cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen isotopic variability associated with multiple stages of serpentinization, Duke Island Complex, southeastern Alaska

Abstract Ultramafic rocks of the Duke Island Complex in southeastern Alaska crystallized in a supra-subduction zone setting, but the serpentinization of olivine-bearing rocks involved the incursion of late-stage meteoric waters. Three textural types of serpentine (primarily lizardite) have been identified which in part reflect progress in reactions during multiple stages of fluid infiltration. The overall mesh texture of serpentine has been subdivided into a massive-type, found in dunites and wehrlites, and a dendritic-type found in wehrlites and olivine clinopyroxenites. Serpentine veins represent a late-stage in the hydrothermal alteration process. Both FeO contents and δ 18 O values of the three textural types of serpentine are variable at the centimeter scale. Magnetite abundance in association with serpentine is also variable with up to 5 vol% of magnetite found in samples with dendritic serpentine. Continued reaction of FeO-bearing serpentine with fluid appears to control the formation of most magnetite. Oxygen isotope ratios of the three textural types of serpentine are distinct, with the massive variety characterized by δ 18 O values between −3‰ and 3‰, the dendritic variety showing values between 2‰ and 6‰ and the veins having the highest values between 4‰ and 10‰. Although the δ 18 O values may vary by as much as 5‰ on the centimeter scale, δ D values tend to show relatively less variation with over 90% of the measured values between −100‰ and −120‰. The O and H isotopic values are consistent with the involvement of meteoric water that had undergone variable degrees of isotopic exchange with country rocks prior to reacting with olivine in the Duke Island Complex. Small-scale variability in both serpentine FeO content and δ 18 O values suggests that chemical and isotopic equilibria may have not been attained at larger than centimeter scales. Oxygen isotopic variability in serpentine produced during relatively low-temperature hydrothermal alteration is in large part a function of exchange mediated via fluid flow through microfractures.
Synchrotron white beam X-ray topography, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies of defects and strain relaxation processes in wide band gap semiconductor crystals and thin films

Abstract A review is presented of recent research into imaging on different length scales of defect structures in wide band gap semiconductors. This includes: synchrotron white beam X-ray topography (SWBXT) imaging of defects in SiC wafers and epilayers; high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of strain relaxation in AlN and GaN epilayers on on-axis and vicinal SiC and sapphire substrates; TEM studies of fault structures in GaN/AlN films on SiC substrates; and TEM studies of threading dislocation density reduction driven by growth mode modification in AlN films grown on sapphire substrates. In detail, studies of closed-core and hollow-core screw dislocations, basal plane dislocations and stacking faults (SFs) in 4H- and 6H-SiC substrates and films are presented. The mechanism of improved mismatch strain relaxation associated with the growth of GaN (AlN) films on vicinal substrates is discussed. This is attributed to the combined effects of mutual tilt between the epilayer and the substrate, which helps to relax out-of-plane mismatch, and by the generation of geometric partial misfit dislocations (GPMDs), which serves both to relax in-plane mismatch and accommodate stacking differences between the epilayer and substrate at some proportion of the steps at the substrate/film interface. In addition, the formation mechanisms of intersecting SF structures observed in GaN/AlN/SiC epilayers are presented. These fault structures comprise SFs that fold back and forth from the basal plane (I1 Basal Plane Faults; BSFs) to the prismatic plane (Prismatic Stacking Faults; PSFs). Finally, the threading dislocation density reduction in AlN/sapphire films is modeled based on overgrowth of the dislocation outcrops by macrosteps which appear during a transition from step flow to 2D layer-by-layer growth.
Downregulatation of syndecan-1 in colon cancer cells: a potential mechanism for anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of NSAIDS

Downregulatation of syndecan-1 in colon cancer cells: a potential mechanism for anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of NSAIDS
Wnt and FGF pathways cooperatively pattern anteroposterior neural ectoderm in Xenopus

Previous gain-of-function assays in Xenopus have demonstrated that Xwnt-3a can pattern neural tissue by reducing the expression of anterior neural genes, and elevating the expression of posterior neural genes. To date, no loss-of-function studies have been conducted in Xenopus to show a requirement of endogenous Wnt signaling for patterning of the neural ectoderm along the anteroposterior axis. We report that expression of a dominant negative Wnt in Xenopus embryos causes a reduction in the expression of posterior neural genes, and an elevation in the expression of anterior neural genes, thereby confirming the involvement of endogenous Wnt signaling in patterning the neural axis. We further demonstrate that the ability of Xwnt-3a to decrease expression of anterior neural genes in noggin-treated explants is dependent upon a functional FGF signaling pathway, while the elevation of expression of posterior neural genes does not require FGF signaling. The previously reported ability of FGF to elevate the expression of posterior neural genes in noggin-treated explants was found to be dependent on endogenous Wnt signaling. We conclude that neural induction occurs initially in a Wnt-independent manner, but that generation of complete anteroposterior neural pattern requires the cooperative actions of Wnt and FGF pathways.
Remodeling the cortex in memory: Increased use of a learning strategy increases the representational area of relevant acoustic cues

