cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Facial Fractures in Children

As motor vehicle accidents, play and organized sports-related trauma, and the general level of violence continue to increase in our society, so will the incidence of childhood facial fractures.
TU-AB-209-02: Designing Model Observers for Signal-Known-Exactly Tasks in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), a limited-angle tomographic technique by its nature has multiple optimal system configurations, which can lead to many potential changes to the existing and new DBT systems entering the US market. With the availability of computational tools such as for modeling imaging physics, it is becoming increasingly important to conduct virtual trials for a rigorous, preclinical and task-based assessment of DBT. For such virtual assessment to be successful, it is critical to: (1) develop model-observer approaches that can account for patient data statistics stemming from realistic or real breast backgrounds as well as lesion characteristics, thereby performing given tasks effectively and (2) validate the model-observer approaches and their performance trends/levels with physical measurements from a prototype or real DBT system and a physical phantom ensemble. It is also important to understand trade-offs between patient (phantom) sample/effect size and observer performance reliability for gaining knowledge on how to choose appropriate model observers for the given tasks. In this session, a variety of model-observer approaches associated with currently available breast phantoms (either physical or virtual) and their sample size will be discussed. The presenters in this session will also discuss the limitations of each model observer approach to provide an understanding of the circumstances where each of these approaches can be more suitable than the others. The session is organized as follows: First, the development of virtual and physical phantoms that mimic breast anatomy will be presented. This will be followed by two presentations on model observers for DBT, one on the designing of model observers for signal-known-exactly (SKE) tasks and another on the development of visual search based model observers with the intent of identifying useful image features. Finally, this will be followed by practical examples where such model observers are applied to digital breast tomosynthesis.
Use of the scid mouse transplantation system in studies of lymphocyte differentiation.

It is well established that lymphocytes can be reconstituted in mice with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (Bosnia et al. 1983; Dorshkind et al. 1984; Custer et al. 1985; Fulop and Phillips 1986). Engraftment of donor lymphoid precursors is facilitated by the lack of endogenous lymphocytes and the presence of a normal hemopoietic microenvironment in the mice. These and other characteristics make the Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) mouse an ideal recipient in which the lymphoid differentiative potential of selected donor populations can be measured. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review studies that have demonstrated this.
Purification and characterization of cytochrome c(6) from Acaryochloris marina.

Cytochrome c6, (cyt c6) a soluble monoheme electron transport protein, was isolated and characterized from the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochoris marina, the type strain MBIC11017. The protein was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography, and fast performance liquid chromatography. Its molecular mass and pI have been determined to be 8.87 kDa and less than 4.2, respectively, by mass spectrometry and isoelectrofocusing (IEF). The protein has an alpha helical structure as indicated by CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy and a reduction midpoint potential (Em) of +327 mV versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as determined by redox potentiometry. Its potential role in electron transfer processes is discussed.
Cellular Fatty Acid-Based Microbial Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Bacteria produce a wide array of complex lipids and fatty acids. Both fatty acids and complex lipids can vary in chain length, number and position of functional groups, and number and position of double bonds. As early as 1963, the analysis of cellular fatty acid (CFA) for the purpose of bacterial identification was introduced by Abel et al. and Kaneda [1, 2]. The variability of fatty acid structure in bacteria has led to the characterization of over 300 bacterial fatty acids and related compounds [3]. These fatty acids and related compounds range from relatively polar lipids found in bacterial membranes to more complex lipids found in lipooligosaccharides and lipopolysaccharides. Other fatty acids are components of highly specialized lipids, such as the mycolic acids, found in Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and related genera. Specialized methods have been developed for detailed analysis of fatty acids and related lipids. These methods have aided efforts in bacterial classification yielding both qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific fatty acids and their constituent components. Such methods have provided the basis for bacterial identification and taxonomic classification and continue to be used by many laboratories as an inexpensive and rapid screening tool or as an ancillary test to other standard bacterial identification methods. More recently, CFA analysis has been used to identify bacterial agents of bioterrorism [4].
Detecting cyber-physical attacks in CyberManufacturing systems with machine learning methods

CyberManufacturing system (CMS) is a vision for future manufacturing systems. The concept delineates a vision of advanced manufacturing system integrated with technologies such as Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Sensors Network and Machine Learning. As a result, cyber-attacks such as Stuxnet attack will increase along with growing simultaneous connectivity. Now, cyber-physical attacks are new and unique risks to CMSs and modern cyber security countermeasure is not enough. To learn this new vulnerability, the cyber-physical attacks is defined via a taxonomy under the vision of CMS. Machine learning on physical data is studied for detecting cyber-physical attacks. Two examples were developed with simulation and experiments: 3D printing malicious attack and CNC milling machine malicious attack. By implementing machine learning methods in physical data, the anomaly detection algorithm reached 96.1% accuracy in detecting cyber-physical attacks in 3D printing process; random forest algorithm reached on average 91.1% accuracy in detecting cyber-physical attacks in CNC milling process.
PRC2 represses transcribed genes on the imprinted inactive X chromosome in mice

