cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of penetration of a liquid injectant into a supersonic flow.

Abstract : The paper reports a study of normal and lateral spray penetration for small diameter, high pressure, liquid jets issuing at an angle to a uniform supersonic stream. The experimental program described was carried out in a 4-in. by 4-in. blow down supersonic wind tunnel. The flow field is observed by means of a schlieren system, and the spray distribution is indicated by the light scattered by the liquid droplets. The data on normal penetration, in good agreement with data inferred from other investigations, indicate that a single-parameter correlation exists between the properly nondimensionalized penetration height and the injection pressure ratio. Injecting the coolant at a forward angle to the flow produces no substantial change in the penetration height. The data on lateral penetration show the spray width behind the jet to be proportional to the jet diameter with only a weak dependence on the injection pressure ratio. Analytical models proposed by previous investigators are critically examined in light of the results. No single model leads to a proper scaling law for both normal and lateral penetration. (Author)
Intestinal microbiota and its functions

Abstract The digestive tract harbours the largest and most complex microbial community of the human body, the intestinal microbiota, including about 800 different bacteria species. The distribution of this microflora is uneven, with highest concentrations in the colon. Bacterial colonization of human gut by environmental microbes, beginning immediately after birth, becomes more complex with increasing age, with a high degree of variability among human individuals. The gastrointestinal tract is the main site where environmental microorganisms and antigens interact with the host, through intensive cross-talks. Gut microbiota is essential for intestinal development, homeostasis and protection against pathogenic challenge; moreover, gut microbes are involved in metabolic reactions, with harvest of energy ingested but not digested by the host; they have also trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium, by favouring the development of intestinal microvilli, and play a fundamental role in the maturation of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses.
Hemodialysis May not Induce Lipid Peroxidation 60

Background: Children with end-stage renal failure(ESRF) are prone to premature atherosclerosis and cancer. The importance of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in the pathogenesis of these complications has recently been emphasized.
Synthesis of conformationally constrained diaminodicarboxylic acid derivatives

Functionally protected forms of three conformationally constrained diaminodicarboxylic acids were synthesized and characterized. 2,2′-Diaminospiro[3.3]heptane-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid, an analogue of diaminopimelic acid, was prepared in racemic form and the structure established by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the methyl ester hydrochloride. trans-1,4-Diaminocyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid was prepared and its structure established by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the corresponding Cbz-protected ethyl ester. cis- and trans-2,6-diamino-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene-2,6-dicarboxylic acids were synthesized and the structures assigned by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the corresponding Boc-protected ethyl ester and Cbz-protected ethyl ester, respectively.
Prospects for high-resolution electron energy-loss experiments with the scanning transmission electron microscope

Abstract A brief description of a Wien filter energy-loss spectrometer design for the STEM is given. The performance limit of the device is about 80 meV resolution at 1 mrad semi-angle. At a 12.5 mrad semi-angle referred to the specimen, the total system delivers 0.35 eV resolution, limited mainly by the field emission tunneling width. Various experimental results are compared to results from other spectrometers.
Sexual dimorphism in the activation of neutrophils by shock mesenteric lymph.

Background: After trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS), inflammatory products exit the gut via mesenteric lymph. These products can prime neutrophils (PMN) and predispose to lung injury. Female gender a...
Combining Acute Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Mean Transmit Time Lesion Volumes With National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score Improves the Prediction of Acute Stroke Outcome

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and mean transit time (MTT) lesion volumes and presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) can identify patients with acute ischemic stroke who will have a high probability of good and poor outcomes. Methods— Fifty-four patients with acute ischemic stroke who had MRI within 9 hours of symptom onset and 3-month follow-up with modified Rankin scale were evaluated. Acute DWI and MTT lesion volumes and baseline NIHSS scores were calculated. Clinical outcomes were considered good if the modified Rankin Scale was 0 to 2. Results— The 33 of 54 (61%) patients with good outcomes had significantly smaller DWI lesion volumes ( P =0.0001), smaller MTT lesion volumes ( P P 72 mL (13 of 54) and an NIHSS score >20 (6 of 54) had poor outcomes. All patients with an MTT volume of P =0.01). Conclusions— Combining quantitative DWI and MTT with NIHSS predicts good and poor outcomes with high probability and is superior to NIHSS alone.
Reaction Propagation of Four Nanoscale Energetic Composites (Al/MoO3, Al/WO3, Al/CuO, and B12O3)

