cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Opportunistic Crowd Sensing IoT System for Restoring Missing Objects

One of the most important characteristics of the traditional approaches of searching a missing object is a societal and infrastructural participatory crowd sensing where the crowds/participants 'consciously' opt to register the information in mind, and decide when, where, what, and how to sense and report. While the alert may extend to a broad community, the effectiveness of the crowd sensing doesn't reach its potential, due to its active participation factor in sensing, reporting, and processing methods. Unless there are clear incentives and privacy protection methods for the crowd sensors, it is considered very hard to achieve its practical deployment in reality. In this paper, we propose to automate the crowd sensing process and radically improve the effectiveness in the IoT System through opportunistic crowd sensing (OCS). Sensing a missing object's presence in proximity is automatically conducted by smartphones, as the application runs in the background and opportunistically collects and reports the data without active involvement of the user. We address the major technical challenges of privacy, security, sensing effectiveness, and user resource utilization, and validate its operation and effectiveness with the prototype system.
Depression in the elderly

Depression is a common psychiatric problem in old age. The magnitude of the problem will become greater as this segment of the population grows. Depression is often overlooked in the elderly, contributing to a greater risk of suicide in this group than in younger patients. Depression may be masked by hypochondriasis or somatization. Special problems in diagnosis include bipolar disorder, pseudodementia, pathological grief, and organic mood disorder as related to medications or physical illness. Pharmacokinetic changes with aging need to be kept in mind by physicians treating the elderly with antidepressant medications. Tricyclic antidepressants are the traditional first line pharmacologic agents. Tricyclics with a low side effect profile, such as desipramine or nortriptyline, are generally preferred. However, newer medications including serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bupropion are becoming more widely used. Other medications, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium, and stimulants, also have a place in the treatment of depression in old age. Electroconvulsive therapy is a useful treatment for patients with treatment-resistant or psychotic depression. Psychotherapy in the elderly has not been well studied, but is believed to be effective if patients are properly selected for therapy and appropriate modifications are made.
Optimal tracking control of nonlinear dynamic systems with control bounds

Using the Hamilton-Jacobi theory, we solve the constrained optimization problem for nonlinear multivariable continuous-time systems. It is illustrated that through the use of positive-definite performance integrands, the designer can analytically synthesize the constrained control laws within the admissible control set. We extend the class of dynamic systems for which the constrained optimization problem can be solved. The paper demonstrates the ability of the constrained optimization concept to design the bounded controller for multivariable advanced aircraft. The fighter longitudinal and lateral dynamics are mapped by a set of nine highly nonlinear differential equations with six bounded control inputs. The complete aircraft model, as derived using the Lagrange equations and nonlinear fluid dynamics, is applied to synthesize an optimal controller using the mechanical limits imposed on the angular deflections of the control surfaces. This very complex multivariable flight control problem for highly nonlinear aircraft have challenged the control community for many years. The results documented in the paper show that a constrained controller synthesized allows one to attain the desired flying and handling qualities and expand the operating envelope. The desired agility, controllability, maneuverability and other pilotage requirements are assessed minimizing the nonquadratic performance cost, and highly detailed nonlinear simulations were performed to demonstrate the advantages of the controller designed.
Protecting the poor from macroeconomic shocks

Many developing countries faced macroeconomic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s. The impact of the shocks on welfare depended on the nature of the shock, on initial household and community conditions, and on policy responses. To avoid severe and lasting losses to poor and vulnerable groups, governments and civil society need to be prepared for a flexible response well ahead of the crisis. A key component of a flexibly responsive system is an effective permanent safety net, which will typically combine a work-fare program with targeted transfers and credit. Once a crisis has happened, several things should be done: 1) Macroeconomic policies should aim to achieve stabilization goals at the least cost to the poor. Typically, a temporary reduction in aggregate demand is inevitable but as soon as a sustainable external balance has been reached and inflationary pressures have been contained, macroeconomic policy should be eased (interest rates reduced and efficient public spending restored, to help offset the worst effects of the recession on the poor). A fiscal stimulus directed at labor-intensive activities (such as building rural roads) can combine the benefits of growth with those of income support for poor groups, for example. 2) Key areas of public spending should be protected, especially investments in health care, education, rural infrastructure, urban sanitation, and micro-finance. 3) Efforts should be made to preserve the social fabric and build social capital. 4) Sound information should be generated on the welfare impacts of the crisis.
Modeling Platforms, Terraces, and Coastal Evolution

MODELING PLATFORMS, TERRACES AND COASTAL EVOLUTION Douglas L. Inman Coastal Morphology Group Integrative Oceanography Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography dinman@ucsd.edu Scott A. Jenkins Coastal Morphology Group Integrative Oceanography Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography sjenkins@ucsd.edu Patricia M. Masters Coastal Morphology Group Integrative Oceanography Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography pmasters@ucsd.edu 20 June 2003 Preprint from Encyclopedia of Coastal Science (M. Schwartz, editor), The Earth Sciences Encyclopedia Online , with permission from Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Studying nuclear receptors with green fluorescent protein fusions.

