would be temporally distinct actions wherein initial brief exposure to EGF would permit synergy, whereas pretreatment with IGF-I would not. Rat intestinal epithelial cells of the IEC-18 crypt cell line were serum-deprived, then treated with EGF (5×10−9 M), IGF-I (5×10−9 M), or insulin (2×10−6 M) for a 30-min pulse and then media containing EGF, IGF-I, insulin, or no factor was substituted for 48 hr. IGF-I and EGF each stimulated enterocyte proliferation; together they synergistically promoted cell growth. A brief pulse of IGF-I neither induced cell proliferation nor enhanced the EGF effect. Initial brief exposure to EGF, however, was equally efficacious as continuous exposure and allowed full synergy with IGF-I. Insulin at supraphysiologic levels acted similarly to IGF-I. Thus, EGF acted as a competence factor priming the cells for subsequent action by IGF-I. The cell kinetic parameters of these growth factors may be important to both physiologic and pathologic enterocyte growth regulation.