cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of salt-sensitive hypertension in a sensory denervated model: the underlying mechanisms.

Keywords: capsaicin, sodium, dietary, innervation, sensory, hypertension, salt-sensitive, renal circulation, AT1 and AT2, plasma renin activity Abstract We use a novel salt-sensitive hypertensive model recently developed in our laboratory. This model shows that neonatal degeneration of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves renders a rat responsive to a salt load with a significant rise in blood pressure (BP). To test the hypothesis that development of salt-sensitive hypertension in sensory denervated rats is mediated by abnormal regulation of both circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS), neonatal Wistar rats were given capsaicin, 50 mg/kg s.c., on the first and second days of life. Control rats were treated with vehicle solution. After the weaning period, male rats were divided into four groups and subjected to the following treatments for three weeks: control + high sodium diet (4%, CON-HS), capsaicin pretreatment + normal sodium diet (0.5%, CAP-NS), capsaicin pretreatment + high sodium diet (CAP-HS), and capsaicin pretreatment + high sodium diet + candesartan cilexetil (10 mg/kg/per day, CAP-HS-CAN). Radioimmunoassay shows that plasma renin activity (ng/ml/hr, PRA) was higher in CAP-NS (2.58±0.17) than in CON-HS (0.14±0.03) and CAP-HS (0.74±0.15), and it was higher in CAP-HS than in CON-HS (p<0.05). Western blot analysis shows that expression of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT 1) receptor in both the renal cortex and outer medulla was higher in CAP-HS than in CON-HS and CAP-NS rats (p<0.05). Expression of the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor in the renal cortex was higher in both CAP-HS and CAP-NS than in CON-HS rats (p<0.05), but there was no difference in AT2-receptor expression in the renal medulla between CAP-HS, CAP-NS, and CON-HS rats. Likewise, there was no difference in AT1-receptor expression in mesenteric resistance arteries between CAP-HS, CAP-NS, and CON-HS rats. In contrast, mesenteric AT2-receptor expression was lower in CAP- HS than in CAP-NS and CON-HS rats (p<0.05). Tail- cuff systolic BP (mmHg) shows that blockade of the AT1-receptor with candesartan prevents the development of hypertension in CAP-HS rats (by the end of the experiment, CON-HS, 122±3; CAP-NS, 118±10; CAP- HS, 169±9; CAP-HS-CAN, 129±2, p<0.05). Thus, both circulating and tissue RAS in sensory-denervated rats are abnormally regulated in response to a high-salt intake, which may contribute to increased salt sensitivity and account for the effectiveness of candesartan in lowering BP in this model.
Modulation frequency features for audio fingerprinting

This paper explores modulation frequency features with subband normalization for audio identification. Our main goal is to find features for audio fingerprinting that are invariant to time and frequency distortions, both unintentional and intentional. Two-dimensional features, called “joint acoustic and modulation frequency,” are proposed. The paper describes these features and corresponding cross entropy classification. Experimental results show that standard spectral features are inadequate when frequency distortion occurs, as in low bit rate coding or equalization. In contrast, our proposed normalized modulation frequency features can provide accurate fingerprints, even when time and frequency distortions are imposed on music passages.
Compartmentalization of Surface Envelope Glycoprotein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 during Acute and Chronic Infection

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity. Having previously demonstrated that, in the peripheral blood, the initial viral population is more homogeneous than at subsequent stages of infection, we have extended our studies to tissue samples, allowing comparisons between viral populations in peripheral blood and tissues during both the acute and chronic stages of infection. We found that homogeneity in gp120 sequences during the acute infection phase is not just restricted to the peripheral blood but also extends to other tissue compartments. However, in chronically infected individuals, heterogeneous and distinct viral populations were found in different compartments. We therefore conclude that the dominant and homogeneous viral population observed during the acute infection phase is likely to infiltrate lymphoid tissues and form the genetic bases for subsequent diversification. It is therefore likely that the compartmentalization of viral sequences observed in chronically infected patients reflects a gradual diversification of a common dominant viral variant rather than the preferential migration of distinct viral populations to different tissue compartments at the beginning of infection.
Compatibility of DoD satellite communications standards with international civil standards

Typical military satellite systems have been designed and built to a specific set of requirements for specific users. With defense budgets continuing to decrease, there is interest in developing standardized systems (not only within the United States DoD, but also with civil and international systems) in order to reduce development and operating costs. As this interest grows, the DoD must be able to determine if current and proposed future space operations are compatible with various civil and commercial standards. A study was conducted in 1996 to evaluate the compatibility of existing DoD waveform standards with Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommendations and Space Communications Protocol Standards (SCPS). This paper summarizes the results of the study.
MUC16 mucin is expressed by the human ocular surface epithelia and carries the H185 carbohydrate epitope.