Publisher Summary Subcellular trafficking of nuclear receptors is an important component in the biological control of these regulatory molecules. The steroid receptors form one major group of the nuclear receptor family, and are the best understood in terms of subcellular distribution. Three distribution patterns have been described classically. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is located in the cytoplasm in the absence of ligand and translocates to the nucleus when occupied by ligand. The GR seems to be unique in its exclusive cytoplasmic compartmentalization. A fraction of the progesterone receptor (PR) is also present in the cytoplasm, but most of this receptor is found in the nucleus under ligand-free conditions. The thyroid receptor (TR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, as well as the estrogen receptor (ER), are usually described as bound to the nucleus both in the presence and absence of hormone. These views of receptor localization are derived from two experimental approaches, subcellular fractionation, and immunolocalization. Both of these approaches require major disruption of cellular architecture: either fixation of cells to render epitopes accessible to large antibody complexes, or complete separation of cellular compartments. Some confusion regarding intracellular distribution of macromolecules arises from artifacts inherent in these two approaches. Breakage of cells for preparation of subcellular compartments inevitably disrupts the integrity of these compartments, and may lead to inappropriate localization of complexes. Similarly, fixation of cells can either destroy native macromolecular interactions, or mask the epitopes for antibodies directed against purified proteins; both problems would lead to incorrect identification of subcellular location. With the cloning and characterization of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), direct labeling of proteins in living cells is now feasible. Intracellular studies with these chimeras would avoid the major artifacts associated with cell fractionation and immunolocalization in fixed cells.
Creative codings: investigating cultural, personal, and epistemological connections in media arts programming

The focus of this poster is to turn our attention to the arts as an understudied area in the learning sciences and examine how studying the learning of arts and programming can open new avenues of research. Results from a case study analysis suggest that appropriation builds on multiple connections: cultural connections such as referencing popular iconography, personal connections such as including family pictures, and larger epistemological connections to larger bodies of knowledge.
Polarization contributions to intermolecular interactions revisited with fragment electric-field response functions

The polarization energy in intermolecular interactions treated by self-consistent field electronic structure theory is often evaluated using a constraint that the atomic orbital (AO) to molecular orbital transformation is blocked by fragments. This approach is tied to AO basis sets, overestimates polarization energies in the overlapping regime, particularly in large AO basis sets, and lacks a useful complete basis set limit. These problems are addressed by the construction of polarization subspaces based on the responses of isolated fragments to weak electric fields. These subspaces are spanned by fragment electric-field response functions, which can capture effects up to the dipole (D), or quadrupole (DQ) level, or beyond. Schemes are presented for the creation of both non-orthogonal and orthogonal fragment subspaces, and the basis set convergence of the polarization energies computed using these spaces is assessed. Numerical calculations for the water dimer, water-Na(+), water-Mg(2+), water-F(-), and water-Cl(-) show that the non-orthogonal DQ model is very satisfactory, with small differences relative to the orthogonalized model. Additionally, we prove a fundamental difference between the polarization degrees of freedom in the fragment-blocked approaches and in constrained density schemes. Only the former are capable of properly prohibiting charge delocalization during polarization.
Renal Ammonia Production and Excretion

The sections in this article are: 1 Role of Ammonia Excretion in the Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance 1.1 Overview of Acid–Base Balance 1.2 Renal Acidification Mechanisms 1.3 NH4 Excretion in Response to Acute and Chronic Acidosis 1.4 Relationship between Amino Acid Metabolism and Acid–Base Balance 2 Renal Ammonium Excretion 2.1 Nephron Sites of Ammonia Transport 2.2 Mechanism of Ammonia Transport across the Tubular Epithelium 2.3 Integrative View of Ammonia Excretion 2.4 Factors Altering Ammonia Excretion 3 Renal Ammonia Production 3.1 Substrates for Ammoniagenesis 3.2 Pathways of Ammonia Metabolism 3.3 Nephron Sites of Ammonia Production 4 Contribution of Extrarenal Organs to Ammonia Homeostasis 5 Response of Renal Ammonia Production to Acid-Base Perturbations 5.1 Acute Acidosis 5.2 Chronic Acidosis 5.3 Acute Alkalosis 5.4 Chronic Metabolic Alkalosis 6 Response of Ammonia Production to Alterations in K+ Homeostasis 6.1 Hypokalemia and Potassium Depletion 6.2 Hyperkalemia and Ingestion of a High-Potassium Diet 6.3 Influence of NH3 Production on K+ Excretion 7 Other Factors that Influence Ammoniagenesis 7.1 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates 7.2 Prostaglandins 7.3 Intracellular Mediators (Cyclic AMP, Calcium, Phorbol Esters) 7.4 Adrenal Hormones 7.5 Other Hormones (Insulin, Growth Hormone, Angiotensin II) 7.6 Other Factors 8 Altered Ammonia Metabolism in Disease 8.1 Chronic Renal Failure 8.2 Ammonia-Induced Renal Injury 9 Reflections on the Future
Editorial Vol.6-N8