Nanoscale composite energetics (also known as metastable intermolecular composites) represent an exciting new class of energetic materials. Nanoscale thermites are examples of these materials. The nanoscale thermites studied consist of a metal and metal oxide with particle sizes in the 30-200 nm range. They have potential for use in a wide range of applications. The modes of combustion and reaction behavior of these materials are not yet well understood. This investigation considers four different nanoaluminum/metal-oxide composites. The same nanoscale aluminum was used for each composite. The metal oxides used were molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), and bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ). The reaction performance was quantified by the pressure output and propagation velocity using unconfined (or open burn) and confined (burn tube) experiments. We examine the optimization of each composite in terms of pressure output and propagaton speed (or burn rate) for the open burn experiment. We find that there is a correlation between the maximum pressure output and optimum propagation speed (or burn rate). Equilibrium calculations are used to interpret these results. We find that the propagation speed depends on the gas production and also on the thermodynamic state of the products. This suggests that condensing gases or solidifying liquids could greatly enhance heat transfer. We also vary the density of these composites and examine the change in performance. Although the propagation wave is likely supersonic with respect to the mixture sound speed, the propagation speed decreases with density. This behavior is opposite of classical detonation in which propagation (detonation) speed increases with density. This result indicates that the propagation mechanism may differ fundamentally from classical detonations.
Induced superconductivity in InAs quantum wells with superconducting contacts

Abstract Modulation-doped InAs quantum wells with AlSb barriers and superconducting Nb electrodes form a model system for semiconductor-coupled superconducting weak links in the ballistic (‘clean’) limit. A tutorial outline of their general physics is presented, followed by a discussion of selected properties of monolithic series arrays of such links, especially the puzzling temperature dependence of their current–voltage characteristics.
Affiliative and submissive communication in rhesus macaques

This study analyzed the occurrence of selected facial expressions, gestures, and postures, in relation to sex and rank of sender and receiver, context, and responses elicited in a large multi-male multi-female group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in captivity. The group was observed for 100 hr during the mating and the birth season. Data were collected with the behavior sampling method. The bared-teeth display and the hindquarter presentation were the most prominent signals in the rhesus submissive and affiliative repertoire. Both signals were primarily displayed in response to aggression and approaches; bared-teeth in response to approaches from the front, presentation in response to approaches from the rear. Lip-smack had a submissive component like baredteeth and presentation but was more likely to be displayed by approaching individuals and followed by affiliation than these behaviors. The distribution of hip-touch and mount was different from that of bared-teeth, presentation, and lip-smack, these behaviors mostly occurring between males, irrespective of their dominance rank. Other infrequent signals and behavioral sequences were limited to specific male-female and mother-infant interactions.
Perinatal morbidity after in vitro fertilization is lower with frozen embryo transfer

Objective To study the association of perinatal outcome and IVF transfer type in a group of infertility patients with standardized treatment and similar prognosis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based infertility center, January 1998 to June 2006. Patient(s) Two hundred eighteen IVF pregnancies after fresh embryo transfer (ET); 122 IVF pregnancies after frozen ET. Intervention(s) Assessment of perinatal outcome in fresh versus frozen ET pregnancies. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy outcomes after fresh versus frozen embryo transfer (ET). Primary outcome was a composite of three events: preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, or low birth weight. Secondary outcomes were subtypes of pregnancy loss. Associations were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Result(s) The final sample included 340 pregnancies: 218 fresh and 122 frozen ETs. Singleton pregnancy was less likely after transfer of fresh embryos (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.67), and pregnancies after fresh ET were more likely to end in first-trimester loss (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.05–3.13). Composite adverse outcome after transfer of fresh (44.0%) versus frozen (32.6%) embryos was higher (OR 1.52, 95% CI 0.90–2.56) and was strongly associated with twin gestation (OR 23.82, 95% CI 11.16–50.82). Conclusion(s) Perinatal morbidity is higher in IVF pregnancies conceived after a fresh ET compared with a frozen ET. Although some differences are related to conception with twin gestations, these findings suggest that adverse outcomes may be related to differences in IVF procedures.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and Phenolic Compounds on Horseradish Peroxidase-Catalyzed Decolorization of Betalain Pigments

The effect of hydrogen peroxide and phenolic compounds on the decolorization of betanin and a betaxanthin preparation by horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was examined. Betanin was decolorized at a greater rate than the betaxanthm pigments and both reactions were H2O2-dependent. Betaxanthin was more prone to oxidatic decolorization than betanin. 2,4-Dichlorophenol, resorcinol and o-toluidine stimulated the decolorization of both pigments. Guaiacol enhanced the peroxidatic decolorization of both pigments to a small extent, but inhibited the oxidatic breakdown of betaxanthin. Possible implications of these results are discussed.
Volunteers and Their Communities: A Comparative Analysis of Volunteer Fire Fighters:

This article explores the multijaceted relationship between volunteer fire companies and their communities by examining a broad range of socioeconomic characteristics of volunteer fire fighters and general residents in rural New York State. The two data sets are generated by the author's survey instrument and the U.S. Census of Population and Housing. The personal attributes and their statistical significance are examined empirically, and the implications of this research for particular aspects of the fire fighters' relationship to their fellow citizens arc discussed.
Characterization of a western North American carnivore community using PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b obtained from fecal samples

We developed a simple and reliable method to identify carnivore scats to species using PCR and RFLP of a portion of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene, which works for seven of the most common carnivores in western North America. We identified a short (196 bp) polymorphic region of cytochrome b which would be easily amplifiable even from degraded DNA, developed a primer set, and isolated a set of three restriction enzymes (HpaII, DdeI, HpyCH4V) that would identify the seven target species. In order to test whether this protocol would effectively iden- tify scats obtained in the field we collected 243 carnivore scats from 12 sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Eighty five percent (206) of our samples successfully amplified and were subsequently identified to species using our RFLP protocol. We selected 108 of these samples to sequence; our species identifications based on sequencing were identical to those obtained using our PCR-RFLP method. Our PCR-RFLP method is a simple and efficient means to identify carnivore scats to species, eliminating the need for sequencing, which is costly and requires more laboratory equipment. The technique can also be modified depending on the species present at a particular site. It allows for rapid and noninvasive assessment of multiple carnivore taxa and is particularly useful for surveying populations across many sites.
Benchmarking the War Against Global Warming

We analyzed the HadCRUT3 reconstruction of the instrumental global temperature record for 1850 through 2008 to decompose thirty-year temperature trends into signal and noise components. The signal ...
Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in parents of children with autistic disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Structural and functional abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, have been described in people with autism. The authors hypothesized that parents of children with a diagnosis of autistic disorder would show similar changes in these structures. METHOD: Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in 17 biological parents of children with a diagnosis of DSM-IV autistic disorder. The scans were compared with scans from 15 adults with autistic disorder and 17 age-matched comparison subjects with no personal or familial history of autism. The volumes of the hippocampus, amygdala, and total brain were measured in all participants. RESULTS: The volume of the left hippocampus was larger in both the parents of children with autistic disorder and the adults with autistic disorder, relative to the comparison subjects. The hippocampus was significantly larger in the adults with autistic disorder than in the parents of children with autistic disorder. The le...
Time-Varying Risk of Disaster, Time-Varying Risk Premia, and Macroeconomic Dynamics

In order to develop a model that …ts both business cycles and asset pricing facts, this paper introduces a small, time-varying risk of economic disaster in an otherwise standard real business cycle model. This simple feature can generate large and volatile risk premia. Under some conditions, the risk of disaster does not aect the path of macroeconomic aggregates, but in general it does: there is no "separation theorem"between quantities and prices (unlike Tallarini (2000)). An increase in the perceived probability of disaster can lead to a collapse of investment and a recession, with no current or future change in productivity. This model thus allows to analyze the eect of "time- varying beliefs"or "time-varying risk aversion"on the macroeconomy. Interestingly, this model is (at least qualitatively) consistent with the well-known facts that the stock market, the yield curve, and the short rate predict GDP growth, facts which are di¢ cult to replicate in a standard model.
Prioritizing genes for X-linked diseases using population exome data

Many new disease genes can be identified through high-throughput sequencing. Yet, variant interpretation for the large amounts of genomic data remains a challenge given variation of uncertain significance and genes that lack disease annotation. As clinically significant disease genes may be subject to negative selection, we developed a prediction method that measures paucity of non-synonymous variation in the human population to infer gene-based pathogenicity. Integrating human exome data of over 6000 individuals from the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, we tested the utility of the prediction method based on the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) on X-chromosome genes. A low dN/dS ratio characterized genes associated with childhood disease and outcome. Furthermore, we identify new candidates for diseases with early mortality and demonstrate intragenic localized patterns of variants that suggest pathogenic hotspots. Our results suggest that intrahuman substitution analysis is a valuable tool to help prioritize novel disease genes in sequence interpretation.
Organizational Narcissism and Virtuous Behavior

Extreme narcissistic organizations are unable to behave ethically because they lack a moral identity. While such organizations are not necessarily unethical intentionally, they become self-obsessed and use a sense of entitlement, self-aggrandizement, denial, and rationalizations to justify anything they do. Extreme narcissistic organizations might develop formal ethics programs, but such programs will have little effect on behavior.
Timing of protooncogene expression varies in toxin‐induced liver regeneration