Purpose H185 antibody has been shown to recognize a carbohydrate epitope on a membrane-associated mucin in the apical surfaces of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The distribution of this antibody is altered on the surfaces of conjunctival epithelial cells of dry eye patients. The purpose of this work was to determine whether the H185 antibody recognizes the recently cloned membrane-associated mucin MUC16 (formerly CA125 antigen). Methods To determine whether ocular surface epithelia express MUC16, the relative expression of the MUC16 mucin gene was determined by real-time PCR on reverse transcription products from RNA isolated from human corneal and conjunctival tissues, as well as from immortalized human corneal-limbal epithelial cell (HCLE) cultures. To determine the distribution of MUC16 mRNA and protein in the ocular surface epithelia, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on sections of corneal and conjunctival epithelia using, respectively, a MUC16 antisense oligoprobe and the antibodies OC125, VK-8, and R16 raised against the MUC16 mucin. Determination of whether MUC1 and MUC16 mucins carry the H185 carbohydrate epitope was achieved with the respective mucins isolated from HCLE protein extracts, using one- or two-step immunoprecipitation assays and immunodepletion experiments followed by Western blot analysis. Results MUC16 mucin transcripts were detected in the human ocular surface epithelia and in corneal cell cultures. MUC16 mRNA and protein localized to the apical cell layers of the cornea and to the suprabasal region of the conjunctival epithelium. In HCLE cultures, MUC16 protein was detected in apical cells of islands of stratified cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated exact colocalization of the MUC16 mucin and the H185 carbohydrate epitope in sections of human corneal tissue. Immunoprecipitated MUC16 mucin was recognized by the H185 antibody and vice versa, indicating that MUC16 mucin carries the H185 epitope. Immunodepletion with H185 antibody resulted in no OC125 antibody reactivity. No cross-reactivity between immunoprecipitated MUC1 and the H185 antibody was observed. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the membrane-associated mucin MUC16 is expressed by the human ocular surface epithelia and that MUC16 carries the H185 carbohydrate epitope. Future studies on the expression of MUC16 and the characterization of the molecular structure of the H185 carbohydrate epitope will determine their biological significance on the healthy ocular surface and in dry eye syndrome.
Testing the significance of spatio-temporal teleconnection patterns

Dipoles represent long distance connections between the pressure anomalies of two distant regions that are negatively correlated with each other. Such dipoles have proven important for understanding and explaining the variability in climate in many regions of the world, e.g., the El Nino climate phenomenon is known to be responsible for precipitation and temperature anomalies over large parts of the world. Systematic approaches for dipole detection generate a large number of candidate dipoles, but there exists no method to evaluate the significance of the candidate teleconnections. In this paper, we present a novel method for testing the statistical significance of the class of spatio-temporal teleconnection patterns called as dipoles. One of the most important challenges in addressing significance testing in a spatio-temporal context is how to address the spatial and temporal dependencies that show up as high autocorrelation. We present a novel approach that uses the wild bootstrap to capture the spatio-temporal dependencies, in the special use case of teleconnections in climate data. Our approach to find the statistical significance takes into account the autocorrelation, the seasonality and the trend in the time series over a period of time. This framework is applicable to other problems in spatio-temporal data mining to assess the significance of the patterns.
An enhanced one-bit identity authentication protocol for access control in IEEE 802.11

With the explosive growth in the number of mobile device, new concerns are raised when it comes to wireless security. Many commercial products using virtual private network (VPN) to solve the security problems in wireless networks because the current security scheme in IEEE 802.11 namely wired equivalent privacy (WEP) is known to be quite insecure. However, using both WEP and VPN causes authentication redundancy at the mobile hosts. Thus, to reduce the redundancy, (H. Johnson, et al., 2002) proposed a one-bit identity authentication protocol for access control in IEEE 802.11. But a careful study of the paper revealed that the synchronization algorithm used in the work does not solve the purpose. This paper provides an enhanced one-bit identity authentication protocol and a synchronization scheme with complete analysis and implementation issue in IEEE 802.11.
Chronic myelocytic leukaemia: a pluripotent haemopoietic cell is involved in the malignant clone.