Las revistas academicas, como nuestra, permiten ofrecer un espacio donde tanto estudiantes y profesionales ya graduados, como tambien los docentes, pueden encontrar la fuente de su aprendizaje continuado, conocer los resultados de investigaciones realizados por sus colegas y compartir sus propios aportes a la disciplina. Bienvenidos a la edicion N 8 de la revista Virtual PSICOESPACIOS.
Comparison of respiratory physiologic features when infants are placed in car safety seats or car beds.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the respiratory physiologic features of healthy term infants placed in either a car bed or a car safety seat. METHODS. Within the first 1 week of life, 67 healthy term infants were recruited and assigned randomly to be monitored in either a car bed (33 infants) or a car safety seat (34 infants). Physiologic data, including oxygen saturation and frequency and type of apnea, were obtained and analyzed in a blinded manner. RESULTS. The groups spent similar amounts of time in the devices (car bed: 71.6 minutes; car seat: 74.2 minutes). The mean oxygen saturation values were not different between the groups (car bed: 97.1%; car seat: 97.3%). The percentages of time with oxygen saturation of CONCLUSIONS. The respiratory physiologic features of infants in the 2 car safety devices were observed to be similar. Of note, substantial periods of time with oxygen saturation of
Effect of electron capture and loss on the response of polycarbonate track detectors to relativistic uranium ions

Abstract The effect of electron capture and loss on the response of polycarbonate track detectors to relativistic, ultraheavy ions is considered. Data from plastics exposed to ∼1 GeV/u 238 U at LBL's Bevalac demonstrates the attainment of one-quarter charge unit resolution in the actinide region, by using a couple of methods discussed here to diminish the effect of a broad charge state distribution of the heavy ion.
Nanoplastic Flows of Glassy Polymer Chains Interacting with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Nanocomposites

Interactions between glassy polymer chains and the uniformly dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in nanocomposites were investigated with surface-grafted multiwalled CNTs dispersed in two model polymer systems, polystyrene (PS) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), representing respectively brittle and ductile polymers. Although significant mechanical reinforcement in the both systems was observed, drastically different microscopic interactions, engendered from variations in the fundamental behavior of entangled chains, were noted during the nanoplastic flow of crazing or shear yielding in the nanocomposites. As revealed by a local stress analysis based on atomic force microscopy, “extensibility” of the entanglement network determines not only the mode of deformation leading to either crazing or shear yielding but also how the stretched chains interact with individual nanotubes. The results bear important implications on our understanding toward the fundamental behavior of entangled macromolecules in the glassy ...
The use of an algorithmic method for small molecule superimpositions in the design of antiviral agents

The inability to reliably predict relative orientations of drug molecules within our series of antipicornavirus agents has severely limited the usefulness of available structure-activity data in the drug design process. A reported method of overlapping molecules has been evaluated to see if it could provide a solution to this problem. Although it initially succeeded remarkably well with a series of molecules whose bound X-ray structures were known, this success was shown to be only a function of the bound conformation of these molecules. Thus, this method did not provide a general solution to the problem at hand.
Atopic dermatitis results in intrinsic barrier and immune abnormalities: Implications for contact dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), are common skin diseases. These diseases are characterized by skin inflammation mediated by activated innate immunity or acquired immune mechanisms. Although AD, ICD, and ACD can be encountered in pure forms by allergists and dermatologists, patients with AD often present with increased frequency of ICD and ACD. Although a disturbed barrier alone could potentiate immune reactivity in patients with AD through increased antigen penetration, additional immune mechanisms might explain the increased susceptibility of atopic patients to ICD and ACD. This review discusses cellular pathways associated with increased skin inflammation in all 3 conditions and presents mechanisms that might contribute to the increased rate of ICD and ACD in patients with AD.
Low temperature preparation and uses of potent oxidizers

