cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric river lifecycle characteristics shaped by synoptic conditions at genesis

Author(s): Kim, S; Chiang, JCH | Abstract: The range of synoptic patterns that North Pacific landfalling atmospheric rivers form under are objectively identified using genesis day 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies in a self-organizing map (SOM). The SOM arranges the synoptic patterns to differentiate between two groups of climate modes—the first group with ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation), PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), PNA (Pacific North American) and NP (North Pacific index) and the second group with AO (Arctic Oscillation), EPO (East Pacific Oscillation), and WPO (West Pacific Oscillation). These two groups have their positive and negative modes organized in opposite corners of the SOM. The ARs produced in each of the synoptic patterns have distinct lifecycle characteristics (such as genesis and landfall location, duration, velocity, meridional/zonal movement) and precipitation impacts (magnitude and spatial distribution). The conditions that favour AR trajectories closer to the tropics tend to produce higher amounts of precipitation. The large-scale circulation associated with AR genesis shows a close relationship between the genesis location and the location and intensity of the upper-level jet in the west/central pacific as well as anomalous, low-level southwesterly winds in the east pacific.
Pecan-enriched diets decrease postprandial lipid peroxidation and increase total antioxidant capacity in adults at-risk for cardiovascular disease.

Abstract Pecans are a rich source of antioxidants, but the effect of regular consumption on post-meal responses is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of daily pecan consumption for 8 weeks on fasting and postprandial lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and tocopherols in adults at higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (hypercholesterolemia or elevated adiposity). We hypothesized that daily pecan consumption would result in increased fasting γ-tocopherol, increased fasting and postprandial TAC, and decreased fasting and postprandial lipid peroxidation. This was a randomized, parallel, controlled trial with 3 treatments: two pecan groups and a nut free control (n = 16). The ADD group (n = 15) consumed pecans as part of a free-living diet, and the SUB group (n = 16) substituted the pecans for isocaloric foods from their habitual diet. At the pre- and post-intervention, a high saturated fat breakfast shake was consumed with postprandial blood draws over 2h. In the ADD and SUB groups, postprandial lipid peroxidation was suppressed (iAUC: 0.9 ± 1.3 to -2.9 ± 2.0 and 4.5 ± 1.7 to 0.7 ± 1.1 µM/2h, respectively; P
Modeling Design and Control Problems Involving Neural Network Surrogates

We consider nonlinear optimization problems that involve surrogate models represented by neural networks. We demonstrate first how to directly embed neural network evaluation into optimization models, highlight a difficulty with this approach that can prevent convergence, and then characterize stationarity of such models. We then present two alternative formulations of these problems in the specific case of feedforward neural networks with ReLU activation: as a mixed-integer optimization problem and as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints. For the latter formulation we prove that stationarity at a point for this problem corresponds to stationarity of the embedded formulation. Each of these formulations may be solved with state-of-the-art optimization methods, and we show how to obtain good initial feasible solutions for these methods. We compare our formulations on three practical applications arising in the design and control of combustion engines, in the generation of adversarial attacks on classifier networks, and in the determination of optimal flows in an oil well network.
Intimations of Idealism

(1) Realism rests on the pragmatic idea that if we did not take our experience to serve as an indication of objective facts, then we just could not validate any objective claims whatsoever. Its justification rests initially on this strictly functional basis. (2) Of course, once we make this initial assumptive leap we can do much better. We can retrospectively use the teachings of science to account for how the acquisition of scientific information of the real is possible for us. But this canonization of the theory-claims of our science requires the idealized stance that our science is substantially correct. (3) Accordingly, the sort of realism we espouse is committed to a cognizability-in-principle standard of real/true/actual that takes the lie of a conceptual idealism which holds that existence is to be explicated in mind-referring terms of reference. (4) But man is not the measure. We cannot justifiably hold that only what we can know can possibly qualify as real. Human reality is not necessarily the only sort there is. (5) The crucial point emerges that the realism/idealism debate is rendered complex through the great variety of realisms and opposing idealisms that can be contemplated. The controversy hinges on complex distinctions, it is not a straightforward choice of either/or. The overall picture is a complex one that leaves a great deal to be said on idealism’s behalf.
A Review of The Acoustics of Crime: The New Science of Forensic Phonetics

