cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in the Development and Function of Inner Ear

The sex hormone estrogen is a hormonal multi-tasker,contributing to roles as diverse as the differentiation and function of the reproductive tract,memory storage,bone growth and nerve system.In recent years,in the investigation on the development and function of inner ear,many authors have shown a gender difference in hearing function and some of them implied that part of this variation was due to the difference in estrogen levels between females and males.These studies suggested that estrogen and estrogen receptors have an effect on the development of inner ear,hearing and vestibular functions.This paper focus on the investigation progress of estrogen and estrogen receptors in the development and function of inner ear from a novel perspective and provides a reference for the further study of estrogen role in the mechanism of hearing and balance systems and clinical therapy of related diseases.
Analysis the Dynamic Changes of Platelet Parameters in Children with Severe Pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the dynamic changes of platelet parameters in children with severe pneumonia. Methods: Dynamic changes of platelet count(PLT),platelet distribution width(PDW),mean platelet volume(MPV)and platelet-large cell ratio(P-LCR) were detected in 38 children with severe pneumonia(group A), 80 with general pneumonia(group B) and 100 healthy controls(group C). Results: PLT in group A was significantly higher than group B and group C,P 0.01, while PDW?MPV?P-LCR were significantly lower than group C in 24 hours,P 0.05. PLT in group B was significantly higher than group C,P 0.05, but PDW?MPV?P-LCR were no differences between group B and C,P 0.05. After 72 hours, the parameters of platelet in group B were recovered. PLT in group A was significantly decreased but PDW?MPV?P-LCR were significantly increased on day 3 and all the parameters of platelet in group A become normalized on day 7. Conclusions: Simultaneous detection of platelet parameters is helpful in evaluating the severity of pneumonia.
The origin of meaning in animal signals

Over 40 years ago, Peter Marler proposed that animal signals were adaptive because they provided listeners with information (Marler, 1961, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1, 295–317). But what was the nature of this information? How did it influence behaviour? And how might the information in animal signals compare with the information in human language? Here we review evidence that signals in a variety of social contexts are adaptive because they convey information. For recipients, meaning results from the integration of information from the signal and the social context. As a result, communication in animals – particularly in long-lived, social species where the same individuals interact repeatedly – constitutes a rich system of pragmatic inference in which the meaning of a communicative event depends on perception, memory and social knowledge. In the human lineage, pragmatics served as a precursor to the later evolution of semantics and syntax. Among primates, there is a striking difference in flexibility between constrained call production and more flexible perception and cognition. However, call production is more flexible in the wild, where it is affected by contextual cues, than in laboratory studies where contextual cues have been removed. Monkeys and apes may overcome the limits of constrained vocal production by producing composite signals in the same and different modalities.
What prevents public and private workers in Japan from recognizing gender inequality

Although the percentage of women in Japan’s workforce has increased substantially over the last 30 years, gender inequality in terms of income and position has persisted. A major problem is the lac...
Designing and using digital books for learning: The informative case of young children and video

Abstract To promote young children’s learning from screen-based digital books, parents, educators, researchers, and designers might productively consult research about very young children’s learning from another screen-based medium: video. This extensive literature reveals challenges to young children’s learning from digital screens that extend from infancy throughout the preschool years. The youngest viewers learn better watching real events “face to face” than they do watching video, and have trouble transferring information from a screen to the real world. Supports for learning include particular experiences, active mediation by social partners, and select built-in features. Each support is reviewed in regard to its potential relevance to digital books.
Pharmaceutical Wastewater Effluent—Source of Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Phytotoxicity of Metronidazole to Soybean (Glycine max)

Industrial discharge of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the environment in some middle- and low-income countries is not sufficiently regulated. The phytotoxicity of metronidazole (FLAGYL)—one of the most commonly used over the counter (OTC) antibiotics, to soybean (Glycine max) is investigated. Relative growth rate (RGR) expressed in gram per gram per day (gg−1d−1) was applied to plants destructively harvested at maturity (42 d), to determine the toxicological impact. Differences between mean RGR of the three groups were performed at 0.05 significance level. Multiple comparisons suggest that there was a statistical significant difference among mean RGR for all treatment groups. Metronidazole is toxic to soybean plants (Glycine max) based on dose-response criterion. There is a need to enforce treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent by Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies (PMCs) before discharge into the environment.
Durable Local Control Following Concurrent Hypofractionated Chemoradiation for a Massive Inflammatory Breast Cancer Chest Wall Recurrence

