cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type of caregiver and its association with mortality among adults aged 65 years and older who require assistance with activities of daily living in China: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background A large proportion of older adults (age 65 years and older) in China need assistance with activities of daily living. The quality of care for this population has attracted growing attention. However, little is known about the patterns of their caregiver type or its association with mortality rates. We examined the pattern of primary caregiver type among community-dwelling older adults in China, and the association between caregiver type and mortality. Methods Data were from the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Study (an ongoing survey conducted in 22 provinces) from 2005, 2008, and 2011. We described the relative frequency of caregiver type among married and widowed adults aged 65 years and older. Cox models were used to examine the association of primary caregiver type with mortality. The research ethics committees of Peking University and Duke University granted approval for the protection of human subjects for the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Study. All study participants gave informed written consent. Findings We included 437 married and 3971 widowed participants. The average age was 96·7 (SD 6·9) years and 73·7% (3332 of 4408) were female. For married people, the primary caregiver was the spouse (55·1%, 241 of 437), son and daughter-in-law (25·2%, 110 of 437), daughter and son-in-law (12·1%, 53 of 437), grandchild (2·3%, 10 of 437), or housekeeper (3·9%, 17 of 437). For widowed people, the primary caregiver was the son and daughter-in-law (60·2%, 2462 of 3971), daughter and son-in-law (21·1%, 864 of 3971), grandchild (9·9%, 403 of 3971), or housekeeper (5·9%, 242 of 3971). A multivariable adjusted model (a regression model with one outcome and adjusting for multiple variables) showed that among married adults aged 65 years and older, hazard of death was higher when the primary caregiver was a son and daughter-in-law (41% [95% CI 6–87]) or daughter and son-in-law (67% [10–154]) than when the spouse was the primary caregiver. For widowed people, hazard of death was lower when the primary caregiver was a daughter and son-in-law (12% [3–20]) or a grandchild (14% [2–24]) than when a son and daughter-in-law was the primary caregiver. Interpretation The majority of adults aged 65 years and older who need assistance with activities of daily living in China relied on their spouse and children to care for them. The type of primary caregiver was associated with mortality rate in both married and widowed people. More resources should be allocated to such older Chinese adults who have poor survival outcomes. Funding None.
The Relationship Between Cognitive Distortions and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder After Accounting for Comorbidities and Personality Traits

This study examined the association between cognitive distortions and ADHD severity after accounting for depression, anxiety, and personality traits. Archival data were collected on 112 adult participants diagnosed with ADHD after an extensive assessment, which included inventories measuring mood, anxiety, and personality traits. Pearson correlations were used to assess the associations of ADHD and these comorbid variables. Regression analyses assessed the contribution of predictor comorbid variables to hypothesized associations with ADHD. Results indicated that the relationship between cognitive distortions and ADHD symptom severity was no longer statistically significant once mood, anxiety, and personality traits were taken into consideration. These findings illuminate the complex role of cognitive distortions, comorbidities, and personality traits in the presentation of adult ADHD. As such, this study has clinical and conceptual relevance for understanding the role, candidate mechanisms, and therapeutic targets of cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD, particularly the cognitive component.
Genomic Analyses for Predictors of Response to Chemoradiation in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background Radiation with platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite aggressive treatment, progression-free survival and overall survival remain poor. It is unclear whether any tumor genetic mutations are associated with response to chemoradiation therapy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical outcomes of patients with stage III NSCLC treated with definitive radiation who had undergone tumor molecular profiling through a next-generation DNA sequencing platform. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate associations between clinical outcomes and genetic mutations detected by next-generation sequencing. Results 110 patients were identified with stage III NSCLC and underwent definitive radiation between 2013 and 2017 and tumor molecular profiling. Concurrent or sequential chemotherapy was given in 104 patients (95%). Unbiased genomic analyses revealed a significant association between AKT2 mutations and decreased local-regional tumor control and overall survival (hazard ratios [HR] 12.5 and 13.7, P = .003 and P = .003, respectively). Analyses restricted to loss-of-function mutations identified KMT2C and KMT2D deleterious mutations as negative prognostic factors for overall survival (HR 13.4 and 7.0, P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). Deleterious mutations in a panel of 38 DNA damage response and repair pathway genes were associated with improved local-regional control (HR 0.32, P = .049). Conclusions This study coupled multiplexed targeted sequencing with clinical outcome and identified mutations in AKT2, KMT2C, and KMT2D as negative predictors of local-regional control and survival, and deleterious mutations in damage response and repair pathway genes were associated with improved local-regional disease control after chemoradiation therapy. These findings will require validation in a larger cohort of patients with prospectively collected and detailed clinical information.
Associations between Pain Severity, Clinical Findings, and Endodontic Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Introduction Thorough pain assessment and thermal and mechanical testing are the primary diagnostic tools used to assess the status of pulp and periapical tissues in teeth with potential endodontic pathology. This study evaluated predictors of acute odontogenic pain to better understand the relationship between endodontic pain, clinical testing, endodontic disease, and diagnoses. Methods Participants (N = 228) presenting with acute odontogenic pain underwent standardized clinical testing and reported their pain intensity. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the predictors of acute endodontic pain. Chi-square tests with Bonferroni adjustments were conducted to measure the frequency of endodontic diagnostic test findings and clinical observations in patients with different pulpal diagnoses. Results A negative response to cold stimulation on the causative tooth and percussion hypersensitivity on the healthy adjacent tooth were the strongest predictors of higher levels of acute endodontic pain. Percussion hypersensitivity on the healthy adjacent tooth was present in a quarter of the cohort and was reported with equal frequency in teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis, necrotic pulp, and previously initiated/treated teeth. Although painful percussion on the causative tooth was more frequently reported in teeth diagnosed with necrotic pulp, painful palpation was more frequently reported on teeth diagnosed with previously initiated/treated teeth. Conclusions Percussion hypersensitivity on the healthy adjacent tooth may reveal a lowered pain threshold and heightened pain sensitization. It is also possible that the 2 commonly performed mechanical sensory tests, percussion and palpation hypersensitivity, may detect different aspects of endodontic pathophysiology and pain processing.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Criteria: A Mathematical Impossibility