Associative learning induces plasticity in the representation of sensory information in sensory cortices. Such high-order associative representational plasticity (HARP) in the primary auditory cortex (A1) is a likely substrate of auditory memory: it is specific, rapidly acquired, long-lasting and consolidates. Because HARP is likely to support the detailed content of memory, it is important to identify the necessary behavioral factors that dictate its induction. Learning strategy is a critical factor for the induction of plasticity (Bieszczad & Weinberger, 2010b). Specifically, use of a strategy that relies on tone onsets induces HARP in A1 in the form of signal-specific decreased threshold and bandwidth. The present study tested the hypothesis that the form and degree of HARP in A1 reflects the amount of use of an "onset strategy". Adult male rats (n=7) were trained in a protocol that increased the use of this strategy from approximately 20% in prior studies to approximately 80%. They developed signal-specific gains in representational area, transcending plasticity in the form of local changes in threshold and bandwidth. Furthermore, the degree of area gain was proportional to the amount of use of the onset strategy. A second complementary experiment demonstrated that use of a learning strategy that specifically did not rely on tone onsets did not produce gains in representational area; but rather produced area loss. Together, the findings indicate that the amount of strategy use is a dominant factor for the induction of learning-induced cortical plasticity along a continuum of both form and degree.
An improved wavelength selection scheme for Monte Carlo solvers applied to hypersonic plasmas

Abstract A new databasing scheme is developed for Monte Carlo Ray Tracing methods applied to hypersonic planetary entry. In this scheme, the complex relationships for the emission wavelength selection of atomic and molecular species in nonequilibrium flows are simplified by developing random number relationships for individual transitions, as opposed to using relationships for the spectral emission coefficient of a given species. These new techniques speed up wavelength selection by about 2 orders of magnitude, and offer flexibility for use in weighted or part-spectrum Monte Carlo solvers.
Middle managers in a state‐controlled economy: how they implement their decisions

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to study how two different managerial environments of the state‐controlled economy in Belarus – “private small business management” and “state or privatized large enterprise management” – influence middle managers' implementation of decisions. Two kinds of data are analyzed: “should” option or presented data, and “would” option or managers' preferred in reality option of activity.Design/methodology/approach – The research was completed in two stages: survey research based on open‐ended questions and face‐to‐face structured interviews based on the principle of controllable projection. A total of 193 decisions are analyzed.Findings – Managers of large and state enterprises should present an appearance of active tactics, but in reality they would prefer tactics of delay or no‐action. Managers of small private businesses should present all varieties of tactics except a tactic of inaction. In reality, they would prefer to act directly, or less often, to wait or not act ...
Trends in injury-related deaths before and after dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

The relationship of death rates due to injury with the dissolution of the Soviet empire deserves special focus because of the impact of injury deaths on the productive working population between the ages of 15 and 65 years. A retrospective review was performed of annual mortality rates due to intentional and unintentional injuries, using WHO data from 1980 to 2003. Using data from a comparison group in Western Europe, the nations of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were studied. Annual death rates were examined using polynomial regression after 3-year moving averages smoothed the plots. The majority of trends in injury-related death noted in the comparison group decreased constantly over time. In contrast, many nations of the former USSR experienced an initial decrease, reaching a nadir in 1985 – 1987, followed by an increase in injury-related deaths. Moreover, many of these nations experienced a subsequent decrease following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The monitoring of tren...
The effect of experimental manipulation on cooperative behavior in a chicken game

Forty male and 40 female undergraduates participated in a mixed-motive game. For the first 50 trials, a simulated “other player” used a tit-for-tat strategy which reciprocated the S’s choices with a one-trial lag. Ss who received the same choice from the “other” on the first trial became significantly more cooperative in the next 50 trials than Ss who received a different choice. A second phase explored some experimental treatments which were designed to change the degree of cooperation or competition shown by the S, and demonstrated significant effects in the predicted direction.
Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene patchoulol from farnesyl pyrophosphate in leaf extracts of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli): mechanistic considerations.

