cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Pricing of Relocating Resources in Large Networks: Extended Abstract

We study dynamic pricing of resources that are distributed over a network of locations (e.g., shared vehicle systems and logistics networks). Customers with private willingness-to-pay sequentially request to relocate a resource from one location to another. We focus on networks with a hub-and-spoke structure. We develop a dynamic pricing policy and a performance bound based on a Lagrangian relaxation. This relaxation decomposes the problem over spokes and is thus far easier to solve than the original problem. We analyze the performance of the Lagrangian-based policy and focus on a large network regime in which the number of spokes (n) and number of resources grow at the same rate. We show that our policy loses no more than $O\Big(\sqrtln n/n \Big)$ in performance compared to an optimal policy, thus implying asymptotic optimality as n grows large. We provide examples that show that upper bounds and static policies based on fluid relaxations fail to work well in this asymptotic regime. Finally, we discuss how our approach extends to more general networks involving multiple, interconnected hubs.
Reproducing GaN HEMT Kink Effect by Simulating Field-Enhanced Barrier Defect Ionization

The kink effect, long observed in GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), is investigated with the Fermi kinetics transport hot electron simulation method. Fermi kinetics assigns piecewise Fermi-Dirac electron distributions to the conduction band valleys determined by the GaN electronic band structure and computes their behavior according to the thermodynamics of ideal Fermi gases. Charge fluxes are determined from moments of the Boltzmann equation, including nonparabolic electron densities of states and group velocities, as well as phonon and ionized impurity scattering. The model has been further generalized to include field-enhanced tunneling ionization of deep traps. Comparing simulations with measured data suggests that the kink effect could be caused by field-enhanced ionization of deep AlGaN barrier traps beneath the gate and close to the GaN/AlGaN interface. Further simulations indicate hot electrons may play key roles in both the trap emission and capture processes.
Dataset of Nematostella vectensis Hsp70 isoform interactomes upon heat shock

Abstract Nematostella vectensis is an estuarine sea anemone that has emerged as a model species to characterize molecular responses to physiological stressors due to its exposure to diverse, extreme abiotic conditions. In marine cnidarians, Hsp70 proteins can be effective biomarkers to determine mechanisms of physiological acclimation and evolutionary adaptations to environmental stress: a pressing issue as concerns about climate change grow. Here we show the results of affinity purification mass spectrometry of three Nematostella vectensis Hsp70 isoforms, NvHsp70A, B and D when expressed in untreated and heat shocked yeast cells lacking their native Hsp70s. We identified a total of 1031 interactors for the three NvHsp70 isoforms, 549 or which were shared. NvHsp70 isoform interactions altered substantially under heat stress with 17% of NvHsp70A, 51% of NvHsp70B and 20% of NvHsp70D interactions increasing after exposure to 39 °C for 2 hours. For further interpretation of the data presented in this article, please see the research article “Dynamic remodeling of the interactomes of Nematostella vectensis Hsp70 isoforms under heat shock”.
Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Assessment in the Lower St. Johns River, Florida

The St. Johns River is Florida's longest river and a valued resource. The river is important for the region's ecology and socioeconomics. Human disturbances, flooding from hurricanes, and runoff from industrial and wastewater treatment facilities and agricultural fields in recent years has prompted the need for an increased frequency in monitoring of the water quality conditions in the St. Johns River. The objective of this study was to measure various water chemistry parameters and metal (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc) concentrations at 8 sites on the Lower St. Johns River associated with a variety of anthropogenic sources from 2017 to 2019. Water chemistry and metal concentrations varied to some degree across sites. Seasonal variation and variation due to episodic storm events were much more pronounced than the spatial variability. For example, salinity was significantly different on every sampling date. This parameter, among others, can directly influence aquatic life, as well as the bioavailability and toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. All metals tested except zinc fluctuated at levels above EPA class III water quality criterion values, thus raising concerns about the future health of flora and fauna. This research provides reference data to improve the understanding of spatial and temporal variability of water quality parameters in the Lower St. Johns River.
The Political Economy of Inward FDI: Opposition to Chinese Mergers & Acquisitions

A great deal of political economy scholarship has focused on studying how countries can attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and the effects that FDI has on growth and political stability. A related topic that has received almost no attention, however, is the divergent political reactions to inflows of FDI that occur in the countries receiving investments. This is an oversight because inward FDI flows are not equally welcomed by the host country, and, in fact, often receive strong political opposition. We study this phenomenon by examining political opposition to attempts by Chinese companies at mergers and acquisitions (M&As) with U.S. firms. We hypothesize that although most legal barriers to foreign M&As are based on national security considerations, national security objections are often vehicles to channel other grievances, and economic distress and reciprocity are also key drivers of political opposition. To test this theory, we constructed an original dataset of 569 transactions that occurred between 1999 and 2014 involving Chinese acquirers and American targets. We find that there is more likely to be opposition to Chinese M&A attempts in security-sensitive industries, economically distressed industries, and sectors in which U.S. companies faced restrictions in China’s M&A markets.
A Systematic Interdisciplinary Engineering and Technology Model Using Cutting-Edge Technologies for STEM Education