Hepatic expression of the protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc occurs within 2 h after partial hepatectomy, and these immediate early genes are thought to prime the hepatocytes for subsequent proliferation. To examine whether such gene activation occurred in the setting of hepatocyte proliferation after toxic liver injury, protooncogene expression was examined during the regenerative response following liver injury from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or galactosamine (GalN). The pattern of protooncogene expression after CCl4 mirrored that seen after partial hepatectomy, with rises in c-fos and c-myc mRNA content within 2 h, and then a rapid return to baseline levels. In contrast, early c-fos and c-myc expression did not occur after GalN injury. Instead GalN-induced regeneration led to a delayed, and prolonged c-fos and c-myc activation which peaked 24-48 h after injury. Increases in c-jun, jun-B, and jun-D mRNA levels also occurred in both models at times similar to the rises of c-fos and c-myc expression. Although the timing of DNA synthesis was identical after GalN or CCl4 treatment, the proliferative response after GalN injury was significantly less than that of CCl4, and marked by the histologic appearance of oval cells. The coadministration of 2-acetylaminofluorene, an inhibitor of differentiated hepatocyte proliferation, together with CCl4 altered the usual pattern of post-CCl4 protooncogene expression to one resembling that seen after GalN injury. Thus, the timing of protooncogene expression during liver regeneration may vary considerably. These variations may influence the nature of the proliferative response in terms of which cell type(s) proliferates, and the amount of regeneration that ensues.
Leucokinin activates Ca2+-dependent signal pathway in principal cells of Aedes aegyptiMalpighian tubules

The role of Ca2+ in mediating the diuretic effects of leucokinin-VIII was studied in isolated perfused Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Peritubular leucokinin-VIII (1...
Curriculum as a Consciousness of Possibilities

A review of“Curriculum and consciousness”(Greene, M. 1971. Teachers College Record, 73(2), 253–269.Reprinted in Pinar, W. F., Ed. 1975. Curriculum theorizing: The reconceptualists, pp. 299–317. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.)
Skills of the Trade: The Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry

The Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry (www.cearegistry.org) is a publicly available comprehensive database of cost-utility analyses of health interventions published in the peer-reviewed medical and public health literature. This article discusses the database structure, methodology of data extraction, current trends in cost-utility analyses and impact of the Registry.
Experimental Studies of Ageing in Electrolytic Capacitors

Understanding the ageing mechanisms of electronic components critical avionics systems such as the GPS and INAV are of critical importance. Electrolytic capacitors and MOSFET’s have higher failure rates among the components of DC-DC power converter systems. Our current work focuses on analyzing and modeling electrolytic capacitor degradation and its effects on the output of DC-DC converter systems. The output degradation is typically measured by an increase in ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) and decrease in the capacitance value over long periods of use even under nominal operating conditions. Typically the primary effect of degradation is increased ripple current and this has adverse effects on downstream components. For example, in avionics systems where the power supply drives a GPS unit, ripple currents can cause glitches in the GPS position and velocity output, and this may cause errors in the Inertial Navigation (INAV) system, causing the aircraft to fly off course. In this paper, we present the details of our ageing methodology along with details of experiments and analysis of the results.
Robotic microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy: a prospective randomized study in a rat model.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy remain technically challenging procedures. Refinements in technique have continually improved patency and pregnancy rates for the 2 procedures in experienced hands. Advances in surgical robotics produced the Da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, California) with motion reduction and no tremor, features that may improve outcomes in microsurgery. We report a randomized prospective study of vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy using the Da Vinci robot in rats.Materials and Methods: A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats underwent vasectomy through a midline abdominal incision. Two weeks later the animals were randomized to microsurgical multilayer vasovasostomy, longitudinal vasoepididymostomy or robotic vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy groups. Outcomes measured included surgical time, complications, patency and sperm granuloma formation at 9 weeks.Results: Animals were sacrificed 9 weeks after microsurgery. There were no si...
Freedom, Constraint, and Family Responsibility Teens and Parents Collaboratively Negotiate Around the Car, Class, Gender, and Culture

This article examines kids' talk about cars, exploring what their talk reveals about the dynamics of family life among families with teenagers. 1Using indepth and focus group interviews with teens, this article identifies how the car serves as cultural object around which parents and kids collaboratively negotiate both kids' autonomy from the world of family and their increasing responsibility to family that usually follows learning to drive. Highlighting the accounts of teens, this article identifies the central role of gender, class, and culture as parents and their young adult children collaboratively negotiate around the car. This analysis sets these family negotiations within the context of broader economic and social shifts often associated with “the new global economy,” including changing demands of work, mounting economic pressures for American families, and the eclipsing of family members' free time.
Introduction: the historical legacy of suburbs in South Asia