Abstract Several mechanistic alternatives have been proposed for the enzyme-catalyzed, electrophilic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to the tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohol patchoulol, which is the characteristic component of the essential oil of Pogostemam cablin (patchouli). These alternatives include schemes involving deprotonation-reprotonation steps and the intermediacy of the monocyclic and bicyclic olefins germacrene and bulnesene, respectively, and involving a 1,3-hydride shift with only tertiary cationic intermediates and without any deprotonation-reprotonation steps. Analytical studies, based on analyses of P. cablin leaf oil at different stages of plant development, and in vivo time-course investigations, using14CO2 and [14C]sucrose, gave no indication that germacrene and bulnesene were intermediates in patchoulol biosynthesis. A soluble enzyme system from P. cablin leaves was prepared, which was capable of converting farnesyl pyrophosphate to patchoulol, and isotopic dilution experiments with both labeled and unlabeled olefins were carried out with this system to confirm that sesquiterpene olefins did not participate as free intermediates in the transformation of the acyclic precursor to patchoulol. Patchoulol derived biosynthetically from [12,13-14C;1-3H]farnesyl pyrophosphate was chemically degraded to establish the overall construction pattern of the product. Similar studies with 12,13-14C;6-3H farnesyl pyrophosphate as a precursor eliminated deprotonation steps to form bound olefinic intermediates in the biosynthesis of patchoulol, while providing supporting evidence for the hydride shift mechanism.
Free-standing broadband low-loss optical metamaterial filter

In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-thin, low-loss optical metamaterial filter with high transmission and near constant group delay across a broad pass-band from 3.0 to 3.5μ m. Deep-subwavelength air hole inclusions positioned at the corners of a conventional metallodiectric fishnet were used engineer the dispersive properties of the structure to have an impedance match to free space over the pass-band. The optical properties of the metamaterial filter were verified by experimentally fabricating and characterizing the optimized free-standing nano-notched fishnet. The measured experimental results agreed well with the simulated response, showing a high transmission band over the targeted wavelength band.
Coordinate Regulation of Choline Acetyltransferase, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Neuropeptide mRNAs by Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

The neurotransmitter phenotype switch that occurs in cultures of rat superior cervical ganglion neurons after treatment with leukemia inhibitory factor or ciliary neurotrophic factor is a useful model permitting investigation of the mechanisms of cytokine-mediated differentiation. Recently the actions of leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been linked through their interactions with related receptor complexes. Here we compare the effects of these two cytokines on gene expression in sympathetic neuronal cultures and begin to investigate their mechanisms. We report that, as has been shown for leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor regulates peptides and classical transmitters in these cultures at the mRNA level. In addition, we find that the induction of substance P mRNA by these cytokines is rapid, dependent on protein synthesis, and occurs in 40-50% of superior cervical ganglion neurons in dissociated culture.
The market for social norms

This article presents a semirigorous model in which a new norm arises out of the workings of a market for norms. Change is triggered by a shift in either cost-benefit conditions or group composition. Because individuals are heterogeneous in important respects, they respond differently to these triggering events. The first persons to supply new norms generally are individuals who have either superior technical knowledge of cost-benefit conditions, superior social knowledge of group dynamics, or special endowments that provide them with unusually high tangible benefits from norm reform. Members of the social audience observe the competing efforts of these norm suppliers and reward the most meritorious ones by conferring on them either esteem or, according to an alternative conception, new exchange opportunities. Under optimal conditions, members of the audience - key participants in the demand side of the market for norms - do not free-ride because they incur no net costs when conferring their rewards.
Practical Uses of Advanced Rotor Dynamics Tools to Ensure Trouble Free Operation of an Overhung Turbo-Expander Rotor

The intent of this paper is to illustrate how rotor dynamics analysis can be an effective tool to improve rotor dynamic characteristics. Analytical methods, such as undamped critical speeds, unbalance response and stability (damped eigenvalues) analysis are used to evaluate the vibration characteristics of rotating machinery. Advanced rotor dynamics software is capable of generating and analyzing rotor models. By removing undesirable sources of instability and ensuring reliable separation margin, rotor-stability improvement is validated. This study presents an overhung rotor with a proven stable operating history; however, higher power requirements and changes in components resulted in a potential resonant condition of concern. Based on the rotor dynamics analysis outputs, design changes were implemented to ensure the rotor will meet API’s vibration acceptance limits. After evaluating different design alternatives using computer modeling, a change in the inboard bearing diameter proved to be the best solution for attaining smooth operation. Although this paper focuses mainly on the analysis performed on an overhung rotor, the methodology used can be applied to any rotating equipment. It is clear that rotor dynamics analysis is a powerful instrument for predicting operating behavior, thus allowing for necessary changes in analytical modeling and ensuring more stable machines.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic renal papilla.