In Reply.— Drs Schwartz, Stayer, and Pasquariello1 correctly noted the typographical error in the diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Twenty-five Years Later"2 They are also correct that a Pao2 above 500 mm Hg is not achievable at sea level in 21% oxygen. More importantly, a Pao2 above 500 mm Hg is achievable and is not a mathematical impossibility with supplemental oxygen at sea level but is clearly not part of the diagnostic criteria cited.
Automatically differentiating MPI-1 datatypes: the complete story

This chapter describes the problems met while extending ADIFOR 3.0 to handle programs coming form the MPI datatypes. To give a complete picture of the design space, this chapter first explains why creating a differentiated interface for MPI is preferable to differentiating MPI source itself. Next, we identify the two main problems that MPI datatypes present and present two potential solution techniques. In conclusion, we give some preliminary implementation results.
Some Simulation Results on Cross-Validation and Competitors for Model Choice

The behaviour of model selection procedures based on different criteria such as cross-validation is investigated in a simulation study. Emphasis is on the relationship to the problem of estimating the prediction quality of a model.
Minor elements in sphalerite and galena from Binnatal

The trace element contents of 23 sphalerites and galenas from Binnatal, Switzerland, have been determined. Most of these samples have been previously studied in respect to lead and sulphur isotope abundances. Coloration of sphalerites — varying from yellow to black for nearly identical iron contents — seems to be strongly influenced by the manganese content. A linear relationship between sulphur isotope composition and copper content in sphalerites was found. Trace elements in galenas show a significant inverse relationship between silver and copper. With the determination of the bismuth content, it is possible to distinguish several galena types; a similar grouping has been found by lead isotope determinations. The results of the trace analyses are discussed in connection with the occurrence of a large number of very rare and special Pb-As-sulphosalt minerals in the Binnatal dolomites.
Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America – By Eric Jay Dolan

Given its economic importance, the fur trade in North America has not received a great deal of scholarly attention over the years. Historians of Canada have done better than historians of the U.S. ...
Sex Ratio Effects on Marital Formation and Dissolution, 1980–2000

Although marriage market characteristics are often used to explain in–out marriage transitions, Guttentag and Secord's sex ratio thesis provides a unique theoretical framework by which to elucidate marriage and divorce. The theory emphasizes the availability of “opposite” sex partners as an important factor, but hypothesized outcomes assume a gendered marriage market whereby males are more socioeconomically powerful than females. Using geographically standardized census tract data (N = 65,443), I examine the theory empirically across three decennial time points. After establishing that males, on average, hold a disproportionate amount of socioeconomic power, I conduct cross-sectional regression analyses of marriage and divorce from 1980 to 2000. Results partially support the theory. While female marriage is consistently related to sex ratios as expected, sex ratios influence male marriage as expected only in some time periods and female and male divorce do not operate as expected in any time point. The findings imply that marriage entry and dissolution have distinctive causal mechanisms, suggesting the need for further theorization and research.
Phosphaazaallene and phosphinylimide complexes stemming from a terminal and four-coordinate titanium phosphinidene