Abstract Because electronegativity of an oxidation state is low in an anion, salts of the high oxidation-state species [AgF 4 ] − and [NiF 6 ] 2− can be easily made, at 0 °C, in liquid anhydrous HF (aHF) made basic with alkali fluorides. The containers are transparent fluorocarbon, and the F 2 is photo-dissociated. The [NiF 6 ] 2− salts, and the metastable binary fluorides NiF 4 and NiF 3 , derived from them, are efficient fluorinating agents for the conversion of hydrido compounds to their fully fluorinated relatives. With F 2 in aHF made acidic with fluoride-ion acceptors (e.g. MF 5 , M = As, Sb, Bi) attained oxidation-states are often lower (e.g. Ag II , Au II ) because of the higher electronegativity in cations. Cationic Ag III and Ni IV species (derived from the anions) are sufficiently long-lived, and potent, to generate the most powerfully oxidizing hexafluorides of the second and third transition series (i.e. [MF 6 ], M = Pt, Ru, Rh). This synthesis is especially valuable for RhF 6 , and has provided for the reinvestigation of the interaction of it with O 2 . It is proposed that the unexpectedly large unit cell of O 2 RhF 6 is a result of the presence of neutral O 2 and neutral RhF 6 as well as O 2 + and RhF 6 − in the lattice.
An empirical examination of Bradford's law and the scattering of scientific literature

Twenty-three data sets representing the documents retrieved by a wide variety of searches were examined for correspondence to Bradford's Law. Regression lines fit to the data sets showed all correlations in excess of 0.96. Thus, the fitted line, as customarily specified by slope and intercept, can serve as a good representation of an entire data set. Slope can be shown to be almost entirely determined by the total number of articles retrieved. Over two-thirds of the variance in the intercept is accounted for by the total number of journal titles retrieved. These findings weigh against earlier speculation that slope and intercept depended on such characteristics as breadth of subject area, topic, time period, or search technique. The findings show that Bradford's Law is the reflection of some underlying process not related to the characteristics of the search mechanism or the nature of the literature. The authors conclude that there is instead a basic probabilistic mechanism underlying the law.
The Visible Man II: Reflections of a Black Son

comes a time when every young man leaves his father's house. I left my home in Columbus, Georgia, on the second of September in 1968. It was a day marked by three extraordinary events in my life: I boarded a plane for my first flight; I left the South for the first time; and that afternoon I walked across the campus of Amherst College. Late in the day I met my roommate from Grosse Pointe, Michigan. After the usual introductions and small
Determination of the total iodide content in desalinated seawater permeate

An investigation was conducted to determine the iodide content of permeate collected from several operating facilities reliant upon synthetic membrane processes for seawater desalination. A possible, yet unintentional impact for communities that employ synthetic membrane processes for seawater desalination is the introduction of permeate streams containing iodide into their water supply, that then may result in the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products. To evaluate this potential, the iodide content of desalinated seawater permeate streams were measured using an analytical procedure based on the catalytic reduction of ceric sulfate by arsenious acid in a sulfuric acid solution. It was determined that iodide concentrations in permeate samples collected from seawater desalination facilities were less than the catalytic reduction method detection limit of 4.0 μg/L for membrane feed seawaters that ranged between 51.1 μg/L and 35.8 μg/L of total iodide. Results of this investigation indicated that synthetic membrane processes can remove greater than 89% of the total iodide from the feedwater of seawater based on an iodide detection limit of 4.0 μg/L.
AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS AND THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Abstract Air-to-air heat exchangers were installed in 366 energy-efficient homes as part of a demonstration program in the U.S. The median incremental cost of AAHX was $1268 ($0.69/ft 2 ), and it was less expensive (per square foot) to install this equipment in larger houses than in smaller houses. While most occupants did not notice problems with their AAHX, some households did experience problems related to noise, unpleasant drafts, condensation around the AAHX, and core freezing. Occupants of energy-efficient homes were found to have less problems with their indoor environment (especially mildew/mold and condensation) than a group of control homes.
Glycogen Synthesis after Road Cycling in the Fed State

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a recovery beverage immediately after exercise on rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis in response to road cycling when nutritional supplementation was supplied during exercise and a solid meal was served two hours after exercise. Eight trained male cyclists, (25+/-4 years, 69.3+/-5.2 kg, VO2 peak=4.5+/-0.4 L.min(-1)) performed two 62 km outdoor training rides in a double-blind, randomized cross-over experiment. Subjects received a food bar and a commercial sport drink during each ride. A recovery beverage (40 g CHO+20 g PRO) or a placebo (PL) was administered 30 min post-exercise. At 2 h post-exercise, a solid meal was provided for both trials. There was no difference between trials at any time point for glycogen (140+/-9, 56+/-8, and 70+/-8 mmol.kg(-1)wet wt.(-1).hr.(-1) for pre, post, and 4 h post, respectively). The addition of a supplemental recovery beverage ingested soon after exercise did not significantly increase the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis after 4 h of recovery when nutritional supplementation is provided during exercise and a meal is consumed 2 h after exercise.
The solubility and plant uptake of chromium from heated soils