Breast cancer is the leading new cancer diagnosis in women in the United States and is the second most lethal cancer in this patient population after lung cancer. Chest wall recurrence after mastectomy poses unique clinical challenges, as such tumors are often not amenable to surgical resection and durable local control with radiation or systemic therapy is challenging. When uncontrolled, chest wall recurrence can lead to severe pain and other morbidity. Herein, we describe a patient with inflammatory breast cancer with a massive, rapidly growing chest wall recurrence treated with a regimen of hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiation resulting in a complete chest wall response with durable local control.
STAT6 Reliably Distinguishes Solitary Fibrous Tumors from Myofibromas

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) and myofibromas (MF) historically have belonged to the same morphologic spectrum and have been lumped together under the nonspecific umbrella term, "hemangiopericytoma" along with other pericytic/myoid tumors. While current evidence shows clear distinction between the two entities, they frequently remain in the same histopathologic differential diagnosis. This diagnostic dilemma especially is common for smaller incisional biopsies from the oral cavity. STAT6 immunohistochemistry (IHC) recently was established as a reliable method to detect solitary fibrous tumor; however, the literature is sparse regarding STAT6 reactivity in MFs. The authors report ten new cases of oral solitary fibrous tumor, discuss histopathologic similarities and differences between the two tumors, and list respective STAT6 IHC expressivity. After IRB approval, 10 cases diagnosed as SFT and 24 cases of MF were collected from the University of Florida Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Biopsy Service between the years 1994 and 2016. The original hematoxylin and eosin slides and related IHC were reviewed. IHC with STAT6 antibody was performed on all 34 samples, and the findings were analyzed. All cases were from the oral cavity or perioral regions. 10/10 SFTs expressed STAT6 nuclear reactivity, while no cases of MF showed nuclear expression of STAT6. STAT6 is a dependable marker to differentiate SFTs from MFs.
A Switchable-Frequency Slot-Ring Antenna Element for Designing a Reconfigurable Array

A frequency-reconfigurable slot-ring antenna switching between L - and C -bands is presented. The aperture of an L -band slot-ring antenna can be reconfigured to a 2 × 2 C -band slot-ring antenna array by changing the states of 16 p-i-n diode switches. This antenna operates at 1.76/5.71 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 8.6%/11.5% in the L / C -band operating states, respectively. The measured realized gain and radiation efficiency are 0.1/4.2 dBi and 66.6%/80.7%, respectively. The antenna element spacing at 5.71 GHz is 0.36λ0, which enables beamsteering without grating lobes. This shared-aperture antenna is scalable to a larger array with element spacing of less than half-wavelength in both frequency bands.
Mythologies of the Artist in Modern India: Cinema, Melodrama, and Ravi Varma

Although the Indian artist Ravi Varma (1848–1906) was much celebrated during his lifetime, and not quite forgotten after his death, the turn of the twenty first century has seen a popular revival of interest in his life and work.
The Gold Standard and Auditory Processing Disorder

Diagnostic accuracy research plays a lead role in evidence-based medicine for physicians and evidence-based practice for speech-language pathologists and audiologists. A key component in diagnostic accuracy research is the “gold standard” also known as the reference standard test. This test is used as the best method for the identification of the presence and absence of a target disorder. A review of the literature reveals a poor understanding of this concept, especially in the area of auditory processing disorder. It is important to approach the topic of the gold standard in the context of a diagnostic system. The overall purpose of this article is to provide guidance for reviewers of diagnostic accuracy literature regarding lesions of the central auditory nervous system and an auditory processing disorder.
Application of quantized discrete event simulation methods to naturally coupled systems

A method for applying quantized discrete event simulation (DEVS) methods to naturally coupled system models is defined. Pairing the DEVS formalism with the Modified Nodal Analysis technique allows for asynchronous discretization of events, instead of the typical uniform time discretization while automatically enforcing natural conservation laws, unlike signal flow methods that propagate the output of one model to the next without adding physical constraint equations. The mathematical equations for naturally coupled DEVS (NCDEVS) are presented along with example formulations for inductor and capacitor circuit elements. Results from application of the technique to an RLC circuit and to an LC filtered Half-Wave rectifier driving a Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC) are presented and shown to be close to the well known analytical solutions. A significant benefit of the NCDEVS formulation is that it allows bi-directional power flow, as shown in the case of the PMDC motor, therefore the solver doesn't need to be aware if the PMDC motor acts as a motor or as a generator. Moreover using NCDEVS, the motor is modeled by one set of equations, regardless of the operating mode, in contrast to the signal flow method, where the solver needs to have two separate models, one for each case.
Immunopathology of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis remains one of the world’s leading infectious causes of death. According to the World Health Organization, the disease is currently spreading at the rate of one person per second. Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease primarily involving the lungs, which develops after inhalation of infected droplets released following a cough from someone infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M-TB) agent. One third of the world’s population is infected with M-TB, resulting annually in approximately 9 million new tuberculosis cases and approximately 2 million tuberculosis deaths. The virulence of the combination of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus and the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms are ominous developments. In response to the challenge of resurgent disease, numerous investigators are using the best tools of modern science to combat the disease. Nevertheless, there are surprising gaps in our knowledge of tuberculosis, especially secondary tuberculosis, the form that produces most clinical illness and nearly all transmissions of infection.
Encountering Opposed Others and Countering Suggestions [ kha?ar?t ]: Notes on Religious Tolerance from Ninth Century Arab-Muslim Thought