Abstract Although ectopic renal papilla has been reported only recently, there is indication that it is more common than these: few experiences would suggest. Awareness of this entity and its radiographic features should direct the urologist toward a conservative approach confirming the diagnosis by operative nephroscopy, thereby obviating nephrectomy.
Investigation of Polyethylene by Means of Magic Angle Turning and Separated-Local-Field Experiments

The principal values of the 13C chemical shift tensors and the 1H−13C separated-local-field patterns are reported for the all-trans structures with long and short T1 as well as the more and less mobile amorphous segments in polyethylene. It is shown that the principal values of the chemical shift tensor, and the local 1H field of the tensor, for the all-trans crystalline structures with long and short T1 are essentially the same, supporting the previous suggestion by Schmidt-Rohr and Spiess that chain diffusion between the amorphous and the crystalline regions in PE is the primary reason for the multiexponential 13C T1 relaxation observed for the all-trans peak observed at 33 ppm. The less mobile amorphous component adopts preferably a trans conformation and undergoes a fast rotation dominantly about the molecular axis at a rate larger than the width of the CH2 group dipolar coupling. The motion involved in the mobile amorphous structure approaches isotropic tumbling, but a modest amount of constrained re...
Botfly parasitism and tourism on the endangered black howler monkey of Belize

Tourism imposes costs and benefits on wild primates. Endangered black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) troops with high exposure to tourism had higher levels of botfly (Alouattamyia baeri) parasitism. Edge habitat and juvenile numbers did not seem to confound the observed relationship. To improve the cost/benefit ratio of tourism, we recommend further investigation.
Social cognition of indirect speech: Evidence from Parkinson's Disease

We examined potential neurocognitive mechanisms of indirect speech in support of face management in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 32 elderly controls with chronic disease. In experiment 1, we demonstrated automatic activation of indirect meanings of particularized implicatures in controls but not in PD patients. Failure to automatically engage comprehension of indirect meanings of indirect speech acts in PD patients was correlated with a measure of prefrontal dysfunction. In experiment 2, we showed that while PD patients and controls offered similar interpretations of indirect speech acts, PD participants were overly confident in their interpretations and unaware of errors of interpretation. Efficient reputational adjustment mechanisms apparently require intact striatal-prefrontal networks.
Medieval Cosmopolitanism and the Saracen-Christian Ethos

In her paper, "Medieval Cosmopolitanism and the Saracen-Christian Ethos," Marla Segol argues that in Floire et Blancheflor and Aucassin et Nicolette, two medieval Occitanian romances, the writers work actively to incorporate Islamic culture and its accomplishments into a hybrid communal identity. The hybrid elements of this identity are demonstrated in two ways: first, through the portrayal of mixed couples and second, through depiction of a biculturally constituted landscape and culture. Intercultural relations between the characters are dramatized through the structures of religious conversion. Each romance features a mixed couple, with one member Christian and the other, formerly Muslim but converted at some point in the narrative. In each work, the validity of Muslim lover's conversion is probed through an interrogation and a problematization of the process. As these conversions are probed, the hybrid identities of both the characters and their adoptive societies are revealed and accepted. In so doing, these works express cosmopolitan ideals that serve to distinguish Occitanians from their northern and western Christian neighbors. Much of the conflict in each work centers on negotiating an assimilable knowledge of Other within, and as such, the hybrid self. Marla Segol, "Medieval Cosmopolitanism and Saracen-Christian Ethos" page 2 of 11 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.2 (2004):
Geodesic derivative in quantum circuit complexity analysis

Detailed analysis is given of the geodesic derivative, a useful tool in the Riemannian geometry of quantum computation. The geodesic derivative facilitates numerical evaluation of geodesics describing minimum complexity quantum circuits in which more than two-body interactions are prohibited.
Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Dynamics in Precocial and Altricial Avian Development1

SYNOPSIS. Precocial and altricial birds have distinctly different patterns of general ontogeny and metabolic/thermoregulatory development. In my laboratory, we have studied the development of thyroid function in Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) and Ring doves ( Streptopelia risoria ) as examples of precocial and altricial development, respectively. In this paper, I review the literature and our work on the factors that influence peripheral hormone dynamics in birds. The first section of the paper describes adult peripheral thyroid function to set the stage for the developmental picture. Thyroid development is divided into two phases: Phase I, in which the thyroid gland develops functional capacity but there is low thyroid activity in the periphery, and Phase II, in which peripheral thyroid function increases and approaches adult levels. In precocial development Phase I occurs during embryonic life and Phase II begins at the perinatal period. In altricial development, the pattern of thyroid functional development is different and delayed. Peripheral thyroid hormone patterns in both developmental modes are discussed with reference to the factors that determine their dynamics: hormone availability from the thyroid gland, total serum hormone concentrations, the roles of serum binding proteins in regulating freehormone concentrations, hormone turnover and excretion, hormone receptors and thyroid hormone metabolism, especially extrathyroidal production of triiodothyronine from thyroxine.
Vision system for model based control of cryogenic tunnel freezers