The edges of Indian cities have become nebulous, their morphology uncertain. They appear to extend for miles in Mumbai and Kolkata as an ‘assorted chaos’ of middle-class residences, slums and bazaars, blurring into smaller provincial towns. The latter seem to distinguish themselves through the sameness of their ‘taste for strident politics, violent films, ostentatious architecture, lewd music, rumour-mongering newspapers and overcooked food’. The stretch between Delhi and Gurgaon is a series of real estate fictions of spurious capital and inadequate infrastructure. Spurred by the liberalization of the economy in the early 1990s and supported by state policies that have lifted many of the restrictions on rent and land use, the structural transformation of Indian metropolises manifests itself on the edges of the city as a struggle between vast slums and corporate developers’ vision of up-scale real estate, between landscapes of rice and wheat fields and expanding airports and golfing greens.
A thermally-aware methodology for design-specific optimization of supply and threshold voltages in nanometer scale ICs

As CMOS technology scales deeper into the nanometer regime, factors such as leakage power and chip temperature emerge as critically important concerns for VLSI design. This paper, for the first time, proposes a systematic methodology to determine a generalized design metric for simultaneously optimizing power and performance in nanometer-scale integrated circuits to achieve design-specific targets while incorporating electrothermal effects. This methodology is shown to provide a more meaningful basis to compare different design choices. The implications of technology scaling and parameter variations on this thermally-aware methodology are also presented.
Specification of the germ line

In C. elegans, the germ line is set apart from the soma early in embryogenesis. Several important themes have emerged in specifying and guiding the development of the nascent germ line. At early stages, the germline blastomeres are maintained in a transcriptionally silent state by the transcriptional repressor PIE-1. When this silencing is lifted, it is postulated that correct patterns of germline gene expression are controlled, at least in part, by MES-mediated regulation of chromatin state. Accompanying transcriptional regulation by PIE-1 and the MES proteins, RNA metabolism in germ cells is likely to be regulated by perinuclear RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules, termed P granules. This chapter discusses the molecular nature and possible roles of these various germline regulators, and describes a recently discovered mechanism to protect somatic cells from following a germline fate. 1. Overview
Issues in Bilingual/Multicultural Special Education

Abstract Minority group children are over-represented in special education classes in comparison to their percentage of the total population. It is apparent that for this group, the goal of receiving an equal and appropriate education may not be achieved because programs for many bilingual/multicultural exceptional children are inadequate and underdeveloped. Furthermore, there do not exist trained personnel capable of dealing with the diverse educational needs of this group.
Richard Mead: One for the ages

Richard Mead (1673–1754) was an important figure in the development of medical science and toxicology. He wrote the first book in the English Language solely devoted to poisons, was an advocate for evidence-based medicine, advanced the social role of physicians in serving the poor and disadvantaged, supported the wider medical and scientific communities, and serves as a life role model for any age.
Nucleoside analog-based phosphonates via photochemical, single electron transfer (SET) induced rearrangements of allyl phosphites

Abstract The photochemical SET rearrangement of nucleoside analog-based phosphites 12 and 13 , initiated by the singlet excited state of DCN, affords the corresponding diethyl phosphonates 14 and 15 . Deprotection of 15 gives phosphonate 16 . Treatment of 14 – 16 with base yields the vinylphosphonates 17–19 as the ( E )- and ( Z )-diastereomers.
The molecular basis of disease resistance in rice

The rice gene Xa21 conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), was isolated using a map-based cloning strategy. Compared with previously cloned genes, the structure of Xa21 represents a novel class of plant disease R genes encoding a putative receptor kinase (RK). This article proposes a model for the mode of action of Xa21 and summarizes our current knowledge of the modular basis of resistance in rice to bacterial leaf blight and blast.
Management programs and crop rotations influence populations of annual grass weeds and yellow nutsedge

Abstract The effects of several crop rotations and herbicide programs on populations of goosegrass, stinkgrass, large crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, fall panicum, and yellow nutsedge were investigated at two sites from 1991 to 1994. Crop rotations were continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn–soybean, and corn–tomato–soybean. Herbicide programs were the split-plots and included continuous use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides, continuous use of non–ALS-inhibitor herbicides, annual rotations between ALS- and non–ALS-inhibitor herbicides, combinations of ALS- and non–ALS-inhibitor herbicides in the same year, and no herbicide. Grass and yellow nutsedge densities generally were affected by an interaction between crop rotations and herbicide programs by 1994. Goosegrass densities in 1994 were highest from the continuous use of ALS-inhibitor herbicides in the corn–tomato–soybean rotation and were generally high in 1994 in the continuous corn and corn–tomato–soybean rotations. Stinkgrass densit...
The Poetry of Life between Construction and Deconstruction