This is an excellent book by a leader in the field. Professor Hollien has been conducting research in some aspects of forensic phonetics (notably speaker identification) for almost a quarter of a century. He writes well and explains complex topics in a way that a layman can grasp easily. Any lawyer, law enforcement officer, scientist, or criminal who is concerned with. acoustic evidence will profit from a thorough reading of this book.
Lenticulostriate Arteries in Chronic Stroke Patients Visualised by 7 T Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Background Noninvasive magnetic resonance angiography using ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging has recently provided us with the potential to image cerebral microvascular structures such as the lenticulostriate arteries. However, most studies using ultra-high-field magnetic resonance angiography have been limited to the visualisation of microvessels in healthy subjects, and the direct comparison of patients with microvascular disease has not been reported. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the lenticulostriate arteries of patients with lacunar strokes of the basal ganglia and surrounding areas using 7 T magnetic resonance angiography. Methods Ten stroke patients who had infarctions in the basal ganglia and adjacent areas detected using T2*-weighted images obtained from a conventional 1·5 T magnetic resonance imaging and 10 age-matched healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The large main vessels in the patient group were inspected to identify abnormalities such as stenosis. The characteristics of the lenticulostriate arteries visualised by 7 T magnetic resonance angiography, such as the number of branches and stems, curvature and tortuosity were analysed and compared between the patient and the control groups. Results All patients had infarctions in the basal ganglia and adjacent regions, which were clearly determined by T2*-weighted images. However, there was no evidence of large-vessel abnormalities in the patient group. Analysis of 7 T magnetic resonance angiography data revealed that the overall number of lenticulostriate arteries branches in the patient group was significantly less than the control group (P=0·003). However, no statistical difference in the number of stems, curvature and tortuosity between the two groups was found (P=0·396, 0·258 and 0·888, respectively). Conclusions This study demonstrates that noninvasive magnetic resonance angiography using 7 T magnetic resonance imaging can visualise abnormalities in the cerebral microvasculature of stroke patients, and that the number of lenticulostriate arteries supplying the region of the basal ganglia is less in these patients compared with age-matched controls.
Slotted ALOHA mobile network with vertical array antenna diversity

In mobile radio networks, receiver capture is known to enhance the performance of the slotted ALOHA random access protocol substantially. The efficiency of narrowband slotted ALOHA radio networks can be further enhanced by using sector antennas. The paper investigates the effect of partially overlapping, realistic antenna patterns which gives highly correlated received power levels at different receiver branches. The author proposes a method for computing the joint throughput from two base station antennas. The a posteriori information provided by the event of one message capturing one antenna is used to find conditional probabilities of capturing the other antennas. Any overlap in the antenna patterns decreases the throughput, but transmissions from the overlap area face a larger probability of capture than signals from directions in which only one antenna has significant gain.
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004)

First page of article Keywords: Crick, Francis Harry Compton (double helical structure of DNA); “adaptor hypothesis” and “central dogma”
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS II. , Factors Controlling the Formation of Oxidative Activities

Dobrogosz, Walter J. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park) and Robert W. Stone. Oxidative metabolism in Pediococcus pentosaceus. II. Factors controlling the formation of oxidative activities. J. Bacteriol. 84:724-729. 1962.-Studies were conducted on some factors which regulate the formation of oxidative activities in Pediococcus pentosaceus, a homofermentative lactic acid organism. Oxidative abilities were defined as the capacities to oxidize glucose and glycerol, and to exhibit catalase activity. Factors such as the type of growth substrate, the growth substrate concentration, pH, and oxygen tension were considered. The results suggested that the development of oxidative activities in this organism is under adaptive control and subject to repression by the well-known "glucose effect," as well as by anaerobiosis. In addition to the necessity for the formation of aerobic systems for the metabolism of glycerol, which can be utilized only under aerobic conditions, data are presented which suggest that aerobic reactions may play a physiologically important role toward the induction of growth on other substrates such as d-xylose and lactose.
SHOCKED FLUIDS AT HIGH DENSITIES AND TEMPERATURES

Applications for the properties of dense molecular fluids at high pressures and temperatures are described: the equation of state of reacted high explosives, modeling the interiors of the outer planets, and hydrodynamic uses. Experimental techniques are described for shock-wave equation-of-state, shock temperature, and electrical conductivity experiments for liquid specimens. Experimental data are reviewed and discussed in terms of the phenomena that occur at high densities and temperatures in shocked Ar, N2, D2, He, Xe, H2O, and C6H6.
Berberine protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the light damage (LD) model of photoreceptor degeneration, as well as in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We sought to investigate whether Berberine (BBR), an antioxidant herb extract, would protect the retina against light-induced degeneration. To accomplish this, Balb/c mice were treated with BBR or PBS via gavage for 7 days, and then were placed in constant cool white light-emitting diode (LED) light (10,000 lux) for 4 h. Retinal function and degeneration were evaluated by histology, electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 7d after LD. Additionally, mRNA levels of cell-type specific, antioxidant, and inflammatory genes were compared 7d after LD. Photoreceptor DNA fragmentation was assessed via the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. LD resulted in substantial photoreceptor-specific cell death. Histological analysis using plastic sections showed dosing with BBR preserved photoreceptors. The ERG analysis demonstrated functional protection by BBR in rod-b, -a, and cone-b waves. In OCT images, mice receiving PBS showed severe thinning and disorganization of the photoreceptor layer 7 days after LD, whereas mice treated with BBR had significantly less thinning and disorganization. Consistent with OCT results, the mRNA levels of Rho in the NSR, and Rpe65 and Mct3 in the RPE, were significantly higher in mice treated with BBR. The numbers of TUNEL-positive photoreceptors were significantly decreased in BBR-treated mice. The retinal mRNA levels of oxidative stress genes, the number of microglia/macrophages, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) immunolabeling were significantly lower in BBR-treated mice compared to controls 48 h after LD, which indicates oxidative stress was reduced by BBR in light-damaged eyes. In conclusion, systemic BBR is protective against light-induced retinal degeneration associated with diminished oxidative stress in the retina. These results suggest that BBR may be protective against retinal diseases involving oxidative stress.
The organum vasculosum laminae terminalis: a critical area for osmoreception.