Treatment of the terminal titanium–phosphinidene (Nacnac)TiPMes*(CH2tBu) (Nacnac− = [2,6-iPr2C6H3]–NC(CH3)CHC(CH3)N[2,6-iPr2C6H3], Mes*− = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2) with CNtBu and N2CPh2, in pentane at −35 °C, affords η2-(N,C)-phosphaazaallene and phosphinylimide complexes, respectively.
Options for insertion of RPAS into the Air Traffic System

● RPAS are not as disruptive technology as they seem to be - “Fly-by-wireless” and “Fly-by-wire” architectures are very similar ● Trajectory-based Operations: - Enablers of the future ATM deployed by SESAR and NextGen - Discussed and experimented with manned aircraft for 25+ years • Lots of results and lessons learned - Can be easily adapted and facilitate RPAS insertion into ATS: • Specific procedures, Communication with ATC, Separation… ➔ Investigate how: ➔ the performance of state-of-the-art 4D capable FMS can influence • RPAS architecture, C2 link, Design of D&A (SSEP + CA) ➔ TBO concepts solve ATC/RPAS communications, and can influence • RPAS architecture and C2 link
Results of clinical trials with an allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine: Melacine®

The identification of proteins and carbohydrates associated with melanoma led to development of defined antigen vaccines. However, vaccines derived from whole allogeneic cells have a number of advantages. Melacine is an allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate combined with an immunologic adjuvant, DETOX. Phase I and II trials in stage IV melanoma showed low-level antitumor activity, but this vaccine has its greatest promise in the adjuvant setting. A phase III trial indicated a survival benefit for Melacine in the subset of melanoma patients who express the HLA class I antigens A2 and/or HLA-C3. This finding must now be prospectively confirmed.
Data processing, analog or digital

The tremendous changes in data handling technique encountered over the past few years have opened many new opportunities for the increasingly effective use of telemetering. Many of the advances which have been made, however, pertain directly to the language used by the data processing equipment. This paper discusses the use of both analog and digital data handling with attention to accuracy, frequency response, physical configurations, data storage, and presentation. Attention is given to the type of problems normally presented to computers by the users of telemetering and to the form of output normally considered desirable.
Oscillatory spin relaxation rates in quantum dots

Phonon-induced spin relaxation rates in quantum dots are studied as function of in-plane and perpendicular magnetic fields, temperature, and electric field, for different dot sizes. We consider Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit mixing in different materials and show how Zeeman sublevels can relax via piezoelectric and deformation potential coupling to acoustic phonons. We find that strong lateral and vertical confinements may induce minima in the rates at particular values of the magnetic field, where spin relaxation times can reach even seconds. We obtain good agreement with experimental findings in GaAs quantum dots.
From rivers to the coastal ocean: A model for integrating observing systems on the west Florida shelf

The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) is an end-to-end integrated and operational System of Systems aimed at providing oceanographic and meteorological data and products to a variety of stakeholders. Using the vision of U.S. IOOS for coastal ocean observing, the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS) Regional Association has begun a pilot project to build an integrated water quality network in southwest Florida that extends from the coastal ocean into the adjacent estuaries and rivers under tidal influence. The pilot consists of four phases: identification of federal and non-federal near real-time observing resources in the pilot area; development of data sharing practices with the area's participating data providers; and integration of the data sets and fusion of data types into products useful to a range of local, state, and federal stakeholders. If successful, the fourth phase of the pilot — expansion throughout the Gulf — will be pursued. The project will be adjusted and then expanded southward through the Florida Keys, northward to the Big Bend, and westward through the Florida panhandle to Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Through data integration, the individual, single-purpose oceanographic systems will be combined in ways that will improve the decision-support information and tools necessary for coastal managers, communities, and others at the local, state, regional, and national levels.
Psychological Characteristics and Responses to Antihypertensive Drug Therapy

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between psychological characteristics and responses to antihypertensive drug therapy. Twenty-two hypertensive subjects underwent psychological evaluation and treatment with 1) a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ); 2) an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinapril; and 3) combined α+β blockade (doxazosin + betaxolol). Anger-Out scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory were positively correlated with the HCTZ-induced fall in systolic blood pressure (p<0.01); Anger-In was negatively correlated with the quinapril-induced fall in systolic pressure (p<0.05). The target systolic blood pressure (130 mm Hg) was achieved with either HCTZ or quinapril in 79% of subjects without, vs. 25% of subjects with, childhood trauma (p=0.03). Responses to doxazosin + betaxolol were not correlated with psychological characteristics. The authors conclude that both inhibited anger expression and childhood trauma are associated with reduced response to a diuretic or ACE inhibitor. Combined α/β blockade may be preferable to an ACE inhibitor or diuretic in treating selected hypertensive patients. Further studies should include examination of psychological factors in terms of the response to combined ACE inhibitor + diuretic therapy.
Venous and capillary hematocrit in newborn infants and placental transfusion.