This paper presents a novel solution, using a vision-sensor, to a challenging control problem in cryogenic food freezing industry. This industrial application is characterized by significant variation in input food products because cryogenics-freezing technology with its inherent process flexibility is typically used in low volume/high mix applications. Current industrial controllers use PLCs for regulating the belt speed of the tunnel, which leads to conservative set-points and consequently significant operational cost and frequent over-freezing. Servo control of the process is difficult because of the complicated non-linear dynamics of cryogenic freezing caused by phase-change, and thermal dynamics between the frozen products and the tunnel. The solution presented in this paper uses a vision-sensor to estimate the shape, size, and heat load of food products that will enter the freezing tunnel. An analysis of the sensor location and its impact on disturbance feed-forward control is also presented. Efficacies of these developments are verified in an industrial case study using a commodity webcam for capturing and processing two-dimensional streaming images, and integrating the processed information with an industrial control system using model-predictive control architecture. The proposed solution is especially attractive for the food industry because of the low-cost and non-contact features of webcam, operational cost savings through reduced consumption of cryogen, and improved quality through reduction in variation of temperature of the frozen products.
Establishing a women's health curriculum using the Delphi Method.

Context: A Women's Health Initiative Task Force was formed with the collaboration of five primary care medical specialties at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) at Galveston to address the education of medical students about important issues related to women's health. Objective: To identify and prioritize key concepts in issues related to women's health. Methods: Literature review and three generational Delphi Method. Results: The content was identified for development of a curriculum in Women's Health for medical students and resident physicians. Objectives, tasks, skills, learning opportunities, and learning materials were defined, and the curriculum is being designed to produce, within all specialities, parallel and consistent opportunities to educate students about issues important for women's health. Conclusion: The rankings of topics gathered though the Delphi Method will be used to develop a curriculum in Women's Health Issues that defines objectives, tasks, skills, learning opportunities, and learning materials for the purpose of educating UTMB medical students and resident physicians about the health needs of women.
Further evidence of the reliability and validity of DSM-IV ODD and CD in preschool children.

ABSTRACT Objective: To test the reliability and validity of DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorders (ODD and CD) and symptoms using the Kiddie Disruptive Behavior Disorders Schedule and generate data on the manifestation of symptoms of ODD and CD in 3- to 5-year-old children. Method: One hundred twenty-three consecutive referrals to a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic and 100 children recruited from a pediatric clinic and their biological mothers participated. Mothers were interviewed about current ODD and CD symptoms, and mother and teachers completed measures of impairment. Twenty-five percent of the interviews were randomly selected and coded by a second rater to test interrater reliability. A separate sample of 31 children was recruited for a 1-week test-retest study. Results: Overall, reliability of ODD and CD symptoms as measured by interrater and test-retest reliability was moderate to high. Reliability was not affected by age or sex of the child. Validity was demonstrated via associations with impairment and differentiation between referred and nonreferred children. Conclusions: Most DSM-IV ODD and CD symptoms can be reliably and validly assessed in preschool children. Some developmental modifications are recommended. The results add to the literature on best methods of assessment of preschool psychopathology.
University of Wisconsin Centers' Follow-Up Study of Adult and Younger Students.

This study investigates how adult students aged 25 or older at the time of leaving the two‐year University of Wisconsin Centers compare to younger students in terms of their goals, where they go on to school, or the barriers to going on. More than 450 former Center students who left the Centers after the Spring 1979 or Spring 1980 semesters with 40 or more earned credits were surveyed. Students from seven of the 13 Center campuses were queried in order to get responses from different areas of Wisconsin. A four‐page questionnaire was developed; an initial mailing and three follow‐ups were used during the winter of 1982‐83. The questionnaire gathered descriptive information about the student, the reasons and goals for entering a Center campus, how well the student did in college, school attendance after the Center or barriers to going on in school, future educational plans and an evaluation of the Center that the respondent attended. The 105 adult and 190 younger students whose responses appear in this stud...
Botulinum Toxin-Induced Resolution of Axillary Granular Parakeratosis

A 44-year-old woman presented with an 18-month history of a pruritic dermatitis in the axillae bilaterally, beginning in the springtime. There was no history of significant hyperhidrosis. The patient did not recall any change in deodorant, soap, detergent, or other topical products. Her family history was unremarkable for anyone with similar symptoms. Physical examination revealed hyperpigmented plaques on an erythematous base in both axillae. The inframammary and intertriginous folds were free of lesions. Histologic examination taken from the left axilla was notable for mild digitate papillomatosis, compact hyperparakeratosis with large nuclei, and retained keratohyaline granules within the stratum corneum (Figure), consistent with axillary granular parakeratosis. A periodic acid-Schiff stain was negative for hyphae. Patch testing utilizing the thin-layer rapid-use epicutaneous test (T.R.U.E. Test, Mekos Laboratories, Hillerod, Denmark) was unremarkable. The patient was initially treated with fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream without notable improvement. She then received Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin injections to the axillae (50 U/axilla) with complete resolution of the rash within a few days. At 6-months' follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic.
Windowed and Wavelet Analysis of Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Inhomogeneity