Summary. Haemopoietic cells with pluripotent capabilities, were grown in soft-gel cultures from the peripheral blood of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic A,B heterozygous female with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). The cells produced mixed colonies composed of erythrocytic and granulocytic progeny. Only type B isoenzyme of G6PD was found in mixed colonies, in mature neutrophils, erythrocytes, and committed granulocyte and erythrocyte stem cells. The fibroblasts of the patient contained both A and B isoenzymes of G6PD. This study provides direct evidence that a pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell is involved in the malignant clone in CML.
Decomposable Principal Component Analysis

In this paper, we consider principal component analysis (PCA) in decomposable Gaussian graphical models. We exploit the prior information in these models in order to distribute PCA computation. For this purpose, we reformulate the PCA problem in the sparse inverse covariance (concentration) domain and address the global eigenvalue problem by solving a sequence of local eigenvalue problems in each of the cliques of the decomposable graph. We illustrate our methodology in the context of decentralized anomaly detection in the Abilene backbone network. Based on the topology of the network, we propose an approximate statistical graphical model and distribute the computation of PCA.
Brine Dewatering Using Ultrasonic Nebulization

Recovery of water from brine is a critical element of water loop closure for future extended manned space missions where water resupply logistics become increasingly prohibitive beyond low earth orbit (LEO). In these situations, brines will be derived from pooled wastewater in which the primary water recovery system recovers greater than 90% of the original water while the remaining water is retained in a contaminant laden brine. In this paper, the use of ultrasonic nebulization to recover water from brine is described. This novel method utilizes ultrasonic energy to eject micron-sized droplets of brine from the air-liquid interface forming a mist that is readily dried under a partial vacuum at moderate temperature. For brine originating from urine and other metabolic byproducts, low drying temperatures prevent decomposition of thermally sensitive contaminants. Ultrasonic nebulizer advantages include mist creation without nozzles that can become plugged, minimal power requirements, and simple and compact design. Once generated, the mist is transferred to a drying chamber where rapid drying occurs at low temperature due to the small droplet size and vacuum conditions. Following capture of the dried brine aerosol by a regenerable filtration method, water vapor is condensed and recovered. Significant findings from this program presented in this paper include: 1) water recoveries of greater than 95% were demonstrated for the Ultrasonic Brine Dewatering System (UBDS); 2) mist generation depends directly on the sweep gas flow rate, which impacts dryer, filtration, and condenser designs; 3) mist and brine compositions are identical, allowing long-term nebulization without the formation of precipitates; 4) particle removal feasibility was demonstrated; 5) microgravity compatibility is feasible when an ultrasonically transparent, open wicking material is present at the liquid-gas interface, and; 6) dried brine particles retained less than 5% moisture. These findings demonstrate the potential for continued advancement of the UBDS technology.
Renal insufficiency as a predictor of adverse events and mortality after renal artery stent placement.

Abstract Background: Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This relationship is strongest in the presence of renal insufficiency (RI). The goal of this study is to assess the relationship between RI, mortality, and adverse events in the setting of renovascular disease. Methods: Two hundred sixty-one patients with significant RAS treated with endovascular stenting were followed up prospectively for 21 ± 18 months (range, 0 to 85 months). Blood pressure (BP), renal function, medication use, and comorbidities were assessed. Death was verified through the Social Security Death Master Index File, and cause of death was derived from death certificates. Medical records of 230 subjects subsequently were reviewed to identify adverse cardiovascular and renal events. Results: Overall, 37% of patients experienced at least 1 adverse event postprocedure. Myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF) events increased with degree of baseline RI. Seventy-three deaths (28%) occurred postprocedure (range, 13 to 2,457 days). Baseline characteristics associated with mortality included advanced age, decreased use of β-blockers, increased use of diuretics, increased serum creatinine (Cr) level, decreased Cr clearance (CrCl), bilateral stenoses or stenosis of a solitary kidney, history of CHF, and history of MI. Follow-up characteristics associated with mortality included lower systolic and diastolic BP, increased serum Cr level, and decreased CrCl. RI at baseline and follow-up remained associated with mortality after adjusting for other clinically and statistically significant variables. Patients in whom renal function improved after stenting appeared to show improved survival over those without improved renal function (45% versus 0% cumulative survival, P
Clearing up “implicit knowledge”: Implications for Knowledge Management, information science, psychology, and social epistemology

“Implicit knowledge” and “tacit knowledge” in Knowledge Management (KM) are important, often synonymous, terms. In KM they often refer to private or personal knowledge that needs to be made public. The original reference of “tacit knowledge” is to the work of the late scientist and philosopher, Michael Polanyi (Polanyi, 1969), but there is substantial evidence that the KM discourse has poorly understood Polanyi's term. Two theoretical problems in Knowledge Management's notion of “implicit knowledge,” which undermine empirical work in this area, are examined. The first problem involves understanding the term “knowledge” according to a folk-psychology of mental representation to model expression. The second is epistemological and social: understanding Polanyi's term, tacit knowing as a psychological concept instead of as an epistemological problem, in general, and one of social epistemology and of the epistemology of the sciences, in particular. Further, exploring Polanyi's notion of tacit knowing in more detail yields important insights into the role of knowledge in science, including empirical work in information science. This article has two parts: first, there is a discussion of the folk-psychology model of representation and the need to replace this with a more expressionist model. In the second part, Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge in relation to the role of analogical thought in expertise is examined. The works of philosophers, particularly Harre and Wittgenstein, are brought to bear on these problems. Conceptual methods play several roles in information science that cannot satisfactorily be performed empirically at all or alone. Among these roles, such methods may examine historical issues, they may critically engage foundational assumptions, and they may deploy new concepts. In this article the last two roles are examined.
Prodrugs of Alcohols and Phenols