Summary and Conclusion Hematocrit values were measured on one hundred and eleven sets of capillary (from unwarmed and warmed heels) and venous blood samples obtained simultaneously during the first 5 days of life from 60 full term newborn infants, 40 of which the umbilical cords were clamped late, and 20 clamped early a t the time of birth. In the late clamped infants, the capillary hematocrits showed an initial rise during the first 6 hours of life seemingly due to fluid transudation in the capillary beds, followed by a fall a t 12 to 24 hours of age due to a subsequent fluid reabsorption into the vascular space in response to increasing circulatory demands in the visceral organs. In the early clamped infants, the capillary hematocrits remained stable during the first 6 hours, but a slight decline was observed a t 12 to 24 hours of age. The simultaneously measured venous hematocrits of both late and early clamped infants plotted against age revealed a strikingly similar pattern of alterations. A marked capillary venous hematocrit difference was observed in the late clamped infants and to a much lesser extent in the early clamped infants during the first 5 days of life, with the venous being lower than the capillary values. Warming the heels prior to capillary sampling improves the capillary venous hematocrit correlations in the late clamped infants and the improvement achieved by this procedure increases as the infant becomes older. In the early clamped infants heel warming produces relatively less effects because there was less capillary venous hematocrit discrepancy initially. In infants over 12 hours of age where venipuncture is difficult or inadvisable, capillary blood samples obtained from warmed heels could be used for hematocrit measurements. However, the hematoples do not exactly correspond with the venous values and the approximate venous reading could be estimated by using the regression lines derived from our samples, and their 95% confidence limit could be calculated from the appropriate formulas.
Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds using high hydrostatic pressure.

Abstract Alfalfa sprouts contaminated with Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne illnesses in recent years. The seed used for sprouting appears to be the primary source of pathogens. Seed decontamination prior to sprouting presents a unique challenge for the sprouting industry since cells of the pathogenic survivors although undetectable after sanitizing treatments, can potentially multiply back to hazardous levels. The focus of this study was to therefore test the efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure to eliminate a ∼5 log CFU/g load of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds. Pressure treatment of 600 MPa for up to 25 min at 20 °C could not result in complete inactivation of Salmonella. High-pressure treatment was then carried out either at sub-ambient (4 °C) or elevated (40, 45 and 50 °C) temperatures to test the ability of high pressure to eliminate Salmonella. Pressure treatment at 4 and 20 °C did not deliver any satisfactory inactivation of Salmonella while high pressure at elevated temperatures achieved complete kill. Pre-soaking seeds prior to high-pressure treatment also enhanced pressure inactivation of Salmonella but at the expense of seed viability. High-pressure treatment of 500 MPa for 2 min at 45 °C was able to eliminate wild-type Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 strains without bringing about any appreciable decrease in the seed viability.
chiropractors as folk devils: published and unpublished news coverage of a moral panic

This research provides empirical support for an existing processual model, documenting the social context, development, and growth of a moral panic surrounding stroke risk from chiropractic neck manipulation. This case highlights the importance of both published and unpublished news stories regarding the nature of claims that evolve over time and in specific stages of a moral panic. Chiropractic's status as deviant science as well as underlying professional tensions within the Canadian health care system sets up a narrative stigma contest and affects the information made available to the public about issues of safety and health.
Metal strip polarizing fibers

We successfully placed a metal strip along the core of an optical fiber, see Fig. 1. These devices can be used as polarizers. Light polarized parallel to the metal strip is absorbed while light polarized perpendicular to the metal strip is absorbed less. Potentially large ratios of transmitted to absorbed light can be achieved in relatively short pieces of fiber. The Metal Strip Polarizing Fibers (MSPFs) are typically about 5 mm long. We report both on the fabrication process and some preliminary test.
Imaging matrix metalloproteinases in cancer

Early detection of both primary tumors and metastatic disease remains a major challenge in the diagnosis and staging of cancer. The recognition of the role of MMPs in both the growth and metastasis of tumors has guided the development not only of therapeutic strategies utilizing synthetic, small-molecule MMP inhibitors (MMPIs), but has also catalyzed methods to detect and image tumors in vivo by means of tumor-associated proteolytic activity. These imaging approaches target MMPs involved in cancer progression via contrast agents linked to MMPIs or to MMP selective and specific substrates with sensitivity enhanced by amplification during enzymatic processing. This review draws attention to a variety of strategies utilized to image MMP activity in vivo.
Enzymatic Defects as Causes of Hypoglycemia