To improve radiative transfer calculations for inhomogeneous clouds, a consistent means of modeling inhomogeneity is needed. One current method of modeling cloud inhomogeneity is through the use of fractal parameters. This method is based on the supposition that cloud inhomogeneity over a large range of scales is related. An analysis technique named wavelet analysis provides a means of studying the multiscale nature of cloud inhomogeneity. In this paper, the authors discuss the analysis and modeling of cloud inhomogeneity through the use of wavelet analysis. Wavelet analysis as well as other windowed analysis techniques are used to study liquid water path (LWP) measurements obtained during the marine stratocumulus phase of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment. Statistics obtained using analysis windows, which are translated to span the LWP dataset, are used to study the local (small scale) properties of the cloud field as well as their time dependence. The LWP data are transformed onto an orthogonal wavelet basis that represents the data as a number of times series. Each of these time series lies within a frequency band and has a mean frequency that is half the frequency of the previous band. Wavelet analysis combined with translated analysis windows reveals that the local standard deviation of each frequency band is correlated with the local standard deviation of the other frequency bands. The ratio between the standard deviation of adjacent frequency bands is 0.9 and remains constant with respect to time. This ratio defined as the variance coupling parameter is applicable to all of the frequency bands studied and appears to be related to the slope of the data's power spectrum. Similar analyses are performed on two cloud inhomogeneity models, which use fractal-based concepts to introduce inhomogeneity into a uniform cloud field. The bounded cascade model does this by iteratively redistributing LWP at each scale using the value of the local mean. This model is reformulated into a wavelet multiresolution framework, thereby presenting a number of variants of the bounded cascade model. One variant introduced in this paper is the 'variance coupled model,' which redistributes LWP using the local standard deviation and the variance coupling parameter. While the bounded cascade model provides an elegant two- parameter model for generating cloud inhomogeneity, the multiresolution framework provides more flexibility at the expense of model complexity. Comparisons are made with the results from the LWP data analysis to demonstrate both the strengths and weaknesses of these models.
Role of vertical ion convection in the high‐latitude ionospheric plasma distribution

[1] We use the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM) to simulate the ionospheric reaction to a simple step change of the high-latitude forcing terms during the first hour of electric field enhancement. In response to the enhanced convection electric field, both the convection velocity and Joule heating increase dramatically. The changes in NmF 2 present that the tongue extends across the polar cap and the troughs stretch longitudinally. The calculated total electron content (TEC) can vary by 15 TECU and have a similar pattern to the changes of NmF 2 . The changes in the vertical ion drift can be upward 100 m/s on the dayside and downward 100 m/s on the nightside as a consequence of the changes in the E x B drift. Approximately, hmF 2 ascends where V iR is upward and descends where V iR is downward. In general, the response of the ionosphere to the enhanced E-field is that the F 2 layer moves upward on the dayside and enhances at all altitudes on the nightside. Below the F 2 peak (250 km altitude), the region of decreasing electron density coincides with the upward V iR on the dayside, and the reverse is true on the nightside. Above the F 2 peak (450 km altitude), the features related with both horizontal convection and vertical advection are present. The vertical ion drift sets up a vertical circulation in the noon-midnight meridional plane during the early stage of E-field enhancement in addition to the widely accepted horizontal two cell convection. According to the circulation, the significant sources of tongue ionization are not only the plasma from the lower latitudes, but also from the low altitudes on the dayside. While the vertical circulation is not well organized after 6-hour E-field enhancement, the contribution of vertical ion convection is still significant. Although the vertical E x B drift in Apex coordinates is more complex and variable than that in a simple dipole magnetic field, the main characteristics are the same, which indicate the significance of the vertical circulation for the electron density distribution in reality during the early stage of E-field enhancement. The Joule heating drives upwelling of the atmosphere and modifies the O/N 2 ratio. Meanwhile, the enhanced neutral advection twists the O/N 2 ratio pattern a little bit. However, the changes in the O/N 2 ratio have relatively poor correlation with the variation of electron density during the first hour of E-field enhanced time.
The chlamydial periplasmic stress response serine protease cHtrA is secreted into host cell cytosol