The rationale for the development of prodrugs is the delivery of a higher concentration of the pharmacologically active drugs into the systemic circulation and to its site of action. In general, poor systemic blood levels after drug administration are due to pharmaceutical or physiological causes, leading to either poor absorption or first-pass effects such as metabolism.
Quantifying Interactions between Biochemical Functional Groups and with Hofmeister Salt Ions in Water

Interactions between biochemical functional groups are fundamental to biopolymer self-assembly processes and enzyme-substrate binding and ligand binding, and a key determinant of biopolymer structure and function. To date little quantitative information has been available about their strengths and contributions to stability. Interactions of small solutes have been shown to be composed of additive contributions from interactions of one solute with individual function groups on the other solute (one way interactions). Here we test the hypothesis that solute-solute interactions in water can be dissected using additivity and either an ASA or weighted group-based analysis into contributions from group-group interactions (two way analysis). Data for preferential interactions (μ23 values) of amides with other amides and with aromatics and nucleobases as well as for interactions of alcohols and polyols with aromatics and nucleobases are obtained by osmometry and solubility assays and interpreted to obtain two way potentials (alpha values) for the group group interactions. Some of the most favorable interactions are those that correspond to hydrogen bonding between NH and C=O groups like those in protein 2o structures and in DNA/RNA duplexes. The interaction of aromatic C with amide O is very favorable, providing a second example of a favorable n-π∗ interaction, like that of amide C with amide O (Ref 1).Interactions of amides with Na+ and K+ salts of Hofmeister anions reveal that interactions of these salts with hydrocarbon C and amide N, follow the Hofmeister order (KSCN > KCl > KF; NaClO4 > NaCl > Na2SO4). These data quantify interaction of these salts with the most important protein groups and are useful to interpret or predict Hofmeister effects on protein unfolding m-values.1) Bartlett GJ, Choudhary A, Raines RT, Woolfson DN (2010) Nat Chem Biol 6:615–620.
Amelioration of Marek’s Disease by Mycoplasma Gallisepticum

Abstract REVIEW OF LITERATURE Kraemer (1964) reported on the specific in vitro inhibition of certain murine lymphoma cells by a non-dialyzable substance in the medium in which certain variants of Mycoplasma hominis are grown. A possible connection between the avian leukosis agent and Mycoplasma gallisepticum is indicated from in vitro studies by Barile (1967) which suggest sialic acid as the red cell binding site for both organisms. Nazerian et al. (1968) supplied evidence that the Marek’s disease agent is a Herpes virus. Solomon et al. (1968) confirmed that Marek’s disease is transmissible by inoculation of blood or macerated tissue samples of infected birds into appropriately susceptible hosts. Under practical conditions, Marek’s disease may cause detectable symptoms in as much as 80% of a flock but as yet no definitive conditions have been established that would favor or inhibit the proliferation of the disease. Differences in the degree of infection have been…
Choanal Atresia: Historical Perspective and Surgical Management

Educational objectives: To understand the origin of this congenital problem and its treatment from historical perspective; to know the surgical techniques available to manage or correct the problem; and to know how to choose the correct surgical approach and fine points of surgery technique.
Mars, Venus, or Earth? Sexism and the Exaggeration of Psychological Gender Differences

Few studies have examined how people perceive psychological gender differences despite the practical importance of these perceptions for everyday life. In three studies, we examined whether there is a positive association between sexism and the tendency to exaggerate psychological gender differences. Study 1 demonstrated that the more strongly men endorsed hostile sexism and the more strongly women endorsed hostile or benevolent sexism, the larger they perceived gender differences to be across a broad range of psychological traits. Study 2 documented that the more strongly people endorsed hostile or benevolent sexism, the more likely they were to exaggerate the size of gender differences. In Studies 1 and 2, women perceived gender differences to be larger than did men, after accounting for sexism. Finally, Study 3 showed that increasing (decreasing) the perceived size of gender differences predicts corresponding increases (decreases) in sexism. These results support relevant theory, which argues that differentiation between genders underlies sexist ideologies, and they may inform future intervention studies that aim to reduce sexism by targeting exaggerated gender beliefs. Discussion highlights the proposed connection between sexism and the belief that “men are from Mars and women are from Venus”.
State switching in regions of high modal density