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes histone H3K27me3, which marks many transcriptionally silent genes throughout the mammalian genome. Although H3K27me3 is associated with silenced gene expression broadly, it remains unclear why some but not other PRC2 target genes require PRC2 and H3K27me3 for silencing. Here we define the transcriptional and chromatin features that predict which PRC2 target genes require PRC2/H3K27me3 for silencing by interrogating imprinted mouse X-chromosome inactivation. H3K27me3 is enriched at promoters of silenced genes across the inactive X chromosome. To abrogate PRC2 function, we delete the core PRC2 protein EED in F1 hybrid trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), which undergo imprinted inactivation of the paternally inherited X chromosome. Eed –/– TSCs lack H3K27me3 and Xist lncRNA enrichment on the inactive X chromosome. Despite the absence of H3K27me3 and Xist RNA, only a subset of the inactivated X-linked genes is derepressed in Eed –/– TSCs. Unexpectedly, in wild-type (WT) TSCs these genes are transcribed and are enriched for active chromatin hallmarks on the inactive-X, including RNA PolII, H3K27ac, and H3K36me3, but not the bivalent mark H3K4me2. By contrast, PRC2 targets that remain repressed in Eed –/– TSCs are depleted for active chromatin characteristics in WT TSCs. A comparative analysis of transcriptional and chromatin features of inactive X-linked genes in WT and Eed –/– TSCs suggests that PRC2 acts as a brake to prevent induction of transcribed genes on the inactive X chromosome, a mode of PRC2 function that may apply broadly.
Newer Aspects of Bile Salt Metabolism in Intestinal Disease

In the absence of a disordered hepatobiliary system, the bile salt pool is virtually confined to the enterohepatic circuit. The intravenous administration of a 14C-labeled bile salt results in its rapid hepatic clearance and prompt entry into bile (1). Recovery of the injected labeled bile salt from the duodenum has averaged 90% 3 hr after intravenous injection when cholecystokinin is administered intravenously over a 1-hr period (2). In this situation, a balloon is used to obstruct the lumen of the small intestine at the level of the ligament of Treitz. The total duodenal (bile) collection will average 230 ml in normal man (2). Measurements of the specific activity of the previously injected bile salt recovered from the pooled duodenal contents provide a measure of the available bile salt pool present in the hepatobiliary system when such studies are performed after an overnight fast (3). Obviously, this method of estimation of the bile salt pool does not provide a measure of that portion of endogenous bile salt which may be sequestered in other regions of the enterohepatic space during the 3-hr period in which the labeled material is injected and collected. Additionally, incomplete evacuation of the gallbladder could lead to inadequate mixing with the contents of the biliary tree, and seepage of bile around the obstructed site would result in incomplete recovery.
Detection of complex structural variation from paired-end sequencing data

Detecting structural variants (SVs) from sequencing data is key to genome analysis, but methods using standard whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data are typically incapable of resolving complex SVs with multiple co-located breakpoints. We introduce the ARC-SV method, which uses a probabilistic model to detect arbitrary local rearrangements from WGS data. Our method performs well on simple SVs while surpassing state-of-the-art methods in complex SV detection.
Is Editing the Genome for Climate Change Adaptation Ethically Justifiable

As climate change progresses, we humans might have to inhabit a world for which we are increasingly maladapted. If we were able to identify genes that directly influence our ability to thrive in a changing climate, would it be ethically justifiable to edit the human genome to enhance our ability to adapt to this new environment? Should we use gene editing not only to prevent significant disease but also to enhance our ability to function in the world? Here I suggest a "4-S framework" for analyzing the justifiability of gene editing that includes these considerations: (1) safety, (2) significance of harm to be averted, (3) succeeding generations, and (4) social consequences.
An expanded study of long‐pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser treatment of basal cell carcinoma