A review of some of the enzymatic causes of hypoglycemia is presented. Evidence that there may be a diminished production of epinephrine or glucagonin certain cases of hypoglycemia is reviewed and the relationship of these hormones to the activation of glycogen phosphorylase is discussed. Galactosemia, fructose intolerance and glycogen storage diseases are cited as examples of hereditary disorders attributable to specific enzyme defects and often accompanied by hypoglycemia. The deficiencies of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in galactosemia and aldolase in fructose intolerance result in the accumulation in the tissues of toxic quantities of intermediary metabolites (galactose-1-phosphate and fructose-1-phosphate, respectively) which secondarily affect the activities of other enzymes. In Type I glycogenosis, the hypoglycemia is explained by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase. Other types of glycogenoses often provide examples of intermittent hypoglycemia. The role of gluconeogenesis in the maintenance of blood sugar levels has not been reviewed.
Autorepression of c-myc requires both initiator and E2F-binding site elements and cooperation with the p107 gene product

Myc proteins are transcriptional activators, but also repress transcription through initiator (Inr) elements. Repression requires the conserved Myc Box II, but the cis-acting element(s) required for c-myc autorepression have eluded definition. Since the gene has a candidate Inr at the P2 promoter, we tested whether Myc autorepression operates through the Inr/BoxII mechanism. Overexpression of c-Myc but not a Box II deletion mutation represses both c-myc P2 reporter genes and endogenous c-myc, as does Mxi1 expression. Only 45 nucleotides surrounding the P2 start suffice to mediate autorepression, but Myc and Mxi1 also downregulate P2 Inr mutations, suggesting other core promoter sequence requirements for autorepression. We tested the importance of conserved E2F sites, based on known Myc interaction with the pRb-related p107 and on the transrepressive effects of Rb family proteins. Myc, Mxi1, and p107 repress c-myc somewhat less well in the absence of E2F binding sites, while an E2F+Inr double mutation is not repressed at all by these gene products. Further, Myc repression at the c-myc P2 core promoter is augmented by p107, but not by pRb or p130, nor by p107 lacking the conserved pocket domain. Our data suggest that Myc autorepression requires both the c-myc Inr and E2F sites in cis, as well as p107 in trans. Consistent with this, we found that retrovirally transduced c-Myc cannot downregulate endogenous c-myc in p107-null fibroblasts, and show evidence that both Myc and p107 are present in a complex assembled at the c-myc P2 core promoter.
Negative Affect, Delinquency, and Alcohol Use Among Rural and Urban African-American Adolescents: A Brief Report

A model of negative affect and alcohol use was replicated on a sample of African-American high school students. Participants (N = 5,086) were randomly selected from a previously collected data set and consisted of 2,253 males and 2,833 females residing in both rural and urban locations. Multivariate analysis of covariance and structural equation modeling were performed. While fit indices suggest that the original model does apply to African-Americans, adding delinquency as a mediator significantly increased the variance accounted for in alcohol use. There were differences in the strength of model relationships based on gender and location of residence.
Prostanoid receptor heterogeneity through alternative mRNA splicing

Prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that mediate the physiological actions of the five principal prostanoid metabolites: PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, PGI2 (prostacyclin) and TXA2. Five major subdivisions of the prostanoid receptor family have been defined pharmacologically which correspond to each of the metabolites as follows: DP, EP, FP IP and TP. The EP receptors have been further classified pharmacologically into the EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 subtypes. Molecular biological studies have resulted in the cloning of cDNA's encoding all of these prostanoid receptors. In addition, the cloning of these receptors has revealed further heterogeneity through the use of alternative mRNA splicing. Specifically, mRNA splice variants have been identified for the EP1, EP3, FP and TP receptors. Interestingly, except for the EP1 receptors, the mechanisms giving rise to these receptor isoforms involves the use of splice sites located in the cytoplasmic carboxyl termini of these receptors. Thus, the eight human EP3 isoforms that have been identified are otherwise identical except for their carboxyl termini. Similarly, the optional use of a potential splice site encoding the carboxyl terminus gives rise to each of the two FP and TP receptor isoforms. Because the carboxyl termini of G-protein coupled receptors are generally implicated in interactions with G-proteins, it is not surprising that these receptor isoforms differ mainly with respect to their activation of second messenger pathways and not in their pharmacological characteristics. Differences also exist with respect to their levels of constitutive activity (e.g., in the absence of agonist) and in their desensitization.
Parental Communication and Experiences and Knowledge of Adolescent Siblings of Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion in humans. There have been few studies assessing the impact of this condition on the family and no previous studies conducted on unaffected siblings of children with 22q11DS. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency, method, and content of information being communicated by parents to unaffected siblings about the condition and to assess unaffected siblings’ knowledge of 22q11DS and perceptions of the impact of the condition on their affected sibling and themselves. Families were recruited from several 22q11DS educational and support organizations and asked to complete a single anonymous online survey. Families were eligible to participate if they had one child with 22q11DS and at least one unaffected child between the ages of 12 and 17. Survey questions were developed based on previous literature and authors’ expertise with individuals with 22q11DS. Responses to quantitative and qualitative questions were analyzed to calculate frequencies and proportions and to extract themes, respectively. A total of 25 families (defined as a unit of at least one parent, one affected child, and at least one unaffected child) participated in the study. Parents shared genetic information less often as compared to behavioral and medical information. Siblings of children with 22q11DS had both positive and negative experiences in having a brother or sister with this condition. Genetic counselors can use the results of this study to develop anticipatory guidance for parents of children with 22q11DS in talking with their unaffected children about the condition.
The chemiluminescence of indole derivatives in dimethyl sulfoxide.