Performance of piezoelectric-based, semi-active vibration reduction approaches has been studied extensively in the past decade. Originally analyzed with single-degree-of-freedom systems, these approaches have been extended to multi-mode vibration reduction. However, the accompanying analysis typically assumes well-separated modes, which is often not the case for plate structures. Because the semi-active approaches induce a shift in the structural resonance frequency (at least temporarily), targeting a speciﬁc mode for vibration reduction can actually lead to additional vibration in an adjacent mode. This paper presents an analysis using a simpliﬁed model of a two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system with lightly-coupled masses to achieve two closely-spaced modes. This investigation is especially applicable to the resonance frequency detuning approach previously proposed to reduce vibrations caused by transient excitation in turbomachinery blades where regions of high modal density exist. More generally, this paper addresses these eﬀects of stiﬀness state switches in frequency ranges containing regions of high modal density and subject to frequency sweep excitation. Of the approaches analyzed, synchronized switch damping on an inductor oﬀers the greatest vibration reduction performance, whereas resonance frequency detuning and state switching each yield similar performance. Additionally, as the relative distance between resonance peaks decreases, the performance for the vibration reduction methods approaches that of a single-degree-of-freedom system; however, there are distances between these resonant peaks that diminish vibration reduction potential.
Thermal Properties of a New Series of Liquid Crystal Forming Materials: p,p′-DI-n-Alkyldiphenyl and p,p′-DI-n-Alkoxy-Diphenyldiacetylenes

It is impossible to predict the mesomorphic behavior (if any) of a compound using modern liquid crystal theory. When the compound belongs to an already recognized liquid crystalline homologous series, it is safe to assume that some liquid crystal behavior will be exhibited. Given the heats and temperatures of transition of neighboring homologs, the transition entropy of the new homolog may be estimated.1 However, if the compound in question belongs to an entirely new homologus series, only intuition and previous experience furnish any guide to possible mesomorphic properties.
Joining and Leaving Organizations in a Global Information Society

Social, political, economic, and technological changes are reshaping how people join and leave organizations, a process called organizational socialization. In light of these changes, there is a need to extend and challenge existing scholarship, while also considering the multiple organizational memberships that shape human experience (e.g., educational, healthcare, political, religious, terrorist, volunteer). Taking into account macro-through micro-level factors—globalization, new technologies, time, changing workforce conditions, family structures, political (in)stabilities, and understudied organizations/organizing—this chapter suggests research trajectories that offer opportunities for communication subdis-ciplines to benefit from and contribute to organizational socialization research and practice while also expanding interdisciplinary influence.
Assessment of Sister Chromatid Exchange in Spermatogonia and Intestinal Epithelium in Chinese Hamsters

The induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been proposed as a predictive test for the identification of mutagens/carci-nogens. The in vivo application of this test was investigated by examining the chemical induction of SCE in spermatogonia, intestinal epithelium and bone marrow cells from Chinese hamsters.
Hand-arm vibration syndrome with distal brachial artery occlusion

Abstract Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is a complex disorder of the peripheral extremities that is associated with occupational or recreational exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. Digital artery occlusion in HAVS is a common finding; however, proximal involvement is less likely. We present a case of HAVS with the initial presentation of acute limb ischemia and with thrombus burden extending from the distal brachial artery and into the ulnar and radial arteries. To our knowledge, no case of HAVS syndrome of similar severity has been previously described. This case emphasizes the potential dangers of HAVS and the necessity for proper prophylactic interventions at the workplace.
Prediction of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Noise

Turbulent boundary layers, which are observed in almost all aerospace vehicles and in natural phenomena, radiate acoustic waves. A closed-form mathematical model is proposed to predict the intensity and coherence of acoustic radiation from turbulent boundary layers. For this purpose, the Navier–Stokes equations are rearranged and solved using a cross-spectral acoustic analogy. Arguments of the model are the spatial two-point cross correlations of the turbulent statistics and mean flow of the turbulent boundary layer. These arguments are modeled using relations whose coefficients are calibrated with numerical and measurement data drawn from a wide range of sources. Models for turbulent statistics are proposed for the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer at a wide range of ambient Mach numbers. Predictions of acoustic intensity, spatial coherence, and model arguments are validated with numerical and measurement data. Predicted sound-pressure levels agree well with numerical results. The variation...
Effect of freshwater sediment characteristics on the persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and genetic markers within a Southern California watershed.