The periplasmic High Temperature Requirement protein A (HtrA) plays important roles in bacterial protein folding and stress responses. However, the role of chlamydial HtrA (cHtrA) in chlamydial pathogenesis is not clear. The cHtrA was detected both inside and outside the chlamydial inclusions. The detection was specific since both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-cHtrA antibodies revealed similar intracellular labeling patterns that were only removed by absorption with cHtrA but not control fusion proteins. In a Western blot assay, the anti-cHtrA antibodies detected the endogenous cHtrA in Chlamydia-infected cells without cross-reacting with any other chlamydial or host cell antigens. Fractionation of the infected cells revealed cHtrA in the host cell cytosol fraction. The periplasmic cHtrA protein appeared to be actively secreted into host cell cytosol since no other chlamydial periplasmic proteins were detected in the host cell cytoplasm. Most chlamydial species secreted cHtrA into host cell cytosol and the secretion was not inhibitable by a type III secretion inhibitor. Since it is hypothesized that chlamydial organisms possess a proteolysis strategy to manipulate host cell signaling pathways, secretion of the serine protease cHtrA into host cell cytosol suggests that the periplasmic cHtrA may also play an important role in chlamydial interactions with host cells.
Instructional Development Models: Analysis at the Task and Subtask Levels

A simple yet detailed process for analyzing and comparing instructional development models at the task and subtask levels is described, justified, and illustrated. The analysis process ensures that all major instructional development tasks and their subtasks are identified, assigns weights to the subtasks, and facilitates the comparison of different prescriptive models task by task, according to both comprehensiveness and operational level.
Interstitial cystitis: Clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria in over 200 cases

Over 200 patients were evaluated for the syndrome of interstitial cystitis. The average patient was found to void 16 times per day with an average volume of 106 ml, nocturia averaged 4–6 times (but 18% of patients voided < 2 times per night) and symptoms were present at least 1 year. Eight-five percent of the patients were female and 83% had pain. The median age was 44. Cystoscopic changes revealed no carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in 175 patients studied with an average capacity under anesthesia of 561 ml (measured in 175 patients). Only 8% of the patients had ulcers and 89% had glomerulations. Seventy-five patients had cystometrograms demonstrating an average maximum capacity of 220 ml and an increased sensory urgency in 95% of patients (< 100 ml volume stimulating urgency was considered abnormal). The 90% confidence limit for findings in this disease showed the average voids per day was at least 10, with an average voided volume of < 160 ml, nocturia at least 1–2 per night, duration of symptoms over 1 year, anesthetic bladder capacity of < 850 ml.
Tektite-like Bodies at Lonar Crater, India? Very Unlikely

— The “tektite-like bodies” reported recently from Lonar Crater, India (Murali et al., 1987) are, in fact, high sodium (up to 22% Na2O) artificial glasses and so need not be explained by unrealistic, natural mixing models. These bodies have no bearing on the problem of impactite chemistry or tektite generation.
Mixed constraints for test input generation - An initial exploration

The use of specifications provides an effective technique to automate testing. A form of specification that automates generation of test inputs is logical constraints that define properties of desired inputs. Recent advances in constraint solving technology have made the use of constraints particularly attractive. However, manually writing constraints to define complex inputs to real-world programs can pose a significant burden on the user and restrict their wider use. We envision a novel approach to facilitate the use of constraints: to provide a mixed notation for writing the properties. Our key insight is that different properties can lend to easier formulation using different programming paradigms. Thus, a notation that supports more than one paradigm, e.g., declarative and imperative paradigms, can enable achieving a sweet-spot in minimizing the manual effort required in constraint formulation. Moreover, solving such constraints is also likely to be more efficient as different properties may require different paradigms for more direct and accurate representation. This paper presents our vision and gives an illustration to make a case for the usefulness of such a notation.
Computer manpower in the United States-supply and demand: an update

Results of a survey conducted by the author in late 1974 are presented and used to give estimates of Computer Manpower production for 1974-75. These production estimates are compared with needs estimates presented in an earlier paper (SIGCSE Bulletin December, 1975). All postsecondary institutions were surveyed and a 61% response was obtained. Lists of degree programs reported in the Computer Sciences are also presented.
Globozoospermia: is there a role for varicocele repair?

Varicocele is one of the most common abnormalities associated with male infertility. Although a great deal has been written regarding the pathophysiology and management of this lesion, the role of varicocele repair in selected clinical situations may be difficult to determine. Dr Eric Seaman poses a question regarding just such a case when he inquires about the potential utility of varicocele repair in a patient presenting with globozoospermia.
Pseudoinverse method for modal solutions of open dielectric waveguides

The vector finite-element method in the interior and the boundary integral equation of the exterior domain are investigated in order to analyze open dielectric waveguides. Boundary conditions are obtained by applying the continuity of the magnetic and electric fields at the surface of the waveguide. Since both the finite-element method and boundary integral equations have the final matrices of the form Ax=λBx, the pseudoinverse method with a penalty factor is used. This new method provides the simultaneous solutions of propagating modes at the operating frequency, and it shows good agreement with previously published results for the analysis of the rectangular waveguide.
Considerations for SphygmoCor radial artery pulse wave analysis: side selection and peripheral arterial blood pressure calibration