In the beginning there was the word which initiated becoming through a unilateral act. It does not say “at” the beginning because that would imply a “during,” indicating a different centrality with a different focus on authority and the nature of the creative process. The “in the beginning” sets the mysterious absolute from which the poetry of life in our tradition has sprung.
Spectroscopic studies of upconverting chelates

We are investigating the spectroscopy of the new type of reporter for biomedical diagnostics called upconverting chelates. These compounds do not photobleach, have narrow emission bands, and are not affected by autofluorescence.
States Behaving Badly: Sovereign Veil Piercing in the Yukos Affair

In July 2014, former shareholders in the now-defunct Yukos oil company won a historic $50 billion arbitration award against Russia. So far Moscow has shown no desire to comply voluntarily. The widespread embrace of the restrictive view of sovereign immunity and multilateral conventions on enforcement of arbitral awards should, in theory, make it easier for the award winners to collect their spoils in domestic courts all over the globe. Despite that, recalcitrant sovereign debtors remain able to stymie efforts to execute against state assets, and thus leave some litigants with a right but not a remedy. This Article details the how the Yukos shareholders may try to pry precious assets away from the Russian government and ultimately concludes that they are unlikely to come close to satisfying their record arbitral award. Therefore, this Article suggests courts recognize sovereignty as the legal fiction it is, which, hopefully, will empower judges to “pierce the sovereignty veil” and hold states like Russia to account.
MicroRNA-100 targets IGF1R and regulates migration in a breast cancer model of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Abstract. Luminal breast tumors typically have a lower risk of metastasis due to the epithelial nature of the cells. Strong adhesion between epithelial cancer cells lowers their motility, migration rate, and invasive potential. Despite the nature of epithelial breast tumors, they may still undergo metastasis, which is thought to be initiated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a process through which epithelial cells acquire the phenotype of mesenchymal cells, which have enhanced invasive potential in cancer. MicroRNAs, small regulatory RNAs that inhibit gene expression, play a role in the regulation of EMT. This study demonstrates that microRNA-100 (miR-100) is upregulated in mesenchymal breast cancer cells (MCF-7M) versus epithelial breast cancer cells (MCF-7) via a mammosphere-induced EMT. MiR-100 may play a role in EMT by targeting the insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Inhibition of miR-100 in MCF-7M cells significantly increased endogenous IGF1R expression. IGF1R has been ...
The Mechanical Behavior of Normal and Osteoporotic Bone: the Effects of Cemented and Noncemented Hemiarthroplasty in Dogs

The loss of bone mass and consequently bone strength in persons aged forty and beyond is a continuing problem to the orthopaedic community. This progressive loss has been documented by various means such as radiographs, autopsy materials, CAT scans, and single or dual photon absorptiometrv. Orthopaedic problems arising from osteoporosis include fractures of the lumbar spine, distal radius and the femoral neck. Likewise, this age group represents the fraction of the population that will require prosthetic replacement of a joint. Unfortunately, little information is available concerning the mechanical properties of osteoporotic bones and its interaction with prosthetic devices.
Effects of slash pine phloem nutrition on the reproductive performance of Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The density of eggs laid per centimeter of gallery by laboratory-reared Ips calligraphus (Germar) females was determined following introduction into thin phloem bolts cut from 25-yr-old slash pine, pinus elliotii Engelm. var. elliottii , that had been fertilized at the time of planting with a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or phosphorus alone. Egg density was negatively correlated with female pronotal width (size) and positively correlated with the phloem phosphorus concentration. These two variables explained 64% of the variation in egg density. It is hypothesized that altering egg density in response to varying phloem nutrition represents a resource partitioning mechanism that reduces larval competition. These results also suggest that excessive phosphorus fertilization of slash pine on the Coastal Plain soils could contribute to a build-up in the beetle population without the added benefits of stand growth.
A New Phototropic Apparatus

An apparatus recently devised for use in connection with certain phototropic experiments on the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., relative to the value of color and light.
Onyx embolization of extradural spinal arteriovenous malformations with intradural venous drainage.