Contribution: A systematic interdisciplinary engineering and technology instructional model using cutting-edge technologies is proposed in this research. This model consists of four key components: 1) interdisciplinary collaboration; 2) hands-on projects; 3) real-world simulations; and 4) cutting-edge technologies. The model was designed to engage students in the real-world engineering projects and experience through the following activities: 1) performing the design, fabrication, and lab testing; 2) modeling and analyzing testing samples; 3) conducting on-site experiments; and 4) performing data processing and analysis. Background: Engineering programs are challenged by the rapid development of innovative technologies. To address this challenge, it is required to provide engineering graduates with “soft skills” for the capability of project management, especially the communication and collaboration among disciplines through university education. Therefore, it is desired to develop a systematic interdisciplinary engineering and technology educational strategy. Research questions: 1) is the proposed systematic interdisciplinary instructional model appropriate and feasible to be integrated into the engineering curriculum? 2) what were the students’ perceptions and experiences about the interdisciplinary model? 3) does the interdisciplinary model facilitate engineering students’ soft skills, such as interdisciplinary communication and collaboration? and 4) does the interdisciplinary model help to enhance engineering students’ real-world professional experience, develop design thinking and problem-solving skills, which will help them to transfer their learning experience from the classroom setting to the real-world setting? Methodology: A systematic interdisciplinary engineering and technology model was developed, implemented, and evaluated. Findings: The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed systematic instructional model were validated by various data sources. The tested model is recommended for broader adaptation in various STEM disciplines.
Risk Management Maturity Assessment at Central Banks

Effective risk management at central banks is best enabled by a sound framework embedded throughout the organization that supports the design and execution of risk management activities. To evaluate the risk management practices at a central bank, the Safeguards Assessments Division of the IMF's Finance Department developed a tool that facilitates stocktaking of elements that are present and categorizes the function based on its maturity. Tailored recommendations are then provided to the central bank which provide a roadmap to advance the risk management function.
Case 85: Always Check Your Facts

You are on night duty in a large university hospital in central Egypt. The small hospital in southern Egypt has sent you there to help out.
Emerging economies and multinational corporations: An institutional approach to subsidiary management

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the rise of emerging economies and emerging economy firms on multinational corporations (MNCs) with respect to four important strategic decisions for MNCs' foreign investment – control and coordination strategies, geographic and product markets of entry, timing of entry, and organizational design for foreign subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approach – The author utilizes an integration of institutional perspective with the existing explanations of MNC activities, to support their arguments about the impact of the rise of emerging economies on MNCs' strategy and structure decisions. The author presents propositions linking the type of external governance structure in the emerging economy's institutional environment (rule based or relationship based) with the strategy and structure decisions for MNCs.Findings – The paper proposes that MNCs will follow different control and coordination strategies, geographic and product market strategies, entr...
Thermopower of two-dimensional electrons at filling factors ν=3/2 and 5/2

The longitudinal thermopower of ultrahigh mobility two-dimensional (2D) electrons has been measured at both zero magnetic field and at high fields in the compressible metallic state at filling factor ν=3/2 and the incompressible fractional quantized Hall state at ν=5/2. At zero field our results demonstrate that the thermopower is dominated by electron diffusion for temperatures below about T=150 mK. A diffusion-dominated thermopower is also observed at ν=3/2 and allows us to extract an estimate of the composite fermion effective mass. At ν=5/2 both the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the observed thermopower clearly signal the presence of the energy gap of this fractional quantized Hall state. We find that the thermopower in the vicinity of ν=5/2 exceeds that recently predicted under the assumption that the entropy of the 2D system is dominated by non-Abelian quasiparticle exchange statistics
Dirac operators for coadjoint orbits of compact Lie groups

The coadjoint orbits of compact Lie groups carry many Kahler structures, which include a Riemannian metric and a complex structure. We provide a fairly explicit formula for the Levi-Civita connection of the Riemannian metric, and we use the complex structure to give a fairly explicit construction of a canonical Dirac operator for the Riemannian metric, in a way that avoids use of the spin c groups. Substantial parts of our results apply to compact almost-Hermitian homogeneous spaces, and to other connections besides the Levi- Civita connection. For these other connections we give a criterion that is both necessary and sufficient for their Dirac operator to be formally self-adjoint. We hope to use the detailed results given here to clarify statements in the literature of high-eneregy physics concerning "Dirac operators" for matrix algebras that converge to coadjoint orbits. To facilitate this we employ here only global methods—we never use local coordinate charts, and we use the cross-section modules of vector bundles.
Estimation of fetal weight from ultrasonic measurements