Publisher Summary The volume and composition of the body fluids is maintained by coordinated control of water intake by thirst mechanisms and water output via vasopressin secretion. This chapter describes and presents evidence in favor of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) as site of osmoreception (both osmotic and volaemic regulation of water balance). Evidence presented in the chapter demonstrates that the osmoreceptors behave as if they were located in an area of the brain lacking the blood-brain barrier and that this area is likely to be in the anterior hypothalamus. Although, there is electrophysiological evidence that cells elsewhere in the brain, such as the supraoptic nucleus, show osmosensitivity, their capacity to respond to reasonable osmotic challenges is in question. Animals with discrete lesions of the OVLT have greatly diminished responses to osmotic stimuli and abolition of these responses over reasonable physiological range, whereas the identity of the osmoreceptors remains elusive; their anatomical home, the OVLT, is more certain.
NONLINEAR CONTROL USING NEURAL APPROXIMATORS WITH LINEAR CONTROL THEORY

This paper presents an approach for designing nonlinear, adaptive controllers using Neural Approximators (NA) in conjunction with linear control theory. The adaptive capabilities of these controllers are such that, real time control should be possible. Inspiration for the Neural Approximator approach was found largely in the methodology for "gain scheduling", however, the resultant Approximators are not discrete schedulers, but continuous approximations to the nonlinear mapping between local linear systems. The method is demonstrated here by applying it to two aircraft control problems. The first is a stability augmentation problem and the second is a guidance problem. The aircraft model used is a highperformance fully nonlinear model representative of modern day fighter aircraft.
Effect of electrical and structural remodeling on spatiotemporal organization in acute and persistent atrial fibrillation.

Spatiotemporal Organization in Atrial Fibrillation.Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) may originate from discrete sites of periodic activity. We studied the effect of structural and electrical remodeling on spatiotemporal organization in acute and persistent AF. Methods and Results: Atrial effective refractory periods (AERPs) were recorded from five different sites at baseline and after pacing in acute AF (n = 8 dogs) and persistent AF (n = 8). Four persistent AF dogs subsequently were cardioverted to sinus rhythm to allow AERP recovery. Periodicity was quantified by calculating power spectra on left atrial electrograms obtained from a 64-electrode basket catheter. Left atrial size was measured by intracardiac echocardiography and structural changes were assessed by electron microscopy. Mean AERPs decreased after pacing in acute (128 ± 16 msec to 108 ± 29 msec, P < 0.001) and persistent AF (135 ± 16 msec to 104 ± 24 msec, P < 0.0001). AERP recovery was established after 7 days of sinus rhythm. Structural changes were mild in acute AF, severe in persistent AF, and remained severe after AERP recovery. A single dominant frequency was identified in 94% of acute AF bipoles, 57% in persistent AF, and 76% after AERP recovery. Average correlation coefficient was 0.82 among acute AF bipoles, 0.63 in persistent AF, and 0.73 after AERP recovery. Conclusion: Transition from acute to persistent AF is associated with loss of spatiotemporal organization. A single dominant frequency recruits the majority of the left atrium in acute AF. Persistent AF, however, is associated with structural remodeling and dominant frequency dispersion. Recovery of refractoriness only partially restores spatiotemporal organization, indicating a major role for structural remodeling in the maintenance of persistent AF.
Who do you look like? Evidence of facial stereotypes for male names

The present research provides evidence that people use facial prototypes when they encounter different names. In Experiment 1, participants created face exemplars for fifteen common male names, subsets of which were endorsed as good examples by a second set of participants. These most typical faces were morphed to create face-name prototypes. In Experiment 2, participants matched one of the names to each of the prototype faces from Experiment 1. Participants' matching choices showed convergence in naming the prototypes for many of the names. Experiment 3 utilized these same prototypes in a learning task designed to investigate if the face-name associations revealed in Experiment 2 impacted the learnability of the names. Participants learned face-name pairings that had a higher association (based on frequencies from Experiment 2) faster than pairings with a low association. Results suggest a more direct relationship between faces and names than has been previously proposed.
Importance of platelets and platelet response in acute coronary syndromes