Background and objective Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is an indolent form of skin cancer that is rarely life threatening, but can cause significant cosmetic and functional morbidity. Surgical treatments often result in disfiguring scars, while topical therapies frequently result in recurrence. The need for a more effective nonsurgical alternative has led to the investigation of laser treatment of BCC. We have previously conducted a pilot study which showed 100% histologic clearance at high fluences. Treatments were well tolerated with no significant adverse events. The objective of this larger study was to confirm preliminary results that the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is a safe and effective method for treating non-facial BCC. Design This is an IRB-approved, prospective, multi-center study evaluating the safety and efficacy of the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of BCC on the trunk and extremities. Thirty-three subjects seeking treatment for biopsy-proven BCC that did not meet the criteria for Mohs surgery were recruited. Subjects on current anticoagulation therapy, or with a history of immunosuppression were excluded. Subjects received one treatment with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser as follows: 5-6 mm spot, fluence of 125-140 J/cm2 and a pulse duration of 7-10 ms. Standard excision with 5 mm clinical margins was performed at 30 days after laser treatment to evaluate clinical and histologic clearance of BCC. Standardized photographs and adverse assessments were taken at the baseline visit, immediately after laser treatment and on the day of excision. Results Thirty-one subjects completed the study. BCC tumors had a 90% (28 of 31 BCC tumors) histologic clearance rate after one treatment with the long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Treatments were generally well tolerated without any anesthesia. Immediate side effects included edema and erythema. At 1-month follow-up, some patients had residual crusting. No significant adverse events occurred. Conclusion The 1064 nm long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser is an alternative for treating non-facial BCC for those that are poor surgical candidates. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case series of closed head trauma with pituitary stalk disruption resulting in hypopituitarism.

Abstract Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in young trauma patients with resultant multi-organ effects. Hypopituitarism following TBI can be debilitating and life threatening. TBI which causes hypopituitarism may be characterized by a single head injury, such as from a motor vehicle accident, or by chronic repetitive head trauma, as seen in combative supports including boxing, kick-boxing, and football. In the majority of cases, a diagnosis of hypopituitarism can be entirely missed resulting in severe neuro-endocrine dysfunction. We present a case series of two patients diagnosed with hypopituitarism after TBI and treated appropriately with favorable outcome. Case presentations The first case is a 34 year-old male, who presented to the emergency department with blunt head trauma after a motor vehicle accident while riding his bicycle. He suffered from severe cranio-facial injuries, resulting in multifocal hemorrhagic contusions, epidural hematoma, and extensive cranio-facial fractures involving the sinuses. The patient developed persistent hypotension with a blood pressure as low as 60/40 mmHg on hospital day three. The second case is a 56 year-old male with a history of schizophrenia, who suffered traumatic brain injury after he was hit by a train. The patient sustained multiple facial fractures, pneumocephalus and C2/7 transverse processes fractures. He also had persistent hypotension, unresponsive to standard treatment. Investigation revealed a deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones resulting from pituitary axis disruption. Discussion Hypopituitarism is becoming an increasingly recognized complication following TBI, ranging from total to isolated deficiencies. Traumatic Brain Injury is a major public health problem and is one of the leading causes of disability. Understanding and recognizing pituitary dysfunction after TBI can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life. Conclusion Patients with major head injury and, in particular, those with fractures of the base of the skull, must be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of endocrine dysfunction. Appropriate dynamic pituitary-function screening should be performed.
Questions and Answers on The Project Course Panel

There are two general curriculum questions I’d like the panel to discuss. The first one is, where do you put the project? Do you mix it in with existing course work, so that they can be mutually reinforcing, or do you wait until they’ve learned something, and then unleash them on it at the end, which is what you’d be doing if it was a Master’s Thesis Project?
Heterogeneity of estrogen binding sites: relationship to estrogen receptors and estrogen responses.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the significance of the various forms of estrogen binding sites. Estrogen receptors are macromolecules that bind estrogen to form receptor hormone complexes. These complexes are generally involved with the stimulation of cellular growth and metabolism. This concept of steroid hormone action is widely known. Saturation analysis of uterine cytosol over a wide range of [ 3 H] estradiol concentrations reveals a curve for specifically bound [ 3 H] estradiol. Two types of macro molecule exist that bind estrogen in a stereospecific fashion: (1) type I, which has the properties of the classical cytosol estrogen receptor, and (2) type II, which has a lower affinity and a higher capacity for estradiol than type I. Type II sites also differ from type I as they do not undergo translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after an estrogen injection. The implications of the existence of type II sites are far-reaching. Their presence interferes with the measurement of type I sites, producing an overestimate of type I and an incorrect identification of type II as type I.
Crowdsourcing and Translation Quality: Novel Approaches in the Language Industry and Translation Studies

Crowdsourcing involves the outsourcing of processes previously conducted by professionals in structured ways to communities and crowds using innovative workflows in order to achieve the best possible results. This chapter deals with the way in which the notion of quality has been impacted by the crowdsourcing revolution in translation. After defining the scope of what crowdsourcing is in translational contexts, it delves into the impact of crowdsourcing in terms of how the industry and translation studies conceptualise and implement quality. The main issues reviewed will be the consolidation of process-based approaches to guarantee quality, the expansion of the fitness for purpose model, and the distribution of responsibility to different agents that participate in the translation event. The chapter ends with an exploration of novel practices and workflows to guarantee quality inspired both by professional approaches and by MT research in existing crowdsourcing initiatives.
Telemedicine to Manage Sudden Mass Casualty Incidents Remotely