Abstract Ultrasonic measurements were made on 65 fetuses within 48 hours of delivery. Multiple regression analysis of birth weight and the natural logarithm of birth weight against several measured variables were obtained. The formula giving the best correlation was a polynomial regression of the natural logarithm of birth weight vs. trunk circumference, circumference, 2 and a long axis measurement. The correlation was improved by excluding the first 15 patients but was not improved further by excluding the next 15. The best correlation was 0.944, giving a predicted birth weight error of ± 103 Gm. (1 S.D.).
The Impact of Diabetes Nurse Case Management on Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) and Self-Efficacy of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to present current knowledge on diabetes nurse case management and assess its effects on Hemoglobin (HgbA 1c ) and patient self-efficacy. Methods: An electronic search was conducted for the period of 1998 to 2013 using databases of the scientific literature in Medline, PubMed, Cochrane EPOC, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature database guide (CINAHL), and PsychInfo using a range of keywords and a variety of combinations of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Information gathered was evaluated for relevance. Results: Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were used in this systematic review. In several studies considered in this review, diabetes nurse case management had positive effects on patient’s HgbA 1c . It reduced HgbA 1c andimproved HgbA 1c values compared to standard care. Moreover, in several studies diabetes case management improved type 2 diabetes patients’ self-efficacy. Conclusion: Diabetes nurse case management is necessary for countries with increasing prevalence of diabetes 2 such as Saudi Arabia and the states of the Co-operation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf as it will help improve the quality of care provided to patients and improve their clients’ health outcomes. Overall this study provides evidence that case management has positive effects on type 2 diabetic patients’ HgbA1c and self-efficacy.
Partial characterization of digestive tract proteinases from western corn rootworm larvae, Diabrotica virgifera

We have partially characterized the proteolytic activity within luminal contents of the digestive tracts of larvae of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotic virgifera LeConte. At least 15 proteinases were detected based on chromatographic behavior on ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels containing gelatin. Inhibitors of proteolytic activity indicated that these enzymes are primarily sulfhydryl proteinases. Native polycrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that a single proteinaceous inhibitor, egg white cystatin, was capable of abolishing a substantial part of the proteolytic acitivity. Our data suggest, accordingly, that gene transfer experiments utilizing the cystatin gene may generate lines of maize which have increased resistance to western corn rootworm larvae. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Movement and Cognition.

Martha Davis Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania L the flourish of research exemplified by Gesell and his associates in the 1930s, motor development was a critical dimension for assessing an infant's general development.' When the baby focussed, held up its head, sat, stood, walked, and so on were carefully plotted as developmental landmarks, the observable manifestations of neurophysiological maturation. Later Piaget would underline the importance of motor patterns in the development of concept formation during the sensorimotor period. But once the child begins to talk and perform complex activities the minutiae of body movements so carefully attended to in its infancy appear largely ignored by researchers. The role of movement in mental development according to the literature would appear to stop after early childhood. There has been continuing interest in the question of whether level of motor ability correlates with intelligence, but the question of movement correlates of cognitive functioning in general has been neglected until very recently.
Genetic polymorphisms of superoxide dismutase in Parkinson's disease.

Oxidative stress reactions may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The superoxide dismutases potentially play significant roles in PD by detoxifying superoxide radical. We developed genomic DNA and cDNA-based sequencing assays to identify genetic variants in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) genes. No genetic variants were detected in the gene encoding SOD1 in DNA from 45 idiopathic PD cases and 49 controls from a population-based case-control study. However, we identified a previously described polymorphism of the mitochondrial targeting sequence consisting of a C47T in exon 2 of SOD2, which results in an alanine to valine substitution. We analyzed this SOD2 variant in DNA from 155 cases and 231 controls from the same study, using an allele-specific fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay, and found no differences in the distributions of allelic frequencies. These results indicate that SOD gene variants do not contribute to PD pathogenesis. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
A random matrix theory model for the dominant mode rejection beamformer notch depth

The Dominant Mode Rejection (DMR) adaptive beamformer (ABF) computes its array weights by substituting a modified sample covariance matrix into the expression for the Capon beamformer array weights. Incorporating recent random matrix theory results on sample eigenvector fidelity for spiked covariance models into the DMR beampattern expression results in a model for the notch depth in the direction of a single loud interferer. The model predicts the mean DMR notch depth as a function of the number of snapshots, the interferer-to-noise ratio (INR), the array size, and the interferer location relative to the look direction. The model predictions agree closely with simulations over a wide range of INRs and snapshots.
Web Evaluation Tool (WET): A Creative Web Tool for Online Educators.

The Nielsen/Net report Ratings 2000, reported that in 2002, online usage at work Jumped 17 Percent Year-Over-Year, driven by female office workers. Nearly 46 million American office workers logged ...
Modulation of memory by post-training epinephrine: involvement of cholinergic mechanisms.