Platelet activation is one of the essential steps in the genesis and propagation of atherothrombosis. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an elevated platelet count, platelet activation, and platelet hyperreactivity (defined as residual platelet activity despite antiplatelet drug therapy) may be associated with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Platelet function can be analyzed using various assays and measures of platelet activation. The best assays for measuring residual platelet activity in the setting of antiplatelet therapy are still being defined, as are their predictive values. Platelet aggregation remains the gold standard, but other testing methods offer advantages for specific applications, such as detecting overall platelet hyperreactivity in the presence of antiplatelet therapy or detecting inhibition of the adenosine diphosphate receptor P2Y(12). Standard testing protocols for platelet aggregation are needed to achieve consistency among studies.
A cell-surface antigen shared by B cells and Ly2+ peripheral T cells

Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies, 2C2 and 6B2, were produced by fusing a mouse myeloma cell line with spleen cells from a rat immunized with an Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced pre-B-cell lymphoma. These antibodies recognized cell-surface antigens present on all B cells and on B-cell precursors among bone marrow cells but not thymocytes. Both antibodies reacted with all B cells in spleen and peripheral lymph nodes but 2C2 recognized, in addition, a subpopulation of surface immunoglobulin-negative (sIg − ) cells from these tissues. In lymph nodes, the sIg − 2C2 + cells were Ly2 + . This pattern of cellular reactivity by 2C2 defines a new surface phenotype of lymphocytes.
Plasma Treatment of Polymers for Improved Adhesion

A variety of plasma treatments of polymer surfaces for improved adhesion are reviewed: noble and reactive gas treatment of fluoropolymers; noble and reactive treatment of polyolefins, and plasmainduced amination of polymer fibers. The plasma induced surface chemical and morphological changes are discussed, as are the mechanisms of adhesion to polymeric adhesives, particularly epoxy. Noble gas plasma etching of fluoropolymers produces a partially defluorinated, textured surface. The mechanical interlocking of this textured surface is the primary cause of improved adhesion to epoxy. Reactive gas plasmas also induce defluorination, but oxygen containing gases cause continual ablation of the fluoropolymer surface. Noble and reactive gas (except for hydrogen) etching of polyolefins results in surface oxidation and improved adhesion via hydrogen bonding of these oxygen containing groups across the interface. The introduction of amine groups to a polymer surface by ammonia or amine plasma treatment generally results in improved adhesion to epoxy. However, amine-epoxy ring interactions can be severely effected by steric factors due to chemical groups surrounding the amine.
Determination of Lactic Acid in Cheddar Cheese and Calcium Lactate Crystals

Abstract An accurate method for the quantification of L(+)-lactic acid and D(−)-lactic acid in cheese and calcium lactate crystals found on the surface of cheese was devised through the modification of an existing L(+)-lactic acid test procedure. The mean percentage of lactic acid recovered from standard solutions was 97.7 for L(+)-lactic acid and 99.5 for D(−)-lactic acid. When known amounts of L(+)- or D(−)-lactic acid were added to calcium lactate crystals and Cheddar cheese, a high percentage of the added lactic acid was recovered, indicating that no racemization of lactic acid occurred during the assay procedure.
Classifying Korean adolescents’ career preparedness

Latent class analysis was used to examine the career preparation of 5,227 11th-grade Korean adolescents taken from the Korean Education Longitudinal Study of 2005 (KELS:2005). Three career preparedness groups were identified, to reflecting Skorikov’s (J Vocat Behav 70:8–24, 2007) conceptualization of career preparedness: prepared, confused, and unprepared. Most individual, family, and school factors selected for study were statistically significant predictors of group membership. Results provided insight about career decidedness and career planning from a Korean context.
Use of Angiographic CT Imaging in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory for Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives This study sought to retrospectively evaluate our initial experience using angiographic computed tomography (ACT) in a pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory. Background ACT provides cross-sectional CT images from a rotational angiography run using a C-arm mounted flat-panel detector in the interventional suite. A 3-dimensional (3D) angiographic image can be created from the CT volume set and used in real time during the procedure. To our knowledge, its use has never previously been described for congenital heart disease. Methods 3D reconstructions were created and we retrospectively reviewed cases during our first year of ACT use. Images obtained were independently evaluated to determine their diagnostic utility. Radiation dose reduction protocols were defined using phantom testing and radiation dose calculation. Results ACT was used during 41 cardiac catheterizations in patients at a median age of 5.1 years (range: 0.4 to 58.8 years) for evaluation of: right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT)/central pulmonary arteries (PAs) in 20; cavopulmonary connection (CPC) in 11; pulmonary veins in 5; distal PAs in 4; and other locations in 5. Four subjects had 2 anatomic areas studied by ACT. The mean contrast volume for ACT was 1.2 ± 0.4 ml/kg. Diagnostic-quality imaging was obtained in 71% of cases: 13/20 RVOT/central PAs; 9/11 CPC; 4/5 pulmonary veins; 2/4 distal PAs; and 4/5 others. In 12 cases, ACT contributed to clinical outcomes beyond standard angiography. Radiation dose reduction protocols allowed ACT to be comparable in exposure to a standard biplane cineangiogram. Conclusions Diagnostic-quality imaging can be obtained using ACT in 71% of cases without a significant increase in contrast or radiation exposure. In certain cases, ACT provides additional anatomic detail and may aid complex catheter manipulations. Future work is needed to continue to define applications of this new technology.
Auto-ethnography in leisure studies