The chemiluminescent autoxidation of over fifty indoles has been measured in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The 3-alkylindole derivatives represent the brightest and most efficient members of this group. The chemiluminescence yield (per mole) of skatole is (1·5 ± 0·6) × 10-3. The chemiluminescence spectrum of skatole is identical with the fluorescence spectrum of o-formamidoacetophenone in the same environment Similar results for 2,3-dimethylindole lead to the identification of the acylamide anion as the emitter in indole chemiluminescence. A peroxide ring cleavage excitation mechanism is proposed.
The Normative Environment for Substance Use Among American Indian Students and White Students Attending Schools On or Near Reservations

American Indian and White students who attended the same schools located on or near reservations were surveyed to determine the comparative normative environment for substance use. Descriptive norms increased and student injunctive norms decreased across grade in school. Female students reported higher levels of descriptive norms compared to male students. For marijuana use, a substantial decrease in student injunctive norms occurred between grades 8 and 10. Adult injunctive norms were perceived by female students to be higher than those perceived by male students, particularly among American Indian females. Somewhat surprisingly, 8th grade White female students reported high descriptive norms for inhalant use compared to 8th grade American Indian students. Overall, however, higher descriptive norms and lower injunctive norms among American Indian youth suggested that their risk for substance use is higher compared to White students because of the normative environment created by peers, family, and other adults.
Brain training: Games to do you good

Neuroscientists should help to develop compelling video games that boost brain function and improve well-being, say Daphne Bavelier and Richard J. Davidson.
Synchrony, extinction, and dynamics of spatially segregated, heterogeneous populations

Most theoretical assessments of synchrony assume that populations are identical in their ability to produce and absorb dispersing individuals. Relaxing this assumption, I assessed how the local population growth rate, the proportion of individuals dispersing between populations, and different patterns in the immigration rate and carrying capacity with habitat patch size affect synchrony in local population dynamics and metapopulation extinction. All factors influenced both synchrony and extinction, and there were strong interactions between the factors. Local population growth rates had the largest effect on synchrony, followed by the pattern of carrying capacity with patch size and the proportion dispersing. The pattern of immigration with patch size had the smallest effect on synchrony. Metapopulation extinction was largely affected by the population growth rate, with the other factors having smaller but similar effects. Highly synchronous dynamics tended to be associated with greater metapopulation extinction within regions of chaotic local population growth; however, across the range of population growth investigated, high amounts of synchrony did not necessitate extinction. Differences among populations in the ability to absorb individuals mediated by interactions between growth rate, dispersal, patch size, and carrying capacity can substantially affect synchrony and extinction. Not considering how these factors interact may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding synchrony and extinction. Under certain situations, heterogeneity among local populations can promote metapopulation stability despite highly chaotic local dynamics.
Circulation a key factor in Mediterranean algal growth

The early appearance of nitrate in December appears to have been the driving force for favorable conditions for algal blooms in the Mediterranean, a new study indicates. To better understand the role of nutrients' availability to enable the growth of phytoplankton in temperate seas, D'Ortenzio et al. installed nitrate concentration sensors on two profiling floats in the northwestern Mediterranean basin in summer 2011. Each spring, the phytoplankton in this basin rapidly grow to form a bloom that blankets the surface and contributes to the transport of carbon from the atmosphere to the deep ocean. Scientists are still unsure exactly what produces the conditions for these blooms, but they know that the availability of nutrients, induced by large-scale circulation in the oceans, during the winter is a factor.
Estimating Solute Transport Parameters Using Stochastic Ranking Evolutionary Strategy