Eschewing conventional approaches to religious tolerance in the study of Islam, the present study makes explicit an account of religious tolerance, and the larger discursive repertoire (psychological, anthropological and theological) in which it is grounded and to which it is linked, in the teachings of the ninth century Arab, Muslim thinker and moral pedagogue, al-Harith b. Asad al-Muhasibi (d. 857). I highlight the crucial role of suggestions in Muhasibi's vision of proper subjectivity and analyze how this vision relates to his implicit and complicated account of religious tolerance.
Membrane-less photoelectrochemical devices for H2O2 production: efficiency limit and operational constraint

Three types of membrane-less photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices for solar-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production have been proposed, including (a) a H2O2 electrolyzer; (b) a photoelectrode-based PEC device; and (c) particulate photocatalysts in a suspension reactor. These devices can produce H2O2 from sunlight, water, and oxygen in air as the only inputs. Their respective efficiency limits were calculated by using the measured performance of H2O2 evolving electrocatalysts and by assuming idealized 100% selectivity for H2O2 accumulation, and by using the energy-conversion performance of light absorbers at their Shockley–Queisser limit. Multi-physics models for the three device configurations were employed for evaluating their electrochemical polarization behaviour as a function of the operating current density and for quantifying the respective contribution from the catalyst overpotential loss, the resistive loss between the cathode and anode, and the Nernstian potential loss due to pH gradients across the electrolyte. For particulate photocatalysts in a suspension, the concept of a non-zero light intensity threshold was for the first time applied to account for net positive H2O2 accumulation, which implies that the most efficient photocatalyst suspension should not fully absorb sunlight. The maximum solar-to-H2O2 conversion efficiency for a photoelectrode-based device was found to be 20.0%, fundamentally limited by the photocurrent density that is matched by dual absorbers in tandem series under 1-sun illumination. The maximum solar-to-H2O2 conversion efficiency for a particulate photocatalyst suspension can achieve 24.5–27.5% with a single-absorber band gap of 1.5–1.7 eV, depending on particle sizes. The modelling outcomes emphasize the importance of water-oxidation selectivity for achieving H2O2 accumulation towards molar concentration levels, and should guide the PEC H2O2 device implementation as the activity and selectivity of H2O2-evolving electro-catalysts continue to improve.
Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder

The kidneys are paired, reddish brown, solid organs situated on each side of the mid-line in the retroperitoneal space. Their weight depends on body size, averaging 150 and 135 g each in the adult male and female, respectively. Kidneys in mature adults vary, in length from 11 to 14 cm, in width from 5 to 7 cm, and in thickness from 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Due to the effect of the liver, the right kidney is shorter and broader and lies 1–2 cm lower than the left kidney.
“Students Get What Flows Downward”: District Leaders’ Rationalizations of the Standardized Testing of Children

What do students stand to gain from high-stakes, standardized testing? We consider answers to this question from the perspective of urban district leaders tasked with designing and overseeing the i...
Toward a Responsive Interface to Support Novices in Block-Based Programming

Block-based programming environments are often used for teaching novice students, including at the undergraduate level. Despite the simplification these tools offer, undergraduates still require additional support, often learning programming by themselves or in large section courses with little instructional support. Programming environments that provide adaptive support hold great promise for meeting this need. This paper presents the early design and piloting of Prime, a learning environment under development that provides scaffolded support for novices in block-based programming. A pilot study with Prime compared two implementations of the functionality for moving between programming subtasks: one with a static “Next Step” button for advancing through subtasks at any time, and one with a responsive button that only appeared once the current subtask was completed. Analysis of students’ code quality showed that students in the responsive condition achieved higher quality code in later programming tasks. The results highlight design considerations and opportunities for adaptively supporting novices in block-based programming.
Demonstration of a pseudo-magnetization based simultaneous write and read operation in a Co60Fe20B20/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 heterostructure.