Extensive evidence indicates that memory storage can be modulated by peripheral epinephrine as well as by drugs affecting the muscarinic cholinergic system. Low doses of epinephrine (Epi) facilitate memory while high doses induce amnesia. Retention is enhanced by post-training administration of cholinergic muscarinic agonists and impaired by antagonists. The present experiments examined the interaction of peripheral Epi and cholinergic drugs in memory modulation. Male CFW mice (60 days old) were trained on an inhibitory avoidance response (IA) or a Y-maze discrimination response (YMD), injected (IP) immediately post-training and tested 24 h later. In the Y-maze task, retention was assessed by discrimination reversal training. Findings obtained in the two tasks were comparable. Epi (IA: 3.0 μg/kg; YMD: 30.0 μg/kg) potentiated the memory-enhancing effect of low doses of oxotremorine (Otm) (IA: 16; YMD: 5.0 μg/kg) and physostigmine (Phy) (6.8 and 22.0 μg/kg for both IA and YMD). The memory-facilitating effect of Otm (50.0 μg/kg) was not blocked by an amnestic dose of Epi (IAT: 0.3 mg/kg; YMD: 1.0 mg/kg). Retention was not affected when these amnestic doses of Epi were administered together with a memory-facilitating dose of Phy (68.0 μg/kg). In contrast, atropine (IA: 10.0 mg/kg; YMD: 3.0 mg/kg) completely blocked the facilitatory effect of Epi (IA: 10.0 μg/kg; YMD: 300 μg/kg). These findings indicate that, when administered in low doses, Epi interacts with Otm and Phy. However, cholinergic drugs can block both the memory-enhancing and the memory-impairing effects of Epi. The findings suggest that Epi may modulate memory through cholinergic systems.
Virtual machine performance benchmarking.

The attractions of virtual computing are many: reduced costs, reduced resources and simplified maintenance. Any one of these would be compelling for a medical imaging professional attempting to support a complex practice on limited resources in an era of ever tightened reimbursement. In particular, the ability to run multiple operating systems optimized for different tasks (computational image processing on Linux versus office tasks on Microsoft operating systems) on a single physical machine is compelling. However, there are also potential drawbacks. High performance requirements need to be carefully considered if they are to be executed in an environment where the running software has to execute through multiple layers of device drivers before reaching the real disk or network interface. Our lab has attempted to gain insight into the impact of virtualization on performance by benchmarking the following metrics on both physical and virtual platforms: local memory and disk bandwidth, network bandwidth, and integer and floating point performance. The virtual performance metrics are compared to baseline performance on “bare metal.” The results are complex, and indeed somewhat surprising.
Cross sections for inner-shell excitation of Na-like ions

The contributions of excitation autoionization to electron-impact ionization in the Nalike ${\mathrm{Al}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{3+}$ are calculated using a two-state close-coupling approximation. Inner-shell excitations of the type $2{p}^{6}3s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{p}^{5}3s3l(l=0,1,2)$ are included. The contributions of resonant-excitation double autoionization are estimated from a three-state close-coupling approximation with the aid of quantum-defect-theory analysis. These contributions explain the absence of the largest predicted excitation-autoionization step in the measurements of Crandall et al. Predictions for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ also lead to similar agreement with experiment. We conclude that the experiments of Crandall et al. for the total ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{3+}$ by electron impact include measurements of the physical processes of direct-ionization, inner-shell excitation autoionization, and inner-shell resonant-excitation double autoionization.
Effect on movement selection of an evolving sensory representation: a multiple controller model of skill acquisition.

Abstract Change in behavior and neural activity in skill acquisition suggests that control is transferred from cortical planning areas (e.g., the prefrontal cortex, PFC) to the basal ganglia (BG). Planning has large computational and representational requirements but requires little experience with a task. The BG are thought to employ a simpler control scheme and reinforcement learning; these mechanisms rely on extensive experience. Many theoretical accounts of behavior in the face of uncertainty invoke planning mechanisms that explicitly take uncertainty into account. We suggest that the simpler mechanisms of the BG can also contribute to the development of behavior under such conditions. We focus on learning under conditions in which sensory information takes time to resolve, e.g., when a poorly perceived goal stimulus takes non-negligible time to identify. It may be advantageous to begin acting quickly under uncertainty — possibly via decisions that are suboptimal for the actual goal — rather than to wait for sensory information to fully resolve. We present a model of skill acquisition in which control is transferred, with experience, from a planning controller (denoted A), corresponding to the PFC, to a simpler controller (B), corresponding to the BG. We apply our model to a task in which a learning agent must execute a series of actions to achieve a goal (selected randomly at each trial from a small set). Over the course of a trial, the agent's goal representation evolves from representing all possible goals to only the selected goal. A is restricted to select movements only when goal representation is fully resolved. Model behavior is similar to that observed in humans accomplishing similar tasks. Thus, B can by itself account for the development of behavior under an evolving sensory representation, suggesting that the BG can contribute to learning and control under conditions of uncertainty.
Effects of nalbuphine alone and in combination with tripelennamine on rewarding brain stimulation thresholds in the rat