In this paper we explore auto-ethnography, one recent genre of qualitative inquiry that we believe is particularly well-suited for the field of leisure studies. We begin by defining auto-ethnography and describing its key features. We then examine its use in leisure research to date, based on an analysis of auto-ethnographical studies of leisure published in three major qualitative methods journals and three major sport and leisure journals over the past 25 years. We explore the wide variety of leisure settings and activities that have been approached through auto-ethnographical research. We identify four common analytical foci in such studies, including issues of identity construction and dramaturgical enactment; embodied emotion and ‘knowledge in action’; race, class, and gender; and methodological critique. We consider four distinctive contributions that auto-ethnography offers in the field of leisure studies. Our review of auto-ethnographic journal articles suggests that there is considerable untapped...
The direct electrochemistry of N-acetyl-microperoxidase-8 in aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solution

Abstract The direct electrochemistry of N -acetyl-microperoxidase-8 (N-Ac-MP-8) at naked Pt has been investigated in both aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solution using cyclic voltammetry. In both aqueous and non-aqueous media, heterogeneous electron transfer has been found to be persistent and at least quasi-reversible. The aqueous redox potential for N-Ac-MP-8 (−169±5 mV vs. SHE) is consistent with recent studies establishing that at high ionic strength in aqueous buffered solutions the heme peptide is a low-spin six-coordinate complex in which water occupies the sixth axial ligand site. The redox potential at Pt in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions ( 2 O), +103±5 mV vs. SHE, is in the range of redox potentials typically observed for type II cytochromes c in which the sixth axial ligand binding site is vacant.
Characterization of distinct Stat5b binding sites that mediate growth hormone-stimulated IGF-I gene transcription.

A key agent in the anabolic actions of growth hormone (GH) is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a 70-amino acid secreted protein with direct effects on somatic growth and tissue maintenance and repair. GH rapidly and potently stimulates IGF-I gene transcription by mechanisms independent of new protein synthesis, and recent studies have linked the transcription factor Stat5b to a regulatory network connecting the activated GH receptor on the cell membrane to the IGF-I gene in the nucleus. Here we analyze two distinct conserved GH response elements in the rat IGF-I locus that contain paired Stat5b sites. Each response element binds Stat5b in vivo in a GH-dependent way, as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and consists of one high affinity and one lower affinity Stat5b site, as determined by both qualitative and quantitative protein-DNA binding studies. In biochemical reconstitution experiments, both response elements are able to mediate GH-stimulated and Stat5b-dependent transcription when fused to a reporter gene containing either the major IGF-I promoter or a minimal neutral promoter, although the paired Stat5b sites located in the second IGF-I intron were more than twice as effective as the response element that mapped ∼73 kb 5′ to the IGF-I exon 1. Taken together, our results define the initial molecular architecture of a complicated GH-regulated transcriptional pathway, and suggest that apparently redundant hormone response elements provide a mechanism for amplifying GH action at a physiologically important target gene.
ELECTRIC QUADRUPOLE-QUADRUPOLE INTERACTION IN CERIUM ETHYL SULFATE

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of cerium ethyl sulfate (CeES) below 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K gives evidence of a large nondipolar interaction between nearest-neighbor cerium ions. Writing the spin Hamiltonian for the interaction of two spins ${S}_{i}$ and ${S}_{j}$ as ${\mathcal{H}}_{\mathrm{ij}}=({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{ij}}+{A}_{\mathrm{ij}}){S}_{\mathrm{iz}}{S}_{\mathrm{jz}}+\frac{1}{2}({\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}+{B}_{\mathrm{ij}})({S}_{i+}{S}_{j\ensuremath{-}}+{S}_{i\ensuremath{-}}{S}_{j+}),$ where ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ are the known contributions from dipole-dipole interaction, the experiments suggest that ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}=0.105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}=0.073\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Although there is no proof, there are four pieces of evidence which strongly support the hypothesis that the interaction is due to electric quadrupole-quadrupole (QQ) interaction. Firstly, the order of magnitude of ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ and ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ are reasonable. Secondly, QQ interaction affords an explanation of the differences between the temperature dependence of the EPR spectra of diluted and undiluted CeES. Thirdly, the spectra of rare-earth impurities in CeES, and fourthly, the spectra of pairs of interacting cerium ions in dilute specimens, are consistent with QQ interaction. Finally, it is shown that superexchange and exchange of virtual phonons probably contribute very little to the observed interaction.
A dangerous neighbor: The news frames of the radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident

This article examined how US newspapers conveyed radiation-related health information in their coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident. News articles from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today were used in this study. A quantitative content analysis of 277 news articles and a qualitative framing analysis of 60 news articles were conducted. Comparing the findings of prior studies on nuclear accidents, this research found that news articles reporting on the Fukushima accident were more likely to provide quantitative and factual information. Also, significant differences of overall tone were observed between articles addressing historical accidents and those reporting the Fukushima accident. Additionally, our framing analyses revealed four major frames: the negligible risks frame, the predictable immediate risk frame, the hidden danger frame and the open questions frame. Finally, limitations of this research and potential areas for further inquiry will be discussed.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of an N-terminal domain of unknown function from a putative glycosyltransferase from Streptococcus parasanguinis.

Serine-rich repeat glycoproteins (SRRPs) belong to a growing family of bacterial adhesins; they play important roles in bacterial virulence. Fap1, the first SRRP protein to be identified, is glycosylated; while the first two steps of its glycosylation have been determined, the remaining glycosylation steps are unknown. In a search for proteins that might be relevant to the glycosylation of Fap1, a putative glycosyltransferase (GalT1) from Streptococcus parasanguinis was identified. GalT1 possesses a domain of unknown function at the N-terminus. This domain is highly conserved in bacteria and is a member of a broad superfamily. However, the structure of this domain has not been determined. Here, the conditions used to produce a recombinant version of this protein domain and to grow protein crystals are reported. The crystals obtained belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 71.0, b = 45.1, c = 78.6 A, β = 109.6°, and diffracted to 1.55 A resolution at a synchrotron X-ray source. This domain does not share sequence identity with proteins of known structures above a level of 12%.
Survival of refrigerated Tatochila butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) as an indicator of male nutrient investment in reproduction

Tatochila butterflies show prolonged survival in cold (2° C) storage. Mating significantly reduces survival in males, suggesting that nutrients may be directed into spermatophores or maintenance under storage conditions; this provides a potential index of male nutrient investment in reproduction.
Oxidation of Fe-8Cr-14Ni-Al-Si-Mn from 700 to 1000°C

This paper reports an investigation into reducing the Cr concentration in commercial-grade stainless steels while maintaining oxidation protection at elevated temperatures. Aluminum and Si were added as partial substitute alloy elements to enhance the reduced operation protection resulting from Cr concentration reduced by approximately 50 pct of that found in stainless steels. The goal of this study was to determine the oxidation mechanism of such an Fe, Al-Si alloy: Fe-8Cr-14Ni-1Al-3.5Si-1Mn. During the initial oxidation period the protection resulted from a thin film of Al2O3 over an Fe and Cr spinel. Long-term oxidation protection resulted from the gradual formation of a Cr sesquioxide (Cr2O2) inner oxide layer. Eventually an outer oxide layer formed that was a mixed composition spinel of Cr and Mn (MnO · Cr2O3). The Al2O3, which was part of the original protective layer flaked off early in the oxide testing, and the aluminum oxide that formed later appeared as an internal oxide precipitate.
Is subtotal thyroidectomy a cost-effective treatment for Graves disease? A cost-effectiveness analysis of the medical and surgical treatment options.

Background The 3 treatment options for Graves disease (GD) are antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), and thyroid surgery. We hypothesized that thyroid surgery is cost-effective for Graves disease when compared to RAI or ATD. Methods Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to compare operative strategies to medical treatment strategies for GD. The decision model, based on a reference case, included treatment outcomes, probabilities, and costs derived from literature review. Outcomes were weighted using quality of life utility factors, yielding quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The uncertainty of costs, probabilities, and utility estimates in the model were examined by univariate and multivariate sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Results The subtotal thyroidectomy strategy produced the greatest QALYs, 25.783, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $26,602 per QALY, reflecting a gain of 0.091 QALYs at an additional cost of $2416 compared to RAI. Surgery was cost-effective when the initial postoperative euthyroid rate was greater than 49.5% and the total cost was less than $7391. Monte Carlo simulation showed the subtotal thyroidectomy strategy to be optimal in 826 of 1000 cases. Conclusion This study demonstrates that subtotal thyroidectomy can be a cost-effective treatment for GD. However, a 49.5% initial postoperative euthyroid rate was a necessary condition for cost-effective surgical management of GD.
LOW-TEMPERATURE RETINAL PHOTOISOMERIZATION DYNAMICS IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Retinal photoisomerization dynamics are studied at both room temperature and 20 K in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin using femtosecond pulses. We were able to resolve the decay at 20 K into two compone...
Monitoring surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state with the high-resolution radar of the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission

An approach is described for retrieving surface soil moisture and freeze/thaw state using 3-km resolution L-band radar data of the planned Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission. SMAP radar backscatter coefficients are simulated using radar scattering models and land surface hydrology model output generated over the contiguous United States (CONUS). A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to assess the error budget of the soil moisture retrievals in the presence of radar measurement error and error in surface roughness. The estimated soil moisture retrieval accuracy is better than 0.06 cm3/cm3 for vegetation water content less than 1.2 kg/m2 and soil moisture in the range of 0 to 0.3 cm3/cm3. The retrieval performance improves if radar speckle is reduced by additional observations (e.g., including both fore- and aft-scan data). It is currently assumed that the surface roughness is known with 10% error, but a time-series method is under development to estimate the roughness. The surface freeze/thaw state retrieval is simulated using a surface hydrology process model forced with climatology. The simulation illustrates a SMAP daily composite freeze/thaw product derived using a time-series algorithm applied to the SMAP high-resolution radar data.
Utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging staging before completion lymphadenectomy in sentinel lymph node-positive melanoma.

TO THE EDITOR: In their excellent study, Aloia et al have confirmed our results that modern computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging do not detect distant metastases in patients with melanoma metastatic to sentinel lymph nodes. With the addition of their 314 patients to the 185 already reported, the detectable distant metastasis rate in stage III melanoma patients at the time of selective sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) can be more accurately estimated at approximately 1.2% (range, 0.5% to 1.9%). Furthermore, because Aloia et al had several patients with distant metastases, the risk factors for detectable distant metastasis within 3 months of SLND have been further refined to include patients with very thick ( 3.5 mm) ulcerated melanomas with large tumor burdens metastatic to regional lymph node basins. Conversely, these data should not be interpreted in a way that results in tumors that are thick or ulcerated or have high regional tumor burden being classified as needing further imaging via computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. False-positive rates of 12% to 14% make this a potentially dangerous treatment protocol (for example, although ulceration was shown to be an independent risk factor for distant metastasis; P .018; 107 of 112; 96%; ulcerated melanomas were negative for distant metastasis). What would be particularly interesting is to know whether or not any of the five patients with distant metastases were symptomatic. In our original study, only asymptomatic patients received SLND. However, when the history of the one patient with true distant metastasis was reviewed, he had developed constitutional symptoms after initial diagnosis but before SLND. If in retrospect these patients were actually symptomatic, a valuable clue would be added to the ones already brought forth by Aloia et al, aiding the discrimination of those patients with stage III disease who do need imaging for staging from the majority who do not.
Calpain inhibition reduces amplitude and accelerates decay of the late sodium current in ventricular myocytes from dogs with chronic heart failure.

UNLABELLED Calpain is an intracellular Ca²⁺-activated protease that is involved in numerous Ca²⁺ dependent regulation of protein function in many cell types. This paper tests a hypothesis that calpains are involved in Ca²⁺-dependent increase of the late sodium current (INaL) in failing heart. Chronic heart failure (HF) was induced in 2 dogs by multiple coronary artery embolization. Using a conventional patch-clamp technique, the whole-cell INaL was recorded in enzymatically isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCMs) in which INaL was activated by the presence of a higher (1 μM) intracellular [Ca²⁺] in the patch pipette. Cell suspensions were exposed to a cell- permeant calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 for 1-2 h before INaL recordings. The numerical excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) model was used to evaluate electrophysiological effects of calpain inhibition in silico. MDL caused acceleration of INaL decay evaluated by the two-exponential fit (τ₁ = 42±3.0 ms τ₂ = 435±27 ms, n = 6, in MDL vs. τ₁ = 52±2.1 ms τ₂ = 605±26 control no vehicle, n = 11, and vs. τ₁ = 52±2.8 ms τ₂ = 583±37 ms n = 7, control with vehicle, P<0.05 ANOVA). MDL significantly reduced INaL density recorded at -30 mV (0.488±0.03, n = 12, in control no vehicle, 0.4502±0.0210, n = 9 in vehicle vs. 0.166±0.05pA/pF, n = 5, in MDL). Our measurements of current-voltage relationships demonstrated that the INaL density was decreased by MDL in a wide range of potentials, including that for the action potential plateau. At the same time the membrane potential dependency of the steady-state activation and inactivation remained unchanged in the MDL-treated VCMs. Our ECC model predicted that calpain inhibition greatly improves myocyte function by reducing the action potential duration and intracellular diastolic Ca²⁺ accumulation in the pulse train. CONCLUSIONS Calpain inhibition reverses INaL changes in failing dog ventricular cardiomyocytes in the presence of high intracellular Ca²⁺. Specifically it decreases INaL density and accelerates INaL kinetics resulting in improvement of myocyte electrical response and Ca²⁺ handling as predicted by our in silico simulations.
Historians and Their Information Sources