Telemedicine is gaining increasing popularity in recent years as a new approach to assist with patient care in remote locations, where expert physicians may not be available. Today, most medical personnel have cellular phones with cameras capable of transmitting still images and videos to experts all around the world. For these reasons, some advocate the use of telemedicine to manage disasters in remote locations.
Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis: II. Expression of human neutrophil antigens on normal and leukemic marrow cells

The binding of five antineutrophil monoclonal antibodies AHN-1, -2, -3, -7, and -8, to normal and leukemic bone marrow cells was studied. AHN-7 bound to many granulocytic precursors, particularly myelocytes, and both lymphoid and blast cells in normal marrow, and to most but not all granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFC-GM). AHN-8 bound only to late (band and segmented) neutrophilic cells and not to CFC-GM. AHN-1, -2, - 3 bound to morphologically identifiable neutrophil precursors, but not to (day-14) CFC-GM. Approximately half of nonlymphoid leukemia specimens were positive with AHN-1 or AHN-7; by contrast, lymphoid leukemia specimens were rarely positive. AHN-8 was rarely found on leukemic cells. These antineutrophil antibodies appear to detect distinct granulopoietic subsets and may be useful in the analysis of hematologic differentiation and in the subclassification of leukemias.
Testing the Accuracy of Halo Occupation Distribution Modelling using Hydrodynamic Simulations

Halo models provide a simple and computationally inexpensive way to investigate the connection between galaxies and their dark matter haloes. However, these models rely on the assumption that the role of baryons can be easily parametrized in the modelling procedure. We aim to examine the ability of halo occupation distribution (HOD) modelling to reproduce the galaxy clustering found in two different hydrodynamic simulations, Illustris and EAGLE. For each simulation, we measure several galaxy clustering statistics on two different luminosity threshold samples. We then apply a simple five parameter HOD, which was fit to each simulation separately, to the corresponding dark matter only simulations, and measure the same clustering statistics. We find that the halo mass function is shifted to lower masses in the hydrodynamic simulations, resulting in a galaxy number density that is too high when an HOD is applied to the dark matter only simulation. However, the exact way in which baryons alter the mass function is remarkably different in the two simulations. After applying a correction to the halo mass function in each simulation, the HOD is able to accurately reproduce all clustering statistics for the high luminosity sample of galaxies. For the low luminosity sample, we find evidence that in addition to correcting the halo mass function, including spatial, velocity, and assembly bias parameters in the HOD is necessary to accurately reproduce clustering statistics.
Artificial Consciousness and Synthetic Souls

The topic of AI continues in this chapter, this time looking at how we may regard AI as having intelligence, consciousness, and possibly a soul. The notion of an android soul is explored through science fiction series like Caprica and Black Mirror, and raises questions as to whether one is born with a soul, or does a soul develop over time? To explore this line of inquiry, I refer to Gurdjieff and Ouspensky’s work in the field of philosophy, as well as how Indic religions, like Buddhism, have begun to think about AI and consciousness.
Family Meeting Training Curriculum: A Multimedia Approach With Real-Time Experiential Learning for Residents.

Introduction Effective communication skills are widely recognized as an important aspect of medical practice. Several tools and curricula for communications training in medicine have been proposed,...
Freeform metasurface design based on topology optimization

Metasurfaces are thin-film electromagnetic devices with subwavelength-scale geometric structuring. They can be tailored to produce a broad range of optical functions due to the strong relationship between electromagnetic response and geometric shape. An open challenge has been understanding how to produce an ideal metasurface design when presented with a desired electromagnetic response. This article discusses the use of topology optimization as a design platform for high-performance, freeform metasurfaces. Two types of topology optimizers are covered—local gradient-based optimizers that leverage the adjoint variables method, and global population-based optimizers that reframe the optimization process as the training of a generative neural network. It is anticipated that these inverse design concepts will push metasurface performance to the physical limits of structured media and enable new functionalities in electromagnetic systems.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a mediator of the effects of a supergene on social behaviour

Supergenes, or linked groups of alleles that are inherited together, present excellent opportunities to understand gene-behaviour relationships. In white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), a supergene on the second chromosome associates with a more aggressive and less parental phenotype. This supergene includes the gene for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide known to play a causal role in both aggression and parental behaviour. Here, using a free-living population, we compared the levels of VIP mRNA between birds with and without the supergene. We focused on the anterior hypothalamus and infundibular region, two brain regions containing VIP neurons known to play a causal role in aggression and parental behaviour, respectively. First, we show that the supergene enhances VIP expression in the anterior hypothalamus and that expression positively predicts vocal aggression independently of genotype in both sexes. Next, we show that the supergene reduces VIP expression in the infundibular region, which suggests reduced secretion of prolactin, a pro-parental hormone. Thus, the patterns of VIP expression in these two regions are consistent with the enhanced aggression and reduced parental behaviour of birds with the supergene allele. Our results illustrate mechanisms by which elements of genomic architecture, such as supergenes, can contribute to the evolution of alternative behavioural phenotypes.
Speculations on New Directions in Which Angiogenesis May Proceed