Taking advantage of the magnetoelectric and its inverse effect, this article demonstrates strain-mediated magnetoelectric write and read operations simultaneously in Co60Fe20B20/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 heterostructures based on a pseudo-magnetization µ ≡ mx2 - my2. By applying an external DC-voltage across a (011)-cut PMN-PT substrate, the ferroelectric polarization is re-oriented, which results in an anisotropic in-plane strain that transfers to the CoFeB thin film and changes its magnetic anisotropy Hk. The change in Hk in-turn results in a 90° rotation of the magnetic easy axis for sufficiently high voltages. Simultaneously, the inverse effect is employed to read changes of the magnetic properties. The change of magnetization in ferromagnetic (FM) layer induces an elastic stress in the piezoelectric (PE) layer, which generates a PE potential that can be used to readout the magnetic state of the FM layer. The experimental results are in excellent qualitative agreement with an equivalent circuit model that considers how magnetic properties are electrically controlled in such a PE/FM heterostructure and how a back-voltage is generated due to changing magnetic properties in a self-consistent model. We demonstrated that a change of easy axis of magnetization due to an applied voltage can be directly used for information processing, which is essential for future ME based devices.
Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc

While the membrane potential of cells has been shown to be patterned in some tissues, specific roles for membrane potential in regulating signalling pathways that function during development are still being established. In the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, Hedgehog (Hh) from posterior cells activates a signalling pathway in anterior cells near the boundary which is necessary for boundary maintenance. Here, we show that membrane potential is patterned in the wing disc. Anterior cells near the boundary, where Hh signalling is most active, are more depolarized than posterior cells across the boundary. Elevated expression of the ENaC channel Ripped Pocket (Rpk), observed in these anterior cells, requires Hh. Antagonizing Rpk reduces depolarization and Hh signal transduction. Using genetic and optogenetic manipulations, in both the wing disc and the salivary gland, we show that membrane depolarization promotes membrane localization of Smoothened and augments Hh signalling, independently of Patched. Thus, membrane depolarization and Hh-dependent signalling mutually reinforce each other in cells immediately anterior to the compartment boundary.
Pain medication requirements in patients with opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion: An exploratory study.

Abstract Objective To assess sedation medication dosage differences between patients with and without opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study, identifying patients obtaining a surgical abortion in our ambulatory procedure unit between 2012 and 2017. We identified 64 patients with documented opioid use disorder at the time of their procedure and assigned 64 patients without opioid use disorder to a control cohort. We reviewed patient characteristics and calculated total doses of midazolam and fentanyl administered to patients. We used multivariate linear regression modelling to model the amount of medication administered to each group while controlling for confounders. Results The exposed and unexposed cohorts were similar in terms of baseline characteristics except for race. The cohort of patients with opioid use disorder was predominantly White (n = 55, 86%) and completely English speaking (n = 64, 100%), whereas the control cohort was majority Black (n = 39, 61%) and mostly English speaking (n = 44, 69%) On average, patients with opioid use disorder received 22 mcg more fentanyl (110 mcg vs 88 mcg, p Conclusions Patients with and without opioid use disorder received similar doses of midazolam and fentanyl for moderate sedation for surgical abortion. Implications This study suggests that standard medication titration protocols utilized with moderate sedation for surgical abortions need not be changed for patients with opioid use disorder. Moderate sedation can be a helpful option for pain control for this vulnerable population.
Tight reachability bounds for constrained nonlinear systems using mean value differential inequalities

Abstract This paper presents a new method for bounding the set of trajectories consistent with a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, a compact set of admissible time-invariant uncertainties, and a set of state constraints. Such reachability bounds are important in set-based state estimation, fault detection, robust control, etc. Interval reachability methods based on differential inequalities (DI) are desirable in these applications due to their high efficiency, but they often produce extremely conservative bounds. Here, we extend the DI approach to compute tighter enclosures using the mean value form, which is widely used to mitigate the conservatism of interval methods in non-dynamic settings. We present a general mean-value DI bounding theorem along with an efficient algorithmic implementation. We also prove that the overestimation error of mean-value DI converges to zero quadratically as the uncertainty set diminishes, rather than linearly as for interval DI methods, which is important for algorithms based on uncertainty set partitioning. Finally, we present numerical results for two challenging test problems.
Utilizing high-fidelity simulation to improve newly licensed pediatric intensive care unit nurses' experiences with end-of-life care.