Reinforcing thresholds for rewarding brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus were determined in rats by means of a rate-free psychophysical method. Nalbuphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid, alone caused a significant, but modest, dose-dependent lowering of the threshold for reinforcing stimulation. Concomitant administration of an ineffective dose of tripelennamine, an antihistamine, with nalbuphine potentiated the threshold lowering effect of nalbuphine. These results are similar to previous results obtained with tripelennamine and pentazocine suggesting that nalbuphine may have abuse potential if combined with tripelennamine.
Structural analysis of tropomyosin tactoids

Abstract A refined computer graphics approach to correlation of molecular sequence with electron micrographs of tropomyosin tactoids is presented. It is shown that antiparallel structures with molecular chains in phase, 21 or 14 residue overlap and C or N terminal overlap are consistent with the morphology. The C terminal overlap structure previously postulated gives the best direct correlation but chemical evidence appears to support the N terminal overlap structure. The parallel tactoid form appears more complicated and no adequate structure has yet been elucidated.
Measuring the persistence length of MCF7 cell microtubules in vitro

The dynamic and mechanical properties of mammalian neural microtubules have been widely studied; however, similar knowledge about these properties is limited for non-neural microtubules, which, unlike neural microtubules, consist of different β-tubulin isotypes. In this study, we report, for the first time, an estimated value for the persistence length of a single non-neural microtubule polymerized from purified tubulin from human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 tubulin). The method of measurement is based on an analysis of the local curvature of a microtubule as a result of thermal fluctuations. In parallel, we measured the persistence length of a single bovine brain microtubule under similar conditions. The results of our measurements indicate a higher value for the persistence length of MCF7 microtubules in vitro as compared to the persistence length of a neural microtubule. The difference can be associated with different β-tubulin isotypes in the structure of MCF7 microtubules.
Identifying Knowledge Brokers and Their Role in Enterprise Research through Social Media

Information searches based on expert-seeking technology can prove time-consuming or unsuccessful if search terms do not turn up extrinsic identifiers in profiles and saved documents. In many such cases, knowledge brokers function as "humans in the loop," providing intrinsic enterprise knowledge to mediate between information seekers and expert sources-a fact that future collaborative information-seeking system designs should take into account.
Tangent operators, sensitivity expressions, and optimal design of non‐linear elastica in contact with applications to beams

The tangent operator and design sensitivity expressions for non-linear elastica subject to frictionless unilateral contact are derived and computed via the finite element method. The sensitivity computations are then combined with a numerical programming package to create an optimal design environment. To exemplify the optimal design environment, a beam's contact surface is contoured to minimize bending stress. This work combines the research on the sensitivity analysis of non-linear elastic bodies subject to constraints, finite strain non-linear elastic beam analysis and contact analyses. The analysis is valid for any smooth contact surface; and specialized for the case in which the surface is represented by a cubic spline. The direct differentiation method is utilized to perform the sensitivity analysis. In an example problem, the sensitivity analysis is verified by finite difference computations and then combined with a numerical optimization program to design the stop profile of a valve.
Preventing cervical cancer

A recent conference reiterates the need for better screening and the development of an HPV vaccine.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN, GLUCAGON AND PROLACTIN ON LIPID SYNTHESIS AND RELATED METABOLIC ACTIVITY IN MIGRATORY AND NON-MIGRATORY FINCHES.

The effects of insulin, glucagon and prolactin on lipid synthesis were investigated in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). 2. The incorporation of glucose-U-C 14 and acetate-l-C 14 into abdominal fat pad lipid was measured in in vitro and in vivo experiments. 3. None of these hormones accelerated lipid synthesis, even though lipo- genesis is sensitive to changes in carbohydrate metabolism (i.e. glucose uptake) in this tissue. 4. Insulin, a potent stimulator of lipid synthesis in mammalian adipose tissue, had no effect on the metabolism of finch fat pads. 5. Glucagon and prolactin inhibited the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate. Only glucagon has the necessary potency to be of physiological significance. 6. It is hypothesized that a relatively high glucagon output inhibits lipid syn- thesis during non-migratory periods. During migratory periods the output of glucagon falls, allowing lipid synthesis to proceed at a more rapid rate.
"ARGUMENT IS WAR"-Or is it a Game of Chess? Multiple Meanings in the Analysis of Implicit Metaphors

Both Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Vervaeke and Kennedy (1996), in their critique of Lakoff and Johnson, drew narrowly from a broad range of reasonable interpretations of the metaphors they analyzed. Expanding the interpretations vitiates many of Vervaeke and Kennedy's criticisms, but it supports their call for an open interpretation of groups of metaphors and points toward a more complex elaboration of the theories put forth by Lakoff and Johnson. The results of applying this approach to "ARGUMENT IS WAR" suggest that war is not necessarily the primary conceptual metaphor for contentious argument, as Lakoff and Johnson claimed. Rather, there is a complex field of contentious interactions, ranging from simple discussions through contests to all-out war: Any and all of these can be and are used as metaphors for the others. When a word or phrase like "defend," "position," "maneuver," or "strategy" is used, there is no a priori way to determine whether the intended meaning is an athletic contest or a game of...
Corneal wound healing is compromised by immunoproteasome deficiency.