Angiogenesis regulation is a function of pro-angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis factors and processes. These include growth factors, cell surface receptors for these factors on blood vessel cells, modulatory crosstalk between growth factor receptors and other cell surface proteins such as integrin αvβ3, and transduction of growth factor signals into a modified angiogenesis process. In this chapter we consider areas of blood vessel growth control in which we can expect new information in the near future.
Crossover between weak antilocalization and weak localization in few-layer W Te 2 : Role of electron-electron interactions

We report electron transport studies in an encapsulated few-layer $\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. The magnetoconductance reveals a temperature-induced crossover between weak antilocalization and weak localization in the quantum diffusive regime. We show that the crossover clearly manifests coexistence and competition among several characteristic lengths, including the dephasing length, the spin-flip length, and the mean free path. In addition, low-temperature conductance increases logarithmically with the increase of temperature indicating an interplay of electron-electron interaction (EEI) and spin-orbit coupling (SOC). We demonstrate the existence and quantify the strengths of EEI and SOC which are considered to be responsible for gap opening in the quantum spin Hall state in $\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ at the monolayer limit.
Abdominal sepsis patients have a high incidence of chronic critical illness with dismal long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background As hospital sepsis mortality has decreased, more surgical ICU survivors are progressing into chronic critical illness (CCI). This study documents the incidence of CCI and long-term outcomes of patients with abdominal sepsis. We hypothesized that patients developing CCI would have biomarker evidence of immune and metabolic derangement, with a high incidence of poor 1-year outcomes. Methods Review of abdominal sepsis patients entered in a prospective longitudinal study of surgical ICU sepsis. Results Of the 144 study patients, only 6% died early, 37% developed CCI (defined as ICU days ≥14 with organ dysfunction) and 57% were classified rapid recovery (RAP). Compared to RAP, CCI patients a) were older (66 vs 58), males who were sicker at baseline (Charlson Comorbidity Index 4 vs 2), b) had persistently elevated biomarkers of dysregulated immunity/metabolism (IL-6, IL-8, sPDL-1, GLP1), c) experienced more secondary infections (4.9 vs 2.3) and organ failure (Denver MOF frequency 40 vs 1%), d) were much more likely to have poor dispositions (85 vs 22%) with severe persistent disabilities by Zubrod Score and e) had a notably higher 1-year mortality of 42% (all p Conclusion Over 1/3rd surgical ICU patients treated for abdominal sepsis progress into CCI and experience dismal long-term outcomes.
The small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 interacts synergistically with flavopiridol to induce mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in human myeloma cells through a free radical- and JNK-dependent mechanism

539 Multiple myeloma represents a generally incurable plasma cell disorder that arises from the dysregulated growth and survival of differentiated plasma cells. Recently, preclinical evidence has been accumulating that multiple myeloma cells are highly sensitive to the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol, leading to Phase II trials of flavopiridol in myeloma and related malignancies. Because flavopiridol induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial dysfunction, the notion that blockade of Bcl-2, which is present at relatively high levels in myeloma cells, might amplify this process appears plausible. To address this issue, interactions between the flavopiridol and the small molecule Bcl-2 antagonist HA14-1 were examined in human multiple myeloma cells. Whereas individual treatment of U266 myeloma cells with 10 μM HA14-1 or 100 nM flavopiridol had little effect, exposure to flavopiridol (6 hr) followed by HA14-1 (18 hr) resulted in a striking increase in apoptosis, accompanied by mitochondrial damage (cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO release; loss of ΔΨm), activation of caspases-9, -8, and –3, as well as diminished clonogenic survival. Similar findings were noted in other myeloma cell lines (e.g., MM.1S) as well as those resistant to dexamethasone (MM.1R). Combined exposure to flavopiridol and HA14-1 triggered a marked increase in ROS generation; moreover, the anti-oxidant L-N-acetylcysteine attenuated this event and apoptosis. The lethality of flavopiridol/HA14-1 was associated with down-regulation of Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, Bid cleavage, mitochondrial translocation of Bax, and diminished association of Bcl-2 with Bax and Bak. Flavopiridol/HA14-1-treated cells also exhibited a marked activation of JNK, a modest activation of p38 MAPK, and down-regulation of cyclin D1. Finally, in contrast to dexamethasone, flavopiridol/HA14-1-induced lethality was unaffected by exogenous IL-6. Together, these findings indicate that flavopiridol and HA14-1 cooperate to trigger oxidant injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase activation, and apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells, and suggest that this approach may warrant further evaluation as an anti-myeloma strategy.
Afterword: Towards a Nation-Conscious Applied Linguistics Practice