Abstract The effects of heating on the solubility and plant uptake of Cr from three soils variously influenced by ultramafic parent materials were evaluated. Chromium extracted by 2 M HNO3 and by M KCl increased with degree of serpentine influence and with temperature of ignition in air. In contrast, solubility of the element was only slightly influenced by ignition in a N2 atmosphere. Heating enhanced the solubility of soil Cr by at least two oxidative reactions: (1) the destruction of a relatively heat‐stable, probably organic, complex with the release of Cr(III), and (2) the oxidation of free Cr(III) to Cr(VI). Corn (Zea mays L.) grew poorly in the ignited soils, but normally in ignited and leached soils. Growth depression from ignition was related to shoot Cr levels (r2 = 0.494) and is attributed to the readily absorbed and translocated chromate formed at elevated temperatures. Under more usual soil conditions, as in the untreated and ignited then leached soils, the less readily soluble forms of the e...
Failure feedback as an affective event: Influences of leader affect on subordinate attitudes and performance

Abstract This experiment examines the impact of leader affect on subordinates in a failure feedback situation in the context of promotion and prevention task goals and whether or not the feedback was personalized or task focused. Results were consistent with expectations that negative leader affect displayed during feedback would produce lower perceptions of leader effectiveness and lower quality performance on a group task than positive leader affect. Also in line with expectations was the finding that leader affect interacted with goal type such that groups with a prevention goal perceived the negative affect leader more favorably than groups with a promotion goal. Goals also interacted with feedback focus. Prevention-goal groups identified more with the leader when feedback was personalized and promotion-goal groups identified more with the leader when the feedback was task focused, regardless of leader affect.
Head Start Teachers' Beliefs about Language and Literacy Instruction.

Abstract This study investigated the nature of Head Start teachers’ beliefs about early literacy and the teacher background factors that relate to these beliefs. Twenty-eight Head Start teachers were given the Preschool Teacher Literacy Beliefs Questionnaire (TBQ) and a background questionnaire. Reliable belief subscales reflecting code, oral language, book reading, and writing aspects of early literacy, as well as a reliable total literacy beliefs score, emerged from the TBQ. In general, teachers agreed with research-based practices related to oral language and book reading, but more variability was apparent around code-related and writing beliefs. Teacher experience was positively linked to agreement with evidence-based beliefs about oral language. The multidimensional nature of these beliefs, possible reasons for the absence of strong relations to background factors, and directions for future research on preschool teachers’ beliefs are discussed.
REMARK ON A "NON-BREAKABLE DATA ENCRYPTION" SCHEME BY KISH AND SETHURAMAN

We break a cryptosystem by Kish and Sethuraman and show that the authentication problem of their protocol can be fixed. We prove that finding an instance of this cryptosystem, which meets the design criteria, would show that P≠NP.
Experimental modification of dendritic and recruiting processes and their DC after-effects☆

Abstract The study concerns agents that modify evoked cortical potentials of rabbit and cat in a predictable way and at the same time change the DC accompaniments of the activation process. Recruiting, surface-activated (dendritic) and subcortically activated (radiation) potentials were studied, both as responses to single stimuli and in repetitive series. In one set of experiments a variety of agents (1 per cent procaine, 0.01 per cent veratrine, 0.1 per cent GAB, and boiling water as a control) were applied to the cortical surface. In another, modifications were induced by the increasing injection of a barbiturate into artificially respired cats (immobilized with Flaxedil), leading to very deep anesthesia. Of the agents applied to the cortical surface all occasioned reversal (transcortical lead) of the ordinarily negative sign of the recruiting transient to positive, the summated after-effects evident during stimulation being augmented at the same time. Reversal in sign occurred in the transcortical lead even though the negative potentials remained in a lead from a superficial intracortical position to the subcortical white matter. Thus, the reversal could be attributed to a block in activity very close to the cortical surface, with continuation of activity of usual sign in the deeper cortical fraction. Dendritic and radiation activated responses behaved similarly. In the cat prior to the intravenous injection of Nembutal (0.15 – 0.3 g.), the negative dendritic response shows a short-lived negative after-effect followed by a longer lasting positive one. With repetitive stimulation the positive after-effect disappears, the negative one increasing and showing summation. Intravenous Nembutal occasions the disapperance of the positive after-effect which follows the response to a single stimulus and also augments the negative one which then lasts for a much longer time. With deepening anesthesia and repetitive stimulation transients no longer follow each of successive stimuli, a series of shocks then giving rise to a summation of negative after-effect alone. This is comparatively large and outlasts the stimulus series by several seconds. During deepening anesthesia the recruiting response fails earlier than the dendritic and radiation activated ones, the latter two being lost nearly simultaneously.
Fatigue crack growth through the lamellar microstructure of an alloy based on TiAl at 25 °C and 800 °C