BACKGROUND: Extradural arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are uncommon vascular malformations of the spine. They are characterized by an arteriovenous communication (localized in the paraspinal soft tissues and the epidural venous plexus) that may have retrograde intradural venous drainage. Surgical treatment of extradural AVMs can be challenging because of the common location ventral to the dural sac and the presence of arterialized venous lakes. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of embolization with a liquid embolic material (Onyx; ev3 Inc, Irvine, California) in 7 consecutive patients with extradural spinal AVMs and intradural venous drainage. METHODS: We retrospectively collected information regarding patient characteristics, clinical presentation, symptom duration, diagnostic imaging, treatment, complications, and clinical and radiological follow-up. RESULTS: Patients were 5 men and 2 women (mean age, 66 years; range, 45-76 years). Symptom duration varied from 2 months to 6 years. Six patients underwent embolization of the AVM as the primary treatment; 1 patient was treated after attempted surgery. Complete obliteration was demonstrated in each patient on completion angiography and was confirmed during follow-up in 6. Three patients had resolution of their preembolization symptoms. Three patients had improvement but not complete resolution of their motor deficits. In 1 patient, the AVM was an incidental finding during an investigation for chronic low-back pain; symptoms were not thought to be related to the AVM, and symptoms were not ameliorated by successful embolization. CONCLUSION: Our early experience with these uncommon lesions suggests that Onyx embolization is a valuable and effective strategy for extradural spinal AVMs and intradural venous drainage.
Interventions to improve blood pressure control in patients with hypertension.

One large study of adults with hypertension showed that a rigorous, systematic program including regular patient review and aggressive antihypertensive drug therapy improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure and reduced all-cause mortality (7.8 to 6.4 percent at five years; number needed to treat = 71). A pooled analysis of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on organizational interventions to improve care showed heterogeneous results. Self-monitoring of blood pressure, educational interventions directed at the patient or health professional, health professional-led care, and appointment reminder systems each had variable and clinically insignificant effects on blood pressure control. Educational interventions alone were unlikely to produce clinically important reductions in blood pressure.
Movement during sleep: associations with posttraumatic stress disorder, nightmares, and comorbid panic disorder.

Study Objectives: To corroborate findings from the National Comorbidy study with objective sleep data. Design: Retrospective data review. Setting: Sleep Laboratory, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Participants: Male Vietnam combat veteran. Interventions: N/A Measurements and Results: We reanalyzed laboratory sleep data obtained from subjects undergoing inpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Comorbid panic disorder was not associated with a significant worsening of objective sleep in this sample. Posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid panic disorder, and trauma-related nightmare complaint were all associated with significant and systematic reductions of sleep movement time. Analyses of potential rescoring artifacts provided further support for this effect. Conclusions: A curvilinear function may describe the relationship between anxiety symptom severity and sleep-movement time in both posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder. Evidence for movement suppression in association with pathologic levels of human anxiety is consistent with the suppression of movement (freezing) exhibited by animals under conditions of perceived threat.
A Proposal for Accommodating the Interests of Archipelagic and Maritime States

Traditional law of the sea terminology, customary law, and codified international law were designed to deal with continental masses, not with groups of mid-ocean islands. Therefore, should archipelagic states endeavor to secure the same access to minerals, fisheries and continental shelf areas which is currently enjoyed by mainland nations, it is unlikely that the application of traditional concepts will produce results which can be justified to the international community as a whole.Under general principles of international law, the imposition of unilateral restrictions on the freedom of the high seas is permitted only upon the satisfaction of two tests. First, the state action must be reasonably adapted to a lawful primary purpose. Second, the action must not interfere with freedom of navigation, access to ocean resources or any other freedom enumerated in Article 2 of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas. Measured against these criteria, an archipelagic state's unilateral adoption of the "one-unit" principle in effect imposes a blockade and could provoke resistance, forcible measures and possible war.This article will discuss the problem of delimiting the territorial waters and economic resource zones of mid-ocean archipelagos and archipelagic states. By focusing on the necessity for accommodating the conflicting and overlapping interests of the international community, the article will suggest that misguiding traditional legal concepts be largely abandoned in favor of a functional resolution. It is submitted that traditional law of the sea terminology lacks the flexibility necessary to cope with the conflicting interests of archipelagic and maritime states.
Interaction of ouabain and cassaine with Na+ + K+ — ATPase and its relationship to their inotropic actions

Sodium — potassium — activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase E.C. 3.6.1.3) is a membrane-bound enzyme which is thought to be closely related to, if not identical with, the sodium pump activity of cell membranes. In vivo, this enzyme pumps sodium out of and potassium into the cell and it has therefore, during its transport cycle, access to both sides of the cell membrane (Post et al. 1969). The transport function of Na+ + K+ — ATPase is required for volume control in the cell, but it also subserves many other cellular functions (Post, 1968).
Time for MADIT-VAD?: ICDs Among LVAD Patients.