The concluding chapter to the volume considers the various stories the earlier chapters tell about how understandings of nation actualize themselves through language and about the consequences of language practices and policies for ideas about nation. The author concludes that promising possibilities exist for language professionals to be agentive in affecting change, but that this change will necessitate explicit critical pedagogical engagement with nationalism and the concept of nation, an engagement she refers to as nation-conscious applied linguistics practice. She examines how nation-conscious applied linguistics practice can support language specialists in countering racism, resisting homogeneity and xenophobia, and critically analyzing their contexts. As she explores implications for teacher education, language policy, and different models of education, she points to a need for applied linguistics to explicitly take on the linkages between nation and race, empire, monolingualism, White settler colonialism, and related concepts.
Public Support for Judicial Philosophies

AbstractWe examine whether the public evaluates Supreme Court nominees on the basis of judicial philosophies when presented with a description of those philosophies. Employing a conjoint experiment...
An Economic Perspective on Fiscal Sustainability of U.S. Water Utilities: What We Know and Think We Know

A key issue facing U.S. water utilities is that while costs are generally fixed and increasing over time, the revenue is typically variable and has generally been decreasing/dampening over time, ma...
A two-layer Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor model of the human and mouse retinas

In the ophthalmic Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor beacon light originates from various depths within the retina. We model the retina of the human and mouse eyes as formed by two backscattering planes, showing that the use of lenslets with low Fresnel number and/or too small search boxes in the centroiding algorithm will produce artifactual aberrations. We evaluate the impact of these errors for four common beacon illumination strategies: full circular, annular, small circular on-axis and small circular off-axis. We find that artifactual aberrations are larger for annular and off-axis beacon illumination, dominated by defocus plus spherical aberration and defocus plus coma, respectively. These artifactual aberrations can be almost completely eliminated by selecting the minimum centroid search box size based on a simple Gaussian optics model and ocular biometry, provided the lenslet Fresnel number is sufficiently large to introduce minimal cross-talk between images of adjacent lenslets.
Association Between Hospital Voluntary Participation, Mandatory Participation, or Nonparticipation in Bundled Payments and Medicare Episodic Spending for Hip and Knee Replacements.

This study uses Medicare claims data to compare spending for hip and joint replacements among hospitals with voluntary vs mandatory participation vs nonparticipation in the Medicare Bundled Payments for Care Improvement program between 2011 and 2017.
New Insights on the Application of Moment Closure Methods to Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

The cumulant-neglect closure method is briefly outlined and subsequently applied to two Duffing systems, one exhibiting a unimodal and the other a bimodal response probability density function. The closure results are compared at stationarity to the exact solution over a broad range of parameters, and some connections are drawn between the accuracy of cumulant-neglect closure and the choice of system parameters. Finally, characteristic equations governing all stationary solutions of the closed system of moments equations are obtained, and the stability of the resulting solutions is ascertained. From this analysis, it is determined whether the closure results are physically consistent; that is, if the stationary closure results can be reached by letting the system evolve from arbitrary initial conditions.
A Note on Nonsense Predictive Regressions Arising from Structural Breaks

In this short note we respond to the argument advanced by Baker, Taliaferro, and Wurgler (2006) that our criticism of the market timing literature is simply a reinterpretation of Stambaugh's (1999) small sample bias. We show analytically how structural breaks in an economic time-series may result in spurious, or nonsense, predictive regressions, whether or not there is any small-sample bias at play. We also provide a simple example showing that the magnitude of this bias could explain the predictive power of certain variables.
Arrangement of the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum

Abstract Silver impregnation of the myenteric plexus of the opossum gut was used to find differences among various regions. In the esophagus, the plexus was sparse and ganglia were spaced irregularly, many being parafascicular. Ganglia were sparse in the striated-muscle region, but more frequent in the smooth-muscle region. In the stomach, uniformly spaced ganglia were large and intrafascicular; ganglia were larger in the distal stomach than in the proximal stomach. The proximal stomach contained thick fascicles, called shunt fascicles, radiating from the lesser to the greater curvatures and bypassing ganglia. A thick nerve bundle encircled the pylorus. In the small intestine, the regularly spaced ganglia were large and intrafascicular. In the cecum, they were small and intrafascicular. In the colon, they were large and intrafascicular. Shunt fascicles, like those of the proximal stomach, extended from the rectum into the distal colon. In the rectum, the plexus was sparse, and ganglia were small and distributed irregularly. Many ganglia were parafascicular. Unique knots of tangled fascicles were frequent in the rectum; these were called labyrinthine nodes. The least densely innervated regions of the gut are the lower esophageal sphincter and the rectum. Major differences in the anatomy of the plexus characterize the different regions of the gut.
Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE): Design of Studies of ß-cell Preservation in Prediabetes and Early Type 2 Diabetes Across the Lifespan