Abstract In this study, the aging of culturable FIB and DNA representing genetic markers for Enterococcus spp. (ENT1A), general Bacteroides (GB3), and human-associated Bacteroides (HF183) in freshwater sediments was evaluated. Freshwater sediment was collected from four different sites within the upper and lower reach of the Topanga Creek Watershed and two additional comparator sites within the Santa Monica Bay, for a total of six sites. Untreated (ambient) and oven-dried (reduced microbiota) sediment was inoculated with 5% sewage and artificial freshwater. Microcosms were held for a 21-day period and sampled on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, and 21. There were substantial differences in decay among the sediments tested, and decay rates were related to sediment characteristics. In the ambient sediments, smaller particle size and higher levels of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were associated with increased persistence of the GB3 marker and culturable Escherichia coli (cEC) and enterococci (cENT). The HF183 marker exhibited decay rates of −0.50 to −0.96 day −1 , which was 2–5 times faster in certain ambient sediments than decay of culturable FIB and the ENT1A and GB3 markers. The ENT1A and GB3 markers decayed at rates of between −0.07 and −0.28 and −0.10 to −0.44 day −1 , and cEC and cENT decayed at rates of between −0.22 and −0.81 and −0.03 and −0.40 day −1 , respectively. In the oven-dried sediments, increased persistence of all indicators and potential for limited growth of culturable FIB and the GB3 and ENT1A markers was observed. A simplified two-box model using the HF183 marker and cENT decay rates generated from the microcosm experiments was applied to two reaches within the Topanga Canyon watershed in order to provide context for the variability in decay rates observed. The model predicted lower ambient concentrations of enterococci in sediment in the upper (90 MPN g −1 ) versus lower Topanga watershed (530 MPN g −1 ) and low ambient levels of the HF183 marker (below the LLOQ) in sediments in both lower and upper watersheds. It is important to consider the variability in the persistence of genetic markers and FIB when evaluating indicators of fecal contamination in sediments, even within one watershed.
Thermodynamic analysis of a regenerative organic Rankine cycle using dry fluids

Abstract Detailed design, analysis, and optimization of a regenerative Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using dry working fluids is the main focus of this study. Large number of parametric calculations was performed to evaluate the thermodynamic performance (thermal efficiency and net power output) of the regenerative ORC over a range of operating conditions for fourteen dry working fluids. A systematic method is proposed for selection of optimal working fluid(s) considering the cycle operating conditions and thermo-physical properties of the working fluids. Regression analysis was used to develop expressions for thermal efficiency for the subcritical, superheated subcritical, and transcritical regenerative ORC. For all analyzed configurations of the regenerative ORC, the relationship between thermal efficiency and relevant cycle parameters, such as maximum, minimum and evaporation temperatures, is logarithmic. Based on the results, it is concluded that regeneration can decrease the difference in thermal efficiencies for different working fluids. In the case of a regenerative ORC operating with a dry working fluid, thermal efficiency increases as the maximum temperature is increased at constant minimum temperature. The results show that adding regeneration to the cycle does not change the specific net work output. Working fluids Butane, iso-Butane, and R113 offer the highest specific net work output.
Voicing Italian Childfree Women on New Media: The Lunàdigas Project

Giusy Di Filippo, ‘Voicing Italian Childfree Women on New Media: The Lunadigas Project.’ Di Filippo’s chapter focuses on how new media are contributing to giving rise to new femininity discourses that are distinct from the idea of motherhood. Focusing on a website called Lunadigas by Nicoletta Nesler and Marilisa Piga, and on a webdoc that is part of the website in particular, this contribution shows how the two authors interactively open up a “potential space/place” on the Internet that gives a voice to Italian childfree women. As well as looking at the ways in which the project challenges the dominant representation of womanhood in Italian society, this contribution also explores the implications of a web-based rhetorical place where authors, interviewees (childfree women, well-known women from the past involved in imagined monologues, childless women, and some mothers) and users can find themselves part of a shared communal identity.
The Role of the LPN as a Leader and Manager in the Health-Care Setting

This chapter provides a comparison of the leader and the manager in the health-care setting as well as how the LPN fits into each of these roles. A variety of leadership styles will be discussed in the context of the health-care environment and specific traits that define each style and how the LPN fits within the context of one or more leadership styles. The role of the manager will be explored using Patricia Benner’s novice to expert nursing theory.
Investigating the Intersession Reliability of Dynamic Brain-State Properties.

Abstract Dynamic functional connectivity metrics have much to offer to the neuroscience of individual differences of cognition. Yet, despite the recent expansion in dynamic connectivity research, l...
Interrelationships in the Metabolism of Platelet-Activating Factor and Arachidonate in Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) produce PAF upon activation by a number of stimuli including phagocytosis, chemotactic peptide (fMLP), C5a, and ionophore A23187 (Camussi et al., 1981; Clark et al., 1980; Jouvin-Marche et al., 1984; Lotner et al., 1980; Lynch et al., 1979; Sanchez-Crespo et al., 1980). Of the many cells examined, PMN appear to produce the highest amount of PAF (Jouvin-Marche et al., 1984). The extent to which PMN, as well as other cells, release PAF into the surrounding milieu is controversial, although most investigators do observe release (Betz and Henson, 1980) and others have reported that approximately half the PAF synthesized is released from the cells (Jouvin-Marche et al., 1984). The release and optimal synthesis of PAF require extracellular Ca2+ (Betz and Henson, 1980, Ludwig et al., 1984, 1985). In recent studies of human PMN, it was shown that albumin added to the media enhances PAF synthesis by at least fourfold (50 mg human serum albumin/ml) and probably up to sevenfold (Ludwig et al., 1985), and that albumin is mandatory for PAF release (Ludwig et al., 1985).
Enhancement of polyelectrolyte precipitation through the genetic fusion of charged polypeptides to enzymes