Fatigue cracks were grown at 25 °C and 800 °C in a titanium aluminide alloy heat-treated to give a γ+ α2 lamellar microstructure. These lamellae, having widths of =0.5 to 2 μm, were in colonies approximately 1.2 mm across. Crack growth was observed and photographed under high resolution conditions using a loading and heating cyclic stage for the scanning electron microscope. Stereoimaging was used to measure displacements around crack tips, from which crack opening displacements and strains were derived. Cracks were found to grow about 10 times faster at 25 °C than at 800 °C, and the threshold stress intensity for fatigue crack growth was lower at 25 °C. Strain to fracture the lamellae was determined as ≈0.08, while fatigue crack tips could sustain up to 0.3 strain at 25 °C and 0.5 strain at 800 °C. The lamellar micro- structure was found to have a strong influence on crack tip behavior.
Commercializing Conservation in South Africa

The field of development studies has produced a number of institutional ethnographies in recent years that evaluate the internal workings of development agencies such as the World Bank or grassroot...
Distance-constraint approach to protein folding. II. Prediction of three-dimensional structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

The possibility of predicting the three-dimensional structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) is examined using a distance-constraint approach. The mean distances between the amino acid residues in globular proteins, calculated in a previous paper, are utilized as distance constraints. In this study, as in previous work of others, root-mean-square deviations of the predicted conformations from the native one of less than 4 A could not be obtained if the only input information consisted of the mean distances between amino acid residues (which involve information about the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of each amino acid residue) and the locations of disuifide bonds, α-helices, and β-structures. An examination is made of the kinds of structural features of BPTI that appear in the conformations predicted without explicit inclusion of information about such structural features, and of the kinds of information required in a given set of distance constraints for successful folding of BPTI. For example, structures that resemble incipient-forming α-helices, bends, and β-structures are observed in the conformations predicted when only the mean distances between the amino acid residues and the locations of the disulfide bonds (without information about the locations of α-helices, bends, and β-structures) are used. One type of additional required information is knowledge of spatially distant pairs involving the active site and the terminal residues. Furthermore, examination of the missing information indicates an important role for the strong nonbonded interaction between sulfur atoms and the side chains of aromatic amino acid residues in BPTI. When such information is introduced into the set of distance constraints, in terms of the exact distances of five pairs, (which implicitly include sulfur/aromatic interactions), the root-mean-square deviations of the predicted conformations decrease to 2.2–3.2 A. Several methods for comparing conformations are also discussed; in particular, comparisons between conformations of short segments are carried out by a differential-geometry procedure.
Reliability of volumetric sampling as compared to weighed samples in quantitative soil test interpretations

Abstract Weight variability of volumetric soil test samples taken with the standard 4.25 cm3 Urbana Laboratories’ soil scoop was studied as a factor influencing soil test accuracy. Also examined was effect of degree of sample pulverization on volume—weight, differences among technicians, and volume‐weight differences between dry and moist samples. The results revealed that volumetric sampling of Maine soils can lead to major errors, particularly when quick tests are used to quantify lime requirement, extractable H, exchangeable cations, CEC, and percent base saturation. Good predictions of these properties from quick soil test results, however, are possible when samples are weighed. In the Maine Laboratory poor quantitative results from volumetric samples originated from wide variations in volume‐weight among soils. This variability was traced to degree of aggregation, which in turn was traceable to differences in texture and organic matter among samples. Technician differences were not an important sourc...
Thermophysical properties: What have we learned recently, and what do we still need to know?

Some recent developments in the areas of measurement, prediction, and correlation of thermophysical properties and phase behavior are reviewed. However. important problems remain, and some of these are not being addressed. Here a number of thermophysical properties problem areas are identified based on the prejudices of the author and a small survey of friends and colleagues in industry and academia. Many of the problems arise as result of changes in industrial emphasis, for example, from chemicals to materials and pharmaceuticals, changes in federal or local regulations permitting lower air and water emissions, changes in technology, and an interest in determining the fate of chemicals in the environment. Some of the research needs, both experimental and theoretical. to deal with these problems are discussed.
Practice Styles and Opportunities in Periodontics

A survey of the 3,048 Active and Affiliate members of the American Academy of Periodontology was conducted by the Task Force on Manpower of the Academy to elicit information concerning practice styles and perceived opportunities for practice. Responses from 1,580 periodontists are presented in tables which include data on general demographics of periodontists, expected age at which partial and full retirement will take place, forms of practice, weeks per year and hours per week spent in practice, number of patient visits per year, number of practice locations, years in present community, population of present community, average distance traveled by patients in the periodontal practice, numbers of dentists referring to the practice, weeks waiting time to examine new patients and to begin new treatment series, patient load, preferences regarding weeks of advance booking, perceptions regarding the supply of periodontal services in the respondent's local area as well as in other areas known to the respondent, and factors which influence selection of a practice location. Data presented were collected between November of 1978 and April, 1979.
Methods for detecting the HSV-1 LAT anti-apoptosis activity in virus infected tissue culture cells.