Purpose New pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) nurses face distinct challenges in transitioning from the protected world of academia to postlicensure clinical practice; one of their greatest challenges is how to support children and their caregivers at the end-of-life (EOL). The purpose of this quality improvement project was to create, implement, and assess the efficacy of a high-fidelity EOL simulation, utilizing the "Debriefing with Good Judgment" debriefing model. Design and methods Participants were nurses with 4 years or less of PICU experience from a 404-bed quaternary care, free-standing children's hospital in the northeastern United States. Data were collected with the Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified (SET-M) and the PICU EOL Simulation Evaluation Survey. Results Twenty-four nurses participated; the majority (54%) were 25-29 years of age. The SET-M results indicate that the EOL simulation was beneficial to their learning and increased nurse confidence in delivering EOL care. Responding to the EOL Simulation Survey, participants rated high levels of confidence with tasks such as utilizing unit and hospital-based supports, self-care, ability to listen and support families, and medicating their patients at the EOL. Practice implications This high-fidelity EOL simulation is a robust teaching tool that serves to support the unmet needs of the PICU nurses who care for dying children. Nurse participants had a unique opportunity to practice procedural and communication skills without risk for patient or family harm. Findings from this project can serve to guide curriculum changes at the undergraduate level as well as provide direction for new nurse orientation classes.
Contrast-Enhanced Mammography: Technique, Indications, and Review of Current Literature

To provide an update on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) regarding current technique and interpretation, the performance of this modality versus conventional breast imaging modalities (mammography, ultrasound, and MRI), existing clinical applications, potential challenges, and pitfalls. Multiple studies have shown that the low-energy, non-contrast-enhanced images obtained when performing CEM are non-inferior to full-field digital mammography with the added benefit of recombined post-contrast images, which have been shown to provide comparable information compared to MRI without sacrificing sensitivity and negative predictive values. While CEMs' usefulness for further diagnostic characterization of indeterminate breast findings is apparent, additional studies have provided strong evidence of potential roles in screening intermediate to high-risk populations, evaluation of disease extent, and monitoring response to therapy, particularly in patients in whom MRI is either unavailable or contraindicated. Others have shown that some patients prefer CEM over MRI given the ease of performance and patient comfort. Additionally, some health systems may find significantly reduced costs compared to MRI. Currently, CEM is hindered by the limited availability of CEM-guided tissue sampling and issues of intravenous contrast administration. However, commercially available CEM-guided biopsy systems are on the horizon, and small changes in practice workflow can be quickly adopted. As of now, MRI remains a mainstay of high-risk screening, evaluation of the extent of disease, and monitoring response to therapy, but smaller studies have suggested that CEM may be equivalent to MRI for these indications, and larger confirmatory studies are needed. CEM is an emerging problem-solving breast imaging modality that provides complementary information to conventional imaging modalities and may potentially be used in place of MRI for specific indications and/or patient populations.
Detection of subclinical fabry disease in patients presenting with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

In the post-genomic era of science and medicine, genetic testing to determine subclinical disease, which escapes conventional clinical diagnosis, is being increasingly used. In addition, clinical genetic testing plays an important role in the diagnosis of pleomorphic disorders that might not only
Sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphoid cell lines cultured in diffusion chambers in mice: A host-mediated assay system for mutagenicity☆

Abstract A host-mediated assay system for evaluating mutagenic potential of a compound was described. It involved culturing cells from human lymphoid lines in diffusion chambers and implanted into mice. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the human target cells by injection of the model compound cyclophosphamide to the hosts was used as an index. The numbers of SCE/cell was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner.
Communicating with Your Client

This article suggests ways to communicate more effectively with your clients so that both the attorney and the client will benefit.
Query execution assurance for outsourced databases

In this paper we propose and analyze a method for proofs of actual query execution in an outsourced database framework, in which a client outsources its data management needs to a specialized provider. The solution is not limited to simple selection predicate queries but handles arbitrary query types. While this work focuses mainly on read-only, compute-intensive (e.g. data-mining) queries, it also provides preliminary mechanisms for handling data updates (at additional costs). We introduce query execution proofs; for each executed batch of queries the database service provider is required to provide a strong cryptographic proof that provides assurance that the queries were actually executed correctly over their entire target data set. We implement a proof of concept and present experimental results in a real-world data mining application, proving the deployment feasibility of our solution. We analyze the solution and show that its overheads are reasonable and are far outweighed by the added security benefits. For example an assurance level of over 95% can be achieved with less than 25% execution time overhead.
Citation Analysis of the Canadian Authored Papers Presented at the 1990-1994 Annual Conferences of the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education