No abstract available Keywords: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; left ventricular assist device; meta-analysis; mortality; systematic review.
Neutron moderation for imaging of SNM

The use of a thermal neutron detection array comprised of boron straws, a 3He replacement technology, was embedded in a high density polyethylene (HDPE) neutron moderating array to investigate the possibility of one dimensional neutron source localization. The HDPE structure around the boron straw detectors was varied to identify the optimum background suppression and neutron source enhancement. Initial results have indicated that the use of a complex HDPE mask structure will provide a means to image non-moving source locations and is applicable to current portal monitor technologies that utilize other techniques for source presence identification and imaging when the source is moving.
Other Characters: Shape, Fillings and Further Micromorphological Characters

Besides the wall, shape and filling are the next most important characters to define trace fossils. Regarding the shape, enlargement of burrows or chambers, known with different terms according to their function and insect taxa considered, is the most distinctive character of insect trace fossils in paleosols. The function of these chambers produced by insects is mostly nesting or pupating, and also feeding or aestivating. Problems in ichnotaxonomy of insect trace fossils resulting from the simple shapes of some insect chambers are depicted. Different criteria to distinguish between inorganic structures, such as concretions, and true trace fossils and also for distinguishing among different insect ichnotaxa based on shape are reviewed. Different shapes and the connection of chambers to burrows are illustrated. Techniques utilized and reviewed in this chapter to study shape are micromorphology, SEM images, casts, CT images, X-ray radiography, 3D software, MRI and MLT. Insect trace fossils in paleosols may show passive, meniscate fillings of different origins, and pelletal ones. They may show also root nets. Micromorphological characters present indistinctly in walls and fillings are phytoliths, which allow for inferences on dung beetle behavior, paleoenvironments and dung providers diets. It is reviewed the micromorphological evidence of termite activity in laterites, such as presence of pellets, bands of fecal origin, clay microaggregates, plant remains, termite cuticle and intestinal flagellates.
Aural Acoustic Stapedius-Muscle Reflex Threshold Procedures to Test Human Infants and Adults

Power-based procedures are described to measure acoustic stapedius-muscle reflex threshold and supra-threshold responses in human adult and infant ears at frequencies from 0.2 to 8 kHz. The stimulus set included five clicks in which four pulsed activators were placed between each pair of clicks, with each stimulus set separated from the next by 0.79 s to allow for reflex decay. Each click response was used to detect the presence of reflex effects across frequency that were elicited by a pulsed broadband-noise or tonal activator in the ipsilateral or contralateral test ear. Acoustic reflex shifts were quantified in terms of the difference in absorbed sound power between the initial baseline click and the later four clicks in each set. Acoustic reflex shifts were measured over a 40-dB range of pulsed activators, and the acoustic reflex threshold was objectively calculated using a maximum 10 likelihood procedure. To illustrate the principles underlying these new reflex tests, reflex shifts in absorbed sound power and absorbance are presented for data acquired in an adult ear with normal hearing and in two infant ears in the initial and follow-up newborn hearing screening exams, one with normal hearing and the other with a conductive hearing loss. The use of absorbed sound power was helpful in classifying an acoustic reflex shift as present or absent. The resulting reflex tests are in use in a large study of wideband clinical diagnosis and monitoring of middle-ear and cochlear function in infant and adult ears.
A Plant Modeling Process for Practical Control System Design

Abstract A plant modeling process is presented with an example application. The process was designed to achieve development cost savings by removing roadblocks to the application of classical mechanics and control theory in production automotive control systems. The development of small, physicallybased, effective plant models is facilitated by a communication format that coordinates conflicting conceptual and detail design perspectives inherent in the engineering Workforce.
Managing Madness in the Community: The Challenge of Contemporary Mental Health Care. By Kerry Michael Dobransky

Increasingly, fields across disciplines are turning to the collection of interviews and stories as a methodology aimed at gathering firsthand information about human experiences. All interviews and...
Self, Identity, and Individuality

This chapter introduces readers to women’s and also men’s, perceptions of self, subjectivity, and individuality. This chapter also describes various religious and nonreligious groups of the village, and how members of each group engage religion in forming their subjectivity. It appears that there is no uniformity in the descriptions of the informants. However, by engaging Michel Foucault, and Clifford Geertz, this chapter compares the Western perceptions of the self with the perceptions of the people of Chandhara. By analyzing the narratives of the informants this chapter challenges the observation of some scholars that South Asians do not possess the idea of the self. Mostly based on the narratives of women and also men, this chapter describes women’s subjectivity of Chandhara that in some cases go against popular perception of the West regarding the status of Muslim women.
Efficient Full-Field Vibration Measurements and Operational Modal Analysis Using Neuromorphic Event-Based Imaging

AbstractTraditional vibration measurement typically requires physically attached sensors, such as accelerometers and strain gauges. However, these discrete-point sensors provide only low spatial re...