Abstract Plasmids expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) reduce apoptosis in transient transfection assays in tissue culture. LAT also reduces apoptosis in the context of the virus in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits and mice at approximately 6–7 days post-infection during the switch from acute to latent HSV-1 infection, a time at which LAT is the only abundantly transcribed viral gene. Analysis of LAT’s anti-apoptosis function is complicated in tissue culture by the expression of at least five additional viral gene products that can block apoptosis, and by the fact that apoptosis usually occurs in only a fraction of the cells. Here, we present two approaches for detecting LAT’s anti-apoptosis activity in the context of the whole virus in tissue culture. Using a combination of serum starvation to both partially synchronize the cells and induce apoptosis, and Hoechst staining to detect chromatin condensation, we found that there was a small window of time post-infection during which Schwann cells infected with the LAT(−) mutant dLAT2903 reproducibly had more apoptotic nuclei than identically treated cells infected with the LAT(+) parental virus HSV-1 strain McKrae. Using serum starvation and/or UV treatment and a method to isolate fragmented DNA away from large chromosomal DNA, we found a similar window of time post-infection during which Neuro2A cells infected with dLAT2903 had increased DNA fragmentation (as judged by a DNA laddering assay) compared to identically treated cells infected with wild type McKrae or the LAT(+) marker rescued dLAT2903R virus. These assays should permit the use of culture assays, rather than labor intensive animal models, to examine LAT’s anti-apoptosis activity in the context of the virus in a large number of existing LAT mutant viruses.
Cocaine's effects on speech sound identification and reaction times in baboons.

The effects of cocaine on speech sound discriminations was examined to determine whether cocaine's previously demonstrated effect in reducing speech sound discriminability was dependent upon either the type of stimuli employed (simple tones versus complex speech) or the procedure (stimulus detection versus stimulus discrimination). Because of demonstrated similarities in the way that baboons and humans discriminate speech, and in the way the CNS is thought to encode and process speech sounds in these two species, baboons were trained to perform a choice procedure to identify the occurrence of different synthetic vowel sounds (/a/, /ae/, /ɛ/, /U/, and /љ/). Animals held down a lever and released the lever only when one of four target vowels sounded, and not when a fifth, standard vowel sounded. Acute IM administration of cocaine (0.0032–1.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in vowel discriminability that were mostly due to elevations in false alarms (i.e., releases to the standard vowel) following cocaine. Cocaine also shortened reaction times to the stimuli in two of three baboons, but to a much lesser extent than observed previously. These results suggest that cocaine may interfere with the ability of the CNS to process the acoustic cues in speech sounds, and that the effects of cocaine on reaction times may depend upon the complexity of the reaction time procedure employed.
Infrared Laser Stimulated Desorption Of Pyridine From Silver Surfaces

In this report, we present the first study of resonantly stimulated desorption of pyridine from silver surfaces excited by polarized CO2 laser radiation. The desorption behavior has been investigated with surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), mass spectrometry, conventional thermal desorption and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. It is observed that when the ring mode vibration of pyridine molecules adsorbed on silver island films at either 15K or 95K is excited by CO2 laser pulses in 1025~1042 cm-1 frequency region, pyridine desorption from the metal surfaces is readily detected by these surface techniques. The desorption yield per laser pulse increases nonlinearly with the laser intensity and is strongly dependent on the polarization of the incident radiation. Namely, the p-polarized light is much more effective than the s-polarized light in inducing the desorption. The results clearly show the important role played by the vibrational excitation of adsorbed species in the observed desorption phenomenon.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The μI skeletal muscle sodium channel : mutation E403Q eliminates sensitivity to tetrodotoxin but not to μ-conotoxins GIIIA and GIIIB

Voltage-sensitive Na channels from nerve and muscle are blocked by the guanidinium toxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX). Mutagenesis studies of brain RII channels have shown that glutamate 387 (E387) is essential for current block by these toxins. We demonstrate here that mutation of glutamate 403 (E403) of the adult skeletal muscle μI channel (corresponding to E387 of RII) also prevents current blockade by TTX and STX, and by neo-saxitoxin. However, the mutation fails to prevent blockade by the peptide neurotoxins, μ-conotoxin GIIIA and GIIIB; these toxins are thought to bind to the same or overlapping sites with TTX and STX. The E403Q mutation may have utility as a marker for exogenous Na channels in transgenic expression studies, since there are no known native channels with the same pharmacological profile.
HIGH-TECHNOLOGY JOBS AND WORKER MOBILITY*

ABSTRACT. The premise of this paper is that one can discover much about the location determinants of high-technology industry by examining the location (migration) decision of workers with high-technology occupations. A model of the high-technology worker migration decision is developed that permits estimation of worker response to both personal and area characteristics, the latter chosen to mirror location factors often cited by high-technology firms as important for both the attraction and retention of their specialized work force. Logit estimates of this model between 1975 and 1980 are presented. The paper is concluded with a discussion of policy implications.
Controlling the intracellular fate of nano-bioconjugates: pathways for realizing nanoparticle-mediated theranostics