Objective The Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium is testing interventions designed to preserve or improve islet-cell function in prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Research Design and Methods s-cell function is measured using hyperglycemic clamps and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). The adult medication protocol randomizes participants to 12 months of placebo, metformin alone, liraglutide plus metformin or insulin (3 months) followed by metformin (9 months). The pediatric medication protocol randomizes participants to metformin or insulin followed by metformin. The adult surgical protocol randomizes participants to gastric banding or metformin (24 months). Adult medication protocol inclusion criteria include fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 95-125 mg/dl (5.3-6.9 mmol/l), OGTT 2-hour glucose (2hG) ≥140 mg/dl (≥7.8 mmol/l), HbA1c 5.8-7.0% (40-53 mmol/mol), and BMI 25-40 kg/m 2 . Adult surgical protocol criteria are similar, except FPG ≥90 mg/dl (≥5.0 mmol/l), BMI 30-40 kg/m 2 , HbA1c 85%ile and ≤50 kg/m 2 , age 10-19 years, and diabetes Results Primary outcomes are clamp-derived glucose-stimulated C-peptide secretion and maximal C-peptide response to arginine during hyperglycemia. Measurements are made at baseline, after 12 months on-treatment and 3 months after treatment withdrawal (medication protocols) or 24 months post-intervention (surgery protocol). OGTT-derived measures are also obtained at these time points. Conclusions RISE is determining whether medication or surgical intervention strategies can mitigate progressive s-cell dysfunction in adults and youth with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes.
J2EE and .NET: Interoperability with Webservices

The next generation of distributed computing has arrived. Over the past few years, XML has enabled heterogeneous computing environments to share information over the World-Wide Web. It now offers a simplified means by which to share process as well. From a technical perspective, the advent of web services is not a revolution in distributed computing. It is instead a natural evolution of XML application from structured representation of information to structured representation of inter-application messaging. The revolution is in the opportunities this evolution affords. Prior to the advent of web services, enterprise application integration was very difficult due to differences in programming languages and middleware used within organizations. The chances of any two business systems using the same programming language and the same middleware was slim to none, since there has not been a de-facto winner. These ‘component wars’ spelled headaches for integration efforts, and resulted in a plethora of custom adapters, one-off integrations, and integration ‘middlemen’. In short, interoperability was cumbersome and painful. With web services, any application can be integrated so long as it is Internet-enabled. The foundation of web services is XML messaging over standard web protocols such as HTTP. This is a very lightweight communication mechanism that any programming language, middleware, or platform can participate in, easing interoperability greatly. These industry standards enjoy widespread industry acceptance, making them very low-risk technologies for corporations to adopt. With web services, you can integrate two businesses, departments, or applications quickly and cost-effectively.
A 1.2V low leakage low cost 90 nm CMOS wireless technology with a 60 nm transistor gate length

In this paper, we have demonstrated a low-leakage low-cost 90 nm technology with a 60 nm gate length for high performance operation by using 193 nm strong-phase-shift lithography, nitrided gate oxide, aggressively scaled MDD junctions and 6-level Cu/low-k interconnects.
Forward Secure Asynchronous Messaging from Puncturable Encryption

In this paper we investigate new mechanisms for achieving forward secure encryption in store and forward messaging systems such as email and SMS. In a forward secure encryption scheme, a user periodically updates her secret key so that past messages remain confidential in the event that her key is compromised. A primary contribution of our work is to introduce a new form of encryption that we name puncturable encryption. Using a puncturable encryption scheme, recipients may repeatedly update their decryption keys to revoke decryption capability for selected messages, recipients or time periods. Most importantly, this update process does not require the recipients to communicate with or distribute new key material to senders. We show how to combine puncturable encryption with the forward-secure public key encryption proposal of Canetti et al. To achieve practical forward-secure messaging with low overhead. We implement our schemes and provide experimental evidence that the new constructions are practical.
THE Goals and Techniques of BTeV and LHC-B

BTeV and LHC-B are experiments being proposed to study $b$ and $c$ quark decays in hadron-hadron collisions with the aims to look for new phenomena beyond the Standard Model and to measure Standard Model parameters including CKM elements and decay constants. The physics goals, required detection techniques and simulations will be discussed.
Identification and reduction of impurities in SOI wafers using secondary ion mass spectrometry and implantation-induced gettering