Recent studies have revealed roles for immunoproteasome in regulating cell processes essential for maintaining homeostasis and in responding to stress and injury. The current study investigates how the absence of immunoproteasome affects the corneal epithelium under normal and stressed conditions by comparing corneas from wildtype (WT) mice and those deficient in two immunoproteasome catalytic subunits (lmp7−/−/mecl-1−/−, L7M1). Immunoproteasome expression was confirmed in WT epithelial cells and in cells of the immune system that were present in the cornea. More apoptotic cells were found in both corneal explant cultures and uninjured corneas of L7M1 compared to WT mice. Following mechanical debridement, L7M1 corneas displayed delayed wound healing, including delayed re-epithelialization and re-establishment of the epithelial barrier, as well as altered inflammatory cytokine production compared to WT mice. These results suggest that immunoproteasome plays an important role in corneal homeostasis and wound healing.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Red Cell Agglutination

. Scanning electron micrography of red cells agglutinated by various blood group antibodies has shown that the agglutinates formed are of two completely different morphologic types. Type I, obtained with anti-A sera (IgM and IgG) as well as with anti-A1 lectin, consists of interlaced, crenated and spiculated cells, while type II, obtained with anti-D sera (complete and incomplete) consists of densely but randomly packed smooth, discoid cells. Papain treatment results in indented, spheroid cells with a much corroded surface. Coombs-type antiglobulin agglutinates consist of spheroid cells, the coating of which tends to form a continuous envelope, interconnecting several cells. The influence of heterogeneic and of viral agglutinins is also illustrated.
Ubc9 Is a Novel Modulator of the Induction Properties of Glucocorticoid Receptors

The EC50 of agonists and the partial agonist activity of antagonists are crucial parameters for steroid hormone control of gene expression and endocrine therapies. These parameters have been shown to be modulated by a naturally occurring cis-acting element, called the glucocorticoid modulatory element (GME) that binds two proteins, GMEB-1 and -2. We now present evidence that the GMEBs contact Ubc9, which is the mammalian homolog of a yeast E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubc9 also binds to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Ubc9 displays no intrinsic transactivation activity but modifies both the absolute amount of induced gene product and the fold induction by GR. With high concentrations of GR, added Ubc9 also reduces the EC50 of agonists and increases the partial agonist activity of antagonists in a manner that is independent of the ability of Ubc9 to transfer SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier-1) to proteins. This new activity of Ubc9 requires only the ligand binding domain of GR and part of the hinge region. Interestingly, Ubc9 modulation of full-length GR transcriptional properties can be seen in the absence of a GME. This, though, is consistent with the GME acting by increasing the local concentration of Ubc9, which then activates a previously unobserved target in the transcriptional machinery. With high concentrations of Ubc9 and GR, Ubc9 binding to GR appears to be sufficient to permit Ubc9 to act independently of the GME.
The effect of gypsy moth metamorphosis on the development of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection

Abstract The development of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infection in gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) was studied before, during, and after host metamorphosis, and in larvae and pupae in the subsequent generation, to determine whether NPV ingested by late instars can replicate in host tissues through metamorphosis and whether it can be vertically transmitted to progeny. Individuals that survived sublethal dosages of NPV did not differ from undosed insects in pupal weight, fecundity, larval and pupal weight of progeny, or response of progeny to NPV challenge. No evidence of NPV infection or of abnormal histology was found in adult tissues examined by light microscopy and no virus was detected on the surface of eggs produced by NPV-treated moths. No NPV-caused mortality was recorded among undosed progeny of dosed or undosed parents. The progeny of dosed parents were neither more resistant nor more susceptible to LdMNPV than were progeny of undosed parents and lethal times did not differ between groups. Examination of larval, pupal, and adult tissues by DNA hybridization revealed that insects in which NPV DNA was detected died prior to adult eclosion. NPV was not detected in any hosts surviving to the adult stage. These results suggest that survivors of sublethal dosages of NPV avoid infection and are therefore incapable of vertically transmitting infectious virus to progeny.
Phylogeny and classification of an extinct water strider genus (Hemiptera, Gerridae) from Dominican amber, with evidence of mate guarding in a fossil insect