Methods employed for pulse wave analysis (PWA) and peripheral blood pressure (PBP) calibration vary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement of SphygmoCor PWA parameters derived from radial artery tonometry when considering (1) timing (before vs. after tonometry) and side selection (ipsilateral vs. contralateral limb) for PBP calibration and (2) side selection for tonometry (left vs. right arm). In 34 subjects (aged 21.9 ± 2.3 years), bilateral radial artery tonometry was performed simultaneously on three instances. PBP assessment via oscillometric sphygmomanometry in the left arm only and both arms simultaneously occurred following the first and second instances of tonometry, respectively. Significant within arm differences in PWA parameters derived before and after PBP measurement were observed in the right arm only (for example, aortic systolic blood pressure, Δ=0.38 ± 0.64 mm Hg). Simultaneously captured bilateral PWA variables demonstrated significant between arm differences in 88% (14/16) and 56% (9/16) of outcome variables when calibrated to within arm and equivalent PBP, respectively. Moreover, the right arm consistently demonstrated lower values for clinical PWA variables (for example, augmentation index, bias=-2.79%). However, 26% (n=9) of participants presented with clinically significant differences (>10 mm Hg) in bilateral PBP and their exclusion from analysis abolished most between arm differences observed. SphygmoCor PWA in the right radial artery results in greater variability independent of the timing of PBP measurement and magnitude of calibration pressures in young subjects. Moreover, bilateral PBP measurement is imperative to identify subjects in whom a significant difference in bilateral PWA outcomes may exist.
Radioactivity in urine and feces of mink (Mustela vison) treated with [14C] aflatoxin B1.

Excretion of radioactivity by mink (Mustela vison) during 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of two different amounts of aflatoxin B1 was studied. Male mink that received a single dose of 25 μg aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 89.5% of administered radioactivity (56.8% via feces, 32.7% via urine); whereas female mink excreted an average of 85% (63.6% via feces, 21.4% via urine) of administered radioactivity during the 7-day period. Male and female mink given 150 μg aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 76.9–80.1% of administered radioactivity during the 7 days that followed treatment with toxin. These mink excreted somewhat more of the administered radioactivity in their urine than did the mink that received the lower dose of aflatoxin (37.2 vs. 32.7% for males and 32.7 vs. 21.4% for females). Regardless of sex and dosage of toxin, most of the radioactivity ultimately excreted either through feces or urine appeared in the first 24 h after toxin was administered to mink.
Acceptance of Uncommon Information into Group Discussion When That Information Is or Is Not Demonstrable

Research on group problem solving and on social cognition suggests that, during group discussion of a decision-making task, member acceptance of an unknown fact will be affected by the demonstrability of a fact's existence and the familiarity of the decision topic. Four-person groups read and discussed facts about a familiar or unfamiliar issue. Some groups could obtain written fact summaries during discussion, while the others could not. We predicted and found a three-way interaction between demonstrability, familiarity, and number of advocates. Verifiable single-advocate facts were accepted into discussion, but unverifiable facts required two advocates. These effects were more pronounced when the topic was familiar. Regression analysis of the influence of individual items on group choice revealed that, for the unfamiliar topic, the number of advocates of an item was directly related to that item's degree of influence only when the item could not be verified. Verifiable single-advocate facts were as influential as any other verifiable fact.
Biodiversity and the lexicon zoo

Abstract Ecologists and natural resource managers struggle to define and relate biodiversity, biocomplexity, ecological integrity, ecosystem services, and related concepts; to describe effects of disturbance dynamics on biodiversity; and to understand how biodiversity relates to resilience, resistance, and stability of ecosystems and sustainability of resource conditions. Further diversifying this “lexicon zoo” are the ecological roles of rare species and refugia, and measures of surrogates and indicators of biodiversity parameters. To impart order on this lexicon zoo, a “concept map” framework is suggested for clearly defining biodiversity parameters and related terms, relating biodiversity to ecosystem services and sustainability, describing how disturbance affects biodiversity, and identifying biodiversity parameters for management and monitoring. Many relations among these concepts are poorly understood in managed forest environments and are presented here as testable tenets.
Effect of probenecid and N′-methylnicotinamide on renal handling of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-II in rats

Abstract The renal handling of cisplatin was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence and absence of probenecid and N′-methylnicotinamide. The renal clearance of free cisplatin was not significantly different from the glomerular filtration rate. N′-Methylnicotinamide, an organic cation, did not affect cisplatin clearance. Administration of probenecid, an organic anion, resulted in a significant increase in cisplatin clearance to 169% of the glomerular filtration rate. These results suggest that cisplatin or a metabolite is excreted by the kidney by a complex process which includes glomerular filtration, secretion and active reabsorption via the organic acid transport system.