Summary form only given. The authors have investigated secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) relative sensitivity factors, detection limits, and interferences for the detection and determination of the densities of various impurities in SOI wafers (H, C, N O, Na, Al, K, Ti Ti, Cr, Mn Fe, and Cu) using both oxygen and Cs SIMS, with both positive and negative spectrometry. They have used implantation studies of rare isotopes as well as common isotopes and high mass resolution SIMS to sort out interference issues and to determine detection limits. Ion yields and relative sputtering rates were determined in the Si and SIO/sub 2/ SOI layers. More than 60 SOI structures, including devices, from various sources and annealed at various temperatures have been examined. The gettering action of C, P, and Ge ion implantation into SIMOX wafers, subsequently annealed at 1300 or 1350 degrees C), has also been studied. Significant redistribution (gettering) of Cu into the implanted region has been observed. >
Fungi in Low-contamination Occupational Environments

Abstract Indoor occupational environments with low fungal contamination are offices, schools, day care centers, hospitals and other institutions, shops, museums, and recreational facilities. Their fungal contamination comes from outdoor air and from intramural sources. Concentrations of airborne viable fungi in those indoor environments usually vary between 100 and 103 cfu/m3. Health risks related to such low concentrations of fungi are not known well enough to allow the setting of health-based numerical guideline values for indoor environmental quality. Aspects of fungal measurements are discussed from the point of low contamination levels. Public health-related environmental investigations are needed for recognition of harmful contamination. Hospitals are a specific group of buildings that need tailored procedures and techniques to maintain sufficient environmental hygiene. All kinds of buildings may have fungal problems owing to dampness or moisture accumulation and subsequent mold growth. Experience from various regions of the world has taught that basic principles of action are very similar in recognition and remediation of mold problems but in each region, these principles must be applied to the local conditions.
Designing for Cost Using Genetic Algorithms

Abstract This paper describes an approach used for a cost and weight optimization study of a reusable launch vehicle. Different material and technology options are studied to optimize vehicle design, development, test and evaluation cost. The focus is on the development of a rapid multidisciplinary analysis and evaluation-on-a-cost-basis capability for technology selection.
Limited topographic specificity in the targeting and branching of mammalian retinal axons

We have studied in rats the topographic targeting of retinocollicular axons anterogradely labeled by focal retinal injections of the axon tracer DiI. We find that developing retinal axons widely mistarget along both the medial-lateral and the rostral-caudal axes of the superior colliculus (SC). In neonatal rats, labeled axons originating from injection sites in the temporal periphery covering less than 1% of the retina grow over most of the contralateral SC, suggesting that the growth cones of many axons initially fail to recognize their appropriate target region at the rostral SC border. Some of these axons correct their targeting errors and are retained; most do not and are eliminated. In neonates, peripheral nasal axons transiently develop branches throughout the SC. Branches formed by nasal axons are later restricted to a discrete terminal zone at the topographically appropriate, caudal SC border. At the neonatal stage, injections in temporal or nasal retina do result in a zone of increased labeling in the topographically correct region of the SC, but this zone is considerably larger than that labeled by a similar injection at a later stage. Thus, although the early projection is very diffuse, there is some bias for the correct region of the SC. Our findings indicate that in rats, developing retinal axons show only a limited specificity in their topographic targeting and branching. We conclude that mechanisms in addition to directed axon growth are required to establish the order characteristic of mature mammalian retinal projections.
Emergence of three-dimensional separation over a suddenly started prolate spheroid at incidence

By using a recently developed Eulerian program, the process toward three-dimensional separation is investigated through a numerical study of the laminar boundary layer over an impulsively started prolate spheroid. Details of the displacement-velocity distribution as well as the streamlines pattern near separation are examined and discussed. From the Langrangian viewpoint, separation shows up, physically, as an abrupt eruption of a certain fluid packet that becomes deformed into one with zero thickness in the streamwise direction
Relative risk of mesothelioma among railroad machinists exposed to chrysotile

This study challenges the assertion of low relative risk of chrysotile in the causation of mesothelioma. Data are provided on the time period use of various types of asbestos in the United States and in insulation materials. The focus of the study is on mesothelioma among railroad machinists employed in the steam locomotive era who were exposed to chrysotile. Within a cohort of machinists alive January 1, 1945, a sub-cohort method was applied to all successive machinists hired in each of the respective years (1920-1929) followed through 1986. The total cohort was 181 and the number of deaths 156, with 14 mesotheliomas identified among 41 cancer deaths. The findings demonstrated an extremely high relative risk for machinists exposed to chrysotile for the induction of mesothelioma in the individual year of hire cohorts. A similar observation was noted for other crafts hired in the same time period. One mesothelioma occurred for every 13 machinists hired in the succeeding years (1920-1929) and constituted 34% of all cancer deaths. It is concluded that chrysotile is far more hazardous in the induction of mesotheliomas and that the asbestos cancer risk in the steam locomotive eras was much higher than had been previously estimated.