The purpose of this article is to report on the citation practices and patterns of Canadian presenters at the 1990 to 1994 annual conferences of CASAE. The study identified the most frequently cited authors and publications, explored alternative methods for ranking authors, and critiqued methodologies used in previous adult education citation studies. The research findings were analyzed to identify trends and themes particular to a Canadian context. Though the overall results were similar to those reported in previous studies, differences included: (a) a substantial increase in the number of female authors cited, (b) an increase in the number of Canadian authors cited, and (c) an indication that women collaborate in adult education research and publishing to a greater extent than men. A holistic look at the data revealed an emphasis on reviving or enhancing the adult educator's role as an agent for social change. Resume Cet article vise a faire le point sur l'usage des citations et references parues dans les actes des colloques annuels de l'Association canadienne pour l'etude de l'education des adultes (ACEEA), entre 1990 et 1994. Notre etude designe, les publications et les auteurs les plus frequemment cites, explore diverses methodes pour faire le classement des auteurs, et offre une critique des methodologies utilisees dans le passe pour analyser les citations et references. L'analyse des resultats permet d'identifier certains themes et tendances associes au contexte canadien. Nos resultats appuient les conclusions de certaines etudes precedentes, et contribuent de nouvelles donnees. Ainsi, le nombre de femmes est a la hausse parmi les auteurs cites, de meme que le nombre de Canadiens; par ailleurs, les femmes semblent etre majoritaires dans le monde de la recherche et de l'edition en education des adultes. De facon generale, on note une tendance a valoriser le role des educateurs d'adultes en tant qu'agents de changement social.
DYNAMICAL BASIS OF THE SUM RULE 2 /cap XI//in equilibrium/ = $lambda$ $sup 0$- + $Root$3$Sigma$$sup +$$sub 0$. PART II

The assumptions that (1) the weak processes $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ ($\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$) are mediated by an interaction that transforms like ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{6}$, (2) the nonleptonic decay amplitudes of hyperons are dominated by pole terms, and (3) the mass-splitting pattern of the baryon octet can be approximated by $m={m}_{0}+(\ensuremath{\Delta}m)Y$ imply that the effective Lagrangian describing the parity-conserving hyperon decays transforms like ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ under $\mathrm{SU}(3)$. The sum rule $2P(\ensuremath{\Xi}_{\ensuremath{-}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}})=P(\ensuremath{\Lambda}_{\ensuremath{-}}^{}{}_{}{}^{0})+\sqrt{3}P(\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{+})$ follows immediately from this observation.
Patterns of Protein Production in Myxococcus xanthus During Spore Formation Induced by Glycerol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Phenethyl Alcohol

Spore formation of Myxococcus xanthus can occur not only on agar plates during fruiting body formation, but also in a liquid culture by simply adding glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or phenethyl alcohol to the culture. This chemically-induced spore formation occurs synchronously and much faster than that occurring during fruiting body formation. Dramatic changes in patterns of protein synthesis were observed during chemically-induced spore formation, as had previously been observed during fruiting body formation (Inouye et al., Dev. Biol. 68:579-591, 1979). However, the production of protein S, one of the major development-specific proteins during fruiting body formation, was not detected at all, although protein U, another development-specific protein, was produced in a late stage of spore formation as in the case of fruiting body formation. This indicates that the control of the gene expression during chemically-induced spore formation is significantly different from that during fruiting body formation. It was also found that during spore formation, every cell seems to have a potential to form a spore regardless of its age, since smaller cells as well as larger cells separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation could equally form spores upon the addition of glycerol. Patterns of protein synthesis were almost identical for all the three chemicals. However, the final yield of spores was significantly different depending upon the chemicals used. When phenethyl alcohol was added with glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide, the final yields were determined by the multiple effect of the two chemicals added. This suggests that although these chemicals are able to induce the gene functions required for spore formation, they may have inhibitory effects on some of the gene functions or the processes of spore formation.
Characterization of disease-related covariance topographies with SSMPCA toolbox: Effects of spatial normalization and PET scanners

To generate imaging biomarkers from disease-specific brain networks, we have implemented a general toolbox to rapidly perform scaled subprofile modeling (SSM) based on principal component analysis (PCA) on brain images of patients and normals. This SSMPCA toolbox can define spatial covariance patterns whose expression in individual subjects can discriminate patients from controls or predict behavioral measures. The technique may depend on differences in spatial normalization algorithms and brain imaging systems. We have evaluated the reproducibility of characteristic metabolic patterns generated by SSMPCA in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We used [(18) F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans from patients with PD and normal controls. Motor-related (PDRP) and cognition-related (PDCP) metabolic patterns were derived from images spatially normalized using four versions of SPM software (spm99, spm2, spm5, and spm8). Differences between these patterns and subject scores were compared across multiple independent groups of patients and control subjects. These patterns and subject scores were highly reproducible with different normalization programs in terms of disease discrimination and cognitive correlation. Subject scores were also comparable in patients with PD imaged across multiple PET scanners. Our findings confirm a very high degree of consistency among brain networks and their clinical correlates in PD using images normalized in four different SPM platforms. SSMPCA toolbox can be used reliably for generating disease-specific imaging biomarkers despite the continued evolution of image preprocessing software in the neuroimaging community. Network expressions can be quantified in individual patients independent of different physical characteristics of PET cameras.
Aggregate Trade Response to Economy-Wide Distortions in Sub-Saharan Africa