For nanomaterials to realize their full potential in disease diagnosis and drug delivery applications, one must be able to exert fine control over their cellular delivery, localization and long-term fate in biological systems. Our laboratory has been active in developing methodologies for the controlled and site-specific delivery of a range of nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots, colloidal gold, nematic liquid crystals) for cellular labeling, imaging and sensing. This talk will highlight several examples from these efforts and will demonstrate the use of peptide- and protein-mediated facilitated delivery of nanomaterials to discrete cellular locations including the endocytic pathway, the plasma membrane and the cellular cytosol. The implications of the ability to exert fine control over nanomaterial constructs in biological settings will be discussed with a particular focus on their use in nanoparticle-based theranostics.
Nephrotoxic nephritis in rats: quantitative histochemistry of isolated glomeruli.

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydroegnase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured in glomeruli of rats during the evolution of nephrotoxic nephritis (Masugi nephritis). Increased activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase were evident within 24 hours of injecting nephrotoxic serum. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also increased at a later time No. significant change occurred in lactic dehydrogenase activity. The changes in nephrotoxic nephritis are compared with those observed in aminonucleoside nephrosis, a condition in which increased activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway is also present.
Parental Support Partially Accounts for the Covariation Between ADHD and Depressive Symptoms in College Students

A large body of research has established associations between ADHD and depressive symptoms; however, reasons for their co-occurrence are largely understudied. This study tested a theoretical model in which attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were hypothesized to associate with depressive symptoms via parental support. Undergraduate students completed self-report measures for this cross sectional study (n = 350; mean age = 19.29; SD = 1.95; 72.3 % female). Significant correlations were found between ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, maternal support, and paternal support. Structural equation modeling goodness of fit statistics indicated that a model of partial indirect effects provided a good fit to the data, with maternal support and paternal support partially explaining the covariation between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms. College students who experience symptoms of ADHD also tend to experience symptoms of depression, and the association between ADHD symptoms and depression is explained in part by perceived support from parents. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A Composite Shadowed Fading Model Based on the McKay Distribution and Meijer G Functions

The McKay density function has been cited in the study of wireless channels in connection with the analysis of diversity. It is also a forerunner of the $$\upeta $$?-$$\upmu $$μ and $$\upeta $$?-$$\uplambda $$?-$$\upmu $$μ distributions in wireless channels. Starting with a physical description of fading in terms of clustering and using the existing results from the original work of Nakagami, the probability density function of the signal-to-noise ratio has been shown to match the three parameter McKay distribution. It is demonstrated that the McKay density also allows for the modeling of wireless channels exhibiting fading levels far worse than what is seen in Nakagami channels, allowing the amount of fading to vary from 0 to $$\infty $$?. The shadowing in wireless channels is then incorporated in the model using the cascading concept to describe the shadowing. The error rates in such a McKay---Meijer G model are studied using the example of a coherent binary shift keying modem. With the availability of closed form expressions for the density, cumulative distribution function, error rates and outage probabilities, the McKay---Meijer G model offers a very flexible means to study the performance of modems in composite shadowed fading channels.
Effects of Solution Chemistry on Fibrin Nanomechanics

Fibrin, the polymerized protein that provides the structural scaffold of blood clots, is critical to hemostasis and wound healing. The complexity of the fibrin network has left many questions regarding its formation unanswered, including how temperature, metal concentration, and pH, factors known to mediate of fibrin polymerization, influence the mechanics of the interactions between fibrin monomers. Previously, we used the atomic force microscope to examine the mechanical properties of the ‘A–a’ knob-hole interaction, the most significant bond between fibrin monomers. Force applied to this bond was shown to cause stepwise unfolding of the hole-bearing region of fibrinogen as evidenced by force curves exhibiting a characteristic pattern of events. The dependence of environmental effects such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and divalent ion (i.e., Ca2+ and Mg2+) concentration on this characteristic pattern remains unknown. Herein, we examine the force, spacing, and probabilities of each force event in the characteristic pattern as a function of solution chemistry. Calcium concentration significantly influenced incidence of the last event in the characteristic pattern, but otherwise had no effect on the knob-hole interaction. Such behavior, attributed to the high-affinity γ1 calcium-binding site, was found to be reversible and specific. The force data indicate that the γ1 site has no effect on the strength of the knob-hole bond prior to unfolding but makes the hole more resilient to unfolding. Our results may explain previous paradoxical findings that calcium had no affect on the affinity of knob ‘A’ for hole ‘a’, but was critical to ‘A-a’ driven fibrin polymerization. Likewise, understanding the dependence of fibrin mechanics on solution conditions may help resolve other questions surrounding the relationship between the fibrin polymerization and the local solution environment.