Electrobates spinipes gen. n., sp. n. (Hemiptera, Gerridae) is described from Dominican amber (upper Oligocene). The male and female type specimens are extremely well-preserved and reveal almost all characters required for placing the fossil species in the classification of extant Gerridae. The phylogenetic relationship of Electrobates gen. n. is analyzed and discussed. It is classified as belonging to a lineage (clade) of Gerridae which is now extinct. A new subfamily, Electrobatinae subfam. n., is erected for the fossil genus. Finally, the finding of a male and female enclosed in the same piece of amber is taken as evidence of postcopulatory mate guarding in a fossil gerrid. The present paper documents that phylogenetic reconstruction can be coupled with information from the fossil record to increase understanding of evolutionary history. Zusammenfassung Electrobates spinipes gen. n., sp. n. (Hemiptera, Gerridae), aus dominikanischem Bernstein (oberes Oligozan) wird beschrieben. Das mannliche und weibliche Typusexemplar sind extrem gut erhalten und weisen fast alle Merkmale auf, die fur eine Zuordnung zur rezenten Familie Gerridae erforderlich sind. Die phylogenetische Verwandtschaft von Electrobates gen.n. wurde analysiert und diskutiert. Die Gattung wird hiernach einer selbstandigen, ausgestorbenen Entwicklungslinie (clade) der Gerridae zugeordnet, fur die eine neue Unterfamilie, Electrobatinae subfam. n., errichtet wurde. Schlieslich wird das Auffinden eines Mannchens und Weibchens im gleichen Stuck Bernstein als Nachweis fur eine postkopulatorische Partnerbewachung (mate guarding) in einem fossilen Gerriden aufgefast. Diese Arbeit dokumentiert, das die Koppelung von phylogenetischer Rekonstruktion mit Informationen aus fossilen Funden zu einem besseren Verstandnis der Stammesgeschichte fuhren kann.
YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD STAR-FORMING REGION N206

We present analysis of the energetic star-forming region Henize 206 (N206) located near the southern edge of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) based on photometric data from the Spitzer Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution (SAGE-LMC; IRAC 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0 μm and MIPS 24 μm), Infrared Survey Facility near-infrared survey (J, H, K s ), and the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey (MCPS UBVI) covering a wavelength range of 0.36-24 μm. Young stellar object (YSO) candidates are identified based upon their location in infrared color-magnitude space and classified by the shapes of their spectral energy distributions in comparison with a pre-computed grid of YSO models. We identify 116 YSO candidates: 102 are well characterized by the YSO models, predominately Stage I, and 14 may be multiple sources or young sources with transition disks. Careful examination of the individual sources and their surrounding environment allows us to identify a factor of ~14.5 more YSO candidates than have already been identified. The total mass of these well-fit YSO candidates is ~520 M ☉. We calculate a current star formation rate of 0.27 × 10–1 M ☉ yr–1 kpc–2. The distribution of YSO candidates appears to follow shells of neutral material in the interstellar medium.
A noncompetitive small molecule inhibitor of estrogen-regulated gene expression and breast cancer cell growth that enhances proteasome-dependent degradation of estrogen receptor α

The mechanisms responsible for 17β-estradiol (E2)-stimulated breast cancer growth and development of resistance to tamoxifen and other estrogen receptor α (ERα) antagonists are not fully understood. We describe a new tool for dissecting ERα action in breast cancer, p-fluoro-4-(1,2,3,6,-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-6-thionpurin-8-ylthio) (TPSF), a potent small-molecule inhibitor of estrogen receptor α that does not compete with estrogen for binding to ERα. TPSF noncompetitively inhibits estrogen-dependent ERα-mediated gene expression with little inhibition of transcriptional activity by NF-κB or the androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. TPSF inhibits E2-ERα-mediated induction of the proteinase inhibitor 9 gene, which is activated by ERα binding to estrogen response element DNA, and the cyclin D1 gene, which is induced by tethering ERα to other DNA-bound proteins. TPSF inhibits anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent E2-ERα-stimulated growth of MCF-7 cells but does not inhibit growth of ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. TPSF also inhibits ERα-dependent growth in three cellular models for tamoxifen resistance; that is, 4-hydroxytamoxifen-stimulated MCF7ERαHA cells that overexpress ERα, fully tamoxifen-resistant BT474 cells that have amplified HER-2 and AIB1, and partially tamoxifen-resistant ZR-75 cells. TPSF reduces ERα protein levels in MCF-7 cells and several other cell lines without altering ERα mRNA levels. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 abolished down-regulation of ERα by TPSF. Thus, TPSF affects receptor levels at least in part due to its ability to enhance proteasome-dependent degradation of ERα. TPSF represents a novel class of ER inhibitor with significant clinical potential.
Analgesia produced by electrical stimulation of the brain.