The effects of economy-wide distortions on economic performance have received close attention in the empirical literature for developing countries. This paper extends the analysis to investigate the effects of these distortions on aggregate trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using pooled time-series and cross-section data for 33 countries in the region during 1970-87, it is established that overvalued real exchange rates were common, that they functioned as a tax on aggregate export supply and that they stimulated import demand. Also, aggregate export supply is found to be price inelastic. The Marshall-Lerner condition is met for the sample of countries considered. It is also established that African trade responds significantly to external factors, including international prices and world income. Also, the behaviour of the real exchange rate in Sub-Saharan Africa is consistent with the predictions of theoretical models. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
Delivery of clinical preventive services in family medicine offices.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate how clinical preventive services are delivered in family practices and how this information might inform improvement efforts. METHODS We used a comparative case study design to observe clinical preventive service delivery in 18 purposefully selected Midwestern family medicine offices from 1997 to 1999. Medical records, observation of outpatient encounters, and patient exit cards were used to calculate practice-level rates of delivery of clinical preventive services. Field notes from direct observation of clinical encounters and prolonged observation of the practice and transcripts from in-depth interviews of practice staff and physicians were systematically examined to identify approaches to delivering clinical preventive services recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force. RESULTS Practices developed individualized approaches for delivering clinical preventive services, with no one approach being successful across practices. Clinicians acknowledged a 3-fold mission of providing acute care, managing chronic problems, and prevention, but only some made prevention a priority. The clinical encounter was a central focus for preventive service delivery in all practices. Preventive services delivery rates often appeared to be influenced by competing demands within the clinical encounter (including between different preventive services), having a physician champion who prioritized prevention, and economic concerns. CONCLUSIONS Practice quality improvement efforts that assume there is an optimal approach for delivering clinical preventive services fail to account for practices’ propensity to optimize care processes to meet local contexts. Interventions to enhance clinical preventive service delivery should be tailored to meet the local needs of practices and their patient populations.
SELF-REPORT VALIDITY AS A FUNCTION OF SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-SCHEMATA '

Summary.-This study examined what factors would result in greater consistency between self-reports of behavior and actual behavior. It was hypothesized that selfawareness would result in greater consistency between self-reports and behavior than would a lack of self-awareness. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that individuals who described themselves as very helpful would be more affected by self-awareness contexts in showing helpfulness to a confederate than individuals who described themselves differently. Although the above hypotheses were not confirmed, those individuals who described themselves as very helpful were significantly more helphl to the confederate than those individuals who described themselves differently. Individuals who described themselves as very helpful also described themselves as having many positive social qualities, in partial contrast to those who described themselves differently. Explanations for the above results are discussed. The consistency between dispositions and behavior continues to be debated. Although people may see themselves as possessing consistent dispositions, their behavior is far from homogeneous across settings (Mischel, 1979, 1981). Yet, situations in which the person becomes more self-aware often lead to a closer match between behavior and the standard associated with that behavior (Carver, 1975; Gibbons, 1978; Wicklund & Duval,
Hydrodynamic Stability of Solid and Liquid Propellant Combustion

Abstract Abstract— We derive a model which describes the dynamics ofa multiphase system consisting ofa gas flame attached to a pyrolyzing solid or liquid propellant. We consider the case in which the multiphase ftame, which includes the propellant interface, the preheat zone and the gas- phase reaction zone, is thin compared to some characteristic hydrodynamic length. An asymptotic analysis of the inner structure then yields jump conditions on the fluid and transport variables across the multiphase flame, which is treated as a surface of discontinuity separating the unburned condensed-phase propellant from the burned gas. The resulting model, which describes the evolution of this surface, is then used to investigate the hydrodynamic (Landau) stability of propellant deftagration. In particular, it is shown that this type of instability is completely suppressed for solid propellants, whereas for liquid propellants. a cellular instability arises which is similar to that which occurs in premixed flame propaga...
Alkaloids of Argemone fruticosa and A. echinata

Abstract Argemone fruticosa Thurber ex Gray was analyzed and found to contain hunnemanine as the major alkaloid along with allocryptopine. A. echinata G. B. Ownb. was found to contain cryptopine and berberine as major alkaloids. These analyses indicate that these two species belong among the more specialized species of the genus.
A customizable machining feature extraction methodology for turned components