This article reports on a survey of historians and a citation analysis undertaken to revisit the questions treated in Margaret F. Stieg’s 1981 article published in College & Research Libraries. It examines which materials historians consider to be the most important and how they discover them. Their attitudes toward and use of electronic materials were also studied. Many characteristics of historians’ information needs and use have not changed in a generation: informal means of discovery like book reviews and browsing remain important, as does the need for comprehensive searches. Print continues to be the principal format. What has changed is that the advent of electronic resources has increased historians’ use of catalogs and indexes in their efforts to identify appropriate primary and secondary sources of information.
Women defining terrorism: ethnonationalist, state, and machista terrorism

This article explores definitions of terrorism according to various women in the Basque regions of Spain and France. We ask how women in social movements and government institutions define terrorism, how terrorism influences them, and whether they are viewed as victims of violence and/or as political agents who challenge terrorism. We discuss three definitions of terrorism: ethnonationalist terrorism of ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), state terrorism against ETA operatives and supporters, and terrorismo machista (or intimate terrorism seen as gender violence). The article uncovers multiple women’s lived experiences related to terrorism, and by problematising agency and definitions of terrorism, it challenges the binary in international relations of women as either victims or violent perpetrators of terrorism and it establishes terrorismo machista as political violence closely related to other forms of political violence. We conclude that women are important political agents regarding multiple types of terrorism.
Dehydration and Rehydration Alter Elastic and Viscoelastic Nanomechanical Properties of Cortical and Trabecular Bone

Evaluation of bone’s response to mechanical loading is of critical importance in studies addressing the overall efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Moreover, thorough characterization of bone’s response to applied loads should reflect the contributions of both bone mineral (elastic properties) and collagen (viscoelastic properties).Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Intracellular chloride in submucosal gland cells.

Abstract The chloride ion concentration within isolated tracheal submucosal gland cells was studied micro-spectrofluorometrically using a fluorescent dye, 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ), that is quenched by Cl − . Cells from normal weanling swine and from a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient were used. Ion substitution experiments showed that cell fluorescence increased in both cell types when bath Cl − was replaced with the impermeant anion glucuronate. Following a Donnan-type ion substitution that kept the product of the bath K + and Cl − concentrations constant, reducing bath chloride had little effect on fluorescence for normal cells, but caused a marked increase for CF cells. Thus, K + and Cl − ions have approximately the same Nernst potential in control submucosal gland cells; in contrast, cells from a CF patient concentrated Cl i , resulting in a Cl − Nernst potential that was more positive than the K + Nernst potential. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that CF submucosal gland cells have a decreased Cl − permeability.
Disruptive behaviors and maternal responsibility: a complex portrait of stigma, self-blame, and other reactions

Feelings of stigma and self-blame were studied among 62 Cuban, Dominican, and Puerto Rican mothers of 4- to 10-year-old children with disruptive behaviors. Data were collected and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results indicated that 42% blamed themselves for their children’s behaviors, and 39% felt stigmatized by others. Feelings of stigma and self-blame were not significantly associated. Mothers who blamed themselves had a lower level of education and gave their children significantly more impaired functional ratings than mothers who did not blame themselves. Mothers who felt stigmatized became concerned about their children and sought help earlier, rated their children’s behavior at home more poorly, felt more socially restricted by their children’s behavior, and were less likely to feel competent in managing their children than mothers who did not feel stigmatized. Sources of stigma were family, the social network, schools, and the mother’s own schemas. Responses to stigma included is...
Survey of Ménière's Disease in a Subspecialty Referral Practice

Objectives To define the prevalence of definite Meniere’s disease (MD) among patients presenting with characteristic symptoms and examine the utility of published diagnostic guidelines. Study Design and Setting Retrospective review in an academic referral practice. Results The prevalence of definite MD in these 295 individuals was 64%. The next-largest group (23%) consisted of patients with only cochlear symptoms. Those initially classified as probable are usually reclassified as definite with extended follow-up. Of those with definite MD, the mean duration of disease at last follow-up was 7.6 years, 56% were female, 19% had bilateral disease, and 34% required surgical management for vertigo. Conclusions The 1995 AAO-HNS guidelines are useful for classification of MD according to certainty of diagnosis and severity of disease, though some modifications could be considered. Significance Application of consistent diagnostic criteria is essential for epidemiological, genetic, or outcomes studies of Meniere’s disease.
Effect of Segregating Impurities on the Grain‐Boundary Character Distribution of Magnesium Oxide

The grain-boundary character distribution (GBCD) of undoped MgO has been measured and compared with samples containing small concentrations of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Y. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of intergranular fracture surfaces verified that Ca, Ba, and Y segregated anisotropically to grain boundaries (GBs). The segregation of Sr was not detected. The GBCDs of Ca, Ba, and Y doped MgO have more GBs comprised of {100} planes than the undoped material and the fractional area of these planes was highest in the Ca-containing samples. Sr impurities, on the other hand, have no measurable influence on the GBCD. The results demonstrate that GB plane distributions can be controlled through impurity additions.