Abstract 1. Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce a selective and potent modulation of responding to noxious stimuli in animals and man. The influence of various stimulation parameters is discussed. 2. Brain stimulation at numerous loci results in analgesia. The most well characterized regions are the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter and the medullary raphe nuclei. 3. One pain inhibitory system activated by brain stimulation involves a neural circuit from the PAG to the medullary raphe nuclei. Output from there descends via the DLF to modulate pain transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Other analgesia systems are also activated by brain stimulation. 4. Compelling evidence implicates endogenous opiates in SPA. Monoaminergic neurotransmitters are also involved in SPA. 5. Brain stimulation has proven to be useful for the management of some forms of intractable pain in man.
Magnesium and titanium partitioning between anorthite and Type B CAI liquid: Dependence on oxygen fugacity and liquid composition

Experiments were conducted in air and at low oxygen fugacity (f_O_2)) to evaluate Mg and Ti partitioning between anorthite and liquid (D_(Mg) and D_(Ti) in a synthetic composition similar to that of a Type B Ca, AI-rich inclusion (CAI). The starting material showed a range of compositions, which allowed assessment of the composition dependence of D_(Mg) and D_(Ti) in this system. Additional experiments using a homogeneous split of the same material investigated the effect of oxygen fugacity on the partitioning of Ti^(3+) and Ti^(4+) between anorthite and liquid. The low foe charges were purple, consistent with the presence of significant amounts of Ti^(3+).This was verified by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, and quantitative estimates of Ti^(3+) contents were obtained using ESR. The Ti and Mg partition coefficients in the air run using the homogeneous starting material are similar (0.034 and 0.036, respectively) and consistent with those determined in other studies. However, D_(Ti) at low f_(O_2) is slightly greater than D_(Ti) in the air experiments. Using Ti^(3+)/total Ti from the ESR measurements, D_(Ti^(3+)) is calculated to be about 0.040. The range of compositions reveal a clustering of D_(Mg) and D_(Ti) within charges, but a wide range of D_s between charges of different composition. A well-defined inverse correlation exists between D_(Mg) and D_(Ti). This variation is not due to temperature-dependence, but is instead due to the dependence of D_(Mg) and D_(Ti) on liquid composition (Si and Al in particular). D_(Mg) correlates positively with Si content and negatively with Al content, while D_(Ti) shows the opposite correlations. The results of these experiments have interesting implications for the petrogenesis of Type B CAIs and for substitution mechanisms of Mg, Ti^(4+), and Ti^(3+) into anorthite. Crystallization models for Type B CAIs permit certain predictions concerning trace element systematics in plagioclase. The Mg and Ti systematics are best explained by a fractional crystallization model where plagioclase crystallizes very late (>95% crystallization), and D_(Ti^(3+)). is equal to D_(Ti^(4+)). The results from our experiments support this model for the relative partitioning of Ti^(4+) and Ti^(3+) between plagioclase and liquid. In addition, the dependence of D_(Mg), and D_(Ti) on the Si content of a Type B CAI liquid helps explain systematics expected during late-stage crystallization of plagioclase. The composition dependence of D_(Mg) and D_(Ti) also allows assessment of substitution mechanisms in anorthite using a crystallization reaction approach. Using these methods, a plausible mechanism for Mg involves substitution for tetrahedral A1 by the reaction Mg^(2+) + Si^(4+) = 2AI^(3+), consistent with that proposed by previous workers. The systematics are also consistent with Ti^(4+) and Ti^(3+) substitution for tetrahedral Si^(4+) by the reactions 2Al^(3+) + Ti^(4+) = Ca^(2+) + 2Si^(4+) and Al^(3+) + Ti^(3+) = Ca^(2+) + Si^(4+), respectively.
The Decision to Regionalize in the Provision of Education: An Application of the Tiebout Model

Abstract In the standard Tiebout equilibrium, consumers sort themselves into an array of communities which cater to the specific preferences of their residents for public services. Given congestibility of these services, the efficient size of a community minimizes the average cost of provision. In reality, communities provide several services, each with a different optimal scale. A common response to this situation is for communities to jointly provide some services, while retaining local control over others. This paper theoretically examines the conditions under which joint provision of education, or regionalization, will occur in a Tiebout framework. A case study is used to illustrate the results of the model.
Range resolved mode mixing in a large volume for the mitigation of speckle and strategic target orientation requirements in active millimeter-wave imaging

In spite of many reports of active millimeter-wave imaging in the literature, speckle and requirements for cooperative target orientation significantly reduce its practical usefulness. Here we report a new technique, range resolved mode mixing (RRMM), which significantly mitigates both of these issues. It also provides a three-dimensional (3D) image. RRMM accomplishes this by combining multimode illumination (which eliminates the requirement for cooperative target orientation) with range resolution (which provides statistical independence of speckle patterns for averaging and the 3D image). The use of a 5W extended interaction klystron amplifier results in large signal margins in the 50 m scale atrium of the Physics Department at Ohio State University. It appears that there are a number of scenarios out to a range of 1 km for which this approach is useful to provide 3D images, with minimal speckle, and no requirement for cooperative target orientation.