Abstract This paper presents a strategy for extracting customized turned features for machining applications. To make feature extraction tools appealing to the broadest spectrum of users, mechanisms need to be developed that will enable these recognition tools to be customizable to different feature sets. This paper presents a methodology for extracting turned features from axisymmetric parts. This methodology utilizes a 2-D area decomposition approach. The elements of this decomposition have properties that are used to aid in the search for common turned feature patterns. The method is extended to allow customization for different feature sets. This methodology has been developed as part of a CAPP tool for mill/turns, which are machine tools that can perform both turning and milling operations. In developing a CAPP tool for generating process plans for this domain, feature extraction tools that can handle both turned and milled features need to be integrated together.
A comprehensive computational environment for performance based reasoning in building design and evaluation

This paper introduces a comprehensive computational implementation effort toward the incorporation of simulation-based performance evaluation in building design. Specifically, the computational design support system `SEMPER' will be described. SEMPER's main objectives are: (i) a methodologically consistent (first-principles-based) and flexible performance modeling approach through the entire building design and engineering process; (ii) provision of comprehensive, i.e., multi-domain building performance evaluation support; (iii) seamless and dynamic communication between the simulation model and the general building representation in an object-oriented space-based design environment; and (iv) active convergence support via a bi-directional inference mechanism that provides not only the conventional design-to-performance mapping option but also a `preference-based' performance-to-design mapping technology.
Early Experience with a Brief, Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Treatment Program for Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a complex heterogeneous disorder for which a multidisciplinary individualized approach is currently advocated. We executed a 1-week multidisciplinary fibromyalgia clinical program with seven patients, based on our experience with our existing 1.5-day multidisciplinary fibromyalgia program that has demonstrated both short- and long-term benefits. The current expanded program was not designed as a clinical study, but rather as a clinical feasibility assessment, and it was multidisciplinary in nature, with cognitive behavioral therapy, activity pacing, and graded exercise therapy as major components. We assessed changes in individual patients at 1 week and 3 months after the program with the use of validated self-report measures of pain, fatigue, and self-efficacy. All patients indicated at least small improvements in pain and physical symptoms at both 1 week and 3 months, and all but one patient showed improvement in self-efficacy at 1 week and 3 months. Similar trends were observed for fatigue. Based on our early clinical experience, we conclude that the 1-week multidisciplinary fibromyalgia program is logistically feasible and has potential for clinical efficacy. Further research is needed and is planned to test the clinical efficacy of this program and compare it with other interventions.
A possible mechanism for mixed apnea in obstructive sleep apnea

Hypopneas or pauses in respiratory effort frequently precede episodes of obstructive sleep apnea resulting in mixed apneas. We studied five subjects after chronic tracheostomy for obstructive sleep apnea. During stable non-REM (NREM) sleep, subjects breathed entirely through the tracheostomy. Tracheostomy occlusion caused experimental obstructive apnea which lasted 13.9±4.7 sec and ended with transient arousal and pharyngeal opening. At the end of the apnea there was marked hyperventilation (inspired minute ventilation rose 21.6±3.5 L on the first breath) followed by hypocapnia, hypopnea, and pauses in inspiratory effort as the subjects resumed NREM sleep. Hypocapnia was greater before inspiratory pauses lasting at least 5 sec than before shorter pauses (PETco 2 , 4.2±1.8 mm Hg below baseline vs 1.2±2.5 mm Hg below baseline). In three patients, pauses in inspiratory effort following experimental obstructive apnea were prevented by administration of 4 percent CO 2 and 40 percent O 2 inspired gas. This study suggests that: 1) hyperventilation with hypocapnia occurs at the termination of obstructive apneas, and 2) hypocapnia may be responsible for the attenuation or cessation of respiratory effort initiating the subsequent cycle of obstruction.
Reevaluation of the temperature dependence of the reactions of Cl+ and HCl+· with H2

Abstract The temperature dependence of the reaction of Cl + with H 2 has been the subject of several recent studies. The interest in this reaction derives mainly from its importance in modeling chlorine chemistry in interstellar clouds. New data on this reaction are reported that suggest the reaction has a weak negative temperature dependence in agreement with recent flow tube studies. Data for the HD and D 2 isotopic species show the same trend. New data on the HCl + + H 2 reaction are also reported.
Low-cost mesh for inguinal hernia repair in resource-limited settings

Introduction Hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide, yet more than half of hernias may be untreated in African countries that lack adequate and affordable surgical care. Although this disease burden can be effectively reduced by surgical repair, public health efforts to promote repair have been sparse because of the presumed high cost of surgery.