It is a significant challenge to reliably identify fate and transport parameters for solutes that simultaneously undergo multiple and complex processes. Evolutionary optimization techniques allow process parameters to be identified for complicated problems. One evolutionary optimization technique, the stochastic ranking evolutionary strategy (SRES), was used in this study to find the global or near-global optimal parameters for two solute breakthrough curve experiments. The uncertainties of the estimated parameters were assessed using a nonparametric bootstrap resample method. The two miscible-displacement cases considered were (i) a simulated experiment of a solute undergoing transformation and (ii) an actual experiment of trichloroethylene undergoing simultaneous nonequilibrium transport and transformation. In both cases, multiple breakthrough curves were produced from a parent solute and its metabolites, and the SRES was used with an appropriate convective–dispersive model to inversely identify the model parameters. The SRES inverse method provided an excellent model fit to the experimental data, and the model parameter estimates had minimal uncertainty even when 5% experimental error was introduced.
A recent source modification for noble gasses at the Los Alamos on-line mass analysis facility

Abstract The Los Alamos on-line mass analysis experiment at the Godiva-IV burst reactor facility has been modified to determine independent fission yields of noble gasses. The gasses are released from a stearate target and ionized by electron bombardment. The distance traveled by the gasses from the target to the ionization chamber is 20 cm. The efficiency of the electron bombardment source is lower than that of the surface ionization source that was employed to measure the yields of Rb and Cs. But this effect is compensated by the larger quantity of target metal that is possible when using a stearate target.
Tidal dynamics and substrate response in a salt-marsh estuary

Abstract The tidal wave in the Duplin River, a well-mixed salt-marsh estuary on the Georgia coast, displays distinctive forms of asymmetry in the horizontal and vertical tides. Ebb-current speeds reach a maximum of up to 30% higher than corresponding flood currents and maximum ebb and flood discharges are both displaced toward the time of high water. Duration of the flooding tide can be more than one hour longer than duration of the corresponding ebbing tide. Tidal asymmetry is clearly reflected in the tidally varying dynamic balance of the estuary estimated from a simplified equation of motion. The ebb-related pressure-gradient term and corresponding shear-stress term at the bed are an order of magnitude greater than flood-related pressure gradient and bed shear. Ebb-dominated asymmetry in the Duplin River is attributed to interaction of the principal lunar M2 tide with its first harmonic overtide, M4. Generation of the M4 tide is thought to be from non-linearities that arise from continuity of the salt-marsh estuary, which is best described by a changing basin area model. Substrate response to ebb-dominated tidal dynamics is the development of largescale bedforms that maintain ebb-oriented geometry through both ebb and flood tide. Bedforms are in equilibrium with maximum ebb-related bed-shear values which result in sand transport rates that are an order of magnitude greater during ebb compared with flood tide.
Special Swallowing Problems in Children

As the swallowing process evolves from infantile suckle feeding through transitional feeding to mature function, the process can go awry at many points. Understanding the changes in structure and function of the mouth and pharynx that occur with growth and development is of basic importance. When a child is referred because of unsuccessful feeding or suspicion of aspiration, dynamic imaging of the swallowing mechanism and scrutiny of radiographic abnormalities described in this article can lead to greater understanding of the underlying cause and to more effective treatment.
Sense of Place among Atlanta Public Housing Residents

For almost two decades now, cities around the country have been demolishing traditional public housing and relocating residents to subsidized private market rental housing. In this paper, we examine sense of place, consisting of both community and place attachment, among a sample of Atlanta public housing residents prior to relocation (N = 290). We find that 41% of the residents express place attachment, and a large percentage express some level of community attachment, though residents of senior public housing are far more attached than residents of family public housing. Positive neighborhood characteristics, such as collective efficacy and social support, are associated with community attachment, and social support is also associated with place attachment. Negative neighborhood characteristics, such as social disorder and fear of crime, are not consistently associated with sense of place. We argue that embodied in current public housing relocation initiatives is a real sense of loss among the residents. Policy makers may also want to consider the possibilities of drawing upon residents’ sense of place as a resource for renovating and revitalizing public housing communities rather than continuing to demolish them and relocating residents to other neighborhoods.
An Exercise in Automatic Program Verification

This paper describes in some detail the computer-aided proof of a permutation program obtained using the Stanford Pascal verifier. We emphasize the systematic way in which a proof can be developed from an intuitive understanding of the program. The paper fillustrates the current state of the art in automatic program verification.
A human antibody binds to alpha-galactose receptors and mimics the effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A in rat colon