Precipitation methods which offer specificity towards a target protein can greatly decrease the number of steps required to achieve product purity. Techniques which offer varying degrees of specificity include the use of polyelectrolytes, biospecific affinity ligands, metal ion affinity ligands, proteinbinding dyes, salts, non-ionic polymers, and solvents. The success of these techniques can often be enhanced through the use of genetic engineering. This review surveys the current status of specific precipitation techniques.
Keeping Track of Important Population and Evolutionary Stats

To be able to keep track of the performance of a neuroevolutionary system, it is essential for that system to be able to accumulate the various statistics with regards to its fitness, population dynamics, and other changing features, throughout the evolutionary run. In this chapter we add to the population_monitor of our TWEANN system the ability to compose a trace, which is a list of tuples, where each tuple is calculated every 500 (by default) evaluations, containing the various statistics about the population achieved during those evaluations, tracing the population’s path through its evolutionary history.
High-throughput nanomanufacturing of synthetic antiferromagnet-polymer nanoparticles with high magnetic moment, very low remanence, and high magnetic susceptibility for biomedical applications

A high-throughput top-down nanomanufacturing approach for making metal–polymer nanoparticles with tunable magnetic properties using nanoimprint lithography is reported. The nanoparticles comprise of a layered structure that includes a Co/Ru/Co synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) and a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) layer. The Co/Ru/Co structure deposited by magnetron sputtering was tuned to achieve antiferromagnetic coupling between Co layers, desired magnetic susceptibility, and saturation magnetization. Ultrahigh density positive tone thermal nanoimprint lithography molds designed to maximize the depth and minimize the thickness of imprint trenches in nanoimprint resist (PMMA or HSQ) were fabricated. The molds were used to pattern large arrays of 200 nm × 200 nm, 400 nm × 400 nm, and 600 nm × 600 nm SAF nanostructures with superparamagneticlike magnetic characteristics. The nanostructures were released from the wafers into an aqueous suspension by dissolving the sacrificial underlayers, Cu for SAF/PMMA nanoparticles and PMMA for SAF/HSQ nanoparticles.A high-throughput top-down nanomanufacturing approach for making metal–polymer nanoparticles with tunable magnetic properties using nanoimprint lithography is reported. The nanoparticles comprise of a layered structure that includes a Co/Ru/Co synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) and a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) layer. The Co/Ru/Co structure deposited by magnetron sputtering was tuned to achieve antiferromagnetic coupling between Co layers, desired magnetic susceptibility, and saturation magnetization. Ultrahigh density positive tone thermal nanoimprint lithography molds designed to maximize the depth and minimize the thickness of imprint trenches in nanoimprint resist (PMMA or HSQ) were fabricated. The molds were used to pattern large arrays of 200 nm × 200 nm, 400 nm × 400 nm, and 600 nm × 600 nm SAF nanostructures with superparamagneticlike magnetic characteristics. The nanostructures were released from the wafers into an aqueous suspension by dissolving the sacrificia...
Mechanical Deformation of Human Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Tissue in Response to Acute IOP Elevation.

Purpose To measure the deformation of the human optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary tissue (PPT) in response to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Methods The ONH and PPT of 14 human donor globes were imaged with high-frequency ultrasonography during inflation testing from 5 to 30 mm Hg. A correlation-based speckle tracking algorithm was used to compute tissue displacements, and the through-thickness, in-plane, and shear strains were calculated by using least-squares strain estimation methods. The ONH and PPT were segmented along the anterior-posterior direction and the nasal-temporal direction. Regional displacements and strains were analyzed and compared. Results The ONH displaced more posteriorly than the PPT in response to an acute IOP increase. Scleral canal expansion was minimal but correlated with ONH posterior displacement at all IOP levels. Through-thickness compression was concentrated in the anterior of both the ONH and the PPT. Shear was concentrated in the vicinity of the canal with higher shear in the peripheral ONH than the central ONH and higher shear in the PPT near the scleral canal than that further away from the canal. Conclusions High-resolution ultrasound speckle tracking showed a displacement mismatch between the ONH and the PPT, larger compressive strains in the direction of IOP loading in the anterior ONH and PPT, and higher shear strains in the periphery of ONH in response to acute IOP elevation in the human eye. These findings delineate the deformation patterns within and around the ONH and may help understand IOP-associated optic nerve damage.
Management of Stage II Germ Cell Tumors