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nearly all human sera contain an immunoglobulin G antibody (antigalactose) that binds the trisaccharide Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc expressed on cells from most mammals but not humans. Because the Clostridium difficile toxin A receptor in rodents contains this trisaccharide, the aim of this study was to examine whether antigalactose could mimic the enterotoxic effects of toxin A and bind to receptors containing this trisaccharide. METHODS: Fluid secretion, [3H]-mannitol permeability, and release of rat mast cell protease II and prostaglandin E2 were measured after luminal exposure of rat colon to either purified human anti-galactose, control immunoglobulin G, toxin A, or buffer. RESULTS: Toxin A (5 micrograms) and antigalactose (250 micrograms) but not control immunoglobulin (250 micrograms) stimulated colonic fluid secretion and caused increased mannitol permeability and rat mast cell protease II release. Antigalactose and toxin A and, to a lesser degree, control immunoglobulin G also stimulated release of prostaglandin E2, but only toxin A produced acute inflammation of rat colonic mucosa. Antigalactose and toxin A bound specifically to a single class of colonic brush border receptors with dissociation constants of 10(-6) mol/L and 5.4 x 10(-8) mol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid secretion, increased permeability, and mast cell activation occur in rat colon when toxin A or human antigalactose immunoglobulin G bind to receptors bearing the trisaccharide Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jun;110(6):1704-12)
Online Interactive U.S. Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Database

In April 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (prior to 1994, the Soil Conservation Service) created the Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Database (RESSED) and Web site, the most comprehensive compilation of data from reservoir bathymetric and dry basin surveys in the United States. RESSED data can be useful for a number of purposes, including calculating changes in reservoir storage characteristics, quantifying rates of sediment delivery to reservoirs, and estimating erosion rates in a reservoir's watershed.
Specific binding of sRNA to ribosomes during polypeptide synthesis and the nature of peptidyl sRNA.

Abstract Data are presented which suggest that one molecule of aminoacyl sRNA and one molecule of peptidyl sRNA are bound to a ribosome during polypeptide synthesis. Puromycin does not alter the amount of bound aminoacyl sRNA under the conditions which allow peptide bond formation whereas it reduces the amount of bound peptidyl sRNA. In the absence of soluble enzymes and GTP, the isolated complex of ribosomes, sRNA and peptidyl sRNA binds additional sRNA. These observations suggest that one ribosome contains two sites for aminoacyl sRNA and one site for peptidyl sRNA. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that during polypeptide synthesis the site for peptidyl sRNA and one site for aminoacyl sRNA are constantly occupied but the other site for aminoacyl sRNA is occupied transiently. Only in the absence of peptide bond formation are both sites for aminoacyl sRNA constantly occupied. When sRNA was recovered from peptidyl sRNA, it did not accept amino acid, whereas sRNA recovered from phenylalanyl sRNA under the same conditions accepted amino acid. Upon sucrose density-gradient centrifugation in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyphenylalanyl sRNA sediments more slowly than phenylalanyl sRNA.
A dynamically adaptive imaging algorithm for wavelet-encoded MRI

A new adaptive algorithm based on wavelet-encoded MRI is presented for application in dynamic imaging. This algorithm is adaptive because the strategy for updating image data in the dynamic series of images is determined by the processing of the most recently acquired data. The spatially selective multi-resolution properties of the wavelet transform are exploited to selectively update only those regions of the field of view where change is actually occurring. A theoretical imaging model is presented to motivate use of the adaptive algorithm, and simulation results using both artificial and experimental wavelet-encoded data are presented.
Surface-Stress-Driven Lattice Contraction Effects on the Extinction Spectra of Ultrasmall Silver Nanowires

We utilize numerical simulations based on the discrete dipole approximation to study the effects of surface-stress-driven lattice contraction on the extinction spectra of silver nanowires with a square cross section of length 2 nm. The novel finding of the present work is the determination that the blue shift that is induced in the silver nanowires due to surface-stress-driven lattice contraction increases with an increase in the nanowire aspect ratio; the blue shift in the longitudinal plasmon resonance wavelength reaches 20 nm in air and 30 nm in water when the nanowire aspect ratio increases to six. Furthermore, we have delineated the lattice contraction effects on the relative contributions of the free (conduction) electrons and the ionic core (bound) electrons to the observed blue shift; specifically, due to the increasingly free electron optical response of the nanowires with increasing aspect ratio, the blue shift due to the contraction-driven increase in the free electron density is found to domin...
Investor Overreaction in International Stock Markets

Many studies have found that value stocks outperform growth stocks in the U.S. and other international stock markets. Little research has been published that attempts to explain this difference in performance in international markets. The results reported in this article are based on tests of several hypotheses for over 10,000 stock returns in a ten-year period for twenty-one international stock markets. The authors find evidence that investors overreact by driving the prices of value stocks too low. It appears that investors and research analysts tend to assume that past growth rates in earnings per share will continue in the future. Yet evidence shows that extreme past growth rates tend to revert to a normal mean. Consequently, when earnings disappointments are reported, stocks previously considered to be growth stocks tend to produce lower returns than value stocks.