There are several treatment approaches for stage II germ cell tumors (GCTs), and a thorough understanding of the staging classification and histologic differences in tumor biology and therapeutic responsiveness is critical to determine an effective, multimodal management strategy that involves urologists, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists. This article discusses contemporary management strategies for stage II GCTs, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), and surveillance. Patient selection, histology, and extent of lymphadenopathy drive management, and, as both treatment and detection strategies continue to emerge and be refined, the management of patients with stage II GCT continues to evolve.
Changes in the proportion of squamous cell carcinoma in head and neck cancer in the United States and Canada, 1995-2015.

e17554Background: There has been a shift in the epidemiologic landscape of head and neck cancer (HNC) with decreasing incidence of tobacco-related and increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (...
THE MULTIFACETED ROLE OF ADENOSINE IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Unfortunately, no therapy effective in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been successfully taken from bench to bedside. Implicating the possible importance of being able to simultaneously target deleterious cascades after severe TBI, a host of recent clinical trials of therapeutic agents targeting specific individual mechanisms have all failed, most notably even therapies targeting putative key mechanisms of secondary damage, such as excitotoxicity (Doppenberg et al. 1997; Morris et al. 1999) and oxidative stress (Muizelaar et al. 1993; Young et al. 1996; Marshall et al. 1998). However, even the powerful multifaceted benefits of hypothermia were insufficient to confer a breakthrough beneficial effect on long-term outcome, as applied in the constraints of a recent multi-center clinical trial (Clifton et al. 2001). The obvious potential value of being able to target and ameliorate the activation of multiple deleterious cascades after TBI suggests the need to seek out—in addition to hypothermia—putative pharmacological agents that might simultaneously or sequentially confer multiple beneficial effects in the injured brain. One endogenous mediator that fits this category is adenosine—which has the potential to favorably influence excitotoxicity, energy failure, hypoperfusion, calcium accumulation, seizures, acute inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.
Health Literacy and the Desire to Manage One's Own Health

With the ever-increasing market share of direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing, projected to surpass $350 million this year, health care professionals must address the health literacy gap that exists between what the clinician knows and what the general public understands about clinical laboratory testing. Health literacy is lowest among people with lower socioeconomic status and results in poorer outcomes. However, these individuals represent those that would benefit most from valuable DTC testing. There is a need for unbiased and universally accessible tools to help improve consumers' understanding of test utility, limitations to the accuracy of results, and result interpretation.
Food systems and future directions

Abstract The chapter provides an overview of the gut microbiome and its importance to the relationship between diet and health. A summary of major animal and plant food systems is presented. The chapter also summarizes protein-rich plant and microbial foods that have the potential to help meet the demands of a growing world population. Novel protein sources derived from microorganisms and insects are presented. The rise of plant-based animal food products representing an alternative to traditional foods is described and discussed.
Elemental Abundances in M31: A Comparative Analysis of Alpha and Iron Element Abundances in the the Outer Disk, Giant Stellar Stream, and Inner Halo of M31

We measured [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] using spectral synthesis of low-resolution stellar spectroscopy for 70 individual red-giant-branch stars across four fields spanning the outer disk, Giant Stellar Stream (GSS), and inner halo of M31. Fields at M31-centric projected distances of 23 kpc in the halo, 12 kpc in the halo, 22 kpc in the GSS, and 26 kpc in the outer disk are α-enhanced, with ⟨ [α/Fe]〉= 0.43, 0.50, 0.41, and 0.58, respectively. The 23 and 12 kpc halo fields are relatively metal-poor, with ⟨ [Fe/H]⟩ = −1.54 and −1.30, whereas the 22 kpc GSS and 26 kpc outer disk fields are relatively metal-rich with ⟨ [Fe/H]⟩ = −0.84 and −0.92, respectively. For fields with substructure, we separated the stellar populations into kinematically hot stellar halo components and kinematically cold components. We did not find any evidence of a radial [α/Fe] gradient along the high surface brightness core of the GSS between ~17 and 22 kpc. However, we found tentative suggestions of a negative radial [α/Fe] gradient in the stellar halo, which may indicate that different progenitor(s) or formation mechanisms contributed to the build up of the inner versus outer halo. Additionally, the [α/Fe] distribution of the metal-rich ([Fe/H] > −1.5), smooth inner stellar halo (r_(proj) ≾ 26 kpc) is inconsistent with having formed from the disruption of a progenitor(s) similar to present-day M31 satellite galaxies. The 26 kpc outer disk is most likely associated with the extended disk of M31, where its high α-enhancement provides support for an episode of rapid star formation in M31's disk possibly induced by a major merger.